bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refining Dimensions of Spiritual Wellness: A Cross‐Traditional Approach
Authors: INGERSOLL R. ELLIOTT
Published: December 2011

There is an increased interest in the topic of spirituality in the fields of counselor education and professional counseling. Present research involves the constructs of spirituality, religiosity, spiritual well‐being, and spiritual wellness. This article reports a study in which previously published dimensions of spiritual wellness were reviewed and refined by a cross‐cultural panel of 12 people representing 11 different spiritual traditions. The initial 7 dimensions of spiritual wellness were revised and expanded to 10 dimensions that met with agreement across the traditions represented by the panel and provide a starting point for further inquiry.
Forgiveness and Reconciliation: The Importance of Understanding How They Differ
Authors: FREEDMAN SUZANNE
Published: December 2011

The concepts of forgiveness and reconciliation are clarified and discussed. The differences between forgiveness and reconciliation are illustrated, guidelines for how counselors can avoid confusing them are given, and a case study is used to illustrate the differences between forgiveness and reconciliation and when each is appropriate. Implications for the helping profession and the well‐being of clients are discussed.
Gay and Lesbian Spirituality: A Response to Donaldson
Authors: BARRET BOB , BARZAN ROBERT
Published: December 2011

This article is a final response by the authors to S. M. Donaldson's comments (1998) on their article, “Spiritual Experiences of Gay Men and Lesbians.” The original article focused on the experiences and spiritual issues of self‐identified gay men and lesbians.
Spiritual Empowerment: A Metaphor for Counseling
Authors: KOCH GARY R.
Published: December 2011

The metaphor of counseling as spiritual empowerment is presented, followed by an explanation of spiritual empowerment as a metaphor and spiritual empowerment as a theoretical framework for counselors. In the use of this metaphor, counselors initiate a spiritual experience with clients, and clients often experience a spiritual awakening in which they discover or rediscover their own spiritual power. Five conclusions are identified.
The Relationship of Spirituality to Cognitive and Moral Development and Purpose in Life: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: YOUNG J. SCOTT , CASHWELL CRAIG S. , WOOLINGTON V. JEANNE
Published: December 2011

In this exploratory study of 152 undergraduate students, the relationships among spirituality, cognitive and moral development, and existential sense of meaning were examined. Results suggest that no relationship exists between spirituality and cognitive development, but that spirituality is positively related to both moral development and purpose in life.
Commonalities in Values Among Mental Health Counselors
Authors: CONSOLI ANDRÉS J. , WILLIAMS LAURIE M.
Published: December 2011

Mental health counselors (N = 161) from Buenos Aires, Argentina, who ascribed to distinct theoretical orientations were surveyed with regard to their personal and mental health values. Although on theoretical grounds value differences among counselors professing divergent orientations seem plausible, the empirical literature has failed to support these differences. What has been supported is a sizably shared professional culture characterized by a values profile beyond theoretical orientation. This article provides further empirical input on what the values commonalities are even among counselors who profess distinct theoretical orientations and have a different national origin from prior samples. Implications for clients are discussed.
Values Held by Office‐Based and Home‐Based Therapists in Northern New England
Authors: McCAIN VICTORIA M. , DAY H. D.
Published: December 2011

As a first study of the values of rural mental health professionals, the Survey of Personal Values and the Survey of Interpersonal Values were completed by 51 office‐based psychotherapists and 87 home‐based therapists from rural areas in 3 northern New England states. Discriminant function analyses using the 2 sets of values as predictors of therapist group did not support the hypothesis that the home‐based therapists would more highly value Independence and Goal Orientation than the office‐based therapists; in fact, the therapists in the 2 settings were remarkably similar in their values. The rural therapists, as one group, more frequently endorsed the personal values of Achievement and Decisiveness and the interpersonal values of Independence, Benevolence, and Support. Male therapists more frequently endorsed Practical Mindedness and Achievement than female therapists.
Spiritual Emergency: An Introduction and Case Example
Authors: HOLDEN JANICE MINER , VANPELT‐TESS PAMELA , WARREN SCOTT
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the professional literature on spiritual emergency, including history of the concept; etiology, features, and course of the phenomenon; differential diagnosis between spiritual emergency and pathological conditions; and professional response to clients in spiritual emergency. A verbatim transcript of a client describing a spiritual emergency illustrates aspects of the phenomenon and evaluates counselor responses. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of counselor competence regarding the phenomenon of spiritual emergency.
Religious Orientation and Multidimensional Perfectionism: Relationships and Implications
Authors: ASHBY JEFFREY S. , HUFFMAN JUDY
Published: December 2011

