bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A biopsychosocial perspective on parenting and developmental psychopathology
Authors: Calkins Susan D. , Propper Cathi , Mills-Koonce W. Roger
Published: December 2013

Although considerable research has examined the relations between parental behavior and a range of child developmental outcomes, much of this work has been conducted at a very broad level of behavioral analysis. A developmental psychopathology framework and recent research conducted within this framework point to the need for models of parenting and child psychopathology that offer greater specificity regarding processes that may be implicated in the effects of these relationships. In addition, recent animal work and some human work has focused more on theproximalbiological and social mechanisms through which parenting affects child outcomes. Our conceptualization of parenting effects acknowledges that family and child factors are embedded in a dynamic biological and social context that is key to understanding developmental trajectories of child adjustment. In this paper, we review two areas of research that are illuminating the biological processes underlying links between parenting and child psychopathology: molecular genetics and psychophysiology. We adopt a biopsychosocial perspective on developmental psychopathology that implies that a set of hierarchically organized, but reciprocally interacting, processes, from the genetic to the environmental, provide the essential elements of both normative and nonnormative development (Gottlieb, 2007). New directions stimulated by this general approach are discussed, with an emphasis on the contextual and developmental issues and applications implied by such a perspective.
Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation, and policy
Authors: Cassidy Jude , Jones Jason D. , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: December 2013

Attachment theory has been generating creative and impactful research for almost half a century. In this article we focus on the documented antecedents and consequences of individual differences in infant attachment patterns, suggesting topics for further theoretical clarification, research, clinical interventions, and policy applications. We pay particular attention to the concept of cognitive “working models” and to neural and physiological mechanisms through which early attachment experiences contribute to later functioning. We consider adult caregiving behavior that predicts infant attachment patterns, and the still-mysterious “transmission gap” between parental Adult Attachment Interview classifications and infant Strange Situation classifications. We also review connections between attachment and (a) child psychopathology; (b) neurobiology; (c) health and immune function; (d) empathy, compassion, and altruism; (e) school readiness; and (f) culture. We conclude with clinical–translational and public policy applications of attachment research that could reduce the occurrence and maintenance of insecure attachment during infancy and beyond. Our goal is to inspire researchers to continue advancing the field by finding new ways to tackle long-standing questions and by generating and testing novel hypotheses.
The reformulation of emotional security theory: The role of children's social defense in developmental psychopathology
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Martin Meredith J.
Published: December 2013

Although children's security in the context of the interparental relationship has been identified as a key explanatory mechanism in pathways between family discord and child psychopathology, little is known about the inner workings of emotional security as a goal system. Thus, the objective of this paper is to describe how our reformulation of emotional security theory within an ethological and evolutionary framework may advance the characterization of the architecture and operation of emotional security and, in the process, cultivate sustainable growing points in developmental psychopathology. The first section of the paper describes how children's security in the interparental relationship is organized around a distinctive behavioral system designed to defend against interpersonal threat. Building on this evolutionary foundation for emotional security, the paper offers an innovative taxonomy for identifying qualitatively different ways children try to preserve their security and its innovative implications for more precisely informing understanding of the mechanisms in pathways between family and developmental precursors and children's trajectories of mental health. In the final section, the paper highlights the potential of the reformulation of emotional security theory to stimulate new generations of research on understanding how children defend against social threats in ecologies beyond the interparental dyad, including both familial and extrafamilial settings.
Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy
Authors: Shonkoff Jack P. , Fisher Philip A.
Published: December 2013

Half a century of research and program evaluation has fueled a diverse landscape of early childhood policies and practices that produce a range of positive effects on the life prospects of children who face the burdens of significant adversity. Drawing on advances in neurobiology, developmental psychology, developmental psychopathology, and prevention science, this paper presents a framework for elucidating underlying causal mechanisms that explain differences in outcomes, formulating enhanced theories of change about how to shift developmental trajectories, designing creative interventions and rethinking the concept of a two-generation strategy to produce breakthrough impacts, and launching a new era of investment in young children and their families that will achieve greater reductions in intergenerational disparities in learning, behavior, and health than those produced by current best practices. Particular attention is focused on the hypothesis that substantially better outcomes for vulnerable, young children could be achieved by greater attention to strengthening the resources and capabilities of the adults who care for them rather than by continuing to focus primarily on the provision of child-focused enrichment, parenting education, and informal support. Central to achieving this goal is the need to establish an innovation-friendly environment that embraces fast-cycle sharing, supports risk taking, and celebrates learning from failure.
Dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to rickets-related hypocalcaemia: eight case reports and a review of the literature
Authors: Yilmaz Osman , Olgun Hasim , Ciftel Murat , Kilic Omer , Kartal Ibrahim , Iskenderoglu Nebahat Y. , Laloglu Fuat , Ceviz Naci
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Dilated cardiomyopathy is usually idiopathic and may arise secondary to infections or metabolic or genetic causes. Another rare cause is hypocalcaemia. Owing to the fact that calcium plays an essential role in excitation and contraction of myocardial muscle, myocardial contractility may decline in patients with hypocalcaemia. Materials and Methods: Patients with symptoms of congestive heart failure and rickets-related hypocalcaemia were assessed clinically and by echocardiography in a paediatric cardiology clinic. Echocardiography was performed for all patients. Rickets was diagnosed according to the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings. Maternal lifestyle and living conditions were investigated, and the maternal 25-OH vitamin D3 blood level was measured. Results: We evaluated eight patients who developed heart failure as a result of severe hypocalcaemia associated with rickets between August, 1999 and June, 2012. The age distribution of the patients was 3–12 months. Laboratory results were consistent with advanced-stage rickets. Severe hypocalcaemia was detected in all patients. The maternal 25-OH vitamin D3 levels were low. Echocardiography revealed increased pre-treatment left ventricle end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters for age and reduced ejection fraction and fractional shortening. After clinical improvement, the patients were discharged. Conclusions: Severe hypocalcaemia associated with rickets must always be kept in mind among the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy and impaired cardiac function in infants. If diagnosed and treated in time, dilated cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure related to rickets respond well.
Dis-assembling Traditions: Deconstructing Tasan via Matteo Ricci
Authors: CAWLEY KEVIN N.
Published: December 2013

