bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teletrials, the new norm? Expert recommendations for teletrials into the future: Findings from the Clinical Oncology Society of Australia Clinical Trial Research Professionals Group Workshop
Authors: Roberts Natasha A. , Cubitt Annette , Lindsay Dianne , Bury Kimberley , Dixon Jacqueline , Gebbie Chantal , Hawkins Cheryl‐Ann , Major Taylor , Jenkins‐Marsh Sue , Morris‐Smith Bernadette , Poxton Melanie , Richmond Sue , Smith Delaine , Stoneley Adam , Thaker Darshit A. , Wilson Elizabeth , Woollett Anne , Underhill Craig , Sabesan Sabe
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The Australasian Teletrial Model was piloted in co‐funded sites across Australia. The purpose was to extend the reach of clinical trials using telemedicine to improve equity and access to this treatment pathway for oncology patients. Experts across Australia gathered to share the learnings of implementation so that future directions can be effective and sustainable.

Methods

The 1‐day workshop was attended in person and virtually. Attendees were invited to analyze and disseminate the results. Recordings from the presentations were coded independently by three researchers and synthesized. The results were sent to the authorship team for further review to build consensus on the findings in three drafts.

Results

Four key themes were identified: “Being on the Same Page,” “Building Foundations,” “Key Roles in Teletrials,” and “Incentives.” Although there were many successes that were accelerated by the COVID‐19 pandemic, there is work still to be done.

Conclusion

The Australasian Teletrial Model has been identified as acceptable and feasible. Future directions need to continue to work on streamlining regulatory processes, implementation and monitoring, and build knowledge to further build networks across Australia.
MDM4 polymorphisms associated with the risk but not the prognosis of esophageal cancer in Cixian high‐incidence region from northern China
Authors: Zhou Rongmiao , Li Yan , Wang Na , Niu Chaoxu , Huang Xi , Cao Shiru , Huo Xiangran
Published: January 2022

Aim

The mouse double minute 4 (MDM4) may contribute to tumorgenesis by inhibiting p53 tumor suppressor activity. This study was designed to investigate whether MDM4 polymorphisms could affect susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the survival of ESCC patients in a population from Cixian high‐incidence region of northern China, which has not been explored.

Methods

MDM4 rs1380576 and rs4245739 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–ligase detection reaction (PCR‐LDR) in 568 ESCC patients and 578 controls.

Results

Compared to rs1380576 C/C genotype, C/G genotype was associated with decreased risk of ESCC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.761, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.595–0.973). Compared to rs4245739 A/A genotype, A/C or C/C genotype was related to increased susceptibility to ESCC (OR = 1.551, 95% CI = 1.001–2.402). Individuals with GC haplotype had significantly higher risk of ESCC than those with CA or GA haplotype (OR = 1.598, 95% CI = 1.048–2.438). Neither rs1380576 nor rs4245739 influenced the survival of ESCC patients.

Conclusion

rs1380576 and rs4245739 may be used to predict susceptibility to ESCC for population in Cixian high‐incidence region.
Management of hypertrophic scars in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Choi Charles , Mukovozov Ilya , Jazdarehee Aria , Rai Roopal , Sachdeva Muskaan , Shunmugam Maheshver , Zaslavsky Kirill , Byun Stephanie , Barankin Benjamin
Published: January 2022

Hypertrophic scars (HTS) are elevated scars which occur due to abnormalities in wound healing after injury and may be associated with pain, pruritus and functional impairment. Despite multiple available treatment options, there is no universal approach to treating HTS. We searched the Web of Science (Core Collection), MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Title, abstract and full‐text screening, along with data extraction, were performed in duplicate. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) scores and mean differences were used for meta‐analysis. We screened 3800 abstracts and included 34 randomised controlled trials evaluating treatments for HTS in adults. Silicone and laser modalities improved VSS scores by 5.06 (95% CI: 6.78, 3.34) and 3.56 (95% CI: 5.58, 1.54), respectively. Intralesional triamcinolone combined with silicone or 5‐fluorouracil was superior to intralesional triamcinolone monotherapy. Limitations of this study include exclusion of studies which did not utilise VSS, and pooling of studies based on common modalities. Further studies are needed to examine the efficacy of existing and emerging treatment modalities for HTS. Our study supports the treatment of HTS in adults with silicone gel or sheets, injected triamcinolone (preferably combined with 5‐fluorouracil or silicone products), pulsed dye laser and fractionated CO2 laser.
Swords into Plowshares as a Peace Challenge: Peace Discourse in Isaiah 2 and the Tonghak Peasant Rebellion
Authors: Park Hye Kyung
Published: January 2022

