bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measles Antibodies in the Population of New Haven, Connecticut
Authors: Black Francis L.
Published: January 2023

Measles CF and neutralizing antibody titers have been determined in approximately 300 serum specimens collected in the New Haven area. Antibodies were found in nearly all specimens from children with a history of measles and also, with a lower average titer, in 31% of children with negative histories.

Most specimens collected at birth contained antibodies. The proportion positive fell to a low point in the 1–4 year old group and then rose rapidly in the school age groups reaching more than 90% in the 8–9 year olds. This pattern of antibody development followed closely the age specific attack rate for reported cases. In children from whom histories were available no correlation was found between antibody titer and the length of time since the serum donor had had measles.

All adult age groups included 3–13% of individuals whose specimens gave negative reactions. The fraction of negative reactions did not change appreciably with increasing age but there was a gradual decrease in average titer in the adult age span.

The rate of antibody development was strongly influenced in preschool population groups by family size, but no relationship could be demonstrated between antibodies and class of housing.
An Immunochemical Study of Streptococcal Diphosphopyridine Nucleotidase
Authors: Pace M. Geraldine , Pappenheimer A. M.
Published: January 2023

A method for concentrating DPNase from streptococcal cultures has been described. A high degree of purification of the enzyme was achieved by absorption on alumina gel, elution at alkaline pH followed by salt fractionation and finally by continuous flow curtain electrophoresis. Immunochemical studies of DPNase-anti-DPNase system were carried out using the purified enzyme and a globulin fraction prepared from rabbit antiserum.
Immune Degradation in Passively Sensitized Mice
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Wolins W.
Published: January 2023

Whole-body counting was used to study the degradation of I131-labeled antigen in passively sensitized mice. In passively sensitized mice, antigen is degraded at an accelerated rate. ADAR (antigen degraded at the accelerated rate) is the difference at any time (t) between the residual antigen in the passively sensitized mouse and in normal mice expressed as a per cent of residual antigen in the normal. 97–99% of the antigen was degraded at an accelerated rate in mice injected with antigen-antibody ratios that correspond to equivalence or antibody excess in vitro. Antigen is degraded at an accelerated rate in mice injected with ratios of antigen to antibody that are in antigen excess in vitro, and are associated with little or no precipitation. The ADAR is inversely related to the amount of antigen used if the amount of antibody is held constant and if the antigen-antibody ratios are in antigen excess in vitro. In mice injected with antigen-antibody ratios which are in antigen excess in vitro, the amount of antigen degraded at the accelerated rate is estimated to be greater than the amount precipitated at equivalence. The accelerated degradation of the antigen in passively sensitized mice is completed 6–10 hr after the antigen is injected, and the half time of the accelerated degradation is independent of the antigen-antibody ratios used. The ADAR (determined at 24 hr) is a function of the amount of antibody used when the amount of antigen injected is held constant.
Gel Diffusion Studies of Cross Reacting Antibody
Authors: Jennings Robert K. , Yeatman John
Published: January 2023

The reaction of partial identity provides an opportunity to study simultaneously the properties of precipitates formed by homologous antigen combined with strictly specific antibody alone, by heterologous antigen combined with cross reacting antibody alone, and by homologous antigen combined with both forms of antibody. Following removal of soluble material from the agar, the relative solubilities of the component part of the pattern may be examined by permitting excess antigen to diffuse from the surface of the plate. With several rabbit sera studied, the product of the heterologous reaction is soluble in an excess of heterologous antigen. Cross reacting antibody from different rabbit antisera produce heterologous precipitates that may vary from rapid solubility to insolubility in an excess of homologous antigen. With some antisera, the homologous precipitate appears to dissolve uniformly, though rather slowly, in excess homologous antigen; in others, the zone is composed of mingled precipitates that vary as to the ease of reversal under similar circumstances. It is suggested that antibody avidity and perhaps other factors may modify the composition, location and form of zones produced by superficially identical antisera.
The Relationship between Delayed Hypersensitivity and Circulating Antibody Induced by Protein Antigens in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sell Stewart , Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

Sensitization by injection of immune precipitates in adjuvant induces not only delayed hypersensitivity but also the steps leading to immune antigen elimination—i.e., the production of circulating antibody. It appears that during the course of immunization the delayed hypersensitive state develops first, then gives way to the Arthus type of sensitivity as antibody production is manifest. The delayed hypersensitive state may reappear after regression of the Arthus reactivity. The possibility of delayed hypersensitivity as a step leading to the production of circulating antibody is discussed.

