bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase Transformation Behavior, Mechanical Properties Under Thermal Stress, and Slag-Induced Erosion of 2–4 mol% CeO2-Doped CaO-Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Kim Janghoon , Jeon Hwanho , Jo Kanghee , Lee Hwanseok , Lee Heesoo
Published: December 2024

We investigated the phase transitions, mechanical properties, and chemical durability of a composition of 9 mol% CaO-stabilized zirconia (9CSZ) doped with 2–4 mol% CeO2 under thermal stress against molten slag. The monoclinic phase fraction of 9CSZ was 7.14% at room temperature, and CSZ doped with 2–4 mol% CeO2 showed a slightly lower value of 5.55–3.72%, with only a minor difference between them. The microstructure of 9CSZ doped with 2–3 mol% CeO2 was similar to that of undoped 9CSZ, whereas the microstructure of 9CSZ doped with 4 mol% CeO2 exhibited noticeable grain refinement. The mechanical properties of CSZ at room temperature tended to improve as the CeO2 doping concentration increased. The Vickers hardness increased from 1088.4 HV to 1497.6 HV when the CeO2 doping amount was 4 mol%, and the specific wear amount decreased from 1.5941 to 1.1320 × 105 mm3/Nm. This tendency remained similar even after applying thermal stress. The monoclinic phase fraction of 9CSZ increased from 7.14% to 67.71% after the erosion experiment with the CaF₂-based slag. CeO2-doped CSZ had a lower monoclinic phase fraction than CSZ after the erosion experiment, but as CeO2 content increased from 2 to 4 mol%, the fraction rose to 4.07%, 30.85%, and 77.11%.
Improvement of Bending Stiffness of Timber Beams with Ultra-High-Modulus-Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Sheets
Authors: Bakalarz Michał Marcin , Kossakowski Paweł Grzegorz
Published: December 2024

The bending stiffness of beams represents a pivotal parameter influencing both the dimensions of the elements during their design and their subsequent utilisation. It is evident that excessive deflections can cause discomfort to users and contribute to further structural degradation. The objective of this study was to enhance the bending stiffness of timber beams by bonding a composite sheet to their external surfaces. A carbon sheet exhibiting an ultra-high modulus of elasticity and low elongation at rupture was employed. Two variables of analysis can be distinguished including whether the reinforcement was applied or not and the number of reinforcement layers. The beams, with nominal dimensions of 80 × 80 × 1600 mm, were subjected to a four-point bending test in order to ascertain their mechanical properties. In total, 15 beams were tested (5 unreinforced and 10 reinforced). The reinforcement had no appreciable impact on the increase in flexural load capacity, with the maximum average increase recorded at 9%. Nevertheless, an increase in stiffness of 34% was observed. Additionally, significant increases were observed in ductility up to 248%. However, the ductile behaviour of the beam occurred after the rupture of the reinforcement. In all instances, the failure was attributed to the fracturing of the wooden components or the UHM CFRP (ultra-high-modulus-carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer) sheet. The numerical analysis proved to be a valuable tool for predicting the stiffness of the wood–composite system, with a relatively low error margin of a few percentage points. The modified approach, based on the equivalent cross-section method, permits the determination of a bilinear load deflection relationship for reinforced beams. The aforementioned curve is indicative of the actual behaviour. Given the propensity for the sudden rupture of reinforcement, the described method of reinforcement is recommended for beams subjected to lower levels of stress.
Extensions to Mean–Geometric Mean Linking
Authors: Robitzsch Alexander
Published: December 2024

Mean-geometric mean (MGM) linking is a widely used method for linking two groups within the two-parameter logistic (2PL) item response model. However, the presence of differential item functioning (DIF) can lead to biased parameter estimates using the traditional MGM method. To address this, alternative linking methods based on robust loss functions have been proposed. In this article, the conventional L2 loss function is compared with the L0.5 and L0 loss functions in MGM linking. Our results suggest that robust loss functions are preferable when dealing with outlying DIF effects, with the L0 function showing particular advantages in tests with larger item sets and sample sizes. Additionally, a simulation study demonstrates that defining MGM linking based on item intercepts rather than item difficulties leads to more accurate linking parameter estimates. Finally, robust Haberman linking slightly outperforms robust MGM linking in two-group comparisons.
A New Local Optimal Spline Wavelet for Image Edge Detection
Authors: Zhou Dujuan , Yuan Zizhao , Cai Zhanchuan , Zhu Defu , Shen Xiaojing
Published: December 2024

Wavelet-based edge detection methods have evolved significantly over the years, contributing to advances in image processing, computer vision, and pattern recognition. This paper proposes a new local optimal spline wavelet (LOSW) and the dual wavelet of the LOSW. Then, a pair of dual filters can be obtained, which can provide distortion-free signal decomposition and reconstruction, while having stronger denoising and feature capture capabilities. The coefficients of the pair of dual filters are calculated for image edge detection. We propose a new LOSW-based edge detection algorithm (LOSW-ED), which introduces a structural uncertainty–aware modulus maxima (SUAMM) to detect highly uncertain edge samples, ensuring robustness in complex and noisy environments. Additionally, LOSW-ED unifies multi-structure morphology and modulus maxima to fully exploit the complementary properties of low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, enabling multi-stage differential edge refinement. The experimental results show that the proposed LOSW and LOSW-ED algorithm has better performance in noise suppression and edge structure preservation.
Optimal Control Strategies for Dengue and Malaria Co-Infection Disease Model
Authors: Imran Muhammad , McKinney Brett Allen , Butt Azhar Iqbal Kashif , Palumbo Pasquale , Batool Saira , Aftab Hassan
Published: December 2024

