bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict of Palm Oil Companies with Indigenous People and Forest Surrounding Society
Authors: Herningtyas Wieke
Published: December 2021

Abstract: Oil palm was one of profitable industrial crops. Oil palm high demand in industries encouraged new plantation field opening as oil palm plantation by means of forest conversion method. From land acquisition to oil palm plantation management, tenurial conflict often occurs. This article aimed to map some existing researches concerning conflict of palm oil companies with indigenous and surrounding forest community in Indonesia. This article uses systematic review method by using conflict-related keywords as assisting tool in filtering the data in order to acquire matching articles. Conflict of palm oil companies with indigenous people and surrounding forest community was distributed into four types. Type 1 was the conflict related to land acquisition and HGU permit. Type 2 was the conflict related to plasma plantation development and land compensation which would be used for plasma plantation. Type 3 was the conflict related to Broken Promises and Unfulfilled CSR Commitment. Type 4 was the conflict which occurred during plasma plantation management by cooperatives and companies for oil palm production (TBS and CPO).
Keywords: conflict, plantation, palm oil, indigenous people, people surrounding society
 
Intisari : Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu produk tanaman industri yang menguntungkan. Tingginya permintaan kelapa sawit oleh pasar industri mendorong pembukaan lahan perkebunan baru untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit melalui konversi hutan. Konversi lahan sering terjadi konflik tenurial. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memetakan penelitian-penelitian terdahulu mengenai konflik antara perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan masyarakat adat/masyarakat sekitar hutan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sistematik review dengan menggunakan kata kunci sebagai alat bantu dalam proses penyaringan untuk mendapatkan artikel yang sesuai. Konflik antara perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan masyarakat adat/masyarakat sekitar hutan dibagi menjadi empat tipe. Tipe 1 adalah konflik terkait akuisisi lahan dan perizinan HGU. Tipe 2 adalah konflik yang terjadi terkait pengembangan perkebunan plasma dan ganti rugi lahan yang akan digunakan untuk perkebunan plasma. Tipe 3 adalah konflik yang terjadi terkait janji yang tidak ditepati dan komitmen dari CSR yang tidak dipenuhi. Tipe 4 adalah konflik yang terjadi dalam pengelolaan kebun plasma oleh koperasi dan perusahaan untuk menghasilkan kelapa sawit (TBS dan CPO).
Kata Kunci: kelapa sawit, konflik, masyarakat adat, masyarakat sekitar hutan perkebunan
Czas na podjęcie przez sąd decyzji w przedmiocie wniosku o zastosowanie tymczasowego aresztowania
Authors: Pawelec Szymon
Published: December 2021

This paper canvasses the problem of adequacy of time limit of 24 hours (as defined in art. 248 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Art. 41 sec. 3 of the Constitution) for the court to assess the prosecutor’s request for pre-trial detention. Starting from the historical analysis of such a solution and then going through the characteristics of the scope of activities necessary to be taken by the court in such a short time and recalling selected procedural problems, visible mainly in the extensive penal economic cases, it was indicated that such a short deadline does not create general conditions for a reliable assessment of the legitimacy of the conclusion drawn. At the same time, the risk of transferring the effects of such inability to the suspect was indicated. Against this background, two main directions of possible normative changes are presented, including both the time limit itself and the accompanying solutions, allowing to create conditions for a more effective use of this inherently short period.
Experience of (for) science and higher education in times of the coronavirus crisis causing COVID-19 disease
Authors: Itrich-Drabarek Jolanta , Mazur Stanisław
Published: December 2021

The coronavirus causing COVID-19 disease, among many other effects, has re-evaluated the world of science and higher education. Experts representing the world of science have become indispensable for developing strategies to fight the pandemic, and their knowledge has become valuable not only for developing and producing an effective vaccine. Relying on modern and innovative facilities of higher education institutions, representatives of the business sector, state and local administration and science, must jointly participate in finding practical solutions to the problems of the state and society. Countries affected by the pandemic need such a system of research and higher education, in which science will serve social and economic development, university graduates will find absorbing work, and those in power will benefit from an independent expert base, regardless of which political option is at the helm of government. Given the new challenges faced by researchers and higher education in times of the coronavirus pandemic that causes COVID-19 disease and the changing economic and social conditions resulting from the pandemic, this paper examines the role and importance of the scientific world both during and after the pandemic.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg ou la résistance par opinion dissidente
Authors: Deysine Anne
Published: December 2021

