bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The generation of internal waves by vibrating

elliptic cylinders. Part 1. Inviscid solution
Authors: HURLEY D. G.
Published: July 2002

We consider the internal gravity waves that are produced in an

inviscid Boussinesq

fluid, whose Brunt–Väisälä frequency N is

constant, by the small rectilinear vibrations

of a horizontal elliptic cylinder whose major axis is inclined at an

arbitrary angle to the

horizontal. When the angular frequency ω is greater than N,

no waves are produced

and the governing elliptic equation is solved using conformal transformations.

Analytic continuation in ω to values less than N, when

waves are produced, is then used

to determine the solution. It exhibits the surprising feature that,

apart from certain

phase differences, the form of the velocity distributions in each of

the beams of waves

that occur is the same for all values of the thickness ratio of the

ellipse, the inclination

of its major axis to the horizontal and the plane in which the vibrations

are occurring.

The Fourier decomposition of the velocity distribution is found and is
used

in a sequel, Part 2, to investigate the effects of viscous dissipation.

In an important paper Makarov et al. (1990) have given

an approximate solution for

a vibrating circular cylinder in a viscous fluid. We show that the limit

of this solution as the viscosity tends to zero is not the exact inviscid
solution

discussed herein. Further

comparison of their work and ours will be made in Part 2.
Oscillatory two- and three-dimensional thermocapillary convection
Authors: XU JIEYONG , ZEBIB ABDELFATTAH
Published: July 2002

The character and stability of two- and three-dimensional thermocapillary
driven
convection are investigated by numerical simulations. In two dimensions,
Hopf bifurcation
neutral curves are delineated for fluids with Prandtl numbers (Pr)
10.0, 6.78,
4.4 and 1.0 in the Reynolds number (Re)–cavity aspect ratio

(Ax) plane corresponding to
Re[les ]1.3×104 and Ax[les ]7.0.

It is found that time-dependent motion is only
possible if Ax exceeds a critical value,
Axcr, which increases with decreasing Pr.
There
are two coexisting neutral curves for Pr[ges ]4.4. Streamline and
isotherm patterns are
presented at different Re and Ax

corresponding to stationary and oscillatory states.
Energy analyses of oscillatory flows are performed in the neighbourhood
of critical
points to determine the mechanisms leading to instability. Results are
provided
for flows near both critical points of the first unstable region with
Ax=3.0 and Pr=10.

In three dimensions, attention is focused on the influence of sidewalls,
located at
y=0 and y=Ay, and
spanwise motion on the transition. In general, sidewalls have
a damping effect on oscillations and hence increase the magnitude of the
first critical
Re. However, the existence of spanwise waves can reduce this critical

Re. At large
aspect ratios Ax=Ay=15,

our results with Pr=13.9 at the lower critical Reynolds
number of the first unstable region are in good agreement with those from
infinite
layer linear stability analysis.
Turbulent mixing by breaking gravity waves
Authors: DÖRNBRACK ANDREAS
Published: July 2002

The characteristics of turbulence caused by three-dimensional breaking
of internal
gravity waves beneath a critical level are investigated by means of high-resolution

numerical simulations. The flow evolves in three stages. In the first one
the flow is
two-dimensional: internal gravity waves propagate vertically upwards and
create a
convectively unstable region beneath the critical level. Convective instability
leads to
turbulent breakdown in the second stage. The developing three-dimensional
mixed region
is organized into shear-driven overturning rolls in the plane of wave propagation

and into counter-rotating streamwise vortices in the spanwise plane. The
production
of turbulent kinetic energy by shear is maximum. In the last stage, shear
production
and mechanical dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy balance.

The evolution of the flow depends on topographic parameters (wavelength
and amplitude),
on shear and stratification as well as on viscosity. Here, only the implications

of the viscosity for the instability structure and evolution in terms of
the Reynolds
number are considered. Smaller viscosity leads to earlier onset of convective

instability and overturning waves. However, viscosity retards the onset
of smaller-scale
three-dimensional instabilities and leads to a reduced momentum transfer
to the mean
flow below the critical level. Hence, the formation of secondary overturning
rolls is
sustained by lower viscosity.

The budgets of total kinetic and potential energies are calculated.
Although the
domain-averaged turbulent kinetic energy is less than 1% of the total kinetic
energy,
it is strong enough to form a patchy and intermittent turbulent mixed layer
below
the critical level.
Dispersion of a ball settling through a quiescent
neutrally buoyant suspension
Authors: ABBOTT JAMES R. , GRAHAM ALAN L. , MONDY LISA A. , BRENNER HOWARD
Published: July 2002

Individual falling balls were allowed to settle through otherwise
quiescent well-mixed
suspensions of non-colloidal neutrally buoyant spheres dispersed in a Newtonian

liquid. Balls were tracked in three dimensions to determine the variances
in their
positions about a mean uniform vertical settling path. The primary experimental

parameters investigated were the size of the falling ball and the volume
fraction
and size of the suspended particles. Unlike the horizontal variances, the
vertical
variances were found to be affected by short-time deterministic behaviour
relating
to the instantaneous local configurational arrangement of the suspended
particles.
For sufficiently long intervals between successive observations, the trajectories
of
the balls were observed to disperse about their mean settling paths in
a random
manner. This points to the existence of a Gaussian hydrodynamic dispersivity
that
characterizes the linear temporal growth of the variance in the position
of a falling
ball. The functional dependence of these horizontal and vertical dispersivities
upon
the parameters investigated was established.

