bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On graphs whose domination number is equal to chromatic and dominator chromatic numbers
Authors: Kalarkop David A. , Kaemawichanurat Pawaton , Rangarajan Raghavachar
Published: February 2025

For a graph $G = (V(G), E(G))$, a dominating set $D$ is a vertex subset of $V(G)$ in which every vertex of $V(G) \setminus D$ is adjacent to a vertex in $D$. The domination number of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of $G$ and is denoted by $\gamma(G)$. A coloring of $G$ is a partition $C = (V_{1}, ... ,V_{k})$ such that each of $V_{i}$ in an independent set. The chromatic number is the smallest $k$ among all colorings $C = (V_{1}, ... ,V_{k})$ of $G$ and is denoted by $\chi(G)$. {A vertex $u \in V(G)$ is said to {dominate the color class $V_i$} if $u$ is the unique vertex of $V_i$ or if it is adjacent to all the vertices of $V_i$. A coloring $C$ is said to be the dominator coloring if every vertex dominates some color class in $C$}. The dominator chromatic number of $G$ is the minimum $k$ of all dominator colorings of $G$ and is denoted by $\chi_{d}(G)$. Further, a graph $G$ is $D(k)$ if $\gamma(G) = \chi(G) = \chi_{d}(G) = k$. In this paper, for $n \geq 4k - 3$, we prove that there always exists a $D(k)$ graph of order $n$. We further prove that there is no planar $D(k)$ graph when $k \in \{3, 4\}$. Namely, we prove that, for a non-trivial planar graph $G$, the graph $G$ is $D(k)$ if and only if $G$ is $K_{2, q}$ where $q \geq 2$.
Veränderte Verfügbarkeit von Humaninsulinen in Deutschland
Authors: Richter Michaela
Published: February 2025

Die Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) betont die Bedeutung frühzeitiger Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung der kontinuierlichen Insulinversorgung für Menschen mit Diabetes in Deutschland, die mit Humaninsulinen behandelt sind. Als Alternative stehen Insulinanaloga zur Verfügung, erfordern jedoch eine individuelle Anpassung und Beratung, die unbedingt ärztlich begleitet werden sollte.
Warum moderne Medikamente nicht die individuelle Diabetesberatung ersetzen
Authors: Grosse Ria
Published: February 2025

GLP-1-Rezeptor-Agonisten (GLP-1-RA), bekannt als sogenannte „Abnehmspritzen“, helfen schätzungsweise bis zu 850 000 Menschen mit Diabetes Typ 2 in Deutschland, ihr Gewicht zu reduzieren und den Blutzucker besser zu kontrollieren. Doch trotz ihres Rufes als Wundermittel ist eine individuelle Diabetesberatung nach wie vor unverzichtbar, betont der Verband der Diabetes-Beratungs- und Schulungsberufe in Deutschland e. V. (VDBD). Nur allein mit Medikamenten lassen sich ein Diabetes Typ 2 und mögliche Folgeerkrankungen nicht ausreichend und nachhaltig behandeln. Hierfür sei eine strukturierte Versorgung sinnvoll, die auch Aspekte wie Bewegung und Ernährung beinhaltet.
Betroffene Frauen müssen über ihre veränderte Fruchtbarkeit aufgeklärt werden
Authors: Richter Michaela
Published: February 2025

Die Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) macht in einer aktuellen Stellungnahme auf mögliche Nebenwirkungen und Risiken der Behandlung mit GLP-1-Analoga wie Semaglutid und verwandte Substanzen aufmerksam: Die Wirkstoffe, die nicht nur zur Behandlung von Typ-2-Diabetes, sondern auch zur Gewichtsreduktion bei Adipositas eingesetzt werden, können zu einer Erhöhung der Fruchtbarkeit und damit zu ungeplanten Schwangerschaften führen. Gleichzeitig eröffneten sie Frauen mit polyzystischem Ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) und Kinderwunsch bessere Chancen, Mutter zu werden. Da sie jedoch auch Risiken für die Schwangerschaft bergen können, sollten Frauen sich hinsichtlich einer derartigen Therapie unbedingt ärztlich beraten lassen. Behandelnde fordert die DDG auf, ihre Patientinnen über die bekannten Nebenwirkungen umfassend aufzuklären.
Konventionelle vs. CT-Daten-basierte 3-dimensionale Vermessung von Nasenseptumdefekten
Authors: Heimbach Cedric , Velten Benjamin , Neumann Andreas
Published: February 2025

Nasenseptumdefekte (NSD) können zu einer deutlichen Einschränkung der Lebensqualität führen. Ist der operative Verschluss aufgrund von Defektgröße, -lage oder individueller Kontraindikationen nicht möglich, stehen Septumobturatoren zur Verfügung. Die Erfassung der Defektkonfiguration kann analog per Silikonabdruck und digital anhand eines präoperativen CTs erfolgen. Ziel dieser Studie ist der Vergleich dieser beiden Methoden.

Retrospektiv wurden 500 Patienten mit symptomatischen NSD analysiert. Erfasst wurden u.a. Größe und Lage des Defekts, Art des operativen Verschlusses und die Verschlussrate bei operativem Verschluss. Bei 19 Patienten war es möglich, die mit einem konventionellen Abdruck ermittelte Defektgröße und Form mit CT-basierten Daten zu vergleichen. Dazu wurde der Silikonabdruck in ein Gipsmodell überführt und in einem Modellscanner digitalisiert. Die CT-Daten wurden ebenfalls in ein 3D-Modell konvertiert und die Defektgröße ermittelt. Durch dieses Verfahren war ein Vergleich bis auf den hundertstel Millimeter möglich.