Dengue and malaria fever infections are mosquito-borne diseases that pose significant threats to human health. There is an urgent need for effective strategies to prevent, control, and raise awareness about the public health risks of dengue and malaria. In this manuscript, we analyze a mathematical model that addresses the dynamics of dengue–malaria co-infection and propose optimal control strategies across four different scenarios to limit the spread of the disease. The results indicate that non-pharmaceutical interventions are the most effective and feasible standalone strategy, yielding significant reductions in disease transmission. Additionally, vector population control through spraying is identified as the second most significant method, with a proportional decrease in disease prevalence corresponding to the reduction in the mosquito population. While pharmaceutical treatments alone do not fully eradicate the disease, they do contribute to its containment. Notably, the combination of vector control and non-pharmaceutical strategies proved to be the most effective approach, ensuring rapid disease eradication. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated interventions in managing co-infection dynamics and highlight the vital role of prevention-oriented strategies.
On Discrete Shifts of Some Beurling Zeta Functions
Authors: Laurinčikas Antanas , Šiaučiūnas Darius
Published: December 2024

We consider the Beurling zeta function ζP(s), s=σ+it, of the system of generalized prime numbers P with generalized integers m satisfying the condition ∑m⩽x1=ax+O(xδ), a>0, 0⩽δ<1, and suppose that ζP(s) has a bounded mean square for σ>σP with some σP<1. Then, we prove that, for every h>0, there exists a closed non-empty set of analytic functions that are approximated by discrete shifts ζP(s+ilh). This set shifts has a positive density. For the proof, a weak convergence of probability measures in the space of analytic functions is applied.
Oscillation of Bounded Solutions of Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Dzurina Jozef
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this paper is to give new oscillation criteria for second-order delay differential equations y″(t)=p(t)y(τ(t)). We introduce a new technique for the elimination of bounded nonoscillatory solutions.
Exploration of Soliton Solutions to the Special Korteweg–De Vries Equation with a Stability Analysis and Modulation Instability
Authors: Alomair Abdulrahman , Al Naim Abdulaziz S. , Bekir Ahmet
Published: December 2024

This work is concerned with Hirota bilinear, expa function, and Sardar sub-equation methods to find the breather-wave, 1-Soliton, 2-Soliton, three-wave, and new periodic-wave results and some exact solitons of the special (1 + 1)-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. The model of concern is a partial differential equation that is used as a mathematical model of waves on shallow water surfaces. The results are attained as well as verified by Mathematica and Maple softwares. Some of the obtained solutions are represented in three-dimensional (3-D) and contour plots through the Mathematica tool. A stability analysis is performed to verify that the results are precise as well as accurate. Modulation instability is also performed for the steady-state solutions to the governing equation. The solutions are useful for the development of corresponding equations. This work shows that the methods used are simple and fruitful for investigating the results for other nonlinear partial differential models.
Contextual Analysis of Financial Time Series
Authors: Yarushkina Nadezhda , Filippov Aleksey , Romanov Anton
Published: December 2024

The evaluation of the financial state of small and medium-sized companies is a pressing issue today. This article introduces a novel method to evaluate a company’s financial state, implemented as a module within a decision support system. This component uses fuzzy logic and knowledge engineering methods. The article describes an ontological model that provides the framework for data analysis and financial time-series modeling. The ontological framework simplifies the representation of the trends in the financial indicators under analysis. Integrating an ontology and a set of fuzzy rules makes it possible to develop control systems based on fuzzy inference. This approach provides the analysis and interpretation of results. The experimental results validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Bayesian Inference for Zero-Modified Power Series Regression Models
Authors: Conceição Katiane S. , Andrade Marinho G. , Lachos Victor Hugo , Ravishanker Nalini
Published: December 2024

Count data often exhibit discrepancies in the frequencies of zeros, which commonly occur across various application domains. These data may include excess zeros (zero inflation) or, less frequently, a scarcity of zeros (zero deflation). In regression models, both situations can arise at different levels of covariates. The zero-modified power series regression model provides an effective framework for modeling such count data, as it does not require prior knowledge of the type of zero modification, whether zero inflation or zero deflation, and can accommodate overdispersion, equidispersion, or underdispersion present in the data. This paper proposes a Bayesian estimation procedure based on the stochastic gradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm, effectively addressing many challenges associated with estimating the model parameters. Additionally, we introduce a measure of Bayesian efficiency to evaluate the impact of prior information on parameter estimation. The practical utility of the proposed method is demonstrated through both simulated and real data across different types of zero modification.
Secondary Metabolites from the Mangrove Ecosystem-Derived Fungi Penicillium spp.: Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity
Authors: Zhou Guojun , Cai Jin , Wang Bin , Diao Wenjiao , Zhong Yu , Pan Shaodan , Xiong Weijia , Huang Guolei , Zheng Caijuan
Published: December 2024

