bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of multiple simultaneously occurring nitrogen flows
in the euphotic ocean
Authors: Xu Min Nina , Wu Yanhua , Zheng Li Wei , Zheng Zhenzhen , Zhao Huade , Laws Edward  A. , Kao Shuh-Ji
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The general features of the N cycle in the sunlit ocean are known, but quantitative information about multiple transformation rates among nitrogen pools, i.e., ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−) and particulate/dissolved organic nitrogen (PN/DON), are limited due to methodological difficulties. By adding a single 15N-labelled NH4+ tracer into incubators, we monitor ed the changes in concentration and isotopic composition of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), PN, NH4+, NO2−, and NO3− pools to trace the 15N and 14N flows. Based on mass conservation and isotope mass balance, we formulate d a matrix equation that allow edus to simultaneously derive the rates of multiple transformation processes in the nitrogen reaction web . We abandoned inhibitors and minimized the alteration of the system by adding a limited amount of tracer. In one single incubation, solution of the matrix equation provided the rates of NH4+, NO2−, and NO3− uptake; ammonia oxidation; nitrite oxidation; nitrite excretion; DON release; and potentially, the remineralization rate. To our knowledge, this is the first and most convenient method designed to quantitatively and simultaneously resolve complicated nitrogen transformation rates, albeit with some uncertainties. Field examples are given, and c omparisons with conventional labeling methods are discussed.
The MetNet vehicle: A lander to deploy
environmental stations for local and global
investigations of Mars
Authors: Harri A.-M. , Pichkadze K. , Zeleny L. , Vazquez L. , Schmidt W. , Alexashkin S. , Korablev O. , Guerrero H. , Heilimo J. , Uspensky M. , Finchenko V. , Linkin V. , Arruego I. , Genzer M. , Lipatov A. , Polkko J. , Paton M. , Savijärvi H. , Haukka H. , Siili T. , Khovanskov V. , Ostesko B. , Poroshin A. , Michelena-Diaz M. , Siikonen T. , Palin M. , Vorontsov V. , Polyakov A. , Valero F. , Kemppinen O. , Leinonen J. , Romero P.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Investigations of global and related local phenomenon on Mars such as atmospheric circulation patterns, boundary layer phenomena, water, dust and climatological cycles and investigations of the planetary interior would benefit from simultaneous in situ measurements with a good spatial coverage. Practically, such an observation network would require low mass landers, with a high packing density, so a large number of landers could be delivered to Mars with the minimum amount of launchers. The Mars Network Lander (MNL), a small semi-hard lander/penetrator design with a payload mass fraction of approximately 17 % has been developed, tested and prototyped. The MNL features an innovative Entry, Descent and Landing System (EDLS) that is based on inflatable structures. The EDLS is capable of decelerating the lander from interplanetary transfer trajectories down to a surface impact speed of 50–70 m s−1 with a deceleration of 500 g for
Comparing mobile and static assessment of biomass in heterogeneous grassland
with a multi-sensor system
Authors: Safari Hanieh , Fricke Thomas , Reddersen Björn , Möckel Thomas , Wachendorf Michael
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The present study aimed to test a mobile device equipped with ultrasonic and spectral sensors for the assessment of biomass from diverse pastures and to compare its prediction accuracy to that from static measurements. Prediction of biomass by mobile application of sensors explained  > 63 % of the variation in manually determined reference plots representing the biomass range of each paddock. Accuracy of biomass prediction improved with increasing grazing intensity. A slight overestimation of the true values was observed at low levels of biomass, whereas an underestimation occurred at high values, irrespective of stocking rate and years. Prediction accuracy with a mobile application of sensors was always lower than when sensors were applied statically. Differences between mobile and static measurements may be caused by position errors, which accounted for 8.5 cm on average. Beside GPS errors (±1–2 cm horizontal accuracy and twice that vertically), position inaccuracy predominantly originated from undirected vehicle movements due to heaps and hollows on the ground surface. However, the mobile sensor system in connection with biomass prediction models may provide acceptable prediction accuracies for practical application, such as mapping. The findings also show the limits even sophisticated sensor combinations have in the assessment of biomass of extremely heterogeneous grasslands, which is typical for very leniently stocked pastures. Thus, further research is needed to develop improved sensor systems for supporting practical grassland farming.
Spectral characteristics of high-latitude raw 40 MHz cosmic noise signals
Authors: Hall Chris M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Cosmic noise at 40 MHz is measured at Ny-Ålesund (79° N, 12° E) using a relative ionospheric opacity meter ("riometer"). A riometer is normally used to determine the degree to which cosmic noise is absorbed by the intervening ionosphere, giving an indication of ionisation of the atmosphere at altitudes lower than generally monitored by other instruments. The usual course is to determine a "quiet-day" variation, this representing the galactic noise signal itself in the absence of absorption; the current signal is then subtracted from this to arrive at absorption expressed in decibels (dB). By a variety of means and assumptions, it is thereafter possible to estimate electron density profiles in the very lowest reaches of the ionosphere. Here however, the entire signal, i.e. including the cosmic noise itself, will be examined and spectral characteristics identified. It will be seen that distinct spectral subranges are evident which can, in turn, be identified with non-Gaussian processes characterised by generalised Hurst exponents, α. Considering all periods greater than 1 h, α ≈ 24, an indication of fractional Brownian motion, whereas for periods greater than 1 day α ≈ 0.9 – approximately pink noise and just in the domain of fractional Gaussian noise. The results are compared with other physical processes, suggesting that absorption of cosmic noise is characterised by a generalised Hurst exponent  ≈ 1.24 and thus non-persistent fractional Brownian motion, whereas generation of cosmic noise is characterised by a generalised Hurst exponent  ≈ 1. The technique unfortunately did not result in clear physical understanding of the ionospheric phenomena, and thus, in this respect, the application was not successful; the analysis could, however, be used as a tool for instrument validation.
Greenland annual accumulation along the EGIG line, 1959–2004, from ASIRAS
airborne radar and neutron-probe density measurements
Authors: Overly Thomas B. , Hawley Robert L. , Helm Veit , Morris Elizabeth M. , Chaudhary Rohan N.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We report annual snow accumulation rates from 1959 to 2004 along a 250 km segment of the Expéditions Glaciologiques Internationales au Groenland (EGIG) line across central Greenland using Airborne SAR/Interferometric Radar Altimeter System (ASIRAS) radar layers and high resolution neutron-probe (NP) density profiles. ASIRAS-NP-derived accumulation rates are not statistically different (95 % confidence interval) from in situ EGIG accumulation measurements from 1985 to 2004. ASIRAS-NP-derived accumulation increases by 20 % below 3000 m elevation, and increases by 13 % above 3000 m elevation for the period 1995 to 2004 compared to 1985 to 1994. Three Regional Climate Models (PolarMM5, RACMO2.3, MAR) underestimate snow accumulation below 3000 m by 16–20 % compared to ASIRAS-NP from 1985 to 2004. We test radar-derived accumulation rates sensitivity to density using modeled density profiles in place of NP densities. ASIRAS radar layers combined with Herron and Langway (1980) model density profiles (ASIRAS-HL) produce accumulation rates within 3.5 % of ASIRAS-NP estimates in the dry snow region. We suggest using Herron and Langway (1980) density profiles to calibrate radar layers detected in dry snow regions of ice sheets lacking detailed in situ density measurements, such as those observed by the Operation IceBridge campaign.
Ordering space: Alternative views of ICT and geography
Authors: DuPont Quinn , Takhteyev Yuri
Published: August 2016

