bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant visual habituation and parental psychological distress
Authors: Laplante David P. , Pérusse Daniel , Boulerice Bernard , Malo Jocelyn , Boivin Michel , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: August 2002

Research is equivocal concerning the relationship between parental psychological distress and infant cognitive functioning. Four potential limitations of the literature are addressed: reliance on mothers' but not fathers' psychological distress, use of categorical measures of psychological distress, use of standardized measures of infant cognitive functioning, and failure to take into account potential gender differences. Ninety‐nine twin pairs and both their mothers and fathers were assessed. Infants cognitive functioning was assessed using an infant‐controlled habituation–recovery–dishabituation task. Maternal and paternal psychological distress was assessed using the Symptom Check List‐90‐Revised. No gender differences were obtained for infant visual information‐processing abilities or parental psychological distress. Maternal and paternal psychological distress was related to female visual encoding abilities only. It was concluded that parental psychological distress might degrade parent–infant interactions. Characteristics of girls when faced with parents exhibiting psychiatric difficulties may exacerbate difficulties of parent–infant interactions, thereby hindering the full development of cognitive abilities involved in the process of habituation. A need exists to examine the relationship between parental psychological distress and infant visual attention separately for girls and boys. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Knowledge Management: The “Fifth Face” of Institutional Research
Authors: Serban Andreea M.
Published: August 2002

Building on the main themes presented in the volume, this chapter explores their implications for institutional research. Their underlying premise is that institutional research could and should play a critical role in advancing the knowledge management paradigm: transforming data into information into knowledge and ultimately gaining organizational “wisdom” and building competitive advantage. This concluding chapter looks at the advantages and challenges of knowledge management from an institutional research perspective.
Effect of olive mill wastewaters on the oxygen consumption by activated sludge microorganisms: an acute toxicity test method
Authors: Paixão S. M. , Anselmo A. M.
Published: August 2002

The test for inhibition of oxygen consumption by activated sludge (ISO 8192‐1986 (E)) was evaluated as a tool for assessing, the acute toxicity of olive mill wastewaters (OMW). According to the ISO test, information generated by this method may be helpful in estimating the effect of a test material on bacterial communities in the aquatic environment, especially in aerobic biological treatment systems. However, the lack of standardized bioassay methodology for effluents imposed that the test conditions were modified and adapted. The experiments were conducted in the presence or absence of an easily biodegradable carbon source (glucose) with different contact times (20 min and 24 h). The results obtained showed a remarkable stimulatory effect of this effluent to the activated sludge microorganisms. In fact, the oxygen uptake rate values increase with increasing effluent concentrations and contact times up to 0.98 μl O2 h−1 mg−1 dry weight for a 100% OMW sample, 24 h contact time, with blanks exhibiting an oxygen uptake rate of ca. 1/10 of this value (0.07–0.10). It seems that the application of the ISO test as an acute toxicity test for effluents should be reconsidered, with convenient adaptation for its utilization as a method of estimating the effect on bacterial communities present in aerobic biological treatment systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein and surface effects on monocyte and macrophage adhesion, maturation, and survival
Authors: Collier T. O. , Anderson J. M.
Published: August 2002

Cell adhesion and maturation can be affected by the protein adsorption profile on the surface of an implanted biomaterial. In this study we have investigated how surface chemistry and adsorbed proteins can modulate monocyte and macrophage adhesion, IL‐13‐induced foreign‐body giant cell formation, and apoptosis in vitro. Compared to a dimethylsilane‐modified surface (DM), a surface modified with RGD peptides had no effect on adhesion density, foreign‐body giant cell (FBGC) formation, or apoptosis in nondepleted serum conditions. The depletion of specific adhesive proteins affected adhesion, FBGC formation, and apo‐ ptosis. While the depletion of fibronectin and vitronectin had no overall effect compared to nondepleted serum conditions, the depletion of IgG from serum caused a significant decrease in initial adherent cell density [1000 ± 200 compared to 2460 ± 590 (p = 0.02)], a significant decrease in FBGC formation [2% compared to 17% (p = 0.02)], and a significant increase in the level of apoptosis [57% compared to 32% (p = 0.01)] on DM. The lowered initial adherent cell density on DM was not observed on the RGD surface, indicating that the RGD surface promotes increased initial adhesion. However, the RGD surface does not affect FBGC formation (i.e., macrophage fusion) or levels of apoptosis, which remained comparable to those on the DM surfaces at days 7 and 10. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 487–496, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10043
Heparin and non‐heparin‐like dextrans differentially modulate endothelial cell proliferation: In vitro evaluation with soluble and crosslinked polysaccharide matrices
Authors: Letourneur Didier , Machy Delphine , Pellé Anne , Marcon‐Bachari Eva , D'Angelo Gisela , Vogel Magali , Chaubet Frédéric , Michel Jean‐Baptiste
Published: August 2002

Proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) is a cellular step of particular importance for implanted cardiovascular biomaterials. Heparin and some synthetic water‐soluble non‐anticoagulant polysaccharides derived from dextran and bearing anionic carboxymethyl and hydrophobic benzylamine groups were first investigated for their effects on EC proliferation in vitro. The results assessed by cell counting, 3H‐thymidine uptake, and flow cytometry analysis, showed that the derivatized dextran‐bearing hydrophobic groups stimulated the EC growth in the presence of serum, whereas native dextran or dextran‐bearing anionic carboxymethyl groups were inactive and heparin was slightly inhibitory. Then, we showed that the derivatized dextran enhanced EC proliferation by potentiation of the mitogenic activities of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2), two potent EC growth factors. In the presence of 2 nM of derivatized dextran, a 3‐fold and 13‐fold increase of 3H‐thymidine uptake was obtained with VEGF and FGF‐2, respectively. Finally, proliferation of ECs was investigated on crosslinked gels made of polysaccharides. It is of interest that EC proliferation was higher on gels containing the derivatized dextran than on plain hydrogels, and heparinized gels inhibited cell proliferation. From the obtained results, we propose that the synthetic non‐heparin‐like dextran may be of interest as a coating for the endothelialization of cardiovascular biomaterials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 94–100, 2002
The contribution of coating microstructure to degradation and particle release in hydroxyapatite coated prostheses
Authors: Gross K. A. , Ray N. , Røkkum M.
Published: August 2002

Plasma‐sprayed coatings of hydroxyapatite powder are widely used on hip replacements. Commercially, they are supplied by a large number of companies and thus offer different coating design philosophies. This study focuses on a retrieved prosthetic stem that exhibited coating loss on the femoral stem occurring concurrently with third‐body wear. The purpose of the research was to establish possible links between the coating microstructure and the clinical findings. A coated stem and cup were sectioned and the cross section was prepared to reveal the coating microstructure. Characterization included X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and crystalline particle quantification within the coating. It was found that the coating has a high amorphous content that provides fast resorption. The amount of crystalline particles increased on the distal location of the stem, the threads of the acetabular shell, and was generally higher on the cup. Accelerated degradation illustrated how the coating may be a particle‐generating source by preferential dissolution of the amorphous phase, possibly allowing liberation of crystalline areas and other particulates at the substrate‐coating interface. Such particles mainly include the less soluble hydroxyapatide formed from unmelted particles in the plasma or recrystallisation in the coating, but may also include entrapped grit lodged in the substrate during the roughening process. This study accents the importance of coating microstructure in understanding coating resorption. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 106–114, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10090
In situ hydrogelation of photocurable gelatin and drug release
Authors: Okino H. , Nakayama Y. , Tanaka M. , Matsuda T.
Published: August 2002

We devised an in situ tissue‐adhesive, drug‐release technology based on a photoreactive gelatin, which allows in situ drug‐incorporated gel formation on living tissues and sustained drug release directly on diseased tissues. Styrene‐derivatized gelatins, synthesized by condensation reaction of gelatin with 4‐vinylbenzoic acid, were photopolymerized in the presence of a water‐soluble camphorquinone derivative as a photoinitiator upon visible‐light irradiation to form swollen gels. Using albumin as a drug model, gelation characteristics and drug‐release characteristics easily were manipulated by material variables, formulation variables, and operation variables. Tissue adhesivity of the gel was superior to that of fibrin glue. The biologic response, which was evaluated by intraperitoneal implantation in rats, showed that the gel was biodegraded and biosorbed, without cytotoxicity, within a few months after implantation. An in situ processable tissue‐adhesive local drug release system effectively may be used to help inhibit tumor recurrence. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 233–245, 2002
FAK regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of CAS, paxillin, and PYK2 in cells expressing v‐Src, but is not a critical determinant of v‐Src transformation
Authors: Roy Shyamali , Ruest Paul J. , Hanks Steven K.
Published: August 2002

FAK (focal adhesion kinase) is a nonreceptor protein‐tyrosine kinase activated by tyrosine phosphorylation following integrin‐mediated cell adhesion. Oncogenic Src promotes enhanced and deregulated FAK tyrosine phosphorylation which has been proposed to contribute to altered cell growth and/or morphological properties associated with transformation. In this study, an inducible FAK expression system was used to study the potential role of FAK in v‐Src transformation. Our results portray FAK as a major v‐Src substrate that also plays a role in recruiting v‐Src to phosphorylate substrates CAS (Crk‐associated substrate) and paxillin. The FAK Tyr‐397 autophosphorylation site was necessary for this scaffolding function, but was not required for v‐Src to stably interact with and phosphorylate FAK. FAK was also shown to negatively regulate v‐Src mediated phosphorylation of the FAK‐related kinase PYK2. Despite these effects, FAK does not play an essential role in targeting v‐Src to major cellular substrates including CAS and paxillin. Nor is FAK strictly required to achieve the altered morphological and growth characteristics of v‐Src transformed cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 377–388, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wnt signaling during BMP‐2 stimulation of mesenchymal chondrogenesis
Authors: Fischer Leslie , Boland Genevieve , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: August 2002

