bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yeşil Ceviz Kabuklarının Biyoaktif Özelliklerinin FT-IR Spektroskopi Yöntemiyle Tahmin Edilmesi
Authors: KADİROĞLU Pınar , EKİCİ Halil
Published: April 2018

Ceviz (Juglans

regia L.) sağlık ve beslenme açısından çok değerli yağlı tohumlardan

biridir. Dünya ceviz üretiminde ilk sıralarda yer alan ülkelerden Çin, İran ve

ABD’den sonra 180.000 tonluk üretimiyle Türkiye gelmektedir. Ceviz zengin

besleyici öğelere sahip olmakla birlikte sağlık üzerine faydalı özellikleri

bakımından da önemi artarak anlaşılan bir üründür. Cevizin iç kısmının önemi

bilinmekle birlikte ceviz kabuğu genellikle atılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı

çözgenler kullanılarak kurutulmuş yeşil ceviz kabuklarından ekstraktlar elde

edilmesi ve bu ekstraktların biyoaktif, antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin ve antioksidan

kapasitesinin belirlenerek Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi (FT-IR)  spektroskopisi ile tahmin edilmesidir. Farklı

ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan aktiviteleri arasında

istatistiksel açıdan önemli bir farklılık bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Antimikrobiyal

analiz sonuçlarına göre ceviz kabuklarının sulu ekstraktları Staphylococcus aureus bakterisi üzerine

etkinliği daha fazla bulunmuştur. FT-IR spektral verinin kısmi en küçük kareler

(PLS) regresyon analizi sonucunda elde edilen tahmini ve ölçülen toplam fenolik

madde ve antioksidan aktivite değerlerinin açıklama (belirtme) katsayısı

>%97, kalibrasyon ve çapraz geçerlilik hatalarının ortalama karekökü

değerleri 3.03 ile 5.35 aralığında bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular PLS

analizi ile oluşturulan modellerin iyi tahmin etme kapasitesine sahip olduğunu

göstermektedir.
Scientific Approach with Problem Posing Integrated in Introductory Microeconomics Theory, whether Work?
Authors: Fiky Prakoso Albrian , Fıtrayatı Dhiah , Mustika Dewı Retno
Published: April 2018

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in the introductory microeconomics theory subject. This research is included in classroom action research with three cycles. The model is use a scientific approach integrated with problem posing and was conducted on business education student Class A Universitas Negeri Surabaya. This learning model required the students to create a problem. When the students create a problem, they also think about the answer. This stage will make the students thinking twice . The students understanding will increase and have positive impact on improving student learning outcomes by those activity. This paper provides a new view to collaborate between a scientific approach integrated with problem posing to improve student learning outcomes.
Crisis económica y protección de los derechos sociales en Europa. Reflexiones desde el ordenamiento italiano
Authors: Gardini Gianluca
Published: April 2018

La idea de fondo que se pretende presentar en este articulo es que el Estado Social puede favorecer una mejor convivencia entra las personas y, en virtud de la cohesión e integración civil que las prestaciones que el welfare state pueden garantizar, representa un importante factor de pacificación social en tiempo de crisis.
Legal Sanction of Kesepekang in Balinese Customary System (In Perspective: Empiricism Theory of David Hume)
Authors: Seregig I Ketut
Published: April 2018

Legal sanction of Kesepekang is a moral sanction that has been a habit in Balinese custom society and has been done from generation to generation, both the one in Bali and outside Balinese custom society. The implementation of Kesepekang sanction currently is considered by the intellectuals of Balinese custom society as a behavior that violates social values in society. In its development, legal sanction of Kesepekang has been politicized as a factor causing the occurrence of custom society disharmony, both the one in Bali and outside Bali. This society resistance has weakened the function of Balinese customary law sourced from one of Hinduism belief which is “believing the presence of karmaphala (result from behavior) law.” The issue occurring in Balinese custom society, especially the one in the Province of Lampung, is “whether the legal sanction of kesepekang is still relevant if it is applied in Balinese traditional system.”  Based on the observation result, the term of Kesepekang is the attitude of “silence” that is done by the other members of customers who do not obey the customary regulations in their groups. Certain groups consider that the legal sanction of Kesepekang has violated human nature as social beings. To prove this argument, a study entitled: Legal Sanction of Kesepekang in Balinese Customary System–(In Perspective: Empiricism Theory of David Hume) is conducted. The result of the study can be concluded that the legal principles in Kesepekang sanction are the law of causation (causality), which each action certainly affects “when doing good, the result will be good – when doing bad, the result will be bad.” In the perspective of David Hume’s Empiricism theory, Kesepekang sanction is a sensory experience that occurs in custom society. Experience, according to David Hume, is the only source of knowledge, so the act of “silence” done by the member of custom as the effort in giving punishment to the member of customer who does not obey is a reality received by sense as an experience. Keywords: Kesepekang Legal Sanction, Empiricism Truth Theory
The Dilemma of Indonesia Welfare State Challenge of Realizing Social Welfare in the Global Era
Authors: Tisnanta Hs. , Reinaldo James , Fathoni Fathoni
Published: April 2018

