bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Anionic Amido/Carbocyclic Carbene Ligated Palladium(II) Complex for Room Temperature Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Parsharamulu T. , Likhar Pravin R. , Srinivas P.
Published: August 2013

The multi‐functional and stable title complex is employed for C‐C coupling reactions of deactivated aryl halides with boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Hydroxyimine Palladium Complexes: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Their Activities Towards the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Tang Xiao , Huang Ying‐Tang , Liu Huan , Liu Rui‐Zhi , Shen Dong‐Sheng , Liu Ning , Liu Feng‐Shou
Published: August 2013

Based on an activity‐promoting strategy for phosphine‐free catalytic systems, non‐conjugated α‐hydroxyimine ligands and their palladium complexes with different backbones and arylimines are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed π‐Chelation Assisted ortho‐C—H Activation and Annulation of Allylarenes with Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: August 2013

The synthesis of highly substituted naphthalenes from allylarenes and alkynes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano n‐Propylsulfonated γ‐Fe2O3 (NPS‐γ‐Fe2O3) as a Magnetically Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Indolyl‐1‐nitroalkanes and Bis(indolyl)methanes.
Authors: Sobhani Sara , Jahanshahi Roya
Published: August 2013

Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of indoles in the presence of nano n‐propylsulfonated γ‐Fe2O3 are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Epoxidation of Tertiary Allylic and Homoallylic Alcohols.
Authors: Olivares‐Romero Jose Luis , Li Zhi , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: August 2013

An efficient and versatile method for the enantioselective epoxidation of both tertiary allylic and homoallylic alcohols catalyzed by Hf(IV)‐bishydroxamic acid (BHA) complexes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,5‐Diazaspiro[2.3]hexanes, a Novel Diazaspirocyclic System.
Authors: Zukauskaite Asta , Mangelinckx Sven , Callebaut Gert , Wybon Clarence , Sackus Algirdas , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: August 2013

The structurally new title compounds (VII) are synthesized from the easily accessible starting material (I) in eight steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Approaches for the Synthesis of Fused‐Ring γ‐Lactones Utilizing Cyclopropane Intermediates.
Authors: Newhouse Timothy R. , Kaib Philip S. J. , Gross Andrew W. , Corey E. J.
Published: August 2013

Five sequences demonstrate the usefulness for the construction of a range of bi‐ and tricyclic functionalized lactones with control of stereochemistry and a minimum of synthetic steps, involving an acid‐catalyzed cyclopropylester to γ‐lactone skeletal rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrrolidines via an Organocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Cascade.
Authors: Cheng Tao , Meng Sixuan , Huang Yong
Published: August 2013

The substrates are synthesized by a reversible aza‐Henry reaction combined with a dynamic kinetic resolution‐driven aza‐Michael cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent Effect of Bis(pyridines)iodonium Complexes as Iodinating Reagents: Control of the Iodocyclization/Oxidation Process.
Authors: Okitsu Takashi , Yumitate Saki , Sato Kana , In Yasuko , Wada Akimori
Published: August 2013

Preliminary investigations with the racemic substrate (I) reveal that, depending on the complex used, either a 2,3‐dihydropyrrole or a pyrrole structure is formed.
ChemInform Abstract: The PdCl2‐Catalyzed Sequential Heterocyclization/Michael Addition Cascade in the Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles.
Authors: Janreddy Donala , Kavala Veerababurao , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Kuo Ting‐Shen , He Chiu‐Hui , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: August 2013

Not all acceptor‐substituted alkenes can be applied in this cascade reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon—SO3H: A Novel and Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Spiro[4H‐pyran‐3,3′‐oxindoles].
Authors: Rao B. Maheshwar , Reddy G. Niranjan , Reddy T. Vijaikumar , Devi B. L. A. Prabhavathi , Prasad R. B. N. , Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. Subba
Published: August 2013

The title catalyst, derived from bioglycerol, is successfully used for the one‐pot three‐component condensation of isatins or acenaphthenequinone with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and malononitrile or ethyl cinnnamate.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization Routes for the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrano[2,3‐b]indolones, Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]indoles, and Furo[2,3‐b]indoles.
Authors: Kumar Arepalli Sateesh , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: August 2013

Convenient metal‐free procedures are developed for the synthesis of the title species via cyclization reactions of indole derivatives (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrrolyl and Pyrazolyl Sulfonamides
Authors: Padmavathi V. , Swapna M. , Reddy S. Nagi , Padmaja A.
Published: August 2013

from styrene‐ω‐sulfonamides adopting a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition strategy
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 2,3‐Diaryl‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]imidazoles Through Direct Condensation of Aryl 1,2‐Diketones and L‐Proline under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Maity Subhendu , Pathak Sudipta , Pramanik Animesh
Published: August 2013

The title reaction is demonstrated to have significant advantages over thermal heating with respect to yield and time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles via the Cyclopropyliminium Rearrangement of Substituted 2‐Cyclopropylbenzimidazoles.
Authors: Salikov Rinat F. , Platonov Dmitry N. , Frumkin Aleksandr E. , Lipilin Dmitry L. , Tomilov Yury V.
Published: August 2013

