bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review on simulation based multi-objective optimization of space layout design parameters on building energy performance
Authors: Harshalatha  , Patil Shantharam , Kini Pradeep G.
Published: April 2024

Improving the energy performance of buildings is crucial for environmental protection, energy savings, and a better living environment. The growing emphasis on sustainable building practices has led to an increased focus on optimizing space layout design parameters to enhance building energy performance. This review explores the application of simulation-based multi-objective optimization techniques in the context of studying the impact of space layout design on building energy efficiency. The integration of advanced simulation tools with optimization algorithms allows for a comprehensive analysis of multiple conflicting objectives like energy performance, user comfort as well as cost factor. The review begins by outlining the key parameters influencing building energy performance, including spatial configurations, orientation, and space perimeter variables. Subsequently, it delves into the various simulation tools employed to model the complex interactions between these parameters and their effects on energy performance. The integration of energy simulation software is highlighted as a crucial step towards achieving accurate and realistic assessments. In summary, this review delivers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art methods in simulation-based multi-objective optimization for studying space layout design parameters and their impact on building energy performance, offering insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of sustainable architecture. There is a requirement for a comprehensive multi-objective framework for complex structures in the investigation of building energy performance giving more focus on reducing the cooling load and optimization of space layout along with envelope parameters.
Communicating Europe: a computational analysis of the evolution of the European Commission’s communication on Twitter
Authors: Rocca Roberta , Lawall Katharina , Tsakiris Manos , Cram Laura
Published: April 2024

Social media is an important means of communication for political agencies, which makes it possible to engage with large sectors of the public. For institutions which are not directly elected by voters, such as the European Commission (EC), social media can be a strategic tool for increasing perceived legitimacy and citizen engagement, especially in contexts of high politicization. In this paper, we use natural language processing techniques to provide a comprehensive overview of how EC communication on Twitter has evolved between 2010 and 2022, with respect to both its topics and its style. Our analyses show that, over time, the focus of EC communication has shifted substantially from economy-, finance- and governance-related topics, towards social policy, digital and environmental policy, and identity. These changes have progressively differentiated the EC’s profile from that of other institutions (especially more technocratic ones) and contributed to better alignment with engagement patterns of its social media audience. In addition, EC communication has become less neutral (in favor of more positive sentiment), simpler, and more readable, all features which are associated with more accessible and engaging messaging. Yet, while the EC currently scores better than most other reference agencies on several descriptors of accessibility, its style is still lexically more complex, less concrete and less action-oriented than that of other institutions. Alongside providing novel insights on how the EC’s online communication and projected political identity have changed over time, this study lays the foundations for future experimental and hypothesis-driven work combining social media data with external data sources.
Assessment of reproduction of brown bears in Sweden using stained placental scars
Authors: Schöll Eva M. , Klestil Lisa A. , Zedrosser Andreas , Swenson Jon E. , Hackländer Klaus
Published: April 2024

The Swedish brown bear Ursus arctos population is protected, but managed with legally defined hunting seasons. Management decisions (e.g., hunting quotas) are frequently changed and should be based on knowledge about demographic parameters, but collecting sufficient data in the field is time consuming and expensive. An efficient method to collect data on reproductive output could be counting placental scars in the uteri of female brown bears, because hunters in Sweden are required to collect samples (including reproductive organs) of harvested bears and submit them to the authorities. We assessed the reliability of placental scar counts to determine reproductive performance by counting the number of young with female radio-collared brown bears and comparing that with placental scar counts after those females had been harvested. We found that staining uteri improved the detection of placental scars. The differences between number of scars detected before and after staining the uteri, increased significantly with female age. The number of placental scars and number of observed cubs-of-the-year accompanying females corresponded well 2 and 3 years after birth; relatively small deviations between them might have occurred because of early cub mortality prior to the observations after leaving the den. Placental scar counts can provide accurate information on age of primiparity, evidence for reproductive aging (senescence), and reproductive productivity, and therefore inform decisions regarding adaptive management, sustainable hunting, and conservation.
Artificial intelligence of things for smart cities: advanced solutions for enhancing transportation safety
Authors: Jagatheesaperumal Senthil Kumar , Bibri Simon Elias , Huang Jeffrey , Rajapandian Jeyaranjani , Parthiban Bhavadharani
Published: April 2024

