bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Evans Michael , Swartz Tim
Published: November 2023

Many applications require the evaluation of integrals where A is a subset of Rk and f : A —> R. Rarely can an exact answer be easily obtained, even when k = 1, so instead an approximation is sought.
Ligand binding to PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie
Published: November 2023

At least four distinct families of proteins have PPIase activity, namely cyclophilins, FKBPs, parvulins and the trigger factor. Although the sequences of the PPIase domains of these four families do not have any significant degree of similarity with each other, their binding clefts maintain at least one common enzymatic function. The four families of PPIases display moderate specificity to peptide substrates [632, 661], differ in their potential to accelerate in vitro protein refolding [439] and show unique spatial and temporal expression patterns in cells.
The biology of PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie
Published: November 2023

The wide phylogenetic distribution, ubiquity and diversity of the activities and structures of PPIases (immunophilins) has led to many roles being suggested for this group of proteins (see Table 1). The involvement of PPIases in the folding of proteins or co-regulation of molecular channels has already been discussed. Other phenomena summarized in Table 1 await confirmation by other laboratories. One possible problem that can be seen from Table 1 is that most of the tentative cellular or biological functions have been attributed to the two archetypal immunophilins, namely FKBP-12 and CyP-18. Could CyP-18 have nuclease [326, 869], putative protease [781] and PPIases activities? Do those active sites overlap or are they in different parts of the molecule? Or do these activities belong not to the PPIases but to other components contaminating the preparations tested? Perhaps more judicious verification of some of these observations is required.
Methods
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie
Published: November 2023

Several basic methodologies that have been applied in research on PPIases are summarized in Table 20. The majority of abundant small mammalian cydophilins and FKBPs arc moderately basic proteins which bind to cation exchangers. Proteins entrapped on chromatographic media are resolved either on chromatofocusing gels or by preparative IEF. Final purification can be accomplished using cation exchangers [129, 130, 136 138, 194, 199, 236, 237, 256, 259].
Change, Choice and Inference
Authors: Rott Hans
Published: November 2023

Change, Choice and Inference develops logical theories that are necessary both for the understanding of adaptable human reasoning and for the design of intelligent systems. The book shows that reasoning processes - the drawing on inferences and changing one's beliefs - can be viewed as belonging to the realm of practical reason by embedding logical theories into the broader context of the theory of rational choice. The book unifies lively and significant strands of research in logic, philosophy, economics and artificial intelligence. It elaborates on the relevant theories and provides a mathematically precise foundation for the thesis that large parts of theoretical reason can be subsumed under practical reason.
Post-Genome Informatics
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru
Published: November 2023

The genome projects have now entered a rapid production phase with complete genome sequences and complete gene catalogues already available for a number of organisms and an increasing number expected shortly. In addition the new DNA and protein chip technologies can produce functional data about genes such as gene expression profiles at a rapid rate. There is therefore a large and ever increasing amount of data about genes and molecules. However there is still a huge gap between information at the molecular level and information at the level of integrated biological systems. It is this gap that is addressed in Post-genome Informatics. Post-genome informatics is the analysis of biological functions in terms of the network of interacting molecules and genes with the aim of understanding how a biological system is organized from its individual building blocks. As well as containing a comprehensive survey of the database and computational technologies relevant to molecular sequence analysis, Post-genome Informatics will provide the reader with a conceptual framework and practical methods for the representation and computation of molecular networks.
Prologue
Authors: Chandrasekhar S
Published: November 2023

The black holes of nature are the most perfect macroscopic objects there are in the universe: the only elements in their construction are our concepts of space and time. And since the general theory of relativity provides only a single unique family of solutions for their descriptions, they are the simplest objects as well. The unique two-parameter family of solutions which describes the space time around black holes is the Kerr family discovered by Roy Patrick Kerr in July, 1963. The two parameters are the mass of the black hole and the angular momentum of the black hole. The static solution, with zero angular momentum, was discovered by Karl Schwarzschild in December, 1915. A study of the black holes of nature is then a study of these solutions. It is to this study that this book is devoted.
Electromagnetic Waves in Kerr Geometry
Authors: Chandrasekhar S
Published: November 2023

As our studies in the contexts of the Schwarzschild and the Reissner-Nordstrom black-holes have shown, our understanding of the space times is deepened and enriched by analyzing the manner of their reaction to external perturbations. Since external perturbations can, in general, be represented by incident waves of different sorts, their study, in essence, reduces to one of the propagation of waves of the different sorts in the space-times of the black holes and of how, in particular, they are scattered and absorbed. While the problem, as thus formulated, has a physical base, its solution reveals an analytic richness of the space-times themselves for which one is unprepared. In the case of the Kerr space-time, this richness becomes manifest almost at the outset.
Elementary theory of magnetism
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