Mangrove ecosystems have attracted widespread attention because of their high salinity, muddy or sandy soil, and low pH, as well as being partly anoxic and periodically soaked by tides. Mangrove plants, soil, or sediment-derived fungi, especially the Penicillium species, possess unique metabolic pathways to produce secondary metabolites with novel structures and potent biological activities. This paper reviews the structural diversity and biological activity of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove ecosystem-derived Penicillium species over the past 5 years (January 2020–October 2024), and 417 natural products (including 170 new compounds, among which 32 new compounds were separated under the guidance of molecular networking and the OSMAC approach) are described. The structures were divided into six major categories, including alkaloids, polyketides, terpenoids, benzene derivatives, steroids, and other classes. Among these natural products, the plausible biosynthetic pathways of 37 compounds were also proposed; 11 compounds have novel skeleton structures, and 26 compounds contain halogen atoms. A total of 126 compounds showed biological activities, such as cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activities, and 11 compounds exhibited diverse biological activities. These new secondary metabolites with novel structures and potent bioactivities will continue to guide the separation or synthesis of structurally novel and biologically active compounds and will offer leading compounds for the development and innovation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
Role of Ultrasonography in Monitoring Chemotherapeutic Effects on Primary Thyroid Lymphoma: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Liu Shirong , Fu Ying , Cui Ligang , Wang Shumin , Tan Shi
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: In this study, we assessed the utility of ultrasonography in monitoring the chemotherapeutic effects on primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL). Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis included 17 patients with PTL who received chemotherapy from 2012 to 2022. The sonographic features were examined pre- and post-treatment using ultrasound (US) to monitor the treatment response at the first to second, third to fourth, and end cycles of chemotherapy and follow-up, and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Results: The sonographic findings for all the patients indicated diffuse or nodular infiltration with markedly hypoechoic masses, and “stripe-shaped” high echoes and posterior acoustic enhancement were observed. Following one to two cycles of chemotherapy, a US examination revealed varying tumor reduction degrees and diminished blood flow signals. After three to four cycles of chemotherapy, the US demonstrated an evaluation efficacy comparable to that of PET-CT in cases in which the lesion had entirely disappeared postchemotherapy; however, its ability to differentiate between treatment response and residual lesions was less effective compared to that of PET-CT. After the end cycle of chemotherapy, the lesion sizes had significantly decreased compared to those at the baseline (p < 0.05). Postchemotherapy, Adler’s blood flow grades decreased significantly, with 80% graded as 0–1. Among the 10 patients with cervical lymph node enlargement, 70% showed reduced lesion sizes and blood flow signals. The cumulative 5-year PFS and OS rates were both 80% for the diffuse type and 82.5% and 78.8% for the nodular type, respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusions: US can be utilized to monitor the therapeutic response following chemotherapy for PTL, especially for early assessment and repeated dynamic monitoring, and can serve as a complementary follow-up method to PET-CT.
Development of a Predictive Model of Occult Cancer After a Venous Thromboembolism Event Using Machine Learning: The CLOVER Study
Authors: Franco-Moreno Anabel , Madroñal-Cerezo Elena , de Ancos-Aracil Cristina Lucía , Farfán-Sedano Ana Isabel , Muñoz-Rivas Nuria , Bascuñana Morejón-Girón José , Ruiz-Giardín José Manuel , Álvarez-Rodríguez Federico , Prada-Alonso Jesús , Gala-García Yvonne , Casado-Suela Miguel Ángel , Bustamante-Fermosel Ana , Alfaro-Fernández Nuria , Torres-Macho Juan
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be the first manifestation of an underlying cancer. This study aimed to develop a predictive model to assess the risk of occult cancer between 30 days and 24 months after a venous thrombotic event using machine learning (ML). Materials and Methods: We designed a case–control study nested in a cohort of patients with VTE included in a prospective registry from two Spanish hospitals between 2005 and 2021. Both clinically and ML-driven feature selection were performed to identify predictors for occult cancer. XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost algorithms were used to train different prediction models, which were subsequently validated in a hold-out dataset. Results: A total of 815 patients with VTE were included (51.5% male and median age of 59). During follow-up, 56 patients (6.9%) were diagnosed with cancer. One hundred and twenty-one variables were explored for the predictive analysis. CatBoost obtained better performance metrics among the ML models analyzed. The final CatBoost model included, among the top 15 variables to predict hidden malignancy, age, gender, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, weight, chronic lung disease, D-dimer, alanine aminotransferase, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, cholesterol, platelets, triglycerides, leukocyte count and previous VTE. The model had an ROC-AUC of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83–0.87) in the test set. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were 62%, 94%, 93% and 75%, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first risk score developed for identifying patients with VTE who are at increased risk of occult cancer using ML tools, obtaining a remarkably high diagnostic accuracy. This study’s limitations include potential information bias from electronic health records and a small cancer sample size. In addition, variability in detection protocols and evolving clinical practices may affect model accuracy. Our score needs external validation.
The Impact of Pelvic Floor Muscle Strengthening on the Functional State of Women Who Have Experienced OASIS After Childbirth
Authors: Simanauskaitė Atėnė , Kačerauskienė Justina , Railaitė Dalia Regina , Bartusevičienė Eglė
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strengthening on the pelvic floor function in women who have experienced OASIS two years after delivery, and the secondary objective was to educate women about PFM strengthening and instruct them on the correct way to exercise. Methods and Materials: A prospective case-control study was conducted. The participants were divided into two groups: the case group (women who experienced OASIS) and the control group (women who did not experience perineal tears but had similar obstetric-related data to the case). Women were invited for a gynecological exam, PFM assessment, and consultation on PFM training. Women in the case group had three consultations, and women in the control group had two. Women were presented with four sets of questions about pre-pregnancy condition and questions related to UI and FI after delivery. Results were considered significant when p < 0.05. Results: OASIS were detected in 13 (0.4%) women in 2021. Risk factors for OASIS were found to be fetal macrosomia (p = 0.012), fetal occiput posterior position (p = 0.001), and epidural analgesia (p = 0.003). After one year of performing PFM strengthening exercises, some women in the study group exhibited stronger PFM contractions (p = 0.076), while others held the contracted PFM for a longer time (p = 0.133). UI affected women in the control group more often (p = 0.019). Two years after delivery, gas incontinence was mentioned significantly more frequently in the case group (p = 0.019). One year after initial consultation, gas incontinence was also more significantly common in the case group (p = 0.037). Conclusions: This study found that PFM strengthening exercises significantly improved pelvic floor function in women who experienced OASIS two years after delivery. Participants exhibited stronger PFM contractions and an increased ability to maintain these contractions. Women reported a better understanding of PFM exercises and proper techniques.
Systematic Study of Steroid Drugs’ Ability to Cross Biomembranes—The Possible Environmental Impact and Health Risks Associated with Exposure During Pregnancy
Authors: Sobańska Anna W. , Orlikowska Aleksandra , Famulska Karolina , Bošnjak Lovro , Bosiljevac Domagoj , Rasztawicka Aleksandra , Sobański Andrzej M.
Published: December 2024

