bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migmatite gneiss of the Jættedal complex, Liverpool Land, East Greenland: protracted high‐T metamorphism in the overriding plate of the Caledonian orogen
Authors: Johnston S. M. , Kylander‐Clark A. , Brueckner H. K.
Published: September 2015

The Greenland Caledonides (GC) formed in the overriding Laurentian plate during the closure of the Iapetus Ocean and the subduction of Baltica, and offer a unique opportunity to study metamorphic patterns, regional structures and the kinematic evolution of the overriding plate of a continental collision. We present new metamorphic petrology and coupled zircon geochronology and geochemistry data from the Jættedal complex in southern Liverpool Land to document the thermal evolution of the orogenic core of the southern GC. Pelitic migmatite gneisses from the Jættedal complex document metamorphic conditions of 850–730 °C at pressures of 11–9.5 kbar. Zircon from these samples yields Archean–Mesoproterozoic detrital cores with positive heavy rare earth element (HREE) slopes, and 440–425 Ma rims with flat HREE slopes are interpreted to date the timing of prograde pelite anatexis. Intercalated mafic assemblages record metamorphic conditions of 860–820 °C at 12–10 kbar. Zircon from mafic gneisses contains cores with ages of c. 458 Ma with positive HREE slopes and 413–411 Ma rims with flat HREE slopes that are interpreted to record the timing of original mafic dyke intrusion and subsequent partial melting respectively. When placed in the context of correlative rocks from the southern GC, these results suggest the development of a thermally weakened lower to middle crust in the Caledonian overriding plate that spanned >200 km perpendicular to orogenic strike during the Silurian. The existing data further suggest Silurian syn‐orogenic channel flow and exhumation occurred at the thrust front, while protracted high‐T metamorphism continued in the orogenic core. These patterns highlight variations in the thermal and rheologic structure of the Caledonian overriding plate along orogenic strike, and have implications for the development and exhumation of high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure terranes.
The tooth wear evaluation system: a modular clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management planning of worn dentitions
Authors: Wetselaar P. , Lobbezoo F.
Published: September 2015

Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition, leading to the loss of dental hard tissues, viz. enamel and dentine. Tooth wear can be divided into the subtypes mechanical wear (attrition and abrasion) and chemical wear (erosion). Because of its multifactorial aetiology, tooth wear can manifest itself in many different representations, and therefore, it can be difficult to diagnose and manage the condition. A systematic approach is a sine qua non. In the below‐described tooth wear evaluation system (TWES), all necessary tools for a clinical guideline are present in different modules. This allows the dental clinician, in a general practitioner setting as well as in a referral practice setting, to perform a state‐of‐the‐art diagnostic process. To avoid the risk of a too cumbersome usage, the dental clinician can select only those modules that are appropriate for a given setting. The modules match with each other, which is indispensable and essential when different modules of the TWES are compared. With the TWES, it is possible to recognise the problem (qualifying), to grade its severity (quantifying), to diagnose the likely causes and to monitor (the progress of) the condition. In addition, a proposal for the classification of tooth wear is made. Further, it is possible to determine when to start a treatment, to make the decision which kind of treatment to apply and to estimate the level of difficulty of a restorative treatment.
Anticancer activity of Ashwagandha against human head and neck cancer cell lines
Authors: Lee Haeng‐Eun , Shin Ji‐Ae , Jeong Joseph H. , Jeon Jae‐Gyu , Lee Min‐Ho , Cho Sung‐Dae
Published: September 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the apoptotic activity of methanol extract of Ashwagandha (MEAG) and in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

We investigated the effects of MEAG on programmed cell death in HNSCC cells using a Live/Dead assay, detection of nuclear morphologic changes, Mitotracker, siRNA knockdown, and RT‐PCR.

Results

Treatment with MEAG showed dose‐dependent growth‐inhibitory activity that attribute to caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase 9 suggested that MEAG leads to activation of mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis. MEAG selectively upregulated the expression of Bim protein at the transcriptional level and induced the translocation of Bim into the mitochondria. Knockdown of Bim by siRNA partially blocked MEAG‐mediated apoptosis. MEAG also caused an increase in truncated Bid (t‐Bid), cleaved caspase‐8, and death receptor 5 (DR5). Interestingly, withaferin A (WA), a bioactive component of MEAG, clearly induced apoptosis accompanied by upregulation of Bim, t‐Bid, caspase‐8, and DR5 similar to the effects of MEAG.

