bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Time- and Energy-Dependent Reactor n/γ Environment
Authors: Griffin PJ , Luker SM , King DB , DePriest KR , Cooper PJ
Published: August 2006

In a reactor pulse, the early radiation has a neutron/gamma component resulting from the prompt fission neutron and gamma radiation and from the neutron-induced secondary gammas. However, after the primary reactor pulse, the radiation environment also includes a time-dependent delayed neutron and gamma component. At even later times, the material activation dominates the source term. When active tests are conducted in the reactor, the radiation environment at a particular time may not be well characterized by the time-integrated spectrum provided by the typical radiation transport calculations. This paper defines the steps that are required to adequately model the time- and energy-dependent radiation environment in the reactor environment. This paper also compares the time-dependent response from a range of active dosimeters in a reactor pulsed environment and shows how the n/γ mixed-field response for the dosimeters and the changing radiation field can influence the interpretation of the dosimetry.
Ubiquitous Computing im Wissensmanagement. Die Bedeutung allgegenwärtiger Informationsstrukturen auf das Wissensmanagement (Ubiquitous Computing and Knowledge Management. Ubiquitous Information Infrastructures and Their Influence on Knowledge Management)
Authors: Aßmann Jörg , Resatsch Florian , Schildhauer Thomas
Published: August 2006

Die Vision allgegenwärtiger Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie in einer, den Alltag der Menschen und die Prozesse in Unternehmen durchdringenden Art und Weise, schafft erweiterte Möglichkeiten des Wissensmanagements. Der vorliegende Beitrag führt theoriegeleitet herbei, wie sich der Fortschritt der technischen Entwicklungen auf das Wissensmanagement der Zukunft auswirkt und welche Voraussetzungen, sowie Elemente des ubiquitären Wissensmanagement zur Diskussion stehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird der Nutzen des Ansatzes von Ubiquitous Computing für das Wissensmanagement heraus gearbeitet.
Suchen & Finden im Knowledge Broker Network (Searching & Finding in the Knowledge Broker Network)
Authors: Löw Robert , Bleimann Udo , Rausch Monika
Published: August 2006

Dieser Artikel präsentiert einen praxisorientierten Ansatz für die Umsetzung des Wissensmanagements in Unternehmen. Das Konzept des Knowledge Broker Networks basiert auf einem Hybrid-System aus Mensch und Maschine. Dieses unterstützt sowohl das Auffinden von Informationen als auch die Herstellung eines Kontakts zwischen einer Person mit einer konkreten Aufgabenstellung und einer Person bzw. Personengruppe, die bei der Lösung hilfreich sein könnte. Um unsere Vision einer Optimierung des automatisierten Suchvorgangs innerhalb eines Knowledge Management Systems zu verdeutlichen, stellen wir diese anhand eines Szenarios beispielhaft dar. Zusätzlich werden die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchung zu im Internet verfügbaren Kontakt- und Wissens-Austausch-Plattformen und einige ausgewählte Ergebnisse zu den Erwartungen potentieller Nutzer an ein Knowledge Management System aufgezeigt.
Interaktivität als Determinante der Lerneffektivität bei der multimedialen Wissensvermittlung (Implications of Interactivity for Retention and Transfer in Multimedia Learning)
Authors: Ritter Simone , Wallach Dieter
Published: August 2006

Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung zu Effekten unterschiedlicher Aktivitätsanforderungen auf den Wissenserwerb beim Lernen mit neuen Medien bilden zwei Varianten einer Lernumgebung, die sich zum einen in dem zugrunde liegenden Medium, zum anderen in den gestellten Aktivitätsanforderungen an Lernende unterscheiden. Bei inhaltlich identischen Lehrinhalten wurde die erste Variante als interaktives System konzipiert, während die zweite Variante als Lehrvideo realisiert wurde, welches keine Interaktion durch Lernende vorsieht. Beide Varianten der Lernumgebung richten sich an Grundschüler der vierten Klasse und vermitteln Grundkonzepte und -strukturen des Internets und der E-Mail. Zur Evaluation der Lerneffektivität wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt, der eine differenzierte Erhebung der Lernmaße Retention und Transfer gestattet. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung belegen nachhaltig die Bedeutung der Interaktivität für den Lernerfolg.
Interaktionstrategien für Punktdiagramm-Visualisierungen auf kleinen Bildschirmen (Interaction Strategies for Scatterplot Visualizations on Small Screens)
Authors: Büring Thorsten
Published: August 2006

Es werden zwei neuartige Systeme zur Darstellung und Exploration großer Datenräume auf kleinen Bildschirmen vorgestellt. Die Basis der Applikationen bildet ein Punktdiagramm, welches aufgrund seiner komprimierten Datenkodierung eine effektive Ausnutzung der Präsentationsfläche kleiner Bildschirme erlaubt. Ein weiterer Vorteil des Diagramms ergibt sich aus seiner Übersichtlichkeit. Selbst unerfahrene Nutzer können Trends und Ausreißer im Datenraum leicht identifizieren.

