bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional and comparative genomics reveals conserved noncoding sequences in the nitrogen‐fixing clade
Authors: Pereira Wendell J. , Knaack Sara , Chakraborty Sanhita , Conde Daniel , Folk Ryan A. , Triozzi Paolo M. , Balmant Kelly M. , Dervinis Christopher , Schmidt Henry W. , Ané Jean‐Michel , Roy Sushmita , Kirst Matias
Published: January 2022

Nitrogen is one of the most inaccessible plant nutrients, but certain species have overcome this limitation by establishing symbiotic interactions with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria in the root nodule. This root–nodule symbiosis (RNS) is restricted to species within a single clade of angiosperms, suggesting a critical, but undetermined, evolutionary event at the base of this clade.

To identify putative regulatory sequences implicated in the evolution of RNS, we evaluated the genomes of 25 species capable of nodulation and identified 3091 conserved noncoding sequences (CNS) in the nitrogen‐fixing clade (NFC).

We show that the chromatin accessibility of 452 CNS correlates significantly with the regulation of genes responding to lipochitooligosaccharides in Medicago truncatula. These included 38 CNS in proximity to 19 known genes involved in RNS. Five such regions are upstream of MtCRE1, Cytokinin Response Element 1, required to activate a suite of downstream transcription factors necessary for nodulation in M. truncatula. Genetic complementation of an Mtcre1 mutant showed a significant decrease of nodulation in the absence of the five CNS, when they are driving the expression of a functional copy of MtCRE1.

CNS identified in the NFC may harbor elements required for the regulation of genes controlling RNS in M. truncatula.
Deconstructing the root system of grasses through an exploration of development, anatomy and function
Authors: G. Viana Willian , Scharwies Johannes D. , Dinneny José R.
Published: January 2022

Well‐adapted root systems allow plants to grow under resource‐limiting environmental conditions and are important determinants of yield in agricultural systems. Important staple crops such as rice and maize belong to the family of grasses, which develop a complex root system that consists of an embryonic root system that emerges from the seed, and a postembryonic nodal root system that emerges from basal regions of the shoot after germination. While early seedling establishment is dependent on the embryonic root system, the nodal root system, and its associated branches, gains in importance as the plant matures and will ultimately constitute the bulk of below‐ground growth. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the different root types that develop in cereal grass root systems, explore the different physiological roles they play by defining their anatomical features, and outline the genetic networks that control their development. Through this deconstructed view of grass root system function, we provide a parts‐list of elements that function together in an integrated root system to promote survival and crop productivity.
HSCT with mismatched unrelated donors: Bone marrow versus peripheral blood stem cells sources in pediatric patients
Authors: Berger Massimo , Barone Marta , Spadea Manuela , Saglio Francesco , Pessolano Rosanna , Fagioli Franca
Published: January 2022

Background

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from an unrelated HLA‐mismatched donor (MMUD) is one of the alternatives where an HLA‐matched donor is not found. The aim of this study was to compare bone marrow (BM) versus peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) as hematopoietic rescue following allogeneic unrelated mismatched stem cell transplantation (MMUD).

Methods

The patients were divided into two groups: 43 pediatric patients were treated with BM and 17 pediatric patients with PBSC. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04598789.

Results

The 3‐year Overall Survival (OS) was 74% versus 31% (p = .0011). Transplant related mortality (TRM) was 16% versus 33% (p = .025), and relapse incidence (RI) was 16% versus 35% (p = .005). The day‐100 acute Graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) incidence grade II–IV and III–IV was 30% versus 28% (p = NS) and 17% versus 17% (p = NS). The 3‐year chronic GvHD incidence was 22% versus 33% (p = NS).

Conclusion

Despite all the limits of this retrospective study we were able to show how the combination of BM and ATG is able to prevent GvHDs and guarantee a high OS. Future studies addressing the issue of a post‐transplant cellular therapy approach may potentially reduce relapses when GvHD is absent.
Parasites—The importance of time
Authors: Else Kathryn J. , Gibbs Julie E.
Published: January 2022

The special edition of Parasite Immunology ‘Parasites—The importance of time’ embraces the intersection between three established research disciplines—parasitology, immunology, and circadian biology. Each of these research areas has a longstanding history littered with landmark discoveries with the intersect between the three bringing exciting findings and new questions and perhaps even a greater sense of awe in terms of how parasites have evolved to interact and live with their hosts.
Phenotypic plasticity and exotic plant invasions: Effects of soil nutrients, species nutrient requirements, and types of traits
Authors: Wang Shuo , Chen Ji‐Xin , Liu Ming‐Chao , Arnold Pieter A. , Wang Wei‐Bin , Feng Yu‐Long
Published: January 2022

