bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the issue of the Upper Palaeolithic Bone Tubes
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Fedorchenko A.Yu. , Belousova N.E. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

We discuss the issues of studying and interpreting hollow tubular bone items widely represented at the Upper Palaeolithic sites of Eurasia taking into account the available information from scientific literature in Russian, English and French. To designate such artefacts, English and French researchers use the functionally neutral term “tube”. The research results allow us to conclude that the category of “tubes” represent a large morphological group of various purpose products. The general morphological characteristics of the artefacts are determined by the specific parameters of the blank used - it has always been the diaphysis of the mammalian or bird tubular bone. The natural form is convenient and self-sufficient and does not require significant modification and specific shaping. Therefore, the set of applied techniques was limited to sawing and cutting. Many researchers noted the uncertainty of the “tube” purpose; it partly stems from the “universality” of their morphology determined mainly by the shape of the original blank. The problem of the functional classification of such products is resolved through analyses of contextual information, considering metric parameters, availability of specific attributes (for example, drilled holes), thickness of the artifact, and even by the taxonomic affiliation of animals or birds whose bones were processed. As a product of the purposeful production activity, bone “tubes” in the Palaeolithic period should not be considered as tools of labor or hunting but were used as auxiliary devices (containers for storing needles or pigments, handles, pipes for spraying ocher) or non-utilitarian items (musical instruments and personal ornaments).
Holocene Archaeological Material from Tsagaan Agui Cave Recovered During the 2021 Excavation Campaign
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Khatsenovich A.M. , Bazargur D. ,   Institute of Archaeology MAS, Tserendagva Ya. ,   Institute of Archaeology MAS, Marchenko D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Rybin E.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Margad-Erdene G. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Klementiev A.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS, Dolgushin I.D. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kravtsova P.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Gunchinsuren B. ,   Institute of Archaeology MAS, Olsen J.W. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Derevianko A.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Tsagaan Agui Cave, situated in Tsagaan Tsakhir limestone massif in the Gobi Altai Mountains of southern Mongolia, is the one of the rare stratified Holocene archaeological sites known in the Gobi Desert. During 1995-2000 excavation campaigns, cultural material spanning the late Bronze Age through the ethnographic present was recovered. In 2021, an excavation pit (2021/1) was dug in the gallery that joints the cave’s Main and Small Chambers, and an additional sondage (2021/2) was excavated in the Main Chamber itself. Excavation Unit 2021/1 is subdivided into Layers 1, 2, and 3, in which Layers 1 and 2 are attributed to the Holocene, and 3, the lowermost, is likely of Pleistocene age. Birch barkfragments bearing Old Mongolian inscriptions, cylindrical paste beads, and one additional, presumably carnelian, bead were found in Layers 1 and 2. Excavation Unit 2021/1, Layers 1-3, yielded lithic artifacts made of yellow jasper and Devonian flint, typical of the local Paleolithic industry. Only a single transparent chalcedony microblade can be tentatively dated to the Holocene. The suite of Holocene cultural material obtained during the 2021 excavations at Tsagaan Agui requires additional analysis and interpretation and is of particular interest with respect to the reconstruction of late prehistoric trade networks linking arid southern Mongolia with remote regions and the appearance of historical documents in the Gobi Desert. The study of the Holocene layers at Tsagaan Agui Cave is also of timely significance in terms of preserving Mongolian cultural heritage, since the upper layer of the site is being destroyed due to unregulated and unsupervised tourist activity in spite of its relatively remote location.
Petrography and Geology of Paleolithic Locations in the Northern Aral Sea Region and Mugodjary (Kazakhstan)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chekha A.M. , Kulik N.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Use of quartzite rocks of the saksaul formation and its continental analogues as raw materials for the lithic industries called “siliceous”, “drain”, “quartzite” sandstones and siltstones, and “quartzites” in Western Kazakhstan has been known since the Middle Paleolithic up to the Early Iron Age. Their earliest use, in Acheulean, took place exactly in the Northern Aral Sea region and Mugodjary. The Paleolithic sites of the Northern Aral Sea region and Mugodjary are associated with the outcrops of quartzite sandstone of the Paleogene age due to the fact that this rock, in terms of its physical characteristics and shallow occurrence, and sometimes its outcrops to the surface, is the only possible source of raw materials for producing stone tools in the region. Despite the fact that the stone material of the Paleolithic location of the Northern Aral Sea and Mugodjary is rather monotonous within the items, it is still macroscopically different, and petrophysical differences become especially evident during weathering. Considering that the paleoclimatic conditions of the Aral Sea region and Mugodjary since the Cretaceous period were under the influence of Aeolian denudation with a constant predominance of westerly winds (due to the rotation of the Earth), the manifestation of this factor on artifacts, generally should be directly proportional to the time of its impact. It was found that deflations on artifacts were subjected both to the original, weathered cavernous surfaces, on which it is manifested by matting and polishing of detrital quartz grains, and its own chipped surfaces forming the artifact. However, it was established that very often, different degrees of deflation are manifested on the same artifact, and not only on the surfaces from different sides of the artifact, but sometimes within the same chipped surface. It means that the weathering degree, including the deflation degree, of quartz sandstone artifacts cannot be used for their chronological interpretation.
