bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Driving Distance and Driving Accuracy Equals Total Driving: Reply to Dorsel and Rotunda
Authors: Engelhardt George M.
Published: August 2011

Combining two primary golf skills (Driving Distance and Driving Accuracy) into one golf skill variable (Total Driving) yielded a more powerful relationship between Professional Golf Association (PGA) Touring Professionals' shot-making skills and their performance outcomes.
Unilateral Nostril Breathing in Intraocular Pressure of Right-Handed Healthy Subjects
Authors: Koçer İbrahim , Dane Şenol , Demirel Soner , Demirel Havva , Köylü Halis
Published: August 2011

The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on the intraocular pressures of right and left eyes was studied in 24 male and 26 female right-handed adults. In men, the forced breathing through both the right and left nostrils significantly decreased the intraocular pressures of both right and left eyes. For women, the forced breathing through right nostril did not affect the intraocular pressures of right and left eyes, and the forced breathing through left nostril also had no effect on the intraocular pressure of right eye, although it decreased the intraocular pressure of left eye significantly. These results show that unilateral forced nostril breathing decreases intraocular pressure especially in men, perhaps increasing sympathetic nervous system activity.
Observation Distance and Recognition of Photographs of Celebrities' Faces
Authors: Greene Ernest , Fraser Scott C.
Published: August 2011

Subjects were tested to assess the distance at which they could recognize the faces of celebrities (more specifically, a set of 44 portrait photographs of movie and television actors). The set of test photographs was shown initially at a distance of 200 ft. and then closer in increments of 20 ft. When the actor in a given photograph was identified, either by name, character role, or by the movie or television show in which the actor had starred, the recognition-distance was recorded and the photograph was removed from the test set. Those which were not recognized (even at the closest distance) were not included in the data summaries or statistical analysis. In calculating recognition-distance for each photograph, the values were adjusted to reflect the distance at which recognition would have occurred if all the faces were of normal size. The upper limit for recognition, as defined by the distance above which only 10% of the faces are identified, was just over 160 ft. for women, and just under 200 ft. for men. There was also a significant difference in mean recognition distance between women and men. The large range of recognition-distance (across photographs and across subjects) argues that the distance is not controlled primarily by the feature detail provided in a given photograph or by the discrimination and recall skills of the observer. More likely it is a function of diverse memory associations, so that the distance at which each photograph is recognized will depend on such factors as frequency and recency of exposure, perceived attractiveness, and how much the subject admires the celebrity.
Sensation Seeking and Subjective Unpleasantness Ratings of Stimulus Intensity
Authors: Neely Gregory , Lundström Ronnie , Björkvist Bertil
Published: August 2011

Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale measures tendency to seek novel, varied, complex, and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experiences. In this study, the subjective experience of sensory intensity change was explored by asking six high and six low sensation seekers to expose themselves to a combined sound and vibration stimulus that increased in intensity until one of three different levels of subjective unpleasantness was reached. Analysis showed that high sensation seekers consistently exposed themselves to longer periods of stimulation and thus higher intensities.
Relation of Rated Fatigue and Changes in Energy after Exercise and over 14 Weeks in Previously Sedentary Women Exercisers
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: August 2011

For 36 previously sedentary, asymptomatic women the relation of changes in Fatigue and Energy after exercise and over a 14-wk. period associated with participating in a moderate cardiovascular exercise program was analyzed. Scores on the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory subscale of Physical Exhaustion significantly decreased, and those on the subscale of Revitalization significantly increased immediately after completion of exercise. Feeling state scores before exercise (high vs low on Physical Exhaustion and Revitalization) were not significantly associated with the change in scores on the subscales. Scores on the Profile of Mood States subscale of Fatigue significantly decreased and on the subscale of Vigor significantly increased over the 14-wk. study. Participants with initially higher Fatigue scores showed significantly greater mean change over the 14 wk. than those with lower scores. No such difference was found for changes in Vigor scores. Significant correlations between both measures of Fatigue (Physical Exhaustion and Fatigue) ( r = .36) and Energy (Revitalization and Vigor) ( r = .54) were found which indicated a relation between changes in feeling after exercise and those over 14 wk. Limitations and implications of the findings were discussed based on theories of exercise-induced affective change.
Crying of a Newborn Child: Alarm Signal or Protocommunication?
Authors: Clarici A. , Travan L. , Accardo A. , De Vonderweid U. , Bava A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to explore whether the new-born cry is a simple alarm signal or differentiated cries with different meanings 12 digital audio taped recordings of 6 full-term healthy babies were analysed. Cries of 6 newborns in this preliminary study were recorded in a pain condition after a prick for the hematic check-up the third day after delivery and then while crying spontaneously in the cradle. The sounds were sampled at 44100 Hz with a 16-bit resolution and converted to the way format. All the analyses were performed with a software written in the MATLAB© environment. The most important result was that these new-born children modulated the supralaryngeal tract considerably more in cries following the painful stimulus than in “spontaneous” ones, as would be expected by the hypothesis of crying as “protolanguage.”
Aesthetic Judgments of Novel Graphic Patterns: Analyses of Individual Judgments
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas , Höfel Lea
Published: August 2011

