bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotype analysis of ofloxacin-resistant multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in a multicentered study from India
Authors: Gupta Anamika , Sinha Pallavi , Rathod Sunita , Shanmugam Siva Kumar , Uma Devi K.R. , Anupurba Shampa , Nema Vijay
Published: May 2020

Background & objectives:

Drug resistance surveillance offers useful information on trends of drug resistance and the efficacy of control measures. Studies and reports of drug-resistant mutations and phenotypic assays thus become important. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular characteristics of ofloxacin (OFX)-resistant, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates from different geographical regions of India and their association with strains of different genotypes. Further, the nitrate reductase assay (NRA) was tested against Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) for the determination of OFX resistance as an alternative and cost-effective method.

Methods:

A total of 116 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were used to assess the mutations in the gyrA, gyrB genes and resistance levels to OFX. Mutational analysis in gyrA and gyrB genes and genotype analysis of M. tuberculosis isolates was done by gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing and spoligotyping, respectively.

Results:

Three (6.25%), 12 (44.44%) and 12 (29.27%) MDR-TB isolates from western, northern and southern India, respectively, were found to be OFX-resistant MDR-TB isolates. OFX resistance was observed to be significantly higher in MDR-TB cases for all study regions. Beijing genotypes from northern India were observed to be associated with OFX-resistant MDR-TB cases (P<0.05). Among 35 (30.15%) phenotypically OFX-resistant isolates, 22 (62.86%) had mutations in the gyrA gene and two (5.71%) isolates had mutations in the gyrB gene.

Interpretation & conclusions:

These results caution against the PCR-based prediction of OFX resistance patterns and highlight the need for searching other genetic loci for the detection of mutations conferring resistance to OFX in M. tuberculosis. Our study also showed the usefulness of NRA as an alternative method to detect OFX resistance.
HALK BİLİMİ FOLKLOR’UN YA DA FOLKLORİK ÖĞELERİN, TÜRK HEYKEL SANATINDAKİ YERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: Derya Uzun Aydın
Published: May 2020

Türk sanatında folklorik öğeler arama düşüncesi ile yola çıkılan bu çalışmada görülmüştür ki, özellikle Türk resim sanatında, heykel sanatına oranla daha fazla makale ve kitaplara ve halk bilimi olarak da bilinen folklora ait unsurlara ulaşılabilmiştir. Resimde özellikle Anadolu halkı, toplumsal ve günlük konular, gelenek ve görenekler, köy, köylü hayatı, köy kadınları ve çocuklar gibi temalara ait çok sayıda resim örneğine rastlanmıştır. Heykel sanatında bir konu belirleme çabası,  çoğunlukla olduğu gibi işleri zorlaştıran bir uğraşa dönüşebilmektedir; kaynakların az olması, heykel sanatıyla ilgili hep aynı kaynakların varlığı ve kaynaklara ulaşmada kimi zaman sıkıntı çekme ve elbette heykelde çalışma yapan kişilerin daha az olması bunu tetikleyen unsurlar arasındadır.  Bu konuyu oluştururken bulunan araştırma kaynakları, bizleri kendi kendine yönlendirmiş, ilk etapta heykel sanatçılarımızın tarihsel sıralaması göz önünde bulundurulmak istense de, çalışmaya folklorik bir düzlem üzerinden başlanmasına karar kılınmıştır. Böylelikle ister istemez heykel sanatında tarihsel sıralamadan çıkılmaktadır. Bir konu üzerine değinen heykel sanatçısı, daha sonra hayli hazırda ismi geçmiş iken başka hangi folklorik temayı işlediyse ona geçilmiş, çalışma da bu girift düzlem üzerine dizayn edilerek  devam ettirilmiştir.
Modelagem no Ensino de Matemática: primeiros relatos de um estudo de caso com estudantes cegos
Authors: Oliveira Daiana de , Burak Dionísio , Martins Márcio André
Published: May 2020

A Educação Básica acolhe estudantes com necessidades educacionais especiais sem, muitas vezes, estar preparada para isso. Neste sentido, são necessárias investigações que possam contribuir com o panorama metodológico e didático em sala de aula. Optamos por abordar o ensino de matemática com o estudante cego. Elegemos como questão norteadora a identificação de potencialidades da Modelagem Matemática, na Educação Matemática, com este estudante. Especificamente, nos propomos a desenvolver e a discutir a prática pedagógica, mediada pela Modelagem, e a avaliar o potencial do material didático incorporado. De maneira geral, obtivemos elementos que substanciam uma reflexão, na qual a construção do conhecimento foi efetivamente percebida de modo dinâmico, colaborativo e interdisciplinar.
Análise de Erros na Produção dos Alunos na Prova da 12ª edição da OBMEP: o Caso das Escolas do Oeste do Pará - Brasil
Authors: Santos Rodrigo Medeiros dos , Filho Mario Tanaka , Moraes Michael Machado de
Published: May 2020