L’article étudie le rôle de Ruth Bader Ginsburg (RBG) en tant que juge minoritaire qui s’est efforcée de freiner la dérive à droite de la Cour suprême par la rédaction d’opinions dissidentes qu’elle a parfois lues à haute voix devant les médias, le public et ses collègues dont elle critiquait le raisonnement, la motivation et la décision. Elle s’est d’abord concentrée sur les questions de discrimination et d’égalité salariale ; ainsi dans l’affaire Ledbetter son opinion dissidente a poussé le Congrès à légiférer pour contrer l’interprétation restrictive de la Cour. Elle a ensuite élargi sa palette en dénonçant le traitement privilégié accordé à la liberté religieuse au détriment des lois anti-discriminations. En matière de droit de vote, RBG s‘est opposée à la majorité conservatrice qui valide systématiquement les modifications électorales discriminatoires adoptées par les majorités républicaines dans les États. Et ces décisions sont de plus en plus prises de manière subreptice, dans le cadre du shadow docket, et donc passent sous le radar. Ce qui aggrave la situation et rend d’autant plus nécessaire une réforme de la Cour suprême ou une diminution de ses pouvoirs.
Dietas confinadas: análisis del discurso de la prensa sobre la nutrición en tiempos de Covid-19
Authors: Roger-Monzó Vanessa , Cabrera-García-Ochoa Yolanda , Moreno-Castro Carolina
Published: December 2021

The essential elements of the Spanish press’s discourse on nutrition guidelines during the Covid-19 health crisis are identified. To do this, the evolution of media representation is examined, with a semantic analysis of the news appearing in the national media in Spanish regarding nutrition and Covid-19. The analyzed period is from 31 January 2020 to 31 January 2021. The content search carried out using the Factiva database identified 117 records, which were analysed using T-LAB software. The results reveal that the press warned of hoaxes regarding nutrition during the study period. Four semantic groups are identified, informing about the most appropriate eating patterns according to the different circumstances during the pandemic. The results show that the press plays a role as an educator of Spanish society on nutrition-related topics.

Resumen
Se identifican los elementos esenciales sobre el discurso que la prensa española llevó a cabo sobre las pautas de nutrición durante la crisis sanitaria de la Covid-19. Se examina la evolución de la representación mediática y se efectúa un análisis semántico de las noticias aparecidas en los medios nacionales y en lengua española referidas a la nutrición y la Covid-19. El período analizado se inició el 31 de enero de 2020 y finalizó el 31 de enero de 2021. La búsqueda de contenidos se realizó mediante la base de datos Factiva. Se obtuvieron 117 registros que se analizaron mediante el software T-LAB. Los resultados revelan que la prensa alerta de los bulos sobre nutrición que se han producido durante el período analizado. Se identifican cuatro grupos semánticos orientados a informar sobre las pautas de alimentación más adecuadas según las diferentes circunstancias en la pandemia. Se constata que la prensa desempeña su papel como agente educador en la sociedad en materia de nutrición.
Investigation of the improvement of Sivas-Kangal lignites liquefaction product yields
Authors: AKSOĞAN KORKMAZ Aydan , BENTLİ İsmail
Published: December 2021

In recent years, converting and using coal into the most suitable product according to its properties has emerged as a modern approach. Among the main processes applied to coal are low and high-temperature carbonization, gasification and liquefaction. In coal liquefaction, coal is broken down into free radicals using hydrogen donor solvent and catalyst under high temperature and pressure conditions. Later, these radicals can be used in the production of both liquid fuel and chemical raw materials by being saturated with hydrogen. This study aims to improve the yields of Sivas-Kangal lignite liquefaction products (char, preasphaltene, asphaltene, oil-gas). For this purpose, firstly raw coal, then spiral enriched clean coal liquefaction experiments were carried out. The chemical characterizations of the obtained products were determined by proximate and ultimate analysis. The composition of the oil was identified by GC-MS. As a result of the enrichment, the char yield decreased by 16.5% whereas the oil+gas yield increased by 14.64%. Total conversion increased from 31.74% to 48.24%. It has been concluded that the enrichment process has a positive effect on the liquefaction yields.
JOINT MEASURES OF RUSSIA AND USA TO INTRODUCE POSTINDUSTRIAL TECHONOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Denisov A. , Khomiakov V.
Published: December 2021

Considered joint political and military-political decisions of Russian and American governments led to massive integration of new technological environments in Russia based on covering material technologies. Showed that for solving of the whole system of integrated tasks there was made a synthesis of results of engineering and system designing of productions with irrational religious myths and symbols of apocalypse.
CERTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF PARTICULARLY RESPONSIBLE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT A MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE
Authors: Egorov M. , Feofanov A.
Published: December 2021

This article is devoted to technological processes at machine-building enterprises. Analysis of the effectiveness of the certification process and management of particularly responsible technological processes. Identification and definition of the technological process. Requirements for technological documentation
Proclaiming the Divine Logos to the Man of the Future
Authors: Torrijos-Castrillejo David
Published: December 2021

