bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Teleological Mechanics of the Mind’: Herbart and Lipps on Tendency
Authors: Schmidt Philipp
Published: June 2024

This article sheds light on a today mostly forgotten though highly influential thinker: Theodor Lipps. It explores the notion of ‘tendency’ in his work, a hitherto insufficiently examined yet central concept of the Munich philosopher. More specifically, the paper examines how Lipps utilizes the term to describe important structures of experience. By illuminating the various ways in which Lipps refers to tendencies, it aims to reconstruct important pillars of his theory of experience. This theory emphasizes that experience has a teleological character, striving towards the complete determination and realization of the objects as they are represented (vorgestellt) in our experience. As will be shown, the description of different tendencies serves Lipps to conceptualize the laws that govern the related dynamics of our psychic life and to distinguish and examine the diverse range of conscious phenomena within it. To unveil the core ideas that guide Lipps’s development of his proposal, the article will first identify and reconstruct the primary source for his philosophical analysis of the mind’s motions: the metaphysics of Johann Friedrich Herbart. Subsequently, Lipps’s critical examination of Herbart’s proposal will be presented. This discussion will serve as a backdrop to illustrate how Lipps integrates Herbartian themes, reformulates related concepts, and ultimately develops his unique understanding of tendency and its roles in experience. By delving into his comprehensive analysis of tendencies, it will be argued that Lipps offers a version of Herbartianism.
Exploring epipelic diatom species composition across wetlands conductivity gradients in southern Spain
Authors: Fernández-Moreno David , Delgado Cristina , González-Paz Lorena , Blanco Saúl , Sánchez-Castillo Pedro M. , Pérez-Martínez Carmen
Published: June 2024

The objective of this study was to explore the environmental factors having the greatest influence on the distribution and abundance of epipelic diatom species in different wetlands in southern Spain. We previously defined four groups of conductivity categories: fresh (< 0.8 mS cm−1), oligosaline (< 8 mS cm−1), mesosaline (8–30 mS cm−1) and eusaline (> 30 mS cm−1). A dbRDA analysis performed on a subset of 36 of the 53 wetlands, using a total of 25 environmental variables, showed that five environmental variables (conductivity, pH, wetland area, silicates, and total suspended solids) were the best explanatory variables for the diatom assemblage, with conductivity being the main explanatory variable. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis performed on the set of 53 wetlands revealed significant differences in diatom composition among the four conductivity groups. The key species in the eusaline group were Tryblionella pararostrata, Halamphora sp.1 and Cocconeis euglypta, whereas in the mesosaline and oligosaline group, these were Navicula veneta, Tryblionella hungarica and Nitzschia inconspicua. Finally, in the fresh group dominated Achnanthidium minutissimum, Navicula veneta and Gomphonema exilissimum. This study on epipelic diatoms can therefore contribute to the knowledge of these organisms in a European region with a high diversity of wetland typologies.
Biocompatibility of nano/micro-sized pyrophyllite particles by pulmo, liver, kidney and gastric mucosis cells
Authors: Paraš Smiljana , Paspalj Jovana , Baghdad Karima , Janković Ognjenka , Škrbić Ranko , Gajanin Radoslav , Massiani Pascale , Launay Franck , Gotovac Atlagić Suzana
Published: June 2024

Pyrophyllite is the least studied natural clay in terms of its potential in biomedical applications, although there are many deposits of this aluminosilicate around the world. Genotoxicity study was performed in vitro for this mineral. Subsequently, Wister rats were exposed to the pyrophyllite micronized to below 100 µm. After the exposure period, histology of the lung, liver, kidney and gastric tissues were performed, followed by the stereological and hematological analysis. The physicochemical analyses revealed typical XRD characteristics of pyrophyllite clay with particle-size distribution ranging 50 nm–100 μm with stable mineral composition and unique buffering property to pH around 8. The results showed that there were no cytotoxic effects on to THP-1 cells, or genotoxicity of pyrophyllite measured by the Comet assay. In vivo studies are accompanied by the thorough physicochemical characterization of the micronized pyrophyllite. Histology of the lung tissue proved presence of an inflammatory reaction. On the other hand, gastric tissue has shown the selective accumulation of nanoparticles in enterocytes of the stomach only, as supported by ultrastructural analysis. Liver and kidney tissues have shown tolerability for pyrophyllite particles. The results give directions for further comprehensive studies of potential biomedical applications of the pyrophyllite.
Polyplatinaynes Functionalized with Pyrazoline Derivatives
Authors: Wang Qiwei , Jiang Lu , Li Junlong , Sun Zelin , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: June 2024

Pyrazoline and pyrazole compounds are important building blocks in the development of photofunctional compounds. Two new solution-processable platinum-containing polyynes functionalized with these chromophores in the main chain (P1 and P2) were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic, thermal and optical methods. By changing the spacer from 2-pyrazoline to the electron-rich pyrazole in the main chain, the photophysical properties including energy levels, absorption wavelength and bandgap of the polymers were finely tuned. The photovoltaic properties of P1 with better absorption features were also studied.

