bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histologic Evaluation of a Stem Cell–Based Sinus‐Augmentation Procedure
Authors: McAllister Bradley S. , Haghighat Kamran , Gonshor Aron
Published: March 2009

Background: Predictability has been demonstrated for the long‐term success of dental implants placed simultaneously with or after a sinus‐augmentation procedure. However, the time required to obtain optimal bone formation can be from 6 to 9 months or longer with grafting materials other than autogenous bone. For this reason, there is interest in a surgical technique that does not require the harvest of autogenous bone but still results in sufficient bone formation within a relatively short time frame.

Methods: The purpose of this case series was to evaluate the bone formation following sinus‐augmentation procedures using an allograft cellular bone matrix containing native mesenchymal stem cells. Biopsy and histologic evaluation were performed after ∼4 months of healing.

Results: Histomorphometric analysis revealed an average vital bone content of 33% (range, 22% to 40%) and an average residual graft content of 6% (range, 3% to 7%) for the five cases reported that had an average healing period of 4.1 months (range, 3 to 4.75 months).

Conclusion: The high percentage of vital bone content, after a relatively short healing phase, may encourage a more rapid initiation of implant placement or restoration when a cellular grafting approach is considered.
The Side Exhaust Liner Running Tool: A Tool for Liner Running and Cementing Using E-Line Coiled Tubing
Authors: Sarber Greg , Johnson Mark , Harris Bob , Diller Carl , Milne John , Holloway Alan
Published: March 2009

A new system for running and cementing liners using Electric line coiled tubing has been proven on the North Slope of Alaska. The SELRT, the Side Exhaust Liner Running Tool, gives the functionality to run and release a liner while utilizing a liner wiper plug system to ensure good cement quality. A jointed pipe liner is conveyed and cemented with the coiled tubing containing an electric umbilical.

This innovative equipment has proven to be a substantial HSE benefit and savings in rig time when compared to a more conventional liner running system. Older systems used in Alaska required switching to an electric line free coiled tubing reel prior to running and cementing liner. Jointed pipe liners up to 3,700’ long have been successfully run and cemented with electric line coil using the SELRT system, saving an average of 19 hours of rig time per well.

This paper will describe the system development including pumping test slurries of cement through electric line coiled tubing, confirming that dropping balls is possible through electric line coiled tubing and the development and use of the new liner running equipment. Several successful liner running and cementing jobs will be reviewed. This is now the standard liner running equipment used for wells drilled with coiled tubing in the Prudhoe Bay field.
Complex Through-Tubing Gravel-Pack Operation Increases Production on a Well in the Heidrun Field: A Case Study
Authors: Stromsvik Ina H. , Nesvik Kjell Tore , Vik Frode , Stene Karin , Ridene Mohamed , Petrone Daniele
Published: March 2009

Well Heidrun A-45, located in the Norwegian Sea, was completed in an unconsolidated sandstone reservoir that required sand control. The lower zone was completed with a gravel pack completion and the upper zone was left unperforated. To enable production from the upper zone, the lower zone needed to be abandoned after onset of sand production.

Typically these recompletions are performed with a workover rig, but this option was not possible because of high cost and rig availability. After considering various alternative options, the whole operation was performed rigless with coiled tubing. The job consisted of abandoning the lower zone, perforating the upper zone, and then performing a through-tubing gravel pack on the upper zone.

After the workover operation, the new completed sand control system produced at 500 Sm3 o.e. per day which represents 100% incremental increase in the oil production rate compared to the old sand control system that was plugged and abandoned. This activity featured the largest through-tubing gravel pack operation performed in the area.

This case study provides a background for the planning, execution, and evaluation of the operation, demonstrating a viable alternative for sand control rigless recompletion.
Statistical Analysis of Coiled Tubing Fatigue Data
Authors: Christian Amitkumar , Tipton Steven Michael
Published: March 2009

To study the influence of surface defects on the fatigue life of coiled tubing (CT), an extensive database has been developed. Samples of CT were tested by cycling at a fixed bending radius in a fatigue testing fixture at constant internal pressure until failure occurs. Data have been generated using samples with a wide range of defect geometries. The results have been used to develop an analytical model that explicitly considers the measured geometry along with the influence of high and low internal pressures. This model is based on a damage parameter that correlates defect severity with fatigue life reduction.

Unfortunately, scatter plagues fatigue data and variability in the small defect dimensions can exacerbate this scatter. When CT fatigue data are plotted in terms of a damage parameter versus life, average behavior is usually revealed in terms of "bands" of data with varying widths. Correlations based on curves through the middle of those bands can be considered estimates of "mean" life. Alternatively, such life estimates can be considered to exhibit "50%" survival. In other words, half the samples should fail before their predicted life and the other half should survive longer. To account for scatter and assure that a higher percentage of cases exceed the predicted life, users typically retire tubing when estimated fatigue lives reach a value corresponding to about 80% of their estimated life.