Thirty-seven steroid drugs of different types were investigated in silico for their environmental and pharmacokinetic properties (partition between soil and water, bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, ability to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and to cross biological barriers—skin, blood–brain barrier and placenta) using on-line tools and novel QSAR models. The same drugs were studied by Molecular Docking in the context of their ability to interact with two enzymes—glutathione S-transferase (GST) and human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), which are involved in the placenta’s protective system against harmful xenobiotics. Steroid drugs are released to the environment from households, hospitals, manufacturing plants and farms (e.g., with natural fertilizers) and they can affect the aquatic life (reproduction and development of aquatic organisms), even at sub-ng/L concentrations. It was established that the majority of studied drugs are mobile in soil, so they may reach surface waters far from point of discharge, e.g., from farming; however, only a few of them are likely to bioaccumulate. All of them can be absorbed orally or through skin, and they are also expected to cross the placenta. Over 30% of studied compounds are likely to pass through the blood–brain barrier (although five compounds in this group are likely P-gp substrates, which may reduce their activity in the central nervous systems); they have also very high affinity for both studied enzymes.
hnRNPH1 Inhibits Influenza Virus Replication by Binding Viral RNA
Authors: Xue Ruixue , Bao Danqi , Ma Tianxin , Niu Shiqi , Wu Zihua , Lv Xuehua , Zhang Yunxiang , Xu Guanlong , Yan Dawei , Zhang Zhifei , Pan Xue , Yan Minghao , Teng Qiaoyang , Yuan Chunxiu , Li Zejun , Liu Qinfang
Published: December 2024

During the life cycle of the influenza virus, viral RNPs (vRNPs) are transported to the nucleus for replication. Given that a large number of progeny viral RNA occupies the nucleus, whether there is any host protein located in the nucleus that recognizes the viral RNA and inhibits the viral replication remains largely unknown. In this study, to explore the role of hnRNPH1 in influenza virus infection, we knocked down and over-expressed the hnRNPH1 proteins in 293T cells, then infected the cells with the influenza virus. The results showed that the host hnRNPH1 inhibits the replication of H1N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses by restraining the polymerase activity of viruses. hnRNPH1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1) and RRM2. Further studies indicated that hnRNPH1 specifically binds to the viral RNA of the PB1, PA, and NP genes. Mutation of the key residues tryptophan and tyrosine in RRM1 and RRM2 abolished the binding affinity to viral RNA and the suppression of polymerase activity of the influenza virus. All the results suggested that hnRNPH1 suppresses polymerase activity and replication of the influenza virus by binding viral RNA.
Growth-Promoting Effects of Grass Root-Derived Fungi Cadophora fastigiata, Paraphoma fimeti and Plectosphaerella cucumerina on Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)
Authors: Pašakinskienė Izolda , Stakelienė Violeta , Matijošiūtė Saulė , Martūnas Justas , Rimkevičius Marius , Būdienė Jurga , Aučina Algis , Skridaila Audrius
Published: December 2024

