bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Belchem and Neville Kirk, eds., Languages of Labour. Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate, 1997. vii + 222 pp. $68.95 cloth Neville Kirk, Change, Continuity and Class: Labour in British Society, 1850–1920. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998. vi + 228 pp. $79.95 cloth; $24.95 paper.
Authors: Jaffe James A.
Published: July 2002

The field of debate over the value of postmodernism for the practice of
history by now has become littered with the remains of so many alleged
authorities that even General Douglas Haig might quail before such a prospect.
Cynicism is perhaps the best defense against the assaults being launched from
both sides of this new no man's land. However, every so often, one
contribution to such ritual bloodlettings acts as a flare to reveal the
importance of the issues at stake at the same time as it cogently analyzes the
arguments and assumptions underlying the controversy. Of the books and articles
under review here, perhaps none will be of greater importance to historians than
Richard Price's chapter on “Postmodernism as Theory and
History” in John Belchem's and Neville Kirk's edited volume,
Languages of Labour, which does just that.
The limits of neorealism: understanding security in Central Asia
Authors: MENON RAJAN , SPRUYT HENDRIK
Published: July 2002

This paper specifies the conditions for conflict in Central Asia. Given Russian preponderance this should be an easy case for neorealism. But we demonstrate that the consequences of Russia's superior power will depend on the nature of its regime and domestic stability in Central Asia. The type of nationalism, the robustness of political institutions, and the success or failure of economic reform will be critical conditions for Central Asian stability. The paper also evaluates the prospects for conflict resolution and prevention.
Motion and structure for vision-based navigation
Authors: Sagüés C. , Guerrero J.J.
Published: July 2002

This paper aims to develop a complete algorithm to determine the robot motion and the scene structure using a monocular vision system. It is based on straight lines and significant points extracted on them. In this way, an agreement between the problems to extract or to match points and the limitations of infinite lines to compute structure and motion is established. Many geometrical relations of the lines in the scene are exploited to clear up the coupling between the rotation and the translation of the camera. Several real images have been used to validate the proposed method. The algorithm has been considered for navigation of a mobile robot moving in man-made environments.
ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF CESAREAN SECTION RATE ON HEALTH OUTCOME
Authors: Eckerlund Ingemar , Gerdtham Ulf-G.
Published: July 2002

This paper tests the null hypothesis of a zero effect of cesarean section
rate on health outcome against the alternative of a positive effect. Using
data from 59 hospitals in Sweden from 1988–92, we specify two separate
linear regression models for health outcome, one with perinatal mortality, and
the other with rate of asphyxia, as dependent variable. We estimate the models
by single-year cross-section regressions and as pooled data systems. The null
hypothesis cannot be rejected, i.e., we do not find any significant positive
effect of cesarean section rate on health outcome. Thus, we conclude that an
increase in cesarean section rate does not imply lower perinatal mortality or
lower rate of asphyxia. This in turn indicates that the minimum cesarean
section rate is optimal.
Mycorrhizal dependency, inoculum potential and habitat preference of native woody species in South Brazil
Authors: Zangaro W. , Bononi V. L. R. , Trufen S. B.
Published: July 2002

Seedlings from 43 native woody species belonging to different successional groups from the Tibagi River Basin, Paraná State, South Brazil were studied to obtain information on the importance of colonization by native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse for 15 to 45 wk, with soil-mix treatments and four successional groups. The mycorrhizal dependency was 90, 48, 12 and 14% of the pioneer, early secondary, late secondary and climax species, respectively. The content of P, Ca and K was 20, 17 and 23 times greater, respectively, in the leaves of the pioneer species than in the other successional groups. The colonization by AM fungi in field was studied in seedlings of 36 native woody species collected in the interior of the forest of the Mata dos Godoy State Park, and in open area at the beginning of arboreal succession. The mycorrhizal colonization in the field was 55.5, 26.9, 6.1 and 2.2% for the pioneer, early secondary, late secondary and climax species, respectively. To assess the mycorrhizal inoculum potential, rhizosphere soil was collected in the interior of the forest and a gap in the same forest and in a cleared area abandoned for natural regeneration. The inoculum potentials and the spore number in the area at the beginning of succession were 5.6 and 53.4 times greater than in the interior of the forest. The results show that the initial growth of the woody species which take part in the initial phases of succession may be more dependent on the AM fungi, in soils poor in minerals, while those that make up the final succession phases may be less dependent. The potential of the AM fungi inoculum decreases throughout the successional process and there is a relation between the inoculum potential found in the field and the occurrence for the different habitats of the species of adult plants belonging to different successional groups.
Determinants of institutionalization of
orphans in a nineteenth-century Dutch town
Authors: VAN SOLINGE HANNA , WALHOUT EVELIEN , VAN POPPEL FRANS
Published: July 2002

