bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ‘decline of the West’ in Contemporary French Literature
Authors: Debie Franck
Published: November 2010

Contemporary French literature has expressed accurately the sense of alienation from the values of Western modernity. Out of contemporary French novels arises a sense of despair over cultural relativism, the poor quality of education and the decline of religious values. Nevertheless, such a critique should not serve as an excuse for individuals and groups to turn inward. Instead, a reassertion of Western identity and a revitalising of public democratic space can lead to a re-energising of modern society as the arena for the fulfilment of individual and collective goals.
Do television food advertisements portray advertised foods in a ‘healthy’ food context?
Authors: Adams Jean , Tyrrell Rachel , White Martin
Published: November 2010

Exposure to food promotion influences food preferences and diet. As food advertisements tend to promote ‘less healthy’ products, food advertising probably plays some role in the ‘obesity epidemic’. Amid calls for increased regulation, food manufacturers are beginning to engage in a variety of health-promoting marketing initiatives. Positioning products in the context of a ‘healthy’, balanced diet in television advertisements is one such initiative. We explored whether the wider food context in which foods are advertised on television are ‘healthier’ than the advertised foods themselves. All foods shown in food advertisements broadcast during 1 week on one commercial UK channel were identified and classified as ‘primary’ (i.e. the focus of advertisements) or ‘incidental’. The nutritional content of all foods was determined and that of primary and incidental foods were compared. Almost two-thirds of food advertisements did not include any incidental foods. When a wider food context was present, this tended to be ‘healthier’ than the primary foods that were the focus of food advertisements – particularly in terms of the food groups represented. It is not yet clear what effect this may have on consumers' perceptions and behaviour, and whether or not this practice should be encouraged or discouraged from a public health perspective.
Modelling of maize production in Croatia: present and future climate
Authors: VUČETIĆ V.
Published: November 2010

Maize is one of the most important agricultural crops in Croatia, and was selected for research of the effect of climate warming on yields. The Decision Support System for the Agrotechnology Transfer model (DSSAT) is one of the most utilized crop–weather models in the world, and was used in this paper for the investigation of maize growth and production in the present and future climate. The impact of present climate on maize yield was studied using DSSAT 4.0 with meteorological data from the Zagreb–Maksimir station covering the period 1949–2004. Pedological, physiological and genetic data from a 1999 field maize experiment at the same location were added. The location is representative of the continental climate in central Croatia. The linear trends of model outputs and the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test indicate that the beginning of silking has advanced significantly by 1·4 days/decade since the mid-1990s, and maturity by 4·5 days/decade. It also shows a decrease in biomass by 122 kg/ha and in maize yield by 216 kg/ha in 10 years.

Estimates of the sensitivity of maize growth and yield in future climates were made by changing the initial weather and CO2 conditions of the DSSAT 4.0 model according to the different climatic scenarios for Croatia at the end of the 21st century. Changed climate suggests increases in global solar radiation, minimal temperature and maximal temperature (×1·07, 2 and 4°C, respectively), but a decrease in the amount of precipitation (×0·92), compared with weather data from the period 1949–2004. The reduction of maize yield was caused by the increase in minimal and maximal temperature and the decrease in precipitation amount, related to the present climate, is 6, 12 and 3%, respectively. A doubling of CO2 concentration stimulates leaf assimilation, but maize yield is only 1% higher, while global solar radiation growth by 7% increases evapotranspiration by 3%. Simultaneous application of all these climate changes suggested that the maize growth period would shorten by c. 1 month and maize yield would decrease by 9%, with the main reason for maize yield reduction in Croatia being due to extremely warm conditions in the future climate.
Hydrodynamic bound states of a low-Reynolds-number swimmer near a gap in a wall
Authors: CROWDY DARREN , SAMSON OPHIR
Published: November 2010

The motion of an organism swimming at low Reynolds number near an infinite straight wall with a finite-length gap is studied theoretically within the framework of a two-dimensional model. The swimmer is modelled as a point singularity of the Stokes equations dependent on a single real parameter. A dynamical system governing the position and orientation of the model swimmer is derived in analytical form. The dynamical system is studied in detail and a bifurcation analysis performed. The analysis reveals,inter alia, the presence of stable equilibrium points in the gap region as well as Hopf bifurcations to periodic bound states. The reduced-model system also exhibits a global gluing bifurcation in which two symmetric periodic orbits merge at a saddle point into symmetric ‘figure-of-eight’ bound states having more complex spatiotemporal structure. The additional effect of a background shear is also studied and is found to introduce new types of bound state. The analysis allows us to make theoretical predictions as to the possible behaviour of a low-Reynolds-number swimmer near a gap in a wall. It offers insights into the use of gaps or orifices as possible control devices for such swimmers in confined environments.
Ten-year myringoplasty series: does the cause of perforation affect the success rate?
Authors: Westerberg J , Harder H , Magnuson B , Westerberg L , Hydén D
Published: November 2010

Objective:

To present the results of primary myringoplasty procedures together with the perforation cause, perforation size and site, surgeon's experience, and surgical method, and to investigate how these factors relate to graft ‘take’ rates.

