bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms in the NHS in England
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Germain Sabrina , Régis Catherine , Veronesi Gianluca
Published: September 2022

This Chapter provides a case narrative of the role of medical doctors in healthcare reforms in the England, starting with the creation of the NHS (1948), up until the Coalition government reforms and their aftermath (2010-2020). The focus is on the two main policy actors and their complex relationship over time. As for the Canadian case study, the reform narrative is followed by analysis along three thematic axis: 1) the drivers and shapers of medical politics; 2) the strategies used by medical doctors and governments to deal with evolving context and 3) The implications for medical politics and healthcare reforms.
Discussion and conclusion
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Germain Sabrina , Régis Catherine , Veronesi Gianluca
Published: September 2022

This chapter comprises two main sections. First, the authors discuss the evidence and theoretical contributions of their analysis. They articulate such contributions around different themes: governance, governmentality and the medical profession; law as an instrument for policy change; and medical politics and healthcare system reforms. The challenges in the development and implementation of a full, sophisticated suite of policy instruments to support healthcare reforms are highlighted, at least with regard to policies that address issues around medical services and the role of medical doctors in PFHS. It is also discussed the so far understudied role of the law in acting as a key contextual factor that influences the negotiation of healthcare reforms. Second, the authors discuss policy implications of their findings, such as the importance of framing reforms in a way that has meaning to the practical experience of medical doctors. They also emphasise the need for government to be better equipped to be able to create opportunities for collaborative policy-making and broader policy space where medical doctors can engage in reforms.
Conclusions: A politics of everyday life?
Authors: Jupp Eleanor
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the politics of everyday life. It explains how local activism and politics of care correlate with citizenship and empowerment. Community simultaneously frames belonging, inclusion, warmth, exclusion, division, and hostility. Moreover, digital spaces offered new platforms and forms of connection for varying activism. However, the notion of self-care is often linked to neoliberal feminism discussions. The welfare state and civil society structures are considered to be multifaceted infrastructures of care that involve resources, communing, and collectivity. An infrastructural approach to care highlights the significance of care as a set of atmosphere and relationships.
A Political History of Child Protection
Authors: Hyslop Ian Kelvin
Published: September 2022

Exploring the current and historical tensions between liberal capitalism and indigenous models of family life, this book argues for a new model of child protection in Aotearoa New Zealand and other parts of the Anglophone world. The book puts forward the case that child safety can only be sustainably advanced by policy initiatives which promote social and economic equality and from practice which takes meaningful account of the complex relationship between economic circumstances and the lived realities of service users.
Power structures and problem definition
Authors: Hyslop Ian Kelvin
Published: September 2022

This chapter covers the politics of child protection in Aotearoa New Zealand, which involves the modern child protection project. It highlights the role of the state in identifying the risk of harm and responding to the children’s needs when their supposed caregivers are a threat to their well-being. There had been arguments wherein the child protection program was consistently turning a blind eye to caregivers affecting the safety and security of the liberal capitalist state. Aotearoa’s child protection work is centred within the capitalist model of development. Moreover, Anglophone jurisdictions tend to operate within the dominant rubric of liberal politics.
Cycles of crisis and review
Authors: Hyslop Ian Kelvin
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the cycles of crisis, review, and reorganisation within the broader economic and political milieu. It starts with the Strengthening Families programmes, which had been the response to the silo effect of the efficiency paradigm. Social development was the umbrella term for Aotearoa’s version of the Third Way model as it primarily centred on social exclusion as a function of an unproductive economy. The trajectory of the reform process is linked with the neoliberal or neoconservative agenda for population management and backlash on racist consequences. The chapter also looks into the ontological insecurity of Māori mothers and Pākehā identities.
Comparing cases
Authors: Stafford Ian , Cole Alistair , Heinz Dominic
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the importance of comparative research designs. The practice of comparison allows the identification of the similarities and differences between political phenomena. A single case study could enable the exploration of the context and complexities of a political system, but a statistical modelling approach to comparison could further expound on the generalisation of the concept. The chapter expounds on shaping the trust–transparency nexus with the multi-level context of case studies in France, Germany, and the UK. The contrasting multi-level governance settings provides an indication of the specific ‘external’ factors. Moreover, tools similar to the Regional Authority Index could help analyse the distribution of authority and governance settings.
Germany: Hesse and Saxony-Anhalt
Authors: Stafford Ian , Cole Alistair , Heinz Dominic
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the trust–transparency nexus case studies in Germany, particularly in Hesse and Saxony-Anhalt. It explores the solid foundation of political trust in Germany at all territorial levels of the political system. However, the featured data casts doubt on the enduring features of trust in the national government, the parliament or political institution. The chapter explains how the trust–transparency nexus of Germany is correlated to political accountability, administrative transparency, party politics, policy issues, and the operation of civil society. Parties and actors, particularly, play a vital role in the production and deterioration of trust. The contrasts between Hesse and Saxony-Anhalt had been their distinctive spatial legacies and historical paths.
Exploring the benefits of volunteering: combining survey and administrative data in the Nordic ‘laboratory’
Authors: Qvist Hans-Peter Y.
Published: September 2022

