bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One pot and selective intermolecular aryl- and heteroaryl-trifluoromethylation of alkenes by photoredox catalysis
Authors: Carboni Aude , Dagousset Guillaume , Magnier Emmanuel , Masson Géraldine
Published: September 2014

A general and efficient photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoromethylation of styrenes with Umemoto's reagent has been developed.
Development of GSK's acid and base selection guides
Authors: Henderson Richard K. , Hill Alan P. , Redman Anikó M. , Sneddon Helen F.
Published: September 2014

Common acids and bases were ranked based on their EHS profile and the impact of their use in typical reactions.
Magnetic resonance imaging of post-ischemic blood–brain barrier damage with PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Dong-Fang , Qian Cheng , An Yan-Li , Chang Di , Ju Sheng-Hong , Teng Gao-Jun
Published: September 2014

PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles are utilized as contrast agents for the dynamic MR imaging of post-ischemic BBB damage.
Effects of (5′S)-5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine on the base excision repair of oxidatively generated clustered DNA damage. A biochemical and theoretical study
Authors: Karwowski Boleslaw T. , Bellon Sophie , O'Neill Peter , Lomax Martine E. , Cadet Jean
Published: September 2014

Rejoining of an AP-site in ds-DNA containing the (5′S)-cdA in the complementary strand. Distance betwene AP-site and (5′S)-cdA, lanes: (1–6) −8 bases; (7–12) no (5′S)-cdA (control); (13–18) +8 bases.
Revisiting the sparteine surrogate: development of a resolution route to the (−)-sparteine surrogate
Authors: Firth James D. , O'Brien Peter , Ferris Leigh
Published: September 2014

A multi-gram scale, chromatography-free synthesis of the racemic sparteine surrogate and its resolution via diastereomeric salt formation with (−)-O,O′-di-p-toluoyl-l-tartaric acid is reported. This work solves a key limitation: either enantiomer of the sparteine surrogate can now be readily accessed.
Sialylation of lactosyl lipids in membrane microdomains byT. cruzi trans-sialidase
Authors: Noble Gavin T. , Craven Faye L. , Segarra-Maset Maria Dolores , Martínez Juana Elizabeth Reyes , Šardzík Robert , Flitsch Sabine L. , Webb Simon J.
Published: September 2014

SolubleT. cruzi trans-sialidase transformed a synthetic lactosyl glycolipid in microdomains more slowly than the same substrate dispersed across the bilayer surface, producing phospholipid vesicles with a Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc “glycocalyx”.
A highly enantioselective and regioselective organocatalytic direct Mannich reaction of methyl alkyl ketones with cyclic imines benzo[e][1,2,3]oxathiazine 2,2-dioxides
Authors: Wang You-Qing , Cui Xiao-Yu , Ren Yuan-Yuan , Zhang Yongna
Published: September 2014

A specific regioselective direct Mannich reaction of methyl alkyl ketones with cyclic imines benzo[e][1,2,3]oxathiazine 2,2-dioxides is realized with 87–97% ee.
Structure, synthesis and application of azines: a historical perspective
Authors: Safari Javad , Gandomi-Ravandi Soheila
Published: September 2014

The present review surveys the broad chemical aspects of azines, since they have not previously been done in any detail.
Design, preparation and characterization of novel toughened epoxy asphalt based on a vegetable oil derivative for bridge deck paving
Authors: Li Shouhai , Huang Kun , Yang Xuejuan , Li Mei , Xia Jianling
Published: September 2014

The aim of this work was to prepare a series of novel toughened epoxy asphalt materials using a natural oil derivative as the main raw material for bridge deck paving.
Surfactant effects on the synthesis of durable tin-oxide nanoparticles and its exploitation as a recyclable catalyst for the elimination of toxic dye: a green and efficient approach for wastewater treatment
Authors: Bhattacharjee Archita , Ahmaruzzaman Md. , Sinha Tanur
Published: September 2014

A green synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles was successfully developed using urea by a microwave heating method.
A promising photoelectrochemical sensor based on a ZnO particle decorated N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone
Authors: Vilian A. T. Ezhil , Rajkumar Muniyandi , Chen Shen-Ming , Hu Chi-Chang , Piraman Shakkthivel
Published: September 2014

This paper describes the two-step synthesis of a nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide–ZnO (N-doped RGO–ZnO) nanocomposite and its photo electrochemical application.
Continuous flow vortex fluidic production of biodiesel
Authors: Britton Joshua , Raston Colin L.
Published: September 2014

Vortex fluidic synthesis of biodiesel from sunflower oil under continuous flow at room temperature, with spontaneous phase separation.
Silica nanospheres supported diazafluorene iron complex: an efficient and versatile nanocatalyst for the synthesis of propargylamines from terminal alkynes, dihalomethane and amines
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Sharma Shivani , Gaba Garima
Published: September 2014

A novel silica nanosperes supported diazafluorene iron complex has been fabricated and found to be effective in three-component coupling reaction of terminal alkynes, dichloromethane and amines.
Co(ii), a catalyst for selective conversion of phenyl rings to carboxylic acid groups
Authors: Sinha Shashi Bhushan , Campos Jesús , Brudvig Gary W. , Crabtree Robert H.
Published: September 2014

