bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mertl Jan , Valenčík Radim
Published: March 2017

Current rapid structural changes in economy have huge consequences for the socioeconomic environment as a whole. The article analyses these changes at macroeconomic level and their relationship to industry, employment, social systems behaviour and performance of businesses connected with human capital development, but also to the (microeconomic) position of individual subjects.  The solutions that are rooted in the acquisition, maintaining and utilizing of human capital will be discussed. We will discuss new incentives for social investment and providing productive services, identify barriers of economic growth in current socioeconomic system and show selected obstacles that prevent productive utilization of human capital. Although these issues are controversial by nature, have deep systemic causes and they cannot be resolved immediately or by simple measures, we take a scientific effort to search for opportunities that support adaptive processes, utilize the human potential that is available and can be improved further when decreasing our dependency on material conditions of existence.
Lead in drinking water: a response from the Atlantic PATH study
Authors: Sweeney Ellen , Yu Zhijie M. , Parker Louise , Dummer Trevor J.B.
Published: March 2017

Exposure to lead through drinking water is an issue of increasing concern, particularly with recent high-profile cases of lead-contaminated water. The maximum acceptable concentration level for drinking water in Canada is 10 µg/L, whereas the current blood intervention level is 10 µg/dL. The health effects related to lead exposure are well established and there is evidence that blood lead levels as low as <5 µg/dL are associated with adverse health effects in both children and adults. We analyzed water and toenail samples for lead concentrations from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (Atlantic PATH) project, a cohort of the general population in Nova Scotia. Approximately 46% of Nova Scotia residents use well water as their primary source of drinking water. Water from dug wells had higher lead concentrations compared to drilled wells, and the lowest lead levels were found in water from municipal supplies. Although the majority of the lead levels in the drinking water provided by Atlantic PATH participants were below the Canadian maximum acceptable concentration level, there were outliers, particularly among unregulated private well water sources. Given the health effects that are linked to low-level exposures, any exposure to lead in primary water sources remains a concern.
Different responses of free-ranging wild guanacos (Lama guanicoe) to shearing operations: implications for better management practices in wildlife exploitation
Authors: Taraborelli P , Torres ME Mosca , Gregorio PF , Moreno P , Rago V , Panebianco A , Schroeder NM , Ovejero R , Carmanchahi P
Published: March 2017

In certain areas of South America, free-ranging, wild guanacos (Lama guanicoe) are exploited for fibre by local people. This activity includes the capture and handling of animals which can adversely affect their behaviour and physiology. This study investigated the behavioural and physiological responses of guanacos to shearing and handling activities in order to obtain a better picture of the welfare state of individuals. Parameters that were assessed consisted of: time enclosed; handling time; sex; age; and vital signs (heart beat frequency per minute, respiratory rate per minute, body temperature and body condition). Blood samples were also collected to measure serum cortisol levels and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios. Frequencies of spitting, kicking, escape attempts and vocalisations were recorded as behaviours considered indicative of stress. Our results showed that stress behaviour frequencies were higher with increased handling time, whereas serum cortisol and N/L levels were higher when body condition scores were low. Handling time should be kept as short as possible to minimise individuals’ stress levels, particularly when body condition is low. Stress behaviour rates and serum cortisol levels were higher in juvenile compared to adult guanacos. Finally, both physiological measures of stress — serum cortisol concentrations and N/L ratios — were higher during the management activities of 2010 than in 2009, which may have been as a result of more inclement weather in 2010. When managing guanacos, it is important to consider both animal traits and previous environmental conditions and to avoid shearing juveniles and individuals with poor body condition scores if weather conditions are severe. These management recommendations are likely to improve animal welfare, facilitating sustainable management of this wild and emblematic species from the desert biomes of South America.
Introduction: Exploring genres of professional communication
Authors: Jørgensen Poul Erik Flyvholm , Trosborg Anna
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Using WebCT to teach grammar selectively
Authors: Vance Kathleen
Published: March 2017

Teachers of business and technical communication are supposed to teach grammar, but only to a limited extent, according to the literature. Technology program faculty at the British Columbia Institute of Technology and employers of graduates want grammar to be taught, along with an ever-expanding list of other employment-related communication skills. In response to these demands, a series of eight mini grammar lessons was developed for students in four technology programs. The software WebCT was used to facilitate the development and delivery of the lessons, which formed a component of the students’ business and technical communication course. Exercises, self-tests, and quizzes used sentences from workplace documents from the students’ technologies in order to hold the students’ attention and to validate the study of language. For students, this online component proved to be an attractive feature of their course.
Two opposing theories. On H.E. Wiegand's recent discovery of lexicographic functions
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Tarp Sven
Published: March 2017

In the history of lexicography, a lot has been said about dictionary users and their needs. This paper will focus on two theories that both share the postulate that dictionaries are tools made by human beings in order to solve specific problems. The first theory is developed by the German scholar H.E. Wiegand and it will be argued that his theory about dictionary use should be considered a linguistic reconstruction of information items in existing dictionaries. The other theory is the modern theory of lexicographic functions that takes all the theoretical and practical consequences of the basic postulate that dictionaries are utility products.
Gravidez e maternidade de adolescentes: fatores de risco e de proteção
Authors: Oliveira-Monteiro Nancy Ramacciotti de , Negri Mariana , Fernandes Amanda Oliveira , Nascimento Juliana Olivetti Guimarães , Montesano Fábio Tadeu
Published: March 2017

