bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicating End-of-Life Preferences
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon , Deloge Jo-Ann , Joslin Nicole , Petow Wendy A. , Severson Judith S. , Votino Roberta , Shea Michael D. , Drenga Jessica M. L. , Brennan Mary T. , Moran Andrea B. , Del Signore Enrico
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this survey was to explore how adults communicate their end-of-life preferences. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 119 community-dwelling adults who had previously engaged in conversations about their end-of-life preferences. Factors that made it easier to initiate the discussion included having personal experience with illness or death (24.4%), being straightforward (24.4%), or having someone else facilitate the discussion (11.8%). Most described vague end-of-life preferences such as not wanting any machines (41.2%) or heroics (34.5%). Although 22.7% reported using a living will to make their preferences clear, only 5.9% mentioned repeating or reinforcing their preferences. In all, 21% had discussed their end-of-life preferences with their physicians. These findings show discussions about end-of-life preferences frequently lack the clarity and detail needed by significant others and health care providers to honor the preferences. Routine dialogue with health care providers and significant others about end-of-life preferences might provide greater clarity and comfort.
Evaluation of Individually Tailored Interventions on Exercise Adherence
Authors: Keele-Smith Rebecca , Leon Teresa
Published: September 2003

This study's purpose was to test the effects of a reversal theory-driven individualized exercise prescription on exercise consistency, weight, percentage body fat, and exercise motivation for a group of faculty, students, and staff at a southwestern university. Participants were randomly assigned to 5-week education plus monitoring or monitoring-only treatment groups. The hypothesis was that participants in the education plus monitoring group would have more consistent exercisers, higher exercise motivation scores, and greater overall weight loss and decrease in percentage of body fat than would those in the monitoring-only group. Consistent exercisers will score higher than inconsistent exercisers on exercise motivation scores. More participants were exercising at recommended levels in the education plus monitoring group than in the monitoring-only group after the study intervention. Consistent exercisers had significantly higher motivation scores than did inconsistent exercisers. Thus, individualized exercise prescriptions using reversal theory can be beneficial in promoting a consistent exercise program.
The Politics of the U.S. Economic Sanctions Against Iran
Authors: Fayazmanesh Sasan
Published: September 2003

This article analyzes the circumstances under which the United States has enacted major sanctions against Iran since 1979. As such, it examines the 1979 U.S. freeze of the Iranian government's assets, the role of the sanctions in the “dual containment policy” of the United States in the 1980s, the role of Israel in formulating and implementing the sanctions policy of the United States in the 1990s, the concerted lobbying efforts of U.S. corporations to combat the sanctions, and the incoherent and inconsistent U.S. sanctions policy toward Iran that emerged in the late 1990s.
The Neoliberal Paradox: The Impact of Destructive Product Market Competition and Impatient Finance on Nonfinancial Corporations in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Crotty James
Published: September 2003

The evolution of financial markets in the neoliberal era has created serious problems for large nonfinancial corporations already harmed by the slow aggregate demand growth and destructive competition of the period. Financial market pressures led to shorter planning horizons, a declining allegiance of stake-holders to long-term corporate goals, and a large increase in the percentage of cash flow paid to financial market agents. The net result is a “neoliberal paradox”: financial markets demand that corporations achieve ever higher profits, while product markets make this result impossible to achieve. The neoliberal paradox helps explain the outbreak of financial accounting fraud in the late 1990s.
Winner-Take-a-Hike Markets: The Arrogant Agent Problem in a Model of Devious Colleague Selection
Authors: Haight Alan Day
Published: September 2003

To protect their office rank and “strutils' (which are utils obtained by strutting around the office), the senior professionals in a law firm or academic department sometimes resort to devious prescreening of job applicants, passing over the best candidates. This practice is more tempting for a hiring professional who is wealthy, in a large organization, and (perhaps) in a bad marriage. A diagram depicts the trade-off between office status and pecuniary income. Winner-take-a-hike deceptions may distort returns to schooling, contribute to the glass ceiling, and motivate both discrimination and reverse discrimination to-ward women and ethnic minorities.
The Surprising Resilience of the U.S. Dollar
Authors: Frank Ellen
Published: September 2003

After declining steadily from 1974 to 1994, the U.S. dollar share of international currency holdings has been rising dramatically over the past few years, making the dollar the primary vehicle for liquidity in global markets. This article will argue that dollar usage is founded on the overwhelming military and economic power of the United States, making it unlikely that there will soon be a flight from the dollar.
Neoliberalism and the Social Structure of Accumulation
Authors: Wolfson Martin H.
Published: September 2003