Members of both the Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families of signaling molecules have been implicated in the regulation of cartilage development. A key component of the Wnt signaling pathway is the cytosolic protein, β‐catenin. We have recently shown that the chondrogenic activity of BMP‐2 in vitro involves the action of the cell–cell adhesion protein, N‐cadherin, which functionally complexes with β‐catenin. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that Wnts may be involved in BMP‐2 induced chondrogenesis, using an in vitro model of high‐density micromass cultures of the murine multipotent mesenchymal cell line, C3H10T1/2. Expression of a number of Wnt members was detected in these cultures, including Wnt‐3A and Wnt‐7A, whose levels were up‐ and downregulated, respectively, by BMP‐2. To assess the functional involvement of Wnt signaling in BMP‐2 induced chondrogenesis, cultures were treated with lithium chloride, a Wnt‐7A mimetic that acts by inhibiting the serine/threonine phosphorylation activity of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β). Lithium treatment significantly inhibited BMP‐2 stimulation of chondrogenesis as well as GSK‐3β enzymatic activity, and decreased the levels of N‐cadherin protein and mRNA. Furthermore, lithium decreased BMP‐2 upregulation of total and nuclear levels of LEF‐1 and β‐catenin as well as their interaction during later chondrogenesis; similarly, the interaction of β‐catenin with N‐cadherin was also decreased. Interestingly, lithium treatment did not affect the ability of BMP‐2 to decrease ubiquitination of β‐catenin, although it did reduce the interaction of β‐catenin with GSK‐3β during late chondrogenesis (days 9–13). We suggest that the chondro‐inhibitory effect of lithium on BMP‐2 induced chondrogenesis indicates antagonism between lithium‐like Wnts and BMP‐2 during mesenchymal condensation. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 816–831, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different effects of genistein on molecular markers related to apoptosis in two phenotypically dissimilar breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Xu Jing , Loo George
Published: August 2002

The association between consumption of genistein‐containing soybean products and lower risk of breast cancer suggests a cancer chemopreventive role for genistein. Consistent with this suggestion, exposing cultured human breast cancer cells to genistein inhibits cell proliferation, although this is not completely understood. To better understand how genistein works, the ability of genistein to induce apoptosis was compared in phenotypically dissimilar MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cells that express the wild‐type and mutant p53 gene, respectively. After 6 days of incubation with 50 μM genistein, MCF‐7 but not MDA‐MB‐231 cells, showed morphological signs of apoptosis. Marginal proteolytic cleavage of poly‐(ADP‐ribose)‐polymerase and significant DNA fragmentation were also detected in MCF‐7 cells. In elucidating these findings, it was determined that after 2 days of incubation with genistein, MCF‐7 but not MDA‐MB‐231 cells, had significantly higher levels of p53. Accordingly, the expression of certain proteins modulated by p53 was studied next. Levels of p21 increased in both of the genistein‐treated cell lines, suggesting that p21 gene expression was activated but in a p53‐independent manner, whereas no significant changes in levels of the pro‐apoptotic protein, Bax, were found. In MCF‐7 cells, levels of the anti‐apoptotic protein, Bcl‐2, decreased slightly at 18–24 h but then increased considerably after 48 h. Hence, the Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio initially increased but later decreased. These data suggest that at the genistein concentration tested, MCF‐7 cells in contrast to MDA‐MB‐231 cells were sensitive to the induction of apoptosis by genistein, but Bax and Bcl‐2 did not play clear roles. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 78–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximum feasibility guideline in the design and analysis of protein folding potentials
Authors: Meller Jaroslaw , Wagner Michael , Elber Ron
Published: August 2002

Protein folding potentials are expected to have the lowest energy for the native shape. The Linear Programming (LP) approach achieves exactly that goal for a training set, or indicates that this goal is impossible to obtain. If a solution cannot be found (i.e., the problem is infeasible) two possible routes are possible: (a) choosing a new functional form for the potential, (b) finding the best potential with a feasible subset of the data, and (or) detecting inconsistent subset of the data in the training set. Here, we explore option (b). A simple heuristic for finding an approximate solution to an infeasible set of linear inequalities is outlined. An approximately feasible solution is obtained iteratively, starting from a certain initial guess, by computing a series of analytic centers of the polyhedra defined by all the inequalities satisfied at the subsequent iterations. Standard interior point algorithms for Linear Programming can be used to compute efficiently the analytic center of a polyhedron. We demonstrate how this procedure can be used for the design of folding potentials that are linear in their parameters. The procedure shows an improvement in the quality of the potentials and sometimes points to flaws in the original data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 111–118, 2002
Qmd‐plot: A graphical utility for rapid preliminary analysis of time series of fluctuating data, developed in the context of molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Kalat Sam , Mann Geoff , Hermans Jan
Published: August 2002