High‐phenotypic plasticity has long been considered as a characteristic promoting exotic plant invasions. However, the results of the studies testing this hypothesis are still inconsistent. Overlooking the effects of species resource requirements and environmental resource availability may be the main reasons for the ambiguous conclusions. Here, we compared phenotypic plasticity between five noxious invasive species with different nutrient requirements (evaluated using the soil nutrient status of their natural distribution ranges) and their phylogenetically related natives under five nutrient levels. We found that species with high‐nutrient requirements showed greater plasticity of total biomass than species with low‐nutrient requirements, regardless of their status (invasive or native). Invasives with high‐nutrient requirements had greater growth plasticity than their related natives, which may contribute to their invasiveness under high‐nutrient environments. However, compared with the related natives, a higher growth plasticity may not help exotic species with low‐nutrient requirements to invade nutrient‐rich habitats, and exotic species with high‐nutrient requirements to invade nutrient‐limited habitats. In contrast, invasives with low‐nutrient requirements exhibited lower growth plasticity than their related natives, contributing to their invasiveness under nutrient‐limited habitats. Functional traits showed growth‐related plasticity in only 10 cases (3.8%), and there was no functional trait whose plastic response to soil nutrients was beneficial to exotic plant invasions. Our study indicates that low‐growth plasticity could also promote exotic plant invasions, high plasticity may not necessarily lead to invasiveness. We must test the adaptive significance of plasticity of functional traits when studying its biological roles.
Defining and Measuring Coproduction: Deriving Lessons from Practicing Local Government Managers
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey (Jeff) L. , Cheng Yuan (Daniel) , Meijs Lucas
Published: January 2022

Following a lapse in scholarly attention, coproduction, the joint production of services by government officials and citizens, has re‐emerged as an important topic. However, the field lacks information on broad parameters of coproduction implementation and how public managers view coproduction. To address the lacuna, this study examines patterns of implementation of coproduction in a national sample of municipalities and counties in the U.S. According to their chief administrators, nearly half these governments have implemented one or more stages of coproduction, although co‐delivery of services occurs least often. Empirical analysis suggests that the implementation of coproduction, as perceived by local government managers, can be measured along a unidimensional scale and that this measurement scale is robust across different subgroups. We also find that local governments that have a larger population, provide more services, have more professional forms of administration, and are located in the western U.S. more often implement elements of coproduction.
Cognitive consequences of iodine deficiency in adolescence: evidence from salt iodization in Denmark*
Authors: Serena Benjamin Ly
Published: January 2022

Over the past three decades, many countries have introduced iodized salt policies to eradicate iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency in utero is detrimental to cognitive ability, but little is known about the consequences of iodine deficiencies after birth. This paper examines the impact of iodine deficiency in adolescence on school performance. I exploit the introduction of iodized salt in Denmark during 1998–2001 as a natural experiment. Combining administrative records on high school grades over a 30‐year period with geographic variation in initial iodine deficiency, I find that salt iodization increases the grade point average of students by 6–9 percent of a standard deviation.
Effects of short sprint interval training on aerobic and anaerobic indices: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Boullosa Daniel , Dragutinovic Boris , Feuerbacher Joshua F. , Benítez‐Flores Stefano , Coyle Edward F. , Schumann Moritz
Published: January 2022

The effects of short sprint interval training (sSIT) with efforts of ≤10 s on maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), aerobic and anaerobic performances remain unknown. To verify the effectiveness of sSIT in physically active adults and athletes, a systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA). The databases PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched on May 9, 2020, and updated on September 14, 2021. Inclusion criteria were based on PICO and included healthy athletes and active adults of any sex (≤40 years), performing supervised sSIT (≤10 s of “all‐out” and non‐“all‐out” efforts) of at least 2 weeks, with a minimum of 6 sessions. As a comparator, a non‐sSIT control group, another high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or a continuous training (CT) group were required. A total of 18 studies were deemed eligible. The estimated SMDs based on the random‐effects model were −0.56 (95% CI: −0.79, −0.33, p < 0.001) for V̇O2max, −0.43 (95% CI: −0.67, −0.20, p < 0.001) for aerobic performance, and −0.44 (95% CI: −0.70, −0.18, p < 0.001) for anaerobic performance after sSIT vs. no exercise/usual training. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) for all outcomes when comparing sSIT vs. HIIT/CT. Our findings indicate a very high effectiveness of sSIT protocols in different exercise modes (e.g., cycling, running, paddling, and punching) to improve V̇O2max, aerobic, and anaerobic performances in physically active young healthy adults and athletes.
Resistance training variable manipulations are less relevant than intrinsic biology in affecting muscle fiber hypertrophy
Authors: Angleri Vitor , Damas Felipe , Phillips Stuart M. , Selistre‐de‐Araujo Heloisa Sobreiro , Cornachione Anabelle Silva , Stotzer Uliana Sbeguen , Santanielo Natalia , Soligon Samuel Domingos , Costa Luiz Augusto Riani , Lixandrão Manoel Emílio , Conceição Miguel Soares , Vechin Felipe Cassaro , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Libardi Cleiton Augusto
Published: January 2022

