bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size of subsoil clods affects soil-water availability in sand–clay mixtures
Authors: Betti Giacomo , Grant Cameron D. , Murray Robert S. , Churchman G. Jock
Published: April 2016

Clay delving in strongly texture-contrast soils brings up subsoil clay in clumps ranging from large clods to tiny aggregates depending on the equipment used and the extent of secondary cultivation. Clay delving usually increases crop yields but not universally; this has generated questions about best management practices. It was postulated that the size distribution of the subsoil clumps created by delving might influence soil-water availability (and hence crop yield) because, although the clay increases water retention in the root-zone, it can also cause poor soil aeration, high soil strength and greatly reduced hydraulic conductivity. We prepared laboratory mixtures of sand and clay-rich subsoil in amounts considered practical (10% and 20% by weight) and excessive (40% and 60% by weight) with different subsoil clod sizes (<2, 6, 20 and 45 mm), for which we measured water retention, soil resistance, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. We calculated soil water availability by traditional means (plant-available water, PAW) and by the integral water capacity (IWC). We found that PAW increased with subsoil clay, particularly when smaller aggregates were used (≤6 mm). However, when the potential restrictions on PAW were taken into account, the benefits of adding clay reached a peak at ~40%, beyond which IWC declined towards that of pure subsoil clay. Furthermore, the smaller the aggregates the less effective they were at increasing IWC, particularly in the practical range of application rates (<20% by weight). We conclude that excessive post-delving cultivation may not be warranted and may explain some of the variability found in crop yields after delving.
Successional changes in feeding activity by threatened cockatoos in revegetated mine sites
Authors: Doherty Tim S. , Wingfield Briana N. , Stokes Vicki L. , Craig Michael D. , Lee Jessica G. H. , Finn Hugh C. , Calver Michael C.
Published: April 2016

Context
Provision of key habitat resources is essential for effectively managing species that have specific ecological requirements and occur in production landscapes. Threatened black cockatoos in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia have a wide range, so their conservation requires support from all land tenures, not just reserves. Mining in the jarrah forest temporarily removes cockatoo feeding habitat, so it is important to understand how cockatoos exploit revegetated areas for food resources.

Aims
We aimed to determine whether there were successional patterns in cockatoo feeding activity in revegetation aged from 4 to 23 years at three mine sites in the jarrah forest in south-western Australia.

Methods
We surveyed 232 plots in revegetation to document (1) structural and floristic variation in vegetation across mine sites and revegetation ages, (2) differences in cockatoo feeding activity across mine sites and revegetation ages on the basis of feeding residues and (3) any edge effect reflecting preferential use of vegetation at the interior or exterior of mine pits. We also documented the frequency of occurrence of cockatoo food plants and feeding residues in 480 plots in unmined forest to compare with revegetated areas.

Key results
Marri (Corymbia calophylla) and jarrah were commonly consumed in unmined forest and Banksia and Hakea species were also fed on to a lesser extent. Revegetated mine pits provided food within 4 years and continued to do so up until the oldest plots studied (23 years). The relative importance of food plants shifted from proteaceous species in young revegetation to myrtaceous species in intermediate to older revegetation. However, extent of feeding on myrtaceous species in older revegetation did not equate to feeding rates in unmined forest, with lower frequencies recorded in revegetation.

Conclusions
Black cockatoos fed in revegetation at all three mine sites, despite variations in vegetation age, structure and floristics. Feeding on proteaceous and myrtaceous food plants occurred within 4 and 7 years of revegetation being established, respectively, indicating that some food resources are restored quickly after mining disturbance of the jarrah forest.

Implications
Our results emphasise the importance of monitoring fauna recolonisation over appropriate time scales, to understand how successional processes in revegetation influence fauna population persistence in production landscapes.
On the Seclusion of Women in Antiquity
Authors: Adhami Siamak
Published: April 2016

Summary: The study of the feminine in ancient Iran is an area which deserves much greater attention than it has thus far received. By utilizing a number of primary sources, textual and otherwise, a few observations are offered here which concern the rites of women through the centuries. These evolving rites, which are described by the doctors of the then-dominant religion of Zarathustra, deal with the preservation of purity through seclusion of women in a world which is under constant attack from the demonic, polluting forces. Throughout the essay, the different means of fighting this battle are explored and suggestions for further research in the field are made.
Final report of APMP.T-S7: APMP regional comparison of Co-C eutectic melting point using Pt/Pd thermocouples
Authors: Kim Y -G , Wei Z , Ogura H , Jahan F , Singh Y P
Published: April 2016

A regional supplementary comparison on the Co-C eutectic point (1324 °C in ITS-90) was carried out in APMP involving five NMIs: KRISS (Korea), NIM (China), NMIJ (Japan), NMIA (Australia) and NPLI (India). The comparison was done through a round robin style with two Pt/Pd thermocouples having greatly different thermoelectric inhomogeneity (± 0.0196 % and ± 0.132 % at 1324 °C), which were made by the pilot laboratory (KRISS). Both were calibrated twice, before and after the circulation by the pilot laboratory.

