bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discursive Ethics as Constitutional Theory. Neglecting the Creative Role of Economic Liberties?
Authors: Ladeur Karl‐Heinz
Published: March 2003

Habermas' discourse theory stresses the autonomy of public deliberation transcending the spontaneous emergence of private networks of legal relationships between individuals. Only the public discourse which is detached from the inertia of overlapping practical forms of coordination can refer to the ideally designed social work of legitimated interpersonal relationships. The democratic constitution is regarded as a legal institutionalization of the priority of the public forum of discourse. Conceptions related to classical liberalism would question the cognitive potential of public deliberation, and even deny its productivity as a normative frame of reference for (post‐)modern societies which are confronted with the challenge of uncertainty and the continuous process of self‐transformation.
Judicial Review and Deliberative Democracy: A Circular Model of Law Creation and Legitimation
Authors: Van Hoecke Mark
Published: March 2003

In this paper the author discusses the legitimation of judicial review of legislation. He argues that such a legitimation is not just a moral matter but is to be considered more generally in terms of societal acceptability, since it is based on a wide range of reasons including moral, social and pragmatic concerns. Moreover, the paper stresses that the legitimation of judicial decisions should be properly viewed in a circular perspective, so that the relationship between legislators and judges cannot be reduced to an absolute supremacy of those who are democratically elected over those who apply the law. On the contrary, the law is constantly made, adapted and developed in legal practice and legal decisions are basically legitimated through several processes of deliberative communication.
Habermas on Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: De Greiff Pablo
Published: March 2003

After drawing a distinction between a cosmopolitan attitude and institutional cosmopolitanism, this paper reconstructs Habermas’s account of the relationship between morality and law in order to argue that this account can be the basis of a cosmopolitan attitude which, although insufficient, on its own, to ground cosmopolitan institutions, can, nonetheless, motivate interest in institutional cosmopolitanism. The paper then examines Habermas’s proposal for institutionalizing a system of cosmopolitan governance. It distinguishes and explores the reach and limitations of three arguments in favor of institutional cosmopolitanism not always adequately differentiated in Habermas’s work: (a) an argument from the weakness of the nation state, (b) an argument from the democratic deficit of nationalism, and (c) an argument from the state’s incapacity to guarantee human rights.
Revisiting the Emergence of Young Children’s Literacy: One Child Tells Her Story
Authors: Zaragoza Nina , Fadil Christine
Published: March 2003

This article explores the progression of one child’s literacy from 4 months to 38 months. The emergence of literate behaviour is interpreted in the light of current theories such as those of Halliday and Dyson. One of the most significant aspects of this emergence is shown to be interaction with others in authentic literacy activities, a feature which has a number of implications for teachers and researchers alike.
Gender and Genre: Reading and Writing Choices of Older Juniors
Authors: Mallett Margaret
Published: March 2003

There has been much recent interest in the reading and writing choices children make and how far these choices are affected by their gender. Differences in the reading preferences of boys and girls seem to become more marked as children move through the primary years. Given that literacy involves control over a range of texts, as reader and writer, teachers seek ways of increasing the repertoire of both boys and girls. The first part of this study examines the reading and writing choices of the children in a Year 6 class in both home and school contexts. The questionnaire responses indicated that the children chose very different genres in the home as compared with the school setting and that gender differences were more marked in the home preferences. The analysis then draws on some of the children’s comments and views in exploring the implications of their preferences and the attitudes behind them. Finally, some strategies for encouraging wider and more reflective reading of both boys and girls are suggested.
The Refinement of an “Ideas Map” as a Means of Assessment and of Enhancing Children’s Understanding of Texts
Authors: Pritchard Alan
Published: March 2003

Ideas maps, or concept maps as they are more usually known, have been accepted by a number of teachers as a useful way of helping establish or clarify children’s knowledge about a particular topic. Here Alan Pritchard presents the results of a useful study which explored the use of ideas maps as a means of evaluating children’s abilities to engage with and understand text.
Providing Purpose to Parental Partnership in Reading
Authors: Lane Robin
Published: March 2003

Whilst parental partnership has gained considerable momentum it remains the responsibility of the individual primary school to establish effective systems of communication with parents which will help to support the school and, most importantly, their children to achieve their literacy goals. Robin Lane here outlines one approach to this, involving the familiar shared reading record.
Can I Tell You My Story? How Storytelling Contributes to Pupils’ Achievements in Other Aspects of Speaking and Listening and to their Understanding of how Language Works
Authors: Rooks Di
Published: March 2003

Storytelling is a feature of the language curriculum which often receives positive recommendation but yet which is still perceived as marginal to the more serious business of teaching children to read and write. Di Rooks here challenges this marginalisation and her work suggests a more fundamental place for storytelling.
The significance of setting in award‐winning children’s books from selected English‐speaking regions
Authors: Webb Joels Rosie
Published: March 2003

