bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Microcelebrity Practices on YouTube in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Ayub Anam , Ali Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Since its beginnings, YouTube has transformed from a video-sharing service to a platform where regular individuals may become popular through microcelebrity practices, like conventional media superstars.
Aims and methods: This study seeks to investigate contemporary microcelebrity behaviours on YouTube by using in-depth interviews with microcelebrities on YouTube around Pakistan.
Results: Major findings revealed that YouTube is becoming more popular in Pakistan as more individuals access smartphones and high-speed internet. With no membership fees, more flexibility and room for creation, and the possibility of living a luxurious life and making money, YouTube is attracting more microcelebrities. These microcelebrities emphasized controversial activities such as false fights, copy-pasting material, obscenity, harsh language, and Clickbait as core practices. Key growth factors on YouTube in Pakistan include local language, relevance, consistency, and female producers. Microcelebrities create an authentic image online to be liked, adored, and validated. Regarding popularity, attention, and fan base management, data show that microcelebrities frequently employ viral techniques, appealing thumbnails, and freebies. Creating content on relevant, taboo, controversial themes and using family members as commodities is standard practice to show intimacy.
Conclusion: Thus, it concluded that microcelebrities earn considerable influence and popularity and achieve celebrity status. Since many (micro)celebrities emerged on YouTube worldwide, it is also a prevalent phenomenon in Pakistan.
Traditional and Online Media Journalists Exchange Program between Pakistan and China: A Soft Power Initiative
Authors: Rabi Fazal , Ali Sajjad , Babar Zaheer Ud Din
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study explores the role of the journalists' exchange programme as a soft power initiative between Pakistan and China, since soft power is more powerful than hard power in changing opinion.
Methodology: The researchers used quantitative methods, although for the data collection, survey analysis technique was used. A questionnaire was used as a data collection tool for the target population, while data was collected via the probability sampling process from the Islamabad and Peshawar press clubs. The results of Cronbach's Alpa of Pilot study showed that the scale was 71 percent accurate. At the suggestions of the journalists, the questionnaire was updated and then circulated for final data collection. The scale's overall reliability is 79%.
Findings: 68% of the respondents are strongly agreed with China and Pakistan journalists exchange program as a soft power to encounter foreign propaganda through media. 54% of the respondents are agreed that China and Pakistan use journalists exchange program as a soft power to promote their culture and tradition amongst each other’s. While, 30% of the respondents strongly agreed that they learn Chinese language to know about their behavior and attitude towards them. Additionally 18% of the respondents are strongly agreed about Chinese were also interested to come to our country when we met and talk about our culture, traditions and norms.
Conclusion: The study concluded that exchange programmers are beneficial not only for individuals, but also for a country. It has also findings also supported research questions and hypotheses of the study that bilateral relations and encounter of propaganda also rely on such kind of exchange programs. Overall, the entrants of the exchange of program were satisfied with the facilities, exposure visits and accommodation the host country.
Social Media and Sustainable Learning: Exploring Students’ Perspective
Authors: Hussain Shahid , Hassan Anees ul , Ahmed Moiz Uddin , Khan Jibran Ali
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The revolution that is brought by the information and communication technology has made information beyond the borders which is easily accessible digitally around the world. This innovation has also affected educational services, where course contents and materials can be transferred rapidly and accurately through the mode of e-learning and social media is one of the important tools in this digital phenomenon. The aim of the current study is to investigate the usage of social media in academic processes and educational learning. Three research questions and two hypotheses, based on objectives to explore students’ perspective on social media platforms for learning were answered empirically.
Methodology: The study has been administered through a survey questionnaire from the sample of 369 students of Karakorum International University, Gilgit. After data collection, the responses were then entered and analyzed i.e. Frequencies, Percentages, and Correlation via SPSS V.20.
Findings: The results of this study showed that students use social media platforms more for educational and information purposes than entertainment, socializing and leisure. Students see social media platforms as a secondary resource for learning and they use it for doing home assignments, accessing course related material. The correlation analyses were found statistically significant that supports the hypothesis made.
Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that students are frequent users of social media platforms and had constructive opinions regarding social media usage in education. They feel that social media platforms are great source of learning and helpful in educational processes.
Rammedelegation i almen praksis til akutsygeplejen. Hvad betyder det for indlæggelser i akutafdelingen ?
Authors: Friesgaard Christensen Anne , Larsen Marianne Britt , Strunge Jonas
Published: December 2024