We analyze two ways of thinking about ICTs in the production of space. One is what we call the “mimetic” view. This view focuses on ICTs’ ability to bring representations from one locale into another. Debates about ICTs and geography have historically been driven by this “mimetic” view and continue to be constrained by it. In contrast, we discuss what we call the “algorithmic” view of ICTs, which focuses on computational re-ordering of representations and subsequent reordering of real-world entities. Recently, scholars of ICTs, communication, and geography have increasingly drawn on examples that fall under the “algorithmic” view, yet the distinction between the two views has not been clearly articulated. This paper clarifies this distinction.
Determinants of Customers’ Attitude towards Credit Card Usage: Lessons Learned From Academics in Sri Lanka
Authors: Sriyalatha Mallika Appuhamilage Kumudini
Published: August 2016

This study examines the factors that influence the attitude of customers toward utilization of credit cards among academics at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. 236 questionnaires were distributed through Google forms among academics in the Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce and 94 respondents have replied questionnaire back. Sample of the study is selected based on purposive sampling method.The factors which are included in this study are availability of information, perceived usefulness, and characteristics of card issuers, general satisfaction and card use intension. Multiple regression analysis is used to determine the most contributory factor that best predict the attitude toward using credit cards. According to the results of the study the most influential variable on attitude towards credit card usage is card used intention followed by perceived usefulness and availability of information. The most influential variable is explained 47.4% of the variation in the attitude towards usage of credit cards and the adjusted R2 also indicates that the model has good fit: 52.5% variation in attitude towards credit card usage is explained by estimated regression equation.Keywords: Attitude, Credit Card, Academics, Sri Lanka
Seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad, Pakistan
Authors: Farooq Umer , Ullah Aman , Irshad Hamid , Latif Asma , Naeem Khalid , Zahur Aamer Bin , Ahmad Zaheer , Rodriguez Luis L.
Published: August 2016

Background

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an enzootic viral disease affecting livestock in Pakistan.

Objectives

To determine the seroprevalence of FMD in large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad.

Methods

Serum samples were collected from 636 large ruminants during 2011 to 2012; 584 (92%) were buffaloes (Bos bubalis bubalis) and 52 (18%) were cattle (Bos taurus indicus). The population sampled was mainly adult (n = 514) and female (n = 596). Sera were assayed for antibodies against a nonstructural protein of the FMD virus using a Chekit FMD-3ABC bo-ov enzyme immunoassay Kit (Idexx Laboratories). Data were analyzed using a χ2 test and multiple logistic regression.

