bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of a hydroalcoholic extract of Salix alba L. bark powder in diets of broilers exposed to high heat stress
Authors: Saracila M. , Panaite T.D. , Soica C. , Tabuc C. , Olteanu M. , Predescu C. , Rotar C.M. , Criste R.D.
Published: December 2019

A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary hydroalcoholic willow bark extract powder (HWE) supplemented to broilers (14–42 days old) that were exposed to heat stress, on the performance, serum biochemical parameters, liver oxidative status and caecal microflora. The feeding trial was conducted on 120 Cobb 500 broilers (14 days old), assigned to three treatments (T0, T25, and T50), each treatment consisting of eight replicates (five chicks per replicate). The broilers were housed in an experimental hall at a 32 °C constant temperature and 23 hours light regimen. Unlike the dietary control treatment (T0), the experimental treatments were supplemented with 25 g HWE powder/100 kg diet (T25), and 50 g HWE powder 100 kg diet (T50), respectively. Dietary HWE powder did not affect the broilers’ performance significantly (14–42 days). A significantly lower amount of malondialdehyde was noticed in the liver of broilers from T25 and T50 treatments in comparison with broilers from T0. Also, the serum cholesterol, triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower in broilers fed with T50, compared with those fed with T0. At 35 and at 42 days, the broilers from T25 and T50 recorded a significantly lower number of E. coli and staphylococci and a higher number of lactobacilli in the caecum than those of T0. It could be concluded that supplementation of dietary HWE powder reduced some of the adverse effects of heat stress, the most effective being the level of 50 g/100 kg diet.Keywords: biochemical parameters, caecal microflora, high temperature, liver oxidative status
Effects of fermented wheat-rice distillers dried grains with solubles on meat quality and amino acid profile in broilers
Authors: Yang C. , Tang X. , Yang H. , Tang Q. , Tang J. , Bin D.
Published: December 2019

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with fermented DDGS (FDDGS) on meat quality and serum amino acid profiles in Chinese yellow broilers. Forty-eight 42-day-old male Chinese yellow broilers were randomly allotted to the treatments. Each treatment was replicated six times with four birds per replicate. Both groups received a basal corn-soybean diet that was supplemented with either 20% DDGS or 20% FDDGS. Broilers were euthanized at 70 days old. The right half of each breast was evaluated for meat quality. Both breast and thigh meats were evaluated for proximate and fatty acid composition. Serum from blood samples was analysed to quantify relative amounts of free amino acids. Breast meat from broilers supplemented with FDDGS had a lower pH and less drip loss than those supplemented with DDGS (P <0.05). No differences were detected between treatments in the proximate composition of breast and thigh meat (P >0.05). Myristic acid (C14:0) concentration of thigh muscles was reduced for broilers supplemented with FDDGS compared with those supplemented with DDGS (P＜0.05). Concentrations of lysine, taurine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, glycine, and 3-methylhistidine in serum were all lower for broilers supplemented with FDDGS than for those supplemented with DDGS (P＜ 0.05). Meanwhile, the serum phosphoserine concentration of the FFDS-supplemented broilers was greater than those supplemented with DDGS (P＜0.05). In conclusion, replacing 20% DDGS with a like amount of FDDGS can be recommended for diets of growing broiler chickens.Keywords: fatty acids, meat quality, shear force
Identification of genomic regions that contribute to wet carcass syndrome in sheep
Authors: Van der Westhuizen L. , MacNeil M.D. , Scholtz M.M. , Neser F.W.C.
Published: December 2019

Wet carcass syndrome (WCS), which is observed predominantly in sheep, affects carcass quality negatively. After slaughter the carcass appears to be ‘wet’ with a subcutaneous accumulation of watery fluid. Not all animals in a contemporary group are afflicted, and experimental attempts to induce WCS have been unsuccessful. The reported prevalence of WCS in Dorper and Dorper crosses gave rise to the hypothesis that it may have a genetic basis. Therefore, the primary objective of this investigation was to test this hypothesis using a high-density SNP assay to search loci that may predispose sheep to WCS. Muscle samples from 43 afflicted and 41 unafflicted sheep were collected from slaughterhouses in the province of Northern Cape, South Africa, and in southern Namibia. Tests against candidate genes proved uninformative, as did runs of homozygosity. Potential associations between WCS and an autosomal genetic marker were investigated further in a case-control genome-wide association study. Separate analyses for each sex were motivated because single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the X chromosome suggested quantitative trait loci. These analyses revealed significant associations between SNP and WCS in males, but not in females. Three SNPs that reached genome-wide significance in males are in strong linkage disequilibrium with the Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C, and Teneurin transmembrane protein 1 genes. These genes are identified as positional candidate genes, and the Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C genes have biological effects that have been documented in other species, making them plausible functional candidate genes for WCS in sheep.Keywords: association analysis, Dorper, sheep carcass, single nucleotide polymorphisms, X chromosome
Natural feed additives for broiler chickens
Authors: Hayajneh F.M.F.
Published: December 2019