The setting of children’s books has probably been given less prominence than their plots or characters, yet, as Rosie Webb Joel shows in this thought‐provoking essay, setting can be crucial in influencing children’s responses and understanding of what they read.
‘Princesses are not into war ’n things, they always scream and run off’: Exploring gender stereotypes in picture books
Authors: Evans Janet
Published: March 2003

Gender stereotyping in children’s books is not an issue which has disappeared, for all that we have been aware of its problems for a number of years. Here Janet Evans reopens this issue and provides some useful insights into what might be appropriate responses.
Four Blocks for Literacy
Authors: Campbell Robin
Published: March 2003

The literacy hour within the National Literacy Strategy is now part of primary classroom practice in the UK. That literacy hour consists of four distinct parts which are debated here. In addition an alternative Four Blocks framework, as used by some schools in the USA, is explored. The differences between those approaches are noted which raise questions about the time allocation, a sustained involvement with reading and writing, and teacher autonomy in the literacy hour.
Making models as a communicative practice – observing meaning making in a nursery
Authors: Pahl Kate
Published: March 2003

This article describes how making models provides an opportunity for young children to explore their narratives and express ideas. It engages with ideas from semiotics to suggest that children negotiate multiple sign systems while making meaning. These can be tracked and observed. Children, particularly boys and children from ethnic minority groups, may make models as a way of expressing thoughts which lie outside classroom experiences. The article draws on observations of nursery children for its data.
Understanding Spelling
Authors: O’Sullivan Olivia
Published: March 2003

Stage models of learning to spell have not been helpful to teachers in teaching spelling. A three year project, based in three inner London primary schools, showed that although there is a developmental dimension to learning to spell, children nevertheless draw on several sources of knowledge from the outset. Reading and spelling are related but it is likely that phonemic understanding is gained more readily through spelling than it is in the context of reading. The project set out to examine how children develop as spellers and the nature of the links between children’s development in spelling, writing and reading. It examined the progress in spelling of two groups of children: a KS 1 group of children learning to read and write, and of a group of KS2 children who were fluent readers but who had spelling difficulties. The project also drew out the implications of its study for teachers and developed a spelling assessment framework to help teachers in analysing children’s spellings.
Literacy in the secondary curriculum
Authors: Wray David
Published: March 2003

The much‐signalled extension of the National Literacy Strategy from primary to secondary schools is now in full swing and many secondary teachers are actively looking for practical guidance on ways forward with this national priority. One way of providing such guidance is to outline a common language with which secondary teachers of all subjects can discuss the role of literacy within their subjects. This article puts forward one possible way of developing this common language, by building on the work of Freebody and Luke (1990) in Australia who suggest a literacy resource model. This model is applied to the teaching of literacy within the three core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science.
Serving‐Maids and Literacy: an approach to teaching literacy through history and music
Authors: Turner‐Bisset Rosie
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the close relationship between literacy and history in terms of the processes of historical enquiry and the literary outcomes of the historian’s work. It highlights the rich resource which historical documents represent for the primary classroom in a wide range of genres, and suggests that such documents can be used in their original form with all ability ranges. The means by which this can be done is presented in a case study of an integrated approach to teaching history, literacy and music, in a Year 6 class. The key to the success of the reading and writing activities was the use of varied teaching approaches including storytelling, drama, singing and discusssion as ways into challenging texts. The children used the concept of time and the listing of jobs as organisers for their extended writing. The careful scaffolding through text‐marking and the recording grid, as well as the emotions stimulated through the texts and activities, ensured success for all the children. The study emphasises the links between these genuine historical tasks, and activities in the National Literacy Strategy and suggests how music might be successfully integrated.
Cultural Constructions of Childhood and Early Literacy
Authors: David Tricia , Goouch Kathy , Jago Martine
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on the findings of two research teams, working collaboratively, between 1998 and 2000 in four countries: Australia, Singapore, France and England (see David et al 2000). Taking an ecological stance (Bronfenbrenner 1979), both teams adopted a cross‐cultural approach in order to gain a better understanding of the contexts in which young children become familiar with literacy. The team led by Bridie Raban worked in Singapore and Australia, that led by Tricia David in France and England. Early years practitioners in all four countries responded to questionnaires, were observed in action and interviewed. (Information about their training and about entry to primary school in each of the countries is given in the endnote.) In addition, the research teams carried out document analyses on Governmental, research and training literature and teachers’ plans, and discussed their findings with others in positions to be able to ‘authenticate’– or refute – findings. Further data were obtained through group interviews with parents of children attending selected settings involved in the research.

