bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiencia Emocional Subjetiva en Deportistas Extremos: Estudio Cualitativo
Authors: Cajina–Guedeat Maria , Reyes-Bossio Mario
Published: January 2021

Los participantes en deportes extremos usualmente han sido estudiados desde la perspectiva de riesgo. El presente estudio busca alejarse de dicha preconcepción y tiene como objetivo estudiar la experiencia subjetiva emocional. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico-hermenéutico tomando como herramienta sistemas conversacionales. Los informantes fueron 8 deportistas extremos pertenecientes a un mismo grupo. Dentro de los deportes extremos se incluyen: Escalada de montaña, rapel, puenting, montañismo y bungee jumping. Los resultados indican que el miedo es generador de libertad, puede ser útil, es gratificante y también es promotor de transformaciones personales. Esta investigación otorga valor teórico al porqué del involucramiento en deportes extremos.

Participants in extreme sports have usually been studied from a risk perspective. The present study seeks to move away from this preconception and aims to study the emotional subjective experience. A qualitative methodology with phenomenological-hermeneutic design was used taking as a tool conversational systems. The informants were 8 extreme athletes belonging to the same group. Extreme sports included were: Mountain climbing, rappelling, bungee jumping, and mountaineering.The results indicate that fear is a generator of freedom, it can be useful, it is rewarding and it is also a promoter of personal transformations. This research gives theoretical value to the reason for involvement in extreme sports.

Participantes em esportes radicais geralmente têm sido estudados a partir de uma perspectiva de risco. O presente estudo busca afastar-se desse preconceito e visa estudar a experiência emocional subjetiva. Uma metodologia qualitativa com desenho fenomenológico-hermenêutico foi utilizada, utilizando sistemas conversacionais como ferramenta. Os informantes eram 8 atletas extremos pertencentes ao mesmo grupo. Esportes radicais incluem: alpinismo, rapel, bungee jumping, montanhismo e bungee jumping. Os resultados indicam que o medo é um gerador de liberdade, pode ser útil, gratificante e também promotor de transformações pessoais. Esta pesquisa dá valor teórico ao motivo do envolvimento em esportes radicais.
Multidisciplinary analysis of the phenomenon of phraseological variation in translation and interpreting
Authors: Mogorrón Huerta Pedro
Published: January 2021

Focusing on the Spanish language, this paper aims to introduce the phenomenon of phraseological variation, presenting, on the basis of the studies carried out in the context of Hispanic linguistics, the theoretical aspects, the quantitative frequency of the variations and the phenomenon of geolinguistic or diatopic variation. The difficulty that phraseological translation represents is pointed out emphasizing the fact that this type of translation is not impossible and that the user should be able to count on phraseological tools and databases that will allow to find phraseological equivalents in other languages before thinking about using recurrent translation techniques.
Las lenguas originarias en la fraseología del español hablado en Argentina
Authors: Cuadrado Rey Analía
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio del componente indígena en la fraseología diatópica del español de Argentina. Metodológicamente se aplica la lingüística de corpus EsTenTen11 y se emplea el software Sketch Engine para comprobar la frecuencia de una muestra de unidades fraseológicas (UF) del campo conceptual carácter-forma de ser-actitud-conducta no recogidas en el DRAE. Las fuentes empleadas proceden de diccionarios, que su vez se validan por informantes autóctonos. Se identifica los tipos de variaciones fraseológicas detectadas en el corpus periodístico y no registradas en los diccionarios. Los resultados revelan que el 5% de las UF tienen componentes de lenguas originarias y existe una relación directa entre la cantidad de UF aportadas por cada una de las lenguas y su frecuencia de uso. El quechua tiene el mayor número de UF muy frecuentes, seguido del guaraní y el mapuche. Se han detectado variantes interna léxicas, variantes internas morfo-léxicas, variantes estructurales, así como inflexiones internas morfológicas.
Term and translation variation of multiword terms
Authors: León Araúz Pilar , Cabezas García, Melania
Published: January 2021

Phraseology is central to specialized language. In scientific and technical communication, multiword terms (MWTs) (e.g. volatile organic compound) are the most frequent type of phraseological units. Rendering them into another language is not an easy task due to their cognitive complexity, the proliferation of different forms, and their unsystematic representation in terminographic resources. This often results in a broad spectrum of translations for MWTs, leading to higher term variation as a result of their composition by two or more constituents. In this study we carried out a quantitative and qualitative analysis of English term variants of MWTs from the environmental domain and their translations into Spanish. The focus was on translation variation and its occurrence in different linguistic resources.
“From head to toe”
Authors: Rojas Díaz José Luis
Published: January 2021

