bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ezrin drives adaptation of monocytes to the inflamed lung microenvironment
Authors: Gudneppanavar Ravindra , Di Pietro Caterina , H Öz Hasan , Zhang Ping-Xia , Cheng Ee-Chun , Huang Pamela H. , Tebaldi Toma , Biancon Giulia , Halene Stephanie , Hoppe Adam D. , Kim Catherine , Gonzalez Anjelica L. , Krause Diane S. , Egan Marie E. , Gupta Neetu , Murray Thomas S. , Bruscia Emanuela M.
Published: November 2024

Ezrin, an actin-binding protein, orchestrates the organization of the cortical cytoskeleton and plasma membrane during cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Its role in monocytes/macrophages (MΦs) is less understood. Here, we used a monocyte/MΦ-specific ezrin knock-out mouse model to investigate the contribution of ezrin to monocyte recruitment and adaptation to the lung extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our study revealed that LPS induces ezrin expression in monocytes/MΦs and is essential for monocytes to adhere to lung ECM, proliferate, and differentiate into tissue-resident interstitial MΦs. Mechanistically, the loss of ezrin in monocytes disrupts activation of focal adhesion kinase and AKT serine-threonine protein kinase signaling, essential for lung-recruited monocytes and monocyte-derived MΦs to adhere to the ECM, proliferate, and survive. In summary, our data show that ezrin plays a role beyond structural cellular support, influencing diverse monocytes/MΦ processes and signaling pathways during inflammation, facilitating their differentiation into tissue-resident macrophages.
Lipocalin-2 promotes CKD vascular calcification by aggravating VSMCs ferroptosis through NCOA4/FTH1-mediated ferritinophagy
Authors: Wang Yujia , Zhang Yuxia , Gao Min , Chen Zhiqing , Lu Jing , Li Yongqi , Di Yan , Zhao Yinan , Liu Bicheng , Tang Rining
Published: November 2024

Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), for which no effective therapies are available. Hyperphosphatemia, a feature of CKD, is a well-known inducer of VC. High phosphate (HP)-induced ferroptosis plays a crucial role in CKD-related VC (CKD-VC), but the mechanisms remain unclear. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an iron-trafficking protein, has been implicated in ferroptosis regulation. In the present study, the role of LCN2 as a potential mediator of CKD-VC was investigated. HP-induced LCN2 expression in the arteries of CKD-VC patients, animal models and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). LCN2 knockout (LCN2KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice fed with a high adenine and phosphate (AP) diet were studied to explore CKD-VC. Compared with WT mice, LCN2KO mice showed an amelioration of the CKD-VC induced by the AP diet. The inhibition of LCN2 also alleviated HP-induced calcium deposition and phenotypic transition in VSMCs. Conversely, VSMCs-targeted LCN2 overexpression or recombinant LCN2 treatment exacerbated CKD-VC in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)/ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1)-mediated ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis was involved in LCN2-mediated CKD-VC. Under HP conditions, LCN2 interacted with NCOA4, potentially accelerating the degradation of FTH1 and inducing ferroptosis. The inhibition of LCN2 may rescue the degradation of FTH1 and thus ameliorate ferroptosis, significantly suppressing VSMCs calcification. In summary, our study revealed a novel role for LCN2 induced ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis in CKD-VC, and targeting LCN2 might be a promising treatment for CKD-VC.
Recent advances in high-entropy superconductors
Authors: Zeng Lingyong , Li Longfu , Li Kuan , Chen Rui , Luo Huixia
Published: November 2024

High-entropy materials (HEMs) exhibit significant potential for diverse applications owing to their tunable properties, which can be precisely engineered through the selection of specific elements and the modification of stoichiometric ratios. The discovery of superconductivity in HEMs has garnered considerable interest, leading to accelerated advancements in this field in recent years. This review provides an overview of various high-entropy superconductors, highlighting their distinct features, such as disordered crystal structure, factors affecting the critical temperature (T
c), unconventional superconductivity, and topological bands. A perspective on this field is subsequently proposed, drawing upon insights from recently published academic literature. The objective is to provide researchers with a comprehensive and clear understanding of the newly developed high-entropy superconductivity, thereby catalyzing further advancements in this domain.
A hypoxia-activated and microenvironment-remodeling nanoplatform for multifunctional imaging and potentiated immunotherapy of cancer
Authors: Song Jianwen , Wang He , Meng Xue , Li Wen , Qi Ji
Published: November 2024

Activatable theranostic systems combining precise diagnosis and robust immune activation have significant potential in cancer treatment. Herein, we develop a versatile nanoplatform integrating hypoxia-activatable molecular imaging with effective photoimmunotherapy for cancer treatment. Our molecular probe features turn-on near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence and photoacoustic signals in hypoxic tumor environments. It also induces hypoxia-triggered photodynamic and photothermal effects, promoting immunogenic cell death and activating the STING pathway, engaging both innate and adaptive immunity. The molecular probe is formulated with a vascular disrupting agent to amplify the hypoxia-responsive phototheranostic properties, on which M1-like macrophage membrane is camouflaged to shield against premature release while conferring cancer-targeting affinity. The activatable NIR-II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging enable precise tumor delineation, while the enhanced phototherapy activates tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells, impeding both primary and distant tumor progression and providing protective immunity against rechallenge in 4T1 tumor-bearing female mice. This work advances activatable theranostic protocols for image-guided immunotherapy.
Towards a molecular picture of the archaeal cell surface
Authors: Gaines Matthew C. , Isupov Michail N. , McLaren Mathew , Mollat Clara L. , Haque Risat Ul , Stephenson Jake K. , Sivabalasarma Shamphavi , Hanus Cyril , Kattnig Daniel , Gold Vicki A. M. , Albers Sonja , Daum Bertram
Published: November 2024

