bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferroelectric La‐Doped ZrO2/HfxZr1−xO2 Bilayer Stacks with Enhanced Endurance
Authors: Popovici Mihaela , Walke Amey M. , Banerjee Kaustuv , Ronchi Nicolo , Meersschaut Johan , Celano Umberto , McMitchell Sean , Spampinato Valentina , Franquet Alexis , Favia Paola , Swerts Johan , Van den Bosch Geert , Van Houdt Jan
Published: February 2021

Hafnium zirconate (HZO) is investigated in metal–ferroelectric–metal capacitors as a function of Hf/(Hf+Zr) atomic ratio, the presence of a thin ZrO2 seed layer, and/or by doping HZO with La3+. It is demonstrated that a longer endurance is achieved with Hf‐rich HZO by introducing a ZrO2 seed layer. The endurance is further improved by introducing La3+ in the Hf‐rich HZO layer of the bilayer stack, which offers a higher 2Pr in the pristine state compared with a stoichiometric HZO doped with the same amount of La3+. Both ZrO2 underlayer and La3+ doping of HZO are shown to play a decisive role in promoting the formation of an orthorhombic and tetragonal phase at the expense of a detrimental monoclinic phase.
Job insecurity and innovative work behaviour: A moderated mediation model of intrinsic motivation and trait mindfulness
Authors: Montani Francesco , Courcy François , Battistelli Adalgisa , de Witte Hans
Published: February 2021

Research has disregarded the processes and boundary conditions associated with the effects of job insecurity on innovative work behaviour. Combining the job demands‐resources and the self‐determination perspectives, the present study develops and tests a first‐stage moderated mediation model that identifies intrinsic motivation as a key mechanism accounting for a negative effect of job insecurity on innovative behaviour and trait mindfulness as a buffer against the detrimental impact of job insecurity on intrinsic motivation and, indirectly, innovative work behaviour. Two time‐lagged studies—a two‐wave study of 138 employees from Canadian firms and a three‐wave study of 157 employees from US firms—were conducted to test the hypothesized model. Supporting our predictions, intrinsic motivation mediated a negative relationship between job insecurity and innovative work behaviour. Moreover, high levels of trait mindfulness were observed to attenuate the negative relationship of job insecurity with intrinsic motivation and, indirectly, innovative behaviour. These findings contribute to the literature by disclosing the processes linking job insecurity with impaired work outcomes and help to elucidate how and when employee can keep their innovative potential alive in spite of insecure work conditions.
The Effect of 3D Representative Volume Element Grain Morphology Resolution on the Prediction of Fracture and Damage Accumulation for Multiphase Hot‐Stamped Steels
Authors: Bardelcik Alexander , Sardar Arshdeepsingh , Vowles Caryn J.
Published: February 2021

This work investigates the effect of 3D representative volume element (RVE) grain morphology resolution on the prediction of fracture and damage evolution for tailor hot stamped steels. Scanning electron micrographs were used to build RVE meshes from coarse‐8 × 8 (<1 elements μm−3) to high‐50 × 50 (53–81 elements μm−3) element densities. For a uniaxial stress‐state, the tailored material condition (TMC1) (ferrite‐pearlite‐martensite) RVE nucleated voids due to separation between small martensite grains and the RVE fracture strain was 0.41 and 0.53 for the 50 × 50 and 25 × 25 RVE, respectively. The TMC3 (ferrite‐bainite‐martensite) RVE predicted high strain partitioning between the irregularly shaped martensite grains and the higher resolution RVE predicts a 39% lower fracture strain. The large grained martensite‐bainite TMC5 RVE predicted relatively similar void accumulation and strain partitioning behavior for the 50 × 50 and 25 × 25 RVE models, while the coarser 13 × 13 and 8 × 8 models predicted higher fracture strains due to low grain morphology resolution. Compared to an experimentally derived fracture locus, plane strain and equibiaxial deformation of the RVEs was shown to predict the equivalent fracture strains reasonably well, but like in the uniaxial case, the coarser RVEs overpredict the fracture strain.
Consistency of permutation tests of independence using distance covariance, HSIC and dHSIC
Authors: Rindt David , Sejdinovic Dino , Steinsaltz David
Published: February 2021

The Hilbert–Schmidt independence criterion (HSIC) and itsd‐variable extension dHSIC are measures of (joint) dependence between random variables. While combining these statistics with a permutation test has become a popular method of testing the null hypothesis of (joint) independence, it had thus far not been proved that this results in a consistent test. In this work, we provide a simple proof that the permutation test with the test statistic HSIC or dHSIC is indeed consistent when using characteristic kernels. That is, we prove that under each alternative hypothesis, the power of these permutation tests indeed converges to 1 as the sample size converges to infinity. Since the test is consistent for each number of permutations, we further give a brief discussion of how the number of permutations relates to the power of the test and how the number of permutations may be selected in practice.
Conditional variational autoencoders for probabilistic wind turbine blade fatigue estimation using Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition data
Authors: Mylonas Charilaos , Abdallah Imad , Chatzi Eleni
Published: February 2021

