bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spinning round to the top of the motor skills class
Authors: Dolya Galina
Published: August 2016

Children absorbed in exploring and manipulating toys and other objects, are absorbing a wealth of information about the world and how it works, while developing fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination.
Clinical prediction survival of advanced cancer patients by palliative care: a multi-site study
Authors: Thai Vincent , Ghosh Sunita , Tarumi Yoko , Wolch Gary , Fassbender Konrad , Lau Francis , DeKock Ingrid , Mirosseini Mehrnoush , Quan Hue , Yang Ju , Mayo Patrick R.
Published: August 2016

Aims:

This study examined (1) accuracy of clinician prediction of survival (CPS) by palliative practitioners on first assessment with the use of standardised palliative tools, (2) factors affecting accuracy, (3) potential impact on clinical care.

Methods:

A multi-site prospective study (n=1530) was used. CPS was divided into four time periods (<=2wks, >2 to 6wks, >6 to 12wks and >12wks). Multivariate analysis was assessed on six predictor variables.

Results:

Overall, median survival of the sample was only 5 weeks. CPS category was accurate only 38.6% of the time, with 44.6% patients dying before the predicted time period. Of six candidate variables, on multivariate analysis only (i) the clinical time periods themselves and (ii) Palliative Performance Scale <=50 predicted for prognostic accuracy.

Conclusion:

CPS, even by palliative practitioners, remains overly optimistic with the existence of the horizon effect. This raises the question in that these individuals may have been potentially overtreated.
The diversity of secondary metabolites in Indonesian soybean genotypes
Authors: YUSNAWAN ERIYANTO
Published: August 2016

Yusnawan E. 2016. The diversity of secondary metabolites in Indonesian soybean genotypes. Biodiversitas 17: 704-710. Soybean secondary metabolites protect the crop from pathogen infection. These secondary metabolites especially phenolic compounds also have functional properties.This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity of Indonesian soybean genotypes. A total of 63 soybean genotypes with four different seed coat colors (green yellow, light yellow, yellow, and black) and different seed sizes (small, medium and large) was used in this study. Total phenolic content was measured using Folin- Ciocalteuâ€™s reagent and antioxidant activity was determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. All six genotypes with black seed coat color had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity than those in other colorsâ€™ genotypes. Total phenolic contents of those six black soybeans ranged from 7.19 to 14.72 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram and total flavonoid contents varied from 1.91 to 5.30 mg catechin equivalent per gram. Antioxidant activities of these genotypes ranged from 10.99 to 20.38 Î¼mol trolox equivalent per gram. An estimation of the total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activities particularly in black soybeans was valuable and important for seeking soybeans with high antioxidant properties.
Research ethics in practice: lessons from studies exploring interpersonal violence in different contexts
Authors: Vearey Jo , Barter Christine , Hynes Patricia , McGinn Tony
Published: August 2016

Studies researching interpersonal violence (IPV) are associated with a range of ethical challenges. In this article, lessons are drawn from three case studies exploring the experiences of different groups of survivors and perpetrators of IPV in diverse contexts: refugees in the Thailand-Burma border area; partner-violent adult men and female survivors in Ireland; and school children in five European countries. The ethical – and associated methodological – challenges faced, and the ways in which they were overcome, are presented. Drawing on the case studies presented, the article concludes that three key areas require special attention when conducting research in this field: accessing and recruiting participants, researcher skills and experience, and appropriate use of data.
Penilaian Kesadaran pada Anak Sakit Kritis: Glasgow Coma Scale atau Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score?
Authors: Dewi Rismala
Published: August 2016

Pemeriksaan neurologis tingkat kesadaran sangat penting untuk menilai secara komprehensif pasien anak sakit kritis, dan dapat memberikan informasi prognosis. Skala koma yang ideal seharusnya bersifat linear, reliabel, valid, dan mudah digunakan. Berbagai macam skala koma telah dikembangkan dan di validasi untuk mengevaluasi tingkat kesadaran secara cepat, menilai beratnya penyakit dan prognosis terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) merupakan alat pemeriksaan tingkat kesadaran yang paling sering digunakan dan dijadikan baku emas saat memvalidasi skala koma yang baru. GCS mempunyai keterbatasan karena pasien yang terintubasi tidak dapat dinilai komponen verbal sehingga memengaruhi hasil penilaian. FOUR Score dikembangkan untuk mengatasi berbagai keterbatasan yang dimiliki GCS. FOUR score lebih sederhana dan memberikan informasi yang lebih baik, terutama pada pasien-pasien yang terintubasi.
Eficacia del monepantel para el control de aislamientos de Haemonchus contortus y Trichostrongylus spp con resistencia múltiple (ivermectina y febendazole) en caprinos
Authors: COOPER Laura , CERUTTI Julieta , MOHN Cristian , TORRENTS Jorgelina , SUAREZ ARCHILLA Guillermo , ANZIANI Oscar
Published: August 2016