We describe the use of Co(ii) in the presence of Oxone to effectively catalyze the conversion of –C6H5 to –COOH groups with a broad substrate scope, selectivity and under mild conditions.
Effect of La-Doping on optical bandgap and photoelectrochemical performance of hematite nanostructures
Authors: Li Ning , Jayaraman Sundaramurthy , Tee Si Yin , Kumar Palaniswamy Suresh , Jun Lee Coryl Jing , Liew Siao Li , Chi Dongzhi , Hor T. S. Andy , Ramakrishna Seeram , Luo He-Kuan
Published: September 2014

Doping a small amount of La3+ (3.66 mol%) into hematite nanostructures narrows the bandgap of hematite, leading to improved photoelectrochemical performance.
Temperature-dependent reaction between trimethylaluminum and poly(methyl methacrylate) during sequential vapor infiltration: experimental and ab initio analysis
Authors: Dandley Erinn C. , Needham Craig D. , Williams Philip S. , Brozena Alexandra H. , Oldham Christopher J. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: September 2014

We propose a temperature dependent reaction scheme between trimethylaluminum and poly(methyl methacrylate) for enhanced control of vapor phase polymer modification.
Kinetic and density functional theory (DFT) studies of in vitro reactions of acrylamide with the thiols: captopril, l-cysteine, and glutathione
Authors: Bent Grace-Anne , Maragh Paul , Dasgupta Tara , Fairman Richard A. , Grierson Lebert
Published: September 2014

In vitro kinetic studies with DFT computations to explain the potential of acrylamide metabolism/toxicity with thiols in vivo.
Unequal Wilkinson power divider with wide range of arbitrary power division based on recombinant technology
Authors: Chen Haidong , Zhang Tianyu , Che Wenquan , Feng Wenjie , Xue Quan
Published: September 2014

An arbitrary ratio Wilkinson power divider with large power dividing ratio is analysed and demonstrated in this study. This kind of Wilkinson power divider is constructed by incorporating equal (or unequal) power divider cells, recombinant structures, extra low power branches and transformers for matching the circuits. The proposed structure is compatible with single‐layer printed circuit board fabrication process. The structure is analysed in detail, while the formulas are given as design guidelines. Moreover, this method is extended to unequal power dividers based on three‐way Wilkinson power divider with larger dividing ratio. To verify the proposed design approach, the prototypes of 5:1, 7:1 and 11:1 unequal power divider are optimised, fabricated and measured. The measured bandwidth of 20 dB return loss are about 10, 10 and 6%, respectively, while the isolations of the output ports are better than 20 dB. Good agreements can be observed between the simulated and measured results. The phase differences of output ports are within ±3° over 10% fractional bandwidth.
Fabrication of the stainless steel surface with super durable one‐direction superhydrophobicity and two‐direction anisotropic wettability
Authors: Wan Yanling , Lian Zhongxu , Xu Jinkai , Weng Zhankun , Yin Xiaoming , Yu Huadong
Published: September 2014

Inspired by the anisotropy of the rice leaf surface, high‐speed wire electrical discharge machining (HS‐WEDM) technology was used to build submillimetre‐scale structures on the 304 stainless steel surfaces, and fluorination treatment was applied on the resulting surfaces. The wettability and microstructure of the resulting surfaces were investigated by a large depth 3D scanner, scanning electron microscopy and by the contact angle measuring instrument. The durability of the fabricated surface was evaluated by wear tests. Results show that the V‐shaped groove arrays with a hierarchical structure on the processed surfaces are built by HS‐WEDM. After the fluorination treatment, the as‐machined surfaces show good one‐direction superhydrophobicity and the obvious two‐direction (the parallel and perpendicular groove directions) anisotropic wettability. The effect of the size of the V‐shaped groove on the two‐direction anisotropy is discussed. The wear tests show that the one‐direction superhydrophobicity and the two‐direction anisotropic sliding properties of the stainless steel surfaces are still exhibited after the tests. Fabricating rough surfaces by HS‐WEDM is efficient and does not require complex process operation and large area three‐dimensional features. This method can realise industrial production.
Formation and catalytic performance of novel colourful BiOI photocatalysts with adjustable bandgap under visible light
Authors: Yang Jian , Zhang Feng‐Jun , Xie Fa‐Zhi , Xie Wen‐Jie , Hu Han‐Mei , Zhu Lei , Oh Won‐Chun
Published: September 2014

A series of novel colourful BiOI photocatalysts have been synthesised by a simple oil bath method at 160°C. Several characterisation tools including X‐ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to study the phase structure, morphologies, bandgap and catalytic performance of the prepared samples. The results show that BiOI exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency under visible light (λ > 420 nm) in the degradation of methyl orange. This result could be because of the narrow bandgap, for which Eg is about 1.4–2.25 eV, and a number of active positions for catalysts. h+ acts as the main active species during methyl orange degradation.
Rezeptive und expressive Sprachentwicklung bei Kindern mit CI-Versorgung
Authors: Streicher B. , Kral K. , Hahn M. , Lang-Roth R.
Published: September 2014

Hintergrund: Der Verlauf der frühen Hör- und Sprachentwicklung von an Taubheit grenzend schwerhörigen Kindern, die mit einem Cochlea Implantat (CI) versorgt wurden, stellt den Inhalt dieser Untersuchung dar. Hierbei stehen die rezeptive und expressive Sprache sowie das auditive Gedächtnis im Vordergrund der Untersuchung.

