bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interactive Effect of Time Pressure and Client Preference on Tax Professionals' Information Search Emphasis, Judgments, and Recommendations
Authors: Ewing Robert A. , Spilker Brian C.
Published: November 2021

Tax professionals commonly search large databases of information to identify tax authority necessary to provide compliance and planning advice to clients. Prior research indicates tax professionals' information search processes are subject to confirmation bias in the direction of client preferences and that this bias can lead professionals to make overly aggressive recommendations. However, very little is known about how time pressure may affect tax professionals' judgment and decision-making processes. This study contributes to practice and to the time pressure and decision bias literatures by providing theory and evidence that increasing time pressure leads to confirmation bias during tax information search and that time pressure enhanced confirmation bias affects recommendations through professionals' assessments of the evidential support for the client-preferred position. With an understanding of how time pressure can influence confirmation bias in information search, professionals and their firms can take steps to manage time pressure and its potential biasing effects.
Blockchain's Impact on Accounting and Auditing: A Use Case on Supply Chain Traceability
Authors: Liu Manlu , Robin Ashok , Wu Kean , Xu Jennifer
Published: November 2021

We use the transaction cost theory, originally proposed by Coase (1937), as a theoretical framework to examine the potential impact of the blockchain technology on accounting and auditing processes in terms of information timeliness, information quality, and auditing costs. Since a blockchain enables recording, tracking, and managing business transactions and assets of firms, it offers natural advantages to accounting and auditing processes, and has the potential to lower various transaction costs. A use case on a supply chain of food products is presented to illustrate how a blockchain can be used to trace the movement of goods and record the related transactions. Subsequently, building on this scenario, we use the transaction cost framework to generate propositions related to accounting and auditing that can be empirically tested in future studies as data become available.

JEL Classifications: D83; G14; M41; M42; O33.
Managing Central Venous Catheter Dressings: A Short Gut Syndrome Case Study
Authors: Langford Melissa , Leal Maria , Patton Lindsey
Published: November 2021

Highlights

Central venous catheters are necessary in treatment and care of pediatric patients with short gut syndrome. Despite necessity, central venous catheters come with the risk of developing central line associated blood stream infections (CLABSI). This manuscript describes a complex, pediatric gastroenterology patient with multiple risk factors who developed a CLABSI. Short gut syndrome patients can develop skin conditions and complications that may challenge nursing practice to mitigate CLABSI. Further research is needed on preventing CLABSIs in complex pediatric patients to provide the best practice implications for nursing.
ANALISIS HUBUNGAN KAUSALITAS PENGGUNAAN ENERGI, PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN EMISI LINGKUNGAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Putra Serdo Nurdi , Satrianto Alpon
Published: November 2021

This study aims to identify and analyze the relationship between energy use, economic growth and environmental emissions in Indonesia. The type of this research is associative descriptive research, where the data used is secondary data 1982-2016 which uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) data to see the long and short term at the same time. The findings of this study indicate that there is no causality or unidirectional relationship between energy use and economic growth. There is no causal relationship or unidirectional relationship between economic growth and environmental emissions. There is a causal relationship between environmental emissions and energy use.
PENGARUH INVESTASI, ANGKATAN KERJA, PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH DAN PENDIDIKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA
Authors: Fadillah Mia , Alianis Alianis
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this research is to figure out (1) The Influence of investment to the growth economic in Indonesia (2) The Influence of the quantity of workforce, to the growth economic in Indonesia (3) The Influence of goverment expenditure to the growth economic in Indonesia (4) The Influence of education to the growth economic in Indonesia (5) The Influence of investment, the workforce, goverment expenditure and education to the growth economic in Indonesia. This research uses panel data from 2016-2018, the method is multiple linear regression. the research shows The estimation multiple linear regression (OLS) with the Fixed Effect Model that shows: (1) investment had an possetive significant influence to the growth economic in Indonesia(2) the workforce had an possetive significant influence to the growth economic in Indonesia (3) goverment expenditure had an possetive significant influence to the growth economic in Indonesia (4) education had a negative significant influence to the growth economic in Indonesia. Based on this research the writer suggests to increase the quality of investment, the workforce , goverment expenditure and education. The government should cooperate strongly with tne participant countries and take action to increase the productivity and the quality of the human sources also increase the investment that makes increase the growth economic in Indoneisa.Key words: growth economic, education, investment, the workforce, government expenditure
PENGARUH KINERJA EKONOMI, INVESTASI DAN UPAH TERHADAP PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA SEKTOR PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Belmondo Berryl , Triani Mike
Published: November 2021

