bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A
cidothermaceae
Authors: Berry Alison M. , Normand Philippe
Published: March 2020

A.ci.do.ther.ma.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Acidothermus
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Acidothermaceae
the
Acidothermus
family.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Acidothermales / Acidothermaceae

A one‐genus family, alone in the order
Acidothermales
, containing thermophilic, acidophilic, and cellulolytic bacteria that inhabit hot springs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 66.9 (determined by complete genome sequencing).
G
eodermatophilaceae
Authors: Montero‐Calasanz Maria del Carmen
Published: March 2020

Ge.o.der.ma.to.phi.la.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Geodermatophilus
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Geodermatophilaceae
the
Geodermatophilus
family.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Geodermatophilales / Geodermatophilaceae

Cells are cocci, rods or present pleiomorphic forms. Gram‐reaction‐positive. Reproduction is by fission and/or budding. The presence of motile cells or zoospores is genus characteristic. Colonies are usually circular with a moist surface, but irregular and multilocular colonies with dried surface are also observed. Colony color varies between pink or light red and black, finding also representatives showing brown, blue, gray, and white tonalities. Colony color switch is usually described. Fundamentally aerobic and alkalitolerant. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan is
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
). The predominant cellular fatty acids are iso‐C
16:0
and iso‐C
15:0
. The characteristic polar lipid pattern consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. The cell‐wall sugar profile comprises ribose and glucose. The family currently accommodates the genera
Blastococcus
,
Cumulibacter
,
Klenkia
,
Modestobacter
, and the type genus
Geodermatophilus
. Representatives of the family have been mainly isolated from arid habitats, but also from marine sediments, contaminated soils, plant‐associated environments, and as part of biopits. Tolerance to oxidative stress is frequently observed.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 74–76 (genomic data).

Type genus
:
Geodermatophilus
Luedemann 1968
AL
emend. Montero‐Calasanz et al. 2017.
D
esulfofarciminaceae
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan
Published: March 2020

N.L. neut. n.
Desulfofarcimen
type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfofarciminaceae
the family of
Desulfofarcimen
.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales / Desulfofarciminaceae

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods. Gram‐stain‐negative. Spherical spores occur central or subterminal of cells. Motile by means of flagella. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Moderately thermophilic or mesophilic. Neutrophilic. NaCl is not essential for growth. Chemoorganoheterotrophic growth occurs using organic acids, short‐chain fatty acids, and alcohols. Chemolithoautotrophic growth with H
2
and CO
2
is observed in
Desulfolucanica
species. Substrates are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Sulfate is used as an electron acceptor and is reduced to H
2
S. The type species of the type genus is unable to ferment organic substrates. Desulfoviridin is absent. The major cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
18:1
ω7
c
, and iso‐C
15:0
. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. The family currently accommodates two genera,
Desulfofarcimen
and
Desulfolucanica
. The type genus is
Desulfofarcimen
. The type strain of the genus
Desulfofarcimen
was isolated from piggery waste in Göttingen, Germany.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37.5–41.1 (LC,
T
m
); 40.5–41.6 (genome).

Type genus
:
Desulfofarcimen
Watanabe et al. 2018
VP
.
M
aricaulis
Authors: Abraham Wolf‐Rainer
Published: March 2020

Ma.ri.cau'lis. L. neut. n.
mare
‐
is
the sea; L. masc. n.
caulis
stalk; N.L. masc. n.
Maricaulis
stalk from the sea.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Hyphomonadaceae / Maricaulis

Rod‐shaped, fusiform or vibroid, Gram‐negative cells, 0.4–0.5 by 1–2 μm. Cells possess a prosthecum extending from one pole as a continuation of the long axis of the cell with adhesive material at the distal end. Cells occur singly and multiply by binary fission. Colonies are circular, convex, and colorless. Species are chemoorganotrophic aerobes. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite by some strains. Most strains can store carbon as poly‐β‐hydroxybutyric acid. Besides mixtures of B vitamins and amino acids, other organic factors are required for growth. All strains can grow on peptone yeast extract media with 5 g NaCl per liter. NaCl is required for optimal growth; optimal growth between 20 and 60 g NaCl per liter. Temperature range of most isolates is 15–35°C; 20–25°C is optimal. The pH range is 6.0–8.0, and optimal pH for growth is around neutrality. All strains are characterized by C
16:0
, C
17:1
iso ω9
c
, and C
18:1
ω7
c
as major fatty acids and the minor compounds C
17:l
ω8
c
, C
17:0
iso, C
17:0
, and C
18:1
ω9
c
. The major hydroxyl fatty acid is C
11:0
iso 3‐OH; the major respiratory quinone is Q‐10. Polar lipids are α‐
d
‐glucopyranosyl diacylglycerol, α‐
d
‐glucuronopyranosyl diacylglycerol, 1,2‐diacyl‐3‐
O
‐sulfoquinovosylglycerol, and 1,2‐diacyl‐3‐α‐
d
‐glucuronopyranosyl‐
sn
‐glycerol taurinamide. Most strains also contain phosphatidylglycerol. The currently described five species of the genus were all isolated from seawater.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.7 (genome); 65.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Maricaulis maris
Abraham et al. 1999
VP
(basonym:
Caulobacter maris
Poindexter 1964).
F
lavimaricola
Authors: Wang Tao , Wirth Joseph S. , Whitman William B.
Published: March 2020