Quantitative research on volunteering often relies upon either cross-sectional survey data or general interest longitudinal surveys with simple one-item questions about volunteering. In countries such as the Scandinavian where administrative register data are readily available for research purposes, an enriching survey data with administrative register data offers researchers the opportunity to gain a richer understanding of voluntary action. This chapter discusses the benefits and challenges of merging longitudinal survey data on volunteering with administrative register data at the individual level in Denmark. These benefits and challenges are explored by drawing on recent empirical examples from research on trends in volunteering over time, immigrant volunteering, and the effect of volunteering on wages. I conclude the chapter by summarizing the benefits of merging longitudinal survey data with data from administrative registers for volunteerism research and discuss possible limitations.
The quest for exogenous values
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: September 2022

Policy analysis –reflection on what should be done- is inescapably value-centric, yet when shaped by the binary view treats values as merely arbitrary preferences.
This chapter explores the strategies by which binary policy analysis has evaded this problem, all of which involve the search for an external “supply” of values that are taken as axioms for the policy analyst. These may come from the “preferences” of the elected politician, or from a supposed aggregation of individual choices, as in cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The chapter shows that both tactics are illegitimate. The first draws on a naive view of elected officials as somehow embodying the “preferences” of citizens (even on issues about which the public has not in fact thought). CBA, for its part, illegitimately equates market outcomes with the preferences of “society.” Its reliance on time discounting, and certain measures it uses to calculate the value of a human life, can also lead to morally repugnant conclusions, when applied to a matter such as the climate crisis.
These tactics, and others explored in the chapter, all lead to the “clandestine smuggling of moral values” into analysis (Dahl).
Disproportionate Minority Contact and Racism in the US
Authors: Ketchum Paul R. , Peck B. Mitchell
Published: September 2022

Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) refers to the proportional overrepresentation of minority youth at each step of the juvenile justice system. This book addresses the issue of color-blind racism through an examination of the circular logic used by the juvenile justice system to criminalize non-White youth. The book begins by introducing how structural racism affected the lives of non-White youth through their interactions with the juvenile justice system. It finds how differential treatment is the cause of DMC. The book explains the concept of Occam's razor, which involves racial or ethnic inequalities across society. It looks into the opposing explanations for DMC and focuses on law enforcement contact with juveniles through arrests and citations. Disproportionate minority contact defines the overrepresentation of minorities throughout the juvenile justice system, while overrepresentation, on the other hand, implies the comparison of racial and ethnic characteristics of people in the juvenile justice system. The book analyses intake decisions and outcomes in the juvenile justice system, and covers juvenile self-reports of deviant and criminal behaviour. It discusses issues seen in the data of DMC and tackles the process of interviewing people amongst the minority overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system. Drawing on original data, including interviews with court and probation officers and juvenile self-reports, the book calls for a need to understand racial and ethnic inequality in the juvenile justice system from a structural perspective rather than simply at the level of individual bias. In doing so, the book contributes to larger discussions on how race operates in the United States.
New Developments in Urban Governance
Authors: Davies Jonathan S. , Blanco Ismael , Bua Adrian , Chorianopoulos Ioannis , Cortina-Oriol Mercè , Feandeiro Andrés , Gaynor Niamh , Gleeson Brendan , Griggs Steven , Hamel Pierre , Henderson Hayley , Howarth David , Keil Roger , Pill Madeleine , Salazar Salazar , Sullivan Helen
Published: September 2022

