bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: the emergence of Tasso’s psychobiography
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

The conclusion traces how the psychoanalytical approach utilised in late twentieth-century Freudian interpretations of Tasso’s life and work, by Margaret Ferguson and Giampiero Giamperi for example, had been pre-empted in English biographical accounts of the poet from the second half of the nineteenth century. J. A. Symonds and Leigh Hunt both focus on the same autobiographical poem, the unfinished Canzone al Metauro, as these later psycho-biographical readings to try to account for Tasso’s troubled relationships with his absent mother and particularly his father Bernardo. The conclusion argues that the absence of a clearly defined vocabulary for psychoanalytical discourse pre-Freud does not diminish the acuity of these earlier biographical observations on the poet.
Assessing the mental health impact of the Omagh bombing
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

Following the Omagh bombing in August 1998, the local public health and social care services provider in Omagh undertook four major needs assessments in the local community. The experiences and mental health related needs of adults, younger children, adolescents, and health and social care staff, were assessed through four important studies. These produced valuable findings upon which services and practice were developed and which informed the case made to funders. The studies examined the risks to those caught up in the bombing of acquiring trauma related disorders, such as PTSD. These needs assessments provide valuable information for other communities affected by acts of war, conflict and terrorism.
Planning for and responding to the mental health impact of conflict
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter seeks to draw together the key messages from the book into a form which the reader can consider, use, adapt or reject, to respond to his or her circumstances. The author shares his own conclusions from the work he and colleagues - and others - have done in relation to Northern Ireland and the years of violence and conflict. The importance of planning with an informed perspective on the impact of major traumatic stressors (such as conflict) on communities is discussed. Also the the contribution of leadership, ritual, politics, therapy, peace making, and the central importance of listening to victims and survivors. Again the author highlights the need to bring considerations about the mental health impact and burden of war and conflict into the early stages of the peace project, when wars and conflicts are being brought to an end.
Governing healthcare: the case of Universal Health Insurance – by competition
Authors: Loughnane Cliona
Published: January 2018

In 2011, the Government committed to the introduction of Universal Health Insurance (UHI) ‘with equal access to care for all’ by 2016 (Government of Ireland 2011: 2). This chapter explores how proposals to implement a system in which every member of the population would be expected to take out health insurance – and mooted by politicians as a way to end Ireland’s two-tier health system – exhibited particular characteristics of advanced liberal modes of governing.Specifically, drawing on Rose and Miller’s (1992) conceptualisation of the ‘aspirations’ of advanced liberal government – governing at a distance, the management of risk, engendering individuals to take responsibility through choice, and the fragmentation of the social state into multiple communities – this chapter demonstrates how while a political rhetoric may have stressed the significance of UHI as a basis for promoting solidarity and fairness, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the policy would have represented a further shift towards the marketization of Irish healthcare.
Prologue: Labor days1—an empirical montage from Denmark
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

The book opens with a montage of ‘ethnographic snapshots’ which in very different ways exemplifies central aspects of development and planning. Each snapshot is 10-15 lines long and might be a conversation, a dilemma, a scene from a bureaucratic setting, a decision taken or a situation confronted. The prologue will in this manner introduce the reader to the book´s main analytical pair: the numerous attempts to make sensible decisions and the resulting experience of absurdity when confronted with the sum of them. The montage makes use of two writing techniques: American novelist Kurt Vonnegut’s dispensation with ‘beginning, middle and end’ in narratives, and Russian film maker Sergei Eisenstein’s ‘intellectual’ montage – here adapted with American pragmatist Charles Sanders Peirce as a principle for destabilizing conclusion.
Anticipations
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

In this chapter the reader is introduced to the municipal and ministerial reality respectively. While introducing some of the central people in the book the chapter focuses in the genesis of Active – Back Sooner. ‘Where does a policy come from?’ is the central question addressed in the chapter. That ‘it’ comes from no one place, that ‘it’ has from the onset no unity but rather is a container of discreet agendas held momentarily together by means of the unlike materials of statistics and hopes is the conclusion the chapter reaches.
Children born of war: who are they? Experiences of children, mothers, families and post-conflict communities
Authors: Lee Sabine
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a historical contextualisation of children born of war before reflecting on the definitions and categorisations of different groups of CBOW as used in current research. The chapter goes on to explore the discourses around conflict-related gender-based violence by tracing different theoretical approaches to GBV research and their impact on our understanding (or lack thereof) of sexual violence in conflict. The final section introduces children’s rights and specifically the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the central instrument codifying the human rights of children.
Rethinking resistance: Spencer, Krishnavarma, and The Indian Sociologist
Authors: Marwah Inder S.
Published: January 2018