Fla.vi.ma.ri′co.la. L. masc. adj.
flavus
yellow, golden, blonde, flaxen; L. neut. n.
mare
,
maris
the sea; L. suff. –
cola
(from L. n.
incola
) dweller, inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Flavimaricola
inhabitant of the Yellow Sea, referring to the isolation environment of the type species.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Flavimaricola

Gram‐negative‐staining, aerobic, nonmotile, and rod‐ to coccoid‐shaped bacteria. Optimal growth occurs at 30°C, between 2 and 3% (w/v) NaCl, and pH 7.0–8.0. The major fatty acid is summed feature 8 (C
18:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18:1
ω6
c
), and the respiratory quinone is Q‐10. The type species was isolated from the seawater of the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Member of the family
Rhodobacteraceae
. The type species is
Flavimaricola marinus
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.6 (LC).

Type species:
Flavimaricola marinus
Wirth and Whitman 2018
VP
(
Loktanella marina
Jung et al. 2016).
T
hioalkalibacter
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Muyzer Gerard
Published: March 2020

Thi.o.al.ka.li.bac'ter Gr. neut. n.
thion
sulfur; M.L. n.
alkali
(from Arabic
al
‐
qalyi
, the ashes of saltwort) soda ash; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Thioalkalibacter
rod‐shaped bacterium that loves alkaline conditions and utilizes sulfur compounds.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Halothiobacillales / Salinibacteraceae / Thioalkalibacter

The genus
Thioalkalibacter
was originally classified as a member of the cluster
Halothiobacillus halophilus‐Htb. hydrothermalis
, but later, it was placed into a separate family
Thioalkalibacteraceae
together with the genus
Guyparkeria
(accommodating former
Halothiobacillus
species
Htb. halophila
and
Htb. hydrothermalis
) in the
Gammaproteobacteria
.
Thioalkalibacter
is a moderately halophilic and facultatively alkaliphilic chemolithoautotrophic sulfur‐oxidizing bacterium utilizing reduced sulfur compounds as energy source and O
2
as an electron acceptor. CO
2
is assimilated via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. The genus includes a single species
Thioalkalibacter halophilus
, which is the type species. Habitat is hypersaline alkaline lakes.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.2 (genome).

Type species
:
Thioalkalibacter halophilus
Banciu et al. 2009, VL 127.
D
esulfofarcimen
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan
Published: March 2020

De.sul.fo.far'ci.men. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. neut. n.
farcimen
sausage; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfofarcimen
a sausage‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales / Desulfofarciminaceae / Desulfofarcimen

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods. Gram‐stain‐negative. Spherical spores occur subterminal of cells causing swelling. Motile by means of a polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Mesophilic and neutrophilic. NaCl is not required for growth. Chemoorganoheterotroph using organic acids, short‐chain fatty acids, and alcohols. The substrates are oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CO‐DH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway) as indicated by genome data and enzymatic activity analysis. Biotin is required for growth. Sulfate and thiosulfate are used as electron acceptors and reduced to sulfide; fumarate, sulfite, and elemental sulfur are not utilized. Unable to ferment organic substances. Neither a
c
‐type cytochrome nor desulfoviridin is detected. The major cellular fatty acids are C
16 : 0
, C
16 :1
ω7
c
, and C
18 :1
ω7
c
. MK‐7 is the major menaquinone, and small amounts of MK‐6 are detected. Found in piggery waste in Göttingen, Germany.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 41.6 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfofarcimen acetoxidans
Watanabe et al. 2018
VP
(basonym:
Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans
Widdel and Pfennig 1977, VL1).
G
eodermatophilales
Authors: Montero‐Calasanz Maria del Carmen
Published: March 2020

Ge.o.der.ma.to.phil.a'les. N.L. masc. n.
Geodermatophilus
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Geodermatophilales
the
Geodermatophilus
order.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Geodermatophilales

Cells are Gram‐positive, aerobic, have motile and nonmotile forms, mainly inhabit arid and degraded habitats but also marine and plant‐associated environments, and are pigmented. A representative of the class
Actinobacteria
. Contains two families,
Geodermatophilaceae
and
Antricoccaceae
. The type genus is
Geodermatophilus
.
Enantioselective Ammonium Ylide Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted γ‐Butyrolactones
Authors: Drennhaus Till , Öhler Laura , Djalali Saveh , Höfmann Svenja , Müller Clemens , Pietruszka Jörg , Worgull Dennis
Published: March 2020

An ammonium ylide mediated access towards trans‐β,γ‐disubstituted, all‐trans‐α,β,γ‐trisubstituted, and α,α,β,γ‐tetrasubstituted γ‐butyrolactones bearing a broad variety of functionalities was developed. Starting from widely accessible benzylidene Meldrum's acid derivatives and α‐bromo carbonyl compounds, γ‐butyrolactones were obtained in yields between 32–99% with up to excellent diastereoselectivities (>95:5) via a DABCO‐mediated [2+1] annulation. Utilization of enantiomerically pure cinchona alkaloid derivatives enables the first asymmetric ammonium ylide mediated method to provide (3R, 4R)‐β,γ‐disubstituted and (2R, 3R, 4R)‐α,β,γ‐trisubstituted γ‐butyrolactones in moderate to good yields with up to very good enantiomeric ratios (97:3). The scalability of the transformation was proven while determining the absolute configuration.

