bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilização de Técnicas de Manejo Comportamental e Neuropsicológicas para Intervenção dos Transtornos de Aprendizagem
Authors: De Almeida Gomides Mariuche Rodrigues , Haase Vitor Geraldi , Martins Gizele Alves , Barbosa Danielle Cristine Borges Piuzana , Júlio-Costa Annelise
Published: August 2016

O diagnóstico de dislexia do desenvolvimento é um fator de risco para as dificuldades de aprendizagem da matemática e exige programas de intervenção específicos e alicerçados no perfil cognitivo desse grupo clínico. Além dos déficits cognitivos, esses indivíduos também apresentam prejuízos emocionais e sociais. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção da matemática, focado na habilidade de transcodificação numérica. Técnicas de manejo comportamental foram associadas ao treino cognitivo para lidar com os prejuízos emocionais. A intervenção foi realizada em três pacientes com diagnóstico de dislexia e sintomas de baixa autoeficácia, desmotivação e ansiedade de desempenho. Os pacientes participaram de sessões individuais, sendo que o programa foi estruturado em 12 sessões de 60 minutos cada. Para avaliação da eficácia do programa utilizou-se um delineamento de pré e pós-teste. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os pacientes obtiveram ganhos tanto quantitativos, quanto qualitativos. Entretanto, nem todas as habilidades treinadas obtiveram uma melhora significativa, atribui-se esse desfecho a diferenças no perfil cognitivo e emocional dos pacientes.
Desafios para a Formação do Neuropsicólogo Clínico no Brasil
Authors: De Pereira Ana Paula Almeida
Published: August 2016

A Neuropsicologia Clínica é um campo de trabalho recente no Brasil, no entanto, existe uma forte demanda no mercado por profissionais qualificados. Embora o Conselho Federal de Psicologia já tenha esboçado este campo como uma especialidade da formação em Psicologia, ainda não existe um consenso sobre como deve ser delineada a formação desse profissional. O presente artigo busca, através de uma análise histórica da área, delimitar esse campo de conhecimento para, então, observando os processos de formação do neuropsicólogo clínico em outros países mais avançados nesta discussão, traçar um breve perfil das competências, atitudes e comportamentos desse profissional. Finalmente, apontar os desafios que a formação do neuropsicólogo clinico representa no contexto brasileiro.
Abordagem Cognitiva da Compreensão Leitora: implicações para a educação e prática clínica
Authors: Oliveira Rosinda Martins
Published: August 2016

A importância da compreensão leitora é indiscutível e as publicações nacionais sobre o tema ainda ocorrem em número modesto, tendo em vista o desempenho dos brasileiros em termos desta habilidade. Este artigo apresenta a abordagem cognitiva da compreensão leitora. Enquanto que esta abordagem considera a participação de funções cognitivas de baixo e alto nível neste processo, de forma semelhante a outras teorias, delas se diferencia pela ênfase nas funções executivas e pelo detalhamento do processo de compreensão. Além disso, considera o standard de coerência do leitor como modulador desse processo. O modelo é apresentado e discutido em termos de suas implicações para a prática clínica e para a educação.
Neuroimagerie fonctionnelle chez l’adolescent avec un trouble de personnalité limite
Authors: LeBoeuf Amélie , Guilé Jean-Marc , Labelle Réal , Luck David
Published: August 2016

De nombreuses études en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle (IRMf) menées chez les adultes présentant un trouble de personnalité limite (TPL) convergent pour identifier un patron d’activation neuronale, notamment fronto-limbique, différent de celui activé chez les adultes sans TPL lors des tâches de visualisation d’images émotionnelles. À ce jour, aucune étude en IRMf n’a été réalisée chez les adolescents avec TPL. Ce projet pilote vise à évaluer la faisabilité d’un protocole d’IRMf chez des adolescentes avec TPL et à identifier les régions neuronales d’intérêt pour les études de neuroimagerie chez cette population. Le projet porte sur six adolescentes euthymiques présentant un diagnostic de TPL (âge moyen : 15,8 ± 0,9 ans) et six adolescentes témoins sans diagnostic psychiatrique (âge moyen : 15,5 ± 1,2 ans). Après l’évaluation diagnostique incluant le Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime et le Diagnostic Interview for Borderline – Revised version, les participantes ont complété une tâche d’IRMf au cours de laquelle elles devaient regarder 20 images à valence affective positive, 20 images à valence affective négative et 20 images neutres. L’étude de faisabilité montre que les participantes ont été recrutées en 22 mois et que le protocole était bien toléré par celles-ci. Les résultats montrent que le visionnement des scènes positives et négatives a entraîné une plus grande activation de plusieurs aires limbiques ainsi que frontales, temporales et du cervelet chez le groupe TPL. Les aires limbiques et préfrontales semblent être des régions d’intérêt dans l’étude du fonctionnement neuronal chez les adolescentes avec TPL.
Une échelle de triage en santé mentale, pratique émergente de la mesure, une valeur ajoutée pour l’usager en demande de service en santé mentale
Authors: Boucher Lucie
Published: August 2016

Objectifs L’article vise à présenter deux études ayant soutenu le développement de l’Échelle brève de triage RIFCAS en santé mentale 0-99 ans, un instrument de mesure servant à établir la priorité d’une demande de service en santé mentale pour la clientèle de tout âge en considérant la gravité et l’urgence d’intervenir.