Die Auswertung der NSD der 19 Patienten und der Vergleich der Ergebnisse von analogen Silikonabformungen und präoperativen CTs zeigten Abweichungen in 8 von 19 Fällen kleiner 10% und in 13 von 19 Fällen kleiner 20%, wobei die Abweichung bei größeren Defekten tendenziell geringer ausfiel. Größere Abweichungen lagen vor allem bei zeitlich längeren Abständen zwischen Abformung und CT vor.

Die auf CT-Daten basierte Vermessung von NSD kommt vor allem bei zeitnah erfolgten CTs und größeren Defekten zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen wie die anhand von Silikonabdrücken erfolgten Messungen. Weitere klinische Studien sollten untersuchen, ob anhand von CT-Daten erstellte iSO zu einer ähnlichen klinischen Patientenakzeptanz führen.
Leveraging machine learning and optimization models for enhanced seaport efficiency
Authors: Jahangard Mahdi , Xie Ying , Feng Yuanjun
Published: February 2025

This study provides an overview of the application of predictive and prescriptive analytics in seaport operations and explore the potential of integrating predictive outputs into prescriptive analytics to advance research in this field. A systematic review of 124 papers was performed to identify and classify key topics based on application areas, types of applications, and employed techniques. Our findings show a growing interest in developing either predictive or prescriptive analytics models to improve seaport operational efficiency. However, there is limited research combining predictive outputs with prescriptive analytics for data-driven decision-making. Additionally, the hybridization of machine learning and operations research techniques remains underexplored. One promising area is applying machine learning models, such as reinforcement learning, to solve optimization problems. Predictive maintenance and data-enabled operational control measures for port equipment and facilities are also highlighted as interesting future research areas.
A comparative analysis of the impacts of digital lifestyles on the physical, mental, and social health among older internet users
Authors: Wang Bin
Published: February 2025

The Internet has become integral to contemporary lifestyles. Drawing definitive conclusions about the impact of digital lifestyles on the health of older Internet users is challenging because of conflicting research findings. This study proposes the prismatic effects framework that demonstrates superior applicability to older Internet users in China. A nationally representative sample of Internet users aged 60 years or older (N = 2085) from the 2018 China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey was used in the analyses. Latent class analysis was employed to identify digital lifestyles through ten activities, and the augmented inverse probability weighted model was adopted to explore the association of digital lifestyles with physical, mental, and social health among older Internet users. Meaningful digital lifestyles were identified as follows: low-activity (12.71%), high-activity (5.95%), leisure activity (33.67%), and social activity groups (47.67%). The low-activity group indicated better physical health than the social activity group (Average Treatment Effect (ATE) = −0.12, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = −0.23, −0.01). The high-activity group had lower depressive symptoms (ATE = −1.51, 95% CI = −2.23, −0.80) than did the low-activity group. Moreover, the high-activity (ATE = −0.58, 95% CI = −0.95, −0.22) and leisure activity (ATE = −0.34, 95% CI = −0.62, −0.05) groups demonstrated lower loneliness than did the low-activity group. The low-activity group had a higher risk of friend isolation than did the social activity group (ATE = −0.17, 95% CI = −0.30, −0.05) but more community involvement than the high-activity group (ATE = −0.23, 95% CI = −0.38, −0.08). These findings support the prismatic effects framework and reveal that the health effects of digital lifestyles are multidimensional with different potential benefits and harms across health dimensions. The nature of digital lifestyles may be more critical than digital access from a health outcome perspective.
Artificial neural network analysis of irreversibility in electroosmotic flow of Prandtl–Eyring fluid through an inclined peristaltic channel with ciliated walls
Authors: Ishaq Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad Bilal , Tashkandi Mohammed A. , Ghachem Kaouther , Kolsi Lioua
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis of electroosmotically driven flow of a Prandtl–Eyring fluid through a peristaltic inclined channel with ciliated walls, influenced by non-Darcy porous medium and motile microorganisms. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced into set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using lubrication approximations and Debye–Hückel transformations with suitable dimensionless variables. These ODEs are addressed analytically using the homotopy perturbation method, which linearizes them into subproblems and assumes a perturbed series solution for velocity, temperature, concentration, and bioconvection. The symbolic solutions for these subproblems are derived in the MATLAB environment using the dsolve command. Subsequently, expressions for concentration, velocity, bioconvection, and temperature are plotted as function of various parameters, including the Prandtl number, non-Newtonian fluid parameter, and magnetic parameter, to evaluate their effects. Data from these profiles are extracted to construct the ANN model, which is trained in a Python environment using TensorFlow version 2.17.0. The model includes a starting layer, couple of hidden layers having 64 neurons each, and an output layer, utilizing the rectified linear unit activation mechanism and Adam optimization algorithm. The performance of our ANN model is monitored by mean square error, root mean square error, regression (R2), gradients, validation, and error histograms, which demonstrate the model's high accuracy in predicting thermal, velocity, concentration, and bioconvection profiles. The results indicate significant impacts of the non-Darcy porous medium, magnetic field, electroosmotic parameter, and nonlinear fluid parameter on the momentum profile. The potential applications of this study include the development of microfluidic devices for targeted drug transport in biomedical engineering and the optimization of pollutant transport in environmental engineering.
Scaling laws for concentration-gradient-driven electrolyte transport through a two-dimensional membrane
Authors: Baldock Holly C. M. , Huang David M.
Published: February 2025