Crowding er et stort problem i akutmodtagelser verden over. Problemet er komplekst og multifaktorielt. Ofte koncentrer vi os om akutmodtagelsernes througput og output for at løse problemet, men en stor del af de patienter som indlægges (input), indlægges unødigt. I projektet ønskede vi at undersøge, hvorvidt en ændret arbejdsgang , hvor de praktiserende læger i en kommune gav akutsygeplejersker rammedelegation til udvidet blodprøvetagning i form af hæmoglobin, væske -og infektionstal, ville have betydning for antallet af unøde indlæggelser fra kommunen.  Akutmodtagelsens speciallæger etablerede hotline så både praksis og akutsygepleje kunne få råd og vejledning ved behov. I alt 135 patienter fik gennem 6 måneder besøg af akutsygeplejen med blodprøveudstyret, hvoraf ca. 50 procent var ordineret af egen læge. Efter sygeplejevurdering og blodprøver blev 39 procent behandlet i eget hjem,  17 procent blev indlagt, og hos 38 procent fik besøget ingen konsekvens. Akutsygeplejen vurderede i op til 44 procent af tilfældene at en indlæggelse var undgået. For at validere resultaterne kunne akutmodtagelsen se, at andelen af indlæggelser fra den pågældende kommune på 2 år var reduceret med ca 30 procent sammelignet med de øvrige optageområdekommuner og genindlæggelsesraten faldet med 61 procent.
Den beskrevne enkle arbejdsgangsændring i en kommune i tæt samarbejde med almen praksis medførte et stort fald i andelen af indlæggelser fra kommunen sammenlignet med det samlede optageområde og et fald i genindlæggelsesraten. Udbredelsen af initiativet vil have stor betydning i forhold til at hindre unødige indlæggelser og dermed reducere risikoen for crowding.
Usage of biomarker S100B to avoid CT after low-risk, mild head trauma: a single center clinical review of the Scandinavian head trauma guideline and guideline adherence
Authors: Jensen Louise Cecilie , Gharai-Moghadam Neusha , Revsholm Jesper , Posth Stefan , Krone Willy Altinok , Graumann Ole , Junker Theresa
Published: December 2024

Resume
Baggrund I 2013 publicerede Scandinavian Neurotrauma Comittee (SNC) en ny retningslinje til håndtering af minimale, milde og moderate hovedtraumer. Retningslinjen inkluderede brugen af biomarkøren S100B til opsporing af patienter med behov for yderligere intervention, herunder computed tomography af cerebrum (CT-C).
Formål Formålet med studiet er at undersøge brugen af S100B i forhold til retningslinjen fra SNC, herunder compliance af guideline.
Metode Dette retrospektive kohortestudie var baseret på data fra alle S100B blodprøver taget i perioden 1 marts 2022 til 1 marts 2023 i en Dansk Akutmodtagelse. 
Resultat I alt blev blodprøver fra 236 patientjournaler inkluderet og kategoriseret ifølge SNC’s hovedtraumekategorier. Retningslinjen blev fulgt ved 152 af patientforløbene (64,4%). Det var hovedsageligt hos patienter med minimale og lav-risiko milde hovedtraumer, hvor brud på retningslinjen blev registreret. Årsagerne til manglende compliance var unødvendig rekvirering af S100B blodprøven, for sen blodprøvetagning, manglende eller unødvendige CT-C’er.
Konklusion Retningslinje compliance var generelt udfordret, hvilket udgjorde en væsentlig del af resultaterne. For at kunne forbedre compliance er der behov for fremtidige studier, som kan klarlægge de forskellige årsager.
Abstract
Background In 2013, the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) published a new guideline for managing minimal, mild and moderate head trauma. The guideline included the use of biomarker S100B to identify patients needing a head computed tomography (CT), among others.
Purpose To explore the use of S100B in relation to the SNC guideline, including guideline adherence.
Material and methods In this retrospective cohort study, data was collected for all consecutive S100B blood samples drawn in a Danish Emergency Department between March 1, 2022, and March 1, 2023
Results A total of 236 patient cases were included and categorized according to SNC head trauma categories. Guideline adherence was achieved for 152 patient cases (64.4%). Non-adherence (35.6%) was mainly seen in the minimal and low-risk, mild head trauma categories. The reasons for non-adherence were excessive S100B blood sampling, late blood sampling, and missing and excessive head CTs.
Conclusion Guideline adherence was generally challenged and non-adherence was a substantial part of the results. Further studies are needed to explore reasons for non-adherence, and tools to improve guideline adherence.
Popliteaaneurisme – en sjælden differentialdiagnose ved ultralydsskanning for dyb venetrombose
Authors: Posth Stefan , Stenehjem Margrete
Published: December 2024

Casen beskriver en sjælden differentialdiagnose til en dyb venetrombose (DVT).
Accidental Hypotermi induceret Ventrikulær Takykardi
Authors: Sjøholm-Christensen Andreas , Nasiri Mohammad , Hansen Monija Mrgan
Published: December 2024

En sund og rask mand bliver afkølet i forbindelse med udendørstræning og udvikler hypotermi udløst ventrikulær takykardi i forbindelse med genopvarmning ved ankomsten til akut modtagelsen.
Kasuistikken er skrevet for at skabe opmærksomhed på ventrikulær takykardi udløst af accidental hypotermi samt vigtigheden af monitorering, herunder EKG og biokemi ved modtagelse og opvarmning af patienten i akutmodtagelsen, således at den potentielt livredende behandling påbegyndes hurtigst muligt.
Atrocities in the 'Heart of Darkness'
Authors: Fabricius Daniel
Published: December 2024

