bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethylene Signalling: TheCTR1 Protein Kinase
Authors: Zhong Silin , Chang Caren
Published: May 2017

CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE(CTR1) is an important negative regulator of ethylene signalling that was first identified by the isolation of a constitutive ethylene‐response mutant inArabidopsis. In the absence of ethylene treatment,ctr1mutants exhibit the same phenotypes as ethylene‐treated wild‐type plants.Arabidopsishas only oneCTR1gene in ethylene signalling, whereas in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon), threeCTR1homologues are involved in ethylene signalling and display differential gene expression patterns that might reflect specific functions.CTR1encodes a Raf‐like serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase with anN‐terminal regulatory domain and aC‐terminal kinase domain. CTR1 acts downstream of the ethylene receptors and upstream of EIN2. When the receptors perceive ethylene, CTR1 kinase activity is shut off, thereby leading to responses. CTR1 has been shown to physically associate with the ethylene receptors at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, but the biochemical mechanisms of CTR1 regulation remain unclear at this point. The downstream substrate(s) of CTR1 are unknown as well. CTR1 has the highest sequence similarity to Raf protein kinases, so it has been long assumed that CTR1 functions in a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The existence of a MAPK cascade in ethylene signalling has been controversial however, and functional similarities between CTR1 and MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKs) remain speculative. Thus, the remaining critical questions surrounding CTR1 are the regulation of CTR1 and how the signal is transduced from CTR1 to downstream components. The study of non‐ethylene‐response phenotypes inctr1mutants has been useful for revealing interactions between ethylene signalling and other plant signals, including gibberellin, auxin and abscisic acid.
EIN2 andEIN3 in Ethylene Signalling
Authors: Cho Young‐Hee , Lee Sangho , Yoo Sang‐Dong
Published: May 2017

Ethylene was the first plant hormone for which a receptor‐dependent signalling pathway was established. The signal transduction pathway is framed around genetically identified factors encompassing membrane receptors through to intra‐cellular regulators and then nuclear transcription factors. Recently, the cellular and biochemical connections among these genetic factors have been characterized to reveal a complex and intertwined signalling scheme. For ethylene signalling, the short‐lived ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) proteins play central roles, and so regulation of the turnover of these proteins by specific E3 ligases serves as a key regulatory step in the pathway. Two antagonistic mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades that modify EIN3 appear to mediate intra‐cellular signalling from membrane receptors to nuclear transcription factors. The identification of further genomic and genetic components and elucidation of their cellular and biochemical roles in EIN2 and EIN3 regulation are thus required to complete the whole ethylene signal transduction pathway. Such a comprehensive understanding of ethylene signal transduction will provide useful information for the selection of genes that can enhance plant adaptations to unfavourable environmental conditions and so secure food production and plant‐based renewable bio‐energy for human society.
Ethylene and Cell Separation Processes
Authors: Gonzalez‐Carranza Zinnia H. , Roberts Jeremy A.
Published: May 2017

Cell separation is a critical process for the successful growth and development of a plant. It contributes to the earliest phase of the life cycle to enable germination to take place and is a prerequisite for the softening of fleshy fruits to enable the next generation to be dispersed as seeds. In this chapter, we consider the evidence that ethylene plays a role in coordinating events associated with cell separation and the mechanisms that may be involved. Cell wall remodelling is primarily driven by the action of a cocktail of hydrolytic enzymes whose expression is spatially and temporally regulated. For phenomena such as organ abscission, ripening of climacteric fruit and aerenchyma development, there is convincing evidence that ethylene plays a regulatory role, but for cell separation at other sites this is not clear. Many of the recent breakthroughs in our understanding in this area have originated from work on the model plantArabidopsisand the challenge is to translate these discoveries into crop species to optimize resource efficiency and make production more sustainable.
Gymnosperms
Authors: Stevenson Dennis Wm.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the oddities of gymnosperm anatomy, morphology, and life cycles. Of particular interest are those seemingly intractable aspects that now seem tractable by combining recent developments in plant molecular biology with plant anatomy, morphology, and development. In most examples, there is available data from plant morphology in the widest sense that can provide the framework for experimental and molecular approaches. These include, but are not limited to, leaf development, senescence, stem growth in diameter, phylloclade development, the structure of reproductive axes and their reciprocal transitions to vegetative growth, free nuclear gametophytes and embryos, and unique features associated with seeds.
Identifying Key Features in the Origin and Early Diversification of Angiosperms
Authors: Rudall Paula J.
Published: May 2017

Understanding the origin and early diversification of the flowering plants (angiosperms) represent primary goals in biology. However, despite extensive knowledge of angiosperm biology and biodiversity, much remains to be determined about their evolutionary origin, partly because many of their characteristic (some supposedly diagnostic) features probably evolved iteratively among seed plants. This chapter focuses on the early evolutionary history of the “key” angiosperm reproductive structures: carpels, flowers, and inflorescences. It discusses some of the major morphogenetic markers that circumscribe deep nodes within the angiosperms, notably the base of the eudicot clade. Despite recent advances in comparative genomics and developmental genetics of an increasing range of model organisms, satisfactory resolution of longstanding and fundamental questions regarding angiosperm origins remain hampered by the problematic phylogenetic framework for seed plants, which is notable for strongly contrasting hypotheses based on molecular versus morphological data. Ongoing integrated comparative studies can potentially clarify floral evolution within angiosperms.
Nucleoskeleton in Plants: The Functional Organization of Filaments in the Nucleus
Authors: Goldberg Martin W.
Published: May 2017

