bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONTEMPORARY WAYANG KULIT PERFORMANCE: A CRISIS IN JAVANESE CULTURE?
Authors: Margono S Yosep Bambang
Published: October 2021

Wayang kulit or shadow puppet theater performance has

been greatly changing. Changes occur in many aspects such as in

terms of the duration or length of the peliormance, its structure, the

number of dalang who performs it,as well as the number of female

singers (sindhen or waranggana) who accompany the dalang.

Consequently, now wayang kulit performance is seen more as

tontonan (entertainment) than as tuntunan (moral teachings). One

of the main factors of this big change is the intrusion of western

culture into Indonesia in general and Java in particular. This results

in the reluctance of the young, especially, in watching this form of

traditional art. Therefore, the changers) in the performance of

wayang kulit or shadow theater is one of the efforts to make thisform

of traditional art survive.
Nuevas figuras jurídicas, antiguas desigualdades de género: la incorporación del infanticidio en el Código Penal
Authors: Calandria Sol
Published: October 2021

Este artículo se propone analizar, desde una perspectiva de género, los cambios y continuidades existentes en materia penal con respecto al tratamiento del infanticidio, entre mediados del siglo XIX hasta principios del XX. La incorporación del tipo penal de infanticidio al Código Penal Nacional sancionado en 1886 formó parte de las intenciones del Estado de “modernizar” el sistema penal. Este estudio demuestra que las intenciones de “modernizar” el sistema penal, reflejadas en la incorporación del tipo penal de infanticidio al Código y las modificaciones incorporadas a su figura en la reforma del Código en 1921, no impactaron en materia de género, pues se produjeron continuidades en las representaciones jurídicas de las antiguas desigualdades de género vinculadas al recato sexual y la moralidad femenina, propias del modelo punitivo anterior, que fueron constitutivas de la consolidación misma del Estado nación.
Más allá de una problemática urbana: accesibilidad edilicia y educación inclusiva para personas con discapacidad
Authors: Zelasqui Ignacio Oscar
Published: October 2021

Este trabajo tiene por objeto la problemática de accesibilidad a la educación por parte de personas con discapacidad. Se enfoca en la dimensión arquitectónica o edilicia, en tanto otros aspectos del acceso a la educación no son abordados en este artículo. Se propone, por un lado, describir la situación  de las escuelas en la ciudad de La Plata en materia de accesibilidad edilicia y estándares de derechos humanos, tomando como punto de partida un relevamiento llevado a cabo en los años 2012/2013 por la Clínica Jurídica de Derechos Humanos y Discapacidad, programa de extensión perteneciente a la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales (UNLP). Por otra parte, presentar diversas dimensiones y posibles herramientas analíticas para pensar la problemática de accesibilidad a la educación inclusiva para personas con discapacidad. En consecuencia, se exhibirán algunas relaciones de esta problemática con otros ejes o procesos tales como movimientos sociales e identidades, espacios y políticas públicas, los cuales abren múltiples interrogantes y líneas preliminares de análisis. Se trata de la disputa por el espacio material, sus interpretaciones y representaciones. La accesibilidad física o edilicia significa entonces una lucha también por una reinterpretación del espacio escuela y la educación. Las corporalidades disidentes en las escuelas ponen de relieve tensiones y contradicciones de ese espacio normalizado y permiten (re)pensar nuevos espacios que faciliten otros modos de vinculación y pedagogía, en este caso, inclusivos en la diversidad
Incidência de acidentes ofídicos na microrregião de Birigui-SP
Authors: Souza Lucinéia Correa de Albuquerque , Michelin Aparecida de Fátima
Published: October 2021

Os acidentes por picadas de serpentes são considerados os mais complexos dentre aqueles causados por animais peçonhentos, devido à sua especificidade, com variações quanto às características clínicas, prognósticas e imunológicas. A presente pesquisa objetivou verificar a frequência dos acidentes ofídicos notificados e caracterizar o acidente, a serpente, a soroterapia empregada e o acidentado, inclusive o seu desfecho, na microrregião de Birigui-SP. A coleta de dados, devidamente aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa, foi realizada nas Fichas de Notificação Individual do Sistema de Informação e Notificação de Agravos do Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica do município de Birigui-SP. Com base nos registros verificados, realizados no período de 2010 a 2018, ocorreram 35 notificações de acidentes ofídicos, sendo que a maioria foi do tipo botrópico (Jararaca) (49%) e crotálico (Cascavel) (17%), enquanto que a minoria, do tipo elápidico (Coral) 3% e não peçonhento (6%), e em 26% das notificações o gênero da serpente foi ignorado. Tais acidentes atingiram principalmente homens (63%), adultos com até 60 anos (69%) e ocorreram na zona rural (71%). Quanto ao local do corpo, 74% dos acidentes atingiram as extremidades dos membros superiores e inferiores. Todos os acidentados tiveram cura, sendo que a maioria apresentou algum tipo de reação com manifestação local e ou sistêmica. Embora todos os acidentados tenham tido uma boa evolução, é importante ressaltar a importância da prevenção de tais ocorrências, tanto no ambiente rural, quanto no urbano, especialmente os homens, com destaque para os membros superiores e inferiores, os locais mais atingidos pelas serpentes do gênero Bothrops e Crotalus.
Varhaisia juutalaisia käsityksiä hyveestä
Authors: Uusimäki Elisa , Yli-Karjanmaa Sami
Published: October 2021

Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee varhaisten juutalaisten kirjoittajien käsityksiä hyveistä ja paheista. Selvitämme, miten juutalaiset lähteet voivat laajentaa käsitystä antiikin hyveajattelusta. Hellenistiseltä ja varhaiselta roomalaiskaudelta tuleva lähdeaineisto on monitahoista: se on peräisin eri puolilta itäisen Välimeren seutua ja kirjoitettu hepreaksi, arameaksi ja kreikaksi. Esitämme, että vaikka seemiläisillä kielillä kirjoittaneilla juutalaisilla ei ole kattokäsitettä ”hyve”, he kehottavat vastaanottajiaan tavoittelemaan yksittäisiä hyveitä, joista erityisesti ”totuudellisuus” näyttäytyy perustavanlaatuisena hyveenä. Vastaavasti ”vääryys” näyttäytyy perustavanlaatuisena paheena. Kaiken kaikkiaan seemiläisistä teksteistä heijastuva etiikka painottaa jumalallisena pidetyn järjestyksen vaalimista ja yhteisöllisyyttä. Kreikankieliset juutalaiset luonnollisesti omaksuivat kreikan kielen aretē-käsitteen kuvaamaan yksilön ja yhteisön tavoiteltavia piirteitä. Tutkimissamme lähteissä hyve esiintyy useassa kontekstissa, joista tarkastelemme tässä artikkelissa hyveeseen kasvamisen teemaa eri näkökulmista: prosessin elinikäisyys, sen suhde paideian käsitteeseen ja yksittäisiin hyveisiin sekä hyveiden keskinäinen hierarkia. Erityisesti seemiläiselle aineistolle ominainen painotus on moraalin ja kultin alueiden limittyminen toisiinsa tekstien korostaessa Toora-perustaisia puhtautta, pyhyyttä ja pappeutta rinta rinnan eettisten ihanteiden kanssa. Kreikankielisessä aineistossa on lisäksi merkillepantavaa, miten kirjoittajat hyödyntävät kreikkalaista hyvekäsitteistöä (monesti eksplisiittisesti) kreikkalaisia vastustajiaan vastaan.
Arkisen ruoankulutuksen kohtuullisuus ja kohtuuttomuus runsauden yhteiskunnassa elävien ihmisten ruokapuheessa
Authors: Salonen Anna Sofia
Published: October 2021

Kysymys kohtuullisuudesta ja kohtuuttomuudesta on puhuttanut ihmiskuntaa läpi historian. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelen, millaisena kohtuullisuus näyttäytyy nykyaikana runsauden yhteiskunnassa elävien, tavallisten ihmisten ruokapuheessa. Tutkimuksen aineiston muodostavat Kanadassa ja Suomessa toteutetut yksilö- ja ryhmähaastattelut, joihin osallistui yhteensä 42 henkilöä. Tutkimuksen kumpikin kohdemaa on hyvinvoiva länsimainen kulutusyhteiskunta, jossa ruoan runsauden kysymysten voidaan nähdä kehystävän ihmisten elämää.

 Analyysin perusteella kohtuullisen ja kohtuuttoman ruoankulutuksen problematiikka paikantuu erityisesti terveyden, tarpeiden ja ruumiin koon kysymyksiin. Ympäristöön ja laajempaan yhteiskuntavastuuseen liittyvät kysymykset jäävät kohtuullisuudesta keskusteltaessa toissijaiseen rooliin. Analyysissä kohtuullisuuden keskeisiksi ulottuvuuksiksi nousivat järkeily, tasapainoilu ja opettelu sekä tolkullisuus ja armollisuus. Kohtuullisuuden tarkastelu paljastaa yhteiskunnassa vallitsevan hyvän ihmisen ideaalin: ihanneyksilö on rationaalinen, oppiva ja joustava, mutta myös kohtuullisuuden vaateissaan kohtuullinen ja itselleen ja muille armollinen.

Tulokset osoittavat, että ruoankulutuksen kontekstissa kohtuullisuus on yhä laadullinen määrämitta, jonka avulla ihmiset navigoivat, selvittelevät ja suhteuttavat itseään kysymykseen siitä mikä on tarpeeksi, sopivaa tai järkevää. Terveyteen ja ruumiiseen liittyvänä määreenä kohtuullisuus kytkeytyy erityisesti ruoan paljouteen ja runsauden kanssa elämisen problematiikkaan yksilöllisellä ja lähipiirin tasolla. Kohtuullisen ruoankulutuksen ideaalit normalisoivat ajatusta kontrolliin kykenevästä ja halujansa hallitsevasta kuluttajakansalaisesta. Nyky-yhteiskunnassa tavoitteena on erityisesti yksilön terveys ja ruumiin koko. Kohtuullisuuden tarkastelu paljastaa yhteiskunnassa vallitsevia ristiriitoja ja jännitteitä koskien eettisiä kulutusvalintoja ja nautinnon ja tarpeen välisiä suhteita
Mediação familiar
Authors: Rodrigues Sarah Dutra , Ningeliski Adriane de Oliveira
Published: October 2021

