bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
216 Assessment of Equations Relating Carcass with Empty Body Chemical Components in Growing/Finishing Cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A
Published: April 2022

Existing equations to estimate empty body chemical composition from carcass chemical composition developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from then to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring carcass and offal chemical composition by proximate analysis resulting in 88 treatment means from 11 experiments since 1982. Two sets of equations 1) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811) and 2) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x) were used to compute empty body chemical components from carcass chemical components. Mean (SD) carcass fat and protein were 18.86 (8.37) and 18.18 (2.94) % of HCW, respectively, and empty body fat and protein were 18.25 (7.85) and 18.69 (2.32) % of EBW, respectively. Carcass chemical components were strongly correlated (≥ 0.98) with empty body chemical components. For Eq. 1, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to 0 and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for water, fat, ash, and energy were different than 0 and 1, but were not different for protein, whereas the intercept and slope were different for all components when using Eq. 2. Mean bias for chemical components ranged from -2.43 to 7.94% for Eq. 1, and -2.41 to 3.56% for Eq. 2. The mean bias was closer to 0 for water, fat and energy when using Eq. 2, but were closer to 0 for protein and ash when using Eq. 1. Offal chemical composition was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of the difference between observed and predicted empty body components. Publication year was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of the difference for protein and ash using either set of equations. In conclusion, both sets of equations were highly precise for all chemical components, and moderately to highly accurate, although later publication years had greater overprediction for protein.
251 Effects of Cross-Fostering and Number of Litters Used to Create Cross-Fostered Litters on Piglet Pre-Weaning Mortality and Weaning Weight
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Olivio Alicia , Harper Heath , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , Ellis Michael
Published: April 2022

The objective was to determine effects of cross-fostering and number of litters used to create cross-fostered litters on piglet pre-weaning mortality (PWM) and weight. The study was conducted on 2 commercial farrowing facilities using a RCBD (53 blocks; total of 265 litters/3675 piglets). Blocking factors were farrowing day, sow parity, body condition score, functional teat number, and average and CV of piglet birth weight. Treatments involved cross-fostering different percentages of the litter (0% = no cross-fostering; 50% = half cross-fostered, half from the birth sow; 100% = all piglets cross-fostered) and differing number of litters used in cross-fostering. The 5 Treatments were (% fostered/number of litters used): 1) 0%/1 litter; 2) 100%/1 litter; 3) 100%/6+ litters; 4) 50%/4+ litters; 5) 50%/2 litters. Litter sizes at cross-fostering (13 or 14 piglets) were equalized across Treatments within block. Piglets were weighed 24 h after birth (when cross-fostering was carried out) and at weaning (19.2 ± 0.97 d); all PWM was recorded. Data were analyzed using SAS, models accounted for the fixed effect of Treatment and random effects of sow, block, and farm. The 0%/1 litter and 100%/1 litter Treatments were similar (P > 0.05; Table 1) for all measurements, indicating no effect of cross-fostering per se. Litter sizes at 7 and 14 d, and weaning were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the two 1-litter Treatments compared with the 50%/2 litters Treatment; other Treatments were intermediate. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of Treatment on piglet weight. Pre-weaning mortality was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for the two 1-litter treatments compared with the other 3 Treatments, which were similar (P > 0.05). In conclusion, cross-fostering had no effect on piglet performance, however, PWM was greater for treatments comprised of piglets from a single litter compared with those from several litters.
84 What Does “Found Dead” Mean? Tools for Better Record Keeping
Authors: Ketchem Ronald T
Published: April 2022

I have been in the swine industry for 49 years and I have seen a lot of changes. Record keeping has been one of those change starting in 1975 with a program called PigTails which was collected on small pads to PIGCHAMP starting in 1983 and expanded to 26+ programs being used today. Each program has been unique in how data are collected, development of equation and how data are reported. On March 1, 1999, a group of producers, university personal, record keeping companies, and companies doing swine industry were assembled to standardize terminology, equations used for reporting data to the industry from this there was a publication called the “NPPC Production & Financial Standards”. Standardizing was not accomplished as shown by different record programs having different report, equations, and long lists for reasons for animal deaths and culling. I have seen farm with up to 75 reasons for sow deaths and culling. For the industry to move forward and do a better job standardizing death loss and culling reasons, changes need to take place. In 2017 SMS wrote an article called “It is time for an overhaul of removal records” in HHF. Suggested were 6 categories: Disease/Health, Reproduction, Performance, Intestinal, Locomotion and Other. Under each were 2 to 6 reasons for being culled, dying, or euthanized. The same review of the grower/ finisher reasons should be done. When reviewing records for deaths the records are not very accurate with a very high percent being other or unknown. Conclusion: What is swine industry going to do about standardizing death loss and culling reasons so better analysis can be done to improve industry numbers?
245 Level of Colostrum Intake Affects Vaginal Lipidome of Gilts at Three Weeks Postnatal
Authors: Sheets Jocelyn V , Mills Kayla , Stewart Kara R , Casey Theresa
Published: April 2022