Aesthetic judgments were investigated using a combined nomothetic and idiographic approach. Participants judged novel graphic patterns with respect to their own personal definitions of “beauty” Judgment analysis was employed to derive individual case models of judgment strategies as well as a group model. As predicted, symmetry had the highest correlations with aesthetic judgments of beauty. Stimulus complexity was the second-highest correlate of a positive evaluation. Thus, there was agreement at the group level. The judgment analyses, however, indicated substantial individual differences. These included use of symmetry or complexity cues that were contrary to the main group use, e.g., a few participants considered nonsymmetric patterns more beautiful. These findings suggest that exclusive consideration of the group model would have leveled the individual differences and been misleading. The group model is significant; however, the individual judgment analyses represent individual patterns of judgment in a notedly more accurate way.
Detecting Concentration Differences in Aromatic Oils
Authors: Morris Neil
Published: August 2011

200 University of Wolverhampton undergraduates rank-ordered samples of aromatic oils commonly used in complementary medicine in terms of their concentration in the air above an oil-soaked cotton ball. Each participant was assigned the task of discriminating between 5 μl, 10 μl, and 20 μl of oil absorbed onto cotton balls. 25 participants assessed each oil, and 8 oils were used. Cardamom, Rosemary, and Ylang Ylang were highly discriminable; however, discrimination of different concentrations of Chamomile, Cyprus, Geranium, Jasmine, and Lavender did not significantly differ from chance. These data provide useful indices for choosing aromatic oils for research purposes.
Colour Blindness in Italian Art High School Students
Authors: Gallo P. Grassivaro , Oliva S. , Lantieri P. B. , Viviani F.
Published: August 2011

To highlight the link between colour blindness and school achievement, the Ishihara and Farnsworth tests were administered to 3,565 high school art students (2,545 girls and 1,020 boys). Analysis showed colour defective students were discriminated against in theoretical subject matter, relative to orthochromate students, but not in the art-related subjects. This emphasizes the need to recognize youth with colour defective vision early.
Test-Retest Reliability and Factor Stability of the Behavioral Evaluation for Epidemiology Studies Test Battery
Authors: Echeverria Diana , Heyer Nicholas J. , Bittner Alvan C. , Rohlman Diane , Woods James S.
Published: August 2011

The Behavioral Evaluation for Epidemiology Studies test battery uses touch-screen technology and novel methodologies to enhance neurobehavioral assessment. Scores generally show differential stability from the first trial with individual test reliabilities at or above 80 when normalized to a 3-min. administration. Six highly reliable ( r ≥.87) factors were identified that cover functions known to be sensitive to neurotoxicants and physical exposures. These results strongly support recommendation of the new test battery for use in repeated-measures epidemiologic studies where first trial stability is desired.
Knowledge of Results and Explicit Instruction: Efficiency of Learning the Crawl Stroke in Swimming
Authors: Rouhana Joëlle , Ferry Fawzi , Toussaint Lucette , Boulinguez Philippe
Published: August 2011

Specific verbal instructions when added to simple knowledge of results during learning the crawl stroke by 4 adult novices was followed after 1 mo. of no practice by a higher index of swimming than observed for 4 novices given only the qualitative knowledge of results.
Influence of Stimulus Distance in Implicit Learning of Spatial and Nonspatial Event Sequences
Authors: Russeler Jascha , Münte Thomas F. , Rösler Frank
Published: August 2011

The serial reaction time task has been widely used to investigate implicit learning mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the effect of stimulus distance on learning of a spatial sequence independent of a sequence of responses. Participants had to respond to objects appearing at four different locations. The objects were presented in a sequence of nine elements, whereas the location at which an object was presented followed a sequence of eight elements. Thus, the spatial and the object sequences were independent of each other. Four groups of subjects for whom the distances of the locations chosen to present objects on the computer screen (3 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm, or 22 cm) differed were tested. Only the nonspatial sequence was learned as indicated by enhanced response latencies in nonsequenced random blocks. Stimulus distance had no effect on the amount of sequence learning. Additional analyses for subgroups of subjects who did not show explicit knowledge of the sequences after completion of the task indicated that for implicit learners also, sequence learning was not influenced by stimulus distance. The results are discussed with respect to current theories of implicit serial learning.
Selective, Sustained, and Shift in Attention in Patients with Diagnoses of Schizophrenia
Authors: Hagh-Shenas H. , Toobai S. , Makaremi A.
Published: August 2011