To investigate relationships between religiosity and multidimensional perfectionism, the researchers administered measures of religious orientation and multidimensional perfectionism to 242 undergraduate students. The researchers found that more religious students had higher scores on an adaptive dimension of perfectionism (personal standards) but not on any of the measures of maladaptive perfectionism, suggesting that religious persons may be perfectionistic in adaptive, but not in maladaptive, ways.
Spirituality and Multimodal Therapy: A Practical Approach to Incorporating Spirituality in Counseling
Authors: CURTIS RUSSELL C. , DAVIS KEITH M.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to describe how the dimension of spirituality can be added to an existing counseling theory, multimodal therapy (MMT; A. A. Lazarus, 1984), to provide counselors with a practical approach to incorporating clients' religious and spiritual beliefs in the counseling process. An explanation of MMT is given, as well as its supporting research. The context of spirituality in counseling is discussed, and the process by which it can be integrated into the MMT model is explained. Two case studies are described to demonstrate how spiritual issues can be assessed and used to strengthen the counseling process. Finally, implications for counseling are discussed.
Getting Published in Counseling and Values
Authors: ENGELS DENNIS W. , JACKSON JILL SINGLETON
Published: December 2011

Writing for publication is important for readers and writers, and numerous works provide ideas and advice regarding publication processes, This article contains editors' perspectives and suggestions regarding publishing in Counseling and Values and an invitation for more manuscripts.
Clergy and Counselors—Collaborating Toward New Perspectives
Authors: GETZ HILDY G. , KIRK GINGER , DRISCOLL LISA G.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a workshop and exploratory study done by counselors for a clergy group that requested assistance in working with families. The counselors focused on 4 family dynamic concepts: communication, distance, hierarchy, and adaptability to change. Data were collected from the same pre‐ and postworkshop questionnaire that included a Semantic Differential Scale, Likert questions, and an open‐ended response technique. Changes occurred in distance and adaptability to change concept perceptions among clergy as a result of the workshop. Nearly 1/2 of the respondents reported feeling more confident regarding family counseling on each of the concepts after the workshop.
A Discussion of Worry With Suggestions for Counselors
Authors: KELLY WILLIAM E. , MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

A common client concern is worry, However, an organized description of worry and how to treat it remains relatively unaddressed. This article provides 2 theoretical perspectives of worry and a brief review of the literature on worry. An operational definition of worry is offered, along with suggestions for counselors on how to better assist the worrisome client.
From Tragedy to Triumph: Counselor as Companion on the Hero's Journey
Authors: HALSTEAD RICHARD W.
Published: December 2011

The story of the hero's journey has been told and retold in oral and literary traditions for centuries. The hero motif captures the strength and perseverance of the human spirit of men and women so elegantly that it has not been bound by either cultural or religious tradition (J. Campbell, 1949). These stories, which tell of the challenges faced by women and men, reveal a process of personal transformation. Such tales embody the essence of that sacred space within which one evolves and comes to a qualitative shift in conceptualizing self in relation to others and the world.
Reflection on Religiousness and Mental Health
Authors: OAKES K. ELIZABETH
Published: December 2011

A short clinical vignette is discussed in terms of the theoretical concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations (G.W. Allport & J.M. Ross, 1967) faith development (J.W. Fowler, 1981), and transcendence (W. James, 1936). The author discusses the therapeutic value of a client's religious orientation, faith development, and transcendence in helping to promote constructive change.
Gentle Like the Dawn: A Dying Woman's Healing
Authors: INGERSOLL R. ELLIOTT
Published: December 2011

This article recounts the author's counseling relationship with a client who was a nursing home resident. The article describes the client's spiritual experiences and their impact on both the client and the counselor.
The Influence of Spirituality on Community Participation and Belonging: Christina's Story
Authors: ROYCE‐DAVIS JOANNA
Published: December 2011

This article presents the case study of an individual with a significant psychiatric disability who identified spirituality as the primary facilitator of her community integration. Recommendations are made for human service practice.
A Short List of Universal Moral Values
Authors: KINNIER RICHARD T. , KERNES JERRY L. , DAUTHERIBES THERESE M.
Published: December 2011

There may be virtual worldwide consensus on a few universal moral values like the Golden Rule. In this article, the authors argue that diversity and universality can coexist within the human community. Toward that goal, they construct a short list of universal moral values. Validation of these values is based on nomination by their frequent citation in previously published lists and endorsement by most of the major world religions and well‐known secular organizations (i.e., the United Nations). Implications for counseling are discussed.