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials exhibit unique properties that are promising for diverse applications, including those relevant to concentration-gradient-driven transport of electrolyte solutions through porous membranes made from these materials, such as water desalination, osmotic power, and iontronics. Here, we derive general equations and determine scaling laws in the thick and thin electric-double-layer limits that quantify the variation of the concentration-gradient-driven flow rate, solute flux and electric current with the pore radius, surface charge density, and Debye screening length for the transport of a dilute electrolyte solution through a circular aperture in an infinitesimally thin planar membrane. We also determine scaling laws for the electric-field-driven flow rate in the thin electric-double-layer limit in the same geometry. We show that these scaling laws accurately capture the scaling relationships from finite-element numerical simulations within the Debye–Hückel regime and extend the theory to obtain scaling laws in the thin electric double-layer limit that hold even when the electric potential energy is large compared with the thermal energy. These scaling laws indicate unusual behavior for concentration-gradient-driven flow in a 2D membrane that is not seen in thicker membranes, which has broad implications for liquid transport through membranes whose thickness comparable to, or smaller than, their pore size.
Three-dimensional collapse analysis of deep-buried tunnels in weak surrounding rock considering longitudinal collapse width and flexible support
Authors: Zhou Jian , Yang Xinan , Ma Mingjie , Li Luheng
Published: February 2025

This study performed a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) analysis on tunnel collapse by incorporating the effects of longitudinal collapse width and flexible support characteristics of tunnel linings. The nonlinear Hoek–Brown criterion was employed for collapse analysis, and an upper limit analysis was conducted on the transverse section of the collapse body. Furthermore, the impact of flexible support systems on longitudinal collapse width was considered to enhance the accuracy of collapse predictions in a tunnel design. Comparisons between numerical simulations and theoretical analyses were performed to verify the feasibility of the proposed analytical approach. The rigid support of the structure led to inevitable active support reactions, and the predicted size of the collapse body obtained through calculation was very conservative, with a significant margin of error compared to the actual size. The collapse zone at the vault gradually extended to the sidewall and interconnected with the broken zone at the sidewall when A was greater than 0.5 or B was less than 0.65. For tunnels with σci less than 5 MPa, supporting the vault with a combination of rock bolts and anchor cables could prevent its collapse. This study offers a theoretical basis for the design of deep tunnels in weak surrounding rocks.
Innovative noise-cancellation strategies for fluid-immersed cylindrical structures using viscous rotational flow and porous functionally graded piezoelectric materials
Authors: Tarkashvand A. , Zafari H.
Published: February 2025

This article presents a novel acoustic analysis of two coaxial cylindrical shells filled with fluid, explicitly considering the effect of fluid viscosity. This factor is crucial for sound-fluid–structure interactions, particularly in systems that experience detrimental vibrations. The cross-sectional architecture consists of a porous functionally graded piezoelectric (PFGP) coating and two coaxial isotropic cylinders separated by a compressible viscous fluid. The entire structure is completely submerged in a uniform inviscid fluid flow, such as water, and the internal acoustic environment is considered a resonant cavity. A power-law relation is employed to characterize the material properties of the PFGP coating in the thickness direction. The motion of viscous fluid substances is modeled with the three-dimensional (3D) Navier–Stokes equations. The governing equations of motion for each layer of the PFGP coating are derived using an orthotropic laminated model based on the exact linear theory of 3D piezoelasticity. In this regard, the classical state-space technique and the transfer matrix mathematical model are used to solve the problem. Guided wave propagation in elastic isotropic cylinders is adapted to Navier's wave equation, allowing for the inclusion of both longitudinal and torsional waves. Helmholtz decomposition is applied to solve these wave equations. To validate the proposed model, the results are compared with findings from other researchers. Overall, the results indicate that fluids with higher viscosity are more effective in reducing noise levels, and the structure oscillates at a lower speed due to enhanced energy dissipation within the rotational flow layer at the solid–fluid interface.
Electronic structure of YV6Sn6 probed by de Haas–van Alphen oscillations and density functional theory
Authors: Shtefiienko Kyryl , Phillips Cole , Mozaffari Shirin , Madhogaria Richa P. , Meier William R. , Mandrus David G. , Graf David E. , Shrestha Keshav
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the electronic structure of the vanadium-based kagome metal YV6Sn6 using magnetoresistance (MR) and torque magnetometry. The MR exhibits a nearly linear, non-saturating behavior, increasing by up to 55% at 35 T but shows no evidence of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations. In contrast, the torque signal, measured up to 41.5 T, reveals clear de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations over a wide frequency range, from a low frequency of Fα ∼20 T to high frequencies between 8 and 10 kT. Angular and temperature-dependent dHvA measurements were performed to probe the Fermi surface parameters of YV6Sn6. The dHvA frequencies display weak angular dependence, and the effective mass, determined by fitting the temperature-dependent data to the Lifshitz–Kosevich formula, is 0.097 mo, where mo represents the free electron mass. To complement the experimental findings, we computed the electronic band structure and Fermi surface using density functional theory. The calculations reveal several notable features, including multiple Dirac points near the Fermi level, flatbands, and Van Hove singularities. Two bands cross the Fermi level, contributing to the Fermi surface, with theoretical frequencies matching well with the observed dHvA frequencies. These combined experimental and theoretical insights enhance our understanding of the electronic structure of YV6Sn6 and provide a valuable framework for studying other vanadium- and titanium-based kagome materials.
Anticathode effect on multimodal azimuthal oscillations in electron beam generated E×B plasma
Authors: Chopra Nirbhav Singh , Raitses Yevgeny
Published: February 2025

