bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities of internally generated saccades in
obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: MARUFF P. , PURCELL R. , TYLER P. , PANTELIS C. , CURRIE J.
Published: July 2002

Background. We aimed to utilize tests of saccadic function to investigate whether cognitive
abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) arise from a dysfunction of inhibitory
processes or whether they reflect a more general difficulty in guiding behaviour on the basis of an
internal representation of task goal.

Methods. Twelve patients with OCD and 12 matched controls performed a visually-guided saccade
task, a volitional prosaccade task and an antisaccade task. The latency and gain of saccades was
compared between groups for the three saccade tasks. The number of antisaccade errors was also
calculated and compared between groups.

Results. There was no difference for antisaccade error rates between the groups. The latency of
visually guided saccades did not differ between groups, however the latency of both volitional
prosaccades and antisaccades was significantly slower in the patients with OCD than in controls.
The difference in latency between volitional prosacades and antisaccades, however, was equal
between groups.

Conclusions. These results suggest that patients with OCD have an abnormality in guiding
behaviour on the basis of an internal representation of the task goal, rather than a problem with
inhibiting reflexive behaviour.
Cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: SCOTT J. , STANTON B. , GARLAND A. , FERRIER I. N.
Published: July 2002

Background. No study has simultaneously explored key components of Beck's model of cognitive
vulnerability to depression in people with bipolar disorders.

Methods. We compared 41 euthymic bipolar patients with 20 healthy control subjects. All subjects
were assessed on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Autobiographical Memory Test
and the Mean Ends Problem-Solving procedure and also completed the Beck Depression Inventory,
the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Sociotropy Autonomy Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Questionnaire.

Results. In comparison to control subjects, patients with bipolar disorder demonstrated significantly
higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes (particularly perfectionism and need for approval) and
sociotropy, significantly greater over-general recall on an autobiographical memory test and
significantly less ability to generate solutions to social problem-solving tasks. These between group
differences remained significant when age, intelligence, latency to respond to autobiographical
memory test cue words, and subjective mood ratings were included as co-variates in the statistical
analysis. Within the patient group, cognitive dysfunction was significantly correlated with level of
morbidity (as measured by number of previous illness episodes).

Conclusions. This study suggests that cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder is
similar to that described in unipolar disorders. It is not clear whether this dysfunction is a cause or
an effect of repeated episodes of bipolar disorder. However, the findings may have implications for
clinical treatment as well as suggesting a number of important new avenues of research into
psychological models of affective disorder.
Urbanization and risk for schizophrenia: does the
effect operate before or around the time of illness onset?
Authors: MARCELIS M. , TAKEI N. , VAN OS J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Higher level of urbanicity of place of birth and of place of residence at the time of
illness onset has been shown to increase the risk for adult schizophrenia. However, because urban
birth and urban residence are strongly correlated, no conclusions can be drawn about the timing
of the risk-increasing effect. The current study discriminated between any effect of urbanization
before and around the time of illness onset.

Methods. All individuals born between 1972 and 1978 were followed up through the Dutch National
Psychiatric Case Register for first admission for schizophrenia until 1995 (maximum age 23 years).
Exposure status was defined by a combination of place of birth and place of residence at the time
of illness onset in the three most densely populated provinces of the Netherlands (the ‘Randstad’,
exposed) or in all other areas (the ‘non-Randstad’, non-exposed). The risk for schizophrenia was
examined in four different exposure groups: non-exposed born and non-exposed resident (NbNr,
reference category), non-exposed born and exposed resident (NbEr), exposed born and non-exposed resident (EbNr) and exposed born and exposed resident (EbEr).

Results. The greatest risk for schizophrenia was found in the EbNR group, without evidence for any
additive effect of urban residence (rate ratio (RR) for narrow schizophrenia in EbNr group, 2·05
(95% CI 1·18–3·57); in EbEr group, 1·96 (95% CI, 1·55–2·46)). Individuals who were not exposed
at birth, but became so later in life, were not at increased risk of developing schizophrenia (RR for
narrow schizophrenia in NbEr group, 0·79 (0·46–1·36)).

Conclusion. The results suggest that environmental factors associated with urbanization increase the
risk for schizophrenia before rather than around the time of illness onset.
Moving one DNA double helix through
another by a type II DNA topoisomerase: the
story of a simple molecular machine
Authors: WANG JAMES C.
Published: July 2002

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA led immediately to
questions
on the mechanics of unravelling its intertwined strands during replication.
If a
parental DNA is to be duplicated into two progeny molecules by separating
its two
strands and copying each, then the strands must untwine rapidly during

replication (Watson & Crick, 1953).