As a reference value, the weighted mean was adopted since the Birge ration criterion was safely satisfied. The participants were asked to supply the temperature profile of the furnace used to realize the Co-C point in order to estimate the uncertainty due to thermoelectric inhomogeneity. Results from all laboratories were consistent with the reference value within the calculated uncertainties. Birge number of 0.2 to 0.3 and En number less than 0.5 were obtained, meaning that the comparison successfully demonstrated the use of Pt/Pd thermocouple to compare the calibration capabilities of participating laboratories at the melting temperature of Co-C eutectic point regardless of the amount of thermoelectric inhomogeneity. It was verified that the calibration uncertainty level of {(0.2 °C ~ 0.3 °C) + ucell} (k = 2) can be obtained at the Co-C eutectic melting point by means of Pt/Pd thermocouple having a small inhomogeneity of about 0.02 %.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Montaigne, the New World, and Precolonialisms
Authors: Reiss Timothy J.
Published: April 2016

The “utopia” of Montaigne’s “Of cannibals” has been much studied as wishful fantasy of a New World and condemnation of old Europe's decay, colonizing and conquest. Its Americans and those in “Of coaches” become Europe’s Others, giving Montaigne and his critic means to judge their own culture. But his utopia is as much about understanding himself. It references local history and rhetorical tradition, engaging “conflicts” of rational experience and speculative reason as sources of knowledge that he encapsulates in his topography/cosmography opposition and in the syntax, structure, and meaning of the Essay's preface that directly echo those in “Of cannibals.” Montaigne fuses his quest to know himself and his society, his writing, his ideals of reason and experience with his evaluation of the New World and its peoples, in likeness, not otherness. His “precolonial” eye imagines cultural, political, and trade negotiations among new and old nations and peoples in equality not violence.
Montaigne in the World
Authors: Smith Paul J.
Published: April 2016

Montaigne’s informal and often provocative way of thinking and writing has had a longlasting influence in Europe. This article addresses the reception of Montaigne’s Essays from 1580 unto the present day, in France and beyond. The main topics are the French editions of the Essays, Montaigne’s French readers through the centuries – admirers as well as adversaries –, the numerous translations of the Essays in Europe and beyond, and their worldwide readership. Special attention is given to the country-specific imitations and interpretations, as exemplified by some famous Montaigne readers. Editors, translators, and other readers tend to create their own Montaigne according to their needs, norms, and values.
Montaigne on Animals
Authors: Gontier Thierry
Published: April 2016

The “animal question” stands at the center of contemporary debates over modern subjectivity and its deconstruction. Taking as a point of departure the references made by Jacques Derrida to Montaigne’s defense of animals in the “Apology for Raymond Sebond”, this article seeks to demonstrate the fundamental differences separating the projects of these two thinkers. For Derrida, the animal presents itself to the human subject as a figure of radical alterity, precluding any attempts at establishing a homogeneous continuity. While challenging the dogmatic rationalist presumption to know the “internal impulses” of the animals, Montaigne for his part emphasizes the homogeneity of animal and human behaviors and the natural kinship uniting mankind with the animals. The animal represents for man a model of self-appropriation, appropriation to one’s “ordinary” condition and to one’s body. Thus, we find thus more continuities than a radical conflict between Montaigne and the “modern” rationalist tradition.
Montaigne on Alterity
Authors: Conley Tom
Published: April 2016

Designating what is strange, or unknown, alterity stands at the core of the Essays. Inquiring of what escapes or exceeds representation, the essays embody a relation d’inconnu, a term to describe a basic condition of life, felt acutely when we realize that reason can inform us neither about why we are in the world nor about the nature of death. Montaigne gets at alterity through bodily alienation and alteration. Four areas are keynote: (1) alterity of the New World that acquires political inflection in “Of cannibals” and “Of coaches”; (2) his bodily alteration in the Travel Journal, when, plagued with urinary stones, he travels to Italy; (3) the enigma of biological life, when, following a brush with death and a fantasy of birth in “Of practice,” Montaigne fathoms the inner folds of his body; (4) resolutely, in the monstrous form and execution of the “Apology for Raymond Sebond.”
Montaigne, Translator of Raymond Sebond
Authors: Habert Mireille
Published: April 2016

