bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artemether–lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine treatment outcomes among children infected with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Marwa Karol J. , Konje Eveline T. , Kapesa Anthony , Kamugisha Erasmus , Mwita Stanley , Swedberg Göte
Published: November 2021

Background

Artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs) have been a cornerstone in the treatment of malaria in the world. A rapid decline in dihydroartemisinin piperaquine (DHP) and artemether lumefantrine (ALU) efficacies has been reported in some parts of South East Asia, the historical epicenter for the antimalarial drug resistance. Prolonged drug use is associated with selection of resistant parasites due to exposure to inadequate drug levels hence effects on treatment outcomes in malaria. ALU and DHP are used as first line and alternative first line, respectively, in Tanzania. This study was carried in Igombe, Tanzania to assess the efficacies of ALU and DHP in routine treatment of uncomplicated malaria among children.

Methods

This was a prospective study involving children up to 10 years and followed up for 28 and 35 days as per the WHO protocol, 2015 for monitoring antimalarial drug efficacy. The primary end points were crude and adjusted Adequate Clinical and Parasitological Response (ACPR), parasite clearance rate and reported adverse events.

Results

A total of 205 children with uncomplicated malaria were enrolled. One hundred and sixteen participants were treated with ALU, while 89 participants were treated with DHP. Two participants in the ALU group were lost within the 24 h of follow-up. The PCR unadjusted ACPR was108 (94.7%) for ALU and 88 (98.9%) for DHP, while the PCR adjusted ACPR was 109(95.6%) and 88(98.9%) for ALU and DHP, respectively, at 28 day follow-up. No treatment failure was observed in both groups. Cumulative risk of recurrent parasitemia was similar in both groups (p = 0.32). Age and parasite density were strong predictors for persistent day 1 parasitemia (p = 0.034 and 0.026, respectively). Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and headache were the most clinical adverse events reported in both groups of patients.

Conclusion

The present study shows that ALU and DHP are still efficacious after more than a decade of use with PCR corrected efficacies greater than 95% implying a failure rate less than 5% which is below the WHO minimum threshold requirement for recommendation of a change in the treatment policy. Both drugs were well tolerated with no major adverse events reported.
Exploring factors that mitigate the continued influence of misinformation
Authors: Kan Irene P. , Pizzonia Kendra L. , Drummey Anna B. , Mikkelsen Eli J. V.
Published: November 2021

Background

The term “continued influence effect” (CIE) refers to the phenomenon that discredited and obsolete information continues to affect behavior and beliefs. The practical relevance of this work is particularly apparent as we confront fake news everyday. Thus, an important question becomes, how can we mitigate the continued influence of misinformation? Decades of research have identified several factors that contribute to the CIE reduction, but few have reported successful elimination. Across three studies, we evaluated the relative contribution of three factors (i.e., targeting the misinformation, providing an alternative explanation, and relative importance of the misinformation content) to the reduction of the CIE.

Results

Across three studies and two different CIE measures, we found that alternative provision consistently resulted in CIE reduction. Furthermore, under certain conditions, the combination of alternative inclusion and direct targeting of misinformation in the correction statement resulted in successful elimination of the CIE, such that individuals who encountered that type of correction behaved similarly to baseline participants who never encountered the (mis)information. In contrast, under one CIE measure, participants who received correction statements that failed to include those elements referenced the (mis)information as frequently as baseline participants who never encountered a correction. Finally, we delineated several component processes involved in misinformation outdating and found that the extent of outdating success varied as a function of the causality of misinformation.

Conclusions

The damaging effects of fake news are undeniable, and the negative consequences are exacerbated in the digital age. Our results contribute to our understanding of how fake news persists and how we may begin to mitigate their effects.
Anti-fertility effect of three inorganic salts against land snail, Massylaea vermiculata, (O.F. Müller1774) and their field efficiency
Authors: Mobarak Soha A.
Published: November 2021

Background

The ovotestis gland (the hermaphrodite gland) is a reproductive system organ that affects fertility of land snails. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three inorganic salts (sodium carbonate, sodium benzoate, and sodium nitrate) against the land snail,Massylaea vermiculataunder laboratory and field conditions. Snails were treated with serial concentrations of the tested salts for seven days using thin-layer film technique. The LC50of each salt was determined, and the effect of ½ LC50of each was tested on egg-laying. In addition, LPO enzyme was determined, and the histological effect of the ovotestis gland was inspected. The field efficiency of sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate were evaluated as a spray for 21 days on pomegranate nursery trees at Giza Governorate. The effects of inorganic salts were compared with methomyl (the compound recommended by the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture against land snails in the field).

Results

The laboratory results revealed that sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate were more toxic than sodium benzoate, whereas the LC50were 2.4, 9.6, and 11.8% for the three inorganic salts, respectively. Sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate achieved complete inhibition for egg production, while sodium benzoate gave 37.7% compared to 96.8% for hatchability control. Sodium carbonate and sodium benzoate exhibited significant effect on LPO enzyme, while a non-significant effect was recorded by sodium nitrite compared with control. Regarding the histological effect, sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate had the same effect on ovotestis, as a necrobiotic change was observed in the ova, and diminishing in spermatozoal concentration, while sodium benzoate caused decreasing in spermatozoal concentration without any alteration in the ovarian compared with control. Regarding the field results, sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate achieved 78.4 and 79.0% reduction in land snail populations, respectively, compared with 75% for methomyl compound.