Qmd‐plot is a utility to obtain rapid information about past or on‐going simulations, or real‐time data collections, in the form of graphs of recorded variables (x,y,…), as x–y plots or as a function of simulated or real time. Time series records in the data file must be named. Variable names and their locations in the data file are initially unknown to the program, but are identified in a first scan, in which header records are located on the basis of a predefined key (that can be changed interactively). The names of the time series are then presented in an interactive menu, from which the user can repeatedly specify a graph to be viewed. Qmd‐plot has been developed in the context of molecular dynamics simulations. We give examples of time series and x–y plots made from output of the sigma program. Qmd‐plot code is a Java application; source and class files can be obtained free from the authors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 184–188, 2002
Reducing CAS‐SDCI space. Using selected spaces in configuration interaction calculations in an efficient way
Authors: Pitarch‐Ruiz José , Sánchez‐Marín José , Maynau Daniel
Published: August 2002

A new method is presented, which allows an important reduction of the size of some Configuration Interaction (CI) matrices. Starting from a Complete Active Space (CAS), the numerous configurations that have a small weight in the CAS wave function are eliminated. When excited configurations (e.g., singly and doubly excited) are added to the reference space, the resulting MR‐SDCI space is reduced in the same proportion as compared with the full CAS–SDCI. A set of active orbitals is chosen, but some selection of the most relevant excitations is performed because not all the possible excitations act as SDCI generators. Thanks to a new addressing technique, the computational time is drastically reduced, because the new addressing of the selected active space is as efficient as the addressing of the CAS. The presentation of the method is followed by two test calculations on the N2 and HCCH molecules. For the N2 the FCI results are taken as a benchmark reference. The outer valence ionization potentials of HCCH are compared to the experimental values. Both examples allow to test the accuracy of the MR–SDCI compared to that of the corresponding CAS–SDCI, despite the noticeable reduction of the CI space. The algorithm is suitable for the dressing techniques that allow for the correction of the size‐extensivity error. The corrected results are also shown and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1157–1165, 2002
Cycle decompositions III: Complete graphs and fixed length cycles
Authors: Šajna Mateja
Published: August 2002

We show that the necessary conditions for the decomposition of the complete graph of odd order into cycles of a fixed even length and for the decomposition of the complete graph of even order minus a 1‐factor into cycles of a fixed odd length are also sufficient. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 27–78, 2002
Increases of IgA milk concentrations correlate with IgA2 increment
Authors: Trégoat Virginie , Montagne Paul , Béné Marie‐Christine , Faure Gilbert
Published: August 2002

IgA, IgA1, and IgA2 concentrations were determined in 81 defatted human milk samples?: colostrum (days 1–5, n = 42), transitional milk (days 6–14, n = 18) and mature milk (days 15–75, n = 21) by immunonephelometry. Correlations were found between total IgA levels and the concentrations of both IgA subclasses (P < 0.0001). The levels of the three molecules decreased over lactation with significant differences (P < 0.05) between colostrum and transitional milk levels and between colostrum and mature milk. Colostral IgA1 and IgA2 mean concentrations dropped respectively from 10.89 ± 2.12g/L, and 15.41 ± 2.10g/L to 1.83 ± 0.73g/L and 3.40 ± 1.25g/L in transitional milk reaching finally to 0.36 ± 0.07 g/L and 0.27 ± 0.06g/L in mature milk. IgA2 concentrations were higher than those of IgA1 when the total IgA level was high. The IgA2 levels in colostrum could be an adaptation resistance of IgA to potentially harmful pathogens able to secrete IgA proteases and also a way to regulate colonization of the microflora in the newborn. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:55–58, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine serum levels in patients with chronic HCV infection
Authors: Spanakis Nick E. , Garinis George A. , Alexopoulos Evangelos C. , Patrinos George P. , Menounos Panayotis G. , Sklavounou Alexandra , Manolis Evangelos N. , Gorgoulis Vassilis G. , Valis Dimitrios
Published: August 2002