Electron beam (e-beam) generated plasmas with applied crossed electric and magnetic (E×B) fields are promising for low-damage (gentle) material processing. However, these plasmas can be subject to the formation of plasma non-uniformities propagating in the E×B direction. These rotating plasma structures (or “spokes”) enhance the transport of charged species across the magnetic field, which can harm the gentle processing capability of the plasma. In this work, we investigate the role of electrostatically active boundaries on the spoke formation by incorporating a variable bias conducting boundary (known as an anticathode) placed on the axially opposite side of the cathode. Our findings indicate azimuthal mode suppression occurs when the anticathode is electron collecting. Furthermore, we show selective azimuthal mode suppression by biasing the anticathode to an intermediate potential between the cathode and anode potentials. These findings suggest a link between the axial electron confinement in the e-beam generated plasma and azimuthally propagating plasma structure formation.
On one-dimensional surrogacy of probability density function of enstrophy in isotropic turbulence
Authors: Gotoh Toshiyuki , Yeung P. K.
Published: February 2025

One-dimensional surrogates of fully three-dimensional (3D) quantities such as fluctuations of dissipation rate and enstrophy in turbulent flows have played an important role in many experimental and computational studies of intermittency. This paper addresses the connections between the probability density functions (PDFs) of the square of the magnitude of a fluctuating vector and that of a single Cartesian coordinate component under the condition of isotropy. A pair of rigorous relations between the PDFs of 3D enstrophy and its one-dimensional (1D) surrogate is derived mathematically. These relations are general, and independent of the functional form of the PDFs, degree of non-Gaussianity or the Reynolds number. The 1D surrogate is substantially more intermittent than its 3D counterpart. The functional forms of the respective PDFs are also examined using numerical simulation data, especially for regimes of very small and very large amplitudes. In the latter case, stretched exponential fits with different algebraic pre-factors but the same exponents at a given Reynolds number are found to agree very well with the data available.
High-to-low flow dynamics learning with deep convolutional encoder–decoder networks for randomly packed pebble-bed geometry
Authors: Lanade David , Liu Yang , Hassan Yassin
Published: February 2025

Randomly packed pebble-bed reactors are integral components in various engineering applications, in nuclear reactors where they offer inherent safety advantages through the use of tristructural isotropic coated fuel particles embedded in a graphite matrix. Predicting coolant flow and heat transfer within these packed beds presents significant challenges due to the complex, non-uniform arrangement of pebbles, resulting in intricate flow patterns and thermal fields. High-fidelity simulations like large Eddy simulation (LES) provide detailed insight but are computationally expensive, necessitating efficient alternatives for practical applications. This study introduces a machine learning-based approach for high-to-low flow field learning using deep convolutional encoder–decoder networks applied to randomly packed pebble-bed geometry. An end-to-end field-to-field regression framework is employed, utilizing a fully convolutional encoder–decoder architecture with DenseNet feature extraction. The model is trained on velocity fields derived from both coarse and fine mesh simulations across multiple Reynolds numbers. The proposed method significantly reduces computational cost while maintaining high accuracy in predicting detailed velocity flow fields. The model's performance is validated across different Reynolds numbers and flow configurations, demonstrating a strong ability to capture dominant flow structures and localized turbulence, especially near pebble surfaces. The results confirm that this deep learning model can effectively upscale coarse mesh flow fields to high-resolution outputs, offering a promising solution for efficient and accurate simulation of packed bed reactors in thermal-hydraulic applications. Furthermore, the model's robustness is validated through tests on different pebble bed configurations, ensuring its generalizability and potential for real-world applications.
Effect of ventilation on supercavitation dynamics and hydroacoustic characteristics: A numerical comparison with unventilated conditions
Authors: Ezzatneshan Eslam , Akbarzadeh Seyed Mohammad , Akbari Alireza
Published: February 2025