Wind turbine fatigue estimation is based on time‐consuming Monte Carlo simulations for various wind conditions, followed by cycle‐counting procedures and the application of engineering damage models. The outputs of the fatigue simulations are large in volume and of high dimensionality, as they typically consist of estimates on finite‐element computational meshes. The strain and stress tensor time series, which are the primary quantities of interest when considering the problem of fatigue estimation, are dictated by complex vibration characteristics due to the coupled effect of aerodynamics, structural dynamics, geometrically non‐linear mechanics, and control. A Variational Auto‐Encoder (VAE) is trained in order to model the probability distribution of the accumulated fatigue on the root cross‐section of a simulated wind turbine blade. The VAE is conditioned on historical data that correspond to coarse wind‐field measurement statistics, such as mean hub‐height wind speed, standard deviation of hub‐height wind speed and shear exponent. In the absence of direct measurements of structural loads, the proposed technique finds applications in making long‐term probabilistic deterioration predictions from historical Supervisory, Control, and Data Acquisition (SCADA) data, while capturing the inherent aleatoric uncertainty due to the incomplete information on strain time series of the wind turbine structure, when only SCADA data statistics are available.
Five-dimensional gauge theories on spheres with negative couplings
Authors: Minahan Joseph A. , Nedelin Anton
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We consider supersymmetric gauge theories on S5 with a negative Yang-Mills coupling in their large N limits. Using localization we compute the partition functions and show that the pure SU(N) gauge theory descends to an SU(N/2)+N/2× SU(N/2)−N/2× SU(2) Chern-Simons gauge theory as the inverse ’t Hooft coupling is taken to negative infinity for N even. The Yang-Mills coupling of the SU(N/2)±N/2 is positive and infinite, while that on the SU(2) goes to zero. We also show that the odd N case has somewhat different behavior. We then study the SU(N/2)N/2 pure Chern-Simons theory. While the eigenvalue density is only found numerically, we show that its width equals 1 in units of the inverse sphere radius, which allows us to find the leading correction to the free energy when turning on the Yang-Mills term. We then consider USp(2N) theories with an antisymmetric hypermultiplet and Nf< 8 fundamental hypermultiplets and carry out a similar analysis. Along the way we show that the one-instanton contribution to the partition function remains exponentially suppressed at negative coupling for the SU(N) theories in the large N limit.
On a new class of functional equations satisfied by polynomial functions
Authors: Nadhomi Timothy , Okeke Chisom Prince , Sablik Maciej , Szostok Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The classical result of L. Székelyhidi states that (under some assumptions) every solution of a general linear equation must be a polynomial function. It is known that Székelyhidi’s result may be generalized to equations where some occurrences of the unknown functions are multiplied by a linear combination of the variables. In this paper we study the equations where two such combinations appear. The simplest nontrivial example of such a case is given by the equation$$\begin{aligned} F(x + y) - F(x) - F(y) = yf(x) + xf(y) \end{aligned}$$F(x+y)-F(x)-F(y)=yf(x)+xf(y)considered by Fechner and Gselmann (Publ Math Debrecen 80(1–2):143–154, 2012). In the present paper we prove several results concerning the systematic approach to the generalizations of this equation.
Influence of genetic background, growth latitude and bagging treatment on phenolic compounds in fruits of commercial cultivars and wild types of apples (Malus sp.)
Authors: Li Yajing , Sun Hongxia , Li Jindong , Qin Shu , Niu Zimian , Qiao Xiongwu , Yang Baoru
Published: February 2021

Phenolic compounds in apples 17 cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) and 3 wild forms (Malus sp.) were analyzed to study the impact of genetic background, growth site, and fruit bagging. The impact of altitude was studied in nine cultivars by analyzing fruits collected from orchards at three altitudes. Procyanidin B2 (71–628 μg/g fresh weight), ( −)-epicatechin (35–357 μg/g), and chlorogenic acid (28–563 μg/g) were always the three most abundant phenolic compounds in the apple samples studied, except for the cultivar ‘Qinguan’, which had a very low content of ( −)-epicatechin (13 μg/g) and procyanidin B2 (8 μg/g). The wild apples of M. prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh were 5-times richer in epicatechin (278 μg/g) and procyanidin B2 (628 μg/g) than the commercial cultivars of M. domestica Borkh (86 and 54, respectively). Among the commercial cultivars, ‘Qinguan’ had the highest level of chlorogenic acid but the lowest content of flavan-3-ols, whereas ‘Liuyuehong’ was characterized by the highest content of quercetin glycosides. Procyanidin B2, and ( −)-epicatechin correlated negatively, while other phenolics positively, with altitude. The response of phenolic compounds to altitude variation depended on latitude variation and genetic backgrounds. Bagging treatment reduced the contents of most phenolic compounds, with the impact of cultivars and length of re-exposure before harvest. This is also the first report on phenolic compounds in several important new cultivars, adding new knowledge on the compositional characteristics of global apple resources.
Perception of body shape and size without touch or proprioception: evidence from individuals with congenital and acquired neuropathy
Authors: Miall R. Christopher , Afanasyeva Daria , Cole Jonathan D. , Mason Peggy
Published: February 2021

