bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Workplace Environmental Scan of Employed Carers During COVID-19
Authors: Ding Regina , Ploeg Jenny , Williams Allison
Published: May 2023

The carer-employee experience has undergone multiple shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study seeks to understand how changes in the workplace as a result of the pandemic have impacted employed carers with their ability to perform both care obligations and paid work responsibilities. Using an online workplace-wide survey at a large Canadian firm, we conducted an environmental scan of: the current state of workplace supports and accommodations, supervisor attitudes, and carer-employee burden and health. Our findings demonstrate that while employees are generally in good health, care burden and time spent caregiving has been higher during COVID-19. Notably, employee presenteeism is higher during the pandemic than it was previously, with carer-employees experiencing significantly reduced levels of co-worker support. The most common workplace adaptation to COVID-19, work-from-home, was preferred by all employees as it allowed greater schedule control. However, this comes at the cost of reduced communications and sense of workplace culture, especially for carer-employees. We identified several actionable changes within the workplace, including: greater visibility of existing carer resources, and standardized training of managers on carer issues.
Ablation of selected thermoplastic polymers using an Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Augustyn Piotr , Rytlewski Piotr , Moraczewski Krzysztof , Skibicki Andrzej , Mazurkiewicz Adam
Published: May 2023

This article presents the results of a study on laser ablation of selected thermoplastic polymers using an economical fiber laser with a scanning galvanometer system and an IR laser with a wavelength ofλ = 1064 nm. The study aimed to develop comparative characteristics of the ablation processes of commonly used constructional thermoplastics, namely acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer (ABS), polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polylactide (PLA), and polyamide 6 (PA6). The ablation characteristics of the tested materials were determined, and the ablation depth and surface structures were calculated and presented. A comparative analysis of the contact angle, surface free energy, and strength of adhesive connections of materials modified with laser radiation and unmodified was performed. The study showed that the dynamics of laser ablation were much higher in ABS, PS, PET, and PC than in PLA and PA6. Although modification of the surface layer of the polymeric material did not have a significant impact on the surface free energy and wettability of the sample surface, it increased the strength of adhesive connections even several times (in ABS, PS, PET) with the lowest energy consumption. The results also demonstrated that some polymers, such as ABS or PS, can be effectively treated with near-infrared laser radiation of this wavelength, which is particularly important for surface layer modification and marking of details.
Overcoming Challenges of Intimacy: Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors’ Experiences of Achieving Healthy Romantic Relationships in Sweden
Authors: Petersson Charlotte C. , Plantin Lars
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Studies on sexual health following male child sexual abuse (CSA) have identified the negative effects of such experiences on body functioning, but little is known about male CSA survivors’ ability to create emotional and physical closeness in romantic relationships. The purpose of this article is to explore how male CSA survivors perceive, experience and develop intimacy in romantic relationships, including both the challenges they face and the positive changes that enable them to grow and achieve healthy relationships.

Method

The study has employed a qualitative research approach and is based on in-depth interviews conducted among adult male CSA survivors residing in Sweden. Participants were recruited through civil society organizations and an ad in a daily newspaper. Using reflexive thematic analysis, the results are presented in relation to two themes: (a) challenges of intimacy; and (b) building trust and close relationships.

Results

The results show that participants desired couple relationships that included both sexual and emotional intimacy. The challenges of intimacy were related to compromised sexual identity, sexual dysfunctions and compulsions, emotional dysregulation, and body shame. Efforts to achieve intimacy were facilitated by disclosing abuse experiences, developing emotional bonds or awareness, embracing sensitivity, and having an empathetic and supportive partner.

Conclusions

Reconstructions of abuse histories were both challenged and facilitated by the accessibility of various and shifting ideas about masculinities that co-exist in Sweden, which were important sources for meaning making and assisted the men in developing positive valuations of themselves as men.
Uranium capture from aqueous solution using cement kiln dust; equilibrium and kinetic studies
Authors: Masoud Ahmed M. , El-Maadawy M. M. , Taha Mohamed H. , Meawad Amr
Published: May 2023

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with radioactive nuclides is significantly threaten the human body. So, finding effective and economical sorbents is significant for uranium elimination from an aqueous solution is important. In this study, Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a solid waste produced during the cement production process was utilized as sorbent for the uranium sorption from an aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption of 156.2 mg g−1 at pH 3.0 which reflects good sorption properties for the CKD. All in all, the displayed data declares that the CKD material possess an extraordinary tendency for U(VI) recovery from aquatic environments.
From the local landscape organization to land abandonment: an analysis of landscape changes (1956–2017) in the Aísa Valley (Spanish Pyrenees)
Authors: Errea María Paz , Cortijos-López Melani , Llena Manel , Nadal-Romero Estela , Zabalza-Martínez Javier , Lasanta Teodoro
Published: May 2023

Context

The Mediterranean mountains have witnessed the revegetation of former pasture and cultivated fields since the mid-20th century. The process started when the mountains joined a dynamic and competitive market, which led to depopulation, abandoning cultivated fields, and a reduction in extensive livestock farming.

