bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid‐State Rechargeable Zinc–Air Battery with Long Shelf Life Based on Nanoengineered Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Lin Chao , Shinde Sambhaji S. , Li Xiaopeng , Kim Dong‐Hyung , Li Nanwen , Sun Yu , Song Xiaokai , Zhang Haojie , Lee Chi Ho , Lee Sang Uck , Lee Jung‐Ho
Published: July 2018

Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) are vulnerable to the ambient environment (e.g., humidity and CO2), and have serious selfdischarge issues, resulting in a short shelf life. To overcome these challenges, a near‐neutral quaternary ammonium (QA) functionalized polyvinyl alcohol electrolyte membrane (different from conventional alkali‐type membranes) has been developed. QA functionalization leads to the formation of interconnected nanochannels by creating hydrophilic/‐phobic separations at the nanoscale. These nanochannels selectively transport OH− ions with a reduced migration barrier, while inhibiting [Zn(NH3)6]2+ crossover. Owing to the superior water retention ability and enhanced chemical stability of the membrane, the solid‐state zinc–air battery (SZAB) displays outstanding flexibility, a promising cycle lifetime, and a large volumetric energy density. More importantly, the self‐discharge rate of SZAB is depressed to less than 7 % per month, and the fully dehydrated SZAB could recover its rechargeability upon replenishment of the solution of NH4Cl.
Postnatal Development of the Posterior Hypothalamic Theta Rhythm and Local Cell Discharges in Rat Brain Slices
Authors: Caban Bartosz , Staszelis Agata , Kazmierska Paulina , Kowalczyk Tomasz , Konopacki Jan
Published: July 2018

Theta rhythms have been recorded from rat brain slices of the posterior hypothalamic area (PHa), including the supramammillary and posterior hypothalamic nuclei. Additionally, in numerous studies theta‐related neurons were identified in the PHa according to the classification of Bland and Colom (Progress in Neurobiology, 41, 157–208, 1993). It is currently widely accepted that the PHa contributes to the process of HPC theta frequency programming at least in certain behavioral states. The postnatal development of the HPC and its ability to generate theta has also been a subject of studies. Specifically, it was found that theta oscillations are present in the HPC of 8–10 days old rat pups and turn into a well‐synchronized and high‐amplitude activity in the following few days. In our current study, we therefore focused on the postnatal development of cholinergically‐induced theta rhythm and theta‐related neuronal activity in PHa slices obtained from 8 to 24 days old rat pups. Theta activity was observed in the PHa preparations at the age of 8–10 days and then progressively increased its probability of occurrence, amplitude and synchrony up to the age of 22–24 days when it reached a plateau phase. A steady increase in the number of recorded neurons correlated with local theta oscillations was also observed.
Comparing the Oil Extraction and Refining Methods for Muscadine Grape Seeds of Noble and Carlos Cultivar
Authors: Wada Brian , Gordon Rachel , Yagiz Yavuz , Gu Liwei
Published: July 2018

Muscadine is a native grape species in the southeastern United States. It has a distinct nutrient composition compared to Vitis vinifera grapes. Most Muscadine grapes are made into wine due to the lack of seedless cultivars, which results in a large amount of Muscadine seeds in the pomace. Muscadine pomace from purple Noble grapes and bronze Carlos grapes are dried and seeds are separated. Seed oils are extracted using a Soxhlet extractor by hexane, mechanical pressing, or enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction. Oil extraction efficiencies are assessed using yield by dry weight. Oil quality is evaluated by peroxide content, free fatty acid content, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol and tocotrienol content. Extracted seeds oils are refined by degumming, neutralizing, and bleaching. Hexane extraction gives significantly higher yield from both Noble and Carlos seeds followed by mechanical expression and enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction, respectively. Linoleic acid accounts for 72–79% total fatty acid for all oils. Concentrations of tocopherol and tocotrienol in Noble seed oil ranges from 29.4 to 53.8 mg 100 g−1 and 25.3–44.3 mg 100 g−1, respectively. Concentrations of tocopherol and tocotrienol in Carlos seed oil range from 11.8 to 31.9 mg 100 g−1 and 25.3–33.4 mg 100 g−1, respectively. Refining the oil removes peroxides and free fatty acids without altering fatty acid composition but eliminates 44–100 and 11–95% of tocopherols and tocotrienols, respectively.

Practical Applications: Muscadine grape seed oil is high in linoleic acid and antioxidant components, making it an ideal product for culinary, and cosmetic purposes. The unrefined oil is high in tocopherol and tocotrienol, shown to have anti‐adipogenic and anti‐inflammatory capabilities. Grape seed oil is ideal for cooking at high temperatures, with a smoking point of about 190–230 °C being reported before. Grape seed oil is also useful in cosmetics where its hydrophobic nature and antioxidant components could be utilized in skin care products.