In the context of smart cities, ensuring road safety is crucial due to increasing urbanization and the interconnected nature of contemporary urban environments. Leveraging innovative technologies is essential to mitigate risks and create safer communities. Thus, there is a compelling imperative to develop advanced solutions to enhance road safety within smart city frameworks. In this article, we introduce a comprehensive vehicle safety framework tailored specifically for smart cities in the realm of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). This framework seamlessly integrates a variety of sensors, including eye blink, ultrasonic, and alcohol sensors, to bolster road safety. The utilization of eye blink sensor serves to promptly detect potential hazards, alerting drivers through audible cues and thereby enhancing safety on smart city roads. Moreover, ultrasonic sensors provide real time information about surrounding vehicle speeds, thereby facilitating smoother traffic flow. To address concerns related to alcohol consumption and its potential impact on road safety, our framework incorporates a specialized sensor that effectively monitors the driver’s alcohol levels. In instances of high alcohol content, the system utilizes GPS and GSM technology to automatically adjust the vehicle’s speed while simultaneously notifying pertinent authorities for prompt intervention. Additionally, our proposed system optimizes inter-vehicle communication in smart cities by leveraging Li-Fi technology, enabling faster and more efficient data transmission via visible light communication (VLC). The integration of Li-Fi enhances connectivity among connected vehicles, contributing to a more cohesive and intelligent urban transportation network. Through the structured integration of AIoT technologies, our framework lays a robust foundation for a safer, smarter, and more sustainable future in smart city transportation. It offers significant advancements in road safety and establishes the groundwork for further enhancement in intelligent urban transportation networks.
Adolescent engagement in a stepped care, transdiagnostic mental health intervention delivered in Indian schools
Authors: Gellatly Resham , Boustani Maya , Nair Pooja , Mahajan Rujuta , Jambhale Abhijeet , Sahu Rooplata , Chodankar Bindiya , Krishna Madhuri , Malik Kanika , Mathur Sonal , Becker Kimberly , Michelson Daniel , Patel Vikram , Chorpita Bruce
Published: April 2024

Given the relationship between poor engagement and worse treatment outcomes, improving engagement has been the focus of attention in recent years. Engagement is a particular challenge among minoritized and otherwise challenged youth, such as those from socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, including youth in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where they face lower levels of access to resources, including mental health treatment. The present study describes engagement challenges that arose in an uncontrolled pre-post evaluation of a school-based, modular, multi-problem, stepped-care intervention delivered in urban Indian communities. Specifically, the study aimed to (1) characterize barriers and facilitators of youth treatment engagement; and (2) evaluate treatment acceptability and fit of treatment from the youth perspective. Youth participants completed semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis. Participants described numerous facilitators to engagement (e.g., positive therapeutic relationship) and reported high overall satisfaction with the intervention, while also identifying barriers to engagement (e.g., concerns about confidentiality) and offering suggestions to increase fit and acceptability (e.g., more visually appealing treatment materials). Findings highlight ways in which engagement can be enhanced and implementation supports improved to maximize treatment effectiveness among minoritized and disadvantaged youth in LMICs.
Animal Models of Human Disease
Authors: Green Sara
Published: April 2024

The crucial role of animal models in biomedical research calls for philosophical investigation of how and whether knowledge about human diseases can be gained by studying other species. This Element delves into the selection and construction of animal models to serve as preclinical substitutes for human patients. It explores the multifaceted roles animal models fulfil in translational research and how the boundaries between humans and animals are negotiated in this process. The book also covers persistent translational challenges that have sparked debates across scientific, philosophical, and public arenas regarding the limitations and future of animal models. Among the are persistent tensions between standardization and variation in medicine, as well as between strategies aiming to reduce and recapitulate biological complexity. Finally, the book examines the prospects of replacing animal models with animal-free methods. The Element demonstrates why animal modeling should be of interest to philosophers, social scientists, and scientists alike.
A Pied Theological Cosmology: Alejandro García-Rivera’s Gift to Science
Authors: Gummess Matthew J.
Published: April 2024

The work of the late Alejandro García-Rivera has been overlooked as a contribution to theological engagement with science. A significant obstacle to appreciating it as such is the view that his theological cosmology marks a problematic shift from Latinx theological aesthetics to an uncritical engagement with the work of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. This article engages his oeuvre in response to that critique. Using Hans Urs von Balthasar’s concept of “theo-drama,” it argues that García-Rivera not only fits Teilhard into the broader mosaic of his work successfully, but that García-Rivera’s final work illumines his whole oeuvre as a “gift to science.” It shows how García-Rivera adapts his account of the beauty in the “little stories” of the pueblo to little places in the natural world, in order to help us see their beauty as an objective reality calling us to participate in their care. Thus, the article portrays García-Rivera’s body of work as a way to engage the scientifically-minded through a sensibility for natural beauty, born of mestizaje, popular piety, and the cross.
The Extent and Impact of Racism and Eugenics in the Writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, S.J.
Authors: Slattery John P.
Published: April 2024

The impact of eugenics on the early-twentieth-century scientific community was vast, including nearly all evolutionary scientists, paleontologists, and biologists. The Jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a French paleontologist, was no exception. This article analyzes the full extent and impact of racist and eugenic ideas in Teilhard’s writings between 1905 and 1955. It examines the underlying causes of eugenics as specific philosophical and scientific arguments and traces the lineage of these arguments within the writings and letters of Teilhard. This research reveals a consistent colonialist and paternalistic racism within Teilhard’s writings, as well as a firm commitment to eugenics in the last fifteen years of his life. This study concludes with a review of the lack of discussion of race and eugenics within Teilhardian scholarship, and points to a way forward.
The Popular Politics of Local Petitioning in Early Modern England
Authors: Waddell Brodie
Published: April 2024

