bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Life-history of Tectacoris lineola, F., and its Connection with Internal Boll Rots in Queensland
Authors: Ballard E. , Holdaway F. G.
Published: July 2009

1. A general account is given of the habits and distribution of Tectacoris lineola, together with a description of the adult, and some remarks on the influence of weather conditions on mating.

2. The eggs and the different instars are described, and the period of time occupied by each is given.

3. The connection between Tectacoris lineola and boll rot incidence is established.

4. A table is given illustrating the comparative effect of boll rots and bollworm damage in the past season (1924–1925) on the Cotton Research Farm.

5. The effect of bug punctures on cotton seed and its infection with Fusarium moniliforme are briefly discussed.
Notes on the Coffee berry-Borer (Stephanoderes hampei, Ferr.) in Uganda
Authors: Hargreaves H.
Published: July 2009

The coffee berry-borer (Stephanoderes hampei, Ferr.) was first recorded as a pest in Uganda during the year 1908, and an account of the life-history was given by C. C. Gowdey in his report for the year 1909–10. There is very little doubt that the beetle is indigenous to this country and that its original food-plants were wild species of Coffea. The other parts of Africa in which it is known to occur are Tanganyika Territory, the Belgian Congo and French Gabun. It has also been accidently introduced into Java, Sumatra and Brazil.
Ceratopogoninae from Dar-es-Salaam
Authors: Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

The following note records the Ceratopogoninae found in two collections of small insects made by Dr. J. F. Corson at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika Territory, East Africa, 1st to 20th September 1925. All the insects were taken between 5.30 p.m. and 6.30 p.m. on the windows of either the Bacteriological Laboratory or of a bungalow. We have pleasure in dedicating to the collector the single new species found.
An Examination of the Efficacy of Arsenical Solutions in the Reclamation of Tsetse Areas
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst , Hall G. Norman , Haddon E. C.
Published: July 2009

In October of last year the Acting Game Warden of Uganda, Mr. G. Maitland Warne, forwarded to one of us some newspaper cuttings that he had received from Dr. E. Warren, Director of the Natal Museum. These cuttings, from the Natal Mercury of 1st, 25th and 30th August, set forth an interesting correspondence about the tsetse-fly problem in Zululand, and embodied practical suggestions for control of the fly on a large scale. Some time before, Mr. Cooper, of Cooper's Dip fame, had visited us at Entebbe and discussed the possibility of carrying out experiments on the effect of feeding tsetse on animals regularly dipped in arsenical solutions, the question having been raised in South Africa whether dipping might not prove to be a practical means of controlling fly. At the time of Mr. Cooper's visit it was not possible to undertake the investigations desired, but the arrival of Mr. Warren's communication found us in a better position.
A Method for the Rearing of Egg Parasites of the Sugar-cane Moth-borers
Authors: Cleare L. D.
Published: July 2009

In 1921, when engaged on work on the small moth-borers of sugar-cane (Diatraea spp.), the writer devised the method and apparatus for the rearing of the egg-parasites (Trichogramma minutum, Riley, and Prophanurus alecto, Cwfd.) of these insects which is described hereafter. It was proposed at the time to investigate further this method of control of small moth-borers, but owing to the change in the writer's position it has not been possible since to do any extensive work in this direction. As the rearing of Trichogramma by this method has been practised since 1921 on a small scale on the two estates on which it was initiated, and has now been adopted in a modified form on two other sugar estates in the Colony, it has been considered desirable to give an account of the method and a description of the appliances used in the rearing of these egg-parasites.
Two new Species of Cicadulina, China (Homoptera, Jassidae) from the Gambia, West Africa
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

The genus Cicadulina was erected in 1926 (Bull. Ent. Res., xvii, p. 43) to hold C. zeae, a new species injurious to maize in Kenya Colony. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. T. J. Naudé, I have since been able to examine specimens of Balchitha mbila, Naudé, which has been recorded as transmitting the virus of streak disease of maize in Natal. This species is undoubtedly congeneric with C. zeae and differs from typical Balclutha species in the shape of the head and pronotum, and in the venation of the tegmina. It should, therefore, be known in future as Cicadulina mbila, Naudé.
Studies with Sweet Corn. The Frit Fly Problem
Authors: Haskell Gordon
Published: July 2009

All varieties of sweet corn, in the seedling stage, are susceptible to frit fly attacks in England.

Different open-pollinated, hybrid and inbred varieties differ in susceptibility to damage by frit, indicating a possible genetical basis for resistance. Some breeders have produced less susceptible types than others.

Susceptibility is not associated with adaptability or maturity (i.e., comparative earliness when whole rows were ready for picking) of varieties but there is indication that seed origin is of some importance.

Sowing sweet corn at different dates influences the severity of attack. Peaks vary according to variety and year but generally sowings late in May are preferable.

Distribution of attack on a crop is at random, although there is a suggestion that plants in stringers from a central mass are mere damaged in the direction of the prevailing wind but there is no regular decrease in incidence with distance from the central mass.

