bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wintertime variability of the Beaufort gyre in the Arctic Ocean derived from CryoSat‐2/SIRAL observations
Authors: Mizobata Kohei , Watanabe Eiji , Kimura Noriaki
Published: February 2016

We processed the sea surface height measured by the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)/Interferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL) on board CryoSat‐2 (CS‐2) and successfully estimated the monthly dynamic ocean topography (DOT) of the Arctic Ocean. The CS‐2 monthly DOT showed the interannual and monthly variability of the Beaufort Gyre (BG) during winter between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015. The northward flow at the western edge of the BG was primarily estimated over the Chukchi Borderland (CBL). However, the BG extended across the CBL, and the northward flow was estimated over the Mendeleev Ridge in the winter of 2012/2013. Our analyses revealed a significantly variable BG in response to changes in the sea surface stress field. Our analysis indicated that (1) sea ice motion, driven by wind fields, acts as a driving force for the BG when sea ice motion was intensified during winter and (2) sea ice motion can also act as an inhibiting force for the BG when sea ice motion is weakened during winter. In addition, the relationship between the DOT, steric height, and ocean bottom pressure implied that the DOT during winter responded to varying wind stresses through baroclinic and barotropic adjustments. According to a tracer experiment, we inferred that in the winter of 2012/2013, the Pacific‐origin water carried into the BG through the Barrow Canyon was transported to the northern shelf and shelf break of the Chukchi Sea rather than the CBL, which is where the Pacific‐origin water had been transported in the other years of the observation period.
Stratospheric gravity wave momentum flux from radio occultations
Authors: Schmidt T. , Alexander P. , de la Torre A.
Published: February 2016

Triples of GPS radio occultation (RO) temperature data are used to derive horizontal and vertical gravity wave (GW) parameters in the stratosphere between 20 km and 40 km from which the vertical flux of horizontal momentum is determined. Compared to previous studies using RO data, better limiting values for the sampling distance (Δd≤250 km) and the time interval (Δt≤15 min) are used. For several latitude bands the mean momentum fluxes (MFs) derived in this study are considerably larger than MF from other satellite missions based on horizontal wavelengths calculated between two adjacent temperature profiles along the satellite track. Error sources for the estimation of MF from RO data and the geometrical setup for the applied method are investigated. Another crucial issue discussed in this paper is the influence of different background separation methods to the final MF. For GW analysis a measured temperature profile is divided into a fluctuation and a background and it is assumed that the fluctuation is caused by GWs only. For the background separation, i.e., the detrending of large‐scale processes from the measured temperature profile, several methods exist. In this study we compare different detrending approaches and for the first time an attempt is made to detrend RO data with ERA‐Interim data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. We demonstrate that the horizontal detrending based on RO data and ERA‐Interim gives more consistent results compared with a vertical detrending.
How sharp is the sharp Archean Moho? Example from eastern Superior Province
Authors: Levin Vadim , VanTongeren Jill A. , Servali Andrea
Published: February 2016

The Superior Province of North America has not experienced major internal deformation for nearly 2.8 Gyr, preserving the Archean crust in its likely original state. We present seismological evidence for a sharp (less than 1 km) crust‐mantle boundary beneath three distinct Archean terranes and for a more vertically extensive boundary at sites likely affected by the 1.2–0.9 Ga Grenville orogeny. At all sites crustal thickness is smaller than expected for the primary crust produced by melting under higher mantle potential temperature conditions of Archean time. Reduced thickness and an abrupt contrast in seismic properties at the base of the undisturbed Archean crust are consistent with density sorting and loss of the residues through gravitational instability facilitated by higher temperatures in the upper mantle at the time of formation. Similar sharpness of crust‐mantle boundary in disparate Archean terranes suggests that it is a universal feature of the Archean crustal evolution.
Mantle‐induced subsidence and compression in SE Asia since the early Miocene
Authors: Yang Ting , Gurnis Michael , Zahirovic Sabin
Published: February 2016

Rift basins developed extensively across Sundaland, the continental core of Southeast Asia, since the Eocene. Beginning in the early Miocene, basins in southern Sundaland experienced widespread synchronous compression (inversion) and marine inundation, despite a large drop in long‐term global sea level. The mechanism for this large‐scale synchronous regional sea level rise, basin inversion, and subsidence is not well understood and contrary to expectations from traditional basin models and eustatic sea level trends. We present geodynamic models of mantle convection with both deformable and rigid plate reconstructions to investigate this enigma. Models suggest that a slab stagnates within the transition zone beneath Southeast Asia before the Miocene. The stagnant slab penetrated through the 660 km mantle discontinuity during the early Miocene and formed a slab avalanche event, due to continuous subduction and accumulation of negatively buoyant slabs. This avalanche may have induced large‐scale marine inundation, regional compression, and basin inversion across southern Sundaland. We argue mantle convection induced large‐scale basin compression, in contrast to conventional plate margin‐induced compression; this suggests mantle convection may exert a much stronger control on surface processes than previously recognized.
A Southern Ocean mode of multidecadal variability
Authors: Le Bars D. , Viebahn J. P. , Dijkstra H. A.
Published: February 2016