Until late in the nineteenth century a considerable proportion of Dutch
children had lost one or both parents by the time they reached adulthood.
This was a consequence of low life expectancy, the high age at which
reproduction started (partly due to late marriage) and high fertility within
marriage. For the Netherlands in the period 1850 to 1900, the proportion
of persons aged 20 or less who had lost one of their parents is estimated
between 8 and 11 per cent; another 1 to 2 per cent had lost both parents.
Despite the fact that orphanhood was a very common phenomenon in
earlier centuries, little is known about how orphans in the past fared
materially and psychologically, and our knowledge about the consequences
of orphanhood, in particular full orphanhood, for the child is
restricted. Only a general impression from diaries, letters, autobiographers
and similar sources can be obtained. It is very difficult to acquire
information on orphans – especially those outside institutions – from the
customary demographic sources. Information on the effects of institutional
care for orphans and their ‘institutional careers’ is also very limited,
mainly as a result of the lack of good, individual-level data indicating the
age, occupation or family background of inmates at the time of their
admission or exit.
Ambitions, ‘family-centredness’ and
expenditure patterns in a changing
urban class structure: Tokyo in the
early twentieth century
Authors: NAKAGAWA KIYOSHI
Published: July 2002

Well before the onset of industrialization, Edo was one of the biggest cities
in the world, with a population of one million or more by the beginning
of the eighteenth century. For next 150 years, until just before Edo
changed its name to Tokyo in 1868, it is believed that Edo maintained this
population level of one million, with about a half of the population being
samurai and their families. In 1872, having seen a massive exodus of ex-shogunal retainers and their families, triggered by the collapse of the
Tokugawa shogunate and the social and political uncertainties that
followed, Tokyo's population stood at just 580,000, close to half the
previous size. In addition, it is believed, the city's administrative
functions were rapidly deteriorating. The population began to recover
from about 1880 and exceeded the one-million mark in the 1890s. In other
words, as many as half a million people migrated to Tokyo during this
twenty-year period. In 1908 when a population survey was taken, the total
population was then 1,626,000, and the number of people, particularly
males, in each of the age groups 15–19, 20–24 and 25–29 was greater than
the number in the 5–9 or the 10–14 group. There is a marked contrast with
the situation in the late 1860s when the 20–24 group was smaller than the
10–14 or the 15–19 group. This survey suggests that many of the migrants
who arrived at Tokyo in the period of growth were male, young and,
probably, unmarried.
PRICING EXOTIC OPTIONS
Authors: Ross Sheldon M. , Shanthikumar J. George
Published: July 2002

We show that if the payoff of a European option is
a convex function of the prices of the security at a
fixed set of times, then the geometric Brownian motion
risk neutral option price is increasing in the volatility
of the security. We also give efficient simulation procedures
for determining the no-arbitrage prices of European barrier,
Asian, and lookback options.
ON A POISSON HYPERBOLIC STAIRCASE
Authors: Levikson Benny , Rolski Tomasz , Weiss Gideon
Published: July 2002

We consider a process that starts at height y,
stays there for a time X0 ∼ exp(y)
when it drops to a level Z1 ∼
U(0, y). Thereafter it stays at level
Zn for time Xn
∼ exp(Zn), then drops
to a level Zn+1 ∼
U(0,Zn). We investigate properties of
this process, as well as the Poisson hyperbolic process which
is obtained by randomizing the starting point y
of the above process. This process is associated with a
rate 1 Poisson process in the positive quadrant: Its path
is the minimal RCLL decreasing step function through Poisson
points in the positive quadrant. The finite dimensional
distributions are then multivariate exponential in sense
of Marshall-Olkin.
ON THE SPECTRAL GAP OF A TIME REVERSIBLE MARKOV CHAIN
Authors: François Olivier
Published: July 2002

We give a new bound on the spectral gap of an ergodic
time reversible Markov chain in term of the conductance
of the chain.
COUNTEREXAMPLES TO A CONJECTURE ON BOUNDS FOR THE LOSS PROBABILITY
IN FINITE-BUFFER QUEUES
Authors: Zhao Yiqiang Q.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we provide counterexamples to a conjecture,
made by Miyazawa and Tijms (1993), on the upper and lower bounds
for the loss probability in finite-buffer queues.
COMPUTING CALL ADMISSION CAPACITIES IN LINEAR NETWORKS
Authors: Coffman E. G. , Feldmann Anja , Kahale Nabil , Poonen Bjorn
Published: July 2002

We study call admission rates in a linear communication
network with each call identified by an arrival time, duration,
bandwidth requirement, and origin-destination pair. Network
links all have the same bandwidth capacity, and a call
can be admitted only if there is sufficient bandwidth available
on every link along the call's path. Calls not admitted
are held in a queue, in contrast to the protocol of loss
networks. We determine maximum admission rates (capacities)
under greedy call allocation rules such as First Fit and
Best Fit for several baseline models and prove that the
natural necessary condition for stability is sufficient.
We establish the close connections between our new problems
and the classic problems of bin packing and interval packing.
In view of these connections, it is surprising to find
that Best Fit allocation policies are inferior to First
Fit policies in the models studied.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF TEACHERS'
LANGUAGE AND COMPREHENSION IN THE ACQUISITION OF INTERMEDIATE
JAPANESE.Hiroshi Matsumoto. Lanham, MD: University Press of America,
1998. Pp. xvi + 221. $32.50 paper.
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko
Published: July 2002