Méthodes Les deux versions ont été soumises à une mesure d’entente interjuges pour ensuite être mises en correspondance avec le jugement de professionnels et avec d’autres instruments de comparaison.

Résultats Les résultats obtenus des mesures d’entente interjuges traduisent une cohérence forte entre leur cotation. Il y a des correspondances significatives entre les priorités établies selon l’Échelle brève de triage RIFCAS en santé mentale0-99 ans, le jugement de professionnels experts et les instruments habituels utilisés.

Conclusion La version finale de l’échelle de triage propose une mesure objective sur la priorité à accorder aux demandes de service en santé mentale englobant l’ensemble des informations cliniques reconnues et essentielles. Les cliniciens peuvent s’appuyer sur un instrument fiable et valide pour mettre en priorité les demandes de service avant de les placer en liste d’attente. L’utilisation de cet instrument favorise le développement d’une vision commune entre les professionnels et elle assure un traitement équitable et sécuritaire des usagers.
Linking biochemical properties of particles to particle‐attached and free‐living bacterial community structure along the particle density gradient from freshwater to open ocean
Authors: Zhang Yao , Xiao Wei , Jiao Nianzhi
Published: August 2016

To test the hypothesis that particle composition has a stronger influence on the community structure of particle‐attached than free‐living bacteria, elemental (C/N, δ13C, and δ15N) and chemical composition of particles and the size‐fractionated bacterial community composition were examined along the particle density gradient from the Pearl River to the open basin in the South China Sea. Microbial communities were collected at the three size fractions of 0.2–0.8, 0.8–3, and >3 µm, and the community composition was analyzed using high‐throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 regions). Multivariate analysis evaluating the similarities of bacterial community composition and chemical composition of particles revealed their general consistent spatial variations along the particle density gradient from freshwater to the sea basin. However, compositions of particulate organic matter were more strongly related to the free living than to the particle‐attached bacterial community composition, which was composed of relatively abundant anaerobic bacteria and those taxa preferring low‐oxygen conditions. This latter result might be caused by low‐oxygen microzones in particles. Community network models further revealed tighter interactions within the particle‐attached than in free‐living bacterial communities, suggesting that a relatively confined space in particles is more favorable for interactions within the community. These analyses indicated that particle microniche properties might be important in shaping particle‐attached community structure. In contrast, particulate organic matter compositions significantly influenced the free‐living bacterial community probably through the release of labile or semilabile organic matter from particles contributing to the bioavailability of dissolved organic carbon.
Incidental paranasal sinusitis on routine brain magnetic resonance scans: association with atherosclerosis
Authors: Rosenthal Peter A. , Lundy Katherine C. , Massoglia Dino P. , Payne Elizabeth H. , Gilbert Gregory , Gebregziabher Mulugeta
Published: August 2016

Background

Incidental paranasal sinusitis (IPS) is common on imaging for non‐sinusitis disorders, usually without symptoms or obstructive features, and possibly arising from periodontitis (PD). PD associations with atherosclerosis have been widely reported. We test if IPS may also be associated with atherosclerosis.

Methods

IPS was scored retrospectively in a random sample of 180 magnetic resonance (MR) brain scans and compared with chart review for atherosclerosis (all subtypes), rhinosinusitis, and related factors (smoking, asthma, and relevant surgery). IPS was scored out of 30, from all sinuses, with maxillary sinuses weighted double volumetrically. Significant IPS (Sig IPS) was designated as 6 or more out of 30. Bivariate logistic regression was used to test for associations of Sig IPS to the clinical data, with multivariate analysis then testing for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 173 subjects were analyzed (7 exclusions). MR indications included suspected acute/prior stroke (22.0%). Sig IPS found in 20 (11.6%). Positive histories for atherosclerosis were cerebral, 57 (32.9%); coronary, 48 (27.7%); and peripheral arterial disease, 14 (8.1%). IPS ≥6 was strongly associated with cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio [OR] 6.0, p < 0.001), and less robustly to smoking (OR 2.9, p = 0.07) and rhinosinusitis (OR 2.4, p = 0.09). No associations with coronary or peripheral artery diseases were found. After controlling for smoking and rhinosinusitis, yielding significant subclinical sinusitis, the link of Sig IPS to cerebrovascular disease persisted (modified OR 5.2, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Significant incidental sinusitis, which is mostly subclinical sinusitis, is associated with cerebrovascular disease but not other atheroscleroses. This suggests possible common causation of both by PD.
Analysis of the efficiency of recombinant Escherichia coli strain cultivation in a gas‐vortex bioreactor
Authors: Savelyeva Anna V. , Nemudraya Anna A. , Podgornyi Vladimir F. , Laburkina Nadezhda V. , Ramazanov Yuriy A. , Repkov Andrey P. , Kuligina Elena V. , Richter Vladimir A.
Published: August 2016

