bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affective Consequences of Social Power: Powerholder and Target Expectancies Associated with Different Types of Power
Authors: Fontaine Gary , Beerman Janice
Published: September 2011

An experiment examined expectancies for powerholders and targets for target compliance and satisfaction with compliance following a request by a powerholder. Degree of expected target compliance and satisfaction was expected to be influenced by the type of social power used. 30 head and 60 staff hospital nurses read a series of 6 scenarios each describing a request by a head nurse (powerholder) for compliance by staff nurse (target) and each scenario involving a different type of social power. Head and staff nurses were asked to role-play the head or staff nurse, respectively, in each scenario. Results indicated that legitimate, coercive, and expert power generally led to low expectancies for compliance and satisfaction, whereas informational, referent, and rewarding power led to high expectancies. Further, head nurses expected more compliance and satisfaction with compliance than the staff nurses expected. Finally, staff nurses' expectancies were much more sensitive to the type of power used than were head nurses' expectancies.
Effects of Human Relations Training with Houseparents on Attainment of Group Facilitation Skills
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Layser Gene R.
Published: September 2011

24-hr. (12 wk., 2 hr. per week) systematic training in human relations with 16 houseparent couples produced higher mean facilitation skills as measured by the Index of Responding than was achieved by a control group of 16 houseparent couples. Students (boys) residing in cottages whose parents received the training did not perceive their parents more favorably in the core helping dimensions of Empathic Understanding, Level of Regard, Unconditionality of Regard, and Congruence (measured by the Relationship Inventory) than did boys whose parents did not receive the training. Greater variability of the trained group on all dimensions suggested that the training may have enabled some houseparents to function more effectively (as perceived by the boys) whereas in other instances they were perceived to function less effectively than did the control houseparents.
Attitudes toward Interdependence among Persons and Psychological Health
Authors: Johnson David W. , Norem-Hebeisen Ardyth
Published: September 2011

Although a variety of psychological theorists have posited that a central aspect of psychological health is the ability to join with other persons in cooperative efforts to achieve mutually desired goals, there is little direct evidence linking the social psychological literature on cooperation with the personality literature on psychological health. An exploratory study was conducted to examine the relationship between attitudes toward cooperation, competition, and individualism and psychological health as indicated by the MMPI. Subjects were 70 white, middle-class, high-school seniors in a midwestern suburban community. Attitudes toward cooperation were significantly negatively correlated with 8 of the 10 clinical MMPI scales and with a variety of the research MMPI scales. Attitudes toward competition were significantly negatively correlated with 7 of the 10 clinical MMPI scales and with a variety of the research MMPI scales. Attitudes toward individualism were positively correlated with 9 of the 10 clinical MMPI scales and with a variety of the research MMPI scales.
Unreliability of Difference Scores: A Clarification of the Issues
Authors: Leeb Stephen , Weinberg Sharon
Published: September 2011

This paper is an attempt to clarify several recent issues that have been raised concerning the unreliability of difference scores. Articles by Overall and Woodward (1975, 1976) and Fleiss (1976) are considered. The conclusions of these articles are shown to be incomplete and to some extent misleading. We begin by noting that within the context of a repeated-measures design, when the reliability of difference scores is other than zero, there exists an interaction of subject by treatment. This interaction will imply the existence of at least one additional systematic variable which contributes to the experimental results. We argue that without specific knowledge about the mean and variance of this systematic variable the interpretation of mean changes across pretest and posttest is ambiguous. With complete knowledge of all variables affecting the experimental situation, the power of the t test on difference scores is directly related to both the individual reliabilities of the separate pretest and posttests and the reliability of the difference scores as long as interaction of subject by treatment is constant across experiments. If, on the other hand, that interaction is not constant across experiments, then the power of the test on difference scores is inversely related to the reliability of the difference scores as long as the individual reliabilities of the pretests and posttests are constant across experiments. Since it is much more reasonable to make the assumption that the interaction is constant across experiments rather than individual test reliabilities, it is more reasonable to conclude that, contrary to Overall and Woodward, power of the t test for difference scores is directly related to the reliability of the difference scores.
Effects of Motivation Level and cue Saliency on cue Control by Rats
Authors: Roy M. Aaron
Published: September 2011

28 hooded rats were presented with a discrimination task involving redundant, relevant cues of brightness (white vs black) and orientation (horizontal vs vertical) while under a high-drive or low-drive state. Multiplecue control was not enhanced by low drive or by the use of positive training stimuli composed of cues with similar saliencies. Furthermore the control of the least salient cue was not significantly limited by the degree of control of the most salient cue.
Sex Differences in Reversal and Nonreversal Shift Acquisition
Authors: Massad Phillip M. , Knight John M.
Published: September 2011