This article challenges our usual concept of peace as the absence of war by examining its meaning in two religions: Tonghak and Christianity. The ultimate peace imagined in the biblical book of Isaiah involves turning swords into plowshares. But Isaiah also saw that peace without social justice is meaningless, which may lead to turning plowshares into swords. In the unsuccessful Tonghak Peasant Rebellion (1894–1895) in Korea, peasants used farm implements to fight for true peace by resisting the oppression to which they were subjected. The seeming differences between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King also turn on questions of strategy in the face of overwhelming oppression. Those civil rights leaders were both pragmatic in their pursuit of strategic goals and not as far apart in their thinking as some have portrayed them. In the end, we find a convergence in Tonghak’s visionary thinking that shaped the future of East Asia, the call for global support in the success of the civil rights movement, and the importance of aid from a foreign power (Persia) in fostering eschatological hope in Isaiah’s vision of a peaceful and just future.
The geography of literacy: Understanding poleward increases in literacy rates
Authors: Conway Lucian Gideon , Van de Vliert Evert , Chan Linus
Published: January 2022

Asian social psychology has often focused on East/West comparisons. However, a latitudinal psychology perspective suggests that cultures will vary in predictable ways along north/south (latitudinal) gradients, rather than along east/west (longitudinal) gradients. We apply this perspective to better understand the geographical placement of literacy rates across the world. We find across 206 nations that latitude shows no linear relationship with worldwide literacy rates, but a significant curvilinear relationship, such that as one moves north from the equator, higher latitudes are associated with more literacy, whereas this relationship reverses as one moves south from the equator. No such curvilinear relationship consistently emerged for longitude. To better understand the geography of literacy, we included four potential explanatory socioecological variables (pathogens, climate, national tightness, and wealth). These analyses revealed that increases in literacy as one moves towards the North and South Poles was partially accounted for by all four variables, but a larger portion of the variance was due to pathogens. These results suggest that latitude—which, taken on its own, is just a set of abstract lines on a map—can help us organize and understand global literacy.
Gender identity and relative income within households: Evidence from Canada
Authors: Doumbia Maéva , Goussé Marion
Published: January 2022

Bertrand et al. (2015) show that, among married couples in the United States, the distribution of the share of the household income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop just to the right of 50%. They argue that this drop is consistent with a gender identity norm prescribing that a husband should earn more than his wife. We investigate this phenomenon in Canada at the national level but also across provinces. First, we document the presence of gender norms in Canada over the 1990–2014 period using three international data sets (the World Value Survey, the European Values Study and the International Social Survey Program). We find that Western Canada is relatively more traditional than Eastern Canada. Then, using the 2006 and 2016 census data, we show that a significant discontinuity at the 50% threshold exists in the distribution of the wife's relative income. This discontinuity is larger in Ontario and Western Canada than in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces.
Long‐term effectiveness of HPV vaccination against HPV infection in young Japanese women: Real‐world data
Authors: Kurosawa Megumi , Sekine Masayuki , Yamaguchi Manako , Kudo Risa , Hanley Sharon J. B. , Hara Megumi , Adachi Sosuke , Ueda Yutaka , Miyagi Etsuko , Ikeda Sayaka , Yagi Asami , Enomoto Takayuki
Published: January 2022

In Japan, public funding for HPV vaccination began in 2010 for girls aged 13–16 years (birth cohort years 1994–1997) and women born in 1994 who turned 25 in 2019. We aimed to verify the long‐term effectiveness of the bivalent HPV vaccine in women aged 25 years. Subjects were women aged 25–26 years who underwent cervical cancer screening and HPV testing in Niigata from 2019 to 2020 (birth cohort years 1993–1994). Information on vaccination status and sexual behavior was obtained from a questionnaire and municipal records. We compared the HPV infection rates of the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Of the 429 registrants, 150 (35.0%) and 279 (65.0%) were vaccinated and unvaccinated, respectively. The average period from HPV vaccination to HPV testing was 102.7 months (8.6 years), with a median of 103 months (range 92–109 months). The HPV high‐risk infection rate was 21.3% (32/150) in the vaccinated group and 23.7% (66/279) in the unvaccinated group (P = 0.63). The HPV16/18 infection rate was 0% (0/150) in the vaccinated group and 5.4% (15/279) in the unvaccinated group, showing a significant difference (P = 0.0018), and the vaccine effectiveness was 100%. The cross‐protective type HPV31/45/52 infection rate in the vaccinated group was significantly lower than that in the unvaccinated group (3.3% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.013). There was no significant difference in the mean age at sexual debut and the number of previous sexual partners between the two groups. We have demonstrated the long‐term 9‐year effectiveness of the bivalent vaccine against HPV infection for the first time in Japan.
Utility of the 13C‐pantoprazole breath test as a CYP2C19 phenotyping probe for children
Authors: Feldman Keith , Kearns Gregory L. , Pearce Robin E. , Abdel‐Rahman Susan M. , Steven Leeder James , Friesen Alec , Staggs Vincent S. , Gaedigk Andrea , Weigel Jaylene , Shakhnovich Valentina
Published: January 2022

