bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rome Under The Triumvirs
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

IT was ten years from the proscriptions, ten years of Trium J. viral despotism. Despite repeated disturbances, the lapse of time permitted the Revolution (for such it may with propriety be called) to acquire permanence and stability. The beneficiaries of that violent process, dominant in every order of society, were in no way disposed to share their new privileges or welcome intruders. In a Senate of a thousand members a preponderance of Caesarians owed status and office, if not wealth as well, to the Triumvirs; and a mass of Roman knights, by their incorporation in that order, reinforced the bond between the higher classes of the holders of property. Veterans by grant, and freedmen by purchase, had acquired estates, sometimes with improvement of social standing, actual or in prospect: after the Sicilian War Octavianus accorded to his centurions on discharge the rank of town-councillors in their municipia.I Hence certain symptoms of consolidation, political and social. There were to be no more proscriptions, no more expulsions of Italian gentry and farmers. Many of the exiles had returned, and some through influence or protection got restitution off roperty. But the government had many enemies, the victims o confiscation, rancorous and impotent at the moment, but a danger for the near future, should the Republicans and Pompeians come back from the East, should Antonius demand lands for the veterans of his legions, should the dynasts, fulfilling a solemn pledge, restore the Republic after the end of all the wars. Though a formidable body of interests was massed in defence of the new order, it lacked inner cohesion and community of sentiment.
Antonius In The East
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

AFTER Brundisium the prestige of Antonius stood high, and A his predominance was confirmed by the renewal of the Triumvirate at Tarentum—when that office lapsed, Antonian consuls would be in power at Rome. Antonius had already lost the better part of two years—not Ventidius but the victor of Philippi should have driven the Parthians out of Asia. When at last his hands were free he departed to Syria, summoning thither the most powerful and most wealthy of the Roman vassals, the Queen of Egypt: he had not seen her for nearly four years. Fonteius brought her to Antioch, where they spent the winter of the year 37-36 in counsel and carouse. The invasion of Media and Parthia was designed for the next summer.
Dux
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HE adversary spent the winter in Greece, ready in his preparations of army and fleet, but not perhaps as resolute as he might appear. Antonius now had to stand beside Cleopatrathere could be no turning back. Patrae at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth was his head-quarters. His forces, fed by corn-ships from Egypt, were strung out in a long line from Corcyra and Epirus to the south-western extremity of Peloponnesus. The land army under the command of Canidius comprised nineteen of his legions: the other eleven made up the garrison of Egypt, Cyrene, Syria and Macedonia.
The Cabinet
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

EADEM magistratuum vocabula.’1 Names persist everywhere while substance changes. Like the individual senator, the Senate as a body preserves dignitas but loses power as the Princeps encroaches everywhere, grasping more and more. He retains his imperium in the city of Rome; he controls admission to the high assembly ; he takes charge of public provinces; he appoints proconsuls, though with respect for forms preserved ;3 and he conveys requests, modest but firm, to the governors of provinces.
The Opposition
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

The anny had made one emperor and could make another; and the change from Republic to Empire might be described as the provinces’ revenge upon Rome. Army and and provinces stood finn for the established order. The legions were mspired with a fanatical yet rational devotion to the person of Augustus and to the house of Caesar. No less comprehensible was the loyalty of the provinces-or rather of the propertied classes which the Empire preserved and supported all over the world, whether in the cities of Asia or the country districts of Gaul and Galatia. National memories were not strong in the western lands: in the East the fact that the Principate was a monarchy guaranteed its ready acceptance. The lower classes had no voice in government, no place in history. In town or country there was poverty and social unrest-but Rome could not be held directly responsible for the transgressions of the wealthy. Rome seldom intervened against the local dynasts. C. Julius Eurycles, the lord of Sparta and greatest man m all Greece, must have proved very unsatisfactory, for he was deposed by Augustus and subsequently banished.
The Doom Of The Nobles
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

‘Stemmata quid faciunt?’ The satirist Juvenal makes mock of pedigrees. Not, however, with all the fierce, free invective of a robust democrat. Juvenal derives his names and examples from the descendants of the Republican nobility-but not the living. Few of them, indeed, survived in Juvenal’s day, and they mattered not at all. The Empire had broken their power and their spirit. The satirist did not dare to deride the new nobility, the oligarchy of government in his own day. He makes mock of the needy Greek of low degree, clever, mendacious and unscrupulous.2 A traditional and literary figure. Very different the proud sons of the great priestly and dynastic houses of Asia, now holding consular rank in the imperial Senate. Still less does he venture to attack the opulent provincial families issuing from Spain and Narbonensis. They were now dominant in the social and political hierarchy of the Empire, they wore the purple of the Caesars.
Introduction
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