Many endophytic fungi are approved as plant growth stimulants, and several commercial biostimulants have already been introduced in agricultural practice. However, there are still many species of fungi whose plant growth-promoting properties have been understudied or not studied at all. We examined the growth-promoting effect in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) induced by three endophytic fungi previously obtained from the roots of Festuca/Lolium grasses. Surface-sterilized seeds were inoculated with a spore suspension of Cadophora fastigiata (isolate BSG003), Paraphoma fimeti (BSG010), Plectosphaerella cucumerina (BSG006), and their spore mixture. Before harvesting, the inoculated plants were grown in a greenhouse, with the barley being in multi-cavity trays for 30 days and ryegrass being placed in an original cylindric element system for 63 days. All three newly tested fungi had a positive effect on the growth of the barley and ryegrass plants, with the most pronounced impact observed in their root size. The fungal inoculations increased the dry shoot biomass between 11% and 26% in Italian ryegrass, but no such impact was observed in barley. The highest root increment was observed in barley. Herein, P. cucumerina and C. fastigiata inoculations were superior to other treatments, showing an increase in root dry weight of 50% compared to 20%, respectively. All fungal inoculations significantly promoted root growth in Italian ryegrass, resulting in a 20–30% increase in dry weight compared to non-inoculated plants. Moreover, a strong stimulatory effect of the fungi-emitted VOCs on the root development was observed in plate-in-plate arrays. In the presence of C. fastigiata and P. cucumerina cultures, the number of roots and root hairs in barley seedlings doubled compared to control plants. Thus, in our study, we demonstrated the potential of the grass root-derived endophytes C. fastigiata, P. fimeti, and P. cucumerina as growth promoters for spring barley and Italian ryegrass. These studies can be extended to other major crops and grasses by evaluating different fungal isolates.
Leptospirosis Risk Assessment in Rodent Populations and Environmental Reservoirs in Humanitarian Aid Settings in Thailand
Authors: Krairojananan Panadda , Wasuworawong Kasima , Leepitakrat Surachai , Monkanna Taweesak , Wanja Elizabeth W. , Davidson Silas A. , Poole-Smith Betty K. , McCardle Patrick W. , Mann Alyssa , Lindroth Erica J.
Published: December 2024

Leptospirosis, a global zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira spp., presents high morbidity and mortality risks, especially in tropical regions like Thailand. Military personnel deployed in endemic areas, such as during the Cobra Gold Joint exercise, face heightened exposure. This study assessed Leptospira’s prevalence in rodents and environmental reservoirs at military training sites from 2017 to 2022. A surveillance program was conducted at Engineering Civil Assistance Program (ENCAP) training sites using real-time PCR, dark-field microscopy, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to detect Leptospira in rodents and environmental samples. Results showed a 1.3% infection rate in rodents (15 of 1161), while Leptospira was detected in 10.2% of water samples (42 of 413) and 23.1% of soil samples (30 of 130). Diverse Leptospira interrogans strains circulated among rodents, and three groups of naturally circulating Leptospira strains were detected in environmental reservoirs. These findings underscore Leptospira’s survival and transmission potential within exercise sites, informing Force Health Protection (FHP) decisions. By integrating pre-exercise data on primary hosts and environmental reservoirs with historical local outbreak records and research on risk factors, this study identifies key areas for public health intervention and potential mitigation strategies.
Soil Microbial Responses to Varying Environmental Conditions in a Copper Belt Region of Africa: Phytoremediation Perspectives
Authors: Nkongolo Kabwe , Mukalay John B. , Lubobo Antoine K. , Michael Paul
Published: December 2024

The mining industry in the copper belt region of Africa was initiated in the early 1900s, with copper being the main ore extracted to date. The main objectives of the present study are (1) to characterize the microbial structure, abundance, and diversity in different ecological conditions in the cupriferous city of Lubumbashi and (2) to assess the metal phytoextraction potential of Leucaena leucocephala, a main plant species used in tailing. Four ecologically different sites were selected. They include a residential area (site 1), an agricultural dry field (site 2), and an agricultural wetland (site 3), all located within the vicinity of a copper/cobalt mining plant. A remediated tailing was also added as a highly stressed area (site 4). As expected, the highest levels of copper and cobalt among the sites studied were found at the remediated tailing, with 9447 mg/kg and 2228 mg/kg for copper and cobalt, respectively. The levels of these metals at the other sites were low, varying from 41 mg/kg to 579 mg/kg for copper and from 4 mg/kg to 110 mg/kg for cobalt. Interestingly, this study revealed that the Leucaena leucocephala grown on the remediated sites is a copper/cobalt excluder species as it accumulates soil bioavailable metals from the rhizosphere in its roots. Amplicon sequence analysis showed significant differences among the sites in bacterial and fungal composition and abundance. Site-specific genera were identified. Acidibacter was the most abundant bacterial genus in the residential and remediated tailing sites, with 11.1% and 4.4%, respectively. Bacillus was predominant in both dry (19.3%) and wet agricultural lands (4.8%). For fungi, Fusarium exhibited the highest proportion of the fungal genera at all the sites, with a relative abundance ranging from 15.6% to 20.3%. Shannon diversity entropy indices were high and similar, ranging from 8.3 to 9 for bacteria and 7.0 and 7.4 for fungi. Β diversity analysis confirmed the closeness of the four sites regardless of the environmental conditions. This lack of differences in the microbial community diversity and structures among the sites suggests microbial resilience and physiological adaptations.
Adding MnO to Improve the Characteristics of Zirconia-Toughened Alumina Ceramic Parts Made Using the Digital Light Processing Method
Authors: Obolkina Tatiana O. , Kotelnikov Nikita L. , Goldberg Margarita A. , Khayrutdinova Dinara R. , Smirnov Sergey V. , Utkin Dmitriy A. , Antonova Olga S. , Egorov Alexey A. , Ogarkov Alexander I. , Mosolov Alexey N. , Kudryavtsev Egor A. , Akhmedova Suraya A. , Kirsanova Valentina A. , Sviridova Irina K. , Sergeeva Natalia S. , Barinov Sergey M. , Komlev Vladimir S.
Published: December 2024

Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) powders with 20.0 wt.% of ZrO2 were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the powders contained needle-like particles 15–30 nm long and 50–70 nm flake-like particles with a uniform component distribution. Effects of different Y2O3 concentrations (3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 mol.%) and 0.5 wt.% of MnO on the phase composition, microstructure, and physicomechanical properties of the composites were evaluated after sintering at 1600 °C. The microhardness of 5ZTA-Mn samples (5.0 mol.% of Y2O3 and 0.5 wt.% of MnO) was 1653 ± 50 HV when density reached 4.18 g/cm3. For digital light processing on a commercial 3D printer Anycubic Photon S, acrylate-based homogeneous slurries were obtained. Compositions based on ZTA powder stabilized with 5.0 mol.% of Y2O3 and containing 0.5 wt.% of MnO were studied. MnO in the materials improved polymerization depth during the UV-curing process as compared to 5ZTA materials. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the 5ZTA-Mn composites were investigated at the sintering temperature of 1600 °C. Compared with 5ZTA, the 5ZTA-Mn composites showed higher density (4.0 g/cm3) and microhardness (1409 ± 50 HV). According to in vitro experiments, the newly developed materials are promising for biomedical applications and can serve as a basis for the production of personalized implants via digital light processing printing.
Geochronology and Genesis of the Shuigou Gold Deposit, Qixia-Penglai-Fushan Metallogenic Area, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China: Constraints from SHRIMP U-Pb, 40Ar/39Ar Age, and He-Ar Isotopes
Authors: Liu Zhenjiang , Cheng Shaobo , Liu Changrong , Gu Benjie , Xue Yushan
Published: December 2024

The Jiaodong Peninsula is renowned for its significant gold reserves, which exceed 4500 tons. In this study, we conducted zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) analysis, and He-Ar isotope analysis on samples from the Shuigou gold deposit located in the Qixia-Penglai-Fushan metallogenic area of central Jiaodong. This quartz vein-type gold deposit is characterized by three mineralization stages: (I) the quartz-pyrite stage, (II) the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage, and (III) the calcite stage. In stages I and II, gold primarily exists as native gold or electrum. Preliminary analysis suggests that the deposit contains rare critical metals, including bismuth (Bi), tellurium (Te), and antimony (Sb). The Sb is found as pyrargyrite in stage III, while the other critical elements occur as isomorphisms or nanoparticles within host minerals such as pyrite, native gold, and electrum. Geochronology data indicate that the pre-mineralization Guojialing monzogranite formed around 126 ± 1.6 Ma, the syn-mineralization muscovite formed at approximately 125 Ma, and the post-mineralization diorite porphyrite formed at 120.4 ± 1.8 Ma. The 3He/4He ratios of fluid inclusions in the main-stage pyrite range from 0.26 to 1.26 Ra, and the 40Ar/36Ar ratios vary from 383 to 426.6. These findings suggest that the Shuigou gold deposit formed during the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC), similar to other super-large gold deposits in the Jiaodong Mesozoic gold metallogenic province. Gold mineralization has been influenced by mantle, crustal, and meteoric fluids.
Effects of Superfine Cement on Fluidity, Strength, and Pore Structure of Superfine Tailings Cemented Paste Backfill
Authors: Zhu Kunlei , Wang Haijun , Zhao Xulin , Luo Guanghua , Dai Kewei , Hu Qinghua , Liu Yang , Liu Baowen , Miao Yonggang , Liu Jianbo , Lv Dingchao
Published: December 2024

Advancements in mine tailings treatment technology have increased the use of superfine tailings, but their extremely fine particle size and high specific surface area limit the performance of superfine tailings cemented paste backfill (STCPB). This study investigates the effects of using superfine cement as a binder to enhance the fluidity, strength, and pore structure of STCPB. The influence of water film thickness (WFT) on STCPB performance is also examined. The results show that the cement-to-tailings ratio (CTR) and solid content (SC) significantly affect the spread diameter (SD) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), following distinct linear/logarithmic and exponential trends, respectively. WFT has an exponential impact on SD and a non-linear effect on UCS, enhancing strength at low levels (0 μm < WFT < 0.0071 μm) and balancing hydration and flowability at moderate levels (0.0071 μm < WFT < 0.0193 μm) but reducing strength at high levels (WFT > 0.0193 μm). Additionally, superfine cement significantly improves the pore structure of STCPB by reducing porosity and macropore content. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing STCPB for enhanced performance and sustainability in mine backfilling applications.
Vibronic Effects Analysis of the Substituent Effect on the Spectral Properties of the EMI and CPL of Three [7]Helicene Derivatives
Authors: Xu Qiushuang , Wang Meishan , Liu Yanli
Published: December 2024