Globalization has placed Indonesia in a dilemma in creating the welfare of the people. Many legislations with liberal character are disallowed through the constitutional review by the constitutional court. The liberal character then becomes constraints for government to realize social welfare, thus harming the economic interest of people and contrary to the constitution (UUD 1945). Efforts to create welfare cannot be separated from state sovereignty in determining the economics welfare policy in the form of law. The State needs to adopt policies of recalibrating sovereignty to realize its objectives. Sovereignty is the essential requirement to be able to build pengayoman law character, ideology by Pancasila ideology and UUDNRI 1945. The legal substance of pengayoman law (protection and succor) will realize a balance between global interests and the interests of the nation. Pengayoman Law integrates the efficiency and freedom with fairness and welfare excellence. Also, the Pengayoman Law always opens the space to give a guarantee/partiality to the poor through social policies that are based on human dignity. Keywords: Welfare, Challenges, Globalization, Dilemma
German and Turkish Intensifier Particles in a Contrastive Analysis
Authors: Erişek Özcan
Published: April 2018

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Resolving Quine's Confict: A Neo-Quinean View of the Rational Revisability of Logic
Authors: Bryant Amanda
Published: April 2018

There is an apparent conflict in Quine’s work between, on the one hand, his clear commitment to the rational revisability of logic and, on the other, his principle of charitable translation and ‘change of logic, change of subject’ argument. I argue that the apparent conflict is mostly resolved under close exegesis, but that the translation argument normatively rules out collaborative revision and allows only revision by individuals. However, I articulate a Neo-Quinean view that preserves the rational acceptability of collaborative revision. On that view, everything is rationally revisable in some manner or other — it’s just that the logical principles that laypersons find (actually or potentially) obvious and tacitly use to govern their everyday inferences can’t be rationally revised quickly and all at once. Since, in Quine’s view, what most people find obvious resists change, rational changes to laymen’s logic must be gradual.
What If? The Exploration of an Idea
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: April 2018

A crucial question here is what, exactly, the conditional in the naive truth/set comprehension principles is. In 'Logic of Paradox', I outlined two options. One is to take it to be the material conditional of the extensional paraconsistent logic LP. Call this "Strategy 1". LP is a relatively weak logic, however. In particular, the material conditional does not detach. The other strategy is to take it to be some detachable conditional. Call this "Strategy 2". The aim of the present essay is to investigate Stragey 1. It is not to advocate it. The work is simply an extended exploration of the strategy, its strengths, its weaknesses, and the various dierent ways in which it may be implemented. In the first part of the paper I will set up the appropriate background details. In the second, I will look at the strategy as it applies to the semantic paradoxes. In the third I will look at how it applies to the set-theoretic paradoxes.
Semantics for Counterpossibles
Authors: Weiss Yale
Published: April 2018

The object of this paper is to examine two approaches to giving non-vacuous truth conditions for counterpossibles, counterfactuals with impossible antecedents. I first develop modifications of a Lewis-style sphere semantics with impossible worlds. I argue that this approach sanctions intuitively invalid inferences and is supported by philosophically problematic foundations. I then develop modifications of certain ceteris paribus conditional logics with impossible worlds. Tableaux are given for each of these in an appendix and soundness and completeness results are proved. While certain of the latter systems are shown to have similar problems to logics from the first approach, at least one relatively weak system appears to offer an adequate uniform semantics for counterpossibles and counterfactuals.
The Growth of Earnings Inequality, 1984-1997: Trends and Sources of Change
Authors: Dixon Sylvia
Published: April 2018

Changes in the distribution of earnings in New Zealand between 1984 and 1997 are examined in this paper. There is evidence of growth in the inequality of both weekly and hourly earnings. Decomposition of the changes suggests that the increases in the dispersion of earnings were largely due to increased inequality within groups of workers with similar observed levels of education, age and potential work experience. 1·2
Are Widing Labour Market Earnings Differentials Entirely/Partly/Not at all Economically Rational/Justified/Inevitable?
Authors: Hyman Prue
Published: April 2018

