bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Resource Allocation Method for Network Slices in Power Grid
Authors: Shang Fangjian , Li Xin , Zhai Di , Lu Yang , Zhang Dong Lei , Yuwen Qian
Published: February 2021

To allocate the network slice optimally, a two-phase optimal allocation approach is proposed to assign the network slices with users. First, the network slice allocation system in the core cloud network is modeled as a Markov process, and then the deep reinforcement learn is adopted to allocate the network slices. In the second phase, we formulate the network slice allocation problem as Lagrange multipliers problem. The iteration method is designed to achieve the optimization problem. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach can allocate the network slices at a high efficiency.
Research on Security Technology of Network Communication Information Based on Double Encryption
Authors: Fan Xiaolong
Published: February 2021

Data is transmitted from the server to the terminal or the terminal to the server during the transmission process, the data information is easily monitored or tampered with, which will cause information leakage or data display false data. If the wrong instruction information may be received in the industrial control field, it will bring a lot to industrial production. Hazards and losses, so in order to ensure the reliability and data security of the network communication between the terminal and the server, industrial equipment and management system, it is very necessary to use secure communication connections and reliable data encryption algorithms to ensure communication and data security.This paper proposes an improved AES and MD5 hybrid encryption scheme, which uses SSL to encrypt the transmission channel during the communication process, uses the improved symmetric encryption algorithm AES to encrypt the data in network transmission, and encrypts the data at the sending end Then use the improved MD5 to generate a digital fingerprint for the encrypted data. At the receiving end, use MD5 to generate the same fingerprint for the encrypted data sent, and use the digest fingerprint verification to determine whether the data has been tampered with or lost during transmission. is possible to greatly improve the security and reliability of system communication and data.
3D DP Improved Algorithm Based on Bending Hierarchy Structure Identification
Authors: Wang Aimin , Dou Shiqing
Published: February 2021

3D Douglas-Peucker (DP) algorithm is an effective 3D discrete point data synthesis algorithm. In view of over-synthesis of compound bending during simplification of 3D DP algorithm with additional bending adjustment index, this paper designs a bending hierarchical structured algorithm to improve the original algorithm. Bending convexity threshold is introduced to merge the bending operation, curve skeletons with different scales are selected through statistics of bending height distribution. Bending adjustment index on different hierarchies of bending skeleton is calculated for synchronous synthesis between line features and DEM. The experimental results show that the structuring process well retains the original details of the curve, clearly presents the overall curve trend with obvious simplification effect, thus solving the problem of over-synthesis of compound bending, so that the curve displays different bending hierarchy structures. The simplification result demonstrates completeness of geographical significance and similarity between the graphics before and after the simplification.
Research on Coordinated Control Strategy of AC-DC Hybrid Microgrid Bidirectional Converter
Authors: Cai Wenchao , Jia Junqing , Gao Min
Published: February 2021

Based on the improved droop control of the bidirectional converter controlled by the DC (direct current) side power quantity, a coordinated control scheme with energy storage is proposed. Not only can the two-way converter automatically and smoothly switch in the rectification, inverter, and idle modes, but also the energy storage device can perform coordinated control in the DC side idle mode to maintain the DC bus voltage stability. Using DC side power control, there is no need to switch control strategies to meet islanding and grid-connected modes. The simulation results show that improved droop control can reduce frequent actions of power electronic devices caused by small-range fluctuations in DC bus voltage and AC (alternating current) frequency. Coordinated control can make the DC bus voltage more stable, ensure stable operation of the AC and DC hybrid microgrid, and improve system reliability.
Research on Marketing Development under the Background of Artificial Intelligence Technology
Authors: Lu Wenyang
Published: February 2021

In today’s society, my country’s science and technology has made many advances and breakthroughs on the original basis. Among them, artificial intelligence technology has been further improved in this new market environment, and the operating methods of all sectors of society have undergone earth-shaking changes under the guidance of this new technology. Many traditional industries on this basis have a more brilliant development prospects. As an important part of various enterprises, marketing work has also undergone new changes due to the application of artificial intelligence technology. Especially in an environment where various information and data can be shared and used via the Internet, artificial intelligence technology can show all its advantages. All data information can be refined analysis through advanced computer system.
Application of Computer Technology in Administrative Management
Authors: Li Shaoxi
Published: February 2021

In recent years, computer technology is developing at a rapid rate, and its development direction is no longer limited to the technology industry, and it has been widely used in various fields. Computer technology has also been introduced into the administrative management of colleges and universities, which not only provides a new working mode for the implementation of the administrative management of colleges and universities, but also helps to improve the level of administrative management of colleges and universities, so that it can provide better services for the development of colleges and universities. Therefore, the article analyzes the application of computer technology in administrative management, aiming to optimize the quality of university administrative management and promote the development of university education.
Talking About the Industrial Robot Grasping Technology Based on Machine Vision
Authors: Yang Libo
Published: February 2021

