bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy and Tactic in the Analysis of Archaeological Hunter-Gatherer Systems
Authors: Sutton Mark Q.
Published: May 2005

Archaeologists studying past cultural systems commonly employ the concept of strategy to characterize both general and specific aspects of those systems. It is herein argued that a “strategy” is a plan; a general concept or blueprint conceived to achieve a goal. The fulfillment of a strategy requires that specific, lower-order, actions be taken. These actions are tactics—small-scale activities that generate a material record. It is the patterned remains of tactical behavior that form, and are recovered from, the archaeological record, with higher-order strategies being inferred from some understanding of tactics. In practice, however, many researchers interchange the concepts of strategy and tactic, equating plans with actions and vice versa. This tends to homogenize the reconstruction of strategies and masks the diversity, variability, and adaptive nature of the tactical inventory within the larger cultural system. Thus, the degree and scale of initial archaeological analysis should be at the level of tactic, rather than of strategy, an approach that would broaden the archaeological perspective in modeling and understanding past systems.
Survivors of Suicide: A Comprehensive Bibliography
Authors: McIntosh John L.
Published: May 2005

A bibliography of the literature on survivors of suicide is presented. Journal articles, books, book chapters, abstracts in proceedings of professional meetings, and pamphlets on the topic of survivor-victims are listed. Brief annotations are provided for some citations.
The Artist and Androgyny: A Study of Gender Identity in Visual Artists
Authors: Harris Catherine T. , Perricone Philip J. , Smith Margaret Supplee
Published: May 2005

While art is an activity that is socially valued, the image of the artist as perceived by the public and expressed in the literature has rarely been studied empirically. The Adjective Check List is used to test one dimension of this issue—June Wayne's hypothesis that the artist is a stereotypical woman, focusing on the artist's view of himself/herself and artists in general. Data were gathered by means of a questionnaire mailed to 1753 artists who had been nominated for the national Awards in Visual Arts during the first five years of the program (1982–86). It was found that artists tend to have self-images which are androgynous in terms of sex stereotyping, while at the same time, they see artists in general as relatively masculine. It was also found that while artists tend to view their colleagues in favorable terms, they view themselves as individual artists significantly more favorably. The implications of these findings for the profession of art are discussed.
Prevention: Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Holtzman Neil A.
Published: May 2005

No single strategy is capable of preventing untimely deaths and disabilities. In the United States in particular, the contribution of medical care is limited by inadequate provision of services (particularly to the poor), inappropriate training of physicians, and unnecessary costs. Lack of knowledge about disease universally limits medicine's effectiveness. Among nonmedical strategies, campaigns for life-style change are most likely to succeed in those with the lightest burden of illness. Efforts to increase individual responsibility might well reduce health expenditures, but at the same time the disparity in health between rich and poor will increase. Restrictions on the use of harmful substances and on the manufacture of toxic or hazardous products, along with humanization of the work process itself, would reduce deaths from cancer, heart disease, and violence; however, resistance to these changes is, and will remain, great. The socioeconomic and environmental changes that are necessary to afford each citizen an equal opportunity for optimal health will be adopted slowly, if at all. Considering the limited acceptability of these nonmedical strategies, the prospects for prevention are less than what has been promised. Despite its imperfections, medical care can contribute to the prevention of early death and disability. Attempts to disparage it could delay the adoption of the changes needed to improve its effectiveness.
An HIV/AIDS Awareness Prevention Project in Sri Lanka: Evaluation of Drama and Flyer Distribution Interventions
Authors: McGill Deborah , Joseph W. D.
Published: May 2005

An evaluation was done on an AIDS Awareness Project targeting the West Coast of Sri Lanka. Dramas, performed primarily by volunteers, depicted the causes and consequences of HIV/AIDS. Flyers illustrating specific facts about HIV/AIDS were given at the dramas and at specific sites, such as bus stations. A pencil and paper pre-post design was used to evaluate the dramas and revealed that the primary respondent was an educated male who was very knowledgeable about basic HIV/AIDS information and had learned this primarily from the media (television and newspapers). Changes in attitude occurred as a result of the intervention, with respondents becoming more aware of their susceptibility to the disease and more willing to seek out advice from the Buddhist clergy if diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The flyer distribution intervention revealed that brochures that address various levels of literacy may be more accepted by the general public.
Studies in Medical Psychology: A Brief Survey
Authors: Kahana Ralph J.
Published: May 2005

An understanding of the individual's personality structure may be used to help patients employ their strengths effectively in combating physical illness. Models of personality types based upon psychoanalytic psychology may be utilized. A large number of recent articles on medical psychology are surveyed as representative of current interests in this field, and a few studies are discussed which deal more fully with personality and illness.
The Changing Role of Periodicals in Scientific-Technical Communication
Authors: Richardson Jacques G.
Published: May 2005

Specialized publication of scientific and technical journals during the 1970's showed marked growth in Europe and North America, was measurably stable in Africa and the Middle East, but was rising somewhat in the Asian-Pacific and Latin American-Caribbean regions. The number of journals in the basic sciences, the medical sciences, and technology-related industries continues to climb, worldwide, but the universal data-base on scientific periodicals remains fragmentary and needs completion.