Die beiden vorgestellten Applikationen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Interaktionstrategien. Das geometrisch-semantische ZUI (Zoomable User Interface) steht für einen metaphernbasierten, intuitiven Ansatz und erinnert in vielen Eigenschaften an ein Computerspiel. Mittels Zoom kann der Nutzer das Verhältnis von Übersicht und Detail seinem jeweiligen Informationsbedürfnis anpassen. Das alternative Fischauge-Interface bietet hingegen die Möglichkeit einen freidefinierbaren Ausschnitt des Punktdiagramms zu vergrößern. Durch die Verzerrung können unter Erhaltung des Kontexts unübersichtliche Datencluster aufgelöst werden. Der Kontext verschafft dem Nutzer eine bessere Orientierung im Datenraum und ermöglicht zudem zusätzliche Navigationsfunktionalität.
Verortung von Daten. Eine prototypische Untersuchung mit RFID (Locative Data. Prototype Research with RFID)
Authors: Michelis Daniel , Send Hendrik , Schildhauer Thomas
Published: August 2006

Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Möglichkeiten des Wissendesigns an der Schwelle zwischen Bildschirm und physischem Raum, der durch die Anreicherung mit digitalen Informationen eine neue Aufwertung erhält. Mit der Extrapolation der Entwicklung des Screens, dessen zentrale Stellung als Interface mit der Verbreitung alternativer Interaktionstechnologien abnimmt, lassen sich neue Formen der physischen Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Computer erahnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Anschluss an eine theoretische Einführung in die Mediengeschichte des User-Interface nach Manovich ein Kunst- und Forschungsprojekt beschrieben, das Möglichkeiten von RFID als zukünftiges Interface prototypisch untersucht.
Nicht-Wissen als Ressource sowie sieben Thesen zu künftiger Wissensarbeit (Not Knowing as a Resource and Seven Theses on the Future of Knowledge Work)
Authors: Stephan Peter
Published: August 2006

Wissen, Medien und Design entfalten gemeinsam eine sozio-technische Dynamik, die das neue Forschungs- und Praxisfeld des Knowledge Media Designs (KMD) begründet. Hier treffen sich theoretische, gestalterische und technische Fächer, die neue Methoden und Forschungsformate entsprechend ihren erweiterten Wirkungsmöglichkeiten entwickeln. Unter dem Aspekt der Gestaltung werden in der Wissenskommunikation bisher vernachlässigte Aspekte behandelbar, die vor allem in der Behandlung von Nicht-Wissen wirksam werden.

Dabei geht es um Erkenntnisstile und Wissenstypen, die formalen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen und daher aus der in Organisationen wirksamen “Legitimation durch Verfahren” (Luhmann 1977) herausfallen. Das gestaltungstypische “Querdenken” entspricht der gesellschaftlichen und unternehmerischen Forderung nach Innovation und ergänzt die beschränkte Rationalität wirtschaftlicher und technischer Verfahren. Die vorgestellten Überlegungen basieren auf Projekten zur Wissenskommunikation, die an der Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln und der Universität der Künste Berlin – Institute of Electronic Business durchgeführt wurden (vgl. Stephan 2005b; Stephan, Klein, Petersen 2006).
“WORD wandeln” — ein Projektbericht (“Changing WORD” — a Project Report)
Authors: Burmester Michael , Kaiser Karin
Published: August 2006

Burmester und Kaiser erprobten mit dem Projekt “WORD wandeln” Methoden und Sichtweisen aus dem “Nutzerzentrierten Gestalten” (user centered design) mit Kommunikationsdesignstudierenden im Rahmen ihrer Disziplin. Ziel der Entwürfe nach Analyse der Textverarbeitungssoftware “WORD” der Firma Microsoft war nicht die praxisgerechte Software-Applikation — vielmehr ging es darum, interessierten Nutzern von Standard-Software eine bewusstere Wahrnehmung und ironische Reflektion der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion zu bieten.
Sozialer Einfluss computergenerierter Agenten in einer virtuellen Umgebung (Social Influence of Computer-Generated Agents in a Virtual Environment)
Authors: Ollesch Heike , Heineken Edgar
Published: August 2006