Given both a traditional Sanskrit and an English education in Gujarat, Shyamji Krishnavarma became known in India as a Sanskrit scholar at a young age, and this reputation eventually brought him to England. Yet Krishnavarma was no simple Anglophile: deeply committed to the reformist Hindu Arya Samaj movement, he became a radical voice for anti-colonialism through the pages of his journal The Indian Sociologist (1905-1922), which was published first in London to wide international circulation, before moving to Paris and eventually Geneva to avoid legal repercussions. As this chapter outlines, Krishnavarma scorned the passivity of India’s moderate nationalists in favour of violent opposition to British rule, yet he also avoided the spiritualism and romantic attachment to violence of many of India’s ‘extremist’ leaders. Krishnavarma turned, instead, to the social theory of Herbert Spencer as the inspiration for a cosmopolitan anti-colonialism. In his work, ones sees the uptake of Spencer’s British anti-colonialism for Indian purposes. But far from simply echoing Spencer or British liberalism, Krishnavarma was an active adapter and creator, with a particular goal of putting theoretical conceptions drawn from those sources into political practice.
The other Mahatma’s naive monarchism: Phule, Paine, and the appeal to Queen Victoria
Authors: Klausen Jimmy Casas
Published: January 2018

Jyotirao Phule, often called ‘the other Mahatma’, drew on writings of Thomas Paine and the experiences of the American Civil War to argue for the rights of Sudras and other non-Brahmins to govern themselves as a people free of Brahmin domination. Phule was inspired by arguments about the constituent authority of the people to choose their own form of political life. Yet, in his view, the long intellectual domination of Sudras by Brahmins had left them far less ready for freedom than recently-freed American slaves, unable even to conceptualize the need for their freedom. Curiously, given his admiration for the anti-monarchical Paine, this led Phule to appeal to Queen Victoria to improve British rule by freeing it of corruption and error. The chapter argues that this is not simply a naïve monarchism, but in many ways a canny one, which appeals to—and calls to account—the one figure in a position to end both British abuses and deeper, more abiding patterns of Brahmin domination. The movement and hybridity of ideas here is both clear and surprising: the anti-monarchic Paine is wedded with the epitome of monarchy, Queen Victoria.
The New World ‘sans-culottes’: French revolutionary ideology in Saint-Domingue
Authors: Gonzalez Johnhenry
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the Haitian Revolution and its brief moment of impact in France’s National Assembly. During the early portions of the Revolution, Haitian revolutionaries – former slaves – asserted their claims to the ‘rights of man’ in strong and direct ways, following up on their successful military action with petitions to the new government in France. For a moment in the midst of the two revolutions, the idea of the ‘rights of man’ reached across boundaries of race and geography, as the National Assembly voted to end slavery in Haiti and other colonies. These thin trans-Atlantic bonds did not last long, however, as the rights of man were overridden by racism, violence and, finally, the resumption of slavery. The flow of ideas back to the metropole was thus profoundly incomplete. The chapter illustrates, moreover, the dangers in interpreting the Haitian Revolution too strongly through these French terminologies. The Haitian revolutionaries who adopted the language of the rights of man were themselves few in number and unrepresentative. A far larger portion of the Haitian population identified much more strongly with a different kind of universal practice, one lacking its own theoretical canon: the process of marronage, of running away from enslaving and domineering social structures to live on their own terms in any way possible.
Introduction
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2018

“Will they turn out to vote this year?” With every election, it seems that this is the question most commonly asked about young adults. Unfortunately, the answer isn’t always clear. After years of steady decline, the 2008 election marked an uptick in youth voter turnout rates and, seemingly, in political interest and enthusiasm as well. Then came a 6 percent decline in rates in 2012, followed by record low rates of registration and turnout in 2014. As the 2016 election loomed on the horizon, yet again, there were signs of hope. Youth voter turnout rates throughout the primaries and caucuses broke records....
Where we’ve been: where we need to go
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines the theoretical frameworks that scholars have used when seeking to explain, predict, and understand youth political participation as well as the methodologies commonly utilized. The most common theoretical approach in studying youth engagement has been generational and, within this framework, scholars have utilized the social capital, historical, sociological, psychological, and rational choice theoretical perspectives. The methodological approach to studying youth engagement also has been fairly uniform with most relying on survey research (predominantly of college students) and with most scholars focused upon the political actions of individuals rather than issues prompting action or the institutional context in which actions take place. This critical analysis of the literature leads to the conclusion that key aspects of participation aren’t being considered and that the study of youth engagement would benefit from broadening our approach as well as looking at the phenomenon from young adults’ point of view.
Femme fatale
Authors: Chaplin Felicity
Published: January 2018

