bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prehospital Mass-Casualty Triage Training—Written Versus Moulage Scenarios: How Much Do EMS Providers Retain?
Authors: Risavi Brian L. , Terrell Mark A. , Lee William , Holsten Donald L.
Published: March 2013

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of written and moulage scenarios using video instruction for mass-casualty triage by evaluating skill retention at six months post intervention.

Methods

Prehospital personnel were instructed in the START method of mass-casualty triage using a video. Moulage and written testing were completed by each participant immediately after instruction and at six months post instruction.

Results

There was a significant decrease in performance between initial and six-month testing, indicating skill decay and loss of retention of triage skills after an extended nonuse period. There were no statistically significant differences between written and moulage testing results at either initial testing or at six months. Prior skill level did not influence test performance on the type of testing conducted or long-term retention of triage skills.

Conclusion

These data confirm the skill deterioration associated with an infrequently used triage method. Further research to more precisely define triage criteria, as well as the ability to apply the criteria in a clinical setting and to rapidly identify patients at risk for morbidity/mortality is needed.

RisaviBL, TerrellMA, LeeW, HolstenDLJr. Prehospital mass-casualty triage training—written versus moulage scenarios: how much do EMS providers retain?. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(3):1-6.
A systematic review of the evidence for the treatment of acute depression in bipolar I disorder
Authors: Cerullo Michael A. , Strakowski Stephen M.
Published: March 2013

In this article, we examined evidence for the acute treatment of depression in bipolar I disorder, focusing on double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with a definite primary outcome measure and published in peer review journals. Quetiapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine are currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of bipolar depression, and a number of additional agents (including other atypical antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and novel compounds) have been studied with varying degrees of efficacy. The medication with the most evidence for efficacy in bipolar depression is quetiapine, with five studies showing positive efficacy compared to placebo. In contrast, five studies of lamotrigine were negative, although meta-analyses of the pooled have found some treatment effects. Two studies of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine and three small studies of divalproex showed significant efficacy in treating bipolar depression. Two studies of aripiprazole found no differences compared to placebo. Early research on lithium in bipolar depression had significant methodological flaws, and only one study of lithium met our primary search criteria. To better understand the role of antidepressants, we also examined studies of antidepressants as adjunctive treatment of bipolar depression in participants taking mood stabilizers or atypical antipsychotics. These studies reported mixed results for a variety of antidepressants, but the majority found no differences compared to placebo. Other studies of adjunctive treatment were also discussed. There has been one positive adjunctive study each of lamotrigine, omega-3 fatty acids, modafinil, and armodafinil, while there was one negative trial each of omega-3 fatty acids, ziprasidone, and levetiracetam.
Social Interaction in Young Children with Inflicted and Accidental Traumatic Brain Injury: Relations with Family Resources and Social Outcomes
Authors: Ewing-Cobbs Linda , Prasad Mary R. , Mendez Donna , Barnes Marcia A. , Swank Paul
Published: March 2013

Core social interaction behaviors were examined in young children 0–36 months of age who were hospitalized for accidental (n= 61) or inflicted (n= 64) traumatic brain injury (TBI) in comparison to typically developing children (n= 60). Responding to and initiating gaze and joint attention (JA) were evaluated during a semi-structured sequence of social interactions between the child and an examiner at 2 and 12 months after injury. The accidental TBI group established gaze less often and had an initial deficit initiating JA that resolved by the follow-up. Contrary to expectation, children with inflicted TBI did not have lower rates of social engagement than other groups. Responding to JA was more strongly related than initiating JA to measures of injury severity and to later cognitive and social outcomes. Compared to complicated-mild/moderate TBI, severe TBI in young children was associated with less responsiveness in social interactions and less favorable caregiver ratings of communication and social behavior. JA response, family resources, and group interacted to predict outcomes. Children with inflicted TBI who were less socially responsive and had lower levels of family resources had the least favorable outcomes. Low social responsiveness after TBI may be an early marker for later cognitive and adaptive behavior difficulties. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–11)
A BIVARIATE AUTOREGRESSIVE PROBIT MODEL: BUSINESS CYCLE LINKAGES AND TRANSMISSION OF RECESSION PROBABILITIES
Authors: Nyberg Henri
Published: March 2013

I propose a new binary bivariate autoregressive probit model of the state of the business cycle. This model nests various special cases, such as two separate univariate probit models used extensively in the previous literature. The parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood and forecasts can be computed by explicit formulae. The model is applied to predict the U.S. and German business cycle recession and expansion periods. Evidence of in-sample and out-of-sample predictability of recession periods by financial variables is obtained. The proposed bivariate autoregressive probit model allowing links between the recession probabilities in the United States and Germany turns out to outperform two univariate models.
Development and validation of a salt knowledge questionnaire
Authors: Sarmugam Rani , Worsley Anthony , Flood Vicki
Published: March 2013

Objective

Initiatives promoting the reduction of high-salt food consumption by consumers need to be partly based on current levels of salt knowledge in the population. However, to date there is no validated salt knowledge questionnaire that could be used to assess population knowledge about dietary salt (i.e. salt knowledge). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop and validate a salt knowledge questionnaire.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted on an online web survey platform using convenience, snowball sampling. The survey questionnaire was evaluated for content and face validity before being administered to the respondents.