The eukaryotic cytoplasm is a complex, organized and highly dynamic environment, whose dynamic organization is dependent on a network of filaments and associated proteins. These networks are established, accepted and well studied. The nucleus is no less complex, organized or dynamic, but the existence of an equivalent nuclear network in is not universally accepted and has proved difficult to study. Theoretically there seems an almost overwhelming requirement for a nucleoskeleton, which is needed to provide a structural framework to organize the genome, as well as other subnuclear components, into functionally distinct regions. Such organization must be, and is, highly dynamic so that it can change during development and in response to changing requirements of the cell. Unfortunately, filamentous structures in the nucleus are difficult to detect amongst all the other fibrous material (the chromatin), which has to be removed in order to visualize the putative nucleoskeleton. Therefore, although such structures can be prepared from both plants and animals, theirin vivorelevance has remained contentious. Nucleoskeletal filaments have the appearance of intermediate filaments and in fact animal cells have a clearly defined intermediate filament network at the nuclear periphery: the nuclear lamina. Plant cells, however, have no proteins that are clear equivalents of the lamins, or indeed any other intermediate filament protein. In this review we discuss the evidence for nuclear intermediate filament‐like proteins and other potential nucleoskeleton components in plants and discuss their possible roles in plant nuclear organization.
Is the Road Still Bumpy Without the Most Frequent Life Events?
Authors: Ece Berivan , Gülgöz Sami
Published: May 2017

Two studies were conducted to explore the effect of the most frequent life events on the reminiscence bump. The first study examined the life scripts and autobiographical memories of 44 adults [Mage = 62.8, standard deviation (SD) = 2.8] by removing the most frequent 10 life events. The regular reminiscence bump disappeared in the distribution of both event types. The second study explored whether results of the first study would be extended to autobiographical memories evoked by different methods. Cue word and important memories reported by 64 adults (Mage = 66.6, SD = 2.8) were examined. Important memories had later bump than cue word memories, but removing the top 10 life events affected the bumps of both memory types with a stronger impact on important memories. Different retrieval strategies activated by these two methods may lead to different temporal peaks, which further influence the sensitivity of distributions to the most frequent life event categories.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalized Carbon‐Bonded Filters with an Open Porous Alumina Coating: Impact of Time on Interactions and Steel Cleanliness
Authors: Schmidt Anne , Salomon Anton , Dudczig Steffen , Berek Harry , Rafaja David , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: May 2017

Understanding interactions between filter and molten steel is essential to improve the purity of casted products by filtration. Characteristic, in situ formed layers on the surface of carbon‐bonded alumina filters result from these interactions. To comprehend their formation, this study illustrates the time dependency of the layer buildup. Therefore, reactions at the filter/steel interface under quasi static conditions are examined using spark plasma sintering (SPS) equipment. Immersion tests in a steel casting simulator, which provides close‐to‐reality conditions, complement these investigations. Microstructure and phase analyses reveal that interfacial reactions between filter and steel lead to a thin in situ formed layer on the filter surface. During a “reactive” stage, large polycrystalline alumina structures are formed. Thereby, material is transported both from the carbon‐bonded material underneath (i.e., gaseous reaction products) and from the molten steel (i.e., precipitating particles and endogenous inclusions) to the filter/steel interface. The formation of these alumina particles comes to an end as soon as the carbon supply, which triggers the dissolution and precipitation processes at the interface, is cut‐off. From that point on, endogenous inclusions are deposited on them (“active” stage). The filters were most efficient during the reactive stage, that is, as long as the interfacial reactions take place.
Regulating Water‐Reduction Kinetics in Cobalt Phosphide for Enhancing HER Catalytic Activity in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Xu Kun , Ding Hui , Zhang Mengxing , Chen Min , Hao Zikai , Zhang Lidong , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: May 2017

Electrochemical water splitting to produce hydrogen renders a promising pathway for renewable energy storage. Considering limited electrocatalysts have good oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity in acid solution while numerous economical materials show excellent OER catalytic performance in alkaline solution, developing new strategies that enhance the alkaline hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity of cost‐effective catalysts is highly desirable for achieving highly efficient overall water splitting. Herein, it is demonstrated that synergistic regulation of water dissociation and optimization of hydrogen adsorption free energy on electrocatalysts can significantly promote alkaline HER catalysis. Using oxygen‐incorporated Co2P as an example, the synergistic effect brings about 15‐fold enhancement of alkaline HER activity. Theory calculations confirm that the water dissociation free energy of Co2P decreases significantly after oxygen incorporation, and the hydrogen adsorption free energy can also be optimized simultaneously. The finding suggests the powerful effectiveness of synergetic regulation of water dissociation and optimization of hydrogen adsorption free energy on electrocatalysts for alkaline HER catalysis.
Brain‐Inspired Photonic Neuromorphic Devices using Photodynamic Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors and their Persistent Photoconductivity
Authors: Lee Minkyung , Lee Woobin , Choi Seungbeom , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Kim Jaekyun , Park Sung Kyu , Kim Yong‐Hoon
Published: May 2017