Is neoliberalism a new social structure of accumulation (SSA)? The attempt to answer this question leads to possible reconceptualizations of SSA theory. These include alternating structures of regulation and the free market, and institutions created as a result of the temporary stabilization of class and intraclass conflicts among industry, finance, and labor. Thus neoliberalism is not a new SSA, but rather a stage of capitalism based upon the (temporary) dominance of capital over labor.
Neoliberalism and the Social Structure of Accumulation Theory of Long-Run Capital Accumulation
Authors: Kotz David M.
Published: September 2003

The social structure of accumulation theory faces a challenge arising from the persistence of neoliberalism, which does not appear to promote rapid capital accumulation. This article suggests an alternative interpretation of institutional change in which liberal and “regulationist” institutional structures alternate with one another, with the latter more favorable for capital accumulation. It examines the reasons why these two types of institutional structures arise, concluding that neoliberalism may persist for some time.
What does Long Wave Theory have to Contribute to the Debate on Globalization?
Authors: McDonough Terrence
Published: September 2003

While there has been a great deal of debate around the topic of globalization, it has most frequently centered around the descriptive adequacy of the term. The article approaches the topic using long wave or stage theories of capitalism to examine whether the characterization of the current era as one of globalization can be given a theoretical and therefore scientific meaning within the Marxian paradigm.
Radical Political Economy and the State: Lessons from Gender Theory
Authors: Mutari Ellen
Published: September 2003

Feminist analyses of the state and public policy imply that the state should be treated as a site for the generation of social practices that can either reproduce or transform existing gender, racial-ethnic, and class relations. For this reason, discussing the state as an abstract, timeless construct holds little meaning. It is argued that the state is better viewed not simply as a lifeboat for women and other groups who are relatively disempowered in markets, not merely as a bandage for “market failures,” but rather as one of three sites, along with markets and families, where economic provisioning occurs.
Worker Rights and Financial Stability
Authors: Weller Christian E. , Mahadevan-Vijaya Ramya , Singleton Laura
Published: September 2003

In response to increasing financial instabilities in emerging economies, policy makers have focused on possibly stabilizing institutions. Worker rights have the potential to be stabilizing since they may aid in productivity growth and since they may help to allocate economic resources more equitably between labor and capital. As supply and demand become more likely to grow together than apart, the chances for financial crises may be reduced. This article's results confirm that liberalized economies are more likely to experience banking crises and that worker rights may be a stabilizing institution.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Commodity Form: New Dimensions in the Legislated Transfer of Surplus Value
Authors: Perelman Michael
Published: September 2003

Intellectual property rights have become an integral part of the modern economy. This article analyzes some of the contradictions of intellectual property rights and suggests a direction for the integration of intellectual property into classical value theory.
Radiology in the Intensive Care Unit (Part 2)
Authors: Trotman-Dickenson Beatrice
Published: September 2003

This review of intensive care unit (ICU) radiology has been divided into two sections. In Part 1, previously published, the discussion focused on the role of the portable radiograph in the evaluation of the critically ill patient and the impact of the introduction of digital radiography and picture-archiving communications systems on patient care. Part 2 of this review will emphasize the role of computed tomography and the increasing contribution of image-guided interventional procedures in patient management. The deleterious effects of mechanical ventilation due to barotrauma will also be discussed.
Industry-Sponsored Economic Studies in Critical and Intensive Care Versus Studies Sponsored by Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Hartmann Michael , Knoth Holger , Schulz Diane , Knoth Sven , Meier-Hellmann Andreas
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this analysis of health economic studies in the field of intensive and critical care was to investigate whether any relationship could be established between type of sponsorship and (1) type of economic analysis, (2) health technology assessed, (3) sensitivity analysis performed, (4) publication status, and (5) qualitative cost assessment. Using the terms critical careor intensive care, all health economics publications in the field of critical and intensive care were identified in the Health Economic Evaluations Database (HEED, Version 1995-2001) on the basis of sponsorship and comparative studies. This search yielded a total of 42 eligible articles. Their evaluations were prepared independently by 2 investigators on the basis of specific criteria. When evaluators disagreed, a third investigator provided a deciding evaluation. There was no statistically demonstrable relationship between types of sponsorship and sensitivity analysis performed, publication status, types of economic analysis, or qualitative cost assessment.
Hypogammaglobulinemia in Pediatric ICU Patients
Authors: Rehman Saif , Bytnar Daniel , Berkenbosch John W. , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: September 2003

The authors retrospectively review their experience with low immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in a pediatric ICU population over a 12-month period. The total IgG level was below the normal for age in 14 of the 20 patients. The 14 patients with a low IgG level were younger and weighed less when compared with the 6 patients who had a normal IgG level. There was no difference in the risk of mortality between the 2 groups. In the 14 patients with an IgG level less than normal for age, the IgG level was 33% to 99% of normal, with 4 patients having a level less than 50% of normal for their age. Prospective trials are needed to determine the incidence of this problem, its impact on survival, and the appropriate therapy in the pediatric ICU population.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Patients who Do Not Reduce Bacteria from the Lungs have a Worse Prognosis
Authors: Baughman Robert P. , Kerr Marie A.
Published: September 2003