We aimed to investigate whether muscle fiber cross‐sectional area (fCSA) and associated molecular processes could be differently affected at the group and individual level by manipulating resistance training (RT) variables. Twenty resistance‐trained subjects had each leg randomly allocated to either a standard RT (RT‐CON: without specific variables manipulations) or a variable RT (RT‐VAR: manipulation of load, volume, muscle action, and rest interval at each RT session). Muscle fCSA, satellite cell (SC) pool, myonuclei content, and gene expression were assessed before and after training (chronic effect). Gene expression was assessed 24 h after the last training session (acute effect). RT‐CON and RT‐VAR increased fCSA and myonuclei domain in type I and II fibers after training (p < 0.05). SC and myonuclei content did not change for both conditions (p > 0.05). Pax‐7, MyoD, MMP‐2 and COL3A1 (chronic) and MGF, Pax‐7, and MMP‐9 (acute) increased similar for RT‐CON and RT‐VAR (p < 0.05). The increase in acute MyoG expression was significantly higher for the RT‐VAR than RT‐CON (p < 0.05). We found significant correlation between RT‐CON and RT‐VAR for the fCSA changes (r = 0.89). fCSA changes were also correlated to satellite cells (r = 0.42) and myonuclei (r = 0.50) changes. Heatmap analyses showed coupled changes in fCSA, SC, and myonuclei responses at the individual level, regardless of the RT protocol. The high between and low within‐subject variability regardless of RT protocol suggests that the intrinsic biological factors seem to be more important to explain the magnitude of fCSA gains in resistance‐trained subjects.
Effects of fertilizer type on nitrous oxide emission and ammonia volatilization in wheat and maize crops
Authors: Vangeli Sebastián , Posse Gabriela , Beget María Eugenia , Otero Estrada Edit , Valdettaro Rocío Antonella , Oricchio Patricio , Kandus Mariana , Di Bella Carlos Marcelo
Published: January 2022

About half of the applied nitrogen (N) is not consumed by crops, causing environmental and economic costs. This N can be lost as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission or leaching, among others. This work aimed to compare the amount of gaseous N losses using three different fertilizers on two consecutive experiments: one summer crop (maize) and one winter crop (wheat) in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina. The fertilizers used were urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and AN+DMPP (ammonium nitrate‐based NPK fertilizer with DMPP nitrification inhibitor). NH3 emissions were estimated using a semi open‐static absorption system during the first month after fertilization for each experiment. N2O emissions were estimated using vented static chambers during the growing season of each crop. Results show that CAN or AN+DMPP fertilizers used instead of UAN helped to reduce NH3 volatilization by 45–50% and 62–63% on maize and wheat experiments respectively, but failed to reduce N2O emissions. In addition, contrary to the expected, AN+DMPP increased N2O emissions during the maize experiment. The majority of the gaseous N losses occurred at specific moments of the crop cycle (after N fertilization and around leaf senescence). Losses as NH3 volatilization were higher than N2O emissions in the maize experiment, as expected because of the warmer temperature during this summer crop. However, N2O emissions were higher during the wheat crop, emphasizing the importance of factors such as meteorological conditions, previous land‐use, residual soil nitrate and stubble quality on the soil.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*02:01:01:206 allele in a Northern European individual
Authors: Williams Hawys B. , Lucas Jonathan A. M. , Cambridge Charlotte A. , Marsh Steven G. E. , Mayor Neema P.
Published: January 2022

Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequencing used to identify the novel allele, HLA‐A*02:01:02:206.
Detection of the HLA‐DRB1*14:05:05 allele, a variant of HLA‐DRB1*14, in a Taiwanese bone marrow donor
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: January 2022

One nucleotide substitution at codon 169 of HLA‐DRB1*14:05:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐DRB1*14:05:05.
Identification of the novel HLA‐E*01:03:02:25 allele in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient
Authors: Williams Hawys B. , Lucas Jonathan A. M. , Georgiou Xenia , Marsh Steven G. E. , Mayor Neema P.
Published: January 2022

HLA‐E*01:03:02:25 sequenced from blood and buccal samples of an ALL patient.
ORA47 is a transcriptional regulator of a general stress response hub
Authors: Zeng Liping , Chen Hao , Wang Yaqi , Hicks Derrick , Ke Haiyan , Pruneda‐Paz Jose , Dehesh Katayoon
Published: January 2022

Transcriptional regulators of the general stress response (GSR) reprogram the expression of selected genes to transduce informational signals into cellular events, ultimately manifested in a plant's ability to cope with environmental challenges. Identification of the core GSR regulatory proteins will uncover the principal modules and their mode of action in the establishment of adaptive responses. To define the GSR regulatory components, we employed a yeast‐one‐hybrid assay to identify the protein(s) binding to the previously established functional GSR motif, termed the rapid stress response element (RSRE). This led to the isolation of octadecanoid‐responsive AP2/ERF‐domain transcription factor 47 (ORA47), a methyl jasmonate inducible protein. Subsequently, ORA47 transcriptional activity was confirmed using the RSRE‐driven luciferase (LUC) activity assay performed in the ORA47 loss‐ and gain‐of‐function lines introgressed into the 4xRSRE::Luc background. In addition, the prime contribution of CALMODULIN‐BINDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATOR3 (CAMTA3) protein in the induction of RSRE was reaffirmed by genetic studies. Moreover, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate led to enhanced levels of ORA47 and CAMTA3 transcripts, as well as the induction of RSRE::LUC activity. Metabolic analyses illustrated the reciprocal functional inputs of ORA47 and CAMTA3 in increasing JA levels. Lastly, transient assays identified JASMONATE ZIM‐domain1 (JAZ1) as a repressor of RSRE::LUC activity. Collectively, the present study provides fresh insight into the initial features of the mechanism that transduces informational signals into adaptive responses. This mechanism involves the functional interplay between the JA biosynthesis/signaling cascade and the transcriptional reprogramming that potentiates GSR. Furthermore, these findings offer a window into the role of intraorganellar communication in the establishment of adaptive responses.
Novel insights into chorioretinal and juxtapapillary colobomas by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Gray Alexa P. , Sato Yu , Miyadera Keiko , Aguirre Gustavo D.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose was to describe the in vivo microanatomy of typical and atypical chorioretinal and juxtapapillary colobomas in the dog.