Certain bodies, as, for instance, the iron ore called load-stone, the earth itself, and pieces of steel which have been subjected to certain treatment, are found to possess the following properties, and are called magnets.
Dimensions of electric units.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2023

Every electromagnetic quantity may be defined with reference to the fundamental units of length, mass, and time. If we begin with the definition of the unit of electricity, as given in art. 65, we may obtain definitions of the units of every other electromagnetic quantity, in virtue of the equations into which they enter along with quantities of electricity. The system of units thus obtained is called the electrostatic system.
Logics and their semantics
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

Our considerations in the general discussion of combining logics in the previous chapter indicates that we may be presented with two logics that arc completely incompatible in their style and formulation.
Discussion and comparison with the literature
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters presented a general methodology for combining logics. There was an emphasis on semantical methods, especially for the cases of intuitionistic and modal logics. To see where our work stands, we must compare it with existing published works in the area. Combined systems of modal and intuitionistic logics have been around for a long time, and the landscape is a jungle. As shown by the examples below, authors simply defined what they wanted for good or bad reasons and proceeded to investigate the systems they presented. There was no clear methodology, and no coordinate system of milestones for comparison. We aim in this chapter to show how the existing literature fits into our methodology. We proceed by summarising some typical existing papers and discussing their systems from our point of view.
Self-fibring of predicate logics
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

This section will introduce the notion of a fibred model and provide semantics for expressions of the form P(A), where P is a monadic predicate and A is a formula (which may contain equality and function symbols). An axiom system and a completeness theorem will also be given. Later sections will deal with more general languages.
Self-fibring with function symbols
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

We now tum to the case where function symbols are available for fibring into the language. Again we assume that the assignments g are rigid. We assume unary function symbols ei(x), i = 1, 2, 3, ... , as well as unary predicates. Let e(x) be a term.
Self-fibring of intuitionistic logic
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

The methods of the previous sections are not specific to classical logic. We can self-fibre any logic. This section deals with self-fibring in intuitionistic logic.
How to make your logic fuzzy
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to provide a methodology for turning a known crisp (i.e. {0, 1} valued) logic into a fuzzy system. We require of the methodology that it be meaningful in general terms, using processes which are independent of the notion of fuzziness, and that it yield a considerable number of known fuzzy systems.
Fibring intuitionistic logic programs
Authors: Gabbay Dov M
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to give a more practical example of fibring of a programming nature. We apply the technique of fibring to intuitionistic logic programs [Gabbay and Reyle, 1984], i.e., an extension of logic programming where goals can contain implications.
Kinetic Theory
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

Kinetic theory is the branch of statistical physics dealing with the dynamics of non-equilibrium processes and their relaxation to thermodynamic equilibrium. The Boltzmann equation, established by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, is its cornerstone [1]. Originally developed in the framework of dilute gas systems, the Boltzmann equation has spread its wings across many areas of modern statistical physics, including electron transport in semiconductors, neutron transport, quantum liquids, to cite but a few [2, 3]. The aim of this chapter is to provide a minimal, and yet hopefully self-contained introduction to the Boltzmann equation in the context of classical statistical mechanics.
Microsatellites in conservation genetics
Authors: Beaumont Mark A , Bruford Michael W
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will examine the role that microsatellite markers have played, and could potentially fulfil in the future, in the emerging field of conservation genetics. We first briefly discuss the applications, advantages, and disadvantages that microsatellite analysis brings to conservation genetics. We then highlight some current applications through the use of case study examples, ranging from the detection of inter-specific hybridization, through inferring population history, to distinguishing among demographic factors affecting present day allele frequencies, and include studies of inbreeding and reproductive success. In the final section we concentrate on the actual and potential additional information that microsatellites can give when compared with other quasi-neutral genetic markers, and explore the possible theoretical advantages and limitations that microsatellites have in conservation studies.
Microsatellite analysis of human tumours
Authors: Shibata Darryl
Published: November 2023

Human tumours arise after the accumulation of a number of somatic mutations. Many aspects of tumour evolution or progression are unknown, since serial observations are rare. Since tumours consist of populations of tumour cells, phylogenetic approaches may help to unravel their evolution. The recent discovery of human tumours with high frequencies of mutations at microsatellite loci (up to 0.01 per division), due to losses in DNA mismatch repair, provide practical opportunities to follow tumour evolution, since detectable frameshifts accumulate after relatively few divisions. In addition, the availability of cell lines and transgenic mice lacking DNA mismatch repair provide practical experimental models of microsatellite mutational processes.
Integrable Systems
Authors: Hitchin N J , Segal G B , Ward R S
Published: November 2023