A 250 year simulation of a strongly eddying global version of the Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model reveals a new mode of intrinsic multidecadal variability, the Southern Ocean Mode (SOM), with a period of 40–50 year. The peak‐to‐peak difference in the global ocean heat content within a multidecadal cycle is up to 60 ZJ. This change results from surface heat flux variations in the South Atlantic and propagation of temperature anomalies along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and into the Weddell gyre around 30°E. The temperature anomalies propagate as deep as 5000 m along the isopycnals between 50°S and 30°S and induce multidecadal changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. A positive feedback loop between the generation of eddies through baroclinic instability and the dynamics of the mean circulation is essential for the existence of the SOM. The dominant physics appears similar to that responsible for variability found in a three‐layer quasi‐geostrophic eddy‐resolving model. This combined with the fact that the SOM is not found in a noneddying version of the same global POP model further suggests that eddy processes are crucial for its existence and/or excitation.
Cyber Security of Smart Meters
Authors: Sanchez Abel , Li Depeng , Aung Zeyar , Williams John R.
Published: February 2016

The recently emerging advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is envisioned to be one of the most prominent features of the smart grid. Security, especially authentication, is crucial for the success of large‐scale AMI deployment. Unfortunately, authentication schemes relying on per‐packet signature and per‐signature verification introduce heavy cost for computation and communication. Due to resource constraints, smart meter authentication requirements cannot be satisfied by this scheme. In this chapter, a new authentication architecture for AMI is described to validate the delay‐tolerant metering data. In this chapter, not only a set of efficient authentication schemes, but more importantly, their corresponding fault diagnosis algorithms will be recited. The authentication scheme incurs substantially lighter overheads than those by the existing schemes, while it can effectively address the formidable authentication challenges in AMI.
Industry Practice and Operational Experience of Key Distribution Applications of Smart Grid Technologies
Authors: Takano Hirotaka , Kawamura Kiyonori , Iizaka Tatsuya
Published: February 2016

Japanese electrical power utilities are now under the pressure of overhauling power systems operation because the issues associated with the growth in penetration of renewable energy‐based distribution generation units (REGs) have been realized in recent years. Therefore, it is urgently needed to establish smart power grids to address the issues caused by massive installation of REGs, especially in power distribution systems because the distribution systems are directly interfacing to customers. This situation has been emphasizing vigorous discussions, developments, and demonstrative field tests for achieving next‐generation transmission and distribution systems.

In this chapter, the authors present examples of industrial practice and operational experience with a focus on Japanese distribution operation. This chapter consists of the following four major sections. First, the overview and the distinctive features of the Japanese distribution automation systems are described. Second, the current status of distribution operations and their issues (e.g., those caused by increase in photovoltaic generation units, wind turbine generation units, and other renewable energy installation) are discussed. Third, new challenges in distribution operation, and technologies and innovations developed by selected companies are illustrated. Finally, examples of demonstrative field tests are explained.
Probing the Photovoltage and Photocurrent in Perovskite Solar Cells with Nanoscale Resolution
Authors: Zhao Zhenxuan , Chen Xiangyu , Wu Huaqiang , Wu Xiaoming , Cao Guozhong
Published: February 2016

In this work, by coupling scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPM) and photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pcAFM), the variation of the surface potential, photogenerated voltage, and photocurrent networks of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with different film topography is studied. The nanoscale photovoltaic reaction of different perovskite capping layers with three different perovskite crystalline sizes is first studied by using the SKPM technique. The performance of the overall device is correlated with the local nanostructure of the perovskite film. Photocurrent maps under various applied voltages are also presented. The pcAFM measurements on three different morphology positions determine that the defect region on the capping layer can induce the charge recombination process in the complete PSCs and thus suppress the Voc in the complete device. These results suggest that the performance of PSCs can still be improved through better control of morphology. Henceforth, SKPM coupled with pcAFM techniques has the potential to become a routine characterization tool for perovskite organic and hybrid photovoltaics.
Stretchable, Skin‐Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review
Authors: Amjadi Morteza , Kyung Ki‐Uk , Park Inkyu , Sitti Metin
Published: February 2016

There is a growing demand for flexible and soft electronic devices. In particular, stretchable, skin‐mountable, and wearable strain sensors are needed for several potential applications including personalized health‐monitoring, human motion detection, human‐machine interfaces, soft robotics, and so forth. This Feature Article presents recent advancements in the development of flexible and stretchable strain sensors. The article shows that highly stretchable strain sensors are successfully being developed by new mechanisms such as disconnection between overlapped nanomaterials, crack propagation in thin films, and tunneling effect, different from traditional strain sensing mechanisms. Strain sensing performances of recently reported strain sensors are comprehensively studied and discussed, showing that appropriate choice of composite structures as well as suitable interaction between functional nanomaterials and polymers are essential for the high performance strain sensing. Next, simulation results of piezoresistivity of stretchable strain sensors by computational models are reported. Finally, potential applications of flexible strain sensors are described. This survey reveals that flexible, skin‐mountable, and wearable strain sensors have potential in diverse applications while several grand challenges have to be still overcome.
Chlorine‐Free Synthesis of Organic Alkyl Carbonates and Five‐ and Six‐Membered Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Pyo Sang‐Hyun , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni
Published: February 2016

This report presents a new, one‐pot, facile, selective and green method for methoxycarbonylation of alcohols and synthesis of five‐ and six‐membered cyclic carbonates from corresponding alcohols with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in the presence of molecular sieves without any additional solvent and catalyst. Syntheses of bifunctional structures comprising a six‐membered cyclic carbonate with allyl ether and methacrylate groups, respectively, for different polymerization modes, were also achieved and showed reproducibility on up‐scaling the processes.

