bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction in Chemical Fertilizer Rates by Applying Bio-Organic Fertilizer for Optimization Yield and Quality of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni
Authors: Wu Songhai , Li Zhou , Yang Yanfei , Sun Jin , Lian Dongmei , Lai Zhengfeng , Hong Jianji
Published: July 2024

In this study, we investigated if reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer by combining it with organic fertilizer in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (H. citrina) cultivation could improve plant growth and photosynthetic capacity and, consequently, increase yield and quality. A continuous two-year field experiment was conducted at a research farm in Zhangzhou City, China, during 2021–2022. Six fertilization levels with two locally grown H. citrina cultivars, “Taidong 6” and “Shibage”, were tested. The results showed that 100% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RDF) with bio-organic fertilizer yielded superior effects in promoting both vegetative and reproductive growth in comparison to RDF alone. However, reducing the application rate of chemical fertilizers, especially by more than 40%, resulted in a significant decline in certain agronomic traits such as plant width, leaf width, and scape length. Compared to RDF, the use of 100% or 80% RDF in combination with bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate as well as yield production, while excessive reductions in chemical fertilizer rate produced results that demonstrated an opposite trend. The co-application of chemical and bio-organic fertilizer enhanced the contents of soluble sugar and lowered total acidity, whereas excessive chemical fertilizer reduction decreased vitamin C, total flavonoids, and soluble protein levels. Utilizing radar chart analysis for a comprehensive assessment of yield and quality demonstrates that the application of bio-organic fertilizer with 80% RDF could be a better field fertilization regime for H. citrina cultivation.
YOLO-Peach: A High-Performance Lightweight YOLOv8s-Based Model for Accurate Recognition and Enumeration of Peach Seedling Fruits
Authors: Shi Yi , Qing Shunhao , Zhao Long , Wang Fei , Yuwen Xingcan , Qu Menghan
Published: July 2024

The identification and enumeration of peach seedling fruits are pivotal in the realm of precision agriculture, greatly influencing both yield estimation and agronomic practices. This study introduces an innovative, lightweight YOLOv8 model for the automatic detection and quantification of peach seedling fruits, designated as YOLO-Peach, to bolster the scientific rigor and operational efficiency of orchard management. Traditional identification methods, which are labor-intensive and error-prone, have been superseded by this advancement. A comprehensive dataset was meticulously curated, capturing the rich characteristics and diversity of peach seedling fruits through high-resolution imagery at various times and locations, followed by meticulous preprocessing to ensure data quality. The YOLOv8s model underwent a series of lightweight optimizations, including the integration of MobileNetV3 as its backbone, the p2BiFPN architecture, spatial and channel reconstruction convolution, and coordinate attention mechanism, all of which have significantly bolstered the model’s capability to detect small targets with precision. The YOLO-Peach model excels in detection accuracy, evidenced by a precision and recall of 0.979, along with an mAP50 of 0.993 and an mAP50-95 of 0.867, indicating its superior capability for peach sapling identification with efficient computational performance. The findings underscore the model’s efficacy and practicality in the context of peach seedling fruit recognition. Ablation studies have shed light on the indispensable role of each component, with MobileNetV3 streamlining the model’s complexity and computational load, while the p2BiFPN architecture, ScConv convolutions, and coordinate attention mechanism have collectively enhanced the model’s feature extraction and detection precision for minute targets. The implications of this research are profound, offering a novel approach to peach seedling fruit recognition and serving as a blueprint for the identification of young fruits in other fruit species. This work holds significant theoretical and practical value, propelling forward the broader field of agricultural automation.
Design and Test of Novel Uniform Application Equipment with Nozzles Swinging Horizontally Used for UAVs
Authors: Wang Shuangshuang , Zhang Han , Zhang Guozhong , Liu Haopeng
Published: July 2024

Given the problems such as insufficient control on pests and diseases or pesticide damage on plants caused by uneven distribution of pesticide droplets during the current application process by UAVs, this paper designed novel uniform application equipment with nozzles swinging horizontally based on a UAV platform in order to improve the distribution uniformity of droplets volume. Nozzles swinging periodically are able to increase the overlap probability of spray fans generated from nozzles. It is helpful to further the spray deposition uniformity improvement. Through droplet motion analysis, CFD simulation, and spray tests, it was determined that the key factors affecting uniformity were the oscillating rod length, spray height, and nozzle angle. The best parameter combination was explored as the length of 175 mm, the height of 1.5 m, and the angle of 15°. Based on this combination, the prototype was produced and installed on the UAV platform. A field test was carried out to verify its performance. The results showed that the CV of the improved UAV was 26.41%, which was 6.43 percentage points lower than the traditional UAV, and the decrease was 19.58%, meaning that it is feasible to use this equipment to improve uniformity.
The Role of Erythropoietin in Bovine Sperm Physiology
Authors: Sapanidou Vasiliki G. , Asimakopoulos Byron , Lialiaris Theodoros , Lavrentiadou Sophia N. , Feidantsis Konstantinos , Kourousekos Georgios , Tsantarliotou Maria P.
Published: July 2024

Erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone secreted mainly by the kidney, exerts its biological function by binding to its cell-surface receptor (EpoR). The presence of EPO and EpoR in the male and female reproductive system has been verified. Therefore, some of the key properties of EPO, such as its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, could improve the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. In the present study, the effect of two different concentrations of EPO (10 mIU/μL and 100 mIU/μL) on bovine sperm-quality parameters was evaluated during a post-thawing 4-h incubation at 37 °C. EPO had a positive effect on sperm motility, viability, and total antioxidant capacity. Moreover, EPO inhibited apoptosis, as it reduced both BCL2-associated X apoptosis regulator (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio and cleaved cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) substrate levels in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, EPO induced sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction in spermatozoa incubated in capacitation conditioned medeia. These results establish a foundation for the physiological role of EPO in reproductive processes and hopefully will provide an incentive for further research in order to fully decipher the role of EPO in sperm physiology and reproduction.
Trace Elements in Hermann’s Tortoises (Testudo hermanni) According to Sex, Season, and Sampling Region in Central Europe
Authors: Leineweber Christoph , Geisler Gregor , Pees Michael , Öfner Sabine , Marschang Rachel E.
Published: July 2024

Some trace elements are essential for the health of vertebrates, but little is known about their function, the amounts required, and the factors influencing their metabolism in tortoises. The aim of this study was therefore to measure trace elements (chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn)) in heparinized blood plasma of Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) (n = 520) from March to September 2022 using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and to establish specific reference intervals. Additionally, the influence of sex, season, and region of sample collection on the measured values were evaluated. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) sex-specific differences were found for Cu, Mg, and Mn; seasonal differences were found for Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Se; and the region in which the tortoises were kept significantly impacted Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, and Se levels. The results show that all of these factors should be consider when establishing and interpreting blood trace element levels in tortoises.
Comprehensive Characterization of the Genetic Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus: Insights into Infection Dynamics, Immunomodulation, Virulence and Genes with Unknown Function
Authors: Venkateswaran Dhithya , Prakash Anwesha , Nguyen Quynh Anh , Salman Muhammad , Suntisukwattana Roypim , Atthaapa Waranya , Tantituvanont Angkana , Lin Hongyao , Songkasupa Tapanut , Nilubol Dachrit
Published: July 2024

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global swine industry and economy, with 100% mortality rate in acute cases. ASFV transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with control measures limited to early detection, isolation, and culling of infected pigs. ASFV exhibits a complex genomic structure and encodes for more than 50 structural and 100 non-structural proteins and has 150 to 167 open reading frames (ORFs). While many of the proteins are non-essential for viral replication, they play crucial roles in mediating with the host to ensure longevity and transmission of virus in the host. The dynamic nature of ASFV research necessitates constant updates, with ongoing exploration of various genes and their functions, vaccine development, and other ASF-related domains. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the structural and functional roles of both newly discovered and previously recorded genes involved in distinct stages of ASFV infection and immunomodulation. Additionally, the review discusses the virulence genes and genes with unknown functions, and proposes future interventions.
Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Alter Training-Related Changes in Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Arabian Racing Horses
Authors: Giercuszkiewicz-Hecold Beata , Kulka Marek , Czopowicz Michał , Szarska Ewa , Strzelec Katarzyna , Grzeczka Arkadiusz , Graczyk Szymon , Wiśniewska Marta , Jędrzejkowska Zofia , Rumińska Aleksandra , Marycz Krzysztof , Cywińska Anna
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the oral supplementation of astaxanthin (ATX) on inflammatory markers in 3-year-old Arabian racehorses. Despite the recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ATX observed in vitro in rodent models and in human athletes, the effects in equine subjects remain unknown. This study involved a controlled trial with 14 horses receiving either ATX (six horses) or a placebo (eight horses), monitored over four months of race training. Inflammatory cytokines: TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10, and prostaglandin E (PGE), were measured monthly to assess the impact of ATX on the inflammatory response. The results indicated no significant differences in measured parameters between the ATX and the control group during the study. However, a significant time-dependent decrease in TNFα and IFNγ levels (p = 0.001) was observed in both groups, suggesting that regular training naturally modulates inflammatory responses. Moreover, positive correlations were noted between TNFα and IFNγ (p < 0.001) in the early phase of the study and between IL-6 and IL-10 (p = 0.008) in the later phase. Hematological parameters remained stable and within reference ranges, indicating no adverse effects of ATX supplementation. Performance metrics, including the number of races completed and wins, showed no significant differences between groups, suggesting that ATX did not enhance athletic performance under the study conditions. Overall, while ATX supplementation affected neither cytokine levels nor performance in Arabian racehorses, the natural anti-inflammatory effects of regular training were evident. Further research is needed to explore potential benefits of ATX supplementation under different conditions, such as in horses with subclinical inflammation or varying training regimens, to fully clarify its role and applications in equine sports medicine.
Sustainable Development of an Innovative Spreadable Plant-Based Product of High Added Value through the Valorization of an Agro-Food By-Product
Authors: Vardakas Alexios , Giannakas Aris E. , Dimitrakouda Maria , Ndreka Amarildo , Chaintari Christiana , Iordanidis George , Vaggeli Nikolaos , Angelari Tarsizia , Almpounioti Kalliopi , Potsaki Panagiota , Papagianni Olga , Skondras Dimitrios , Karabagias Ioannis K. , Koutelidakis Antonios E. , Andritsos Nikolaos D.
Published: July 2024