INTRODUÇÃO: a procriação na adolescência é parte das preocupações relativas à saúde e desenvolvimento de jovens, a despeito de seu significado não necessariamente negativo. OBJETIVO: o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar competência, problemas psicológicos e indicativos de fatores de risco e de proteção ao desenvolvimento num grupo de adolescentes grávidas e mães. MÉTODO: com uso do Youth Self Report (YSR) e da Escala de fatores de proteção/risco na maternidade adolescente (FRIP), foram pesquisadas 46 adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos, usuárias de serviços públicos de saúde da Baixada Santista: 27 gestantes primigestas e 19 mães primíparas com filhos menores de um ano. RESULTADO: níveis de competência foram menores nas adolescentes gestantes e mães mais pobres. A pobreza não ficou associada a indicadores de problemas psicológicos, que foram avaliados na amostra com tendência à faixa de normalidade. As mães apresentaram referências de qualidades pessoais em níveis significativamente maiores do que as gestantes. Esperanças e sonhos para a própria vida além do contato positivo com a família e com o pai da criança foram fatores de proteção apontados, enquanto proximidade de moradia ao tráfico de entorpecentes foi o principal fator de risco identificado. CONCLUSÃO: fatores de proteção nos contextos ambientais das adolescentes pesquisadas podem estar interrelacionados ao desenvolvimento da competência, importante recurso frente à situação da maternidade de adolescentes.
Características neuromotoras, pondo-estaturais e biopsicossociais de lactentes
Authors: Rothstein Joyce Ribeiro , Beltrame Thais Silva
Published: March 2017

A pesquisa tem o objetivo de descrever as características neuromotoras, biopsicossociais e pondo-estaturais de lactentes. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no Município de Fraiburgo - SC. A amostra foi composta de 80 lactentes; sendo que o grupo experimental foi constituído de 25 lactentes com histórico de risco biológico e o grupo controle de 55 lactentes sem histórico de risco. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta dos dados foram: Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, formulário biopsicossocial e cartão de saúde da criança. Os dados foram tratados através do programa SPSS versão 13.0. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o teste t para amostras independentes e teste U- Mann Witnney. Em relação às condições biopsicossociais, constatou-se prevalência de mães casadas, com ensino médio ou superior completo e que exerciam atividade remunerada. O tipo de parto mais freqüente foi o parto Cesário em ambos os grupos. Os lactentes do grupo de risco apresentaram índice de Apgar no primeiro e quinto minuto, perímetro cefálico, peso e comprimento ao nascimento inferior aos do grupo sem histórico de risco. Os lactentes com histórico de risco apresentaram desempenho neuromotor inferior aos lactentes sem histórico de risco em relação a organização e aos reflexos, bem como apresentaram padrão de força da mão direita e esquerda inferior ao grupo sem histórico de risco. Este estudo demonstrou que lactentes com histórico de risco apresentam características neuromotoras, biopsicossociais e pondo-estaturais diferenciadas das apresentadas por lactentes sem histórico de risco.
Qualidade de vida e prática habitual de atividade física em adolescentes com deficiência
Authors: Interdonato Giovanna Carla , Greguol Márcia
Published: March 2017

A prática regular de atividades físicas para pessoas com algum tipo de deficiência tem sido reconhecida como poderoso instrumento de promoção de qualidade de vida. Trata-se, por isso, de uma nova área de mercado, ocupando um espaço cada vez mais importante quer nos campos profissionais que dela emergem, quer pela função humanizante que promove. Muito embora o termo deficiência possa e deva ser estudado em toda sua complexidade, optou-se neste estudo por um foco nos aspectos ligados à caracterização da deficiência visual e auditiva numa ótica de saúde e qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade de vida percebida e os níveis de atividade física de adolescentes com deficiência visual ou auditiva. Participaram do estudo 38 jovens com idade entre 14 e 18 anos, sendo 18 com deficiência visual e 20 com deficiência auditiva, todos moradores da cidade de Londrina. Foram administrados dois instrumentos: o IPAQ versão curta para verificar os hábitos de atividade física apresentados pelos adolescentes e o questionário WHOQOL- bref, para analisar a percepção de qualidade de vida. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado teste o Mann-Whitney para comparações entre os grupos e Kruskal-Wallis para a comparação dos quatro domínios da qualidade de vida, adotando-se nível de significância p < 0,05. Na comparação entre os grupos do WHOQOL e dos níveis de atividade física não foram verificadas diferenças significativas. Isto pode ter ocorrido devidos ao fato de todos os adolescentes pertencentes à amostra não serem sedentários e apresentarem bons hábitos e estilo de vida.
ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb and the Abbasids
Authors: El-Hibri Tayeb
Published: March 2017

This article explores the possibility of mutual legitimation between Sunni religious foundations and Abbasid political interests. The main argument centers on anecdotes that elevate the images of al-ʿAbbās as imam and of his son Ibn ʿAbbās as the expert (even founder) of the science of hadith (through close interactions with ʿUmar on topics of learning, and through the collection of hadith in general). It shows the overall relation between historical and religious anecdotes, and how the medieval reader could not accept the authority of hadith collections from their first student, Ibn ʿAbbās, without accepting the political primacy of the Abbasid family from the early days of Islam.
Third and Last
Authors: Yogev Jonathan , Yona Shamir
Published: March 2017