The 2008-2009 Global Economic Crisis (GEC) created an opportunity, eagerly seized by many national governments and international organisations, to impose a prolonged, and widespread period of austerity. Austerity is widely recognised to have done enormous damage to social, cultural, political and economic infrastructures in cities and larger urban areas across much of the globe. As the GEC was also the first such crisis in what is widely considered “the urban age”, (COVID-19 merely the latest and worst), austerity measures were chiefly administered through municipal and regional mechanisms. A great deal has been written since the crisis, about the way austerity was experienced, governed, resisted and urbanised. This volume considers these issues anew, by reflecting on the multi-faceted and shape-shifting concept of “collaboration”. It reflects on the theme of collaborative governance, considered from the perspective of resisting austerity, or otherwise finding ways to circumvent or move beyond it. The insights we draw about collaboration are directed towards locating agency found or created in urban arenas, for resisting or transcending austerity. The book draws on insights into austerity governance from comparative research conducted in Athens, Baltimore, Barcelona, Dublin, Greater Dandenong (Melbourne), Leicester, Montreal and Nantes.
The Roots of Racism
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

This book examines the historical development of racist ideas and policies that have led to policies today that have created a system of oppression on both sides of the Atlantic. The main theme is that maintaining political control as well as economic aims were a two-pronged approach for leaders and politicians who saw the advantage in oppressing groups they considered inferior. Even when the ideas of inferiority had been undermined after World War II, these policies were perpetuated by those who found ways to maintain white power, not only in the South, but across the US and in Europe. Dr. Givens’ unique understanding of the development of anti-immigrant radical right parties in Europe, the rise of Donald Trump in the US and the Brexit vote in the UK is combined with a focus on the historical connections with politics and policies in the US to develop a politics of white supremacy that guides policy to the present day.
A System in Crisis
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

The authors expand further upon the theoretical aspects of the research in Chapter 2 and explore access to justice, neoliberalism and austerity, and the developments that have impacted upon criminal justice in England and Wales, such as cuts to the police, the CPS, the courts and criminal legal aid, as well as providing detail on the court modernization programme. The chapter explores the disproportionate impact on Wales of austerity and neoliberal measures pursued by Whitehall.
The People and Their Experiences
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

Chapter 3 explores how participants of the research came to be involved in the criminal justice system. Initially, the chapter investigates why and how practitioners started in legally aided criminal defence, examining also some of the values that define their approach to this work. The authors examine how and why the accused became a subject of – and subjected to – the criminal process, also interrogating their attitudes to the criminal process and those working within it.
Criminal Justice Relationships
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

Within Chapter 6 the authors explore the relationships within the system, providing an insight into the day-to-day realities of criminal justice, and thus explicating further the narratives from Chapter 3, the importance of place as in Chapter 4, and the significance of practice pressures as in Chapter 5. Commencing through a consideration of the working relationships between solicitors, barristers and other practitioners in the criminal process, the authors explore practitioner views and perceptions of the accused. The chapter delves deeper into the functioning of the lawyer- client relationship, exploring both the reality and the perception. Finally, the authors identify and examine the impact of the sentence discount for early guilty pleas as a key factor frustrating the lawyer– client relationship.
Doing Criminal Justice Differently
Authors: Daniel Newman , Roxanna Dehaghani
Published: September 2022

