bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting survival of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) during ethylnaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalene, and phenanthrene exposures differing in concentration and duration
Authors: Unger Michael A. , Newman Michael C. , Vadas George G.
Published: February 2007

Both exposure duration and concentration determine the lethal consequences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released during oil spills. Many factors, such as weathering, tidal transport, and addition of surfactants, can change the composition of individual dissolved compounds and the duration over which an individual is exposed. Conventional toxicity testing methods produce effect metrics, such as the median lethal concentration (LC50), that are not applicable to predicting mortality at all toxicant exposure durations that are likely to occur during a spill. In the present study, survival time models were developed that explicitly include toxicant exposure duration and concentration to predict time-to-death for grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to three PAHs (1-ethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and phenanthrene) commonly found in the water-soluble fraction derived from oil. Conventional 48-h LC50s also were calculated for the compounds (ethylnaphthalene, 295 μg/L; dimethylnaphthalene, 500 μg/L; and phenanthrene, 360 μg/L). In contrast to LC50s, survival models and associated response surfaces can be used to predict the proportions of shrimp that will die at various times throughout the exposure period.
Integrated assessment of multilevel biomarker responses and chemical analysis in mussels from São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Pereira Camilo Dias Seabra , de Souza Abessa Denis Moledo , Bainy Afonso Celso Dias , Zaroni Letícia Pires , Gasparro Márcia Regina , Bicego Márcia Caruso , Taniguchi Satie , Furley Tatiana Heid , de Sousa Eduinetty Ceci Pereira Moreira
Published: February 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of contaminants in the mussel Perna perna from São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil, and to evaluate the effects of these contaminants on these organisms at biochemical (catalase [CAT], glutathione-S-transferase [GST], and cholinesterase [ChE]), cellular (neutral red retention time [NRRT] assay), and physiological (cardiac monitoring) levels. Two sampling surveys were performed (winter of 2001 and summer of 2002) at six stations along the channel: Cigarras, station 1; Iate Clube de Ilhabela, station 2; Oil Terminal, station 3; Toque Toque, station 4; Ponta da Sela, station 5 (reference station); and Taubaté, station 6. Differences in CAT activity were observed between mussels from stations 3 and 5 during the winter, but no differences were detected in the summer. No differences in GST activity were found among stations during the winter, although animals from station 3 showed higher activity during the summer. The ChE activity was significantly higher in the mussels from stations 1 and 2 during the winter and from stations 1 and 3 during the summer. Organisms from stations 1 through 4 showed statistically lower NRRT in both seasons. Similar heart rates were observed in the mussels from all stations. Hydrocarbons were detected in organisms from all the stations in both seasons. During the winter, higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels were observed in organisms from station 3, whereas during the summer, higher levels of metals were found in organisms from stations 1,3, and 4. The multivariate analyses showed a strong influence of PAHs on the winter biological results, but metals showed higher influence on these responses in the summer, indicating multiple contaminant sources.
Relationships of cadmium, mercury, and selenium with nutrient reserves of female lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) during winter and spring migration
Authors: Anteau Michael J. , Afton Alan D. , Custer Christine M. , Custer Thomas W.
Published: February 2007

Trace elements may have important effects on body condition of ducks during spring migration, because individuals are experiencing energetically costly events (e.g., migration, nutrient reserve accumulation, pair formation, feather molt, and ovarian follicle development). We examined relationships among hepatic cadmium, mercury, and selenium concentrations (μg/g dry wt) and nutrient reserves (lipid, protein, and mineral) of female lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) during winter and spring migration at four locations within the Mississippi Flyway (LA, IL, and MN, USA, and MB, Canada). Selenium concentrations (range, 3.73–52.29 μg/g dry wt) were positively correlated with lipid reserves (F1,73 = 22.69, p < 0.001, type III partial r2 = 0.24), whereas cadmium was negatively correlated with lipid reserves (F1,73 = 6.92, p = 0.010, type III partial r2 = 0.09). The observed relationship between cadmium and lipid reserves may be cause for concern, because lipid reserves of females declined by 55 g (47%), on average, within the range of observed cadmium concentrations (0.23–7.24 μg/g dry wt), despite the relatively low cadmium concentrations detected. Mean cadmium concentrations were higher in Minnesota (1.23 μg/g dry wt) and Manitoba (1.11 μg/g dry wt) than in Louisiana (0.80 μg/g dry wt) and Illinois (0.69 μg/g dry wt). However, mean cadmium concentrations predict lipid reserves of females to be only 11 g lower, on average, in Minnesota than in Illinois. Previous research documented that lipid reserves were 100 g lower in Minnesota than in Illinois; consequently, cadmium is unlikely to be the sole cause for decreases in lipid reserves of females during late-spring migration.
Linkage of biochemical responses to population-level effects: A case study with vitellogenin in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Miller David H. , Jensen Kathleen M. , Villeneuve Daniel L. , Kahl Michael D. , Makynen Elizabeth A. , Durhan Elizabeth J. , Ankley Gerald T.
Published: February 2007