This article examines the rise of a culture of local petitioning, through which growing numbers of ordinary people sought to win the support of state authorities through collective claims to represent the “voice of the people” at the local level. These participatory, subscriptional practices were an essential component in the intensification of popular politics in the seventeenth century. The analysis focuses on over 3,800 manuscript petitions submitted to the magistrates across fifteen jurisdictions with “sessions of the peace” in England, with nearly 1,000 dating from before 1640. Over the course of the early seventeenth century many, if not most, English parishes witnessed attempts to persuade the authorities through collective petitioning. Groups of neighbors across the kingdom formulated their grievances, organized subscription lists, and articulated their own role in the polity as “the inhabitants” or “the parishioners” of a particular community. In so doing, they not only directly shaped their own “little commonwealths” but also unintentionally helped to develop habits of political mobilization in a crucial period of English history.
Comparison of nonlinear functions to describe lactation curves for cumulative milk production in buffalo
Authors: Darmani Kuhi Hassan , López Secundino , Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh Navid , France James
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to examine the suitability of different growth functions (linear, sinusoidal, Gompertz, Schumacher and Richards) to fit cumulative milk production data from buffalo cows. Cumulative milk production at each day in milk was calculated from two published datasets reporting (i) fortnightly test-day milk yield records of the first lactation of Murrah buffalo that had calved during 1977–2012 and (ii) the first lactation records of Jaffarabadi buffalo collected from history-cum-pedigree registers for each quinquennium between 1991 and 2010. Each function was fitted to the lactation curves using nonlinear regression procedures. The Richards and sinusoidal equations provided the smallest root mean square error values, Akaike's and Bayesian information criteria and, therefore, the best fit for the cumulative lactation curves for milk yield. The Richards equation appeared to provide the most accurate estimate of the cumulative milk production at peak milk yield. Sinusoidal and flexible classical growth functions are appropriate to describe cumulative milk production curves and estimate lactation traits in buffalo.
US-wide equine strongylid egg count data demonstrate seasonal and regional trends
Authors: Nielsen Martin K. , Slusarewicz Paul , Kuzmina Tetiana A. , Denwood Matthew J.
Published: April 2024

Equine strongylid parasites are ubiquitous around the world and are main targets of parasite control programmes. In recent years, automated fecal egg counting systems based on image analysis have become available allowing for collection and analysis of large-scale egg count data. This study aimed to evaluate equine strongylid fecal egg count (FEC) data generated with an automated system over three years in the US with specific attention to seasonal and regional trends in egg count magnitude and sampling activity. Five US regions were defined; North East, South East, North Central, South Central and West. The data set included state, region and zip code for each FEC. The number of FECs falling in each of the following categories were recorded: (1) 0 eggs per gram (EPG), (2) 1 ⩽ 200 EPG, (3) 201 ⩽ 500 EPG and (4) >500 EPG. The data included 58 329 FECs. A fixed effects model was constructed fitting the number of samples analysed per month, year and region, and a mixed effects model was constructed to fit the number of FECs falling in each of the 4 egg count categories defined above. The overall proportion of horses responsible for 80% of the total FEC output was 18.1%, and this was consistent across years, months and all regions except West, where the proportion was closer to 12%. Statistical analyses showed significant seasonal trends and regional differences of sampling frequency and FEC category. The data demonstrated that veterinarians tended to follow a biphasic pattern when monitoring strongylid FECs in horses, regardless of location.
Effects of retrieval schedules on the acquisition of explicit, automatized-explicit, and implicit knowledge of L2 collocations
Authors: Fang Nan , Elgort Irina , Chen Zhuo
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the effects of retrieval schedules on the acquisition of second language (L2) collocations. Chinese learners of English first studied 36 target verb-noun collocations using flashcards and form-meaning matching practice. Subsequently, the participants practiced retrieving the target collocations from memory, following either a massed (consecutive) or spaced schedule. After each retrieval attempt, corrective feedback was provided. The acquisition of L2 collocations was measured by near-immediate and 1-week delayed posttests that assessed explicit knowledge with an offline form recall task, automatized explicit knowledge using an online acceptability judgment task, and implicit knowledge with an online collocation priming (lexical decision) task. Results showed equal learning effects of massed and spaced retrieval at both posttests of explicit knowledge and the near-immediate posttest of automatized explicit knowledge. The spacing effect was observed for the implicit knowledge across the two posttests and the automatized explicit knowledge at the delayed posttest.
The Phonology of Mid Vowels in Germanic Languages
Authors: Kostakis Andrew
Published: April 2024

