bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XV.—On the Influence of Temperature on the Photo-Electric Discharge from Platinum
Authors: Varley W. Mansergh , Unwin Fred
Published: June 2016

Zeleny (Physical Review, xii., p. 321, 1901) has investigated the variation with temperature of the photo-electric discharge from a platinum wire in air at ordinary atmospheric pressure.
XXI.—Preliminary Note on the Internal Structure of Sigillaria mamillaris, Brongniart, and Sigillaria scutellata, Brongniart
Authors: Kidston R.
Published: June 2016

A few months ago I received from Mr G. H. Knott three specimens of Sigillaria from the Halifax Hard Bed of Yorkshire having the structure of their steles and outer cortex well preserved.
XXVII.—The Composition of Terrigenous Deposits
Authors: Clarke F.W.
Published: June 2016

For purposes of comparison with the analysis of a composite sample of Red Clay recently published in the Proceedings, I have received from Sir John Murray a composite of fifty-two “terrigenous” clays, dredged up from oceanic depths ranging from 140 to 2120 fathoms. In the nomenclature of the Challenger Expedition, forty-eight of the individual samples are classified as “blue muds,” and four as “green muds.” Twenty-three of the clays were collected by the Challenger; the others were brought in from voyages of the Buccaneer, Dart, Egeria, and Rambler. The range of collection, as in the case of the “red clay,” was world-wide, and all of the great oceans are represented in the composite sample.
XXXIV.—The Variation of Young's Modulus under an Electric Current
Authors: Walker Henry
Published: June 2016

This investigation was carried out for the purpose of extending to other substances an inquiry into the effect of an electric current on Young's Modulus, which was carried out by Miss Noyes on a steel wire at Cornell University, and described in the Physical Review, No. 4, vol. ii. In the investigation of Miss !Noyes, the wire under examination was heated by a coil, the current being supplied by a storage battery. To vary the method of heating, the current was also sent through the wire with the expectation that the same effects would be obtained as when the wire was heated by the coil. This, however, was found not to be the case, and Professor Nichols, under whose superintendence the investigation was carried out, in his Laboratory Manual of Physics, vol. ii. p. 293, states that an extension of the inquiry to other materials than iron would be of interest.
XXXVII.—Note on Quaternion Integral Theorems
Authors: Hermann Heinrich
Published: June 2016

The transformations of volume integrals into surface integrals, and of surface integrals into line integrals, are usually established first for a small parallelepiped and parallelogram. These elements are not, however, very convenient, or indeed altogether satisfactory, for the extension of the theorems over finite domains. If arranged in straight rows and plates, the elements cannot be fitted to a general boundary; and if they are arranged in curved rows and shells like the stones of a vault, there will be, in general, between various elements of the first order, spaces of the second not represented. This inconvenience disappears if tetrahedra and triangles are taken as elements. In Quaternions, the theorems are easily proved for such elements.
XII.—On the Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid, saturated with Sodium Chloride; and on a new form of Conductivity Cell
Authors: Miles F. D.
Published: June 2016

(1) Determinations have been made, at 18° C, of:—(a) the specific electrical conductivity, (b) the percentage composition by weight, of a series of mixtures made by saturating, with sodium chloride, solutions of hydrochloric acid containing from 16 to 27 per cent, of hydrogen chloride.

(2) Within this range of concentration the salt-saturated acid has lower specific conductivity than the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride alone, from which it may be supposed to be derived. Of the salt-saturated acid mixtures, that one has maximum conductivity which could be prepared by adding salt to hydrochloric acid containing 2·9 per cent, of hydrogen chloride. Of solutions of hydrogen chloride alone, in water, that containing 19·1 per cent, hydrogen chloride has maximum conductivity.

(3) The critical concentration of hydrogen chloride at which hydrochloric acid is able to affect the colour of cobalt chloride is changed, in the same sense as the concentration of hydrogen chloride corresponding to maximum conductivity is changed, by saturating the solution with salt.

(4) A new form of conductivity cell is described. It is specially suitable for solutions which are saturated with dissolved solid, or contain a volatile solvent.
XXII.—The Interaction of Methylene Iodide and Silver Nitrate
Authors: Marshall C. R. , Gilchrist Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

In the course of some experiments, designed to prepare methylene nitrate, an interesting reaction between methylene iodide and silver nitrate in alcoholic solution was observed. When approximately an equimolecular quantity of methylene iodide is added to a saturated solution of silver nitrate in methyl or ethyl alcohol, glistening white crystals quickly begin to appear and soon form a bulky precipitate.
XXIII.—A Comparative Study of the Reflexes of Autotomy in Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Herbert Paul J.
Published: June 2016

The self-amputation of limbs, or autotomy, as it has been called, is a remarkable example of one of the provisions which marine animals have for their survival in the struggle for existence. Many species, especially members of the decapod crustacea, have the power of leaving a leg in the grasp of an enemy and escaping to the shelter of a kindly rock. Autotomy also occurs very markedly in some echinoderms.
XVII.—The Ochil Earthquakes of the Years 1900–1914
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: June 2016