Methods of tackling the frit fly problem include growing sweet corn in frit free areas, timing sowing dates, using prophylactic measures and breeding more resistant strains on genetical principles.
Studies of the Responses of the FemaleAëdesMosquito. Part III. The Response ofAëdes aegypti(L.) to a Warm Body and its Radiation
Authors: Peterson D. G. , Brown A. W. A.
Published: July 2009

1. A warm object is more attractive to the female yellow-fever mosquito than a cooler object, such that the numbers touching a ball warmed to 100° or 110°F. were twice as great as those touching a ball 20°F. cooler. This attractiveness was reversed when the temperature of the warmer ball reached 120°F.

2. This response is eliminated by the insertion of an air-tight window of thallium bromoiodide, despite the fact that it allows almost all of the radiation to filter through. It is therefore concluded that heat convection, which is eliminated by the air-tight window, is the factor which makes a warm object attractive to the mosquito.

3. The several faces of a warm cube, differing in their radiant emissivity but identical as to surface temperature, exhibited attractancies toAëdeswhich were not significantly different one from another (except in the case of black enamel, which will be explained in a later paper). These results may be interpreted to indicate that radiation plays no part in the attraction of the mosquitos to the warm face.

4. It is concluded that the failure of Parker (1948) to obtain a positive response ofAëdesmosquitos to a warm dry object was due to the fact that his apparatus allowed only the radiant heat but not the convective heat to reach the insects.

5 Since the response ofAëdes aegyptito heat is eliminated by a window transparent to infra-red radiation, the theory of olfaction proposed by Beck and Miles (1947) evidently has no application to this species of mosquito.
Control of Humidity with Potassium Hydroxide, Sulphuric Acid, or other Solutions
Authors: Solomon M. E.
Published: July 2009

Methods of preparing solutions of graded density for the accurate control of atmospheric relative humidity are described, and some pitfalls in their use and in the use of saturated salt solutions are indicated.

For graded solutions of potassium hydroxide and of sulphuric acid, data from the International Critical Tables or more recent sources are used as the basis of tables giving the concentrations (wt.%) and densities corresponding to relative humidities in steps of 5 per cent. R.H. Sources of similar data for calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and glycerol solutions are given.

As an addition to the compilation of the available data on humidities in contact with various saturated salt solutions by O'Brien (1948), some more recent figures are quoted.
Predatory arthropods in cabbage terraces under different conditions in the Cordillera Region of Luzon, Philippines
Authors: Basedow Th.
Published: July 2009

Predatory arthropods on cabbage terraces were studied by square flooding and by pitfall trapping in January 1992, following a transect through the Cordillera Region of Luzon, with decreasing numbers of insecticidal sprays per year. Predator numbers were sampled along this transect per 4 m2and with 15 pitfall traps per site. The dry biomass of predators was also measured. The four sites studied were classified as two pairs, one with high input of insecticides and low predator numbers, low biomass and diversity, the other with low insecticidal input and high predator numbers, high biomass and diversity. The number of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) genera per 15 pitfall traps increased along the transect, showing that ants might be used as indicators of the insecticidal intensity for growing vegetables in the Luzon Cordillera Region. Compared with Europe, the potential abundance and diversity of predators in the Philippines proved to be very high. The reasons for the large differences between sites concerning abundance and diversity of predators are discussed, together with conclusions drawn from the findings presented.
Incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies on smallholder crops in Kenya
Authors: van den Berg H. , Cock M. J. W. , Oduor G. I. , Onsongo E. K.
Published: July 2009

Smallholder crops (sunflower, maize, sorghum and cotton) were grown in experimental plots at seven sites, representing different agricultural zones of Kenya, over four seasons. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (formerly Heliothis armigera) only occasionally achieved population densities sufficient to cause obvious damage to the crops, and was virtually absent from the coastal sites. At the inland sites, infestation and mortality levels varied greatly. Information is presented on the incidence of H. armigera, and the identity, distribution and frequency of its common parasitoids and (potential) predators, sampled in the experimental plots. Trichogrammatoidea spp., egg parasitoids, and Linnaemya longirostris (Macquart), a tachinid late-larval parasitoid, were the most common parasitoid species, but total percentage parasitism was rather low. Of the large complex of predators, only anthocorids and ants (predominantly Pheidole spp., Myrmicaria spp. and Camponotus spp.) were sufficiently common and widespread to be of importance in suppressing H. armigera. The abundance of predators fluctuated widely between sites, but anthocorids were most abundant at the western sites.
The influence of slow release PVC resin pheromone formulations on the mating behaviour and control of the cotton bollworm complex (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae and Noctuidae) in Pakistan
Authors: Chamberlain D. J. , Ahmad Z. , Attique M. R. , Chaudhry M. A.
Published: July 2009

