bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Production in Mice Deficient for the PAS Kinase PASKIN
Authors: Borter Emanuela , Niessen Markus , Zuellig Richard , Spinas Giatgen A. , Spielmann Patrick , Camenisch Gieri , Wenger Roland H.
Published: December 2006

The Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domain serine/threonine kinase PASKIN, or PAS kinase, links energy flux and protein synthesis in yeast and regulates glycogen synthase in mammals. A recent report suggested that PASKIN mRNA, protein, and kinase activity are increased in pancreatic islet β-cells under hyperglycemic conditions and that PASKIN is necessary for insulin gene expression. We previously generated Paskin knockout mice by targeted replacement of the kinase domain with the β-geo fusion gene encoding β-galactosidase reporter activity. Here we show that no 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-ß-d-galactopyranoside (X-gal) staining was observed in islet β-cells derived from Paskin knockout mice, irrespective of the ambient glucose concentration, whereas adenoviral expression of the lacZ gene in β-cells showed strong X-gal staining. No induction of PASKIN mRNA could be detected in insulinoma cell lines or in islet β-cells. Increasing glucose concentrations resulted in PASKIN-independent induction of insulin mRNA levels and insulin release. PASKIN mRNA levels were high in testes but undetectable in pancreas and in islet β-cells. Finally, blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance after intraperitoneal glucose injection were indistinguishable between Paskin wild-type and knockout mice. These results suggest that Paskin gene expression is not induced by glucose in pancreatic β-cells and that glucose-stimulated insulin production is independent of PASKIN.
Increased Inflammatory Properties of Adipose Tissue Macrophages Recruited During Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Lumeng Carey N. , DeYoung Stephanie M. , Bodzin Jennifer L. , Saltiel Alan R.
Published: December 2006

Although recent studies show that adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) participate in the inflammatory changes in obesity and contribute to insulin resistance, the properties of these cells are not well understood. We hypothesized that ATMs recruited to adipose tissue during a high-fat diet have unique inflammatory properties compared with resident tissue ATMs. Using a dye (PKH26) to pulse label ATMs in vivo, we purified macrophages recruited to white adipose tissue during a high-fat diet. Comparison of gene expression in recruited and resident ATMs using real-time RT-PCR and cDNA microarrays showed that recruited ATMs overexpress genes important in macrophage migration and phagocytosis, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). Many of these genes were not induced in ATMs from high-fat diet–fed CCR2 knockout mice, supporting the importance of CCR2 in regulating recruitment of inflammatory ATMs during obesity. Additionally, expression of Apoe was decreased, whereas genes important in lipid metabolism, such as Pparg, Adfp, Srepf1, and Apob48r, were increased in the recruited macrophages. In agreement with this, ATMs from obese mice had increased lipid content compared with those from lean mice. These studies demonstrate that recruited ATMs in obese animals represent a subclass of macrophages with unique properties.
Lifestyle Interventions Are Cost-Effective in People With Different Levels of Diabetes Risk
Authors: Jacobs-van der Bruggen Monique A.M. , Bos Griët , Bemelmans Wanda J. , Hoogenveen Rudolf T. , Vijgen Sylvia M. , Baan Caroline A.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—In the current study we explore the long-term health benefits and cost-effectiveness of both a community-based lifestyle program for the general population (community intervention) and an intensive lifestyle intervention for obese adults, implemented in a health care setting (health care intervention).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Short-term intervention effects on BMI and physical activity were estimated from the international literature. The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Chronic Diseases Model was used to project lifetime health effects and effects on health care costs for minimum and maximum estimates of short-term intervention effects. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated from a health care perspective and included intervention costs and related and unrelated medical costs. Effects and costs were discounted at 1.5 and 4.0% annually.

RESULTS—One new case of diabetes per 20 years was prevented for every 7–30 participants in the health care intervention and for every 300–1,500 adults in the community intervention. Intervention costs needed to prevent one new case of diabetes (per 20 years) were lower for the community intervention (€2,000–9,000) than for the health care intervention (€5,000–21,000). The cost-effectiveness ratios were €3,100–3,900 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) for the community intervention and €3,900–5,500 per QALY for the health care intervention.

CONCLUSIONS—Health care interventions for high-risk groups and community-based lifestyle interventions targeted to the general population (low risk) are both cost-effective ways of curbing the growing burden of diabetes.
Signs of β-Cell Autoimmunity in Nondiabetic Schoolchildren
Authors: Kondrashova Anita , Viskari Hanna , Kulmala Petri , Romanov Anatolij , Ilonen Jorma , Hyöty Heikki , Knip Mikael
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to study the prevalence of autoantibodies to various islet cell antigens in the background population of two neighboring countries with a sixfold difference in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Serum samples were obtained from 3,652 nondiabetic schoolchildren in Finland and from 1,988 schoolchildren in the adjacent Karelian Republic of Russia. The Karelian children were divided into three groups (Finns/Karelians, Russians, and others) based on the ethnic background of their mother. The samples were analyzed for islet cell antibodies (ICAs), insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), GAD antibodies (GADAs), and the tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2A) protein and HLA class II genotypes.