Colostrum is the first milk and available to neonatal pigs the first 24-36 h after birth. Colostrum provides immunity, nutrients, essential fatty acids, and bioactive factors. Colostrum consumption is related to long-term fertility. Previously, vaginal lipidome of female piglets (gilts) on d 21 postnatal (PN) was found to be different between animals that became highly fertile production sows versus infertile animals. Arachidonic acid, a derivative of the essential fatty acids was less in infertile animals. We hypothesized that differences in vaginal lipidome profiles of gilts were due to differing levels of colostrum intake, thus we hypothesized gilts with greater immunocrit (IM) ratios, and greater 24-hour weight gain (measures of colostrum intake) will have greater levels of essential fatty acids and derivatives. Here we determined the relationship of IM and 24 h gain to vaginal lipids on d 21 PN. Gilts (n = 60) were weighed at birth and 24 h PN, and blood sampled to measure IM. On d 21 PN vaginal swabs were taken from surviving gilts (n = 53). Lipids were extracted from swabs using the Bligh-Dyer method and measured using multiple reaction monitoring profiling). MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for statistical analysis. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) (36:3), PC(36:2),and arachidonic acid positively (P < 0.05) correlated with immunocrit. PCo(38:6) and cholesterol ethers negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with IM and 24 h gain. Overall, our hypothesis was supported as greater colostrum intake is related to greater levels of essential fatty acids and derivatives in vaginal lipids at 21d PN.
PSIII-7 The Effect of One-Carbon Metabolite Supplementation in Combination with Adequate or Restricted Feed Intake During Early Gestation on Maternal Hematology
Authors: Entzie Yssi , King Layla , Syring Jessica , Hirchert Mara R , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R , Ward Alison K , Crouse Matthew S
Published: April 2022

During gestation maternal blood volume increases to meet the needs of the growing fetus. Folate and vitamin B12 are hematopoietic vitamins required for DNA synthesis in developing red blood cells. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of one-carbon metabolites (OCM; folate, vitamin B12, choline, and methionine) supplementation in combination with adequate or restricted intake in early gestation on maternal hematology. Thirty-two cross-bred Angus heifers were estrous synchronized and artificially inseminated with female-sexed semen. At breeding (day 0), heifers were assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The first factor was control intake (CON; 0.60 kg/day average daily gain) versus restricted (RES; -0.23 kg/day gain). The second factor was OCM supplementation (+OCM; rumen protected choline [0.60 g/day] and methionine [10 g/day] in a fine ground corn carrier and weekly injections of 320 mg folate and 10mg vitamin B12) or no supplementation (-OCM; corn carrier and saline injections). Blood samples were collected on d -2 and d 62 relative to breeding. Samples were analyzed for hematocrit and complete blood cell count with differential. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with d -2 as a covariate and significance at P < 0.05. Red blood cell count was greater (P = 0.0019) in RES than CON (9.29 vs 8.30 ± 0.186 × 106 cells/mm3). Hematocrit (P = 0.08) and packed cell volume tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in RES than CON. The percentage of monocytes was less (P = 0.04) in +OCM than -OCM (1.5 vs 3.0 ± 0.50 %). The percentage of segmented neutrophils was greater (P = 0.01) in CON than RES (24.6 vs 16.8 ± 1.93 %). These results indicate that supplementation with OCM did not increase hematopoiesis in early gestation in heifers receiving an adequate or restricted plane of nutrition.
PSV-14 Performance and Consumer Preference Between Bone-In and Boneless Striploins Using a Precision Dry-Aging System (Agenator)
Authors: Herrera Nicolas , Sonderman Joseph , Velazco David , Calkins Chris
Published: April 2022

To determine effects of moisture loss on dry-aged beef, strip loins from 12 low Choice carcasses were collected. One loin from each carcass side was randomly assigned to bone-in or boneless treatment. Loins were assigned to 1 of 4 aging treatments: bone-in-wet (BW), bone-in-dry (BD), boneless-wet (bW), or boneless-dry (bD). Dry-aging loins were placed in individual dry-aging chambers for 40 d, precisely controlling relative humidity (70%), air velocity, temperature (2°C) and mass (±5 g). Data were continuously recorded to calculate percent and rate of moisture loss. After aging, bone-in loins were de-boned, and dry-aged loins were trimmed of dried surfaces. Percent moisture loss, trim loss, and yield were calculated. Two steaks per dry-aged loin were cooked to 71°C, one for Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), and one for consumer evaluation of tenderness, juiciness, and flavor and preference ranking. Percent and rate of moisture loss of dry-aged loins were analyzed as a completely randomized design (CRD), with day as repeated measures. Mean separations were conducted using LSMEANS with SLICEDIFF function at P < 0.05. Percent trim loss, total moisture loss, yield, and WBSF were analyzed as a CRD. Affective consumer testing utilized a Tukey HSD adjustment at P < 0.05. A treatment-by-day effect occurred (P < 0.05) for percent and rate moisture loss. Lower moisture loss in BD loins occurred after 2 d aging and daily rate of moisture loss through 31 d aging compared with bD. The bD loins had the greatest (P < 0.05) total moisture loss, trim loss, and lowest yield. The BD loins had higher degree of liking (P < 0.05) for tenderness and preference ratings compared with bD. No differences (P > 0.05) were seen in WBSF. Intact bone reduces rate of moisture loss in dry-aged loins, increasing total yield and consumer preference compared with boneless loins.
PSII-16 Enterid Reduced E. Coli Colonization in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract of Young Pigs
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Tran Huyen , Karnezos Peter , de Rodas Brenda , Crowder Stacie
Published: April 2022