Revisiting Criteria of Neolithic Industries on Ust-Kutarey Sites in the North Angara Region
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chekha A.N.
Published: January 2022

As a result of rescue archaeological investigations in the North Angara region due to the Boguchanskaya hydro-electric power plant, many archaeological sites were found, including Ust-Kutarey, Senkin Kamen, Ruchey Povarny, Gora Kutarey. Now active analyses and introduction to scientific use are in process. Due to the specifics of forming cultural sediments and problematic of research of the materials of the region, detailed research, planigraphic analyses and comparison with adjacent and the same age sites in the region become the most important. As a result of a detailed study of the archaeological materials of the Ust-Kutarey site, conditionally “pure” and mixed (with an admixture of Bronze-Medieval Age ceramics) Neolithic complexes were identified. To provide a clearer understanding of the situation in the Ust-Kutarey microregion as a whole, a collection of samples was assembled for a comparative analysis of the materials from the adjacent sites (Gora Kutarey and Senkin (Siniy) Kamen). The research allowed to determine that the territory in the mouth of the Kutarey River was a location with the concentrated production of small laminar splits, and the Gora Kutarey site was a location for the production of adzes, axes, and fan-type scrapers. This article is to summarize previous research data as well as to provide new data on target laminar blanks. As a result, although somewhat conditionally, we could define an earlier (middle) Neolithic (Horizon 2, Layer 2 at the Ust-Kutarey site) and later Neolithic (Layer 3, Horizon 1, Layer 2 at the Ust-Kutarey site, Gora Kutarey).
Upper Paleolithic Ornaments from the South Chamber of Denisova Cave: 2021 Collection
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Shunkov M.V. , Fedorchenko A.Yu. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kozlikin M.B. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article presents a new collection of the Early Upper Paleolithic personal ornaments from layer 11 in the South Chamber of Denisova Cave. The collection contains items of several types: a flat round bone bead, pendants made of teeth of predators and ungulates with cutting and perforation, a pendant from a freshwater mollusk shell with a hole, a fragment of a bracelet, a ring and a pendant with cutting made of marble, a small flake from serpentine. As a result of the study, the technologies for ornament production were reconstructed, the main methods of their use were determined, and examples of ornaments reshaping for using according to a new function were recorded. The technology for the teeth pendants production included a short sequence of operations: obtaining blanks, processing by planing or scraping, applying circular cuts or perforating by drilling. The production of flat beads was carried out by cutting out elongated plates from the walls of the tubular bone of large mammals, preparing blanks by planing, cutting out preforms, biconical drilling and grinding. The finished pendants and beads were massively used to decorate clothes and as personal apparel. The technology for the production of ornaments from marble involved a short or longer sequence of actions. To create the most complex marble products, i.e. rings and bracelets, a similar technological sequence was used, including the selection and transportation of raw materials, perforation followed by boring of the resulting hole, grinding, and polishing. Rings and bracelets were used as apparel, and probably had a special status.
Results of Survey on the Medvezhyi Islands Archipelago in the Eastern Siberian Arctic in 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Dyakonov V.M. , Yaglovsky A.S. ,   Arctic Research Center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Published: January 2022

This article presents the data on archaeological prospects of Medvezhyi Islands — a remote Arctic archipelago located in the East Siberian Sea north of the mouth of the Kolyma River. Traces of presence of ancient people have been observed there since the 18th century by polar explorers and expeditions. Some evidence was obtained by the staff of the Soviet polar station on Chetyrekhstolbovoi Island and was published by N.A. Beregovaya and V.M. Raushenbach. In 1995, the archaeologists of the Prilenskaya Archaeological Expedition led by Y.A. Mochanov worked there. In the field season of 2021, the authors of this article surveyed the easternmost Chetyrekhstolbovoi island of the archipelago as a part of works by the integrated expedition to the Medvezhyi Islands Reserve. Remains of ancient Eskimo dwellings were documented and small collection of surface materials was obtained. In total, nine dwellings were identified, six of which were in two groups three dwellings each. Dwellings No. 1-6 and 8 were partially excavated at different times. A collection of surface materials included 72 pottery fragments, 18 stone tools or their fragments, two flakes, 52 items of wood, two items of bone, one leather object, 30 leather fragments, 43 bones, three animal jaws and one claw, as well as a human hair. Faunal remains indicate hunting marine mammals, polar bears, arctic foxes, reindeer, and use of dogs in economic activities. The territory of Medvezhyi Islands is promising for studying early Eskimo cultures of marine hunters, as well as earlier Stone Age cultures.