Here we provide some of the evidence about the different views expressed by practitioners, our observational findings and analysis of the different pressures relating to literacy experienced in early childhood education and care settings. In each case the learning experiences practitioners provided for children were influenced by a range of factors, such as the contested role of preschools as preparation for schooling. In some settings this preparation was not explicit and practitioners often emphasised the importance of the ‘here and now’ nature of young children’s experiences. Rosenthal’s (2000) framework for exploring ‘collectivist’ and ‘individualist’ cultures in relation to their valued educational practices was applied to our findings, in order to identify how the cultural assumptions about literacy, learning and young children influenced the teaching approaches selected.
Bill Shakespeare’s blind date
Authors: Hadley Eric
Published: March 2003

In this article I shall be arguing for the rejection of Dead Shakespeare and his realignment with the popular forms which influence the social world of young children. I shall be exploring what as teacher/performers we need to learn and unlearn as we tell Shakespeare’s stories in the company of children. Finally, I shall be considering the grounds of creativity for teachers and children when we abandon prescription and rediscover trust in the presence of Shakespeare’s ‘mosaics of multi–faceted storytelling.’
Improvisations around the National Literacy Strategy
Authors: Hanke Veronica
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of how a group of Year 1 children (age 5/6 years) responded to and appropriated aspects of the National Literacy Strategy. In each of the three episodes of the account they worked with a different aspect of the Strategy. Displaying increasing literacy and collaborative skills they worked with consonant blends, alphabetical order and spelling. Led by a child who disliked the discourse of public display, the children collaborated over extended periods of time, transforming the style of the NLS to achieve their own literacy purposes and showing that the NLS is not the whole story when it comes to learning about literacy.
Immigrant‐Native Wage Differentials and Immigration Reform
Authors: Bucci Gabriella A. , Tenorio Rafael
Published: March 2003

The US Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) increased the monitoring of illegal employment and fined employers who hire undocumented immigrants. Since these provisions tax immigrant wages, it might be expected that the immigrant‐native wage gap would increase after IRCA. This hypothesis is explored by decomposing immigrant‐native wage differentials before and after IRCA. It is found that (i) the immigrant‐native wage gap increased; (ii) in each year most of this gap was due to individual and job characteristics; (iii) the change in the gap is due primarily to overvaluation of native characteristics and to a lesser extent to undervaluation of immigrant characteristics.
Structural Features of Economic Reform in Poland
Authors: Roberts Barbara M. , Round Jeffery I. , Zolkiewski Zbigniew
Published: March 2003

This paper examines current macroeconomic evidence on the characteristics and magnitude of structural change in Poland during the reform era. The analysis is based on a comparison of two social accounting matrices (SAMs) compiled for 1987 and 1993, three years either side of the introduction of the main reform program. The results show Poland has shifted towards the characteristics expected of a market economy. A multiplier analysis shows there are significant system‐wide linkages, and that while the magnitude of some linkages has been resilient to change others have changed markedly, including a substantial growth in the entrepreneurial household sector.
Piecemeal Reforms in a Transitional Economy
Authors: Dinopoulos Elias , Lane Timothy D.
Published: March 2003

Many transitional as well as developing economies have retained large elements of state ownership in some sectors. This paper analyzes the effects of piecemeal reforms in a small open economy in which the state enterprises’ employment and output decisions are the result of bargaining between the state treasury and enterprise “insiders.” Competition policy enhances welfare; privatization in a sector protected from foreign competition increases (lowers) welfare if state enterprises care more (less) for wage raises than for employment increases; and a small increase in the import quota has the usual welfare‐ambiguous effects. A free‐trade policy maximizes national welfare.
Informal Credit Markets and the Transmission of Monetary Policy: Evidence from South Korea
Authors: Carpenter Seth B.
Published: March 2003

This paper is an empirical investigation of the transmission of monetary policy in South Korea. It combines modern mainstream macroeconomics with aspects of a developing economy with financial dualism through a simple IS‐LM type model that explicitly incorporates an informal credit market. Vector autoregression analysis, with both semistructural and structural identifications, confirms the importance of a credit variable as a policy tool. The results show direct credit allocation by the central bank had a significant impact on output, prices, and the interest rate in the informal sector. Previous theoretical and empirical findings of “stagflationary” effects of monetary policy are refuted.
Division of Labor, Money, and Economic Progress
Authors: Cheng Wen Li
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a general equilibrium model to formalize Adam Smith’s insight on the relationship between the division of labor, the emergence of money, and economic progress. The model demonstrates that the division of labor is the driving force behind the emergence of money, and the use of money in turn stimulates further division of labor. It also shows that the use of money substitute can improve welfare.
Tariffs and Welfare in an Imperfectly Competitive Overlapping‐Generations Model
Authors: Sen Partha
Published: March 2003