The study aims to evaluate the effects of ginger root powder and apple cider vinegar as natural feed additives on growth performance, meat quality, antimicrobial activity, and blood parameters of broiler chicken. A total of 450 one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks (Ross) were obtained from commercial hatchery and randomly distributed into three groups. Each group contained 3 replicates of 50 chicks. The 3 groups were randomly allocated to 3 treatments, where they were offered apple cider vinegar, Tv, ginger group, Tg, and control group, Tc. All the birds were offered a starter diet first 21 days filled by a grower diet from 22nd to 35th day and thereafter on a finisher diet up to day 35. There was no significant difference in thawing breast weight, muscle weight, water holding capacity, and colour of the broiler chickens supplemented with ginger root and apple cider vinegar. The bacterial colonies obtained from heart, lungs, and air sacs showed a significant difference between the bacterial colonies of lungs and heart and between colonies of lungs and liver. The final body weight between the three treatments was not affected by the natural feed additive supplementation. However, there was no significant impact of ginger root and apple cider vinegar supplementation on broiler serum total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride (Tri), ALT, and AST levels. The results concluded that herbal natural feed additives have negative impact on growth performance, meat quality, antimicrobial activity, and blood parameters of broiler chickens.Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Growth performance, Meat Quality
Apocalyps, notre amour
Authors: Nys Thomas
Published: December 2019

Apocalypse, notre amour. An essay

The apocalypse entails the idea of a final judgment. Thinking about the apocalypse then invites us to consider the question of mankind’s goodness. With Immanuel Kant, I will argue, that such reflection warrants a deep pessimism. Humankind falters in light of the moral standard. Yet, such pessimism leaves room for a political optimism in which impartiality and reciprocity are key elements. Even if moral goodness is nigh-impossible to achieve, we can and should strive for minimal decency. Also, I will claim that those who have reason to doubt Kant’s rationalist and metaphysical foundations for such a modest political program (because they believe in pluralism), still have reason to endorse a similar political liberalism. We will need confidence in this endeavor to respond to a growing relativism, possibly foreshadowing an Other Apocalypse in which all judgment is judged to be wrong.
Omgaan met het existentiële risico van synthetische biologie
Authors: Kelchtermans Mauritz
Published: December 2019

Coping with the existential risk of synthetic biology

Synthetic biology (synbio) is a domain in full development, with a potentially big impact on humanity, both in a positive and a negative way. In that sense, synbio is not unique. After a short introduction into synbio, we survey the natural phenomena and technologies that can lead to a premature extinction of Earth-originating life or that can lead to the permanent and drastic reduction of its potential. Within that framework, synbio can be classified as an anthropogenic existential risk in the short term.

This leads to the question of how to deal with such risky technologies taking into account existential risks. For emerging technologies, Europe has chosen to be guided by the precautionary principle, focussing heavily on the prevention of possible harm. Implementing the principle has however not been able to offset the increase in anthropogenic existential risks. In addition the principle prevents synbio to play an important role in mitigating intermediate existential risks. Hence, there are reasons to abandon the precautionary principle in favour of a European version of the proactionary principle.
Kunnen wij onze eigen dood onder ogen zien?
Authors: den Hartogh Govert
Published: December 2019

Can we face our own death?