Cultic Complexes of the Urals and Western Siberia: Historiographic Aspect
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Efremova N.S.
Published: January 2022

This article discusses the history of research into unusual type of archaeological objects - cultic places, altars, and sanctuaries, located in the Urals and Western Siberia, including the time when the sites of warship in these regions were mentioned for the first time and when scholars’ interest in sacred objects of the past emerged. The stages in expanding the corpus of sources, interpreting the functional purpose of sacred objects, and identifying their ethnic affiliation are presented chronologically. Studies of archaeological sites which reveal unique traces of spiritual culture together with remains of material culture are analyzed. The state of current research into ritual complexes is described, including differentiation of complexes according to the type of ritual activities, applying an integrated approach to the analysis, processing and interpreting the evidence from the cultic sites, solving the problems of definitions, and selecting criteria for considering archaeological object a sanctuary. The article analyzes the studies on specific cultic places for the whole clan or family, places associated with production and trading activities, as well as funeral and commemorative rituals. A variant of syncretic ritual complexes with multifunctional ritual practices is described. The article emphasizes the role of the retrospective method which makes it possible to extrapolate some aspects of worldview among the indigenous ethnic groups inhabiting these regions to ideological beliefs found in the carriers of ancient cultures. The data of ethnographic observations makes it possible to confirm interpretations of cultic practices in ancient times, which can be observed in archaeological evidence from the cultic sites, and offer a more reliable reconstruction of ritual practices among the carriers of ancient cultures.
New Data on Paintings of the Nukzha Rock Art Site (Amur Region)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zotkina L.V. , Zaika A.L. ,   Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Zabiyako A.P. ,   Amur State University, Matveev V.Y. ,   LLC Scientifi c Production Association “Archaeological Projecting and Prospecting”, Levacheva E.M. ,   LLC “Krasnoyarsk Geoarchaeology”, Volkov D.P. ,   Centre for the Preservation of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Amur Region
Published: January 2022

The rock art site of Nukzha is located in northern Amur Region at the mouth of the Onyoni River. It was studied in the mid 1970s by A.P. Okladnikov and A.I. Mazin. As in the other rock art sites of the region, the Nukzha paintings were made by red mineral pigment. For a long time this location was inaccessible after construction of the Baikal-Amur railway. However, in the early 2000s, the studies of the Nukzha rock art site resumed. The project of additional branch of the railway required further research at the Nukzha site. During the field works of 2021, a new indexing was proposed, and detailed re-documenting of the site was carried out using up-to-date techniques of photo-documenting and processing of photographic materials. As a result, it was possible to make a comparison with the previously published evidence concerning the preservation state of the site, and identify some damage and loss of panel fragments. In addition, the previously published tracings were corrected and unknown images were found and recorded. Due to advanced approaches to documentation, including photography, 3D visualization, and color filtering of digital images, the authors of this article have managed to take a new look at this well-studied rock art site. Many paintings which looked like amorphous stains of red pigment appeared as recognizable images when viewed directly by the DStrech plug-in after colorfiltering. The experience of the Nukzha rock art site study once again shows the necessity of re-documentation of rock art sites.
Earliest Rock Art in the Minusinsk Depression: Some Cases of Data Systematization, and Experimental and Trace Studies
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zotkina L.V. , Sutugin S.V. ,   Altai State University, Postnikov N.V. ,   Altai State University, Rusakova I.D. ,   The Kuzbass Museum-Reserve of “Tomskaya Pisanitsa”, Davydov R.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Earliest Rock Art in the Minusinsk Depression: Some Cases of Data Systematization, and Experimental and Trace Studies Cultural and chronological attribution of petroglyphs from the earliest figurative stratum remains one of the current problems in the study of rock art in the Minusinsk Depression. In recent years, this area of research has been actively developing; discussions on the age of the Minusinsk and Angara styles continue, and various solutions to the problem of classification of imagery in early rock art which has grown considerably in recent years, are proposed. Field research in 2021 was aimed at systematizing the available data on early rock art of the Minusinsk Depression, and included detailed experimental and trace studies of the petroglyphs. Systematization of data on the most archaic images of the region included documentation (description and recording) of petroglyphs according to a single standard, taking into account all necessary parameters of panels and individual images for further statistical processing of information about parameters of both petroglyphs and context in which they are located. The study of superimpositions involving early images was carried out along with series of experiments aimed at establishing mechanisms for deforming peck marks at petroglyph intersections. This has led to identifying a number of limitations in our approach to superimposition analysis due to incomplete traces. On the other hand, comparison of experimental data with trace analysis of a large number of petroglyph intersections have revealed new features relevant for establishing the sequence of image production in superimpositions. Experimental and trace studies of the earliest petroglyphs have shown that one of the most important parameters in their cultural and chronological attribution is structural features and sequences of percussion lines within the images.