Archaea produce various protein filaments with specialised functions. While some archaea produce only one type of filament, the archaeal model species Sulfolobus acidocaldarius generates four. These include rotary swimming propellers analogous to bacterial flagella (archaella), pili for twitching motility (Aap), adhesive fibres (threads), and filaments facilitating homologous recombination upon UV stress (UV pili). Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to describe the structure of the S. acidocaldarius archaellum at 2.0 Å resolution, and update the structures of the thread and the Aap pilus at 2.7 Å and 2.6 Å resolution, respectively. We define features unique to archaella of the order Sulfolobales and compare their structure to those of Aap and threads in the context of the S-layer. We define distinct N-glycan patterns in the three filaments and identify a putative O-glycosylation site in the thread. Finally, we ascertain whether N-glycan truncation leads to structural changes in archaella and Aap.
Cell-type specific, inducible and acute degradation of targeted protein in mice by two degron systems
Authors: Yamashita Motoi , Ogawa Chihiro , Zhang Baihao , Kobayashi Tetsuro , Nomura Aneela , Barker Clive , Zou Chengcheng , Yamanaka Satoshi , Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Shinkai Yoichi , Moro Kazuyo , Fargarasan Sidonia , Imami Koshi , Seita Jun , Shirai Fumiyuki , Sawasaki Tatsuya , Kanemaki Masato T. , Taniuchi Ichiro
Published: November 2024

Despite its broad application in in vitro studies, the application of targeted protein degradation (TPD) to animal models faces considerable challenges. Here, we develop inducible and cell-type specific TPD systems in mice using two degron systems: Oryza sativa TIR1F74G (OsTIR1)-auxin-inducible degron 2 (AID2) and human cereblon (hCRBN)-SALL4 degron (S4D). Efficient degradation of Satb1Venus protein by these systems recapitulates phenotypes observed in the Satb1-deficient mice. These TPD are successfully applied in both the fetal and neonatal stages. The OsTIR1-AID2 system proves to be effective for membrane proteins such as PD-1, emulating the effects of the anti-PD-1 antibody. Degradation of Bcl11b reveals a role of Bcl11b which was not characterized by the Cre-loxP system. Collectively, in vivo TPD technologies developed in this study enable inducible, temporal, and cell type-specific depletion of target proteins with high efficacy in mice. These technologies have a wide range of applications in the diverse fields of biological and medical research.
Stereoselective chemical N-glycoconjugation of amines via CO2 incorporation
Authors: Peng Zihan , Xiao Qian , Xia Yan , Xia Mingyu , Yu Jia , Fang Pengfei , Tang Yu , Yu Biao
Published: November 2024

Chemical N-glycoconjugation can provide a unique way to tailor the properties of the ubiquitous amines for further expending their diverse functions and applications. Nevertheless, effective methodology for glycoconjugation of amines remains largely underdeveloped. Inspired by a biotransformation pathway of amine-containing drugs in vivo, we have developed an effective protocol that enables one-step chemical N-glycoconjugation of amines in high stereoselectivity under mild conditions. This protocol involves conversion of the amine moiety into the corresponding carbamate anion under CO2 atmosphere and a subsequent SN2 type reaction with glycosyl halides. This work provides an example of using CO2 as the coupling unit in chemical glycoconjugation reactions. A case study on the resulting N-glycoconjugates of Crizotinib, an anticancer drug, demonstrates a quick cleavage of the glucosyl carbamate linkage, testifying that this N-glyconjugation method could serve as a general approach to procure novel prodrugs.
Soil fungi remain active and invest in storage compounds during drought independent of future climate conditions
Authors: Canarini Alberto , Fuchslueger Lucia , Schnecker Jörg , Metze Dennis , Nelson Daniel B. , Kahmen Ansgar , Watzka Margarete , Pötsch Erich M. , Schaumberger Andreas , Bahn Michael , Richter Andreas
Published: November 2024

Microbial growth is central to soil carbon cycling. However, how microbial communities grow under climate change is still largely unexplored. Here we use a unique field experiment simulating future climate conditions (increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature) and drought concomitantly and investigate impacts on soil microbial activity. We trace 2H or 18O applied via water-vapor exchange into membrane (and storage) fatty acids or DNA, respectively, to assess community- and group-level adjustments in soil microbial physiology (replication, storage product synthesis, and carbon use efficiency). We show that, while bacterial growth decreases by half during drought, fungal growth remains stable, demonstrating a remarkable resistance against soil moisture changes. In addition, fungal investment into storage triglycerides increases more than five-fold under drought. Community-level carbon use efficiency (the balance between anabolism and catabolism) is unaffected by drought but decreases in future climate conditions, favoring catabolism. Our results highlight that accounting for different microbial growth strategies can foster our understanding of soil microbial contributions to carbon cycling and feedback on the climate system.
Multiple myeloma long-term survivors exhibit sustained immune alterations decades after first-line therapy
Authors: Lutz Raphael , Grünschläger Florian , Simon Malte , Awwad Mohamed H. S. , Bauer Marcus , Yousefian Schayan , Beumer Niklas , Jopp-Saile Lea , Sedlmeier Anastasia , Solé-Boldo Llorenç , Avanesyan Bogdan , Vonficht Dominik , Stelmach Patrick , Steinbuss Georg , Boch Tobias , Steiger Simon , Baertsch Marc-Andrea , Prokoph Nina , Rippe Karsten , Durie Brian G. M. , Wickenhauser Claudia , Trumpp Andreas , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Hübschmann Daniel , Weinhold Niels , Raab Marc S. , Brors Benedikt , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Imbusch Charles D. , Hundemer Michael , Haas Simon
Published: November 2024