There is an increased demand for healthy foods by the consumer nowadays, while at the same time, circular bio-economy and sustainability in food production represent top priority issues for the food industry. In this context, purslane, a highly nutritious annual plant that grows abundant during the hottest months of the year but is considered a by-product of the agricultural process, was utilized for the development of an innovative, ready-to-eat food product suitable for a vegetarian diet in the form of a bread spread. Following an initial small-scale experimentation for the stabilization of apparent quality attributes, the product’s recipe was finalized on an industrial scale, and the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) for the manufacturing process, the physicochemical (pH, water activity) and sensorial analysis of the end product, together with its nutritional value, shelf-life, and antioxidant capacity, were determined. The results suggested that the acidic (pH 4.3) product had a shelf-life of a minimum of six months to one year and, according to EU legislation, it comprised a source of (dietary) fibers and protein, while being high in poly-unsaturated (e.g., omega-3, omega-6), and mono-unsaturated (e.g., oleic acid) fatty acids. Total phenolic content (TPC) with the Folin–Ciocalteau assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power assay of the product, presented concentrations of 0.95 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g and 0.016 mmol of Fe2+/g of dry weight of sample, respectively. However, the predicted bioavailability for TPC and TAC was 28% and 31%, respectively. The product was evaluated positively by a panel of potential consumers without significant differences compared to conventional familiar products. The potential of using agro-food chain by-products, such as purslane, for the development of novel foods representing a healthy and tasty food choice at any time of the day is a promising opportunity for the food industry to meet growing consumer demands for more sustainable, nutritious, and healthy food products with a reduced environmental footprint compared to the traditional plant-originated products of intensive agriculture.
Slope Stability Prediction Using Principal Component Analysis and Hybrid Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Lei Daxing , Zhang Yaoping , Lu Zhigang , Lin Hang , Fang Bowen , Jiang Zheyuan
Published: July 2024

Traditional slope stability analysis methods are time-consuming, complex, and cannot provide fast stability estimates when facing a large amount of slope cases. In this case, artificial neural networks (ANN) provide a better alternative. Based on the ANN, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the principal component analysis (PCA) method, a novel PCA-PANN model is proposed. Then, a dataset of 307 slope cases covering a wide range of slope geometries and mechanical properties of geomaterial is developed. The hybrid machine learning model trained with the dataset is applied to the factor of safety (FoS) prediction of the actual slope, and three evaluation indicators are introduced to measure the prediction performance of the model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of input parameters is carried out, and the slope protection strategy for different sensitive factors is proposed. The results show that this new model can quickly obtain the FoS and stable state of the slope without complex calculation, only by providing the relevant characteristic parameters. The correlation coefficient of the PCA-PANN model for slope stability analysis reaches more than 0.97. The sensitivity degree of influencing factors from large to small is slope angle, cohesion, pore pressure ratio, slope height, unit weight, and friction angle.
Engine Fault Detection by Sound Analysis and Machine Learning
Authors: Akbalık Ferit , Yıldız Abdulnasır , Ertuğrul Ömer Faruk , Zan Hasan
Published: July 2024