O objetivo desta investigação foi analisar erros cometidos na prova da 12ª edição da Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas-OBMEP por alunos das escolas públicas da região Oeste do Pará que estavam cursando o 8º e 9º anos do Ensino Fundamental, na perspectiva da metodologia de análise de erros. Para tanto, foi tomada uma amostra de 620 provas de um universo de 1477. O assunto avaliado foi Aritmética (números e operações), abordado na questão 4 da referida prova. A partir da análise das soluções, os erros foram classificados de acordo com o seu tipo (erros devido à má interpretação, deficiência nos conceitos básicos, desconhecimento de múltiplos e sequências numéricas e aplicação de conhecimento equivocado) e alguns exemplos foram examinados e discutidos. Os principais resultados apontam fragilidades no aprendizado dos conteúdos de múltiplos, divisores e operações básicas, assim como estratégias de resolução mal utilizadas, além de dificuldades apresentadas pelos alunos na interpretação do comando da questão.
Compreensões sobre Duas Políticas Públicas de Formação de Professores em Larga Escala
Authors: Rolkouski Emerson , Candray Jeser Caleb
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo tecer compreensões sobre políticas públicas de formação continuada de professores em larga escala, tomando como base informações sobre dois programas de formação continuada de professores que ensinam matemática: o Gestão da Aprendizagem Escolar II (GESTAR II) e o Curso de Formação Docente (CFD). Tendo em vista que as ações se desenvolvem em países diferentes, o primeiro deles no Brasil e o segundo em El Salvador, foram utilizados alguns aportes da área de Educação Comparada, com vistas a considerar o contexto histórico, social, político-administrativo, geográfico e educativo de cada país. Os resultados obtidos apontam uma tendência da formação de uma rede de formadores com vistas a atingir a maior porcentagem dos professores, além da necessidade do diálogo constante com a sala de aula, ao mesmo tempo em que se percebem distanciamentos quanto aos conteúdos elencados como necessários à formação de professores que ensinam matemática.
O Ginásio Nª Sª da Conceição de São Leopoldo e a Produção de Livros Didáticos de Aritmética
Authors: Britto Sílvio Luiz , Bayer Arno
Published: May 2020

O artigo analisa os livros didáticos de Aritmética produzidos por padres Jesuítas, para o Ginásio Nª. Sª. da Conceição, de São Leopoldo, de 1904 a 1912, divididos em parte teórica e prática. As obras abordam diferentes temas, desde cálculos com números inteiros, frações, potenciação, radiciação, medidas, razões proporções, progressões e logaritmos. Como o tema se insere na História da Educação Matemática no Rio Grande do Sul, este estudo qualitativo e documental ampara-se na história cultural para análise dos assuntos abordados. O público-alvo eram alunos do 1º e do 2º ano ginasial. A ideia defendida pelos autores consistia em algo que contemplasse um ensino mais prático e contextualizado a partir de uma relação contínua da teoria com situações práticas. As atividades desenvolvidas, em sua maioria, eram a partir de situações-problema. Constatou-se que a metodologia utilizada pelos professores visava contribuir para despertar e aguçar no aluno o desejo de alcançar o conhecimento matemático.
Cultivar and planting season affect lettuce performance in a tropical organic production system
Authors: Brunner Bryan , Wessel-Beaver Linda , Flores Luisa
Published: May 2020

Lettuce is a cool season crop typically grown at high altitudes or during the winter months in tropical climates, but is an important vegetable with potential for increased local production in Puerto Rico. To evaluate year round production potential, eleven lettuce cultivars were grown organically in Lajas under eight environments: winter, spring, summer and fall seasons in 2011 and 2012. All cultivars flowered later in the winter than in other seasons. There was a trend for flowering to be earliest in summer, but in many cultivars bolting occurred equally early in spring or fall. For most cultivars the greatest head weight and harvest yield was observed in the winter or spring season. Fall plantings generally resulted in plants with the smallest heads and lowest yields while summer plantings were intermediate in head weight and yield. ‘Queensland’ was the highest yielder in every season, yielding more than twice the average of all the genotypes in the summer and fall seasons, making it a valuable cultivar for year round production in the tropics. ‘Bergam’s Green’, ‘Jericho’ and ‘Parris Island’ also performed fairly well throughout the year. ‘Black Seeded Simpson’, a locally popular cultivar, performed poorly.
RESPUESTA DE PLANTAS DE COBERTURA A APLICACIONES DE ESTIÉRCOL DE VAQUERÍA
Authors: Buitrago-Escobar Diana , Valencia-Chin Elide , Tirado-Corbalá Rebecca
Published: May 2020

Resumen en español
100 years of The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 1917 – 2017, Part 2
Authors: Albanese Lorelei , Lugo Wanda I.
Published: May 2020

Resumen en inglés
MOTİVASYON BİLGİ PAYLAŞIM NİYETİ VE BİLGİ PAYLAŞIM DAVRANIŞI İLİŞKİSİ
Authors: ÇETİN Sabahattin , FİDAN Yahya , ARSLAN Mahmut
Published: May 2020

Bilgi tüm örgütler için en önemli kaynaklardan biridir. Örgüt
içerisinde bilginin yayılabilmesi için bilginin bireyler arasında
paylaşılabilmesi gerekmektedir. Birey açık ve örtük olmak üzere iki türlü
bilgiye sahiptir. Örgütün sahip olduğu bilgi sistemleri açık bilginin
paylaşılmasını kolaylaştırsa da bireyin sahip olduğu örtük bilginin
paylaşılması bireyin istemesine bağlıdır. Kamu ve özel sektör çalışanları
üzerinde yapılan bu çalışmada bireyin bilgi paylaşım niyeti ve davranışı
üzerinde motivasyonun etkisi incelenmiştir. 624 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilen
araştırma sonuçlarına göre içsel motivasyon hem bilgi paylaşım niyetini hem de
bilgi paylaşım davranışını anlamlı bir biçimde etkilemektedir. Dışsal
motivasyon bilgi paylaşım davranışını anlamlı bir biçimde etkilerken, bilgi
paylaşım niyeti üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip değildir Ayrıca araştırma kapsamında ele
alınan değişkenlerin ortalamalarında, demografik özelliklere göre farklılıklar
tespit edilmiştir.
REKLAM VE ETKİLİ REKLAM UNSURLARININ BELİRLENMESİNE YÖNELİK UYGULAMALI BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: BAYDAŞ Abdülvahap , YAŞAR Mehmet Emin
Published: May 2020