The dispersivity dyadic was observed to be transversely isotropic with
respect to
the direction of gravity, with the vertical component at least 25 times
larger than
the horizontal component. The vertical dispersivity Dˆv

(made dimensionless with the
diameter of the suspended spheres and the mean settling velocity) was observed

to decrease with increasing falling ball diameter, but to decrease less
rapidly with
concentration than theoretically predicted for very dilute suspensions;
moreover,
for falling balls equal in size to the suspended spheres,
Dˆv increased linearly with
increasing volume fraction ϕ of suspended solids.

In addition to the above experiments performed on suspensions of spheres,
previously
published settling-velocity data on the fall of balls through neutrally
buoyant
suspensions of rods possessing an aspect ratio of 20 were re-analysed,
and vertical
dispersivities calculated therefrom. (These data, taken by several of the
present
investigators in conjunction with other researchers, had only been grossly
analysed in prior
publications to extract the mean settling velocity of the ball, no attempt
having been
made at the time to extract dispersivity data too.) The resulting vertical
dispersivities,
when rendered dimensionless with the rod length and mean settling velocity,
showed
no statistically significant dependence upon the falling-ball diameter;
moreover, all
other things being equal, these dispersivities were observed to increase
with increasing
rod concentration.
On the motion of rigid bodies in incompressible
inviscid fluids of inhomogeneous density
Authors: PALIERNE J. F.
Published: July 2002

The motion of a rigid body in an inviscid incompressible fluid of inhomogeneous
density is considered. The size of the body is taken small with respect to the length
scale of the density variations; its shape is otherwise arbitrary. The force and the
torque acting on the body in an arbitrary motion are derived from Hamilton's
principle of least action, thus offering a variational derivation of Kirchhoff's equations,
supplemented by the terms due to the density gradient. The force and the torque due
to a density gradient are proportional to the gradient and quadratic in the velocity
and the angular velocity. The same coefficients are shown to govern both the inertial
behaviour of the body, i.e. the response to accelerations, and the effects of density
gradients. The free motion of spheres and two-dimensional circular cylinders is shown
to obey a condition akin to the Fermat principle in optics.
The effect of boundaries on the plane Couette flow of granular materials:
a bifurcation analysis
Authors: NOTT P. R. , ALAM M. , AGRAWAL K. , JACKSON R. , SUNDARESAN S.
Published: July 2002

The tendency of granular materials in rapid shear ow to form non-uniform structures
is well documented in the literature. Through a linear stability analysis of the solution
of continuum equations for rapid shear flow of a uniform granular material, performed
by Savage (1992) and others subsequently, it has been shown that an infinite plane
shearing motion may be unstable in the Lyapunov sense, provided the mean volume
fraction of particles is above a critical value. This instability leads to the formation
of alternating layers of high and low particle concentrations oriented parallel to the
plane of shear. Computer simulations, on the other hand, reveal that non-uniform
structures are possible even when the mean volume fraction of particles is small. In the
present study, we have examined the structure of fully developed layered solutions,
by making use of numerical continuation techniques and bifurcation theory. It is
shown that the continuum equations do predict the existence of layered solutions
of high amplitude even when the uniform state is linearly stable. An analysis of the
effect of bounding walls on the bifurcation structure reveals that the nature of the
wall boundary conditions plays a pivotal role in selecting that branch of non-uniform
solutions which emerges as the primary branch. This demonstrates unequivocally that
the results on the stability of bounded shear flow of granular materials presented
previously by Wang et al. (1996) are, in general, based on erroneous base states.
Peacekeeping by attrition: the United Nations in Angola
Authors: MacQueen Norrie
Published: July 2002

At the end of June 1997, the mandate of the third United Nations

Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM III) was completed with
conditional success, and superseded by the more modestly manned and
resourced Observation Mission in Angola (Missão de Observação
das
Nações Unidas em Angola – MONUA). The ‘draw-down’
of
UNAVEM III marked the end of one period in the UN's somewhat
chequered history of engagement in Angola. The completion of its
mandate followed the apparent commitment on the part of UNITA
(União Nacional para a Indepêndencia Total de Angola) to move

ahead to the final implementation of the Lusaka Protocol of November
1994. By the terms of this protocol, UNITA was to demobilise the
greater part of its army and integrate the remainder into the national

armed forces (the FAA – Forças Armadas Angolanas). Already
in
April, UNITA had complied with a central part of the political
requirements of the protocol by inaugurating a new coalition
government of national unity with the ruling MPLA-PT (Movimento
de Libertação de Angola – Partido Trabalhista).
Energy spectrum in the dissipation range of fluid turbulence
Authors: MARTÍNEZ D. O. , CHEN S. , DOOLEN G. D. , KRAICHNAN R. H. , WANG L.-P. , ZHOU Y.
Published: July 2002