There is a universal moral law written on the human heart. (Pope John Paul II, as cited by Moody, 1995, p. 82)
Parishioner Attitudes Toward the Divorced/Separated: Awareness Seminars As Counseling Interventions
Authors: SMITH JUNE A. , SMITH ALANZO H.
Published: December 2011

In an effort to create a greater awareness among parishioners regarding problems associated with divorce/separation, this study used a 6‐stage social construction approach to counseling: (1) the family meaning system, (2) proposing the notion of a socially constructed family meaning system, (3) learning the family meaning system, (4) challenging the family meaning system, (5) amplifying the family meaning system, and (6) stabilizing the new family meaning system. The goal of this article is to sensitize readers to the needs and dynamics of the population represented in this study; to further understand spiritual, ethical, and religious implications of parishioners' attitudes toward the divorced and separated; and to discuss implications for counseling.
Relationships Among Multicultural Training, Moral Development, and Racial Identity Development of White Counseling Students
Authors: EVANS KATHY M. , FOSTER VICTORIA A.
Published: December 2011

Sixty‐eight counselor education students responded to the Defining Issues Test (J. Rest, 1986) and the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (J. E. Helms & R. T. Carter, 1990) to determine relationships among multicultural training and moral and racial identity development. Results of this exploratory study indicate that multicultural training can be helpful in changing modes of information processing related to racial attitudes but does not seem to promote the cognitive complexity needed for moral development. The discussion includes a recommendation for students to discuss ethical dilemmas and participate in active problem solving specific to multicultural issues.
Counselors' Perceptions of Spirituality in the Therapeutic Process
Authors: HICKSON JOYCE , HOUSLEY WARREN , WAGES DIANNE
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the attitudes of 147 Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) in 2 southeastern states concerning spirituality in the therapeutic process. Results indicate that LPCs recognize the importance of being aware of their own spiritual beliefs. Spirituality is also viewed as a universal phenomenon that can act as a powerful psychological change agent. Respondents believe that spirituality is not experienced differently by women and men, although spirituality is believed to be expressed differently as a function of gender. Age of the client emerged as a salient variable. One's place in the aging process and one's perception of the aging process were perceived to affect the client's spiritual search. The results have implications for the training of counselors.
Religious Occupations and Stress Questionnaire (ROS): Instrument Development
Authors: Birk Janice M. , Rayburn Carole A. , Richmond Lee J.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe the development of the Religious Occupations and Stress Questionnaire (ROS), which attempts to fill the need for an appropriate measure of the stress experienced by individuals in religious occupations. The ROS has 4 stress‐related subscales (General Stress. Occupational Stress, Identity/Image Stress, and Gender Issues Stress) and a Coping subscale. Results of reliability and validity studies of the ROS with male and female Protestants, Catholics, and Jews who were in religious occupations indicated high internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and construct validity.
Whispers From the East: Applying the Principles of Eastern Healing to Psychotherapy
Authors: Hatcher Gordon
Published: December 2011

Steinberg, F. E., & Whiteside, R. G. (1999). Whispers From the East: Applying the Principles of Eastern Healing to Psychotherapy. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker & Co.,
How Separable Are Spirituality and Theology in Psychotherapy?
Authors: Slife Brent D. , Richards P. Scott
Published: December 2011

The authors respond to D. A. Helminiak's (2001) article “Treating Spiritual Issues in Secular Psychotherapy.” They focus particularly on Helminiak's argument for secular spirituality (whether spirituality can be independent of theology/religion) and his inherent biases in discussing the nature and existence of spirituality. The authors argue that all spiritual conceptions have theological implications—and thus a theology, broadly defined—and that theology, in this sense, pervades the theory and practice of all psychotherapists, whether or not they are religious.
Treating Suicidal Behavior: An Effective, Time‐Limited Approach
Authors: Hippie John
Published: December 2011

M. David Rudd, Thomas Joiner, & M. Hasan Rajab (2001). Treating Suicidal Behavior: An Effective. Time‐Limited Approach.
Spirituality in Counseling: What Do Counseling Students Think About It?
Authors: Souza Katherine Z.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses students' reactions to 4 seminars. 1‐hour each, on the topic of spirituality in counseling. Students were enrolled in a master's‐level counseling program, Several issues emerged that have implications for the training of counselors on spiritual issues, including students' level of comfort with discussing spiritual issues, the difficulty of defining spirituality, client and counselor readiness to explore spirituality, and training issues in the area of spirituality.
Nonsectarian Counseling in Churches: A Delicate Balance
Authors: Peterson Jean
Published: December 2011

This account of the author's 2 contrasting experiences as a church counselor raises awareness regarding counseling in new venues and in response to congregational and community needs. Church members responded to the invitation to come to counseling before problems became crises; the majority of the members explored midlife and other developmental issues. Specific concerns related to confidentiality and privacy, counselor values and attitudes, the extent of pro bono services, the counselor's relationship with clerics, counseling of clerics, church membership, outreach, and boundaries are addressed, as well as the effective use of discussion groups for youth, men, women, and parents in building a sense of community.
Clients Changing Counselors: An Inspirational Journey
Authors: Freeman Mark S. , Hayes B. Grant
Published: December 2011