El monepantel es un nuevo antihelmíntico registrado en nuestro país exclusivamente para el control de los nematodes gastrointestinales de los ovinos y su uso ha sido direccionado mayormente hacia el control de parásitos resistentes a las clases de antihelmínticos disponibles actualmente. Estos mismos nematodes también parasitan a los caprinos, pero en estos rumiantes la pato-fisiología y la respuesta a los antihelmínticos es diferente, lo cual resulta en un mayor parasitismo y complejidad en el manejo de la resistencia. La presente comunicación informa sobre la eficacia del monepantel en dos hatos caprinos mantenidos bajo condiciones de campo y parasitados naturalmente por los géneros de nematodes gastrointestinales más comunes del área central de la Argentina (Haemonchus y Trichostrongylus) y portando alelos de resistencia múltiple (ivermectina y febendazole). El test de reducción en el conteo de huevos post tratamiento comparando diversas fórmulas, indicaron que en todos los hatos el monepantel por vía oral y a la dosis de 3,75 mg/kg de peso (1,5 veces mayor a la dosis ovina), resultó en eficacias del 99% al 100 %. Se realizan breves consideraciones sobre el uso potencial de esta droga en caprinos.
Management of recurrent peripheral giant cell granuloma -a case report
Authors: Prathypaty Santha Kumari , Potharaju Santhi Priya , Chintala Ravi Kanth , Guvvala Satheesh Kumar , Kolliboyana Jai Krishna Srikanth
Published: August 2016

Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) which is also called as Giant cell Epulis is one of the most common reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity. There are various etiologies relating PGCG which include local irritation, trauma, tooth extraction, irregular restorations, plaque, calculus, chronic infection & impacted food. One important other etiology of this benign tumor is its origin from periosteum or periodontal membrane. Excision of the lesion completely along with extraction of involved tooth is the option of treatment to prevent recurrence of the lesion in some cases. This case report describes the recurrence of the Peripheral giant cell granuloma even after complete excision in 3 months.Management of recurrent Peripheral giant cell granuloma by surgical excision of the lesion was carried out along with extraction of the associated tooth and curettage of the bone walls. Profuse bleeding after tooth extraction was managed by gel-spun. Periodic recalls doesn’t show any recurrence until one month.
Preferred information sources for clinical practice by nurses
Authors: Çalışkan Figen , Kaya Hülya
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge sources that nurses working in inpatient treatment institutions use in their practices. It is inevitable for nurses to base their nursing practices on evidence from knowledge sources in order to improve the quality of nursing care. In this context, it is necessary for the nurses to gain skill in using knowledge sources effectively during their basic education and to further develop this skill after graduation in order provide qualified and safe care. This study utilised descriptive design. The study sample consisted of 296 nurses who work in general training and research hospitals that serve in all regions of Istanbul and are subsidiary to the Ministry of Health. A demographic questionnaire and a Knowledge Source Scale for nurses were used for data collection. Data were analysed with Cruncher Statistical System (NCSS) 2007&2008 Statistical Software (Utah USA) package programme. The following figures are from the demographic questionnaires: mean age of study participants, 31.69±6.03 years; females, 91.6%; married, 65.2%; bachelor’s degree, 39.9%; worked in surgical units, 56.8%; and worked as clinic nurse, 74.7%. One of the main knowledge sources used in nursing practice is the knowledge acquired in nursing school. Basic nursing education plays an ongoing role as a source of practice knowledge. These knowledge sources should be renewed and updated with continuing education courses or short-term training programs. This research can be used to guide development of continuing education programs and underscores the sources of knowledge about general nursing practice. This study can serve as an impetus to further study the use and highlight education needs of practicing nurses.
The effect of psychological well-being, psychological help-seeking attitudes and self-esteem on psychological counselor candidates’ psychological symptoms
Psikolojik iyi oluş, yardım arama tutumu ve benlik saygısının psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik belirtilerine etkisi
Authors: Savi Çakar Firdevs , İkiz F. Ebru
Published: August 2016