Conclusions

These suggest that MEAG and WA may be potential natural materials for the treatment of HNSCC.
College Student Samples Are Not Always Equivalent: The Magnitude of Personality Differences Across Colleges and Universities
Authors: Corker Katherine S. , Donnellan M. Brent , Kim Su Yeong , Schwartz Seth J. , Zamboanga Byron L.
Published: September 2015

This research examined the magnitude of personality differences across different colleges and universities to understand (a) how much students at different colleges vary from one another and (b) whether there are site‐level variables that can explain observed differences. Nearly 8,600 students at 30 colleges and universities completed a Big Five personality trait measure. Site‐level information was obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Education System database (U.S. Department of Education). Multilevel models revealed that each of the Big Five traits showed significant between‐site variability, even after accounting for individual‐level demographic differences. Some site‐level variables (e.g., enrollment size, requiring letters of recommendation) explained between‐site differences in traits, but many tests were not statistically significant. Student samples at different universities differed in terms of average levels of Big Five personality domains. This raises the possibility that personality differences may explain differences in research results obtained when studying students at different colleges and universities. Furthermore, results suggest that research that compares findings for only a few sites (e.g., much cross‐cultural research) runs the risk of overgeneralizing differences between specific samples to broader group differences. These results underscore the value of multisite collaborative research efforts to enhance psychological research.
Interactions of School Bonding, Disturbed Family Relationships, and Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents
Authors: Rovis Darko , Bezinovic Petar , Basic Josipa
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Substance use, gambling, and violence represent a great risk for adolescent health. Schools are often referred to as the “best” places for health promotion and prevention, where positive school bonding serves as a strong protective factor for the development of risk behaviors and poor school bonding is associated with various risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk effect of disturbed family relations, the protective effect of school bonding, and the extent to which school can compensate for the negative effect of an adverse family environment related to the risk behaviors of the adolescents.

METHODS

A self‐reported questionnaire was administered to a random sample of students in grades 9‐11 from 30 high schools. A total of 1519 respondents were included in the analysis. Covariance analysis was used to test the impact of sex, school year, school bonding, and family relationships on risk behaviors and the interaction effect of school bonding and family relationships.

RESULTS

Both dimensions of school bonding, attachment to school, and commitment to schooling, were found to be significant predictors of risk behavior, with a commitment to schooling being an even more significant predictor than disturbed family relations. Students with greater school bonding and unfavorable family circumstances reported fewer risk behaviors than students of equal family circumstances but weak school bonding.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings emphasize the role of the school as a social compensator for the adverse effects of a disturbed family environment.
Effects of a Curricular Physical Activity Intervention on Children's School Performance, Wellness, and Brain Development
Authors: Bunketorp Käll Lina , Malmgren Helge , Olsson Erik , Lindén Thomas , Nilsson Michael
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Physical activity and structural differences in the hippocampus have been linked to educational outcome. We investigated whether a curriculum‐based physical activity intervention correlates positively with children's academic achievement, psychological well‐being, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), fitness, and structural development of the brain.

METHODS

The study had a quasi‐experimental design and a control group. National test results were gathered from 545 students, 122 in the intervention school, and 423 in 3 control schools. HRQoL and socioemotional data were collected with child and proxy versions of KIDSCREEN and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Overall, 79 students in grades 5 and 6 were recruited for an in‐depth study, consisting of a submaximal oxygen consumption test and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. HRQoL and socioemotional data were collected from 349 students (65%), 182 (52%) in the intervention school, and 167 (48%) in one of the control schools.

RESULTS

Girls attending the intervention school were more likely to pass national tests in Swedish (odds ratio 5.7) and Mathematics (odds ratio 3.2). The fourth to sixth graders in the intervention school reported lower levels of conduct problems (p < .05), and the girls were also less likely to report hyperactivity (p < .05). Girls reported higher levels of emotional problems (p < .05) than boys. Boys in the intervention group had significantly higher levels of estimated maximal oxygen uptake (p < .05) than controls. No difference in hippocampal structure was seen.

CONCLUSIONS

Curriculum‐based physical activity in school may improve the academic achievement and psychological health of children, particularly for girls.
Measuring oral health‐related quality of life in orthodontic patients with a short version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP)
Authors: Kragt Lea , Tiemeier Henning , Wolvius Eppo B. , Ongkosuwito Edwin M.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQOL) is currently assessed by long questionnaires, which limits its applicability as an outcome measure in orthodontic practice and research. The aim of the study was to evaluate a shortened measure with a low response burden for assessing OHRQOL in children.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 243 prospective orthodontically treated children (12 percent cleft lip, 68 percent with definite objective treatment need, 20 percent borderline objective treatment need) collected data on OHRQOL using the 38‐item version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP‐38) and general health perception (GHP), and subjectively and objectively measured orthodontic treatment need. Eleven items of the COHIP‐38 were selected for the short version of the questionnaire (COHIP‐ortho). Score distributions, internal consistency, construct and criterion validity, as well as subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of both questionnaires. The performances of COHIP‐ortho and COHIP‐38 were compared.

