bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrogen Receptor α Deficiency Modulates TLR Ligand–Mediated PDC-TREM Expression in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Lupus-Prone Mice
Authors: Scott Jennifer L. , Cunningham Melissa A. , Naga Osama S. , Wirth Jena R. , Eudaly Jackie G. , Gilkeson Gary S.
Published: November 2015

Female lupus-prone NZM2410 estrogen receptor α (ERα)–deficient mice are protected from renal disease and have prolonged survival compared with wild-type littermates; however, the mechanism of protection is unknown. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and type I IFN drive lupus pathogenesis. Estrogen acting via ERα enhances both pDC development and IFN production. The objectives for this study were to determine if ERα modulates pDC function and IFN activity in predisease NZM2410 mice as a possible protective mechanism of ERα deficiency in lupus-prone mice. We measured the effect of ERα deficiency on spleen pDC frequency, number, maturation, and activation state. ERα deficiency reduced type I IFN activity and the frequency of MHC class II+ pDCs in the spleen without altering overall pDC frequency, number, or maturation state. Additionally, ERα-deficient NZM2410 mice had a significantly decreased frequency of pDCs expressing PDC-TREM, a modulator of TLR-mediated IFN production. After in vitro TLR9 stimulation, ERα deficiency significantly reduced the expression of PDC-TREM on pDCs from both NZM2410 and C57BL/6 mice. Thus, we have identified a significant effect of ERα deficiency on pDCs in predisease NZM2410 mice, which may represent a mechanism by which ERα deficiency protects NZM2410 mice from lupuslike disease.
Superoptimal Preconditioners for Functions of Matrices
Authors: Bai Zheng-Jian , Jin Xiao-Qing , Yao Teng-Teng
Published: November 2015

For any given matrixA∈ℂnxn, a preconditionertU(A)called the superoptimal preconditioner was proposed in 1992 by Tyrtyshnikov. It has been shown thattU(A)is an efficient preconditioner for solving various structured systems, for instance, Toeplitz-like systems. In this paper, we construct the superoptimal preconditioners for different functions of matrices. Letfbe a function of matrices from ℂnxnto ℂnxn. For anyA∈ ℂnxn, one may construct two superoptimal preconditioners forf(A): tU(f(A))andf(tU(A)). We establish basic properties oftU(f(A))andf(tU(A))for different functions of matrices. Some numerical tests demonstrate that the proposed preconditioners are very efficient for solving the systemf(A)x=b.
Business Models Innovation through New Customer Roles: A Design-Driven Case Study
Authors: Pironti Marco , Cautela Cabirio , Christodoulou Joannis
Published: November 2015

Business models as relational devices governing transactions with the customers and stakeholders identify new rules of customer engagement and their impact on business model innovations in design-intensive industries. These industries, framed as the locus of "cultural innovation", see the customer as a product 'sense giver'. In this setting, new customer roles are explored through a case study based on a fast-growing company operating in the furniture sector. The case study highlights three main customer roles that impact business models: (i) the customer as a market bridge; (ii) the customer context as a company "showroom,"; (iii) the customer as an external company design lab.
Regional Estimates of Multidimensional Poverty in India
Authors: Dehury Bidyadhar , Mohanty Sanjay K.
Published: November 2015

This paper estimates and decomposes multidimensional poverty in 82 natural regions in India using unit data from the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS), 2011–12. Multidimensional poverty is measured in the dimensions of health, education, living standard and household environment using eight indicators and Alkire-Foster methodology. The unique contributions of the paper are inclusion of a direct economic variable (consumption expenditure, work and employment) to quantify the living standard dimension, decomposition of MPI across the dimensions and the indicators, and estimates of multidimensional poverty at the sub-national level.

Results indicate that 43% of India’s population are multidimensional poor with large regional variations. The average intensity of poverty was 45.5% with a MPI value of 19.3. Six states in India—Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal who have a share of 45% of the total population—account for 58% of the multidimensional poor. Across regions, more than 70% of the population are multidimensional poor in the southern region of Chhattisgarh and the Ranchi plateau, while they comprise less than 10% in the regions of Manipur, Mizoram and Chandigarh. The economic poor have a weak association with health and household environment dimensions. The decomposition of MPI indicates that the economic dimension accounts for 22%, the health dimension accounts for 36%, the education dimension accounts for 11% and the household environment accounts for 31% of the deprivation. Based on these analyses, the authors suggest target based interventions in the poor regions to reduce poverty and inequality in India.