Comparisons of infestation and damage levels by the cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Earias vittella (Fabricius) and E. insulana (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made in cotton fields treated with pheromones + insecticide, insecticides only, and untreated control plots, in Pakistan during the 1991 cotton season. Early to mid season control of these three pests by mating disruption in the pheromone + insecticide treated plots meant that an average reduction of 3.5 applications of insecticides was achieved when compared with the insecticide only treated plots to control the cotton pest complex. Night observations showed that there were far fewer adult moths visible in the pheromone + insecticide treated plots than in insecticide only treated plots. Adults of both sexes were much less active and did not mate as frequently as adults in the insecticide only plots.
Resource partitioning between two species of Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Echium plantagineum in a Mediterranean habitat
Authors: Forrester Guy J.
Published: July 2009

Two weevil species, Ceutorhynchus geographicus (Goeze) and C. larvatus Schultze, feed on Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae) in southern France. This paper shows that they do not compete for resources in the host's native environment. Niche overlaps of the two weevils were measured using the proportional overlap measure and Morisita's original index. The two species showed significant overlap in niche requirements during the egg and early larval stage. During the final two larval instars, larvae feed on different parts of the plant, C. geographicus in the tap root and C. larvatus in the root crown. Spatial separation in niche requirements is augmented by a temporal separation, C. larvatus emerging in the field about one month earlier than C. geographicus. In Europe and in Australia, to which E. plantagineum has been introduced and has become a serious weed, the host-plant has an extended germination period during the autumn. The differences in emergence times of the two species mean that their niches are separated both in time and in space. Should the two species be released into Australia they would not compete for resources. They may, however, be able to displace other species of the stemfeeding guild that are also proposed as candidates for the biological control of E. plantagineum.
The use of multiple regression via principal components in forecasting early season aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) flight
Authors: Howling G. G. , Harrington R. , Clark S. J. , Bale J. S.
Published: July 2009

The Rothamsted Insect Survey has kept records of aerial aphid activity using suction traps since 1965. Previous work has shown that, for certain species, there is a linear relationship between the date of first record in the trap each year and the mean temperature during the preceding winter. This paper describes and evaluates a more complex technique which relates the date of first record to a range of weather variables over 28 winter time periods. The technique uses principle components analysis to remove correlations between weather variables before these are regressed on the date of first record. Data from 1966 to 1988 inclusive are used to generate models to predict the date of first record of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) at Rothamsted, and the predictive values of models using both simple and multiple regression are assessed using data from 1989 to 1992. The accuracy of the multiple regression models was no greater than that of the simple regression models during these years. However, the multiple regression approach identified relationships with other variables for time periods when the correlation with mean temperature was weaker and may therefore be more widely applicable.
Effect of plant nitrogen and silica on the bionomics ofSesamia calamistis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Sétamou M. , Schulthess F. , Bosque-Pérez N. A. , Thomas-Odjo A.
Published: July 2009

The effects of nitrogen and silica application to maize plants on various aspects of the bionomics of the maize stem borer,Sesamia calamistisHampson, were studied in the laboratory. Increasing nitrogen doses significantly increased larval survival (from 18.7% (control) to 37.3% at 2.25 g N/plant), larval weight (from 49.0 mg (control) to 99.5 mg at 2.25 g N/plant), and female fecundity (from 77 eggs per female (control) to 365 eggs per female at 1.69 g N/plant). A significant, positive relationship was found between moth fecundity and female pupal weight. Nitrogen had no effect on larval and pupal developmental time but increased adult longevity. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, and the net reproductive rate, Ro, were positively related to leaf and stem nitrogen, while generation time, G, was negatively related. Silica had the opposite effect from nitrogen on larval survival. Increasing silica supply reduced ultimate larval survival from 26.0% (control) to 4.0% at 0.56 g Si/plant. Immature developmental time, larval and pupal weight, pupal survival, female fecundity, egg viability and adult longevity ofS. calamistiswere not affected by silica application.
A new Gall Midge Predator of Mealybugs, Coccomyza donaldi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Pritchard A. Earl
Published: July 2009

During a study of the natural enemies of mealybugs that transmit a virus causing swollen shoot disease of cacao, R. G. Donald submitted specimens representing a new species of the gall midge genus Coccomyza. This species is here described to provide a name for use in connection with the biological work.
The Culicidae of Sardinia and Corsica (Diptera)
Authors: Aitken Thomas H. G.
Published: July 2009

Field observations on the Culicidaeof Sardinia and Corsica were undertaken in 1944, during the period 1946 to 1950, and again in 1952. A total of 52 species are recorded as being present, 46 of which are known from Corsica and 35 (exclusive of Dixinae) from Sardinia. The faunal list of the latter island has been increased by 20 new records and that of Corsica by three. The total number of species by genus is as follows:Dixa(7),Chaoborus(3),Anopheles(12),Uranotaenia(1),Culiseta(6),Orthopodomyia(1),Taeniorhynchus(2),Aëdes(12), andCulex(8).

The previously unknown male ofTaeniorhynchus buxtoniEdwards is described from Sardinian material.Culiseta litorea(Shute), heretofore known only from England, was found in two localities in Sardinia.Aëdes vittatus(Bigot) was rediscovered in Corsica, 83 years after its original description.