Methods

Three cross‐breed dogs were found to be affected with colobomas. Two of the cases were NEHJ1 homozygous and Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA) affected and had the typical optic nerve head colobomas seen with the disease. The third case had an unexpected atypical coloboma. In vivo retinal photography and non‐invasive retinal imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were done, and the eye affected with the atypical coloboma was collected and processed for histopathological evaluation.

Results

The majority of the defining features within the CEA defects were similar, with the extent of change to the choroid being of note. Similar to the first two cases, the atypical coloboma demonstrated absent normal retina, RPE, and choroid within the coloboma. Prominent intercalary membranes and vitreal strands attached to the depth of the coloboma were also apparent in all affected eyes. However, unlike the CEA‐associated colobomas, the atypical coloboma possessed normal choroid surrounding the lesion and the depth of the lesion was apparent throughout.

Conclusions

Advanced retinal imaging enables the appreciation of microanatomical changes that occur in the living eye. The ability of OCT to enhance visualization of abnormal retinal structures and detect subtle neurosensory retinal defects has allowed for the in vivo characterization of features observed in typical and atypical colobomas, as well as the appreciation of some of the resulting structural changes not visible by ophthalmoscopy alone.
Antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 5 improves diabetic wound healing
Authors: Yue Hainan , Song Pu , Sutthammikorn Nutda , Umehara Yoshie , Trujillo‐Paez Juan Valentin , Nguyen Hai Le Thanh , Takahashi Miho , Peng Ge , Ikutama Risa , Okumura Ko , Ogawa Hideoki , Ikeda Shigaku , Niyonsaba François
Published: January 2022

Impaired keratinocyte functions are major factors that are responsible for delayed diabetic wound healing. In addition to its antimicrobial activity, the antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 5 (AMP‐IBP5) activates mast cells and promotes keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration. However, its effects on diabetic wound healing remain unclear. Human keratinocytes were cultured in normal or high glucose milieus. The production of angiogenic growth factor and cell proliferation and migration were evaluated. Wounds in normal and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice were monitored and histologically examined. We found that AMP‐IBP5 rescued the high glucose‐induced attenuation of proliferation and migration as well as the production of angiogenin and vascular endothelial growth factors in keratinocytes. The AMP‐IBP5‐induced activity was mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, as indicated by the inhibitory effects of pathway‐specific inhibitors. In vivo, AMP‐IBP5 markedly accelerated wound healing, increased the expression of angiogenic factors and promoted vessel formation in both normal and diabetic mice. Overall, the finding that AMP‐IBP5 accelerated diabetic wound healing by protecting against glucotoxicity and promoting angiogenesis suggests that AMP‐IBP5 might be a potential therapeutic target for treating chronic diabetic wounds.
Sensitivity of an international notification system for wildlife diseases: A case study using the OIE‐WAHIS data on tularemia
Authors: Fanelli Angela , Awada Lina , Caceres‐Soto Paula , Diaz François , Grillo Tiggy , Gizo Itlala , Hamilton Keith , Rolez Christine Leon , Melens Peter , Morales Roberta , Mur Lina , Muset Sophie , Nake Lorenz , Thompson Lesa , Wannous Chadia , Tizzani Paolo
Published: January 2022