This numerical study examines the hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic behavior of an underwater vehicle under supercavitating conditions, both with and without ventilation. A body measuring 2100 mm in length and 128 mm in diameter operates in a 2300 mm-long domain. A water inflow of 10 ms and gas injection of 0.3 kgs create ventilated supercavitation. Without ventilation, the drag coefficient is about 0.7, while strong vortices and flow separations generate intense, low-frequency noise. At 10 m and 90∘, the sound pressure level (SPL) peaks near 110 dB below 50 Hz. At 100 m, this attenuates to 60–80 dB. Ventilation reduces drag to ∼0.3, but increases low-frequency SPL at 10 m and 90∘ up to 135 dB (2–50 Hz). Ventilation also broadens the noise spectrum, with the SPL at 100 m still around 80–90 dB below 50 Hz, surpassing the unventilated case. At 1000 m, SPLs for both conditions drop to about 20–40 dB at high frequencies, demonstrating distance-related attenuation. Monopole sources dominate at low frequencies, with up to 110 dB near-field SPL in the unventilated case, while dipole sources significantly influence mid-frequency ranges (50–300 Hz). Under ventilation, the monopole remains strong at low frequencies (about 80–90 dB at 100 m), but dipole contributions weaken over distance. Overall, while ventilation reduces drag, it intensifies and broadens the acoustic field at near-field locations, underscoring the complex tradeoffs between drag reduction and noise emission. These findings highlight the importance of careful ventilation strategies to manage noise and performance.
Scattering by a vortex of sound wave from a moving source
Authors: Duan Lishu , Jiang Hanbo , Chen Shiyi
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the interaction between a moving monopole point source and a vortex, with a particular focus on the spatiotemporal and frequency characteristics of the sound field. High-precision numerical simulations are employed to obtain the sound field characteristics for different vortex Mach numbers and source wavelengths. As a stationary source, the vortex disrupts the symmetry of the sound field, creating stable beam structures, with the root mean square of the scattered pressure proportional to the vortex Mach number. However, when the source is in motion, the distribution of these beams evolves over time, with noticeable bending due to interference effects as the source passes through the vortex. Both the source wavelength and the vortex Mach number significantly affect the intensity of the scattered sound, with shorter wavelengths and higher Mach numbers leading to a stronger scattered field. Moreover, the time evolution of the scattered sound can be divided into three stages: short-wave, transitional, and long-wave stages, based on observed changes in frequency and directivity. Wavelet transforms are used to analyze the time–frequency characteristics of the scattered sound pressure signals at various observation points. The frequency components of the scattered pressure exhibit a distinct shift over time and display different features at various observation locations. Finally, the instantaneous scattered sound power follows a characteristic trend of increasing and then decreasing, with the peak occurring just before the source passes through the vortex.
Hypothalamic opsin 3 suppresses MC4R signaling and potentiates Kir7.1 to promote food consumption
Authors: Haddad Hala K. , Mercado-Reyes Jonathan I. , Mustafá E. Román , D’Souza Shane P. , Chung C. Sean , Nestor Ramses R. M. , Olinski Lauren E. , Martinez Damonte Valentina , Saskin Joshua , Vemaraju Shruti , Raingo Jesica , Kauer Julie A. , Lang Richard A. , Oancea Elena
Published: February 2025

Mammalian opsin 3 (OPN3) is a member of the opsin family of G-protein-coupled receptors with ambiguous light sensitivity. OPN3 was first identified in the brain (and named encephalopsin) and subsequently found to be expressed in other tissues. In adipocytes, OPN3 is necessary for light responses that modulate lipolysis and glucose uptake, while OPN3 in human skin melanocytes regulates pigmentation in a light-independent manner. Despite its initial discovery in the brain, OPN3 functional mechanisms in the brain remain elusive. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of OPN3 function in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. We show that
Opn3
is coexpressed with the melanocortin 4 receptor (
Mc4r
) in a population of PVN neurons, where it negatively regulates MC4R-mediated cAMP signaling in a specific and Gα
i/o
-dependent manner. Under baseline conditions, OPN3 via Gα
i/o
potentiates the activity of the inward rectifying Kir7.1 channel, previously shown to be closed in response to agonist-mediated activation of MC4R in a Gα
s
-independent manner. In mice, we found that
Opn3
in
Mc4r
-expressing neurons regulates food consumption. Our results reveal the first mechanistic insight into OPN3 function in the hypothalamus, uncovering a unique mechanism by which OPN3 functions to potentiate Kir7.1 activity and negatively regulate MC4R-mediated cAMP signaling, thereby promoting food intake.
Reproducibility, replicability, robustness, and generalizability in corpus linguistics
Authors: Flanagan Joseph
Published: February 2025

Establishing the credibility of scientific research involves several related but significantly different concerns.
One potential problem in surveying different approaches to these concerns is that of terminology, as some of the basic terms used
in the discussion — reproducibility, replicability, robustness, and generalizability — are often used in inconsistent or
contradictory ways. This paper proposes to resolve such confusion by providing a terminological framework for discussing what kind
of confirmation is necessary for a scientific study to be deemed credible. A study is said to be ‘reproducible’ if we can obtain
identical results by performing an identical analysis on identical data, ‘replicable’ if we can obtain consistent results using
the same analysis on different data, ‘robust’ if we can obtain consistent results from identical data using a different analysis,
and ‘generalizable’ if we can obtain consistent results from different data using a different analysis.
A unified semantic account of Mandarin ordinal phrases
Authors: Chen Yi-Hsun
Published: February 2025

