bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children
Authors: Wolff Richard P. , Wolff Lisa S.
Published: March 2007

Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder was believed to be very rare and, until quite recently, little effort was directed toward assessment or treatment. Today, typical assessment procedures include clinical and structured interviews, self-report and therapist or staff completed inventories, self-monitoring, and direct observation. No single method has demonstrated superiority, and each has had limitations. Multiple measures are therefore recommended. The treatment literature is composed largely of uncontrolled case studies presenting combinations of three or more treatments. Although all treatment-outcome reports illustrate positive effects, no one method has been superior treating either a single facet of the disorder or the disorder in its entirety.
Use of Integrated, General Education, and Community Settings as Primary Contexts for Skill Instruction for Students with Severe, Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Gee Kathleen , Graham Nan , Sailor Wayne , Goetz Lori
Published: March 2007

Four students with severe, multiple disabilities learned to use four to five new skills at critical moments within age-appropriate activities. Instruction was provided only at moments critical to the continuation of the activities when natural cues and consequences delineated the need for the target behaviors. This method of intervention was combined with a more traditional package of antecedent prompt-fade procedures and, in a few instances, time delay. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of instruction given only at natunal critical moments on the acquisition of basic sensory, motor, social, and communication behaviors. A multiple baseline design across skills within separate activities for four participants was employed. Fifteen of 17 skills were acquired to criterion. In addition, "learning to learn" effects occurred within each activity as instruction of new target behaviors was introduced. The outcomes are important for the participant population because they document the effect of integrated educational models for teaching the most basic skills. Discussion of the motivation provided by activity routines in general education and community settings, as well as interpretation of data when participants have the most severe disabilities, is presented.
Functional Analysis of Severe Tantrums Displayed by Children with Language Delays
Authors: Vollmer Timothy R. , Northup John , Ringdahl Joel E. , Leblanc Linda A. , Chauvin Tanya M.
Published: March 2007

The authors conducted brief assessments in an outclinic setting to identify the functional properties of severe tantrums in three preschool-age boys with language delays. For one child, tantrums were sensitive to positive reinforcement in the form of access to preferred tangible stimuli (toys and preferred food). For a second child, tantrums also were sensitive to positive reinforcement but in the form of maternal attention and access to preferred stimuli (toys). The third child's tantrums were multiply controlled. For each participant, alternative communicative responses were identified and reinforced as replacements for tantrums. Results showed that brief functional analyses of tantrums serve as viable assessment options in outclinic settings. Further, identification of the functional properties of tantrums allowed for selection of replacement behaviors, which may be particularly useful for children with communication delays.
Parental Correlates of Socially Neglected, Rejected, and Average Children
Authors: Franz Diane Z. , Gross Alan M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationship between parent-child interaction and a child's social status. A sample of children was screened to identify three groups rated as neglected, rejected, or average by both peer and teacher nomination. Children were observed interacting with their mothers while working on a cooperative task. Parent behaviors were coded for commands, suggestions, explanations, questions, and praise. Results indicated that relative to parents of neglected and rejected children, parents of average youngsters emitted significantly more commands, suggestions, explanations, questions, and praise. These findings suggest that a relationship may exist between parent behavior and children's social status. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Social Skills Training for Adults with Mental Retardation in Job-Related Settings
Authors: Huang Weihe , Cuvo Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss the rationale for social skills training for workers with mental retardation, definitions and behavioral standards of these skills, and differences in the interaction patterns between workers with and without mental retardation. Various intervention strategies were reviewed critically, and their strengths and limitations were examined. Based on these analyses, the following recommendations are made. First, trainees' environments of ultimate functioning should be considered and contextual variables assessed and used. Second, social validation should be conducted to identify the social behavior that needs to be trained. Third, some procedures that have been found effective in other areas might be used for social skills training for persons with mental retardation in job-related setfings. Fourth, active programming should be included in the intervention package for trainees to generalize and maintain the acquired social skills.
Evaluating AIDS-Related Social Skills in Anglo and Latino Adolescents
Authors: Blumberg Elaine J. , Hovell Melbourne F. , Werner Cynthia A. , Kelley Norma J. , Sipan Carol L. , Burkham Susan M. , Hofstetter C. Richard
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the assessment of AIDS-related social skills (measured by role play) in Anglo and Latino adolescents (N = 383) and to explore ethnic and gender differences on these skills. Eight skills were assessed on five measures evaluating molar, molecular, verbal, and nonverbal dimensions of behavior. Interrelationships between skills and measurement dimensions were examined using factor analysis. Results revealed that Anxiety and Nonverbal Behavior each loaded across different skills on individual respective factors, whereas verbal content and assertiveness measures loaded by skill on separate factors. Differences in skill emerged between female and male, and Latino and Anglo youth. Preliminary social validity data were collected for the skills assessed. Social validity results were skill specific, with judges validating certain skills and certain measurement dimensions more than others. Implications for future assessment and intervention research of AIDS-related social skills are discussed.
Perceived Effective Problem Solvers' Attributions Concerning Success and Failure of a Simulated Real-Life Problem
Authors: Larson Lisa M. , Sailors Patrick J.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the effect of perceived problem-solving ability (self-identified effective and ineffective) operationalized by Heppner and Petersen's Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and random feedback (success vs. failure) on participants' attributions. A total of 30 female and 30 male teacher trainees who had scored in the top and bottom distribution of the PSI dealt with three unexpected classroom disruptions during a lecture presentation. After their presentation, they received randomized feedback concerning their performance during disruptions. Following feedback, they completed Baumgardner's Attribution Questionnaire (AQ). Results indicated a significant PSI x Feedback interaction for ability and effort but not for task difficulty and luck. Perceived efficacious problem solvers' internal attributions depended on whether they received success or failure feedback. Similar to the self-enhancing tendency reported in the literature, this group attributed success versus failure more to ability and effort. The perceived ineffective problem solvers' attributions did not differ based on the feedback they received. Results are discussed in terms of prior research and theory.
A Disequilibrium Analysis of Incidental Teaching
Authors: Farmer-Dougan Valeri
Published: March 2007