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Resources for functional genomic studies of health and development in nonhuman primates
Authors: Jasinska Anna J.
Published: March 2020

Primates display a wide range of phenotypic variation underlaid by complex genetically regulated mechanisms. The links among DNA sequence, gene function, and phenotype have been of interest from an evolutionary perspective, to understand functional genome evolution and its phenotypic consequences, and from a biomedical perspective to understand the shared and human‐specific roots of health and disease. Progress in methods for characterizing genetic, transcriptomic, and DNA methylation (DNAm) variation is driving the rapid development of extensive omics resources, which are now increasingly available from humans as well as a growing number of nonhuman primates (NHPs). The fast growth of large‐scale genomic data is driving the emergence of integrated tools and databases, thus facilitating studies of gene functionality across primates. This review describes NHP genomic resources that can aid in exploration of how genes shape primate phenotypes. It focuses on the gene expression trajectories across development in different tissues, the identification of functional genetic variation (including variants deleterious for protein function and regulatory variants modulating gene expression), and DNAm profiles as an emerging tool to understand the process of aging. These resources enable comparative functional genomics approaches to identify species‐specific and primate‐shared gene functionalities associated with health and development.
Rolf Huisgen, Eminent Chemist and Polymath (1920–2020): In His Own Words and In His Publication Metrics
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. , Restrepo Guillermo
Published: March 2020

As a compliment to several other publications that present and honor Rolf Huisgen's research achievements, the first part of this paper reveals the human side of this eminent chemist. From excerpts from many of his personal and professional writings, Huisgen's personality and philosophies of life are revealed. Also revealed is Huisgen functioning as a historian of chemistry. The second part of this paper examines the scientometrics of Huisgen's publication history. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Huisgen's career experienced a major transition in terms of publication metrics and the influence these papers had on the organic chemistry community. This was the result of his research into 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. Citations to his scientific contributions are well spread over many of his papers, demonstrating his constant work and the building up of a research topic, which continued after his official retirement in 1988. In fact, 17 % of his more than 600 publications appeared after 1988. The majority of Huisgen's papers were co‐authored with his many graduate and postdoctoral students. Consistent with the trend of that era, Huisgen was the sole author of most of his Review articles, and not just those of his many plenary lectures, and it is those Review articles that proved to be his most cited publications. This demonstrates the power and influence of Review articles—secondary sources, in the vocabulary of historians and sociologists of science. In those Review articles, Huisgen principally described the state of the art of 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions—his golden offspring.
Structural Elucidation of Selective Solvatochromism in a Responsive‐at‐Metal Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complex
Authors: Soto Miguel A. , Carta Veronica , Andrews Ryan J. , Chaudhry Mohammad T. , MacLachlan Mark. J.
Published: March 2020

We report the synthesis, characterization, and spectroscopic investigations of a new responsive‐at‐metal cyclometalated platinum(II) complex. With mild chemical oxidants and reductants, it was possible to obtain the same complex in three different oxidation states and each of these complexes was structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. We discovered that the platinum(II) complex displays strong solvatochromism in the solid state, which can be attributed to modulation of Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions that results in switching between optical and photoluminescent states. Incorporating responsive‐at‐metal species as dynamic components in nanostructured materials might facilitate response amplification, sensing, actuation, or self‐healing processes.
Large‐scale geochemical survey by pXRF spectrometry of archaeological settlements and features: new perspectives on the method
Authors: Save Sabrina , Kovacik Joseph , Demarly‐Cresp Florence , Issenmann Régis , Poirier Sandy , Sedlbauer Simon , Teyssonneyre Yannick
Published: March 2020

Over the past several decades the geochemical study of archaeological sediments has experienced an increase in interest from archaeologists in search of new methods to investigate spatial organization and space function. Used with other proxies like geophysics, archaeobotany and micromorphology, geochemistry provides a new insight into microscopic pollution generated by past human activities, and thus can explain or confirm the function of features and spaces. Portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry offers new perspectives to the archaeological community to test, develop and integrate geochemical surveys in the daily routine of fieldwork, especially in the developer‐funded archaeology sector. We have undertaken over 20 geochemical surveys using pXRF spectrometry, both in the field and on bulk samples, and from a wide variety of sites, sedimentological, and chronological contexts. Working exclusively on developer‐funded projects, we present a series of results detailing a range of chemical element associations, including details on how the data is organized spatially and how these data may be interpreted. For some associations, such as that between phosphorus, calcium and strontium, our work confirms and builds on existing studies. For other elements such as zirconium, or the association between potassium, chromium and vanadium, our work presents new data patterns as well as a series of new hypothesis; the interpretation of these patterns remains at an early stage and we hope that further work will be done to test and detail the origins of these chemical associations and enrichments, with the goal of confirming the human activities and/or natural processes from which they originated. The rapidity and cost‐efficiency of pXRF, especially when usedin situin the field, makes it the ideal method for documenting the geochemical characteristics of landscapes; the approach we have developed means that geochemical survey can become a regular part of archaeological practice.
Dry Skulls and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for Teaching Orofacial Bone Anatomy to Undergraduate Dental Students
Authors: Savoldi Fabio , Yeung Andy W. K. , Tanaka Ray , Mohammad Zadeh Lisa S. , Montalvao Carla , Bornstein Michael M. , Tsoi James K. H.
Published: March 2020