Clients are a major source of influence and serve as primary teachers in the process of counselor development (T. M. Skovholt & M. H. Ronnestad, 1992). This article examines the dynamic of how counselors change as a result of their experiences with clients. Two case studies are presented as examples of counselor change.
Spiritual and Religious Competencies: A National Survey of CACREP‐Accredited Programs
Authors: Young J. Scoff , Cashwell Craig , Wiggins‐Frame Marsha , Belaire Christine
Published: December 2011

In this study of 94 Counsel for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)‐accredited counselor education programs, 69% of respondents reported their programs addressed spiritual and religious issues; however, only 46% of CACREP liaisons perceived themselves as prepared or very prepared to integrate material related to spirituality and religion in counseling into their teaching and supervision activities. In addition, only 28% of respondents viewed their colleagues as similarly capable of addressing these issues as a component of counselor preparation. The authors discuss implications for training and practice.
Counselors' Conceptualizations of Caring in the Counseling Relationship
Authors: Halstead Richard W. , Wagner Linda D. , Vivero Margo , Ferkol Wilma
Published: December 2011

Caring is a concept that has been studied in numerous helping professions but has yet to be researched from a counseling perspective. In this qualitative research study, 13 master's‐level counseling interns were interviewed to better understand their perceptions of caring in the counseling relationship. Results suggest that these interns perceive that supporting desired outcomes, a personal capacity for caring, maintaining therapeutic conditions, mutuality in the counseling relationship, and a dynamic flow of communication are important attributes of the counseling relationship when caring is present The findings suggest further research that explores the concept of caring in the counseling relationship may be warranted.
Issues and Insights: Working With God: Managing Conservative Christian Beliefs That May Interfere With Counseling
Authors: Eriksen Karen , Marston Gaye , Korte Tina
Published: December 2011

Counselors who work with conservative Christians may ask how to respect a client's values when “God” seems to be saying something contrary to what the counselor believes is in the client's best interests. In a managed care era of decreasing choice about one's counselor, referral of such clients to a conservative Christian counselor is not always an option. “Working with God” when counseling conservative Christian clients requires counselors to understand conservative Christian beliefs. This article portrays conservative Christianity as a culture and articulates conservative Christian beliefs that may challenge the counseling process, suggesting options within the framework of these beliefs.
Postmodern Spirituality: Implications for Promoting Change
Authors: Jankowski Peter J.
Published: December 2011

This article addresses selected effects of postmodernism on spirituality and contains a discussion of implications for promoting change in counseling. Because aspects of postmodern spirituality can prevent change, spiritual transformation may need to occur in the life of the client. Spiritual transformation is conceptualized as a process of helping the client develop resilient spirituality, which can enable the client to overcome his or her difficulties. Resilient spirituality involves finding meaning in adherence to a set of larger beliefs, the exercise of faith as a way of knowing, and an experience of connection with God and others.
Therapeutic Practices and Ethical Beliefs of Professionals Working With Adolescents in Residential Treatment
Authors: Zirkle Denise S. , Jensen Marilyn A. , Collins‐Marotte Joan , Murphy Robert J. , Maddux Cleborne
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated dual relationships between 2 groups of staff (direct care and professional) and adolescent clients in 2 residential treatment programs. Staff were surveyed on their behavior and corresponding ethical beliefs regarding interactions they believed to be acceptable with minor clients specifically at termination of the treatment program. Direct care staff were more likely than were professional staff to have inconsistencies in behaviors and ethical beliefs. The American Counseling Association's (1995) Code of Ethics would prohibit some of the staff beliefs regarding acceptable behavior. Both groups were uncertain about the ethical appropriateness of certain interactions with adolescent clients. Implications are discussed.
Selfishness, Greed, and Counseling
Authors: Farrugia David
Published: December 2011

Although the concepts of greed and selfishness have often been used in discussions about human nature, there seems to be little attention to these characteristics in the disciplines of psychology and counseling. The author considers characteristics of greed and selfishness as encountered in counseling from a multidisciplinary perspective. Factors that modify selfish behavior in social science research are identified. The author discusses implications for counselors in clinical practice.
“Ayeli”: Centering Technique Based on Cherokee Spiritual Traditions
Authors: Garrett Michael Tlanusta , Garrett J. T.
Published: December 2011

A centering technique called “Ayeli,” based on Cherokee spiritual traditions, is presented as a way of incorporating spirituality into counseling by helping clients identify where they are in their journey, where they want to be, and how they can get there. Relevant Native cultural traditions and meanings are explored, including the importance of honoring personal truths (values), significance of numbers, looking to the Four Winds, symbolism of circles within circles, Medicine, connect/disconnect, and seeking vision. In addition, practical considerations and implications are discussed.

The center of the universe is everywhere.