Published in 1569, eleven years before the Essays came out, Natural Theology is the first printed work signed by the hand of Montaigne. It is not his own creation but a translation into French of a lengthy volume written in Latin around 1430 at the University of Toulouse by theologian Raymond Sebond. This translation was, for a long time, considered to be a simple stylistic exercise. Montaigne himself never professed to have done more than gain the satisfaction of succeeding at “cutting out and setting forth with [his] hand a French costume for the Spanish theologian and philosopher.” However, Montaigne’s patient study of Sebond’s thick volume was more than just an opportunity for his formal enrichment. Through questions regarding the way faith and reason engage with each other, the translator takes the first steps of a personal reflection on the human mind’s capacity to access the truth.
La Boétie and Montaigne
Authors: Magnien Michel
Published: April 2016

In this article, we reflect on the relationship between La Boétie and Montaigne from a historical perspective, using the little evidence we have related to their brief relationship (c. 1559–August 1563). This principally consists of the three Latin poems that La Boétie addressed to Montaigne, which reveal to us an unequal relationship. After La Boétie’s death at thirty-two, it is necessary to evaluate the portion of “literary” reconstruction that entered into the (re)presentation of this friendship, from the moment when the surviving friend, plunged, if he is to be believed, into dismay, has put, “into my head this daydream of meddling with writing.” From 1572 to 1592, the relationship evolves between the survivor and the much-admired “great man.” The difficult problem of the dissemination of La Boétie’s key text leads to a progressive expulsion of the texts of the author of the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude from the Book of Remembrance (Essays).
The Public Life of Montaigne
Authors: Desan Philippe
Published: April 2016

Montaigne’s public life extends over more than thirty years—from 1556 to 1588. His first career was as a member of the parlement from 1554 to 1570, one that reflected the desire of his father, Pierre Eyquem. After leaving his post of councilor in the parlement of Bordeaux, he displayed his diplomatic ambitions, which were not rewarded. In 1581, Montaigne was appointed mayor of Bordeaux for two years; he was reelected to this position in 1583. After his term of office ended, for a time he played the role of negotiator between Henry III and the leader of the Protestant party, Henry of Navarre. Imprisoned in 1588, he abandoned all political ambitions and ended his public life before retiring to his château. The public life of Montaigne allows us to consider the Essays as an attempt at political reappropriation in the aftermath of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre.
Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History
Authors: Balot Ryan
Published: April 2016

This chapter evaluates the arguments and intentions of Leo Strauss’s most ambitious political text, Natural Right and History. Strauss’s stated purpose is to rehabilitate the ancient Greek and Roman conceptions of “natural right”—a term of art by which he referred to the justice inherent in the rational order of nature. His express motivation was to rebut the relativism and historicism that, in his view, characterized twentieth-century political thought. This chapter contends that the book’s core lies in its implicit presentation of philosophical inquiry as the highest human vocation. This idea is presented less through systematic argument than through Strauss’s own engagement with canonical political texts—an engagement designed to illustrate both the excitement and the fulfillment of philosophical dialogue. The political virtues, while defended on the surface of the text, remain as unsettled by the end as they were in the introduction.
Conclusion: Future Directions
Authors: Martin Paula
Published: April 2016

This article demonstrates the extent to which underwater and maritime archaeology have developed and expanded over centuries. This article summarizes the study of shipwrecks and wider maritime culture in geographical areas throughout the world. Wrecked vessels reveal the technological achievements of their day. Warships demonstrate developments in aggressive and defensive technologies. Merchant vessels carry evidence of the range of cargoes traded. Underwater archaeology has gained wider acceptance and validity. The development of maritime archaeology targets future research to use resources efficiently. Maritime archaeologists center their work on understanding ships of all periods and all regions, from small vernacular craft to large naval vessels. This is leading to greater appreciation of the subtleties of design, regional variations, and complexity of construction methods. Progress in computing has made it possible to disseminate data. Deepwater archaeology has great potential in the future. Underwater archaeology will spread to more countries.
Assessment of the Five Factor Model
Authors: Simms Leonard , Williams Trevor F. , Simms Ericka Nus
Published: April 2016

We review the current state of the science with respect to the assessment of the Five Factor Model (FFM), a robust structural model of personality that emerged from two distinct traditions: The lexical and questionnaire traditions. The lexical tradition is predicated on the hypothesis that important individual differences in personality are encoded as single words in language. This bottom-up tradition has suggested that five broad factors account for much of the personality variation observed among individuals: Extraversion (or Surgency), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness (or Dependability), Neuroticism (vs. Emotional Stability), and Openness to Experience (or Intellect/Culture). The questionnaire tradition emphasizes the measurement of similar constructs, largely through top-down development of measures. We examine the strengths and limitations associated with existing measures of the FFM and related models, focusing on measures rooted in the lexical and questionnaire traditions. We also consider maladaptive FFM measures and conclude by analyzing important issues in the FFM assessment literature.
The Role of Culture in Population Mental Health
Authors: Yang Lawrence , Benson Jessica M.
Published: April 2016