Stratigraphy of the Pisanaya-4 Settlement near the Tomskaya Pisanitsa Petroglyphic Site
Authors:   Institute of Human Ecology of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS, Marochkin A.G. , Sizyov A.S. ,   Institute of Human Ecology of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS, Yurakova A.Yu. ,   Institute of Human Ecology of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS, Gavrilov D.A. ,   Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry SB RAS, Khairulina K.D. ,   Institute of Human Ecology of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Coal and Coal Chemistry SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article discusses some problems in relative chronology of archaeological assemblages discovered at multilayered sites at the border of the Lower Tom and Middle Tom River regions, in their stratigraphic context. The research was aimed at establishing natural stratigraphy of the Pisanaya-4 site at its different sections, conducting archaeological attribution of the series of artifacts, identifying chronological and stratigraphical features of archaeological assemblages, and evaluating the data obtained for periodization of archaeological finds from the Tom River region and Kuznetsk Depression. In total, evidence from seven sites located on the high floodplain and at the edge of the first terrace above the floodplain has been analyzed. The depth of the stratigraphic pits was 2 m. General stratification of soil mass in the floodplain zone depended on intensity and frequency of seasonal floods in the Holocene and pedogenic processes in alluvial material. A distinctive situation of multiple layers with artifacts of the Neolithic-Chalcolithic, Early and Advanced Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and Middle Ages with pebble layers between archaeological and chronological horizons has been observed. The terrace has shown poor traces of periodic floods in the Holocene soils; alluvial deposits consisted of light brown clay loam. These sections contained some Neolithic-Chalcolithic artifacts dislocated to humus deposits and Late Paleolithic stone artifacts in the underlying clay loam alluvium. The data obtained reveals the stratigraphic nature of the Pisanaya-4 site which is new for this region and relatively rare for the entire forest-steppe belt of Western Siberia. The chronostratigraphic data on cultural and chronological assemblages of the Late Paleolithic, Early Neolithic, Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, Advanced Bronze Age, and Early Middle Ages at the Pisanaya-4 site is an important component for periodization of archaeological finds in the landscape context of the sites in the Tom River region.
Settlement Complex of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture in the Tai Locality in Baraba Forest-Steppe
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University, Molodin V.I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kobeleva L.S. ,   Novosibirsk State University,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Reinhold S. ,   German Archaeological Institute, Nesterova M.S. ,   Novosibirsk State University,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Selin D.V. ,   Novosibirsk State University,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Hansen S. ,   German Archaeological Institute, Eger J. ,   German Archaeological Institute, Bobin D.N. ,   Novosibirsk State University,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article describes first results of studies at the Tartas-5 settlement (Vengerovsky District, Novosibirsk Region), located on the collapsing part of the floodplain terrace of the left bank of the Tartas River, in the Tai locality, which, both in ancient times and nowadays, is completely flooded. This circumstance makes it extremely difficult to identify cultural layers. The upper out of two cultural layers at the site contained the finds tentatively attributed to the Early Iron Age. The lower cultural layer and adjacent layers contained cultural remains of the Advanced Bronze Age. Thick, archaeologically sterile deposits were between the two cultural layers. Preliminary analysis has revealed extremely insignificant finds in the upper layer, represented by finely fragmented pottery fragments undecorated with ornamental patterns. Several weakly protruding rims were decorated with the row of pearls or were left undecorated. When studying the lower cultural layer of the Bronze Age, the remains of several post pits cut into the sterile soil have been found. In addition, there were traces of two smallfireplaces containing pottery fragments and crushed vessels. A large amount ofpottery and animal bones with traces of cutting were in the cultural layer and especially in the ash pit. According to preliminary identification, the bones belonged to domestic animals, including cow, sheep and, to a lesser extent, horse. The shapes and ornamentation of vessels was typical of classic Andronovo (Fedorovo) pottery. This complex did not differ in any way from the funeral pottery of Baraba, well known from excavations at numerous Andronovo (Fedorovo) burial grounds.
