bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoelectrodes for biological measurements
Authors: Yeh Joanne I. , Shi Haibin
Published: January 2010

Nanoelectrodes are electrodes with a critical dimension in the range of one to hundreds of nanometers and include individual electrodes, nanoelectrode ensembles, and arrays. Metallic nanowires, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanowires have been employed to fabricate nanoelectrodes and platforms. In this review, applications of single electrodes, nanoelectrode arrays, and ensembles are briefly evaluated, with emphasis on biological analysis. Nanoelectrodes offer great advantages in numerous areas of biological investigations, particularly in single cells studies, fabrication of microchips, design of coordinated biosensors, and in addressable patterned electrodes. Consequently, nanoelectrodes have immense potential in the development of efficient, specific, sensitive, and intelligent sensors. In conjunction with the rapidly evolving, cost‐effective fabrication and materials development approaches, these sensors can be used as direct, point‐of‐care clinical devices, enabling more personalized medical care. The development and application of nanodevices in biology and medicine will have enormous implications for society and human health. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 176–188

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Carnivorous mammals: nutrient digestibility and energy evaluation
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Kleffner Helen , Kienzle Ellen
Published: January 2010

Estimating the energy content is the first step in diet formulation, as it determines the amount of food eaten and hence the concentration of nutrients required to meet the animal's requirements. Additionally, being able to estimate the energy content of a diet empirically known to maintain body condition in an animal will facilitate an estimation of maintenance energy requirements. We collated data on nutrient composition of diets fed to captive wild canids, felids, hyenids, mustelids, pinnipeds, and ursids and the digestibility coefficients from the literature (45 species, 74 publications) to test whether differences in protein and fat digestibility could be detected between species groups, and whether approaches suggested for the estimation of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content in domestic carnivores (NRC [2006] Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.) can be applied to wild carnivores as well. Regressions of digestible protein or fat content vs. the crude protein (CP) or fat content indicated no relevant differences in the digestive physiology between the carnivore groups. For diets based on raw meat, fish, or whole prey, applying the calculation of ME using “Atwater factors” (16.7 kJ/g CP; 16.7 kJ/g nitrogen‐free extracts; 37.7 kJ/g crude fat) provided estimates that compared well to experimental results. This study suggests that ME estimation in such diets is feasible without additional digestion trials. For comparative nutrition research, the study implicates that highly digestible diets typically fed in zoos offer little potential to elucidate differences between species or carnivore groups, but research on diets with higher proportions of difficult‐to‐digest components (fiber, connective tissues) is lacking. Zoo Biol 29:687–704, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence‐based Guidelines for Perioperative Management of Diabetes in Cardiac and Vascular Surgery
Authors: Wong Jennifer , Zoungas Sophia , Wright Chris , Teede Helena
Published: January 2010

Background

Management of patients with hyperglycaemia undergoing vascular and cardiac surgery is important, with mounting evidence that hyperglycaemia in this setting is associated with worse outcomes. Evidence‐based guidelines for the management of these patients have been limited.

Methods/Results

Our institution was aware of the lack of standardization of care in this growing population group and formed a multidisciplinary guideline development group to develop evidence‐based guidelines to standardize the perioperative management of hyperglycaemia.

Conclusion

This series of articles outlines the process of developing evidence‐based guidelines and the recommendations for perioperative management of patients with hyperglycaemia and diabetes undergoing cardiac and vascular surgery at our institution.
Xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency with novel sequence variations presenting as rheumatoid arthritis in a 78‐year‐old patient
Authors: Jurecka Agnieszka , Stiburkova Blanka , Krijt Jakub , Gradowska Wanda , Tylki‐Szymanska Anna
Published: January 2010

This report describes the clinical, biochemical and molecular data of a 78‐year‐old patient with xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency presenting as rheumatoid arthritis.

Background

Xanthinuria type I is a rare disorder of purine metabolism caused by xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) deficiency; fewer than 150 cases have been described in the literature so far.

Methods

We describe the clinical history and urine and serum findings of a 78‐year‐old patient with isolated XDH deficiency presenting as rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnosis was confirmed by mutation analysis.

Results

The patient suffered from arthral symptoms and nephrocalcinosis. Very low concentrations of uric acid were observed in her serum and urine. The allopurinol loading test indicated her xanthinuria to be type I. Analysis of genomic DNA revealed novel heterozygous deletion in exon 8 (g.27073delC, p.214QfsX4) and previously published heterozygous nucleotide missense transition in exon 25 (g.64772‐C>T, p.T910M).