That DNA indeed replicates in such a semiconservative fashion was soon

demonstrated by the Meselson–Stahl experiment (1958). At first, it
appeared that
the unravelling of the intertwined strands should not pose an insurmountable

mechanical problem. The two strands at one end of a linear DNA, for example,

can be pulled apart with concomitant rotation of the double-stranded portion
of
the molecule around its helical axis. If the strands of a DNA double helix
are to
separate at an estimated replication rate of 100000 base pairs (bp) per
minute, then
the speed of this rotation would be 10000 revolutions per minute from the
10 bp
per turn helical geometry of the double helix. This speed, though impressive,

seemed reasonable: owing to the slender rod-like shape of the double helix,
the
estimated viscous drag for this rotational motion is actually rather modest

(Meselson, 1972).
Are Married Women More Deprived Than Their Husbands?
Authors: CANTILLON SARA , NOLAN BRIAN
Published: July 2002

Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are
shared
so that each individual in a household/family has the same standard

of living. This article measures differences between spouses in a large

sample in indicators of deprivation of the type used in recent studies

of poverty at household level. The quite limited overall imbalance in
measured deprivation in favour of husbands suggests that applying such

indicators to individuals will not reveal a substantial reservoir of hidden

poverty among wives in non-poor households, nor much greater deprivation

among women than men in poor households. This points to the need
to develop more sensitive indicators of deprivation designed to measure

individual living standards and poverty status, which can fit within the

framework of traditional poverty research using large samples. It also

highlights the need for clarification of the underlying poverty concept.
Agency, Modernity and Social Policy
Authors: DEACON ALAN , MANN KIRK
Published: July 2002

The focus of this article is upon the recent revival of interest in human
agency within both sociological and social policy debates. There is a striking
resonance between the increasing attention paid to individual behaviour
within normative debates about welfare and the concern of some sociologists
with the moral and ethical dilemmas that confront the individual in
contemporary society. These two sets of arguments are not compatible.
Indeed the analyses they present are contradictory. Moralists such as
Etzioni, Field and Mead share a belief in the need to restructure welfare
in ways that encourage and reward responsible behaviour. In contrast,
sociologists such as Bauman, Beck and Giddens suggest that such
endeavours could prove to be both futile and dangerous.

Attempts to address issues of agency face formidable obstacles and
arouse genuine fears that they will serve to endorse a punitive and atavistic
individualism. It is these fears, however, which have constrained and
confined the debate about welfare in the post-war years. The revival of
agency creates opportunities for a social science which is more sensitive
to the activities of poor people whilst reflecting more fully the difference
and diversity which characterises contemporary British society.
Creating a New Town koine: Children and language change
in Milton Keynes
Authors: KERSWILL PAUL , WILLIAMS ANN
Published: July 2002

Koineization – the development of a new,
mixed variety following dialect contact – has well-documented
outcomes. However, there have been few studies of the phenomenon
actually in progress. This article describes the development
of a new variety in the English New Town of Milton Keynes,
designated in 1967. The article is structured around eight
“principles” that relate the process of koineization
to its outcomes. Recordings were made of 48 Milton Keynes-born
children in three age groups (4, 8, and 12), the principal
caregiver of each child, and several elderly locally born
residents. Quantitative analysis of ten phonetic variables
suggests that substantial but not complete focusing occurs
in the child generation. The lack of linguistic continuity
in the New Town is demonstrated, and the time scale of
koineization there is discussed. Finally, it is shown that
demography and the social-network characteristics of individuals
are crucial to the outcomes of koineization.
Creole is, Creole ain't: Diachronic and synchronic
attitudes toward Creole identity in southern Louisiana
Authors: DUBOIS SYLVIE , MELANÇON MEGAN
Published: July 2002

Creole identity in Louisiana acquired diverse meanings
for several ethnic groups during the French and Spanish
regimes, before and after the purchase of the Louisiana
Territory, and through the last part of the 20th century.
In spite of a strong shift toward “Black” identity
by many African Americans in the state, those who are fluent
Creole French speakers now seem to be the repository of
Louisiana Creole identity. This article presents a diachronic
study of the different meanings applied to Creole identity
which resulted from dramatic social, political, and economic
changes. It also delimits and defines the actual attributes
of Creole identity within two representative African American
communities. Because of the historical and political conditions
underlying Creole identity, African Americans who still
identify as Creoles insist on linguistic attributes, rather
than on the criterion of race, as essential characteristics
of their ethnic identity.
Sleep state and vagal regulation of heart period patterns in the human newborn: An extension of the polyvagal theory
Authors: Porges Stephen W. , Doussard‐Roosevelt Jane A. , Stifter Cynthia A. , McClenny Bonita D. , Riniolo Todd C.
Published: July 2002

