bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dorsal Hip Loading, Sedation, and General Anesthesia on the Dorsolateral Subluxation Score in Dogs
Authors: Todhunter Rory J. , Bertram John E. , Smith Scott , Farese James P. , Williams Alma Jo , Manocchia Adriano , Erb Hollis N. , Dykes Nathan L. , Burton‐Wurster Nancy I. , Lust George
Published: June 2003

Objective—To determine whether dorsal loading of the pelvis and type of chemical restraint affected the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score of dog hips.

Study Design—In vivo testing of diagnostic method.

Animals—Labrador retrievers, Greyhounds, and crosses between both breeds (n = 119dogs).

Methods—Dorsal load was applied to the hips through a strap that was placed over the hips, and the peak vertical and steady‐state vertical, ground‐reaction forces exerted on the stifles were measured in the DLS position. The DLS score was measured with their hips under dorsal load and compared with the DLS score without load. For 24 dogs, the DLS score was measured both under chemical restraint (medetomidine) and under general anesthesia. Wilcoxon‐signed rank test and pairedttest was used to compare effects of dorsal load and restraint method on the left and right DLS hip score, andP< .05was considered significant.

Results—Both stifles together accepted median 15% body weight in the vertical plane in the unloaded steady state. Loading the hips increased the steady‐state, vertical ground‐reaction force to 34% body weight. At 8 months of age, loading significantly decreased the DLS score from 65%± 11% (mean ± SD) to 60%± 12% for left hips and 66%± 11% to 63%± 13% for right hips. The left hip DLS score was affected by load more consistently than the right hip. In general, loading the hips decreased the DLS score in all breeds by 4% to 6% except for the greyhounds, in which the DLS score was unchanged by dorsal loading. When grouped by their DLS scores, load significantly decreased DLS scores in dogs with unloaded scores greater than 55% (nondysplastic), whereas DLS scores of dogs with unloaded scores between 55% and 45% (dysplastic) and less than 45% did not change significantly with load. Unloaded scores did not change significantly when compared under sedation versus general anesthesia. However, load significantly decreased the DLS score under general anesthesia for the left hip but not for the right hip.

Conclusions—Less than half of the vertical ground‐reaction force normally exerted by the hindlegs of a standing dog was sufficient to induce hip subluxation in the DLS position. Although dorsal loading approximately doubled the steady‐state, vertical ground‐reaction force, the decrease in the DLS score under load was never greater than 6%. Furthermore, the DLS scores of dogs most likely to be dysplastic (based on DLS scores <45%) were not affected by load, whereas load slightly decreased DLS cores of dogs with DLS scores greater than 55%.

Clinical Relevance—External influences can change the DLS score significantly, but the magnitude of change is unlikely to be of clinical importance, making the method useful as a field screening test for both dysplastic and nondysplastic hips in young dogs.
Inflammatory Polyps of the Middle Ear in 5 Dogs
Authors: Pratschke Kathryn M.
Published: June 2003

Objective—To describe inflammatory polyps of the middle ear in 5 dogs.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Five dogs with ear disease.

Methods—Medical records (1995–2001) were reviewed to identify dogs with inflammatory polyps of the middle ear. Signalment, clinical signs, ancillary diagnostic procedures, treatment, postoperative complications, and outcome were recorded. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted to document outcome.

Results—Dogs with inflammatory polyps of the middle ear were male and aged 4 to 13 years. Two dogs had bilateral polyps, whereas 3 had unilateral polyps. The most common clinical presentation was otitis externa and media, with radiographic evidence of otitis media. Polyps were treated by ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO) in 1 dog and total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA‐LBO) in 4 dogs. Polyps consisted of a fibrovascular stroma infiltrated with neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The overlying epithelium was frequently ulcerated. Immediate postoperative complications included a seroma after VBO (1 dog) and transient unilateral facial nerve paralysis after bilateral TECA‐LBO (1 dog). No recurrence occurred within 9 to 69 months.

Conclusions—Unilateral or bilateral, inflammatory polyps can occur in the middle ear of dogs in association with otitis externa and media. No recurrence occurred after surgical removal of the polyps.