A convivência familiar faz com que diversos conflitos venham a emergir no dia a dia, trazendo a necessidade de um efetivo resultado mediante um processo legal que atenda os interesses das partes. Mas, atualmente, busca-se acessar à justiça através do Poder Judiciário. É notório que os meios judiciários encontram-se defasados, e, com isso, não satisfazem o interesse dos próprios envolvidos. Com efeito, nascem os meios autocompositivos para resolução dos conflitos, em especial, na seara de família. Eclode assim, a mediação familiar. Sendo um método cordial dos litígios, não apenas para solucioná-los, mas transformá-los, possibilitando as partes a serem protagonistas de seus próprios interesses. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a mediação familiar como mecanismo adequado de resolução de conflitos com o intuito de melhor esclarecer as relações interpessoais das partes. Nessa toada utiliza-se o método de abordagem dedutivo, tendo em vista a mediação se colocar como forma de tratamento adequado de conflitos familiares.  Além disso, a mediação contribui ao sistema judiciário, como uma solução mais célere e transformadora. Por fim, a mediação familiar traz benefícios significativos para solução dos litígios no Direito das Famílias, priorizando um método mais humanístico que garanta, com mais qualidade, a obtenção da Justiça.
tutela constitucional do meio ambiente à luz do Projeto de Lei nº 191/2020
Authors: Zanol Jean Lucas Savaris , Veiga Junior João Carlos Valentim
Published: October 2021

A Carta Constitucional de 1988 elencou vários aspectos de extremo valor social, com o intuito de garantir e efetivar a melhor aplicação possível de igualdade de direitos à sociedade. Em seu artigo 231, foram reconhecidos direitos aos povos indígenas, a exemplo de sua organização, costumes, línguas e terras, ao mesmo tempo em que se fixou à União o dever de resguardá-los. O presente artigo discorre sobre o Projeto de Lei nº 191/2020, que visa permitir a lavra de recursos minerais e hidrocarbonetos, bem como o aproveitamento de recursos hídricos para a geração de energia elétrica em terras indígenas pela União. Em tese, essa permissividade conflitaria com a tutela constitucional do meio ambiente e dos povos indígenas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratório-descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, fazendo o uso de metodologia empregada, bibliográfica e documental – posto que se utiliza de obras doutrinárias e artigos científicos, além de instrumentos legais diversos, como a Constituição Federal, o Estatuto do Índio de 1973, o Decreto-Lei nº 1.775 de 1996 e a Convenção nº 169 de 1989, com viés primordialmente qualitativo. Ao final, conclui-se que as alterações pretendidas pela PL 191/2020 conflitam com a tutela do meio ambiente estabelecida pela Constituição Federal de 1988, que têm por intuito garantir a proteção, não somente a terra, mas a cultura e diversidade dos povos indígenas.
Enhanced Feature Extraction Algorithms Using Oscillatory-Mode Pulsed Eddy Current Techniques for Aircraft Structure Inspection
Authors: Lysenko Iuliia , Kuts Yurii , Protasov Anatoliy , Redka Mykhailo , Uchanin Valentin
Published: October 2021

A review of the existing literature shows that modern pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique for flaw detection in aircraft structure inspection is typically carried out in aperiodic mode. Аt the same time, the unstable characteristic points of the EC signal usually used as informative parameters can restrict the potential of this excitation mode due to significant measurement errors.

This article considers an advanced PEC method of NDT based on the oscillatory mode. To obtain the conditions concerned with different modes of EC probe response oscillations, an equivalent scheme of the “testing object – EC probe” system was developed and analyzed. The frequency and attenuation coefficient of natural oscillations are proposed as the informative parameters of the probe signals. The obtained mathematical model of the probe signals allows for the dependence of proposed signal parameters on the characteristics of the testing object to be evaluated.

Herein, we first develop algorithmic software for determining and analyzing the discrete amplitude and phase characteristics of PEC NDT signals based on the simulation results. The errors of the natural frequency oscillations and the attenuation coefficient determination as well as the optimal time for its determination are analyzed in order to minimize the possible errors. Next, the proposed informative parameters are experimentally investigated using a set of specimens. The obtained results confirm the possibility of the proposed methodology to enhance the inspection procedures related to the electrical conductivity and geometric parameters measurements as well as the detected defect sizing.
Do Rural Longitudinal Integrated Clerkships Impact Choice of Residency Type and/or Permanent Community Practice in Surgery?
Authors: Bennett J. Maki  , Karen C. Riley  , Raymond Christensen  , Kirby Clark  , Paula M. Termuhlen
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Rural general surgery experiences during medical school appear to have influenced the decision of prospective general surgery applicants to pursue residency programs that provide rural surgery opportunities. This is an analysis of a single cohort, rural-focused, longitudinal integrated clerkship to determine if there is an association between type of residency program and completion of a rural-focused longitudinal integrated clerkship.

Methods: An institutional database of de-identified, self-reported data was reviewed to identify rural-focused longitudinal integrated clerkship alumni who matched into a surgical residency program.