The influence of sleep state (i.e., active and quiet) on heart period, heart period variability, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and the coupling between RSA and heart period was evaluated in 24 healthy full‐term newborns. Electrocardiogram (ECG) data were collected, and sleep state was coded 1 hr after feeding until at least 10 min of data were collected in states of active and quiet sleep. ECG data were analyzed for the first five continuous minutes of each sleep state. Relative to active sleep, quiet sleep was associated with significantly higher amplitude RSA, lower heart period variability, and longer heart periods. Because RSA amplitude reflects the functional output of vagal pathways originating in the nucleus ambiguus, it was hypothesized that sleep state would influence how these vagal pathways regulate instantaneous changes in heart period. A new method, evaluating the instantaneous coupling of RSA and heart period, demonstrated that coupling was significantly greater during active sleep. The neurophysiological explanation extends the polyvagal theory to include potential cortical–brain stem connections.
Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states
Authors: Hobson J. Allan , Pace-Schott Edward F. , Stickgold Robert
Published: July 2002

Sleep researchers in different disciplines disagree about how fully dreaming can be explained in terms of brain physiology. Debate has focused on whether REM sleep dreaming is qualitatively different from nonREM (NREM) sleep and waking. A review of psychophysiological studies shows clear quantitative differences between REM and NREM mentation and between REM and waking mentation. Recent neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies also differentiate REM, NREM, and waking in features with phenomenological implications. Both evidence and theory suggest that there are isomorphisms between the phenomenology and the physiology of dreams. We present a three-dimensional model with specific examples from normally and abnormally changing conscious states.
Dreams have meaning but no function
Authors: Blagrove Mark
Published: July 2002

Solms shows the cortical basis for why dreams reflect waking concerns and goals, but with deficient volition. I argue the latter relates to Hobson et al.'s process I as well as M. A memory function for REM sleep is possible, but may be irrelevant to dream characteristics, which, contrary to Revonsuo, mirror the range of waking emotions, positive and negative.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Revonsuo; Vertes & Eastman]
Affect programs, intentionality, and consciousness
Authors: DeLancey Craig
Published: July 2002

I express two concerns with the theory of emotion that Rolls provides: (1) rewards and punishers alone fail to explain the basic emotions; (2) Rolls needs to clarify his notion of the intentionality of emotions. I also criticize his theory of consciousness, arguing that it fails to explain qualia, and that ironically it is emotions which make this most evident.
It still takes at least two to tango
Authors: Siviy Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

The target article provides a useful investigative model for studying social behaviors, but it falls short of establishing a more comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding complex social inter- actions. Social behaviors such as play involve a dynamic and complex interplay between two or more organisms. Even when feed-forward mechanisms are taken into account and the model is anchored to evolutionary theory, the utility of this model is still limited by the conspicuous absence of neurobiological theory and data.
Smart people who make simple heuristics work
Authors: Wallin Annika , Gärdenfors Peter
Published: July 2002

To evaluate the success of simple heuristics we need to know more about how a relevant heuristic is chosen and how we learn which cues are relevant. These meta-abilities are at the core of ecological rationality, rather than the individual heuristics.
Dream research: Integration of physiological and psychological models
Authors: Schredl Michael
Published: July 2002

All five target articles are of high quality and very stimulating for the field. Several factors such as dream report length and NREM/REM differences, may be affected by the waking process (transition from sleep to wakefulness) and the recall process. It is helpful to distinguish between a model for REM sleep regulation and a physiological model for dreaming. A third model accounting for cognitive activity (thought-like dreaming) can also be of value. The postulated adaptive function of dreaming in avoidance learning does not seem very plausible because the two major basic assumptions (specificity of dream content and benefit of negative dreams) are not clearly supported by modern dream research: The critique of studies investigating memory consolidation in REM sleep is justified. Future studies integrating the knowledge of memory processes and sleep research will shed more light on the role of sleep, especially REM sleep in memory consolidation.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Does cognitive development move beyond sensorimotor intelligence?
Authors: Sophian Catherine
Published: July 2002

Thelen et al.'s account of cognition as the dynamic interaction of processes of perceiving, reaching, and remembering within a movement planning field is a useful articulation of the Piagetian concept of sensorimotor cognition. The claim that the same kind of analysis applies to all kinds of cognition at all ages, however, is questioned in light of the distinction between sensorimotor and symbolic cognition.
Heritability, theory of mind, and the nature of normality
Authors: Mealey Linda
Published: July 2002

It is impossible to discuss the constructs
“heritability,” “theory of mind,” and
“normality” in a single coherent essay. The
following three rejoinders address each of these exceedingly
complex constructs individually, as each relates to the two-path
model of sociopathy and psychopathy.
Importance of behaviour in LTP research
Authors: Cain Donald Peter
Published: July 2002

Shors and Matzel's evaluation of approaches to the
behavioural function of LTP is welcome, and should encourage a
widening of conceptual approaches to this problem. In addition to
their call for increased sophistication in thinking about LTP, there
needs to be a parallel increase in sophistication in the study of
behaviour. Changes in emotional state or tone may be a better
function for LTP than attention mechanisms.
Towards a dynamic connectionist model of memory
Authors: Vickers Douglas , Lee Michael D.
Published: July 2002