The aim of this research is to examine the effect of psychological well-being, psychological help-seeking attitudes and self-esteem on  psychological counselor candidates’ psychological symptoms. A total of 439 students of Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department in the Faculty of Educational Sciences from two universities participated in the research. Research data were obtained by using Psychological Well-Being Scale, Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Brief Symptom Inventory.  In the research, LISRELL program-Structural Equation Model and SPSS 20 software were employed. In analyses, it was concluded that results of confirmatory factor analysis results and fit indices of structural equation model were generally acceptable. Accordingly, it has been verified with the structural equation model that psychological counselor candidates’ levels of psychological well-being, psychological help-seeking attitudes and psychological symptoms have effect on their level of psychological symptoms. In this respect, it can be understood that considering counseling students’ levels of psychological well-being and self-esteem is important during their educational processes. By supporting counselor candidates’ mental health, a significant contribution will be provided to their personal and professional developments. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik iyi oluşu, psikolojik yardım arama tutumu ve benlik saygısının onların psikolojik belirti düzeylerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya iki farklı üniversitenin Eğitim Fakültesi Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik bölümünde öğrenim gören 439 danışman adayı katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği, Psikolojik Yardım Almaya İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği,  Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği ve Kısa Semptom Envanteri ile elde edilmiştir.  Araştırma model geliştirme ve model test etmeye yönelik olup, LİSRELL programı-Yapısal Eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçlarının ve yapısal eşitlik modeli uyum indekslerinin genel olarak kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna göre psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik iyi oluşu, psikolojik yardım arama tutumu ve benlik saygılarının psikolojik belirti düzeyleri üzerinde etkisi olduğu hipotezi doğrulanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, danışmanlık öğrencilerinin öğretim süreçleri devam ederken psikolojik belirtilerinin incelenmesi, ihtiyaç duyan öğrencilere psikolojik yardım sağlanması ve ruh sağlığının desteklenmesi ile onların profesyonel gelişimlerine de önemli katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir.
Performance Investigation of FSO–OFDM Communication Systems under the Heavy Rain Weather
Authors: Rashidi Florence , He Jing , Chen Lin
Published: August 2016

The challenge in the free-space optical (FSO) communication is the propagation of optical signal through different atmospheric conditions such as rain, snow and fog. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing technique (OFDM) is proposed in the FSO communication system. Meanwhile, considering the rain attenuation models based on Marshal & Palmer and Carbonneau models, the performance of FSO communication system based on the OFDM is evaluated under the heavy-rain condition in Changsha, China. The simulation results show that, under a heavy-rainfall condition of 106.18 mm/h, with an attenuation factor of 7 dB/km based on the Marshal & Palmer model, the bit rate of 2.5 and 4.0 Gbps data can be transmitted over the FSO channels of 1.6 and 1.3 km, respectively, and the bit error rate of less than 1E − 4 can be achieved. In addition, the effect on rain attenuation over the FSO communication system based on the Marshal & Palmer model is less than that of the Carbonneau model.
Families of sets which can be represented as sublattices of the lattice of convex subsets of a linearly ordered set
Authors: Douka P. , Felouzis V.
Published: August 2016

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a family

M

${\cal M}$

of subsets of a set X which completely separates X to be a sublattice of the lattice of

C

(
X
,
≤
)

$\mathscr{C}(X,\leq)$

of all convex subsets of X, with respect a suitable linear ordering ≤ of X. As an application we give a characterization of Hausdorff topological spaces which are orderable or suborderable.
Compositions of ϱ-upper continuous functions
Authors: Kowalczyk Stanisław
Published: August 2016

In the paper some properties of compositions of ϱ-upper continuous functions are presented. We will show conditions for a function f: I → I under which g ∘ f is ϱ-upper continuous for each ϱ-upper continuous function g: I → ℝ. A small generalization of Luzin-Menchoff Theorem and Zahorski Theorem will be discussed.
Oscillation criteria for higher-order nonlinear delay dynamic equations on time scales
Authors: Bolat Yaşar , Akin Ömer
Published: August 2016

In this paper, oscillation criteria are obtained for higher-order half-linear delay difference equations involving generalized difference operator of the form

Δ
b

(

p
n

(

Δ
b

m
−
1

x
n

)

α

)
+

q
n

x

n
−
σ

β

=
0
,
  
n
≥

n
0

,

$${\Delta _b}({p_n}{(\Delta _b^{m - 1}{x_n})^\alpha }) + {q_n}x_{n - \sigma }^\beta = 0,\qquad n \geq {n_0},$$

where ∆
b
is defined by ∆
b

yn
= y

n+1 - by

n
, b ∈ ℝ - {0}, p: ℕ → ℝ+, α, β are the ratio of odd positive integers with β ≤ α; m, n, n
0, σ are non-negative integers, q: ℕ → ℝ. The cases of b negative and positive and qn
≥ 0, which has important role for oscillation of this equation, are considered. Also we provide some examples to illustrate our main results.
Multiplier spaces and the summing operator for series
Authors: Swartz Charles
Published: August 2016

If {xj
} is a sequence in a normed space X, the space of bounded multipliers for the series

∑
j

x
j

$\sum\limits_j {{x_j}} $

is defined to be

M
∞

(

∑

x
j

)

=

{

{

t
j

}
∈

l
∞

:

∑

j
=
1

∞

t
j

x
j

converges

}

${M^\infty }\big({\sum {x_j}}\big) = \Big\{ {\{ {t_j}\} \in {l^\infty }:\;\sum\limits_{j = 1}^\infty {{t_j}} {x_j}\; \text{converges}} \Big\}$

and the summing operator

S
:

M
∞

∑

x
j

→
X

$S:{M^\infty }\left( {{\mkern 1mu} \sum {{x_j}} } \right) \to X$

is defined to be

S
(
{

t
j

}
)
=

∑

j
=
1

∞

t
j

x
j

$S(\{ {t_j}\} ) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^\infty {{t_j}} {x_j}$