Graphical abstract
Salt Mining and Salt Miners at Talkherud–Douzlākh, Northwestern Iran: From Landscape to Resource-Scape
Authors: Stöllner Thomas , Aali Abolfazl , Boenke Nicole , Davoudi Hossein , Draganits Erich , Fathi Homa , Franke Kristina A. , Herd Rainer , Kosczinski Katja , Mashkour Marjan , Mostafapour Iman , Nezafati Nima , Öhrström Lena , Rühli Frank , Saeidi Sahand , Schapals Fabian , Schimerl Nicolas , Sikorski Beate , Zifar Hamed
Published: June 2024

The Douzlākh salt deposit (region: Māhneshān, Zanjān Province, Iran) is unique for its pure and crystal rock salt and was an important supplier of culinary (‘table’) salt in Achaemenid, Sassanid and Middle Islamic times. At the same time, the site was of central importance to the economic life of the rural populations in the Talkherud Basin. This article focuses on the question of which strategies were decisive for the exploitation of the salt mountain and how a potential supra-regional interest in the culinary salt was perhaps reciprocally connected with a rural hinterland. This hinterland was recently investigated in greater detail by our ongoing research. Did a resource-scape based on salt develop with specific economic and social strategies and practices around the Douzlākh? And was this development triggered by state or imperial control and demand? These questions are being pursued from a perspective utilising a variety of subjects and methods in archaeology, archaeobiology, archaeometry and geoarchaeology. In addition to a detailed on-site artefact study, several on- and off-site datasets have been collected and analysed within a multidisciplinary framework. This article synthesises the results of a major 12-year project to identify the organisational principles and daily practices within this specific salt-scape. The sensational finds of the Douzlākh salt mummies, along with the generally outstanding preservation of organic ecofacts and artefacts, allow insights into antique lifeworlds that are otherwise hard to come by. The multidisciplinary study of on- and off-site data allows far-reaching insights into interdisciplinary topics, such as the social system, supply and logistics, or the presence of non-local or non-indigenous populations.
A meta-analysis of the effects of context, content, and task factors of digitally delivered instructional feedback on learning performance
Authors: Brummer Leonie , de Boer Hester , Mouw Jolien M. , Strijbos Jan-Willem
Published: June 2024

Even though context, content, and task factors are considered essential parts of digitally delivered instructional feedback, their effects on learning performance are most often studied separately. A meta-analysis was carried out to address the effects of context, content, and task factors of digitally delivered instructional feedback on learning performance. A summary effect of .41 (SE = .05) was found for 116 interventions. Significant influencers on learning performance in the sample were feedback focus, discipline, assessment type, and learner control (amongst others), showing the potential to explain the heterogeneity in effects. Also, any simple feedback (e.g. verification or knowledge of result) is more effective than no feedback. A meta-regression with all significant influencers and feedback focused on the process explained the heterogeneity in learning performance.
Studying how social relationships affect peer assessment in an E-learning environment
Authors: Sousa Francisco , Alves Tomás , Gama Sandra , Jorge Joaquim , Gonçalves Daniel
Published: June 2024

Peer assessment has been widely studied as a replacement for traditional evaluation, not only by reducing the professor’s workload but mainly by benefiting students’ engagement and learning. Although several works successfully validate its accuracy and fairness, more research must be done on how students’ pre-existing social relationships affect the grades they give their peers in an e-learning course. We developed a Moodle plugin to provide the platform with peer assessment capabilities in forums and used it on an MSc course. The plugin curated the reviewer set for a post based on the author’s relationships and included rubrics to counter the possible interpersonal effects of peer assessment. Results confirm that peer assessment is reliable and accurate for works with at least three peer assessments, although students’ grades are slightly higher. The impact of social relationships is noticeable when students who do not like another colleague peer grade their work consistently lower than students with whom they have a positive connection. However, this has little influence on the final aggregate peer grade. Our findings show that peer assessment can replace traditional evaluation in an e-learning environment where students are familiar with each other.
Compressive sensing imaging with periodic perturbation induced caustic lens masks in a ripple tank
Authors: Arık Doğan Tunca , Şahin Asaf Behzat , Ersoy Özgün
Published: June 2024

Terahertz imaging presents immense potential across many fields but the affordability of multiple-pixel imaging equipment remains a challenge for many researchers. To address this, the adoption of single-pixel imaging emerges as a lower-cost option, however, the data acquisition process necessary for reconstructing images is time-intensive. Compressive Sensing, which allows for generation of images using a reduced number of measurements than Nyquist's theorem demands, presents a promising solution but long processing times are still issue particularly large-sized images. Our proposed solution to this issue involves using caustic lens effect induced by perturbations in a ripple tank as a sampling mask. The dynamic nature of the ripple tank introduces randomness into the sampling process and this reduces measurement time by exploiting the inherent sparsity of THz band signals. This work employed Convolutional Neural Network to perform target classification based on the distinct signal patterns acquired through the caustic lens mask. The proposed classifier achieved 99.22% accuracy rate in distinguishing targets shaped like Latin letters. The controlled randomness introduced by the caustic lens mask is believed to play a crucial role in achieving this high accuracy by mitigating overfitting, a common challenge in machine learning.
Procedure Matters: The Distinct Attitudinal Feedback Effects of Immigration Policy
Authors: Lee Siu-yau
Published: June 2024

