bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Right to Water as a Human Right: A Critical Overview of International Instruments
Authors: Nehaluddin Ahmad , Lilienthal Gary
Published: February 2021

The worldwide water crisis has become alarming in recent years due to factors including climate change, population growth and concomitantly increasing demands for water. This has made the world water situation challenging. In a large number of countries, water supplies are not adequate to satisfy even the minimum needs of the people. While international regulation of water has traditionally operated from the perspective of the State, recent human rights instruments have shifted the debate. There is no universal treaty containing an explicit human right to water. Despite this lack, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) has adopted resolutions expressly recognising the human right to water, which has also been incorporated into the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this context, the aim of this paper is to examine the present status of the right to water in international law.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, “Event Attribution” and Locus Standi in Foreign Courts
Authors: Akhtar Zia
Published: February 2021

The liability of multinational entities that have caused greenhouse gas emissions through their extraction activities in the fossil fuel industry has pushed climate change on to the international agenda. Those corporations now face challenges from litigants who have initiated negligence or nuisance actions for breach of duty of care. Suits against individual corporations are now possible due to the development of attribution science that can register the extent of each liability. Litigants from third-world countries have to satisfy locus standi in bringing claims which is difficult to establish in some jurisdictions. For example, in Lliuya v. RWE, (Az. 2 O 285/15, OLG Hamm) 24/1/2017, a South American farmer brought a claim in Germany against RWE-AG, Germany’s largest electricity producer, to challenge the effects of greenhouse gas emissions from its plant in Peru. This paper asks: Is it possible for foreign litigants to bring a private tort action against the defendant corporation that has allowed greenhouse gas emissions, in that corporation’s domestic courts, and to surmount the obstacle of locus standi? It concludes that it is possible for litigants from developing countries to litigate effectively because the foreign courts’ statutory protections, such as the doctrine of separation of powers or political rights doctrine can be overcome if climate litigation is viewed as a human rights matter. The prospects of success of litigants has increased by the impact of event attribution science that can quantify the extent of private actor liability in climate change.
India: A Study on Social Awareness about Deforestation
Authors: Nivithra S. , Shoba Jasmin K.S.
Published: February 2021

Forests keep our climate stable, absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, and they regulate our water supply and improve its quality. Forests are vulnerable to anthropogenic activities which affect the biodiversity and have adverse socio-economic and environmental impacts. Large-scale destruction of the forests began with the British who wished to utilise the timber and the natural resources for the expansion and continuation of the empire. Over recent decades, human activity has also severely impacted the habitats and natural resources that wildlife and humanity depend on such as oceans, forests, coral reefs, wetlands and mangroves. This study attempted to analyse the level of awareness among the general public about deforestation in India. The impact of deforestation is poorly understood and the rate of deforestation is alarming the environmentalists wishing to protect the wildlife and forest resources. The causes and impacts of deforestation are associated with human activities but the linkage is not clearly understood by the public and the level of awareness is poor.
Nigeria: Advancing the Cause of Renewable Energy in Nigeria’s Power Sector Through its Legal Framework
Authors: Olujobi Olusola Joshua , Olusola-Olujobi Temilola
Published: February 2021

Fossil fuels have been the mainstream of energy supply and a major source of foreign exchange earnings for the Federal Government of Nigeria, in spite of being an unrenewable and unsustainable source of energy. Nigeria is yet to tap into the full benefits after privatising its power sector, including the new global evolution in the energy sector and the resulting increasing demand for renewable energy sources, which some consider to be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels and their allied products. Energy security is a challenge to socio-economic development in Nigeria, due to the country’s over-dependency on fossil fuels. In terms of their impact and the potentials to preserve energy sources for longevity and sustainability, however, fossil fuels will come to be seen as an out-dated alternative in the power sector as the energy industry evolves. The implications for Nigeria’s oil sector will not be limited to dwindling crude oil prices. The concerns include poor energy utilisation in Nigeria and the need to promote energy efficiency and sustainability. They have led to the formulation of new energy policies around the world to serve as a vehicle for translating solutions into reality. This study has adopted a library-based legal research method with a comparative approach. The study reveals that it is the lack of a coherent legal framework with incentives for using renewable energy that is largely seen as the key issue causing slow uptake of renewable energy as an alternative source of energy in Nigeria. As well as the need for a coherent legal framework on energy and incentives for using renewable energy sources, the study advocates stringent enforcement of existing energy regulatory policies.
Permo-Carboniferous Climate Change: Geochemical Evidences from Lower Gondwana Glacial Sediments, Rangit Valley, Sikkim Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Priya Raj Kumar , Tewari Vinod Chandra , Ranjan Rakesh Kumar
Published: February 2021

