bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quest To Save The Inner City: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

In the beginning, inner-city neighborhoods in the United States were not disaster areas, but vital parts of the cities to which they belonged. America’s great cities, perhaps excepting Washington, D.C., arose as places where goods were shipped, processed, and traded. With their accessible ocean harbors, east coast cities such as New York and Boston became great ports. Goods moved to and from Chicago via Lake Michigan and the Chicago River and later by rail. Atlanta, located not on a body of water but at the site of a railroad junction (one of its early names was Terminus), became a central trade depot for the South. Los Angeles at first used the Los Angeles River, then acquired an ocean port, railroads, and finally a highway network to become the dominant port of the Southwest. To finance, sell, and distribute the goods the port brought in, each city developed business districts whose main streets— Wall Street, State Street, Peachtree Street—became synonymous with finance and commerce. Along the water and near railroad depots entrepreneurs built factories to process the goods streaming in and out of the city. Industrial areas, such as the stockyard district in Chicago and the Alameda corridor in Los Angeles, became almost as famous as the downtown business districts. After all, the commercial and industrial businesses that grew out of the port trade were the lifeblood of the country’s lusty young urban centers.
Liquidity
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Everyone likes liquidity. Traders like liquidity because it allows them to implement their trading strategies cheaply. Exchanges like liquidity because it attracts traders to their markets. Regulators like liquidity because liquid markets are often less volatile than illiquid ones.
Why Do Prison Conditions Matter?
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

Maconochie’s career provokes the question: Why would anyone devote himself to penal reform? If there is a viable alternative, why choose to suffer the chill breath of adverse public opinion, the bemused stares of neighbors, the frustrations and lack of reward? It is a vexing question; a satisfying answer is not easily come by. Yet, down through the history of prisons, penal reformers are legion.
Seeking Justice and the Origins of the Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of May 1921, 8,000 people lived in Greenwood, the black section of Tulsa, which was situated just north of the center of the “magic city,” as Tulsa called itself. Greenwood residents frequently worked in white Tulsa, across the railroad tracks, but they returned home at night. “Little Africa,” as Greenwood was called, was largely a self-sufficient community, with a school, a hospital, hotels, grocery, drug, and clothing stores, two newspapers, and two movie theaters. One of the theaters was called the Dreamland. Green-wood itself could easily have passed for a dreamland. It was a place where fewer than sixty years after slavery ended, black people lived in relative freedom.
Epilogue
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

Our age is one of reparations and apologies. There have been reparations from the United States government for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, from the United States government to Native Americans for deprivation of property in Alaska, from the United States government to assist with rebuilding Los Angeles after the Rodney King riots in 1992, and from Swiss banks for money deposited before World War II and never returned to the families of holocaust victims. President Clinton apologized for the United States’ role in the international slave trade; shortly afterwards the Hartford Courant,
The Declining Years of Jim Crow
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

For all the finality of the Court’s decision on a principle of fundamental importance, there was at the time an air of unreality about the revolutionary implications. Public opinion outside of the South was receptive and generally favorable to the departure, but by no means aroused to the point of stern insistence on compliance. Certainly the Administration in Washington was in no mood to adopt heroic measures that would be required for enforcement. Negro leadership was actively engaged and hopefully alert to problems of implementing the decision, but the mass of Negroes had not yet been stirred by the possibilities it opened nor aroused to the pitch of protest and demonstration. All these considerations had their effect on the way in which the South re¬sponded.
DiGeorge Syndrome: A Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Driscoll Deborah A , Sullivan Kathleen E
Published: November 2023

The association of thymic aplasia with congenital hypoparathyroidism was initially noted by Lobdell in 1959 but wasn’t recognized as a syndrome until 1965 when Dr. Angelo DiGeorge described a group of infants with congenital absence of the thymus and parathyroid glands (DiGeorge, 1965). Subsequently, facial dysmorphia and cardiac defects, specifically conotruncal malformations, were included in the spectrum of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) (Conley et al., 1979). DGS (MIM 188400) is a heterogeneous disorder. However, cytogenetic and molecular studies have shown that deletion of chromosomal region 22q11.2 is the leading cause of DGS. In rare instances, DGS is seen in association with other chromosomal rearrangements, with exposure to teratogens such as retinoic acid, and with maternal diabetes (Lammer and Opitz, 1986; Wilson et al., 1993b).
Judaism, Exile, and the State of Israel in Postwar American Jewish Theological Discourse
Authors: Ratzabi Shalom
Published: November 2023