In this study three different extraction methods are used to obtain oil from muscadine grape seeds of the Noble and Carlos cultivar. In this work, the oil yield efficiencies, peroxide values, free fatty acid content, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol and tocotrienol content are measured in the oil before and after a refining process. In this study, it is found that different extraction methods as well as the refining process, affect the tocopherol and tocotrienol content of the muscadine grape seed oil.
Toward sustainable environmental quality: Priority research questions for Europe
Authors: Van den Brink Paul J. , Boxall Alistair B.A. , Maltby Lorraine , Brooks Bryan W. , Rudd Murray A. , Backhaus Thomas , Spurgeon David , Verougstraete Violaine , Ajao Charmaine , Ankley Gerald T. , Apitz Sabine E. , Arnold Kathryn , Brodin Tomas , Cañedo-Argüelles Miguel , Chapman Jennifer , Corrales Jone , Coutellec Marie-Agnès , Fernandes Teresa F. , Fick Jerker , Ford Alex T. , Giménez Papiol Gemma , Groh Ksenia J. , Hutchinson Thomas H. , Kruger Hank , Kukkonen Jussi V.K. , Loutseti Stefania , Marshall Stuart , Muir Derek , Ortiz-Santaliestra Manuel E. , Paul Kai B. , Rico Andreu , Rodea-Palomares Ismael , Römbke Jörg , Rydberg Tomas , Segner Helmut , Smit Mathijs , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. , Vighi Marco , Werner Inge , Zimmer Elke I. , van Wensem Joke
Published: July 2018

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals have been established to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. Delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals will require a healthy and productive environment. An understanding of the impacts of chemicals which can negatively impact environmental health is therefore essential to the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, current research on and regulation of chemicals in the environment tend to take a simplistic view and do not account for the complexity of the real world, which inhibits the way we manage chemicals. There is therefore an urgent need for a step change in the way we study and communicate the impacts and control of chemicals in the natural environment. To do this requires the major research questions to be identified so that resources are focused on questions that really matter. We present the findings of a horizon-scanning exercise to identify research priorities of the European environmental science community around chemicals in the environment. Using the key questions approach, we identified 22 questions of priority. These questions covered overarching questions about which chemicals we should be most concerned about and where, impacts of global megatrends, protection goals, and sustainability of chemicals; the development and parameterization of assessment and management frameworks; and mechanisms to maximize the impact of the research. The research questions identified provide a first-step in the path forward for the research, regulatory, and business communities to better assess and manage chemicals in the natural environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2281–2295. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Financial implications of laparoscopic hot gallbladder service in a nontertiary District General Hospital
Authors: Bhattacharya Sayantan , Richardson Tom , Naidoo Gerlin , Gillick Kieran , Haddad Saif , Ghosh Chandrima , Brereton Paula
Published: July 2018

Introduction

The service of providing index admission laparoscopic cholecystectomy (IALC), as recommended by NIC guidelines, often falls short in nontertiary centres because of a combination of limited resources and financial constraints.

Methods

This retrospective study in a single‐centre District General Hospital included 50 patients, eligible to undergo IALC, and calculated potential savings from performing IALC on the day of admission by considering admission tariffs, bed, and operating costs.

Results

The IALC was provided in 19 patients (38%), with a mean delay from admission to operation of (median) 3 days. Mean surplus tariff was £1421 and £1571 in IALC and non‐IALC groups, respectively. Performing immediate IALC (on the day of admission) for acute cholecystitis (AC) is predicted to increase mean surplus tariff to £2132 per patient, raising total predicted annual surplus by £53 000. Immediate IALC is also predicted to reduce waiting time for day‐case LC by freeing up 53 day‐case slots, attracting additional £95 600 annually, along with freeing up many inpatient bed days.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that reduction of preoperative stay in AC by expediting operations in every eligible patient promises significant surplus revenue. Additional advantages include reducing inpatient bed days and freeing up operating lists that are otherwise taken up by patients for interval cholecystectomy.
Protective potential of glutathione peroxidase‐1 gene against cocaine‐induced acute hepatotoxic consequences in mice
Authors: Mai Huynh Nhu , Jung Tae Woo , Kim Dae‐Joong , Sharma Garima , Sharma Naveen , Shin Eun‐Joo , Jang Choon‐Gon , Nah Seung‐Yeol , Lee Sung Hoon , Chung Yoon Hee , Lei Xin Gen , Jeong Ji Hoon , Kim Hyoung‐Chun
Published: July 2018

Since the cocaine‐induced oxidative stress has been established to lead to hepatotoxicity, we examined the role of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx)‐1 gene in cocaine‐induced hepatotoxicity. Cocaine treatment significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity in as little as 1 hour, with a maximum level at 6 hours in wild‐type mice, while significantly decreasing GPx activity and subsequently inducing oxidative damage (i.e., reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation). These changes were more prominent in the mitochondrial fraction than in the cytosolic fraction. In contrast, genetic overexpression of GPx‐1 significantly attenuated cocaine‐induced oxidative damage in mice. Cocaine treatment significantly increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in the serum. Consistently, cocaine significantly enhanced cleaved caspase‐3 expression and intramitochondrial Ca2+, while significantly reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Cocaine treatment potentiated cleavage of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ), mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ, cytosolic release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase‐3, followed by hepatopathologic changes. These results were more prominent in GPx‐1 knockout than in wild‐type mice, and they were less pronounced in overexpressing transgenic than in non‐transgenic mice. Combined, our results suggest that the GPx‐1 gene possesses protective potential against mitochondrial oxidative burden, mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic degeneration induced by cocaine and that the protective mechanisms are associated with anti‐apoptotic activity via inactivation of PKCδ.
Transmission of classically entangled beams through mouse brain tissue
Authors: Mamani Sandra , Shi Lingyan , Ahmed Tahmid , Karnik Romir , Rodríguez‐Contreras Adrián , Nolan Daniel , Alfano Robert
Published: July 2018

