bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROBLEMATIKA WAKTU IHTIYATH DALAM PEMBUATAN JADWAL SHALAT
Authors: Putra Nanda Trisna
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this research is to find the problems in Ihtiyath in determining the pray time and to know the law status of  prayer during the time. The result shows an ambivalent position  between Ihtiyath definition issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs with its application.  According to the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ihtiyath is a security way by adding or subtracting the time in order that pray time schedule does not precede the beginning of time, or beyond the end of time and the law status of someone who prays in Ihtiyath time is posing two possibilities. The first possibility, if someone prays one rakaat completely with its sujud while time is essential, on second rakaat comes to Ihtiyath time so this pray is still judged as qadlaan. The second possibility is that, if someone pray incompletely one rakaat with its sujud then Ihtiyath time comes, this pray is judged qadlaan.

 

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan masalah-masalah dalam Ihtiyath dalam menentuan waktu sholat dan mengetahui status hukum dari orang yang sholat pada waktu ihtiyath. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada posisi ambivalen antara Ihtiyath yang ditentukan oleh Kementerian Agama dengan aplikasinya. Menurut Kementerian Agama, Ihtiyath adalah suatu cara pengaman melalui penambahan atau pengurangan waktu agar waktu sholat tidak mendahuli awal sholat atau diluar dari akhir wktu sholat dan status hukum orang yang sholat pada waktu ihtiyath memiliki dua kemungkinan. Kemungkinan pertama, jika seseorang sholat satu rakaat dilengkapi dengan sujud pada sebelum ikhtiyath dan   pada rakaat kedua ihtiyath masuk, maka sholatnya dihukumi sebagai qadlaan. Kemungkinan kedua, jika seseorang sholat pada rakaat pertama tidak dilengkapi dengan sujud kemudian ikhtiyath masuk, maka sholatnya dihukumi sebagai qadlaan

 
OPTIMALISASI PERAN LEMBAGA AMIL ZAKAT DALAM KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL
Authors: Ramadhita Ramadhita
Published: June 2016

Zakat, infaq, shadaqah (ZIS) as funding sources in Islam, were not able to solve Indonesian muslim’s sosio-econimic problem yet. According some studies, the potential amount of ZIS reached 100 bilion per year. This problems were caused by two factor, muzakki and amil. Muzakki still not trully believe in amil to distribute funds zakat , infaq , and shadaqah to mustahik. In other side, LAZ as frontier operator, was not optimal in digging and distributing the potential of zakat. To create public trust, LAZ has to optimize its functions, based on four basic prinsipals: the principle of faith, the moral principle, the principle of institutions, and principle menajemen .

 

Zakat, infaq, shadaqah sebagai sumber-sumber pendanaan sosial dipandang belum mampu menyelesai- kan persoalan-persoalan sosio-ekonomi yang dihadapi masyarakat muslim di Indonesia. Padahal, ber- dasarkan sejumlah penelitian, potensi dana ZIS di Indonesia mencapai 100 miliyar lebih per tahunnya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor muzakki dan faktor amil zakat. Muzakki belum percaya sepenuhnya terhadap amil, untuk mendistribusikan dana zakat, infaq, maupun shadaqah kepada mustahik. Selain itu, lembaga amil yang berperan sebagai operator, belum optimal dalam menggali dan mendayagunakan potensi zakat. Untuk menumbuhkan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap LAZ, perlu dilakukan optimalisasi peran dan fungsi amil berdasarkan prinsip rukun iman, prinsip moral, prinsip lembaga, dan prinsip menajemen.

 
Measuring landscape‐scale spread and persistence of an invaded submerged plant community from airborne remote sensing
Authors: Santos Maria J. , Khanna Shruti , Hestir Erin L. , Greenberg Jonathan A. , Ustin Susan L.
Published: June 2016

Processes of spread and patterns of persistence of invasive species affect species and communities in the new environment. Predicting future rates of spread is of great interest for timely management decisions, but this depends on models that rely on understanding the processes of invasion and historic observations of spread and persistence. Unfortunately, the rates of spread and patterns of persistence are difficult to model or directly observe, especially when multiple rates of spread and diverse persistence patterns may be co‐occurring over the geographic distribution of the invaded ecosystem. Remote sensing systematically acquires data over large areas at fine spatial and spectral resolutions over multiple time periods that can be used to quantify spread processes and persistence patterns. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy data acquired once a year for 5 years from 2004 to 2008 to map an invaded submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) community across 2220 km2of waterways in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA, and measured its spread rate and its persistence. Submerged aquatic vegetation covered 13–23 km2of the waterways (6–11%) every year. Yearly new growth accounted for 40–60% of theSAVarea, ~50% of which survived to following year. Spread rates were overall negative and persistence decreased with time. From this dataset, we were able to identify both radial and saltatorial spread of the invadedSAVin the entire extent of the Delta over time. With both decreasing spread rate and persistence, it is possible that over time the invasion of thisSAVcommunity could decrease its ecological impact. A landscape‐scale approach allows measurements of all invasion fronts and the spatial anisotropies associated with spread processes and persistence patterns, without spatial interpolation, at locations both proximate and distant to the focus of invasion at multiple points in time.
The effects of climate downscaling technique and observational data set on modeled ecological responses
Authors: Pourmokhtarian Afshin , Driscoll Charles T. , Campbell John L. , Hayhoe Katharine , Stoner Anne M. K.
Published: June 2016