Attentional deficits are a prominent aspect of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The present study was designed to investigate attention deficit in a group of patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia. According to the segmental set theory suggested by Hogarty and Flesher, three aspects of attention problems, selective, sustained, and shift in attention, were studied. The 30 patients hospitalized on three psychiatric wards at Shiraz and Isfahan and 30 normal healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and years of education were administered a computerized Continuous Performance Test, Stroop Color-word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting test. Analysis showed patients performed more poorly than control subjects on measured aspects of attention. The acute/chronic classification did not predict differences in attention scores between subtypes of schizophrenia, while the positive/negative classification did. Paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual groups by subtypes of schizophrenia showed similar performance on the Continuous Performance Test, but were significantly different on errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting test and on reaction time to Stroop stimuli in the incongruent color-word condition. Patients with paranoid diagnosis performed better than other subtypes on these tasks. Present results suggest that the Continuous Performance Test is valuable for differentiating of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, while scores on Stroop and Wisconsin card sorting may have better diagnostic value for differentiating subtypes of the disorder.
Task Duration in Contextual Interference
Authors: Smith Peter J. K.
Published: August 2011

Duration of practice trial on a pursuit rotor task in contextual interference was investigated. Participants practiced at each of 4 angular velocities, with 24 participants completing 28 trials lasting 20 sec., and 24 participants completing 112 trials of 5 sec. Half of the participants in each trial-duration condition practiced in a blocked format and half practiced in a random format. After random practice posttest performance was better than blocked practice when practice-trial duration was 20 sec., but worse when practice-trial duration was 5 sec. This result is not consistent with theoretical explanations of the contextual interference effect and is discussed with reference to the task characteristics and demands of the pursuit rotor.
Young Children's Change in Strategies of Size Comparison: Effects of Strategy Evaluation
Authors: Yuzawa Miki , Yuzawa Masamichi , Bart William M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined how young children change their strategies for comparing sizes. 33 5- and 6-yr.-old children were asked to compare the sizes of geometric figures, and their strategies were observed. Children in experimental conditions were also asked to evaluate presented strategies for comparing geometric figures, and half of the children were provided with feedback on the evaluation. Analysis showed children provided with feedback on evaluation showed increased use of the strategy of placing one figure on another.
Visual and Lexical Factors in Naming Speed by Children with Reading Disorders
Authors: Walker Marianna M.
Published: August 2011

Reaction times of 12 reading disordered and 12 normally reading children and 12 adults were investigated with a visual half-field tachistoscopic picture-naming task. Analysis indicated slower picture-naming times for children with reading disorders. Hemispheric processing models suggested neurolinguistic maturation for rapid picture-naming speed.
Shopping Center Fire Zone Parking Violators: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Data for 33 1-hr, observations at a shopping center in a suburban location showed about 700 violations of a traffic regulation prohibiting parking in a fire zone. Women driving vans were the least complaint—accounting for approximately 35% of the total.
Amount of Photographic Coverage for Boys and Girls on the Sports Page of Newspapers as Related to Circulation Size
Authors: Pedersen Paul M. , Whisenant Warken A.
Published: August 2011

The present study analyzed the amount of photographic coverage devoted to high school athletics over 1 year. Previous research pertaining to sex differences in newspaper coverage of sports has focused on the amount of written coverage given. Present findings indicated that, as with written coverage given female athletes, photographic coverage differed significantly by newspaper circulation. Specifically, the larger the newspaper circulation, the more inequitable the photographic coverage of high school athletics was for girls.
Evaluating the Phenomenon of Choking in Professional Golfers
Authors: Clark Russell D.
Published: August 2011

A study involving 775 professional golfers investigated whether choking occurs in the PGA Tour's Qualifying Tournaments, known among golfers for its high pressure. It was hypothesized that players who were near or at the cutoff for earning a tour card would have higher final round scores than players whose scores entering the final round were either four or five strokes better or worse. However, the data did not support a choking hypothesis. There were no significant differences in final round scores for the conditions.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Eurofit Test Battery Administered to University Students
Authors: Tsigilis Nikolaos , Douda Helen , Tokmakidis Savvas P.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the rest-retest reliability of the Eurofit motor fitness tests performed by university students. A total of 98 undergraduate students who were enrolled in physical education departments in Greece participated (29 men aged 19.5 ± 2.7 hr. and 66 women aged 19, 4 ± 2.7 yr.). ALL Eurofit motor fitness tests and anthropometric measurements were obtained twice with one week between the two measurements, Intraclass correlation coefficient indicated satisfactory coefficients above .70 for most tests. The only exception was the plate-tapping test which yielded a low value ( R = .57). Further, the majority of the Eurofit test battery fitted well within the 95% confidence interval, and only three Eurofit motor fitness test items (flamingo balance, plate tapping, and sit-ups) presented a confidence limit below the value of .70, These findings indicated that the Eurofit test battery yielded reliable data for undergraduate students. However, modifications should be considered to improve the reliability of certain test items, for application to undergraduates.
Sex Differences in Perception of Temporal Order
Authors: Wittmann Marc , Szelag Elzbieta
Published: August 2011