Aerosol size distribution and new particle formation in the western Yangtze River Delta of China: 2 years of measurements at the SORPES station
Authors: Qi X. M. , Ding A. J. , Nie W. , Petäjä T. , Kerminen V.-M. , Herrmann E. , Xie Y. N. , Zheng L. F. , Manninen H. , Aalto P. , Sun J. N. , Xu Z. N. , Chi X. G. , Huang X. , Boy M. , Virkkula A. , Yang X.-Q. , Fu C. B. , Kulmala M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Aerosol particles play important roles in regional air quality and global climate change. In this study, we analyzed 2 years (2011–2013) of measurements of submicron particles (6–800 nm) at a suburban site in the western Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of eastern China. The number concentrations (NCs) of particles in the nucleation, Aitken and accumulation modes were 5300 ± 5500, 8000 ± 4400, 5800 ± 3200 cm−3, respectively. The NCs of total particles are comparable to those at urban/suburban sites in other Chinese megacities, such as Beijing, but about 10 times higher than in the remote western China. Long-range and regional transport largely influenced number concentrations and size distributions of submicron particles. The highest and lowest accumulation-mode particle number concentrations were observed in air masses from the YRD and coastal regions, respectively. Continental air masses from inland brought the highest concentrations of nucleation-mode particles. New particle formation (NPF) events, apparent in 44 % of the effective measurement days, occurred frequently in all the seasons except winter. The frequency of NPF in spring, summer and autumn is much higher than other measurement sites in China. Sulfuric acid was found to be the main driver of NPF events. The particle formation rate was the highest in spring (3.6 ± 2.4 cm−3 s−1), whereas the particle growth rate had the highest values in summer (12.8 ± 4.4 nm h−1). The formation rate was typically high in relatively clean air masses, whereas the growth rate tended to be high in the polluted YRD air masses. The frequency of NPF events and the particle growth rates showed a strong year-to-year difference. In the summer of 2013, associated with a multi-week heat wave and strong photochemical processes, NPF events occurred with larger frequency and higher growth rates compared with the same period in 2012. The difference in the location and strength of the subtropical high pressure system, which influences the air mass transport pathways and solar radiation, seems to be the cause for year-to-year differences. This study reports, up to now, the longest continuous measurement records of submicron particles in eastern China and helps to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the main factors controlling the seasonal and year-to-year variation of the aerosol size distribution and NPF in this region.
Comparison of the CMAM30 data set with ACE-FTS and OSIRIS: polar regions
Authors: Pendlebury D. , Plummer D. , Scinocca J. , Sheese P. , Strong K. , Walker K. , Degenstein D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. CMAM30 is a 30-year data set extending from 1979 to 2010 that is generated using a version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) in which the winds and temperatures are relaxed to the Interim Reanalysis product from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-Interim). The data set has dynamical fields that are very close to the reanalysis below 1 hPa and chemical tracers that are self-consistent with respect to the model winds and temperature. The chemical tracers are expected to be close to actual observations. The data set is here compared to two satellite records – the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer and the Odin Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System – for the purpose of validating the temperature, ozone, water vapour and methane fields. Data from the Aura microwave limb sounder are also used for validation of the chemical processing in the polar vortex. It is found that the CMAM30 temperature is warmer by up to 5 K in the stratosphere, with a low bias in the mesosphere of ~ 5–15 K. Ozone is reasonable (±15 %), except near the tropopause globally and in the Southern Hemisphere winter polar vortex. Water vapour is consistently low by 10–20 %, with corresponding high methane of 10–20 %, except in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex. Discrepancies in this region are shown to stem from the treatment of polar stratospheric cloud formation in the model.
Diurnal, seasonal and long-term variations of global formaldehyde columns inferred from combined OMI and GOME-2 observations
Authors: De Smedt I. , Stavrakou T. , Hendrick F. , Danckaert T. , Vlemmix T. , Pinardi G. , Theys N. , Lerot C. , Gielen C. , Vigouroux C. , Hermans C. , Fayt C. , Veefkind P. , Müller J.-F. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We present the new version (v14) of the BIRA-IASB algorithm for the retrieval of formaldehyde (H2CO) columns from spaceborne UV–visible sensors. Applied to OMI measurements from Aura and to GOME-2 measurements from MetOp-A and MetOp-B, this algorithm is used to produce global distributions of H2CO representative of mid-morning and early afternoon conditions. Its main features include (1) a new iterative DOAS scheme involving three fitting intervals to better account for the O2–O2 absorption, (2) the use of earthshine radiances averaged in the equatorial Pacific as reference spectra, and (3) a destriping correction and background normalisation resolved in the across-swath position. For the air mass factor calculation, a priori vertical profiles calculated by the IMAGES chemistry transport model at 09:30 and 13:30 LT are used. Although the resulting GOME-2 and OMI H2CO vertical columns are found to be highly correlated, some systematic differences are observed. Afternoon columns are generally larger than morning ones, especially in mid-latitude regions. In contrast, over tropical rainforests, morning H2CO columns significantly exceed those observed in the afternoon. These differences are discussed in terms of the H2CO column variation between mid-morning and early afternoon, using ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements available from seven stations in Europe, China and Africa. Validation results confirm the capacity of the combined satellite measurements to resolve diurnal variations in H2CO columns. Furthermore, vertical profiles derived from MAX-DOAS measurements in the Beijing area and in Bujumbura are used for a more detailed validation exercise. In both regions, we find an agreement better than 15 % when MAX-DOAS profiles are used as a priori for the satellite retrievals. Finally, regional trends in H2CO columns are estimated for the 2004–2014 period using SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 data for morning conditions, and OMI for early afternoon conditions. Consistent features are observed, such as an increase of the columns in India and central–eastern China, and a decrease in the eastern US and Europe. We find that the higher horizontal resolution of OMI combined with a better sampling and a more favourable illumination at midday allow for more significant trend estimates, especially over Europe and North America. Importantly, in some parts of the Amazonian forest, we observe with both time series a significant downward trend in H2CO columns, spatially correlated with areas affected by deforestation.