Traditional vehicle fault diagnosis methods rely heavily on the expertise of mechanics or diagnostic tools available at service centers, which can be costly, time-consuming, and may not always provide accurate results. This study presents a comprehensive vehicle fault diagnosis framework, which utilized Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based features, and the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) classifier. To address the limitations of previous works, the proposed framework leverages a large, diverse dataset encompassing various vehicle models and real-world operating conditions. Significantly improved robustness and generalizability of the fault diagnosis system were achieved. The results of the experiments demonstrate the superiority of the MFCC-based features combined with the ELM classifier, achieving the highest performance metrics in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, macro F1-score, and weighted F1-score, which are 92.17%, 92.24%, 92.22%, 92.10%, and 92.06%, respectively. Slightly lower performance was obtained while employing the DWT-based features compared to employing MFCC-based features. Additionally, frequency analysis was conducted to identify specific frequency bins, which are the most indicative of different fault types in providing valuable guidance for future diagnostic efforts. Overall, the proposed framework provides a reliable and practical solution for accurate vehicle fault detection, paving the way for future advancements in automotive diagnostics.
Ensemble Modelling for Predicting Fish Mortality
Authors: Aravanis Theofanis , Hatzilygeroudis Ioannis , Spiliopoulos Georgios
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a novel ensemble approach, integrating Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Symbolic Regression (SR), and Decision Trees (DTs), to predict fish mortality caused by infectious diseases. The intensifying global burden of fish diseases threatens the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and the aquaculture industry, necessitating sophisticated modelling strategies for effective disease management and control. The proposed approach capitalizes on the non-linear data modelling strength of ANNs, the explanatory power of SR, and the decision-making efficiency of DTs, offering both predictive accuracy and interpretable insights. The architecture of the proposed ensemble method is developed in two stages. In the intermediate stage, an ANN is employed to learn the complex, non-linear interactions between various biological and environmental factors impacting fish health. Additionally, SR is applied to produce a symbolic equation that effectively maps the input variables to fish mortality rates. In the final stage, a DT model is included to enhance prediction performance by capturing decision rules from the data. This hybrid approach offers superior prediction performance while also revealing meaningful biological/environmental relationships that can guide preventive and reactive interventions in the management of fish health. We evaluate the developed models using extensive real-world datasets acquired from two large Greek fish-farming units, which encompass representative disease types. The results demonstrate that our ensemble approach significantly outperforms traditional standalone models developed in our recent previous work, achieving enhanced predictive accuracy, robustness, and interpretability. Overall, this research has far-reaching implications for improving disease predictions, facilitating optimal decision-making in aquaculture management, and contributing to the sustainability of global fish stocks.
DExter: Learning and Controlling Performance Expression with Diffusion Models
Authors: Zhang Huan , Chowdhury Shreyan , Cancino-Chacón Carlos Eduardo , Liang Jinhua , Dixon Simon , Widmer Gerhard
Published: July 2024

In the pursuit of developing expressive music performance models using artificial intelligence, this paper introduces DExter, a new approach leveraging diffusion probabilistic models to render Western classical piano performances. The main challenge faced in performance rendering tasks is the continuous and sequential modeling of expressive timing and dynamics over time, which is critical for capturing the evolving nuances that characterize live musical performances. In this approach, performance parameters are represented in a continuous expression space, and a diffusion model is trained to predict these continuous parameters while being conditioned on a musical score. Furthermore, DExter also enables the generation of interpretations (expressive variations of a performance) guided by perceptually meaningful features by being jointly conditioned on score and perceptual-feature representations. Consequently, we find that our model is useful for learning expressive performance, generating perceptually steered performances, and transferring performance styles. We assess the model through quantitative and qualitative analyses, focusing on specific performance metrics regarding dimensions like asynchrony and articulation, as well as through listening tests that compare generated performances with different human interpretations. The results show that DExter is able to capture the time-varying correlation of the expressive parameters, and it compares well to existing rendering models in subjectively evaluated ratings. The perceptual-feature-conditioned generation and transferring capabilities of DExter are verified via a proxy model predicting perceptual characteristics of differently steered performances.
Exploring Historical Monuments and Learning History through an Augmented Reality Enhanced Serious Game
Authors: Bekas Athanasios , Xinogalos Stelios
Published: July 2024

Theoretical subjects, such as history, usually do not attract the interest of students and as a result educational games and serious games that use augmented reality (AR) are increasingly used as a means of supporting education. It is believed that these games can make the lesson more engaging and contribute to improving student performance. However, relevant research is limited. The present research presents the AR-enhanced serious game “Exploring Ancient Greece” that aims at supporting 10- to 14-year-old students in learning the history of Ancient Greece. It consists of three levels that include: a presentation of archaeological sites with AR that gives students the chance to explore places of historical interest; a trivia game that includes an AR presentation of a monument or piece of art somewhere in the physical surroundings of the students; and an escape room where the player is trapped in an archaeological site and tries to solve riddles to find the exit. To evaluate the game, an empirical study was conducted involving students between the ages of 10 and 14 who answered knowledge questions before and after playing the game, completed a questionnaire including questions based on the System Usability Scale (SUS), as well as questions for evaluating their experience, and answered oral questions. Based on the results of this study, students improved their knowledge of history, evaluated the game positively and stated that they prefer the use of serious games and AR in education.
Viability of 2D Swimming Kinematical Analysis Using a Single Moving Camera
Authors: Mezêncio Bruno , Fernandes Aléxia , Pereira Gustavo Soares , Amadio Alberto Carlos , Serrão Júlio Cerca , Soares Susana , Fernandes Ricardo J. , Vilas-Boas João Paulo
Published: July 2024