On duration judgments lasting seconds to minutes, which are thought to be cognitively mediated, women typically perceive time intervals as longer than men do. On a perceptual level in the milliseconds range, few reports indicate higher acuity of temporal processing in men than in women. In this study, sex differences in the perception of temporal order of two acoustic stimuli were identified in neuralogically healthy subjects, as well as in brain-injured patients with lesions in either the left or the right hemisphere. Women needed longer interstimulus intervals than men before they were able to indicate the correct temporal order of two clicks. Neurobiological evidence and findings on cognitive strategies are discussed to explain the apparent psychophysical sex differences.
The Emotional Symbolism of Two English E-Sounds: /I/ as in “Cheap” is Pleasant and /I/ as in “Chip” Active
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

This article aligns the symbolism of the long (/i/) and short (/I/) e sounds in English with the two dimensions of emotional space—Pleasantness and Activation. On the basis of this alignment, the four quadrants of emotional space are labelled Cheerful (high /i/, high /I/), Cheerless (low /i/, low /I/), Tough (low /i/, high /I/), and Tender (high /i/, low /I/). In four phases, data from over 50 samples (mainly, poetry, song lyrics, and names) were plotted and compared in terms of their use of the two c sounds. Significant and meaningful differences among samples were discovered in all phases. The placement of samples in quadrants was additionally informative. Data samples including many long e sounds (/i/) tended to be more Pleasant and those including many short e sounds (/I/) tended to be more Active.
Depth of Near-Death Experiences and Confounding Factors
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 51 near-death experiences, the depth of the reported experience was not related to the years since the experience.
Pain Perception across the Menstrual Cycle Phases in Women with Chronic Pain
Authors: Hellström Birgitta , Anderberg Ulla Maria
Published: August 2011

The menstrual cycle has been reported to alter pain perception but the patterns differ among studies. It has been reported that estrogens may influence somatic sensory processes. The present aim was to investigate whether the perception of pain varies by phases of the menstrual cycle. 20 women with chronic low pain volunteered to participate and were asked to rate their pain each day during three successive menstrual cycles. The menstrual cycle was divided into four and five phases to be able to compare results. Analysis showed there were phase differences in pain ratings during the menstrual cycle. Regardless of whether the menstrual cycle was divided into four or five phases, women rated pain significantly higher in the menstrual and premenstrual phases than in the midmenstrual and ovulatory phases. This is consistent with other studies showing less pain sensitivity during phases of the menstrual cycle associated with high estrogen. Women with high pain frequency reported more frequency a passive coping style and catastrophizing thoughts.
Do People Still Report Dreaming in Black and White? An Attempt to Replicate a Questionnaire from 1942
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric
Published: August 2011

In the 1940s and 1950s many people in the United States appear to have thought they dreamed in black and white. For example, Middleton (1942) found that 70.7% of 277 college sophomores reported “rarely” or “never” seeing colors in their dreams. The present study replicated Middleton's questionnaire and found that a sample of 124 students in 2001 reported a significantly greater rate of colored dreaming than the earlier sample, with only 17.7% saying that they “rarely” or “never” see colors in their dreams. Assuming that dreams themselves have not changed over this time period, it appears that one or the other (or both) groups of respondents must be profoundly mistaken about a basic feature of their dream experiences.
Interpersonal Attraction as a Measure of Estimation of Cohesiveness in Elite Volleyball Teams
Authors: Bergeles Nikolaos , Hatziharistos Dimitris
Published: August 2011

This study examined differences in interpersonal attraction between starters and nonstarters of elite male volleyball teams and the correlation between interpersonal attraction and teams' final place. 106 players from 10 teams of the A1 Greek National Volleyball League completed by a sociometric method an especially developed questionnaire. Subjects were classified as starters and nonstarters by means of a protocol of players' starting status administered to teams' coaches. Analysis showed that the task and the social dimension of interpersonal attraction differed significantly between starters and nonstarters. Starters scored higher than nonstarters on both dimensions of interpersonal attraction. Starters' task dimension of interpersonal attraction was positively correlated with the team's task dimension. Also, the teams' task dimension was positively correlated with teams' final placing, suggesting that, when starters are attracted to each other with regard to the common competitive goal, the team's performance is enhanced and leads to higher scoring.
Repercussions of Transition out of Elite Sport on Body Image
Authors: Stephan Yannick , Bilard Jean
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological repercussions of transition out of elite sport from a bodily point of view. We hypothesized that the passage from a bodily over-investment to a more sedentary state would have an effect on body satisfaction. 16 Transitioning Athletes following the Sydney Olympic Games were compared with 16 Active Athletes two times during the transition period using the Body-Image Questionnaire of Bruchon-Schweitzer. Qualitative data in the form of interviews provided a complement to the quantitative data. Analysis yielded no significant differences 1 1/2 mo. after career termination between the two groups but showed a decrease in body satisfaction between 1 1/2 and 5 mo. after career termination for Transitioning Athletes, with a significant between-group difference at 5 mo. The Transitioning Athletes initially reported weight gain and uncertainty about their real physical capacities but also a continued social recognition that maintained body satisfaction. Over time, however, they were increasingly aware of this bodily deterioration, as ongoing exercise served as a reality test. Added to this were perceived decreases in social value as well as disturbing somatic manifestations. The result was a substantial effect on body satisfaction.
Perceptions of the Importance of Training, Experience, and Athletic Talent for Achievement in Sports
Authors: Hyllegard Randy , McElroy Laurie , Krejca Wendi
Published: August 2011