The effect of a tariff is analyzed in a two‐sector model in an uncertain‐lifetimes framework. One of the sectors is monopolistically competitive. It is shown that while a tariff leads to a consumption boom and possibly a current‐account surplus, its welfare effects depend on whether the homogeneous good or the differentiated good is exported by the small open economy. Welfare improves if the differentiated good is nontraded but deteriorates if the homogeneous good is nontraded.
Dynamic Gains from International Trade with Imperfect Competition and Market Power
Authors: Devereux Michael B. , Lee Khang Min
Published: March 2003

This paper revisits the gains from trade under imperfect competition by explicitly modeling strategic competition and entry. The papers highlights a welfare cost of imperfect competition, due to inefficiently high entry. Through increasing competition, international trade lowers price–cost markups and reduces excessive entry. This adds on a “competitive” channel for gains from trade to the well‐known “product diversity” channel from previous literature. Both channels will increase the return to investment and raise the steady‐state capital stock. An alternative case is possible, however, where there is inefficiently low entry. In that case, trade tends to be “anticompetitive,” raising price–cost markups and encouraging increased entry.
Endogenous Growth and Equilibrium Unemployment in a North–South Model
Authors: Hoon Hian Teck
Published: March 2003

A North–South model is developed which incorporates an endogenous rate of equilibrium unemployment in the North in the context of long‐run growth. It is shown how increases in the size of public debt and unemployment compensation financed by payroll taxation, all measured relative to productivity, raise the Northern natural rate of unemployment and, consequently, reduce the global rate of long‐run growth. The effect of the shocks is also to drive down the rate of employment expansion in the South. A set of the fundamental determinants of the world terms of trade is obtained, which includes policy parameters.
Ownership and Productive Efficiency: Evidence from Estonia
Authors: Jones Derek C. , Mygind Niels
Published: March 2003

Privatization in Estonia has produced varied ownership configurations. This enables hypotheses on the productivity effects of different ownership forms to be tested. Findings are based on fixed‐effects production function models and are estimated using a large, random sample of firms. Depending on the particular specification (and relative to state ownership), (i) private ownership is 13–22% more efficient; and (ii) all types of private ownership are more productive, though managerial ownership has the biggest effects (21–32%) and ownership by domestic outsiders has the smallest impact (0–15%). The joint hypothesis that privatization coefficients are equal is rejected. Findings are robust with respect to choice of technology and the use of instrumental variable estimates. These results provide only partial support for the standard theory of privatization, but stronger support for theorists who argue that some forms of insider ownership may constitute preferable forms of corporate governance in some circumstances.
Relative National Efficiency and Country Size: Evidence for Developing Countries
Authors: Milner Chris , Weyman–Jones Thomas
Published: March 2003

The paper investigates the impact of country size on aggregate national efficiency, using a nonparametric programming methodology to measure output distance functions and relative national efficiency for a group of 85 developing countries over the period 1980–89. Tobit regression models are estimated in order to identify the influence of national and policy characteristics on intercountry differences in relative efficiency levels. The results indicate that there is a strong positive developmental–efficiency relationship and evidence of a positive impact of trade policy openness on aggregate efficiency. There is also some evidence of a country size constraint on efficiency when other influences are controlled for.
The Biodiversity Convention and in situ Conservation in Zambia
Authors: Mwinga Doris Katai K.
Published: March 2003

This article describes biological diversity, its importance to the global community and to the African continent, focusing particularly on Zambia, my home country. The article considers briefly the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity1 (the Biodiversity Convention) and in particular the in situ conservation obligations under the Convention. The article identifiies the required actions for the effective in situ conservation of biological diversity in Zambia. In this regard, the article high‐lights the main problems associated with biological diversity loss, examines Zambia’s legislation on the conservation of biological diversity and considers whether the obligations thereunder comply with the actions required for the effective conservation of biological diversity identified under the Biodiversity Convention. The article concludes with recommendations on what actions are needed for effective in situ conservation of biological diversity in Zambia.
Elephants, Ivory and International Law
Authors: Favre David
Published: March 2003

So there has been little check on the killing of him [African elephants] for commercial gain, and his numbers are said to be fast diminishing. (Sir J. Arthur Thomson, The Outline of Natural History (New York, Putnam's, 1931), at 200)
Free Entry, Quasi‐Free Trade, and Strategic Export Policy
Authors: Schulman Craig T.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes governments’ choices between strategic export subsidies and free trade as a commitment when firms are free to enter or exit in response to these choices. Entry and exit is treated as a discrete process. Within the context of a four‐stage game, two types of equilibria emerge: a quasi‐free‐trade equilibrium in which one of the two governments commits to free trade, while the other has a Nash equilibrium subsidy that is zero and bilateral export subsidies. Concerning welfare effects, if fixed costs are large enough, both countries achieve a welfare gain relative to free trade.
Why Free Trade May Hurt Developing Countries
Authors: Michael Michael S.
Published: March 2003