Setting

Online survey.

Subjects

A total of forty-one nutrition experts, thirty-two nutrition students and thirty-six lay people participated in the study.

Results

Item analyses were performed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the test items. Twenty-five items were retained to form the final set of questions. The total scores of the experts were higher than those of the students and lay people (P < 0·05). The total salt knowledge score showed significant correlations with use of salt at the table (ρ = −0·197, P < 0·05) and inspection of the salt content in food products when shopping (ρ = 0·400; P < 0·01).

Conclusions

The questionnaire demonstrated sufficient evidence of construct validity and internal consistencies between the items. It is likely to be a useful tool for the evaluation and measurement of levels of salt knowledge in the general population.
RINGS ON WATER AND THEIR ENTROPY
Authors: MENDÈS FRANCE MICHEL , TOKIEDA TADASHI
Published: March 2013

We introduce the entropy of a family of planar curves in terms of the number of intersections of the family with a random line, calculate it for key examples, and discuss the entropy of a pattern of rings produced by an impulse on the surface of still water.
Transmitting signals over interstellar distances: three approaches compared in the context of the Drake equation
Authors: Arnold Luc
Published: March 2013

I compare three methods for transmitting signals over interstellar distances: radio transmitters, lasers and artificial transits. The quantitative comparison is based on physical quantities depending on energy cost and transmitting timeL, the last parameter in the Drake equation. With our assumptions, radio transmitters are the most energy-effective, while macro-engineered planetary-sized objects producing artificial transits seem effective on the long term to transmit an attention-getting signal for a time that might be much longer than the lifetime of the civilization that produced the artefact.
Redescription ofDrepanopterus pentlandicusLaurie, 1892, the earliest known mycteropoid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the early Silurian (Llandovery) of the Pentland Hills, Scotland
Authors: Lamsdell James C.
Published: March 2013

Drepanopterus pentlandicusLaurie, 1892 is redescribed from the original type material along with previously unfigured specimens. A cleft metastoma is confirmed as a characteristic of the genus, along with the armature of the second and third prosomal appendages being modified into flattened blades, while the species is shown to possess a somewhat enlarged second tergite and lateral prosomal margins that overlap the first opisthosomal tergite. Different ontogenetic stages ofD. pentlandicusare described, and reveal that these latter characters develop only later in ontogeny, suggesting that described specimens ofDrepanopterus abonensisSimpson, 1951 may represent juveniles. Cladistic analysis of Stylonurina shows the genusDrepanopterusto be monophyletic consisting ofD. pentlandicus,D. abonensisandD. odontospathussp. nov.: it forms a basal clade of mycteropoids. Hibbertopteroidea Kjellesvig-Waering, 1959 is shown to be a junior subjective synonym of Mycteropoidea Cope, 1886, with the synonymy of many of the hibbertopterid genera hypothesised andHibbertopterusKjellesvig-Waering, 1959 suggested to represent juvenile specimens ofCyrtoctenusStørmer & Waterston, 1968.Hibbertopterus permianusPonomarenko, 1985 is transferred toCampylocephalusEichwald, 1860. The role of heterochrony in the morphological development of the mycteropoid lineage is discussed, with both hibbertopterids and mycteropids suggested to be hypertrophic and pre-displacement peramorphs respectively.
Birth Weight Among Single and Multiple Births on the Åland Islands
Authors: Fellman Johan , Eriksson Aldur W.
Published: March 2013

Numerous papers have investigated the distribution of birth weight. This interest arises from the association between birth weight and the future health condition of the child. Birth weight distribution commonly differs slightly from the Gaussian distribution. The distribution is typically split into two components: a predominant Gaussian distribution and an unspecified ‘residual’ distribution. In this study, we consider birth weight data from the Åland Islands (Finland) for the period 1885–1998. We compare birth weight between males and females and among singletons and twins. Our study confirms that, on average, birth weight was highest among singletons, medium among twins, and lowest among triplets. A marked difference in the mean birth weight between singleton males and females was found. For singletons, the distribution of birth weight differed significantly from the normal distribution, but for twins the normal distribution held.
Continuing, Re-Emerging, and Emerging Trends in the Field of Southeast Asian History
Authors: Aung-Thwin Michael
Published: March 2013

‘Trends’ in the field of Southeast Asian history have a way of being unresolved satisfactorily before ‘new’ ones emerge to take their place. Part of the reason is that older scholarship is not only considered passé, but each new generation of Southeast Asianists wants to ‘make its mark’ on the field in original ways. Yet, when one scrutinizes some of these ‘new’ issues carefully, they often turn out not to be entirely so; rather, they appear to be different ways of approaching and/or expressing older ones, using different (and more current) operating vocabulary. ‘Angle of vision’ and ‘perspective’, popular in the 1960s, have become ‘privileging of’ or ‘giving agency to’ in current usage, while their methodological intent is exactly the same, bearing the same (or nearly the same) desirable consequences. Older, seminal scholarship is often only given lip-service without much in-depth consideration, so that some of the ‘new’ scholarship begins ‘in the middle of the game’, scarcely acknowledging (or knowing) what had transpired earlier. This unawareness regarding the ‘lineage’ of Southeast Asia scholarship fosters some reinvention and repetition of issues and problems without realizing it, in turn protracting their resolution. So as not to lose sight of this ‘scholarly lineage’ that not only allows a better assessment of what are genuinely new trends and what are not, but also to resolve unresolved issues and move on to really new things, this essay will analyse and discuss where the field of Southeast Asian history has been, where it is currently, and where it might be headed. Although focused on the discipline of history, it remains ensconced within the context of the larger field of Southeast Asian studies.
Defending Borders: States and Nation-States in the ASEAN 5
Authors: Case William
Published: March 2013