Results

The seroprevalence of FMD in the ruminants was 46% (n = 293, 95% confidence interval (CI); 42.18- 49.95) and was significantly higher in buffaloes (285, 97%; χ2 = 21.46; P < 0.001) than in cattle (8, 3%). The risk of seropositivity increased significantly with age (χ2 = 72.71; P < 0.001); adult animals were 7.05 times more likely (odds ratio (OR) 7.05, 95% CI 3.60-13.79; P < 0.001) to be seropositive after adjusting for the effect of species. Buffaloes were more likely to be seropositive (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.78-8.92, P = 0.001). Sex was not significantly associated with FMD seropositivity (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.17-1.95, P = 0.38).

Conclusions

Large ruminants in periurban dairy farms near Islamabad have a high FMD virus seroprevalence and play a potential role in the persistence and transmission of FMD in Pakistan.
A secondary analysis of atypical presentations of older patients with infection in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in Thailand
Authors: Limpawattana Panita , Mitsungnern Thapanawong , Phungoen Pariwat , Tansangworn Natthida , Laosuangkoon Wannisa
Published: August 2016

Background

Classic symptoms of illness are often absent in older adults, delaying diagnosis and management, and resulting in unfavorable outcomes.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of atypical presentations by older Thai adults with infections in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital, and to identify factors associated with atypical presentations in such patients.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort observational study of atypical presentations of patients aged ≥65 years in the ED using a subset of data first reported in the Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics in 2015; 62:97-102.

Results

The prevalence of atypical presentations was 35% of those with infectious diseases (64 of 183 cases). Pneumonia was the most common (30%). We identified 4 associated risk factors: complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) (odds ratio (OR) 4.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75,11. 78; P = 0.002), cancer (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.07, 6.53; P = 0.04), dementia (OR 6.66; 95% CI 1.47, 30.11; P = 0.01), and pulse rate >90 beats/min (OR 2.06; 95% CI 1.01, 4.22; P = 0.04). Infective diarrhea was protective (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.09, 0.8; P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Atypical presentations of infectious diseases by older Thai patients in the ED accounted for about one third of those with infectious disease. Associated risk factors were complicated UTI, cancer, dementia, and increased pulse rate. Older patients with these factors who have uncertain diagnoses should be considered for hospitalization because the absence of classic symptoms does not exclude life-threatening infections.
Two centuries of the equations of commutativity and associativity of exponentiation
Authors: Lóczi Lajos
Published: August 2016

In this survey article we guide the reader through the solution of the commutative equation of exponentiation x^y = y^x and that of the associative equation of exponentiation x^(y^z) = (x^y)^z. Various characterizations of the integer, rational, real and complex solutions are discussed together with some new results and open directions. The article is supplemented by a detailed and commented bibliography on the history of these equations.
Problem-solving in mathematics with the help of computers
Authors: Kovács András
Published: August 2016

One of the most important tasks of the didactics of mathematics is the describing of the process of problem-solving activity and problem-solving thinking. The psychological theories concerning the problem-solving thinking leave the special demand of school subjects out of consideration, and search for connections of universal validity. In this article we attempt to connect an abstract theory of psychology concerning problem-solving thinking and a more practical conception of the problem-solving activity of mathematics, which is based on Polya's idea. In this way we can get a structure of problem-solving, which has scientific bases and at the same time it is useful in computer aided learning. Our result was developed and tested in Hungary so this is suitable especially for the Hungarian conditions of mathematics teaching.
Report on "The Computer Algebra and Dynamical Geometry Systems, as the catalysts of the Mathematics education"
Authors: Sárvári Csaba
Published: August 2016

The Department of Mathematics of the University of Pécs, Pollack Mihály Engineering Faculty organized in the year 2003 a conference on the role of CAS and DGS in the Mathematics education. We discuss – based on the authors' abstracts – the conference's activities.
Fluvial Erosion Characterisation in the Juqueriquerê River Channel, Caraguatatuba, Brazil
Authors: Velázquez Victor F. , Portela Viviane D. A. , Sobrinho José M. Azevedo , Guedes Antonio C. M. , Letsch Mikhaela A. J. S. P
Published: August 2016

The Juqueriquerê River channel was formed in a Precambrian crystalline basement. The lithological association is largely composed of ancient metamorphic and igneous rocks, with several overlapping tectonic episodes. Field surveys along the upper and middle course allowed for cataloguing a wide variety of fluvial erosion features. A sizable amount of morphological features have been sculpted on different types of rocks, including furrows, potholes, percussion marks, polishing and smoothing boulders as the most representative. The sizes and shapes of these scour marks are also diverse, and their study has provided important results for better understanding the erosive processes. Given their wide variety, the erosive morphological features offer an excellent opportunity to explore the mechanisms of fluvial erosion and evaluate their effective capacity to remove cobbles and boulders in bedrock river systems.
Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of the Acidic Volcanic Rocks from the Shetang-Boyang Area, Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China
Authors: Ma Aiai , Guan Hao , Zou Lifei , Sun Lanlan
Published: August 2016