Study design:

Retrospective chart review of 243 consecutive patients undergoing primary myringoplasty with temporalis fascia underlay over a 10-year period from 1994 to 2004.

Results:

The overall graft take rate was 95 per cent. The retroauricular approach resulted in a 97 per cent graft take rate, whereas a significantly lower rate (77 per cent) was seen for surgery conducted via the endaural approach, or via an ear speculum. There was no relationship between other factors and tympanic membrane healing.

Conclusion:

No association was found between perforation cause and graft take rate. The underlay technique is safe and reliable, and the retroauricular approach is preferable as it enables good surgical access and has better results.
Development of an auditory implant manipulator for minimally invasive surgical insertion of implantable hearing devices
Authors: Stieger C , Caversaccio M , Arnold A , Zheng G , Salzmann J , Widmer D , Gerber N , Thurner M , Nauer C , Mussard Y , Kompis M , Nolte L P , Häusler R , Weber S
Published: November 2010

Objective:

To present the auditory implant manipulator, a navigation-controlled mechanical and electronic system which enables minimally invasive (‘keyhole’) transmastoid access to the tympanic cavity.

Materials and methods:

The auditory implant manipulator is a miniaturised robotic system with five axes of movement and an integrated drill. It can be mounted on the operating table. We evaluated the surgical work field provided by the system, and the work sequence involved, using an anatomical whole head specimen.

Results:

The work field provided by the auditory implant manipulator is considerably greater than required for conventional mastoidectomy. The work sequence for a keyhole procedure included pre-operative planning, arrangement of equipment, the procedure itself and post-operative analysis.

Conclusion:

Although system improvements are necessary, our preliminary results indicate that the auditory implant manipulator has the potential to perform keyhole insertion of implantable hearing devices.
Theory of azimuthal surface waves propagating in non-uniform waveguides
Authors: GIRKA V. O. , GIRKA I. O. , GIRKA A. V. , PAVLENKO I. V.
Published: November 2010

This paper is devoted to the theory of surface waves propagating across axis of symmetry in non-uniform cylindrical metal waveguides with plasma filling. The presented results are devoted to: first, studying an influence of plasma density non-uniformity on the features of these waves; second, studying an influence of an external magnetic fields' non-uniformity on their dispersion properties; third, studying possibility to sustain gas discharge by propagation of these waves under different operating regimes. The problems have been solved both analytically and numerically. Plasma particles are described in the framework of hydrodynamics; fields of the studied waves are determined by a set of Maxwell equations. Analytical research of the obtained equations is carried out by the method of successive approximation; adequacy of such approach is proved here as well. Numerical evaluations of the possibilities to observe experimentally the phenomena, which accompany propagation of these waves, are carried out.
A global sensitivity analysis for African sleeping sickness
Authors: DAVIS STEPHEN , AKSOY SERAP , GALVANI ALISON
Published: November 2010

African sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease transmitted through the bites of tsetse flies of the genusGlossina. We constructed mechanistic models for the basic reproduction number,R0, ofTrypanosoma brucei gambienseandTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, respectively the causative agents of West and East African human sleeping sickness. We present global sensitivity analyses of these models that rank the importance of the biological parameters that may explain variation inR0, using parameter ranges based on literature, field data and expertize out of Uganda. For West African sleeping sickness, our results indicate that the proportion of bloodmeals taken from humans byGlossina fuscipes fuscipesis the most important factor, suggesting that differences in the exposure of humans to tsetse are fundamental to the distribution ofT. b. gambiense. The second ranked parameter forT. b. gambienseand the highest ranked forT. b. rhodesiensewas the proportion ofGlossinarefractory to infection. This finding underlines the possible implications of recent work showing that nutritionally stressed tsetse are more susceptible to trypanosome infection, and provides broad support for control strategies in development that are aimed at increasing refractoriness in tsetse flies. We note though that forT. b. rhodesiensethe population parameters for tsetse – species composition, survival and abundance – were ranked almost as highly as the proportion refractory, and that the model assumed regular treatment of livestock with trypanocides as an established practice in the areas of Uganda experiencing East African sleeping sickness.
Efficacy of two praziquantel treatments among primary school children in an area of highSchistosoma mansoniendemicity, Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: BARAKAT RASHIDA , MORSHEDY HALA EL
Published: November 2010

Praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. A number of reports from endemic areas suggest that resistance or tolerance to praziquantel might exist inSchistosoma mansoni.Several explanations were postulated. The present work was designed to test the hypothesis that a low praziquantel (pzq) cure rate in Egypt is due to survival and maturation of immature stages that escaped pzq, which is effective against matureS. mansoniworms only. The study sample included 1351 children attending El Rouse primary school located in El Rouse village, Nile Delta, Egypt. All children received 2 pzq doses (40 mg/kg) 4 weeks apart. Diagnosis ofS. mansoniinfection and cure assessment were based on examination of 2 Kato slides prepared from a single stool sample collected before and 4 weeks after the first and second treatments. The cure rate was 78·8% after the first treatment and increased significantly to 90·8% after the second treatment. Egg reduction rates were 71·2% and 77·2% after 1 and 2 treatments respectively. Pre-treatment intensity of infection has a great influence on cure and egg reduction rates. Our results confirmed that low praziquantel cure rate, in Egypt, might be attributed, even partially, to survival and maturation of the immatureS. mansonistages that escaped pzq that is effective against mature worms only.
The generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials to routine psychiatric out-patient practice
Authors: van der Lem R. , van der Wee N. J. A. , van Veen T. , Zitman F. G.
Published: November 2010

Background

Generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials (AETs) to daily practice is questioned because of their very stringent patient selection. This study aims to determine eligibility for AETs of out-patients suffering from major depression in a routine out-patient setting and investigates influence of eligibility on treatment outcome.

Method

Data collection (n=1653) was performed through routine outcome monitoring by independent trained research nurses. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology, short Dutch version were used for diagnostic assessment and personality pathology screening. The Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was used for assessment of baseline severity and treatment outcome. Eligibility was assessed by stepwise application of commonly used exclusion criteria. Influence of eligibility on treatment outcome was investigated in a subsample of the 1653 patients who had at least one follow-up assessment (n=626). Eligible and non-eligible patients were compared on proportion of response (50% reduction) and remission on MADRS (MADRS⩽10).

Results

Altogether, 17–25% of the patients were eligible for AETs. The most common reasons for exclusion would be ‘not meeting minimum baseline severity’ and ‘presence of co-morbid Axis I disorder’. Eligible and non-eligible patients did not differ in treatment outcome. Only ‘meeting the minimum baseline severity’ is associated with remission.

Conclusions

The majority of ‘real life’ out-patients are not eligible for AETs. However, the influence of eligibility on treatment outcome seems to be small. This suggests that stringent patient selection by eligibility criteria is not the major reason for lack of generalizability of AETs. Exclusion of less severely depressed patients from the analyses resulted in better treatment outcome. Milder depression is highly prevalent in daily practice and more research into treatment effectiveness in milder depression is warranted.
Pre-adult versus adult onset major depressive disorder in a naturalistic patient sample: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study
Authors: van Noorden M. S. , Minkenberg S. E. , Giltay E. J. , den Hollander-Gijsman M. E. , van Rood Y. R. , van der Wee N. J. , Zitman F. G.
Published: November 2010

Background

Pre-adult onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) may predict a more severe phenotype of depression. As data from naturalistic psychiatric specialty care settings are scarce, we examined phenotypic differences between pre-adult and adult onset MDD in a large sample of consecutive out-patients.

Method

Altogether, 1552 out-patients, mean age 39.2±11.6 years, were diagnosed with current MDD on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus diagnostic interview as part of the usual diagnostic procedure. A total of 1105 patients (71.2%) had complete data on all variables of interest. Pre-adult onset of MDD was defined as having experienced the signs and symptoms of a first major depressive episode before the age of 18 years. Patients were stratified according to the age at interview (20–40/40–65 years). Correlates of pre-adult onset were analysed using logistic regression models adjusted for age, age squared and gender.

Results

Univariate analyses showed that pre-adult onset of MDD had a distinct set of demographic (e.g. less frequently living alone) and clinical correlates (more co-morbid DSM-IV – Text Revision diagnoses, more social phobia, more suicidality). In the multivariate model, we found an independent association only for a history of suicide attempts [odds ratio (OR) 3.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.97–5.05] and current suicidal thoughts (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.26–2.60) in patients with pre-adult versus adult onset MDD.

Conclusions

Pre-adult onset of MDD is associated with more suicidality than adult onset MDD. Age of onset of depression is an easy to ascertain characteristic that may help clinicians in weighing suicide risk.
Null Referential Subjects in Övdalian
Authors: Rosenkvist Henrik
Published: November 2010

This article is concerned with the description and analysis of Övdalian referential null subjects. A general background to Övdalian is provided together with the syntactic restrictions on the possible null subjects (wįð‘we’ andið‘you’). Interestingly, these null subjects in Övdalian do not appear in the same syntactic positions. This syntactic difference leads us to the conclusion that the distribution of the two possible null subjects must be explained individually. I argue here that the syntactic restrictions indicate that nullwįðrequires a link to the surrounding context in order to be identified, whereas the identification of nulliðseems to be dependent on the agreement affix. I build on the proposal of Koeneman (2006), and argue that affixes may have pronominal properties, proposing that this gives an explanation as to why nulliðis not restricted in the same fashion as nullwįð. Finally, Övdalian is discussed in a wider Germanic context, and it is shown that Övdalian is one of a small number of non-standard Germanic languages which allow referential null subjects.
Bipolar cells in the zebrafish retina
Authors: CONNAUGHTON V.P.
Published: November 2010