Conclusions

The tested inorganic salts have highly toxic effect against the land snail,M. vermiculata,and they can be used in field control programs, after conducting more studies on their effect on the soil and other environmental components.
Capsule-C: an improved Steinernema carpocapsae capsule formulation for controlling Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: NanGong Ziyan , Li Tianhui , Zhang Weikang , Song Ping , Wang Qinying
Published: November 2021

Background

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have long been used for controlling soil-dwelling insects. Steinernema carpocapsae HB310, previously showed a high virulence against many pests including Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Due to the lack of durable formulations, up until now, S. carpocapsae HB310 has thus far been prevented from use in large-scale farming. The present study aimed to get a better EPNs capsule formulation suitable for long-term storage and effective application.

Results

An improved EPNs capsule formulation, herein named: Capsule-C was prepared by the following composition: Solution I: 18% glycerol, 0.075% formaldehyde, 1% sodium alginate, 0.2% xanthan gum, 0.5% potassium sorbate, 9% glucose, 2% fructose, 2% sucrose, and the remainder was distilled water. The nematodes suspension was added to the alginate mixture in 2 × 104 IJs/mL; Solution II: 18% glycerol, 0.075% formaldehyde, 0.5% calcium chloride, 0.5% potassium sorbate, with the remainder being distilled water. After storage for 180 days at 16 °C and 100% RH, the survival rate of nematodes in Capsule-C was 75.68 ± 0.48% and the nematodes caused 82.33 ± 1.45% mortality in the 5th instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. A. ipsilon larvae preferred to chew and ingest Capsule-C due to the addition of the glucose compound. The feeding rate of A. ipsilon larvae on Capsule-C reached to 100% within 24 h and the larval mortality of A. ipsilon was 90.48 ± 6.35%.

Conclusion

EPNs-containing capsules were as effective as sprayed EPNs in water solution at killing A. ipsilon. These results will provide ideas to acquire a stable and efficient EPNs capsule formulation and further promote the application of environmental friendly biological pesticides.
First report of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema surkhetense and its pathogenic potential to larvae of the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) in Vietnam
Authors: Trinh Phap Quang , Nguyen Duyen Thi , Le Linh Thi Mai , Nguyen Tien Huu
Published: November 2021

Background

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are evidently a useful nematode group for the biocontrol of insect pests. It is well known that efficacy of different EPN strains, even belonging to the same species, can be significantly varied in different localities. Therefore, exploring EPNs and testing their efficacy in various ecological regions is of crucial importance to find out more efficient EPN strains. On the other hand, this practice is also needed to enhance the knowledge on diversity and distribution model of EPNs over the world.

Results

In this study, a species belonging to the genus Steinernema, S. surkhetense, has been characterized for the first time in Vietnam based on morphological and molecular characterizations. Morphological characterizations of infective juveniles, the first and second-generation adults, and molecular characterization of D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rRNA region were given. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Steinernema was also provided. In addition, the study showed that the lethal efficacy of this local strain to larvae of Galleria mellonella L. was relatively higher than other reported EPN strains in Vietnam.

Conclusions

The Vietnamese EPN population found in this study was determined to be conspecific with S. surkhetense, revealed its new distribution in Vietnam. Besides, detailed morphological and molecular characterizations of it was provided with small variations compared to other populations in the world, and its relatively high lethal efficacy on larvae of G. mellonella implied that this strain can be potentially a useful strain for biological control of insect pests.
Efficacy of Thai indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith)(Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)
Authors: Wattanachaiyingcharoen Wandee , Lepcha Ongpo , Vitta Apichat , Wattanachaiyingcharoen Det
Published: November 2021

Background

Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the virulence of 2 isolates of Thai indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in controlling the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae), was demonstrated. Six EPNs dosages were tested against 2 larval instars of FAW under the laboratory conditions, while 2 different concentrations were tested under the greenhouse conditions.

Results

The results of a laboratory experiment revealed that 2 Thai indigenous EPNs isolates (Heterorhabditis indica isolate AUT 13.2 and Steinernema siamkayai isolate APL 12.3) were efficient against the FAW, 2nd and 5th larval instars. Six different nematode concentrations (50,100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 infectious juveniles (IJs) ml−1) were evaluated, and all were proven to be effective, with the mortality rate associated with concentration. Inoculated larvae in the 2nd instar was more vulnerable than that in the 5th instar. H. indica isolate AUT 13.2 was more destructive than S. siamkayai isolate APL 12.3. The greatest mortality rate of 2nd instar larvae was 83% when H. indica AUT 13.2 was applied at the concentration of 250 IJs ml−1, and 68% when the nematode S. siamkayai APL 12.3 was used at the concentration of 300 IJs ml−1. At 250 IJsml−1, the highest mortality rate of the 5th instar larvae was 45% for H. indica AUT 13.2 and 33% for S. siamkayai APL 12.3, respectively. To customize the concentration and volume of nematodes suspension evaluated in the greenhouse settings, the most sensitive stage of FAW and the optimum concentration that caused the highest mortality were used. The concentrations of both indigenous nematodes’ isolates were 20,000 and 50,000 IJsml−1 per pot, respectively, and the results showed that the mortality rates were lower than that in the laboratory. FAW mortality rate was the highest (58%) in case of the nematode H. indica isolate AUT 13.2, against (45%) in case of S. siamkayai isolate APL 12.3, at the 50,000 IJs ml−1 concentrations.