Wenn Akteure in virtuellen Umgebungen mit computergenerierten Agenten (agent avatars) umgehen und dabei wissen, dass sie nicht mit wirklichen Menschen interagieren, ist die soziale Präsenz gering. Können computergenerierte Agenten dennoch sozialen Einfluss auf die Akteure ausüben? Nach Blascovich et al. (2002) ist dies möglich, wenn die geringe soziale Präsenz durch einen hohen Grad an “behavioral realism” beim Design der Agenten kompensiert wird. Ob ein hinreichender Behavioral Realism erzeugt werden kann, indem computergenerierte Agenten so modelliert werden, dass ihr Verhalten in der Kommunikation mit den Akteuren in konsistenter Weise Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Motive widerspiegelt, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchung. In Anlehnung an das Modell von Blascovich wird die Hypo these experimentell geprüft, dass bezüglich ihrer Kommunikationscharakteristika unterschiedlich gestaltete “Agenten-Persönlichkeiten” in unterschiedlicher Weise sozialen Einfluss auf das Verhalten und Erleben der Akteure ausüben. Konkret wird erwartet, dass ein Akteur auf einen Agenten mit cholerischem Temperament und impulsiven Persönlichkeitszügen anders reagiert als auf einen Agenten mit melancholischem Temperament und ängstlichen Persönlichkeitszügen. Dreißig Personen, überwiegend Studierende, agierten im Szenario MotivatorOne als Führungskraft in einem computersimulierten Unternehmen und sollten durch adäquate Kommunikation mit virtuellen Abteilungsleitern — darunter einer “ängstlichen” und einer “impulsiven” Agenten-Persönlichkeit — das Unternehmen zum wirtschaftlichen Erfolg führen. Erfasst wurde das Inter aktions verhalten der Teilnehmer mit den Agenten sowie im Nachhinein die dabei erlebten emotionalen und kommuni kativen Anforderungen. Die Befunde bestätigen die Hypothese, dass nicht nur das Kommunikationsverhalten, sondern auch die emotionalen Reaktionen der Akteure von der Agenten-Persönlichkeit abhängen. Dies kann als Beleg dafür gelten, dass bei adäquater Gestaltung computergenerierter Agenten eine soziale Einflussnahme auf die Akteure möglich ist.
Tourist Photography and the Reverse Gaze
Authors: Gillespie Alex
Published: August 2006

The interaction between tourist photographer and local photographee is a dynamic site of identity construction. To date, this interaction has been theorized mainly in terms of the power of the tourist photographer, which has been shown to mediate and commodify local cultures and create new identities amongst those photographed. The present article contributes a change of emphasis by examining the sociopsychological dynamics of the reverse gaze and its role in constructing the emerging identity of the photographer. The reverse gaze refers to the gaze of the photographee on the photographer as perceived by the photographer. Data from Ladakh, a popular backpacker tourist destination in northern India, illustrates how the reverse gaze of Ladakhis can constitute the emerging tourist self, stimulating uncomfortable social emotions, such as embarrassment. The question raised by the article is, what sociopsychological processes constitute the power of the reverse gaze to position the tourist photographer? In this article, I argue that tourists, when they feel the reverse gaze, are not taking the actual perspective of Ladakhis, but are instead attributing their own critical attitudes toward other tourist photographers to the Ladakhi photographee. Thus, the discomfort that a tourist in Ladakh feels when caught in the reverse gaze, I argue, is a product of that tourist being positioned in the same disparaging way as that tourist usually positions other tourist photographers. [tourism, reverse gaze, India, George Herbert Mead, positioning]
Structured Looseness: Everyday Social Order at an Israeli Kindergarten
Authors: Golden Deborah
Published: August 2006

In this article, I address notions of social order as these are conveyed to young children in an early education setting. On the basis of an ethnographic account of an Israeli kindergarten, I describe the routine structuring of everyday life at the kindergarten, as well as the ways in which this routine structuring was consistently undermined, primarily by the teacher herself. Specifically, the study shows how the relatively enfeebled routine structuring of daily life facilitated the emergence of alternative models of social order, namely, collective order and personal order embodied by the teacher. The interplay of structure and looseness discerned at the kindergarten is addressed in terms of the institutional distinctiveness of early education settings, as well as with reference to the Israeli sociocultural context. It is suggested that the study of the organization of daily life in early education settings may enrich our understanding of socialization into enduring perceptions of social order and of the sources of its legitimacy. [education, classroom ethnography, children, Israel, kindergarten]
Mortuary Rituals in Japan: The Hegemony of Tradition and the Motivations of Individuals
Authors: Tsuji Yohko
Published: August 2006