Conclusion

Hereditary xanthinuria is a rare disorder, but it also needs to be considered in patients not originating from Mediterranean countries or the Near or Middle East. Urate concentration in serum and urine may provide an initial indication of XDH deficiency before high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is performed. The key to identifying the disorder is a greater awareness of XDH deficiency amongst primary care physicians, nephrologists, and urologists, but also rheumatologists. The diagnosis and therapeutic management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Immigrants’ responsiveness to labor market conditions and their impact on regional employment disparities: evidence from Spain
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , De la Rica Sara
Published: January 2010

Using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey (Encuesta de Población Activa) from 1999 through 2007, we explore the role of employment opportunities in explaining the growing immigrant flows of recent years. Subsequently, we investigate whether immigrant inflows have helped reduce regional employment disparities. Our results indicate that immigrants choose to reside in regions with higher employment rates for their particular skills. However, perhaps owing to its recent nature or the ability of the production infrastructure to absorb the increase in immigrant labor, the immigration shock seems to have lowered regional employment rate disparities only temporarily.
Postponing the legal retirement age
Authors: Lacomba Juan A. , Lagos Francisco
Published: January 2010

This paper analyzes the reform of the pensionable age as an answer to the future financing problems of public pension systems. We use a two-staged model where, first, the government decides the redistribution level of the pension system and, secondly, individuals face a voting process on the legal retirement age. The results suggest that governments attempting to postpone the legal retirement age should increase the degree of intra-generational redistribution of the pension system in order to make the reform aimed at more easily achievable. More importantly, the most productive individuals could support some degree of redistribution to that aim.
Informal care and labour force participation among middle-aged women in Spain
Authors: Casado-Marín David , García-Gómez Pilar , López-Nicolás Ángel
Published: January 2010

Informal care is today the form of support most commonly used in Spain by those who need help in order to carry out basic daily activities. The potential labour opportunity costs incurred by Spanish informal carers have not as yet been quantified. In this paper we use the Spanish subsample of the European Community Household Panel (1994–2001) to estimate an econometric model which we exploit to examine the effects of various types of informal care on labour market outcomes. Our results reveal the existence of non-negligible costs in terms of foregone employment for carers who live with the dependent person and/or provide more than 28 h of care/week. We also find that providing care for more than a year has negative effects on employment. Nonetheless, there seems to be no contemporaneous employment effects associated to either starting or ending an episode of care.
Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen und der Einfluss der Familie
Authors: Peter Claudia
Published: January 2010

Einleitung

Die Adipositasforschung ist mittlerweile ca. 150 Jahre alt und bisher leider nicht sehr erfolgreich gewesen. Die impliziten Normierungen in den naturwissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Deutungen haben dabei auch oft den Blick auf bestimmte Aspekte verstellt bzw. den Bereich der sozialen Einflüsse unterbelichtet gelassen. Ein Aspekt, der bisher wenig thematisiert wurde, ist der des Zusammenhangs von (intakten) Familienstrukturen, familiärer Essensorganisation und dem körperlichen Gesundheitszustand der Kinder, wozu auch die Gewichtsentwicklung gehört. Erst wenn man erkennt, dass das (kindliche) Essverhalten im Wesentlichen Produkt der familiären Sozialisation ist und die Erziehung sich gerade oft bei Tisch vollzieht und deren anomische Variante oft keinen Ort und keine Zeit mehr „bei Tisch“ kennt, dann ist man der Vervollständigung des Puzzles – nämlich der interdisziplinären Erforschung des für die moderne Überflussgesellschaft typischen wie rätselhaften Phänomens Adipositas – einen Schritt näher gekommen.
EHRLICH’S THEOREM FOR GROUPS
Authors: LI YUANLIN , NICHOLSON W. K.
Published: January 2010

A group G is called morphic if every endomorphism α:G→G for which Gα◃G satisfies G/Gα≅ker (α). Call an endomorphism α∈end(G) regular if αβα=α for some β∈end(G), and call α unit regular if β can be chosen to be an automorphism of G. The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following group-theoretic analogue of a theorem of Ehrlich: if G is a morphic group, an endomorphism α:G→G for which Gα◃G is unit regular if and only if it is regular. As an application, a cancellation theorem is proved that characterizes the morphic groups among those with regular endomorphism monoids.
ON THE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS OF THE DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONaxm−byn=c
Authors: HE BO , TOGBÉ ALAIN
Published: January 2010