Fanny Burney was no stranger to pain. Best known for her novel Evelina, published in 1778, Fanny suffered from mastitis after the birth of her son, Alex, in December 1794. The pain was so intense ‘ as to make life-even my happy life-scarce my wish to preserve!’ she wrote. Little did she know then that seventeen years later she would have to bear a mastectomy without pain relief Her description of the operation, undertaken in Paris, is a moving testimony to the awful suffering patients endured in operations without anaesthesia.
Discoveries
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

Cunard’ s dock in Boston harbour on 3 December 1846: the final mail was loaded on board the paddle steamer Acadia, and she set sail, stopping briefly at Halifax for fuel and passengers before continuing to Liverpool. Few were aware of the momentous news carried in letters aboard the ship. Enthralled by William Morton’ s convincing demonstration of anaesthesia in Massachusetts General Hospital on 16 October, the Boston medical community had spent the past six weeks experimenting with ether. Now, word of the discovery was being sent to Britain.
On Battlefields
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

On 28 February 1854, with the sun rising over the towers of Westminster Abbey, Queen Victoria stood on the balcony at Buckingham Palace and watched the last battalion of the Guards-the Scots Fusiliers regiment-depart for the Crimea. Engulfed by an immense crowd shouting encouragements and shaking their hands, the men formed a line, presented arms, and went off cheering. Such ‘ fine men’ , the Queen told her uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium, ‘ my best wishes and prayers will be with them’ .
Changed Understandings Of Pain
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

On the morning of 26 May 1868, Michael Barrett, legs and arms secured by leather straps, mounted the steps up to the scaf-fold at Newgate Prison, accompanied by his priest. The hangman, William Calcraft, put a cap over his face and a rope round his neck: the bolt was drawn and the drop fell with a resounding boom; a great cry rose from the crowd. ‘ Barrett died without a struggle,’ reported The Times. Some spectators dispersed, others remained until Calcraft cut down Bartlett’ s body ‘ amid such a storm of yells and execrations as has seldom been heard even from such a crowd’ .
Martin Frobisher’s Gold Mines
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

The Helicopter Emerged From a Curtain of falling snow and the pilot pointed directly ahead, then eased back the throttle and began a long slanting descent. For the past hour we had thumped southeastwards down the length of Frobisher Bay, the tundra hills of Baffin Island rolling down to gradually disappear as humped islands and rocky shoals in the heaving waters of the inlet. Now the southern shore was falling away into a distant line of glaciated peaks as the bay opened out into the expanse of Davis Strait and the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Peoples’ Land
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

The Native Occupants of the Arctic had little interest in the endeavours of the explorers to which history has accorded such great importance. The quest for sea-passages to the north of Asia and America, the search for Franklin and the race to the Pole, brought relatively few southerners into the Arctic latitudes and very few of those wished to stay longer than was necessary. Most of these visitors found no quick fortunes in the Arctic, had little interest in its people or the lands that they called home, and left the country as quickly as possible to return home and write their books portraying the cold white hell they had experienced. To the northerners who came into contact with such expeditions, the visiting strangers were no more than useful sources of valuable goods: metal tools, wood, exotic ornaments, and eventually tobacco, tea and other staples of the global market.
An Arctic Journey
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

This Book Has Been an Attempt to understand our vision of the arctic as a world apart, where past and present merge in a distant and compelling landscape of brilliant light. In tracing the gradual construction of this image we have journeyed through deep time, beginning in the ice age environment of our early human ancestors, which may yet resonate at some unfathomable level of cultural memory. We have visited the territory of the carefree and immortal Hyperboreans described by the geographers of the Classical Mediterranean world, and have glimpsed Ultima Thule protected by the congealed and heaving sea encountered by the first Arctic explorer of that time. We have followed these images through two millennia of speculation, exploration and creative artistry, and seen them layered with the hardships and hideous trials endured by the unprepared explorers of the past few centuries.
The Army Of British India
Authors: Heathcote T . A .
Published: October 2023