Assessments of future climate change impacts on ecosystems typically rely on multiple climate model projections, but often utilize only one downscaling approach trained on one set of observations. Here, we explore the extent to which modeled biogeochemical responses to changing climate are affected by the selection of the climate downscaling method and training observations used at the montane landscape of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We evaluated three downscaling methods: the delta method (or the change factor method), monthly quantile mapping (Bias Correction‐Spatial Disaggregation, or BCSD), and daily quantile regression (Asynchronous Regional Regression Model, or ARRM). Additionally, we trained outputs from four atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) (CCSM3, HadCM3, PCM, and GFDL‐CM2.1) driven by higher (A1fi) and lower (B1) future emissions scenarios on two sets of observations (1/8º resolution grid vs. individual weather station) to generate the high‐resolution climate input for the forest biogeochemical model PnET‐BGC (eight ensembles of six runs).The choice of downscaling approach and spatial resolution of the observations used to train the downscaling model impacted modeled soil moisture and streamflow, which in turn affected forest growth, net N mineralization, net soil nitrification, and stream chemistry. All three downscaling methods were highly sensitive to the observations used, resulting in projections that were significantly different between station‐based and grid‐based observations. The choice of downscaling method also slightly affected the results, however not as much as the choice of observations. Using spatially smoothed gridded observations and/or methods that do not resolve sub‐monthly shifts in the distribution of temperature and/or precipitation can produce biased results in model applications run at greater temporal and/or spatial resolutions. These results underscore the importance of carefully considering field observations used for training, as well as the downscaling method used to generate climate change projections, for smaller‐scale modeling studies. Different sources of variability including selection of AOGCM, emissions scenario, downscaling technique, and data used for training downscaling models, result in a wide range of projected forest ecosystem responses to future climate change.
Demography of an apex predator at the edge of its range: impacts of changing sea ice on polar bears in Hudson Bay
Authors: Lunn Nicholas J. , Servanty Sabrina , Regehr Eric V. , Converse Sarah J. , Richardson Evan , Stirling Ian
Published: June 2016

Changes in the abundance and distribution of wildlife populations are common consequences of historic and contemporary climate change. Some Arctic marine mammals, such as the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), may be particularly vulnerable to such changes due to the loss of Arctic sea ice. We evaluated the impacts of environmental variation on demographic rates for the Western Hudson Bay (WH), polar bear subpopulation from 1984 to 2011 using live‐recapture and dead‐recovery data in a Bayesian implementation of multistate capture–recapture models. We found that survival of female polar bears was related to the annual timing of sea ice break‐up and formation. Using estimated vital rates (e.g., survival and reproduction) in matrix projection models, we calculated the growth rate of the WH subpopulation and projected population responses under different environmental scenarios while accounting for parametric uncertainty, temporal variation, and demographic stochasticity. Our analysis suggested a long‐term decline in the number of bears from 1185 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI] = 993–1411) in 1987 to 806 (95% BCI = 653–984) in 2011. In the last 10 yr of the study, the number of bears appeared stable due to temporary stability in sea ice conditions (mean population growth rate for the period 2001–2010 = 1.02, 95% BCI = 0.98–1.06). Looking forward, we estimated long‐term growth rates for the WH subpopulation of ~1.02 (95% BCI = 1.00–1.05) and 0.97 (95% BCI = 0.92–1.01) under hypothetical high and low sea ice conditions, respectively. Our findings support previous evidence for a demographic linkage between sea ice conditions and polar bear population dynamics. Furthermore, we present a robust framework for sensitivity analysis with respect to continued climate change (e.g., to inform scenario planning) and for evaluating the combined effects of climate change and management actions on the status of wildlife populations.
Sexual Assault Disclosure Recipients’ Experiences: Emotional Distress and Changes in the Relationship With the Victim
Authors: Milliken Jennifer , Paul Lisa A. , Sasson Sapir , Porter Abigail , Hasulube Jemi
Published: June 2016

Sexual assault victims are more likely to disclose their experience to friends and family than formal support sources (e.g., police, counselors). As such, disclosure receipt is a relatively common occurrence, but little is known about the recipients’ disclosure experience. This study examined predictors of recipient emotional distress and positive and negative changes in the victim–recipient relationship postdisclosure among 69 female undergraduates at 3 universities. Predictors of distress included greater self-rated closeness to the victim and greater confusion about how to help. Positive changes were predicted by greater closeness and less responsibility attributed to the victim, and negative changes were predicted by less closeness, greater assigned responsibility, and greater perceived ineffectiveness of one’s help. Implications for improving the disclosure experience via psychoeducational interventions are presented.
Resolution Of International Conflicts Through The United Nations: The Corfu Channel Case
Authors: Ahmedi Bujar , Shehu Shefik
Published: June 2016