Results

The internal consistency was somewhat lower for the COHIP‐ortho compared with the COHIP‐38, but on an acceptable level for both questionnaires. The correlations between COHIP‐ortho scores and COHIP‐38 overall as well as subscale scores were excellent. COHIP‐ortho performed adequately regarding construct and criterion validity related to most sample characteristics compared with the performance of the COHIP‐38.

Conclusion

The COHIP‐ortho is as valid as the COHIP‐38 for assessing OHRQOL in children. With a low response burden for patients or study participants, reduced cost, and less time needed for administration, the COHIP‐ortho simplifies the investigation of OHRQOL in orthodontics.
Common Third Parties and Coordination Disruptions in New Product Development Organizations
Authors: Gargiulo Martin , Sosa Manuel E.
Published: September 2015

This conceptual article builds on existing research on network analysis to examine the possibility that the self‐organizing tendencies of communication networks may endogenously affect the likelihood of informal communication between interdependent teams in new product development organizations. Although informal communication between teams emerges out of those teams' effort to coordinate their task interdependencies, the presence of common third parties in the communication network may shape the behavior of teams in ways that makes this communication network depart from the underlying network of technical interdependencies between the teams. In some cases, the presence of a common third party may reinforce the predisposition of interdependent teams to exchange information. In others, it may drive teams to enter exchanges without an apparent technical need to do so. Finally, and more importantly, the presence of a common third party may induce interdependent teams to neglect exchanging information on their technical interdependencies. This possibility is more likely when coordination between two interdependent teams and a common third party can result in cyclic exchanges that can trigger design oscillations affecting the work of the common third party. While these oscillations may be undesirable, efforts to prevent them can result in coordination disruptions that are also undesirable, because they can affect the performance or durability of the affected components and subsystems.
Body Mass Index of Adult Special Olympians by Country Economic Status
Authors: Temple Viviene A. , Foley John T. , Lloyd Meghann
Published: September 2015

Many low‐ and middle‐income countries have experienced an epidemic of obesity in the last few decades. However, no studies have examined the relationship between country economic status and weight status among adults with ID. This study compared the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity among adult Special Olympics participants by country economic status. A total of 19,295 (men, n = 12,037) measured height and weight records were available from the Special Olympics International (SOI) Health Promotion database. The 159 countries in the database were recoded according to the World Bank's classification of country economic status as: low‐income, lower middle‐income, upper middle‐income, and high‐income. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) prevalence rates were calculated for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity for men and women by economic status. Odds ratios, adjusted for age and sex, were used to examine differences in BMI by country economic status. Overall, 31.9% of SOI participants from low‐income economies, 48.6% from lower middle‐income, 43.6% from upper middle‐income, and 66.0% from high‐income economies had BMI indices outside of the normal range. For the low‐income countries, the proportion of underweight and overweight/obesity was similar (17.2% and 14.7%, respectively). For the other three levels of economy, participants with BMI levels outside the normal range were largely overweight/obese, rather than underweight. Women, older participants, and those from higher‐income countries were much more likely to be overweight/obese. Considerably, more research on the key behaviors associated with BMI status and the extent to which environments (economic, social, and physical) are obesogenic is needed to explain these differences and to begin to design interventions that can be both targeted for persons with ID and coherently implemented across sectors and settings.
Maternal iodine insufficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Charoenratana Cholaros , Leelapat Posri , Traisrisilp Kuntharee , Tongsong Theera
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to assess the iodine status of pregnant women in each trimester and to compare the pregnancy outcomes between groups with iodine insufficiency and iodine sufficiency. Longitudinal study on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in each trimester as well as comparison between women with iodine insufficiency (<150 mcg L−1) and iodine sufficiency was conducted. Pregnant women without thyroid diseases who had not received iodine supplementation were recruited for UIC measurements in each trimester and were followed up for pregnancy outcomes. In the analysis of 384, 325 and 221 samples in the first, second and third trimester, the medians of UICs were 147.39, 157.01 and 153.07 mcg L−1, respectively. Of 399 women, 174 (43.6%) had a UIC less than 150 mcg L−1 (suggesting iodine insufficiency) and 225 (56.4%) had a UIC greater than or equal to 150 mcg L−1 (suggesting iodine sufficiency). Of 390 women with availability of the final outcomes, 171 and 219 in the insufficiency and sufficiency group, respectively, the rates of preterm birth and low birthweight were significantly higher in the insufficiency group, 17.5% vs. 10.0% (P = 0.031) and 19.9% vs. 12.3% (P = 0.042), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that iodine status was an independent risk of preterm birth and low birthweight. Finally, women with a UIC <100 mcg L−1 had a significantly higher rate of fetal growth restriction, 13/68 vs. 30/322 (P = 0.031). In northern Thailand, a great number of pregnant women had a median UIC less than 150 mcg L−1 and they had a higher risk of preterm birth and low birthweight. Finally, those with a median UIC of less than 100 mcg L−1 had a higher risk of fetal growth restriction.
Initial colonization, community assembly and ecosystem function: fungal colonist traits and litter biochemistry mediate decay rate
Authors: Cline Lauren C. , Zak Donald R.
Published: September 2015