One of the most famous stories in Ugaritic literature is the legend of Aqht that was found at Ras Shamra, Syria, during the early 1930s. Written in Ugaritic script and spread over three worn and broken tablets, this text has been thoroughly studied for the past eighty years. More than a few studies have dealt with the following questions: Is the end of the known text in the third tablet really the end of the story? Or is there perhaps a missing tablet, or tablets, that continue the plot from the third tablet (KTU 1.19)? These questions have been answered on the basis of storyline and plot, and many believe that there must have been more contents that complete this story and that it cannot end where the text ends. In this paper we have tried to answer this question based on epigraphic evidence found in the third tablet of the Aqht legend. After carefully examining four unique features of this tablet, we conclude that KTU 1.19 is, in fact, the last one of this specific sequence. We support this evidence by an analysis of the contents, showing that there is indeed enough text to suggest a proper closure for this legend.
On Scholarship in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics
Authors: LaPolla Randy J.
Published: March 2017

This article discusses issues of scholarship and methodology in Sino-Tibetan linguistics in the context of reviewing the cutting-edge articles included in the recent Festschrift for W. South Coblin.
Books Received
Authors: Editors
Published: March 2017

Books received
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: March 2017

Back matter
O complexo diálogo entre o urbano e o regional
Authors: Moura Rosa
Published: March 2017

Há 40 anos inúmeros modelos de gestão vêm sendo implementados com pouca ou nenhuma eficácia nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras. O que motiva e como superar tal fracasso? Concomitantemente, novas aglomerações urbano-metropolitanas e arranjos espaciais urbano-regionais passaram a emergir em território brasileiro, representando um estágio avançado da metropolização, que vem provocando uma verdadeira metamorfose no espaço intra e extra-urbano. Com resultados empíricos de tipologias construídas para identificar novas configurações espaciais aglomeradas no país e de pesquisas sobre arranjos institucionais de gestão metropolitana, esta abordagem confirma pressupostos teóricos e tendências anunciadas, e busca contribuir na reflexão sobre os desafios interinstitucionais e interdisciplinares à governança de unidades espaciais multiescalares, híbridas em sua natureza, e cada vez mais extensas e não delimitáveis.Código JEL | O18; R10; R58.
Consórcios públicos de resíduos sólidos no Brasil: uma análise do perfil da gestão compartilhada no território
Authors: Da Silveira Rosi Cristina Espindola
Published: March 2017

O artigo analisa a importância dos Consórcios Públicos [CP] para a cooperação intermunicipal e a gestão compartilhada de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Os arranjos institucionais, sob a luz da Lei dos Consórcios, estão ganhando espaço entre os municípios brasileiros, nos quais ainda prepondera uma cultura imediatista com ações setoriais para atender demandas locais e legais. Os gestores municipais têm percebido que a cooperação intermunicipal pode ser uma estratégia viável e sustentável para enfrentar a problemática setorial com ganho de escala e, também, para integrar-se a um território mais amplo e dinâmico no processo de desenvolvimento regional. Aqui, o objetivo é apresentar um panorama da evolução dos CP e da gestão consorciada de resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil, refletindo sobre o seu potencial da perspectiva da cooperação regional. Conclui-se que os CP são viáveis tanto para a busca de soluções comuns como para o processo de desenvolvimento regional, através da cooperação, de relações simétricas e da implantação de sistemas de decisão, operação e informação transparentes entre consorciados.Código JEL | Q53; R11; R59.
Decolonizing Approaches to Inuit Community Wellness: Conversations with Elders in a Nunavut Community
Authors: Waddell Candice M. , Robinson Renee , Crawford Allison
Published: March 2017

Nunavut communities struggle with numerous challenges related to social distress. It is important to specify that these struggles represent a rupture with traditional Inuit society. Most research to date has linked colonization and ongoing social inequity to these distresses. This community-based, participatory research project elicits traditional knowledge from Elders living in Cape Dorset, Nunavut. The aim is to identify Inuit values, beliefs, and actions with the potential to improve community wellness. The themes that emerge include respect, leadership, family connection, inclusion of traditional knowledge, working together, and resiliency. Results resonate with other community wellness research projects in Nunavut.
NF1‐mutated melanoma tumors harbor distinct clinical and biological characteristics
Authors: Cirenajwis Helena , Lauss Martin , Ekedahl Henrik , Törngren Therese , Kvist Anders , Saal Lao H. , Olsson Håkan , Staaf Johan , Carneiro Ana , Ingvar Christian , Harbst Katja , Hayward Nicholas K. , Jönsson Göran
Published: March 2017