The mediational hypothesis of reversal and nonreversal shift acquisition suggests that mediational behavior is equivalent to covert verbalization and thus related to verbal ability. This coupled with the general observation that males and females manifest significant performance differences in measures of verbal fluency leads to the prediction of an interaction between sex and type of shift. 48 male and female undergraduates were tested using a simultaneous discrimination procedure with the shift manipulation occurring during the first task. A 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance yielded significant F ratios for sex, type of shift, and the interaction of sex × shift. Analysis of simple main effects showed significant comparisons between males and females on the nonreversal shift and between the reversal and nonreversal shift performance of females. These data were interpreted as supporting a mediational hypothesis of concept-shift behavior.
White Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes toward Minority Groups
Authors: Shoop Robert J. , Eads Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Parish, Bryant, and Shirazi reported in 1976 that responses to the Personal Attribute Inventory showed a relationship between group membership and attitudes regarding various target groups. This study examined the attitudes of white pre-service teachers toward members of minority groups. Four inventories were administered to 55 white pre-service teachers (18 males, 37 females). These pre-service teachers perceive black Americans more negatively than they do the group to which they belong.
Comparison of the I-E Scale and a Specific Locus of Control Measure in Predicting Risk-Taking Behavior under Novel Task Conditions
Authors: Newman Jerry M.
Published: September 2011

The predictive efficiency of the I-E scale and a specific locus of control measure were compared in a study of the risk-taking behavior of 160 subjects who participated in a novel task. Contrary to Rotter's (1975) predictions, the I-E scale did not demonstrate greater efficiency than the specific locus of control measure in predicting behavior on this novel task.
Sex Differences in Encoding Strategies for Active and Passive Words
Authors: Vacanti John M. , Hamm Norman H. , Cammeron Susan A. , Peterson Cindy
Published: September 2011

From the known sex differences in personality functioning it was hypothesized that males would recall more active words (Osgood's Semantic Differential) while females would recall more passive words than males. Two verbal recall techniques, an associative clustering and proactive task, confirmed the latter portion of the preceding hypothesis: on both tasks females recalled more passive words than males ( ns = 44 and 60 in two experiments). Apparently a significant cognitive difference exists between the sexes in the organization and storage of passive but not active words.
Interpersonal Trust and Severity of Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Austrin Harvey R. , Boever Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and Roberts' subscales of Political and Peer Trust were administered to 20 normals, 20 delinquents with misdemeanor offenses and 20 delinquents with felony offenses. It was expected that the delinquents would report lower interpersonal trust than the normal group and further that the felony group would report less trust than the misdemeanor group. Results showed no differences between groups for the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and the Roberts Political Trust, but the combined delinquent group was significantly lower on Peer Trust. The misdemeanor subgroup was the main contributor of this difference, however, and non-significant reverse differences were noted for severity. Findings are discussed in terms of subgroup selection factors, and general societal decline in trust.
Creativity in Developmentally Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Uno Tad , Gargiulo Richard M. , Sears James D. , Mauter Marcia , Rowe Joyce
Published: September 2011

Creative behavior of 20 normal, 20 educable, and 20 trainable mentally retarded adolescents of similar chronological ages was examined using a modified version of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. Analyses of variance indicated that educable mentally retarded and normal subjects did not differ significantly on any of Torrance's four creativity measures. However, statistical significance was evident for the trainable and nonretarded subjects and for the trainable and educable retardates. Results were discussed in terms of level of intelligence and other contributing variables.
Magnitude of Reward and Preference in a Delayed-Reward Situation
Authors: Crooks Roland C.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effect of magnitude of differences in reward on preference for immediate versus delayed reinforcement. 28 6- to 7-yr.-olds and 56 10- to 12-yr.-olds were tested under each of the two experimental conditions. Under Condition 1 subjects were offered a choice between a small immediate or medium delayed reward; under Condition 2 between a small immediate or large delayed reward. A significant difference in preference as a function of magnitude differences was obtained. Differences in preferences with age were not demonstrated.
Importance of Maslow-Type Needs to Business College Seniors: Blacks, Whites, Males, Females
Authors: Shapiro H. Jack , Stern Louis W.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the importance of various hierarchical needs, as described by Maslow, to black, white, male, and female business college seniors. Data support the Maslow postulate that the hierarchical needs he proposed are “more universal” for all cultures than are superficial behaviors or desires. The cultural differences between the races begin to be manifest in the magnitude of the individual needs. Data indicate that 58 blacks placed greater importance on most of the needs studied than did the 249 whites regardless of sex.
Effects of Human Relations Training on Preservice Teachers' Attitudes toward Human Nature
Authors: Bennett Roy M. , Rosser R. Stephen , Hope Lannes H.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the effects of human relations training on attitudes toward human nature held by 230 preservice secondary teachers. Four experimental groups (counselor-led, instructor-led, student-led, and no leader) used commercial cassettes on awareness exercises and one active control group were compared for change toward human nature. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among groups on 3 of 6 dimensions of human nature. Further examination demonstrated that the counselor-led group had consistently positive changes in attitude, while the group with no leader consistently showed negative changes.
Naturalistic Observation: Validity of Frequency Data
Authors: Levine Anson J.
Published: September 2011