The influence of the substituents on the cyclopropyl moiety of the benzimidazoles in relation to the synthesis of the title compounds are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Ag‐ and Au‐Catalyzed Addition of Alcohols to Ynimides: β‐Regioselective Carbonylation and Production of Oxazoles.
Authors: Sueda Takuya , Kawada Arisa , Urashi Yumi , Teno Naoki
Published: August 2013

The Ag‐ and Au‐catalyzed reactions of ynimides (I) and (III) with alcohols afford β‐ketoimides, e.g. (II) and (IV), as well as oxazoles, e.g. (VI) and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoxazoline Derivatives Through Boulton—Katritzky Rearrangement of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Piccionello Antonio Palumbo , Guarcello Annalisa , Pace Andrea , Buscemi Silvestre
Published: August 2013

This is the first report of the rearrangement of 1,2,4‐oxadiazole with saturated C—C—O side chains and an unusual example of an irreversible rearrangement that allows the formation of nonaromatic heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: The Direct Thiolation of Benzothiazole Catalyzed by Copper Complex in Superbase System.
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Li Yanjun , Yuan Yu
Published: August 2013

The process involves in situ formation of disulfides from aryl iodides and sulfur under superbase conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Benzothiazol‐2(3H)‐ones with a Carbamate Function at the C‐6 Atom
Authors: Velikorodov A. V. , Kuanchalieva A. K. , Ionova V. A.
Published: August 2013

via acid‐induced cyclization of 2‐thioacetyl‐substituted dicarbamates (III)
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot, Multi‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Fully Substituted 5‐Amino‐4‐carboxamide‐thiazoles.
Authors: Childers Kaleen K. , Haidle Andrew M. , Machacek Michelle R. , Rogers J. Patrick , Romeo Eric
Published: August 2013

Various target compounds, intermediates in the preparation of pharmacologically active substances, are directly obtained by base‐promoted condensation of 2‐amido‐2‐cyanoacetamide (I) with a variety of aldehydes in the presence of elemental sulfur.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncatalytic Pyridyl‐Directed Alkylation and Arylation Carbon—Fluorine Bond of Polyfluoroarenes with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Xiong Yang , Wu Jingjing , Xiao Senhan , Xiao Juan , Cao Song
Published: August 2013

This method works in absence of a metal catalyst and is suitable for 2‐(2‐fluorophenyl)pyridine substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines Through an Imino‐Ene Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: Bondalapati Somasekhar , Indukuri Kiran , Ghosh Priya , Saikia Anil K.
Published: August 2013

A mild, efficient, and highly diastereoselective method for the synthesis of different substituted tetrahydroquinolines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Double [3 + 2 + 1] Heteroannulation for Forming Unprecedented Dipyrazolo‐Fused 2,6‐Naphthyridines.
Authors: Fan Wei , Ye Qin , Xu Hai‐Wei , Jiang Bo , Wang Shu‐Liang , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: August 2013

The reaction is four‐component applying two molecules of an amino‐pyrazole and two molecules of dihydroxyketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,6‐Dichloro‐1,4‐dithiane. The Effect of the Chalcogen Nature on the Stability of 2,6‐Dichloro‐1,4‐thiachalcogenanes.
Authors: Amosova S. V. , Penzik M. V. , Potapov V. A. , Albanov A. I.
Published: August 2013

In contrast to 2,6‐dichloro‐1,4‐thiaselenane, the title dithiane is stable, even when refluxed in chloroform.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed C—H Borylation of Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Liskey Carl W. , Hartwig John F.
Published: August 2013

An iridium‐catalyzed regio‐ and diastereoselective borylation of cyclopropanes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A “Three‐in‐One” Water Treatment Material: Nitrogen‐Doped Tungstic Acid.
Authors: Zhu Rui , Cong Shan , Tian Yuyu , Li Hongbo , Chen Minghai , Huang Yanlin , Zhao Zhigang , Li Qingwen
Published: August 2013

N‐doped H2W1.5O5.5·H2O is solvothermally synthesized from WCl6 and urea in anhydrous EtOH (autoclave, 180 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Perpendicularly Magnetized MnxGa Films. Promising Materials for Future Spintronic Devices, Magnetic Recording and Permanent Magnets
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Zhao Jianhua
Published: August 2013

Review: recent progress in synthesis, structural and magnetic characterization, and aplications in spintronic devices; 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes‐Supported PtRu Bimetallic Catalysts: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Annamalai K. P. , Tao Yousheng
Published: August 2013

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Homogeneous Reduction of Dinitrogen by Molybdenum and Iron
Authors: MacLeod K. Cory , Holland Patrick L.
Published: August 2013

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Hydrido‐Complexes: Electronic Structure and Bonding Properties
Authors: Matar Samir F.
Published: August 2013

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Misconceptions Concerning the Electronic Spectra of Tri‐Positive Europium and Cerium
Authors: Tanner Peter A.
Published: August 2013

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structurally Defined Allyl Compounds of Main Group Metals: Coordination and Reactivity
Authors: Lichtenberg Crispin , Okuda Jun
Published: August 2013

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Group 7 Transition Metal Complexes with N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Hock Sebastian J. , Schaper Lars‐Arne , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: August 2013

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Coordination Chemistry of Organo‐Hydride Donors: New Prospects for Efficient Multi‐Electron Reduction
Authors: McSkimming Alex , Colbran Stephen B.
Published: August 2013