Abstract : This study aims to analyze the effect of (1) performance on labor absorption inthe agricultural sector in Indonesia. (2) investment in the absorption of labor in theagricultural sector in Indonesia. (3) agricultural sector labor wages in Indonesia. (4)jointly influence the economic performance, investment and labor wages in theagricultural sector in Indonesia. This type of research is descriptive and associativeresearch. The type of data used is panel data for 2011-2018 in 34 provinces in Indonesia.The analysis method used is the panel data method with the selected panel regressionmodel, namely the Fixed Effect Model (FEM.) The results of the study show that: (1)performance has a positive and significant effect on labor absorption in the agriculturalsector in Indonesia (2) investment has a negative and significant effect the absorption oflabor in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. (3) wages have a positive and significanteffect on employment in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Taken together, economicperformance, investment and have a significant effect on employment in the agriculturalsector in Indonesia.Keywords: Agricultural Sector Labor Absorption, Economic Performance, Investment,Wage.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI OUTPUT PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Hidayat Rafi , Sentosa Sri Ulfa
Published: November 2021

This study aims to systematize and explain the effect of land area, fertilizer use and labor on agriculture output of food crops in Indonesia. This type of research is quantitative research, the data used is secondary data which is analyzed using panel regression analysis. The estimation result show that land area has a negative and insignificant effect on agricultural output of food crops in Indonesia, the amount of fertilizer use has a positive and significant effect on agricultural output of food crops in Indonesia and labor has a negative and insignificant effect on agricultural output of food crops in Indonesia. Therefore this study proposes the government to be able to run a program that can increase land production power and labor production power in order to increase agricultural output of food crops.
PERBANDINGAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN TERBUKA DI INDONESIA SEBELUM DAN SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Putri Adinda , Azzahra Alya , Andiany Denita Dwi , Abdurohman Dicki , Sinaga Prido Putra , Yuhan Risni Julaeni
Published: November 2021

Since Covid-19 arrived in Indonesia, all policies have been carried out to stop the spread of this virus, one of which is the PSBB. The impact of the PSBB is felt by the drastic increase in the number of unemployed in Indonesia. Using Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA), this research was conducted in order to see the condition of the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) in each province in Indonesia between before and during the pandemic, and to find out the factors that influenced it. The results show that both before and after the pandemic, provinces with an HDI below the national figure led to higher TPT. The growth rate of GDRP and UMP has a different effect between before and during the pandemic. Other results also show that before the pandemic, UMP had the greatest influence on TPT. But after the pandemic, the one that had the biggest impact was HDI.
FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KONSUMSI GAS DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rohim Rohim , Triani Mike
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this research is to determine (1) the effect of income on gas consumption in Indonesia (2) the effect of population on gas consumption in Indonesia (3) the effect of industrial growth on gas consumption in Indonesia. This type of research is descriptive and associative. The data used in this research is secondary data from Indonesia in the form of time series data from 1970 to 2019 and this data was obtained from official institutions of the World Bank and BP Statistic World. The data were processed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that the income had a negative and significant effect on gas consumption with a probability value of 0.0005 <0.05, the population had a positive and significant effect on gas consumption with a value of prob t-count of 0.0010 <0.05 and industrial growth had a positive and significant effect on gas consumption.  The significant to gas consumption in Indonesia with a value of prob t-count value of 0.5219 <0.05 and suggestions for further researchers to be able to analyze other factors that affecting gas consumption in Indonesia.  Because from the gas sectors, there are still many factors that affected gas consumption until the research results will be better
EMBRACING NEW NORMAL: COPING WITH COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Septianasari Lina , Wahyuni Irma
Published: November 2021

This paper aims to throw light on the students’ perception of emergency remote learning and their assessments in completing the Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs). The methods used in this study were statistical quantitative and descriptive qualitative methods. The data were collected by spreading questionnaires to the participants, having an unstructured interview, and taking the secondary data from the classroom teachers. LISREL software was used to analyze the quantitative data and descriptive interpretation was also done to analyze the qualitative data. The finding showed that most students had moderate to positive learning engagement, motivation, and self-efficacy in which affected their CLOs. The students who failed to pass the CLOs were those who faced more challenges in joining the virtual class. In short, students’ ability to cope with emergency remote learning has significant impacts on their CLOs’ assessments.
In vitam et post-mortem: expressões de gratidão a Derek de Solla Price em agradecimentos e obituários acadêmicos
Authors: Hayashi Maria Cristina Piumbato Innocentini , Maroldi Alexandre Masson , Hayashi Carlos Roberto Massao
Published: November 2021