Variants of Conventional (Virtual) Reconstruction of Wooden Dwellings of the Late Bronze Age in Western Siberia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Mylnikov V.P. , Rodchenko K.P. ,   Novosibirsk State University
Published: January 2022

This article analyzes the variants of a single type of reconstructing wooden dwellings from the explored sites of the Late Bronze Age in Western Siberia. The publications on this problem contain many types of reconstructions for residential and utility buildings made of wood, often despite a complete absence of evidence. Many of these variants are based on similar elements of basic house-building traditions, which makes it possible to combine them into specific classification category of conventional (virtual) reconstruction. Currently, in scholarly and referential literature, reconstructions made using 3D methods and their variations have become increasingly important, although such reconstructions are debatable and uninformative for conducting specialized technical and technological research. The article provides brief description of settlements and dwellings left by the carriers of different cultures of the Late Bronze Age in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, including the Irmen, Barkhatov, and Suzgun cultures. Comparative analysis of ground plans of ditches and post pits remaining from dwellings, as well as house-building traditions of the population living in this time is provided. Brief technical and technological analysis of the available options for virtual reconstruction of wooden buildings is carried out using analysis of archaeological evidence and parallels in ethnographic data. Types of settlement layouts, forms of dwellings, and number of chambers in a particular building have been identified. The most adequate variants of conventional reconstruction of wooden buildings derived from the requirements of actual carpentry in house-building traditions and their available scholarly classifications are presented. The estimated volume of labor costs for constructing dwellings is established; original appearance of the most representative buildings is recreated.
Coprophilous Fungi as an Indicator of Grazing Pressure and Population Density in the Uvs Nuur Basin (Mongolia) over the Past Three Millennia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Rudaya N.A. , Soenov V.I. ,   Gorno-Altaisk State University
Published: January 2022

Spores of coprophilous fungi are well preserved in various paleoarchives, including bottom sediments in lakes. The coprophilous fungi spend part of their life cycle on the dung of herbivorous animals, where they produce spores. Due to this feature, the coprophilous fungi are used as a qualitative indicator of the presence and density of the population using domestic livestock. This paper is aimed at testing the hypothesis that fluctuations in the spore contents of coprophilous fungi are independent from climate, i.e., the possibility of using this indicator as an independent one for the qualitative reconstruction of population density in the eastern part of the Uvs Nuur basin. To do this, we have attempted to link global historical processes in Central Asia over the past three millennia with fluctuations in the contents of the coprophilous fungi spores in the bottom sediments in Lake Bayan Nuur located in the Uvs Nuur basin. Spores of the coprophilous fungi were counted on palynological slides along with other palynomorphs. Concentrations and accumulation rates (number of spores per 1 gram per year) were calculated for the coprophilous fungi. Only two genera of coprophilous fungi, Sporormilella and Sordaria, were abundantly found in the paleorecord of the lake. Comparison of historical evidence of the population of North-Western Mongolia during the last three millennia andfluctuations in the contents of the coprophilous fungi spores in the bottom sediments of the lake revealed remarkable coincidence, which allows using coprophilous fungi as a qualitative indicator of the density of the population engaged in cattle breeding. However, no relationships between the coprophilous fungi spore contents and the climate change were revealed, which characterizes this indicator as being independent of the climate change.
Early Medieval Single Burial with Horse Equipment from Northern Altai
Authors:   Altai State University, Seregin N.N. , Stepanova N.F. ,   Altai State University,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article presents the publication and diverse interpretation of materials from the excavations of grave 24 of the Gorny-10 necropolis. This site located in the Krasnogorsk District of the Altai Territory was investigated in 2000-2003. Currently, it may be considered as a basic complex for the study ofvarious aspects of the history of population of southwestern Siberia of the early Medieval Ages. The published complex is a single burial of an adult male with a fairly representative set of items, including weapons, jewelry and costume elements, as well as horse equipment. The analysis of the finds and their comparison with known materials from the sites of Northern and Central Asia made it possible to date the burial to the 7th century AD. The revealed set of items testifies to the rather high lifetime status of the deceased person. It was found that a similar situation is generally characteristic of single burials in the region of the Great Migration period and the beginning of the early Middle Ages, some of which reflected the peculiarities of the material culture of the social elite. There are grounds for asserting that elements of horse equipment, and not only rare toreutics (bridle decorations), but also standard functional items, were social markers of various levels in the ritual practice of the population of the forest-steppe Altai of the period under consideration. Further systematic analysis of materials from already known sites as well as expanding the available data through excavations will allow for a more detailed consideration of various aspects of the social history of population of the southwestern Siberia.