Light transmission of Laguerre‐Gaussian vector vortex beams in different local regions in mouse brain tissue is investigated. Transmittance is measured in the ballistic and diffusive regions with various polarizations states and orbital angular momentums (OAM). The transmission change observed with structured light other than linear polarization is attributed to chiroptical phenomena from the chiral brain media and the handedness of the light. For instance, classically entangled beams showed higher transmittance and constant value dependency on OAM modes than linear modes did. Also, circular polarization beam transmittance showed strong increase with topical charge OAM (
ℓ), which could be attributed to chiroptical effect.
Population mobility associated with higher risk sexual behaviour in eastern African communities participating in a Universal Testing and Treatment trial
Authors: Camlin Carol S , Akullian Adam , Neilands Torsten B , Getahun Monica , Eyul Patrick , Maeri Irene , Ssali Sarah , Geng Elvin , Gandhi Monica , Cohen Craig R , Kamya Moses R , Odeny Thomas , Bukusi Elizabeth A , Charlebois Edwin D
Published: July 2018

Introduction

There are significant knowledge gaps concerning complex forms of mobility emergent in sub‐Saharan Africa, their relationship to sexual behaviours, HIV transmission, and how sex modifies these associations. This study, within an ongoing test‐and‐treat trial (SEARCH, NCT01864603), sought to measure effects of diverse metrics of mobility on behaviours, with attention to gender.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data were collected in 2016 from 1919 adults in 12 communities in Kenya and Uganda, to examine mobility (labour/non‐labour‐related travel), migration (changes of residence over geopolitical boundaries) and their associations with sexual behaviours (concurrent/higher risk partnerships), by region and sex. Multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression models, stratified by sex and adjusted for clustering by community, were fitted to examine associations of mobility with higher‐risk behaviours, in past 2 years/past 6 months, controlling for key covariates.

Results

The population was 45.8% male and 52.4% female, with mean age 38.7 (median 37, IQR: 17); 11.2% had migrated in the past 2 years. Migration varied by region (14.4% in Kenya, 11.5% in southwestern and 1.7% in eastern and Uganda) and sex (13.6% of men and 9.2% of women). Ten per cent reported labour‐related travel and 45.9% non‐labour‐related travel in past 6 months—and varied by region and sex: labour‐related mobility was more common in men (18.5%) than women (2.9%); non‐labour‐related mobility was more common in women (57.1%) than men (32.6%). In 2015 to 2016, 24.6% of men and 6.6% of women had concurrent sexual partnerships; in past 6 months, 21.6% of men and 5.4% of women had concurrent partnerships. Concurrency in 2015 to 2016 was more strongly associated with migration in women [aRR = 2.0, 95% CI(1.1 to 3.7)] than men [aRR = 1.5, 95% CI(1.0 to 2.2)]. Concurrency in past 6 months was more strongly associated with labour‐related mobility in women [aRR = 2.9, 95% CI(1.0 to 8.0)] than men [aRR = 1.8, 95% CI(1.2 to 2.5)], but with non‐labour‐related mobility in men [aRR = 2.2, 95% CI(1.5 to 3.4)].

Conclusions

In rural eastern Africa, both longer‐distance/permanent, and localized/shorter‐term forms of mobility are associated with higher‐risk behaviours, and are highly gendered: the HIV risks associated with mobility are more pronounced for women. Gender‐specific interventions among mobile populations are needed to combat HIV in the region.
Fungal parasites of a toxic inedible cyanobacterium provide food to zooplankton
Authors: Frenken Thijs , Wierenga Joren , van Donk Ellen , Declerck Steven A. J. , de Senerpont Domis Lisette N. , Rohrlack Thomas , Van de Waal Dedmer B.
Published: July 2018

During the end of spring and throughout summer, large‐sized phytoplankton taxa often proliferate and form dense blooms in freshwater ecosystems. In many cases, they are inedible to zooplankton and prevent efficient transfer of energy and elements to higher trophic levels. Such a constraint may be alleviated by fungal parasite infections on large‐sized phytoplankton taxa like diatoms and filamentous cyanobacteria, as infections may provide zooplankton with a complementary food source in the form of fungal zoospores. Zoospores have been shown to support somatic growth of large filter feeding zooplankton species. Here, we tested if selectively feeding zooplankton, more specifically rotifers, also can use fungal zoospores as a food source. Our results show that chytrid fungal parasites can indeed support population growth of rotifers (Keratella sp.). Specifically, in cultures of an inedible filamentous cyanobacterium (Planktothrix rubescens), Keratella populations rapidly declined, while in Planktothrix cultures infected with chytrids, Keratella population growth rate equaled the growth observed for populations fed with a more suitable green algal diet (Chlorella sorokiniana). Feeding of Keratella on zoospores was furthermore indicated by a reduced number of zoospores during the last sampling day. These findings not only imply that rotifers may survive on zoospores, but also that the zoospores can support high rotifer population growth rates. We thus show that fungal parasites of inedible cyanobacteria can facilitate grazers by providing them alternative food sources. Together, these results highlight the important role that parasites may play in the aquatic plankton food web.
Terrestrial support of zooplankton biomass in northern rivers
Authors: Berggren M. , Bengtson P. , Soares A. R. A. , Karlsson J.
Published: July 2018