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Design and Synthesis of 2‐Methyl‐7‐aminobenzoxazole as Auxiliary in the Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Arylation of a beta‐Positioned C(sp3)H Bond
Authors: Luo Feihua , Yang Jun , Li Zhengkai , Xiang Haifeng , Zhou Xiangge
Published: February 2016

A palladium(II)‐catalyzed direct arylation of methylene C(sp3)H bonds by 2‐methyl‐7‐aminobenzoxazole as an effective auxiliary is reported. This process exhibited high beta‐site selectivity, broad substrate scope, and compatibility with different functional groups with moderate to high yields up to 89%.

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Synthesis of Furans and Pyrroles from 2‐Alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydrofurans Through a Nucleophilic Substitution‐Triggered Heteroaromatization
Authors: Liu Changhui , Zhou Li , Huang Wenbo , Wang Man , Gu Yanlong
Published: February 2016

An effective method to synthesize α‐functionalized furan and pyrrole derivatives was developed using 2‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydrofurans as modular precursors. This protocol featured a previously unreported tandem nucleophilic substitution/heteroaromatization reaction. Nucleophiles such as indole, α‐oxoketene dithioacetal, trimethoxybenzene, and dimethoxynaphthalene can react readily with 2‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydrofurans to afford α‐functionalized five‐membered ring heterocycles in the presence of acid catalysts, such as copper bromide and iron chloride. The mechanism of the reaction was also discussed, in which the first step, nucleophilic substitution, is the key in triggering the succeeding heteroaromatization. This method can also be extended to the synthesis of dihydrothiophenes.

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Deformation Effect on the Electrical Properties of a Flexible Organic Semiconductor composed of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Zhou Yi , Zhang Ding , Liu Changhong , Fan Shoushan
Published: February 2016

Organic semiconductors are the main elements for the development of flexible electronics due to their excellent flexibility and large‐area manufacturing at low cost. Here, the effect of deformation on the electrical properties of a highly flexible organic semiconductor composed of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes is investigated. The results reveal that their resistances increase with increasing deformation quantities, and in contrast to the outcomes of the compressed samples, the resistances of the higher multiwalled carbon nanotube loading composites show greater changes than those of the lower ones under certain bending angles or stretching ratios. Moreover, the property of the 0.35 wt% (the percolation threshold of the composite) sample is highly stable even when the sample is subjected to extreme bending or stretching deformations. Two different transition mechanisms are proposed to explain these phenomena, and quantitative analyses of the Schottky barrier heights in copper/composite junctions in each case are used to support the proposition. Inspired by the pressure‐induced sensitivity of the low‐loading composite, a P‐P heterojunction diode using 0.35 wt% composite with asymmetric pressured sides is fabricated and measured. This work may have profound guiding significance for composite applications in flexible electronics.
Stability of an inclined, pneumatically‐transported system of particles
Authors: Mandich Kevin , Cattolica Robert J.
Published: February 2016

A linear stability analysis is performed on the base‐state solution describing a pneumatically‐transported system inclined at an angle θ. One of two modes was found to be dominant, depending on the tilting angle: a low‐shear mode whose voidage eigenmode remains nearly symmetric from 0° < θ ≤ θc, and a “boundary layer” mode for θ > θc, marked by significant asymmetry throughout the domain and a high level of shear inside the thin regions adjacent to the walls. The critical angle θc increases with the amount of momentum and energy lost to particle–wall friction and collisions, respectively. The time‐evolution of the latter mode, superimposed onto the base‐state solution, reveals an alternating train of dense and dilute regions near the top of the domain, which agrees qualitatively with the development and propagation of bubbles in inclined systems observed in experiment. An analytic solution corresponding to a vertical system with a uniform base state was also derived to identify the instability mechanisms responsible for a class of non‐oscillatory transverse waves which exist in both vertical and tilted particle systems. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2248–2258, 2016
Genetic association between NRG1 and schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder in Han Chinese population
Authors: Wen Zujia , Chen Jianhua , Khan Raja Amjad Waheed , Song Zhijian , Wang Meng , Li Zhiqiang , Shen Jiawei , Li Wenjin , Shi Yongyong
Published: February 2016

Schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder are three major psychiatric disorders affecting around 0.66%, 3.3%, and 1.5% of the Han Chinese population respectively. Several genetic linkage analyses and genome wide association studies identified NRG1 as a susceptibility gene of schizophrenia, which was validated by its role in neurodevelopment, glutamate, and other neurotransmitter receptor expression regulation. To further investigate whether NRG1 is a shared risk gene for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder as well as schizophrenia, we performed an association study among 1,248 schizophrenia cases, 1,056 major depression cases, 1,344 bipolar disorder cases, and 1,248 controls. Totally 15 tag SNPs were genotyped and analyzed, and no population stratification was found in our sample set. Among the sites, rs4236710 (corrected Pgenotye = 0.015) and rs4512342 (Pallele = 0.03, Pgenotye = 0.045 after correction) were associated with schizophrenia, and rs2919375 (corrected Pgenotye = 0.004) was associated with major depressive disorder. The haplotype rs4512342‐rs6982890 showed association with schizophrenia (P = 0.03 for haplotype “TC” after correction), and haplotype rs4531002‐rs11989919 proved to be a shared risk factor for both major depressive disorder (“CC”: corrected P = 0.009) and bipolar disorder (“CT”: corrected P = 0.003). Our results confirmed that NRG1 was a shared common susceptibility gene for major mental disorders in Han Chinese population. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Covalent Grafting of Tripod‐Shaped Oligo(p‐phenylene)s End‐Capped with Azide Groups
Authors: Sánchez‐Molina María , López‐Romero Juan M. , Hierrezuelo‐León Jesús , Martín‐Rufián Mercedes , Díaz Amelia , Valpuesta María , Contreras‐Cáceres Rafael
Published: February 2016

Here we report the synthesis and characterization of several tripod‐shaped oligo(p‐phenylene)s molecules with legs composed of five and three phenylene units, compounds 1 and 2, respectively. In these structures, each leg is end‐capped with an azide group and the terminal functional arm contains an acetylene or bromine group. The presented synthesis has as the key step a Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. In particular, the iodine derivative from the silicon core molecule reacts with the appropriate oligo(p‐phenylene) boron derivative, thus generating the final tripod‐shaped structure. The azide end‐capped leg is specifically designed for its covalent incorporation on alkynyl terminated silicon surfaces in an easy and reproducible way. As a preliminary study, we present the nanostructuration of tripod 2 a on alkynyl‐functionalized silicon wafers through copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction.
Demographic differences between funerary caves and megalithic graves of northern Spanish Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic
Authors: Fernández‐Crespo Teresa , de‐la‐Rúa Concepción
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The study focuses on the estimation of demographic parameters of Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic (mid 4th‐early 3rd millenniums cal. BC) burial sites from the La Rioja region (Ebro valley, northern Spain) to identify demographic characteristics.

Materials and Methods

The human remains come from three caves (Las Yurdinas II, Peña Larga, and La Peña de Marañón) and three megalithic graves (Alto de la Huesera, San Martín, and Peña Guerra II). The total skeletal sample consists of a minimum of 261 individuals, 149 being buried in caves and 112 in megalithic graves. Data based on age and sex estimation are analyzed using abridged life tables, mortality rates, and sex ratios.

Results

A systematic bias against children under 5 years of age is detected both in caves (5q0 = 187.92%) and megalithic graves (5q0 = 71.43%) but also against some juveniles and adults compared with population models, though a statistically significant greater lack of infants is worth noting in the megaliths (t‐test, P = 0.012). Moreover, a significant divergence in sex ratios (χ2, P = 0.002) is also identified between site types, clearly prioritizing women in caves (sex ratio = 0.45) and men in megalithic graves (sex ratio = 1.33).

Conclusions

This evidence is interpreted as the result of different selective burial patterns. The mortuary variability could lie behind intragroup differential status relationships, though the hypothesis of two populations performing distinct funerary practices in a small region cannot be rejected at the present state of the research. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:284–297, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of aquaporin‐4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum
Authors: Flanagan Eoin P. , Cabre Philippe , Weinshenker Brian G. , Sauver Jennifer St , Jacobson Debra J. , Majed Masoud , Lennon Vanda A. , Lucchinetti Claudia F. , McKeon Andrew , Matiello Marcelo , Kale Nilifur , Wingerchuk Dean M. , Mandrekar Jay , Sagen Jessica A. , Fryer James P. , Robinson Angala Borders , Pittock Sean J.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and its spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) with a specific biomarker, aquaporin‐4–immunoglobulin G (AQP4‐IgG). Prior NMO/NMOSD epidemiological studies have been limited by lack of AQP4‐IgG seroprevalence assessment, absence of population‐based USA studies, and under‐representation of blacks. To overcome these limitations, we sought to compare NMO/NMOSD seroepidemiology across 2 ethnically divergent populations.

Methods

We performed a population‐based comparative study of the incidence (2003–2011) and prevalence (on December 31, 2011) of NMO/NMOSD and AQP4‐IgG seroincidence and seroprevalence (sera collected in 80–84% of IDD cases) among patients with IDD diagnosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota (82% white [Caucasian]) and Martinique (90% black [Afro‐Caribbean]). AQP4‐IgG was measured by M1 isoform fluorescence‐activated cell‐sorting assays.