The earthquakes of Scotland, as compared with those of England and Wales, are notable on several accounts:—(i) They are more numerous. During the twenty-six years from 1889 to 1914, 357 earthquakes riginated within the area of Great Britain–51 in England, 27 in Wales, and 279 in Scotland. If area be taken into account, the inequality is still greater. For every shock occurring in England, there were during this period four in Wales and nine in Scotland, (ii) They are invariably simple earthquakes, twin earthquakes (which include the strongest of all British earthquakes) being confined to England and Wales, (iii) As simple earthquakes, they are due to movements along strike-faults, and, for the most part, along well-known faults, the majority of which belong to the Caledonian system, the only exceptions known to me being those connected with the Loch Broom earthquake of 1892 and the two Glasgow earthquakes of 1910.
I.—The Endowment of Scientific and Industrial Research
Authors: Horne John
Published: June 2016

We begin another session in the fifth year of this unparalleled war with the certainty that freedom, justice, and the rights of small nationalities, for which the Allies have so bravely fought, will ultimately triumph. The administration of the affairs of the Society under conditions so abnormal has caused considerable anxiety. The great increase in the cost of paper and printing compelled the Council last session to limit the expenditure on the Transactions and Proceedings. By adhering rigidly to certain resolutions which they laid down, they have enabled the Treasurer to present a more favourable financial report than was expected.
XII.—On the Mode of Action of Metal Sols
Authors: Marshall O. R.
Published: June 2016

During the last twenty years colloidal solutions of various metals have been largely used in therapeutics. Few investigations, however, have been made on their mode of action, and most of these have been made on mammals. As a contribution to the subject some experiments made under simpler conditions seem worthy of record. The reaction employed was the effect of an electrolyte-free silver sol on bacteria. Somewhat similar experiments have been made by Henri and coadjutors. These, which are referred to later, were unknown to me at the time of the investigation.
XIV.—The Propagation of Earthquake Waves through the Earth, and connected Problems
Authors: Knott C. G.
Published: June 2016

This paper is a continuation of two papers on Seismic Radiations published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxviii, pp. 217–230 (1907–8) and vol. xxx, pp. 23–37 (1909). The object of the present communication is to place on record a new determination of the laws of propagation of seismic waves based upon a method of calculation in which no assumptions are made as to the functional relation between velocity of propagation and distance from the earth's centre. References to the work of others will be given incidentally as occasion arises.
XV.—An Analysis of an Electron - Transference Hypothesis of Chemical Valency and Combination
Authors: Marshall John
Published: June 2016

In this paper it is proposed to analyse in a tentative way the Electron-Transference Hypothesis of Chemical Combination which has been put forward by Lord Kelvin in his paper entitled “Aepinus Atomised” (Phil. Mag., 1902), and by Sir J. J. Thomson (Phil. Mag., 1904).

This hypothesis postulates that on the combination of two or more atoms to form a chemical compound electrons are transferred from atoms playing an electro-positive part to those playing an electro-negative part in the molecule, the number of electrons thus transferred being taken as a measure of the valencies of the respective atoms in the molecule. Such an hypothesis would not lead to conceptions at variance with the facts of electrolytic dissociation.
XVII.—Discontinuities in the Atmosphere
Authors: Goldie A. H. R.
Published: June 2016

This paper contains the results of an investigation, on empirical and dynamical lines, into the following matters:—

(1) The origin of surfaces of discontinuity in the atmosphere;

(2) The precise processes occurring at such surfaces in well-defined cases;

(3) The physical processes which lead to the obliteration or movement of the discontinuities;

(4) The part played by the discontinuities in the development of the cyclones of temperate latitudes.
XIX.—Note on Professor Whittaker's Atomic Model
Authors: Eldridge John A.
Published: June 2016

In the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 1921–22 Whittaker suggests an atomic model designed to absorb and emit radiation by quanta. This model consists essentially of a system of radial magnets, set as the spokes of a wheel with like poles (say south) at the centre. The electron approaching the wheel along the axis of symmetry will, according to the author, set the wheel into rotation, giving a “magnetic current.” The action of the approaching charge, giving a rotation to the North Pole and a “magnetic current,” is quite the analogue to the North Pole approaching a non-axial electric charge, setting it into rotation, and producing an “electric current.” The electron, with energy exceeding a definite value, succeeds in going through the atom, with the result that a definite amount of energy is permanently transferred from the electron to the atomic wheel, a result which resembles the absorption of electronic energy by the atom in spectrum excitation.
XXII.—L'Entretien des Pendules au Moyen de Cellules Photoélectriques
Authors: Ferrié G.
Published: June 2016