In recent times, interest in the study of phraseology in general and specialized lexicographic resources has increased (Castillo Carballo 2006, Aguado de Cea 2007, Mellado 2008, Buendía Castro & Faber 2015). However, to date, a lack of knowledge related to the characterization and indexation of phraseological units (PUs) in lexicographic resources remains. That issue is addressed here through an analysis of phraseological units in the entries of two phraseological dictionaries, one in Spanish, and one in English: the Diccionario fraseológico documentado del español actual (Seco, Andrés & Ramos 2004) and the Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms (Sinclair & Moon 1997). To perform this analysis, two databases containing 21,045 entries extracted from the two dictionaries mentioned above were compiled. The databases were tagged syntactically and semantically in order to extract 816 morphosyntactic patterns, 2,655 combinations of semantic categories (Semantic patterns) and a series of lexical and lexicographic information about indexation of PUs in dictionaries.
Paradigmas de producción urbana y sus resistencias: ciudad, metrópolis y postmetrópolis
Authors: León Casero Jorge , Urabayen Julia
Published: January 2021

Los fenómenos urbanos son modos concretos de reproducción social y, como toda reproducción, tienen un carácter histórico. En este artículo se defenderá que es posible identificar tres grandes paradigmas históricos en el desarrollo urbano del Occidente moderno —la ciudad, la metrópolis y la postmetrópolis— y que su forma de gobernanza coincide con los tres tipos de poder identificados por Foucault: el soberano, el disciplinar y el biopolítico. Además, se analizará cómo cada una de estas tres dobles configuraciones de la reproducción social genera unos puntos neurálgicos, cuya manipulación produce un impacto sobre el sistema mucho mayor que cualquier otra posible acción, tanto si está orientada al dominio institucional del poder constituido como a la resistencia frente al mismo. El presente trabajo aborda la lógica de funcionamiento de estos tres modelos urbanos, identificando sus respectivos centros neurálgicos como punto de partida desde el que es viable constituir el sujeto político antagónico más efectivo posible en cada uno de ellos.
Las justificaciones de la muerte asistida
Authors: Cerrillo Vidal Jose Antonio
Published: January 2021

El concepto de muerte asistida comprende una heterogénea variedad de prácticas, cuyo denominador común es garantizar al ciudadano su derecho a participar en las decisiones relacionadas con su propio proceso de muerte, para que sea tan acorde a sus preferencias como sea posible. Se trata de uno de los temas más polémicos y discutidos en las últimas décadas, tanto en el ámbito académico como en la opinión pública. En este artículo se examinan las dos principales justificaciones favorables a su legalización: garantizar la autonomía individual como en los demás ámbitos de la vida y evitar un sufrimiento innecesario al moribundo. Se argumentará que, si bien ambas se encuentran relacionadas y en las dos se anudan la ética del cuidado con la de la autonomía del sujeto, la justificación por la autonomía es más sólida y resiste mejor las objeciones de los contrarios a la legalización de este derecho.

The concept of assisted death includes a heterogeneous variety of practices, whose common denominator is to guarantee citizens their right to participate in decisions related to their own death process, to make it as consistent with their preferences as possible. It’s one of the most controversial and discussed topics in recent decades, both in the academic field and in public opinion. This paper examines the two main justifications for its legalization: to guarantee individual autonomy as in other areas of life, and to avoid unnecessary suffering to the dying. It will be argued that, although both are related and both tie the ethics of care with the autonomy of the subject, the justification for autonomy is stronger and resists better the objections of those opposed to the legalization of this right.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM AND MECHANISMS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Authors: Мухамаджанов Шахриёр Солижанович
Published: January 2021

The article presents the improvement of the effective corporate governance system and the mechanism for improving the level of corporate governance. The article emphasizes that any well-known management tools will not have any effect if the stage of development of the joint-stock company and its financial resources are not adequate
ARBITRATION PRACTICE AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAX LAW
Authors: Артеменко Галина Анатольевна , Ильяшенко а Мария Сергеевн
Published: January 2021

This article reveals the problems and procedural features of consideration of tax disputes by Arbitration courts of the Russian Federation, as well as the impact of judicial practice (precedents) on the further development of tax law. The article highlights the most important court decisions on key issues of tax law issued in 2019 and the first half of 2020. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the article highlights the problematic aspects of justice in tax disputes, and, as a result, the impact of judicial practice on the grounds and procedure for conducting tax control. The article assesses the impact of judicial precedents on the situation of taxpayers and tax authorities, and also identifies the need to find a balance between the interests of the state in the face of tax authorities (public interest) and the interests of taxpayers (private interest).
NEW RISKS TO THE YOUNG PEOPLE AS A RESULT OF DIGITAL FINANCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Масленников Олег Владимирович , Масленникова Наталия Владимировна
Published: January 2021

