bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traditional knowledge and its transmission of wild edibles used by the Naxi in Baidi Village, northwest Yunnan province
Authors: Geng Yanfei , Zhang Yu , Ranjitkar Sailesh , Huai Huyin , Wang Yuhua
Published: February 2016

Background

The collection and consumption of wild edibles is an important part in livelihood strategies throughout the world. There is an urgent need to document and safeguard the wild food knowledge, especially in remote areas. The aims of this study are to accomplish detailed investigation of wild edibles used by the Naxi in Baidi village and evaluate them to identify innovative organic food products. Also, we aim to explore the characteristics of distribution and transmission of the traditional knowledge (TK) on wild edibles among the Naxi.

Methods

Data was collected through a semi-structured interview of key informants above the age of 20 years, chosen carefully by a snowball sampling. The interviews were supplemented by free lists and participatory observation methods. Informants below 20 years were interviewed to test their knowledge of traditional practices. A quantitative index like Cultural Importance Index (CI) was used to evaluate the relative importance of the different wild edibles. Linear regression and t-test were performed to test variation in the TK among the informants of different age groups and genders.

Results

Altogether 173 wild edible plant species belonging to 76 families and 139 genera were recorded in the study. Cardamine macrophylla, C. tangutorum and Eutrema yunnanense, have traditionally been consumed as an important supplement to the diet, particularly during food shortages as wild vegetables. The age was found to have a significant effect on TK, but there was no significant difference between male and female informant in knowledge abundance. The traditional food knowledge was dynamic and affected by social factors. Also, it was descending partly among younger generations in Baidi.

Conclusion

Baidi village is a prime example of a rapidly changing community where local traditions compete with modern ways of life. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the Naxi peoples’ knowledge on wild edibles. Some wild edibles might have an interesting dietary constituent, which need in-depth studies. Such detail studies can help to promote the market in one hand and protect TK in the other. Protecting TK from disappearing in succeeding generations is necessary, and understanding the dynamics of TK is one important solution to this dilemma.
Submental island flap reconstruction reduces cost in oral cancer reconstruction compared to radial forearm free flap reconstruction: A case series and cost analysis
Authors: Forner D. , Phillips T. , Rigby M. , Hart R. , Taylor M. , Trites J.
Published: February 2016

Background

In Canada, 4,400 cases of oral cancer are diagnosed yearly. Surgical resection is a key component of treatment in many of these cancers. Reconstruction of defects, with the goal of preserving function, is of utmost importance. Several choices are possible for reconstruction of larger defects, including both free and pedicled flaps. Free flap reconstruction is reliable and effective, but requires additional personnel and peri-operative resources. Pedicled flaps remain an important alternative to free flaps, and are less resource intensive. This paper reviews our inaugural experience with the submental island flap (SIF) and compares costs incurred to a matched cohort of oral cancer patients reconstructed with forearm free flaps.

Methods

Charts of patients who underwent SIF and RFFF reconstruction from January 1st 2013 to April 1st 2015 were retrospectively examined. Associated costs were obtained via online database and previously reported costs at the study institution.

Results

Mean length of ICU stay in glossectomy RFFF reconstruction was 4.7 days. Only one patient required ICU stay for one night in the SIF group. Mean length of hospital stay was not significantly different in SIF patients vs RFFF patients (12.4 vs 15.4 days, p > 0.05). Mean operative time was significantly lower in the SIF group compared to the RFFF group (347 vs 552 min, p < 0.05). Total mean intraoperative costs were found to be ․4780.59 for RFFF operations, versus ․2307.94 for SIF. Total mean cost of post-operative stay was ․18158.40 in the SIF group and ․43617.60 in the RFFF group. Total cost savings were therefore ․27931.85 per patient for the SIF group.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated the use of the submental island flap as an alternative to radial forearm free flaps, showing both decreased hospital costs and comparable patient outcomes. Pedicled flaps are making a resurgence in head and neck reconstruction, and the submental island flap offers an excellent alternative to more labour intensive and costly free flap alternatives.
Depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: A focus on potential mechanisms
Authors: Nefs Giesje , Pop Victor J. M. , Denollet Johan , Pouwer François
Published: February 2016

Background

Depression has been associated with increased all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes.

Aims

To test whether anhedonia, dysphoria and anxiety are differentially associated with all-cause mortality and examine symptom-specific behavioural or pathophysiological mechanisms.

Method

A total of 1465 people completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in 2005 and were followed until death or 31 December 2010. Cox regression analyses compared survival time for people with a lowv.high baseline dysphoria/anhedonia/anxiety score and identified mediating mechanisms.

Results

After a mean follow-up of 1878 days (s.d. = 306), 139 participants had died. At all time points, people with anhedonia had an almost twofold increased mortality risk compared with those without anhedonia. Physical activity met criteria for mediation. Symptoms of dysphoria and anxiety were not associated with survival time.