Acidic volcanic rocks of Shetang-Boyang area are located in the western Qinling orogenic belt, consist of rhyolite and granite porphyry. They are comparable in the chemical composition, enriched in Si, alkali, Al and a little bit of Mg, Ca and Ti. The contents of HFSE (Zr, Hf) and LILE (Rb, Th, U) are high, however, the content of Ba, Sr, Ti, P have obviously depleted and there are obvious negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.06-0.13). These geochemical characteristics are revealed that these volcanic rocks have an A1 type affinity. Geochemical data combined with regional studies, show that these volcanic rocks were formed in a continental extension setting and the western Qinling orogenic belt in 211Ma has been in the tectonic setting of post-collisional extension.
Role of Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Mougharbel Fatima , Deonandan Raywat
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a complex mental health disorder that affects women during their childbearing years. It is a serious medical condition that occurs in approximately 15% of women after birth and has an adverse effect on both the mother and the infant. Hypotheses exist relating dietary deficiencies in a pregnant or postnatal woman’s diet may cause postnatal depression. It is unclear whether Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are effective for treating or preventing PPD.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the best available evidence to date regarding the effect of n-3 PUFAs on the etiology, prevention and treatment of postnatal depression.

METHODS: A systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted in order to address the gaps in knowledge. For the systematic review, a broad search of electronic databases of published quantitative literature was conducted. The narrative synthesis consists of four elements: 1) developing a theory; 2) developing a preliminary synthesis; 3) exploring relationships in the data; 4) assessing the robustness of the synthesis. Published experimental and observational studies were accepted involving women who were pregnant or who had given birth in the previous six weeks. N-3 PUFAs was the intervention of interest and PPD was the outcome.

RESULTS: Out of 181 potential articles, a total of 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. The overwhelming majority of the studies found that n-3 PUFAs had no inverse association with PPD evaluations. Significant heterogeneity was observed among included studies.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, This systematic review and narrative synthesis failed to find a significant positive association between n-3 PUFAs intake and PPD.
The Effects of Rural Tourism on Sustainable Livelihoods (Case Study: Lavij Rural, Iran)
Authors: Kheiri Jamal , Nasihatkon Banafsheh
Published: August 2016

Using a quantitative methodology and questionnaire, this study sought to evaluate the impacts of tourism on sustainable livelihoods of local people of Lavij rural in Iran. Data collected from 230 local residents of the study area were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and linear regression. The results show that rural tourism has been able to play an effective role in sustainable livelihoods of people and there is a significant relationship between the development of rural tourism and sustainable livelihoods in Lavij. Rural tourism can predict a high percentage of changes in people’s livelihoods sustainability. Therefore, with a proper planning, rural tourism can be used to development of sustainable livelihoods, quality of people's lives, job opportunities and poverty reduction.
Effect of Gravity on Radiative Heat Feedback on Small-Scale Pool Fires Using the Radiative Absorption Model
Authors: Yoshida Koei , Takahashi Ryo , Torikai Hiroyuki , Ito Akihiko
Published: August 2016

The flame characteristics of pool fires such as their height vary depending on gravity. To improve our understanding of the effects of gravity on flame characteristics, we experimentally investigated small-scale pool fires under conditions of normal to partial gravity; using the drop tower at Hirosaki University in Japan to obtain arbitrary partial gravity condition, which varied from 1 G to 0.55 G. We performed the measurement of the temperature distribution with a thermocouple and that of the flame shape with a digital camera. Based on these data, we estimated radiative heat feedback using our new model “The radiative absorption model”. It becomes easy to estimate radiative heat transfer using this model if flames have complicated shapes and time variability. From these analyses, we made clear that the radiative heat feedback of small-scale pool fires decreases under partial gravity environment.
Addition of Waste Glass to Self-Compacted Concrete: Critical Review
Authors: Alhasanat Mahmoud B. A. , Al Qadi Arabi N. , Al-Thyabat Salah , Haddad Madhar , Nofal Batool G.
Published: August 2016

Utilization of waste glass at optimum amounts in concrete production not only provides significant environmental benefits such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions generated during the production process of cement but also enhances performance of the concrete and cement. The aim of this work was to review the effect of addition of waste glass on cement and concrete. The review showed that addition of glass powder enhances the compressive strength properties of the concrete product while using waste glass as aggregate showed that the slump flow increased with the increase of recycled glass content. On the other hand, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete were decreased with the increase in the recycled glass content.
Geometric Parameters and Behavior Factor of Knee-Braced Steel Frames Using Nonlinear Static Pushover (NSP) Analyses
Authors: Anoushehei Majid , Daneshjoo Farhad
Published: August 2016