We all know, of course, that we will once die. But do we, can we, really face up to the fact, can we live in a way that really takes it into account? Many philosophers have doubted that we can. Some of them appeal to conceptual arguments, for example the Epicurean argument that we cannot attribute any personal value to the state of our non-existence, because it is not a state of us. Others appeal to phenomenological arguments. At all other times when a possibility that we treasure is not actualized, we are left to deplore the fact, but this particular loss is more encompassing than any other loss. I argue that the conceptual arguments are interesting but in the end unconvincing. The phenomenological arguments, on the other hand, fail to show that it is impossible to live in full consciousness of our mortality, but they explain why it is so difficult for us. Finally, I consider what this tells us about the will to die.
The role of aerosol–radiation–cloud interactions in linking anthropogenic pollution over southern west Africa and dust emission over the Sahara
Authors: Menut Laurent , Tuccella Paolo , Flamant Cyrille , Deroubaix Adrien , Gaetani Marco
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The aerosol direct and indirect effects are studied over west Africa in the summer of 2016 using the coupled WRF-CHIMERE regional model including aerosol–cloud interaction parameterization. First, a reference simulation is performed and compared with observations acquired during the Dynamics-aerosol-chemistry-cloud interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) field campaign which took place in June and July 2016. Sensitivity experiments are also designed to gain insights into the impact of the aerosols dominating the atmospheric composition in southern west Africa (one simulation with halved anthropogenic emissions and one with halved mineral dust emissions). The most important effect of aerosol–cloud interactions is found for the mineral dust scenario, and it is shown that halving the emissions of mineral dust decreases the 2 m temperature by 0.5 K and the boundary layer height by 25 m on a monthly average (July 2016) and over the Saharan region. The presence of dust aerosols also increases (decreases) the shortwave (longwave) radiation at the surface by 25 W m−2. It is also shown that the decrease of anthropogenic emissions along the coast has an impact on the mineral dust load over west Africa by increasing their emissions in the Saharan region. It is due to a mechanism where particulate matter concentrations are decreased along the coast, imposing a latitudinal shift of the monsoonal precipitation and, in turn, an increase of the surface wind speed over arid areas, inducing more mineral dust emissions.
Measurements and modelling of airborne plutonium in Subarctic Finland between 1965 and 2011
Authors: Salminen-Paatero Susanna , Vira Julius , Paatero Jussi
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The activity concentrations of 238,239,240Pu and ,sup>241Am (for determining its mother nuclide 241Pu) as well as activity ratios 238Pu/239+240Pu, 241Pu/239+240Pu, 239+240Pu/137Cs, and mass ratio 240Pu/239Pu were determined from air filter samples collected in Rovaniemi (Finnish Lapland) in 1965–2011. The origin of plutonium in surface air was assessed based on this data from long time series. The most important Pu sources in the surface air of Rovaniemi were atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in 1950’s and 1960’s, later nuclear tests in 1973–1980, and SNAP-9A satellite accident in 1964, whereas the influence from the 1986 Chernobyl accident was only minor. Contrary to the alpha emitting Pu isotopes, 241Pu from the Fukushima accident in 2011 was detected in Rovaniemi. Dispersion modelling results with the Silam model indicate that Pu contamination in northern Finland due to hypothetical reactor accidents would be negligible in case of a floating reactor at the Shtokmann natural gas field and relatively low in case of an intended nuclear power plant in western Finland.
The new TC-BC method and online instrument for the measurement of carbonaceous aerosols
Authors: Rigler Martin , Drinovec Luka , Lavrič Gašper , Vlachou Athanasia , Prévôt André S. H. , Jaffrezo Jean Luc , Stavroulas Iasonas , Sciare Jean , Burger Judita , Kranjc Irena , Turšič Janja , Hansen Anthony D. A. , Močnik Griša
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We present the newly developed Total Carbon Analyzer (TCA08), and a new method for online speciation of carbonaceous aerosol with a high time resolution. The total carbon content is determined by flash heating of a sample collected on a quartz-fiber filter with a time base between 20 min and 24 h. The limit of detection is approximately 0.3 μgC, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.3 μgC/m3 at a sample flow rate of 16.7 LPM and a 1-hour sampling time base. The concentration of particulate organic carbon (OC) is determined by subtracting black carbon concentration, concurrently measured optically by an Aethalometer®, from the total carbon concentration measured by the TCA08. The combination of TCA08 and Aethalometer (AE33) is an easy-to-deploy and low maintenance continuous measurement technique for the high time resolution determination of organic and elemental carbon (EC) in different particulate matter size fractions, which avoids pyrolytic correction and need for high purity compressed gases. The equivalence of this new online method to the standardized off-line thermo-optical OC-EC methods was evaluated during a winter field campaign at an urban background location in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The organic matter-to-organic carbon ratio obtained from the comparison with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) was OM/OC = 1.8, in the expected range.
Real-time pollen monitoring using digital holography
Authors: Sauvageat Eric , Zeder Yanick , Auderset Kevin , Calpini Bertrand , Clot Bernard , Crouzy Benoît , Konzelmann Thomas , Lieberherr Gian , Tummon Fiona , Vasilatou Konstantina
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We present the first validation of the Swisens Poleno, currently the only operational automatic pollen monitoring system based on digital holography. The device provides in-flight images of all coarse aerosols and here we develop a two-step classification algorithm that uses these images to identify a range of pollen taxa. Deterministic criteria based on the shape of the particle are applied to initially distinguish between intact pollen grains and other coarse particulate matter. This first level of discrimination identifies pollen with an accuracy of 96 %. Thereafter, individual pollen taxa are recognised using supervised learning techniques. The algorithm is trained using data obtained by inserting known pollen types into the device and out of eight pollen taxa six can be identified with an accuracy of above 90 %. In addition to the ability to correctly identify aerosols, an automatic pollen monitoring system needs to be able to correctly determine particle concentrations. To further verify the device, controlled chamber experiments using polystyrene latex beads were performed. This provided reference aerosols with traceable particle size and number concentrations to ensure particle size and sampling volume were correctly characterised.
In-orbit results of the Coupled Dark State Magnetometer aboard the
China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite
Authors: Pollinger Andreas , Amtmann Christoph , Betzler Alexander , Cheng Bingjun , Ellmeier Michaela , Hagen Christian , Jernej Irmgard , Lammegger Roland , Zhou Bin , Magnes Werner
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) was launched in February 2018 into a polar, sun-synchronous, low Earth orbit. It provides the first demonstration of the Coupled Dark State Magnetometer (CDSM) measurement principle in space. The CDSM is an optical scalar magnetometer based on the Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) effect and measures the scalar field with the lowest absolute error aboard CSES. Therefore, it serves as the reference instrument for the measurements done by the fluxgate sensors within the High Precision Magnetometer instrument package. In this paper several correction steps are discussed in order to improve the accuracy of the CDSM data. This includes the extraction of valid 1 Hz data, the application of the sensor heading characteristic, the handling of discontinuities at CPT resonance transitions as well as the removal of fluxgate and satellite interferences. The in-orbit performance is compared to the Absolute Scalar Magnetometer aboard the SWARM satellite Bravo via the CHAOS-6 magnetic field model. Additionally, an uncertainty of the magnetic field measurement is derived from unexpected parametric changes of the CDSM in orbit in combination with performance measurements on ground.
SELEN4 (SELEN version 4.0): a Fortran program for solving the gravitationally and topographically self-consistent sea-level equation in glacial isostatic adjustment modeling
Authors: Spada Giorgio , Melini Daniele
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We present SELEN4 (SealEveL EquatioN solver), an open-source program written in
Fortran 90 that simulates the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) process in response
to the melting of the Late Pleistocene ice sheets. Using a pseudo-spectral approach complemented
by a spatial discretization on an icosahedron-based spherical geodesic grid, SELEN4 solves a
generalized sea-level equation (SLE) for a spherically symmetric Earth with linear viscoelastic
rheology, taking the migration of the shorelines and the rotational feedback on sea level into
account. The approach is gravitationally and topographically self-consistent, since it considers
the gravitational interactions between the solid Earth, the cryosphere, and the oceans, and
it accounts for the evolution of the Earth's topography in response to changes in sea level.
The SELEN4 program can be employed to study a broad range of geophysical effects of GIA,
including past relative sea-level variations induced by the melting of the Late Pleistocene ice
sheets, the time evolution of paleogeography and of the ocean function since the Last Glacial
Maximum, the history of the Earth's rotational variations, present-day geodetic signals observed
by Global Navigation Satellite Systems, and gravity field variations detected by satellite gravity
missions like GRACE (the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). The “GIA fingerprints”
constitute a standard output of SELEN4. Along with the source code, we provide a supplementary
document with a full account of the theory, some numerical results obtained from a standard run,
and a user guide. Originally, the SELEN program was conceived by Giorgio Spada (GS) in 2005 as a tool for students eager
to learn about GIA, and it has been the first SLE solver made available to the
community.
Assessing water security in the São Paulo metropolitan region under projected climate change
Authors: Gesualdo Gabriela Chiquito , Oliveira Paulo Tarso , Rodrigues Dulce Buchala Bicca , Gupta Hoshin Vijai
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Climate change affects the global water cycle and has the potential to alter
water availability for food–energy–water production, and for ecosystems
services, on regional and local scales. An understanding of these effects is
crucial for assessing future water availability, and for the development of
sustainable management plans. Here, we investigate the influence of
anticipated climate change on water security in the Jaguari Basin, which is
the main source of freshwater for 9 million people in the São Paulo
metropolitan region (SPMR). First, we calibrate and evaluate a hydrological
model using daily observed data, obtaining satisfactory coefficient of
determination and Kling–Gupta efficiency values for both periods. To
represent possible climate change scenarios up to 2095, we consider two
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration
Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and use an ensemble of future projections
generated by 17 general circulation models (GCMs). These data were used to
drive the hydrological model to generate projected scenarios of streamflow.
We then used indicators of water scarcity and vulnerability to carry out a
quantitative analysis of provision probability. Our results indicate that
streamflow can be expected to exhibit increased interannual variability,
significant increases in flow rate between January and March, and a
2-month extension of the hydrological dry season (currently June to
September) until November. The latter includes a more than a 35 % reduction
in streamflow during September through November (with a > 50 %
reduction in October). Our findings indicate an increased risk of floods and
droughts accompanied by an expansion of the basin critical period, and our
analysis of the water security indices identifies October and November as
the most vulnerable months. Overall, our analysis exposes the fragility of
water security in the São Paulo metropolitan region, and provides valuable
technical and scientific information that can be used to guide regional
plans and strategies to cope with potential future water scarcity.
Surface mass balance downscaling through elevation classes in an Earth system model: application to the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Sellevold Raymond , van Kampenhout Leonardus , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Noël Brice , Lipscomb William H. , Vizcaino Miren
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The modeling of ice sheets in Earth system models (ESMs) is an active area of research with applications to future sea level rise projections and paleoclimate studies. A major challenge for surface mass balance (SMB) modeling with ESMs arises from their coarse resolution. This paper evaluates the elevation class (EC) method as an SMB downscaling alternative to the dynamical downscaling of regional climate models. To this end, we compare EC-simulated elevation-dependent surface energy and mass balance gradients from the Community Earth System Model 1.0 (CESM1.0) with those from the regional climate model RACMO2.3. The EC implementation in CESM1.0 combines prognostic snow albedo, a multilayer snow model, and elevation corrections for two atmospheric forcing variables: temperature and humidity. Despite making no corrections for incoming radiation and precipitation, we find that the EC method in CESM1.0 yields similar SMB gradients to RACMO2.3, in part due to compensating biases in snowfall, surface melt, and refreezing gradients. We discuss the sensitivity of the results to the lapse rate used for the temperature correction. We also evaluate the impact of the EC method on the climate simulated by the ESM and find minor cooling over the Greenland ice sheet and Barents and Greenland seas, which compensates for a warm bias in the ESM due to topographic smoothing. Based on our diagnostic procedure to evaluate the EC method, we make several recommendations for future implementations.
Where are the avalanches? Rapid SPOT6 satellite data acquisition to map an extreme avalanche period over the Swiss Alps
Authors: Bühler Yves , Hafner Elisabeth D. , Zweifel Benjamin , Zesiger Mathias , Heisig Holger
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Accurate and timely information on avalanche occurrence is key for
avalanche warning, crisis management and avalanche documentation. Today such information is mainly available at isolated locations provided by observers
in the field. The achieved reliability, considering accuracy, completeness
and reliability of the reported avalanche events, is limited. In this study
we present the spatially continuous mapping of a large avalanche period in
January 2018 covering the majority of the Swiss Alps (12 500 km2). We tested different satellite sensors available for rapid mapping during the
first avalanche period. Based on these experiences, we tasked SPOT6 and SPOT7
for data acquisition to cover the second, much larger avalanche period. We
manually mapped the outlines of 18 737 individual avalanche events, applying image enhancement techniques to analyze regions in the shade as well as
in brightly illuminated ones. The resulting dataset of mapped avalanche
outlines, having unique completeness and reliability, is evaluated to
produce maps of avalanche occurrence and avalanche size. We validated the
mapping of the avalanche outlines using photographs acquired from
helicopters just after the avalanche period. This study demonstrates the applicability of optical, very high spatial resolution satellite data to map an exceptional avalanche period with very
high completeness, accuracy and reliability over a large region. The
generated avalanche data are of great value in validating avalanche bulletins,
in completing existing avalanche databases and for research applications by
enabling meaningful statistics on important avalanche parameters.
Development of a Second Order Dynamic Stall Model
Authors: Adema Niels , Kloosterman Menno , Schepers Gerard
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Dynamic stall phenomena bring risk for negative damping and instability in wind turbine blades. It is crucial to model these phenomena accurately to reduce inaccuracies in predicting design driving (fatigue) loads. Inaccuracies in current dynamic stall models may be due to the facts that they are not properly designed for high angles of attack, and that they do not specifically describe vortex shedding behaviour. The Snel second order dynamic stall model attempts to explicitly model unsteady vortex shedding. This model could therefore be a valuable addition to DNV GL's turbine design software Bladed. In this thesis the model has been validated with oscillating airfoil experiments and improvements have been proposed for reducing inaccuracies. The proposed changes led to an overall reduction in error between the model and experimental data. Furthermore the vibration frequency prediction improved significantly. The improved model has been implemented in Bladed and tested against small scale turbine experiments at parked conditions. At high angles of attack the model looks promising for reducing mismatches between predicated and measured (fatigue) loading. Leading to possible lower safety factors for design and more cost efficient designs for future wind turbines.
Formation of microbial biofilms on stainless steel with different surface roughness
Authors: Stadnyk Igor , Sabadosh Ganna , Hushtan Tetiana , Yevchuk Yana
Published: December 2019