The degree to which mental representations of the body can be established and maintained without somatosensory input remains unclear. We contrast two “deafferented” adults, one who acquired large fibre sensory loss as an adult (IW) and another who was born without somatosensation (KS). We compared their responses to those of matched controls in three perceptual tasks: first accuracy of their mental image of their hands (assessed by testing recognition of correct hand length/width ratio in distorted photographs and by locating landmarks on the unseen hand); then accuracy of arm length judgements (assessed by judgement of reaching distance), and finally, we tested for an attentional bias towards peri-personal space (assessed by reaction times to visual target presentation). We hypothesised that IW would demonstrate responses consistent with him accessing conscious knowledge, whereas KS might show evidence of responses dependent on non-conscious mechanisms. In the first two experiments, both participants were able to give consistent responses about hand shape and arm length, but IW displayed a better awareness of hand shape than KS (and controls). KS demonstrated poorer spatial accuracy in reporting hand landmarks than both IW and controls, and appears to have less awareness of her hands. Reach distance was overestimated by both IW and KS, as it was for controls; the precision of their judgements was slightly lower than that of the controls. In the attentional task, IW showed no reaction time differences across conditions in the visual detection task, unlike controls, suggesting that he has no peri-personal bias of attention. In contrast, KS did show target location-dependent modulation of reaction times, when her hands were visible. We suggest that both IW and KS can access a conscious body image, although its accuracy may reflect their different experience of hand action. Acquired sensory loss has deprived IW of any subconscious body awareness, but the congenital absence of somatosensation may have led to its partial replacement by a form of visual proprioception in KS.
An Incompressible Polymer Fluid Interacting with a Koiter Shell
Authors: Breit Dominic , Mensah Prince Romeo
Published: February 2021

We study a mutually coupled mesoscopic-macroscopic-shell system of equations modeling a dilute incompressible polymer fluid which is evolving and interacting with a flexible shell of Koiter type. The polymer constitutes a solvent-solute mixture where the solvent is modelled on the macroscopic scale by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation and the solute is modelled on the mesoscopic scale by a Fokker–Planck equation (Kolmogorov forward equation) for the probability density function of the bead-spring polymer chain configuration. This mixture interacts with a nonlinear elastic shell which serves as a moving boundary of the physical spatial domain of the polymer fluid. We use the classical model by Koiter to describe the shell movement which yields a fully nonlinear fourth order hyperbolic equation. Our main result is the existence of a weak solution to the underlying system which exists until the Koiter energy degenerates or the flexible shell approaches a self-intersection.
The Volsci Volcanic Field (central Italy): eruptive history, magma system and implications on continental subduction processes
Authors: Marra F. , Cardello G. L. , Gaeta M. , Jicha B. R. , Montone P. , Niespolo E. M. , Nomade S. , Palladino D. M. , Pereira A. , De Luca G. , Florindo F. , Frepoli A. , Renne P. R. , Sottili G.
Published: February 2021

Here, we report on the Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF, central Italy). In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity, and outline the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Different from the nearby volcanic districts of the Roman and Campanian Provinces, the VVF was characterized by small-volume (0.01–0.1 km3) eruptions from a network of monogenetic centers (mostly tuff rings and scoria cones, with subordinate lava occurrences), clustered along high-angle faults of lithospheric depth. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas (for which we report for the first time the phlogopite phenocryst compositions) mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka), then primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). The fast ascent of primitive magma batches is typical of a tectonically controlled volcanic field, where the very low magma flux is a passive byproduct of regional tectonic strain. We suggest that the dominant compressive stress field acting at depth was accompanied by an extensional regime in the upper crust, associated with the gravity spreading of the Apennine chain, allowing the fast ascent of magma from the mantle source with limited stationing in shallow reservoirs.
Discovery of a phylogenetically distinct poxvirus in diseased Crocodilurus amazonicus (family Teiidae)
Authors: Seitz Kerstin , Kübber-Heiss Anna , Auer Angelika , Dinhopl Nora , Posautz Annika , Mötz Marlene , Kiesler Alexandra , Hochleithner Claudia , Hochleithner Manfred , Springler Gregor , Lehmbecker Annika , Weissenböck Herbert , Rümenapf Till , Riedel Christiane
Published: February 2021

A novel poxvirus was discovered in Crocodilurus amazonicus (Teiidae) presenting with a debilitating skin disease. The generated first genome sequence of a reptilian poxvirus revealed the closest phylogenetic relationship to avipoxviruses, highlighting potential virus exchanges between avian and reptilian species.
Alexithymia and Self Differentiation: The Role of Fear of Intimacy and Insecure Adult Attachment
Authors: Scigala D. K. , Fabris M. A. , Badenes-Ribera L. , Zdankiewicz-Scigala E. , Longobardi C.
Published: February 2021