Results

The age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence (7.3 vs 0.7/1,000,000 person‐years [p < 0.01]) and prevalence (10 vs 3.9/100,000 [p = 0.01]) in Martinique exceeded that in Olmsted County. The AQP4‐IgG age‐ and sex‐adjusted seroincidence (6.5 vs 0.7/1,000,000 person‐years [p < 0.01]) and seroprevalence (7.9 vs 3.3/100,000 [p = 0.04]) were also higher in Martinique than Olmsted County. The ethnicity‐specific prevalence was similar in Martinique and Olmsted County: 11.5 and 13/100,000 in blacks, and 6.1 and 4.0/100,000 in whites, respectively. NMO/NMOSD represented a higher proportion of IDD cases in Martinique than Olmsted County (16% vs 1.4%; p < 0.01). The onset age (median = 35–37 years) and female:male distribution (5–9:1) were similar across both populations; 60% of prevalent cases were either blind in 1 eye, dependent on a gait aid, or both.

Interpretation

This study reports the highest prevalence of NMO/NMOSD in any population (10/100,000 in Martinique), estimates it affects 16,000 to 17,000 in the USA (higher than previous predictions), and demonstrates it disproportionately affects blacks. Ann Neurol 2016;79:775–783
Modulating myosin restores muscle function in a mouse model of nemaline myopathy
Authors: Lindqvist Johan , Levy Yotam , Pati‐Alam Alisha , Hardeman Edna C. , Gregorevic Paul , Ochala Julien
Published: February 2016

Objective

Nemaline myopathy, one of the most common congenital myopathies, is associated with mutations in various genes including ACTA1. This disease is also characterized by various forms/degrees of muscle weakness, with most cases being severe and resulting in death in infancy. Recent findings have provided valuable insight into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Mutations in ACTA1 directly disrupt binding interactions between actin and myosin, and consequently the intrinsic force‐generating capacity of muscle fibers. ACTA1 mutations are also associated with variations in myofiber size, the mechanisms of which have been unclear. In the present study, we sought to test the hypotheses that the compromised functional and morphological attributes of skeletal muscles bearing ACTA1 mutations (1) would be directly due to the inefficient actomyosin complex and (2) could be restored by manipulating myosin expression.

Methods

We used a knockin mouse model expressing the ACTA1 His40Tyr actin mutation found in human patients. We then performed in vivo intramuscular injections of recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors harboring a myosin transgene known to facilitate muscle contraction.

Results

We observed that in the presence of the transgene, the intrinsic force‐generating capacity was restored and myofiber size was normal.

Interpretation

This demonstrates a direct link between disrupted attachment of myosin molecules to actin monomers and muscle fiber atrophy. These data also suggest that further therapeutic interventions should primarily target myosin dysfunction to alleviate the pathology of ACTA1‐related nemaline myopathy. Ann Neurol 2016;79:717–725
Zweifache, simultane Oberflächenmodifikation von dreidimensionalen Mikrostrukturen mittels Photochemie
Authors: Claus Tanja K. , Richter Benjamin , Hahn Vincent , Welle Alexander , Kayser Sven , Wegener Martin , Bastmeyer Martin , Delaittre Guillaume , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: February 2016

In dieser Studie stellen wir eine effiziente Route für die gleichzeitige, zweifache Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von 2D‐ und 3D‐Mikrostrukturen vor. Die Kombination aus einem auf Oligo(ethylenglycol) basierenden Netzwerk mit zwei neuartigen, synthetisch leicht zugänglichen Monomeren, die in der Seitenkette eine photochemische Funktionalität tragen, führt zu zwei neuen Photolacken, mit denen in einer Zwei‐Photonen‐Polymerisation Mikrostrukturen hergestellt werden können, die eine zweifach reaktive Oberfläche aufweisen. Indem beide funktionalen Photolacke in einer Struktur kombiniert werden, kann eine zweifache, nachträgliche Oberflächenfunktionalisierung in nur einem, globalen Belichtungsschritt erfolgen. Dies geschieht durch die geeignete Wahl der Reaktionspartner in einer Art Selbstorientierung. Die Vielseitigkeit des verfolgten Ansatzes wird durch doppelte Strukturierung der Oberfläche mittels halogenierter und fluoreszierender Moleküle sowie durch das Anbinden eines Proteins gezeigt. Zusätzlich stellen wir einen neuen Messmodus für das ToF‐SIMS vor, der eine hohe Massenauflösung mit einer hohen lateralen Auflösung verknüpft, um die erhaltenen Mikrostrukturen optimal charakterisieren zu können.
Selective Dinitrogen Conversion to Ammonia Using Water and Visible Light through Plasmon‐induced Charge Separation
Authors: Oshikiri Tomoya , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: February 2016

The generation of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and water using sunlight is a preferable approach to obtaining ammonia as an energy carrier and potentially represents a new paradigm for achieving a low‐carbon and sustainable‐energy society. Herein, we report the selective conversion of dinitrogen into ammonia through plasmon‐induced charge separation by using a strontium titanate (SrTiO3) photoelectrode loaded with gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs) and a zirconium/zirconium oxide (Zr/ZrOx) thin film. We observed the simultaneous stoichiometric production of ammonia and oxygen from nitrogen and water under visible‐light irradiation.
Direct Acylation of C(sp3)−H Bonds Enabled by Nickel and Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Joe Candice L. , Doyle Abigail G.
Published: February 2016