Discussion of changes to income distribution and inequality 1984/1998 has focused more on tax/transfer/ social policies than rewards in the labour market. Yet the tax/transfer system is comparatively minor in effects relative to the wide market income distribution from the labour market and other sources (inherited wealth, dividends, rents etc.). Hence this paper asks whether labour market differentials need to be as wide as they are, why they are widening, and whether the economic justifications are real or resemble an emperor with no clothes. It discusses the standard neoclassical analyses of wage determination and differentials in the labour market and their limitations. Issues include whether marginal productivity theory is simply a circular trick, whether imperfections are inevitable in labour markets, and whether skills/productivity can be objectively measured. Consideration is given to institutional and feminist analyses. The paper concludes that earnings differentials within the standard economy are inequitably wide, counterproductive, and only tenuously related to productivity issues.
The Impact of Self-Assessed Health on Labour Supply
Authors: Roberts Evan
Published: April 2018

Health has long been recognised as an influence on labour supply. To date there has been little New Zealand research on this topic. This paper uses census area unit level data from the 1996 Census to estimate the effects of changes in the prevalence of self-assessed disability and health problems on the labour force participation race. The best results were obtained from questions asking about the effect of health on ability to carry out common everyday activities, and having a long-term disability. Despite the use of aggregate data the goodness of fit of the models was low (approximately 0.50). Coefficients on non-health variables were robust to changes in the specification of the health variable. The elasticity of labour force participation rates with respect to ill health varied between -0.02 and 0.02. The use of grouped data is less than ideal, and the impact of different corrections for this data structure is explored. The weighted least squares methods used in this paper have been argued to be inefficient if group sizes vary widely, and this is an area for future research with the current dataset. Future research directions with New Zealand survey data are suggested.
Interface Between Work and Family Responsibilities: The Mid-Life Family Transactions Project
Authors: O'Driscoll Michael
Published: April 2018

The interdisciplinary Mid-Life Family Transactions Project examines the dynamics of family intra- and intergenerational transactions among individuals in the 40-54 year old age group, the "baby boomers" or "sandwich generation". As part of the overall Project of research, the current paper explores the relationships between individuals’ work-related attitudes and experiences and their family transactions, including the amount of care and assistance they provide to family members. Contrary to some popular conceptions, the total amount of care-giving provided by 40-54 year olds to their children, parents, and spouses/partners was relatively low. Similarly, levels of care and assistance were not systematically related to satisfaction with the job and family, or to the amount of psychological strain experienced by respondents. However, there were linkages between work involvement, family involvement and the extent to which experiences in one domain generalized to those in the other. Some of the implications of these findings for further research on social support and policy relating to work-family interactions are highlighted.
Psychological Contracts in Dairy Farming
Authors: Tipples Rupert , Gould Eriko
Published: April 2018

Improved employment relations are perceived as one way of further improving efficiency in the production of milk. To explore the existing state of employment relations in dairy farming and milk production a study of the psychological contracts existing between dairy farmer employers and dairy farm employees was initiated. Psychological contracts have been described as the invisible glue which binds employees to employers and vice versa over time. The term refers to the mutual expectations and perceived obligations existing between employers and employees beyond the normal components of a Legal contract of employment. Using a critical incident approach to impute the content of psychological contracts, groups of employers and employees in major dairy farming areas were interviewed by paid student volunteers. This paper reports the initial findings of the study; suggests the implications of the results; and how the research may be developed.
An Analysis of Personal Grievance Statistics in New Zealand From 1984 to 1998
Authors: Donald Dianne , Cullinane Joanna
Published: April 2018

Personal grievance procedures have been a part of New Zealand$ industrial relations system since 1973. Initially these procedures were limited in availability to those employees who were members of unions and subject to a union negotiated document. Since the enactment of the Employment Contracts Act 1991 (ECA), personal grievance procedures have become available to all New Zealand employees. It is interesting to note that at the same time, unions' roles in industrial relations have diminished and progressively fewer employees know their rights in employment. This paper analyses the statistical data from the Department of Labour on personal grievance cases resolved by the specialist employment institutions between 1984 and 1998. The paper also notes the changes in types of personal grievances and the rates of growth and decline in personal grievance cases. Two important facts have been identified. The first involves the large increase in the number of personal grievance cases taken to the specialist institutions since the ECA came into force. The second issue is the large proportion of unjustified dismissal cases that make up the body of the personal grievance cases. Finally, this paper explores some explanations for the movements noted in personal grievance data as a precursor to further research.
Education: A Key Factor in Economic and Social Exclusion?
Authors: Callister Paul
Published: April 2018

Recently emergent in both research and popular literature is the notion that a significant group of people in the industrialised societies are excluded from economic and social life. Education is often seen as a key factor in this process. Research shows that people with low levels of formal education are disproportionately represented among those excluded from participation in the labour market. Other research, in turn, suggests the loss of paid work can lead to exclusion from family and community life. These ideas are explored in a New Zealand context using data from the 1996 census.
The Employment Experiences of Recent Korean Immigrants in New Zealand
Authors: Lidguard Jacqueline , Yoon Hong-key
Published: April 2018