From many points of view, the Second World War represents a watershed in Jewish thinking in the United States. Together with writings by theologians and thinkers of the previous generation such as Mordecai M. Kaplan, theological and philosophical works began to be published by rabbis, writers, and thinkers who had come of age between the two world wars-some of whom belonged to a “third generation” of American Jews.1 In philosophical inclination, way of thinking, and methodology, their work differed from that of their predecessors. For example, the religious thought of the prewar generation has a marked sociological leaning, which makes it difficult to define this work as theological in the strict sense of the term. Such was not the case with Jewish theological discourse beginning in the second half of the 1940s, one of whose outstanding characteristics was its manifest theological content.
Beyond Wissenschaft: The Resurrection of Resurrection in Jewish Thought Since 1950
Authors: Gillman Neil
Published: November 2023

In The Death of Death, my book on the subject of resurrection and immortality in Jewish thought, I summarized the historical development of these ideas in Judaism as follows: With the exception of three brief passages (Isaiah 25:8, 26:19, and Daniel 12)-all relatively late in the biblical corpus-the Bible denies any form of life after death other than some form of shadowy persistence in what is termed sheol. In the early postbiblical period, two doctrines of the afterlife become progressively more prominent in rabbinic and apocryphal texts: the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul. These two doctrines are soon conflated in rabbinic texts, which describe how the soul separates from the body at death and journeys to God, while the body disintegrates in the earth. At the End of Days, according to the rabbis, the body and its soul will be reunited and the individual human being, reconstituted as during life on earth, will come before God in judgment.
Asymmetries in America: Recent Work on Jews and Blacks
Authors: Whitfield Stephen J
Published: November 2023

“Jews and blacks have been linked in a kind of symbiotic relation with each other,” the Harvard philosopher Cornel West observed in 1995. “Whether they are allies or antagonists, they are locked into an inseparable embrace.”1 That assertion does not appear to be true. But authors and editors of histories of American Jews and blacks do seem locked into an inseparable embrace with compliant publishers, from whose warehouses have come a torrential flood of volumes huge enough to have kept Noah’s ark afloat. The purpose of this review essay is to summarize and evaluate some of the recent scholarly effort that has been devoted to the historical entanglement of these two American communities.
The Rehnquist Court and the Search for Equal Justice
Authors: Wilkinson J Harvie
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court’s struggles with racial division in the United States are subject to a special form of judgment. The verdict on the Court’s work in the area of race will not be pronounced by an academic circle of court watchers, or by the legal profession at large, or even by the broader audience of public opinion. The Court in the area of race will almost assuredly be judged by history. Future generations of Americans will want to know whether the Rehnquist Court got the big questions right. Was the Rehnquist Court right on race or was it wrong? It seems on the surface an oversimplified question, much too crude for the subtle and sophisticated dissection we generally give the Court’s work. And yet the Justices themselves must be acutely aware that race has played so large and so tragic a role in American history that the efforts of each generation of jurists to deal with it will in the end warrant the broadest and most sober measure of historical judgment.
The Rehnquist Court and the Legal Profession
Authors: Shestack Jerome J
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court’s place in our profession has no parallel in any secular assembly. Whether we applaud or deplore particular opinions, the Court represents the pinnacle of our profession and enjoys our veneration.
Agreement and Tense as Distinct Syntactic Positions: Evidence from Acquisition
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa , Rizzi Guasti
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the ongoing debate on the clausal architec¬ture by presenting new relevant evidence based on language acquisition. The theo¬retical context is the study of the functional structure of the clause, which is a major focus of classical and current syntactic research. In the early days of the Principles and Parameters approach, much progress on the clausal structure was made possible by the assumption that clauses are headed by an inflectional node expressing morphosyntactic specifications of tense and agreement (among others); this is a principled development of an intuition dating back to Chomsky’s (1957) Syntactic Structures. The uniqueness of inflection was challenged by Pollock’s (1989) comparative analysis of verb movement, which forcefully argued for the postulation of separate functional heads for agreement and tense; by the late 1980s, the Split-lnfl approach was gener¬ally adopted; in particular, it led to refined explorations of the functional structure of the sentence, analyzed as a system of inflectional heads and projections, each expressing an elementary morphosyntactic property; this trend is now fully systematized in Cinque (1999). Meanwhile, Chomsky (1995) has proposed a limited but signifi¬cant step in the opposite direction from this trend, denying the status of autonomous head to the subject agreement specification and assuming that agreement features are associated to T and checked by a DP in the specifier of T.
Corporate Sustainability and Financial Indexes
Authors: Flatz Alois
Published: November 2023