This book explores and aims to elucidate the process of Japanese language acquisition by
English-speaking students. More specifically, it examines the effects of various types of
teachers' language on comprehension among American university students studying
intermediate Japanese.
ACQUIRING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE FROM
TEXTBOOKS. Lies Sercu. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2000.
Pp. 425. 1,100 BF paper.
Authors: Hall Joan Kelly
Published: July 2002

Recently, classroom-based foreign language learning, particularly as practiced in Europe, has
begun moving from a focus on teaching for communicative competence to teaching for
intercultural communicative competence. Like communicative competence, intercultural
communicative competence includes the knowledge and abilities needed to participate in
communicative activities in which the target language is the primary communicative code and in
situations where it is the common code for those with different preferred languages. It also
includes cognitive and affective skills and behaviors needed to engage in unfamiliar encounters
with culturally different interlocutors, to negotiate one's cultural identities in light of
one's roles in these encounters, and to understand the norms and assumptions underlying
the various communicative activities on one's own terms.
TENSE AND ASPECT IN DISCOURSE.Co Vet & Carl Vetters
(Eds.). Berlin: de Gruyter, 1994. Pp. vi + 295. DM 168 cloth.
Authors: Schramm Andreas
Published: July 2002

The domains of tense and aspect have received considerable attention in the past two
decades. Both the perceptual and linguistic meanings that are involved in expressing temporality
have been focused on, and investigators have set out to discover the linguistic forms used to
express these meanings. Tense and Aspect in Discourse aims at providing a better
understanding of the textual and contextual interplay between aspectual meanings, linguistic
forms, and their discourse functions. It provides a variety of very useful discussions of pertinent
issues in this area.
On Abelian automorphism groups of fibred surfaces of small genus
Authors: CAI JIN-XING
Published: July 2002

It is proved that, for a complex minimal smooth projective surface S of general
type with a pencil of genus g = 3 or 4, any Abelian automorphism group of S is of
order [les ] 12K2S + 96(g − 1), provided
K2S > 8(g − 1)2, where
KS is the canonical divisor of S.
Discreteness criteria for subgroups in SL(2, C)
Authors: WANG XIANTAO , YANG WEIQI
Published: July 2002

In this paper a new discreteness criterion for subgroups in SL(2,
C) is established,
which implies all known discreteness criteria by two-generator subgroup
and is the
best possible. And it is proved that every non-elementary and non-discrete
subgroup
of SL(2, C) has a non-elementary and non-discrete subgroup generated by
two
loxodromic elements.
Weak star limits of probability measures of special type
Authors: PAPADOPERAKIS IOANNIS
Published: July 2002

We study the weak star accumulation points of sequences
of probability measures of the form
[XKn(x)
ρn(x)dσ(x)]/
[∫Kn
ρn(t)dσ(t)],
where ρ(x)>0 is continuous on Rκ, σ
denotes Lebesgue measure in Rκ and the sequence of
compact sets Kn⊂Rκ
converges in the sense of Hausdorff towards a compact set K. The motivation of our
study was given by a result relating interval averages with the winding number.
Similar probability measures are considered in partial differential equation problems
and we extend our study to this case.
The Globalized and the Local: Theatre in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand Enters the New Millennium
Authors: Kelly Veronica
Published: July 2002

Late in 1999 the Commonwealth of Australia's Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts released Securing the Future, the final Report of the Major Performing Arts Enquiry chaired by Helen Nugent (commonly referred to as the Nugent Report). The operations of the committee and the findings of the Report occasioned considerable public debate in the Australian arts world in the late 1990s, as the Enquiry solicited and analysed information and opinion on the financial health and artistic practices of thirty-one national major performing arts companies producing opera, ballet, chamber and orchestral music as well as theatre. The Report saw the financial viability of Australian live performance as deeply affected by the impact of globalization, especially by what elsewhere has been called ‘Baumol's disease’ – escalating technical, administrative and wage costs but fixed revenue – which threaten the subsidized state theatre companies of Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth with their relatively small population bases. The structural implementation recommended a considerable financial commitment by Commonwealth and State Governments to undertake a defined period of stabilizing and repositioning of companies. Early in 2000 both levels of Government committed themselves to this funding – in fact increasing Nugent's requested $52 million to $70 million – and to the principle of a strengthened Australia Council dispensing arms-length subsidy. In an economically philistine political environment, these outcomes are a tribute to Nugent's astute use of economic rhetoric to gain at least a symbolic victory for the performing arts sector. In 2000 New Zealand arts gained a similar major injection of funding, while a commissioned Heart of the Nation report, advocating the dilution of the principle of arm's-length funding through the abolition of the national funding organization Creative New Zealand, was rejected by Prime Minister Helen Clark.
Navigational Stimuli in the Development of Mathematical Science
Authors: Seymour P. A. H.
Published: July 2002