Review: 432 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Approach for the Syntheses of Porphyrin Complex Species
Authors: D'Urso Alessandro , Fragala Maria Elena , Purrello Roberto
Published: August 2013

Review: 12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nopinone from β‐Pinene — A Journey Revisiting Methods for Oxidative Cleavage of C=C Bonds in Terpenoid Chemistry
Authors: Stolle Achim
Published: August 2013

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3,3‐gem‐Difluorinated‐β‐lactams: Synthesis Pathways and Applications.
Authors: Orbegozo Thomas , Burel Fabrice , Jubault Philippe , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: August 2013

Review: [132 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphorus as a Carbon Copy and as a Photocopy: New Conjugated Materials Featuring Multiply Bonded Phosphorus
Authors: Simpson M. Cather , Protasiewicz John D.
Published: August 2013

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches for Bis(indolyl)methanes
Authors: Kaishap Partha Pratim , Dohutia Chandrajit
Published: August 2013

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Advances in Titanium‐Mediated Free Radical Reactions
Authors: Rossi Bianca , Prosperini Simona , Pastori Nadia , Clerici Angelo , Punta Carlo
Published: August 2013

Review: 163 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry of Pyrrole‐Based π‐Conjugated Acyclic Anion Receptors
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: August 2013

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multivalent Glycoconjugates as anti‐Pathogenic Agents
Authors: Imberty Anne , et al. et al.
Published: August 2013

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Catalytic Methods for Amide Synthesis
Authors: Singh Chitra , Kumar Vishal , Sharma Upendra , Kumar Neeraj , Singh Bikram
Published: August 2013

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Marcus—Hush Theory for Voltammetry
Authors: Laborda Eduardo , Henstridge Martin C. , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Compton Richard G.
Published: August 2013

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: AApeptides as a New Class of Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Niu Youhong , Wu Haifan , Li Yaqiong , Hu Yaogang , Padhee Shruti , Li Qi , Cao Chuanhai , Cai Jianfeng
Published: August 2013

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeting Toll‐Like Receptors with Small Molecule Agents
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Smith Christina , Yin Hang
Published: August 2013

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Studies of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation Reactions with Gold
Authors: Pan Ming , Brush Adrian J. , Pozun Zachary D. , Ham Hyung Chul , Yu Wen‐Yueh , Henkelman Graeme , Hwang Gyeong S. , Mullins C. Buddie
Published: August 2013

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Ultrasensitive Mass Spectrometry of Organic Molecules
Authors: Kandiah Mathivathani , Urban Pawel L.
Published: August 2013

Review: 238 refs.
Pferdeschweiß‐Protein hält Forscher auf Trab
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: August 2013

Wenn Pferde schwitzen, trockenen Hafer mümmeln oder bei Menschen eine allergische Reaktion auslösen – bei allen drei Vorgängen spielt ein ungewöhnliches, oberflächenaktives Protein eine wichtige Rolle, dessen Struktur jetzt nach einigen Mühen aufgeklärt wurde und auf einen neuartigen Funktionsmechanismus schließen lässt.
Nonparametric estimation of mean and covariance structures for longitudinal data
Authors: Lin Huazhen , Pan Jianxin
Published: August 2013

In this article we propose a novel nonparametric regression method to model the mean and covariance structures for longitudinal data. A modification of local linear smoothing estimation techniques is used to estimate the parameters and unknown functions in the model. Theoretical properties including uniform consistency and asymptotic normality are studied under certain mild conditions. Simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, and real data analysis is provided for illustration.The Canadian Journal of Statistics41: 557–574; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Surveillance mammography among female Department of Defense beneficiaries
Authors: Enewold Lindsey , McGlynn Katherine A. , Zahm Shelia H. , Jatoi Ismail , Anderson William F. , Gill Abegail A. , Shriver Craig D. , Zhu Kangmin
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

Annual surveillance mammography is recommended after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Previous studies have suggested that surveillance mammography varies by demographics and initial tumor characteristics, which are related to an individual's access to health care. The Military Health System of the Department of Defense provides beneficiaries with equal access health care and thus offers an excellent opportunity to assess whether racial differences in surveillance mammography persist when access to care is equal.

METHODS

Among female beneficiaries with a history of breast cancer, logistic regression was used to assess racial/ethnic variations in the use of surveillance mammography during 3 periods of 12 months each, beginning 1 year after diagnosis adjusting for demographic, tumor, and health characteristics.

RESULTS

The rate of overall surveillance mammography decreased from 70% during the first year to 59% during the third year (P < .01). Although there was an overall tendency for surveillance mammography to be higher among minority women compared with non‐Hispanic white women, after adjusting for covariates, the difference was found to be significant only during the first year among black women (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10‐1.95) and the second year among Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.52‐3.44) and Hispanic (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.17‐3.18) women. When stratified by age at diagnosis and type of breast cancer surgery performed, significant racial differences tended to be observed among younger women (aged < 50 years) and only among women who had undergone mastectomies.