An important goal of reinforcement models and procedures is to predict the direction and magnitude of reinforcement effects. Although traditional models of reinforcement have been unable to adequately predict effects, Timberlake and Farmer-Dougan (1991) have suggested that the disequilibrium model provides such a framework for specifying reinforcers ahead of time. Further, they suggest that incidental teaching may be one procedure in which such predictions may be made. The present experiment investigated the reinforcement effects produced by changes in the probability of disruption of an initiation to a toy item. Four preschoolers served as the participants in the experiment. Results indicated that there appeared to be an optimal level for disrupting ongoing behavior, above or below which reinforcement effects greatly suffered. These findings, although not a direct test of the disequilibrium model ol reinforcement, are consistent with and predicted by the model.
A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Wells Adrian
Published: March 2007

One possible alternative to standard in vivo exposure may be virtual reality exposure. Virtual reality integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment. Virtual reality exposure (VRE) is potentially an efficient and cost-effective treatment of anxiety disorders.VRE therapy has been successful in reducing the fear of heights in the first knowncontrolled study of virtual reality in the treatment of a psychological disorder. Outcome was assessed on measures of anxiety, avoidance, attitudes, and distress. Significant group differences were found on all measures such that theVREgroupwas significantly improved at posttreatment but the control group was unchanged. The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy was also supported for the fear of flying in a case study. The potential for virtual reality exposure treatment for these and other disorders is explored.
A Systematic Analysis of the Influence of Prior Social Context on Aggression and Self-Injury within Analogue Analysis Assessments
Authors: O’Reilly Mark F. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Emerson Eric
Published: March 2007

Experimental analogue analyses are sometimes used to identify the operant function of aberrant behavior for individuals with developmental disabilities. These methods are proposed to be superior to other assessment techniques because they systematically control for the presence and absence of hypothesized maintaining contingencies within the analogue analysis. Analogue analyses are usually performed over a brief period of time with little reference to the broader social context within which they are conducted. Social interactions that a person experiences prior to an analogue analysis assessment might influence performance within the assessment. The authors examined the influence of prior social conditions on levels of aberrant behavior under analogue assessments with two individuals with severe developmental disabilities. Results indicated that prior social conditions significantly influenced analogue analysis results in idiosyncratic ways for both. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to examine broad contextual influences when conducting functional analyses of aberrant behavior.
Goals, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Diener Ed
Published: March 2007