The association of woman with Paris and death was a popular trope in nineteenth-century French culture and finds expression in cinematic representations of the Parisienne as femme fatale. This chapter considers la Parisienne as femme fatale in Jules Dassin’s Du rififi chez les hommes (1955), Marcel Carné’s Le jour se lève(1939) and Le quai des brumes(1938), and Jean-Luc Godard’s A bout de souffle (1960). These films can be considered examples of French film noir and their female protagonists read as femme fatales. However, the femme fatale of French film noir is different from the femme fatale of American film noir; she comes from a different cultural tradition and is informed by a different cultural figure.
This chapter argues that the development of the femme fatale as a cinematicarchetype passed through a cultural tradition not usually associated with the noir genre: nineteenth-century French culture and the tradition of the filles d’Eve embodied in the type la Parisienne. The French version of this archetype grew out of the popular nineteenth-century trope of the association of woman with the city and death. Indeed, there is an aesthetic and narrative overdetermination of the femme fatale by the figure of la Parisienne, particularly through iconographical motifs associated with the type, like fashion, ambiguity, sexuality and danger
The Power of Citizens and Professionals in Welfare Encounters
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This book addresses the crucial issue of the interrelation between macro and micro structures within citizen-professional encounters of the modern welfare state. Since the 1990s, European welfare states have moved towards a so-called governance approach; a bottom-up approach that emphasises the activeness, engagement, coproduction, and cooperation of citizens. This framing of the encounter means that citizens are no longer best described as the passive clients of the bureaucracy and welfare workers are no longer automatically the powerful party of the encounter. However, the welfare encounter is structured by other powerful factors as well; factors such as market values and bureaucratic principles which often pull in different directions than the governance approach to citizens. This book sets out to explore how these various factors in combination affects the client-professional encounter. Aside from chapters on the sociology of professions, symbolic interactionism, power in welfare encounters, bureaucratic principles, market values, norms from psychology, the book includes a double-length chapter that qualifies the conclusions through empirical analyses of encounters between citizens and doctors, caseworkers and social workers. The book is aimed for academics, post-graduates, and undergraduates within sociology, anthropology and political science.
Inventing the Cave Man
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

Cave men are among the most widely recognised characters in global popular culture. They look like modern humans and inhabit a humorously archaic, but scientifically invalid version of the contemporary world. They battle dinosaurs, use comic technology like foot-powered cars, and drag women by the hair. This illustrated book is the first systematic investigation of the character’s evolution from pre-modern freak shows and fascinations with apes, to mid-nineteenth century evidence of dinosaurs, ancient hominids and evolution. Suddenly, long-held scientific and religious beliefs came into question, provoking public debates that inspired British satirical magazines, performers in the emerging entertainment industry, writers and eventually filmmakers and television companies. Ancient hominids were first depicted as explicitly simian and threatening, though by the end of the century the familiar, modern cave man had emerged. Humour has always been the most common tone for evoking human prehistory, because it allowed unsettling subjects to be addressed indirectly. As evolutionary ideas became more acceptable and Europe’s ancient past became better known, cartoonists began using prehistory to satirise contemporary middle-class Britain. Their cave men looked like the male, Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of that world, while the situations they depicted affirmed Victorian ideas about race, gender, nation and empire. This British cave man travelled throughout the English-speaking world, establishing the broad parameters within which our earliest ancestors continue to be depicted in popular culture.
Mass culture: the Victorian world picture
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores aspects of nineteenth-century popular culture that contributed to the emergence of the cave man character. References are made to previous works from history, cultural and literary studies and the history of science. These show how long-standing ideas about the earth’s history were challenged by geological, archaeological and paleontological evidence of ancient and extinct mammals, dinosaurs and hominids. Elite ideas were popularised for a mass public by scientists themselves, and through evolutionary freak shows that exploited scientific controversies for profit. Increasingly, scientific ideas were generalised and disseminated by mass-market, heavily illustrated books and magazines. A new style of comic magazine introduced ‘cartoons’ which poked gentle fun at current sensations, as did an emerging entertainment industry centred on music hall, pantomime and other forms of popular theatre. New steam-powered transportation meant that books, magazines and performers travelled farther and faster than ever before. Britain was the hub of this new mass culture, both spreading and receiving ideas through a continuous, reciprocal dialogue with the emerging empire and America.
Antediluvian pictorial fun: E.T. Reed and the prehistoric peeps
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter is centred on the ‘prehistoric peeps’ cartoons that E.T. Reed began publishing in Punch magazine in 1893. These immensely influential images, which appeared for years and were reproduced throughout the English-speaking world, marked the point at which the cave man character entered popular culture. Reed’s scruffy human cave men were not related to gorillas or missing links and so they posed no existential racial threat. They inhabited a completely fanciful world that is also easily recognisable as an archaic version of late-Victorian Britain. Reed poked gentle fun at contemporary institutions, ideas and events. It was a conservative view of the ancient past that endorsed late-Victorian ideas about gender, class and national identity. Reed’s images were especially popular in the colonies, where they were used to promote a British identity and erase indigenous peoples from local history. Reed’s impact on contemporaries is explored, especially American cartoonists whose imitative images finally popularised cave men in that country. Reed’s cartoons were also recreated on stage by professional and amateur performers in Britain and throughout the empire. Writers explored prehistory in literature. By the turn of the century, Reed’s unthreatening, middle class vision of prehistory predominated.
Introduction
Authors: Horrall Andrew
Published: January 2018