Conclusions

Symptoms of anhedonia predicted shorter survival time, whereas dysphoria/anxiety did not. Mechanistic pathways, in particular physical activity, should be explored further.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. group
psychoeducation for people with generalised anxiety disorder: Randomised
controlled trial
Authors: Wong Samuel Yeung Shan , Yip Benjamin Hon Kei , Mak Winnie Wing Sze , Mercer Stewart , Cheung Eliza Yee Lai , Ling Candy Yuet Man , Lui Wacy Wai Sze , Tang Wai Kwong , Lo Herman Hay Ming , Wu Justin Che Yuen , Lee Tatia Mei Chun , Gao Ting , Griffiths Sian M. , Chan Peter Hoi Sing , Ma Helen Shuk Wah
Published: February 2016

Background

Research suggests that an 8-week mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
(MBCT) course may be effective for generalised anxiety disorder
(GAD).

Aims

To compare changes in anxiety levels among participants with GAD randomly
assigned to MBCT, cognitive–behavioural therapy-based psychoeducation and
usual care.

Method

In total, 182 participants with GAD were recruited (trial registration
number: CUHK_CCT00267) and assigned to the three groups and followed for
5 months after baseline assessment with the two intervention groups
followed for an additional 6 months. Primary outcomes were anxiety and
worry levels.

Results

Linear mixed models demonstrated significant group × time interaction
(F(4,148) = 5.10, P = 0.001) effects
for decreased anxiety for both the intervention groups relative to usual
care. Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for
worry and depressive symptoms and mental health-related quality of life
for the psychoeducation group only.

Conclusions

These results suggest that both of the interventions appear to be
superior to usual care for the reduction of anxiety symptoms.
Advising as Servant Leadership: Investigating Student Satisfaction
Authors: Kohle Paul W. , Fitzpatrick Colleen
Published: February 2016

Student satisfaction with advising is positively linked to first-year student retention and sophomore persistence to their senior year. However, inconsistencies in the advising literature confound conclusions about the most effective advising approach to elicit student satisfaction. Positive links between the servant leadership approach and advising behaviors have been shown, but student satisfaction remains unexamined. We investigate student satisfaction with servant leadership–based advising. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analysis, we found positive correlations between servant leadership and student satisfaction with advising. In particular, advisors' altruistic behaviors elicited the greatest impact on student satisfaction. Implications for practice include advancing advising pedagogy and improving advisor selection and professional development.
Satisfaction With College Major: A Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Milsom Amy , Coughlin Julie
Published: February 2016

All college students must eventually choose and complete a major. Many switch majors, and some change it multiple times. Despite extensive literature addressing factors that influence students' initial choice of major, few scholars have examined students' experiences after enrollment in a selected major. In this study, we used a grounded theory study to investigate the experiences of 10 college students in their major with an emphasis on factors that influenced their (dis)satisfaction. An emergent theory explains the development of (dis)satisfaction with choice of college major by highlighting factors related to self and career awareness as well as personal reflection. Implications for college academic advisors are shared.
Functional outcome and quality of life after traumatic total brachial plexus injury treated by nerve transfer or single/double free muscle transfers
Authors: Satbhai N. G. , Doi K. , Hattori Y. , Sakamoto S.
Published: February 2016

Aims

Between 2002 and 2011, 81 patients with a traumatic total brachial plexus injury underwent reconstruction by double free muscle transfer (DFMT, 47 cases), single muscle transfer (SMT, 16 cases) or nerve transfers (NT, 18 cases).

Methods

They were evaluated for functional outcome and quality of life (QoL) using the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, both pre- and post-operatively. The three groups were compared and followed-up for at least 24 months.

Results

The mean shoulder abduction and flexion were comparable in all groups, but external rotation was significantly better in the DFMT group as were range and quantitative power of elbow flexion. Patients who had undergone DFMT had reasonable total active finger movement and hook grip strength. All groups showed improvement in function at a level greater than a minimum clinically important difference. The DFMT group showed the greatest improvement.

Discussion

Patients in the DFMT group had a better functional outcome and QoL recovery than those in the NT and SMT groups. Take home message: Double free muscle transfer procedure is capable of restoring maximum function in patients of total brachial plexus palsy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;97-B:209–17.
Multilevel surgery in adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Putz C. , Döderlein L. , Mertens E. M. , Wolf S. I. , Gantz S. , Braatz F. , Dreher T.
Published: February 2016

Aims

Single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) has been used as an effective intervention in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BSCP) for 30 years. To date there is no evidence for SEMLS in adults with BSCP and the intervention remains focus of debate.

Methods

This study analysed the short-term outcome (mean 1.7 years, standard deviation 0.9) of 97 ambulatory adults with BSCP who performed three-dimensional gait analysis before and after SEMLS at one institution.

Results

Two objective gait variables were calculated pre- and post-operatively; the Gillette Gait Index (GGI) and the Gait Profile Score (GPS). The results were analysed in three groups according to their childhood surgical history (group 1 = no surgery, group 2 = surgery other than SEMLS, group 3 = SEMLS). Improvements in gait were shown by a significant decrease of GPS (p = 0.001). Similar results were obtained for both legs (GGI right side and left side p = 0.01). Furthermore, significant improvements were found in all subgroups although this was less marked in group 3, where patients had undergone previous SEMLS.