The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of Enterid feed additive (PMI Additives) on the health status of newly-weaned pigs challenged with Enterotoxigenic E. coli (F4/K88). Seventy-two newly-weaned piglets of mixed sex were weighed and sorted into groups of 12 pens (3 gilts and 3 barrows each pen). Each pen was then randomly assigned into 1 of 3 treatments, consisting of a non-challenged group (NC), E.coli-challenged group (ETEC), and ETEC supplemented with 0.10% Enterid. Pigs were treated with Baytril upon arrival and were provided their respective diets and water ad libitum. All pigs except NC were challenged with F4/K88 strain 181016 E. coli on d 10 and d 11. Clinical observations (fecal scores, respiration rate, appetite, attitude, edema), rectal temperature and E. coli shedding were measured daily beginning on d9 until the end of the study (d 20). Clinical outcomes were analyzed using Mixed procedure in SAS following a completely randomized design with initial weight as covariate and day post challenge as a repeated measure parameter. Clinical measurements, except fecal scores, were all rated normal and so were not analyzed statistically. There were no differences among treatments in E. coli shedding prior to the challenge (2.3 log cfu/ml, P > 0.20). Immediately post challenge, however, E. coli shedding for the ETEC increased by 12 log (14.4 log cfu/ml, P < 0.05) and remained elevated for 4-5 d. Supplementation with Enterid resulted in a 2-log reduction in E. coli shedding during the first 3 d post-challenge (P < 0.10) and returned to pre-challenge level after 5 d. No clear differences in rectal temperature were observed among treatments. E. coli challenge resulted in poorer fecal quality (d3-5, P < 0.05), with Enterid not influencing the response (P > 0.20). The current results support the ability of Enterid to reduce E. coli colonization in the gut of pigs challenged with E. coli.
PSIII-13 Dietary Supplementation of Botanical Blends Modified Fecal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with an Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia N , Wong Braden , Li Xunde , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs when supplemented with different botanical blends while being experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 60 weaned pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments (12 pigs/treatment): sham control (CON-), challenged control (CON+), challenged botanical blend 1 with 100 ppm (BB1_100), challenged BB2 with 50 ppm (BB2_50), and challenged BB2 with 100 ppm (BB2_100). Both botanical blends were composed of capsicum oleoresin but different garlic extract varieties. The experiment lasted for 28 d including a 7-d habituation period followed by an E. coli oral inoculation of 1010 CFU/dose for 3 consecutive days. Fecal samples were collected on d -7, 0, 5 and 21 post inoculation (PI) to perform 16S rRNA sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. Downstream analysis was performed using QIIME2 (v. 2020.8) and R. No difference was observed among treatments throughout the experiment in alpha diversity. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed pronounced clusters by days but also displayed overlaps when looking into day and treatment interaction. Firmicutes was more (P < 0.05) abundant in CON- than the botanical treatments while Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were more (P < 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 and BB2_50 than in CON- on d 5 PI. Firmicutes was less (P < 0.05) abundant in BB2_50 and Proteobacteria was more (P < 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 than in CON+ on d 21 PI. Lachnospiraceae was less abundant (P < 0.05) in BB2_50 than in CON- on d 5 PI and less (P < 0.05) abundant in BB1_100 than in CON- on d 21. In conclusion, the botanical treatments have modified the fecal microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with an enteropathogenic E. coli.
PSIV-8 Dietary Botanical Blends Modified the Intestinal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Challenged with an Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia N , Wong Braden , Li Xunde , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs when supplemented with different botanical blends while being experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 60 weaned pigs (7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments (12 pigs/treatment): sham control (CON-), challenged control (CON+), challenged botanical blend 1 with 100 ppm (BB1_100), challenged BB2 with 50 ppm (BB2_50), and challenged BB2 with 100 ppm (BB2_100). Both botanical blends were composed of capsicum oleoresin but different garlic extract varieties. The experiment lasted for 28 d including a 7-day habituation period followed by an E. coli oral inoculation of 1010 CFU/dose for 3 consecutive days. Ileal, cecal, and fecal samples were collected on d 5 and 21 post inoculation (PI) to perform 16S rRNA sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region followed by a downstream analysis using QIIME2 (v. 2020.8) and R. No difference was observed in alpha diversity among treatments and sites on d 21 PI; however, CON- had the least Shannon and Chao1 indices in ileal digesta on d 5 PI. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed distinct clusters by treatments in the ileum and cecum on d 5 and 21 PI. On d 5 PI, Bacteroidota was more abundant (P < 0.05) in feces of BB1_100 but was the most abundant (P < 0.05) in ileum of CON-. Pigs in BB2 supplementation were more abundant (P < 0.05) in Proteobacteria in feces than in pigs in CON- at d 5 PI. On d 21 PI, Streptococcaceae was more abundant (P < 0.05) in the ileum of CON+ than of BB2_50 and Lachnospiraceae was more (P < 0.05) abundant in feces of pigs in BB2_100 than in BB1_100. In conclusion, supplementing botanical blend can modify the intestinal microbiota in weaned pigs challenged with a pathogenic E. coli.
PSIV-15 Impact of Wean Age and SID Lysine Level on Performance in Lactation
Authors: Petersen Grant I , McCormick Katherine , Johnston Mike E
Published: April 2022