. We show that if X is complete, the series

∑
j

x
j

$\sum\limits_j {{x_j}} $

is subseries convergent iff the operator S is compact and the series is absolutely convergent iff the operator is absolutely summing. Other related results are established.
Spondylolysis in American Football Players: Etiology, Symptoms, and Implications for Strength and Conditioning Specialists
Authors: Shurley Jason P. , Newman Justin K.
Published: August 2016

SPONDYLOLYSIS IS A STRESS FRACTURE, TYPICALLY OCCURRING IN THE LUMBAR SPINE. IT IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF BACK PAIN IN ADOLESCENTS, WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE IN ATHLETES THAN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. AMERICAN FOOTBALL PLAYERS DEVELOP THE CONDITION AT A HIGHER RATE THAN MOST OTHER SPORTS, AND THE CONDITION CAN CAUSE SEVERAL MONTHS OF MISSED PLAYING TIME. THIS INCREASED INCIDENCE MAY BE DUE TO THE SPINE LOADING INHERENT IN FOOTBALL, BUT IS LIKELY EXACERBATED BY OTHER FACTORS. THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES A SPONDYLOLYSIS, DISCUSSES THE POTENTIAL CAUSES, AND CONCLUDES WITH A SERIES OF EXERCISES INTENDED TO ADDRESS LIKELY RISK FACTORS.
Evangelicals and Unevangelicals: The Contested History of a Word, 1500–1950
Authors: Fisher Linford D.
Published: August 2016

“Not Evangelical”! and who is this,

With serpent’s tongue, that dares the sentence hiss?1

—Day K. Lee, Universalist minister, 1841

Recent academic use of the word “evangelical” in American history has been surprisingly static. Drawing upon scholars of “evangelicalism,” historians have been tied to an “essentialist,” or doctrinal, definition of evangelicalism that stretches unbroken from the early eighteenth century to the present. Such ahistorical readings, however, obscure a far more interesting and complex reality. This essay argues that from the Protestant Reformation through the early twentieth century, to be “evangelical” was most often a Protestant-inflected way of being in the world, which at times could have multiple, changing, and contested doctrinal associations. It was a flexible and dynamic idiom, intended to communicate a relative biblical authenticity by those who wielded it. In particular, this essay seeks to recover three overlooked dimensions of the use of the word “evangelical”: first, the firmly Protestant and even anti-Catholic implication of the term that spanned the history of Protestantism from the 1520s to the twentieth century; second, the relative authenticity, “true-Christian” usage, which contained within it a strong “primitivist” impulse with reference to New Testament Christianity; and third, the contested nature of the word, particularly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when “evangelical” identity supposedly started to become more recognizable.
For God and Country: Religious Minorities Striving for National Belonging through Community Service
Authors: Corbett Rosemary R.
Published: August 2016

This article examines how religious minorities (specifically, marginalized Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and Muslims) have participated in government-affiliated service programs as part of attempts to assert claims to faith in a common God, observance of common ethics, and belonging in a common body politic. Historians have described World War II as—thanks to the interreligious military—a time of enshrining “Judeo-Christian” narratives in culture, legislation, and politics, and of allowing Jews greater access to these arenas than they had experienced previously. While military service is also important here, my primary subject is the service religious groups initially offered as a compliment to military activity but then expanded and generalized—often under government commission—into community care work that relieved the state of the economic burden of supplying certain citizenship benefits or that gave international endeavors a friendlier face. Marginalized white Protestants were the first to offer such services, but other minoritized religious groups followed their example, patriotically echoing military themes throughout the twentieth century when creating “service” organizations and volunteer “corps.” While many contemporary Muslim American leaders believe that community service engagements will help Muslims overcome discrimination by demonstrating that they also make vital contributions to the U.S., several current factors call that possibility into question—not least of which is the history of only partial acceptance earlier religious minorities enjoyed as a result of their efforts.
Lista anotada de los bivalvos marinos del Perú
Authors: Paredes Carlos , Cardoso Franz , Santamaría José , Esplana Jhonatan , Llaja Lesly
Published: August 2016

Se presenta una lista taxonómica actualizada de 401 especies de bivalvos marinos del Perú, distribuidas en 62 familias y 195 géneros. Se considera la nomenclatura y clasificación en el contexto de los cambios recientes, incluyendo los trabajos de Bernard (1983) y Coan & Valentich-Scott (2012). Cada especie de la lista es comentada, teniendo en cuenta la distribución geográfica y el hábitat.
Nuevos registros de Fabiana stephanii Hunz. & Barboza (Solanaceae) en Arequipa y Ayacucho (Perú)
Authors: Linares Perea Eliana , Campos de la Cruz José , Montoya Quino Juan , Vicente Orellana José Alfredo , Galán de Mera Antonio
Published: August 2016