Ratings by 97 NCAA Division I athletes showed belief that successful athletes benefit more from training and experience and athletic talent than less successful athletes.
Cognitive Correlates of Laterality in Mental Retardation
Authors: Nuovo S. Di , Buono S.
Published: August 2011

Correlations of various laterally scores for 202 persons with cognitive test scores in the seventies of mental retardation are presented.
Seasonality of Suicide in Eastern Europe: A Comment on “Evidence for Lack of Change in Seasonality of Suicide from Timis County, Romania”
Authors: Lester David , Moksony Ferenc
Published: August 2011

The seasonality of suicide in Hungary declined from the 1980s to the 1990s, contradicting the recent conclusion of Voracek, et al.
Race and Perception of Acceptance in Nontraditional Sports
Authors: Philipp Steven F. , Brezina Sherie
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses from 632 respondents to a survey representing 4 military and 4 college locations in the southeastern USA indicated that race was a significant factor in perceptions of “welcomeness” or acceptance for seven of 10 nontraditional sports (70%). These significant differences persisted across sex, income, education, and location categories. When “welcome” scale scores were ranked, however, a strong association in ranking (Spearman rho = .66, p < .05) was found among racial groups. While it appears that many African Americans rated being much less welcome in nontraditional sports than Euro-Americans, both racial groups were likely to agree on which nontraditional sports would be more “welcoming” to new participants.
Cross-Script and Within-Script Priming in Alcoholic Korsakoff Patients
Authors: Komatsu Shin-Ichi , Mimura Masaru , Kato Motoichiro , Kashima Haruo
Published: August 2011

In two experiments, alcoholic Korsakoff patients and control subjects studied a list of Japanese nouns written in either Hiragana or Kanji script. Word-fragment completion and recognition tests were then administered in Hiragana. When the writing script was changed between study and test phases, repetition priming in word-fragment completion was significantly attenuated but was still reliable against baseline performance. This was confirmed for both Korsakoff patients and control subjects. In contrast, the script change had little effect on recognition memory, which was severely impaired in Korsakoff patients. The results suggest that repetition priming is mediated by two different implicit processes, one that is script-specific and the other that is assumed to operate at a more abstract level.
Effects of Classroom Noise on Students and Teachers in Greece
Authors: Skarlatos Dimitris , Manatakis Manolis
Published: August 2011

Measurements inside 32 occupied high-school classrooms during the courses showed that the measured long-term equivalent noise levels are high. A significant percentage of students and teachers found these levels unacceptable. The observed noise levels depend on the time period of the course, the age, and the number of the students in each classroom. The large reverberation time and the high background noise are responsible for the measured high noise level.
Perceptibility of Large and Sequential Changes in Somatosensory Information during Leaning Forward and Backward When Standing
Authors: Asai Hitoshi , Fujiwara Katsuo
Published: August 2011

11 healthy young men served as subjects in two experiments on perceptibility of (1) large changes in foot pressure and muscle activity induced by body leaning and (2) sequential changes in pressure at the first toe and the head of the first metatarsalis when leaning forward. The effects of reduced sensitivity on that perceptibility were also studied by repeating the experiments while cooling localized plantar areas of the sole (the head of the first metatarsalis, the first toe, and the heel). Under the normal (noncooled) condition, all subjects accurately perceived maximum pressure at the head of the first metatarsalis, but most subjects misperceived the second large increase in pressure at the first toe and in muscle activity as the first large increase. Under the cooling condition, localized cooling did not affect the perceptibility of maximum pressure at the head of the first metatarsalis or the activity in the tibialis anterior, but the perceptibility of pressure at the first toe and activity of the abductor hallucis were reduced. There were individual differences in perceptibility of activity of the rectus femoris when the heel was cooled. Perceptibility of sequential changes in the pressure was affected differently by the localized cooling of each region. Given these findings, we discussed the role and interrelatedness of pressure sensation in perceiving large and sequential changes in somatosensory information while standing and leaning forward and backward.
Practice and Incentive Motivation in Recognition of Inverted Faces
Authors: Haggbloom Steven J. , Warnick Jason E.
Published: August 2011

