bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possibilities of Hydrophobization of Thermo-Insulating Materials Based on Natural Resources
Authors: Zach Jiří , Hroudová Jitka , Žižková Nikol
Published: February 2014

Current times emphasize utilization of new and promising building materials with no negative environmental impact, for reasonable price and with excellent end-use properties. Insulation materials based on natural fibers represent a good alternative for current standardly used insulation materials like foamed plastic materials and mineral wool. Input materials for such industrial insulation materials are particularly crude oil and non-renewable natural resources (moreover, manufacture of these insulation materials consumes high amount of energy). From this point of view, natural insulation materials are more advantageous, because their manufacture uses easily renewable materials resources, like fibers from agriculture (flax, technical hemp). However, these materials have two disadvantages higher sensitivity to humidity (higher water absorbing capacity and hygroscopic nature) and worse reaction to fire. The paper deals with selection of appropriate hydrophobic agent preventing high sensitivity to humidity of developed natural materials and monitoring of moisture content after application of hydrophobized materials within the frame of the ETICS system.
Reinforcement Corrosion versus Crack Width
Authors: Kotes Peter , Kozák Ján
Published: February 2014

Reinforced concrete is a versatile, economical and successful construction material. Usually, it is durable and resistant material, performing well throughout its service life. However, sometimes it does not perform adequately as it is expected. It is due to poor design, construction, inadequate materials selection and more severe environment than anticipated or a combination of those factors [1, . The reinforcement corrosion is the phenomenon that highly affects the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures. From that reason, a lot of researchers in Slovakia and in the world pay their attention to reinforcement corrosion. The paper is concerned with detection and simulation of corrosion of steel reinforcement in the reinforced concrete. The cracking response of the reinforced concrete beams due to the corrosion effect of the steel reinforcement was analyzed. The effect of corrosion was simulated by the nonlinear numerical analysis using the program ATENA.
Study of Cement Composites Properties with Filler Based on Wood Pulp
Authors: Kidalova Lucia , Števulová Nadežda , Geffert Anton
Published: February 2014

Sustainable building materials are based on the use of renewable materials instead of non-renewable. A large group of renewable raw materials are materials of plant origin containing cellulosic fibres which are used as filler into building material with reinforcement function of composite. This study aimed to establish the mechanical and physical properties of cement composites with organic filler, such as wood pulp. Pulp derived from wood pulping process is very interesting material as reinforcement in cement which contributes to a reduction of pollutants. In this paper, utilization of unbleached and bleached wood pulp in combination with cement matrix with emphasis on the physical and mechanical properties is studied. Varying the producing technology (wood pulp and cement ratio in mixture) it is possible to obtain composites with density from 940 to 1260 kg.m-3 and with compressive strength from 1.02 to 5.44 MPa after 28 days of hardening. The experimental results of mechanical properties indicate that cement composites with using unbleached wood pulp reaches higher values than composites based on bleached wood pulp. The percentage of water uptake increased with increasing the volume ratio of unbleached wood pulp in composite.
Effect of Metakaolin Sand on Properties of Cement Composites
Authors: Krajči Ľudovít , Janotka Ivan , Kuliffayova Marta , Uhlik Peter
Published: February 2014

The Slovak natural raw material kaolin sand containing 36 wt.% of kaolinite from Vyšný Petrovec deposit was thermally transformed at 650 °C for 1 hour to the metakaolin sand with relevant content of metakaolinite. Behaviour of cement composites having replacement of Portland cement with metakaolin sand including 0; 5; 10 and 15 wt.% of metakaolinite and water to solids ratio of 0.5 cured in water for 28 days and 90 days was studied by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis. The study concerned calciumsilica hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate formation, portlandite dehydroxylation and calcite decarbonation. The influence of curing time and metakaolinite content were estimated. The replacement of Portland cement by metakaolin sand led to positive effect on relevant compressive strengths. The changes in microstructure involved especially reduction in portlandite content and pore structure refinement.
The Use of Cementation Process for Waste Industrial Sludge Solidification
Authors: Vacenovska Bozena , Drochytka Rostislav
Published: February 2014

The aim of this research realized within the scope of this paper was to select the most proper representative from the chosen number of waste industrial sludge for solidification technology with use of cementation process. This chosen representative of waste industrial sludge will be further subjected to the detailed laboratory testing of its solidification possibilities in the term of its future use in building industry.
Rehydration of Ultra High Performance Concrete
Authors: Diederichs Ulrich , Marquardt Iris , Petranek Vít
Published: February 2014

Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) and High Strength Concrete (USC) are because of the high density of their matrices very susceptible to spalling during fire exposure. By aid of a heat treatment with maximum temperatures of about 450°C a network of capillaries and micro cracks could be formed, which leads like a porous medium to a relief of water vapor already at harmless low pressures and could prevent the materials from spalling. In the framework of the presented study on UHPC some orientating tests have been performed to obtain knowledge concerning alterations of the microstructure during thermal treatment at 150°C, 250°C, 350°C and 450°C and the subsequent storage in air with 100% relative humidity at 20°C as to allow water uptake and rehydration. The tests have shown that by aid of the said treatment generation of a respective porous system was achieved, which remained open for the transport of water vapor at high temperatures, also after water uptake and rehydration of the dehydrated cementitious matrix. However further studies are needed to get information about effects of the treatments on the mechanical properties and the durability of members.
Mixing of Different Particle-Size Fractions of Fly Ash to Increase its Activity in Cement Composites
Authors: Orsáková Denisa , Masárová Alexandra , Válek Jaroslav , Novosad Petr , Hela Rudolf
Published: February 2014

Fly ash residue from coal burning process in power plants have been used as an active additive in concrete since middle of nineteenth century. Nowadays, we are trying to maximize its reactivity in cement composites by several methods. One of the methods is mechanical activation by mixing several size fractions to reach ideal particle size distribution. Ideal particle size distribution of fine components in cement composites helps to reach maximal compactness and thus increases strength and durability. In this paper we present results of compressive and tensile strength of cement-fly ash mortars with mixing 3 size fractions origins in 3 electrostatic precipitators from power plant Tušimice. Fly ashes from 1st precipitator, 2nd precipitator and 3rd precipitator were mixed with ration 10:4:1, 5:4:1 a 0:4:1.
Influence of Preparation Parameters on Properties of Belite Clinker
Authors: Staněk Theodor
Published: February 2014

Low-lime saturated belite clinkers were prepared under different regimes of burning in the laboratory. Development of compressive strengths of the obtained belite clinkers was evaluated in relation to the reactivity of raw meals, burning temperature and time, and degree of lime saturation. Electron and optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and high-temperature microphotometry were the methods used for characterization of belite clinkers. It was discovered that the quickly-burnt belite clinker has unexpectedly lower hydraulic activity with respect to the longer-time burnt, recrystallized clinker. The reason could be little contamination of its crystal lattice by secondary oxides as determined by electron microanalysis.
Repair of Composite Structure Using Cold Sleeve with Polymer Filling Material
Authors: Žmindák Milan , Novák Pavol , Dekýš Vladimir
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the failure analysis of a cold sleeve using modified adhesive layer of polymer Protegol. The tensile test was carried out to estimate material properties of the polymer and the two-parameter Mooney-Rivlin constitutive model was used. An axisymmetric FEM model with additional plane symmetry was developed for simulation of cold sleeve. Cohesive zone material failure modeling uses contact elements to model interface delamination. The bilinear behaviour of sleeve material with normal tractions and separation distances and material nonlinearities together with contact were considered. Commercial finite element software ANSYS was utilized to carry out the static nonlinear analysis.
Study of Increasing of Belite Reactivity
Authors: Gazdič Dominik , Fridrichová Marcela , Hájková Iveta
Published: February 2014

Within the research at Institute of Technology of Building Materials and Components the questions of belite cement hydration speed improvement have been solved for a long time. In comparison with common Portland cements (alite type) these cements obtain almost identical final properties but the main shortage of them due to which they are not practically produced is their very low hydration process speed and thus insufficient initial strength for construction practice. A development of lower hydration heat is another difference of the belite cement from common Portland cements. In case of concreting of massive constructions as for example water dams this can be perceived as an important benefit, however in case of concreting during cold season of the year this appears as a definite negative. The belite cement also shows a lower inclination to concrete efflorescence and higher strength to aggressive environment due to lower CaO content. Both of the properties can be definitely understood as benefits compared to orthodox alite clinker. The raw material base of belite cements require less lime than production of common Portland cements and on that ground the implementation of its production would be a positive benefit for ecology in sense of CO2 emission reduction and also in improvement of economy of non-renewable raw material sources. The raw material is burnt to lower temperature than alite cement resulting in lower CO2 emission released in the atmosphere during the cement production. In addition at reduction of the temperature for more than 100 °C also heat consumption is reduced for 10 to 14 %, which has positive economical and ecological effects due to lower consumption of fuels. Within the research focussed on improvement of belite cement properties the study of hydration process course and technological properties of belite (C2S) prepared using low-energy burning modes was the aim of the research.
The Influence of Silane Coupling Agent on Glued Spruce Wood Using Epoxy Adhesive
Authors: Vanerek Jan , Benešová Anna , Klímek Petr
Published: February 2014

The paper deals with the evaluation of epoxy adhesive modification by silane coupling agent used for gluing process of spruce wood. Moreover, the usage of primer containing the silane coupling agent was performed to find out, whether better compatibility between spruce wood and epoxy adhesive at the interface bondline can ensure sufficient resistance to delamination process. As the main criterion, tensile shear strength properties of glued specimens in different thermal and moisture exposures were carried out.
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gallium(III) Sulphide (α-Ga2S3) Nanoparicles at Room Temperature
Authors: Ahamad Tansir , Alshehri Saad M.
Published: February 2014