Despite rapid social change, traditional mortuary rituals persist in contemporary Japan, and most Japanese ascribe their continuous compliance with tradition to cultural hegemony. In this article, I explore various other motivational forces behind their actions and illustrates how external pressures and individuals' internal motivations are intricately intertwined to generate human behavior. To do so, I consider the social and personal significance of Japanese funerals, examining rituals not only as an embodiment of sociocultural order but also as a culturally prescribed means to legitimize individuals' actions and define their identity. I also demonstrate the multiplicity and fluidity of cultural discourse and the malleability of tradition as well as individuals' active roles in perpetuating and altering mortuary tradition. Primary data were gathered from participant‐observation research in Japan since 1988. [funerals, gift exchange, culture and the individual, motivations, identity, Japan]
Response: Patriarchy, Intervention, and Prophetic Leadership Challenges in the Culture of Mormon Fundamentalism
Authors: Bradley Martha Sonntag
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: This response challenges Steve Kent's generalization that the culture of Mormon fundamentalism is maladaptive because of its sanction of the marriage of underage girls to older patriarchs, and that this will lead ultimately to the demise of the practice of polygamy. Despite the restrictions and limitations placed on the lives of female members of Mormon fundamentalist communities, and even the abuse that occurs in some family situations, threats to the perpetuation of plural marriage in the future come from a complex combination of external and internal pressures. These pressures include the power structure of patriarchy, the intervention of governmental agencies in the private lives of polygamous families, the abuse of prophetic leadership on the part of the leaders of the various groups, and, finally, human frailty.
Response: Who Decides? Harm, Polygamy and Limits on Freedom
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: This essay considers the issue of polygamy in response to Stephen Kent's arguments in an article in this issue. Ultimately, disagreements about religious freedom often emanate not from completely divergent positions, but from differences about the interpretation of boundaries and where they should be drawn. Kent and I agree on several points: 1) no woman or girl should be forced to marry and/or have sexual relations against her will; 2) men who abuse women or children in the name of religion should not be protected under the guise of religious freedom; 3) women who report being abused in polygamous (or any) relationships should be taken seriously. Finally, and related to point two, a theological basis for the abusive behavior is not an automatic protection from sanction. Despite these agreements, there are significant points of departure between Kent and myself, including the characterization of polygamy as inherently abusive, the use of media reports as generalizable data, and the conceptualization of agency of women who choose to live in polygamous relationships.
Rethinking the International Expansion of Mormonism
Authors: Phillips Rick
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: The rapid international expansion of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter—day Saints—the LDS, or Mormon Church—prompts some sociologists to claim that Mormonism is an incipient world religion. This expansion also serves as the basis for several sociological theories of church growth. However, these observations and theories rely on an uncritical acceptance of the LDS Church's membership statistics. This article uses census data from nations around the world to argue that Mormon Church membership claims are inflated. I argue that Mormonism is a North American church with tendrils in other continents, and that calling Mormonism a "world religion" is premature.
Embodied Knowledge and Divinity: The Hohm Community as Western-style Bāuls
Authors: Crovetto Helen
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: Hohm Sahaj Mandir (Hohm Innate Divinity Temple) is a new religious movement that has achieved international status under the name "Western Bauls." The Western Bauls have a number of similarities to the Bauls of Bengal, wandering minstrels with an ecstatic inclination whose lives are consumed by their search for the divine. Like many Tantric groups, the Western Bauls believe the body is a microcosm of the universe in which divinity is present. Their spiritual praxes are bodybased. In the advanced stages they include an esoteric yoga called kaya sadhana as well as other practices of aropa, the mystical conversion of matter to spirit practiced by the Bauls of Bengal. The close-knit members of the Hohm Community include a high percentage of talented artists, writers, performers, singers and musicians. They emphasize poetry and writing in addition to music, dance, and song, for which the Bengali Bauls are known.
A Matter of Principle: Fundamentalist Mormon Polygamy, Children, and Human Rights Debates
Authors: Kent Stephen A.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: This article returns to questions involving fundamentalist Mormon polygamy first raised in articles by Martha Bradley and Lori G. Beaman in vol. 8, no. 1 (July 2004) of Nova Religio. While both authors acknowledged the potential for abuses in these communities, Bradley stressed their "effective adaptive strategies" while Beaman concluded that "[f]undamentalist groups, like those in Bountiful [British Columbia], are not perceived as a threat to the Canadian state." In response, this article argues that the fundamentalist Mormon communities of Colorado City and Bountiful have histories of polygamous marriages involving young, often underage teens, and on these grounds alone are maladaptive because they likely commit serious human rights violations against women in general and children in particular.
Negotiating Hindu Identity in an American Landscape
Authors: Palmer Norris W.
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: This article asserts that, for Hindus living in the United States, temple spaces serve not only as places to replicate imported cultural patterns, but also as arenas in which resistance and assimilation to the new host culture may be both measured and moderated. Furthermore, Hindu religious identities formed in diasporic temples balance resistance and assimilation, not only to the culture of the larger society, but also to competing Hindu cultural expectations expressed within temple practices. In other words, while certain practices mark resistance to American ideological demands, other practices serve to delineate and reinforce differences between particular religious identities. Drawing on research at the Shiva Vishnu Temple in Livermore, California, the article examines two prominent signifiers by which American Hindu identity is constructed and negotiated: "our children's futures" and "geography matters."
And Ever the Twain Shall Meet: The Holiness Missionary Movement and the Birth of World Pentecostalism, 1870–1920
Authors: Case Jay R.
Published: August 2006

Pentecostalism first appeared as a global movement, built with both modern and antimodern materials provided by the American holiness missionary movement. On the anti-modern side, radical holiness spirituality and theology infused the worldviews of its advocates with supernaturalism, primitivism, and an apocalyptic eschatology. It resisted modern trends toward systematization, bureaucratization, and centralized control. Furthermore, radical holiness minimized the significance of modern categories of nation, ethnicity, race, and civilization. On the other side, radical holiness depended on the modern disintegration of traditional religious deference, used modern techniques for promoting audiencedriven or democratized patterns of authority, and effectively equipped its followers for the pragmatic methodologies of modernity by skillfully making use of transportation networks, fund-raising techniques, and mass media to reach large audiences.