The long-term consequences of cancer and its therapy on the patients’ immune system years after cancer-free survival remain poorly understood. Here, we present an in-depth characterization of the bone marrow immune ecosystem of multiple myeloma long-term survivors, from initial diagnosis up to 17 years following a single therapy line and cancer-free survival. Using comparative single-cell analyses combined with molecular, genomic, and functional approaches, we demonstrate that multiple myeloma long-term survivors exhibit pronounced alterations in their bone marrow microenvironment associated with impaired immunity. These immunological alterations were frequently linked to an inflammatory immune circuit fueled by the long-term persistence or resurgence of residual myeloma cells. Notably, even in the complete absence of any detectable residual disease for decades, sustained changes in the immune system were observed, suggesting an irreversible ‘immunological scarring’ caused by the initial exposure to the cancer and therapy. Collectively, our study provides key insights into the molecular and cellular bone marrow ecosystem of long-term survivors of multiple myeloma, revealing both reversible and irreversible alterations in the immune compartment.
Ontogeny shapes individual dietary specialization in female European brown bears (Ursus arctos)
Authors: Hertel Anne G. , Albrecht Jörg , Selva Nuria , Sergiel Agnieszka , Hobson Keith A. , Janz David M. , Mulch Andreas , Kindberg Jonas , Hansen Jennifer E. , Frank Shane C. , Zedrosser Andreas , Mueller Thomas
Published: November 2024

Individual dietary specialization, where individuals occupy a subset of a population’s wider dietary niche, is a key factor determining a species resilience against environmental change. However, the ontogeny of individual specialization, as well as associated underlying social learning, genetic, and environmental drivers, remain poorly understood. Using a multigenerational dataset of female European brown bears (Ursus arctos) followed since birth, we discerned the relative contributions of environmental similarity, genetic heritability, maternal effects, and offspring social learning from the mother to individual specialization. Individual specialization accounted for 43% of phenotypic variation and spanned half a trophic position, with individual diets ranging from omnivorous to carnivorous. The main determinants of dietary specialization were social learning during rearing (13%), environmental similarity (5%), maternal effects (11%), and permanent between-individual effects (9%), whereas the contribution of genetic heritability (3%) was negligible. The trophic position of offspring closely resembled the trophic position of their mothers during the first 3–4 years of independence, but waned with increasing time since separation. Our study shows that social learning and maternal effects were more important for individual dietary specialization than environmental composition. We propose a tighter integration of social effects into studies of range expansion and habitat selection under global change.
Synthetic augmentation of cancer cell line multi-omic datasets using unsupervised deep learning
Authors: Cai Zhaoxiang , Apolinário Sofia , Baião Ana R. , Pacini Clare , Sousa Miguel D. , Vinga Susana , Reddel Roger R. , Robinson Phillip J. , Garnett Mathew J. , Zhong Qing , Gonçalves Emanuel
Published: November 2024

Integrating diverse types of biological data is essential for a holistic understanding of cancer biology, yet it remains challenging due to data heterogeneity, complexity, and sparsity. Addressing this, our study introduces an unsupervised deep learning model, MOSA (Multi-Omic Synthetic Augmentation), specifically designed to integrate and augment the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap). Harnessing orthogonal multi-omic information, this model successfully generates molecular and phenotypic profiles, resulting in an increase of 32.7% in the number of multi-omic profiles and thereby generating a complete DepMap for 1523 cancer cell lines. The synthetically enhanced data increases statistical power, uncovering less studied mechanisms associated with drug resistance, and refines the identification of genetic associations and clustering of cancer cell lines. By applying SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for model interpretation, MOSA reveals multi-omic features essential for cell clustering and biomarker identification related to drug and gene dependencies. This understanding is crucial for developing much-needed effective strategies to prioritize cancer targets.
Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and Offspring’s Risk of Cardiovascular diseases in Childhood and Young Adulthood
Authors: Yang Fen , Wang Ziliang , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Janszky Imre , Gissler Mika , Yuan Wei , Miao Maohua , Roos Nathalie , Wikström Anna-Karin , Li Jiong , László Krisztina D.
Published: November 2024