Leta,b,c,xandybe positive integers. In this paper we sharpen a result of Le by showing that the Diophantine equationhas at most two positive integer solutions (m,n) satisfying min (m,n)>1.
EXISTENCE RESULTS FOR ABSTRACT DEGENERATE NEUTRAL FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ EDUARDO , BALACHANDRAN KRISHNAN
Published: January 2010

In this paper we discuss the existence of solutions for a class of abstract degenerate neutral functional differential equations. Some applications to partial differential equations are considered.
A NOTE ON STAR COMPACT SPACES WITH POINT-COUNTABLE BASE
Authors: SONG YAN-KUI
Published: January 2010

In this note we give an example of a Hausdorff, star compact space with point-countable base which is not metrizable.
Reflections on general Red Cross objectives
Authors: Pilloud Claude
Published: January 2010

The report on the re-appraisal of the role of the Red Cross has brought to light a fact which hitherto had been given no attention, namely that the objectives of the Red Cross movement as a whole have never been denned in writing. This omission is easily explained.
Protection of civilian populations against the dangers of indiscriminate warfare
Authors: Siordet Frédéric
Published: January 2010

Resolution XXVIII is no doubt one of the most important of those adopted by the XXth International Conference of the Red Cross. It deals with the protection of civilian populations against the dangers of indiscriminate warfare.
Minimum rules for the protection of non-delinquent Detainees
Authors: Graven Jean
Published: January 2010

Considering that, in application of universally recognized principles of human rights for all sorts and conditions of men, a body of minimum rules for the treatment of detained delinquents has been drawn up on the basis of resolutions and recommendations adopted by the Congress of the United Nations, which met for that purpose in Geneva from August 22 to September 3, 1955;
The Red Cross and Human Rights
Authors: Siordet Frédéric
Published: January 2010

From the beginning of its existence the Red Cross has had two objectives: the setting up of relief societies and the promotion of rules in law justifying and facilitating relief action. At the present time it has two types of activity: relief in the field and the improvement of humanitarian law. It is this second activity, the Red Cross contribution to humanitarian law, which we shall consider here.
In the Steps of Henry Dunant
Authors: Gagnebin B.
Published: January 2010

When I started working in the Manuscript Department of the Public and University Library of Geneva in November 1941, the Henry Dunant Archives had not yet been classified nor catalogued. Some of these, thrown haphazard into a case, finally reached the Library after many vicissitudes by reason of a bequest made by the inheritor of Dunant's papers, his nephew Maurice Dunant, who died in 1931. Another part of these archives were still being preserved by Madame Maurice Dunant. Furthermore, other documents had been lent by the Dunant family to private individuals who were reluctant to part with them.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Dahomey
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 22nd, 1963 of the Red Cross Society of Dahomey by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
From Lint to the Inspection of Vessels : The Amazing Development of Red Cross Tasks
Authors: Gabru Senedu
Published: January 2010

Just as the tree obtains nourishment at its roots, so we come to draw strength and inspiration at the very source of a noble idea, where the Red Cross was born and where it has grown.

Delegates of 90 Societies, representing 157 million members, have flocked here from all parts of the world to celebrate and pay tribute to one hundred years of service and unlimited devotion to the welfare of mankind.

This commemoration is a suitable vantage-point from which to review the road which has been travelled in the course of a century by a great movement and also to look ahead in order to study the future, its prospects and its limitations.
Florence Nightingale Medal
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

The 20th award of the Florence Nightingale Medal is to take place in May 1965. Under the new Regulations adopted in August 1952 by the XVIIIth International Conference of the Red Cross in Toronto, the International Committee will not issue more than 36 medals, without any obligation, however, to award the whole number.
The Interaction of Christianity and Chivalry in the historical development of the Law of War
Authors: Draper G. I. A. D.
Published: January 2010

The ensuing article is based upon a lecture, the last of a series of three, delivered at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, in Geneva, in October and November of 1963. The author would like to take this opportunity to express his grateful thanks to Mr. Jacques Freymond the Director of the Institute, at whose invitation the lectures were delivered, and by whose kind permission the following article is published in this Review.

The three lectures were devoted to the general theme of Christianity and war. More specifically, they endeavoured to deal with the contribution rendered by Christian ideals and thinking to the rudimentary development of the Law of War at a time when theology, morals, and law were not severable. It is from this rich amalgam that Public International Law in general, and the Law of War in particular, emerged as an integral part of the Christian civilization of Western Europe. The subsequent movement whereby International Law reached out from Europe to become more truly universal is still in progress today.
Doctors in the service of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Pictet Jean
Published: January 2010

From the very beginning, the Red Cross has been closely linked, with doctors and with all whose task it is to heal, the finest of vocations.