However, statistically based techniques are available to make life predictions of higher survival percentages with specific confidence levels. Effectively, estimated life curves based on these approaches pass through the bottom of the scatter band exhibited by fatigue test results, rather than through the middle of the band, such that a higher percentage of samples can be expected to exceed their estimated life. This leads to a safe design limit, extracted from available data that can be used with a specific degree of confidence.

This paper describes a procedure to estimate the life of CT with a surface defect. The predicted life should be exceeded by a particular percentage of all cases in the field, and this assertion can be stated with a specific confidence. One-sided lower tolerance interval or bound curves are constructed for different CT materials, since users are primarily concerned with the minimum safe fatigue life value. Example design curves are presented to make statistically valid life predictions that should be exceeded by 90, 95 or 99% of the samples, with 90, 95 and 99% confidence levels, respectively. The data used to define these predictions show that defects are more damaging in low pressure situations than they are in high pressure cases, in terms of percentage life reduction.
Cleaning Large-Diameter Proppant in Low-Bottomhole Pressure, Extended-Reach Wells With Concentric Coiled Tubing Vacuuming Technology
Authors: Skufca J. , Li J.
Published: March 2009

Cleaning sand fill out of large diameter, deviated wellbores with low-bottom-hole pressure has proven to be a major challenge. During a conventional coiled tubing cleanout on these lower reservoir wells, either a low density fluid, such as diesel, or a nitrified system, is utilized to maintain an underbalanced condition during the cleanout process. It is common that many of these cleanout operations are conducted with limited annular fluid velocities. Sand vacuuming technology addresses these challenges by utilizing a jet pump powered by single phase liquid which carries all of the returns up the concentric coiled tubing (CCT) annulus. Previous field practices indicate that most of the sand/well vacuuming jobs were applied in low-pressure reservoirs, unconsolidated sands with relatively small size solids (less than 20/40 mesh) in horizontal slotted liner completions.

There are still some challenging issues for sand vacuuming operations. These include the use of heavy coil in coil strings, limited jet pump capacity for deep, extended reach wells, vacuuming large particulates through the narrow flow intake to the concentric coiled tubing annulus, and breaking consolidated sand bridges with limited forward flow jetting. This paper discusses the modification of a previous jet pump with a three-way switch tool (sand vacuum, well vacuum and jetting mode) to clean large size proppant (8/14 mesh). The modified bottom hole assemblies were tested in a full scale flow loop. The flow loop setup and test results will be discussed. The distance of the rear facing jets to the intake of the jet pump and the pull-out-of-hole speed of BHA are crucial to insure the sand can be completely removed. A few field cases are also discussed in this paper. Both flow loop tests and field operations indicate that a proper designed jet pump with a jetting switch tool could effectively vacuum the larger proppant in low pressure extended reach wellbores.
Innovative Retrievable Lock Mandrel Extends Monobore Completion Potential
Authors: Millet François G. , Foucher Pierre-Arnaud , Helderle Paul , Djunaedi Dedi K. , Petel Pierre
Published: March 2009

Monobore completions are an efficient way to exploit multilayer reservoirs. During the life of a field, targeted layers can be either opened or closed in order to optimize hydrocarbon production and avoid undesirable fluid entry. For these cases, nippleless retrievable bridge plugs are often required to isolate or to patch a specific reservoir. However, currently available tools fail due to their traditional rubber sealing element that swells under the effect of temperature and gas, and then hardens, which prevents them from being easily retrieved – and sometimes even set.

To solve these problems, a tool has been developed based on a segmented sealing ring that expands by the mechanical displacement of blocks, rather than by stressing the sealing element. Based on materials other than rubber, this sealing technology is free from the burning issue of elastomers. This design also eliminates traditional extrusion gaps and so performs well in HP/HT wells.

This revolutionary kinematic seal, associated with a breakthrough fail-safe mandrel mechanism has been successfully qualified in a very harsh environment (condensates and sour gases) where conventional technology has always been unsuccessful. A case history is presented where the rubber of a traditional plug swelled when running into the hole, which led to premature setting. The innovative bridge plug, on the other hand, was set and retrieved easily using a light slickline unit.

The total cost of the intervention was greatly reduced by using an interactive slickline conveyance system that provides real-time depth correlation, and then using a standard slickline unit for retrieval.

Due to its unique design, flowing applications such as electromagnetic controlled WR-SC/SSSV, choke, SSCSV, straddle packers (patch or screen) … will soon be available down to 2⅞" tubing size. Consequently, a new scope of operations is now accessible in monobore completions, such as temporary setting of the lock with a downhole shut-in device and gauges for accurate reservoir evaluation, or multiple settings in a single run in order to test, plug, and detect tubing leaks.
Effective Well Cleanouts With Seawater Using Downhole Measurements in Subhydrostatic Environment in Norway
Authors: Lundemo Kristian , Langeteig Bjarne , Petrone Daniele , Harber Bonnie , Wolf Kellen
Published: March 2009

Critical coiled tubing treatments, such as fill cleanouts of sub-hydrostatic wells and perforations of small reservoir intervals have historically posed a high uncertainty for Norwegian operators due to nature of the complex completions i.e. long and large monobore completions. The complexity is exacerbated with the strict offshore environmental regulations that limit the fluids that can be used for intervention operations.