The article presents an analysis of new risks for Russian youth associated with the development of digital finance. The goals of the article are: 1) to determine the existence of the problem of the formation of new risks for young people in the context of the development of digital finance; 2) to identify new risks; 3) to analyze the scale of existing risks associated with low digital and financial literacy of young people; 4) to create recommendations to minimize these risks. The study is based on statistical materials and reports of the Central Bank of Russian Federation and the National Agency for Financial Research. The foreign experience of state regulation of certain new economic relations resulting from the development of the digital economy was analyzed. The article proves the existence of threats to young people from fraudsters in the field of electronic payment systems, social commerce, new type of financial pyramids and unregulated gambling on the Internet. Young people belong to a social group with a fairly high level of risks in the field of financial technology and the digital economy. The main factors of such situation are:1) their high involvement in socio-economic relations in the digital environment; 2) lack of significant financial products and services experience; 3) perilous online behavior. The article reveals that the scale of the problem of the implementation of these risks among young Russians is quite large. In comparison with the risks, associated with fraud with bank cards, which are a problem for all age groups of the population, the risks of the development of illegal services for gambling and the use of methods of monetizing gaming applications based on loot boxes are problems inherent in young people
TECHNIQUE OF ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF A REPUTATIONAL RISK ON STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANK
Authors: Бибикова Екатерина Алексеевна , Курникова Ирина Валерьевна
Published: January 2021

At present, in Russia, when the revocation of licenses from credit organizations continues, the significance of reputational risks is growing sharply. In connection with this subject of research, reputational risk and its influence on maintaining the stability of a credit institution are presented in this article. The aim of the work is to develop a new methodology for assessing the impact of reputation risk on the stability of commercial banks, as well as the practical application of the method using data from a credit institution. As a result of the study, a specific methodology was compiled, which allows you to directly assess the reputation risk in a commercial bank; the relationship of this type of risk and the stability of the credit institution is determined; the methodology has been applied in practice using data from several commercial banks; It is shown how reputation risk can affect the stability of a credit institution. The presented article allows one to determine what is necessary to understand as reputational risk, why the assessment of reputational risk is of the same importance as the assessment of the stability of a credit institution, and what attention should be paid to the leaders of a credit institution so that their bank has a satisfactory level of reputational risk, and therefore , and level of sustainability
USING MACHINE LEARNING METHODS TO ASSESS RISKS WHEN IMPLEMENTING A NEW CREDIT PRODUCT
Authors: Бобков Сергей Петрович , Суворов Станислав Вадимович , Орлов Артем Игоревич , Пивнев Егор Алексеевич
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the issues of assessing the creditworthiness of individuals using credit scoring. This rating system is an effective approach to determining the level of risk for a specific customer segment. This is especially true of the situation when a credit institution launches a new credit product. The main idea proposed in the article is that new customer scoring cards are created on the basis of existing cards by mathematical data processing. The novelty of the method lies in the fact that the scoring is done based on a dedicated subset of customer data stored in the corporate storage. The approach helps to make a decision on granting a loan and can be recommended for use in lending
Exploring School Culture: Technical report for data collection
Authors: Smith Emil , Reimer David , Andersen Ida Gran , Sortkær Bent
Published: January 2021

This report describes the process of selecting and recruiting schools, classes and teachers to take part in the Exploring School Culture (ESCU) survey. The ESCU survey was part of the “Exploring School Culture” research project, funded by the Velux foundation. The survey was conducted among Danish 6th and 9th grade students and their respective teachers in the subjects mathematics and Danish during spring 2019.
Organiser les inorganisés d’une multinationale de services en ligne ? Le virage numérique d’Organization United for Respect at Walmart
Authors: Hocquelet Mathieu
Published: January 2021

Cet article s’intéresse à l’Organization United for Respect at Walmart, l’une des initiatives nationales les plus ambitieuses en matière d’organisation de la main-d’oeuvre aux États-Unis au cours de la dernière décennie. S’appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée autour du travail d’organisation des employés lors d’actions et de mobilisations deOUR Walmart(OWM) de 2013 à 2018, il revient sur les transformations de la campagne d’organisation des inorganisés (organizing) du géant de la grande distribution.

À partir d’une approche diachronique des dimensions pratiques et rhétoriques d’OWM, nous verrons que l’effort d’organisation lancé par le grand syndicat des travailleurs de l’alimentation et du commerce UFCW, puis sa poursuite de manière indépendante après 2014, ont conduit OWM à opérer un virage numérique. Cet article montre, plus spécifiquement, que le lancement d’OWM dans le cadre d’une campagne syndicale visant le distributeurWalmartet son existence en tant qu’association indépendante depuis se caractérisent par deux approches de l’organisation des inorganisés.

Au terme d’une revue de littérature portant sur les enjeux de cette stratégie, sur les caractéristiques de la campagne et la méthodologie adoptée, l’article examine comment OWM est passée d’une approche de l’organisation des inorganisés par un grand syndicat des services à une campagne beaucoup plus modeste en effectifs et en ressources financières. Liant innovations numériques et participation active des salariés, le virage technologique et réticulaire entamé par OWM souligne ainsi une opportunité de rendre visibles les inégalités raciales et de genre, tout en favorisant la coconstruction d’une solidarité professionnelle à grande échelle dans une entreprise et un secteur auparavant jugés hors d’atteinte et qui aujourd’hui, se trouvent particulièrement exposés en matière de risques en santé et sécurité au travail.
Digitalized Drones in the Steel Industry: The Social Shaping of Technology
Authors: Stroud Dean , Timperley Victoria , Weinel Martin
Published: January 2021

New digital technologies are often framed as an inevitable and determining force that presents the risk of technological unemployment and the end of work (Lloyd and Payne, 2019). In manufacturing specifically, digitalization is referred to asIndustry 4.0, a term that emerged in Germany as a central economic and industrial policy and has taken on a wider resonance across Europe (Pfeiffer, 2017). In this article, we explore the workplace implications of a specificIndustry 4.0innovation. We examine the insertion of drone technology—as a timely and topical example of industrial digital technological innovation—in the steel industry.

