bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Scottish Venture in the Newfoundland Fish Trade, 1726-1727
Authors: Janzen Olaf Uwe
Published: September 2018

This essay charts the misfortunes of Scottish merchant voyage to Newfoundland fisheries aboard the Christian. Author Olaf Janzen studies the correspondence of merchant Edward Burd Jr to determine that a combination of the crew’s inexperience of the fish trade, inability to meet the needs of the market, a cumbersome ship, and sheer bad luck, kept the venture from establishing what should have been a clear and profitable expansion of Scottish trade.
Cutting Out The Middleman? American Trade In Northern Europe, 1783-1815
Authors: Rabuzzi Daniel A.
Published: September 2018

The chapter explores the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century forays of American merchants into North European markets, noting the advantages and disadvantages America had in contrast with Europe when seeking transatlantic trade opportunities. Of particular note is the trade advantage of America’s neutral status during the Napoleonic Wars. The tobacco trade of Baltimore is the lens through which author, Daniel A. Rabuzzi, contextualises the era.
A Vital Link in Wartime: The Organization of a Trade and Shipping Network Between the United States and Bordeaux, 1793-1815
Authors: Marzagalli Silvia
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the mercantile advantages of American neutrality during the wartime period of 1793-1815, by analysing the extension and organisation of American shipping with the major port of Bordeaux. It places Franco-American trade in historical context, then traces the evolution of the trade; the role of American shipowners and traders; and the necessary utilisation of the ‘human network’ withiin transatlantic trade, to confirm the tremendous profitability of Franco-American trade during the period.
The Challenge of War on Maritime Trade in the North Atlantic: The Case of the British Trade to Iceland During the Napoleonic Wars
Authors: Agnarsdóttir Anna
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the wartime behaviour of maritime merchants, particularly the necessity of seeking new trade ventures. As a case-study, it seeks to determine why Britain sought maritime trade with Denmark-dependent Iceland, during the Napoleonic Wars, and how this trade was conducted. It contextualises the maritime activities of Iceland in 1800; traces the trade voyages of the Clarence, the HMS Rover, the Margaret and Ann, and the Talbot to Iceland. It concludes by affirming the trade began as a result of chance, and failed to thrive due to the pressures of war.
Port History: Some Thoughts on Where it Came from and Where it Might be Going
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the discipline of port history - primarily British - to discuss what has been achieved and what further studies might contribute. It places the work of Gordon Jackson into context, and deems his works integral to the field. Port philosophy, progress, future achievements, financial crises, and a case study of the development of the Port of Liverpool, are scrutinised by the author, Adrian Jarvis, in order to conclude that the study of port history, whilst a thoroughly researched discipline in its own right, ought now to focus on integrating with maritime history and wider contexts in order to move forward.
“Our Little Company:” The Wilsons and North Eastern Railway Shipping Company Limited, 1906-1935
Authors: Starkey David J. , Gorski Richard
Published: September 2018