The combination of a neuromorphic architecture and photonic computing may open up a new era for computational systems owing to the possibility of attaining high bandwidths and the low‐computation‐power requirements. Here, the demonstration of photonic neuromorphic devices based on amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) that mimic major synaptic functions, such as short‐term memory/long‐term memory, spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity, and neural facilitation, is reported. The synaptic functions are successfully emulated using the inherent persistent photoconductivity (PPC) characteristic of AOSs. Systematic analysis of the dynamics of photogenerated carriers for various AOSs is carried out to understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying the photoinduced carrier‐generation and relaxation behaviors, and to search for a proper channel material for photonic neuromorphic devices. It is found that the activation energy for the neutralization of ionized oxygen vacancies has a significant influence on the photocarrier‐generation and time‐variant recovery behaviors of AOSs, affecting the PPC behavior.
Implementation of multidisciplinary care reduces maternal mortality in women with sickle cell disease living in low‐resource setting
Authors: Asare Eugenia Vicky , Olayemi Edeghonghon , Boafor Theodore , Dei‐Adomakoh Yvonne , Mensah Enoch , Ghansah Harriet , Osei‐Bonsu Yvonne , Crabbe Selina , Musah Latif , Hayfron‐Benjamin Charles , Covert Brittany , Kassim Adetola A. , James Andra , Rodeghier Mark , DeBaun Michael R. , Oppong Samuel A.
Published: May 2017

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. In women with SCD living in low‐resource settings, pregnancy is associated with significantly increased maternal and perinatal mortality rates. We tested the hypothesis that implementing a multidisciplinary obstetric and hematology care team in a low‐resource setting would significantly reduce maternal and perinatal mortality rates. We conducted a before‐and‐after study, at the Korle‐Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana, to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary obstetric‐hematology care team for women with SCD in a combined SCD‐Obstetric Clinic. The pre‐intervention period was assessed through a retrospective chart review to identify every death and the post‐intervention period was assessed prospectively. Interventions consisted of joint obstetrician and hematologist outpatient and acute inpatient reviews, close maternal and fetal surveillance, and simple protocols for management of acute chest syndrome and acute pain episodes. Primary outcomes included maternal and perinatal mortality rates before and after the study period. A total of 158 and 90 pregnant women with SCD were evaluated in the pre‐ and post‐ intervention periods, respectively. The maternal mortality rate decreased from 10 791 per 100 000 live births at pre‐intervention to 1176 per 100 000 at post‐intervention, representing a risk reduction of 89.1% (P = 0.007). Perinatal mortality decreased from 60.8 per 1000 total births at pre‐intervention to 23.0 per 1000 at post‐intervention, representing a risk reduction of 62.2% (P = 0.20). A multidisciplinary obstetric and hematology team approach can dramatically reduce maternal and perinatal mortality in a low‐resource setting.
Acute joint pain in the emerging green collar workforce: Evidence from the linked National Health Interview Survey and Occupational Information Network (O*NET)
Authors: Huntley Samuel R. , Lee David J. , LeBlanc William G. , Arheart Kristopher L. , McClure Laura A. , Fleming Lora E. , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J.
Published: May 2017

Background

Green jobs are a rapidly emerging category of very heterogeneous occupations that typically involve engagement with new technologies and changing job demands predisposing them to physical stressors that may contribute to the development of joint pain.

Methods

We estimated and compared the prevalence of self‐reported acute (past 30 days) joint pain between green and non‐green collar workers using pooled 2004‐2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data linked to the Occupational Information Network Database (O*NET).

Results

Green collar workers have a higher prevalence of acute joint pain as compared to non‐green collar workers. Green collar workers with pain in the upper extremity joints were significantly greater than in the non‐green collar workforce, for example, right shoulder [23.2% vs 21.1%], right elbow [13.7% vs 12.0%], left shoulder [20.1% vs 18.2%], and left elbow [12.0% vs 10.7%].

Conclusions

Acute joint pain reported by the emerging green collar workforce can assist in identifying at risk worker subgroups for musculoskeletal pain interventions.
An update systematic review of fetal death, congenital anomalies, and fertility disorders among health care workers
Authors: Warembourg Charline , Cordier Sylvaine , Garlantézec Ronan
Published: May 2017

Background

Health care workers (HCWs) are occupationally exposed to various hazards, some associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in previous reviews. This systematic review aims at synthesizing the recent literature on occupational exposures among HCWs related to fetal death, congenital anomalies, and fertility disorders.

Methods

We searched the Medline database from 2000 to 2015 for articles about all potential occupational exposures of women and men working in this sector.