Discontent simmers within social science over states and nation-states as units of analysis. Disputes over what even constitutes a state, whether simply an organizational apparatus, albeit with unique legitimacy, or a broader complex of social relations, have never been resolved. But it is not just its murky delineation with which the state is afflicted. It has lately come under attack from above and below, with causality seen to be draining away to transnational and sub-national forces. This paper begins by rehearsing the economic and social vectors along which assaults on the state and the nation-state are conveyed. It then turns to Southeast Asia, a part of the developing world in which the state would seem especially vulnerable, its powers having been usurped by transnational firms and corroded internally by connected rent-seekers and provincial “men of prowess.” However, this paper tries also to show that in Southeast Asia, national states and territorial borders have remained quite intact. Neither globalized markets, regional formations, local identity construction, administrative decentralization or migration have shaken the standing of the state and the nation-state as appropriate units of analysis. This is especially the case when addressing major questions about regime types and change in the region.
New Trends in the Anthropology of Southeast Asia
Authors: Kleinen John
Published: March 2013

This article addresses the question, is there such an entity as a separate field of the anthropology of Southeast Asia? Has the crisis in anthropology in the 1970s and ‘the literary turn’ of the 1980s led to a renewed interest in area studies? A number of topics that originally belonged to the field of anthropology will be discussed: religion, the culture of social class and strategic groups, family and gender relations, developments in tourism, leisure and consumption, material culture, media and performance, and the growing importance of the rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia and its relationship with globalization and localization.
Soap-film coating: High-speed deposition of multilayer nanofilms
Authors: Zhang Renyun , Andersson Henrik A. , Andersson Mattias , Andres Britta , Edlund Håkan , Edström Per , Edvardsson Sverker , Forsberg Sven , Hummelgård Magnus , Johansson Niklas , Karlsson Kristoffer , Nilsson Hans-Erik , Norgren Magnus , Olsen Martin , Uesaka Tetsu , Öhlund Thomas , Olin Håkan
Published: March 2013

The coating of thin films is applied in numerous fields and many methods are employed for the deposition of these films. Some coating techniques may deposit films at high speed; for example, ordinary printing paper is coated with micrometre-thick layers of clay at a speed of tens of meters per second. However, to coat nanometre thin films at high speed, vacuum techniques are typically required, which increases the complexity of the process. Here, we report a simple wet chemical method for the high-speed coating of films with thicknesses at the nanometre level. This soap-film coating technique is based on forcing a substrate through a soap film that contains nanomaterials. Molecules and nanomaterials can be deposited at a thickness ranging from less than a monolayer to several layers at speeds up to meters per second. We believe that the soap-film coating method is potentially important for industrial-scale nanotechnology.
Diagnosis and Treatment for the Professional Singer
Authors: Petty Brian E.
Published: March 2013

Experts use the term “professional voice users” to denote the segment of the population for whom the voice is used as a primary tool of their occupation. In the United States, this term applies to a staggering 25–35% of the national workforce (Titze, Lemke, & Montequin, 1997; Wingate, Brown, Shrivastav, Davenport, & Sapienza, 2007). Professional singers are a highly visible and specialized cohort within the population of professional voice users and can present an unusual but not insurmountable challenge for physicians and speech-language pathologists charged with their voice care.
Special Considerations for the Performing Voice: Perspective of the Laryngologist
Authors: Vinson Kimberly
Published: March 2013

One of the many tasks a laryngologist is assigned to is the care of the professional voice. When discussing professional voice users, it is natural to consider performing artists such as singers, actors, voice-over artists, and broadcasters. However, this patient population includes many more groups. Clergy, attorneys, politicians, teachers, sales and customer service representatives, and coaches also should be considered professional voice users because their careers and livelihoods depend on the quality of their voices. The professional voice user often is a reluctant patient because he or she fears the inability to perform or that treatment, especially vocal surgery, may permanently affect his or her voice in a negative fashion. Caring for these patients requires special attention to these fears, as well as their schedules and deadlines. In this article, I will consider the management of vocal dysfunction in the performing vocal artist.
Parallel plate waveguide with anisotropic graphene plates: Effect of electric and magnetic biases
Authors: Malekabadi Ali , Charlebois Serge A. , Deslandes Dominic
Published: March 2013