This essay explains how Wilsons and the North Eastern Railway Shipping Company (WNERSC) helped shape the Port of Hull in the early twentieth century. It explores the development of the company in tandem with the port, through three avenues: why the company was established and the particular way it was formed; an assessment of earnings and profit, illustrated with multiple expenses tables; and an attempt to identify the particular factors that enabled WNERSC to flourish for thirty years as an independent company. Authors David J. Starkey and Richard Gorski assert that the mutually-beneficial relationship between dock and railway enabled the successful development of the port.
Abolition and the Re-Deployment of the Slave Fleet, 1807-1811
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the repurposing of the Liverpool slave fleet after the British abolition of slavery in 1807. Williams’ asserts that the period following abolition was one of economic instability, despite the later success of the port with other forms of trade. His essay attempts to determine what became of each ship in the fleet, which trades their vessels were best suited to. Mitchell examines data from shipping registers to determine that the fleet was quickly repurposed, and made frequent voyages to Africa, the West Indies, and South America for different trade pursuit. The conclusion points to both the specialised features of slaving vessels - such as copper sheathing to protect the hull during tropical passage - and the steady growth of new trade opportunities both contributed enormously to the speedy re-deployment of the slaving fleet, despite social anxiety about the port’s future after abolition.
James Silk Buckingham: Sailor, Explorer and Maritime Reformer
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the career of James Silk Buckingham, who formed the Select Committee of shipwrecks and produced a report recommending significant interventions to prevent shipwreck and loss of life at sea. Williams argues that Buckingham’s actions influenced the state to improve safety conditions, and demonstrates that the majority of his proposals came into effect by mid-century. A list of examples is provided, including the formation of a mercantile marine board; codification of maritime law; better classification of ships; vetting of officers; welfare provisions for seamen; and establishing courts of enquiry for shipwrecks. An appendix provides a bibliography of Buckingham’s written works.
State Regulation of Merchant Shipping 1839-1914: The Bulk Carrying Trades
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the state regulation of the timber and grain trades in the Britain in the nineteenth century, and the efforts made to combat the high loss of life relating to these cargoes.The heavy losses began to draw public scrutiny in the 1830s, which eventually led to government regulation. Williams argues that it was not just the acts of government, but the significant advances in technology and growing expertise amongst seafarers and officers that sharply reduced loss of life toward the end of the century. An appendix tables the loss of life on both timber and grain vessels owned by Britain between 1875 and 1884, and again between 1884-1910, and a third table listing British vessels lost between 1884-1910.
Bulk Passenger Freight Trades, 1750-1870
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This chapter groups together passenger cargoes - the trade of slaves, emigrants, convicts, servants, and contract labourers - in order to determine the collective characteristics of their passage. Williams examines a series of Passenger Acts, and the developing role the government undertook to ensure successful passenger cargoes. He determines that overcrowding, accommodation, dietary provisions, medical facilities, and the seaworthiness of vessels all became subject to government scrutiny and legislation. Williams’ most significant conclusion in this piece is the influence these measures and acts implemented at the start of the nineteenth century would have on the rights and welfare reforms for shipping employees at the end of it.
“Advance Notes” and the Recruitment of Maritime Labour in Britain in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This essay concerns the use of advance notes to recruit seamen for long distance voyages during the age of sail, how it both shaped market behaviour and came under scrutiny by maritime reformers of the latter half of the century. Williams examines the exploitation of seamen that accompanied tbhe practice, the inability of owners to recruit seamen without the advance note, and details the efforts of reformers to abolish the notes - which succeeded in 1881 but was largely ignored by seamen and shipowners alike, and so advance notes were re-legalised in 1889. Williams then charts the true disappearance of the advance note, as they became obsolete once the age of sail shifted into the age of steam and the market shifted to accommodate new technology, fundamentally altering the role of the seafarer.
Shipping and Trade, Passenger Trades
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Passenger Trades, with particular emphasis on the Slave Trade; Emigration across Countries; the Transportation of Convicts; Indentured Labour and ‘Coolie’ Trades.
Docks and Harbours
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the history of Docks and Harbours, within Britain and overseas.
International Relations and Strategy
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning International Relations and Strategy, subdivided by era as follows:- Ancient and Medieval; 1500-1650; 1651-1763; 1764-1792; 1793-1815; 1815-1914; 1914-1918; 1919-1939; 1939-1945; and 1945-1990.
Port Towns and Cities, General Studies
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Port Towns and Cities across Britain and overseas throughout Maritime History.
Coastal Areas and Hinterlands, including islands
Authors: Williams David M. , White Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning Coastal Areas, Hinterlands, and Islands across Britain and overseas throughout Maritime History.
St. Petersburg's Bills of Exchange in the Russian Economy of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Munro George E.
Published: September 2018

George Munro considers the development of the gold standard, and the development of bills of exchange at St Petersburg.
Shipowners and Iron Sailing Ships: The First Twenty Years, 1838-1857
Authors: Williams David M. , Hutchings Jonathan M.
Published: September 2018

David Williams and Jonathan Hutchings explore the history of the iron sailing vessel and its impact on European trade.
Records of Official Organisations Public Records Acts, 1958
Authors: Read Gordon , Stammers Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter comprises of records of official organisations relating to Merseyside maritime history. The largest archive housed by the museum is that of the Merseyside Docks and Harbour Board (plus antecedent’s and predecessor’s) collection, a vital resource that covers the maritime history of the port of Liverpool from the eighteenth to late twentieth century. The MDHB collection includes over 100 years worth of weekly minutes; newscuttings; decision summaries; thousands of plans of docks, buildings, and ships; and hundreds of photographs. Other records include legal papers; deeds; financial records; operational reports; dock registers; staff and wages records; port defence material; labour committee material; pilotage; and public relations material. The records are subdivided and further subdivided as necessary, and introduced clearly, with the intent of making the enormous collection navigable.
German Maritime Historical Research since 1970: A Critical Survey
Authors: Scholl Lars U.
Published: September 2018

