bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ciclopirox nail lacquer and podiatric practice
Authors: Gupta AK , Malkin KF
Published: April 2014

Ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of mild-to-moderate dermatophytic onychomycosis not involving the lunula. Previously, the agents that were approved for the treatment of dermatophytic pedal onychomycosis--griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine--were administered orally. When ciclopirox nail lacquer is used, it is recommended that the infected nail undergo debridement by a health-care professional as frequently as monthly. It is important to be aware of the circumstances under which debridement of the mycotic nail may be considered medically necessary and therefore potentially eligible for reimbursement by third-party payers. For many nail presentations, nail debridement is an important component of a treatment protocol involving either the oral medications or the topical lacquer, as it serves to reduce the fungal load and ameliorate symptoms. With the availability of a new FDA-approved topical treatment alternative, it remains to be seen if podiatrists will embrace the definitive treatment of onychomycosis using the newer oral agents, the new nail lacquer, or both in combination with nail debridement to treat the disease.
Use of gait patterns to reveal possible disorders in the geriatric patient
Authors: Paragas LK , Varin J , Berenter R
Published: April 2014

Changes in gait occur frequently with advancing age and are often associated with falls, loss of independence, morbidity, and even mortality. Gait changes may occur as part of the natural process of aging or may be associated with underlying pathology. Careful observation of gait can provide insight into the patient's overall state of health. This article discusses the various types of gait changes that can occur with aging and the significance of these gait abnormalities.
Multiple neuromas coexisting with rheumatoid synovitis and a rheumatoid nodule
Authors: Zielaskowski LA , Kruljac SJ , DiStazio JJ , Bastacky S
Published: April 2014

The authors present a rare case of multiple intermetatarsal neuromas coexisting with rheumatoid synovitis and a rheumatoid nodule. A brief review of rheumatoid nodules as a source of forefoot pain and a review of the relevant literature are provided. A rheumatoid nodule is just one of the many diagnoses that must be considered when one encounters pedal symptoms similar to those associated with Morton's neuroma.
A conceptual model for a geriatric syllabus for podiatric medicine
Authors: Helfand AE
Published: April 2014

Foot disorders and the complications of chronic disease in the older population have a significant effect on society, the cost of health care, and individuals' quality of life. Given podiatric medicine's role in the management of problems of the aging, it is critical that the profession's educational system produce practitioners who understand the process of aging and the needs of the older patient and who are prepared to serve on the health-care-delivery team as the primary providers of foot-care services. The geriatric syllabus presented here is one approach to attaining that goal.
Techniques for obtaining specimens for culture to confirm onychomycosis
Authors: Harvey CK , Richardson A
Published: April 2014

A study was conducted to determine whether fungal culture results in cases of suspected onychomycosis differ depending on the location from which the specimen is obtained. Specimens were taken from the nail plate, subungual debris, and nail bed in 30 patients with clinical evidence of onychomycosis. Cultures from the subungual debris were more likely to be positive for dermatophytes, nondermatophytic molds, and yeasts than were cultures from the deeper nail bed or nail plate.
A rare occurrence of polydactyly
Authors: Shaheed N , Nealy JA , Bituin BV
Published: April 2014

Polydactyly is a common congenital foot deformity that varies in its clinical presentation. Duplication of the central ray accounts for 3% to 6% of all cases of pedal polydactyly. A review of polydactyly and its multiple classification schemes is presented, along with a rare case involving the duplication of a central digit and its surgical correction.
The Role of Revascularization in Transmetatarsal Amputations
Authors: La Fontaine Javier , Reyzelman Alex , Rothenberg Gary , Husain Khalid , Harkless Lawrence B.
Published: April 2014

Data from 37 patients who underwent a transmetatarsal amputation from January 1993 to April 1996 were reviewed. The mean age and diabetes duration of the subjects were 54.9 (± 13.2) years and 16.6 (± 8.9) years, respectively. The follow-up period averaged 42.1 (± 11.2) months. At the time of follow-up, 29 (78.4%) of the 37 patients still had foot salvage, 8 (21.6%) had progressed to below-the-knee amputation, and 15 (40.5%) had undergone lower-extremity revascularization. Twelve (80%) of the 15 revascularized patients preserved their transmetatarsal amputation level at a follow-up of 36.4 months. The authors concluded that at a maximum of 3 years follow-up after initial amputation, transmetatarsal amputation was a successful amputation level. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(10): 533-535, 2001)
Pain at the Site of Tarsal Tunnel Incision Due to Neuroma of the Posterior Branch of the Saphenous Nerve
Authors: Kim Jaesuk , Dellon A. Lee
Published: April 2014

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 16 patients who presented with the complaint of pain at the incision site after tarsal tunnel decompression. Specifically, the pain was located at the proximal aspect of the tarsal tunnel decompression scar. The mean duration of pain was 21 months (range, 6 to 34 months). The pain was eliminated by a block of the distal saphenous nerve, demonstrating that the pain was due to a neuroma of this nerve. The pain was treated by resection of the distal saphenous nerve in the distal leg and implantation of the proximal end of this nerve into the soleus muscle. At a mean of 18.5 months after surgery (range, 6 to 33 months), excellent relief of pain was achieved in 76% of cases and good relief of pain in 24% of cases. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(3): 109-113, 2001)
Resection of a Plantar Calcaneal Spur Using the Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Ho:YAG) Laser
Authors: Smith William K. , Noriega James A. , Smith William K.
Published: April 2014