No processo de comunicação da ciência as expressões de gratidão por contribuições dadas e recebidas pelos pares podem revelar o reconhecimento científico àqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram com determinada pesquisa e com o avanço do conhecimento em uma área específica. Nesse contexto, o objeto de estudo deste artigo são os agradecimentos e obituários acadêmicos publicados em periódicos científicos, com o objetivo de analisar a presença do colégio invisível e a colaboração científica de Derek de Solla Price nessas publicações. A metodologia adotada combinou as análises bibliométrica e de conteúdo. A fonte de dados foi o Google Scholar e o corpus da pesquisa foi composto por artigos (n=46) contendo agradecimentos, e obituários, tributos e homenagens póstumas (n=26) a Price. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: autores e autorias, evolução temporal dos artigos, títulos dos periódicos e áreas de conhecimento dos agradecimentos e obituários acadêmicos. Os resultados revelaram que o colégio invisível e a rede de colaboração científica de Price foram compostas por autores dos campos da cientometria, sociologia da ciência e história da ciência e da tecnologia.
Acceso a la información pública y gestión documental: la experiencia uruguaya
Authors: Villar Alejandra
Published: November 2021

El derecho de acceso de las personas a la información pública obliga a revisar el papel que realmente deben cumplir los archivos en las organizaciones y a ir corrigiendo las distorsiones y las carencias que se vayan presentando. Para fortalecer cualquier ley de derecho de acceso a la información pública es necesario contar con herramientas eficientes y eficaces en la creación, el mantenimiento, el uso y la disposición final de los documentos que las instituciones públicas generan y conservan. En el presente trabajo se realiza una reflexión sobre el derecho de acceso a la información pública y su vínculo con la gestión de documentos y archivos, así como el camino transitado en Uruguay a través de las acciones de la Unidad de Acceso a la Información Pública, en su vínculo con otros actores nacionales e internacionales.
A informação como fenômeno interdisciplinar
Authors: Trindade Thais Lima , Siqueira Thiago Giordano de Souza
Published: November 2021

O conceito de informação não é facilmente definido no âmbito da ciência da informação e mesmo para outros domínios da ciência. Vista como um conceito polissêmico com abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas ligadas à biblioteconomia, à informática, à computação, à psicologia, à comunicação, à arquivologia, à museologia, entre outras várias disciplinas, que variam. Esse trabalho convida a reflexão para gerar um debate sobre a informação como fenômeno interdisciplinar e abordado no campo da ciência da informação.
Вопросы правового статуса иностранных инвесторов
Authors: Марышева Н. И.
Published: November 2021

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Estudio etnográfico de la bebida tradicional Zende en la comunidad San Lucas, Amanalco Estado de México
Authors: Villafaña-Rivera Francisco Joaquín , Espitia-López Josefa , Garza-López Paul Misael , Peña-Hernández Abel Efraín
Published: November 2021

Objetivo: realizar un estudio etnográfico del consumo de la bebida tradicional zende. Metodología: mediante un enfoque mixto, se diseñó una encuesta estructurada con variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, la cual se aplicó con un muestreo selectivo a doscientos dieciocho habitantes de la comunidad San Lucas, perteneciente al municipio de Amanalco de Becerra, Estado de México. Resultados: muestran que el zende es un elemento gastronómico para la región por su elaboración y relación con festividades religiosas o civiles cuyas tradiciones y practicas culturales se han modificado, perdiendo presencia ante la comunidad por nuevas formas de alimentación. Limitaciones: no hay suficiente información referente a bebidas tradicionales mexicanas. Conclusiones: la cocina mexicana es una expresión social, caracterizada por los grupos étnicos asentados en la república mexicana, con estudios etnográficos se identifica, estilos de vida en prácticas alimentarias, un ejemplo es el zende; bebida prehispánica a base de maíz azul fermentado, originaria de la cultura otomí.
PENGARUH MODEL LEARNING CYCLE 5E TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS SISWA SMA
Authors: Aprilia Fuji Astuti , Erlin Euis , Warsono Warsono
Published: November 2021

Pentingnya keterampilan proses sains sebagai pendekatan dalam pembelajaran IPA maupun Biologi. Namun, pada pelaksanaannya keterampilan proses sains masih kurang berkembang. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh kurangnya efektivitas penggunaan model pembelajaran yang dapat merangsang peserta didik belajar secara aktif dalam melakukan aktivitas ilmiah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh model Learning Cycle 5E terhadap keterampilan proses sains pada materi pencemaran lingkungan siswa MAN 2 Ciamis. Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari sampai Juli 2020. Populasi penelitian ini seluruh siswa-siswi kelas X MAN 2 Ciamis pada semester genap tahun ajaran 2019/2020. Sampel yang digunakan kelas X MIPA 3 yang berjumlah 26 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purpose sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimen) dengan desain one-group pretest-postest design. Hasil analisis menunjukkan Model Learning Cycle 5E berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan sains. Hal ini ditunjukkan melalui hasil uji hipotesis dengan menggunakan perhitungan uji median bahwa
Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Compulsive Use of Technology: The Technological Saturation of South African Youth
Authors: Mbatha Blessing , Ngwenya Blessed
Published: November 2021