American holiness missionaries carried these characteristics overseas, where non-American advocates adapted them to their particular circumstances. Both American and non-American adherents promoted radical holiness in ways that confounded reigning categories of identity, power relations, and conceptions of East and West. Radical holiness granted religious authority to Chinese men, Indian girls, spirit-filled Zulus, working-class Chileans, female evangelists, and African-American leaders, as well as white American males, without consciously mobilizing its followers along lines of national, ethnic, gendered, racial, or class identity. It demanded that its followers leave "heathenism," but it did so without utilizing the imperialist era discourse of civilization that upheld western cultural superiority and non-western cultural inferiority. In terms of its national or racial characteristics, then, early leaders from diverse backgrounds used tools from the American holiness movement to bring a non-American movement, world Pentecostalism, into existence.
A Chosen People in a Pluralist Nation: Horace Kallen and the Jewish-American Experience
Authors: Greene Daniel
Published: August 2006

This article examines the ways that ethnic pluralism and Jewish exceptionalism coexisted in philosopher Horace M. Kallen’s thought from the time that Jewish identity began to play a significant and positive role in his own self-conception, roughly in 1900, until his coining of “cultural pluralism” in 1924. Kallen conceived of pluralism, in large part, to address concerns about American Jewish identity, but its conception created a vexing problem for Jews. If Jews were the “chosen people,” then how could they fit into a model of the nation that emphasized equality, or at least harmony, between many different groups? Kallen would solve the dilemma of pluralism and chosenness by advocating that American Jews maintain their particularity on the basis of culturaldistinctivenessrather than ofsuperiority. Interrogating Kallen's thought on this question illuminates how his enduring theory of cultural pluralism owed its origins, in part, to specific Jewish concerns and how it developed in conjunction with a sustained struggle to articulate a meaningful Jewish identity that would prove continuous across generations. Kallen’s solution to the dilemma of pluralism and Jewish exceptionalism also demonstrates one instance of how debates about Jewish particularity profoundly influenced understandings of cultural, racial, and religious difference within American democracy during the early twentieth century.
“The Right Achieved and the Wrong Way Conquered”: J. H. Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Conflict over Civil Rights
Authors: Best Wallace
Published: August 2006

The infamous conflict between Joseph Harrison Jackson, longtime president of the National Baptist Convention, Inc. (NBC), and Martin Luther King, Jr., has attracted considerable scholarly attention. For nearly a decade, the two Baptist clerics fought for control of the largest African American religious organization in the country as King sought to use it as the “institutional basis for the Civil Rights Movement.” Treated as a simple confrontation between the “radicalism” of King and the”conservatism” of Jackson, however, the conflict has been misinterpreted and, therefore, undervalued by scholars. It was not a struggle between conservative and progressive forces within the NBC, and Jackson and King were not ideological polar opposites. Their conflict was essentially religious in nature and was predicated on questions regarding what constituted church work among black Baptists. In retaining control of the NBC, Jackson wanted to make sure that the answers to those questions would reflect what he perceived to be the “vital center” of American culture. He was convinced that his commitment to “correct” the social ills of society through national and religious unity would achieve that which was right while conquering that which was wrong. Faced also with the challenges of an increasingly global context within which black religious leaders were compelled to operate, Jackson envisioned the NBC as an organization involved with efforts to bring peace and economic parity around the world. In Jackson's view, King's aim to use the NBC as the “institutional basis for the Civil Rights Movement” was both “anti-American” and limited in scope. Jackson's “gradual” stance on civil rights and his confidence in the democratic process to bring about social change reveal one of the many options employed in post -WWII African American religious and political culture.
Minds Intensely Unsettled: Phrenology, Experience, and the American Pursuit of Spiritual Assurance, 1830–1880
Authors: White Christopher G.
Published: August 2006

Starting in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, a group of American Christians rejected their parents’ Calvinism and fashioned new views of sin, the self, and spiritual growth. These believers were aided in this process by new, psychological sciences such as phrenology, sciences that pointed to the existence of powerful spiritual faculties in the self and new ways of using and measuring them. Especially for those who felt paralyzed by sensibilities of sinfulness and moral impotence, phrenology was a liberation. But phrenology appealed to Americans for other reasons as well. By linking mental and spiritual states to physiological structures, phrenology brought the mysterious emotions and dispositions of faith to the surfaces of the self, where they could be more easily understood and reflected upon. Inner conditions could be discerned in bumps and contours of the head and body or even in one's characteristic postures and gestures. In short, the new science made confounding inner spaces visible again. This article explores the spiritual struggles of a wide range of believers who used phrenology to develop more sober and measured, and therefore more certain, forms of spiritual assurance. It argues that, beginning in the early nineteenth century, a broad coalition of religious liberals used these new, scientific psychologies such as phrenology to find in external, especially bodily, conditions signs of inner spiritual states.
Cicero hunnicus Miklos Oláh's Eloquent Attila
Authors: Conley Thomas
Published: August 2006