Despite its limitations, 2D kinematical analysis remains a simple and valid alternative for swimming analysis. This analysis is limited by the length of the field of view, and the reconstruction errors are proportional to the calibrated area. A possible solution for these problems is the usage of moving cameras that allow for tracking an object across a larger area without the concerns of the calibration area. The purpose of this study was to verify the viability of the utilization of moving cameras for underwater 2D kinematical analysis. Two calibration processes were evaluated: (i) obtaining the extrinsic parameters for every frame based on pool markers (M1) and; (ii) constraining the degrees of freedom of the camera’s movements and tracking translation based on the principal point (M2). M1 obtained better accuracy in reconstructing the coordinates of static markers (mean error: 12.1 against 14.2 mm from a static camera) and in the estimation of the rod length (−2.6 vs. 12.6 mm). M2 obtained better accuracy when evaluating the distance between the points (−0.3 mm) than that for position estimation (58.6 mm). The results indicate that moving cameras are a viable alternative for 2D underwater kinematic analysis, but M2 had limitations about real position extraction.
Cystic Fibrosis: Understanding Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Mutation Classification and Modulator Therapies
Authors: Anwar Saba , Peng Jin-Liang , Zahid Kashif Rafiq , Zhou Yu-Ming , Ali Qurban , Qiu Chong-Rong
Published: July 2024

A common life-threatening hereditary disease, Cystic Fibrosis (CF), affects primarily Caucasian infants. High sweat-salt levels are observed as a result of a single autosomal mutation in chromosome 7 that affects the critical function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). For establishing tailored treatment strategies, it is important to understand the broad range of CFTR mutations and their impacts on disease pathophysiology. This study thoroughly investigates the six main classes of classification of CFTR mutations based on their functional effects. Each class is distinguished by distinct molecular flaws, such as poor protein synthesis, misfolding, gating defects, conduction defects, and decreased CFTR expression at the apical membrane. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the emerging field of CFTR modulators, which intend to restore CFTR function or mitigate its consequences. These modulators, which are characterized by the mode of action and targeted mutation class, have the potential to provide personalized therapy regimens in CF patients. This review provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of CF pathology, and highlights the potential for precision medicine methods in CF therapy by thoroughly investigating CFTR mutation classification and related modulators.
Properties of Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed over Mexico during Quiet Solar Activity
Authors: Romero-Hernandez Esmeralda , Salinas-Samaniego Federico , Jonah Olusegun F. , Aguilar-Rodriguez Ernesto , Rodriguez-Martinez Mario , da Silva Picanço Giorgio Arlan , Denardini Clezio M. , Guerrero-Peña Carlos Alberto , Aguirre-Gutierrez Rogelio , Garcia-Castillo Flor Araceli , Ayala Sandra , Perez-Tijerina Eduardo , Sergeeva Maria A. , Gonzalez-Esparza Juan Americo
Published: July 2024

We present a statistical study of some physical properties of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) registered over the Mexican territory during 2018 and 2019 (solar minimum). The analysis is based on total electron content (TEC) approximations using data from the ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers at different locations, divided into three regions according to geographic longitudes: west, center, and east. The MSTIDs were classified into day and night events, and only geomagnetically quiet days were considered to reduce the solar influence. We explored fundamental aspects of the MSTIDs, such as differences between day and night events, occurrence patterns, and geographical differences. Our results show some similarities with the occurrence periods of gravity waves, exhibiting high activity during summer and winter. For this period, however, most events occurred between 20:00 and 04:00 AM UT. The most energetic events, i.e., large amplitudes and power, occurred around the sunset terminator. This suggests that the density gradient generated when the sunlight falls benefits MSTID formation.
The Impact of Quasi-Conformal Curvature Tensor on Warped Product Manifolds
Authors: Chen Bang-Yen , Shenawy Sameh , De Uday Chand , Rabie Alaa , Bin Turki Nasser
Published: July 2024

This work investigates the effects on the factor manifolds of a singly warped product manifold resulting from the presence of a quasi-conformally flat, quasi-conformally symmetric, or divergence-free quasi-conformal curvature tensor. Quasi-conformally flat warped product manifolds exhibit three distinct scenarios: in one scenario, the base manifold has a constant curvature, while in the other two scenarios, it is quasi-Einstein. Alternatively, the fiber manifold has a constant curvature in two scenarios and is Einstein in one scenario. Quasi-conformally symmetric warped product manifolds present three distinct cases: in the first scenario, the base manifold is Ricci-symmetric and the fiber is Einstein; in the second case, the base manifold is Cartan-symmetric and the fiber has constant curvature; and in the last case, the fiber is Cartan-symmetric, and the Ricci tensor of the base manifold is of Codazzi type. Finally, conditions are provided for singly warped product manifolds that admit a divergence-free quasi-conformal curvature tensor to ensure that the Riemann curvature tensors of the factor manifolds are harmonic.
Numerical Solution of Third-Order Rosenau–Hyman and Fornberg–Whitham Equations via B-Spline Interpolation Approach
Authors: Akbar Tanveer , Haq Sirajul , Arifeen Shams Ul , Iqbal Azhar
Published: July 2024