This essay constructively examines and analyses research in German Maritime History since 1970. Each analysis is divided into specific topics, with work and research adhering to that topic receiving critical response. Topics include Marine Art and Industrial Archaeology; Inland Navigation; Social History; Fishing and Writing; Ports; Shipbuilding; Shipping Companies; Emigration; Shipping and Trade with Various Regions; and Works of General References and Syntheses.
The Maritime Historiography of Greece in Recent Decades
Authors: Harlaftis Gelina
Published: September 2018

This essay surveys the range of Greek maritime research studied over the last twenty years and explores the development of maritime history within the context of political, social and economic history in Greece. It also strives to examine the main vehicles of historical research, research institutes, historical journals and museums, and determines the main problems encountered by researchers.
Recent Developments In the Historiography of Maritime History in the Netherlands
Authors: Bruijn Jaap R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines existing research on Maritime History in the Netherlands. The essay looks at the sources of history and research in Dutch Maritime and pays close attention to the research of the navy, museums, universities and the world of amateur historians, and addresses the development across maritime research since the 1970s.
Oceanic Historiography: The American Dimension
Authors: Flayhart m William Henry
Published: September 2018

This essay lists and analyses vital works concerning American Oceanic history in order to encourage the continued research and publication of American maritime history. Works discussed include those relating to categories such as Bibliographies and Works of General Reference; Monographs; Seapower; Age of Discovery in America; American Maritime Expansion; European Maritime History; Pacific Maritime History; Colonial America; US Inland Lakes and Waterways; American Regional Studies; American Maritime Law; American Naval History; American Revolutionary War; American Civil War; World War One and Two; the US Merchant Marine; American Shipbuilding Industry; Shipwreck and Maritime Archaeology; US Coast Guard; US ports; US Fishing, Whaling and Hunting; US Social History; and Recreation and Sport in the US.
Introduction
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the Aquaforte station within the wider context of both Newfoundland and global whaling. It also examines the shift from traditional to modern whaling technologies. It also discusses the products generated by whaling, the transport of products, and provides information about that habitats and populations of Humpback, Blue, and Fin Whales.
Early Ellefsen Involvement in Whaling
Authors: Dickinson Anthony B. , Sanger Chesley W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the business history of the Ellefsen family, from their early involvements in Finnmark and Icelandic whaling to the shift in primary interest to Newfoundland and Labrador. It provides an overview of the origin of the whaling industry and an explanation for the Norwegian dominance of the industry.
British Tramp Shipping, 1750-1914
Authors: Craig Robin
Published: September 2018

This study explores the history of tramp-shipping in the United Kingdom, between 1750 and 1914. It defines ‘tramp’ as steamships exclusively hulled with iron or steel. The purpose of the journal is to keep the history of tramp-shipping from fading into obscurity, as the author believes the tramp steamer does not invoke sentimentality nor provide enough glamour to sustain the same level of maritime interest enjoyed by sailing ships or ocean liners. The study is split into four major sections, the first concerning tramp-shipping, ownership, and capital formation; the second concerning trade, specifically copper ore and African guano; the third studies tramp seamen - particularly sea masters; and the final and largest section considers individual tramp-shipping regions, further subdivided by region - Wales, the Northwest, the West Country, the Northeast, the Southeast, and Canada. The volume is punctuated with statistics, tables, charts, glossaries, and concludes with a bibliography of author Robin Craig’s further maritime writing.
Introduction: How It Was For Me
Authors: Craig Robin
Published: September 2018

Early childhood embodied a pleasant mix of sand and sea - and ships. Home was the curiously named Borwick Rails, facing south across the beautiful Duddon Estuary in the extreme south of Cumberland. The house, which was a prominent sea-mark for ships, was situated only a few hundred yards from a wharf or quay, connected by a railway to an ironworks nearby with six blast furnaces. Behind the house was the Victorian town of Millom, created in mid-century as the result of the discovery of a large ore body of extremely high quality. Once mining had begun at Hodbarrow, an ironworks soon followed, and settlement at Millom grew rapidly, drawing workers from Cornwall and North Wales as well as from rural Cumberland....
The Trades
Authors: Craig Robin
Published: September 2018

This section is divided into two major subsections, both examining a core trade within the tramp-shipping industry. The first is dedicated to the copper ore trade, and examines the trade as it flourished within the Swansea region, alongside smelting and refining crafts; the development of copper ore mines; the perilous careers of the seamen involved in the trade; and the decline of copper due to the rise of steel and tin plate. It contains two appendices, a record of copper imported to Swansea in tonnage, and a record of typical routes and cargoes of a copper ore vessel between 1870 and 1897. The second subsection focuses on the African guano trade, providing a comprehensive history and paying particular attention to the brief but influential Ichaeboe guano industry. This subsection includes numerous exerpts from seafarers involved in the trade, and includes three appendices - listing vessel details, guano imports by tonnage, and the number of men involved in the trade.
Introduction
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

