The Genetic Architecture of Dietary Iron Overload and Associated Pathology in Mice
Authors: Fuqua Brie K. , Moses Lambda , McLachlan Stela , Pan Calvin , Davis Richard C. , Hui Simon T. , Che Nam , Zhou Zhiqiang , Ng Carmen , Charugundla Sarada , Blencowe Montgomery , Saleem Zara , Miikeda Aika , Ozdemir Beyza , Hui Chester , Li Thy , Stolin Clara L. , Kozuch Marianne , Zhou Jie , Page Kathryn , Irimagawa Hiro , Ku Nam , Taraszka Kodi , LaPierre Nathan , Killilea David W. , Frazer David M. , Yang Xia , Eskin Eleazar , Vulpe Chris D. , Lusis Aldons J. 
Published: June 2023

Tissue iron overload is a frequent pathologic finding in multiple disease states including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), neurodegenerative disorders, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, and some forms of cancer. The role of iron, as a cause or consequence of disease progression and observed phenotypic manifestations, remains controversial. In addition, the impact of genetic variation on iron overload related phenotypes is unclear, and the identification of genetic modifiers is incomplete. Here, we used the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), consisting of over 100 genetically distinct mouse strains optimized for genome-wide association studies and systems genetics, to characterize the genetic architecture of dietary iron overload and pathology. Dietary iron overload was induced by feeding male mice (114 strains, 6-7 mice per strain on average) a high iron diet for six weeks, and then tissues were collected at 10-11 weeks of age. Liver metal levels and gene expression were measured by ICP-MS/ICP-AES and RNASeq, and lipids were measured by colorimetric assays. FaST-LMM was used for genetic mapping, and Metascape, WGCNA, and Mergeomics were used for pathway, module, and key driver bioinformatics analyses. Mice on the high iron diet accumulated iron in the liver, with a 6.5 fold difference across strain means. The iron loaded diet also led to a spectrum of copper deficiency and anemia, with liver copper levels highly positively correlated with red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Hepatic steatosis of various severity was observed histologically, with 52.5 fold variation in triglyceride levels across the strains. Liver triglyceride and iron mapped most significantly to an overlapping locus on chromosome 7 that has not been previously associated with either trait. Based on network modeling, significant key drivers for both iron and triglyceride accumulation are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and oxidative stress management. To make the full data set accessible and useable by others, we have made our data and analyses available on a resource website.

Author summary

The response to a high iron diet is determined in part by genetic factors. We now report the responses to such a diet in a diverse set of inbred strains of mice, known as the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, that enables high resolution genetic mapping and systems genetics analyses. The levels of iron in the liver varied about >5 fold across the strains, with genetic variation explaining up to 74% of the variation in liver iron. Pathologies included copper deficiency, anemia, and fatty liver, with liver triglycerides varying over 50 fold among the strains. Genetic mapping and network modeling identified significant genetic loci and pathways underlying the response to diet.