Discrimination of water, ice and aerosols by light polarisation in the CLOUD experiment
Authors: Nichman L. , Fuchs C. , Järvinen E. , Ignatius K. , Höppel N. F. , Dias A. , Heinritzi M. , Simon M. , Tröstl J. , Wagner A. C. , Wagner R. , Williamson C. , Yan C. , Bianchi F. , Connolly P. J. , Dorsey J. R. , Duplissy J. , Ehrhart S. , Frege C. , Gordon H. , Hoyle C. R. , Kristensen T. B. , Steiner G. , Donahue N. M. , Flagan R. , Gallagher M. W. , Kirkby J. , Möhler O. , Saathoff H. , Schnaiter M. , Stratmann F. , Tomé A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Cloud microphysical processes involving the ice phase in tropospheric clouds are among the major uncertainties in cloud formation, weather and General Circulation Models (GCMs). The simultaneous detection of aerosol particles, liquid droplets, and ice crystals, especially in the small cloud-particle size range below 50 μm, remains challenging in mixed phase, often unstable ice-water phase environments. The Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarisation (CASPOL) is an airborne instrument that has the ability to detect such small cloud particles and measure their effects on the backscatter polarisation state. Here we operate the versatile Cosmics-Leaving-OUtdoor-Droplets (CLOUD) chamber facility at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) to produce controlled mixed phase and other clouds by adiabatic expansions in an ultraclean environment, and use the CASPOL to discriminate between different aerosols, water and ice particles. In this paper, optical property measurements of mixed phase clouds and viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) are presented. We report observations of significant liquid – viscous SOA particle polarisation transitions under dry conditions using CASPOL. Cluster analysis techniques were subsequently used to classify different types of particles according to their polarisation ratios during phase transition. A classification map is presented for water droplets, organic aerosol (e.g., SOA and oxalic acid), crystalline substances such as ammonium sulphate, and volcanic ash. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of this classification approach for atmospherically relevant concentration and mixtures with respect to the CLOUD 8–9 campaigns and its potential contribution to Tropical Troposphere Layer (TTL) analysis.
In situ measurements and modeling of reactive trace gases in a small biomass burning plume
Authors: Müller M. , Anderson B. , Beyersdorf A. , Crawford J. H. , Diskin G. , Eichler P. , Fried A. , Keutsch F. N. , Mikoviny T. , Thornhill K. L. , Walega J. G. , Weinheimer A. J. , Yang M. , Yokelson R. , Wisthaler A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. An instrumented NASA P-3B aircraft was used for airborne sampling of trace gases in a plume that had emanated from a small forest understory fire in Georgia, USA. The plume was sampled at its origin for deriving emission factors and followed ~ 13.6 km downwind for observing chemical changes during the first hour of atmospheric aging. The P-3B payload included a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), which measured non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution (10 m/0.1 s). Quantitative emission data are reported for CO2, CO, NO, NO2, HONO, NH3 and 16 NMOGs (formaldehyde, methanol, acetonitrile, propene, acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone plus its isomer propanal, acetic acid plus its isomer glycolaldehyde, furan, isoprene plus isomeric pentadienes and cyclopentene, methyl vinyl ketone plus its isomers crotonaldehyde and methacrolein, methylglyoxal, hydroxy acetone plus its isomers methyl acetate and propionic acid, benzene, 2,3-butandione and 2-furfural) with molar emission ratios relative to CO larger than 1 ppbV ppmV−1. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-furfural and methanol dominated NMOG emissions. No NMOGs with more than 10 carbon atoms were observed at mixing ratios larger than 50 ppbV ppmV−1 CO emitted. Downwind plume chemistry was investigated using the observations and a 0-D photochemical box model simulation. The model was run on a near-explicit chemical mechanism (MCM v3.3) and initialized with measured emission data. Ozone formation during the first hour of atmospheric aging was well captured by the model, with carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, methylglyoxal, 2-furfural) in addition to CO and CH4 being the main drivers of peroxy radical chemistry. The model also accurately reproduced the sequestration of NOx into PAN and the OH-initiated degradation of furan and 2-furfural at an average OH concentration of 7.45 ± 1.07 × 106 cm−3 in the plume. Formaldehyde, acetone/propanal, acetic acid/glycolaldehyde and maleic acid/maleic anhydride (tentatively identified) were found to be the main NMOGs to increase during one hour of atmospheric plume processing, with the model being unable to capture the observed increase. A mass balance analysis suggests that about 50 % of the aerosol mass formed in the downwind plume is organic in nature.