During the recent years, the new knee-braced frame (KBF) system has been interested to achieve a proper seismic behavior. Briefly introducing KBF, the present study evaluates the geometric parameters and behavior factor of multi-story knee-braced steel frames. The studied models include three-, five- and eight-story steel CBFs, EBFs and KBFs. Using linear static analyses, the present study evaluates lateral stiffness of knee-braced frames and plots their co-stiffness curves. Using co-stiffness curves, then, the best range is determined for geometric parameters of KBFs to achieve the proper stiffness. In addition, ductility-related seismic force reduction factor (Rμ), incremental resistance coefficient (RS), and behavior factor (R) are calculated for the frames using incremental nonlinear static analyses, and compared with the corresponding concentric and eccentric frames.
Improvement Of Orchid Vanda Hybrid (Vanda limbata Blume X Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. suavis) By Colchicines Treatment In Vitro
Authors: Tuwo Mustika , Indrianto Ari
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the growth phase of orchid Vanda hybrid (Vanda limbata Blume X Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. suavis) response with colchicines treatment, to determine precise effective concentration of colchicines and duration of treatment to induce polyploidy. This research used variation of colchicines concentration which were 0.01%; 0.05%; 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% and 0% and incubation for 6 hours; 12 hours; 18 hours; 24 hours; and  4 days. Treatment was done in aseptic condition using protocorm aged 7 week after sowing. After treatments, plants were planted on Vacint and Went (VW) medium supplemented with of 150 ml/l coconut water. After four months, they were subcultured in medium VW + 150 ml/l + 150g/l banana extract. The results showed that the orchid Vanda hybrid was intolerant to colchicine concentration of 0.1; 0.5 and 1% by death protocorm was more than 50%. Concentration of 0,5% with 6 hours soaking time is the most effective to induced tetraploid in orchid Vanda hybrid. Morphological characters of tetraploid plantlets had lower average number and length of roots, the number, length, and width of the leaves than those of control. Anatomical characters of the tetraploid plantlets revealed the highest stomatal size and had smaller of stomatal index than controls. This evident indicated a negative correlation between stomatal index and ploidy level. Cytological analysis with flow cytometry revealed that tetraploid plantlets (2n=4x=76) stained with DAPI showed the chromosome number more than those of control (2n=2x=38).Key words      : polyploidization, colchicine, vanda orchid, chromosome number
Human and Citizenship Rights Education by Media
Authors: Biparva Amir , Zamani Seyed Ghasem
Published: August 2016

Development of human rights and citizenship rights is based on publication of its concepts among the people in global society. This publication of concepts and introduction of the people from different nations to human rights are done through education. Media with their role in transfer of information and knowledge have educational function. Media with their educational function ensured education right as one of the human rights while informing the public thoughts with their own rights and increasing their demands through human rights and citizenship rights education. Human rights and citizenship rights education activate the people of society in normalization of the related rules and this media education which is directly and indirectly related to obligation of states to right of education binds the states to respond to increased demands of human rights and citizenship rights and take action regarding development of the human and citizenship rights in national and international level. Human rights and citizenship rights have exclusive capability which leads to increased awareness of states with human and citizenship rights and increased demands of states and international society considering high number of media addresses and diversity of their content in presentation of materials about human and citizenship rights in education for all society levels and increased demand leads states and international society to develop norms of the human and citizenship rights through legislation, codification and enactment of the conventions on human rights and this process leads to development of human and citizenship rights at local and global levels.
Identify and Rank the Barriers to Technology Transfer - Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Forouhar Mansour , Forouhar Mehdi , Gholami Saeed , Arghish Omid
Published: August 2016

Transfer of technology as an inevitable necessity has been interested by scientific directors and executive directors in the past two decades. Obstacles facing this transition in modern countries (developed) in the countries such as Iran is considered significantly. This study is a descriptive survey, and applied in term of purpose. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the barriers to transfer technology in Iran.Mentioned study uses literature research and expert opinions gathered through interviews and questionnaires, to identify high-impact barriers and has prioritized the major obstacles to transfer technology through the use of hierarchical analysis. The results show that technical, human, organizational information barriers were the most important barriers to transfer technology in Iran and technical barriers, in the infrastructure; in human barrier, managerial skills, the obstacle information, cost information and ultimately organizational barriers, have created the challenges.
A New Methodological Framework for Crime Spatial Analysis Using Local Entropy Map
Authors: Kalantari Mohsen , Ghavagh Alireza Rahmaty , Toomanian Ara , Dero Qiumars Yazdanpanah
Published: August 2016

The highest crime rate in major cities has been always a challenge for managers and urban planners. In order to control and reduce the crime rate, different methods have been proposed in recent decades. Considering the relationship between land use and crime, in this study, potential spatial dependency between commercial land uses, banks, bus and subway stations and pickpocketing was investigated in Tehran. To analyze the spatial dependency, local entropy models and nonparametric approach were used. Using ArcGIS ESRI product we created the local entropy maps to show the significance level of each local region, which allows interactive examination of significant local multivariate relationships. The results show a high spatial autocorrelation between mentioned land uses and specified crimes. The parameters indicate a significant cluster distribution. Furthermore, pickpocketing density at the bus stops is at the high Bonferroni level. The results specify that spatial patterns of pickpocketing are related to land use in the study area.
A Stochastic Surgery Sequencing Model Considering the Moral and Human Virtues
Authors: Farzad Gerami , Mohammad Saidi Mehrabad
Published: August 2016