High-resolution, direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional
incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are carried out to study the
energy spectrum in the dissipation range. An energy spectrum of the form
A(k/kd)α
exp[−βk/kd]
is confirmed. The possible values of the parameters α and β,
as well as their
dependence on Reynolds numbers and length scales, are investigated, showing
good agreement with recent theoretical predictions. A
‘bottleneck’-type effect is reported at
k/kd≈4, exhibiting a
possible transition from near-dissipation to far-dissipation.
A self-similar solution for expansion into a
vacuum of a collisionless plasma bunch
Authors: BAITIN A. V. , KUZANYAN K. M.
Published: July 2002

The process of expansion into a vacuum of a collisionless
plasma bunch with
relativistic electron temperature is investigated for the
one-dimensional case.
Self-similar solutions for the evolution of the electron
distribution function and
ion acceleration are obtained, taking account of cooling of the electron
component of plasma for the cases of non-relativistic and ultrarelativistic
electron energies.
Marking octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae statoliths with alizarin complexone
Authors: Fuentes L. , Iglesias J. , Moxica C.
Published: July 2002

It is possible to mark octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae on a massive scale (up to 3500 paralarvae l−1) with 100% marking reliability using alizarin complexone (ALC). The whole statolith is marked and the best results obtained were with concentrations of 60-300 mg l−1 and bath duration of 3-24 h. Taking into account the quality of marking, mortality and ALC costs suggest using from 60 to 200 mg l−1 for 3-6 h. The only treatments causing significant mortalities were 300 mg l−1 over 6 and 24 h.
Metabolism of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from two origins in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)
Authors: Babarro Jose M.F. , Fernández-Reiriz María José , Labarta Uxío
Published: July 2002

Mussel seed Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) was cultivated on a raft in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain), from seeding to thinning out, for 226 d (November 1995–July 1996) and two aspects of metabolism, oxygen consumption rate (VO2) and ammonia excretion rate (VNH4-N) were studied in situ.

The model derived from multiple analysis of oxygen consumption accounted for 91.9% of the variance, based on dry weight of the mussels and the environmental factors quality of food (organic content) and mainly chlorophyll-a. Seed origin also showed significant influence. The seasonal pattern of the oxygen consumption can be attributed mainly to the variation of chlorophyll-a, which showed a higher range of values in the spring months.

Origin of seed did not show a homogeneous effect on oxygen consumption throughout the cultivation period. Collector rope mussels showed higher oxygen consumption values at the beginning of the cultivation period and after the first 15 d, but the rocky shore mussels showed a higher oxygen consumption between days 22 and 110. Energy-conserving patterns and lower condition index at the onset of the experiment for rocky shore mussels could explain these initial differences.

Multiple analysis on the variation of ammonia excretion rate provided a model that accounted for 72.6% of the variance based on dry weight of mussels, seed origin and the environmental parameters chlorophyll-a and total particulate matter. The rocky shore mussels showed a significantly higher excretion values for most of the cultivation period, although there was no constant tendency throughout. High excretion values were recorded between January and March, whilst for the rest of the cultivation period values were low.

The O:N index was higher in collector rope mussels for most of the cultivation period, which may suggest a more favourable energy metabolism and/or a more appropriate nutritional state for these specimens.
Associated fauna of Sabellaria alveolata colonies on the central coast of Portugal
Authors: Dias Abel Sousa , Paula José
Published: July 2002

This study deals with the associated fauna of Sabellaria alveolata (Annelida: Polychaeta) colonies on the central coast of Portugal. Samples were collected on two shores, Magoito and Avencas and a total of 137 taxa were found on both shores. In qualitative terms, χ2-test shows significant differences between shores. In Magoito crustaceans are the most abundant associated fauna while in Avencas polychaetes are the most abundant. Relative biomass and abundance per kg of sediment is much higher in eroded colonies than in developed ones and diversity seems to increase with reduced wave action.
Reproductive aspects of females of the hermit crab Diogenes pugilator (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from southern Spain
Authors: Manjón-Cabeza M.E. , García Raso J.E.
Published: July 2002

The ovary structure of the hermit crab Diogenes pugilator (Crustacea: Decapoda), is described in the different phases using electron microscopy. Sexual maturity was reached at a very small size; females from 0.74 mm shield length (SL) could be found in vitellogenesis stage and even 0.6 mm SL ovigerous females exist. The biometric study of the ovigerous females by independent size-class (non-accumulative) shows that 1.3 mm SL is the size at which 50% of females are ovigerous; this value is increased a little (1.7–1.8 mm) if the population of females, or ovigerous females, is analysed from an accumulative point of view. In addition, an optimal reproductive size (between 2.1 and 2.3 mm SL) and a reproductive decrease in the maximum size-classes have been detected. The relation between brood size (measured through egg number) and the hermit crab size follows a potential function. The number of eggs by brood varies in a wide range (9–2838), with a mean diameter of 0.35±0.03 mm. No relationship between egg size and shield length has been found.
Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain
Authors: Fisher Michael H.
Published: July 2002