—Black Elk, Oglala Lakota Medicine Man (as cited in M. T. Garrett, 1998, p. 185)
Changes in Clients' Images of God Over the Course of Outpatient Therapy
Authors: Cheston Sharon E. , Piedmont Ralph L. , Eanes Beverly , Lavin Lynn Patrice
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the impact of outpatient counseling on clients' psychological symptoms and on their image of God. Thirty participants in a counseling treatment group and 68 participants in a no‐treatment control group completed the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Adjective Checklist at 2 separate times. Counseled participants experienced significant reductions of psychological symptoms over the course of treatment whereas the control group showed no changes. Furthermore, ratings of God's agreeableness significantly increased (toward compassion) for clients in the treatment group, whereas no such changes were noted for the control group.
Issues and Insights: Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, and Counseling Ethics: Not an Abstraction
Authors: Urofsky Robert I. , Engels Dennis W.
Published: December 2011

Despite the counseling profession's relatively nascent status, a complex history of dialogue and debate surrounds the content of counselor preparation curricula and the educational process. Many practitioners and educators acknowledge the important role ethics plays in the helping professions; over the past several decades, increased attention has been given to ethics in the preparation of counselors and psychologists. With that increase comes a small, but growing, number of voices calling for exposure to and integration of not only moral philosophy but other areas of philosophy to enhance understanding and provide a foundation for counseling practice among practitioners and students. The authors review and echo these calls.
Spirituality in Supervision
Authors: Polanski Patricia J.
Published: December 2011

As an important component of counselor education and development, supervision is a likely teaching and learning opportunity to address spirituality in counseling. The author examines ways in which spiritual and religious issues might be presented in supervision, using the focus areas of the Discrimination Model (J. M. Bernard, 1997), namely intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills.
Counseling Clients Who Self‐Injure: Ethical Considerations
Authors: White Victoria E. , McCormick Laura J. , Kelly Brandy L.
Published: December 2011

This article provides an overview of ethical considerations related to counseling clients who engage in self‐injurious behaviors. Ethical issues concerning client welfare, counselor competence, countertransference, referral and consultation, informed consent, and duty to protect are discussed in relation to the American Counseling Association's (1995) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. Implications and recommendations for counselors who work with clients who self‐injure are provided.
Religiosity, Gender, and Preferences for Religious Interventions in Counseling: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Schaffner Angela D. , Dixon David N.
Published: December 2011

The authors sought to determine whether relationships existed between religiosity, gender, and preferences for a counselor's use of religious interventions in counseling. First, it was hypothesized that students with high religiosity would express stronger preferences for a counselor's use of religious interventions than would students with low religiosity. Second, it was hypothesized that women would express stronger preferences for religious interventions in counseling than would men. Results supported both hypotheses, and the findings may have important implications for counselors working with clients who indicate adherence to religious views or faith.
Spirituality and Ten False Beliefs and Pursuits of Women With Eating Disorders: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Hardman Randy K. , Berrett Michael E. , Richards P. Scott
Published: December 2011

Women with eating disorders often struggle with deep spiritual conflicts that can be a major impediment to their recovery. On the basis of clinical experience with more than 350 women in an inpatient eating disorder treatment facility, the authors describe 10 false beliefs that women with eating disorders may hold; the authors explain how the pursuit of these beliefs can prevent the women from connecting with God and with others in genuine ways. The authors also suggest some therapeutic strategies that may help women with eating disorders find a healing and helpful spiritual perspective.
Spirituality in Counselor Training: A Content Analysis of Syllabi From Introductory Spirituality Courses
Authors: Cashwell Craig S. , Young J. Scott
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the results of a content analysis of 14 syllabi of introductory courses on spirituality in counseling. Course syllabi were examined to determine trends in the content of these courses and to determine if the instruction is consistent with 9 competencies developed at the Summit on Spirituality. Results suggested that there was substantial variance in the extent to which the competencies were covered in the syllabi. The authors discuss implications for teaching courses on spirituality in counseling.
Ethical Analysis in Counseling: A Case for Narrative Ethics, Moral Visions, and Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hill Adam L.
Published: December 2011

The author presents an overview of the current content of ethics education in counseling, grouping that content into 3 areas: decision‐making models, principle ethics, and the standard of care. It is argued that as the field of ethics education has grown, so has the need for additional content models, especially ones that enhance moral sensitivity and reduce objectification of client circumstances. The author presents 3 possible approaches to revising the conceptualization of professional ethics that meet the need for new models: moral visions, narrative ethics, and virtue ethics.
Holism in Psychotherapy and Spiritual Direction: A Course Correction
Authors: Sperry Len , Mansager Erik
Published: December 2011