In phonological theory there are multiple ways to represent mid vowels. SPE conventions maintain that they are non-[high] and non-[low]. Conversely, frameworks like Element Theory argue that mid vowels are simultaneously [high] and [low]. This article examines eight processes (and groups of processes) within the Germanic language family, which strongly indicate their specification as simultaneously [high] and [low]. That specification is manifest from developments that tease out the [high] and [low] features of a single mid vowel into separate [high] and [low] elements of sound (e.g., [e] > [ja]). It also falls out from changes in which separate [high] and [low] segments coalesce into a single mid vowel (e.g., [au] > [o]).
KOBAYASHI-OCHIAI’S FINITENESS THEOREM FOR ORBIFOLD PAIRS OF GENERAL TYPE
Authors: Bartsch Finn , Javanpeykar Ariyan
Published: April 2024

Kobayashi–Ochiai proved that the set of dominant maps from a fixed variety to a fixed variety of general type is finite. We prove the natural extension of their finiteness theorem to Campana’s orbifold pairs.
Modeling weed seedling emergence for time-specific weed management: a systematic review
Authors: Marschner Caroline A. , Colucci Isabella , Stup Rebecca S. , Westbrook Anna S. , Brunharo Caio A. C. G. , DiTommaso Antonio , Mesgaran Mohsen B.
Published: April 2024

Understanding the timing of weed emergence is crucial to effective management. Management practices implemented too early may fail to completely control late-emerging seedlings, whereas management practices implemented too late will suffer from low efficacy. Weed emergence times reflect biological factors, such as seed dormancy and germination requirements, as well as environmental conditions. We conducted a systematic review of studies that developed models to predict weed emergence temporal patterns. We screened 1,854 studies, 98 of which were included in the final dataset. Most of the studies included were conducted in North America (51%) or Europe (30%). A wide variety of weed species (102) and families (21) were included, and many studies modeled several weeds. Grass weeds (Poaceae) were modeled most frequently (83 instances). Most weeds (40%) had base temperature
${T_{\rm{b}}}$
values between 0 and 5 C, and 38% had base water potential
${{\rm{\psi }}_{\rm{b}}}$
ranging from −1.0 to −0.5 MPa. Most studies used empirical parametric models, such as Weibull (40%) or Gompertz (30%) models. Nonparametric and mechanistic models were also represented. Models varied in their biological and environmental data requirements. In general, empirical parametric models based on hydrothermal time (i.e., time above base temperature and water potential thresholds) represented a good balance between ease of use and prediction accuracy. Soft computing approaches such as artificial neural networks demonstrated substantial potential in situations with complex emergence patterns and limited data availability, although they (soft computing approaches) can be susceptible to overfitting. Our study also demonstrated variability in model performance and limited generalizability across species and regions. This finding underscores the need for context-specific and well-validated weed emergence models to inform management, especially in the context of climate change.
Enhancing Quantitative Precipitation Estimation of NWP Model With Fundamental Meteorological Variables and Transformer Based Deep Learning Model
Authors: Liu Haolin , Fung Jimmy C. H. , Lau Alexis K. H. , Li Zhenning
Published: April 2024

Quantitative precipitation forecasting in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is contingent upon physicals parameterization schemes. However, uncertainties abound due to limited knowledge of the precipitating processes, leading to degraded forecasting skills. In light of this, our study explores the application of a Swin‐Transformer based deep learning (DL) model as a supplementary tool for enhancing the mapping trajectory between the NWP fundamental variables and the most downstream variable precipitation. Constrained by the observational satellite precipitation product from NOAA CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH), the DL model serves as the post‐processing tool that can better resolve the precipitation patterns compared to solely based on NWP estimation. Compared to the baseline Weather Research and Forecasting simulation, the DL post‐processing effectively extracts features over meteorological variables, leading to improved precipitation skill scores of 21.7%, 60.5%, and 45.5% for light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain, respectively, on an hourly basis. We also evaluate two case studies under different driven synoptic conditions and show promising results in estimating heavy precipitation during strong convective precipitation events. Overall, the proposed DL model can provide a vital reference for capturing precipitation‐triggering mechanisms and enhancing precipitation forecasting skills. Additionally, we discuss the sensitivities of the fundamental meteorological variables used in this study, training strategies, and performance limitations.
Morphological and Elemental Classification of Freshly‐Emitted Individual Particles From Field and Laboratory Residential Biomass Burning
Authors: Zhang Yinxiao , Li Weijun , Zhang Jian , Ding Xiaokun , Yuan Qi , Liu Lei , Xu Liang , Wang Yuanyuan , Jiang Xiaotong , Ma Wenlai , Cao Juan , Kong Shaofei , Liu Dantong , Sun Yele
Published: April 2024