Using nickel and photoredox catalysis, the direct functionalization of C(sp3)−H bonds of N‐aryl amines by acyl electrophiles is described. The method affords a diverse range of α‐amino ketones at room temperature and is amenable to late‐stage coupling of complex and biologically relevant groups. C(sp3)−H activation occurs by photoredox‐mediated oxidation to generate α‐amino radicals which are intercepted by nickel in catalytic C(sp3)−C coupling. The merger of these two modes of catalysis leverages nickel's unique properties in alkyl cross‐coupling while avoiding limitations commonly associated with transition‐metal‐mediated C(sp3)−H activation, including requirements for chelating directing groups and high reaction temperatures.
Synthesis of Glc1Man9‐Glycoprotein Probes by a Misfolding/Enzymatic Glucosylation/Misfolding Sequence
Authors: Izumi Masayuki , Oka Yukiho , Okamoto Ryo , Seko Akira , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige , Kajihara Yasuhiro
Published: February 2016

Glycoproteins in non‐native conformations are often toxic to cells and may cause diseases, thus the quality control (QC) system eliminates these unwanted species. Lectin chaperone calreticulin and glucosidase II, both of which recognize the Glc1Man9 oligosaccharide on glycoproteins, are important components of the glycoprotein QC system. Reported herein is the preparation of Glc1Man9‐glycoproteins in both native and non‐native conformations by using the following sequence: misfolding of chemically synthesized Man9‐glycoprotein, enzymatic glucosylation, and another misfolding step. By using synthetic glycoprotein probes, calreticulin was found to bind preferentially to a hydrophobic non‐native glycoprotein whereas glucosidase II activity was not affected by glycoprotein conformation. The results demonstrate the ability of chemical synthesis to deliver homogeneous glycoproteins in several non‐native conformations for probing the glycoprotein QC system.
Olefin Metathesis at the Dawn of Implementation in Pharmaceutical and Specialty‐Chemicals Manufacturing
Authors: Higman Carolyn S. , Lummiss Justin A. M. , Fogg Deryn E.
Published: February 2016

The recent uptake of molecular metathesis catalysts in specialty‐chemicals and pharmaceutical manufacturing is reviewed.
Simultaneous Dual Encoding of Three‐Dimensional Structures by Light‐Induced Modular Ligation
Authors: Claus Tanja K. , Richter Benjamin , Hahn Vincent , Welle Alexander , Kayser Sven , Wegener Martin , Bastmeyer Martin , Delaittre Guillaume , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: February 2016

A highly efficient strategy for the simultaneous dual surface encoding of 2D and 3D microscaffolds is reported. The combination of an oligo(ethylene glycol)‐based network with two novel and readily synthesized monomers with photoreactive side chains yields two new photoresists, which can be used for the fabrication of microstructures (by two‐photon polymerization) that exhibit a dual‐photoreactive surface. By combining both functional photoresists into one scaffold, a dual functionalization pattern can be obtained by a single irradiation step in the presence of adequate reaction partners based on a self‐sorting mechanism. The versatility of the approach is shown by the dual patterning of halogenated and fluorescent markers as well as proteins. Furthermore, we introduce a new ToF–SIMS mode (“delayed extraction”) for the characterization of the obtained microstructures that combines high mass resolution with improved lateral resolution.
Synthesis, characterization and application of sulfonic acid supported on ferrite–silica superparamagnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Hassani H. , Nasseri M. A. , Zakerinasab B. , Rafiee F.
Published: February 2016

In this study, the synthesis of sulfonic acid supported on ferrite–silica superparamagnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2@SO3H) as a nanocatalyst with large density of acidic groups is suggested. This nanocatalyst was prepared in three steps: preparation of colloidal iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs), coating of silica on Fe3O4 MNPs (Fe3O4@SiO2) and incorporation of sulfonic acid as a functional group on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2@SO3H). The properties of the prepared magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, the applicability of the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles was tested as a heterogeneous solid acid nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of diindolyloxindole derivatives in aqueous medium. Oxindole derivatives were produced by the coupling of indole and isatin compounds with good to high yields (60–98%). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double layer capacitance for different thicknesses of carbon overlay and types of electrolytes: a circuit analogue approach
Authors: Singh S. , Supriya  , Rakib S. K. A. , Chavhan M. P. , Ganguly S.
Published: February 2016

Electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) complements batteries in addressing the intermittency problems in non‐renewable energy sources. Here, the charge is stored in double layer in porous materials that offer high internal surface area. At the time of charging or discharging the capacitor, the transport of ions through the pore network involves resistance that influences the effectiveness of storage. This article presents the impedance spectroscopy data to analyse the resistance inside the pore. The equivalent circuits were fitted here to explain the complex impedance curve. The resistive and capacitive elements and their arrangement were studied for different thicknesses of the activated carbon overlay. The effect of binder on the internal surface area of activated carbon powder was evaluated through BET analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared for two electrolytes. Aqueous solution of potassium chloride as an aqueous electrolyte, and tetra ethyl ammonium tetra fluoroborate in acetonitrile as an organic electrolyte were used in this study. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodynamics of macroscopic particles in slurry suspensions
Authors: Wadnerkar Divyamaan , Agrawal Madhusuden , Tade Moses O. , Pareek Vishnu
Published: February 2016