Primary-source scientific journals are relatively few in number, in most languages, and current economic considerations suggest that this number will not rise significantly. Journals of popularization, on the other hand, continue to grow in number and variety. Audiovisual and electronic information technologies are making inroads into the domain long dominated by typography, but replacement of printed journals by electronic journals can be expected to remain problematic for reasons related to technology, budget, and distribution. Current specialization in primary- and secondary-source journals may gradually give way to consolidation of journals now serving highly focused, comparatively small audiences.
Elementary Age Special Education Students Using Self-Directed or Tutor-Assisted Computer-Aided Instruction to Develop Keyboarding Skills
Authors: Tenney Roy Allen , Osguthorpe Russell T.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two methods of keyboarding instruction: one in which students use keyboarding software without assistance, and the other in which students use the same software but have a tutor to guide them in its use. A total of thirty-two students, twenty-four boys and eight girls attending a special education resource program at a suburban elementary school participated in the study. Twenty-two of the participants had been classified as students with learning disabilities and ten as students with behavioral disorders. Half of the students (16) were randomly assigned to the self-directed group and half to the tutor-assisted group. Students in both groups received nine hours of instruction over a twenty-seven-day period with daily sessions thirty minutes in length. Two interim speed and accuracy tests were given approximately one week apart and then posttests measuring speed and accuracy as well as technique were administered on the last day of the study. Results showed that: a) students in both groups experienced a significant increase in keyboarding skills, b) tutors were beneficial in helping students establish proper hand position, body posture, and keystroking techniques, c) but tutors did not cause students to type with greater speed and accuracy.
Student-Faculty Contacts: Tradition versus Technology
Authors: Arnett Kirk P. , Pearson Rodney A. , Pittman Terry O.
Published: May 2005

Traditional student/professor interaction involves office visits or telephone calls. Both modes require the participants to occupy similar space and time. Two relatively new modes of communication are now available to academia which are free of these geographic constraints: voice and electronic mail. A small study was made in the College of Business and Industry at Mississippi State University to see what benefits could be achieved if the traditional modes of communication were augmented by the use of voice and electronic mail messages.
At-Risk Students and Microcomputers: What Do We Know and How Do We Know it?
Authors: Olson Beth , Krendl Kathy A.
Published: May 2005

This article summarizes and critiques research on the effectiveness of computer applications with at-risk students. Though the research claims many positive outcomes (unproved achievement, lower absenteeism, higher self-esteem, better attitude toward school) resulting from computer use with these students, this review concludes that many of the findings are questionable as a result of several issues. These include flaws in study design, measurement problems, failure to control critical factors associated with the learning environment, lack of specificity regarding utilization and implementation, and a general disregard for the influence of gender and SES in examining and assessing results.
Computer-Aided Evaluation/Reporting
Authors: Stewart William J.
Published: May 2005

The computer can be applied to effectively and efficiently evaluate/report pupil progress and adapt instruction to the pupils' evaluative variables. Essentially, the computer, through interacting with an information bank, produces an individual or a group evaluation/reporting profile that delineates the precise nature of the pupils' evaluative variables, specifies the extent and nature of pupil progress and communicates this to parents, pupils, and teachers. The computer ultimately interacts with the profile and, subsequently, retrieves, generates, and prints suggestions of instructional components that meet the pupils' evaluative variables.
Analysis of Computer-Mediated Communication: Using Formal Concept Analysis as a Visualizing Methodology
Authors: Hara Noriko
Published: May 2005

Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is used in different contexts such as business, non-profit organizations, and education and uses different tools such as computer conferencing, e-mail, and groupware. However, it is apparent that the field of CMC lacks established methodologies to analyze the phenomena. This article introduces the use of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) as a methodology to visualize the data in CMC. FCA is based on a mathematical lattice theory and offers visual maps (graphs) with conceptual hierarchies. Combined with content analysis, FCA is proposed to be a potential method for the analysis of CMC. In this study, three categories (social, cognitive, and metacognitive) from Henri's (1992) model for CMC content analysis were applied to FCA after a previous study used a content-analysis method based on Henri's model to convert the data from a computer conference. The purpose of this article is to provide an example of the application of FCA to CMC and to argue for its potential use for analyzing on-line discourse. Although this article specifically addresses issues related to analyzing data in CMC for education, the methodology is applicable to the analysis of CMC for different purposes.
Belief in an Afterlife: A National Survey
Authors: Klenow Daniel J. , Bolin Robert C.
Published: May 2005

This article presents an exploratory analysis of factors affecting belief in an afterlife. Data are taken from the 1978 subfile on the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey. With belief in life after death serving as the dependent variable, a number of variables are introduced in a tabular analysis. Among factors found to be statistically significant are sex, race, age, marital status, and several religious and residential variables. Controlling on frequency of church attendance and religious intensity, it is shown that Protestants have the highest incidence of belief in life after death, followed closely by Catholics, with Jews exhibiting the lowest level. A discriminant analysis was run in order to select a group of independent variables that were good predictors of belief in an afterlife. Race, religion, and church attendance were found to be significant discriminating variables of such belief.
Behavioral versus Pharmacological Treatments for Essential Hypertension: A Pilot Study
Authors: Luborsky L. , Ancona L. , Masoni A. , Scolari G. , Longoni A.
Published: May 2005

This is the only study so far in which a behavioral treatment is compared with standard pharmacological treatments for essential hypertension. Three groups of five subjects each were compared: 1. pharmacological treatment; 2. relaxation treatment (autogenic training); 3. the combination. The group given antihypertensive medication was significantly more improved (as determined by blood pressure decrease) by the fourth quarter of the treatment as compared with the relaxation treatment or with the combination. This advantage for routine amounts of antihypertensive medications vs. behavioral treatments is consistent with the only other data from a similar comparison that is available [1].
Intensity, Dissonance, and Preference for Pure Tones
Authors: Martindale Colin , Moore Kathleen
Published: May 2005

An experiment on preference for pure tone pairs varying in intensity and dissonance was conducted in order to test predictions derived from Berlyne's theory of aesthetic preference. According to the theory, preference is an inverted-U function of arousal potential; the determinants of arousal potential are summed, so that an increase in the amount of one determinant leads to a decrease in the maximally preferred level of other determinants; and collative properties, such as dissonance, are the most important predictors of preference. The experiment supported none of these predictions. Preference was related to intensity and dissonance by monotonic or U-shaped functions. The trade-off between intensity and dissonance was not present. Intensity rather than dissonance was the most important determinant of preference. As compared with intensity, the effect of dissonance on preference was negligible. The results are explained in terms of a connectionist theory of aesthetic preference.
Social Security and Health Care Patterns in Chile
Authors: Hall T. L. , Díaz P. S.
Published: May 2005

This paper is divided into three parts. The first traces the evolution of health care under social security in Chile from 1918 to the present. The early period saw the unplanned proliferation of almost 50 funds, each with its own unique characteristics. This was followed by a period of consolidation and reform highlighted by passage of the Preventive Medicine Law (1938), the creation of the National Health Service (1952), and passage of the Curative Medicine Law for Employees (1968). The significance of these legislative milestones is discussed.

The second section examines the degree to which social security coverage affects the utilization of health services. Based on the results of the 1968 health survey it may be concluded that a strong positive correlation exists between social security coverage and the utilization of medical and dental services, along with an inverse correlation between coverage and the unmet demand for care and on health expenditures.

The paper concludes with a discussion of the tasks facing the new government as it seeks to integrate Chile's different systems of publicly sponsored health care so as to improve efficiency and to make comprehensive services available to all Chileans.
Elementary School Students' Computer and Internet Use at Home: Current Trends and Issues
Authors: Kafai Yasmin B. , Sutton Sharon
Published: May 2005