In terms of industrial development at this stage, an important measure to ensure the status of industrial development is to improve production efficiency and strengthen the quality of management. Based on the above content, this article analyzes the application and improvement measures of industrial robot grasping technology on the basis of machine vision.
COVID-19 and pathways to low-carbon air transport until 2050
Authors: Gössling Stefan , Humpe Andreas , Fichert Frank , Creutzig Felix
Published: February 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented decline in global air transport and associated reduction in CO2 emissions. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) reacted by weakening its own CO2-offsetting rules. Here we investigate whether the pandemic can be an opportunity to bring the sector on a reliable low-carbon trajectory, with a starting point in the observed reduction in air transport demand. We model a COVID-19 recovery based on a feed-in quota for non-biogenic synthetic fuels that will decarbonize fuels by 2050, as well as a carbon price to account for negative externalities and as an incentive to increase fuel efficiency. Results suggest that until 2050, air transport demand will continue to grow, albeit slower than in ICAO’s recovery scenarios, exceeding 2018 demand by 3.7–10.3 trillion RPK. Results show that synthetic fuels, produced by 14–20 EJ of photovoltaic energy, would make it possible to completely phase out fossil fuels and to avoid emissions of up to 26.5 Gt CO2 over the period 2022–2050.
Lifelong exposure to air pollution and cognitive development in young children: the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Milojevic Ai , Dutey-Magni Peter , Dearden Lorraine , Wilkinson Paul
Published: February 2021

Evidence about the impact of air pollution on cognitive development of children has been growing but remains inconclusive. To investigate the association of air pollution exposure and the cognitive development of children in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of 13 058–14 614 singleton births, 2000–2002, analysed at age 3, 5 and 7 years for associations between exposure from birth to selected air pollutants and cognitive scores for: School Readiness, Naming Vocabulary (age 3 and 5), Picture Similarity, Pattern Construction (age 5 and 7), Number Skills and Word Reading. Multivariable regression models took account of design stratum, clustering and sampling and attrition weights with adjustment for major risk factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, region, household income, parents’ education, language, siblings and second-hand tobacco smoke. In fully adjusted models, no associations were observed between pollutant exposures and cognitive scores at age 3. At age 5, particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were associated with lower scores for Naming Vocabulary but no other outcome except for SO2 and Picture Similarity. At age 7, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were associated with lower scores for Pattern Construction, SO2 with lower Number Skills and SO2 and ozone with poorer Word Reading scores, but PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were associated with higher Word Reading scores. Adverse effects of air pollutants represented a deficit of up to around four percentile points in Naming Vocabulary at age 5 for an interquartile range increase in pollutant concentration, which is smaller than the impact of various social determinants of cognitive development. In a study of multiple pollutants and outcomes, we found mixed evidence from this UK-wide cohort study for association between lifetime exposure to air pollutants and cognitive development to age 7 years.
Effect of carbon materials as cathode on wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation in a double chambered microbial fuel cell
Authors: Yap Kea-Lee , Ho Li-Ngee , Ong Soon-An , Guo Kun
Published: February 2021

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising and sustainable technology that has high efficiency to produce renewable energy and treat wastewater simultaneously. The effect of carbon materials on the removal of synthetic wastewater in the anodic chamber and electricity generation were investigated using a double chambered MFC. In this study, a double chambered reactor made up of anodic and cathodic chambers separated by proton exchange membrane has been developed. Carbon plate and carbon felt were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Results revealed that 1.20 times higher chemical oxygen demand removal of synthetic wastewater using carbon felt (50.90%) as compared with that of carbon plate (43.52%). The maximum voltage output produced by carbon felt (280.20 mV) was 20.70% higher than carbon plate (222.20 mV) as cathode in MFC. The surface morphology of carbon materials has significant effect on the oxygen reduction reaction reactivity at cathodic chamber.
A hybrid photocatalytic fuel cell integrated electro-Fenton system for Amaranth dye degradation and electricity generation
Authors: Thor Shen-Hui , Ho Li-Ngee , Ong Soon-An , Abidin Che Zulzikrami Azner , Heah Cheng-Yong
Published: February 2021

A dual-chambered hybrid system of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) and electro-Fenton (EF) process has become an emerging sustainable green approach for organic pollutant degradation and electricity generation. This hybrid system of PFC and EF (PFC-EF hybrid system) is an integration of two popular organic pollutants treatment methods, PFC and EF process. The double-cathodes configuration of PFC-EF hybrid system enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction reactivity in both PFC and EF. PFC-EF hybrid system with double cathodes achieved colour removal efficiencies of 86.2% and 84.7% in PFC and EF. Power density of 1.2211 μW cm−2 was obtained in this PFC-EF hybrid system. Results revealed that this PFC-EF hybrid system was effective in the Amaranth dye degradation and power production simultaneously.
Heavy metals reduction using electrocoagulation in enhancing the water quality near unlined landfill: A case study
Authors: Kasmuri N , Adnan N , Ahmad R , Santiagoo R , Ramasamy S
Published: February 2021