Conclusions

The study revealed the 2 Thai indigenous EPNs isolates (H. indica isolate AUT 13.2 and S. siamkayai isolate APL 12.3) were capable of controlling the FAW in both laboratory and greenhouse environments. The 2 Thai EPNs showed the potential to be considered as a biological control agent.
Prognostic value of glucose fluctuation in patients undergoing thrombolysis or thrombectomy due to acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Ciplak Sibel , Adiguzel Ahmet , Ozturk Unal , Akalin Yahya
Published: November 2021

Background

Hyperglycemia during acute ischemic stroke is associated with worse outcomes, and this glucose altitude may persist in the initial days. In this study, we investigate the effect of glucose fluctuations in the first 4 days in patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke and who underwent ivr-tPA ± interventional thrombectomy or only interventional thrombectomy on stroke prognosis. Study was designed bicentered retrospective case series. Patients older than 18 years were included and those suitable for acute treatment, treatment indications, contraindications, and treatment management of hyperglycemia were selected according to the 2018 American Stroke Association guidelines. The effect of fasting glucose values of patients in the first 4 days on admission and 24th hour NIHSS scores, duration of hospitalization, disability, mortality, and prognosis were analyzed. We aimed to demostred the effect of the first 4-day glucose values measured in patients treated in a stroke center on clinical prospect.

Results

One hundred and seventy-six patients were included in the study. Group 1 included 30 (17%) patients with severe clinical condition (NIHSS at admission ≥ 16), and Group 2 comprised 146 (83%) patients with moderate and mild clinical condition (NIHSS at admission < 16). The glucose values of Groups 1 and 2 were found as follows: day 1 (admission): 178.7 ± 10.3 mg/dl and 138.3 ± 54.9 mg/dl, day 2: 197.7 ± 99.8 mg/dl and 137.6 ± 51.8 mg/dl, day 3: 186.1 ± 97.6 mg/dl and 127.5 ± 50.0 mg/dl, and day 4: 169.2 ± 85.0 mg/dl and 126.7 ± 49.3 mg/dl (p < 0.05). Mortality risk of patients with glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl was 43.5% on day 1 (p > 0.05), 57.1% on day 2, 68.4% on day 3, and 76.5% on day 4 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The glucose level of patients in severe clinical condition peaked on the second day and that 4 days of resilient severe hyperglycemia is a negative risk factor for sequela and mortality.
Effect of curcumin supplement or placebo in delayed onset muscle soreness: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rattanaseth Natthanichar , Panyarapeepat Patteera , Muljadi Janisa Andrea , Chaijenkij Kornkit , Kongtharvonskul Jatupon
Published: November 2021

Background

There are multiple strategies that have been suggested to attenuate delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Curcumin has been shown to reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. However, currently, there is still controversy.

Main body of the abstract

We conduct this meta-analysis according to the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies were included from Medline and Scopus from the date of inception to May 04th, 2021 that reported VAS score, blood markers (creatinine kinese (CK), tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6) and range of motion of either group. There were total of 13 studies including 202 and 176 persons in curcumin and placebo group. The unstandardized mean difference (UMD) of VAS muscle soreness in post-exercise, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days was − 0.12 (95% CI − 0.46, 0.22), − 0.38 (− 0.83, 0.08), − 0.67 (− 1.19, − 0.16), − 0.86 (− 1.38, − 0.34), − 0.81 (− 1.27, − 036) and − 1.24 (− 1.50, − 0.99) scores lower in curcumin when compared to placebo. The UMD of CK was − 11.07 (95% CI − 24, 1.86), − 37.51 (− 68.04, − 6.97), − 45.40 (− 95.67, 4.86), − 53.33 (− 128.11, 21.45), − 90.98 (− 173.45, − 8.51) and 117.84 (− 338.69, 574.37) lower in curcumin when compared to placebo. No statistically significantly differences were noted for IL-6, TNF-α and ROM between two groups.

Short conclusion

This meta-analysis suggested that curcumin supplement reduced delayed onset muscle soreness and CK after exercise in 1, 2, 3, and 4 days when compared to placebo. However, TNF and IL were not affected by curcumin ingestion.

Level of evidence I.
Performance of 4 methods for screening of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis under TNFα inhibitors: a 24-month prospective study
Authors: Gomes Carina M. F. , Terreri Maria Teresa , Moraes-Pinto Maria Isabel , Pinheiro Marcelo M.
Published: November 2021

Background

The reactivation rate of tuberculosis in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis (CIA) on TNFα inhibitors (TNFi) and baseline negative screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is higher than in the general population.