Chapter 8 reflects on the importance of vulnerability theory (explored in Chapter 2) to the reframing of the state–citizen/defendant relationship. It argues that state responsiveness – and specifically a commitment to improved funding of criminal justice institutions, informed by ethics and justice – is required to address our inherent human vulnerability. The authors highlight the implications for policy and practice – to include broader criminal justice recommendations and specific profession– focused recommendations – across England and Wales, and specific to Wales. Finally, they assess the need for future research and make a call for further study into criminal justice as affected by austerity, and criminal justice in and across Wales.
Detangling Online Dystopias: Emotional Reflexivity and Cyber-Deviance
Authors: Smith Vern
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers a different take on social media by assessing the emerging character of cyberdeviance through the lens of emotional reflexivity. Emotional reflexivity can be defined as the intersubjective interpretation of one’s own and others’ emotions and how they are enacted. The chapter investigates deviant online behaviour from trolling and bullying to misinformation campaigns in order to better understand these new social media landscapes of social interaction. The chapter covers the new emotional dynamics that populate these online spaces as extreme and disorientating practices are normalized. It emphasizes the importance of engaging and developing the literature around cyberdeviance in a manner that identifies netizens as passionate and reflective agents in order to avoid sinking into dystopian depictions of all online deviant behaviour as negative.
Hope Out of Stock: Critical and Melancholic Hope in Climate Fiction
Authors: Doyle Briohny
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the genre of climate change science-fiction literature through the concept of critical hope, using the genre to think ahead about the human experience of a climate crisis. The result is the development of a post-apocalyptic imagination that allows for important conversations about the future to take place. The chapter cites novels that use presently available science to wilfully imagine worlds less hospitable to human life in its present forms than one’s own, envisaging the expression of hope as a directing activity of a cognitive kind. The chapter discusses the sources of hope that defer responsibility, focusing wholly on individual accomplishments or positing a return to a previous status quo that have been critiqued by writers across disciplines. It looks at the argument that hope is rather often just an outlook about what may happen rather than a clear mobilisation for action.
Introduction
Authors: Perrier Maud
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on a well-rehearsed debate about feminist divisions and solidarities. It considers what light contemporary childcare struggles throw on the question of feminist divisions and solidarities in Global North contexts. The chapter offers a distinctive framework that theorizes maternal workers as divided and yet connected through comparative case studies of contemporary childcare struggles in three distinct sectors. It also demonstrates that in the case of childcare labour, workers experience simultaneously the devaluation of their labour and their communities' reliance on them for their survival. The chapter suggests to reframe the analysis of childcare struggles to foreground questions of classed, racialized and migration-based stratification. Ultimately, the chapter aims to address the continued confinement of childcare to the fields of early-years education, social policy and childhood studies, and argues that it should take centre stage in the feminist sociology of labour.
Selfish Strikers and Intimate Unions: Early Years Educators’ Walkouts and the Big Steps Campaign, Australia
Authors: Perrier Maud
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on research on the Big Steps Campaign and interviews with Australian early years educators who walked out over equal pay repeatedly in 2017/2018. It examines the extent to which the campaign and walkouts are disconnected from earlier feminist attempts — especially black and socialist feminist mobilizing — to revalue and redistribute childcare. The chapter inspects the extent to which the Australian walkouts, which focused on gaining professional pay, were disconnected from community grassroots childcare movements. Drawing on the accounts of union officials, early years advocacy leaders, long-term activists and rank-and-file educators, the chapter illustrates that a movement focused on stepping up economic disruption and building a relational union were lines of tension amongst union members. The chapter refines the concept of intimate unions and argues that it needs to better capture parent–worker solidarity and the limited relationships between the stratified childcare workforces that are at stake in childcare struggles. It also reveals that it is social reproduction that can best make sense of the effects of the selfish–selfless worker dichotomy in this dispute.
Analytical Framework: Towards Multidimensionality
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter conceptualizes (non-)cooperation as the main framework of the book and presents an innovative framework to analyze cooperation on rhetoric, institutional, formal and action level. The chapter argues that communication plays an important role in IR, as it is costless and non-binding but increases the amount of information about the communicating actors. Also in the Chinese rhetoric, the power of discourse, referred to as huàyǔ quán – 话语权‎, is an important concept. The chapter further introduces a novel theoretical framework to EU-China security cooperation that combines rationalist and constructivist perspectives, drawing on liberal institutionalism and social constructivism. This approach, the chapter argues, makes it possible to take into consideration rational strategic culture dominated by realpolitik thinking and rationales driven by cost-benefit calculations but also account for interactions between states that shape and change both their behavior as well as their role conceptions and mutual perceptions that can either facilitate or hinder cooperation.
The EU and China on the Global Stage: Interests and Interdependence
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the impact of complex interdependencies on EU-China security cooperation over time. It engages with two temporal patterns: (1) the increase of complex interdependence and (2) changing economic interests. The chapter shows that as a consequence of globalization, the EU and China are bound in complex interdependencies that render security cooperation unavoidable. Although the EU and China play different roles in world politics, these interdependencies are so strong that security cooperation emerges despite unfulfilled expectations, adverse mutual perceptions and growing mistrust. The chapter further disentangles how complex interdependencies unfold in their foreign and security policies and how the EU and China react to them.
Framing and Perceptions in EU–China Security Relations
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how the EU and China conceptualize the ‘other’ and the ‘self’ over time. Drawing on social constructivist notions, it shows that over time, the EU and China have developed a more convergent understanding of what constitutes ‘security’ and which security challenges pose the greatest threat to their respective aims. The foundation of their security policies is the perception of shared responsibilities for many issues of global governance. This enhanced understanding of security has led to a rising level of cooperation, despite deepening political tensions. With the rising salience of this policy field in their overall relations, also the efforts to engage in cooperation has increased. Yet, the chapter also points to the adverse effects of changing mutual perceptions and the rising level of mistrust in EU-China relations that constitutes a growing obstacle to security cooperation.
EU–China Relations on Anti-Terrorism
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines EU-China anti-terrorism relations. The EU’s cooperation with China on anti-terrorism is arguably the most limited in comparison to other strategic partners of the EU, such as India. This chapter engages with the reasons for the limited cooperation, taking into account complex interdependence, (economic) interests, framing and mutual perceptions. It extracts two key factors that hinder cooperation: First, the EU and China lack a common definition of what constitutes terrorism. In contrast, the EU highly criticizes China’s approach to terrorism, focusing heavily on its domestic component and circling around the Muslim Uighur minority in China’s Western province of Xinjiang. Moreover, for China, it seems to be easier to reach out to like-minded cooperation partners like Russia, the Central Asian countries or to align with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
The US: An Elephant in the Room for EU–China Security Relations
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter elaborates on the changing geopolitical role of the US in general and as a security actor in particular and how it impacts EU-China security relations. It discusses the twofold consequences the changing US policy has for EU-China security relations and outlines how deepening tensions between China and the US have put the EU in a tough spot, being caught in the middle between Beijing and Washington. Focusing on the US foreign policy under the Trump administration, the chapter discusses whether the changing global role of the US also leads to a reassessment of the international roles of the EU and China as relative newcomers to global governance and whether and how it has contributed to either enhanced security cooperation or deepening EU-China tensions.
Conclusion and Outlook: The EU and China at a Crossroads
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book and discusses their implications for research and practice. A key insight is that EU-China relations are all but black and white. Neither does China constitute merely a threat to the EU nor does it provide only opportunities. Instead, EU-China relations in general and in particular in the security realm are characterized by a complex web of opportunities and obstacles. Against this backdrop, it is crucial that the EU moves beyond existing black-and-white views on China’s role in the international system in general and in the security realm in particular. The chapter further points towards possible future avenues for EU-China relations and discusses to what extent the COVID-19 pandemic has put the two at a crossroad.
American Power after the Towers 1
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: September 2022