With genetic improvement, sows are having larger litters and nursing more pigs. The wean age of these piglets can impact sow feed intake and piglet wean weight. Additionally, Lys level can impact sow and piglet growth. This study was performed to assess whether the addition of greater standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys improves sow and litter performance for 2 wean ages. Four hundred thirty-two DNA F1 females (average parity 2.4) were randomly allotted within group and entry weight at farrowing to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with wean age (15.5 and 24.5 d) and lactation diet SID Lys (0.87, 0.94, 1.02 and 1.10%). Sows were weighed entering and exiting the farrowing room. Feed disappearance was calculated as the total amount of feed provided to the sow during lactation. A post-farrow weight model was utilized to assess true weight loss in lactation. Litters were standardized within 24 h of birth. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with fixed effects of SID Lys and wean age, and random effect of replicate. Average daily feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) in the sows weaning older age compared with younger age piglets (6.52 vs. 5.87 kg respectively). There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for an interaction between wean age and maternal Lys level on piglet wean weight as higher Lys increased wean weight (0.29 kg) in the older wean age but had no improvement in the younger wean age. Sow weight loss was decreased (P < 0.05) in sows weaning younger piglets compared with sows weaning older piglets (4.26 vs. 11.02 kg weight loss, respectively). These data show that greater levels of SID Lys to target 65 g/d in lactation can improve wean weight for later weaning sows.
PSIV-14 Feeding Broiler Chicks with S. Pombe-Expressed Phytase-Containing Diet Improves Growth Performance, Phosphorus Digestibility, Toe Ash, and Footpad Lesions
Authors: De Dang Xin , Serge Muhizi , Kim Inho
Published: April 2022

A total of 390 1-day-old broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 42.15 ± 0.17 g were used to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, organ indexes, meat quality, toe ash, and footpad lesions score. All birds were randomly assigned to 5 groups based on the initial body weight (42.15 ± 0.17 g), there were 6 replicate cages per treatment and 13 birds (mixed sex) per cage. The experimental period was 45 d, including 4 periods (starter, d 1-10; grower, d 11-24; finisher 1, d 25-38; finisher 2, d 39-45). Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-basal diet and supplemented with 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,500 FTU/kg S. pombe-expressed phytase. One phytase unit (FTU) was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the release of 1 micromole phosphate from phytate per minute at 37°C and pH 5.5. The inclusion of increasing levels of phytase in the diet linearly increased the body weight gain during d 1-10 (P = 0.001), 25-38 (P = 0.016), 39-45 (P = 0.018), and 1-45 (P = 0.004), feed intake during d 25-38 (P = 0.032), feed conversion ratio during d 1-10 (P = 0.001), 39-45 (P = 0.038), and 1-45 (P = 0.012), carcass weight (P = 0.035), toe ash (P < 0.001), and apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility (P = 0.049). However, the footpad lesions score (P = 0.040) decreased linearly with the increase in phytase levels in the diet. Therefore, dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase was beneficial to the growth performance, toe ash, apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility, and footpad lesions of broiler chicks in a dose-dependent manner.
PSV-11 Evaluation of a Supplement (ATPsorb) on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Sandberg Fredrik , Kwon Eric , Soltwedel Kevin , Hartsook Greg , Bible Megan
Published: April 2022

ATPsorb is a unique combination of Lipidol Ultra (a source of lysophospholipids) and Endo-power Beta (a source of several NSP enzymes). Thus, the response of ATPsorb was evaluated in nursery pigs. A total of 551 (DNA x DNA 600 sired) weaned, commercial pigs (21 d of age, average 5.61 kg (P = 0.38); 9-10 reps; 29 pigs/pen) were blocked by body weight. There were 2 treatments: standard nursery feed without antibiotics, control (CON); 2) CON + 2 lb per ton of ATPsorb for 21 d (ATP). FANCOM feeding system was used to deliver feed. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearances were recorded on d 0 and 21. Data were used to calculate ADG and ADFI. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 21 d, the number of dead (% mortality) and viable pigs (% morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. For d 0-21, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.61) observed for BW, ADG or ADFI. There was a 6.6% improvement (P = 0.05; 0.55 vs. 0.59) in G:F. No differences (P ≥ 0.33) were observed for morbidity or mortality. These data suggests that ATPsorb is capable of providing better nutrient utilization and absorption during the first 21 d in the nursery phase. Further testing is needed to evaluate lifetime performance.
PSVI-10 Evaluation of Vegetable Protein Sources on Nursery Pig Performance in a Commercial Environment
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Haydon Keith D
Published: April 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of vegetable protein sources on growth performance of nursery pigs in a commercial research environment. A total of 2,592 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW of 5.3 ± 0.05 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and weaning date and allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. A corn-soybean meal control diet with no specialty vegetable protein source was used to compare performance against 5 diets containing either 1 of 2 soy protein concentrates (XSoy 600; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.0 and 2.5%, phase 1 and 2, respectively or Soytide; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.5 and 2.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH; 5.7 and 2.83%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), fermented soybean meal (Fermex 200; Purina Animal Nutrition, Shoreview, MN; 6.7 and 3.35%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), or high-protein corn DDGs (NexPro; Poet, Wichita, KS; 7.5 and 3.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively). Diets were formulated in 2 dietary phases and fed at 2.27 kg/pig and 8.16 kg/pig, respectively, with a common phase 3 diet fed until d 42. The dietary level of soybean meal was held constant within phases 1 and 2 for diets 2 to 5 with protein sources replaced on a digestible lysine basis. During the experimental diet period (d 0 to 21) or overall (d 0 to 42), there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or G:F. Additionally, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for total removals, and mortality. In summary, none of the protein sources evaluated improved growth performance relative to soybean meal.
PSVI-16 Performance Response of Nursery Pigs Fed Increasing Levels of Fermentable and Structural Fiber
Authors: May Sabrina B , Ebarb Sara , Frederick Brent
Published: April 2022