For the past decade, the number of computers in the home have been steadily increasing. Yet relatively little is known about how children are actually using computers at home. This article elaborates on the results of a survey in which 291 parents of an urban elementary school (K-6) participated. Parents reported on their computer equipment at home, the type and frequency of their children's educational software and Internet use, and shared their ideas how better connections between computer use at home and school might be created. The results indicate that most of students' computer use was dedicated to game playing followed by various other software activities. Students reported more limited Internet activities. While home computer ownership is not necessarily contingent upon gender, some software and Internet use tended to be gender specific activities. Many of the parents' suggestions for connecting school and home focused on the ways in which information about students might be obtained from the school and support through exchanges with teachers. In our discussion we address in which ways these results replicate earlier observations of children's academic home computing. Furthermore, we discuss problematic issues and potential directions in academic home computing.
The Effects of “Instant” Logo Computing Language on the Cognitive Development of Very Young Children
Authors: Howell Richard D. , Scott Patrick B. , Diamond Jeffrey
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to investigate whether the use of Logo accelerates the cognitive development of five- to seven-year-old children in a kindergarten class as measured by Piagetian-based tests of conservation of length, measurement and the ability to identify Euclidean shapes. The students in the study were exposed to an expanded form of “Instant Logo” programming language using a guided discovery instructional approach. The training period lasted for six months. Posttest results indicated no significant differences between groups on all the measures, however the Logo teachers reported favorable impacts on the specific academic skills of left/right discrimination, knowledge of shape names, letter recognition and artwork. The results are discussed within a Piagetian framework and directions for future research are given.
A New Ethnohistorical Model for North American Indian Demography
Authors: Grumet Robert S.
Published: May 2005

A new ethnohistorical model providing a relative measure for North American demography is discussed. This model correlates initial appearances and final disappearances of individuals identified by name in documentary records with significant demographic events. The model is tested by correlating terminal appearance-disappearance dates of 207 Munsee Indians identified by name in European records between 1630 and 1801 with contemporary wars, epidemics, land loss, and emigration. Disappearance of more than 50 percent of all named Munsees from colonial records between 1680 and 1715 reflects the catastrophic impact of two wars, four epidemics, extensive outmigration, and the loss of more than 70 percent of their homeland through land sales within the relatively brief span of thirty-five years.
Sociology of AIDS within Black Communities: Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Spigner Clarence
Published: May 2005

This article looks retrospectively at the 1980s AIDS/HIV crisis among black Americans. A brief chronology of the epidemiology of AIDS is reviewed, then three social theories are proposed to understand AIDS related behavior in black communities: conflict theory is employed to examine economic statification; functionalist theory is used in the discussion of social dysfunction and marginality; and interactionist theory, in terms of deviance and labeling. The overall purpose is to provide theoretical frameworks to help health educators understand and create interventions within black at-risk communities. Policy considerations and recommendations are provided for more meaningful disease prevention programs to combat AIDS infections as well as chemical dependency problems in the 1990s.
Coping, Drinking Motives, Goal Attainment Expectancies and Family Models in Relation to Alcohol Use among College Students
Authors: Karwacki Stephanie B. , Bradley John R.
Published: May 2005

Associations between coping responses, drinking motivations, expectations of meeting social and academic goals, and family of origin problem drinking and measures of college students' quantity/frequency of alcohol use and social complications of alcohol use were investigated in a sample of 218 college students. Positive associations were found between “emotion-focused” forms of coping such as detachment and the criterion measures, whereas “problem-focused coping” was not significantly associated with quantity/frequency of alcohol use or drinking complications. Positive correlations were also found between drinking motives, goal attainment expectancies and family models measures and the criterion measures. Regression models constructed for alcohol quantity/frequency and drinking complications implicated the total number of drinking motives, family models of problem drinking and the coping strategy of self-blame as strongly related to criterion measures. Positive social drinking motives and coping by seeking social support were implicated as possible protective factors.
Stress at Work: A Review of Australian Research
Authors: Spillane Robert
Published: May 2005

This paper reviews Australian research into occupational stress. The context of organizational life in Australia is outlined, including the attitudes and values that have conditioned stress research. Empirical studies of occupational stress and health are reviewed, and new psychobiological studies which index stress by urinary hormonal analysis (catecholamines, cortisol) are detailed. The use of stress management programs at the workplace is discussed within the context of Australian industrial relations and workers' compensation developments.
Do Family Planning Field Workers Approve of Induced Abortion?
Authors: Cernada George P.
Published: May 2005

The Taiwan Government has begun to consider relaxing legal restrictions on induced abortion. The four hundred field workers who provide contraceptive services and referrals as part of the Governmental health services at the township level were surveyed about induced abortion. These workers are considered to be most likely to be involved in future governmental programs related to abortion. Major findings were that the workers, although favorable in general to induced abortion as expected are often unfavorable under certain circumstances, differ somewhat from the public they serve, and do not espouse views in consonance with existing laws. Furthermore, cumulative ethical judgment scales are shown to exist which could have important program implications. Recommendations for educational activity are made.
ISO 14,000: Will it Deter Cleaner Production?
Authors: Tickner Joel A.
Published: May 2005