Results

We retained 32 studies, most of them (n = 30) among women HCWs. Studies based on job title reported excess risks of some congenital anomalies (especially nervous and musculoskeletal systems) among HCWs compared to non‐HCWs but no evidence about fetal death. Excess risks associated with specific exposures includes reports of some congenital anomalies for women exposed to anesthetic gases. Exposure to some sterilizing agents and, with less evidence, to antineoplastic drugs and to ionizing radiation, is associated with increased risks of miscarriage but not stillbirth. Strenuous work schedules appear to be associated with fertility disorders, but the evidence is limited. Only a few studies have been published since 2000 about non‐ionizing radiation, or about fertility disorders related to chemical or physical agents, or about male HCWs.

Conclusions

Despite the establishment of recommendations to limit exposures of HCWs, some excess risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes are still reported and need to be explained.
Visuoperceptual processing in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: True deficit or artefact?
Authors: Van Eylen Lien , Plasschaert Ellen , Wagemans Johan , Boets Bart , Legius Eric , Steyaert Jean , Noens Ilse
Published: May 2017

Impairments in visuoperceptual processing have long been considered a hallmark deficit of individuals with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). However, it is unclear which specific visuoperceptual subprocesses are impaired and whether impairments on these tasks really result from visuoperceptual impairments or rather from confounding factors like Executive Functioning (EF) impairments, lower intelligence (IQ) and/or co‐occurring symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). To answer these questions, we administered four visuoperceptual tasks and two control tasks in 39 children with NF1, 52 typically developing children and 52 children with ASD (8–18 years), all matched for age and gender. Furthermore, EF, IQ, and symptoms of ASD were assessed. Children with NF1 displayed intact visual form discrimination and intact information integration along the dorsal visual pathway. Moreover, their reduced performance on a task requiring integration of information along the ventral visual stream and their more detail‐oriented processing style appeared to result from confounding EF impairments and not from visuoperceptual impairments per se. The co‐occurring ASD symptoms and lower IQ of the children with NF1 did not impact substantially upon their visuoperceptual performance. These findings point to the large impact of EF impairments on the performance of visuoperceptual task and suggest that individuals with NF1 show intact visual form discrimination, intact visual integration, and typical visual processing style when potential confounding factors are controlled for. This may have large repercussions for the interpretation of other findings on visuoperceptual processing in individuals with NF1. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Amination of α‐Hydroxy Amides
Authors: Chandgude Ajay L. , Dömling Alexander
Published: May 2017

A TiCl4‐mediated reaction for the direct amination of α‐hydroxy amides has been developed. This simple, general, additive/base/ligand‐free reaction is mediated by economical TiCl4. The reaction runs under mild conditions. This highly efficient C−N bond formation protocol is valid for diverse amines, including primary, secondary and heterocyclic amines, and even a primary amide and indole.
Maßgeschneiderte Ahp‐Cyclodepsipeptide als potente, nicht‐kovalente Serinprotease‐Inhibitoren
Authors: Köcher Steffen , Rey Juliana , Bongard Jens , Tiaden André N. , Meltzer Michael , Richards Peter J. , Ehrmann Michael , Kaiser Markus
Published: May 2017

Die S1‐Serinproteasen sind eine der größten und biologisch relevantesten Proteasefamilien. Trotz ihrer biomedizinischen Bedeutung gibt es bisher jedoch nur eine geringe Zahl generischer Ansätze zur Herstellung potenter, bioaktiver, S1‐Enzymfamilien‐spezifischer und nicht‐kovalenter Inhibitoren. Hier wird gezeigt, dass Ahp‐Cyclodepsipeptide geeignete Grundstrukturen zur Bildung maßgeschneiderter Serinprotease‐Inhibitoren sind. Um diese möglichst effizient herzustellen, wurde eine praktikable Fest‐ und Flüssigphasensynthese entwickelt und mit der ersten Synthese zweier Naturstoffe, Tasipeptin A und B, validiert. Die Eignung der Ahp‐Cyclodepsipeptide als Gerüststrukturen zur Herstellung maßgeschneiderter Serinprotease‐Inhibitoren wird an der Entwicklung der bisher potentesten Inhibitoren für die humanen HTRA‐Proteasen demonstriert. Dieser Ansatz sollte auch auf weitere Serinproteasen anwendbar sein, wodurch sich neue Möglichkeiten zur systematischen Auffindung von Serinprotease‐Inhibitoren ergeben.
Specific Identification of Glycoproteins Bearing the Tn Antigen in Human Cells
Authors: Zheng Jiangnan , Xiao Haopeng , Wu Ronghu
Published: May 2017

Glycoproteins contain a wealth of valuable information regarding the development and disease status of cells. In cancer cells, some glycans (such as the Tn antigen) are highly up‐regulated, but this remains largely unknown for glycoproteins with a particular glycan. Herein, an innovative method combining enzymatic and chemical reactions was first designed to enrich glycoproteins with the Tn antigen. Using synthetic glycopeptides with O‐GalNAc (the Tn antigen) or O‐GlcNAc, we demonstrated that the method is selective for glycopeptides with O‐GalNAc and can distinguish between these two modifications. The diagnostic ions from the tagged O‐GalNAc further confirmed the effectiveness of the method and confidence in the identification of glycopeptides with the Tn antigen by mass spectrometry. Using this method, we identified 96 glycoproteins with the Tn antigen in Jurkat cells. The method can be extensively applied in biological and biomedical research.
Cyclic Polysiloxanes with Linked Cyclotetrasiloxane Subunits
Authors: Yu Jianyi , Liu Yuzhou
Published: May 2017