Araştırma
reklam mecralarının etkinliği ve reklam mecralarının tüketici satın alma
davranışı etkisi reklamda etkili olan unsurlarla tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Söz konusu amaca
ulaşmak için reklam mecraları, reklam mecralarında takip edilen program
türleri, reklamda ilgili unsur ile reklam mesajlarında en çok ilgi çeken unsur
araştırılmıştır. Araştırma kolayda örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak 385 tüketici
ile yürütülmüştür. Sahadan toplanan veriler SPSS paket programı aracılığıyla
analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan çıkan en önemli sonuçlar; bilgi edinmenin önemi
sırası ile mobil iletişimde bilgi edinme, radyo dinlerken bilgi edinme, gazete
okurken bilgi edinme, televizyon izleme, internette bilgi edinme ve dergi
okumanın önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Tüketiciler
televizyon, dergi, gazete, internet ve mobil iletişim araçları aracılığıyla
haber ve ekonomi programlarını takip etmektedir. Ayrıca, Talk Show programlarının ise daha
sonra tercih edildiği belirlenmiştir. Reklamda en çok ilgi çeken unsurun
güldürü olduğu söylenebilir. Reklam mesajlarında en çok ilgi çeken unsurun
reklamda mizahi unsurların kullanılması, etkin müzik ve ses, reklamda
gösterimindeki renkler olduğu en az ilgi çeken unsurun reklamın istenilen
saatte çıkmasıdır. Bu bağlamda katılımcıların reklamda en çok ilgilerini çeken
unsurun mizah içerikli görsellerin olduğu söylenebilir.
ADIYAMAN İLİ VE YÖRESİ AĞIZLARI SÖZ VARLIĞI
Authors: TUĞLUK Mehmet Emin
Published: May 2020

Eser, Adıyaman ili ve yöresi ağızları üzerine hazırlanmış müstakil ilk ağız sözlüğü olması bakımından Adıyaman yöresine ait söz varlığının tespitinde büyük bir boşluğu doldurmuştur.
Nepal
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: May 2020