In recent years, studies of population mental health have increased in number, and assumed growing importance, in psychiatric epidemiology and global mental health. These studies have enabled valuable estimates of psychopathology across different countries and cultural settings, thus providing assessment of the global burden of mental illness. They have also progressively grown in size and complexity, which has resulted in the use of more reliable methodologies to assess psychopathology. Fundamental challenges in what constitutes syndromes of “mental illness” (e.g., “major depression”) in terms of incorporating culture-specific features of psychopathology across cultural settings have also resulted from conducting these studies across differing cultural contexts. This has spurred further evolution in the conceptualization of and methodologies used to assess mental illness. This chapter highlights population studies in mental disorders among Asian and Asian American groups as a specific example to illustrate how culture affects the prevalence, assessment, and manifestation of psychopathology.
When Culture Informs Neuroscience
Authors: Stevenson Shaun , Bruce Lindsey , Dwosh Emily , Beattie B. Lynn , Illes Judy
Published: April 2016

The meaningful consideration of cultural practices, values, and beliefs is recognized as a significant factor for the effective translation of innovation in neuroscience to clinical practice. Given increasing attention to the cultural diversity of society and the immense investment in the biomedical sciences, it is essential to study how potential discoveries in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, are perceived and utilized across cultures. Key questions about culture interact with issues surrounding the acceptance of disease-related cognitive decline and personality changes, possibilities for predicting disease, and methods of intervention. The unique circumstances described in this chapter highlight the complexities of cultural considerations in research and the significance of cultural neuroscience as an emerging field.
Identifying a Cultural Resource
Authors: Telzer Eva H. , Fuligni Andrew J. , Galvan Adriana
Published: April 2016

Family obligation, which implies children’s role in the support and assistance of their family, is a fundamental aspect of family life. Family obligation has important implications for the adjustment of adolescents from Mexican backgrounds, relating to lower levels of risky behavior. Risk taking underlies many behavioral and health factors, such as substance use and externalizing behavior, that contribute to the public health burden during the adolescent period. Advances in developmental neuroscience have identified key neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent risk taking, but there is little understanding of how these neural processes interact with cultural and social processes to promote or prevent risk taking. We present a multimethod, longitudinal program of research that uses self-reports of risk taking and substance use, experimental tasks, and functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the mechanisms by which a culturally meaningful type of family relationship—family obligation—buffers Mexican youth from drug use and risk taking.
Epigenetics and Social Behavior
Authors: Morris James P. , Connelly Jessica J.
Published: April 2016

Every cell within a given organism contains the same DNA blueprint; in the case of humans, this means that the same DNA code can give rise to hundreds of different cell types with very diverse functions. The genome accomplishes this feat by organizing the DNA into domains that are transcriptionally active or inactive given the particular cell type and function. This occurs by modification of the DNA and the proteins bound to it; methylation of cytosine residues, DNA methylation, is one such “epigenetic” modification and is the focus of this chapter. The role of epigenetic influences on cultural diversity is poorly understood. Given the natural links between environment and biological function, epigenetic processes are poised to play a critical role in new approaches to understanding the biological underpinnings of culture.
Sensory Enculturation and Neuroanthropology
Authors: Downey Greg
Published: April 2016

Neuroanthropology seeks to bring the broadest possible account of cultural variation into our understanding of the human brain’s potential, expanding the methods we use to trace the envelope of human neurodiversity and the trajectories of neurological development to include robust qualitative and ethnographic methods in natural settings. My research has focused on athletes and other highly trained individuals who demonstrate both the range of activity-induced neuroplasticity and the characteristics of regimes under which this plasticity can be deployed in systematic ways. They also demonstrate how cultural expectations, daily activities, and aversions to activity can inculcate or exacerbate disability. Neuroimaging data may not always be available, especially given the whole-body nature of these activities in ecologically valid settings and the circumstances of anthropological field study. Nevertheless, neuroanthropology argues that neurologically plausible accounts of the abilities that our subjects demonstrate and the experiences that they report are both possible and theoretically productive.
Locating Culture in the Brain and in the World
Authors: Seligman Rebecca , Choudhury Suparna , Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: April 2016