Modern technological advancements are increasingly reconstituting virtually every facet of social interaction. While technology plays a significant role in many people’s lives, it appears to pose interminable drawbacks, especially among the youth. This article seeks to go beyond emphasising the utopia wrought by these disruptive innovations, by looking at how technologically saturated South Africa’s youth are. This study took a qualitative approach. Focus group interviews encapsulated the viewpoints of the target population selected from four multipurpose community centres in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. Grohol’s model of pathological internet use was found relevant to determine the compulsive use of technology by the youth in South Africa. Data analysis was done using thematic categorisation. The findings show that the youth have adopted a variety of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for different purposes. Findings also reveal that technology advancements not only offer an easier and quicker way to share information, but also contribute to sociability by providing a way to communicate with distant friends and family. Notwithstanding the negative side of technology, ICTs have positive impacts on today’s youth, namely bringing people together as well as enhancing their social and educational abilities. However, if used without discretion, technology can create a less interactive generation. The youth seem to be so fixated on technology that it affects their social life. It can be concluded that South Africa’s youth are saturated by technology. However, this saturation comes with both negative and positive consequences; some have become technologically savvy while others seem to be negatively affected.
SITUATION OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AND ITS MARKETING IN THE CONTEXT OF RURAL FARMERS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Malla Santoshi
Published: November 2021

Diversified agro-ecological zones and the variation in the weather and climate with a year favors the production of Vegetables in Nepal at large extent. Production could be effective only if the Marketing is well adapted there. Marketing plays the vital role in the proper management of the produced product and help in raising the living standard of the respective farmers. Marketing not only focus on improving the earning capacity and employment opportunities of the respective vegetables producing farmers but also provide the fresh vegetables to the needy consumers at affordable price and their demands for vegetables seems to be fulfilled. To increase the efficiency of vegetables marketing in Nepal, there need to focus on building improved market information system which will provide the market information about the demand, supply to the producers, traders and consumers which will help in making proper production and marketing decisions. To make the Nepal, a self-dependent country on its own vegetables production, Marketing need to be highly focused. To know about the gender role in Agricultural production and marketing, crops they produce and the selling rate and the marketing status, problems and solution expected by farmers, I did a case study in the Chatakpur area of Dhangadhi,Kailali.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ORGANIC VEGETABLE FARMING IN BAITADI DISTRICT
Authors: Malla Santoshi , Rosyara Uttam , Neupane Bibash , Sapkota Birat
Published: November 2021

Our study was conducted to know the feasibility of organic vegetable farming in Baitadi district along with the current situation of farming. Accelerating use of agrochemicals,higher production cost and deteriorating ecosystem health have advocated the need to change external input use agriculture towards safe and sustainable organic production .Current research emphasize on the constraints and feasibility of organic vegetable production by selecting farmers of Baitadi District.This study adopted a random sampling technique to select the 60 respondent and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for mean, median, frequency, ranking and trend analysis; binary Logistic model to identify factors determining the decision to cultivate in separate plots for home consumption and market. The study revealed that years of schooling and production for both subsistence and commercial farming were statistically significant for the decision to cultivate in separate plots for home and market consumption. Majority of respondents were Chhetri (46.67%) followed by Brahmin (43.33%).The findings also reveals that majority of the households were male headed (78.33%) and literate (65%). Huge populations (68.33%) were found involved in agriculture followed by others in business, service and pension. Major problems of the study area were lack of knowledge about organic farming, and government intervention. Majority of the farmers are confident that use of chemicals and fertilizers is dangerous for human health and they are consenting to adopt organic farming if technical and credit supports are provided.
Influence of Thyroid Disorders on Liver Function Tests in –Diyala Governorate
Authors:   Baqubah Teaching Hospital,Diyala, Iraq, Ibrahem Jalil Noor , S  Baban Raya , A Mahmoud Alaa
Published: November 2021