The 13C‐pantoprazole breath test (PAN‐BT) is a safe, noninvasive, in vivo CYP2C19 phenotyping probe for adults. Our objective was to evaluate PAN‐BT performance in children, with a focus on discriminating individuals who, according to guidelines from the Clinical Pharmacology Implementation Consortium (CPIC), would benefit from starting dose escalation versus reduction for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Children (n = 65, 6–17 years) genotyped for CYP2C19 variants *2, *3, *4, and *17 received a single oral dose of 13C‐pantoprazole. Plasma concentrations of pantoprazole and its metabolites, and changes in exhaled 13CO2 (termed delta‐over‐baseline or DOB), were measured 10 times over 8 h using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and spectrophotometry, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters of interest were generated and DOB features derived using feature engineering for the first 180 min postadministration. DOB features, age, sex, and obesity status were used to run bootstrap analysis at each timepoint (Ti) independently. For each iteration, stratified samples were drawn based on genotype prevalence in the original cohort. A random forest was trained, and predictive performance of PAN‐BT was evaluated. Strong discriminating ability for CYP2C19 intermediate versus normal/rapid metabolizer phenotype was noted at DOBT30 min (mean sensitivity: 0.522, specificity: 0.784), with consistent model outperformance over a random or a stratified classifier approach at each timepoint (p < 0.001). With additional refinement and investigation, the test could become a useful and convenient dosing tool in clinic to help identify children who would benefit most from PPI dose escalation versus dose reduction, in accordance with CPIC guidelines.
Internal family systems as an eco‐spirituality model: Hearing the cries, confrontation, and call from Covid‐19
Authors: Baldwin Jennifer L.
Published: January 2022

This article explores the potential of Internal Family Systems as a spiritual practice that can guide human responses to restoring right relationship as species on the planet. It problematizes the centralizing of the coronavirus in human experiences and argues for an awareness of the pandemic within the larger context of climate change. It then offers encouragement to return to an honoring of indigenous wisdom and communities as the true care tending elders of the planet as well as the ritualized therapeutic practice of IFS as a lens for gaining clarity on the roles each of us fall into in times of threat. Finally, this article invites us to envision how we collectively got to this place of suffering, our patterns that perpetuate suffering, and a hope to move forward with compassionate and courageous clarity.
An exploration of barriers and facilitators to implementing a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathway for people with type 2 diabetes in primary care
Authors: Gracen Lucy , Hayward Kelly L. , Aikebuse Melanie , Williams Suzanne , Russell Anthony , O'Beirne James , Powell Elizabeth E. , Valery Patricia C.
Published: January 2022

Aims

We explored barriers and facilitators to the implementation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathway for people with diabetes to identify determinants of behaviour surrounding the diagnosis, assessment and management of NAFLD.

Methods

Health practitioners (n = 24) recruited from multidisciplinary diabetes clinics in primary care (n = 3) and hospital (n = 1) settings participated in four focus group discussions, and common themes were identified using thematic analysis.

Results

Lack of knowledge and access to resources were key factors that underpinned an inconsistent approach by clinicians to NAFLD diagnosis and risk stratification and impacted their confidence to discuss the diagnosis with patients. Participants often prioritised other medical issues above NAFLD due to lack of concern about liver‐related consequences, reluctance to overburden patients with information, lack of time and perceived absence of accessible fibrosis tests. All participants agreed that implementation of a NAFLD pathway would improve patient care and the general practitioners proposed that screening for NAFLD could be incorporated into routine review cycles for type 2 diabetes. A consistent message from participants was that educating patients about their liver disease needs to be implemented in an integrated care pathway.

Conclusions

From the perspectives of health practitioners, there is a gap in clinical practice for the implementation of clear, evidence‐based guidelines for NAFLD in people with T2D. By focusing on comorbidity prevention and integrating NAFLD as a diabetes complication to be addressed during established cycles of care, many barriers to implementing a NAFLD pathway in primary care could be overcome.
Phenomenology, anti‐realism, and the knowability paradox
Authors: Kinkaid James
Published: January 2022

Husserl endorsesideal verificationism, the claim that there is a necessary correlation between truth and the ideal possibility of experience. This puts him in the company of semantic anti‐realists like Dummett, Tennant, and Wright who endorse theknowability thesisthat all truths are knowable. Unfortunately, there is a simple, seductive, and troubling argument due to Alonzo Church and Frederic Fitch that the knowability thesis collapses into theomniscience thesisthat all truths are known. Phenomenologists should be worried. I assess the damage by surveying responses that may be open to Husserl. In particular, I explore whether Husserl ought to have adopted intuitionistic logic and motivate a restriction of ideal verificationism on phenomenological grounds.
Kant and the determinacy of intuition
Authors: Browning Jacob
Published: January 2022