Zebrafish are an existing model for genetic and developmental studies due to their rapid external development and transparent embryos, which allow easy manipulation and observation of early developmental stages. The application of the zebrafish model to vision research has allowed for examination of retinal development and the characteristics of different retinal cell types, including bipolar cells. In particular, bipolar cell development, including differentiation, maturation, and gene expression, has been documented, as has physiological properties, such as voltage- and ligand-gated currents, and neurotransmitter receptor and ion channel expression. Mutant strains and transgenic lines have been used to document how bipolar cell connections and/or development may be altered, and toxicological studies examining how environmental factors may impact bipolar cell activity have been performed. The purpose of this paper was to review the existing literature on zebrafish bipolar cells, to provide a comprehensive overview of current information pertaining to this retinal cell type.
Mineralogy of glaciomarine sediments from the Prydz Bay–Kerguelen region: relation to modern depositional environments
Authors: Borchers Andreas , Voigt Ines , Kuhn Gerhard , Diekmann Bernhard
Published: November 2010

Surface mineralogical compositions and their association to modern processes are well known from the east Atlantic and south-west Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean, but data from the interface of these areas - the Prydz Bay–Kerguelen region - is still missing. The objective of our study was to provide mineralogical data of reference samples from this region and to relate these mineralogical assemblages to hinterland geology, weathering, transport and depositional processes. Clay mineral assemblages were analysed by means of X-ray diffraction technique. Heavy mineral assemblages were determined by counting of gravity-separated grains under a polarizing microscope. Results show that by use of clay mineral assemblages four mineralogical provinces can be subdivided: i) continental shelf, ii) continental slope, iii) deep sea, iv) Kerguelen Plateau. Heavy mineral assemblages in the fine sand fraction are relatively uniform except for samples taken from the East Antarctic shelf. Our findings show that mineralogical studies on sediment cores from the study area have the potential to provide insights into past shifts in ice-supported transport and activity and provenance of different water masses (e.g. Antarctic slope current and deep western boundary current) in the Prydz Bay–Kerguelen region.
Bills, notes and money in early New South Wales, 1788–1822
Authors: Decker Frank
Published: November 2010

This article provides a revised account of the development of financial instruments, money and banking in the early penal colony of New South Wales. It is found that private instruments monetised the economy, while the role of state debt, coin and commodities was to finally settle remaining balances. Money originated in the form of small merchant notes. These were created by the need to pay labourers and underpinned a local pound currency standard. A detailed review of colonial court cases and currency legislation reveals that the first bank was founded, contrary to colonial orders, to remove the disruptive impact of exchange rate fluctuations and to achieve a stable private note issue at par with pound sterling bills on London.
GROWTH AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Authors: Hashimzade Nigar , Myles Gareth D.
Published: November 2010

The paper analyzes a multicountry extension of the Barro model of productive public expenditure. In the presence of positive infrastructural externalities between countries, the provision of infrastructure will be inefficiently low if countries do not coordinate. This provides a role for a supranational body, such as the European Union, to coordinate the policies of the individual governments. It is shown how intervention by a supranational body can raise welfare by internalizing the infrastructural externality. Infrastructural externalities increase the importance of tax policy in the growth process and distribute the benefits of taxation across countries.
Emotional aspects of a fen
Authors: Berggren Åsa
Published: November 2010

Oliver J.T. Harris and Tim Flohr Sørensen have written an interesting and urgent paper, raising crucial points touching upon a question at the very core of archaeology: what can we learn about the lives of prehistoric people, based solely on the material remains? Or, rephrased, how far can we reach on the Hawkesian ladder? To tackle this question, Harris and Sørensen accept the ten-year-old challenge raised by Sarah Tarlow, and suggest a vocabulary that will enable archaeologists to include emotional aspects in their interpretations. As they point out, several studies in archaeology have focused on emotion during the last decade, using burials as their main material. But as they acknowledge that emotions were a part of mundane social life, and not limited to ritualized events such as burials, they want to broaden the span of their inquiry and include materials from other contexts as well. As they do this, they make an interesting point and take a step forward in the development of archaeological interpretation. However, I would argue that they could have explored the issue even further. It would, for example, have been interesting to see them apply their ideas to some of the more mundane archaeological materials, from, for example, settlements that would be more explicitly connected to everyday life. Instead they use a quite spectacular site, where dramatic events have taken place. Is it perhaps easier to make assumptions about emotions when they are suspected to have been intense and exceptional in some way? The mundane emotions still escape us. Nevertheless, the case study chosen by Harris and Sørensen still illustrates their arguments and serves as an example for how the suggested vocabulary may be used.
Emotion reified. Lessons from the archaeology of ritual
Authors: Swenson Edward
Published: November 2010