Global soil nitrous oxide emissions in a dynamic carbon-nitrogen model
Authors: Huang Y. , Gerber S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas that also contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Due to its high temporal and spatial heterogeneity, a quantitative understanding of terrestrial N2O emission and its variabilities and responses to climate change are challenging. We added a soil N2O emission module to the dynamic global land model LM3V-N, and tested its sensitivity to mechanisms that affect the level of mineral nitrogen (N) in soil such as plant N uptake, biological N fixation, amount of volatilized N redeposited after fire, and nitrification-denitrification. We further tested the relationship between N2O emission and soil moisture, and assessed responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. Results extracted from the corresponding gridcell (without site-specific forcing data) were comparable with the average of cross-site observed annual mean emissions, although differences remained across individual sites if stand-level measurements were representative of gridcell emissions. Processes, such as plant N uptake and N loss through fire volatilization that regulate N availability for nitrification-denitrification have strong controls on N2O fluxes in addition to the parameterization of N2O loss through nitrification and denitrification. Modelled N2O fluxes were highly sensitive to water-filled pore space (WFPS), with a global sensitivity of approximately 0.25 TgN per year per 0.01 change in WFPS. We found that the global response of N2O emission to CO2 fertilization was largely determined by the response of tropical emissions with reduced N2O fluxes in the first few decades and increases afterwards. The initial reduction was linked to N limitation under higher CO2 level, and was alleviated through feedbacks such as biological N fixation. The extratropical response was weaker and generally positive, highlighting the need to expand field studies in tropical ecosystems. We did not find synergistic effects between warming and CO2 increase as reported in analyses with different models. Warming generally enhanced N2O efflux and the enhancement was greatly dampened when combined with elevated CO2, although CO2 alone had a small effect. The differential response in the tropics compared to extratropics with respect to magnitude and sign suggests caution when extrapolating from current field CO2 enrichment and warming studies to the globe.
Methane and sulfate dynamics in sediments from mangrove-dominated tropical coastal lagoons, Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: Chuang P.-C. , Young M. B. , Miller L. G. , Herrera-Silveira J. A. , Paytan A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Methane, sulfate and chloride concentrations in sediment porewater from two coastal mangrove ecosystems (Celestún and Chelem Lagoons) on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico were measured. In these sediments methane exists in shallow sediments where sulfate is not depleted, and sulfate reduction is actively occurring. A transport-reaction model depicting the various production and consumption processes for methane and sulfate is used to elucidate processes responsible for this observation. The model illustrates that methane in the upper sediments is produced in-situ supported by high dissolved organic matter as well as by non-competitive substrates. In addition methane is contributed to porewater in the upper sediments, where sulfate reduction occurs, by transport from deeper zones within the sedimentary column through bubbles dissolution and diffusion. The shallow methane production and accumulation depths in these sediments promote high methane fluxes to the water column and atmosphere.
Impacts of climate and humans on the vegetation in NW Turkey: palynological insights from Lake Iznik since the Last Glacial
Authors: Miebach A. , Niestrath P. , Roeser P. , Litt T.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The Marmara region in northwestern Turkey provides a unique opportunity for studying the vegetation history in response to climate changes and anthropogenic impacts because of its location between different climate and vegetation zones and its long settlement history. Geochemical and mineralogical investigations of the largest lake in the region, Lake Iznik, already registered climate related changes of the lake level and the lake mixing. However, a palynological investigation encompassing the Late Pleistocene to Middle Holocene was still missing. Here, we present the first pollen record of the last ca. 31 ka cal BP (calibrated kilo years before 1950) inferred from Lake Iznik sediments as an independent proxy for paleoecological reconstructions. Our study reveals that the vegetation in the Iznik area changed generally between steppe during glacial/stadial conditions, forest-steppe during interstadial conditions, and oak dominated mesic forest during interglacial conditions. Moreover, a pronounced succession of pioneer trees, cold temperate, warm temperate, and Mediterranean trees appeared since the Lateglacial. Rapid climate changes, which are reflected by vegetation changes, can be correlated with Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events such as DO-4, DO-3, and DO-1, the Younger Dryas, and probably also the 8.2 event. Since the mid-Holocene, the vegetation was influenced by anthropogenic activities. During early settlement phases, the distinction between climate-induced and human-induced changes of the vegetation is challenging. Still, evidence for human activities consolidates since the Early Bronze Age (ca. 4.8 ka cal BP): cultivated trees, crops, and secondary human indicator taxa appeared, and forests got cleared. Subsequent fluctuations between extensive agricultural use and regeneration of the natural vegetation become apparent.