The ground forces of the British authorities in India consisted of two distinct elements. One was made up of troops belonging to the British army, sent to serve in India for a limited, albeit sometimes lengthy, period. Some went as individuals, to staff or singleton posts, but most went because their regiments had been ordered to India from another station, either in the United Kingdom or a colonial garrison, or a foreign campaign. In the days when soldiers enlisted, in effect, for life, or, after 1847, at least for ten years, some men served long enough to go to India with their regiments and in due course to return with them to the United Kingdom, or go on to some other location before doing so. With the change in 1870 to a system of short-service engagements, whereby most men served for a period of six years with the Colours before returning to civilian life as a reservist, regiments spent longer in India than the average soldier in their ranks. Thus men might go to India with their regiment or return with it, but in normal times would not do both. Usually, men would either be sent as members of replacement drafts to join units already there, or go back to the United Kingdom with drafts of men returning to take their discharge on the completion of their engagement. Those who wished to continue serving in India when their regiments went back to the United Kingdom were generally permitted to transfer to the regiments coming out to replace them. For officers and ordinary soldiers alike, service in India, where cheap labour was available to perform all menial tasks and most forms of relaxation were easily affordable, provided an easier life than could be found in a home station, despite the climate, the diseases, and the sense of exile from their homeland.
Independence
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

In Raja Rao’s Kanthapura (1938), the women of the village respond to imperial police brutality with long-suffering passive resistance. In Anand’s Coolie (1936), there are bold but unrealized plans for a Bombay workers’ strike against the colonial authorities. These colonial novels of the r93os contrast strongly with later postcolonial examples of the genre. In Ngugiwa Thiong’o’s A Grain of Wheat (1967), for example, a hero dies while carrying arms in the Kenyan anti-colonial struggle. Throughout the novel, his memory is cherished as an inspirational example for those who survive to create the new nation. Only a decade earlier, in 1957, the year in which Ghana became the first sub-Saharan state to win independence, this literary apotheosis of an African revolutionary would hardly have been imaginable. Between the 1930s, when Rao and Anand began to publish, and the 1950s and 1960s, when African writers won prominence, the terms and the tone of anti-colonial argument had undergone an oceanic change.
Whose Revolution? Irish Politics in 1912
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

Oddly, the most active threat to the Union in 1912 came from Unionists, in particular from Ulster Unionists. Since almost all pre-war Unionists demanded the retention of all four Irish provinces within the United Kingdom, the term ‘Ulster Unionists’ signified those Unionists who resided in Ulster (home to three-quarters of all Irish Protestants).Their main forum was the Ulster Unionist Council, formed in 1905 as an adjunct to the Irish Unionist Alliance (1891). The Council linked local activists with the caucus of about twenty Irish Unionists in the House of Commons (all normally from Ulster with the exception of the two members for Dublin University) and their numerous col-leagues in the House of Lords. Though a tight-knit and highly effective unit, the Ulster Unionists acted not as a distinct party but as a lobby within Conservatism.
Capital and Labour
Authors: Ashton T S
Published: October 2023