The Rangit Gondwana Basin of Sikkim in the lesser Himalaya witnessed a wide span of climate change during the Permo-Carboniferous period. The principal objective of the present study is to document this Permo-Carboniferous climate change in the form of a geochemical signature preserved in the siliciclastic facies of the Rangit Pebble Slate Formation. The stratigraphic sequences of the Rangit Gondwana Basin are categorically well defined and subdivided into upper and lower sequences on the basis of their depositional environment. The lower sequences of the Rangit Gondwana basin are comprised of massive diamictite with large stromatolitic dolomite boulders and dropstone embedded in the coarser sandstone which indicate the cold glaciomarine environment of deposition, whereas upper sequences consist of repeated alternate beds of sandstone, black shale and coal seam with a regular interval depicting the fluvial and deltaic environment of deposition. The enrichment of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, MnO, MgO, and K2O indicates that these sediments were mostly derived from felsic rock source areas. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) CaO + Na2O + K2O/Al2O3, and SiO2 vs. (Al2O3 + K2O + Na2O) values suggest that the sediments maturity and paleoclimatic environment deposition of the sediments of lower sequences was cold and semi-humid whereas the deposition of sediments of upper sequences was warm and humid. The A-CN-K ternary plot and CIA vs ICV binary plot also indicate and verify that the source areas were subjected to prolonged intense chemical weathering from low to high grade due to shifting of cold to warm humid paleo-climatic condition.
Northward Migration of Antarctic Polar Front during the Quaternary: Planktic Foraminiferal Record from Southeast Indian Ocean
Authors: Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Sinha Devesh K.
Published: February 2021

The ODP Hole 763A is influenced by the northward-flowing cold West Australian Current (WAC) and Southward flowing warm Leeuwin Current (LC). LC is a branch of the South Equatorial Current (SEC), which brings relatively warmer waters from the tropical Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean via Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). The modern planktic foraminiferal fauna thrives along the western margin of Australia. It consists mainly of warm water assemblages brought by the LC. The present study provides planktic foraminiferal census data from ODP Hole 763A, influenced by the LC and WAC, to document the history of cold water influence at the site during the quaternary. The northward migration of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) and resultant intensification of the cold West Australian Current have been inferred based on the dramatic increase in the relative abundance of temperate water species group Globoconella at Hole 763A situated in the low latitude region. The Quaternary planktic foraminiferal census data shows several episodes of invasion of Globoconella. These intervals of high abundance of Globoconella group have been attributed to the intensification of WAC, probably due to Antarctic ice volume expansion and resultant northward migration of the APF at 0.05 Ma, 0.2 Ma, 0.45 Ma, 0.7 Ma and 1.2 Ma. We have documented that the amplitude of fluctuations in cold/warm events has increased after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). LC is a heat supplier to the higher latitudes, its weakening during such intervals might have contributed to the ice volume expansion over Antarctica. Thus, the study proposes that the Antarctic ice cap formation creates a positive feedback mechanism by lowering sea level, reduced strength of LC due to a decrease in ITF and less heat supply towards the South Pole. All these phenomena add to further cooling.
Estimation of Deglaciation through Remote Sensing Techniques in Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Western Himalaya
Authors: Dutta Shruti , Ramanathan AL.
Published: February 2021

Glaciers act as natural indicators of climate response and natural buffers of the hydrological cycle. Hence, continuous monitoring of glaciers is very crucial for which remote sensing techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to understand the micro-level variation and dynamics of glaciers. Unfortunately, a database involving complete basin-level approach and an extensive temporal range is not available for the entire Chandra-Bhaga (CB) sub-basin. Thus, the present investigation attempts to account for the extent of deglaciation in the CB basin showing that 16.7 percent of the glaciated area has been lost during 1989-2019. Moreover, the last three decades have witnessed a rapid rate of loss for small and medium-sized glaciers as compared to larger glaciers. Adding to it, the basin has also shown an upwards shift of mean elevation in this period. Over the last decade, an increasing temperature in the western Himalayas and Hindu Kush regions, as asserted by previous studies, have led to spatio-temporal changes in the glaciated area. The extent of deglaciation alongwith the glacier-climate behaviour and response can also provide a link to measure the topographical parameters.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTRATHECAL BUPIVACAINEHEAVY (0.5%) WITH BUPIVACAINE HEAVY (0.5%) PLUS DEXMEDETOMIDINE FOR LOWER ABDOMINAL SURGERIES
Authors: Shailesh Kumar , Singh Jitendra Prasad , Prasad Arjun , Horo Veena
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Several adjuncts like adrenaline, opioids and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists are being used with local anaesthetics intrathecally for prolongation of intra-operative and post-operative analgesia and to reduce the side-effects of high doses of local anaesthetics.

Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the onset and duration of sensory and motor block, hemodynamic effects, post-operative analgesia and adverse effects of Dexmedetomidine given intrathecally with hyperbaric 0.5% Bupivacaine.

Materials and methods: Sixty inpatients of ASA class I and II scheduled for various lower abdominal surgeries under Sub-Arachnoid Block were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each namely C (Control), D(Dexmedetomidine) . All received 12.5mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 0.5 ml Normal Saline in Group C (Control),10µg Dexmedetomidine (diluted in preservative free Normal saline of 0.5ml) in Group D(Dexmedetomidine) . The onset time to reach peak sensory and motor level, the regression time for sensory and motor block, hemodynamic changes and side-effects were noted.

Results: The duration of sensory and motor block, rescue analgesia was significantly prolonged in Dexmedetomidine group when compared to that of Control group.

Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine 10 µg seems to be a better neuraxial adjuvant to hyperbaric Bupivacaine.