This textbook is designed to give graduate students an understanding of integrable systems via the study of Riemann surfaces, loop groups, and twistors. The book has its origins in a series of lecture courses given by the authors, all of whom are internationally known mathematicians and renowned expositors. It is written in an accessible and informal style, and fills a gap in the existing literature. The introduction by Nigel Hitchin addresses the meaning of integrability: how do we recognize an integrable system? His own contribution then develops connections with algebraic geometry, and includes an introduction to Riemann surfaces, sheaves, and line bundles. Graeme Segal takes the Kortewegde Vries and nonlinear Schrödinger equations as central examples, and explores the mathematical structures underlying the inverse scattering transform. He explains the roles of loop groups, the Grassmannian, and algebraic curves. In the final part of the book, Richard Ward explores the connection between integrability and the self-dual Yang-Mills equations, and describes the correspondence between solutions to integrable equations and holomorphic vector bundles over twistor space.
Introduction
Authors: Hitchin Nigel
Published: November 2023

Integrable systems, what are they? It’s not easy to answer precisely. The question can occupy a whole book (Zakharov 1991), or be dismissed as Louis Armstrong is reputed to have done once when asked what jazz was—‘If you gotta ask, you’ll never know!’.
On the Dangers of Modelling Through Continuous Distributions: A Bayesian Perspective
Authors: Fernández Carmen , Steel Mark F J
Published: November 2023

We point out that Bayesian inference on the basis of a given sample is not always possible with continuous sampling models, even under a proper prior. The reason for this paradoxical situation is explained, and linked to the fact that any dataset consisting of point observations has zero probability under a continuous sampling distribution. A number of examples, both with proper and improper priors, highlight the issues involved. A solution is proposed through the use of set observations, which take into account the precision with which the data were recorded. Use of a Gibbs sampler makes the solution practically feasible. The case of independent sampling from (possibly skewed) scale mixtures of Normals is analysed in detail for a location-scale model with a commonly used noninformative prior. For Student-^ sampling with unrestricted degrees of freedom the usual inference, based on point observations, is shown to be precluded whenever the sample contains repeated observations. We show that Bayesian inference based on set observations, however, is possible and illustrate this by an application to a skewed dataset of stock returns.
Bayesian Methods in Signal and Image Processing
Authors: Fitzgerald W J , Godsill S J , Kokaram A C , Stark J A
Published: November 2023

In this paper, an overview of Bayesian methods and models in signal and image processing is given. The first part of the paper reviews some traditional classes of model employed for signal processing time series analysis. Marginal inference based upon analytic integration of hyperparameters is described for these models and illustrations are given for the problem of estimating sinusoidal frequency components in white Gaussian noise and for the general changepoint problem applied to digital communications. In the second part of the paper, state of the art applications are described which employ MCMC methods for the enhancement of noise-degraded audio signals, non-linear system identification and image sequence restoration. The complex modelling requirements and large datasets involved in these problems require sophisticated MCMC schemes employing efficient blocking schemes, model uncertainty strategies (both reversible jump and Gibbs variable selection) and non-linear/non-Gaussian models.
Spatial Regression for Marked Point Processes
Authors: Ickstadt Katja , Wolpert Robert L
Published: November 2023

In a wide range of applications, dependence on smoothly-varying covariates leads spatial point count intensities to feature positive correlation for nearby locations. In applications where the points are “marked” with individual attributes, the distributions for points with varying attributes may also differ. We introduce a class of hierarchical spatial regression models for relating marked point process intensities to location-specific covariates and to individual-specific attributes, and for modeling the remaining intensity variation that arises from dependence on unobserved or unreported covariates. The magnitude of residual intensity variation is a measure of how completely the covariates explain the observed variations in point intensities. The models, extending those recently introduced by Wolpert and Ickstadt, treat the point patterns as doubly-stochastic Poisson random fields with a random inhomogeneous Poisson intensity given by a spatial mixture of gamma or other infinitely-divisible independent-increment random fields. Bayesian prior distributions for a third level of hierarchy are elicited to reflect beliefs about the homogeneity, continuity, and similar features of the intensity. Inference is based on posterior and predictive distributions computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods featuring data augmentation and an efficient method for sampling from independent-increment random fields. The models are illustrated in an application to a four-dimensional spatial regression analysis of origin/destination trip data from the 1994/95 Metro survey of Portland, Oregon.
MCMC Convergence Diagnostics: A Reviewww
Authors: Mengersen Kerrie L , Robert Christian P , Guihenneuc-Jouyaux Chantal
Published: November 2023