In this research, we will work sequencing problem of patients demanding surgery under uncertainty in times (including the surgical time, time to prepare the operating room, patient awake time before transferring to the recovery room …). For this problem, a stochastic mixed integer programming model as Stochastic Surgery Sequencing Model (S3M) has been developed.Since this model is achance-constraint problem, which makes it very complex. This problem aims to minimize the cost of operating room personnel overtime and to reduce patient’s waiting time. In mathematical schedule models, we consider three level of patient’s priority ( ). Based on these moral and human dimensions, decision maker can prioritize patients. Restrictions on the balance the operating roomsand priorities for patients are all from the real-world constraints, are included in this issue. A branch-reduce-cut algorithm is used to solve the model.
CENSURA E TRANSGRESSÃO NA ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA: PENSANDO A VIGILÂNCIA INSTITUCIONAL A PARTIR DAS RECENTES EXPOSIÇÕES E EVENTOS CULTURAIS
Authors:   Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Albuquerque Fellipe Eloy Teixeira
Published: August 2016

Com recentes manifestações de arte ativista nas Bienais de São Paulo, notamos uma maior abertura dentro das instituições culturais para grupos de artistas que atuam não só no campo estético, mas também no político e social. Nestes campos a influência causada por casos de censura toma proporções que ou desestimulam totalmente seus adeptos ou incendeia ainda mais os ânimos. Este artigo abordará, a partir de casos recentes, onde a censura e a transgressão estiveram intimamente associadas ao es- copo artístico das instituições ou even- tos organizados no território nacional e como alguns casos de censura foram os precursores de casos de transgressões.
Drosophila Nanos acts as a molecular clamp that modulates the RNA-binding and repression activities of Pumilio
Authors: Weidmann Chase A , Qiu Chen , Arvola René M , Lou Tzu-Fang , Killingsworth Jordan , Campbell Zachary T , Tanaka Hall Traci M , Goldstrohm Aaron C
Published: August 2016

Collaboration among the multitude of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is ubiquitous, yet our understanding of these key regulatory complexes has been limited to single RBPs. We investigated combinatorial translational regulation by Drosophila Pumilio (Pum) and Nanos (Nos), which control development, fertility, and neuronal functions. Our results show how the specificity of one RBP (Pum) is modulated by cooperative RNA recognition with a second RBP (Nos) to synergistically repress mRNAs. Crystal structures of Nos-Pum-RNA complexes reveal that Nos embraces Pum and RNA, contributes sequence-specific contacts, and increases Pum RNA-binding affinity. Nos shifts the recognition sequence and promotes repression complex formation on mRNAs that are not stably bound by Pum alone, explaining the preponderance of sub-optimal Pum sites regulated in vivo. Our results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a regulatory switch controlling crucial gene expression programs, and provide a framework for understanding how the partnering of RBPs evokes changes in binding specificity that underlie regulatory network dynamics.
A hybrid silicon evanescent quantum dot laser
Authors: Jang Bongyong , Tanabe Katsuaki , Kako Satoshi , Iwamoto Satoshi , Tsuchizawa Tai , Nishi Hidetaka , Hatori Nobuaki , Noguchi Masataka , Nakamura Takahiro , Takemasa Keizo , Sugawara Mitsuru , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: August 2016

We report the first demonstration of a hybrid silicon quantum dot (QD) laser, evanescently coupled to a silicon waveguide. InAs/GaAs QD laser structures with thin AlGaAs lower cladding layers were transferred by direct wafer bonding onto silicon waveguides defining cavities with adiabatic taper structures and distributed Bragg reflectors. The laser operates at temperatures up to 115 °C under pulsed current conditions, with a characteristic temperature T
0 of 303 K near room temperature. Furthermore, by reducing the width of the GaAs/AlGaAs mesa down to 8 µm, continuous-wave operation is realized at 25 °C.
Decoupling the response of an estuarine shrimp to architectural components of habitat structure
Authors: Crooks Jeffrey A. , Chang Andrew L. , Ruiz Gregory M.
Published: August 2016

In order to explore biotic attraction to structure, we examined how the amount and arrangement of artificial biotic stalks affected responses of a shrimp,Palaemon macrodactylus, absent other proximate factors such as predation or interspecific competition. In aquaria, we tested the effect of differing densities of both un-branched and branched stalks, where the amount of material in the branched stalk equaled four-times that of the un-branched. The results clearly showed that it was the amount of material, not how it was arranged, that elicited responses from shrimp. Also, although stalks were not purposefully designed to mimic structural elements found in nature, they did resemble biogenic structure such as hydroids, algae, or plants. In order to test shrimp attraction to a different, perhaps more unfamiliar habitat type, we examined responses to plastic “army men.” These structural elements elicited similar attraction of shrimp, and, in general, shrimp response correlated well with the fractal dimension of both stalks and army men. Overall, these results indicate that attraction to physical structure, regardless of its nature, may be an important driver of high abundances often associated with complex habitats.
Microbial production and characterization of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate byNeptunomonas antarctica
Authors: Liu Xiao-Jie , Zhang Jie , Hong Peng-Hui , Li Zheng-Jun
Published: August 2016