A challenge in the field of ecotoxicology is the linkage of alterations at molecular and biochemical levels of organization to adverse outcomes in individuals and populations. In the present study, a predictive relationship between plasma vitellogenin (VTG) concentration and fecundity in female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was derived from 21-d laboratory toxicity tests with five chemicals (17β-trenbolone, 17α-trenbolone, prochloraz, fenarimol, and fadrozole) that inhibit VTG production through different mechanisms. Because VTG is key to egg production in female oviparous animals, changes in the lipoprotein could, theoretically, serve as an indicator of reproductive success. Regression of fecundity versus VTG concentration from the various studies yielded a highly significant linear model (fecundity = −0.042 + 0.95-VTG, p < 0.01, r2 = 0.88). This relationship was integrated into a population model to translate changes in VTG concentrations of female fathead minnows to alterations in population growth. The model predicted relatively profound effects on population size offish experiencing moderate decreases in vitellogenesis. For example, a fathead minnow population at a carrying capacity exposed to a chemical stressor that causes a 25% decrease in VTG concentration in females from baseline values would exhibit a 34.6% projected decrease in size after two years of exposure and reach an equilibrium population size that was only 30.2% of the preexposed population. Overall, the current study provides an example of how changes in a biomarker (VTG concentration) can be quantitatively translated into adverse effects at the individual and population levels.
Benzo[a]pyrene bioavailability from pristine soil and contaminated sediment assessed using two in vitro models
Authors: Vasiluk Luba , Pinto Linda J. , Walji Zahra A. , Tsang Wing Shan , Gobas Frank A.P.C. , Eickhoff Curtis , Moore Margo M.
Published: February 2007

A major route of exposure to hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), is ingestion. Matrix-bound HOCs may become bioavailable after mobilization by the gastrointestinal fluids followed by sorption to the intestinal epithelium. The purpose of this research was to measure the bioavailability of [14C]-BaP bound to pristine soils or field-contaminated sediment using an in vitro model of gastrointestinal digestion followed by sorption to human enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) or to a surrogate membrane, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) thin film. Although Caco-2 cells had a twofold higher lipid-normalized fugacity capacity than EVA, [14C]-BaP uptake by Caco-2 lipids and EVA thin film demonstrated a linear relationship within the range of BaP concentrations tested. These results suggest that EVA thin film is a good membrane surrogate for passive uptake of BaP. The in vitro system provided enough sensitivity to detect matrix effects on bioavailability; after 5 h, significantly lower concentrations of [14C]-BaP were sorbed into Caco-2 cells from soil containing a higher percentage of organic matter compared to soil with a lower percentage of organic matter. The [14C]-BaP desorption rate from Caco-2 lipids consistently was twofold higher than from EVA thin film for all matrices tested. The more rapid kinetics observed with Caco-2 cells probably were due to the greater surface area available for absorption/desorption in the cells. After 5 h, the uptake of BaP into Caco-2 lipid was similar in live and metabolically inert Caco-2 cells, suggesting that the primary route of BaP uptake is by passive diffusion. Moreover, the driving force for uptake is the fugacity gradient that exists between the gastrointestinal fluid and the membrane.
Calibration of a passive sampling device for time-integrated sampling of hydrophilic herbicides in aquatic environments
Authors: Tran Anh T.K. , Hyne Ross V. , Doble P.
Published: February 2007

Two types of solid-phase materials, a styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer sorbent (embedded in a SDB-XC Empore disk) and a styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer sorbent modified with sulfonic acid functional groups (embedded in a SDB-RPS Empore disk), were compared as a receiving phase in a passive sampling device for monitoring polar pesticides. The SDB-XC Empore disk was selected for further evaluation, overlayed with either a polysulfone or a polyethersulfone diffusion membrane. The target herbicides included five nonionized herbicides (simazine, atrazine, diuron, clomazone, and metolachlor) and four phenoxy acid herbicides (dicamba, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid [2,4-D], (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid [MCPA], and triclopyr) with log octanol/water partition coefficient (log KOW) values of less than three in water. Uptake of these herbicides generally was higher into a device constructed of a SDB-XC Empore disk as a receiving phase covered with a polyethersulfone membrane compared to a similar device covered with a polysulfone membrane. Using the device with a SDB-XC Empore disk covered with a polyethersulfone membrane, linear uptake of simazine, atrazine, diuron, clomazone, and metolachlor was observed for up to 21 d, and daily sampling rates of the herbicides from water in a laboratory flow-through system were determined. The uptake rate of each nonionized herbicide by the Empore disk-based passive sampler was linearly proportional to its concentration in the water, and the sampling rate was independent of the water concentrations over the 21 -d period. Uptake of the phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, and triclopyr) obeyed first-order kinetics and rapidly reached equilibrium in the passive sampler after approximately 12 d of exposure. The Empore disk-based passive sampler displayed isotropic kinetics, with a release half-life for triclopyr of approximately 6 d.
Development ofIssoria lathonia(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on zinc-accumulating and nonaccumulatingViolaspecies (Violaceae)
Authors: Noret Nausicaa , Josens Guy , Escarré José , Lefèbvre Claude , Panichelli Steve , Meerts Pierre
Published: February 2007