States have been and are still the most essential actors in international relations. The primary aim of each state is the maximal realization of its interests vis a vis other actors in the international scene. This could potentially result in a disagreement or even conflict. It is precisely the job of the international law to peacefully resolve these issues through the many mechanisms that it has under its disposition. Apart from the disagreements that could arise between/among states, such disagreement could as well arise between a state and another type of international actors e.g. in an organization or even between two or more organizations. Even in the resolution of these types of disagreements, one could apply one of the many mechanisms that are applied in the state vs. state case. When we talk of international disagreements, it is noteworthy to mention that they could be of a political nature and of a legal nature. This division is very often debated since each conflict is invariably linked with some political considerations. This is the reason why it is so difficult to define some of the criteria which would determine the very nature of the conflict and/or disagreement. There are several instruments to solve international disagreements. In the past, many of the disagreements between states were solved through war. However, since the end of the First World War, war has been considered as a forbidden means of solving disagreements between states.
La Défaillance De La Clientèle Du Micro Crédit Au Maroc : Méthodes Des Scores
Authors: Abdillah Kadouri , Lotfi Benazzou , Bennis Laila
Published: June 2016

The development of microfinance in Morocco dates from the 1990s and is particularly dynamic in the years 2000. Currently, and like other sectors of finance, the microfinance knows the same difficulties concerning the rate of covering. Indeed, credit risk or non-recovery of debts is likely to hinder the development of micro-finance institutions. Thus, an important place should be reserved for the business management of credit risks of borrowers notably through the anticipation of their failure. This anticipation is achievable through the use of a technical score that can affect an individual in a group, namely the right customers and failing. Drawing on the lessons of the discrimination function provided by (Saporta, 1975), judgment can be made by socio-economic and demographic characteristics of each customer and given the form taken by different variables. Calculating scores allowed us to develop a discriminating filter to note clients, identify risk classes and identify those likely to fall.
Une Etude Exploratoire De La Politique D’ouverture Du Capital Aux Salariés Dans Les Entreprises Au Cameroun
Authors: Alim Ousmanou
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this work is to examine the employees ownership policy in Cameroon’s companies. The information used is derived from primary data collected between November 2015 and January 2016 in 31 Public Limited Companies having opened the capital to their employees. They belong to all sectors: industry, service, agriculture, transport and trade. From the perspective of the workforce of employees, these companies are mostly large (employing more than 100 employees) and medium (employing between 20 and 100 employees). Through exploratory factor analysis and the univariate analysis, the study reveals that there are two forms of share ownership by employees in these companies: the direct form and indirect form. Similarly, the level of participation of employees in the capital of these enterprises is usually between 5% and 10% and the average level of around 7.4% . The privatization of public and para-public enterprises was a major factor of the opening of capital to employees in the firms of the sample. In addition, the establishment of global employee share plan in subsidiaries of foreign companies is also one of the reasons attached to this policy. As for the benefits of implementing this policy, they are among others the improvement of productivity, economic performance and social performance of these companies.
Establishing Community Of Practice In The University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Ikeazota Lilian Onyedikachi
Published: June 2016

The aim of this paper is to discuss the need for a community of practice in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The requirements for the community of practice involve the personnel, the facilities, and the process of establishing it in the institution. A well cultivated community of practice will exhibit the three elements of Wenger’s model. Also, it would provide results as regards to problem solving, shared knowledge, and experience. In the era of recession and budget cuts, there is the need for library services to be maintained at its best. Effective and efficient innovative ways are applied in maintaining the library and the services it offers to its users. Sponsors should support the take-off. In addition, such goodwill will receive reward in terms of commendation once the group commences.
The Ethical Behaviors Of Educational Leaders In Ethiopian Public Universities: The Case Of The Western Cluster Universities
Authors: Amsale Frew , Bekele Mitiku , Tafesse Mebratu
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which educational leaders in the western cluster public universities of Ethiopia are ethical. Ethical leadership variables such as fairness, equity, multicultural competence, modeling ethical behaviors and altruism are considered in describing the ethical behaviors of the leaders. Descriptive survey research design with quantitative method was employed for it fits the purpose of the study. Data was collected from instructors and educational leaders holding various leadership positions in the sample universities. Accordingly, 107 instructors, 12 department heads, 6 college deans, 2 academic quality assurance officers, 3 ethical officers, 1 vice president and 1 president participated in the study. Questionnaires were mainly used to collect data from the respondents. T-test and ANOVA, among other data analysis tools, were used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that leaders in the sample universities practice ethical leadership moderately. The leaders failed to demonstrate the ethical leadership practices to the expected level. They have been found to demonstrate low multicultural competence, low at altruism, and low at modeling ethical behavior. And hence, it could be concluded that the educational leaders in public universities failed to meet the standards and expectations of ethical leadership. As a result, it is recommended that the academic leaders in the public universities need to be provided with leadership development opportunities. Moreover, public universities can establish leadership development programs that will enable leaders to continually update themselves and practice ethical leadership to the expected level.
Process Of Reform. A View From The Teaching Personnel Of De University Of Nayarit.
Authors: Navarro Hernandez Maria del Refugio , Ladron de Guevara Lourdes C. Pacheco , Romo Gonzalez Prisca Icela , Hernandez Cueto Carmen
Published: June 2016

