bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in the Preparation, Structure, and Biological Activities of β-Glucan from Ganoderma Species: A Review
Authors: Zhang Henan , Zhang Jingsong , Liu Yanfang , Tang Chuanhong
Published: August 2023

Ganoderma has served as a valuable food supplement and medicinal ingredient with outstanding active compounds that are essential for human protection against chronic diseases. Modern pharmacology studies have proven that Ganoderma β-d-glucan exhibits versatile biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, as well as gut microbiota regulation. As a promising polysaccharide, β-d-glucan is widely used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broth of Ganoderma species have received wide attention from scholars globally. Unfortunately, comprehensive studies on the preparation, structure and bioactivity, toxicology, and utilization of β-d-glucans from Ganoderma species still need to be further explored, which may result in limitations in future sustainable industrial applications of β-d-glucans. Thus, this review summarizes the research progress in recent years on the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and bioactivity mechanisms of Ganoderma β-d-glucan, as well as its toxicological assessment and applications. This review is intended to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development and application of β-d-glucan in the fields of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics.
Functional, Physical, and Volatile Characterization of Chitosan/Starch Food Films Functionalized with Mango Leaf Extract
Authors: Cejudo Cristina , Ferreiro Marta , Romera Irene , Casas Lourdes , Mantell Casimiro
Published: August 2023

Active packaging is one of the currently thriving methods to preserve highly perishable foods. Nonetheless, the integration of active substances into the formulation of the packaging may alter their properties—particularly mass transfer properties—and therefore, the active compounds acting. Different formulations of chitosan (CH), starch (ST), and their blends (CH-ST), with the addition of mango leaf extract (MLE) have been polymerized by casting to evaluate their food preservation efficiency. A CH-ST blend with 3% MLE using 7.5 mL of the filmogenic solution proved to be the most effective formulation because of its high bioactivity (ca. 80% and 74% of inhibition growth of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, and 40% antioxidant capacity). The formulation reduced the water solubility and water vapor permeability while increasing UV protection, properties that provide a better preservation of raspberry fruit after 13 days than the control. Moreover, a novel method of Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry to analyze the volatile profiles of the films is employed, to study the potential modification of the food in contact with the active film. These migrated compounds were shown to be closely related to both the mango extract additions and the film’s formulation themselves, showing different fingerprints depending on the film.
The Effect of Water Hardness and pH on the Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on Food-Contact Surfaces
Authors: Morris Julianna N. , Esseili Malak A.
Published: August 2023

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are commonly used disinfectants with a maximum recommended concentration of 200 ppm for food-contact surfaces. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pH and water hardness on NaOCl and PAA efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel (SS). The two disinfectants were prepared at 200 ppm in water of hardness 150 or 300 ppm with the final pH adjusted to 5, 6, 7, or 8. Disinfectants were applied to virus-contaminated SS for one minute at room temperature following the ASTM E2197 standard assay. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was quantified using TCID50 assay on Vero-E6 cells. In general, increasingly hard water decreased the efficacy of NaOCl while increasing the efficacy of PAA. Hard water at 300 ppm significantly increased virus log reduction with PAA at pH 8 by ~1.5 log. The maximum virus log reductions were observed at pH 5 for both NaOCl (~1.2 log) and PAA (~2 log) at 150 and 300 ppm hard water, respectively. In conclusion, PAA performed significantly better than NaOCl with harder water. However, both disinfectants at 200 ppm and one minute were not effective (≤3 log) against SARS-CoV-2 on contaminated food-contact surfaces, which may facilitate the role of these surfaces in virus transmission.
Laser Light as an Emerging Method for Sustainable Food Processing, Packaging, and Testing
Authors: Chavan Prasad , Yadav Rahul , Sharma Pallavi , Jaiswal Amit K.
Published: August 2023

In this review article, we systematically investigated the diverse applications of laser technology within the sphere of food processing, encompassing techniques such as laser ablation, microbial inactivation, state-of-the-art food packaging, and non-destructive testing. With a detailed exploration, we assess the utility of laser ablation for the removal of surface contaminants from foodstuffs, while also noting the potential financial and safety implications of its implementation on an industrial scale. Microbial inactivation by laser shows promise for reducing the microbial load on food surfaces, although concerns have been raised about potential damage to the physio-characteristics of some fruits. Laser-based packaging techniques, such as laser perforation and laser transmission welding, offer eco-friendly alternatives to traditional packaging methods and can extend the shelf life of perishable goods. Despite the limitations, laser technology shows great promise in the food industry and has the potential to revolutionize food processing, packaging, and testing. Future research needs to focus on optimizing laser equipment, addressing limitations, and developing mathematical models to enhance the technology’s uses.
Metabolomics Profiling of White Button, Crimini, Portabella, Lion’s Mane, Maitake, Oyster, and Shiitake Mushrooms Using Untargeted Metabolomics and Targeted Amino Acid Analysis
Authors: Uffelman Cassi N. , Doenges Katrina A. , Armstrong Michael L. , Quinn Kevin , Reisdorph Richard M. , Tang Minghua , Krebs Nancy F. , Reisdorph Nichole A. , Campbell Wayne W.
Published: August 2023