This paper studies the cooperation of theology in the new evangelization in societies of ancient Christian tradition which are suffering an advanced process of secularization. It begins with Spain, where a recent debate on the influence of Christian intellectuals on social life suggests the ineffectiveness of ecclesiastical resources in transmitting the rich Catholic doctrinal heritage. Then the author deals with the idiosyncrasy of contemporary man, which lies near the one of the immediate future’s man: an uprooted subject who does not believe that life has any meaning, is deeply marked by emotivism and attaches little significance to truth. The theology of tomorrow cannot feed this emotivism but must be proactive in its own way. The proclamation of the Gospel is not different from the exposition of the Church’s doctrine. To detach evangelization from the teaching of Christian doctrine cannot help the encounter with Christ. In order to succeed in transmitting this doctrine by making it suggestive, theologians should work together with experts in communication.
Polskie perspektywy mariologii w kontekście
Authors: Pek Kazimierz
Published: December 2021

Uprawianie mariologii w kontekście to jeden z oryginalnych wymiarów współczesnej polskiej teologii. Uzasadnieniem metodologicznym i teologicznym jest kontekst misterium Trójjedynego, a nie tylko zmieniająca się kultura. Badanie obrazu Boga w nauczaniu ma- riologicznym stanowi narzędzie weryfikacji hipotez lub konkluzji teologicznych. Obraz Maryi zależy od obrazu Boga. Maryja jawiła się jako uczestniczka (lub przyjmująca) i owoc Bożego działania, gdy historia zbawienia była przedstawiana jako dzieło Ojca przez Syna w Duchu Świętym. Tam występowały zachęty do wielbienia Boga tak jak Maryja w Magnificat, gdzie jasno wyrażano przekonanie o Opatrzności. Jednak niektóre propozycje analizowanych źródeł zachęcają do ich rozwoju. Powinno się dostrzec wezwania do prze- myślenia pośrednictwa Chrystusa (per Jesum ad Mariam) i Ducha Świętego (per Spiritum ad Mariam) oraz większego wykorzystania modelu soteriologicznego receptio. Albowiem tam, gdzie mariologia poprzestawała tylko na stwierdzeniu, że Jeden Bóg jest Trójjedyny, tam dochodziło do zniekształcenia ewangelicznego obrazu Boga.
Issue of the boundaries between good and evil in theological-moral discourse
Authors: Balák René
Published: December 2021

Hardly any problem in contemporary theological-moral discourse causes such turbulence as the searching, reflection, and demarcation of the boundaries between good and evil in human acting. A fundamental problem is a criterion or a reference point according to which a person could reliably determine what is good and evil. Divergent theological views in the theological-moral dimension seem to have caused the clear boundaries between good and evil to disappear. Therefore, the crucial question is whether there is still a universal criterion for theological evaluation of a human act, as the situation in theological-moral discourse resembles an areopagus of opinions that have no common point in distinguishing between good and evil. This reflection examines the possibility if the Thomistic ethical analysis of a human act, together with the principle of double effect, may be a reference point for the demarcation of these boundaries.
Nuevos retos para los Estados respecto a la biopiratería en el contexto del discurso de la conservación de la biodiversidad: el caso de Ecuador
Authors: Jurado Morales Miguel Ángel
Published: December 2021

El presente artículo explora cómo el tema de la biodiversidad puede ser utilizado como un discurso hegemónico que muchas veces no corresponde con la conservación de la naturaleza, sino que se encuentra regido por intereses de diferentes instituciones que ven en ésta nuevas formas para la apropiación y comercialización de recursos biológicos y genéticos. Partiendo de un enfoque posestructuralista se busca entender el papel del lenguaje de la biodiversidad en la capitalización de la naturaleza. Para ello, se aborda el caso de Ecuador respecto a la biopiratería y se concluye que a pesar de contar con una legislación ambiental y estar ésta enmarcada dentro de convenios internacionales acerca del acceso y distribución de los beneficios de la biodiversidad y los conocimientos ancestrales, los recursos genéticos terminan siendo hurtados por centros de investigación del Norte global.
Current trends in studying glaucoma: a review of published data
Authors:   Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Zaporozhetc L.A. , Alekseev V.N. ,   I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Egorov Е.А. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation, Martynova Е.В. ,   I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation, Alekseev Yu.A. ,   I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: December 2021