In general, melanoma can be considered as a UV‐driven disease with an aggressive metastatic course and high mutational load, with only few tumors (acral, mucosal, and uveal melanomas) not induced by sunlight and possessing a lower mutational load. The most commonly activated pathway in melanoma is the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the prognostic significance of mutational stratification is unclear and needs further investigation. Here, in silico we combined mutation data from 162 melanomas subjected to targeted deep sequencing with mutation data from three published studies. Tumors from 870 patients were grouped according to BRAF, RAS, NF1 mutation or triple‐wild‐type status and correlated with tumor and patient characteristics. We found that the NF1‐mutated subtype had a higher mutational burden and strongest UV mutation signature. Searching for co‐occurring mutated genes revealed the RASopathy genes PTPN11 and RASA2, as well as another RAS domain‐containing gene RASSF2 enriched in the NF1 subtype after adjustment for mutational burden. We found that a larger proportion of the NF1‐mutant tumors were from males and with older age at diagnosis. Importantly, we found an increased risk of death from melanoma (disease‐specific survival, DSS; HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.21–3.10; P = 0.046) and poor overall survival (OS; HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.28–2.98; P = 0.01) in the NF1 subtype, which remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, and lesion type (DSS P = 0.03, OS P = 0.06, respectively). Melanoma genomic subtypes display different biological and clinical characteristics. The poor outcome observed in the NF1 subtype highlights the need for improved characterization of this group.
N2O production and consumption from stable isotopic and concentration data in the Peruvian coastal upwelling system
Authors: Bourbonnais Annie , Letscher Robert T. , Bange Hermann W. , Échevin Vincent , Larkum Jennifer , Mohn Joachim , Yoshida Naohiro , Altabet Mark A.
Published: March 2017

The ocean is an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, yet the factors controlling N2O production and consumption in oceanic environments are still not understood nor constrained. We measured N2O concentrations and isotopomer ratios, as well as O2, nutrient and biogenic N2 concentrations, and the isotopic compositions of nitrate and nitrite at several coastal stations during two cruises off the Peru coast (~5–16°S, 75–81°W) in December 2012 and January 2013. N2O concentrations varied from below equilibrium values in the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) to up to 190 nmol L−1 in surface waters. We used a 3‐D‐reaction‐advection‐diffusion model to evaluate the rates and modes of N2O production in oxic waters and rates of N2O consumption versus production by denitrification in the ODZ. Intramolecular site preference in N2O isotopomer was relatively low in surface waters (generally −3 to 14‰) and together with modeling results, confirmed the dominance of nitrifier‐denitrification or incomplete denitrifier‐denitrification, corresponding to an efflux of up to 0.6 Tg N yr−1 off the Peru coast. Other evidence, e.g., the absence of a relationship between ΔN2O and apparent O2 utilization and significant relationships between nitrate, a substrate during denitrification, and N2O isotopes, suggest that N2O production by incomplete denitrification or nitrifier‐denitrification decoupled from aerobic organic matter remineralization are likely pathways for extreme N2O accumulation in newly upwelled surface waters. We observed imbalances between N2O production and consumption in the ODZ, with the modeled proportion of N2O consumption relative to production generally increasing with biogenic N2. However, N2O production appeared to occur even where there was high N loss at the shallowest stations.
Seismicity of the rocky mountains and Rio Grande Rift from the EarthScope Transportable Array and CREST temporary seismic networks, 2008–2010
Authors: Nakai J. S. , Sheehan A. F. , Bilek S. L.
Published: March 2017

We developed a catalog of small magnitude (ML −0.1 to 4.7) seismicity across Colorado and New Mexico from the EarthScope USArray Transportable Array and CREST (Colorado Rocky Mountains Experiment and Seismic Transects) seismic networks from 2008 to 2010 to characterize active deformation in the Rio Grande Rift. We recorded over 900 earthquakes in the Rio Grande Rift region, not including induced earthquakes and mine blasts, and find that the rift is actively deforming both broadly and in distinct regions. Seismic events that are likely induced, mostly in the Raton Basin, make up 66% of the catalog (1837 earthquakes). Neogene faults in the northern rift in north central Colorado are seismically active in the North Park Basin and northwestern Colorado. The central rift from the San Luis Basin (southern Colorado) to south of the Socorro Magma Body is the most seismically active rift region, and seismicity delineates the deformation in the Colorado Plateau transition zone, which is spatially correlated with volcanic vents, dikes, and faults within the western Jemez Lineament. The eastern Jemez Lineament is nearly aseismic and surrounded by a halo of seismicity culminating in boundaries defined by recent moderate (Mw 3.9 and Mw 3.3) earthquakes. The southern rift is characterized by diffuse seismicity in Texas and Mexico. This study provides an updated seismic catalog built with uniformity in seismometer coverage and low epicentral uncertainties (~2 km) that allows for regional evaluation of seismicity. During this time period, clusters of seismicity and moderate magnitude earthquakes characterize deformation in a low‐strain rate extensional environment.
Fission track dating of faulting events accommodating plastic deformation of biotites
Authors: Sueoka S. , Shimada K. , Ishimaru T. , Niwa M. , Yasue K. , Umeda K. , Danhara T. , Iwano H.
Published: March 2017

We performed fission track (FT) analyses to constrain the timing of fault slip events associated with plastic deformation of biotite grains formed at high temperature, higher than 200–300°C. Apatite FT ages of 49.6–16.7 Ma were obtained from Late Cretaceous granites near the fault, with younger ages near a basaltic dike that intruded at ~19 Ma. By comparing the distribution of apatite FT ages using forward thermal and FT annealing calculations, we interpreted the younger ages as being explained by basaltic intrusion. We concluded that the plastic deformation of the biotite grains could have occurred associated with the following events: (1) primal cooling of the granitic body at 68–50 Ma and/or (2) basaltic intrusion at ~19 Ma. A combination of detailed observation of microscale deformation structures and dense FT measurements successfully constrained timing of fault events distributed in bedrock without covering layers.
Velocity‐dependent frictional weakening of large rock avalanche basal facies: Implications for rock avalanche hypermobility?
Authors: Wang Y. F. , Dong J. J. , Cheng Q. G.
Published: March 2017