Fill cleanouts on these wells with CT face the difficult challenge of achieving the desired rate for pumping seawater which leads to the need for better understanding the downhole conditions while performing the operation. Without understanding these conditions it can be costly and create operational complications.

A way to provide insight to the changing conditions during the cleanout operation is to use CT enabled with real time downhole measurements. The use of real time downhole measurement allows recognition of the wellbore response due to changes in hydrostatic pressure as the fill/debris are removed from the wellbore and adjustment of the operational parameters needed for effective treatment. Following the cleanout, this ability to adjust the parameters allows efficient well kick off by optimizing the use of nitrogen.

This paper will present several case histories incorporating real time downhole measurements for effective and efficient clean outs as well as optimized well kick offs in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea.
Latest Advancements in Capillary Intervention On and Offshore
Authors: Embrey Mark , Bolding Jeff
Published: March 2009

Description:

In just a few short years, the oil and gas industry has seen the application of capillary tubing technologies grow from a relatively simple onshore use in the US to complex and innovative uses in intervention and permanent installations across the globe both onshore and offshore.

Application:

The latest advancements in capillary technology have opened up a whole new market for well intervention. Wells that were once deemed as P&A candidates, due to cost or technical challenges, are now economically viable producers. Wells and platforms inaccessible to traditional coiled tubing units, due to limited work decks and de-rated cranes, are now candidates for well intervention.

Results, Observations, Conclusions:

For the past decade, capillary strings have been used as a method for continual down hole injection of production chemicals to treat for a wide array of production problems. Recent innovations and advancements have expanded the market and uses of capillary. Thru-tubing capillary installations are now possible in wells with SCSSV's (Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valves). This breakthrough is especially important for offshore liquid loading wells that were not completed with any form of artificial lift. Capillary technologies have made it possible to regain surface control of SCSSV's with failed control lines, through tubing without a work over. The chemical injection point in subsea wells can now be extended to the end of the sand screen to eliminate mineral and organic deposition problems. A through-tubing solution for lowering the lowest point of gas lift to the bottom of the well is possible with larger capillary strings. Jobs that only require small amounts of chemical such as the remediation of hydrate plugs, salt plugs, and small amounts of scale and paraffin are now possible with a small capillary unit.

Significance of Subject Matter:

The premature P&A of liquid loaded and remote wells around the world leave significant amounts of unrecovered hydrocarbons behind. This problem can be partially resolved by informing operators of the alternative, cost-effective options that are available. Chemical spotting through capillary and through-tubing capillary installations for artificial lift allow these operators to recover significantly more reserves.
Evaluation of optimal sampling interval for activity monitoring in companion dogs
Authors: Dow Caitlin , Michel Kathryn E. , Love Molly , Brown Dorothy Cimino
Published: March 2009

Objective—To determine by use of an accelerometer the sampling interval that has the least variable total activity counts from one week to the next in companion (ie, nonlaboratory) dogs.

Animals—80 dogs.

Procedures—Dogs wore an accelerometer continuously for 2 weeks. Between-dog and within-dog day-to-day variability in total activity counts were evaluated. The changes in counts between week 1 and week 2 were compared for weekdays, weekends, and full weeks.

Results—Significant between-dog variability in total activity counts was detected. Within dogs, there was significant day-to-day variability, with highest counts recorded on weekends. In comparison of data from the first week with data from the second week, the greatest differences were in weekend counts (median difference, 21%; range, 0% to 154%) and the smallest differences were in full 7-day counts (median difference, 10%; range, 0% to 74%). Comparison of weekday counts revealed a median change of 12% (range, 0% to 104%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Significant between-dog variability in total daily activity counts was detected. Within dogs, a full 7-day comparison of total activity counts from one week to the next provided the least variable estimate of the dogs' activity. For dogs in their home environment, the activity monitor may be most useful in following changes in activity over time. For dogs that have no change in routine according to the owner's report, the least variable estimates of activity can be collected by comparing activity in 7-day intervals.
Evaluation of the usefulness of an ELISA and protein electrophoresis in the diagnosis of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits
Authors: Cray Carolyn , Arcia Giselle , Schneider Renata , Kelleher Susan A. , Arheart Kristopher L.
Published: March 2009

Objective—To evaluate the usefulness of an antibody detection ELISA and protein electrophoresis (PE) for diagnosing Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ECUN) infection in pet rabbits.

Animals—203 pet rabbits.