Harris and Sørensen's critique of the archaeological inattention to emotion and their recognition of the material mediation of affect bring to the fore perennial epistemological problems defining the broader archaeological enterprise. The immediate citation of the long-discredited Hawkesian ladder of inference challenges the assumption that past emotional states are unrecoverable from archaeological contexts, just as an earlier generation of archaeologists rejected processual theory that meaning, conceptual schemas and symbolism fell beyond the pale of scientific inference. Of course, Hawkes was not a materialist in the strict sense of the term, and he recognized that value systems transcended the epiphenomenal and played a vital role in structuring social practice and shaping historical process. It was his contention, however, that conceptual and symbolic schemes and their role in social reproduction were simply too complex to be read satisfactorily from material remains (Hawkes 1954; see Fogelin 2008, 129–30). He wrote that ‘there is nothing in North American ecology . . . to compel either Iroquois institutions . . . or the constitution of the United States’ (Hawkes 1954, 163). To be sure, Hawkes probably would not have denied that moved to move is intrinsic to the human condition and that affective dispositions were a force in individual experiences and the collective fortunes and self-representations of past communities. At the same time, he probably gave little consideration to the dialectical interdependence of the material world and emotion, a relationship that has captured the imagination of recent scholars. Hawkes would no doubt have scoffed at the notion that emotion as ontological problem, cultural construct or variable of social interaction is amenable to archaeological interpretation.
Talk about the passion
Authors: Harris Oliver J.T. , Sørensen Tim Flohr
Published: November 2010

We would like to thank the five commentators for their thorough and stimulating reflections on, and criticism of, our article. The different comments raise various issues, and we appreciate their diversity of perspectives and their analysis of problems in our attempt at a rethinking of emotion in archaeology. The comments are each in their own way highly rewarding for us, and they certainly bring concerns to the fore that we have left out. Here we identify several issues that the commentators address in different voices and with varying intensities, and would like to examine these in turn. First, we consider the question of ritual at Mount Pleasant and the absence of the quotidian from our account. Second, we engage with the worry expressed over the lack of specificity of emotions in our given scenarios. Third, the phenomenological perspective in our article is given some critical thought. Fourth, we address the important point on which several of the commentators agree: that we leave out how emotions unfold in historically specific and context-dependent situations. Finally we turn back to the issue of our vocabulary to see how it stands the test of both application and critique.
Different languages. An interview on archaeology in Germany with Friedrich Lüth
Authors: Gramsch Alexander
Published: November 2010

This is an interview about archaeology in Germany and beyond. Friedrich Lüth, currently president of the European Association of Archaeologists, among other positions, talks about archaeological practice and thought in Germany and Europe and the relationship between both. Is German pre- and protohistoric archaeology still best known for its disciplined approaches to material evidence and the thoroughness with regard to the data (Härke 1989)? Are there still concerns whether it is atheoretical (Klejn 1993)? In this interview Lüth reflects on university chairs versus ‘schools’, we hear about how to gain new facts and how to deconstruct interpretations, and we learn about the sixteenfold German heritage management – archaeology is the competence of the sixteenBundesländer(states) rather than of theBund, because state archaeological services as well as the universities fall under the laws of the states, not under federal laws. Topics range from the Bologna process to Germany's attitude towards ‘world archaeology’, from positivism to plurality, and from budgets to languages. We also learn much about the self-perception of archaeology in Germany as a subject between data and theory, between humanities and sciences, and between knowledge production and public relevance.
Beyond externalism. Exploring new directions in the history of archaeology
Authors: Moro Abadía Oscar
Published: November 2010

In recent years archaeologists have celebrated the emergence of a critical history of archaeology which has assumed a central position in disciplinary debates. This new historiography has been characterized by the adoption of an externalist or contextual approach primarily concerned with how social, economic and political conditions have influenced the interpretation of archaeological data. While externalism has played an essential role in the recognition of the history of archaeology as a field, I suggest in this article that it is time for historians to explore new ways of conceptualizing the social dimensions of archaeological knowledge. In particular, I consider how certain debates held by historians and sociologists of science during the last years can encourage historians of archaeology to enquire more critically about the blurry boundaries between ‘archaeology’ and its ‘context’.
Hidden mandibular pathology in a patient planned for radiotherapy highlighting the need for dental screening
Authors: Georgiou Anastasia F. , Yeoh S.C. , Coleman H.
Published: November 2010

Dental assessments are important before the commencement of radiotherapy to the head and neck area to assess the teeth and associated structures lying in the treatment field and to inform the patient of the effects of radiotherapy on the oral cavity. This case report documents an incidental radiographic finding of a mandibular cystic lesion and its impact on the radiotherapy planning and decision making to proceed with radiotherapy.
Correlation of six-minute walk test, pulmonary function test and radiation pneumonitis in the management of carcinoma of oesophagus: A prospective pilot study
Authors: Rawat Sheh , Kumar Gaurav , Puri Abhishek , Sharma Manoj Kumar , Kakria Anjali , Kumar Pankaj
Published: November 2010

Purpose: To correlate six-minute walk test (6MWT) and pulmonary function test (PFT) with incidence of radiation pneumonitis (RP) while treating patients with oesophageal cancer with conformal radiotherapy.