Il est fréquemment nécessaire de mesurer, avec la plus haute précision possible, les intervalles de temps compris entre des signaux inscrits sur un appareil enregistreur (signaux horaires, tops d'observations astronomiques, etc.). Lorsque l'intervalle de temps à mesurer est de courte durée, on peut utiliser divers procédés, par exemple un diapason entretenu électriquement sans contact au moyen d'un amplificateur à lampes et dont on inscrit le courant d'entretien sur le même enregistreur. Il est aisé d'évaluer l'intervalle à mesurer en nombre de vibrations et fraction de vibration. Si cet intervalle dépasse quelques secondes, le procédé devient impraticable et il est nécessaire de subdiviser l'intervalle à mesurer en fractions d'une seconde par exemple, de compter le nombre entier de secondes intercalées entre les deux signaux et de ne mesurer en vibrations du diapason que les résidus compris entre le premier signal et la lère seconde, le dernier signal et la seconde la plus voisine de lui.
XXIV.—The Electrosynthesis of n-Duotriacontane Dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Fairweather David A.
Published: June 2016

The highest member of the series of normal dibasic acids hitherto obtained by electrosynthesis is hexadecane dicarboxylic acid, HOOC.(CH2)16. COOH. In attempts to synthesise by this means dicarboxylic acids of still higher molecular weight, the following difficulties are encountered:—(1) The temperature of the liquid undergoing electrolysis must be kept above the melting point of the synthetic di-ester, in order that the latter may not solidify on the anode and prevent the passage of the current; (2) the alkali ethyl salts of the higher dibasic acids are of a soapy nature, and cannot readily be dealt with in concentrated solution. Two of the conditions favourable to electrosynthesis, high concentration of the electrolyte and low temperature, are thus unattainable.
XI.—The Zeta Function of Jacobi. A seven-decimal table of Z(u/m) at interval 0·01 for u and for values of m(= k2) from 0·1 to 1·0
Authors: Milne-Thomson L. M.
Published: June 2016

The elliptic integral of the second kind

can, by substitution, be made to depend upon

Writing E(K) = E, Jacobi's Zeta function is defined by

where

Z(u) is an odd function of u with period 2K.
XIII.—The Genetic Basis of Alkaptonuria
Authors: Hogben Lancelot , Worrall R. L. , Zieve I.
Published: June 2016

1. The overwhelming majority of cases of alkaptonuria are consistent with the hypothesis that this disease is determined by a single autosomal recessive gene substitution.

2. The observed proportion of alkaptonurics in recorded fraternities with two normal parents and the incidence of consanguineous parentage conform quantitatively to the requirements of Mendelian hypothesis in a system of random mating.

3. There appears to be an alternative form of alkaptonuria which is dominant.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to Sir Archibald Garrod for advice regarding the sources consulted.
XVI.—Pressure Effects in the Secondary Spectrum of Hydrogen
Authors: Guthrie W. G.
Published: June 2016

This paper is an account of an experimental investigation which was made on the behaviour of the secondary spectrum of hydrogen as affected by the pressure of the luminous gas. It was conjectured that the classification of the lines of the spectrum according to their behaviour in this respect should be of value in the problem of accounting for their origin in terms of the quantum theory. There can be no doubt, on the evidence given below, that the method is of some importance. For this reason it has been considered worth while bringing the results already obtained to the notice of workers in this field by publishing tables of intensities.
XIX.—Filial and Fraternal Correlations in Sex-linked Inheritance
Authors: Hogben Lancelot
Published: June 2016

The results obtained may be summarised in the following table comparing the filial and fraternal coefficients for autosomal and sex-linked variation. When dominance is complete the values given are referred to equal frequency of the allelomorphic genes, i.e.p = ½ = q.

Briefly, then, the contribution of sex-linked genes to the observed variance will tend to lower the correlation between father and son and between brother and sister. It will raise the correlation between father and daughter or between sister and sister conspicuously. These considerations emphasise the interest attaching to a separate investigation of fraternal correlation for sibs of all three sex classes in connection with studies on twins. If the correlation for dizygotic twins of like sex is higher than for dizygotic twins of unlike sex, the difference might be due to the greater similarity of environment for two individuals of the same sex, or it might be due to the contribution of sex-linked genes to the observed variance. In the latter case the correlation for boy pairs should be significantly lower than the correlation for girl pairs. The wide discrepancies in recorded data for fraternal correlations with respect to intelligence quotients might be re-examined from this standpoint. If an appreciable proportion of the total variance is due to sex-linked genes, it is of more importance that a boy should have a clever mother than a clever father.
I.—On a Problem concerning Matrices with Variable Diagonal Elements
Authors: Ledermann Walter
Published: June 2016

Suppose that in a given non-negative definite symmetric matrix R = [rij] of order n the diagonal entries are replaced by arbitrary quantities x1, x2,…, xn so that the matrix assumes the form

Matrices of this type are met with in the statistical technique known as Factorial Analysis (Thurstone, 1935; Thomson, 1939); there the nondiagonal elements rij(i≠j) are the correlation coefficients of certain tests and are given by observation. The diagonal entries of the “correlational matrix,” which is always non-negative definite, are originally all equal to unity, but, on the hypothesis which underlies the process of Factorial Analysis, it is permissible to diminish the diagonal entries arbitrarily provided the modified matrix is still non-negative definite, it being assumed that the amount which has been deducted from the diagonal cells is due to the variance of the specific factors, the investigation of which is not the primary aim of the theory.
XI.—Reciprocity. Part III: Reciprocal Wave Functions
Authors: Born Max , Fuchs Klaus
Published: June 2016