The substituent effect has a significant influence on the optical properties of spectral shape, width, and wavelength, and the intensities of the maximum peaks of emission (EMI) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). In this work, we conducted a systematic theoretical study to investigate how substituents alter the optical response in the EMI and CPL spectra of three [7]helicene derivatives at the vibronic level. To incorporate the vibronic effect, a state-of-the-art time-dependent (TD) method was used to achieve the fully converged spectra. In the meantime, a time-independent (TI) approach also provided a way to show the progression of the spectra, serving as a complementary strategy and creating reliable documentation for the experiment. The experimental spectra of EMI and CPL are nicely reproduced, which validates the reliability of the Adiabatic Hessian (AH) model in simulating experimental data. This allowed us to analyze in detail the effect of substituents, particularly on the optical responses. The introduction of cyano and methoxy groups is highlighted, as they altered the transition dipole moments and led to a 1000-fold increase in the intensity of EMI and CPL. Moreover, substituents can also rationally alter the spectral shape of EMI and CPL by affecting the responsible normal modes. The unique CN stretching and the MeO rotation in the substituted [7]helicene are highlighted as key factors contributing to the different behaviors of EMI and CPL. This sheds light on the design and synthesis of helicenes that can serve as ideal full-color EMI and CPL emitters.
An In Situ Oxidative Polymerization Method to Synthesize Mesoporous Polypyrrole/MnO2 Composites for Supercapacitors
Authors: Song Yan , Dong Yangbo , Li Wei , Tan Zhengwen , Ma Pingfei , Wang Guibin , Li Xuefeng
Published: December 2024

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) shows great potential in the field of electrochemical performance. But its poor conductivity, easy dissolution in electrolytes and undesirable ionic accessibility hinder its application. The construction of mesoporous polypyrrole/manganese dioxide (PPy/MnO2) composites can effectively alleviate these problems. Herein, an in situ oxidative polymerization method is developed to synthesize mesoporous PPy/MnO2 composites. In this method, Pluronic P123 and pyrrole monomers are co-assembled on the surface of MnO2. MnO2 is used as an oxidation initiator to polymerize pyrrole under acidic conditions and as a substrate for a uniform coating of PPy. The obtained composites, with a large electrochemical effective area, more reaction sites and good structural stability have better capacitor performance (182.8 F g−1), higher than MnO2 (116.6 F g−1) at the same current density. This method provides a meaningful reference for the development of mesoporous PPy/MnO2 supercapacitor materials.
The Molecular Weight of Enzymatically Modified Pectic Oligosaccharides from Apple Pomace as a Determinant for Biological and Prebiotic Activity
Authors: Wilkowska Agnieszka , Nowak Adriana , Motyl Ilona , Oracz Joanna
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this research was to investigate the prebiotic effects of different fractions of pectin-derived oligosaccharides (POSs) from apple pomace (AP) in relation to their molecular weight (MW), structure, and composition. Enzymatic treatment of the apple pomace resulted in high-molecular-weight arabinans and rhamnogalacturonans (MW 30–100 kDa, MW 10–30 kDa), as well as oligomeric fractions with molecular weights of less than 10 kDa, consisting mainly of homogalacturonan. The biological potential of the POSs against various lactobacilli and bifidobacteria was evaluated. The oligosaccharides with the highest molecular weights (MW 30–100 kDa, MW 10–30 kDa) showed better prebiotic effect to lactobacilli. The oligosaccharides with MW 3–10 kDa and MW 10–30 kDa caused an increase in the bifidogenic effect. Inhibition of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes was also observed. The preparations with MW 3–10 kDa and MW 10–30 kDa demonstrated the strongest biological activity, supporting the adhesion of beneficial microorganisms to mucin and collagen surfaces. Therefore, oligosaccharides with MW 10–30 kDa were considered to be the most promising prebiotic candidates. This study confirms that the biological effects of pectic oligosaccharides vary significantly based on their structural differences. Therefore, the conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis of apple pectin should be optimized to obtain oligosaccharides within a specific molecular mass range.
PRMT5 Inhibitor EPZ015666 Decreases the Viability and Encystment of Entamoeba invadens
Authors: Ortiz-Hernández Rigoberto , Millán-Casarrubias Elmer Joel , Bolaños Jeni , Munguía-Robledo Susana , Vázquez-Calzada Carlos , Azuara-Licéaga Elisa , Valdés Jesús , Rodríguez Mario Alberto
Published: December 2024

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an enzyme that produces monomethyl arginine (MMA) and symmetric dimethyl arginine (sDMA), post-translational modifications that regulate several cellular processes, including stage conversion in parasitic protozoans. Entamoeba histolytica, the etiologic agent of human amebiasis, has two stages in its life cycle, the trophozoite, which is the replicative form, and the cyst, corresponding to the infective phase. The study of the molecular mechanisms that regulate differentiation in this parasite has been overdue because of a lack of efficient protocols for in vitro encystment. For this reason, Entamoeba invadens, a parasite of reptiles, has been used as a differentiation model system for the genus. Here, we demonstrated the presence of sDMA in E. invadens, which increases during encystment, and identified the PRMT5 of this microorganism (EiPRMT5). In addition, we performed 3D modeling of this enzyme, as well as its molecular docking with the PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666, which predicted the affinity of the drug for the active site of the enzyme. In agreement with these findings, EPZ015666 reduced trophozoite viability and encystment. Therefore, EiPRMT5 is a potential target for inhibiting the spread of amebiasis.
TiO2 Nanosphere/MoSe2 Nanosheet-Based Heterojunction Gas Sensor for High-Sensitivity Sulfur Dioxide Detection
Authors: Zhou Lanjuan , Niu Chang , Wang Tian , Zhang Hao , Jiao Gongao , Zhang Dongzhi
Published: December 2024