Aim

To compare the performance of tuberculin skin test (TST), TST-Booster, ELISPOT (T-SPOT.TB) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold in tube (QFT-IT) to detect LTBI in patients with CIA on TNFi.

Patients and methods

A total of 102 patients with CIA [rheumatoid arthritis (RA), n = 40; ankylosing spondylitis (AS), n = 35; psoriatic arthritis (PsA), n = 7; and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), n = 20] were prospectively followed-up for 24 months to identify incident LTBI cases. Epidemiologic data, TST, T-SPOT.TB, QFT-IT and a chest X-ray were performed at baseline and after 6 months of LTBI treatment.

Results

Thirty six percent (37/102) of patients had positive TST or Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) tests. Agreement among TST and IGRAs was moderate (k = 0.475; p = 0.001), but high between T-SPOT.TB and QFT-IT (k = 0.785; p < 0.001). During the 24-Month follow-up, 15 (18.5%) incident cases of LTBI were identified. In comparison to TST, the IGRAs increased the LTBI diagnosis power in 8.5% (95% CI 3.16–17.49). TST-Booster did not add any value in patients with negative TST at baseline. After 6-Month isoniazid therapy, IGRAs results did not change significantly.

Conclusions

Almost 20% of CIA patients had some evidence of LTBI, suggesting higher conversion rate after exposition to TNFi. TST was effective in identifying new cases of LTBI, but IGRAs added diagnostic power in this scenario. Our findings did not support the repetition of IGRAs after 6-Month isoniazid therapy and this approach was effective to mitigate active TB in 2 years of follow-up.
Impact of early-life rearing history on gut microbiome succession and performance of Nile tilapia
Authors: Deng Yale , Kokou Fotini , Eding Ep H. , Verdegem Marc C. J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Fish gut microbial colonisation starts during larval stage and plays an important role in host’s growth and health. To what extent first colonisation could influence the gut microbiome succession and growth in later life remains unknown. In this study, Nile tilapia embryos were incubated in two different environments, a flow-through system (FTS) and a biofloc system (BFS); hatched larvae were subsequently cultured in the systems for 14 days of feeding (dof). Fish were then transferred to one common recirculating aquaculture system (RAS1, common garden, 15–62 dof), followed by a growth trial in another RAS (RAS2, growth trial, 63–105 dof). In RAS2, fish were fed with two types of diet, differing in non-starch polysaccharide content. Our aim was to test the effect of rearing environment on the gut microbiome development, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Nile tilapia during post-larvae stages.

Results

Larvae cultured in the BFS showed better growth and different gut microbiome, compared to FTS. After the common garden, the gut microbiome still showed differences in species composition, while body weight was similar. Long-term effects of early life rearing history on fish gut microbiome composition, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and energy balances were not observed. Still, BFS-reared fish had more gut microbial interactions than FTS-reared fish. A temporal effect was observed in gut microbiome succession during fish development, although a distinct number of core microbiome remained present throughout the experimental period.

Conclusion

Our results indicated that the legacy effect of first microbial colonisation of the fish gut gradually disappeared during host development, with no differences in gut microbiome composition and growth performance observed in later life after culture in a common environment. However, early life exposure of larvae to biofloc consistently increased the microbial interactions in the gut of juvenile Nile tilapia and might possibly benefit gut health.
QSAR, pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking studies to identify structural alerts for some nitrogen heterocycles as dual inhibitor of telomerase reverse transcriptase and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA
Authors: Jawarkar R. D. , Bakal R. L. , Khatale P. N. , Lewaa Israa , Jain Chetan M. , Manwar Jagdish V. , Jaiswal Minal S.
Published: November 2021

Background

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA are amongst the favorable target for researchers to discover novel and more effective anticancer agents. To understand and elucidate structure activity relationship and mechanism of inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA, a QSAR modeling and molecular docking were conducted.

Results

Two robust QSAR model were obtained which consist of full set QSAR model (R2: 0.8174, CCCtr: 0.8995, Q2loo: 0.7881, Q2LMO: 0.7814) and divided set QSAR model (R2: 0.8217, CCCtr: 0.9021, Q2loo: 0.7886, Q2LMO: 0.7783, Q2-F1: 0.7078, Q2-F2: 0.6865, Q2-F3: 0.7346) for envisaging the inhibitory activity of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. The analysis reveals that carbon atom exactly at 3 bonds from aromatic carbon atom, nitrogen atom exactly at six bonds from planer nitrogen atom, aromatic carbon atom within 2 A0 from the center of mass of molecule and occurrence of element hydrogen within 2 A0 from donar atom are the key pharmacophoric features important for dual inhibition of TERT and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. To validate this analysis, pharmacophore modeling and the molecular docking is performed. Molecular docking analysis support QSAR analysis and revealed that, dual inhibition of TERT and human telomeric DNA is mainly contributed from hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions.

Conclusion

The findings of molecular docking, pharmacophore modelling, and QSAR are all consistent and in strong agreement. The validated QSAR analyses can detect structural alerts, pharmacophore modelling can classify a molecule's consensus pharmacophore involving hydrophobic and acceptor regions, whereas docking analysis can reveal the mechanism of dual inhibition of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. The combination of QSAR, pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking may be useful for the future drug design of dual inhibitors to combat the devastating issue of resistance.