Clinical Relevance—Inflammatory polyps of the middle ear in dogs can be a cause of otitis externa/media. Surgical removal of aural polyps has a good prognosis.
Detailed glycan analysis of serum glycoproteins of patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation indicates the specific defective glycan processing step and provides an insight into pathogenesis
Authors: Butler Michael , Quelhas D. , Critchley Alison J. , Carchon Hubert , Hebestreit Holger F. , Hibbert Richard G. , Vilarinho Laura , Teles E. , Matthijs Gert , Schollen Els , Argibay Pablo , Harvey David J. , Dwek Raymond A. , Jaeken Jaak , Rudd Pauline M.
Published: June 2003

The fundamental importance of correct protein glycosylation is abundantly clear in a group of diseases known as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs). In these diseases, many biological functions are compromised, giving rise to a wide range of severe clinical conditions. By performing detailed analyses of the total serum glycoproteins as well as isolated transferrin and IgG, we have directly correlated aberrant glycosylation with a faulty glycosylation processing step. In one patient the complete absence of complex type sugars was consistent with ablation of GlcNAcTase II activity. In another CDG type II patient, the identification of specific hybrid sugars suggested that the defective processing step was cell type–specific and involved the mannosidase III pathway. In each case, complementary serum proteome analyses revealed significant changes in some 31 glycoproteins, including components of the complement system. This biochemical approach to charting diseases that involve alterations in glycan processing provides a rapid indicator of the nature, severity, and cell type specificity of the suboptimal glycan processing steps; allows links to genetic mutations; indicates the expression levels of proteins; and gives insight into the pathways affected in the disease process.
Overcoming the limits of exporting research using the relational paradigm
Authors: Leonidou Leonidas C.
Published: June 2003

Notwithstanding the significant progress of exporting research in recent decades, extensive reliance on the neoclassical microeconomic paradigm has been responsible for its recent stagnation or even decline. This paper advances the viewpoint that one way to circumvent this problem is by augmenting the analysis of exporting phenomena using the relational paradigm. In doing so, it attempts to link extant knowledge on export pre‐engagement, initiation, development, and sustainment, with ideas, concepts, and theories advanced within the sphere of relationship management. The paper concludes that export management is basically a process of managing relationships with foreign customers, as well as other parties operating inside or outside the company's supply chain.
Dynamic market definition: an international marketing perspective
Authors: Forlani David , Parthasarathy Madhavan
Published: June 2003

Starting from the premise that market definition is critical to developing effective and efficient market entry strategies, shows that current approaches to market definition are unable to meet these challenges, that their deficiency is compounded for multinational entry strategies, and that the crux of their weakness is reliance on a static interpretation of a dynamic construct – time. Next, advances the proposition that accounting for the time‐based effects can improve the strategic planning process, and then, following the percepts of diffusion theory, develops a framework that conceptualizes multinational markets in terms of their media availability and economic development, key variables that reflect an innovation's rate of adoption at distinct stages of the diffusion process. Finally, applies the framework to data that illustrate its ability to help marketing managers achieve greater effectiveness and efficiency from their global, market expansion strategies.
AAR model: cross‐cultural developments
Authors: Purchase Sharon , Ward Antony
Published: June 2003

This research investigates cross‐cultural business networks between Australian engineering consultants and their Thai customers. A qualitative research study was conducted into business relationships, gathering data on different aspects of actors' perceptions of their relationships. The theoretical foundation of the research was the actors‐activities‐resources model, a western model developed by members of the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group. The results prompted an adaptation to the original model through the addition of two new constructs: network constraint and actor bond negative. A detailed description of the models’ constructs and their antecedents is given, thus contributing to the richness of data on cross‐cultural business relationships. The modified model adds to the development of a universal model of business relationships that can form the basis for applications in both western and eastern business cultures.
Situational segmentation in the international marketplace: the Japanese snack market
Authors: Gehrt Kenneth C. , Shim Soyeon
Published: June 2003

The study demonstrates the viability of situational segmentation in a market outside the USA. A number of situational segmentation studies in the USA have examined the snacking market. This study examines situational segmentation opportunities in the context of the Japanese snacking market. The study attempts to delineate a situationally‐defined market structure for a broadly defined array of snack products. This is done by characterizing 18 snacks in terms of pertinent situational factors via dummy variable regression analysis; and grouping the snacks in terms of the similarity of their situational characterizations via cluster analysis. The study reveals four multi‐product snack segments, including solitary snacking cluster, socializing ensemble cluster, high gravity socialization cluster, and morning home snack. The results show that situational segmentation is as effective in complementing more traditional segmentation approaches in Japan as it is in the USA.
International business negotiations
Authors: Reynolds Nina , Simintiras Antonis , Vlachou Efi
Published: June 2003