Objectives

We investigate changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and landscape structure in a valley of the Central Pyrenees in 1956, 1981 and 2017, and we discuss the implications for land management within a multidisciplinary context.

Methods

Aerial photographs are used to map the LULC in 1956, 1981 and 2017, followed by landscape ecology metrics and indices to analyse the structure of the landscape.

Results

The results show: (i) a reduction in cultivated area (-42%) and pastures (-63%) in the montane belt between 1956 and 2017, while forests doubled in area; (ii) changes in LULC are more significant in the montane belt than in subalpine and alpine areas; (iii) based on the Kappa index, it was found that the 29% of the area had undergone changes in LULC between 1956 and 2017, with the changes being greater in the first period (1956–1981) than in the second (1981–2017); (iv) the structure and heterogeneity of the landscape shows an increase between 1956 and 1981, and a change in trend from 1981 to 2017, so that the landscape is more homogeneous in 2017 than in 1956.

Conclusion

The discussion suggests the need to maintain and recover mosaic landscapes, since their structure is akin to traditional cultural ones, to increase biodiversity and sustainability, and provide ecosystem services to the population.
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene expression and markers of oxidative stress are correlated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Alobaidy Afraa S. H. , Elhelaly Mona , Amer Maggie E. , Shemies Rasha S. , Othman Azza I. , El-Missiry Mohamed A.
Published: May 2023

Background

Oxidative stress is thought to play a significant role in the pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19. Additionally, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression may predict the severity and clinical course of COVID-19. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of oxidative stress and ACE2 expression with the clinical severity in patients with COVID-19.

Methods and results

The present study comprised 40 patients with COVID-19 and 40 matched healthy controls, recruited between September 2021 and March 2022. ACE 2 expression levels were measured using Hera plus SYBR Green qPCR kits with GAPDH used as an internal control. Serum melatonin (MLT) levels, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were estimated using ELISA. The correlations between the levels of the studied markers and clinical indicators of disease severity were evaluated. Significantly, lower expression of ACE2 was observed in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Patients with COVID-19 had lower serum levels of TAC and MLT but higher serum levels of MDA compared to normal controls. Serum MDA levels were correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, and serum potassium levels. Serum MLT levels were positively correlated with DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate, and serum potassium levels. TAC was correlated with GCS, mean platelet volume, and serum creatinine levels. Serum MLT levels were significantly lower in patients treated with remdesivir and inotropes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrates that all markers had utility in discriminating COVID-19 patients from healthy controls.

Conclusions

Increased oxidative stress and increased ACE2 expression were correlated with disease severity and poor outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the present study. Melatonin supplementation may provide a utility as an adjuvant therapy in decreasing disease severity and death in COVID-19 patients.
On the Physical Nature of the so-Called Prominence Tornadoes
Authors: Gunár Stanislav , Labrosse Nicolas , Luna Manuel , Schmieder Brigitte , Heinzel Petr , Kucera Therese A. , Levens Peter J. , López Ariste Arturo , Mackay Duncan H. , Zapiór Maciej
Published: May 2023

The term ‘tornado’ has been used in recent years to describe several solar phenomena, from large-scale eruptive prominences to small-scale photospheric vortices. It has also been applied to the generally stable quiescent prominences, sparking a renewed interest in what historically was called ‘prominence tornadoes’. This paper carries out an in-depth review of the physical nature of ‘prominence tornadoes’, where their name subconsciously makes us think of violent rotational dynamics. However, after careful consideration and analysis of the published observational data and theoretical models, we conclude that ‘prominence tornadoes’ do not differ in any substantial way from other stable solar prominences. There is simply no unequivocal observational evidence of sustained and coherent rotational movements in quiescent prominences that would justify a distinct category of prominences sharing the name with the well-known atmospheric phenomenon. The visual impression of the column-like silhouettes, the perceived helical motions, or the suggestive Doppler-shift patterns all have a simpler, more likely explanation. They are a consequence of projection effects combined with the presence of oscillations and/or counter-streaming flows. ‘Prominence tornadoes’ are thus just manifestations of the complex nature of solar prominences when observed in specific projections. These coincidental viewing angles, together with the presence of fine-structure dynamics and simple yet profoundly distorting projection effects, may sometimes play havoc with our intuitive understanding of perceived shapes and motions, leading to the incorrect analogy with atmospheric tornadoes.
A blockchain ledger for securing isolated ambient intelligence deployments using reputation and information theory metrics
Authors: Bordel Borja , Alcarria Ramón , Robles Tomás
Published: May 2023