Learning bone anatomy of the skull is a complex topic involving three‐dimensional information. The impact of the use of human dry skulls and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was investigated in the teaching of undergraduate dental students. Sixty‐four first‐year students in the University of Hong Kong were randomly divided into eight groups. Four teaching methods were tested: (1) CBCT followed by standard lecture, (2) CBCT followed by lecture with skulls, (3) standard lecture followed by CBCT, and (4) lecture with skulls followed by CBCT. After each, students were given a multiple‐choice questionnaire to assess their objective learning outcome (20 questions) and a questionnaire for their subjective satisfaction (10 statements). Surveys were assessed with Cronbach's alpha, Kendall's tau‐b, and principal components analysis. Data were analyzed with Student'st‐test and a one‐way ANOVA (significance α = 0.05). Standard lecture followed by CBCT showed the highest learning outcome score (81.6% ± 14.1%), but no significant difference was present among four teaching methods. Cone beam computed tomography followed by lecture with skulls scored the highest overall subjective satisfaction (4.9 ± 0.8 out of 6), but no significant difference was present among teaching methods. Nevertheless, students' perception of learning was positively influenced by the use of skulls (P = 0.018). The timing of administration of the CBCT did not affect students' subjective satisfaction or objective learning outcome. Students perceived to learn more by using skulls, but their objective learning outcomes were not significantly affected. A discrepancy seems to exist between students' perception of learning and their effective performance.
Effects of virtual reality therapy on perceived pain intensity, anxiety, catastrophising and self‐efficacy among adolescents with cancer
Authors: Sharifpour Shayesteh , Manshaee Gholam Reza , Sajjadian Ilnaz
Published: March 2020

Background

Cancer patients suffer from severe pain due to the nature of their disease, the stages of chemotherapy they go through and its side effects, which may ultimately lead to physical impairments and inability to perform daily activities.

Objectives

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of virtual reality therapy (VRT) on pain variables among 30 adolescents with cancer at the chemotherapy stage.

Method

This study employed a quasi‐experimental pretest–post‐test design with follow‐up. Thirty adolescents with cancer were selected using a convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent eight 30‐min sessions of VRT once a week for 2 months, while the control group were put on a waiting list.

Results

Findings revealed that there were significant differences in pain variables between the control and experimental groups (p < .001). Moreover, the effect of the treatment remained constant during the first and second follow‐up periods.

Conclusions

Regarding the prevalence of pain indicators and the effect of these variables on the treatment and improvement of the adolescents with cancer during the chemotherapy stage, the use of this technology is recommended.
Chemodiversity of Essential Oils from Nine Species of Celastraceae
Authors: Camargo Karen C. , Duarte Lucienir P. , Vidal Diogo M. , Pereira Hebert V. , Pereira Rafael C. G. , de Aguilar Mariana G. , de Sousa Grasiely F. , Filho Sidney A. Vieira , Mercadante‐Simões Maria O. , Messias Maria Cristina T. B. , de Oliveira Djalma M.
Published: March 2020

Extracts and compounds obtained from several species of Celastraceae family are reported as potential sources of drugs due to their diverse pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, essential oil composition from these species is still little known. This work aimed at the analysis of essential oils obtained from different Brazilian Celastraceae species. A total of seventeen oils were obtained using hydrodistillation process and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the identification of a chemical composition pattern among the analyzed essential oils. Some compounds were more frequent among Celastraceae species, such as cis‐ and trans‐linalool oxide (14/17 oil samples), nerylacetone (13/17), linalool (11/17), β‐ionone (10/17), α‐ionone (9/17), nerolidol (10/17), decanal (10/17), and dodecanoic acid (10/17). These results contribute to the chemophenetics of Celastraceae species.
Simple “Signal‐Off” Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Aptamer‐Cu3(PO4)2 Hybrid Nanoflowers/Graphene Oxide for Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection
Authors: Xu Lingling , Zou Lina , Guo Jiaxin , Cao Ying , Feng Changrui , Ye Baoxian
Published: March 2020