The Red Cross was in fact created a hundred years ago to provide against deficiencies in the Army Medical Services. This was an essentially medical factor which has continued to exist in every facet of Red Cross work, even when this work has exceeded its bounds and extended not only to the various victims of conflicts, but also in time of peace to life's victims—the sick.

Both the Red Cross and doctors have the same aim: to struggle against suffering and death. There can therefore never be too close co-operation between them. Without doctors the Red Cross would be nothing. The Red Cross, for its part, has obtained bases for doctors rendering their action possible in time of war and which are precisely contained in the Geneva Conventions.
Twentieth Award of the Florence Nightingale Medal
Authors: Gonard Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

In its Circular No. 456 of August 23, 1964, the International Committee of the Red Cross had the honour to invite the Central Committees of National Societies to send in the names of nurses and voluntary aids whom they judged qualified to receive the Florence Nightingale Medal. This invitation, which quoted Article 1 of the Regulations, was accompanied by questionnaires bearing various headings for the candidatures.
Progress in Dissemination of Knowledge of the Geneva Conventions
Authors: J. de P.
Published: January 2010

Dissemination of knowledge of the Geneva Conventions is not merely a long-term task—it is a permanent one. One age group succeeds another ; generation succeeds generation ; the students become teachers and forgotten lessons of the past fade into the background of a past which is itself forgotten.
The League of Red Cross Societies in the Modern World
Authors: Beer Henrik
Published: January 2010

It is a pleasure for me, as Secretary-General of the League of Red Cross Societies, to write an article for the outstanding review produced by the International Committee. It is also a further opportunity to give fresh testimony to the cordial and harmonious co-operation between our two institutions, not that this needs any corroboration.
The Origins and Effectiveness of the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims
Authors: Harding Ian
Published: January 2010

It gives us pleasure to publish extracts from a remarkable unpublished work by an Australian author, Ian Harding. In four chapters (Antiquity, Islam, Some European Developments, Henry Dunant) it covers the origins of the Geneva Conventions from ancient civilizations, and then goes on to explain their significance in international law and action (The Conventions, The Propositions, The Conclusions). The passages we quote below deal with the history of humanitarian ideas and the laborious efforts, repeated time and time again throughout the centuries, for the ever more effective protection of human dignity. (Ed.).
Recognition of the Bangladesh Red Cross Society
Authors: Martin Eric
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross, on 20 September 1973, officially recognized the Bangladesh Red Cross Society.
Cornelius van Bynkershoek
Authors: Rombach J. H.
Published: January 2010

It was 300 years ago, in 1673, that Cornelius van Bynkershoek, the great Dutch lawyer and author on public and international law, was born. It is proper to commemorate this jurist of great reputation as he was still called in 1812 by an American court. For the Red Cross, being a product and perhaps the most important instrument, to-day, of international humanitarian law, should not forget that one of its main sources lies in the doctrine of international law, or law of nations, as it was developed by the great authors of former days, the founders of international law. Although everyone will have in mind the name of Hugo Grotius, that of van Bynkershoek seems quite unknown. There may be some reason for this, but before trying to explain this anomaly we must try to get to know van Bynkershoek a little better.
The First Modern Codification of the Law of War - Francis Lieber and General Orders No. 100 - (II)
Authors: Baxter R. R.
Published: January 2010

It is unprofitable to indulge in much speculation concerning Lieber's sources for the Code. Since he had been a student of the law of war for at least a quarter of a century before the Instructions were promulgated, his primary source was Lieber reinforced with the notes and files that he had painstakingly built up during his teaching career. Under such circumstances, one can only mention his likes and dislikes. Chief among the latter were both Lawrence's Wheaton and “old” Vattel, whom he characterized as “Father Namby-Pamby”. Halleck's International Law was naturally looked upon with great favor, the more so because Halleck had drawn on Lieber's Political Ethics. Lieber probably relied heavily on Heffter's Das Europäische Völkerrecht der Gegenwart. He also consulted Grotius, Bynkershoek, and Pufendorff among the classical writers. In his library or mentioned in his works are books by a host of names, many of them long since forgotten : Zachariae, Trendlenburg, von Martens, Phillimore, Mackintosh, Whewell, Foelix, von Mohl, Bluntschli (a close friend of Lieber), Bernard, Kennedy, Klüber, Pinheiro-Ferreira, Kent, and Theodore Dwight Woolsey.
Resistance movements and International Law
Authors: Ford W. J.
Published: January 2010