Cyclic polymers are an important class of macromolecules, but the structural diversity of the backbone is limited. Herein we report the use of the Piers–Rubinsztajn reaction for the one‐step synthesis of cyclic polysiloxanes with novel structural features. Specifically, the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed coupling of various organic tris(dimethylsiloxy)silane and trialkoxysilane compounds generated a series of cyclic polysiloxanes with cyclotetrasiloxane subunits. The thiolated cyclic polymers were also shown to be effective in directing the circular assembly gold nanoparticles. The presence of constrained rings in the backbone is unprecedented and may offer opportunities for novel applications of these cyclic polymers.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Domino Azlactone–Alkyne Coupling/Aza‐Cope Rearrangement: Facile Access to 2‐Allyl‐3‐oxazolin‐5‐ones and Trisubstituted Pyridines
Authors: Kuang Jinqiang , Parveen Shaista , Breit Bernhard
Published: May 2017

Rhodium‐catalyzed regioselective addition of azlactones to internal alkynes combined with aza‐Cope rearrangement provides efficient atom economic access to 2‐allyl‐3‐oxazolin‐5‐one derivatives. Extension to a triple domino process, in which the above process is combined with in situ azlactone formation starting from amino acids renders this process even more attractive. Subsequent thermolysis of the 2‐allyl‐3‐oxazolines enabled the de novo synthesis of trisubstituted pyridines.
Tailored Ahp‐cyclodepsipeptides as Potent Non‐covalent Serine Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Köcher Steffen , Rey Juliana , Bongard Jens , Tiaden André N. , Meltzer Michael , Richards Peter J. , Ehrmann Michael , Kaiser Markus
Published: May 2017

The S1 serine protease family is one of the largest and most biologically important protease families. Despite their biomedical significance, generic approaches to generate potent, class‐specific, bioactive non‐covalent inhibitors for these enzymes are still limited. In this work, we demonstrate that Ahp‐cyclodepsipeptides represent a suitable scaffold for generating target‐tailored inhibitors of serine proteases. For efficient synthetic access, we developed a practical mixed solid‐ and solution‐phase synthesis that we validated through performing the first chemical synthesis of the two natural products Tasipeptin A and B. The suitability of the Ahp‐cyclodepsipeptide scaffold for tailored inhibitor synthesis is showcased by the generation of the most potent human HTRA protease inhibitors to date. We anticipate that our approach may also be applied to other serine proteases, thus opening new avenues for a systematic discovery of serine protease inhibitors.
Rearrangement of a P4 Butterfly Complex—The Formation of a Homoleptic Phosphorus–Iron Sandwich Complex
Authors: Müller Julian , Heinl Sebastian , Schwarzmaier Christoph , Balázs Gábor , Keilwerth Martin , Meyer Karsten , Scheer Manfred
Published: May 2017

The versatile coordination behavior of the P4 butterfly complex [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1‐P4)] (1, Cp′′′=η5‐C5H2tBu3) towards different iron(II) compounds is presented. The reaction of 1 with [FeBr2⋅dme] (dme=dimethoxyethane) leads to the chelate complex [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ3,η1:1:2‐P4){FeBr2}] (2), whereas, in the reaction with [Fe(CH3CN)6][PF6]2, an unprecedented rearrangement of the P4 butterfly structural motif leads to the cyclo‐P4 moiety in {(Cp′′′Fe(CO)2)2(μ3,η1:1:4‐P4)}2Fe][PF6]2 (3). Complex 3 represents the first fully characterized “carbon‐free” sandwich complex containing cyclo‐P4R2 ligands in a homoleptic‐like iron–phosphorus‐containing molecule. Alternatively, 2 can be transformed into 3 by halogen abstraction and subsequent coordination of 1. The additional isolated side products, [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ3,η1:1:2‐P4){Cp′′′Fe(CO)}][PF6] (4) and [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ3,η1:1:4‐P4){Cp′′′Fe}][PF6] (5), give insight into the stepwise activation of the P4 butterfly moiety in 1.
Catalyst‐Controlled Regiodivergent Alkyne Insertion in the Context of C−H Activation and Diels–Alder Reactions: Synthesis of Fused and Bridged Cycles
Authors: Zhou Xukai , Pan Yupeng , Li Xingwei
Published: May 2017

Rhodium(III)‐ and cobalt(III)‐catalyzed C−H activation of indoles and coupling with 1,6‐enynes is discussed. Under rhodium(III) catalysis, the alkyne insertion follows 2,1‐regioselectivity with a subsequent type‐I intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction (IMDA) to afford [6,5]‐fused cycles. When catalyzed by the cobalt(III) congener, 1,2‐insertion of the alkyne is preferred, and followed by a rare type‐II IMDA, thus leading to bridged [3,3,1]‐cycles. This selectivity of the alkyne insertion was mainly tuned by the steric sensitivity of the catalyst.
Development and validation of a graphical sorption model: application to sorption of organic liquids into low density polyethylene polymeric membrane
Authors: Khansary Milad Asgarpour , Marjani Azam , Shirazian Saeed
Published: May 2017