This short chapter opens with a scene set in 1911, in which Antarctic explorers from throughout the British Empire listen to a recording of the era’s most famous cave man in their hut near the South Pole. This demonstrates how the cave man had been insinuated into global popular culture. The introduction then briefly sketches the character’s genesis, noting the importance of popular evolutionary theories and especially Charles Darwin, the role played by the cartoonist Edward Tennyson ‘E.T.’ Reed and the international influence of his drawings. The use of the term ‘cave man’ to refer to these ancient humans is discussed as are issues surrounding gender and race. Finally, a short note about primary sources discusses how digitisation and searchable databases have revolutionised the ways in which popular culture can be explored, reconstructed and understood.
Introduction
Authors: Tomkins Alannah
Published: January 2018

Medical professionalisation is well represented in the existing literature, but the impact of the process on medical masculinity is not. Similarly there has been an assumption that professionalisation rapidly overwrote the drivers of the medical marketplace when this work suggests this is anachronistic. The introduction to this work sets the standard account of medical professionalisation in a new frame, by revealing the ongoing role of market concerns, and intra-professional rivalry as giving rise to covert competition. It also outlines the impact of increasingly stringent professional criteria on medical masculinity. Finally it unfolds the value of digitised newspapers for providing new avenues to evidence for halting or truncated professional careers.
Thwarted ambition and disappointing careers? Narratives of the Indian Medical Service
Authors: Tomkins Alannah
Published: January 2018

Men recruited to the Indian Medical Service would have been justified in regarding their careers with apprehension, given the high mortality among medical men in India and the slim chances of either swift promotion or rich rewards. This chapter uses both quantitative and qualitative means to consider the dissatisfactions of Indian service including challenges to medical masculinity. It identifies the need for patronage, and the drive towards competition, as ongoing features of professional life, particularly from the diaries and letters of men serving 1810-1850.
Building new narratives: academies, aspiration and the education market
Authors: Kulz Christy
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces readers to Dreamfields Academy, a flagship secondary academy located in the English city of Goldport. It also introduces the academy program more generally and its roots within marketised education reforms of the 1980s. Academies presented an apolitical, technocratic means of overwriting narratives of educational failure in urban boroughs and securing investment. Yet through this process spaces of negotiation formerly provided by local authorities were forced out of existence as power is transferred to central government and its private sector partners. These reforms do not aim to provide practical equality, but focus on individualized aspiration while instating authoritarian methods as a means of disciplining racialised and classed populations.
The social and political construction of the Cold War
Authors: Strong Tracy B.
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, the political theorist Tracy B. Strong revisits intellectual debates over the origins of the Cold War. Strong sketches out the political and conceptual dimensions of the main domestic and international factors that are deemed to have led to the emergence of the Cold War, providing a fresh account of how the different pieces interact with one another, and emphasising the key moments of indeterminacy and uncertainty that are often ignored in the mainstream literature. Through a close analysis of debates and developments within the American Left during the early to mid 1940s, he shows that the dynamics in American society during this tumultuous period were much more complex than is usually assumed; it was also sufficiently diverse to have made other geopolitical outcomes highly conceivable. In the end, the policy path chosen by the United States was determined in great part by the ideational frameworks that were on offer at the time to make sense of an otherwise highly confusing set of events. Herein lies the historical importance of ‘strategist-intellectuals’ like Henry Luce, Henry Wallace, George Kennan and Paul Nitze.
Migration, cosmopolitanism and ‘global citizenship’ from the 1990s
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter concludes the chronological section by examining testimony of migrants from the 1990s, pointing to intensification of cosmopolitan mentalities and motivations like lifestyle enhancement. It focuses in some depth on stories of two generations of women through the separate but connected mobilities of mother and daughter, both global in outlook but deeply loyal to adopted localities. Noting that scholarship on globalisation has done little to relate the macro trends to mentalities of ordinary people, it suggests that modern migrant story-telling might shed light on how the globalising world has impacted upon wider populations as well as migrants themselves. It scrutinizes politically motivated mobility, particularly inspired by hostility to British politics and class, involving both expatriate employment, transnational marriage and serial migration; this is juxtaposed against family migration and travel seemingly devoid of political motivations but imbued with a virtual lifetime of adventure motivations. The chapter concludes with a case of a woman’s serial migration from Britain to Europe to South Africa to Australia, highlighting experiences of the ‘trailing spouse’ of an expatriate husband, of their later migration, and the impact of frequent mobility on marriage and family as well as on shifting identities.
Family, love, marriage and migration: the push and pull of private life
Authors: Hammerton A. James
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores ways in which the dynamics of love, marriage and family have shaped experiences and stories voiced by modern migrants. It focuses on the darker and brighter sides of migration and private life, where twin influences of migration and emotionally driven events are difficult to disentangle. These cases provide stark evidence of how modern migration became more discretionary, facilitating decisions to change countries for love – or for loss of love. Even the darker stories suggest migration could provide relief from the pain of family breakdown and divorce possibly due to resilience born of the challenges of adaptation to new countries. Transnational child custody cases and the complications of transnational marriages add further dimensions of complexity. Stories of close-knit but fractured families across three countries, with complex emotional histories, reveal equally complex understandings of the idea of ‘home’ as sanctuary, which owes something to changing attitudes to mobility. The final section, ‘Making the heart grow fonder: transnational love stories’, explores two women’s accounts in which emotions drove transnational love stories in striking ways, one over nearly half a century. All the stories mark a new trend of discretionary migration in an age of affluence.
Mega-events and mediatisation: between old and new media
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