In 1905 Liverpool was still by a wide margin the largest port in the country administered by a single port authority, the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board (MD&HB). It was the second port in the Empire in terms of the value of goods handled and Britain’s largest export port. This situation resulted from nearly two centuries of investment in the infrastructure of the port, beginning with the Liverpool Corporation’s decision in 1709 to seek an Act of Parliament to enable the construction of what was to be the first commercial wet dock in the world....
The Port and Its Trade in 1905
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines in depth the Port of Liverpool, and the nature of its trade as of 1905. It begins by considering the physical condition of the port, detailing the expansions and renovations that enabled the accommodation of steamships. It contrasts the financial successes of Kings and Queens docks with the rest of the port, which fared less successfully. Further time is devoted to exploring the actions of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board during the time of port expansion. Overall, despite several successes and a wide variety of trades, the Port of Liverpool in 1905 was suffering from the financial cost of expansion, poor cotton, woodwork, and clothing trade, and increasing competition from Southampton and the Manchester Ship Canal.
The Provision of Specialist Cargo Facilities
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board in relation to specialist cargo. The previous policy of providing equipment that served multiple trades, and asking specialist traders to provide for themselves, gradually became redundant as trade and technology expanded. It is particularly concerned with both the corn trade and the petroleum trade in Liverpool, and the specialist machinery they required.
Into the Modern World?
Authors: Jarvis Adrian
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board during the early-twentieth century, as it attempted to adapt to the changing economic landscape. Jarvis analyses the effectiveness of the Board’s strategies in regard to the following: willingness to change; resistance to cutting advertising; and aggressiveness toward the competitor trades of Manchester, Hull, and London. It concludes by claiming the Board’s core belief - that expansion and upgrades would keep ships interested - was challenged by war.
Recent Maritime Historiography on Italy
Authors: D'Angelo Michela , Tonizzi M. Elisabetta
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents and offers analysis of the maritime historiography of Italy. It is divided into two parts, the first concerning the Italian States before Unification, and the second concerning post-Unification Italy. Specific topics discussed include ports, trade, and navigation; ships, shipbuilding, and transports; maritime protectionism; port-policies; shipping-related institutions; sailors, fishermen, and yachtsmen; and naval history. The conclusion claims that research into Italian maritime history contains several gaps, and that the focus of maritime studies is often local rather than national or international, but that significant progress is currently underway within the field.
Slovenia
Authors: Bonin Flavio
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a guide to the maritime historiography of Slovenia. A distrinction is drawn between the Italian historians, who recorded Slovenian history before the Second World War, and who largely opted for political rather than maritime concerns, and the Slovenian historians who emerged post-war. Post-war research sought to prove the substantial economic impact that maritime activity caused for Slovenia.
Greek Maritime History Steaming Ahead
Authors: Harlaftis Gelina
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a guide to the maritime historiography of Greece from the 1970s onwards. It explores the beginnings of Greek maritime history, pinpointed by the publication of volume Greek merchant history, and moves through shipping, naval history, corsairing, piracy, and studies of the port cities of continental Greece. The major concern of Greek maritime historiography is the lack of shipping statistics and data, a gap which the establishment of the Pontoporeia historical register is currently attempting to fill.
An Outline of Ottoman Maritime History
Authors: Özveren Eyüp , Yildirim Onur
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an outline of the maritime history of the Ottoman Empire, in attempt to prove that maritime activity was integral to the success of the empire. It also seeks to determine the reasons behind the empire’s slow decline during the eighteenth century. The topics covered include cartographic accomplishments; naval affairs; shipping and ship types; shipbuilding and imperial arsenals; construction material; and maritime labour.
Maritime History in Israel
Authors: Gertwagen Ruthy
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a guide to the maritime historiography of Israel. Maritime history within Israeli academic publications is considered a relatively unexplored subject, and few publications exist in relation to it. This chapter places the sparse historiography within context, exploring Jewish maritime historiography; modern Israeli Shipping; and the historiography on maritime activity in Palestine, and the publications devoted to each.
Crossing the Last Frontier: Transatlantic Movements of Asian Maritime Workers, c. 1900-1945
Authors: Balachandran G.
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the maritime migration network between Asia and America by way of Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. It pays particular attention to the maritime activity of ‘lascar’ seamen, and the movement of labour between Britain, America, India, China, and Hong Kong. It examines the changes that underwent the network over time, the quantities of migrants and their intended destinations, and the period of upheaval caused by each World War. It also examines the racial, social, political, and cultural factors that shaped British and US immigration policies during the period. It concludes by stating that the US was undoubtedly a primary destination for Asian labourers, despite the well-broatcast perils relating to wages, racism, nationalism, and subjugation.
Growth, Diversification and Globalization: Main Trends in International Shipping since 1850
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: September 2018