Many procedures have been described for the resection of plantar calcaneal spurs as treatment of heel spur syndrome and chronic plantar fasciitis. Most of these techniques involve a medial incision of between 2 and 6 cm for adequate exposure of the calcaneal spur. This article describes a new technique for resecting a calcaneal spur with a smaller medial incision using the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser. This laser permits adequate resection of a plantar calcaneal spur as well as coagulation of the bone and surrounding tissues. This minimally invasive procedure has been used with good results over the past year by the senior author (W.K.S.) for the resection of calcaneal spurs. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(3): 142-146, 2001)
The Prevalence of the Arcuate Artery
Authors: DiLandro Anthony C. , Lilja Erik C. , Lepore Frank Louis , Viscovich John B. , Campion Nicholas , Datta Ujjwal K. , Signorile Joseph
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to quantify the occurrence of the arcuate artery. The arcuate artery was defined as that artery branching off the dorsalis pedis artery at or below the level of the tarsometatarsal joint, tending laterally across the bases of metatarsals 2 through 4, and supplying dorsal metatarsal arteries 2 through 4. The arcuate artery was present in 16.7% of 72 cadaver feet that were dissected and examined, suggesting that the arcuate artery is not the primary blood supply to dorsal metatarsal arteries 2 through 4 as is commonly described. It was determined that the lateral tarsal artery supplied dorsal metatarsal arteries 2 through 4 more frequently (47.2%) than the arcuate artery. The proximal perforating arteries as well as various combinations of all three sources were also found to contribute complete blood supply to dorsal metatarsal arteries 2 through 4. Therefore, a consistent dorsal arterial network, which differentiates throughout development, better explains the blood supply of the dorsal forefoot than the arcuate artery. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(6): 300-305, 2001)
A Prospective Study of Predictors for Foot Ulceration in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kästenbauer T. , Sauseng S. , Sokol G. , Auinger M. , Irsigler K.
Published: April 2014

One hundred eighty-seven type 2 diabetic patients without a history of foot ulceration were followed for a mean period of 3.6 years to investigate the incidence of foot ulceration in a diabetes cohort and to analyze risk factors for foot ulceration by multivariate means. During the study, 10 subjects developed 18 forefoot ulcerations. In multivariate logistic regression, significant predictors for foot ulceration were an elevated vibration perception threshold (VPT) (relative risk [RR] = 25.4), an increased plantar pressure (RR = 6.3), and daily alcohol intake (RR = 5.1). This is the first prospective study to demonstrate plantar pressure and daily alcohol intake as predictors of foot ulceration among patients without previous ulceration. Further, VPT could be confirmed as the strongest predictor for foot ulceration, and it was clearly demonstrated that the more pronounced severity of complications occurred among subjects with elevated VPT. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(7): 343-350, 2001)
Isolated Gouty Tophus of a Tibial Sesamoid of the Foot
Authors: Lemont Harvey , Sabo Marc
Published: April 2014

A case of tophaceous gout involving a foot sesamoid is described in a middle-aged man with a history of chronic gout. Microscopic findings consisting of tophaceous foci located beneath an intact hyaline articulating surface are correlated with associated radiographs. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(7): 379-380, 2001)
Posterior Facet Talocalcaneal Coalition
Authors: Brekke Mark K. , Lieberman Ron , Wright Ethel , Green Donald R.
Published: April 2014

Posterior facet talocalcaneal coalition is one of the rarest forms of talocalcaneal coalition. When a posterior facet coalition occurs, it typically involves a majority of the posterior facet articular surface. The authors present a rare form of posterior facet talocalcaneal coalition in an 11- year-old girl. A brief review of the literature is provided, along with the case history, including radiographic findings and intraoperative and postoperative illustrations. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(8): 422-426, 2001)
The Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis in Diabetes Using Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Authors: Kaleta Jennifer L. , Fleischli Jeffrey W. , Reilly Charles H.
Published: April 2014

Osteomyelitis secondary to diabetic foot infections can lead to proximal amputation if not diagnosed in a timely and accurate manner. The authors have found no studies to date that correlate a specific erythrocyte sedimentation rate with osteomyelitis. A retrospective chart review of 29 diabetic patients admitted to the hospital with diagnoses of osteomyelitis or cellulitis of the foot during a 1-year period was performed. Of the various lab values and demographic factors compared, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was the only measure that differed significantly between the two groups. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to obtain the optimal cutoff value of 70 mm/h, a level above which osteomyelitis was present with the highest sensitivity (89.5%) and highest specificity (100%), along with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 83%. This study shows that in combination with clinical suspicion in diabetic foot infections, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is highly predictive of osteomyelitis, and that the value of 70 mm/h is the optimal cutoff to predict accurately the presence or absence of bone infection. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(9): 445-450, 2001)
Cellular Senescence and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Chronic Wounds
Authors: Mulder Gerit D. , Vande Berg Jerry S.
Published: April 2014