Material und Methoden: Retrospektiv wurden die Datensätze des Sprachentwicklungstest von Grimm (SETK) von 49 Kindern, die innerhalb der ersten 3 Lebensjahre Cochlea implantiert wurden, ausgewertet. Die Testung erfolgte 3 Jahre nach Cochlea Implantation der ersten Seite. Die Untersuchungsgruppen wurden in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt der Versorgung in 3 Untergruppen aufgeteilt: CI-Implantation der ersten Seite in den ersten 12 Lebensmonaten (Gruppe 1), zwischen dem 13. und 24. Lebensmonat (Gruppe 2) und ab dem 25. Lebensmonat Gruppe 3.

Ergebnisse: Die Untertests des SETK 3–5 können bei der Majorität der Probanden (63%) durchgeführt werden. Ein homogenes Testprofil in 4 Untertests weist auf eine ausgeglichene Entwicklung der rezeptiven und expressiven Sprache hin. Somit verringert sich die Diskrepanz zwischen Hör-/Sprachentwicklungsalter und Lebensalter. Meilensteine der rezeptiven und expressiven Sprachentwicklung sowie das auditive Gedächtnis sind bei Kindern, die das CI vor dem 1. Geburtstag erhielten früher erreicht als bei Kindern, die nach dem 1. Lebensjahr versorgt wurden.

Schlussfolgerung: Der Sprachentwicklungstest für Kinder (SETK 3–5) ist ein Testverfahren, das auch für die Sprachentwicklungsdiagnostik von schwerhörigen Kindern, die mit CI versorgt sind, nach 3 Jahren Höralter eingesetzt werden kann. Hiermit kann die rezeptive und expressive ­Sprache und das auditive Gedächtnis untersucht werden.
Die primäre Verwendung des myofaszialen M. pectoralis-major-Lappens bei der Salvage-Laryngektomie
Authors: Rothmeier N. , Bergmann C. , Mattheis S. , Weller P. , Lang S.
Published: September 2014

Hintergrund: Die Salvage-Laryngektomie (SLE) ist bei rezidivierenden Larynx- und Hypopharynxkarzinomen häufig die noch einzige kurative Option. Allerdings geht die SLE mit einem erhöhten Komplikationsrisiko, wie der Ausbildung von Speichelfisteln, einher. Zur Reduktion der Fistelquote ist die einzeitige Hebung eines myofaszialen M. pectoralis-major-Lappens (PMML) beschrieben. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die SLE mit und ohne gleichzeitigen Einsatz des PMML zur Prophylaxe einer Speichelfistel vergleichend zu untersuchen.

Patienten und Methode: 9 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen, die in den Jahren 2012 und 2013 wegen eines T4a-Rezidivtumors im Larynx oder Hypopharynx bei Z. n. Radiochemotherapie (RCT) mit einer SLE behandelt wurden. Eine zusätzliche PMML-Hebung wurde bei nachfolgenden Kriterien indiziert: Beendigung der RCT weniger als 1 Jahr zurückliegend, Tumorlokalisation außerhalb der Glottis, Infiltration des Schildknorpels und der prälaryngealen Muskulatur. Die Hebung des PMML erfolgte in klassischer Weise mit Aufnähen auf den durch Naht primär verschlossenen Pharynx.

Ergebnisse: 6 der 9 Patienten (2/3) erhielten im Rahmen der SLE eine Abdeckung des Pharynx mittels PMML. In keinem Fall kam es zur Ausbildung einer postoperativen Speichelfistel. Bei den verbliebenen 3 Patienten (1/3) wurde der Pharynx ebenfalls primär, jedoch ohne weitere Abdeckung mittels PMML, verschlossen. In dieser Patientengruppe zeigte sich in einem Fall eine pharyngokutane Speichelfistel.

Schlussfolgerung: Durch die einzeitige Anwendung des PMML im Rahmen der SLE konnte im eigenen Patientengut effektiv die Speichelfistelquote reduziert werden. Der PMML ist wegen seiner sicheren Hebetechnik, des fehlenden kutanen Sekundärdefekts im Thorax und der guten Modellierbarkeit im Empfängergebiet geeignet.
Intentional anisotropic strain relaxation in (112¯2) oriented Al1−xInxN one-dimensionally lattice matched to GaN
Authors: Buß E. R. , Rossow U. , Bremers H. , Meisch T. , Caliebe M. , Scholz F. , Hangleiter A.
Published: September 2014

We report on (112¯2) oriented Al1−xInxN grown by low pressure metal organic vapor phase epitaxy on (112¯2) GaN templates on patterned r-plane sapphire. The indium incorporation efficiency as well as the growth rate of (112¯2) oriented layers are similar to c-plane oriented Al1−xInxN layers. Deposition of thick Al1−xInxN layers does not lead to additional roughening like in case of c-plane oriented Al1−xInxN. Independent of the thickness, the degree of relaxation of layers lattice matched in m-direction is in the range of 33%–45% in [112¯3¯]-direction. Associated with the relaxation in [112¯3¯]-direction, there is a tilt of the Al1−xInxN layers around the [11¯00] axis due to slip of threading dislocations on the basal (0001)-plane. Relaxation in m-direction is not observable for layers lattice matched in [112¯3¯] direction. The possibility to adjust the lattice parameter of AlInN in [112¯3¯] direction without changing the lattice parameter in m-direction by anisotropic strain relaxation opens up opportunities for subsequent growth of optically active structures. One possibility is to form relaxed buffer layers for GaInN quantum well structures.
Stability results for fluids of Oldroyd-B type on exterior domains
Authors: Geissert Matthias , Hieber Matthias , Huy Nguyen Thieu
Published: September 2014