Chŏng Yagyong 丁若鏞 (1762–1836), commonly known by the penname Tasan 茶山, was infamous for his involvement in the early Catholic Church, which was formed by his close friends and his brothers. This Church was responsible for its self-evangelisation based on the ideas found in Matteo Ricci's Tianzhu shiyi 天主實義 (The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven). The effects of this very controversial aspect of his life, and the influence of this precarious context—fraught with danger, narrowly escaping execution and exiled for 18 years—has been under-valued. This paper highlights the effects of such a context on Tasan's ideas by engaging with “deconstruction”, drawing on the ideas of Jacques Derrida. I outline how Tasan embroidered Ricci's deconstructive strategies into the deepest fabric of his own deconstruction of “original” Confucianism, or his dis-assembling of traditions. The paper uncovers Christian traces silhouetted in Tasan's theistic commentaries, leading him towards a Post-Confucian conceptualisation of humanity (仁) vis-à-vis a personal, monotheistic, creator God.
THE GAY MARRIAGE DEBATE – AFTERTHOUGHTS
Authors: Benn Piers
Published: December 2013

This article analyses some familiar arguments both for, and against, same-sex civil marriage. I argue that it is not enough to defend gay marriage by a simple appeal to equality, unless one addresses the view that same-sex marriage would be contrary to the objective nature and purpose of marriage. I illustrate the ways in which a stand-off is reached in discussions of this particular matter. I also suggest that there is a mystery about what the ‘upgrade’ from a faithful relationship to marriage amounts to, but that part of the answer is that marriage embodies a state-recognized social transition. This is underpinned by the interest that society has in marriage, largely owing to its facilitating a stable environment for children. However, I suggest that marriage also properly functions as a way to uphold commitment and love, and conclude that that there is no good reason not to uphold – through marriage – those things in same-sex relationships. But I concede that religious organisations with theological objections to same-sex marriage should not be obliged to conduct gay weddings.
WHY WE NEED FRIENDLY AI
Authors: Muehlhauser Luke , Bostrom Nick
Published: December 2013

Humans will not always be the most intelligent agents on Earth, the ones steering the future. What will happen to us when we no longer play that role, and how can we prepare for this transition?
A MORAL PROBLEM ABOUT PRAYER
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: December 2013

At a time of acute danger, people commonly petition God for help for themselves or their loved ones. Such prayer seems natural and, indeed, for believers, reasonable and acceptable. But once we closely examine what is actually happening in such situations, we see that frequently such prayer is not morally innocuous. I present a number of examples which illustrate the difficulty, and argue that even assuming the benevolence of the deity does not suffice to make such prayer legitimate.
DNAM‐1 control of natural killer cells functions through nectin and nectin‐like proteins
Authors: de Andrade Lucas Ferrari , Smyth Mark J , Martinet Ludovic
Published: December 2013

Natural killer (NK) cells represent key innate immune cells that restrain viral infection and malignant transformation and help mount an adaptive immune response. To perform such complicated tasks, NK cells express a wide set of inhibitory and activating receptors that alert them against cellular stress without damaging healthy cells. A new family of receptors that recognize nectin and nectin‐like molecules has recently emerged as a critical regulator of NK cell functions. The most famous member of this family, DNAX accessory molecule (DNAM‐1, CD226), is an adhesion molecule that control NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon‐γ production against a wide range of cancer and infected cells. Its ligands CD112 and CD155 have been described in different pathological conditions, and recent evidence indicates that their expression is regulated by cellular stress. Additional receptors have been shown to bind DNAM‐1 ligands and modulate NK cell functions bringing another level of complexity. These include CD96 (TACTILE) and TIGIT (WUCAM, VSTM3). Here, we review the role of DNAM‐1, TIGIT and CD96 in NK cell biology summarizing the recent advances made on the role of these receptors in various pathologies, such as cancer, viral infections and autoimmunity.
Determining the optimum morphology in high-performance polymer-fullerene organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Hedley Gordon J. , Ward Alexander J. , Alekseev Alexander , Howells Calvyn T. , Martins Emiliano R. , Serrano Luis A. , Cooke Graeme , Ruseckas Arvydas , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: December 2013