This article will provide an in-depth analysis on the colonial usage of sexual violence as a weapon of superiority during the Congo Free State during 1885-1908. The evaluation aims to uncover how white settlers systematically and intentionally utilised sexual violence as tool of colonial warfare. Literature shows that rape was a common occurrence which caused psychological, economic and physical hardship towards the Congolese. Crimes relating to sexual violence transpired through atrocities like rape, abduction, blackmail, forced incest and kidnapping. It will be illustrated that sexual violence was fuelled by motives like economics, sexual lust, psychological dominance and military tactics. Sexualised atrocities proved effective as they inflicted unprecedented injuries while also manifesting social hierarchies. Sexual violence served as reliable weapon of colonial warfare which remained unbound by controversy and objections. Rape and sexual violence were effective tools in causing psychological and physical injuries while simultaneously displaying its perpetrator as the superior force.
'Managing' Wildlife
Authors: Heidecke Susann
Published: December 2024

European settlers in colonial Kenya in the beginning of the 20th century embodied a significant contradiction: While advocating vividly for the preservation of a ‘pristine nature’, the settlers hunting and agrobusiness activities are the single most important factor for a rapid decline of wildlife population in the area. This article investigates the meaning of hunting and conservation practices for the establishment and consolidation of a White settler elite in Laikipia, Kenya. The argumentation is based on episodic evidence from the biography of Lord Delamere, an influential first settler, hunter and conservationist, written by Elsbeth Huxley in 1935. It investigates the practices around ‘managing’ wildlife from an ideological and economical dimension. I argue that the transplantation of European aristocratic traditions of ‘The Hunt’ and the understanding of nature and society as separate spheres delegitimized pre-colonial modes of nature-use and reinforced a racist hierarchy of societies. The systematic dispossession of precolonial landholders, their forceful but selective inclusion in the settler economy and the eradication of wildlife for profitable agrobusiness irreversibly degraded the various forms of precolonial economies and consolidated the settler’s presence in Laikipia until today.
The concept of the "Russian world" in the ideological attitudes of southern Russian student youth (based on sociological research materials from 2015–2021)
Authors: Konstantinov Mikhail Sergeevich , Potseluev Sergei Petrovich , Pupikin Roman Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2024

The article analyzes the dynamic characteristics of the concept of the "Russian world" based on a series of sociological studies of student consciousness in the South of Russia (2015–2021) conducted by the staff of the Southern Federal University. The actualization of this concept in student consciousness occurred against the backdrop of the Ukrainian crisis of 2014 and underwent a certain transformation from 2015 to 2021. The methodological basis of the study was a series of focus groups and a questionnaire survey. In the process of analyzing the data collected by means of the questionnaire survey, factor, correlation and regression types of statistical analysis were used. As a result, the specifics of the decontestation of the concept of the "Russian world" in student consciousness were established, as well as a change in the conceptual framework for interpreting this concept. In particular, it was found that in 2015, the decontestation of the concept of the "Russian world" in the structure of values ​​of student consciousness occurred in the right ideological spectrum (up to right-wing radical interpretations), but in 2019, this concept is more often placed in the cultural and civilizational context in the structures of student identity. Key factors influencing the process of decontestation of the concept of the "Russian world" were also identified. The general conclusion based on the results of the study is that despite the fact that these variables substantively intersect with the three meanings of the concept of the "Russian world" presented in the media space of modern Russia (imperial-civilizational, super-ethnic and Orthodox-civilizational), the shifts occurring in student consciousness indicate deeper changes - about the increasing rootedness of the concept under study in the structures of student identity, and not just at the superficial level of ideological attitudes.
From Bentham to Hart: Dynamics of Development of Juspositivism Key Ideas in the English-Speaking World (XIX - XXI Centuries)
Authors: Korzhenyak Anastasia Mikhailovna
Published: December 2024

This article analyzes the peculiarities of the development of legal positivism (juspositivism) in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal family. This approach to legal understanding was developed by professional lawyers and reflects the specifics of their legal consciousness focused on the study of positive law and its practical implementation. The key concepts defining the historical trajectory and problem field of legal positivism in the Anglo-American tradition, namely the legal teachings of Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, John Austin, Matthew Hale, William Blackstone, John William Salmond, William Jethro Brown, Herbert Hart are explored. As a result of the research the author made the following conclusions. The theoretical basis of the “first” legal positivism in England was largely laid by the political-legal teachings of T. Hobbes, in which it is possible to identify some common features with the legal concepts formulated by J. Bentham. The methodological basis for the British theories of legal positivism can be found in the concept developed by D. Hume. It presupposes the separation of two spheres: that which ought to be (“proper”) and that which is in effect (“essence”). At the same time, it is argued that the object of cognition and scientific research should be only the area of “essence”. The peculiarities of the genesis of the key institutions in the family of common (precedent) law determine the directions of the development of juspositivism concepts in the Anglo-American tradition. However, it is important to fix the special manifestations peculiar to “common law” and ways of adapting them to the provisions and principles of analytical jurisprudence. The paper also provides a brief overview of selected criticisms of Herbert Hart’s positivist project by John Finnis, Joseph Raz, Neil McCormick, and some other representatives of contemporary analytic jurisprudence.
PERCEIVED INFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION OF GENERATION Z IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CHANGING CONSUMER SOCIETY: A RESEARCH ON NEWS CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR ON SOCIAL MEDIA
Authors: Nazlım Ömer Faruk , Özgen Nargis
Published: December 2024