The performances of a parallel plate waveguide (PPWG) supported by perfect electric conductor (PEC)-graphene and graphene-graphene plates are evaluated. The graphene plate behavior is modeled as an anisotropic medium with both diagonal and Hall conductivities derived from Kubo formula. The PPWG modes supported by PEC-graphene and graphene-graphene plates are studied. Maxwell's equations are solved for these two waveguides, while the graphene layers are biased with an electric field only and with both electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that when both electric and magnetic biases are applied to the graphene, a hybrid mode (simultaneous transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes) will propagate inside the waveguide. The intensity of each TE and TM modes can be adjusted with the applied external bias fields. Study of different waveguides demonstrates that by decreasing the plate separation (d), the wave confinement improves. However, it increases the waveguide attenuation. A dielectric layer inserted between the plates can also be used to improve the wave confinement. The presented analytical procedure is applicable to other guiding structures having walls with isotropic or anisotropic conductivities.
Elementary processes of H2 plasma-graphene interaction: A combined molecular dynamics and density functional theory study
Authors: Despiau-Pujo E. , Davydova A. , Cunge G. , Delfour L. , Magaud L. , Graves D. B.
Published: March 2013

Elementary interactions between H atoms and monolayer graphene are investigated using classical molecular dynamics (CMD) and density functional theory (DFT). C-H interatomic potential curves and associated energy barriers are reported depending on the H impact position (top, bridge, hollow, vacancy, or edge sites of graphene nanoribbons). Chemisorption of atomic hydrogen and formation of molecular hydrogen from chemisorbed H states on graphene are examined. The influence of graphene temperature and incident species energy on adsorption, reflection, and penetration mechanisms is also presented. Except for impacts at graphene nanoribbon (GNR) edges or at defect locations, H atoms are shown to experience a repulsive force due to delocalized π-electrons which prevents any species with less than 0.4-0.6 eV to chemisorb on the graphene surface. C-H bond formation requires a local sp2-sp3 rehybridization resulting in structural changes of the graphene sample. Chemisorption sites with deep potential wells and no activation barrier are found on GNR edges, which indicate that H thermal radicals can functionalize GNRs on edges while they cannot do it in the basal plane. The presence of one or more H adsorbates on the graphene surface strongly influences subsequent H adsorption and promotes the formation of energetically favourable H pairs at the para- and ortho-locations. Formation of H2 molecule via Eley-Rideal recombination of hot radicals [1–1.3 eV] with chemisorbed H atoms is observed.
Zr/Mg multilayer mirror for extreme ultraviolet application and its thermal stability
Authors: Li Haochuan , Zhu Jingtao , Zhou Sika , Wang Zhanshan , Chen Hong , Jonnard Philippe , Le Guen Karine , André Jean-Michel
Published: March 2013

Zr/Mg multilayer mirror was proposed for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral range and deposited by magnetron sputtering. Its thermal stability during annealing up to 600 °C was evaluated by EUV reflection measurements, x-ray analyses, and transmission electron microscopy and found superior to that of Y2O3/Mg, SiC/Mg, and Co/Mg. The reflectance of as-deposited Zr/Mg multilayer is 30.6% at wavelength of 30.4 nm. The reflectance slightly decreases with annealing temperature when not above 500 °C and eventually drops to 15.1% at 600 °C. The degradation of performance is attributed to roughening induced by strain relaxation rather than interdiffusion or alloy compound formation.
Soliton dynamics in media with space stimulated Raman scattering and synchronic spatial variation of dispersion and self-phase modulation
Authors: Aseeva N. V. , Gromov E. M. , Tyutin V. V.
Published: March 2013

Solitons dynamics in the frame of the extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation taking into account space stimulated Raman scattering (SSRS), synchronic spatial variation of inhomogeneous second-order dispersion (SOD), and self-phase modulation (SPM) is considered both analytically and numerically. Compensation of soliton Raman self–wave number down shift by synchronically increasing SOD and SPM is shown. Analytical soliton solution as a result of the equilibrium of SSRS and increasing both SOD and SPM is found. Regime of the dynamical equilibrium of SSRS and inhomogeneous media with periodical variation of soliton's parameters is found. Analytical and numerical results are in a good agreement.
Modeling particle-induced electron emission in a simplified plasma Test Cell
Authors: Giuliano Paul N. , Boyd Iain D.
Published: March 2013

Particle-induced electron emission (PIE) is modeled in a simplified, well-characterized plasma Test Cell operated at UCLA. In order for PIE to be a useful model in this environment, its governing equations are first reduced to lower-order models which can be implemented in a direct simulation Monte Carlo and Particle-in-Cell framework. These reduced-order models are described in full and presented as semi-empirical models. The models are implemented to analyze the interaction of low- and high-energy (∼1–2 keV) xenon ions and atoms with the stainless steel electrodes of the Test Cell in order to gain insight into the emission and transport of secondary electrons. Furthermore, there is a lack of data for xenon-stainless steel atom- and ion-surface interactions for similar environments. Using experimental data as a reference, both total yields and emitted electron energy distribution functions can be deduced by observing sensitivities of current collection results to these numerical models and their parameters.
Thermally activated intermixture in pentacene-perfluoropentacene heterostructures
Authors: Breuer Tobias , Witte Gregor
Published: March 2013