Mushrooms contain multiple essential nutrients and health-promoting bioactive compounds, including the amino acid L-ergothioneine. Knowledge of the chemical composition of different mushroom varieties will aid research on their health-promoting properties. We compared the metabolomes of fresh raw white button, crimini, portabella, lion’s mane, maitake, oyster, and shiitake mushrooms using untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based metabolomics. We also quantified amino acid concentrations, including L-ergothioneine, a potential antioxidant which is not synthesized by plants or animals. Among the seven mushroom varieties, more than 10,000 compounds were detected. Principal Component Analysis indicated mushrooms of the same species, Agaricus Bisporus (white button, portabella, crimini), group similarly. The other varieties formed individual, distinct clusters. A total of 1344 (520 annotated) compounds were detected in all seven mushroom varieties. Each variety had tens-to-hundreds of unique-to-mushroom-variety compounds. These ranged from 29 for crimini to 854 for lion’s mane. All three Agaricus bisporus varieties had similar amino acid profiles (including detection of all nine essential amino acids), while other varieties had less methionine and tryptophan. Lion’s mane and oyster mushrooms had the highest concentrations of L-ergothioneine. The detection of hundreds of unique-to-mushroom-variety compounds emphasizes the differences in chemical composition of these varieties of edible fungi.
Dynamic Formation of Green Tea Cream and the Identification of Key Components Using the “Knock-Out/Knock-In” Method
Authors: Guo Cheng , Shen Wangyang , Jin Weiping , Jia Xiwu , Ji Zhili , Li Jinling , Li Bin
Published: August 2023

The composition of green tea cream is extremely complex, and identification of key components is a prerequisite for elucidating its microstructure formation mechanism. This study examined the dynamic changes in the content of components and properties of colloid particles during the formation process of tea cream by chemical analysis and dynamic laser scattering (DLS). A “knock-out/knock-in” method was developed and used to further explore the relationship between the interaction of these components and the microstructure formation of tea cream. The results revealed that polysaccharides, proteins, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and caffeine were the main components involved in tea cream formation. These components participated in the formation process in the form of polysaccharide–protein and EGCG–caffeine colloidal particles. Consequently, there were synchronized dynamic changes in the levels of polysaccharides, proteins, EGCG, and caffeine. The “knock-out/knock-in” experiment revealed that the interactions between EGCG or caffeine and macro-molecule components were not the key factors in tea cream microstructure formation. However, it was found that the complexation between EGCG and caffeine played a crucial role in the formation of tea cream. The findings suggested that decreasing the concentrations of EGCG and caffeine could be useful in controlling tea cream formation during tea beverage processing and storage.
MAGI-ACMG: Algorithm for the Classification of Variants According to ACMG and ACGS Recommendations
Authors: Cristofoli Francesca , Daja Muharrem , Maltese Paolo Enrico , Guerri Giulia , Tanzi Benedetta , Miotto Roberta , Bonetti Gabriele , Miertus Jan , Chiurazzi Pietro , Stuppia Liborio , Gatta Valentina , Cecchin Stefano , Bertelli Matteo , Marceddu Giuseppe
Published: August 2023

We have developed MAGI-ACMG, a classification algorithm that allows the classification of sequencing variants (single nucleotide or small indels) according to the recommendations of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and the Association for Clinical Genomic Science (ACGS). The MAGI-ACMG classification algorithm uses information retrieved through the VarSome Application Programming Interface (API), integrates the AutoPVS1 tool in order to evaluate more precisely the attribution of the PVS1 criterion, and performs the customized assignment of specific criteria. In addition, we propose a sub-classification scheme for variants of uncertain significance (VUS) according to their proximity either towards the “likely pathogenic” or “likely benign” classes. We also conceived a pathogenicity potential criterion (P_POT) as a proxy for segregation criteria that might be added to a VUS after posterior testing, thus allowing it to upgrade its clinical significance in a diagnostic reporting setting. Finally, we have developed a user-friendly web application based on the MAGI-ACMG algorithm, available to geneticists for variant interpretation.
Insights on the Formation Conditions of Manganese Oxides from Crimora, VA (USA)
Authors: Elmi Chiara , Whitlock Jacob R. , Macdowell Matthew T. , Foust Richard D.
Published: August 2023