 Findings: Of the seventy-five alumni who chose a surgical residency program, 40 (53.3%) matched into a university-affiliated residency program, and 32 (42.6%) matched into an independent-academic program. There was no association between type of residency program and completion of a rural-focused longitudinal integrated clerkship.

Conclusions: A rural-focused longitudinal integrated clerkship can help increase the rural physician workforce within both the state and region of the sponsoring institution. To facilitate heightened interest in rural general surgery, these types of programs should continue to be promoted.
COVID-19 Impact on Regional Medical Campus Education: Student Perspectives
Authors: Obed Barkus  , Dorothy Hughes
Published: October 2021

Due to social distancing precautions and the desire to protect clinical learners, the COVID-19 pandemic forced medical schools everywhere to implement more distanced and virtualized learning in their educational curriculums. More specifically, at the University of Kansas School of Medicine-Salina, a regional medical campus, the impact of some of these changes were also seen and felt. The purpose of this study was to investigate the downstream effects of these curriculum changes from the perspectives and opinions of medical students attending a regional medical campus. To explore the study purpose, a mixed-methods, cross-sectional study that used an online survey with closed and open-ended questions was used. Additionally, because of unique curriculum characteristics depending on the year of the student, 1st and 2nd year students (phase I) were asked slightly different questions than students in their 3rd and 4th years (phase II). Closed-ended questions asked students about lecture experience, clinical learning development and time, study time, exam performance, collaborative learning experiences, and socialization/interactions with colleagues. Students answered in range of -3 to +3, negative numbers meaning a detrimental impact (or decrease in study time), and positive numbers being beneficial impact (or increase in study time). Open-ended questions asked students about improvements that could be made, unique class circumstances during the pandemic and any other relevant impact not covered in closed-ended questions. For phase I students, lecture experience, study time and exam performance resulted in no impact. However, collaborative learning and socialization with colleagues did result in a detrimental impact that was significant. For phase II learners, clinical skills development, time spent in clinical skills development and socialization with colleagues were detrimentally impacted. However, the amount of time spent on studying increased and exam performance benefited. These findings suggest that pandemic-related curriculum changes impact learners differently depending on the phase of medical they are in.

              There are no conflicts of interest by either of the authors. This study has been approved by the University of Kansas Medical Center Institutional Review Board.
Overview Of The Canadian Clinician Investigator Trainees’ Research Presented At The 2020 CSCI-CITAC Joint Meeting
Authors: Castanov Valera , Phuong Melissa , Bogie Bryce J. M. , Jomaa Danny , LeBlanc Emmanuelle  V. , Macklin Jillian , Saint-Georges Zacharie , Suk Yujin , Wang Wenxuan , Ware Matthaeus A. , Whittaker Heather T. , Pietrobon Adam
Published: October 2021

The 2020 Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Young Investigators’ Forum of the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation / Société Canadienne de Recherches Clinique (CSCI/SCRC) and Clinician Investigator Trainee Association of Canada/Association des Cliniciens-Chercheurs en Formation du Canada (CITAC/ACCFC) was the first meeting to be hosted virtually. The theme was “Navigating Uncertainty, Embracing Change and Empowering the Next Generation of Clinician-Scientists”, and the meeting featured lectures and workshops that were designed to provide knowledge and skills for professional development of clinician investigator trainees. The opening remarks were given by Jason Berman (President of CSCI/SCRC), Tina Marvasti (President of CITAC/ACCFC) and Nicola Jones (University of Toronto Clinician Investigator Program Symposium Chair). Dr. Michael Strong, President of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, delivered the keynote presentation titled “CIHR’s COVID-19 Response and Strategic Planning”. Dr. John Bell (University of Ottawa) received the CSCI Distinguished Scientist Award, Dr. Stanley Nattel (Université de Montréal) received the CSCI-RCPSC Henry Friesen Award (RCPSC; Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) and Dr. Meghan Azad (University of Manitoba) received the CSCI Joe Doupe Young Investigator Award. Each scientist delivered talks on their award-winning research. The interactive workshops were “Developing Strategies to Maintain Wellness”, “Understanding the Hidden Curriculum: Power and Privilege in Science and Medicine”, “Hiring a Clinician Scientist Trainee: What Leaders Are Looking For” and “COVID-19: A Case Study for Pivoting Your Research”. The AGM included presentations from clinician investigator trainees nationwide. Over 70 abstracts were showcased, most are summarized in this review, and six were selected for oral presentations.
Unemployment and Profitability in Spain
Authors: Felipe Jesus
Published: October 2021

This paper explores empirically the relationship between the high and persistent unemployment in Spain and the profitability on invested capital. It is shown that there exists a negative long-run relationship between the two variables, an unemployment-profit rate trade-off (UPRT). A conditional equation with constant parameters relating the unemployment rate to the profit and capacity utilization rates is derived. Exogeneity tests indicate that profit rate and capacity of utilization are weak, strong, and super exogenous for the parameters of the unemployment equation.
Polarization and Inequality in Spain: 1973-91
Authors: Gradin Carlos
Published: October 2021