Procedures—Serum and plasma samples from pet rabbits were submitted from veterinary clinics within the United States. Participating veterinarians completed a questionnaire that was used to classify rabbits as clinically normal (n=33), suspected of having an ECUN infection (103), or clinically abnormal but not suspected of having an ECUN infection (67). An ELISA for detection of serum or plasma IgG against ECUN was developed by use of commercially available reagents. Results of the ELISA and PE were used to detect ECUN infection.

Results—A high seroprevalence of antibody against ECUN was detected in all 3 groups of rabbits. In rabbits suspected of having an ECUN infection, the mean IgG titer was 1.7 times as high as the values in the other rabbit groups. Rabbits suspected of having an ECUN infection and those that were simply clinically abnormal had a higher concentration of γ-globulins than clinically normal rabbits. This increase in globulins concentration was accompanied by a decrease in the albumin-to-globulin ratio. Results of the ELISA and PE were significantly different between clinically normal rabbits and those suspected of having an ECUN infection.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The combination of an ELISA and PE may aid in the diagnosis of ECUN infection in pet rabbits.

Impact for Human Medicine—Because ECUN is a potential zoonotic agent, diagnostic methods for pet rabbits need to be improved to protect human health.
Age-dependent revascularization patterns in the treatment of moyamoya disease in a European patient population
Authors: Czabanka Marcus , Vajkoczy Peter , Schmiedek Peter , _ _ , Horn Peter
Published: March 2009

Object

Different revascularization procedures are used in the treatment of patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of direct and indirect revascularization procedures to the restoration of collateral blood supply in adult and pediatric patients with MMD.

Methods

The authors performed 39 combined cerebral revascularization procedures (standard extraintracranial bypass [STA-MCA bypass] plus encephalomyosynangiosis [EMS]) in 10 pediatric and 10 adult patients. All patients underwent physical examination and digital subtraction angiography before and 6 months after surgery. The STA-MCA bypass and EMS function were graded as Grade I (poor), II (moderate), or III (good) on the basis of the angiograms.

Results

In pediatric patients, bypass function was Grade I in 12, Grade II in 8, and Grade III in 0 hemispheres; EMS function was Grade I in 0, Grade II in 12, and Grade III in 8 hemispheres. In the adult patients, bypass function was Grade I in 8, Grade II in 8, and Grade III in 3 hemispheres; EMS function was Grade I in 10 hemispheres, Grade II in 5, and Grade III in 1 hemisphere. In the pediatric patients disease was classified as improved in 14 hemispheres on the basis of clinical results and stable in 6. In the adults it was classified as improved in 12 hemispheres stable in 7 hemispheres.

Conclusions

Combined revascularization led to good angiographic and clinical results in both patient populations. Especially in pediatric patients, EMS represents a suitable alternative to bypass surgery.
Moyamoya disease: a summary
Authors: Burke Gordon M. , Burke Allan M. , Sherma Arun K. , Hurley Michael C. , Batjer H. Hunt , Bendok Bernard R.
Published: March 2009

Moyamoya, meaning a “hazy puff of smoke” in Japanese, is a chronic, occlusive cerebrovascular disease involving bilateral stenosis or occlusion of the terminal portion of the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and/or the proximal portions of the anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). The Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan has defined 4 types of moyamoya disease (MMD): ischemic, hemorrhagic, epileptic, and “other.” The ischemic type has been shown to predominate in childhood, while the hemorrhagic type is more often observed in the adult population. The highest prevalence of MMD is found in Japan, with a higher female to male ratio. Studies have shown a possible genetic association of MMD linked to chromosome 17 in Japanese cases as well as in cases found in other demographics. During autopsy, intracerebral hematoma is found and most commonly serves as the major cause of death in patients with MMD. Moyamoya vessels at the base of the brain are composed of medium-sized or small muscular arteries emanating from the circle of Willis, mainly the intracranial portions of ICAs, anterior choroidal arteries, and posterior cerebral arteries, forming complex channels that connect with distal positions of the MCAs. Off of these channels are small tortuous and dilated vessels that penetrate into the base of the brain at the site of the thalamoperforate and lenticulostriate arteries. On angiography, there is the characteristic stenosis or occlusion bilaterally at the terminal portion of the ICAs as well as the moyamoya vessels at the base of the brain. Six angiographic stages have been described, from Stage 1, which reveals a narrowing of the carotid forks, to Stage 6, in which the moyamoya vessels disappear and collateral circulation is produced solely from the external carotid arteries. Cases with milder symptoms are usually treated conservatively; however, more severe symptomatic cases are treated using revascularization procedures. Surgical treatments are divided into 3 types: direct, indirect, and combined/other methods. Direct bypass includes superficial temporal artery-MCA bypass or use of other graft types. Indirect procedures bring in circulation to the intracranial regions by introducing newly developed vasculature from newly approximated tissues. These procedures may not be enough to prevent further ischemia; therefore, a combination of direct and indirect procedures is more suitable. This article will give a review of the epidemiology, natural history, pathology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic criteria, including imaging, and briefly describe the surgical treatment of MMD.
Development of a Dynamic Web Mapping Service for Vegetation Productivity Using Earth Observation and in situ Sensors in a Sensor Web Based Approach
Authors: Kooistra Lammert , Bergsma Aldo , Chuma Beatus , De Bruin Sytze
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the development of a sensor web based approach which combines earth observation and in situ sensor data to derive typical information offered by a dynamic web mapping service (WMS). A prototype has been developed which provides daily maps of vegetation productivity for the Netherlands with a spatial resolution of 250 m. Daily available MODIS surface reflectance products and meteorological parameters obtained through a Sensor Observation Service (SOS) were used as input for a vegetation productivity model. This paper presents the vegetation productivity model, the sensor data sources and the implementation of the automated processing facility. Finally, an evaluation is made of the opportunities and limitations of sensor web based approaches for the development of web services which combine both satellite and in situ sensor sources.
A Framework for Representation and Visualization of 3D Shape Variability of Organs in an Interactive Anatomical Atlas
Authors: Hacker S. , Handels H.
Published: March 2009