The morphology of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells controls many of the performance characteristics of devices. However, measuring this morphology is challenging because of the small length-scales and low contrast between organic materials. Here we use nanoscale photocurrent mapping, ultrafast fluorescence and exciton diffusion to observe the detailed morphology of a high-performance blend of PTB7:PC71BM. We show that optimized blends consist of elongated fullerene-rich and polymer-rich fibre-like domains, which are 10–50 nm wide and 200–400 nm long. These elongated domains provide a concentration gradient for directional charge diffusion that helps in the extraction of charge pairs with 80% efficiency. In contrast, blends with agglomerated fullerene domains show a much lower efficiency of charge extraction of ~45%, which is attributed to poor electron and hole transport. Our results show that the formation of narrow and elongated domains is desirable for efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells.
A rare functional cardioprotective APOC3 variant has risen in frequency in distinct population isolates
Authors: Tachmazidou Ioanna , Dedoussis George , Southam Lorraine , Farmaki Aliki-Eleni , Ritchie Graham R. S. , Xifara Dionysia K. , Matchan Angela , Hatzikotoulas Konstantinos , Rayner Nigel W. , Chen Yuan , Pollin Toni I. , O’Connell Jeffrey R. , Yerges-Armstrong Laura M. , Kiagiadaki Chrysoula , Panoutsopoulou Kalliope , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Moutsianas Loukas ,   UK10K consortium, Tsafantakis Emmanouil , Tyler-Smith Chris , McVean Gil , Xue Yali , Zeggini Eleftheria
Published: December 2013

Isolated populations can empower the identification of rare variation associated with complex traits through next generation association studies, but the generalizability of such findings remains unknown. Here we genotype 1,267 individuals from a Greek population isolate on the Illumina HumanExome Beadchip, in search of functional coding variants associated with lipids traits. We find genome-wide significant evidence for association between R19X, a functional variant in APOC3, with increased high-density lipoprotein and decreased triglycerides levels. Approximately 3.8% of individuals are heterozygous for this cardioprotective variant, which was previously thought to be private to the Amish founder population. R19X is rare (<0.05% frequency) in outbred European populations. The increased frequency of R19X enables discovery of this lipid traits signal at genome-wide significance in a small sample size. This work exemplifies the value of isolated populations in successfully detecting transferable rare variant associations of high medical relevance.
Active and secreted IgA-coated bacterial fractions from the human gut reveal an under-represented microbiota core
Authors: D'Auria Giuseppe , Peris-Bondia Francesc , Džunková Mária , Mira Alex , Collado Maria Carmen , Latorre Amparo , Moya Andrés
Published: December 2013

Host-associated microbiota varies in distribution depending on the body area inhabited. Gut microbes are known to interact with the human immune system, maintaining gut homoeostasis. Thus, we studied whether secreted-IgA (S-IgA) coat specific microbial taxa without inducing strong immune responses. To do so, we fractionated gut microbiota by flow cytometry. We found that active and S-IgA-coated bacterial fractions were characterized by a higher diversity than those observed in raw faecal suspensions. A long-tail effect was observed in family distribution, revealing that rare bacteria represent up to 20% of total diversity. While Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, the majority of its sequences were not assigned at the genus level. Finally, the single-cell-based approach enabled us to focus on active and S-IgA-coated bacteria. Thus, we revealed a microbiota core common to the healthy volunteers participating in the study. Interestingly, this core was composed mainly of low frequency taxa (e.g. Sphingomonadaceae).
Electrochemiluminescence of a nanoAg–carbon nanodot composite and its application to detect sulfide ions
Authors: Wang Zhong-Xia , Zheng Chun-Lan , Li Qi-Le , Ding Shou-Nian
Published: December 2013

The work presents the enhanced electrochemiluminescence of a newly prepared nanosilver–carbon nanodot composite and its application to sensitively detect sulfide ions.
In situ observation of electrolytic H2 evolution adjacent to gold cathodes
Authors: Liu Y. , Dillon S. J.
Published: December 2013

The early stages of gas evolution during electrolytic hydrogen production on Au electrodes are characterized by in situ transmission electron microscopy.
Tuning the selectivity of a supported gold catalyst in solvent- and radical initiator-free aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene
Authors: Ovoshchnikov Daniil S. , Donoeva Baira G. , Williamson Bryce E. , Golovko Vladimir B.
Published: December 2013

The selectivity of supported gold catalysts in solvent- and radical initiator-free aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene was tuned by either WO3 or MIL-101.
Metabolism of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside the dietary precursor to the intestinally derived lignan enterolactone in humans
Authors: Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Brown Nadine M. , Zimmer-Nechemias Linda , Wolfe Brian , Jha Pinky , Heubi James E.
Published: December 2013

Secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside (SDG), a natural dietary lignan of flaxseeds now available in dietary supplements, is converted by intestinal bacteria to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone.
Separation of motile bacteria using drift velocity in a microchannel
Authors: Ishikawa Takuji , Shioiri Tatsuya , Numayama-Tsuruta Keiko , Ueno Hironori , Imai Yohsuke , Yamaguchi Takami
Published: December 2013