Sport mega-events are often referred to as being media-events. This chapter is concerned with the relationship particularly between Olympic mega-events and the media in a period of massive media change involving the digital revolution and the rise of the internet. The chapter’s discussion of these issues in the mediatisation of mega-events is in two parts. The first part is concerned with the changing nature of the media and wider social contexts in which the relationship between the Olympics and media has developed. On this basis it then looks at the symbiotic relationship which developed and continues to endure between the Olympics and the old media, particularly television. The second part introduces the changing social context involved in the growth of new media, together with the potential for the growth of positive relations, a new symbiosis, between the Olympics and the new media.
Embedding mega-events: staging spectacles in changing cities
Authors: Roche Maurice
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that the ‘spectacle’ of mega-events needs to be understood particularly at the level of host cities, and at that level in both in positive and negative terms and also in short and long-terms time-frames. Negatively events can, in the short-term, create spectacles and controversies in the form of the security they need, and in the long-term can create debts and ‘white elephant’ waste. They can also be understood in more positive terms as short-term performative ‘spectacles’ which are ‘embedded’ in the long-term physical legacies they leave in their host cities. It suggests that there are two main types of mega-event urban legacy. The main type is that of ‘place-making’ buildings and facilities, exemplified by iconic ‘starchitect’ architecture or functional architecture or both. The more secondary type is that of the ‘space-making’ creation or renewal of major green parks and open public areas. The chapter shows that while both Olympic and Expos mega-events have left ‘starchitecture’ legacies, Olympics have traditionally tended to leave more of the ‘functional complex’ type of urban places, and Expos have tended to leave more of the ‘open public space’ and ‘recreational green park’ type urban spaces.
The NGO Care and Food Aid from America 1945-80
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2018