Residential biomass burning significantly contributes to air pollution in developing countries. However, the microscopic properties of individual particles in their emissions have not been well understood. In this study, individual primary particles from 14 kinds of biomass fuels (including firewood, crop residue, and animal dung) were collected in laboratory and field measurements, and their morphology, composition and mixing state were acquired using transmission electron microscope. These results constitute a source profile database of individual primary particles from residential biomass burning. The database reveals that different types of biomass fuels exhibit different emission characteristics, that is, residential firewood burning mainly emits pure carbonaceous particles (including organic matter (OM) and soot particles), crop residue burning mainly emits K‐containing particles (including OM‐K, soot(‐OM)‐K, and K‐rich particles), and animal dung burning mainly emits pure carbonaceous particles and K‐containing particles. Moreover, our results indicate that the emission characteristics obtained from laboratory and field measurements are different. Field measurements conducted in two selected villages in North China Plain exhibit a higher presence of soot particles compared to laboratory measurements, owing to their higher combustion temperatures. In contrast, field measurements conducted in one selected village in Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau contain less soot particles than those from laboratory measurements in plain areas, due to the deficient oxygen supply during combustion process in the high‐altitude regions. These results warn us that the emission estimation from residential biomass burning should notice the large emission differences among different biomass types and between field and laboratory measurements.
A New Comprehensive Cloud Macrophysics Scheme With a Prognostic Dual‐Triangular PDF
Authors: Song Chanwoo , Park Sungsu
Published: April 2024

To improve cloud simulation in a general circulation model, we develop a new cloud macrophysics scheme that treats detrained cumulus generated by convective detrainment process separately from pure stratus; prognoses two symmetric triangular probability density functions of total specific humidity for each detrained cumulus and pure stratus; and diagnoses both cloud fraction and cloud condensate in all liquid, ice, and mixed‐phases in a consistent and unified way without any adjustment to remove empty or very dense cloud. Supersaturation is allowed within ice cloud. The new scheme (“NEW”) is compared with the previous model (“OLD”) using single‐column simulations for subtropical marine stratocumulus (DYCOMS2) and continental deep convection (ARM97) cases. In DYCOMS2, both NEW and OLD produce vertical profiles of grid‐mean cloud condensate similar to large‐eddy simulation. In ARM97, compared with OLD, NEW simulates less sporadic vertical profiles of in‐cloud condensates, due to consistent diagnosis of cloud fraction and cloud condensate; more continuously‐varying detrained cumulus with time, due to prognostic treatment of detrained cumulus; and ice cloud fraction and ice condensate similar to those of OLD, in spite of completely different treatment of ice cloud processes. The global performance of NEW is similar to OLD with improved relative humidity. Compared to OLD, NEW simulates more and improved cloud condensate, but less and degraded cloud fraction, particularly, in the lower troposphere. Detrained cumulus is moister and colder and has a larger moisture variance than pure stratus. Overall, NEW simulates stronger condensation‐deposition rates than OLD, due in part to the separate treatment of detrained cumulus and pure stratus.
Statistical Analysis of Ionospheric Correlation for Shortwave System
Authors: Lv Mingjie , Tang Qiong , Qiao Jiandong , Qiao Wei , Zhou Chen
Published: April 2024

Statistical analysis of the temporal and spatial variations in the ionosphere is necessary to improve the shortwave system. Based on the standardized Euclidean distance algorithm, multisource ionospheric assimilation data, International GNSS Service vertical total electron content data, and ionosonde data are used to statistically analyze the ionospheric correlation distance, and the variation of ionospheric correlation distances with local times, magnetic latitudes, and seasons are obtained. The statistical analysis results show that the zonal ionospheric correlation distance presents minima in the equatorial ionospheric anomaly crest regions. Additionally, the meridional correlation distance in middle magnetic latitudes is greater than that in other regions. The zonal ionospheric correlation distance presents obvious local‐time variability. The variation trends of the meridional and zonal correlation distance during spring and autumn are similar. The patterns of the ionospheric correlation range variation with local times, magnetic latitudes, and seasons can be used to select the optimal locations or spacing for ionosonde stations, shortwave multi‐station systems, and shortwave radio beacons.
Thank You to Our GeoHealth 2023 Reviewers
Authors: Nguyen Thanh H. , Filippelli Gabriel , Anenberg Susan C. , Franklin Meredith , Fu Tzung‐May , Dey Sagnik , Hudson‐Edwards Karen , Jiang Sunny , Jutla Antarpreet , Liu Yang , Miao Chiyuan , Paytan Adina , Vengosh Avner
Published: April 2024

Peer‐review is the foundation and the safeguard of scientific research. Without the dedication of our reviewers, the journal would not have been successful. In 2023, 269 reviewers completed 434 reviews for the 174 manuscripts submitted to GeoHealth. Our reviewers are from all continents except Antarctica. Besides reviewers from North America, China, Europe, and China, we started to have reviewers from India, Latin America, and Africa. GeoHealth editorial board is committed to expanding the readership, authorship, and reviewership to other countries. If you have already reviewed for us, no matter where or who you are, we hope you and your colleagues will consider GeoHealth a home for your work. Below is the list of reviewers who completed more than two reviews or have outstanding quality reviews. Two of our reviewers are being nominated for AGU best reviewers awards.
Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Plasmapause Surface Wave During a Geomagnetic Storm on 16 July 2017
Authors: Zhou Yi‐Jia , He Fei , Archer Martin O. , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , Hao Y. X. , Yao Zhong‐Hua , Rong Zhaojin , Wei Yong
Published: April 2024