This study aims to find the numerical solution of the Rosenau–Hyman and Fornberg–Whitham equations via the quintic B-spline collocation method. Quintic B-spline, along with finite difference and theta-weighted schemes, is used for the discretization and approximation purposes. The effectiveness and robustness of the procedure is assessed by comparing the computed results with the exact and available results in the literature using absolute and relative error norms. The stability of the proposed scheme is studied using von Neumann stability analysis. Graphical representations are drawn to analyze the behavior of the solution.
Modelling Up-and-Down Moves of Binomial Option Pricing with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers
Authors: Andrés-Sánchez Jorge de
Published: July 2024

Since the early 21st century, within fuzzy mathematics, there has been a stream of research in the field of option pricing that introduces vagueness in the parameters governing the movement of the underlying asset price through fuzzy numbers (FNs). This approach is commonly known as fuzzy random option pricing (FROP). In discrete time, most contributions use the binomial groundwork with up-and-down moves proposed by Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein (CRR), which introduces epistemic uncertainty associated with volatility through FNs. Thus, the present work falls within this stream of literature and contributes to the literature in three ways. First, analytical developments allow for the introduction of uncertainty with intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFNs), which are a generalization of FNs. Therefore, we can introduce bipolar uncertainty in parameter modelling. Second, a methodology is proposed that allows for adjusting the volatility with which the option is valued through an IFN. This approach is based on the existing developments in the literature on adjusting statistical parameters with possibility distributions via historical data. Third, we introduce into the debate on fuzzy random binomial option pricing the analytical framework that should be used in modelling upwards and downwards moves. In this sense, binomial modelling is usually employed to value path-dependent options that cannot be directly evaluated with the Black–Scholes–Merton (BSM) model. Thus, one way to assess the suitability of binomial moves for valuing a particular option is to approximate the results of the BSM in a European option with the same characteristics as the option of interest. In this study, we compared the moves proposed by Renddleman and Bartter (RB) with CRR. We have observed that, depending on the moneyness degree of the option and, without a doubt, on options traded at the money, RB modelling offers greater convergence to BSM prices than does CRR modelling.
Influence of Acetonitrile on the Electrochemical Behavior of Ionic Liquid-Based Supercapacitors
Authors: Karamanova Boryana , Soserov Luybomir , Lefterova Elefteria , Stankulov Toma , Stoyanova Antonia
Published: July 2024

The creation of supercapacitors with superior energy density and power capabilities is critical for advanced energy storage solutions. Ionic liquid electrolytes offer a promising alternative in this respect. However, improving their cycle stability and efficiency is a complex task requiring extensive research and significant effort. The high viscosity of ionic liquids (ILs) limits their lifetime, but this can be mitigated by increasing the temperature or adding solvents. In this research, the electrochemical performance of symmetric activated carbon supercapacitors with 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4) and different ratios of acetonitrile (ACN) as electrolytes were investigated. Long-term galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, impedance studies, and cyclic voltammetry were performed at temperatures between 24 to 60 °C. The addition of ACN to the ionic liquid increased electrochemical stability and reduced internal resistance, with the best performance observed at a 1:2 volume ratio of EMIMBF4 to ACN. This supercapacitor exhibited 87% cyclic stability after 5000 charge/discharge cycles in the voltage range of 0.05–2.8 V and a current rate of 1 Ag−1. It also achieved an energy density of 23 Whkg−1 and a power density of 748 Wkg−1. The supercapacitors were stable at elevated temperatures up to 60 °C, showing no degradation after operation under various thermal conditions.
Quality Characteristics of Piquette: A Potential Use of Grape Pomace
Authors: Watrelot Aude A. , Hollis James
Published: July 2024

Grape pomace is a common waste product that can be used as compost, as animal feed or discarded. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality and consumers’ perception of a value-added grape pomace beverage, piquette, made using different red grape cultivars, yeast strains and grape pomace to water ratios. Petite Pearl and Marquette grape pomace were soaked using different pomace to water ratios in water for 2 days, prior to being pressed. Cane sugar was added to the juices prior to inoculation with three yeast strains (Cross Evolution, ICV D254, and Exotics Mosaic). The piquettes were bottled before chemical analysis and sensory evaluation by an untrained sensory panel following 8 months of storage. Piquettes made from Petite Pearl grape pomace, regardless of yeast strain, were preferred by consumers. Petite Pearl piquettes were fruity and pink, especially using D254 yeast. Piquettes made from different ratios of Petite Pearl pomace to water on a larger scale lacked nutrients at the beginning of fermentation, which led to “rotten-egg” aromas and were the least accepted by consumers.
Antibacterial Activity for Synthesized Coumarin Derivatives and a Coumarin Component of Lime Peel (Citrus aurantifolia)
Authors: Hwang Sumi
Published: July 2024