Mandarin ordinal phrases demonstrate an ambiguity between a definite reading and an indefinite quantity reading,
first observed by Tsai (2011). However, contra Tsai
(2011)’s lexical-ambiguity view, this paper presents a compositionally unified semantic analysis of the ambiguity of
Mandarin ordinal phrases. Specifically, the ambiguity of Mandarin ordinals under discussion is derived from the semantic
application of type-shifting rules and the pragmatic restriction on the domain of the ordinal morpheme di (which
is reminiscent of the in-situ approach to the ambiguity of superlatives), coupled with the semantic requirements of
di; therefore, a unified semantics of the ordinal morpheme di is maintained under either
reading. Furthermore, this paper suggests two important felicity conditions in general on the use of an ordinal phrase in
discourse. Besides theoretical contributions, this paper also presents empirical discoveries showing that some generalizations in
Tsai (2011) are not entirely correct. For instance, it is false that all ordinal
phrases in Mandarin Chinese must denote a singular entity (contra Tsai
2011). Instead, the semantics of classifiers matters for the denotation of an ordinal phrase: a Mandarin ordinal phrase
can denote a plural entity when a group classifier is used. Furthermore, the presence of measure classifiers
or certain predicates such as sheng ‘give birth’ is not a reliable diagnostic for teasing apart the two readings;
the role of contexts and world knowledge in determining the (un)availability of a given reading is identified and discussed.
Finally, this paper illustrates how the proposed analysis explains three puzzling properties of Mandarin ordinal phrases: (a) why
the indefinite quantity reading is missing in the subject position; (b) why the indefinite quantity reading is missing when the
experiential aspect marker guo occurs; and (c) why an ordinal phrase with canonical sortal classifiers has to
denote a singular entity.
Pruning translation of logical and accidental polysemy in traditional Chinese medicine terminology
Authors: Hou Yuehui
Published: February 2025

Excessive and arbitrary polysemy within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terminology presents a notable challenge to both the intralingual standardization of TCM terms and the interlingual development of a TCM knowledge system. This article categorizes polysemy in TCM based on the origins and relationships of the various senses of a polysemous term: Inherent polysemy, where terms retain their ordinary senses; logical polysemy, which includes both ordinary and technical senses; and accidental polysemy, characterized by exclusively technical senses. For addressing logical and accidental polysemy, this article proposes “pruning translation,” a methodology in terminology translation that refines and aligns a term closely with its original form by reducing multiple senses to its most essential meanings for enhanced clarity and precision. Three approaches, namely “centralization” for an underspecification account, “aggregation” for an overspecification account, and “literal translation” for literalism, are employed to demonstrate the application of pruning translation. This is exemplified through an analysis of five polysemous TCM terms: mào (冒), qīng (清), mài (脉), guǐ tāi (鬼胎), and xià xiè (下泄). The rationale for pruning translation stems from two key aspects: Firstly, the generation of polysemy, highlighting the need to eliminate context-dependent, unrecognized, or superficial senses for accurate cross-lingual translation; secondly, the representation of polysemy, supported by psycholinguistic evidence indicating that multiple senses in one language can often be effectively represented by a single lexical form in another, facilitating the consolidation of senses into a unified translation. This proposed methodology of pruning translation represents an innovative approach in the translation of polysemous TCM terminology, contributing to the field of terminology translation.
Non-returning boomerangs: An engaging exercise in rotational dynamics
Authors: Denny Mark
Published: February 2025

A non-returning boomerang can fly straight for over one hundred meters, but only if torques with a horizontal component are eliminated by careful shaping of the airfoil. An actuator disk model predicts that non-returning boomerangs must have a negative lift coefficient at both ends, in marked contrast to the returning boomerangs. Stability conditions are examined. The analysis of these ancient hunting weapons is, for the physics student, an instructive exercise in rotation dynamics.
The evolution of the intrinsic defects and melt characteristic during the equal-diameter growth stage of Cz-Si
Authors: Chen Yongsheng , Gu Shiyao , Li Xiaochuan , Mei Haotian , Cui Caixia , Wu Hangjin , Wang Xinchang
Published: February 2025

In the Silicon single crystal grown by Czochralski (Cz) method, intrinsic defects can be divided into two groups, namely intrinsic point defects and grown-in microdefects. The former includes vacancy (V) and self-interstitial Si atom (I); while the latter, consisting of the crystal originated particles (COPs), B defects and bulk microdefects (BMDs), is formed by the aggregation of excess intrinsic point defects. In this paper, the evolution of intrinsic defects and thermal stress in crystal during the equal-diameter growth stage are solved within a two-dimensional axisymmetric steady-state global heat and mass transport model. With the increase of the crystal height, the strength and action range of tensile stress are enhanced in the crystal, companied by the intrinsic point defects transition from V-rich to I-rich. At the same time, the central region of the crystal contains larger COPs with low density and smaller BMDs with high density; the peripheral region is dominated by smaller COPs with high density, and larger BMDs with low density. A large number of B defects mainly gather at the top of the crystal with almost negligible size as crystal height reaches to 1000 mm. In addition, the corresponding melt flow structure, temperature, and oxygen concentration with different crystal heights are also simulated. The uniformities of temperature and oxygen distributions decrease with the decrease of the melt volume, and the solid-liquid (S-L) interface is more concave towards the melt with a slightly increased Vp/G. These results will provide a more thorough understanding of the thermodynamic mechanism in Si crystal growth and for the further optimization design.
Existence of a ﬂat band in highly correlated metal BaCo2P2
Authors: Van Der Spuy Arthur , Warmbier Robert , Pandey Abhishek
Published: February 2025