The article brings to debates on the digital workplace a discussion of the relationship between the material forces of production and the social relations within which they are embedded (Edwards and Ramirez, 2016). Drawing on interview data from two European industrial sites, we suggest that the increasing use of drones is likely to be complicated by a number of social, economic and legal factors, the effects of which are, at best, extremely difficult to predict. Introduced for their potential as labour-saving devices, drones seemingly offer a safer and more efficient way of checking for defects in remote or inaccessible areas.

However, whilst employers might imagine that digital technologies, like drones, might substitute, replace, or intensify labour, the workplace realities described by our interviewees make insertion highly contingent. We highlight several such contingencies, with examples of the ways that the steelworkers’ interests differ from those of their employers, to discuss how the insertion of digital technologies will ultimately be shaped by the power, interests, values and visions prevailing in the workplace, as well as in the wider polity and public culture.
Pseudotumoral actinomycotic mycetoma of the buttock in children: A case report
Authors: Diop Khadim , Diatt Boubacar Ahy , Diadie Saer
Published: January 2021

Mycetoma is a rare and neglected tropical disease among children. Extrapodal forms, in particular the buttock, are serious because they expose to visceral extension. We are reporting an observation remarkable for its clinical tumor presentation in a child. An 11-year-old boy was admitted at to the dermatology department for a buttock tumor that has been evolving for 2 years. Physical examination showed a multinodular, polyfistulized, and inflammatory tumor emitting red granules located in the buttocks. Mycological examination isolated Actinomadure pelletieri that confirms the diagnosis of actinomicotic mycetoma. The evolution, after a two-year follow-up, was positive under antibiotic therapy combining cotrimoxazol, clavulanic acid amoxicillin and streptomycin. Our observation is specific by the occurrence of a pseudotumoral actinomycotic buttock mycetoma in a child, the diagnostic delay and the favorable evolution without recurrence after a follow-up of 24-month.
Clustering heuristic for time-dependent periodic routing problems with complex constraints
Authors: Śliwiński Tomasz
Published: January 2021

Periodic routing and scheduling is of utmost importance in many industries with mobile personnel working in the field: sales representatives, service technicians, suppliers, etc. The resulting optimization problems are of large scale and complexity, mostly due to discrete, combinatorial nature of the systems and due to complicated, nonuniform constraints. In many cases the long-term stability of the customer to personnel allocation is required, leading to the decomposition of the major problem into single employee subproblems.The paper deals with building clusters of customers visited by a single salesperson. The procedure takes into account diverse system requirements and constraints, possible traveling schedules and expected operational costs. The difficulty of the problem lies in its large scale and constraints complexity as well as in troublesome objective evaluation for the given solution. The general solution concept is presented. Its usefulness is supported by the results of the computational experiments.
Improving Fishery Management Models and Methods
Authors: Arnarson Ingólfur , Jensson Pall
Published: January 2021

In a dynamic, environment, the decision makers make use of many different resources where two or more can act as substitutes.  At each decision moment in time, the market prices will be constant, and the relative prices of accessible resources will determine the economic rationale of the process.  Ignoring or downplaying the effects of substitutability of resources in dynamic economic processes may lead to mismanagement of the fish stocks and result in serious economic consequences for the respective fishing industries. For nearly five decades’ fishery managers and policy makers have used bio-economic models and methods as foundation for their management schemes.  These models and methods are for the most based on the deductive methodology of economics where central assumptions are the metaphors of “equilibrium“ and “bio-economic equilibrium“.  Models based on equilibrium theories are usually deterministic where dynamics of the markets are a meager part of the problem.Less attention has been offered to inductive reasoning and modeling within the field of fishery management.  The inductive method of reasoning is often based on facts and actual observations within the industries, a methodology widely used by engineers and the field of business administration.In this paper, we introduce and integrate the concept of substitutability of economic resources into a traditional bio-economic model.    The results show that fishery management, which bases decisions solely on traditional bio-economic models where the dynamics and consequences of the operational decision processes of the industry are ignored, may reach decisions that work opposite of their intention.
PROJECT TEAM IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES
Authors: Peszko Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