The levels of aeration and mass transfer are critical parameters required for an efficient aerobic bioprocess, and directly depend on the design features of exploited bioreactors. A novel apparatus, using gas vortex for aeration and mass transfer processes, was constructed in the Center of Vortex Technologies (Novosibirsk, Russia). In this paper, we compared the efficiency of recombinant Escherichia coli strain cultivation using novel gas‐vortex technology with conventional bioprocess technologies such as shake flasks and bioreactors with mechanical stirrers. We demonstrated that the system of aeration and agitation used in gas‐vortex bioreactors provides 3.6 times higher volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in comparison with mechanical bioreactor. The use of gas‐vortex bioreactor for recombinant E. coli strain cultivation allows to increase the efficiency of target protein expression at 2.2 times for BL21(DE3)/pFK2 strain and at 3.5 times for auxotrophic C600/pRT strain (in comparison with stirred bioreactor).
Neue Wege: Reaktive Brandschutzbeschichtungen für Extrembedingungen
Authors: Krüger Simone , Gluth Gregor J. G. , Watolla Marie‐Bernadette , Morys Michael , Häßler Dustin , Schartel Bernhard
Published: August 2016

Wesentlich für das Sicherheitsniveau und damit die nachhaltige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Technologiestandorts Deutschland ist der Brandschutz in Industrieanlagen, in Gebäuden und im Transportwesen. Der vorbeugende bauliche Brandschutz hat u. a. das Ziel, die Brand‐ und Rauchausbreitung im Brandfall für eine gewisse Zeit zu behindern, damit die erforderlichen Lösch‐ und Rettungsarbeiten durchgeführt werden können. Dies geschieht u. a. durch Anforderungen an die Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit brandbeanspruchter Bauteile. Der Feuerwiderstand eines Bauteils ist die Fähigkeit, während eines angegebenen Zeitraums in einer genormten Feuerwiderstandsprüfung bezüglich mechanischer Stabilität und/oder thermischer Isolierung nicht zu versagen. Reaktive Brandschutzbeschichtungen erhöhen für viele Bauteile sehr effektiv den Feuerwiderstand. Die Beschichtungen und die Brandprüfungen müssen jedoch an die immer komplexeren Anwendungen und/oder extremeren Anforderungen angepasst und weiterentwickelt werden. Aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen dabei in der Entwicklung neuer Materialien (z. B. Geopolymere, keramisierende Beschichtungen, silikonbasierte Beschichtungen) für extreme Brandszenarien (extreme Temperaturen, lange Beanspruchungszeiten) und in der Realisierung komplexer Funktionalitäten (komplexe Geometrien, bewegliche Komponenten) sowie in der Entwicklung neuer Testmethoden (Feuerwiderstand als Bench‐scale‐Tests, kostengünstiges Screening, Feuerwiderstand in extremen Brandszenarien). Die Entwicklung geht dabei weg von der präskriptiven Bewertung hin zur leistungsorientierten (performance‐based) Bewertung in individuellen Brandszenarien oder von komplexen Bauteilen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Lösungsansätze für die neuen Herausforderungen an die reaktiven Brandschutzsysteme unter Extrembedingungen und deren Testmöglichkeiten vorgestellt und diskutiert. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei neu entwickelte Bench‐scale‐Testmethoden zum Screening von neuen Beschichtungsmaterialien sowie zur Beurteilung spezieller bzw. materialspezifischer Aspekte des Feuerwiderstands unter Extrembedingungen.
Recycling Rare‐Earth Slag for Enhanced Photoelectro‐ chemical Efficiency of a Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Covered CdSe@ZnO Hetero‐Nanostructured Photoanode
Authors: She Xuefeng , Zhang Zhuo , Baek Minki , Choi Mingi , Yong Kijung , Wang Jingsong , Xue Qingguo
Published: August 2016

Breakthroughs in efficient recycling of industrial slag and renewable energy have become subjects of global interest. In this study, rare‐earth oxide (REO) slag is used for the first time in dramatically enhanced photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation by modifying the surface of a photoanode, which is constructed from reduced graphene oxide (RGO)‐covered CdSe@ZnO two‐story hetero‐nanostructures. REO slag is extracted from REO iron ore by mimicking of the ironmaking process, and whole hetero‐nanostructures prepared for photoelectrochemical anode are synthesized by the hydrothermal method. These studies demonstrate that the REO slag significantly promotes the growth of CdSe nanoparticles and can also be used as the OH− source to block hydrolysis of Na2S and Na2SO3 in the electrolyte. Moreover, light absorption is fully facilitated by the two‐story structure, and the photoconversion is enhanced via type II cascade band alignment of CdSe and ZnO. In addition, the concentration of holes and efficient charge transfer by RGO can suppress electron–hole recombination and improve the electron lifetime. This study presents a novel REO‐slag‐modified photoanode for high efficiency photoelectrochemical devices and offers the possibility of recycling industrial waste for renewable energy generation.
A comparison of hemodynamic metrics and intraluminal thrombus burden in a common iliac artery aneurysm
Authors: Kelsey Lachlan J. , Powell Janet T. , Norman Paul E. , Miller Karol , Doyle Barry J.
Published: August 2016

Aneurysms of the common iliac artery (CIAA) are typically found in association with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Isolated CIAAs, in the absence of an AAA, are uncommon. Similar to AAAs, CIAA may develop intraluminal thrombus (ILT). As isolated CIAAs have a contralateral common iliac artery for comparison, they provide an opportunity to study the hemodynamic mechanisms behind ILT formation.