Ambient Intelligence deployments are very vulnerable to Cyber-Physical attacks. In these attacking strategies, intruders try to manipulate the behavior of the global system by affecting some key elements within the deployment. Typically, attackers inject false information, integrate malicious devices within the deployment, or infect communications among sensor nodes, among other possibilities. To protect Ambient Intelligence deployments against these attacks, complex data analysis algorithms are usually employed in the cloud to remove anomalous information from historical series. However, this approach presents two main problems. First, it requires all Ambient Intelligence systems to be networked and connected to the cloud. But most new applications for Ambient Intelligence are supported by isolated systems. And second, they are computationally heavy and not compatible with new decentralized architectures. Therefore, in this paper we propose a new decentralized security solution, based on a Blockchain ledger, to protect isolated Ambient Intelligence deployments. In this ledger, new sensing data are considered transactions that must be validated by edge managers, which operate a Blockchain network. This validation is based on reputation metrics evaluated by sensor nodes using historical network data and identity parameters. Through information theory, the coherence of all transactions with the behavior of the historical deployment is also analyzed and considered in the validation algorithm. The relevance of edge managers in the Blockchain network is also weighted considering the knowledge they have about the deployment. An experimental validation, supported by simulation tools and scenarios, is also described. Results show that up to 93% of Cyber-Physical attacks are correctly detected and stopped, with a maximum delay of 37 s.
Experiences of cancer survivors with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in the Netherlands: symptoms, daily limitations, involvement of healthcare professionals, and social support
Authors: van de Graaf Daniëlle L. , Engelen Vivian , de Boer Aize , Vreugdenhil Gerard , Smeets Tom , van der Lee Marije L. , Trompetter Hester R. , Mols Floortje
Published: May 2023

Purpose

A significant proportion of cancer patients suffer from chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). This descriptive study aimed to examine patients’ experience of CIPN symptoms, daily limitations, involvement of healthcare professionals, and social support.

Methods

Cross-sectional data have been collected in the Netherlands via a national online questionnaire comprising closed items only (February 2021).

Results

Out of 3752 respondents, 1975 received chemotherapy only (i.e., without targeted therapy) and were therefore included. The majority (71.2%) reported symptoms in both hands and feet (e.g., tingling and loss of sensation or diminished sensation). Participants reported most limitations in household chores, social activities, hobbies, sports, walking, and sleeping and least in family/(taking care of) children, cycling, driving, self-care, eating and drinking, and sexuality and intimacy. Many patients indicated that their healthcare professionals informed them about the possibility of CIPN development before treatment (58.4%), and they paid attention to CIPN during and after treatment (53.1%). However, many patients (43%) reported a lack of information on what to do when CIPN develops. Few participants (22%) visited their general practitioner (GP) for CIPN. In general, patients’ social environments sometimes to always showed empathy to patients.

Conclusions

Symptoms of CIPN are frequently reported and can result in various daily limitations. Support from professionals and peers is crucial in managing CIPN, which is sometimes lacking. Appropriate guidance and support should be provided to patients to decrease the impact of CIPN on daily life. Future research should investigate differences in chemotherapeutic agents and the resulting symptoms and consequences.
Onion skin–derived sorbent for the sequestration of methylparaben in contaminated aqueous medium
Authors: Adeola Adedapo O. , Oyedotun Kabir O. , Waleng Ngwako J. , Mamba Bhekie B. , Nomngongo Philiswa N.
Published: May 2023

Carbon-based adsorbents were produced from onion skin waste for the adsorption of methylparaben from contaminated water. The biomass-derived carbon was characterized using various established analytical techniques. The microscopic examinations revealed micro- and mesoporous structures with a partially disordered network of the graphenic carbon-like multilayer structure, confirmed by XPS and Raman spectra. XRD analysis revealed that the biomass-derived carbon is largely amorphous with the graphitic phase also confirmed. Aside from the prominence of sp2 hybridized carbon, FTIR analysis shows the existence of moieties and functional groups that may facilitate the sorption of methylparaben or other organic pollutants if explored. The adsorption isotherm revealed that the multilayer adsorption model (Freundlich) best fits experimental data with an SSE value of 0.454. A complex adsorption process is suspected between methylparaben and OSDC, and the physicochemical properties of the sorbate and sorbent played a huge role in the sorption process. The plausible interactions include van der Waals, hydrophobic bonding, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and pore-filling mechanisms, leading to a hysteretic sorption process. The optimal removal efficiency and adsorption maxima of ~ 100% and ~ 8200 mg/g are obtainable at optimum process conditions. Therefore, waste valorization and adsorption performance achieved in this study suggest a sustainable and cost-effective pathway for pollution remediation.
Small order limit of fractional Dirichlet sublinear-type problems
Authors: Angeles Felipe , Saldaña Alberto
Published: May 2023