Objectives: Computerized anatomical 3D atlases allow interactive exploration of the human anatomy and make it easy for the user to comprehend complex 3D structures and spatial interrelationships among organs. Besides the anatomy of one reference body inter-individual shape variations of organs in a population are of interest as well. In this paper, a new framework for representation and visualization of 3D shape variability of anatomical objects within an interactive 3D atlas is presented.

Methods: In the VOXEL-MAN atlases realistic 3D visualizations of organs in high quality are generated for educational purposes using volume-based object representations. We extended the volume-based representation of organs to enable the 3D visualization of organs’ shape variability in the atlas. Therefore, the volume-based representation of the inner organs in the atlas is combined with a medial representation of organs of a population creating a compact description of shape variability.

Results: With the framework developed different shape variations of an organ can be visualized within the context of a volume-based anatomical model. Using shape models of the kidney and the breathing lung as examples we demonstrate new possibilities such an approach offers for medical education. Furthermore, attributes like gender, age or pathology as well as shape attributes are assigned to each shape variant which can be used for selecting specific organs of the population.

Conclusions: The inclusion of anatomical variability in a 3D interactive atlas presents considerable challenges, since such a system offers the chance to explore how anatomical structures vary in large populations, across age, gender and races, and in different disease states. The framework presented is a basis for the development of specialized variability atlases that focus e.g. on specific regions of the human body, groups of organs or specific topics of interest.
DCE-MRI Data Analysis for Cancer Area Classification
Authors: Cristani M. , Daducci A. , Farace P. , Marzola P. , Murino V. , Sbarbati A. , Castellani U.
Published: March 2009

Objectives: The paper aims at improving the support of medical researchers in the context of in-vivo cancer imaging. Morphological and functional parameters obtained by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) techniques are analyzed, which aim at investigating the development of tumor microvessels. The main contribution consists in proposing a machine learning methodology to segment automatically these MRI data, by isolating tumor areas with different meaning, in a histological sense.

Methods: The proposed approach is based on a three-step procedure: i) robust feature extraction from raw time-intensity curves, ii) voxel segmentation, and iii) voxel classification based on a learning-by-example approach. In the first step, few robust features that compactly represent the response of the tissue to the DCE-MRI analysis are computed. The second step provides a segmentation based on the mean shift (MS) paradigm, which has recently shown to be robust and useful for different and heterogeneous clustering tasks. Finally, in the third step, a support vector machine (SVM) is trained to classify voxels according to the labels obtained by the clustering phase (i.e., each class corresponds to a cluster). Indeed, the SVM is able to classify new unseen subjects with the same kind of tumor.

Results: Experiments on different subjects affected by the same kind of tumor evidence that the extracted regions by both the MS clustering and the SVM classifier exhibit a precise medical meaning, as carefully validated by the medical researchers. Moreover, our approach is more stable and robust than methods based on quantification of DCE-MRI data by means of pharmacokinetic models.

Conclusions: The proposed method allows to analyze the DCE-MRI data more precisely and faster than previous automated or manual approaches.
Salaires et valeur du travail
Authors: Downs Laura Lee
Published: March 2009