The administration of soluble antigen intravenously to sensitized guinea pigs will block the appearance of the delayed reaction to the same antigen. Soluble antigen also tends to speed up the sequence of events leading to the production of circulating antibody when given after immunization with precipitated antigen in adjuvant.
The Resistance-Promoting Activity of Endotoxins and Other Microbial Products
Authors: Hook Edward W. , Wagner Robert R.
Published: January 2023

The resistance-promoting activity of typhoid vaccine, xerosin and bacterial endotoxin against the neurotoxic action of influenza virus is similar in many respects to the effect of these compounds on resistance to cerebral typhoid infection of mice. Minute doses of endotoxin or vaccine injected intracerebrally produce marked protection against neurotoxic challenge whereas large doses injected intraperitoneally increase resistance to virus neurotoxicity only slightly. The protective effect against the neurotoxic action of virus develops by 2–4 hr after intracerebral injection of endotoxin and persists for about a week. The refractory state is not related to suppression of infectious virus in brains and it has not been possible to demonstrate virus neutralizing factors in cerebral tissue of resistant mice. Intracerebral injection of aleuronat, an irritant, did not alter resistance to neurotoxic challenge. A prior intracerebral injection of endotoxin or typhoid vaccine did not alter susceptibility to cerebral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis or neurotropic influenza viruses.

Although these studies shed no light on the mechanism of altered resistance after injection of endotoxin, they emphasize the importance of local factors in determining the protective effect.
Immunochemical Studies with Human Albumin and γ-Globulin of Placental Origin
Authors: Subrahmanyam D. , Maurer Paul H.
Published: January 2023

The antigenicity of placental albumin and γ-globulin were compared with the corresponding serum proteins. The presence of two new components in placental γ-globulins that are absent in serum γ-globulins has been demonstrated by agar diffusion studies. No immunochemical difference was detected in placental and serum albumins. The new components in placental γ-globulins were found in placental tissue and their presence was further confirmed by immuno-electrophoresis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
The Role of Multiplication of Pasteurella Pestis in Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Pathogenesis of Flea-Borne Plague
Authors: Cavanaugh Dan C. , Randall Raymond
Published: January 2023

The result of experiments conducted in this laboratory to determine the fate of virulent strains of Pasteurella pestis inoculated into an animal host by a blocked flea led to an examination and extension of the observations of Burrows (3) and Burrows and Bacon (4). These workers found that virulent strains of the plague bacillus, in contrast to avirulent strains, can occur in three forms or types: a) phagocytosis-sensitive (S-type), b) nonencapsulated phagocytosis-resistant (R-type), and c) (M-type), which is visibly well encapsulated, rich in Fraction I and is highly resistant to phagocytosis. Further, they found that polymorphonuclear leukocytes could phagocytize and destroy a large percentage of the phagocytosis-sensitive (S-type) organisms.

Our findings agreed with their observations that the R- and M-forms that occur only in virulent strains of the plague bacillus were resistant to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We confirmed their findings that polymorphonuclear leukocytes could readily phagocytize and destroy the phagocytosis-sensitive S-form of both virulent and avirulent strains of P. pestis.

On the other hand we have demonstrated that the phagocytosis-sensitive S-type of virulent P. pestis is ingested by and multiplies within mononuclear leukocytes of normal mice and guinea pigs. On release from the damaged monocytes the bacilli are of the encapsulated M-type and are highly resistant to phagocytosis by either neutrophils or monocytes.

Our results also show that the plague blocked flca inoculates its host with the phagocytosis-sensitive S-type of virulent P. pestis which is readily phagocytized and destroyed in great numbers by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. By contrast, those bacilli that are ingested by the monocytes in vivo rapidly multiply, and on release from the damaged cells are of the M-type and are resistant to phagocytosis by both polymorphs and monocytes, a condition that permits the establishment of bubonic plague in a susceptible host.
Studies on the Immobilization Antigens of Paramecium
Authors: Preer John R.
Published: January 2023

Immobilization antigen A from stock 51 of Paramecium aurelia has been characterized. It is largely or wholly protein, containing about 16% nitrogen, and possibly small amounts of carbohydrates. From 13 to 15 amino acids have been identified. It has a low electrophoretic mobility with an isoelectric point around pH 4.0. It has a diffusion coefficient of about 2.8 × 10-7 cm2/sec, sedimentation coefficient of 8.3 Svedbergs, intrinsic viscosity of around 0.11 (g/100 ml), frictional ratio of 1.8, and molecular weight of around a quarter of a million. It's properties indicate an asymmetric molecule.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Todd Earl W. , Pillemer Louis , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

A systematic study of the Zymosan procedure for the purification of human properdin has been performed and optimum conditions for maximal yield and purity of properdin at each step of the method have been defined. The results of this investigation have been incorporated into a revised procedure for the purification of properdin which has permitted preparation of human properdin from serum in 45–80% yield with a purity of 900–1150 units of properdin/mg of nitrogen. Such fractions were purified about 2500-fold over serum and contained about 1 μg of nitrogen/unit of properdin.

The stability of purified properdin to heat depended upon the initial concentration of properdin. Complete inactivation of solutions containing 100–200 units of properdin/ml occurred during heating at 100°C for 30 min, whereas complete inactivation of solutions containing 50 units and 5 units/ml occurred during heating at 66°C for 30 min and 56°C for 30 min, respectively.

Purified properdin could be maintained for at least 8 months without appreciable loss of activity by sterile filtration and storage at 2°C or by lyophilization and storage under vacuum.