Selected Issues
Observational analysis of the daily cycle of the planetary boundary layer in the central Amazon during a non-El Niño year and El Niño year (GoAmazon project 2014/5)
Authors: Carneiro Rayonil G. , Fisch Gilberto
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Amazon biome contains more than half of the remaining tropical
forests of the planet and has a strong impact on aspects of meteorology such
as the planetary boundary layer (PBL). In this context, the objective of
this study was to conduct observational evaluations of the daily cycle of
the height of the PBL during its stable (night) and convective (day) phases
from data that were measured and/or estimated using instruments such as a
radiosonde, sodar, ceilometer, wind profiler, lidar and microwave radiometer
installed in the central Amazon during 2014 (considered a typical year) and
2015 during which an intense El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event
predominated during the GoAmazon experiment. The results from the four
intense observation periods (IOPs) show that during the day and night
periods, independent of dry or rainy seasons, the ceilometer is the
instrument that best describes the depth of the PBL when compared with in situ
radiosonde measurements. Additionally, during the dry season in 2015, the
ENSO substantially influenced the growth phase of the PBL, with a 15 %
increase in the rate compared to the same period in 2014.
Urbanization-induced land and aerosol impacts on sea breeze circulation and convective precipitation
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Zhang Yuwei , Li Zhanqing , Hu Jiaxi , Rosenfeld Daniel
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Changes in land cover and aerosols resulting from urbanization may impact convective clouds and precipitation. Here we investigate how Houston urbanization can modify sea-breeze induced convective cloud and precipitation through urban land effect and anthropogenic aerosol effect. The simulations are carried out with the Chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem), which is coupled with the spectral-bin microphysics (SBM) and the multilayer urban model with a building energy model (BEM-BEP). We find that Houston urbanization (the joint effect of both urban land and anthropogenic aerosols) notably enhances storm intensity (by ~ 15 m s−1 in maximum vertical velocity) and precipitation intensity (up to 45 %), with the anthropogenic aerosol effect more significant than the urban land effect. Urban land effect modifies convective evolution: speed up the transition from the warm cloud to mixed-phase cloud thus initiating surface rain earlier but slowing down the convective cell dissipation, all of which result from urban heating induced stronger sea breeze circulation. The anthropogenic aerosol effect becomes evident after the cloud evolves into the mixed-phase cloud, accelerating the development of storm from the mixed-phase cloud to deep cloud by ~ 40 min. Through aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI), aerosols boost convective intensity and precipitation mainly by activating numerous ultrafine particles at the mixed-phase and deep cloud stages. This work shows the importance of considering both urban land and anthropogenic aerosol effects for understanding urbanization effects on convective clouds and precipitation.
Stratospheric Extinction Profiles from SCIAMACHY Solar Occultation
Authors: Noël Stefan , Bramstedt Klaus , Rozanov Alexei , Malinina Elizaveta , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY) instrument on ENVISAT provided between August 2002 and April 2012 measurements of solar and Earthshine spectra from the UV to the SWIR spectral region in multiple viewing geometries. We present a new approach to derive stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles from SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements based on an onion peeling method similar to the Onion Peeling DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) retrieval, which has already been successfully used for the derivation of greenhouse gas profiles. Since the retrieval of aerosol extinction requires as input measured transmissions in absolute units, an improved radiometric calibration of the SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements has been developed, which considers various instrumental and atmospheric effects specific to solar occultation. The extinction retrieval can in principle be applied to all wavelengths measured by SCIAMACHY. As a first application, we show results for 452 nm, 525 nm and 750 nm. The whole SCIAMACHY solar occultation time series has been processed, covering a latitudinal range of about 50–70° N. Reasonable extinctions are derived between about 15 and 30 km with typically larger uncertainties at higher altitudes due to decreasing extinction. Comparisons with collocated SAGE~II and SCIAMACHY limb aerosol data products revealed a good agreement with essentially no mean bias. However, depending on altitude differences of up to ± 20–30 % to SAGE II at 452 nm and 525 nm are observed. These differences are mainly caused by systematic vertical oscillations in the SCIAMACHY occultation data. The agreement with SCIAMACHY limb data is even better (typically within 5–10 % between 17 and 27 km). Major volcanic eruptions as well as occurrences of PSCs can be identified in the time series of extinction data and related anomalies. Influence of the Quasi-Biennial-Oscillation (QBO) are visible above 25 km. Estimated linear changes of extinction between 2003 and 2011 reach 20–30 % per year at 15 km, mainly because all relevant volcanic eruptions (above 50° N) occurred after 2006.
Co-occurrence of Fe and P stress in natural populations of the marine diazotroph Trichodesmium
Authors: Held Noelle A. , Webb Eric A. , McIlvin Matthew M. , Hutchins David A. , Cohen Natalie R. , Moran Dawn M. , Kunde Korinna , Lohan Maeve C. , Mahaffey Claire , Woodward E. Malcolm S. , Saito Mak A.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Trichodesmium is a globally important marine microbe that provides fixed
nitrogen (N) to otherwise N-limited ecosystems. In nature, nitrogen fixation
is likely regulated by iron or phosphate availability, but the extent and
interaction of these controls are unclear. From metaproteomics analyses
using established protein biomarkers for nutrient stress, we found
that iron–phosphate co-stress is the norm rather than the exception for Trichodesmium colonies in the
North Atlantic Ocean. Counterintuitively, the nitrogenase enzyme was more
abundant under co-stress as opposed to single nutrient stress. This is
consistent with the idea that Trichodesmium has a specific physiological state during
nutrient co-stress. Organic nitrogen uptake was observed and occurred
simultaneously with nitrogen fixation. The quantification of the phosphate ABC
transporter PstA combined with a cellular model of nutrient uptake suggested
that Trichodesmium is generally confronted by the biophysical limits of membrane space
and diffusion rates for iron and phosphate acquisition in the field. Colony
formation may benefit nutrient acquisition from particulate and organic
sources, alleviating these pressures. The results highlight that to
predict the behavior of Trichodesmium, both Fe and P stress must be evaluated
simultaneously.
Influence of temporally varying weatherability on CO2–climate coupling and ecosystem change in the late Paleozoic