Priority effects are an important ecological force shaping biotic communities and ecosystem processes, in which the establishment of early colonists alters the colonization success of later‐arriving organisms via competitive exclusion and habitat modification. However, we do not understand which biotic and abiotic conditions lead to strong priority effects and lasting historical contingencies. Using saprotrophic fungi in a model leaf decomposition system, we investigated whether compositional and functional consequences of initial colonization were dependent on initial colonizer traits, resource availability or a combination thereof. To test these ideas, we factorially manipulated leaf litter biochemistry and initial fungal colonist identity, quantifying subsequent community composition, using neutral genetic markers, and community functional characteristics, including enzyme potential and leaf decay rates. During the first 3 months, initial colonist respiration rate and physiological capacity to degrade plant detritus were significant determinants of fungal community composition and leaf decay, indicating that rapid growth and lignolytic potential of early colonists contributed to altered trajectories of community assembly. Further, initial colonization on oak leaves generated increasingly divergent trajectories of fungal community composition and enzyme potential, indicating stronger initial colonizer effects on energy‐poor substrates. Together, these observations provide evidence that initial colonization effects, and subsequent consequences on litter decay, are dependent upon substrate biochemistry and physiological traits within a regional species pool. Because microbial decay of plant detritus is important to global C storage, our results demonstrate that understanding the mechanisms by which initial conditions alter priority effects during community assembly may be key to understanding the drivers of ecosystem‐level processes.
On the Marginalist Theory of ‘Capital Supply’
Authors: Steedman Ian
Published: September 2015

A familiar theory of how the volume of lending depends on the rate of interest is deficient in at least two respects. First, it treats household income as independent of the rate of interest; second, it supposes the relative prices of consumption commodities to be independent of that rate.
Evidence that a modified type IV pilus‐like system powers gliding motility and polysaccharide secretion in filamentous cyanobacteria
Authors: Khayatan Behzad , Meeks John C. , Risser Douglas D.
Published: September 2015

In filamentous cyanobacteria, the mechanism of gliding motility is undefined but posited to be driven by a polysaccharide secretion system known as the junctional pore complex (JPC). Recent evidence implies that the JPC is a modified type IV pilus‐like structure encoded for in part by genes in the hps locus. To test this hypothesis, we conducted genetic, cytological and comparative genomics studies on hps and pil genes in Nostoc punctiforme, a species in which motility is restricted to transiently differentiated filaments called hormogonia. Inactivation of most hps and pil genes abolished motility and abolished or drastically reduced secretion of hormogonium polysaccharide, and the subcellular localization of several Pil proteins in motile hormogonia corresponds to the site of the junctional pore complex. The non‐motile ΔhpsE‐G strain, which lacks three glycosyltransferases that synthesize hormogonium polysaccharide, could be complemented to motility by the addition of medium conditioned by wild‐type hormogonia. Based on this result, we speculate that secretion of hormogonium polysaccharide facilitates but does not provide the motive force for gliding. Both the Hps and Pil homologs characterized in this study are almost universally conserved among filamentous cyanobacteria, with the Hps homologs rarely found in unicellular strains. These results support the theory that Hps and Pil proteins compose the JPC, a type IV pilus‐like nanomotor that drives motility and polysaccharide secretion in filamentous cyanobacteria.
Accumulation of phosphorylated α‐synuclein in subpial and periventricular astrocytes in multiple system atrophy of long duration
Authors: Nakamura Keiko , Mori Fumiaki , Kon Tomoya , Tanji Kunikazu , Miki Yasuo , Tomiyama Masahiko , Kurotaki Hidekachi , Toyoshima Yasuko , Kakita Akiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Yamada Masahito , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: September 2015

The histological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is accumulation of phosphorylated α‐synuclein in oligodendrocytes. However, it is uncertain whether phosphorylated α‐synuclein accumulates in astrocytes of MSA patients. We immunohistochemically examined the frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord of patients with MSA (n = 15) and Lewy body disease (n = 20), and also in control subjects (n = 20). Accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated α‐synuclein was found in subpial and periventricular astrocytes in six of the 15 patients with MSA (40%). The structures were confined to the subpial surface of the ventro‐lateral part of the spinal cord and brainstem, as well as the subependymal region of the lateral ventricles. They were not visualized by Gallyas‐Braak staining, and were immunonegative for ubiquitin and p62. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the phosphorylated α‐synuclein‐immunoreactive structures in astrocytes were non‐fibrillar and associated with granular and vesicular structures. The extent of phosphorylated α‐synuclein‐immunoreactive astrocytes was correlated with disease duration. No such structures were found in Lewy body disease or controls. Accumulation of phosphorylated α‐synuclein can occur in subpial and periventricular astrocytes in patients with MSA, especially in those with a long disease duration.
Clinical and epidemiological differences in functional dyspepsia between the East and the West
Authors: Mahadeva S. , Ford A. C.
Published: September 2015