Abstract The Life of Attila, composed by the Hungarian patriot and churchman Miklos [Nicolaus] Oláh (1493-1568), includes several speeches by Attila. His style, the most striking character of these harangues, cannot be described better than as “elevated Ciceronian” whence the title Cicero hunnicus. This article establishes the manner in which the rhetoric of Attila serves as a strategy of rehabilitation through the use of which Oláh defends the image of his hero (and that of the Hungarian people). In conclusion, there is outlined a sketch of how, in the XVIth century, an attempt was made to establish the Hungarian national identity on rhetorical foundations.
Public Concern with Animal Well‐Being: Place, Social Structural Location, and Individual Experience*
Authors: Kendall Holli A. , Lobao Linda M. , Sharp Jeff S.
Published: August 2006

Abstract While sociologists and the public at large are increasingly interested in the life conditions of animals, conceptual and empirical development of the topic is limited. This paper seeks to further develop the sociological research on attitudes toward animal well‐being. We build on insights from contemporary stratification theory to explain the nature of animal attitudes and their determinants. We also extend past work by examining a broader range of factors related to attitudes about animal well‐being, focusing on place, other social structural factors, and individuals' unique animal‐related experiences. Data are from a survey of over 4,000 Ohio residents conducted in 2002. We find that childhood experience has the greatest place‐based effect on attitudes. Other findings highlight the importance of social structural factors, suggesting support for the “underdog hypothesis.” Women, people experiencing economic hardship, those with less education, younger and middle aged people, and blacks tend to be more concerned with animal well‐being. Individualized, experiential variables are also important. Our results reflect the complexity of attitudes about animals and point to the need for greater sociological attention to factors left largely unexplored in previous studies, including childhood place‐based factors, economic hardship, and individuals' unique animal‐related experiences
What Clean Break?: Education and Nonmetropolitan Migration Patterns, 1989–2004
Authors: Domina Thurston
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Recent data suggest that nonmetropolitan America is experiencing an outmigration trend. Between 1998 and 2004, more people have moved out of nonmetropolitan areas than moved into these areas. This net outmigration trend presents a fundamental challenge to nonmetropol‐itan areas and contradicts the predictions of social scientists who argued that the rural renaissance of the 1970s represented a clean break with earlier patterns of internal migration. Using annual data from the 1989– 2004 rounds of the Current Population Survey March Demographic Supplement, this paper analyzes recent trends in metropolitan/nonmetro‐politan migration. It demonstrates that highly educated nonmetropolitan youth are leading contemporary nonmetropolitan outmigration. Contrary to the clean break theory, this paper argues that economic incentives continue to be relevant to current nonmetropolitan/metropolitan migration patterns.
Stress, Social Resources, and Depression among Never‐Married and Divorced Rural Mothers*
Authors: Turner Heather A.
Published: August 2006

Abstract  While the impact of single parenting on women and children has long been a concern, very little research has focused on single parents living in rural areas. Based on a probability sample of 508 single mothers aged 18–39 living in rural Northern New England, the present study: (1) examines the impact of several domains of stress on mothers' depression, (2) considers potential buffering effects of social resources, and (3) identifies variations in conditions and outcomes for divorced and never‐married mothers. Findings highlight the importance of multiple forms of stress exposure, showing independent significant effects of lifetime adversity, recent life events, and chronic stressors on current depressive symptoms. Although emotional support reduces depression, neither support nor living arrangements moderate the impact of recent and current stressors. Divorced women experience more stress exposure, greater vulnerability to stress, and do not benefit from family support to the same extent as never‐married mothers. Possible differences in the meanings that divorced and never‐married mothers attach to current life circumstances are discussed.
Critical Analysis of the Relationship between Local Ownership and Community Resiliency*
Authors: Varghese Jeji , Krogman Naomi T. , Beckley Thomas M. , Nadeau Solange
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Collectively, current resource‐development literature has given little attention to organizational features of ownership as important variables in community resilience. By drawing from six local buyout cases in Canada's forest sector, we reveal the complexity and numerous constraints on local ownership and expose a more nuanced context than most sociologists tend to consider. Our findings suggest that the meaning of local ownership and community resilience varies depending upon the composition (e.g., private vs. public; mill vs. forest license vs. coupled mill & forest license), type (social, cooperative, trust and/or direct‐share ownership), extent of ownership (percentage of local versus extra‐local shares), and the level of control (e.g., proportion of locally held seats on the Board of Directors) associated with ownership. Future research on local ownership should more carefully differentiate between the nature of local ownership and its associated outcomes.
Environmental Globalization, Organizational Form, and Expected Benefits from Protected Areas in Central America*
Authors: Pfeffer Max J. , Schelhas John W. , Meola Catherine
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Environmental globalization has led to the implementation of conservation efforts like the creation of protected areas that often promote the interests of core countries in poorer regions. The creation of protected areas in poor areas frequently creates tensions between human needs like food and shelter and environmental conservation. Support for such conservation efforts partially depends on expectations of benefits by those impacted. This article considers the effects of different organizational models on local expectations of benefits to be derived from protected areas. Our analysis indicates that individuals are more likely to expect that benefits of the park go to other communities or the nation as a whole than to expect direct benefits for themselves. Forms of park organization also impact these expectations. Individuals exposed to the zoned park, as opposed to a conventional, strictly protected park, were more likely to expect benefits from the park regardless of the beneficiary considered. In addition, for those exposed to the zoned park, location of residence is related to expectation that individuals will benefit themselves. However, our interviews with park residents also indicate that the expectations of individual benefits are rarely met, creating potential dissatisfaction and sometimes animosity toward the park administration.
The Dacha Debate: Household Agriculture and Labor Markets in Post‐Socialist Russia*
Authors: Southworth Caleb
Published: August 2006