A prolonged inflammatory response may adversely affect wound closure. Delayed wound closure and extended exposure to chronic wound fluid may also affect cellular activity in a wound bed and result in cellular senescence. Prolonged inflammation and cellular senescence may adversely affect the efficacy of topically-applied biological agents, including growth factors. Appropriate wound bed preparation and debridement are necessary to improve clinical outcomes of new technologies.(J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(1): 34-37, 2002)
Stability of the Offset V-Osteotomy
Authors: Gonda Elizabeth , Bauer Gary R. , Hillstrom Howard J. , Song Jinsup , Cho Helen H. , Lundberg Lori A.
Published: April 2014

In the offset V-bunionectomy used for hallux valgus repair, both the Kalish and the Vogler variations have a long dorsal arm, but the apex is more distal in the Kalish procedure. This study investigated the effect that pin orientation and location of the osteotomy apex have on weightbearing stability. The authors studied saw bone models that were loaded to failure in an Instron 4201 materials testing machine and, in addition, designed, fabricated, and used a unique jig assembly to help minimize data variability. Statistically significant differences were found between the surgical techniques and pin orientations: the Kalish osteotomy was stronger than the Vogler procedure, and in both osteotomies, the plantarly directed Kirschner wire orientation was stronger than the dorsally directed orientation. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(2): 82-89, 2002)
Synovial Osteochondromatosis
Authors: Yu Gerard V. , Zema Roger L. , Johnson Richard W.S.
Published: April 2014

Synovial osteochondromatosis is a benign disease of unknown etiology that involves the articular and periarticular structures. The disorder primarily affects men, and trauma is the most common predisposing factor. The authors review the literature, clinical findings, proposed etiology, classification, ancillary tests, histopathology, differential diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis. A case report of this rare entity is also presented. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(4): 247-254, 2002)
Treatment of Scleroderma Skin Ulcers Using Becaplermin Gel and Hydrocolloid Membrane
Authors: Yoon Jerry , Giacopelli Joseph , Granoff David , Kobayashi Wesley
Published: April 2014

Skin ulcers can be very painful and detrimental in patients with systemic sclerosis, or systemic scleroderma. A brief review of scleroderma skin ulcers is presented, as well as a case study that demonstrates the effectiveness of becaplermin gel supplemented by oral immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of ulcers resulting from systemic sclerosis. The time to healing (approximately 3 months) was comparable to that associated with the oral agents and surgical interventions specifically designed to help heal scleroderma ulcers. Except for incisional biopsy, no surgical procedures were performed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 350-354, 2002)
Technique for Fabrication of an “Instant Total-Contact Cast” for Treatment of Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Armstrong David G. , Short Brian , Espensen Eric H. , Abu-Rumman Patricia L. , Nixon Brent P. , Boulton Andrew J. M.
Published: April 2014

Addressing pressure reduction in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds is a critical component of therapy. The total-contact cast has proven to be the gold standard of treatment because of its ability to reduce pressure and facilitate patient adherence to the off-loading regimen. Removable cast walkers have proven to be as effective as total-contact casts in pressure reduction, but this has not translated into equivalent time to healing. A simple technique to convert the removable cast walker into a device that is not as easily detached from the lower extremity, thereby encouraging the use of this device over a 24-hour period, is presented in this article. The procedure involves wrapping the cast walker with cohesive bandage or plaster of Paris. In the authors’ opinion, this technique addresses many of the disadvantages of the total-contact cast, resulting in an adequate compromise in this aspect of care. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(7): 405-408, 2002)
Ligamentation of the Adductor Hallucis Tendon in Bunionectomy
Authors: Shrum Dale G.
Published: April 2014

Several techniques are available for the correction of hallux abducto valgus, but none of them provide a direct and mechanically sound attachment to the lateral aspect of the first metatarsal head. The author describes adductor hallucis tendon ligamentation, a technique that produces direct stability between the first and second metatarsals. This stability is achieved by transferring the adductor hallucis tendon. The tendon is attached to the distal aspects of the first and second metatarsals. Adductor hallucis tendon ligamentation is a dependable option in the correction of hallux abducto valgus, providing an excellent outcome with good long-term results. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(9): 512-515, 2002)
Subchondral Thickness Does Not Vary with Cartilage Degeneration on the Metatarsal
Authors: Raudenbush Doreen , Sumner Dale R. , Panchal Parimal M. , Muehleman Carol
Published: April 2014