We study the asymptotic behavior of solutions to various Dirichlet sublinear-type problems involving the fractional Laplacian when the fractional parameterstends to zero. Depending on the type on nonlinearity, positive solutions may converge to a characteristic function or to a positive solution of a limit nonlinear problem in terms of the logarithmic Laplacian, that is, the pseudodifferential operator with Fourier symbol$$\ln (|\xi |^2)$$ln(|ξ|2). In the case of a logistic-type nonlinearity, our results have the following biological interpretation: in the presence of a toxic boundary, species with reduced mobility have a lower saturation threshold, higher survival rate, and are more homogeneously distributed. As a result of independent interest, we show that sublinear logarithmic problems have a unique least-energy solution, which is bounded and Dini continuous with a log-Hölder modulus of continuity.
Pseudo-supervised image clustering based on meta-features
Authors: Wang Hao , Shao Youjia , Yang Tongsen , Zhao Wencang
Published: May 2023

Stable semantics is a prerequisite for achieving excellent image clustering. However, most current methods suffer from inaccurate class semantic estimation, which limits the clustering performance. For the sake of addressing the issue, we propose a pseudo-supervised clustering framework based on meta-features. First, the framework mines meta-semantic features (i.e., meta-features) of image categories based on instance-level features, which not only preserves instance-level information but also ensures the semantic robustness of meta-features. Ulteriorly, we propagate pseudo-labels to its global neighbor samples with meta-features as the center, which effectively avoids the accumulation of errors caused by the misclassification of samples at the cluster boundary. Finally, we exploit the cross-entropy loss with label smoothing to optimize the pseudo-label optimization network. This optimization method not only achieves a direct mapping from features to stable semantic labels, but also effectively avoids suboptimal solutions caused by multi-level optimization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms twenty-one competing clustering methods on six challenging datasets.
Coordinated Integration of Agricultural and Industrial Processes: a Case Study of Sugarcane-Derived Production
Authors: Ouchida Kotaro , Kanematsu Yuichiro , Fukushima Yasuhiro , Ohara Satoshi , Sugimoto Akira , Hattori Taiichiro , Terajima Yoshifumi , Okubo Tatsuya , Kikuchi Yasunori
Published: May 2023

The coordinated integration of agricultural and industrial processes in plant-derived production can offer a solution toward sustainability. However, it is hard for general practitioners to realize the coordinated integration of these processes just based on the precedent fact. A special form clarifying the functions of the required activities should be shared among the practitioners for deliberate system design. In this study, a function model for coordinated integration was developed using the type-zero language of integrated definition for object-oriented design. Inputs, outputs, controls, and mechanisms for the required activities and the relationship between them were analyzed through modeling, after which the model was verified based on actual historical facts in the Japanese cane sugar industry. Finally, as a case study from a different industry, the applicability and limitation of the function model in the palm oil industry are discussed. Although the validity of the model should be confirmed through accumulating future case studies, the structure of the function model should be common to industrial crop-derived productions.
The Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxide Minerals on the Surface of Kaolinite
Authors: Zhao Fan , Zhang Guangyao , Jiang Yong , Wang Hui , Cao Chi , Qi Yongbo , Wang Qingyun , Zhao Huaiyan
Published: May 2023

The formation of manganese (Mn) oxides is influenced by environmental conditions and, in some red soils, Mn oxides occur as coatings on the surface of kaolinite particles in the form of colloidal films or fine particles. The present study aimed to explore the types of formation mechanisms of Mn oxide minerals on the surface of kaolinite. Mn oxide minerals synthesized by reducing the Mn in KMnO4 with a divalent Mn salt (MnSO4) were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of various initial molar ratios of Mn2+/Mn7+ (R = 1:0.67, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4), cationic species (Na+ or Mg2+), synthesis temperatures (30, 60, and 110°C), and amount of added kaolinite (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 g) on the formation of Mn oxides were studied. The results showed that Mn oxide mineral types were affected by the initial R value and the background cation. With decreases in the initial R value, the synthesized minerals transformed from cryptomelane to birnessite. The relative mass ratios of kaolinite to Mn oxide were calculated as 1:0.92, 1:0.63, 1:1.15, and 1:1.63. The sodium cation (Na+) had a greater role than Mg2+ in promoting the dissolution–recrystallization of birnessite to cryptomelane. The synthesis temperature had no effect on mineral types, but Mn content increased as temperature increased. When the amount of added kaolinite was increased from 0.25 to 5.0 g, Mn oxide minerals formed gradually and transformed from birnessite to cryptomelane. This work revealed a possible formation process and reaction mechanism on the surface of kaolinite particles in some red soils.
New perspectives and issues in industrial policy for sustainable development: from developmental and entrepreneurial to environmental state
Authors: Kastelli Ioanna , Mamica Lukasz , Lee Keun
Published: May 2023