By writing about the late eighteenth-century revolution which led to the East India Company rule, members of a largely Muslim pre-colonial administrative elite in eastern India sought take control over their own history. They explained the society and ancien régime of India, as well as themselves, to the new British rulers for whom they worked. In so doing, they strove to inform and guide the new British colonial authorities into employing them in the new administration as well as into valuing the cultural mores and bureaucratic experience which they embodied. They also wrote introspectively for the own class, trying to understand the causes of the revolution that had displaced their own traditional rulers and themselves with rule by Europeans and administrations staffed increasingly by Indians with backgrounds different from their own.
La tête du prophète sur un plat, ou, L’anti-repas d’alliance (Mc 6.14–29)
Authors: FOCANT CAMILLE
Published: July 2002

Une rapide comparaison des récits de Marc et de Flavius Josèphe permet de dégager la construction de deux intrigues différentes. Le texte de Marc est ensuite analysé pour dégager l’intentio operis. L’examen de l’organisation du temps met en évidence les anachronies d’un récit où se mêlent analepse et prolepse, et celui de l’intrigue fait voir le chemin emprunté par la violence pour emporter le juste. L’étude de la fonction narrative de Mc 6.14–29 dans l’intrigue globale du second évangile fait notamment ressortir le contraste entre le repas d’alliance de la dernière cène et sa caricature lors du banquet d’anniversaire d’Hérode.
Endotoxin antibodies in African sleeping sickness
Authors: PENTREATH V. W. , ALAFIATAYO R. A. , BARCLAY G. R. , CRAWLEY B. , DOUA F. , OPPENHEIM B. A.
Published: July 2002

Antibodies to the core region of endotoxin (endotoxin core
antibodies, EndoCAb), which cross-react with endotoxin from
a range of Gram-negative bacteria, are maintained in relative homeostasis
in
health, but undergo marked changes in a
number of different diseases associated directly or indirectly with
endotoxaemic or septicaemic states. The levels of
EndoCAb IgG in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 35 late-stage
sleeping sickness patients and 9 control
individuals were measured by ELISA. EndoCAb levels were significantly
elevated in the patient blood (mean EndoCAb
value 290 MU/ml cf. control 182 MU/ml, P<0·001),
and CSF (mean EndoCAb value 254 MU/ml cf. control
150 MU/ml, P<0·001). EndoCAb IgG levels correlated
with
endotoxin levels in patient blood (r=0·78,
P<0·001), but
not in the CSF and were not reduced 6 weeks following chemotherapy, unlike
the endotoxin levels. It is concluded that
late-stage sleeping sickness is associated with chronic exposure to endotoxins
from Gram-negative bacteria.
Membrane internalization processes in different stages
of Schistosoma mansoni as shown by a styryl dye
(Frei Mao 1–43)
Authors: RIBEIRO F. , COELHO P. M. Z. , VIEIRA L. Q. , POWELL K. , KUSEL J. R.
Published: July 2002

We have used a styryl dye FM 1–43 that cannot cross
membranes passively to evaluate membrane vesicle internalization
processes from the heptalaminate surface membrane in schistosomula and
adult Schistosoma mansoni. The process of dye
internalization was faster in adult worms than in 3 h skin or
24-h-old mechanically transformed schistosomula. Dye
internalization and vesicle formation were inhibited at low
temperature which suggests that the process is energy
dependent. Dye internalization was observed to be a result of
vesicle formation. This process is impaired by primaquine
independently of the parasite stage. The specific Ca2+
chelator EGTA affected dye internalization at a concentration of
5 mm. When parasites were labelled in the presence of genistein
(a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) uptake of the dye was blocked
in 24-h-old schistosomula. However, only a partial blockage of the
dye internalization was seen in adult worms. These
results suggest that dye internalization mediated by tyrosine
kinase signalling is developmentally regulated.
Killing of Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea)
mediated
by host complement
Authors: HARRIS P. D. , SOLENG A. , BAKKE T. A.
Published: July 2002

Gyrodactylus salaris, an important pathogen of Atlantic
salmon
Salmo salar, has been shown to be highly sensitive to
factors in host serum and mucus, being killed rapidly (50% within 1h) by

serum at a dilution of 1[ratio ]200. The time needed
for killing was inversely proportional to serum concentration. Similar

effects were noted using host mucus, which contained
approximately 1/20th of the anti-Gyrodactylus activity of

serum. Serum activity was abolished completely by heating at
45°C for 30 min, and by addition of EDTA, but not by EGTA+1 mm

magnesium ions. Activity was not dependent on
whether the serum was from infected or naive fishes, nor was it species

specific. Attempts to pre-coat parasites in salmon
anti-Gyrodactylus antibodies also failed to enhance the activity
of
fresh serum. These observations suggest that killing is
due to the complement system of the host, acting via the alternate pathway.