Separation of certain bacteria from liquids is important in the food, water quality management, bioengineering, and pharmaceutical industries.
Changes in subtypes of Ca microdomains following partial injury to the central nervous system
Authors: Lozić Ivan , Bartlett Carole A. , Shaw Jeremy A. , Iyer K. Swaminathan , Dunlop Sarah A. , Kilburn Matt R. , Fitzgerald Melinda
Published: December 2013

Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry demonstrates that subsets of Ca microdomains rapidly decrease after central nervous system injury.
Phenazine antibiotic inspired discovery of potent bromophenazine antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Borrero Nicholas V. , Bai Fang , Perez Cristian , Duong Benjamin Q. , Rocca James R. , Jin Shouguang , Huigens III Robert W.
Published: December 2013

We have discovered a novel class of bromophenazines with potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Electrochemically stable cathode current collectors for rechargeable magnesium batteries
Authors: Cheng Yingwen , Liu Tianbiao , Shao Yuyan , Engelhard Mark H. , Liu Jun , Li Guosheng
Published: December 2013

This work identified that Mo and W are two electrochemically stable metals for using as current collectors and cell cases for rechargeable magnesium batteries.
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in pre-eclampsia: the delicate balance between good and bad
Authors: Verdonk Koen , Visser Willy , Van Den Meiracker Anton H. , Danser A. H. Jan
Published: December 2013

Pregnancy demands major changes of the cardiovascular system, and this involves, among others, activation of the RAAS (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system), allowing an aldosterone-dependent increase in volume. Remarkably, a relative resistance to the pressor response of AngII (angiotensin II) develops simultaneously to prevent the increase in blood pressure that would normally accompany RAAS activation. The increase in volume, the degree of RAAS activation and the diminished pressor response to AngII are less pronounced in pre-eclampsia. However, animal models displaying excessive RAAS activation also result in a pre-eclampsia-like syndrome, and the aldosterone/renin ratio is elevated in pre-eclampsia compared with a normal pregnancy. New insights into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia have revealed a major role for VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), VEGF-inactivating sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) and AT1 (angiotensin II type 1) receptor autoantibodies. The last mentioned activate AT1 receptors, thereby potentially suppressing circulating renin and aldosterone. VEGF, both directly and indirectly (by increasing capillary density), affects adrenal aldosterone synthesis. The present review summarizes all of the recent findings regarding RAAS regulation in pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy, concluding that factors such as sFlt-1 and AT1 receptor autoantibodies disturb the delicate balance that normally results in a volume increase and a diminished vasoconstrictor response to AngII in pregnant women. It is possible that there are non-parallel changes in the circulating and renal RAAS in pre-eclampsia, which are potentially reflected by the urinary levels of renin.
How Do IT Outsourcing Vendors Respond to Shocks in Client Demand? A Resource Dependence Perspective
Authors: Su Fang , Mao Ji-Ye , Jarvenpaa Sirkka L
Published: December 2013

IT outsourcing vendors depend on projects from their clients to reap gains and develop capabilities. Because of this dependence, vendors are vulnerable to shocks in client demand. However, the extant literature on how vendors mitigate the damage from demand shocks is very limited. This multiple case study examined five pairs of relationships between Chinese vendors and their Japanese clients, drawing on resource dependence theory, which considers two response strategies: bridging and buffering. Our findings suggest that both bridging and buffering should be specified further on the basis of their explorative and exploitative dimensions, and that the choice of a particular strategy depended on the power relation between the vendor and client. Results show that when the client was in a highpower advantage, the vendor chose bridging. More specifically, if the vendor also had high power, it adopted explorative bridging; otherwise, it adopted exploitative bridging. When the client was in a low-power position, the vendor would pursue explorative buffering. Exploitative buffering was a common response to demand shocks, independent of the dyadic power relation.
Boric Acid Catalyzed Methyl Esterification of Sugar Acids
Authors: Levonis Stephan M. , Pappin Brighid B. , Sharp Alissa , Kiefel Milton J. , Houston Todd A.
Published: December 2013

Boric acid catalyzes methyl esterification of certain sugar acids (sialic acid, deaminated neuraminic acid) and related natural products (quinic acid) quite cleanly in some cases. However, closely related sugar acids (glucuronic acid, 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) failed to esterify under the same conditions. Factors governing this dichotomy are discussed.
Isolation and characterisation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GSe) genes and association with grain protein content in durum wheat
Authors: Gadaleta Agata , Nigro Domenica , Marcotuli Ilaria , Giancaspro Angelica , Giove Stefania L. , Blanco Antonio
Published: December 2013

Glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme (EC 6.3.1.2) plays a central role in assimilating ammonia produced in the leaf from metabolic processes, spanning from assimilation to transamination reactions and catabolic processes. GS is located in both cytoplasm (GS1, GSe and GSr) and plastids (GS2) of plant cells. Glutamine and glutamate, produced by the concerted action of GS and glutamate synthase, are then transported from the leaf to the developing sinks or grain in wheat. The goal of the present study was to characterise GSe genes and to assess the linkage with grain protein content, an important quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Here, we report the isolation of the complete cytosolic GS gene sequences of the durum wheat cvv. ‘Ciccio’ and ‘Svevo’ (characterised by low and high protein content, respectively). GSe-A4 located on 4A chromosome comprises 12 exons separated by 11 introns, while the GSe-B4 gene on 4B chromosome comprises 11 exons separated by 10 introns. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated different expression levels of GSe-A4 and GSe-B4 genes in the two wheat cvv. ‘Ciccio’ and ‘Svevo’. The two GSe genes were significantly associated to quantitative trait loci for grain protein content.
Quantification of kinetic rate law parameters of uranium release from sodium autunite as a function of aqueous bicarbonate concentrations
Authors: Gudavalli Ravi , Katsenovich Yelena , Wellman Dawn , Lagos Leonel , Tansel Berrin
Published: December 2013

Environmental context
Uranium is a key contaminant of concern because of its high persistence in the environment and toxicity to organisms. The bicarbonate ion is an important complexing agent for uranyl ions and one of the main variables affecting its dissolution. Results from this investigation provide rate law parameters for the dissolution kinetics of synthetic sodium autunite that can influence uranium mobility in the subsurface.

Abstract
Hydrogen carbonate (also known as bicarbonate) is one of the most significant components within the uranium geochemical cycle. In aqueous solutions, bicarbonate forms strong complexes with uranium. As such, aqueous bicarbonate may significantly increase the rate of uranium release from uranium minerals. Quantifying the relationship of aqueous bicarbonate solutions to the rate of uranium release during dissolution is critical to understanding the long-term fate of uranium within the environment. Single-pass flow-through experiments were conducted to estimate the rate of uranium release from Na meta-autunite as a function of bicarbonate solutions (0.0005–0.003M) over the pH range of 6–11 and temperatures of 5–60°C. Consistent with the results of previous investigations, the rate of uranium release from sodium autunite exhibited minimal dependency on temperature, but was strongly dependent on pH and increasing concentrations of bicarbonate solutions. Most notably at pH 7, the rate of uranium release exhibited a 370-fold increase relative to the rate of uranium release in the absence of bicarbonate. However, the effect of increasing concentrations of bicarbonate solutions on the release of uranium was significantly less under higher pH conditions. It is postulated that at high pH values, surface sites are saturated with carbonate, thus the addition of more bicarbonate would have less effect on uranium release. Results indicate that the activation energies were unaffected by temperature and bicarbonate concentration variations, but were strongly dependent on pH conditions. As the pH increased from 6 to 11, the activation energy values were observed to decrease from 29.94 to 13.07kJmol–1. The calculated activation energies suggest a surface controlled dissolution mechanism.
Predicting PbII adsorption on soils: the roles of soil organic matter, cation competition and iron (hydr)oxides
Authors: Shi Zhenqing , Allen Herbert E. , Di Toro Dominic M. , Lee Suen-Zone , Harsh James B.
Published: December 2013

Environmental context
Lead is a common and persistent soil and water contaminant. This study provides a unique set of parameters for chemical models that can be used for predicting Pb adsorption by soil. The suggested modelling approach can be used to quantitatively predict Pb retention and release in soils with changing environmental conditions.

Abstract
Lead (PbII) adsorption on 14 non-calcareous New Jersey soils was studied with a batch method. Both adsorption edge and adsorption isotherm experiments were conducted covering a wide range of soil compositions, Pb concentrations and solution pHs. Visual MINTEQ was used to calculate the Pb adsorption equilibrium by coupling the Stockholm Humic Model, the CD-MUSIC model, a diffuse layer model and a cation exchange model for Pb reactions with soil organic matter (SOM), Fe (hydr)oxides, Al hydroxides and clay minerals. For model predictions, reactive organic matter (ROM), the fraction of SOM responsible for Pb binding, and reactive Al and FeIII in soils were quantified. The models predicted Pb adsorption to soils reasonably well with varying SOM and mineral content at various pHs and Pb concentrations. For 3.0<pH<6.0, the log partition coefficient root mean square error was 0.34. However at higher pHs the models were less successful. Both ROM and Al competition had a significant effect on model predictions. ROM was the dominant adsorption phase at pHs between 3.0 and 5.0. For pH>5.0, Pb adsorption to Fe (hydr)oxides became significant. The modelling approach presented in this study can be used to understand and quantitatively predict Pb adsorption on soil.
Climate change effects on agriculture: Economic responses to biophysical shocks
Authors: Nelson Gerald C. , Valin Hugo , Sands Ronald D. , Havlík Petr , Ahammad Helal , Deryng Delphine , Elliott Joshua , Fujimori Shinichiro , Hasegawa Tomoko , Heyhoe Edwina , Kyle Page , Von Lampe Martin , Lotze-Campen Hermann , Mason d’Croz Daniel , van Meijl Hans , van der Mensbrugghe Dominique , Müller Christoph , Popp Alexander , Robertson Richard , Robinson Sherman , Schmid Erwin , Schmitz Christoph , Tabeau Andrzej , Willenbockel Dirk
Published: December 2013