The larvae of Issoria lathonia L. feed in natural conditions on several Viola spp., among which are the zinc-accumulating Viola calaminaria (Gingins) Lej. and the nonmetal-accumulating Viola tricolor L. To examine how I. lathonia caterpillars cope with the naturally high foliar zinc concentration of V. calaminaria, we compared the growth of caterpillars reared on leaves varying in zinc concentration. Larvae were fed in controlled conditions with V. calaminaria and V. tricolor grown on noncontaminated soil (i.e., two low-Zn diets) and with V. calaminaria grown on zinc-enriched soil (i.e., one high-Zn diet). Larvae had a higher growth rate when fed with noncontaminated V. calaminaria compared to zinc-enriched V. calaminaria, suggesting that zinc slows down larval growth. However, larvae consumed more leaves of zinc-enriched V. calaminaria (+45%; estimated from fecal mass) compared with noncontaminated V. calaminaria, suggesting that zinc accumulation would not be advantageous to plants. Caterpillars reared on high-zinc leaves regulate their internal zinc concentration through excretion of highly metal-concentrated feces. When kinetics of growth on both low-zinc diets were compared, it appeared that larval development was faster on noncontaminated V. calaminaria than on V. tricolor. This suggests that more nutrients or less feeding inhibitors in V. calaminaria account for fastest growth. Developmental rates on V. tricolor and on zinc-enriched V. calaminaria were similar, despite the high leaf zinc concentration of the latter species. Together with the abundance of V. calaminaria on calamine soils, this may explain why the largest populations of I. lathonia develop on V. calaminaria in Belgium.
Post-embryonic development and ultrastructural characteristics of the polycephalic larva of Taenia parva Baer, 1926 (Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae)
Authors: Świderski Zdzisław , Miquel Jordi , Młocicki Daniel , Georgiev Boyko , Eira Catarina , Grytner-Zięcina Barbara , Feliu Carlos
Published: February 2007

Post-embryonic development and fully-formed polycephalic larvae of Taenia parva Baer, 1926 were examined by light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three developmental stages were recognised: (1) an early stage of exogenous budding at the surface of the central vesicle; (2) a stage of polycephalic cyst development accompanied by segmentation of the growing larval strobile and an obvious decrease in the size of the central vesicle; (3) fully-formed larval strobile and invaginated scoleces. In fully-developed encysted polycephalic larvae, there are usually 14–24 segmented larval strobilae, each terminating with an invaginated scolex; larval strobilae arise from a common central vesicle and remain attached posterior to it during the entire development. The number of segments varies between 109 and 120 per larval strobila. The polycephalic larvae examined closely resemble the strobilocercus type of taeniid larvae. The structure of developing and fully-formed larvae was examined by TEM. The tegument, scolex, subtegumental musculature of the strobilar segments, protonephridial system, calcareous corpuscles and medullary parenchyma of larvae exhibit general similarity with the same structures in adults at both LM and TEM levels. The morphogenesis of the larva of T. parva is compared with that of the polycephalic larvae of other Taenia spp. (T. krepkogorski, T. twitchelli and T. endothoracica) and with other asexually-multiplying cestode larvae (mesocestoidids, hymenolepidids and dilepidids).
Preparation of polymer–clay nanocomposites and their properties
Authors: Nguyen Quang T. , Baird Donald G.
Published: February 2007

An overview of the progress in polymer nanocomposites is presented in this paper with an emphasis on the different methods used for preparing polymer‐layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites and the extent to which properties are enhanced. Other related areas that are also discussed include the types of polymers used in PLS nanocomposites preparation, the types of PLS nanocomposites morphologies that are most commonly achieved, the structure and properties of layered silicates, and the most common techniques used for characterizing these nanocomposites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:270–285, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20079
Large‐scale population genetic analysis for hemoglobinopathies reveals different mutation spectra in Central Greece compared to the rest of the country
Authors: Samara Maria , Chiotoglou Ioanna , Kalamaras Angelos , Likousi Sophia , Chassanidis Christos , Vagena Andromahi , Vagenas Christos , Eftichiadis Eftichios , Vamvakopoulos Nikolaos , Patrinos George P. , Kollia Panagoula
Published: February 2007

We have undertaken a large population screening study to identify the molecular basis of hemoglobinopathies in the central Greece region. A total of 845 unrelated β‐thalassemia patients and α‐, β‐, and δβ‐thalassemia carriers have been recruited and screened for mutations in the α‐ and β‐globin gene clusters. The α−MED deletion and the Turkish inversion/deletion are the most frequent genetic rearrangements leading to α‐ and δβ‐thalassemia respectively, contrary to the situation in the rest of the country, while the β −101 (C>T) promoter mutation is surprisingly frequent in the central part of Greece. Our data indicate that determination of mutation frequencies in different regions is vital for accurate provision of genetic services and counseling and for precise estimation of genetic diversity. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self‐efficacy in people with arthritis
Authors: Lorig Kate , Chastain Robert L. , Ung Elaine , Shoor Stanford , Holman Halsted R.
Published: February 2007

There is evidence that the psychological attribute of perceived self‐efficacy plays a role in mediating health outcomes for persons with chronic arthritis who take the Arthritis Self‐Management Course. An instrument to measure perceived self‐efficacy was developed through consultation with patients and physicians and through study of 4 groups of patients. Tests of construct and concurrent validity and of reliability showed that the instrument met appropriate standards. Health outcomes and self‐efficacy scores improved during the Arthritis Self‐Management Course, and the improvements were correlated.
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive value of abdominal fat aspiration for the diagnosis of amyloidosis
Authors: Duston Margaret A. , Skinner Martha , Meenan Robert F. , Cohen Alan S.
Published: February 2007