Two different batches of Gallium (III) sulphide nanocrystals, (α-Ga2S3)1 and (α-Ga2S3)2 were synthesized at room temperature by the reaction of Gallium (III) chloride with sodium thiosulphate in water for 10 and 20 min respectively. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. TEM micrographs showed well-defined, close to hexagonal particles, and the lattice fringes in the HRTEM images confirmed their nanocrystalline nature. The sizes of (α-Ga2S3)1 and (α-Ga2S3)2 were 12 and 35 nm respectively with similar morphologies. Optical band gap energies (3.43 eV/3.41 eV) and photoluminescence peaks 635/641 nm (red shift) and 414/420 nm (blue shift) of the synthesized α-Ga2S3 nanocrystals suggest that they may be promising photocatalysts. Raman spectra for the α-Ga2S3, shows very sharp bands at 119, 135 and 148 cm-1 due to Ga-S2 scissoring.
Regulatory T Cells Limit Induction of Protective Immunity and Promote Immune Pathology following Intestinal Helminth Infection
Authors: Sawant Deepali V. , Gravano David M. , Vogel Peter , Giacomin Paul , Artis David , Vignali Dario A. A.
Published: February 2014

Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a well-characterized role in limiting autoimmunity and dampening deleterious immune responses. However, a potential consequence of the immunosuppressive function of Tregs can be the limitation of protective immunity to infectious pathogens. Parasitic infections are a potent stimulus for the generation of Treg responses, which may be beneficial to both the parasite and the host by promoting persistence of infection and limiting immune-mediated pathology, respectively. In this study, we explore the functional role of Tregs post–low-dose infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris, which yields a chronic infection because of inefficient induction of Th2 responses. Early Treg depletion postinfection resulted in expedited worm clearance, and was associated with reduced Th1-mediated inflammation of the intestinal environment. Interestingly, this protective immunity was lost, and worm burden enhanced if Tregs were depleted later once the infection was established. Early and late Treg depletion resulted in enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine and humoral responses. Blockade of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 resulted in a moderate increase in Th1 but had no effect on worm burden. Our findings suggest that Tregs preferentially limit Th2 cell expansion, which can impact infections where clear immune polarity has not been established. Thus, the impact of Treg depletion is context and time dependent, and can be beneficial to the host in situations where Th1 responses should be limited in favor of Th2 responses.
B Cells in Teleost Fish Act as Pivotal Initiating APCs in Priming Adaptive Immunity: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Origin of the B-1 Cell Subset and B7 Molecules
Authors: Zhu Lv-yun , Lin Ai-fu , Shao Tong , Nie Li , Dong Wei-ren , Xiang Li-xin , Shao Jian-zhong
Published: February 2014

The long-held paradigm that B cells cannot uptake nonspecific particulate Ags for the initiation of primary adaptive immunity has been challenged by the recent discovery that teleost B cells have potent phagocytic and microbicidal abilities. This discovery provides preliminary clues that primitive B cells might act as initiating APCs in priming adaptive immunity. In this study, zebrafish B cells clearly showed a potent Ag-presenting ability to both soluble Ags and bacterial particles to prime naive CD4+ T cell activation. This finding demonstrates the innate-like nature of teleost B cells in the interface of innate and adaptive immunity, indicating that they might consist of a major population of initiating APCs whose performance is similar to that of dendritic cells. Given the functional similarities between teleost B cells and the mammalian B-1 subset, we hypothesize that B-1 lineage and teleost B cells might originate from a common ancestor with potent phagocytic and initiating APC capacities. In addition, CD80/86 and CD83 costimulatory signals were identified as being essential for B cell–initiated adaptive immunity. This result suggests that the costimulatory mechanism originated as early as the origin of adaptive immunity and is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. In fish, only a single CD80/86 copy exists, which is similar to mammalian CD86 rather than to CD80. Thus, CD86 might be a more primordial B7 family member that originated from fish. This study provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history of professional APCs, B cell lineages, and the costimulatory mechanism underlying adaptive immunity as a whole.
Specific Recognition of Mycobacterial Protein and Peptide Antigens by γδ T Cell Subsets following Infection with VirulentMycobacterium bovis
Authors: McGill Jodi L. , Sacco Randy E. , Baldwin Cynthia L. , Telfer Janice C. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Waters W. Ray
Published: February 2014