This review paper aims at presenting the various convergence diagnostics available in the literature in a cohesive and conceptually consecutive manner. To this effect, we attempt classification according to several filters, as well as a description of a Web site, which aims at keeping track of the on-going research on the topic.
Simulation-Based Optimal Design
Authors: Moller Peter
Published: November 2023

We review simulation based methods in optimal design. Expected utility maximization, i.e., optimal design, is concerned with maximizing an integral expression representing expected utility with respect to some design parameter. Except in special cases neither the maximization nor the integration can be solved analytically and approximations and/or simulation based methods are needed. On one hand the integration problem is easier to solve than the integration appearing in posterior inference problems. This is because the expectation is with respect to the joint distribution of parameters and data, which typically allows efficient random variate generation. On the other hand, the problem is difficult because the integration is embedded in the maximization and has to possibly be evaluated many times for different design parameters.
Uncertainty Analysis and other Inference Tools for Complex Computer Codes
Authors: O’hagan Anthony , Kennedy Marc C , Oakley Jeremy E
Published: November 2023

This paper builds on work by Haylock and O’Hagan which developed a Bayesian approach to uncertainty analysis. The generic problem is to make posterior inference about the output of a complex computer code, and the specific problem of uncertainty analysis is to make inference when the “true” values of the input parameters are unknown. Given the distribution of the input parameters (which is often a subjective distribution derived from expert opinion), we wish to make inference about the implied distribution of the output. The computer code is sufficiently complex that the time to compute the output for any input configuration is substantial. The Bayesian approach was shown to improve dramatically on the classical approach, which is based on drawing a sample of values of the input parameters and thereby obtaining a sample from the output distribution. We review the basic Bayesian approach to the generic problem of inference for complex computer codes, and present some recent advances—inference about the distribution of quantile functions of the uncertainty distribution, calibration of models, and the use of runs of the computer code at different levels of complexity to make efficient use of the quicker, cruder, versions of the code. The emphasis is on practical applications.
Spatial Dependence and Errors-in-Variables in Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Wakefield Jon , Morris Sara
Published: November 2023

Ecological correlation studies, in which grouped data are used to investigate the relationship between outcome and explanatory variables, are widely used in epidemiology. We consider a spatial context in which the groups represent areal units. In particular we analyse data from an on-going study investigating the relationship between myocardial infarction and the water constituents magnesium, calcium and fluoride. Information on these constituents is available through repeated measurements over time within water-company defined ‘water zones’. The analysis is challenging due to the over-dispersion and spatial dependence within the data; the errorS-in-variables nature of the exposure; the presence of potential confounders such as socio-economic status; and the different geographic scales at which the health, exposure and confounder variables are available. Our modelling strategy is to begin with a very simple model and to then increase the complexity as inadequacies are revealed by examination of diagnostics, both frequentist and Bayesian. Our emphasis is on utilising models that are necessarily complex and in addressing the sensitivity of inference to modelling assumptions.
Bayesian Wavelet Analysis with a Model Complexity Prior
Authors: Holmes Chris C , Denison David G T
Published: November 2023

Wavelet analysis has quickly established itself as a standard method for the analysis and smoothing of time series. Of particular importance is the application to the denoising and compression of signals (e.g. Bruce and Gao, 1996).
Life and information
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs
Published: November 2023

Organisms are incredibly complex. The more we know about them— their biochemistry, their anatomy, their behaviour—the more astonishing are the detailed adaptations that we discover. How could all this complexity have arisen? We can all understand that, if a farmer breeds from the cows that give most milk, the milk yield of the cows will in time increase. This depends on the fact that offspring resemble their parents—that is, on heredity—but this does not at first sight present any great difficulty: we are familiar in our daily lives with the fact that children resemble their parents. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection amounts to no more than the idea that, in nature, those individuals best able to survive and reproduce will transmit the characteristics that enabled them to do so to their children, leading to the evolution of traits beneficial to the organism itself, rather than to the breeder. It is, perhaps, the one profound idea in science that we can all readily understand.
The major transitions
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs
Published: November 2023

The theory of evolution by natural selection does not predict that organisms will get more complex. It predicts only that they will get better at surviving and reproducing in the current environment, or at least that they will not get worse. Empirically, many and perhaps most lineages change little for many millions of years. As D. M. S. Watson, who taught one of us zoology, once remarked, crocodiles have done damn all since the Cretaceous. Lampshells and horsetails have done damn all for longer than that.
From chemistry to heredity
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs
Published: November 2023