Glenberg's account falls short in several respects.
Besides requiring clearer explication of basic concepts, his account
fails to recognize the autonomous nature of perception. His account of
what is remembered, and its description, is too static. His strictures
against connectionist modeling might be overcome by combining the
notions of psychological space and principled learning in an embodied
and situated network.
The dynamical hypothesis: One battle behind
Authors: French Robert M. , Thomas Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

What new implications does the dynamical hypothesis have
for cognitive science? The short answer is: none. The target article
is basically an attack on traditional symbolic artificial intelligence
(AI) and differs very little from prior connectionist criticisms of
it. For the past 10 years, the connectionist community has been well
aware of the necessity of using (and understanding) dynamically
evolving, recurrent network models of cognition.
Primate cognitive neuroscience: What are the useful questions?
Authors: Parker A.
Published: July 2002

Study of “theory of mind” in nonhuman primates is
hampered both by the lack of rigorous methodology that Heyes stresses
and by our lack of knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of nonhuman
primate conceptual structure. Recent advances in this field indicate
that progress can be made by first asking simpler research
questions.
Measuring cognitive universals and cultural particulars
Authors: Romney A. Kimball
Published: July 2002

A reanalysis of Atran's data is presented in which the
comparison between Itzaj and Michigan animal names is represented
in spatial rather than taxonomic form. Similarity among all subjects
is also represented in spatial terms. Finally, culturally shared
knowledge between the two cultures is shown to be about ten
times larger than the culture-specific component unique to each
culture.
Attributed talent is a powerful myth
Authors: Tesch-Römer Clemens
Published: July 2002

Whereas the reality of “innate talent” is
questioned by the authors, the role of “attributed talent”
is not discussed fully. “Attributed talent” is the
imputation of high, not yet unfolded ability to an individual. Only
if talent is attributed to a novice will resources be invested in the
development of expertise. An alternative for estimating future
achievement is discussed.
On the virtues of going all the way
Authors: Edelman Shimon , Breen Elise M.
Published: July 2002

Representational systems need to use symbols as internal stand-ins
for distal quantities and events. Barsalou's ideas go a long way
towards making the symbol system theory of representation more
appealing, by delegating one critical part of the representational
burden – dealing with the constituents of compound structures
– to image-like entities. The target article, however, leaves
the other critical component of any symbol system theory –
the compositional ability to bind the constituents together –
underspecified. We point out that the binding problem can be alleviated
if a perceptual symbol system is made to rely on image-like entities not
only for grounding the constituent symbols, but also for composing these
into structures.
Other brain effects of words
Authors: Epstein Herman T.
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller's discussion needs more explanation
of how the proposed assemblies remain assembled after formation and
how they can be accessed later among all the possible assemblies,
many of which involve many of the same neurons. Alternative Hebbian
strengthening mechanisms may provide additional information, and,
developmental studies of the assemblies might provide insights into
their evolution.
Voluntary and involuntary components in saccade and attention control
Authors: Fischer Burkhart
Published: July 2002

This commentary considers experimental material – some new, some from earlier studies – challenging the model presented by Findlay & Walker. It concentrates on the role of voluntary and involuntary visual attention versus fixation in saccade control and on the generation of antisaccades, reflexive prosaccades, and corrective saccades. The data of a large number of subjects are presented to show the systematic relationship between voluntary saccade generation, error production, and error correction in an antisaccade task.
The origins of aggression sex differences: Evolved dispositions versus social roles
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Wood Wendy
Published: July 2002

The ultimate causes of sex differences in human aggressive
behavior can lie mainly in evolved, inherited mechanisms that differ
by sex or mainly in the differing placement of women and men in the
social structure. The present commentary contrasts Campbell's
evolutionary interpretation of aggression sex differences with a
social structural interpretation that encompasses a wider range of
phenomena.
On the psychobiological complexity and stability of traits
Authors: Depue Richard A. , Collins Paul F.
Published: July 2002

The commentaries on our target article address three
main areas: (1) the relative importance of extraversion and other
related traits to DA functioning, (2) how the long-term stability of
extraversion can be conceptualized within a highly plastic central
nervous system, and (3) the nature of DA functioning in the MOC
network and in extraversion. We have organized our Response,
therefore, into three major sections.
Male dominance hierarchies and women's intrasexual competition
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: July 2002

In their competition for higher-status men, women with higher
socioeconomic status use indirect forms of aggression (ridicule and
gossip) to derogate lower-status female competitors and the men who
date them. Women's greater tendency to excuse their aggression
is arguably a cultural enhancement of an evolutionarily based sex
difference and not solely a cultural construction imposed by
patriarchy.
Syllable structure development of toddlers with expressive specific language impairment
Authors: PHARR AIMÉE BAIRD , RATNER NAN BERNSTEIN , RESCORLA LESLIE
Published: July 2002