Aim: to analyze recently published data on the trends in glaucoma studies, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnostic challenges, and treatment for glaucoma based on current recommendations and published data over the last 50 years. Materials and Methods: this paper reviews English published data on glaucoma indexed in PubMed database and papers from the "Ophthalmological Journal" and "American Journal of Ophthalmology over 50 years (1970–2019), and open access journals («National Journal Glaucoma" and "British Journal of Ophthalmology") over the last ten years (2010–2019). Results: published data analysis demonstrated a steadily increased interest in studying all aspects of glaucoma from 1970 until now. In 2010–2019, there was a growing interest in the personalized approach to the study and treatment of glaucoma. Over this period, studies on the fundamental basis of glaucoma and its surgical management became the priority in Russia and foreign countries. Meanwhile, the interest in glaucoma surgery is still predominant in Russian published data from 1970 until now (although its growth rate reduced by 2019). In the 1980s, studying the functional status of glaucoma using automated perimetry gained the most popularity. Since 2000, the interest has switched to the morphometry of optic nerve head (ONH) using optical coherence tomography. Conclusions: primary studies on glaucoma are similar in Russia and foreign countries, i.e., theoretical aspects (etiology and pathogenesis) and improving surgical techniques. Our findings demonstrate a growing interest in a personalized approach to study glaucoma. Since 2010, there has been an increase in domestic published data on conservative treatment for glaucoma. To date, the most promising diagnostic modality is ONH morphometry. Keywords: primary glaucoma, published data, automated perimetry, Heidelberg retinal tomography, optical coherence tomography, glaucoma treatment. For citation: Zaporozhetc L.A., Alekseev V.N., Egorov Е.А. et al. Current trends in studying glaucoma: a review of published data. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(4):194–199 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-4-194-199.
La digitalización de procesos en la organización como ventaja competitiva en el contexto del Covid-19
Authors: Giménez Miriam Mónica
Published: December 2021

El inesperado escenario que originó la pandemia del Covid-19 implicó una disrupción en la administración de las organizaciones que, repentinamente, se encontraron inmersas en un contexto inédito y se vieron compelidas a rediseñar sus modelos de aprendizaje. Las reglas de la nueva normalidad aceleraron la digitalización de los procesos organizacionales, permitiendo a muchos sectores de la economía regenerarse e, incluso, ganar posiciones dentro de los mercados. En este entorno, dos variables pudieron identificarse como determinantes: el capital humano y el grado de automatización de los procesos organizacionales. Este trabajo expondrá las conclusiones obtenidas durante el desarrollo del proyecto de investigación cualitativa titulado «Saberes emergentes producidos por la implantación de automatismos digitales en los procesos organizacionales», vinculadas a las respuestas que brindaron las organizaciones de Córdoba, Argentina, en torno a sus capacidades para ajustarse a los cambios y activar su operatividad en el nuevo escenario planteado por la pandemia del Covid-19.
Forage Grasses for Florida's Organic Soils
Authors: Ezenwa Ikechukwu V. , Muchovej Rosa M. , Pate Findlay M.
Published: December 2021

Revised! SS-AGR-71, a 3-page fact sheet by I. V. Ezenwa, R. M. Muchovej, and F. M. Pate, is part of the Florida Forage Handbook. It highlights the two forage grasses recommended for the fertile organic soils of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) — St. Augustinegrass and Limpograss. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, March 2009.
SS-AGR-71/AA255: Forage Grasses for Florida's Organic Soils (ufl.edu)
Biology and Management of Torpedograss (Panicum repens) in Ornamental Landscape Planting Beds
Authors: Khamare Yuvraj , Prince Candice , Marble Chris
Published: December 2021

Torpedograss is one of the most invasive perennial grass species in Florida landscapes. This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Environmental Horticulture Department was written for green industry professionals and others to aid in the identification and management of torpedograss in landscape planting beds. Written by Yuvraj Khamare, Candice Prince, and Chris Marble.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep615
Greenhouse Manufacturers and Suppliers
Authors: Hochmuth George J. , Hochmuth Robert C.
Published: December 2021

Revised! HS-1020, a 6-page fact sheet by George J. Hochmuth and Robert C. Hochmuth, provides a partial directory of greenhouse manufacturers and suppliers. Published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, February 2009.
HS1020/HS255: Greenhouse Manufacturers and Suppliers (ufl.edu)
Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae)
Authors: Sourakov Andrei
Published: December 2021

EENY-442, a 9-page illustrated fact sheet by Andrei Sourakov, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this well-known migrating butterfly with charismatic appearance, their distribution, description, biology and life cycle, hosts and monarch toxicity, conservation status, and natural enemies. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, November 2008.
EENY-442/IN780: Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) (ufl.edu)
White M hairstreak, Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & LeConte) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)
Authors: Sourakov Andrei
Published: December 2021

EENY-441, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Andrei Sourakov, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this metallic blue Neotropical hairstreak with characteristic M-shaped pattern on its silver-colored underside which flies in clearings and edges of oak growth — its distribution, biology and lifecycle, and hosts. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, November 2008.
EENY-441/IN782: White M hairstreak, Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & LeConte) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) (ufl.edu)
2008 Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Chemical Control Guide for Diseases of Vegetables, Revision No. 19
Authors: Pernezny Ken , Gevens Amanda , Momol Tim , Palmateer Aaron , Peres Natalia , Raid Richard , Roberts Pam , Vallad Gary , Zhang Shouan
Published: December 2021