The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has recently developed a Wildlife Health Framework to respond to the need of members to manage the risk from emerging diseases at the animal–human–ecosystem interface. One of its objectives is to improve surveillance systems, early detection and notification of wildlife diseases. Members share information on disease occurrence by reporting through the OIE World Animal Health Information System (OIE‐WAHIS—formerly known as ‘WAHIS’). To evaluate the capacity of a surveillance system to detect disease events, it is important to quantify the gap between all known events and those officially notified to the OIE. This study used capture–recapture analysis to estimate the sensitivity of the OIE‐WAHIS system for a OIE‐listed wildlife disease by comparing information from publicly available sources to identify undetected events. This article presents a case study of the occurrence of tularemia in lagomorphs among selected North American and European countries during the period 2014–2019. First, an analysis using three data sources (OIE‐WAHIS, ProMED, WHO‐EIOS [Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources]) was conducted. Subsequent analysis then explored the model integrating information from a fourth source (scientific literature collected in PubMed). Two models were built to evaluate both the sensitivity of the OIE‐WAHIS using media reports (ProMED and WHO‐EIOS), which is likely to represent current closer to real‐time events, and published scientific data, which is more useful for retrospective analysis. Using the three‐source approach, the predicted number of tularemia events was 93 (95% CI: 75–114), with an OIE‐WAHIS sensitivity of 90%. In the four‐source approach, the number of predicted events increased to 120 (95% CI: 99–143), dropping the sensitivity of the OIE‐WAHIS to 70%. The results indicate a good sensitivity of the OIE‐WAHIS system using the three‐source approach, but lower sensitivity when including information from the scientific literature. Further analysis should be undertaken to identify diseases and regions for which international reporting presents a low sensitivity. This will enable evaluation and prioritization of underreported OIE‐listed wildlife diseases and identify areas of focus as part of the Wildlife Health Framework. This study also highlights the need for stronger collaborations between academia and National Veterinary Services to enhance surveillance systems for notifiable diseases.
Detection of Cracks in Turbomachinery Blades by Online Monitoring
Authors: Kumar Manish , Heinig Roger , Cottrell Mark , Siewert Christian , Almstedt Henning , Feiner Drew , Griffin Jerry
Published: January 2022

The presence of a crack in a blade can change the natural frequencies of that blade. It has long been a goal to detect blade cracks by assessing the change in a measured vibration frequency of the blade over time. It has been found that prior frequency assessment methods can be less accurate than is desirable to reliably detect the relatively small frequency changes that are typically associated with blade crack sizes of practical interest. This paper describes a method in which potential temporal changes in the frequencies of individual blades are assessed by periodically analyzing complete rows of blades using mistuning analysis techniques that treat the blade rows as coupled systems, in contrast to other techniques that consider each blade individually in turn. This method, while computationally complicated and challenging, has been found to be capable of detecting blade root cracks that are much smaller than those that can be detected using other techniques. Moreover, this method has been demonstrated to detect cracks that are much smaller than the critical size for mechanical separation of the blade from the rotor. This improved frequency assessment technique has been used to identify more than 30 blades with frequency changes that were considered to be potential indicators of blade cracks. Subsequent inspections verified indications in all of those blades. In addition to providing operational guidance, the frequency change data were used to infer the time periods during which crack growth had occurred.
Efficient Optimization Design of Vortex Generators in a Highly Loaded Compressor Stator
Authors: Li Jiabin , Li Weiwei , Ji Lucheng
Published: January 2022

Secondary flow transfers the boundary layer from the endwall to suction side corner region, which deteriorates the performance of compressors. Vortex generators (VGs) can attenuate the secondary flow when implemented at the endwall of the blade passage. In order to make an efficient optimization design of the VGs layout, mathematical models are introduced to replace the actual VGs. However, the model is only effective at the small incidence. In this paper, first, a mathematical model is presented to replace the actual VGs facing a lager incidence, and validated by computational fluid dynamics results with actual VGs. Second, an efficient design method for optimizing VGs layout is presented based on VG model and genetic algorithm (GA)-support vector machine (SVM) method. The method is illustrated in a highly loaded compressor stator, and the VGs layout is optimized and applied in the blade passage. The results show that the VGs can prevent the secondary flow from the suction corner, and reduce the total pressure loss coefficient at the trailing edge of the stator by 15%. Finally, the flow mechanism of the VGs is investigated using numerical method. The results show that the VGs can induce a primary vortex at the tip and prevent the circumferential migration of boundary layers. Moreover, the secondary flow can produce a large incidence at the hub of the VGs, thus increasing the aerodynamic losses of the VGs secondary vortex.
The Influence of Ambient Pressure on the Measured Load Capacity of Bump-Foil and Spiral-Groove Gas Thrust Bearings at Ambient Pressures up to 69 Bar on a Novel High-Pressure Gas Bearing Test Rig
Authors: Wilkes Jason , Cater Ryan , Swanson Erik , Passmore Kevin , Brady Jerry
Published: January 2022

This paper will show the influence of ambient pressure on the thrust capacity of bump-foil and spiral-groove gas thrust bearings. The bearings were operating in nitrogen at various pressures up to 69 bar and were tested to failure. Failure was detected at various pressures by incrementally increasing the thrust load applied to the thrust bearing until the bearing was no longer thermally stable, or until contact was observed by a temperature spike measured by thermocouples within the bearing. These tests were performed on a novel thrust bearing test rig that was developed to allow thrust testing at pressures up to 207 bar cavity pressure at 260 °C while rotating at speeds up to 120,000 rpm. The test rig floats on hydrostatic air bearings to allow for the direct measurement of applied thrust load through linkages that connect the stationary thrust loader to the rotor housing. Test results on a 65 mm (2.56 in.) bump-foil thrust bearing at 100 krpm show a marked increase in load capacity with gas density, which has not previously been shown experimentally. Results also show that the load capacity of a similarly sized spiral-groove thrust bearing are relatively insensitive to pressure, and supported an order-of-magnitude less load than that observed for the bump-foil thrust bearing. These results are compared with analytical predictions, which agree reasonably with the experimental results. Predicted power loss is also presented for the bump-foil bearing; however, measured power loss was substantially higher.
Heat Transfer and Residence Time in Lean Direct Injection Fuel Galleries
Authors: Walker Thomas D. , Peacock Graham L. , Brend Mark A. , Bonham Clare , Masters Jon D.
Published: January 2022