En este trabajo se aportan dos nuevos registros de Fabiana stephanii Hunz. & Barboza para la flora del Sur del Perú, incluyendo datos taxonómicos, biogeográficos y fitosociológicos.
Changing Policy, Legislation and its Effects on Pedagogic Leadership in China
Authors: Peng Danping , Vašťatková Jana Poláchová
Published: August 2016

The relationship between school development and changing policy is in constant flux which adds to the complexity of school leadership. Based on investigation of the theories surrounding pedagogical leadership, the main purpose of this study explores the development of pedagogic leadership in schools providing compulsory education under current policies. A semi-structured interview was used on 30 head teachers from Sichuan Province in China who participated in this study. Results show that the current educational policies in China are supportive of the development of pedagogic leadership, and four dimensions of pedagogic leadership are significantly affected by changing policies. Despite that, the education policy implementation processes do not always support school development. The picture that emerges is beginning to show the distinct concept of Chinese education policy. However, as there still exist gaps to access supportive pedagogic leadership in China, there is a growing need to pay more attention to its effective and sustainable development.
Mutual Expectations of Employers and Employees as a Factor Affecting Employability
Authors: Lotko Marika , Razgale Ilvija , Vilka Lolita
Published: August 2016

Employability of youth is a complex issue that involves social, economic, educational, health and other aspects, including preparedness of young people for working life. The issue of the mutual expectations of employers and young people as employees has not been widely studied in Latvia. This study highlights the main problem areas: mutual harmonization of expectations regarding the culture in the work environment; conditions in the work environment, technology, innovation, competences, financial resources, as well as young person's capacity and harmonization of personal goals with the employer’s aims. In Latvia, at the end of 2014, there were 9351 young unemployed people between 15-24 years old. The problem of unemployment can be associated with a number of factors such as young people’s poor health; inadequate accessibility of health care; lack of assistance in improvement of wellbeing; difficulties with housing; poverty; young people’s lack of skills and competences and preparedness for working life, as well as other employability aspects, such as cooperation between a young person as an employee and the employer, as well as the disjunct between their mutual expectations. The objective of the study was to study the mutual expectations of the employer and a young person as an employee. The main findings of the study reveal the major problems in this field which relate to the non-fulfillment of mutual expectations in the working environment, work conditions, IT, innovations, competences, financial resources and personal capacity of the youth, as well as the coordination of young people's personal aims with employers’ priorities and requirements.
Vaccine Delays, Refusals, and Patient Dismissals: A Survey of Pediatricians
Authors: Hough-Telford Catherine , Kimberlin David W. , Aban Inmaculada , Hitchcock William P. , Almquist Jon , Kratz Richard , O’Connor Karen G.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:

Parental noncompliance with the American Academy of Pediatrics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention immunization schedule is an increasing public health concern. We examined the frequency of requests for vaccine delays and refusals and the impact on US pediatricians’ behavior.

METHODS:

Using national American Academy of Pediatrics Periodic Surveys from 2006 and 2013, we describe pediatrician perceptions of prevalence of (1) vaccine refusals and delays, (2) parental reasons for refusals and/or delays, and (3) physician dismissals. Questions about vaccine delays were asked only in 2013. We examined the frequency, reasons for, and management of both vaccine refusals and delays by using bivariate and multivariable analyses, which were controlled for practice characteristics, demographics, and survey year.

RESULTS:

The proportion of pediatricians reporting parental vaccine refusals increased from 74.5% in 2006 to 87.0% in 2013 (P < .001). Pediatricians perceive that parents are increasingly refusing vaccinations because parents believe they are unnecessary (63.4% in 2006 vs 73.1% in 2013; P = .002). A total of 75.0% of pediatricians reported that parents delay vaccines because of concern about discomfort, and 72.5% indicated that they delay because of concern for immune system burden. In 2006, 6.1% of pediatricians reported “always” dismissing patients for continued vaccine refusal, and by 2013 that percentage increased to 11.7% (P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS:

Pediatricians reported increased vaccine refusal between 2006 and 2013. They perceive that vaccine-refusing parents increasingly believe that immunizations are unnecessary. Pediatricians continue to provide vaccine education but are also dismissing patients at higher rates.
Supporting the Grieving Child and Family
Authors: Schonfeld David J. , Demaria Thomas ,   COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, DISASTER PREPAREDNESS ADVISORY COUNCIL, Yogman Michael , Bauer Nerissa S. , Gambon Thresia , Lavin Arthur , Lemmon Keith , Mattson Gerri , Rafferty Jason , Wissow Lawrence , Krug Steven E. , Chung Sarita , Fagbuyi Daniel B. , Fisher Margaret C. , Needle Scott M.
Published: August 2016