A review of research regarding methodological advantages and disadvantages of various types of naturalistic observation procedures has produced relatively little since Arrington's (1943) initial recognition of the need for such research. Comparing methods of specimen record and discrete observation produced great discrepancies among behavior frequencies. Factor analyses of correlational matrices generated from high and low frequencies of behavior from small samples of subjects showed that non-i nterpretable factor structures are a likely result of analyses based on small Ns and low frequencies. Finally specific dimensions of behavior frequency were identified across situations, and several of these dimensions were consistent within situations. Theoretical considerations regarding the use of either form of naturalistic observational methodology were presented.
Convergent and Divergent Amplification and its Meaning for Social Science
Authors: London Ivan D.
Published: September 2011

Social science is viewed as requiring a paradigm fundamentally different from that currently in use which reflects essentially the habits of classical physics. Its basic characteristic is the prevalence of minor and major events which amplify sequentially in such a way as to converge toward or diverge from expected outcomes. Other distinguishing characteristics of social science are discussed in the context of amplification and include the historicity of its subject matter, the everpresent tension between stability and change, the frequent primacy of phenotypic specificity over a genotypic generality, the importance of context and meaning in the constitution of data, and the altering effects of theory on reality. Recognition of these characteristics requires a change in the role of the investigator so as to include him more intimately in the research process. It also suggests the usefulness of substitution of an orientative sample for the usual representative sample to take into account the researcher's new role, especially in the context of amplification. The orientative sample permits an accretionary N ≥ 1 initially, as the investigator is sensitized and instructed in the course of his research.
Preference for an Approach to Counseling
Authors: Stuehm Michael H. , Cashen Valjean M. , Johnson James J.
Published: September 2011

350 students in a general psychology class were given Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Based on ± 1 SD from the mean, 48 were classified as Internals and 46 as Externals. In a Latin square design groups of equal size viewed 15-min. audiovisual tapes of a simulated first counseling session. The same client, same counselor, and same presenting concern were portrayed as representative of a humanistic, psychoanalytic, and behavioral approach to counseling. The subjects were asked to identify which film they preferred and why. A chi square analysis showed no differences between Internals and Externals. However, there was a statistically significant preference for the behavioral approach by both Internals and Externals. The major factor in the preference appeared to be the “structure” of the behavioral frame of reference.
Effects of Personalized Sponsorship of an Additional Covering Letter on Return Rate and Nature of Evaluative Response
Authors: Fantasia Saverio C. , Henig Sherry , Gochman Eva R. Grubler , Adams Nancy G. , Jackson Shirley J.
Published: September 2011

Response rates to a questionnaire accompanied by a personal covering letter with or without an additional highly personal covering letter were investigated. 2 male and 94 female former trainees of an Occupational Therapy Training Program were sent questionnaires designed to evaluate their training experience. A significantly greater number of returns were received from the former trainees who received both a personalized covering letter and a “highly personalized” covering letter from a former supervisor. An investigation of the prediction that a high degree of personalization also would favorably bias the nature of the evaluative response was not substantiated. The results suggested that personalization offers advantage to scientific investigation, especially that in program evaluation without seriously affecting financial or methodological cost.
Comparison of Two Self-Report Inventories
Authors: Battle James
Published: September 2011