Global companies increasingly rely on the effectiveness of business negotiations for their survival and growth. As an important business function for creating and maintaining successful relationships, international business negotiations during the last decade (1990‐2000) have attracted considerable attention among researchers. Although these research efforts have shed light on several aspects of international business negotiations, there has been neither a comprehensive assessment of the knowledge gained, nor a systematic analysis of the issues that this research appears to have left unexplored. It is the purpose of this study to provide a thorough review of the publications on international business negotiations generated in the last decade, identify trends, assess where the discipline currently is and where it might be going.
A comparative analysis of sales training in Europe
Authors: Román Sergio , Ruiz Salvador
Published: June 2003

When negotiation parties belong to different cultures, training can either increase or decrease negotiation differences in order to decrease or increase, respectively, the likelihood of achieving successful sales encounters and long‐term relationships. This study analyses sales training implementation practices of 128 northern European (the UK, The Netherlands and Finland) and 160 southern European (Spain and Portugal) small and medium‐sized companies. The authors argue that these two groups of countries have different cultural characteristics, and hence, different sales training practices are expected. As a result, differences have been found in terms of the quantity and the cost of the training as well as the subsidisation of the training. Moreover, differences in terms of sales training methods seem to be greater than in training content. Additionally, the subsidisation of the training, as well as certain training methods, have different effects on salespeople performance in northern and southern European countries. The implications of the findings for international sales negotiations are discussed, and additional research is suggested.
Impacts of senior citizens’ lifestyle on their choices of elderly housing
Authors: Kim Sung‐hyuk , Kim Hong‐bumm , Gon Kim Woo
Published: May 2003

This study examines how the lifestyle of senior citizens affects their choices of retirement communities. A survey was conducted among 256 potential customers of elderly housing, targeting citizens over 45 years old who were residents of Seoul, the capital city of Korea, at the time of the survey. Findings reveal that most respondents preferred a location based in proximity to Seoul, convenience to the suburbs, a pleasant surrounding environment, and physical equipment and facilities. Medical services and community services were also found to have an impact on preference for residency. Canonical correlation analysis between the factors of elderly lifestyle and selection attribute factors of senior housing facilities demonstrates various significant relationships with implications for developers.
DTC pharmaceutical advertising: the debate’s not over
Authors: Handlin Amy , Mosca Joseph B. , Forgione Dana A. , Pitta Dennis
Published: May 2003

Direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription drugs is no longer the novel experiment it was during the late 1980s. Liberalization of the Food and Drug Administration regulations in the USA, combined with a substantial body of evidence that DTC advertising is a stimulus to consumer purchasing behavior, has resulted in DTC advertising becoming a standard component of every major drug company’s marketing plan. Research since the late 1980s has compared consumers’ perceptions of DTC ads with the perceptions of physicians. While the studies are methodologically diverse, the results have been directionally consistent. In general, consumers have positive attitudes toward DTC advertising, viewing it as a valuable educational resource that helps them become more involved in their health care. A significant proportion of DTC readers claim to have acted directly on the message by talking to their doctor about the advertised brand. Consumers report that they are more likely to take prescribed medication and/or get their prescriptions filled when prompted by DTC advertising. Physicians, however, have been far less enthusiastic about DTC advertising, with majorities expressing the wish that it be decreased, or discontinued altogether. In most studies, only small minorities of physicians believed that it contributed in a positive way to the doctor‐patient relationship. In certain specialties, notably internal medicine and family practice, approval rates were below the norm. We relate problems identified in advertising communication research to applications of DTC pharmaceutical advertising, and identify specific issues in need of further research. Notably, gaining an improved understanding of how well consumers comprehend DTC advertising messages, and which copy elements hinder comprehension, can help the industry to better educate consumers, facilitate improved ad campaign recognition, brand recall and message association, and help promote more constructive, and less confrontational, doctor‐patient relationships.
Family consumer decision making in Israel: the role of teens and parents
Authors: Shoham Aviv , Dalakas Vassilis
Published: May 2003

This study replicated an earlier study conducted in the USA and examined Israeli families’ decision making regarding various products and decision‐making stages. The results revealed that teenage children have influence over family purchases, particularly for products relevant to them (like cereal and vacations) and during the initiation stage. Moreover, consistent with the ranking of Israel as a low power‐distance country, Israeli teens had higher influence than US teens on family decisions.
International Business Machinations: A Case Study of Corporate Involvement in Local Educational Reform
Authors: Mickelson Roslyn Arlin
Published: June 2003