Boundary dynamics are crucial for the transport of energy, mass, and momentum in geospace. The recently discovered plasmapause surface wave (PSW) plays a key role in the inner magnetosphere dynamics. However, a comprehensive investigation of spatial variations of the PSW remains absent. In this study, we elucidate the spatial characteristics of a PSW through observations from multiple spacecrafts in the magnetosphere. Following the initiation of the PSW, quasi‐periodic injections of energetic ions, rather than electrons, are suggested to serve as energy source of the PSW. Based on the distinct wave and particle signatures, we categorize the PSW into four regions: seed region, growth region, stabilization region and decay region, spanning from nightside to afternoon plasmapause. These findings advance our understanding of universal boundary dynamics and contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal roles of surface waves in the energy couplings within the magnetosphere‐plasmasphere‐ionosphere system.
Iron‐Rich Grain‐Decorated Depressions on Surfaces of Lunar Impact Glasses
Authors: Yan Pan , Xiao Zhiyong , Wu Yanxue , Pan Qing , Wu Yunhua
Published: April 2024

Iron‐rich particles are widespread on the surfaces and interiors of lunar impact glasses, and they record delicate physicochemical processes during space weathering and regolith gardening on the Moon. Different from nanophase iron in amorphous rims of regolith minerals, iron‐rich particles in lunar impact glasses are mostly larger than 10 nm and are spherical and semi‐hemispherical in shape. In regolith samples returned by Luna, Apollo and Chang'E‐5 missions, a special form of microscopic iron‐rich structure commonly exists on surfaces of impact glasses, which appear as rimless depressions that are filled with nano‐sized grains. Termed grain‐decorated iron‐rich depressions, their possible origin is elusive. Here we perform detailed observations of the morphology, composition and crystallography of these microstructures, showing that they are not degassing pits that were later filled with nano‐sized grains as has been previously considered. They are hemispherical integrated compounds of α‐Fe and troilite that have variable area proportion. The surface grains are dominated by α‐Fe, which mainly develop on top of vesiculated surfaces of the underlying troilite. The α‐Fe grains are mainly formed by desulphurization of troilite due to radiation and heating. While iron‐rich grain‐decorated depressions have larger diameters and different surface morphologies compared to other iron‐rich microstructures in lunar impact glasses, their identical occurrences and phase components (α‐Fe and troilite) suggest a common origin caused by liquid immiscibility between Fe‐S melt and silicate melt. Their diverse surface morphology is mainly caused by heterogeneous S contents and local ratios of Fe and S in silicate impact melt.
epHero – a tandem-fluorescent probe to track the fate of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis
Authors: Singh Sanjna , Bensalem Julien , Hein Leanne K. , Casey Aaron , Mäkinen Ville-Petteri , Sargeant Timothy J.
Published: April 2024

The efficient removal of apoptotic cells via efferocytosis is critical for maintaining optimal tissue function. This involves the binding and engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes and the subsequent maturation of the phagosome, culminating in lysosomal fusion and cargo destruction. However, current approaches to measure efferocytosis rely on labelling apoptotic targets with fluorescent dyes, which do not sufficiently distinguish between changes to the engulfment and acidification of apoptotic material. To address this limitation, we have developed a genetically coded ratiometric probe epHero which when expressed in the cytoplasm of target cells, bypasses the need for additional labelling steps. We demonstrate that epHero is a pH-sensitive reporter for efferocytosis and can be used to simultaneously track changes to apoptotic cell uptake and acidification, both in vitro and in mice. As proof-of-principle, we modify extracellular nutrition to show how epHero can distinguish between changes to cargo engulfment and acidification. Thus, tracking efferocytosis with epHero is a simple, cost-effective improvement on conventional techniques.
Molecular robotic agents that survey molecular landscapes for information retrieval
Authors: Woo Sungwook , Saka Sinem K. , Xuan Feng , Yin Peng
Published: April 2024

DNA-based artificial motors have allowed the recapitulation of biological functions and the creation of new features. Here, we present a molecular robotic system that surveys molecular environments and reports spatial information in an autonomous and repeated manner. A group of molecular agents, termed ‘crawlers’, roam around and copy information from DNA-labeled targets, generating records that reflect their trajectories. Based on a mechanism that allows random crawling, we show that our system is capable of counting the number of subunits in example molecular complexes. Our system can also detect multivalent proximities by generating concatenated records from multiple local interactions. We demonstrate this capability by distinguishing colocalization patterns of three proteins inside fixed cells under different conditions. These mechanisms for examining molecular landscapes may serve as a basis towards creating large-scale detailed molecular interaction maps inside the cell with nanoscale resolution.
Reversibility of quantum resources through probabilistic protocols
Authors: Regula Bartosz , Lami Ludovico
Published: April 2024