Dietary fiber can provide functional benefits to nursery pigs, thereby improving gut health and growth performance. However, effects vary depending on the type and amount of fiber supplemented. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary fermentable fiber (FRM), structural fiber (STR), and their interaction on growth performance of nursery pigs. In total, 3,014 weanling pigs (body weight = 5.71 ± 0.11 kg, 15 replicate pens/treatment, 21 – 23 pigs/pen) were allotted by pen in a randomized complete block design to treatments in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 factors: FRM (12, 13, or 14%) and STR (3, 4, or 5%). Diets were formulated to maintain similar dietary protein and metabolizable energy, and rice hulls or beet pulp were added to achieve different levels of STR and FRM, respectively. Fiber concentrations were estimated using in vitro fermentation methods. Phase 1 and 2 diets were fed from day 0 – 11 and 11 – 21 post-weaning, respectively. A common diet was fed from d 21 – 43. Data were analyzed by general linear model in R with random effect of location block. Orthogonal contrasts tested for linear and quadratic effects of STR and FRM, and their interaction. Overall (d 0 – 43), increasing FRM increased average daily gain (ADG; linear, P < 0.05). As STR increased, overall ADG increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05), with 4% STR resulting in the greatest ADG. Interactions between fiber type were observed (P < 0.05) for final body weight, overall average daily feed intake, and overall gain:feed. Pigs fed 14% FRM and 5% STR had the numerically greatest final body weight and ADG. In summary, increasing STR up to 4% improved performance, and greater levels of FRM can further improve performance when higher levels of STR are provided in the diet.
PSVII-7 The Effects on Supplementation of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Piglet Health and Immune Markers
Authors: Swanson Analicia J , Hesse Amanda , Levesque Crystal L , Pierre Benoit St
Published: April 2022

A total of 77 mixed parity sows were used from d 28 of gestation until weaning to determine the effects of supplementation of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on colostrum composition and serum immunocrit ratios. On d 28 of gestation, sows were weighed, blocked by parity and weight and allotted to either control diets (UNSUP) or control diets plus 0.3% inclusion of MCFA blend in gestation and lactation. After birth of the first piglet, a 40 mL colostrum sample was collected. On d 2 of age, a 1 mL blood sample was collected from the piglet mammary vein and serum was stored. Colostrum samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. Piglet serum were analyzed for immunocrit ratios. Piglet fecal samples were collected at 10, 35 and 63 d of age and quantitative rtPCR for Lactobacillus were completed. Data were analyzed as a randomized incomplete block with maternal diet as main effect and litter as experimental unit. The MCFA sows had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of colostral protein (17.7 vs 16.5%) and solids not fat (23.4 vs 22.2%), a tendency for greater concentration of total solids (29.9 vs 28.6%, P=0.07) and tendency for reduced (P = 0.07) concentration of lactose. Overall preweaning survivability was 91.6 and 92.5% in UNSUP and SUP litters, respectively. Serum immunocrit values (0.16 vs 0.14) were greater (P = 0.01) in piglets from UNSUP sows compared with supplemented. Lactobacillus represented 55 and 49% at day 10, 24 and 57% at day 35 and 9 and 3% at day 63 of age in UNSUP and SUP pigs, respectively and were not different. In conclusion, MCFA supplementation in gestation and lactation diets improved overall colostrum quality.
PSVIII-5 Harvesting Pigs with Phytase and No Inorganic Phosphorus! is That Possible?
Authors: de Souza Ana Lucia P , Remus Janet C , Zarate Maurice , Holt Jonathan P
Published: April 2022

The trial examined if a novel phytase from a bacterial consensus 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei could replace all added inorganic phosphate (P) in a diet with reduced Ca, digestible P (dP), digestible amino acids, and net energy fed to commercial pigs from 19 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter, while maintaining performance and carcass quality parameters. The corn and soybean meal-based diets used nutrient requirements from National Swine Nutrition guide (2010). Four treatments were tested in a completely randomized design with 9 replicate pens (8 mixed sex pigs/rep): 1) positive control (PC), 2) negative control (NC) without inorganic P, (nutrient difference equated to a1000 FTU/kg matrix versus the PC), 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg (500); 4) NC + 1000 FTU/kg (1000). Mash diets were fed ad libitum in 6 phases: nursery 3 (0-10 d), grower 1 and 2 (10-30 d), finisher 1 and 2 (30-78 d), and finisher 3 (78-115 d). As NC and NC+phytase were at native dP% levels, lameness was expected. When 25% of the pigs in a treatment showed lameness, diet dP was adjusted; this only occurred in NC and 500 groups. Data analysis used ANOVA with mean separation via Tukey honest significant difference with P < 0.05%. Results showed equivalent ADG, BW, ADFI, loin area and fat at 12th rib for PC and 1,000 units phytase/kg feed in swine raised to market age. The 500-unit treatments improved ADG, BW and ADFI versus the negative control. Coefficient of variation (CV) on BW responded in parallel with BW, the lowest CVs were seen for PC and 1,000 with intermediate improvement for 500 versus NC. These results show that 1,000 units/kg feed of this novel phytase alleviated performance loss in a no added P diet versus the diet without phytase and match that of PC (with inorganic P added).
PSVIII-7 Isoquinoline Alkaloids Improve Intestinal Function of Weanling Pigs Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Formulated Below Amino Acid Requirements
Authors: Rundle Carly M , Artuso-Ponte Valeria , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2022