CONCLUSIONS

Minority women were equally or more likely than non‐Hispanic white women to receive surveillance mammography within the Military Health System. The racial disparities in surveillance mammography reported in other studies were not observed in a system with equal access to health care. Cancer 2013;119:3531–3538.. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Addressing overtreatment in breast cancer
Authors: Katz Steven J. , Morrow Monica
Published: August 2013

Patients with favorable prognosis of breast cancer are vulnerable to overtreatment because the absolute net benefit of different treatments may be small and difficult to quantify in individual cases. Advances in personalized treatment hold the promise of increasing the certainty of the treatment benefit of different treatments in individual patients, but insufficient attention has been paid to the challenges to treatment decision‐making.
Dynamic prognostication using conditional survival estimates
Authors: Zabor Emily C. , Gonen Mithat , Chapman Paul B. , Panageas Katherine S.
Published: August 2013

Measures of prognosis are typically estimated from the time of diagnosis. However, these estimates become less relevant as the time from diagnosis increases for a patient. Conditional survival measures the probability that a cancer patient will survive some additional number of years, given that the patient has already survived for a certain number of years. In the current study, the authors analyzed data regarding patients with stage III melanoma to demonstrate that survival estimates from the time of diagnosis underestimate long‐term survival as the patient is followed over time. The probability of surviving to year 5 for patients at the time of presentation compared with patients who had already survived for 4 years increased from 72% to 95%, 48% to 90%, and 29% to 86%, respectively, for patients with substage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC disease. Considering the major role played by survival estimates during follow‐up in patient counseling and the development of survivorship programs, the authors strongly recommend the routine use of conditional survival estimates. Cancer 2013;119:3589–3592. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Diels–Alder Reaction between Isoprene and Methyl Acrylate over Different Zeolites: Influence of Pore Topology and Acidity
Authors: Bernardon Claire , Louis Benoît , Bénéteau Valérie , Pale Patrick
Published: August 2013

The Diels–Alder reaction between isoprene and methyl acrylate over several zeolites was thoroughly investigated. ZSM‐5 zeolites provided the highest productivity in methyl 4‐methylcyclohex‐3‐enecarboxylate isomer, achieving 0.219 mmol product per mmol H+ in 1 hour. In addition, this study highlights the influence of ZSM‐5 zeolite’s Brønsted acidity and crystal size on its performance in the Diels–Alder reaction. An optimal configuration between the two reactants within the medium‐pore‐sized ZSM‐5 framework is obtained, thus suggesting the presence of a confinement effect.
Direct Gas–Solid Carbonation Kinetics of Steel Slag and the Contribution to In situ Sequestration of Flue Gas CO2 in Steel‐Making Plants
Authors: Tian Sicong , Jiang Jianguo , Chen Xuejing , Yan Feng , Li Kaimin
Published: August 2013

Direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag under various operational conditions was investigated to determine the sequestration of the flue gas CO2. X‐ray diffraction analysis of steel slag revealed the existence of portlandite, which provided a maximum theoretical CO2 sequestration potential of 159.4 kg tslag−1 as calculated by the reference intensity ratio method. The carbonation reaction occurred through a fast kinetically controlled stage with an activation energy of 21.29 kJ mol−1, followed by 103 orders of magnitude slower diffusion‐controlled stage with an activation energy of 49.54 kJ mol−1, which could be represented by a first‐order reaction kinetic equation and the Ginstling equation, respectively. Temperature, CO2 concentration, and the presence of SO2 impacted on the carbonation conversion of steel slag through their direct and definite influence on the rate constants. Temperature was the most important factor influencing the direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag in terms of both the carbonation conversion and reaction rate. CO2 concentration had a definite influence on the carbonation rate during the kinetically controlled stage, and the presence of SO2 at typical flue gas concentrations enhanced the direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag. Carbonation conversions between 49.5 % and 55.5 % were achieved in a typical flue gas at 600 °C, with the maximum CO2 sequestration amount generating 88.5 kg tslag−1. Direct gas–solid carbonation of steel slag showed a rapid CO2 sequestration rate, high CO2 sequestration amounts, low raw‐material costs, and a large potential for waste heat utilization, which is promising for in situ carbon capture and sequestration in the steel industry.
Fused (Stk36) is a ciliary protein required for central pair assembly and motile cilia orientation in the mammalian oviduct
Authors: Nozawa Yoko Inès , Yao Erica , Lin Chuwen , Yang Jehn‐Hsiahn , Wilson Christopher W. , Gacayan Rhodora , Chuang Pao‐Tien
Published: August 2013

Background: Motile cilia on the inner lining of the oviductal epithelium play a central role in ovum transport toward the uterus and subsequent fertilization by sperm. While the basic ultrastructure of 9+2 motile cilia (nine peripheral microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair) has been characterized, many important steps of ciliogenesis remain poorly understood. Results: Our previous studies on mammalian Fused (Fu) (Stk36), a putative serine‐threonine kinase, reveal a critical function of Fu in central pair construction and cilia orientation of motile cilia that line the tracheal and ependymal epithelia. These findings identify a novel regulatory component for these processes. In this study, we show that Fu is expressed in the multi‐ciliated oviductal epithelium in several vertebrates, suggesting a conserved function of Fu in the oviduct. In support of this, analysis of Fu‐deficient mouse oviducts uncovers a similar role of Fu in central pair construction and cilia orientation. We also demonstrate that Fu localizes to motile cilia and physically associates with kinesin Kif27 located at the cilium base and known central pair components Spag16 and Pcdp1. Conclusions: Our results delineate a novel pathway for central pair apparatus assembly and add important insight to the biogenesis and function of oviductal motile cilia. Developmental Dynamics 242:1307–1319, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
odd‐skipped related 2 is required for fin chondrogenesis in zebrafish
Authors: Lam Pui‐Ying , Kamei Caramai N. , Mangos Steve , Mudumana Sudha , Liu Yan , Drummond Iain A.
Published: August 2013