Authors: Richey Jon D. , Montañez Isabel P. , Goddéris Yves , Looy Cindy V. , Griffis Neil P. , DiMichele William A.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Earth's penultimate icehouse, the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), was a time of dynamic glaciation and repeated ecosystem perturbation, under conditions of substantial variability in atmospheric pCO2 and O2. Improved constraints on the evolution of atmospheric pCO2 and O2 : CO2 during the LPIA and its subsequent demise to permanent greenhouse conditions is crucial for better understanding the nature of linkages between atmospheric composition, climate, and ecosystem perturbation during this time. We present a new and age-recalibrated pCO2 reconstruction for a 40-Myr interval (~313 to 273 Ma) of the late Paleozoic that (1) confirms a previously hypothesized strong CO2-glaciation linkage, (2) documents synchroneity between major pCO2 and O2 : CO2 changes and compositional turnovers in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, (3) lends support for a modeled progressive decrease in the CO2 threshold for initiation of continental ice sheets during the LPIA, and (4) indicates a likely role of CO2 and O2 : CO2 thresholds in floral ecologic turnovers. Modeling of the relative role of CO2 sinks and sources, active during the LPIA and its demise, on steady-state pCO2 using an intermediate complexity climate-C cycle model (GEOCLIM) and comparison to the new multi-proxy CO2 record provides new insight into the relative influences of the uplift of the Central Pangaean Mountains, intensifying aridification, and increasing mafic rock to-granite rock ratio of outcropping rocks on the global efficiency of CO2 consumption and secular change in steady-state pCO2 through the late Paleozoic.
Ground-based lidar processing and simulator framework for comparing models and observations (ALCF 1.0)
Authors: Kuma Peter , McDonald Adrian J. , Morgenstern Olaf , Querel Richard , Silber Israel , Flynn Connor J.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Automatic lidars and ceilometers provide valuable information on cloud and aerosols, but have not been used systematically in the evaluation of GCMs and NWP models. Obstacles associated with the diversity of instruments, a lack of standardisation of data products and open processing tools mean that the value of the large ALC networks worldwide is not being realised. We discuss a tool, called the Automatic Lidar and Ceilometer Framework (ALCF), that overcomes these problems and also includes a ground-based lidar simulator, which calculates the radiative transfer of laser radiation, and allows one-to-one comparison with models. Our ground-based lidar simulator is based on the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP) which has been used extensively for spaceborne lidar intercomparisons. The ALCF implements all steps needed to transform and calibrate raw ALC data and create simulated backscatter profiles for one-to-one comparison and complete statistical analysis of cloud. The framework supports multiple common commercial ALCs (Vaisala CL31, CL51, Lufft CHM 15k and Sigma Space MiniMPL), reanalyses (JRA-55, ERA5 and MERRA-2) and models (AMPS and the Unified Model). To demonstrate its capabilities, we present case studies evaluating cloud in the supported reanalyses and models using CL31, CL51, CHM 15k and MiniMPL observations at three sites in New Zealand. We show that the reanalyses and models generally underestimate cloud fraction and overestimate cloud albedo, the common too few too bright problem. If sufficiently high temporal resolution model output is available (better than 6 hourly), a direct comparison of individual clouds is also possible. We demonstrate that the ALCF can be used as a generic evaluation tool to examine cloud occurrence and cloud properties in reanalyses, NWP models and GCMs, potentially utilising the large amounts of ALC data already available. This tool is likely to be particularly useful for the analysis and improvement of low-level cloud simulations which are not well monitored from space. This has previously been identified as a critical deficiency in contemporary models, limiting the accuracy of weather forecasts and future climate projections.
Throughfall isotopic composition in relation to drop size at the intra-event scale in a Mediterranean Scots pine stand
Authors: Pinos Juan , Latron Jérôme , Nanko Kazuki , Levia Delphis F. , Llorens Pilar
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The major fraction of water reaching the forest floor is throughfall, which consists of free throughfall, splash throughfall and canopy drip. Research has shown that forest canopies modify the isotopic composition of throughfall by means of evaporation, isotopic exchange, canopy selection and mixing of rainfall waters. However, the effects of these factors in relation to throughfall isotopic composition and the throughfall drop size reaching the soil surface are unclear. Based on research in a mountainous Scots pine stand in northeastern Spain, this study sought to fill this knowledge gap by examining the isotopic composition of throughfall in relation to throughfall drop size. In the experimental stand, throughfall consisted on average of 65 % canopy drip, 19 % free throughfall and 16 % splash throughfall. The dynamics of the isotopic composition of throughfall and rainfall showed complex behavior throughout events. The isotopic shift showed no direct relationship with meteorological variables, number of drops, drop velocities, throughfall and rainfall amount, or raindrop kinetic energy. However, the experiment did reveal that the isotopic shift was higher at the beginning of an event, decreasing as cumulative rainfall increased, and that it also increased when the median volume drop size of throughfall (D50_TF) approached or was lower than the median volume drop size of rainfall (D50_RF). This finding indicates that the major contribution of splash throughfall at the initial phase of rain events matched the highest vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and at the same time corresponded with higher isotopic enrichment, which implies that splash droplet evaporation occurred. Future applications of our approach will improve understanding of how throughfall isotopic composition may vary with drop type and size during rainfall events across a range of forest types.
How vadose zone mass and energy transfer physics affects
the ecohydrological dynamics of a Tibetan meadow?
Authors: Yu Lianyu , Zeng Yijian , Fatichi Simone , Su Zhongbo
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The vadose zone is a sensitive region to environmental changes and exerts a crucial control in ecosystem functioning. While the way in representing the underlying process of vadose zone differs among models, the effect of such differences on ecosystem functioning is seldomly reported. Here, the detailed vadose zone process model STEMMUS was coupled with the ecohydrological model T&C to investigate the role of solving influential physical processes, considering different soil water and heat transfer parameterizations including frozen soils. We tested model performance with the aid of a comprehensive observation dataset collected at a typical meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau. Results indicated that: i) explicitly considering the frozen soil process significantly improved the soil moisture/temperature (SM/ST) profile simulations and facilitated our understanding of the water transfer processes within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum; ii) the difference among various complexity of vadose zone physics have an impact on the vegetation dynamics mainly at the beginning of the growing season; iii) models with different vadose zone physics can predict similar interannual vegetation dynamics, and energy, water and carbon exchanges at the land-surface. This research highlights the role of vadose zone models and their underlying physics, in ecosystem functioning and can guide the development and applications of future earth system models.
Impact of Cost Control on Business Efficiency of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Thai Binh, Vietnam
Authors: Dang Ngoc Hung , Hoang Thi Viet Ha , Tran Manh Dung
Published: May 2020