We report on the observation of a flat band situated at the Fermi level (E
F) along with the structural, electrical transport, and magnetic properties of BaCo2P2 that crystallizes in the ThCr2Si2-type body-center tetragonal structure. This compound has the largest inter-layer pnictide (Pn) distance d
Pn-Pn
as well as the largest c/a ratio among all the known ACo2
Pn
2 (A = alkaline earth metal) compounds, where a and c are the tetragonal lattice parameters. Hence, the magnetic and electronic properties of this compound are expected to have a quasi-two-dimensional character. Despite the evidence of the presence of sizable magnetic interactions, magnetic susceptibility χ(T) of BaCo2P2 does not show magnetic ordering down to 1.8 K. The material shows good metallic conduction with a large residual resistivity ratio ρ300 K/ρ1.8 K ≈ 70 and a Fermi liquid behavior at low temperature. Kadowaki-Woods ratio R
KW of BaCo2P2 suggests the presence of sizable electronic correlations within this system. Additionally, a large many-body enhancement of 2.3 of the experimental density of states D
γ(E
F) over the band-structure D
band(E
F) is inferred to arise from sizable electron-electron and/or electron-phonon interactions leading to a substantial deviation from the free-electron behavior.
The mechanical behavior analysis of the partially center electrode-covered CMUTs based on Ritz method
Authors: Li Jie , Wu Zutang , Xiao Zhaohui , Li Jin , Li Zhikang , Li Min , Zhao Yihe , Li Zixuan , Yuan Jiawei , Zhao Libo
Published: February 2025

As a quintessential electrostatic excitation micro electro mechanical system device, the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) is extensively utilized across medical, industrial, military and numerous other fields. To comprehensively analyze the fundamental properties of CMUTs, it is imperative to investigate their precise mechanical behavior under electrostatic forces. When the fringing field effect of the CMUT is ignored, this manuscript introduces the electromechanical coupling model of the partially center electrode-covered CMUTs (PCEC-CMUTs) to analyze its fundamental properties under nonlinear electrostatic forces for the first time. Utilizing the Ritz method, a novel segmentation function is employed to express the electrostatic deflections of the PCEC-CMUTs. Through the solution results of this model, fundamental performance parameters such as collapse voltage, electrostatic deflection and resonant frequency can be rapidly obtained. Subsequently, the finite element model (FEM) with COMSOL 6.1a is used to validate the theoretical model. The relative errors of electrostatic deflections and resonant frequency between the theoretical model and the FEM are controlled less than 5% in the region less than 95% of the collapse voltage, which proves the correctness of the theoretical model. These theoretical analyses are instrumental for the design and optimization of electrostatically actuated micro-devices such as CMUTs, and provide a theoretical foundation for establishing immersion equivalent circuits for PCEC-CMUT cells and arrays.
Quality-compliance validation system for individual calibration and testing events: Case study of primary calibration of reference photovoltaic devices
Authors: IGARI Sanekazu , Watanabe Hiroshi , Fujimoto Toshiyuki , Shirono Katsuhiro
Published: February 2025

For individual calibration and testing events, no third-party assessments are conducted on the validity of measuring instrument calibrations, personnel qualifications, or the appropriateness of measurement conditions in current calibration and testing practices, as is done during accreditation review audits. Since performing such assessments manually can be labour-intensive for human reviewers and prone to errors, we have developed a system for the automatic validation of digitized data, working alongside the current accreditation system. This system is designed for the documented records of the calibration of a reference photovoltaic (PV) device. The system incorporates three key functions: data packaging, automatic validation, and auditable log by the means of the blockchain system. Specifically, all data related to the calibration of an item is packaged by an application, the extracted data from the package is validated by programs, and the validation logs are stored securely without tampering. This system can support quality compliance in calibration and testing processes.
A map neuron with a hybrid ion channel and its dynamics
Authors: Song Xinlin , Wang Ya , Yang Feifei
Published: February 2025

The ion channel in neurons is the basic component of signal transmission in the nervous system. The ion channel has important effects on the potential of neuron release and dynamic behavior in the neural networks. Ion channels control the flow of ions into and out of the cell membrane to form an ion current, which makes the excitable membrane produce special potential changes and become the basis of nerve and muscle activity. The blockage of ion channels has a significant effect on the dynamics of neurons and networks. Therefore, it is a very meaningful study to study the influence of ion channels on neuronal dynamics. In this work, a hybrid ion channel is designed by connecting a charge-controlled memristor (CCM) with an inductor in series, and a magnetic flux-controlled memristor (MFCM), capacitor, and nonlinear resistor are connected in parallel with the mixed ion channel to obtain the memristor neural circuit. Furthermore, the oscillator model with a hybrid ion channel and its energy function are calculated, and a map neuron is obtained by linearizing the neuron oscillator model. In addition, an adaptive regulation method is designed to explore the adaptive regulation of energy on the dynamic behaviors of the map neuron. The results show that the dynamics of a map neuron with a hybrid ion channel can be controlled by parameters and external magnetic fields. This study is also used to research on synchronization between map neurons and collective behaviors in the map neurons network.
Performance assessment of the HERD calorimeter with a photo-diode read-out system for high-energy electron beams
Authors: Adriani O. , Ambrosi G. , Antonelli M. , Bai Y. , Bai X. , Bao T. , Barbanera M. , Berti E. , Betti P. , Bigongiari G. , Bongi M. , Bonvicini V. , Bottai S. , Cagnoli I. , Cao W. , Casaus J. , Cerasole D. , Chen Z. , Cui X. , D'Alessandro R. , Di Venere L. , Diaz C. , Dong Y. , Detti S. , Duranti M. , Gargano F. , Gao J. , Guo S. , Giovacchini F. , Finetti N. , Formato V. , Jiang Y. , Liang X. , Li R. , Liao C. , Liu X. , Lyu L. , Marin J. , Martinez G. , Mori N. , Oliva A. , Pacini L. , Papini P. , Pillera R. , Pizzolotto C. , Quan Z. , Qin J.J. , Scaringella M. , Serini D. , Shi D. , Silveri L. , Silvestre G. , Starodubtsev O. , Tang X. , Tiberio A. , Vannuccini E. , Velasco M. , Wang B. , Wang J. , Wang R. , Wang Z. , Xu M. , Yang X. , Zampa G. , Zampa N. , Zhang S. , Zheng J.
Published: February 2025