The last sentence of Darwin’s Origin of species reads ‘There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, being originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, while this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved’. Curiously, the phrase ‘by the Creator’ crept in only in the second edition: it was absent in the first. It seems that Darwin, perhaps to please his wife Emma, was willing to leave the problem of the origin of life, a problem he had little prospect of making progress with, as a matter for religious interpretation. In contrast, the problem of the origin of man was one he believed he could usefully think about.
The origin of sex
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs
Published: November 2023

In animals and plants, and in eukaryotes generally, the essence of the sexual process is that a new individual starts from a single cell, the ‘zygote’, formed by the fusion of two sex cells, or ‘gametes’. Typically, gametes have only one set of chromosomes—that is, they are ‘haploid’—and consequently the zygote contains two sets of chromosomes—it is ‘diploid’. Hence a new individual contains genetic information from two parents, and, in the longer term, each individual has received genes from many ancestors, and may contribute genes to many descendants. This has led to the concept of a ‘gene pool’, consisting of genes that may be in separate individuals today, but whose ancestors may have been together in the same individual in the past, and whose descendants may be together again in the future. The species, or set of potentially interbreeding individuals, thus constitutes an evolving unit, with a common gene pool.
From animal societies to human societies
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs
Published: November 2023

Despite the obvious similarities between a termite mound and a human city, there are profound differences between the mechanisms that lead to co-operation in the two cases. One important feature of human societies—namely the recognition of individuals—already exists in some social mammals and birds. Although insects may recognize group membership, they do not recognize individuals. In contrast, a monkey recognizes other members of its troop as individuals, and behaves differently towards them. As the phrase ‘pecking order’ implies, the members of a flock of chickens sort themselves into a linear dominance hierarchy: this probably requires individual recognition. Students of baboons and other monkeys have observed the formation of alliances, in which two or more individuals support one another in conflicts with other members of the group. Such alliances may be based on genetic relatedness, but this is not always so.
The amygdala and emotion: a view through fear
Authors: LeDoux Joseph
Published: November 2023

While the amygdala has long been known to be involved in emotional processes, studies of fear conditioning have provided the most detailed understanding of the amygdala’s role in emotion to date. In this chapter, the neural pathways and mechanisms underlying the amygdala’s role in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear are explored. The relationship of work on fear conditioning to other areas of research, such as instrumental fear learning and memory modulation, is also discussed. Although the review focuses on studies of experimental animals, recent work on the human amygdala is also considered.
Primate evolution and the amygdala
Authors: Barton1 Robert A , Aggleton2 John P
Published: November 2023

We studied the evolution of the amygdala using data on the volume of amygdaloid components and ofrelated brain structures in 83 species of primates and insectivores (Stephan et al., 1987, 1991). We found a pattern indicative of both mosaic evolution, in which each component evolved separately with its own specific inputs and outputs, and coordinated evolution, in which the separate components evolved together. The corticobasolateral group of nuclei and the neocortex show the same pattern of size differences across taxonomic groups, with both being particularly expanded in the haplorhine primates (monkeys, apes, and tarsiers), which are mostly diurnal and gregarious. The centromedial amygdala shows no such taxonomic differences, indicating a degree of mosaic evolution of the amygdala. However, using a comparative method designed to detect correlated evolution, we found that amygdaloid components correlated most strongly with each other, rather than with other brain structures, emphasizing the functional and connectional integrity of the amygdala. Reflecting this, evolutionary changes in the size of both amygdaloid components correlated positively with changes in the size of the palaeocortex (principally olfactory cortex), pointing to the role of the amygdala in olfactorilyguided behaviour. Once the effects of palaecortex size were partialled out, the size of the corticobasolateral group also correlated with neocortex size, perhaps reflecting the expansion and elaboration of the connections between temporal cortex and amygdala which are involved in the emotional modulation of visual stimuli in monkeys. In support of this idea, corticobasolateral amygdala correlated with parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which project indirectly to the sociovisual processing areas of temporal cortex. Both neocortex size and corticobasolateral amygdala size correlate positively with social group size, lending further weight to the hypothesized link between the conjoint expansion of these structures and specialization for processing social information. Thus the primate amygdala has evolved with both its olfactory connections and its visual connections. Each may reflect the elaboration of mechanisms for processing social, and perhaps also sexual, information, with olfactory and visual modalities being emphasized differently according to the ecological factors operating in each lineage.
The amygdala, social cognition, and autism
Authors: Bachevalier Jocelyne
Published: November 2023