The physical essence of the formation and influence of bacteria on the surface of technological equipment in the dairy industry is considered as an essential factor leading to contamination of dairy products and is a major hygienic problem. The ability of microorganisms on the surfaces of technological equipment to form biofilm forms and requirements for steel grade, relief, and its roughness were analysed. The effect of surface roughness on promoting or preventing adhesion and reproduction of biofilm forms of bacteria, which reduce the efficiency of sanitary processing of dairy equipment and thereby increase the microbial contamination of dairy products with shortened shelf life, is substantiated. Research about the process of bacterial adhesion to the surface of metals with different roughness depending on the size and shape is presented. It is found that on the surface of stainless steel with roughness 2.687 ±0.014 micron film formation process in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are similar from 3 to 24 hours and does not depend on the size of the bacteria, and accordingly allows us to argue that rod-shaped and coccid bacteria attach freely in the hollows of the roughness are the beginning of the process of the first stage of biofilm formation. It is found that on the surface of stainless steel with roughness 0.95 ±0.092 micron film formation process in S. aureus is more intense than in E. coli. Thus, within 3 hours of incubation, the density of biofilms formed S. aureus was 1.2 times bigger than biofilms E. coli, by the next 15 hours of incubation formed biofilms S. aureus were, on average, 1.3 times denser. It is established that S. aureus due to its spherical shape is able to fit in the hollows of the roughness 0.95 ±0.092 μm and faster to adhere to the surface at the same time. E. coli, due to its rod-like shape, with such surface roughness, can adhere to the cavities only over its entire length. It is proved that by surface roughness 0.63 ±0.087 μm film intensity S. aureus was, on average, 1.4 times faster than E. coli, for roughness 0.16 ±0.018 micron film formation process took place equally for S. aureus and E. coli, but biofilms were lower in density than those formed on roughness 0.63 ±0.087 micron. Studies suggest that the use of equipment in the dairy industry with a roughness of less than 0.5 microns will reduce the attachment of microorganisms to the surface and reduce the contamination of dairy products.
Investigation of consumer behaviour at selected market commodity
Authors: Géci Andrej , Nagyová Ľudmila , Mokrý Stanislav , Rybanská Jana
Published: December 2019