The contribution of terrestrially derived carbon to micro‐crustacean zooplankton biomass (i.e., allochthony) has been previously studied in lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries, but little is known about zooplankton allochthony in rivers. In lacustrine environments, allochthony is regulated by distinct selective feeding behavior of different taxa. However, we hypothesized that restricted possibility for selective grazing in turbulent environments such as rivers would decouple zooplankton from specific microbial and algal food resources, such that their allochthony would mirror the terrestrial contribution to the surrounding bulk particle pool. We tested this idea by analyzing allochthony in 13 widely distributed Swedish rivers, using a dual‐isotope mixing model. Zooplankton biomasses were generally low, and allochthony in different micro‐crustacean groups (Cladocera, Cyclopoida, Calanoida) varied from 2% to 77%. As predicted, there were no correlations between allochthony and variables indicating the supply of algal and microbial food resources, such as chlorophyll a and bacterial production. Instead, the allochthony was generally similar to the share allochthonous contribution in bulk particulate organic matter, with relationships close to the 1 : 1 line. The zooplankton community allochthony was strongly regulated by the ecosystem metabolic balance between production and respiration, which in turn was dependent upon the ratio between total autochthonous organic carbon concentrations and water color. Our study for the first time shows that micro‐crustacean allochthony is regulated differently in rivers compared to in lacustrine systems, and points to inefficient support of zooplankton biomass by algal resources in turbulent waters.
Counter‐Propagating Optical Trapping of Resonant Nanoparticles Using a Uniaxial Crystal
Authors: Karpinski Pawel , Jones Steven , Andrén Daniel , Käll Mikael
Published: July 2018

Laser tweezing of optically resonant nanostructures, such as plasmonic nanoparticles and high‐index dielectric nanoresonators, is extremely challenging because the enhanced light–matter interaction usually amplifies radiation pressure to an extent where conventional single beam gradient trapping in three dimensions becomes impossible. Such particles are therefore typically trapped off resonance or in two dimensions only. To extend the application potential of optical tweezers to the resonant case, focus splitting inside a uniaxial birefringent crystal and reflection from a mirror is used to develop a counter‐propagating beam configuration based on a single microscope objective. The setup allows one to trap and rapidly rotate resonant gold nanorods in water far from any interface, thereby opening a range of possibilities for novel studies of resonantly enhanced optical forces and interactions in uniform environments.
Automatic transmission fluid corrosion inhibitor interactions with copper
Authors: Warren Bethan , Hunt Gregory J. , Bryant Michael , Neville Anne , Morina Ardian , Gahagan Michael
Published: July 2018

In this paper, a new method, measuring the change in resistance of a thin copper wire, has been applied to provide a way to monitor a corrosion reaction in situ. Two different corrosion inhibitors used in commercial automatic transmission fluids have been studied at 110 °C, 120 °C, 130°C, and 150 °C using this new test method coupled with a more traditional coupon test to allow surface analysis to be carried out. Both inhibitors were found to be equally as effective up to temperatures of 130°C; however, the evidence provided shows that at 150°C, the thiadiazole inhibitor is breaking down leading to severe pitting on the surface. Corrosion performance therefore, cannot be assumed to be effective at all temperatures, and the current method provides a convenient quantitative screening method for inhibitor evaluation.
Role of size of hexagonal boron nitride particles on tribo‐performance of nano and micro oils
Authors: Gupta Manoj Kumar , Bijwe Jayashree , Padhan Meghashree
Published: July 2018

This research work was focussed on investigating the influence of size of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on the tribological performance of oils. Hexagonal boron nitride–added oils were developed using polyisobutylene succinimide as a dispersant (1 wt%) for hBN (4 wt%) particles in base oil. Dynamic light scattering–based studies were conducted to evaluate the stability of oils quantitatively. Physical properties evaluation was done for density, kinematic viscosity, and flashpoint. Tribo‐investigations were performed for anti‐wear and extreme‐pressure performance on 4‐ball tester. Anti‐wear and extreme‐pressure performance increased by ≈60% and ≈30%, respectively, for nano‐hBN–added oil, while 5 micron particles proved least performers among the selected sizes of hBN. Worn surfaces examination was done through scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and atomic force microscopy.
Rapid, Template‐Less Patterning of Polymeric Interfaces for Controlled Wettability via in Situ Heterogeneous Photopolymerizations
Authors: Szczepanski Caroline R. , Darmanin Thierry , Godeau Guilhem , Guittard Frédéric
Published: July 2018