G. salaris appears to be exceptionally sensitive
to complement, being killed at concentrations which could be experienced

in vivo. The role of complement in the protection
of fishes against gyrodactylid infection therefore deserves further investigation.
The effects of chemical modification on the adhesion of
Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected erythrocytes
Authors: EDA S. , SHERMAN I. W.
Published: July 2002

Binding of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (PE) to
endothelial cells is mediated by the erythrocyte-membrane
protein, band 3-related adhesin. To determine its role, the binding of
infected cells treated with various
chemical modifiers was investigated. Binding was inhibited by a lysine
modifier (4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-di-sulfonate
(DIDS)) known to specifically bind to band 3, another lysine modifier (trinitrobenzene
sulfonic acid), a tyrosine
modifier (sodium iodide in conjunction with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide)
and oxidants (diamide, sodium periodate
and ADP-chelated ferric ion), but binding was unaffected by the histidine
modifier (diethylpyrocarbonate) and the arginine
modifier (phenyl glyoxyl monohydrate). To artificially expose the band
3-related adhesin, uninfected erythrocytes were
treated with acridine orange or loaded with calcium. These cells bound
to C32 amelanotic melanoma cells, were
immunostained with a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the
band 3-related adhesin on PE, and the binding
was inhibited by this monoclonal antibody. The binding of acridine orange-treated
and calcium-loaded uninfected
erythrocytes, could also be blocked by DIDS. In the case of acridine orange-treated
erythrocytes, the patterns of the
effects of the chemical modification on binding were consistent with that
of PE except for tyrosine modification. These
results demonstrate that the band 3-related adhesin, even in the absence
of parasite-encoded proteins, contributes to PE
adhesion.
Fitness of benzimidazole-resistant and -susceptible worms
of Teladorsagia circumcincta, a nematode parasite of small ruminants
Authors: ELARD L. , SAUVE C. , HUMBERT J. F.
Published: July 2002

We compared, some fitness-related traits of benzimidazole resistant
(rr) and susceptible (rS, SS) worms of Teladorsagia

circumcincta, a gastrointestinal parasite of the small ruminants,
under laboratory conditions. PCR was used to determine
the genotypes (rr, SS, rS) and the fitness of
each was compared within the same strain. There was no significant difference

in egg production, development rate from egg to infective larvae stage,
establishment of these larvae in the host or the
survival of adult worms and infective larvae for the 3 genotypes. The same
results were obtained for the establishment
rate of larvae in the host and the production of infective larvae under
conditions of strong competition between resistant
and susceptible worms. The fact that there were no differences in fitness
suggests that the installation of benzimidazole
resistance in a worm population is irreversible. This agrees with field
observations.
Ethical, Necessity and Internal Reasons
Authors: Cordner Christopher
Published: July 2002

Against moral philosophers' traditional preoccupation with ‘ought’ judgments, Bernard Williams has reminded us of the importance of locutions such as ‘I must’, ‘I have to’ and ‘I can't’. He develops an account of the ethical necessity and impossibility these locutions are able to mark. The account draws on his thesis that all reasons for action are ‘internal’. I sketch the account, and then try to show that it is insensitive to important aspects of how the concepts of ethical necessity and impossibility inform our lives.
Reply to Bernard Williams' ‘Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline’
Authors: Putnam Hilary
Published: July 2002

In ‘Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline,’ Williams is mistaken in thinking that I accused him of thinking that that we can describe the world ‘as it is anyway’ without using concepts. Our real disagreement is over whether it makes sense to think that the concepts of physics do this. The central issue is this: the notion of ‘absoluteness’ is defined using at least one semantical notion (‘convergence’). If Williams' view is to work, I argue, at least one semantical notion needs to be absolute. But Williams himself concedes that semantical notions cannot be reduced to physical ones, and the ‘absolute conception’ is supposed to be given in terms of primary qualities alone.
Social phobia and potential childhood risk factors in a community sample
Authors: CHARTIER M. J. , WALKER J. R. , STEIN M. B.
Published: July 2002

Background. This study examined the relationship between potential childhood risk factors and social phobia in an epidemiological sample. Identifying risk factors such as childhood adversities can often uncover important clues as to the aetiology of a disorder. This information also enables health care providers to predict which individuals are most likely to develop the disorder.

Methods. Data came from the Mental Health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey of a survey of 8116 Canadian respondents, aged 15–64. Social phobia was diagnosed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Childhood risk factors were assessed by a series of standardized questions.

Results. A positive relationship was observed between social phobia and lack of close relationship with an adult, not being first born (in males only), marital conflict in the family of origin, parental history of mental disorder, moving more than three times as a child, juvenile justice and child welfare involvement, running away from home, childhood physical and sexual abuse, failing a grade, requirement of special education before age 9 and dropping out of high school. Many of these variables remained significant after controlling for phobias, major depressive disorder and alcohol abuse. The data also suggest that some childhood risk factors may interact with gender to influence the development of social phobia.

Conclusions. Although an association was detected between social phobia and childhood risk factors, naturalistic prospective studies are needed to clarify the aetiological importance of these and other potential risk factors for the disorder.
Adolescent psychological problems, partnership transitions and adult mental health: an investigation of selection effects
Authors: MAUGHAN BARBARA , TAYLOR ALAN
Published: July 2002

Background. Marital status is a strong correlate of psychiatric morbidity in adulthood, but debate continues on how far this association reflects causal influences or selection effects based on prior psychological characteristics.