The regulation of social cognition is orchestrated by a multitude of interconnected structures of which the amygdala is one important constituent. This chapter reviews a significant amount of research in monkeys and humans, using different approaches, demonstrating that the amygdala decodes and integrates perceptual features from other individuals and allows the subject to act and adjust its behavioual responses according to the emotional and social context of a particular event. The role of the amygdala in social cognition in adult subjects implies that this brain structure must also be crucial for the emergence of affective states and the formation and maintenance of social bonds during the developmental period in primates. The data in this area are meagre but indicate that the amygdala has an early ontogenetic maturation, but its connections with other brain regions continue to be refined after birth, supporting the progressive development of affective responses in primates. Finally, the severe and persistent changes in emotional responses and social behaviour found after early damage to the amygdala together with recent evidence for the involvement of the amygdala and related structures in autism stress the urgent need to initiate many more developmental studies in primates to begin appreciating the role of the amygdala and other related brain regions early in life for the achievement of well-adapted social skills in adulthood. Such data may, in tum, provide progress in understanding the causes of developmental psychopathological disorders, such as autism.
The amygdala and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Chow Tiffany W , Cummings Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

The amygdala is affected whenever neurodegenerative disorders involve the temporal lobes. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common dementia involving the amygdala. Symptoms of amygdalar dysfunction usually manifest as components of the Kluver Bucy syndrome: visual agnosia, hyperorality, hypermetamorphosis, blunting of fear or rage, and hypersexuality. Despite the pathological changes seen in the amygdala due to Alzheimer’s disease, patients rarely present with a Kluver Bucy syndrome. Similar pathology in frontal and temporal cortices may prohibit these abnonnal behaviors from emerging.
What, if anything, is new in optimization?
Authors: Wright Margaret H
Published: November 2023

Research on continuous optimization includes topics that have been actively examined for a relatively long time, as well as themes that have appeared re peatedly over the course of decades. As a result, it has been claimed, not always in jest, that there is nothing new in optimization research. This paper discusses the role of novelty as well the mixture of old and new ideas in three domains: Direct search methods for unconstrained optimization, Interior methods for nonlinearly constrained optimization; Semidefinite programming.
A review of trust region algorithms for optimization
Authors: Yuan Ya-xiang
Published: November 2023

The classical methods for optimization are line search algorithms. Such an algorithm obtains a search direction in each iteration, and searches along this direction to obtain a better point. The search direction is a descent direction, normally computed by solving a subproblem that approximates the original optimization problem near the current iterate. Therefore, unless a stationary point is reached, there always exist better points along the search direction.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: November 2023

It was Frege who first forced both philosophers and mathematicians to acknowledge the lack of any satisfactory philosophical account of the nature and epistemological basis of mathematics. He himself constructed a complete system of philosophy of mathematics; and, in the early part of the present century, others, most notably Hilbert and Brouwer, constructed alternative systems from quite different philosophical standpoints. Of the various attempts made in that period to create over-all philosophies of mathematics providing, simultaneously, solutions to all the fundamental philosophical problems concerning mathematics, only the intuitionist system originated by Brouwer survives today as a viable theory to which, as a whole, anyone now could declare himself an adherent. The two main rival systems, those of Frege and of Hilbert, contributed much of lasting value to the foundations of mathematics; but neither remains as an integral structure of doctrines to which allegiance could still be given.
The Heun Class Of Equations
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei yu. , Lay Wolfgang , Seeger Alfred
Published: November 2023

The Heun class of linear second-order ODEs is generated by the Heun equation –the Fuchsian equation with four singularities. The Heun equation was first studied by K. Heun [51]. A hundred years later, a centennial workshop on the Heun equation was organized by A. Ronveaux, A. Seeger, and W. Lay, where achievements in the theory were discussed [113). Attention was mainly devoted to the confluent Heun equations first presented in details in articles [33, 34]. A result of the conference was the appearence of the first book on Heun equations in 1995 [ J 07].
Electrodynamics from Ampère to Einstein
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