This Clinical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-067212

The death of someone close to a child often has a profound and lifelong effect on the child and results in a range of both short- and long-term reactions. Pediatricians, within a patient-centered medical home, are in an excellent position to provide anticipatory guidance to caregivers and to offer assistance and support to children and families who are grieving. This clinical report offers practical suggestions on how to talk with grieving children to help them better understand what has happened and its implications and to address any misinformation, misinterpretations, or misconceptions. An understanding of guilt, shame, and other common reactions, as well an appreciation of the role of secondary losses and the unique challenges facing children in communities characterized by chronic trauma and cumulative loss, will help the pediatrician to address factors that may impair grieving and children’s adjustment and to identify complicated mourning and situations when professional counseling is indicated. Advice on how to support children’s participation in funerals and other memorial services and to anticipate and address grief triggers and anniversary reactions is provided so that pediatricians are in a better position to advise caregivers and to offer consultation to schools, early education and child care facilities, and other child congregate care sites. Pediatricians often enter their profession out of a profound desire to minimize the suffering of children and may find it personally challenging when they find themselves in situations in which they are asked to bear witness to the distress of children who are acutely grieving. The importance of professional preparation and self-care is therefore emphasized, and resources are recommended.
Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes
Authors: Brenner Joel S. ,   COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS
Published: August 2016

Sports specialization is becoming the norm in youth sports for a variety of reasons. When sports specialization occurs too early, detrimental effects may occur, both physically and psychologically. If the timing is correct and sports specialization is performed under the correct conditions, the athlete may be successful in reaching specific goals. Young athletes who train intensively, whether specialized or not, can also be at risk of adverse effects on the mind and body. The purpose of this clinical report is to assist pediatricians in counseling their young athlete patients and their parents regarding sports specialization and intensive training. This report supports the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical report “Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes.”
Psychospołeczne determinanty zaangażowania organizacyjnego
Authors: Adamska-Chudzińska Małgorzata
Published: August 2016

The article shows that the desired high level of organisational engagement is most strongly revealed when social factors influencing human capital are considered. A prosocial environment, in which one acts with the feeling of personal participation and responsibility for one’s actions, and the results of those actions, triggers an emotional approach to the engagement process and personal determinants of professional capability. These factors are responsible for increased quality and effectiveness of actions to a significant extent. Pursuant to these assumptions, selected mechanisms of the prosocial stimulation of employee engagement – participation, information and community – were analysed. These mechanisms enable action, information to be shared and participating in organisational engagement. The positive results of using the mechanisms on the functioning of organisations were pointed out.
Struktura i dynamika grupowa rad nadzorczych a efektywność przedsiębiorstw
Authors: Marchewka Małgorzata
Published: August 2016

The role of supervisory boards (SB) in shaping company performance is one of the key issues of corporate governance. The article describes a study comparing the importance of the structure and functioning of SB for company performance. The study examined 291 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (from 2010 to 2013). The data on the structure of SB was based on the study of board member CVs, while in the analysis of group dynamics data from the survey was used. The analysis showed that the diversity of educational degrees and the size of the board are important features of the structure, but the direct relationship between the structure and company performance is weak. It was confirmed that the effectiveness of SB depends on group processes, such as cohesion, cognitive conflict and effort norms, which are affected by the structure of education.The results provide insight into the issue and enable the development of group processes conducive to board effectiveness and company performance.
Zróżnicowanie źródeł informacji marketingowej w przekroju rodzaju działalności – wyniki badań
Authors: Rawski Marek
Published: August 2016

The aim of the publication is to show the importance of different sources of marketing information in companies conducting different types business (manufacturing, services, trade) on the Polish market. The theses are formulated based on the results of research conducted by the Marketing Department of the Cracow University of Economics in 2013. The subject of the research was: “The scope and conditions of marketing used by companies in Poland”. For all the companies researched, the validity of the various sources of information is the same. The companies’ own experience and intuition prevail as the most important sources of information while the least important was research commissioned to specialised agencies. For the companies across all activity types, the importance of the various sources of information is the same. Manufacturing companies often use ready-made information from various external sources. Service companies prefer to use their own marketing research, market research outsourced to specialised agencies, and they also often use their own experience and intuition. Trading companies often use their own data.
Badanie wpływu metody estymacji teoretycznych modeli rozkładu dochodów na jakość aproksymacji rozkładu dochodów mieszkańców Krakowa
Authors: Salamaga Marcin
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this article is to find theoretical models and the best estimation methods that as closely as possible reflect the income distribution of  the inhabitants of Cracow. The study took into account models most commonly used in the analysis of wages and incomes – Singh‑Maddala, Fisk, log-normal distribution, and gamma distribution. Selected distributions were tested for their precision in estimating the measures of position, dispersion, and  inequality in empirical  income distribution depending on the method of parameter estimation used. To estimate the models, data on the individual income of the inhabitants of Cracow in 2013 were used; the data were taken from the “Social Diagnosis” database. The results indicate that the most precise estimation of income distribution and its characteristics can be achieved using Singh‑Maddala distribution, while the recommended parameter estimation methods is maximum likelihood method.
Analiza porównawcza sytuacji mieszkaniowej w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Wójciaczyk Weronika
Published: August 2016