Natives who dislike immigrants prefer restrictive immigration policies, but do those policies deepen or alleviate anti-immigrant attitudes? Existing theories have offered mixed predictions. Restrictions imposed on immigrants may harden intergroup boundaries and thus deepen hostilities. However, they may also soften attitudes by addressing the economic and identity concerns of natives. Using a conjoint experiment conducted in Hong Kong, I test the multidimensional effects of immigration policies on natives’ attitudes toward highly skilled immigrants. I find that restrictive measures consistently generate more positive attitudes. Strikingly, this effect cannot be fully accounted for by major theoretical explanations, including labor market competition, social identity, and welfare attitudes. Preexisting policy preferences do not condition the effect either. These findings point to the importance of attitudinal policy feedback beyond traditional accounts of immigration attitudes. In-depth qualitative interviews identify two novel causal mechanisms: moralizing and quality assurance effects.
Forecasting the commuting generation using metropolis-informed GCN and the topological commuter portrait
Authors: Chen Yuting , Zhao Pengjun , Chen Qi
Published: June 2024

Understanding commuter traffic in transportation networks is crucial for sustainable urban planning with commuting generation forecasts operating as a pivotal stage in commuter traffic modeling. Overcoming challenges posed by the intricacy of commuting networks and the uncertainty of commuter behaviors, we propose MetroGCN, a metropolis-informed graph convolutional network designed for commuting forecasts in metropolitan areas. MetroGCN introduces dimensions of metropolitan indicators to comprehensively construct commuting networks with diverse socioeconomic features. This model also innovatively embeds topological commuter portraits in spatial interaction through a multi-graph representation approach capturing the semantic spatial correlations based on individual characteristics. By incorporating graph convolution and temporal convolution with a spatial–temporal attention module, MetroGCN adeptly handles high-dimensional dependencies in large commuting networks. Quantitative experiments on the Shenzhen metropolitan area datasets validate the superior performance of MetroGCN compared to state-of-the-art methods. Notably, the results highlight the significance of commuter age and income in forecasting commuting generations. Statistical significance analysis further underscores the importance of anthropic indicators for commuting production forecasts and environmental indicators for commuting attraction forecasts. This research contributes to technical advancement and valuable insights into the critical factors influencing commuting generation forecasts.
Health-related quality of life among older adults following acute hospitalization: longitudinal analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Robinson Eirin Guldsten , Gyllensten Hanna , Granas Anne Gerd , Halvorsen Kjell H. , Garcia Beate Hennie
Published: June 2024

Purpose

To describe the longitudinal change of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over 12 months from acute hospitalization in older adults ≥ 70 years (IMMENSE study), and associated factors, to investigate how a medication optimization intervention influenced this change.

Methods

The EQ-5D-3L was used at discharge and 1, 6 and 12 months after discharge during a randomized controlled trial including 285 participants. Multilevel logistic (EQ-5D-3L dimensions) and mixed model regression (EQ-5D-3L index scores, EQ-VAS) were used to explore the longitudinal change with/without the intervention, and associations with medications, comorbidities, and socioeconomic variables. Subgroup analyses were performed for non-long and long stayers with hospitalizations < or ≥ 14 days.

Results

EQ-5D-3L index scores significantly declined after 12 months (β −0.06 [95% confidence interval (CI:) −0.10–−0.02], p = 0.003). Non-long stayers showed significant improvement 1 month from discharge (β 0.05 [0.00–0.09], p = 0.040). The number of medications and receiving home-care services were the main factors associated with reduced HRQoL. Being home-dwelling was the main factor associated with higher HRQoL. Non-long stayers of the intervention group reported significantly higher EQ-VAS than the control group (β 4.02 [0.11–7.93], p = 0.044).

Conclusion

We observed no significant difference in the longitudinal change in HRQoL between the two IMMENSE study groups over 12 months after hospitalization. However, the non-long stayer subgroup analysis indicates that the intervention may have had a long-term effect on HRQoL in some of intervention patients. The number of medications and the ability to live and care for oneself should be taken into consideration when planning future patient care and health-care services.