RESULTS—The frequency of ICAs, IAAs, and GADAs did not differ significantly between the Karelian (3.5, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively) and Finnish children (2.8, 0.9, and 0.5%, respectively). Similarly, the frequency of multiple (≥2) autoantibodies was similar in both countries (0.5 vs. 0.6%). The frequency of IA-2A was, however, four times higher in Finland (0.6 vs. 0.15% in Russian Karelia; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in autoantibody prevalence among the three ethnic groups in Russian Karelia. There was a falling frequency of GADAs and of positivity for multiple autoantibodies along with decreasing HLA-conferred disease susceptibility among the Finnish schoolchildren.

CONCLUSIONS—These data indicate that β-cell autoimmunity among schoolchildren is as frequent in Russian Karelia as in Finland, although the incidence of clinical type 1 diabetes is six times higher in Finland. However, in contrast to this general trend, IA-2As were more common in Finland. Since IA-2As usually appear late in the preclinical process, this suggests that progressive β-cell autoimmunity is more rare in Russian Karelia.
Does Treatment With Duloxetine for Neuropathic Pain Impact Glycemic Control?
Authors: Hardy Thomas , Sachson Richard , Shen Shuyi , Armbruster Mary , Boulton Andrew J.M.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—We examined changes in metabolic parameters in clinical trials of duloxetine for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data were pooled from three similarly designed clinical trials. Adults with diabetes and DPNP (n = 1,024) were randomized to 60 mg duloxetine q.d., 60 mg b.i.d., or placebo for 12 weeks. Subjects (n = 867) were re-randomized to 60 mg duloxetine b.i.d. or routine care for an additional 52 weeks. Mean changes in plasma glucose, lipids, and weight were evaluated. Regression and subgroup analyses were used to identify relationships between metabolic measures and demographic, clinical, and electrophysiological parameters.

RESULTS—Duloxetine treatment resulted in modest increases in fasting plasma glucose in short- and long-term studies (0.50 and 0.67 mmol/l, respectively). A1C did not increase in placebo-controlled studies; however, a greater increase was seen relative to routine care in long-term studies (0.52 vs. 0.19%). Short-term duloxetine treatment resulted in mean weight loss (−1.03 kg; P < 0.001 vs. placebo), whereas slight, nonsignificant weight gain was seen in both duloxetine and routine care groups with longer treatment. Between-group differences were seen for some lipid parameters, but these changes were generally small. Metabolic changes did not appear to impact improvement in pain severity seen with duloxetine, and nerve conduction was also not significantly impacted by treatment.

CONCLUSIONS—Duloxetine treatment was associated with modest changes in glycemia in patients with DPNP. Other metabolic changes were limited and of uncertain significance. These changes did not impact the significant improvement in pain observed with duloxetine treatment.
Impact of a Managed-Medicare Physical Activity Benefit on Health Care Utilization and Costs in Older Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Nguyen Huong Q. , Ackermann Ronald T. , Berke Ethan M. , Cheadle Allen , Williams Barbara , Lin Elizabeth , Maciejewski Matthew L. , LoGerfo James P.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this article was to determine the effects of a managed-Medicare physical activity benefit on health care utilization and costs among older adults with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This retrospective cohort study used administrative and claims data for 527 patients from a diabetes registry of a staff model HMO. Participants (n = 163) were enrolled in the HMO for at least 1 year before joining the Enhanced Fitness Program (EFP), a community-based physical activity program for which the HMO pays for each EFP class attended. Control subjects were matched to participants according to the index date of EFP enrollment (n = 364). Multivariate regression models were used to determine 12-month postindex differences in health care use and costs between participants and control subjects while adjusting for age, sex, chronic disease burden, EFP attendance, prevention score, heart registry, and respective baseline use and costs.

RESULTS—Participants and control subjects were similar at baseline with respect to age (75 ± 5.5 years), A1C levels (7.4 ± 1.4%), chronic disease burden, prevention score, and health care use and costs. After exposure to the program, there was a trend toward lower hospital admissions in EFP participants compared with control subjects (13.5 vs. 20.9%, P = 0.08), whereas total health care costs were not different (P = 0.39). EFP participants who attended ≥1 exercise session/week on average had ∼41% less total health care costs compared with those attending <1 session/week (P = 0.03) and with control subjects (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS—Although elective participation in a community-based physical activity benefit at any level was not associated with lower inpatient or total health care costs, greater participation in the program may lower health care costs. These findings warrant additional investigations to determine whether policies to offer and promote a community-based physical activity benefit in older adults with diabetes can reduce health care costs.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Using International Diabetes Foundation and Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria
Authors: Samaras Katherine , Wand Handan , Law Matthew , Emery Sean , Cooper David , Carr Andrew
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Definitions exist to identify those “at risk.” Treatment of HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy can induce severe metabolic complications including lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients and compare insulin resistance and total body, limb, and visceral fat and adipokines in those with and without metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was an international cross-sectional study of a well-characterized cohort of 788 HIV-infected adults recruited at 32 centers. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was examined using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) criteria, relative to body composition (whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computed tomography), lipids, glycemic parameters, insulin resistance, leptin, adiponectin, and C-reactive protein (CRP).

