bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dares Compiled
Authors: Clark Frederic
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 surveys the transmission and reception of the Destruction of Troy in the Middle Ages, from the earliest attestations of the text in Carolingian Francia to the height of its popularity in twelfth-century England. Specifically, it examines how medieval scribes and compilers packaged the text in multi-text manuscripts, which survive today in great numbers. Many of these codices continued Dares with accounts of the Trojan origins of the Franks, Britons, and other medieval peoples. In this fashion the Destruction of Troy morphed from an ancient history into a medieval genealogy—it functioned as a means of linking the medieval present to the ancient past through claims of Trojan ancestry. The latter portions of the chapter explore Dares’ many connections with Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain, a twelfth-century pseudo-history that famously claimed Britain had been founded by the Trojan Brutus.
Dares Attacked
Authors: Clark Frederic
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 begins in the early Italian Renaissance with the Florentine humanist Coluccio Salutati, one of the first scholars to suggest that Dares was perhaps not who he said he was. After considering the contributions of figures like Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus to the history of criticism, it surveys how debates over Dares’ authenticity spread across early modern scholarship. In the sixteenth century, the forged Antiquities of a modern trickster, the Dominican Annius of Viterbo, prompted some critics to attack not only Annius’ own works, but also the “ancient” texts of Dares and Dictys Cretensis. Suddenly it became possible to doubt the first pagan historian. Yet even as a growing number of early modern scholars attacked Dares’ credibility, others blithely went on believing him. As this chapter argues, this simultaneous rejection and affirmation of Dares reflected the continued valorization of ancient authority in early modern scholarship, and its newfound concern for forming a classical canon.
Dares Printed and Philologized
Authors: Clark Frederic
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 looks in closer depth at just why Dares remained a source of debate in early modern Europe, even after some critics had seemingly demolished him once and for all. The first part of the chapter examines phenomena traditionally associated with the rise of criticism and the downfall of forgeries, including print culture, the recuperation of ancient Greek texts, and scientific empiricism. It argues that these phenomena actually bolstered the reputation and credibility of Dares Phrygius. From the Elizabethan Philip Sidney’s neo-Aristotelian poetics to the proliferation of printed reference works by Conrad Gessner, Jean Bodin, and others, Dares remained a canonical first in the history of history. The second part of the chapter examines how, in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, both the increasingly professionalized world of classical scholarship and the confessional polemics engendered by the Reformation and Counter–Reformation responded to this perpetuation of Dares’ longevity with renewed attacks.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Phillip
Published: October 2020

This introductory chapter outlines an alternative theory of human capital based on job scarcity rather than labor scarcity. This is done in the context of a changing economy, wherein orthodox human capital theory has resulted in credential hyperinflation. The new human capital proposes to address challenges presented by global competition, new technologies, and economic inequalities. To develop an alternative theory, the chapter reexamines the role of human beings and their relationship to capital. It argues that the story of human capital represents a conflict at the very heart of capitalism, where the outcome is yet to be decided. The new human capital involves rethinking supply, demand, and return, and in doing so highlights a fundamental change in the relationship between them.
Origins
Authors: Brown Phillip
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the history of human capital theory. Before the mid-twentieth century the idea of human capital had a checkered history. Ideas linking the role of human labor to wealth creation can be traced to the works of Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, and Thomas Aquinas. The chapter examines the ideas posed by notable economic theorists and thinkers such as Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Theodore Schultz, and Gary Becker. It shows how the ideas developed by these thinkers extended to a wide range of issues concerning the relationship between education and the labor market. In turn, they were able to influence policy in such powerful ways that their legacy remains. Above all, their influence shaped the way education is viewed in many countries: as an investment in the economic fortunes of the individual and the nation. This view gradually emerged as the dominant one, but was triumphantly sealed by the advent of neoliberalism in the 1980s.
Winners and Losers
Authors: Brown Phillip
Published: October 2020

This chapter asks who wins and who loses in the distribution of credentials, jobs, and wages. Orthodox theorists argue that human capital is the most important form of capital in modern economies, so by investing in education individuals can earn the returns on their rising productivity. This led to the view that knowledge workers would be the key beneficiaries of today’s economy, as they would supersede traditional capitalists as wealth creators. This chapter presents evidence of who have been the real winners and losers in Becker’s “age of human capital.” It shows how rates of return reflect social inequalities in class, gender, and ethnicity. This analysis challenges three key tenets of orthodox theory.
The Mirage of Opportunity
Authors: Brown Phillip
Published: October 2020