Cultural neuroscience explores the interplay between the social transmission of knowledge and the functional organization of the nervous system. However, much current cultural neuroscience simplifies culture into categories and constructs. The operationalization of culture as categories and traits that can be measured using questionnaires or priming techniques often lacks cultural validity. Moreover, treatment of culture as a set of fixed and even hard-wired traits has the potential to reify and essentialize differences between groups that are better understood as culturally constructed, fluid, and context-dependent. We argue that culture is better conceived of in terms of interactional processes rather than categories and demonstrate how a more nuanced understanding of culture in cultural neuroscience can contribute to an understanding of mind, self, and emotion as embodied, socially embedded, and situated or enacted in specific contexts, opening up new directions for research with greater potential relevance to issues of health and social disparity.
Health, Development, and the Culture-Ready Brain
Authors: Whitehead Charles
Published: April 2016

This chapter aims to contribute to an improved understanding of the social brain and the rising tide of psychological health in children. It challenges certain misperceptions affecting scientific research and child-oriented policies, and it presents a “play and display” hypothesis that holds that spontaneous communication, play, and performance (social displays), uniquely developed in humans, are a major reason for our enlarged brains and are essential to the development of self/other-awareness, brain maturation, human culture, and healthy child development. The hypothesis is linked to pivotal theories in the social sciences, notably social mirror theory, ritual/speech coevolution theory, and the theory of anti-structure. Implications for child health are discussed, and the argument is supported by evidence relating to epigenesis, brain development, developmental psychology, paleoanthropology, neuroimaging research, and the culture-ready brain. The chapter concludes with some pointers for future child development policy.
Jonson’s Miscellaneous Verse
Authors: Burlinson Christopher
Published: April 2016

This chapter discusses Ben Jonson’s miscellaneous poems, numbering about fifty or so, and how they might fit very neatly into a conventional critical narrative about his career, a narrative that traditionally focuses on the print publication of his folio Workes (1616). It considers the possible reasons why these poems were omitted from print, whether they tell a story of their own, and whether reading them as a group tells us anything about Jonson’s poetic career, and his preoccupations and prejudices. It also examines poems that are concerned with the dynamics of friendship and dedication, including those written for Michael Drayton, Nicholas Breton, and William Shakespeare. It suggests that Jonson’s miscellaneous poetry is a miscellaneous group and should not be read as a singular collection.
Jonson’s Reception
Authors: Lockwood Tom
Published: April 2016

This chapter surveys Jonson’s impact on the nineteenth century, tracing out his substantial influence on poets, novelists and theatre professionals on the page and on the stage. In 1990, D. H. Craig wrote: ‘Jonson’s work, for the nineteenth century, was bafflingly inconsistent.’ This chapter, looking in detail at the way in which writers such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, George Eliot, and Anthony Trollope interacted with and learned from Jonson, argues that his work did offer a consistent point of departure for important trends in nineteenth-century writing. By examining such specific encounters, and the work done by William Poel in reviving Jonson’s plays for the professional theatre at the end of the century, this chapter continues to reshape our sense both of the power and persistence of Jonson’s literary influence in the centuries after his death.
Ressourcement and Theologies of Communion
Authors: Flynn Gabriel
Published: April 2016

This chapter describes the contribution of a group of (initially French) theologians known for promoting the work of ressourcement: renewal of the Church through recovery of biblical and Early Christian sources. The work of Henri de Lubac and Yves Congar receives particular attention (although the contributions of others, such as Marie-Dominique Chenu and Jean Cardinal Daniélou are also discussed), and the group as a whole is placed against the background of the social, political, and ecclesiastical context of France in the first half of the twentieth century. This chapter highlights the centrality of ressourcement theologians to the work of Vatican II. The final sections of the essay focus on one of the most important consequences of their work at the council, the development of accounts of the Church as ‘communion’.
Mission and Evangelization
Authors: Keating Daniel A.
Published: April 2016

This chapter examines the theology of mission and evangelization in the Catholic Church. It begins with a brief overview of how mission developed in the Catholic tradition up to the twentieth century, with particular emphasis on the biblical grounding for a universal mission and the crucial transitions the early Church made from being a Jewish movement to a Gentile-inclusive movement that engaged with and accommodated itself to Greco-Roman culture. It then considers developments in the period leading up to and including the Second Vatican Council, along with the ‘missionary crisis’ and other challenges following Vatican II. Finally, it discusses important continuities and changes in the Catholic theology of mission and evangelization and describes the characteristics of this theology today.
Life and Death
Authors: Bennett Jana
Published: April 2016

This chapter places Catholic teaching on questions of life and death against the background of a Catholic vision of salvation history, emphasizing that Catholics see no necessary opposition between Christian faith and progress in scientific understanding of the creation. The chapter then considers questions concerning abortion, contraception, and techniques for artificial reproduction. The second half of the chapter focuses on questions concerning death. Catholic teaching views human life in this world as finite, and thus sees death as intrinsic to the current human condition. After considering Catholic teaching on euthanasia, the chapter considers Catholic discussion of war, the death penalty, and care for the environment.
The Second Vatican Council
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: April 2016