Discussion

SEMLS is an effective and safe procedure to improve gait in adults with cerebral palsy. However, a longer rehabilitation period is to be expected than found in children. SEMLS is still effective in adult patients who have undergone previous SEMLS in childhood. Take home message: Single-event multilevel surgery is a safe and effective procedure to improve gait disorders in adults with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:282–8.
Thoracolumbar kyphosis in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Roberts S. B. , Dryden R. , Tsirikos A. I.
Published: February 2016

Aims

Clinical and radiological data were reviewed for all patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) with thoracolumbar kyphosis managed non-operatively or operatively in our institution.

Methods

In all 16 patients were included (eight female: eight male; 50% male), of whom nine had Hurler, five Morquio and two Hunter syndrome. Six patients were treated non-operatively (mean age at presentation of 6.3 years; 0.4 to 12.9); mean kyphotic progression +1.5o/year; mean follow-up of 3.1 years (1 to 5.1) and ten patients operatively (mean age at presentation of 4.7 years; 0.9 to 14.4); mean kyphotic progression 10.8o/year; mean follow-up of 8.2 years; 4.8 to 11.8) by circumferential arthrodesis with posterior instrumentation in patients with flexible deformities (n = 6).

Results

In the surgical group (mean age at surgery of 6.6 years; 2.4 to 16.8); mean post-operative follow-up of 6.3 years (3.5 to 10.3), mean pre-operative thoracolumbar kyphosis of 74.3o (42o to 110o) was corrected to mean of 28.6o (0o to 65o) post-operatively, relating to a mean deformity correction of 66.9% (31% to 100%). Surgical complications included a deep wound infection treated by early debridement, apical non-union treated by posterior re-grafting, and stable adjacent segment spondylolisthesis managed non-operatively. Thoracolumbar kyphosis > +38o at initial presentation was identified as predicting progressively severe deformity with 90% sensitivity and 83% specificity.

Discussion

This study demonstrates that severe thoracolumbar kyphosis in patients with MPS can be effectively treated by circumferential arthrodesis. Severity of kyphosis at initial presentation may predict progression of thoracolumbar deformity. Patients with MPS may be particularly susceptible to post-operative complications due to the underlying connective tissue disorder and inherent immunological compromise. Take home message: Clinical and radiological data were reviewed for all patients with mucopolysaccharidoses with thoracolumbar kyphosis managed non-operatively or operatively in our institution. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:229–37.
New anti-resorptives and antibody mediated anti-resorptive therapy
Authors: Farrier A. J. , C. Sanchez Franco L. , Shoaib A. , Gulati V. , Johnson N. , Uzoigwe C. E. , Choudhury M. Z.
Published: February 2016

The ageing population and an increase in both the incidence and prevalence of cancer pose a healthcare challenge, some of which is borne by the orthopaedic community in the form of osteoporotic fractures and metastatic bone disease. In recent years there has been an increasing understanding of the pathways involved in bone metabolism relevant to osteoporosis and metastases in bone. Newer therapies may aid the management of these problems. One group of drugs, the antibody mediated anti-resorptive therapies (AMARTs) use antibodies to block bone resorption pathways. This review seeks to present a synopsis of the guidelines, pharmacology and potential pathophysiology of AMARTs and other new anti-resorptive drugs.

We evaluate the literature relating to AMARTs and new anti-resorptives with special attention on those approved for use in clinical practice.

Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody against Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand. It is the first AMART approved by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the US Food and Drug Administration. Other novel anti-resorptives awaiting approval for clinical use include Odanacatib.

Denosumab is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of the complications of bone metastases. Recent evidence suggests, however, that denosumab may have an adverse event profile similar to bisphosphonates, including atypical femoral fractures. It is, therefore, essential that orthopaedic surgeons are conversant with these medications and their safe usage.

Take home message: Denosumab has important orthopaedic indications and has been shown to significantly reduce patient morbidity in osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:160–5.
Cost analysis of the surgical treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus
Authors: Sabharwal S. , Carter A. W. , Rashid A. , Darzi A. , Reilly P. , Gupte C. M.
Published: February 2016

Aims

The aims of this study were to estimate the cost of surgical treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus using a micro-costing methodology, contrast this cost with the national reimbursement tariff and establish the major determinants of cost.

Methods

A detailed inpatient treatment pathway was constructed using semi-structured interviews with 32 members of hospital staff. Its content validity was established through a Delphi panel evaluation. Costs were calculated using time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) and sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the determinants of cost

Results

The mean cost of the different surgical treatments was estimated to be £3282. Although this represented a profit of £1138 against the national tariff, hemiarthroplasty as a treatment choice resulted in a net loss of £952. Choice of implant and theatre staffing were the largest cost drivers. Operating theatre delays of more than one hour resulted in a loss of income

Discussion

Our findings indicate that the national tariff does not accurately represent the cost of treatment for this condition. Effective use of the operating theatre and implant discounting are likely to be more effective cost containment approaches than control of bed-day costs. Take home message: This cost analysis of fractures of the proximal humerus reinforces the limitations of the national tariff within the English National Health Service, and underlines the importance of effective use of the operating theatre, as well as appropriate implant procurement where controlling costs of treatment is concerned. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:249–59.
Surgical hip dislocation according to Ganz for excision of osteochondromas in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses
Authors: Sorel J. C. , Façee Schaeffer M. , Homan A. S. , Scholtes V. A. B. , Kempen D. H. R. , Ham S. J.
Published: February 2016

Aims

We report a prospective cohort study of the midterm results of surgical dislocation of the hip (according to Ganz) to perform resection of osteochondromas involving the femoral neck in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE).