The attempt to find reciprocal wave functions made in Part II led to some difficulties. We believe that these were due to an incorrect definition of the relativistic scalar product and Fourier coefficient. We shall show in this paper that a modification of these definitions leads to simpler equations, which allow us to determine the reciprocal wave functions and to find a transcendental equation for μ = aε/k, as was envisaged in Part I.
XX.—The Structure and Behaviour of the Chromosomes of the Sheep during Mitosis and Meiosis
Authors: Ahmed I. A.
Published: June 2016

Many studies on the chromosomes of the sheep have been published in the last decade, but their results are unsatisfactory and contradictory, and hence it was found necessary and justifiable to undertake a further analysis, and the present paper reports the data obtained.
XXI.—The Swimming and Burrowing Habits of the Amphipod Urothoë marina (Bate)
Authors: Watkin E. Emrys
Published: June 2016

The intertidal and shallow-water sands of the coasts of the British Isles contain, in many cases as the dominant amphipod fauna, species of the three genera Haustorius, Urothoë, and Bathyporeia of the family Haustoriidæ, often coexistent in the same habitat and obtainable in the same samples. The swimming and burrowing mechanisms of Haustorius arenarius have been described by Dennell (1933), and I have described (1939) the mechanisms in some species of the genus Bathyporeia. This paper deals mainly with Urothoë marina; no reference is made to the other species of the genus, although U. brevicornis has been examined and found to be similar to U. marina. Since all species of the genus Urothoë are very similar morphologically and live in similar habitats, it may be assumed that the following description of U. marina will apply to them also, but I have had no opportunity of examining the more southern species U. grimaldii or U. pulchella. Crawford (1937) states that the burrowing habits of U. brevicornis and U. grimaldii var. poseidonis are very similar to those of Haustorius.
II.—The Variation in Photo-Electric Activity with Wave-Length for certain Metals in Air
Authors: Osgood Thomas Harris
Published: June 2016

Although a study of the photo-electric activity of metals in air can contribute little to the scientific interpretation of the phenomenon, yet it acquires a greater interest and some practical importance in connection with the physiological effect of ultra-violet light. In employing such light for therapeutic purposes, it is necessary to know which are the effective rays for the treatment under consideration, and how different sources vary as regards intensity of radiation. As the primary cause of the physiological change produced by light is probably photo-electric action, it is not surprising that several investigators have suggested the use of the photo-electric activity of a metal plate in air as a means of estimating the quality and intensity of the radiation.
III.—Observations on the Balmer Series of Hydrogen
Authors: Geddes A. E. M.
Published: June 2016

According to the quantum theory of the production of spectra the lines Hα and Hβ of the Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum may be produced in six and eight different ways respectively. This general conclusion, however, has to be modified. The mass of an electron in its elliptical orbit is not constant but depends upon its velocity. Consequently, the total energy of an electron in its orbit must be expressed in the form

where na and nr are the azimuthal and radial quantum numbers and where , and the other symbols have their usual meaning.
XVIII.—The Budde Effect in Bromine
Authors: Ludlam E. B.
Published: June 2016

A very considerable amount of careful work has been devoted to the investigation of the phenomenon, first noticed by Budde (1), that when light falls on chlorine an immediate expansion takes place, followed by an equally rapid contraction to the same, or very nearly the same, volume when the light is obscured. Light in the visible region is effective, but the shorter the wave-length the greater was found to be the expansion; the infra-red had no effect; the ultra-violet has not been carefully explored. The temperature of the gas rises during the expansion and corresponds to the increase in the volume (2). However, Baker (3), and also Shenstone (4), and Pringsheim (5), found that very pure dry chlorine did not give the effect at all.
XIX.—Apparatus to facilitate the Use of an Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Mixture in the Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Briggs Henry
Published: June 2016

Breathing, in normal conditions, is regulated by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood; the “respiratory centre” of the brain, which directs the movements of the lungs, controls matters with a highly delicate degree of regulation so as to maintain that concentration at a fixed level. When, through hard exertion or through the influence of carbon monoxide poisoning, the organism becomes seriously affected by want of oxygen, that deficiency itself begins to influence the respiratory centre and to stimulate breathing. During the course of poisoning by carbon monoxide, then, the lung-ventilation increases; the increase accelerates the rate of saturation of the blood by the gas, which in turn reacts in intensifying the oxygen-shortage. A consequence of the hyperpnœa which thus progressively develops is the washing out of much of the carbon dioxide in the blood.
XXII.—The Theory of Circulants from 1900 to 1920
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

In contributions to the theory of circulants this twenty-year period is found to have been still more fruitful than its fruitful predecessor, the number of writings belonging to it being, indeed, a fourth more, and the percentage of unoriginal communications much about the same. The language which appears oftenest is English, the next in order of frequency being Italian, French, German,—an unusual sequence: the American share of the first of these is considerable, and shows a tendency to increase. In our treatment of the subject papers on block circulants have not been kept separate from those on ordinary circulants: strict segregation has been found to necessitate considerable repetition, and the gain got from it in facility of reference is not so great as to overweigh this disadvantage.
XXIII.—On a Class of Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Ince E. L.
Published: June 2016