In this study, we compared a large isolated CIAA and the contralateral iliac artery using computational fluid dynamics to determine if hemodynamic metrics correlate with the location of ILT. We performed a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics study and investigated the residence time of platelets and monocytes, velocity fields, time‐averaged wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, and endothelial cell activation potential. We then correlated these data to ILT burden determined with computed tomography.

We found that high cell residence times, low time‐averaged wall shear stress, high oscillatory shear index, and high endothelial cell activation potential all correlate with regions of ILT development. Our results show agreement with previous hypotheses of thrombus formation in AAA and provide insights into the computational hemodynamics of iliac artery aneurysms.
Variation in habitat selection by white‐bearded wildebeest across different degrees of human disturbance
Authors: Stabach J. A. , Wittemyer G. , Boone R. B. , Reid R. S. , Worden J. S.
Published: August 2016

Resident white‐bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) have experienced widespread population declines across much of their range over the past few decades, the drivers of which are attributed to landscape changes. Despite the ecological significance of this decline, surprisingly little is known about the resource needs and habitat use of these animals. Using global positioning system data collected from 2010 to 2013, we assessed resource selection of wildebeest inhabiting three study areas in Kenya with varying degrees of natural and anthropogenic disturbance to identify potential behavioral mechanisms underlying potential landscape‐driven declines. Wildebeest were observed to consistently avoid anthropogenic features and dense woody cover, irrespective of season, suggestive of avoidance of landscape features that would likely be associated with increased predation risk. Wildebeest also avoided primary roads, particularly across the Athi‐Kaputiei Plains where human density and landscape alteration was greatest. The strongest response to normalized difference vegetation index was observed across the Amboseli Basin, the least productive and anthropogenically altered of our three study areas, leading to pronounced seasonal shifts in space use. Selection of natural and anthropogenic features was similar across the Mara and Athi‐Kaputiei Plains, with the exception of the response to roads which likely relates to differences in road use. We also observed strong shifts in space use between day and night periods, particularly in relation to anthropogenic features and likely related to human circadian activity patterns. The observed variability in selection provides detailed information to how wildebeest react to local environmental factors across landscapes, and provides insight to how landscape fragmentation amplifies habitat loss for wildebeest by driving spatial avoidance, a likely mechanism contributing to population declines in this species. The quantified responses of wildebeest to landscape features can aid future conservation management efforts and planning to sustain imperiled wildebeest populations.
Influence of resource availability onJuniperus virginianaexpansion in a forest–prairie ecotone
Authors: Ganguli A. C. , Engle D. M. , Mayer P. M. , Salo L. F.
Published: August 2016

Woody plant expansion into grasslands and savannas is a global concern. Rapid expansion ofJuniperus virginiana, a tree native to North America, has profound ecological consequences. We used transplantedJ. virginianaseedlings to investigate the role of resource availability onJ. virginianaexpansion following the removal of fire, the factor historically limiting range expansion of this fire‐intolerant species. We evaluatedJ. virginianaseedling survival and seedling growth, two important phases in woody plant expansion, relative to two belowground resource factors, plant‐available soil water (soil clay content, an index of plant‐available soil water) and plant‐available nitrogen (PAN), and an aboveground factor, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). In three plant communities associated with an oak forest–tallgrass prairie ecotone, we transplanted 2‐yr‐oldJ. virginianaseedlings in a systematic grid design and measuredJ. virginianaseedling survival and growth 8, 20, and 30 months following the transplant. We also measured soil clay content, PAN, and PAR in 1‐m2quadrats centered on each transplanted seedling. We employed path analysis at two spatial scales (144 and 2916 m2) to compare the role of resource factors in seedling growth and survival.Juniperus virginianaseedling survival was about 10% greater in tallgrass prairie and upland oak forest than in the old field, and seedling growth in tallgrass prairie exceeded the two other communities by about a factor of five. Tallgrass prairie in our study area is clearly more vulnerable to expansion ofJ. virginianathan the other two plant communities. Survival and growth were controlled largely by available light (PAR) and secondarily by plant‐available soil water, indexed by soil clay content. In all three vegetation types and at both fine and coarse scales, soil clay content also exerted an indirect effect, possibly by mitigating the influence of light. Results of this study suggest that soil distribution maps and associated ecological site designations might be useful for directingJ. virginianamanagement in the oak forest–tallgrass prairie ecotone by identifying the potential hotspots of invasion.
Endocrine disorders in women with complex regional pain syndrome type I
Authors: Buryanov A. , Kostrub A. , Kotiuk V.
Published: August 2016

Background

The question of hormonal dysregulation in patients with CRPS I in whole was investigated very scantily. There are only a few studies concerning catecholamines, oestrogens and endorphins independently. Other hormones were studied in patients with different other chronic pain conditions. Considering the accumulation of sufficient knowledge about the role of disadaptation processes in CRPS I pathogenesis and the role of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian systems in the process of adaptation it was logical and consistent to define the role of hormonal dysregulation of these systems in patients with CRPS I.