Among the most fundamental questions in the manipulation of quantum resources such as entanglement is the possibility of reversibly transforming all resource states. The key consequence of this would be the identification of a unique entropic resource measure that exactly quantifies the limits of achievable transformation rates. Remarkably, previous results claimed that such asymptotic reversibility holds true in very general settings; however, recently those findings have been found to be incomplete, casting doubt on the conjecture. Here we show that it is indeed possible to reversibly interconvert all states in general quantum resource theories, as long as one allows protocols that may only succeed probabilistically. Although such transformations have some chance of failure, we show that their success probability can be ensured to be bounded away from zero, even in the asymptotic limit of infinitely many manipulated copies. As in previously conjectured approaches, the achievability here is realised through operations that are asymptotically resource non-generating, and we show that this choice is optimal: smaller  sets of transformations cannot lead to reversibility. Our methods are based on connecting the transformation rates under probabilistic protocols with strong converse rates for deterministic transformations, which we strengthen into an exact equivalence in the case of entanglement distillation.
Phylogenomic profiles of whole-genome duplications in Poaceae and landscape of differential duplicate retention and losses among major Poaceae lineages
Authors: Zhang Taikui , Huang Weichen , Zhang Lin , Li De-Zhu , Qi Ji , Ma Hong
Published: April 2024

Poaceae members shared a whole-genome duplication called rho. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of the rho-derived duplicates among Poaceae lineages and implications in adaptive evolution. Here we present phylogenomic/phylotranscriptomic analyses of 363 grasses covering all 12 subfamilies and report nine previously unknown whole-genome duplications. Furthermore, duplications from a single whole-genome duplication were mapped to multiple nodes on the species phylogeny; a whole-genome duplication was likely shared by woody bamboos with possible gene flow from herbaceous bamboos; and recent paralogues of a tetraploid Oryza are implicated in tolerance of seawater submergence. Moreover, rho duplicates showing differential retention among subfamilies include those with functions in environmental adaptations or morphogenesis, including ACOT for aquatic environments (Oryzoideae), CK2β for cold responses (Pooideae), SPIRAL1 for rapid cell elongation (Bambusoideae), and PAI1 for drought/cold responses (Panicoideae). This study presents a Poaceae whole-genome duplication profile with evidence for multiple evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to gene retention and losses.
Interface-induced dual-pinning mechanism enhances low-frequency electromagnetic wave loss
Authors: Cai Bo , Zhou Lu , Zhao Pei-Yan , Peng Hua-Long , Hou Zhi-Ling , Hu Pengfei , Liu Li-Min , Wang Guang-Sheng
Published: April 2024

Improving the absorption of electromagnetic waves at low-frequency bands (2-8 GHz) is crucial for the increasing electromagnetic (EM) pollution brought about by the innovation of the fifth generation (5G) communication technology. However, the poor impedance matching and intrinsic attenuation of material in low-frequency bands hinders the development of low-frequency electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMWA) materials. Here we propose an interface-induced dual-pinning mechanism and establish a magnetoelectric bias interface by constructing bilayer core-shell structures of NiFe2O4 (NFO)@BiFeO3 (BFO)@polypyrrole (PPy). Such heterogeneous interface could induce distinct magnetic pinning of the magnetic moment in the ferromagnetic NFO and dielectric pinning of the dipole rotation in PPy. The establishment of the dual-pinning effect resulted in optimized impedance and enhanced attenuation at low-frequency bands, leading to better EMWA performance. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) at thickness of 4.43 mm reaches -65.30 dB (the optimal absorption efficiency of 99.99997%), and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) can almost cover C-band (4.72 ~ 7.04 GHz) with low filling of 15.0 wt.%. This work proposes a mechanism to optimize low-frequency impedance matching with electromagnetic wave (EMW) loss and pave an avenue for the research of high-performance low-frequency absorbers.
Ultrafast photoluminescence and multiscale light amplification in nanoplasmonic cavity glass
Authors: Piotrowski Piotr , Buza Marta , Nowaczyński Rafał , Kongsuwan Nuttawut , Surma Hańcza B. , Osewski Paweł , Gajc Marcin , Strzep Adam , Ryba-Romanowski Witold , Hess Ortwin , Pawlak Dorota A.
Published: April 2024