Background: odd‐skipped related 2 (osr2) encodes a vertebrate ortholog of the Drosophila odd‐skipped zinc‐finger transcription factor. Osr2 in mouse is required for proper palate, eyelid, and bone development. Zebrafish knock‐down experiments have also suggested a role for osr2, along with its paralog osr1, in early pectoral fin specification and pronephric development. Results: We show here that osr2 has a specific function later in development, independent of osr1, in the regulation of sox9a expression and promoting fin chondrogenesis. mRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated osr2 expression in the developing floorplate and later during organogenesis in the pronephros and gut epithelium. In the pectoral fin buds, osr2 was specifically expressed in fin mesenchyme. osr2 knock down in zebrafish embryos disrupted both three and five zinc finger alternatively spliced osr2 isoforms and eliminated wild‐type osr2 mRNA. osr2 morphants exhibited normal pectoral fin bud specification but exhibited defective fin chondrogenesis, with loss of differentiated chondrocytes. Defects in chondrogenesis were paralleled by loss of sox9a as well as subsequent col2a1 expression, linking osr2 function to essential regulators of chondrogenesis. Conclusions: The zebrafish odd‐skipped related 2 gene regulates sox9a and col2a1 expression in chondrocyte development and is specifically required for zebrafish fin morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 242:1284–1292, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering subtle targeted mutations into the mouse genome
Authors: Menke Douglas B.
Published: August 2013

Homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells offers an exquisitely precise mechanism to introduce targeted modifications to the mouse genome. This ability to produce specific alterations to the mouse genome has become an essential tool for the analysis of gene function and the development of mouse models of human disease. Of the many thousands of mouse alleles that have been generated by gene targeting, the majority are designed to completely ablate gene function, to create conditional alleles that are inactivated in the presence of Cre recombinase, or to produce reporter alleles that label‐specific tissues or cell populations (Eppig et al., 2012, Nucleic Acids Res 40:D881–D886). However, there is a variety of powerful motivations for the introduction of subtle targeted mutations (STMs) such as point mutations, small deletions, or small insertions into the mouse genome. The introduction of STMs allows the ablation of specific transcript isoforms, permits the functional investigation of particular domains or amino acids within a protein, provides the ability to study the role of specific sites with in cis‐regulatory elements, and can result in better mouse models of human genetic disorders. In this review, I examine the current strategies that are commonly used to introduce STMs into the mouse genome and highlight new gene targeting technologies, including TALENs and CRISPR/Cas, which are likely to influence the future of gene targeting in mice. genesis 51:605–618. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNA methylation profiles provide a viable index for porcine pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Arai Yoshikazu , Ohgane Jun , Fujishiro Shuh‐hei , Nakano Kazuaki , Matsunari Hitomi , Watanabe Masahito , Umeyama Kazuhiro , Azuma Dai , Uchida Naomi , Sakamoto Nozomu , Makino Tomohiro , Yagi Shintaro , Shiota Kunio , Hanazono Yutaka , Nagashima Hiroshi
Published: August 2013

Porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide useful information for translational research. The quality of iPSCs can be assessed by their ability to differentiate into various cell types after chimera formation. However, analysis of chimera formation in pigs is a labor‐intensive and costly process, necessitating a simple evaluation method for porcine iPSCs. Our previous study identified mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)‐specific hypomethylated loci (EShypo‐T‐DMRs), and, in this study, 36 genes selected from these were used to evaluate porcine iPSC lines. Based on the methylation profiles of the 36 genes, the iPSC line, Porco Rosso‐4, was found closest to mouse pluripotent stem cells among 5 porcine iPSCs. Moreover, Porco Rosso‐4 more efficiently contributed to the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts than the iPSC line showing the lowest reprogramming of the 36 genes (Porco Rosso‐622‐14), indicating that the DNA methylation profile correlates with efficiency of ICM contribution. Furthermore, factors known to enhance iPSC quality (serum‐free medium with PD0325901 and CHIR99021) improved the methylation status at the 36 genes. Thus, the DNA methylation profile of these 36 genes is a viable index for evaluation of porcine iPSCs. genesis 51:763–776. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supporting crop pollinators with floral resources: network‐based phenological matching
Authors: Russo Laura , DeBarros Nelson , Yang Suann , Shea Katriona , Mortensen David
Published: August 2013