This article examines several education reform programs supported by one corporation, IBM, in one community, Charlotte, North Carolina. By tracing how these initiatives were developed and implemented, we gain insights into the implications for educational equity and quality of intimate corporate sponsorship and direction of school restructuring. The case study of IBM in Charlotte highlights both the opportunities for and dangers of corporate philanthropy and educational reform leadership.
Underlying Policy Assumptions of Charter School Reform: The Multiple Meanings of a Movement
Authors: Wells Amy Stuart , Grutzik Cynthia , Carnochan Sibyll , Slayton Julie , Vasudeva Ash
Published: June 2003

Based on interviews with more than 50 policy makers in six states, this article examines the politics of charter school reform and argues that the bipartisan support for these more autonomous schools masks often opposing viewpoints regarding the purpose of this reform. The authors identify three salient and conflicting themes that emerge from policy makers’ explanations of their support for charter schools. The first theme was voiced by policy makers who see charter schools as the beginning of the end of government-run public education and the forefront of a move toward vouchers. The second theme was articulated by policy makers who are committed to a system of public education, but who see charter school reform as a “last chance” to save that system. And the third theme arose in interviews with policy makers who see charter schools as one of many, but not necessarily the central, reform that could strengthen the public schools. Thus, the authors write that charter school reform embodies less of a consensus of views about the future of public education than a fragile bargain between political adversaries who all seek to prove they favor educational reform, but for different reasons and toward different ends.
Myths in Psychology and Education regarding the Gene-Environment Debate
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: June 2003

This article describes seven myths regarding the gene-environment debate that permeate the thinking of many educators and psychologists. These myths can lead to serious misinterpretations of the role of genes in behavior and to false conclusions regarding the modifiability of behavior. We examine each myth, dispel it, and state what we believe to be correct conclusions from different kinds of behavior-genetic and related data.
How White Teachers Perceive the Problem of Racism in Their Schools: A Case Study in “Liberal” Lakeview
Authors: Kailin Julie
Published: June 2003

This study examined White teachers’ perceptions of racism in their schools. An open-ended questionnaire was administered to 222 teachers in a medium-sized highly rated middle-class Midwestern school district. Teachers were asked to provide examples of racism in their schools. Teachers’ responses were analyzed and coded according to major themes that were collapsed into three major categories: attribution of racial problems to Whites; attribution of racial problems to Blacks; attribution of racial problems to institutional/cultural factors. Research findings indicate that most White teachers operated from an impaired consciousness about racism; that a majority “blamed the victim,” assigning causality for racism to Blacks. Findings further indicate that of those who witnessed racist behavior by their White colleagues, the majority remained silent and did not challenge such behavior. Because teachers play a pivotal role in the sum total of race relations in education, it is critical to consider how they perceive the problem of racism in their schools. Their perceptions may influence decisions about how to interpret and respond to racial inequality.
Shifting Identities in Private Education: Reconstructing Race at/in the Cultural Center
Authors: Proweller Amira
Published: June 2003

To date, research on racial identity formation among youth in school context has neglected discussion and analysis of whiteness as a racialized identity production. Through qualitative, ethnographic methods of data collection, this discussion directs attention to the social construction of white racial identity among a group of adolescent girls attending a largely white, historically elite, private, independent, single-sex high school. Their voices provide insight into the ways in which liberal discourses work to position youth, and how white youth, in turn, actively remake themselves in relation to prevailing meanings and practices institutionalized in a largely white, upper-middle-class school setting. The study examines the intersections of race and class discourses in private school culture as they combine to create the conditions for meaning-making.
Teaching in Tensions: Latino Immigrant Youth, Their Teachers, and the Structures of Schooling
Authors: Katz Susan Roberta
Published: June 2003

This article examines the tensions inherent in the relationship between Latino immigrant youth and their teachers at a desegregated urban middle school in Northern California, exploring these tensions from both the students’ and teachers’ perspectives. It is based upon data from a year-long ethnographic study of the school experiences of eight immigrant students from Central America and Mexico, all of whom had older siblings or close friends involved in neighborhood gangs. It also includes interviews with the students’ teachers regarding their perceptions of the students. Significantly, students named teachers’ discrimination against them as Latinos as the primary cause of their disengagement from school, refusing to invest in learning from these teachers. At the same time, these teachers felt they were trying their best to do a good job, responding to the school administration's mandate to invest in other students who were considered most likely to keep standardized test scores high. Thus this article explores how teachers’ attitudes and practices perceived by students as racist may be actually linked to structural conditions within the school, such as tracking and high teacher turnover, that preclude caring relationships with students.
“You Can't Oppress Yourself”: Negotiating the Meaning of Opportunity in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Bempechat Janine , Abrahams Salie
Published: June 2003

