bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemoproteomics, A Broad Avenue to Target Deconvolution
Authors: Gao Yihui , Ma Mingzhe , Li Wenyang , Lei Xiaoguang
Published: December 2023

As a vital project of forward chemical genetic research, target deconvolution aims to identify the molecular targets of an active hit compound. Chemoproteomics, either with chemical probe‐facilitated target enrichment or probe‐free, provides a straightforward and effective approach to profile the target landscape and unravel the mechanisms of action. Canonical methods rely on chemical probes to enable target engagement, enrichment, and identification, whereas click chemistry and photoaffinity labeling techniques improve the efficiency, sensitivity, and spatial accuracy of target recognition. In comparison, recently developed probe‐free methods detect protein‐ligand interactions without the need to modify the ligand molecule. This review provides a comprehensive overview of different approaches and recent advancements for target identification and highlights the significance of chemoproteomics in investigating biological processes and advancing drug discovery processes.
Maternal care in wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) involves prolonged lactation and interbirth intervals as adaptations to reduce maternal depletion and infant mortality in harsh environments
Authors: Dittus Wolfgang , Baker Anne
Published: December 2023

Weaning age in primates has been challenging to measure and new methods, involving molecular biomarkers in feces, tissue, or teeth have contributed to a solution. Here, we used a direct approach by briefly anesthetizing 442 female toque macaques (Macaca sinica) of Sri Lanka (over a 17‐year period) and manually testing their mammary tissue for the presence or absence of milk. Milk tests were related to known offspring ages and maternal care behaviors and indicated that older infants suckled milk well past the weaning age of 7 months that is often reported for food‐provisioned primates. Mothers strongly rejected their infants' nursing attempts in two phases, the first at 7 months as an honest signal “giving notice” promoting a shift to greater independence from milk to solid food, and when “shutting down” at final weaning after 12–18 months. The shift to supplementary lactation coincided also with the cessation of mothers carrying their infants and a resumption of cycling. All infants up to 7.2 months suckled milk, 91% of them did up to 18 months, this continued for 42% of infants beyond 18 months, and normally none received milk after 22 months. Lactation extended into 2.2% of cycling and 10.7% of pregnant females (up to 50% of gestation). The interbirth interval was prolonged by factors predicted to draw on female metabolic energy reserves and included the duration of lactation, growth among primiparas, and dietary limitations. The last also increased menarche. Females offset the metabolic costs of lactation with increased foraging and catabolism, but infants died when lactation costs seemingly compromised maternal condition. The prolonged lactation and slowed reproduction are considered adaptations to promote infant survival and growth in an environment where the natural food supply limits population growth and competition for food and water impacts the mortality of the youngest the most.
CircRNA and ferroptosis in human disease: Insights for new treatments
Authors: Liu Ruoyu , Zhou Yun , Cao Yongtong
Published: December 2023

Circular RNA (circRNA), classified as a type of non‐coding RNA, has gained significant attention in the field of biology due to its distinctive ring structure and functional properties. Recent research has provided evidence that specific circRNAs have the ability to modulate disease progression through diverse mechanisms, one of which is by regulating cellular ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is driven by iron dependency and lipid peroxidation, and extensive investigations have revealed a relationship between ferroptosis and disease development. In addition to evidence that both circRNAs and ferroptosis exert critical roles in disease progression, circRNAs have also been shown to actively mediate the process of ferroptosis. The relationship between circRNAs and ferroptosis therefore influences disease progression and offers novel targets for disease treatment. By directly or indirectly modulating the expression of circRNAs that regulate the expression of ferroptosis‐related proteins, it may be possible to impact disease progression by promoting or inhibiting ferroptosis. Current research indicates such approaches may hold significant value in a wide variety of common diseases across physiological systems. This review comprehensively summarizes the findings of recent studies investigating the roles of circRNAs in the regulation of ferroptosis in various diseases.
DISP oder nicht? Die weitreichenden Reaktionsmechanismen, die den Lithium‐Luft‐Batterien zugrunde liegen
Authors: Jethwa Rajesh B. , Mondal Soumyadip , Pant Bhargavi , Freunberger Stefan A.
Published: December 2023

In der kurzen Geschichte der Forschung an Li−O2‐Batterien gab es im Laufe der Jahre eine bemerkenswerte Anzahl mechanistischer Kehrtwendungen. Von der anfänglichen Verwendung von Karbonat‐Elektrolyten, die sich dann als völlig ungeeignet erwiesen, über die Annahme, dass (Su)Peroxid allein für die Degradation verantwortlich sei, bevor man feststellte, dass sich der reaktivere Singulett‐Sauerstoff bildet, bis hin zu der Hypothese, dass die Kapazität von einem konkurrierenden Oberflächen‐/Lösungsmechanismus abhängt, bevor ein praktisch ausschließlicher Lösungsmechanismus identifiziert wurde. Wir plädieren hier für einen immer neuen Blick auf die vorliegenden Daten ohne Voreingenommenheit gegenüber vermeintlich etablierten Erklärungen. Wir erläutern, wie die neuesten Erkenntnisse über Raten‐ und Kapazitätsgrenzen sowie die Entstehung von Nebenreaktionen über den Disproportionierungsschritt (DISP) im (Ent‐)Ladungsmechanismus miteinander verbunden sind. Daraus ergeben sich Hinweise für das Design von Elektrolyten und Mediatoren, wie Nebenreaktionen unterdrückt und hohe Raten und hohe reversible Kapazitäten ermöglicht werden können.
Show them what they can't see! An evaluation of the use of customized 3D printed models in head and neck anatomy
Authors: Cheung Rocky Chun Chung , Yang Jian , Fang Christian , Leung Man Fai , Bridges Susan M. , Tipoe George L.
Published: December 2023