The production of diverse and affordable agricultural crop species depends on pollination services provided by bees. Indeed, the proportion of pollinator‐dependent crops is increasing globally. Agriculture relies heavily on the domesticated honeybee; the services provided by this single species are under threat and becoming increasingly costly. Importantly, the free pollination services provided by diverse wild bee communities have been shown to be sufficient for high agricultural yields in some systems. However, stable, functional wild bee communities require floral resources, such as pollen and nectar, throughout their active season, not just when crop species are in flower. To target floral provisioning efforts to conserve and support native and managed bee species, we apply network theoretical methods incorporating plant and pollinator phenologies. Using a two‐year dataset comprising interactions between bees (superfamily Apoidea, Anthophila) and 25 native perennial plant species in floral provisioning habitat, we identify plant and bee species that provide a key and central role to the stability of the structure of this community. We also examine three specific case studies: how provisioning habitat can provide temporally continuous support for honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus impatiens), and how resource supplementation strategies might be designed for a single genus of important orchard pollinators (Osmia). This framework could be used to provide native bee communities with additional, well‐targeted floral resources to ensure that they not only survive, but also thrive.
Infectious diseases in humanized mice
Authors: Leung Carol , Chijioke Obinna , Gujer Cornelia , Chatterjee Bithi , Antsiferova Olga , Landtwing Vanessa , McHugh Donal , Raykova Ana , Münz Christian
Published: August 2013

Despite many theoretical incompatibilities between mouse and human cells, mice with reconstituted human immune system components contain nearly all human leukocyte populations. Accordingly, several human‐tropic pathogens have been investigated in these in vivo models of the human immune system, including viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), as well as bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica Typhi. While these studies initially aimed to establish similarities in the pathogenesis of infections between these models and the pathobiology in patients, recent investigations have provided new and interesting functional insights into the protective value of certain immune compartments and altered pathology upon mutant pathogen infections. As more tools and methodologies are developed to make these models more versatile to study human immune responses in vivo, such improvements build toward small animal models with human immune components, which could predict immune responses to therapies and vaccination in human patients.
Biosynthesis of flavor esters in coconut cream through coupling fermentation and lipase‐catalyzed biocatalysis
Authors: Sun Jingcan , Lim Yunwei , Liu Shao‐Quan
Published: August 2013

The aim of this research was to study the biosynthesis of natural flavor‐active ethyl esters with a commercial lipase, Palatase 20 000 L, in coconut cream by coupling with yeast alcoholic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation was carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which generated ethanol as one substrate for ester synthesis. Lipase was added into the fermentation medium at three different time points (12, 24, and 48 h) during the time‐course fermentation of 72 h. The concentrations of ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, and ethyl laurate were the highest when lipase was added at 12 h, indicating early coupling of ethanol production with ester synthesis catalyzed by lipase. Although the growth of S. cerevisiae was slightly inhibited when lipase was added into the fermentation medium due to the formation of fatty acids, no adverse effect on ester synthesis was observed. This novel approach may be useful in the production of relevant flavors of fermented coconut cream with lipase treatment, which could be used as a new food ingredient.

Practical applications: Esters are a group of valuable flavor compounds that have wide applications in a variety of food products. In this work, we proposed one effective approach of coupling yeast alcoholic fermentation and lipase‐catalyzed biocatalysis to synthesize natural fatty acid ethyl esters in coconut cream. This method provides a novel application of coconut cream for ester synthesis. In addition, the esters formed can be considered as natural according to current regulations. The ethanol generated can be effectively utilized for ester synthesis, therefore, complying with the Halal rules. The end product can be possibly used as a natural flavoring in the food industry after sensory evaluation and proper process. The esters formed may be further separated and purified as pure flavor compounds.
Highly Regioselective Addition of Organozinc Reagents to 2‐Oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates Activated by BF3·OEt2: Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Chopra Rakesh
Published: August 2013

The incorporation of alkyl as well as phenyl groups at C‐4, a key position of 2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates, responsible for antagonist/agonist switching of the calcium channel blocking activity of these compounds, has been achieved by the addition of organozinc reagents to the corresponding 2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylate derivatives catalysed by BF3OEt2.
RADA‐16: A Tough Peptide – Strategies for Synthesis and Purification
Authors: Paradís‐Bas Marta , Tulla‐Puche Judit , Zompra Aikaterini A. , Albericio Fernando
Published: August 2013

The self‐assembling capacity of certain molecules can be exploited for a diverse range of biomedical applications. The ionic complementary peptide RADA‐16 is well‐known for its propensity to self‐assemble, which derives from its architectural arrangement. Herein, we describe rational synthetic strategies of synthesis of RADA‐16 based on fragment condensation, and its subsequent purification through optimized methods. Our methodology should prove suitable for the preparation of other peptides prone to self‐assembly.
Mapping Moho depth variations in central Italy from PsMoho‐P delay times: Evidence of an E‐W transition in the Adriatic Moho at 42°N latitude
Authors: Mele Giuliana , Di Luzio Emiliano , Di Salvo Cristina
Published: August 2013