RESULTS—The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 14% (n = 114; 83 men) by IDF criteria and 18% (n = 139; 118 men) by ATPIII criteria; the concordance was significant but only moderate (κ = 0.46, P < 0.0001). Many patients (49%) had at least two features of metabolic syndrome but were not classified as having metabolic syndrome as their waist circumferences or waist-to-hip ratios were in the non–metabolic syndrome range. Metabolic syndrome was more common in those currently receiving protease inhibitors (P = 0.04). Type 2 diabetes prevalence was five- to ninefold higher in those with metabolic syndrome. With IDF criteria, subjects with metabolic syndrome showed disturbances in inflammation and adipokines: they had higher CRP (5.5 ± 7.0 vs. 3.9 ± 6.0 mg/l, P < 0.003) and leptin (9 ± 9 vs. 4 ± 6 ng/ml, P < 0.0001) and lower adiponectin (12 ± 8 vs. 15 ± 10 μg/ml, P < 0.0001) levels. By ATPIII criteria, those with metabolic syndrome had higher leptin (6 ± 8 ng/ml, P = 0.006) and lower adiponectin (15 ± 10 vs. 18 ± 8 μg/ml, P < 0.0001) levels.

CONCLUSIONS—Metabolic syndrome prevalence in HIV-positive adults was lower than that reported for the general population. Metabolic syndrome was associated with a substantially increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this specific cohort. Many subjects without metabolic syndrome had at least two metabolic syndrome components (particularly elevated lipid levels) but did not meet waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio cutoff metabolic syndrome criteria in this group with high rates of body fat partitioning disturbances.
Skin Autofluorescence Is a Strong Predictor of Cardiac Mortality in Diabetes
Authors: Meerwaldt Robbert , Lutgers Helen L. , Links Thera P. , Graaff Reindert , Baynes John W. , Gans Rijk O.B. , Smit Andries J.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are biomarkers of metabolic stress and are thought to contribute to the increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetes. Tissue autofluorescence is related to the accumulation of AGEs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between skin autofluorescence and metabolic burden (hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia) and its relationship with CHD and mortality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Skin autofluorescence was measured noninvasively with an autofluorescence reader in 48 type 1 and 69 type 2 diabetic patients and 43 control subjects. The presence of CHD was observed at baseline and mortality during a follow-up period of 5 years.

RESULTS—Autofluorescence correlated with mean A1C, triglycerides, and LDL. Autofluorescence values further increased with age, microalbuminuria, dialysis treatment, and diabetes duration. Autofluorescence was strongly related to the presence of CHD (odds ratio 7.9) and predicted mortality (3.0). Multivariate analysis showed that autofluorescence was more strongly associated with CHD and mortality compared with A1C, triglycerides, and LDL.

CONCLUSIONS—Skin autofluorescence is strongly related to cumulative metabolic burden. Skin autofluorescence seems strongly associated with cardiac mortality and may provide important clinical information for risk assessment.
Adiposity Compared With Physical Inactivity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Rana Jamal S. , Li Tricia Y. , Manson JoAnn E. , Hu Frank B.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—The relative contribution of adiposity and physical inactivity to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes remains controversial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively examined the individual and joint association of obesity and physical activity with the development of type 2 diabetes in 68,907 female nurses who had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. Adiposity was measured by BMI and waist circumference. Physical activity was assessed through average hours of moderate or vigorous exercise and computation of an MET score.

RESULTS—We documented 4,030 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during 16 years of follow-up (from 1986 to 2002). In a multivariate model including age, smoking, and other diabetes risk factors, risk of type 2 diabetes increased progressively with increasing BMI (P < 0.001) and waist circumference (P < 0.001) and with decreasing physical activity levels (P < 0.001). In joint analyses of BMI and physical activity, using women who had a healthy weight (BMI <25 kg/m2) and were physically active (exercise ≥21.8 MET h/week) as the reference group, the relative risks of type 2 diabetes were 16.75 (95% CI 13.99–20.04) for women who were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and inactive (exercise <2.1 MET h/week), 10.74 (8.74–13.18) for women who were active but obese, and 2.08 (1.66–2.61) for women who were lean but inactive. In combined analyses of waist circumference and physical activity, both variables were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes, but the association for waist circumference was substantially stronger than that for physical inactivity.

CONCLUSIONS—Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes; however, the magnitude of risk contributed by obesity is much greater than that imparted by lack of physical activity.
Heme Iron From Diet as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Qi Lu , van Dam Rob M. , Rexrode Kathryn , Hu Frank B.
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes-related metabolic abnormality may aggravate the adverse effects of iron overload on cardiovascular health. However, little is known about whether iron consumption affects coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively assessed the associations of long-term intakes of dietary iron and red meat with CHD risk among 6,161 women who reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS—During 54,455 person-years of follow-up from 1980 through 2000, we documented 550 incident cases of CHD. After adjustment for age and BMI, high intakes of both heme iron and red meat were associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal CHD (P for trend = 0.003 and 0.018), coronary revascularization (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.06), and total CHD (P for trend = 0.0009 and 0.007). Women with the highest intake of heme iron had 50% (6–94%) increased risk of total CHD compared with those with the lowest intake. Further adjustment for other lifestyle and dietary factors did not appreciably change the associations. The positive association between heme iron and red meat intakes and CHD was more evident among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women.

CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that higher consumption of heme iron and red meat may increase CHD risk among women with type 2 diabetes.
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in People With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Buse John B. , Ginsberg Henry N. , Bakris George L. , Clark Nathaniel G. , Costa Fernando , Eckel Robert , Fonseca Vivian , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Grundy Scott , Nesto Richard W. , Pignone Michael P. , Plutzky Jorge , Porte Daniel , Redberg Rita , Stitzel Kimberly F. , Stone Neil J.
Published: December 2006

The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) have each published guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention: the ADA has issued separate recommendations for each of the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes, and the AHA has shaped primary and secondary guidelines that extend to patients with diabetes. This statement will attempt to harmonize the recommendations of both organizations where possible but will recognize areas in which AHA and ADA recommendations differ.
Non-linear dynamics of spinodal decomposition in multi-component polymer systems. I. General approach
Authors: Prostomolotova Ekaterina
Published: December 2006

Spinodal decomposition of multi-component systems is analyzed within the framework of a new approach focusing on the description of this dynamic process in terms of the Langevin equation for the one-time structure factor S(q, t) treated as an independent dynamic object. We apply this approach, in particular, to multi-component incompressible polymer systems (binary polymer solutions, ternary polymer blends etc.). The dynamic equation describing the simultaneous relaxation of both the order parameters (component concentrations) and the matrix of the component-component dynamic correlation functions ∥S
ij(q, t)∥, including the explicit expression for the corresponding effective kinetic coefficients, is derived.
Structural analysis of base mispairing in DNA containing oxidative guanine lesion
Authors: Fujimoto Hirofumi , Pinak Miroslav , Nemoto Toshiyuki , Bunta Juraj
Published: December 2006

Classical molecular dynamics methods were used to analyze the importance of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) pairing with other DNA bases in order to determine the impact of oxidative guanine lesions on DNA structure. Six lesioned molecules, each containing 8-oxoG mispaired with one of the four normal bases on the the opposite strand at the center of 40-mer DNA, and one non-damaged DNA molecule, were simulated for 2 nanoseconds of real time. The 8-oxoG lesioned bases were found to incorporate opposite all normal bases. There are observed conformational and energetical differences among these parings. 8-oxoG in anti-form creates firm hydrogen bonds with cytosine and this bonding has a strong attractive electrostatic interaction energy similar to that of a native base pair-guanine to cytosine. Meanwhile, it does not form a stable base pair with purine bases (adenine and guanine) nor with the pyrimidine base thymine. On the other hand, the 8-oxoG in syn-form was found to pair with adenine.
Phagocytic functions of microglial cells in the central nervous system and their importance in two neurodegenerative diseases: multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Choucair Nada , Laporte Vincent , Levy Rachel , Arnold Anne-Sophie , Gies Jean-Pierre , Poindron Philippe , Lombard Yves
Published: December 2006

Microglial cells are the resident phagocytic cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They possess a wide range of receptors allowing them to identify and internalize numerous pathogens. We will discuss here the role of the most important receptors of microglia involved in non-opsonin-dependent phagocytosis (mannose receptor, β-glucan receptor, scavenger receptor) and that of receptors involved in the opsonin-dependent phagocytosis, namely the complement 3 (CR3) and the Fcγ receptors (FcγR). First, the molecular and cellular mechanisms induced when these receptors are conducting a phagocytic event are presented. In the second part, we will discuss the role these receptors may play in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, in the elimination by phagocytosis of myelin and beta amyloid peptide respectively.
Heat processing of soybean kernel and its effect on lysine availability and protein solubility
Authors: Žilić Sladana , Božović Irina , Savić Stojan , Šobajić Sladana
Published: December 2006

Soybean kernels of cultivars Bosa and ZPS 015 were used in the experiment. The contents of available lysine as well as water and salt soluble proteins, were analysed in fresh soybean kernels, soybean products made after the processes of dry extrusion, micronisation, microwave toasting and autoclaving. Utilizing a technological procedure of processing, kernels were exposed to temperatures from 57 to 150°C. The duration of exposure of the soybean kernels to the increased temperatures, ranged from 25-30 seconds in dry extrusion to 30 minutes in autoclaving. All treatments were subjected to different sources of heat, causing different thermodynamic processes to take place in kernels and change their chemical composition; i.e. nutritive quality. The content of water and salt soluble proteins decreased under the influence of higher temperatures in the course of all treatments of processing. The drop of solubility already was drastically effected by temperatures of 100°C in dry extrusion, while there was a gradual decrease in other treatments. The content of available lysine was determined by the modified Carpenter methods with DNFB. The processes of micronisation and microwave toasting showed the greatest effect on the reduction of lysine availability. Dry extrusion and autoclaving, performed within closed systems — in which the increased moisture content has a special effect — resulted in significantly smaller changes of the available lysine content.
The doppel gene biology: a scientific journey from brain to testis, and return
Authors: Comincini Sergio , Vecchio Igor , Azzalin Alberto
Published: December 2006