Background

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common condition, affecting adults in both Western (North America and Europe) and Eastern (Asian) parts of the globe. The prevalence has been reported to range from 5% to 40%, largely due to variation from definition criteria and geographical location. Recent published reports in Western and Eastern populations separately indicate that differences in the epidemiology and clinical patterns of FD may exist. Such differences will have implications for the clinical management of and healthcare strategizing for FD at the local level.

Purpose

This review aims to examine the prevalence and clinical patterns of FD in specific groups, namely Western and Eastern populations, based on the Rome criteria. Further differences in the epidemiological associations of FD will be explored between population‐based studies in both the East and the West. Finally, the socio‐economic consequences of FD, an important measure of the impact of the disease, will be compared between the East and the West.
Extended leaf phenology may drive plant invasion through direct and apparent competition
Authors: Smith Lauren M. , Hall Spencer
Published: September 2015

Invasive plants can inflict great harm, yet drivers of successful invasion remain unclear. Many invaders of North American deciduous forests exhibit extended leaf phenology (ELP), or longer growing season relative to natives. ELP may grant invaders competitive advantages, but we argue that ELP more potently drives invasion in the presence of herbivores. ELP invaders can support herbivores by lessening starvation during winter; consequently, native plants may suffer when attacked later through apparent competition. As modeled here, even short ELP can promote competitive success of invaders, and apparent competition sharply enhances ELP invader dominance. In ‘partial enemy escape’ scenarios, a less palatable ELP invader nearly excludes a preferred native where an invader without ELP could not. Together, ELP and apparent competition enhance invasion even when biotic resistance should suppress it, i.e. when the invader competes weakly or provides preferred forage. Thus, ELP‐apparent competition interactions grant invaders considerable success while challenging core tenets of invasion ecology.
Long‐Term Safety and Efficacy of Lubiprostone in Opioid‐induced Constipation in Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain
Authors: Spierings Egilius L.H. , Rauck Richard , Brewer Randall , Marcuard Stefano , Vallejo Ricardo
Published: September 2015

Background

Chronic opioid analgesic use often causes opioid‐induced constipation (OIC). This open‐label extension study evaluated the safety and efficacy of lubiprostone, a chloride channel (ClC‐2) activator, for treatment of OIC in patients with chronic noncancer pain.

Methods

Adults with OIC were enrolled from two 12‐week, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind studies and received lubiprostone 24 μg twice daily for up to 9 months. OIC was defined as < 3 spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs)/week during the 2‐week baseline period, of which ≥ 25% were characterized by hard to very hard stool consistency, subjectively incomplete evacuation, and/or moderate or worse straining. Inclusion criteria required consistent treatment with full opioid agonists ≥ 30 days prior to screening and throughout the study.

Results

All 439 patients who received lubiprostone were analyzed for safety and efficacy. Overall, 24.6% of patients reported treatment‐related adverse events (AEs), most commonly nausea (5.0%), diarrhea (4.6%), headache (1.6%), and vomiting (1.4%). No treatment‐related serious AEs were reported. Nausea and diarrhea each led to study discontinuation in 5 patients (1.1%); 2 cases each of nausea and diarrhea were rated as severe. Rescue medication usage decreased from month 1 (33.0%) to month 9 (18.6%). Mean weekly SBM frequency (1.4) was significantly increased from baseline at all months (P < 0.001, range 4.9 to 5.3). Straining, abdominal bloating, abdominal discomfort, stool consistency, constipation severity, and bowel habit regularity were significantly improved from baseline at all months (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Lubiprostone treatment was well tolerated and improved symptoms and signs of OIC in this 9‐month, open‐label study of patients with chronic noncancer pain.
Transgenic trait deployment using designed nucleases
Authors: Petolino Joseph F. , Kumar Sandeep
Published: September 2015