This study is conducted for investigating the impact of cost control on business efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the area of Thai Binh, Vietnam for the period from 2012 to 2014. Impacting factors were built and verified on business efficiency of SMEs including (i) Cost of goods sold ratio, (ii) Financial expense ratio, (iii) Administration expense ratio, (iv) Firm size, (v) Financial leverage, (vi) Assets structure, and on Pre-tax return on sales ratio and Pre-tax return on assets ratio. The study employed regression models of OLS, FEM, REM and GLS with multi-year dataset of SMEs in Thai Binh province. The results show that the ratios of cost of goods sold, financial leverage, and administration expenses have negative relation with business efficiency, but affecting Return on sales (ROS) and Return on assets (ROA). In addition, financial leverage, assets structure and firm size have small impacts on ROS and ROA. Also, basing on the findings, SMEs operating in the form of joint stock company have higher business efficiency than those operating in the form of limited liability company.
Benevolence Attitudes of Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations’ Personnel According to Their Administrative Profiles: A Qualitative Research in the Case of Sakarya Turkey
Authors: Peri Dilek
Published: May 2020

Social assistance, as in the world today is an important mechanism in the fight against poverty in Turkey. Social assistance and solidarity foundations in Turkey are active institutions that provide the functionality of this mechanism. Although these foundations are important in terms of social policy; it is possible to evaluate the profiles, career problems, communication skills and benevolence attitudes of the personnel of the foundation with the human resources discipline. This research has been created based on the question of what kind of relationship is between the profiles and benevolence attitudes of foundation personnel. Turkey Sakarya in all a foundation within the sixteen districts of the province in total personnel made a qualitative research data analysis provided by in-depth interviews and findings have been obtained by combining the coding method similar answers. The study was shaped in the field research process of a thesis that was not published with the qualitative research method in the context of social policy when a foundation staff emphasized the need to look at the subject from their viewpoint. Interview questions were reconsidered and this study was directed with the idea that sufficient information was provided, and analyses and evaluations were made.
Governance in Land Acquisition Process: A Study on Shreehatta Economic Zone, Moulovibazar
Authors: Yasmin Sabina , Begum Ruhi , Kamal Muhammad Mustofa
Published: May 2020

Land acquisition in Bangladesh for development activities is considered a critical issue. This study attempts to explore the existing scenario of the governance in the land acquisition process at Shreehatta Economic Zone, Moulovibazar, Bangladesh. This study is based on both the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data was collected from 55 respondents which include both administrative officials and the project affected people and the secondary data was collected from different renowned journals, official documents of the administration, newspapers, and other relevant sources. The study reveals that there exists malpractices in the land acquisition process, where project-affected people do not get fair compensation and they are forced to pay bribe for getting compensation. In spite of having national and international guidelines for land acquisition, officials unethically acquire the agricultural land by misusing their discretionary power which leads the project affected people to more vulnerability.
Roteirização e Turismo Cultural: percepção de empreendedores e turistas sobre o Roteiro Caminhos do Frio em Areia, Paraíba
Authors: Melo Priscila Fernandes Carvalho de , Brambilla Adriana
Published: May 2020

Os roteiros turísticos podem ser um importante instrumento para estimular a interação entre turista população local com o objetivo de fortalecer a identidade cultural. Na Paraíba, foi proposta a criação de um roteiro turístico de forma a fomentar a interiorização do turismo, que normalmente se concentra no litoral paraibano. O Roteiro Cultural Caminhos do Frio abrange nove municípios que se localizam no brejo paraibano e que, de acordo com os responsáveis pelo roteiro têm como foco o turismo cultural. Neste sentido, o presente artigo, buscou responder ao seguinte questionamento: os empreendedores dos meios de hospedagem e turistas percebem que o Roteiro Cultural Caminhos do Frio está contribuindo para o fortalecimento da identidade cultural da população local do município de Areia/PB? Desta forma, adotou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e descritiva com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa contemplando dois grupos: os meios de hospedagem e os turistas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que os meios de hospedagem percebem o fortalecimento da identidade cultural da população local uma vez que a mesma participa ativamente das atividades desse roteiro com o intuito de demonstrar aos turistas a cultura, a gastronomia, a música e o artesanato, assim como aumenta a divulgação da cidade. Porém, apesar de reconhecer que este roteiro possibilita a demonstração das manifestações culturais fortalecendo a identidade cultural, os turistas consideram que o contato com a população local, muitas vezes, é superficial, impossibilitando que possam conhecer mais sobre a história e a cultura local.
IN SITU DATING OF HYDROTHERMAL MONAZITE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GEODYNAMIC CONTROLS ON ORE FORMATION IN THE JIAODONG GOLD PROVINCE, EASTERN CHINA
Authors: Deng Jun , Qiu Kun-Feng , Wang Qing-Fei , Goldfarb Richard , Yang Li-Qiang , Zi Jian-Wei , Geng Jian-Zhen , Ma Yao
Published: May 2020

The Jiaodong gold province, the largest gold producer in China, formed in a setting dominated by a 30-m.y. episode of Izanagi plate rollback and widespread extension, concomitant with late Mesozoic craton destruction. This study presents new high precision in situ sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Th-Pb and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb ages for hydrothermal monazite from the largest of the Jiaodong gold deposits, which were previously dated as indicating ore formation over a few tens of millions of years when applying sericite Ar-Ar, zircon U-Pb, and less robust analytical techniques. Our U-Pb dating on monazite from the Jiaojia and Linglong deposits in western Jiaodong yielded consistent ages at ca. 120 Ma. The new geochronologic results, coupled with recently reported in situ monazite dates from smaller deposits in western Jiaodong, reveal that the deposits that host most of the ≥4,000-t Au resource formed during a relatively brief period at ca. 120 Ma. In eastern Jiaodong, the much smaller resource may have formed about 5 m.y. later, recorded by 114.2 ± 1.5 Ma gold mineralization at the Rushan deposit. The postsubduction opening of a slab gap at ca. 120 Ma is the most likely cause of the extensive gold mineralization in Jiaodong. The gap induced a local and rapid devolatilization of the hydrated mantle wedge at submelt temperatures. The transient event included release of a major volume of gold-transporting aqueous-carbonic fluid that was stored in the wedge into major NNE-trending structures in the overlying lithosphere.
Granite-Related Tin Metallogenic Events and Key Controlling Factors in Peninsular Malaysia, Southeast Asia: New Insights from Cassiterite U-Pb Dating and Zircon Geochemistry
Authors: Yang Jie-Hua , Zhou Mei-Fu , Hu Rui-Zhong , Zhong Hong , Williams-Jones Anthony E. , Liu Liang , Zhang Xing-Chun , Fu Ya-Zhou , Mao Wei
Published: May 2020