Graphical abstract
Efficacy of intranasal fluticasone propionate and budesonide in management of allergic rhinitis—a prospective comparative study
Authors: Shankari P. Kiruba , Suresh Swathi , Begum Rukaiah Fatma
Published: November 2021

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) or Hay fever is a chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa induced by IgE-mediated hypersensitivity due to exposure of various allergens. AR occurs as a response against these inhaled allergens that cause inflammation of nasal mucosal membranes. In this study, a reliable treatment for allergic rhinitis with maximum effectiveness and minimal side effects was assessed. This study compared the effectiveness of intranasal Fluticasone propionate (FUP) and intranasal Budesonide (BUD) in reducing the eosinophil count and in improving the nasal and ocular symptoms. This prospective study was conducted on 62 cases of allergic rhinitis and patients with mild-to-moderate allergic rhinitis were selected for the study. They were randomly divided into two groups; group I consists of 30 patients who received intranasal Fluticasone propionate aqueous spray, total daily dose of 200 μg (50 μg/spray) as 2 sprays in each nostril administered once daily, whereas the group II consists of 32 patients who received intranasal Budesonide aqueous spray, total daily dose of 400 μg/day (100 μg/spray) as 1 spray in each nostril administered twice daily.

Results

Analysis on patient-based symptom scores revealed that both the groups showed statistically significant reduction in symptoms. Fluticasone propionate was found to be significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than Budesonide in reducing sneezing, nasal itching and majority of symptoms of individual symptom scores. Budesonide showed somewhat similar effect in reducing nasal blockage at 4 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion

Clinically, both the drugs showed statistically significant improvement when compared to baseline, but Fluticasone propionate was superior at reducing nasal symptoms, ocular symptom and eosinophil count.
Predictors of intubation and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Cena Tiziana , Cammarota Gianmaria , Azzolina Danila , Barini Michela , Bazzano Simona , Zagaria Domenico , Negroni Davide , Castello Luigi , Carriero Alessandro , Corte Francesco Della , Vaschetto Rosanna
Published: November 2021

Background

Estimating the risk of intubation and mortality among COVID-19 patients can help clinicians triage these patients and allocate resources more efficiently. Thus, here we sought to identify the risk factors associated with intubation and intra-hospital mortality in a cohort of COVID-19 patients hospitalized due to hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF).

Results

We included retrospectively a total of 187 patients admitted to the subintensive and intensive care units of the University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità” of Novara between March 1st and April 30th, 2020. Based on these patients’ demographic characteristics, early clinical and laboratory variables, and quantitative chest computerized tomography (CT) findings, we developed two random forest (RF) models able to predict intubation and intra-hospital mortality. Variables independently associated with intubation were C-reactive protein (p < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase level (p = 0.018) and white blood cell count (p = 0.026), while variables independently associated with mortality were age (p < 0.001), other cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.029), C-reactive protein (p = 0.002), lactate dehydrogenase level (p = 0.018), and invasive mechanical ventilation (p = 0.001). On quantitative chest CT analysis, ground glass opacity, consolidation, and fibrosis resulted significantly associated with patient intubation and mortality. The major predictors for both models were the ratio between partial pressure of arterial oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen, age, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, glycemia, CT quantitative parameters, lymphocyte count, and symptom onset.

Conclusions

Altogether, our findings confirm previously reported demographic, clinical, hemato-chemical, and radiologic predictors of adverse outcome among COVID-19-associated hypoxemic ARF patients. The two newly developed RF models herein described show an overall good level of accuracy in predicting intra-hospital mortality and intubation in our study population. Thus, their future development and implementation may help not only identify patients at higher risk of deterioration more effectively but also rebalance the disproportion between resources and demand.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Nipple Discharge Fluid Cytology: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Jiwa Natasha , Kumar Swathica , Gandhewar Rishikesh , Chauhan Hemali , Nagarajan Vikneswaran , Wright Corrina , Hadjiminas Dimitri , Takats Zoltan , Ashrafian Hutan , Leff Daniel Richard
Published: November 2021

Background

Nipple discharge is the third most frequent complaint of women attending rapid diagnostic breast clinics. Nipple smear cytology remains the single most used diagnostic method for investigating fluid content. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of nipple discharge fluid assessment.

Methods

The study incorporated searches for studies interrogating the diagnostic data of nipple discharge fluid cytology compared with the histopathology gold standard. Data from studies published from 1956 to 2019 were analyzed. The analysis included 8648 cytology samples of women with a presenting complaint of nipple discharge. Both hierarchical and bivariate models for diagnostic meta-analysis were used to attain overall pooled sensitivity and specificity.

Results

Of 837 studies retrieved, 45 fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. The diagnostic accuracy of the meta-analysis examining nipple discharge fluid had a sensitivity of 75 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.74–0.77) and a specificity of 87 % (95 % CI, 0.86–0.87) for benign breast disease. For breast cancer, it had a sensitivity of 62 % (95 % CI, 0.53–0.71) and a specificity 71 % (95 % CI, 0.57–0.81). Furthermore, patients presenting with blood-stained discharge yielded an overall malignancy rate of 58 % (95 % CI, 0.54–0.60) with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 27 % (95 % CI, 0.17–0.36).