The pathogenic role of immune‐mediated mechanisms in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we report different cytokine expression profiles from hemodialysis (HD) and non‐HD HCV (+) patients. IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and TGF‐β1 serum levels, and liver biochemical parameters were determined in 85 individuals (41 HD patients and 44 non‐HD patients). Screening for HCV RNA and anti‐HCV antibodies was performed using qualitative and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and standardized enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) methods, respectively. IL‐4 and IL‐1β demonstrated decreased serum levels in non‐HD HCV carriers compared with healthy controls. Both T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 lymphocytes were highly associated with chronic HCV infection, as indicated by the increased IL‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐6 cytokine circulating levels in all chronic active hepatitis (CAH) patients examined. An enhanced Th2 response (IL‐4 and IL‐6) coupled with increased TNF‐α and IL‐1β serum levels was reported in HD HCV (–) patients. In conclusion, our data show that a virus‐induced Th2 and IL‐1β immunosuppression is an early event in HCV‐related chronicity. Long‐term HD specifically exerts a chronic effect on IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α serum circulating levels. Irrespective of the HD status, HCV viremia, and liver biochemistry parameters, both Th1 and Th2 responses are highly associated with chronic HCV infection. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:40–46, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple genotype analysis of the Asp299Gly polymorphism of the Toll‐like receptor‐4 gene that is associated with lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness
Authors: Okayama Naoko , Fujimura Kozue , Suehiro Yutaka , Hamanaka Yuichiro , Fujiwara Motoki , Matsubara Tomoyo , Maekawa Tsuyoshi , Hazama Shoichi , Oka Masaaki , Nohara Hiroaki , Kayano Kozo , Okita Kiwamu , Hinoda Yuji
Published: August 2002

A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (Asp299Gly) in the Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) gene affects the responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide in humans. To analyze this important polymorphism more efficiently, we developed a simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction length fragment polymorphism (RFLP) assay and examined the Asp299Gly allele frequency in a Japanese population. The PCR primer was designed with 1‐ or 2‐bp mismatches, creating the recognition sequence for restriction enzyme BsaBI or BstXI, allowing RFLP analysis of the digested products. Genotyping was carried out with this assay for 275 DNA specimens from 107 healthy volunteers and 168 patients with various diseases, including ulcerative colitis (n = 86). The Asp299Gly allele of the TLR‐4 gene was not detected in any of the specimens, suggesting that it is very rare in Japanese. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:56–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thought Field Therapy—Soothing the bad moments of Kosovo
Authors: Johnson Carl , Shala Mustafe , Sejdijaj Xhevdet , Odell Robert , Dabishevci Kadengjika
Published: August 2002

Trauma in Kosovo was treated with Thought Field Therapy (TFT) during five separate trips by members of the Global Institute of Thought Field Therapy, in the year 2000. Clinicians from Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States were joined in Kosovo by four physicians who transported them to remote war‐torn villages where patients with severe trauma were treated. Treatment was given to 105 patients with 249 separate traumas. Total relief was reported by 103 of the patients, and for 247 of the separate traumas. Follow‐up data averaging five months revealed no instance of relapse. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1237–1240, 2001.
Altering women's relationships with food: A relational, developmental approach
Authors: Maine Margo
Published: August 2002

Eating disorders, ranging from body‐image distortions to full‐blown anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, reflect developmental issues and significant deficits in feelings of self‐efficacy. The relational model, an outgrowth of theoretical work specific to the psychology of women, is an appropriate treatment approach. This model appreciates the social context and pressures that foster disconnection from the self and helps the woman to reconnect with self and others, decreasing the need for obsessive control over food and weight. Treatment emphasizes empathy, connection, mutuality, and authenticity and views disconnections and disruptions as the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors related to eating disorders. The client–therapist relationship is central to this model as demonstrated by a case illustration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 1301–1310, 2001.
Factors associated with depression in navy recruits
Authors: Williams Reg Arthur , Hagerty Bonnie M. , Yousha Steven M. , Hoyle Kenneth S. , Oe Hiroaki
Published: August 2002

The age of onset for depression is decreasing and seems to be linked with major life events. This study examined predisposing and concomitant factors related to Navy recruit basic training, and consisted of 443 recruits (200 with depressive symptoms and 243 matched comparison subjects). Two hypotheses were proposed, and both were supported by results of the study. Depressed recruits were more likely to be separated from the Navy and not complete training. They had significantly more predisposing factors than comparison recruits including family history of mental illness, family history of alcohol abuse, and history of psychiatric problems. They also had significantly more concomitant factors such as higher levels of stress, more loneliness, more life‐change events, lower sense of belonging, more emotion‐oriented coping, and less task‐oriented coping. Although the study examined Navy recruits, the findings are applicable to depression in young people. This study adds to understanding the role of life
stressors, interpersonal functioning, and development of depressive symptoms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 323–337, 2002.
A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans
Authors: Mattis Jacqueline S. , Jagers Robert J.
Published: August 2002

Religiosity and spirituality are defining features of African American life. However, within psychology, research on African American religiosity and spirituality has proceeded without benefit of a conceptual framework. This paper labors toward a framework that examines the roles of religion and spirituality in the development and maintenance of social relationships. We review empirical research on the role of religion and spirituality in the lives of African Americans with an eye toward illuminating the affective, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms through which religion and spirituality shape individual, family, and communal relationships across the developmental span. Future directions for quantitative and qualitative research on African American religious and spiritual life are suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
pRb2/p130 and p107 control cell growth by multiple strategies and in association with different compartments within the nucleus*
Authors: Zini Nicoletta , Trimarchi Carmela , Claudio Pier Paolo , Stiegler Peter , Marinelli Fiorenzo , Maltarello Maria Cristina , La Sala Dario , De Falco Giulia , Russo Giuseppe , Ammirati Giuseppe , Maraldi Nadir Mario , Giordano Antonio , Cinti Caterina
Published: August 2002