During the last ten years, there has been a general trend in environmental regulation away from prescriptive approaches toward less adversarial performance-based, voluntary, or “partnership” approaches, in part due to the growth of voluntary industry environmental codes of conduct. This article analyzes one of these voluntary industry programs, the ISO 14,000 Environmental Management Standard in terms of how it may support or adversely affect progress toward Cleaner Production, prevention-oriented, holistic environmental policy. While the ISO 14,000 standard has been claimed to be the new “green seal” for industry, it suffers from numerous fundamental problems, which include: 1) its focus on improving management rather than performance; 2) its definition of pollution prevention, which includes end-of-pipe controls; 3) its lack of access to information or public participation; 4) its lack of measurement or comparability across firms; and 5) its lack of integration of environmental and occupational safety and health. Most concerning are the proposals of several U.S. states to offer regulatory relief to ISO 14,000-certified companies. This could possibly lead to a reversal in the environmental gains won over the last twenty years. While some companies may gain from the ISO standard's focus on improving organizational ability to address environmental impacts, it is clear that the ISO standard will not help improve environmental quality without a continued strong role for regulation.
By What Right?
Authors: Kowitz Gerald T. , Smith Jay C.
Published: May 2005

Unless an instructional program is based upon characteristics of the learner, it may not work. The range of individual learning styles poses problems for program developers. To what extent can the learner be expected to conform to the requirements of the program? At what point will the need to conform become unpleasant and introduce inefficiency or even invite disaster? Two views are explored. One presents a model based on current learning theory, designed to provide transition training between personal learning style and program design. The second explores some factors concerning the desired closeness of fit between learning style and program design.
Television Viewing and Styles of Children's Fantasy
Authors: McIlwraith Robert D. , Schallow John R.
Published: May 2005

Two distinct models of the predicted relationship between children's TV watching and fantasy life are derived from the literature in this area. The first model predicts a negative correlation between heavy TV viewing and the process of fantasizing, particularly for imaginative enjoyable fantasy. The second model predicts a positive correlation between TV viewing and dysphoric, hostile, ruminative fantasies. Theoretically, both models could apply at once. A study of eighty-two first graders' TV awareness and fantasy styles offered support only for the second model. Television viewing by children as young as six may serve, it is suggested, to drown out and distract them from unpleasant fantasy imagery, but may be unrelated to their production of pleasant, imaginative fantasy.
Psychiatric Consultation Services in the Large General Hospital: A Review and a New Report
Authors: Cavanaugh James L. , Flood Jean
Published: May 2005

Studies are reviewed documenting increased interest in psychiatric consultation services in the general hospital, and disparities between the need for and the availability/utilization of consultation services are examined. The emergence of the eclectically trained psychiatrist as the most acceptable consultant in the general hospital is discussed.

An exploratory attitudinal questionnaire, developed and circulated to a sample of attending physicians in a midwestern university teaching hospital, yielded the following data. Thirty-nine per cent (N = 96) of the 244 physicians who received the questionnaire responded. Ninety-nine per cent of the respondents agreed that readily available psychiatric consultation services should be fully operative in all large general hospitals; 88 per cent agreed that psychiatric consultations in the general hospital must be performed by a physician with special training in psychological medicine; 50 per cent indicated a preference for a biologically-oriented psychiatrist, and 26 per cent preferred a family practitioner or internist who had subsequently become a psychiatrist. The majority of respondents indicated that between July 1974 and July 1975, 1–5 per cent of their private hospitalized patients received inhospital psychiatric consultation. Eighty-six per cent of the respondents felt the patients should be billed directly at a rate equal to other medical/surgical consultations.

These data are correlated with issues involved in the utilization of psychiatric consultation in the general hospital.
Themes and Variations in Gide's L'Immoraliste
Authors: Bratley Paul , Fortier Paul A.
Published: May 2005

A number of statistical experiments analyze data on the frequency and distribution of words evoking twenty-two different themes in Gide's novel l'Immoraliste. The statistical tests are simple and standard; they can be applied using widely-available program packages. The results are evaluated in terms of traditional literary analysis of the novel. Correlations of the distributions of the themes could not be interpreted easily when presented in table form. However, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis of the correlations not only produced results parallel to the literary analysis but suggested how it could be refined. Regression analysis did not generate conclusive results. The methods used are evaluated and suggestions for future explorations are made.
William Stillman, Rhode Island Mechanician and Communicator—His Lock Patents and Acrostics
Authors: Brockmann R. John
Published: May 2005