Many regions of the United States contain manganese deposits economically valuable in New England, Appalachian, and Piedmont regions in the Eastern United States, in Northern Arkansas, and, to a small extent, in Central–Western California. Mn oxide/hydroxide (commonly referred to as Mn oxide minerals) are found in a wide variety of geological settings and occur as fine-grained aggregates, veins, marine and freshwater nodules and concretions, crusts, dendrites, and coatings on rock surfaces (e.g., desert varnish). How manganese oxides form and what mechanisms determine which oxides are likely to form are limited and still debated. This paper focuses on Mn oxides collected at the southern bound of the abandoned open-pit site called Crimora Mine (Augusta County, Virginia). This study uses mineralogical and chemical features to shed light on the origin of manganese deposits in Crimora along the western foot of the Blue Ridge in South–West Virginia. We report the first detailed study on the genesis of the Crimora manganese deposit conducted since the mine was closed in the 1950s. Crimora Mine sample is dark black fine- to medium-grained round and oblong nodules coated with a fine-grained intermix of yellowish earthy limonite, clays, and quartz. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the Crimora Mn-oxides exhibit concentric layering, breccia-like matrices, and veins. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) identified the set of Mn minerals as hollandite and birnessite. The concentration and range of dissolved chemical species in freshwater, seawater, and hydrothermal depositional fluids impart a geochemical signature to the Mn-oxides, providing a diagnostic tool to shed light on their genetic origin. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis of the Crimora manganese oxides shows Mn, Fe, and Ti, as well as trace elements such as Co, Ba, Y, Zn, Cr, Ni, Tl, La, V, and Li. A bivariate analysis based on the geochemical correlation of Mn and other common substituting cations (e.g., Fe, Co, Ti) shows a mixed genesis in different environments with varying biological and sedimentary supergene (freshwater and marine) conditions. These data suggest that the Mn-rich deposit in Crimora, VA, was formed in a continental margin environment of surficial deposits and reprecipitated in mixed biogenic and supergene conditions.
Jazzthetic Technique: Oralizing Fiction and Jazz Strategies in Toni Morrison’s Jazz
Authors: Caldwell Trivius Gerard
Published: August 2023

Toni Morrison represents the improvisations of life in the 1920s and posits her novel Jazz as a work that negotiates sound as a distinguishing characteristic of her writing genre. Many critics have described Morrison’s approach as a Jazzthetic strategy and as such, her rhetorical move enables a renovation of traditional aspects of the novel to render life as complex as a jazz composition itself. This article analyzes Morison’s methods and posits the use of jazz strategies to mimic the displacement, fragmentation, and strife experienced by African Americans during the Great Migration. This essay also intervenes in the debate between the relationship of language and music to examine the ways that Morrison oralizes fiction and engages in a form of cultural circularity, thereby asserting the authenticity of jazz alongside the tension of the Great Migration. Additionally, this essay explains the ways that Morrison makes clear the implications of migrant cultural expression in service of identity formation, suggesting that the micro-novels in the novel Jazz are contributors to a larger ensemble that functions epistemologically to render the African American experience as central to American identity.
Re-Licious: Co-Design with Adolescents to Turn Leftovers into Delicious and Healthy Meals—A School-Based Pilot Intervention
Authors: Jenkins Eva L. , Brennan Linda , Jackson Michaela , McCaffrey Tracy A.
Published: August 2023

One-third of the food produced globally is lost or wasted, and one cause is consumer leftovers. Re-licious was an eight-week pilot intervention aiming to increase awareness of food waste and healthy eating by building adolescents’ ability to prepare and cook leftovers. Re-licious used a co-design approach and was piloted in a secondary school, half of which was during a COVID-19 lockdown period. Students watched videos on food waste and healthy eating during class. They identified leftover ingredients at home and repurposed ingredients to create recipes. Students co-created recipe criteria to ensure the personal relevance of the recipes. They completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires (n = 40) about food waste and motivation and interest in healthy eating. Four group interviews were conducted. The factors identified as important in the co-creation sessions were preparation time, cost, healthiness, and sustainability. Participants with low motivation and interest in healthy eating decreased, and participants with high interest increased (p < 0.001). The intention to reduce food waste increased (p = 0.007), as did resourcefulness (p < 0.001) and personal norms (p = 0.048). Interviews highlighted the students’ increased awareness of food waste and enjoyment of the intervention. With improvements based on this pilot, Re-licious could be adapted and re-trialled in a face-to-face format to educate young people about food waste.
The Wound-Healing Activity of PEDOT-PSS in Animals
Authors: Chung Yun-Lung , Chou Pei-Yu , Sheu Ming-Jyh
Published: August 2023