The attack of 9/11 changed the direction of US foreign policy for ever. It also changed America too. Its most immediate result was (what turned out to be) the temporary defeat of the Taliban and its allies. But it also provided those in the Bush administration with a legitimate cover for going to war in Iraq and declaring ‘war’ on all those organizations and states deemed to be supporting terrorism. The longer-term consequences of this decision was to prove deeply consequential for American power.
Self/No-Self
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses the consciousness/matter relationship from the perspective of quantum impermanence as it relates to Buddhist concepts of self and mind. It introduces the reader gradually to the more abstract Buddhist concepts of self. The chapter opens with the broad contours of a debate surrounding the growing popularity of mindfulness practice in the West and particularly in the United States. It then discusses Hobbes' theorization of the unceasing motion that arises from the state of nature, driven by desire and aversion, and similar ideas in Buddhism. Hobbes finds some relief from the constant motion in the creation of the social contract, and thereby elevates the problem to the relationship between states. The chapter also elaborates on the Buddhist concepts of dependent origination and emptiness, and the illusory ‘I’, expressed as a narrative self, which flows more seamlessly between individual and collective. The performance of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, at whatever level, arises in language. The chapter asks whether the cessation of the proliferation of concepts, one objective of meditation, has relevance beyond the individual and what this might look like.
Mind/No-Mind
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter moves to an exploration of the relationship between emptiness and ‘no mind’. Mindfulness is usually associated with some form of meditation. The latter is also central to Eastern traditions of fighting. The chapter connects self to mind and action while also revealing how something formless, that is, no-mind, can express intention and action, and how this action, embedded in a classificatory scheme that celebrates nonviolence, could be put to service by a warrior culture such that it is more than contradiction. The chapter first investigates the debate surrounding agentless agency and its relationship to more familiar concepts of free will and determinism. It then shifts to an elaboration of the relationship between consciousness and sentience. It sets the stage for the cultural production, and studies the working of no-mind within it. Finally, the chapter moves to an investigation of the ethical justification for an intention to do harm. It returns to the present, to review a further paradox that arises from the use of techniques related to no-mind in the healing of US soldiers who suffered from PTSD as a result of their experiences of war in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Realism and the Climate Crisis
Authors: Foster John
Published: September 2022