Conclusions

Pooled data from studies encompassing nipple discharge fluid assessment suggest that nipple smear cytology is of limited diagnostic accuracy. The authors recommend that a tailored approach to diagnosis be required given the variable sensitivities of currently available tests.
Learning about leadership
Authors: Quinn Charlotte
Published: November 2021

As she learns about leading and facilitating, Charlotte Quinn reflects on the building blocks of effective leadership, including applying theory to practice and building a foundation of authenticity and compassion.
Making yourself heard as an expert patient
Authors: Smith Lowri
Published: November 2021

Lowri Smith reflects on her journey towards becoming an expert on her congenital heart disease, and highlights the importance of self-advocacy for patients.
Highlighting the latest research: November 2021
Authors: Palmer Sarah Jane
Published: November 2021

Sarah Jane Palmer presents a selection of recently published articles of interest to nurses working in cardiovascular nursing. The aim of this roundup is to provide a brief overview of the research papers selected. A full reference is provided for those who wish to look at the research in further detail.
Conducting a consultation and clinical assessment of the skin for advanced clinical practitioners
Authors: McPhillips Hazel , Wood Alison F , Harper-McDonald Bruce
Published: November 2021

Advanced clinical practitioner (ACP) roles require a broad range of knowledge of both medical and surgical areas and the ability to work autonomously in a variety of settings. Despite around half of the UK adult population presenting with a skin condition requiring attention at some point, this is an area many ACPs feel unprepared to manage. However, due to the complexity and large number of potential diagnoses, it is imperative that ACPs develop their knowledge of skin conditions so that they can confidently conduct consultations with patients. This clinical review presents the key elements of patient consultation, history taking and assessment of the skin. This is designed to support novice ACPs, whether working in acute hospital settings or primary care, to develop an understanding of the key points that should be included when consulting with and assessing the skin of patients outwith the dermatology setting.
Going above and beyond: using nursing theories to explore volunteerism during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Solomon Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Historically, nurses have volunteered to serve in wars and natural catastrophes. However, instead of a distant disaster, many nurses in the UK volunteered, working above and beyond, to assist their colleagues, local communities and health systems in the NHS during the peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the motivations and benefits to the community or self of volunteerism have been discussed in the literature, there is a paucity of literature and theoretical understanding from the field of nursing. Using a reflective and personal account of volunteering, this article aims to provide a better understanding of the concept of volunteerism in nursing. By exploring associated nursing theories from Jean Watson and Kristen Swanson, this article aims to illuminate and expand the knowledge base about nursing volunteerism. These nursing theories can frame the act of volunteerism and nursing and illustrate the interrelations of nursing theory and the practice of nursing volunteerism.
Patient safety incident framework will ensure affected staff are not overlooked
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: November 2021

Sam Foster, Chief Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals, considers the term ‘second victim’, which is used to describe staff who are affected psychologically and emotionally in the aftermath of an incident
Sarcopenia and malnutrition: commonly occurring conditions in the older population
Authors: Ashworth Ann
Published: November 2021

This article reviews the prevalence of loss of muscle mass and function, (sarcopenia) alongside malnutrition in the older population (>65 years). It outlines what is meant by both sarcopenia and malnutrition and looks at how these conditions can interact to cause detrimental outcomes in both underweight and overweight older adults. It also details some of the potential consequences of loss of muscle mass on the effective functioning of the human body and clinical outcomes and includes tips for nurses on how they can incorporate simple strategies into everyday care to both identify and treat patients at risk of sarcopenia and malnutrition.
Optimization of Low Pressure Steam Heating Technology of Thermoelectric Joint Production
Authors: Tang Dongya , Yu Ruxian
Published: November 2021

In order to reduce the loss of heat saving in the thermal engine, improveenergy utilization efficiency. This paper uses EBSILON simulation softwareto establish models and perform changes to the working condition, and thecomparison of design values on the thermal balance graph. The results showthat this method is applicable to the calculation of the thermoelectric gauge.At different heat supply and exhaust flow and the ambient temperature, theheat transfer characteristics of the unit is constantly changed. When theambient temperature is less than 15◦C, the combined circulation thermalconsumption rate is negative and the ambient temperature is negative, andthe ambient temperature is higher than 15◦C time is positively correlated.When the heating capacity is greater than 300 gj/h, the combined cycleefficiency of the unit at the same heating rate is higher than the 100% loadrate. Conclusion: the EBSILON simulation software is reliable.
Enabling knowledge brokerage intermediaries to be evidence-informed
Authors: Gough David , Maidment Chris , Sharples Jonathan
Published: November 2021

Target audience:

What Works Centres; other intermediary brokerage agencies; their funders and users; and researchers of research use.

Background:

Knowledge brokerage and knowledge mobilisation (KM) are generic terms used to describe activities to enable the use of research evidence to inform policy, practice and individual decision making. Knowledge brokerage intermediary (KBI) initiatives facilitate such use of research evidence. This debate paper argues that although the work of KBIs is to enable evidence-informed decision making (EIDM), they may not always be overt and consistent in how they follow the principles of EIDM in their own practice.