Children born to mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and of subclinical cardiovascular disease, but the association between maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease in offspring is unclear. We conduct a register-based cohort study of 6 839 703 live singleton births from Denmark (1973–2016) and Sweden (1973–2014) and follow them for up to 48 years. Using Cox regression models, we find that offspring of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome have a higher risk of overall cardiovascular diseases and of its specific subtypes, independently of comorbidities related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Cousin analyzes suggest that familial confounding does not explain our results. If our findings are replicated by future studies, children of women with polycystic ovary syndrome may benefit from early cardiovascular prevention efforts.
Broadly conserved FlgV controls flagellar assembly and Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination in mice
Authors: Zamba-Campero Maxime , Soliman Daniel , Yu Huaxin , Lasseter Amanda G. , Chang Yuen-Yan , Silberman Julia L. , Liu Jun , Aravind L. , Jewett Mollie W. , Storz Gisela , Adams Philip P.
Published: November 2024

Flagella propel pathogens through their environments, yet are expensive to synthesize and are immunogenic. Thus, complex hierarchical regulatory networks control flagellar gene expression. Spirochetes are highly motile bacteria, but peculiarly, the archetypal flagellar regulator σ28 is absent in the Lyme spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Here, we show that gene bb0268 (flgV) in B. burgdorferi, previously and incorrectly annotated to encode the RNA-binding protein Hfq, is instead a structural flagellar component that modulates flagellar assembly. The flgV gene is broadly conserved in the flagellar superoperon alongside σ28 in many Spirochaetae, Firmicutes and other phyla, with distant homologs in Epsilonproteobacteria. We find that B. burgdorferi FlgV is localized within flagellar basal bodies, and strains lacking flgV produce fewer and shorter flagellar filaments and are defective in cell division and motility. During the enzootic cycle, flgV-deficient B. burgdorferi survive and replicate in Ixodes ticks but are attenuated for infection and dissemination in mice. Our work defines infection timepoints when spirochete motility is most crucial and implicates FlgV as a broadly distributed structural flagellar component that modulates flagellar assembly.
Multimodal analysis of RNA sequencing data powers discovery of complex trait genetics
Authors: Munro Daniel , Ehsan Nava , Esmaeili-Fard Seyed Mehdi , Gusev Alexander , Palmer Abraham A. , Mohammadi Pejman
Published: November 2024

RNA sequencing has the potential to reveal many modalities of transcriptional regulation, such as various splicing phenotypes, but studies on gene regulation are often limited to gene expression due to the complexity of extracting and analyzing multiple RNA phenotypes. Here, we present Pantry, a framework to efficiently generate diverse RNA phenotypes from RNA sequencing data and perform downstream integrative analyses with genetic data. Pantry generates phenotypes from six modalities of transcriptional regulation (gene expression, isoform ratios, splice junction usage, alternative TSS/polyA usage, and RNA stability) and integrates them with genetic data via QTL mapping, TWAS, and colocalization testing. We apply Pantry to Geuvadis and GTEx data, finding that 4768 of the genes with no identified eQTL in Geuvadis have QTL in at least one other transcriptional modality, resulting in a 66% increase in genes over eQTL mapping. We further found that the QTL exhibit modality-specific functional properties that are further reinforced by joint analysis of different RNA modalities. We also show that generalizing TWAS to multiple RNA modalities approximately doubles the discovery of unique gene-trait associations, and enhances identification of regulatory mechanisms underlying GWAS signal in 42% of previously associated gene-trait pairs.
Integrated ab initio modelling of atomic ordering and magnetic anisotropy for design of FeNi-based magnets
Authors: Woodgate Christopher D. , Lewis Laura H. , Staunton Julie B.
Published: November 2024

We describe an integrated modelling approach to accelerate the search for novel, single-phase, multicomponent materials with high magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA). For a given system we predict the nature of atomic ordering, its dependence on the magnetic state, and then proceed to describe the consequent MCA, magnetisation, and magnetic critical temperature (Curie temperature). Crucially, within our modelling framework, the same ab initio description of a material’s electronic structure determines all aspects. We demonstrate this holistic method by studying the effects of alloying additions in FeNi, examining systems with the general stoichiometries Fe4Ni3X and Fe3Ni4X, for additives including X = Pt, Pd, Al, and Co. The atomic ordering behaviour predicted on adding these elements, fundamental for determining a material’s MCA, is rich and varied. Equiatomic FeNi has been reported to require ferromagnetic order to establish the tetragonal L10 order suited for significant MCA. Our results show that when alloying additions are included in this material, annealing in an applied magnetic field and/or below a material’s Curie temperature may also promote tetragonal order, along with an appreciable effect on the predicted hard magnetic properties.
Mass cytometry reveals cellular correlates of immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the elderly
Authors: Mukherjee Ratnadeep , Eggesbø Linn Margrethe , Wolf Asia-Sophia , Kjønstad Ingrid Fadum , Solum Guri , Ravussin Anthony , Bhandari Sabin , Robertson Anna Hayman , Magnus Per , Trogstad Lill , Kristoffersen Anja Bråthen , Nygaard Unni Cecilie , Mjaaland Siri
Published: November 2024

Heterogeneity in vaccine response, particularly in vulnerable populations like the elderly, represents a significant public health challenge. We conducted an in-depth examination of immune cell profiles before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination utilizing mass cytometry in a cohort of healthy Norwegian seniors (65–80 years). We have demonstrated that higher pre-vaccination frequencies of CD27+IgD- class-switched memory B cells and subsets of CD27-CD24+CD38+ transitional B cells were associated with a robust vaccine response. Post-vaccination, high responders exhibited increased frequencies of IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells with antigen recall and a concurrent decrease in CCR6(+) TH cell subset frequencies compared to low responders. The presence of a γδ T cell subset displaying polyfunctional cytokine responses was also associated with better vaccine response in the elderly. This in-depth profiling sheds light on inherent differences in immune cell frequencies and functions that may offer insights for targeted vaccination strategies in older populations.
Retinal imaging based glaucoma detection using modified pelican optimization based extreme learning machine
Authors: Muduli Debendra , Kumari Rani , Akhunzada Adnan , Cengiz Korhan , Sharma Santosh Kumar , Kumar Rakesh Ranjan , Sah Dinesh Kumar
Published: November 2024