THE industrial revolution was an affair of economics as well as of technology: it consisted of changes in the volume and distribution of resources, no less than in the methods by which these resources were directed to specific ends. The two movements were, indeed, closely connected. Without the inventions industry might have continued its slow-footed progress-firms becoming larger, trade more widespread, division of labour more minute, and transport and finance more specialized and efficient-but there would have been no industrial revolution. On the other hand, without the new resources the inventions could hardly have been made, and could never have been applied on any but a limited scale. It was the growth of savings, and of a readiness to put these at the disposal of industry, that made it possible for Britain to reap the harvest of her ingenuity.
The Economics of Revolution and Revolutionary Economics
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of February 1919, three British officers boarded the “Armistice Express” in Cologne and traveled to Berlin under instructions to report back on conditions in the German capital and on the German food supply. Originally from London and having just gone through war-ravaged Belgium, they were impressed by the absence of any sign of deforestation in Germany; the extent to which the land was cultivated; and the substantial number of trucks, rolling stock, and locomotives standing idle along with huge piles of timber at the major railroad stations. Upon arriving at the noisy and crowded Potsdamer Station, where no one came to meet them, they encountered armed “Red Guards” who shouted that all baggage had to be examined but to whom neither the officers nor any of the other passengers leaving the station paid the slightest attention.
The Transition to Galloping Inflation
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The turn of 1921 to 1922 is a good vantage point from which to analyze the process by which Germany was succumbing to inflation. At this time, the situation by no means appeared hopeless, as demonstrated by the improvement of the mark and a measure of stabilization from December through February and by the optimism with which Rathenau had spoken of a gradual transition to a deflationary policy. Events since May 1921, of course, had fed arguments on both sides of the contemporary debate over the responsibility of reparations for ruining the German currency. Germans could claim that the severe distress of the mark was the product of Allied mistreatment of Germany and the reparations payments and that the improvement was a consequence of the relief being granted and the prospects of further Allied concessions and even of financial help in the future. Allied critics of Germany could claim that the Germans had been successful in using their inflation to blackmail the Allies into concessions and would do so again unless stringent controls were imposed on German monetary and fiscal policy. These differing views were to fuel an increasingly tense theoretical debate between the proponents of the balance-ofpayments theory of the inflation, who tended to stress the role of reparations in causing the increased inflation, and the proponents of the quantity theory, largely but by no means exclusively in the Allied camp, who were often highly critical of the reparations demands but nonetheless argued that the source of the inflation was the budget deficit and the use of the printing press and that an endogenous stabilization was possible and essential. These theoretical debates were more than intellectual exercises. They at once reflected and influenced policy options, and the theoretical positions accepted at the highest levels of government and among Germany’s economic leadership were choices between or among competing priorities.1
Stabilization Debates and Political Crises, August 1922–January 1923
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The galloping inflation and the hyperinflation were having disastrous effects upon Germany’s society and polity. Both Rathenau and Wirth had predicted such a result if Germany were not granted some respite from Allied demands. It is impossible, therefore, not to take very literally the desperate appeal made by Wirth for Papal intervention on Germany’s behalf at the beginning of August 1922. He warned that Allied demands were creating conditions which were reducing the “Mittelstand to beggars” and could only lead to more political murder, desperation, and the kind of circumstances that had already devastated Russia. Wirth, “as the responsible director of German policy and as a faithful son of the Catholic Church,” pleaded that the Holy See intervene in what he called the “final hour” to prevent Allied measures of force from totally destroying the German economy and to call for a reduction of the demands made upon Germany to a “bearable measure” as well as for a “sufficient breathing space” within which Germany could restore its currency and finances.1
Facing Disaster: The State and the “Productive Estates” on the Eve of the Ruhr Occupation
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The French occupation of the Ruhr on January 11, 1923, was to create, however briefly and confusedly, a new context for the issues of stabilization and inflation that was nevertheless not entirely unfamiliar. Actions conducive to the worsening of the inflationary situation and attempts at relative stabilization were to become instruments in the struggle against the French and were to take on the “decisionist” quality of financial and economic practice during the war as well as of the crisis management aimed at pacifying the unrest of the first postwar years. It would be false to think that history could repeat itself, however, since years of inflation (and, above all, the year of galloping inflation between the summers of 1921 and 1922) and the hyperinflation since July 1922 had changed the consciousness of the participants in the inflationary process.
The Politics of Stabilization, October–November 1923
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

Stresemann and his Cabinet realized that the effective functioning of the new Rentenbank as an interim arrangement prior to a permanent stabilization depended upon a genuine transformation of German fiscal and economic practice. The central question was whether this change could be achieved without disaster or some combination of disasters: the total disintegration of the political system, the dissolution of national unity, or a loss of national independence. Could the Weimar political system survive if its government reneged on its social commitments? How could a social démontage be achieved without unleashing the latent civil war between the extreme left and the extreme right?
Cultivating Respectability: A Family Enterprise
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

Jews built the walls around their homes to be highly permeable, allowing German bourgeois modes to penetrate intimate familial relationships as well as the decor and atmosphere of their interiors, and permitting the display of Jewish acculturation to flow to the exterior. The home was where they experienced the ambivalences and contradictions inherent in the dual desires to maintain their family, Jewish com munity, and heritage, and to integrate into social and cultural life with other Ger mans. It was where boys and girls were raised to fit the role of religiously observant or secular men and women, and where new options for girls and women were first explored. It was where Jews absorbed the impact of their economic success and prepared to achieve the social status commensurate with it. The home was the juncture at which gender, class, and ethnicity confronted one another.
Her Sister’s Keeper: Women’s Organizations from the Chevra to Feminism
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

The extraordinary involvement of Jewish women in charitable and social welfare organizations reflected a combination of deeply held Jewish traditions as well as social transformations within Imperial Germany. Among the latter, the evolution of women’s role in the public arena is prominent. For many women, it was the religious social welfare context from which their feminist perceptions and move ment grew. Indeed, excluded until 1908 from most political involvement, women’s social service activism can be interpreted as a form of women’s politics, a way in which women created their own power structures alongside the political and busi ness spheres dominated by men. After the founding of the German Empire, the complex interaction between state and private welfare and the Jewish minority also affected the involvement of Jewish women in voluntary social welfare. Further, social welfare was a form of minority self-help and self-protection in an era of increased anti-Semitism. It was also a form of liberal, bourgeois politics vis-a-vis those of a lower social class: specifically, German Jews tried to alleviate the conditions of Eastern European immigrant Jews and help them acculturate to German society.
Women and Economic Equality
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