In radially staged lean direct injection (LDI) systems, pilot fuel plays an important role in cooling the mains fuel gallery in regions of the flight envelope where the mains fuel is stagnant. Under these conditions, managing wetted wall temperatures is vital to avoid the formation of carbonaceous particles, which become deposited on the surfaces of the fuel gallery and can lead to a deterioration in system performance. The prediction of wetted wall temperatures therefore represents an important aspect of the injector design phase. Such predictions are often based on injector thermal models, which tend to rely on the application of convective boundary conditions from empirical heat transfer correlations. The use of these correlations leads to questions over the accuracy of predicted wetted wall temperatures and therefore uncertainty over the probability of deposition. This paper seeks to improve on the current situation by applying the inverse conduction technique to determine heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) specific to the pilot fuel gallery. These HTCs are crucial for determining wetted wall temperatures in the pilot and mains fuel galleries and principally govern the risk of deposition in the stagnant mains. The pilot heat transfer data are further examined alongside measurements of the pilot residence time distribution, which together control the risk of pilot deposition at low fuel flow rates. Both the heat transfer and residence time measurements demonstrate the opportunity for future fuel gallery design refinement and provide the supporting data to facilitate this.
Cuspy and fractured black hole shadows in a toy model with axisymmetry
Authors: Qian Wei-Liang , Chen Songbai , Shao Cheng-Gang , Wang Bin , Yue Rui-Hong
Published: January 2022

Cuspy shadow was first reported for hairy rotating black holes, whose metrics deviate significantly from the Kerr one. The non-smooth edge of the shadow is attributed to a transition between different branches of unstable but bounded orbits, known as the fundamental photon orbits, which end up at the light rings. In searching for a minimal theoretical setup to reproduce such a salient feature, in this work, we devise a toy model with axisymmetry, a slowly rotating Kerr black hole enveloped by a thin slowly rotating dark matter shell. Despite its simplicity, we show rich structures regarding fundamental photon orbits explicitly in such a system. We observe two disconnected branches of unstable spherical photon orbits, and the jump between them gives rise to a pair of cusps in the resultant black hole shadow. Besides the cuspy shadow, we explore other intriguing phenomena when the Maxwell construction cannot be established. We find that it is possible to have an incomplete arc of Einstein rings and a “fractured” shadow. The potential astrophysical significance of the corresponding findings is addressed.
A generative model for age and income distribution
Authors: Ozhamaratli Fatih , Kitov Oleg , Barucca Paolo
Published: January 2022

Each individual in society experiences an evolution of their income during their lifetime. Macroscopically, this dynamic creates a statistical relationship between age and income for each society. In this study, we investigate income distribution and its relationship with age and identify a stable joint distribution function for age and income within the United Kingdom and the United States. We demonstrate a flexible calibration methodology using panel and population surveys and capture the characteristic differences between the UK and the US populations. The model here presented can be utilised for forecasting income and planning pensions.
Unprecedented reorganization of developmental history of traditional medicine: Part II
Authors: Liu Wenxian , Le Jingjing , Dong Jingcheng
Published: January 2022

According to the development of the times and the typical characteristics of medical stages, traditional medicine can be divided into six aspects: legendary traditional medicine, instinctive traditional medicine, witchcraft traditional medicine, empirical traditional medicine, theoretical traditional medicine and integrated traditional medicine. With regard to witchcraft medicine, primitive religion almost became an important source of human knowledge all over the world because the ability of early human beings to understand and transform nature was extremely limited. Medicine has experienced a history of symbiosis with religion, and the blending of medicine and witchcraft is an early feature and necessary stage of Chinese and Western traditional medicines. As for empirical medicine, it is a kind of medicine in the stage of “knowing its nature”. Its main feature is that medical knowledge and technology are mainly based on the practical or applicatory experience (the primary stage of cognition), but not on the “knowing its reason” stage. From the perspective of this development stage, it is a medicine between witchcraft medicine and theoretical medicine.
Computational Investigation of the Antioxidant Activity of Dihydroxybenzoic Acids in Aqueous and Lipid Media
Authors: Bellifa Khadidja , Mekelleche Sidi Mohamed
Published: January 2022