Keywords: Bupivacaine; Dexmedetomidine; intrathecal.
PENDIDIKAN AKHLAK REMAJA DALAM KELUARGA DI DESA MEKARWANGI KECAMATAN CISAUK, TANGERANG
Authors: Wiwi Cahya Ningsih  , Bela Sinta , Ika
Published: February 2021

The position of morals in human life occupies a very important place, because whether an individual or a society is bad or bad depends on how good they are. Moral education in the family is carried out with examples and examples from parents. The behavior and manners of people in the social relationship between mother and father, the treatment of parents towards their children, and the treatment of parents towards other people in the family and community circles will be role models for children. So the child's moral education begins with the education provided by both parents, because the child will imitate the behavior of his parents. If the parents exemplify good behavior, then the child will be good, but on the contrary, if the parents do not reflect good morals, how will they provide good moral education to their children. This study aims to describe how the moral education of adolescents in the family in Kandang Village, Mekarwangi Village RT 04 RW 02 Cisauk Tangerang. Through a phenomenological approach with this qualitative type, it tries to examine more deeply the application of adolescent moral education in families in Mekarwangi village. Research results The results showed that parents in Mekarwangi village have been carried out well, it can be seen from the role of parents as the main mentors who have to teach about morals, so that teenagers will get used to good morals, habituation to adolescents, provide examples. firstly to adolescents also advise children to continue to behave in a moral way. The conclusion is that the moral education of adolescents in the family in Mekarwangi Village RT 04/02 has been carried out well, this can be seen from the parents who have applied morals towards the family, especially for their children. And parents provide good teaching and examples to their children.
Fish Community Structure in Air Remuding River, Riau Silip, Bangka Regency
Authors: Ubb Hodri Msp
Published: February 2021

Air Remuding River is  a river which located in Pangkal Niur Lama Hamlet, Riau Silip District, Bangka Regency. Air Remuding River is ± 1 km from Pangkal Niur Lama Hamlet. This study aims to analyze the structure of the fish community in the Air Remuding River and to analyze the relationship between the physical and chemical factors of the waters to the species composition of the fish in the Air Remuding River. This research  conducted in the month of January 2020 in the waters of the Air Remuding River, Pangkal Niur Lama Hamlet, Riau Silip District, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The results of this study indicate that the most common fish caught in the Air Remuding river we're 2501 fishes (Rasbora bankanensis). Diversity Index (H '), Air Remuding River fish with a range of 0.66-0.72. included in the criteria of moderate diversity, while the Uniformity Index (E), Air Remuding River fish were high uniformity and the Dominance Index ranged from 0.19 to 0.23. The composition of fish species in the Air Remuding River correlates with DO, depth, current velocity and nitrate.
Skrining Kesehatan Pada Anak Usia Sekolah Di SDN 19 Mendobarat
Authors: Nurvinanda Rezka , Anggraini Rima Berti
Published: February 2021

ABSTRAK Anak usia sekolah merupakan masa dimana terjadi perubahan yang bervariasi pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak yang akan mempengaruhi kondisi kesehatan anak. Kegiatan skrining kesehatan yang dilakukan pada siswa dan siswi di SDN 19 Mendobarat bertujuan untuk mendeteksi dini anak yang memiliki masalah kesehatan agar segera mendapatkan penanganan sedini mungkin. Metode pelaksanaan pada kegiatan skrining kesehatan terdiri dari pemeriksaan kepala mencakup rambut, mata, hidung, telinga, mulut dan gigi, pemeriksaan kulit dan kuku, berat badan serta tinggi badan. Hasil skrining kesehatan sebagian besar siswa dan siswi SDN 19 Mendobarat mengalami masalah pada gigi, juga memiliki masalah dalam perawatan diri seperti kuku yang panjang dan kotor, telinga kotor, dan kulit yang kurang bersih. Tetapi mayoritas anak memiliki kebersihan diri yang baik. Kesimpulannya masalah kesehatan terkait kebersihan diri apabila tidak dilakukan penatalaksanaan yang baik dapat menimbulkan berbagai dampak yang dapat mengganggu aktivitas anak usia sekolah sehingga penting untuk dilakukan skrining kesehatan dan pendidikan kesehatan. Kata Kunci: Anak, Skrining Kesehatan, Usia Sekolah  ABSTRACT School-age children are a time when there are various changes in children's growth and development that will affect the child's health condition. The health screening activities carried out on students at SDN 19 Mendobarat aims to detect children who have health problems early so that they can get treatment as early as possible. The implementation method for health screening activities consists of examination of the head covering hair, eyes, nose, ears, mouth and teeth, examination of skin and nails, body weight and height. The results of health screening, most of the students at SDN 19 Mendobarat experienced problems with their teeth, as well as problems in self-care such as long and dirty nails, dirty ears, and unclean skin. But the majority of children have good personal hygiene. In conclusion, health problems related to personal hygiene if good management are not carried out can have various impacts that can interfere with school age children activities so it is important to carry out health screening and health education. Keywords: Children, Health Screening, School Age.
Penyuluhan Diabetes Mellitus Di Puskesmas Rawat Inap Sukaraja Bandar Lampung
Authors: Hazni Rian , Gustiawan Ricki , Zulfian Zulfian , Lestari Sri Maria Puji , Arania Resti , Sudiadnyani Ni Putu
Published: February 2021