Key points for discussion:

Drawing on examples from existing brokerage initiatives, four areas are suggested where KBIs could be more evidence-informed in their work: (1) needs analysis: evidence-informed in their analysis of where and how the KBI can best contribute to the existing evidence ecosystem; (2) methods and theories of change: evidence-informed in the methods that the KBI uses to achieve its goals; (3) evidence standards: credible standards for making evidence claims; and (4) evaluation and monitoring: evidence-informed evaluation of their own activities and contribution to the knowledge base on evidence use. For each of these areas, questions are suggested for considering the extent that the principles are being followed in practice.

Conclusions and implications:

KBIs work with evidence but they may not always be evidence-informed in their practice. KBIs could benefit from more overtly attending to the extent that they apply the logic of EIDM to how they work. In doing so, KBIs can advance both the study, and practice, of using research evidence to inform decision making.
Dimensions of job precariousness and associations with workers’ health and well-being in Swedish homecare
Authors: Strandell Rebecka , Stranz Anneli
Published: November 2021

Although international research has shown an increase in precarious work in recent decades, few of these studies have been devoted to paid care work. This article joins feminist research on care work with work–life oriented research on precarious work to study the work situation of Swedish homecare workers. The results show a high prevalence of multidimensional precariousness among the care workers and reveal how several indicators of job precariousness are associated with physical and mental strain, poor work–life balance, and intentions to quit the job, including time pressure, lack of job control and limited possibilities to develop and use skills, as well as to create and keep relations with users.
Cross-sectional seasonal prevalence and relative risk of ectoparasitic infestations of rodents in North Sinai, Egypt
Authors: Farid Doaa S. , Sallam Nahla H. , Eldein Ahmed M. Salah , Soliman Essam S.
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim: Rodents are ubiquitous animals that host ectoparasites and transmit zoonotic diseases. We conducted a cross-sectional study on the seasonal variation, period prevalence (Pp), and relative risk of ectoparasitic infestations in rodents collected in North Sinai, Egypt, from September 2019 to August 2020.

Materials and Methods: We captured 380 rodents during the study period. Rodents were euthanized to perform species identification, and 2930 external parasites were collected and identified using light microscopic examination with systemic keys depending on morphological characters.

Results: Rattus norvegicus (brown rat), Rattus rattus frugivorus (white-bellied rat), Rattus rattus alexandrines (gray-bellied rat), and Mus musculus domesticus (house mouse) were captured at the highest frequencies during summer (n=186), followed by spring (n=84), fall (n=71), and winter (n=39), with a higher proportion of males captured in all seasons. Analysis of the infestation Pp revealed highly significant increases (p<0.01) in ectoparasites during the winter. Temperature, humidity, and dew point were significantly (p<0.01) correlated with the numbers of captured and infested rodents. Parasitological examinations showed the higher risks of flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea, Xenopsylla cheopis, and Leptopsylla segnis) and lice (Hoplopleura hirsuta, Hoplopleura ocanthopus, Hoplopleura oenomydis, and Polyplax spinulosa) infestations during winter and mite (Laelaps nuttalli, Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti, and Myobia musculi) infestations during summer.

Conclusion: We conclude that ectoparasitic infestation prevalence and risk varies with predominating macroclimatic conditions. Strict preventive and biosecurity measures should be applied to combat rodent-related problems.
Avaliação das águas subterrâneas salobras do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte
Authors: Amaral Karlia , Ferreira Douglisnilson Morais , Navoni Julio Alejandro
Published: November 2021

A qualidade da água empregada em atividades agropecuárias influencia diretamente na produtividade, e na qualidade de vida das populações rurais da região semiárida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a qualidade da água de 47 poços tubulares do Rio Grande do Norte, tendo em vista o uso do recurso para irrigação agrícola e dessedentação animal. A variabilidade da composição físico-química da água foi realizada através da Análise dos Componentes Principais e diagramas de Durov e Schoeller-Berkaloff. Sua classificação para irrigação foi determinada pela Razão da Adsorção do Sódio (RAS). A concentração de elementos químicos foi comparada com os limiares descritos em documentos de referência. Sete componentes principais permitiram representar aproximadamente 69% da variância dos dados. A classificação dos tipos de água demostrou que mais da metade dos poços (56%) apresentaram águas do tipo mista cloretada. Grande parte dos poços apresentou risco alto (43%) de salinização, porém, baixo para sodificação (45%). Todas as fontes hídricas analisadas mostraram-se inadequadas ao rendimento de plantas mais sensíveis (RAS ≥ 2), e com níveis de sódio (> 115 mg L-1) capaz de ocasionar-lhes algum grau de lesão foliar. Os parâmetros pH, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD), cloreto, manganês, urânio e zinco apresentaram concentrações acima dos limites recomendados para culturas vegetais. Para a produção de animais, STD, magnésio, sulfato e manganês apresentaram concentrações acima dos valores máximos recomendados. A maior parte das restrições de uso foram relacionadas à atividade de irrigação, quando comparada à dessedentação animal.
Use of Calcium Chloride and Chitosan to Control Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Salak Pondoh Fruit during Storage
Authors: Dharmaputra Okky Setyawati , Hasbullah Rokhani , Fransiscus Jeffrey
Published: November 2021