Revised! PPP-6, a 108-page publication by Ken Pernezny, Amanda Gevens, Tim Momol, Aaron Palmateer, Natalia Peres, Richard Raid, Pam Roberts, Gary Vallad, and Shousan Zhang, is a guide to lawful use of sprayable chemicals intended for control of plant diseases affecting vegetables grown in Florida. Published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, September 2008.
Florida's Organo-Auxin Herbicide Rule—2021
Authors: Bultemeier Brett , Ferrell Jason A. , MacDonald Gregory
Published: December 2021

Organo-auxin (phenoxy) herbicides have found a place in weed control schemes for peanut, corn, small grains, sugarcane, turf, pasture and forage crops, and many other areas. It is the intent of this publication to clarify and disseminate the Florida Organo-Auxin Herbicide Rule to interested growers and applicators. Major revision by B. Bultemeier, J. A. Ferrell, and G. E. MacDonald; 4 pages.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg051
Pemanfaatan Digital Marketing Bagi UMKM
Authors: Harahap Hamida Syari , Dewi Nita Komala , Ningrum Endah Prawesti
Published: December 2021

Perubahan sistem pemasaran dari tradisional menjadi digital marketing untuk menghadapi era 5.0 memaksakan pihak UMKM untuk melakukan perubahan dalam sistem pemasaran produknya melalui media sosial. Berdasarkan hal tersebut masih banyak pelaku UMKM yang belum memahami digital marketing. Untuk itu, kegiatan abdimas ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman kepada pelaku UMKM mengenai pentingnya digital marketing bagi pemasaran usahanya dengan memanfaatkan media sosial. Metode kegiatan abdimas yakni ceramah, diskusi dan pelatihan secara langsung kepada pelaku UMKM. Peserta abdimas yakni para pelaku UMKM di Kelurahan Teluk Pucung, Bekasi Utara sebanyak 20 orang dengan kriteria belum mengetahui sistem digital marketing untuk pemasaran. Hasil dari abdimas yakni peserta mendapatkan tambahan ilmu dan pengetahuan mengenai digital marketing mulai dari pengertian, jenis, dan pemanfaatannya bagi pemasaran produk UMKM dan peserta dapat membuat konten dan caption sebagai pendukung postingan gambar/foto/video produk dalam akun Instagram yang memiliki sifat persuasif.
LARANGAN DEMO OLEH SULTAN HAMENGKU BUWONO X PASCA DEMO 8 OKTOBER 2020 DI YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Anna Zakiah Derajat Toni Kurniawan
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to explain the implementation of Article 5 of Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom to Express Opinions after the demonstration on October 8, 2020 in Yogyakarta, thus giving birth to Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X's appeal regarding demonstrations in the perspective of mas}lah}ah. This type of research is literature research by conducting various studies that are considered credible with the primary source studied. This research results in a conclusion that freedom to express opinions in public is part of the basis of democracy, which has a role in eradicating corruption, gaps in government, and a last resort in conveying an aspiration. In implementing Article 5 of Law Number 9 of 1998 at the demonstration that took place on October 8, 2020 in Yogyakarta, restrictions are still needed so as not to conflict with Islamic law and laws. The demonstration in Yogyakarta led to anarchism, which led to a response from Sultan HB X. The appeal issued by Sultan HB X can be justified because it considers many things, one of which is security, safeguarding public facilities, and order. This appeal also does not mean to limit, eliminate people's rights, and prohibit them from expressing their aspirations.
KONSEP DAN KONTEKSTUALISASI KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM HADIS
Authors: Wahyu Saepudin
Published: December 2021

Kepemimpinan merupakan suatu entitas yang penting bagi peradaban manusia. Adanya suatu komunitas yang eksis, memerlukan suatu bentuk kepemimpinan yang akan mengarahkan komunitas tersebut kepada tujuan dan visi serta misi yang hendak dicapai. Politik, sebagai suatu panglima yang mengarahkan komunitas merupakan manifestasi konkret dari adanya kepemimpinan. Islam sebagai agama yang menjadikan teks al-Qur'an dan Hadis beserta ilmu turunannya sebagai pedoman, tentunya memiliki konsepsi ideal yang digambarkan dalam teks-teks tersebut mengenai kepemimpinan. Kepemimpinan dalam Islam telah diatur dengan pakem pada teks itu, namun dinamika sejarah dan dialektika ilmu pengetahuan telah menggeser beberapa pakem sesuai dengan konteks masa kini. Tulisan ini hendak mengeksplorasi konsep-konsep ideal kepemimpinan dalam teks tersebut, secara spesifik hadis nabi dan membaca setiap aspek perubahan dalam konteks-konteks tersebut dengan menggunakan kaca mata teori double movement. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan tehnik pengambilan data berupa library research. Dari penelusuran yang telah dilakukan, ada dua konsep kepemimpinan dalam hadis yang dirasa tidak relevan di era kontemporer, konsep tersebut adalah kepemimpinan harus dari kalangan laki-laki dan kepemimpinan harus dari Quraisy
The Importance of Statebuilding: Additional Contributions from a Military Perspective
Authors: Németh József Lajos , Boldizsár Gábor
Published: December 2021