This study aims to reveal the effects of disinformation and perceived trust of individuals classified as Generation Z in social media news on their motivation for news consumption. To that end, this study employs quantitative research methods to test hypotheses. The sample is determined as Generation Z aged 18 and older residing in various cities across Türkiye. Using a survey to collect data, this study gathered a total of 337 surveys from 06/15/2024 to 06/25/2024 through online and face-to-face communication. The findings show that Gen Z individuals' perception of misinformation on social media is high for fake news and low in terms of challenge competence, and that they need verification to trust news on social media and trust their personal environment. This study concludes that the motivational elements for news consumption that most affected the perceived disinformation and trust of social media among Gen Z are the dimension "technical facilities and convenience" and "rich and optional content".
Calcium phosphate ceramics having hierarchical pore structure
Authors:   Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12 Av., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland, Potoczek Marek
Published: December 2024

Currently, the most studied materials of porous resorbable ceramics in the field of bone tissue regeneration and as scaffolds in tissue engineering are calcium orthophosphate Ca3(PO4)2 and hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)5(OH)2. In this work, ceramic foams were produced from calcium phosphate by gel-casting of foams method using agarose as a gelling agent. Foaming was carried out at 60°C, followed by the transformation of the foams from the liquid state to the gelled state by cooling them to 15°C. After the sintering process (T = 1100°C, t = 2h), the basic physical properties of the foam were determined and morphological observations were made using scanning electron microscopy. The foam exhibited a hierarchical pore structure, i.e., spherical macropores with diameters ranging from 250 to 800 µm, interconnections between macropores (so-called “windows”) with diameters in the rage of 30 - 350 µm, and micropores in the ceramic skeleton with diameters ranging from less than 1 to about 3 µm. This structure allows good conditions for bone tissue to grow into the implant.
Development Strategy for Village Owned Enterprises: A Case Study in Majalengka Regency, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
Authors: Sulaksana Jaka , Dwirayani Dina
Published: December 2024

Village-Owned organizations (BUMDes) are one of the strategic units in empowering village communities. South Maja BUMDes is one of the BUMDes which has several commercial enterprise units inside it and up to now, it has survived.  This studies objectives to determine the internal and outside factors of BUMDes South Maja and to decide the strategic priorities that want to be taken for BUMDes development. The research technique used became quantitative descriptive research via taking 33 respondents. The evaluation finished is a SWOT analysis preceded with the aid of an hobby degree analysis.  The effects of the IFE matrix analysis are the primary power in control which does now not involve many human beings, making operations and choice making easier. meanwhile, the principle weak spot is that there may be no era that can facilitate communique among administrators, managers and consumers. The outcomes of the IE matrix show that BUMDes South Maja is in cellular or box which has function presents an outline of the country of BUMDes South Maja which is in a maintain and maintain circumstance.
Estimation of Genetic Diversity for Yield and Yield Components in Pearl Millet
Authors: Deva Prasanna Angel , Ahamed M Lal , Satish Y , Prakash K Kiran , Patro TSSK , Srivastava Rakesh K
Published: December 2024

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is one of the most significant cultivated cereals. It demonstrates remarkable genetic diversity due to its wide distribution across the globe and its adaptability to harsh environmental conditions. A multi-location experiment was conducted in Srikakulam (Location 1), Vizianagaram (Location 2), and Patancheru (Location 3) during Kharif 2021 to investigate genetic diversity in a world diversity panel of pearl millet based on grain yield and its component traits using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA revealed that first three principal components with eigen values greater than one accounted for about 69% of the total variation in location 1, 66% in location 2, and two components accounted for 62% in location 3. The first principal component showed high positive loadings for HI and PHI in locations 1 and 2 and for PWT and GYLD in location 3. Traits such as TGWT, PH, and PL contributed positively to the total variation in all three locations. This genetic variability can thus be effectively utilized in pearl millet breeding programs.
Harnessing the immune system after allogeneic stem cell transplant in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sterling Cole , Webster Jonathan
Published: February 2020