This chapter shows how orthodox theory has contributed to the destruction of the neoliberal opportunity bargain, and how it has become part of the problem rather than a policy solution. Beyond stagnant, if not declining incomes, there are three further symptoms, namely, credential inflation, elite closure, and a narrowing of academic purpose to “education as employability.” Credential inflation is at the heart of a human capital currency crisis given a decline in the exchange value of credentials. The goal posts move with almost every graduation ceremony, and the rules of the game change as employers look beyond credentials in making their hiring decisions. Many people are being priced out of the market not because they are stupid or lack ambition but because they do not have the resources to stay in an extended competition; at the same time, elites are using their social advantage to win a competitive advantage by monopolizing elite institutions and accessing international networks.
Rethinking Economic Returns
Authors: Brown Phillip
Published: October 2020

This chapter argues for a fundamental revaluation of how the productive dividend is to be shared. If there is little prospect of narrowing income inequalities or upgrading the quality of life for all through existing supply-side policies, new human capital requires a wide-ranging policy response to address inequalities of condition alongside inequalities of opportunity. This is why the question of returns (economic prizes) is so important, because there is the need for a new narrative and public policy agenda aimed at spreading the benefits of economic activity to enable human flourishing across society. It requires a redefinition of economic purpose linked to reimagining both earning and learning and the relationship between them. A key insight of the chapter is that what is capitalized by individuals and firms rests on a social dividend that needs to be built into the distributional foundations of the new human capital. It shares the widely held view that the competition for economic prizes should be constructed so that every individual has an equal chance to win.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Phillip
Published: October 2020

This concluding chapter provides arguments based on mounting research evidence showing that, for many, learning is not earning. It also rests on the contention that historical possibilities exist to improve the quality of individual and social life through the transformation of economic means—in other words, by developing a new way of thinking about human capital. The chapter goes on to confront future prospects for the new human capital, even as these prospects depend on rebalancing the power relations between capital and labor. To conclude, the chapter calls for a different narrative that connects with the disconnections in people’s lives—their sense of disappointment, alienation, and unfairness. However, the distributional conflict revealed at the very heart of capitalism, which is central to the crisis of human capital, remains to be resolved.
Integrating Virtues
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 moves beyond providing an account of individual virtues to advance a conception of character. Here “character” means the integration of a constellation of virtues within personality. The chapter presents and defends an “integration” thesis, which means that the distinctiveness of individual characters can be explained by investigating interrelations among the unique arrays of virtues that people possess and display. The integration thesis is essentially practical, maintaining that virtues develop together uniquely in individual personalities as people respond to the virtue-relevant circumstances of their daily lives. Character has been much discussed in the history of philosophy, especially in debates about the unity or reciprocity of the virtues. The chapter situates the integration thesis vis-à-vis this literature, arguing that it is preferable to a number of views on the virtues and how they are unified (or not) to form character.
History
Authors: Williams Justin A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on a particular track, “The Thieves Banquet,” from Akala’s eponymous 2013 album and its critique of neocolonialism. His theatrical performance on these tracks, with their use of multi-accentuality and code combining with elements of Western classical music, creates a multi-layered and intermedial hybrid text. As Black vernacular forms such as hip-hop have become a powerful site of (capitalist) critique, Akala’s performative skills as a rapper allow him to present a complex and didactic allegory informed by imperial history, the literature of the global south, and the global financial crisis. It also points a way forward for the study of accent in hip-hop as well as looking more closely at a performative approach to rap music that acknowledges its inherent theatricality.
Subculture/Style
Authors: Williams Justin A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on the punk-rap duo the Sleaford Mods (“Tied up in Nottz,” “Tiswas,” “Liveable Shit”) and grime-pop rapper Lethal Bizzle (“Babylon’s Burning the Ghetto”), artists who appropriate and translate punk aesthetics via different means to varying consequences. It examines the result of combining aesthetics from an older genre with newer developments, highlighting the racialized identities that often exist within these genres. While punk is not the only musical genre utilized in hybrid hip-hop styles in the United Kingdom, it nevertheless lends particular sonic and ideological meanings to English rap music, meanings which complicate an already multifaceted history of racially essentialized categorizations of the music industry and their listeners.
Strange and Wonderful
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