This paper looks at the stimulus given by the practice and
theory of navigation to certain
problems in mathematical astronomy. The need for more accurate techniques
of finding
latitude and longitude, brought about largely by the great voyages of discovery
and exploration
as well as an increase in sea trade, gave rise to navigational instrument
makers who produced
devices of increasing accuracy. These craftsmen also made better measuring
devices for the
new observatories. Improvements in measurements led not only to new discoveries,
but also
made greater demands of theories underlying the practice of navigation.
This gave impetus to
the search for solutions to related problems in mathematical astronomy.
Methods and special
functions developed in this context were eventually to find application
in a much wider range
of problems in theoretical physics and engineering.
Assessing the Navigation Data Input to Aircraft Flight Management
Systems
Authors: Nisner P. D. , Johannessen R.
Published: July 2002

This paper gives details of the failure rates and the failure modes

experienced with SPS GPS
receivers certificated for aviation use to the TSO-C129 specification.
These failure rates are
significant compared to those from other modern avionics and the rates
are comparable to that
currently experienced from un-scheduled failures in the GPS
signals-in-space. To achieve
certification, Flight Management System (FMS) design
should consider the way in which the
satellite navigation receivers fail. The paper also gives details
concerning the 2-D errors that
have been experienced with these receivers, and indicates further work
that needs to be done
with C 129a receivers.
Developing a Location Database for the UK Radio Data System –
Traffic
Messaging Channel Service
Authors: Stokes J. D. A. , James I. D. , Holliday L.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the development of a location database
compatible for use with the
proposed Radio Data System – Traffic Messaging Channel for Great
Britain. It looks at the
needs for such a database and the technical difficulties that have been
overcome in developing
a cost-effective, automatic, production system that provides the most detailed
roads location
database in Great Britain.
The Rate of Turn Required for
Geographically Fixed Turns: A
Formula and Fast-Time Simulations
Authors: van Hilten Max J. , Wolkenfelt Paul H. M.
Published: July 2002

This paper concerns the derivation of a formula to follow geographically fixed turns in a
homogeneous current or tidal stream. Until now, various well-founded but limited
approximations have been used. In principle, all these approximations are based on the
formula v = ω × R. One result of this research is the development and use of a fast-time
simulation program. The initial aim was to illustrate to trainees the consequences and, in
particular, the possible dangers of these approximations. The fast-time simulation program
can be used in support of real-time simulation. Comparisons with real-time simulations
carried out by the Dutch Pilots' Corporation (STODEL) indicate that the fast-time
simulations generate turning-circle diameters that differ by a maximum 4 percent. The
relationship with path-prediction is also dealt with. The possibility of applying the developed
formulae in practice and for passage planning is currently under investigation. The fast-time
simulation program has not been developed for one specific ship: apart from the use of an
assumed position of the pivoting point at 1/3 of the ship's length from the bow, it does not
take hydrodynamic effects into account.
The multidisciplinary combinatorial approach (MCA) and its
applications in engineering
Authors: SHAI OFFER
Published: July 2002

The current paper describes the Multidisciplinary Combinatorial
Approach (MCA), the idea of which is to develop discrete
mathematical representations, called “Combinatorial
Representations” (CR) and to represent with them
various engineering systems. During the research, the properties
and methods embedded in each representation and the connections
between them were investigated thoroughly, after which
they were associated with various engineering systems to
solve related engineering problems. The CR developed up
until now are based on graph theory, matroid theory, and
discrete linear programming, whereas the current paper
employs only the first two. The approach opens up new ways
of working with representations, reasoning and design,
some of which are reported in the paper, as follows: 1)
Integrated multidisciplinary representation—systems
which contain interrelating elements from different disciplines
are represented by the same CR. Consequently, a uniform
analysis process is performed on the representation, and
thus on the whole system, irrespective of the specific
disciplines, to which the elements belong. 2) Deriving
known methods and theorems—new proofs to known methods
and theorems are derived in a new way, this time on the
basis of the combinatorial theorems embedded in the CR.
This enables development of a meta-representation for engineering
as a whole, through which the engineering reasoning becomes
convenient. In the current paper, this issue is illustrated
on structural analysis. 3) Deriving novel connections between
remote fields—new connections are derived on the
basis of the relations between the different combinatorial
representations. An innovative connection between mechanisms
and trusses, shown in the paper, has been derived on the
basis of the mutual dualism between their corresponding
CR. This new connection alone has opened several new avenues
of research, since knowledge and algorithms from machine
theory are now available for use in structural analysis
and vice versa. Furthermore, it has opened opportunities
for developing new design methods, in which, for instance,
structures with special properties are developed on the
basis of known mechanisms with special properties, as demonstrated
in this paper. Conversely, one can use these techniques
to develop special mechanisms from known trusses.
Plasmid profiles of drug resistant Shigella boydii types

1–5, 8, 10, 12–14 from Ethiopia (1974–85)
Authors: GEBRE-YOHANNES A. , DRASAR B. S.
Published: July 2002

Plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis was

performed on 42 drug resistant

strains of Shigella boydii serotypes 1–5, 8, 10, 12–14,

collected between 1974 and 1985 from

endemic cases of shigellosis in Ethiopia, and their Escherichia coli

K12 transconjugants.

Resistance factors (R factors) were further characterized by incompatibility
testing.