Doppel is a newly recognized prion-like molecule encoded by a novel gene locus, PRND, located on the same chromosomal region of the prion (PRNP) coding gene. Doppel was considered a paralogue and the first member of the prion-gene family, possibly originated through an ancestral gene duplication event. Prion and doppel have different expression patterns, suggesting that the gene products exhibit different biological functions. Actually, doppel is not involved in the aetiology of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or “prion diseases” and is highly expressed only within the testicular tissue, suggesting an important physiological role in the process of spermatogenesis. The restricted spatial and temporal expression profile of doppel has suggested its investigation within particular pathological contexts, such as cancers, showing that it might represent a novel and attractive diagnostic molecular marker and that might provide insights into the regulatory pathways of tumor-cell transformation.
Redescription of Rhabdochona cotti (Nematoda, Rhabdochonidae) from Cottus caeruleomentum (Teleostei, Cottidae) in Maryland, USA, with remarks on the taxonomy of North American Rhabdochona spp.
Authors: Moravec František , Muzzall Patrick
Published: December 2006

The nematode Rhabdochona cotti Gustafson, 1949 is redescribed from specimens collected from the intestine of the blue ridge sculpin Cottus caeruleomentum (a new host record), a recently described fish species, from Little Fishing Creek in Maryland, USA. The measurements of these specimens, collected in November 2005, are generally smaller than those reported in the original description of R. cotti, this being probably associated with the nematode’s seasonal maturation cycle or the different host species. As revealed by SEM, the deirids of R. cotti are simple (not bifurcate), in which this species differs from almost all North American congeners. Of these, simple deirids, filamented eggs and a rounded tail tip in females occur only in Rhabdochona longleyi, but it distinctly differs from R. cotti in the smaller number of anterior prostomal teeth (6 vs. 14). Rhabdochona rotundicaudatum is considered a junior synonym of Rhabdochona cascadilla; numerous specimens of the latter were collected from Semotilus atromaculatus, Luxilus cornutus and Notropis rubellus from the type locality (Eramosa River, Ontario, Canada) (unpublished). Rhabdochona paxmani and Rhabdochona salmonis are synonymized with Rhabdochona kisutchi, whereas Rhabdochona californiensis is considered a junior synonym of R. cascadilla. The need of a taxonomic revision of North American species of Rhabdochona is stressed.
Effect of 5‐haplotype of dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) polymorphisms for the susceptibility to bipolar I disorder
Authors: Pae Chi‐Un , Serretti Alessandro , Mandelli Laura , Yu Hye‐Sook , Patkar Ashwin A. , Lee Chang‐Uk , Lee Soo‐Jung , Jun Tae‐Youn , Lee Chul , Paik In‐Ho , Kim Jung‐Jin
Published: December 2006

We investigated a possible association between dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) variants and bipolar I disorder (BID). Five SNPs within DTNBP1 (rs3213207, rs1011313, rs2005976, rs760761, and rs2619522) were genotyped for 151 patients with BID and 478 controls. We observed a significant protective association of the haplotype A‐C‐G‐T‐A (all SNPs, P = 0.00016) and particularly G‐T‐A (the last three SNP, P = 0.00007) within DTNBP1 variants investigated. Single marker and subgroup (e.g., psychotic features, age at onset, family history, etc.) analyses showed no significant association. Although the association was due to a small number of subjects, specific DTNBP1 haplotypes, previously associated with schizophrenia, may be also associated with BID. Adequately powered studies from different ethnicities will be necessary to confirm our findings. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive impact of subcortical vascular and Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Chui Helena C. , Zarow Chris , Mack Wendy J. , Ellis William G. , Zheng Ling , Jagust William J. , Mungas Dan , Reed Bruce R. , Kramer Joel H. , DeCarli Charles C. , Weiner Michael W. , Vinters Harry V.
Published: December 2006

Objective

To assess the interactions among three types of pathology (ie, cerebrovascular disease, hippocampal sclerosis [HS], and Alzheimer's disease [AD]), cognitive status, and apolipoprotein E genotype.

Methods

We report clinicopathological correlations from 79 autopsy cases derived from a prospective longitudinal study of subcortical ischemic vascular disease and AD.

Results

Thirty percent of the cases had significant cerebrovascular parenchymal pathology scores (CVDPS), 54% had significant AD pathology, and 18% had HS. In an ordinal logistic regression analysis that included interaction terms to assess the effects of each pathological variable when the other variables are interpolated to zero, each of the three pathology variables contributed independently to cognitive status: Braak and Braak stage odds ratio (OR) = 2.84 (95% confidence interval, 1.81–4.45), HS score OR = 2.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–5.85), and CVDPS OR = 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.04). Only Braak and Braak stage contributed to a global neuropsychological measure of cognitive impairment. Apolipoprotein E4 genotype was associated with Braak and Braak stage (OR, 1.31 [95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.68]), but not CVDPS or HS scores.