Honesty about the lessons of experience must tell us that by all the odds, climate catastrophe is inevitable, and humanity is stuffed. But life itself will not let us abandon hope for a habitable human future. So, we have to trust to the transformative power of hoping against hope. That is what many campaigners are now doing, but without fully appreciating the implications. For the corresponding counter-empirical realism involves not just believing that we can create genuinely new possibility against the odds, but embracing a tragic vision of life to acknowledge our natural limits in so doing. The first six chapters of the book make this argument, demonstrating that we need to understand the climate crisis as not fundamentally a moral issue, but something much deeper. For those who recognise the only conditions under which hope can now be realistic, fighting for the future of life becomes a tragic necessity. And when enough people make that connection, they also literally make possible the unprecedented kind of transformation that we need.
Both the belief that we can still transform our situation and the tragic vision within the context of which we must now do so are tied practically to the demand for realistic hope. Together, they mean a harsher approach to the demands of the climate emergency than most activists have yet been prepared to adopt. The concluding chapters of the book spell this out uncompromisingly.
On Robbery
Authors: McLean Robert , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces robbery, specifically the lived experience of robbery from the perspective of victims and offenders. It covers narratives that capture the risks and rewards of a crime that can be planned or spontaneous. It also highlights the causes and consequences of robberies gone good and robberies gone bad, the adrenaline rush of the act, the at times precarious and explosive nature of the crime, and the gains and losses, both material and emotional. The chapter opens with a narrative account of robbery drawn from the ethnographic fieldwork with active offenders in Glasgow and West Scotland. It observes how, in academic criminology, there has been a gradual shift away from looking at the life worlds of those who actually commit crimes.
The IDD Paradigm of Shared Citizenship: Its Operationalization, Application, Evaluation, and Shaping for the Future
Authors: Schalock Robert L. , Luckasson Ruth , Tassé Marc J. , Shogren K. A.
Published: September 2022

Changes in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) over the last 5 decades has resulted in the emergence of the shared citizenship paradigm. This paradigm is currently guiding the development of IDD-related policies and practices, and providing a framework for application, research-based inquiry, and evaluation. A shared citizenship paradigm is one that envisions, supports, and requires the engagement and full participation of people with IDD as equal, respected, valued, participatory, and contributing members of every aspect of society. The overall goals of the paradigm are to (a) further advance and focus on people with IDD as active agents in the change process, and (b) improve outcomes for people with IDD, including their access to and opportunity for shared citizenship. This article describes the paradigm's operationalization, application, evaluation, shaping for the future, and specific strategies to overcome implementation challenges.
Development of a theranostic preclinical fluorescence molecular tomography/cone beam CT-guided irradiator platform
Authors: Nouizi Farouk , Brooks Jamison , Zuro Darren M. , Hui Susanta K. , Gulsen Gultekin
Published: September 2022

Image-guided small animal radiation research platforms allow more precise radiation treatment. Commercially available small animal X-ray irradiators are often equipped with a CT/cone-beam CT (CBCT) component for target guidance. Besides having poor soft-tissue contrast, CBCT unfortunately cannot provide molecular information due to its low sensitivity. Hence, there are extensive efforts to incorporate a molecular imaging component besides CBCT on these radiation therapy platforms. As an extension of these efforts, here we present a theranostic fluorescence tomography/CBCT-guided irradiator platform that provides both anatomical and molecular guidance, which can overcome the limitations of stand-alone CBCT. The performance of our hybrid system is validated using both tissue-like phantoms and mice ex vivo. Both studies show that fluorescence tomography can provide much more accurate quantitative results when CBCT-derived structural information is used to constrain the inverse problem. The error in the recovered fluorescence absorbance reduces nearly 10-fold for all cases, from approximately 60% down to 6%. This is very significant since high quantitative accuracy in molecular information is crucial to the correct assessment of the changes in tumor microenvironment related to radiation therapy.
Terahertz radiation detection with a cantilever-based photoacoustic sensor
Authors: Sharma Sucheta , Ahmadi Mohsen , Rossi Jussi , Vainio Markku , Sun Zhipei , Steiger Andreas , Ikonen Erkki
Published: September 2022

We report the photoacoustic (PA) response in the terahertz (THz) range by employing a detection process actuated with a silicon cantilever pressure sensor and a carbon-based radiation absorber. The detection relies on the mechanical response of the cantilever, when the volume of the carrier gas inside the PA cell expands with the heat produced by the radiation absorber. The detector interferometrically monitors the movement of the cantilever sensor to generate the PA signal. We selected the absorber material with the highest THz responsivity for detailed studies at 1.4 THz (214 µm wavelength). The observed responsivities of two different radiation absorbers are nearly the same at 1.4 THz and agree within 10% with responsivity values at 0.633 µm wavelength. The results demonstrate the potential of covering with a single PA detector a broad spectral range with approximately constant responsivity, large dynamic range, and high damage threshold.
Photonic ADC-based scheme for joint wireless communication and radar by adopting a broadband OFDM shared signal
Authors: Liu Yunkun , Deng Anyi , Hua Shiyu , Xu Shaofu , Zou Weiwen
Published: September 2022