Patterns of small plasmids, less than 15 kb, were similar within

each of the individual

S. boydii serotypes. Plasmids of about 3·3–3·7
kb

were found in all strains of serotypes 2 and 4.

Plasmids of about 4·3–4·6 kb were found in about 86%

of strains. Serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were

characterized by plasmids of about 5·6–5·7 kb. The

6·4·6–7 kb plasmid was found consistently

in serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 13 which were resistant to SSu or had
an

SSu resistance

component in their phenotypes. Large plasmids (155–186 kb) were found

in most S. boydii strains.

Conjugative drug resistance plasmids, most often coding for three or

less drugs, were found

in about 26% of drug resistant strains. R-factors, coding for AT resistance

(in types 2 and 8),

and ASSuT resistance (in type 4), were compatible with all reference plasmids

tested. Plasmids

belonging to incompatibility groups X and N were found in serotypes 5 and

10, respectively.
Rapid spread of the new clone of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype

El Tor in cholera endemic areas in India
Authors: BAG P. K. , MAITI S. , SHARMA C. , GHOSH A. , BASU A. , MITRA R. , BHATTACHARYA S. K. , NAKAMURA S. , YAMASAKI S. , TAKEDA Y. , BALAKRISH NAIR G.
Published: July 2002

Using molecular techniques, we investigated whether the clone of

Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El
Tor which appeared in Calcutta, India, in 1994 has spread to other cholera
endemic areas in
the country. The ribotype of 31 of the 33 strains isolated from different
parts of India during
1996 and 1997 was identical to the ribotype displayed by
the new clone of V. cholerae O1
which emerged in Calcutta in 1994. Likewise, 12 of the 15 strains examined
by pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE) showed identical profile to that exhibited by the
new clone of O1. The
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of CTX genetic element
of these strains also
matched with the new clone of O1 which emerged
after the outbreak of V. cholerae O139 in
Calcutta. However, two strains (AH042 and AH046) isolated from an outbreak
in Ahmedabad
(western India) showed different CTX RFLP but had the same ribotype and
PFGE profile as
the new clone, whereas one strain from Goa (G2) showed distinct ribotype
and PFGE profile
and the CTX RFLP was identical to the O1 strains which prevailed before
the genesis of O139
in Calcutta. The drug resistance pattern of most of the O1 strains examined
in this study,
except strain G2, was similar to that of the new
clone of V. cholerae O1. None of the strains in
this study carried plasmids. Molecular studies clearly show that the new
expanded drug
resistant clone of V. cholerae O1 has spread to
all cholera endemic areas in India and also
provide evidence for the evolution of new clones of the O1 serogroup.
Rubella in the Russian Federation: epidemiological features
and control measures to prevent the congenital rubella
syndrome
Authors: SEMERIKOV V. V. , LAVRENTYEVA I. N. , POPOV V. F. , FLETCHER M. A. , KOLOTOV M. E.
Published: July 2002

A review of the epidemiology of clinical rubella in the Perm region of the Russian Federation
from 1979–97 showed that the incidence was about 220 cases per 100000 population.
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) accounted for 15% of birth defects and for about 3·5
cases of CRS per 1000 live births per year. Surveys of the seroepidemiology of rubella infection
revealed that the susceptibility rate among pregnant women (i.e. rubella virus antibody
haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay titres < 10) was 16·5%. As serum rubella antibody
HAI titres [ges ] 10 both prevented infection in pregnant women and protected their foetuses,
serological testing has been introduced into the routine antenatal services. Pre-existing rubella
antibodies were found not to interfere with the immune response to vaccination, so selective
immunization was provided to girls approaching puberty and to women of childbearing age. A
programme of epidemiological surveillance is being developed to define tactics for the widescale
introduction of rubella vaccination.
Self-similar flows of multi-phase immiscible fluids
Authors: OZTEKIN A. , SEYMOUR B. R. , VARLEY E.
Published: July 2002

Exact analytical representations are obtained describing self-similar unsteady flows of multi-phase
immiscible fluids in the vicinity of non-circular, but constant strength, fronts. It is
assumed that Darcy's law holds for each phase and that the mobilities are known functions
of the saturations. Equivalent representations are obtained for Hele-Shaw cell flows that are
produced when a viscous fluid is injected into a region containing some other viscous fluid.
The fluids may be Newtonian fluids or non-Newtonian fluids for which the coefficients of
viscosity depend on the shear stress. Even though the flows are unsteady and two dimensional,
the representations are obtained by using hodograph techniques.
Persistent triangulations
Authors: BLELLOCH GUY , BURCH HAL , CRARY KARL , HARPER ROBERT , MILLER GARY , WALKINGTON NOEL
Published: July 2002