Promoting effective immunity to Mycobacterium bovis infection is a challenge that is of interest to the fields of human and animal medicine alike. We report that γδ T cells from virulent M. bovis–infected cattle respond specifically and directly to complex, protein, and nonprotein mycobacterial Ags. Importantly, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that bovine γδ T cells specifically recognize peptide Ags derived from the mycobacterial protein complex ESAT6:CFP10 and that this recognition requires direct contact with APCs and signaling through the T cell Ag receptor but is independent of MHC class I or II. Furthermore, we show that M. bovis infection in cattle induces robust IL-17A protein responses. Interestingly, in contrast to results from mice, bovine CD4 T cells, and not γδ T cells, are the predominant source of this critical proinflammatory mediator. Bovine γδ T cells are divided into subsets based upon their expression of Workshop Cluster 1 (WC1), and we demonstrate that the M. bovis–specific γδ T cell response is composed of a heterogeneous mix of WC1-expressing populations, with the serologically defined WC1.1+ and WC1.2+ subsets responding in vitro to mycobacterial Ags and accumulating in the lesions of M. bovis–infected animals. The results described in this article enhance our understanding of γδ T cell biology and, because virulent M. bovis infection of cattle represents an excellent model of tuberculosis in humans, contribute to our overall understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the mycobacterial-specific immune response.
Cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliated cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Teja Chitturi Suryaprakash Ravi , Devy A. Santha , Nirmal R. Madhavan , Sunil P. M. , Deepasree M.
Published: February 2014

Background:

Tumors are distinguished from normal tissues partly by their pronounced variability of cellular and nuclear dimensions. Therefore, such factors may be an indicator to assess whether the cells are malignant or not. Exfoliative cytology is a reliable tool in assessing such changes in the uterine cervix and has been used in the oral cavity also with success. The aims and objectives of the following study were to evaluate the malignant changes by assessing the quantitative parameters such as cytoplasmic diameter, cytoplasmic perimeter and cytoplasmic area (CD, CP, CA) and nuclear diameter, nuclear perimeter and nuclear area (ND, NP, NA) and cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio in the exfoliated cells of various subtypes of oral lichen planus (OLP) using cytomorphometry.

Materials and Methods:

Oral exfoliated cells from nineteen cases of histologically proven OLP (1 atrophic, 13 reticular, 4 erosive and 1 plaque) and ten controls with healthy mucosa were taken and stained by Feulgen-Rossenback reaction and cytomorphometric analysis was performed using an image analysis software. The parameters taken into account were CD, CP, CA and ND, NP, NA. Furthermore CA/NA was calculated. The parameters were statistically analyzed using the t-test.

Results:

Cytomorphometric analysis of all the parameters showed no significant difference between the control group and the reticular/plaque subtypes, whereas statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences was obtained between the control group and the atrophic/erosive subtypes group when compared using t-test.

Conclusions:

The cytomorphometric analysis of OLP shows that erosive/atrophic subtypes of OLP are at more risk and exfoliative cytology and cytomorphometry can be used as a tool to assess the malignant changes.
Pleural fluid metastases of salivary duct carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Huss Julie , Conrad Rachel , Hirschowitz Sharon , Moatamed Neda
Published: February 2014

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) comprises a small proportion of salivary gland tumors; however, it is known to be aggressive with a high rate of metastasis. Although frequent references are made to pulmonary dissemination, metastases in the pleural fluid have not been described. In this article, we report the cytologic features of metastatic SDC in the pleural fluid. The clinical history, cytomorphology and immunohistochemical features used for diagnosis are described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pleural fluid involvement by salivary duct carcinoma reported in the literature.
Utility of total lymphocyte count as a surrogate for absolute CD4 count in the adult Indian HIV population: A prospective study
Authors: Karanth Suman S , Rau N R , Gupta Anurag , Kamath Asha , Shanbhogue Vikram , Pruthvi B C
Published: February 2014

Background: Standard methods of CD4 counts and plasma viral load estimation require specialized equipment, highly trained personnel and are extremely expensive. This remains a major challenge for the initiation of anti-retroviral therapy for patients in resource-limited settings. Objective: To assess the clinical utility of the total lymphocyte count (TLC) to serve as a surrogate marker for predicting a CD4 counts <350 cell/mm 3 in patients with HIV. Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 200 consecutive newly detected highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) naïve HIV patients admitted over a one year period was conducted. Linear regression, Pearson correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate the relationship between TLC and CD4 counts. Results: A significant correlation between TLC and CD4 count was observed (r = 0.682, P < 0.001). TLC cut off of 1200 cell/mm 3 as a predictor of CD4 count <350 cell/mm 3 had 73.1% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV) and 51.4% negative predictive value (NPV). Raising the cutoff to 1500 cells/mm 3 improved the sensitivity to 82.1% with 88.2% specificity, 96.5% PPV, 44.4% NPV. The ROC curve demonstrated highest area under curve (AUC = 0.8) for TLC of 1500 cell/mm 3 . Conclusion: The study showed that TLC cutoff value of 1500 cells/mm 3 was a cost effective surrogate marker for CD4 counts <350 cells/mm 3 in resource-limited settings.
Avicenna′s contribution to cardiology
Authors: Chamsi-Pasha Mohammed A.R , Chamsi-Pasha Hassan
Published: February 2014

Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna, was the most famous and influential of all the Islamic philosopher-scientists. His most important medical works are the Canon of Medicine medical encyclopedia and a treatise on cardiac drugs. His Canon of Medicine remained the standard text in both the East and West until the 16 th century. Avicenna′s description of cardiac diseases was logically presented perhaps for the first time in the history of medicine. Avicenna was the first to describe carotid sinus hypersensitivity, which presents with vasovagal syncope. He was a pioneer in pulsology and the first correct explanation of pulsation was given by Avicenna, after he refined Galen′s theory of the pulse. Besides, he discussed the action of available drugs on the heart in details and mentioned their indications and contraindications. In conclusion, Avicenna made important contributions to cardiology. This article describes some of his contributions in this field.
A Survey on Conceptions of Stuttering
Authors: Rout Nachiketa , Kumar Suman , Kumar Navnit
Published: February 2014

The conceptions about stuttering vary amongst cultures. Culturally specific findings regarding stuttering help in understanding the peoples' views and conceptions about stuttering and devising awareness and counselling strategies. A total of 132 passengers on the Coromandal Express from Chennai to Howrah participated in this study. All of them belonged to the upper middle socio-economic class. Preliminary Stuttering Conception Questionnaire (PSCQ) was used to understand their conceptions of stuttering. 23% had no idea and 12% had myths about the etiology of stuttering. 11% assumed it was a genetic problem and 5—6% a physical-mental problem. 31% had no idea of treatment options. 25% preferred medicine, 23% rehabilitation for treatment of stuttering. For rehabilitation, only 45% precisely knew about the speech language pathologist; the remaining 55% were unaware of this profession. Steps need to be taken towards educating the common man about stuttering.
Nederland en Vlaanderen: (a)symmetrisch pluricentrisme in taal en cultuur
Authors: Caluwe, de Johan
Published: February 2014

Dutch is a pluricentric language with Dutch Dutch as the dominant variety and Belgian Dutch in the non-dominant position. In discussions on the pluricentrism of Dutch there is a tendency to focus on the differences or similarities in grammar, pronunciation or lexicon. We claim that in order to determine the status of (non-)dominant varieties, exploring purely linguistic standards is necessary but not sufficient, and that we must take into account the linguistic and cultural organisation of the language communities involved. Therefore we will investigate how markets for language-related products and services are organised both in Flanders and the Netherlands. Both regions have their own newspapers, magazines, radio and television market, et cetera. They also have their own language-related institutions and academies. However, since 1980 the Dutch Language Union (DLU), a binational organisation, has stimulated cooperation between the Netherlands and Flanders (and recently also Suriname) in the domains of Dutch language, literature and education. This has led to highly symmetrical forms of cooperation in a wide variety of projects. In recent years however, the Dutch-Flemish symmetry has come under serious pressure. With the financial support of the Dutch Science Organisation (NWO), new norm-setting projects for Dutch are being launched without any substantial participation from Flanders.
Kroniek van de taalkunde 2012
Authors: Hüning Matthias
Published: February 2014

Mijmering, alweer.

Vorig jaar begon mijn kroniek (IN 50/1) met een mijmering, waarin ik aandacht heb besteed aan de gevolgen van het toenemende gebruik van het Engels als lingua franca voor het Nederlands, voor het taalkundig onderzoek naar het Nederlands en voor ons onderwijs. In een recent verschenen artikel heeft Marc van Oostendorp (2012a) de gevolgen van het gebruik van het lingua franca-Engels in Nederland vanuit een andere invalshoek onderzocht. Hij gaat na wat de gevolgen zijn niet zozeer voor het Nederlands, maar vooral voor het gebruik van andere talen. Hij concludeert dat het toenemend gebruik van het Engels niet schadelijk is voor het Nederlands, maar wel voor de kennis en het gebruik van andere talen, waar Nederlanders nog in de vorige eeuw om bekend stonden. Nederland is volgens hem op weg een tweetalig land te worden (en dus niet meertalig). Met deze analyse ben ik het eens, al denk ik dat het nog steeds toenemende gebruik van het Engels wel degelijk gevolgen heeft ook voor de positie en het gebruik van het Nederlands in een hele reeks van (vooral prestigieuze) functies.
Van (neutraal) tussenwerpsel naar (positief ) evaluatief adjectief: - ça va en oké in het Nederlands
Authors: Lemmens Maarten
Published: February 2014