Osteoarthritis is a disease of synovial joints that involves articular cartilage breakdown with accompanying bone changes, including subchondral sclerosis and osteophytosis. However, conflicting data have been reported concerning the cause-and-effect relationship, if any, between these changes. The authors studied the subchondral plate (subchondral bone plus calcified cartilage) in relation to the degree of articular cartilage degeneration on the distal articular surface of the first metatarsal, a region prone to osteoarthritis. No correlation was found between subchondral plate thickness or porosity and the degree of cartilage degeneration in the study sample of 96 metatarsals. Owing to the suggestion that initiation of cartilage fibrillation may be a result of steep stiffness gradients in the subchondral bone, the ratios of subchondral plate thickness in adjacent regions of the metatarsal head were examined in detail, but no correlation was found with subchondral degeneration. Thus increases in subchondral bone thickness are not associated with increases in cartilage degeneration on the first metatarsal, which may imply that subchondral bone changes do not cause osteoarthritis in this joint. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(2): 104-110, 2003)
American Podiatric Medical Association Best Walking City Competition, 2002
Authors: Fisher Allan H. , Tzamaras George P. , Brewer Allison J. , Scherer Julia E.
Published: April 2014

In 2002, the American Podiatric Medical Association initiated a “walking city competition.” The objective of the study was to identify the best cities for walking in the United States. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(2): 161-163, 2003)
Bone Scintigraphic Findings in Patients with Foot Ulcers and Normal Plain Film Radiographs
Authors: Jacobson Arnold F. , Williams Joan E.
Published: April 2014

A prospective study was performed to examine the performance of bone scintigraphy in the earliest stage of soft-tissue foot ulceration with potential risk for progression to osteomyelitis. Twenty-three podiatry clinic patients with new or recurrent foot ulcers but negative plain film radiographs of the foot underwent 24 (one patient was studied twice) multiphase bone scans (flow, blood pool, and 3- and 24-hour delayed images) that were visually scored for severity of increased uptake on a scale of 0 to 3+, with 0 indicating normal and 3+ indicating severe. Twenty-one scans (88%) showed abnormal uptake on at least one phase, with 17 (71%) having increased bone uptake on late images. Ulcer healing without complications occurred in 20 cases (83%), whereas 4 cases had adverse outcomes, 3 requiring surgical resection for failure to heal and 1 having radiographic progression to frank osteomyelitis. All three patients whose bone scans showed severe abnormal uptake had an adverse clinical outcome. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(2): 91-96, 2003)
The Reliability of the Manual Supination Resistance Test
Authors: Noakes Hazel , Payne Craig
Published: April 2014

Several decisions need to be made when prescribing foot orthoses for abnormal foot pronation. One of these decisions is how much force is needed from orthoses to supinate the foot. The supination resistance test has been described as one technique to help determine the amount of force needed. The aim of this project was to determine the reliability of the manual supination resistance test. Four clinicians of differing levels of experience performed the test on 44 subjects (88 feet) on 2 separate days. The test had good reliability overall, with an intertester intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89. For the two more experienced clinicians, the intratester intraclass correlation coefficients were good (0.82 and 0.78), but for the two inexperienced clinicians they were poor (0.56 and 0.62). The supination resistance test may be clinically useful in the prescription of foot orthoses, but more work is needed to determine its validity and its relationship to clinical outcomes. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(3): 185-189, 2003)
The Fitting of Amputated and Nonamputated Diabetic Feet
Authors: Dupre Jean-Claude , Dechamps Eric , Pillu Michel , Despeyroux Lan
Published: April 2014

The Villiers-Saint-Denis Hospital in France specializes in the rehabilitation of and fitting of orthoses for lower-limb amputees, who frequently have diabetes mellitus. The percentage of partial-foot amputations has increased relative to the percentage of transtibial or transfemoral amputations. This article describes a complete range of orthoses and prostheses, adapted to each patient, that allow recovery of the standing position, gait ability, and physical activity. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(3): 221-228, 2003)
Plantar Soft-Tissue Thickness Predicts High Peak Plantar Pressure in the Diabetic Foot
Authors: Abouaesha Frag , van Schie Carine H. M. , Armstrong David G. , Boulton Andrew J. M.
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether high plantar foot pressures can be predicted from measurements of plantar soft-tissue thickness in the forefoot of diabetic patients with neuropathy. A total of 157 diabetic patients with neuropathy and at least one palpable foot pulse but without a history of foot ulceration were invited to participate in the study. Plantar tissue thickness was measured bilaterally at each metatarsal head, with patients standing on the same standardized platform. Plantar pressures were measured during barefoot walking using the optical pedobarograph. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the plantar tissue thickness predictive of elevated peak plantar pressure. Tissue thickness cutoff values of 11.05, 7.85, 6.65, 6.55, and 5.05 mm for metatarsal heads 1 through 5, respectively, predict plantar pressure at each respective site greater than 700 kPa, with sensitivity between 73% and 97% and specificity between 52% and 84%. When tissue thickness was used to predict pressure greater than 1,000 kPa, similar results were observed, indicating that high pressure at different levels could be predicted from similar tissue thickness cutoff values. The results of the study indicate that high plantar pressure can be predicted from plantar tissue thickness with high sensitivity and specificity. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 39-42, 2004)
Lateral Subtalar Joint Dislocation
Authors: Randall David B. , Ferretti Anthony Jon
Published: April 2014