Samples of abdominal fat aspirates from 73 patients were sent to us for staining and interpretation. Ten samples were positive for amyloid. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the procedure based on the findings and the clinical information and other biopsy data about these patients. Using the results from more traditional biopsies as the “gold standard,” sensitivity was 57%, specificity was 100%, and the predictive value was 100% for positive findings in the abdominal fat aspirate. Although the sample size in this study was relatively small, the procedure was found to be a minimally invasive test of high clinical utility.
Urate‐Mediated inflammation in nodal osteoarthritis: Clinical and roentgenographic correlations
Authors: Lally Edward V. , Zimmermann Bernard , Jr. George Ho , Kaplan Stephen R.
Published: February 2007

We studied 25 patients with crystal‐proven gout or roentgenographic evidence of gouty arthritis, or both, in finger joints involved with nodal osteoarthritis (OA). These patients were elderly (mean age 71.4 years), and 72% of them were receiving diuretic therapy. Roentgenographic findings, in addition to features typical of OA, included soft tissue densities (tophi), with or without calcification, large intraarticular erosions, characteristic nonmarginal cortical erosions, and periarticular osteolysis. We conclude that urate crystals mediate episodes of acute inflammation in certain patients with nodal OA. This association is noted primarily in elderly patients of both sexes, especially in those receiving diuretic therapy.
The beneficial outcomes of the arthritis self‐management course are not adequately explained by behavior change
Authors: Lorig Kate , Seleznick Mitchel , Lubeck Deborah , Ung Elaine , Chastain Robert L. , Holman Halsted R.
Published: February 2007

Evaluation of the Arthritis Self‐Management Course revealed significant positive changes in the practice of behaviors that were taught and in health outcomes. However, utilizing a variety of statistical techniques, we were able to demonstrate only weak associations between changes in behavior and changes in health status. This suggests the need to examine the mechanisms by which health education affects health status.
Eosinophilic fasciitis in a pair of siblings
Authors: Thomson Glen T. D. , MacDougall Brendan , Watson Peter H. , Chalmers Ian M.
Published: February 2007

Two siblings, a 38‐year‐old woman and a 33‐year‐old man, developed eosinophilic fasciitis within a period of 6 months. They were found to have identical HLA–A, B, DR, and DQ antigens, raising the possibility of a genetic influence in the development of this disease. No common environmental factors close to the time of onset were identified; however, the possibility of a common, remote environmental factor cannot be discounted.
Liver histology in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long‐term methotrexate therapy. A Prospective Study with Baseline and Sequential Biopsy Samples
Authors: Kremer Joel M. , Lee Randall G. , Tolman Keith G.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐nine patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving long‐term oral weekly methotrexate (MTX) therapy were studied to determine the extent of their hepatic architectural changes. Liver biopsies (n = 101) were performed in all patients before the initiation of MTX therapy, after 2 years, and annually thereafter (mean duration of therapy 53 months). The hepatic histologic grade (5‐point scale) in 25 patients increased (worsened) (mean ± SEM change 0.84 ± 1.02; P = 0.001). Fibrosis, confirmed by trichrome staining, developed in 14 of 27 patients (52%). A history of alcohol consumption prior to starting MTX correlated significantly with subsequent worsening of the liver biopsy grade (r = 0.55, P = 0.0054). Alcohol intake prior to study entry, elevated weight at MTX initiation, and dose and duration of MTX were significantly associated with the development of fibrosis. Elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels at 29–53 months of therapy correlated with the increase in hepatic histologic grade at the 3‐year biopsy (r = 0.50, P = 0.04) and 4‐year biopsy (r = 0.58, P = 0.03). We conclude that long‐term MTX therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients results in a statistically significant worsening in hepatic histologic grade, with common development of mild fibrosis. We do not consider these changes to be clinically significant at present.
Lack of correlation between the steinbrocker staging of hand radiographs and the functional health status of individuals with rheumatoid arthritisx
Authors: Regan‐Smith Martha G. , O'Connor GERALD T. , Kwoh C. Kent , Brown Lin A. , Olmstead Elaine M. , Burnett Joshua B.
Published: February 2007

We evaluated the correlation between destructive changes seen on hand radiographs and disability in 54 patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis. No statistically significant correlation was found between radiographic findings and patient disability as determined by patient and physician assessment or by the patient's score on the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales questionnaire. These findings call into question the appropriateness of using hand radiographs as a determinant of disability or as a criterion for disability insurance benefits.
Tumor necrosis factor in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Maury C. P. J. , Teppo A‐M.
Published: February 2007

In view of recent data demonstrating defective production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF cachectin) in murine autoimmune lupus nephritis, we studied the serum levels of TNF in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), using a specific radioimmuno‐assay. Patients with SLE had either normal or slightly elevated levels of TNF when compared with healthy control subjects. All 5 SLE patients with concomitant infections had elevated levels of TNF; those with systemic bacterial infection had markedly raised levels (median 260 pg/ml normal < 40). These results show that SLE in humans is not associated with a depressed level of circulating TNF, and that in SLE patients with infection, the level of TNF in the circulation increases in a manner similar to that in other subjects.
Pregnancy in women with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Steen Virginia D. , Conte Claudia , Day Nancy , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Medsger Thomas A.
Published: February 2007