Methods

Hip range of movement (ROM) was assessed pre- and post-operatively. Patients’ judgment of post-operative reduction of pain, symptoms, the Rand 36-item Health Survey (RAND-36) and complications were analysed.

Results

Symptomatic osteochondromas of the femoral neck were removed in 20 hips (17 patients) between 2007 and 2012. There were nine men and eight women with a mean age at the time of surgery of 29 years (11 to 47). Mean follow-up was 46 months (26 to 73). At latest follow-up, mean ROM was significantly increased in all directions. Post-operatively the pain associated with the lesion was either significantly decreased or non-existent. There was a significant improvement in seven RAND-36 sub-domains. Encountered complications in four patients were pseudoarthrosis of the trochanteric osteotomy, traumatic separation of the trochanteric osteotomy, a pertrochanteric femoral fracture and avasvular necrosis. Histological analysis revealed osteochondromas in all hips.

Discussion

This study confirms the Ganz trochanteric flip osteotomy provided a reliable approach to osteochondromas of the femoral neck that are otherwise difficult to access for surgical resection. The procedure offered significant improvement in the quality of life, although one should be aware of the serious complications can arise despite the relatively safe procedure. Take home message: When daily function and activities are affected, resection of osteochondromas of the proximal femur according to Ganz is indicated to significantly improve quality of life. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:260–5.
The impact of including corticosteroid in a periarticular injection for pain control after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Tsukada S. , Wakui M. , Hoshino A.
Published: February 2016

There is conflicting evidence about the benefit of using corticosteroid in periarticular injections for pain relief after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We carried out a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of using corticosteroid in a periarticular injection to control pain after TKA.

A total of 77 patients, 67 women and ten men, with a mean age of 74 years (47 to 88) who were about to undergo unilateral TKA were randomly assigned to have a periarticular injection with or without corticosteroid. The primary outcome was post-operative pain at rest during the first 24 hours after surgery, measured every two hours using a visual analogue pain scale score. The cumulative pain score was quantified using the area under the curve.

The corticosteroid group had a significantly lower cumulative pain score than the no-corticosteroid group during the first 24 hours after surgery (mean area under the curve 139, 0 to 560, and 264, 0 to 1460; p = 0.024). The rate of complications, including surgical site infection, was not significantly different between the two groups up to one year post-operatively.

The addition of corticosteroid to the periarticular injection significantly decreased early post-operative pain. Further studies are needed to confirm the safety of corticosteroid in periarticular injection.

Take home message: The use of corticosteroid in periarticular injection offered better pain relief during the initial 24 hours after TKA.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:194–200.
Cost effectiveness of surgical versus non-surgical treatment of adults with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus
Authors: Corbacho B. , Duarte A. , Keding A. , Handoll H. , Chuang L. H. , Torgerson D. , Brealey S. , Jefferson L. , Hewitt C. , Rangan A.
Published: February 2016

Aims

A pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial (PROFHER) was conducted in United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) hospitals to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of surgery compared with non-surgical treatment for displaced fractures of the proximal humerus involving the surgical neck in adults.

Methods

A cost utility analysis from the NHS perspective was performed. Differences between surgical and non-surgical treatment groups in costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) at two years were used to derive an estimate of the cost effectiveness of surgery using regression methods.

Results

Patients randomised to receive surgical intervention accumulated mean greater costs and marginally lower QALYs than patients randomised to non-surgery. The surgical intervention cost a mean of £1758 more per patient (95% confidence intervals (CI) £1126 to £2389). Total QALYs for the surgical group were smaller than those for non-surgery -0.0101 (95% CI -0.13 to 0.11). The probability of surgery being cost effective was less than 10% given the current NICE willingness to pay at a threshold of £20 000 for an additional QALY. The results were robust to sensitivity analyses.

Discussion

The results suggest that current surgical treatment is not cost effective for the majority of displaced fractures of the proximal humerus involving the surgical neck in the United Kingdom’s NHS. Take home message: The results of this trial do not support the trend of increased surgical treatment for patients with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus involving the surgical neck within the United Kingdom NHS. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:152–9.
Guidelines for reporting health economic research
Authors: Haddad F. S. , McLawhorn A. S.
Published: February 2016

Health economic evaluations potentially provide valuable information to clinicians, health care administrators, and policy makers regarding the financial implications of decisions about the care of patients. The highest quality research should be used to inform decisions that have direct impact on the access to care and the outcome of treatment. However, economic analyses are often complex and use research methods which are relatively unfamiliar to clinicians. Furthermore, health economic data have substantial national, regional, and institutional variability, which can limit the external validity of the results of a study. Therefore, minimum guidelines that aim to standardise the quality and transparency of reporting health economic research have been developed, and instruments are available to assist in the assessment of its quality and the interpretation of results.