Reactive free radicals have both beneficial and destructive effects. Indeed, at physiological levels, free radicals help to preserve homeostasis by acting as signal transducers. However, excessive generation of free radicals can harm and damage membranes, proteins, and DNA, among other cell structures. Dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBAs) have proven their antioxidant capacity against a large variety of free radicals, as well as their ability to inhibit or restrict reactive species overproduction. In this paper, a computational analysis of the antioxidant activity of a series of DHBAs in polar and nonpolar media was carried out at the DFT/M06-2X/6-[Formula: see text] level of theory. The implicit SMD solvation model was used in order to rationalize the experimental findings and to investigate the solvent effect on the mechanism and the radical scavenging ability. The obtained results put in evidence that HAT is the predominant mechanism in nonpolar media, whereas SPLET is more favored in polar environment. The BDE[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] descriptors are used to predict the most reactive hydroxyl groups and the antioxidant activity order of the studied DHBAs. Our results are in total agreement with experimental findings (inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide). Moreover, this study shows that the substitution of the hydrogen atom by strong electron-donating groups, namely NMe2, in the ortho positions of the best experimental DHBAs leads to a significant enhancement of their antioxidant activity.
Exploration and Exploitation for Buffer-Controlled HDD-Writes for SSD-HDD Hybrid Storage Server
Authors: Wang Shucheng , Lu Ziyi , Cao Qiang , Jiang Hong , Yao Jie , Dong Yuanyuan , Yang Puyuan , Xie Changsheng
Published: January 2022

Hybrid storage servers combining solid-state drives (SSDs) and hard-drive disks (HDDs) provide cost-effectiveness and μs-level responsiveness for applications. However, observations from cloud storage system Pangu manifest that HDDs are often underutilized while SSDs are overused, especially under intensive writes. It leads to fast wear-out and high tail latency to SSDs. On the other hand, our experimental study reveals that a series of sequential and continuous writes to HDDs exhibit a periodic, staircase-shaped pattern of write latency, i.e., low (e.g., 35 μs), middle (e.g., 55 μs), and high latency (e.g., 12 ms), resulting from buffered writes within HDD’s controller. It inspires us to explore and exploit the potential μs-level IO delay of HDDs to absorb excessive SSD writes without performance degradation.

We first build an HDD writing model for describing the staircase behavior and design a profiling process to initialize and dynamically recalibrate the model parameters. Then, we propose a Buffer-Controlled Write approach (BCW) to proactively control buffered writes so that low- and mid-latency periods are scheduled with application data and high-latency periods are filled with padded data. Leveraging BCW, we design a mixed IO scheduler (MIOS) to adaptively steer incoming data to SSDs and HDDs. A multi-HDD scheduling is further designed to minimize HDD-write latency. We perform extensive evaluations under production workloads and benchmarks. The results show that MIOS removes up to 93% amount of data written to SSDs, reduces average and 99
th
-percentile latencies of the hybrid server by 65% and 85%, respectively.
Highlighting High-quality Content as a Moderation Strategy: The Role ofNew York TimesPicks in Comment Quality and Engagement
Authors: Wang Yixue , Diakopoulos Nicholas
Published: January 2022

News commenting is a prevalent form of online interaction, but it is fraught with issues, such as a low quality of discussion that often takes place. While various moderation methods can be used to maintain online discussion quality, one moderation strategy that is underexplored is for professional moderators to mark high-quality posts that are further highlighted in the interface. In this work, we look at the impact ofNew York Times(NYT) Picks. We present an analysis of more than 13 million NYT comments, examining the quality and frequency of commenting on the site in response to NYT Picks. The findings offer evidence that NYT Picks are associated with an increase in the quality of first-time receivers’ next approved comment, as well as the commenting frequency during commenters’ early tenure on the site. The quality boost associated with receiving a Pick attenuates after subsequent picks and diminishes over time as the user continues commenting but is still higher than commenters who do not receive Picks. Visible comment quality has a relatively small but significant positive correlation with the quality of the next comment, and exposure to Pick badges is also positively correlated with subsequent higher-quality approved comments, albeit to a lesser extent. Our results underscore the potential for news organizations to adopt the moderation strategy of highlighting professionally selected high-quality comments to improve overall community quality. We discuss the implications of our findings and offer design opportunities for comment sections that could further enhance quality in online discourse.
MNEMOSENE: Tile Architecture and Simulator for Memristor-based Computation-in-memory
Authors: Zahedi Mahdi , Lebdeh Muah Abu , Bengel Christopher , Wouters Dirk , Menzel Stephan , Le Gallo Manuel , Sebastian Abu , Wong Stephan , Hamdioui Said
Published: January 2022