Method. Prospective data from the National Child Development Study were used to examine effects of adolescent emotional and behavioural problems on transitions into and out of first partnerships, and their implications for psychiatric morbidity at age 33.

Results. Emotional and behavioural problems in adolescence showed systematic links with early partnership transitions (age at partnership formation, type of first partnership, and risks of first partnership breakdown). More detailed tests suggested that these effects only accounted for a modest proportion of the associations between partnership status and psychiatric morbidity at age 33.

Conclusions. In a non-referred community sample selection effects associated with adolescent emotional and behavioural problems appear to play only a modest role in links between partnership status and adult mental health.
Chronic fatigue syndrome – mapping the interior
Authors: HOTOPF MATTHEW , WESSELY SIMON
Published: July 2002

Over a century ago Beard referred to fatigue as the ‘Central
Africa of medicine – an unexplored
territory which few men enter’ (Beard, 1869). The last decade has
seen major advances in our
understanding of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Much is now known of the
epidemiology,
clinical features and prognosis of the condition (Wessely et al.
1998), and a number of recent papers
have reported randomized trials of successful treatments involving cognitive
behaviour therapy
(CBT) and graded exercise (Sharpe et al. 1996; Wearden et
al. 1996; Deale et al. 1997;
Fulcher & White, 1997). Despite these advances, which have defined
some of the broad landmarks
of the illness, and improved the care of patients, many areas remain uncharted.
Several papers
published in this issue of Psychological Medicine take us into
such unexplored territory.
To what extent does symptomatic improvement
result in better outcome in psychotic illness?
Authors: VAN OS J. , GILVARRY C. , BALE R. , VAN HORN E. , TATTAN T. , WHITE I. , MURRAY R.
Published: July 2002

Background. The effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in psychosis is increasingly reported in
terms of reductions in different symptom dimensions. It remains unclear, however, to what degree
such symptomatic changes are accompanied by improvement in other measures such as service use,
quality of life, and needs for care.

Methods. A sample of 708 patients with chronic psychotic illness was assessed on three occasions
over 2 years (baseline, year 1 and year 2). A multilevel analysis was conducted to examine to what
degree reduction in psychopathological scores derived from factor analysis of the Comprehensive
Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), was associated with improvement in service use,
disability, subjective outcomes and measures of self-harm.

Results. Reduction in positive, negative, depressive and manic symptoms over the study period were
all independently associated with lessening of social disability. Reduction in negative symptoms,
and to a lesser extent in positive and manic symptoms, was associated with less time in hospital and
more time living independently, whereas changes in positive and manic symptoms resulted in fewer
admissions. Subjective outcomes such as improvement in quality of life, perceived needs for care
and dissatisfaction with services showed the strongest associations with reduction in depressive
symptoms. Reduction in positive symptoms was associated with decreased likelihood of parasuicide.
Results did not differ according to diagnostic category.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that changes in distinct psychopathological dimensions
independently and differentially influence outcome. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing
symptoms of more than one dimension are likely to have more widespread effects.
Continuous performance test differences among schizophrenic out-patients living in high and low expressed emotion environments
Authors: DIXON M. J. , KING S. , STIP E. , CORMIER H.
Published: July 2002

Background. High expressed emotion (EE) in families reliably predicts relapse in schizophrenia leading to the assumption that high EE stresses patients and is the cause of relapse. Attempts at validating the stressful properties of high EE using autonomic skin conductance measures have been inconclusive. Since memory loaded vigilance tasks are sensitive to stress, we used a memory loaded version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to see if test performance would change in the presence and absence of high or low EE relatives. If high EE was stressful, performance should decline in their presence of high EE relatives. If low EE was protective against stress performance should improve in the presence of low EE relatives.

Methods. The CPT was administered to 41 schizophrenic and 51 normal control participants. CPT testing was conducted in the absence, then presence, then absence of high or low EE relatives.

Results. Control participants had significantly greater CPT scores than schizophrenic participants; there was no effect of the relative's presence or absence on CPT performance for either the high or low EE group. Schizophrenic participants from high EE homes demonstrated significantly better, rather than worse, CPT scores than those in low EE homes.