A signal‐off aptasensor was described based on well‐designed aptamer‐Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers&graphene oxide composites (aptamer‐Cu3(PO4)2HNF&GO) as an effective sensing platform and molybdophosphate precipitation as the signaling element. The aptamer, as the biorecognition unit grafted on aptamer‐Cu3(PO4)2HNF&GO by the specificity of streptavidin and biotin, captured the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) through specific interaction. The molybdophosphate precipitation were formed by the reaction of the aptamer‐Cu3(PO4)2HNF&GO with molybdate (MoO42−). However, the CEA‐aptamer bioconjugate layer films not only hinder electron transfer on the sensing interface, but also impede the formation of molybdophosphate precipitation, resulting that the current signal significantly decreased. So, a simple aptasensor for CEA was constructed with high sensitivity and signal‐off model. Under optimal experimental conditions using square wave voltammetry (SWV), the response peak currents decreases linearly with the logarithm of CEA concentrations in the range from 10 fg mL−1 to 500 ng mL−1. Also, the feasibility of its applications has also been demonstrated in the analysis of clinical serum samples.
Microwave effect on kinetics of paper cups pyrolysis
Authors: Benzennou Soumaya , Laviolette Jean Philippe , Chaouki Jamal
Published: March 2020

Not only are microwaves notorious in food heating, but they exhibit interesting properties in different domains including chemical engineering. Their ability to concentrate heat transfer inside dielectric materials enhances process efficiency and permits high heating rates. Nonetheless, their effect on reactions is still controversial. While some researchers believe in non‐thermal effects due to the efficient conversion of microwave energy to enhance reactions without heat dissipation, others assert that microwave frequencies are not high enough to excite molecular bonds. In this study, paper cups pyrolysis is achieved in electrical and microwave TGA using two heating modes. The effect of microwaves on the kinetics of paper cups pyrolysis is shown to depend on the heating regime: at a moderate heating rate, microwave pyrolysis started at a lower temperature, while the pyrolysis in the electrical and microwave TGA have similar kinetic parameters at high heating conditions. This difference is linked with reaction mechanisms. At moderate heating conditions, cellulose decomposes first to an intermediate compound then to final products. The intermediate has a short reaction time and interacts with the microwave. Hence, hot spots at the molecular scale are generated in a short amount of time below the detectable limits of existing temperature measurements media. At a high heating rate, the decomposition of cellulose is direct and no effect is observed.
DICER1 screening in 15 paediatric paratesticular sarcomas unveils an unusual DICER1‐associated sarcoma
Authors: Apellaniz‐Ruiz Maria , Cullinan Noelle , Grant Ronald , Marrano Paula , Priest John R , Thorner Paul S , Goudie Catherine , Foulkes William D
Published: March 2020

Individuals with DICER1 syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by pathogenic germline variants in DICER1, are at increased risk of developing a wide array of predominantly childhood onset conditions, including genitourinary sarcomas. However, data on DICER1 involvement in paratesticular sarcomas have not been published. Herein, we analyse a series of 15 paediatric paratesticular sarcomas and describe in detail the case of a male infant with a paratesticular myxoid tumour, considered to be a low‐grade sarcoma, who also manifested a cystic nephroma, a classic DICER1 syndrome phenotype. He harboured a pathogenic germline DICER1 variant and different somatic hot‐spot mutations in each tumour. The paratesticular tumour showed strong and diffuse expression for WT1 and CD10, an unusual immunophenotype in paediatric sarcomas, but typical of tumours of Müllerian origin. The tumour was postulated to arise from the appendix testis, a Müllerian remnant located in the paratestis. Such an origin would be analogous to other DICER1‐associated non‐epithelial gynaecological tumours, thought to arise from Müllerian derivatives. These findings point towards a key role of DICER1 in Müllerian‐derived structures. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that the other paratesticular sarcomas from the series were either negative or focally positive for WT1 and for CD10, and none had any DICER1 mutations. In summary, we present the first case of a paratesticular sarcoma associated with DICER1 syndrome, emphasising that paratesticular tumours with an unusual histological appearance may suggest an underlying DICER1 mutation, especially in the presence of a personal or family history of DICER1‐associated disease. In this context, DICER1 mutation testing could lead to changes in clinical care including implementation of cancer care surveillance strategies.
Perfectionistic traits and self‐presentation are associated with negative attitudes and concerns about seeking professional psychological help
Authors: Dang Silvain S. , Quesnel Danika A. , Hewitt Paul L. , Flett Gordon L. , Deng Xiaolei
Published: March 2020

Numerous factors influence whether an individual is able and willing to seek professional help for psychological difficulties. One of these may be perfectionism, a multidimensional personality construct that has been linked to poor psychological adjustment. The current study investigated whether perfectionism traits and self‐presentational facets were associated with negative help‐seeking attitudes and concerns about psychotherapy. Samples of university (N = 299) and community (N = 77) men and women completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Perfectionistic Self‐Presentation Scale, Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Help Scale, and Thoughts About Psychotherapy Survey. Various components of perfectionism were associated with both negative help‐seeking attitudes and concerns about psychotherapy. The findings suggest that perfectionistic behaviour may be an important dispositional factor that interferes with seeking and obtaining help for psychological difficulties. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Catalytic Room‐Temperature C−N Coupling of Amides and Isocyanates by Using Mechanochemistry
Authors: Dayaker Gandrath , Tan Davin , Biggins Naomi , Shelam Asha , Do Jean‐Louis , Katsenis Athanassios D. , Friščić Tomislav
Published: March 2020