Leachate contributes to the contamination of surface water, groundwater, and soils around the unlined landfill area. The dark-coloured liquid has an unpleasant smell which is produced when moisture percolates through the solid wastes. Heavy metals are among the hazardous contaminants from leachate. This research was done to determine the concentration of heavy metals samples taken at nearby surface water in Ampar Tenang landfill before and after the electrocoagulation process was conducted. It can be observed that the surface water near the landfill site has been contaminated with cadmium, iron, and lead. From the results obtained, the value of cadmium was 0.015 mg/L while the standard set by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia is 0.001 mg/L. Iron has a greater value, 3.81 mg/L, than the standard allowed, which is 1.0 mg/L. The concentration of lead was 0.06 mg/L, which is above the standard of 0.01 mg/L. After 3 hours of electrocoagulation treatment, the process managed to remove 40% of cadmium, 76% of iron and 81% of lead. The final concentrations of cadmium, iron and lead were 0.009, 0.92 and 0.011 mg/L. It can be concluded that electrocoagulation is efficient in removing heavy metals in the contaminated water.
The influence of photoperiod, light intensity, temperature and salinity on the growth rate and biomass productivity of Botryococcus sp
Authors: Gani P , Hua A K , Sunar N M , Matias-Peralta H M , Apandi N
Published: February 2021

Environmental factors such as photoperiod, light intensity, temperature, and salinity strongly influence the growth rate and biomass accumulation of microalgae in a culture. Therefore, the effects of photoperiod (24h light: 0h dark, 16h light: 8h dark, 12h light: 12h dark, 6h light: 18h dark and 0h light: 24h dark), light intensity (2.7, 48.6, 94.5, 176, 243 and 324 μmole m−2s−1), temperature (18, 23, 28, 33 and 38 °C), and salinity (0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6 M of NaCl) factors on the growth rate and biomass productivity were studied for green microalgae, Botryococcus sp. Botryococcus sp. was found to experience optimum growth with a photoperiod of 24:0 hours, light intensity of 243 μmol m−2s−1, temperature of 23 °C, and 0 M salinity. It was also observed that optimum biomass productivity of Botryococcus sp. was the same as that for growth rate optimum environmental factors. However, a temperature of 33 °C was shown to be optimum for biomass productivity. Freshwater green microalgae from genus Botryococcus sp. were examined for environmental factors in this study and show great potential for adoption in tropical climates such as Malaysia for the bio-based feedstock and biofuels industries.
Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose derived from office paper waste for methylene blue dye removal
Authors: Yusoff N A , Yee L Y , Iberahim N I , Zainol N A , Abdullah S , Zailani S N
Published: February 2021

The aim of this research was to extract cellulose from office paper waste and converted into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based flocculant to treat methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The yield of extracted cellulose obtained was 62.17%. Three different CMC samples were prepared. Degree of substitution (DS) for CMC-1 is 0.6585, CMC-2 is 0.8124 and CMC-3 is 0.8946. This proved that CMC are substituted into cellulose structure due to the DS of the commercial CMC are in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. The coagulation flocculation process of the MB dye shows that the CMC-3 was effective for methylene blue dye removal with highest percentage (98.14%) at pH 9.0, flocculant dosage of 210 ppm with 100 ppm MB concentration solution.
Development of a self-rating system for domestic water consumption in Malaysia
Authors: Muhammad N S , Abdullah J , Rahman N Abd , Razali N A
Published: February 2021

A positive growth in the global population would increase the need for clean water. Therefore, continuous, adequate, and sustainable clean water supply is a major concern in modern society. A highly effective approach to resolve this concern is to instil self-awareness in consumers. This study established a simple self-rating system for consumers to evaluate their domestic water usage. The rating classifications are ‘Poor’, ‘Fair’, ‘Average’, ‘Good’, and ‘Excellent’, based on a score established using statistical analysis. A high percentage of respondents received an Average (41.3%) or a Good (49.7%) rating. A lower percentage of respondents received a Fair (5.3%) or an Excellent (3.7%) rating. Minimising the frequency of indoor and outdoor activities, practising good water habits, including the use of water saving appliances such as dual-pump cisterns, buckets for showering and bathing, and rainwater harvesting systems are factors that contributed primarily to an Excellent rating. No respondent received a Poor rating, which suggests that there is intrinsic behaviour of good water usage and efforts to conserve water in the community. Consumers can become more aware of and motivated to use water saving practices when they can quantitatively rate their domestic water consumption thru the self-rating system developed in this study.
Volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR) under various hydraulic retention time (HRT)
Authors: Kee Wei-Chin , Wong Yee-Shian , Ong Soon-An , Lutpi Nabilah Aminah , Sam S T , Chai Audrey
Published: February 2021