To characterize the hypermobility mechanism of rock avalanches, a series of rotary shear tests at different shearing velocities (Veq) ranging from 0.07 m/s to 1.31 m/s and at a normal stress of 1.47 MPa were carried out on soil sampled from the basal facies of the Yigong rock avalanche that occurred in the Tibetan plateau in China. Through conducting these tests, the macroscale and microscale features of the deformed samples were analyzed in detail with the following valuable conclusions being reached: (1) soil subjected to rotary shear exhibits a clear velocity‐dependent weakening characteristic with an apparent steady state friction of 0.13 being reached at Veq ≥ 0.61 m/s, (2) high‐temperature rises and layers with high porosity were observed in the samples sheared at Veq ≥ 0.61 m/s, and (3) the cooperation of thermal pressurization and moisture fluidization induced by friction heating plays an important role in explaining the marked frictional weakening of the soil. In addition, the appearance of nanoparticles due to particle fragmentation should facilitate the weakening of the soil but is not the key reason for the marked frictional weakening.
Rock anelasticity due to patchy saturation and fabric heterogeneity: A double double‐porosity model of wave propagation
Authors: Ba Jing , Xu Wenhao , Fu Li‐Yun , Carcione José M. , Zhang Lin
Published: March 2017

Heterogeneity of rock's fabric can induce heterogeneous distribution of immiscible fluids in natural reservoirs, since the lithological variations (mainly permeability) may affect fluid migration in geological time scales, resulting in patchy saturation of fluids. Therefore, fabric and saturation inhomogeneities both affect wave propagation. To model the wave effects (attenuation and velocity dispersion), we introduce a double double‐porosity model, where pores saturated with two different fluids overlap with pores having dissimilar compressibilities. The governing equations are derived by using Hamilton's principle based on the potential energy, kinetic energy, and dissipation functions, and the stiffness coefficients are determined by gedanken experiments, yielding one fast P wave and four slow Biot waves. Three examples are given, namely, muddy siltstones, clean dolomites, and tight sandstones, where fabric heterogeneities at three different spatial scales are analyzed in comparison with experimental data. In muddy siltstones, where intrapore clay and intergranular pores constitute a submicroscopic double‐porosity structure, wave anelasticity mainly occurs in the frequency range (104–107 Hz), while in pure dolomites with microscopic heterogeneity of grain contacts and tight sandstones with mesoscopic heterogeneity of less consolidated sands, it occurs at 103–107 Hz and 101–103 Hz (seismic band), respectively. The predicted maximum quality factor of the fast compressional wave for the sandstone is the lowest (approximately 8), and that of the dolomite is the highest. The results of the diffusive slow waves are affected by the strong friction effects between solids and fluids. The model describes wave propagation in patchy‐saturated rocks with fabric heterogeneity at different scales, and the relevant theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental data in fully and partially saturated rocks.
Effect of capillary and viscous force on CO2 saturation and invasion pattern in the microfluidic chip
Authors: Zheng Xianglei , Mahabadi Nariman , Yun Tae Sup , Jang Jaewon
Published: March 2017

Carbon dioxide sequestration into geological formations has been identified as an alternative to mitigate the global climate change. The CO2 invasion pattern is dependent on various factors such as fluid viscosity, interfacial tension, injection rate, and the characteristics of porous media. Among these variables, we provide a systematic experimental study on the influence of the injection rate and the phase of CO2 invading into a brine‐saturated microfluidic chip in order to quantitatively assess the displacement ratio. Interfacial tension and contact angle are accurately measured under the temperature and pressure conditions relevant to in situ conditions. The injection rate varies 3 orders of magnitude for gaseous, liquid, supercritical CO2, and CO2‐water foam invasion. The capillary number and the viscosity ratio are calculated for each experimental condition, and the displacement ratio (CO2 saturation) is obtained after CO2 invasion. The results show that the saturation of injected CO2 is controlled by manipulating the injection rate and the phase of invading fluid, which can be used to optimize the in situ storage capacity. Especially, the CO2‐water foam displaces almost all brine out of the microfluidic chip, but the increase in CO2 saturation is 23% ~ 53% compared to pure gaseous CO2 injection due to the water initially mixed in the CO2‐water foam. The potential advantages of using CO2‐water foam in the geological CO2 sequestration were also discussed.
Onset of solid‐state mantle convection and mixing during magma ocean solidification
Authors: Maurice Maxime , Tosi Nicola , Samuel Henri , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Hüttig Christian , Breuer Doris
Published: March 2017