The impact of the North American ice sheet on the evolution of the Eurasian ice sheet during the last glacial cycle
Authors: Liakka J. , Löfverström M. , Colleoni F.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Modeling studies show that the massive ice sheet expanding over the North American and Eurasian continents in the last glacial cycle has a large impact on the atmospheric stationary waves and thus yielded a glacial climate distinctly different from the present. However, to what extent the two ice sheets influenced each others growth trajectories remains largely unexplored. In this study we investigate how ice sheets in North America influence the downstream evolution of the Eurasian ice sheet, using a thermomechanical ice-sheet model forced by climate data from snapshot simulations of three distinctly different phases of the last glacial cycle: the Marine Isotope Stages 5b, 4 and 2 (LGM). Our results suggest that changes in the North American paleo-topography may have had a large influence on evolution of the Eurasian ice sheet. In the MIS4 and LGM experiments, the Eurasian ice sheet migrates westward towards the Atlantic sector – largely consistent with geological data and contemporary ice-sheet reconstructions – due to a low wavenumber stationary wave response, which yields a cooling in Europe and a warming in northeastern Siberia. The expansion of the North American ice sheet between MIS4 and LGM amplifies the Siberian warm anomaly, which limits the glaciation there and may therefore help to explain the progressive westward migration of the Eurasian ice sheet over this time period. While the Eurasian ice sheet in the MIS4 and LGM experiments appears to be in equilibrium with the simulated climate conditions, the MIS5b climate forcing is too warm to grow an ice sheet. First-order sensitivity experiments suggest that most of the MIS5b ice sheet was established during preceding colder stages.
On the spatial and temporal variability of ENSO precipitation and drought teleconnection in mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Räsänen T. A. , Lindgren V. , Guillaume J. H. A. , Buckley B. M. , Kummu M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The variability in the hydroclimate over mainland Southeast Asia is strongly influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which has been linked to severe drought and floods that profoundly influence human societies and ecosystems alike. However, the spatial characteristics and long-term stationarity of ENSO's influence in the region are not well understood. We thus aim to analyse seasonal evolution and spatial variations in the effect of ENSO on precipitation over the period of 1980–2013, and long-term variation in the ENSO-teleconnection using tree-ring derived Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) that span from 1650–2004. We found that the majority of the study area is under the influence of ENSO, which has affected the region's hydroclimate over the majority (96 %) of the 355 year study period. Our results further indicate that there is a pattern of seasonal evolution of precipitation anomalies during ENSO. However, considerable variability in the ENSO's influence is revealed: the strength of ENSO's influence was found to vary in time and space, and the different ENSO events resulted in varying precipitation anomalies. Additional research is needed to investigate how this variation in ENSO teleconnection is influenced by other factors, such as the properties of the ENSO events and other ocean and atmospheric phenomena. In general, the high variability we found in ENSO teleconnection combined with limitations of current knowledge, suggests that the adaptation to extremes in hydroclimate in mainland Southeast Asia needs to go beyond "predict-and-control" and recognise both uncertainty and complexity as fundamental principles.
The Marine Virtual Laboratory: enabling efficient ocean model configuration
Authors: Oke P. R. , Proctor R. , Rosebrock U. , Brinkman R. , Cahill M. L. , Coghlan I. , Divakaran P. , Freeman J. , Pattiaratchi C. , Roughan M. , Sandery P. A. , Schaeffer A. , Wijeratne S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The technical steps involved in configuring a regional ocean model are analogous for all community models. All require the generation of a model grid, preparation and interpolation of topography, initial conditions, and forcing fields. Each task in configuring a regional ocean model is straight-forward – but the process of downloading and reformatting data can be time-consuming. For an experienced modeller, the configuration of a new model domain can take as little as a few hours – but for an inexperienced modeller, it can take much longer. In pursuit of technical efficiency, the Australian ocean modelling community has developed the Web-based MARine Virtual Laboratory (WebMARVL). WebMARVL allows a user to quickly and easily configure an ocean general circulation or wave model through a simple interface, reducing the time to configure a regional model to a few minutes. Through WebMARVL, a user is prompted to define the basic options needed for a model configuration, including the: model, run duration, spatial extent, and input data. Once all aspects of the configuration are selected, a series of data extraction, reprocessing, and repackaging services are run, and a "take-away bundle" is prepared for download. Building on the capabilities developed under Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System, WebMARVL also extracts all of the available observations for the chosen time-space domain. The user is able to download the take-away bundle, and use it to run the model of their choice. Models supported by WebMARVL include three community ocean general circulation models, and two community wave models. The model configuration from the take-away bundle is intended to be a starting point for scientific research. The user may subsequently refine the details of the model set-up to improve the model performance for the given application. In this study, WebMARVL is described along with a series of results from test cases comparing WebMARVL-configured models to observations and manually-configured models. It is shown that the automatically-configured model configurations produce a good starting point for scientific research.
Bitwise identical compiling setup: prospective for reproducibility and reliability of earth system modeling
Authors: Li R. , Liu L. , Yang G. , Zhang C. , Wang B.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Reproducibility and reliability are fundamental principles of scientific research. A compiling setup that includes a specific compiler version and compiler flags is essential technical supports for Earth system modeling. With the fast development of computer software and hardware, compiling setup has to be updated frequently, which challenges the reproducibility and reliability of Earth system modeling. The existing results of a simulation using an original compiling setup may be irreproducible by a newer compiling setup because trivial round-off errors introduced by the change of compiling setup can potentially trigger significant changes in simulation results. Regarding the reliability, a compiler with millions of lines of codes may have bugs that are easily overlooked due to the uncertainties or unknowns in Earth system modeling. To address these challenges, this study shows that different compiling setups can achieve exactly the same (bitwise identical) results in Earth system modeling, and a set of bitwise identical compiling setups of a model can be used across different compiler versions and different compiler flags. As a result, the original results can be more easily reproduced; for example, the original results with an older compiler version can be reproduced exactly with a newer compiler version. Moreover, this study shows that new test cases can be generated based on the differences of bitwise identical compiling setups between different models, which can help detect software bugs or risks in the codes of models and compilers and finally improve the reliability of Earth system modeling.