Triangulations of a surface are of fundamental importance in computational geometry,
computer graphics, and engineering and scientific simulations. Triangulations are ordinarily
represented as mutable graph structures for which both adding and traversing edges take
constant time per operation. These representations of triangulations make it difficult to
support persistence, including ‘multiple futures’, the ability to use a data structure in several
unrelated ways in a given computation; ‘time travel’, the ability to move freely among versions
of a data structure; or parallel computation, the ability to operate concurrently on a data
structure without interference. We present a purely functional interface and representation
of triangulated surfaces, and more generally of simplicial complexes in higher dimensions.
In addition to being persistent in the strongest sense, the interface more closely matches the
mathematical definition of triangulations (simplicial complexes) than do interfaces based on
mutable representations. The representation, however, comes at the cost of requiring O(lg n)
time for traversing or adding triangles (simplices), where n is the number of triangles in
the surface. We show both analytically and experimentally that for certain important cases,
this extra cost does not seriously affect end-to-end running time. Analytically, we present a
new randomized algorithm for 3-dimensional Convex Hull based on our representations for
which the running time matches the Ω(n lg n) lower-bound for the problem. This is achieved
by using only O(n) traversals of the surface. Experimentally, we present results for both an
implementation of the 3-dimensional Convex Hull and for a terrain modeling algorithm,
which demonstrate that, although there is some cost to persistence, it seems to be a small
constant factor.
Functional unparsing
Authors: DANVY OLIVIER
Published: July 2002

A string-formatting function such as printf in C seemingly requires dependent
types, because its control string determines the rest of its arguments. Examples:

formula here

We show how changing the representation of the control string makes it possible to program
printf in ML (which does not allow dependent types). The result is well typed and perceptibly
more efficient than the corresponding library functions in Standard ML of New Jersey and
in Caml.
Polytypic unification
Authors: JANSSON PATRIK , JEURING JOHAN
Published: July 2002

Unification, or two-way pattern matching, is the process of solving
an equation involving two
first-order terms with variables. Unification is used in type inference
in many programming
languages and in the execution of logic programs. This means that unification
algorithms have
to be written over and over again for different term types. Many other
functions also make
sense for a large class of datatypes; examples are pretty printers, equality
checks, maps etc.
They can be defined by induction on the structure of user-defined datatypes.
Implementations
of these functions for different datatypes are closely related to the structure
of the datatypes.
We call such functions polytypic. This paper describes a unification algorithm
parametrised
on the type of the terms, and shows how to use polytypism to obtain a unification
algorithm
that works for all regular term types.
A review of non-pharmacological methods to control hypertension in older people
Authors: Burns Suzanne L , McMurdo Marion ET
Published: July 2002

Control of hypertension is generally acknowledged to be important in reducing the
risk of vascular events. Although hypertension affects over 50% of people
aged 60 years or over, a study in 1995 showed that general practitioners
were much less likely to treat an older person with a blood pressure outside the
normal range than a younger person.
Nursing and rehabilitation: towards new horizons
Authors: Nolan Mike , Nolan Janet
Published: July 2002

Rehabilitation has received considerable attention recently, having been the subject of a number of consultations, reviews and policy documents. Despite such activity it is recognized that ‘there is widespread confusion about the meaning of rehabilitation’, with a general failure to clarify aims and objectives. Nevertheless, there is an emerging consensus that the elements of effective rehabilitation include:

- responsiveness to users' needs and wishes

- multidisciplinary and interagency working

- availability when required

- clear rehabilitative purpose and goals
Neuropsychological evaluation and the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia
Authors: Snowden JS
Published: July 2002

Dementia has traditionally been viewed as a global, undifferentiated impairment of intellect and memory. The implication is that patients with dementia share a common clinical syndrome. It is, however, now recognized that different dementing diseases give rise to distinct patterns of mental change, reflecting differences in the topographical distribution of pathological change within the brain. Contrary to the traditional view, analysis of the characteristics of dementia can contribute substantially to differential diagnosis. Indeed, since many patients with a dementing illness exhibit few physical signs, evaluation of the mental changes may be critical to diagnostic accuracy. With the advent of new therapies for dementia, precise diagnosis has become increasingly important. Moreover, understanding of patients’ symptom pattern provides a rational basis for patient management and for advice to carers.
The management of xerostomia in older adults
Authors: Holmes Susan
Published: July 2002

Since the oral cavity has a specific role in maintaining wellbeing, appropriate care can help to increase quality of life by keeping the mouth free from infection, maintaining dentition - thus facilitating ‘normal’ eating - and restoring appearance. Yet, as age increases, the ability to carry out effective oral care may be jeopardized by physical and mental disability and an associated inability to manage personal care. Indeed, a significant relationship between dexterity, impaired oral hygiene and accumulation of dental plaque has been demonstrated in institutionalized older adults. Although levels of untreated dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss may be significant, oral care is frequently overlooked in older individuals; dental care is rarely provided in institutional settings, often being sought only when an oral health problem is identified. There is, therefore, a significant unmet dental need, associated with marked oral disease and poor levels of oral hygiene. This is often exacerbated by the effects of aging on the mouth.
Un nouveau regard sur la chute du ne en français parlé tourangeau: s'agit-il d'un changement en cours?
Authors: Ashby William J.
Published: July 2002