Consumer behavior is an unexplored area of life for all buyers and sellers alike. Knowledge of consumer behavior brings better market orientation and more consistent establishment of individual products in consumers' shopping baskets. In examining this behavior, the authors of the paper focus on questions such as why, how, where, when, and how much consumers are willing and able to buy at a particular market price. The behavior in question is influenced by several factors (cultural, social, psychological and personality) that influence the final consumer decisions. The main objective of the present document is to evaluate consumer behavior, their purchasing preferences and also to make decisions when buying a particular food product - tea. The primary data were obtained through a questionnaire survey carried out on a sample of 640 respondents. The questionnaire was divided into two basic parts - the demographic part and the part dealing with consumer behavior at the selected market commodity. In the questionnaire processing the respondents were filtered based on their answers. The research has shown that more than 78% of respondents consume tea while women consume it more (50%). Flavor (56.3%) proved to be the most important factor in the selection of a particular tea. Almost half of the respondents reported consuming cut tea (46.5%). In the present document, assumptions were formulated which serve for a deeper analysis of the issue. The relevance of the formulated assumptions was verified by the XLSTAT statistical software. Data were evaluated by qualitative statistics - Chi-square test of good compliance, Fisher's exact test, Mann Whitney test and Friedman test.
Let's Meet Halfway: Sharing New Responsibilities in a Digital Age
Authors: Heldt Amélie
Published: December 2019