The authors determined the significance of serial semi-quantitative bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture results in patients undergoing therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia. A total of 32 patients underwent at least 2 nonbronchoscopic BAL studies. Fourteen patients had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Of these, 11 had more than 100 colony-forming units (cfu) of MRSA/mL of BAL from the follow-up BAL. Eighteen patients had an organism other than MRSA, and 7 of these patients had > 100 cfu of bacteria/mL of BAL from the follow-up BAL. Of the 18 patients with > 100 cfu of bacteria/mL of BAL at follow-up, 14 (79%) died, whereas only 5 of 14 (36%) patients who cleared their bacteria at follow-up died within 28 days. The inability to reduce the bacterial burden from the lower respiratory tract within the first few days of therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia was associated with increased mortality.
A Prospective Evaluation of the 1-Hour Decision Point for Admission Versus Discharge in Acute Asthma
Authors: Wilson Mark M. , Irwin Richard S. , Connolly Ann E. , Linden Christopher , Manno Mariann M.
Published: September 2003

Study objectives were to evaluate the 1-hour decision point for discharge or admission for acute asthma; to compare this decision point to the admission recommendations of the Expert Panel Report 2 (EPR-2) guidelines; to develop a model for predicting need for admission in acute asthma. The design used was a prospective preinterventional and postinterventional comparison. The setting was a university hospital emergency department. Participants included 50 patients seeking care for acute asthma. Patients received standard therapy and were randomized to receive albuterol by nebulizer or metered-dose inhaler with spacer every 20 minutes up to 2 hours. Symptoms, physical examination, spirometry, pulsus paradoxus, medication use, and outcome were evaluated. Based on clinical judgment, the attending physician decided to admit or discharge after 1 hour of therapy. Outcome was compared to the EPR-2 guidelines. Post hoc statistical analyses examined predictors of the need for admission from which a prediction model was developed. Maximal accuracy of the admit versus discharge decision occurred at 1 hour of therapy. Using FEV1alone as an outcome predictor yielded suboptimal performance. FEV1at 1 hour plus ability to lie flat without dyspnea were the best indicators of response and outcome. A model predictive of the need for admission was developed. It performed better ( P= .0054) than the admission algorithm of the EPR-2 guidelines. The decision to admit or discharge acute asthmatics from the ED can be made at 1 hour of therapy. No absolute value of peak flow or FEV1reliably predicts need for hospital admission. The EPR-2 guideline thresholds for admission are barely adequate as outcome predictors. A clinical model is proposed that may allow more accurate outcome prediction.
Screening Ultrasound in Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Brown Michèle A. , Sirlin Claude B. , Hoyt David B. , Casola Giovanna
Published: September 2003

Ultrasound is used worldwide to evaluate patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Sometimes referred to as an extension of the physical exam, ultrasound can rapidly help distinguish patients with injury requiring computerized tomography (CT) or surgery (typically 5%-10%) from those with no abdominal injury (> 90%). Ultrasound has several advantages in the setting of trauma. It is portable, integrates easily into the resuscitation of trauma victims without causing delay in therapy, is noninvasive, and has no associated morbidity. Limitations of ultrasound include its dependence on operator skill and technique, poor image quality in patients with morbid obesity or extensive subcutaneous gas, limited visualization of the retroperitoneum, and less reliable localization of visceral injury compared to CT. Successful use of abdominal ultrasound in the setting of trauma can be maximized with adequate sonographer training, appreciation of technical limitations, and adherence to an appropriate trauma ultrasound protocol.
The Structure and Content of Verbal and Physical Aggression among Israeli Youths
Authors: Winstok Zeev
Published: September 2003

The aim of this study is to test an aggression model. Data were obtained from 943 students in the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades of junior high schools in a northern Israeli city and its suburbs. A structural equation model analysis confirmed that there is a significant positive correlation between the constructs of perception (i.e., aggressor and aggression), means (i.e., behavioral and emotional capabilities), and guidelines (i.e., scripts) and that behavioral performance (i.e., aggressive or nonaggressive behavior) is influenced significantly only by guidelines and means. In addition, it was found that boys and younger youths tend to present higher levels of aggressiveness across all constructs as compared to girls and older youths. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Proclivity to Elder Abuse
Authors: Yan Elsie , Tang Catherine So-Kum
Published: September 2003