The increasingly acute consequences of the climate crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the energy crisis have put industrial policy back. The papers in this issue examine how different countries implement industrial policy for sustainable development from a variety of perspectives. A successful transition to sustainable development seems to require not only the mix of carrots and sticks but also a right mix of creation versus destruction, as in the case of the creation of renewable businesses and the destruction of fossil-fuel businesses. Furthermore, because institutional diversity and the risk of capture can result in very distinct economic, social, and environmental effects, consideration of heterogeneity at the country and sector levels and coordination of vested interests are essential ingredients for sustainable industrial policies, as shown by the case of industrial policy in France and the two industry cases in India. By contrast, the Amazon Fund case is indicative of the three success elements: multi-stakeholder governance, pay-for-performance funding, and non-reimbursable project financing. These three elements can be summarized as local ownership and accountable governance, provided with both carrots and sticks. The problematic case of urban development driven by the oil industry in Ghana can be criticized in terms of the lack of local ownership of the oil industry, which has led to all rents being monopolized by the absentee class. By comparison, the mixed success of cases of industrial symbiosis in Uganda is attributed to the lack of effective carrots. In sum, industrial policy for sustainable development requires handling well all three types of failure, namely, market, system, and capability failures, because it necessitates building capabilities of involved actors and coordinating actions of agents, in addition to providing optimal incentives to reflect externalities of global public goods. Overall, the shifting focus of industrial policy is consistent with the shift of the role of the state, from developmental to entrepreneurial, and finally to environmental state.
Physics Behind Music
Authors: Suits Bryan H.
Published: May 2023

This engaging undergraduate text uses the performance, recording, and enjoyment of music to present basic principles of physics. The narrative lays out specific results from physics, as well as some of the methodology, thought processes, and 'interconnectedness' of physics concepts, results, and ideas. Short chapters start with basic definitions and everyday observations and ultimately work through standard topics, including vibrations, waves, acoustics, and electronics applications. Each chapter includes problems, some of which are suited for longer-term projects, and suggestions for extra reading that guide students toward a deeper understanding of the physics behind music applications. To aid teaching, additional review questions, audio and video clips, and suggestions for class activities are provided online for instructors.
Multimodal-ish: prosodic and kinesic aspects of bounded and free uses of ish
Authors: Lehmann Claudia , Pentrel Meike
Published: May 2023

The article explores the prosodic and kinesic aspects of three different ish constructions using corpus data from the multimodal NewsScape Library of International Television News. The results reveal that bound -ish with ‘approximate’ meaning is longer in duration, higher in pitch, and shows more pitch variability than bound -ish with ‘properties’ meaning. Free Ish is also longer in duration and shows more pitch variability but is also prosodically set apart from its linguistic environment. Furthermore, the different ish constructions prove to be associated with different sets of kinesic features, although none of these reaches a significant level in the statistical model. It will be argued that the prosodic aspects mirror the constructional status of ish, whereas the kinesic aspects may be used to support their different functions.
HYPEREION—A precision system for the detection of the absorption profile centred at 78 MHz in the radio background spectrum
Authors: Patra N. , Wayth R. , Sokolowski M. , Price D. , McKinley B. , Kenney D.
Published: May 2023

The report of a detection of an absorption profile centred at 78 MHz in the continuum radio background spectrum by the EDGES experiment and its interpretation as the redshifted 21 cm signal of cosmological origin has become one of the most debated results of observational cosmology in recent times. The cosmological 21 cm has long been proposed to be a powerful probe for observing the early Universe and tracing its evolution over cosmic time. Even though the science case is well established, measurement challenges posed on the technical ground are not fully understood to the level of claiming a successful detection. EDGES’s detection has naturally motivated a number of experimental attempts worldwide to corroborate the findings. In this paper, we present a precision cross-correlation spectrometer HYPEREION purpose-designed for a precision radio background measurement between 50–120 MHz to detect the absorption profile reported by the EDGES experiment. HYPEREION implements a pre-correlation signal processing technique that self-calibrates any spurious additive contamination from within the system and delivers a differential measurement of the sky spectrum and a reference thermal load internal to the system. This ensures an unambiguous ‘zero-point’ of absolute calibration of the purported absorption profile. We present the system design, measurement equations of the ideal system, systematic effects in the real system, and finally, an assessment of the real system output for the detection of the absorption profile at 78 MHz in the continuum radio background spectrum.
Pre‐Industrial, Present and Future Atmospheric Soluble Iron Deposition and the Role of Aerosol Acidity and Oxalate Under CMIP6 Emissions
Authors: Bergas‐Massó Elisa , Gonçalves Ageitos María , Myriokefalitakis Stelios , Miller Ron L. , van Noije Twan , Le Sager Philippe , Montané Pinto Gilbert , Pérez García‐Pando Carlos
Published: May 2023

Atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition to the open ocean affects net primary productivity, nitrogen fixation, and carbon uptake. We investigate changes in soluble Fe (SFe) deposition from the pre‐industrial period to the late 21st century using the EC‐Earth3‐Iron Earth System model. EC‐Earth3‐Iron considers various sources of Fe, including dust, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning, and features comprehensive atmospheric chemistry, representing atmospheric oxalate, sulfate, and Fe cycles. We show that anthropogenic activity has changed the magnitude and spatial distribution of SFe deposition by increasing combustion Fe emissions and atmospheric acidity and oxalate levels. We report that SFe deposition has doubled since the early industrial era, using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 emission inventory. We highlight acidity as the main solubilization pathway for dust‐Fe and oxalate‐promoted processing for the solubilization of combustion‐Fe. We project a global SFe deposition increase of 40% by the late 21st century relative to present day under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 3–7.0, which assumes weak climate change mitigation policies. Conversely, SSPs with stronger mitigation pathways (1–2.6 and 2–4.5) result in 35% and 10% global decreases, respectively. Despite these differences, SFe deposition increases over the equatorial Pacific and decreases in the Southern Ocean (SO) for all SSPs. We further observe that deposition over the equatorial Pacific and SO are highly sensitive to future changes in dust emissions from Australia and South America, as well as from North Africa. Future studies should focus on the potential impact of climate‐ and human‐induced changes in dust and wildfires combined.
The Yih Instability in Layered Lava Flow May Initiate the Pāhoehoe to ‘a‘ā Lava Transition
Authors: Culha Cansu , Spinner Sam , Suckale Jenny
Published: May 2023

Most basaltic lavas begin flowing as pāhoehoe but sometimes transition into ‘a‘ā. Field observations and previous models have demonstrated that the rheology of smooth, liquid‐like pāhoehoe is distinct from rough, pasty ‘a‘ā, but the cause of this dramatic and rapidly occurring change in rheology has remained unclear. Here, we propose that the pāhoehoe to ‘a‘ā transition could be initiated by the Yih instability, an internal shear instability, in layered pāhoehoe flow. We show that the conditions under which instability arises depend on both extrinsic and intrinsic factors and derive a non‐dimensional regime diagram. We test the model's prediction of stable flow configurations against field observations of solidified lava flows.
Multiple Large‐Scale Dynamical Pathways for Pan–Atlantic Compound Cold and Windy Extremes
Authors: Riboldi Jacopo , Leeding Richard , Segalini Antonio , Messori Gabriele
Published: May 2023

Winter cold spells over North America have been correlated with European wind extremes, but the physical mechanisms behind such “pan‐Atlantic” compound extremes have not been clarified yet. In this study, we propose that pan–Atlantic cold and windy extremes occur following two possible dynamical pathways. The first one involves the propagation of a Rossby wave train from the Pacific Ocean, associated with windstorms over north‐western Europe in the 5–10 days after the cold spell peak. The second is associated with a high‐latitude anticyclone over the North Atlantic and an equatorward‐shifted jet, leading to windstorms over south‐western Europe already in the days preceding the cold spell peak. European windstorms are thus systematically tied to North American cold spells according to the different flow configuration. The analysis underscores that apparently similar surface extremes might be driven by different processes, and conflating them together could lead to misleading conclusions.
Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy of Feldspars From the Bühl Basalt (Northern Hesse, Germany) Formed Under Reducing Conditions as Terrestrial Analogue of Mercury for MERTIS
Authors: Reitze Maximilian P. , Weber Iris , Morlok Andreas , Hiesinger Harald , Pasckert Jan Hendrik , Schmedemann Nico , Bauch Karin E. , Stojic Aleksandra N. , Helbert Jörn
Published: May 2023

The MErcury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer instrument onboard the BepiColombo spacecraft is designed to investigate Mercury’s surface in the mid‐infrared (mid‐IR). Based on MESSENGER data and modeling, Mercury is thought to be evolved under highly reducing conditions (e.g., McCubbin et al., 2017,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005367; Namur & Charlier, 2017,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2860). The modeling also indicates that Mercury's surface is rich in feldspar. However, it is unknown if reducing conditions during the emplacement of volcanic melts have an influence on the IR properties of feldspars. Therefore, we investigated basaltic samples from the Bühl quarry in northern Hesse, Germany, that evolved under reducing conditions in the mid‐IR and compared the spectra with samples that experienced more oxidizing conditions during their formation. The Bühl samples are feldspar‐rich and contain metallic iron in some areas. Our investigations show that there are no differences between feldspars that formed under different oxidizing conditions. All spectral properties could be explained by well‐known factors that affect mid‐IR spectra of silicates.
Langmuir Turbulence Controls on Observed Diurnal Warm Layer Depths
Authors: Wang Xingchi , Kukulka Tobias , Farrar J. Thomas , Plueddemann Albert J. , Zippel Seth F.
Published: May 2023