Consider the set of equations describing fluids of Oldroyd-B type on an exterior domain. It is shown that the solution of the linearized equation is governed by a bounded analytic semigroup on Lp(Ω) × W1, p(Ω), \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$1<p<\infty$\end{document}1<p<∞, which is strongly stable. Moreover, it is shown that the trivial solution of the full system is asymptotically stable in the sense that any solution starting in small ball around (0, 0) converges towards 0 as t → ∞.
Versatile module for experiments with focussing neutron guides
Authors: Adams T. , Brandl G. , Chacon A. , Wagner J. N. , Rahn M. , Mühlbauer S. , Georgii R. , Pfleiderer C. , Böni P.
Published: September 2014

We report the development of a versatile module that permits fast and reliable use of focussing neutron guides under varying scattering angles. A simple procedure for setting up the module and neutron guides is illustrated by typical intensity patterns to highlight operational aspects as well as typical parasitic artefacts. Combining a high-precision alignment table with separate housings for the neutron guides on kinematic mounts, the change-over between neutron guides with different focussing characteristics requires no readjustments of the experimental setup. Exploiting substantial gain factors, we demonstrate the performance of this versatile neutron scattering module in a study of the effects of uniaxial stress on the domain populations in the transverse spin density wave phase of single crystal Cr.
Growth and characterization of highly mismatched GaN1−xSbx alloys
Authors: Yu K. M. , Novikov S. V. , Ting Min , Sarney W. L. , Svensson S. P. , Shaw M. , Martin R. W. , Walukiewicz W. , Foxon C. T.
Published: September 2014

A systematic investigation on the effects of growth temperature, Ga flux, and Sb flux on the incorporation of Sb, film structure, and optical properties of the GaN1−xSbx highly mismatched alloys (HMAs) was carried out. We found that the direct bandgap ranging from 3.4 eV to below 1.0 eV for the alloys grown at low temperature. At the growth temperature of 80 °C, GaN1−xSbx with x > 6% losses crystallinity and becomes primarily amorphous with small crystallites of 2–5 nm. Despite the range of microstructures found for GaN1−xSbx alloys with different composition, a well-developed absorption edge shifts from 3.4 eV (GaN) to close to 2 eV for samples with a small amount, less than 10% of Sb. Luminescence from dilute GaN1−xSbx alloys grown at high temperature and the bandgap energy for alloys with higher Sb content are consistent with a localized substitutional Sb level ESb at ∼1.1 eV above the valence band of GaN. The decrease in the bandgap of GaN1−xSbx HMAs is consistent with the formation of a Sb-derived band due to the anticrossing interaction of the Sb states with the valence band of GaN.
Size dependence study on magnetic heating properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles suspension
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Horiuchi K. , Takeuchi M. , Tanaka N. , Aihara R. , Takeuchi N. , Fujita S.
Published: September 2014

We studied the magnetic heating properties of nearly monodispersed iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) suspended in liquid media. Iron oxide NPs with a narrow size distribution (σ ∼ 0.1) with various median diameters were synthesized by the seed-mediated growth method. The effect of size on specific absorption rate (SAR) was investigated for median diameters ranging from 9 to 15 nm at intervals of 1 nm. The maximum value of SAR was found at about 13 nm for the samples dispersed in a viscous liquid media. Calculated SAR using linear response theory explains the results qualitatively but showed quantitative disagreement. This discrepancy was explained by assuming the existence of a magnetically frustrated layer on the seed NPs.
Magnetization-steps in Y2CoMnO6 double perovskite: The role of antisite disorder
Authors: Nair Harikrishnan S. , Pradheesh R. , Xiao Yinguo , Cherian Dona , Elizabeth Suja , Hansen Thomas , Chatterji Tapan , Brückel Th.
Published: September 2014

Antisite disorder is observed to have significant impact on the magnetic properties of the double perovskite Y2CoMnO6 which has been recently identified as a multiferroic. A paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition occurs in this material at Tc ≈ 75 K. At 2 K, it displays a strong ferromagnetic hysteresis with a significant coercive field of Hc ≈ 15 kOe. Sharp steps are observed in the hysteresis curves recorded below 8 K. In the temperature range 2 K ≤ T ≤ 5 K, the hysteresis loops are anomalous as the virgin curve lies outside the main loop. The field-cooling conditions as well as the rate of field-sweep are found to influence the steps. Quantitative analysis of the neutron diffraction data shows that at room temperature, Y2CoMnO6 consists of 62% of monoclinic P21/n with nearly 70% antisite disorder and 38% Pnma. The bond valence sums indicate the presence of other valence states for Co and Mn which arise from disorder. We explain the origin of steps by using a model for pinning of magnetization at the antiphase boundaries created by antisite disorder. The steps in magnetization closely resemble the martensitic transformations found in intermetallics and display first-order characteristics as revealed in the Arrott's plots.
Nonequilibrium phonon effects in midinfrared quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Shi Y. B. , Knezevic I.
Published: September 2014

We investigate the effects of nonequilibrium phonon dynamics on the operation of a GaAs-based midinfrared quantum cascade laser over a range of temperatures (77–300 K) via a coupled ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of electron and optical-phonon systems. Nonequilibrium phonon effects are shown to be important below 200 K. At low temperatures, nonequilibrium phonons enhance injection selectivity and efficiency by drastically increasing the rate of interstage electron scattering from the lowest injector state to the next-stage upper lasing level via optical-phonon absorption. As a result, the current density and modal gain at a given field are higher and the threshold current density lower and considerably closer to experiment than results obtained with thermal phonons. By amplifying phonon absorption, nonequilibrium phonons also hinder electron energy relaxation and lead to elevated electronic temperatures.
Heterogeneous nanometer-scale Joule and Peltier effects in sub-25 nm thin phase change memory devices
Authors: Grosse Kyle L. , Pop Eric , King William P.
Published: September 2014