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT) is the most successful and widely used immunotherapy for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as a result of its anti‐leukemic properties driven by T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, leading to a graft‐vs‐leukemia (GVL) effect. Despite its essential role in AML treatment, relapse after allo‐SCT is common and associated with a poor prognosis. There is longstanding interest in developing immunologic strategies to augment the GVL effect post‐transplant to prevent relapse and improve outcomes. In addition to prophylactic maintenance strategies, the GVL effect can also be used in relapsed patients to reinduce remission. While immune checkpoint inhibitors and other novel immune‐targeted agents have been successfully used in the post‐transplant setting to augment the GVL effect and induce remission in small clinical trials of relapsed patients, exacerbations of graft‐vs‐host disease (GVHD) have limited their broader use. Here we review advances in three areas of immunotherapy that have been studied in post‐transplant AML: donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), immune checkpoint inhibitors, and other monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) and ligand receptor antagonists. We also discuss additional therapies with proposed immunologic mechanisms, such as hypomethylating agents, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and the FLT3 inhibitor sorafenib.
Comorbidity of congenital heart defects and holoprosencephaly is likely genetically driven and gene‐specific
Authors: Tekendo‐Ngongang Cedrik , Owosela Babajide , Muenke Maximilian , Kruszka Paul
Published: February 2020

Comorbidity of holoprosencephaly (HPE) and congenital heart disease (CHD) in individuals with genetic variants in known HPE‐related genes has been recurrently observed. Morphogenesis of the brain and heart from very early stages are regulated by several biological pathways, some of them involved in both heart and brain development as evidenced by genetic studies on model organisms. For instance, downregulation of Hedgehog or Nodal signaling pathways, both known as major triggers of HPE, has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of CHD, including structural defects and left–right asymmetry defects. In this study, individuals with various types of HPE were investigated clinically and by genomic sequencing. Cardiac phenotypes were assessed in 434 individuals with HPE who underwent targeted sequencing. CHDs were identified in 8% (n = 33) of individuals, including 10 (30%) cases of complex heart disease. Only four individuals (4/33) had damaging variants in the known HPE genes STAG2, SIX3, and SHH. Interestingly, no CHD was identified in the 37 individuals of our cohort with pathogenic variants in ZIC2. These findings suggest that CHD occurs more frequently in HPE‐affected individuals with or without identifiable genetic variants, and this co‐occurrence may be genetically driven and gene‐specific.
Protection Strategies Enable Selective Conversion of Biomass
Authors: Luo Xiaolin , Li Yanding , Gupta Navneet Kumar , Sels Bert , Ralph John , Shuai Li
Published: February 2020

Selective and economic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass components to bio‐based fuels and chemicals is the major goal of biorefineries, but low yields and selectivity for fuel precursors such as sugars, furanics, and lignin‐derived monomers pose significant disadvantages in process economics. In this Minireview we summarize the existing protection strategies used in biomass chemocatalytic conversion processes and focus the discussions on the mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities of each strategy. We introduce a concept of using analogous methods to manipulate biomass catalytic conversion pathways during the upgrading of carbohydrates to fuels and chemicals. This Minireview may provide new insights into the development of selective biorefining processes from a different perspective, expanding the options for selective conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals.
Fabrication of Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks in Uninterrupted Mesoporous Tunnels: Hierarchical Structure for Efficient Trypsin Immobilization and Stabilization
Authors: Lu Jie , Wu Ju‐Kang , Jiang Yao , Tan Peng , Zhang Lin , Lei Yu , Liu Xiao‐Qin , Sun Lin‐Bing
Published: February 2020

Hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks (HP‐MOFs) are promising in various applications. Most reported HP‐MOFs are prepared based on the generation of mesopores in microporous frameworks, and the formed mesopores are connected by microporous channels, limiting the accessibility of mesopores for bulky molecules. A hierarchical structure is formed by constructing microporous MOFs in uninterrupted mesoporous tunnels. Using the confined space in as‐prepared mesoporous silica, highly dispersed metal precursors for MOFs are coated on the internal surface of mesoporous tunnels. Ligand vapor‐induced crystallization is employed to enable quantitative formation of MOFs in situ, in which sublimated ligands diffuse into mesoporous tunnels and react with metal precursors. The obtained hierarchically porous composites exhibit record‐high adsorption capacity for the bulky molecule trypsin. The thermal and storage stability of trypsin is improved upon immobilization on the composites.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Chain‐Walking Cross‐Electrophile Coupling of Alkyl and Aryl Halides and Olefin Hydroarylation Enabled by Electrochemical Reduction
Authors: Kumar Gadde Sathish , Peshkov Anatoly , Brzozowska Aleksandra , Nikolaienko Pavlo , Zhu Chen , Rueping Magnus
Published: February 2020

The first electrochemical approach for nickel‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile coupling was developed. This method provides a novel route to 1,1‐diarylalkane derivatives from simple and readily available alkyl and aryl halides in good yields and excellent regioselectivity under mild conditions. The procedure shows good tolerance for a broad variety of functional groups and both primary and secondary alkyl halides can be used. Furthermore, the reaction was successfully scaled up to the multigram scale, thus indicating potential for industrial application. Mechanistic investigation suggested the formation of a nickel hydride in the electroreductive chain‐walking arylation, which led to the development of a new nickel‐catalyzed hydroarylation of styrenes to provide a series of 1,1‐diaryl alkanes in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Enabling a Durable Electrochemical Interface via an Artificial Amorphous Cathode Electrolyte Interphase for Hybrid Solid/Liquid Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Liang Jia‐Yan , Zhang Xu‐Dong , Zeng Xian‐Xiang , Yan Min , Yin Ya‐Xia , Xin Sen , Wang Wen‐Peng , Wu Xiong‐Wei , Shi Ji‐Lei , Wan Li‐Jun , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: February 2020