Trial registration

The trial was registered in clinicaltrials.gov on 28/06/2016 before enrolment started (NCT02816086).
Market and regulatory implications of social identity cohorts: a discussion of crypto influencers
Authors: Jagolinzer Alan D.
Published: June 2024

Merkley et al. (2023) examine how cryptocurrency influencers recommend digital coins on Twitter (X) and the associated price effects. They report that influencers may exploit market investors via potential pump and dump schemes. While plausible, researchers may develop a broader understanding of influencers’ incentives and their influence by considering how investors engage these markets for social identity needs that enhance utility. Social-psychological research indicates that someone’s social identity strongly influences their behavior, even making the behavior maladaptive. This paper discusses how crypto influencers create social identity resonance. It then discusses how influencers can leverage this resonance for potentially lucrative financial opportunities, which might manifest in different expected crypto price patterns. The paper concludes by recommending more research on influencers’ experience, networks, and communication choices; the effects of video relative to text communication; and implications of social identity cohorts that influence prices and undermine regulatory trust in traditional markets.
Governance through exit: Pension fund reform impact on real earnings management of portfolio companies
Authors: Kałdoński Michał , Jewartowski Tomasz
Published: June 2024

Theoretical models predict that the threat of outside blockholder exit can mitigate agency problems and force managers to undertake actions that would maximize firm value in the long run. We examine whether the institutional blockholder exit threat curbs managerial misbehavior and short-termism reflected in real earnings management. Our study exploits a natural experiment—the Polish pension fund reform of 2013 that encouraged pension funds to trade more actively and imposed a real threat of exit on their portfolio companies. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we provide evidence that the reform significantly decreased the level of real earnings management in “treated” companies, that is, companies with open-ended pension funds (OFEs) playing the role of blockholders. The effect was more significant for firms in a multiple blockholder setting, firms under common ownership, and firms with higher insider’s stakes. Moreover, we confirmed that treated companies that decreased real earnings management in the post-reform period experienced the increased long-term operating performance.
MemPol: polling-based microsecond-scale per-core memory bandwidth regulation
Authors: Zuepke Alexander , Bastoni Andrea , Chen Weifan , Caccamo Marco , Mancuso Renato
Published: June 2024

In today’s multiprocessor systems-on-a-chip, the shared memory subsystem is a known source of temporal interference. The problem causes logically independent cores to affect each other’s performance, leading to pessimistic worst-case execution time analysis. Memory regulation via throttling is one of the most practical techniques to mitigate interference. Traditional regulation schemes rely on a combination of timer and performance counter interrupts to be delivered and processed on the same cores running real-time workload. Unfortunately, to prevent excessive overhead, regulation can only be enforced at a millisecond-scale granularity. In this work, we present a novel regulation mechanism from outside the cores that monitors performance counters for the application core’s activity in main memory at a microsecond scale. The approach is fully transparent to the applications on the cores, and can be implemented using widely available on-chip debug facilities. The presented mechanism also allows more complex composition of metrics to enact load-aware regulation. For instance, it allows redistributing unused bandwidth between cores while keeping the overall memory bandwidth of all cores below a given threshold. We implement our approach on a host of embedded platforms and conduct an in-depth evaluation on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ ZCU102, NXP i.MX8M and NXP S32G2 platforms using the San Diego Vision Benchmark Suite.
Nocturnal urination is associated with the presence of higher ventilatory chemosensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Dai Lu , Guo Junwei , Wang Xiaona , Luo Jinmei , Huang Rong , Xiao Yi
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Chemosensitivity is an essential part of the pathophysiological mechanisms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aims to use the rebreathing method to assess hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) and analyze the association between chemosensitivity and certain symptoms in patients with OSA.

Methods

A total of 104 male patients with diagnosed OSA were enrolled. The HCVR was assessed using rebreathing methods under hypoxia exposure to reflect the overall chemosensitivity. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were used to explore the association with chemosensitivity. Participants were enrolled in the cluster analysis using certain symptoms, basic characteristics, and polysomnographic indices.

Results

At similar baseline values, the high chemosensitivity group (n = 39) demonstrated more severe levels of OSA and nocturnal hypoxia than the low chemosensitivity group (n = 65). After screening the possible associated factors, nocturnal urination, rather than OSA severity, was found to be positively associated with the level of chemosensitivity. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups: Cluster 1 (n = 32, 34.0%) held younger, obese individuals with nocturnal urination, elevated chemosensitivity level, and very severe OSA; Cluster 2 (41, 43.6%) included middle-aged overweighted patients with nocturnal urination, increased chemosensitivity level, but moderate-severe OSA; and Cluster 3 (n = 21, 22.3%) contained middle-aged overweighted patients without nocturnal urination, with a lowered chemosensitivity level and only moderate OSA.