Considering the industrial interest of biodegradable polymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the marine bacteriaNeptunomonas antarcticawas studied for its ability to accumulate PHB. The extracted polymer was confirmed to be PHB by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In shake flask cultures using natural seawater as medium components, PHB was produced up to 2.12 g/L with a yield of 0.18 g PHB/g fructose. In the presence of artificial seawater, the PHB titer and yield reached 2.13 g/L and 0.13 g PHB/g fructose, respectively. The accumulated polymer gradually decreased when fructose was exhausted, indicating that intracellular PHB was degraded byN. antarctica. The weight-average and number-average molecular weights of PHB produced within natural seawater were 2.4 × 105g/mol and 1.7 × 105g/mol, respectively. Our results highlight the potential ofN. antarcticafor PHB production with seawater as a nutrient source.
Probabilistic point source inversion of strong‐motion data in 3‐D media using pattern recognition: A case study for the 2008Mw5.4 Chino Hills earthquake
Authors: Käufl Paul , Valentine Andrew P. , Trampert Jeannot
Published: August 2016

Despite the ever increasing availability of computational power, real‐time source inversions based on physical modeling of wave propagation in realistic media remain challenging. We investigate how a nonlinear Bayesian approach based on pattern recognition and synthetic 3‐D Green's functions can be used to rapidly invert strong‐motion data for point source parameters by means of a case study for a fault system in the Los Angeles Basin. The probabilistic inverse mapping is represented in compact form by a neural network which yields probability distributions over source parameters. It can therefore be evaluated rapidly and with very moderate CPU and memory requirements. We present a simulated real‐time inversion of data for the 2008Mw5.4 Chino Hills event. Initial estimates of epicentral location and magnitude are available ∼14 s after origin time. The estimate can be refined as more data arrive: by ∼40 s, fault strike and source depth can also be determined with relatively high certainty.
Van Allen Probes observations of oxygen cyclotron harmonic waves in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Malaspina D. M. , Jaynes A. N. , Bruder R. J. , Mann I. R. , Wygant J. R. , Ergun R. E.
Published: August 2016

Waves with frequencies in the vicinity of the oxygen cyclotron frequency and its harmonics have been regularly observed on the Van Allen Probes satellites during geomagnetic storms. We focus on properties of these waves and present events from the main phase of two storms on 1 November 2012 and 17 March 2013 and associated dropouts of a few MeV electron fluxes. They are electromagnetic, in the frequency range ~0.5 to several Hz, and amplitude ~0.1 to a few nT in magnetic and ~0.1 to a few mV/m in electric field, with both the wave velocity and the Poynting vector directed almost parallel to the background magnetic field. These properties are very similar to those of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, which are believed to contribute to loss of ring current ions and radiation belt electrons and therefore can be also important for inner magnetosphere dynamics.
Correcting moments of in situ particle distribution functions for spacecraft electrostatic charging
Authors: Lavraud Benoit , Larson Davin E.
Published: August 2016

We first introduce previous works on spacecraft electrostatic charging and its effects on particle measurements and the calculation of moments from three‐dimensional distribution functions. We illustrate the fact that the lack of use, or misuse, of Liouville's theorem may lead to misinterpretations and inappropriate corrections to those effects. We emphasize in particular that its appropriate use naturally accounts for what is often called the “sheath focusing effect” in moment calculation. In the case of a “perfect” particle detector we show that there exists a trivial and essentially exact formulation for the calculation of moments of particle distribution functions that accounts for the spacecraft potential and that is particularly useful for onboard moment calculations. The main limitations, but that are not specific to this formulation, are inaccuracies in angle information (from blurring of acceptance angles at low energies or spacecraft‐skimming trajectory effects) and those arising from the detector properties (resolution, cutoffs, photoelectrons, etc.). We discuss this correction in the context of previous works and remind that it primarily affects low‐energy measurements and for populations whose temperature is comparable to the potential. Based on spacecraft observations, we show that this correction is most needed for regimes such as that of solar wind electrons but also for cold ions as often observed, for instance, in the magnetosphere near the Earth's magnetopause.
Spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip events in a nonplanar fault model for northern Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Li Duo , Liu Yajing
Published: August 2016

Slow slip events (SSEs) are identified as the quasi‐stable fault deformation in the deep transition zone from locked to continuous sliding in many subduction zones. In the well‐instrumented Cascadia margin, a class of Mw6.0 slow slip events arise beneath Port Angeles every ∼14 months, as inferred from two decades of continuous geodetic monitoring. The along‐strike bending of the incoming oceanic plate beneath north Washington is a unique geometric feature whose influence on slow slip processes is still unknown. Here we incorporate a realistic fault geometry of northern Cascadia in the framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law, to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip events on a nonplanar subduction fault. The modeled SSEs capture the major characteristics revealed by GPS observations. The central 150 km long fault segment beneath Port Angeles acts as a repetitive slip patch, where SSEs appear every ∼1.5 years with a maximum slip of ∼2.5 cm. Two minor slip patches with smaller areas and cumulative slips straddle this central slip patch. The along‐strike segmentation of slow slip is inversely related to the local fault dip and strike angles of the slow slip zone, suggesting strong geometrical control on the slow slip process. This correlation holds even after removing the effect of W/h∗, ratio between velocity‐weakening SSE fault width and characteristic nucleation size. Besides the GPS‐detectable fast‐spreading phase, we find that each SSE cycle consists of deep pre‐SSE preparation and post‐SSE relaxation phases, which may be the driving mechanism for the deep tremor activity between major SSE episodes discovered in Cascadia.
Elasticity of single‐crystal NAL phase at high pressure: A potential source of the seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle
Authors: Wu Ye , Yang Jing , Wu Xiang , Song Maoshuang , Yoshino Takashi , Zhai Shuangmeng , Qin Shan , Huang Haijun , Lin Jung‐Fu
Published: August 2016