It has been recently reported that retinoblastoma family proteins suppress cell growth by regulating not only E2F‐dependent mRNA transcription but also rRNA and tRNA transcription and, through HDAC1 recruitment, chromatin packaging. In the present study we report data showing that these various control strategies are correlated, at least in part, with nuclear compartmentalization of retinoblastoma proteins. In a first series of experiments, we showed that pRb2/p130 and p107 are not evenly distributed within the nucleus and that cell cycle‐dependent binding with E2F4 changes also as a function of their subnuclear localization. Namely, in the nucleoplasm pRb2/p130‐E2F4 complexes are more numerous during G0/G1 while in the nucleolus they increase in S phase. Partially different functions for p107 are suggested since p107‐E2F4 complexes in the nucleoplasm are more numerous is S phase with respect to G0/G1 and no cell cycle change is observed in the nucleolus. In a second series of experiments we showed that pRb2/p130, p107, E2F4, and pRb2/p130‐HDAC1 complexes are all inner nuclear matrix‐associated proteins and localize to sites different from pRb/p105 ones. We provide further evidence of multiple and partially distinct retinoblastoma protein family functional roles during cell cycle. Moreover, our data support emerging evidence for functional interrelationships between nuclear structure and gene expression. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced proliferation and differentiation of rat hepatocytes cultured with bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Mizuguchi Toru , Hui Thomas , Palm Kaia , Sugiyama Nozomu , Mitaka Toshihiro , Demetriou Achilles A. , Rozga Jacek
Published: August 2002

Liver transplantation is the only clinically effective method of treating acute liver failure. However, wider application of this therapeutic modality is restricted primarily by shortage of donor organs. In the search for alternative methods of liver replacement therapy, investigators have focused on transplantation of normal allogeneic hepatocytes and on the development of liver support systems utilizing isolated hepatocytes. Since all human livers suitable for cell harvest are being used for transplantation, hepatocyte therapy using human tissue would require growing of cells in vitro. Unfortunately, although hepatocytes have tremendous capacity to proliferate in vivo, their ability to grow in culture is severely limited. Stromal cells from bone marrow and other blood‐forming organs have been found to support hematopoiesis. In this paper, we show that bone marrow‐derived stromal cells (BMSCs) enhance proliferation and support differentiation of rat hepatocytes in culture. Further, we demonstrate that in hepatocyte/BMSC co‐cultures, clonal expansion of small hepatocytes (SH) is increased. Using semipermeable membrane cultures, we established that direct cell–cell contact is necessary for stimulation of cell proliferation. We also show that BMSCs which are in direct contact with hepatocytes and SH colonies express Jagged1. This suggests a potential role for Notch signaling in the observed effects. Finally, we present evidence that the expression and activity of liver specific transcirption factors, CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins and liver specific key enzymes such as tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase, are improved in hepatocyte/BMSC co‐cultures. In conclusion, results of this study indicate that BMSCs could facilitate proliferation and differentiation of primary rat hepatocytes and their progenitors (SH) in vitro. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutshells as granular activated carbons: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties
Authors: Wartelle L H , Marshall W E
Published: August 2002

Nutshells from seven different sources (pistachio, hazelnut, almond, black walnut, English walnut, macadamia nut, pecan) were converted to granular activated carbons (GACs) by carbon dioxide activation. A portion of the GACs were oxidized with compressed air and the physical (yield, surface area, attrition), chemical (pH, surface charge) and adsorptive (organics uptake, metal ion uptake) properties of both oxidized and non‐oxidized carbons were determined. Differences in uptake of organics, especially of polar compounds, were found between GACs made from almond shells, the group consisting of black walnut shells, English walnut shells and pecan shells, and macadamia nutshells. Oxidation had its greatest effects on pH, surface charge and uptake of metal ions. The changes due to oxidation were found to be independent of carbon source material. GACs with specific properties can be produced with judicious selection of carbon precursor and oxidative treatment.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Pullulanase immobilization on natural and synthetic polymers
Authors: Dessouki A M , Issa G I , Atia K S
Published: August 2002