Conclusion

The presence of nocturnal urination in male patients with OSA may be a sign of higher levels of ventilatory chemosensitivity, requiring early therapy efforts independent of AHI levels.
A Comparison of Sigma Phase Formation in Solubilized Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Filler Metals
Authors: Acuna Andres , Riffel Kaue Correa , Ramirez Antonio
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on the kinetic analysis of sigma phase formation in filler metal wires on Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) and Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel (HDSS). Precipitation data reveal that in the solubilized microstructure, sigma phase kinetics are more prominent in SDSS. This increased susceptibility is attributed to the greater number of nucleation sites, which is facilitated by the larger interface area/volume and the higher chromium content in the ferrite. The difference in interface area/volume is significantly more influential in determining kinetics than the composition difference, with nucleation sites playing a central role. The sigma phase transformation in both materials was modeled using the JMAK kinetic law. The JMAK plots exhibit a transition in kinetic mechanisms, evolving from discontinuous precipitation to diffusion-controlled growth. In SDSS, the JMAK values indicate “grain boundary nucleation after saturation,” followed by “thickening of large plates.” In contrast, HDSS values point to “grain edge nucleation after saturation,” followed by “thickening of large needles.” The higher kinetics in SDSS are characterized by a smaller nucleation activation energy of 56.4 kJ/mol, in contrast to HDSS's 490.0 kJ/mol. CALPHAD-based data support the JMAK results, aligning with the maximum kinetics temperature of SDSS (875 °C to 925 °C) and HDSS (900 °C to 925 °C). Therefore, the JMAK sigma phase kinetics effectively describe the experimental data and its dual kinetics behavior, even though CALPHAD-based TTT calculations often overestimate sigma formation.
Three-dimensional shear wave velocity prediction by integrating post-stack seismic attributes and well logs: application on Asmari formation in Iran
Authors: Leisi Ahsan , Shad Manaman Navid
Published: June 2024

Understanding the distribution of shear wave velocity (VS) in hydrocarbon reservoirs is a crucial concern in reservoir geophysics. This geophysical parameter is utilized for reservoir characterization, calculating elastic properties, assessing fractures, and evaluating reservoir quality. Unfortunately, not all wells have available VS data due to the expensive nature of its measurements. Hence, it is crucial to calculate this parameter using other relevant features. Therefore, over the past few decades, numerous techniques have been introduced to calculate the VS data using petrophysical logs in wells with limited information. Unfortunately, the majority of these methods have a drawback they only offer insight into the location of the wells and do not provide any details regarding the distribution of VS in the space between the wells. In this article, we employed three-dimensional post-stack seismic attributes and well-logging data integration to predict the distribution of VS in the Asmari formation in an Iranian oil field. To accomplish this objective, the model-based seismic inversion algorithm was utilized to convert the seismic section into the acoustic impedance (AI) section. Then, AI and seismic data were utilized in the cross-validation method to determine the relevant attributes for predicting the spatial distribution of VS throughout the entire reservoir area, using an artificial neural network. The proposed method was shown to provide 94% correlation and 109 m/s error between the actual and estimated VS. Also, the calculated VS section has a high correlation with the actual logs at the location of the wells.
Borrowing Historical Information Across All Concentration Groups with an Application of Potency Estimation in Aquatic Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Wang Shixuan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Bin
Published: June 2024

Aquatic toxicity tests assess the negative impact of toxicants on survival, reproduction, and growth of organisms. Since the tests are often repeated in the same laboratory, borrowing historical experimental outcomes that are congruent would increase the precision of potency estimation with current data. In this paper, we extend the historical borrowing from control only to historical data from all concentration levels in toxicity assessments with current data using the calibrated power prior. We assume the transportability (i.e., identical concentration–response relationship) between historical and current experimental outcomes while penalizing the historical data borrowing in each concentration group independently with a modified distribution-informed calibration process. This modified calibration process prevents the over/underfitting issues by sufficiently exploring the distribution of congruence level and allows researchers to determine the level of historical information borrowing, either conservatively or aggressively, from a data-driven perspective. The effectiveness and flexibility of our proposed method are demonstrated via simulation studies. As shown in the simulation study, in scenarios when the transportability assumption fails, the proposed method still tremendously aids in the precision of toxicity assessment. The proposed method is applied in a $$\textit{Ceriodaphnia dubia}$$

Ceriodaphnia dubia

test.
Ceftazidime/avibactam versus polymyxin B in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: a propensity score-matched multicenter real-world study
Authors: Zhuang Hai-Hui , Qu Qiang , Long Wen-Ming , Hu Qin , Wu Xiao-Li , Chen Ying , Wan Qing , Xu Tian-Tian , Luo Yue , Yuan Hai-Yan , Lu Qiong , Qu Jian
Published: June 2024

Objectives

In this retrospective observational multicenter study, we aimed to assess efficacy and mortality between ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) or polymyxin B (PMB)-based regimens for the treatment of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections, as well as identify potential risk factors.

Methods

A total of 276 CRKP-infected patients were enrolled in our study. Binary logistic and Cox regression analysis with a propensity score-matched (PSM) model were performed to identify risk factors for efficacy and mortality.