The turbulent ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) shoals during daytime solar surface heating, developing a diurnal warm layer (DWL). The DWL significantly influences OSBL dynamics by trapping momentum and heat in a shallow near‐surface layer. Therefore, DWL depth is critical for understanding OSBL transport and ocean‐atmosphere coupling. A great challenge for determining DWL depth is considering wave‐driven Langmuir turbulence (LT), which increases vertical transport. This study investigates observations with moderate wind speeds (4–7 m/s at 10 m height) and swell waves for which breaking wave effects are less pronounced. By employing turbulence‐resolving large eddy simulation experiments that cover observed wind, wave, and heating conditions based on the wave‐averaged Craik‐Lebovich equation, we develop a DWL depth scaling unifying previous approaches. This scaling closely agrees with observed DWL depths from a year‐long mooring deployment in the subtropical North Atlantic, demonstrating the critical role of LT in determining DWL depth and OSBL dynamics.
Decoupled Indian Summer Monsoon Intensity and Effective Moisture Since the Last Glaciation in Southwest China
Authors: Zhang Tingwei , Yang Xiaoqiang , Peng Jie , Zhou Qixian , Toney Jaime , Liu Huiyang , Xie Yixuan
Published: May 2023

Effective moisture (EM) distribution in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) region is strongly related to regional topography. An understanding of climate change and the interactions between climate variables can help predict future climate variations. Here, we reconstruct a stack EM record for Southwest China over the past 90 kyr using environmental magnetism in lake sediment. The EM in Southwest China at the orbital scale was closely linked to precession‐induced change in North Hemisphere solar insolation, as well as the ISM variability. However, at the glacial‐interglacial scale, it was decoupled with ISM intensity, being wetter during glacial periods (weakened ISM) and drier during interglacial periods (enhanced ISM). Combined with modern meteorological observations, we suggest that the topographical barrier effect and temperature induced dryness are responsible for the decoupling between ISM intensity and EM. The terrestrial topography and temperature strongly influence EM distribution by altering the dynamics of onshore airflow and evapotranspiration.
Pre‐Industrial (1750–1850 CE) Cold Season Warmth in Northeastern China
Authors: Yao Yuan , Wang Lu , Huang Yongsong , Liang Jie , Vachula Richard S. , Cai Yanjun , Cheng Hai
Published: May 2023

Contrary to global warming projections, northern mid‐latitude continents have suffered from an increased frequency of unusually cold winters during the last few decades. However, a lack of longer‐term cold‐season temperature records from mid‐latitudes hampers our understanding of the forcing mechanisms of this temperature variability. Here we report a Group 1 alkenone‐based high‐resolution record of cold‐season temperatures extending to the pre‐industrial era (since 1700 CE) from Lake Luming in northeastern China. By comparing with the instrumental and historical records in the region, we verify the high efficacy of Group 1 alkenones as recorders of cold‐season temperature variability. Our record shows pre‐industrial warmth between 1750 and 1850 CE relative to anthropogenic industrial period (since 1850 CE), which is largely driven by variability of the Arctic Oscillation, with a negligible contribution from anthropogenic greenhouse‐gas forcing. Our results highlight the importance of internal atmospheric circulation in driving cold‐season temperatures in northeastern China.
Multi‐Scale Ionospheric Poynting Fluxes Using Ground and Space‐Based Observations
Authors: Billett D. D. , McWilliams K. A. , Ponomarenko P. V. , Martin C. J. , Knudsen D. J. , Vines S. K.
Published: May 2023

Three events are presented where high‐resolution measurements from the Swarm satellites coincided with excellent F‐region ionospheric coverage from The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). Large‐scale ionospheric convection patterns from SuperDARN, together with field‐aligned‐current patterns from he Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Response Experiment (AMPERE), provide information on quasi‐static ionospheric dynamics traversed by Swarm. Because the Swarm observations and orbital path coincided with favorable SuperDARN/AMPERE observing conditions, it was possible to filter the Swarm electric field observations into a quasi‐static component that agreed with the SuperDARN electric field. The residual electric field from Swarm is thus indicative of small‐ and mesoscale dynamics not captured by the convection and field‐aligned current (FAC) patterns. Calculations of the Poynting flux between the different instruments show that dynamics on small‐to mesoscales can be highly variable within structures like FACs. In the events shown, small‐ and medium‐scale Poynting fluxes occasionally dominate over those from large‐scale processes.
Soft monolithic infrared neural interface for simultaneous neurostimulation and electrophysiology
Authors: Meneghetti Marcello , Kaur Jaspreet , Sui Kunyang , Sørensen Jakob F. , Berg Rune W. , Markos Christos
Published: May 2023