In each of three experiments, participants received successive daily practice sessions on the task of recognizing inverted faces. In all practice sessions, an initial study series of 25 inverted faces was followed immediately by a test series of 17 pairs of inverted faces. Each test pair comprised a face from the study series and a new face. Completely new sets of faces were used in each session. Recognition of inverted faces did not improve across sessions in Exp. 1 but did improve in Exps. 2 and 3. Unlike Exp. 1, Exps. 2 and 3 employed an explicit incentive for improved performance. These results show that sufficiently motivated participants can become quite proficient at recognizing inverted faces. Implications of the results for the role of expertise at recognition in producing the inversion effect are discussed.
Developmental Differences in Children's Ballistic Aiming Movements of the Arm
Authors: Yan Jin H. , Stelmach George E. , Thomas Katherine T. , Thomas Jerry R.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was conducted to examine the change in the relation between programming and “on-line” correction as a developmental explanation of children's arm movement performance. Each of 54 children in three age groups (5. 8, and 10 yr.) completed two types of rapid aiming arm movements in the longitudinal plane on the surface of a digitizer. Percent primary submovements and timing variability were dependent variables. Analysis suggested that the 5-yr.-olds used “on-line” monitoring during the arm movement and did not perform the movement sequence as a functional unit. Compared with 8- and 10-yr.-olds, the 5-yr.-olds planned a smaller portion of movements, executed the arm movements with more variability in time to peak velocity. The 8- and 10-yr.-olds appeared to plan their movements and execute the sequence as a unit. The developmental implications were discussed.
Effects of Encoding Style, Expectation of Retrieval Mode, and Retrieval Style on Memory for Action Phrases
Authors: Watanabe Hama
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of encoding style, expectation of retrieval mode, and retrieval style on memory for action phrases using the recall test and the source-monitoring test. In Exp. 1, the subjects were asked to memorize action phrases with a variety of encoding styles (verbal, performance, imaging), expectation of retrieval mode to-be-remembered, to-be-performed, to-be-forgotten), and retrieval style (verbal, enacted). Analysis showed that memory for action phrases was affected by processes of encoding, i.e., type of encoding and expectation of retrieval at encoding, rather than retrieval. Also, action phrases, which were either acted out, or in which performance was imaged, or where enacting was expected later at the encoding phase, were recalled better. These results were replicated in Exp. 2, in which subjects were asked to identify the source of memories at the time of the recall test. However, results of the source-monitoring test in Exp. 1 which required, following the recall test, that participants recall as many of the test-expectation condition of action phrases as possible, showed that source memory for phrases enacted at encoding was weaker than for those in which performance was imaged or expected later but not enacted at encoding. Since, in Exp. 2, source memory for enacted items at encoding was maintained at a relatively high level, it is suggested that source memory for enacted action phrases at encoding might decay rapidly. In addition, a robust directed forgetting effect was observed in verbal and imaging encoding hut not in performance encoding.
Reliabilities of the Groningen Functional Capacity Test
Authors: de Greef Mathieu H. G. , Dijkstra Yldau , Ottens Nicolien M. , Jansma Feyuna F. I.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to make a preliminary evaluation of the test-retest reliability of the Groningen Functional Capacity Test, a test developed to assess the functional capacity of people with a chronic disease and/or physical handicap and participating in a recreational sports stimulation program called SCALA, as a way to create homogeneous sport groups. The test includes motor actions typical for the SCALA sports program and has eight subtests, reaching, balancing, ball-catching, picking up objects, ball-kicking, ball-throwing accuracy, tennis, and walking. The subjects were 52 adults aged 46–71 years, randomly selected from the SCALA project. Intraclass correlations ranged from .96 to .58. Two subtests showed significant improvements on retest for walking (total sample and men) and picking up (total sample, men, and women). For most subtests, test-retest reliability was satisfactory and therefore worth being implemented in the SCALA program.
Relation of Functional Physical Impairment and Goal Perspectives of Wheelchair Basketball Players
Authors: Fliess-Douer Osnat , Hutzler Yeshayahu , Vanlandewijck Yves C.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation of functional classification in wheelchair basketball and its relation to the theory of psychological goal perspectives for 59 adult male competitive players. Participants completed the 13-item Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire designed for wheelchair basketball players. Analyses indicated that Flemish wheelchair basketball players were similar in their goal perspectives to able-bodied athletes. The present sample was predominantly task-oriented. No significant differences were found between high-point and low-point players in their goal perspectives, indicating that players can be severely or minimally disabled and still share the same goal perspective and the same motivational profile. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that severity of disability is associated with the motivation profile of disabled athletes.
A Brief Commentary and a Preliminary Literature Search concerning the Role of Warning Signs in the Treatment and Prevention of Intimate Partners' Violence
Authors: Bjørkly Stål
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a stress-vulnerability approach to the understanding and treatment of intimate partners' violence. The potential benefit of integrating detailed analyses of warning signs of violence in treatment interventions is examined. A brief search in the literature yielded few articles on the clinical relevance of warning signs in relation to partners' violence. However, the preliminary nature of the present literature search precludes firm conclusions concerning current clinical research and practise. The possibility that both perpetrator and victim might profit from therapy focusing on ability to identify and intervene in relation to early danger signals of violence is discussed.
An Emotional Stroop Effect to Malingering Related Words
Authors: Cannon Brooke J.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to elicit an emotional Stroop effect in simulators of malingering. Student participants (mostly women) either did or did not feign mild brain trauma. A modified Stroop test was administered, using neutral and “malingering” words. Controls showed no difference on malingering versus neutral words; simulators performed significantly worse on malingering words. Further research must specify the best method of administration to elicit a malingering Stroop effect and assess the additional discriminative power it may provide when combined with other malingering-detection strategies.
The in Air Phenomenon: Temporal and Spatial Correlates of the Handwriting Process
Authors: Rosenblum Sara , Parush Shula , Weiss Patrice L.
Published: August 2011