The specific nature of project management causes that the selection of the right people to join the project team has become crucial to the success of any project. The present study aims at showing the role of a well-chosen project team in the project management regardless of whether the project is run according to traditional or agile methodologies. Special attention has been paid to the decision making process in project team with the use of traditional and agile methodologies. In case of traditional, classical methodologies, more efficient are teams of highly qualified specialists, which are able to make decisions, more often individual ones, as quickly as possible and precisely. Given the fact that in agile methodologies there is greater decisiveness of the team, group decisions are made more often. Management’s confidence in project team is of vital importance in agile methodologies. In order to fulfill the aim of the study, traditional and agile methodologies for project management have been briefly characterized, the process of project team building and the results of scientific research pointing to significant role of the project team in project management have been presented. It has been stressed out that, regardless of the chosen methodology, while selecting project team members it is important to consider not only members’ knowledge or experience, but also relevant personality traits and interpersonal skills (social skills). However, it should be pointed out that given the specific nature of the agile methodologies, social skills of team members become incredibly important, and in many cases more important than professional competences.
Arithmetic processing in children with dyscalculia: an event-related potential study
Authors: Cárdenas Sonia Y. , Silva-Pereyra Juan , Prieto-Corona Belén , Castro-Chavira Susana A. , Fernández Thalía
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Dyscalculia is a specific learning disorder affecting the ability to learn certain math processes, such as arithmetic data recovery. The group of children with dyscalculia is very heterogeneous, in part due to variability in their working memory (WM) deficits. To assess the brain response to arithmetic data recovery, we applied an arithmetic verification task during an event-related potential (ERP) recording. Two effects have been reported: the N400 effect (higher negative amplitude for incongruent than for congruent condition), associated with arithmetic incongruency and caused by the arithmetic priming effect, and the LPC effect (higher positive amplitude for the incongruent compared to the congruent condition), associated with a reevaluation process and modulated by the plausibility of the presented condition. This study aimed to (a) compare arithmetic processing between children with dyscalculia and children with good academic performance (GAP) using ERPs during an addition verification task and (b) explore, among children with dyscalculia, the relationship between WM and ERP effects.

Materials and Methods

EEGs of 22 children with dyscalculia (DYS group) and 22 children with GAP (GAP group) were recorded during the performance of an addition verification task. ERPs synchronized with the probe stimulus were computed separately for the congruent and incongruent probes, and included only epochs with correct answers. Mixed 2-way ANOVAs for response times and correct answers were conducted. Comparisons between groups and correlation analyses using ERP amplitude data were carried out through multivariate nonparametric permutation tests.

Results

The GAP group obtained more correct answers than the DYS group. An arithmetic N400 effect was observed in the GAP group but not in the DYS group. Both groups displayed an LPC effect. The larger the LPC amplitude was, the higher the WM index. Two subgroups were found within the DYS group: one with an average WM index and the other with a lower than average WM index. These subgroups displayed different ERPs patterns.

Discussion

The results indicated that the group of children with dyscalculia was very heterogeneous and therefore failed to show a robust LPC effect. Some of these children had WM deficits. When WM deficits were considered together with dyscalculia, an atypical ERP pattern that reflected their processing difficulties emerged. Their lack of the arithmetic N400 effect suggested that the processing in this step was not useful enough to produce an answer; thus, it was necessary to reevaluate the arithmetic-calculation process (LPC) in order to deliver a correct answer.

Conclusion

Given that dyscalculia is a very heterogeneous deficit, studies examining dyscalculia should consider exploring deficits in WM because the whole group of children with dyscalculia seems to contain at least two subpopulations that differ in their calculation process.
Comparing impacts of metal contamination on macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in a northern Japanese river
Authors: Namba Hiroki , Iwasaki Yuichi , Morita Kentaro , Ogino Tagiru , Mano Hiroyuki , Shinohara Naohide , Yasutaka Tetsuo , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Kamo Masashi
Published: January 2021

Researchers have long assessed the ecological impacts of metals in running waters, but few such studies investigated multiple biological groups. Our goals in this study were to assess the ecological impacts of metal contamination on macroinvertebrates and fishes in a northern Japanese river receiving treated mine discharge and to evaluate whether there was any difference between the metrics based on macroinvertebrates and those based on fishes in assessing these impacts. Macroinvertebrate communities and fish populations were little affected at the downstream contaminated sites where concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were 0.1–1.5 times higher than water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We detected a significant reduction in a few macroinvertebrate metrics such as mayfly abundance and the abundance of heptageniid mayflies at the two most upstream contaminated sites with metal concentrations 0.8–3.7 times higher than the water-quality criteria. There were, however, no remarkable effects on the abundance or condition factor of the four dominant fishes, including masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). These results suggest that the richness and abundance of macroinvertebrates are more sensitive to metal contamination than abundance and condition factor of fishes in the studied river. Because the sensitivity to metal contamination can depend on the biological metrics used, and fish-based metrics in this study were limited, it would be valuable to accumulate empirical evidence for ecological indicators sensitive to metal contamination within and among biological groups to help in choosing which groups to survey for general environmental impact assessments in metal-contaminated rivers.
¿La justicia de la ‘mano muerta del pasado’? Sobre la interpretación dinámica y el principio de legalidad penal
Authors: Laise Luciano D.
Published: January 2021