A total of 35 children – 20 with expressive specific language impairment (SLI-E) and
15 typically developing (TD) peers – were compared longitudinally from 24 to 36 months
with respect to their production of syllable shapes in 10-minute spontaneous speech samples.
SLI-E 24-month-olds predominantly produced earlier developing syllable shapes containing
vowels, liquids, and glides. TD 24-month-olds and SLI-E 36-month-olds produced approximately
the same proportion of syllable types, with the exception of consonant clusters, where TD
24-month-olds produced more than SLI-E 36-month-olds. TD children at 36 months showed the
greatest use of syllable shapes containing two different consonants and consonant clusters.
Detailed analyses revealed that SLI-E children produced fewer syllable shapes containing final
consonants, more than one consonant type, and consonant clusters. Furthermore, the children
with SLI-E were found to vocalize less often than their TD peers. The possible relationships
between these findings, SLI-E children's concomitant deficits in morphology and syntax,
and the implications for diagnosis and remediation are discussed.
On K-automorphisms, Bernoulli shifts and Markov random
fields
Authors: DEN HOLLANDER FRANK , STEIF JEFFREY E.
Published: July 2002

We show that for translation invariant Markov random fields:
(1) the K-property implies a trivial full tail;
(2) the Bernoulli property implies Følner independence. The
existence of bilaterally deterministic Bernoulli shifts tells us
that neither result is true without the Markov assumption (even in
one dimension). We also show that for general translation
invariant random fields:
(3) Følner independence implies a trivial full tail.
Farewell to the Category-Producing Class?
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: July 2002

The essay focuses on two points: First, Eley and Nield's emphasis
on micropolitics, discourse, and diverse forms of affinity is stimulating and
essential but inadequate to the task of understanding when and how the category
of working class is useful. Such a task also requires nuanced analysis of
interactions on a large scale and at long distance, of control of material
resources, and of centralizing institutions. Second, their identity-centered
vision of politics is too constraining to make clear the multiple forms of
political imagination, connection, and mobilization or to figure out the extent
as well as the limits of power.
Desire all the way down
Authors: DOTY ROXANNE LYNN
Published: July 2002

Alex Wendt's Social Theory of International Politics demonstrates perhaps more long and hard thought about social theory and its implications for international relations theory than most international relations scholars have dared to venture into. He admirably attempts to do in an explicit manner what most scholars in the discipline do only implicitly and often accidentally: suggest a social theory to serve as the foundation for theorizing about international relations. However, there are problems with his approach, a hint of which can be found in the epigraph he has chosen: ‘No science can be more secure than the unconscious metaphysics, which tacitly it presupposes’. Because metaphysics cannot ultimately be proven or disproved, it is inherently insecure. The insecurity and instability of the metaphysical presuppositions present in Social Theory are not difficult to find, and what Wendt ends up demonstrating, despite his objective not to, is the absence of any secure, stable, and unambiguous metaphysical foundation upon which IR theory could be firmly anchored. Indeed, what Social Theory does illustrate is that there is no such ultimate centre within the discipline except the powerful desire to maintain the illusion of first principles and the essential nature of things. If I may paraphrase Wendt, this is a ‘desire all the way down’ in that it permeates his relentless quest for the essence of international relations. Two goals characterize this desire: on the one hand, to take a critical stance toward more conventional international relations theory such as neorealism and neoliberalism; on the other, to maintain unity, stability, and order within the discipline. Social Theory oscillates between these two goals and in doing so deconstructs the very foundations it seeks to lay.
Kantian perspectives on democratic peace: alternatives to Doyle
Authors: CAVALLAR GEORG
Published: July 2002

As for the philosophers, they make imaginary laws for imaginary commonwealths, and their discourses are as the stars, which give little light, because they are so high.

Francis Bacon

The article argues that Doyle's interpretation of Kant's first definitive article in Perpetual Peace is mistaken. I distinguish between Kant's pragmatic argument (his democratic peace proposition) and his a priori, or transcendental claim. Both are distinct from Doyle's approach which emphasizes institutional restraint and shared cultural norms. Doyle must be criticized for taking Kant's transcendental claims as statements that can be verified empirically. I propose that we drop Doyle's juxtaposition of liberal and illiberal as a fallacy of essentialism. Kant's distinction between republican and despotic is a methodological abstraction belonging to ideal theory (the system of rights). Kantian non-ideal theory (his political philosophy) sees the distinction among states as a matter of degree rather than kind. Kant favours an inclusive global federation encompassing liberal as well as non-liberal states, rather than an exclusive federation and ‘separate peace’ of liberal states.
Workers and world order: the tentative transformation of the international union movement
Authors: O'BRIEN ROBERT
Published: July 2002

The activity of workers' organizations and labour issues is once again on the international relations agenda in fields ranging from labour standards at the WTO, to the terms of regional integration, to corporate codes of conduct, to civil society coalition building. This article argues that the role of the international union movement is transforming from a supporter of US capitalism to a brake on neoliberal industrial relations, to potentially advocating a different form of political economy in alliance with other groups. This transformation has taken place partially because unions have has been expelled from the corridors of power in key states and partially because of their encounter with a series of social movements. The cases of the ICFTU's activity in engaging international organizations and MNCs are used as examples to illustrate this trend. The implications for activity in, and the theory of, the global political economy are potentially significant.
Institutions, intentions and international relations
Authors: ONUF NICHOLAS
Published: July 2002