Objectives

Our objective was to determine the role of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian systems in pathogenesis of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) in women.

Methods

We investigated the pituitary gonadotropic function and the function of sex glands in women with CRPS I and healthy volunteers by measuring the plasma levels of estradiol (E2), follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol, and urinary excretion of 17‐ketosteroids, 17‐oxycocorticosteroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Results

Women with CRPS I were characterized by the decreased content of oestrogens in the blood plasma and increased pituitary gonadotrophic function. The disturbed ratio of anabolic and catabolic steroids in women with CRPS I was detected due to lower adrenal cortex function.

Conclusions

In patients with CRPS I endocrine status is characterized by hormonal imbalances of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal systems. The changes in reproductive and adaptation homeostasis characterize CRPS I as a form of the disease of disadaptation.

Significance

This study determined the role of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian systems in pathogenesis of CRPS I.
Beam and tissue factors affecting Cherenkov image intensity for quantitative entrance and exit dosimetry on human tissue
Authors: Zhang Rongxiao , Glaser Adam K. , Andreozzi Jacqueline , Jiang Shudong , Jarvis Lesley A. , Gladstone David J. , Pogue Brian W.
Published: August 2016

This study's goal was to determine how Cherenkov radiation emission observed in radiotherapy is affected by predictable factors expected in patient imaging. Factors such as tissue optical properties, radiation beam properties, thickness of tissues, entrance/exit geometry, curved surface effects, curvature and imaging angles were investigated through Monte Carlo simulations. The largest physical cause of variation of the correlation ratio between of Cherenkov emission and dose was the entrance/exit geometry (˜50%). The largest human tissue effect was from different optical properties (˜45%). Beyond these, clinical beam energy varies the correlation ratio significantly (˜20% for X‐ray beams), followed by curved surfaces (˜15% for X‐ray beams and ˜8% for electron beams), and finally, the effect of field size (˜5% for X‐ray beams). Other investigated factors which caused variations less than 5% were tissue thicknesses and source to surface distance. The effect of non‐Lambertian emission was negligible for imaging angles smaller than 60 degrees. The spectrum of Cherenkov emission tends to blue‐shift along the curved surface. A simple normalization approach based on the reflectance image was experimentally validated by imaging a range of tissue phantoms, as a first order correction for different tissue optical properties.

magnified image
A method for nondestructive mechanical testing of tissues and implants
Authors: Shah Ruchit , Pierce Mark C. , Silver Frederick H.
Published: August 2016

Numerous tests have been used to elucidate mechanical properties of tissues and implants including tensile, compressive, shear, hydrostatic compression, and three‐point bending in one or more axial directions. The development of a nondestructive test that could be applied to tissues and materials in vivo would promote the analysis of tissue pathology as well as the design of implant materials. The purpose of this article is to present the results of preliminary studies demonstrating nondestructive in vitro testing of a tissue model, decellularized human dermis, and a model implant, silicone rubber, using a combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT), and vibrational analysis. The results presented suggest that nondestructive vibrational testing of tissues and materials can be used to determine the modulus of polymeric materials and the results are similar to those found using tensile stress‐strain measurements. The advantage of this method is that the modulus can be obtained from vibrational methods without having to approximate the tangent to the stress−strain curve, which is difficult for nonlinear materials that have a rapidly changing slope. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 15–22, 2017.
Overview of online two‐dimensional liquid chromatography based on cell membrane chromatography for screening target components from traditional Chinese medicines
Authors: Muhammad Saqib , Han Shengli , Xie Xiaoyu , Wang Sicen , Aziz Muhammad Majid
Published: August 2016

Cell membrane chromatography is a simple, specific, and time‐saving technique for studying drug–receptor interactions, screening of active components from complex mixtures, and quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. However, the short column life, low sensitivity, low column efficiency (so cannot resolve satisfactorily mixture of compounds), low peak capacity, and inefficient in structure identification were bottleneck in its application. Combinations of cell membrane chromatography with multidimensional chromatography such as two‐dimensional liquid chromatography and high sensitivity detectors like mass have significantly reduced many of the above‐mentioned shortcomings. This paper provides an overview of the current advances in online two‐dimensional‐based cell membrane chromatography for screening target components from traditional Chinese medicines with particular emphasis on the instrumentation, preparation of cell membrane stationary phase, advantages, and disadvantages compared to alternative approaches. The last section of the review summarizes the applications of the online two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography based cell membrane chromatography reported since its emergence to date (2010–June 2016).
Variable Selection‐based Multivariate Cumulative Sum Control Chart
Authors: Abdella Galal M. , Al‐Khalifa Khalifa N. , Kim Sangahn , Jeong Myong K. , Elsayed Elsayed A. , Hamouda Abdel Magid
Published: August 2016