Results

The patient cohort was divided into PMB-based regimen group (n = 98, 35.5%) and CAZ/AVI-based regimen group (n = 178, 64.5%). Compared to the PMB group, the CAZ/AVI group exhibited significantly higher rates of clinical efficacy (71.3% vs. 56.1%; p = 0.011), microbiological clearance (74.7% vs. 41.4%; p < 0.001), and a lower incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) (13.5% vs. 33.7%; p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression revealed that the treatment duration independently influenced both clinical efficacy and microbiological clearance. Vasoactive drugs, sepsis/septic shock, APACHE II score, and treatment duration were identified as risk factors associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. The CAZ/AVI-based regimen was an independent factor for good clinical efficacy, microbiological clearance, and lower AKI incidence.

Conclusions

For patients with CRKP infection, the CAZ/AVI-based regimen was superior to the PMB-based regimen.
Boosted Lithium-Ion Transport Kinetics in n-Type Siloxene Anodes Enabled by Selective Nucleophilic Substitution of Phosphorus
Authors: Kim Se In , Kim Woong-Ju , Kang Jin Gu , Kim Dong-Wan
Published: June 2024

Doped two-dimensional (2D) materials hold significant promise for advancing many technologies, such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, and energy storage. Herein, n-type 2D oxidized Si nanosheets, namely n-type siloxene (n-SX), are employed as Li-ion battery anodes. Via thermal evaporation of sodium hypophosphite at 275 °C, P atoms are effectively incorporated into siloxene (SX) without compromising its 2D layered morphology and unique Kautsky-type crystal structure. Further, selective nucleophilic substitution occurs, with only Si atoms being replaced by P atoms in the O3≡Si–H tetrahedra. The resulting n-SX possesses two delocalized electrons arising from the presence of two electron donor types: (i) P atoms residing in Si sites and (ii) H vacancies. The doping concentrations are varied by controlling the amount of precursors or their mean free paths. Even at 2000 mA g−1, the n-SX electrode with the optimized doping concentration (6.7 × 1019 atoms cm−3) delivers a capacity of 594 mAh g−1 with a 73% capacity retention after 500 cycles. These improvements originate from the enhanced kinetics of charge transport processes, including electronic conduction, charge transfer, and solid-state diffusion. The approach proposed herein offers an unprecedented route for engineering SX anodes to boost Li-ion storage.
Overdosage Section in US and EU Labeling
Authors: Condon Sarah , Cantu Thomas G. , Constantinou Antony , Degnan Erin C. , Lungu Monica , Paglione Marcella G. , Parikh Shreya J. , Szewczyk Joanna
Published: June 2024

The Prescribing Information (PI) in the United States (US) and the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) in the European Union (EU) are approved by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA), and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), respectively. The inclusion of overdosage information in these documents is a regulatory requirement in both regions. This research evaluates the content of the overdosage section of US and EU labeling. The overdosage sections of labels for drugs approved in the US in three time periods were analyzed: 2000–2001, 2010–2011, and 2020–2021. EU labels for these same products were also reviewed if registered through the Centralized Procedure. Data collection and analyses were performed using a predefined questionnaire, focusing on adherence to regulatory requirements and identifying areas where additional regulatory guidance may be beneficial. The findings indicate that the content of the overdosage sections largely comply with the regulatory requirements of their respective regions. Fewer than half of the labels included information on supratherapeutic doses observed from clinical studies, risk factors for overdose or population specific data associated with overdose. Inconsistencies were noted concerning the incorporation of animal data when human data were available, in addition to the referencing of Poison Centers. The overall utility of non-specific treatment recommendations, in addition to gastric lavage is discussed. While the content of the overdosage section generally aligns with regulatory expectations, additional regulatory guidance could enhance consistency in how this section of labeling is presented and clarify expectations to improve its usefulness for health care professionals (HCPs).
An Approach for Modeling the Orographic–Forcing Effect via Random Cascades and the Long‐Term Statistics of Mexico City's Daily Precipitation
Authors: Peñaranda‐Vélez Victor M. , Quintanar Arturo I. , Ochoa‐Moya Carlos A. , Vivoni Enrique R.
Published: June 2024

The orographic effect on the spatial structure of precipitation is a fundamental problem in hydrometeorology that still requires a better understanding of the physical processes involved in the emergence of rainfall patterns and their complex statistical structure. In tropical regions, where meteorological measurements are notoriously sparse and data quality control is often poor or missing, the study of precipitation modeling and prediction is challenging. This research aims to show an innovative approach based on a random cascade downscaling method to generate high‐resolution precipitation products from coarse‐scale precipitation products. This approach also includes a topographic enhancement function for describing the altitudinal variability of precipitation and a numerical diffusion filter to lessen the blockiness problem of random cascades. The suggested approach was applied to analyze some long‐term precipitation statistics in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. The model result agrees closely with the temporal statistics of the selected precipitation products and reflects complex orographic constraints. The proposed downscaling approach becomes an alternative to expensive computational methods and allows urban hydrology applications and analysis of small watersheds to incorporate the effects of complex orography.
Sulfate Formation Driven by Wintertime Fog Processing and a Hydroxymethanesulfonate Complex With Iron: Observations From Single‐Particle Measurements in Hong Kong
Authors: Zhang Yanjing , Han Rongrong , Sun Xiaomin , Sun Chongwen , Griffith Stephen M. , Wu Guanru , Li Lei , Li Wenshuai , Zhao Yunhui , Li Mei , Zhou Zhen , Wang Wencai , Sheng Lifang , Yu Jian Zhen , Zhou Yang
Published: June 2024