This investigation examined how black South African adolescents conceptualized their outlooks on the past and future, taking into account their intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social-historical perspectives. This paper reports an analysis of themes that emerged in relation to achievement issues. Qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews showed that, despite having come of age in a society that was designed to oppress, these students were committed to high educational goals, determined to seize the opportunities that they perceived were now available to them, and held generally positive views about their futures. Results are discussed in terms of the intersection of achievement motivation theory and cultural psychology.
Becoming a Special Educator: Specialized Professional Training for Teachers of Children with Disabilities in Boston, 1870–1930
Authors: Osgood Robert L.
Published: June 2003

This article examines the origins of the development of a separate professional identity as special educators for teachers of children with disabilities in the United States, focusing particularly on the Boston, Massachusetts, public schools from 1870 to 1930. The article first traces emergent professionalization among teachers in institutions for individuals with disabilities, identifying specific training programs as well as the growth of professional knowledge and professional associations. It then discusses efforts by the Boston public schools to provide specialized training for teachers recruited to work in four special education programs: the Horace Mann School for the Deaf, conservation of eyesight classes for children with vision impairments, speech improvement classes for students with identified speech disorders, and special classes for children considered mentally retarded. Each program is examined in terms of desired teacher characteristics, requirements for hiring or certification, in-service programs to enhance professional knowledge, and other professional opportunities such as associations, publications, and mentoring. The article concludes with a brief discussion of how teacher training has contributed to the separation between general and special educators and how it might be redesigned to facilitate a reintegration of these separate professional worlds.
Assessment Policy and Political Spectacle1
Authors: Smith Mary Lee , Heinecke Walter , Noble Audrey J.
Published: June 2003

This paper relates the history of assessment policy in Arizona using an extensive base of interview, observation, and archival data. In less than a decade, two radical shifts took place: from basic skills and standardized testing to progressive reform by performance testing to high-stakes standardized testing based on state standards. We argue that the shape of assessment policy and policy change had more to do with political spectacle and the struggle for power, position, resources, and the control over public schools than with empirical or rational analysis, moral imperative, or democratic debate.
Punctuated Legitimacy: A Theory of Educational Change
Authors: Gold Barry Allen
Published: June 2003

This research presents a theory of educational change grounded in 23 years of qualitative data that document the history of a public elementary school. The pattern of change observed supports the punctuated equilibrium theory of organizational change in which short periods of revolutionary change—usually the result of failed innovation—are followed by long periods of equilibrium or incremental change. Attempts to legitimate organizational and individual behavior—the dynamics of construction, erosion, loss, reconstruction, and maintenance of organizational legitimacy—explain the sequence of stages in the change process. The study concludes that punctuated legitimacy, which created the need to reestablish legitimacy, not rational administrative attempts to improve the programs and structure of the school, was the major factor that produced significant organizational change.
Grade Inflation: A Leadership Opportunity for Schools of Education?
Authors: Zirkel Perry A.
Published: June 2003

Grade inflation pervades American schools from the K–12 level through the graduate level. The trend is particularly pronounced in the humanities fields and in departments, schools, and colleges of education (DSCEs). This problem presents a leadership opportunity for DSCEs to develop and implement a credible and meaningful grade-distribution system.
Reforming Teacher Preparation and Licensing: What is the Evidence?
Authors: Ballou Dale , Podgursky Michael
Published: June 2003

Using professional self-regulation in medicine as a model, the National Commission for Teaching and America's Future has proposed sweeping changes in the way teachers are trained and licensed. The commission claims that these reforms are well-grounded in a strong base of research. However, a balanced reading of the literature finds far less support for these reforms than the commission has claimed. In many cases the research is misrepresented. Since the commission's proposals would transfer considerable regulatory power out of the public domain into private education organizations, the burden of proof is on the commission to make a convincing case that such changes promote the welfare of the public and not just the interest of the profession. This burden has not been met.
Reforming Teacher Preparation and Licensing: Debating the Evidence
Authors: Darling-Hammond Linda
Published: June 2003

This article responds to Dale Ballou and Michael Podgursky's claims that the National) Commission on Teaching and America's Future has misrepresented research data and] findings. After reviewing and responding to each of their charges, the article indicates the ways in which their critique itself has misreported data and misrepresented) the Commission's statements and recommendations. Ballou and Podgursky ignore and misconstrue the research evidence presented by the Commission in support of its key conclusions. Following an analysis of the ways in which the critique misrepresents the findings from research on teacher education to bolster the argument that training for teaching is unnecessary, this reply offers an argument for professional teaching) standards as a key factor in achieving greater equity and excellence in American schools.
“Sometimes Bureaucracy Has Its Charms”: The Working Conditions of Teachers in Deregulated Schools
Authors: Johnson Susan Moore , Landman Jonathan
Published: June 2003