Ever since the creation of the world’s first zoological and botanical gardens five thousand years ago, people have collected, displayed, and depicted animals and plants from lands far beyond their everyday experience. Some did so to demonstrate power over far-flung territories; others to enhance prestige by possessing something no one had ever seen before. Exotica also satisfied intellectual curiosity, educated and entertained, and furthered scientific inquiry. The earliest evidence we have shows that exotic fauna and flora—and the state-sponsored images of them—were instruments of political persuasion, and in turn often exerted considerable influence over expansionist policies. This book tells the fascinating story behind the many ways the exotic have appeared in Western art. Beginning in the world of Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age, the text travels chronologically through the Classical, Byzantine, Islamic, and Renaissance periods to end in the New World’s gardens of Eden, meeting such characters as Albrecht Durer’s rhinoceros, Hatshepsut’s beloved baboons, Empress Josephine’s kangaroos, and Seleucus’s tiger along the way.
Knowing the Unknown
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This chapter looks at the various existence of exotica in the Classical, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. Through Egyptian intermediaries, monkeys from elsewhere in Africa reached Minoan Crete and the Cyclades during the first half of the second millennium B.C.E. Dozens of them appear thereafter in wall paintings, seals, and jewelry, engaging in animal and human activities in formal and informal settings. From the seventh century on, gradually expanding colonial and commercial contacts—especially in the eastern Mediterranean—brought exotic experiences back to the Greeks. This gave rise to Greek writing on natural history. Meanwhile, the rise of imperial Rome meant that exotic fauna found themselves inextricably linked with the self-image of the state; any exceptional creatures were reserved as gifts for the emperors. Menageries also existed throughout the Arab/Islamic world from an early date.
Epilogue
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This epilogue discusses the concept of Eden. In the absence of any consensus on where Eden is, interim Edens were created, from the circumscribed gardens in medieval abbey cloisters to the ambitious botanical and zoological microcosms of Renaissance kings. As the boundaries of the known world expanded, beginning in the Age of Discovery, these enclosed Edens gave way to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century paradises ever larger, seemingly limitless in their floral and faunal wonders. Throughout Western art, exotic flora and fauna have consistently dwelled in Eden. In medieval illuminations, the Tree of Life was typically a lush date palm, while the Tree of Knowledge was usually the golden orange, introduced to northern Europe from the Middle East via Muslim Spain.
Police Pushback
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

This chapter highlights how the police resist and contest big data analytics. Their resistance stems in large part from the proliferation of high-frequency observations and data collection sensors resulting in the police themselves coming under increased surveillance. New developments in surveillance technologies are frequently viewed with suspicion, with officers believing technology is a means of deskilling, entrenching managerial control, devaluing experiential knowledge, and threatening their professional autonomy. Novel tech ultimately serves to reinforce old divisions—such as those between managers and patrol officers—even as it creates new distinctions within the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Understanding these patterns of contestation underscores how big data is ultimately social. It also allows one to consider the extent to which data-based surveillance is—and is not—associated with deeper organizational change.
Estudiantinas and Female Vocal Duos
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

The first half of this chapter focuses on a key precursor of the Andean conjunto tradition, the estudiantina. It traces the process through which, from the 1880s to 1940s, urban La Paz’s estudiantinas gradually eschewed their original Eurocentric stylistic orientation and elite-criollo association, and instead adopted indigenista musical practices (e.g., added the kena and charango to their line-ups) and became identified with working-class cholo-mestizos. The second half of the chapter examines the careers of the La Paz–based female duos Las Hermanas Tejada and Las Kantutas from the late 1930s to the run-up to the 1952 Revolution. A look at the trajectories of these two superstar duos not only provides another perspective on Bolivian musical indigenismo, but also reveals a concurrent trend in the paceño folklore scene, música oriental, which then rivaled the popularity of Andes-centered musical indigenismo.
State-Sponsored Folklorization of Music-Dance Traditions in the MNR Era
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

Bolivia’s “revolutionary nationalism” epoch (1952–1964) saw a remarkable upsurge in the number, scope, and variety of state-sponsored folkloric music-dance events involving criollo-mestizo, cholo-mestizo, and indigenous performers. It was also in the years of MNR rule that Bolivia obtained a state-funded folkloric ballet company and fully operational Department of Folklore. The 1952–1964 MNR era thus represents not only a time of momentous political, social, and economic change for Bolivia, but also a critical juncture for the national folklore movement. This chapter analyzes the major musical folklorization initiatives that state-affiliated entities launched in La Paz city from 1952 to 1964, with special attention given to their connections with MNR projects and agendas, in particular the party’s panacea of cultural mestizaje (ethnic-cultural fusion). As this chapter shows, MNR-sponsored musical folklorization initiatives at times contradicted official party ideology, and in some instances articulated to a greater extent with indigenismo than with mestizaje.
1965
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