Methods: Forty-five patients were selected to the study protocol. Pulmonary evaluation was done objectively by chest x-ray (CXR), 6MWT and PFT and subjectively by symptoms of cough, dyspnoea and fatigue. These tests were performed before radiation and then repeated at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months after treatment. The dose-volume histogram (DVH) was used to derive doses received by lung and organs at risk. χ2-test was used for calculating the p value.

Results: The walk distance change (WDC) correlated with the changes in PFT values (p = 0.001) were done at 3 and 9 months after radiation, respectively. V30 values of ≥20% correlated with the incidence of acute pneumonitis (p = 0.007). 6MVT/vital capacity (VC) values of ≤4 ft/l had a correlation with the incidence of clinically symptomatic RP at 9 months.

Conclusion: 6MWT and PFT are supplementary to each other for assessing the lung function status; but their individual role in predicting RP is weak. However, they are complementary to each other in assessing the risk of radiation-induced lung dysfunction.
A new spreite trace fossil from Lower Cretaceous limestone (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
Authors: Michalík Jozef , Šimo Vladimír
Published: November 2010

Zavitokichnus fusiformisn. igen. et n. isp. occurs in Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian to Hauterivian) limestones of the Fatric Superunit in the Western Carpathians. Typical cross sections of this more or less spiral trace fossil are sometimes U–O–C–S-shaped. In cross-section the trace fossil passes from a simple linear form, and spreads to a wider rolled-up or rolled-out form and then it returns to a linear trace. Spreite-like lamellae are distinguishable on several cross-section examples. The trace fossil was produced by a deposit feeder and it might be classified as a fodinichnion.Z. fusiformisco-occurs with trace fossil associations ofZoophycos,Chondrites,Planolites,HormosiroideaandPalaeophycusin carbonate sediments of a deep-seated ramp along the margin of the Fatric intrashelf basin.
Untangling a Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) palaeoecological event in Baltoscandia: conodont faunal changes across the ‘Täljsten’ interval
Authors: Mellgren Johanna I. S. , Eriksson Mats E.
Published: November 2010

Conodont faunal dynamics and high-resolution biostratigraphy in the lithologically and faunally anomalous ‘Täljsten’ succession, which spans the DarriwilianLenodus variabilis–Yangtzeplacognathus crassusZone boundary, were investigated in a 2·5 m-thick section on Mt Kinnekulle that includes an interval yielding fossil meteorites and extraterrestrial chromite. The previous interpretation that this interval reflects a regression is consistent with the occurrence and abundance patterns of some conodont taxa. The disappearance of e.g.,Periodon, suggests that the regression began prior to the deposition of the grey ‘Täljsten’. The transition from red to grey limestone coincides with a conspicuous faunal re-arrangement. The lower half of the ‘Täljsten’ reflects a gradual shallowing favourable for some taxa, such asLenodus, and the immigration ofMicrozarkodinacf.ozarkodellaandHistiodella holodentata. In the middle of the ‘Täljsten’ interval, coinciding with the appearance of abundant cystoids, conditions became less hospitable for conodonts, resulting in a low diversity and low abundance fauna, which occurs to the top of the interval. The overlying red limestone, apparently deposited during a deepening event, marks a return to pre-‘Täljsten’ conditions with a re-organised fauna. The close correlation between the lithologic shifts and conodont faunal changes demonstrates the usefulness of conodonts as environmental indicators.
Major nappe-like D2 folds in the Dalradian rocks of the Beinn Udlaidh area, Central Highlands, Scotland
Authors: Tanner P. W. Geoff , Thomas Peter R.
Published: November 2010

Two regional-scale, recumbent folds control the structure of the Beinn Udlaidh area, Tyndrum, Perthshire. They reached their maximum development during D2, following the regional metamorphic peak, and are part of a stack of larger SE-facing recumbent folds formed during the ∼470 Ma Grampian Orogeny. The rocks belong to the Neoproterozoic–Lower Ordovician Dalradian Supergroup, and preserve a sedimentary transition between the Grampian Group and the overlying Appin Group. The latter occupies the core of the S-facing, recumbent Beinn Udlaidh Syncline (D2) which, with the underlying complementary Glen Lochy Anticline, is gently folded by a regional-scale structure, the Orchy Dome. The recumbent folds postdate an early fabric (S1), which is generally obliterated by the D2 imprint, but preserved as inclusion trails in regional metamorphic garnets, that are highly oblique to, and wrapped by, S2. It is concluded that the Dalradian rocks described here from below the Iltay Boundary Slide are in structural continuity with those of the Tay Nappe above, and that the Slide represents a structurally-modified disconformity between the Leven Schist (Appin Group) and the overlying Ben Lui Schist (Argyll Group). The Orchy Dome probably influenced the spatial distribution of minor intrusions and explosion vents of the lamprophyre suite.
Installation and diagnostics of a girder-system mockup for Taiwan Photon Source
Authors: Hsu K. H. , Tseng T. C. , Perng S. Y. , Lai W. Y. , Lin C. J. , Tsai Y. L. , Syu J. C. , Chen M. L. , Ho H. C. , Wang H. S. , Chen J. R.
Published: November 2010