This study aimed to provide preliminary estimates on proclivity to elder abuse and to determine the efficacy of the intergenerational transmission of violence and ecological theories in predicting elder abuse in contemporary Chinese societies. A total of 464 (225 males and 239 females) Chinese residing in Hong Kong completed questionnaires on attitudes toward elderly people, modernity, and filial piety as well as childhood experiences of abuse and proclivity to elder abuse. Results indicated that proclivity to verbal elder abuse was the most common among the three depicted types of abuse, accounting for 20% of the sample, whereas proclivity to physical and social elder abuse was less common, each accounting for 2.4%. A high level of childhood experience of abuse consistently emerged as the single most salient predictor for participants' endorsement of proclivity to elder abuse, while negative attitudes toward elderly people and modernity were the second and third most salient predictors.
Behavioral Indicators of Sadistic Sexual Murder Predict the Presence of Sadistic Sexual Fantasy in a Normative Sample
Authors: Gray Nicola S. , Watt Andrew , Hassan Shelley , Macculloch Malcolm J.
Published: September 2003

Burgess, Hartman, Ressler, Douglas, and McCormack noted a high prevalence of certain behavioral and experiential characteristics in sexual murderers and argued for their etiological importance. The present study aimed to measure the prevalence of these indicators in a nonoffending control population and to evaluate whether they identified sadistic sexual fantasy. The prevalence of behavioral and experiential indicators and degree of sadistic sexual interest were measured in 50 healthy nonoffenders. Compared to Burgess et al.'s sexual murderers, higher prevalence levels for most experiential indicators were found, whereas many of the behavioral indicators were less prevalent. Three of the behavioral indicators were significantly associated with the presence of sadistic sexual fantasies. The presence of behavioral indicators that predict sadistic sexual fantasy confirms the importance of these factors in the etiology of the development of sadistic sexual fantasy in both offenders and nonoffenders and may be useful in risk assessment.
The Impact of Partner Psychological Abuse on Health Behaviors and Health Status in College Women
Authors: Straight Erin S. , Harper Felicity W. K. , Arias Ileana
Published: September 2003

Previous research documents increased health problems, somatic complaints, and negative health behaviors among victims of physical and sexual violence. This study extended existing literature by examining the unique effects of partner psychological abuse on physical health and the moderating effects of approach and avoidance coping strategies. Psychological abuse was positively related to illegal drug use, physical and role limitations, negative health perceptions, and cognitive impairment in college women even after controlling for physical victimization. Psychological abuse was not related to sleep hygiene, exercise, problem drinking, or smoking. Approach coping moderated the effects of partner psychological abuse on binge drinking and health perceptions. Low approach coping was associated with more binge drinking and negative health perceptions as abuse increased; high approach coping did not show a significant relationship with binge drinking or health perceptions across levels of abuse. Avoidance coping showed only a trend as a moderator of illegal drugs.
Bystanders' Perceptions of Perpetrators and Victims of Hate Crime
Authors: Rayburn Nadine Recker , Mendoza Margaret , Davidson Gerald C.
Published: September 2003

This study used the person perception vignette method to examine whether people perceive hate crime victims as more culpable than non-hate crime victims. In a between-participants design, participants were randomly assigned to read a vignette depicting a nonhate crime or a comparable hate crime motivated by the perpetrator's hatred for either the victim's race, sexual orientation, or religion. Results showed that participants assigned more blame to the victim in the non-hate crime condition compared to the victims in each of the three hate crime conditions. In addition, they perceived the perpetrators as more guilty in each of the three hate crime conditions compared to the non-hate crime condition. In addition, people with prejudiced attitudes perceived both hate crime and non-hate crime victims as more culpable and both hate crime and non-hate crime perpetrators as less culpable than did unprejudiced people.
Level of Service Inventory-Revised Profiles of Violent and Nonviolent Prisoners
Authors: Hollin Clive R. , Palmer Emma J.
Published: September 2003

Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) assessments were conducted on 251 male prisoners beginning prison sentences in six English prisons. The prisoners who were classified as violent, on the basis of either current or previous convictions, scored significantly higher than the nonviolent prisoners on the four LSI-R subscales of Criminal History, Companions, Education and Employment, and Alcohol and Drugs. In addition, those prisoners with a record of violent offenses gave higher total LSI-R scores, indicating an overall higher risk of recidivism. Multivariate analysis using the LSI-R subscales to classify the higher risk violent prisoners and minimum-risk nonviolent prisoners basically confirmed the findings of the univariate analysis. The implications of the findings for informing practice with violent offenders are discussed in terms of screening for intensity of service delivery and identification of targets for change. It is suggested that screening for drug and alcohol problems should be a prerequisite to working with violent offenders.
A Prognostic Indicator Scale for the Treatment of Partner Abuse Perpetrators
Authors: Murphy Christopher M. , Morrel Tanya M. , Elliott Jeffrey D. , Neavins Tara M.
Published: September 2003