Are the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which relate to international conflicts, also applicable in the case of an “armed conflict not of an international character”?
The Red Cross as a Factor in World Peace
Authors: Pictet Jean
Published: January 2010

The promotion of world peace, although of concern to the Red Cross, was for a long time outside the purview of its programme of action. However, after the First World War the International Red Cross, sharing the hopes of the nations, declared its intention to work thenceforth, not only in time of peace, but also for peace. Since that time, nearly all International Conferences of the Red Cross have adopted resolutions on the contribution which the Red Cross could make to this noble cause.
Repatriation and Accommodation in Neutral Countries of Wounded and Sick Prisoners of War
Authors: Rubli Jean-Maurice
Published: January 2010

The termination of captivity for reasons of health is one of the rights of prisoners of war stipulated by the Geneva Conventions.

Article 109 of the Third Convention lays down that Parties to the conflict are bound to send back to their own country, regardless of number or rank, seriously wounded and seriously sick prisoners of war.

The same article stipulates that the belligerent Parties shall endeavour to make arrangements for the “accommodation in neutral countries”, as a subsidiary solution, of all cases where captivity should be terminated for humanitarian reasons, but where, for military motives, the States concerned are unable to agree to repatriation. We are here above all thinking of aged prisoners, of those who have undergone a long period of captivity or of those whose mental health has deteriorated.
Creation of the Henry Dunant Institute
Authors: P. B.
Published: January 2010

Two years ago the Red Cross celebrated its centenary. A hundred years of continuous growth, a movement which has won over the whole world and saved millions of lives. One should therefore stop for a moment, see what stage has been reached and show deserving gratitude to those who set it on its way. One should, however, also look to the future. This was the occasion to add a factor still missing in the Red Cross structure, namely a centre for study and research, for training and instruction in all branches of Red Cross activity.
The Significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The record so far and future prospects
Authors: Verdoodt Albert
Published: January 2010

On the 10th December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which had been drawn up by a series of meetings of the Commission of Human Rights and the Commission on the Condition of Women as well as major discussions which took place during the first seven sessions of the Economic and Social Council. The General Assembly presented this Declaration “as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education … and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance …”
Disabled Persons' Co-operatives in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Tyl Rudolf
Published: January 2010

Over the last few years there has evolved a new attitude towards the disabled. Rehabilitation no longer means a course of therapy, but full reintegration of the disabled to daily life, and this is increasingly the attitude of those in charge of vocational rehabilitation workshops, of rehabilitation technicians, doctors and also organizations of disabled persons. The International Labour Review recently published an article on this subject and—by kind permission—we are pleased to reproduce it here, for it describes the efforts being made so effectively in Czechoslovakia to enable the disabled to carry on an occupation.
Campaign for the dissemination of the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Gregoric Pavle
Published: January 2010

The Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, for the protection of war victims, postulate the principle of humane treatment for man, the victim of war. They afford protection in a specific field, that is to say, they affect only “protected” persons and only in the event of armed conflict of an international character, but not in conflicts which are not international. However, despite their limitations, the Conventions do afford protection in a very important field, in situations involving the greatest risk of suffering for mankind and in which lack of protection could have distressing consequences. It is for this reason that these Conventions are of such great importance. They form a fundamental component in that system of protection of man's basic rights which is gradually being developed through the medium of contemporary international law.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Uganda
Authors: Gonard Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on September 2, 1965, of the Red Cross Society of Uganda by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Tribute to the Memory of Eglantyne Jebb
Authors: J.-G.-L.
Published: January 2010

On 29 September 1976, during a ceremony held at the headquarters of ICRC, a commemorative tablet was unveiled in honour of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of a truly noble person, Eglantyne Jebb. A number of speeches were made during the ceremony, which was attended by officials and staff members of the International Union for Child Welfare and the ICRC, by representatives of the Swiss authorities, the city of Geneva and various international organizations. Several members of the family of Eglantyne Jebb were also present.
Countries in the process of development and health education in African rural areas
Authors: Coudreau H.
Published: January 2010

The “Courrier” of the International Children's Centre, has recently published a work on a very topical subject, which is of special concern to Red Cross workers in various countries : an effective health education involves a conscientious awareness of their fundamental problems by those whom one wishes to help. How can this be achieved?
A unique organization, independent and united: The Red Cross
Authors: Siordet F.
Published: January 2010