Which legal instrument can effectively address current challenges in social media governance and how do companies take their share, shifting away from opaque enforcement of terms of services and increasingly copying governmental structures? In a first step, this article describes and analyzes the way that states address hate speech and misinformation in their respective regulatory projects. Secondly, it examines how social media platforms sanction unwanted content and integrate (or plan on integrating) procedural rules such as appeal and due process principles in their moderation policies. Large social media platforms tend to adopt new structures that resemble administrative law—an uncommon development for non-state actors.
Experiencia docente en la asignatura Teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales
Authors: Osegueda Herrera Junieth
Published: December 2019

La finalidad del presente ensayo es compartir mi experiencia docente al impartir la asignatura Teorías de las relaciones internacionales a los estudiantes del segundo año de la carrera Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales. Se analiza la importancia de esta asignatura en la Carrera, tomando en consideración las concepciones teóricas que fundamentan su objeto de estudio, los principales problemas mundiales y los actores internacionales. Así mismo, se reflexiona como esta asignatura conduce a los futuros politólogos y relacionistas internacionales e interesados en los problemas que acontecen en el escenario social Internacional, tener una visión clara de las principales teorías y enfoques holístico de las relaciones Internacionales.
Metodologías implementadas en el aula de clase, con estudiantes de segundo año de la carrera Administración de empresas
Authors: Hernández Muñoz Donald Ariel
Published: December 2019

Este ensayo fue realizado con el propósito de describir las experiencias vividas en el aula de clase, así como la metodología implementada y dificultades presentadas durante todo el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje, en la asignatura Estadística I, con estudiantes de la carrera de segundo año de Administración de empresas del turno por encuentro (sabatino). Según lo observado, las metodologías de enseñanza permiten que los estudiantes relacionen la teoría con la práctica, faciliten la compresión de las temáticas abordadas, propicien curiosidad para realizar comprobaciones, investigaciones y aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en la resolución de problemas.
Estudio del desarrollo de competencias a través de prácticas experimentales. Experiencia en la asignatura de introducción a la química
Authors: Herrera Corrales Yadith
Published: December 2019

Las metas de todo sistema educativo es la formación de individuos preparados para enfrentar las diversas demandas de las empresas y sociedad en que se desenvuelven. Por ello los egresados de estudios superiores deben poseer capacidades críticas, analíticas, capaces de resolver problemas y la toma de decisiones para coadyuvar al desarrollo económico y social. Un profesional es competente, cuando adquiere los conocimientos tanto académicos, como habilidades y capacidades, aplicándolos con eficacia durante el desarrollo de actividades profesionales y su vida cotidiana. Es importante mencionar que las competencias genéricas o básicas, son en su mayoría imprescindible para poder alcanzar las competencias específicas. Por ello se debe tener presente que es ineludible el desarrollo de competencias básicas y no es posible omitir su fortalecimiento al introducir el aprendizaje de competencias específicas.
La Soberanía Nacional y el Sufragio Universal como derechos de difícil conquista en el devenir de la historia Constitucional
Authors: Corrales Morales José Vicente
Published: December 2019