The employment experiences of recent Korean settlers in New Zealand are examined from both a macro and a micro perspective. The macro perspective is based on the analysis of census data. The micro perspective features a small longitudinal study of recent immigrants living in both Auckland and Hamilton -first interviewed between November 1995 and February 1996 and reinterviewed between June and August 1998. The Korean experience in New Zealand in the 1990's seems to differ from that of other earlier overseas Korean immigrants. Levels of self-employment are high amongst recent Korean settlers; many operating small ethnic businesses patronised by Koreans. Analysis suggests that much of this self-employment generates supplementary rather than primary income.
Self-Employment Among Chinese Immigrants in New Zealand
Authors: Ho Elsie , Bedford Richard , Goodwin Joanne
Published: April 2018

This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labour force data provided in the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings and survey data from interviews in New Zealand and Hong Kong. As expected, the census data show that the propensities to enter self-employment increase with age and length of residence in New Zealand. Amongst the Chinese immigrants who came to New Zealand after 1986, the pursuit of self-employment is unlikely to be confined to immigrants approved under the business immigration schemes. Structural barriers to employment, such as non-recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences, can also drive many contemporary Chinese immigrants into self-employment. The second part of the paper reflects on the business experiences of recent Chinese migrants in New Zealand, drawing on research carried out on the migration of entrepreneurs to New Zealand from Hong Kong during the 1990's. We conclude our paper by discussing some of the implications of the Government's recent business immigration policy changes. We emphasize the need for a post-settlement policy and other initiatives that will ensure that immigrants are able to maximize their opportunities to contribute effectively to New Zealand's economy and society.
The New Zealand Labour Market: Recent Trends and Future Prospects
Authors: Conway Patrick , Carroll Nick
Published: April 2018

This paper outlines developments over the past 15 years in the New Zealand labour market, concentrating on the recent period, and discusses the likely outlook for the next few years. Changes in the labour market in the past two years have, to varying degrees, reflected recovery in the New Zealand economy from the weakness that was recorded during 1997-98. One common theme in the labour market over the past two years has been the uneven nature of the recovery, both across sectors and over time.
Unemployment Dynamics in New Zealand
Authors: Gobbi Maria , Rea David
Published: April 2018

In this paper we analyse the experiences of the unemployed by looking at what happened to groups of job seekers over a four year period. In particular, we focus on job seekers who either registered as unemployed with the New Zealand Employment Service in 1993, or left the unemployment register in 1993. Overall, our analysis showed that there was considerable variation in how individuals experienced unemployment. For a quarter of job seekers, unemployment was a singular and relatively brief experience. However by way of contrast, a quarter of job seekers also experienced chronic unemployment often in repeated spells. In addition, unemployment experiences tended to vary for different social groups and across time with the economic cycle.
The Armed Forces and the Police: Barriers to Gender Equity/Integration - The Last Bastion?
Authors: Hyman Prue
Published: April 2018

The Armed Forces and the Police are heavily male workplaces worldwide, although each is increasing its female representation in New Zealand and most western countries. Their historic roles and previous exclusion of women give rise to strongly male cultures and greater difficulties than most workplaces in combining work and family and reaching top positions. This paper discusses these barriers to gender equity and integration and the extent to which they are reducing, using mainly the author's recent interview/focus group study of the NZCIB and also referring to Clare Burton's study of the New Zealand Defence Forces. It briefly considers the prospects/or change and the dilemmas for feminists working for gender equity in these sectors.
Women Teachers Talk About Their Changing Work
Authors: Bedggood Janet
Published: April 2018

This paper advances a Marxist critique to consider the way the position of women teachers in the state sector is being reproduced under the pressure of reform. lt analyses interviews with women teachers in the early childhood sector to evaluate their responses to questions over the impact of government reform in education on the nature of their work and their own activity in their unions to resist the reforms, against other evidence and opinion on the effects of state restructuring in education. The paper investigates whether women teachers see their struggles against the reforms as a struggle to overcome their own vulnerability as workers -particularly against traditional perceptions that their reaching was merely an extension of their domestic labour.
Factors Contributing to Time Spent on Paid and Unpaid Work: A Regression Analysis of Time Use Survey Data
Authors: Carson Suzie , Krsinich Frances , Kell Susan
Published: April 2018