Various reform strategies that deregulate schooling grant different degrees of autonomy to individual school sites. In an effort to understand how these policies affect the teacher's workplace, we studied the experiences of teachers in six deregulated schools—two state-sponsored charter schools, two in-district charter schools, and two public school-based management schools—all located in Boston and serving similar groups of students. Based on intensive interviews with teachers and principals supplemented by document analysis and informal observations, we concluded that the most autonomous schools—charter schools—are not necessarily the schools that enterprising teachers favor. All respondents agree that the most important feature of charter schools is their power to recruit and retain like-minded staff who commit themselves to a common mission. Working with others who share values and practices leads to considerable satisfaction among teachers. However, teachers in these schools also voiced concern about several important features of their workplace—the scope and definition of their responsibilities, their role in school design and governance, their right to raise complaints and resolve problems, and assurances of job security and predictable pay. We concluded that, of the three policy models, the in-district charters best combined the features that provide school autonomy while meeting the basic concerns of teachers. These findings lead to recommendations for both policy and practice.
Changing Students, Changing Teaching1
Authors: Stodolsky Susan S. , Grossman Pamela L.
Published: June 2003

Educators are searching for effective ways to meet the challenges posed by increased cultural diversity among students. We explore this issue at the high school level where concerns about subject matter and student diversity intersect sharply. A case study approach, augmented by a large sample survey, is used to understand the dynamics of adaptation to a changing student population. We document adaptations in curriculum, instruction, and assessment made by math and English teachers. We examine the goals, conceptions of subject matter, instructional practices, and views of learning of teachers who contrast in whether they did or did not reconceptualize and change their practice when faced with new students. We also examine ways in which their high school departments facilitated, supported, or inhibited change in teaching. The analysis focuses on 4 teachers in the same school district: an English and math teacher who adapted to new students and 2 respected colleagues who did not. Different patterns of goals, beliefs, and conceptions of subject matter and students are characteristic of teachers who adapt and those who do not, and patterns are surprisingly similar in both English and math. Survey data from a sample of public school teachers confirm the relationships suggested in the case studies.
The New Mentors
Authors: Evans Thomas W.
Published: June 2003

Although we have a tendency to lay blame on our public schools for the current state of American education, a plausible case can be made for another major contributing factor, as well. Over the past decades, there has been a diminution in the number of caring adults who pay attention to our children. We were once a mentoring society; we are not now. In the past few years, a surge of new mentors has emerged, however, rising from programs sponsored by business, community, and national organizations. This influx may make a difference, but the new mentors, though numbering in the millions, presently fall far short of filling the mentor gap. This article, through in-depth vertical analyses of four case studies, attempts to probe the question of what mentors do to enhance education and the school and career readiness of mentees.
National Identity and Attitude Toward Foreigners in a Multinational State: A Replication
Authors: Billiet Jaak , Maddens Bart , Beerten Roeland
Published: June 2003

An analysis of the 1995 Belgian General Election Survey indicates that the bipolar national identity variable, which contrasts citizens who identify exclusively with the Belgian nation with those who identify exclusively with the Flemish or Walloon subnation, measures not only the direction but also the intensity of national feelings. Respondents who are located at the middle of the scale tend to have a weak identification with both the nation and the subnation. On the basis of a structural equations modeling approach involving a test of the construct equivalence in the two regions and a control for agreeing‐response bias, it is shown that the bipolar national identity variable and attitude toward foreigners are inversely related in Flanders and Wallonia. In Flanders, citizens with a strong subnational identification tend to have a negative attitude toward foreigners; those with a strong Belgian identification are more positive. This relationship became more pronounced after controlling for the respondents’ level of education. In Wallonia, a reverse but less pronounced relationship was found. These findings support the hypothesis that the relationship between the variables of national identity and attitude toward foreigners is not intrinsic, but is at least partly determined by the social representation of the nation.
Determinants of National Identity in East and West Germany: An Empirical Comparison of Theories on the Significance of Authoritarianism, Anomie, and General Self‐Esteem
Authors: Blank Thomas
Published: June 2003