This chapter considers the Second Vatican Council (1959–65) and its reception. The first half of the chapter focuses on the four central ‘constitutions’ promulgated by the council: Lumen gentium on the nature and structure of the Church; Dei Verbum on the nature of revelation; Sacrosanctum Concilium on the liturgy; and Gaudium et spes on the Church in the modern world. The second half of the chapter considers the different ways in which the teachings of the council have been interpreted. A six-fold categorization of responses is outlined. The chapter then focuses on two of these categories, and parallels their different approaches with different strands in modern biblical interpretation.
Catholic Feminist Theology
Authors: Nussberger Danielle
Published: April 2016

This chapter charts the history of Catholicism’s feminist theology. It begins with an overview of contexts that contributed to the development of Catholic feminist theology, with particular emphasis on the role of the Second Vatican Council (1963–1965) in the surge of feminist theological dialogue that began in the Catholic Church in the 1960s and 1970s. It then considers various feminist theories that differed in their strategies for overcoming injustice against women, especially the first-, second-, and third-wave feminisms. It also examines Catholic feminist theology’s viewpoints on the methodological concerns of hermeneutics, language, and praxis, along with its interpretation of Scripture and Christian history, what language we should be using to name and call upon the God in whom we believe, Jesus’ redemption of humanity from sin; Mary and the saints; Trinity; and creation.
Behavioral Genetics of Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse
Authors: McGue Matt , Hicks Brian M.
Published: April 2016

We review behavioral and biometrical genetic research aimed at characterizing the nature of the familial aggregation of adolescent substance use and abuse. Twin and adoption studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to individual differences in adolescent substance use phenotypes. These studies have also documented the importance of the shared environment. Biometrical analyses of large samples of twins show that the contributions of genetic and shared environmental factors to substance use phenotypes change markedly between adolescence and early adulthood. The importance of genetic influence increases with age as the importance of shared environmental influences declines. Although only a small number of relevant genetic variants have been identified at this time, they show a similar pattern of increasing association with substance use behavior with age. A major question continues to be how genetic and environmental factors operate jointly to influence the development of complex behavioral phenotypes such as substance use.
Ethnicity and Development
Authors: Cheeseman Nic
Published: April 2016

This article examines whether ethnicity, or more specifically ethnic diversity, undermines development. After explaining the nature of ethnicity, ethnic identity, and ethnic groups, it considers whether public goods are less likely to be provided in more ethnically politicized areas and whether ethnic politics leads governments to adopt economically unproductive policies. It also investigates the relationship between neo-patrimonialism, winner-takes-all politics, and development policy. More specifically, the article evaluates the possibility that the politicization of identities and poor economic performance are both manifestations of weak institutions and strong social structures. Finally, it analyzes how ethnicity can best be managed and suggests that communal identities can be disentangled from development by making political institutions inclusive and promoting social interaction between different communities.
Increasing Discretionary Prosecutor’s Powers
Authors: Caianiello Michele
Published: April 2016

This essay considers the increasingly prominent role played by the prosecutor in the Italian criminal justice system, focusing on the investigation and pretrial phase. The assumption is that in the past two decades the trial phase has lost its relevance and that the crucial decisions for the outcome of criminal proceedings are made more and more often during the investigation and pretrial phase, where the prosecutor enjoys considerable discretion, although formally the legality principle still rigidly rules in the Italian system. Two steps need to be taken to improve the current situation and to fill the gap between reality and theory. The first is starting to interpret the principles of the constitution as allowing discretionary choices by the prosecutor. The second is to strengthen prosecutors’ accountability, but without affecting their independence from the government.
Punishment, Justice, and Emotions
Authors: Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: April 2016

This essay discusses the relation among emotions, punishment, and justice. It reviews theoretical scholarship on the role of punishment in society and sociological research on emotions, including the “emotive turn” in criminal justice and scholarship on the painful experience of incarceration. It argues that although punishment has been justified as a rational response to the problem of crime, there are emotional dimensions to its practice and function that go beyond crime. The authors suggest that the phenomenon of punishment is inherently affective, and propose that scholars of criminal justice should pursue a more rigorous study of how emotions, subjectivity, and self-identities contribute to the existence and framework of punishment in late-modern societies, in order to properly examine its role and limitations.
Norbert Elias, the Civilizing Process, and Punishment
Authors: Pratt John
Published: April 2016