Investors increasingly see forward-looking nonfinancial metrics as key to understanding a company’s true value, while stakeholders demand ever greater transparency from multinationals on how they are managing their responsibilities to society at large and the environment.
The Analysis of Structured Securities
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

yThe Analysis of Structured Securities presents the first intellectually defensible framework for systematic assessment of the credit quality of structured securities. It begins with a detailed description and critique of methods used to rate asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and asset-backed commercial paper. The book then proposes a single replacement paradigm capable of granular, dynamic results. It offers extensive guidance on using numerical methods in cash flow modeling, as well as a groundbreaking section on trigger optimization. Casework on applying the method to automobile ABS, CDOs-of-ABS and aircraft-lease securitizations is also presented. This book is essential reading for practitioners who seek higher precision, efficiency and control in managing their structured exposures.
Market Basics
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

From a handful of early mortgage deals in the 1970s, structured securities have evolved into a mainstream financing form, a permanent feature of U.S. public and private markets,1 a significant source of alternative finance and investment for Europe, and, potentially, an important source of capital to Latin America and Asia. Yet despite their phenomenal growth record, it would be wrong to infer that structured securities are well suited to all markets. As engineered structures, they perform best in controlled environments.2 In addition to a framework of microcontrols to keep performance within an expected range (otherwise known as the transaction documents), structured deals rely on a framework of macro-level controls to mitigate the impact of the unexpected. In mature financial markets, stringent accounting rules and deep traditions of contracts, property, and judicial process are in place to create transparency of asset value, compel transaction parties to abide by their agreements, and enforce creditor claims when deals go awry. By contrast, the legal infrastructure of emerging markets is often incomplete: it has loopholes, or is long on rules but short on process, or lacks enforcement power. Thus, debt securities from emerging markets often carry large, sometimes incalculable downside risks. This tendency is more pronounced in structured securities, which rely on the possibility of precise risk measurement.
The Right to Culture
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter I examined the ways in which culture can figure into legal decision-making. I argued that courts should admit cultural evidence to contextualize the actions of individuals in disputes, but I did not address the question of how much weight ought to be given to those traditions. An often expressed concern is that simply by admitting cultural evidence, courts will have to give it weight, and that this will require a particular result. As I have tried to show, acknowledging the existence of cultural imperatives does not compel any specific disposition. There will be cases in which courts should be lenient or accommodating, and others in which they should not. This will depend upon the nature of the tradition and the context of the action.
The Origins and Evolution of Real Estate Investment Trusts
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

The REIT as we know it today is in fact the revival of an older idea in real estate investment, the roots of which lie in 19th-century New England. That idea-called the Massachusetts trust-had lain dormant for 25 years before investors revived its spirit in 1960. The REIT industry has gone through several ups and downs since then. Some of the downturns were caused by changes in the operating environment, such as changes in tax laws.
Organizational Structure
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

A company can choose among a wide variety of organizational forms for holding real property and mortgages. For publicly held companies, these forms include the REIT, the master limited partnership (MLP), the business trust, and the corporation. If a firm elects to hold real properties using a REIT as the vehicle, then the tax at the corporation level is exempted. Given this tax benefit, one would argue that if there are no costs associated with this particular organizational form, then all corporations should use it to hold real properties and mortgages.
Dividends and Debt Policies of REITs
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

Traditional wisdom in the REIT market tells us that the most important impediment to a REIT’s growth is the limitation on its ability to retain earnings. Currently, a REIT must pay out 90% of its taxable earnings as dividends. (This payout ratio was reduced from 95% as a result of the passage of the REIT Modernization Act of 1999.) Given this high payout ratio, it is reasonable to assume that, while retained earnings provide some funding for growth, the amount is relatively insignificant. Because internal funding is limited, REITs must look for external funds in order to grow.
The Performance of REIT Stocks
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

As we have discussed in previous chapters, REIT stocks can be viewed as a form of securitized real estate representing claims on real property or mortgages. Given this, investors who are considering REITs as possible investment opportunities should ask two closely related questions. First, to what extent do REIT stocks reflect the returns to their underlying real estate assets? This issue is important because if REIT returns do not reflect the returns to their underlying assets, investors cannot use them as a convenient way to add a real estate component to their portfolios.
Race, Color, and Crime
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

On the night of February 22, 1926 and then again several nights later, agents from the Commissioner General of Immigration’s office, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Chicago Police Department, and the Cook County Sheriff ‘s and State’s Attorney’s offices raided—often without warrant—restaurants, coffeehouses, barber shops, pool rooms, soft drink parlors, club headquarters, and homes. In search of deportable “alien gangsters,” agents seem to have found what they were looking for. Over two hundred people were apprehended, some of whom were detained for days without adequate food, sleeping accommodations, or heat. Of those people apprehended and detained, a few were Mexicans and Greeks, but the majority were Italians.