In this work, a model has been developed for the sorption process of pure liquids and liquid mixtures into polymeric membrane. The model is presented in terms of Gauss hypergeometric function and can be simply applied for system of interest using graphical form and step‐by‐step application procedure illustrated. The model includes both sorption and desorption mechanisms in equations, and consequently reaction orders and rate constants can be determined. Collected experimental data of the equilibrium sorption of various liquids including water, linear alcohols, linear alkanes, derivates of cyclohexane, aromates, 1‐chlorohexane, chlorobenzene, benzoyl chloride, and nitrobenzene into the low density polyethylene membrane at three temperatures (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K) were used for validation of model calculations and assessment of model reliability. Simply, the introduced apparent reaction order and reaction rate constant can be calculated, based on which one might readily access to the sorption and desorption individual reaction orders. The computational cost of proposed method is small, and much of calculations can be done following procedure provided in the form of graphical diagrams. The reliability of method was successfully examined and revealed potential for further uses. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(lactic acid)/montmorillonite blown films: Crystallization, mechanics, and permeation
Authors: Zheng W. , Beeler M. , Claus J. , Xu X.
Published: May 2017

The study focuses on the development and characterization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/montmorillonite (clay) nanocomposite films. Samples of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 6% (by weight) clay were shear‐mixed, melt‐blended, and blown‐film processed. Afterward, the effects of clay on the kinetics of cold‐crystallization, mechanical properties, and the oxygen barriers are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analyzer, and permeation tester, respectively. Through the traditional Avrami analysis, clay is found to accelerate the crystallization process with a higher crystallization rate constant. The Avrami exponent obtained for composites is higher than the neat PLA although all samples show a decreased Avrami exponent with increase of the crystallization temperature. At the same time, the clay exhibits reinforcement effects on the glassy modulus of the composites and influences the cold‐crystallization event, similar to the calorimetric results. In addition, the oxygen permeation slightly decreases on adding the clay. With 3% clay concentration, the permeation coefficient is reduced by 24%. The implication of the results is discussed in the article. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45260.
The thermal stability investigation of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/siloxane‐modified epoxy resin composites
Authors: Li Rui , Zhang Haoruo , Zhou Cheng , Zhang Bin , Chen Yang , Zou Huawei , Liang Mei
Published: May 2017

In this investigation, epoxy resin composites containing phosphate and silicone were prepared from microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP) and poly(methylphenyl siloxane) (PMPS). Silicone‐containing epoxy (E‐S) copolymers were gained by the grafting reaction between OCH3 of PMPS and OH of E51. And, a fixed weight of MFAPP was introduced to epoxy systems via the physical blending method. The chemical structure of the E‐S copolymer was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H‐NMR. The impact testing results revealed that the impact toughness was improved slightly. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results demonstrated that the thermal degradation property in high temperature region and solid residue yield at 800 °C were enhanced remarkably with increasing PMPS content, whether the testing atmosphere was in nitrogen or oxygen. Moreover, an obvious synergistic effect of silicon and phosphorus on promoting the thermo‐oxidative degradation stability and solid residue at 800 °C was proved. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope micrographs and FTIR result of residual charred crusts of EA‐S systems after the TGA testing in air manifested that the bubbled charred layer and silicon‐ and phosphorus‐containing residue took chief responsibility for thermo‐oxidative degradation property and solid residue yield. So the MFAPP/siloxane‐modified epoxy resin composites have a significant development prospect in high‐temperature resistant organic adhesives and coatings. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45272.
Microwave fluidized bed for biomass pyrolysis. Part II: Effect of process parameters
Authors: Adam Mohamed , Beneroso Daniel , Katrib Juliano , Kingman Sam , Robinson John P.
Published: May 2017

The microwave fluidized bed process developed in Part I (DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1780), in which the heating heterogeneity issues are overcome, has been applied to the pyrolysis of biomass. The degree of pyrolysis was established by studying the behavior of sycamore and pine under different operational conditions. Homogeneous heating was obtained, and it is shown that larger particles undergo more pyrolysis within the fluidized bed, consistent with the Biot number. Two limiting values of fluidization velocity were identified, a higher value above which unhydrolyzed particles are entrained with the fluidizing gas and a lower value below which thermal runaway takes place before fluidization. Theoretical correlations for minimum fluidization velocity were found to be unreliable for the biomass used within this study. The energy consumption obtained with optimal process parameters was found to be 3.5–4.2 kJ g−1 to obtain 60–70% of pyrolyzed solid, which is comparable with conventional pyrolysis and presents a significant opportunity for the scale‐up of a microwave fluidized bed. The use of a cold fluidizing gas promoted heat losses from the particles and increased the energy consumption; however, it prevented undesired thermal runaway effects. Pine and sycamore required different fluidization velocities and corresponding energy requirements, which was due to the fibrous nature of the feedstock. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Chemiluminescence detection of trace iodide with flow injection analysis of KMnO4‐carbon dots system
Authors: Han Suqin , Liu Bibi , Fan Zheyan , Zhang Lifu , Jiang Fengying
Published: May 2017