I analyze Spanish expenditure and income distribution during the crucial period of the recovery of democracy in the middle 1970s, after which extensive reforms in political and welfare institutions were conducted. For that purpose, I use two perspectives that do not necessarily agree: the more standard measurement of inequality based on the Lorenz criterion, and the less standard measurement of polarization. The latter accounts for an eventual concentration around the main poles of the distribution and allows us to look at what happened to the underlying groups, such as the middle class and the most extreme groups.
On Growth and Saving
Authors: O'Connell Joan
Published: October 2021

This paper is concerned with the relevance of the macroeconomic theory of income distribution to the “new” growth theory. Specifically, it shows that the Cambridge equation, originally outlined in the context of the Harrod-Domar growth model, and then extended to Solow’s (1956) neoclassical model, may also be derived in the case of Jones’s (1995, 2002) semi-endogenous growth theory.
Log-Skew-Normal and Log-Skew-t Distributions as Models for Family Income Data
Authors: Azzalini Adelchi , Cappello Thomas Del , Kotz Samuel
Published: October 2021

The U.S. family income data for the years 1970, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1985 and 1990 was fitted using the log-normal, Gamma, Singh-Maddala, Dagum type I and generalized Beta of second kind distributions, among others in earlier publications. Here we supplement these fittings by adding the log-skew-normal and log-skew-t distributions. In addition, we have performed similar numerical comparisons using 1997 income data collected in a sample survey from several European countries. The overall picture emerging from these numerical comparisons indicates that, while the log-skewed normal distribution provides a somewhat variable degree of goodness-of-fit, the log-skewed-t distribution seems to fit the data satisfactorily in a quite consistent way, and on the par with most creditable distributions.
A Note on the Low Income-Inequality Miracle in Taiwan (1976-1997)
Authors: Rao V.V. Bhanoji , Mukhopadhaya Pundarik
Published: October 2021

Within the context of globalization and openness of the Taiwan economy, the Gini ratio for income distribution among individuals remained within a narrow range of just 0.35-0.36 for as long as two decades. The low level as well as the constancy of the degree of inequality, data availability from household surveys on an annual basis, the very swift publication of the survey reports and the high degree of agreement between the survey and national accounts-based aggregated income constitute a “miracle” as far as the experience of developing countries go.
Economic Growth and Poverty in the United States
Authors: Formby John P. , Hoover Gary A. , Kim Hoseong
Published: October 2021

This paper estimates the income gap rations and Gini coefficients of poor Americans and combines them with official U.S. government poverty statistics to create a new time series of Sen indices of poverty. The effects of growth and other determinants of aggregate poverty are investigated for the period of 1961-1996. Holding other determinants of poverty constant, the results indicate that economic growth affects the Sen index and official U.S. government poverty statistics in essentially the same manner across time. The long economic expansion following the recession of 1981-1982 had much smaller poverty reducing effects than the expansion of the 1960s.
Income Mobility Comparisons and Equivalizing Transformations
Authors: Abatemarco Antonio
Published: October 2021

The existing literature on income mobility comparisons is strongly characterized by contrasting results and empirical puzzles. In this paper we focus on the role of the equivalizing transformation for the definition of complete mobility orderings. Two crucial considerations are involved. First, we suggest that a separating line should be drawn between measuring intra-generational income mobility and measuring socially relevant effects of intra-generational income mobility. Secondly, we observe that some of the normative issues entailed in the definition of efficient mobility indices should be opportunely revisited once the equivalizing transformation has been implemented, not before. In this scenario, the use of equivalent adults seems to be the more normatively efficient solution whenever income mobility orderings are investigated over heterogeneous societies. In particular, this result seems to be supported by the empirical investigation over eight countries and five waves (ECHP – PSID), that is, most of detected empirical puzzles in the existing literature disappear when the reference income unit consists of the equivalent adult.
Europe vs. the United States: is there a trade-off between mobility and inequality?
Authors: Ayala Luis , Sastre Mercedes
Published: October 2021

The aim of this paper is to assess the possible relationships between individual income mobility and inequality in both the United States and selected European Union member states. The main hypotheses to be tested are the existence of notable differences in mobility between the United States and the European Union which could offset the observed differences in inequality, and the possible differences within the European Union. To this end, the principal approaches available to assess differences in mobility among countries have been reviewed and a wide range of indicators has been calculated. The elaboration of different indicators has allowed us to answer one of the questions that have dominated the debate regarding social models and equity. There are important differences among the countries selected. Most of the indicators present Italy and France as the countries with the highest and lowest mobility, respectively. Contrary to general belief, the United States is shown to have intermediate levels of mobility within an international context. Whatever the case, the most significant result is the absence of any clear relationship between inequality and mobility.
Experimental Measures of Poverty and Net Worth: 1996
Authors: Short Kathleen , Ruggles Patricia
Published: October 2021

The National Academy of Sciences report on poverty measurement recommended changes to the official measure of poverty in the USA. That report from a panel of experts suggested that it is important to examine the relationship between asset ownership in relation to poverty status. This paper suggests that debt is also an important determinant of economic well-being. While spending down assets can enhance income to make ends meet, servicing debt can be a drain on family income that would otherwise be sufficient to purchase basic necessities. This paper uses data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine these issues.
Short Term and Long-Term Savings in Low Income Households: Evidence from Individual Development Accounts
Authors: Sherraden Margaret S. , McBride Amanda Moore , Hanson Stacie , Johnson Lissa
Published: October 2021