By narrowing the focus to the major events and happenings involving Bolivian musical folklorization that occurred in 1965 (e.g., Bolivian folklore delegation’s unexpected success at Argentina’s First Latin American Folklore Festival, the expansion of the local recording industry, the Bolivian state’s increased support for cultural tourism), and explaining the ways in which the Barrientos-Ovando administration’s populism resembled the approaches of the recently ousted MNR governments, this chapter sheds light on the intertwined local and translocal factors that made this year such a pivotal conjuncture for Bolivia’s folkloric music movement. It also reveals that by 1965 the conditions were strongly favorable in La Paz city and other Bolivian metropolitan centers (especially Cochabamba) for the rise to stardom of a locally based criollo-mestizo folklore band whose performance practices foregrounded signifiers of Andean indigeneity, a niche that the band Los Jairas would fill the following year.
Los Jairas, Peña Naira, and the Folklore Boom
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

The musical activities that Los Jairas—the band that scholars and local musicians widely credit with canonizing Bolivia’s Andean conjunto tradition—undertook from 1966 to 1969 represents the main subject of this chapter. Notwithstanding Los Jairas’ indisputably crucial role in popularizing the Andean conjunto format in the Bolivian setting, the ensemble’s musical practices did not represent a radically new direction at the time for the Bolivian folklore scene, as they closely resembled the interpretive approaches of earlier musical acts such as Conjunto 31 de Octubre. The 1966–1969 conjuncture within which Los Jairas’ career unfolded in Bolivia, however, afforded urban La Paz–based folkloric musicians with considerably greater opportunities than had been available to local criollo-mestizo artists in earlier periods. Through a detailed look at the trajectory of Los Jairas, this chapter illuminates how the band members successfully navigated these opportunities and thereby fostered the rise of the Andean conjunto tradition as a paramount form of Bolivian folkloric-popular music. This chapter also discusses numerous additional facets of the Bolivian folkloric music movement in this critical period, including the emergence and expansion of the peña scene and its significant impact on contemporaneous and future trends in música folklórica nacional.
Postlude
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

This chapter offers a brief overview of post-1970 trends in Bolivian Andean conjunto music, focusing on the careers and legacies of the ensembles Savia Andina and Los Kjarkas, especially the latter group. In the 1980s and 1990s, Los Kjarkas played a major role in establishing Cochabamba as the new headquarters for Bolivia’s most popular Andean conjuntos, not only through their own musical activities, but also by generating popular spin-off ensembles (e.g., Proyección, Fortaleza) In the 2010s, Ch’ila Jatun—an Andean conjunto formed by the sons and nephews of Los Kjarkas—rose to the summit of the Bolivian folkloric-popular music scene, with an interpretive approach that drew extensively on the musical practices of Los Kjarkas. Besides the previously mentioned ensembles, this chapter discusses the music-dance genres known as the chuntunqui and caporal-saya (problematically termed “saya”), which first became staples of the Andean conjunto repertoire in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively.
The Lost Lectures of C. Vann Woodward
Authors: Vann Woodward C. , Ayers Edward L.
Published: October 2020

This collection presents two sets of lectures that Woodward delivered at mid-century, LSU's Fleming Lectures in 1951 and Cornell's Messenger Lectures in 1964 along with one lecture taken from Yale’s Storrs Lectures in 1969. These lectures reflect Woodward's life-long interest in exploring the contours and limits of nineteenth-century liberalism. The editors draw on correspondence, Woodward's personal notes, and unpublished essays to chronicle his failed attempts to finish a much-awaited comprehensive history of Reconstruction, which he saw as the natural outgrowth of the Messenger Lectures. The letdown involving the latter project is all the more significant given that he had come to imagine the book as a companion to the Origins of the New South, one of the most lasting pieces of scholarship in the field. The Introduction focuses on the antebellum and Reconstruction periods, situating them in the context of mid-twentieth century historiographical debates. These reprinted lectures offer readers new perspectives on one of the most important authorities on the history of the late nineteenth and twentieth-century South.
Living Lives of Resistance in Multiple Registers
Authors: Lykes M. Brinton
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores one Maya Ixil woman’s stories of resistance in the context of genocidal violence, exile, and postconflict transitional justice processes. Through the analysis and re-analysis of narratives from in-depth interviews in 1992 and 2015 that bookend nearly three decades of a dialogic relationship between the author and this Maya Ixil woman, the author explores her shifting understandings of Maria Izabel’s silence about her past upon her return from exile. Through repositioning herself vis-à-vis multiple possible meanings of silence in contexts of genocidal violence, human rights activism, and transitional justice processes, the author discusses how Maria Izabel’s co-constructed stories crafted through their decades-long dialogic relationship in diverse historical contexts, narrated changes in both of their lives. The chapter further documents processes through which the author sought to “stand under” Maria Izabel’s diverse narratives at these distinctly different historical moments of social change and Mayan struggle in Guatemala.
Cultural Identities and Narratives That “Race”
Authors: Kessi Shose
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores how hegemonic representations of racialization are reproduced and/or resisted through stories told by a group of Black students located in a historically White university in South Africa, the University of Cape Town (UCT). The stories were collected through a photovoice project with 36 students from five different faculties at UCT over a period of three years, from 2013 to 2015.The photographs and written stories produced by the participants challenged and resisted the common social representations of Black underachievement and backwardness that prevail in higher education discourse. The students’ narratives, in the context of a transforming institution, shifted the terms of engagement in conversations about race and opened up spaces for meaningful dialogue and action toward social change. Their narratives not only constructed alternative frames of reference that provided positive resources for identity construction, but also conscientized and empowered them to influence the direction of the academic project.
Relational Approaches to Evaluating Teaching
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