Constraining frequency-magnitude-area relationships for precipitation and flood discharges using radar-derived precipitation estimates: example applications in the Upper and Lower Colorado River Basins, USA
Authors: Orem C. A. , Pelletier J. D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Flood-envelope curves (FEC) are useful for constraining the upper limit of possible flood discharges within drainage basins in a particular hydroclimatic region. Their usefulness, however, is limited by their lack of a well-defined recurrence interval. In this study we use radar-derived precipitation estimates to develop an alternative to the FEC method, i.e. the frequency-magnitude-area-curve (FMAC) method, that incorporates recurrence intervals. The FMAC method is demonstrated in two well-studied U.S. drainage basins, i.e. the Upper and Lower Colorado River basins (UCRB and LCRB, respectively), using Stage III Next-Generation-Radar (NEXRAD) gridded products and the diffusion-wave flow-routing algorithm. The FMAC method can be applied worldwide using any radar-derived precipitation estimates. In the FMAC method, idealized basins of similar contributing area are grouped together for frequency-magnitude analysis of precipitation intensity. These data are then routed through the idealized drainage basins of different contributing areas, using contributing-area-specific estimates for channel slope and channel width. Our results show that FMACs of precipitation discharge are power-law functions of contributing area with an average exponent of 0.79 ± 0.07 for recurrence intervals from 10 to 500 years. We compare our FMACs to published FECs and find that for wet antecedent-moisture conditions, the 500-year FMAC of flood discharge in the UCRB is on par with the US FEC for contributing areas of ~ 102 to 103 km2. FMACs of flood discharge for the LCRB exceed the published FEC for the LCRB for contributing areas in the range of ~ 102 to 104 km2. The FMAC method retains the power of the FEC method for constraining flood hazards in basins that are ungauged or have short flood records, yet it has the added advantage that it includes recurrence interval information necessary for estimating event probabilities.
Estimating flood damage to railway infrastructure – the case study of the March River flood in 2006 at the Austrian Northern Railway
Authors: Kellermann P. , Schöbel A. , Kundela G. , Thieken A. H.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Models for estimating flood losses to infrastructure are rare and their reliability is seldom investigated although infrastructure losses might contribute considerably to the overall flood losses. In this paper, an empirical modelling approach for estimating direct structural flood damage to railway infrastructure and associated financial losses is presented. Via a combination of event data, i.e. photo-documented damage on the Northern Railway in Lower Austria caused by the March River flood in 2006, and simulated flood characteristics, i.e. water levels, flow velocities and combinations thereof, the correlations between physical flood impact parameters and damage occurred to the railway track were investigated and subsequently rendered into a damage model. After calibrating the loss estimation using recorded repair costs of the Austrian Federal Railways, the model was applied to three synthetic scenarios with return periods of 30, 100 and 300 years of March River flooding. Finally, the model results are compared to depth-damage-curve-based approaches for the infrastructure sector obtained from the Rhine Atlas damage model and the Damage Scanner model. The results of this case study indicate a good performance of our two-stage model approach. However, due to a lack of independent event and damage data, the model could not yet be validated. Future research in natural risk should focus on the development of event and damage documentation procedures to overcome this significant hurdle in flood damage modelling.
Four decades of glacier variations at Muztagh Ata (eastern Pamir): a multi-sensor study including Hexagon KH-9 and Pléiades data
Authors: Holzer N. , Vijay S. , Yao T. , Xu B. , Buchroithner M. , Bolch T.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Previous in situ measurements have indicated a slight mass gain at Muztagh Ata in the eastern Pamir, contrary to the global trend. We extend these measurements both in space and time by using remote sensing data and present four decades of glacier variations in the entire mountain massif. Geodetic mass balances and area changes were determined at glacier scale from stereo satellite imagery and derived digital elevation models (DEMs). This includes Hexagon KH-9 (year 1973), ALOS-PRISM~(2009), Pléiades (2013) and Landsat 7 ETM+ data in conjunction with the SRTM-3 DEM (2000). In addition, surface velocities of Kekesayi Glacier, the largest glacier at Muztagh Ata, were derived from amplitude tracking of TerraSAR-X images (2011). Locally, we observed strong spatial and temporal glacier variations during the last four decades, which were, however, on average not significant for the entire massif. Some south-west-exposed glaciers fluctuated or advanced, while glaciers with other aspects rather experienced continuous shrinkage. Several glaciers such as Kekesayi indicate no measurable change at their frontal position, but clear down-wasting despite mostly thick debris coverage at low altitudes. The surface velocity of this debris-covered glacier reach up to 20 cm per day, but the lowest part of the tongue appears to be stagnant. The low velocity or even stagnancy at the tongue is likely one reason for the down-wasting. On average, the glaciers showed a small, insignificant shrinkage from 274.3 ± 10.6 km2 in 1973 to 272.7 ± 1.0 km2 in 2013 (−0.02 ± 0.1 % a−1). Average mass changes in the range of −0.03 ± 0.33 m w.e. a−1 (1973–2009) to −0.01 ± 0.30 m w.e. a−1 (1973–2013) reveal nearly balanced budgets for the last 40 years. Indications of slightly positive rates after 1999 (+0.04 ± 0.27 m w.e. a−1) are not significant, but confirmed by measurements in the field.