The present paper discusses the syntactic reanalysis and subsequent actualisation of ça va (‘okay’) that has recently taken place in (Belgian) Dutch, and that of OK/oké in (Standard) Dutch, revealing how these two expressions have evolved quite comparatively. Both start out as interjections, but then set out to be used as predicative adjectives (N is ça va / oké), and subsequently move into attributive position. Moreover, in Belgian Dutch, ça va can also be used as an adverbial modifier of an adjective. Strikingly, both ça va and oké (but ça va in particular) have also undergone a semantic evolution, in which they shift from the meaning ‘mediocre, more or less’, to ‘good’. As such, the actualisation proves to be the catalyst for further grammaticalisation, which is particularly true for the adverbial use of ça va moving towards an intensifier. The study confirms that syntactic reanalysis and actualisation are driven by analogy (see also De Smet 2012); at the same time, it raises important theoretical questions as to the nature of grammaticalisation, especially in view of the emergence of new constructions with new (unpredictable) meanings.
‘Het goede litteraire werk uit Nederland’ - De Bibliotheca Neerlandica en het vertaalbeleid van de Stichting voor Vertalingen 1954-1966
Authors: Voorst, van Sandra
Published: February 2014

In 1954, initiated by the Dutch government and in cooperation with the main literary organizations in Netherlands, the ‘Foundation for the Promotion of the Translation of Dutch Literary Works’ (‘Stichting ter bevordering van de vertaling van Nederlands literair werk) was founded. This foundation was specially created to present Dutch literature abroad and have it translated. To do this, the foundation could use a targeted or a source-oriented strategy. This article describes the translation policy of the Stichting voor Vertalingen in the perspective of these strategies on the basis of a case study: the Bibliotheca Neerlandica, a series of classic works for England.
A GPS network for tropospheric tomography in the framework of the Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory Cévennes-Vivarais (southeastern France)
Authors: Brenot H. , Walpersdorf A. , Reverdy M. , van Baelen J. , Ducrocq V. , Champollion C. , Masson F. , Doerflinger E. , Collard P. , Giroux P.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory Cévennes-Vivarais (OHM-CV) coordinates hydrometeorological observations (radars, rain gauges, water level stations) on a regional scale in southeastern France. In the framework of OHM-CV, temporary GPS measurements have been carried out for 2 months in autumn 2002, when the heaviest rainfall are expected. These measurements increase the spatial density of the existing permanent GPS network, by adding three more receivers between the Mediterranean coast and the Cévennes-Vivarais range to monitor maritime source of water vapour flow feeding the precipitating systems over the Cévennes-Vivarais region. In addition, a local network of 18 receivers covered an area of 30 by 30 km within the field of view of the meteorological radar. These regional and local networks of permanent and temporary stations are used to monitor the precipitable water vapour (PWV) with high temporal resolution (15 min). Also, the dense local network provided data which have been inverted using tomographic techniques to obtain the 3-D field of tropospheric water vapour content. This study presents methodological tests for retrieving GPS tropospheric observations from dense networks, with the aim of assessing the uncertainties of GPS retrievals. Using optimal tropospheric GPS retrieval methods, high resolution measurements of PWV on a local scale (a few kilometres) are discussed for rain events. Finally, the results of 3-D fields of water vapour densities from GPS tomography are analysed with respect to precipitation fields derived from a meteorological radar, showing a good correlation between precipitation and water vapour depletion areas.
Multi-decadal river flow variations in France
Authors: Boé J. , Habets F.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In this article, multi-decadal variations in the French hydroclimate are investigated, with a specific focus on river flows. Based on long observed series, it is shown that river flows in France generally exhibit large multi-decadal variations in the instrumental period (defined in this study as the period from the late 19th century to the present), especially in spring. Differences of means between 21 yr periods of the 20th century as large as 40% are indeed found for many gauging stations. Multi-decadal spring river flow variations are associated with variations in spring precipitation and temperature. These multi-decadal variations in precipitation are themselves found to be driven by large-scale atmospheric circulation, more precisely by a multi-decadal oscillation in a sea level pressure dipole between western Europe and the eastern Atlantic. It is suggested that the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, the main mode of multi-decadal variability in the North Atlantic–Europe sector, controls those variations in large-scale circulation and is therefore the main ultimate driver of multi-decadal variations in spring river flows. Potential multi-decadal variations in river flows in other seasons, and in particular summer, are also noted. As they are not associated with significant surface climate anomalies (i.e. temperature, precipitation) in summer, other mechanisms are investigated based on hydrological simulations. The impact of climate variations in spring on summer soil moisture, and the impact of soil moisture in summer on the runoff-to-precipitation ratio, could potentially play a role in multi-decadal summer river flow variations. The large amplitude of the multi-decadal variations in French river flows suggests that internal variability may play a very important role in the evolution of river flows during the next decades, potentially temporarily limiting, reversing or seriously aggravating the long-term impacts of anthropogenic climate change.