Keys are given to subfamilies, genera and species. Critical notes on species differentiation are included and biological characteristics briefly discussed.
Notes on the Discovery and Biology of Glossina brevipalpis Newst. in the Mosso Region (Urundi)
Authors: Berghe L. Van den , Lambrecht F. L.
Published: July 2009

Glossina brevipalpis Newst. is recorded for the first time in Ruanda-Urundi, where it has been found in the riverine forest of the upper Malagarasi river in the south-east of the territory.

Resting places of both male and female flies have been found to be on tree trunks, between six and twelve feet up, in heavily shaded riverine thickets.

The species is clearly crepuscular. It is suggested that the male's habit of resting on paths toward sunset is due to thermotropism rather than to phototropism, or that it may be related to passage of game.

Numerous puparia have been found in a late-dry-season breeding ground; these have hatched readily.

The animals encountered near the habitat of G. brevipalpis.

Infections by trypanosomes have been found in proboscis, gut and salivary glands, but experiments on transmission of these trypanosomes from the wild flies to goat, guineapig and rabbit have thus far failed. Research is at present being carried on to determine the nature of the trypanosomes, of which there are probably several.
Quantities of Food eaten by the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.), in Relation to Growth
Authors: Davey P. M.
Published: July 2009

The weight of fresh grass eaten bySchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.) on each day of its development from hatching until maturation of the adults was investigated. Hoppers in all instars ate on the average about one gram per gram body-weight per day on the middle days of the instars and the adults ate approximately half-a-gram per gram body-weight each day. The percentage of food assimilated, calculated from the dry faeces and estimated dry weight of food eaten, falls from about 78 in the first to 35 in the fifth instar. There were some indication that the food consumption per hopper increases with the number of hoppers per cage.

The weight of wheat bran eaten by hoppers was also investigated. The amount eaten by hoppers on the middle day of the first instar is approximately the same, in relation to their body weight, as that eaten per day just before and just after moulting by those in the fourth and fifth instars. More is eaten in the middle of these instars.

Measurements of weights and lengths of males and females in the hopper instars and of the weights of adults showed that in the course of their development females become progressively heavier and larger than males. The weight of a newly-hatched hopper is about 10 mg.; a female fledgling weighs about 2 gm. and a male 1·5 gm. Hoppers are approximately 1 cm. long on hatching, and males on reaching maturity are about 4·5 cm. long and females about 5.0 cm.
Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newst. in Lake-side and in Riverine Forest
Authors: Glasgow J. P.
Published: July 2009

Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newst. was studied in lake-side forest in north-east Lake Victoria and in riverine forest on the Kuja river, which runs into Lake Victoria. Climatic records are given. Trees counts were made in fifty acres of lake-side forest.

Populations of G. palpalis exhibit long-term fluctuations which are not annual and not related to season. On the lake shore, the density of G. palpalis is roughly correlated with the width of the forest, being least where the forest is narrow. In a block 2,200 yeards along the shore by 100 yards wide (this was the widest forest studied) the population was 4,600 non-teneral males. The mean catch along the 2,200 yards of shore was 78 non-teneral males. Calculated on an area basis, this is more than ten times the population which would be inferred from the same catch of G. morsitans or G. swynnertoni. The mean death-rate in this isolated block was 26 per cent. per week, and the mean length of life was 27 days.

Analysis of catches indicates that riverine G. palpalis are always more hungry than those on the lake shore, for the percentages of tenerals, of females, and of males attacking, are all higher on the river. Catches from a boat produce more females but fewer males than land catches. Carrying a screen produced more females on some occasions, but not on others, the discrepancy being unexplained.
An Investigation of the Distribution and Field Habits of the Varied Carpet Beetle, Anthrenus verbasci (L.) (Col., Dermestidae) in Britain, with comparative Notes on A. fuscus Ol. and A. museorum (L.)
Authors: Woodroffe G. E. , Southgate B. J.
Published: July 2009

Conclusions concerning the distribution and field habits of Anthrenus verbasci (L.), A. fuscus Ol. and A. museorum (L.), are based upon the results of three surveys.

The first survey comprised the collection of adults of Anthrenus from attractive flowers, e.g., hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium, in various localities furing June and July. This showed that:—

A. Verbasci occurred in large numbers only in the suburban areas of south-east England, extending also to the west along the south coast.

A. fuscus was generally distributed in all types of locality in the south reaching a peak abundance in the vicinity of farms. Its members diminished rapidly towards the north.