This study examined prognostic indicators for violence recidivism among male domestic abuse perpetrators (N = 95). Seventeen hypothesized prognostic indicators were selected from baseline self-report and collateral partner report data to assess aggression history, psychoactive substance use, severity of relationship abuse problems, and current demographic factors. A total prognostic index, labeled the Partner Abuse Prognostic Scale (PAPS), predicted outcome variables derived from both victim report and criminal justice data and provided unique prediction relative to a pre-treatment continuous measure of relationship violence. No moderator effects in prediction were observed across two distinct types of group treatment. Psychological aggression was the only pretreatment variable that consistently added significant prediction of recidivism beyond the PAPS. The PAPS is recommended for research uses involving statistical control or balancing of conditions in studies of partner violence interventions. Further research will be needed to establish cutoffs for clinical case management and treatment planning.
Issues in Estimating the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: WalterMaurer Eve M. , Ortega Christina A. , McNutt Louise-Anne
Published: September 2003

This study examines the potential implications of household interviews on participation bias for estimates of intimate partner violence (IPV). Using a variety of scales, IPV prevalence for the 135 women interviewed in a street-intercept survey was compared with the IPV prevalence of a subsample of these women who reported willingness to participate in a household survey with their partner in another room or when their partner also would be interviewed. A potential self-selection bias showed an 8% to 13% deflated prevalence of moderate to highly abused women and a 8% to 11% inflated prevalence of nonabused women among this subsample who would willingly participate in a household survey. Understanding who is included in household surveys, and who is not, is essential to compute and interpret national prevalence estimates for IPV.
Reductions in Marital Violence Following Treatment for Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Stuart Gregory L. , Ramsey Susan E. , Moore Todd M. , Kahler Christopher W. , Farrell Lyette E. , Recupero Patricia Ryan , Brown Richard A.
Published: September 2003

The impact of an intensive, individually based, partial hospitalization treatment for alcohol dependence on alcohol use, marital violence, psychological abuse, and marital satisfaction among 24 heterosexual male patients and their partners was assessed. Patients received 5 to 6 days of substance abuse treatment in a partial hospital. Patient and partner assessments were conducted at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results revealed decreased alcohol use in patients and significant declines in husband-to-wife marital violence and psychological abuse from baseline to 6- and 12-month follow-up. Men reported no significant changes in their marital satisfaction. Results also showed significant decreases in wife-to-husband violence from baseline to 6- and 12-month follow-up. Female partners reported a significant increase in marital satisfaction from baseline to 6- and 12-month follow-up. Overall, the study suggests that marital violence perpetrated by male patients and their partners declined following the males' substance abuse treatment. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Attitudes Supporting Violence and Aggressive Behavior among Adolescents in Israel
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S. , Fishman Gideon , Eisikovits Zvi
Published: September 2003

A secondary analysis of data obtained from a national representative sample of the adolescent population in Israel was conducted to explore the association between the quality of social relationships of adolescents and aggressive behavior. The quality of parent-adolescent relations and the quality of peer relations were not directly related to aggressive behavior. Adolescents who were close to their parents and their peers were less likely to report exposure to negative relations with other adolescents. Adolescents who reported being insulted held attitudes favoring the use of aggressive behavior, associated more with delinquent adolescents, and reported a high level of aggression toward others. Adolescents who did not share intimate communication with significant others tended to be more exposed to unpleasant behavior, to associate with delinquent peers, and to adopt aggressive attitudes and behaviors. The results suggest that experiencing negative relations during adolescence might be a risk factor predicting aggressive conduct.
The Effects of Father Visitation on Preschool-Aged Witnesses of Domestic Violence
Authors: Stover Carla Smith , Van Horn Patricia , Turner Rebecca , Cooper Bruce , Lieberman Alicia F.
Published: September 2003

Fifty preschool children with varying amounts of visitation with their previously violent fathers were studied to determine if the amount of father visitation was related to their behavioral functioning. The possible association of the severity of violence witnessed and the quality of the mother-child relationship on child behaviors was also assessed. There was a significant negative relationship between internalizing and externalizing behaviors, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist, and frequency of father visitation. Children who saw their fathers less frequently evidenced higher internalizing and externalizing scores. More severe levels of violence perpetrated by the father significantly predicted increased externalizing behavior scores but not internalizing scores. Severity of violence was more predictive of externalizing behaviors than frequency of father visitation.
Nonfamily Child Abductors who Murder their Victims
Authors: Beyer Kristen R. , Beasley James O.
Published: September 2003