The present studies examined the role of independent and interdependent goal pursuits in the subjective well-being (SWB) of Asian and European American college students. In Study 1, the authors found that independent goal pursuit (i.e., goal pursuit for fun and enjoyment) increased the benefit of goal attainment on SWB among European Americans but not among Asian Americans. In Study 2, the authors found that interdependent goal pursuit (i.e., goal pursuit to please parents and friends) increased the benefit of goal attainment on the SWB of Asian Americans, whereas it did not increase the benefit of goal attainment on the SWB of European Americans. In Study 3, the authors found that whereas interdependent goal pursuit increased the benefit of goal attainment, independent goal pursuit did not increase the benefit of goal attainment among Japanese college students. Altogether, the present findings suggest that independent and interdependent goal pursuits result in divergent affective consequences across cultures.
Motivation to Think and Order Effects in Persuasion: The Moderating Role of Chunking
Authors: Petty Richard E. , Tormala Zakary L. , Hawkins Chris , Wegener Duane T.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the hypothesis that chunking—defined as the degree to which information is grouped into explicitly labeled categories of distinct valence—moderates the impact of motivation to think on order effects in persuasion. Studies 1 and 2 examined motivation to think in terms of perceived personal relevance and need for cognition, respectively. In both studies, participants read arguments for and against a hypothetical exam policy. These arguments were presented in varying orders and in either a chunked or an unchunked format. Results were consistent with the predictions: Under chunked conditions, participants who were highly motivated to think were more susceptible to primacy effects than were those low in motivation to think. Under unchunked conditions, this pattern was reversed—those highly motivated to think were more susceptible to recency effects than those low in motivation to think.
Self-Esteem and Emotion: Some Thoughts about Feelings
Authors: Brown Jonathon D. , Marshall Margaret A.
Published: March 2007

Self-esteem has been linked to a diverse array of positive and negative affective states. The present research explored the nature of these relationships. Study 1 found that self-esteem (as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) is more closely associated with self-relevant emotional states than with emotional states that do not directly implicate the self. Study 2 replicated these findings and found that although several personality variables predicted participant’s emotional reactions to success and failure, these effects were eliminated once self-esteem was taken into account. Study 3 found that self-esteem predicted participant’s self-relevant emotional reactions to failure but not their non-self-relevant emotional reactions. These findings provide converging evidence that self-esteem is most closely linked to a particular class of emotions that pertain to how people feel about themselves.
Affective Attitudes Are not Always Faster: The Moderating Role of Extremity
Authors: Giner-Sorolla Roger
Published: March 2007

Some models of attitude have speculated that affectively based attitudes are more accessible than cognitively based attitudes. However, there are also reasons to expect that affectively based attitudes may not be generally faster and that any accessibility advantage would hold only at high levels of attitude extremity. Two studies of attitudes with affective and cognitive structural bases examined this possibility. In both studies, no overall effect of attitude basis on extremity emerged, but attitude extremity did moderate the effects of basis. Affectively based attitudes were expressed faster than cognitively based ones only when attitudes were more extreme, and they tended to be expressed more slowly when attitudes were less extreme. These results may have arisen because only strong affect is seen as more diagnostic of true attitude, producing faster responses.
An Introduction to Deviance-Regulation Theory: The Effect of Behavioral Norms on Message Framing
Authors: Blanton Hart , Stuart Anne E. , Van den Eijnden Regina J.J.M.
Published: March 2007

The authors introduce a social judgment framework they term deviance-regulation theory. This theory proposes that people self-regulate more on the basis of the perceived social consequences of deviating from behavioral norms than on the basis of the perceived social consequences of conforming to behavioral norms. The implications of this model were explored in the context of persuasive health communication. Four studies demonstrated that health communication had its greatest effects on behavioral intention and behavioral willingness when it associated images with deviant behavioral alternatives. Thus, when participants believed their peers made healthy decisions, they were most influenced by negatively framed communication that emphasized the undesirable attributes of people who made unhealthy decisions. In contrast, when they believed their peers made unhealthy decisions, they were most influenced by positively framed communication that emphasized the desirable attributes of people who made healthy decisions.
Attachment Style and Mental Health: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study of Mothers of Infants with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Berant Ety , Mikulincer Mario , Florian Victor
Published: March 2007

The longitudinal contribution of attachment style to mental health was examined among mothers of infants with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD). Eighty-five mothers of newborns with CHD completed self-report scales tapping attachment style, appraisal of motherhood, ways of coping with motherhood tasks, and mental health 2 weeks after the infant’s CHD diagnosis and 1 year later. Mothers’ attachment anxiety and avoidance at Time 1 were related to poor mental health at the same point of time. In addition, attachment avoidance at Time 1 predicted further deterioration of mental health from Time 1 to Time 2. Attachment style at Time 1 also predicted the ways mothers appraised and coped with motherhood tasks, which, in turn, were related to mental health changes. The theoretical implications of the data were discussed.
An Empirical Comparison of Acculturation Models
Authors: Flannery Wm. Peter , Reise Steven P. , Yu Jiajuan
Published: March 2007