If federal and local agents sought “alien gangsters,” it was really Sicilians whom they wanted most. After all, the raids came in the midst of what the Chicago Tribune called “the reign of terror in Chicago produced by gangs of Sicilian gunmen.”
Anxiety
Authors: Robin Corey
Published: November 2023

Just fifty years separate Montesquieu’s death in 1755 from Tocqueville’s birth in 1805, but in that intervening half-century, armed revolutionaries marched the transatlantic world into modernity. New World colonials fired the first shot of national liberation at the British Empire, depriving it of its main beachhead in North America. Militants in France lit the torch of equality, and Napoleon carried it throughout the rest of Europe. Black Jacobins in the Caribbean led the first successful slave revolution in the Americas and declared Haiti an independent state. The Age of Democratic Revolution, as it would come to be known, saw borders transformed, colonies liberated, nations created. Warfare took on an ideological fervor not seen in over a century, with men and women staking their lives on the radical promise of the Enlightenment. But more than any particular advance, it was a new sense of time and space that distinguished this revolutionary world from its predecessor.
How Safe Is Safe Enough?
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

This book offers a comprehensive roadmap for determining when and how to regulate risky reproductive technologies on behalf of future children. First, it provides three benchmarks for determining whether a reproductive practice is harmful to the children it produces. This framework synthesizes and extends past efforts to make sense of our intuitive, but paradoxical, belief that reproductive choices can be both life-giving and harmful. Next, it recommends a process for reconciling the interests of future children with the reproductive liberty of prospective parents. The author rejects a blanket preference for either parental autonomy or child welfare and proposes instead a case-by-case inquiry that takes into account the nature and magnitude of the proposed restrictions on procreative liberty, the risk of harm to future children, and the context in which the issue arises. Finally, he applies this framework to four past and future medical treatments with above average risk, including cloning and genetic engineering. Drawing lessons from these case studies, Peters criticizes the current lack of regulatory oversight and recommends both more extensive pre-market testing and closer post-market monitoring of new reproductive technologies. His moderate pragmatic approach will be widely appreciated.
Three Ways in Which Reproductive Conduct Can Cause Harm
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

Because the welfare of future people matters, we all have a prima facie obligation to avoid the infliction of unjustified harm on our future children. And because their welfare matters, lawmakers must take their interests into account when deciding whether to regulate a risky reproductive procedure. The fact that reproductive conduct is existence-inducing, however, greatly complicates our effort to determine exactly when the use of a risky technique is actually harmful.
Substantive Due Process Doctrine
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

The history of substantive due process doctrine is one of ebb and flow. Each retreat is eventually followed, not only by reinvigoration of the doctrine, but also by its reconceptualization. In shaping and reshaping the doctrine, the Supreme Court is influenced not only by the text of the Constitution and by the personal proclivities of the Justices, but also by the tenuous nature of the social compact that confers upon the Court the role of ultimate constitutional arbiter and by the social circumstances in which the Court plays its role. Both the Court’s willingness to search for new fundamental rights and its choice of liberties to enshrine continuously evolve as social norms and social conditions change.
The Constitutional Stature of Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

If Court relies on the “deeply rooted” test to determine whether prospective parents have a constitutionally protected right to use some or all reproductive technologies, then only the oldest and least controversial forms of assisted reproduction have a realistic chance of obtaining constitutional stature. As explained in Chapter 11, however, the Court should not limit its inquiry to the search for a deeply rooted tradition. Other considerations are also crucially important.
The Child Who Hurts All Over
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Children who are not doing well or complain of constant pain are a source of great concern for both parents and physicians. Some parents are concerned that their child is not able to keep up with the other children when playing. Others are concerned about repeated athletic injuries, wondering why their child has so many sprains and strains. Still other parents are concerned that the child seems withdrawn, irritable, or has lost interest in activities. There are many possible explanations when a child is not doing well. They range from serious illnesses to problems adjusting at home or in school.
Why Do Children Get Rheumatic Disease?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