The authors offer a course correction for understanding the term holism as used in spiritually oriented psychotherapy literature. This is done to allow the relationship between psychotherapy and spirituality to expand beyond limited dualistic conceptualizations. They first address numerous sources from which spiritually oriented psychotherapy arose and then explore the ill‐defined relationship between the psychological and the spiritual dimensions of human existence. Next, holism is distinguished from 2 common forms of dualistic “elementism” that are frequently misrepresented as holism. The authors conclude by presenting a holistic conceptualization of the relationship between the dimensions of psychotherapy and spirituality.
Spirituality and the Events of September 11: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Briggs Michele Kielty , Apple Kevin J. , Aydlett Ann E.
Published: December 2011

Personal crises have been associated with spiritual growth. Sparked by the global response to the crisis of September 11, 2001, the authors examined the relationship of spirituality and the September 11 tragedy using a sample of convenience from a college student population. This preliminary study used an experimental design to examine various effects of the world crisis events of September 11 on components of individual spirituality. Spirituality was conceptualized using a 4‐component model, Significant differences between the experimental and control groups were found on the Transcendence subscale. Taking into consideration the different kinds of tragedies, the authors present implications for counseling and suggest directions for future research.
Ethics Education: Recommendations for an Evolving Discipline
Authors: Hill Adam L.
Published: December 2011

This article describes results of a national questionnaire completed by counselor education program professors regarding their teaching of ethics. The questionnaire asked professors about 5 aspects of ethics education: materials used, instructional methods used, content taught, methods of evaluation used, and professors' goals for the ethics education of their students. Questionnaire results and demographic data about professors and programs are used to describe perceptions and practices of counselor educators who teach ethics.
A Course in Spiritual Dimensions of Counseling: Continuing the Discussion
Authors: O'Connor Michael
Published: December 2011

The author adds to the limited literature on counselor education courses that are based on the spiritual aspects of counseling by identifying the need for such course work, comparing and contrasting 3 previously published articles on such courses, and introducing a 4th such course in detail. Novel aspects of this newly introduced course and student assessment of various course activities and assignments are highlighted. The article concludes with questions that suggest future research directions.
Relationship of Ethnic Identity and Spiritual Development: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Chae Mark H. , Kelly Deborah B. , Brown Christa F. , Bolden Mark A.
Published: December 2011

The current investigation examined the relationship of ethnic identity and spiritual development. The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (J. Phinney, 1992), Spirituality Ends Measure (B. Fiorito & L. Ryan, 1998), and Spirituality Means Measure (B. Fiorito & L. Ryan, 1998) were administered to 198 male and female college students from 4 ethnic groups. Results revealed differences among ethnic groups in the way that they identified with their ethnic heritage and spiritual orientation. In addition, the results Indicated that ethnic identity was positively associated with an intrinsic spiritual means orientation and negatively related to an extrinsic spiritual ends orientation. Implications for counselors and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Philanthropy: A Method for Teaching Counselors to Be Social Advocates in the Age of Modern Behavioral Health Care
Authors: O'Connell William , Shupe Margery
Published: December 2011

Graduate counseling programs are proficient in training direct service providers but less able to teach the business of sustaining a community agency's services. Modern philanthropy emphasizes social advocacy by investing in change that benefits the local community and respects the diverse cultural experiences of potential clients and stakeholders. Teaching philanthropy in an introductory graduate counseling course provides one avenue to prepare future counselors to both understand the importance of and be actively involved in sustaining a community counseling agency's mission.
Cultural Nuances, Assumptions, and the Butterfly Effect: Addressing the Unpredictability Caused by Unconscious Values Structures in Cross‐Cultural Interactions
Authors: Remer Rory
Published: December 2011

Cultural values, cross‐cultural interaction patterns that are produced by dynamical (chaotic) systems, have a significant impact on interaction, particularly among and between people from different cultures. The butterfly effect, which states that small differences in initial conditions may have severe consequences for patterns in the long run, serves as a creative way of drawing attention to a particularly challenging aspect of such chaotic systems. Forty‐six accounts of cross‐cultural situations involving the interface of Asian and Western cultures were examined for underlying nuances (using Kluckhohn values orientations; F. R. Kluckhohn & F. L. Strodtbeck, 1961) and their possible effects. The discrepant relational perspective contributed the most to interaction difficulties but was not independent of other spheres.
A Review of Animal Assisted Therapy in Counseling
Authors: Paladino Derrick A.
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Cynthia K. Chandler (2005). Animal Assisted Therapy in Counseling.
What Is Integral Theory?
Authors: Marquis Andre
Published: December 2011