Since the early beginning, stability, prosperity and security have been core values for the members of the transatlantic community. Efforts have been made for reconciliation over human lives lost in war, to understand and to solve dramatic changes in societies, to rebuild economies after heavy losses in goods, and to repair and maintain destroyed basic infrastructure; these are still ongoing concerns that present periodical challenges for all participating states. Statebuilding approaches can be described in many theoretical ways, but in practice – based on historical experience – they can be either peaceful or very bloody. In order to realise unknown and extreme factors and to give them adequate answers there is an urgent need for a stable, reliable and effective system.The Hungarian Defence Forces has a long history in peace operations, however, the latest missions conducted, especially in the Balkans and in Afghanistan, provided lots of useful experience related to different statebuilding efforts. In this paper the authors explain the basic general relations between state and the military, in normal – or ideal – circumstances, illustrated – as a comparison – with different elements and factors in statebuilding efforts in case of extreme conditions such as war, failing states or even a hypocritical emergence of state-like entities.
Az Iszlám Állam visszatérésének veszélye az iraki kisebbségekre nézve
Authors: Szilágyi-Kiss Hajnalka
Published: December 2021

A veszélyeztetés egy nem kívánt történés bekövetkezésének lehetősége, azaz olyan helyzet, amelyben nem biztosan, de valamikorra eséllyel kialakulhat bizonyos károkozás, s ez félelemhez, a biztonságérzés megszűnéséhez vezet. Sajnos, Irakban még ma is sokan veszélyben érzik magukat, mert az Iszlám Állam mint kalifátus ugyan megszűnt, de sejtekben tovább él tulajdonképpen bárhol a világon, s ezek tagjainak radikális nézeteiből adódóan kiújulhat a tevékenysége. A veszélyérzet szubjektív, hiszen az is érzékelhet fenyegetettséget, aki objektíven nincs veszélyben. Fontos, hogy az egyéni mellett létezik közösségi érzékelés is. Fontos tehát megkülönböztetnünk az egyén vagy csoport által érzékelt valós vagy vélt veszélyeket, különösen, amikor kockázatelemzéssel foglalkozunk. Ha felmerül valamilyen kihívás vagy veszélyérzet egy embercsoport részéről, a legtöbb esetben annak valós alapja van, s foglalkozni kell az okával és a megoldás keresésével. Az alábbiakban az elméleti keretek áttekintését követően az Iszlám Állam újjáéledésének kockázatait vizsgálom meg különösen azokra a kisebbségekre nézve, amelyek korábban fő célpontot jelentettek harcosai számára.
Internal Security Challenges in China
Authors: Kocsi János Gyula , Vukics Ferenc
Published: December 2021

Our series of studies would like to draw attention to the fact that China, which has so far had considerable foreign policy experience, is also forging serious capital from dealing with its own internal conflicts. A diverse, high-spread country is testing the effectiveness of ‘soft power’ in its provinces. Without foreign policy adventures, these locations provided the Chinese Communist Party with adequate experience in resolving certain types of conflicts. Uyghur, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Hong Kong, Macao embody archetypes of problems that pose a direct threat to the Chinese state. In addition to regional conflicts, we can also consider the problems of the Christian community of about one hundred million. Uyghur is an excellent example of how to achieve results along the fault lines of cultures and religions. The first part of the series of studies shows how Uyghurs with significant separatist traditions have been persuaded to make ‘modern life’ the same as accepting the Chinese order. Through the Uyghurs, China is learning how to refine its methods concerning Muslim countries in Central Asia.
A katonai törzs evolúciója és fejlődési perspektívái
Authors: Fazekas Ferenc
Published: December 2021

A katonai szervezetek életének manapság elválaszthatatlan része a törzs, a végrehajtó alegységek alsó szintjeitől a felsővezetésig elmenően. Jelen tanulmány egyrészt a NATO szövetségi rendszerében ma használt funkcionális törzs szervezeti formájának kialakulását, illetve az azt előidéző történelmi folyamatokat mutatja be, másrészt a kialakult struktúra által támasztott kihívásokat és e működési modell további fejlődésének lehetséges irányát jelöli ki.
Potato Germplasm Development for Warm Climates
Authors: Veilleux Richard , Levy David
Published: December 2021