A central issue in debates about Kant and nonconceptualism concerns the nature of intuition. There is sharp disagreement among Kant scholars about both whether, prior to conceptualization, mere intuition can be considered conscious and, if so, how determinate this consciousness is. In this article, I argue that Kant regards pre‐synthesized intuition as conscious but indeterminate. To make this case, I contextualize Kant's position through the work of H.S. Reimarus, a predecessor of Kant who influenced his views on animals, infants, and the role of attention. I use Reimarus to clarify Kant's otherwise ambiguous commitments on the determinacy of intuition in animals and newborns, and the role attention, concepts, and judgment play in making intuited contents determinate. This contextualization helps to shed light on Kant's discussion of pre‐synthesized intuition in the threefold synthesis of the A‐Deduction by demonstrating that Kant's theory of mind in the deduction offers transcendental grounding for empirical accounts of infant development like Kant and Reimarus's. The upshot is a Kant at odds with many recent interpretations of his theory of mind: pre‐synthesized intuition is conscious but indeterminate.
Reorganization of sensory networks after subcortical vestibular infarcts: A longitudinal symptom‐related voxel‐based morphometry study
Authors: Conrad Julian , Habs Maximilian , Ruehl Ria Maxine , Boegle Rainer , Ertl Matthias , Kirsch Valerie , Eren Ozan Emre , Becker‐Bense Sandra , Stephan Thomas , Wollenweber Frank Arne , Duering Marco , Dieterich Marianne , zu Eulenburg Peter
Published: January 2022

Background and purpose

We aimed to delineate common principles of reorganization after infarcts of the subcortical vestibular circuitry related to the clinical symptomatology. Our hypothesis was that the recovery of specific symptoms is associated with changes in distinct regions within the core vestibular, somatosensory, and visual cortical and subcortical networks.

Methods

We used voxel‐ and surface‐based morphometry to investigate structural reorganization of subcortical and cortical brain areas in 42 patients with a unilateral, subcortical infarct with vestibular and ocular motor deficits in the acute phase. The patients received structural neuroimaging and clinical monitoring twice (acute phase and after 6 months) to detect within‐subject changes over time.

Results

In patients with vestibular signs such as tilts of the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and ocular torsion in the acute phase, significant volumetric increases in the superficial white matter around the parieto‐opercular (retro‐)insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) were found at follow‐up. In patients with SVV tilts, spontaneous nystagmus, and rotatory vertigo in the acute phase, gray matter volume decreases were located in the cerebellum and the visual cortex bilaterally at follow‐up. Patients with saccade pathology demonstrated volumetric decreases in cerebellar, thalamic, and cortical centers for ocular motor control.

Conclusions

The findings support the role of the PIVC as the key hub for vestibular processing and reorganization. The volumetric decreases represent the reciprocal interaction of the vestibular, visual, and ocular motor systems during self‐location and egomotion detection. A modulation in vestibular and ocular motor as well as visual networks was induced independently of the vestibular lesion site.
(Re)thinking smart in rural contexts: A multi‐country study
Authors: Cambra‐Fierro Jesús J. , Pérez Lourdes
Published: January 2022

Interest in the concept of smart cities and the process of smartization has increased in recent years, as reflected in the number of studies published in academic journals. Research has offered multiple perspectives to understand the risks and challenges posed by the growing population in urban areas, highlighting plans and actions that need to be undertaken. In contrast to smart cities, smartization in rural areas has received only scarce attention, despite the beneficial effect that the transformation of rural areas could have for society. Smart villages face different issues such as depopulation and the need to attract young people if they are to survive. Consequently, we need to rethink the impact of technology and the overall idea of becoming “smart” in this context. Therefore, this paper aims to define “smart” in the context of rural areas. In terms of methodology, the research takes the Smart Rural 21 project as case study. The results consider related aspects of sustainability, governance, the role of technology and the need to use a strategic approach that ensures quality of life in rural areas.
Glimpses of change? UK fathers navigating work and care within the context of Shared Parental Leave
Authors: Banister Emma , Kerrane Ben
Published: January 2022

This study focuses on the lived experiences of 25 professionally employed UK fathers who are first‐wave beneficiaries of Shared Parental Leave (SPL), which facilitated a period of leave from work during their child's first year. Using exploratory qualitative interviews, we investigate the ways in which family relations, organizational initiatives, and public policy collaborate to disrupt or transform what have hitherto been traditional gendered expectations around early infant care. Our understanding is framed using Giddens' democratic family and notions of “undoing gender”. Our longitudinal design allows us to capture fathers' lived experiences at two points, firstly pre/during their period of SPL and secondly following their return to work. In seeking glimpses of change, we first explore this at the level of men's disruption of generational biographies, then how fathers navigate SPL policy within a contested gendered context, and finally their subsequent transformations in work/care practices. We discuss the implications for policy, recognizing shortcomings in the current design of UK leave offerings.
Discovering category boundaries: The role of comparison in infants’ novel category learning
Authors: Sučević Jelena , Althaus Nadja , Plunkett Kim
Published: January 2022