El problema de la ‘mano muerta del pasado’ refiere a la cuestión que se plantea en teoría de la interpretación acerca del grado de fidelidad que se le debe a quienes redactaron y aprobaron una disposición jurídica. Esta tesis suele ser discutida intensamente por quienes defienden una interpretación dinámica de las normas y disposiciones que reconocen derechos fundamentales. Sin embargo, esto introduce un reto complicado al momento de interpretar el alcance del principio de legalidad penal, porque de la pretensión de asegurar la eficacia de las normas penales no podría derivarse alguna clase de aplicación analógica de las disposiciones jurídicas. Por ende, cabría preguntarse, ¿es la interpretación dinámica irreconciliable con el principio de legalidad que modela al derecho penal propio de un Estado de Derecho? ¿Es la interpretación dinámica simplemente una excusa para eludir la prohibición de aplicación analógica de normas penales? Este trabajo pretende brindar una respuesta a tales interrogantes.
Financiamiento de las campañas a la cámara de diputados en Chile 2017: estimación de factores explicativos
Authors: Hernández Araya Rafael
Published: January 2021

En el año 2017 debutó el nuevo sistema proporcional para las elecciones parlamentarias en Chile, en conjunto con las nuevas reglas sobre financiamiento de campañas. Se proponen tres modelos de regresión lineal que toman como variable dependiente el gasto de las candidaturas, aportes de los partidos, y aportes propios, estimando el efecto de la incumbencia, densidad poblacional, participación en elección pasada, coalición y sexo. Se halla que los incumbentes gastan más, lo que es transversal a todas las coaliciones, y que la coalición Chile Vamos incurre en gasto sustantivamente mayor que sus competidores. Además, los candidatos de la Nueva Mayoría recurrieron más al financiamiento desde sus partidos, en comparación al resto de las coaliciones. La densidad poblacional no es significativa, y la participación en 2016 incide en los aportes propios. Las mujeres gastaron levemente menos que los hombres y realizaron menos aportes propios, pero los partidos donan indistintamente del sexo.
La reproducción humana asistida en el ordenamiento jurídico español: análisis de cuestiones de especial relevancia
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ AYUSO JUAN FRANCISCO
Published: January 2021

El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en ofrecer un análisis sistemático de las novedades que traen consigo los avances propiciados por las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) en el ámbito de los Derechos Humanos y, de forma muy especial, en la reproducción humana asistida. En este punto, se exponen las principales controversias de índole moral y legal, así como la necesaria interrelación que ambas han de presentar para conseguir establecer un modelo estable de progreso y desarrollo. Para alcanzar esta finalidad, se parte de un estudio inicial del paradigma social actual, propiciado por el desarrollo de las Nuevas Tecnologías, pasando por una aproximación teórica a los Derechos Humanos implicados y a la disección, protección jurídica y garantía de estas técnicas.
Delitos informáticos en el Código penal argentino
Authors: Linares María Belén
Published: January 2021

La evolución de la tecnología de la información y la comunicación (TIC) ha propiciado el nacimiento de un contexto criminógeno y, con ello, la incorporación de nuevos tipos penales. Este trabajo se propone analizar los tipos penales regulados en el Código penal argentino que se cometen mediante el uso de TIC. Estos tipos penales son producción, distribución y tenencia de pornografía infantil; ciberacoso sexual de menores; violación de correspondencia digital; acceso ilegítimo a datos o a sistema informático; publicación ilegal o abusiva de comunicación electrónica; revelación de secretos oficiales; acceso ilegítimo, difusión o alteración de datos personales; estafa o fraude informático; daño en datos y sistemas informáticos; interrupción o entorpecimiento de comunicaciones electrónicas; y alteración de medios probatorios
Desigualdad de género y Covid-19: los reflejos de la pandemia en la vida de las mujeres
Authors: Souto Nogueira Luíza Souto , Orsini Simonetti Di Gregorio Mariana
Published: January 2021