This essay analyses the vast changes in the shipping industry across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries due to industrialisation, the internationalised economy, and globalisation. The aim is to provide a solid context from which the following essays can spring. Author Yrjo Kaukiainen particularly focuses on the relationship between the growth of trade and provision of shipping tonnage, deemed inextricable from one another. He then demonstrates that present-day ocean transport costs average only a fifth of those of 1850.
British Shipping from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present
Authors: Palmer Sarah
Published: September 2018

This essay charts the considerable decline of the British shipping industry in the twentieth century. Sarah Palmer demonstrates that growing distance between shipowners and shipbuilders; tremendous decline in liner shipping; unwillingness to innovate; and inconsistent policies established by the government that played significant roles in the decline from the turn of the century’s forty percent global tonnage rates to the meagre three percent reported in 2007.
North of England Shipowners and Their Business Connections in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Milne Graeme J.
Published: September 2018

This essay focuses on business networks in the North of England in the nineteenth century, with particular attention paid to shipowning interests. Graeme J. Milne looks at both regional and national economies to understand the role of the shipowner, and explores the web of interconnect relationships between shipowners, merchants, and other economic figures. He determines the impact of shipowning business culture on wider commercial decision-making. He concludes by affirming that shipping in a historical context can be better understood by studying interconnections in related fields, rather than as an isolated industry.
Introduction
Authors: Hoff Molly , Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter offers a praising study of the seductiveness of Virginia Woolf’s literature. Molly Hoff foregrounds Woolf’s literary talent and skill by analysing Mrs. Dalloway’s unique distinctions in terms of its philosophical influence, Alexandrian poetic expression and use of social satire, whilst drawing upon both the novel’s surrounding inspirations and the intertextual references contained within it.
4.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a synopsis and breakdown of the fourth section of Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. In this critical reading, Hoff unpacks Woolf’s subtle references and brings them out into the open. The chapter explores the origin of particular words in order to aid a better understanding of their intended meaning, and addresses the exploited poetic conventions from Classical and modern literature. Hoff enriches her analysis with reference to Greek myth and Homeric parallels, and concludes with a reflection on the novel’s allusions to the Underworld.
9.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Hoff provides annotations on the ninth section of Mrs. Dalloway. She explores the book’s metanarrative and linguistic style whilst placing the text in the light of Greek literary tropes, and biblical and philosophical references. In this chapter, Hoff also provides the reader with a useful cultural context and re-touches on the book’s allusion to the previously discussed theory of the Butterfly Effect.
12.
Authors: Hoff Molly
Published: September 2018

The final chapter concludes with a synopsis and analysis of the twelfth section of Mrs. Dalloway. Hoff supports her discussion of the action by unpacking the passage’s dialogue and linking key themes and symbols present in the novel to those found in Greek literature. The chapter ends with a mystical reading of Clarissa’s “rebirth”. Like the entirety of the text, the chapter recognises the presence of literary fragments scattered throughout the novel, and attempts to combine them all in order to produce a detailed discussion that is supplemented with Hoff’s own understanding of Greek literature.
Introduction: Charted Routes and New Directions in the Study of Africa's Maritime History
Authors: Ray Carina E. , Rich Jeremy
Published: September 2018