Previous research has found that individuals frame savings for short-term and long-term uses. These findings are reinforced through in-depth interviews with 59 participants and 25 controls in an experiment testing the effects of Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). All respondents are from low-income households. IDA participants appear more likely than control respondents to earmark savings for long-term purposes and asset investments. This could be interpreted as a result of the institutional saving structure provided through the IDA program. IDA participants are presented with savings goals, which they believe are made attainable through conveyed expectations, matching funds, financial information, and staff facilitation. Interviews suggest that savings may lead to psychological, behavioral, and economic effects. Future research can explore the distinct and marginal effect that each institutional dimension has on savings over the long term and the effects of savings on family well being.
Match Rates, Individual Development Accounts, and Saving by the Poor
Authors: Schreiner Mark
Published: October 2021

Individual Development Accounts (IDAs) provide poor people with matches for savings used for home purchase, post-secondary education, or microenterprise. Match rates for IDAs in the American Dream Demonstration (ADD) were typically 1:1 or 2:1 but ranged as high as 7:1. How did the match rate affect IDA savings? The analysis here controls for a number of confounding factors often ignored in similar studies of 401(k) plans. In ADD, higher match rates were generally associated on the extensive margin with a greater likelihood of saving something in IDAs and—on the intensive margin for those who saved something—a lower level of IDA savings.
Macro/Micro Modelling and Gini Multi-Decomposition: An Application to the Philippines
Authors: Mussard Stéphane , Savard Luc
Published: October 2021

Macro/micro-economic modelling has emerged as a rigorous instrument to link policy reforms with changes in income distribution. Indeed, this approach enables one to capture directly the general equilibrium effect of policy reforms upon changes in household welfare. These endogenous distributions combined with the Gini multi-decomposition provide powerful and detailed information for policy-makers interested in the trade-off between inequality and the efficient impact of reforms. Our results show that including the general equilibrium effect can yield results that differ from those of partial equilibrium analysis.
How Income Mobility Affects Income Inequality: US Evidence in the 1980s and the 1990s
Authors: Hungerford Thomas
Published: October 2021

This study examines income mobility and income inequality in the 1980s and 1990s. The results show that income mobility in the 1980s differed from mobility in the 1990s. Positional mobility was lower in the 1990s than in the 1980s, but income changes were more extensive in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Changing income had an equalizing effect on incomes, which was outweighed by the unequalizing effect of reranking. Hence, income inequality increased in the 1980s and the 1990s. Reranking had a small role in equalizing longer term incomes; income changes appear to be the primary effect in equalizing longer term incomes.
Ageing and the Family in Indonesia: An Exploration of the Effect of
Elderly Care-Giving on Female Labor Supply
Authors: Magnani Elisabetta , Rammohan Anu
Published: October 2021

In developing countries, the absence of universal social safety nets
frequently necessitates co-residence between older parents and adult
children for the provision of elderly care. In this article we use the
2000 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 3) to distinguish between
co-residence with and care-giving for the elderly and examine the impact
of care-giving for elderly household members on the labor supply
decisions of co-resident working-age adults. After controlling for the
potential endogeneity of co-residing decisions and the selection bias
arising from such endogeneity, our results suggest that care-giving reduces
the margins of labor supply, both the intensive (working hours)
and extensive (participation) margins. This effect is particularly strong
in samples of female adults.
Power Laws and Skew Distributions: An Application to Performance Royalty Income
Authors: Pitt Ivan L.
Published: October 2021

Royalty income derived from copyrighted song-titles is often highly skewed. This skewness-- in which a relatively small number of songwriters earn relatively more royalty income than other members or affiliates in Performing Rights Organizations-- is said to follow Zipf's Law or a Pareto distribution. Skewness in royalty income can be explained, in part, by some successful songwriters having larger catalogs of songs that are performed more frequently by radio stations, television stations, and other public places such as retail outlets, bars, restaurants and clubs. The  skew-t distribution model is generalized with location, skew, scale, and degrees of freedom parameters, and used to analyze royalty income when skewness and heavy-tails (outliers) are present. The multivariate log-skew-t maximum likelihood model presented here provides a better fit over other methods when the normal (Gaussian) assumptions and graphical methods may be inappropriate.}
Detecting Effects on Net Worth Is Nettlesome Work: Fragility in a Randomized Experiment with Individual Development Accounts
Authors: Schreiner Mark , Sherraden Michael
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes data from a randomized experiment on how matched-savings accounts affect the net worth of low-income people. We find that estimates are sensitive to probable data errors and to the handling of missing values. In contrast to the findings of Mills et al. 2008, some of the estimated impacts on net worth are large, both economically and statistically. We argue that the jury is still out on the impacts of Individual Development Accounts (IDA) on net worth, and we highlight that data quality and modeling assumptions are crucial even (or especially) for randomized experiments.
Top Heavy: A Study on Wealth Distribution in Malaysia
Authors: Khalid Muhhamed Bin Abdul
Published: October 2021