The demand for crops requiring increasingly complex combinations of transgenes poses unique challenges for transgenic trait deployment. Future value‐adding traits such as those associated with crop performance are expected to involve multiple transgenes. Random integration of transgenes not only results in unpredictable expression and potential unwanted side effects but stacking multiple, randomly integrated, independently segregating transgenes creates breeding challenges during introgression and product development. Designed nucleases enable the creation of targeted DNA double‐strand breaks at specified genomic locations whereby repair can result in targeted transgene integration leading to precise alterations in DNA sequences for plant genome editing, including the targeting of a transgene to a genomic locus that supports high‐level and stable transgene expression without interfering with resident gene function. In addition, targeted DNA integration via designed nucleases allows for the addition of transgenes into previously integrated transgenic loci to create stacked products. The currently reported frequencies of independently generated transgenic events obtained with site‐specific transgene integration without the aid of selection for targeting are very low. A modular, positive selection‐based gene targeting strategy has been developed involving cassette exchange of selectable marker genes which allows for targeted events to be preferentially selected, over multiple cycles of sequential transformation. This, combined with the demonstration of intragenomic recombination following crossing of transgenic events that contain stably integrated donor and target DNA constructs with nuclease‐expressing plants, points towards the future of trait stacking that is less dependent on high‐efficiency transformation.
Incidence of bloodstream infections in small bowel transplant recipients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: A single‐center experience
Authors: Galloway David , Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Goldschmidt Monique , Hemmelgarn Trina , Courter Joshua , Nathan Jaimie D. , Alonso Maria , Tiao Greg , Fei Lin , Kocoshis Samuel
Published: September 2015

Pediatric patients undergoing small bowel transplantation are susceptible to postoperative CLABSI. SDD directed against enteric microbes is a strategy for reducing CLABSI. We hypothesized that SDD reduces the frequency of CLABSI, infections outside the bloodstream, and allograft rejection during the first 30 days following transplant. A retrospective chart review of 38 pediatric small bowel transplant recipients at CCHMC from 2003 to 2011 was conducted. SDD antimicrobials were oral colistin, tobramycin, and amphotericin B. The incidence of CLABSI, infections outside the bloodstream, and rejection episodes were compared between study periods. The incidence of CLABSI did not differ between study periods (6.9 CLABSI vs. 4.6 CLABSI per 1000 catheter days; p = 0.727), but gram positives and Candida predominated in the first 30 days. Incidence of bacterial infections outside the bloodstream did not differ (p = 0.227). Rejection occurred more frequently during the first month following transplant (p = 0.302). SDD does not alter the incidence of CLABSI, bacterial infections outside the bloodstream, or allograft rejection in the immediate 30 days post‐transplantation. However, SDD does influence CLABSI organism types (favoring gram positives and Candida) and Candidal infections outside the bloodstream.
Fear and Implicit Racism: Whites’ Support for Voter ID laws
Authors: Banks Antoine J. , Hicks Heather M.
Published: September 2015

Oftentimes, Whites are unaware that they may have slighted Blacks. Although researchers have spent a considerable amount of attention disentangling this form of implicit (unconscious) racial bias from explicit (conscious) racial bias, we are less clear about the conditions that cause implicit racism to matter in American politics. In this article, we offer a theory of how fear and Whites' unconscious racial bias are tightly linked in memory, and triggering this emotion can make these implicit attitudes more salient in public opinion. To test our theory, we focus on Whites’ opinions toward voter ID laws. Our expectation is that inducing fear should cause implicit racism to play an important role in Whites’ evaluation of the policy. Using an adult national experiment over two waves, we induced several emotions to elicit fear, anger, or relaxation. The findings show that the fear condition causes Whites high in implicit racism to be more supportive of voter ID laws than similar individuals in the anger and control conditions. On the other hand, fear does not cause Whites high in explicit racism to be more supportive of voter ID laws.
Identification of Neofabraea species causing bull's eye rot of apple in Poland and their direct detection in apple fruit using multiplex PCR
Authors: Michalecka M. , Bryk H. , Poniatowska A. , Puławska J.
Published: September 2015

Based on partial sequence analysis of the β‐tubulin gene, 19 isolates of fungi causing bull's eye rot on apple in Poland were classified into species: Neofabraea alba, N. perennans and N. kienholzii. To the authors’ knowledge, the detection of N. kienholzii is the second in Europe and the first in Poland. Species affiliation of these fungi was confirmed by a new species‐specific multiplex PCR assay developed on the basis of previously published methods. The new protocol allowed for the specific identification of bull's eye rot‐causing species, both from pure cultures and directly from the skin of diseased or apparently healthy apples. In 550 samples of diseased fruits collected from nine cold storage rooms located in three regions of Poland, in 2011 and 2012, N. alba was detected as the predominant species causing bull's eye rot, occurring on average in 94% of the tested samples. Neofabraea perennans was found in a minority of apple samples, N. kienholzii was found only in two apple samples, while N. malicorticis was not detected in any sample tested. In tests on 120 apparently healthy fruits, only N. perennans was detected in a single sample. The results of genetic diversity analyses of bull's eye rot‐causing fungi based on the β‐tubulin gene sequence and an ISSR (inter‐simple sequence repeat) PCR assay with two primers were consistent, showing the expected segregation of tested isolates with respect to their species boundaries. However, the genetic distance between N. perennans and N. malicorticis was very low, as reported previously.
Preterm Birth and Social Support during Pregnancy: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hetherington Erin , Doktorchik Chelsea , Premji Shahirose S. , McDonald Sheila W. , Tough Suzanne C. , Sauve Reg S.
Published: September 2015