One of the questions parents ask me as they come to grips with their child’s diagnosis of rheumatic disease is: “Why did this happen?” Medical research has made great strides over the past fifty years, but we still can’t really answer this question. It is frustrating to think that all of that time and effort has not given us the answers. The following paragraphs detail some of my own thoughts. Some of it is proven. Some of it is conjecture. Most of the rheumatic diseases clearly occur with increased frequency in relatives of people with the diseases, not so much that a mother needs to be concerned that her child will have the disease, but enough that investigators have to notice. Fill a football stadium with 100,000 random children, and the rheumatic diseases are rare. Fill that same football stadium with 100,000 children who have relatives with rheumatic disease, and children with rheumatic disease would be ten or twenty times as common. So there must be a genetic contribution.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Children with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) are antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive. At one time this disease was thought to be a milder version of SLE. To understand this disease, it is necessary to understand that it was defined “backwards.” A physician named Gordon Sharp noted an unusual laboratory finding in some patients who were antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive. When he went back and looked at the patients who had this finding, they were most often “atypical” SLE patients. These patients differed from typical SLE patients in having more arthritis, more rash, more lung disease, and less kidney disease. Since many of these patients were also positive for rheumatoid factor (see Chapter 24) and had more arthritis than typical SLE patients, they were thought of as having “mixed” disease. Thus, the name was chosen to reflect this. It took only a short time once the disease was described in adults to realize that there were children with the same pattern of findings.
Virtue Among The Ruins?
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

There is an urgency to this book, an urgency born of concern and hope. The concern is easy to understand. The American health-care system is in a state of crisis. Basic health coverage remains out of reach to millions of citizens, while the cost of care for the insured population has resumed a rapid rate of increase that promises to price ever more employers and individuals out of the health-care insurance market. Administrative costs remain the highest in the world. Despite spending more on health care than any other nation in the world, the U.S. healthcare system is plagued by medical errors and failures to provide proven clinical “best practices, “-the screening tests, preventive care, and medical treatments known to be most effective. Broad efforts to reform the system have met with public suspicion and skepticism, a reaction reinforced by the failure of the Clinton health-care initiative of the 1990s. Even limited reform efforts often sink into a quagmire of selfishness and distrust. Powerful interests, including managed care insurers, pharmaceutical corporations, and hospitals and physicians, line up to combat each other or to fend off regulatory efforts sponsored by citizens’ groups or the government. We have power without vision, conflict without progress. The system is stuck.
Medical Necessity, Coverage Decisions, and Medical Policy
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

Ronald Barnes is a 12-year-old boy who was born with a severely deformed left ear. As a young child, Ronald had reconstructive surgery on the ear that produced a satisfactory functional result, but the ear remained quite small and misshapen. As Ronald grew older, he was frequently teased by his schoolmates, and he suffered poor school performance as a result. As he neared adolescence, the impact on his life of his “ugly “ ear escalated. In an attempt to alleviate mounting psychological problems, and with the recommendation of their pediatrician, Ronald’s parents took him to see Dr. Schmidt, a plastic surgeon. Dr. Schmidt told them that, through new surgical techniques, she could restore the ear to a nearly normal appearance. Ronald and his family were ecstatic, and Dr. Schmidt requested preauthorization for the revision from the family’s HMO, Ultima Care. Two weeks later the Barnes family received a brief letter from Ultima Care saying that coverage for treatment would be denied because it was a cosmetic procedure and therefore not “medically necessary. “ Confused and angry, Ronald’s parents didn’t know what they should do next. Dr. Steven Bernstein is the senior medical director for Ultima Care HMO, based in Massachusetts. One morning Dr. Bernstein received a call about a 20-year old man, Henry Larson, an Ultima member, who had been hospitalized for a month after a serious car accident left him quadriplegic. As the time approached when he was to be moved from the hospital to a nearby rehabilitation facility, the patient’s sister had called to request a benefit exception that would cover a transfer of Henry’s care to the Shepherd Rehabilitation Center in Atlanta, Georgia, the rehabilitation center where the wellknown actor Christopher Reeve received care after his injury.
Community Benefits
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