We have pleasure in publishing the text of the lecture which Mr. F. Siordet, member of the ICRC and President of the Centenary Commission of the Red Cross in Switzerland, gave in August 1963 at the University of Geneva. During the next few months two further talks will appear, one by Mrs. S. Gabru, Vice-Chairman of the Board of Governors of the League, and a member of the Ethiopian Red Cross, and the other by Mrs. G. Pecson, Chairman of the Philippine Red Cross—relating to the Red Cross, its tasks and principles. One should here briefly recall in what circumstances these lectures took place.
The Gray Ladies of the American Red Cross
Authors: Sigerist Fred G.
Published: January 2010

Much has been heard of the valuable help given, through the American Red Cross, by those voluntary aids known as “Gray Ladies”, in hospitals, sanatoria, rest homes, clinics and convalescent centres in the United States. Qualified volunteers of all ages undertake these missions (in some cases men also help these services), especially for people who are incapacitated through illness for long periods.
In the German Federal Republic: The maintenance of military graves in accordance with the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Von Neumann Rudolf
Published: January 2010

The Central Tracing Agency in Geneva has always had, amongst many other tasks in time of war, that of tracing the graves of missing military personnel. If we are more especially considering the Second World War, we can see that this activity began for the Central Prisoners of War Agency (its official title at that time), when hundreds of thousands of regimental enquiries were opened for French prisoners of war in Germany, in order to discover the fate of French military personnel missing during the summer of 1940.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of the Federation of Malaya
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on July 4, 1963, of the Red Cross Society of the Federation of Malaya by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition by letter dated June 6,1962. The application was accompanied by the Decree promulgated on April 16,1962, by the Government of the Federation of Malaya which accorded the Society recognition, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Algerian Red Crescent Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on July 4, 1963, of the Algerian Red Crescent Society.

This Society applied for recognition by letter dated June 24, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree promulgated on September 6, 1962, by the Algerian provisional Executive which accorded it recognition, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Ivory Coast Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on August 8, 1963, of the Ivory Coast Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated April 18, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree of the Republic of the Ivory Coast of April 18, 1963, recognizing the Society, the Decree having been commented upon and defined in a letter from the Minister of the Interior on July 16, 1963, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Tanganyika
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 8, 1963, of the Red Cross Society of Tanganyika by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated July 9, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Government of Tanganyika's Decree of December 7, 1962, recognizing the Society, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Red Crescent Society of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 8, 1963, of the Red Crescent Society of Saudi Arabia by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated August 1, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree of June 8, 1963, of the Government of Saudi Arabia, recognizing the Society as an auxiliary to the army medical services, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report on its activities.
Centenary of the International Committee of the Red Cross (440th Circular)
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

On February 17, 1963, the International Committee of the Red Cross will have had a hundred years of existence.

On February 9, 1863, the Public Welfare Society of Geneva met at the instigation of its President, Gustave Moynier, to study the proposals which Henry Dunant had formulated at the end of his book “A Memory of Solferino” : first of all to create already in peace-time aid societies which in time of war would assist the army medical service ; then to conclude an international Convention which would serve as a basis for their action. The Public Welfare Society then appointed from amongst its members a Committee of five, in order to prepare a memorandum on the subject which would be presented to a forthcoming relief congress.
Centenary Celebration of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

The International Committee of the Red Cross wishes to thank the large number of persons who have responded to its appeal and have come here to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of its foundation.

Mr. Pierre Boissier will shortly be describing to you how this work began, reminding you how much the whole world owes to the five men of Geneva who created the Red Cross. Did they not accomplish, with astonishing courage and tenacity, the two great ideas of their colleague Henry Dunant: the declaration of legal principles leading, on the one hand, to the protection of the victims of war and, on the other hand, to the forming of National Societies whose task it was to assist the Army Medical Services in the theatre of hostilities ? Furthermore, by constituting themselves as an International Committee, they foresaw that it could carry out the dual role of a neutral and impartial body which would propagate and develop humanitarian law and also send delegates to places in which fighting was taking place who would see to the application of this law. The principles and the action would thus be complementary.
The Geneva Convention of 1864 and the Brussels Conference of 1874
Authors: Bujard Danièle
Published: January 2010

The year 1974 marks the centennial of the International Declaration of Brussels on the Laws and Customs of War. This effort to codify the most important laws of war, undertaken on the initiative of Czar Alexander II of Russia, constituted a decisive stage in the development of the law of war. It is this event which the Committee for the Protection of Human Life in Armed Conflicts, under the patronage of the Belgian Government, proposes to commemorate by an international seminar on the theme “The Concept of International Armed Conflict—New Perspectives”, in December of this year.
The Silence of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