Glaucoma is defined as progressive optic neuropathy that damages the structural appearance of the optic nerve head and is characterized by permanent blindness. For mass fundus image-based glaucoma classification, an improved automated computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) model performing binary classification (glaucoma or healthy), allowing ophthalmologists to detect glaucoma disease correctly in less computational time. We proposed learning technique called fast discrete curvelet transform with wrapping (FDCT-WRP) to create feature set. This method is entitled extracting curve-like features and creating a feature set. The combined feature reduction techniques named as principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, have been applied to generate prominent features and decrease the feature vector dimension. Lastly, a newly improved learning algorithm encompasses a modified pelican optimization algorithm (MOD-POA) and an extreme learning machine (ELM) for classification tasks. In this MOD-POA+ELM algorithm, the modified pelican optimization algorithm (MOD-POA) has been utilized to optimize the parameters of ELM’s hidden neurons. The effectiveness has been evaluated using two standard datasets called G1020 and ORIGA with the $$10 \times 5$$-fold stratified cross-validation technique to ensure reliable evaluation. Our employed scheme achieved the best results for both datasets obtaining accuracy of 93.25% (G1020 dataset) and 96.75% (ORIGA dataset), respectively. Furthermore, we have utilized seven Explainable AI methodologies: Vanilla Gradients (VG), Guided Backpropagation (GBP ), Integrated Gradients ( IG), Guided Integrated Gradients (GIG), SmoothGrad, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (GCAM), and Guided Grad-CAM (GGCAM) for interpretability examination, aiding in the advancement of dependable and credible automation of healthcare detection of glaucoma.
Versatile unsupervised design of antennas using flexible parameterization and computational intelligence methods
Authors: Koziel Slawomir , Pietrenko-Dabrowska Anna , Szczepanski Stanislaw
Published: November 2024

Developing contemporary antennas is a challenging endeavor that requires considerable engineering insight. The most laborious stage is to devise an antenna architecture that delivers the required functionalities, e.g., multiband operation. Iterative by nature (hands-on topology modifications, parametric studies, trial-and-error geometry selection), it typically takes many weeks and requires considerable engagement from a human expert. Consequently, only a few possible design options concerning the fundamental antenna geometry may be considered. Automated topology rendition and geometry parameter optimization are highly relevant, especially from the industrial perspective. Therein, reducing time-to-market and limiting the involvement of trained experts is critical. This research proposes an innovative procedure for unsupervised development of planar antennas. Our method leverages flexible antenna parameterization based on re-sizable elliptical patches. It permits the realization of a massive number of geometries of diverse shapes and complexities using a small number of decision variables. Computational intelligence methods are employed to conduct antenna evolution exclusively based on specifications and possible constraints (e.g., maximum size). Fine-tuning of the structure geometry is achieved through low-cost local search routines. Our methodology is demonstrated by designing several antennas featuring distinct characteristics (broadband, single-, dual- and triple-band). The obtained results, supported by experimental data, underscore the presented approach’s versatility and capability to render unconventional topologies at reasonably low computational expenses. As mentioned earlier, the design process is fully automated without human expert involvement.
The impact of mechanical tuning on the printability of decellularized amniotic membrane bioinks for cell-laden bioprinting of soft tissue constructs
Authors: Kafili Golara , Tamjid Elnaz , Simchi Abdolreza
Published: November 2024

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) bioinks hold significant potential in the 3D bioprinting of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs). While 3D bioprinting allows for the creation of custom-designed TECs, the development of bioinks based solely on dAM, without the inclusion of supporting agents or chemical modifications, remains underexplored. In this study, we present the concentration-dependent printability and rheological properties of dAM bioinks, along with an analysis of their in vitro cellular responses. Our findings demonstrate that increasing dAM concentrations, within the range of 1 to 3% w/v, enhances the mechanical moduli of the bioinks, enabling the 3D printing of flat structures with superior shape fidelity. In vitro assays reveal high cell viability across all dAM bioink formulations; however, at 3% w/v, the bioink tends to impede fibroblast proliferation, resulting in round cell morphology. We propose that bioinks containing 2% w/v dAM strike an optimal balance, providing fine-resolved features and a supportive microenvironment for fibroblasts, promoting elongated spindle-like morphology and enhanced proliferation. These results underscore the importance of dAM concentration in regulating the properties and performance of bioinks, particularly regarding cell viability and morphology, for the successful 3D bioprinting of soft tissues.
Analysis of detoxification kinetics and end products of furan aldehydes in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1
Authors: Liu Changshuo , Efimova Elena , Santala Ville , Santala Suvi
Published: November 2024