With the growing severity of air pollution, monitoring harmful gases that pose risks to both human health and the ecological environment has become a focal point of research. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) demonstrates significant potential for application in SO2 gas detection. However, the performance of pure TiO2 is limited. In this study, TiO2 nanospheres and MoSe2 nanosheets were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and the gas-sensing properties of TiO2/MoSe2 nanostructures for SO2 detection were investigated. The TiO2/MoSe2 composites (with a TiO2-to-MoSe2 volume ratio of 2:1) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TiO2/MoSe2 sensor exhibited high sensitivity to SO2; the response to 100 ppm of SO2 reached as high as 59.3, with a significantly shorter response and recovery time (15 s/13 s), as well as excellent repeatability, selectivity, and long-term stability. The experimental results suggest that the enhanced SO2 adsorption capacity of the TiO2/MoSe2 composite can be attributed to the formation of an n-n heterojunction and the unique microstructural features of TiO2/MoSe2. Therefore, the TiO2/MoSe2 sensor represents a promising candidate for rapid SO2 detection, providing a theoretical foundation for the development and application of high-performance SO2 sensors.
Oral Carnosine Supplementation Preserves Vascular Function of Sprague Dawley Rats on a High-Salt Diet via Restored Antioxidative Defence
Authors: Drenjančević Ines , Stupin Ana , Jukić Ivana , Kolobarić Nikolina , Šušnjara Petar , Kozina Nataša , Kovač Lora , Mihaljević Zrinka
Published: December 2024

Backgrounds/Objectives: Following previous findings on high-salt (HS)-intake-related increase of oxidative stress, this study explored whether carnosine (CAR; β-alanyl-L-histidine), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, enhanced antioxidative defence and vascular function following HS, potentially via the NRF2 or HIF-1α signalling pathway. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats (64, 8–10 weeks old, both sexes) were divided into four groups (n = 6/group): CTRL (0.4% NaCl), HS (4% NaCl for 7 days), CTRL + CAR (0.4% NaCl and 150 mg/kg/day oral CAR supplementation), and HS + CAR (4% NaCl and CAR). Acetylcholine-induced relaxation (AChIR) and hypoxia-induced relaxation (HIR) were evaluated in norepinephrine-precontracted (NE, 10−7 M) aortic rings. HIR was also tested with NRF2 (ML-385, 5 × 10−6 M) and HIF-1α (LW6, 10−4 M) inhibitors. Gene expression of superoxide dismutases 1, 2, and 3 (SOD1, 2 and 3), glutathione peroxidases (GPx1 and 4), catalase (CAT), NRF2, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1) (NQO1) in aortic tissue was measured by RT-qPCR. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) assays were performed on serum samples. All experimental procedures conformed to the European Guidelines (directive 86/609) and were approved by the local and national Ethical Committees (#2158-61-46-23-36, EP355/2022). Results: HS impaired AChIR and HIR, both preserved by CAR. NRF2 and HIF-1α inhibitors suppressed HIR in the HS and HS + CAR groups. CAR significantly increased SOD1 and 2, NRF2, and NQO1 expression and SOD activity compared to the CTRL and HS groups. GPx1 and GPx4 were upregulated in HS + CAR compared to HS. CAR prevented an increase in AOPPs, which were elevated in HS, while FRAP was highest in HS + CAR. Conclusions: Carnosine enhances antioxidative defence by upregulating antioxidant enzymes and activities and preserves vascular relaxation, likely via NRF2 signalling.
Dietary Iron Intake and Mental and Behavioral Disorders Due to Use of Tobacco: A UK Biobank Study
Authors: Qi Xueting , Zhang Ronghui , Zhu Hailong , Luo Jia , Zhang Qiuge , Wang Weijing , Wang Tong , Zhang Dongfeng
Published: December 2024

Background: Over 1 billion smokers worldwide, one-third of whom have mental and behavioral disorders, exist. However, factors influencing mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dietary iron intake and mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. Methods: Using large population cohort data from the UK Biobank (500,000 participants at 22 assessment centers between 2006 and 2010), we employed logistic and Cox regression analyses to explore both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between dietary iron intake and mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. Additionally, we assessed the nonlinear relationship between dietary iron intake and these disorders using restricted cubic spline plots. Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that dietary iron intake was negatively associated with mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. The Cox regression results supported a protective effect of increased dietary iron intake against these disorders. Stratified and sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary findings. Restricted cubic spline plots revealed a nonlinear relationship between dietary iron intake and mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco. In the total sample, as well as in both age groups and the male subgroup, the risk reduction rate initially accelerated before slowing down. In contrast, the risk reduction rate in the female group declined rapidly at first and then leveled off. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that dietary iron intake has a protective effect against mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco, revealing a nonlinear association between these two traits. These findings provide important insights for the profilaxy and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of tobacco in the future.