What does maritime history look like in an African setting? What insights can African case studies offer to the rapidly expanding field of maritime history? These questions inspired the authors of the essays in this collection to travel the often-neglected waters of African maritime history. Despite the rise of European, Asian and American historical research linked to seas and rivers, Africanists have rarely identified themselves as maritime researchers. More than two decades ago, the French scholar Jean-Pierre Chauveau tellingly entitled his literature review of maritime topics in Africa, “Is an African Maritime History Possible?”...
The Problem Defined
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the journal and its approach to the question of why the British shipping industry declined at tremendous rate between 1900 and 1960. It outlines the possible answers - the change in economy; international competition; factors outside of shipping; and internal decision-making - and how they will be addressed in subsequent chapters. It provides an overview of both British and international growth performances over the period, and defines the statistical parameters of the study - tonnage is measured in gross tonnage; British shipping is limited to ocean shipping and excludes coastal shipping.
Nationalism in Shipping in the Interwar Years
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the influence of nationalism in the shipping industry during the interwar period and how its presence in various maritime nations affected British shipping. It groups countries into categories based on how large an effect they had on British shipping, and explores the factors that made it so. Subsidised shipping is given particular consideration, especially American and trans-Pacific voyages. It asserts that subsidised shipping did impact British shipping, though over-tonnaging made a larger economic dent in the industry. It concludes that if British shipowners had been more flexible in their shipping services, they would likely have avoided the damage done by subsidisation by staying a step ahead of it.
Enemies of Competition in the Postwar Years
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the changing methods of state intervention in maritime nations - particularly Britain - in the postwar period. It provides an overview of the nature of subsidies granted to shipping enterprises in various nations - including France, Italy, Japan, and America - and then moves on to an exploration of the preference system (the favouring of national ships) and how that came to replace subsidised shipping. It outlines different types of preferences, including the restriction of certain cargoes to national ships, and discriminatory tax systems. It concludes with the author’s prediction that discrimination through nationalism would continue to increase if not brought under regulatory control.
The Structure of the British Industry
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a thorough account of the structure of the British shipping industry as it stood in 1960. It examines fleet ownership and provides a detailed summary of the eight liner companies that owned eighty percent of British liner tonnage at the time, and both the causes and consequences of this structure. The companies detailed, in order of size, are as follows: Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O); Furness Withy; Blue Funnel Group (containing the Blue Funnel and Elder Dempster lines); Cunard; British and Commonwealth; Ellerman; Vestey; and Inverforth. It concludes with the author’s prediction that in order to improve the industry, large companies must accept the turbulent industry environment and learn to navigate it flexibly to attain future growth.
Epilogue: The Future
Authors: Sturmey S.G.
Published: September 2018

It is implicit in the preceding pages that British shipping has excellent prospects for the future. The internal constraints on growth which have been noted are inimical to the realization of these prospects. There are, however, signs that a new spirit is showing in the industry which will remove some or all of these constraints. It is because this new spirit has been detected that in ...
Maritime History: A Gateway to Global History?
Authors: Polónia Amélia
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the structure and content of the volume and provides an overview of each chapter. It also provides definitions of maritime history, globalisation, and the differences between the study of maritime history and the study of global history. It gives an overview of recent maritime historiography and the existing intersection between maritime history and global history. It concludes by claiming that the dynamics of global trade - competition and cooperation in past and present alike - have become central to to the study of maritime history, and asserts that the contributions to this volume reflect the hypothesis.
From Hold to Foredeck: Slave Professions in the Maritime World of the East India Company, c. 1660-1720
Authors: Winterbottom Anna
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses slave professions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Indian Ocean. It explores the activities of the English East India Company in the Indian Ocean and the utilisation of slave labour within the company itself. It tackles the use of slaves in maritime industry; the obfuscation of slavery with titles that resembled employment; the movement and forced migration of slaves; the routes into slavery; methods of slave-stealing; and the slave professions - sailors, soldiers, interpreters, doctors, builders, gardeners, domestic slaves, and concubines. It concludes that slaves were a source of revenue for the company, and were forcibly relocated both to quell resistance and to further distribute and exploit their skillsets.
Small Town Merchants, Global Ventures: The Maritime Trade of the New Julfan Armenians in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: McCabe Ina Baghdiantz
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the role of Armenian maritime merchants in ushering in the ‘First Global Age’ of maritime history in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It explores transoceanic navigation systems and overseas trade; the desire for silk and the Armenian-European silk trade; and the activities of Armenian shipowners and their role on the global stage. It discovers that Armenian merchants played a crucial role in global trade, and that their activity defies the prevalent misconception that global maritime history is intrinsically European in nature.
Lighting up the World? Empires and Islanders in the Pacific Whaling Industry, 1790-1860
Authors: Haines David
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the surge in pelagic whaling in the nineteenth century and how it contributed to globalisation. It examines the contact between European empires and indigenous Pacific island communities and the relationship between the whaling industry and European expansionism. It is divided into four parts: the first reviews whaling historiography; the second examines the origin of the Pacific whaling industry and its international components; the third examines the impact of whaling on Pacific island communities; and the fourth uses case studies exploring the impact from New Zealander and Hawaiian perspectives. It concludes that the whaling industry had a relatively minor long-term impact on globalisation - bar the depletion of whale stock, but an enormous overall impact on the furthering of European expansionism.
Technological Advances in the Maritime Sector: Some Implications for Trade, Modernization and the Process of Globalization in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Williams David M. , Armstrong John
Published: September 2018