This study evaluated the wound-healing activity of a polymer, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), and determined its mechanism based on angiogenic activity in a full-thickness excision wound model in Spraque Dawley (SD) rats. Administering PEDOT: PSS (1.6) 1.5 ppm at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day significantly improved wound healing in the SD rats on the eleventh day after the incision was created. PEDOT: PSS-treated animals presented no anti-inflammatory skin effects; however, there was an increase in angiogenic behavior. VEGF was found to be significantly elevated in the PEDOT: PSS-treated groups seven days post-incision. However, only a higher concentration of PEDOT: PSS increased TGF-β1 expression within the same time frame. Our results showed that PEDOT: PSS enhances wound healing activity, mainly in terms of its angiogenic effects. In this paper, we describe the highly conductive macromolecular material PEDOT: PSS, which demonstrated accelerated wound-healing activity in the animal incision model. The results will further provide information regarding the application of PEDOT: PSS as a dressing for medical use.
Cell-Impermeable Inhibitors Confirm That Intracellular Human Transglutaminase 2 Is Responsible for the Transglutaminase-Associated Cancer Phenotype
Authors: Gates Eric W. J. , Calvert Nicholas D. , Cundy Nicholas J. , Brugnoli Federica , Navals Pauline , Kirby Alexia , Bianchi Nicoletta , Adhikary Gautam , Shuhendler Adam J. , Eckert Richard L. , Keillor Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2023

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme primarily responsible for crosslinking proteins. Ubiquitously expressed in humans, TG2 can act either as a transamidase by crosslinking two substrates through formation of an Nε(ɣ-glutaminyl)lysine bond or as an intracellular G-protein. These discrete roles are tightly regulated by both allosteric and environmental stimuli and are associated with dramatic changes in the conformation of the enzyme. The pleiotropic nature of TG2 and multi-faceted activities have resulted in TG2 being implicated in numerous disease pathologies including celiac disease, fibrosis, and cancer. Targeted TG2 therapies have not been selective for subcellular localization, such that currently no tools exist to selectively target extracellular over intracellular TG2. Herein, we have designed novel TG2-selective inhibitors that are not only highly potent and irreversible, but also cell impermeable, targeting only extracellular TG2. We have also further derivatized the scaffold to develop probes that are intrinsically fluorescent or bear an alkyne handle, which target both intra- and extracellular TG2, in order to facilitate cellular labelling and pull-down assays. The fluorescent probes were internalized and imaged in cellulo, and provide the first implicit experimental evidence that by comparison with their cell-impermeable analogues, it is specifically intracellular TG2, and presumably its G-protein activity, that contributes to transglutaminase-associated cancer progression.
The Structure Properties of Carbon Materials Formed in 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Detonation: A Theoretical Insight for Nucleation of Diamond-like Carbon
Authors: He Zheng-Hua , Huang Yao-Yao , Ji Guang-Fu , Chen Jun , Wu Qiang
Published: August 2023

The structure and properties of nano-carbon materials formed in explosives detonation are always a challenge, not only for the designing and manufacturing of these materials but also for clearly understanding the detonation performance of explosives. Herein, we study the dynamic evolution process of condensed-phase carbon involved in 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) detonation using the quantum-based molecular dynamics method. Various carbon structures such as, graphene-like, diamond-like, and “diaphite”, are obtained under different pressures. The transition from a C sp2- to a sp3-hybrid, driven by the conversion of a hexatomic to a non-hexatomic ring, is detected under high pressure. A tightly bound nucleation mechanism for diamond-like carbon dominated by a graphene-like carbon layer is uncovered. The graphene-like layer is readily constructed at the early stage, which would connect with surrounding carbon atoms or fragments to form the tetrahedral structure, with a high fraction of sp3-hybridized carbon. After that, the deformed carbon layers further coalesce with each other by bonding between carbon atoms within the five-member ring, to form the diamond-like nucleus. The complex “diaphite” configuration is detected during the diamond-like carbon nucleation, which illustrates that the nucleation and growth of detonation nano-diamond would accompany the intergrowth of graphene-like layers.
Endocrine Side Effects in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review
Authors: Profili Nicia I. , Castelli Roberto , Gidaro Antonio , Merella Alessandro , Manetti Roberto , Palmieri Giuseppe , Maioli Margherita , Delitala Alessandro P.
Published: August 2023

Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that elicit an anti-tumor response by stimulating immune system. Their use has improved the treatment of different types of cancer such as melanoma, breast carcinoma, lung, stomach, colon, liver, renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, but several adverse events have been reported. Although the etiology of these effects is not completely understood, an uncontrolled activation of the immune system has been postulated. Indeed, some studies showed a cross reactivity of T cells, which acted against tumor antigens as well as antigens in the tissues of patients who developed immune-related adverse events. Despite the known possibility of developing immune-related adverse events, early diagnosis, monitoring during therapy, and treatment are fundamental for the best supportive care and administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The aim of this review is to guide the clinician in early diagnosis, management, and treatment of the endocrinological adverse effects in the major endocrine glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, endocrine pancreas, and parathyroid).
Nitrofuran Derivatives Cross-Resistance Evidence—Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Nitrofurantoin and Furazidin In Vitro Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Bielec Filip , Brauncajs Małgorzata , Pastuszak-Lewandoska Dorota
Published: August 2023