A development officer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City calls the chief executive of a national health plan to ask whether the company would be willing to spend $50,000 to be a “platinum “ sponsor of an upcoming art show. The show focuses on nineteenth century American art and will be open for three months. Other confirmed major sponsors include a large bank headquartered in New York and an airline. For top-tier sponsorship, the health plan will be listed with the two other major sponsors on advertising for the show and will be able to host at least one private reception and showing of the exhibit. The CEO pauses. He lives in New York and believes strongly in the value of the arts, yet he also knows that his senior medical director has been asked to make budget cuts in free immunization and health fair programs that the company has supported in the past. Should the health plan sponsor the art show if it means cutting back further on its health-related activities? Maybe the health plan can do both, although the CEO worries about the pressure he is under from Wall Street analysts to trim administrative costs. And, after all, the health plan does pay taxes and has always provided good jobs with excellent benefits.
Global Financial Services Reconfiguration
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Few industries have encountered as much strategic turbulence in recent years as has the financial services sector. In response to far-reaching regulatory and technological change, together with important shifts in client behavior and the de facto globalization of specific financial functions and markets, the organizational structure of the industry has been profoundly displaced. A great deal of uncertainly remains about the nature of any future equilibrium in the industry’s contours. At the same time, a major part of the industry has been effectively globalized, linking borrowers and lenders, issuers and investors, risks and risk takers around the world. This chapter presents a coherent analytical framework for thinking about financial firms worldwide, and spells out some of the key consequences for their strategic positioning and strategy implementation by management.
Mergers, Acquisitions, and the Financial Architecture
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Merger and acquisitions activity in the financial sector has been one of the major vehicles in the transformation of a key set of economic activities that stand at the center of the national and global capital allocation and payments system. It can therefore be argued that the outcome of the M&A process in terms of the structure, conduct, and performance of the financial sector has a disproportionate impact on the economy as a whole.
Knowledge Creation and Transfer From Teams to the Whole Organization
Authors: Buächel Bettina
Published: November 2023

Knowledge creation is at the heart of innovation and developing a competitive advantage, and it is a key concern for managers in the business world. Yet, the creation and transfer of knowledge are managerial tasks that remain challenging. The difficulties of managing these processes are due to the tacit nature of knowledge and the inability to understand knowledge because it is frequently tied to a particular context. These factors are especially pronounced when knowledge has to move beyond the boundaries of clearly identified units or functions. Nevertheless, many firms have been able to solve these problems, and it is now possible to learn from teams that have successfully created and transferred knowledge within an organization. The Challenge of Knowledge Creation and Transfer Within New Product Development Teams One organizational area where the problematic nature of knowledge creation and transfer is particularly evident is in new product development, since knowledge is developed within the team and has to move across the team to multiple functions in order for new products to be brought to market. Both the creation and the transfer of knowledge are key to a company’s success, especially in light of the increasing pressure to deliver growth expectations.
Knowledge Transfer Within Organizations
Authors: Leonard Dorothy
Published: November 2023

When Is Knowledge Transfer Critical? The need to transfer knowledge from one function, one group, or one brain to another is omnipresent in organizations. In most situations, the transfer is two-way. However, at different times each party can be either the source of knowledge or its receiver, even when the exchange can be characterized as knowledge-sharing. Moreover, there are at least two typical situations in which knowledge transfer is predominantly one-way: when managers are required to increase operational efficiencies and when managers need to counter knowledge loss. Transferring experience and expertise is also of par- amount importance in new product /process/service development, where the exchange is at least two-way, for in this third situation the role of knowledge source and receiver shifts back and forth among a number of parties during the creative process.
Enabling Knowledge-Based Competence of a Corporation
Authors: Ichijo Kazuo
Published: November 2023

The Role of Enablers in Knowledge Creation and Management In the current knowledge-based economy, individual and organizational knowledge and brainpower have replaced physical assets as the critical assets in the corporate world (Winter, 1987). Therefore, the success of a company in the twenty-first century will be determined by the extent to which an organization’s members can develop their intellectual capabilities through knowledge creation. In the present economy, knowledge constitutes the competitive advantage of a corporation (Doz, Santos, and Williamson, 2001). Companies should hire, develop, and retain excellent managers who generate and accumulate knowledge. Attracting smart, talented people and raising their level of intellectual capabilities will be a core competence in the new millennium (Eisenhardt and Santos, 2002).
Corporate Finance Intangible Assets’ Effect on Shareholders’ Value
Authors: Nakano Makoto
Published: November 2023