A mechanochemical route is developed for room‐temperature and solvent‐free derivatization of different types of amides into carbamoyl isatins (up to 96 % conversion or yield), benzamides (up to 81 % yield), and imides (up to 92 % yield). In solution, this copper‐catalyzed coupling either does not take place or requires high temperatures at which it may also be competing with alternative thermal reactivity, highlighting the beneficial role of mechanochemistry for this reaction. Such behavior resembles the previously investigated coupling with sulfonamide substrates, suggesting that this type of C−N coupling is an example of a mechanochemically favored reaction, for which mechanochemistry appears to be a favored environment over solution.
Simple 2 D/0 D CoP Integration in a Metal–Organic Framework‐Derived Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Lv Siming , Chen Jianmin , Chen Xiaodong , Chen Junying , Li Yingwei
Published: March 2020

Non‐noble metal‐based bifunctional electrocatalysts are highly desired for water electrolysis. However, constructing a water electrolyzer using a sole catalyst without compromising either its oxygen evolution reaction (OER) or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance is still challenging. In this study, a simple strategy is developed to integrate 2 D and 0 D CoP in the same metal–organic framework precursor‐derived hollow N‐doped carbon nanotube‐assembled polyhedron (HNCNP). The unique hierarchical structure endows the resulting nanocomposite with both the advantages of more exposed active sites for 2 D and large surface‐to‐volume ratio for 0 D materials, whereas the hollow interior could benefit the charge and mass transfer properties. Thus, CoP/HNCNP@2 D CoP exhibits outstanding OER and HER activity and a low cell voltage when employed as both the anode and cathode in a two‐electrode water electrolyzer. The approach of integrating the same metal phosphide phase with diverse dimensions may inspire new ways to design hierarchical nanostructures for advanced energy conversion applications.
Chronic wasting disease undermines efforts to control the spread of brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Maloney Matthew , Merkle Jerod A. , Aadland David , Peck Dannele , Horan Richard D. , Monteith Kevin L. , Winslow Thach , Logan Jim , Finnoff David , Sims Charles , Schumaker Brant
Published: March 2020

Wildlife diseases pose a substantial threat to the provisioning of ecosystem services. We use a novel modeling approach to study the potential loss of these services through the imminent introduction of chronic wasting disease (CWD) to elk populations in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). A specific concern is that concentrating elk at feedgrounds may exacerbate the spread of CWD, whereas eliminating feedgrounds may increase the number of elk on private ranchlands and the transmission of a second disease, brucellosis, from elk to cattle. To evaluate the consequences of management strategies given the threat of two concurrent wildlife diseases, we develop a spatiotemporal bioeconomic model. GPS data from elk and landscape attributes are used to predict migratory behavior and population densities with and without supplementary feeding. We use a 4,800 km2 area around Pinedale, Wyoming containing four existing feedgrounds as a case study. For this area, we simulate welfare estimates under a variety of management strategies. Our results indicate that continuing to feed elk could result in substantial welfare losses for the case‐study region. Therefore, to maximize the present value of economic net benefits generated by the local elk population upon CWD’s arrival in the region, wildlife managers may wish to consider discontinuing elk feedgrounds while simultaneously developing new methods to mitigate the financial impact to ranchers of possible brucellosis transmission to livestock. More generally, our methods can be used to weigh the costs and benefits of human‐wildlife interactions in the presence of multiple disease risks.
Biome stability predicts population structure of a southern African aridland bird species
Authors: Wogan Guinevere O. U. , Voelker Gary , Oatley Graeme , Bowie Rauri C. K.
Published: March 2020

Environments are heterogeneous in space and time, and the permeability of landscape and climatic barriers to gene flow may change over time. When barriers are present, they may start populations down the path toward speciation, but if they become permeable before the process of speciation is complete, populations may once more merge. In Southern Africa, aridland biomes play a central role in structuring the organization of biodiversity. These biomes were subject to substantial restructuring during Plio‐Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, and the imprint of this changing environment should leave genetic signatures on the species living there. Here, we investigate the role of adjacent aridland biome boundaries in structuring the genetic diversity within a widespread generalist bird, the Cape Robin‐chat (Cossypha caffra). We find evidence supporting a central role for aridland biomes in structuring populations across Southern Africa. Our findings support a scenario wherein populations were isolated in different biome refugia, due to separation by the exceptionally arid Nama Karoo biome. This biome barrier may have arisen through a combination of habitat instability and environmental unsuitability, and was highly unstable throughout the Plio‐Pleistocene. However, we also recovered a pattern of extensive contemporary gene flow and admixture across the Nama Karoo, potentially driven by the establishment of homesteads over the past 200 years. Thus, the barrier has become permeable, and populations are currently merging. This represents an instance where initial formation of a barrier to gene flow enabled population differentiation, with subsequent gene flow and the merging of populations after the barrier became permeable.
Urbanization alters plastic responses in the common dandelion Taraxacum officinale
Authors: Pisman Matti , Bonte Dries , de la Peña Eduardo
Published: March 2020