Subtalar joint dislocation is a relatively rare injury, with lateral dislocation occurring less frequently than medial dislocation. Associated fractures alter the treatment plan and the prognosis, but they are often missed on plain film radiographs. A brief review of the anatomy, pathomechanics, treatment, prognosis, and complications of subtalar joint dislocation is presented. An interesting case of lateral subtalar joint dislocation with an associated calcaneal fracture not evident on plain film radiographs but delineated with computed tomography is presented. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 65-69, 2004)
Hallux Proximal Phalanx Akin-Scarf Osteotomy
Authors: Roukis Thomas S.
Published: April 2014

Numerous hallux proximal phalanx osteotomies have been described, but the Akin-type varisation or adduction osteotomies are currently the most commonly used by foot and ankle surgeons. This article describes the hallux proximal phalanx Akin-Scarf osteotomy. This osteotomy combines the inherent stability of the Scarf-type osteotomy with the versatility of the Akin-type osteotomies to correct pathologic hallux abductus interphalangeus, hallux equinus, or an abnormal digital length pattern, and it is an invaluable tool during the global surgical approach used for hallux valgus repair. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 70-72, 2004)
Changes in Mental Status
Authors: Curtin Alicia J.
Published: April 2014

Change in mental status is a common symptom in the older, hospitalized patient. Often referred to as delirium, it may be the first indication of a serious medical condition. If delirium is not identified and treated promptly, it may lead to severe complications. The podiatric physician can prevent many cases of delirium by maintaining a high level of suspicion, performing a thorough clinical assessment, and identifying older patients at risk in the hospital setting. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 118-125, 2004)
Evaluation of Common Liver Problems
Authors: Adrain Alyn L. , Ramberan Hemchand , Weaver Gayle J.
Published: April 2014

Diseases of the liver and abnormalities of liver enzyme levels are among the most common reasons for gastroenterology consultation for surgical patients. Although the differential diagnosis of liver disease is exceedingly broad, the majority of patients will have one of several common disorders. A familiarity with the major disorders affecting the liver and the approach to patients with liver disease is therefore useful for clinicians from all disciplines. This article reviews common liver diseases, including the viral hepatitides; the interpretation of liver enzyme abnormalities; and the relationship between common medications and liver disease. Although an exhaustive knowledge of hepatology is impractical for most clinicians, a practical approach to common liver diseases is a necessity for all. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 149-156, 2004)
Pulmonary Disease
Authors: De Palo Vera A.
Published: April 2014

Although many medical problems are generally managed in concert with a general medical physician, it is important for the podiatric physician to be familiar with some of the major diseases of the lung. Pneumonia, an infectious process within the lung, is the sixth-leading overall cause of death. Antibiotic treatment, oxygen administration, and supportive care are the mainstays of its therapy. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents as a spectrum from chronic bronchitis, with a greater inflammatory component, to emphysema, with a more significant destructive component. Asthma, often a more episodic chronic obstructive disease, is characterized by inflammation of the airways leading to their narrowing. The work of breathing is often increased in these diseases, and treatment is with combination therapies with a focus on smoking cessation. Thromboembolic disease, the occlusion of blood vessels with consequent interruption of blood flow, may occur in a patient with risk factors, especially after surgery. Treatment is with anticoagulation agents or in some cases with thrombolysis. Prophylaxis is key. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 157-167, 2004)
Rheumatologic Conditions of the Foot
Authors: Costa Michelle , Rizak Tina , Zimmermann Bernard
Published: April 2014

Podiatric physicians are frequently the first clinicians with the opportunity to diagnose a rheumatologic disease. Awareness of the multisystem nature of the more common rheumatologic conditions will assist podiatrists in making the appropriate diagnosis. The specific joints affected, the temporal pattern of joint involvement, and the distribution of affected joints give clues to the diagnosis. Knowledge of the current treatment for rheumatic diseases as well as early referral for evaluation by a medical physician is essential for the appropriate care of patients with systemic arthritis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 177-186, 2004)
Informed Consent and Advance Directives
Authors: Baruch Jay M.
Published: April 2014

Contrary to popular belief, a patient’s signature on a piece of paper does not constitute informed consent. This article describes the ethical framework of consent in the context of the larger process of informed decision making. The elements of informed consent are examined in practical terms. Common pitfalls are addressed, with strategies to help anticipate and resolve possible dilemmas. These important tools are integral to all levels of medical decision making, including those at the end of life. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 198-205, 2004)
Perioperative Medical Assessment of the Podiatric Surgical Patient
Authors: Crausman Robert S. , Glod Douglas J.
Published: April 2014

Patients undergoing podiatric surgery should receive a thorough perioperative evaluation. Medical “clearance” is no longer sufficient; rather, formal risk assessment should be performed and risk-reducing strategies provided. A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach involving practitioners in internal medicine, anesthesiology, and podiatry is generally most appropriate. Unfortunately, expertise and training in this critical dimension of clinical practice are variable. Thus podiatric physicians should develop independent competence in perioperative evaluation in order to ensure optimal care for their patients. A general systematic approach is described that can be readily incorporated into clinical practice. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 86-89, 2004)
Preparing to unwind
Authors: Zhou Jin Chuan , Costa Alessandro
Published: April 2014