Along the Italian peninsula adjoin two crustal domains, peri‐Tyrrhenian and Adriatic, whose boundary is not univocal in central Italy. In this area, we attempt to map the extent of the Moho in the two terrains from variations of the travel time difference between the direct P wave and the P‐to‐S wave converted at the crust‐mantle boundary, called PsMoho. We use teleseismic receiver functions computed at 38 broad‐band stations in this and previous studies, and assigned each of the recording sites to the Adriatic or peri‐Tyrrhenian terrains based on station location, geologic and geophysical data and interpretation, and consistency of delays with the regional Moho trend. The results of the present study show that the PsMoho arrival time varies from 2.3 to 4.1 s in the peri‐Tyrrhenian domain and from 3.7 to 5.5 s in the Adriatic domain. As expected, the lowest time difference is observed along the Tyrrhenian coastline and the largest values are observed in the axial zone of the Apennine chain. A key new result of this study is a sharp E‐W boundary in the Adriatic domain that separates a deeper Moho north of about 42°N latitude from a shallower Moho to the south. This feature is constrained for a length of about 40 km by the observations available in this study. The E‐W boundary requires a revision of prior mapping of the Moho in central Italy and supports previous hypotheses of lithosphere segmentation.
A 2000 year long seasonal record of floods in the southern European Alps
Authors: Wirth Stefanie B. , Gilli Adrian , Simonneau Anaëlle , Ariztegui Daniel , Vannière Boris , Glur Lukas , Chapron Emmanuel , Magny Michel , Anselmetti Flavio S.
Published: August 2013

Knowledge of past natural flood variability and controlling climate factors is of high value since it can be useful to refine projections of the future flood behavior under climate warming. In this context, we present a seasonally resolved 2000 year long flood frequency and intensity reconstruction from the southern Alpine slope (North Italy) using annually laminated (varved) lake sediments. Floods occurred predominantly during summer and autumn, whereas winter and spring events were rare. The all‐season flood frequency and, particularly, the occurrence of summer events increased during solar minima, suggesting solar‐induced circulation changes resembling negative conditions of the North Atlantic Oscillation as controlling atmospheric mechanism. Furthermore, the most extreme autumn events occurred during a period of warm Mediterranean sea surface temperature. Interpreting these results in regard to present climate change, our data set proposes for a warming scenario, a decrease in summer floods, but an increase in the intensity of autumn floods at the South‐Alpine slope.
Nanopore structures, statistically representative elementary volumes, and transport properties of chalk
Authors: Yoon Hongkyu , Dewers Thomas A.
Published: August 2013

Dual focused ion beam‐scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) is frequently being used to characterize nano‐scale pore structures observed in carbonate and shale gas rocks. However, applications are limited to qualitative analysis of nanopore structures. Herein, the concept of statistical representative elementary volumes (SREV) is applied to FIB‐SEM data of a Cretaceous chalk sample. Lattice‐Boltzmann (LB) simulations with multiple relaxation time and topological analysis show that the size of the SREV for this chalk sample can be established at ~ 10 microns based on anisotropic permeability, tortuosity, and specific surface area. This work confirms that the FIB‐SEM technique can be used for the quantitative analysis of nanopore structures and highlights nano‐scale basis for strong anisotropy in the presence of fractures. In addition, nanopores and pore throats are not resolved at voxel dimensions less than ~ 80 nm, resulting in significant underestimation of surface area and permeability.
Radiative forcing due to major aerosol emitting sectors in China and India
Authors: Streets David G. , Shindell Drew T. , Lu Zifeng , Faluvegi Greg
Published: August 2013

Understanding the radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic aerosol sources is essential for making effective emission control decisions to mitigate climate change. We examined the net direct plus indirect radiative forcing caused by carbonaceous aerosol and sulfur emissions in key sectors of China and India using the GISS‐E2 chemistry‐climate model. Diesel trucks and buses (67 mW m−2) and residential biofuel combustion (52 mW m−2) in India have the largest global mean, annual average forcings due mainly to the direct and indirect effects of BC. Emissions from these two sectors in China have near‐zero net global forcings. Coal‐fired power plants in both countries exert a negative forcing of about −30 mW m−2 from production of sulfate. Aerosol forcings are largest locally, with direct forcings due to residential biofuel combustion of 580 mW m−2 over India and 416 mW m−2 over China, but they extend as far as North America, Europe, and the Arctic.
Impact of a potential 21st century “grand solar minimum” on surface temperatures and stratospheric ozone
Authors: Anet J. G. , Rozanov E. V. , Muthers S. , Peter T. , Brönnimann S. , Arfeuille F. , Beer J. , Shapiro A. I. , Raible C. C. , Steinhilber F. , Schmutz W. K.
Published: August 2013

We investigate the effects of a recently proposed 21st century Dalton minimum like decline of solar activity on the evolution of Earth's climate and ozone layer. Three sets of two member ensemble simulations, radiatively forced by a midlevel emission scenario (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change RCP4.5), are performed with the atmosphere‐ocean chemistry‐climate model AOCCM SOCOL3‐MPIOM, one with constant solar activity, the other two with reduced solar activity and different strength of the solar irradiance forcing. A future grand solar minimum will reduce the global mean surface warming of 2 K between 1986–2005 and 2081–2100 by 0.2 to 0.3 K. Furthermore, the decrease in solar UV radiation leads to a significant delay of stratospheric ozone recovery by 10 years and longer. Therefore, the effects of a solar activity minimum, should it occur, may interfere with international efforts for the protection of global climate and the ozone layer.
First magnetic seismology of the CME reconnection outflow layer in the low corona with 2.5‐D MHD simulations of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability
Authors: Nykyri Katariina , Foullon Claire
Published: August 2013