A key question in categorization is how infants extract regularities from the exemplars they encounter. Detecting similarities and dissimilarities across items is vital in order to determine category‐relevant features. Previous research found evidence that infants acquire a single category more easily with paired presentations in comparison with single presentations (Oakes & Ribar, 2005, Infancy, 7, 85; Oakes & Kovack‐Lesh, 2007, Cogniție, Creier, Comportament / Cognition, Brain, Behavior, XI, 661). Here, we focus on infants’ acquisition of a category contrast, that is, when they are exposed to two categories. In an eye‐tracking study, we examined 10‐month‐old infants’ ability to learn two novel visual categories when presented with one item at a time and with items in pairs. Infants were familiarized with pairs of items from the same category or with pairs of items from different categories (cross‐category pairs). Using a linear model with a priori contrasts, we show that infants’ learning is directly related to the opportunity for category comparison: There is no evidence of category learning in the single‐item condition, improved performance when familiarized with same‐category pairs, and finally robust category learning when familiarized with cross‐category pairs. We conclude that comparison which involves items from different categories promotes category formation, by highlighting differences and promoting a discovery of category boundaries.
Laser speckle reduction via TiO2‐sapphire composite rotating wheel in laser projection
Authors: Si Shuaichen , Guo Xiaoxuan , Gu Simin , Huang Lin , Ma Chong‐Geng , Lei Bingfu , Valiev Uygun V. , Wang Jing
Published: January 2022

Laser sources have been considered to be better light sources compared to traditional lamps or light‐emitting diodes used in projectors, which enables the projector to create images with higher color saturation, brightness, and energy efficiency. However, the speckle noise caused by the coherent nature of the laser is a major technology obstacle for laser projection, which severely affects the image quality. To suppress laser speckle, a TiO2‐sapphire composite (TSC) with rough and high reflectivity surface and high thermal conductivity substrate is designed, which reduces the laser speckle by creating spatial diversity. Moreover, combined with a micro motor, the design and fabrication of the TSC rotating wheel are realized, which further reduces the laser speckle by creating time diversity. The experimental results show that the laser speckle contrast can be reduced from 9.0% to 2.2% when placing the TSC rotating wheel in the light path, which is below the speckle perception limit of the human eye (<4%). This new type of laser speckle suppression device is simple to use, low in cost, high in energy utilization, high in thermal conductivity, easy to mass production, and has great application potential in high‐power laser projection.
Impact of non‐framework cation mixing on the structure and crystallization behavior of model high‐level waste glasses
Authors: Balasubramanya Nikhila , Sun Zhenxuan , Ahmadzadeh Mostafa , Kamali Saeed , Neuville Daniel R. , McCloy John S. , Goel Ashutosh
Published: January 2022

Spinel crystallization is known to be detrimental to the operation of Joule heated ceramic melters during the vitrification of iron‐rich high‐level nuclear wastes (HLW) into borosilicate glasses. The literature on this subject focuses on tackling the problem by developing empirical constraints to design compositions, which limit the fraction of spinels formed in the melter or by developing empirical models to predict the settling behavior of spinels in the melter as a function of the glass composition. While these empirical models can predict the behavior of most of the compositions, they are not failsafe as there are always some compositions, whose behavior is beyond the predictive ability of these models. This can lead to undesirable situations during the vitrification of the nuclear waste, and therefore an in‐depth investigation of the chemo‐structural descriptors controlling the crystallization behavior in these glasses is warranted. Accordingly, the present study aims to understand the impact of non‐framework cation mixing (i.e., Li+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+) on the structure (through Raman spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy) and crystallization behavior (through XRD, SEM‐EDS, and vibrating sample magnetometry) of iron‐rich model HLW glasses in the system: (mol.%) x MyO–(25−x) Na2O–9.12 B2O3–6.4 Al2O3–51.25 SiO2–7.22 Fe2O3–0.38 MnO–0.08 Cr2O3–0.55NiO (MyO = Li2O or CaO).
STARD3NL inhibits the osteogenic differentiation by inactivating the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway via binding to Annexin A2 in osteoporosis
Authors: Xu Yuexin , Bao Xiaogang , Chen Xiaoyun , Wu Peixuan , Chen Shiyu , Zhang Bowen , Ma Jing , Xu Guohua , Ma Duan
Published: January 2022

Osteoporosis is one of the leading forms of systemic diseases related to bone metabolism in the world. STARD3 N‐terminal like (STARD3NL) showed robust association with osteoporosis‐related traits. Yet, the molecular functional mechanisms of STARD3NL in osteoblasts is still obscure. In this study, we demonstrated a high level of STARD3NL expression in the bone tissues from the patients with low bone mass and ovariectomized (OVX)‐induced osteoporotic mice. We identified Stard3nl as a potent factor that negatively and positively regulates osteoblast differentiation and cell proliferation, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of Stard3nl induced β‐catenin gene expression and the nuclear translocation of β‐catenin, as well as Wnt signalling activities, contributing to the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. Mechanistic studies revealed that Stard3nl bound with Annexin A2 (Anxa2) to suppress β‐catenin expression, resulting into the suppression of Wnt signalling and downstream osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, adeno‐associated virus 9 (AAV9)‐mediated silencing of Stard3nl reversed bone loss in OVX‐induced osteoporotic mice by the injection into the knee joints. Collectively, our study revealed that Stard3nl suppressed osteogenesis via binding with Anxa2, resulting into the inactivation of Wnt signalling. It also highlights the preventive and therapeutic potential of STARD3NL as a specific and novel target for osteoporotic patients.
Age‐based life history of Pacific longnose parrotfish Hipposcarus longiceps from New Caledonia
Authors: Moore Bradley R.
Published: January 2022