A combination of protein crystallography and biochemistry has revealed how a ring-shaped helicase might trap a single DNA strand as the double helix melts, and before it is unwound.
In numbers we trust?
Authors: Marder Eve
Published: April 2014

Scientists go to great lengths to ensure that data are collected and analysed properly, so why, asks Eve Marder, do they apply different standards to data about the number of times research papers have been cited and viewed?
Characterization of reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor and its application to biosensor
Authors: Hasegawa Masaki , Hirayama Yuki , Ohno Yasuhide , Maehashi Kenzo , Matsumoto Kazuhiko
Published: April 2014

We confirmed the specific detection of immunoglobulin E (IgE) using an aptamer-immobilized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) field effect transistor (FET). The detection limit and dynamic range were estimated to be 8.1 ng/ml and 104, respectively. These characteristics are comparable with these of current fluorescent markers. Although the mobility of rGO-FET was around 6 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is two to three orders lower than that of mechanically exfoliated pristine graphene FET, its sensitivity to IgE was only one order lower than that of pristine graphene FET.
Characteristics of MoO3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Koike Kazuto , Wada Ryota , Yagi Shinji , Harada Yoshiyuki , Sasa Shigehiko , Yano Mitsuaki
Published: April 2014

Characterization of the MoO3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire substrates was conducted. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements revealed that amorphous, (100) β-phase, and (010) α-phase MoO3 films were preferentially grown at 150, 200, and 350 °C, respectively. Their optical bandgap energies were estimated to be ∼3.5 eV for the amorphous, ∼3.7 eV for the β-phase, and ∼4.1 eV for the α-phase films. Intense near-band-edge emission was observed from the α-phase films even at room temperature. Postgrowth annealing effect on the β- and the α-phase MoO3 films was also studied, and it was found that the β-phase films were completely transformed into stable α-phase films at 600 °C, accompanied by a bandgap increase to ∼4.1 eV.
Theoretical investigation of the band structure of picene single crystals within the GW approximation
Authors: Yanagisawa Susumu , Morikawa Yoshitada , Schindlmayr Arno
Published: April 2014

We investigate the band dispersion and related electronic properties of picene single crystals within the GW approximation for the electronic self-energy. The width of the upper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMOu) band along the Γ–Y direction, corresponding to the b crystal axis in real space along which the molecules are stacked, is determined to be 0.60 eV and thus 0.11 eV larger than the value obtained from density-functional theory. As in our recent study of rubrene using the same methodology [S. Yanagisawa, Y. Morikawa, and A. Schindlmayr, Phys. Rev. B 88, 115438 (2013)], this increase in the bandwidth is due to the strong variation of the GW self-energy correction across the Brillouin zone, which in turn reflects the increasing hybridization of the HOMOu states of neighboring picene molecules from Γ to Y. In contrast, the width of the lower HOMO (HOMOl) band along Γ–Y remains almost unchanged, consistent with the fact that the HOMOl(Γ) and HOMOl(Y) states exhibit the same degree of hybridization, so that the nodal structure of the wave functions and the matrix elements of the self-energy correction are very similar.
Thermal annealing effects on non-peripheral octahexylphthalocyanine doped polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Banoukepa Gilles De Romeo , Masuda Tetsuya , Fujii Akihiko , Shimizu Yo , Ozaki Masanori
Published: April 2014

We investigated the thermal annealing temperature dependence of the photovoltaic properties of organic thin film solar cells based on a bulk heterojunction of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1-(3-methoxy-carbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61 (PCBM) doped with the soluble phthalocyanine derivative 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalocyanine (C6PcH2). The photocurrent density was increased by 45% and the power conversion efficiency was improved to 3.9% by annealing at 130 °C. The annealing temperature dependence of the photovoltaic properties is discussed by considering the result of X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurements.
Addressing Faculty Publishing Concerns with Open Access Journal Quality Indicators
Authors: Beaubien Sarah , Eckard Max
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND The scholarly publishing paradigm is evolving to embrace innovative open access publication models. While this environment fosters the creation of high-quality, peer-reviewed open access publications, it also provides opportunities for journals or publishers to engage in unprofessional or unethical practices. LITERATURE REVIEW Faculty take into account a number of factors in deciding where to publish, including whether or not a journal engages in ethical publishing practices. Librarians and scholars have attempted to address this issue in a number of ways, such as generating lists of ethical/unethical publishers and general guides. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT In response to growing faculty concern in this area, the Grand Valley State University Libraries developed and evaluated a set of Open Access Journal Quality Indicators that support faculty in their effort to identify the characteristics of ethical and unethical open access publications. NEXT STEPS Liaison librarians have already begun using the Indicators as a catalyst in sparking conversation around open access publishing and scholarship. Going forward, the Libraries will continue to evaluate and gather feedback on the Indicators, taking into account emerging trends and practices.
Bioinformatics Protocols in Glycomics and Glycoproteomics
Authors: Tang Haixu , Mayampurath Anoop , Yu Chuan‐Yih , Mechref Yehia
Published: April 2014