Quoique la norme du français standard prescrive le double marquage de la négation dans le syntagme verbal (ne . . . pas), l'usage contemporain veut que le français parlé laisse tomber la première marque (ne). Dans un article de 1981 qui s'appuyait sur un corpus de français oral enregistré à Tours en 1976, Ashby avait mis en lumière une forte co-variation entre la chute du ne et l'âge du locuteur, les jeunes omettant beaucoup plus souvent le ne que les personnes plus âgées. Cette distribution semble relever d'un changement en temps apparent. Pourtant, comme le signale Labov (1994), un trait linguistique plus fréquent chez les jeunes ne représente pas nécessairement un changement en cours. On peut supposer qu'il s'agit d'un phénomène lié à l'effet de génération (age grading), phénomène dans lequel les locuteurs alterent leur comportement linguistique au cours de leur vie tandis que la grammaire de la communauté ne change pas. De manière à trancher entre les deux hypothèses (d'un côté, changement en cours; de l'autre, effet de génération), cette étude établit une comparaison des distributions de la variable (ne) à deux époques différentes: le corpus tourangeau de 1976 est doublé d'un nouveau corpus enregistré en 1995 au même endroit. Cette comparaison démontre que, sur le plan du temps réel, la chute du ne s'est accélérée, ce qui sous-tend donc l'hypothèse du changement en cours.
Implementing collection classes with monads
Authors: MANES ERNIE G.
Published: July 2002

In object-oriented programming, there are many notions of
‘collection with members in X’.
This paper offers an axiomatic theory of collections based on monads in
the category of sets
and total functions. Heuristically, the axioms defining a collection

monad state that each
collection has a finite set of members of X, that pure
1-element collections exist and that a
collection of collections flattens to a single collection whose members
are the union of the
members of the constituent collections. The relationship between monads
and universal
algebra leads to a formal definition of collection implementation in terms
of tree-processing.
Ideas from elementary category theory underly the classification of collections.
For example,
collections can be zipped if and only if the monad's endofunctor
preserves pullbacks. Or, a
collection can be uniquely specified by its shape and list of data if the
morphisms of the
Kleisli category of the monad are all deterministic, and the converse holds
for commutative
monads. Again, a collection monad is ordered if the
monad's functor preserves equalizers of
monomorphisms (so, in particular, if collections can be zipped the monad
is ordered). Every
implementable monad is ordered. It is shown using the well-ordering principle
that a
collection monad is ordered if and only if its functor admits an appropriated
list-valued
natural transformation that lists the members of each collection.
Pontrjagin duality and full completeness for
multiplicative linear logic (without Mix)
Authors: HAMANO MASAHIRO
Published: July 2002

We prove a full completeness theorem for MLL without the Mix rule. This is done by
interpreting a proof as a dinatural transformation in a *-autonomous category of reflexive
topological abelian groups first studied by Barr, denoted [Rscr ][Tscr ][Ascr ]. In Section 2, we prove the
unique interpretation theorem for a binary provable MLL-sequent. In Section 3, we prove a
completeness theorem for binary sequents in MLL without the Mix rule, where we interpret
formulas in the category [Rscr ][Tscr ][Ascr ]. The theorem is proved by investigating the concrete
structure of [Rscr ][Tscr ][Ascr ], especially that arising from Pontrjagin's work on duality.
Fascism, National Socialism and Conservatives in Europe, 1914-1945: Issues for Comparativists
Authors: Levy Carl
Published: July 2002

This article reviews recent literature on comparative fascism. It first examines the definition of fascism (the fascist minimum). The discussion of comparative fascism that follows focuses on the relationship between fascists and conservatives. It also analyses the comparability of various fascisms and National Socialism.
The Iconography of Twentieth-Century Totalitarian Regimes
Authors: Duprat Annie
Published: July 2002

Victoria E. Bonnell, Iconography of Power. Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 364 pp., 8 colour plates, 92 b/w illustrations, £38, ISBN 0–520–08712–7.

Enrico Sturani, Mussolini. Un dictateur en cartes postales (Paris: Somogy, 1997), 240 pp., 284 colour illustrations, FF 189, ISBN 2–850–56292–0.

The rhythm of the history of human societies is determined by the constitution of the powers which organise them. Violence, persuasion, acquiescence might be adduced as the three stages of a broad schema whereby a coherent system of reference, based on rules which are respected by most (if not all) people, succeeds in establishing itself on a lasting basis of political constitution, civil law, and a legal system to govern systems of work and exchange. Individuals, whose primeval subjection was to the law of family, tribe or gens, do not readily submit to absorption into an entity which does not coincide with this original cell. Therefore, by definition, the history of the creation of political systems in Western societies must be set in a context of permanent tension between the interests of the individual, or the primordial group, and those of new institutions or bodies which are more abstract, and therefore harder to identify, recognise and, eventually, accept. But it is also the history of how peoples view the world, of their common points of reference: in short, a history of mental representations, which can partly be written by studying their translation into figurative images – into political iconography developed for purposes of mass propaganda.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection – an update
Authors: Vernaeve V , Tournaye H , Devroey P , van Steirteghem A
Published: July 2002