Interpretation

In this convenience sample enriched for subcortical ischemic vascular disease, HS was a common unsuspected neuropathological finding. Apolipoprotein E4 genotype was associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but not HS or arteriosclerosis. When Braak and Braak stage was interpolated to zero, both CVDPS and HS contributed to cognitive impairment. However, advancing stages of AD pathology overwhelmed the effects of CVDPS and HS, to become the major determinant of dementia. Ann Neurol 2006;60:677–687
Impact of Alzheimer's pathology on cognitive trajectories in nondemented elderly
Authors: Driscoll Ira , Resnick Susan M. , Troncoso Juan C. , An Yang , O'Brien Richard , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: December 2006

Objective

Some individuals who are asymptomatic for dementia while alive have substantial Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology at autopsy. We investigated whether cognitive trajectories differ between clinically normal elderly individuals with and without AD neuropathology and how they compare with trajectories of clinically impaired individuals before dementia diagnosis.

Methods

Eighty‐one elderly participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) were followed prospectively with neurological and neuropsychological assessments before autopsy evaluation at death. Trajectories of cognitive change were estimated for a number of domains using cognitive data before a clinical diagnosis of dementia.

Results

Clinically normal elderly individuals with and without AD‐type neuropathology have similar cognitive trajectories across different cognitive domains. In contrast, individuals with mild cognitive impairment/AD show steeper rates of longitudinal decline in several aspects of cognition compared with clinically normal elderly individuals regardless of whether the latter have AD neuropathology. Moreover, the cognitive differences between impaired and unimpaired groups can be detected years before a diagnosis of dementia.

Interpretation

Clinically normal individuals with and without AD neuropathology do not differ in rates of cognitive decline across a number of cognitive domains. Understanding the factors that protect some individuals with AD pathology from cognitive impairment may contribute to the maintenance of cognitive health in the elderly. Ann Neurol 2006;60:688–695
Delivery of neurturin by AAV2 (CERE‐120)‐mediated gene transfer provides structural and functional neuroprotection and neurorestoration in MPTP‐treated monkeys
Authors: Kordower Jeffrey H. , Herzog Christopher D. , Dass Biplob , Bakay Roy A. E. , Stansell James , Gasmi Mehdi , Bartus Raymond T.
Published: December 2006

Objective

We tested the hypothesis that gene delivery of the trophic factor neurturin could preserve motor function and protect nigrostriatal circuitry in hemiparkinsonian monkeys.

Methods

An adeno‐associated virus–based vector encoding human neurturin (AAV2‐NTN; also called CERE‐120) was injected into the striatum and substantia nigra of monkeys 4 days after a unilateral intracarotid injection of N‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) rendered them hemiparkinsonian. Control hemiparkinsonian monkeys received either AAV2 encoding green fluorescent protein or formulation buffer.

Results

Although stable deficits were seen in all control monkeys, AAV2‐NTN significantly improved MPTP‐induced motor impairments by 80 to 90% starting at approximately month 4 and lasting until the end of the experiment (month 10). AAV2‐NTN significantly preserved nigral neurons, significantly preserved striatal dopaminergic innervation, and activated phospho‐extracellular signal–regulated kinase, consistent with a mechanism involving a trophic factor–initiated molecular cascade. Histological analyses of numerous brain regions, including the cerebellum, showed normal cytoarchitecture and no aberrant pathology.

Interpretation

These data demonstrate that AAV2‐NTN (CERE‐120) can preserve function and anatomy in degenerating nigrostriatal neurons and are supportive of ongoing clinical tests in Parkinson's disease patients. Ann Neurol 2006;60:706–715
MGMT methylation: A marker of response to temozolomide in low‐grade gliomas
Authors: Everhard Sibille , Kaloshi Gentian , Crinière Emmanuelle , Benouaich‐Amiel Alexandra , Lejeune Julie , Marie Yannick , Sanson Marc , Kujas Michèle , Mokhtari Karima , Hoang‐Xuan Khê , Delattre Jean‐Yves , Thillet Joëlle
Published: December 2006

The methylation status of the O6‐methylguanine‐methyltransferase promoter (MGMTP) was evaluated in 68 low‐grade gliomas treated by neoadjuvant temozolomide. Methylated MGMTP was detected in 63 of 68 (92.6 %) patients and was a favorable predictor of progression‐free survival as compared with unmethylated MGMTP tumors (p < 0.0001). Assessment of MGMTP status could help identifying low‐grade gliomas patients more likely to respond to chemotherapy or to benefit from MGMT depletion strategies. Ann Neurol 2006;60:740–743
Simvastatin enhances learning and memory independent of amyloid load in mice
Authors: Li Ling , Cao Dongfeng , Kim Helen , Lester Robin , Fukuchi Ken‐ichiro
Published: December 2006

Objective

Normal aging is often associated with a decline in learning and memory functions. This decline is manifested to a much greater extent in Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have indicated statins, a class of cholesterol‐lowering drugs, as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Our objective was to determine whether administering a statin drug (simvastatin) would protect against the development of behavioral deficits in an established mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Tg2576 mice and their nontransgenic littermates were treated with simvastatin and assessed by behavioral tests and biochemical analyses.