Tuning macroscopic behavior between a synthetic surface and the surrounding environment requires precise engineering of micro‐ and nanoscale features at the interface. As one example, the geometry and spacing of topographical structures can be manipulated to modify interfacial interactions with water. If optimized correctly, topographical features can impart macroscopic wetting behavior that goes well beyond what is expected from the chemistry of the surface materials, such as strong hydrophobicity from intrinsically hydrophilic materials. However, developed techniques such as templating or nano‐lithography require significant processing times and are often ill‐suited for in situ applications. This work shows that polymeric interfaces with regular, ordered topographical features can be generated using a rapid in situ photopolymerization technique that requires no templating nor additional processing to generate or manipulate surface features. Maximizing the local differential in polymerization‐induced shrinkage between heterogeneous domains results in the formation of robust 3D surface features. Furthermore, the spacing and density of these features can be optimized through the phase separation process, yielding surfaces with variable wetting (θw ≈ 90–130°). These results demonstrate that template‐ and mask‐less surface patterning is possible with rapid polymerization techniques and that it can be easily manipulated to vary surface wetting behavior.
Sugar‐Derived Poly(β‐thioester)s as a Biomedical Scaffold
Authors: Moon Nicholas G. , Mazzini Fiorella , Pekkanen Allison M. , Wilts Emily M. , Long Timothy E.
Published: July 2018

The monomer isosorbide diacrylate (iSDA) and commercially available dithiols allowed access to a range of biosourced, degradable polymers. Altering the dithiol identity significantly affected the glass transition Tgs of the polymer products; however, polymers did not exhibit Tgs above room temperature. Incorporating the comonomer N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide provided mechanical reinforcement through hydrogen bonding, resulting in soft, pliable materials. Differential scannin calorimetry (DSC) and variable‐temperature fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that increases in mechanical integrity resulted from hydrogen bonding. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed materials that exhibited suitable moduli and service windows at body temperature. Biological evaluation demonstrated favorable cytotoxicity and cell attachment, rendering these materials potential candidates as novel scaffold materials for tissue growth.
In Situ Polymerization Approach to Graphene‐Oxide‐Reinforced Silicone Composites for Superior Anticorrosive Coating
Authors: Zhu Hongxia , Chen Yuyan , Li Huaiyuan , Wang Su‐Xi , Li Xu , Zhu Qingzeng
Published: July 2018

Novel graphene‐oxide‐reinforced silicone composites (GOSC) are prepared by in situ polymerization of silanes and low concentrations (<0.15 wt%) of silylated GO (SGO). After modification, the distances of the SGO nanosheets are successfully increased from 0.72 to 0.87 nm. Compared with GO, the SGO shows better dispersibility in organic solvents as well as remarkably enhanced decomposition temperature (T
d improved by 100 °C). After covalently grafting onto silicone resins via in situ polymerization, the obtained GOSC exhibits greatly enhanced thermal stability (T
d up to 400 °C and T
g improved by 3–5 °C), increased storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity. The morphology, microstructure, interfacial adhesion of the developed GOSC coatings were carefully investigated. The GOSC coatings on metal exhibit good transparency (up to 90%), hydrophobicity, and excellent anticorrosion capability. This work provides a new strategy for developing high performance graphene‐based silicone composite materials.
Ferrocene‐Containing Inverse Opals by Melt‐Shear Organization of Core/Shell Particles
Authors: Winter Tamara , Su Xiao , Hatton T. Alan , Gallei Markus
Published: July 2018

In this work, the preparation of redox‐responsive elastomeric inverse opal films featuring switchable structural colors is reported. The pristine core/shell particle architecture consists of a silica core having a metallopolymer shell, that is, poly(2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl ferrocene carboxylate) (PFcMA) copolymerized with n‐butyl methacrylate (PFcMA‐co‐PnBuMA) synthesized via seeded and stepwise emulsion polymerization protocols. This tailor‐made, inorganic core/hybrid organic shell architecture leads to monodisperse particles, which were then subjected to the so‐called melt‐shear organization technique. After a cross‐linking reaction and the core particle removal, vivid structural colors are obtained due to the well‐ordered voids within the metallopolymer‐containing matrix. In addition, redox responsiveness is shown by the addition of chemical oxidation and reducing agents as well as by cyclic voltammetry studies, thus revealing both a change of surface wettability and a change of the structural reflection colors. Herein, the described one‐pot strategies for the preparation of metallopolymer‐containing core/shell hybrid particles and application of the melt‐shear ordering technique paves the way to novel redox‐responsive porous opal films, which are expected to be promising materials in the field of remote‐switchable sensors or electrochemical adsorbents.
Synthesis and characterization of functionally graded nickel‐nickel coated ZrO2 composite coating
Authors: Bostani B. , Ahmadi N. Parvini , Yazdani S. , Arghavanian R.
Published: July 2018