We propose and demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, joint wireless communication and radar system based on a photonic analog-to-digital converter (PADC), which can receive broadband radio-frequency (RF) signals. Owing to this property, a broadband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) shared signal, which owns obvious advantages in communication applications, can be adopted to realize efficient data communication and high-performance target detection simultaneously. In the experiment, a communication rate of 6 Gbit/s is achieved. Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging is demonstrated with a two-dimensional (2D) resolution of 3.97 cm × 2.94 cm. Finally, it is verified that high-accuracy radial resolution and high-speed communication can be maintained while increasing the pulse repetition period to detect remote target at around 374.6 m.
Investigation and process control of the grating fill-factor and sidewall angle impacts on 2-D metamaterial infrared mirrors
Authors: Mao Haifeng , Dong Xianshan , Liu Yihui , Silva K. K. M. B. Dilusha , Faraone Lorenzo
Published: September 2022

We report the first study of the effects of grating fill-factor variation and sidewall angle on 2-D subwavelength grating shortwave infrared mirrors, and the first development of a geometry compensation approach to correct for the grating fill-factor patterning error caused by EBL proximity effect and a plasma etching process based on CHF3 passivation to control grating sidewall angle. Mirrors with a large grating air-hole diameter-to-pitch ratio of 0.954 and vertical sidewall angle of 89.8° are demonstrated with an average reflectivity of 99% over an ultrabroad wavelength range of 560 nm (1.92-2.48 µm), which represents an unprecedented fractional bandwidth of 26%.
High-speed and low dark current silicon-waveguide-coupled III-V photodetectors selectively grown on SOI
Authors: Xue Ying , Han Yu , Wang Yi , Li Jie , Wang Jingyi , Zhang Zunyue , Cai Xinlun , Tsang Hon Ki , Lau Kei May
Published: September 2022

Seamlessly integrating III-V active devices with Si passive components in a monolithic manner is the key for fully integrated Si photonics. In this article, we demonstrate high-performance III-V photodetectors directly grown on industry-standard (001)-oriented silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers and intimately coupled with Si waveguides. The Si-waveguide-coupled III-V photodetectors feature a low dark current of 60 pA corresponding to a current density of

0.002

A

/

c

m

2

, a large photocurrent exceeding 1 mA, responsivities of 0.4 A/W at 1.3 µm and 0.2 A/W at 1.5 µm, and a large detection wavelength range over the entire telecom band. High-speed measurements reveal a 3 dB bandwidth over 52 GHz and a data communication rate of 112 Gb/s with four-level pulse-amplitude modulation and 100 Gb/s with on–off keying. The monolithic integration scheme demonstrated for III-V photodetectors in this work is also applicable to future seamless integration of III-V lasers on the Si-photonics platform.
Anti-spoofing face recognition using a metasurface-based snapshot hyperspectral image sensor
Authors: Rao Shijie , Huang Yidong , Cui Kaiyu , Li Yali
Published: September 2022

Modern face recognition systems usually combine RGB, depth, and infrared cameras to do face antispoofing, but they are still not robust enough to unknown 3D high-quality mask attack. In our work, we developed a snapshot hyperspectral image sensor based on metasurface nanostructures to obtain the high-precision hyperspectral information of the detected face, and we built a practical antispoofing face recognition system using our new sensor. Experiments show that our sensor can reconstruct the reflectance spectrum of human skin, and this spectral information captured by our sensor can be quite effective and robust to identify spoof faces. We attack our system with several types of spoof faces, and our system reaches 97.98% accuracy in real-world testing scenes.
Limits and prospects for long-baseline optical fiber interferometry
Authors: Hilweg Christopher , Shadmany Danial , Walther Philip , Mavalvala Nergis , Sudhir Vivishek
Published: September 2022