Résumé Quelles sont les origines du décalage quasi universel entre les salaires féminins et les salaires masculins dans le travail industriel ? Cet article explore cette question à travers une étude comparée de l’entrée massive des femmes dans une industrie masculine – celle de la métallurgie – en France et en Grande-Bretagne à partir de l’automne 1914. L’entrée des femmes a transformé ces usines d’espaces masculins en espaces mixtes, structurés par de nouvelles divisions sexuées de travail et de nouvelles hiérarchies de qualifications et de salaires. À travers l’étude des négociations salariales entre patrons, ouvriers, l’État et les ouvrières, cet article montre l’incapacité de l’État à protéger les ouvrières contre la stratégie patronale d’accorder aux femmes un salaire plus bas pour un travail égal, voire supérieur à celui de l’homme qu’elle remplace. En effet, les bureaucrates de part et d’autre de la Manche furent convaincus que l’infériorité des salaires des femmes était non seulement traditionnelle mais encore quasi naturelle. Les interventions des ministères de l’Armement des deux pays dans les négociations salariales avaient pour résultat une nette amélioration des salaires féminins qui n’étaient souvent que des salaires de famine avant 1917. Or, après toutes ces interventions musclées des deux ministères de l’Armement, le décalage entre les salaires féminins et les salaires masculins pour un même travail, qui était de l’ordre de 50 % au début de la guerre, restait autour de 20 % en France, et de 30 % en Grande-Bretagne en 1918. La main-d’œuvre féminine gardait alors son statut de main-d’œuvre peu cher, et les industriels français et britanniques émergeaient de la guerre fourbis d’une nouvelle arme redoutable dans leur lutte pour faire baisser le coût de la production : la femme métallurgiste, payée selon sa propre échelle de bas salaires pour un travail accompli, auparavant, par un homme.
A ‘reformed’ litigator describes a creative complex litigation management approach
Authors: Aldrich Thomas L.
Published: April 2009

An international healthcare company installed a flexible, comprehensive process that drives its investigations into early resolution and litigation management issues. Thomas L. Aldrich, of Glenview, Ill., provides the details.
Supreme Court backs ‘look through’ jurisdiction, then reverses an arbitration order
Authors: Bleemer Russ , Frank Jason
Published: April 2009

Russ Bleemer and Jason Frank, of New York, analyze the first of the three expected U.S. Supreme Court arbitration opinions for the current term, and look at two more cases that the Court could hear next year.
Boron Atoms as Spin Carriers in Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Systems
Authors: Kaim Wolfgang , Hosmane Narayan S. , Záliš Stanislav , Maguire John A. , Lipscomb William N.
Published: March 2009

To “B” or not to “B”: The unusual bonding of boron in organoboranes or oligoboron clusters is not only apparent in diamagnetic molecules but also in paramagnetic systems, including mixed‐valent species and oligoborane/carborane cluster radicals. The picture shows the singly occupied molecular orbital of the radical ion [C4B8R4H8].−, determined by DFT calculations.

magnified image

Paramagnetic compounds with at least partially boron‐centered electron spin can be constructed using either the prototypically electron‐accepting boron atoms bridged by planar π‐conjugated organic systems, or by taking advantage of the three‐dimensional delocalized bonding in oligonuclear borane, haloborane, or carborane clusters. The concept of mixed valency can thus be transferred from organic and transition‐metal chemistry to main‐group‐element molecules, and density functional theory is capable of reproducing the variable spin distribution.
Issues in the optimal design of computer simulation experiments
Authors: Müller Werner , Stehlík Milan
Published: April 2009

Output from computer simulation experiments is often approximated as realizations of correlated random fields. Consequently, the corresponding optimal design questions must cope with the existence and detection of an error correlation structure, issues largely unaccounted for by traditional optimal design theory. Unfortunately, many of the nice features of well‐established design techniques, such as additivity of the information matrix, convexity of design criteria, etc., do not carry over to the setting of interest. This may lead to unexpected, counterintuitive, even paradoxical effects in the design as well as the analysis stage of computer simulation experiments. In this paper we intend to give an overview and some simple but illuminating examples of this behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing various chiral dirhodium tetracarboxylates in the dirhodium method
Authors: Mattiza Jens T. , Harada Nobuyuki , Kuwahara Shunsuke , Hassan Zahid , Duddeck Helmut
Published: April 2009

Three enantiopure dirhodium tetracarboxylates are compared in their NMR properties to differentiate chiral ligands of various kinds (dirhodium method). The complex with four (S)‐2‐methoxy‐2‐(1‐naphthyl) propionate (MαNP) residues (Rh2) is slightly better for strong donors than the complex with four Mosher acid anions (Rh1), but it is inferior for weak donors. On the other hand, the dirhodium tetracarboxylate complex with four (S)‐N‐phthaloyl‐(S)‐tert.‐leucinate residues (Rh3) is generally more effective than Rh1. These results are explained by the estimated conformational behavior of the substituents within the equatorial acid residues and the anisotropy (ring‐current) effect of aryl groups. Chirality 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation, physicochemical and third order nonlinear optical properties of bis(tetrabutylammonium)bis(2‐thioxo‐1,3‐dithiole‐4,5‐dithiolato)mercurate(II)
Authors: Wang X. Q. , Ren Q. , Sun J. , Yang H. L. , Li T. B. , Fan H. L. , Zhang G. H. , Xu D. , Zhao J. H.
Published: April 2009