Correlations of scores on the Canadian Self-esteem Inventory for Children and Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory were computed. All correlations for 198 boys and girls enrolled in Grades 3 through 6 were significant at each grade level and for males and females.
High School Graduates' Achievement Motivation and the Prediction of the Economic Development of a Small Midwestern Community from 1907 to 1967
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relationship between achievement motivation and economic development in a small midwestern community; specifically, the study investigates the following question: Is remaining in a community or moving away a function of congruency between individual achievement motivation and the stage of the community's development? For this community, the answer seems a qualified “yes.” When the community was “achieving,” those high school graduates with high achievement motivation tended to remain in the community; those with low achievement motivation moved away. The reverse was found when the community became stable and then declined.
Personality, Intellectual, and Behavioral Differences between Black, Chicano, and White Prison Inmates in the Utah State Prison
Authors: Oldroyd Richard J. , Howell Robert J.
Published: September 2011

There is very little literature on racial characteristics of prisoners. What literature is available seems to be historical and theoretical rather than empirical. The proportion of blacks in the prison population was 15 times greater than that of the Utah population. The proportion of Chicanos was three times greater in the prison than in the state population. The present correlational study compared 668 Caucasian, 103 Chicano, and 73 black inmates on 47 variables considered relevant to the prison setting. Religious differences were prominent as were differences in scores on standard intelligence tests. Chicanos tended to be more assaultive. Blacks posed less escape risk, and fewer blacks used alcohol. Blacks scored as better adjusted on Bipolar Psychological Inventory Scales relating to feelings of personal inadequacy. Other differences were found.
Explaining Systemic Failure: A Two-Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Long Samuel
Published: September 2011

Using a random sample of 264 university students surveyed in 1976, two bipolar dimensions are explored in studying explanations for the sociopolitical system's present state. The results indicate that leader (versus mass) behavior, internally (versus externally) determined, is the primary attribution for systemic failure. Factor analytic results show that, of the 36 items used to measure attributions for systemic failure, those tapping mass-external control attributions emerge on the initial dimension. Furthermore these different attributional scales are found to be relatively unaffected by categoric-demographic factors. Finally, the mass-external control attributional dimension is found to correlate most with feelings of political alienation.
Measuring Differences in Residential Environments among Institutions for Retarded Persons
Authors: McLain Richard E. , Silverstein A. B. , Brownlee Linda , Hubbell Mimi
Published: September 2011

Two questionnaires, administered to selected treatment staff of institutions for retarded persons, discriminated not only among living units within these facilities but among the facilities themselves, were only minimally related to the staffs' background characteristics, and were relatively stable over time. Consequently these instruments show promise for determining the differential effects of various residential or treatment environments upon the development of retarded persons.
Field Dependence, Cognitive Functions, Personality Traits, and Social Values in Heavy Cannabis Users and Nonuser Controls
Authors: Weckowicz Thaddeus E. , Collier Gary , Spreng Lawrence
Published: September 2011

The current study replicated a previous one concerned with relations of chronic marijuana use, cognitive functioning, personality traits, and social values. A larger sample of subjects was used and several additional measures designed to assess field dependence were also administered. 24 heavy cannabis users were more field independent and had better control of attention processes than 24 nonusers. They also performed slightly better on tasks designed to measure originality, cognitive flexibility, and general cognitive functioning. There was no evidence of brain damage or impaired cognitive functioning. Most previously noted differences having to do with personality and social values were replicated, although some failed to reach significance in the current study. Implications of both studies are discussed, with special reference to self-selection.
Ethical Judgments of Armed Service Veterans Attending College
Authors: Thorn Ron G. , Payne Stephen L.
Published: September 2011

160 male subjects attending college in the states of Louisiana, Arizona, and Minnesota were classified according to previous armed service and actual combat experience. Students evaluated 13 cases involving questionable ethical behavior in common business activities. In 5 of the 13 cases, significant differences occurred between students compared on a previous armed service status. Students with armed service experience expressed more disapproval of questionable ethical behavior in all cases. There were only two cases where significant differences were observed between veterans compared on previous combat status.
Sex Differences in Research on Locus of Control
Authors: Chandler Theodore A. , Dugovics David A.
Published: September 2011