A central purpose of evaluating teaching is to help teachers develop professionally. In contrast to traditional teachers’ appraisal and teachers’ performance management, relational approaches can overcome the current impasse where student test scores are used to judge teachers. Such practices undermine teachers’ confidence and professionalism and foster alienation from each other and from teaching itself. As a relational alternative, the authors propose a fourfold framework, centering on practices of mutual learning among teachers, inviting students as learning partners, cultivating teacher strengths and talents, and developing teachers’ research into their own practices. The authors show how relationally enriched approaches to evaluating teaching can inject creative energy into the teaching process while simultaneously supporting teachers’ learning. Evaluation can thus be integral to teachers’ professional development.
Relational Approaches to School Evaluation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

School inspection based on the standardized measurement of student test performance is among the significant causes of teachers’ stress and school leaders’ frustration. To truly understand how a school provides meaningful educational experiences, it is imperative to involve the reflection of all stakeholders. Viable alternatives from a relational standpoint are now emerging, and demonstrate how school evaluation in the form of collective and mutually supportive inquiry can enrich understanding of school functioning and stimulate effective change. Among the many relevant practices, the authors focus on two relationally sensitive approaches to replace the traditional models of school inspection: first, a community-based whole-school evaluation drawing on the perspectives of teachers, parents, students, and school governors, and then and an integral evaluation practice combining the evaluative concerns of the school community and policy makers. These practices demonstrate the value of including multiple voices in the school evaluation process, thus empowering and engaging the wider community in improving schools.
Toward Systemic Transformation in Education
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

In this conclusion, the authors consider steps toward systemic transformation in education. They offer proposals for relation-enriching actions in the classroom, the whole school, the community, higher education institutions, and beyond. In the classroom, the authors emphasize the art of inquiring, the art of listening, the art of appreciation, and the art of disagreeing; in the whole school, they advocate a relational ethos and the development of a culture of inquiry and collaboration, participative decision-making, and relational responsibility; in the community, they propose that parents should be co-learners and co-authors of the educational narrative and that neighborhood institutions should serve as school’s learning partners; in the case of higher education institutions, the authors stress these institutions’ role in expanding students’ learning and supporting teachers’ professional development. Finally, the authors point out that a systemic transformation in education invites a globally shared inquiry into new ways living together.
Sweet Mystery
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

Rida Johnson Young (ca. 1869–1926) was one of the most prolific female playwrights of her time, as well as a lyricist and librettist in the musical theater. She wrote more than thirty full-length plays, operettas, and musical comedies, five hundred songs, and four novels. Despite her extensive output, no significant study of her work has been produced. This book examines her musical theater works with in-depth analyses of her librettos and lyrics, as well as her working relationships with other writers, performers, and producers, particularly Lee and J. J. Shubert. Using archival materials such as original typescripts, correspondence, and reviews, the book contextualizes Young’s work within the milieu of the early-twentieth-century professional theater and provides a window into the standard practices of writing and production of the era. The works examined are Naughty Marietta, Lady Luxury, The Red Petticoat, When Love Is Young, His Little Widows, Her Soldier Boy, Maytime, Sometime, Little Simplicity, and The Dream Girl.
An Old Story in a New Dress
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces Rida Johnson’s early life in Baltimore, her marriage to actor James Young, and the beginning of her playwriting career. After moving to New York at age eighteen, she started out as an actor in E. H. Sothern’s company, then worked as a staff lyricist for M. Witmark & Sons. She then turned to writing plays and had many early successes, including Brown of Harvard, The Boys of Company “B,” The Lottery Man, and several shows with the Irish-style actor-singer Chauncey Olcott. With Olcott, she wrote “Mother Machree,” which would become one of her most popular songs. The chapter also discusses the baseball play she wrote with professional baseball player Christy Mathewson, The Girl and the Pennant. The chapter concludes with information about her divorce from Young and her growing popularity as a dependable playwright and collaborator.
Ah! Sweet Mystery of Life
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter begins the analysis of Young’s individual musical works. The chapter focuses entirely on the 1910 operetta Naughty Marietta, with music by Victor Herbert. It gives the historical context of Young and Herbert’s process and of the time period in which the operetta is set. The libretto has long been criticized for its inferiority to Herbert’s music. However, a close reading of Young’s libretto reveals sophisticated management of the plot, lively characters, and subtle thematic threads. The chapter includes a plot synopsis, analysis of major themes, and close analyses of the songs and dramatic structure.
Dream Girl
Authors: Peck Ellen M.
Published: October 2020