Although the political activities of women naturally attracted the most attention after enactment of the suffrage amendment, many observers—especially feminists—viewed women’s economic progress as a more important barometer of what had been gained or lost in the fight for equality. The ballot provided a potential opportunity to influence public policy, but by itself, it did little to transform woman’s “place” in the home or to alter her life chances as a worker in the labor force. If one source of systemic inequality between the sexes was the extent to which women’s roles—in and out of the home— were totally prescribed by their sex, a clear sign of ending that inequality would be women being able to participate in all areas of life. Within that context, the economic experience of women became a crucial index of how much had been gained in the fight for the vote.
Development of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule
Authors: Helzer John e.
Published: October 2023

In the late 1970s, Darrel Regier and his colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) started a multi center psychiatric epidemiologic study in the United States, the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Survey (Regier et al., 1984). The scope of this effort was huge. Plans called for several thousand face-to-face interviews to be conducted in five sites across the Unite.cl States. Respondents were to be interviewed regarding their lifetime and recent history of psychiatric symptoms, utilization of health care services, perceived barriers to care, use of psychotropic medication, and recent untoward life events. There was also to be a follow-up interview 1 year after the index examination in order to estimate incidence of psychiatric disorder. It was apparent that it would be financially impractical to use psychiatrists as interviewers for an effort of this magnitude, and that it was therefore necessary to develop an interview instrument that would enable nonclinician (lay) inter viewers to gather the clinical and other data needed to make psychiatric diagnoses.
Recent Advances in the Investigation of the Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction
Authors: Leaf Philip J , hwu, hat gwo , Canino glorisa J
Published: October 2023

During the past decade, there has been increased interest in psychiatric nosology and epidemiology, stimulated to a great extent by the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1980; APA, 1987) and by the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Project, a five-site epidemiologic study undertaken by the National Institute of Mental Health and five universities (Eaton and Kessler, 1985; Robins et al., 1985; Myers et al., 1984). The diversity of contributions to this volume indicates that interest in the epidemiology of specific psychiatric disorders has not been limited to the United States. The existence of studies utilizing a common research instrument represents an exciting development in psychiatric epidemiology. The contribution that these studies make to our understanding of the etiology and consequences of alcohol-related disorders suggests that there is much to be gained by applying this methodology to other contexts.
Tectonics, History, and the End of the Cold War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

Change in the physical world, we have come to understand, does not always take place gradually: there can be abrupt and at times unexpected jumps from one condition to another. Electrons shift orbits instantly as they spin around atomic nuclei. Animal species evolve at irregular rates, and with periodic extinctions. Metal fatigue reveals its effects all at once: bridges do not collapse gradually, nor do airplanes decompress unhurriedly. Faults in earthquake zones lock themselves into place for decades at a time, releasing accumulated strains rarely but, when they do release them, very dramatically. Events like these are not accidents; they can be understood, accounted for, and at times even predicted. But they often appear to us to be random or capricious occurrences, because explanations for them have to be sought in processes that lie outside our normal range of perception. These processes may operate on a different time scale from the one to which we are accustomed, so that their effects occur too rapidly, or too slowly, for us to notice them. They may take place too far above our heads (like the forces that determine the movements of weather systems) or too far beneath our feet (like those that produce continental drift). The temporal and spatial limits within which we normally operate are inadequate to account for all that affects our lives; hence, the frequency with which-in the physical world at least-we are surprised.
Public Womanhood And The Incorporation Of America
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

If the beginning of industrialization in the early nineteenth century had had a profound impact on public womanhood-and it surely had then it is not surprising to discover that the development of a corporatized industrial economy in the late nineteenth century had at least as strong an impact. The changed scale of doing business in the United States created a vast number of new jobs, many of which were filled by women. As a consequence, increasing numbers of women began to be able to live apart from traditional families. Further, women pioneered institutions to help those suffering from the dislocations of urbanization and industrialization-and in so doing transformed their own lives. On the cultural front, thousands of temperance activists became public women in these years so as to combat the evils of alcohol.
The Circulating Fluid: Blood
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

The blood that circulates through the cardiovascular system performs a multitude of functions. As a vehicle of transport, it carries nutrients and waste products, 02 and CO2, proteins, hormones and simple salts, as well as materials needed for hemostasis and immunity. 02 is a special case, being transported predominantly by the hemoglobin in red cells, whereas the other essentials are carried as solutes. A continuous exchange between blood and the extracellular fluid, carried on through capillary walls, maintains an essentially constant internal environment for all the cells of the body.
Maternal Behavior in Human and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Nicolson Nancy A
Published: October 2023