Despite its growing size, attention, and importance, little academic research has succeeded in empirically identifying the relationship between shareholders’ value and intangible assets. There are several classes of intangibles. First, R&D-related capital is created primarily through innovation and discovery. Second, brand equity is created by a combination of marketing strategy and advertising. Third, human capital and organizational capital are also included in intangible assets. Considering their size and effect on financial performance, I focus on R&D-related intangibles in this chapter. The goal of this chapter is to shed light on the relationship between share- holders’ value and R&D investment. Empirical analysis will cover countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Australia. The pharmaceutical and biotech- nology sectors are additionally analyzed because of their science-intensive (knowledge-intensive) characteristics.
Knowledge Management and Corporate Renewal
Authors: Chakravarthy Bala , Mcevily Sue
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about continuous corporate renewal, in which a firm seeks to improve its operational excellence even as it explores for new markets and competencies. It explains that the process of renewal mirrors that of knowledge management. The corresponding activities are protecting, leveraging, and building knowledge. The chapter describes these activities and illustrates them with three examples: Best Buy (the leading North American retailer of consumer electronics), Pearson (a leading U.K.-based media giant), and Dr. Reddy’s (a leading generic drug company based in India). It then goes on to describe three key executive actions that can help corporate renewal. Each of the three actions—setting a daring vision, making flexible commitments, and balancing organizational power—is illustrated with the help of the three examples.
Sex and the aging woman
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi
Published: November 2023

Menopause is looked upon by most women as a clearly identifiable change in their reproductive systems. As the menstrual pattern is altered and menstruation finally ceases, this is a concrete signal that the reproductive tract is changed. In some cases, this is accompanied by decreasing interest in sex, often amounting to complete lack of desire. The cells of the vagina, vulva, and urethra contain a high concentration of estrogen receptors and are especially vulnerable to estrogen deficiency. The net result, without HT/ ET, is a dramatic anatomical change in these organs. In the absence of estrogen support, the vaginal tissues gradually become thin and lose their tone and elasticity. The fluid which normally is released across the vaginal lining during sexual excitement is reduced. The famous sexology team William Masters and Virginia Johnson actually filmed this fluid release during sexual stimulation. I was present when they showed this film to professional colleagues for the first time. The distinguished professor of gynecology Alan Guttmacher was in the small audience. When the film was over he declared with genuine enthusiasm, “I have been doing pelvic examinations throughout my career and never thought we would ever see such convincing and direct evidence of the changes in the vagina that occur during excitation.” Another distinguished professor of gynecology left the room without saying a word. From the grim look of disapproval on his face I would guess that sexual aspects of the menopause were not part of the residency training program at his medical center.
What is the status of designer estrogens?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi
Published: November 2023

The choice of any medication depends on the balance of the risks and the benefits. This is the critical factor in choosing hormone therapy. It is the motivation behind the search for specially designed molecules that could prevent the symptoms associated with decreased production of estrogen such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and other issues which may be estrogen-related, including sleep disturbances and memory loss, while at the same time protecting both the bones and the cardiovascular system well into old age. Moreover, the goal is to achieve all of this without any short-term or long-term adverse effects on the breast, uterus, and cardiovascular or clotting systems. The age of modern molecular biology has brought to the fore a field that is not as well known in the public media as exciting subjects like the human genome or stem cell research. This is the field of receptor biology. It has clarified how hormones work and has helped identify medications that can preferentially affect some organ systems but not others. In the case of estrogen action, such agents are referred to as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs.) They exert their effect selectively at the cellular level by modulating the estrogen receptors that determine whether and how strongly a tissue responds to estrogen stimulation.
Dorothy Leonard: Operating as a Knowledge System
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L .
Published: November 2023

Dorothy Leonard explores how organizations effectively build and man age knowledge. She has found that some organizations have developed a capacity for constant renewal. By fostering values and managerial systems that support key knowledge-building activities, managers in such companies continuously enhance their competitively critical core capabilities. Other organizations have not made knowledge and development important, and some are structured to undermine the creation of knowledge assets. In this conversation, Leonard discusses the perspectives, attitudes, and behaviors that are characteristic of each type.
Jim Botkin: The Knowledge Business
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L .
Published: November 2023

This conversation with Jim Botkin explores how knowledge is changing how organizations create value as knowledge-based enterprises. Botkin argues that the knowledge framework is actually the larger context for organizations and that e-business is actually a subset of its operations. Botkin also shares how knowledge has come to be a new factor of pro duction in organizations, both “new economy” organizations and “old economy” legacy organizations. Even so, the acceptance of the knowledge movement is still tentative. The very name knowledge management still often implies information technology “applications” to key organizational visionaries and is not always well received. The controversies over nurturing knowledge communities within the framework of knowledge initiatives are also examined in this dialogue.
Karl Wiic: The Knowledge Movement Emerges from Its Infancy
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L .
Published: November 2023

Karl Wiig is one of the key developers of knowledge management theory and practice. He is chairman and CEO of the Knowledge Research Institute and the author of four books and numerous articles that have helped define the field. He works extensively with client organizations to build internal knowledge management capabilities by focusing on business related issues with senior management; tactical approaches and solutions with middle management; and hands-on methods and techniques with professional knowledge practitioners.