This book provides a historical account of the non-governmental organization CARE, one of the largest humanitarian NGOs worldwide. Beginning in the 1940s, the author analyzes CARE’s history, taking into account both the organization’s specific development and general trends of humanitarian history throughout the second half of the twentieth century. She provides an intriguing perspective on one of the most innovative and fast-growing private humanitarian players in the field of global hunger relief, and analyzes CARE’s intricate relations to international governments, NGOs and corporate players in the United States and beyond. Readers interested in international relations and humanitarian hunger prevention are provided with fascinating insights into the economic and business-related aspects of non-governmental politics, fundraising and philanthropic giving in this field. The book also offers an intriguing account of CARE’s drive toward organizational size, economic growth and expansion into new fields of service, from individual CARE packages to Europeans to large-scale school-feeding projects and development aid. The author gives centre stage to the individuals and groups that have shaped CARE’s history since the end of the Second World War. The book is an important contribution to the growing field of humanitarian history. Not only does it contribute to ongoing research about the rise of NGOs in the international realm, it also offers very rich empirical material on the political implications of private and governmental international aid in a world marked by the Cold War order, decolonialization processes and the struggle of so-called third world countries to catch up with Western industrialized countries and modern consumer societies.
Before Ceylon
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter charts Taylor’s early origins at Auchenblae in northeast Scotland, in order to understand what shaped his personality and achievements abroad. As well as providing critical family information, it pays particular attention to Taylor’s schooling, the region’s agricultural excellence and engagement with the industrial revolution, and the nature of Scottish networking in Ceylon, all of which shaped Taylor. We conclude with details of Taylor’s time in London before he took ship to Ceylon.
Globalising Ceylon tea
Authors: McCarthy Angela , Devine T.M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Ceylon’s advantages in tea cultivation and why it was able to compete so effectively alongside India against the traditional hegemony of China in the British tea market. It pays special attention to the marketing of Ceylon tea especially at international exhibitions and the development of syndicates to market the product globally.
America’s exceptional empire
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

The Obama administration announced in 2010 that the US would make a strategic foreign policy turn towards Asia i.e. China. This chapter shows that the discussion on this policy in the US is framed by a shared perception that the rise of China presents an existential challenge to the US-led world order that has prevailed since 1945. Some see conflict as an inevitable consequence of Great Power politics; others allege conflict will be unavoidable because China has regional expansionist aspirations or because China is a revisionist power that does not accept the rules of the ‘pax Americana’. The Pentagon is developing military strategies in the case of conflict with China. This chapter demonstrates that wherever the argument, starts, whether from a neocon or liberal perspective, whether concerned about the US’s economic, military or strategic position, all arrive at the same conclusion: China must be brought into line.
The rise of Japanese nationalism
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter appraises Japan’s crucial role in the US ‘pivot’ to Asia, against the background of the evolution of post-war relations between Japan, the US and China. It argues that the rise of Japanese nationalism has encouraged it to challenge China, reorienting its military priorities towards China and becoming more assertive in the East China Sea. But while this has suited the US’s aims in the region, Japan’s nationalists are not it in its control. Their over-assertiveness and apparent revanchism has created problems between Japan and South Korea and an obstacle to the US’s goal of creating a northeast Asian bloc of the US, Japan and South Korea to contain China
The USS Taiwan?
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the developing relations between Taiwan and Mainland China. After a post-war history that pitted them as rival governments of China, despite both sides having to abandon the project of early reunification by military force, the primary relations between them remained hostile. These hostilities began to diminish as first Taiwan then mainland China took off economically, and the primary drivers of their bilateral relations increasingly became economic rather than political or military and the knotty problem of Taiwan’s status has been shelved. The US ‘pivot’ has tended to bring the issue of Taiwan’s status back to the fore; but while Taiwan continues to prioritise relations with the US, on which it is militarily dependent, it has shown caution about allowing tensions to rise with China.
Korea: divided nation, divided allegiances
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at South Korea’s response to the US ‘pivot’. It takes stock of the post-war division of the peninsula and its consequences for the international alignment of both North and South. It considers how the ‘economic miracle’ in South Korea led to growing competition with Japan and greater synergies with China. It looks at the degree to which North Korea threatens stability in the region, and to what extent its demonisation justifies a major US presence in close proximity to China. The chapter discusses whether resurgent China is seen as a threat to South Korean interests or chiefly viewed through the prism of mutual economic benefit; and contrasts alleged concerns about China with those provoked by Japan. It concludes that while South Korea has continued to step up its military collaboration with the US, it has not become a cheerleader for pushing back against China and has not signed up to a US strategy to contain China.
Asia’s Mediterranean
Authors: Woodward Jude
Published: January 2018

This chapter (and the next) look at the US’s recent intervention in the South China Sea and China’s responses. It considers the varying domestic and strategic concerns of these primarily island countries. It analyses the drivers of their responses to the sovereignty disputes in the Sea and to the key US initiative of the TPP. This chapter and the next are linked to the one that follows on Vietnam, which also plays a critical role in the shifting relation of forces in the South China Sea disputes. This is the region where the US has invested most hopes in a dramatic shift in regional alignments against China. These chapters assess the US’s progress, and conclude that – despite its lack of a local ally with anything like the weight of Japan or South Korea and the immense geographic extension of American power involved in maintaining its presence in the region – in some respects the US ’rebalance’ strategies have made more progress here to China’s south than to its east.
Jane Eyre’s transmedia lives
Authors: Pietrzak-Franger Monika
Published: January 2018