Using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) the thermal stability of binary pentacene/perfluoropentacene (PEN/PFP) thin films has been investigated for various preparation protocols. Variation of stoichiometry ratio reveals a significantly enhanced thermal stability in comparison to the single compounds only for films with equimolar stoichiometry. The stabilization also depends on the preparation method and was found for co-deposition as well as for multi-stacks and subsequently grown PEN/PFP-stacks but not for stacks grown in the reversed order. By systemically varying the substrate temperature during deposition, we prove that the resulting intermixture is caused by a thermally activated diffusion during film growth and not due to post-deposition diffusion induced upon heating during TDS measurements. The different extents of thermal stabilization are discussed in the context of the film morphology studied by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). For complementary information, optical absorption spectra of the heterostructures are analyzed, where the arisal of new absorption bands and the extinction of excitonic bands existing in the pure compounds are identified as decisive criteria to judge the efficiency of intermixture.
Ab initio study of the organic xenon insertion compound into ethylene and ethane
Authors: Zhang Min , Sheng Li
Published: March 2013

This paper studies Xe-insertion ethylene and ethane compounds, i.e., HXeC2H3 and HXeC2H5. The structures, harmonic frequencies, and energetics for both molecules have been calculated at the MP2(full)/6-311++G(2d,2p) level. Our theoretical results predict the existence of HXeC2H3 and the instability of HXeC2H5. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis shows a strong ionic bond between the xenon atom and hydrocarbon radical. In addition, the interaction between the donor (Xe lone pair) and acceptor (the C–C antibonding orbital, i.e., π*(C–C)) increases the stability of HXeC2H3.
Decoupling of the copper core in a single copperphthalocyanine molecule
Authors: Kuzmin Mikhail , Kumar Avijit , Poelsema Bene , Zandvliet Harold J. W.
Published: March 2013

Here, we show how a copper atom in a copperphthalocyanine (CuPc) molecule can be decoupled from its environment. This is realized by trapping the CuPc molecule between two adjacent nanowires that are 1.6 nm apart. Using low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, the structural and electronic properties of CuPc in the stable “molecular bridge” configuration have been studied. Constant current and differential conductivity maps are recorded to reveal the spatial variation of the electronic structure of the cores and the lobes of CuPc molecules. The core of CuPc molecule is dim at low voltages, but suddenly becomes bright at a voltage of 5 V. Time-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements show that some of the CuPc lobes are very stable, while other lobes are very dynamic.
Embedding of simply laced hyperbolic Kac-Moody superalgebras
Authors: Nayak Saudamini , Pati K. C.
Published: March 2013

We show that HD(4, 1) hyperbolic Kac-Moody superalgebra of rank 6 contains every simply laced Kac-Moody superalgebra with degenerate odd root as a Lie subalgebra. Our result is the supersymmetric extension of earlier work [S. Viswanath, “Embeddings of HyperbolicKac-Moody Algebras into E10,” Lett. Math. Phys. 83, 139–148 (2008)]10.1007/s11005-007-0214-7 for hyperbolic Kac-Moody algebra.
Thermodynamic scaling and corresponding states for the self-diffusion coefficient of non-conformal soft-sphere fluids
Authors: Rodríguez-López Tonalli , Moreno-Razo J. Antonio , del Río Fernando
Published: March 2013

In this work, we explore transport properties of a special type of repulsive spheres that exhibit remarkable scaling of their thermodynamic properties. In order to accomplish that we propose a new way to derive and express effective hard-sphere diameters for transport properties of simple fluids. The procedure relies on mapping the system's transport properties, in the low density limit, to the hard-sphere fluid. We have chosen a set of soft-sphere systems characterised by a well-defined variation of their softness. These systems represent an extension of the repulsive Lennard-Jones potential widely used in statistical mechanics of fluids and are an accurate representation of the effective repulsive potentials of real systems. The self-diffusion coefficient of the soft-sphere fluids is obtained by equilibrium molecular dynamics. The soft-sphere collision integrals of different systems are shown to follow quite simple relationships between each other. These collision integrals are incorporated, through the definition of the effective hard-sphere diameter, in the resulting equation for the self-diffusion coefficient. The approach followed exhibits a density rescaling that leads to a single master curve for all systems and temperatures. The scaling is carried through to the level of the mean-squared displacement.
Magnetization model for a Heusler alloy
Authors: Provenzano Virgil , Della Torre Edward , Bennett Lawrence H.
Published: March 2013

Close to room temperature, the off-stoichiometric Ni50Mn35In15 Heusler alloy is known to undergo a first-order magnetostructural transition. This paper presents a new model that closely mimics the magnetic behavior of the virgin curve and that of the M-H loops within the temperature range where the alloy undergoes the first-order transition. The virgin curve and the M-H loops relevant to the model were measured at 280 K. Since our data show that 280 K is above the start of the transition, it implies that at this temperature the alloy is in a mixed state. The mixed state refers the presence of two distinct magnetic states. The model and mechanism we propose to explain the complex magnetic behavior of the virgin curve and of the M-H loops pertain to the action of the applied field on the transition between the two magnetic states. Both the model and the proposed mechanism provide new insight about the complex magnetic behavior displayed by the Ni50Mn35In15 alloy within the first-order transition.
Magnetic properties of nanostructured Fe-Co alloys
Authors: Rizal C. , Kolthammer J. , Pokharel R. K. , Choi B. C.
Published: March 2013