The university, as an institution, takes a long time to change, since its change does not happen as it does with organisms that transform completely. Rather, what characterizes universities is their resistance to change, their adaptation, counterproposals and negotiations (Porter 2003, Ibarra 2005, 2006), which are expressed with unique characteristics in each particular case. The apparent contradictions, in a complex and hard to unravel context, are that motivate this study. We ask whether such changes will create a new university or will lead it into an undesirable road; whether the university is able to defend its original goals. Can it experience transformation with the same strength and creativity today as with that was found in the collective conscience forty years ago? Can it maintain its spirit of commitment with its social, cultural, and ecological environment? Can it conserve its “sense of self”? In order to understand how the essence of the university ethos is maintained or altered, “A university with sense of self” shows the ideas, attitudes, experiences and interpretations of the main actors at the Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, the professors how they face these changes, and the “institutional reform” being proposed. We seek to explain how anticipated and desired change by the broader community in Nayarit, is in fact understood, assumed, lived, and carried out.
Autonomy Of The Algerian Central Bank In The Era Of Economic Reforms (A Normative Juridical Study Of Monetary And Credit Law)
Authors: Driss Bakhouya
Published: June 2016

Globalization brings new challenges to the Algerian government. This issue implies a serious establishment of a domestic and a foreign economic stability in an attempt to confront the changes of the new economic wave. One of the reform requirements in this context is represented by the independent policy of the central banks. This consideration stems from the crucial role played by this institution in the economy (regulation of the money supply, organization of credits…). Algeria for instance embarked on this line of reform via various laws and jurisdictions. The study sheds light on the autonomy of the Algerian central bank through the law No. 03/11 in connection with the Monetary and Credit Law. The study states that the independence of the central and is a pivotal condition to increase the performance of the banking institutions in Algeria. The second point is that this autonomous policy of the central bank leads inevitably to a stabilization of the financial and economic indices of the country
Why the Glove of Mathematics Fits the Hand of the Natural Sciences So Well :How Far Down the (Fibonacci) Rabbit Hole Goes
Authors: Haight David F.
Published: June 2016

Why does the glove of mathematics fit the hand of the natural sciences so well? Is there a good reason for the good fit? Does it have anything to do with the mystery number of physics or the Fibonacci sequence and the golden proportion? Is there a connection between this mystery (golden) number and Leibniz’s general question, why is there something (one) rather than nothing (zero)? The acclaimed mathematician G.H. Hardy (1877-1947) once observed: “In great mathematics there is a very high degree of unexpectedness, combined with inevitability and economy.” Is this also true of great physics? If so, is there a simple “preestablished harmony” or linchpin between their respective ultimate foundations? The philosopher-mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz, who coined this phrase, believed that he had found that common foundation in calculus, a methodology he independently discovered along with Isaac Newton. But what is the source of the harmonic series of the natural log that is the basis of calculus and also Bernhard Riemann’s harmonic zeta function for prime numbers? On the occasion of the three-hundredth anniversary of Leibniz’s death and the one hundredth-fiftieth anniversary of the death of Bernhard Riemann, this essay is a tribute to Leibniz’s quest and questions in view of subsequent discoveries in mathematics and physics. (In the Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics, Dec. 2008 and Oct. 2010, I have already sympathetically discussed in detail Riemann’s hypothesis and the zeta function in relation to primes and the zeta zeros. Both papers were republished online in 2013 by Taylor and Francis Scientific Publishers Group.)
Analyzing Competition In Pharmaceutical Sector – With A Case Study Of Albania
Authors: Balili Lorena
Published: June 2016

Albanian pharmaceutical market is a stable and regulated market. With a status of an EU candidate country, it is essential to adopt and transpose EU directives with domestic regulation. The aim of this study is to provide a panorama regarding pharmaceutical sector, by reflecting the specific elements that influence the demand and supply of product. It will be followed by a brief description regarding three major regulatory aspects that affect the activity of companies operating in it. This study has two main pillars: Comparative analysis between Albania and Macedonia regarding the three main indicators of Health financing system; Competitiveness analysis, which consists in studying the competition between the constituent companies of the pharmaceutical sector in Albania. We calculate the fourfirm concentration ratio (CR4) and Herfindahl Hirschman Indexes (HHI). In the end we present the main findings from our study.
Theoretical Investigation Of The Insulator-Metal Transition Point Of Nickel Monoxide
Authors: Ebomwonyi Osarodion , Idiodi John O. A.
Published: June 2016