The ongoing interest in Jane Eyre and its various adaptations, appropriations, mash-ups and sequels are indicative of the fact that the story and the main character have loosened themselves from literary forms and have become transmedia phenomena. Taking into consideration the independent web series The Autobiography of Jane Eyre, and the media discussion it generated among online communities, this chapter argues that in contrast to popular screen adaptations of the novel, the web series disentangles the heroine from the romantic plot and re-positions her within a network of relationships that encourage her growth. In this way, the series bypasses gender critiques levelled at Charlotte Brontë’s text and the majority of its mainstream adaptations. The web series’ media format and exploration of authorship enables its viewers to treat it both as an adaptation and a fictional vlog, highlighting the complex ways in which this classic of Victorian literature continues to matter today.
The Synthetic Proposition
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

The synthetic proposition: Conceptualism and the political referent in contemporary art examines the impact of Civil Rights, Black Power, the student, feminist and the sexual-liberty movements on conceptualism and its legacies in the United States between the late 1960s and the present. It focuses on the turn to political reference in practices originally concerned with philosophically abstract ideas, and traces key strategies in contemporary art today to the reciprocal influences of conceptualism and identity politics, movements that have so far been historicized as mutually exclusive. It demonstrates that while identity-based strategies were particular, their impact spread far beyond the individuals or communities that originated them. Commencing with the early oeuvre of Adrian Piper, a first generation Conceptual artist, this book offers a study of interlocutors that expanded the practice into a broad notion of conceptualism, including Joseph Kosuth, David Hammons, Renée Green, Mary Kelly, Martha Rosler, Silvia Kolbowski, Daniel Joseph Martinez, Lorna Simpson, Hans Haacke, Andrea Fraser, and Charles Gaines. By turning to social issues, these artists analyzed the cultural conventions embedded in modes of reference and representation such as language, writing, photography, moving image, or installation and exhibition display.
Conceptual Art and identity politics: from the 1960s to the 1990s
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

This chapter asks how a precisely articulated set of practices, defined by artists in the 1960s as Conceptual Art, evolve into a broad notion of conceptualism, and how the latter had expanded into its present forms. It shows how, in the United States context, some of the most important strategies of conceptualism developed through the influence of contemporaneous politics, more specifically the transition from Civil Rights into Black Power, the New Left, the anti-war movement, feminism, and gay liberation, as well as what later came to be collectively named “identity politics” in the 1970s. A range of artists who have self-defined as conceptualists synthesised Conceptual analytic approaches with an outlook on identity formation as a means of political agency, and not as a representation of the self, a strategy that significantly expanded in the 1970s. Two major aspects of identity politics have impacted the field. The first, activist and administrative, consisted of protests against existing institutions, the developments of action groups and collectives, and the subsequent formulation of alternative spaces. The second was the bearing that it had on artistic strategy, form, and subject matter. This chapter focuses on practices that took a critical outlook on identity formation.
Adrian Piper: the body after conceptualism
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

This chapter takes a close look at Adrian Piper’s transition from Conceptual Art to conceptualism, in the context of Conceptual Art’s canonical interpretations. I observe that her contribution was focused specifically on questions of mediation—the mediation of content by materials, forms, and language—later considering the mediating power of race, gender and other forms of apparent difference. From the application of analytic thinking to the work of art, she extended her enquiries to the dynamic relationship between the various elements of the artwork, such as object, author, body, self, circulation, and audience reception. Piper’s use of the autobiographical tone and the body arrived chronologically after an extended period of preoccupation with the context of the art object, its circulation and reception, and general inquiries into the nature of time and space through a focus on media and mediation. In accordance with this sequence of development, I propose to read her later work in the same way, always first as Conceptual, onto which we can then apply the political question. To enter the work through its analytic base is to read it on the terms of its making, not the subject position of its maker.
Institutional gender: from Hans Haacke’s Systems Theory to Andrea Fraser’s feminist economies
Authors: Shaked Nizan
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at a development within institutional critique as bracketed by the work of Haacke and Andrea Fraser, highlighting their interest in art as a site of social interaction, and focusing on the connection made by Fraser between the personal and the financial transaction. This trajectory nests within two typologies of criticism levelled against institutional critique: one claiming that all criticism is eventually subsumed into the system, and the other arguing that the gesture of exposing contradictions relies on a vulgar notion of political reality. This second position defined aesthetics as the form that makes ineligible what is intelligible on the stage of politics, calling for the analysis of forms of visibility that define the appearance of politics. It is in some ways a formalist argument. In contrast, Fraser’s proposition brought a feminist perspective to institutional critique to show how politics appear in and through the human body. In her synthesis of an identity-based/feminist entry point to the work of institutional critique, Fraser offered a perspective on the making of a political stage and its subjects. Her work compared how gender, the (working) human body, or the artwork appear, exist or mediate transactions, and what form value takes in the process.
The genesis of location realism
Authors: Hewett Richard
Published: January 2018