Nonfamily child abductions have a low rate of occurrence despite the media attention and public hysteria that these types of cases often attract. Although the annual incident rate is low, nonfamily child abductions are emotionally charged crimes that can rapidly overwhelm law enforcement resources. The 24-hour period following an abduction is critical, and law enforcement must be prepared to respond immediately and effectively. The purpose of the present research is to obtain demographic and background history on convicted nonfamily child abductors who have murdered their victims. Data for the study were obtained through interviews of incarcerated offenders and review of case documents. To date, interviews with 25 child abductors who murdered their victims have been conducted within various prison facilities.
Examining the Link between Child Abuse and Youth Violence
Authors: Herrenkohl Todd I. , Huang Bu , Tajima Emiko A. , Whitney Stephen D.
Published: September 2003

This study investigates several factors as possible mediators of physical child abuse in the prediction of violence among adolescents. Prospective and retrospective measures of abuse are compared in mediation tests. Data are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, a prospective study of 457 children followed from preschool into adolescence. Structural equation models examined the degree to which abuse is mediated in the prediction of violence through youths' bonds to family, commitment to school, involvement with antisocial peers during adolescence, and attitudes about the use of violence. The model included measures of family socioeconomic status and youths' gender and age as controls on violence. Findings suggest that abuse (whether measured prospectively or retrospectively) is heavily mediated in its prediction of later violence and that a sizeable proportion of variance is accounted for in the violence outcome. A fuller pattern of mediation was shown when the retrospective abuse variable was modeled.
Base Rates of Hate Crime Victimization among College Students
Authors: Rayburn Nadine Recker , Earleywine Mitchell , Davison Gerald C.
Published: September 2003

This study uses the unmatched count technique (UCT) to estimate base rates for hate crime victimization in college students and compares the results with estimates found using conventional methods. Hate crimes, criminal acts perpetrated against individuals or members of specific stigmatized groups, intend to express condemnation, hate, disapproval, dislike, or distrust for a group. The UCT is a promising tool in the investigation of hate crime because it does not require participants to directly answer sensitive questions. This may provide more accurate responses than other methods. The UCT revealed higher estimates for a variety of serious hate crimes, including physical and sexual assault. These higher estimates provide a better feel for the level of hate crime victimization and point to the increased need for hate crime victims' assistance programs on college campuses.
Gender Differences in Sexual Harassment and Coercion in College Students
Authors: Ménard Kim S. , Hall Gordon C. Nagayama , Phung Amber H. , Ghebrial Marian F. Erian , Martin Lynette
Published: September 2003

Differences in male (N = 148) and female (N = 278) college students' use of sexually harassing and coercive behaviors were investigated. Men were twice as likely to be sexually harassing and 3 times more likely to be sexually coercive as women. Among men, sexual harassment was predicted by child sexual abuse, hostility, adversarial heterosexual beliefs, and alcohol expectancy, with the latter mediating the effects of aggression. Sexual coercion was predicted by adult sexual victimization and alcohol expectancy, with alcohol expectancy again mediating the effect of aggression. Among women, sexual harassment was predicted by adult sexual victimization, adversarial heterosexual beliefs, aggression, and alcohol expectancy, with aggression mediating the effect of adversarial heterosexual beliefs and alcohol expectancy mediating the effect of aggression. Sexual coercion was predicted by a hostile personality, which mediated the effects of both child and adult sexual victimization. These findings suggest both gender similarities and differences in determinants of sexual aggression.
Criminal Justice Policy Innovation in the States
Authors: Williams Jackson
Published: September 2003

The early 1990s saw a flurry of activity in criminal justice legislation on both the state and federal levels. By January of 1993, pollsters found that crime had overtaken economic issues as the country's most important problem. During this time, four criminal justice policy innovations became popular with both state and federal officials: “Truth-in-Sentencing” laws, “Three-Strikes-You're-Out” laws, “boot camps” for convicted offenders, and juvenile court transfer provisions. This study attempts to determine what factors influenced states' adoptions of these innovations. It finds that states' crime rates were positively correlated with adoption of the measures, but other objective state factors, such as sentence length, were not. Strained state resources did not deter legislatures from enacting these policies. Voter ideology and political culture had less than expected impact. The study concludes that political entrepreneurs, rather than state characteristics, were responsible for adoption.
An Assessment of Violence Prevention and Intervention Programs in Michigan: Policy and Programmatic Insights and Implications
Authors: Goei Ryan C. , Meyer Gary , Roberto Anthony J.
Published: September 2003

In-depth telephone interviews were conducted with 134 individuals from violent crime prevention and intervention programs in Michigan. Primary areas of inquiry included program focus and activities, target audience characteristics, research and evaluation efforts, and barriers and needs for successful implementation. The three most common programmatic areas dealt with violent crimes against women, and the three most common programmatic activities included public presentations, public education, and counseling. Programs provided services to females more then males, adolescents and young adults more than other age groups, and victims more than perpetrators. By far the biggest barrier was funding, and the biggest needs concerned program evaluation, data collection and analyses methods, and knowledge about behavioral change theory. Implications for violent crime prevention and intervention policy and programs are discussed.
Future Dangerousness Revisited
Authors: DeLisi Matt , Munoz Ed A.
Published: September 2003