The data presented in this report on the effect of physicochemical environment on the binding of properdin to Zymosan also provided additional information on the kinetic requirements of this interaction in serum. A detailed study of this reaction and of the inactivation of the third component of human complement by the properdin-Zymosan complex will be reported elsewhere.

The biochemical, immunologic, and physicochemical characterization of purified properdin is presented in the following paper.
Acquired Immune Tolerance in Mice to Crystalline Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Hughes Walter L.
Published: January 2023

Mice exposed soon after birth to crystalline bovine serum albumin acquire an immune tolerance for this antigen, which lasts for several weeks. This tolerance is demonstrated by the lack of anaphylactic response to a challenge following suitable sensitizing injections. The sensitizing procedure was one that produced a high incidence of anaphylaxis in normal (neonatally not exposed) litter mates. Tolerance is also demonstrated by an almost complete lack of circulating antibodies as measured by the Farr technique (ammonium sulfate precipitation of labeled antigen in immune serum). The acquired tolerance diminishes with time and is succeeded by a state of hypersensitivity. The mechanism for the establishment of tolerance and immunity in mice may therefore coexist during the first 2 weeks of life. The degree and duration of the tolerant state is related to the amount of antigen given during the early postnatal period. An interpretation of these results has been presented based on the assumption that antigen is retained at intracellular sites.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Mueller A. P. , Wolfe H. R. , McGibbon W. H.
Published: January 2023

Four inbred lines of SCWL chickens were assayed for the response to a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin. Quantitative antibody nitrogen determinations of the sera obtained on day 8 postinjection show that differences do exist among lines in the ability to respond. Chickens not responding to a single injection of antigen, did respond to a second injection. No nonresponders were found in any of the lines tested. Chickens assayed for circulating antibovine serum albumin on days 6, 8 and 10 showed the antibody content to be higher on day 8 than on day 6 or 10 postinjection. No exception was found in 133 birds tested. No reduction in variability was immediately apparent in using these inbred lines rather than chickens from a randomly bred population.
Studies on Variation in Virulence of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Li C. P.
Published: January 2023

Various methods and materials have been tested for their ability to reduce the mouse virulence of type III poliomyelitis virus grown in tissue culture. Two virulent variants were used as testing virus, the LH-v K11, not purified by the plaque method, and the LH-v K15, purified by the plaque method. The mouse virulence of the former could be more readily reduced by certain testing factors.

When 5-bromouracil was incorporated in the maintenance medium for culture of the test virus LH-v K11, its mouse virulence was slightly reduced and the effect could be detected by the plaque method. After 10 serial passages in the presence of 5-bromouracil, plating of the virus yielded no virulent plaques whereas the control series yielded about 50% virulent plaques.

When certain cell lines, most of them stable ones maintained in lactalbumin or bovine plasma hydrolysate medium (Travamin), were used for culture of the test virus LH-v K15, its virulence was markedly reduced after two serial passages.
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Stahmann Mark A. , Lapresle Claude , Grabar Pierre
Published: January 2023

The following synthetic linear polypeptides have been tested for their antigenicity in rabbits: a series of polyglutamic acids of differing molecular weights, representing acidic polymers; two different polylysines, representing basic polymers; polyleucine and polyphenylalanine, which are neutral polymers that are insoluble in water; polyproline which is neutral and water soluble; and several examples of copolymers of two different amino acids. A multichain polypeptide of four different amino acids which had a branched structure rather than linear was also studied. Only one of the polyglutamic acids and the multichain polypeptide caused the formation of measurable amounts of precipitating antibodies. The antisera against a few other polypeptides gave questionable precipitin tests and many of the preparations appeared not to be antigenic by the precipitin tests employed. The antibodies formed, in general, did not precipitate with the homologous antigen, but cross-reacted with some proteins, as shown by precipitation reactions.

The antigenicity of several of the polypeptides was also studied in chickens, guinea pigs, and mice, but no evidence was found of formation of precipitating antibodies. Possible explanations for the presence or absence of antigenicity of synthetic polypeptides are discussed.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reactions with a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Serum Factor and Isolated DNA
Authors: Deicher Helmuth R. G. , Holman Halsted R. , Kunkel Henry G. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: January 2023

When certain SLE sera and DNA were used as the antigen, positive PCA reactions have been encountered. With purified DNA precipitating factor obtained from washed equivalence point precipitates of certain SLE sera, the reactions were invariably positive and resembled antigen-antibody reactions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The specificity of the reaction was further demonstrated by treatment of the DNA with a number of different enzymes.