A series of Fe-Co alloys were produced at the atomic scale, onto 15 nm Cu buffer layers, using pulsed-current deposition. The relationship between saturation magnetization, Ms and lattice constant, a has been investigated. The effects of increasing stacking number (bilayer number) on the values of Ms and a have been examined. The alloys showed a maximum room temperature Ms of 240 emu/g at 25 at. % Co. A study to the room temperature magnetic and microstructure analysis revealed that the increase in saturation magnetization strongly correlates with the lattice constant of the Fe-Co alloy.
Structure and magnetism of dilute Co(Zr) nanoclusters
Authors: Das B. , Balamurugan B. , Skomski R. , Li X. Z. , Mukherjee P. , Hadjipanayis G. C. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: March 2013

Co(Zr) nanoclusters having a small fraction of Zr (≤7.8 at. %) were produced using a cluster-deposition method and aligned using a magnetic field of about 5 kOe prior to deposition. This study shows that Zr addition to Co nanoclusters improves the fraction of hexagonal close-packed structure, magnetic anisotropy, and easy-axis alignment process. Co(Zr) nanoclusters having 7.8 at. % of Zr exhibit a considerably enhanced magnetic anisotropy constant K1 ≈ 6.7 Mergs/cm3 and coercivity Hc ≈ 700 Oe at 300 K as compared to those of Co nanoclusters (K1 ≈ 2.9 Mergs/cm3 and Hc ≈180 Oe).
Decaying versus stationary turbulence in particle-laden isotropic turbulence: Heavy particle statistics modifications
Authors: Abdelsamie Abouelmagd H. , Lee Changhoon
Published: March 2013

The current paper examines the heavy particle statistics modification by two-way interaction in particle-laden isotropic turbulence in an attempt to interpret their statistics modification using the information of modulated turbulence. Moreover, we clarify the distinctions of this modification between decaying and stationary turbulence as an extension of our previous work [A. H. Abdelsamie and C. Lee, “Decaying versus stationary turbulence in particle-laden isotropic turbulence: Turbulence modulation mechanism,” Phys. Fluids 24, 015106 (2012)10.1063/1.3678332]. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) was carried out using 1283 grid points at a Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number of Rλ ∼ 70. The effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {O}(10^6)$\end{document}O(106) solid particles with a different Stokes number (St) was implemented as a point-force approximation in the Navier-Stokes equation. Various statistics associated with particle dispersion are investigated, and the auto-correlations models which was provided by Jung et al. [“Behavior of heavy particles in isotropic turbulence,” Phys. Rev. E 77, 016307 (2008)10.1103/PhysRevE.77.016307] are extended in the current paper. DNS results reveal that the two-way coupling interaction enhances the fluid and heavy particle auto-correlation functions and the alignment between their velocity vectors for all Stokes numbers in decaying and stationary turbulence, but for different reasons. The modification mechanisms of particle dispersion statistics in stationary turbulence are different from those in decaying turbulence depending on the Stokes number, particularly for St <1.
Low hysteresis and large room temperature magnetocaloric effect of Gd5Si2.05−xGe1.95−xNi2x (2x = 0.08, 0.1) alloys
Authors: Zhong X. C. , Min J. X. , Liu Z. W. , Zheng Z. G. , Zeng D. C. , Franco V. , Ramanujan R. V.
Published: March 2013

Gd5Si2.05−xGe1.95−xNi2x (2x = 0.08, 0.1) alloys were prepared by arc melting followed by annealing at 1273 K for 96 h. Mixed monoclinic Gd5Si2Ge2-type phase, orthorhombic Gd5Si4-type phase, and a small amount of Gd5Si3-type phase were obtained in these alloys. Gd5Si2.01Ge1.91Ni0.08 alloy undergoes a second-order transition (TC) around 300 K, whereas Gd5Si2Ge1.9Ni0.1 alloy exhibits two transitions including a first-order transition (TCІІ) at ∼295 K and second-order transition (TCІ) at ∼301 K. Ni substitution can effectively reduce the thermal hysteresis and magnetic hysteresis while maintaining large magnetic entropy change. The maximum magnetic entropy changes (|ΔSMmax|) of Gd5Si2.05−xGe1.95−xNi2x alloys with 2x = 0.08 and 0.1 are 4.4 and 5.0 J kg−1 K−1, respectively, for 0–2 T, and are 8.0 and 9.1 J kg−1 K−1, respectively, for 0–5 T. Low hysteresis performance and relatively large magnetic entropy change make these alloys favorable for magnetic refrigeration applications.
Magnetic and structural properties of (Ga,Mn)As/(Al,Ga,Mn)As bilayer films
Authors: Wang M. , Rushforth A. W. , Hindmarch A. T. , Campion R. P. , Edmonds K. W. , Staddon C. R. , Foxon C. T. , Gallagher B. L.
Published: March 2013