The energy sources involved in the early stages of the formation of terrestrial bodies can induce partial or even complete melting of the mantle, leading to the emergence of magma oceans. The fractional crystallization of a magma ocean can cause the formation of a compositional layering that can play a fundamental role for the subsequent long‐term dynamics of the interior and for the evolution of geochemical reservoirs. In order to assess to what extent primordial compositional heterogeneities generated by magma ocean solidification can be preserved, we investigate the solidification of a whole‐mantle Martian magma ocean, and in particular the conditions that allow solid‐state convection to start mixing the mantle before solidification is completed. To this end, we performed 2‐D numerical simulations in a cylindrical geometry. We treat the liquid magma ocean in a parameterized way while we self‐consistently solve the conservation equations of thermochemical convection in the growing solid cumulates accounting for pressure‐, temperature‐, and, where it applies, melt‐dependent viscosity. By testing the effects of different cooling rates and convective vigor, we show that for a lifetime of the liquid magma ocean of 1 Myr or longer, the onset of solid‐state convection prior to complete mantle crystallization is likely and that a significant part of the compositional heterogeneities generated by fractionation can be erased by efficient mantle mixing. We discuss the consequences of our findings in relation to the formation and evolution of compositional reservoirs on Mars and on the other terrestrial bodies of the solar system.
Comment on “Most computational hydrology is not reproducible, so is it really science?” by Christopher Hutton et al.
Authors: Añel Juan A.
Published: March 2017

Nowadays, the majority of the scientific community is not aware of the risks and problems associated with an inadequate use of computer systems for research, mostly for reproducibility of scientific results. Such reproducibility can be compromised by the lack of clear standards and insufficient methodological description of the computational details involved in an experiment. In addition, the inappropriate application or ignorance of copyright laws can have undesirable effects on access to aspects of great importance of the design of experiments and therefore to the interpretation of results.
Negative Versus Positive Transfer
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen , Sprouse Rex A.
Published: March 2017

In the context of non‐native language acquisition or use, “transfer” broadly refers to the influence of the learner's native language. When the influence of the native language leads to errors in the acquisition or use of the target language, we say that negative transfer or interference occurs. When the influence of the native language leads to immediate or rapid acquisition or use of the target language, we speak of positive transfer or facilitation. Applied linguists tend to focus much more on negative transfer than on positive transfer because it is generally believed that only negative transfer presents teaching and learning challenges. Negative transfer manifests itself in different linguistic domains, including phonetics and phonology (or pronunciation), morphology and syntax, vocabulary, and pragmatics.
Amorphous Cobalt–Iron Hydroxide Nanosheet Electrocatalyst for Efficient Electrochemical and Photo‐Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Liu Wei , Liu Hu , Dang Lianna , Zhang Hongxiu , Wu Xiaolin , Yang Bin , Li Zhongjian , Zhang Xingwang , Lei Lecheng , Jin Song
Published: March 2017

Finding efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that can be effectively integrated with semiconductors is significantly challenging for solar‐driven photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, amorphous cobalt–iron hydroxide (CoFeH) nanosheets are synthesized by facile electrodeposition as an efficient catalyst for both electrochemical and PEC water oxidation. As a result of the high electrochemically active surface area and the amorphous nature, the optimized amorphous CoFeH nanosheets exhibit superior OER catalytic activity in alkaline environment with a small overpotential (280 mV) to achieve significant oxygen evolution (j = 10 mA cm−2) and a low Tafel slope (28 mV dec−1). Furthermore, CoFeH nanosheets are simply integrated with BiVO4 semiconductor to construct CoFeH/BiVO4 photoanodes that exhibit a significantly enhanced photocurrent density of 2.48 mA cm−2 (at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and a much lower onset potential of 0.23 V (vs RHE) for PEC‐OER. Careful electrochemical and optical studies reveal that the improved OER kinetics and high‐quality interface at the CoFeH/BiVO4 junction, as well as the excellent optical transparency of CoFeH nanosheets, contribute to the high PEC performance. This study establishes amorphous CoFeH nanosheets as a highly competitive candidate for electrochemical and PEC water oxidation and provides general guidelines for designing efficient PEC systems.
Next‐Generation Activated Carbon Supercapacitors: A Simple Step in Electrode Processing Leads to Remarkable Gains in Energy Density
Authors: Hwang Jee Y. , Li Mengping , El‐Kady Maher F. , Kaner Richard B.
Published: March 2017

The global supercapacitor market has been growing rapidly during the past decade. Today, virtually all commercial devices use activated carbon. In this work, it is shown that laser treatment of activated carbon electrodes results in the formation of microchannels that can connect the internal pores of activated carbon with the surrounding electrolyte. These microchannels serve as electrolyte reservoirs that in turn shorten the ion diffusion distance and enable better interaction between the electrode surfaces and electrolyte ions. The capacitance can be further increased through fast and reversible redox reactions on the electrode surface using a redox‐active electrolyte, enabling the operation of a symmetric device at 2.0 V, much higher than the thermodynamic decompostion voltage of water. This simple approach can alleviate the low energy density of supercapacitors which has limited the widespread use of this technology. This work represents a clear advancement in the processing of activated carbon electrodes toward the next‐generation of low‐cost supercapacitors.
Red Blood Cells for Glucose‐Responsive Insulin Delivery
Authors: Wang Chao , Ye Yanqi , Sun Wujin , Yu Jicheng , Wang Jingqiang , Lawrence David S. , Buse John B. , Gu Zhen
Published: March 2017