The data presented provide additional evidence for the concept that the DNA-precipitating γ-globulin, present in a number of SLE sera, may be an antibody to DNA.
Antistreptolysin O Titer in Cord Blood
Authors: Rozansky R. , Batat A. , Bercovici B.
Published: January 2023

Fifty maternal and corresponding cord sera were examined for their ASLO content. A considerably higher titer was found in 86% of the cord sera. The SLO inhibiting effect was totally neutralized in maternal as well as in cord sera by SLO. A nonspecific SLO inhibitor was not found in cord serum. Sera contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sera undergoing alkaline hydrolysis developed very strong SLO inhibitory power. The factor concerned could not be absorbed by SLO. Total and free cholesterol levels were much higher in maternal than in cord sera.
The Effect of Irradiation on Natural Bactericidins of Mice
Authors: Kornfeld Lottie , Hammond Carolyn W. , Miller C. Phillip
Published: January 2023

Normal mouse sera in the presence of complement were found to be bactericidal for Escherichia coli. Following whole-body exposure of CF-1 mice to 600 r, their serum bactericidal activity was slightly elevated for 1–3 hr, then fell rapidly and was no longer detectable 9–12 hr after irradiation. It returned to normal levels 11–14 days after irradiation. Nevertheless, the data presented do not indicate that loss of serum bactericidal activity is an important factor in the development of postirradiation bacteremias in mice.
An Immunologic Comparison of Cell Components of Shigella Dysenteriae Type 2
Authors: Cooper G. N. , Pillow Jill A.
Published: January 2023

In a comparison of whole cells, cell walls, protoplasts, protoplast membranes, cytoplasm and the isolated somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae 2, marked serologic cross-reactions were obtained. Following mild alkaline hydrolysis of whole cells or various cell components, material which was related to the somatic antigen of the organism was obtained by acetone precipitation. Certain differences in biologic activity of the materials derived from cell walls and cytoplasm suggested that the immunologically-specific polysaccharide is present in the cytoplasm but is bound in a relatively inactive form. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Immunochemical Analysis of Human Serum and Its Fractions
Authors: Oudin Jacques
Published: January 2023

The fraction of human serum precipitated by 45% saturated ammonium sulphate has been submitted to immunochemical analysis. “Fraction 45” was separated by ammonium sulfate in the presence of phosphate buffer into seven main subfractions. A number of immune serums were prepared against a part of these subfractions and against other fractions of human serum. The reactions in gelled media (simple diffusion in tubes) of these immune serums with Fraction 45, its subfractions (brought to the same nitrogen concentration), and other fractions, were carried out and analyzed. The identification of the precipitation zones of sufficient density and penetration given by the same antigen in these multiple reactions was mainly carried out by a procedure previously described which involves only the comparison of the tubes. Fifteen distinct antigens and a family of at least three antigens with similar properties of solubility and immunogenic power, making a total of 18 antigens could be distinguished. It was demonstrated that the 18 antigens found in Fraction 45 were different from the seven antigens already described in the fraction soluble in 65% saturated ammonium sulfate. Consequently, the number of antigenic components of human serum that we have described to date is not less than 25—the components of certain fractions remaining to be described. Unispecific immune serums against six major components of Fraction 45 and two major components of other fractions were prepared.
The Behavior of Different Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Complement Fixation Reaction
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Hagens Shirley J. , Dennis Juanita
Published: January 2023

Several different strains of each of the three immunologic types of poliomyelitis virus were compared for antigenic sensitivity and specificity in the complement fixation reaction. The antigens were prepared in HeLa cell cultures and were not heated to destroy infectivity.

Although the actual differences in the homologous antibody titers to the different strain antigens were not marked, certain strains of each type were found to give a greater proportion of low titers, and thus would not appear to be as satisfactory for preparation of diagnostic antigens as other strains giving a greater proportion of high titers.

None of the strain antigens displayed significant heterotypic reactivity with human or monkey sera.

Antigens derived from attenuated strains were comparable in sensitivity and specificity to those produced from nonattenuated strains.
Studies on Measles Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Dewitt Charles W. , Nook Mary Ann
Published: January 2023

Live measles virus obtained from tissue culture autolysates is shown to evoke the production of neutralizing antibody when given intradermally or intraperitoneally to rabbits and guinea pigs and intravenously to chickens. Virus injected intraperitoneally in chickens failed to stimulate antibody production, however, even when given in multiple doses.

The kinetics of neutralizing antibody production in the guinea pig in response to primary and secondary injections of live virus resembles that seen with low levels of nonviable antigens.

Heat or electron inactivated virus retains full antigenicity at exposure levels and times greatly in excess of those required for loss of viability.

Inactivation of viral infectivity with formalin is more detrimental to antigenicity than the other methods studied.
The Bactericidal Action of Normal Serum and the Properdin System
Authors: Osawa Etsuko , Muschel Louis H.
Published: January 2023

The bactericidal action of normal serum was found to require the presence of a substance which may be regarded as antibody. In the absence of antibody, normal serum was lacking in bactericidal action despite the presence of the properdin system. In the presence of antibody, properdin may augment the bactericidal titer of normal serum to a slight degree. Moreover, the bactericidal action of properdin is extremely slight compared to antibody and is difficult to demonstrate. Finally, the experimental findings leading to the concept that homologous antibody may interfere with bactericidal action of normal serum attributed to properdin were not confirmed.
The VI Antigens of the Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Whiteside Roberta E. , Baker Edgar E.
Published: January 2023