High‐dimensional applications pose a significant challenge to the capability of conventional statistical process control techniques in detecting abnormal changes in process parameters. These techniques fail to recognize out‐of‐control signals and locate the root causes of faults especially when small shifts occur in high‐dimensional variables under the sparsity assumption of process mean changes. In this paper, we propose a variable selection‐based multivariate cumulative sum (VS‐MCUSUM) chart for enhancing sensitivity to out‐of‐control conditions in high‐dimensional processes. While other existing charts with variable selection techniques tend to show weak performances in detecting small shifts in process parameters due to the misidentification of the ‘faulty’ parameters, the proposed chart performs well for small process shifts in identifying the parameters. The performance of the VS‐MCUSUM chart under different combinations of design parameters is compared with the conventional MCUSUM and the VS‐multivariate exponentially weighted moving average control charts. Finally, a case study is presented as a real‐life example to illustrate the operational procedures of the proposed chart. Both the simulation and numerical studies show the superior performance of the proposed chart in detecting mean shift in multivariate processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the effects of multiple providers in complex surgical interventions
Authors: Papachristofi Olympia , Klein Andrew , Sharples Linda
Published: August 2016

In contrast to new medicinal products, surgical interventions have many features that complicate their formal assessment through Randomised Clinical Trials. For example, surgery is delivered by multidisciplinary teams; hence, differential effects on the outcome are not solely caused by differences in the leading operator's skill but are also induced by surgical team differences and patient characteristics. This study focuses on how statistical methods can be used to accommodate the multicomponent nature of the delivery of surgical interventions. Hierarchical models with cross‐classifications between components of surgery, applied to historic datasets, can be used during the trial planning phase to establish the effects and interactions between different components. Methods are illustrated using two influential components of the intervention, the surgeon and the anaesthetist, in a cohort of cardiac surgery cases. The statistical implications for trial design and analysis are presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A large‐scale analysis of alternative splicing reveals a key role of QKI in lung cancer
Authors: de Miguel Fernando J. , Pajares María J. , Martínez-Terroba Elena , Ajona Daniel , Morales Xabier , Sharma Ravi D. , Pardo Francisco J. , Rouzaut Ana , Rubio Angel , Montuenga Luis M. , Pio Ruben
Published: August 2016

Increasing interest has been devoted in recent years to the understanding of alternative splicing in cancer. In this study, we performed a genome‐wide analysis to identify cancer‐associated splice variants in non‐small cell lung cancer. We discovered and validated novel differences in the splicing of genes known to be relevant to lung cancer biology, such as NFIB, ENAH or SPAG9. Gene enrichment analyses revealed an important contribution of alternative splicing to cancer‐related molecular functions, especially those involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of the altered genes found in our analysis were targets of the protein quaking (QKI), pointing to this factor as one of the most relevant regulators of alternative splicing in non‐small cell lung cancer. We also found that ESYT2, one of the QKI targets, is involved in cytoskeletal organization. ESYT2‐short variant inhibition in lung cancer cells resulted in a cortical distribution of actin whereas inhibition of the long variant caused an increase of endocytosis, suggesting that the cancer‐associated splicing pattern of ESYT2 has a profound impact in the biology of cancer cells. Finally, we show that low nuclear QKI expression in non‐small cell lung cancer is an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival (HR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.11–5.46, P = 0.026). In conclusion, we identified several splicing variants with functional relevance in lung cancer largely regulated by the splicing factor QKI, a tumor suppressor associated with prognosis in lung cancer.
A Cost Analysis of Salbutamol Administration by Metered-Dose Inhalers with Spacers versus Nebulization for Patients with Wheeze in the Pediatric Emergency Department: Evidence from Observational Data in Nova Scotia
Authors: Spin Paul , Sketris Ingrid , Hill-Taylor Barbara , Ward Courtney , Hurley Katrina F.
Published: August 2016

Background

Despite evidence demonstrating the advantages of metered-dose inhalers with spacers (MDI-s), nebulization (NEB) remains the primary method of asthma treatment in some pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). There is a perception that delivering salbutamol by MDI-s is more costly than by NEB. This research evaluates the relative costs of MDI-s and NEB using local, hospital-specific, patient-level data.

Methods

Regression models estimated associations between the salbutamol inhalation method and costs, length of stay (LOS) in the PED and hospital, and the probability of admission. Our population was a random sample of 822 patients presenting with wheeze to the PED in 2008/2009. Control variables included age, sex, triage acuity, time of PED visit, other medications, and vitals. Costs were calculated using the prices and quantities of medical resources used per treatment. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used.

Results

Treatment with MDI-s versus NEB was associated with an absolute decrease in hospitalization of 4.4% (p<0.05) and a 25-hour (p<0.001) reduction in average inpatient stay, after controlling for triage acuity and patient characteristics. This resulted in savings of $24/patient in the PED and $180/patient overall (p<0.001). Inpatient care accounted for more than 90% of total patient costs.