In but a few cases are solutions of equations of the type

known, and even in the simplest cases the most general of the known solutions suffers from the disadvantage of being in a symbolic form. The equations to be studied in the present paper are those which can be derived from

by a change in the independent variable. This equation is the one which most naturally claims the attention of the investigator, after the equation of wave-motion

has been disposed of.
III.—On Fourier Constants
Authors: Copson E. T.
Published: June 2016

§ 1. Notation.—Suppose that a0, a1a2,… are real constants, such that, for some fixed p (≥1), the series is convergent. It is a consequence of the generalised Riesz-Fischer Theorem that there exists a function f(t) L1+p over ( – 1 , 1), of which

is the Fourier Series.
XI.—Salmon (Salmo salar) of the River Moisie (Eastern Canada), 1926 and 1927
Authors: Macfarlane P. R. C.
Published: June 2016

Collections of scales from salmon of the Moisie River taken in 1922, 1923, and 1924 were the subjects of two papers read before the Society on previous occasions. The following report deals with material from the same source and is based on scale collections made in the years 1926 and 1927, the number of samples for each year being respectively 470 and 413. The period over which the collections have been made is from the end of the first week in June to the end of July, but the number of samples occurring outside the four-weeks period from mid-June to mid-July is extremely small.
XIV.—The X-Ray Examination of Coal Sections. (Preliminary Note.)
Authors: Kemp C. Norman
Published: June 2016

A number of investigators have sought to extend existing knowledge regarding the mode of origin and structural characteristics of coal as revealed by X-rays, taking advantage of the ease with which the true coal may thereby be distinguished from the associated inorganic matter commonly termed“ ash.”
III.—The Diffusion of Salt Vapours in a Bunsen Flame
Authors: Symon Fred. J.
Published: June 2016

The following paper is a description of experiments carried out to determine the coefficient of diffusion of alkali salt vapours in a bunsen flame.

The colouration of the flame when a bead of salt is heated in it seems to be due to the presence of neutral atoms of the metallic vapour, and the intensity of the colour at any part of the flame depends on the concentration of the metallic vapour at the particular point.
IV.—Researches into the Characteristic Numbers of the Mathieu Equation
Authors: Ince E. L.
Published: June 2016

The characteristic numbers of the Mathieu equation

are those values of a for which, when q is given, the equation admits of a solution of period π or 2π. The periodic solutions, or Mathieu functions, may be developed as a Fourier-series convergent for all values of q,

multiplied by one or other of the factors
V.—The Addition Theorem for the Legendre Functions of the Second Kind
Authors: MacRobert T. M.
Published: June 2016

In a previous paper the author has employed certain formulæ of Dr Dougall's connecting the Associated Legendre Functions Pnm, where m is a positive integer and n is not integral, with the polynomials Ppm in which p is a positive integer, to deduce the Addition Theorem for the Legendre Functions of the first kind from the corresponding theorem for the Legendre Polynomials.
XVII.—Some Hyperspace Harmonic Analysis Problems introducing Extensions of Mathieu's Equation
Authors: Humbert Pierre
Published: June 2016

It is well known that two problems of harmonic analysis in ordinary three-dimensional space can be solved by Mathieu's functions, namely, (a) harmonic analysis for an orthogonal system of elliptic (or hyperbolic) cylinders,

(b) harmonic analysis for a system of confocal paraboloïds,
XVIII.—The Invariant Theory of Forms in Six Variables relating to the Line Complex
Authors: Turnbull H. W.
Published: June 2016

It is well known that the Plücker coordinates of a straight line in ordinary space satisfy a quadratic identity

which may also be considered as the equation of a point-quadric in five dimensions, if the six coordinates Pij are treated as six homogeneous coordinates of a point. Projective properties of line geometry may therefore be treated as projective properties of point geometry in five dimensions. This suggests that certain algebraic theories of quaternary forms (corresponding to the geometry of ordinary space) can best be treated as algebraic theories of senary forms: that is, forms in six homogeneous variables.
XXVI.—On a Polarised Light Quantum
Authors: Whittaker J. M.
Published: June 2016

In the theory of radiation recently advanced by Sir J. J. Thomson it is supposed that electromagnetic waves and quanta are both present in a beam of light. The quanta, which are responsible for the photoelectric effects, are closed rings of electric force propagated in the direction normal to the plane of the ring. Professor Whittaker has discussed this conception from the point of view of Maxwell's equations, and has shown that it is consistent with them ; or rather with an extension of them in which a magnetic density μ analogous to the electric density ρ is introduced.
XXVIII.—Researches into the Characteristic Numbers of the Mathieu Equation—(Second Paper)
Authors: Ince E. L.
Published: June 2016

In a paper recently communicated to the London Mathematical Society the present author showed that the characteristic numbers an and bn of the Mathieu equation—

may be developed, for large positive values of q, in the forms
I.—The Primitive Spindle as a Fundamental Feature in the Embryology of Plants
Authors: Bower F.O.
Published: June 2016