The Pacific longnose parrotfish, Hipposcarus longiceps, is a medium‐ to large‐bodied scarine labrid that is among the most commonly harvested species in mixed reef fisheries across the Indo‐Pacific. Despite its ecological and fisheries importance, assessments of stock status and development of appropriate management strategies for the species have been limited by an absence of biological information. To date, the only detailed studies of the biology of H. longiceps have occurred in tropical regions. This study examined the biology of H. longiceps in southern New Caledonia, towards the southernmost extent of the species' distribution. In addition, resulting estimates of longevity and asymptotic length were compared against those derived for the species elsewhere in the Pacific, and regional patterns in these parameters were explored for correlation with sea surface temperature (SST). A total of 212 H. longiceps were collected from commercial fishers or fish markets between September 2015 and March 2017. Sampled individuals ranged from 28.2 cm fork length (LF) to 57.3 cm LF, and from 424 g to 3773 g. Examination of sectioned otoliths showed a clear pattern in increment formation, with opaque zones forming annually in most individuals between July and August (i.e., austral winter). Estimated longevities were similar between sexes, at ~18 years for females and ~19 years for males. These estimates extend the reported longevity of H. longiceps by at least 5 years. Despite this species being a diandric protogynous hermaphrodite, sex ratios were only slightly female biased, with 1 female:0.6 males. Primary males (i.e., those individuals that are male at first sexual maturity) constituted 30% of all sampled individuals and 79% of all males. A clearly defined, yet protracted, spawning season was evident, with peak spawning occurring from December–February, extending from November to April in some individuals. The estimated median length (L50) and age (A50) at female maturity were 38.9 cm LF and 5.7 years, respectively, while the estimated length at which females changed sex to secondary males was 52.5 cm LF. Reported longevity and asymptotic length were found to exhibit considerable regional variation, and both were negatively associated with SST. The results highlight the importance of geographically disparate studies into the species' biology, inform future assessments for the species, provide key baseline information for comparative work and improve understanding of spatial patterns of the life history of parrotfish species.
Drivers of fine‐scale diurnal space use by a coral‐reef mesopredatory fish
Authors: Harborne Alastair R. , Kochan David P. , Esch Melanie M. , Fidler Robert Y. , Mitchell Matthew D. , Butkowski Drew W. , González‐Rivero Manuel
Published: January 2022

The habitat preferences of many reef fishes are well established, but the use of space within these habitats by non‐site‐attached species is poorly studied. The authors examined the space use of a functionally important mesopredator, graysby (Cephalopholis cruentata), on six patch reefs in the Florida Keys. A 1 m2‐scale grid was constructed on each reef and 16 individualC. cruentatawere tracked diurnallyin situto identify space use. At the patch reef scale, largerC. cruentatawere more active and had larger observed home ranges, although home ranges were also affected by fish density and the abundances of prey and predators. The total time in each 1 m2grid cell was regressed against a range of fine‐scale biotic variables, including multiple variables derived from structure‐from‐motion three‐dimensional digital reconstructions of each reef. Nonetheless, time in grid cells (preferred microhabitats) was only significantly positively correlated with the height of carbonate structures, likely because the cavities they enclose are particularly suitable for predator avoidance, resting and ambushing prey. The ongoing flattening of reefs in the region caused by negative carbonate budgets is thus likely to have significant effects on the abundance and space use ofC. cruentata. In addition to examining spatial patterns, we analysedC. cruentatawaiting times in each grid cell before moving. These times were best approximated by a truncated power‐law (heavy‐tailed) distribution, indicating a “bursty” pattern of relatively long periods of inactivity interspersed with multiple periods of activity. Such a pattern has previously been identified in a range of temperate ambush predators, and the authors extend this move‐wait behaviour, which may optimize foraging success, to a reef fish for the first time. Understanding howC. cruentatauses space and time is critical to fully identify their functional role and better predict the implications of fishing and loss of reef structure.
Chickpea varietal classification using deep convolutional neural networks with transfer learning
Authors: Saha Dhritiman , Manickavasagan Annamalai
Published: January 2022

The non‐availability of assessment tools among stakeholders often results in mixing of different chickpea varieties during its movement in the supply chain. Since each chickpea variety has unique physico‐chemical properties, it is important to prevent mixing with other varieties for maintaining the purity to obtain the intended quality for specific formulation. In this study, seven pre‐trained deep convolutional neural networks (AlexNet, GoogleNet, ResNet18, ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, and MobileNetV2) with transfer learning were used for the classification of eight chickpea varieties (CDC‐Alma, CDC‐Leader, CDC‐Palmer, CDC‐Frontier, CDC‐Luna, CDC‐Orion, CDC‐Cory, and CDC‐Consul) using RGB images. For satisfying the input size requirement of the pre‐trained networks, the acquired images were cropped and resized using “Lanczos2” interpolation method for retaining maximum information from the original image. Furthermore, the hyperparameters of the pre‐trained networks (learning rate and batch size) were optimized to achieve high accuracy. The overall classification accuracy of the transfer learning models were 100, 100, 99, 92, 78, 72, and 50% for ResNet50, MobileNetV2, GoogleNet, ResNet18, VGG16, VGG19, and AlexNet, respectively. The study revealed that transfer learning is an effective way to derive the advantages of deep convolutional neural networks for varietal classification in chickpea.