Complex potato hybrids derived from crosses between cv. Atlantic and 11 clones of three genomic compositions, all with an unadapted component from previously identified heat tolerant accessions, were evaluated in the field in Israel and Virginia and in controlled environments in Israel. Heat tolerance was exhibited in the field by the ability of many of these hybrids to tuberize under severe heat stress when cv. Atlantic did not tuberize at all.  The complex hybrids also exhibited fewer internal defects (heat necrosis, hollow heart) than Atlantic. Studies to determine if heat stress applied during anther culture or to pollen samples prior to pollination could affect gametic selection towards more heat tolerant progenies were also undertaken. There was some evidence of greater heat tolerance (longer survival under heat stress) in the anther-derived population that had been regenerated under heat stress. The seedlings resulting from crosses with heat-treated pollen also exhibited greater haulm growth under heat stress compared with controls. However, the poor adaption of the germplasm prevented a firm conclusion about gametic selection. The introduction of exotic germplasm into cultivated potato has considerable potential to adapt potato to nontraditional growing seasons and climates. However, such hybrids will require continued selection and evaluation to retain the traits required for commercial production.
Regulation of Transposable Element Activities during Plant Development
Authors: Levy Avraham A. , Walbot Virginia
Published: December 2021

We have studied the regulation of the maize Ac and MuDR transposable elements activities during plant development. Ac was studied in an heterologous system (transgenic tobacco plants and cell suspensions) while MuDR was studied in the native maize background. The focus of this study was on the transcriptional regulation of Ac and MuDR. For Ac, the major achievements were to show that 1-It is autoregulated in a way that the Ac-encoded transposase can repress the activity of its own promoter; 2-It is expressed at low basal level in all the plant organs that were studied, and its activity is stronger in dividing tissues -- a behaviour reminiscent of housekeeping genes; 3- the activity of Ac promoter is cell cycle regulated -- induced at early S-phase and increasing until mitosis; 4- host factor binding sites were identified at both extremities of Ac and may be important for transposition. For MuDR, It was shown that it encodes two genes, mudrA and mudrB, convergently transcribed from near-identical promoters in the terminal inverted repeats. Distinct 5' start sites, alternative splicing, production of antisense RNA and tissue specificity were all shown to be involved in the regulation of MuDR.
Treatment of Irrigation Effluent Water to Reduce Nitrogenous Contaminants and Plant Pathogens
Authors: MacDonald James D. , Abeliovich Aharon , Lagunas-Solar Manuel C. , Faiman David , Kabshima John
Published: December 2021

The contamination of surface and subterranean drinking water supplies with nitrogen-laden agricultural wastewater is a problem of increasing concern in the U.S. and Israel. Through this research, we found that bacteria could utilize common organic wastes (e.g. paper, straw, cotton) as carbon sources under anaerobic conditions, and reduce nitrate concentrations in wastewater to safe levels. Two species of bacteria, Cellulomonas uda and a Comamonas sp., were required for dentitrification. Celulomonas uda degraded cellulose and reduced nitrate to nitrite. In addition, it excreted soluble organic carbon needed as a food source by the Comamonas sp. for completion of denitrification. We also found that recirculated irrigation water contains substantial amounts of fungal inoculum, and that irrigating healthy plants with such water leads to significant levels of root infection. Water can be disinfected with UV, but our experiments showed that Hg-vapor lamps do not possess sufficient energy to kill spores in wastewater containing dissolved organics. Excimer lasers and Xenon flashlamps do possess the needed power levels, but only the laser had a high enough repetition rate to reliably treat large volumes of water. Ozone was highly efficacious, but it's use as a water treatment is probably best suited to moderate or low volume irrigation systems. This research provides critical data needed for the design of effective water denitrification and/or pathogen disinfection systems for different growing operations.
Calcium- and Calmodulin-Mediated Regulation of Plant Responses to Stress
Authors: Fromm Hillel , Poovaiah Joe
Published: December 2021

We have taken a molecular approach to clone cellular targets of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM). A 35S-labeled recombinant CaM was used as a probe to screen various cDNA expression libraries. One of the isolated clones from petunia codes for the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The activity of plant GAD has been shown to be dramatically enhanced in response to cold and heat shock, anoxia, drought, mechanical manipulations and by exogenous application of the stress phytohormone ABA in wheat roots. We have purified the recombinant GAD by CaM-affinity chromatography and studied its regulation by Ca2+/CaM. At a physiological pH range (7.0-7.5), the purified enzyme was inactive in the absence of Ca2+ and CaM but could be stimulated to high levels of activity by the addition of exogenous CaM (K0.5 = 15 nM) in the presence of Ca2+ (K 0.5 = 0.8 mM). Neither Ca2+ nor CaM alone had any effect on GAD activity. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a mutant petunia GAD lacking the CaM-binding domain, or transgenic plants expressing the intact GAD were prepared and studied in detail. We have shown that the CaM-binding domain is necessary for the regulation of glutamate and GABA metabolism and for normal plant development. Moreover, we found that CaM is tightly associated with a 500 kDa GAD complex. The tight association of CaM with its target may be important for the rapid modulation of GAD activity by Ca2+ signaling in response to stresses.
Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees
Authors: Shoseyov Oded , Weinbaum Steven A. , Goren Raphael , Dandekar Abhaya M.
Published: December 2021

Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
Modification of Milk Composition via Transgenesis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Regulating Transgene Expression
Authors: Barash Itamar , Bissell J. Mina , Faerman Alexander , Shani Moshe
Published: December 2021