The unidirectional and bidirectional models of acculturation were compared in a sample of 291 Asian Americans. Both models produced good predictions of Asian preferences, cultural knowledge, ethnic identification, and generational status. The bidirectional model, however, failed to demonstrate its reputed independence across home culture and host culture orientations. The unidirectional model is recommended as an economical proxy measure of acculturation, the bidirectional model is recommended for full theoretical investigations of acculturation, and a speculative tridirectional model is proposed to clarify the distinction between acculturation and ethnogenesis (the creation of a new ethnicity).
Narrative Impressions of Literature: The Availability Bias and the Corrective Properties of Meta-Analytic Approaches
Authors: Bushman Brad J. , Wells Gary L.
Published: March 2007

Participants (N = 280) reviewed 20 fictional research summaries of studies examining the relation between similarity and attraction. Although there were some inconsistencies across the fictional studies, there was a positive relation overall (d = 0.2). The authors manipulated the salience of the titles and the serial order in which the studies were presented without changing the results of the studies themselves. Participants recalled the salient titles better than the nonsalient titles. Participants who were given very brief training in meta-analytic techniques gave estimates of the similarity-attraction relation that were close to the actual magnitudes. Participants who were not given such training (narrative reviewers) were influenced by the salience manipulation and gave estimates that were biased toward the studies that had salient titles. Although the salience manipulation influenced participants in the meta-analytic and narrative groups equally, memory mediated the effects of salience on estimates of effect magnitude only for the narrative review participants.
The Construct of Individuation: More Complex in Collectivist than in Individualist Cultures
Authors: Kwan Virginia S. Y. , Bond Michael Harris , Boucher Helen C. , Maslach Christina , Gan Yiqun
Published: March 2007

The authors outline a strategy for introducing a Western psychological construct into a different culture. A series of three studies tested how the construct of individuation functions in a collectivist culture. It was hypothesized that the original one-factor model of individuation would not be sufficient to capture the meaning of individuating behaviors in a collectivist culture. Rather, a culture-specific model with two factors, namely, Taking the Lead and Seeking Attention, was expected. In Study 1, the two-factor model showed a better fit than the original one-factor model in a Chinese sample. In Study 2, replicating the original one-factor model in an individualistic culture eliminated an explanation for the obtained two-factor model based on a methodological artifact. In Study 3, the authors examined the nomological network of the two types of individuation and determined whether the imported construct of individuation changes meanings in the new culture.
Positive and Negative Effects of HIV Infection in Women with Low Socioeconomic Resources
Authors: Updegraff John A. , Taylor Shelley E. , Kemeny Margaret E. , Wyatt Gail E.
Published: March 2007

Predictions generated by cognitive adaptation theory and conservation of resources theory were tested with regard to positive and negative changes associated with HIV infection in an ethnically diverse, low socioeconomic status sample of 189 HIV-positive women. Women reported a significantly greater number of benefits than losses in their experiences with HIV infection. Changes in the domains of the self and life priorities were significantly positive, whereas changes in romantic/sexual relations and view of body were significantly negative. Women who reported more benefits were less likely to report depressive and anxious symptoms. Although health status and optimism significantly predicted depression, anxiety, and negative HIV-related changes, socioeconomic resources (education and income) were the most significant predictors of HIV-related benefit finding. Implications of these results are discussed.
Does Venting Anger Feed or Extinguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Responding
Authors: Bushman Brad J.
Published: March 2007

Does distraction or rumination work better to diffuse anger? Catharsis theory predicts that rumination works best, but empirical evidence is lacking. In this study, angered participants hit a punching bag and thought about the person who had angered them (rumination group) or thought about becoming physically fit (distraction group). After hitting the punching bag, they reported how angry they felt. Next, they were given the chance to administer loud blasts of noise to the person who had angered them. There also was a no punching bag control group. People in the rumination group felt angrier than did people in the distraction or control groups. People in the rumination group were also most aggressive, followed respectively by people in the distraction and control groups. Rumination increased rather than decreased anger and aggression. Doing nothing at all was more effective than venting anger. These results directly contradict catharsis theory.
Intragroup and Intergroup Evaluation Effects on Group Behavior
Authors: Branscombe Nyla R. , Spears Russell , Ellemers Naomi , Doosje Bertjan
Published: March 2007

Groups differ in the prestige they are accorded by outgroups, and individuals differ in how much respect they receive from their group. The authors orthogonally varied both types of social evaluation—intergroup and intragroup—to assess their joint effects on reward allocations and the amount of time donated to work on a group activity that could satisfy either personal or group goals. Respected members of a devalued group were the most inclined to withhold rewards from the outgroup, and they donated the greatest amount of time to improve the ingroup’s image rather than their personal image. Disrespected members of a prestigious group did not favor the ingroup over the outgroup in reward allocations, and they invested in a group activity only if they might improve their personal image by doing so. The authors discuss why intragroup respect is particularly important for devalued group members.
Empirical Landmarks in Social Psychology
Authors: Diamond Shari Seidman , Morton Douglas R.
Published: March 2007