A. museorum occurred in small numbers only, often accompanying A. fuscus.

The second survey comprised the collection of larvae from natural habitats and included results from an earlier survey of certain birds' nests. This showed that:—

A. verbasci was characteristically an inhabitant of dry birds' nests.

A. fuscus was usually found feeding on dead insects around spiders' webs, under the bark of trees, etc.

A. museorum occurred in small numbers in company with A. fuscus.

The habitat difference between A. verbasci and A. fuscus was sharply defined. Only very rarely was one sspecies found in the habitat typical of the other.
Responses of Pests to Fumigation. V.—The Toxicity of the free and sorbed Vapours of BHC and DDT to some Insects infesting Stored Products
Authors: Maqsud Nasir M.
Published: July 2009

Both p, p′DDT and a sample of commerical DDT have been compared with γ BHC as insecticides acting in the vapour phase. Both the direct fumigant action of the insecticides and the toxicity of the vapours sorbed on to stored products have been examined. After storage in atmosphere saturated with the vapours for six months, wheat retained sufficient of all three insecticides to control adults of Calandra graria (L.) and inhibit the develpment of larval Sitotroga ceraalella (Ol.). This control and inhibition was complete for BHC, and stronger for commercial than for p, p′DDT. Similar results were obtained when the insecticides sorbed on flour were tested using the eggs or larvae of Tribolium confusum Duv., or when fumigated groundnut kernels were tested against T. confusum, but such groundnut produced little toxic action against Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.).
The Crambine Genera Diatraea and Xanthopherne (Lep., Pyral.)
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

The present paper is the result of studies begun privately by the writer shortly after his return from South America in February 1930. The subsequent continuation and conclusion of the task was made possible through the authorities of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, to whom, especially the Director, Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., F.R.S., the writer is gratefully indebted for his appointment, in a temporary capacity, at the Farnham House Laboratory, as from 1st August. It was considered that a final revision of the American forms of the groups here considered would be a useful contribution to the West Indian investigations on sugar-cane insects being conducted on behalf of the Institute by Dr. J. G. Myers. At the laboratory the writer found conditions ideal for the prosecution of such work, and he desires to acknowledge his appreciation of the continuous help and encouragement received from the Superintendent, Dr. W. R. Thompson, and his colleagues there, among whom Dr. G. Salt deserves a special word of thanks for his never-failing generosity in offering friendly advice and practical aid, both of which, it must be confessed, have been frequently needed.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

Eurytoma verbena, sp. n.

♀♂. Black ; abdomen sometimes a little reddish on the sides. Antennae dark brown ; pedicel slightly yellow below. Wings whitish, with the veins very clear yellow. Legs with coxae and femora black, the latter sometimes a little reddish ; tibiae red in the middle, often mixed with black, especially at the hind tibiae ; knees, base and tip of tibiae, and the tarsi whitish.

♀. Head rugulose, face covered with white ciliae, with a carina between the base of antennae and the clypeus, and weaker striae diverging from the mouth. Antennal furrow rather deep, bordered by a carina and reaching almost to the median ocellus. Cheeks as long as half the length of the eyes, finely rugulose. Antennae inserted in the middle of the face ; scape short, reaching very little beyond the top of the antennal furrow ; pedicel not longer than broad ; annelli very small ; funicle joints longer than broad, the 1st almost twice, the 2nd about 1·5 times longer than broad, the following gradually shorter.

Thorax more strongly sculptured than the head, reticulate. Scutellum protruding a little above the postscutellum, which is hidden, and the propodeon ; this latter, seen from the side, has the posterior margin almost vertical. Mesopleurae finely punctate, with some short horizontal striae ; episternum transversely striate, but the striae not reaching to the hind margin, along which it is punctate, like the mesopleurae.
Notes on the Bionomics of Anopheles elutus, Edw. (Dipt., Culic.)
Authors: Mer G.
Published: July 2009

(1) A. elutus females in Palestine show seasonal variations of fertility, but these do not appear to explain fully the distribution of adults throughout the year.

(2) Females of the overwintering generations show low fertility. This depends probably on conditions of larval life.

(3) The seasonal changes in the egg of A. elutus in Palestine are due to temperature variations. It is suggested that these changes are protective adaptations against cold in winter and excessive heat and irradiation in summer.

(4) The entering of the hibernation stage of A. elutus in Palestine cannot be considered as a pure consequence of the low temperature in autumn, since spring activity begins at a much lower temperature.

(5) During hibernation the females feed, but do not bring eggs to maturity ; the blood is used for fat accumulation.

(6) During the second half of the hibernation period the females lose their reserve materials.

(7) Full fat females starved in the laboratory lose their fat-body reserves, and simultaneously their ovaries develop to stage 2. Under the prevailing temperature the process requires about 3 weeks.

(8) A slow development of the ovary is going on during hibernation, but never proceeds beyond the second stage. The ovaries in a large percentage of females reach this stage at all times when reactivity occurs at the end of the hibernation period.
On the recent Swarming of Locusta migratorioides, R. & F.
Authors: Lean Owen B.
Published: July 2009

The present paper attempts to summarise the information collected by the Imperial Institute of Entomology on the swarming of migratorioides in Africa.

It is concluded that the outbreaks in West, Central and East Africa are all interrelated and probably originated in one or at most two permanent breeding-grounds.

The area most suspected is the lake district of the middle Niger, where conditions seem suitable for the formation of the swarming phase. Lake Chad is probably a secondary rather than a permanent breeding-ground.

It is indicated that the key to the problem of the cause of the original outbreak may be found in the study of recent variations in the water régime of the River Niger.