Conclusions. These findings fail to support the notion of high EE as stressor, but show that high EE and low EE patient groups perform a vigilance task significantly differently. We propose that patients from low EE groups may be underaroused relative to their high EE counterparts and that this underarousal leads to less than optimal performance on the CPT.
Locke's Parity Thesis about Thinking Matter: A Response to Williams
Authors: MORELAND J. P.
Published: July 2002

Recently, Clifford Williams has attempted to argue for the plausibility

of a Christian form of physicalism. To make his case, Williams appropriates
certain
claims by John Locke regarding the possibility of thinking matter to argue
for what
Williams calls the parity theses: (1) God can make matter and nonmatter
either to
think or not to think. Given God's omnipotence, the justification
for (1) is: (2) there
is no contradiction in asserting either that matter or nonmatter thinks
or that they
do not think. If we expand thinking to include other morally and religiously
relevant
operations of the mind, then we get: (3) God can make either a purely material

being or a nonmaterial entity to have moral and religious characteristics.
From this,
Williams infers that: (4) there is an equal amount of mystery in thinking
matter as
there is in non-thinking matter. In response to Williams, I argue that
his main
arguments for the parity theses fail and his Lockean style argument must
be judged
a failure. To show this I, first, state Williams' Lockean parity argument
and, second,
criticize the three arguments he offers for its most important premise.
The Measurement of Social Security Convergence: The
Case of European Public Pension Systems since 1950
Authors: JOHNSON PAUL
Published: July 2002

This article proposes a novel way of measuring cross-national changes
over time in the outputs of social security systems. Traditional
approaches to the comparative analysis of social security systems use
expenditure levels, regime types or poverty and inequality rates to rank
countries and map change over time. All these approaches encounter the
problem of determining how much of the observed change is due to internal
developments within the social security system, and how much due
to exogenous social and economic factors. Taking the example of public
pensions in five European countries since 1950, this article demonstrates
how formal social security rules can be used in a simulation model to
evaluate changes in public pension payments for a variety of hypothetical
individuals characterised by different levels of lifetime income. This procedure
produces direct measures of the impact of changes in social security
systems which are entirely independent of exogenous developments
in social and economic structures. This new method reveals the ‘pure’
effect of internal social security system development over time.
Creating speech register in Thai conversation
Authors: IWASAKI SHOICHI , HORIE PREEYA INGKAPHIROM
Published: July 2002

Upon engaging in a speech event, participants mutually
try to create the most appropriate speech register for
that occasion. Special formality-marking particles, pronominals,
names, kin terms, titles, and pragmatic particles are some
linguistic signs that are available for Thai speakers for
this purpose. Through varied frequencies and combinations
of different signs, various shades of speech register are
created. The type and quality of speech register are largely
predictable when the participants are familiar with the
speech situation because of their past interactional history,
or with the protocol required for a particular type of
interaction. However, when the participants are thrown
into an unfamiliar situation with strangers, they must
find a middle ground in their register and adjust their
speech behavior to achieve a balanced speech interaction.
In this essay, we analyze four different conversations,
both quantitatively and qualitatively, in order to observe
how speech register is created in different types of interaction,
thereby going beyond simple taxonomic description of sociolinguistic
signs.
Conceptualizing motivation and emotion
Authors: Buck Ross
Published: July 2002

Motivation and emotion are not clearly defined and differentiated in Rolls's The brain and emotion, reflecting a widespread problem in conceptualizing these phenomena. An adequate theory of emotion cannot be based upon reward and punishment alone. Basic mechanisms of arousal, agonistic, and prosocial motives-emotions exist in addition to reward-punishment systems.
Scientific truth and perceived truth about sexual human nature: Implications for therapists
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A. , Gannon Erica J.
Published: July 2002

Therapists and their patients must deal with the negative sequelae of short term mating strategies. Implications for therapy of Gangestad & Simpson's strategic pluralism theory are compared with those of Buss's sexual strategies theory and Eagly's social role theory. Naive theories held by therapists and patients, as well as prevailing societal views, are posited as influential in determining the course and outcome of therapy.
Awareness may be existence as well as (higher-order) thought
Authors: Peterson Jordan B.
Published: July 2002

Rolls attributes to consciousness the functions of reflection, planning, and error-correction. Neuropsychologically grounded cybernetic theory provides an analogous, broader conceptualization: consciousness constructs goals (and plans), alters the valence of goal-related phenomena, registers error-signals, and explores unexpected circumstances (reconfiguring goals and plans as necessary). Consciousness plays a fundamental unrecognized ontological role, as well, conferring the status of “discriminable object” on select aspects of otherwise indeterminate “being.”
Dilemmas of rationality
Authors: Manktelow K. I.
Published: July 2002

This commentary focuses on the implications of practical reasoning research for the view of rationality in Stanovich & West's target article. Practical reasoning does not correlate with intelligence or other reasoning tasks. Explanation in decision making terms raises the issue of dilemmas, making it hard to specify the correct norm, when an action can satisfy or conflict with two equally justifiable goals.
Paradoxical individual differences in conditional inference
Authors: Oaksford Mike , Sellen Jo
Published: July 2002

Paradoxical individual differences, where a dysfunctional trait correlates positively with some preconceived notion of the normatively correct answer, provide compelling evidence that the wrong norm has been adopted. We have found that logical performance on conditional inference is positively correlated with schizotypy. Following Stanovich & West's reasoning, we conclude that logic is not normative in conditional inference, the prototypically logical task.
Data, development, and dual processes in rationality
Authors: Reyna Valerie F.
Published: July 2002

Although Stanovich & West (S&W) are likely to be criticized for not proposing a process model, results of such a model (fuzzy-trace theory) support many of their conclusions. However, arguments concerning evolution and Gricean intelligence are weak. Finally, developmental data are relevant to rationality, but contradictory results suggest a dual-processes approach that differs from S&W's based on fuzzy-trace theory.
An elitist naturalistic fallacy and the automatic-controlled continuum
Authors: Schneider Sandra L.
Published: July 2002