Editors of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, and the Journal of Applied Social Psychology were asked to nominate empirical works which they felt had made a significant contribution to the field. The primary reason for nomination was the innovative role of the study. Several aspects of the nominated studies were compared with current published work, and the results were examined in relation to the current discussion of crisis' in social psychology.
Achievement Motivation and Scientific Attainment
Authors: Helmreich Robert L. , Beane William , Lucker G. William , Spence Janet T.
Published: March 2007

A three component (Work orientation, Mastery needs, and Competitiveness) measure of achievement motivation was applied to a criterion from the Science Citation Index for a sample of 103 Ph.D. scientists, and engineers. Significant interactions between Work and Mastery and Work and Competitiveness were found. The relationship between this model of achievement motivation and scientific attainment is discussed.
Affect Enhancement in the Pseudorecognition Task
Authors: Jorgensen Bruce W. , Cervone John C.
Published: March 2007

This study tested affective enhancement of Turkish-like words, as a function of frequency of exposure to those words. Forty-one male undergraduate subjects were exposed to 6 Turkish-like words, using a Tachistiscopic projector, either)4,8, or 16 times during a training phase. It was emphasized that all words would be seen 20 times in combined training and "sub-threshold" recognition trials. A mixed ANOVA revealed a positive relationship between frequency of exposure during training and affective value. Affective enhancement may be an alternative explanation for social facilitation findings using the pseudorecognition task when, in high arousal situations, subjects prefer liked stimuli to minimize further increments in arousal or to reduce response competition.
A Developing Role for Social Psychology in Medicine and Medical Practice
Authors: Taylor Shelley E.
Published: March 2007

Social psychology has the potential to make valuable contributions to significant medical issues including problems of etiology, prevention, management, and treatment of illness and the delivery of health care services. This paper summarizes some of these potential contributions and concludes that, though there are liabilities involved in social psychology -- medicine liaisons, they are far outweighed by the benefits.
Instigation of Attribution Processes by Attributional Questions
Authors: Enzle Michael E. , Schopflocher Donald
Published: March 2007

Subjects received help from a confederate that either was or was not situationally facilitated. Half of the subjects then rated the confederate's prosocial dispositional qualities, while the other half did not. Subsequent ratings of the confed- erate revealed attributional mediation of perceived attractive- ness only for subjects who had been asked attribution questions.
Self-Presentation and the Door-in-the-Face Technique for Inducing Compliance
Authors: Pendleton Mark G. , Batson C. Daniel
Published: March 2007

Cialdini has proposed a reciprocal concessions explanation of the door-in-the-face technique for inducing compliance. We wish to propose an alternative explanation, that this technique increases compliance because it induces concern about self-presentation. A field experiment was designed to determine whether the manipulations used in previous door-in-the-face studies led to assumptions of a negative self-presentation. Fifty male university students were presented with either a moderately large request for help (similar to those used in the door-in-the-face studies) or an extremely large request. After refusing the request subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire. Responses to this questionnaire indicated that subjects believed an observer of their refusal would rate them as significantly less helpful, less friendly, and less concerned after they refused the moderately large as opposed to the extremely large request. These results were predicted by our selfpresentation explanation of the door-in-the-face technique.
Misattribution Under Fear-Producing Circumstances: Four Failures to Replicate
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Cialdini Robert , Linder Darwyn
Published: March 2007

Four studies were done in an attempt to test the misattribution explanation of earlier findings showing a connection between aversive arousal and attraction. All four studies indicated that subjects do not attribute arousal to a female confederate when a clear and salient aversive stimulus is present. Instead, subjects correctly assigned causality to the experimental situation. All four studies also failed to reproduce the original attraction finding, i.e., aversive circumstances were not found to enhance attraction for the confederate.
Social Science and School Desegregation: Did We Mislead the Supreme Court?
Authors: Cook Stuart W.
Published: March 2007