The purpose of this editorial is to discuss the principal types of health economic studies, to review the most common instruments for judging the quality of these studies and to describe current reporting guidelines. Recommendations for the submission of these types of studies to The Bone & Joint Journal are provided.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:147–51.
Prognostic Value of Serial Changes in High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and T over 3 Months Using Reference Change Values in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sandoval Yader , Herzog Charles A , Love Sara A , Cao Jing , Hu Yan , Wu Alan H B , Gilbertson David , Brunelli Steven M , Young Amy , Ler Ranka , Apple Fred S
Published: February 2016

INTRODUCTION

Serial changes in cardiac troponin in hemodialysis (HD) patients have uncertain clinical implications. We evaluated associations of adverse outcomes in HD patients with reference change value (RCV) data and tertile concentrations for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cTnT measured by high-sensitivity (hs) assays.

METHODS

RCV data and tertiles for hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were determined from plasma samples collected 3 months apart in 677 stable outpatient HD patients and assessed for their associations with adverse outcomes using adjusted Cox models. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and sudden cardiac death (SCD).

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 23 months, 18.6% of patients died. RCVs were: hs-cTnI +37% and −30%; hs-cTnT +25% and −20%. Patients with serial hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT changes >RCV (increase or decrease) had all-cause mortality of 25.2% and 23.8% respectively, compared to 15.0% and 16.5% with changes ≤RCV [adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs): 1.9, P = 0.0003 and 1.7, P = 0.0066), respectively]. Only hs-cTnI changes >RCV were predictive of SCD (aHR 2.6, P = 0.005). hs–Cardiac troponin changes >RCV improved all-cause mortality prognostication compared to changes ≤RCV in tertile 2: hs-cTnI aHR, 2.70 (P = 0.003); hs-cTnT aHR, 1.98 (P = 0.043). The aHR of changes in hs-cTnI in tertile 2 >RCV for SCD was 5.62 (P = 0.039).

CONCLUSIONS

Changes over 3 months in hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT of >RCV identified patients at greater risk of all-cause mortality, and for hs-cTnI were also predictive of SCD. Among patients with middle tertile cardiac troponin concentrations, hs-cTnI changes >RCV provided additive prognostic value for both SCD and all-cause mortality, whereas those for hs-cTnT provided additive prognostic value only for all-cause mortality.
The Development of Diminutions in American Jazz
Authors: Forte Allen
Published: February 2016

Allen Forte, the prominent Yale music theorist, delivered this previously unpublished lecture in Germany in 1958. In “Forte’s Lecture on Jazz: An Introduction” (included elsewhere in this issue), Benjamin Givan states that this lecture is “the earliest known analytical study of jazz by a professional music theorist.” The lecture applies Schenkerian concepts of “diminution technique” to jazz improvisations from early blues to bebop, including recordings by Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Lester Young, Charlie Parker, and the Modern Jazz Quartet. As Forte explains, “By diminution technique is meant the melodic means (as distinct from, say, the rhythmic or chordal means) by which a given basic tonal structure is varied so as to expand or prolong its content.” Several notated examples are provided, as well as an appendix of recordings referenced.
The Miles Davis Nonet Manuscripts Lost and Found: From Manuscript to Publication
Authors: Sultanof Jeffrey
Published: February 2016

In 2002 the author published Birth of the Cool, a folio of the Miles Davis nonet repertoire of 1948 to 1950, based on the original manuscripts. This article gives a brief history of the nonet and its music; describes how the manuscripts turned up and how the folio came to be published; presents listings of the most salient editorial changes made to the parts in preparing the folio, as well as corrections that should be made to the folio; and shares new information about this repertoire that has come to light since the folio's publication. Finally, the article presents the author's philosophical and practical approach to preparing accurate versions of jazz and popular ensemble music.
Jazz Research Bibliography (2007–2008)
Authors: McGowan James , Desmeules Robin
Published: February 2016

This bibliography compiles articles of interest in jazz music scholarship that were published in 2007 or 2008 and appeared in journals not specifically dedicated to jazz study.
The Expansion of Jazz through the Life of a South African Singer
Authors: Akkerman Gregg
Published: February 2016

Johnny Hartman biographer, Gregg Akkerman, reviews South African singer Sathima Bea Benjamin's life story as related in Musical Echoes:South African Women Thinking in Jazz, by Carol Ann Muller and Benjamin.
Ordered Step Motives in Jazz Standards
Authors: Salley Keith
Published: February 2016