Non-Invasive Methods in Dendrochronology: Problems and Perspectives
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Utkin M.V. , Phylatova M.O. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

With the development of new technologies, several conceptually new methodological developments have appeared in the modern dendrochronology, including the study of samples using the so-called “non-invasive methods.” This article details the history of the use of high-resolution macrophotography and computed tomography for studying wooden samples, which, due to their high historical, cultural, and material value, cannot be studied using traditional methods. Moreover, based on the results of foreign and Russian experiments on the use of these technologies in dendrochronology, we have made an attempt to highlight main problems and limitations of the methods, as well as to analyze their prospects both for archeology and other disciplines. A conclusion was made that, since 2007, when the first attempts to use X-ray CTs to measure the width of tree growth rings were made, the success in the use of this technology has become evident. Despite several unsuccessful experiments, the large majority of the researchers note high efficiency of the method, as well as its high potential for further research. As for macrophotography, with the emergence of special software in the early 2010s, which could make it possible to study samples not only in the field, but also remotely, this method also proved to be highly effective. Its main advantage is in its relatively low cost, as well as the ability, when necessary, to re-examine the sample at any point. The emergence and active implementation of non-invasive methods in dendrochronology can significantly increase the source base available to the researchers, adding to it a large number of archaeological artifacts, works of art, as well as antiquities and much more.
Genetic Composition of the Tagar Culture Population: Current State and Research Prospects
Authors:   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Cherdantsev S.V. , Trapezov R.O. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pristyazhnyuk M.S. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Tomilin M.A. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Zhuravlev A.A. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pilipenko A.S. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Despite the high degree of archaeological and anthropological research of the Tagar culture and its carriers, many directions of study of this Sothern Siberian Iron Age population remain relevant. This work is devoted to the consideration of the data on the genetic composition of the Tagar culture population, obtained to date by paleogenetic methods. The study of representative mtDNA sample series from chronologically different groups of the Tagar population (N = 79), carried out by the authors of this work, allow us to obtain the first objective view on the composition of its mitochondrial gene pool. The obtained results illustrate well the significance of analysis of representative sample series when performing paleogenetic reconstructions. The general Tagar population is characterized by the presence in the gene pool of both Western Eurasian (H, HV6, HV*, I, K, T, U2e, U4, U5a, and U*) and Eastern Eurasian (A*, A8, C*, C5, D, G2a, F1b) mtDNA haplogroups. Unlike other populations of southern Siberia of the Scythian time, Western Eurasian variants dominate in the Tagar gene pool. Among the previous populations, the Tagar population demonstrates affinity with the populations of the Minusinsk Basin of the Middle Bronze Age. When compared with the groups of early nomads of Eurasia, the Tagar population shows a similarity in terms of the mtDNA variability with the carriers of other cultures of the Scythian circle, occupying an intermediate position between the geographically distant Scythians of the Northern Black Sea region and the population of the south Siberian cultures, Pazyryk and Aldy-Bel. During the transition from the Podgorny to the Saragashen stages, the Tagar population converges with other groups of early nomads of southern Siberia. In the Tagar gene pool of the Y chromosome, the dominance of variants of the R1a1a haplogroup was revealed. This genetic cluster was first introduced into the Minusinsk Basin by the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture. However, additional in-depth analysis of the Tagar Y chromosome lineages is required to clarify their origin. The paper presents the most promising directions for further research of the Tagar populations using paleogenetic methods.
The “Day of Siberia”: History and Modernity
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zhigunova M.A.
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the history of the origin and modern forms of the celebration of the “Day of Siberia”, which was first celebrated in the Russian Empire in 1881. This holiday was established in honor of the 300th anniversary of the accession of Siberia to the Russian state. The regionalists (representatives of the socio-political movement of the Siberian intelligentsia of the mid-19th to early 20th centuries) played a significant role in the formation of the holiday. They developed the concept of Siberia as a special territory, advocated the independence of the region as part of the Russian Empire. This research based on archival and museum sources, scientific publications, materials of ethnographic expeditions and ethno-sociological surveys (conducted both among Siberians and among residents of other regions of Russia, as well as Bulgaria, Germany, Kazakhstan, Poland, Baltic States, Serbia, Ukraine, France), Internet forums, the author’s direct participation in the described events of the late 20th-early 21st centuries. The author gives various points of view on the status, name, date and content of the holiday “Day of Siberia”, lists the main organizers and ongoing events, notes that among foreign experts there are more often positive opinions about Siberia and Siberians, compared to Russia and Russians in general. The regional traditions of the revival of this holiday currently distinguished by significant diversity are gaining more popularity, contribute to the growth of the local Siberian patriotism and the dissemination of knowledge about Siberia and Siberians. The celebration of the “Day of Siberia” promotes the unification of all peoples living in this territory, the preservation of their historical and cultural heritage, the formation of a positive image of the Siberian region.