The final chapter recounts the last few plays of Young’s career, with a focus on The Dream Girl (music by Victor Herbert). This was an adaptation of the 1906 play The Road to Yesterday by Beulah Marie Dix and Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland. Soon before opening, the Shuberts brought in Harold Atteridge to write material for vaudeville comedian Billy B. Van, which greatly altered the script Young had spent about three years writing. As a result, the script is uneven and was panned by critics. Young only wrote one more play after this, Cock o’ the Roost, before falling ill with breast cancer. She died in 1926 and left behind an estate worth more than $95,000, or about $1.3 million in today’s money. The chapter concludes with an appraisal of Young’s legacy.
The Closing and Lasting Impact of CLAEM
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

This chapter evaluates the conditions leading to the closing of CLAEM and the impact the center as a whole had on the Latin American art music scene. Touching upon the three main themes of the book, the chapter discusses the lessons learned and the weaknesses revealed from the most significant philanthropic incursion into avant-garde art music in Latin America, and the lasting legacy of a generation of fellowship holders, both in terms of their embrace or rejection of the avant-garde, and their adoption of an identification as Latin American composers based on strong and intimate social bonds. It argues that the impact that the relatively short-lived center had during the following fifty years on the classical music of the region was the result of calculated philanthropic efforts, the embodied and multi-faceted embrace of avant-garde ideas, and the conscious and strategic construction and identification of Latin American composers.
What Is Urban Health?
Authors: Roux Ana V. Diez
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses why urban health is an important public health priority and presents themes and approaches that are especially relevant to the field. It reviews key geographical concepts in urban health including definitions of urban areas, cities, and neighborhoods. It outlines key elements that are needed to understand and improve health in urban areas.
Urban Health Inequities
Authors: Roux Ana V. Diez
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the concept of urban health inequities and reviews approaches to describing the magnitude of inequities. It highlights some of the dynamic processes that contribute to health inequities in urban areas with a special focus on place-based factors. It concludes with a review of some approaches to reducing health inequities in cities.
Assessment of the Urban Environment
Authors: Lovasi Gina S.
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the assessment of urban environment characteristics that may positively or negatively affect human health. The chapter starts with an orientation to why, at what geographic level, and for what domains the urban environment is measured. The authors then turn to identification of existing data from governmental sources, open data, and proprietary sources, recognizing that many interests in measuring the urban environment can be met efficiently with careful use of existing secondary data. Anticipating those instances in which more customized data are needed to capture urban environmental variation, the authors next discuss selected primary data collection methods using observation of what is on the ground, in the air, and visible to urban residents as they move through their daily lives.
Characterizing and Mapping Health in Urban Areas
Authors: Lovasi Gina S. , Melly Steve
Published: October 2020

This chapter highlights how the measurement and mapping of multiple outcomes in urban health can serve goals of local needs assessment and surveillance in cities. A range of data sources and associated issues within an urban context are described. In addition, geographic information systems terms are highlighted, including those relevant to visually representing geographically referenced health data.
Managing and Integrating Diverse Sources of Urban Data
Authors: Lovasi Gina S. , Melly Steve
Published: October 2020

This chapter serves to highlight strategies and challenges in bringing together multiple types of geographically referenced data for urban health research, such as linkage of electronic health records to area-based characteristics. The discussion highlights practical considerations that arise in data management, as well as strategies safeguard confidentiality.
Analysis Strategies for Relating the Urban Environment to Health
Authors: Lovasi Gina S.
Published: October 2020

The goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction and overview of the array of quantitative analytic methods that may be useful in descriptive, etiologic, and evaluation research in urban health. This chapter focuses on analytical issues commonly encountered in urban health, such as options to account for multilevel and spatial structure of the data, transformations of urban environment variables to address issues of nonlinearity or collinearity, and a range of design and analytic strategies to address confounding.
What Do We Know About What Works?
Authors: Lovasi Gina S. , Henson Rosie Mae
Published: October 2020

The goal of this chapter is to present and describe terms and tools to consider when selecting from across a range of evidence synthesis approaches. Types of evidence that can be synthesized are discussed, followed by types of reviews differentiated by the methods of search, appraisal, and analysis. Existing evidence repositories nationally and globally with relevance to urban health are also mentioned.
Community Engagement and Participatory Approaches for Urban Health
Authors: Carroll-Scott Amy
Published: October 2020

Community residents, and the community-based nonprofit and grassroots organizations who serve them, are important actors in urban public health. This chapter discusses challenges in effectively engaging community actors in urban health research and practice, as well as strategies for effective partnerships to overcome these challenges. Key challenges include addressing the history of mistrust between urban populations and research, making research relevant to community needs, and engaging communities in all phases of research. Community engagement and partnerships are fundamental to cross-sector collaborations in urban public health research and interventions.
Dissemination of Urban Health Research to Maximize Impact
Authors: Kolker Jennifer , Slesinski Claire , Carroll-Scott Amy , Purtle Jonathan
Published: October 2020

As mentioned earlier in Part IV, research alone does not lead to change. Those committed to improving urban public health have a responsibility to translate and disseminate what they learn about urban health with those who make decisions about urban health, and with the input of those who are most impacted by those decisions. The authors start with chapter with a discussion of why dissemination is critical to urban health, how to plan for dissemination as research is initiated, and how to define and categorize urban health audiences. They then focus on two primary audiences for dissemination: policymakers/decision makers and community residents/leaders. They also discuss best practices for effective dissemination and the importance of measuring the impact of dissemination on urban health and action.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Lovasi Gina S.
Published: October 2020

We set out in this text to articulate a range of foundational concepts, research tools and engagement strategies relevant to urban health, all with the intent to provide both knowledge and skills to have an impact on population health in cities across the globe. We hope the four inter-related parts of the book have helped to introduce such a toolkit and enticed you to ponder other questions along the way. To summarize our thinking on this, one might now say that for urban health training, we would expect emerging professionals be ready to:...
The Musical Discourse of Servitude
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

The Musical Discourse of Servitude examines the music of Johann Joseph Fux (ca. 1660–1741) in relation to that of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel. Its principal argument is that Fux’s long indenture as a composer of church music in Vienna gains in meaning (and cultural significance) when situated along an axis that runs between the liturgical servitude of writing music for the imperial court service and the autonomy of musical imagination which transpires in the late works of Bach and Handel. To this end, The Musical Discourse of Servitude constructs a typology of the late Baroque musical imagination which draws Fux, Bach, and Handel into the orbit of North Italian compositional practice. This typology depends on two primary concepts, both of which derive and dissent from Lydia Goehr’s formulation of the “work-concept” in The Imaginary Museum of Musical Works (1992), namely, the “authority concept” and a revised reading of the “work-concept” itself. Both concepts are engaged through the agency of two musical genres—the oratorio and the Mass ordinary—which Fux shared with Handel and Bach respectively. These genres functioned as conservative norms in Fux’s music (most of Fux’s working life was spent in writing for the church service), but they are very differently engaged by Bach and Handel. To establish a continuity between Fux, Bach and Handel, and between the servitude of common practice and the emerging autonomy of a work-based practice in the early eighteenth-century musical imagination are the principal objectives of this study.
Introduction
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

The introduction to this book establishes the concept of liturgical and musical servitude at the imperial court in Vienna in the first half of the eighteenth century as a theory of culture that privileges music as the apotheosis of political and religious authority. It identifies Fux as the principal steward of a North Italian compositional practice adapted towards this end, and it argues that this practice draws Fux into the orbit of his near-contemporaries, Bach and Handel, both of whom depended on Italian models of musical discourse for much of their careers. The relationship between musical servitude and imaginative autonomy which thus arises throughout the book is framed within a discursive space shared by all three composers.
Planning for Mass Unemployment
Authors: James Aaron
Published: October 2020