Significance

Plausible estimates of climate change impacts on agriculture require integrated use of climate, crop, and economic models. We investigate the contribution of economic models to uncertainty in this impact chain. In the nine economic models included, the direction of management intensity, area, consumption, and international trade responses to harmonized crop yield shocks from climate change are similar. However, the magnitudes differ significantly. The differences depend on model structure, in particular the specification of endogenous yield effects, land use change, and propensity to trade. These results highlight where future research on modeling climate change impacts on agriculture should focus.
Hydrological droughts in the 21st century, hotspots and uncertainties from a global multimodel ensemble experiment
Authors: Prudhomme Christel , Giuntoli Ignazio , Robinson Emma L. , Clark Douglas B. , Arnell Nigel W. , Dankers Rutger , Fekete Balázs M. , Franssen Wietse , Gerten Dieter , Gosling Simon N. , Hagemann Stefan , Hannah David M. , Kim Hyungjun , Masaki Yoshimitsu , Satoh Yusuke , Stacke Tobias , Wada Yoshihide , Wisser Dominik
Published: December 2013

Significance

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are widely expected to influence global climate over the coming century. The impact on drought is uncertain because of the complexity of the processes but can be estimated using outputs from an ensemble of global models (hydrological and climate models). Using an ensemble of 35 simulations, we show a likely increase in the global severity of drought by the end of 21st century, with regional hotspots including South America and Central and Western Europe in which the frequency of drought increases by more than 20%. The main source of uncertainty in the results comes from the hydrological models, with climate models contributing to a substantial but smaller amount of uncertainty.
Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change
Authors: Haddeland Ingjerd , Heinke Jens , Biemans Hester , Eisner Stephanie , Flörke Martina , Hanasaki Naota , Konzmann Markus , Ludwig Fulco , Masaki Yoshimitsu , Schewe Jacob , Stacke Tobias , Tessler Zachary D. , Wada Yoshihide , Wisser Dominik
Published: December 2013

Significance

Humans alter the water cycle by constructing dams and through water withdrawals. Climate change is expected to additionally affect water supply and demand. Here, model analyses of climate change and direct human impacts on the terrestrial water cycle are presented. The results indicate that the impact of man-made reservoirs and water withdrawals on the long-term global terrestrial water balance is small. However, in some river basins, impacts of human interventions are significant. In parts of Asia and the United States, the effects of human interventions exceed the impacts expected for moderate levels of global warming. This study also identifies areas where irrigation water is currently scarce, and where increases in irrigation water scarcity are projected.
First look at changes in flood hazard in the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ensemble
Authors: Dankers Rutger , Arnell Nigel W. , Clark Douglas B. , Falloon Pete D. , Fekete Balázs M. , Gosling Simon N. , Heinke Jens , Kim Hyungjun , Masaki Yoshimitsu , Satoh Yusuke , Stacke Tobias , Wada Yoshihide , Wisser Dominik
Published: December 2013

Climate change due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of precipitation events, which is likely to affect the probability of flooding into the future. In this paper we use river flow simulations from nine global hydrology and land surface models to explore uncertainties in the potential impacts of climate change on flood hazard at global scale. As an indicator of flood hazard we looked at changes in the 30-y return level of 5-d average peak flows under representative concentration pathway RCP8.5 at the end of this century. Not everywhere does climate change result in an increase in flood hazard: decreases in the magnitude and frequency of the 30-y return level of river flow occur at roughly one-third (20–45%) of the global land grid points, particularly in areas where the hydrograph is dominated by the snowmelt flood peak in spring. In most model experiments, however, an increase in flooding frequency was found in more than half of the grid points. The current 30-y flood peak is projected to occur in more than 1 in 5 y across 5–30% of land grid points. The large-scale patterns of change are remarkably consistent among impact models and even the driving climate models, but at local scale and in individual river basins there can be disagreement even on the sign of change, indicating large modeling uncertainty which needs to be taken into account in local adaptation studies.
Bidirectional homeostatic plasticity induced by interneuron cell death and transplantation in vivo
Authors: Howard MacKenzie Allen , Rubenstein John L. R. , Baraban Scott C.
Published: December 2013

Significance

We describe homeostatic plasticity of both excitatory synaptic transmission and intrinsic properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons in distal-less homeobox 1 (
Dlx1
−/−
) mice, a genetic model of postdevelopment interneuron cell death. Loss of synaptic inhibition and compensation by excitation led to enhanced potential for long-term potentiation (LTP) and altered neural oscillations. This shows that homeostatic compensation may rebalance inhibition and excitation but cannot fully normalize neural function. Transplantation of interneuron progenitor cells restored inhibitory synaptic transmission to WT levels and induced a reversal of homeostatic changes to excitation and excitability. LTP and gamma oscillations were also normalized after integration of transplanted interneurons. These data indicate that homeostatic plasticity functions in vivo to balance activity based on inhibitory tone.
Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation
Authors: Bender Andrea , Beller Sieghard
Published: December 2013