One rationale used in the imposition of capital punishment is the potential future dangerousness of the most serious offenders. Most research in this area has focused on the postcommutation and postrelease behavior of formerly condemned offenders and found that the majority of them did not pose significant danger risks. The current study examined the prison infraction records of 1,005 Arizona inmates serving determinate, life, or death sentences. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models indicated that inmates sentenced to death were more dangerous than noncondemned inmates were. This effect achieved modest statistical significance and withstood controls for demographic characteristics, offense severity and type, criminal history, and diagnostic measures. Overall, these findings suggest that condemned defendants may be more dangerous than others, a statement sharply discordant with the extant literature regarding the future dangerousness of capital defendants. Additional research employing different samples from different regions of the United States is needed.
Juvenile Drug Courts: Understanding the Importance of Dimensional Variability
Authors: Sloan John J. , Smykla John Ortiz
Published: September 2003

Juvenile drug courts have emerged as “innovative” responses to juvenile drug offenders, but comparatively little is known about their operations. Using Goldkamp's typology of adult drug courts and secondary analyses of Cooper and Bartlett's data from a national-level survey of juvenile drug courts, this article first describes these courts and then analyzes the variability in key dimensions of juvenile drug courts that were operating in the United States on January 1, 1998. Results showed that juvenile drug courts have great variation across their key dimensions (e.g., target populations, target problems, court processing focus, and candidate screening and evaluation). The authors raise questions about future research that might ignore the variance across the key dimensions of juvenile drug courts that were uncovered.
The Pacific Island Community in New Zealand: Domestic Violence and Access to Justice
Authors: Wurtzburg Susan J.
Published: September 2003

A brief introduction is provided to the 1995 New Zealand Domestic Violence Act, which came into force July 1,1996. This Act was designed to provide better protection to the victims of family violence. The research reported here examines whether it provides increased safety for Pacific Island women living in Christchurch, New Zealand. The data include formal interviews with 76 people and participant-observation at a battered women's shelter and at an organization facilitating programs for violent men. It was found that for many Pacific Island women, access to rights legislated by the Domestic Violence Act were affected by gender, language, religion, and family structure, among other factors.
Judicial Risk Assessment: The Impact of Risk, Stakes, and Jurisdiction
Authors: Vigorita Michael S.
Published: September 2003

Judicial assessment of offender risk has a direct impact on the sentencing decision. Yet because judges rarely explicitly record their judgments of risk, little is known about the factors that affect these decisions. The current research, however, in analyzing 1,073 explicitly recorded risk assessments, is able to examine the effects of various offender, offense, and contextual variables on the risk decision. Specifically, the research analyzes the judicial stipulation that there is a “risk that defendant will commit another crime.” In keeping with prior research on judicial decision making, the analysis demonstrates that there are relatively few offender-specific variables affecting judicial perceptions of risk. The results are framed within the context of a risk/stakes framework, suggesting some factors are used as predictors of reoffending, whereas other factors are used as predictors of the seriousness of the future offending. The data also suggest strong differences across urban, suburban, and rural counties.
Should there be Separate Justice Systems for Special Needs Populations? Results from the Penn State Public Opinion Poll
Authors: Preston Pamela
Published: September 2003

Changing population demographics and the aging of the baby boom generation will affect the structure of all the institutions of our society. An aging and increasingly disabled correctional population will force changes in the way the criminal justice system operates. The application of the Americans with Disabilities Act to prisons is controversial and may place extreme burdens on an already overburdened criminal justice system. An alternative is the establishment of a separate system for special needs offenders (the physically and mentally disabled and the elderly), much as a separate system was established for juveniles more than a century ago. This article examines public support for the idea of a separate justice system for each of these special needs populations, using data from the 2001 Penn State Poll. Results suggest support for a separate system for the mentally disabled, less support for the physically disabled, and little support for a system for the elderly.
Legal and Extralegal Determinants of Intercounty Differences in Prison Use
Authors: Weidner Robert R. , Frase Richard S.
Published: September 2003

Although many studies have used states' stock imprisonment rates to gauge the relative punitiveness of U.S. jurisdictions, there has been much less systematic research designed to explain the significant county-level differences in sentencing outcomes within the United States. This study focuses on the impact of new court commitments on prison use, using a 1998 national sample of court data from 172 U.S. counties to document and explain variations in use of prison as a sentencing option. Multivariate linear regression analyses show that each of the five considered legally relevant factors and two of the five extralegal variables—Southern region and political conservatism—influence prison use. Three other extralegal factors—racial composition, economic disadvantage, and urbanization—do not affect prison use according to our model. Implications of these findings for both research and policy are discussed.
Terrorism & Game Theory
Authors: Sandler Todd , M. Daniel G. Arce
Published: September 2003