Should these suppositions be substantiated, we are well on the way towards a solution of the problem. The ultimate control of the locusts depends not on control during the swarming periods, but upon preventing the swarming phase from developing in the permanent breeding-grounds.

It is therefore important to check and augment the records of the early swarms in West Africa and more important still, to study the behaviour of the locust, its ecology, and the water régime in the suspected areas.

In conclusion the author wishes to acknowledge the constant help and advice of Mr. B. P. Uvarov. His thanks are also due to Mr. H. B. Johnston for his permission to make use of his paper in manuscript.
The Pseudopupa and the last larval Instar of Epicauta erythrocephala, Pall. (Col. Meloidae)
Authors: Yakhontov V. V.
Published: July 2009

The pseudopupa and last larval instar of Epicauta erythrocephala, Pall., have remained undescribed up to the present, although the economic importance of the insect is very great, the beetle being an important pest of many cultivated plants and its larva a parasite of locust egg-pods. These stages are, however, figured in the work of I. Portchinsky, published in 1914, but in the figure of the pseudopupa the stigmata on the three thoracic segments are omitted.

During investigations made in early spring (1926–1927) in the environment of Old Bukhara, I found a great quantity of the pseudopupae and larvae of the last instar of E. erythrocephala in the soil. In the early spring of 1929 the same instars were reared in the insectary of the Agricultural Experimental Station at Shirabudin (Old Bukhara).
The Relationship between Glossina morsitans and the Evaporation Rate
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

In a recent paper by the writer (Bull. Ent. Res., xxi, 1930, pp. 201–256) it was shown that the apparent fly density varied according to season. It has now been found that these seasonal variations in the fly density can be correlated with the evaporation rate.

The accompanying graph shows the mean monthly evaporation rate, and the mean monthly apparent fly density. The evaporation rate figures have been obtained from a Livingston atmometer at the Kikori Entomological Station. The fly figures have been taken from the North-East Kikori Round, because this fly-round is not subjected to large game movements and hence is considered to be the best for demonstrating the correlation between fly density and season.

The graph deals with a period of eighteen months, and it is clear that a relationship does exist between the two curves.

In June and July 1929, the fly density was at its maximum. Hence it is reasonable to postulate that, at this time, the evaporation rate was suited to the requirements of the fly community.
Four new Species of Ichneumonoidea
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

Glypta leucotretae, sp. n.

♀♂ Dark red ; head and antennae (except as follows), pro- and mesosternum to a greater or less extent, hind legs entirely (except as follows), apical third or fourth of the 4th tergite, the succeeding tergites, and the ovipositor sheaths, black ; apical joint of the scape, the extreme base and extreme apex of the hind femora, the extreme bases of the hind tarsal joints, and the hind tibial spurs, reddened ; the four anterior legs (except as follows), and the palpi, more or less red testaceous ; the clypeus, mandibles (except the teeth), scape below (in one ♂ specimen), the coxae and trochanters of the four anterior legs, a large elongate spot occupying the basal half of the dorsal surface of the hind coxae, the pronotum, the propleurae narrowly along their upper margin, and the wing-insertions of the fore-wings (but not the tegulae), white ; the ventrites and the ovipositor very pale ; stigma and wing-veins uniformly opaque brown.
On the Occurrence in the Sudan of Locusta migratorioides, Rch. & Frm., and its associated Phases
Authors: Johnston H. B. , Maxwell-Darling R. C.
Published: July 2009

One of the most remarkable features of the locust season during the summer and autumn of 1930 in the Sudan was the unexpected and widespread occurrence of Locusta migratorioides, R. & F. Swarms, which laid eggs over a large extent of the country, entered from the west and south-west during July and August. There is no evidence of any of these swarms having been produced within the Sudan, and the place of origin of all the early swarms was without doubt situated outside its boundaries. There is evidence that breeding continued later in the southern portions of the country, particularly in the upper reaches of the White Nile (N. Lat. 5°), and movements of swarms were reported during the winter, but no reliable observations were made on the nature or extent of these activities. Only one brood was produced in the northern and central Sudan (probably north of N. Lat. 11°), and by October all locusts bred in these parts had either migrated away in swarms or had scattered. Migration took place in the case of the gregarious phase produced by large bands of hoppers. Where, however, bands of hoppers had been broken up by poisoning, or in cases where the bands were very small, the adults did not migrate. The absence of further breeding in the northern Sudan must be connected with the absence of winter rains and suitable vegetation.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.)
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Aedophronus echinatus, sp. n. (Pl. xxi, fig. 2).

Derm black, with dense brown scaling, usually with an indefinite mottling of darker and paler scales ; the inflexed margins of the elytra fuscous.