Wiig sees himself as a reformed “techie.” He actively integrates learning, knowledge management, intellectual capital, strategy, and process into an approach that allows for the complexity that actually reflects how people and organizations operate. He explores deeply and broadly, as well as with a curiosity that is infectious. He is continuously looking to discover what the field is and what it could be about.
An Action-Reaction Framework For Building Competitive Advantage
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G
Published: November 2023

Achieving high performance in the new age of fast-paced competition requires a new way of thinking about advantage and competition. Chapter 2 described established viewpoints on competition from economics, while chapters 3 and 4 presented the established frameworks to understanding a firm’s relative market and resource position, respectively. Although each of those perspectives was noted to provide significant insights for developing a competitive advantage, each also has limitations.
Using The Action Model: Predicting The Behavior Of Rivals
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G
Published: November 2023

Let us consider the future outlook of the hotel and specialty coffee industries. In the hotel industry, the growth in supply of hotel rooms has exceeded the demand for rooms coming on line, mainly because of a slower economy. As a result, occupancy and room rates have been pushed downward. The new industry conditions have encouraged many companies, such as Cendant Corporation and Intercontinental Group (Holiday Inn), to cut properties. For example, Cendant has terminated more than 340 properties, comprising more than 30,000 guestrooms, and Holiday Inn (part of Intercontinental) has terminated more than 200 agreements.1 The increased supply of rooms in prior years, however, still raises concern about overcapacity and increased rivalry.
Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Spranger Jürgen
Published: November 2023

The skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders with disturbance of the growth, density, and organi- zation of cartilage and bone. In many cases, molecular defects causing dysplasias are prenatally expressed causing neonatally recognizable disorders. Other defects manifest only in early childhood or even later. However, all defects causing bone dysplasias continue to affect skeletal growth and development postnatally. In that respect they differ from dysostoses, i.e., malformations of single bones, alone or in combination, which are caused by spatiotemporally limited disturbances during early embryogenesis. In some disorders, the molecular defects are expressed during early embryogenesis and in later life resulting in disorders that combine malformative and dysplastic bone changes.
Cultural Ideologies in Japanese Language and Gender Studies: A Theoretical Review
Authors: Yukawa Sumiyuki , Saito Masami
Published: November 2023

For the first two decades of its history, language and gender research could not free itself from a persistent essentialism that assumed women and men, and “women’s language” and “men’s language,” as internally undifferentiated categories. It attempted to connect specific linguistic forms or strategies directly to the speaker’s sex, theorizing women’s speech style as either dominated by men (e.g., Spender 1980) or culturally different from that of men (e.g., Maltz & Borker 1982, Tannen 1990). However, in the 1990s a new theoretical framework emerged, based on recent developments in social and feminist theories and discourse-based methodologies.
Ideology in Linguistic Practice and Analysis: Gender and Politeness in Japanese Revisited
Authors: Okamoto Shigeko
Published: November 2023

Language ideology plays an important role in affecting both linguistic practice and analysis. Defining linguistic ideologies as “any sets of beliefs about language articulated by the users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and use,” Silverstein (1979:193) stresses that in scientific studies of language one must distinguish ideology from actual language use. Woolard and Schieffelin (1994) and Bergvall (1999) emphasize the importance of examining the dominant, or hegemonic, ideology and its relationship to specific linguistic practices.
You Are Doing Burikko!: Censoring/Scrutinizing Artificers of Cute Femininity in Japanese
Authors: Miller Laura
Published: November 2023

A journalist writing for the New York Times (Kristof 1995) offered the following description of a female elevator operator at the Mitsukoshi department store in Ginza: “The Voice is as fawning as her demeanor, as sweet as syrup, and as high as a dog whistle. Any higher and it would shatter the crystal on the seventh floor.” The author is reporting on the high-pitched voice frequently considered a stereotypical feature of the burikko, a derogatory Japanese label used to describe women who exhibit feigned naïveté. The word is derived from the term buru ‘to pose, pretend, or act’ and the suffix -ko, used for “child”or “phony girl.” This chapter will argue that the burikko designation does not simply reflect the uniform affectation of a childlike persona but rather is primarily established through situated social judgment elicited by a combination of speaker, recipient, and setting. A variety of linguistic and nonverbal phenomena are assessed as constituting the makeup of a burikko performance. I will look at some folk perceptions and media representations of the burikko and will also provide examples of socially contextualized occasions of talk in which burikko features in its evaluation.