Significance

The paper describes the mixed counting system in Mangarevan, which is unique in that it had three binary steps superposed onto a decimal structure. In showing how these steps affect calculation, our analysis yields important insights for theorizing on numerical cognition: counting systems serve as complex cultural tools for numerical cognition, apparently unwieldy systems may in fact be cognitively advantageous, and such advantageous systems can be—and have been—developed by nonindustrialized societies and in the absence of notational systems. These insights also help to dismiss simple notions of cultural complexity as a homogenous state and emphasize that investigating cultural diversity is not merely an optional extra, but a must.
FMRP and Ataxin-2 function together in long-term olfactory habituation and neuronal translational control
Authors: Sudhakaran Indulekha P. , Hillebrand Jens , Dervan Adrian , Das Sudeshna , Holohan Eimear E. , Hülsmeier Jörn , Sarov Mihail , Parker Roy , VijayRaghavan K. , Ramaswami Mani
Published: December 2013

Significance

This work explores the endogenous functions of two disease- and RNA-associated proteins, FMRP (fragile X protein) and Ataxin-2, in memory, synaptic plasticity, RNA regulation, and messenger ribo-nucleoprotein particle assembly. By documenting an array of common phenotypic consequences from loss of Atx2 or dFMR1, the results argue that both proteins have similar in vivo functions and that differences in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 and fragile X disease pathologies may arise from the distinct features of the respective disease causative mutations. This work provides insight into the in vivo mechanisms of long-term memory (LTM)-associated synaptic plasticity and into the roles of FMRP and Atx2 in neuronal translational control.
JMJD5 regulates PKM2 nuclear translocation and reprograms HIF-1α–mediated glucose metabolism
Authors: Wang Hung-Jung , Hsieh Ya-Ju , Cheng Wen-Chi , Lin Chun-Pu , Lin Yu-shan , Yang So-Fang , Chen Chung-Ching , Izumiya Yoshihiro , Yu Jau-Song , Kung Hsing-Jien , Wang Wen-Ching
Published: December 2013

Significance

Cancer cells favor high rates of aerobic glycolysis, or the Warburg effect, which is mediated by a key molecule, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme (PKM)2. PKM2 functions both as a cytosolic enzyme and a nuclear factor in tumor cells. This report shows that PKM2’s nuclear translocation is regulated by Jumonji C domain-containing dioxygenase (JMJD)5 via direct physical binding. JMJD5 hinders the PKM2 tetrameric assembly and facilitates PKM2’s nuclear translocation. Together, they modulate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated transcriptional reprogramming of metabolic genes. These results reveal a mechanism whereby PKM2’s activity can be modulated by a dioxygenase/demethylase.
Rewiring yeast sugar transporter preference through modifying a conserved protein motif
Authors: Young Eric M. , Tong Alice , Bui Hang , Spofford Caitlin , Alper Hal S.
Published: December 2013

Significance

The quest for an optimal xylose pathway in yeast is of utmost importance along the way to realizing the potential of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. An often-overlooked aspect of this catabolic pathway is the molecular transporter of this sugar. Here we demonstrate that sugar transport preference and kinetics can be rewired through the programming of a specific sequence motif. The result is a study to rationally alter the sugar preference of a protein through defined sequence-level modifications. In these cases, primary hexose transporters were rewired into xylose transporters.
Initial stages of calcium uptake and mineral deposition in sea urchin embryos
Authors: Vidavsky Netta , Addadi Sefi , Mahamid Julia , Shimoni Eyal , Ben-Ezra David , Shpigel Muki , Weiner Steve , Addadi Lia
Published: December 2013

Significance

With the onset of gastrulation, sea urchin embryos deposit a calcium carbonate endoskeleton consisting of two spicules. Sea water is the source for the mineral ions, but the specific stages of the transport and deposition pathway are not well understood. This study shows that the first-formed mineral is deposited inside intracellular micrometer-size vesicles as solid nanospheres. Surprisingly, the initial deposits are distributed widely inside the embryonic cells, including epithelial cells. The possibility that the whole embryo is geared toward depositing mineral for spicule formation or other purposes, may contribute to the understanding of biomineralization processes in general.
How risk management can prevent future wildfire disasters in the wildland-urban interface
Authors: Calkin David E. , Cohen Jack D. , Finney Mark A. , Thompson Matthew P.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Recent wildfire events throughout the world have highlighted the consequences of residential development in the wildland-urban interface (WUI) including hundreds to thousands of homes burned during a single wildfire to, more tragically, firefighter and homeowner fatalities. Despite substantial investments in modifying wildland fuels near populated areas, losses appear to be increasing. In this article, we examine the conditions under which WUI wildfire disasters occur and introduce a wildfire risk assessment framework. By using this framework, we examine how prefire mitigation activities failed to prevent significant structure loss during the Fourmile Canyon fire outside Boulder, CO. In light of these results, we suggest the need to reevaluate and restructure wildfire mitigation programs aimed at reducing residential losses from wildfire.
Early Pleistocene third metacarpal from Kenya and the evolution of modern human-like hand morphology
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Tocheri Matthew W. , Plavcan J. Michael , Brown Francis H. , Manthi Fredrick Kyalo
Published: December 2013