Head not very convex, with the median stria extending to the vertex and the anterior transverse stria slightly curved ; the infra-ocular margin much narrower than the base of the scape and not projecting ; the setae short, stout and curved backwards ; the eyes comparatively large, highest much behind the middle, and with the hind margin devoid of scaling. Rostrum longer than the head (5·5 : 4), much shorter than its basal width (5·5 : 7·5), narrowed in front, straight at the sides, with a shallow impression on the apical half and with no median carina ; the marginal carina of the epistome obtuse but distinct. Prothorax transverse (3·5 : 6), strongly rounded at the sides, widest at the middle, subtruncate at the apex, which is only slightly narrower than the base ; the dorsum with an abbreviated median stria on the basal half and bearing on the disk short curved setae like those on the head, the lateral ones much longer, stout, straight and pointed (when unbroken), the longest being about as long as the scape.
Field Spraying with undiluted Paraffin Extracts of Pyrethrum againstAntestiaandLyguson Coffee in Kenya
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H.
Published: July 2009

The application of an undiluted paraffin extract of pyrethrum for controllingAntestiaandLygus simonyion coffee trees is described.

(1) The spray is applied with a small hand “ atomiser,” using 20 cc. of extract to a tree, and spraying under a cloth cover.

(2) Tables are given with detailed figures in which the different methods of application may be compared. The kill ofAntestiabrought down by the most favourable method is 99%.

(3) The proportion of insects brought down by the spray is in the neighbourhood of 96%. It appears that in practice a kill not much below 95% should be possible.

(4) Of theLyguson trees sprayed, 99% were brought down and the kill of these was complete.

(5) The method is a dual control forAntestiaandLygus, and examples are given of trees sprayed when both these insects were present in serious numbers.

(6) An experimental field spraying againstLygusis described in detail. It was shown that the numbers ofLyguscould be kept below two to a tree by this spraying, and the proportion of fruit set on the sprayed block to that on the control was 3 : 2, indicating an increase of about 8 cwt. an acre.

(7) The technique of the experimental sprayings, by which the detailed figures in the tables were obtained, is described. It is believed that these methods will be of more extended value in the experimental testing of sprays in the field.
The Larvae of some Wood-boring Anobiidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Parkin E. A.
Published: July 2009

In this paper, an attempt has been made to describe the external morphology of eight species of larvae belonging to the family Anobiidae with a view to constructing keys for the identification of these larvae and providing descriptions by which identification can be definitely confirmed. Two keys have been drawn up for use according to whether whole larvae or mounted preparations of parts of larvae are being examined. Notes have been added at the end of the description of each larva giving particulars as to its habitat and points for comparison from the descriptions of other workers.

One point of interest that arises from the foregoing descriptions is that Hedobia, which has usually in the past been classified as a member of the family Ptinidae is definitely an Anobiid when the structure of the larva is considered.

In conclusion, I should like to thank Mr. R. S. Pearson, C.I.E., F.L.S., Director, Forest Products Research, for permission to publish this report.
Some Traps for Tsetse-flies
Authors: Swynnerton C. F. M.
Published: July 2009

1. More than twenty new forms and variations of tsetse traps are described in this paper for trial, and rejection or improvement, by other investigators. The species of tsetse-flies that they have been tested against have been palpalis, pallidipes, morsitans and swynnertoni.

2. The reactions of the various tsetse-flies to different forms of trap vary in a marked manner. Thus a trap (the Harris) that is excellent for pallidipes has appeared less good, though fair, for palpalis, poor (except at one season) for morsitans, and useless for swynnertoni. Another (the SS and the SSB) is particularly excellent for palpalis, excellent for pallidipes, mediocre for swynnertoni, and perfectly useless for morsilans.

3. Tsetses, pallidipes in particular of the two species tested, have been found to react also most strongly to the scent of an invisible animal placed in a trap. It is not known yet whether this attracts at a distance or is merely a close-range attraction, inciting the flies that have arrived in any case to such effort as takes them in larger numbers into the traps, but the latter does undoubtedly happen.

4. If the attraction be long-range, the flies do not readily distinguish between the source of the odour and conspicuous objects within its range. They go to and into a trap, even a trap that usually does not catch them, in greatly enhanced numbers when cattle are in its neighbourhood.
The insect Parasites of the Carrot Fly, Psila rosae, Fab.
Authors: Wright D. W. , Geering Q. A. , Ashby D. G.
Published: July 2009

Four insect parasites of the carrot fly have been encountered and of these three have been identified as Dacnusa gracilis, Loxotropa tritoma, and Aleochara sparsa. The fourth is a member of the genus Kleidotoma, species not yet ascertained.

The life-history, development and host relations of D. gracilis and L. tritoma are given together with data on their distribution and range of parasitism.

L. tritoma also occurs as a hyperparasite of D. gracilis but this appears to be quite fortuitous.

Experimental evidence is brought forward to show that the first instar larva of L. tritoma goes into a diapause in early July, that a period at a low temperature is necessary to break this and hence development is only completed in the following spring.

A description is given of the three larval stages of A. sparsa.