Difficulty in visualizing anatomical structures has been identified as a challenge in anatomy learning and the emergence of three‐dimensional printed models (3DPMs) offers a potential solution. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 3DPMs for learning the arterial supply of the head and neck region. One hundred eighty‐four undergraduate medical students were randomly assigned to one of four learning modalities including wet specimen, digital model, 3DPM, and textbook image. Posttest scores indicated that all four modalities supported participants' knowledge acquisition, most significantly in the wet specimen group. While the participants rated 3DPMs lower for helping correct identification of structures than wet specimens, they praised 3DPMs for their ability to demonstrate topographical relationships between the arterial supply and adjacent structures. The data further suggested that the biggest limitation of the 3DPMs was their simplicity, thus making it more difficult for users to recognize the equivalent structures on the wet specimens. It was concluded that future designs of 3DPMs will need to consider the balance between the ease of visualization of anatomical structures and the degree of complexity required for successful transfer of learning. Overall, this study presented some conflicting evidence of the favorable outcomes of 3DPMs reported in other similar studies. While effective for anatomy learning as a standalone modality, educators must identify the position 3DPM models hold relative to other modalities in the continuum of undergraduate anatomy education in order to maximize their advantages for students.
Recent progress on the construction and application of dithienylethene‐based photochromic AIEgens
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Liu Xinming , Wang Jinjin , Li Fei , Jiang Heng , Liu Lijie
Published: December 2023

Photochromic fluorescent materials have rapidly developed as a new class of intelligent materials, offering a unique combination of traditional photochromic and organic fluorescent materials. These materials possess remarkable photoresponsiveness that can be observed by the naked eye and exhibit fluorescence color change. Consequently, they have found widespread applications in various domains, including molecular switches, logic encryption, medical diagnosis and treatment, and biosensors. Among the multitude of photochromic systems, those based on dithienylethenes (DTEs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional photochromic efficiency, commendable reversible photoresponse and fatigue resistance, as well as excellent photostability and thermal stability. Nevertheless, these photochromic fluorescent materials continue to grapple with the issue of aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ), a common problem faced by traditional fluorescent materials. Therefore, the integration of DTE systems with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) systems presents a promising solution to tackle this predicament, enabling an improved quantum yield for photochromic fluorescent materials in their aggregated state and broadening their range of applications. This review comprehensively summarizes and evaluates the construction strategies and application prospects of DTE‐based photochromic AIE luminogens (AIEgens) in recent years, while also providing an outlook on their future development.
Identification of FXYD6 as the novel biomarker for glioma based on differential expression and DNA methylation
Authors: Hou Weiliang , Cai Jing , Shen Pei , Zhang Shuo , Xiao Siyu , You Pu , Tong Yusheng , Li Kaicheng , Qi Zengxin , Luo Hao
Published: December 2023

Objective

As a single‐transmembrane protein of the FXYD family, FXYD6 plays different roles under physiological and pathological status, especially in the nervous system. This study aims to identify FXYD6 as a biomarker for glioma, by analyzing its expression and methylation patterns.

Methods

Using TCGA and GTEx datasets, we analyzed FXYD6 expression in various tissues, confirming its levels in normal brain and different glioma grades via immunoblotting and immunostaining. FXYD6 biological functions were explored through enrichment analysis, and tumor immune infiltration was assessed using ESTIMATE and TIMER algorithms. Pearson correlation analysis probed FXYD6 associations with biological function‐related genes. A glioma detection model was developed using FXYD6 methylation data from TCGA and GEO. Consistently, a FXYD6 methylation‐based prognostic model was constructed for glioma via LASSO Cox regression.

Results

FXYD6 was observed to be downregulated in GBM and implicated in a range of cellular functions, including synapse formation, cell junctions, immune checkpoint, ferroptosis, EMT, and pyroptosis. Hypermethylation of specific FXYD6 CpG sites in gliomas was identified, which could be used to build a diagnostic model. Additionally, FXYD6 methylation‐based prognostic model could serve as an independent factor as well.