O objetivo do presente trabalho é, a partir de revisão bibliográfica somada à análise de dados, identificar em que medida a pandemia de COVID-19 agravou a desigualdade de gênero vivenciada pelas mulheres. Para tanto foram analisados os conceitos de gênero e desigualdade de gênero, bem como os impactos por ela experimentados em decorrência da decretação de medidas para o combate à pandemia causada pelo coronavírus, especialmente o isolamento social imposto pela quarentena. Dentre as inúmeras consequências possíveis, concentrou-se a pesquisa em analisar os impactos vivenciados no ambiente doméstico e familiar, o que permitiu perceber que a pandemia de COVID-19 implicou um aumento das atividades delegadas às mulheres em razão da desigualdade de gênero, bem como elevou os índices de violência doméstica
¿Todos los caminos llevan a Washington? Trayectorias de América Latina hacia un Acuerdo de Libre Comercio con los Estados Unidos (1990-2015)
Authors: Cuevas Ossandon Rodrigo , Morillo Remesnitzky Jaquelin
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo se enfoca en la entrada en vigor de un acuerdo comercial entre un país latinoamericano y Estados Unidos. Para ello, el objetivo propuesto es estudiar las trayectorias hacia la ocurrencia de una vinculación de este tipo con la principal potencia del mundo en el periodo 1990-2015 a partir de tres grupos de variables: reformas de mercado, geopolítica de los acuerdos y vinculación comercial, siendo las primeras las más relevantes en dar cuenta de este proceso. El enfoque que se empleó es un Análisis de Eventos Históricos, por medio de regresión de Cox, a fin de identificar determinantes que expliquen dicho proceso.
Promoter methylation of DNA homologous recombination genes is predictive of the responsiveness to PARP inhibitor treatment in testicular germ cell tumors
Authors: Lobo João , Constâncio Vera , Guimarães‐Teixeira Catarina , Leite‐Silva Pedro , Miranda‐Gonçalves Vera , Sequeira José Pedro , Pistoni Laura , Guimarães Rita , Cantante Mariana , Braga Isaac , Maurício Joaquina , Looijenga Leendert H. J. , Henrique Rui , Jerónimo Carmen
Published: January 2021

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common cancers in men aged 15–39 years and are divided into two major groups, seminomas and nonseminomas. Novel treatment options are required for these patients, to limit side effects of chemotherapy. We hypothesized that promoter methylation of relevant homologous recombination (HR) genes might be predictive of response to poly‐ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) in TGCTs. We report a study pipeline combining in silico, in vitro, and clinical steps. By using several databases and in silico tools, we identified BRCA1, RAD51C, PALB2, RAD54B, and SYCP3 as the most relevant genes for further investigation and pinpointed specific CpG sites with pronounced negative correlation to gene expression. Nonseminomas displayed significantly higher methylation levels for all target genes, where increased methylation was observed in patients with more differentiated subtypes and higher disease burden. We independently performed second‐line targeted validation in tissue series from TGCT patients. A moderate and/or strong anti‐correlation between gene expression (assessed by RNA‐sequencing) and promoter methylation (assessed by 450k array) was found, for all of the targets. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated the sensitivity of TGCT cell lines to Olaparib, which associated with differential methylation levels of a subset of targets, namely BRCA1 and RAD51C. Our findings support the use of HR genes promoter methylation as a predictor of the therapeutic response to PARPis in patients with TGCT.
Picturing pain and suffering: Effects of demonstrative evidence, instructions, and plaintiff credibility on mock jurors' damage awards
Authors: Park Jaihyun , Feigenson Neal R.
Published: January 2021

The present study examined the effects of demonstrative evidence on mock jurors' pain and suffering damage awards and the psychological processes underlying those effects. Participants read excerpts from the plaintiff's and his expert's testimony and saw photo simulations of the plaintiff's visual impairments that they were instructed to treat either as substantive evidence or illustrative aids, or saw no simulations. Participants who saw demonstrative evidence of the plaintiff's impaired vision awarded him significantly more pain and suffering damages than did those who did not. The effect was mediated by the judged severity of the plaintiff's suffering: Those who saw demonstrative evidence awarded more damages in part because they judged the plaintiff's suffering from his visual impairments to be more severe than those who did not. Participants differentiated between substantive and illustrative demonstrative evidence in several respects but in two of three studies did not award significantly different amounts of damages.
Clearance of ESKAPE Pathogens from Blood Using Bacterially Activated Macrophage Membrane‐Coated Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Liu Sidi , Jiang Guimei , Shi Rui , Wu Renfei , Xiao Xiang , Yu Tianrong , Ren Yijin , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. , Liu Jian
Published: January 2021

Extracorporeal devices to cleanse blood from infecting bacteria are based upon bacterial capture to surfaces, but the current generation of capture devices has variable and inconclusive therapeutic efficacy. Here, a microfluidic device equipped with a Si capture surface with a highly periodic nanowired structure is designed. Nanowired Si surfaces are coated with macrophage membranes to benefit from the natural blood compatibility and ligand–receptor binding of macrophages. When macrophages are activated by uptake of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, zeta potentials of activated macrophage membrane coatings become less negative than those of nonactivated ones, stimulating nonspecific bacterial capture. In addition, Toll‐like receptors in bacterially activated membrane coatings on nanowired surfaces that are absent in nonactivated membrane coatings contribute to specific bacterial capture. These two factors, together with the maintenance of fluidity in activated membrane coatings, cause broad spectrum, high capture efficiencies of all six ESKAPE member pathogens, considered most threatening to human health. Surfaces with such broad‐spectrum capture efficiencies have not been previously described, but are clinically most relevant because blood cleansing should start as soon as possible after a septic patient becomes symptomatic, when the causative bacterial strain is still unknown.
A Terahertz Video Camera Patch Sheet with an Adjustable Design based on Self‐Aligned, 2D, Suspended Sensor Array Patterning
Authors: Suzuki Daichi , Li Kou , Ishibashi Koji , Kawano Yukio
Published: January 2021