The focus of this study is the melodic motive. It uses a tool called the Ordered Step Motive (OSM) to investigate the way linear motives give shape to jazz compositions that have frequently changing tonal centers, nonfunctional chord connections, no clear global tonics, or structurally open, circular forms. This study contributes to the written body of theoretical knowledge about jazz composition by engaging with current scholarship on tonal ambiguity, circular form, and motivic associations between melody and harmonic organization. This study also invites further research into the relationship between common riffs and underlying structure in jazz composition, which may reveal crucial differences between standards written by Broadway and Tin-Pan-Alley composers and those written by practicing jazz musicians.
20. The Effect of Muscle Type and Time of Storage on Myofibrillar Protein Proportion in Beef
Authors: Zając Marzena , Palka Krystyna , Mikołajczak Beata , Pospiech Edward
Published: February 2016

Tenderness is usually associated with the proteolysis occurring in muscles. However, most of the studies concentrate on one muscle only. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in myofibrillar protein percentage proportions during the ageing of 8 bovine muscles. Investigations were conducted on the muscles from different parts of the carcass, from the forequarter: m. pectoralis profundus, m. infraspinatus, m. triceps brachii, m. serratus ventralis, and from the hindquarter: m. biceps femoris, m. semimembranosus, m. semitendinosus and m. longissimus dorsi (thoracis et lumborum). The effect of muscle type was significant for all parameters except for percentage proportions of titin (3000÷3700 kDa), MHC (205 kDa) and protein fractions between <205÷42> kDa. Differences between the muscles varied depending on the analysed proteins and the time of storage. A significant effect of ageing time for titin, nebulin (approx. 800 kDa), proteins of molecular weight of 38 kDa, proteins smaller than 42 kDa and in the range of 3000÷205 kDa, 205÷42 kDa and 38÷20 kDa was observed. The decrease of percentage proportions of titin, nebulin and proteins in the range of 3000÷205 kDa and an increase of protein bands in the range of 38÷20 kDa and proteins below 42 kDa was also observed. During the storage period of beef from the 2nd to the 14th day, the progress of myofibrillar proteolysis was different in each muscle. The changes of tenderness were not related to shear force values. It is probable that the changes in other constituents of meat might influence the tenderness more than those in myofibrillar proteins.
16. Effect of Diet Supplemented with Antioxidants (Selenium, Copper, Vitamins E and C) on Antioxidant Status and Ejaculate Quality of Breeding Boars
Authors: Horký Pavel , Skladanka Jiri , Nevrkla Pavel , Slama Petr
Published: February 2016

The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of selected antioxidants (selenium, copper, vitamins E and C) on the antioxidant status of breeding boar ejaculate and ejaculate quality. In the first control group of boars (n = 10), the amount of antioxidants was not increased in feed. The second experimental group (n = 10) received the addition of selenium (0.5 mg/kg of diet), copper (10 mg/kg of diet), vitamin C (350 mg/kg of diet) and vitamin E (70 mg/kg of diet) in feed. The experiment lasted for 90 days. The addition of antioxidants increased GPx (by 28%), selenium content (by 49%; P<0.05), SOD (by 9%; P<0.05) and level of copper (by 63%; P<0.05) in the experimental group of boars. In the control group, the decrease of sperm motility (by 22%; P<0.05) was found at the end of the experiment. Other measured parameters such as ABTS antioxidant capacity, levels of MDA, metallothionein, zinc, ejaculate volume, concentration, total count of sperm and percentage of abnormal sperm cells were not significantly affected. The above mentioned results show that the addition of antioxidants does not increase the ejaculate quality but their lack can damage the quality indicators of boar ejaculate.
Motivation, Stress and Learning – Critical Characteristics that Influence the Horses’ Value and Training Method – A Review
Authors: Olczak Katarzyna , Nowicki Jacek , Klocek Czesław
Published: February 2016

Equine husbandry is carried out in an environment unnatural to horses, which enforces their adaptation to artificial conditions. Besides housing conditions, the management and human-horse relationship is very important for both human safety and a high level of animal welfare and performance. This would not be possible if horses were not able to learn. For equestrians, independently of the horse’s use (sport, work, recreation, therapy etc.) the performance is of the highest importance. Deep knowledge about learning mechanisms is essential to maintain high level of horses’ welfare and to achieve effective training. Cognition can be influenced by motivation and stress. Motivational mechanisms are based on positive or negative reinforcement but still it is not known what motivates horses more and how food motivation influences learning. It was already shown that a low level of motivation decreases animal performance. The effect of stress is an increasingly popular research topic. It has been shown that acute stress decreases horses’ learning performance, but the exact standard is still unknown. The Yerkes-Dodson law claims that low and too high arousal decreases learning. What is more, the relation between learning and sex, breed and some temperamental traits has been shown in several studies.
PAH and PCB Levels in Malva sylvestris L. Specimens Collected from Kocaeli, Turkey
Authors: Terzi Mine , Acemi Arda , Ergül Halim Aytekin , Özen Fazıl
Published: February 2016

In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminations in the leaf, stem and root tissues of common mallow (
Impact of wastewater application on magnetic susceptibility in Terric Histosol soil
Authors: Sokołowska Zofia , Alekseev Andrey , Skic Kamil , Brzezińska Małgorzata
Published: February 2016