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), a new 3 GeV synchrotron ring, is under construction at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC). To discover problems of design, manufacture and installation, a mockup of 1/24 section (one cell) of TPS was installed at NSRRC. A modified, precise, six-axis, prototype girder system of this mockup composed of three girders was fabricated. We discuss both the installation of the girder system and its diagnostics, and present the results including measurement of the dimensions of the components of the girder system and the vibration tests.
Emerging material – salient properties of the terahertz meta-foil
Authors: Moser H. O. , Jian L. K. , Chen H. S. , Kalaiselvi S. M. P. , Virasawmy S. , Cheng X. X. , Zhang W. , Banas A. , Banas K. , Heussler S. P. , Hua W. , Wu B.-I. , Yi Z.
Published: November 2010

The meta-foil is an all-metal self-supported electromagnetic metamaterial that features a space-grid that is locally stiff, yet globally flexible. Owing to its mechanical, thermal, chemical and radiative robustness, it lends itself to widespread applications.
Stressinduzierte Herabsetzung der Aufmerksamkeit bei jungen Erwachsenen mit ADHS-ähnlicher Symptomatik
Authors: Laessle Reinhold G. , Hansen-Spinger Edith
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Modelle zur Aufrechterhaltung des ADHS-Syndroms postulieren, dass die allgemeine Aufmerksamkeitsleistung und damit auch die Selbstaufmerksamkeit durch Stress vermindert werden kann. Fragestellung: In der Studie wurde geprüft, ob sich dieser Effekt bereits bei Personen aus der gesunden Bevölkerung zeigt, die einen hohen Ausprägungsgrad an ADHS-ähnlicher Symptomatik aufweisen. Methode: 84 Männer mit einem mittleren Alter von 23 Jahren wurden getestet. Die Stressinduktion erfolgte durch mentale Arithmetik aus dem Trier Sozial Stress-Test. Die Aufmerksamkeitsleistung wurde mit dem Frankfurter Aufmerksamkeitsinventar gemessen. Die Gruppierung der Probanden erfolgte durch Median-Split aufgrund der Selbstbeurteilungsskala aus den Homburger ADHS-Skalen für Erwachsene in solche mit hoher bzw. niedriger ADHS-Tendenz. Ergebnisse: Bezüglich der Aufmerksamkeitsleistung zeigte sich der erwartete Interaktionseffekt (Gruppierung × Bedingung) mit schlechterer Leistung nach Stress nur für Personen mit hoher ADHS-Tendenz (p < .002). Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse deuten auf den Nutzen der Einbeziehung spezifischer stressbezogener Bausteine in Behandlungsprogramme für ADHS-Patienten hin.
Die Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen für Jugendliche (DAS-J)
Authors: Keller Ferdinand , Kirchner Isgard , Pössel Patrick
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Dysfunktionale Einstellungen spielen eine wichtige Rolle im Rahmen kognitiv-behavioraler Störungsmodelle. Fragestellung: Während mit der Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen (DAS) seit längerem ein Messinstrument für Erwachsene vorliegt, existiert im Deutschen bislang keine für Jugendliche geeignete Version. Methode: Ein für Jugendliche adaptierter Fragebogen (DAS-J) wurde bei 266 Schülern im Alter von 13–18 Jahren an vier Schulen zusammen mit der Allgemeinen Depressionsskala (ADS) und dem Inventar zur Lebensqualität (ILK) eingesetzt. Ergebnisse: Die psychometrischen Kriterien der DAS-J entsprechen denen der DAS; die interne Konsistenz der Skala ist zufriedenstellend (Cronbachs Alpha = 0.83). Eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse repliziert die bekannte Struktur mit den Faktoren „Leistungsbewertung” und „Anerkennung durch Andere”. Korrelationen liegen mit der ADS bei r = .39 und mit den ILK-Bereichen zwischen r = .14–.35. Schlussfolgerungen: Den Studienergebnissen zufolge kann die DAS-J zur Erfassung dysfunktionaler Grundüberzeugungen bei Jugendlichen empfohlen werden.
Die Rolle der Übungshäufigkeit in der Achtsamkeitsbasierten Kognitiven Therapie
Authors: Hülsebusch Janina , Michalak Johannes
Published: November 2010