This essay examines the impact of three tremendous developments in maritime transport technology - the steamship, the telegraph, and the railway - on global industrialisation and the advent of the ‘Second Global Age’. It is divided into three parts: the first surveys the development of steam navigation and locomotion by country and continent; the second explores the relationship between maritime trade and the ‘new world economy’ - particularly the impact of shortened distances and the increase in availability of information; and the third examines the challenges for maritime merchants that developed alongside the improved global communication systems. It concludes that both transport and communication were essential to the development of a world economy, and that British maritime activity was a crucial contributory element.
Turning Maritime History into Global History: Some Conclusions from the Impact of Globalization in Early Modern Spain
Authors: Grafe Regina
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the connections between global history and maritime history by discussing the variable factors present within each discipline. It discusses maritime Spain, the role of technological trade, and the expansion of trade as the basis of analysis, and deconstructs the term ‘globalisation’ and its many definitions in attempt to provide an accurate intersection between the two disciplines. It concludes that in order to open up new perspectives, global history should not be considered on a geographical scale, but rather one that encompasses comparisons, connection, and interactions within trade.
Past and Present Matter(s)
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

As a complement to the in-depth literary analyses that follow, Chapter 1 begins by examining a bona fide architectural structure, the Haitian gingerbread house, as a literal—i.e. physical—manifestation of authentic French-Caribbean construction. Drawing from both (past) traditional techniques and present-day technologies and innovations, the Gingerbreads’ vernacular architecture is described as a fundamentally localized, transformative building process that, for the purposes of this book, equate with what can be understood as the vernacular architexture of the French Caribbean. Hence, the recent “spatial turn” (Conley) in literary criticism should encompass not only natural but human landscapes in so far as their integral role as characters in the telling and creating of the region’s identifying narratives. Consequently, three brief textual analyses of French-Caribbean works serve to illustrate how the construction of individual and collective identities is informed by the architectural and architextual structures found within literature. The chapter concludes with an overview of relevant literary criticism, in particular as pertaining to the role of literary form in the evolving fields of spatial and postcolonial theory.
Reconquering Dimensions
Authors: Herbeck Jason
Published: September 2018

By way of a brief summary of Ulysses’ return from Troy to Ithaca in Homer’s The Odyssey, the Conclusion begins by juxtaposing the fundamentally different notions of the house as found in traditional epic narratives—the mythes fondateurs of which Édouard Glissant is so wary—and the literatures of the French Caribbean. The static, unchanging nature of Ulysses’ home, as well as the tree whose literal roots remain part of its construction, are what allow him to reclaim his identity and be duly recognized. Whereas the Caribbean house plays a no less integral role in the negotiation and construction of identity, the architectural and architextual analyses of previous chapters are revisited as a means of illustrating that such identity-building is, in the French Caribbean, a necessarily long and arduous process. In conclusion, the dual methodological lenses of architecture and architexture are demonstrated to be informative critical tools with which to gauge the dynamic notion of constructing identity—a near-cyclical processes of destruction and/or reassessment followed by subsequent (re)construction that, while by nature not absolute, is no less defining of a people’s perceptions and expressions of place and self.
Ends of French
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

Pacifist Invasions begins with a short preface that engages the polemics surrounding Michel Houellebecq’s latest novel on Islam and France, Soumission (2015), which hit bookstands nationwide across France on the same day as the attack on the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris. Ever since his first novels, Houellebecq has been lyrically singing the progressive decline and suicide of French society and Western civilization. With Soumission, he—and not the attackers—kills them off altogether. This recent episode in literature exposes the difficulty of coping with the afterlives of literatures and languages after colonialism: tellingly, what remains entirely absent from the media circus around Houellebecq in the on-going aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attack is how France, for the past fifty years, has continued to lurk in the shadows of the postcolony. Pacifist Invasions takes as its beginning and its end the metaphorical conceit of Houellebecq’s ‘end of French,’ particularly through its textual and poetic manifestations in Francophone literary cultures that are in dialogue with the world of Arabic letters, to argue that French is undergoing a necrophilological colonization by Arabic literature and Islamic scripture under the pens of the five writers studied in Pacifist Invasions.
Word Over Word
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