No human institution is perfect and the International Committee of the Red Cross is no exception. The criticism most frequently levelled at this venerable body is its silence concerning some of its activities. How can it have a claim to eminence, how can it call powerful governments to account, without seeking the support of men of goodwill through divulgence of full information to the public?
Protection and Nurses
Authors: Sandoz Yves
Published: January 2010

The fourth and last session of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law applicable in Armed Conflicts has just opened. The Conference is considering two Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. The first widens the scope of humanitarian law applicable in international armed conflicts, in particular by giving additional protection to civilians even when they are not in the enemy's power, and by extending to civilian medical personnel the protection which until now had been granted only to military medical personnel. The second Protocol develops the law applicable in non-international armed conflicts, which until now was restricted to a few principles contained in common article 3 of the four Conventions of 1949.
Apropos the new Constitution of the League of Red Cross Societies
Authors: Meurant Jacques
Published: January 2010

The idea of making an overall revision of the Constitution and Bye-Laws of the League occurred in the context of a major evolution in the activities of the institution, corresponding to the changing needs of its members and of peoples, as a result of the rapid transformations of the modern world.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the protection of political detainees
Authors: Moreillon Jacques
Published: January 2010

Last November we reproduced a chapter of a book written by Jacques Moreillon, an ICRC delegate-general, and published by the Henry Dunant Institute. We now quote another chapter of the same book. As usual, the views expressed are those of the author alone. (Ed.)
The Red Cross and new developments in blood transfusion
Authors: Hantchef Z. S.
Published: January 2010

Although mention of blood transfusion dates back to the origin of medicine, it may be said that the genuine history of transfusion starts at the beginning of our century.

Since then transfusion has passed through several decisive phases, but it is only in the past twenty years that it has made spectacular progress and has become one of the essential components of modern medicine.
Repatriation of Prisoners of War in the Middle East
Authors: A. M.  , F. B.
Published: January 2010

At the request of the Israel and Syrian Governments, the ICRC, on 1 and 6 June 1974, repatriated wounded and able-bodied prisoners of war of both countries. The Swiss Government made three aircraft available for the operations.
Humanitarian Law and Traditional African Law
Authors: Diallo Yolande
Published: January 2010

We are very pleased to publish this report by Mrs. Diallo on research into the correlations between the principles of international humanitarian law and the humanitarian principles underlying African traditions. In earlier issues of International Review, various authors have drawn attention to the fact that historically, in Islamic countries, in India and elsewhere in the Far East, in a variety of ethical doctrines and in many different types of civilization, thoughts have been expressed which compare with those of the Red Cross—leading to the conclusion that they arise from aspirations common to most of mankind. It is particularly appropriate therefore to disclose certain concordances between them and to discover, in all these different places, a unity of view and of teaching in ethical and social affairs.
The President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and National Societies
Authors: Martin Eric
Published: January 2010

In earlier times, the President of the ICRC may sometimes have been taxed with aloofness, unapproachability and unawareness of the practical action of National Societies. I think this is no longer the case. My predecessors and I myself have been cordially invited to visit National Red Cross Societies, and we in turn have had the pleasure of receiving their representatives in Geneva.
Possibilities and Limits of the Red Cross
Authors: Schlögel Anton
Published: January 2010

A survey, over a period of time, of what the public thinks of the Red Cross as reflected in the spoken, written and audio-visual media, has led to astonishing conclusions: two diametrically opposite trends have steadily emerged. On the one hand, at national and international level, the Red Cross, whose activities over the past few years have developed to a surprising extent, has received great praise, in fact too much praise. Yet at the same time bitter criticism has constantly been levelled at the Red Cross. A study of the causes of that praise and criticism, however paradoxical this may seem, shows that both stem from the very same facts and events!

Obviously they have been due to the viewpoint held, the hopes pinned on Red Cross action, and one's idea of Red Cross possibilities. While those who are realistic in their appraisal of the Red Cross express their appreciation of the results, however meagre they may be, others show keen disappointment because they have assigned the Red Cross tasks and achievements far beyond its field of activity. In addition, all manner of personal considerations, financial and otherwise, weigh the balance this way and that. Yet by taking a closer look at things we realize that the very factors that make for the strength of the Red Cross and determine its possibilities also set its limits, even though the attempt to exceed those limits may have no untoward effect on practical activities.
The application of the new humanitarian law
Authors: Miyazaki Shigeki
Published: January 2010

The Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts met in Geneva from 1974 to 1977. During its fourth session, in 1977, the Conference finally adopted two Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the protection of victims of war—Protocol I relating to international armed conflicts and Protocol II relating to non-international conflicts.
The Geneva Conventions and Reciprocity
Authors: de Preux J.
Published: January 2010

In 1981, the Twenty-fourth International Red Cross Conference, in Resolution VI, deplored the fact that in several armed conflicts fundamental provisions of the Geneva Conventions were being violated and that those violations impeded the International Committee of the Red Cross in the discharge of its activities. In spite of the Conference's solemn appeal to remedy the situation, there are still signs of reluctance to fully respect those fundamental rules, and even of ill-will towards them. Under the pretext that it requires reciprocity, the application of Convention provisions is at times made conditional on the outcome of bargaining and the prisoners themselves are treated as hostages, even as instruments of blackmail. Such attitudes are inadmissible. The following text discusses the matter in detail. (Editor.)
The condition of cultural property in armed conflicts (I): From Antiquity to World War II
Authors: Verri Pietro
Published: January 2010

The condition of cultural property through the armed conflicts which have succeeded one another from Antiquity to the eve of the Second World War is no easy subject to study.

The sources available have of course made it possible to establish that from the latter part of the nineteenth century onwards, domestic and international laws have been enacted to reduce somewhat rather than prevent damage to cultural property during hostilities.
The function of the laws of war in peacetime
Authors: Meyrowitz Henri
Published: January 2010

Several provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and of Protocol I of 1977 stipulate, expressly or implicitly, that the respective Contracting Power must implement them as soon as said instruments enter into force, that is already in peacetime. This is the case, in particular, of the articles common to the four Geneva Conventions concerning the widest possible dissemination of the text of the Conventions and the obligation of the Contracting Parties to communicate to one another the official translations of the Conventions, as well as the laws and regulations they adopt to ensure the application thereof.
Synopsis V: Capture
Authors: de Preux J.
Published: January 2010

— A person is hors de combat if:

a) he is in the power of an adverse Party;

b) he clearly expresses an intention to surrender; or

c) he has been rendered unconscious or is otherwise incapacitated by wounds or sickness, and therefore is incapable of defending himself

provided that in any of these cases he abstains from any hostile act and does not attempt to escape (Protocol I, Art. 41).
The Director of Operational Activities at the ICRC elected United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

Elected United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Mr. Jean-Pierre Hocké resigned on 1 January 1986 as Member of the Directorate and Director of Operational Activities at the ICRC. After his departure, the ICRC Assembly modified the international structure of the Directorate, which is now composed of Mr. Jacques Moreillon, Member of the Directorate, Director General, and Mr. André Pasquier, Member of the Directorate, Director of Operations.
The protection of children during armed conflict situations
Authors: Singer Sandra
Published: January 2010

We have looked at the protection offered to children in conflict situations by the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977. The principle that children are particularly vulnerable and in need of special protection has been developed in these provisions.

When the idea of a Convention on the Rights of the Child was first put forward there were debates about whether this was the best way to proceed. The International Union for Child Welfare expressed reservations about the Polish draft proposal stressing the legal difference between a Declaration and a Convention. Although a Convention is theoretically stronger than a Declaration because it is legally binding, experience has shown that a Declaration adopted unanimously has a greater moral impact than a Convention only ratified by a few countries.

Evi Underhill in a paper (undated) “Comments on the Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child” posed not only the question whether Conventions are necessary but also whether they are effective or implemented and if they correspond to the large variety of national customs, political, economic and legal structures.

Certainly, concern has been expressed about the lack of geographical representation of Member States attending the working group which is drafting the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In the meantime some NGOs are urging that the drafting process should be speeded up.
Humanitarian action: A delicate balancing act
Authors: Meyer Michael A.
Published: January 2010

Increasingly a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) appear to be demanding the right to provide humanitarian assistance and at the same time the right to denounce any violations of human rights. Whereas these are fine and understandable aspirations, they do not coincide with accepted principles of relief law and practice. This short article will explore certain aspects of this subject, primarily in relation to the treaty law applicable to circumstances of armed conflict and in occupied territories (International Humanitarian Law).
The role and characteristics of an emergency mission
Authors: Aoun André
Published: January 2010

Governed as it is by the very nature of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, an emergency mission is more than a mere effort to restore essential services. Although it is undoubtedly best characterized by the relief activities set in motion during the acute phase, its full scope cannot be measured without taking into account the preparatory and subsequent rehabilitation and development phases.

Such a mission thus consists invariably of three stages: preliminary, in situ and follow-up.