The study of the effects of applying high pressure by compression on materials is fundamental to a range of problems in condensed matter physics, materials science, technology, etc. Transition of an insulator into a metallic state is in general a basic phenomenon related to a wide range of physical systems. Nickel monoxide has been studied at different volume compression ratios by employing optical spectra and electronic structure calculations using the density functional theory implemented in the MindLab 5 code that made use of the local density approximation plus the Hubbard on-site Coulomb interaction parameter. Insulator-metal transition point was recorded at 0.60 volume compression ratio from both calculations and a transition pressure of 271 GPa was obtained using the Murnaghan equation of state.
Application Géomatique Pour La Cartographie De La Vulnérabilité Environnementale Engendrée Par Les Déchets Miniers De La Mine Ferrifere De Nador (Nord-est du Maroc)
Authors: Lakrim Mohamed , Mesrar Laila , El Aroussi Omar , Jabrane Raouf
Published: June 2016

The field work has been done to study the impact of acid mine drainage on the environment. Space pollution measurement was carried out on the basis of interesting physicochemical and geomatic analyses of water and solid region outcrops. The study showed that the phenomenon under study represents an alarming problem that is attributed to the presence of huge stocks of mining waste sulphur, directly exposed to a Mediterranean climate and thus remains capable of accelerating the oxidation process. The classification of zones according to the levels of fragility is entailed by the necessity to opt for a model that is compatible with different intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. The study was concluded by the superposition of six thematic layers charting the environmental vulnerability map by the GIS. The findings demonstrated that most vulnerable zones near the points of exploitation are very oxidized in bottomlands or in places well apart from carbonate facies (pH <3.
Caractérisation Des Boues De Sucrerie Et Des Argiles Pour La Neutralisation Des Résidus Miniers Acides De La Mine De Kettara (Jebilet Centrales, Maroc)
Authors: Zerhouni Youssef , Alikouss Saida , Saber Najib , Nfissi Samiha , Zahour Ghalem , Baroudi Zouhir , Samir Mohamed
Published: June 2016

The minerals in the tailings, subject to the action of water and atmospheric oxygen, can generate Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The latter is considered the most important environmental issue facing the mining industry. Its environmental impacts include the destruction of the flora and fauna in infected rivers and contamination of groundwater. The abandoned mine site Kettara, located about 32 km northwest of Marrakech (Morocco), chosen as a pilot site for this study, more than 3 million tons of tailings stored at ground level without any concern for their environmental consequences. These solid residues, with high concentrations of heavy metals (As, Pb, Fe, Cu ...), produce leachate very acidic (pH <2.9) may contaminate the water resources of the region. To mitigate the DMA phenomenon in this mining site, different protocols have been proposed using candy sludge (Mud Pulp Sweets: MPS), rich in carbonates from the Moroccan Sugar Company Unit (COSUMAR) and red clays (Clays: CLY) of the city of Safi. Physicochemical characterization and mineralogical of these two materials was performed an provided promising results regarding the effectiveness of the use of alkaline materials in the stabilization of tailings Kettara. Indeed, these starting materials are provided with a net neutralizing power which is of the order of 878.5 kg CaCO3 / t for MPS and 299 kg CaCO3 / t for CLY. The valuation of MPS and CLY, as a main component of an alkaline amendment, is likely to significantly reduce the effects of DMA in this semiarid climate mine.
Comparative Study Of Fastness Properties And Color Absorbance Criteria Of Conventional And Avitera Reactive Dyeing On Cotton Knit Fabric
Authors: Sufian Md. Abu , Hannan Md.Abdul , Rana Md. Masud , Huq Muhmmad Zanibul
Published: June 2016

160 GSM Single Jersey cotton knitted fabric was dyed with conventional Remazol reactive dye and latest Avitera reactive dye (Huntsman). Detailed comparison of the process parameters and fastness properties of these dyed fabrics were studied. Investigation exposed that Avitera delivered better dyeing performance including fastness to washing, perspiration, rubbing than conventionally dyed fabrics. Concerning process parameters Avitera dye required less soda, salt and no addition of other auxiliaries. Also this new Avitera reactive dye is more eco-friendly, cost effective and energy saving than conventional Remazol reactive dye. CMC DE and Da* color deviation were significantly higher between the dyed samples. Again K/S value of Avitera dyed sample was superior to that of Remazol dyed samples as because of enhanced dye uptake. Sequentially reflectance and relative indicators of the latest reactive dyed samples were also experimented.
Signification Des Structures N-S Du Plateau Des Aït Maghlif (Region D’eç-Çour, Versant Meridional Du Massif Ancien Du Haut Atlas, Maroc)
Authors: Emran Anas , Medina Fida
Published: June 2016