Metal Clasps of Liturgical Books of Novosibirsk Old-Believers
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Fursova E.F.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the newly discovered monuments of the Old-Believer book and artistic culture—fasteners of old printed and manuscript liturgical books of the 18th-19th centuries. In 1990s, these fasteners were kept in a small box in a prayer house of the Old-Believers of the Fedoseevsky community in Novosibirsk. It was strictly forbidden to keep service books open, which is observed up to the present time (explanation: “so as not to defile something unclean”). For this reason, books were closed and snapped into place. Observations of the way of life of the Novosibirsk Old-Believers-Fedoseevites allowed us to conclude that the community members treated not only books, but also metal fasteners as sacred objects. The tradition to snap liturgical books continued to live in the years of the USSR until the end of the 1990s, when the community ceased to exist due to the demolition of the prayer house. As a result of the analysis, the classification of the types offasteners, depending on the shape, ornaments and execution technique, was carried out. Some general patterns of ornamentation of fasteners are identified, possible vectors of cultural contacts that influenced the design (medieval Russia and the Middle East) are indicated, and the author’s interpretations of religious meanings imprisoned in the ornaments of these works of applied art are provided. The need to protect objects of worship and everyday life from “evil”, the depicted ornamentalfigures allow us to assume precisely the apotropic (protective) purpose of the fasteners under consideration. Paradoxical as it may seem, the discovered materials also make it possible to draw a parallel with the well-known ancient Slavic archaeological materials, attributed by archaeologists to Pagan amulets.
Archaeological Observations in a Section of the Cultural Layer of the City of Tomsk in 2020
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Dudko А.А. , Vasileva Yu.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article describes the results of rescue archaeological works at the site of archaeological heritage “Section of the cultural layer of the city of Tomsk on Altaiskaya St., 6, second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries,” in the area of constructing apartment building. The site is located in the central part of Tomsk (historical region) on the left bank of the Ushaika River (right tributary of the Tom River). In the course of archaeological observations, fundamentally new information on stratigraphic and planigraphic context of the site was obtained. A collection of archaeological objects (831 artifacts), including fragments of pottery, porcelain dishware, earthenware, meta dishware and glassware, leather and birch bark shoes, metal tools, jewelry and household items, coins, glazed and unglazed clay tiles, and cast-iron gravestone was collected in the destroyed cultural layer. The complex of things dates back to the period from 1830 to 1910, and enriches our understanding of various aspects of everyday life in Tomsk at that time. During archaeological observations, areas of undisturbed cultural layer at that site of archaeological heritage have not been found. As a special type of archaeological field works, archaeological observations make it possible to successfully employ the entire set of methodological tools available to archaeologists, focus on archaeologically promising sites, and accelerate works on unpromising or ruined areas.
Preliminary Results of Rescue Excavations of Late Bronze Age Burial Sites at the Burial Grounds of Sagayskaya Protoka 7 and Askiz 17 in the Askiz District of the Republic of Khakassia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Timoshchenko A.A. , Mitko O.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Novosibirsk State University, Morozov A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zubkov V.S. ,   Khakass State University, Poselyanin A.I. ,   Khakass State University, Frolov Ya.V. ,   Altai State University, Teterin Yu.V. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Davydov R.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Novosibirsk State University, Polovnikov I.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Novosibirsk State University
Published: January 2022

The publication contains materials from the three Late Bronze mounds. They are located in close proximity to the railway and highway, which affected the shape of the mounds and stone structures. Four graves were discovered in the excavation area of mound 2 at the Sagayskaya protoka 7 burial ground. Grave 1 with ceramic vessels and bronze items provided the greatest amount of finds: temple rings, two finger rings, small buttons that adorned the funeral costume as well as an awl and a whetstone. Next to the grave pit, a dog was buried. No human remains were found in graves 2 and 3, but there were grave goods similar to those found in grave 1. Two burial mounds were excavated at Askiz 17. In the center of the kerb of kurgan 2, a disturbed grave 1 was found. Judging by the available remains, it was a burial of an adult with offered meat food and a vessel. Clothes and headwear were decorated with a bronze plaque and buttons. Outside the kerb, there was a stone box in which an infant was buried (grave 2). The grave kit included a vessel, an astragalus of a sheep, a bronze knife and an ornament in the form of a small clasp. The barrow of mound 3 covered two kerbs. Grave 1 was located in the center of kerb 1, it was looted. At the northern wall of kerb 2, the grave was not disturbed. The deceased was accompanied by a vessel and meat food. The grave good kit contained bronze ornaments: a large plaque, 6 rings, 4 signet rings, a bracelet, and buttons. Both burial grounds are tentatively dated to the 10th -9th centuries BC, which corresponds to the III (Lugavskoe) stage of the Bronze Age in the periodization of archaeological cultures in the Minusinsk Basin.