We measure heterogeneous power dissipation in phase change memory (PCM) films of 11 and 22 nm thin Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) by scanning Joule expansion microscopy (SJEM), with sub-50 nm spatial and ∼0.2 K temperature resolution. The heterogeneous Joule and Peltier effects are explained using a finite element analysis (FEA) model with a mixture of hexagonal close-packed and face-centered cubic GST phases. Transfer length method measurements and effective media theory calculations yield the GST resistivity, GST-TiW contact resistivity, and crystal fraction of the GST films at different annealing temperatures. Further comparison of SJEM measurements and FEA modeling also predicts the thermopower of thin GST films. These measurements of nanometer-scale Joule, thermoelectric, and interface effects in PCM films could lead to energy-efficient designs of highly scaled PCM technology.
Non-enzymatic glucose detection using magnetic nanoemulsions
Authors: Mahendran V. , Philip John
Published: September 2014

We probe the optical properties and intermolecular interactions in magnetically responsive nanoemulsions in the presence of glucose. The equilibrium interdroplet distance between the emulsion droplets in an one-dimensional array increases by several nanometers in the presence of glucose because of intermolecular hydrogen bonding with sodium dodecyl sulphate molecules at the oil-water interface that gives rise to stretched lamellae-like structure. The observed large red shift in the diffracted Bragg peak (∼50–100 nm) and the linear response in the glucose concentration range of 0.25–25 mM offer a simple, fast, and cost effective non-enzymatic approach for glucose detection.
Security Atmospheres or the Crystallisation of Worlds
Authors: Adey Peter
Published: September 2014

This paper makes several moves towards the study of geographies of security through notions of atmosphere. Two related claims circulate through this paper: that security is becoming attuned to what we might call affective atmospheres, whilst it is itself becoming atmospheric. The paper proceeds to develop, first, a correlation of ideas across concepts of security, power, and affective atmospheres. The following section sees security understood atmospherically, before it goes on to explore how security is increasingly attuned to affective atmospheres as its object-target. Finally, by way of conclusion, the paper offers several manners of contestation and critique. Throughout, the paper draws on a variety of secondary literature as well as primary documentary research and analysis, focusing empirically upon a set of counterinsurgency practices known as ‘atmospherics’.
Novel coding, translation, and gene expression of a replicating covalently closed circular RNA of 220 nt
Authors: AbouHaidar Mounir Georges , Venkataraman Srividhya , Golshani Ashkan , Liu Bolin , Ahmad Tauqeer
Published: September 2014

Significance

We describe the smallest (220 nt) replicating covalently closed circular (CCC) RNA (nanogenome) that contains numerous unique and novel properties of coding and translation. It is the smallest of all viroids and virusoids and the only one to encode proteins. No noncoding sequences could be identified. Initiation and termination codons are combined in UGAUGA, and read-throughs generate larger proteins. This is the only CCC RNA to be directly translated by eukaryotic ribosomes. It also contains an internal ribosome entry site and it defies the classical Kozak scanning model for initiation of translation. Is it a living fossil or is it a novel trend in genomic evolution?
Chapter 2. On the strength of morphological paradigms
Authors: Bisang Walter
Published: September 2014

This paper will present a historical explanation of radical pro-drop based on the strength of morphological paradigms. It will start out from the observation that East and mainland Southeast Asian languages (EMSEA) with their reduced or absent morphology are radical pro-drop, while West African Niger-Congo languages with similarly reduced or absent morphology have obligatory subject and object arguments. The reason for this is that the ancestor languages of Niger-Congo had a morphological paradigm expressing the features of [person] and [number] on the verb, while the ancestor languages of EMSEA had not. It will be argued that the existence of morphological paradigms keeps the frequency of [person] and [number] features above the critical percentage of 20–30% for linguistic change (s-curve model, Wang & Cheng 1970) and thus blocks the change from non-pro-drop to radical pro-drop in the West African languages concerned by passing on the frequency of the former morphological features to syntax and obligatory pronouns. In EMSEA languages, there is no morphological paradigm that pushes the frequency of these features up to the percentage that would be necessary for a change to non-pro-drop.
Chapter 6. Perceived formal and functional equivalence
Authors: Csató Éva Ágnes
Published: September 2014

Hungarian prefers indirect insertion of copied verbal stems. The few counterexamples of directly inserted verbal stems indicate a high degree of intimacy due to intensive contact or relatedness. András Róna-Tas and Árpád Berta’s work West Old Turkic published in 2011 gives a list of over thirty Turkic verb stems that were inserted directly into Hungarian during the historical period from the sixth to the tenth centuries when Hungarians lived in close contact with Turkic-speaking tribes. The paper discusses the role of perceived formal and functional equivalence in copying and discusses the question of how the evolvement and the irregular pattern of the Hungarian ik-conjugation can be seen in relation with credible copying processes between West Old Turkic and Ancient Hungarian.
Chapter 7. Comparative consequences of the tongue root harmony analysis for proto-Tungusic, proto-Mongolic, and proto-Korean
Authors: Ko Seongyeon , Joseph Andrew , Whitman John
Published: September 2014