The goal of this article was to verify whether housing policies influence the existing housing situation in a given country. To that end, the housing situation in selected EU countries is presented and compared. The housing policies that were and are in force in these countries are described. The goal stems from the belief that some programmes and government measures are more effective in solving housing problems. The countries chosen are very different in terms of their approach to housing policies, showing the full spectrum of possible approaches – from supporting the rental segment in Germany, to the preferences for private property in Spain. The first part of the article presents housing policies in selected EU countries using the available literature on the topic. To compare the housing situation in the various countries, it was necessary to apply quantitative and qualitative indicators, which were designed using existing statistical data. As a result of the analysis, it was possible to confirm the impact of the housing policies on the housing situation in the selected countries.
Zmiany wydajności pracy i kosztów pracy w Polsce a konkurencyjność gospodarki Polski
Authors: Wyrobek Joanna
Published: August 2016

The study investigates changes in productivity and labour costs in the light of their potential impact on Poland’s competitive position in the years 2004–2012. It addresses the following questions: (a) what was the rate of change in labour productivity in Poland in real terms? (b) what was the rate of change in unit labour costs in real terms? (c) were real changes in labour productivity at least as high as the growth rate of unit labour cost? (This would raise the attractiveness of the Polish economy to foreign investors looking to locate production plants), and (d) how do the changes in labour productivity and labour costs in Poland relate to other world economies and what is the position of Poland in this regard in the international arena? With the international comparisons, special emphasis has been placed on Poland relative to the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary as countries with a similar level of economic development and a similar business environment, though Poland was also compared to other countries.As is clear from the research, labour productivity growth in Poland was higher than the increase in unit labour costs, which should have a positive impact on the country’s competitive position. Furthermore Poland is no longer among the countries with the lowest salaries, which means that the current competitiveness is not based solely on cheap labour but on a combination of low labour costs and relatively high labour productivity.
Peculiarities of Flexibility Development in Middle Schoolers
Authors: Солодовникова М. В.
Published: August 2016

The paper objective is to define the peculiarities of flexibility development in middle schoolers. To solve the tasks set, the study used the following research methods: theoretical analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical testing, methods of mathematical statistics.Research results. The testing analysis showed statistically unreliable deviations in the results displayed by the fifth-, sixth- and seventh-grade girls in the following tests: “Rotation in the shoulder joint with a staff”, “Backbend from the lying position”, “Forward bend from the sitting position” (p > 0.05). The fifth-, sixth- and seventh-grade girls show improvement in their statistically significant results (p < 0.05) in the following tests: “Raise up from the lying position to the sitting position in 30 seconds”, “Bending and unbending of arms in the lying position”.The testing analysis showed a statistically significant deterioration in the results displayed by the fifth-, sixth- and seventh-grade boys in the following tests: “Rotation in the shoulder joint with a staff”, “Backbend from the lying position” (p < 0.05).The fifth-, sixth- and seventh-grade boys show improvement in their statistically significant results (p < 0.05) in the test " Raise up from the lying position to the sitting position in 30 seconds”, and an improving tendency in the results in the test “Bending and unbending of arms in the lying position”.Conclusions. The informative indicators of flexibility and strength readiness of the 5th-7th-grade boys are “Rotation in the shoulder joint with a staff”, “Backbend from the lying position” and “Raise up from the lying position to the sitting position in 30 seconds”. The informative indicators of strength readiness of the 5th-7th-grade girls are “Raise up from the lying position to the sitting position in 30 seconds”, “Bending and unbending of arms in the lying position”.The flexibility testing results for the fifth-grade pupils vary in the level from average high, and the strength testing results — from below average to average. The flexibility testing results for the sixth-grade pupils vary in the level from below average to average, the strength testing results being the same. The flexibility results of the seventh-grade boys vary in the level from low to average, and the strength skills results — from above average to high.
Methods of Using Innovative Game Practice in Extracurricular Physical Education of 5th-Graders
Authors: Марченко С. І. , Козарь С. С.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the research is to ground the organizational and pedagogical conditions of use of innovative game practice in extracurricular physical education of 5th graders (by the example of SNAG).

Research methods. Theoretical analysis and collation of literature sources, sociological analysis, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.

Research results. The introduction of a minigolf section in the extracurricular work at Kharkiv gymnasium No. 144 brought about the 64% increase in the number of pupils of the experimantal class attending extracurricular forms of physical education, while the pupils of the reference class increased in numbers only by 7%. Some pupils attended with pleasure both the dancing club and the SNAG section.

The results reliably showed that, compared to the beginning of the research, the experimental group manifested improvement (almost 2.5 times) of the state of special physical readiness (increased minigolf target hit rate). The indicators of the overall intermuscular coordination improved too, showing better results than in the reference group (by 15.65%) in hitting the target with a small ball (p < 0,05).
Peculiarities of Speed Qualities Development in Young Fencers Using Modern Active Games
Authors: Кривенцова І. В. , Пашкевич С. А. , Хавалджи В. К.
Published: August 2016

Research objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed and grounded methods of implementing active games in the training process of 12-14-year-old fencers in order to improve their speed qualities.