Of all aspects of animal behavior, a mother’s care for her young is probably the most widely admired. The immediate responsiveness of a mother to her new-born infant and her willingness to take great risks in protecting and defending it have been taken as evidence for a “maternal instinct.” Early naturalists were particularly impressed by the maternal behavior of monkeys: the mother’s positioning of the newborn on the breast, cradling, embracing, and gazing at the infant all look like human behaviors.
Lawyer’s Lawyer
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

“My brother’s success in life,” John Marshall Harlan’s sister Edith has written, was “perhaps due in part to[the] total supportive role played by his three adoring sisters, his mother, and his wife. In their view he could do no wrong.” The latter woman in his life, Ethel Andrews, who in 1928 would become Harlan’s wife, was the daughter of a Yale Colonial History professor. Her marriage to Harlan was not her first. Originally she was married to Henry K. Murphy, a New York architect twenty years her senior. Ethel and Murphy, one of the first architects to blend American and Chinese styles, lived for most of their marriage in China, where he designed several buildings at Peking University. Ethel was a beautiful, charming, artistic woman who found her husband and their lives in China fascinating. But Murphy, as the Harlans’ daughter, Eve, later put it, “just couldn’t stay away from other women.” Ethel’s parents, distraught at the emotional and physical distress Murphy’s philandering caused their daughter, urged her to obtain a divorce. Ethel ultimately complied, but with considerable reluctance. “I think she would have stayed with him,” Eve Harlan has said, “except that my grandparents put a great deal of pressure on her to leave him.
The Politics of Military Despair
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

“The German army . . . appears to . . . be living on a glorious past and to be unequal to the repute to which it is commonly held.” Such was the pronouncement of the respected military correspondent of The Times, Charles a Court Repington, in October 1911. In the journalist’s remark was a sense of deja vu, for it had been the very same newspaper that only a half-century earlier had contended that despite its reputation and size, the Prussian army was in no condition for fighting. In 1911 The Times’s assertion struck the same responsive chord as it had in 1860. Repington’s stinging critique, coming as it did on the heels of Morocco, lent credence to the Army League’s call for expansion and provided Bethmann with greater maneuverability in trying to limit Tirpitz’s grandiose naval plans.
The Old Regime and the Ruiz Revolution: The Impact of Judicial Intervention on Texas Prisons
Authors: Diiulio John J
Published: October 2023

As Malcolm M. Feeley and Roger A. Hanson suggested in chapter l, there is no body of empirical research to tell us whether, on balance, judicial intervention has changed prisons for the better, altered correctional practices in a way designed merely to avoid unfavorable rulings, or led to undesirable or simply unanticipated results. As I see it, there are at least three schools of speculation and a prima facie case against each of them.
Politics and Constitutional Interpretation in Prison Reform Litigation: The Case of Guthrie v. Evans
Authors: Chilton Bradley S , Talarico Susette M
Published: October 2023

Courts give meaning to values in law and equity through adjudication by converting whatever is submitted to them for decisions into claims of right or accusations of fault.1 This process is particularly important in institutional reform litigation where subsequent meanings can shape years of litigation and policy. Contemporary American jurisprudence includes at least three theories related to this kind of constitutional interpretation: (1) adjudication of preexisting principle; (2) adjudication by legislating policy; and (3) adjudication as a practice of rights.
Visionaries and Planners
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

In this book, Stanley Buder examines the Garden City movement from its origins in mid-nineteenth-century England to its subsequent development and elaboration in twentieth- century America. The Garden City movement emphasized green belts around cities but was not identified exclusively with suburban development. Much of the city planning which formed the basis for the Garden City movement was based upon designing the ideal community. But this sense of idealism was soon lost with the transfer of the movement to America, and indeed it was unable to sustain itself in the communities of its origin in England.
The Diplomacy of Federalism
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

He great accomplishment of Federalist statecraft was the vindication of America’s effective title to the eastern Mississippi valley. In the Jay Treaty of 1794 and the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Washington’s administration made peace with, respectively, Britain and Spain.
The Nature of Jefferson’s Success
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The triumph of the party of Jefferson in the election of 1800 was one of the great turning points in the political history of the United States. For the first time, a political opposition gained control of the national government. In taking power from the Federalists, the Republicans displaced those who were largely identified with the founding of the state.
Napoleon’s Colonial Design
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