Structural study of the recent deformations of the Eç-çour area, located on the southern slope of the massif ancien of the High Atlas, has allowed us to obtain the following results: (1) In the Ait Maghlif plateau, on the northern border of the Siroua volcanic massif, the N-S structures that are bounded by the reverse Imini fault to the north and the left-lateral Tawyalt−Agandiy fault in the south, correspond to forced folds on reverse faults and related folds related to a NW-SE compression, some of which were former normal syndepositional faults that were active in Cretaceous times; an intermediate phase corresponding to a NNE-SSW compression which is thought to have triggered the Siroua volcanism; (2) along de South Atlas Fault, the recent tectonism is expressed by folding and faulting of several Quaternary alluvial fans, some of which bear reverse/dextral slickensides.
Assessment of Carbon Metabolism of Cherry Tomato Fruits: How Does Affects Potassium Biofortification During Crop Cycle at Postharvest Storage?
Authors: Constan-Aguilar Christian , Romero Luis , Blasco Begona , Ruiz Juan Manuel , Soriano Teresa
Published: June 2016

In the present work, we evaluate the implementation of a K biofortification programme that increases the dose of this macronutrient in the nutrient solution for growing tomatoes. The aim is assess whether this treatment improves the response of fruits to postharvest for 21 days at 4°C. Three K treatments were applied during the crop cycle of the plants: 5, 10, and 15 mM of KCl. The enzymes involved in carbon metabolism and sugar concentration were studied, both on the day of harvest and after 21 days of storage in cold room at 4°C. Similarly, enzymes related to the metabolism of organic acids as well as their concentration were studied. The application of this supplement, aside from increasing K concentration in the fruits, stimulated the sucrose (Suc) degradation by sucrose synthase (SuSy) activity while increasing fructose (Fruc) and glucose (Gluc) as well as raising malate accumulation induced by the activity of PEPC and MDH enzymes during storage of 21 days at 4°C. The KCl treatments could be related to changes in carbon metabolism and suggest a protective role against cold storage, improving the quality of tomato fruits.
Accelerating the National Implementation of Electronic Health Records in Canada
Authors: Francois Monique J. , Obisike Ebere Ellison
Published: June 2016

Trends such as the aging population, long wait times, rising costs, and labour shortages in health professions are notable challenges facing the sustainability of Medicare in Canada. Healthcare reform, especially in primary care, will ensure efficiency and equitable access to healthcare in. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as electronic health records (EHRs) will play a pivotal role in reforming and sustaining Medicare. EHRs make healthcare safer, cost efficient and more integrated, and are necessary for the wider application of ICTs in the health sector. EHRs enhance decision-making capabilities for both providers and patients, especially in managing chronic diseases. Notwithstanding the numerous advantages of EHRs, Canada is slow to adopt a nation-wide EHR system. This paper analyzed existing data to establish the factors that may help to accelerate the national implementation of electronic health records in Canada. It defined EHRs, discussed their advantages and disadvantages, and barriers to its full application. Also, it explored key strategies for accelerating EHR initiatives in Canada, and suggested action plans and time frames for doing so.
Introduction. Aging, Communication and Media Technologies
Authors: Sawchuk Kim
Published: June 2016

What does it mean to age within “networked societies” (Castells, 2000)? What might be learned if we take the Internet and Communication Technology (ICT) and media experiences of older adults into account in our research? These questions are core to this special issue on Aging, Communication and Media Technologies. Comprised of six papers from authors working in five cultural contexts in Europe and North America, Aging, Communication and Media Technologies offers insights into demographic transformations towards ‘ageing societies’ in the industrialized world, changes in the media and technological landscape, and the variegated practices of communication in different cultural contexts.
Metodologi Muslim Progresif dalam Memahami Pesan Sejati Al-Qur'an
Authors: Mukhlis Mukhlis
Published: June 2016

Al-Quran is interpreted in different ways and approaches. Progressive Muslims, for instance, pay attention to three themes, namely social justice, gender equality, and pluralism. They propose their arguments based on the fundamental understading from (al­Hijr/15:29, Şād/38:71, and al-Nahl/16:90), namely: (1) every hu­man being has the same intrinsic glory, (2) the main mission of hu­man presence in the world is to fight for and uphold justice for all mankind, and (3) human being must be doing good deeds and be­have politely. Their approaches are: (a) critical engagement against the tradition, (b) multiple critique on modernity, c) a plurality of sources, and (d) self-positioning, beyond apologetics. Progressive Muslims have a hope to eliminate the uncertainty dilemma of Mus­lims, i.e between bound by tradition, and the need for responsive with the modernity.
Dari Pewahyuan Progresif Menuju Tafsir Pembebasan: Telaah Atas Hermeneutika al-Qur'an Farid Esack
Authors: Iswahyudi Iswahyudi
Published: June 2016

Polytheism and unjust social power haven been conceptu­ally rejected by the Qur’an. Unfortunattely, its religious message is not properly understood by many Moslem scholars. They interpret it to legitimate their own interests which are sometimes contradictory to the spirit of the Qur’an. This phenomenon happens in South Africa. Farid Esack, a Muslim intellectual in this region, proposes to read the Qur'an in different direction, namely to deconstruct reading which is according to him perpetuate political interest and oppression. Esack critically reconstructs tafsir-method of the Qur'an for the purpuse of liberating Moslems. To do so, he proposes the interpretation concept which is based on some principles and key words of the Qur'an. His concern of liberating Moslems is transparent in his hermeneutical endeavour. For that reason discussing Esack’s hermeneutics is still significant and relevant to the discourse on current Qur ’anic studies. Esack’s proposals are elucidated in this article.
Islam dan Ahl al-Kitab
Authors: Sumbulah Umi
Published: June 2016