The treatment of urinary tract infections is usually empirical. For example, nitrofuran derivatives, mainly nitrofurantoin (but also furazidin), are used in Eastern Europe. A significant problem is the assessment of the usefulness of furazidin, as there are no standards for susceptibility testing. Additionally, a high percentage of strains resistant to nitrofurantoin should prompt caution when choosing furazidin in therapy. This study aimed to answer the question of whether it is possible to use nitrofurantoin susceptibility for furazidin drug susceptibility analyses and if there is any cross-resistance in the nitrofuran derivatives group. One hundred E. coli clinical isolates, obtained from the Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz, were cultured from positive urine samples. For susceptibility testing, microdilution and disk diffusion methods, following EUCAST guidelines, were used. The results showed that the MICs of furazidin were equal to or lower than those of nitrofurantoin in 89% of the tested strains. The MIC50/90 values for furazidin were two times lower than those for nitrofurantoin. Positive correlations were found between MICs and growth inhibition zones for both antibiotics. Based on the obtained data and previous studies, it was assumed that the transfer of susceptibility testing results from nitrofurantoin to furazidin is acceptable due to cross-resistance in nitrofuran derivatives.
Long-Term Oncological and Functional Outcomes after Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy with Hyperselective Embolization of Tumor Vessels in a Hybrid Operating Room
Authors: Frantz Ulysse , Bouvier Antoine , Culty Thibaut , Zidane Merzouka , Lebdai Souhil , Bigot Pierre
Published: August 2023

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) after hyperselective embolization of tumor vessels (HETV) in a hybrid operating room (HOR) that combines traditional surgical equipment with advanced imaging technology, is a non-clamping surgical approach to treat localized kidney tumors that has shown promising short-term results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term oncological and functional outcomes of this procedure. All consecutive patients treated for a localized kidney tumor by LPN after HETV between May 2015 and October 2022 in a single academic institution were included in the study. Clinical, pathological and biological data were collected prospectively in the uroCCR database. We evaluated intraoperative data, postoperative complications, surgical margin and modification of renal function after surgery. We included 245 patients. The median tumor size was 3.2 (2.5–4.4) cm. The R.E.N.A.L. complexity was low, medium and high for 104 (43.5%), 109 (45.6%) and 26 (10.9%) patients, respectively. Median LPN time was 75 (65–100) min and median blood loss was 100 (50–300) mL. Surgical postoperative complications occurred in 56 (22.9%) patients with 17 (5.7%) major complications. The median Glomerular Function Rate variation at 6 months was −7.5 (−15–−2) mL/min. Malignant tumors were present in 211 (86.1%) patients, and 12 (4.9%) patients had positive surgical margins. After a median follow-up of 27 (8–49) months, 20 (8.2%) patients had a tumor recurrence and 4 (1.6%) died from cancer. At 5 years, disease free survival, cancer specific survival and overall survival rates were 84%, 96.8% and 88.3%, respectively. Performing LPN after HETV in a HOR is a safe and efficient non-clamping approach to treat localized kidney tumors.
Assessment of Visual Quality Improvement as a Result of Spectacle Personalization
Authors: Benyó Fruzsina , István Lilla , Kiss Huba , Gyenes Andrea , Erdei Gábor , Juhász Éva , Vlasak Natalia , Unger Claudia , Andorfi Tamás , Réz Kata , Kovács Illés , Nagy Zoltán Zsolt
Published: August 2023

Personalized spectacles customized according to an individual’s facial anatomy were developed to provide enhanced visual performance and overall comfort when compared to standard spectacles. In this comparative crossover trial, each subject was randomly assigned to wear either personalized spectacles or standard spectacles for two weeks and then tried the second pair for another two weeks. Visual acuity and reading speed were measured, and visual quality and comfort were assessed using specific questionnaires. The correlation of the wearing parameters with the subjects’ satisfaction was calculated. According to our results, the subjects wearing personalized glasses reported significantly less experience of swaying and significantly higher overall satisfaction compared to those wearing the control spectacles. At the end of the study, 62% of subjects preferred the personalized spectacles, and visual quality was the primary reason for their spectacle preference followed by wearing comfort. The difference from the ideal cornea–vertex distance was significantly lower when wearing the personalized spectacles compared to the control frames. In addition, the absolute value of the difference from the ideal cornea–vertex distance was significantly correlated with patient satisfaction. These results suggest that personalized spectacles, customized according to an individual’s facial anatomy for the ideal wearing parameters, result in both visual and comfort advantages for wearers.
Tribological Investigation of the Effect of Nanosized Transition Metal Oxides on a Base Oil Containing Overbased Calcium Sulfonate
Authors: Tóth Álmos Dávid , Hargitai Hajnalka , Szabó Ádám István
Published: August 2023