This article uses data from Household Income Survey (HIS) to provide an overview of the structure and distribution of wealth in Malaysia, providing estimates of the mean and median levels of household per-capita wealth by asset classes and estimates of the degree of inequality of wealth holdings. The data confirm that wealth is unequally distributed and also that it is much more unequally distributed than income. The study also finds that a sizeable number of Malaysians do not possess any wealth and that more than half do not own any financial assets. Most of their wealth is in the form of property assets, with minimal ownership of financial assets. Quantile regression analysis indicates that wealth is significantly related to a range of factors including age, occupation, education, marital status, ethnicity, and income. It is expected that the inequality gap will remain wide, unless there are reforms in the educational system, the taxation regime, and in poverty-alleviation programs.
The Sensitivity of Distributional Measures to the Income Reference Period
Authors: Schröder Carsten
Published: October 2021

The Income Reference Period (IRP), the measurement period of income, differs across micro-economic databases of household or individual incomes; typically it is a year, a quarter (of a year) or a month. The length of the IRP affects the shape of the income distribution and derived distributional indices, such as the Gini index. Using employment histories of German residents, this study explores the sensitivity of distributional measures to the IRP. Estimates from annual, quarterly, and monthly distributions are provided for the period from 1991-2006. Our results show that a uniform measurement period of income is a requirement for the validity of distributional analyses.
The State(s) of Inequality: Changes in Income Distribution in the U.S. States and Census Divisions, 1976-2008
Authors: Menchik Paul L
Published: October 2021

We study the changes in the distribution of income from 1976 to 2008 in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the nine Census Divisions, using annual data from the Current Population Survey. Most jurisdictions experienced an increase in household income inequality, although there are considerable differences in the precise patterns of disequalization. Many of the jurisdictions with the largest increases in inequality were in the Northeast, while many of the jurisdictions with small increases in inequality (or even small decreases) were in the South, the Plains, and the Rocky Mountains.
In most jurisdictions, we document a pattern of divergence between the top and the middle of the income distribution, but we do not find a similar degree of divergence between the middle and bottom of the distribution. Thus the increases in overall inequality in most jurisdictions were dominated by changes in the upper half of the income distribution.
Jurisdictions that started with a higher level of inequality tended to have lower rates of inequality growth. On the other hand, jurisdictions with more rapid disequalization during the first half of the period under study were not more likely to have more rapid disequalization during the second half.
Our regression analysis indicates that jurisdictions with a higher proportion of high-school graduates tend to have a more equal income distribution, while jurisdictions with a higher proportion of college graduates tend to be more unequal. Jurisdictions with a relatively larger share of output from the services sector tend to experience greater inequality. A higher unemployment rate tends to add to inequality, while jurisdictions in which a relatively higher percentage of income comes from transfer payments tend to exhibit lower income inequality.

JEL Codes: D63, R11, R12
Some problems in Piketty: an internal critique
Authors: Tapper Alan
Published: October 2021

Thomas Piketty’s evidence on wealth distribution trends in Capital in the Twenty-First Century shows that – contra his own interpretation – there has been little rise in wealth inequality in Europe and America since the 1970s. This article relates that finding to the other principal trends in Piketty’s analysis: the capital/national income ratio trend, the capital-labor split of total incomes and the income inequality trend. Given that wealth inequality is not rising markedly, what can we deduce about the putative causes that might be operating upstream? Only the capital-labor split looks like a plausible explanation of the wealth inequality trend.
The gender lifetime earnings gap—exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective
Authors: Boll Christina , Jahn Malte , Lagemann Andreas
Published: October 2021

Research on the gender earnings divide so far mostly focuses on the gender gap in hourly wages, which due to its snapshot nature is unable to capture the biographical dimension of gendered pay. With the ‘gender lifetime earnings gap’ (GLEG), we introduce a new measure that fills this gap. Based on a group of 72,085 German individuals born 1950-64 from the ‘Sample of Integrated Labor Market Biographies’ (SIAB 7510), we find that at the end of the employment career, women accumulate 46.6% less earnings than men. Thus, the GLEG is more than twice as high as the current German gender pay gap. The GLEG is higher at the bottom than at the top of the earnings distribution. It most prominently widens during the period of family formation (age 25-35). Relatedly, gender differences in endowments, mainly in terms of experience and hours, account for almost two-thirds of the GLEG. For younger cohorts, family breaks tend to lose importance, whereas the role of work hours remains unchanged. Moreover, women in younger cohorts approach men with respect to employment, education and sector premiums.
Multiple Dimensions of Impoverishment in Iran
Authors: Mahoozi Hosnieh , Meckl Jeurgen
Published: October 2021

Concerning the demands of Sen’s (1984) Capability Approach to the assessment of human well-being, we estimate multidimensional poverty and compare the results with traditional measures of income poverty in Iran. We detect poverty in urban and rural Iran over 1999-2007, a period with relatively high GDP growth. The results reveal that the pace of income poverty reduction is much faster than the pace of multidimensional poverty alleviation. The pace of poverty reduction is much slower in rural areas than in urban areas and the capital city, Tehran. Hence, inequality between rural and urban areas increased over the time. We also show how policymakers may benefit from applying the multidimensional approach in targeting the subgroups by the most deprived aspects.
Visualizing the evolution of income inequality
Authors: Kjelsson Gustav , Petrie Dennis
Published: October 2021

The reporting of only relative inequalities is decreasing and other inequality invariance criteria are often being considered simultaneously. Having multiple measures with potentially different conclusions on whether inequality has increased or decreased complicates communicating what these results imply about the evolution of income inequality.