Background: Thyroid diseases may disturb liver function; liver disease modulates thyroid hormone metabolism, and a range of systemic diseases disturb both organs. There are clinical and laboratory relations between thyroid and liver diseases. Patients with chronic liver disease may have thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism.aPatients with subacute thyroiditis or hyperthyroidism may have abnormalities in liver function tests, which return to normal as the thyroid disorder improves. Objective: The present study is designed to investigate the effects of thyroid disorders on liver function tests. Patients and Methods: In this study sixty patients were employed and categorized into two groups, thirty patients with hyperthyroidism (13 male and 17female) with age range of 25-45years, (mean 33.38) and thirty patients with hypothyroidism (11male and 19 female) with age range 25-45 years (mean 36.78),while 30 normal healthy individuals were chosen as a control group (15male and 15 female) in the same age range (mean 34.44) were taken for comparison. Blood samples were collected from the patients at Baqubah Teaching Hospital , between April 2020 to July 2020. Basic serum biochemical parameters including, thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxin (T4)were assayed for patients and control groups by Cobas e 411 autoanalyzer within eight weeks. Serum normal values for alanine aminotransferase (ALT). ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase test (ALP), direct bilirubin (DB) and total bilirubin( TSB) were assayed within four days by Cobas integra 400 plus autoanalyzer. Results: The mean value of ALT, AST, ALP,TSB, and DB in patients with hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism was significantly increased when compared with their mean values of healthy control (p <0.05).A significant difference was also found in mean values of T3,T4,TSH in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism when compared with their mean values of healthy control(p <0.05). Results of this work revealed a significant negative correlation of TSH with ALP and TSB (p<0.05). Further, T4 showed a significant positive correlation with ALP (P<0.05).The same results revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between T3 and ALP with (p<0.05).There was no significant correlations between ALT,AST,DB with TSH,T3,T4.Further,no significant correlations between TSB and T3,T4 (p >0.05). Conclusion: The current study shows that thyroid disorder might cause significant effect on the metabolism of hepatocytes reflected by an increase in biochemical parameters of liver function test AST, ALT ALP,TSB and DB in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism subjects. Keywords: Thyroid diseases ,Alanine aminotransferase , hyperthyroidism, Tetraiodothyronin ,Thyroid stimulating hormone,hypothyroidism
Women, Mothers and Citizens: Lone Mothers' Narratives in the Context of New Zealand Welfare Reform
Authors:   , Patterson Lesley Gail
Published: November 2021

As in other late modern societies with a history of liberal welfarism, 'lone mothers' in New Zealand occupy contested subject positions. On the one hand, lone parenting is understood as the outcome of broader changes in family life and gender relations, and in particular, the emergence of new forms of intimacy as people seek relationships to sustain individual identity projects. On the other hand, in the context of neo-liberal welfare discourses, lone mothers are constructed as a problematic Other, categorically different to 'ordinary' women, mothers and citizens. In New Zealand, welfare reform discourses have constructed women who parent alone as 'particular types of people', and subjected lone mothers to welfare reforms that have had real material effects in their everyday lives. The construction of lone mothers as Other is not only a product of neo-liberal welfare reform discourses. Rather, the ways in which women who parent alone are 'made up' as particular types of people is historically specific. This thesis situates current discourses around lone mothering in New Zealand in the context of a hierarchy of maternal legitimacy that has produced historically specific subjects through a number of traditional, modern and late modern subjectification discourses. Discourses have effects, both materially and in terms of the subjectivity and experience of the people 'made up'. This thesis offers an analysis of the narratives of twenty-one lone mothers in the context of New Zealand welfare reform. In particular, the ways in which women who parent alone make sense of becoming lone mothers, of being 'different' in negotiating the social identity of mother, and of the materiality of the experience of parenting alone are examined. The thesis argues that when narrating experience, women who parent alone enact particular narratives in the form of validation stories. Validation stories are drawn from an amalgam of discourses that both construct lone mothers as particular types of people and shape the material conditions of lone mothers' lives. In enacting validation stories, women who parent alone negotiate these discourses, producing narratives to make sense of their experience and position themselves as ordinary women, mothers and citizens. In this sense, validation stories are narratives that ameliorate the oppressive effects of welfare reform discourses that relentlessly shape lone mothers' lives. The thesis concludes that although validation stories make the lives of lone mothers more 'liveable', sociological theorising around changes in family life must critique claims of individualization as a benign tendency of late modernity, and attend empirically to the ways in which persistent gendered inequalities in family life are both discursively legitimated and reproduced, and continue, for example, to discriminate against lone mothers.
Comparison of Effectiveness of Phonological and Whole-Word Treatment Programmes within Two Dyslexia Subtypes
Authors:   , Rowse Helen Jane
Published: November 2021