Results

Simvastatin treatment not only reversed learning and memory deficits in the Tg2576 mice, but also enhanced learning and memory in the nontransgenic mice. Moreover, levels of amyloid β protein in the brains of treated mice did not differ from those of untreated mice. Simvastatin treatment was associated with increased expression levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the mouse brain.

Interpretation

Our findings demonstrate that the effects of simvastatin on learning and memory are independent of amyloid β protein levels. The mechanisms by which simvastatin exerts its beneficial effects may be related to modulation of signaling pathways in memory formation. Ann Neurol 2006;60:729–739
Cover Picture: Secondary Structure, Dynamics, and Topology of a Seven‐Helix Receptor in Native Membranes, Studied by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 3/2007)
Authors: Etzkorn Manuel , Martell Swetlana , Andronesi Ovidiu C. , Seidel Karsten , Engelhard Martin , Baldus Marc
Published: December 2006

Membrane proteins can now be studied in their native environments by using high‐resolution solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Techniques that probe rigid, mobile, and water‐exposed protein segments provide insight into the membrane‐embedded structure of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis. The secondary structure, dynamics, and membrane topology of this seven‐helix receptor are discussed by M. Engelhard, M. Baldus, and co‐workers in their Communication on page 459 ff.
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gelation in the brabender measuring mixer. II. Description of PVC gelation in the torque inflection point
Authors: Tomaszewska Jolanta , Sterzyński Tomasz , Piszczek Kazimierz
Published: December 2006

This article discusses the transitory stage between the minimum and the maximum of the torque, which corresponds to an inflection point on the torque curve (called point G). The unplastified compound of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) (Polanwil S‐61) was processed in various temperatures between 150 and 200°C, by rotors speeds in the range from 5 to 40 min−1. The progress of gelation was estimated basing on DSC thermograms and on the rheological measurements, which were realized by means of specially constructed MFR apparatus. The morphological changes of processed compound were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that a general description of gelation progress demand both, the microscopic observation as well DSC and MFR measurements. More significant advancement of gelation, as observed by SEM, was achieved by lower shear rates. However, it may be stated that by reaching an inflection point on the torque curve, the PVC compound may not be treated as a polymer where the gelation process was completed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3688–3693, 2007
Combined effect of specific nucleation and rubber dispersion on morphology and mechanical behavior of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Kotek Jiří , Ščudla Jaroslav , Šlouf Miroslav , Raab Miroslav
Published: December 2006

This study aims to explore the joint effects of specific β‐nucleation and rubber dispersion on morphology and mechanical behavior of materials derived from isotactic polypropylene. A β‐nucleator (N,N′‐dicyclohexylnaphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxamide) and an amorphous EPM rubber were used for the modification of isotactic polypropylene. Four samples were investigated: neat polypropylene, the same polymer modified with 0.03 wt % of β‐nucleator or with 15 wt % of dispersed rubber particles, and finally polypropylene containing both the β‐nucleator and the rubber particles. Tensile and impact behavior were followed at room and cryogenic temperatures. It has been observed that the β‐nucleation and rubber modification have brought about a similar macroscopic softening effect on the tensile mechanical behavior. Microscopy of fracture surfaces, however, has shown different toughening mechanisms caused by specific nucleation on one hand and by rubber dispersion on the other. While a distinct synergy effect of nucleation and rubber modification on the resulting toughness was found at low temperature, no such cooperative effect manifested itself at room temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3539–3546, 2007
Effects of the reinforcement and toughening of acrylate resin/CaCO3 nanoparticles on rigid poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Quan Ying , Yang Mingshan , Liang Tongxiang , Yan Qin , Liu Deshan , Jin Riguang
Published: December 2006

Novel composite particles based on nanoscale calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) as the core and polyacrylates as the shell were first synthesized by in situ encapsulating emulsion polymerization in the presence of the fresh slush pulp of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles. Subsequently, these modified nanoparticles were compounded with rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (RPVC) to prepare RPVC/CaCO3 nanocomposites. At the same time, the effects of the reinforcement and toughening of these modified nanoparticles on RPVC were investigated, and the synergistic effect of modified nanoparticles with chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) was also studied. The results showed that in the presence of nano‐CaCO3 particles, the in situ emulsion polymerization of acrylates was carried out smoothly, and polyacrylates successfully encapsulated on the surface of nano‐CaCO3 to prepare the modified nanoparticles, breaking down nano‐CaCO3 particle agglomerates, improving their dispersion in the matrix, and also increasing the particle–matrix interfacial adhesion. Thus, the effects of the reinforcement and toughening of these modified nanoparticles on RPVC were very significant, and the cooperative effect of the nanoparticles with CPE occurred in the united modification system. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that large‐fiber drawing and network morphologies coexisted in the system of joint modification of nanoparticles with CPE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3940–3949, 2007
Biodegradable blend films based on two polysaccharide derivatives and their use as ibuprofen‐releasing matrices
Authors: Yi Ju‐Zhen , Zhang Li‐Ming
Published: December 2006