Fog processing has a significant impact on sulfur chemistry in the atmosphere. This study analyzed three winter fog events in Hong Kong using single‐particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) and a Monitor for AeRosols and GAses in ambient air (MARGA). Black carbon (BC)‐related carbonaceous particles with substantial sulfate amounts comprised the largest particle number fraction (56.7%). Sulfate mass concentration decreased during fog due to the cloud's effective scavenging, but fog processing notably promoted sulfate formation at the single‐particle level (average peak area increases of 31.2%). Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an important S(IV) compound and fog tracer, was identified accounting for up to 12% by particle number fraction. Although pH showed a positive correlation (r = 0.53–0.69) with HMS particles in each fog scenario, a negative overall correlation (r = −0.51) was observed. Further analysis revealed that the higher aerosol acidity (pH 0.65–3.11), promoted Fe dissolution, leading to 49% of HMS particles being mixed with Fe, which potentially facilitated sulfate formation via the Fenton reaction. Additionally, around 40% of HMS‐Fe particles are mixed with oxalate, thereby warranting further attention for their potential to cause more intricate sulfur oxidation processes. This study reveals the initial identification of a high mixed‐state of HMS‐Fe, which could potentially serve as a crucial avenue for the formation of sulfate on individual particulate matter. Considering the persistent augmentation of aerosol acidity in the Asian region, this phenomenon necessitates further investigation and attention.
Modeling the Dynamic Global Distribution of the Ring Current Oxygen Ions Using Artificial Neural Network Technique
Authors: Wang Qiushuo , Yue Chao , Li Jinxing , Bortnik Jacob , Ma Donglai , Jun Chae‐Woo
Published: June 2024

The ring current is an important component of the Earth's near‐space environment, as its variations are the direct driver of geomagnetic storms that can disrupt power grids, satellite communications, and navigation systems, thereby impacting a wide range of technological and human activities. Oxygen ions (O+) are one of the major components of the ring current and play a significant role in both the enhancement and depletion of the ring current during geomagnetic storms. Although a standard statistical study can provide average global distributions of ring current ions, it can't offer insight into the short‐term dynamic variations of the global distribution. Therefore, we employed the Artificial Neural Network technique to construct a global ring current O+ ion model based on the Van Allen Probes observations. Through optimization of the combination of input geomagnetic indices and their respective time history lengths, the model can well reproduce the spatiotemporal variation of the oxygen ion flux distributions and demonstrates remarkable accuracy and minimal errors. Additionally, the model effectively reconstructs the temporal variation of ring current O+ ions for non‐training set data. Furthermore, the model provides a comprehensive and dynamic representation of global ring current O+ ion distribution. It accurately captures the dynamics of O+ ions during a geomagnetic storm with the oxygen ion fluxes enhancement and decay, and reveals distinct characteristics for different energy levels, such as injection from the plasma sheet, outflow from the ionosphere, and magnetic local time asymmetry.
Catchment Coevolution and the Geomorphic Origins of Variable Source Area Hydrology
Authors: Litwin David G. , Tucker Gregory E. , Barnhart Katherine R. , Harman Ciaran J.
Published: June 2024

Features of landscape morphology—including slope, curvature, and drainage dissection—are important controls on runoff generation in upland landscapes. Over long timescales, runoff plays an essential role in shaping these same features through surface erosion. This feedback between erosion and runoff generation suggests that modeling long‐term landscape evolution together with dynamic runoff generation could provide insight into hydrological function. Here we examine the emergence of variable source area runoff generation in a new coupled hydro‐geomorphic model that accounts for water balance partitioning between surface flow, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration as landscapes evolve over millions of years. We derive a minimal set of dimensionless numbers that provide insight into how hydrologic and geomorphic parameters together affect landscapes. Across the parameter space we investigated, model results collapsed to a single inverse relationship between the dimensionless relief and the ratio of catchment quickflow to discharge. Furthermore, we found an inverse relationship between the Hillslope number, which describes topographic relief relative to aquifer thickness, and the proportion of the landscape that was variably saturated. While the model generally produces fluvial topography visually similar to simpler landscape evolution models, certain parameter combinations produce wide valley bottom wetlands and non‐dendritic, trellis‐like drainage networks, which may reflect real conditions in some landscapes where aquifer gradients become decoupled from topography. With these results, we demonstrate the power of hydro‐geomorphic models for generating new insights into hydrological processes, and also suggest that subsurface hydrology may be integral for modeling aspects of long‐term landscape evolution.
Comparative Observations of the Outer Belt Electron Fluxes and Precipitated Relativistic Electrons
Authors: Vidal‐Luengo Sergio E. , Blum Lauren W. , Bruno Alessandro , Guzik T. Gregory , de Nolfo Georgia , Ficklin Anthony W. , Kataoka Ryuho , Torii Shoji
Published: June 2024