Serangan cendawan Thielaviopsis paradoxa dapat menurunkan kualitas buah salak selama penyimpanan. Salah satu cara penanganan pascapanen untuk mempertahankan kualitas buah salak pondoh ialah dengan penambahan bahan tambahan pangan kalsium klorida dan bahan pelapis kitosan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh CaCl2 dan kitosan untuk mengendalikan T. paradoxa, penyebab busuk hitam pada buah salak pondoh. Perlakuan terdiri atas CaCl2 6%, kitosan 1.5%, CaCl2 6% + kitosan 1.5%, dan kontrol.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kitosan 1.5% lebih efektif dalam mempertahankan kualitas buah salak selama 12 hari penyimpanan dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Perlakuan ini menghambat peningkatan populasi mikrob, persentase kerusakan daging buah, persentase susut bobot, dan penurunan nilai organoleptik dibandingkan dengan kontrol pada suhu ±28 °C dan kelembapan relatif 65%–75%. Kitosan 1.5% dapat direkomendasikan kepada petani salak untuk memperpanjang masa simpan buah salak sampai dengan 12 hari.
Diversity of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates of Rice Varieties of Ciherang, IR 64, Mekongga, and Situ Bagendit
Authors: Manasikana Arina , Sulandari Sri , Priyatmojo Achmadi
Published: November 2021

Padi (Oryza sativa) termasuk ke dalam komoditas penting di Indonesia. Salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman padi ialah penyakit hawar pelepah yang disebabkan oleh Rhizoctonia solani. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan kelompok anastomosis R. solani yang diisolasi dari tanaman padi varietas Ciherang, IR 64, Mekongga, dan Situ Bagendit; dan mengetahui keragaman genetiknya menggunakan primer universal, dan tingkat kekerabatannya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Oktober 2019 hingga Juli 2020 di Laboratorium Teknologi Pengendalian UGM. Pengambilan sampel dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Pandak, Bantul yang selanjutnya dilakukan isolasi dan pemurnian cendawan Rhizoctonia menggunakan medium agar-agar dekstrosa kentang. Isolat R. solani diklasifikasikan berdasarkan keragaman kultur, keragaman morfologi, jumlah inti sel, kemampuan anastomosis (AG), dan keragaman genetik. Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan dengan PCR menggunakan primer universal ITS1 dan ITS4. Berdasarkan pengamatan keragaman kultur dan keragaman morfologi diperoleh hasil yang bervariasi. Hasil pengamatan jumlah inti sel pada keseluruhan isolat berkisar antara 5 hingga 7 inti pada sel yang termasuk dalam kategori multinukleat. Pengamatan kelompok anastomosis (AG) pada 13 isolat yang digunakan masuk ke dalam kategori C3 (anastomosis sempurna). Analisis PCR diperoleh pita DNA dengan hasil sesuai target yaitu 600–750 pb. Hasil secara sikuensing diketahui bahwa 12 isolat R. solani menunjukkan kekerabatan yang tinggi dengan isolat AG-1 IA, kecuali pada isolat CH 3.
Phytonematodes on Guava Plant
Authors: Kurniawati Fitrianingrum , Kumala Ayang Ratna
Published: November 2021

Gejala penyakit oleh fitonematoda ditemukan pada pertanaman jambu biji di Desa Cibening, Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Tanaman sakit menunjukkan gejala antara lain: tanaman kerdil, daun menguning, nekrotik akar dan puru akar. Ekstraksi nematoda dilakukan dari 100 mL sampel tanah dan 5 g sampel akar tanaman jambu biji. Identifikasi dilakukan secara morfologi dengan mengamati karakter kunci dari setiap genus fitonematoda yang ditemukan. Penghitungan jumlah nematoda dilakukan pada setiap genus fitonematoda. Enam genus fitonematoda berhasil diidentifikasi, yaitu Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Rotylenchulus, dan Xiphinema dengan jumlah berkisar 8–2300 ekor. Tulisan ini merupakan laporan pertama nematoda parasit pada jambu biji di Provinsi Jawa Barat.
Tomaru Verb Polysemy in Japanese
Authors: Rini Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia , Prasetyaningtyas Alif
Published: November 2021

Polysemy is the capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple related meanings. Tomaru verb is one of the polysemous verbs. This study aims to describe the basic meaning and the extended meaning of the verb tomaru in Japanese. Data collection in this study used the method of observing with the note-taking technique. In addition, the data analysis in this study used descriptive and agih methods. As for the presentation of the results of the analysis in this study using informal methods. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the verb tomaru has one basic meaning and seven extended meanings. The verb tomaru basic meaning is to stop. Meanwhile, the extended meaning namely something that comes out does not come out; something that flows becomes nonflowing; something sustainable becomes unsustainable; something that comes does not come; resting temporarily in a certain place; undetached, fixed in place; and what has been seen and heard leaves an impression