Today’s most precise optical instruments—gravitational-wave interferometers and optical atomic clocks—rely on long storage times for photons to realize their exquisite sensitivity. Optical fiber technology is the most widely deployed platform for realizing long-distance optical propagation. Yet, its application to precision optical measurements is sparse. We review the state of the art in the noise performance of conventional (solid-core) optical fibers from the perspective of precision optical measurements and quantum technology that rely on precise transfer of information over long distances. In doing so, we highlight the limitations of this platform and point to the opportunities that structured fiber technology offers to overcome some of these limitations.
Interactions between attributions and beliefs at trial-by-trial level: Evidence from a novel computer game task
Authors: Zamfir Elena , Dayan Peter
Published: September 2022

Inferring causes of the good and bad events that we experience is part of the process of building models of our own capabilities and of the world around us. Making such inferences can be difficult because of complex reciprocal relationships between attributions of the causes of particular events, and beliefs about the capabilities and skills that influence our role in bringing them about. Abnormal causal attributions have long been studied in connection with psychiatric disorders, notably depression and paranoia; however, the mechanisms behind attributional inferences and the way they can go awry are not fully understood. We administered a novel, challenging, game of skill to a substantial population of healthy online participants, and collected trial-by-trial time series of both their beliefs about skill and attributions about the causes of the success and failure of real experienced outcomes. We found reciprocal relationships that provide empirical confirmation of the attribution-self representation cycle theory. This highlights the dynamic nature of the processes involved in attribution, and validates a framework for developing and testing computational accounts of attribution-belief interactions.
HIV prevention for the next decade: Appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination prevention
Authors: Godfrey-Faussett Peter , Frescura Luisa , Abdool Karim Quarraisha , Clayton Michaela , Ghys Peter D. ,   (on behalf of the 2025 prevention targets working group)
Published: September 2022

UNAIDS and a broad range of partners have collaborated to establish a new set of HIV prevention targets to be achieved by 2025 as an intermediate step towards the sustainable development target for 2030.

The number of new HIV infections in the world continues to decline, in part due to the extraordinary expansion of effective HIV treatment. However, the decline is geographically heterogeneous, with some regions reporting a rise in incidence. The incidence target that was agreed for 2020 has been missed.

A range of exciting new HIV prevention technologies have become available or are in the pipeline but will only have an impact if they are accessible and affordable and delivered within systems that take full account of the social and political context in which most infections occur. Most new infections occur in populations that are marginalised or discriminated against due to structural, legal, and cultural barriers.

The new targets imply a new approach to HIV prevention that emphasises appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination HIV prevention within a framework that reduces existing barriers to services and acknowledges heterogeneity, autonomy, and choice.

These targets have consequences for people working in HIV programmes both for delivery and for monitoring and evaluation, for health planners setting local and national priorities, and for funders both domestic and global. Most importantly, they have consequences for people who are at risk of HIV exposure and infection.

Achieving these targets will have a huge impact on the future of the HIV epidemic and put us back on track towards ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.
A health promotion perspective for the control and prevention of Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis); Israel as a case study
Authors: Baron-Epel Orna , Obeid Samira , Kababya Dorit , Bord Shiran , Myers Vicki
Published: September 2022

Background

Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) is endemic in many countries around the world, therefore, identifying what is required to control and prevent the disease is essential. The health promotion concept and five areas of action, presented in the Ottawa Charter (1986) may help understand how to go forward in the prevention of the disease. Israel serves as a case study.

Aim

To identify barriers to the control and prevention of brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) in Israel by analyzing trends in incidence in conjunction with interventions implemented over the last seven decades, applying the health promotion areas of action.

Methods

1. A document review approach was adopted to develop a list of interventions implemented in Israel to prevent and control brucellosis and identify barriers to implementation. These were analysed using the health promotion areas of action. 2. Data from the mandatory reporting of infectious diseases in Israel regarding brucellosis in humans between 1951 and 2021 are presented and analyzed in conjunction with the interventions implemented.

Results

A large range of interventions were implemented following outbreaks of the disease. These interventions followed the health promotion areas of action, including mainly: policy, education and environment and brought about a decrease in the disease among both animals and humans. However, major interventions were discontinued after a few years. In addition, we identified some areas of action that could be much improved on. The interventions, in many cases were not simultaneously implemented or coordinated, decreasing the chances of them having the expected long term impact.

Conclusions

Control and prevention of the disease in Israel is partial. Areas of action that could be improved include enforcement of regulations, strengthening community action and improving personal skills. Simultaneous and continuous implementation of the interventions may achieve the goals of sustained prevention and control. There seems to be a lack of a long-term strategy and an integrated holistic intervention approach that may contribute to the control and prevention of the disease.