Using the Ouchterlony technique, a serologic study was made of native and deacetylated Vi antigen prepared from Paracolobactrum ballerup and mixtures of the two. The data presented indicated that the two zones observed in the reaction of native Vi antigen and antibody were due to the presence of both fully acetylated and partially deacetylated antigens in the preparations studied.
Toxic and Allergic Properties of Pollen Extracts in the Mouse
Authors: Kind Leon S. , Roesner Luise
Published: January 2023

Water soluble extracts of rye grass, Bermuda grass, timothy grass and regweed have endotoxinlike effects in pertussis-inoculated mice. Mice can also be sensitized to local and systemic anaphylaxis with pollens. A laboratory animals is thus available for studying possible in vivo interactions between toxic and allergenic components of pollens.
The Enhancement of Hemolysin Production in the Rat by Zymosan
Authors: Cutler John L.
Published: January 2023

Zymosan has been shown to enhance hemolysin production in the rat. The relation of Zymosan to bacterial endotoxins and its possible mode of action are discussed.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Shigella Antigens in Chickens
Authors: Friedman Herman , Gaby William L.
Published: January 2023

Partial acquired immunologic unresponsiveness to Shigella paradysenteriae organisms and a soluble antigen derivative has been demonstrated in chickens by injection of antigen into embryos and young chicks within the period of 15-day-old eggs to 2-day-old chicks. The concentration of antigen is influential in that the greatest unresponsiveness could be obtained with the largest amount of antigen tolerated. Intravenous inoculations resulted in the greatest degree of suppression of agglutinins in comparison to intramuscular or yolk-sac injection. Unresponsiveness was finite in that under optimal conditions it lasted approximately 100 days. Antigen could not be detected during the maximal unresponsive state. Immunologic response to heterologous antigen was not measurably impaired in unresponsive birds.
A Second Example of a Rabbit Red Blood Cell Antigen Resulting from the Interaction of Two Genes
Authors: Cohen Carl
Published: January 2023

Two new isoantibodies for rabbit blood group antigens were isolated. The antigens detected, called J and K, are controlled by the genes in the Hg system. Antigen J occurs as the direct product of the gene HgDJK and also occurs as an “interaction antigen” in the heterozygote HgA/HgFK. Antigen K occurs as the result of the action of the gene HgDJK or of the gene HgFK. A revised nomenclature is proposed to include these new antigens.
Production in Mice of Ascitic Fluid Containing Antibodies Induced by Staphylococcus- or Salmonella- Adjuvant Mixtures
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Douglas John O. A. , Mantel Nathan
Published: January 2023

Substantial quantities of ascitic fluid containing antibodies were obtained from virtually 100% of mice injected with antigenic materials derived from either Staphylococcus aureus 18, Staphylococcus aureus 2 or Salmonella enteriditis mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant.

High yields of ascitic fluid were elicited with 2–3 intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.4–0.5 ml of antigen-adjuvant mixtures administered at 3–7 day intervals. “Booster” doses caused a further increase in yield. Production of ascitic fluid, however, was not continuous for all the injected mice and for a 4-month period actual yield was 12–15 ml/mouse for persistent producers and 4–6 ml/mouse for the total number inoculated.

Increased ascitic fluid yield was also obtained by concomitant employment of antigen-adjuvant mixtures and enzymes, hyaluronidase or trypsin.

Ascites was elicited in four different strains of mice with production of substantial amounts of ascitic fluid comparable for all strains except A/HeN where yield was low. Heavier mice, weighing in excess of 20 g were found to be less susceptible to the lethal effects of inoculations with antigen-adjuvant mixtures.

Studies of gross and microscopic pathology of ascitic mice revealed the presence of large numbers of plasma cells in peritoneal granulomas and in peripheral lymph nodes.

Employing S. aureus 18-paraffin oil adjuvant mixtures, agglutinin titers showed an early rise (1:500–1:1000) which persisted at constant high levels for a period of 4–5 months. Comparable titers were found for the limited number of serums tested. Changes made in treatment of antigenic materials or in immunization schedules did not appreciably affect agglutinin titer. S. enteriditis protective antibodies were demonstrated in both immune mouse serum and immune mouse ascitic fluid. “Immune” ascitic fluid (0.005 ml) or immune serum (0.01 ml) afforded 50% protection to mice against S. enteriditis challenge. Injections of immunizing mixtures of S. enteriditis and paraffin oil by different routes produced comparable titers of agglutinating antibodies in the ascitic fluid.

Total and differential counts of leukocytes in ascitic fluid typically revealed early in ascites 54,000 leukocytes/cu mm of which only 40% were mononuclears, whereas fluid obtained in late ascites contained 16,500 cells of which more than 90% were mononuclears.

Eighty-eight per cent of the ascitic fluids measured for specific gravity fell in the range of 1.010 to 1.040.

The γ-globulin average level for ascitic fluid was 0.86 g/100 ml and constituted on the average about 22% of the total protein. Protein levels for ascitic fluid were about 70% that for serum.