The effect of changes in tax structure on the behavior of rational investors in markets for risky assets
Authors:   , Frese Phillip B. , Greenstein Brian
Published: January 2022

This thesis investigates the impact of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987 (1987 Act) on investors in publicly traded partnerships. Sections 10211 and 10212 of the 1987 Act significantly affected the tax treatment of publicly traded partnerships by enacting Internal Revenue code section 7704 and adding subsection (k) to Section 469. In addition, the Joint Conference Committee changed the treatment of income and loss flowing through a publicly traded partnership. This dissertation is an event study using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) with regression on dummy variables developed by Zellner (1962). This study extends Zellner's model to allow an analysis of structural changes in the response to the 1987 Act, whereas traditional studies focus only on the immediate reactions. An analysis of abnormal returns is also used to provide additional information to complement the results from the structural change model. The sample used includes firms from several industries (e.g., real estate, oil and gas, cable TV, and hotels and motels). The sample was selected from a list provided by Robert A. Stanger & Co. The results of this dissertation provide empirical evidence that there was a structural change in the behavior of the investors in publicly traded partnerships. In addition, the event date which had the most predictive accuracy was the date the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury testified at the House Ways and Means hearings on partnership taxation. The results also provide evidence of industry differences in the reaction of investors. Oil and gas industry investors were significantly different from all other industries. The most surprising result was that the long-term effect on the market price of a PTP was positive. This result was counter intuitive since the 1987 Act was detrimental to PTP investors' cash flow. This result is explained by the fact that the 1987 Act limited the number of PTPs which retain partnership characteristics for two purposes (i.e., no tax at the entity level). All PTPs formed after December 17, 1987 are taxed as if they were corporations.
Calculation of eigen frequencies of systems with damping
Authors: Trudonoshin V.A. , Ovchinnikov V.A. , Domnikoff A.S.
Published: January 2022

This paper considers a problem of detecting all resonance frequencies during the design phase for complex technical objects made of sub-systems of various physical natures with the unknown point of application of a harmonic input. Consequently, it is required to choose a proper calculation method for eigen frequencies and eigen vectors for those systems. Results. Is to analyze mathematical methods for calculating eigen frequencies and eigen vectors of complex technical systems with sub-systems of different nature and give recommendations on selecting a proper method and its justification. Results. It is demonstrated that in order to calculate eigen frequencies of mechanical systems, a use of a system of Cauchy differential equations is appropriate because it allows avoiding limitations caused by a traditional mathematical model. It is shown that the eigen frequency and eigen vector analysis helps one to determine eigen frequencies in presence of dampening as well as the ratio of amplitude of oscillation on those frequencies. Practical significance. The proposed method for selecting calculation technique for eigen frequencies and eigen vectors helps one to determine eigen frequencies in presence of dampening as well as the ratio of amplitude of oscillation on those frequencies. This method is applicable to the nonlinear system analysis in arbitrary points of nonlinearity.
Program for organizing the work of hybrid and multi-provider cloud structures of the enterprise
Authors: Myshenkov K.S. , Gurianov D.A.
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the advantages of the cloud model “infrastructure as a service”, a way to solve the problem of integrating an enterprise with a cloud infrastructure if a full transition to cloud computing in public cloud systems is unacceptable for various reasons. As an option to solve the problem, it is proposed to organize a hybrid cloud cluster from the existing equipment of the enterprise and the public cloud of one or more providers. The issue of building multi-provider cloud structures, the limitations of the current way of managing virtual machines, the features of organizing virtual cloud data centers and their structure are considered, a comparison is made of the classic model for deploying server applications with a model managed by a load balancer on virtual machines. As a means of organizing and managing a hybrid and complex cloud, the Nebula Cloud software package is proposed, its capabilities, structure, modules, technology and method of work, results of test implementations are described. The results of comparing the software package being developed with the closest competing analogues of large vendors are given, conclusions are made about the prospects for using the software package and plans for further research with the aim of increasing the speed, efficiency and fault tolerance of virtual machines.