In this study, copper(II) oxide, titanium dioxide and yttrium(III) oxide nanoparticles were added to Group III-type base oil formulated with overbased calcium sulfonate. The nanosized oxides were treated with ethyl oleate surface modification. The tribological properties of the homogenized oil samples were tested on a linear oscillating tribometer. Friction was continuously monitored during the tribological tests. A surface analysis was performed on the worn samples: the amount of wear was determined using a digital optical and confocal microscope. The type of wear was examined with a scanning electron microscope, while the additives adhered to the surface were examined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. From the results of the measurements, it can be concluded that the surface-modified nanoparticles worked well with the overbased calcium sulfonate and significantly reduced both wear and friction. In the present tribology system, the optimal concentration of all three oxide ceramic nanoadditives is 0.4 wt%. By using oxide nanoparticles, friction can be reduced by up to 15% and the wear volume by up to 77%. Overbased calcium sulfonate and oxide ceramic nanoparticles together form a lower friction anti-wear boundary layer on the worn surfaces. The results of the tests represent another step toward the applicability of these nanoparticles in commercial engine lubricants. It is advisable to further investigate the possibility of formulating nanoparticles into the oil.
Plastic Roads in Asia: Current Implementations and Should It Be Considered?
Authors: Abd Karim Saipol Bari , Norman Syuhada , Koting Suhana , Simarani Khanom , Loo Siaw-Chuing , Mohd Rahim Faizul Azli , Ibrahim Mohd Rasdan , Md Yusoff Nur Izzi , Nagor Mohamed Abdul Halim
Published: August 2023

The rapid economic and industrial growth experienced in the Asian region has significantly increased waste production, particularly single-use plastic. This surge in waste poses a significant challenge for these countries’ municipal solid waste management systems. Consequently, there is a pressing need for progressive and effective solutions to address the plastic waste issue. One promising initiative involves utilizing used plastic to produce components for asphalt pavement. The concept of plastic road technology has gained traction in Asia, with 32 countries displaying varying levels of interest, ranging from small-scale laboratory experiments to large-scale construction projects. However, as a relatively new technology, plastic road implementation requires continuous and comprehensive environmental and health risk assessments to ascertain its viability as a reliable green technology. This review paper presents the current findings and potential implementation of plastic-modified asphalt in Asian countries, with particular attention given to its environmental and human health impacts. While plastic asphalt roads hold promise in waste reduction, improved asphalt properties, and cost savings, it is imperative to thoroughly consider the environmental and health impacts, quality control measures, recycling limitations, and long-term performance of this road construction material. Further research and evaluation are needed to fully understand the viability and sustainability of plastic asphalt roads. This will enable a comprehensive assessment of its potential benefits and drawbacks, aiding in developing robust guidelines and standards for its implementation. By addressing these considerations, it will be possible to optimize the utilization of plastic waste in road construction and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.
Effect of Ultrafine Cement (UFC) on the Corrosion Resistance of Cement Soil in Peat Soil Environment
Authors: Guo Yongfa , Cao Jing , Sun Huafeng , Ding Wenyun , Hua Guofeng , Wei Wei , Huang Siyang
Published: August 2023

Many peat soils are distributed around plateau lakes, and the reinforcement of peat soils with high organic matter content by ordinary cement cannot meet the actual engineering requirements. In order to obtain better mechanical properties and durability of the reinforcement, this experiment prepared peat soil by mixing humic acid reagent into the alluvial clay soil with low organic matter content. The cement soil samples were prepared by adding cement and ultrafine cement (UFC) by stirring method; the samples were then soaked in fulvic acid solution to simulate the cement soil in the peat soil environment. Using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) test, and pores and cracks analysis system (PCAS) test, the effect of UFC content change on cement soil’s humic acid erosion resistance was explored, and the optimal UFC content range was sought. The results of the UCS test show that with an increase in immersion time, the strength curves of cement soil samples gradually increase to the peak strength and then decrease. Significant differences in the time correspond to the peak strength, and the overall presentation is two processes: the strength enhancement stage and the corrosion stage of the sample. The incorporation of UFC makes the cement soil in the peat soil environment exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, and the optimal UFC content is 10%. The results of the SEM and PCAS tests show that the microstructure of cement soil after immersion time exceeds 90 days, increases with an increase in immersion time, and its structural connectivity gradually weakens. The excellent characteristics of UFC particles, such as small particle size, narrow particle size distribution, fast hydration reaction rate, high hydration degree, and many hydration products, weakened the adverse effects of humic acid on the cement soil structure to a certain extent. Therefore, although the number of macropores increases, they are not connected. It still presents a relatively compact honeycomb overall structure, which correlates well with the UCS results.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Titanium Oxide-Based Films for Semiconductor Applications—Effects of Precursor and Operating Conditions
Authors: Matkivskyi Vladyslav , Leiviskä Oskari , Wenner Sigurd , Liu Hanchen , Vähänissi Ville , Savin Hele , Di Sabatino Marisa , Tranell Gabriella
Published: August 2023