Background

Additional social support is often recommended for women during the prenatal period to optimise birth outcomes, specifically to avoid preterm birth. Social support is thought to act in one of two ways: by reducing stress and anxiety, or by providing coping mechanisms for women with high stress. However, evidence in this area is mixed. The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to determine if low levels of social support are associated with an increased risk for preterm birth.

Methods

Six databases were searched for randomised control trials and cohort studies regarding social support and preterm birth with no limits set on date or language. Inclusion criteria included the use of a validated instrument to measure social support, and studies conducted in high‐income or high‐middle‐income countries.

Results

There were 3467 records retrieved, 16 of which met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies (n = 14 630 subjects) demonstrated a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.22 (95% CI 0.84, 1.76) for preterm birth in women with low social support compared with high social support. Among women with high stress levels, two studies (n = 6374 subjects) yielded a pooled OR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.18, 1.97). The results of six studies could not be pooled due to incompatibility of outcome measures.

Conclusions

There is no evidence for a direct association between social support and preterm birth. Social support, however, may provide a buffering mechanism between stress and preterm birth.
Why species composition is not a good indicator to assess restoration success? Counter‐response to Reid (2015)
Authors: Durigan Giselda , Suganuma Marcio S.
Published: September 2015

The absence of species composition among the indicators of restoration success, recommended for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by Suganuma and Durigan, was criticized by Reid. In his critic, Reid argues that species composition can be (1) predictable from site history and restoration technique and (2) a surrogate for poor ecosystem functioning and lack of resilience. We disagree on the deterministic view behind the first argument, and the latter is still controversial. Even though, we recommended richness as a good indicator of ecosystem functioning instead of composition—which depends on the exhaustive labor of botanical identification.
Foresight Study on the Risk Governance of New Technologies: The Case of Nanotechnology
Authors: Read Sheona A. K. , Kass Gary S. , Sutcliffe Hilary R. , Hankin Steven M.
Published: September 2015

Technology‐led innovation represents an important driver of European economic and industrial competitiveness and offers solutions to societal challenges. In order to facilitate responsible innovation and public acceptance, a need exists to identify and implement oversight approaches focused on the effective risk governance of emerging technologies. This article describes a foresight study on the governance of new technologies, using nanotechnology as a case example. Following a mapping of the governance landscape, four plausible foresight scenarios were developed, capturing critical uncertainties for nanotechnology governance. Key governance elements were then stress tested within these scenarios to see how well they might perform in a range of possible futures and to inform identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for nanotechnology governance in Europe. Based on the study outcomes, recommendations are proposed regarding the development of governance associated with the responsible development of new technologies.
Psychometric properties of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire in nursing home residents
Authors: Drageset Jorunn , Haugan Gørill
Published: September 2015

Aim

Older residents of nursing homes have several illnesses and face various challenges regarding losses of physical and mental functioning. Thus, coping and the quality of life are vital aspects in long‐term care. Sense of coherence is considered an important resource for coping and the quality of life, and sense of coherence therefore needs to be validly and reliably measured in this population. We investigated the dimensionality, reliability and construct validity of the Orientation to Life Questionnaire in assessing sense of coherence among cognitively intact nursing home (NH) residents.

Methods

We collected cross‐sectional data from 227 cognitively intact NH residents (30 NHs) with one‐on‐one interviews. We performed confirmative factor analysis and correlations with the selected construct.

Results and conclusion

In accordance with the salutogenic theory of sense of coherence, the three‐factor model revealed the best fit to our data. In particular, item OLQ2, defined as ‘concerns the experience of being surprised by the behaviour of people whom you know well’, seemed troublesome. Removing this item resulted in good fit to the present data. Rewording or deleting item OLQ2 seems needed to get a reliable instrument measuring sense of coherence among nursing home residents.
Bringing Plurality Together: Common Sense, Thinking and Philosophy in Arendt
Authors: Snir Itay
Published: September 2015

Arendt's concept of common sense has generally been misunderstood. It is almost exclusively interpreted in light of Kant's common sense, either as an espousal of the latter or as a distortion of it. This narrow reading of Arendtian common sense has led to a problem, as her uses of the concept do not always fit its Kantian understanding. This has led to accusing her of being inconsistent, or as holding on to several, incompatible concepts of common sense.