The analogies between the two Kingdoms of Living Organisms are so numerous that in many ways the study of the one may be rightly held to illuminate that of the other. Provided the lines of comparison be broad enough, good may come from following out such analogies. But whenever the comparisons are more closely drawn they should be examined critically: and in any case nothing more than analogy can be postulated for any comparison relating to their advanced types.
II—Observations on the Structure of the Hydrogen Lines Hα and Hβ
Authors: Geddes A. E. M.
Published: June 2016

According to Sommerfeld's theory of the fine structure of spectral lines, the magnitude of the separation of the doublets for all the members of the Balmer series of hydrogen should be constant, and have a value of 0·365 cm.−1. Now, owing to the extreme lightness of the hydrogen atom, a direct proof of Sommerfeld's theory by observation of the hydrogen lines is a somewhat difficult undertaking. At ordinary temperatures the Doppler effect is considerable, so that the lines are broadened out and the components of the doublets tend to overlap. The atom of helium, however, is four times as heavy as that of hydrogen, while the nuclear charge is double, so in consequence the separation of the doublets should be, according to the theory, sixteen times as great.
VI.—Division of Space by Congruent Triangles and Tetrahedra
Authors: Sommerville D. M. Y.
Published: June 2016

It is proposed to investigate the various ways in which it is possible to divide the plane into congruent triangles, and space of three dimensions into congruent tetrahedra. The method of inquiry will not at first reveal any distinction between elliptic, euclidean, and hyperbolic space; networks in all three spaces will be obtained concurrently, and they must be tested afterwards to determine the type of space to which they belong. In the first part we shall deal with the plane, and in the second part with space of three dimensions.
XV.—Notes on a New Method of investigating Colour Blindness
Authors: Houstoun R. A. , Manson W. H.
Published: June 2016

In a previous article a new method of investigating colour blindness has been described, together with its application to twenty-three cases. These were all congenital cases, and it was thought desirable to find what results the method gave when applied to cases of colour blindness caused by disease. With this purpose the apparatus was removed to the Eye Infirmary in Charlotte Street, and some of the cases that presented themselves there investigated.
XVII.—On the X-Ray Corpuscular Emission from Iron in a Magnetised and Unmagnetised State
Authors: Carse G. A. , Jack D.
Published: June 2016

Sir A. Ewing in his paper, “On Models of Ferromagnetic Induction,” has suggested that there is something in the atom which turns in response to an applied magnetic field.

In discussing the above it was suggested by Professor Barkla that it would be a matter of interest to study the X-ray corpuscular emission from iron when magnetised and unmagnetised, especially under the influence of very penetrating rays.
IX.—The Classification and Development of Carbonaceous Minerals
Authors: Briggs Henry
Published: June 2016

In this investigation a graphical method, based on the ultimate analysis, is applied to the classification of the carbonaceous minerals of organic origin. It is necessary in any such study to disregard those ingredients (e.g. ash-forming compounds, sulphur, nitrogen, and free moisture) whose presence, while greatly influencing the commercial value of a carbonaceous mineral, has no significance in regard to its classification. These extraneous or adventitious ingredients have therefore been eliminated by calculation, so as to reduce each analysis to terms of its essential elements—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
V.—Experiments and Observations on Crustacea: Part II. Moulting of Isopods
Authors: Tait John
Published: June 2016

(1) Ligia, like other iposods, moults in two stages. First the coverin of the abdomen with that of the posterior three thoracic segments is es uviated. About four days later the anterior covering is thrown off. Th external changes that occur in the cuticle as it ages, and the behaviou of the animal during moult, are described.

(2) At the moult the cuticle splits in two main directions: (i) transvers between the fourth and fifth (free) thoracic segments; (ii) longitudina at the coxotergal junctions of (free) thoracic segments 2 to 7, there being no coxotergal split in segment 1. Coxotergal splitting is an arthrostracai if not a peracaridan, feature.

(3) Ligiæ that have fasted for many weeks in sea-water may still moult normally. It follows that onset of the moult is determined by an underlying cyclic change, not as Réaumur suggested by simple growth of the animal. A second moult during the period of fast was not observed.
XX.—The Square Roots of a Linear Vector Function
Authors: Hitchcock Frank L.
Published: June 2016

The equation in linear vector functions

was proposed by Tait, and an elegant solution was obtained by him which does not require a determination of the axes of ω. He showed that upon this equation depends the separation of the pure and the rotational parts of a homogeneous strain. The problem appears to be interesting also from the point of view of algebraic analysis. The number and character of the solutions is more varied, given different types of the function ω, than we might at first suppose. In fact there are two forms which may be assigned to M such that the equation does not permit of solution. Otherwise the number of solutions.
I.—On Tubes of Electromagnetic Force
Authors: Whittaker E. T.
Published: June 2016

The object of the present paper is to introduce certain surfaces, which will be shown to play the same part in the general electromagnetic field as Faraday's tubes of force do in electrostatic and magnetostatic fields.