Este ensayo es una recopilación histórica de las constituciones en menester de la Soberanía y el Sufragio Universal como derechos de difícil conquista y que ahora podemos gozar. Para lograr este cometido, hubo necesidad de ponerse inmerso en las diferentes Constituciones que Nicaragua ha tenido vigentes a largo de la historia, con el énfasis merecido de la soberanía, la independencia, la libertad, la democracia, el territorio sobre el cual se ejerce dicha soberanía, el ser nicaragüense, los derechos ciudadanos y en especial, el sufragio universal. Al final solo se relacionará en la parte conclusiva el efecto de dichas Constituciones en el contexto real de nuestra historia, donde se encuentra un contraste entre lo escrito en las Constituciones y lo sucedido realmente.
Desarrollo y fortalecimiento de la gestión en los servidores públicos
Authors: Ruíz Rizo Victor Manuel
Published: December 2019

La importancia que tiene la Gestión del Recurso Humano de cara a la población es determinante para la proyección y aceptación de la población que demanda una excelente atención, quedando así, satisfecho con los servidores públicos. Cabe señalar que la carrera administrativa de acuerdo a las leyes 502, 476 y 40, es el sistema técnico de administración del personal que tiene por objeto garantizar la eficiencia y eficacia de la administración municipal en el ejercicio de sus competencias. Para ello la ley regula el empleo, los cargos, funciones y los salarios en la administraciones públicas municipales y sus órganos de aplicación, basados en los méritos y capacidades, bajo procedimientos de ingresos a los cargos, vacantes, permanencia, ascenso, traslados, cambio de cargos, democión, retiro, capacitación e incentivos, así como, los deberes y derechos de los funcionarios y empleados del sistema de carrera administrativa municipal.
Experiencias, fortalezas y dificultades de la educación a distancia virtual
Authors: López Briones Harold Alberto
Published: December 2019

En este ensayo se aborda las experiencias adquiridas, las fortalezas que desarrollaron los estudiantes del I año de Economía de la Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria (FAREM-ESTELÍ), en relación al aprendizaje de la asignatura Informática Básica, la cual fue facilitada de manera virtual. Además se habla de las dificultades que fueron encontrándose durante este proceso de aprendizaje.
A New Classification System for Pilon Fractures Based on CT Scan: An Independent Interobserver and Intraobserver Agreement Evaluation
Authors: Palma Joaquin , Villa Andres , Mery Pablo , Abarca Mario , Mora Andres , Peña Andres , Urrutia Julio , Filippi Jorge
Published: December 2019

Background Data:

A new pilon fracture classification system based on CT scan data was recently published, showing almost perfect interobserver and intraobserver agreement among the authors who developed it. However, an independent assessment has not been done.

Objective:

To do an independent agreement evaluation of the new pilon fracture classification system with physicians with different levels of expertise in the management of pilon fractures.

Methods:

Seventy-one cases of acute pilon fracture were retrospectively collected. Fractures were classified by six evaluators (three foot and ankle surgeons and three orthopaedic surgery residents) using CT scans according to the morphological grading of the new pilon fracture classification system developed by Leonetti et al. Cases were presented to the same evaluators in a random sequence after a 6-week interval to determine intraobserver agreement. The kappa coefficient (κ) was used to determine agreement among evaluators.

Results:

The interobserver agreement was substantial regarding the main fracture type (I, II, III, or IV), with an overall κ value of 0.69 (0.65 to 0.72). When including the II and III subtypes, the overall agreement was still substantial, with a κ value of 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.58 to 0.64). The intraobserver agreement was substantial when considering the main fracture categories (I, II, III, or IV), with a κ value of 0.78 (confidence interval: 0.72 to 0.84), and full agreement at the type level was observed in 76% (324/426) of evaluations. There was no notable difference between the foot and ankle surgeons and orthopaedic surgery residents in the interobserver and intraobserver agreement.

Conclusion:

The new classification system demonstrated substantial interobserver and intraobserver agreement between evaluators with different levels of expertise in the management of pilon fractures. Prospective studies should be done to evaluate its prognostic value and utility in clinical practice.
Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Authors: Rees Harold W.
Published: December 2019

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, in collaboration with the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, the Hip Society, the American College of Radiology, the American Physical Therapy Association, the Limb-lengthening and Reconstruction Society, and the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, released Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hip: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline. The complete guideline is available on OrthoGuidelines (www.orthoguidelines.org). The guideline is intended to assist those taking care of patients with osteoarthritis of the hip in making decisions regarding the most appropriate treatment. A group of experts with knowledge of orthopaedic surgery, physical therapy, and musculoskeletal radiology developed 18 recommendations for nonoperative and operative treatment based on relevant literature. A companion article illustrates the use of these guidelines by discussing specific case examples and evidence-based treatments for osteoarthritis of the hip.
Measurement and analysis of the gentle touch sensation in healthy people according to the author's test algorithm
Authors: Wyszyński Szymon , Piotrkowicz Joanna , Federowicz Piotr , Woźniak Ewelina , Stiler Sylwia , Brzęk Anna
Published: December 2019