The Spanish corporate structure through interlocking directorates
Authors:   Departament d’Organització d’Empreses, C/ Colom 11, 3rd floor, 08222 Terrassa (Spain). carlos.sicilia@upc.edu, Sicilia Carlos , Sallan Jose M. ,   Departament d’Organització d’Empreses, C/ Colom 11, 3rd floor, 08222 Terrassa (Spain). jose.maria.sallan@upc.edu, Simo Pep ,   Departament d’Organització d’Empreses, C/ Colom 11, 3rd floor, 08222 Terrassa (Spain). pep.simo@upc.edu
Published: November 2015

The aim of this paper is to determine to what extent globalization pressures are changing interlocking directorate networks modeled on continental capitalism into Anglo-Saxon models. For this purpose we analyse the Spanish network of interlocks, comparing the present structure (2012) with that of 1993 and 2006. We show how, although Spanish corporative structure continues to display characteristics of the continental economies, some major banks are significantly reducing industrial activity. Nevertheless, the financial organizations continue to maintain a close relationship with sectors such as construction and services. The analysis of the network of directorates shows a retreat in activity of industrial banking in Spain. Two large Spanish financial institutions, BSCH and La Caixa, continue to undertake activities of industrial banking in 2006, but this activity is significantly reduced in 2012. According to the theories on the role of the interlocking directorates, the companies in these sectors assure their access to banking credit by incorporating advisors from financial organizations to their board of directors. We cannot conclude that the structure of the Spanish corporate network has become a new case of Anglo-Saxon structure, but we got indications that are becoming less hierarchic as banks seem to slowly abandon centrality positions. This is especially salient if we compare the networks of 2006 and 2012, which show a continuing decrease of the role of banks and insurance companies in the network.
Discourse in the study of organizations. A revision of literature
Authors:   Departamento de Organización y Gerencia. Carrera 49 7 Sur-50, avenida Las Vegas, Medellín (Colombia). cocampo2@eafit.edu.co, Ocampo-Salazar Carmen Alejandra , Gonzales-Miranda Diego René ,   Departamento de Organización y Gerencia. Carrera 49 7 Sur-50, avenida Las Vegas, Medellín (Colombia). dgonzal8@eafit.edu.co, Gentilin Mariano ,   Departamento de Organización y Gerencia. Carrera 49 7 Sur-50, avenida Las Vegas, Medellín (Colombia). mgentilin@eafit.edu.co
Published: November 2015

The paper presents a revision of literature related to discourse in the study of organizations, based on its theoretical fundamentals and its main contributions. The unit of analysis was 88 texts selected from a systematic revision of 5509 papers, published between 2000 and 2012 in ten of the principal international journals related to the subject defined. In order to highlight and categorize pertinent data, the qualitative research software Atlas.ti version 6.2 was used. The understanding of the information was complemented with contents and frequency analysis methods. Four dimensions of discourse were inferred from the main results: instrumental, symbolic, strategic and communicational. Additionally, a classification of the papers was made based on their approaches on discourse and the organizational themes studied. The contributions found in such revision support the idea that discourse is not only what is actually said, but also what has been silenced within the organization, which opens a field for research that has not been explored thoroughly in the analyzed texts. This paper incorporates a valuable contribution to the field of management and organizational studies, especially for all those professionals interested in organizational analysis from the perspective of discourse, both in the academy and in consultancy and organizational intervention.
Is Humor Advertising Always Effective? Parameters for Effective Use of Humor in Advertising
Authors: Djambaska Aneta , Petrovska Ilijana , Bundaleska Elena
Published: November 2015

The aim of this research is humor consumption and its extensive use in today’s advertising. One of the most prominent features of humor is its convictive nature. A humorous context may increase liking for the source at the same time creating a positive mood. Humor does serve to make the audience laugh, make the viewers happy and create positive mood. In general, humor itself has a permanent presence and a specific role in advertising. However, it should be underlined that humor should be used carefully in advertisements; otherwise it may result in resistance. Using humor is regarded as a win-win situation. While in some cases humor usage depends on the product or brand advertised. In some cases humor is considered not appropriate if attached with some products and particular occasions. Results show correlation effect and in fact humor related Ads found as much more effective than those without humor and this effect is apparent, when it comes to highly complex and sophisticated humor. Also the effect of humor is influenced by the type of product advertised. The implications of these findings for the practice of Advertising are discussed in following pages.