An experiment tested the hypothesis that isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) in diets for weanling pigs formulated below amino acid (AA) requirements improves intestinal health and maintains growth performance of pigs compared with pigs fed a diet formulated at AA requirements. Two-hundred weanling pigs (6.11 ± 0.61 kg) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment for a 27 d, 2-phase experiment. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with AA at or 10% below requirements and with IQ at 0 or 120 mg/kg. Growth performance was calculated and plasma (d 14 and 27) and tissue samples (d 27) were collected. Data were analyzed with Proc MIXED of SAS using AA level, IQ inclusion, and the interaction as main effects. Pigs fed diets with IQ tended to have greater (P < 0.10) ADFI, whereas G:F was reduced if dietary AA were reduced (P < 0.05; Table 1). If AA were at requirements, lamina propria thickness in the jejunum was not affected by IQ inclusion, but if AA were below requirements, IQ decreased lamina propria thickness (interaction, P < 0.05). Villus height also tended to increase with dietary IQ (P < 0.10). Adding IQ to the diet that met AA requirements resulted in decreased plasma interleukin 4 and 10 on d 14; however, if IQ was in the reduced AA diet, the opposite was true (interaction, P < 0.05). If AA were below requirements, IQ tended to increase occludin in the jejunal mucosa, whereas if AA were at requirements, IQ tended to reduce occludin (interaction, P < 0.10). On d 26, reducing AA in the diet reduced (P < 0.05) plasma albumin. In conclusion, if AA are provided below the requirement, dietary IQ modulates systemic inflammation and improves intestinal function of weanling pigs.
PSI-5 Effects of Two Rotational Grazing Management Systems on Forage Quality, Forage Availability, and Cow Performance
Authors: Pearl Ana M , Ewing Kylie P , Neira Lucas T , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W
Published: April 2022

The objective was to compare the effects of 2 rotational grazing systems on forage quality, forage availability, and cow performance. Multiparous, fall-calving beef cows (n = 360; BW = 613 ± 66 kg) were stratified by sire, age, body condition score (BCS), and body weight (BW), and allotted to 6 groups. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 8-paddock system rotated every 5 d or 6-paddock system rotated every 7 d. Endophyte-infected tall fescue paddocks (6.1 ha) were grazed in 2 rounds of rotations from April to July. Cow BW and BCS were obtained on d 0, 28, 56, and 84. Forage heights were measured using a rising plate meter before and after grazing. Forage samples were clipped from each paddock prior to grazing for proximate analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. During round 1, forage from the 8-paddock system tended (P = 0.07) to have greater percent dry matter (DM), but no differences were detected (P ≥ 0.12) in organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), or crude protein (CP). During round 2, forage percent DM tended (P = 0.08) to be greater while CP tended (P = 0.10) to be lesser in the 8-paddock system. Additionally, the 8-paddock system had greater (P ≤ 0.05) forage NDF and ADF than the 6-paddock system, but OM was not different (P = 0.17) in round 2. However, grazing system did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) forage availability after grazing in either round. Cow BW and BCS were not affected (P ≥ 0.18) by grazing system on d 0, 28, 56, or 84. Despite minor differences in forage quality, rotational grazing management system did not impact forage availability or cow performance.
PSI-8 Exploring the Relationship Between Soil Composition and Forage Characteristics in Cool Season Grass/Legume Pastures
Authors: Henderson Jacob A , Chapple Wesley P , Meteer William T , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W
Published: April 2022

The objective was to evaluate the relationship between soil nutrient composition and forage characteristics in cool-season grass/legume pastures in June. Forage and soil samples were collected from a total of 15 distinct locations with varying topography and forage species. Forage samples (0.25 m2) were clipped at the crown and weighed to determine total biomass production. Forage samples were sorted by species. Soil samples were collected utilizing either a manual probe or drill auger (Oakfield Apparatus, Oakfield, WI) depending on soil compaction. Forage and soil samples were analyzed for chemical composition at a commercial laboratory. Percent legume was positively correlated (r ≥ 0.51; P ≤ 0.05) with forage crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients, Mg, Cu and B and negatively correlated (r ≤ -0.81; P < 0.01) with total forage biomass, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Soil organic matter and N release both had positive, strong correlations (r ≥ 0.53, P ≤ 0.04) with soil S, B, Fe, Cu and NO3-N. Soil pH was negatively correlated (r = -0.63; P ≤ 0.01) with soil H, but positively correlated (r ≥ 0.60, P ≤ 0.02) with forage Al and Fe. Soil P was not only positively correlated (r ≥ 0.73, P ≤ 0.01) with soil S, B and Zn but also positively correlated (r ≥ 0.73, P ≤ 0.01) with forage CP, P, and K. Soil K base saturation percent was positively correlated (r ≥ 0.55, P ≤ 0.04) with forage CP, P, K, Fe, Zn, Al, and B. Additionally, forage Fe was positively correlated (r ≥ 0.56, P ≤ 0.03) with forage P, K, and Zn, as well as soil Zn, B, P, and S. In conclusion, percent legume in forage was related to several forage quality characteristics, and multiple relationships exist between and among forage and soil characteristics.
PSI-9 Impacts of Formic Acid and Glycerol Monolaurate on Weanling Pig Immune Function
Authors: Lewis Kate , Dahmer Payton L , Harrison Olivia , Jones Cassandra K
Published: April 2022