In the history of the United States, the acquisition of Louisiana is an event that ranks in importance below only the achievements of independence and union. So Henry Adams concluded and his view has been generally shared by historians.23 Although the story of Louisiana has been told many times, to this day it remains unclear in several significant respects. This uncertainty, moreover, must be expected to persist, for it is largely rooted in the refractory character of the two men who dominated the event from beginning to end, Napoleon Bonaparte and Thomas Jefferson.
Jefferson’sDiplomatic Design
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

The first year of the second administration—1805—is significant because the administration then fixed upon a diplomatic design that, in its essential features, remained intact until the end of its term. The design consisted of two great desiderata: a peaceful strategy of gaining the Floridas under the auspices of France, and a determination to reaffirm the uncompromising stance (for which the Republicans had always stood) toward British violations of American rights on the high seas.
Conclusion
Authors: Snyder Jack
Published: October 2023

The purpose of a volume like this one is not to close questions, but to open them up for further consideration. Consequently, the main aim of these conclusions will not be to summarize our findings. On the contrary, I will devote my main efforts to presenting qualifiers to the themes developed in the preceding chapters, counterarguments from different theoretical perspectives, and counterevidence from cases not considered by the other contributors. These remarks will address the five questions set forth in the introductory chapter:
Great Britain
Authors: Cottrell P L
Published: October 2023

Although Great Britain’s industrial leadership declined in relative terms during the half century before the World War I, its international financial power increased both absolutely and relatively.
Banking and the Electrotechnical Industry in Western Europe
Authors: Broder Albert
Published: October 2023

Banks rarely appear as structural elements in studies of industrial history. If they do it is as suppliers of short-term working capital or seekers after the profits of capital export (for example, in France and Great Britain), or as the creators of cartels or trusts to reduce competition (Germany, perhaps the United States). This situation results from the difficulty of finding precise documentation. Unlike most economic properties, bank assets are volatile and variable.
Women In The World Economy
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

In this book, emerging long-term trends in the world economy are analysed to show their effect on the economic position of women in developing countries. Stressing the interlinkages between the macro and micro levels of the economy, the book approaches the subject from the perspective of both wage earning women and those in roles of unpaid labour such as housework and farmwork. The book provides the first methodological synthesis of these approaches to portray women in developing countries as active participants in development. Analysing the employment trends for women by geographical region and by sector the author assesses how the emergence of a modern international economy has affected the economic position of women.
Castelo Branco: Cleaning House—April 1964-March 1965
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

The military-civilian conspirators who overthrew Joao Goulart in March 1964 had two objectives. The first was to “forestall the communist plan for seizing power and to defend miltary institutions”; the second was to “reestablish order so that legal reforms [could) be carried out.”1 The first turned out to be easy. The second proved far more difficult.
Figueiredo: The Twilight of Military Government
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

The new president came from a military family. His father, General Euclides Figueiredo, had commanded a contingent of troops in the 1932 Sao Paulo rebellion against President Getulio Vargas’ s government.1Three of his sons, Joao Batista and two brothers, joined the army and made general. Joao graduated first in his class at the Colegio Militar in Porto Alegre and first in his class at the Esco/a Militar (Arma de Cava/aria). He later repeated that standing at the Esco/a de Aperfeiroamento   de Oficiais (Cava/aria) and at the Esco/a de Estado-Maior. In 1960 he spent a year at the Higher War College (Esco/a Superior de Guerra), which brought together for a year-long course leading representatives of the military and civilian elites. During Janio Quadros’ s seven-month presidency in 1961 Figueiredo worked under Gen eral Golbery in the National Security Council (Conselho de Seguranra Nacional). He was an early conspirator against Joao Goulart and returned after the coup of 1964 to work under Golbery in the SNI (Serviro Nacional de Informaroes), the powerful new intelligence agency which had both domes tic and foreign jurisdiction. Golbery was its creator and head, and he put Figueiredo in charge of the Rio office. In 1969 Figueiredo moved into the Pianalto when President Medici named him head of the Military Presidential Staff. In the Geisel government Figueiredo became head of the SNI, thus gaining entree to all top-level decision-making.
The Flame of Oratory, The Fireside Chat
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