During the deliberations prior to its school desegregation decision in 1954 the Supreme Court had before it a Social Science Statement on the effects of segregation and desegregation. This article reassesses the quality of that Statement 25 years later. Key points in the Statement are compared to the results of subsequent research. Some points, e.g., no negative effect on the school achievement of white students, have been supported. Others, e.g., improvement in black self-esteem, are difficult to evaluate due to inconsistent and uninterpretable research findings. Still others, e.g., more favorable racial attitudes, cannot be compared to the research findings because desegregation was not carried out in accord with conditions that were specified as conducive to the outcomes predicted in the Statement. Much research effort has been wasted in the study of school desegregation conducted under conditions unknown to the investigator. In order to avoid such waste in the future it is suggested that investigators concentrate on innovative methods of facilitating constructive classroom desegregation. Illustrations are provided from recent research developments.
Alcohol and Wife Abuse
Authors: Richardson Deborah Capasso , Campbell Jennifer L.
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to determine the effects of husband and wife intoxication on attributions of blame in a wife abuse incident. Participants read case history or newspaper accounts of a violent incident in which either, both, or neither spouse was intoxicated While the majority of blame was assigned to the husband, apparent drunkenness of the spouses influenced participants' attributions. When the husband was drunk, relatively more blame was assigned to situational factors and less to him. In contrast, when the wife was intoxicated, she received more blame than when she was sober.
Noise, Success, and Failure as Determinants of Helping Behavior
Authors: Yinon Yoel , Bizman Aharon
Published: March 2007

It was found that under high noise, subjects' experiences of success or failure on an intellectual task had no effect on their subsequent helping behavior. However, under low noise, successful subjects were willing to devote more than twice the amount of their time to help the confederate than were tailing subjects. These findings are discussed in terms of misattribution of arousal.
Weakness as Strength
Authors: Rubin Jeffrey Z. , Brockner Joel , Eckenrode John , Enright Margaret A. , Johnson-George Cynthia
Published: March 2007

It has been argued that bargainers may be able to extract concessions from one another by coupling an intransigent bargaining stance with the justification that one's hands have been tied by one's constituent. Intransigence justified by weakness (one's constituent's commitment to an inflexible position) was predicted to prove more effective in eliciting concessions than the same intransigence coupled with no such justification. Subjects were run in a variant of the Bilateral Monopoly paradigm played with three simulated others. Unexpectedly, the participants made fewer concessions when the opponent attributed his intransigence to his constituent's behavior. Several limiting conditions for the effective implementation of a "my hands are tied" ploy were discussed.
Distraction
Authors: Lammers H. Bruce , Becker Lee A.
Published: March 2007

Participants listened to either a proattitudinal or counterattitudinal communication under varying levels of distraction. A distraction x message position interaction indicated that distraction decreased the perceived extremity of the counterattitudinal communication while increasing the perceived extremity of the proattitudinal message. Distraction decreased the number of counterarguments generated by counterattitudinal speech recipients, but unexpectedly did not significantly affect proargumentation. Proargumentation notwithstanding, the results were consistent with the dominant thought disruption hypothesis.
What does the Schema Concept Buy us?
Authors: Fiske Susan T. , Linville Patricia W.
Published: March 2007

Recent enthusiasm for the social schema concept has been accompanied by a wave of criticism. Skeptics argue that the concept is imprecise and nonfalsifiable, irrelevant to real social phenomena, and simply old wine in a new bottle. While finding elements of truth in each criticism, this article concludes that the strengths of the schema framework more than outweigh the liabilities associated with these criticisms.
Perceptions of Deception
Authors: Fugita Stephen S. , Hogrebe Mark C. , Wexley Kenneth N.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to identify facial nonverbal behaviors and interactants' perceptions associated with deception. Forty males attempted to deceive both a perceived expert and nonexpert in detecting deception. Subjects were able to effectively, control their facial cues when they, were being deceptive, emitting similar cues when they were lying and telling the truth. However, they glanced more frequently and maintained more eye contact with the expert than the nonexpert. Interestingly, although subjects were confident in their ability to deceive interviewers, in reality they, overestimated their actual success. Interviewers were able to identify both their deceptive and truthful statements at a better than chance level.
The Social Facilitation of a Simple Task
Authors: Strube Michael J. , Miles Margo E. , Finch William H.
Published: March 2007

The present two studies were conducted to examine various aspects of social facilitation in a field setting. Joggers were timed as they ran along a predetermined section of an indoor track. Results of the first study indicated that the presence of an attentive spectator, but not an inattentive spectator, produced faster running relative to a no-spectator group. Neither the sex of the spectator nor the presence of other joggers on the track affected performance. The second study examined the underlying process involved in the attentive spectator effect by asking runners for self-perceptions. Results indicated that runners who reported more distraction also ran faster, but only when observed by an attentive spectator. Distraction was also related to increased nervousness consistent with the distraction-conflict explanation for social facilitation.
Perceptions of Demanding Versus Reasoning Male and Female Police Officers
Authors: Sterling Bruce S. , Owen John W.
Published: March 2007