The study of time spent on different activities rather than the study of people can offer new insights as well as new challenges. This paper presents the results from an exploratory analysis of data from the first New Zealand Time Use Survey. Interesting questions arise about the distribution of paid and unpaid work across different groups in society. Of particular interest is how men and women balance the competing demands of paid and unpaid work. This paper is a first attempt at understanding some of the complex relationships between social, demographic and employment characteristics and paid and unpaid work time.
Equity Issues in Work/Life Balance Programmes
Authors: Kelly Avette
Published: April 2018

In the past 10 years there has been an increasing number of works published detailing the positive impact of family-friendly and work/life balance programmes on workplace culture and performance. While this study does not attempt to refute this body of literature, it does address all issue which has been largely ignored thus far. That is, that work/life programmes with an emphasis on family-friendly initiatives can leave some staff members feeling disadvantaged and create a subculture of dissatisfaction. This paper examines whether these feelings exist ill a small sample of New Zealand companies. Staff from two groups within Auckland City Council were surveyed and an email questionnaire was sent to a non-random sample of childless employees from 10 other firms. These results of these surveys did notified evidence to support the idea that many childless staff feel disadvantaged by family-friendly initiatives especially where the programmes were flexible and could be used by anyone who needed them.
Labour Market Change and the Long-term Sustainability of New Zealand Superannuation
Authors: Callister Paul , Rose Dennis
Published: April 2018

Research on the long-term sustainability of New Zealand Superannuation has identified three main policy options; raising the age of eligibility, lowering pension rates relative to the average age, and the targeting of the entitlement. Our paper examines the potential impact of labour market changes on superannuation, under a range of long-term scenarios. The balance between market and non-market work and leisure is certain to be significantly affected by the demands of population ageing. Female participation rates seem likely to rise as do those of older persons. The long-term historical decline in male participation seems unlikely to continue over the next fifty years. Overall, anticipation in paid work be persons aged 25-70 will tend to increase. However, our scenarios suggest that no prospective pattern of labour market change is likely, of itself, to solve New Zealand's emerging superannuation problem. All three policy options identified in previous research need to be kept under review as possible responses to emergent fiscal pressures.
Occupational Sickness and Compensation: Two New Zealand Case Studies
Authors: Dew Kevin
Published: April 2018

This paper explores the process of seeking compensation for occupational illness under a no-fault accident insurance scheme. It uses two case studies, the first of firefighters who attended a fire at a chemical storage depot, the second of timbermill workers who worked with pentachlorophenol, to illustrate how science can be used to deny compensation to sick and dying workers. The paper suggests that science can be co-opted and used to support business and state interests against workers, and that this ideological support is increasingly hidden behind the development of 'objective' systems of assessing compensation claims.
Micro-Sociology and the Study of Workplace Accidents and Injury
Authors: Lloyd Mike
Published: April 2018

Using empirical material from the recent ministerial inquiry into workplace injuries and fatalities at Tranz Rail, this paper considers the inquiry's question of whether 'any culture or cultures within Tranz Rail may be relevant to the operation of a safe and healthy place of work'. Application of discourse analysis suggests that the culture question is indeed important, but not quite in the areas suggested by some of the contributors to the Tran; Rail inquiry. The paper foregrounds 'textually mediated social organisation' as a key feature of contemporary social worlds, including the workplace.
Inside Decision Making For Managed Teams Within Large Organisations: A Case For Partial Participative Management
Authors: Naidu Tony
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the pilot study reported in this paper is to add to the analysis of participative management. In this regard, the study attempts to critically delve into the complexities of managing a team in a large organisation. Since the inception of human resource management (HRM) as a formal discipline much has been much written about management styles and the employee/employer relationship. HRM theoretical frames of reference have gone from the scientific approach to a more humanistic one. Participative management is a popular ideal for today's manager. Through the examination of the literature, a picture is beginning to develop of the strategic and functional decision-making outcomes of partial participative management (PPM) based on teams.Using a case study approach, participative management based on teams was examined in the context of one of New Zealand's largest companies, Telecom, in which, employees were invited to complete a structured questionnaire. Although the findings support the idea of PPM as a popular and effective management approach, the data highlight some of the pitfalls when adopting a team decision-making process.
Globalisation and the Labour Market
Authors: Easton Brian
Published: April 2018

This paper explores the consequences of globalisation for the labour markets. By defining globalisation as 'the consequence of the diminishing costs of distance the analysis is able to use the economist's standard trade theory to show explore the impact of globalisation on labour mobility in the impact of trade of labour conditions, and of differential mobility (the favouring of skilled migrants over unskilled migrants). Some consideration is given to the particular circumstances of the New Zealand labour market. One conclusion of this - all to brief- paper is to insist that migration must be seen in the context of a particular sort of globalisation of the labour market.
Turning the Gaze: Let's Talk to the Workers
Authors: Small Keitha , Keefe-Ormsby Vera
Published: April 2018