To facilitate understanding this evolution, we highlight the advantage of visualizing in a single graph the relationship between changes in mean income and the development of inequality according to multiple inequality invariance criteria. Not presenting how these entities relate may mislead policy makers about the evolution of income inequality and its potential causes.
More Educated, Less Mobile? Diverging Trends in Income and Education Mobility in Chile and Peru
Authors: Gaentzsch Anja , Román Gabriela Zapata
Published: October 2021

We analyse intergenerational persistence in income and education in Chile and Peru for birth cohorts from the early 1950s to 1990. Both countries have seen a structural expansion of education over this period and decreasing income inequality in recent decades. We impute non-observed parental income from repeated cross-sections and estimate persistence in the range of 0.63 to 0.67 in Peru and 0.66 to 0.76 in Chile for household heads of the birth cohorts 1977–1990. The analysis of educational mobility covers household heads of birth cohorts from 1953 to 1990 and relies on retrospective information. We observe an increase in absolute mobility for younger generations, which we relate to the structural expansion of education that created room at the top. In relative terms, mobility patterns remain more stable, and parental education is still a strong predictor for own educational achievement. The relationship is non-linear in both countries: persistence among very low and highly educated groups is strong, while individuals with parents of average education levels are more mobile.

Upward mobility is stronger in Peru than in Chile: the chances to move from no formal education to higher education across one generation are 46 per cent, the average in Peru, compared to 20 per cent in Chile. The chances of persisting in the top across generations are also slightly higher in Peru with a factor of 3 times the average compared to 2.76 in Chile.
Bootstrapping Inequality of Opportunity in Europe. Are changes significant?
Authors: Suárez Álvarez Ana , López Menéndez Ana Jesús
Published: October 2021

The aim of this article is to shed some light on the behaviour of income

inequality and inequality of opportunity over time for 26 European

countries. The analysis is carried out using microdata collected by the

European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC),

which incorporate a wide variety of personal harmonised variables, allowing

comparability between countries. The availability of this database for the

years 2004 and 2010 is particularly relevant to assess changes over time in

the main inequality indices and the contribution of “circumstance” to

inequality of opportunity. Bootstrap methodology is used with the aim of

testing if the differences between the two years are statistically significant.

Results show that observed changes in inequality of opportunity and income

inequality are in most cases significant and also prove the robustness of the

bootstrap methods to analyse the evolution of income inequality and

inequality of opportunity.
Choice, Order Statistics and the Distribution of Earnings
Authors: Sattinger Michael
Published: October 2021

This paper analyzes the distribution of earnings as being generated by workers choosing among occupations on the basis of earnings maximization. A worker’s earnings then have characteristics of an order statistic. The extension to multiple occupations leads to the revision results from A.D. Roy’s two-occupation case. An additional occupation raises expected earnings while in general reducing earnings inequality. Asymptotic results from order statistics suggest that the process of occupational choice determines a limiting distribution of earnings independently of underlying distributions of occupational abilities.
A Comparison of income and Wealth Mobility in the United States
Authors: Jianakoplo Nancy Ammon
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a systematic comparison of income and wealth mobility based on the same sample of households in the United States. Greater mobility is found within the distribution of income than within the distribution of wealth. While some mobility appears to be transitory, in that gains or loses attained over one time interval are reversed over subsequent intervals, neither income nor wealth mobility is completely reversed. Over the 1966-81 period examined, it appears that mobility within the income distribution was increasing while mobility within the wealth distribution was decreasing. Although income mobility is positively correlated with wealth mobility, this correlation is not very strong.
Is There a Trade-Off Between the Efficiency and Effectiveness Goals of Income Transfer Programs?
Authors: Mitchell Deborah
Published: October 2021

Across countries the aims of transfer policy and the instruments used to affect these policies vary significantly. Moreover, within each country there are tensions between effectiveness goals (minimizing poverty and inequality) and efficiency goals maximizing the impact of given levels of resources). This paper develops a series of measures which capture these cross-national differences in order to examine whether there are trade-offs between efficiency and effectiveness goals, and whether these patterns can be related to a wider understanding of different welfare state regimes. The findings presented here suggest that there is a strong trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness, when considered in relation to the income inequality goal; while the evidence is mixed in relation to the poverty alleviation goal.
Family Equivalence Scales within a Narrow and Broad Welfare Context
Authors: Plug Erik J.S. , Van Praag Bernard M.S.
Published: October 2021

Family size affects welfare in two ways. First, if family increases and income is constant, income has to be spread over more family members. This would suggest that a family increase would yield a welfare decrease. However, the fact that families have children, even if technically avoidable, points to a value of children as consumption goods. In this paper we analyze two attitude questions, viz. the Income Evaluation Question and the Cantril Question. The first may be interpreted as capturing the first effect only, while the second captures both. We derive family equivalence scales based on the two questions and we find quite different scales. Furthermore we show that both scales do not satisfy the IB-property.