Three quarters of a century elapsed between Ampère's definition of electrodynamics and Einstein's reform of the concepts of space and time. The two events occurred in utterly different worlds: the French Academy of Sciences of the 1820s seems very remote from the Bern patent office of the early 1900s, and the forces between two electric currents quite foreign to the optical synchronization of clocks. Yet Ampère's electrodynamics and Einstein's relativity are firmly connected through an historical chain involving German extensions of Ampère's work, competition with British field conceptions, Dutch synthesis, and fin de siècle criticism of the aether-matter connection. Darrigol's book retraces this intriguing evolution, with a physicist's attention to conceptual and instrumental developments, and with an historian's awareness of their cultural and material embeddings. This book exploits a wide range of sources, and incorporates the many important insights of other scholars. Thorough accounts are given of crucial episodes such as Faraday's redefinition of charge and current, the genesis of Maxwell's field equations, or Hertz' experiments on fast electric oscillations. Thus emerges a vivid picture of the intellectual and instrumental variety of nineteenth century physics. The most influential investigators worked at the crossroads between different disciplines and traditions: they did not separate theory from experiment, they frequently drew on competing traditions, and their scientific interests extended beyond physics into chemistry, mathematics, physiology, and other areas. By bringing out these important features, this book offers a tightly connected and yet sharply contrasted view of early electrodynamics.
Compact Manifolds with Special Holonomy
Authors: Joyce Dominic D
Published: November 2023

The book starts with a thorough introduction to connections and holonomy groups, and to Riemannian, complex and Kähler geometry. Then the Calabi conjecture is proved and used to deduce the existence of compact manifolds with holonomy SU(m) (Calabi-Yau manifolds) and Sp(m) (hyperkähler manifolds). These are constructed and studied using complex algebraic geometry. The second half of the book is devoted to constructions of compact 7- and 8-manifolds with the exceptional holonomy groups 92 and Spin(7). Many new examples are given, and their Betti numbers calculated. The first known examples of these manifolds were discovered by the author in 1993-5. This is the first book to be written about them, and contains much previously unpublished material which significantly improves the original constructions.
The first pair of Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

where d-$v is the volume of an element of hypersurface and n is its unit normal 4-vector. Actually, in order to ensure that n be outward-pointing, and that the 3- volume element d3v be positive, we must choose a ‘correct’ orientation for d  τ (j). Otherwise, eqn (5.1) will hold with a minus sign before one of the members.
Linear Dielectrics
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

If the insulating medium in an electrostatic problem is a linear dielectric, we must consider its constitutive equations (cf. (22.1)), where χ is the dielectric susceptibility and the primed quantities refer to the material rest frame. In the electrostatic case we are, by definition, in the rest frame.
Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

Among the electromagnetic fluids, the subclass of those that are neither polarizable nor magnetizable is especially simple: according to (56.6) and (56.7), they are characterized by a free energy that depends only on p and 0.
Magnetic materials
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

Faraday knew that magnetic materials, like soft iron, tended to move in the direction of increasing magnetic field strength (irrespective of the direction of B). He was therefore surprised to discover that some materials, like heavy glass or bismuth, which were not then considered to be ‘magnetic’, tended to move in the direction of decreasing magnetic field strength. He inferred that those materials.
Colour and the Cortex: Wavelength Processing in Cortical Achromatopsia
Authors: Heywood Charles A , Kentridge Robert W , Cowey Alan
Published: November 2023

One of the perceptual consequences of being able to process wavelength differences in the distribution of spectral light is the chromatic world in which we live. The privacy of colour experience is undisputed and is reflected in the term ‘quale’ coined by C.I. Lewis in 1929 to describe such qualitative content of mental states. However, notwithstanding the philosophical debate that such a notion has fuelled, few would deny that we live in a colourful world — never more so, perhaps, since the 18-year-old William Henry Perkin serendipitously discovered a purple aniline dye while attempting to synthesize quinine from coal tar in the mid-nineteenth century, and spawned the wealth of dyes and pigments that are common-place today.
Auditory—Visual Spatial Interaction: Automatic Versus Intentional Components
Authors: Vroomen Jean
Published: November 2023

For a long time, we have known that in the initial stages of visual processing, information is broken down and analysed in separate and specialized parts of the brain (e.g. colour, movement, orientation). However, our impression of the world is not a bundle of separate features, but we see integrated colour-form objects in their appropriate place. The question, then, is how the separately coded information is integrated so that a coherent representation of the world is achieved. In some way, it seems necessary that the system keeps track of which data belong to the same object so that one can see a red ball on the left, instead of something reddish, something round, and something on the left. This is known as the feature-integration problem (Treisman and Gelade, 1980). That kind of operation, though, occurs not only in vision, but also in other sense modalities such as hearing and touch, and even more important, also across modalities. For example, when I clap my hands, the perceptual system has to know that the motor, proprioceptive, auditory, and visual effects of the clapping all belong to the same event of clapping hands. Such integration across the senses has been variously labelled the problem of pairing (Radeau and Bertelson, 1977; Radeau, 1994), binding (Pourtois et al., 2000), object identity (Bedford, 1999), or the unity assumption (Welch and Warren, 1980).
Attention and Alerting: Cognitive Processes Spared in Blindsight
Authors: Kentridge Robert W
Published: November 2023