This work describes the immobilization of pullulanase onto two different polymers; agarose activated with epichlorohydrin and trichlorotriazine and casein activated with epichlorohydrin, in addition to a synthetic copolymer, butylacrylate–acrylic acid (BuA/AAc). Immobilization by covalent binding yields stable enzyme activity. The operational stability of the free and immobilized enzymes showed that the enzyme immobilized by a crosslinking technique using glutaric dialdehyde (GA) showed poor durability and the relative activity decreased sharply due to leakage after repeated washing, while the enzymes immobilized by covalent bonds resulted in a slight decrease in most cases in the relative activity (around 20%) after being used 10 times. Storage for 4–6 months showed that the free enzyme lost most of its activity, while the immobilized enzyme showed the opposite behavior. Subjecting the immobilized enzymes to doses of γ‐radiation (0.5–10 Mrad) resulted in complete loss in the activity of the free enzyme at a dose of 5 Mrad, while the immobilized enzymes showed relatively high resistance to γ‐radiation up to a dose of 5 Mrad. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and FTIR measurements were carried out to confirm the structure of the polymer as well as the immobilization process of the enzyme onto the polymeric carrier. The unique biochemical characteristics, mode of action and utility of the environmentally compatible pullulanase in starch conversion are well known. Using pullulanase with β‐amylase in starch saccharification processes can increase maltose yield by 20–25%.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of beckwith‐wiedemann syndrome in association with a single umbilical artery
Authors: Hamada Hiromi , Fujiki Yutaka , Obata‐Yasuoka Mana , Watanabe Hideki , Yamada Naoki , Kubo Takeshi
Published: August 2002

Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome is an inherited disorder most commonly characterized by prenatal or postnatal overgrowth, macroglossia, omphalocele, unusual earlobe creases, and increased risk of neoplasia. Several reported cases of this syndrome have been prenatally diagnosed, but no report has described the occurrence of this syndrome in association with a single umbilical artery. We report a case in which prenatal sonographic examination demonstrated fetal overgrowth, macroglossia, and omphalocele together with a single umbilical artery; our prenatal diagnosis of Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome was confirmed after birth of the infant. The possibility of this syndrome should be considered when performing a detailed sonographic examination of a fetus with a single umbilical artery. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:535–538, 2001.
Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Bruno Costanza , Minniti Salvatore , Procacci Carlo
Published: August 2002

Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis is a very rare tumor that is not usually diagnosed until surgery is undertaken. In only a few cases has the correct diagnosis been obtained preoperatively by cytologic examination of fluid from the hydrocele. We describe a case of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis that was suspected on sonography because of the presence of a hydrocele and focal nodularities. The diagnosis was confirmed preoperatively by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology aimed at 1 of the focal nodularities. Our patient was an 85‐year‐old man with concomitant cancer of the sigmoid colon; because of his age and the spread of his colon cancer, we did not remove the scrotal lesion. We recommend consideration of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the solid masses instead of the fluid from the hydrocele in cases of suspected malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:181–183, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10045
Role of color Doppler imaging in diagnosing and managing pregnancies complicated by placental chorioangioma
Authors: Zalel Yaron , Gamzu Ronni , Weiss Yael , Schiff Eyal , Shalmon Bruria , Dolizky Mordechai , Achiron Reuven
Published: August 2002

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of color Doppler imaging in the diagnosis and management of placental chorioangioma.

Methods

The medical records, sonographic reports, and sonograms of all pregnant women who had placental masses diagnosed in our sonography unit during the years 1992 through 2000 and had been evaluated using both gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography were included in this study. Subjective evaluation of the amount and distribution of intralesional vascularity by color Doppler imaging was made in all cases. Cases of chorioangioma of the placenta were compared with cases of placental hemorrhage or subchorionic hematoma. The outcomes of the pregnancies were also recorded.

Results

Fifteen cases of placental masses were evaluated; 8 of them were identified as placental hemorrhage or subchorionic hematoma on the basis of the sonographic findings. The other 7 cases were identified prenatally as placental chorioangioma, at a mean menstrual age of 23 weeks and a mean maternal age of 29 years. The mean size of the tumor was 6.5 cm (range, 4–13 cm). All cases of chorioangioma showed either substantial internal vascularity or a large feeding vessel within the tumor. Three infants were delivered at term with favorable outcome; 2 of them demonstrated reduction of the intratumoral blood flow during follow‐up. The other 4 cases were delivered at or before 32 weeks' menstrual age (1 intrauterine fetal death, 2 terminated pregnancies, and 1 normal infant). No case of placental hematoma demonstrated blood flow within the lesion or was associated with complications of the pregnancy.

Conclusions

Color Doppler imaging helps differentiate placental chorioangioma from other placental lesions and may be useful in the prenatal follow‐up of chorioangioma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:264–269, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10072
Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: Morphology, plasticity, age‐related, and Alzheimer's disease‐related neurodegeneration
Authors: Bleys R.L.A.W. , Cowen T.
Published: August 2002