This paper builds a general equilibrium trade model where a country produces two traded goods and one nontraded public consumption good. The government finances the provision of the public good by taxing the incomes of factors of production, and/or by imposing tariffs. Within this framework, the paper (i) shows that a small tariff or an income tax improves the country’s welfare if there is an undersupply of public good, and (ii) identifies the circumstances in which an improvement in the country’s terms of trade may reduce its welfare, and free trade can be inferior to autarky. A terms of trade improvement, or the movement from autarky to free trade, definitely improves the country’s welfare if the government imposes a tariff that leaves the domestic relative price of the imported good unchanged.
Revisiting “The Fallacy of Free Trade”
Authors: Arndt Channing , Hertel Thomas W.
Published: March 2003

The paper examines results presented by Batra in an article entitled “The Fallacy of Free Trade” (Review of International Economics 1(1) (1992): 19–31). Batra contends that technical change in Japanese manufacturing necessarily reduces US real wages in the confines of a two‐good, two‐country Ricardo‐Viner model. A parsimonious empirical Ricardo‐Viner model is constructed to analyze the same issue. It is found that the impact on US real wages is very small. Systematic sensitivity analysis shows that increases in the ral wage are as likely as decreases. It is concluded that Batra’s assertions are empirically unlikely.
North–South Trade, Income Distribution, and Welfare Effects of R&D Policy
Authors: Okamoto Hisayuki , Woodland Alan D.
Published: March 2003

The paper considers an extension of the Flam and Helpman model of North–South trade in which the government of South organizes and pays for R&D activity to reduce the production cost of quality‐differentiated products. The main conclusions are the following: South has a welfare incentive to initiate R&D activity under some conditions on effectiveness of R&D in improving the technology. By doing so, South can increase the production of higher‐quality differentiated products. North suffers a welfare loss from this R&D except in the case where the effectiveness of South’s R&D activity is unusually high.
Comparative Advantage With and Without Gains from Trade
Authors: Maneschi Andrea
Published: March 2003

In 1980, Deardorff, and Dixit and Norman, generalized the law of comparative advantage to show that the value of net imports at autarky prices (or “DDN index”) is nonnegative, so that net imports are correlated with autarky prices. The DDN index can be decomposed into the sum of (i) the equivalent variation of gains from trade, and (ii) the difference in GNP at autarky prices between autarky and trade. Several examples are given of classical and neoclassical economies where (i) or (ii) can be zero. Hence gains from trade are sufficient but not necessary for the existence of comparative advantage.
Classical Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage Revisited
Authors: Golub Stephen S. , Hsieh Chang‐Tai
Published: March 2003

According to the classical Ricardian theory of comparative advantage, relative labor productivities determine trade patterns. The Ricardian model plays an important pedagogical role in international economics, but has received scant empirical attention since the 1960s. This paper assesses the contemporary relevance of the Ricardian model for US trade. Cross‐section seemingly unrelated regressions of sectoral trade flows on relative labor productivity and unit labor costs are run for a number of countries vis‐à‐vis the United States. The coefficients are almost always correctly signed and statistically significant, although much of the sectoral variation of trade remains unexplained.
Cooperative Design for Central Banks versus Cooperative Implementation of Monetary Policy
Authors: Negrete Juan Carlos
Published: March 2003

The game‐theoretic literature on monetary policy in open economies has traditionally concluded that central banks should implement monetary policy in a cooperative fashion. This paper considers an alternative mechanism for internalizing the external effects: in the first stage, governments cooperatively design central banks’ objective functions; in the second stage, central banks implement monetary policy without cooperation. Although this regime lacks flexibility to deal with asymmetric shocks, it presents important advantages in relation to the former scenario: first, it enjoys more credibility; second, it entails lower coordination and information costs; and finally, it hampers unilateral manipulation of central banks’ objectives.
Marginal Intraindustry Trade and Labor Adjustment
Authors: Lovely Mary E. , Nelson Douglas R.
Published: March 2003