Subjects (68 males and 72 females) rated audiotapes of police officers (male or female) interacting in a demanding or reasoning manner with a student (male or female). Results showed that regardless of the officer's behavior, female officers were perceived as more assertive, tenacious, and active than male officers. Demanding female officers were seen as less feminine than reasoning female officers, but male officers' masculinity was not affected by their behavior. Challenging a female officer was seen as more legitimate than challenging a male officer, and complying with her demands was seen as more of a failure.
Velten Mood Induction Procedure Effects
Authors: Frost Randy O. , Green Margot L.
Published: March 2007

The duration of effects of the Velten mood induction procedure (VMIP) and the effectiveness of a strategy for removing residual negative effects Were experimentally examined. Self-reports of mood taken immediately after the induction indicated that the VMIP successfully induced both elated and depressed moods. Depressed moods were still evident following a JO-minute waiting period; however, they were significantly improved compared to immediately postinduction. Residual negative moods were effectively removed by the reading of a subset of elation statements used during elation induction. Elevated moods induced by' the VMIP were no longer evident at the end of the 10-minute waiting period.
Classroom Seating Location, Order Effects, and Reactivity
Authors: Stires Lloyd K.
Published: March 2007

A study of classroom seating location by Levine, McDonald, O'Neal, and Garwood (1980) was interpreted as supporting the self-selection rather than the environmental hypothesis. Due to certain flaws in the design of the Levine et al. study, their rejection of the environmental hypothesis is premature.
Forming Relationships and the Matching Hypothesis
Authors: Folkes Valerie S.
Published: March 2007

Couples' similarity in physical attractiveness was hypothesized to be related to the formation of dating relationships. Subjects were 67 couples who were members of a dating service. Behavioral steps the couples had taken to form dating relationships were determined. These behaviors ranged from refusing to reveal one's surname and telephone number to the other, to going out on a second date. Taking these steps was correlated with couples' similarity in physical attractiveness despite factors thought to attenuate the effect of appearance on dating: an older subject population, and the availability of information about a potential partner's age, occupational status, personality, and interests.
With a Little Help from My Friend
Authors: Jackson Jeffrey M. , Padgett Vernon R.
Published: March 2007

The study of social loafing was extended to artistic creativity using the catalogue of 162 Lennon-McCartney songs. Although all songs were jointly credited, most were actually individually authored. Jointly authored songs with low author identifiability were predicted to reflect less effort than individually authored songs with high identifiability. Analysis showed support for the predictions; jointly authored songs were found to be lower in quality than identifiable individually authored songs. A significantly lower proportion of jointly authored songs were selected for 45 rpm singles than identifiable solo-authored songs, and of those selected, jointly authored songs tended to be of lower popularity. Alternative explanations of the social loafing effect involving the type of task and coordination loss are discussed.
Some Correlates of Attributional Style
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: March 2007

Some correlates of attributional style were investigated for a sample of 248 subjects (121 males, 127 females) L Subjects provided causal attributions for 16 items that sampled achievement and affiliation situations and positive and negative outcomes in equal amounts. They also rated the ascribed causes for internality, stability, and globality and subsequently they completed the Backman et al. Self-Esteem Scale, the Mirels and Garrett Protestant Ethic Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Analysis of both the rating data and the causes that subjects provided (classified as characterological, behavioral, and external) showed that a consistent syndrome existed involving depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and attributional style. In addition, Protestant Ethic (PE) values were associated with more frequent behavioral attributions but with less frequent external attributions. Behavioral attributions and PE values were uncorrelated with depression scores. Relation-ships between the types of causes ascribed to good and bad events and the ratings of these causes for internality, stability, and globality supported assumptions. They also suggest that self is seen as more consistent and wide-ranging in its effects when compared with the perceived causal influence of the situation.
Removing the Egocentric Bias
Authors: O'Malley Michael N. , Becker Lee A.
Published: March 2007