This paper analyses the removal of volatile fatty acid (VFA) of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in three different phases, which are acclimatization phase, aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) phase and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR) phase. The UACR was modified from SBR by recycling the effluent to the influent tank for circulation purpose. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was determined during the operation of UACR. The influent tank was filled with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 L of anaerobically digested MWW which corresponds to HRT 14, 7, 4.7, 3.5, and 2.8 days. The operation of SBR achieved 85.4 ± 1.8 % of VFA removal at HRT 14 days. When modified to UACR, the VFA removal efficiency reached 85.5 ± 2.3 % at HRT 14 days. The VFA removal changed from 85.5 ± 2.3, 81.0 ± 0.4, 81.3 ± 2.2, 84.6 ± 5.1 to 87.4 ± 0.7 % in the UACR when the HRT decreased from 14 to 2.8 days. The UACR achieved optimum VFA removal at HRT 2.8 days and had greater performance when compared to SBR since it required shorter aeration time to obtain similar result.
Removal of Azo Dye from aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from Moringa oleifera seeds
Authors: Shouzheng Tan , Mokhtar Zulfakar , Hasan Masitah
Published: February 2021

The aim of this work is to utilize activated carbon derived from M. oleifera seeds that is treated with zinc chloride to remove the Remazol Brilliant Pink solution in aqueous solution. The acid-treated activated carbon was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to determine the adsorbent surface morphology and functional groups, respectively. Three experiment parameters including pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration were carried out in a batch adsorption process. From the study, pH 3, 0.20 grams of adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration of 150 mg/L were the best operating parameter. The adsorption data was then undergone further analysis using Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Langmuir adsorption isotherm has a superior R2 value of 0.9784 when compared to the latter. The adsorption kinetics follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model was, indicating that the adsorption process is a chemisorption and monolayer formed at the surface of activated carbon. Thus, activated carbon derived from M. oleifera seeds deemed to be effective in removing Remazol Brilliant Pink from aqueous solution.
Climate change impact under CanESM2 on future rainfall in the state of Kelantan using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Armain M Z S , Hassan Z , Harun S
Published: February 2021

Kelantan is a state in Peninsular Malaysia that is highly vulnerable to extreme events such as drought and floods which are becoming worse because of climate change due to global warming that is caused by human activities. This study aims to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on the future of rainfall in Kelantan using Artificial Neural Network. CanESM2 under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), namely RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 for 2011-2100 are incorporated with the ANN model and are used to compare the baseline period (1972 to 2018). In general, the simulated rainfall that downscaled by using the ANN model approximates the observed rainfall (during the calibration and validation periods) reasonably well. The study also shows that the ANN model anticipates a major increase in annual rainfall in the 2080s for the RCP 8.5 scenario.
Hydraulic and morphological patterns in a riparian vegetated sandy compound straight channel
Authors: Jumain M , Ibrahim Z , Ismail Z , Jamal M H , Rashid M F A , Salleh M Z M , Shariff M E M , Zulkifli N S
Published: February 2021

Emergent vegetation or trees are important riverine features and essential in hydraulic engineering including flood management and river restoration. Clearing up trees along river banks has been pointed out as a contributing factor to the severity of flood damages including financial losses and even fatalities. Thus, the effect of riparian vegetation on river flow must be clearly understood. The hydraulics and morphological patterns in a riparian vegetated sandy compound straight channel were carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Two-line steel rods with tandem and staggered arrays to simulate as rigid emergent vegetation were placed along the riparian zone of an asymmetrical straight channel. The Manning’s n, depth-averaged velocity, boundary shear stress and morphological changes during shallow and deep floods are discussed in this paper. The findings prevailed that the staggered array riparian vegetation generated 4.5% flow resistance higher than the tandem array. The vegetation also altered velocity distribution which contributed to the boundary shear stress patterns in a compound straight channel. The flow velocity profiles were also related to the morphological changes in the channel.
The vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter for removal of phosphorus in wastewater
Authors: Abd Roni N , Adnan S H , Hamidon N , Ismail T N H T
Published: February 2021