We assessed fetal morbidity and mortality in women with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Women with a history of SSc and a concomitant pregnancy completed a detailed questionnaire about the pregnancy. These 48 subjects were age‐matched and race‐matched to 2 other groups of women (a rheumatoid arthritis group and a control group from the same neighborhood), all of whom had been pregnant at least once. There were no differences in the frequencies of miscarriage or perinatal death in the SSc group compared with the 2 control groups. Preterm births occurred slightly more frequently in both SSc patients and rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with the neighborhood control subjects. There were significantly more small full‐term infants born to women with SSc. Interestingly, the increase in preterm births and small full‐term babies occurred with equal frequency prior to and after the onset of disease. Although close monitoring for premature birth and intrauterine growth retardation is necessary, we conclude that an uneventful, healthy pregnancy is possible for women with SSc. Those with early, rapidly progressive, diffuse skin thickening should avoid becoming pregnant since, intrinsically, they are at higher risk of developing renal crisis.
Some recombinant human cytokines stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis in human synovial fibroblast cultures and inhibit it in human articular cartilage cultures
Authors: Yaron Ilana , Meyer Frank A. , Dayer Jean‐Michel , Bleiberg Ilan , Yaron Michael
Published: February 2007

Recombinant human cytokines were compared for their effects on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis in human synovial fibroblast cultures and human articular cartilage explant cultures. In fibroblast cultures, recombinant human interleukin‐1α (rHuIL‐1α), rHuIL‐1β, and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α (rHuTNFα) stimulated hyaluronic acid (HA) production and, to a lesser extent, sulfated GAG production, while recombinant human γ‐interferon did not have a significant effect. Half‐maximal stimulation of HA by rHuIL‐1β was 0.14 pM, while stimulation for rHuIL‐1α and rHuTNFα was 1.6 pM and 32 pM, respectively. Indomethacin (10 μg/ml) had no influence on HA stimulation by cytokines, while hydrocortisone (2–10 μg/ml) caused a significant reduction. In articular cartilage cultures, the cytokines inhibited production of sulfated GAGs. The activity of rHuIL‐1β was greater than that of rHuIL‐1α (half‐maximal inhibition at 0.71 pM and 4.7 pM, respectively) and both were considerably more active than rHuTNFα; γ‐interferon again had no significant effect. Neither indomethacin nor hydrocortisone influenced cytokine‐induced inhibition by either rHuIL‐1 preparation. These studies indicate that cytokines released during an inflammatory process may affect GAG synthesis in human joint tissues and may have opposite effects on GAG synthesis in different types of connective tissues.
Reversal of neutropenia with methotrexate treatment in patients with felty's syndrome. Correlation of Response with Neutrophil‐Reactive IgG
Authors: Fiechtner Justus J. , Miller Donald R. , Starkebaum Gordon
Published: February 2007

We evaluated the clinical and hematologic response to methotrexate (MTX) in 4 women with Felty's syndrome (FS) who had had neutropenia for 1–3 years. Since immune complexes or antineutrophil antibodies are implicated in the pathogenesis of the neutropenia of FS, we also measured both direct and indirect levels of neutrophil‐reactive IgG. All 4 patients showed a prompt and dramatic increase in neutrophil counts within 1–2 months of starting MTX therapy. In 3 patients, the symptoms of arthritis also improved; in the fourth patient, arthritis worsened. Recurring infections ceased in 3 patients. Neutrophil‐reactive IgG levels, which were elevated in all patients prior to treatment, decreased toward normal while the patients were receiving MTX therapy. We conclude that MTX is effective in treating the neutropenia of FS, in part by lowering neutrophil‐reactive IgG.
Home central venous hyperalimentation in fifteen patients with severe scleroderma bowel disease
Authors: Ng Swee Cheng , Clements Philip J. , Paulus Harold E. , Berquist William E. , Furst Daniel E.
Published: February 2007

Fifteen patients with severe scleroderma bowel disease began receiving home central venous hyperalimentation (HCVH) between 1979 and 1987. The major reasons for instituting HCVH were intestinal pseudo‐obstruction, malabsorption, and malnutrition. Eleven patients had an improved quality of life. Serious complications encountered over these 15,700 catheter‐use days were 2 episodes of septicemia and 2 episodes of superior vena cava obstruction. Seven patients died, but none directly from their gastrointestinal disease or from the HCVH.
Is it mandatory to examine synovial fluids promptly after arthrocentesis?
Authors: Kerolus Ghaly , Clayburne Gilda , Schumacher H. Ralph
Published: February 2007