Glucose‐responsive delivery of insulin mimicking the function of pancreatic β‐cells to achieve meticulous control of blood glucose (BG) would revolutionize diabetes care. Here the authors report the development of a new glucose‐responsive insulin delivery system based on the potential interaction between the glucose derivative‐modified insulin (Glc‐Insulin) and glucose transporters on erythrocytes (or red blood cells, RBCs) membrane. After being conjugated with the glucosamine, insulin can efficiently bind to RBC membranes. The binding is reversible in the setting of hyperglycemia, resulting in fast release of insulin and subsequent drop of BG level in vivo. The delivery vehicle can be further simplified utilizing injectable polymeric nanocarriers coated with RBC membrane and loaded with Glc‐Insulin. The described work is the first demonstration of utilizing RBC membrane to achieve smart insulin delivery with fast responsiveness.
Tuning the Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Selective Li‐ and Na‐Ion Storage in Hard Carbon
Authors: Soto Fernando A. , Yan Pengfei , Engelhard Mark H. , Marzouk Asma , Wang Chongmin , Xu Guiliang , Chen Zonghai , Amine Khalil , Liu Jun , Sprenkle Vincent L. , El‐Mellouhi Fedwa , Balbuena Perla B. , Li Xiaolin
Published: March 2017

Solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) films with controllable properties are highly desirable for improving battery performance. In this paper, a combined experimental and theoretical approach is used to study SEI films formed on hard carbon in Li‐ and Na‐ion batteries. It is shown that a stable SEI layer can be designed by precycling an electrode in a desired Li‐ or Na‐based electrolyte, and that ionic transport can be kinetically controlled. Selective Li‐ and Na‐based SEI membranes are produced using Li‐ or Na‐based electrolytes, respectively. The Na‐based SEI allows easy transport of Li ions, while the Li‐based SEI shuts off Na‐ion transport. Na‐ion storage can be manipulated by tuning the SEI layer with film‐forming electrolyte additives, or by preforming an SEI layer on the electrode surface. The Na specific capacity can be controlled to < 25 mAh g−1; ≈ 1/10 of the normal capacity (250 mAh g−1). Unusual selective/preferential transport of Li ions is demonstrated by preforming an SEI layer on the electrode surface and corroborated with a mixed electrolyte. This work may provide new guidance for preparing good ion‐selective conductors using electrochemical approaches.
Insight into CO2 Etching Behavior for Efficiently Nanosizing Graphene
Authors: Yang Xue , Hu Baoshan , Jin Yan , Zhao Wenbin , Luo Zhengtang , Lu Zhisong , Fang Liang , Ruan Haibo
Published: March 2017

Chemical etching of graphene over catalytic metal surface holds great potential in nanosizing the graphene microstructure and thus modulating its properties. Herein, it has been demonstrated that gaseous CO2 can efficiently etch the monolayer graphene film grown by chemical vapor deposition catalyzed with the surface of Cu foil. During the etching process, the CO2 etching rate is monotonously dependent on the CO2 flowrate and the etching temperature, and is faster than the H2 etching which has been usually employed for the graphene patterning. Moreover, the resultant graphene flakes by the CO2 etching remain the originally high crystallinity and are free of being oxidized. Also, a 120° angle between the neighboring edges and hexagonal morphology of graphene flakes can be realized for the potential shape regulation of nanostructured graphene, which is similar as the anisotropic etching of H2. These results illustrate that the CO2 etching over the metal surface can provide a promising strategy for the precisely fabrication of nanostructured graphene materials.
Evidence of Optical Circular Dichroism in GaAs‐Based Nanowires Partially Covered with Gold
Authors: Leahu Grigore , Petronijevic Emilija , Belardini Alessandro , Centini Marco , Sibilia Concita , Hakkarainen Teemu , Koivusalo Eero , Rizzo Piton Marcelo , Suomalainen Soile , Guina Mircea
Published: March 2017

Semiconductor nanostructures hybridized with metals have been known to offer new opportunities in nonlinear optics, plasmonics, lasing, biosensors; among them GaAs‐based nanowires (NWs) hybridized with gold can offer new functionalities, as chiral sensing and light manipulation, as well as circular polarization sources. This study investigates GaAs–AlGaAs–GaAs NWs fabricated by self‐catalyzed growth on Si substrates, and partially covered with gold, thus inducing the symmetry breaking and a potential chiral response. Three different samples are investigated, each of them with a different morphology, as the length and the overall diameter ranging from 4.6 to 5.19 µm and from 138 up to 165 nm, respectively. The samples are first characterized by measuring the absorption spectra by using a scattering‐free photoacoustic (PA) technique. Then, the circular dichroism (CD) is investigated by measuring PA absorption for circularly polarized light under different incident angles at 532 and 980 nm. An efficient CD is found for proper configurations, and results are in good agreement with extrinsic chiral theory predictions and numerical simulations. It is therefore proven that these samples exhibit chiral behavior, and can be further optimized. Moreover, PA technique can be used as an extremely sensitive and efficient technique to characterize their “extrinsic” chirality.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Free Hydroxyalkenoic Acids: Regio‐ and Chemoselective Access to Methylene Lactones
Authors: Mostinski Yelena , Kotikalapudi Ramesh , Valerio Viviana , Nataf Riva , Tsvelikhovsky Dmitry
Published: March 2017

A general and collective synthesis of medium‐sized methylene lactones via controlled cyclizations of easily accessible collective precursors is described. The rapid composition of key–hydroxyalkenoic acid scaffold yields an assembly of oxocanones, oxepanones, and pyranones in a regioselective and stereodirected fashion via palladium‐catalyzed cyclization.