The value of Faraday tubes in electrostatics and magnetism has led many investigators to seek for them a wider application, in connection with variable electromagnetic fields.
III.—Prehensility: a Factor of Gaseous Adsorption
Authors: Briggs Henry
Published: June 2016

Prehensility is defined as the slope at the origin of an adsorption isotherm.

A method of measuring prehensility is described, and results given for various adsorbents at liquid air temperature.

It is shown that from the prehensility the evacuating power of a substance may be calculated. In evacuating any given volume, the weight of charcoal required to yield a required reduction of pressure may be computed. The degree of vacuum obtained in a Dewar liquid-air container is discussed.

The plumstone charcoal used by the author had a higher evacuating power than cocoanut charcoal.

Reference is made to a colloidal silica of appreciable evacuating power, though, at –190° C. over four times as much of it is required (by volume) as of plumstone charcoal to attain the same result, and it acts more slowly.

The very high degree of vacuum procurable by using a succession of charcoal bulbs is discussed, and it is shown that with a given weight of charcoal the reduction of pressure obtainable by division of the mass among a number of bulbs does not indefinitely increase with that number, but eventually reaches a maximum.
IX.—On Models of Ferromagnetic Induction
Authors: Ewing J. Alfred
Published: June 2016

In 1890 I published a theory of ferromagnetic induction in which it was suggested that the equilibrium of Weber's elementary magnetic particles was due only to magnetic forces. It was shown that when the elementary magnets are made to turn by applying a magnetising force which is progressively increased, the conditions of equilibrium must be such that there is first a small amount of stable (reversible) deflection, then a break away with irreversible deflection into a new position of stability, and finally a reversible approach to the position of complete parallelism which corresponds to saturation. A model was constructed showing that these conditions could be satisfied by a purely magnetic control. It was made up of little magnets, pivoted on fixed centres which were uniformly spaced. The magnets were all free to turn, but controlled one another by their mutual magnetic forces. They tended to form rows, and when an external field was applied the rows broke up and fresh rows were formed more nearly in the direction of the field. With this simple model the known characteristics of the magnetising process were, qualitatively, well reproduced. A recent study of the stability of such rows of magnets has, however, led me to abandon this model, and to design instead a model in which each atom forms a magnetic system comprising a Weber element capable of turning, but controlled by the magnetic forces exerted on it by other parts of the atom which are taken as fixed. As in the old model, the control is wholly magnetic. Various forms of the new model will be described in a later part of this paper, but in the first place it may be useful to give some account of the investigations of stability which have convinced me that the old model fails, quantitatively, to represent the process.
XI.—Note on Professor Whittaker's Paper “On the Quantum Mechanism in the Atom”
Authors: Ewing J. Alfred
Published: June 2016

In Professor Whittaker's highly interesting and suggestive application of my model the postulated structure is a system of magnets rigidly connected like the spokes of a wheel, having poles of the same name at the circumference, the corresponding poles of contrary name being all at the centre. He shows that when a bombarding electron, moving in the direction of the axis, approaches such a wheel it sets the wheel turning, the rotation of the poles constituting what he calls a “magnetic current.” If the initial velocity of the bombarding electron falls short of a certain limiting value, the encounter is perfectly elastic, and the electron is reflected back without loss of energy; the point at which its direction of motion becomes reversed may be on either side of the plane of the wheel, depending on the electron's initial velocity of approach. If the initial velocity exceeds the stated limit, the electron passes clear through the system and escapes, but with a definite reduction of velocity, corresponding to a quantum of energy which it has given up to the wheel. When the encounter is elastic, the angular velocity which the wheel acquires during the approach of the electron is lost during the return of the electron. When the encounter is not elastic, and the electron has passed clear through, the wheel is left with an angular velocity ω; and the energy which that represents is the source of the consequent radiation.
XXI.—On the Dominance Ratio
Authors: Fisher R. A.
Published: June 2016

The frequency ratio of the allelomorphs of a Mendelian factor is only stable if selection favours the heterozygote: such factors, though occurring rarely, will accumulate in the stock, while those of opposite tendency will be eliminated.

The survival of a mutant gene although established in a mature and potent individual is to a very large extent a matter of chance ; only when a large number of individuals have become affected does selection, dependent on its contribution to the fitness of the organism, become of importance. This is so even for dominant mutants; for recessive mutants selection remains very small so long as the mutant form is an inconsiderable fraction of the interbreeding group.

The distribution of the frequency ratio for different factors may be calculated from the condition that this distribution is stable, as is that of velocities in the Theory of Gases : in the absence of selection the distribution of logis given in fig. 1. Fig. 2 represents the case of steady decay in variance by the action of random survival (the Hagedoorn effect).

Fig. 3 shows the distribution in the somewhat artificial case of uniform genetic selection : this would be the distribution to be expected in the absence of dominance. Fig. 4 shows the asymmetrical distribution due to uniform genotypic selection with or without homogamy.

Under genotypic selection the dominance ratio for complete dominance comes to be exactly ⅓, in close agreement with the value obtained from human measurements.