The irresponsible disposal of untreated wastewater into waters, soil and groundwater results in polluted water resources. Moreover, nutrients such as phosphorus have become culprits of concern in accelerating eutrophication. Besides, this issue could cause water poisoning and the degradation of recreational opportunities. Therefore, for justifying this problem, it is important to understand the quantity of phosphorus (P) flows by using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as filter materials. RCA used as a filter system has emerged as an alternative technology for phosphorus removal. This can overcome the problem of construction site waste by converting the waste into valuable products. Thus, this study aims to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of RCA that influenced adsorption of P and the percentage of phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by using two different sizes of RCA. A total of five vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter was designed. The samples taken from influent and effluent were tested once a week and analyzed to determine pH and percentage removal phosphorus. RCA was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) testing to determine chemical composition. The results show that RCA primarily contained aluminium, calcium, and magnesium that could enhanced the phosphorus adsorption. The RCA with size 5 to 10 mm is shown to have high potential to remove phosphorus up to 99.57%. The higher the size of RCA, the higher percentage of phosphorus removal. In conclusion, RCA has the potential to remove phosphorus from wastewater.
Analysis of annual maximum and partial duration rainfall series
Authors: Ng Jing Lin , Tiang Soon Kim , Huang Yuk Feng , Noh Nur Ilya Farhana Md , Al-Mansob Ramez A
Published: February 2021

Kelantan River Basin is affected by two significant monsoon seasons, namely the Northeast and Southwest monsoons that lead to flood and heavy downpour events. Consequently, analysis of rainfall series is gaining more attention from researchers. The aim of this study is to analyse the annual maximum series (AMS) and partial duration series (PDS) by fitting different probability distributions. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Pareto (GP), Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3), Log Normal (LN) and Log Normal 3 (LN3) were used in this study. The performances of these probability distributions were evaluated using different goodness-of-fit tests, namely the chi-square (χ2), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD) tests. Subsequently, the performances of probability distributions were compared and the best fit probability distribution was selected. The GEV and GP distributions were selected as the best fit probability distributions for AMS and PDS, respectively. The findings can provide useful information for flood mitigation and water resources management.
A review: Removal of sediment in water reservoir by using Siphon
Authors: Rizzuan W N , Zainol Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif , Wahab Mahyun Ab , Kang Choong Wee , Setiawan Ikhsan
Published: February 2021

Reservoir was the main sources in order to get basic needs in daily life but due to human activities the quality of water environment affected. A reservoir ordinarily formed by the construction of dam to store water. The most commonly purposed of this reservoir is to provide flood control, supply water for domestic purpose and to generate hydroelectric power. Reservoirs provide the most effective control for unexpected floods when reservoir waters levels are low, so that excess runoff can be storage. However, trapping sediments have been identify due to some of the environmental damages. Reservoir sedimentation is a very serious problem that will cause capacity reduction and water quality deterioration. This paper provides a framework to understand deeply the principles of siphon and to improve the design of the siphon to remove the sediment in reservoir.
Fabrication of ceramic membrane from local raw materials for treatment different wastes
Authors: Muhamad Aimi Ilyani , Zulkipli Fatin Farhanah , Mohamed Amri Hj , Abdullah Nabihah , Dabwan Ahmed H A
Published: February 2021

Ceramic membrane is a membrane with high chemical and physical stability. In addition, it is very stable chemically, thermally and mechanically and it has a very high selective process without phase transformation. In this work successful fabrication of ceramic membrane through dry compaction method at rather low temperature from, local and available materials such as; local kaolin, fly ash from palm oil mills, chipboard powder wastes, and sand was achieved. Materials used were classified into 4 different composites with different proportions since ratios of the materials significantly affect the membrane properties. All samples were fabricated using mould mainly prepared to make cylindrical shape and pressing machine at approximate pressure of 10kN. After fabrication, all samples were subjected to further processing to increase the membrane physical, chemical and thermal properties. Sintering was applied to achieve this goal. Gradual increase in temperature was applied during the sintering process till it reached 1000 °C for almost 16 hrs. After the samples get into the desired shape, they are tested for different contaminants. UV-spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the removal efficiency of dyes whereas conductivity meter for the removal of ions. Best results obtained for the treated samples for methylene blue, methylene red and sodium chloride ion, were 96, 76 and 44% respectively. Throughout this study, it can be concluded that ceramic membrane provides physical treatment which is much better than chemical treatment as it does not produce any by-product.
Unmanned aerial vehicle for eutrophication process monitoring in Timah Tasoh Dam, Perlis, Malaysia
Authors: Sheng L Y , Azhari A W , Ibrahim A H
Published: February 2021

Manual monitoring of the eutrophication status of water bodies such as a dam is a challenging task. Hence, drone technology can be used in assisting the monitoring work of any water bodies. This study was conducted to develop UAV-based remote sensing to derive indicators in lake water bodies. Four sampling points were chosen for testing where the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) were assessed. DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone was used for the aerial data acquisition. Ex-situ data were also acquired, such as nitrate concentration (N) and phosphate concentration (P). The hyperspectral UAV images were ortho-rectified and geo-referenced in Agisoft PhotoScan software and NDVI value estimation in ArcGIS. Results show the correlation between NDVI values and N and P concentration with coefficients values of 0.7079 for P concentration and 0.7004 for N concentration, respectively. This study confirmed the applicability of remote sensing for water resource management using UAVs, characterized as a quick and easy methodology.
Biodiesel wastewater treatment by coagulation process for chemical oxygen demand reduction
Authors: Lee C M , Lutpi N A , Wong Y S , Ong S A , Malek M A
Published: February 2021