This paper examines the role of retracted tongue root ([RTR]) harmony in Northeast Asian areal and genetic relationships. Recent research has suggested that at least three of the families grouped together as Altaic by Poppe (1960) – Korean, Mongolic, and Tungusic (KMT) – should be reconstructed with [RTR] vowel harmony. In this paper we reinforce this conclusion, arguing specifically against proposals that [RTR] harmony is secondary, or that [ATR] is the dominant feature. We also argue against the proposal of Starostin et al. (2003) that specific proto-families such as proto-Tungusic should be reconstructed without vowel harmony. We then compare the status of [RTR] harmony in Northeast Asia to the status of tongue root harmony in the Central Sudanic Zone, extending our discussion to the vowel harmony found in Chukchi, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and Ainu. We discuss whether KMT-style [RTR] harmony should be viewed as an innovation or a retention, and examine the particular issue of the Korean vowel inventory.
Chapter 11. Amdo Altaic directives and comparatives based on the verb ‘to see’
Authors: Nugteren Hans
Published: September 2014

The Amdo or Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund consists of Mongolic and Turkic languages, as well as of many varieties of Amdo Tibetan and Northwestern Mandarin. This paper discusses the directive/allative markers and the comparative markers based on verbs of vision, as found in most of the Shirongol Mongolic languages and in the Turkic language Salar, as well as in Amdo Tibetan and aberrant varieties of Mandarin like Wutun. Comparable developments seem to be absent in Dongxiang, Eastern Yugur and Western Yugur. The forms found in the Mongolic and Turkic languages of Amdo will be compared with similar markers in Central Turkic languages, which developed them independently on the basis of different verbs.
Chapter 14. Ural-Altaic
Authors: Janhunen Juha A.
Published: September 2014

The paper reviews the data concerning the nominal inflectional morphology in the chain of languages comprising Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic, collectively termed “Ural-Altaic”. Although nominal morphology has traditionally been quoted in support of the hypothesis concerning the genetic relationship of these languages, a more detailed survey of the data shows that the extant parallels are in various ways secondary and/or accidental. This suggests that Ural-Altaic is an areal and typological complex of languages, but not a genetic entity. On the other hand, it is also evident that much of the synchronically observed nominal morphology in the languages of this complex is relatively recent. The only examples of potentially relevant inter-family morphological parallels can be found between Mongolic and Tungusic.
Reid's moral psychology: animal motives as guides to virtue
Authors: Kroeker Esther
Published: September 2014

My aim in this paper is to show that animal motives play an important role in guiding human agents to virtue, according to Reid. Animal motives, for Reid, are constituted of desires and of their objects. These desires are intrinsic desires for objects other than moral or prudential worth. However, from a rational and moral point of view, animal motives are good and useful parts of the human constitution that lead to happiness, teach self-government, create the habit of acting virtuously, and add force to rational motives. Understanding animal motives as guides to virtue provides Reid with the hybrid sentimentalist/rationalist account he seeks to offer.
Common sense in Thomas Reid
Authors: Greco John
Published: September 2014

This paper explains the nature and role of common sense in Reid and uses the exposition to answer some of Reid's critics. The key to defending Reid is to distinguish between two kinds of priority that common sense beliefs are supposed to enjoy. Common sense beliefs enjoy epistemological priority in that they constitute a foundation for knowledge; i.e. they have evidential status without being grounded in further evidence themselves. Common sense beliefs enjoy methodological priority in that they constrain philosophical theory: they serve as pre-theoretical commitments that philosophical theories ought to respect in the absence of good reasons for rejecting them.
Reidian Dual Component Theory defended
Authors: Buras Todd
Published: September 2014

For Reid perception, broadly speaking, was a complex of two very different mental states. Calling such views dual component theory, A. D. Smith questions whether any such theory, and whether Reid's version in particular, is a viable theory of perception. The aim of this paper is to defend Reidian Dual Component Theory from Smith's critique. Answering Smith's critique reveals the depth and resilience of Reid's approach to perception, highlighting specifically the continued interest of his thought about the relationship between sensation and perception, the nature of illusion, the immediacy of perception, and the content of perceptual belief.
Reid's First Principle #7
Authors: Rysiew Patrick
Published: September 2014

By Reid's own account, ‘That the natural faculties, by which we distinguish truth from error, are not fallacious’ (FP#7), has a special place among the First Principles of Contingent Truths. Some have found that claim puzzling, but it is not. Contrary to what's usually assumed, certain FPs preceding FP#7 do not already assert the better part of what FP#7 explicitly states. FP#7 is needed because there is nothing epistemological in the FPs that precede it; and its special place among the FPs is a straightforward consequence of its being both perfectly general and distinctively epistemological.
Australia as a Triple Helix exemplar: built upon a foundation of resource and institutional coordination and strategic consensus
Authors: Hira Andy , Aylward David
Published: September 2014

Australia’s phenomenal success in developing as a global wine exporter deserves more attention from the point of view of economic and competitiveness strategy. Its success embodies the expectations of the Triple Helix that there will be institutions explicitly oriented towards developing end extending industry-relevant research, and that industry targets will be coordinated with public, collective aims. Australia stretches this framework even further by showing it can work on a large scale, with multiple layers of coordination, without alienating smaller and local producers. It reinforces the findings of other successful cases in this special issue by demonstrating the importance of a common long-term strategy, the value of an industry levy that funds research, the underlying social capital that makes coordination possible, and the importance of specialisation and marketing. Nonetheless, Australia’s wine industry also faces serious challenges that suggest a further evolution of its Triple Helix institutions will be required for continued success.
Civil society and global copyright reform advocacy: incoherent frames as missed opportunities?
Authors: Marcellin Sherry S. , Kawooya Dick
Published: September 2014