Slurry systems in mineral processing processes often behave as pseudo‐plastic fluids, where the viscosity of the slurry changes as a function of the shear imparted. Thus, characterizing motion of macroscopic objects through such systems is a challenging task because the viscous forces on it vary rapidly. In this paper, we have studied motion of falling spherical particles in non‐Newtonian fluid using a novel macroscopic particle model (MPM). The simulation results were compared with the available experimental data and analytical correlations, where MPM was found to be effective in accurately determining the forces acting on particle during fluid–particle interaction. Thus, it was concluded that MPM is a computationally viable solution for resolving hydrodynamics of macroscopic particles in slurries, especially for its ability to accurately capture the acceleration of particles, which is significantly lower when compared with that in Newtonian fluids. The validated MPM model was used to investigate the effect of particle properties on the motion of particle and yield‐structure of fluid. For low Reynolds number, the well‐known toroidal yielded structure of fluid was observed with particle equator as centre and √2dp diameter. Beyond the Reynolds number to Bingham number ratio of 10, a wake was formed behind the particle that increased with increasing Reynolds number. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sergeant Major Edgar Allan Poe
Authors: Tieman John Samuel
Published: February 2016

Using psychoanalytic theory, it is the primary purpose of this article to frame Edgar Allan Poe's history as an enlisted man in the United States Army. For Poe, these were years of accomplishments as both artist and soldier. When researching this article, two forms of comment are readily detected. Military historians immediately understand the significance in Poe's meteoric rise to sergeant major. But these writers tend not to appreciate the literary history. Literary historians often note that Poe was an enlisted soldier, but, beyond that, seem not to appreciate that information. In none of this is there any sense that Poe sought, and for two years found, a degree of emotional stability. The social structure of the army contained and maintained Poe's psychic structure. This intertwining of the military and the literary, coupled with an understanding of psycho‐social development, is the frame needed to understand Sergeant Major Poe. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive function predicts the development of play skills for verbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Faja Susan , Dawson Geraldine , Sullivan Katherine , Meltzoff Andrew N. , Estes Annette , Bernier Raphael
Published: February 2016

Executive function and play skills develop in early childhood and are linked to cognitive and language ability. The present study examined these abilities longitudinally in two groups with autism spectrum disorder—a group with higher initial language (n = 30) and a group with lower initial language ability (n = 36). Among the lower language group, concurrent nonverbal cognitive ability contributed most to individual differences in executive function and play skills. For the higher language group, executive function during preschool significantly predicted play ability at age 6 over and above intelligence, but early play did not predict later executive function. These results suggested that factors related to the development of play and executive function differ for subgroups of children with different language abilities and that early executive function skills may be critical in order for verbal children with autism to develop play. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1274–1284. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote in vitro osteoblastogenesis through a Wnt/β‐catenin signaling‐associated mechanism
Authors: Zhai Mingming , Jing Da , Tong Shichao , Wu Yan , Wang Pan , Zeng Zhaobin , Shen Guanghao , Wang Xin , Xu Qiaoling , Luo Erping
Published: February 2016

Substantial evidence indicates that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) could accelerate fracture healing and enhance bone mass, whereas the unclear mechanism by which PEMF stimulation promotes osteogenesis limits its extensive clinical application. In the present study, effects and potential molecular signaling mechanisms of PEMF on in vitro osteoblasts were systematically investigated. Osteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells were exposed to PEMF burst (0.5, 1, 2, or 6 h/day) with 15.38 Hz at various intensities (5 Gs (0.5 mT), 10 Gs (1 mT), or 20 Gs (2 mT)) for 3 consecutive days. PEMF stimulation at 20 Gs (2 mT) for 2 h/day exhibited most prominent promotive effects on osteoblastic proliferation via Cell Counting kit‐8 analyses. PEMF exposure induced well‐organized cytoskeleton, and promoted formation of extracellular matrix mineralization nodules. Significantly increased proliferation‐related gene expressions at the proliferation phase were observed after PEMF stimulation, including Ccnd 1 and Ccne 1. PEMF resulted in significantly increased gene and protein expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin at the differentiation phase of osteoblasts rather than the proliferation phase via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses. Moreover, PEMF upregulated gene and protein expressions of collagen type 1, Runt‐related transcription factor 2 and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling (Wnt1, Lrp6, and β‐catenin) at proliferation and differentiation phases. Together, our present findings highlight that PEMF stimulated osteoblastic functions through a Wnt/β‐catenin signaling‐associated mechanism and, hence, regulates downstream osteogenesis‐associated gene/protein expressions. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:152–162, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comparative Study of Nanoparticle‐Ink‐Based CIGSSe Thin Film Solar Cells on Different Back Contact Substrates
Authors: Park Se Jin , Cho Jin Woo , Park Gi Soon , Jeong Jae Seung , Kim Jihyun , Ko Doo‐Hyun , Hwang Yun Jeong , Min Byoung Koun
Published: February 2016