Glycomics aims to identify the whole set of functional glycans of glycoconjugates (attached to proteins or lipids) in biological samples. Glycoproteomics aims to characterize the complete structure of all glycoproteins in biological samples, including the glycosylation sites of proteins and the various glycan structures attached to each of these sites. Mass spectrometry (MS) and microarray are high‐throughput technologies that are commonly used in glycomics and glycoproteomics, which often result in the generation of large experimental datasets. Bioinformatics approaches play an essential role in automated analysis and interpretation of such data. This unit describes and discusses the computational tools currently available for these analyses, and their glycomics and glycoproteomics applications. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 76:2.15.1‐2.15.7. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intensity Calibration and Flat‐Field Correction for Fluorescence Microscopes
Authors: Model Michael
Published: April 2014

Standardization in fluorescence microscopy involves calibration of intensity in reproducible units and correction for spatial nonuniformity of illumination (flat‐field or shading correction). Both goals can be achieved using concentrated solutions of fluorescent dyes. When a drop of a highly concentrated fluorescent dye is placed between a slide and a coverslip it produces a spatially uniform field, resistant to photobleaching and with reproducible quantum yield; it can be used as a brightness standard for wide‐field and confocal microscopes. For wide‐field microscopes, calibration can be further extended to absolute molecular units. This can be done by imaging a solution of known concentration and known depth; the latter can be prepared by placing a small spherical lens in a diluted solution of the same fluorophore that is used in the biological specimen. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 68:10.14.1‐10.14.10. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Understanding differences in chemistry climate model projections of stratospheric ozone
Authors: Douglass A. R. , Strahan S. E. , Oman L. D. , Stolarski R. S.
Published: April 2014

Chemistry climate models (CCMs) are used to project future evolution of stratospheric ozone as concentrations of ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs) decrease and greenhouse gases increase, cooling the stratosphere. CCM projections exhibit not only many common features but also a broad range of values for quantities such as year of ozone return to 1980 and global ozone level at the end of the 21st century. Multiple linear regression is applied to each of 14 CCMs to separate ozone response to ODS concentration change from that due to climate change. We show that the sensitivity of lower stratospheric ozone to chlorine change ΔO3/ΔCly is a near‐linear function of partitioning of total inorganic chlorine (Cly) into its reservoirs; both Cly and its partitioning are largely controlled by lower stratospheric transport. CCMs with best performance on transport diagnostics agree with observations for chlorine reservoirs and produce similar ozone responses to chlorine change. After 2035, differences in ΔO3/ΔCly contribute little to the spread in CCM projections as the anthropogenic contribution to Cly becomes unimportant. Differences among upper stratospheric ozone increases due to temperature decreases are explained by differences in ozone sensitivity to temperature change ΔO3/ΔT due to different contributions from various ozone loss processes, each with its own temperature dependence. Ozone decrease in the tropical lower stratosphere caused by a projected speedup in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation may or may not be balanced by ozone increases in the middle‐ and high‐latitude lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. This balance, or lack thereof, contributes most to the spread in late 21st century projections.
The effect of trees on preferential flow and soil infiltrability in an agroforestry parkland in semiarid Burkina Faso
Authors: Bargués Tobella A. , Reese H. , Almaw A. , Bayala J. , Malmer A. , Laudon H. , Ilstedt U.
Published: April 2014

Water scarcity constrains the livelihoods of millions of people in tropical drylands. Tree planting in these environments is generally discouraged due to the large water consumption by trees, but this view may neglect their potential positive impacts on water availability. The effect of trees on soil hydraulic properties linked to groundwater recharge is poorly understood. In this study, we performed 18 rainfall simulations and tracer experiments in an agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso to investigate the effect of trees and associated termite mounds on soil infiltrability and preferential flow. The sampling points were distributed in transects each consisting of three positions: (i) under a single tree, (ii) in the middle of an open area, and (iii) under a tree associated with a termite mound. The degree of preferential flow was quantified through parameters based on the dye infiltration patterns, which were analyzed using image analysis of photographs. Our results show that the degree of preferential flow was highest under trees associated with termite mounds, intermediate under single trees, and minimal in the open areas. Tree density also had an influence on the degree of preferential flow, with small open areas having more preferential flow than large ones. Soil infiltrability was higher under single trees than in the open areas or under trees associated with a termite mound. The findings from this study demonstrate that trees have a positive impact on soil hydraulic properties influencing groundwater recharge, and thus such effects must be considered when evaluating the impact of trees on water resources in drylands.
NOAA spring outlook
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2014

Much of the continental United States is at a minor to moderate flood risk due to a lengthier‐than‐usual cold and wet season, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) spring outlook, announced on 20 March 2014.
Autism Across Cultures: Perspectives From Non‐Western Cultures and Implications for Research
Authors: Freeth Megan , Milne Elizabeth , Sheppard Elizabeth , Ramachandran Rajani
Published: April 2014