We investigate the dependence of the magnetic and structural properties of (Ga,Mn)As/(Al,Ga,Mn)As bilayer films on the stoichiometry of the interface region. For films incorporating a thin As-deficient layer at the interface, the out-diffusion of interstitial Mn from the bottom layer is strongly suppressed, resulting in a large difference in TC and magnetic anisotropy between the two layers. X-ray reflectivity measurements show that the suppression of interstitial diffusion is correlated with an increased interface roughness. When the As-deficient interface layer is thicker than 2.5 nm, the in-plane uniaxial magnetic easy axis rotates from the [1-10] to the [110] crystalline axis.
Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3-PbTiO3 multiferroic ceramics
Authors: Mesquita A. , Fraygola B. M. , Mastelaro V. R. , Eiras J. A.
Published: March 2013

The present paper is a comprehensive study concerning Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements, which were performed to characterize the local structure of (1 − x)Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3–xPbTiO3 samples as a function of temperature and PbTiO3 content. Results obtained by the fits of extended X-ray absorption fine structure consist with rhombohedral symmetry for Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3 composition at temperatures lower than room temperature. This result is in apparent disagreement with X-ray and neutron diffraction characterization which have been reported. This apparent disagreement is related to the fact that XAS probes the short-range order, whereas X-ray diffraction provides structural information about the average structure. Moreover, as the PbTiO3 content increases, a disorder has been detected at local structure of the FeO6 octahedron. Analysis of X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra did not show modifications in intensity nor energy of transitions.
Effects of high energy Au-ion irradiation on the microstructure of diamond films
Authors: Chen Shih-Show , Chen Huang-Chin , Wang Wei-Cheng , Lee Chi-Young , Lin I-Nan , Guo Jinghua , Chang Ching-Lin
Published: March 2013

The effects of 2.245 GeV Au-ion irradiation and subsequent annealing processes on the evolution of microstructure of diamond films with microcrystalline (MCD) or ultra-nanocrystalline (UNCD) granular structure were investigated, using near edge x-ray absorption fine structure and electron energy loss spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopy. For MCD films, the Au-ion irradiation disintegrated some of the diamond grains, resulting in the formation of nano-sized carbon clusters embedded in a matrix of amorphous carbon (a-C). The annealing process recrystallized the diamond grains and converted the a-C into nano-sized graphite particulates and, at the same time, induced the formation of nano-sized i-carbon clusters, the bcc structured carbon with a0 = 0.432 nm. In contrast, for UNCD films, the Au-ion irradiation transformed the grain boundary phase into nano-sized graphite, but insignificantly altered the crystallinity of the grains of the UNCD films. The annealing process recrystallized the materials. In some of the regions, the residual a-C phases were transformed into nano-sized graphites, whereas in other regions i-carbon nanoclusters were formed. The difference in irradiation-induced microstructural transformation behavior between the MCD and the UNCD films is ascribed to the different granular structures of the two types of films.
Magnetic antivortex formation in pound-key-like nanostructures
Authors: Haldar Arabinda , Buchanan Kristen S.
Published: March 2013

Magnetic antivortices have potential for applications but they are considerably more difficult to create than their topological counterpart, the vortex state. Here, we describe a method to generate isolated magnetic antivortex (AV) states reliably in pound-key-like patterned structures. Magnetic force microscopy images confirm that AV states are obtained after a simple two-step magnetic field procedure that involves first a saturating field along the structure diagonal followed by a smaller field applied in the opposing direction. Micromagnetic simulations show that the second field reverses areas of the structure that have lower shape anisotropy first, which facilitates the subsequent antivortex formation.
Analytical approach to the multi-state lasing phenomenon in quantum dot lasers
Authors: Korenev V. V. , Savelyev A. V. , Zhukov A. E. , Omelchenko A. V. , Maximov M. V.
Published: March 2013

We introduce an analytical approach to describe the multi-state lasing phenomenon in quantum dot lasers. We show that the key parameter is the hole-to-electron capture rate ratio. If it is lower than a certain critical value, the complete quenching of ground-state lasing takes place at high injection levels. At higher values of the ratio, the model predicts saturation of the ground-state power. This explains the diversity of experimental results and their contradiction to the conventional rate equation model. Recently found enhancement of ground-state lasing in p-doped samples and temperature dependence of the ground-state power are also discussed.
Operator orderings and Meixner-Pollaczek polynomials
Authors: Shibukawa Genki
Published: March 2013

The aim of this paper is to give identities which are generalizations of the formulas given by Koornwinder [J. Math. Phys. 30, 767–769 (1989)]10.1063/1.528394 and Hamdi-Zeng [J. Math. Phys. 51, 043506 (2010)]10.1063/1.3372526. Our proofs are much simpler than and different from the previous investigations.
Waves generated in the plasma plume of helicon magnetic nozzle
Authors: Singh Nagendra , Rao Sathyanarayan , Ranganath Praveen
Published: March 2013

Experimental measurements have shown that the plasma plume created in a helicon plasma device contains a conical structure in the plasma density and a U-shaped double layer (US-DL) tightly confined near the throat where plasma begins to expand from the source. Recently reported two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations verified these density and US-DL features of the plasma plume. Simulations also showed that the plasma in the plume develops non-thermal feature consisting of radial ion beams with large densities near the conical surface of the density structure. The plasma waves that are generated by the radial ion beams affecting the structure of the plasma plume are studied here. We find that most intense waves persist in the high-density regions of the conical density structure, where the transversely accelerated ions in the radial electric fields in the plume are reflected setting up counter-streaming. The waves generated are primarily ion Bernstein modes. The nonlinear evolution of the waves leads to magnetic field-aligned striations in the fields and the plasma near the conical surface of the density structure.
Bandgap in Al1−xScxN
Authors: Deng Ruopeng , Evans Sarah R. , Gall Daniel
Published: March 2013