It is suggested in literature that there is a link between Alexithymia and Self-Differentiation; however, little is known about possible mediation factors. The goal of this work is to test in a non-clinical population of adults the mediation role of Fear of Intimacy and Adult Attachment in the relationship between Alexithymia and Self-Differentiation. A sample of 258 participants self identified as gay or lesbian, aged 20–50 years (M: 30.29; SD: 7.27), 45% of whom were males, completed self-reported measures of Alexithymia (TAS-20), Self-Differentiation (SDI), Fear of Intimacy (FIS); and Insecure Adult Attachment (RAAS). Our results show that Alexithymia predicts Self-Differentiation both directly and indirectly, through Fear of Intimacy and Insecure adult attachment. In addition, Fear of Intimacy directly influences Self-Differentiation, and also mediates the relationship between Alexithymia and Adult Attachment which, in turn, negatively predicts Self-Differentiation. In conclusion, Alexithymia predicts Self-Differentiation while Fear of Intimacy and adult attachment may act as mediators of the report. Limitations of the study and directions of future research are described.
Investigating the importance of shape features, color constancy, color spaces, and similarity measures in open-ended 3D object recognition
Authors: Kasaei S. Hamidreza , Ghorbani Maryam , Schilperoort Jits , van der Rest Wessel
Published: February 2021

Despite the recent success of state-of-the-art 3D object recognition approaches, service robots still frequently fail to recognize many objects in real human-centric environments. For these robots, object recognition is a challenging task due to the high demand for accurate and real-time response under changing and unpredictable environmental conditions. Most of the recent approaches use either the shape information only and ignore the role of color information or vice versa. Furthermore, they mainly utilize the$$L_n$$LnMinkowski family functions to measure the similarity of two object views, while there are various distance measures that are applicable to compare two object views. In this paper, we explore the importance of shape information, color constancy, color spaces, and various similarity measures in open-ended 3D object recognition. Toward this goal, we extensively evaluate the performance of object recognition approaches in three different configurations, includingcolor-only,shape-only, andcombinations of color and shape, in both offline and online settings. Experimental results concerning scalability, memory usage, and object recognition performance show that all of thecombinations of color and shapeyield significant improvements over theshape-onlyandcolor-onlyapproaches. The underlying reason is that color information is an important feature to distinguish objects that have very similar geometric properties with different colors and vice versa. Moreover, by combining color and shape information, we demonstrate that the robot can learn new object categories from very few training examples in a real-world setting.
Product-service systems evolution in the era of Industry 4.0
Authors: Gaiardelli Paolo , Pezzotta Giuditta , Rondini Alice , Romero David , Jarrahi Farnaz , Bertoni Marco , Wiesner Stefan , Wuest Thorsten , Larsson Tobias , Zaki Mohamed , Jussen Philipp , Boucher Xavier , Bigdeli Ali Z. , Cavalieri Sergio
Published: February 2021

Recent economic transformations have forced companies to redefine their value propositions, increasing traditional product offerings with supplementary services—the so-called Product-Service System (PSS). Among them, the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies is very common. However, the directions that companies are undertaking to offer new value to their customers in the Industry 4.0 have not yet been investigated in detail. Based on a focus group, this paper contributes to this understanding by identifying the main trajectories that would shape a future scenario in which PSS and Industry 4.0 would merge. In addition, future research directions addressing (a) the transformation of the PSS value chain into a PSS ecosystem, (b) the transformation inside a single company towards becoming a PSS provider, and (c) the digital transformation of the traditional PSS business model are identified.
Richter Syndrome
Authors: Condoluci Adalgisa , Rossi Davide
Published: February 2021

Purpose of Review

Richter syndrome (RS) is an uncommon but aggressive evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). RS is an unmet clinical need in the field of CLL. Recent advances in understanding the biology of this condition provide the rationale for testing new therapeutic concepts in order to improve the outcome of patients developing RS, which is so far poor. In this review, we summarize disease characteristics and available therapeutic options for RS.

Recent Findings

Current regimens with novel agents in monotherapy have shown little impact on survival. Nevertheless, the better reported outcome for RS has been achieved with the combination of chemo-immunotherapy with a novel agent, confirming the synergistic effect of the approaches. Still, the frailty of this population may impose a less toxic management leaving most patients with no reasonable therapeutic option.

Treatment options for RS need to be further expanded. Preclinical models in current development may allow to explore actionable pathways and identify new drug targeted combinations.
Long-Term Glucose Starvation Induces Inflammatory Responses and Phenotype Switch in Primary Cortical Rat Astrocytes
Authors: Kogel Vanessa , Trinh Stefanie , Gasterich Natalie , Beyer Cordian , Seitz Jochen
Published: February 2021

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and crucial to ensure the metabolic supply of neurons and their synapse formation. Overnutrition as present in patients suffering from obesity causes astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. Other diseases accompanied by malnutrition appear to have an impact on the brain and astrocyte function. In the eating disorder anorexia nervosa (AN), patients suffer from undernutrition and develop volume reductions of the cerebral cortex, associated with reduced astrocyte proliferation and cell count. Although an effect on astrocytes and their function has already been shown for overnutrition, their role in long-term undernutrition remains unclear. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex astrocytes to investigate their response to chronic glucose starvation. Cells were grown with a medium containing a reduced glucose concentration (2 mM) for 15 days. Long-term glucose starvation increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory genes and shifted the primary astrocyte population to the pro-inflammatory A1-like phenotype. Moreover, genes encoding for proteins involved in the unfolded protein response were elevated. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes under chronic glucose starvation respond with an inflammatory reaction. With respect to the multiple functions of astrocytes, an association between elevated inflammatory responses due to chronic starvation and alterations found in the brain of patients suffering from undernutrition seems possible.
Erratum zu „Karzinogenese: Big Bang oder kontinuierliche Evolution?“
Authors: Haase Kerstin , Schwarz Roland F.
Published: February 2021