In this work, we attempted to analyse the changes in magnetic susceptibility in Terric Histosol soil irrigated with municipal wastewater in a period of four years. Effects of different plants (poplar and willow), wastewater doses, depths, as well as the concentration of the elements and the total carbon content were tested. The study showed that systematic wastewater irrigation diminished magnetic susceptibility values in the top layer of soil. However, statistical analysis revealed that both doses of wastewater and growing plants did not have a significant impact on the magnetic susceptibility of obtained results. Magnetic susceptibility decreased significantly with the depth, in accordance with higher total carbon and lower content of magnetic particles. High correlation coefficients were found between magnetic susceptibility and Zn, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO content, whereas no correlation was observed for Cr, as well as for Pb.
Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanin and phenolic compounds from purple sweet potato using response surface methodology
Authors: Zhu Zhenzhou , Guan Qingyan , Guo Ying , He Jingren , Liu Gang , Li Shuyi , Barba Francisco J. , Jaffrin Michel Y.
Published: February 2016

Response surface methodology was used to optimize experimental conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of valuable components (anthocyanins and phenolics) from purple sweet potatoes using water as a solvent. The Box-Behnken design was used for optimizing extraction responses of anthocyanin extraction yield, phenolic extraction yield, and specific energy consumption. Conditions to obtain maximal anthocyanin extraction yield, maximal phenolic extraction yield, and minimal specific energy consumption were different; an overall desirability function was used to search for overall optimal conditions: extraction temperature of 68ºC, ultrasonic treatment time of 52 min, and a liquid/solid ratio of 20. The optimized anthocyanin extraction yield, phenolic extraction yield, and specific energy consumption were 4.91 mg 100 g−1fresh weight, 3.24 mg g−1fresh weight, and 2.07 kWh g−1, respectively, with a desirability of 0.99. This study indicates that ultrasound-assisted extraction should contribute to a green process for valorization of purple sweet potatoes.
Influence of the crystalline structure of cellulose on the production of ethanol from lignocellulose biomass
Authors: Smuga-Kogut Małgorzata , Zgórska Kazimiera , Szymanowska-Powałowska Daria
Published: February 2016

In recent years, much attention has been devoted to the possibility of using lignocellulosic biomass for energy. Bioethanol is a promising substitute for conventional fossil fuels and can be produced from straw and wood biomass. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium pretreatment on the structure of cellulose and the acquisition of reducing sugars and bioethanol from cellulosic materials. Material used in the study was rye straw and microcrystalline cellulose subjected to ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium pretreatment. The morphology of cellulose fibres in rye straw and microcrystalline cellulose was imaged prior to and after ionic liquid pretreatment. Solutions of ionic liquid-treated and untreated cellulosic materials were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in order to obtain reducing sugars, which constituted a substrate for alcoholic fermentation. An influence of the ionic liquid on the cellulose structure, accumulation of reducing sugars in the process of hydrolysis of this material, and an increase in ethanol amount after fermentation was observed. The ionic liquid did not affect cellulolytic enzymes negatively and did not inhibit yeast activity. The amount of reducing sugars and ethyl alcohol was higher in samples purified with 1-ethyl-3-methy-limidazolium acetate. A change in the supramolecular structure of cellulose induced by the ionic liquid was also observed.
Expansion in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed during soaking and cooking
Authors: Sayar Sedat , Turhan Mahir , Köksel Hamit
Published: February 2016

The linear and volumetric expansion of chickpea seeds during water absorption at 20, 30, 50, 70, 85 and 100°C was studied. Length, width and thickness of chickpea seeds linearly increased with the increase in moisture content at all temperatures studied, where the greatest increase was found in length. Two different mathematical approaches were used for the determination of the expansion coefficients. The plots of the both linear and volumetric expansion coefficients versus temperature exhibited two linear lines, the first one was through 20, 30 and 50ºC and the second one was trough 70, 85 and 100ºC. The crossing point (58ºC) of these lines was very close to the gelatinisation temperature (60ºC) of chickpea starch.
Degradation of tocopherols during rapeseed storage in simulated conditions of industrial silos
Authors: Gawrysiak-Witulska Marzena , Siger Aleksander , Rusinek Robert
Published: February 2016

The investigations consisted in laboratory simulation of conditions prevailing in the real ecosystem in an industrial rapeseed storage facility. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of temperature, moisture, and static pressure on degradation of tocopherols contained in rapeseed. Rapeseed varieties with high oil content were analysed in the investigations. Samples of seeds with 7, 10, 13, and 16% moisture levels were stored at a temperature of 25, 30, and 35°C in specially designed airtight pressure silos for storage in controlled conditions. During the storage, the seeds were subjected to overpressure in the range of 20-60 kPa. The seeds were stored in these conditions for 28 days. It was demonstrated that primarily moisture induced the greatest loss of the total content of tocopherol and its α-T and γ-T homologues, followed by temperature and, to a lesser extent, pressure. In addition, the results obtained showed that, in the case of seeds characterised by higher moisture levels (13 and 16%), an increase in the storage temperature in the range of 25-30°C rather than 30-35°C intensified tocopherol loss more efficiently.
Triangle-free commuting conjugacy class graphs
Authors: Mohammadian Abbas , Erfanian Ahmad , Farrokhi D. G. Mohammad , Wilkens Bettina
Published: February 2016