This paper presents an integrated theoretical model of national identity, nationalism, and patriotism that takes into account some action‐theoretical deliberations, the theories of authoritarianism and anomie, and the social identity approach. The model was tested empirically for citizens of the former East and West Germany with the use of a structural equations model. Most of the hypotheses were supported: Authoritarianism has a significant potential to explain national identity and nationalism. Anomie and general self‐esteem are of subordinate relevance. Generally, East and West Germans identify themselves with Germany for the same reasons. However, these results suggest a more differentiated analysis of the effects of anomie and general self‐esteem in explaining national identity.
National Identity in a United Germany: Nationalism or Patriotism? An Empirical Test With Representative Data
Authors: Blank Thomas , Schmidt Peter
Published: June 2003

Nationalism and patriotism can be thought of as consequences of national identity that represent positive evaluations of one's own group but imply different social goals. This paper investigates the ways in which these concepts are related to attitudes toward minorities. The data analyzed were drawn from a representative sample of residents of the former East and West Germany who responded to items on the national identity of Germans in 1996 as part of a panel study. A model with multiple indicators was tested via a multiple‐group analysis of a structural equations model followed by latent class analyses. Both East and West Germans displayed attitudinal patterns that link national identity with tolerance toward others; in both subsamples, nationalism and patriotism were respectively associated with greater intolerance and greater tolerance toward minorities.
The Effect of Education on Nationalism and Ethnic Exclusionism: An International Comparison
Authors: Coenders Marcel , Scheepers Peer
Published: June 2003

In most studies on ethnic attitudes, a rather strong negative relationship has been found between educational attainment and positive ingroup attitudes (or negative outgroup attitudes). However, it is not well known to what extent this educational effect varies across different national contexts. This study investigated the effect of education on different dimensions of nationalism and ethnic exclusionism with the use of 1995 survey data gathered in 22 countries. Notions from socialization theory were used to test whether the educational effect varies according to the length of liberal‐democratic tradition and the degree of religious heterogeneity within a country. Results indicate that educational attainment is strongly related to ethnic exclusionism as well as chauvinism, but not to patriotism. Moreover, the effect of education on ethnic exclusionism is smaller in recently established democracies. The hypothesis regarding stronger educational effects in societies with more religious heterogeneity was not supported.
A Cross‐National Comparison of Nationalism in Austria, the Czech and Slovac Republics, Hungary, and Poland
Authors: Weiss Hilde
Published: June 2003

The transition to democracy in Eastern Europe after the breakdown of communist regimes was challenged by ethnic and national tensions. Nationalist sentiments and traditional patterns of ethnic intolerance were almost immediately revitalized. The analysis presented here concerns nationalist orientation in several of these countries in the context of ideology and social origin, which form links among nationalist identification, ethnic intolerance, democratic and economic orientation, and social class position. In 1996, representative national surveys were carried out in Hungary, the Czech and Slovak republics, and Poland. The study was then extended to Austria, where, like in other Western democracies, nationalistic, xenophobic, and rightist‐radical attitudes have emerged. Analyses of the attitude structures (structural equation models) showed that different types of nationalism have developed. In post‐communist countries—with the exception of the Czech Republic—anticapitalist feelings are strongly correlated with nationalism and ethnic intolerance. Such attitudes are held by the lower classes, yet this form of antiliberalism is not directed against democracy. In Austria, a classical “underclass authoritarianism” exists but remains independent of economic ideology. This is typical of the “new right” in Europe: a “modernized” brand of fascism in which neoliberal ideology, instead of anticapitalist resentments, is combined with traditional value patterns.
The Role of Space as Both a Conflict Trigger and a Conflict Control Mechanism in Culturally Heterogeneous Workgroups
Authors: Ayoko Oluremi B. , J. Härtel Charmine E.
Published: June 2003

Les travaux sur les groupes de travail culturellement hétérogènes (CHW) abondent en exemples de performances insatisfaisantes dues à des difficultés relationnelles. Bien qu’il soit universellement admis que la culture est à l’origine de l’interprétation que les gens donnent des comportements et de leur style d’interation avec autrui sur leur lieu de travail, ce qui reste ambigu, ce sont les déclencheurs des conflits. On défend ici la thése selon laquelle de normes culturelles différentes et une perception spécifique des espaces psychologique et physique sont des déclencheurs majeurs de conflits dan les CHW. Les résultats d’une étude de terrain corroborent l’idée que des points de vue différents sur l’utilisation de l’espace, l’impossibilité d’échapper aux autres, le rétrécissement de l’espace interpersonnel et l’invasion de la sphère privée influencent la relation entre la diversité culturelle dan le groupe de travail et le type, la fréquence et la durée des cas de conflit dans les CHW. Cet article représente une premiere étape dans l’élucidation du rôle de l’espace dans les interactions transculturelles sur le lieu de travail et montre que l’espace peut devenir pour les managers de groupes de travail culturellement diversifiés un outil de contrôle des conflits potentiellement efficace.