Although a focus on individual differences can help resolve issues concerning performance errors and computational complexity, the understanding/acceptance axiom is inadequate for establishing which decision norms are most appropriate. The contribution of experience to automatic and controlled processes suggests difficulties in attributing interactional intelligence to goals of evolutionary rationality and analytic intelligence to goals of instrumental rationality.
Covert REM sleep effects on REM mentation: Further methodological considerations and supporting evidence
Authors: Nielsen Tore A.
Published: July 2002

Whereas many researchers see a heuristic potential in the covert REM sleep model for explaining NREM sleep mentation and associated phenomena, many others are unconvinced of its value. At present, there is much circumstantial support for the model, but validation is lacking on many points. Supportive findings from several additional studies are summarized with results from two new studies showing (1) NREM mentation is correlated with duration of prior REM sleep, and (2) REM sleep signs (eye movements, phasic EMG) occur frequently in NREM sleep. The covert REM sleep model represents one class of explanatory models that combines the two assumptions of mind-body isomorphism and a 1-gen mentation generator; its future development will depend largely upon a more detailed understanding of sleep state interactions and their contribution to mind-body isomorphisms.
The magical number 4 = 7: Span theory on capacity limitations
Authors: Bachelder Bruce L.
Published: July 2002

According to span theory, a behavioral theory of the magical numbers, Cowan's 4 and Miller's 7 are simply two different points on the same ogive describing the relation between performance and span load, a fundamental task characteristic. Span theory explains the magical numbers in terms of a unitary limited span ability, a mathematical abstraction from that ogive.
What forms the chunks in a subject's performance? Lessons from the CHREST computational model of learning
Authors: Lane Peter C.R. , Gobet Fernand , Cheng Peter C-H.
Published: July 2002

Computational models of learning provide an alternative technique for identifying the number and type of chunks used by a subject in a specific task. Results from applying CHREST to chess expertise support the theoretical framework of Cowan and a limit in visual short-term memory capacity of 3–4 looms. An application to learning from diagrams illustrates different identifiable forms of chunk.
Linguistic structure and short term memory
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Juola Patrick
Published: July 2002

We provide additional support for Cowan's claim that short term memory (STM) involves a range of 3–5 tokens, on the basis of language correlational analyses. If language is at least partly learned, linguistic dependency structure should reflect properties of the cognitive components mediating learning; one such component is STM. In this view, the range over which statistical regularity extends in ordinary text would be suggestive of STM span. Our analyses of eight languages are consistent with STM span being about four chunks.
Sex differences in pain
Authors: Berkley Karen J.
Published: July 2002

Are there sex differences in pain? For experimentally
delivered somatic stimuli, females have lower thresholds, greater
ability to discriminate, higher pain ratings, and less tolerance of
noxious stimuli than males. These differences, however, are small,
exist only for certain forms of stimulation and are affected by
many situational variables such as presence of disease, experimental
setting, and even nutritive status. For endogenous pains, women
report more multiple pains in more body regions than men. With no
obvious underlying rationale, some painful diseases are more prevalent
among females, others among males and, for many diseases, symptoms
differ between females and males. Sex differences in attitudes exist
that affect not only reporting, coping, and responses to treatment,
but also measurement and treatment. So many variables are operative,
however, that the most striking feature of sex differences in reported
pain experience is the apparent overall lack of them. On the other
hand, deduction from known biological sex differences suggests
that these are powerful sex differences in the operation of pain
mechanisms. First, the vaginal canal provides an additional route in
women for internal trauma and invasion by pathological agents that
puts them at greater risk for developing hyperalgesia in multiple
body regions. Second, sex differences in temporal patterns are likely
to give rise to sex differences in how pain is “learned”
and stimuli are interpreted, a situation that could lead to a greater
variability and wider range of pains without obvious peripheral
pathology among females. Third, sex differences in the actions of sex
hormones suggest pain-relevant differences in the operation of many
neuroactive agents, opiate and nonopiate systems, nerve growth factor,
and the sympathetic system. Thus, while inductive analysis of existing
data demonstrate more similarities than differences in pain experience
between females and males, deductive analysis suggests important
operational sex differences in its production.
Once more with feeling: The role of emotion in self-deception
Authors: Dalgleish Tim
Published: July 2002

In an analysis of the role of emotion in self-deception is
presented. It is argued that instances of emotional self-deception
unproblematically meet Mele's jointly sufficient criteria. It is
further proposed that a consideration of different forms of mental
representation allows the possibility of instances of self-deception
in which contradictory beliefs (in the form p and
~p) are held simultaneously with full awareness.
Topologic organization of context fields for sensorimotor coordination
Authors: Morasso Pietro , Sanguineti Vittorio , Frisone Francesco
Published: July 2002

In field computing a topologic organization of CFs is
necessary to support sensorimotor planning. A simple model of
cortical dynamics can exploit such topologic organization.