Permian-Triassic granites and associated tin deposits are widespread in the Eastern and Western belts of Peninsular Malaysia. The ages and key controlling factors of tin mineralization, however, are poorly constrained. Cassiterite separates from the Sintok and Rahman tin deposits in the Western belt, and Bandi, Setahum, Lembing, and Cherul tin deposits in the Eastern belt have U-Pb ages of 218.9 ± 3.4 and 226.8 ± 7.6 Ma, and 213.1 ± 3.9, 270.6 ± 4.6, 282.7 ± 4.6, and 281.3 ± 3.5 Ma, respectively. These ages directly constrain the tin mineralization in Peninsular Malaysia to two separate periods: 290 to 270 Ma and 230 to 210 Ma. Zircon crystals from tin-bearing granites in the Cherul and Sintok deposits have U-Pb ages of 276.0 ± 1.9 and 221.9 ± 0.6 Ma, respectively, consistent with the cassiterite U-Pb ages within uncertainties. Zircon crystals from barren granites of the Kuantan pluton in the Eastern belt have a U-Pb age of 260.5 ± 0.7 Ma, which is between the two tin mineralization periods. Zircon from these barren granites have εHf(t) values from −5.4 to 3.6, two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) from 1.4 to 1.0 Ga, and Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios from 40 to 120. By comparison, zircon crystals from the tin-bearing granites have low εHf(t) values (−9.7 to −3.2) and Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios (4–67) and high TDM2 (1.8–1.4 Ga). Zircon ages, Hf isotopes, and trace elements indicate that the tin-bearing granitic magmas in Peninsular Malaysia had relatively low oxygen fugacity and were derived from reworking of Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rock-dominated crust in response to the Paleo-Tethyan subduction and continental collision. This study confirms that the nature of magma sources and redox states of magmas were key in the formation of the tin-rich granites and associated tin deposits and that the granite-related tin mineralization in Peninsular Malaysia was closely related to the evolution of the eastern Paleo-Tethys.
Characteristics of the Re-Entry Experiences of Returning Saudi International Students after Studying Abroad
Authors: Alsulami Naif Daifullah Z
Published: May 2020

The main purpose of this research is to describe the characteristics of the re-entry experiences of Saudis returning to Saudi Arabia after studying abroad. The total number of participants in the study was 21 Saudi returnees, consisting male (n=13, 61.90 per cent) and female participants (n=8, 38.09 per cent)returning from studying in the U.S. U.K. and Australia. By conducting semi-structured individual interviews with the participants, the findings showed six themes that answered the main question of this research. These themes include motivations for returning home, preparing for returning home, feelings on returning home, the nature of relationships with family, the nature of relationships with friends and sense of belonging. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are provided.
The Determinants of the Transition in South Korea from Vocational and General High School to Higher Education, Including a Gender Comparison
Authors: Choi Seonkyung
Published: May 2020

This study examines the factors determining whether vocational and general high school students in South Korea subsequently graduate from university and, if so, whether from 2-year or 4-year courses, for the first time using a gender lens. High-quality official data from the Korean Education and Employment Panel (KEEP) is used in a multinomial logit model. The results show that coming from a vocational high school (compared to a general high school) is negatively correlated with going to university, especially to 4-year university. Among general high school graduates, the most important determinant of attending a 4-year rather than a 2-year university is the teacher assessment of the student’s performance; father’s education and income have no effect for either males or females. The results also show that vocational high school graduates’ university choice is determined by a combination of individual characteristics, including being male, and by having been at a vocational high school, whereas the choice between 2-year and 4-year university depends negatively on father’s education for males but not for females and on father’s income and the number of siblings for both genders. The income and sibling findings suggest that a possible policy implication might be to provide financial support to vocational high school graduates to enable them to attend higher education and to offset the negative effect of low paternal income.
The Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Shoulder Injuries in Primary School Teachers, Durban, South Africa
Authors: Nyawose Zingisa Z , Naidoo Rowena
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND: Shoulder injuries are among the most common musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) that can present in teachers, due to the nature of the teaching profession.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of shoulder MSD in primary school teachers, Durban, South Africa.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 school teachers. A questionnaire to determine the prevalence of shoulder injuries and other common injuries experienced was completed. Descriptive statistics and chi-square and binomial tests were used to analyse the results.

RESULTS: The prevalence of shoulder injuries among school teachers was 53.7%, which was significantly higher than neck injuries (p=.037). Participants who had had a previous injury to the shoulder were more likely to have experienced shoulder problems at work (p = .006). A significant 76.1% had not injured their shoulder in any way (p <.0005). Additionally, the shoulder problems prevented a significant 77% of the participants from performing their normal work for up to seven days during the previous 12 months (p<.0005).