Focusing only on the famous and celebrated has skewed military and political history; focusing only on Oliver Evans, Lauchlan McKay, John W. Griffiths, Joseph Crane, and John H. Patterson could similarly skew our sense of American technical communication in the nineteenth century. Exploring the written work of an ordinary American mechanician of the nineteenth century, William Stillman of Rhode Island, could help balance our appraisal of nineteenth-century American technical communication. Reviewing the writing and graphics in his 1851 Miscellaneous Compositions, as well as his 1839 lock patent and 1836 bank lock instructions, reveals Stillman's ambidextrous abilities in using both text and graphics to communicate; abilities similar to his more famous fellow citizens. However, the three-dimensional qualities of his 1839 patent graphic reveals an unusual ability to mimic the biological methods in which the human eye sees three dimensions.
Bereavement and Unresolved Grief in Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Zisook Sidney , Lyons Lucy
Published: May 2005

Of 1000 consecutive outpatients seen at a university-run psychiatric clinic, 430(43%) had experienced the death of a first degree relative at some time in their lives. Of those who responded to a questionnaire item asking whether they were still having difficulty dealing with the loss, 211 patients had evidence of unresolved grief. The incidence of unresolved grief was greatest among patients who had lost children and lowest among patients who had lost parents. Unresolved grief was associated with: increased intensity of affective symptomatology; past histories of depression, suicide attempts, and alcohol abuse; and family histories of depression. The significance of these findings and the relationship between unresolved grief and depression are discussed.
On the Early Recognition of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Clark Terri , Ananth Jambur , Dubin Stephen
Published: May 2005

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, a serious and sometimes fatal complication, has been reported to occur in some patients with the administration of neuroleptic medications. Clinically it is manifested by four groups of symptoms which include muscular hypertonicity, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, and hyperthermia. Laboratory findings such as elevated creatinine phosphokinase and leukocytosis are also seen. While it is true that the incidence of the full blown clinical picture of this syndrome is rare, the authors report that only muscular hypertonicity and autonomic instability have occurred frequently in their setting leading to discontinuation of neuroleptics. Such abortive cases may go undetected. If properly diagnosed, the occurrence of this syndrome is not as rare as the published reports indicate. Second, it is reported that rechallenge with neuroleptics may not induce Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome again. The authors noted recurrence of fever after rechallenge with a different neuroleptic drug. This article describes the method of early recognition and prevention of morbidity as well as mortality.
Relationship Differences in Aids Memorials
Authors: Blando John A. , Graves-Ferrick Katie , Goecke Jo
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this research was to describe AIDS memorials on the Web and to explore relationship differences among those who were grieving loved ones who had died with AIDS, through a thematic content analysis of the memorials the bereft posted on the Web. We identified an AIDS Web site that contained 900 memorials; the memorials often were emotionally intense and personal. We independently coded the memorials for characteristics of the authors, the deceased, and the memorials themselves. Slightly more men than women were memorial authors, and although memorials were authored by a wide variety of individuals, the vast majority of authors fell into seven broad categories: partners, spouses, children, parents, siblings, extended family, and friends. In the memorial content, we identified 2l themes; overall, content of the memorials was dissimilar to obituaries. Content of the memorials as described above were treated as dependent measures in a series of analyses, with relationship between the bereaved and the deceased the independent variable. Memorials written by parents were shortest, while those written by partners or spouses were longest. Partners and spouses revealed the highest emotional intensity, while extended family and friends revealed the lowest. Children most strongly expressed the theme of grief while parents expressed this least strongly. All groups expressed love for the deceased; friends most commonly relayed specific stories about the deceased or discussed how the deceased had influenced them. The authors posit that AIDS memorials on the Web give authentic voice to disenfranchised grievers' sense of loss and suffering.
Health Care for Some: A Nigerian Study of Who Gets What, Where and Why?
Authors: Stock Robert
Published: May 2005

The persistent underdevelopment of health in the Third World belies the optimism of the “Health care for all by the year 2000” campaign. In order to understand the underdevelopment of health, it is essential to examine the historical evolution of specific health systems. These ideas are developed in a case study of health care in Kano State, Nigeria. The nature and contemporary development of the health care system, which includes state voluntary agency and private sector outlets for Western scientific medicine and a large and varied traditional medicine sector, are examined. Although the deepening health care crisis may potentially spur a reconsideration of priorities and strategies, past experience suggests that a stubborn retention of a pared-down and increasingly unjust version of the present system is more likely.
Why Some Countries Have National Health Insurance, others Have National Health Services, and the United States Has Neither
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