ABSTRAK Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) tahun 2011 jumlah penderita diabetes melitus di dunia 200 juta jiwa, Indonesia menempati urutan keempat terbesar dalam jumlah penderita diabetes melitus di dunia setelah India, Cina,dan Amerika Serikat. Pada tahun 2011,terdapat sekitar 5,6 juta penduduk Indonesia yang mengidap diabetes mellitus. Sementara itu di Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Lampung tercatat bahwa pada tahun 2014 persentase penderita DM tipe II sejumlah 1,5% per 100.000 atau sebanyak 5.560. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan akan pentingnya menjaga kesehatan untuk mencegah terjadinya Diabetes Mellitus. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu penyuluhan kepada masyarakat yang mengunjungi Puskesmas Rawat Inap Sukaraja Bandar Lampung. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dibantu oleh mahasiswa FK Universitas Malahayati Bandar Lampung pada 22 Desember 2020. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah meningkatnya pengetahuan masyarakat sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyuluhan pada masyarakat sangat efektif. Kata Kunci: Penyuluhan, Diabetes Melitus, Masyarakat ABSTRACT According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 the number of diabetes mellitus sufferers in the world was 200 million people, Indonesia was fourth in the number of diabetes mellitus sufferers in the world after India, China and the United States. In 2011, there were approximately 5.6 million Indonesians who had diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile in the Lampung Provincial Health Office, it was recorded that in 2014 the proportion of people with type II DM was 1.5% per 100,000 or as much as 5,560. The purpose of this activity is to increase knowledge about maintaining health to prevent Diabetes Mellitus. The method used in this activity was counseling to the public who visited the Sukaraja Bandar Lampung Puskesmas. Implementation of activities assisted by students of FK Malahayati University in Bandar Lampung on December 22, 2020. The result of this activity is public knowledge so it can be ignored that community education is very effective. Keywords: Counseling, Diabetes Mellitus, community
La decisión sobre la quaestio facti en los acuerdos de culpabilidad
Authors: Veleda Diana
Published: February 2021

La autora discute una posición relativamente extendida en el ámbito del Derecho Procesal Penal, según la cual la implementación de procedimientos de omisión del juicio penal o acuerdos de culpabilidad implica, necesariamente, la adopción de una noción de verdad distinta a la correspondencia con la realidad. Para ello, primero defiende la vigencia y la importancia de ese concepto de verdad en estos mecanismos y, luego, argumenta que existen razones morales, independientes a la búsqueda de la verdad, que justifican exigir a la fiscalía, a la hora de proponer un acuerdo de culpabilidad, que satisfaga el mismo estándar probatorio necesario para requerir la realización de un juicio ordinario. Finalmente, reflexiona sobre las implicancias que aquella exigencia, junto con otras características propias de este tipo de procedimientos, tienen en el mejoramiento de las condiciones epistémicas en las que tomamos la decisión sobre la quaestio facti en el contexto de los acuerdos de culpabilidad.
Naturalized Epistemology and the Law of Evidence: Methodological Reflections
Authors: Pardo Michael S.
Published: February 2021

This paper discusses Ronald Allen’s article, Naturalized Epistemology and the Law of Evidence Revisited, and reflects on how epistemology can contribute to our understanding of the evidentiary proof process. I first situate Allen’s critique of recent philosophical scholarship, distinguishing between general theoretical accounts of proof (including the theory that Allen and I have defended), on one hand, and the applications of specific epistemological concepts or issues to law, on the other. I then present a methodological picture that diverges in some respects from the one that emerges from Allen’s critique. In discussing this alternative methodological picture, I explain how epistemology can contribute to legal evidence and proof while avoiding the problems that Allen identifies.
¿Debe probarse el odio? Consideraciones acerca de la sentencia del caso Diana Sacayán
Authors: Manrique María  Laura
Published: February 2021

En este trabajo analizo críticamente la sentencia del ´caso Sacayán´. Este caso es relevante porque, entre otras cosas, aplica por primera vez en la Argentina el agravante de odio a la identidad de género al homicidio cometido contra una persona travesti, Diana Sacayán. Por otra parte, también sugiero que la distinción entre delitos de odio y delitos odiosos puede ser de utilidad para entender el rechazo que nos generó este hecho pero que ello es independiente de si el hecho fue cometido por odio o no.
Undergraduate Paramedic Students’ Experience of Paramedic Tutors Teaching Public Health
Authors: Sendall Marguerite Claire , Ng Athena , McCosker Laura
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Previous studies have shown teaching public health in medical courses improves students’ analytical, problem-solving and communication skills. However, little research to date has shown if public health teaching is helpful to paramedic students. The aim of this study was to examine if having paramedic tutors teach public health had a positive effect on students’ learning and interest in public health.

Methods

184 second-year paramedic students at an Australian university completed a printed survey and provided feedback about their learning experience. Students answered multiple choice and open-ended questions about whether their understanding of a public health subject was improved by having a paramedic tutor, and if having different tutors each week affected students’ learning.

Results

Most students reported their understanding of public health improved when the subject was taught by a paramedic tutor and when paramedic scenario examples were included in teaching. Nearly half felt having different tutors each week made learning difficult. The following themes emerged from student narratives: the relevance of public health to their career; an improved understanding of public health; a realisation about the importance of public health; difficulties presented by an inconsistent teaching style; and poor follow-up and conflicting advice.