A hybrid solid/liquid electrolyte with superior security facilitates the implementation of high‐energy‐density storage devices, but it suffers from inferior chemical compatibility with cathodes. Herein, an optimal lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate salt was introduced to build in situ an amorphous cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) between Ni‐rich cathodes and hybrid electrolyte. The CEI preserves the surface structure with high compatibility, leading to enhanced interfacial stability. Meanwhile, the space‐charge layer can be prominently mitigated at the solid/solid interface via harmonized chemical potentials, acquiring promoted interfacial dynamics as revealed by COMSOL simulation. Consequently, the amorphous CEI integrates the bifunctionality to provide an excellent cycling stability, high Coulombic efficiency, and favorable rate capability in high‐voltage Li‐metal batteries, innovating the design philosophy of functional CEI strategy for future high‐energy‐density batteries.
Spatially Controlled Supramolecular Polymerization of Peptide Nanotubes by Microfluidics
Authors: Méndez‐Ardoy Alejandro , Bayón‐Fernández Alfonso , Yu Ziyi , Abell Chris , Granja Juan R. , Montenegro Javier
Published: February 2020

Despite the importance of spatially resolved self‐assembly for molecular machines, the spatial control of supramolecular polymerization with synthetic monomers had not been experimentally established. Now, a microfluidic‐regulated tandem process of supramolecular polymerization and droplet encapsulation is used to control the position of self‐assembled microfibrillar bundles of cyclic peptide nanotubes in water droplets. This method allows the precise preferential localization of fibers either at the interface or into the core of the droplets. UV absorbance, circular dichroism and fluorescence microscopy indicated that the microfluidic control of the stimuli (changes in pH or ionic strength) can be employed to adjust the packing degree and the spatial position of microfibrillar bundles of cyclic peptide nanotubes. Additionally, this spatially organized supramolecular polymerization of peptide nanotubes was applied in the assembly of highly ordered two‐dimensional droplet networks.
Formation and Characterization of a BeOBeC Multiple Radical Featuring a Quartet Carbyne Moiety
Authors: Li Wan‐Lu , Zhang Qingnan , Chen Mohua , Hu Han‐Shi , Li Jun , Zhou Mingfei
Published: February 2020

Through reaction of beryllium dimers with carbon monoxide, a carbonyl complex BeBeCO is formed in solid neon. Upon visible light excitation, the BeBeCO complex rearranges to a BeCOBe isomer, which further isomerizes to a low‐energy BeOBeC species under UV‐visible light excitation. These species are identified on the basis of infrared absorption spectroscopy with isotopic substitutions and quantum chemical studies. The BeOBeC molecule is characterized to be a multiple radical species having an electronic quintet ground state featuring an unusual quartet carbyne unit with three unpaired electrons on the carbon center. Bonding analysis indicates that the strong Pauli repulsion between carbon 2s lone pair electrons and the σ electrons of the BeOBe fragment significantly weakens the Be−C bonding and destabilizes the triplet state of the BeOBeC radical with a doublet carbyne unit. The three‐center π‐bonding of BeOBe is also found to play a role in stabilizing the quartet carbyne.
Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Liu Shuang , Pan Xueting , Liu Huiyu
Published: February 2020

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are currently explored as novel photothermal agents because of their ultrathin structure, high specific surface area, and unique optoelectronic properties. In addition to single photothermal therapy (PTT), 2D nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential in PTT‐based synergistic therapies. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for enhanced photothermal cancer therapy over the last five years. Their unique optical properties, typical synthesis methods, and surface modification are also covered. Emphasis is placed on their PTT and PTT‐synergized chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. The major challenges of 2D photothermal agents are addressed and the promising prospects are also presented.
Phosphorus Schiff base ligand and its complexes: Experimental and theoretical investigations
Authors: Suleman Veyan Taher , Al‐Hamdani Abbas Ali Salih , Ahmed Suzan Duraid , Jirjees Vian Yamin , Khan Mohammad Ehtisham , Dib Adnan , Al Zoubi Wail , Ko Young Gun
Published: February 2020

A phosphorus‐containing Schiff base was prepared from bis{3‐[2‐(4‐amino‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylpyrazol‐3‐ylideneamino)ethyl]indol‐1‐ylmethyl}phosphinic acid and paraformaldehyde as a novel antibacterial compound. The reaction of the Schiff base ligand with VO(IV), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) led to binuclear species of metal complexes, depending on the ratio of metal ion and ligand. The ligand and its complexes were investigated using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–visible and mass spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, conductivity measurements and thermal analysis. The results showed that the Schiff base behaves as a tetradentate ligand; moreover, on the basis of conductance results, of all the prepared complexes are non‐electrolytes, excepting the Pt(IV) complex. The metal complexes were found to be formed with a metal‐to‐ligand ratio of 2:1, except for the Pt(IV) complex with a ratio of 1:1. The activation thermodynamic parameters (ΔE*, ΔH*, ΔS*, ΔG* and K) and the activation energy of thermal decomposition were determined from thermogravimetric analysis using the Coats–Redfern method. The biological activities of the metal complexes were screened against the growth of bacteria and fungi in vitro to assess the antimicrobial potential and study the toxicity of the compounds. The prepared compounds have noteworthy antimicrobial properties.
Thermoformable high oxygen barrier multilayer EVOH/LDPE film/foam
Authors: Souza Claudio , Feng Jingxing , Olah Andrew , Wnek Gary , Baer Eric
Published: February 2020