Renewed interest in international institutions makes clear the need for a better theory of institutional possibilities. Friedrich Hayek held that institutions are either designed, though badly, or emerge spontaneously, and providently, as an unintended consequence of agents' self-interested choices. Hayek's historical sketch misses a third set of possibilities reflecting the claim that agents make institutions in keeping with nature's design or, as we say today, make them on some occasions to suit large social purposes. The English School treats institutions as spontaneous developments. Liberal scholars in the US start with the rationalist position that agents design institutions as they see fit, but end up closer to the view that institutions constitute a purposive whole.
Constructivism within a positivist social science
Authors: DESSLER DAVID
Published: July 2002

Constructivism in the study of world politics is little more than a decade old, yet in that short time it has risen to challenge realism and liberalism as a leading approach in international relations. Its ascent has been dramatic. One prominent theorist recently suggested that constructivism has now replaced Marxism as the main paradigmatic rival to realism and liberalism. While this particular judgment might be debated—other scholars may wish to defend the continued relevance of a revived Marxist or socialist approach, for example—the fact remains that constructivism has reshaped many core debates in international relations theory.
The nature and sources of liberal international order
Authors: DEUDNEY DANIEL , IKENBERRY G. JOHN
Published: July 2002

Debates about the future of relations among the advanced industrial countries after the Cold War hinge on theories about the sources of international political order. Realism advances the most defined—and pessimistic—answers drawing on theories of anarchy, balance, and hegemony. But these theories are not able to explain the origins and continuing stability of relations among the United States and its European and Asian partners. This article develops a theory of liberal international order that captures its major structures, institutions, and practices. Distinctive features mark postwar liberal order—co-binding security institutions, penetrated American hegemony, semi-sovereign great powers, economic openness, and civic identity. It is these multifaceted and interlocking features of Western liberal order that give it a durability and significance.
‘I Want Muscles’: house music, homosexuality and masculine signification
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: July 2002

The examination of ‘subcultures’ and their concomitant musical practices has produced a large and varied body of work, a recent (and notable) portion of which has been concerned with what might be referred to generally as ‘dance music’ scenes (Thornton 1996; Reynolds 1998; Fikentscher 2000). Concurrent with this focus (and sometimes enmeshed with it) has been a burgeoning interest in gender/sexuality and music (Ortega 1994; Whiteley 1997, 2000; Barkin and Hamessly 1999). While recent reassessments of ‘subcultural’ formations situated within the postmodern era have suggested inherent complexities, contradictions and a fluidity of self-definition (Lipsitz 1994; Manuel 1995; Young and Craig 1997; Bennett 1999), thus problematising a strict conflation of ‘subcultural’ with ‘subversive’ (or ‘refusal’; cf. Hebdige 1979), this second term often appears as a de facto correlate when discussing ‘subcultures’ defined by homosexuality. This may be due, in part, either to the unfortunate collapsing of the terms ‘queer’, ‘gay’ and ‘homosexual’ – the first of which, despite its rather protean status, may indeed count ‘subversiveness’ as a sedimented component of its meaning – into one, undifferentiated pool of generic descriptives, and/or to the role of the researcher (the ethnographer, for example) in constructing the ‘object of study’ as somehow ‘other’ (Fabian 1983; Abu-Lughod 1991).
Direct-drive cylindrical implosion experiments: Simulations
and data
Authors: TUBBS D.L. , BARNES C.W. , BECK J.B. , HOFFMAN N.M. , OERTEL J.A. , WATT R.G. , BOEHLY T. , BRADLEY D. , KNAUER J.
Published: July 2002