Variability of extreme precipitation over Europe and its relationships with teleconnection patterns
Authors: Casanueva A. , Rodríguez-Puebla C. , Frías M. D. , González-Reviriego N.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. A growing interest in extreme precipitation has spread through the scientific community due to the effects of global climate change on the hydrological cycle, and their threat to natural systems' higher than average climatic values. Understanding the variability of precipitation indices and their association to atmospheric processes could help to project the frequency and severity of extremes. This paper evaluates the trend of three precipitation extremes: the number of consecutive dry/wet days (CDD/CWD) and the quotient of the precipitation in days where daily precipitation exceeds the 95th percentile of the reference period and the total amount of precipitation (or contribution of very wet days, R95pTOT). The aim of this study is twofold. First, extreme indicators are compared against accumulated precipitation (RR) over Europe in terms of trends using non-parametric approaches. Second, we analyse the geographically opposite trends found over different parts of Europe by considering their relationships with large-scale processes, using different teleconnection patterns. The study is accomplished for the four seasons using the gridded E-OBS data set developed within the EU ENSEMBLES project. Different patterns of variability were found for CWD and CDD in winter and summer, with north–south and east–west configurations, respectively. We consider physical factors in order to understand the extremes' variability by linking large-scale processes and precipitation extremes. Opposite associations with the North Atlantic Oscillation in winter and summer, and the relationships with the Scandinavian and East Atlantic patterns as well as El Niño/Southern Oscillation events in spring and autumn gave insight into the trend differences. Significant relationships were found between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and R95pTOT during the whole year. The largest extreme anomalies were analysed by composite maps using atmospheric variables and sea surface temperature. The association of extreme precipitation indices and large-scale variables found in this work could pave the way for new possibilities regarding the projection of extremes in downscaling techniques.
Jurassic–Paleogene intraoceanic magmatic evolution of the Ankara Mélange, north-central Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Sarifakioglu E. , Dilek Y. , Sevin M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Oceanic rocks in the Ankara Mélange along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ) in north-central Anatolia include locally coherent ophiolite complexes (~ 179 Ma and ~ 80 Ma), seamount or oceanic plateau volcanic units with pelagic and reefal limestones (96.6 ± 1.8 Ma), metamorphic rocks with ages of 256.9 ± 8.0 Ma, 187.4 ± 3.7 Ma, 158.4 ± 4.2 Ma, and 83.5 ± 1.2 Ma indicating northern Tethys during the late Paleozoic through Cretaceous, and subalkaline to alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks of an island arc origin (~ 67–63 Ma). All but the arc rocks occur in a shale–graywacke and/or serpentinite matrix, and are deformed by south-vergent thrust faults and folds that developed in the middle to late Eocene due to continental collisions in the region. Ophiolitic volcanic rocks have mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and island arc tholeiite (IAT) affinities showing moderate to significant large ion lithophile elements (LILE) enrichment and depletion in Nb, Hf, Ti, Y and Yb, which indicate the influence of subduction-derived fluids in their melt evolution. Seamount/oceanic plateau basalts show ocean island basalt (OIB) affinities. The arc-related volcanic rocks, lamprophyric dikes and syenodioritic plutons exhibit high-K shoshonitic to medium- to high-K calc-alkaline compositions with strong enrichment in LILE, rare earth elements (REE) and Pb, and initial εNd values between +1.3 and +1.7. Subalkaline arc volcanic units occur in the northern part of the mélange, whereas the younger alkaline volcanic rocks and intrusions (lamprophyre dikes and syenodioritic plutons) in the southern part. The late Permian, Early to Late Jurassic, and Late Cretaceous amphibole-epidote schist, epidote-actinolite, epidote-chlorite and epidote-glaucophane schists represent the metamorphic units formed in a subduction channel in the northern Neotethys. The Middle to Upper Triassic neritic limestones spatially associated with the seamount volcanic rocks indicate that the northern Neotethys was an open ocean with its MORB-type oceanic lithosphere by the early Triassic (or earlier). The latest Cretaceous–early Paleocene island arc volcanic, dike and plutonic rocks with subalkaline to alkaline geochemical affinities represent intraoceanic magmatism that developed on and across the subduction–accretion complex above a N-dipping, southward-rolling subducted lithospheric slab within the northern Neotethys. The Ankara Mélange thus exhibits the record of ~ 120–130 million years of oceanic magmatism in geological history of the northern Neotethys.
Radical Romanticism Democracy, Religion, and the Environmental Imagination
Authors: Cladis Mark S.
Published: February 2014