From 10 to 30% of elementary school-aged children have handwriting difficulties. Examination of such difficulties is important given the variety of academic, emotional, and social consequences that they can impose. One such common problem is the tendency of children to pause while writing. Thus the objective of this study was to use a computerized digitizer system to examine the tendency of poor writers to pause while writing. Handwriting samples of varying type and length were collected from Grade 3 students, 50 of whom were proficient writers and 50 of whom were poor writers as judged by a questionnaire completed by the classroom teachers and verified by the Hebrew Handwriting Evaluation. Analysts indicated that the so-called pauses are not stationary breaks between the writing of successive segments because letters and words were usually associated with considerable movement of the pen above the writing surface. This In Air writing occurred with significantly greater frequency for poor writers than for the proficient writers in most handwriting tasks. The results, suggest possible underlying perceptual-motor difficulties, which could be considered when planning effective handwriting interventions.
Intermittent Burst-Firing Weak (1 microTesla) Magnetic Fields Reduce Psychometric Depression in Patients Who Sustained Closed Head Injuries: A Replication and Electroencephalographic Validation
Authors: Baker-Price Laura , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

14 patients who reported chronic depression more than one year after closed head injuries were exposed to weak (1 microTesla), burst-firing magnetic fields either across the temporal lobes or over the left frontal lobe. The treatment was for 30 min. once per week for 6 wk. The reduction in depression scores after 5 wk. of treatments and after 6 wk. of no treatment (follow-up) accommodated 54% of the variance for both groups. The changes in depression scores did not differ significantly between the two groups (temporal vs frontal). Following treatment, the frequency of complex partial epileptic-like experiences decreased significantly only for the 7 who received the bilateral stimulation over the temporal lobes. Quantitative bipolar electroencephalographic measurements over the occipital, prefrontal, and temporal regions showed increased power within the 16-Hz to 18-Hz range 6 wk. after termination of treatment for those 7 patients who received the burst-firing magnetic fields bilaterally over the temporal lobes but not over the left prefrontal region.
Update of the Hevner Adjective Checklist
Authors: Schubert Emery
Published: August 2011

Hevner's checklist has been widely used to measure emotional responses to music. Since the revision of the checklist by Farnsworth in the 1950s and 1960s, the list has not been updated. 133 musically experienced people were surveyed regarding the suitability of a list of 91 adjectives in describing music. The words consisted of the original 67 from Hevner's adjective circle, and additional words were taken from Russell's circumplex model of emotion (1980) and Whissell's dictionary of affect (1989). The words and clusters were then grouped according to their position on a two-dimensional emotion space. Some of the words used by Hevner but dropped by Farnsworth were reinstated, and 15 other words were dropped. The final list consisted of 46 words grouped into nine clusters in emotion space.
Alternating versus Blocked Practice in Learning a Cartwheel
Authors: Smith Peter J. K. , Gregory Suzanne K. , Davies Marianne
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the generalizability of contextual interference to learning the cartwheel in gymnastics. 32 participants ages 17 to 26 years completed five stages of practice of two versions of the skill, one in which the left hand led and one in which the right hand led, providing a total of 192 practice trials. Practice of these two versions of the task was completed in either a blocked or alternating order. Tests of retention and transfer were completed 20 min. and 1 wk. after acquisition. Outcome (errors) and form scores were derived from participants' performance. Alternating practice resulted in poorer acquisition, retention, and transfer performance as measured by outcome scores. The contextual interference effect did not generalize to this task, a finding which is attributed to task complexity and the interference associated with practicing the two tasks together.
Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift for Asymmetric Lifting
Authors: Cheng Te-Shiang , Lee Tzu-Hsien
Published: August 2011