Ascitic fluid was demonstrated to be a potential source of protective and agglutinating antibodies, viable leukocytes and γ-globulin. Induction of ascites in mice was accompanied by plasma cell proliferation in abdominal lymph nodes and granulomas.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with Homologous Antiserum
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. , Wistar Richard , Rasmussen A. F.
Published: January 2023

Anaphylactic signs leading to death as well as pathologic and physiologic changes in anaphylaxis have been described using antigen-antibody complexes as the shocking material. The importance of the antigen-antibody ratio as well as the amount of antibody in these soluble complexes has been indicated.
The Detection of Leptospiral Antigen in Bovine Urine by Means of a Hemolytic Reaction (UHL)
Authors: Ringen Leif M.
Published: January 2023

A urine hemolytic test (UHL) for the detection of leptospiral antigen in bovine urine has been described. This procedure uses a soluble erythrocyte sensitizing substance (ESS) which was precipitated out of bovine urine during the leptospiruria period. The results obtained from calves experimentally infected with Leptospira pomona indicated that the UHL test became positive within 3 weeks postexposure. In the latter stages of the disease the presence of leptospiral antigen was demonstrated by the UHL for at least several weeks after it could no longer be detected by laboratory animal inoculation.
Cellular Distribution of Forssman (Membrane) Antigen in the Guinea Pig Determined by the Mixed Agglutination Reaction
Authors: Hawes Mary D. , Coombs R. R. A.
Published: January 2023

The mixed agglutination reaction has been employed to study the distribution of the Forssman antigen in the tissues of the guinea pig.

Most of the tissues examined were found to possess the antigen, exceptions being smooth muscle fibers and epithelium of the jejunum.

The findings have been compared with those of other workers using the fluorescent antibody technique.
The Effect of Inhibitors on the Hemagglutinating Activity of Polyoma Virus
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude , Marks Myrna
Published: January 2023

In efforts to obtain reproducible results in hemagglutination tests with polyoma virus it was found that the presence of inhibitors accounted for the extreme variations in titers observed from test to test with individual virus preparations. The inhibitors combine with the virus at 4°C but readily dissociate at 37°C. They were found in all animal sera and cultured cells tested as well as in guinea pig red cell suspensions. Attempts to remove the inhibitors from virus preparations by differential centrifugation or treatment with fluorocarbon, trypsin or RDE did not meet with full success. Slight degrees of inhibitory activity always remained in the treated materials, indicating that at least two inhibitory substances are involved. Because of the rapid dissociation of inhibitor from the virus particles at 37°C reproducible hemagglutinin titers were obtained merely by incubation of the test at 37°C for a few minutes prior to settling of the red cells at 4°C. In the competition for the virus on cooling of the mixtures the red cells apparently outrace the inhibitors.
Studies on the Development of Natural Immunity to Poliomyelitis in Louisiana
Authors: Gelfand Henry M. , Fox John P. , LeBlanc Dorothy R. , Elveback Lila
Published: January 2023

Maternal, umbilical cord, and serially-collected infant blood samples, were available incidental to the “Louisiana Study” of natural infection with polioviruses. By means of the simultaneous titration of series of these specimens, the passive transfer of circulating maternal antibody to the infant and the decline in the infant of the maternally-derived antibody were investigated by the neutralization test. Sixty-six maternal cord blood pairs permitted observation on 188 typespecific comparisons, and showed that the titer of humoral antibody varies, in general, very little within each pair, but that there is a greater tendency for type 3 transfer to be inefficient as compared with types 1 and 2. However, specific transfer inefficiency of any antibody type may be associated with individual women. Since the antibody comparison possessed by children at birth is a function of maternal titer and since the passively acquired antibody gradually disappears, the percentage of seropositive infants in a population gradually diminishes with postpartum age. In this highly endemic area, over 50% of infants were seronegative, at a serum dilution of 1:10, against any one antibody type, by 3 months of age. The implications of this finding to early vaccination were discussed. The half-life for passive polioantibody was calculated by a study of the mean titer of antibody at successive monthly intervals of infants born of mothers with various antibody levels. The decline was found to be exponential in nature and not to vary appreciably or consistently with maternal titer. The half-life of the passive antibody was found to be approximately 25 days.
Studies on the Transfer of Antibody Formation by ISO- and Heterotransplants
Authors: Chin Paul H. , Silverman Myron S.
Published: January 2023

The ability of iso- and heterotransplants to produce circulating antibody in lethally irradiated recipient mice was investigated.

Antibody production was demonstrated following transfer of spleen cells from immunized rats into lethally irradiated mice. Similarly, continued and prolonged antibody synthesis was observed upon transfer of spleen cells from immunized mice into normal and irradiated isologous recipients. In both heterologous and isologous spleen transfers, the antibodies formed were shown to be synthesized by the transferred cells and not by the recipients.

In contrast, although bone marrow and spleen cells were obtained from the same donors, circulating agglutinins could not be demonstrated following transfer of isologous or heterologous bone marrow. Restimulation of the transplanted marrow failed to elicit a demonstrable antibody response. These failures were attributed to the unsuccessful transplantion of immunologically competent cells following marrow injection.