Fifty synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with various types of arthritis were examined promptly after joint aspiration and after storage at room temperature (22°C) or at refrigerator temperature (4°C) for 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, and 3 days, then weekly for 3 weeks and monthly for 2 months. We found that the leukocyte count (white blood cell [WBC] count) decreased within a few hours. In 4 SF samples from patients with mild inflammation (initial range 3,150–6,200 WBC/mm3), the WBC count decreased into a “noninflammatory” range (<2,000/mm3) within 5–6 hours. In 3 of 5 SF samples that on the first day were found to be laden with crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), the crystals were much less abundant and were difficult to recognize by the next day. CPPD crystals dissolved completely in all SF samples by 3–8 weeks of the study. Monosodium urate crystals remained detectable throughout the 8 weeks of study, but they became smaller, less birefringent, and less numerous with time. Clumps of apatite‐like crystals persisted for several months. Most SF samples initially negative for apatite‐like crystals remained negative over time. New, artifactual crystals, including alizarin red S–positive clumps or star‐shaped arrays, plate‐like structures, positively birefringent Maltese crosses, and hematoidin crystals, developed with time. Because of these observations, we urge prompt examination of SF specimens to avoid the problems of misdiagnosing borderline inflammatory fluids, missing CPPD crystals that dissolve with time, or over‐interpreting the findings because of the new, artifactual crystals.
Expression of an endogenous retroviral transcript is associated with murine lupus
Authors: Krieg Arthur M. , Khan Arifa S. , Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: February 2007

We have been investigating whether murine lupus is associated with endogenous type C retroviral expression. We used Northern blot analyses and oligonucleotide probes, which are able to distinguish the envelope genes of the xenotropic and mink cell focusforming (MCF) classes of type C retroviruses. Xenotropic expression in the spleen varied markedly among inbred mouse strains; although all strains expressed a 1.8‐kb transcript, only one‐half expressed one or more larger transcripts (8.4, 7.2, and/or 3.0 kb). Autoimmune disease did not correlate with expression of any of the xenotropic transcripts. Xenotropic and MCF transcripts were expressed independently among the mouse strains studied. Splenic RNA from all strains contained 7.2‐, 3.0‐, and 1.8‐kb MCF transcripts. Some strains also expressed 8.4‐kb MCF splenic RNA. There was a strong association between murine lupus and expression of 8.4‐kb MCF transcripts: 6 of 6 lupus‐prone strains, but only 2 of 11 nonautoimmune strains, had detectable 8.4‐kb MCF RNA. The xid and Yaa mutations had minimal effects on expression of 8.4‐kb MCF‐related transcripts, despite their major and opposite effects on disease. Moreover, New Zealand black mice highly expressed this RNA from day 1 of life, before disease development. The data suggest that expression of 8.4‐kb MCF endogenous retroviral transcripts is a primary feature of murine lupus and is not secondary to disease expression.
Genetic analysis of CR1 expression on erythrocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Cohen Jacques H. M. , Caudwell Valérie , Levi‐Strauss Matthieu , Bourgeois Pierre , Kazatchkine Michel D.
Published: February 2007

The role of genetic factors in decreased expression of CR1 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated by assessing the frequency of genotypes determining the numbers of CR1 on erythrocytes obtained from 52 patients with SLE and from 84 normal individuals. The expression of CR1 was quantitated using flow cytometry. Genotypes were determined by analyzing the CR1 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism using the CR1.1 complementary DNA probe and the Hind III restriction enzyme. In normal subjects, the distribution of the HH, HL, and LL genotypes fit the Hardy‐Weinberg law. The frequency for the H allele did not differ between the 2 groups. No individual homozygous for the LL genotypes was found among the SLE patient population. Taken together, data from this and previous studies indicate an under‐representation of the LL homozygous genotype in patients with SLE. SLE patients expressed decreased numbers of CR1 per erythrocyte within each genotype compared with these numbers in normal subjects. The results suggest that defective expression of CR1 in SLE patients is acquired and that the presence of the L allele is not linked to a genetic susceptibility for SLE.
Antilymphocyte antibodies against CD4+2H4+ cell populations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tanaka Shinsuke , Matsuyama Takami , Steinberg Alfred D. , Schlossman Stuart F. , Morimoto Chikao
Published: February 2007

In previous studies, we demonstrated that patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had significantly decreased percentages of circulating CD4+2H4+ suppressor/inducer cells. The decrease in this T cell subset was most frequent and most marked in patients with active SLE and renal disease. In the present study, we attempted to determine whether SLE patients had plasma antilymphocyte antibodies preferentially reactive with the CD4+2H4+ subset. We found that many SLE patients did have these specifically reactive antibodies. Furthermore, the presence of anti‐lymphocyte antibodies reactive with CD4+2H4+ cells correlated with disease activity in these patients. Also, in vitro functional studies revealed that suppressor/inducer function was eliminated in the pokeweed mitogen–driven IgG synthesis system after the treatment of CD4 cells with patient plasma antilymphocyte antibodies and complement. These results suggest that antilymphocyte antibodies play a role in the elimination of CD4+2H4+ cells in patients with active SLE.
The expression and function of CD3 and CD5 in patients with primary sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Dauphinée Michael J. , Tovar Zair , Ballester Ana , Talal Norman
Published: February 2007