Bis(tetrabutylammonium)bis(2‐thioxo‐1,3‐dithiole‐4,5‐dithiolato)mercurate(II) was prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, electronic absorption, infrared and X‐ray powder diffraction spectroscopy. The specific heat of the crystal was measured to be 1878.2 J.mol–1K–1 at 300 K. The thermal decomposition process was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis measurements in air together with infrared and X‐ray powder diffraction spectra. The third‐order nonlinear optical properties at 800 nm were measured by femtosecond optical Kerr gate technique by using CS2 as reference. The third‐order optical susceptibility of its acetone solution at the concentration of 9.27 × 10–4 M was obtained to be 2.53 × 10–14 esu. The second‐order hyperpolarizability was estimated to be 1.7 × 10–32 esu and the response time was about 226 fs. The third order nonlinear optical properties at 532 nm were investigated by using the Z‐scan technique with 20 ps. It exhibited self‐focusing effect and saturable absorption. The second molecular hyperpolarizability was estimated to be 8.4 × 10–32 esu. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Internal waves in a two‐layer system using fully nonlinear internal‐wave equations
Authors: Nakayama K. , Kakinuma T.
Published: April 2009

In order to understand the nonlinear effect in a two‐layer system, fully nonlinear strongly dispersive internal‐wave equations, based on a variational principle, were proposed in this study. A simple iteration method was used to solve the internal‐wave equations in order to solve the equations stably. The applicability of the proposed numerical computation scheme was confirmed to agree with linear dispersion relation theoretically obtained from variational principle. The proposed computational scheme was also shown to reproduce internal waves including higher‐order nonlinear effect from the analysis of internal solitary waves in a two‐layer system. Furthermore, for the second‐order numerical analysis, the balance of nonlinearity and dispersion was found to be similar to the balance assumed in the KdV theory and the Boussinesq‐type equations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated fractionation head and neck intensity‐modulated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in the community setting: Safety and efficacy considerations
Authors: Monroe Alan T. , Young James A. , Huff Jason D. , Ernster Joel A. , White Gerald A. , Peddada Anuj V.
Published: April 2009

Background

This article reviews our community cancer center's experience treating head and neck cancer primarily with accelerated fractionation intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), with or without concurrent chemotherapy, focusing on acute toxicity and efficacy.

Methods

Fifty‐two patients treated with IMRT at the Penrose Cancer Center between 2002 and 2007 constitute the cohort. The majority (75%) received an accelerated, altered fractionation regimen, typically concomitant boost to 7200 cGy. Concurrent chemotherapy was delivered to 32 (62%). The median follow‐up was 24 months.

Results

The 2‐year actuarial rates of local control, regional control, and distant metastasis–free survival were 100%, 91%, and 94%, respectively. Relapse‐free survival and overall survival at 2 years were 89% and 91%, respectively. Overall, 32 of 52 patients (62%) experienced at least 1 type of grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity.

Conclusion

Accelerated fractionation IMRT, with or without chemotherapy, can be given safely and effectively in a community cancer center setting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Multivariate homogeneity testing in a northern case study in the province of Quebec, Canada
Authors: Chebana Fateh , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Bruneau Pierre , Barbet Marc , El Adlouni Salaheddine , Latraverse Marco
Published: April 2009

In regional frequency analysis, the examination of the regional homogeneity represents an important step of the procedure. Flood events possess multivariate characteristics which can not be handled by classical univariate regional procedures. For instance, classical procedures do not allow to assess regional homogeneity while taking into consideration flood peak, volume and duration. Chebana and Ouarda proposed multivariate discordancy and homogeneity tests. They carried out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of these tests. In the present paper, practical aspects are investigated jointly on flood peak and flood volume of a data set from the Côte‐Nord region in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is shown that, after removing the discordant sites, the remaining ones constitute a homogeneous region for the volumes and heterogeneous region for the peaks. However, if both variables are jointly considered, the obtained region is possibly homogeneous. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the usefulness of the bivariate test to take into account the dependence structure between the variables representing the event, and to take advantage of more information from the hydrograph. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm for canal regulation
Authors: Gopakumar R. , Mujumdar P. P.
Published: April 2009

A fuzzy logic based centralized control algorithm for irrigation canals is presented. Purpose of the algorithm is to control downstream discharge and water level of pools in the canal, by adjusting discharge release from the upstream end and gates settings. The algorithm is based on the dynamic wave model (Saint‐Venant equations) inversion in space, wherein the momentum equation is replaced by a fuzzy rule based model, while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed on fuzzification of a new mathematical model for wave velocity, the derivational details of which are given. The advantages of the fuzzy control algorithm, over other conventional control algorithms, are described. It is transparent and intuitive, and no linearizations of the governing equations are involved. Tuning of the algorithm and method of computation are explained. It is shown that the tuning is easy and the computations are straightforward. The algorithm provides stable, realistic and robust outputs. The disadvantage of the algorithm is reduced precision in its outputs due to the approximation inherent in the fuzzy logic. Feed back control logic is adopted to eliminate error caused by the system disturbances as well as error caused by the reduced precision in the outputs. The algorithm is tested by applying it to water level control problem in a fictitious canal with a single pool and also in a real canal with a series of pools. It is found that results obtained from the algorithm are comparable to those obtained from conventional control algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model for natural channels
Authors: Gopakumar R. , Mujumdar P. P.
Published: April 2009