The way a society punishes its offenders has become a yardstick by which it can be judged as civilized. In civilized societies, for example, punishment on the human body has become increasingly unacceptable. Prisons have been built in remote locations out of public view, with authorities responsible for undertaking what is seen as the unpleasant task of controlling the inmates. However, as the work of Norbert Elias shows, “being civilized” is a standard that did not simply fall out of the sky one day. Instead, it should be understood as the product of a long-term historical process, one that is contingent and fragile, capable of producing uncivilized consequences itself and capable of being interrupted at any time. Current changes in the penal framework of societies such as the United Kingdom suggest that we may be experiencing one of these “decivilizing” countertrends.
Taxation in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Günther Sven
Published: April 2016

The article deals with the different taxes that were exacted in the Roman Principate. It analyzes not only the different concepts of taxation with a differentiation between tributa, vectigalia, and portoria but also the complex system of tax collection, the cooperation between private tax farmers and state officials, and the flow of income into the various treasuries (aerarium Saturni, aerarium militare, fiscus Caesaris). Furthermore, the close connection of Roman taxes with power politics of the Roman emperors as well as the interdependences with developments in society, economy, and law are revealed. Various questions and directions for possible future research are proposed.
Globalization, Transnationalism, and the Local in Ancient Greece
Authors: Müller Christel
Published: April 2016

This article examines the idea that Greek poleis were interconnected in different types of networks and that localism and the notion of the local are byproducts of globalism. It considers how Greek cities interacted through multidirectional relationships by focusing on the relationship of the polis to transnationalism and globalization. It first discusses the concept of spatial turn before turning to the interactions between poleis through supra-civic structures. It then addresses the tension felt by Greek communities between the inside and the outside, the local and the global, and the civic and the supra-civic, along with the dream of insularity as a polis ideology. It also analyzes the Greek poleis’ control over civic bodies and borders, especially the movements of people in and out of cities. The article suggests that localism may be better understood through the neologism of (g)localism instead of “parochialism.”
Compositional Analysis in Archaeology
Authors: Glascock Michael D.
Published: April 2016

Compositional analysis in archaeology involves the analysis and interpretation of chemical fingerprints obtained from archaeological materials. The primary objective of compositional analysis is to identify groups of related artifacts and/or raw materials that provide insight into archaeological questions. The evidence has application to questions about human behavior, provenance, technology, and artifact authentication. Because compositional data are inherently multivariate, a familiarity with the methods from multivariate statistics is essential. This article presents an overview of the history of compositional anlaysis and the analytical methods employed. The main multivariate procedures used for data interpretation and presentation of results are also described. Finally, before selecting an analytical method and laboratory to perform the analysis on archaeological specimens, the article recommends obtaining answers to a list of questions.
Church and Church/State Relations in the Post-Reformation Reformed Tradition
Authors: Hazlett Ian
Published: April 2016

This chapter outlines Reformed positions on the church, church-state relations, and the sacraments. The first section introduces perspectives in relation to predestination and covenant theology, and in contrast to the Church of Rome; considers the definition of the church and the relationship between a congregation and the church catholic; illustrates how the visible church was identified; shows how church authority was understood; examines the ministerial order, and then depicts the rationale for presbyterial polity. The church-state relations portion highlights the contrast between some who stood for a distinct, autonomous spiritual jurisdiction alongside the civil sphere and others who surrendered responsibility to the state; issues of obedience, disobedience, and active resistance to tyrannical rule are also indicated. The section on the sacraments deals with them generally and then in relation to baptism and the Eucharist. It is demonstrated that on many matters there was no seamless homogeneity within the Reformed world.
Ethics of Caring in Environmental Ethics
Authors: Whyte Kyle Powys , Cuomo Chris
Published: April 2016

Indigenous ethics and feminist care ethics offer a range of related ideas and tools for environmental ethics. These ethics delve into deep connections and moral commitments between nonhumans and humans to guide ethical forms of environmental decision making and environmental science. Indigenous and feminist movements such as the Mother Earth Water Walk and the Green Belt Movement are ongoing examples of the effectiveness of on-the-ground environmental care ethics. Indigenous ethics highlight attentive caring for the intertwined needs of humans and nonhumans within interdependent communities. Feminist environmental care ethics emphasize the importance of empowering communities to care for themselves and the social and ecological communities in which their lives and interests are interwoven. The gendered, feminist, historical, and anticolonial dimensions of care ethics, indigenous ethics, and other related approaches provide rich ground for rethinking and reclaiming the nature and depth of diverse relationships as the fabric of social and ecological being.
Proportionality and Necessity in Jus in Bello
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: April 2016