The actual demonstration of antibody production by transplanted rat spleen cells suggests that a graft vs host immunologic reaction may be possible if lymphoid tissues are transplanted. However, support for a similar reaction following bone marrow transplantation was not indicated.
Apparent Antigenic Change in a Laboratory Line of Influenza A Virus During Continued Propagation in Chick Embryos
Authors: Paucker Kurt
Published: January 2023

The Copenhagen line of the PR8 strain of influenza A was shown to differ considerably from lines maintained in other laboratories. Furthermore, its antigenic composition was found to have changed after numerous passages in eggs. Although the strain had remained unaltered for at least 107 egg passages, the 130th passage revealed the coexistence of two components one of which resembled the virus of earlier egg passages and the other that present subsequently. The latter virus did not resemble any of the influenza A strains which had been carried simultaneously in the laboratory. Thus, substitution or contamination and subsequent replacement by a related virus could be excluded with reasonable certainty. Although a genetic recombination may have resulted between a contaminating and the original strains, it is held more probable that at some time between the 107th and 130th egg passages a mutant developed which presumably outgrew and replaced the parent virus in succeeding passages.
Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccines Containing the Asian Strain
Authors: Culver James O. , Lennette Edwin H. , Stevens Thirza E. , Nitz Robert E.
Published: January 2023

The S antibody response to vaccination with influenza vaccines containing an Asian strain was evaluated in young adult males over a period of 56 days. Two of the vaccines were aqueous monotypic preparations, and the third was of the polyvalent adjuvant type. With the aqueous vaccines the highest levels of S antibody were attained in about 10 days. A somewhat different response was seen with the adjuvant vaccine. Four-fold titer increases occurred in the first 10 days after vaccination but there was also evidence of further, although slight, titer increases thereafter. Differences were noted between the two aqueous vaccines, one engendering about half of the soluble antibody elicited by the other. These patterns of S antibody response suggest that useful distinctions may be made in the serodiagnosis of influenza in vaccinated populations.

Studies of the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response to the adjuvant vaccine disclosed that 9 of 25 men had a minimal and equivocal response as measured by an A2/Japan/305/57 antigen. In 16 of the 25 men, the response occurred more promptly and was of much greater magnitude. Such a distinction was not apparent when the A1/Albany/1/55 virus was utilized to make an otherwise comparable antigen. These differences suggest that prior experience may affect the antibody response to adjuvant vaccines.
Detection of Cells of Heterologous Origin in Tissue Culture and Their Segregation by the use of Differential Media
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. , Emmons Lyman R. , Jordan William S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A line of presumed pure human liver cells (Chang) received from a commercial source was found to be mixed with cells of nonprimate origin. Chromosomal and immunologic analysis support the view that the contaminating cells were probably of mouse origin. The mixed line was segregated into its two components by virtue of the nonspecific lytic effect of unheated human serum against the nonprimate line. Serial culture of artificially remixed cells of each line in a nonselective medium containing 10% horse serum, did not appear to influence favorably one cell type over the other during eight serial passages together. The human cells could be resegregated from the artificially mixed cultures by subculture into unheated human serum medium; the nonprimate cells could be resegregated by the selective destruction of the human cells by Coe or poliovirus. Mixtures of this type may occur more frequently than is presently recognized and may provide an explanation for some examples of apparent “transformation” of cell lines.
The Specificity of the Nonspecific
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Although plant hemagglutinins, which have been known nearly as long as specific immune agglutinins, were long thought to be nonspecific, some have been found to have a blood-group specificity which is quite sharp. Some of these agglutinins, such as the lectins of Dolichos biflorus and Ulex europeus, have found important practical applications in blood group techniques. Other group specificities have been found, and even some of the plant extracts which agglutinate all human erythrocytes probably have a measure of specificity, since they are specificially inhibited by certain carbohydrates. The information that may be gained in this way concerning reactive structures in the red cell is discussed. A study of such reactions led Mäkelä to classify all aldopyranoses into four groups, depending on their configuration at carbon atoms 3 and 4. The inhibition reactions of human anti-Rh sera suggest that this classification may be of significance in this connection also.
Studies on Immunologic Depression in Chickens
Authors: Hirata A. A. , Schechtman A. M.
Published: January 2023

Embryonic and early posthatching chicks were injected with equivalent amounts of bovine serum albumin and human γ-globulin on the basis of body weight and their subsequent humoral antibody response estimated by quantitative methods. Embryos injected at 11 days of incubation showed, in comparison with saline controls, a slightly lower but statistically nonsignificant antibody response, at 45 days after hatching, and no effect at 100 days. Embryos given a depressive injection on the 16th incubation day showed a statistically significant depression of antibody response at 45 days after hatching, but none at 100 days. Chicks injected at 1 day after hatching showed depression quantitatively similar to that of the 16-day embryos. Chicks at 5 and 9 days of incubation, injected into the yolk sac with large amounts of BSA, showed no effect on their antibody response at 100 days. Intraperitoneal injections into young posthatching chicks were more effective than equal intravenous injections, both as concerns the degree of antibody depression and duration of the depression. Human γ-globulin injected into 16-day embryos, produced a significant depression of the antibody response to bovine serum albumin (cross-depression) at 45 days of age. No cross-depression was discernible at 100 days. Antibody responses of male and female birds, on the basis of mg antibody/ml serum, were not significantly different, nor were body weights of protein-injected birds in comparison with saline controls.
The Effect of Added Calcium on Treponemal Immobilization
Authors: Chorpenning Frank W. , Beers Donald B.
Published: January 2023