John Kennedy had been shot in Dallas. Before the first newspaper could carry the news to street corners and doorsteps, television viewers had learned that the president of the United States was dead. In the National Cathedral and on the floor of Congress, eulogists spoke movingly of the meaning of John Kennedy’s life and the tragedy of his death. Senators, ministers, and friends offered words of comfort to the Kennedy family and to the nation. Kennedy would live, they said, in our hearts, in history, and in our efforts to create the world he had envisioned. Two and a half decades later, their words are lost to memory.
Containment and the Primacy of Diplomacy
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan ’s professional advancement in 1946 and 1947 coincided with the crucial transition in postwar history when the Soviet Union and United States lurched from being erstwhile allies to major rivals. Beginning in the summer of 1946, Kennan assumed responsibilities in Washington as the first deputy commandant for foreign affairs at the National War College and one year later started to direct the work of the Policy Planning Staff. In this second capacity he was ensconced in the highest echelons of the foreign policy apparatus and enjoyed ready access to Secretary of State George Marshall.
Dostoevsky, Joyce, and God
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

In good Aristotelian fashion, the denouement of James’s The Ambassadors follows directly from a peripeteia-accompanied-by-anagnorisis when its plot is at the point of greatest complication. These occur in a linked sequence of three chapters, immediately after Lambert Strether has finally decided, and acted-at the likely price of his own future security and possible happiness-to support Chad Newsome’s inclination toward Madame de Vionnet. The first of the linked three, Chapter XXX, presents Strether taking a day of respite in the country. The chapter ends abruptly; and XXXI begins (with the words “what he saw “: anagnorisis) when he comes upon the couple-who pretend that they too are down only for the day. The “sequel “ (James’s word) to that blatant coincidence develops directly. In XXXII Madame de Vionnet asks Strether to call, and he learns whom he must really try to protect, who is the spider in the relationship and who the fly.
“Our Modern Experiment “
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

The phrase is Pound’s, used the year Ulysses and The Waste Land appeared, 1922. The aging Eliot, declaring “us “ successful in his 1953 retrospective account, specified the historical conditions of “some revolution, or sudden mutation ... in literature “ like theirs: Then ... writing ... is found by a few people ... no longer to respond to contemporary modes of thought, feeling and speech. A new kind of writing appears .... (ToCriticize The Critic, p. 57) These excerpts from the passage are quoted again because in them he describes “A new kind of writing “ as consequent to new “thought, feeling and speech.
Ulysses and The Waste Land
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

I hold this book to be the most important expression which the present age has found. It is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape. T. S. Eliot, “Ulysses, Order, and Myth “ Literary influence can work in strange ways. Herbert Howarth points out that the English text of the famous lecture introducing Ulysses, given by the prestigious French critic and editor Valery Larbaud, appeared in the inaugural issue of Eliot’s magazine Criterion (October 1922) in company with the editor’s new poem The Waste Land; that the issue also contained an essay by Yeats’s friend T. Sturge Moore complaining of the neglect of the (Celtic) legend of Tristram and Iseult; and that the next spring Joyce drafted the Tristram fragment of his new work which was to be Finnegans Wake (p. 245). At the very least, the flick of a trout’s tail has disturbed the milk.
The Rise of Gospel Blues
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

In the late 1930s gospel blues, a blend of sacred texts and blues tunes, were first heard in the Protestant black churches of the American Midwest and Northeast. The music especially appealed to the recent black migrants from the Deep South. Michael Harris's book is the story of the development of gospel, one of the major popular music styles of the past half century, as seen through the career of its founding figure, Rev. Thomas A. Dorsey. The discussion of Dorsey is focused on Afro-American religion and culture and on the influence that gospel music had on blacks in general.
The Irrelevance of the Milligan Decision
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

After General John A. Dix produced his controversial ruling on military com missions while reviewing the cases of blockade-runners, he told General Halleck that he would like to hear Francis Lieber’s answer to the key question: “Can any military court or commission, in a department not under martial law, take cognizance of, and try a citizen for, any violation of the law of war, such citizen not being connected in any wise with the military service of the United States?” The political-science professor’s answer differed from the negative opinion of the Dix commission:
Unwelcome Strangers
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

When East European Jews migrated westward in ever larger numbers between 1870 and 1914, both German government officials and the leaders of German Jewry were confronted by a series of new challenges. What policies did government leaders devise to cope with the seemingly unending tide of Jews flooding across Germany’s borders? What was the actual, as opposed to the perceived, character of these Jewish migrants? How did native Jews respond to the arrival of coreligionists from the East? Drawing on archival research conducted in East and West Germany, Israel, and the United States, Unwelcome Strangers probes into these questions, touching on some of the most troubling issues in modern German and Jewish history—the behavior of Germans toward strangers in their midst, the status and self-perception of emancipated Jews in pre-Nazi Germany, and the responses of “privileged” Jews to needy, but alien, coreligionists.