Bei der bereits veröffentlichten Originalversion des Artikels ist ein Fehler in der Abbildung 2B entstanden: bei der Kennzeichnung der Herkunft des Chromosom 4 wurde die falsche Patienten-ID angeben, korrekt ist die ID „CRUK0009“

Anbei finden Sie die korrigierte Version. Wir entschuldigen uns für den Fehler und für alle dadurch eventuell entstandenen Un annehmlichkeiten.
COR-101, ein menschlicher Antikörper gegen COVID-19
Authors: Dübel Stefan , Herrmann Andreas , Schirrmann Thomas , Frenzel André , Hust Michael
Published: February 2021

COR-101 is a fully human, Fc silenced IgG that was discovered by antibody phage display. It reduced the SARS-CoV-2 virus load in the lung by more than 99 percent in Hamster models and led to much faster recovery. Its mode of action has been elucidated by solving the atomic structure of its interaction with SARS-CoV-2. The antibody competes with ACE2 binding by blocking a large area of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Methanothermobacter — Biokatalysator für die Energiewende
Authors: Shima Seigo , Thauer Rudolf K.
Published: February 2021

Methanothermobacter is a thermophilic genus within the kingdom of Euryarchaeota. Chemolithoautotrophic growth on H2 and CO2 at 65 °C is rapid and to high cell concentrations. Champions in this respect are the species M. thermautotrophicus and M. marburgensis, which were used to elucidate the unique biochemistry of methane formation from H2 and CO2. These two species are presently also being explored as biocatalysts in the industrial conversion of electrolytically produced H2 to “green” methane.
Observation on Rock Melt Extrusion Occurrence in Southern.
Authors: John Biju , Singh Yogendra , Rao D.T. , Barman M.C. , Pradeepkumar A.P. , Sajeev K.
Published: February 2021

Some recent studies have suggested that the phenomenon of Rock Melt Extrusion (RME) observed in the southern part of Peninsular India could be considered as evidence of volcanism. This suggestion raised major concern for the safety of the southernmost nuclear power plant of India located at Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu. As per IAEA guidelines for siting a nuclear facility, the behaviour of volcanic activity, if identified, needs to be considered for an area of 100 km radius. Hence an investigation was carried out to understand the genesis of the RME phenomena in this region. Review of earlier studies indicates that no volcanic rock younger than Deccan Trap volcanism (70-63 Ma) has been reported in the area and also that the area is undergoing compression in the present tectonic set-up. The physical observations support the suggestion that the RME phenomena has resulted from lightning and electrical discharge. For further ascertaining the characteristics of the RME, detailed analyses were carried out on the RME samples. Petrographical observations on the RME samples from Abhishekapatti suggest instant melting and consolidation in soil where bigger grains of quartz were not melted. Geochemical analysis of different portions of RME and the surrounding soil suggests that there is no variation between the two and both are of comparable compositions. The results suggest that the melt was produced instantaneously and has resulted from the superficial melting of soil. The purpose of this article is to make the public aware that the reported incidence of RME in Southern Peninsular India has nothing to do with volcanic activity and is related to lightning and electrical discharge.
Internal Stratigraphy of the Mesoarchean Keonjhar Siliciclastics, Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India: Paleogeographic Implications.
Authors: De Saheli , Sarkar B.C. , Jana Ashim , Mukhopadhyay Joydip , Sinha D.K. , Verma M.B.
Published: February 2021

In comparison to the greenstone belt volcano-sedimentary successions, mature arenite dominated sedimentary deposits are very rarely preserved in Paleo-Mesoarchean rock record. Such arenitic deposits may be important for the recognition of extensive development of continental freeboard and onset of Phanerozoic style plate tectonics. The Keonjhar siliciclastics are ~715-m thick mature arenite-dominated Mesoarchean succession that unconformably overlies Paleo-Mesoarchean granite-greenstone core of the Singhbhum craton. The succession is mapped on 1:50,000 scale, and is designated as the Keonjhar Quartzite. It is subdivided into conglomerate dominated lower unit as the Asurkhol Member and mature arenite dominated upper unit as the Kamalpur Member. A lensoid body of iron ore clast bearing conglomerate unconformably overlies the Keonjhar Quartzite, and is designated here as the Chamakpur Conglomerate. The succession is repeated by three westerly dipping reverse faults that have upthrown the deeper parts of the basinal transects against shallower parts. The Asurkhol Member represents subaerial part of a coastal alluvial fan. The Kamalpur Member represents shallow-shelf depositional setting. Detailed mapping and recognition of the fault slices led to the reconstruction of the paleogeographic setting. The present study also highlights the importance for the stratigraphic correlation of the Keonjhar Quartzite with underlying metabasics of Malangtaoli- Jagannathpur lava and the overlying western IOG succession. The internal stratigraphic classification proposed here is also significant from economic point of view with regard to the occurrences of uraniferous QPCs in the Asurkhol Member and detrital iron ore deposits in the Chamakpur Conglomerate.
Sulphur Isotopic Studies of Pyrite from Gogi Uranium Deposit, Bhima Basin, Karnataka
Authors: Patnaik Sikta , Hegde G.N. , Pandey U.K. , Asha K. , Chakrabarti Kalyan , Saravanan B. , Bhatt A.K. , Verma M.B.
Published: February 2021