Aluminum scandium nitride (Al1−xScxN) layers deposited by reactive magnetron co-sputtering on sapphire 0001 substrates at 850 °C are epitaxial single-crystals for x ≤ 0.20. Their in-plane lattice constant increases linearly (3.111 + 0.744x Å) while the out-of-plane constant remains at 4.989 ± 0.005 Å. Optical absorption indicates a band gap of 6.15–9.32x eV and a linearly increasing density of defect states within the gap. The average bond angle decreases linearly with x, suggesting a trend towards the metastable hexagonal-ScN structure. However, an anomalous decrease at x = 0.20 indicates a structural instability which ultimately leads to phase separated rock-salt ScN grains for x > 0.4.
Slowing light by exciting the fundamental degeneracy oscillatory mode in a negative refractive waveguide
Authors: Huang Tsung-Yu , Yang Tien-Chung , Yen Ta-Jen
Published: March 2013

We construct a negative refractive waveguide (NRW) by employing an anisotropic negative refraction index medium operated at multiple incidences and then experimentally demonstrate the slowing light effect by exciting the negative Goos–Hänchen effect originating from the fundamental degeneracy oscillatory mode within the NRW. Such experimental demonstration is further confirmed by scrutinizing the distributions of E-field and power flow in simulation. Moreover, the effective indices of the NRW are retrieved by the theoretical analysis and then are affirmed by finite element simulation. The experimental result agrees with the two simulation results well and so does the theoretical analysis.
Identifying the roles of the excited states on the magnetoconductance in tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum
Authors: Lei Y. L. , Zhang Q. M. , Chen L. J. , Yang X. H. , Xiong Z. H.
Published: March 2013

Magnetoconductance response (MC) in illuminated tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3) single layer has been studied to clarify the role of excitons and electron-hole (e-h) pairs on the MC generation. By fitting the MC curves at different bias conditions, the contribution of e-h pairs and excitons to the MC can be differentiated in the same material. The fitting results indicated that hyperfine mixing between the singlet and triplet e-h pairs results in a Lorentzian type MC within hyperfine field and charge reaction of triplet excitons induces a high-field MC following a non-Lorentzian shape, respectively. Moreover, the characteristic field width for the high-field MC is very different at forward and reverse bias regime, implying that the rate strength for the hole/electron-exciton reactions in Alq3 should be treated separately.
Population structure of sexually reproducing carp gudgeons: does a metapopulation offer refuge from sexual parasitism?
Authors: Schmidt Daniel J. , Huey Joel A. , Bond Nick R. , Hughes Jane M.
Published: March 2013

Australian carp gudgeons (Hypseleotris spp.) of the Murray–Darling basin are a species complex including sexually reproducing taxa and unisexual hybrid lineages that reproduce via hybridogenesis. Unisexual fish require gametes of a sexual species to propagate themselves and can be regarded as ‘sexual parasites’ capable of driving closed populations to extinction. Metapopulation dynamics have been proposed as a mechanism that could facilitate coexistence between a sexual parasite and its ‘host’. This study evaluates whether patterns of spatial genetic variation are compatible with metapopulation dynamics for a sexually reproducing member of the carp gudgeon complex (Hypseleotris sp. HA), in the Granite Creeks system of central Victoria. Genetic differentiation of fish among all study sites was accommodated by a model of migration-drift equilibrium using decomposed pairwise regression analysis. Given that the population was divided into discrete patches in the form of refugial waterholes during the time of this study, we infer that spatially constrained source–sink metapopulation dynamics may be responsible for producing this pattern. It is therefore possible that metapopulation dynamics contribute to coexistence in the Granite Creeks carp gudgeon hybridogenetic system, and further analysis is required to determine the relative importance of environmental versus demographic factors towards patch extinction.
Crinkles in connectivity: combining genetics and other types of biological data to estimate movement and interbreeding between populations
Authors: Ovenden Jennifer R.
Published: March 2013

Marine species generally have large population sizes, continuous distributions and high dispersal capacity. Despite this, they are often subdivided into separate populations, which are the basic units of fisheries management. For example, populations of some fisheries species across the deep water of the Timor Trench are genetically different, inferring minimal movement and interbreeding. When connectivity is higher than the Timor Trench example, but not so high that the populations become one, connectivity between populations is crinkled. Crinkled connectivity occurs when migration is above the threshold required to link populations genetically, but below the threshold for demographic links. In future, genetic estimates of connectivity over crinkled links could be uniquely combined with other data, such as estimates of population size and tagging and tracking data, to quantify demographic connectedness between these types of populations. Elasmobranch species may be ideal targets for this research because connectivity between populations is more likely to be crinkled than for finfish species. Fisheries stock-assessment models could be strengthened with estimates of connectivity to improve the strategic and sustainable harvesting of biological resources.