Interactions between plasmons and exciton nanoemitters in plexcitonic systems lead to fast and intense luminescence, desirable in optoelectonic devices, ultrafast optical switches and quantum information science. While luminescence enhancement through exciton-plasmon coupling has thus far been mostly demonstrated in micro- and nanoscale structures, analogous demonstrations in bulk materials have been largely neglected. Here we present a bulk nanocomposite glass doped with cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and silver nanoparticles, nAg, which act as exciton and plasmon sources, respectively. This glass exhibits ultranarrow, FWHM = 13 nm, and ultrafast, 90 ps, amplified photoluminescence (PL), λem≅503 nm, at room temperature under continuous-wave excitation, λexc = 405 nm. Numerical simulations confirm that the observed improvement in emission is a result of a multiscale light enhancement owing to the ensemble of QD-populated plasmonic nanocavities in the material. Power-dependent measurements indicate that >100 mW coherent light amplification occurs. These types of bulk plasmon-exciton composites could be designed comprising a plethora of components/functionalities, including emitters (QDs, rare earth and transition metal ions) and nanoplasmonic elements (Ag/Au/TCO, spherical/anisotropic/miscellaneous), to achieve targeted applications.
Re-order parameter of interacting thermodynamic magnets
Authors: Park Byung Cheol , Lee Howon , Oh Sang Hyup , Shin Hyun Jun , Choi Young Jai , Ha Taewoo
Published: April 2024

Phase diagrams of materials are typically based on a static order parameter, but it faces challenges when distinguishing subtle phase changes, such as re-ordering. Here, we report a dynamic nonequilibrium order parameter termed re-order parameter to determine subtle phases and their transitions in interacting magnets. The dynamical precession of magnetization, so-called magnon, premises as a reliable re-order parameter of strong spin-orbit coupled magnets. We employ orthoferrites YFeO3 and its Mn-doped variations, where diverse magnetic phases, including canted antiferromagnetic (Γ4) and collinear antiferromagnetic (Γ1) states, have been well-established. Low-energy magnon uncovers the spin-orbit coupling-induced subtle magnetic structures, resulting in distinct terahertz emissions. The temporal and spectral parameters of magnon emission exhibit characteristics akin to BCS-type order parameters, constructing the magnetic phase diagram of Mn-doped YFeO3. This approach further reveals a concealed ferrimagnetic phase within the Γ1 state, underscoring its potential to search for hidden phases of materials, completing their phase diagrams.
Rapid room-temperature phosphorescence chiral recognition of natural amino acids
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Zhu Renlong , Zhang Baicheng , Zhang Xiaolong , Cheng Aoyuan , Liu Hongping , Gao Ruiying , Zhang Xuepeng , Chen Biao , Ye Shuji , Jiang Jun , Zhang Guoqing
Published: April 2024

Chiral recognition of amino acids is very important in both chemical and life sciences. Although chiral recognition with luminescence has many advantages such as being inexpensive, it is usually slow and lacks generality as the recognition module relies on structural complementarity. Here, we show that one single molecular-solid sensor, L-phenylalanine derived benzamide, can manifest the structural difference between the natural, left-handed amino acid and its right-handed counterpart via the difference of room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) irrespective of the specific chemical structure. To realize rapid and reliable sensing, the doped samples are obtained as nanocrystals from evaporation of the tetrahydrofuran solutions, which allows for efficient triplet-triplet energy transfer to the chiral analytes generated in situ from chiral amino acids. The results show that L-analytes induce strong RTP, whereas the unnatural D-analytes produce barely any afterglow. The method expands the scope of luminescence chiral sensing by lessening the requirement for specific molecular structures.
Selenium catalysis enables negative feedback organic oscillators
Authors: Li Xiuxiu , Fomitskaya Polina , Smaliak Viktoryia A. , Smith Barbara S. , Skorb Ekaterina V. , Semenov Sergey N.
Published: April 2024

The construction of materials regulated by chemical reaction networks requires regulatory motifs that can be stacked together into systems with desired properties. Multiple autocatalytic reactions producing thiols are known. However, negative feedback loop motifs are unavailable for thiol chemistry. Here, we develop a negative feedback loop based on the selenocarbonates. In this system, thiols induce the release of aromatic selenols that catalyze the oxidation of thiols by organic peroxides. This negative feedback loop has two important features. First, catalytic oxidation of thiols follows Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics, thus increasing nonlinearity for the negative feedback. Second, the strength of the negative feedback can be tuned by varying substituents in selenocarbonates. When combined with the autocatalytic production of thiols in a flow reactor, this negative feedback loop induces sustained oscillations. The availability of this negative feedback motif enables the future construction of oscillatory, homeostatic, adaptive, and other regulatory circuits in life-inspired systems and materials.
Defect scattering can lead to enhanced phonon transport at nanoscale
Authors: Hu Yue , Xu Jiaxuan , Ruan Xiulin , Bao Hua
Published: April 2024

Defect scattering is well known to suppress thermal transport. In this study, however, we perform both molecular dynamics and Boltzmann transport equation calculations, to demonstrate that introducing defect scattering in nanoscale heating zone could surprisingly enhance thermal conductance of the system by up to 75%. We further reveal that the heating zone without defects yields directional nonequilibrium with overpopulated oblique-propagating phonons which suppress thermal transport, while introducing defects redirect phonons randomly to restore directional equilibrium, thereby enhancing thermal conductance. We demonstrate that defect scattering can enable such thermal transport enhancement in a wide range of temperatures, materials, and sizes, and offer an unconventional strategy for enhancing thermal transport via the manipulation of phonon directional nonequilibrium.