Electroless‐nickel plated ZrO2 (NCZ) particles have been used to produce a functionally graded nickel‐electroless‐nickel plated ZrO2 composite coating. So, electroless‐nickel plated ZrO2 particles concentration was continuously increased from 0 to an optimum value in the electroplating bath (Watt's bath). The substrate was ST37 steel and the thickness of the coating was approximately 50 μm. Also a uniformly distributed nickel‐electroless‐nickel plated ZrO2 composite coating has been manufactured as comparison. The composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Structure and phase composition were identified by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Microhardness of the coatings was evaluated by employing a Vickers instrument. Three‐point bend test was carried out to compare the adhesion strength of the coatings. Dry sliding wear tests were performed using a pin‐on‐disk wear apparatus. The electrochemical behavior of the coatings was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The microhardness measurements showed that, with increasing the co‐electrodeposited electroless‐nickel plated ZrO2 particle content in the nickel matrix, the microhardness increases from interface towards the surface of the functionally graded composite coating. Bend, wear and electrochemical test results confirmed that the functionally graded composite coating has higher adhesion, wear resistance and corrosion resistance as compared with the uniformly distributed coating. This has been attributed to lower mechanical mismatch between coating and substrate in functionally graded composite coating with respect to the uniformly distributed one.
On the polymer modified cement mortars with different lightweight aggregates in marine environment
Authors: Neşer G. , Bayram A.S. , Gürsel K.T. , Ünsalan D. , Taner M. , Altunsaray E. , Önal M.
Published: July 2018

Having a light weight is a design objective for offshore and coastal structures and in order to reach this aim, use of lightweight concrete consisting lightweight aggregates and polymers is a feasible solution. In this study, materials obtained from locally available crushed volcanic scoria as main aggregate and some additional lightweight aggregates with ceramic, perlite and andesite as well polymers were used in the mixtures with different proportions (totally 14 mixtures) to propose feasible alternatives for coastal structure designers. To evaluate the design performances of the mixtures, their properties such as density, cylinder compressive strength, capillarity, loss of mass under the effects of the agents in marine environment such as sodium sulphate and sodium chloride were obtained experimentally. It was found that mixtures with scoria aggregates showed more favourable results and additional aggregates gave flexibility to the designer to lower densities up to 40 % ‐ 60 % of normal‐weight mixtures. Polymer modification also improved the performance of the related materials.
Assessment of failure pressure of a GFRP composite repair system for wall loss defect in metallic pipelines
Authors: Budhe S. , Banea M.D. , de Barros S. , Rohem N.R.F.
Published: July 2018

The present paper is concerned with the failure pressure assessment of a newly developed GFRP matrix laminated composite repair of metallic pipelines with 80 % wall loss defect. The main motivation is to validate the experimental failure pressure with the theoretical one. Wall loss defects were manufactured into the tube specimen and the performance of the repaired pipe was assessed by hydrostatic tests as per ISO/TS 24817 standard. Results reveal that the theoretical failure pressure as per ISO/TS 24817 standard is found to be conservative. A wide range of failure pressure values was obtained using different criteria. Only RSTRENG 0.85* modified criterion provides a closer value towards the experimental one. However, the criterion selection for damage factor and flow stress condition is an open question as it gives dispersed values of failure pressure. The prediction of the failure pressure must be accurate without being overly conservative. Plastic deformation of the tube occurs towards the end of the tube, consequently, it is necessary to account for this behavior in failure pressure analysis for an accurate prediction. The application of loading‐unloading cycles before the failure burst test should be also accounted in order to predict the failure pressure.
Grading the loss of sensation in diabetic patients: A psychometric evaluation of the rotterdam diabetic foot study test battery
Authors: Rinkel Willem D. , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Aziz M. Hosein , Van Neck Johan W. , Cabezas Manuel Castro , Coert J. Henk
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Static‐ and moving 2‐point discrimination (S2PD, M2PD), 10‐g monofilaments‐ and tuning fork are validated outcome measures of clinical manifestations of diabetes‐related neuropathy. No modern statistical techniques have been used to investigate how well these instruments combine to measure sensory loss. Methods: To grade sensory loss at the feet, we fitted parametric forms of Item Response Theory models to the data of these instruments. Results: The fit statistics indicate that the loss of sensation is gradable, with readily available instruments. S2PD and M2PD are lost first, followed by vibration sense, the 10‐g monofilament and the ability to feel a cold stimulus. Conclusions: This test battery appears to provide sound measurement properties in a group of diabetic patients with diverse amounts of sensory loss. This approach may be used in clinical practice to grade sensory loss reliably and quickly, with instruments that are easy to use. Muscle Nerve 58: 559–565, 2018
VEGF receptor‐2/neuropilin 1 trans‐complex formation between endothelial and tumor cells is an independent predictor of pancreatic cancer survival
Authors: Morin Eric , Sjöberg Elin , Tjomsland Vegard , Testini Chiara , Lindskog Cecilia , Franklin Oskar , Sund Malin , Öhlund Daniel , Kiflemariam Sara , Sjöblom Tobias , Claesson‐Welsh Lena
Published: July 2018