The measurement of cosmic rays at energies exceeding
100 TeV per nucleon is crucial for enhancing the understanding of
high-energy particle propagation and acceleration models in the
Galaxy. HERD is a space-borne calorimetric experiment that aims to
extend the current direct measurements of cosmic rays to unexplored
energies, such as protons exceeding one PeV. The payload is
scheduled to be installed on the Chinese Space Station in 2027. The
primary peculiarity of the instrument is its capability to measure
particles coming from all directions, with the main detector being a
deep, homogeneous, 3D calorimeter. The active elements are read out
using two independent systems: one based on wavelength shifter
fibers coupled to CMOS cameras, and the other based on photo-diodes
read-out with custom front-end electronics. A large calorimeter
prototype was tested in 2023 during an extensive beam test campaign
at CERN. In this paper, the performance of the calorimeter for
high-energy electron beams, as obtained from the photo-diode system
data, is presented. The prototype demonstrated excellent
performance, e.g., an energy resolution better than 1% for
electrons at 250 GeV. A comparison between beam test data and
Monte Carlo simulation data is also presented.
Mimicking bone remodeling scaffolds of polyvinylalcohol/silk fibroin with phytoactive compound of soy protein isolate as surgical supporting biomaterials for tissue formation at defect area in osteoporosis; characterization, morphology, and in-vitro testing
Authors: Watcharajittanont Nattawat , Jatuworapruk Kanon , Prarokijjak Worasak , Sangsuwan Prawichaya , Meesane Jirut
Published: February 2025

Mimicking bone remodeling scaffolds were developed as supportive biomaterials to promote tissue formation at defect sites in osteoporosis. Scaffolds made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were mixed with varying weight ratios of silk fibroin (SF) and a phytoactive compound-based soy protein isolate (SPI); PVA30SF, PVA10SF20SPI, PVA20SF10SPI, PVA30SPI. PVA was used as control. These components were mixed into aqueous solution and crosslinking with EDC before freeze thawing and freeze drying, respectively. Then, the scaffolds were characterized at the molecular level using FTIR and their morphology was observed using SEM. Physical properties including swelling and degradation were tested, as well as mechanical properties like stress-strain behavior and modulus. The biological performance of the scaffolds was evaluated through osteoblast cell culturing, assessing cell viability, proliferation, ALP activity, calcium content, and calcium deposition. The results demonstrate that the scaffolds with both SF and SPI had greater molecular mobility of –OH, amide I, II, and III groups, compared to the scaffold with only SF or SPI. These scaffolds also displayed larger pore sizes. Scaffolds with both SF and SPI showed higher swelling and degradation rates than those with only SF or SPI. Additionally, they exhibited better cell viability and calcium deposition, along with increased cell proliferation, ALP activity, and calcium content. Notably, the scaffold with a higher amount of SPI, PVA10SF20SPI, exhibited the most suitable performance for enhancing cell response, thereby promoting bone formation. This scaffold is proposed as a supportive biomaterial to be incorporated with plates and screws for bone fixation at defect sites in osteoporosis.
Snow persistence lowers and delays peak NDVI, the vegetation index that underpins Arctic greening analyses
Authors: Hoad Calum G , Myers-Smith Isla H , Kerby Jeff T , Colesie Claudia , Assmann Jakob J
Published: February 2025

Satellite imagery is critical for understanding land-surface change in the rapidly warming Arctic. Since the 1980s, studies have found positive trends in the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from satellite imagery over the Arctic—commonly referred to as ‘Arctic greening’ and assumed to represent increased vegetation productivity. However, greening analyses use satellite imagery with pixel sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of metres and do not account for the integration of abiotic phenomena such as snow within vegetation indices. Here, we use high-resolution drone data from one Arctic and one sub-Arctic site to show that fine-scale snow persistence within satellite pixels is associated with both reduced magnitude and delayed timing of annual peak NDVI, the base metric of Arctic greening analyses. We found higher snow persistence within Sentinel-2 pixels is associated with a lower magnitude and later peak NDVI, with a mean difference in NDVI of 0.1 and seven days between high and low snow persistence pixels. These effects were stronger in NASA HLSS30 data, representative of Landsat data commonly used in greening analyses. Our findings indicate that unaccounted changes in fine-scale snow persistence may contribute to Arctic spectral greening and browning trends through either biotic responses of vegetation to snow cover or abiotic integration of snow within the estimated peak NDVI. In order to improve our understanding of Arctic land-surface change, studies should integrate very-high-resolution data to estimate the dynamics of late-season snow within coarser satellite pixels.