The new hexagonal aluminous phase, named the NAL phase, is expected to be stable at depths of <1200 km in subducted slabs and believed to constitute 10~30 wt% of subducted mid‐ocean ridge basalt together with the CaFe2O4‐type aluminous phase. Here elasticity of the single‐crystal NAL phase is investigated using Brillouin light scattering coupled with diamond anvil cells up to 20 GPa at room temperature. Analysis of the results shows that the substitution of iron lowers the shear modulus of the NAL phase by ~5% (~6 GPa) but does not significantly affect the adiabatic bulk modulus. The NAL phase exhibits high‐velocity anisotropies with AVP = 14.7% and AVS = 15.12% for the Fe‐bearing phase at ambient conditions. The high AVS of the NAL phase mainly results from the high anisotropy of the faster VS1 (13.9~15.8%), while the slower VS2 appears almost isotropic (0.1~2.8%) at ambient and high pressures. The AVP and AVS of the NAL phase decrease with increasing pressure but still have large values with AVP = 11.4% and AVS = 14.12% for the Fe‐bearing sample at 20.4 GPa. The extrapolated AVP and AVS of the Fe‐free and Fe‐bearing NAL phases at 40 GPa are larger than those of bridgmanite at the same pressure. Together with its spin transition of iron and structural transition to the CF phase, the presence of the NAL phase with high‐velocity anisotropies may contribute to the observed seismic anisotropy around subducted slabs in the uppermost lower mantle.
The relative influence of ENSO and SAM on Antarctic Peninsula climate
Authors: Clem Kyle R. , Renwick James A. , McGregor James , Fogt Ryan L.
Published: August 2016

Recent warming of the Antarctic Peninsula during austral autumn, winter, and spring has been linked to sea surface temperature (SST) trends in the tropical Pacific and tropical Atlantic, while warming of the northeast Peninsula during summer has been linked to a strengthening of westerly winds traversing the Peninsula associated with a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Here we demonstrate that circulation changes associated with the SAM dominate interannual temperature variability across the entire Antarctic Peninsula during both summer and autumn, while relationships with tropical Pacific SST variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are strongest and statistically significant primarily during winter and spring only. We find the ENSO‐Peninsula temperature relationship during autumn to be weak on interannual time scales and regional circulation anomalies associated with the SAM more important for interannual temperature variability across the Peninsula during autumn. Consistent with previous studies, western Peninsula temperatures during autumn, winter, and spring are closely tied to changes in the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) and associated meridional wind anomalies. The interannual variability of ASL depth is most strongly correlated with the SAM index during autumn, while the ENSO relationship is strongest during winter and spring. Investigation of western and northeast Peninsula temperatures separately reveals that interannual variability of northeast Peninsula temperatures is primarily sensitive to zonal wind anomalies crossing the Peninsula and resultant leeside adiabatic warming rather than to meridional wind anomalies, which is closely tied to variability in the zonal portion of the SAM pattern.
The heated condensation framework as a convective trigger in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2
Authors: Bombardi Rodrigo J. , Tawfik Ahmed B. , Manganello Julia V. , Marx Lawrence , Shin Chul‐Su , Halder Subhadeep , Schneider Edwin K. , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Kinter James L.
Published: August 2016

An updated version of the Heated Condensation Framework (HCF) is implemented as a convective triggering criterion into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). The new trigger replaces the original criteria in both the deep (Simplified Arakawa‐Schubert – SAS) and shallow (SAS based) convective schemes. The performance of the original and new triggering criteria is first compared against radiosonde observations. Then, a series of hindcasts are performed to evaluate the influence of the triggering criterion in the CFSv2 representation of summer precipitation, the diurnal cycle of precipitation, and hurricanes that made landfall. The observational analysis shows that the HCF trigger better captures the frequency of convection, where the original SAS trigger initiates convection too often. When implemented in CFSv2, the HCF trigger improves the seasonal forecast of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, including the representation of the onset dates of the rainy season over India. On the other hand, the HCF trigger increases error in the seasonal forecast of precipitation over the eastern United States. The HCF trigger also improves the representation of the intensity of hurricanes. Moreover, the simulation of hurricanes provides insights on the mechanism whereby the HCF trigger impacts the representation of convection.