Unstable and dysfunctional tumor vasculature promotes cancer progression and spread. Signal transduction by the pro‐angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor‐2 (VEGFR2) is modulated by VEGFA‐dependent complex formation with neuropilin 1 (NRP1). NRP1 expressed on tumor cells can form VEGFR2/NRP1 trans‐complexes between tumor cells and endothelial cells which arrests VEGFR2 on the endothelial surface, thus interfering with productive VEGFR2 signaling. In mouse fibrosarcoma, VEGFR2/NRP1 trans‐complexes correlated with reduced tumor vessel branching and reduced tumor cell proliferation. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) strongly expressed NRP1 on both tumor cells and endothelial cells, in contrast to other common cancer forms. Using proximity ligation assay, VEGFR2/NRP1 trans‐complexes were identified in human PDAC tumor tissue, and its presence was associated with reduced tumor vessel branching, reduced tumor cell proliferation, and improved patient survival after adjusting for other known survival predictors. We conclude that VEGFR2/NRP1 trans‐complex formation is an independent predictor of PDAC patient survival. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Experimental investigation on bending fatigue failure of corrugated paperboard
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Wei , Sun Yu‐Cheng
Published: July 2018

A series of 3‐point bending fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the bending fatigue behaviour of flute type B and C corrugated paperboard samples under cyclic loading. The S‐N curve was obtained. The fatigue failure of corrugated paperboard may be described by both Basquin‐type and exponential‐type S‐N curves; however, the exponential‐type S‐N curve is more appropriate. The stiffness is gradually degraded with almost same energy dissipation in most stress cycles, but it decreases abruptly with the enlarged energy dissipation when the testing cycle is very close to the ultimate cycles of fatigue failure. The corrugated board deforms constantly under the action of cyclic loading, and no visible crack appears. The fatigue failure modes and mechanisms are same for the corrugated boards with B‐flute and C‐flute; however, the S‐N curve of corrugated board is closely related to the flute structure. The results obtained in this paper may be applied to the dynamic design and accelerated vibration test of stacked corrugated boxes.
Degradation of Irgafos 168 and migration of its degradation products from PP‐R composite films
Authors: Yan Yan , Hu Chang‐Ying , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Jiang Zi‐Wei
Published: July 2018

Food contact materials contain non‐intentionally added substances from degradation, and reaction processes could rise food safety problems. Three polypropylene random copolymer composite films were prepared by extruding the polypropylene random copolymer matrix with Irgafos 168, Irgafos 168 and nanocopper, Irgafos 168 and KH550 modified nanocooper, respectively. To evaluate the degradation behaviors of Irgafos 168, the films were treated by UV irradiation, microwave treatment, sunlight exposure, placed in different oxygen concentration conditions, suffered the extrusion process, and high temperature. Migration test was conducted at 20°C, 40°C, and 70°C with films tested in food simulant. GC‐MS was adopted to determine the concentration of Irgafos 168 and its two degradation products, 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (DP1) and tris (2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl) phosphate (DP2). UV irradiation significantly accelerated the degradation of Irgafos 168 compared with other treatments; DP1 and DP2 increased to maximum value at 24 hours and decreased afterwards, simultaneously. The introduction of nanocopper notably promoted DP1 generation after extrusion whereas suppressed DP2 generation which also caused a higher degradation rate of Irgafos 168 and sharp decrease of DP1 under microwave treatment, sunlight exposure, and high temperature treatment. No significant difference between the effects of nanocopper and KH550 modified nanocopper on degradation of Irgafos 168 was found. For the migration test, the introduction of nanocopper inhibited the migration of Irgafos 168 and DP2 whereas promoted the migration of DP1. No significant difference between the introduction of nanocopper and KH550 modified nanocopper on migration of Irgafos 168 and DP1, DP2 was found.
Fluorescent Sensing of Cesium Ions by an Amide‐Linked BODIPY Dye: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Özcan Emrah , Çoşut Bünyemin
Published: July 2018

In this study, a new fluorescent sensor for Cs+ ion was designed and synthesized from the combination of pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide and 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐borata‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) scaffolds. The sensing capability of the target compound against a variety of ions was investigated. The structure of the target compound was proved by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Photophysical properties of the amide‐linked BODIPY compound were studied by utilizing fluorescence spectroscopies in DMSO/water (9:1, v/v) solution. It was found that the final amide‐linked BODIPY compound showed exclusively selective and sensitive turn‐off sensor behavior for Cs+ ion over other metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Ag+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cr3+ and Fe3+). The addition of Cs+ resulted in quenching of fluorescence intensity and the detection limit was calculated to be 0.273 μM. According to Job's Plot, binding stoichiometry ratio of the target compound with Cs+ was 1:1.
Audience Design and Context Discrepancy: How Online Debates Lead to Opinion Polarization
Authors: Lin Tony Zhiyang , Tian Xiaoli
Published: July 2018

This article examines how the technical layout of some online platforms shapes the way individuals engage in public debate online. To do so, the research studies an empirical case of how public debating on Weibo—China's equivalent to Twitter—leads to opinion polarization. The technical layout of Weibo strongly influences how users debate with others. The thread‐based message structure fragments the interactional context, preventing users from gaining a clear picture about other discussants and the ongoing conversation. Weibo's technical design, which enables simultaneous interactions with multiple audiences (of which many users are unaware), further complicates the debates. Consequently, users become confused about their audience and where their replies are targeted, and subsequent interpersonal tension sparks as they adopt interactive strategies (sharing personal experiences, adding situational elaborations, and seeking solidarity through opinion) to reduce this confusion. Ironically, these strategies often serve to further polarize opinions. A video abstract is available at
https://youtu.be/U5qdm6eiQ1M.
Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control based on Takagi‐Sugeno techniques for power tracking in nuclear reactor
Authors: Zhang Xizheng
Published: July 2018