Two widely used atomic layer deposition precursors, Tetrakis (dimethylamido) titanium (TDMA-Ti) and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), were investigated for use in the deposition of TiOx-based thin films as a passivating contact material for solar cells. This study revealed that both precursors are suited to similar deposition temperatures (150 °C). Post-deposition annealing plays a major role in optimising the titanium oxide (TiOx) film passivation properties, improving minority carrier lifetime (τeff) by more than 200 µs. Aluminium oxide deposited together with titanium oxide (AlOy/TiOx) reduced the sheet resistance by 40% compared with pure TiOx. It was also revealed that the passivation quality of the (AlOy/TiOx) stack depends on the precursor and ratio of AlOy to TiOx deposition cycles.
A Scientific Approach for Environmental Analysis: An Asynchronous Electric Motor Case Study for Stand-By Applications
Authors: Antonacci Andrea , Giraldi Alessandro , Innocenti Eleonora , Delogu Massimo
Published: August 2023

In recent years, there has been growing attention from the scientific community regarding the environmental impact of commercial goods, pushing companies to adopt life cycle assessment strategies to improve their environmental profile. Only few studies have examined the environmental burdens of electric motors, specifically for stationary applications such as oil and gas plants, transmission organs, operating machines, or other industrial utilization. For this purpose, this paper presents a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the environmental sustainability of an asynchronous electric motor used for stationary applications. The motor under examination moves a stand-by hydraulic pump used in a compression plant to lubricate the bearings of centrifugal machines. The principles dictated by ISO 14040 are implemented, and a cradle-to-gate analysis is performed. This article reports in detail the inventory hypothesis and the steps that led to modeling the assessed electric motor. The results are presented for all impact categories provided by the ReCiPe methodology. Additionally, a breakdown of the eco-indicators at the single component level is proposed, focusing on the impact of raw material extraction phases and subsequent technological processes. The last section highlights which components contribute predominantly, both from a materials and processes perspective, and the environmental hotspots in the modeled supply chain are identified.
Enhancing Small Heat Source Performance through Gravitational Loop Heat Pipes
Authors: Martvoňová Lucia , Malcho Milan , Jandačka Jozef , Ďurčanský Peter , Holubčík Michal , Drozda Július , Adamička Martin
Published: August 2023

This experimental study aimed to validate the integration of a gravitational loop heat pipe (GLHP) with respect to a gas fireplace insert. The GLHP was utilized to enhance the efficiency of the fireplace by preheating the combustion air with waste heat from flue gases. The experiment involved monitoring key parameters such as vapor and condensate temperatures and absolute pressure within the LHP. The results demonstrated that a filling volume of 0.1 L of water in the LHP allowed for successful operation, while exceeding 0.2 L resulted in flooding and decreased system efficiency. Challenges related to vapor production and condensate return were identified, suggesting the need for further research and design improvements. The experimental verification confirmed the feasibility of implementing the gravitational LHP in a gas fireplace insert and emphasized the importance of optimizing vapor production and condensate return mechanisms. This study contributes to the advancement of thermal management strategies and provides valuable insights for enhancing the design and performance of such systems.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Scheme for Spectrum Sensing and Resource Allocation in ITS
Authors: Wei Huang , Peng Yuyang , Yue Ming , Long Jiale , AL-Hazemi Fawaz , Mirza Mohammad Meraj
Published: August 2023

In recent years, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been found to be of huge potential value in the promotion of the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and smart cities. However, the traditional scheme in IoV has difficulty in dealing with an uncertain environment, while reinforcement learning has the advantage of being able to deal with an uncertain environment. Spectrum resource allocation in IoV faces the uncertain environment in most cases. Therefore, this paper investigates the spectrum resource allocation problem by deep reinforcement learning after using spectrum sensing technology in the ITS, including the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) link and the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) link. The spectrum resource allocation is modeled as a reinforcement learning-based multi-agent problem which is solved by using the soft actor critic (SAC) algorithm. Considered an agent, each V2V link interacts with the vehicle environment and makes a joint action. After that, each agent receives different observations as well as the same reward, and updates networks through the experiences from the memory. Therefore, during a certain time, each V2V link can optimize its spectrum allocation scheme to maximize the V2I capacity as well as increase the V2V payload delivery transmission rate. However, the number of SAC networks increases linearly as the number of V2V links increases, which means that the networks may have a problem in terms of convergence when there are an excessive number of V2V links. Consequently, a new algorithm, namely parameter sharing soft actor critic (PSSAC), is proposed to reduce the complexity for which the model is easier to converge. The simulation results show that both SAC and PSSAC can improve the V2I capacity and increase the V2V payload transmission success probability within a certain time. Specifically, these novel schemes have a 10 percent performance improvement compared with the existing scheme in the vehicular environment. Additionally, PSSAC has a lower complexity.
An Improved Mathematical Theory for Designing Membrane Deflection-Based Rain Gauges
Authors: Sun Jun-Yi , Li Ning , He Xiao-Ting
Published: August 2023