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates in bioprocesses is impeded by their complex composition and the presence of toxic compounds, such as furan aldehydes, formed during lignocellulose pretreatment. Biological detoxification of these furan aldehydes offers a promising solution to enhance the utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 is known to metabolize furan aldehydes, yet the complete spectrum of reaction products and dynamics remains unclear. Here, we determined the detoxification metabolites of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in A. baylyi ADP1 and studied the kinetics of detoxification. The results indicate that detoxification in A. baylyi ADP1 follows a typical alcohol-aldehyde-acid scheme, with furoic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid as the final products for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively. Both end products were found to be less toxic for cells than their unmodified forms. These findings underscore the potential of A. baylyi ADP1 in detoxifying lignocellulosic hydrolysates for bioprocess applications.
Hybrid taguchi-grey relational analysis approach for optimizing cutter operational parameters in selective cauliflower harvesting
Authors: Kushwah Ajay , Sharma P. K. , Kushwaha H. L. , Sharma Brij Bihari , Shrivastava A. K. , Nag Ramineni Harsha , Chowdhury Manojit , Carpenter Gopal , Yadav Rashmi
Published: November 2024

Cauliflower is an important winter crop grown in India, its curds are rich in nutritional profile, containing valuable minerals and vitamins. However, cauliflower harvesting is mainly accomplished by hands, which is time-consuming and requires a high labour force. On the other hand, most developed cauliflower harvesters are once over or single pass type, which harvests all plants irrespective of their maturity. So, the selective harvester could improve the cauliflower curds yield, and then decrease the labour requirement. To improve the cutting performance of the selective cauliflower harvester, the working parameters of the chainsaw cutting mechanism need to be considered and optimized. This research investigates the impact of cutting height, feed (push) force, and cutting speed on the efficiency of the cutter during harvest. The Taguchi approach, together with grey relational analysis (GRA), was employed to identify the most favorable combination of operational parameters. In addition, the variance analysis was conducted to statistically examine the impact of multiple parameters. The findings indicated that the feed force was the major parameter that influenced the cutting force, splitting failure levels, and cutting time. The most effective parameter combination consisted of a cutting height of 15 mm, a feed force of 10 N, and a cutting speed of 5 m/s. The grey relational grade of the ideal parameter combination has shown a 0.322 increase in comparison to the grade achieved with the initially selected parameter combination. This setting was further incorporated in the developed selective cauliflower harvester to improve the performance of its cutting mechanism.
An optimal antibiotic selection framework for Sepsis patients using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Wendland Philipp , Schenkel-Häger Christof , Wenningmann Ingobert , Kschischo Maik
Published: November 2024

In this work we present OptAB, the first completely data-driven online-updateable antibiotic selection model based on Artificial Intelligence for Sepsis patients accounting for side-effects. OptAB performs an iterative optimal antibiotic selection for real-world Sepsis patients focussing on minimizing the Sepsis-related organ failure score (SOFA-Score) as treatment success while accounting for nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity as serious antibiotic side-effects. OptAB provides disease progression forecasts for (combinations of) the antibiotics Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone and Piperacillin/Tazobactam and learns realistic treatment influences on the SOFA-Score and the laboratory values creatinine, bilirubin total and alanine-transaminase indicating possible side-effects. OptAB is based on a hybrid neural network differential equation algorithm and can handle the special characteristics of patient data including irregular measurements, a large amount of missing values and time-dependent confounding. OptAB’s selected optimal antibiotics exhibit faster efficacy than the administered antibiotics.
Anisotropic magnetic interactions in a candidate Kitaev spin liquid close to a metal-insulator transition
Authors: Ma Zeyu , Ni Danrui , Kaib David A. S. , MacFarquharson Kylie , Pearce John S. , Cava Robert J. , Valentí Roser , Coldea Radu , Coldea Amalia I.
Published: November 2024

In the Kitaev honeycomb model, spins coupled by strongly-frustrated anisotropic interactions do not order at low temperature but instead form a quantum spin liquid with spin fractionalisation into Majorana fermions and static fluxes. The realization of such a model in crystalline materials could lead to major breakthroughs in understanding entangled quantum states, however achieving this in practice is a very challenging task. The recently synthesized honeycomb material RuI3 shows no long-range magnetic order down to the lowest probed temperatures and has been theoretically proposed as a quantum spin liquid candidate material on the verge of an insulator to metal transition. Here we report a comprehensive study of the magnetic anisotropy in un-twinned single crystals via torque magnetometry and detect clear signatures of strongly anisotropic and frustrated magnetic interactions. We attribute the development of sawtooth and six-fold torque signal to strongly anisotropic, bond-dependent magnetic interactions by comparing to theoretical calculations. As a function of magnetic field strength at low temperatures, torque shows an unusual non-parabolic dependence suggestive of a proximity to a field-induced transition. Thus, RuI3, without signatures of long-range magnetic order, displays key hallmarks of an exciting candidate for extended Kitaev magnetism with enhanced quantum fluctuations.
THz generation by exchange-coupled spintronic emitters
Authors: Adam Roman , Cao Derang , Bürgler Daniel E. , Heidtfeld Sarah , Wang Fangzhou , Greb Christian , Cheng Jing , Chakraborty Debamitra , Komissarov Ivan , Büscher Markus , Mikulics Martin , Hardtdegen Hilde , Sobolewski Roman , Schneider Claus M.
Published: November 2024