Brief reference is made to the Kleidotoma sp. which appears to be of rare occurrence.
Physiological and ecological Studies on the Species of Capnodis in Palestine (Col., Buprestidae)
Authors: Rivnay E.
Published: July 2009

The following discussion is devoted chiefly to toxicological studies, but in order to make the picture more complete, other methods of control of Capnodis and their practicability in the light of the studies presented in three earlier papers will first be referred to briefly.
The excitant and repellent Effects on Mosquitos of sub-lethal Contacts with DDT
Authors: Kennedy J. S.
Published: July 2009

1. Mosquitos often recover completely after showing the preliminary symptoms of DDT poisoning.

2. The effect of contact with DDT on the activity and distribution of mosquitos has been studied in a small cage, exposure times being kept below that necessary to kill the insects.

3. The duration of single resting periods on DDT-treated surfaces was several times shorter than resting periods on untreated surfaces, provided the mosquitos had had no recent access to DDT.

4. Mosquitos that had been in recent contact with DDT rested only slightly longer on untreated than on DDT-treated surfaces.

5. Mosquitos excited by DDT moved preferentially toward light.
Aphanus (Hem., Lygaeidae) in stored Ground-nuts
Authors: Corby H. D. L.
Published: July 2009

A bug identified as Aphanus littoralis, Dist., but believed to be synonymous with A. sordidus, F., was found infesting stored ground-nuts at Yola, Nigeria. It had not hitherto attracted attention in this country, but was found later to be recognised by native farmers as associated with ground-nut plants drying in the fields at harvest.

The nuts concerned were in war emergency mud and thatch stores which were much cooler than the (uninfested) corrugated-iron stores normally used. This difference is believed to have favoured the infestation.

The adults and nymphs cause damage by sucking the oil from the kernels. Loss of weight and germinative power, and development of free fatty acids and rancid and bitter taste follow. It was found, however, that bugs could not penetrate more than three inches or so into the bulked kernels, so damage was not extensive.
The Biology of the Parasites of Loxostege sticticalis, L., in North America—Bracon vulgaris (Cress.) (Braconidae, Agathinae)
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

In a previous paper (Simmonds 1946*) the biology of Phytodietus pulcherrimus (Cress.), a parasite of Loxostege sticticalis, L., the sugar-beet web-worm, has been described. This paper will be devoted to the habits and life-history of another important parasite of Loxostege in North America, Bracon vulgaris (Cress.). This species appears to be confined to the American continent, all of the records being from Canada and the U.S.A. It has been reared only from Loxostege sticticalis, L., and L. commixtalis, Wlk. From the former species it has been recorded by Paddock (1912), Swenk (1918), Jones, Hoerner and Corkins (1921), Pepper and Hastings (1941), and Simmonds (1946); from the latter species by Hoerner (1933). During the present work it has been reared from L. sticticalis, material from both Montana and Alberta.
The Malaria Problem in Mauritius: the Bionomics Of Mauritian Anophelines
Authors: Jepson W. F. , Moutia A. , Courtois C.
Published: July 2009

1. A sketch is given of the Malaria Control Organisation in Service areas in Mauritius with a summarised history of malaria work in the Island since the first epidemic in 1865.

2. Keys to Mauritian Anophelines and their larvae with notes on their field recognition characters are followed by data on the distribution of adult Anophelines in the Colony and their relation to malaria intensity in different areas. A. melas appears to be absent from coastal swamps.

3. The influence of a number of environmental factors is discussed. It is concluded that temperature is an important limiting factor generally in winter and perennially in the highlands (above 1,000 ft.), but that the flushing action of heavy rains and probably the precipitation of food supply by colloidal iron moving under high rainfall conditions (over 100 ins.) from ferrugineous lavas both play their part in the natural control of A. funestus and A. gambiae.

The behaviour of A. gambiae with respect to temperature is expressed by an area enclosed by two symmetrical catenary curves, that illustrate well the adverse influence on development of low temperatures normally occurring in winter on the coast and all the year round in the residential uplands above 1,000 ft. The thermal death point of A. gambiae larvae is about 42°C. and that of A. funestus 40°C. and the lower limit of larval activity is 16·5°C. A. gambiae develops most rapidly at an estimated temperature of about 37°C.
New and little-known East African Culicidae
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

Collections recently received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, chiefly from Natal, have brought to light several interesting new forms in this group of flies, and their study has yielded certain unlooked for results which it appears desirable to place on record, together with descriptions of the new species, the types of which have been presented by the Bureau to the British Museum. The opportunity has been taken of publishing revised keys to the African species of Banksinetta and Taeniorhynchus.
New Species of Chalcidoidea from Ceylon
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

All the species described in this paper were obtained at Peradeniya, Ceylon, by Mr. A. Rutherford, the Government Entomologist, and were forwarded by him to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology for identification. In every case the types are deposited in the British Museum.
Breeding the House-fly (Musca domestica, L.) in the Laboratory
Authors: Basden E. B.
Published: July 2009

Since December, 1942, a supply of adult house-flies, averaging approximately 2,500 a day, has been required in this Laboratory for experimental work on fly sprays. The production in quantity of insects suitable for such use is by no means a straightforward matter and a considerable amount of work was undertaken before a satisfactory technique was established.