Autism exists worldwide across geographical and cultural boundaries. Even though the situation is changing for the better, far less research on autism has been conducted to date in non‐Western cultures compared to Western cultures. Research evidence clearly demonstrates that culture impacts behavior relevant to autism. It is therefore important to understand how culture influences the expression of autism, as well as the effect of culture on how autism is perceived, understood, diagnosed, supported, and treated. This chapter reviews current perspectives on autism from non‐Western cultures and suggests that further work in this area will lead to improved understanding of the universality of autism, the causes, the cognitive and behavioral profile, and how best to improve outcomes for those affected.
Molecular Gelation‐Induced Functional Phase Separation in Polymer Film for Energy Transfer Spectral Conversion
Authors: Jintoku Hirokuni , Yamaguchi Miho , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: April 2014

A new strategy for creating the energy transfer spectral conversion thin film by using fluorophore‐functionalized molecular gelation is proposed. This is based on the facts that nanofibrillar phase separation of the self‐assembling pyrene derivative as a fluorophore is formed in a bulk polymer‐containing organic gel, and consequently that the phase‐separated nano domain in a polymer thin film is enough small to keep the transparency but also extremely high Storks shift is gained by efficient excimer formation through highly ordered stacking among the pyrene moieties. When the phase separation‐mediated functional polymer is applied as spectral conversion films (SCFs) for copper–indium–gallium–selenide (CIGS) solar cell, the SCF‐covered solar cell exhibits significant improvement of power conversion efficiency by increase of photocurrent. In this paper, the FRET efficiency and emission wavelength are also demonstrated to be thermotropically switchable since order‐to‐disordered transitions are essential characteristics of as non‐covalent low molecular assembling.
Unveiling the Atomic Structure of Single‐Wall Boron Nanotubes
Authors: Kunstmann Jens , Bezugly Viktor , Rabbel Hauke , Rümmeli Mark H. , Cuniberti Gianaurelio
Published: April 2014

Despite recent successes in the synthesis of boron nanotubes (BNTs), the atomic arrangement of their walls has not yet been determined and many questions about their basic properties remain. Here, the dynamic stability of BNTs is unveiled by means of first‐principles molecular dynamics simulations. Free‐standing, single‐wall BNTs with diameters larger than 0.6 nm are found to be thermally stable at the experimentally reported synthesis temperature of 870 °C and higher. The walls of thermally stable BNTs are found to have a variety of different mixed triangular–hexagonal morphologies. These results substantiate the importance of mixed triangular–hexagonal morphologies as a structural paradigm for atomically thin boron.
Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular CS Bond Formation: Efficient Synthesis of α‐Substituted Vinyl Sulfones
Authors: Xi Yumeng , Dong Boliang , McClain Edward J. , Wang Qiaoyi , Gregg Tesia L. , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Petersen Jeffrey L. , Shi Xiaodong
Published: April 2014

A general method for the synthesis of α‐substituted vinyl sulfones makes use of a combination of a triazole gold complex and gallium triflate. This efficient CS bond formation between simple terminal alkynes and sulfinic acids provides access to various α‐substituted vinyl sulfones.
Identifizierung und Strukturbestimmung eines niedermolekularen Aktivators der LFA‐1/ICAM‐1‐Bindung
Authors: Hintersteiner Martin , Kallen Jörg , Schmied Mario , Graf Christine , Jung Thomas , Mudd Gemma , Shave Steven , Gstach Hubert , Auer Manfred
Published: April 2014

Die Stabilisierung von Protein‐Protein‐Interaktionen durch kleine Moleküle ist ein vergleichsweise neuer Ansatz, für den bis dato nur wenige Beispiele erbracht wurden. Hier beschreiben wir die Identifizierung von IBE‐667, einem kleinen Molekül, dass die Affinität von LFA‐1 für ICAM‐1 erhöht, sowie die mittels Röntgencokristallisation erhaltene Struktur des IBE‐667/LFA‐1‐Komplexes. Das Design von IBE‐667 basierte auf der Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehung, welche aus einem vorherigen On‐Bead‐Screen von markierten kombinatorischen One‐Bead‐One‐Compound(OBOC)‐Substanzbibliotheken durch konfokales Nanoscanning und Bead Picking (CONA) abgeleitet wurde. Mithilfe von zellulären Analysen an aktivierten Immunzellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass IBE‐667 die Bindung von LFA‐1 an ICAM‐1 verstärkt.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Tetrahexahedral Rhodium Nanocrystals with Extraordinarily High Surface Energy and High Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Yu Neng‐Fei , Tian Na , Zhou Zhi‐You , Huang Long , Xiao Jing , Wen Yu‐Hua , Sun Shi‐Gang
Published: April 2014

Noble metal nanocrystals (NCs) enclosed with high‐index facets hold a high catalytic activity thanks to the high density of low‐coordinated step atoms that they exposed on their surface. Shape‐control synthesis of the metal NCs with high‐index facets presents a big challenge owing to the high surface energy of the NCs, and the shape control for metal Rh is even more difficult because of its extraordinarily high surface energy in comparison with Pt, Pd, and Au. The successful synthesis is presented of tetrahexahedral Rh NCs (THH Rh NCs) enclosed by {830} high‐index facets through the dynamic oxygen adsorption/desorption mediated by square‐wave potential. The results demonstrate that the THH Rh NCs exhibit greatly enhanced catalytic activity over commercial Rh black catalyst for the electrooxidation of ethanol and CO.