This study aims at understanding the perception of Nah­dlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah and Hizb al-Tahrir leaders in Malang, East Jawa, about the relation of Islam with Ahl al-Kitāb, includes their implications toward social life. The result shows that there are varied concepts on the meaning of Ahl al-Kitāb. According to NU and Muhammadiyah, Ahl al-Kitāb are Jewish and Christian community who still or not recognize the oneness of Allah. Con­versely, Hizbut Tahrir state that the term refers merely to Jewish and Christian who embrace the “genuine” theological system. In under­standing the hadis, the three organizations are polarized into three models; combining pure Islamic sciences with modern sciences as performed by the NU’s followers (Nahdhiyin); applying contextual approach and modern sciences as used by Muhammadiyah; and fo­cusing on text as Hizbut Tharir choose. However, although the three organizations have different understanding on the concept of Ahl­al-Kitab, they they have no objection to establish social relationship with them.
Perspektif Orientalis tentang Hadis Nabi
Authors: Idri Idri
Published: June 2016

As the second source of Islam after the Qur’an, hadis is intresting to be studied by muslims as well as non-muslims (Orien­talists). There are many differences between hadis studies according to Orientalists and Muslim scholars. The differences occur in ac­cordance with their scientific tradition, beliefs, and points of view which are relatively dissimiliar. Muslim scholars see Hadis as the source of Islam that came from the Prophet Muhammad – peace be upon him. It is the sayings or statements, doings, and approvals of the Prophet, meanwhile according to Orientalists, hadis was made by muslim community in the first and second age of Higra. It does not the sayings, doings, or approvals of the Prophet, but the say­ings of common people which later transmitted and hang up to the Prophet. This article tries to explain critcal tradition of hadis among Orientalists along with the topicts such as the history of hadis stud­ies among Orientalists, the attitudes of Orientalists toward Islam, generally and especially hadis, the Orientalist’s points of view about sanad and matn of Hadis. The analysis of this article also describe implication of the Orientalists viewpoints to the existence and pro­bativeness of the Prophet’s hadis.
Problematika Pendidikan Islam Sebagai Sub Sistem Pendidikan Nasional di Era Global
Authors: Choiri Moch. Miftachul , Fitriani Aries
Published: June 2016

A globalization, which looks like both sides of one coin, has both positive and negative impacts. The globalization inspired not only by capitalism but also by pragmatism has practically affected the education in Indonesia. The roles of education become practically unfamiliar and faraway from society needs. The globalization takes some issues such as competence, standardization, and commerce. To face this era, what should Islamic education do as sub-system of national education? The Islamic school (madrasah) as a sub-system of Islamic education in Indonesia, had extremely strong experienced to face the challenges at the last era of Dutch colonialism. The fact that madrasah had not only an autonomy but also an intellectual resources had proven that it could fulfill the needs of Islamic community. These are cultural potencies which should be kept and not be abandoned for the sake of globalization interest. The globalization as a cultural transformation process affects the world, especially the practice of education in Indonesia. All people using science and technology can easily access the global culture. The global culture which is value-free should be faced by transformation of values of which Islamic scholars had transformed in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) and Islamic schools (madrasah). In other word, both pesantren and madrasah should not be entrapped in capitalism ideology and could serve all people. It is because the paradigm of Islamic education differs from that of both capitalism and pragmatism. The article tries to elaborate how Islamic education in Indonesia especially madrasah should be positioned in the global era
Menimbang Kembali Pendekatan Kajian Keislaman di Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam
Authors: Ni'am Syamsun
Published: June 2016

Insight on the progress of the PTAI (Institute of Islamic Studies) in Indonesia so far involves many things; the disorder of epistemological basis of the PTAI, the direction of global policy in structuring the curriculum, the recruitment of stakeholders, then standardization of the quality of graduates, and institutional holder. One thing that seems to be the consensus among observers is the lack of quality of PTAI’s graduates. However, so far there is no consensus among the thinkers, policy makers as well as the PTAI’s functionaries about how to solve this problem. In the midst of diversity discourse about it, stood out a solution that is much in demand by PTAI’s functionaries, namely the transition of institutional status, from the STAIN to the IAIN, and over from the IAIN to UIN. This paper tries to trace the historical roots of the founding the PTAI in Indonesia to find their main tasks. Results of the search was used as a foothold to reflect on the PTAI’s performance today. This paper finds that since their establishment, Islamic higher education institutions is to bring two tasks, namely as a religious institution and as a scientific institution. In the course of history, sometimes these two tasks go hand in hand, but often both were at opposite position. At one point, Islamic studies at the PTAI took the tendency of normative idealistic-theological approach abandoning the academic approach. Then in the last few decades came the openness, which presented the empirical and academic study of Islam. This paper concludes that the transformation or institutional reform of the PTAI’s status is not the answer to the problem of Islamic studies, but the more important is realignment of the structure of sciences in the PTAI which is the foundation for the interdisciplinary study on Islamic dogmas. The quality of graduates is expected to be flown with a firm decision, whether PTAI will be academic, preaching, or practical-pragmatic interests institutions.
Perkembangan Bank Syariah PAsca UU 21 Tahun 2008
Authors: Prasetiyo Luhur
Published: June 2016