Introduction: There are five basic types of sensation: vibration, poses, gentle touch, pain and temperature. The literature says that to study gentle sensation can be used cotton ball or finger. It is important that the therapist dosed stimulus was reproducible.Aim of the study: Aim of this study was to measure the gentle touch sensation in healthy subjects for 21 points developed by researchersMaterial and methods: Examined 28 students Silesian Medical University in Katowice 21 women and 7 men. The age of respondents x = 21,1±1,8. On both hands and forearms of respondents indicated 21 points developed by the researchers. The researcher pointed randomly selected point. the purpose of the respondents was to identify the place where they felt the touch. If examined incorrectly described the location of the point, researcher measured a difference with centimeter tape. The results were put in database and statistically analyzed in Statistica 8.Results: Differences in the level of statistical significance was observed when comparing the mean scores of variations point 13 is located in the middle of the forearm to the side of both forearms.Conclusions: Observed changes may indicate a more precise feeling the gentle touch in the middle of the lateral side of the forearm.
The problem of headache and professional work of nurses
Authors: Adamowska Justyna
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Every day some of us experience headaches. A lot of people don’t realize, that this individual headache. Inseparable part of our lives is work. It requires a lot of commitment from us. in contrast, the headaches regardless of their nature can affect our job. Dealing with this problem is particularly important in the medical professions, as it may affect the proper and effective decisions and even become a cause of a tragedy.Aim of the study: Verify if the headache is a frequent concomitant of nurses at the Regional medical center and the Provincial Hospital in Opole, and is adversely affecting their professional activities.Material and methods: The research tool was a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. The study was conducted in the period from the December 2013 to February 2014. 50 nurses working in the Regional Medical Center and 50 nurses from the Provincial Hospital in Opole took part in it, with the consent of the directors of these medical facilities. It was mostly women nurses that filled up the questionnaire.Results: From a group of 100 nurses, 68 confirmed that they could deal with headaches on their own when they are at work, and migraine was found among the 35 respondents.Conclusions: The questionnaire addressed to the nurses highlighted the impact of headache on their activities performed during work. The headaches, depending on their nature, have a bigger or smaller effect on nurses’ work. The pain was more severe in a larger part of the respondents while they were performing physical activities that cannot be avoided in the work of nurses.
The effectiveness of therapeutic massage in lumbar spine pain syndrome
Authors: Wilk Iwona
Published: December 2019

Introduction: The chronic lumbar spine pain is one of the most common disorders reported by patients at family doctor’s visits. The symptoms associated with the problem usually include limited mobility of the trunk and the dysfunctions of peripheral nerves manifested by numbness, tingling and hyperesthesia. The pain potentiates the muscle tension which, secondarily, evokes general fatigue and the overexploitation of the tissues and, in consequence, the pain becomes even more intensive and unbearable. The treatment of the dysfunction differentiates two methods, namely, the conservative and the surgical one. The latter requires farther treatment in forms of the rehabilitation and physiotherapy which include various kinds of massage, selected physical procedures and physical exercises. Material and methods: The purpose of the study is to present some selected classical and therapeutic forms of massage of the back, arms and legs in women with the pain in the lower part of the spine. The procedures aim at the reduction of the symptoms through restoring the muscle tension and increasing the blood flow in the affected area. In the research eight 45-minute-long massage sessions were performed, each every three days. Results: After the therapy the decrease of pain in the shoulder girdle and lumbar spine area as well as the improvement in the patient’s posture were noticed. After the massage, when the pain was less disturbing the woman took up some exercises for seniors in the fitness centre and nordic walking.Conclusions: The massage is one on the forms of therapy, which can be used in chronic lumbar spine pain. It is often the only possible form of therapy, but can also be a part of more complex physiotherapy combined with other therapeutic treatments.
A delivery in breech presentation – a physiology or pathology? Historical deliberations
Authors: Lubicki Janusz
Published: December 2019

The breech presentation of the foetus is noted in approximately 3 percentages of all deliveries and the way they are assessed constitutes an important issue in contemporary obstetrics. In order to recognize the breech position the leopold’s holds are used as well as foetal pulse rate auscultation, cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasonography (USG), which helps determine the foetal weight and condition. Assisting the delivery of the foetus being in the breech position requires a few exceptional methods of help among which we can find some manual ones named cowjanow – Bracht and veit – Smelly. In the case of hands abandonment, their release is achieved either through a classical method called muller’s fluctuations or lovset’s method. When the life of a foetus or a mother is at risk, manual foetus extraction (extractio manualis fetus) is recommended. Nowadays, all breech positions in primigravidas receive the recommendation for the caesarian section. when the position appears in multigravidas and the pregnancy proceeds with no complications and the foetal weight is normal, the delivery might be natural with the manual help. It, however, calls for a continuous education of the obstetrical staff namely residents.