Integral theory is a way of knowing that helps foster the recognition that disparate aspects of reality—such as biological constitution, cultural world‐views, felt‐sense of selfhood, and social systems—are all critically important to any knowledge quest. Integral theory provides an “all quadrants, all levels” (K. Wilber, 2006, p. 26) metatheoretical framework that simultaneously honors the important contributions of a broad spectrum of epistemological outlooks while also acknowledging the parochial limits and misconceptions of those perspectives. In other words, integral theory affords a perspective that allows counselors to situate diverse knowledge approaches in such a way that they synergistically complement, rather than contradict, one another.
The Self‐System in Integral Counseling
Authors: Ingersoll R. Elliott , Cook‐Greuter Susanne R.
Published: December 2011

The authors introduce the integral model of the self‐system and, using that model, describe the dynamics of healthy growth and the development of psychogenic pathology. Self‐identification is described as “sliding” in nature, and stage theories for self‐related lines are outlined to help clinicians understand the characteristics of each stage the self may slide into. The authors outline K. Wilber's (2000a) metaphor of ladder, climber, and view to describe both healthy development and the development of pathology. Constructs of translation and transformation are described in the context of ladder, climber, view, and the authors conclude by summarizing clinical approaches to problems in translation.
Neopragmatic Thought and Counseling Values: Reconsidering the Role of Values in Counseling From an Alternative Epistemological Foundation
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

The history of Western philosophical thought has been dominated by the search for transcendent truth. As a consequence of this history, various epistemological dualisms (such as fact/value and appearance/reality) have come to structure modes of inquiry. Reliance on such dualisms has resulted in a degradation of values discourse, which, along with other “soft” forms of inquiry, is often viewed as epistemologically inferior to the “hard” sciences. However, particularly within the last century, philosophers have proposed compelling challenges to these dualisms, which, in turn, have massive implications for values discourse. These challenges are overviewed, and implications for values discourse within the counseling profession are discussed.
Should Universalism Trump Cultural Relativism in Counseling?
Authors: Kinnier Richard T. , Dixon Andrea L. , Barratt Tyler M. , Moyer Erika L.
Published: December 2011

Certain cultural customs and practices are viewed as abhorrent by many people, yet contemporary American counselors rarely criticize any specific culture. In this article, the authors explore why counselors abstain from such criticism. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that universalism, often regarded as a politically incorrect and an academically archaic philosophy, is manifestly prevalent within the world's religious and political realms, as well as within the counseling profession. The authors assert that universalism should be prevalent within the counseling profession and that it can be integrated with multicultural principles. Finally, the authors suggest a procedure for identifying universal principles and practices.
A Review of Boundary Issues in Counseling: Multiple Roles and Responsibilities
Authors: Shiau Shwu‐Huey
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey (2006). Boundary Issues in Counseling: Multiple Roles and Responsibilities (2nd ed.)
Understanding Gender and Culture Within the Context of Spirituality: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Passalacqua Sue , Cervantes Joseph M.
Published: December 2011

This article examines roles that gender, culture, and spirituality play in elements of therapeutic process. It presents an initial literature review of gender, culture, and spirituality as these factors relate to shaping identities and defining one's behavior. Discussions on how these 3 dimensions influence the level of understanding and effective responsiveness that competent counseling professionals should consider in a culturally and spiritually diverse society are presented. Three case studies provide a framework to illuminate the complexity that professionals face when counseling issues are viewed through unique gender, cultural, and spiritual worldviews. Implications for counselors and the counseling profession are provided.
Spiritual Assessment in Counseling: Methods and Practice
Authors: Oakes K. Elizabeth , Raphel Mary M.
Published: December 2011

Given the widely expanding professional and empirical support for integrating spirituality into counseling, the authors present a practical discussion for raising counselors' general awareness and skill in the critical area of spiritual assessment. A discussion of rationale, measurement, and clinical practice is provided along with case examples. D. R. Hodge's (2001) spiritual life map is highlighted as an assessment tool. The authors also discuss the influence of counselor–client values and beliefs in therapy and the need to incorporate developmental and cultural influences in spiritual assessment.
Mental Health Counseling in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Marriage of Religion, Science, and Practice
Authors: Priester Paul E.
Published: December 2011

This article explores the state of mental health counseling in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Topics that are addressed include training of clinicians, theoretical developments in Islamic‐based theories of psychology, and issues related to the practice of counseling. Counseling issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran are influenced by its unique culture and history. A discussion of issues related to the prevalence and treatment of addiction is included.
Integration Versus Segregation: Applications of the Spiritual Competencies in Counselor Education Programs
Authors: Hagedorn W. Bryce , Gutierrez Daniel
Published: December 2011

This article explores how educators can integrate the 9 Spiritual Competencies developed by the Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling (M. T. Burke, 1998; G. Miller, 1999) into the counselor education curriculum. Rather than relegating this content to courses in which one might expect discussions of spirituality, the authors advocate for an infused approach. Input was sought from counselor educators and supervisors from around the nation with expertise in spirituality in counseling. These experts provided useful exercises, activities, and assignments that they have successfully used to integrate religious and/or spiritual discussions into the curriculum.
A Primer of the Values Implicit in Counseling Research Methods
Authors: Slife Brent D.
Published: December 2011