CONCLUSION: Preventative and management strategies for shoulder injuries among school teachers are needed.
Realisatie van maatschappelijke initiatieven
Authors: Mentink J.W.M.
Published: May 2020

Realisatie van maatschappelijke initiatieven. Een overzicht van in te zetten instrumenten

Nederland staat voor grote maatschappelijke opgaven, zoals klimaatadaptatie, de energietransitie en de stikstofproblematiek. Maatschappelijke partijen laten zien dat zij samen willen werken aan die opgaven. Deze partijen zoeken naar manieren om hun initiatieven te realiseren. De overheid beschikt over een aantal instrumenten om maatschappelijke partijen hierin te ondersteunen. In een indeling van privaat naar publiek worden de volgende instrumenten besproken: zelfregulering, publiek-private afspraken, algemeenverbindendverklaring, verordeningen van de bedrijfslichamen, het wetsvoorstel ruimte voor duurzaamheidsinitiatieven en reguliere wetgeving.
Advisering over verwijzing naar niet-publiekrechtelijke normen
Authors: Nap M.
Published: May 2020

Advisering over verwijzing naar niet-publiekrechtelijke normen

In de advisering over het algemeen verbindend verklaren van normen die niet door publiekrechtelijke instanties zijn opgesteld, hamert de Raad van State vooral op de kenbaarheid van de geldende normen. De lat van de adviseur lijkt hoger te liggen dan die van de rechter.
Walk this way
Authors: Neville Lucy , Sanders-McDonagh Erin
Published: May 2020

Walk this way - The impact of mobile interviews on sensitive research with street-based sex workers

This article draws on a piece of ethnographic research carried out with outreach workers in London working with street-based sex workers (SBSWs). The aim of the research was to determine the efficacy of the services offered to this hard-to-reach client group. The charitable organization has a long history (20+ years) working with SBSWs in the Kings Cross area; we evaluated their drop-in and outreach services for this client group, many of whom have high-level needs due to substance misuse and mental health issues. We initially conducted semi-structured interviews with women at the drop-in services, but encountered a number of ethical and logistical issues that prompted us to consider alternative methodological approaches. This article explores our use of mobile interviews with SBSWs and the outreach team who encounter them, which we argue gives us unique insights into the realities and lived experiences of both women who work (and sometimes live) on the street and the outreach team members who engage with this hard-to-reach group. We argue that mobile interviews offer a highly effective way of conducting research with a vulnerable population, and enabled us to gain a unique perspective into best practice around effectively and ethically researching hard-to-reach groups. Critically, we maintain that these walking interviews gave detailed insights into the lives of SBSWs that would not have been possible using more traditional methods. We provide empirical data in this article from these walking interviews, including fieldnote excerpts, and consider the value of using mobile and innovative methods for criminological research with hard-to-reach populations.
Slovenia’s experience with mediation incentives
Authors: Kresal Katarina
Published: May 2020

Slovenia’s experience with mediation incentives

Slovenia realized very early that mediation as a form of a more flexible, consumer-friendly and interest-driven procedure can also be utilised as an effective means of court backlog reduction. The court-annexed mediation model was launched in 2001 without any regulatory framework as a pilot project at the District Court of Ljubljana. As a consequence of the successful pilot project court-annexed mediation was introduced into every first-instance and second-instance court. The main incentives for the mediation model were that it was free of charge, i.e. the costs of mediation were included into the court budgets, that it was performed by judges trained as mediators and that attorneys were included into the process at a very early stage. Mediation has become widely accepted, as the voluntary uptake by the parties is quite high and referral to mediation by judges against the will of litigants is rather an exception.
In het belang van het slachtoffer
Authors: Cleven Irma , Fischer Tamar , Struijk Sanne
Published: May 2020

For the sake of the victim: The contribution of penal protection orders to perceptions of safety of victims of violent offences and stalking.

This study describes how penal protection orders contribute to victim perceptions of safety, drawing upon data collected via a victim survey (n=101). Perceived victim safety is explored based on the factors of personal vulnerability, procedural justice, and experiences with compliance and enforcement. Results show that more than half of the victims in this study does not feel safer because of the protection order. The effects of the orders are even weaker for feelings of relaxation and feelings of anger about the situation. An increase in perceptions of control over the situation appears to be the most important predictor of an increase in feelings of safety and a decrease in feelings of anger, but is unrelated to an increase in feelings of relaxation. The effect of procedural justice differs per outcome measure. It is associated positively with increased feelings of safety, but negatively with decreased feelings of anger because of the protection order. The positive association with feelings of safety is partly indirect via personal vulnerability. Findings result in various suggestions for future research.
De rol van slachtoffercompensatie in de publieke waardering van strafoplegging
Authors: van Doorn Janne , Kunst Maarten , Brands Jelle , de Keijser Jan
Published: May 2020

The role of victim compensation in public judgments about punishment.

In the current study it was investigated to what extent the presence or absence of victim compensation influences public judgments about punishment by the general public. Results show that whether or not the victim is awarded compensation, both in the case of physical assault and burglary, did not influence the extent to which the general public agrees with the punishment imposed by the judge. Participants do consider it important that a victim has the opportunity to apply for compensation for non-material damage suffered.