Reactor power control is one of the most significant problems in a nuclear power plant. An innovative adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control (AFSMC) based on Takagi‐Sugeno techniques for power tracking in nuclear reactor is presented. The developed fuzzy model has considered both neutron dynamics and thermal hydraulic dynamics. By using a fuzzy sliding surface, the AFSMC ensures asymptotical stability and also reduces the input chattering. Moreover, adaptive techniques are used to estimate the upper bound of uncertainties and disturbances. To validate the proposed controller, simulations are performed and compared between AFSMC and three other methods, and results show that the effectiveness of the proposed controller can be confirmed. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Theoretical studies on tunable electronic structures and potential applications of two‐dimensional arsenene‐based materials
Authors: Zhao Jun , Qi Zheng‐Hang , Xu Yong , Dai Jun , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Guo Wanlin , Ma Jing
Published: July 2018

Research efforts in the area of two‐dimensional (2D) arsenene‐based materials have been fueled up recently due to similarities in honeycomb atomic structures and differences in physical and chemical properties between arsenene and graphene. The pioneering prediction of monolayered arsenene in 2015 and successful synthesis of multilayered arsenene nanoribbons in 2016 have promoted intensive subsequent studies, especially in the theoretical aspect. Density functional theory computations not only revealed desirable fundamental band gap, structural stability, and high carrier mobility of various arsenene‐based materials but also suggested promising applications in future optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices, as well as in the quantum spin Hall devices via surface functionalization and modulation of interlayer interactions. With an aim to present a comprehensive review on the tunable electronic structures of 2D arsenene‐based materials, our focus is placed on the tailoring routes through surface functionalization to modify the electronic and optoelectronic properties of the arsenenes. An emphasis is also given to recent progress in designing topological states in arsenene monolayers. The challenges and outlooks are also laid out in aspects of experimental fabrication, device performance, and arsenene‐based chemical reactions.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Attractive strings and five-branes, skew-holomorphic Jacobi forms and moonshine
Authors: Cheng Miranda C. N. , Duncan John F. R. , Harrison Sarah M. , Harvey Jeffrey A. , Kachru Shamit , Rayhaun Brandon C.
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We show that certain BPS counting functions for both fundamental strings and strings arising from fivebranes wrapping divisors in Calabi-Yau threefolds naturally give rise to skew-holomorphic Jacobi forms at rational and attractor points in the moduli space of string compactifications. For M5-branes wrapping divisors these are forms of weight negative one, and in the case of multiple M5-branes skew-holomorphic mock Jacobi forms arise. We further find that in simple examples these forms are related to skew-holomorphic (mock) Jacobi forms of weight two that play starring roles in moonshine. We discuss examples involving M5-branes on the complex projective plane, del Pezzo surfaces of degree one, and half-K3 surfaces. For del Pezzo surfaces of degree one and certain half-K3 surfaces we find a corresponding graded (virtual) module for the degree twelve Mathieu group. This suggests a more extensive relationship between Mathieu groups and complex surfaces, and a broader role for M5-branes in the theory of Jacobi forms and moonshine.
Value of schizophrenia treatment I: The patient journey
Authors: Mohr Pavel , Galderisi Silvana , Boyer Patrice , Wasserman Danuta , Arteel Paul , Ieven Aagje , Karkkainen Hilkka , Pereira Eulalia , Guldemond Nick , Winkler Petr , Gaebel Wolfgang
Published: July 2018

Background:

The aim of the European Brain Council project “The Value of Treatment” was to provide evidence-based, cost-effective policy recommendations for a patient-centered and sustainable coordinated care model for brain disorders. The first part of schizophrenia study examined the needs and gaps in the patients' care pathway.

Methods:

Descriptive analysis was based on an inventory of needs and treatment opportunities, using focus group sessions, expert interviews, users’ input, and literature review. Three patient pathways were selected: indicated prevention, duration of untreated psychosis, and relapse prevention.

Results:

The analysis identified several critical barriers to optimal treatment. Available health care services often miss or delay detection of symptoms and diagnosis in at-risk individuals. There is a lack of illness awareness among patients, families, and the public; scarcity of information, training and education among primary care providers; stigmatizing beliefs. Early symptom recognition and timely intervention result in better outcome and prognosis; effective management leads to a functional recovery. In the current model of care, there is insufficient cooperation between health and social care providers, patients and families, inadequate utilization of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, lacking patient monitoring, and low implementation of integrated community care.

Conclusions:

Early detection and early intervention programs, timely intervention, and relapse prevention are essential for effective management of schizophrenia. It requires a paradigm shift from symptom control, achieving and maintaining remission, to the emphasis on recovery. Since the current services are not able to accomplish this goal, changes in mental health policies are needed.