This study attempts to determine whether variance unaccounted for in correlations between internal locus of control and academic achievement scores for 291 males and 272 females can be attributed to sex differences in locus of control. Males' and females' responses to the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control, using a modified format, were factor analyzed separately and compared. The results indicate similar factor structures for males and females, with significant differences obtained on 5 of 40 items. Implications for research are discussed.
Attributional Determinants of Teaching and Learning in Cross-Age Tutoring
Authors: Medway Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the relationship between causal attributions of 84 children in a cross-age tutoring program and tutors' teaching behavior and learners' performance on a laboratory task using multiple regression analyses. Tutors' beliefs that learners were not responsible for success but were responsible for failure were associated with teaching behaviors high in both verbal and nonverbal communication. These teaching behaviors were also directed most toward learners who believed that tutors are not responsible for lack of students' achievement. Neither tutors' nor learners' attributions predicted task performance. Results are discussed in terms of their relationship to research on both teachers' attributions of responsibility and cross-age tutoring.
On the Independence of Consideration and Initiating Structure: A Factor Analysis of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Brown Sidney E.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of responses from 136 Georgia public school superintendents to the short-form Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire yielded a single factor, Global Perceptions of Leader Behavior, instead of the usual two factors, Consideration and Initiating Structure. This factor accounted for 41.1% of the variance. The two factors were correlated .69. Plausible interpretations of the nonindependence for this population were discussed.
Personality Measurements in Selection of Applicants for an Alcohol Counselor Training Program
Authors: Bonynge Eugene R. , Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Individual Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Personality Research Form scale scores of 7 accepted and 17 rejected applicants (in early 30's, with 13 yr. education, and IQs of about 112) to a 9-mo. in-service training program were compared by t tests. No significant differences between accepted and rejected applicants' individual MMPI scale scores were observed. On the personality form, accepted applicants scored significantly lower on Abasement and Autonomy and significantly higher on Aggression, Harm-avoidance, Defendence and Social Recognition. Accepted and rejected applicants to a para-professional chemical-dependency counselor training program did not differ significantly with respect to personality measurements designed to assess psychopathology (MMPI) but could be differentiated on personality scales designed to measure motivational variables.
Hierarchical Factor Structure of the WISC-R for Referred Children and Adolescents
Authors: Vance Hubert “Booney” , Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: September 2011

A hierarchical factor solution was obtained for intercorrelations among the 10 regular WISC-R subtests for 169 children and adolescents referred to a community agency for assessment. This sample was predominantly rural but quite heterogeneous with respect to age, ability, and type of referral problem. The findings indicated an ability hierarchy composed of a strong general ( g) factor and two sub-general factors corresponding to the spatial-perceptual ( k:m) and verbal-educational ( v:ed) parameters of Vernon's (1950) structural paradigm.
Cue-Controlled Relaxation in Reduction of Chronic Nervous Habits
Authors: Barrios Billy A.
Published: September 2011

The present paper documents two case studies in which cue-controlled relaxation was used in the reduction of chronic nailbiting by 2 adults. Results indicated substantial increases in nail-length and decreases in the frequency of habit at post-treatment and follow-up assessments. Successful application of the cue-controlled technique to situations unrelated to nailbiting was also reported. A description of the cue-controlled procedure, its potential as a self-control technique, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Questionnaire Study of the Teeth on Edge Phenomenon
Authors: Delin P. S. , Winefield A. H.
Published: September 2011

This study followed up a previous one which showed that subjects interpret the phrase “having the teeth set on edge” either as a sensation-based or as an emotion-based experience. The present study showed that most (372 students) have had both kinds of experience, can distinguish between them, and can recognize and comprehend the phrase “having the teeth set on edge.” However, the most striking finding was that, despite this general comprehension of the phrase, only 5% could produce it in response to descriptions of the experience and of the stimuli that most frequently cause it.
Repression-Sensitization Status and Social Intelligence Characteristics
Authors: Matney Donald C. , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

Subjects classified as Repressers ( n = 15), Neutrals ( n = 14), or Sensitizers ( n = 15) by Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale were compared on Guilford's Six-factor Tests of Social Intelligence. Repressers scored significantly lower for drawing social implications or predicting social consequences than the Sensitizers, while the Sensitizers scored significantly lower for abstracting common attributes from behavioral or expressional stimuli.
Job Characteristics, Managerial Attitudes, and Self-Designing Jobs
Authors: Nystrom Paul C.
Published: September 2011

In a study of 100 managers in a large manufacturing organization, multiple regression analyses indicated several empirical relationships between seven job characteristics and five attitude variables such as need fulfillment. Results suggest a metastrategy that fosters self-designing jobs.
Attention in Awareness and Performance in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Mercier Pierre , Ladouceur Robert
Published: September 2011