We studied the expression and function of 2 cell surface markers that induce T cell activation, CD3 and CD5, in 19 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The expression of CD3+ lymphocytes was normal, but CD3 function was moderately reduced, as measured by anti‐CD5–induced T cell proliferation. Anti‐CD3–induced stimulation of T cell help for Ig production and non–major histocompatibility complex–restricted (natural) killing were normal. In contrast, there was reduced expression and function of the CD5 molecule on peripheral blood lymphocytes of the SS patients. The ratio of CD5+ to CD3+ lymphocytes was 0.45 in SS patients compared with 0.85 in normal subjects, indicating that the CD3+ cells are relatively CD5‐deficient in SS patients. Anti‐CD5 monoclonal antibody did not augment suboptimal anti‐CD3 stimulation of whole peripheral blood lymphocytes or of purified T lymphocytes from SS patients, which indicated impaired functioning of the CD5 molecule. A significant impairment in proliferation was found in response to phorbol myristate acetate and to ionomycin in combination, suggesting defective intracellular signaling. Findings from serial studies of individual patients suggested that normal or low expression of CD5 on T cells can be stable over periods as long as 2 years. However, in 2 patients who required systemic therapy, a correction of the CD5 lymphocyte abnormality occurred in association with clinical remission, which suggests the potential reversibility of this condition. Our findings suggest a possible defect in intracellular signaling in primary SS, related in part to the CD5 molecule, which may provide a molecular explanation for the T cell hyporesponsiveness that is characteristic of this disease.
Cross‐reactive epitope with Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in articular tissue of HLA–B27+ patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Husby Gunnar , Tsuchiya Naoyuki , Schwimmbeck Peter L. , Keat Andrew , Pahle Jon A. , Oldstone Michael B. A. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: February 2007

Synovial tissues from patients with ankylosing spondylitis or reactive arthritis were examined by an immunoperoxidase technique, using antisera to synthetic peptides representing antigens shared between HLA–B27.1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase. With either antiserum, all HLA–B27+ patients with synovial inflammation showed strong immunoperoxidase staining in synovial lining cells, vascular endothelium, and infiltrating inflammatory cells. These findings indicate that antigens showing cross‐reactivity between HLA–B27.1 and Klebsiella nitrogenase epitopes are strongly expressed within inflamed synovial tissues of HLA–B27+ patients.
CHANGES IN THE VISCOSITY OF HYALURONIC ACID AFTER EXPOSURE TO A MYELOPEROXIDASE‐DERIVED OXIDANT
Authors: Baker Mark S. , Green Simon P. , Lowther Denis A.
Published: February 2007

Both purified hyaluronic acid (HA) and bovine synovial fluid react with OCl‐, the major oxidant produced by the myeloperoxidase (MPO)/H2O2/Cl‐ system, resulting in a decrease in their specific viscosity. This reaction is inhibited in the presence of excess methionine. H2O2 alone decreases the viscosity of HA, presumably by the Fenton reaction, in the absence (but not in the presence) of the iron chelator, diethyltriaminepentacetic acid (DETAPAC). In the presence of DETAPAC, incubation of HA with the complete MPO/H2O2/Cl‐ system lowered the viscosity of HA. Analysis of 3H‐HA exposed to OCl‐ by gel filtration chromatography indicated that cleavage of HA occurred only at higher OCl‐ concentrations. We suggest that the reduction in viscosity of HA by the MPO/H2O2/Cl‐ system may be due to a combination of oxidative cleavage and changes in the conformation of the molecule. We speculate that the changes in the molecular size of rheumatoid synovial fluid HA may be due to the action of the neutrophil MPO/H2O2/Cl‐ system.
Work disability among women with rheumatoid arthritis. The relative importance of disease, social, work, and family factors
Authors: Reisine Susan T. , Grady Kathleen E. , Goodenow Carol , Fifield Judith
Published: February 2007

Yelin and others have shown social work factors to be more important than disease factors in predicting work disability among arthritis patients; however, the effects of family factors on work role functioning have not been considered in previous explanatory models. In this study, we use Yelin's model to explain work disability among 122 women with rheumatoid arthritis and to incorporate family factors into the model. Using logistic regression, we found, as with previous studies, that work autonomy, social factors, and disease factors are important predictors of work disability. In the logistic regression model, self‐assessed health status seemed to be more important than work factors in predicting work status. Further, family factors significantly contributed to the explanatory model, in that having more home responsibilities was associated with lower risk of work disability.
Synovial fluid characteristics and the lupus erythematosus cell phenomenon in drug‐induced lupus. Findings in three patients and review of pertinent literature
Authors: Vivino Frederick B. , Ralph Schumacher H.
Published: February 2007

The characteristics of synovial fluid obtained from 3 patients with drug‐induced lupus erythematosus are described. Two patients had “inflammatory” counts of synovial leukocytes, in the range of 2,500–39,000/mm3, with mononuclear predominance in 1 patient and neutrophil predominance in the other. The third patient had “noninflammatory” fluid, with mononuclear predominance. Lupus erythematosus cells formed in vivo were observed in the synovial fluid of 2 of the patients. Biopsy of the synovium of 1 patient showed nonspecific chronic inflammatory changes. Our findings in these patients with drug‐induced lupus are indistinguishable from those previously described in patients with idiopathic lupus erythematosus.
DNA polymorphism of immunoglobulin kappa confers risk of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Moxley George
Published: February 2007

To examine the hypothesis that a hereditary factor linked to the immunoglobulin kappa constant segment (Cκ) contributes to risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), white persons with RA were examined for Sac I restriction site polymorphisms. RA patients were more likely to have the 5/5‐kb Cκ genotype than white control subjects (relative risk 2.8, P < 0.02). A subgroup of RA patients who were positive for serum rheumatoid factor had a relative risk of 2.4 (P < 0.05). The subgroup without serum rheumatoid factor had an even higher relative risk of 9.7 (P < 0.05). The results suggest that immunoglobulin kappa is an important component in the genetic predisposition toward RA.
Lack of association between serum keratan sulfate concentrations and cartilage changes of osteoarthritis after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog
Authors: Brandt Kenneth D. , Thonar Eugene J‐M. A.
Published: February 2007