Urban environments expose species to contrasting selection pressures relative to rural areas due to altered microclimatic conditions, habitat fragmentation, and changes in species interactions. To improve our understanding on how urbanization impacts selection through biotic interactions, we assessed differences in plant defense and tolerance, dispersal, and flowering phenology of a common plant species (Taraxacum officinale) along an urbanization gradient and their reaction norms in response to a biotic stressor (i.e., herbivory). We raised plants from 45 lines collected along an urbanization gradient under common garden conditions and assessed the impact of herbivory on plant growth (i.e., aboveground biomass), dispersal capacity (i.e., seed morphology), and plant phenology (i.e., early seed production) by exposing half of our plants to two events of herbivory (i.e., grazing by locusts). Independent from their genetic background, all plants consistently increased their resistance to herbivores by which the second exposure to locusts resulted in lower levels of damage suffered. Herbivory had consistent effects on seed pappus length, with seeds showing a longer pappus (and, hence, increased dispersal capacities) regardless of urbanization level. Aboveground plant biomass was neither affected by urbanization nor herbivore presence. In contrast to consistent responses in plant defenses and pappus length, plant fitness did vary between lines. Urban lines had a reduced early seed production following herbivory while rural and suburban lines did not show any plastic response. Our results show that herbivory affects plant phenotypes but more importantly that differences in herbivory reaction norms exist between urban and rural populations.
Abundance and traits link predator ontogeny to prey communities
Authors: Start Denon
Published: March 2020

Function and abundances shape species interactions and thus ecological communities. While communities are often summarized as the mean function of each species, intraspecific variation in traits and thus function is an important driver of community composition. Ontogeny is a common source of intraspecific variation, but while age‐related functional changes can alter species interactions, so too can the effects of those functions on the density of the focal organism. For instance, ontogenetic variation can trigger higher levels of cannibalism, reducing abundances and altering interspecific interactions. I manipulate ontogenetic variation in damselfly larvae to show that intraspecific variation can impact communities through two distinct mechanisms. First, within‐species differences affect population sizes, and thus indirectly shape communities (indirect effect). In particular, ontogenetic variation resulted in smaller damselfly populations, likely because of increased cannibalism rates, and thus ontogenetically diverse populations had a smaller total effect on their prey. Second, trait variation can affect communities by creating differences in the strength of per capita species interactions (direct effect). In this case, damselfly populations with greater age variation had smaller per capita effects on prey communities. I conclude that ontogeny of a single species can directly and indirectly shape community composition.
Toward an Improved Understanding of the Ingestion and Trophic Transfer of Microplastic Particles: Critical Review and Implications for Future Research
Authors: Gouin Todd
Published: March 2020

Microplastic particles have been observed in the environment and routinely detected in the stomachs and intestines of aquatic organisms over the last 50 yr. In the present review, information on the ingestion of plastic debris of varying sizes is collated, including data for >800 species representing approximately 87 000 individual organisms, for which plastic debris and microplastic particles have been observed in approximately 17 500, or 20%. The average reported number of microplastic particles/individual across all studies is estimated to be 4, with studies typically reporting averages ranging from 0 to 10 particles/individual. A general observation is that although strong evidence exists for the biological ingestion of microplastic particles, they do not bioaccumulate and do not appear to be subject to biomagnification as a result of trophic transfer through food webs, with >99% of observations from field-based studies reporting that microplastic particles are located within the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, there is substantial heterogeneity in how samples are collected, processed, analyzed, and reported, causing significant challenges in attempting to assess temporal and spatial trends or helping to inform a mechanistic understanding. Nevertheless, several studies suggest that the characteristics of microplastic particles ingested by organisms are generally representative of plastic debris in the vicinity where individuals are collected. Monitoring of spatial and temporal trends of ingested microplastic particles could thus potentially be useful in assessing mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the emission of plastic and microplastic particles to the environment. The development and application of standardized analytical methods are urgently needed to better understand spatial and temporal trends. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1119–1137. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Effect of vacuum cooling on stability of macro‐porous sausage during refrigerated storage—Vacuum‐cooled sausage has a longer shelf life
Authors: Song Xiao‐yan , Song Zuo , Liu Baolin , Guo Zhi‐yu , Luan Yuchen
Published: March 2020

In this study, two types of cooling methods (vacuum cooling and air cooling) were used to cool cooked macro‐porous sausage. Alterations in the microbiological conditions, pH, instrumental color (L*, a*, and b*), total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVB‐N), lipid oxidation (TBARS), water activity (aW), moisture content, and texture indicators were evaluated to determine sausages' quality changes during storage under refrigeration for up to 10 days. In general, the shelf life of sausages chilled by vacuum cooling (8 days) was similar to that of sausages cooled by air cooling (9 days). For pH, no significant difference (p > .05) was obtained between two cooling methods. However, vacuum‐cooled sausages have lower L* value (p < .05), lower moisture content, and water activity compared with the air‐cooled sausages. However, sausages cooled by vacuum cooling showed a sharp increase in TBARS and TVB‐N values but maintained texture characteristics for a longer time compared with air‐cooled sausages. Although the results indicated that the quality of sausages treated by those two methods remarkably decreased after 7 days, characteristics of sausages cooled by vacuum cooling are better within accepted standards compared with air‐cooled sausages. In conclusion, vacuum cooling can be a feasible cooling method with great potential to be used in cooked macro‐porous sausages to maintain the quality and may provide reference experiences for the food with similar structure.
A prospective evaluation of serum methionine‐related metabolites in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in two prospective cohort studies
Authors: Huang Joyce Y. , Luu Hung N. , Butler Lesley M. , Midttun Øivind , Ulvik Arve , Wang Renwei , Jin Aizhen , Gao Yu‐Tang , Tan Yuting , Ueland Per M. , Koh Woon‐Puay , Yuan Jian‐Min
Published: March 2020