Uranium deposit at Gogi area is located along the E-W Gundahalli-Gogi-Kurlegere (GK) fault, in the brecciated impure limestone of Shahabad Formation of the Bhima Group of sediments and the basement granite in the central part of the Meso-Neoproterozoic Bhima basin. Uranium mineralisation is associated mainly with sulphide bearing minerals and secondary calcite. Ore microscopic studies indicate that among the sulphide minerals pyrite is predominant (about 98%) with subordinate amounts of chalcopyrite, chalcocite, marcasite, arsenopyrite and galena. Megascopically, three different varieties of pyrite viz., euhedral, lumpy and vein types are identified in the limestone and siltstone. Ore microscopic studies reveal that vein type pyrite and lumpy pyrite are fractured and crushed. Euhedral pyrite is idiomorphic and devoid of any fractures. The pyrite samples were analysed for δ34S sulphur isotopes. The δ34S values show a wide range from −30.51 to +20.77‰ (Canyon Diablo Troilite, CDT). δ34S values of pyrite can be classified into three groups depending on the values. High values of +17.73 to +20.77 ‰ (CDT) of euhedral pyrite (Py-I) indicate sedimentary pyrite formed due to bacterial reduction of sea water sulphate in relatively closed system, while pyrite (Py-II) having negative values of δ34S imply bacterial reduction of sea water sulphate in open system. The third group (Py-III) of pyrite have δ34S values of −0.51‰ (CDT) and 7.38‰(CDT), indicating their magmatic/ hydrothermal origin. Sulphides in the deformed sediments acted as reducing agent for uranium precipitation.
Mineral Chemistry and Reaction Textures of Calc-silicate Rocks of the Lunavada Region, SAMB, NE Gujarat
Authors: Akolkar Gayatri , Limaye M. A.
Published: February 2021

Calc-silicate rocks occurring in and around Lunavada town belong to the Kadana Formation of the Lunavada Group of the Aravalli Supergroup. These rocks are embedded within pelitic schists in the form of sporadically distributed lensoidal bodies and are surrounded by quartzitic ridges. Rocks of the Kadana Formation and its surrounding area have experienced intrusive event named as ‘Godhra granite’ which occupy the SW part of this area. Some prominent field characteristics shown by these calc-silicates include fine to medium grained size, dark grey colour, unoriented/star shaped amphibole needles and maculose structure. These rocks have contact metamorphic textural features and the typical mineral assemblage viz., Act +Di + Qtz + Ttn+ Cal ± Mc ± Bt ± Pl ± Ep ± Scp ± Chl with minor proportion of apatite, zircon and opaques. EPMA studies revealed that the Ca-amphibole composition of these rocks ranges from magnesio-hornblende to actinolite whereas the clinopyroxene is salitic to diopsidic and the mica is found to be phlogopitic biotite. Certain prograde and retrograde reactions textures present within these rocks have been interpreted, for e.g. the development of diopside (salite) from ankeritic composition which is then retrogressed and actinolite appeared, prograde reaction leading to the formation of titanite from ilmenite and calcite and breakdown of scapolite into calcite and quartz with plagioclase lacking co-existence with these scapolites, indicating retrogression. Mineral assemblage and mineral chemistry data interpretation points towards the calcareous sandstone or marl as a probable protolith having impure calcareous composition, moreover, field characteristics and reaction textures observed give indication that the protolith might had passed through the contact metamorphic event to give rise to the present day calc-silicates.
Assessing Alpine Ecosystem Dynamics over the Great Himalayan Mountain Range, Kashmir: Earth Observation and Ecosystem Modeling
Authors: Bashir Subiaya
Published: February 2021

The alpine vegetation distribution in the Greater Himalaya, Kashmir is preseted and its projected behavior under changing climate using LANDSAT TM (2002) and LANDSAT-8 (2014) data, mapped at 1:30000 scale and having spatial resolution of 30 m. The alpine vegetation in the region spans ~2990 km2. SRTM DEM was used to delineate the spatial extents of the alpine landscapes (>2500 m asl). A total of nine land use classes which include Alpine pasture, Alpine scrubs, bare land, dense forest, exposed rocks, lakes, rivers, snow and sparse forest were identified in the area. The results reflect both positive and negative changes in all classes over time. Alpine pastures have increased 60.11 km2 followed by Alpine scrubs, which have increased by 54.70 km2. Exposed rocks have reduced to 29.22 km2, while sparse forests have diminished by 23.62 km2. Bare land has decreased by 14.64 km2 and snow has declined by 2.04 km2. Lakes in the area have shrunk by 0.84 km2 and river by 0.02 km. The overall observed results revealed that Alpine pastures have increased by 17% followed by Alpine scrubs to 15%. The future climate projections from Worldclim (RCP 8.5) and other environmental data used in the MaxEnt model suggest increase in the suitable habitat for the shrub species by the mid of 21st century.
Prediction of Flood in Barak River using Hybrid Machine Learning Approaches: A Case Study
Authors: Sahoo Abinash , Samantaray Sandeep , Ghose Dillip K
Published: February 2021