Abstract  The paper examines the relationship among household agriculture, wages and household structure using panel data on urban households from 1994–2003. Experts using cross‐sectional data differ on whether Russian “dachas” or garden houses are a survival strategy that households use in times of economic difficulty or a hobby of the more affluent. This analysis uses time‐series data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) to assess the effect of household status on the likelihood of participation in agriculture in subsequent years. These data show that households turn to gardening after the onset of economic uncertainty. Estimates of the value of the harvest from dacha gardens suggest that they are profitable and that households make economic calculations. Finally, the regional labor‐market participation rate is modeled as a function of garden land to show that where gardens are more prevalent, labor markets allocate a smaller fraction of the working‐age population.
Olfactory Disorder in Children With 22q11 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Sobin Christina , Kiley-Brabeck Karen , Dale Kathryn , Monk Samantha H. , Khuri Jananne , Karayiorgou Maria
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. 22q11 deletion syndrome, a common human interstitial deletion syndrome (1:5000), is associated with a heterogeneous physical phenotype, including several factors that markedly increase the risk for olfactory disorder. Despite its potential consequences, pediatric studies of impaired olfaction are rare, and odor detection in children with 22q11 deletion syndrome has not yet been examined.

METHODS. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was administered to 62 children, including 39 with 22q11 deletion syndrome and 23 neurotypical control siblings who ranged in age from 5.3 to 14.8 years. Lowered smell detection accuracy among affected children was predicted.

RESULTS. Substantially more children with 22q11 deletion syndrome (68%) as compared with neurotypical control subjects (13%) had University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test scores ≥2 SDs below the standardization sample mean. Frequency of impairment in younger versus older children did not differ. The score distributions of children with and without velopharyngeal insufficiency did not differ; however, markedly lower score variance among children with velopharyngeal insufficiency suggested its negative impact on olfaction. Posthoc error analyses revealed that affected children had special difficulty detecting smells that are associated with fumes and smoke.

CONCLUSIONS. Odor detection failures are ubiquitous among children with 22q11 deletion syndrome and are not associated with developmental delay or performance characteristics of younger affected children. Additional studies are needed to examine further the impact on olfaction of velopharyngeal insufficiency and compromised nasal airway patency. Children with 22q11 deletion syndrome should be evaluated routinely for olfactory disorder. When deficits are identified, caregivers should be warned of potential dangers that are associated with this type of sensory impairment.
Myxobolus cerebralis in Native Cutthroat Trout of the Yellowstone Lake Ecosystem
Authors: Koel Todd M. , Mahony Daniel L. , Kinnan Kendra L. , Rasmussen Charlotte , Hudson Crystal J. , Murcia Silvia , Kerans Billie L.
Published: August 2006

The exotic parasite Myxobolus cerebralis was first detected in native adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvierii from Yellowstone Lake in 1998, seriously threatening the ecological integrity of this pristine, naturally functioning ecosystem. We immediately began to assess the prevalence and spatial extent of M. cerebralis infection in Yellowstone cutthroat trout within Yellowstone Lake and to determine the infection risk of age-0 Yellowstone cutthroat trout, the relative abundance and actinospore production of tubificid worms, and the basic environmental characteristics of tributaries. During 1999–2001, juvenile and adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout were infected throughout Yellowstone Lake; the highest prevalence (15.3–16.4%) occurred in the northern and central regions. Exposure studies in 13 streams indicated that Pelican and Clear creeks and the Yellowstone River were positive for M. cerebralis; the highest prevalence (100%) and severity was found in Pelican Creek during mid-July. Sexually mature individuals of the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex were most abundant in early summer, were genetically homogenous, and were members of a lineage known to produce moderate to high levels of M. cerebralis triactinomyxons. Only 20 of the 3,037 sampled tubificids produced actinospores after 7 d in culture, and none of the actinospores were M. cerebralis. However, one non-actinospore-producing T. tubifex from Pelican Creek tested positive for M. cerebralis by polymerase chain reaction. Stream temperatures at Pelican Creek, a fourth-order, low-gradient stream, were over 20°C during the first exposure period, suggesting that T. tubifex were capable of producing triactinomyxons at elevated temperatures in the wild. Although the infection of otherwise healthy adult Yellowstone cutthroat trout within Yellowstone Lake suggests some resistance, our sentinel cage exposures indicated that this subspecies may be more susceptible to whirling disease than previous laboratory challenges have indicated, and M. cerebralis may be contributing to a significant recent decline in this population.
Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of the Salmonid Parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Oregon–California Klamath River Basin
Authors: Stocking Richard W. , Holt Richard A. , Foott J. Scott , Bartholomew Jerri L.
Published: August 2006