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Der Übungshäufigkeit wird im Rahmen der Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) eine große Bedeutung zugeschrieben. Fragestellung: Üben MBCT-Patienten den Vorgaben entsprechend und weisen Patienten, die häufiger üben, ein geringeres Rückfallrisiko auf? Methoden: Die Übungshäufigkeit der 24 ehemals depressiven Patienten wurde direkt nach der MBCT sowie nach 6 und 12 Monaten erhoben. Rückfälle wurden 12 Monate nach Ende der Behandlung erfasst. Ergebnisse: Während des MBCT-Programms übten die Patienten weitgehend den Vorgaben entsprechend. Patienten, die nicht rückfällig wurden, übten in den sechs Monaten nach Behandlungsende den Bodyscan und die Meditation signifikant häufiger als Patienten, die einen Rückfall erleiden. Schlussfolgerungen: Es konnte ein erster Hinweis für die Relevanz der Übungshäufigkeit bezüglich der Wirksamkeit der MBCT gefunden werden.
Decadal variations of active‐layer thickness in moisture‐controlled landscapes, Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Shiklomanov Nikolay I. , Streletskiy Dmitry A. , Nelson Frederick E. , Hollister Robert D. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Tweedie Craig E. , Bockheim James G. , Brown Jerry
Published: November 2010

A continuous time series of annual soil thaw records, extending from 1994 to 2009, is available for comparison with the records of thaw obtained from the Biocomplexity Experiment (BE) for the period 2006–2009. Discontinuous records of thaw at Barrow from wet tundra sites date back to the 1960s. Comparisons between the longer records with the BE observations reveal strong similarities. Records of permafrost temperature, reflecting changes in the annual surface energy exchange, are available from the 1950s for comparison with results from measurement programs begun in 2002. The long‐term systematic geocryological investigations at Barrow indicate an increase in permafrost temperature, especially during the last several years. The increase in near‐surface permafrost temperature is most pronounced in winter. Marked trends are not apparent in the active‐layer record, although subsidence measurements on the North Slope indicate that penetration into the ice‐rich layer at the top of permafrost has occurred over the past decade. Active‐layer thickness values from the 1960s are generally higher than those from the 1990s, and are very similar to those of the 2000s. Analysis of spatial active‐layer observations at representative locations demonstrates significant variations in active‐layer thickness between different landscape types, reflecting the influence of vegetation, substrate, microtopography, and, especially, soil moisture. Landscape‐specific differences exist in the response of active‐layer thickness to climatic forcing. These differences are attributable to the existence of localized controls related to combinations of surface and subsurface characteristics. The geocryological records at Barrow illustrate the importance and effectiveness of sustained, well organized monitoring efforts to document long‐term trends.
Benford's law in the natural sciences
Authors: Sambridge M. , Tkalčić H. , Jackson A.
Published: November 2010

More than 100 years ago it was predicted that the distribution of first digits of real world observations would not be uniform, but instead follow a trend where measurements with lower first digit (1,2,…) occur more frequently than those with higher first digits (…,8,9). This result has long been known but regarded largely as a mathematical curiosity and received little attention in the natural sciences. Here we show that the first digit rule is likely to be a widespread phenomenon and may provide new ways to detect anomalous signals in data. We test 15 sets of modern observations drawn from the fields of physics, astronomy, geophysics, chemistry, engineering and mathematics, and show that Benford's law holds for them all. These include geophysical observables such as the length of time between geomagnetic reversals, depths of earthquakes, models of Earth's gravity, geomagnetic and seismic structure. In addition we find it also holds for other natural science observables such as the rotation frequencies of pulsars; green‐house gas emissions, the masses of exoplanets as well as numbers of infectious diseases reported to the World Health Organization. The wide range of areas where it is manifested opens up new possibilities for exploitation. An illustration is given of how seismic energy from an earthquake can be detected from just the first digit distribution of displacement counts on a seismometer, i.e., without actually looking at the details of a seismogram at all. This led to the first ever detection of an earthquake using first digit information alone.
State transition of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere compound system due to a northward turn of the interplanetary magnetic field revealed from a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation and formation of the overshielding potential
Authors: Fujita S. , Kikuchi T. , Tanaka T.
Published: November 2010

Using a self‐consistent global magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we investigate the transient behavior of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere compound system during deformation of the magnetosphere after a northward turn of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We find that a peculiar Region 2 field‐aligned current (R2 FAC) caused by a transient dynamo is enhanced in the ionosphere and, consequently, the convection field in the ionosphere is overshielded after the northward turn of the IMF. On the other hand, in the magnetosphere, the transient dynamo appears on the lower‐latitude side of the dayside cleft. This dynamo is driven by the sunward convection flow that descends the enhanced pressure slope in the cleft region. This sunward flow and the enhanced pressure are caused by the release of magnetic tension accumulated in the southward IMF interval. Simultaneously, a counterclockwise vortex on a sphere of r = 8 Re (a clockwise vortex in the equatorial plane) in the afternoon sector appears in the magnetosphere. Consequently, the overshielding potential due to the R2 FAC in the ionosphere is a counterpart of the flow vortex in the magnetosphere. Finally, we note that the effect of the ∇B/curvature drift, which is due to the ring current particles, may be insignificant because the dynamo responsible for the overshielding appears in the higher‐latitude region.