Ultra‐weak chemiluminescence (CL) from the reaction of iodide and KMnO4 was strongly enhanced by carbon nanodots (CNDs) in an acidic medium. The CL intensity was directly proportional to the concentration of iodide in the solution. Therefore, a flow‐injection CL system with high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility is proposed for the determination of iodide. The proposed method exhibited advantages over a linear range of 3.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 mol/L and had a detection limit of 3.5 × 10−7 mol/L. The method was successfully applied to the evaluation of iodide in food samples with recoveries of between 96 and 103%. The relative standard deviations were 2.1 and 4.1% for intra‐ and inter‐assay precision, respectively.
Synthesis and luminescence properties of brick‐shaped lanthanum–organic frameworks with mesoporous and macroporous architectures
Authors: Chen Wanping , Yang Jun , Zhao Yue , Hu Yangjie , Xiang Bolin
Published: May 2017

Generally, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are made up from kinds of repeating microporous structure. Here, a series of Eu3+ ions activated terephthalate‐based lanthanum–organic frameworks (La–MOFs) was synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction. By controlling the reaction time, we obtained some unique brick‐shaped La–MOFs in a micron scale size range, and these La–MOFs showed tunable mesoporous and macroporous architectures. It is speculated that the change in the composition and structure of building units results in the formation of this mesoporous and macroporous heterogeneous architectures. Powder X‐ray diffraction patterns and Eu3+ luminescence behavior support the speculation.
Surface anatomy of major anatomical landmarks of the neck in an adult population
Authors: BADSHAH MASROOR , SOAMES ROGER , IBRAHIM MUHAMMAD , KHAN MUHAMMAD JAFFAR , KHAN ADNAN
Published: May 2017

To compare the projectional surface anatomy of healthy individuals in an adult population with those with a thyroid mass, using computed tomography (CT). Sixteen slice CT images of 101 individuals were analyzed using a 32‐bit Radiant DICOM viewer to establish the relationships among major anatomical landmarks in the neck and their vertebral levels. The structures investigated included: hard palate (HP), hyoid bone (HB) including body and lesser horns, soft palate (SP), thyroid gland (TG) (both superior and inferior poles), thyroid gland anteroposterior (APD) and superoinferior (SID) diameters, thyroid isthmus (TI) superoinferior dimension, epiglottis, vertebral arteries (right and left), and both right and left parotid glands (superior and inferior extents). The vertebral levels noted most frequently were: body of hyoid bone (C4, 42.71%); lesser horns of hyoid bone (C3, 36.46%); thyroid gland superior pole (C6, 31.25%); and thyroid gland inferior pole (T2, 30.2%). TG‐ID, TG‐APD, and TG‐SID were not significantly different between males and females in the healthy group; however, there was a significant gender difference in thyroid gland inferior diameter in the pathology group [males 2.16(±1.16) vs. females 3.37(±1.30), P = 0.01, paired sample t‐test]. Further studies are needed to determine whether neck pathology in those with a thyroid mass affects the dimensions of the thyroid gland. Moreover, the surface anatomy of the neck should be revisited using modern imaging techniques to address inconsistencies in anatomy and clinical reference texts. Clin. Anat. 30:781–787, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The dimensions of the tarsal sinus and canal in different foot positions and its clinical implications
Authors: Kleipool R.P. , Blankevoort L. , Ruijter J.M. , Kerkhoffs G.M.M.J. , Oostra R.J.
Published: May 2017

This study presents a reference for the dimensions of the tarsal sinus and canal in healthy adults in different foot positions to facilitate understanding of the kinematics of the subtalar joint, the effect of an implant, and other clinical issues. In a 3D CT stress test on 20 subjects, the right foot was forced into a neutral and eight different extreme foot positions while CT scans were obtained. The bones were segmented in the neutral foot position. The kinematics of the bones in the extreme positions were determined relative to the neutral position. The dimensions of the tarsal sinus and canal were calculated by determining the radii of the maximal inscribed spheres at 20 equidistant locations along an axis in 3D surface models of the tali and calcanei in each foot position. The radii were small on the medial side and increased laterally. Medial from the middle, the radii were small and not significantly different among the various foot positions. At the lateral side, the dimensions were affected mainly by eversion or inversion and less by dorsiflexion or plantarflexion. The pattern was reproducible among subjects, but there were between‐subject differences. The dimensions are mostly determined by rotation in the frontal plane. A pivot point was found medial from the middle. These data serve as a reference and model for predicting the effect of sinus implants and understanding such clinical problems as sinus tarsi syndrome. Between‐subjects differences have to be taken into account. Clin. Anat. 30:1049–1057, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct medial approach in surgical fixation of fractures in the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus
Authors: Chay‐You Ang , Zhixing Marcus Ling , Joyce Suang‐Bee Koh , Tet‐Sen Howe
Published: May 2017