The effects of high, medium, or low attention in awareness and performance in verbal conditioning were investigated using specific instructions to direct subjects' attention toward or away from the role of the reinforcing stimulus. The experimenter asked 36 subjects to state freely any words that might come to mind and reinforced only words denoting human nouns by saying “hmm-mmm.” Subjects in the high-attention group were instructed to act so as to make the experimenter say “hmm-mmm” as often as possible. Those with medium attention received no specific instructions; while those given low attention were told that the “hmm-mmm” was a distracting agent. A control group was randomly reinforced. It was hypothesized that high, medium or low attention would differentially affect the performance, e.g., number of human nouns, and the state of awareness of the subjects, e.g., the verbalization of the role of the reinforcer. The performance of the highly attentive group differed significantly from all others; however, those giving low and medium attention did not differ from the control. The results were interpreted as supporting a cognitive view of learning.
Verbal Abstraction and Culture: An Exploratory Study with Proverbs
Authors: Kim S. Peter , Siomopoulos Gregory , Cohen Ronald Jay
Published: September 2011

A potential source of friction in the supervision of psychotherapy arises when the supervisor and supervisee are from different countries and hold different culturally instilled values and attitudes. As participants in such a supervisory situation, the authors sought to explore systematically the effect of culture on abstract thinking and problem conceptualization by use of a proverb-interpretation task. The results are suggestive of the need for further, more rigorous laboratory study of the problem of how culture influences higher thought processes.
Effects of Parental Presence on Attendance and Input of Interdisciplinary Teams in an Institutional Setting
Authors: Singer Jack , Bossard Mike , Watkins Marley
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effect of parental involvement in interdisciplinary team meetings in a residential institution for the mentally retarded. At random from records of annual evaluative conferences, two groups each of 55 residents were selected, one group having parents present and the other having no parents present at the staffing. Analysis of group differences was through univariate analysis of variance. When parents were present more staff members attended the staffing and more recommendations were proposed by the larger interdisciplinary team. The implications of these findings for the functioning of the interdisciplinary team were discussed.
MMPI Patterns of Shoplifters within a College Population
Authors: Beck Esther Ann , McIntyre Sherwood C.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis of an interaction between personality and shoplifting behavior was supported. A shoplifting questionnaire and the MMPI were administered to 170 undergraduates. The respondents were grouped according to three behavioral categories—never shoplifted, shoplifted once, shoplifted many times. From each category 20 profiles were analysed. Analyses showed significant profile differences. Shoplifters had more standard scores two standard deviations above the mean. Subscales measuring Hypochondriasis, Psychopathic Deviancy, Masculinity/Femininity Interest Patterns, and Mania differentiated all groups. The subscale, sex, and behavioral grouping interaction was significant. The chronic shoplifter's personality was described as hostile, deceitful, emotionally shallow, impulsive with delinquent tendencies and high energy levels. It was demonstrated that personality was an important variable to be considered in shoplifting behavior. The MMPI was recommended as a screening instrument for shoplifting behaviors.
Test-Retest Reliability and Internal Consistency of Short-Form of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Teague Ralph J. , Zmud Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Although information relating to the validity of the short form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory has recently been made available, little has been published regarding the reliability or internal consistency of this new measure. For 103 college students test-retest reliability and KR-20 coefficients are reported. The results present strong support for both the stability and internal consistency of scores on the inventory.
Children's School Grades and Sibling Structure
Authors: Cicirelli Victor G.
Published: September 2011

Children's school grades were examined in relation to birth order, sex of child, and sex of sibling. Subjects were 160 sixth grade children from two-child families. The grade-point-average, computed from end-of-year grades in five subject areas, was used as the dependent variable in analysis of variance. Girls received higher grades than boys and first-born children received higher grades when their sibling was a girl, while second born children received higher grades when their sibling was a boy. This study suggests that earlier findings of higher grades for first born may be due to confounding with family size and that birth order should not be used to explain children's achievement without considering other sibling-structure variables.
Social Schemata of Children, Peer Acceptance, and Home or Dormitory Residence
Authors: Rabinowitz Aaron , Shavit Hana
Published: September 2011

A modified version of Kuethe's technique was administered to 48 seventh-grade normal boys. 27 of the subjects were dormitory residents, the remaining 21 lived at home. Contrary to expectation a positive correlation was found for peer acceptance and distance between figures. There were no significant differences between the accepted and nonaccepted groups or between home and dormitory residents. Boy-boy figures were placed closer to one another than the figures of other pairs. The findings were discussed as they relate to previous research with disturbed children.
Improvement in IQ of High-Risk, Disadvantaged Preschool Children Enrolled in a Developmental Program
Authors: Morris James J. , Clarizio Salvatore
Published: September 2011