Flooding causes several threats with outcomes which include peril to human and animal life, damage to property, and adversity to agricultural fields. Therefore, flood prediction is of prime importance for reducing loss of life and devastation to property. To model complex nature of hydrologic processes artificial neural network (ANN) tool is effectively being utilized for modelling different nonlinear relationships, and has proved to be an appropriate method for flood prediction. Present study investigated relative accuracy of radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and support vector machine (SVM) models combined with Firefly Algorithm (FA) in predicting river flood discharge and contrasted with that of regular ANN, RBFNN and SVM models. Monthly river flow data of Silchar and Dholai stations located in Cachar district of Assam, India are utilized for the present study. For assessing model performance, coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were measured. Evaluation of outcomes shows that both RBF-FA (radial basis function - firefly algorithm) and SVM-FA (support vector machine - firefly algorithm) hybrid models give more precise forecasting results than RBFNN, FFBPNN (feed forward back propagation neural network) and SVM models. Yet, it can be observed that SVM-FA model give better forecasting outputs with R2 value 0.9818 than RBF-FA model. Results also reveal that simple SVM model performs marginally better than simple ANN model.
Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework
Authors: Ram Arjun , Tiwari S. K. , Pandey H. K. , Chaurasia Abhishek Kumar , Singh Supriya , Singh Y. V.
Published: February 2021

Groundwater is an important source for drinking water supply in hard rock terrain of Bundelkhand massif particularly in District Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh, India. An attempt has been made in this work to understand the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, copper, manganese, silver, zinc, iron and nickel were analysed to estimate the groundwater quality. The water quality index (WQI) has been applied to categorize the water quality viz: excellent, good, poor, etc. which is quite useful to infer the quality of water to the people and policy makers in the concerned area. The WQI in the study area ranges from 4.75 to 115.93. The overall WQI in the study area indicates that the groundwater is safe and potable except few localized pockets in Charkhari and Jaitpur Blocks. The Hill-Piper Trilinear diagram reveals that the groundwater of the study area falls under Na+-Cl−, mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl− and Ca2+-$${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$

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types. The granite-gneiss contains orthoclase feldspar and biotite minerals which after weathering yields bicarbonate and chloride rich groundwater. The correlation matrix has been created and analysed to observe their significant impetus on the assessment of groundwater quality. The current study suggests that the groundwater of the area under deteriorated water quality needs treatment before consumption and also to be protected from the perils of geogenic/anthropogenic contamination.
The Marks of a Maestro
Authors: Holden Raymond , Mould Stephen
Published: February 2021

Only recently has it become obvious that conductors' annotated scores and marked orchestral parts are of great cultural, historical and musical importance. In the not-so-distant past, these artefacts had something of an uncertain status with many either languishing unopened in libraries and family archives or simply being dispersed or discarded. With the help of institutions such as the Royal Academy of Music, Harvard University and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra this has begun to change with their extensive collections of these materials now being made available to scholars and musicians. This element examines the emergence of these artefacts as didactic and interpretative tools and explores the ways in which the performance styles of ten iconic conductors active in the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries are reflected in their annotated scores and marked orchestral parts of Mozart's Symphony No. 41, K. 551 ('Jupiter').
Dr. Charles Burney and the Organ
Authors: Dubois Pierre
Published: February 2021

Whereas Dr Burney's writings are often mentioned in studies on eighteenth-century music, not much interest seems to have been given specifically to his relation to the organ, which played an important part in his professional career as a practising musician. No better introduction to the aesthetic ethos of the eighteenth-century English organ can be found than in Burney's remarks disseminated in his various writings. Taken together, they construct a coherent discourse on taste and constitute an aesthetic. Burney's view of the organ is indicative of a broader ethos of moderation that permeates his whole work, and is at one with the dominant moral philosophy of Georgian England. This conception is ripe with patriotic undertones, while it also articulates a constant plea for politeness as a condition for harmonious social interaction. He believed that moderation, simplicity, and fancy were the constituents of good taste as well as good manners.
Heat Stress Indicators in CMIP6: Estimating Future Trends and Exceedances of Impact‐Relevant Thresholds
Authors: Schwingshackl Clemens , Sillmann Jana , Vicedo‐Cabrera Ana Maria , Sandstad Marit , Aunan Kristin
Published: February 2021