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Chemoselective, Isomerization‐Free Synthesis of N‐Acylketimines from N–H Imines
Authors: Kwon Yearang , Rhee Young Ho , Park Jaiwook
Published: March 2017

N‐Acylketimines were synthesized through a ruthenium‐catalyzed generation of N–H ketimines from secondary azides and subsequent acylation with mixed anhydrides under mild conditions. The synthetic scope was broad to give N‐acylimines having various functional groups, including those with aliphatic groups that are prone to tautomerization to the corresponding enamides. In addition, various acyl moieties were accommodated. The synthetic utility of this chemoselective imine generation was illustrated by a highly diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of a Grignard reagent to a cyclic N‐acylimine.

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Mass transfer enhancement in non‐dispersive solvent extraction with helical hollow fiber enabling Dean vortices
Authors: Kong Qingran , Cheng Youwei , Wang Lijun , Li Xi
Published: March 2017

In this work mass transfer enhancement of non‐dispersive solvent extraction by use of helical hollow fiber membranes (HHFM) was investigated by means of experiment and model simulation. Purified terephthalic acid wastewater treatment by extraction with p‐xylene as solvent was chosen as the application case. Experiments showed that extraction efficiency of the HHFM was doubly enhanced compared with that of the straight hollow fiber. A comprehensive mathematical model of the HHFM extraction was developed in an orthogonal helical coordinate system with an analytical solution of the 3D velocities. Model simulation revealed that Dean vortices circulate the peripheral fluid to the center, which enhances the mass transfer in the lumen side where radial diffusion is the rate determining step of the extraction. Relations of effluent impurity concentration and enhancement factor with the Graetz number and dimensionless curvature, were obtained by model simulation. Optimal parameters were selected for HHFM extraction design. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3479–3490, 2017
A novel CeO2–xSnO2/Ce2Sn2O7 pyrochlore cycle for enhanced solar thermochemical water splitting
Authors: Ruan Chongyan , Tan Yuan , Li Lin , Wang Junhu , Liu Xiaoyan , Wang Xiaodong
Published: March 2017

A novel CeO2–xSnO2/Ce2Sn2O7 pyrochlore stoichiometric redox cycle with superior H2 production capacities is identified and corroborated for two‐step solar thermochemical water splitting (STWS). During the first thermal reduction step (1400°C), a reaction between CeO2 and SnO2 occurred for all the CeO2–xSnO2 (x = 0.05–0.20) solid compounds, forming thermodynamically stable Ce2Sn2O7 pyrochlore rather than metastable CeO2‐δ. Consequently, substantially higher reduction extents were achieved owing to the reduction of CeIV to CeIII. Moreover, in the subsequent reoxidation with H2O (800°C), H2 production capacities increased by a factor of 3.8 as compared to the current benchmark material ceria when x = 0.15, with the regeneration of CeO2 and SnO2 and the concomitant reoxidation of CeIII to CeIV. The H2O‐splitting performance for CeO2–0.15SnO2 was reproducible over seven consecutive redox cycles, indicating the material was also robust. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3450–3462, 2017
Synthesis of Thiosulfonates via CuI‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Arenesulfonyl Chlorides Using Na2SO3 or NaHSO3 as Reductants
Authors: Zhao Xuna , Liu Tong‐Xin , Zhang Guisheng
Published: March 2017

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of thiosulfonates has been developed through a CuI‐catalyzed reductive coupling of arenesulfonyl chlorides using Na2SO3 or NaHSO3 as the terminal reductant under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. A broad scope of thiosulfonates was obtained in high to excellent yields via this simple, practical and economical transformation. The ease of handling, the use of low‐cost and readily available reaction materials at room temperature, and the efficiency on a large scale, make this method attractive in both organic synthesis and industrial applications.
Polymerbasierte Halogenbrückendonoren mit selbstheilenden Eigenschaften in Filmen
Authors: Tepper Ronny , Bode Stefan , Geitner Robert , Jäger Michael , Görls Helmar , Vitz Jürgen , Dietzek Benjamin , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: March 2017

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Synthese einer systematischen Reihe polymerbasierter Anionenrezeptoren und deren umfassende Charakterisierung sowohl in Lösung als auch im Polymerfilm. Erstmals wurden hierbei polymerbasierte Halogenbrückendonoren mittels isothermer kalorimetrischer Titration vermessen, um die Abhängigkeit der Anionenaffinität von verschiedenen Parametern (d. h. monomerbasiert gegenüber polymerbasiert, Halogenbrücken im Vergleich zu Wasserstoffbrücken sowie Ladungsassistenz) zu beurteilen. Durch die Kombination dieser Donorsysteme mit einem carboxylathaltigem Copolymer konnten supramolekulare Polymernetzwerke mit ausgezeichnetem intrinsischem Selbstheilungsverhalten hergestellt werden. FT‐Raman‐Spektroskopie und Nanoindentierungsmessungen der durch die Halogenbrücken vernetzten Polymerfilme dienten zur Aufklärung des thermisch induzierten Selbstheilungsmechanismus. Diese selbstheilenden Polymere basierend auf Halogenbrücken ebnen den Weg für neue Anwendungsgebiete der Halogenbrückendonoren.