The effect of the number of layers on oxygen transmission and thermoformability of novel multilayer film/foam materials was investigated. Ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymer/low‐density polyethylene multilayered film/foam composites having 16, 32, and 64 alternating layers were developed using continuous multilayer coextrusion process, and the morphology, density, oxygen transmission, and mechanical properties of the as‐extruded film/foams were characterized. Tensile properties of the film/foams at elevated temperatures were used to optimize thermoforming conditions. Uniaxial orientation was discovered as an efficient approach to evaluate the potential for thermoforming. Oxygen transmission showed a strong correlation with the thickness reduction which could be used as an indicator for barrier properties of the packaging materials. Film/foam materials with 32 layers demonstrated optimum performance with low oxygen transmission along with high drawing capability. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48903.
pH‐Dependent thermoresponsive poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl acrylamide]‐grafted PVDF membranes with switchable wettability for efficient emulsion separation
Authors: Xian Yupei , Shui Yonggang , Li Meimei , Pei Cunbao , Zhang Qiyi , Yao Yongyi
Published: February 2020

Plenty of oily wastewater discharged from industrial and domestic sewage has deteriorated the environment severely, so stimuli‐responsive membranes with switchable wettability have been of considerable attraction for its potential application in oil/water separation. In this work, a novel pH‐dependent thermoresponsive membrane fabricated by grafting the poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl acrylamide] (PDEAEAM) from the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization is explored to achieve the oil/water separation. The PDEAEAM‐g‐PVDF membrane shows hydrophilicity at room temperature under neutral condition while hydrophobicity at 50°C under alkaline condition. Wettability of the membrane at different temperatures is dominated by the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PDEAEAM, and the LCST of PDEAEAM is pH dependent. Due to the LCST of PDEAEAM, the membrane shows a variation of separation efficiency for separating hexadecane/water emulsion with temperature and pH. Typical separation efficiencies are 97.10% at 25°C under neutral condition and 30.26% at 50°C under alkaline condition.
Effect of Pluronic F127 on the 3D pore morphology of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) hydrogels and their nitric oxide release from S‐nitrosoglutathione
Authors: Cabrini Flávia Mesquita , Champeau Mathilde , de Oliveira Marcelo Ganzarolli
Published: February 2020

Changing the pore morphology of hydrogels can be an effective strategy to modulate their drug release profiles. Herein, Pluronic F127 was used to change the three‐dimensional pore morphology of crosslinked poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (P[NIPAm‐co‐AAc]) hydrogels. F127 reduced the pore diameters from 20 ± 4 to 2.9 ± 0.4 μm and from 11 ± 1 to 1.4 ± 0.4 μm in hydrogels synthesized at 8 and 30°C, respectively. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering indicates that the segregation of the F127 during the polymerization process induces F127 phase transitions from unimers (at 8°C) or cubic‐packed micelles (at 30°C) to a lamellar structure. P(NIPAm‐co‐AAc) hydrogels charged with S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), released nitric oxide (NO) spontaneously during hydration. The decrease in the pore diameter led to a twofold to threefold increase in the rate of water absorption and a fourfold to sixfold increase in the rate of NO release of the hydrogels. F127 can be used to change the pore morphology of P(NIPAm‐co‐AAc) hydrogels, with concomitant changes in their rate of hydration and NO release from GSNO, opening a new perspective for their use in topical NO delivery.
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Organ‐Specific Lupus Flares in Relation to Atmospheric Variables and Fine Particulate Matter Pollution
Authors: Stojan George , Kvit Anton , Curriero Frank C. , Petri Michelle
Published: February 2020

Objective

To identify potential clusters of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) organ‐specific flares and their relationship to fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5), temperature, ozone concentration, resultant wind, relative humidity, and barometric pressure in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, using spatiotemporal cluster analysis.

Methods

A total of 1,628 patients who fulfilled the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for SLE and who had a home address recorded were included in the analysis. Disease activity was assessed using the Lupus Activity Index. Assessment of rash, joint involvement, serositis, and neurologic, pulmonary, renal, and hematologic activity was quantified on a 0–3 visual analog scale (VAS). An organ‐specific flare was defined as an increase in VAS of ≥1 point compared to the previous visit. Spatiotemporal clusters were detected using SaTScan software. Regression models were used for cluster adjustment and included individual, county‐level, and environmental variables.