Controlling neuronal activity using implantable neural interfaces constitutes an important tool to understand and develop novel strategies against brain diseases. Infrared neurostimulation is a promising alternative to optogenetics for controlling the neuronal circuitry with high spatial resolution. However, bi-directional interfaces capable of simultaneously delivering infrared light and recording electrical signals from the brain with minimal inflammation have not yet been reported. Here, we have developed a soft fibre-based device using high-performance polymers which are >100-fold softer than conventional silica glass used in standard optical fibres. The developed implant is capable of stimulating the brain activity in localized cortical domains by delivering laser pulses in the 2 μm spectral region while recording electrophysiological signals. Action and local field potentials were recorded in vivo from the motor cortex and hippocampus in acute and chronic settings, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the brain tissue indicated insignificant inflammatory response to the infrared pulses while the signal-to-noise ratio of recordings still remained high. Our neural interface constitutes a step forward in expanding infrared neurostimulation as a versatile approach for fundamental research and clinically translatable therapies.
Six-year experience of Australia’s first dedicated cancer of unknown primary clinic
Authors: van Mourik Arielle , Tonkin-Hill Gina , O’Farrell John , Waller Shohei , Tan Lavinia , Tothill Richard W. , Bowtell David , Fox Stephen , Fellowes Andrew , Fedele Clare , Schofield Penelope , Sivakumaran Tharani , Wong Hui-Li , Mileshkin Linda
Published: May 2023

Background

Diagnosis and management of cancers of unknown primary (CUP) remain challenging. This study examines the referral patterns, management and outcomes of patients referred to Australia’s first dedicated CUP clinic.

Methods

Retrospective medical record review was conducted for patients seen at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre CUP clinic between July 2014 and August 2020. Overall survival (OS) was analysed for patients with a CUP diagnosis where treatment information was available.

Results

Of 361 patients referred, fewer than half had completed diagnostic work-up at the time of referral. A diagnosis of CUP was established in 137 (38%), malignancy other than CUP in 177 (49%) and benign pathology in 36 (10%) patients. Genomic testing was successfully completed in 62% of patients with initial provisional CUP and impacted management in 32% by identifying a tissue of origin or actionable genomic alteration. The use of site-specific, targeted therapy or immunotherapy was independently associated with longer OS compared to empirical chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Our specialised CUP clinic facilitated diagnostic work-up among patients with suspected malignancy and provided access to genomic testing and clinical trials for patients with a CUP diagnosis, all of which are important to improve outcomes in this patient population.
What do women think about having received their breast cancer risk as part of a risk-stratified NHS Breast Screening Programme? A qualitative study
Authors: McWilliams Lorna , Ruane Helen , Ulph Fiona , Woof Victoria G. , Harrison Fiona , Evans D. Gareth , French David P.
Published: May 2023

Background

Risk-stratified screening is being considered for national breast screening programmes. It is unclear how women experience risk-stratified screening and receipt of breast cancer risk information in real time. This study aimed to explore the psychological impact of undergoing risk-stratified screening within England’s NHS Breast Screening Programme.

Methods

Individual telephone interviews were conducted with 40 women who participated in the BC-Predict study and received a letter indicating their estimated breast cancer risk as one of four risk categories: low (<2% 10-year risk), average (2–4.99%), above average (moderate; 5–7.99%) or high (≥8%). Audio-recorded interview transcriptions were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Two themes were produced: ‘From risk expectations to what’s my future health story?’ highlights that women overall valued the opportunity to receive risk estimates; however, when these were discordant with perceived risk, this causes temporary distress or rejection of the information. ‘Being a good (woman) citizen’ where women felt positive contributing to society but may feel judged if they then cannot exert agency over the management of their risk or access follow-up support

Conclusions

Risk-stratified breast screening was generally accepted without causing long-lasting distress; however, issues related to risk communication and access to care pathways need to be considered for implementation.
Longitudinal prospective cohort study evaluating prognosis in idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients with and without comorbid polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Thaller Mark , Homer Victoria , Sassani Matilde , Mollan Susan P. , Sinclair Alexandra J.
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are hyperandrogenic metabolic disorders that affect women of reproductive age living with obesity. The previously reported prevalence of comorbid PCOS in IIH patients is highly variable and the longitudinal impact on visual and headache outcomes are unknown.

Methods

In this prospective longitudinal cohort study patients were identified from the IIH: Life database over a nine-year period (2012–2021). Data collected included demographics and PCOS questionnaire data. Key visual and detailed headache outcomes were recorded. We analysed the key variables for influential outcomes of vision and headache. Logistical regression methods were used to model long term visual and headache outcomes.

Results

Overall 398 women with IIH and documented PCOS questionnaires were followed up for a median of 10 months (range 0–87). Prevalence of PCOS in IIH was 20% (78/398) diagnosed by the Rotterdam criteria. Patients with IIH and comorbid PCOS reported higher self-reported fertility problems (3.2-fold increased risk) and increased need for medical help in becoming pregnant (4.4-fold increased risk). Comorbid PCOS in IIH patients does not adversely impact long-term vision or headache outcomes. The headache burden was high in both cohorts studied.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated that comorbid PCOS in IIH is common (20%). Diagnosing comorbid PCOS is important as it can impact on fertility and is known to have long-term adverse cardiovascular risks. Our data suggest that a diagnosis of PCOS in those with IIH does not significantly exacerbate long-term vision or headache prognosis.