In the context of Ethier’s model of the division of labor, this paper accomplishes three tasks. First, it complements existing literature on the algebraic properties of marginal intraindustry trade (MIIT) measures by embedding one of these measures in a general equilbrium model. Consistent with the existing literature, it is found that change in the Grubel–Lloyd index provides systematically different economic information from change in the MIIT index. Second, it examines the connection between intraindustry trade and intra‐ industry adjustment. Here it is found that the informal assumption that intraindustry trade generates only intraindustry adjustment cannot be sustained. That is, intraindustry trade will generally induce interindustry adjustment. Finally, because intraindustry trade generates interindustry adjustment, increased intraindustry trade will generally induce long‐run changes in relative factor prices. This suggests, given the prominence of intraindustry trade in OECD countries, that there may be problems with inference on the link between rade and wages undertaken in a strict Heckscher–Ohlin framework.
The Safeguard Clause, Asymmetric Information, and Endogenous Protection
Authors: Kohler Philippe , Moore Michael O.
Published: March 2003

When imports surge, governments often must seek simultaneously to satisfy protectionist pressures through increased tariffs, induce adjustment to foreign competition, and minimize consumer costs of protection. The WTO’s safeguard clause can be viewed as an attempt to resolve these potentially conflicting goals since it allows governments to offer an implicit contract to protected industries to induce adjustment. In this paper, we show that with asymmetric information about costs, protected industries behave strategically which leads to under‐adjustment. The safeguard clause therefore cannot optimally resolve the conflict among domestic political objectives.
East–West European Integration: A General‐Equilibrium Analysis of Alternative Agricultural Policies
Authors: Weyerbrock Silvia
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the budgetary and trade implications of European Union (EU) membership of Eastern European countries under various agricultural policy scenarios. The author uses a six‐region, 13‐sector general‐equilibrium model with many explicitly modeled agricultural and trade policies. It is found that EU membership of Eastern European countries, including their adoption of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), leads to a surge in Eastern Europe’s agricultural exports. Moreover, the EU’s agricultural expenditure increases by 26%. A reform of the CAP following the Agenda 2000 proposal does not reduce the cost of enlargement if Eastern European farmers receive compensation payments.
Bank Fragility and International Capital Mobility
Authors: Detragiache Enrica
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a model of a small open economy with a fragile banking sector and imperfect international capital mobility. In this model, increased international integration of the market for bank deposits makes bank runs more likely, resulting in a welfare loss for the business sector. Bank depositors may gain or lose depending on the parameters. When depositors gain, whether the gains exceed the losses to the business sector depends on the size of the holdings of foreign assets relative to the deadweight costs of bank runs. Thus, limited international financial integration may not be desirable.
Dynamic Stability, Paradoxical Comparative Statics, and Factor–Market Distortions in an Economy with Three Production Sectors
Authors: Kemp Murray C. , Yamada Masatoshi
Published: March 2003

In an earlier paper the authors clarified the relationship between the stability of long–run equilibrium and the possibility of paradoxical comparative statics in the Lerner–Samuelson two–by–two model of production with factor–market distortions (see Review of International Economics 9 (1901) :383–400). The present paper extends the analysis to an economy with three production sectors. It is found that almost all properties of long–run equilibrium in the two–by–two model with factor–market distortions continue to hold, while some new properties, such as plurality of equilibrium, appear. Specifically, the instability of the adjustment process is not ruled out; a paradox cannot coexist with stable equilibrium in a small open economy, but may do so in a closed economy.
Creating Creditworthiness through Reciprocal Trade
Authors: Marin Dalia , Schnitzer Monika
Published: March 2003

The paper investigates how barter can be used to finance imports and restore the creditworthiness of highly indebted countries when reputation as an enforcement mechanism for credit repayment does not work. The authors argue that payments in goods can be used to collateralize a trade credit and thus improve the creditor's incentives to pursue defaulting debtors. Furthermore, it is shown that barter is particularly advantageous if export revenues of the debtor country are stochastic, even in the absence of risk aversion. The predictions of the model are consistent with data on actual barter contracts.
International Capital Mobility in the Presence of Unemployment Insurance
Authors: Geide–Stevenson Doris
Published: March 2003

The paper develops a general–equilibrium model with layoff unemployment to examine the effect of different unemployment insurance policies on international capital mobility. Conditions are derived under which capital will flow to the high–benefit country. Incentives for international capital movements are unaffected by how the burden of financing unemployment benefits is distributed between workers and firms. It is shown that capital outflows might have positive welfare effects for workers. This contrasts with results from standard models of international factor movements.
Wage Rigidity, Monetary Integration and Fiscal Stabilization in Europe
Authors: Jensen Svend E. Hougaard
Published: March 2003

Flexibility in fiscal policy is a necessary ingredient in a policy package for EMU. Even with strong endogenous shock absorbers, such as real wage flexibility, fiscal policy can speed up the stabilization process in response to demand shocks. If real wages are rigid, as they typically are in Europe, fiscal policy cannot remove the adverse effects of asymmetric supply shocks, but it can successfully limit the divergence between member states. Monetary flexibility, a possible option in the run‐up to EMU, cannot completely make up for the stabilization function of fiscal policy.
Systematic Political Grass–Root Support for Tariffs
Authors: Mayer Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