The light microscopical and ultrastructural morphology of the innervation of the major cerebral arteries and pial vessels is described, including the origins of the different groups of nerve fibres and their characteristic neurotransmitter phenotype. Species and region specific variations are described and novel data regarding the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels are presented. The dynamic nature, or plasticity, of cerebrovascular innervation is emphasized in describing changes affecting particular subpopulations of neurons during normal ageing and in Alzheimer's disease. The molecular controls on plasticity are discussed with particular reference to target‐associated factors such as the neurotrophins and their neuronal receptors, as well as extracellular matrix related factors such as laminin. Hypotheses are presented regarding the principal extrinsic and intrinsic influences on plasticity of the cerebrovascular innervation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:106–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of microglia
Authors: Kaur Charanjit , Hao Ai‐Jun , Wu Ching‐Hsiang , Ling Eng‐Ang
Published: August 2002

This paper reviews the various proposed hypotheses on the origin of microglia. The seminal study of del Rio‐Hortega first stated that the cells were derived from the mesodermal pial cells that invaded the brain during embryonic development. Along with this was the description of precursor cells in the yolk sac in early development. Our results in the embryonic mouse brain have shown the occurrence of lectin‐labelled precursor cells at the yolk sac that later appeared in the mesenchymal tissue associated with the neuroepithelium where they penetrated the nervous tissue to become the microglia. A second major view has held that microglia are of neuroectodermal origin; the cells either originate from glioblasts or the germinal matrix. Another school of thought is that microglia are derived from blood monocytes. In this connection, circulating monocytes enter the developing brain to assume the form as amoeboid microglia that subsequently evolve to become the ramified microglia. In traumatic brain lesions following an intravenous injection of colloidal carbon as a cytoplasmic marker for monocytes, it was found that carbon‐labelled monocytes were the main source of brain macrophages, some of which transformed into microglia during the healing process. In conclusion, our results derived from the normal and altered brain development as well as from experimental lesions tend to favour the view of the monocytic nature of microglia. Recent studies by us also point to the possibility that some microglial cells may arise from the pial mesenchymal macrophages that appear to originate from the yolk sac precursors. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:2–9, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebra finch sexual differentiation: The aromatization hypothesis revisited
Authors: Wade Juli
Published: August 2002

Zebra finches have emerged as an outstanding model system for the investigation of the mechanisms regulating brain and behavior. Their song system has proven especially useful, as the function of discrete anatomical regions have been identified, and striking parallels exist between the morphology of these regions and the level of their function in males and females. That is, the structures are substantially more developed in males, who sing, compared to females, who do not. These parallels extend from higher (telencephalic) centers to the brainstem motor nucleus that innervates the muscles of the vocal organ. Other dimorphic aspects of reproduction in the zebra finch, such as copulatory behaviors and sexual partner preference, however, are not associated with known sex differences in anatomy. In many species, sex differences in neural and peripheral structures and behavior are regulated by secretions from the gonads, which of course are sexually dimorphic themselves. In birds, sex differences at all of these levels (gonad, brain, and behavior) can be mediated by steroid hormones. However, it is not entirely clear that gonadal secretions normally participate at all of the levels. This paper reviews the evidence relating to the role of gonadal steroids in the sexual differentiation of reproductive behaviors and the central and peripheral structures known to regulate them in zebra finches, with a focus on estradiol, which has been most extensively studied in the masculinization of song system morphology and function. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:354–363, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression mosaic of odorant‐binding proteins in Drosophila olfactory organs
Authors: Shanbhag S.R. , Hekmat‐Scafe D. , Kim M.‐S. , Park S.‐K. , Carlson J.R. , Pikielny C. , Smith D.P. , Steinbrecht R.A.
Published: August 2002

Deciphering the genome of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, has revealed 39 genes coding for putative odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs), more than are known at present for any other insect species. Using specific antibodies, the expression mosaic of five such OBPs (OS‐E, OS‐F, LUSH, PBPRP2, PBPRP5) on the antenna and maxillary palp has been mapped in the electron microscope. It was found that (1) OBP expression does correlate with morphological sensillum types and subtypes, (2) several OBPs may be co‐localized in the same sensillum, and (3) OBP localization is not restricted to olfactory sensilla. The expression of PBPRP2 in antennal epidermis sheds some light on the possible evolution of OBPs. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:297–306, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Money mosaics: financial choice and strategy in a West Delhi squatter settlement
Authors: Ruthven Orlanda
Published: August 2002

This paper examines the financial services and devices used by dwellers of Kalibasti, a squatter settlement in West Delhi. It discusses to what extent people are able to put together effective money management strategies through available devices and to what extent we might perceive ‘service’ or ‘product gaps’ which point to where new or existing providers could step in. It highlights the embeddedness of financial devices used by residents in wider kinds of relationships with relatives, co‐residents, employers, ‘patrons’ and others. The paper concludes that access to adequate services does not necessarily correspond with access to formal or semi‐formal services as is often presented by microfinance advocates. Rather it reflects people's awareness, job and income security, and capacity to leverage personal networks, all of which contribute to the capability of squatter residents to make financial relations and services work for them. The paper ends by making some tentative suggestions as to how our findings might be of interest to prospective microfinance providers in squatter settlements such as Kalibasti. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.