Fractures in the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus form an important subset of ankle fractures and the indications for fixation include involvement of > 25% of the articular surface or an articular step off by > 2 mm. Several approaches have been described but there has been no recent study on the direct medial approach. Five fresh frozen cadaveric ankles were dissected using the direct medial approach. A longitudinal incision of 10 cm was centered directly over the medial malleolus and deepened straight down to the bone. The periosteum was identified over the distal tibia and careful subperiosteal dissection yielded access to the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus. We investigated the relationship of the neurovascular bundle to the incision by measuring the distance from the center of the medial malleolus to the closest aspect of the bundle. The mean distance from the center of the medial malleolus to the neurovascular bundle was only 2.64 cm (95% CI: 2.06 to 3.22 cm). We found that the neurovascular bundle could be avoided if a periosteal sheath was developed during the dissection and elevated off the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus. The direct medial approach can be performed safely by creating a periosteal sheath through subperiosteal dissection, and the distance of the neurovascular bundle from the incision allows for a good margin of safety during surgery. This approach can be extended proximally and distally and the medial malleolus can be fixed concurrently. Clin. Anat. 31:605–607, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D image‐based morphometric analysis of the scapular neck length in subjects undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Simon P. , Diaz M. , Cusick M. , Santoni B. , Frankle M.
Published: May 2017

Scapular notching after RSA may, in part, be related to a patient's scapular morphology. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel 3 D measurement technique to describe infraglenoid tubercle morphometry. We hypothesize that the parameters describing infraglenoid tubercle would be normally distributed and would correlate with individual's demographics and glenoid morphometry. A group of 110 subjects treated with RSA were evaluated. Scapular geometry was obtained from pre‐operative CT scans. The scapular neck length was defined in anterior and posterior view as the orthogonal distance between the glenoid surface and (a) the point of most significant change of curvature on lateral pillar; (b) the most lateral portion of the infraglenoid tubercle. Scapular neck angle, maximum anatomical adduction angle, glenoid width, height and version were also measured. Scapular neck length measured in the anterior and posterior view were normally distributed with mean values of 17.6 ± 2.8 mm and 7.9 ± 2.5 mm, respectively. Scapular neck angle was on average 112.4 ± 10.6° and maximal adduction angle was 17.6 ± 2.8°. No significant associations between infraglenoid tubercle morphometric parameters, demographic, glenoid size or version were identified. Improved understanding of the patient‐specific risk factors for scapular notching will help surgeons with pre‐surgical planning and implant selection. Parametrization of the infraglenoid tubercle presented in this study showed normal distribution in the population unrelated to gender, side or demographics. The size of the infraglenoid tubercle is a unique trait, pre‐operative evaluation of the scapular neck should be always warranted to decrease the incidence of post‐operative notching. Clin. Anat. 31:43–55, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reappraisal of pediatric thoracic surface anatomy
Authors: Fischer Nicholas J , Morreau Jonty , Sugunesegran Ramanen , Taghavi Kiarash , Mirjalili S. Ali
Published: May 2017

Accurate knowledge of surface anatomy is fundamental to safe clinical practice. A paucity of evidence in the literature regarding thoracic surface anatomy in children was identified. The associations between surface landmarks and internal structures were meticulously analyzed by reviewing high quality computed tomography (CT) images of 77 children aged from four days to 12 years. The results confirmed that the sternal angle is an accurate surface landmark for the azygos‐superior vena cava junction in a plane through to the level of upper T4 from birth to age four, and to lower T4 in older children. The concavity of the aortic arch was slightly below this plane and the tracheal and pulmonary artery bifurcations were even lower. The cardiac apex was typically at the 5th intercostal space (ICS) from birth to age four, at the 4th ICS and 5th rib in 4–12 year olds, and close to the midclavicular line at all ages. The lower border of the diaphragm was at the level of the 6th or 7th rib at the midclavicular line, the 7th ICS and 8th rib at the midaxillary line, and the 11th thoracic vertebra posteriorly. The domes of the diaphragm were generally flatter and lower in children, typically only one rib level higher than its anterior level at the midclavicular line. Diaphragm apertures were most commonly around the level of T9, T10, and T11 for the IVC, esophagus and aorta, respectively. This is the first study to provide an evidence‐base for thoracic surface anatomy in children. Clin. Anat. 30:788–794, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra‐articular capacity of the elbow joint
Authors: Van Den Broek Mathias , Van Riet Roger
Published: May 2017

The intra‐articular capacity of the elbow joint is reported to be 23 ± 4 ml on cadaveric elbows. During years, this value was the standard. The aim of this observational study was to reanalyze the volume of the elbow joint on live patients. Measurement of the intra‐articular capacity and pressure of the elbow joint was performed on 30 patients (mean age: 43.8 years) undergoing elbow arthroscopy. Intra‐articular capacity was recorded when the elbow moved to the maximum lose packed position and/or when there was a sudden drop in pressure, indicating a capsular rupture (maximum capacity). Indications for arthroscopy were loose bodies, osteoarthritis, synovitis, radial head resection, and lateral collateral ligament repair. Mean intra‐articular capacity and pressure were 35.8 ml and 557.5 mm Hg, respectively. Mean maximal capacity was 40.5 ml. We conclude that the intra‐articular capacity of the elbow joint is substantially greater than reported in previous studies. Clin. Anat. 30:795–798, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.