The study of blindsight has, quite naturally, focused on the properties and basis of the visual function which remains in the condition despite subjects’ lack of acknowledged visual awareness. In the course of testing one hypothesis about the basis of residual visual function in blindsight, we made a serendipitous discovery which prompted us to examine the role of some basic cognitive functions in blindsight — alerting and attention. Campion et al. (1983) suggested that blindsight may be mediated by ‘islands’ of spared striate cortex rather than subcortical systems or pathways that bypass primary visual cortex. Variations in the effects of loss of blood or oxygen supply to an area of the brain, which could potentially leave undamaged islands, might, for example, be a consequence of the pattern of blood vessels in the region or variations in neural metabolic activity. The fact that residual visual function could be found throughout the scotoma of blindsight subjects appeared to be at odds with this explanation. It was, however, suggested that eye movements during testing may fortuitously bring stimuli to lie in retinal locations corresponding to islands of spared cortex sufficiently often for residual function to appear continuous across an extensive scotoma. A subsequent paper by Fendrich et al. (1992) lent considerable credence to this account. They found a subject in whom neuroimaging revealed a single island of spared cortex within an extensive cortical lesion. The patient reported that he was blind throughout his scotoma; however, Fendrich et al. found that he could perform a simple visual task within a very small region of the visual field within his scotoma. They surmised that this region corresponded to the island of sparing shown in the MRI scan. In order to accurately maintain stimulation of the same retinal, and hence cortical, locations across many trials during their perimetric testing, they used a technique in which an eye tracker is used to measure the direction of eye gaze and the image projected onto the eye is continually adjusted to compensate for any eye movements. The fact that their subject performed a visual task successfully while denying visual awareness conforms with the definition of blindsight, albeit blindsight restricted to a very small region of the visual field. The question that obviously arises from this finding is could a collection of such islands, an archipelago perhaps, account for the spatially extensive blindsight reported in such subjects as DB and GY? Larry Weiskrantz posed this question at a talk he gave inaugurating the Centre for Vision and Visual Cognition in Durham. As there was a variety of eye-tracking facilities in Durham, it seemed natural that we should collaborate in answering the question.
Direct and Indirect Visual Routes to Action
Authors: David Milner A
Published: November 2023

A perennial question in discussions of consciousness is what Larry Weiskrantz in his landmark book Consciousness Lost and Found (1997) called ‘The Evolutionary Why’. In other words, what does consciousness confer on brain processing that could have improved the organism’s fitness during natural selection? In this chapter we do not attempt to offer any profound thoughts as to the survival value of consciousness in mental processing. However, we suggest that a good way of beginning the search for its evolutionary role may be to ask why consciousness might be beneficial for some kinds of brain processing but not for other — superficially similar — kinds. How can we characterize the distinction in functional terms between these two kinds of processing?
Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition
Authors: Neidle Stephen
Published: November 2023

This book provides a detailed view of the molecular structures of DNA and RNA and how they are recognised by small molecules and proteins. Extensive source material is provided, including information on relevant web sites and computer programmes. The major methods of structural investigation for nucleic acids: X-ray crystallography, NMR, and molecular modelling are reviewed and their scope and limitations (in the context of nucleic acids) discussed. Also covered are the conformational features of nucleic acid building blocks, including a description of how base-pair morphologies are analysed; the structures of DNA double helices and helical oligonucleotides, emphasising current ideas on sequence-dependent structure; and DNA-DNA interactions, including triplexes and quadruplexes. The principles of RNA folding, ribosome, and ribozyme structure are also surveyed. Both covalent and non-covalent nucleic acid interactions with small molecules are described, with the emphasis on recognition principles and sequence specific gene recognition. The principles of protein - nucleic acid are covered, focussing on regulatory proteins. Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition will therefore equip readers with a good understanding of all the important aspects of this major field. The Nucleic Acid Database (NDB) crystallographic and NMR structures for the nucleic acid structures described in the book are freely available through the Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition website.
Introduction
Authors: Bressan Alberto
Published: November 2023

A single conservation law in one space dimension is a first-order partial differential equation of the formwhere a = f is the derivative of f. For smooth solutions, the two equations (l.l) and (1.3) are entirely equivalent. If u has a jump, however, the left hand side of (1.3) will contain the product of a discontinuous function a(u) with the distributional derivative ux, which in this case contains a Dirac mass at the point of the jump. In general, such a product is not w'ell defined. Hence (1.3) is meaningful only within a class of continuous functions. On the other hand, working with the equation in divergence form (1.1) allows us to consider discontinuous solutions as well, interpreted in a distributional sense.