This thesis compares the effectiveness of two reading treatment programmes, each developed to address the key difficulties of two subtypes of developmental dyslexia - phonological and surface dyslexia, respectively. Previous cognitive neuropsychological research has commonly administered a single tailored treatment programme to each individual. However, this research administers both programmes to individuals from each subtype, and compares their effectiveness. In Experiment 1, a large group of reading-delayed children was screened, and, using Coltheart and Leahy's (1996) criteria, three children were identified as surface dyslexic and seven as phonological dyslexic. All were aged between 9 and 13 years. Following completion of a range of background tests to assess cognitive abilities potentially correlated with dyslexia, each child received two treatment programmes: 1) a phonologically-based programme training grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (based on Broom and Doctor, 1995b) and 2) a whole-word programme (specifically designed for the current research), with pre- and post-tests throughout. Results indicated that all children significantly improved their reading of the trained words following both training programmes, regardless of subtype. For both subtypes, generalisation to untrained words was observed following the Phonological Programme, but not the Whole-word Programme. In Experiment 2, a second, more case-based investigation was conducted, focussing on one phonological dyslexic and one surface dyslexic, who were selected following extensive screening. Both were aged 10 years 11 months. Experiment 2 also examined the effectiveness of specific whole-word techniques. Results indicated a clear distinction between the responsiveness of the two participants, with each favouring their target treatment programme: the Phonological Programme was more effective for the phonological dyslexic than the Whole-word Programme, and vice versa for the surface dyslexic. The implications are discussed, with particular reference to suggestions for remediating reading disorders.
Children, Food and Poverty: Food Insecurity Among Primary School Students in the Wellington Region
Authors:   , Gerritsen Sarah
Published: November 2021

This research utilises a questionnaire, completed by 115 primary school principals in the Wellington region, to explore the link between poverty and food insecurity among children. Principals recorded the number of children estimated to be regularly hungry at school for the month of May 2004, and the number of children who regularly came to school without having eaten breakfast and who regularly had no lunch during that month. Principals also provided information on how their school responds to hungry children and gave their opinions on whether schools were responsible for solving food insecurity issues among children. Principals' responses were analysed within a critical realist sociological perspective. This research confirms that a small but significant number of primary school children in the Wellington region experience serious food insecurity, and that food insecurity is strongly correlated with poverty. Two-thirds of children estimated to be regularly hungry are from schools in low socio-economic areas (Decile 1 to 4 schools), and nearly three quarters of children that regularly do not have lunch come from these schools. Ten percent of children in Decile 1 and 2 schools were estimated by their principal to be regularly hungry throughout the school day during May 2004. The responses of schools to hungry children were in most instances inadequate and often ad-hoc, showing little consideration of the outcomes for children. However, the small number of schools in the Wellington region who have developed detailed policy and procedures to respond to hungry children appear to be successful in limiting stigmatisation of children and their families. This thesis argues that responses to food insecure children must consider the causes of food insecurity, and in order to prevent stigmatisation, should be founded on the principle of social justice rather than charity.
Structure and Evolution of Star Clusters in the Vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds
Authors:   , Banks Timothy Stuart
Published: November 2021

This thesis describes the collection, reduction, and analysis of Charge Coupled Detector (CCD) images of star clusters. The objects studied are primarily in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a nearby galaxy. The study of these groupings can provide information such as the initial dynamic state of Globular Clusters, the heavy-clement enrichment rate of the LMC, the distribution of masses that stars form with, and the validity of given stellar evolution models. The majority of the observations were collected at Mount John University Observatory (NZ). Procedures for the collection and transfer of the data are described, along with an overview of the analysis facility and CCDs. Statistical moment-based ellipse fitting was applied to the observations, confirming that trends are evident in the position angles and ellipticities of the clusters, as had been reported in the literature. Artificial images of clusters with known parameters were generated and subjected to the same analysis techniques, revealing apparent trends caused by stochastic processes. Caution should therefore be exercised in the interpretation of observational trends in the structure of young LMC clusters. Isochrones were used to date the 19 clusters. The resulting ages are in good agreement with the literature, as are results from profile modeling. There is no evidence for tidal truncation of the young clusters. Observations were made of two LMC and two Galactic star clusters in a test of imaging clusters with the Vilnius photometric system and a CCD. The colour-magnitude diagrams, distances and interstellar reddenings of the clusters were derived and found to be in agreement with the literature. This is the first time that the standard Vilnius filter set has been used with a CCD. Use of the system for direct imaging of star clusters appears promising. Johnson BV CCD observations were made of the young LMC cluster NGC 2214 and a nearby field using the Anglo-Australian Telescope. It has been suggested in the literature that this elliptical cluster is actually two clusters in the process of merging. No evidence was found from profile fitting or the colour-magnitude diagrams to support this contention. Completeness factors were estimated for the CCD frames. These values were used in conjunction with luminosity functions to estimate the Initial Mass Function (IMF) for NGC 2214. A power-law M-(1+x) was assumed for the IMF (where M is stellar mass relative to that of the Sun Mo), with a good fit being found for x = 1.01 plus-minus 0.09. There is some indication that the low mass end (less than or equal to 3oMo) has a smaller gradient than the high mass end of the derived IMF. The value of x is in reasonable agreement with literature values for other Magellanic IMFs, and not substantially different from the poorly determined Galactic IMFs, suggesting the possibility of a 'universal' IMF over the Magellanic Clouds and our Galaxy in the mass range tilde 1 to tilde 10 Mo.
Development of a Southern Vilnius Standard Photometric System
Authors:   , Forbes Murray Charles
Published: November 2021