The rate of mutation necessary to maintain the variance of the species may be calculated from these distributions. Very infrequent mutation will serve to counterbalance the effect of random survival; for equilibrium with selective action a much higher level is needed, though still mutation may be individually rare, especially in large populations.

It would seem that the supposition of genotypic selection balanced by occasional mutations fitted the facts deduced from the correlations of relatives in mankind.
The Horse in Norway
Authors: Marshall Francis H. A.
Published: June 2016

Writers on the origin of the horse and its different breeds have been accustomed to refer to the horses of Norway as though they belonged to a single type. Thus Sanson, in his Zootechnie, includes the horses and ponies of that country in his sub-species Equus caballus hibernicus, to which he also refers the various ponies of the British Isles, the Breton in France, and the horses of Iceland and Sweden. The late Captain Maurice Hayes, in his well-known work on the Points of the Horse, refers collectively to Norwegian and Swedish horses as though they belonged to one natural group. Professor Ewart, in describing a typical representative of what he calls the Forest type, which, as he shows, differs essentially from the newly discovered “Celtic pony,” alludes provisionally to the former as the “Norse horse,” because it is common in Norway.
Preliminary Note on the Conductivity of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes
Authors: Gibson J.
Published: June 2016

In a paper communicated to the Society in 1897, the author drew attention to increase in electrical conductivity as a characteristic of photo-chemical action, and in a second communication in December of the same year, made the following statement—

“It would appear that the chemical behaviour of the acids just mentioned (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4) depends in many of their reactions on whether their concentration is above or below that corresponding to their maximum electrolytic conductivity.”
A Dietary Study of Five Halls of Residence for Students in Edinburgh
Authors: Cameron I. D.
Published: June 2016

Summary of Results

1. The diet of five halls of residence was studied. This represents the food of 1129·4 men for one day.

2. The average amount taken per man per day was: proteids, 143 grammes; fats, 138 grammes; carbohydrates, 511 grammes; with a fuel value of 3979 Calories.

3. In all the studies the proteid value is high. The animal proteid is 63 per cent, of the total proteid.

4. The average cost per man per day (exclusive of beverages and condiments) is 15·1 pence. Sixty-six per cent, of this is expended on animal food.

5. The amount of nutritive material per penny is much lower than that given in the study of the diet of Edinburgh labourers' families.

6. The waste varies considerably. The approximate cost of waste was from 2·4 per cent, to 7 per cent, of the total money spent on food.

7. The proteids and carbohydrates are higher than in the American college studies. As the fats are lower, the Calorific value is about the same. The amount of food taken is greatly in excess of that in Japanese students' dietaries.

8. The waste is only about one-half of that in the American studies of college residences.

9. The expenditure on food of 9s. 2d. per man per week seen in this study is probably about the average spent on a middle-class dietary.
“Scotia” Collections. On Echinorhynchus antarcticus. n. sp., and its Allies
Authors: Rennie John
Published: June 2016

The form described in the present paper was found amongst the contents of the stomach of a Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), taken by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys. In all about sixty specimens were collected. They occurred unattached amongst material in a semi-fluid condition, so that it is not possible to state definitely whether the seal or some animal upon which it fed is the normal host of this parasite. This question, however, in the case of the Echinorhynchi, appears from the work of de Marval to be one of minor importance. He has shown that in the Echinorhynchi of birds there is a most marked absence of specialisation of hosts, and quotes from other authors various instances of the same parasite occurring in different vertebrate classes. The worms in the present case showed no indication of having been affected by the digestive juices of the seal. As will appear from the description given below, their structural peculiarities suggest relationships with certain forms known to inhabit aquatic birds.
VI.—Experiments and Observations on Crustacea. Part VI: The Mechanism of Massive Movement of the Operculum of Balanus nubilis
Authors: Tait John , Emmons W. F.
Published: June 2016

Balanus nubilis, one of the sessile Cirripedes, grows to a considerable size, a large specimen measuring some 10 to 11 cm. across the base and an equal distance in height. During a visit to Nanaimo Biological Station an opportunity was taken to study in this giant form a few features pertaining to the mechanism of movement of the operculum, which is attached within the cup of the shell by the opercular membrane. Peripherally the membrane is attached close to the downwardly directed sharp edge of an overhanging shelf formed by the inner wall of the shell; centrally it is attached to the free edge of the operculum on its basal aspect.
X.—The Variation of Young's Modulus under an Electric Current
Authors: Walker Henry
Published: June 2016

The results of the investigations on four metals, viz. steel, iron, copper, and platinum, form the subject of my two first papers. In Parts I. and II. the effects on the modulus when the wire was stretched with a small load, and also with a much greater load, were examined. In this, my third paper, the investigation of these metals has been extended in several directions. The scope of the whole work has also been widened by subjecting nickel and cobalt to examination.

As the question of temperature still seemed doubtful, and as the justification given near the beginning of the second paper might not be altogether convincing, I thought it better to put the matter beyond all question. I therefore adopted the following method. Using the doublewalled tube already described, the wires were passed through it and over the wheel in the same way as in the main experiments.