Methods. The 12-14-year-old fencers of the "Unifekht" Sports Club (10 – test group (TG), 10 – reference group (RG)) participated in the forming experiment for three months. The TG introduced active games in the training process, the RG kept training under the standard program. We evaluated the effectiveness by the changes in the parameters of speed reactions and the evaluation of the tactical abilities and the speed of tactical training. The rough evaluation of the cause-effect relationship between the influencing factor and the effect appearance rested on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) used in the study. We compared the initial characteristics between the groups using the χ2 tests (binary variables), Mann-Whitney test to compare the distribution of ordinal variables, and Wilcoxon test (related samples).

Results. The three months of the implemented game methods of speed qualities development allowed to establish a probable increase in the lability indicators of the nervous system of the TG fencers (P < 0.05). However, the stress resistance indicators tended to decrease the dynamics when compared to the RG indicators. The indicator definitely responding to the methods was evaluation of the tactical abilities and the speed of tactical training. The latter increased both in the experiment dynamics and in comparison with the evaluation of the RG (p < 0.05).

The evaluation of the effectiveness of the game method pursuant to the dynamics of the speed qualities indicators of the young fencers allowed to objectively prove the importance of games in speed development in the training process.
Structural Model of Motor Readiness of Young Gymnasts Aged 6-8
Authors: Худолій О. , Карпунець Т. , Іващенко О.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the research is to determine the factor structure of the motor readiness of young gymnasts aged 6—8.
Research methods. To achieve the tasks set, the research relies on theoretical and empirical methods used: analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature; modeling, pedagogical observations and experiment, factor analysis. The research recorded the following indicators: the number of repetitions required to teach the exercises; score for the unit-directional movement coordination exercise (test 3); score for the differently directed movement coordination exercise (test 4); error in spatial precision of hand movements (test 9); error in spatial accuracy of leg movements (test 14); error in time accuracy of executing the sitting-to-lying event (test 17); error in time accuracy of five jumps on marks in 5 seconds (test 18); error in evaluation of muscular efforts with visual control (test 24); error in evaluation of muscular efforts without visual control (test 25); vestibular stability, error (test 28); wrist strength; back strength; standing long jump. The participants in the study were 40 gymnasts aged 6-7 and 32 gymnasts aged 7-8.
Research results. The young gymnasts aged 6-8 have quite distinct elements that determine the development of their sports skills, namely: learning ability, motor experience, coordination complexity of exercises; relationship between the strength development and the ability to differentiate muscular efforts; movement coordination, movement control and vestibular apparatus stability.
Mutual Massage as a Recreation Means for Students of Schools of Physical Training and Sports
Authors: Пашкевич С. А. , Попова А. В. , Петрушко І. К.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of health-improving mutual massage practice into the recreational program of the School of Physical Training and Sports pursuant to the dynamics of students’ physical health.

Methods. Fifteen students (6 – test group, 9 – referece group) of the School of Physical Training and Sports with the sports specialization “Volleyball” would receive ten sessions of mutual massage in five weeks or passive rest for the same period of time after the training. We used the Apanasenko method to measeure the effectiveness of their recovery by the changes in the parameters of their physical health before the recreational method, immediately after it, at the end of the course, and a month after the course. We used the relative risk indicator (RR) to approximately evaluate the cause-effect relationship between the acting factor and the emergence of the effect. We used the χ2 tests (binary variables) to compare the initial characteristics in the groups, the t–tests (continuous variables) and the Mann–Whitney U test to compare the distribution of the ordinal variables, and the Wilcoxon test (related samples).

Results. After five weeks of mutual massage, the significant majority of sportsmen of the test group improved their physical health indicators. Mutual massage had positive effect on the life index (relative risk (RR) = 6.0; χ2 = 5.0, p < 0.05), the Robinson Index (relative risk (RR) = 3.7, χ2 = 5.4, p < 0.05) and the overall assesment of physical health (relative risk (RR) = 7.5; χ2 = 6.1, p < 0.05).

The significant difference in the physical health indicators of the sportsmen groups was evident during and immediately after the course of massage, and disappeared after a month of conventional trainings.

The study shows that mutual massage is not costly, while it is a simple and safe means of physical recreation for students of Schools of Physical Training. However, its effect is short-term.
Effects of some physical factors on protonemal growth and budformation in two acrocarpous moss species
Authors: Rachna Preet . , Vashistha B D
Published: August 2016

An attempt has been made to study the effect of light intensity and degree of hydration in two mosses (Anoectangium clarum and Hydrogonium arcuatum) on protonemal growth and bud formation under aseptic cultural conditions. Hydrogonium arcuatum exhibited maximum protonemal growth and bud formation under 3500 lux of light and on medium containing 0.8 % agar. In A.clarum also maximum protonemal growth was observed under similar conditions but buds failed to appear in all treatments of light and hydration.