Working at the juncture of religious studies, political theory, and environmental studies, I interrogate and construct a radical Romantic tradition that supports a normative vision of an environmentally responsive democracy that is deeply embodied by its citizens and embedded in its lands. Having investigated the religious, democratic, and environmental dispositions and ideologies that informed eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British Romantic literature and subsequent legacies in America, I now show how this multifarious Romantic legacy, which has already shaped our identity and many of our sensibilities, can assist in the ongoing project of cultivating interrelated democratic and environmental theory, belief, and practice.
"The Princess in the Wooden Body": Israeli Oral Versions of "The Maiden in the Chest" (ATU 510B*) in Light of Incest Victims’ Blogs
Authors: Milo Haya , Raufman Ravit
Published: February 2014

Based on the examination of thirteen oral versions of type ATU 510B*, recorded in the Israeli Folktale Archive (IFA), mostly told by women, this article reviews and analyzes the common characteristics shared among these versions and blogs of incest victims, appearing on an Israeli website of sexual abuse victims. The nature of the disguise (a wooden body or the like), and the opening as well as the closing scenes, in which the maiden confronts her lecherous father, are discussed in light of these blogs. The article challenges the idea that we are dealing with an active heroine who takes charge of her life and is able to start over with another man. Instead, the power we find in these tales is fueled by the narrators, who use their stories to voice and externalize female distress and oppression in a patriarchal society.
Incorporating microbial ecology concepts into global soil mineralization models to improve predictions of carbon and nitrogen fluxes
Authors: Fujita Yuki , Witte Jan‐Philip M. , van Bodegom Peter M.
Published: February 2014

Global models of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes become increasingly needed to describe climate change impacts, yet they typically have limited ability to reflect microbial activities that may affect global‐scale soil dynamics. Benefiting from recent advances in microbial knowledge, we evaluated critical assumptions on microbial processes to be applied in global models. We conducted a sensitivity analysis of soil respiration rates (Cmin) and N mineralization rates (Nmin) for different model structures and parameters regarding microbial processes and validated them with laboratory incubation data of diverse soils. Predicted Cmin was sensitive to microbial biomass, and the model fit to observed Cmin improved when using site‐specific microbial biomass. Cmin was less affected by the approach of microbial substrate consumption (i.e., linear, multiplicative, or Michaelis‐Menten kinetics). The sensitivity of Cmin to increasing soil N fertility was idiosyncratic and depended on the assumed mechanism of microbial C:N stoichiometry effects: a C overflow mechanism upon N limitation (with decreased microbial growth efficiency) led to the best model fit. Altogether, inclusion of microbial processes reduced prediction errors by 26% (for Cmin) and 7% (for Nmin) in our validation data set. Our study identified two important aspects to incorporate into global models: site‐specific microbial biomass and microbial C:N stoichiometry effects. The former requires better understandings of spatial patterns of microbial biomass and its drivers, while the latter urges for further conceptual progress on C‐N interactions. With such advancements, we envision improved predictions of global C and N fluxes for a current and projected climate.
Infrasonic acoustic waves generated by fast air heating in sprite cores
Authors: da Silva Caitano L. , Pasko Victor P.
Published: February 2014

Acceleration, expansion, and branching of sprite streamers can lead to concentration of high electrical currents in regions of space, that are observed in the form of bright sprite cores. Driven by this electrical current, a series of chemical processes take place in the sprite plasma. Excitation, followed by quenching of excited electronic states leads to energy transfer from charged to neutral species. The consequence is heating and expansion of air leading to emission of infrasonic acoustic waves. Results indicate that Pa pressure perturbations on the ground, observed in association with sprites, can only be produced by exceptionally strong currents in sprite cores, exceeding 2 kA.
A study of asymmetric reconnection scaling in the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry code
Authors: Ouellette J. E. , Lyon J. G. , Rogers B. N.
Published: February 2014

Using a three‐dimensional magnetospheric simulation code we have studied the properties of magnetic reconnection at the subsolar point on solar wind parameters for southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions and compared the results with the predictions of the Cassak‐Shay theory. We find that this theory predicts reconnection rates on the order of our observations and produces reasonable predictions of the reconnection outflow speed. We have quantified the contributions that differences between the assumed and measured mass, energy, and outflow density scalings make to predictions of the reconnection rate and outflow speed. In general, the theory makes reasonable assumptions about the mass and energy flux into the reconnection layer, but their outflowing counterparts are overestimated due to the narrowness of the reconnection outflow jet. Lastly, we find that newly reconnected flux tubes exit the merging region before their mass density can equilibrate, requiring a correction to the predicted outflow density.
Usable solar radiation and its attenuation in the upper water column
Authors: Lee Zhongping , Shang Shaoling , Du Keping , Wei Jianwei , Arnone Robert
Published: February 2014

A new radiometric term named as usable solar radiation (USR) is defined to represent the spectrally integrated solar irradiance in the spectral window of 400–560 nm. Through numerical simulations of optically deep waters covering a wide range of optical properties, it is found that the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling USR, Kd(USR), is nearly a constant vertically for almost all oceanic waters (chlorophyll concentration under ∼3 mg m−3). This feature is quite contrary to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetic available radiation, K(PAR), which varies significantly from surface to deeper depths for oceanic waters. It is also found that the ratio of the photosynthetic utilizable radiation (PUR) to the product of USR and phytoplankton absorption coefficient at 440 nm approximates a constant for most oceanic waters. These results support the use of a single Kd(USR) for each water and each sun angle for accurate estimation of USR propagation, and suggest an efficient approach to estimate PUR(z) in the upper water column. These results further indicate that it is necessary and valuable for the generation of USR and Kd(USR) products from satellite ocean color measurements, which can be used to facilitate the studies of heat transfer and photosynthesis in the global oceans.