Altering milk composition via transgenesis depends on three main factors. (1) The availability of an efficient regulatory sequences for targeting transgene(s) to the mammary gland; (2) a reliable in vitro model to test the expression of transgenes prior to their introduction to the animal genome; and (3) better understanding of the major factors which determine the rate of gene expression and protein synthesis. The current studies provide the necessary means and knowledge to alter milk protein composition via transgenesis. The following specific goals were achieved: a: Identifying regulatory regions in the b-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene and the cross-talk between elements which enabled us to construct an efficient vector for the expression of desirable cDNA's in the mammary gland. b: The establishment of a sheep mammary cell line that serves as a model for the analysis of endogenous and exogenous milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland of livestock. c: An accurate comparison of the potency of the 5' regulatory sequences from the BLG and whey acidic protein (WAP) promoters in directing the expression of human serum albumin (HSA) to the mammary gland in vitro and in vivo. In this study we have also shown that sequences within the coding region may determine a specific pattern of expression for the transgene, distinct from that of the native milk protein genes. d: Characterizing the dominant role of ECM in transgene expression in mammary epithelial cells. e: Further characterization of the BCE-1 enhancer element in the promoter of the b-casein gene as a binding site for the c/EBP-b and Stat5. Identifying its interaction with chromatin and its up regulation by inhibitors of histone deacetylation. f: Identifying a mechanism of translational control as a mediator for the synergistic effect of insulin and prolactin on protein synthesis in the mammary gland.
The Interaction between Epiphytes and Seaweeds
Authors: Friedlander Michael , Dawes Clinton , Kashman Y. (Joel)
Published: December 2021

Two Israeli laboratories (IOLR and TAU) cooperated with one American laboratory (USF) in the research of the interaction between epiphytes (Ulva sp.) and the cultivated seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) The main objectives included the following aspects: Structural aspects, effects of different irradiances on growth, sensitivity studies, allelopathic excretions, selective chemicals and integration of studies of epiphytization. The studies were operated in outdoor tanks, indoor growth chambers and in the lab. The main conclusions and their relevance for mariculture are as following: 1. The green algal epiphyte, does penetrate its red algal host. 2. Gracilaria spp. in monoculture released more halogenated hydrocarbons than in biculture with U lactuca, whereas other metabolic parameters did not show a discriminating effect in biculture. 3. Hydrogen peroxide and halogenated hydrocarbons could be a part of the effective excretion compounds in biculture. 4. The presence of mature Gracilaria inhibited the growth of U. lactuca sporelings. 5. G. conferta is most sensitive to epiphytes among Gracilaria species tested. 6. The use of green light can enhance growth in basiphytes but inhibit epiphytes. 7. Effective selectivity has been defined by the use of hydrogen hypochlorite. 8. It may be more profitable in seaweed mariculture to select for epiphyte resistant strains than to search for inhibitors of epiphytization. 9 It is important as well to examine how the basiphyte may be able to prevent penetration. 10. Definition of the effective excretions in biculture has still to be done.
Isoflavonoid Regulation of Root Bacteria
Authors: Kapulnik Yoram , Phillips Donald A.
Published: December 2021

The overall objective of this project was to develop a conceptual framework for enhancing root colonization by beneficial bacteria. To accomplish this aim we tested the hypothesis that production and excretion of the plant phytoalexin medicarpin can be used for creation of a special niche along the legume roots, where beneficial microorganism, such as rhizobium, will have a selective advantage. On the Israeli side it was shown that higher medicarpin levels are exuded following the application of Rhizobium meliloti to the rhizosphere but the specific biochemical pathway governing medicarpin production was not induced significantly enough to support a constant production and excretion of this molecule to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria and chemical elicitors were found to induce higher levels of this phytoalexin and it became important to test its natural abundance in field grown plants. On the US side, the occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils has been evaluated and biologically significant quantities of these molecules were identified. A more virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which forms tumors on a wide range of plant species. This isolate contains genes that increase competitive colonization abilities on roots by reducing the accumulation of alfalfa isoflavonoids in the bacterial cells. Following gene tagging efforts the US lab found that mutation in the bacterial efflux pump operons of this isolate reduced its competitive abilities. This results support our original hypothesis that detoxification activity of isoflavenoids molecules, based on bacterial gene(s), is an important selection mechanism in the rhizosphere. In addition, we focused on biotin as a regulatory element in the rhizosphere to support growth of some rhizosphere microorganisms and designed a bacterial gene construct carrying the biotin-binding protein, streptavidin. Expressing this gene in tobacco roots did not affect the biotin level but its expression in alfalfa was lethal. In conclusion, the collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward the understanding of rhizosphere activity yielded new knowledge related to the colonization of roots by beneficial microorganisms in the presence of biological active molecules exuded from the plant roots.