The mechanism of THz generation in ferromagnet/metal (F/M) bilayers has been typically ascribed to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). Here, we fabricated Pt/Fe/Cr/Fe/Pt multilayers containing two back-to-back spintronic THz emitters separated by a thin (tCr≤ 3nm) wedge-shaped Cr spacer. In such an arrangement, magnetization alignment of the two Fe films can be controlled by the interplay between Cr-mediated interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) and an external magnetic field. This in turn results in a strong variation of the THz amplitude A, with A↑↓ reaching up to 14 times A↑↑ (arrows indicate the relative alignment of the magnetization of the two magnetic layers). This observed functionality is ascribed to the interference of THz transients generated by two closely spaced THz emitters. Moreover, the magnetic field dependence A(H) shows a strong asymmetry that points to an additional performance modulation of the THz emitter via IEC and multilayer design.
ALBA proteins facilitate cytoplasmic YTHDF-mediated reading of m6A in Arabidopsis
Authors: Reichel Marlene , Tankmar Mathias Due , Rennie Sarah , Arribas-Hernández Laura , Lewinski Martin , Köster Tino , Wang Naiqi , Millar Anthony A , Staiger Dorothee , Brodersen Peter
Published: November 2024

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) exerts many of its regulatory effects on eukaryotic mRNAs by recruiting cytoplasmic YT521-B homology-domain family (YTHDF) proteins. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, the interaction between m6A and the major YTHDF protein ECT2 also involves the mRNA-binding ALBA protein family. ALBA and YTHDF proteins physically associate via a deeply conserved short linear motif in the intrinsically disordered region of YTHDF proteins and their mRNA target sets overlap, with ALBA4 binding sites being juxtaposed to m6A sites. These binding sites correspond to pyrimidine-rich elements previously found to be important for m6A binding to ECT2. Accordingly, both the biological functions of ECT2, and its binding to m6A targets in vivo, require ALBA association. Our results introduce the YTHDF-ALBA complex as the functional cytoplasmic m6A-reader in Arabidopsis, and define a molecular foundation for the concept of facilitated m6A reading, which increases the potential for combinatorial control of biological m6A effects.
Biofuel Production from Seaweed: A Green Alternative for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Chougale Shreyas , Bharti Rachana , Pawar Hitesh
Published: November 2024

Currently, crude oil is the major source of key raw materials to produce most of the fuels, chemicals, and energy products. Over the last century, the fuels, chemical and energy sector industries have become increasingly hooked on fossil oil as the primary source. Conversely, the cursory increment in demand and consumption of petrol-based fuels and chemicals generates energy as well as fuel crises. Hence, there exists a pressing demand and formidable obstacle to discover alternative reservoirs for the manufacturing of fuels, chemicals, and energy commodities. Seaweed biomass emerges as a promising option for feedstock due to its abundant supply, swift fermenting capabilities, and rapid growth compared to terrestrial biomass. This chapter compiles existing literature on the potential of seaweed biomass for generating alternative biofuels. The various possible fuel, chemical and energy products from seaweed with various process challenges, drawbacks and future scope have been summarized including conversion efficiencies and challenges. Different cost-effective pretreatment methods both traditional and emerging were discussed to provide an overview on feedstock availability challenges. Thus, this chapter aims to provide a one-stop literature overview of the potential of seaweed, pretreatment methods and possible biofuels from seaweed biomass, etc.
Harnessing Diatoms: A Comprehensive Exploration of Their Role in Wastewater Treatment, Biomass Utilization, and Nanotechnological Applications
Authors: Flafel Hamza Mohamed , Rafatullah Mohd , Kapoor Riti Thapar , Lalung Japareng , Qutob Mohammad , Ezhani Abduanaser A. Ali
Published: November 2024

Diatoms, unicellular algae with unique silica cell walls, play vital roles in various environmental processes, including wastewater treatment, biomass utilization, and nanotechnological applications. This chapter explores the diverse capabilities of diatoms and their potential applications in sustainable wastewater treatment, biomass valorization, and nanomaterial synthesis. The ecological importance of diatoms as primary producers and biomonitoring agents is discussed, emphasizing their suitability for phytoremediation and ecotoxicological assessments. Strategies for harnessing diatom biomass for biosilica production and the extraction of valuable organic compounds are elucidated, highlighting their economic and environmental benefits. Furthermore, the utilization of diatoms in nanobiotechnology for the fabrication of metal-modified silica particles is examined, showing their versatility in catalysis and advanced materials synthesis. Practical considerations for diatom sample collection and preparation are also provided, ensuring accurate data acquisition for scientific studies. Overall, this chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted roles of diatoms and their potential contributions to environmental sustainability and technological innovation.
The Use of Marine Biomass in Biofertiliser and Biostimulant Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Pap Sabolc , Ross Michael , Kumari Puja , Boyko Rose , Taggart Mark A.
Published: November 2024

The use of different marine biomass materials as biofertilisers has been recognised since the beginning of human civilisation – particularly the use of seaweeds in agriculture. The production of biofertilisers (or components of biofertilizers) from seaweed or other alternative marine materials is currently of high interest given the global desire to move away from unsustainable synthetic fertiliser products. A more circular approach – that brings together the blue-green economies – is also consistent with UN Sustainable Development Goals to promote more “responsible consumption and production” patterns. The overuse of current (NPK) fertilisers within intensive agriculture is now leading to global shortages and depleting stocks of critical resources like mined rock phosphate. This chapter explores past and present research, commercial application, and future perspectives in using micro/macro algae, cyanobacteria, and other marine resources (i.e., crustacean and shell waste biomass) to help displace our reliance on traditional fertilisers. Such materials may be used in the raw form or following certain treatment processes (i.e., pyrolysis, functionalisation, nutrient enrichment, or extraction of bioactives) before their application in soil. Additionally, the chapter explores the unknowns and potential risks of using biofertilisers for both human and environmental health.
Recyclable 3D printable single network granular hydrogels
Authors: De Angelis Gaia , Dupont Gaia , Lucherini Lorenzo , Amstad Esther
Published: November 2024