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FTIR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and viscosity methods were used to examine the miscibility, interaction, and degradability of cationic guar gum (GG) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) in their blend films. The experiment results prove that there exist electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between GG and NaCMC. Blend films degrade quicker than pure GG or NaCMC film. Furthermore, the degradation rate of blend films is related to the interactions between GG and NaCMC. Based on the research of blend films as the drug carriers for Ibuprofen, it is found that the blend composition, initial drug concentration, and pH value affect the drug release and the GG/NaCMC blend films have good sustained release performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3553–3559, 2007
Morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Boukerrou Amar , Duchet Jannick , Fellahi Said , Kaci Mustapha , Sautereau Henry
Published: December 2006

The morphology and mechanical and viscoelastic properties of rubbery epoxy/organoclay montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile testing, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. An ultrasonicator was used to apply external shearing forces to disperse the silicate clay layers in the epoxy matrix. The first step of the nanocomposite preparation consisted of swelling MMT in a curing agent, that is, an aliphatic diamine based on a polyoxypropylene backbone with a low viscosity for better diffusion into the intragalleries. Then, the epoxy prepolymer was added to the mixture. Better dispersion and intercalation of the nanoclay in the matrix were expected. The organic modification of MMT with octadecylammonium ions led to an increase in the initial d‐spacing (the [d001] peak) from 14.4 to 28.5 Å, as determined by WAXS; this indicated the occurrence of an intercalation. The addition of 5 phr MMTC18 (MMT after the modification) to the epoxy matrix resulted in a finer dispersion, as evidenced by the disappearance of the diffraction peak in the WAXS pattern and TEM images. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties were improved for both MMT and MMTC18 nanocomposites, but they were more pronounced for the modified ones. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 103: 3547–3552, 2007
Optimum parameters for production of chitin and chitosan from squilla (S. empusa)
Authors: Shrinivas Rao Mukku , Aye Nyein Kyaw , Si Trung Trang , Stevens Willem F.
Published: December 2006

Chitin and chitosan of high quality were produced from squilla, a by‐catch of Indian Ocean fisheries, by demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. Optimum conditions for the production of chitin and chitosan were determined. The quality of chitin was assessed from its ash and protein content. Ash content was below 1% after treatment with 4% HCl for 12 h at 50°C. A protein content of less than 1% could be achieved by treatment with 4% NaOH in 12 h but only at a temperature of 70°C or higher. Production of chitin was also tested by a three‐stage treatment with altering sequence of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid (HCl–NaOH–HCl or NaOH–HCl–NaOH). This three‐step treatment appeared to be successful to achieve a mineral content and protein content below 1% within 30 h and at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. The chitin obtained under optimum conditions was tested for deacetylation using NaOH concentrations of 40 and 50% for 12–44 h at 30, 50 and 70°C. The chitosan obtained had a degree of deacetylation of 77–86%, a viscosity of 8.2–16.2 × 102 cps, solubility of 98%, and molecular weight of ˜ 1 × 106 dalton. The data show that processing of squilla waste can lead to a high quality chitosan, useful for a broad range of applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 103: 3694–3700, 2007
Electrochemical investigations on the effect of dispersoid in PVA based solid polymer electrolytes
Authors: Rajendran S. , Sivakumar M. , Subadevi R. , Wu N.‐L. , Lee J.‐Y.
Published: December 2006

Various compositions of TiO2 dispersed PVA‐PMMA‐LiBF4‐EC based electrolytes were prepared using solution casting technique. The prepared electrolytes were characterized using AC impedance, XRD, SEM, FTIR, etc. The ionic conductivity value is increased with the increase in filler content (up to 8 wt %) and then decreased with the increase in filler content. The results are described using Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher theory. The thermal and transport properties of the electrolyte exhibiting maximum conductivity have also been studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3950–3956, 2007
Synthesis of silver (nano)particle under hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s
Authors: Sun Youyi , Wang Ding , Gao Jiangang , Zheng Zhi , Zhang Qijin
Published: December 2006

Ag colloidal particles stabilized by poly (N,N′‐methylene bis‐acrylamide N‐aminoethyl piperazine) (MBA‐AEPZ) were prepared. The Ag+ ion concentration and reaction temperature were studied on the size and size distribution of Ag colloidal particles, which were determined from the ultraviolet (UV) plasmon absorption band and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses. The data show that poly(MBA‐AEPZ) behaves like lower molecular mass stabilizers; some polymers surround the surface of the Ag colloidal particles and the particle size can be controlled by a change in the Ag+ ion concentration and reaction temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3701–3705, 2007