In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of the coumarin component isolated from lime peel and coumarin derivatives synthesized using various techniques against eight types of food-poisoning bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the 3b [5,7-dihydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin] derivative was measured as 1.5 mM in Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus; that for the 3c [7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin] derivative was 1.7 mM in Enterococcus facium; and that for the 3n [dicoumarol] derivative was 1.2 mM in L. monocytogenes. These results confirmed that coumarin derivatives with CF3 and OH substituents had enhanced antibacterial activity.
Physiological Roles of Eumelanin- and Melanogenesis-Associated Diseases: A Look at the Potentialities of Engineered and Microbial Eumelanin in Clinical Practice
Authors: Terranova Maria Letizia
Published: July 2024

This paper aims to highlight the physiological actions exerted by eumelanin present in several organs/tissues of the human body and to rationalise the often conflicting functional roles played by this biopolymer on the basis of its peculiar properties. Besides pigmentary disorders, a growing number of organ injuries and degenerative pathologies are presently ascribed to the modification of physiological eumelanin levels in terms of alterations in its chemical/structural features, and of a partial loss or uneven distribution of the pigment. The present review analyses the more recent research dedicated to the physiological and pathological actions of eumelanin and provides an insight into some melanogenesis-associated diseases of the skin, eye, ear, and brain, including the most significant neurodegenerative disorders. Also described are the potentialities of therapies based on the localised supply of exogeneous EU and the opportunities that EU produced via synthetic biology offers in order to redesign therapeutical and diagnostic applications.
Swimming Velocity Analysis Using Wearable Inertial Sensors and Speedometer: A Comparative Study
Authors: Vieira Leandro , Costa Mário J. , Santos Catarina C. , Ferreira Francisco A. , Fernandes Ricardo J. , Soares Susana , Goethel Márcio F. , Vilas-Boas João Paulo
Published: July 2024

The speedometer is widely used to evaluate swimming velocity but has some constraints. With the constant development of inertial units (IMUs), it is expected that they will become a good alternative to the speedometer. This study aimed to compare the data retrieved by an IMU and a speedometer when breaststroke is performed at maximum speed. Sixteen swimmers, nine males and seven females (20.3 ± 3.3 vs. 18.7 ± 1.1 years old, 65.8 ± 11.2 vs. 57.7 ± 9.1 kg of body mass and 1.75 ± 0.07 vs. 1.61 ± 0.10 m of height, respectively), performed 4 × 25 m of breaststroke sprint. They were equipped with an IMU fixed to the sacrum and with the line of an electromechanical speedometer (acquisition frequency of 50 Hz) fixed at the central point in the lumbar region. Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare the velocity curves, IBM SPSS was used for descriptive statistics and Bland–Altman plots were used for agreement of measurements. The results show that the IMU and speedometer do not show similar patterns, and the velocity values measured by the IMU are lower (p < 0.001). Bland–Altman plots presented a larger bias in terms of coefficient of variation and intracycle velocity variation. It can be concluded that IMUs and speedometers are not substitutes for each other as methods for evaluating intracycle velocity variations.
Deep Learning Techniques for the Dermoscopic Differential Diagnosis of Benign/Malignant Melanocytic Skin Lesions: From the Past to the Present
Authors: Tognetti Linda , Miracapillo Chiara , Leonardelli Simone , Luschi Alessio , Iadanza Ernesto , Cevenini Gabriele , Rubegni Pietro , Cartocci Alessandra
Published: July 2024

There has been growing scientific interest in the research field of deep learning techniques applied to skin cancer diagnosis in the last decade. Though encouraging data have been globally reported, several discrepancies have been observed in terms of study methodology, result presentations and validation in clinical settings. The present review aimed to screen the scientific literature on the application of DL techniques to dermoscopic melanoma/nevi differential diagnosis and extrapolate those original studies adequately by reporting on a DL model, comparing them among clinicians and/or another DL architecture. The second aim was to examine those studies together according to a standard set of statistical measures, and the third was to provide dermatologists with a comprehensive explanation and definition of the most used artificial intelligence (AI) terms to better/further understand the scientific literature on this topic and, in parallel, to be updated on the newest applications in the medical dermatologic field, along with a historical perspective. After screening nearly 2000 records, a subset of 54 was selected. Comparing the 20 studies reporting on convolutional neural network (CNN)/deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) models, we have a scenario of highly performant DL algorithms, especially in terms of low false positive results, with average values of accuracy (83.99%), sensitivity (77.74%), and specificity (80.61%). Looking at the comparison with diagnoses by clinicians (13 studies), the main difference relies on the specificity values, with a +15.63% increase for the CNN/DCNN models (average specificity of 84.87%) compared to humans (average specificity of 64.24%) with a 14,85% gap in average accuracy; the sensitivity values were comparable (79.77% for DL and 79.78% for humans). To obtain higher diagnostic accuracy and feasibility in clinical practice, rather than in experimental retrospective settings, future DL models should be based on a large dataset integrating dermoscopic images with relevant clinical and anamnestic data that is prospectively tested and adequately compared with physicians.
Information Load from Neuromediator Diffusion to Extrasynaptic Space: The Interplay between the Injection Frequency and Clearance
Authors: Shuvaev Andrey , Belozor Olga , Shuvaev Anton
Published: July 2024