Infertility, a failure of conception after at least 12 months of unprotected intercourse, will affect 14–17% of couples at some time in their reproductive lives. The types of infertility, with their respective frequencies, are tubal and pelvic pathology (35%), male problems (35%), anovulation (15%), unexplained infertility (10%) and other infrequent problems (5%). While anovulation, mild/moderate endometriosis, unexplained infertility and moderate oligozoospermia can be treated with mild ovarian stimulation and timed intercourse and/or intrauterine insemination (IUI), no treatment options are available for nonoperable tubal problems or treatment failures with IUI.
Cultural Collisions at the Bedside: Social Expectations
and Value Triage in Medical Practice
Authors: GORLIN RICHARD , STRAIN JAMES J. , RHODES ROSAMOND
Published: July 2002

As early as 1981 Gorlin and Zucker produced a film, A
Complicating Factor: Doctors' Feelings as a Factor in
Medical Care and in a 1983 paper on the subject they
described one of the important epiphenomena of the encounter
between doctor and patient—namely, the reaction of the
physician to the patient and how this affects both the physician
and the quality of the relationship. At that time they were
concerned with the physicians' ability to reckon with
their own reactions to patients who presented with problems or
personality traits that complicated the doctor-patient relationship.
Some patients were hateful or unlikable, some denied their
disease state, some became unusually dependent on the physician,
some were intimidating to the doctor. Their behavior evoked
responses that tended to complicate the doctor-patient relationship
with distancing, unusual identification, or hostility. That
publication recognized and explained the problem and went on to
suggest a process of achieving emotional awareness and mastery to
help physicians maintain their appropriate role.
Response to “Dimensions and Classification of Genetic
Interventions in the Human Genome” by Matthew D.
Bacchetta and Gerd Richter (CQ Vol. 5, No. 3)
Authors: Rubenstein Donald S.
Published: July 2002

In responding to our paper “Germ-Line Therapy
to Cure Mitochondrial Disease: Protocol and Ethics of In
Vitro Ovum Nuclear Transplantation” (CQ
Vol 4., No. 3), Matthew D. Bacchetta and Gerd Richter include
several misinterpretations and misrepresentations of our
IVONT protocol and structure for ethical debate. We actively
invited scrutiny of our IVONT protocol; however, for us
to seriously respond to criticisms of our publication,
we suggest respectfully that those who critique the article
critique the protocol that we proposed. First and foremost,
we certainly do not have a “misunderstanding of cellular
biology” regarding mitochondrial genetics.
What Differences Make a Difference?
Authors: PARENS ERIK
Published: July 2002

Four years ago The Hastings Center initiated a
“pluralism project.” That project gave the
Center staff a chance to explore one swath of the theoretical
literature concerning how members of democratic regimes
ought to think about and respond to the differences among
themselves. Much of that literature, produced by philosophers
like Charles Taylor, Martha Nussbaum, and John Kekes, is
wonderfully articulate about difference in general. But
it is nearly silent about how particular categories of
difference actually make a difference in the lives of particular
individuals negotiating particular institutions.
The Freelance Bioethicist, Chapter One
Authors: WOLPE PAUL ROOT
Published: July 2002

It was a hot summer night, the kind where the air
is so thick it seems to ooze into your lungs. I heard a
knock on the door. “Come in,” I complained.
Commentary: Neonatal Viability in the 1990s: Held Hostage
by Technology
Authors: Stevenson David K. , Goldworth Amnon
Published: July 2002

This article is a thoughtful and well written examination
of some of the complex issues that have emerged as a result
of recent improvements in the treatment of extremely low
birth weight (ELBW) infants, including those who weigh
500 to 600 grams or who are believed to be 23 to 24 weeks
gestation. The authors argue that the 23 to 24 week gestation
period is filled with ambiguity and flexibility in practice
relative to active resuscitation. However, such ambiguity
and flexibility is likely to prevail whatever the boundary
conditions of viability happen to be. Thus moral guidelines
that inform the rescue of an infant believed to be 500
to 600 grams or 23 or 24 weeks gestation are likely to
be relevant whatever the boundary conditions are.
Commentary
Authors: Jennings William H.
Published: July 2002

In the fall of 1996 I taught a course at Fudan
University in Shanghai dealing with medical ethics in America.
As part of the course we spent some time on the heated
American debate about abortion. The reaction of Chinese
students was revealing.
Commentary
Authors: Frader Joel
Published: July 2002

Professionals in transplantation medicine have
a particularly difficult task that most other healthcare
professionals in the United States do not have to face
explicitly. That is, the transplanters control the use
of scarce solid organs. Because they invariably have more
than one patient who might benefit from a new kidney (or
liver, heart, etc.), they cannot focus single-mindedly
on their duty to each and every patient as if no other
patient mattered. In the case at hand, the patient has
had more than one “gift” of a life-sustaining
organ. At some centers, one, perhaps two, previous organs
would count as “enough.” After that, the patient
has had her chances and it is time to move on to others.
Moreover, some believe the patient in this case has contributed
to the current problem by inadequate care of the gifts
she has been given.
Cutting Bodies to Harvest Organs
Authors: PORTMANN JOHN
Published: July 2002

Reverence for the autonomy of patients dominates
healthcare ethics in the United States. Such reverence
emblematizes personal freedom, a cherished American ideal.