A fuzzy dynamic flood routing model (FDFRM) for natural channels is presented, wherein the flood wave can be approximated to a monoclinal wave. This study is based on modification of an earlier published work by the same authors, where the nature of the wave was of gravity type. Momentum equation of the dynamic wave model is replaced by a fuzzy rule based model, while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. Hence, the FDFRM gets rid of the assumptions associated with the momentum equation. Also, it overcomes the necessity of calculating friction slope (Sf) in flood routing and hence the associated uncertainties are eliminated. The fuzzy rule based model is developed on an equation for wave velocity, which is obtained in terms of discontinuities in the gradient of flow parameters. The channel reach is divided into a number of approximately uniform sub‐reaches. Training set required for development of the fuzzy rule based model for each sub‐reach is obtained from discharge‐area relationship at its mean section. For highly heterogeneous sub‐reaches, optimized fuzzy rule based models are obtained by means of a neuro‐fuzzy algorithm. For demonstration, the FDFRM is applied to flood routing problems in a fictitious channel with single uniform reach, in a fictitious channel with two uniform sub‐reaches and also in a natural channel with a number of approximately uniform sub‐reaches. It is observed that in cases of the fictitious channels, the FDFRM outputs match well with those of an implicit numerical model (INM), which solves the dynamic wave equations using an implicit numerical scheme. For the natural channel, the FDFRM outputs are comparable to those of the HEC‐RAS model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultural relevance as program‐to‐community alignment
Authors: Mistry Jayanthi , Jacobs Francine , Jacobs Leah
Published: April 2009

Calls for cultural sensitivity in the design and implementation of human services programs have become a standard response to the increasing diversity among the families and communities being served. In this article, we take a critical look at the construct, using data from a multi‐year evaluation of a statewide family support program. We examine how selected, locally implemented programs operationalize the state program's cultural sensitivity standard, using both etic and emic approaches; that is, we apply extant cultural competence definitions to assess program cultural sensitivity and document how the program staff articulated their approach to the cultural sensitivity. Findings suggest that programs focus more directly on the immediate cultural relevance of their services, rather than on developing more generalized competencies among their staff. Further, findings indicate that program‐to‐community alignment may well be a more useful representation of how programs address cultural issues. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depression and social context: primary supporter relationship factors associated with depressive symptoms among a disadvantaged population with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Knowlton Amy R. , Curry Aaron , Hua Wei , Wissow Lawrence
Published: April 2009

Social support is associated with better health outcomes among chronically ill individuals, yet support receipt can be stressful. The study examined supporter relationship factors, among n=156 main‐supporter–HIV+support‐recipient dyads, associated with recipient's depression (CES‐D≥16). Results indicated that support recipient's depression was associated with a 3.6‐times higher odds of main supporters' depression, a 2.5‐times higher odds of supporters' being a friend or same‐generatin kin (versus partner or other kin), and a 3.7‐times higher odds of support recipients' financial reliance on the supporter. Support recipients' depression was positively associated with supporter–recipient conflict, and negatively associated with supporter–recipient communication. The model explained over half the deviance in recipients' depressive symptoms. Results suggest prevention interventions ought to target HIV seropositives and their main supporters and promote communication and conflict resolution skills. Such intervention approaches may alleviate their depression and promote sustained HIV‐related support, with potential implications to HIV treatment outcomes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rigid Crosslinked Polyacrylamide Monoliths with Well‐Defined Macropores Synthesized by Living Polymerization
Authors: Hasegawa Joji , Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Hanada Teiichi , Yamago Shigeru
Published: April 2009

Rigid crosslinked polyacrylamide monoliths with well‐defined macropores have been successfully fabricated by organotellurium‐mediated living radical polymerization (TERP) accompanied by spinodal decomposition. The TERP forms homogeneous networks derived from N,N‐methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS), in which spinodal decomposition is induced to form macropores. Macropore diameter can be controlled from submicrons to a few microns, and also the obtained networks contain mesopores in the macroporous skeletons, which are collapsed by evaporative drying. They are promising materials with hydrophilic polyacrylamide surfaces and have enough strength to preserve the macropores from the surface tension arising in the repetitive swelling and drying that may occur in many applications.

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Numerical quenching of a system of equations coupled at the boundary
Authors: Ferreira Raúl , Pérez‐Llanos Mayte
Published: April 2009

We study numerical approximations of solutions of the following system of heat equations, coupled at the boundary through a nonlinear flux:

where p and q are parameters. We prove that the solutions of a semidiscretization in space quench in finite time. Moreover, we describe in terms of p and q the simultaneous versus non‐simultaneous quenching phenomena. We also find the numerical extinction sets. Finally, in order to obtain the correct quenching rates in the non‐simultaneous case we present some adaptive methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.