The introduction defines the titular notion of pacifist invasions through two observations by Ferdinand de Saussure. With specific regard to multilinguistic coexistence, local idiom, diglossia, and the particular case of literary language, Saussure writes how “colonization [...] brings about changes in an idiom by transporting it into different surroundings,” and that while “invasion is the usual cause of [linguistic] superimposition [...] it may also come through peaceful [pacifique] penetration.” I contextualize and circumscribe the geographical and cultural politics of the kind of novel, layered linguistic transformations presented in Pacifist Invasions by chronicling the emergence of a pacifically invaded, bilingual Franco-Arabic text starting in the 1950s. Against what Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o has described as the shellshock of a “cultural bomb,” wherein writers think of “their past as one wasteland of non-achievement,” I introduce to the discussion a new, different constellation of international, cosmopolitan essayists, poets, and translators who are pushing the language question into a different realm. Next, through a re-evaluation of the debates around bilingualism in the 1980s with Abdelkébir Khatibi, Abdelwahab Meddeb, and Abdelfattah Kilito, I introduce the importance of the Arabic script and the classical Arabic intertext to the Francophone lyric. I highlight the primary roles of translation studies and theories of intertextuality as tools for understanding the changes brought about in French through the on-going pacifist invasions.
Wine Song
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 takes as its focal text a beautiful colour art book by Stétié, Le vin mystique précédé de Al-Khamriya d’Omar Ibn al-Farîdh (1998). Realized in collaboration with the Iraqi calligrapher Ghani Alani, Stétié’s bilingual edition and translation of Ibn al-Fāriḍ’s most celebrated mystical wine poem presents an original reading of a sacred ode to wine and god, which itself forms part of an idiosyncratic genealogy of wine in classical Arabic verse. I analyze the comparative, translational poetics and politics of Stétié’s French translation, which he appends with a long essay composed in French on the fraught relationship between alcohol and Islam, and between Islamic and Western views and representations of wine. Through his polyvalent idiomatic French translations of the key Sufi term for the ritual of rememberance, dhikr (defined by ʿĀʾishah al-Bāʿūniyyah in The Principles of Sufism), Stétié opens the translingual Franco-Arabic text to the poetics of the breath through the practice of rememoration. I show how his texts offer remarkable sites of the transference of one language and tradition into another, to the point where the translations permanently transform and transfigure the French of subsequent readings of such canonical authors as Baudelaire. I follow with a reading of Baudelaire that reveals a preoccupation with the poetics of the human breath, and an identical mystical Sufi idiom in all of his wine poetry and writings on wine and hashish. Stétié thus enacts and realizes the very ‘pacifist invasion’ that he announces elsewhere in his critical œuvre (Le français, l’autre langue, 2001). With Stétié, we hear whispers of the translational genesis-in-progress of a new Francophone lyric. I close this chapter with one illustrative example of the new Francophone lyric, through a consideration of how Franco-Arabic poetic modulations of the breath assume a performative aspect for Stétié in the context of the live ritual of his poetry readings.
Heliotropic Exit
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

Ryoko Sekiguchi’s Héliotropes is deeply informed by Giorgio Agamben and Daniel Heller-Roazen’s work on the ‘end of the poem’ and on ‘speaking in tongues,’ and so Sekiguchi perfectly unites classical Arabic literature, modernist poetics, and contemporary philosophical and critical inquiry into prosody. As the youngest of the five authors studied in Pacifist Invasions, she draws on recent innovations in critical poetic theory, and the complex linguistic, prosodic and thematic arrangements of the muwashshaḥa and the history of its scholarship. Her poetry provides a spectacular, particularly poignant exemplar for where we may begin with the language question, now that we have ended. Her solution to the inescapable problems facing French poetics represents an extreme departure: to exit altogether the Francophone literary idiom, and back toward its beginning as prise de conscience or ‘awakening,’ mediated by a Franco-Arabic tradition of unprecedented poetic innovation. Her Franco-Arabic composition deforms and unfurls a language undone. As with Saussure and Stétié’s aporetic notion of a ‘pacifist invasion’ of language, with Sekiguchi this linguistic transformation takes less the form of Francophonie’s initial surrealism- tinged linguistic destruction than a rediscovery and resurrection within and through a French language surface of classical Arabic literature and mystical Islam and Sufism. In this light, the poetics of the muwashshaḥa marks an exceptional site of transference between languages in passage, a liminal moment of transit where languages are placed at one another’s thresholds, freely interwoven into one another, becoming other languages, becoming something other than language as such, that is, characterized by a basic correspondence between visual sign and uttered sense.