This article presents a discussion of why some capitalist developed countries have national health insurance schemes, others have national health services, and the United States has neither. The first section provides a critical analysis of some of the major answers given to these questions by authors belonging to the schools of thought defined as “public choice,” “power group pluralism,” and “postindustrial convergence.” The second section puts forward an alternative explanation rooted in a historical analysis of the correlation of class forces in each country. The different forms of funding and organization of health services, structured according to the corporate model or to the liberal-welfare market capitalism model, have appeared historically in societies with different correlations of class forces. In all these societies the major social force behind the establishment of a national health program has been the labor movement (and its political instruments-the socialist parties) in its pursuit of the welfare state. In the final section the developments in the health sector after World War II are explained. It is postulated that the growth of public expenditures in the health sector and the growth of universalism and coverage of health benefits that have occurred during this period are related to the strength of the labor movement in these countries.
Themes of Death and Violence in Lullabies of Different Countries
Authors: Achté Kalle , Fagerström Ritva , Pentikäinen Juha , Farberow Norman L.
Published: May 2005

Lullabies are often divided into mourning songs describing the death or funeral of the child and threat songs which threaten the child with violence if he does not go to sleep. Threat songs are considerably more common then lullabies with death themes; according to results of the present survey, the former were found in many parts of the world. Lullabies with death themes are frequent in Finno-Ugric and Slavic cultures but not in most others. The survey covered twenty-six countries as well as certain ethnic groups.
Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Adoption and Use of Sugar-Salt-Solution by Mothers in Ibadan City, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Alao Sunday A. , Oladepo Oladimeji
Published: May 2005

A cross-sectional evaluative survey was carried out in six geographical wards in the city of Ibadan, to investigate the level of adoption and use of home-made sugar-salt-solution (SSS) among mothers with under-five years old children. The results showed most mothers interviewed were aware of the existence of SSS, but became cognizant of it at different times during the last five years. There were some significant differences in women's knowledge pattern of SSS which affecting the adoption and use—only one-fifth of the respondents reported adopting the recipe for treatment of dehydration resulting from diarrhoea in their children. The study also identified factors affecting the adoption and use of SSS in Ibadan City. These included lack of adequate knowledge about SSS preparation and use, belief about its effectiveness, non-availability of materials for preparation, refusal by children, and problems with storage among others. The study recommends the need for standardization of activities in ORT units in the city and reinforcement of the inter-personal approach to ORT education.
A Case Study of Student Use of Asynchronous Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) to Support Reflection and Evaluation
Authors: Land Susan M. , Dornisch Michele M.
Published: May 2005

Recent interest in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) has prompted educators to incorporate communication tools into their courses. This article reports findings of students' use of two Web-based discussion forums across two semesters to supplement face-to- face instruction. By tracking the discussions, we discovered that when students initiated reflection and integration of perspectives, they did so through concessions and oppositions to the postings of their peers. Findings point to the importance of explicit scaffolding of conversations to encourage student sharing and evaluation of perspectives.
Introductory Statement: The Need for United Nations Leadership
Authors: Martin Edwin M.
Published: May 2005

I suspect that social historians of the 21st century will describe the change in public attitudes toward population growth which have taken place during the past decade as the most rapid adjustment to new facts to occur in our century. To those who have been accustomed to seeing, on every hand, confirmation of the inevitability of social lag behind technical progress, it is still hard to realize how different the atmosphere of today is from that of the early 1960s. The most concrete expression of this new approach is in public support for family planning, and for “family planning” one must read “family limitation,” for despite occasional efforts to avoid this implication, the money and effort are available only to cut back present, unprecedented population growth rates.
“Generational Equity” and the New Victim Blaming: An Emerging Public Policy Issue
Authors: Minkler Meredith
Published: May 2005

Recent attempts to frame complex policy issues in terms of “justice between generations” and “intergenerational equity” are based on a series of questionable assumptions and economic calculations concerning the relative financial well-being of the elderly vis-à-vis other groups in U.S. society. On closer inspection, however, these assumptions—e.g., of a homogeneous and financially secure elderly population and of younger cohorts likely to become increasingly resentful of elderly entitlement programs—appear ill-founded.