Feed additives such zinc oxide (ZnO) reduce post-weaning diarrhea and improve nursery pig growth performance, but there is regulatory pressure to eliminate their inclusion due to environmental concerns. Dietary acidifiers have been shown to positively impact gut health, immune status, and performance post-weaning. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding formic acid and/or glycerol monolaurate (GML) on immune status of nursery pigs. A total of 350 weanling pigs (DNA 200 × 400; 5.7 ± 0.06 kg BW) were fed for 42 d with 5 pigs/pen and 14 pens/treatment. Pens were assigned in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 diets: 1) Negative control (no additives); 2) Control + 3,000 ppm ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm ZnO in phase 2; 3) Control + 0.7% formic acid; 4) Control + 0.18% GML; 5) Control + 1.0% blend of formic acid and GML. Blood samples were collected via the jugular vein on d 0 and d 14 from 1 randomly selected pig per pen (14 pigs/treatment; 70 pigs total) for analysis of serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). After collection, samples were centrifuged at 2,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C and recovered serum was stored at -20°C until analysis. Using an ELISA kit, IgA, IgG and TNF- α were measured according to the kit manufacturer’s recommendations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with pig as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.05) in serum IgA, IgG, or TNF-α as a result of dietary treatment. Sampling day significantly impacted (P < 0.05) both serum IgA and IgG concentrations, where regardless of treatment, the levels of IgA increased from d 0 to 14 and decreased for IgG. In summary, feeding formic acid and/or GML did not impact serum immunoglobulin or cytokine levels. Further investigation into how these acidifiers effect immune function post-weaning is needed.
PSI-4 Effects of Sorghum Inclusion in Lamb Diets on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility
Authors: Oberdorf Tiffany A , Buessing Zachary T , Scotten Skyler S , Zumbaugh Charles A , Jones Cassandra K
Published: April 2022

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of grain sorghum inclusion on the apparent total tract digestibility of lamb diets. This experiment utilized 24 Rambouillet lambs (46.1 ± 3.90 kg) that were previously used in a growth experiment. Animals were housed in 1 of 24 pens with 1 lamb per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Lambs were randomly assigned 1 of the 4 treatment diets prior to the growth experiment and remained on the same treatment for over the 10-d experimental period. Treatments included 1) Control (0% sorghum inclusion); 2) Sorg10 (10% corn substituted for sorghum); 3) Sorg20 (20% corn substituted for sorghum); and 4) Sorg30 (30% corn substituted for corn). Diets were ground using hammermill and titanium dioxide was added to the ground diet at 0.4% as an indigestible marker. Lambs were fed these diets for 7-d prior to fecal sample collection to allow for steady-state marker concentrations. Fecal grab samples were collected every 6 hours over the final 3 d and were composited by animal to represent each 2-hour period of a 24-hour cycle. Feed and composited fecal samples were analyzed for crude fat, crude protein, ADF, NDF, and ash. Data were analyzed using the LM function in R with a fixed effect of treatment. Significance was defined at P < 0.05 and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD where appropriate. Sorghum inclusion did not affect (P > 0.16) crude protein, crude fat, or acid detergent fiber digestibility. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was reduced (P = 0.02) for animals consuming Sorg20 and Sorg30 compared with the control, and Sorg10 was intermediate. Organic matter digestibility tended to decrease (P = 0.08) with increasing sorghum inclusion. In conclusion, replacing corn with sorghum at levels up to 30% had minimal impact on nutrient digestibility in growing lambs.
A Retrospective Chart Review to Determine Hypophosphatemia Incidence and Phosphorus Supplementation Requirements in Patients With Severe Thermal Cutaneous Injuries Receiving High-Volume Hemofiltration
Authors: Kail Daniel , Arif Faisal , Sultan-Ali Ibrahim , Velamuri Sai R , Hill David M
Published: April 2022