After almost a decade of civil society (CS) efforts aimed at reforming the global intellectual property (IP) system, this study examines whether the paucity in global copyright reform is a result of the failure by civil society to mobilise around an explicit or coherent frame. While previous episodes of global intellectual property rights (IPR) reform advocacy involving CS were effectively contested under a human rights frame, there have been less successful framing attempts in the space of copyright reform advocacy. Using semi-structured interviews with key civil society stakeholders involved in the reform of the global copyright system, the study explores possible explanations for this lapse in framing in copyright reform advocacy. It also questions the extent to which framing has been an intelligible lens through which to understand the success or failure of global IPR advocacy. It reveals that frame analysis does not comprehensively capture success or failure in global IPR policymaking. Lastly, the study looks at problems with civil society and what these mean for copyright reform and ultimately the future of the global IPR system.
Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits IL-13 expression in human basophilic KU812 cells
Authors: Tang Yue , Abe Naomi , Yoshimoto Motoko , Zhu Beiwei , Murata Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Yoshimasa
Published: September 2014

An allergen-stimulating cytokine, interleukin-13 (IL-13), plays a significant role in allergic inflammation. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), derived from several cruciferous vegetables, significantly suppressed the IL-13 expression in the calcium ionophore-stimulated human basophilic KU812 cells. Down-regulation of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases as well as nuclear transcriptional factors might be involved in the underlying mechanism.
Nineteenth-Century California Teachers’ Institutes: Exploring Connections Among Teachers’ Institutes, Normal Schools, and Elite Eastern Colleges
Authors: Bordelon Suzanne
Published: September 2014

Building from extant scholarship on normal schools, this essay takes up a complementary but less well-examined topic: state teachers’ institutes of the nineteenth century and the short-term practical training and professional guidance they provided teachers. Focusing on California’s state-sponsored institutes held from 1861–1863, this study examines the ways these institutes promoted the new progressive European pedagogy. More significant, extending an ecological approach to historical analysis, this essay proposes that the relationship among normal schools, teachers’ institutes, and some faculty from select eastern colleges may have been closer than has been suggested. Thus, this analysis suggests a more complex and integrated history during this period.
Anekāntavāda and Engaged Rhetorical Pluralism: Explicating Jaina Views on Perspectivism, Violence, and Rhetoric
Authors: Stroud Scott R.
Published: September 2014

This study represents a detailed inquiry into the rhetoric of Jainism, an understudied religious-philosophical tradition that arose among Hinduism and Buddhism on the Indian subcontinent. Exploring the unique use of pluralism in Jaina authors such as Mahāvīra and Haribhadra, I advance the concept of engaged rhetorical pluralism to account for the argumentative use of pluralism to promote Jaina views. This concept is linked to Jainism’s theory of multiperspectivism (anekāntavāda) as an orientation toward one’s rhetorical activities in contexts of disagreement. Highlighting the controversies surrounding the relationship between Jaina tolerance and intellectual nonviolence, this study uses the concept of anekāntavāda to ground a pluralism of often contradictory critical claims made by those studying rhetorical phenomena from other cultures. Thus, anekāntavāda both describes the engaged pluralism evident in important Jaina rhetors and serves as a source of methodological guidance for scholars involved in comparative rhetoric and its inevitable situations of interpretative disagreement.
(Shibutz) as a Conciliatory Rhetorical Style in Nachmanides’ “Letter to the French Rabbis”
Authors: Bizzell Patricia
Published: September 2014

Combining Zeno’s rhetorics of the open hand and closed fist, Nachmanides addressed the heirs of Rashi to defend Maimonides. Polemical letters were a vehicle for this controversy, and a major example is his “Letter to the French Rabbis.” Using cleverly organized arguments and a brilliantly learned style of allusion to Biblical and rabbinic texts, called “shibutz,” Nachmanides influenced his addressees to mitigate a herem (ban) against students of Maimonides. Nachmanides sought to unify the warring factions rather than to achieve victory for either side, and his densely packed allusions to texts all the combatants revered comprise common ground for reconciliation.
Populations and Individuals in Heterokaryotic Fungi: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: Booth Austin
Published: September 2014

Among mycologists, questions persist about what entities should be treated as the fundamental units of fungal populations. This article articulates a coherent view about populations of heterokaryotic fungi and the individuals that comprise them. Using Godfrey-Smith’s minimal concept of a Darwinian population, I argue that entities at two levels of the biological hierarchy satisfy the minimal concept in heterokaryotic fungi: mycelia and nuclei. I provide a preliminary answer to the question of how to understand the relation between these two populations. This article contributes to discussions about the nature of biological individuality, organismality, and evolutionary transitions.
Cytoskeletal confinement of CX3CL1 limits its susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by ADAM10
Authors: Wong Harikesh S. , Jaumouillé Valentin , Heit Bryan , Doodnauth Sasha A. , Patel Sajedabanu , Huang Yi-Wei , Grinstein Sergio , Robinson Lisa A.
Published: September 2014