In recent years, we are witnessing a trend toward in-memory computing for future generations of computers that differs from traditional von-Neumann architecture in which there is a clear distinction between computing and memory units. Considering that data movements between the central processing unit (CPU) and memory consume several orders of magnitude more energy compared to simple arithmetic operations in the CPU, in-memory computing will lead to huge energy savings as data no longer needs to be moved around between these units. In an initial step toward this goal, new non-volatile memory technologies, e.g., resistive RAM (ReRAM) and phase-change memory (PCM), are being explored. This has led to a large body of research that mainly focuses on the design of the memory array and its peripheral circuitry. In this article, we mainly focus on the tile architecture (comprising a memory array and peripheral circuitry) in which storage and compute operations are performed in the (analog) memory array and the results are produced in the (digital) periphery. Such an architecture is termed compute-in-memory-periphery (CIM-P). More precisely, we derive an abstract CIM-tile architecture and define its main building blocks. To bridge the gap between higher-level programming languages and the underlying (analog) circuit designs, an instruction-set architecture is defined that is intended to control and, in turn, sequence the operations within this CIM tile to perform higher-level more complex operations. Moreover, we define a procedure to pipeline the CIM-tile operations to further improve the performance. To simulate the tile and perform design space exploration considering different technologies and parameters, we introduce the fully parameterized first-of-its-kind CIM tile simulator and compiler. Furthermore, the compiler is technology-aware when scheduling the CIM-tile instructions. Finally, using the simulator, we perform several preliminary design space explorations regarding the three competing technologies, ReRAM, PCM, and STT-MRAM concerning CIM-tile parameters, e.g., the number of ADCs. Additionally, we investigate the effect of pipelining in relation to the clock speeds of the digital periphery assuming the three technologies. In the end, we demonstrate that our simulator is also capable of reporting energy consumption for each building block within the CIM tile after the execution of in-memory kernels considering the data-dependency on the energy consumption of the memory array. All the source codes are publicly available.
Analyzing Security Vulnerabilities Induced by High-level Synthesis
Authors: Pundir Nitin , Aftabjahani Sohrab , Cammarota Rosario , Tehranipoor Mark , Farahmandi Farimah
Published: January 2022

High-level synthesis (HLS) is essential to map the high-level language (HLL) description (e.g., in C/C++) of hardware design to the corresponding Register Transfer Level (RTL) to produce hardware-independent design specifications with reduced design complexity for ASICs and FPGAs. Adopting HLS is crucial for industrial and government applications to lower development costs, verification efforts, and time-to-market. Current research practices focus on optimizing HLS for performance, power, and area constraints. However, the literature does not include an analysis of the security implications carried through HLS-generated RTL translations (e.g., from an untimed high-level sequential specification to a fully scheduled implementation). This article demonstrates the evidence of security vulnerabilities that emerge during the HLS translation of a high-level description of system-on-chip (SoC) intellectual properties to their corresponding RTL. The evidence provided in this manuscript highlights the need for (a) guidelines for high-level programmers to prevent these security issues at the design time and (b) automated HLS verification solutions that cover security in their optimization flow.
An In-Depth Analysis of Occasional and Recurring Collaborations in Online Music Co-creation
Authors: Calefato Fabio , Iaffaldano Giuseppe , Trisolini Leonardo , Lanubile Filippo
Published: January 2022

The success of online creative communities depends on the will of participants to create and derive content in a collaborative environment. Despite their growing popularity, the factors that lead to remixing existing content in online creative communities are not entirely understood. In this article, we focus onoverdubbing, a dyadic collaboration in which one author mixes one new track with an audio recording previously uploaded by another. We study musicians who collaborate regularly, frequently overdubbing each other's songs. Building on frequent pattern–mining techniques, we develop an approach to seek instances of such recurring collaborations in the Songtree community. We identify 43 instances involving two or three members with a similar reputation in the community. Our findings highlight common and different remix factors in occasional and recurring collaborations. Specifically, fresh and less mature songs are generally overdubbed more. Exchanging messages and invitations to collaborate are significant factors only for songs generated through recurring collaborations, whereas author reputation (ranking) and applying metadata tags to songs have a positive effect only in occasional collaborations.
Nap: Persistent Memory Indexes for NUMA Architectures
Authors: Wang Qing , Lu Youyou , Li Junru , Xie Minhui , Shu Jiwu
Published: January 2022

We present
Nap
, a black-box approach that converts concurrent persistent memory (PM) indexes into non-uniform memory access (NUMA)-aware counterparts. Based on the observation that real-world workloads always feature skewed access patterns,
Nap
introduces a NUMA-aware layer (NAL) on the top of existing concurrent PM indexes, and steers accesses to hot items to this layer. The NAL maintains (1)
per-node partial views
in PM for serving insert/update/delete operations with failure atomicity and (2)
a global view
in DRAM for serving lookup operations. The NAL eliminates remote PM accesses to hot items without inducing extra local PM accesses. Moreover, to handle dynamic workloads,
Nap
adopts a fast NAL switch mechanism. We convert five state-of-the-art PM indexes using
Nap
. Evaluation on a four-node machine with Optane DC Persistent Memory shows that
Nap
can improve the throughput by up to 2.3× and 1.56× under write-intensive and read-intensive workloads, respectively.
Currents: Political Science
Authors: Natishan Paul
Published: January 2022

The decrease in funding for U.S. R&D has become more acute in recent years. The Spring 1998 Currents article discussed an effort by the Federation of Materials Society (FMS), and a coalition of over 100 science, engineering and technology organizations (called the Doubling Research Group), to address this issue. This coalition called on the U.S. Congress and Federal Administration to double the current level of federal investment in research within the next ten-year period beginning with fiscal year 1999. ECS is a member society of FMS, and this article updates recent discussions on federal funding and events pertinent to this issue.
Potential Dependent Dynamics of Methanol Electrooxidation on Pt(111)
Authors: Sriamulu Suresh
Published: January 2022

A Summary Report to The Electrochemical Society for the 1998 Department of Energy Summer Research Fellowship.