Practical Applications

Classification of agricultural crops according to their varieties is critical during production and postharvest processing operations. Due to the growing importance of pulses as a major source of plant protein, the classification of chickpea on varietal basis assumes great significance to maintain the physico‐chemical characteristic uniqueness of the varieties. Hence, this study aimed at utilizing machine vision and deep transfer learning to successfully classify the different chickpea varieties. The developed model can be further integrated to a mobile environment or an embedded device for use in production catchments, processing facilities which would help the stakeholders in real time classification of chickpea varieties.
Financial self‐efficacy, financial literacy, and gender: A review
Authors: Furrebøe Elise Frølich , Nyhus Ellen Katrine
Published: January 2022

Recognizing that gender differences in financial literacy and financial self‐efficacy (FSE) are sources of power imbalance and gender inequality, we seek to expand this field of research. Through, a semi‐systematic review, we describe and synthesize the latest research regarding the role of self‐efficacy in relation to financial literacy and gender. We give an overview of how FSE is conceptualized and measured, and identify strengths and limitations regarding approaches used in investigating FSE. We identify several issues that should be addressed in future research. First, there are conceptual ambiguities to be solved before a coherent theoretical basis can be reached. Second, the variety of measures of FSE used obstructs generalizability, calling for more validation studies. Third, there is a lack of studies obtaining causal inferences. Finally, few of the reviewed studies focus specifically on gender differences or sources of variation in FSE. These issues should be further investigated.
Dose‐response relationship in non‐pharmacological interventions for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Shao Zhanfang , Hu Mingyue , Zhang Dou , Zeng Xianmei , Shu Xinhui , Wu Xinyin , Kwok Timothy C. Y. , Feng Hui
Published: January 2022

Background

Non‐pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are important in cognitive decline prevention in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the dose‐response relationship remains unclear.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Methods

Seven databases were searched until April 2020. RCTs of NPIs in individuals with MCI were eligible for inclusion. Hedge's g was used to calculate the effect size. A random‐effect meta‐analysis was used to explore the impact of NPIs on cognition. Subgroup analysis was used to investigate the moderates. The dose was measured by prescription (frequency, intensity, type, time and volume) and intervention characteristics (period, energy expenditure, delivery mode and setting) in NPIs.

Results

Forty‐two studies with 4401 participants were included. In the NPIs, cognitive intervention (g = 0.167), physical exercise (g = 0.536) and multicomponent intervention (g = 0.386) had significant effect on cognition in individuals with MCI. Dose‐response results showed cognition could be significantly improved in 1–2 times/week (p < .05), 60–120 min/session (p < .05), ≥12 weeks (p < .05), supervised (p < .05), clinical setting (p < .05) in cognitive intervention. In physical exercise, cognition could be improved in ≥3 times/week (p < .05), vigorous‐intensity (p < .05), muscle‐strengthening activity (p < .05), 30–60 min/session (p < .05), 6–12 weeks (p < .05), unsupervised (p < .05), community setting (p < .05). In the multicomponent intervention, cognition could be improved in 1–2 times/week (p < .05), 30–60 min/session (p < .05), 8–16 weeks (p < .05), clinical (p < .05). In nutrition intervention, cognition could be better improved DHA (p < .05), >1000 mg/day (p < .05).

Conclusions

The effectiveness of cognitive intervention is significantly influenced by frequency, time, period, delivery mode and setting. The effectiveness of physical exercise is significantly influenced by frequency, intensity, type, time, period, delivery mode and setting. The effectiveness of multicomponent intervention is significantly influenced by frequency, time, period and setting. The effectiveness of nutrition intervention is significantly influenced by dose and type.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The research summarised the evidence to guide the best prescription of NPIs and helped clinicians design more effective interventions in individuals with MCI.
Brain volume patterns in corticobasal syndrome versus idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ferrea Stefano , Junker Frederick Benjamin , Hartmann Christian Johannes , Dinkelbach Lars , Eickhoff Simon B. , Moldovan Alexia Sabine , Südmeyer Martin , Schnitzler Alfons , Schmidt‐Wilcke Tobias
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose

Patients with a corticobasal syndrome (CBS) present a rare form of atypical parkinsonism characterized by asymmetric clinical symptoms and progressive motor and nonmotor impairment, such as apraxia, alien limb phenomenon, aphasia, myoclonus, dystonia, and cognitive impairment. At early stages, clinical differentiation between CBS and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) can be challenging.