Spherical microgels can be conveniently direct ink written into granular hydrogels because of their rheological properties when jammed.
Fine-tuning of optical band gap in mixed halide aziridinium lead perovskites
Authors: Kucheriv Olesia I. , Haleliuk Dmytro A. , Shova Sergiu , Gural'skiy Il'ya A.
Published: November 2024

Mixing of halogens allows the fine tuning of optical bandgap of (AzrH)PbBrxI3−x (AzrH = aziridinium, x = 0.07–2.68) hybrid perovskites in a range of 1.57–2.23 eV.
Toward target 2035: EUbOPEN - a public–private partnership to enable & unlock biology in the open
Authors: Tredup Claudia , Ackloo Suzanne , Beck Hartmut , Brown Peter J. , Bullock Alex N. , Ciulli Alessio , Dikic Ivan , Edfeldt Kristina , Edwards Aled M. , Elkins Jonathan M. , Farin Henner F. , Fon Edward A. , Gstaiger Matthias , Günther Judith , Gustavsson Anna-Lena , Häberle Sandra , Isigkeit Laura , Huber Kilian V. M. , Kotschy Andras , Krämer Oliver , Leach Andrew R. , Marsden Brian D. , Matsui Hisanori , Merk Daniel , Montel Florian , Mulder Monique P. C. , Müller Susanne , Owen Dafydd R. , Proschak Ewgenij , Röhm Sandra , Stolz Alexandra , Sundström Michael , von Delft Frank , Willson Timothy M. , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. , Knapp Stefan
Published: November 2024

EUbOPEN is a public–private partnership focused on four areas: chemogenomic library collection, chemical probe discovery and technology development, compound profiling in patient-derived assays, and data and reagents collection, storage and sharing.
Thermally responsive spatially programmable soft actuators with multiple response states enabled by Grayscale UV light processing
Authors: Li Yizong , Coodley Sooyeon Noh , Chen Si , Dong Penghao , Li Su , Yao Shanshan
Published: November 2024

This work presents a scalable grayscale UV technique for fabricating spatially programmable soft actuators with diverse actuation behaviors in one actuator. The advanced programmability lays the foundation for soft robotics and adaptive devices.
Phonon induced near-field effects on heat transfer across nanogap electrodes
Authors: Hanamura Yuki , Kishimoto Kazuma , Tada Mizuki , Yamada Ryo , Tada Hirokazu
Published: November 2024

Anomalous phonon-induced heat transfer has been observed across gold nanogaps with sub-nanoscale spacing. The distance dependence of thermal conductance suggests that mechanical interactions between the electrodes facilitate phonon propagation.
Benzobischalcogeno[3,2-c]quinolines: tuning electronic and structural properties with group 16 elements
Authors: Hüßler Christopher , Dietl Martin C. , Scherr Matthias , Butigan Emma , Heckershoff Robin , Lopes Eric F. , Kahle Justin , Krämer Petra , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: November 2024

Chalcogen-annulated heptacyclic N-heteropolycycles were synthesized. By photophysical and structural analysis, significant properties were observed depending on the annulated chalcogen.
Advancing 2D material predictions: superior work function estimation with atomistic line graph neural networks
Authors: Sibi Harikrishnan , Biju Jovita , Chowdhury Chandra
Published: November 2024

An atomistic line graph neural network is employed to precisely predict the work functions of 2D materials, offering an effective tool for investigating their electronic properties with accuracy and efficiency.
Valorization systems based on electrocatalytic nitrate/nitrite conversion for energy supply and valuable product synthesis
Authors: Feng Yi , Ren Jin-Tao , Sun Ming-Lei , Yuan Zhong-Yong
Published: November 2024

Recent progress of valorization systems based on NOx− conversion, including waste treatment systems, novel electrolytic systems, and energy conversion and storage systems, is reviewed, and the challenges and future prospects are outlined.
Regioselective intermolecular carboamination of allylamines via nucleopalladation: empowering three-component synthesis of vicinal diamines
Authors: Saha Shib Nath , Ballav Nityananda , Ghosh Suman , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: November 2024

Intermolecular carboamination of allyl amines under Pd(ii)-catalysis is reported, expediting the synthesis of vicinal diamines embedded in a functionally enriched linear carbon framework with high yields and exclusive Markovnikov selectivity.
Interfacial engineering of a bifunctional electrocatalyst with outstanding catalytic performance, high intrinsic activity and solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency
Authors: Sangamithirai Muthukumaran , Vijayarangan Murugan , Muthamildevi Murugan , Ashok Venkatachalam , Jayabharathi Jayaraman
Published: November 2024

Co–O–C/CPs synthesized via a solvent-free combustion process facilitated the enhancement of bifunctional activity and solar energy conversion efficiency (1.60 V cell potential).