Deficiencies in methyl donor status may render DNA methylation changes and DNA damage, leading to carcinogenesis. Epidemiological studies reported that higher dietary intake of choline is associated with lower risk of pancreatic cancer, but no study has examined the association of serum choline and its metabolites with risk of pancreatic cancer. Two parallel case–control studies, one nested within the Shanghai Cohort Study (129 cases and 258 controls) and the other within the Singapore Chinese Health Study (58 cases and 104 controls), were conducted to evaluate the associations of baseline serum concentrations of choline, betaine, methionine, total methyl donors (i.e., sum of choline, betaine and methionine), dimethylglycine and trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) with pancreatic cancer risk. In the Shanghai cohort, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of pancreatic cancer for the highest quartile of choline, betaine, methionine, total methyl donors and TMAO were 0.27 (0.11–0.69), 0.57 (0.31–1.05), 0.50 (0.26–0.96), 0.37 (0.19–0.73) and 2.81 (1.37–5.76), respectively, compared to the lowest quartile. The corresponding figures in the Singapore cohort were 0.85 (0.23–3.17), 0.50 (0.17–1.45), 0.17 (0.04–0.68), 0.33 (0.10–1.16) and 1.42 (0.50–4.04). The inverse associations of methionine and total methyl donors including choline, betaine and methionine with pancreatic cancer risk in both cohorts support that DNA repair and methylation play an important role against the development of pancreatic cancer. In the Shanghai cohort, TMAO, a gut microbiota‐derived metabolite of dietary phosphatidylcholine, may contribute to higher risk of pancreatic cancer, suggesting a modifying role of gut microbiota in the dietary choline‐pancreatic cancer risk association.
Colourings of star systems
Authors: Darijani Iren , Pike David A.
Published: March 2020

An ‐star is a complete bipartite graph . An ‐star system of order , is a partition of the edges of the complete graph into ‐stars. An ‐star system is said to be ‐colourable if its vertex set can be partitioned into sets (called colour classes) such that no ‐star is monochromatic. The system is ‐chromatic if is ‐colourable but is not ‐colourable. If every ‐colouring of an ‐star system can be obtained from some ‐colouring by a permutation of the colours, we say that the system is uniquely ‐colourable. In this paper, we first show that for any integer , there exists a ‐chromatic 3‐star system of order for all sufficiently large admissible . Next, we generalize this result for ‐star systems for any . We show that for all and , there exists a ‐chromatic ‐star system of order for all sufficiently large such that (mod ). Finally, we prove that for all and , there exists a uniquely ‐chromatic ‐star system of order for all sufficiently large such that (mod ).
Analysis of myositis autoantibodies in Chinese patients with cancer‐associated myositis
Authors: Li Liubing , Liu Chenxi , Wang Qian , Wu Chanyuan , Zhang Yanfang , Cheng Linlin , Wen Xiaoting , Zeng Xiaofeng , Zhang Fengchun , Li Yongzhe
Published: March 2020

Background

Cancer‐associated myositis (CAM) has poor prognosis and causes higher mortality. In general, myositis‐specific autoantibodies (MSAs) and myositis‐associated autoantibodies (MAAs) have been shown to be useful biomarkers for its diagnosis.

Methods

In the present study, focus was given in assessing the presence, prevalence, and diagnostic values of myositis autoantibodies in Chinese patients diagnosed with CAM. The sera collected from 49 CAM patients, 108 dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM) patients without cancer, 105 disease controls, and 60 healthy controls were detected for the presence of 16 autoantigens (Jo‐1, OJ, EJ, PL‐7, PL‐12, MDA5, TIF1γ, Mi‐2α, Mi‐2β, SAE1, NXP2, SRP, Ku, PM‐Scl75, PM‐Scl100, and Ro‐52) using a commercial Euroline assay.

Results

The frequency of anti‐TIF1γ was significantly higher in CAM patients than in DM/PM patients without cancer (46.9% vs 14.8%, P < .001). Importantly, the sensitivity and specificity for this MSA were 46.9% and 85.2%, respectively. These helped to differentiate CAM patients from DM/PM patients without cancer. However, there was no difference in other MSAs and MAAs between CAM and DM/PM patients without cancer.

Conclusion

The present study indicates that anti‐TIF1γ levels can serve as important biomarkers for CAM diagnosis and help in distinguishing between CAM and DM/PM patients without cancer.