Results

Significant clusters unadjusted for environmental variables were identified for joint flares (P < 0.05; n = 3), rash flares (P < 0.05; n = 4), hematologic flares (P < 0.05; n = 3), neurologic flares (P < 0.05; n = 2), renal flares (P < 0.001; n = 4), serositis (P < 0.001; n = 2), and pulmonary flares (P < 0.001; n = 2). The majority of the clusters identified changed in significance, temporal extent, or spatial extent after adjustment for environmental variables.

Conclusion

We describe the first spatiotemporal clusters of lupus organ‐specific flares. Seasonal, as well as multi‐year, cluster patterns were identified, differing in extent and location for the various organ‐specific flare types. Further studies focusing on each individual organ‐specific flare are needed to better understand the driving forces behind these observed changes.
Iron‐Catalyzed Radical Cleavage/C−C Bond Formation of Acetal‐Derived Alkylsilyl Peroxides
Authors: Shiozaki Yoko , Sakurai Shunya , Sakamoto Ryu , Matsumoto Akira , Maruoka Keiji
Published: February 2020

A novel radical‐based approach for the iron‐catalyzed selective cleavage of acetal‐derived alkylsilyl peroxides, followed by the formation of a carbon–carbon bond is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope with respect to the acetal moiety and the carbon electrophile. Mechanistic studies suggest that the present reaction proceeds through a free‐radical process involving carbon radicals generated by the homolytic cleavage of a carbon–carbon bond within the acetal moiety. A synthetic application of this method to sugar‐derived alkylsilyl peroxides is also described.
Quantifying false positives in simulated events using partial interval recording and momentary time sampling with dual‐criteria methods
Authors: Falligant John Michael , Vetter Jennifer A.
Published: February 2020

The dual‐criteria (DC) and conservative dual‐criteria (CDC) methods allow clinicians and researchers to quantify the occurrence of false‐positive outcomes within single‐case experimental designs. The purpose of the current study was to use these DC and CDC methods to measure the incidence of false positives with simulated data collected via discontinuous interval methods (i.e., momentary time sampling, partial‐interval recording) as a function of data series length. We generated event data to create 316,800 unique simulated data series for analysis. In Experiment 1, we evaluated how changes in relevant parameters (i.e., interval sizes, event durations, IRT‐to‐event‐run ratios) produced false positives with momentary time sampling procedures. We also assessed the degree that the CDC method produced fewer false positives than the DC method with simulated interval data. In Experiment 2, we used similar procedures to quantify the occurrence of false positives with partial‐interval recording data. We successfully replicated outcomes from previous research in the current study, though such results only highlight the generality of the procedures relating to false positive (and not false negative) outcomes. That is, these results indicate MTS and PIR may adequately control for false positives, but our conclusions are limited by a lack of data on power.
Was macht Molche giftig?
Authors: Mebs Dietrich
Published: February 2020

Tetrodotoxin ist eines der stärksten natürlichen Gifte, das spezifisch den spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanal von Nerv und Muskel blockiert. Ursprünglich in marinen Kugelfischen (Tetradontidae) entdeckt, wurde es auch in anderen marinen wie auch terrestrischen Tieren nachgewiesen, darunter auch in Amphibien. Vor allem einige Arten von Schwanzlurchen (Urodela) der Neuen und Alten Welt weisen zum Teil extrem hohe Konzentrationen des Toxins auf, womit sie einen gewissen Schutz vor Prädatoren erwerben. Nordamerikanische Strumpfbandnattern der Gattung Thamnophis allerdings zeigen sich Tetrodotoxin gegenüber als resistent, was auf dem Austausch von Aminosäuren in der Bindungsstelle des Toxins am Natriumkanal beruht. Die Herkunft des Toxins ist umstritten. Es wird anscheinend nicht von den Molchen synthetisiert, sondern wird wahrscheinlich über die Nahrungskette aufgenommen und gespeichert. Auch andere Amphibien wie einige wenige Kröten und Frösche enthalten Tetrodotoxin. Die Rolle, die das Toxin in Ökosystemen spielt, ist weitgehend ungelöst.
Sex and genes, part 2: A biopsychosocial approach to assess and treat challenging sexual behavior in persons with intellectual disabilities including fragile X syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Miodrag Nancy , Richards Deborah A. , Fedoroff J. Paul , Watson Shelley L.
Published: February 2020

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) – and specifically those with genetic disorders – are more prone to medical and psychological challenges that affect their sexual development, experiences, and fertility. In this review paper we first provide an overview of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model and then explain how the model can guide and improve the assessment and treatment of challenging sexual behaviors by persons with IDs. We discuss two genetic conditions – fragile X syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome – in case studies, showing how the BPS model can be used to assess and treat the sexual problems of individuals with various types of ID. We conclude with BPS‐formulated treatment considerations in three key domains: biomedical treatment (e.g., medication side effects; stopping or changing medications), psychological treatment (e.g., providing psychological therapies), and socio‐environmental interventions (e.g., providing socio‐sexual education and staff training). Together, these treatment interventions can aid clinicians to prevent and/or treat problematic sexual behaviors of people with IDs.