This keynote paper examines how game-theoretic analyses of terrorism have provided some policy insights that do not follow from nonstrategic analyses. Some new game-theoretic applications are indicated that concern terrorist targeting of businesses, officials, and the general public, where targets can work at cross-purposes as they attempt to deflect the attack. Other novel applications involve government choice among alternative antiterrorism policies, and government concessionary policy when terrorists are either hardliners or moderates in their viewpoint. Directions for future research are also indicated.
Constructing a Common Representation of Local Institutions and Land Use Systems through Simulation-Gaming and Multiagent Modeling in Rural Areas of Northern Vietnam: The SAMBA-Week Methodology
Authors: Boissau Stanislas , Castella Jean-Christophe
Published: September 2003

The authors propose to exploit the similitude and complementarity between simulation-gaming and multi-agent modeling through the development of a new methodology called SAMBA-Week, which is used for agricultural research and development. The need for such a new methodology came from the context of mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam characterized by a high social and natural diversity. As actions of research and development typically involve multiple actors, a precondition for communication is a mutual understanding of each other's point of view. The authors thus used simulation-gaming, individual interviews, and multiagent modeling to enhance communication by constructing with the stakeholders a shared representation of their system as a basis for discussion.
Introducing a Computer Simulation in China
Authors: Hornaday Robert W.
Published: September 2003

This article describes the use of a management simulation in a Chinese university during the spring semesters of 1997, 1998, and 2000. Although administrative difficulties presented special problems, Chinese university administrators were interested in introducing this form of experiential learning. Student reaction was positive. Participating in a classroom simulation was a new and exhilarating experience for them. The article concludes with some suggestions for those who plan to use a simulation in a developing country such as China.
Middle Managers Score Fewer Goals and Make more Fouls: Findings from a Computerized Top Management Simulation
Authors: Nair Unnikrishnan K.
Published: September 2003

Managerial effectiveness in dealing with ill-structured decision situations is compared across hierarchy levels using a long-duration, multifaceted, and complex computerized simulation. Forty-five managers from a large Indian metal-processing unit employing more than 4,000 managers in 11 levels and 50,000 staff in 9 levels and offering lifelong employment participated in the study. Data of 20 managers were finally analyzed. Results revealed that middle-level managers faced several crises while dealing with the simulated task and ended up with highly unfavorable outcomes, and were significantly less effective as compared to frontline and senior managers. Frontline managers were as effective as the seniors and even better than them with respect to some of the measures employed. Examining the career profile of participant managers, reasons for the observed performance pattern are explored. The article ends with a reflective narration of the author's experiences in conducting a complex computerized simulation study in the Asian-Indian context.
Articulating Developmental Problems for Policy Intervention: A System Dynamics Modeling Approach
Authors: Saeed Khalid
Published: September 2003

Developmental problems are invariably perceived as dysfunctional existing conditions that must be changed. This often removes a policy from the factors that created a problem in the first instance. Problem articulation for policy intervention as practiced in system dynamics modeling requires, on the other hand, that a problem is viewed as an internal behavioral tendency found in a system so its causes can be determined before a corrective action is initiated, which is presented in this article as an effective way to define developmental problems. To articulate a problem, a pattern representing the problem history, called a reference mode, must be constructed before developing a model that serves as a laboratory to understand the problem and create a policy design for system change. A reference mode is, however, different from a precise time history in that it represents a pattern incorporating only a slice of the history. It requires several learning cycles to construct a reference mode from time history. A learning process based on a well-known model of experiential learning is used to describe the construction of a reference mode, which is illustrated at length by revisiting the illusive problem of food security.
Game Development Toolkit for Business People in Japan
Authors: Shirai Hiroaki , Tanabu Motonari , Terano Takao , Kuno Yasushi , Suzuki Hisatoshi , Tsuda Kazuhiko
Published: September 2003

This article describes the authors' experience of developing a business gaming course for business people in Japan. The course that was developed consists of (a) simple gaming experiments among multiple students using ALEXANDER ISLANDS, a tiny business game on the World Wide Web; (b) lectures to make the students understand the core concepts of business management through the simulation; and (c) a business game developed by the students themselves using business model description language (BMDL), business model development system (BMDS), and automated agent players (AAPs). The course is distinctive in the sense that, through the business gaming, the authors aim to develop students' skills (a) to implement their own models for specific business firms and (b) to understand business processes among companies. This article describes the background and motivation, basic principles, the architecture and implementation of BMDL/BMDS/AAPs, and the experimental results.