10 undergraduate men were tested to determine the effects of lifting mode and frequency on psychophysically established maximum acceptable weight of lift for 4 hr. of work. The heart rate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of the individuals while lifting the maximum acceptable weight of lift were measured. When performing a 90° asymmetric lifting, subjects lifted approximately 10% less weight than lifted in symmetric lifting. Nonsignificant differences in maximum acceptable weight of lift, heart rate, and RPE values were found between asymmetric lifting with trunk rotation and asymmetric lifting with leg rotation. The lifting frequency significantly affected the maximum acceptable weight of lift, heart rate, and RPE. Heart rate and RPE increased with lifting frequency. The maximum acceptable weight of lift at 2 lifts/min. and 4 lifts/min. were approximately 91.5% and 82.5% of that of 1 lift/min., respectively.
Derivation of a Proxy Measure of Death Anxiety from the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A 10-item scale was derived from scores on Domino's Suicide Opinion Questionnaire which correlated with scores from Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and may prove useful as a proxy measure of death anxiety.
Ratings of Perceived Exertion Throughout an Ultramarathon during Carbohydrate Ingestion
Authors: Utter Alan C. , Kang Jie , Nieman David C. , Vinci Debra M. , McAnulty Steve R. , Dumke Charles L. , McAnulty Lisa
Published: August 2011

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and their relation to selected physiological mediators during endurance exercise have been limited to laboratory settings. The present study characterized the pattern of change in perceptual responses and examined the relation between RPE and selected physiological variables during a long competitive sporting event, i.e., an ultramarathon race (68 km). A single-group design was employed in which all of the 28 subjects provided their perceptual ratings (11.9 ± 0.2) and heart rate (HR) (138 ± 3) periodically (every 5 km) throughout the ultramarathon, and selected physiological responses were measured before, once during (32 km), and immediately after the race. Runners drank approximately 1,000 ml of carbohydrate beverage each hour (60 gm carbohydrate hr.−1) and ate 2 or 3 carbohydrate gel packs per hour (25 gm each−1). RPE increased significantly throughout the course of the ultramarathon. No significant correlations were found between RPE and HR at any time throughout the ultramarathon. RPE averaged 10.4 ± 0.4 at the beginning of the race (6.4 km) and 15.4 ± 0.4 at the conclusion of the race. Subjects maintained 76.9 ± 1.1% of maximal heart rate; however, there was a tendency for heart rate to drop significantly after 32 km. Significant time main effects were found for serum glucose, insulin, and cortisol throughout the race. However, no significant correlations were found between RPE and any of these physiological mediators. These data indicate that during an ultramarathon race there is a progressive increase in RPE without an accompanying increase in HR or decrease in blood glucose. Therefore, during competitive self-paced exercise the perceptual responses may be mediated through other neurological and physiological mechanisms.
Average-Kr Schedule Benefits Generalized Motor Program Learning
Authors: Yao Wan X.
Published: August 2011

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of average Knowledge of Results (KR) on generalized motor program learning and parameter learning. Two groups of participants ( n = 15 per group) performed 80 acquisition trials of sequential timing tasks. All participants were asked to depress sequentially four keys (2, 4, 8, and 6) on the numeric pad portion of the computer keyboard with the index finger of the right hand. The author presented average feedback on timing errors based on 5-trial blocks and compared this feedback schedule with every-trial feedback. Analysis of the delayed no-feedback retention test indicated a strong advantage for the average KR compared with the every-trial condition in both generalized motor program learning and parameter learning. The current results suggest that the average KR schedule may have positive effects on generalized motor program learning and parameter learning.
Job Security and Job Satisfaction among Greek Fitness Instructors
Authors: Koustelios Athanasios , Kouli Olga , Theodorakis Nicholas
Published: August 2011

In analyzing the relation between job satisfaction and job security, a sample of 97 Greek fitness instructors, 18 to 42 years of age, showed statistically significant positive correlations between job security and job satisfaction (p < .002). Particularly, job security was correlated with pay .54, promotion .43, job itself .41, and the organization as a whole .43.
Empathy and the Expression and Recognition of Sarcasm by Close Relations or Strangers
Authors: Rockwell Patricia
Published: August 2011

This study examined how relational type and empathy affect the use of sarcasm. We paired interviewers of high and low empathy with either an interviewee who was closely related or a stranger. Interviewers were given 10 questions to ask the interviewee, alternating sarcastic questions with sincere questions. Following each interview, participants completed questionnaires to assess their understanding of how sarcasm affected the interview. Relationship (closely related vs stranger) was a significant factor in recognition of sarcasm but not in its use. Empathy (high vs low) did not significantly affect the production or recognition of sarcasm.