For a group G, let

Γ
⁢

(
G
)

${\Gamma(G)}$

be the commuting conjugacy class graph of G associated with the non-central conjugacy classes of G in such a way that the vertices of

Γ
⁢

(
G
)

${\Gamma(G)}$

are the non-central conjugacy classes of G, and two distinct vertices C and D are adjacent when

x
⁢
y

=

y
⁢
x

${xy=yx}$

for some

x
∈
C

${x\in C}$

and

y
∈
D

${y\in D}$

. We shall classify all finite groups such that

Γ
⁢

(
G
)

${\Gamma(G)}$

are triangle-free.
Usefulness of NT-proBNP in the Follow-Up of Patients after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Radosavljevic-Radovanovic Mina , Radovanovic Nebojsa , Vasiljevic Zorana , Marinkovic Jelena , Mitrovic Predrag , Mrdovic Igor , Stankovic Sanja , Kružliak Peter , Beleslin Branko , Uscumlic Ana , Kostic Jelena
Published: February 2016

Background:Since serial analyses of NT-proBNP in patients with acute coronary syndromes have shown that levels measured during a chronic, later phase are a better predictor of prognosis and indicator of left ventricular function than the levels measured during an acute phase, we sought to assess the association of NT-proBNP, measured 6 months after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with traditional risk factors, characteristics of in-hospital and early postinfarction course, as well as its prognostic value and optimal cut-points in the ensuing 1-year follow-up.

Methods:Fasting venous blood samples were drawn from 100 ambulatory patients and NT-proBNP concentrations in lithium-heparin plasma were determined using a one-step enzyme immunoassay based on the »sandwich« principle on a Dimension RxL clinical chemistry system (DADE Behring-Siemens). Patients were followed-up for the next 1 year, for the occurrence of new cardiac events.

Results:Median (IQR) level of NT-proBNP was 521 (335–1095) pg/mL. Highest values were mostly associated with cardiac events during the first 6 months after AMI. Negative association with reperfusion therapy for index infarction confirmed its long-term beneficial effect. In the next one-year follow-up of stable patients, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed the independent prognostic value of NT-proBNP for new-onset heart failure prediction (p=0.014), as well as for new coronary events prediction (p=0.035). Calculation of the AUCs revealed the optimal NT-proBNP cut-points of 800 pg/mL and 516 pg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions:NT-proBNP values 6 months after AMI are mainly associated with the characteristics of early infarction and postinfarction course and can predict new cardiac events in the next one-year follow-up.
Comparison of Spectrophotometric and Fluorimetric Methods in Evaluation of Biotinidase Deficiency
Authors: İşeri-Erten Sevgin Özlem , Dikmen Zeliha Günnur , Ulusu Nuriye Nuray
Published: February 2016

Background:Biotin, a water-soluble vitamin, is used as a co-factor by enzymes involved in carboxylation reactions. Biotinidase (BTD) catalyzes the recycling of biotin from endogenous and dietary sources. Biotinidase deficiency (BD) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of biotin recycling that is associated with neurologic and cutaneous consequences when untreated. The aim of the study was to compare the results of spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods, as well as to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of both methods in current research practices.

Methods:Study group was chosen among the BD suspected newborn, children and parents (n=52) who applied to Hacettepe University Pediatric Metabolism Unit.

Results:BTD activity is stable for 2 hours at room temperature and at 4 °C, and for 4 months at −20 °C and −80 °C. Genetic and clinical results showed that 25% of the total number of patients had complete BD which was treated with 10 mg/day biotin, while 15.38% of the patients had partial BD, and they were prescribed biotin 5 mg/day. The area under the ROC curve was 0.960±0.25 and 0.927±0.41 for the fluorimetric and spectrophotometric method, respectively. Fluorimetric method showed 100% sensitivity and 97% specificity, whereas spectrophotometric method showed 90.5% sensitivity and 93.7% specificity.

Conclusions:Fluorimetric method is superior to the spectro photo metric method due to higher sensitivity and specificity.
Rare and curable renin-mediated hypertension: a series of six cases and a literature review
Authors: Gu Wei-Jun , Zhang Lin-Xi , Jin Nan , Ba Jian-Ming , Dong Jun , Wang Dian-Jun , Li Jie , Wang Xian-Ling , Yang Guo-Qing , Lu Zhao-Hui , Dou Jing-Tao , Lu Ju-Ming , Mu Yi-Ming
Published: February 2016

Reninoma is an extremely rare renal tumor characterized by excessive renin secretion causing secondary hypertension and hypokalemia. Reninoma is a benign and highly manageable lesion if it is discovered early and removed surgically.

We report six cases of reninoma and provide a literature review on this rare disease, highlighting the diagnostic evaluation and follow-up of each patient.

Reninoma should be considered in young adults with elevated renin activity and refractory hypertension. Imaging studies and selective venous catheterization are often helpful in identifying the lesion. In most cases of reninoma presenting with renin-mediated hypertension, conservative surgical treatment should be considered to remove the small, superficial lesion.