We have studied a suite of cylindrical, polystyrene
targets, both unperturbed and with mode-28, 1.5 μm
initial-amplitude sinusoidal perturbations imposed azimuthally
along the target length. All targets are driven by direct
laser illumination at 3ω using the University of Rochester
OMEGA laser facility. Our numerical simulation and experimental
data demonstrate the proof of principle for direct-drive
studies of complex hydrodynamic phenomena in convergent
geometry. We obtain high-quality, time-dependent data,
that demonstrate good implosion symmetry and against which
numerical simulations show promising agreement within currently
assessed error bars. Our results identify operational space
for continuing experiments.
Design and development of an experimental flexible
manipulator system
Authors: Tokhi M. O. , Azad A. K. M.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the design and development of a laboratory facility
constituting a constrained planar flexible manipulator system. The system is
designed for experimental investigations within research programmes involving
flexible manipulator systems. An outline of a generic design procedure for
flexible manipulator systems is given. The design criteria developed through
this procedure account for the strength and stiffness of the manipulator and the
required transducers and instrumentation. These are considered in detail and the
system designed accordingly. Finally, practical problems encountered are
highlighted and methods of dealing with such problems are presented and
discussed.
Fuzzy logic control of a planetary gear type walking machine leg
Authors: Tsai Chau-Ren , Lee Tsu-Tian , Song Shin-Min
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the development of a fuzzy logic control algorithm for
walking machine leg control is presented. The planetary gear leg is designed
for a quadruped which can walk and trot under the following design criteria:
high efficiency, compact size and high payload/weight ratio. The inverse
kinematics and dynamics of this leg are first analysed. A fuzzy logic control
algorithm is then developed and implemented to control this prototype leg. The
controller controls the leg using position control when the foot is in the air
and force control when the foot is on the ground. This fuzzy logic control
algorithm is evaluated in both simulation and experiments. A comparison of
the proposed control algorithm with the conventional impedance control is given.
Results show that the fuzzy logic controller is effective in controlling the
leg machine.
Clarifying the definition of redundancy as used in robotics
Authors: Conkur E. Sahin , Buckingham Rob
Published: July 2002

Several descriptions of redundancy are presented in the literature,
often from widely different perspectives. Therefore, a discussion of these
various definitions and the salient points would be appropriate. In particular,
any definition and redundancy needs to cover the following issues; the
difference between multiple solutions and an infinite number of solutions;
degenerate solutions to inverse kinematics; task redundancy; and the
distinction between non-redundant, redundant and highly redundant
manipulators.
Quadratic optimal control of a two-flexible-link robot manipulator
Authors: Morris A. S. , Madani A.
Published: July 2002

Manipulators with some flexible links are attractive because they avoid the severe control problems associated with the large inertia forces generated when the large-mass, rigid links in conventional robot manipulators move at high speed. In fact only two of the links within a typical six degrees of freedom revolute-geometry industrial robot cause significant inertia forces, and so only these two links need to be flexible. The development of a two-flexible-link system controller is therefore very relevant to larger manipulators, because it can be readily expanded by adding simple controllers for the other rigid links. Two alternative controllers are developed in this paper, a computed-torque controller and a quadratic optimal controller. Simulations confirm the superior performance of the latter.
Modeling and control of a mobile manipulator
Authors: Chung J. H. , Velinsky S. A.
Published: July 2002

This paper concerns the modeling and control of a mobile manipulator which consists
of a robotic arm mounted upon a mobile platform. The equations of motion are derived using the Lagrange-d'Alembert formulation for the nonholonomic model of the mobile manipulator. The dynamic model which considers slip of the platform's tires is developed using the Newton-Euler method and incorporates Dugoff's tire friction model. Then, the tracking problem is investigated by using a well known nonlinear control method for the nonholonomic model. The adverse effect of the wheel slip on the tracking of commanded motion is discussed in the simulation. For the dynamic model, a variable structure control approach is employed to minimize the harmful effect of the wheel slip on the tracking performance. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
On the Liapunov stability of multi-finger grasps
Authors: Svinin Mikhail , Ueda Kanji , Kaneko Makoto
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the stability of a rigid body under multiple contact forces. First, the problem is considered at the force planning level, and the stability of a force distribution is formulated. For this problem, the stiffness tensor is derived, and its basic properties are analyzed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of a force distribution are established in an analytical form. These conditions, considered under unilateral frictional constraints, are studied on an illustrative example. Next, it is shown that stabilization of an unstable force distribution can be done by a simple control law. The stability conditions for this control law are formulated by transforming the stiffness tensor to the center of stiffness. Finally, conclusions on the contradiction between the Liapunov stability and the contact stability of the objects are drawn.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR OBESITY TREATMENT
Authors: Narbro Kristina , Sjöström Lars
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for effective
treatment in a sample of obese individuals and to examine whether WTP is
associated with factors reflecting the severity of obesity as well as a number
of other variables such as age, sex, education, and income.

Methods: WTP and data on the severity of obesity were collected
from the study, Swedish Obese Subjects. Associations between WTP, income, and
obesity-related factors were analyzed by linear regression.

Results: The mean age was 47 years (range, 37 through 59 years)
and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 39.6 kg/m2 (n = 3,549).
Average personal monthly income was SEK 13,000 (≈ US $1,585), average WTP
was SEK 26,900 (≈ US $3,280) and the median value was SEK 10,900 (≈ US
$1,330). A high WTP was associated with high personal and household income,
high weight, high education, female sex, poor perceived health, low current
age, and low age at onset of obesity. Over 50% of the patients deemed it
necessary to borrow money to cover their WTP. When adding a loan to the
regression analysis, the associations between WTP and perceived health, age,
and gender disappeared.