Biodiesel wastewater contained residual of alkali catalyst, soap and glycerol which causing in high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum conditions of aluminium sulphate (alum), poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) and laterite soil (silifloc) in the coagulation of biodiesel wastewater for COD reduction were explored through a sequence of studies including the effects of pH and dosage of coagulants. Coagulation process were conducted in the fixed conditions of mixing rate, mixing time, settling time and anionic polymer aid as flocculant. Silifloc could treat acidified biodiesel wastewater with 32.35 % at pH 2 and dosage of 4000ppm, the highest among these three coagulants. This was due to the silifloc rich in silica component had a higher rate law at sufficient dosage and had an effective range of at around pH 2. Whereas, PAC had a highest efficiency with 61.58% at pH 6 and dosage of 1100ppm in coagulation of raw biodiesel wastewater due to its solubility and elements of higher ions content. On other hand, alum had a moderate performance in acidified and raw wastewater with 26.42 % at pH 6 and 57.63 % at pH 4, respectively.
Assessing the production of the new superior rice varieties in tidal swampland in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan
Authors: Hidayanto M , Fiana Y , Amin M , Sujalu A P , Sumarmiyati
Published: February 2021

The productivity of swampland in North Kalimantan, is still low and can be improved through appropriate cultivation technology. The study aims to increase swampland productivity in Tanjung Buka, Tanjung Palas Tengah Sub-District, Bulungan Regency through new superior varieties of rice. The introduction of new superior varieties of swamp rice (inbrida swamp rice-Inpara), namely Inpara-2, 4, 8, Inpari-30, Inpari-32, and local variety as a comparison, with the legowo row planting system (Jarwo) 2:1. The fertilizer dosage was 50 kg NPK ha−1, 100 Urea kg ha−1 and 1,000 kg dolomite ha−1. Plant growth, yield components and economic data were observed and calculated. Plant growth and yield components parameter were analyzed with Analysis of Variant (ANOVA), and followed with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Break-even point value and the BCR ratio were calculated for economic analysis. The result showed that the highest rice productivity was Inpara-2 and Inpari-32, and the lowest productivity was local variety. The research results showed that Inpara-2, 4, 8, Inpari-30, and Inpari-32 with the legowo row planting system (Jarwo) 2:1 had BCR >1, whereas if using of local variety BCR <1. Therefore, the recommended varieties to developed in this study area are Inpari-32 and Inpara-2.
Risk analysis of scrubber vessel using risk-based inspection method in geothermal power plant
Authors: Siswantoro N , Priyanta D , Zaman M B , Semin  , Andaka P S , Busse W
Published: February 2021

The corrosive geothermal fluids combined with high temperature and high-pressure work systems cause intensive corrosion. Corrosion that exceeds the safe limits can cause gas leaks which are hazardous to the environment and personnel. It is important to inspect the location of corrosion in the equipment. The existing methodology for inspection is carried out regardless of the risk level of the equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the appropriate method to conduct inspections based on risk level. This research proposed a Risk-Based Inspection method to determine the scheduling and methods for inspecting scrubber vessel in the gas removal system of the geothermal power plant. Based on the analysis, it is recommended to carry out direct inspection for the shell part of the steam scrubber (VS-81-009) using radiography or ultrasonic scanning.
The development strategy for sustainable livestock sector in small-islands region: a preliminary study on local cattle farming in Buru Island, Maluku Indonesia
Authors: Kuswaryan S , Daud A R , Firmansyah C , Tejaningsih S
Published: February 2021

Beef cattle are relevant to farm products for the livelihood of most small-scale farmers in Buru Island in Maluku Province. Other than being a significant source of income for farm households, the presence of cattle farming on that island is also strategic for the Indonesia livestock sector as Buru is one of the areas in the eastern part of Indonesia in which has the most significant population of local cattle. Nevertheless, in recent years, its population has been observed to be stagnant even tends to decline; hence many issues of its sustainability arise. The national government and stakeholders of livestock development positively should respond to this phenomenon. As a contribution to solving these issues, this article reports our preliminary study, which generally aims to propose feasible strategies for sustaining the presence of cattle farming and its population, especially in the context of islands region economic development. Our results show that current cattle farming on the island is in the state of survival; thus the strategy for the development must focus on moving to the better state through ensuring farmers' access to available natural resources and on improving public infrastructures, distributions, and logistics of the farm products. Recommendations for designing such strategies and policies are discussed briefly.
Temporal dynamics of the plankton community structure in Madura Strait: algae bloom study case
Authors: Saptarini D , Muzaki F K , Ibadah A S
Published: February 2021