Patients with severe thermal injuries have increased metabolic demands necessitating frequent phosphate supplementation. Patients with acute renal failure may have less requirements, due to reduced elimination. However, patients being supported with renal replacement therapy have varying degree of requirements. Little published evidence depicts the incidence of hypophosphatemia and repletion requirements in patients with severe thermal injuries treated with high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) and a high-flux membrane. The objective of this retrospective chart review was to determine the incidence of hypophosphatemia and characterize repletion requirements and response in this population. Enrolled patients had at least 20% TBSA thermal injuries and required continuous hemofiltration with prefilter replacement fluid doses ≥35 mL/kg IBW/hr. A randomly selected cohort without acute kidney injury (AKI) and matched based on age and extent of TBSA was used to compare phosphorus requirements over an initial 14-day period. Demographics, diet, and variables affecting phosphorus concentrations were collected. Sixteen patients were included in the retrospective HVHF group and 16 patients in a case–control cohort to better depict the impact of HVHF. The average age was 60.2 ± 15.1 years and median TBSA was 30% (23.4, 56.3) in the HVHF group, compared to 53.3 ± 16.4 years (P = .22) and TBSA 29% (26.4, 33.9; P = .73). All patients in the HVHF group were started on HVHF with a 1.6 m2 polyethersulfone membrane for AKI. As expected, the HVHF group exhibited statistically higher than normal baseline potassium and phosphorous laboratory values. The HVHF group experienced more days with hypophosphatemia (49.6 ± 12.4% vs 29.3 ± 16.3%, P = .012), despite 0.75 mmol/kg/day phosphorous supplementation (compared to 0.66 mmol/kg/day for the control group, P = .45). Patients with longer durations of HVHF therapy experienced increasing risk of hypophosphatemia, reaching 100% by the end of the study period. This study demonstrates severe thermally injured patients receiving HVHF for AKI are at increased risk for hypophosphatemia, and require high phosphate supplementation.
An exact relation for density fluctuations in compressible turbulence
Authors: Pan Liubin , Ju Wenjie , Chen Jin-Hong
Published: April 2022

We derive an exact relation for density fluctuations in statistically stationary compressible turbulence. In weakly compressible turbulence, the relation identifies two contributions, corresponding to the acoustic mode and the pseudo-sound mode, respectively, to the density power spectrum, providing a unifying picture for the origin of density fluctuations in turbulent flows with Mach number ≲ 1. Using numerical simulations of driven turbulence, we verified the validity of the exact relations, and examined the contributions of the acoustic and pseudo-sound terms as a function of the Mach number. For simulations of supersonic turbulence, the exact relations provide a tool to quantify the artificial reduction of the density variance by numerical viscosity. The artificial suppression of density fluctuations increases with increasing Mach number, due to the necessity of applying larger numerical diffusion to stabilize stronger shocks. The exact relation also helps to theoretically establish the relation between the density variance and the density-weighted Mach number, $\langle \delta \rho ^2 \rangle /\bar{\rho }^2 = b^2 \mathcal {M}_{\rho }^2$, in supersonic turbulence, which is of crucial importance for the modelling of star formation. Combining with simulations of supersonic turbulence with solenoidal driving and removing the artificial suppression of density fluctuations by numerical viscosity, our exact relation gives an estimate of b ≃ 0.4 for the b parameter.
Enhanced star formation in z ∼ 6 quasar companions
Authors: Zana Tommaso , Gallerani Simona , Carniani Stefano , Vito Fabio , Ferrara Andrea , Lupi Alessandro , Di Mascia Fabio , Barai Paramita
Published: April 2022

Quasars powered by supermassive black holes (>108 M⊙) at z ∼ 6 are predicted to reside in cosmic overdense regions. However, observations so far could not confirm this expectation due to limited statistics. The picture is further complicated by the possible effects of quasar outflows (i.e. feedback) that could either suppress or stimulate the star formation rate (SFR) of companion galaxies, thus modifying the expected bias. Here, we quantify feedback effects on the properties and detectability of companions by comparing cosmological zoom-in simulations of a quasar in which feedback is either included or turned-off. With respect to the no-feedback case, companions (a) directly impacted by the outflow have their SFR increased by a factor of 2−3, and (b) tend to be more massive. Both effects shift the [C ii] 158 μm and UV luminosity functions towards brighter magnitudes. This leads us to conclude that quasar feedback slightly increases the effective quasar bias, boosting the number density of observable quasar companions, in agreement with what has been found around the brightest quasars of recent Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) [C ii] surveys. Deeper observations performed with James Webb Space Telescope and/or ALMA will improve the statistical significance of this result by detecting a larger number of fainter quasar companions.
Viscous and centrifugal instabilities of massive stars
Authors: Shi Yanlong , Fuller Jim
Published: April 2022

Massive stars exhibit a variety of instabilities, many of which are poorly understood. We explore instabilities induced by centrifugal forces and angular momentum transport in massive rotating stars. First, we derive and numerically solve linearized oscillation equations for adiabatic radial modes in polytropic stellar models. In the presence of differential rotation, we show that centrifugal and Coriolis forces combined with viscous angular momentum transport can excite stellar pulsation modes, under both low- or high-viscosity conditions. In the low-viscosity limit, which is common in real stars, we demonstrate how to compute mode growth/damping rates via a work integral. Finally, we build realistic rotating $30\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ star models and show that overstable (growing) radial modes are predicted to exist for most of the star’s life, in the absence of non-adiabatic effects. Peak growth rates are predicted to occur while the star is crossing the Hertzsprung–Russell gap, though non-adiabatic damping may dominate over viscous driving, depending on the effective viscosity produced by convective and/or magnetic torques. Viscous instability could be a new mechanism to drive massive star pulsations and is possibly related to instabilities of luminous blue variable stars.