The Vilnius Standard Photometric System is said to have several advantages over other photometric systems; reduction procedures free of systematic errors, a homogeneous set of standard stars, accurate dereddening, spectral classification and calibration of physical parameters for normal stars, and a good detection rate of abnormal stars. To investigate these, two southern, open star clusters (Omicron Velorum and Kappa Crucis) have been measured in the Vilnius system. The observations were used to derive astrophysical parameters such as age ((45 plus-minus l5)x106 and (10 plus-minus 3)x10 6 years respectively), composition (both solar metallicity), distance to the clusters (m-M = 5m.94 plus-minus 0.02 and 12m.18 plus-minus 0.05), interstellar reddening along our light of sight to the clusters (Ey-v = 0m.00 plus-minus 0.02 and 0m.31 plus-minus 0.09), and cluster membership probabilities for the individual stars. These compared favorably with the consensus of similar analyses made by observers using other photometric systems, with one exception being the distance to Kappa Crucis ( = 11m.59). As no stars further south than declination -26 degrees have been measured in the (original) Vilnius System, it was necessary to calibrate the local system to the standard system by measuring equatorial stars common to both. To alleviate this problem in the future, suitable southern stars were measured to form a southern standard system. Initially bright stars evenly spread across the sky were calibrated - this will ensure any future observing programme will have nearby standards. The next phase of the programme was to calibrate the E-region stars - this is a set of stars in common use as southern standards in other photometric systems. The final phase was to calibrate a sequence of stars near the south celestial pole - producing a set of stars so that the same standards can be observed at any time during the year. This southern standard system could not be completely established in the time available (it is approximately 50% finished), due to the larger than expected uncertainties in the measurements largely caused by the atmospheric effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption.
The Rise and Fall of the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, 1962-1973: a Study in Political and Administrative Relationships
Authors:   , Gregory Robert John
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the political "career" of the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation from the time of its inception in April, 1962, until the decision of the third Labour Government, 11 years later, to abolish it. In particular, it is a study of the ways in which the organisation's search for autonomy was mediated by evolving relationships among key actors: respective Ministers of Broadcasting, N.Z.B.C. Chairmen and Board members, and Directors-General of Broadcasting; and by the tensions that arose out of the demands of administrative accountability on the one hand and of professional autonomy - especially in respect of the organisation's journalistic staff - on the other. The thesis examines the implications of governmental appointment of the N.Z.B.C.'s Board members, and the problems arising out of the retention of ministerial responsibility for public broadcasting during this period. These aspects are discussed with reference to the theory of the public corporation in general. The thesis also examines aspects of administrative leadership within the Corporation, in particular the definition of organizational mission, and the promotion of institutional identity, both internally and externally. It concludes that the demise of the N.Z.B.C. is explicable principally in terms of conflicts which stemmed from the nature of the tasks the organisation was called upon to perform, especially the introduction and expansion of a television service within New Zealand, and the development of news and current affairs broadcasting; in terms of the political constraints and influences - both real and apparent - that worked upon it; and of shortcomings of administrative leadership within the organisation. The analysis is provided against the background of a review of the history of public broadcasting in New Zealand, from the early 1920's until the advent of the Corporation. This review is organised under five heads which bear upon the content of the main analysis: the control of broadcasting in New Zealand; the development of news and controversial broadcasting; the debate on monopoly and competition; the emergence of a philosophy of public broadcasting in New Zealand, with particular reference to the role of the first Director of Broadcasting, Professor (later Sir James) Shelley; and the advent of the N.Z.B.C.
The Defence of New Zealand: the Formulation of Defence Policy in New Zealand
Authors:   , Rolfe James Grant
Published: November 2021