This article argues that Arendt has one complex concept of common sense, used more or less consistently throughout her writings. Rather than understanding Arendt's common sense in light of Kant's, as most readers do, I demonstrate its links to Aristotle and to the eighteenth‐century Scottish school of common sense. By doing so I turn attention to a difficulty that has thus far not been adequately treated, namely the fact that Arendt presents two, allegedly contradictory pictures of the relation between common sense on the one hand and science and philosophy on the other: a picture in which science and philosophy depend upon common sense, versus one in which they find themselves in a conflict that eventually leads to the loss or demise of common sense. The last part of the article suggests a way to settle the tension between these two pictures, by understanding the political significance Arendt ascribes to them as two distinct yet complementary ways of approaching the modern phenomenon of totalitarianism.
A Better Kind of Continuity
Authors: Barrett Louise
Published: September 2015

Discussions of what minds are and what they do is a contentious issue. This is particularly so when considering non‐human animals, for here the questions become: do they have minds at all? And if so, what kinds of minds are they? Alternatives to Cartesian or computational models of mind open up a whole new space of possibility for how we should conceive of animal minds, while also highlighting how Skinner's pragmatist‐inspired radical behaviourism has much more to offer than most researchers in animal cognition would like to admit. Pragmatism, or ‘American Naturalism' is also highlighted by Chemero as the alternative for human cognition. The challenge, then, is to build an understanding of mind along pragmatist lines in a way that does justice to both human and non‐human animals. A clear understanding of embodiment, and commitment to a radical form of enactivism, can, perhaps, begin to generate a better kind of continuity.
Not to Be Hungry Is Not Enough: An Insight Into Contours of Inclusion and Exclusion in Affluent Western Societies
Authors: Roberman Sveta
Published: September 2015

In its view of the contemporary world, social theory—and particularly its postmodern trends and proponents—attributes a dominant role to the realm of consumption and consumerism in shaping both individual lifeworlds and the system of social hierarchies as a whole. In this article, building on the case of middle‐aged to late‐middle‐aged post–Soviet Jewish immigrants in contemporary Germany and illuminating a particular condition that I call “condemned to consume,” I seek to reexamine this tendency to celebrate consumption and consumerism while downplaying and marginalizing realm of work and employment. I interconnect this examination with questions regarding the distribution of resources and the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion. Drawing on the “condemned to consume” condition, I seek to claim that in affluent Western societies, which are able to provide relative material well‐being or at least subsistence even to those at the margins, the main contours of inclusion and exclusion are not grounded primarily in one's ability to enter the realm of consumption but, rather, in one's ability to participate equally in the realm of work and employment. I underscore this idea by connecting lack of regular, meaningful employment with the concept of exclusive inclusion.
From Bricolage to Collage: The Making of Decisions at a Weather Forecast Office
Authors: Daipha Phaedra
Published: September 2015

This article elaborates the process of decision making in organizational environments characterized by disciplined improvisation. Building on an ethnography of forecasting operations at the National Weather Service, it introduces “collage” as a mediating concept between information bricolage and the forging of a decision. The concept of collage serves to (1) heuristically frame decision making as a process of assembling, appropriating, superimposing, juxtaposing, and blurring of information; and (2) externalize into digital practices of screenwork the cognitive labor of merging and distilling complex data into a provisionally coherent decision.
Influence of malaria transmission intensity and the 581G mutation on the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chico R. Matthew , Cano Jorge , Ariti Cono , Collier Timothy J. , Chandramohan Daniel , Roper Cally , Greenwood Brian
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To estimate where intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) using sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) could be withdrawn as an intervention due to declining malaria transmission intensity, or due to increasing prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase resistance mutation at codon 581G.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of protection against the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) conferred by ≥2 doses of IPTp‐SP. We matched these outcomes to a proxy measure of malaria incidence in women of the same studies, applied meta‐regression models to these data and conducted sensitivity analysis of the 581G mutation.

Results

Variation in the protective effect of IPTp‐SP against LBW could not be explained by malaria transmission intensity. Among primi‐ and secundigravidae, IPTp‐SP protected against LBW where 581G was ≤10.1% [odds ratio (OR): 0.49; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.29, 0.81; P = <0.01] and 581G was >10.1% (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.29, 1.81; P = 0.03). Random‐effects models among multigravidae showed that IPTp‐SP protects against LBW where 581G was ≤10.1% (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.86; P = 0.07), a finding of borderline statistical significance. No evidence of protection against LBW was observed where 581G was >10.1% (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.34; P = 0.47).

Conclusion

There appears to be a prevalence of 581G above which IPTp‐SP no longer protects against LBW. Pregnancy studies are urgently needed where 581G is >10.1% to define the specific prevalence threshold where new strategies should be deployed.