What Keynes called “technological unemployment” is not yet upon us. Many agree that, if or when it is upon us, society will be forced to pay a basic income. This chapter argues that we shouldn’t wait. The chance of mass unemployment is credible. The outcome would be terrible. And a “precautionary basic income” is relatively cheap. So, much like buying a fire extinguisher for one’s home, we should take precautionary action before the risk of technological mass unemployment becomes likely. This is consistent with a cost-benefit analysis, when the benefits of business-as-usual are appropriately discounted. Precautionary action may well cost us nothing in the longer run. But even if it will cost something in forgone growth, the rich world shouldn’t worry, for three reasons: (1) The more we gain in GDP, the less and less it does for our happiness; (2) work for GDP is expensive in time lost; and (3) further GDP gains have less value than comparable security benefits to the less well-off.
Designing AI with Rights, Consciousness, Self-Respect, and Freedom
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric , Garza Mara
Published: October 2020

This chapter proposes four policies of ethical design of human-grade AI. Two of the policies are precautionary. Given substantial uncertainty both about ethical theory and about the conditions under which AI would have conscious experiences, the chapter argues that we should be cautious in our handling of cases where different moral theories or different theories of consciousness would produce very different ethical recommendations. The other two policies concern respect and freedom. The chapter argues that if we design AI that deserves moral consideration equivalent to that of human beings, then AI should be designed with self-respect and with the freedom to explore values other than those we might impose.
Embodied Antiquity
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

The final chapter of the book turns to the nexus between classical antiquity, Romanticism, and the Gothic, as it is reflected in the writings of Mary Shelley. “Reanimation” has been frequently identified as a consistent trope in Shelley’s work. This chapter argues, by contrast, that Shelley repeatedly creates fantastic scenarios in which ancient and modern times meet, and modernity is revealed to be weak or insufficient when faced with the strength and vitality of the ancient world. The chapter turns first to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), in which Victor Frankenstein’s efforts at creation are implicitly compared to the ancient model announced in the subtitle, and judged a grotesque failure. Then, the chapter turns to a series of texts written while Shelley was living in Italy—the short story “Valerius, the Reanimated Roman,” her novella Mathilda, and her verse drama Proserpine—each of which dramatizes the unsatisfying and disappointed search for emotional connection with characters from antiquity. Finally, the chapter turns to Shelley’s end-of-days novel The Last Man (1826). This novel’s many allusions to Rome and antiquity reinforce the gulf that separates an idealized antiquity from a doomed, weakening present. Shelley’s writings vividly demonstrate the seductive pleasures of engaging with ideas from antiquity, but ultimately she expresses little hope that we can truly connect with the frightening giants of the past.
Afterword
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

The book ends with a brief “Afterword,” offering examples of nineteenth-century versions of the “Gothic classicism” traced in this book, and posing the question of how Gothic literature and criticism might help us to reconceive our examinations of the presence of antiquity in contemporary life. After brief accounts of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Coliseum” and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun, It argues that the notion of “haunting” captures the continuing presence of the classical past better than the current paradigm of “reception,” especially when we aim to analyze aspects of the ancient world with a pernicious legacy in the present.
Existentialism in Style and Substance
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers the popular clichés surrounding existentialism and their limitations. It describes the emergence of existential philosophy among Parisian-based writers of the Left Bank in the 1940s (Sartre, Beauvoir, Camus) as grounded in their reception of nineteenth-century philosophy and literature, particularly Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky, and Nietzsche, along with their ties to modernist literature and phenomenological philosophy from across the European continent, and to African American literature and jazz. This chapter challenges the characterization of existentialism as nihilistic, despite its thinkers challenging traditional sources of meaning, and as egocentric, despite persistent focus on individual subjectivity. Demonstrating the heterogeneity of existentialist thinking, this chapter also identifies what philosophers and writers associated with existentialism share in common despite their differences.
A Philosophy for Human Existence
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter identifies the classical philosophical concepts with which existentialism is concerned—being, non-being, and becoming, existence, and essence. It shows how existentialist philosophers transform these abstract ideas to consider the concrete existence of the human individual from a subjective point of view. Starting from Whitman’s recognition of the here and now, and proceeding through Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, and Beauvoir, it is demonstrated how traditional philosophical categories first conceived by ancient philosophers echo through the existentialist movement. Kierkegaard’s rejection of idealist rationalism, Nietzsche’s retrieval of Heraclitus’s theory of becoming, Heidegger’s understanding of the human being as Dasein or “being there,” Sartre’s notion of “existence precedes essence,” and Beauvoir’s comparison of existentialist conversion to the phenomenological reduction are discussed in light of existentialist affirmation of the transience and particularity of the human self.