Global warming is leading to increased heat stress in many regions around the world. An extensive number of heat stress indicators (HSIs) has been developed to measure the associated impacts on human health. Here we calculate eight HSIs for global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We compare their future trends as function of global mean temperature, with particular focus on highly populated regions. All analyzed HSIs increase significantly (p < 0.01) in all considered regions. Moreover, the different HSIs reveal a substantial spread ranging from trends close to the rate of global mean temperature up to an amplification of more than a factor of two. Trends change considerably when normalizing the HSIs by accounting for the different scales on which they are defined, but the large spread and strong trends remain. Consistently, exceedances of impact‐relevant thresholds are strongly increasing globally, including in several densely populated regions, but also show substantial spread across the selected HSIs. The indicators with the highest exceedance rates vary for different threshold levels, suggesting that the large indicator spread is associated both to differences in trend magnitude and the definition of threshold levels. These results highlight the importance of choosing indicators and thresholds that are appropriate for the respective impact under consideration. Additionally, further validation of HSIs regarding their capability to quantify heat impacts on human health on regional‐to‐global scales would be of great value for assessing global impacts of future heat stress more reliably.
Neutral Wind Dynamics Preceding the STEVE Occurrence and Their Possible Preconditioning Role in STEVE Formation
Authors: Liang Jun , Zou Y. , Nishimura Y. , Donovan E. , Spanswick E. , Conde M.
Published: February 2021

Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) is a nightsky optical phenomenon of great research interest in recent years. Recent findings indicated that STEVE likely represents certain extremely intensified chemiluminescence airglow instead of traditional aurora. In this study, we investigate the patterns and variations of the neutral wind and temperature before the STEVE emergence using joint scanning Doppler imager (SDI 630 nm) and optical all‐sky imager (ASI) observations, and make an initial effort to explore the potential preconditioning role of neutral winds in the STEVE production. Neutral winds enhance in westward and southward directions following substorm auroral intensification, and show an equatorward propagating trend from auroral latitudes. However, in STEVE events the enhanced equatorward winds feature a steep stop/reversal at certain subauroral latitude, and strong wind convergence is developed there. This pattern sustains for ∼15–20 min, and then STEVE arises at about this stop latitude. The strength of the southward wind intensification and wind convergence is in general weaker or absent in nonSTEVE substorm events. We propose that enhanced equatorward winds may transport relevant neutrals species that are key to the STEVE airglow production to subauroral latitudes, and pile up at the stop latitude of the equatorward winds due to the strong convergence there. Such a transport/pileup effect led by the neutral winds may prepare a reservoir of neutral constituent which, when further aided by subauroral ion drift, leads to a dramatic increase of the airglow production and the STEVE occurrence.
Seismic Imaging of the Crust Beneath Arunachal Himalaya
Authors: Singh Arun , Saikia Dipankar , Kumar M. Ravi
Published: February 2021

We present the first high‐resolution seismic images of the crust beneath the Arunachal Himalaya, using 22,525 high quality teleseismic receiver functions (RFs). Data from 32 broadband seismic stations deployed in the Arunachal Himalaya during 2010–2016 is used for this purpose. In addition, data from the HIMNT, SIKKIM, Hi‐CLIMB, and Geodynamics ANd Seismic Structure of the Eastern‐Himalaya Region networks are used to investigate along strike variations in the crustal architecture of the Eastern Himalayan mountain belt. Common Conversions Point stacks constructed using RFs from 203 seismic stations along various S‐N profiles reveal lateral variations in the crustal structure. We observe, (a) a less complex crust beneath the Arunachal Himalaya compared to that in the Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya (b) a highly deformed layer running parallel to the Main Himalayan Thrust (c) intermittent anisotropic low velocity layer in the middle crust (d) that the crustal thickness estimates are in close agreement with those in other segments of the Eastern Himalaya (40–60 kms) (e) no prominent signatures of a mid‐crustal ramp as observed in the Nepal Himalaya. The geometry of the crust in the Eastern Himalayan segments appears less complex compared to the Central Himalayan segments. The presence of strong anisotropy associated with the low velocity layer at depths of 20–30 km suggests a mechanically weak middle crust beneath Arunachal Himalaya. Attributing these anisotropic signatures to the channel flow model appears contentious.
The Role of Air–Sea Interactions in Atmospheric Rivers: Case Studies Using the SKRIPS Regional Coupled Model
Authors: Sun Rui , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Cornuelle Bruce D. , Mazloff Matthew R. , Miller Arthur J. , Ralph F. Martin , Seo Hyodae , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: February 2021

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) play a key role in California's water supply and are responsible for most of the extreme precipitation and major flooding along the west coast of North America. Given the high societal impact, it is critical to improve our understanding and prediction of ARs. This study uses a regional coupled ocean–atmosphere modeling system to make hindcasts of ARs up to 14 days. Two groups of coupled runs are highlighted in the comparison: (1) ARs occurring during times with strong sea surface temperature (SST) cooling and (2) ARs occurring during times with weak SST cooling. During the events with strong SST cooling, the coupled model simulates strong upward air–sea heat fluxes associated with ARs; on the other hand, when the SST cooling is weak, the coupled model simulates downward air–sea heat fluxes in the AR region. Validation data shows that the coupled model skillfully reproduces the evolving SST, as well as the surface turbulent heat transfers between the ocean and atmosphere. The roles of air–sea interactions in AR events are investigated by comparing coupled model hindcasts to hindcasts made using persistent SST. To evaluate the influence of the ocean on ARs we analyze two representative variables of AR intensity, the vertically integrated water vapor (IWV) and integrated vapor transport (IVT). During strong SST cooling AR events the simulated IWV is improved by about 12% in the coupled run at lead times greater than one week. For IVT, which is about twice more variable, the improvement in the coupled run is about 5%.