The parasite Ceratomyxa shasta has been implicated as a significant source of salmonid mortality in the lower Klamath River, California (i.e., below Iron Gate dam). A study of the prevalence of C. shasta and its geographic and temporal distribution throughout the Klamath River basin was conducted to determine when and where juvenile salmonids encounter lethal parasite doses. Susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to C. shasta 3–4 d at seven locations in the Klamath River between Beaver Creek and Keno Reservoir in April, June, July, September, and November 2003. Individuals from a Klamath River strain of fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha were held in three locations in the upper Klamath River in April, June, and July. In June 2004, rainbow trout were exposed to the parasite for 4 d at 18 locations from Klamath Lake to the mouth of the Klamath River, including several major spawning tributaries; one exposure occurred in the lower Klamath River. Rainbow trout mortality due to infection for groups exposed in the upper Klamath River was lower (<8.0%) and delayed (mean time to death, 40–110 d) in comparison with that in groups exposed in the lower Klamath River (>98%; mean time to death, 33–36 d). Experimental fall Chinook salmon did not become infected in the upper Klamath River, but infection was detected in Chinook salmon exposed in the lower Klamath River, nearly 50% of these succumbing to infection. These dramatic differences in mortality between the upper and lower Klamath River could not be explained by differences in water temperatures during exposure and are probably a result of differences in infectious dose. Lack of infection in groups exposed in tributaries supports the hypothesis that the parasite life cycle and the invertebrate host are largely confined to the main-stem Klamath River.
Virus Distribution and Signs of Disease after Immersion Exposure to Largemouth Bass Virus
Authors: Beck Benjamin H. , Bakal Robert S. , Brunner Cindy J. , Grizzle John M.
Published: August 2006

Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) can cause a fatal disease in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. In previous laboratory studies, largemouth bass have been infected with LMBV by injection, gavage, cohabitation with infected fish, or immersion in water containing the virus. To determine which organs are infected by LMBV and the changes in distribution among organs over time, we immersed largemouth bass (mean weight, 79 g; mean total length, 181 mm) for 1 h in water containing LMBV (1.7 × 103 plaque-forming units/mL) and then necropsied fish daily for 27 d. Cell culture was used to detect LMBV in gill, liver, spleen, trunk kidney, head kidney, swim bladder, heart, brain, gonad, intestinal cecum, and intestine. Of the 225 fish exposed to LMBV, 2 fish died of undetermined causes and 5 moribund fish were necropsied. All moribund fish were observed at the water surface, had an overinflated swim bladder, were infected with LMBV, and had no other known cause of the morbidity. No signs of disease were observed in an additional 187 fish that we necropsied, although 31% of these fish were found to be infected with LMBV. Largemouth bass virus was detected in internal organs at the end of the 1-h exposure and for 24 d postexposure. The percentage of infected fish was highest 4 and 5 d after exposure, when LMBV was isolated from all fish tested. The organs that were infected varied among fish, but the swim bladder, gill, and trunk kidney were most frequently infected. Moribund fish had an average of 4.6 (range, 2–7) organs positive for LMBV, which was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the mean of 2.3 (range, 1–7) positive organs in subclinically infected fish. Our study demonstrated that LMBV can rapidly enter largemouth bass and then decrease to below detectable levels within a month.
Parasitism and Body Condition in Humpback Chub from the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers, Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: Hoffnagle Timothy L. , Choudhury Anindo , Cole Rebecca A.
Published: August 2006

Glen Canyon Dam has greatly altered the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Little Colorado River (LCR) provides a small refuge of seasonally warm and turbid water that is thought to be more suitable than the Colorado River for endangered humpback chub Gila cypha. However, the LCR has low productivity and contains nonnative fishes and parasites, which pose a threat to humpback chub. The Colorado River hosts a different suite of nonnative fishes and is cold and clear but more productive. We compared condition factor (K), abdominal fat index (AFI), and presence and number of two introduced pathogenic parasites (Lernaea cyprinacea and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) between juvenile (<150 mm total length) humpback chub from the LCR and those from the Colorado River during 1996–1999. Both K and AFI were lower and L. cyprinacea prevalence and B. acheilognathi prevalence were higher in LCR fish than in Colorado River fish for all years. Mean K and AFI were 0.622 and 0.48, respectively, in the LCR and 0.735 and 2.02, respectively, in the Colorado River, indicating that fish in the Colorado River were more robust. Mean prevalence of L. cyprinacea was 23.9% and mean intensity was 1.73 L. cyprinacea/infected fish in the LCR, whereas prevalence was 3.2% and intensity was 1.0 L. cyprinacea/infected fish in the Colorado River. Mean prevalence of B. acheilognathi was 51.0% and mean intensity was 25.0 B. acheilognathi/infected fish in the LCR, whereas prevalence was 15.8% and intensity was 12.0 B. acheilognathi/infected fish in the Colorado River. Increased parasitism and poorer body condition in humpback chub from the LCR challenge the paradigm that warmer LCR waters are more suitable for humpback chub than the colder Colorado River and indicate the need to consider the importance and benefits of all available habitats, as well as biotic and abiotic factors, when managing endangered species and their environment.