Conclusions

Our results suggest economic gains associated with MDI-s for salbutamol inhalation in PEDs. Sensitivity analyses show that this conclusion is not affected by changes in model parameters that may differ by jurisdiction. Since most facilities already collect the data used for this study, our methods could be adopted for a cross-jurisdictional account of the cost effectiveness of MDI-s.
Droplet impact on a thin liquid film: anatomy of the splash
Authors: Josserand Christophe , Ray Pascal , Zaleski Stéphane
Published: August 2016

We investigate the dynamics of drop impact on a thin liquid film at short times in order to identify the mechanisms of splash formation. Using numerical simulations and scaling analysis, we show that it depends both on the inertial dynamics of the liquid and the cushioning of the gas. Two asymptotic regimes are identified, characterized by a new dimensionless number $J$: when the gas cushioning is weak, the jet is formed after a sequence of bubbles are entrapped and the jet speed is mostly selected by the Reynolds number of the impact. On the other hand, when the air cushioning is important, the lubrication of the gas beneath the drop and the liquid film controls the dynamics, leading to a single bubble entrapment and a weaker jet velocity.
A three-component model for the coupled evolution of near-inertial waves, quasi-geostrophic flow and the near-inertial second harmonic
Authors: Wagner G. L. , Young W. R.
Published: August 2016

We derive an asymptotic model that describes the nonlinear coupled evolution of (i) near-inertial waves (NIWs), (ii) balanced quasi-geostrophic flow and (iii) near-inertial second harmonic waves with frequency near $2f_{0}$, where $f_{0}$ is the local inertial frequency. This ‘three-component’ model extends the two-component model derived by Xie & Vanneste (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 774, 2015, pp. 143–169) to include interactions between near-inertial and $2f_{0}$ waves. Both models possess two conservation laws which together imply that oceanic NIWs forced by winds, tides or flow over bathymetry can extract energy from quasi-geostrophic flows. A second and separate implication of the three-component model is that quasi-geostrophic flow catalyses a loss of NIW energy to freely propagating waves with near-$2f_{0}$ frequency that propagate rapidly to depth and transfer energy back to the NIW field at very small vertical scales. The upshot of near-$2f_{0}$ generation is a two-step mechanism whereby quasi-geostrophic flow catalyses a nonlinear transfer of near-inertial energy to the small scales of wave breaking and diapycnal mixing. A comparison of numerical solutions with both Boussinesq and three-component models for a two-dimensional initial value problem reveals strengths and weaknesses of the model while demonstrating the extraction of quasi-geostrophic energy and production of small vertical scales.
Self-similar vortex filament motion under the non-local Biot–Savart model
Authors: Van Gorder Robert A.
Published: August 2016

One type of thin vortex filament structure that has attracted interest in recent years is that which obeys self-similar scaling. Among various applications, these filaments have been used to model the motion of quantized vortex filaments in superfluid helium after reconnection events. While similarity solutions have been described analytically and numerically using the local induction approximation (LIA), they have not been studied (or even shown to exist) under the non-local Biot–Savart model. In this present paper, we show not only that self-similar vortex filament solutions exist for the non-local Biot–Savart model, but that such solutions are qualitatively similar to their LIA counterparts. This suggests that the various LIA solutions found previously should be valid physically (at least in the small amplitude regime), since they agree well with the more accurate Biot–Savart model.
Maori Hill-Forts
Authors: Firth Raymond
Published: August 2016

Many a wanderer through the country districts of New Zealand has found interest in the sight of the monumental earthworks which crown so many of our hills. There is something grand and yet pathetic about these old fortresses. Once the scene of turmoil and activity, they now lie neglected and still beneath the sky, clothed in bush, or scrub, or fern, or grass-grown and dotted with sheep. Their day is over, the Maori long since has ceased to swarm on their slopes and man their palisades; they are but a memory of the warring and the peacemaking, the fighting and the feasting of the eventful past.

In this paper it is my object to give a brief account of the general features of their construction and of their importance in Maori life.
Oswald Spengler and the Theory of Historical Cycles
Authors: Collingwood R. G.
Published: August 2016

Since Plato announced that the course of history returned upon itself in 72,000 years, since Polybius discerned a “circular movement” by which the history of states came back, over and over again, to the same point, the theory of historical cycles has been a commonplace of European thought. Familiar to the thinkers of the Renaissance, it was modified by Vico in the early eighteenth century and again by Hegel in the early nineteenth; and a complete history of the idea would show many curious transformations and cover a long period of time. Here no attempt will be made to summarize this story; the subject of the present paper is the latest and, to ourselves, most striking exposition of the general theory, contained in Dr Oswald Spengler’s Decline of the West.
Explorations in the Northern Fayum
Authors: Caton-Thompson G.
Published: August 2016

In the winter seasons of 1924-5, and 1925-6 the British School of Archaeology in Egypt granted me generous facilities to go to the Fayum and conduct, on its behalf, a preliminary inquiry into the question of the significance of the obscure prehistoric period known there since many years by the quantities of fine and varied flint implements reported, and picked up, on the desert surface of the northern area, by explorers and dealers.
Ithaka
Authors: Shewan Alexander
Published: August 2016

The island of Ithaka in the Ionian Sea has been famous throughout the centuries that have passed since European literature began with Homer. In itself it is small and mountainous, and but a poor spot on which to stage a noble drama, but its association with the far-famed hero of an immortal epic has more than made up for the insignificance of the terrain. In recent years it has achieved further distinction as the subject of a lively, and at times embittered controversy about its actual position on the map. Most scholars are content to believe that by Ithaka Homer meant the island which still bears the name, now modified to Thiaki; others affirm that the scene of the poet's story was really Santa Maura to the north, while others again have given the honour to Cefalonia to the west. Quite recently a German geographer has even proclaimed that ‘Corfu is Ithaka.’ Samuel Butler, in his famous Homeric escapade, convinced himself that Ithaka was to be found in one of the Aegadean Islands off the coast of Sicily. So far, it has not been said of it that it never existed save in the imagination of the poet, but it may yet be the victim of that last infirmity of Homeric geographical speculation.