Integration of Mindfulness Training into a Comprehensive “Pathways Model” Treatment Program: The Case of Jorge
Authors: Moss Donald
Published: November 2015

The author introduces the pathways model, a three-level approach for integrating self-directed lifestyle change, the acquisition of self-regulation skills, and the use of community resources into a comprehensive mind-body treatment approach. The pathways model is illustrated with a case study of a 34-year-old executive with public speaking anxiety. Mindfulness strategies are integrated into each phase of treatment for this individual, along with emotional journaling, participation in Toastmasters, and heart rate variability biofeedback.
Integrating Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback into Mindfulness-Based Therapies
Authors: Gevirtz Richard
Published: November 2015

Practitioners using heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) often must supplement the biofeedback training with other therapeutic techniques. In this article, I describe some of the ways in which my interns and I integrate a mindfulness-based therapy called ACT (acceptance and commitment therapy) into our biofeedback based clinical protocols. I describe some aspects of the HRVB, provide a short overview of ACT, and discuss how they can be combined.
Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Tinnitus: Preliminary Findings from Multiple Case Studies
Authors: Meckley Kutyana Andrea
Published: November 2015

According to the American Tinnitus Association, up to 30 million people suffer from tinnitus and, of those, 12.2 million experience tinnitus severe enough to warrant medical attention. Tinnitus is believed to result from an abnormal auditory perception reflecting dysregulation of the central (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, regulating the ANS has received very little research attention despite the fact that stress is correlated with exacerbation of symptoms and distress. It is believed that when the autonomic nervous system is calm, the presence of severe tinnitus will be less noticeable and individuals can shift their experience from one of severe debilitation to one of acceptance and peace. Three case studies are presented as an initial investigation into the impact heart rate variability biofeedback may have on the subjective perception of tinnitus and the accompanying distress. Further research is needed, but heart rate variability biofeedback may prove to be an effective adjunct intervention for tinnitus.
Meduloblastoma: aspectos histológicos, moleculares e imunopatológicos
Authors: Clebis Victor Hugo , Pinheiro Karina Maturana , Martins Andressa Busetti , Feltran Danilo Koiti Matsuda , Harano Raquel Mitie , Ozawa Patricia Midori Murobushi , Ariza Carolina Batista , Oliveira Gabriela Gonçalves de , Watanabe Maria Angelica Ehara
Published: November 2015

O meduloblastoma é um tumor cerebelar caracterizado como tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo prevalente em crianças, sendo as do sexo masculinos as mais afetadas. Com relação à classificação histológica, existem cinco variações: clássico, desmoplásico, anaplásico, células gigantes e de extensa nodularidade. Muitos estudos relatam que a patogênese do meduloblastoma está relacionada com mutações em fatores de crescimento do SNC, sendo que as principais vias envolvidas são: Sonic Hedgehog, NOTCH, WNT e OTX. Ainda, com respeito à imunologia, pacientes com meduloblastoma apresentaram alta taxa de IFN-y no soro e células TH17 no sangue periférico, e foi observado que o TGF-B tem sido associado à estimulação mitogênica, o que pode estar relacionado à patogênese da doença. A predominância de uma resposta TH1 relacionada à sobrevivência também foi relatada. O desenvolvimento terapêutico para o meduloblastoma, apesar de limitado, é significativo, uma vez que este vem apresentando melhora na sobrevida de seus pacientes. Entretanto, um maior conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na imunopatogênese é necessário para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos e formas de tratamento.
Armazenamento e descarte de medicamentos por acadêmicos da área da saúde de uma universidade pública paranaense
Authors: Piveta Lenita Nunes , Silva Lais Brevi da , Guidoni Camilo Molino , Girotto Edmarlon
Published: November 2015

Os medicamentos são ferramentas imprescindíveis para o estabelecimento da saúde e requerem cuidados quanto ao seu armazenamento e descarte. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a forma de armazenamento e descarte de medicamentos por estudantes da área da saúde de uma universidade pública paranaense. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com os estudantes dos cursos de Enfermagem, Farmácia e Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, por meio da aplicação de um questionário auto respondível. A coleta de dados foi executada nas salas de aula da própria universidade entre os meses de maio a junho de 2014, resultando em 564 estudantes entrevistados. Considerou-se descarte correto quando o estudante referisse destinar os medicamentos vencidos ou inapropriados ao uso em locais que fazem o recolhimento destes produtos. Os estudantes apresentaram idade média de 21,0 anos (desvio padrão: 3,3); sendo 74,1% do sexo feminino. O quarto foi o principal local citado para o armazenamento dos medicamentos (47,8%), sendo que a maioria os mantém fora do alcance das crianças (82,6%). Quanto à verificação do prazo de validade, 60,1% dos estudantes realizam esta prática. A maioria (64,5%) guarda as sobras de tratamentos para futura utilização, sendo o lixo doméstico (63,0%) o principal local citado para o descarte dos que estão vencidos. Apenas 20,7% descartavam os medicamentos corretamente. A população em estudo realiza um correto armazenamento dos medicamentos, no entanto, grande parte desconhece a existência de locais de recolhimento e promove o descarte inadequado dos mesmos, assim, faz-se necessário a criação de medidas para conscientização e orientação dos futuros profissionais.
Proof without words
Authors: Alsina C. , Monreal A.
Published: November 2015

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