This paper discusses a research project that was undertaken to explore workers' experiences about their work-related injury and illness. We adopted a Kaupapa Maori approach for the fieldwork and the analysis. A number of Maori in the labour market have had different experiences from non-Maori, in particular Maori women. Since the 1984 Rogermomics era, workers have had to tolerate structural and political changes that have not benefited the majority of New Zealanders, especially tangata whenua. This research provided a "voice" for workers to share their stories and experiences in their work-places.
Health and Safety of Aircrew: A Critique of the National and International Debates
Authors: Boyd Colin , Lamm Felicity
Published: April 2018

There are a number of current debates about the enforcement of occupational health and safety of aircrew and about their levels of injury and illness. The impetuses for these debates are the regulatory reforms of occupational health and safety taking place in both New Zealand and overseas. This paper aims to provide an informed response to this discourse on the health and safety of aircrew by drawing on a number of sources. The paper presents a critique of the legislation governing the health and safety of aircrew and of the industry's response to possible legislative reforms. The paper also analyses civil aviation safety practices both nationally and internationally, and will argue that civil aviation authorities are not necessarily the best agencies to enforce and promote occupational health and safety in the airline industry.
Barriers to Employment
Authors: McNeill Maria C
Published: April 2018

The 'baby boomers' are now approaching their 'third age' with many people able to live fit, active, healthy lives well beyond that experienced by previous generations. The 'third age' supposedly a time to take up new challenges, or explore new directions, has become possible through life span gains resulting from health and technological advances. For many who are approaching or now in their 'third age', however, the opportunity to continue working appears to be a risk. While it is now possible for 'third agers' to be active in the workforce up to and well beyond the previous retirement age, many older workers experience barriers to remaining in or returning to the workforce. This research, based on semi-structured interviews with eleven employers, identifies three main themes that are perceptual, cultural and developmental barriers to 'third age' workforce participation. Each of these themes has developed around the changes that have occurred since many 'third agers' began work. At the same time employers are experiencing skill shortages that are predicted to continue and increase in the future. If employers are to maximise their potential workforce and meet the challenges of the ageing population, diversification of their workforce to include all ages will be necessary.
Connecting Policy, Research and Practice: What does it mean in practice?
Authors: Sankar Meenakshi , Hill Roberta
Published: April 2018

In this paper we discuss a case study-based methodology for evaluation and policy development within the Department of Labour (DoL), which was jointly developed with the Centre for Research on Work, Education and Business (WEB Research) between 1997-2002. We illustrate the particular role of research in bridging policy and practice, and discuss our experiences in developing and using this methodology to understand the systemic linkages between regulation, firm behaviour and policy.By using a developmental research approach (Engestrom, 1996), distributed teams and the eo-construction of research tools, the case study-based research and evaluation methodology has generated expansive learning cycles (ibid.) for government agencies, researchers and stakeholders. Examples are drawn from the work undertaken by the Department of Labour and WEB Research, in particular evaluating Accident Insurance and Employment Regulation The paper examines some of the methodological issues and challenges involved in such an approach; as well as the implications for processes of policy formation, and for contract and project management.
"Aftermath": Using Research to Understand the Social and Economic Consequences of Workplace Injury and Illness
Authors: Butcher Frances
Published: April 2018

“Aftermath: The Social and Economic Consequences of Workplace Injury and Illness" study is an example of undertaking research to link with policy development. Much evaluation research (for example, assessing the impact of workplace illness and injury) isolates one area or perspective to study: clinical, functional, psychological, or financial outcomes. This study aimed to explore both quantifiable and non-quantifiable costs, and presents social and economic consequences case studies. This allowed the inter-connections between various areas and perspectives to be included, to present an overall picture of the visible as well as hidden costs. Behind the eventual products from this study are some lessons learnt about the research process, and how this contributes to policy development.
Multiple Job Holding in New Zealand - A Statistical Profile
Authors: Baines James , Newell James , Taylor Nick
Published: April 2018

This paper reports on research being conducted under a FRST -funded research programme. The programme has two linked research objectives - (i) creating a quantitative profile of the incidence of multiple job holding in New Zealand; and (ii) investigating the dynamics of becoming a multiple job holder in New Zealand and the social consequences of multiple job holding. Organised around these two objectives, this programme of social research is investigating the role of multiple job holding as a positive change strategy for individuals, families and communities. It focuses particularly on factors that influence the adoption of multiple job holding by individuals, and the effects that a multiple job holding work style has on individuals, families and communities. The paper reports the findings of an initial statistical profile of the incidence of multiple job holding in New Zealand based on the 2001 census.
Fair/Living/Family/ Minimum/Social Wages: Historical and Recent New Zealand Debates
Authors: Hyman Prue
Published: April 2018