In March 2019 there was a phenomenon in the waters around the Suramadu Bridge in the Madura Strait, where surface water appeared in a different color layer. Madura Strait has a surface current with a range of 0.013 - 0.77 m/sec. In the west season to transition I (December- May) surface flows move from West to East and vice versa in the east season to Transition II (June-November) surface currents tend to move from East to West. Madura Strait is a river estuary in the city of Surabaya which tends to have poor / moderate polluted water quality due to the large amount of organic material input into the waters. Both of those causes the Madura Strait tends to have a high concentration of organic matter and primary productivity. Research aims on temporal dynamics in the structure of the plankton community in Madura Straits after blooming algae to analyze the abundance, distribution, diversity, and dominance index with temporal water quality indicators. Water samples were collected using Kitahara net for phytoplankton by filtering from bottom to surface. The density of plankton for each station was measured base on their biovolume bases. Genus of phytoplankton was identified for each station. Phytoplankton community consists of 15-21 species with Chaetoceros sp. as a dominant species. At least five species of Chaetoceros were identified when sea water had a color stratification and declined in subsequent observations. Chaetoceros sp.2 is the dominant species with abundance range 12,018 ind/L - 47,580 ind/L. The diversity index (Shannon Wiener index) shows the waters in poor condition with phytoplankton H’value range 0.2511 - 0.9543, and zooplankton H’ value range 1.2566 - 2.0201. The dominance index (D) of phytoplankton 0.5282 - 0.9263 and zooplankton 0.1639 - 0.3882.
A non-catalytic process to produce levulinic acid from the flesh fruits of trembesi (Samanea saman) using a subcritical water
Authors: Pujiastuti Y A , Zullaikah S , Setiawan D , Fahrurozy I , Syafril A R , Prawira Y , Quitain A T
Published: February 2021

Levulinic acid (LA) has been identified as a promising green, biomass-derived platform chemical. A non-catalytic method to produce LA from the flesh fruits of trembesi (Samanea saman) using subcritical water has been performed. Effect of reaction time and operating pressure under CO2 atmosphere on the conversion of glucose and yield of LA has been investigated. The conversion of glucose was found to be affected by the reaction time rather than operating pressure. The longer reaction time from 30 to 480 min. increased the conversion of glucose from 87.72% ± 1.57% to 98.74 ± 1.76% or increased by 12.56% at 200 °C, 4 MPa and ratio of flesh fruit and water of 1/8 (g/ml). Increasing the operating pressure from 4 MPa to 8 MPa, only increased the conversion of glucose by 4.67%. The yield of LA was found to be affected by the reaction time and operating pressure. The yield of LA was increased by 61.88 % by increasing reaction time from 30 to 240 min, while extended further reaction time to 480 min. the reduced yield of LA by 24.05 %. The highest yield of LA (22.28 ± 0.04 %) can be achieved in 240 min at 200 °C and 8 MPa. The result showed that LA could be obtained by a green method.
Representation of the greatness of Kambang Putih Seaport in the past on Ganggeng motif
Authors: Ciptandi F
Published: February 2021

In the 11th century, precisely in the kingdom of Kahuripan under the reign of King Airlangga (1019-1041), Tuban in East Java – Indonesia had a port called Kambang Putih. This port played an ancient international trading port that has the role to connect the western and eastern parts of the world. The greatness of the port gradually faded away, and its location has now turned into a recreational area known as Pantai Boom. For the people of Tuban, the great history of Kambang Putih port still leaves a pride that is manifested in the form of Ganggengbatik motif, especially inspired by seaweed plants. This motif is one of the classic motifs which until now still continues to be used by batik artisans. Furthermore, in order to keep up with the times, this batik motif has also started to be created by utilizing the role of technology in the form of design software. Through a review of various data sources including scientific literature, interviews with experts, and communication with traditional batik artisans, it was expected to be able to reopen the knowledge of the history of the greatness of the Indonesian sea, especially in Tuban so as to encourage various efforts to preserve and maintain the tradition. In addition, the study came down to mention the efforts to preserve the tradition of batik belonged to the community of Tuban by encouraging initiatives in creating motifs with inspiration from their maritime potential.
E-commerce logistics system for Indonesia’s cinnamon exports
Authors: Nur H I , Nugroho S , Devira F , Lazuardi S D , Wuryaningrum P , Riduwan M , Devitasari D V
Published: February 2021