On the theory that the enhancing effect of Ca++ on hemolytic activity in complement-antiserum-erythrocyte systems should also be present in immune treponemal immobilization, a series of experiments using known complement concentrations were performed. When complement concentrations and other factors were the same, immobilization titers were consistently increased by the addition of ionic calcium. This effect was accompanied by the presence of increased hemolytic activity in the residual test mixtures after incubation.

The addition of calcium had no adverse effects on the TPI test results or on treponemal survival.
Serologic Studies of Purified Staphylococcal Coagulase with Special Reference to Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Blobel Hans , Berman David T.
Published: January 2023

Rhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled antibody prepared against electrophoretically purified coagulase was employed after absorption with a coagulase-negative strain of Staphylococcus, to differentiate between coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. By application of this reagent, a close association between coagulase production and the staining reaction was observed, but absolute specificity could not be established. Some relationship between the bacteriophage group of staphylococcal strains and the antigenic specificity of free coagulase produced by the corresponding strains was observed in cross-inhibition experiments. Double diffusion precipitin analysis revealed heterogeneity of the antiserum prepared against highly purified coagulase.
Tissue Culture Studies on Bacterial Allergy in Experimental Brucellosis
Authors: Heilman Dorothy H. , Rice Elmer , Howard Dexter H. , Weimer Henry E. , Carpenter Charles M.
Published: January 2023

The specific cytotoxicity of nucleoprotein fractions from Brucella species was investigated using spleen explants from normal, Brucella-infected and tuberculous guinea pigs. The nucleoprotein preparations studied included Brucellergen and similar fractions isolated from smooth cultures of Brucella suis, Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus. Cytotoxicity was determined by the inhibition of migration and growth of macrophages, leukocytes and fibroblasts and by the morphologic appearance of stained sections of cultures fixed following different periods of incubation. Brucellergen at a dilution of 1:10 was nontoxic for normal cells but had a significant effect on cells from Brucella-sensitive animals. Brucella antibodies did not influence the specific cytotoxic activity of Brucellergen. Splenic cell cultures from Brucella-infected guinea pigs were sensitive to Brucellergen but not to PPD-S, whereas similar cultures from tuberculous guinea pigs were sensitive to PPD-S but not to Brucellergen. The nucleoprotein fractions prepared from each of the three Brucella species elicited a delayed response on intracutaneous injection into a rabbit infected with Br. melitensis. In splenic cell culture, the toxicity of the fractions was very low for normal cells, but growth and migration was significantly inhibited in cultures from guinea pigs infected with each of the three species of bacteria. In all experiments, macrophages were more sensitive than leukocytes. The three nucleoprotein preparations varied in potency in the cytotoxic tests but they did not display species specificity when tested in a heterologous system. Splenic explants from guinea pigs infected with Br. suis displayed a higher degree of cellular sensitivity than tissues from guinea pigs infected with Br. melitensis or Br. abortus.
Effects of γ-Rays on the Serologic Properties of Ovalbumin
Authors: Leone Charles A.
Published: January 2023

Two per cent solutions of ovalbumin were irradiated to absorb doses of γ-rays ranging between 30 and 1000 electron volts per molecule of solution. The serologic activity of the irradiated solutions tested with antibodies to native ovalbumin declined exponentially as the dosage increased. The formation of isoelectrically coagulable protein followed a sigmoidal curve. Purified fractions of isoelectrically coagulable ovalbumin induced by radiation retained between 16 and 25% correspondence with native protein. An isoelectrically coagulable, thermolabile fraction from the irradiated systems retained between 14 and 19% correspondence with native protein. It is suggested that the loss of serologic activity, in irradiated solutions of ovalbumin, is the consequence of the cumulative effect of indirect ionizations on the molecules of protein.
The Antibody Response to Smallpox Vaccination as Measured by a Tissue Culture Plaque Method
Authors: Cutchins Ernest , Warren Joel , Jones William P.
Published: January 2023

The measurement of neutralizing antibody response to smallpox vaccination by various test systems has been unsatisfactory because small amounts of residual, uncombined virus can multiply and obscure the result. This can be avoided by use of a tissue culture plaque technique which immobilizes the spread of residual active virus. It has been found that a successful primary vaccination elicits a uniformly good response as measured by both neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition. In contrast, revaccination provokes a greater elevation in the neutralizing titer and this rise appears to be related to the circulating antibody level at the time of revaccination.