Conclusion

Teaching public health from a paramedic perspective enabled students to understand the relevance of paramedic practice and the role paramedics play in the public health system. Having the same paramedic tutor teaching each week helped students understand the relationship between public health and paramedic practice.
BATTLE GROUP TRAINING CYCLE
Authors: AVSEC ALEŠ
Published: February 2021

Battalion Battle Group (Bn BG) (U.S. Army term Task Force) is a tool to improve combat capabilities of the entire Slovenian Armed Forces, since it is not just an Infantry battalion, but it includes all the branches and support that comes with it. The main mission of the Bn BG is the training cycle as part of the operation cycle, which is in line with what Defence Law, Military Doctrine and other strategic documents stipulate – “maintaining readiness to execute military defence”. Even though U.S. Army is a much larger force, it still has to go through the same stages of battalion collective training as SAF battalion, which is one of the reasons why U.S. Army battalion cycle was used as comparison. On the other hand it has much more training and war experience, and the SAF has a lot of experience with U.S. Army training. In order to be successful, it is necessary to have a clear Mission Essential Task List (METL), which gives guidance and constitutes a basis for the development of the Unit Training Plan (UTP). It is a waste to perform any training without evaluation, which is why BG evaluation is the final stage of every training. With the assigned mission and METL, developed UTP and clear evaluation standards, SAF Battalion BG training cycles were compared with the U.S. Army in order to improve SAF Bn BG training cycle.

Bataljonska bojna skupina (v kopenski vojski ZDA angl. Task Force, NATO – Battle Group) je orodje za izboljšanje bojnih zmogljivosti celotne Slovenske vojske, saj ne gre le za pehotni bataljon, temveč za enoto, ki vključuje vse zvrsti in nujno podporo. Cikel usposabljanja kot del operativnega cikla pomeni poslanstvo bataljonske bojne skupine, kar je skladno z določili Zakona o obrambi, Vojaške doktrine in drugih strateških dokumentov – ohranjanje pripravljenosti za zagotavljanje vojaške obrambe. Čeprav je ameriška kopenska vojska veliko večja, mora skozi enake stopnje kolektivnega usposabljanja bataljona kot bataljon SV, kar je tudi eden izmed vzrokov, da smo za primerjavo izbrali cikel bataljonskega usposabljanja kopenske vojske ZDA. Po drugi strani imajo ameriške enote več izkušenj z usposabljanjem in bojevanjem, SV pa veliko izkušenj z usposabljanji kopenske vojske ZDA. Za zagotovitev uspeha je treba jasno določiti seznam bistvenih nalog (SBN) za izvedbo poslanstva (Mission Essential Task List – METL), ki daje ustrezne usmeritve in podlago za razvoj načrta za usposabljanje enot (Unit Training Plan – UTP). Usposabljanje brez evalvacije je brez pomena, zato je evalvacija sklepna faza vsakega usposabljanja. Na podlagi predpisanega poslanstva, SBN in UTP ter jasnih evalvacijskih standardov smo usposabljanje bataljonske skupine SV primerjali s kopensko vojsko ZDA, da bi tako izboljšali cikel usposabljanja bataljonske skupine SV.
ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND THE LEVANT AND THE INTERNATIONAL FIGHT AGAINST IT
Authors: Kis-Benedek József
Published: February 2021

The Iraqi and Syrian crisis will dominate international and European agendas for several years. The aims of great powers and coalition partners are different; the existing international institutions are not at all effective in the handling of the conflict, while religiously-motivated extremist movements has been spreading in the world. This article analyses the causes and circumstances of the rising of ISIL/DAESH, the role of the main participants in the handling of the crisis, the participation of foreign fighters, and the fight against the terrorist organisation.

Kriza v Iraku in Siriji bo še nekaj let v središču mednarodne in evropske pozornosti. Cilji glavnih velesil in koalicijskih partnerjev se razlikujejo, sedanje mednarodne institucije pa sploh niso učinkovite pri obvladovanju konfliktov, saj se po svetu širijo versko pogojena ekstremistična gibanja. V članku analiziramo okoliščine in vzroke za vzpon organizacije ISIL/DAESH, vlogo glavnih akterjev pri obvladovanju krize, sodelovanje tujih borcev in boj proti tej teroristični organizaciji.
O materialismo histórico dialético e a historicidade da sociedade em Marx (1818-1883)
Authors: Araújo Wagner dos Reis Marques , Siqueira Antonio Marcos de Oliveira
Published: February 2021

Este texto é resultado de uma breve discussão acerca do materialismo-histórico dialético como uma abordagem que inaugura a noção de historicidade na Modernidade, e do método dialético de Marx como uma base teórico-metodológica para análise e compreensão não somente do modo de produção capitalista como da história social. Parte-se da ideia Marxista de que a ação do homem sobre a natureza, ou seja, o trabalho é o elemento definidor da espécie humana e a luta de classe o motor da história, que são ações que se efetivam de forma dialética. Defende-se, aqui, uma teoria da história desenvolvida na obra do autor a partir dos conceitos, a saber, forças produtivas e relações sociais de produção.
Domínios de atividade física e comportamentos de risco em adolescentes do Nordeste do Brasil: um estudo de monitoramento 2011 e 2016
Authors: Guimarães Ana Claudia Santos Silva , Santos Lucas Souza , Ribeiro Davi Soares Santos , Menezes Aldemir Smith
Published: February 2021

O estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a prevalência e a associação dos domínios de Atividade Física no lazer, na escola e no deslocamento com indicadores de comportamentos de risco em escolares do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, 2011-2016. O estudo trata-se de dois levantamentos epidemiológicos com delineamento transversal realizados em 2011 e 2016, com amostra representativa de escolares da Rede Estadual de Ensino de Sergipe, composta por 8143 adolescentes (2011=3992; 2016=4151), com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. O instrumento utilizado foi o Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva, aplicação do teste do qui-quadrado para análise inferencial e a regressão logística binária bruta e ajustada para associação entre as variáveis. Os resultados apresentaram que o NIAF no Lazer apresentou associação com a exposição ao comportamento sedentário nos dois inquéritos (2011: OR=1,78; IC 95% 1,56-2,03 / 2016: OR=2,14; IC 95% 1,88-2,44), com o fato de não fumar tabaco em 2011 (OR=2,11; IC 95% 1,61-2,79), e com os não usuários de drogas (OR=1,65; IC 95% 1,19-2,32) e que consumiam baixas porções de frutas no ano de 2016 (OR=1,32; IC 95% 1,09-1,62). O NIAF Escolar foi associado com o baixo consumo de frutas (2011: OR=2,14; IC 95% 1,51-3,05 / 2016: OR=2,61; IC 95% 1,96-3,50). Conclui-se que foi evidenciado alta prevalência de NIAF entre os inquéritos e os domínios de Atividade Física se associam diferentemente com aspectos comportamentais conforme a exposição dos jovens aos fatores de risco.
Avaliação do bundle de uso de cateter vesical de demora
Authors: Borsato Isabelle Fernandes , Santos Emanuel Pereira dos , Freitas Vera Lúcia , Fonseca Bianca de Oliveira , Pereira Gicélia Lombardo , Aguiar Beatriz Gerbassi Costa , Maciel Rhuani de Cássia Mendes , Monteiro Júlya de Araújo Silva , Costa Aquiene Santos da Silva Pires da
Published: February 2021

Trata-se de um estudo documental que foi realizado no período entre os meses de março a dezembro de 2019, em um Hospital Federal localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados nos documentos oficiais arquivados no setor de Comissão de Controle de Infecções Hospitalar do hospital em estudo. O estudo tem como objetivo: Avaliar os indicadores de adequação e inadequações dos cateteres vesicais de demora em um Hospital Federal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Como objetivo: Avaliar os indicadores de adequação e inadequações dos cateteres vesicais de demora em um Hospital Federal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos dados mostrou inadequação a fixação do cateter e, em relação a manutenção do coletor abaixo do nível do paciente longe do piso, e capacidade da bolsa coletora menor que 2/3. Temos como conclusão: Os dados mostram a importância de reflexão para o cuidado de enfermagem, a observação das normas e orientações para controle de infecções, qualidade de assistência e segurança dos pacientes.
Desenvolvimento de um produto educacional interdisciplinar: sequências didáticas para além da sala de aula
Authors: Soares Gabriel de Oliveira , Tamiosso Raquel Tusi , Santos Paola Aquino dos , Ritter Denise , Canto-Dorow Thais Scotti do
Published: February 2021

Este artigo visa contribuir para o ensino interdisciplinar de Ciências e Matemática e tem por objetivo apresentar o processo de desenvolvimento de um produto educacional, integrado por sequências didáticas voltadas para atender a Educação Infantil, o Ensino Fundamental e Médio, em espaço escolar fora da sala de aula. Esse produto foi construído por um grupo de docentes e discentes, ligado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, para atender a demanda de uma formação continuada em uma escola privada, onde os professores da Educação Infantil, Ensino Fundamental e Médio, juntamente com a coordenação pedagógica, relataram dificuldades em trabalhar, de maneira interdisciplinar, as habilidades propostas na Base Nacional Comum Curricular. O trabalho foi integrado pelas seguintes etapas: 1- Reconhecimento do espaço escolar; 2- Integração com os professores em formação; 3- Apresentação do espaço escolar selecionado; 4- Processo de elaboração das sequências didáticas; 5- Apresentação do Produto educacional aos professores em formação. O grupo responsável pela formação foi dividido em quatro subgrupos (grupo Árvore, grupo Solo, grupo Brinquedos I, grupo Brinquedos II) para dar conta do espaço escolar selecionado, uma pracinha. Como exemplo, aqui é relatado o planejamento realizado para o grupo Árvore. O produto educacional final conta com treze sequências didáticas que podem ser replicadas em outros espaços. Esse material favorece a instrumentalização dos profissionais em formação, na medida em que os conduz para novas possibilidades de ensinar Ciências e Matemática, em outros ambientes escolares, fora da sala de aula.
Spontaneous variability and reactive postural beat-to-beat changes of integral ECG body surface potential maps
Authors: Kellerová E , Szathmáry V , Kozmann G , Haraszti K , Tarjányi Z
Published: February 2021