17 preschool children, who had been previously identified as having notable delays or difficulties with development, participated in a remedial nursery school program. Each child spent an average of 9 mo. in the program during which he received individualized instruction and treatment for specific problems. Parental involvement was encouraged, and enrichment activities were emphasized throughout the course of the program. Comparison of participant's pre- and post-program Stanford-Binet IQs showed a significant increase on completion of the remediation.
Efficacy of Test-Wiseness on Test Anxiety and Reading Achievement among Black Youth
Authors: Dillard John M. , Warrior-Benjamin Jacqueline , Perrin David W.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the effects of test-wiseness on test anxiety, self-concept, and standardized test results. Test-anxious subjects (60 black children in grade 6 and of lower socioeconomic status) experiencing high test anxiety, low self-concept, deficiency in test-taking skills, and reading two levels below appropriate levels were treated with three treatment procedures: test-wiseness skills, applied test-taking self-concept skills, or no treatment (non-experimental group). Three measures were used to assess the independent variables. The results showed that teaching test-wiseness was significantly effective in reducing test anxiety and improving test-score results; however, applied test-taking self-concepts were not significantly improved.
Children's Imitation of Story Content: Effects of Sex-Typed Behavior
Authors: Winer Gerald A. , Brandenburg Ira
Published: September 2011

In two studies first grade children (66 girls, 45 boys; 52 girls and 52 boys) drew a picture both before and after they had heard a story about a child or children drawing particular objects. The results suggest evidence of imitation from the story content. Sex of the protagonist in the story had no effect on the subjects' responses. However, there was evidence suggesting that the sex-typing of the behavior of the protagonist in the story affected the children's responses.
Mere Exposure to Stimulus and Response Terms and Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

Subjects learned four-item paired-associate lists by the method of anticipation. Items were composed from Turkish-like words which the subject had either never seen previously or which had been exposed 16 times in a previous familiarization process designed to minimize the induction of verbal satiation. Analysis of the data indicated significant facilitation of learning due to familiarization with the stimulus term and a significant interaction of stimulus and response terms. The experiment demonstrates the likely importance of the encoding of stimulus terms in the learning of paired-associate lists and shows that mere exposure to materials can modify later response to those materials.
Female Criminality: Is “Women's Lib” to Blame?
Authors: Leventhal Gloria
Published: September 2011

This study examined the idea that the rise in female criminality in America may be a function of recent changes in women's roles and attitudes, as influenced by the Women's Liberation Movement. 25 female criminals and 25 non-criminals were given the Attitude Towards Women Scale, Open Subordination to Women Scale, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Mf Scale. Analysis indicated that female criminals perceived themselves as being less than traditionally feminine in a world where women should conform to their stereotypically defined roles and behaviors in opposition to what “Women's Lib” would suggest. The opposite was true for the non-criminal females. That it is possible the increase in criminality among females may be accounted for by the increase in arrests and convictions of women was discussed.
Effect of Enriched Stimulus and Instructional Conditions on Verbal Abstracting Ability in Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Schmolling Paul , Lapidus Leah Blumberg
Published: September 2011

The present research investigated the effect of enriched instructions on the verbal abstracting performance of a group of 18 recently hospitalized, acute schizophrenics. In addition, an attempt was made to determine if improved performance under enriched conditions was related to the kind of disturbances in attention measured by the Perceptual Experience Inventory. The results showed that the schizophrenics scored significantly lower than a group of hospitalized control subjects under normal testing conditions. As predicted, the schizophrenics improved under the enriched conditions to the extent of equaling the performance of the control group. It was apparent that schizophrenics do not suffer from a permanent defect in abstracting ability. It was suggested that enriched instructions help the schizophrenic to maintain the appropriate set. There was no support for the authors' attempt to link the effect of improved performance under enrichment to disturbances in attention and concentration. The implications for treatment were briefly discussed.
Eysenck's Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism Inventory in Turkey
Authors: Irfani Suroosh
Published: September 2011

128 Turkish university students were given the English version of Eysenck's Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism (PEN) Inventory. Results showed the Turkish students scored higher on the Lie and Psychoticism scales than comparable subjects in other national groups. The cross-cultural relevance of these findings was discussed.
Structure of Depression in Black Alcoholic Men
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Shaw Brian F. , Beck Aaron T. , Fine Eric W.
Published: September 2011

The Beck Depression Inventory was self-administered to 103 black men receiving outpatient treatment for alcoholism, and scores were subjected to factor analyses using a maximum-likelihood solution. Three meaningful oblique dimensions were identified as Cognitive-affective Impairment, Retarded Depression, and Escapism. The factor structure of the black alcoholic men was descriptively compared to those previously reported for racially heterogeneous alcoholic patients and for primarily depressed patients; the factors of depression for the black alcoholic men were comparable to those described for the other two clinical samples.
Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Consumption on Shock Avoidance Learning in Rats
Authors: Bond Nigel W. , Digiusto Eros L.
Published: September 2011

Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab chow. Subsequently the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers were found to be impaired on shock-avoidance learning when compared to control offspring.
Achievement Motivation in High School Graduates (1907–1967) and Occupational Correlates
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

This study reported the relationships between achievement motivation, educational and occupational attainments, and honors won for graduates of a small midwestern high school between the years of 1907 and 1967. Men tended to achieve more formal education and slightly higher occupational status than did women and more honors. Mean achievement motivation was similar and correlated .43 with occupational status for employed women but not men, .27, .35 with years of formal education beyond high school for men and women, and —.43 with year of graduation for women. Occupational level correlated .40s with honors for men, and years of formal education for men and employed women. Women experienced a decline both in achievement motivation and occupational status; earlier graduates expressed higher motivation and entered higher status occupations.
Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test
Authors: Smith Marlet K. , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

The Peabody, Wide Range, and Stanford or Metropolitan Achievement Tests were administered to 28 economically deprived students in Grades 1 to 3 and 28 in Grades 4 to 6 to evaluate the concurrent validity of the Peabody and Wide Range tests. At Grades 1 to 3 the Peabody correlated highly with the group tests ( rho = .79—.87) except in reading comprehension; the Wide Range produced even higher correlations (.86—.92) with reading comprehension again notably lower. At Grades 4 to 6 the Peabody correlations were much lower (.36—.68) as were those for the Wide Range scores (.42—.62). Individually calculated discrepancy scores between the individual and group tests showed significantly ( ps < .05) larger discrepancies at Grades 4 to 6 than at Grades 1 to 3 in most achievement areas. The Peabody had discrepancy means of about two-thirds a grade equivalent on most subtests, and the Wide Range means were less than one-half a grade equivalent (except in reading) at Grades 1 to 3; at Grades 4 to 6 the discrepancy means were typically in excess of one grade equivalent on both tests. Both tests were judged adequate for diagnostic screening purposes at Grades 1 to 3 except in reading comprehension, however, both tests appeared inadequate as screening instruments at Grades 4 to 6 with this type of subject.
Sex-Stereotyped Traits, Physical Attractiveness, and Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Nida Steve A. , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

Two distinct categories of information operative in interpersonal situations are what a person “looks like” and what the person “acts like.” The former can be represented by degree of physical attractiveness. The latter can be summarized in terms of personality traits, classified according to the degree to which they are typically seen as masculine or feminine. The present research assessed the effects of simultaneously manipulating these two variables on different measures of heterosexual interpersonal attraction. The basic procedure involved college students' reading an elaborate context story from which ratings of hypothetical stimulus persons, in both “working partner” and “marital partner” contexts, emerged. The physical attractiveness of the hypothetical person was varied by means of facial photographs, and the person's trait description was manipulated for degree of sex-stereotype loading on the basis of “sex-stereotype index” values for adjectives. In both experiments subjects strongly preferred physically attractive stimulus persons. In a study in which subjects chose between two stimulus persons, interpersonal attraction was related to the sex-stereotype loading of personality traits, with subjects preferring stimulus persons described with traits drawn from the same-sex stereotype. In a second study in which subjects rated only one stimulus person, such an effect did not occur. In both studies feminine traits were more highly valued than masculine characteristics within the context of marriage.
‘Micro-Problematic Therapy’: An Approach to Chronic Offenders
Authors: Lee Richard M.
Published: September 2011

Micro-problematic therapy is a program which affords the client an opportunity to focus on one specific problem area within a time-delimited situation. The process is based on contingency contracting and reality therapy.
Relationship between Extraversion and Assertiveness and Related Personality Characteristics
Authors: Averett Mary , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

103 college students were assessed for extraversion level on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and for assertiveness on the Adult Self-expression Scale. A significant correlation of .46 indicated a substantial positive relationship between these characteristics. Subjects were classified as being low, medium, or high on both characteristics, and it was determined that those scoring at either extreme on one variable were about equally distributed between the same extreme and the medium level on the other variable. Nine subjects scoring congruently at each level on both extraversion and assertiveness were also given the California Psychological Inventory to explore general personality trait differences between the two extreme groups. Low extraversion—low assertiveness subjects scored significantly lower than high—high subjects on scales measuring poise, ascendancy, self-assurance, and interpersonal adequacy but significantly higher on scales measuring socialization, maturity, responsibility, and intrapersonal structuring of values.