For conditions observed in the low corona, we perform 2.5‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) at the surface of a coronal mass ejection (CME). We match the observed time development of the KHI with simulated growth from 110 MHD experiments representing a parametric range of realistic magnetic field strengths and orientations and two key values of the velocity shear, ΔV, inferred from observations. The results are field strengths Be≈ 8–9 G and Bs≈ 10–11 G in the CME reconnection outflow layer and the surrounding sheath, respectively, for ΔV≈770kms−1; for nearly perpendicular orientation (1° tilt) of Bs with respect to the flow plane, Be can be tilted between 3 and 10°; tilting Bs up to 15° would slow the growth of the KHI by too much. Our simulations also reveal hidden dynamics and structure of the CME ejecta layer such as plasma mixing via reconnection in the vortices.
Subcortical regional morphology correlates with fluid and spatial intelligence
Authors: Burgaleta Miguel , MacDonald Penny A. , Martínez Kenia , Román Francisco J. , Álvarez‐Linera Juan , González Ana Ramos , Karama Sherif , Colom Roberto
Published: August 2013

Neuroimaging studies have revealed associations between intelligence and brain morphology. However, researchers have focused primarily on the anatomical features of the cerebral cortex, whereas subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia (BG), have often been neglected despite extensive functional evidence on their relation with higher‐order cognition. Here we performed shape analyses to understand how individual differences in BG local morphology account for variability in cognitive performance. Structural MRI was acquired in 104 young adults (45 men, 59 women, mean age = 19.83, SD = 1.64), and the outer surface of striatal structures (caudate, nucleus accumbens, and putamen), globus pallidus, and thalamus was estimated for each subject and hemisphere. Further, nine cognitive tests were used to measure fluid (Gf), crystallized (Gc), and spatial intelligence (Gv). Latent scores for these factors were computed by means of confirmatory factor analysis and regressed vertex‐wise against subcortical shape (local displacements of vertex position), controlling for age, sex, and adjusted for brain size. Significant results (FDR < 5%) were found for Gf and Gv, but not Gc, for the right striatal structures and thalamus. The main results show a relative enlargement of the rostral putamen, which is functionally connected to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other intelligence‐related prefrontal areas. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1957–1968, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Task switching in traumatic brain injury relates to cortico‐subcortical integrity
Authors: Leunissen Inge , Coxon James P. , Caeyenberghs Karen , Michiels Karla , Sunaert Stefan , Swinnen Stephan P.
Published: August 2013

Suppressing and flexibly adapting actions are a critical part of our daily behavioral repertoire. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients show clear impairments in this type of action control; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we tested whether white matter integrity of cortico‐subcortical pathways could account for impairments in task switching, an important component of executive functioning. Twenty young adults with TBI and eighteen controls performed a switching task requiring attention to global versus local stimulus features. Diffusion weighted images were acquired and whole brain tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to explore where white matter damage was associated with switching impairment. A crossing fiber model and probabilistic tractography further identified the specific fiber populations. Relative to controls, patients with a history of TBI had a higher switch cost and were less accurate. The TBI group showed a widespread decline in fractional anisotropy (FA) throughout the TBSS skeleton. FA in the superior corona radiata showed a negative relationship with switch cost. More specifically, this involved cortico‐subcortical loops with the (pre‐)supplementary motor area and superior frontal gyrus. These findings provide evidence for damage to frontal‐subcortical projections in TBI, which is associated with task switching impairments.Hum Brain Mapp 35:2459–2469, 2014. ©2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum B-type natriuretic peptide in the initial workup of patients with new onset ascites: A diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Farias Alberto Q. , Silvestre Odilson M. , Garcia-Tsao Guadalupe , da Costa Seguro Luis F.B. , de Campos Mazo Daniel F. , Bacal Fernando , Andrade José L. , Gonçalves Luciana L. , Strunz Célia , Ramos Danusa S. , Polli Demerson , Pugliese Vincenzo , Rodrigues Ana C.T. , Furtado Meive S. , Carrilho Flair J. , D'Albuquerque Luiz A.C.
Published: August 2013

Heart failure (HF) is, after cirrhosis, the second-most common cause of ascites. Serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) plays an important role in the diagnosis of HF. Therefore, we hypothesized that BNP would be useful in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Consecutive patients with new onset ascites were prospectively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All patients had measurements of serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), total protein concentration in ascitic fluid, serum, and ascites BNP. We enrolled 218 consecutive patients with ascites resulting from HF (n = 44), cirrhosis (n = 162), peritoneal disease (n = 10), and constrictive pericarditis (n = 2). Compared to SAAG and/or total protein concentration in ascites, the test that best discriminated HF-related ascites from other causes of ascites was serum BNP. A cutoff of >364 pg/mL (sensitivity 98%, specificity 99%, and diagnostic accuracy 99%) had the highest positive likelihood ratio (168.1); that is, it was the best to rule in HF-related ascites. Conversely, a cutoff ≤182 pg/mL had the lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.0) and was the best to rule out HF-related ascites. These findings were confirmed in a 60-patient validation cohort. Conclusions: Serum BNP is more accurate than ascites analyses in the diagnosis of HF-related ascites. The workup of patients with new onset ascites could be streamlined by obtaining serum BNP as an initial test and could forego the need for diagnostic paracentesis, particularly in cases where the cause of ascites is uncertain and/or could be the result of HF. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:1043–1051)