CX3CL1 is a unique chemokine that acts both as a transmembrane endothelial adhesion molecule and, upon proteolytic cleavage, a soluble chemoattractant for circulating leukocytes. The constitutive release of soluble CX3CL1 requires the interaction of its transmembrane species with the integral membrane metalloprotease ADAM10, yet the mechanisms governing this process remain elusive. Using single-particle tracking and subdiffraction imaging, we studied how ADAM10 interacts with CX3CL1. We observed that the majority of cell surface CX3CL1 diffused within restricted confinement regions structured by the cortical actin cytoskeleton. These confinement regions sequestered CX3CL1 from ADAM10, precluding their association. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton reduced CX3CL1 confinement and increased CX3CL1–ADAM10 interactions, promoting the release of soluble chemokine. Our results demonstrate a novel role for the cytoskeleton in limiting membrane protein proteolysis, thereby regulating both cell surface levels and the release of soluble ligand.
PIP-DB: the Protein Isoelectric Point database
Authors: Bunkute Egle , Cummins Christopher , Crofts Fraser J. , Bunce Gareth , Nabney Ian T. , Flower Darren R.
Published: September 2014

Summary: A protein’s isoelectric point or pI corresponds to the solution pH at which its net surface charge is zero. Since the early days of solution biochemistry, the pI has been recorded and reported, and thus literature reports of pI abound. The Protein Isoelectric Point database (PIP-DB) has collected and collated these data to provide an increasingly comprehensive database for comparison and benchmarking purposes. A web application has been developed to warehouse this database and provide public access to this unique resource. PIP-DB is a web-enabled SQL database with an HTML GUI front-end. PIP-DB is fully searchable across a range of properties.

Availability and implementation: The PIP-DB database and documentation are available at http://www.pip-db.org .

Contact:  d.r.flower@aston.ac.uk
Propofol Attenuated Acute Kidney Injury after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation via Inhibiting Gap Junction Composed of Connexin 32
Authors: Luo Chenfang , Yuan Dongdong , Li Xiaoyun , Yao Weifeng , Luo Gangjian , Chi Xinjin , Li Haobo , Irwin Michael G. , Xia Zhengyuan , Hei Ziqing
Published: September 2014

Background:

Postliver transplantation acute kidney injury (AKI) severely affects patient survival, whereas the mechanism is unclear and effective therapy is lacking. The authors postulated that reperfusion induced enhancement of connexin32 (Cx32) gap junction plays a critical role in mediating postliver transplantation AKI and that pretreatment/precondition with the anesthetic propofol, known to inhibit gap junction, can confer effective protection.

Methods:

Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent autologous orthotopic liver transplantation (AOLT) in the absence or presence of treatments with the selective Cx32 inhibitor, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate or propofol (50 mg/kg) (n = 8 per group). Also, kidney tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) cells were subjected to hypoxia–reoxygenation and the function of Cx32 was manipulated by three distinct mechanisms: cell culture in different density; pretreatment with Cx32 inhibitors or enhancer; Cx32 gene knock-down (n = 4 to 5).

Results:

AOLT resulted in significant increases of renal Cx32 protein expression and gap junction, which were coincident with increases in oxidative stress and impairment in renal function and tissue injury as compared to sham group. Similarly, hypoxia–reoxygenation resulted in significant cellular injury manifested as reduced cell growth and increased lactate dehydrogenase release, which was significantly attenuated by Cx32 gene knock-down but exacerbated by Cx32 enhancement. Propofol inhibited Cx32 function and attenuated post-AOLT AKI. In NRK-52E cells, propofol reduced posthypoxic reactive oxygen species production and attenuated cellular injury, and the cellular protective effects of propofol were reinforced by Cx32 inhibition but cancelled by Cx32 enhancement.

Conclusion:

Cx32 plays a critical role in AOLT-induced AKI and that inhibition of Cx32 function may represent a new and major mechanism whereby propofol reduces oxidative stress and subsequently attenuates post-AOLT AKI.
Tracheal Tube Obstruction in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Assessed by High-resolution Computed Tomography
Authors: Mietto Cristina , Pinciroli Riccardo , Piriyapatsom Annop , Thomas John G. , Bry Lynn , Delaney Mary L. , Du Bois Andrea , Truelove Jessica , Ackman Jeanne B. , Wojtkiewicz Gregory R. , Nahrendorf Matthias , Kacmarek Robert M. , Berra Lorenzo
Published: September 2014

Background:

Tracheal intubation compromises mucus clearance and secretions accumulate inside the tracheal tube (TT). The aim of this study was to evaluate with a novel methodology TT luminal obstruction in critically ill patients.

Methods:

This was a three-phase study: (1) the authors collected 20 TTs at extubation. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) was performed to determine cross-sectional area (CSA) and mucus distribution within the TT; (2) five TTs partially filled with silicone were used to correlate high-resolution CT results and increased airflow resistance; and (3) 20 chest CT scans of intubated patients were reviewed for detection of secretions in ventilated patients’ TT.

Results:

Postextubation TTs showed a maximum CSA reduction of (mean ± SD) 24.9 ± 3.9% (range 3.3 to 71.2%) after a median intubation of 4.5 (interquartile range 2.5 to 6.5) days. CSA progressively decreased from oral to lung end of used TTs. The luminal volume of air was different between used and new TTs for all internal diameters (P < 0.01 for new vs. used TTs for all studied internal diameters). The relationship between pressure drop and increasing airflow rates was nonlinear and depended on minimum CSA available to ventilation. Weak correlation was found between TT occlusion and days of intubation (R
2 = 0.352, P = 0.006). With standard clinical chest CT scans, 6 of 20 TTs showed measurable secretions with a CSA reduction of 24.0 ± 3.9%.

Conclusions:

TT luminal narrowing is a common finding and correlates with increased airflow resistance. The authors propose high-resolution CT as a novel technique to visualize and quantify secretions collected within the TT lumen.