In this chapter, the author explores the requirement of proportionality in the killing of civilians in war. The work first examines the general notion of proportionality in defensive harming. It then explores proportionality in the resort to war and explains why the traditional theory of just war claims that proportionality in individual acts of war must be different. The author argues that the traditional theory’s claim is a mistake and that when a war lacks just aims, individual acts of harming can seldom be proportionate. Finally, the author considers proportionality as a constraint on violence in a war with just aims, claiming that, in some instances, judgments of proportionality in the conduct of war can be surprisingly precise, though much depends on assumptions about certain fundamental issues in moral theory, such as whether there is an ‘agent-relative permission’ to give some degree of priority to one’s own life.
Environmental Risk and Protection in Unipolar Depression
Authors: Monroe Scott M. , Cummins Lori
Published: April 2016

This chapter examines environmental risk and protection for depression from two seemingly contradictory vantage points: depression commonly arises in response to environmental adversity, but depression also arises without any apparent environmental adversity. Preliminary considerations are reviewed initially to provide a context for evaluating the current empirical evidence on life stress as a risk factor for the onset of depression. Particular attention is paid to the potential importance of recurrences of depression to help explain the presence and absence of major life stress prior to episode onset.   Alternative models are then considered that potentially can reconcile the seemingly inconsistent sets of observations regarding life stress and the onset of a depressive episode. The research literature is presented in light of these models. Finally, the relations of other environmental risk and protection factors with life stress and depression are discussed, as well as the implications for future research.
Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Psychotherapies
Authors: Barber Jacques P. , Zilcha-Mano Sigal , Constantino Michael J.
Published: April 2016

This chapter focuses on two widely used treatments for depression: dynamic therapy (DT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). Although each has its unique theoretical conceptualization of depression and offers relatively distinct techniques to facilitate change within depressed patients, both center on adverse and disruptive interpersonal relationships with underlying maladaptive repetitive patterns and interpersonal schemas as main contributors to depression. In this chapter, we describe how each orientation conceptualizes depression, elaborate on specific techniques each treatment orientation offers, and summarize the available research on the efficacy of each paradigm for bringing about therapeutic change in depressed patients. We also review the literature on moderators of, and candidate mechanisms underlying, these documented effects. Finally, we discuss what is known and what is yet to be learned about DT and IPT for depression.
Humanistic and Experiential Perspectives
Authors: Watson Jeanne , Pos Alberta
Published: April 2016

In this chapter the theory and practice of humanistic and experiential psychotherapies in the treatment of mood disorders and specifically depression are discussed. Client-centered, gestalt, and emotion-focused perspectives on the etiology of depression are presented and the various models for treating depression are described. This is followed by a review of the research on experiential and emotion-focused psychotherapy in the treatment of depression with a specific focus on the efficacy of this approach in treating depression as well as studies that have attempted to identify the specific processes that contribute to change, including emotional processing and the therapeutic relationship.
AKT: Ancestry and Kinship Toolkit
Authors: Arthur Rudy , Schulz-Trieglaff Ole , Cox Anthony J. , O’Connell Jared Michael
Published: April 2016

Ancestry and Kinship Toolkit (AKT) is a statistical genetics tool for analysing large cohorts of whole-genome sequenced samples. It can rapidly detect related samples, characterise sample ancestry, calculate correlation between variants, check Mendel consistency and perform data clustering. AKT brings together the functionality of many state-of-the-art methods, with a focus on speed and a unified interface. We believe it will be an invaluable tool for the curation of large WGS data-sets.

Availability

The source code is available athttps://illumina.github.io/akt

Contact

joconnell@illumina.com,rudy.d.arthur@gmail.com
Presenting bibliographic families
Authors: Merčun Tanja , Žumer Maja , Aalberg Trond
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– Despite the importance of bibliographic information systems for discovering and exploring library resources, some of the core functionality that should be provided to support users in their information seeking process is still missing. Investigating these issues, the purpose of this paper is to design a solution that would fulfil the missing objectives.

Design/methodology/approach

– Building on the concepts of a work family, functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR) and information visualization, the paper proposes a model and user interface design that could support a more efficient and user-friendly presentation and navigation in bibliographic information systems.

Findings

– The proposed design brings together all versions of a work, related works, and other works by and about the author and shows how the model was implemented into a FrbrVis prototype system using hierarchical visualization layout.

Research limitations/implications

– Although issues related to discovery and exploration apply to various material types, the research first focused on works of fiction and was also limited by the selected sample of records.

Practical implications

– The model for presenting and interacting with FRBR-based data can serve as a good starting point for future developments and implementations.

Originality/value

– With FRBR concepts being gradually integrated into cataloguing rules, formats, and various bibliographic services, one of the important questions that has not really been investigated and studied is how the new type of data would be presented to users in a way that would exploit the true potential of the changes.