To determine whether the serum keratan sulfate (KS) concentration reflected the status of degenerating articular cartilage in a commonly used model of osteoarthritis (OA), serum KS levels were measured in 9 dogs prior to transection of the anterior cruciate ligament, 4 weeks later, and when the dogs were killed 8–14 weeks after surgery, at which time mild OA was present. In all cases, the serum KS levels were within the normal range. Values were not related to the cartilage uronic acid concentration, the rate of net 35SO4 glycosaminoglycan synthesis, or the histopathologic changes of OA. Although the serum KS concentration was not helpful as an indicator of the current status of the articular cartilage abnormality in the OA knee, serial samples from 6 dogs showed an increase of at least 10% over the baseline KS level at both timepoints following surgery (P = 0.031 and 0.027). This presumably reflects changes in proteoglycan metabolism in the unstable knee, although the possibility of a systemic change in proteoglycan metabolism following cruicate ligament transection can not be excluded.
Expression and regulation of the hla–dr antigen on circulating monocytes isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hassan Jaythoon , Feighery Conleth , Bresnihan Barry , Whelan Alex
Published: February 2007

Using a modified radioimmunoassay, surface labeling of HLA–DR antigens on monocytes revealed reduced densities in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (P < 0.001) and in gold‐treated patients (P < 0.01) versus normal controls. Significant enhancement of DR antigen expression (P = 0.01), with values similar to those of normal monocytes, occurred in patient monocytes preincubated at 37°C overnight, but not in monocytes preincubated at 4°C. This suggested that a temperature‐dependent metabolic process is required to enhance antigen expression. The addition of cycloheximide totally inhibited the enhancement of DR antigen density. Incubation of monocytes with exogenous prostaglandin E2 (10−‐5M final concentration) caused a reduction of DR densities on control and on RA monocytes, although this decrease was more marked in the controls. Addition of indomethacin did not affect DR antigen levels on control monocytes, but greatly enhanced the expression of DR antigens on RA monocytes. When HLA–DR antigen levels were estimated in detergent‐solubilized membrane preparations, monocytes from patients with active RA demonstrated normal‐to‐increased densities compared with control monocytes. Thus, although RA monocytes possess a normal ability to synthesize DR molecules, surface expression of these molecules is inhibited; this inhibition may be mediated by prostaglandin 2 acting as a negative suppressive signal.
High‐Dose, pulse intravenous methylprednisolone enhances fcγ receptor–mediated mononuclear phagocyte function in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Salmon Jane E. , Kapur Sandip , Meryhew Nancy L. , Runquist Olaf A. , Kimberly Robert P.
Published: February 2007

The benefit of high‐dose, pulse intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) for some patients with active lupus nephritis would appear paradoxical, since active nephritis is associated with profound abnormalities in Fcγ receptor function, and several studies have demonstrated that glucocorticoids decrease monocyte Fcγ receptor expression and phagocytic function. To resolve this paradox, we investigated the possibility that pulse IVMP might enhance monocyte Fcγ receptor function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Circulating immune complex (CIC) levels, Fcγ receptor–mediated clearance, and Fcγ receptor–dependent monocyte function were analyzed in 23 SLE patients before and after pulse IVMP (1 gm daily for 3 days). A biphasic response in CIC levels, determined by a staphylococcal protein A binding assay, was observed. Initially, CIC levels increased within 2–4 hours after the first dose of pulse IVMP and then decreased by 50% within 24–48 hours after the completion of therapy. Fcγ receptor–mediated binding and phagocytosis of IgG‐sensitized erythrocytes (EA) by monocytes in vitro were significantly enhanced 24 hours after the final dose of pulse IVMP (pre‐IVMP versus post‐IVMP 43 ± 14% versus 53 ± 12% EA rosettes, P < 0.01; 3.00 ± 1.04 versus 3.99 ± 1.30 EA ingested/monocyte, P < 0.01). In contrast, there was no change in the phagocytosis of an Fcγ receptor–independent probe, neuraminidasetreated erythrocytes. This enhancement of monocyte Fcγ receptor function may reflect a synergism between glucocorticoids and a suitably primed mononuclear phagocyte in SLE. Glucocorticoid‐induced augmentation of Fcγ receptor function in the presence of γ‐interferon, which may be elevated in SLE, has been shown. The enhancement of monocyte Fcγ receptor function that we observed may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of pulse IVMP in lupus nephritis.
Hydroxyapatite pseudopodagra. A syndrome of young women
Authors: Fam Adel G. , Rubenstein Joel
Published: February 2007

Six women with acute calcific periarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (hydroxyapatite pseudopodagra) are described, and 10 previously reported cases (8 female patients and 2 male patients) are reviewed. The onset was characterized by acute pain, swelling, erythema, tenderness, and limitation of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, symptoms indistinguishable from those of gouty podagra, which is associated with transient amorphous calcific deposits in the vicinity of the joint. Based on these results it appears that hydroxyapatite pseudopodagra is a disorder that predominantly affects premenopausal women.