There is virtually no information on spontaneous variability of
ECG body surface potential maps (BSPMs) and on dynamics of
their reactive changes in healthy subjects. This study evaluated
quantitatively the depolarization (QRS) and repolarization (QRST)
parameters derived from the respective integral BSPMs,
constructed beat-to-beat, from continual body surface ECG
records in 9 healthy men resting supine, during head-up tilting
and sitting. Spontaneous variability of the BSPMs parameters,
both at rest and during postural reactions, was characterized by
significant respiratory and low frequency oscillations, more
pronounced when related to repolarization. Head-up tilting and
sitting-up evoked significant decrease in the QRST-BSPM
amplitudes, widening of the angle α and reduction of
nondipolarity indexes, compared to the respective supine values.
All these changes were gradual, characterized by transition
phenomena and prolonged after-effects. Tilting back to horizontal
restored the resting supine values. The postural effects on
depolarization were individually more variable and in the average
showed a minimal QRS-BSPM amplitude increase. Beat-to-beat
analysis of a train of ECG BSPMs provided the first evidence of
spontaneous, non-random, respiratory and low frequency
oscillations of the ventricular repolarization pattern, and the first
insight into the dynamics of body posture associated changes in
ventricular recovery.
Very early EEG responses to a meaningful auditory stimulus in the frontal lobes: an intracerebral study in humans
Authors: Kukleta M , Turak B , Louvel J
Published: February 2021

Frontal auditory evoked potentials (FAEPs) obtained as a
response to the warning auditory stimulus of a contingent
negative variation task from depth electrodes were investigated.
The second, imperative stimulus was visual. Thirteen epileptic
patients participated in the study. Records from 20 electrodes of
10 patients exhibited signs of local generation. They were
localized in the motor cortices (7 cases), in the superior, medial,
and inferior frontal gyri (7 cases), in the cingulate gyrus (5
cases), and in the nucleus caudatus (1 case). A typical FAEP from
these generators consisted of three components: (i) first negative
wave peaking at 99±13 ms; (ii) positive wave peaking at 181±21
ms; (iii) second negative wave peaking at 324±63 ms. In 11
generators no evoked activity to visual stimulus was observed; in
the remaining 9 generators both auditory and visual stimuli
evoked a response. FAEPs with very early onsets (onset latency
below 20 ms) were found in three sites in the precentral gyrus.
Alterations of NO synthase isoforms in brain and kidney of rats with genetic and salt hypertension
Authors: Hojná S , Kuneš J , Zicha J
Published: February 2021

Both brain and peripheral nitric oxide (NO) play a role in the
control of blood pressure and circulatory homeostasis. Central NO
production seems to counteract angiotensin II-induced
enhancement of sympathetic tone. The aim of our study was to
evaluate NO synthase (NOS) activity and protein expression of its
three isoforms – neuronal (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and
inducible (iNOS) – in two brain regions involved in blood pressure
control (diencephalon and brainstem) as well as in the kidney of
young adult rats with either genetic (12-week-old SHR) or saltinduced hypertension (8-week-old Dahl rats). We have demonstrated reduced nNOS and iNOS expression in brainstem of both hypertensive models. In SHR this abnormality was
accompanied by attenuated NOS activity and was corrected by
chronic captopril treatment which prevented the development of
genetic hypertension. In salt hypertensive Dahl rats nNOS and
iNOS expression was also decreased in the diencephalon where
neural structures important for salt hypertension development
are located. As far as peripheral NOS activity and expression is
concerned, renal eNOS expression was considerably reduced in
both genetic and salt-induced hypertension. In conclusions, we
disclosed similar changes of NO system in the brainstem (but not
in the diencephalon) of rats with genetic and salt-induced
hypertension. Decreased nNOS expression was associated with
increased blood pressure due to enhanced sympathetic tone.
Refining Operational Vertical Mobility
Authors: Sean McKay  , James Johnston  , Greg Smith  , Dominick Briganti  , Bryan Howel  , Ditzel Ricky , Will Gambino  , Jonathan Johnson  , Greg Smith  , Andy Schrader
Published: February 2021

Environmental hazards have an unrecognized and unmet influence on operations.  The mistranslation of vertical access and rescue customs and practices, to an environment with uncertain and unrecognizable hazards, can lead to catastrophic failure.  Application of these customs and practices to meet the complex operational constraints and environmental hazards central to high-hazard mission sets, has persisted and confused operational vertical rescue teams.  Improvised approaches, using minimal but readily available equipment, can close gaps between theory and practice and between discrete concepts in a continuously evolving environment.  This paper addresses existing gaps in operational vertical response utilizing a context-specific approach similar to the authors of the original Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) project published in the 1996 supplement of Military Medicine (Butler FK, 1996).