The diversity literature is replete with examples of poor outcomes in Culturally Heterogeneous Workgroups (CHWs) caused by relational difficulties. Although it is widely recognised that culture shapes people's interpretation of behavior and their style of interaction with others in the workplace, what is ill understood is what the specific conflict triggers of these conflicts are. In this paper, we argue that differences in cultural norms and views of physical and psychological space are major triggers of conflict in CHWs. Findings from a field study support the proposition that different viewpoints regarding the use of space, the inability to retreat from exposure to others, decreased interpersonal space, and privacy invasion moderate the relationship between cultural diversity in the workgroup and the type, frequency, and duration of conflict events in CHWs. The paper represents a first step in elucidating the role of space in cross‐cultural interactions in the workplace and how space may be a potentially important conflict control mechanism for managers of culturally diverse workgroups.
Experiencing Diversity, Conflict, and Emotions in Teams
Authors: Garcia‐Prieto Patricia , Bellard Erwan , Schneider Susan C.
Published: June 2003

La diversité culturelle des équipes de travail a d’abord été définie à partir des catégories dont relève chaque membre. La thèse centrale de cet article est que la diversité renvoie à une expérience subjective des catégories sociales auxquelle le membres ont le sentiment d’appartenir. Ces catégories (ou indentités sociales) deviennent plus ou moins prégnantes dan différents contextes et à différentes périodes. Nous proposons un modèle de la diversité culturelle dans les équipes qui montre à quelles conditions ces identitiés sociales deviennent prégnantes et de quelle façon elles peuvent influencer l’évaluation des résultats et des événements, ce qui peut entraîner des retombées sur les émotions et les conflits. Cette approche dynamique de la diversité nous procure une meilleure compréhension de la ‘boite noire’, des processus cognitifs et affectifs qui peuvent avoir un impact sur la performance de groupe.

Diversity in teams has been previously defined in terms of the nominal categories into which team members “fall”. The core argument of this paper is that diversity is a subjective experience of social categories to which members “feel” they belong. These categories, or social identities, may become more or less salient in different contexts and at different times. We propose a model of diversity in teams that explains under what conditions these social identities become salient and how these social identities may influence appraisals of issues and events. These appraisals, in turn, can influence conflict and emotion. This dynamic view of diversity provides us with a better understanding of the “black box”—the cognitive and affective processes that may help to explain behavior and subsequently team performance.
Conflict Resolution in the Culturally Diverse Workplace: Some Data from Hong Kong Employees
Authors: Chan Darius K.‐S. , Goto Sharon G.
Published: June 2003

L’objectif de la présente recherche était l’étude de la façon dont la distance sociale perçue par des salariés de Hong Kong affecte leurs attributions et perceptions d’une situation de conflit, ainsi que leurs choix des procédures de résolution du conflit. 122 autochtones ayant affirmé avoir des contacts interculturels dans le cadre de leur emploi ont lu un scénario décrivant une discussion professionnelle impliquant un salarié local et un supérieur qui était de Hong Kong, des Etats‐Unis ou de Chine continentale. On leur demandait alors d’imaginer qu’ils étaient l’employé local et de remplir un questionnaire conçu pour évaluer les dimensions sus‐mentionnées. La mesure de la distance sociale montre que, comme prévu, ces sujets se sentaient plus proches de leur compatriote que de l’Américain ou du Chinois continental. De plus, la perception de la distance sociale était liée à cette de la situation, à l’attribution des responsabilités et à la résolution du conflit. On analyse les retombées théoriques et pratiques de ces résultats sur la gestion des conflits interculturels et sur la construction social des catégories courantes portant sur la diversité culturelle.

The present study was designed to examine how perceived social distance affects Hong Kong employees’ attributions and perceptions of a conflict situation, and their choices of conflict resolution procedures. One hundred and twenty‐two local workers who reported having intercultural contacts in their jobs read a scenario of a workplace dispute involving a local employee and a superior who was either from Hong Kong, the US, or Mainland China. They were then asked to imagine that they were the local employee in that situation and to complete a questionnaire that was designed to measure the above constructs. Results of the social distance measure suggest that, as expected, these participants were closest to fellow Hong Kong Chinese, and were more distant with people from the US and Mainland China. In addition, differences in perceived social distance were associated with how they perceived the conflict situation, attributed responsibilities, and resolved the conflict if they were in such a situation. Both theoretical and applied implications of these findings for conflict management in culturally diverse workplaces are discussed, as well as the social construction of commonly used diversity categories.