In our study, we simulate the release of glutamate, a neurotransmitter, from the presynaptic cell by modeling the diffusion of glutamate into both synaptic and extrasynaptic space around the synapse. We have also incorporated a new factor into our model: convection. This factor represents the process by which the body clears glutamate from the synapse. Due to this process, the physiological mechanisms that typically prevent glutamate from spreading beyond the synapse are altered. This results in a different distribution of glutamate concentrations, with higher levels outside the synapse than inside it. The variety of biological effects that occur in response to this extrasynaptic glutamate highlights the importance of preventing neurotransmitters from spreading beyond the synapse. We aim to explain the physical reasons behind these biological effects, which are observed as excitotoxicity. Our results show that preventing the spread of glutamate outside the synapse increases the amount of information exchanged within the synapse and its surroundings for frequencies of glutamate release up to 30–50 Hz, followed by a decrease. Additionally, we find that the rate at which glutamate is cleared from the synapse is effective at relatively low levels (≤0.5 nm/μs in our calculation grid) and remains constant at higher levels.
In-Patient Multimodal Intensive Neurorehabilitation and Care Improve Motor and Non-Motor Functions in the Moderately Advanced Stages of Parkinson’s Disease: A Retrospective Study in a U.S. Facility
Authors: Moondra Priyanka , Rubin Lyubov , McCrossin Mara , Persaud Amanda , Di Rocco Alessandro , Quartarone Angelo , Ghilardi Maria Felice
Published: July 2024

(1) Background: Previous studies, mostly performed in European centers, have shown that in-patient multimodal intensive rehabilitation treatments lasting for two to four weeks can improve both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with long-lasting effects. Here, we ascertain the effects of a similar in-patient program in a U.S. center with a retrospective study in a cohort of 153 patients in the moderately advanced stage of PD. (2) Methods: We compared indices of motor and non-motor functions before and immediately after such treatment and investigated the possible differences between men and women. We used the available records of the Beck Depression Inventory, PDQ39, PD Sleep Scale, Timed Up and Go, Vocal Volume, Voice Handicap, and total UPDRS scores. (3) Results: We found that at the end of treatment, which lasted an average of 14 days, all outcome measures significantly improved independently of sex. (4) Conclusions: These results confirm the previous findings with a similar in-patient approach in European centers. They further suggest that this in-patient treatment is a care model that is feasible in U.S. centers and can provide a more immediate benefit to the motor function and quality of life of patients with moderately advanced PD.
Sinus Floor Augmentation with Synthetic Hydroxyapatite (NanoBone®) in Combination with Platelet-Rich Fibrin: A Case Series
Authors: Francisco Luís , Francisco Manuel , Costa Rosana , Vasques Miguel , Relvas Marta , Rajão António , Monteiro Luís , Rompante Paulo , Guerra Fernando , Infante da Câmara Marco
Published: July 2024

Several techniques have been described for maxillary sinus graft augmentation, including the lateral window technique and crestal approach with osteotomes or osseodensification. Platelet-rich fibrin has been used in maxillary sinus lift procedures due to its ability to accelerate soft and hard tissue healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of PRF in combination with the synthetic hydroxyapatite NanoBone® to enhance bone regeneration in sinus floor elevation with the lateral window technique. Out of the 50 individuals screened in a preoperative assessment visit from the CESPU—Famalicão clinical unit and intervened upon between January 2023 and December 2023, only 6 patients who met the study’s inclusion criteria consented to participate. In a split-mouth study, twelve sinus graft surgeries were carried out. Our observations reveal that for the test group (NanoBone®/PRF), there is a 27.5 ± 4.9% increase new vital bone, 23.0 ± 3.7% increase in inert bone particles, and 49.4 ± 2.8% increase in connective tissue. Meanwhile, for the control group (NanoBone®), there is a 19.5 ± 3.0% increase in new vital bone, 23.4 ± 5.7% increase in inert bone particles, and 57.0 ± 3.5% increase in connective tissue. The results strongly indicate that mixing liquid PRF with NanoBone® does not have a negative influence on the amount of viable bone formation, and it seems to slightly increase the amount of new bone formation and revascularization in sinus bone graft procedures with the lateral window technique compared to the single use of NanoBone®.