The research examines the processes by which defence policy has been formed in New Zealand and draws links between structure, process and outcome. The structure of the unified Ministry of Defence as it operated between 1970 and 1989 is examined in detail as are the processes by which declaratory policy is formulated and finance allocated to support policy. The effect of restructuring of the central Ministry (to separate the predominantly civilian 'policy setting' area from the uniformed 'operational' area) in 1990 is considered and the conclusion is drawn that types of outcomes will not change significantly as a result of the restructuring. As part of the research, case studies from a range of issue areas are examined. The broad issue areas used are: policy formulation in times of change, the operational use of the armed forces and equipment procurement. Case studies include the events leading up to the effective demise of ANZUS, the maintenance of troops in South East Asia, decisions to deploy troops in support of foreign policy goals and a variety of equipment decisions. Declared policy and financial allocations to support declared policy are considered side by side with the outcomes revealed by the case studies. The thesis concludes that the defence policy formulation process is flawed because of the structure of the organisation and the closed nature of the process. The organisation is overly hierarchical with too many decision levels and has not completely adapted to the changing roles which have been required by differing definitions of defence policy. A number of methods of improving processes are suggested.
Continuity and Change in the New Zealand Parliament
Authors:   , Halligan John
Published: November 2021

Few legislatures in the world can claim a continuous existence as long as that of the New Zealand House of Representatives. The basic forms and procedures inherited from the House of Commons in the middle of last centure have persisted until the present. Formal changes to the rules have occurred intermittently during its history although the content of its work has altered. Because of the centrality of the House to the parliamentary system of government and its adaptability to the needs of successive generations of politicians, it has continued to play an important role in the political system.
Velocity Modelling and Earthquake Relocation in the Rotorua and Kawerau Geothermal Areas, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Authors:   , Clarke Daniel
Published: November 2021

We analyse catalogued phase arrival times and seismograms from two sets of earthquakes that occurred in and around the Rotorua and Kawerau geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. These data sets contain 504 and 1875 shallow (less than or equal to 20 km deep) earthquakes, respectively, and span the 21 year period between the beginning of 1984 and the end of 2004. We use arrival time data from these earthquakes to calculate reliable 1-D P- and S-wave seismic velocity models and accompanying station correction terms for Rotorua and Kawerau. These models are well constrained at depths of 4 to 15 km and are consistent with models obtained in seismic refraction studies for the same region. Using a combination of precise cross-correlation-derived and cataloguebased arrival times, we calculate accurate hypocentres for 155 and 400 earthquakes in Rotorua and Kawerau, respectively. These hypocentres are far less scattered than those in the earthquake catalogue. In Rotorua, the earthquakes cluster near the geothermally active parts of Rotorua City and also beneath the Mount Ngongotaha rhyolite dome. In Kawerau, the earthquakes align along northeast-trending lineations, consistent with the predominant alignment of faults within the region. Earthquakes in Okataina caldera to the southwest of Kawerau are tightly clustered, particularly beneath Puhipuhi Hill. We use cross-correlation to identify clusters of earthquakes in Rotorua and Kawerau based on the similarity of their recorded seismograms. Apart from two clusters in the northern part of Rotorua City, these are generally indicative of relatively short-lived bursts of activity within these regions. We compute composite focal mechanisms for four of these clusters, all of which indicate rupture on normal faults, consistent with the extensional tectonic regime of the Taupo Volcanic Zone.
Self-Education and Late-Learners in The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius
Authors:   , Sheppard Joe
Published: November 2021

This thesis was motivated by expressions of self-education during the early Roman Empire, an unusual topic that has never before been studied in detail. The elite cultural perspective nearly always ensured that Latin authors presented the topos of self-education as a case of social embarrassment or status dissonance that needed to be resolved, with these so-called autodidacts characterised as intellectual arrivistes. But the material remains written by self-educated men and women are expressed in more personal terms, complicating any simple definition and hinting at another side. The first half of this thesis builds a theory of self-education by outlining the social structures that contributed to the phenomenon and by investigating the means and the motivation likely for the successful and practical-minded autodidact. This framework is influenced by Pierre Bourdieu, whose work on culture, class, and education integrated similar concerns within a theory of habitus. As with other alternatives to the conventional upbringing of the educated classes, attempts at self-education were inevitable but ultimately futile. An autodidact by definition missed out on the manners, gestures, and morals that came with the formal education and daily inculcation supplied by the traditional Roman household. In most instances it is unlikely that education could ever have contributed to social mobility. The latter half of this thesis treats Gellius's Attic Nights as a case study of self-education on two levels. A self-consciously recherche miscellany, the Nights at once encourages respectable gentlemen to improve themselves with a short-cut to culture, yet also humiliates any socially marginal figures attempting to educate themselves. This process reproduces the social order by undermining the integrity of any rivals to the elite cultural model while at the same time lionising the author and members of his circle as intellectual 'vigilantes'.