Just as studio realism reached its apotheosis in the 1970s, BBC television drama showed signs of moving away from the multi-camera practices of Television Centre and out onto location. While technologically primitive compared to the cameras used today, the early employment of Outside Broadcast videotape equipment for drama (as opposed to live sporting events) saw a move towards a less projected performance style, linked in turn to the gradual introduction in English drama schools of Constantin Stanislavski, whose influence in the UK had been signified a decade earlier by the opening of East 15 and the Drama Centre London. While training for television at drama academies remained minimal, this period saw the beginnings of the birth of location realism, whose emergence in Survivors was praised by contemporary viewers.
Hectic times: Europe and its Muslim minorities
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

The present encounter between Europe and Muslim immigration reflects a clear relevance to the “Triangle,” that is, the tripartite relationship between Europeans, Muslim immigrants, and the spectre of the Jewish experience in Europe. Observers on both sides of the divide have described contemporary cultural anxieties as the Continent’s “new Jewish problem” and are ominously suggesting another Holocaust cannot be ruled out. Immigration is often portrayed as a heavy yoke on European society, culture and economy. Yet, one third of Europe’s economic output is the product of immigrants. Immigration makes a positive contribution to the Continent’s high standards of education and professional skills. Nevertheless, prejudice, discrimination, Islamophobia and Europhobia are emotive issues. Islam is considered a problem, indeed a threat to the European (“white”) race, culture, civilization and the Christian religion, all of which are perceived as under attack. Yet, as the Muslim presence in Europe expands and mosques proliferate, Christians are seizing the opportunity to seek reciprocity in Muslim lands, i.e., freedom to worship and build churches, and improvement of conditions that will stem the exodus of native Christians.
Haunted presents: the Holocaust as a yardstick
Authors: Nachmani Amikam
Published: January 2018

In Europe today the Holocaust (1933–45) has become a “hot potato” in the complex perceptions and relations between the Muslim and European communities. The attitudes of Muslim migrants to the Holocaust are contradictory, drawing on its lesson as a warning of their future, while simultaneously denying or distorting its historical factuality. As for Christian Europe, its present-day guilty conscience reacts to the atrocities committed against the Jews by demonstrating politically correct behaviour and excessive tolerance to Muslims reaching its shores. Socially, Muslim migrants remind themselves not to believe that Europeans will ever fully accept them however much they assimilate into European culture. Politically, the rapidly expanding European far-Right substitutes the Koran for The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and describes Muslim migrants as “the new enemy from within.” Muslims counter-claim the Arabs paid for Europe’s Holocaust atrocities with Israel’s establishment and the Palestinian’s disentitlement. In a bizarre twist to the Triangle, European right-wingers (previously Holocaust deniers and deeply anti-Jewish) are now courting Israel to gain legitimacy for their nationalist view of a shared threat in the form of Islamic world domination.
Introduction
Authors: Adams Matthew S. , Kinna Ruth
Published: January 2018

In 1903, as European tensions began to mount, Jean Jaurès, the leader of the French Socialist Party, declared his faith in the possibility of securing a peace that was ‘profound, durable, organised and definitive’. The two ‘great systems of alliances’ which, for now, merely held each other in check, would produce strong and lasting friendships; democracy was extending across the continent and it would not be long before ‘all human groups from Finland to Ireland, from Poland to Alsace’ would discover their ‘moral affinities’ and find ‘reciprocal security’ through disarmament....
The Manifesto of the Sixteen: Kropotkin’s rejection of anti-war anarchism and his critique of the politics of peace
Authors: Ryley Peter
Published: January 2018

Most attention has been paid to anarchist opposition to the First World War. There were, however, anarchists who supported the Entente powers, wished to see Germany defeated, and opposed the anti-war movement. Peter Kropotkin and his French supporters were the most prominent of these. This chapter examines Kropotkin's challenge to the radical orthodoxies of his day and places it in the context of the development of thinking about war and peace in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It engages with the debate between him and his most prominent antagonist, Errico Malatesta, and suggests that Kropotkin's arguments, mainly based on the right to self-defence, his rejection of non-intervention, and his opposition to moral equivalence, were coherent and persuasive then and are still relevant for thinking about war and peace today.