The leading political–economy–of–trade models are virtually silent on two fundamental questions raised by Rodrik in 1995. Why are trade policies systematically biased against trade? And why are tariffs rather than more efficient production subsidies adopted to redistribute income? This paper shows that systematic political grass–root support for trade–restricting and inefficient tariffs emerges when the government has a revenue goal and collecting taxes is costly. Even if no tax instrument enjoys an advantage with respect to collection costs and the factor ownership distribution is unbiased, more people support tariffs than import or production subsidies. More generally, the presence of tax–collection costs creates a grass–root support bias for taxes over subsidies as instruments to redistribute income.
Local Agglomeration and Global Networks Of the Semiconductor Industry: a Comparative Study of U.S. and Japanese Firms
Authors: Arita Tomokazu , Fujita Masahisa
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study is to examine the spatial organization of the U.S. and Japanese firms in the semiconductor industry. Our analyses give special consideration to the nature of the activities undertaken in the semiconductor production processes, the nature of the firm organization, the nature of the firm ownership, and the geographical area of analysis. Our approach is essentially diagrammatic in order to incorporate all the above factors. Therefore, unlike past studies, our study places special emphasis on tracing the connections between the whole spatial chain of production activities. The result is that different stages within the semiconductor production process have different geographical features, and that even the same vertically integrated sectors in the semi‐conductor industry that differ by Japanese or U.S. ownership have quite different geo‐graphical organizations.
General Equilibrium Analysis of India’s Trade Reforms
Authors: Rege Sameer R.
Published: March 2003

WTO membership for India implies cutting tariffs in a phased manner. A general equilibrium approach is used to evaluate its impacts. The study analyses both the reduction and elimination of tariffs. With a small country assumption, there are welfare gains by liberalizing trade. With a large country assumption, welfare gains are observed when a CET transformation function is used and welfare loss in its absence.
Roles of Public Capital in Pakistan’s Economy: Productivity, Investment and Growth Analysis
Authors: Yousuf Khan M. Tariq , Sasaki Komei
Published: March 2003

This study analyzes the role of public capital in Pakistan’s economy, tracing the relationship between productivity of public capital and economic growth. We estimate a production function, with public capital as an inputs. The results indicate that the productivity (output elasticity) of aggregate as well as different components of public capital are sufficiently high. We also analyze substitutability and complementarity between public and private capital by estimating investment functions, revealing that public capital has worked as a substitute for private investment. The net effect of public capital on the national economy is analyzed by estimating reduced forms, with the result that public capital has a positive net effect on national product. The growth analysis shows that the contribution of public capital is declining over time.
Recent Books on ≡ Theology, Science and Religion
Authors: Murray Paul D.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Keith Ward, God, Faith & the New Millennium: Christian Belief in an Age of Science.

Fraser Watts ed, Science Meets Faith: Theology and Science in Conversation.

Ian G. Barbour, Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues.

Philip Clayton, God and Contemporary Science.
Are you free? Invitations to theology
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

David Ford, Theology: A Very Short Introduction

Gareth Jones, Christian Theology: A Brief Introduction
‘Theology on Its Knees’: The Arts as Religion
Authors: Marsh Clive
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Paul Corby Finney (ed.), Seeing Beyond the Word: Visual Arts and the Calvinist Tradition

David Morgan, Protestants and Pictures: Religion, Visual Culture, and the Age of American Mass Production

Richard Viladesau, Theological Aesthetics: God in Imagination, Beauty, and Art
Passion, Drama and Identity: Aidan Nichols on von Balthasar's Theodrama
Authors: Elkins William Wesley
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Aidan Nichols, No Bloodless Myth: A Guide Through Balthasar's Dramatics
Coordination in Oligopoly
Authors: Stennek Johan
Published: March 2003

The private and social efficiency of two “behavioral” coordination mechanisms is examined in this paper. In Cournot oligopoly, firms prefer immediate coordination on the Nash equilibrium (interpreted as a preplay communication) over the best‐reply dynamics (and fictitous play) which converge to the equilibrium, but with delay (interpreted as a decentralized learning process). In Bertrand oligopoly, firms prefer the learning process. These results indicate that firms have incentives to create institutions, such as trade associations or informal meetings, to facilitate coordination of production capacities, but not prices. Moreover, quantity agreements may even increase social welfare.
Parametric Approaches to Productivity Measurement: A Comparison among Alternative Models
Authors: Kumbhakar Subal C. , Heshmati Almas , Hjalmarsson Lennart
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with modeling total factor productivity (TFP) growth in a flexible manner using panel data. Several competing parametric models are used to explore whether there are any similarities in the estimates of TFP growth and technical change among these models. Using a primal approach, we decompose TFP growth into different components. The models are then used to measure productivity and technical change in the Swedish cement industry. In general, the results are found to be model dependent and often conflicting, although much less so for returns to scale and overall productivity growth.