Conclusion: Obese patients are willing to pay approximately twice
their monthly salary for effective treatment and a higher WTP is associated
with higher weight and poorer perceived health.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN SPAIN
Authors: Granados Alicia , Sampietro-Colom Laura , Asua José , Conde José , Vazquez-Albertino Ricardo
Published: July 2002

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 established a healthcare system available to everyone and free at the

point of service. The General Health Law of 1986 also established the framework for a National Health

System (NHS). The Constitution and the law form the regulatory framework for the devolution of

healthcare services to the Autonomous Regions. All the 17 Autonomous Regions have complete power regarding

public health and planning. However, responsibilities on healthcare financing, organization,

provision, and management have devolved to only seven Autonomous Regions.

Financial support for health services

comes mostly from taxes. Global budgets are a mechanism used by hospitals to control the acquisition of

medium and low health technology. Major capital investments for health technology are controlled by the

central government in 10 Autonomous Regions (population coverage of 38%) and by the Regional Health Services in the

seven remaining Autonomous Regions. In 1995 a regulation for basing the introduction of new procedures and medical equipment

on the assessment of safety, efficacy, and efficiency was issued. Health technology assessment

(HTA) has a long history in Spain, beginning with the Advisory Board on High Technology in the

government of Catalonia in 1984. This board evolved into the Catalan Agency for HTA (CAHTA) in

1994. The Basque Country established a unit for HTA in 1992 (Osteba) and the Andalusian

government created an agency in 1996 (AETSA). A national agency for HTA (AETS) was established

in 1994. These different programs coordinate their work and together act as an Advisory Committee of

the Interregional Council of the NHS.
STATIONARY ARCH MODELS: DEPENDENCE STRUCTURE AND CENTRAL
LIMIT THEOREM
Authors: Giraitis Liudas , Kokoszka Piotr , Leipus Remigijus
Published: July 2002

This paper studies a broad class of nonnegative
ARCH(∞) models. Sufficient conditions for the existence
of a stationary solution are established and an explicit
representation of the solution as a Volterra type series
is found. Under our assumptions, the covariance function
can decay slowly like a power function, falling just short
of the long memory structure. A moving average representation
in martingale differences is established, and the central
limit theorem is proved.
THE ET INTERVIEW: PROFESSOR OLAV REIERSØL
Authors: Willassen Yngve
Published: July 2002

Professor Olav Reiersøl was born on 28 June 1908 in the
countryside in Norway. He enrolled at Oslo University in 1928, where
he studied chemistry, mathematics, physics, and botany. Choosing
mathematics as his main subject, he received the cand. real. degree
in 1935. As a graduate in mathematics and mathematical statistics he
was employed as an assistant by Professor Ragnar Frisch.
TESTS OF RANK
Authors: Robin Jean-Marc , Smith Richard J.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers tests for the rank of a matrix
for which a root-T consistent estimator is available.
However, in contrast to tests associated with the minimum
chi-square and asymptotic least squares principles, the
estimator's asymptotic variance matrix is not required
to be either full or of known rank. Test statistics based
on certain estimated characteristic roots are proposed
whose limiting distributions are a weighted sum of independent
chi-squared variables. These weights may be simply estimated,
yielding convenient estimators for the limiting distributions
of the proposed statistics. A sequential testing procedure
is presented that yields a consistent estimator for the
rank of a matrix. A simulation experiment is conducted
comparing the characteristic root statistics advocated
in this paper with statistics based on the Wald and asymptotic
least squares principles.
THE POWER OF SINGLE EQUATION TESTS FOR COINTEGRATION WHEN
THE COINTEGRATING VECTOR IS PRESPECIFIED
Authors: Zivot Eric
Published: July 2002

In this paper I present an alternative derivation
of the asymptotic distribution of Kremers, Ericsson, and
Dolado's (1992, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and
Statistics 54, 325–348) conditional error correction
model (ECM)–based t-test for cointegration
with a single prespecified cointegrating vector. This alternative
distribution, which is identical to the distribution of
Hansen's (1995, Econometric Theory 11, 1148–1171)
covariate augmented t-test for a unit root, is
valid for weakly exogenous regressors and depends on a
consistently estimable nuisance parameter that takes on
values in the unit interval. I show analytically, using
asymptotic power functions based on near-cointegrated alternatives,
that the ECM t-test with a prespecified cointegrating
vector can have much higher power than single equation
tests for cointegration based on estimating the cointegrating
vector. I also characterize situations in which the ECM
t-test computed with a misspecified cointegrating
vector will have high power.
THE FUNCTIONAL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM AND WEAK CONVERGENCE
TO STOCHASTIC INTEGRALS I
Authors: de Jong Robert M. , Davidson James
Published: July 2002

This paper gives new conditions for the functional
central limit theorem, and weak convergence of stochastic
integrals, for near-epoch-dependent functions of mixing
processes. These results have fundamental applications
in the theory of unit root testing and cointegrating regressions.
The conditions given improve on existing results in the
literature in terms of the amount of dependence and heterogeneity
permitted, and in particular, these appear to be the first
such theorems in which virtually the same assumptions are
sufficient for both modes of convergence.