Census data revealing wide disparities in income among the elderly, and national opinion poll data suggestive of a large cross-generational and cross-ethnic group “stake” in Social Security and Medicare, are used to suggest that the intergenerational equity framework may well be an inappropriate one in the public policy arena. Such a framework, moreover, is seen as deflecting attention from more basic inequities in U.S. society and from the need for major policy shifts in response to these more fundamental problems.
Online Study Behavior of 100,000 Students Preparing for the SAT, ACT, and GRE
Authors: Loken Eric , Radlinski Filip , Crespi Vincent H. , Millet Josh , Cushing Lesleigh
Published: May 2005

Direct observation of student study behavior is possible when students use computer-based learning materials. Data recorded on the self-directed studying of more than 100,000 students using a Web-based tool to prepare for U.S. college admissions tests reveal several non-optimal behaviors. Students had a tendency to begin studying within days of the test, to neglect math and science preparation, and to prefer vocabulary drills and short answer verbal questions over questions on reading passages. High school students studying for college admissions showed a different pattern from older students studying for graduate school. A randomized experiment carried out online addressed the possible confound between student preference and Web site design. The data represent the largest sample of admissions test takers ever studied, while also representing the most fine-grained observation of high stakes study behavior ever reported. The relevance of these data for evaluating the causal effect of commercial coaching operations is discussed.
Teaching Technical Writing with Only Academic Experience
Authors: Grant-Davie Keith
Published: May 2005

Can technical writing still be taught credibly by teachers with only academic experience? This article draws a distinction between courses designed for students expecting to be full-time technical communicators and general-purpose service courses designed for students in a variety of fields. The article then argues that teachers of service courses can teach credibly without having worked as writers in nonacademic workplaces if they fulfill these conditions: they should have a critical command of research into nonacademic writing, rhetorical theory, and reading theory; they should define technical writing broadly enough to see themselves as technical writers; they should seek and take advantage of everyday opportunities to practice technical writing and reading; and they should carefully consider the sense in which their courses reflect reality.
A Structured Approach to Technical Project Documentation
Authors: Annett Clarence H.
Published: May 2005

The documentation describing a technical project or product frequently takes one of two forms: too little documentation to present the necessary information properly, or too much documentation poorly organized and poorly written. To help overcome this problem, a four-level approach to project documentation is described, with documents assigned to each level according to their intended use. The technical writer can then judge how to construct a given document because the audience for each documentation level is clearly defined.
Bipolar Industries: Ethnographic Evidence and Archaeological Implications
Authors: Shott Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Bipolar objects are common in archaeological assemblages. Produced by hammer-and-anvil knapping, these objects generally are classified in one of two conflicting ways: as cores or as wedges. Although most archaeologists take the first view, the second remains prevalent in some quarters, especially in eastern North American Paleo-Indian studies. Setting forth and evaluating the corollaries of both views, this article concludes that most bipolar objects—even in Paleo-Indian assemblages—are cores. It also documents ethnographic observations of bipolar reduction at some length.
Death Education: Accountable to Whom? For What?
Authors: Knott J. Eugene , Prull Richard W.
Published: May 2005

Establishing and evaluating some learning objectives for death education courses was the focus of a study comparing two groups of college students on attitudes toward relevant themes on dying and death. Less than definitive results suggest that several factors bear closer attention. Discussion centers about elements for consideration in rendering teaching about death and dying more meaningfully accountable.
Improving the Appropriateness of Physician Prescribing
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: May 2005

Appropriate prescribing means that prescribers should try to maximize effectiveness, minimize risks and costs, and respect patients' choices. Evidence from studies on prescribing to individuals and from administrative databases reveals a significant level of inappropriate prescribing by Canadian physicians. Two important reasons for inappropriate prescribing seem to be physicians' level of knowledge and physicians' practice settings. A large number of methods have been tried to improve prescribing behavior, but most are unsuccessful. Academic detailing, and audit and feedback, have both been shown to work but may be difficult to implement in Canada, where most physicians practice in solo fee-for-service settings. Alternative forms of physician payment such as capitation or salary are probably necessary to make prescribing more appropriate.
The Effects of Negative Legacies on the Adjustment of Parentally Bereaved Children and Adolescents
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R. , Baker John , Cait Cheryl-Anne , Boerner Kathrin
Published: May 2005

This is a report of a qualitative analysis of a sample of bereaved families in which one parent died and in which children scored in the clinical range on the Child Behavior Check List. The purpose of this analysis was to learn more about the lives of these children. They were considered to be at risk of developing emotional and behavioral problems associated with the death. We discovered that many of these “high risk” children had a continuing bond with the deceased that was primarily negative and troubling for them in contrast to a comparison group of children not at risk from the same study. Five types of legacies, not mutually exclusive, were identified: health related, role related, personal qualities, legacy of blame, and an emotional legacy. Coping behavior on the part of the surviving parent seemed to make a difference in whether or not a legacy was experienced as negative.