Methods

Using high‐resolution T1‐weighted images and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM), we sought to identify disease‐specific patterns of brain atrophy in a small sample of CBS and IPD patients at early stages of disease. We acquired MR images of 17 patients diagnosed with CBS and compared them with MR images of 17 subjects affected by IPD. Images were preprocessed and analyzed using VBM.

Results

When compared to each other, the CBS and IPD patients of our cohort showed differences in regional gray and white matter volume depending on the diagnosis, specifically in the superior longitudinal fascicle.

Conclusions

In our small patients’ group, VBM was able to detect changes in regional gray and white matter volume between patients affected by CBS and patients with IPD as early as 1.5‐2 years after the onset of the first motor symptoms.
Development of a lncRNA‐based prognostic signature for oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Xu Zhihong , Li Xiaodong , Pan Lanlan , Tan Ruolan , Ji Ping , Tang Han
Published: January 2022

Background

We aimed to establish a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)‐based signature for accurately predicting prognosis and guiding the personalized clinical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

OSCC RNA sequencing profiles were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. Univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to construct a lncRNA‐based prognostic signature. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves were used to assess the effectiveness and accuracy of the signature. Additionally, we conducted single‐sample gene‐set enrichment analysis to infer the different degrees of immunocyte infiltration. Weighted correlation network analysis, enrichment analysis and Spearman's correlation analysis were implemented to screen immune‐related genes that interact with the lncRNA signature.

Results

In total, 14 lncRNAs were defined as potential prognostic biomarkers. Based on these lncRNAs, patients were divided into low‐ and high‐risk subgroups with different survival times (p < 0.001). In addition, the reliability of the prognostic signature was verified by Kaplan–Meier analysis, ROC analysis and calibration curves. Patients in the low‐risk group exhibited more significant immune cell infiltration. Simultaneously, a potential regulatory network consisting of eight lncRNAs and 159 protein‐coding genes in the top 10 immune‐related biological process terms was constructed.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that the 14‐lncRNA signature has satisfactory performance in predicting the prognosis of OSCC, thereby providing new insights to the pathogenesis, clinical patient management and therapeutic intervention. The different immune cell infiltration statuses of OSCC patients may encourage immunotherapy.
Stop the Bleed Training for High School Students: Guardian Attitudes and Their Association with Prior Trauma
Authors: McDade Jessica E. , Deming Hannah C. , Jinks‐Chang Samara , Paulsen Maria R. , Bui Anthony L. , Vavilala Monica S. , Rivara Frederick P. , Bulger Eileen M.
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Uncontrolled bleeding is the leading preventable cause of death after injury. Stop the Bleed (STB) is a bleeding control training with proposed expansion into schools. However, the attitudes of guardians, specifically those with past trauma/injury, towards expanding STB into schools are unknown.

METHODS

A cross‐sectional survey evaluated guardian attitudes towards STB training in high schools, and compared responses between guardians based on the experience of prior trauma. Logistic regression models evaluated the association between prior trauma and guardian‐reported acceptability of STB training.

RESULTS

Of 750 guardians who received the survey, 484 (64.5%) responded. Most guardians (95.3%) wanted their child trained. Few (4.2%) felt this training would be harmful; 44.9% felt their child might be held responsible if something went wrong, and 28.4% reported it might be too scary for their child. In adjusted models, guardians with prior trauma were more likely to want their child trained (odds ratio [OR] = 3.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11‐15.50), and identify STB as important to them (OR = 4.07, 95% CI 1.66‐12.26).

CONCLUSION

Our results support STB training in high schools, and guardians with a trauma history may be more likely to want their child trained. Further work to understand the perceived potential harm, and work to design trauma‐informed first‐response trainings is warranted.
Synergistic interactions between artocarpin-rich extract, lawsone methyl ether and ampicillin on anti-MRSA and their antibiofilm formation
Authors: Bazmi R.R. , Panichayupakaranant P.
Published: January 2022

Artocarpin-rich extract (ARE) was prepared using a green technology and standardized to contain 49·6% w/w artocarpin, while lawsone methyl ether was prepared using a green semi-synthesis. ARE, LME and ampicillin exhibited weak anti-MRSA activity with the MICs of 31·2–62·5 µg/ml. Based on the checkerboard assay, the synergistic interaction between ARE (0·03 µg/ml) and LME (0·49 µg/ml) against four MRSA isolates were observed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value of 0·008, while those of ARE (1·95–7·81 µg/ml) and ampicillin (0·49 µg/ml) as well as LME (0·49–1·95 µg/ml) and ampicillin (0·49 µg/ml) were 0·016–0·257. The time kill confirmed the synergistic interactions against MRSA with different degrees. The combination of ARE and LME as well as its combinations with ampicillin altered the membrane permeability of MRSA, which led to release of the intracellular materials. In addition, each compound inhibited the biofilm formation of standard MRSA (DMST 20654) and the clinical isolate (MRSA 1096). These findings suggested that cocktails containing ARE and LME might be used to overcome problems associated with MRSA. Additionally, the results implied that combination of either ARE or LME with available conventional antibiotic agents might be effective in countering these perilous pathogens.