This paper briefly discusses usage of the following terms with respect to wages in New Zealand: fair, living, family, minimum and social wages. A historical outline is followed by consideration of some arguments used by various interest groups, particularly with respect to changes to the minimum wage in recent years. Noting international trends towards increasing earnings differentials, it discusses why a living wage is less central to New Zealand wage campaigns than in the United States. It argues that social justice advocates will and should continue to work on a combination of employer responsibility and government support for those on low wages - with a realistic minimum wage part of a package which could also include the concept of a living wage, explicitly or at least implicitly.
New Zealand's Workforce: Evidence of Upskilling?
Authors: Dillingham William S
Published: April 2018

In this paper, I investigate the prospect that there has been a general 'upskilling' in the New Zealand workforce. This research allows me to conclude several points. First, there is reason to believe that a general upskilling in the New Zealand workforce has occurred. Second, real incomes have been growing in the face of increasing supply, indicating strong, increasing relative demand for educated workers. Further, there is more to incomes than qualifications; to a tangible extent, the incomes of peers, regardless of qualifications, affect wages. Fourth, women are entering the tabor force at a greater rate than men; significantly, this is true at the university end of the qualification spectrum. Finally, there is evidence to suggest a persistent, wide-spread disparity between the incomes of men and women, regardless of qualification, industry, and occupation.
The Labour Market Activities of People Aged 65 and Over
Authors: Woolf Julie
Published: April 2018

This paper covers the labour market experiences of people aged 65 and over. Census data are used to examine broad trends in key labour market variables as well as giving a more detailed profile of the characteristics of the 2001 labour market for people in this age group. The paper also covers participation in unpaid work.
Dairying and Employment in the Amuri: 1983 to 2002
Authors: Edkins Reuben J , Tipples Rupert S
Published: April 2018

The dairy industry is currently experiencing a staff shortage, as are many other industries. It has experienced rapid expansion, and the situation is made worse by the poor image of the industry. This expansion has often occurred in areas with little prior dairying. The Amuri region, North Canterbury, is one such area. The conversion of farms to dairying began in I983, following the commissioning of the 17000-hectare Waiau Plains Irrigation Scheme in 1980. There are now 49 herds in the area. Some of the initial dairy farming experiences were very bad, giving all dairying in the region a poor reputation. The Amuri region is 'geographically isolated basin', and situated approximately 90 minutes from Christchurch, with limited social opportunities for the farm staff This resulted in extreme difficulties attracting and retaining good staff in the area. In response to this situation, the dairy farmers in the area formed the Amuri Dairy Employers Group, in March 2000. This group established a constitution including: Mandatory member employer training; Agreeing to an independent annual audit of member employment practices; and Agreeing to a Code of Practice for employment standards. I have undertaken a two-year investigation of the effects of the Amuri Dairy Employers Group, on dairy farming employment and the wider social effects in the Amuri area. A case-study approach has been used to gather the information. This research was conducted as part of a Masters of Commerce (Agriculture).
Moved by the Company - Employee Relocation and Regional Migration
Authors: Perry Martin
Published: April 2018

Organisational labour migrants are those being moved by their employer typically in response to organisational rather than labour market characteristics. Employment continuity and subsidised relocation costs give them advantage over other migrants. Evidence from a survey of large employers in New Zealand indicates that this form of migration has reduced but that it generates a distinctive migrant flow.
Inferred Adaptations by Different Demographic Groups in New Zealand Regional Communities and Settlement Types to Labour Market Changes Over the 1986-96 Period
Authors: Newell James
Published: April 2018

Between 1986 and 1996 rural New Zealand experienced some of the most depressed labour market conditions of the postwar period followed by a partial recovery in employment levels. This paper explores the differences in adaptation strategies for different life cycle stages and settlement types. Labour market and population accounting models are used to estimate intercensal net migration and labour market transitions respectively for different birth year cohorts for 1986-91 and 1991-96 period. The results for the two periods are compared to arrive at a first estimate of the respective role of labour market transitions and changes in net migration for each spatial unit and demographic group. Amongst other results, youth are estimated to migrate much less as an adaptation response than other age groups. Rural male and female labour market experiences over this period were strikingly different. Changes in net migration made up a much larger proportion of the adaptation for rural than minor urban or secondary urban areas.
The Problem Resolution Framework Under the Employment Relations Act 2000
Authors: Annakin Andrew
Published: April 2018