Indonesia is a primary world cinnamon exporter, half of the world’s consumption is supplied by Indonesia. From every retail transaction, some 25% goes to the farmers. Farmers do not have so much benefit from the increasing export price. The rise of e-commerce seems to be a promising instrument. This e-commerce grows rapidly particularly in Indonesia. The improving internet connection speed and bandwidth results in a growth of internet users. The aim of the study is to investigate the viability of improving logistic system by using e-commerce for export. The case study is the cinnamon export from Padang to Baltimore, with annual demand of 21 ton. At present, the delivery of cinnamon from the farmer to end user takes in average 59 days with a shipment cost of IDR 113,000/kg (USD 7.94/kg). By using e-commerce, a small size delivery could be shorter, namely only nine days, with a shipment cost of IDR 299,300/kg (USD 21.04/kg). Considering the frequency of shipments, cash flow, and deteriorating quality and price for a long shipment, it is found out that e-commerce is very promising alternative for cinnamon export, where the total point-to-point shipment would cut by half. For large shipments by exporters, a substantial benefit is obtained from a shorter delivery time of 29 days, with the same unit shipment cost. It is obtained that marketplace scenario is the most optimum with total logistics cost and time for about IDR 113,000/kg (USD 7.94/kg) and 9 days respectively.
The investigation of life cycle costs of Mobile Harbour Crane: a case study in Berlian Terminal at Tanjung Perak Seaport Surabaya
Authors: Gurning R O S , Simatupang E J , Handani D W
Published: February 2021

Cost is one of the important components that may not be separated in loading and unloading operations, as tariff setting of terminal operation depends on the level of cycle costs implemented. During the life cycle, from the planning to operational stages, every stage is closely related to the cost component. If it is not well managed, it may consequently generate higher costs in the loading and unloading operation. The equipment focused of this research is Mobile Harbor Cranes (MHC) which are being operated in Berlian Terminal, Tanjung Perak port, Surabaya. The main problem as a main concern of this research is how to correlate the allocation of cargo handling equipment with the cost planning during the lifetime of the equipment. Particularly to clearly define the level of costs expended in accordance with the time and workload of the equipment. The research aims of this research, therefore, is to evaluate and optimize the cost cycle value of MHC based on its energy usage applying linear programming. As the result, the research finds that MHC maintenance cost were higher than operational cost. To achieve more efficient maintenance and operational costs, 11 scenarios of energy usage were applied to have a balance life cycle cost arrangement
Sleeper seat design for inter-island hi speed vessel with integrated digital design method
Authors: Windharto A , Iskandriawan B , Mustafa N S Y
Published: February 2021

The need for hi speed vessel in Indonesia is increasing by rapid economic growth in the region. In one hand this indicates high demand of passenger accommodation for public transport and services. On the other hand, facilities and transportation services are not optimal yet, especially for inter-island hi speed vessel that require relatively long travel times, better, safer and more comfortable for passenger facilities and services. The aims of the current study are the design, engineering, and prototyping sleeper seats for modern inter-island hi speed vessel, equipped with digital information systems and passenger entertainment, to replace cubical room system (cabin accommodation). The research method is the application of Integrated Digital Design (CAD-CAM-CAE) as design as built, covering study of geometry, ergonomics, human factors engineering, construction, materials, and integrated engineering analysis. The later includes finite element analysis through digital prototypes. For the next step involves manufacturing, prototyping, testing, and certification. The results are engineering design, prototype of inter-island Hi Speed Vessel’s Sleeper Seat and state of the art technology in Integrated Digital Design, digital prototyping, certification (SNI), and Intellectual Property Rights (patent, industrial design right, and branding).
The effect of use of biodiesel B30 from palm oil to degradation of oil lubrication in 1-cylinder diesel engine 4-stroke
Authors: Iswantoro A , Cahyono B , Zaman M B , Semin  , Busse W
Published: February 2021

New alternative fuels are needed to reduce the fossil fuels. Biodiesel from palm oil is one alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel. This is because Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. There are several analyzes that the use of palm oil causes a significant decrease in the viscosity of lubricating oil. A research is carried out to evaluate the effect of B30 biodiesel from palm oil on the degradation of diesel engine lubricating oil. The method used is experiment with testing diesel engines endurance referring to the standards of the Engine Manufacture Association (EMA) to determine differences in lubrication degradation. As a result, B30 biodiesel from palm oil causes greater degradation in lubricating oil than using Dexlite diesel fuel. Biodiesel B30 causes lubricating oil to decrease its viscosity by 46.98%, increase the viscosity index by 7.84%, increase in the flash point, increase in the pour point some 3°C and decrease in the base number by 4.62% and 3.6026% less water content.
Traffic analysis for enhancing safety in the Singapore Straits using AIS data
Authors: Zaman M B , Kobayashi E , Zubaydi A
Published: February 2021

Enhancing transportation safety is an important step that should be taken. In this study, traffic analysis was carried out in the Singapore Strait. The location has a density of traffic in the world as well as the potential for ship accidents. In addition, the Singapore Strait is the world's main route connecting to several countries. The purpose of the study was to analyze the traffic conditions in the Malacca Strait by using AIS data. The method was using MySQL to analyse AIS which was converted with GIS. AIS provides information in real time. IMO has recommended the use of AIS on ships to improve safety. The results of this analysis are very useful for improving ship safety in the Singapore Strait.