The effect of the back contact electrode in nanoparticle‐ink‐based CIGSSe solar cells was investigated using different glass substrates with either a fluorine‐doped SnO2
(FTO) conducting layer or a molybdenum (Mo) conducting layer. The morphologies, crystal structures, and compositional distributions of the Cu(In
x
Ga1–

x
)(S
y
Se1–

y
)2(CIGSSe) films are very similar in spite of the different back contact materials. The observed performances of the solar cell device, however, are somewhat different. The device that was fabricated on the FTO back contact substrate revealed a lower open‐circuit voltage (
V

oc) and fill factor (FF) than the Mo back contact substrate, resulting in lower solar cell efficiencies (6.5% for FTO and 7.4% for Mo). The differences between the behaviors are attributed to the interfacial properties between the CIGSSe film and the back contact electrode.
Did a university retaliate against a professor because of her husband's actions?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: February 2016

Kathleen Benison became a professor at Central Michigan University in 2008. In December, Benison's husband — an undergraduate CMU student — successfully sponsored a resolution of no confidence in the provost and president. However, the board of trustees refused to act on it.
Practice stoker‐style leadership to move your organization forward
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: February 2016

Leaders have a great many responsibilities to their organizations, among them to provide sustained levels of care and influence in a manner that is similar to the way a stoker on a steam locomotive or ship is entrusted to keep a fire well‐lit and well‐managed. It could even be said that stokers and leaders have the same primary objective: to “keep the fire burning” … without getting burned.
Programmable DNA Hydrogels Assembled from Multidomain DNA Strands
Authors: Jiang Huiling , Pan Victor , Vivek Skanda , Weeks Eric R. , Ke Yonggang
Published: February 2016

Hydrogels are important in biological and medical applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. DNA hydrogels have attracted significant attention due to the programmability and biocompatibility of the material. We developed a series of low‐cost one‐strand DNA hydrogels self‐assembled from single‐stranded DNA monomers containing multiple palindromic domains. This new hydrogel design is simple and programmable. Thermal stability, mechanical properties, and loading capacity of these one‐strand DNA hydrogels can be readily regulated by simply adjusting the DNA domains.
Nuclear extrusion precedes discharge of genomic DNA fibers during tunicamycin‐induced neutrophil extracellular trap‐osis (NETosis)‐like cell death in cultured human leukemia cells
Authors: Nakayama Tomofumi , Saitoh Noriko , Morotomi‐Yano Keiko , Yano Ken‐ichi , Nakao Mitsuyoshi , Saitoh Hisato
Published: February 2016

We previously reported that the nucleoside antibiotic tunicamycin (TN), a protein glycosylation inhibitor triggering unfolded protein response (UPR), induced neutrophil extracellular trap‐osis (NETosis)‐like cellular suicide and, thus, discharged genomic DNA fibers to extracellular spaces in a range of human myeloid cell lines under serum‐free conditions. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of TN on human promyelocytic leukemia HL‐60 cells using time‐lapse microscopy. Our assay revealed a previously unappreciated early event induced by TN‐exposure, in which, at 30–60 min after TN addition, the cells extruded their nuclei into the extracellular space, followed by discharge of DNA fibers to form NET‐like structures. Intriguingly, neither nuclear extrusion nor DNA discharge was observed when cells were exposed to inducers of UPR, such as brefeldin A, thapsigargin, or dithiothreitol. Our findings revealed novel nuclear dynamics during TN‐induced NETosis‐like cellular suicide in HL‐60 cells and suggested that the toxicological effect of TN on nuclear extrusion and DNA discharge was not a simple UPR.
Preterm premature rupture of membrane after polypectomy using an Endoloop polydioxanone suture II™
Authors: Aoki Shigeru , Hayashi Mariko , Seki Kazuo , Hirahara Fumiki
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical Message

Polypectomy using an Endoloop PDS II™ during pregnancy can be responsible for miscarriage and preterm delivery. Cervical polyps should not be removed in pregnant women except in cases where a malignancy is suspected.
A Combined Catalyst of Pt Nanoparticles and TiO2 with Water‐Tolerant Lewis Acid Sites for One‐Pot Conversion of Glycerol to Lactic Acid
Authors: Komanoya Tasuku , Suzuki Ayaka , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Kitano Masaaki , Kamata Keigo , Hara Michikazu
Published: February 2016

Catalytic conversion of glycerol to valuable chemicals has been recognized as an attractive and challenging reaction in biorefinery. In this paper, we demonstrated that a combined catalyst of Pt nanoparticles and TiO2 worked as a highly active catalyst for the one‐pot conversion of glycerol to lactic acid in water. The yield of lactic acid reached 63 % under oxygen atmosphere without the use of any additives such as strong bases, and the catalyst could be reused without significant loss of the catalytic performance. The mechanistic studies revealed that Pt nanoparticles on TiO2 selectively oxidized glycerol to C3 aldehyde/ketone, and Lewis acid sites on TiO2 smoothly promoted the dehydration and rehydration/rearrangement reactions of the intermediates to produce lactic acid efficiently.