The author attempts to answer 5 related questions: What are implicit values? Why are these values often considered problematic to traditional science? Why are such values necessary to research? What are the main values of traditional methods in psychology? What are the implications of a value‐laden science?
Institutional Review Boards and Professional Counseling Research
Authors: Robinson Edward H. , Curry Jennifer R.
Published: December 2011

Institutional review boards (IRBs) are responsible for regulating and safeguarding research with human participants in academic institutions in the United States. The authors explore (a) the historical impetus for IRBs, (b) the ethical values and principles as core components of the review process, and (c) the American Counseling Association's (2005) standards for ethical research. In many ways, IRB review and counseling research are complementary, yet some challenges and obstacles unique to counseling research also exist and are elaborated in the article. Implications for counselors initiating research projects and suggestions for implementation are provided.
Religious Practice and Spirituality in the Psychological Adjustment of Survivors of Breast Cancer
Authors: Purnell Jason Q. , Andersen Barbara L.
Published: December 2011

Religion and spirituality are resources regularly used by patients with cancer coping with diagnosis and treatment, yet there is little research that examines these factors separately. This study investigated the relationships between religious practice and spirituality and quality of life (QoL) and stress in survivors of breast cancer. The sample included 130 women assessed 2 years following diagnosis. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the authors found that spiritual well‐being was significantly associated with QoL and traumatic stress, whereas religious practice was not significantly associated with these variables. The results suggest that it may be helpful for clinicians to address spirituality, in particular with survivors of breast cancer.
Perceptions of Clients and Counseling Professionals Regarding Spirituality in Counseling
Authors: Morrison Julie Q. , Clutter Stacy M. , Pritchett Elaine M. , Demmitt Alan
Published: December 2011

Although current research indicates that psychotherapeutic change both affects and is affected by spiritual concerns, relatively little is known about the degree to which spirituality is used as an intervention in counseling and how it is perceived by clients and mental health professionals. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of clients and professionals regarding the use of spirituality in counseling. The results suggest that more professionals may be using spirituality in counseling than has previously been reported.
Writing About Clients: Ethical Considerations and Options
Authors: Sperry Len , Pies Ronald
Published: December 2011

Today, the decision to prepare clinical case material for publication is a decision that cannot be taken lightly. The decision involves reviewing ethical considerations and choosing among various options to safeguard client privacy. Such options include seeking the client's permission, disguising case material, and developing composite case material. These considerations are discussed and options are described along with guidelines and a case example illustrating these points.
Clinical Writing About Clients: Seeking Consent and Negotiating the Impact on Clients and Their Treatments
Authors: Bridges Nancy A.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses her experiences seeking consent from 16 clients to use clinical material for publication. Sharing case examples from her practice, she elucidates her process with clients and focuses on the beneficial and detrimental effects on the therapeutic relationship. Seeking consent raises issues of confidentiality and stimulates wide‐ranging, layered, and linked emotions and meanings for clients, including feelings of closeness, envy, and shame. If the counselor actively employs this process as a therapeutic tool with openness to unexpected meanings, it may advance the therapeutic conversation and developmental possibilities. When there is a negative effect on the client or the process, counselor's shame and guilt may be stimulated and consultation is recommended.
Using Disguised Clinical Case Material
Authors: Kantrowitz Judy L.
Published: December 2011

When, why, and how clinicians decide to write about clients are ethical concerns. There are risks and potential clinical ramifications as well as responsibilities for how these decisions are made. On the basis of 141 interviews with psychoanalysts who have published in 3 major national and international psychoanalytic journals, the author explores decisions about whether to only disguise the client's material or whether, in addition, to ask consent outlines and some of the clinical consequences. The author concludes that clinicians need to individualize their decision making based on the particular client and the nature of the therapeutic relationship and offers ways to go about making these judgments.
Commentary: Writing About Clients: Ethical and Professional Issues in Clinical Case Reports
Authors: Carlson Jon
Published: December 2011

From the standpoint of a former journal editor and long‐time professional, this commentary challenges the direction of the profession as demonstrated in this special section. The ongoing creation of more and more ethical constraints not only harms the profession but also loses sight of fundamental ethical principles.
The God‐Shaped Hole: Addictive Disorders and the Search for Perfection
Authors: Hagedorn W. Bryce , Moorhead Holly J. Hartwig
Published: December 2011

Clients with addictive disorders who have an internalized need for perfection benefit from an integration of spirituality into counseling treatment. This article provides a review of the literature, offers a spiritual approach for working with clients who struggle with addiction and perfectionism, and provides a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the integration of spirituality and counseling.