The Employment Relations Act 2000 provides options for interventions to support employment relationships and to prevent and solve employment relationship problems. These interventions follow a hierarchy of roles established by the Act, involving the availability of mediation services in all its forms (including best practice information and assistance), the investigative role of the Employment Relations Authority, and the judicial role of the Employment Court. These problem solving processes act as a continuum, with people able to move between the different, but complementary, forms of assistance. This paper discusses those processes in terms of the services that are available, developments in the first two years under the Employment Relations Act, and the challenges ahead.
The Influence of Macro Trends on the Frequency of Industrial Disputes
Authors: Thickett Glen
Published: April 2018

New Zealand, like many other nations has seen a dramatic fall in both the frequency and length of industrial disputes since the highs of the 1970s and early 1980s. This paper investigates and assesses the influence of aggregate economic and labour market conditions, and the resultant effects of those conditions, on the scale and scope of industrial disputes in New Zealand between 1988 and 2001. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of the prevailing legislation; the decline in union density and the relative strength of unions in each industry; and the importance of economic growth, wages and inflation on the length and frequency of industrial disputes.
Labour, Employment and Work 2004: Overview
Authors: Blumenfeld Stephen , Lafferty George
Published: April 2018

This overview divides the conference proceedings into a number of related themes and briefly discusses each one. They are as follows: Human Capability, Skills and Training.The 'Knowledge Society'.Labour Market Supply and Demand.Regional Labour Markets.Labour Force Transitions.Work-Life Balance and Multiple Job-Holding.Equity, Legislation and Labour Law.Occupational Health and Safety.Wages and Unions.Australia and New Zealand: Comparative Analyses.Precarious Employment.
Opportunities and Tensions in New Zealand Organisations: The Individual and the Organisation in Development
Authors: Bryson Jane , Mallon Mary , Merritt Kiri
Published: April 2018

This paper is the first step in a much larger project investigating the development of human capability for New Zealand workplaces. The paper reports the findings of a pilot case study conducted in a local manufacturing organisation that had a good reputation for initiatives in human capability development. The study explored the factors that helped and hindered individuals in developing skills and capabilities in the workplace. The findings showed that three key features of organisational infrastructure drove and shaped capability within this manufacturing organisation: self directed teams, a company skills matrix linked to pay, and a production and quality management system. The study is discussed in light of a selection of the literature on workplaces and capability development. The paper explores the interaction of individual and organisational factors in the development of human capability, particularly self-esteem and workplaces as learning environments.
Nursing Turnover and Staffing Practices in New Zealand's DHBs: A National Survey
Authors: North Nicola , Hughes Frances , Finlayson Mary , Rasmussen Erling , Ashton Toni , Campbell Taima , Tomkins Sharon
Published: April 2018

Nursing turnover is critical issue as nurse shortages throughout the Western world are pulling a strain on health systems. New Zealand's nursing shortage is exacerbated by international recruitment efforts targeting nurses. New Zealand is a participating country in an international study, using an agreed study design and instruments, to determine the real direct and indirect costs of nursing turnover and the systemic costs by also determining the impacts of turnover on patient and nurse outcomes. The paper reports on two components of the study. First, a pilot study was conducted in six countries, including New Zealand, to identify availability of costs and suitability of the instrument. The results of the pilot, that found that many costs were not available, are reported. Second, as part of u national Cost of Nursing Turnover study, Directors of Nursing in the 21 District Health Boards (DHBs) throughout New Zealand were contacted to complete a survey on turnover and workplace practices: 20 participated. In 13 DHBs nursing turnover was a problem, with 5 reporting rates over 20%; 5 DHBs reported low turnover at 5-10%. The survey did not establish how turnover rates were determined. Notwithstanding the importance of attracting and retaining nurses, in every DHB except 5 there are tight controls over recruitment of new staff, and several DHBs reported a freeze on recruiting RNs except for 'specialist' nurse roles.
The Use of New Technology and Rising Inequality in New Zealand: Evidence from Unit Record Data
Authors: Hector Chris
Published: April 2018

From the late 19' 11 century to the late 20'11 century inequality was generally in decline in all the developed countries, including New Zealand. However this pattern was abruptly reversed in the 1970s, and at least up to the mid 1990s inequality was generally on the rise again. The last quarter of the 2fl' century was also marked by rapid uptake of new information and communication technologies (JCT), prompting many commentators to ask whether there might be a connection. The present study uses unit record data from the Household Labour Force Survey to explore the extent to which wage inequality is related to new technology in New Zealand, and the extent to which it is correlated with skills and qualifications. The relationship appears to be relatively strong for workers in the lower half of the distribution, suggesting that workers with low skill levels have very poor prospects in industries using new technology. If the adoption of new technology is to be further encouraged it may be important to raise the skill levels of workers near the bottom of the distribution.