This paper is devoted to developing a more refined mathematical theory for designing the previously proposed membrane deflection-based rain gauges. The differential-integral equations governing the large deflection behavior of the membrane are improved by modifying the geometric equations, and more accurate power-series solutions of the large deflection problem are provided, resulting in a new and more refined mathematical theory for designing such rain gauges. Examples are presented to illustrate how to analyze the convergence of the power-series solutions and how to numerically calibrate membrane deflection-based linear rain gauges. In addition, some important issues are demonstrated, analyzed, and discussed, such as the superiority of the new mathematical theory over the old one, the reason why the classical geometric equations cause errors, and the influence of changing design parameters on the input–output relationships of rain gauges.
Variational Approach to Modeling of Curvilinear Thin Inclusions with Rough Boundaries in Elastic Bodies: Case of a Rod-Type Inclusion
Authors: Rudoy Evgeny , Sazhenkov Sergey
Published: August 2023

In the framework of 2D-elasticity, an equilibrium problem for an inhomogeneous body with a curvilinear inclusion located strictly inside the body is considered. The elastic properties of the inclusion are assumed to depend on a small positive parameter δ characterizing its width and are assumed to be proportional to δ−1. Moreover, it is supposed that the inclusion has a curvilinear rough boundary. Relying on the variational formulation of the equilibrium problem, we perform the asymptotic analysis, as δ tends to zero. As a result, a variational model of an elastic body containing a thin curvilinear rod is constructed. Numerical calculations give a relative error between the initial and limit problems depending on δ.
Prognosis of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1b Infection Treated Using Daclatasvir/Asunaprevir after Sustained Virologic Response: A 6-Year Multicenter Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Yoon Jae-Hyun , Kim Sung-Eun , Cho Su-Hyeon , Kim Gi-Ae , Park Yewan , Park Ji-Won , Kang Seong-Hee , Lee Young-Sun , Kim Jeong-Han
Published: August 2023

Aim and Objectives: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy can cure chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and daclatasvir (DCV)/asunaprevir (ASV) was the first interferon-free DAA therapy introduced in Korea. Patients who achieve sustained virologic response (SVR) after DAA treatment are expected to have good prognoses. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the prognosis of these patients. Materials and Methods: This multicenter prospective observational study included patients with CHC who achieved SVR after DCV/ASV treatment. The primary endpoint was hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence, which was reviewed annually. Results: We included 302 patients (median follow-up duration: 38 [16.5–60.0] months; median age: 58 [49–67] years) in the study. Cirrhosis was observed in 103 patients (34.1%), and the median Child–Pugh score was 5.0. HCC occurred in 16 patients (5.3%) within six years post-SVR; these patients were older and had higher cirrhosis prevalence, alpha-fetoprotein levels, and fibrosis-4 index scores than did those without HCC development. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that age > 71 years (p = 0.005) and cirrhosis (p = 0.035) were significant risk factors for HCC occurrence. Conclusions: Although the prognoses of patients who achieved SVR with DCV/ASV therapy were generally good, the risk for HCC was present, especially in older patients and in those with cirrhosis. Hence, early treatment at younger ages and regular follow-up surveillance after achieving SVR are warranted.
Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse—How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport
Authors: Stojko Michał , Nocoń Jakub , Piłat Patrycja , Szpila Gabriela , Smolarczyk Joanna , Żmudka Karol , Moll Martyna , Hawranek Michał
Published: August 2023

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids, AAS) are testosterone-derived compounds whose popularity and use are constantly growing. Chronic use of AAS leads to many hormonal and metabolic disorders in the human body, which often lead to permanent health damage. Changes affect the following systems: cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, reproductive, digestive, and nervous. We decided to collect the existing knowledge in the literature and enrich it with the latest research reports in the field of degenerative effects of AAS on the nervous system. The work aimed to increase public awareness of the dangers and consequences of AAS use and improve it with the latest research on the neurodegenerative effects of AAS. We hope that our work will contribute to raising public awareness and reducing the use of AAS.
Process Setup and Boundaries of Wire Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Aluminum Bronze
Authors: Raute Julius , Biegler Max , Rethmeier Michael
Published: August 2023

In recent years, in addition to the commonly known wire-based processes of Directed Energy Deposition using lasers, a process variant using the electron beam has also developed to industrial market maturity. The process variant offers particular potential for processing highly conductive, reflective or oxidation-prone materials. However, for industrial usage, there is a lack of comprehensive data on performance, limitations and possible applications. The present study bridges the gap using the example of the high-strength aluminum bronze CuAl8Ni6. Multi-stage test welds are used to determine the limitations of the process and to draw conclusions about the suitability of the parameters for additive manufacturing. For this purpose, optimal ranges for energy input, possible welding speeds and the scalability of the process were investigated. Finally, additive test specimens in the form of cylinders and walls are produced, and the hardness profile, microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. It is found that the material CuAl8Ni6 can be well processed using wire electron beam additive manufacturing. The microstructure is similar to a cast structure, the hardness profile over the height of the specimens is constant, and the tensile strength and elongation at fracture values achieved the specification of the raw material.