Terahertz (THz) imaging is expected to become powerful tools for non‐destructive inspections. To ensure the practical use of THz non‐destructive monitoring, versatile THz imagers with adjustable designs that can eliminate the complexities and the bulkiness of the device are urgently required. Herein, a self‐aligned filtration process for a 2D, free‐standing carbon nanotube film array and its application to a THz video camera patch are reported. The presented techniques enable a) to freely design the camera size, sensor array pattern, and suspended shape according to its applications, b) to cut the camera patch into desired shapes, and c) to attach them to the objects that are intended to be measured. Real‐time, non‐destructive monitoring of various infrastructures is demonstrated. These results indicate that it can function regardless of restrictions, such as the shapes and locations of the measurement samples, thus providing a strong possibility for use in future non‐destructive sensor networks.
Laser‐Assisted Printing of Electrodes Using Metal–Organic Frameworks for Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Wang , Li Rui , Zheng Han , Bao Jiashuan , Tang Yujia , Zhou Kun
Published: January 2021

Direct laser scribing, an advanced printing technique, has been recently developed to enable the carbonization of carbonaceous precursors in a rapid, precise, and cost‐effective manner. Herein, it is reported that metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) can be converted into patterned derived carbon with desired structural features using a CO2 infrared laser system. Metal species in MOFs play a key role in the morphology, porous structure, and crystallinity of the resulting laser‐induced products by studying six representative MOFs. Diverse features such as ordered porous structure and continuous network microstructure can be obtained in the laser‐induced MOF‐derived carbon, which is influenced by the melting and boiling points of metals and their magnetic and catalytic behaviors. Furthermore, a core–shell structured composite (MOF‐199@ZIF‐67) has been designed and prepared for the fabrication of 12‐interdigital electrodes derived from the composite by laser‐assisted printing. The as‐obtained electrodes with highly porous and hierarchical structure show an enhanced specific capacitance for micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs). This work provides a complementary heat treatment method to produce MOF‐derived carbon nanomaterials with desired structural features and patterns for MSCs and micro‐device‐related applications.
The Plasticity of Nanofibrous Matrix Regulates Fibroblast Activation in Fibrosis
Authors: Jia Yuanbo , Wang Yanzhong , Niu Lele , Zhang Hang , Tian Jin , Gao Dengfeng , Zhang Xiaohui , Lu Tian Jian , Qian Jin , Huang Guoyou , Xu Feng
Published: January 2021

Natural extracellular matrix (ECM) mostly has a fibrous structure that supports and mechanically interacts with local residing cells to guide their behaviors. The effect of ECM elasticity on cell behaviors has been extensively investigated, while less attention has been paid to the effect of matrix fiber‐network plasticity at microscale, although plastic remodeling of fibrous matrix is a common phenomenon in fibrosis. Here, a significant decrease is found in plasticity of native fibrotic tissues, which is associated with an increase in matrix crosslinking. To explore the role of plasticity in fibrosis development, a set of 3D collagen nanofibrous matrix with constant modulus but tunable plasticity is constructed by adjusting the crosslinking degree. Using plasticity‐controlled 3D culture models, it is demonstrated that the decrease of matrix plasticity promotes fibroblast activation and spreading. Further, a coarse‐grained molecular dynamic model is developed to simulate the cell–matrix interaction at microscale. Combining with molecular experiments, it is revealed that the enhanced fibroblast activation is mediated through cytoskeletal tension and nuclear translocation of Yes‐associated protein. Taken together, the results clarify the effects of crosslinking‐induced plasticity changes of nanofibrous matrix on the development of fibrotic diseases and highlight plasticity as an important mechanical cue in understanding cell–matrix interactions.
Revealing Structural Disorder in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon for a Low‐Loss Photonic Platform at Visible Frequencies
Authors: Yang Younghwan , Yoon Gwanho , Park Sunghak , Namgung Seok Daniel , Badloe Trevon , Nam Ki Tae , Rho Junsuk
Published: January 2021

The high refractive index of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) at optical frequencies is an essential property for the efficient modulation of the phase and amplitude of light. However, substantial optical loss represented by its high extinction coefficient prevents it from being utilized widely. Here, the bonding configurations of a‐Si:H are investigated, in order to manipulate the extinction coefficient and produce a material that is competitive with conventional transparent materials, such as titanium dioxide and gallium nitride. This is achieved by controlling the hydrogenation and silicon disorder by adjusting the chemical deposition conditions. The extinction coefficient of the low‐loss a‐Si:H reaches a minimum of 0.082 at the wavelength of 450 nm, which is lower than that of crystalline silicon (0.13). Beam‐steering metasurfaces are demonstrated to validate the low‐loss optical properties, reaching measured efficiencies of 42%, 62%, and 75% at the wavelengths of 450, 532, and 635 nm, respectively. Considering its compatibility with mature complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor processes, the low‐loss a‐Si:H will provide a platform for efficient photonic operating in the full visible regime.