This investigation examines the hypothesis that the egocentric bias may be removed if the psychological distress of the coworker is made salient. The design was a 2 X 2 X 2 completely randomized factorial with the amount of reward (overreward versus underreward), type of relationship (friends versus strangers),and salience of a coworker's distress (no distress message versus distress message) as the three independent variables. The results indicated that the egocentric bias (significant differences between underrewarded and overrewarded subjects' evaluations of fairness) was found when the coworker's distress was not made evident. The bias was eliminated, however, when the distress of the coworker was made known through a message. An explanation of how the equity formulation can account for these findings is provided.
Personality Correlates of Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Emmons Robert A. , Diener Ed
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the personality correlates of three dimensions of subjective well-being (S WB): Positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. Participants in two samples completed daily mood reports and a number of relevant personality inventories. Interpersonal competencies were found to correlate most strongly with positive affect, internal emotional states with negative affect, whereas the correlates of life satisfaction included both interpersonal competencies and internal emotional states. In general, results supported Costa and McCrae's (1980) model postulating two different sets of personality traits that influence positive and negative affect separately.
Trait Distinctiveness and Accessibility in the Self-Schema
Authors: Mueller John H. , Thompson W. Burt , Dugan Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The distinctiveness of trait adjectives as self-descriptors was assessed in two ways. One method focused on how many people the trait described (self only, or self and others), whereas the other focused on how much it describes the self When distinctiveness is defined in terms of how many people the trait characterizes, distinctive traits yield slower self-reference decisions than common traits, regardless of degree of descriptiveness. On the other hand, when distinctiveness is defined as degree of descriptiveness, an inverted-U function results, with traits at either extreme of descriptiveness yielding faster decisions than those of intermediate descriptiveness. The results indicate these alternative definitions assess different aspects of distinctiveness, and conclusions drawn from one assessment may not apply to the other.
The Feature-Positive Effect, Attitude Strength, and Degree of Perceived Consensus
Authors: Allison Scott T. , Messick David M.
Published: March 2007

The feature-positive effect refers to the tendency in animals and humans to experience difficulty processing nonoccurrences. The present study investigated the role of this phenomenon in self-perception and in estimates of consensus. Subjects were asked to express a preference either by doing something, the active response, or by doing nothing, the passive response. Afterward, subjects' attitudes on the issue were measured and they were asked to estimate the percentage of their peers who would have responded similarly. The results revealed that subjects who responded actively held significantly stronger attitudes in the direction of their responses than did subjects who responded passively. Moreover, active respondents' consensus estimates were significantly greater than those of passive respondents. Interpretations of these results are discussed.
Methodological Note
Authors: Moore Danny L. , Baron Robert S. , Logel Marvin L. , Sanders Glenn S. , Weerts Theodore C.
Published: March 2007

Self-report measures have well-known drawbacks for assessing unseen processes. This article suggests an alternative strategy that utilizes psychophysiological procedures. The article presents an illustrative study that tests a key hypothesis of distraction conflict theory-that audience observation is distracting. As predicted, a mechanical distracter and an audience had parallel effects on reaction time, skin conductance, and cardiac deceleration.
Differential Recall of Subcategory Information about In-Group and Out-Group Members
Authors: Mackie Diane M. , Worth Leila T.
Published: March 2007

Subjects read stories depicting positive or negative activities involving in-group (same gender) and out-group (opposite gender) targets. Subcategory information (declared college major) about the targets was also provided. The frequency and gender typicality of the subcategory information were varied. More subjects recalled subcategory information about in-group members than about out-group members, but only when the subcategory was infrequent. Subjects also tended to recall differentiating subcategory information more about in-group members performing negatively than about positive in-group targets. These results were generally consistent with the differential subcategorization explanation of the general tendency to perceive less variability among out-group than among in-group members, although several limits on the subcategorization process were found.
Derogation, Exclusion, and Unfair Treatment of Persons with Social Flaws
Authors: Rodin Miriam , Price Judy , Sanchez Francisco , McElligot Sharel
Published: March 2007

The effect of controllability of stigma on the attribution of prejudice was investigated in a series of five experiments. In prior prejudice attribution research, the stigma that made the victim subject to discrimination was a characteristic beyond the individual's control, such as age or race. In the present research, controllability of the stigma was systematically varied. Subjects read scenarios in which persons with flaws of speech or appearance were subject to discriminatory behaviors of derogation, exclusion, or unfair treatment. The flaws were either within or beyond the control of the individual possessing them. More prejudice was attributed to those who behaved in a discriminatory way toward persons whose flaws were beyond their control. The theoretical explanation offered for the outcome is that discrimination can be thought of as form of harmdoing, and prejudice attribution as a form of blame attribution.
Social Comparison, Stress, and Coping
Authors: Taylor Shelley E. , Buunk Bram P. , Aspinwall Lisa G.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, basic research and theory on social comparison activities has been applied to understanding the coping processes of people undergoing stressful events. These investigations have both elucidated coping and highlighted issues that need reconsideration in traditional social comparison frameworks. These issues include the predominant motives that guide social comparison activity; the role of cognitive processes in the creation of targets and the selection of dimensions for evaluation; the limits imposed on available social comparison information by stressful or victimizing circumstances; the role of similarity in social comparisons under threat; the inherent meaning of upward and downward comparisons; and the divergence of evaluative versus information-seeking comparative activities. Implications for theoretical integration and for understanding coping and social support are discussed.