Relativistic electron precipitation (REP) refers to the release of high‐energy electrons initially trapped in the outer radiation belt, which then precipitate into Earth's upper atmosphere, contributing significantly to the rapid depletion of radiation belt electron flux. This study presents a statistical analysis of REP observations collected by the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) experiment aboard the International Space Station from 2015 to the present day. Specifically, the analysis utilizes count rates acquired from the two top scintillators constituting the top charge detector, each sensitive to electrons with energies above 1.5 and 3.4 MeV, respectively. Analysis of CALET data reveals a previously unreported semi‐annual variation in the occurrence of REP events. REP periodicities resemble those observed for trapped electron fluxes in the outer belt. Furthermore, their amplitude follows the overall trend of solar wind high‐speed streams and the solar activity.
On the Westward Shift and Strengthening of the Atmosphere‐To‐Ocean Bjerknes Feedback in the Tropical Pacific Since 2000
Authors: Li Zongrong , Ding Ruiqiang , Mao Jiangyu , Ren Zhengyi , Li Jianping
Published: June 2024

The behavior of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has undergone significant changes since the year 2000. Meanwhile, a notable westward shift and strengthening in the atmosphere‐to‐ocean Bjerknes feedback were observed. We find that this shift can be primarily attributed to a weakened relationship between the zonal gradient of precipitation anomaly and that of sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly since 2000.This weakened relationship is a comprehensive manifestation of reduced El Niño‐related precipitation anomalies in the central‐eastern tropical Pacific and increased anomalies in the western tropical Pacific. These changes are connected to the mean state change in the tropical Pacific after 2000, where the cooler background SSTs in the central‐eastern tropical Pacific suppress upward motion, and the warmer background SSTs in the western tropical Pacific promote upward motion in the overlying atmosphere. Our findings offer a potential explanation for the westward shift and strengthening in the atmosphere‐to‐ocean Bjerknes feedback since 2000.
Scale‐Dependent Vertical Heat Transport Inferred From Quasi‐Synoptic Submesoscale‐Resolving Observations
Authors: Cao Haijin , Jing Zhiyou , Fox‐Kemper Baylor
Published: June 2024

Oceanic motions across meso‐, submeso‐, and turbulent scales play distinct roles in vertical heat transport (VHT) between the ocean's surface and its interior. While it is commonly understood that during summertime the enhanced stratification due to increased solar radiation typically results in an reduced upper‐ocean vertical exchange, our study reveals a significant upward VHT associated with submesoscale fronts (<30 km) through high‐resolution observations in the eddy‐active South China Sea. The observation‐based VHT reaches ∼100 W m−2 and extends to ∼150 m deep at the fronts between eddies. Combined with microstructure observations, this study demonstrates that mixing process can only partly offset the strong upward VHT by inducing a downward heat flux of 0.5–10 W m−2. Thus, the submesoscale‐associated VHT is effectively heating the subsurface layer. These findings offer a quantitative perspective on the scale‐dependent nature of VHT, with crucial implications for the climate system.
The Inter‐Model Uncertainty of Projected Precipitation Change in Northern China: The Modulating Role of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Wang Xin , Yu Haipeng , Wu Haojie , Cheng Shanling , Zhou Jie , Chen Siyu
Published: June 2024

Precipitation changes in northern China are projected to increase in the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) multi‐model ensemble. However, these projections are accompanied by notable inter‐model uncertainty, and the sources of this uncertainty remain largely unexplored. By analyzing 30 CMIP6 models, this research explores the source of inter‐model uncertainty in projected precipitation change and reveals the fundamental mechanism driving uncertainty spread. Following the empirical orthogonal function of inter‐model projected precipitation change, the leading mode displays a seesaw spatial pattern between northwest and north China. This phenomenon predominantly stems from the inter‐model divergence of projected sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the North Atlantic. Further scrutinizing the ocean mixed layer heat budget, we discover that the combined effect of surface sensible heat flux, net surface shortwave radiation flux, and ocean heat transport convergence influences heat flux and SST change of North Atlantic. The multi‐model projections indicate that localized increases in solar radiation and heat convergence warm sea surface, raising SST and initiating convective motion. This convective motion subsequently transforms the 200 hPa teleconnection wave train, leading to an anti‐phase pattern over northern China. This wave pattern modulates total cloud cover percentage, influences surface upward latent heat flux, and adjusts the top of atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation, collectively resulting in the seesaw pattern. Our study underscores the pivotal role of inter‐model disparities in North Atlantic SST warming projection, which is a primary driver of precipitation uncertainty in northern China. These insights offer an essential foundation for refining and diminishing inter‐model uncertainty.