JEL classification:
O30; C33
Motivation for orienteering An exploratory analysis using confirmatory factor analytic techniques
Authors: Ottosson Torgny
Published: March 2003

The aim of the present study was to investigate and identify different dimensions of motivation for the sport of orienteering, as well as to compare the strength of these dimensions by sex and age. Data for 512 subjects was analyzed with confirmatory factor analytic techniques in an extensive process where model generating was the primary matter of interest. There appear to be three broad main dimensions of motivation for orienteering. There is a main distinction between a social‐recreational dimension and one reflecting a desire to achieve. Within the social‐recreational dimension it is possible to identify more specific factors. In addition, there seems to be a relatively broad and distinct dimension, which is partly related to the other two, reflecting a search for internal stimulation. Comparisons of means of latent variables by sex and age indicate a number of clear and interesting differences.
Micro‐position effects in visual short term memory
Authors: Magnussen Svein , Dyrnes Stein , Nordby Knut
Published: March 2003

Short‐term memory for visually presented eight‐digit numbers was tested in a forced recall, read‐and‐dial task. The digits were presented non‐grouped or grouped in 2+2+2+2 or 2+3+3 digit formats. Spatial grouping enhanced memory performance and produced local discontinuities in the serial position curves related to grouping format. These micro‐position effects are explained in terms of the relative spatial distinctiveness of individual digits.
Retrospective versus prospective explanations of changes in political opinion
Authors: Lindström Per
Published: March 2003

Retrospective and prospective causal attributions of one’s political opinion changes were compared in light of the distinction between external and internal attributions. Semistructured interviews focusing on three political issues were held with 47 psychology undergraduates. Subjects were asked to explain (a) why they changed opinion in the past, and (b) what would make them abandon their current positions in the future. Two judges estimated independently the importance the subjects attached to four categories of external attributions (firsthand and secondhand information, neutral and persuasive information sources) and two categories of internal attributions (cognitive elaboration and personality characteristics). As a group, subjects explained their past opinion changes by referring to several attribution categories whereas in their explanations of hypothetical future opinion changes they above all referred to (secondhand information on) crucial events. It is concluded that people feel something drastic would need to occur before they would be ready to abandon a political stance.
‘Attentional Bias’ in correlation judgments? Smedslund (1963) revisited
Authors: Vallée‐Tourangeau Frédéric , Hollingsworth Louise , Murphy Robin A.
Published: March 2003

Smedslund (1963) reports one of the first studies that investigated human judgments of correlation. Smedslund’s conclusion, that people reason about correlation mostly from a consideration of the number of times two variables co‐occur, has become textbook wisdom (e.g. Baron’s "attentional bias", 1994). Yet the data reported in Smedslund’s paper fall short of endorsing such a conclusion. After reviewing the original paper, we present the method with which we replicated Smedslund’s main experiment. In Experiment 1 subjects were presented with symptom‐disease correlation data through a simulated medical diagnosis task. Subjects clearly discriminated between data sets which shared an equal number of symptom‐disease co‐occurrences but which otherwise showed different levels of correlation. Subjects’ diagnoses showed a propensity to predict the disease in the presence of the symptom, and symptom‐disease co‐occurrences were overestimated in two of the five data sets presented to the subjects. Experiment 2 used a novel abstract scenario with a symmetric predictor variable. Judgments again indicated good discrimination, and biases in prediction responses and case recall were eliminated. In both experiments, judgments of zero correlation were a function of the outcome base rate. We evaluate and contrast the extent to which Cheng’s (1997) model of causal induction and two associative models, Rescorla and Wagner (1972) and Pearce (1987) can anticipate the observed pattern in the mean judgments.
Whats Working in Working Memory: A Role for the Central Executive
Authors: Duff Simon
Published: March 2003

Two experiments are reported which seek to explore the nature of the Central Executive of Baddeley’s (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) model of working memory. Experiment 1 uses a dual task methodology to compare performance on two storage tasks, making use of the two slave systems, the Phonological Loop (PL) and the Visuo‐Spatial Scratch Pad (VSSP). Results suggest that storage can be thought of as based on the use of slave system independent resources. Experiment 2 uses a similar approach to compare performance on 2 processing tasks, again one PL based, the other VSSP based. These results suggest that processing is based on a central, shared set of resources. The two experiments support both a multiple resources model of working memory and more specifically identify a role for the Central Executive.