Significance

A newly discovered metacarpal from Kaitio, Kenya, dates to 1.42 Mya and provides evidence for the evolution of the modern human hand more than 600,000 y earlier than previously documented. This bone displays a styloid process, which is part of a distinctively human rearrangement of the wrist associated with enhanced hand function when making and using tools. Prior to this discovery, the first evidence of this anatomy was found only in post–Homo erectusarchaic humans. This new find documents its appearance much earlier in time and suggests that an increased reliance on manipulatory behaviors indicated by the archeological record early in the Pleistocene selected for the modern human hand early in the evolution of the genusHomo.
Structure of Est3 reveals a bimodal surface with differential roles in telomere replication
Authors: Rao Timsi , Lubin Johnathan W. , Armstrong Geoffrey S. , Tucey Timothy M. , Lundblad Victoria , Wuttke Deborah S.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Despite the central role that budding yeast has played in telomere biology, structural analysis of the subunits of the yeast telomerase complex has proven to be challenging. We present here the structure of a yeast telomerase protein, Est3, using the resolution-adapted structural recombination Rosetta strategy that combines NMR experimental data with database-derived conformational sampling. A comprehensive in vivo analysis of the experimentally determined Est3 protein surface has identified two functionally important surfaces, opening up the possibility of a similar discovery in the structurally similar human TPP1 protein.
Quantum mechanical calculations suggest that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases use a copper-oxyl, oxygen-rebound mechanism
Authors: Kim Seonah , Ståhlberg Jerry , Sandgren Mats , Paton Robert S. , Beckham Gregg T.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Plant cell walls contain significant amounts of the polysaccharides cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be depolymerized by enzymes to sugars and upgraded to renewable fuels and chemicals. Traditionally, enzymes for biomass depolymerization were based on naturally occurring hydrolytic enzymes, until the recent discovery of another natural enzymatic paradigm for carbohydrate deconstruction. Namely, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), long thought to be hydrolases or carbohydrate-binding modules, were revealed to be oxidative, copper-containing enzymes. These enzymes are receiving significant attention as they could revolutionize biomass deconstruction to upgradeable intermediates for renewable energy applications. Here, we apply quantum mechanical calculations to elucidate the oxidative reaction mechanism to offer predictions into how LPMOs function.
Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints
Authors: Rendu William , Beauval Cédric , Crevecoeur Isabelle , Bayle Priscilla , Balzeau Antoine , Bismuth Thierry , Bourguignon Laurence , Delfour Géraldine , Faivre Jean-Philippe , Lacrampe-Cuyaubère François , Tavormina Carlotta , Todisco Dominique , Turq Alain , Maureille Bruno
Published: December 2013

Significance

For several decades, scholars have questioned the existence of burial in Western Europe prior to the arrival of Anatomically Modern Humans. Therefore, an approach combining a global field recovery and the reexamination of the previously discovered Neandertal remains has been undertaken in the site of La Chapelle-aux-Saints (France), where the hypothesis of a Neandertal burial was raised for the first time. This project has concluded that the Neandertal of La Chapelle-aux-Saints was deposit in a pit dug by other members of its group and protected by a rapid covering from any disturbance. These discoveries attest the existence of West European Neandertal burial and of the Neandertal cognitive capacity to produce it.
Re-Os geochronology and coupled Os-Sr isotope constraints on the Sturtian snowball Earth
Authors: Rooney Alan D. , Macdonald Francis A. , Strauss Justin V. , Dudás Francis Ö. , Hallmann Christian , Selby David
Published: December 2013

Significance

The causal mechanisms of global glaciations are poorly understood. The transition to a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth after more than 1 Gy without glaciation represents the most dramatic episode of climate change in the geological record. Here we present new Re-Os geochronology, which, together with existing U-Pb ages, reveal that the glacial period in northwest Canada lasted ∼55 My. Additionally, we present an original method to track tectonic influences on these climatic perturbations with a high-resolution coupled Os-Sr isotope curve across the transition from an ice-free world to a Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. The data indicate that increases in mantle-derived, juvenile material emplaced onto continents and subsequently weathered into the oceans led to enhanced consumption and sequestration of CO
2
into sediments.
Quantitation of the DNA tethering effect in long-range DNA looping in vivo and in vitro using the Lac and λ repressors
Authors: Priest David G. , Cui Lun , Kumar Sandip , Dunlap David D. , Dodd Ian B. , Shearwin Keith E.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Proteins bound to DNA often interact with proteins bound elsewhere on the same DNA to regulate gene expression. The intervening DNA tethers the proteins near each other, making their interaction efficient and specific, but the importance of this tethering effect is poorly understood at large DNA separations. We quantitated tethering inside bacterial cells, using two different proteins at separations up to 10,000 bp, to show that tethering is strong enough to drive efficient interactions over these distances. The same interactions were ∼10-fold weaker outside cells, implying that cellular factors enhance tethering. However, tethering was lost at a DNA separation of 500,000 bp inside bacteria, indicating special mechanisms inside eukaryotic cells to provide efficient and specific interactions over such distances.