 

A pragmatic framework is introduced, which has been evolving for the past 10 years within USSOCOM, Federal special operations teams, and municipal special response elements termed Operational Vertical Mobility (OVM).  Operational Vertical Mobility (OVM) creates an adaptable model within high-hazard vertical response in the same manner that TCCC disrupted prehospital tactical medicine (Butler FK Jr, 2007).  Since normative traditional civilian vertical practices do not translate well into the context of a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, Ambiguous, Threat containing, and Time-compressed (VUCA-T2) environment, OVM reframes vertical response key performance parameters (KPP’s) in opposition to traditional design principles.  OVM promotes creating theories out of practice rather than forcing theories into practice.  In order to appraise the key performance parameters of verticality within a VUCA-T2 environment, a panel of practitioners with expertise across multiple vertical disciplines and specialized units analyzed relevant guidelines, principles, industry recommendations, nonlinear sciences, and high reliability organizational characteristics for successful operational application.
Omnibus Law Draft in the Perspective of Constitutionality and Legal Politics
Authors: Siagian Abdul Hakim
Published: February 2021

Overlapping norms in regulations, for example in the Natural Resources sector in terms of ease of investment, which previously had been sufficiently well regulated in the Law, many of the rules were cut through the omnibus law draft. The issues to be discussed are the constitutionality of the omnibus law concept in achieving legal certainty and usefulness in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical legal research. The results show that the omnibus law will also not interfere with the hierarchy of statutory regulations because the omnibus law is actually applied the same as the usual statutory regulation formation system. Apart from that, the omnibus law will also provide significant legal objectives in the form of legal certainty and usefulness compared to the normal law revision method (one by one).
The Shadow Effect of Courts: Judicial Review and the Politics of Preemptive Reform
Authors: Pavone Tommaso , Stiansen Øyvind
Published: February 2021

Political scientists often presume that courts can only influence policy if they are solicited in a dispute. Conversely, we theorize the shadow effect of courts: Policymakers preemptively altering policies in anticipation of judicial review. Building on American studies tying these preemptive reforms to interest group litigation and political support for judicial review, we elaborate a theory capable of traveling to less litigious and judicialized contexts. We argue that in these settings shadow effects may still emerge when bureaucratic conflicts threaten to trigger adjudication and policymakers resisting judicial interference seek to preclude courts from building caselaw. To illustrate our theory, we trace how a sudden overhaul of welfare policy in Norway- a country with limited judicial review and interest group litigation- was triggered by an administrative conflict and government efforts to avoid interference by an often-overlooked international court. Our findings advance research on judicial impact, resistance to courts, and bureaucratic politics.
Sumber Tenaga, Komunikasi, Usia, Lama Kerja Dan Pelatihan Perawat Dapat Meningkatkan Pelaksanaan Perawatan Bayi Prematur Di Ruang Perinatologi
Authors: Julianti Erna , Waluyanti Fajar Tri , Dekania Alleni
Published: February 2021

Kompleksitas perawatan bayi yang intensif  menyebabkan ada perawatan rutin yang terlewatkan sehingga dapat memperpanjang lama perawatan, risiko rawat ulang, meningkatkan komplikasi bayi, dan menurunkan kepuasan orang tua. Penelitian cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan perawatan bayi prematur di ruang Perinatologi. Teknik consecutive sampling dilakukan untuk memilih 59 perawat yang merawat bayi prematur di ruang Perinatologi Rumah Sakit Jakarta. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat,dan bivariate. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji pearson dan regresi linear. Hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara sumber tenaga perawat, komunikasi, usia, lama kerja perawat, dan pelatihan  dengan pelaksanaan perawatan bayi prematur dengan p Value 0,014, 0,004, <0,001, <0,001, <0,001. Bagi pelayanan keperawatan dapat menjadi evaluasi terhadap kinerja perawat untuk meningkatkan kualitas perawatan bayi prematur
Pengembangan Learning Card untuk meningkatkan kerja sama tim dan pengetahuan mahasiswa: A Literature Review
Authors: Pattimura Nastain Abubakar , Rosa Elsye Maria
Published: February 2021

Penggunaan Learning Card bergambar bertujuan untuk mempermudah mahasiswa memberikan asosiasi terhadap konsep dan materi sehingga gambar yang didapatkan mahasiswa dalam memunculkan ide-ide yang kreatif. Kartu tendang bergambar diharapkan mampu meningkatkan mahasiswa kemampuan spasial dan visual siswa. Tujuan dari Literature Review ini untuk melakukan review terhadap artikel-artikel yang meneliti tentang Pengembangan Learning Card terhadap Peningkatan Kerja Sama Tim dan Pengetahuan Mahasiswa. Data yang digunakan berasal dari jurnal yang berisikan tentang konsep yang diteliti. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyaringan dari 17.071 sumber literatur menjadi 7 literatur berdasarkan kriteria yang ditentukan oleh Penulis dari setiap jurnal yang diambil. Adapun kriteria yang dimaksud meliputi tahun sumber literatur yang diambil mulai tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2019, kesesuaian keyword penulisan, keterkaitan hasil penulisan dan pembahasan. Strategi dalam pengumpulan jurnal berbagai literatur dengan menggunakan situs jurnal yang sudah terakreditasi seperti Google Scholar, Science Direct dan juga BMC Medical Education. Cara penulisan yang efektif untuk setting jurnal dengan memasukkan kata kunci sesuai judul Penulisan seperti “Learning Card AND Teamwork AND Knowledge. Pada kartu Learning merupakan kartu yang berisikan kata kunci dalam pembelajaran yang digunakan mahasiswa dalam menyusun solusi, konsep dan pemecahan masalah baik secara  runut dan sistematis.