Islamic banking system still grows continuously over time in various countries, including Indonesia. Although it was a bit late, if it was compared to another, Islamic banking system began to develop in Indonesia in the early 1990’s. At that time, Islamic banking, however, was still running with its all characteristics based on the rule without adequate law. Islamic banking began to be recognized legally as the legalization of UU Perbankan 1992, and it was followed by its deregulation in 1998, and Islamic banking in Indonesia finally got its full legality after legalization of UU Perbankan Syariah in 2008. UU Perbankan Syariah as a new law certainly has significance for the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia. Based on the BI statistics, Islamic banks, especially Bank Umum Syariah after legalization of UU Perbankan Syariah, has been growing significantly, among in the number of banks, total assets, and total financing. Unfortunately, the growth of PLS (profit and loss sharing) doesn’t occupy a significant position in total financing of Islamic banks, whereas PLS is core system in Islamic banking.
Motivasi Zikir
Authors: Musthofa Musthofa
Published: June 2016

Abstract: Motivation zikir is an encouragement to do so by way of remembering, calls, take heed, pray, read the Quran aims given to God. Zikir have diverse motivations: zikir done through the prayers done right readings, ordinances, and movements therein, beginning with standing, bowing, sitting, prostrate, tashahud and greetings, allegedly to make normal organ and smoothness of the blood in the body that cause the human body fitness. Zikir can be done to empower and organize emotions into focus, which would cause the hormones, muscles, nerves, supposedly to make the balance function of the organs of the human body, which can work with regular and normal, resulting in hormone function and emotion into directed that leads to peace of mind (soul). Zikir is done with the correct procedures to empower the limb movements may lead prayers fitness. Zikir is done in the right way to empower and enable the muscles, nerves and hormones can lead to peace of mind or soul.
Ilhaq al-Masa'il bi Nazairiha dan Penerapannya dalam Bahth al-Masa'il
Authors: Aminuddin Luthfi Hadi
Published: June 2016

Abstract: Ilh}a>q al-Masa>’il bi Naz}a>iriha is one of the methods used by Nahdlatul Ulama in resisting the opinion based on (manhaji) analytical concept of Islamic jurisprudence (the solution for complex social problems as the main purpose of Islamic shari’ah). As known that, up to now, ilh}a>q has been understood as a process of answering a new case by the way of equating to the old one which is written in the book called al-mu’tabarah. Such ilh}a>q has got many criticisms both from the definitions, procedures and its epistemogical footing. This paper is about to reveal how the NU clerics of Islam understand the concept of Ilh}a>q}, what its epistemological footing was and how the concept was applied in discussing many cases (bah}th al-masa>’il). Based on the writer’s study to several documents of decision results of NU that Ilh}a>q did not only simplify to equate the new cases with the old ones that have been freely discussed in the books of al-mu’tabarah, but both cases should have similar legal substance, that is, both should be under the decrees of laws of al-qawa> ‘id al-fiqhi>yah. Thus, Ilh}a>q is actually answering the problem by applying al-qawa>‘id al-fiqhi>yah, whereas the formulation al-qawa>‘id al-fiqhi>yah itself was set off from the examination of a number of furu>’ generated by qiya> s. This paper also found three variations of the implementation of Ilh}a>q in bah}th al-masa>’il. First, the application of Ilh}a>q was without mentioning al-qawa> ‘id al-fiqhi>yah which covered new cases (mulh}aq) and the old case law that has been known in the books of fiqh (mulh}aq bih/attached to). Second, the application of Ilh}a>q was accompanied by mentioning mulh}aq bih and al-qawa> ‘id al-fiqhi>yah. Third, the application of Ilh}a>q, was only by the mentioning al-qawa> ‘id al-fiqhi>yah.
Pembaruan Hukum ISlam dari Qawl Qadim ke Qawl Jadid dalam Madhhab Shafi'i
Authors: Kasdi Abdurrohman
Published: June 2016

Abstract: Based on the action of al-Shafi’i that the Fatwa differs by the change of the [geographical] location. It was [even] said that this new Madh’hab [and Methodology] even started taking form just before he left Iraq to Mecca, others said [that it started to take form] before leaving Mecca, but what is definite though is that he wrote it and set its foundations in Egypt. Thus it has nothing to do with it being in Egypt or in Iraq. The consequence of this concept is that certain rules of Islam, would not apply, due to the new environment they live in, and that we live in a new time and age. So rules regarding riba, marriage, social interaction, international law, ruling systems, would need to be updated, according to the said principle. The proponents of this understanding use the example of Imam Shafi’i to legitimise their viewpoint.