Interest in the island due to certain observations by the ancients was quickened by the visits of travellers-Gell, Dodwell, Leake, Mure and others-in the course of last century. The general aim of their explorations was to test the correctness of the Odyssean descriptions, and this they did with thoroughness. Their fault was that generally they went too far; they expected, and sought to establish, perfect correspondence. The modern expert comments that a poet is a poet; that freedom in his dealings with time and space is only his right; and that trifling discrepancies between the poetry and actuality are not to be regarded as vitiating the whole description and stamping it as purely imaginary. And all that may be conceded. The old explorers were certainly the victims of an excess of zeal. It has even been said that the inhabitants of the island made profit of their eagerness, by inventing names of localities to do duty as the remains of the appellations to be found in the epic.
Notes on the Types of English Villages and their Distribution
Authors: Page William
Published: August 2016

Little has been done towards solving the problem of the Saxon settlement of England by studying the types of villages and their distribution. Professor Maitland saw the importance of the subject and pointed out how valuable in this respect was the ordnance map ‘that marvellous palimpsest which under Dr Meitzen's guidance we are beginning to decipher’. Helpful, however, as the ordnance maps are, they cannot be read alone, a knowledge of the archaeology, history and topography of the district under review is a necessary equipment for such an investigation. The remarks here made are tentative and are offered in the hope they may be an incentive to others with local knowledge to examine the evidence of their districts.

Professor Maitland, following Dr. Meitzen and others, has adopted two main types of settlements, namely, the scattered or dispersed, and the nucleated or clustered. These two types probably comprehend all forms of settlements, but certainly the nucleated type and possibly the scattered type, show many variants which it may be well to indicate before a methodical study of the subject can be made. I have elsewhere suggested the following classification of English towns and villages which will no doubt require modification and amplification but may meet a want for a preliminary inquiry; (I) scattered or dispersed settlements, (2) nucleated or clustered settlements off lines of communication, (3) nucleated settlements on lines of communication, (4) ring-fence settlements, (5) towns with bridge heads and double towns, (6) towns of gridiron plan, (7) towns of spider's web plan, (8) Bastide towns. Except for the first of these classes all of them are nucleated or clustered, and to this wider division I propose to devote my attention. It may perhaps be pointed out, however, that the scattered or dispersed settlements occur chiefly in Wales and in the west and north of England. They are found throughout Cornwall, in Devon, Somerset and the open parts of the Welsh border counties, in Yorkshire and Derbyshire, and probably they are the origin of the great parishes with their numerous townships of the other northern counties. They were adapted for a pastoral people and are generally to be found in moorland or mountainous country which has become divided into large parishes. They consist of hamlets and single houses or small groups of houses scattered somewhat promiscuously throughout a district. The principal hamlet from which the settlement or parish takes its name-which was probably the meeting place of the district and where the church was eventually placed-was generally on high land or a main road and frequently at cross roads, bridges, or such like places of nodality.
Roman Malton: a Yorkshire Fortress and its neighbourhood*
Authors: Corder Philip , Kirk John L.
Published: August 2016

Except for some trenches dug in 1865-6, when the Thirsk and Malton railway was constructed, no systematic excavation of the Roman station at Malton has ever been made until 1927. Although casual Roman finds have been plentiful, few of them have been published and little is definitely known about the site and its history, the current Ordnance Survey map merely marking the Fortress as ‘Supposed Roman Camp’. Many of the statements made about it in the past have been purely conjectural. As a result of recent investigations, the writers believe that the time has come when some general statement can profitably be made as to the extent of the site, its importance in Roman times, and the nature of the occupation of the neighbourhood.

Amongst those who have written of the antiquities of Malton in the past, one writer, Rev Dr Young (History of Whitby, 1817) shows unusual judgment and penetration in an age when antiquaries were only too ready to repeat the guesses of their predecessors. The exact position and extent of the Malton fort were unknown before 1927, and few finds are recorded before the 19th century, yet Dr Young recognized it as a place of importance and guessed its position correctly.
Rock-pictures and Archaeology in the Libyan Desert
Authors: Newbold D.
Published: August 2016

Out of Africa there is always something new, as Aristotle wrote in the fourth century B.C., and although the Libyan Desert is one of the most desolate areas of the world’s surface, recent explorations have shown that there are many archaeological discoveries to be made which will throw considerable light on the early history of peoples and their migrations in North Africa.

In the eastern Sahara and in the Libyan Desert, there are still many unexplored tracts, and even, it is probable, several unvisited oases, particularly in the great white spaces on the map which stretch southwest and southeast of the Kufara oasis-group.