Conclusions

FXYD6 is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of glioma, with its methylation‐based prognostic model serving as an independent factor. This highlights its potential in clinical application for glioma management.
Understanding the Retro‐Cope Elimination Reaction of Linear Alkynes
Authors: Beutick Steven E. , Yu Song , Orian Laura , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Hamlin Trevor A.
Published: December 2023

The bioorthogonal retro‐Cope elimination reaction of linear alkynes R3C−C≡C−X (R3 = combinations of H, MeO, F; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) with N,N‐dimethylhydroxylamine was quantum chemically investigated using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA‐BP86/TZ2P. This novel reaction can be tuned through judicious substitution of the alkyne at both the terminal and propargylic position to render second‐order kinetics that rival and out‐compete strain‐promoted variants. Activation strain and quantitative molecular orbital analyses reveal that, both upon terminal or propargylic substitution of propyne, the main effect of substituting H for X is a lowering of the propyne LUMO which stabilizes the HOMO–LUMO interactions and thus the transition state. In the case of terminal substitution with larger halogens (X = Cl, Br, I), a secondary effect interferes: steric repulsion with these larger halogens is absorbed into a longer forming C⋯N bond leading to a more asynchronous reaction accompanied by less (not more) steric Pauli repulsion.
Anode Reaction Control for a Single‐Compartment Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactor with a Surface‐Activated Diamond Cathode
Authors: Otake Atsushi , Asai Kana , Einaga Yasuaki
Published: December 2023

The electrochemical reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) in aqueous electrolyte solutions is attracting increasing attention for sustainable chemical production. Boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been previously shown to be very effective for the stable electrochemical production of formic acid from CO2. Typically, the electrochemical production of formic acid by CO2 reduction (CO2R) reaction is performed with a dual‐compartment flow reactor equipped with a membrane separator. The problems caused by the membrane separator, such as scaling‐up, complicated operational control and materials costs can be solved using a membrane free single‐compartment reactor. Here we demonstrate anode reaction control for a single‐compartment CO2R flow reactor using a surface‐activated BDD cathode and achieve a Faradaic efficiency for formic acid production of over 70 %.
A Nickel Anchored Covalent Organic Framework as Unimolecular Metallaphotocatalyst for Visible Light Driver C−P Bond Coupling Reaction
Authors: Yang Manqiang , Li Huijie , Borse Rahul Anil , Lin Shao‐Xia , Yuan Daqiang
Published: December 2023

The urgent need to develop a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing organophosphine compounds is underscored by their extensive applications in organic synthesis, coordination chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and photoelectric materials. Metalated covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), which seamlessly integrate the inherent photo properties of COF with the catalytic capabilities of metal ions, offer an optimal material for efficient transformation of organics sustainably. In this study, we introduce a simple COF with nickel anchorages (Bpy‐COF‐NiCl2) as a unimolecular metallaphotocatalytic system for effective C−P bond formation. This heterogeneous photocatalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance, achieving yields of up to 95 %, and demonstrates broad substrate tolerance and functional group reactivity. Notably, the metallaphotocatalytic system has demonstrated the capability to process aryl bromides to produce the desired product, a feat not previously reported. Finally, the production and reusability test at the gram scale attests to its superior practicality for designing future organic cross‐coupling reactions.
Incorporating Photoresponses into Porous Liquids
Authors: Brand Michael C. , Trowell Hamish G. , Fuchter Matthew J. , Greenaway Rebecca L.
Published: December 2023

Porous liquids combine the properties of a porous solid with those of a liquid, creating a porous flowable media. Since their discovery, these materials have gathered widespread interest within the scientific community, with substantial numbers of new systems being discovered, often with a focus on increasing the pore volume and gas capacity. Which begs the question, what does the future hold for porous liquids? Recently, the first examples of photoresponsive porous liquids have emerged, allowing changes in porosity to be observed under UV irradiation. Here, we expand on our previous report of photoresponsive porous liquids and explore the conceptualisation of responsive porous liquids and how these materials could be developed with the ability to respond to light, thereby offering a potential mechanism of controllable uptake and release in these systems. This concept article summarises different approaches that could be used to incorporate a photoresponse in a porous liquid before discussing recently reported systems, alongside important factors to consider in their design. Finally, by taking inspiration from the methods used to translate porous solids into the liquid state, combined with the field of photoresponsive materials, we discuss potential strategies that could be employed to realise further examples of photoresponsive porous liquids.
Recent progress in device designs and dual‐functional photoactive materials for direct solar to electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Li Jinhang , Tan Yujie , Zhu Chunling , Chen Yujin
Published: December 2023

Efficient solar energy utilization technologies are expected to promote the development of a carbon‐neutral and renewable energy society. Photovoltaic cells (PVs) have played an important role in the harvest and conversion of solar energy. Due to the intermittent instability of solar energy, however, PVs must be connected with energy storage systems (EESs). Newly developed photoelectrochemical energy storage devices (PESs) are proposed to directly convert solar energy into electrochemical energy. Initial PESs focused on the external and internal integration of PVs and EESs. However, the voltage mismatch between PVs and EESs leads to massive energy loss and unsatisfactory overall performances of PESs. PESs using dual‐functional photoactive materials (PAMs), which have simplified device configuration, decreased costs, and external energy loss, have recently emerged for realization of solar‐to‐electrochemical‐energy conversion and storage in a single device. The review summarizes the designing concepts, integrated configurations, and overall performances of different types of PESs, particularly PESs utilizing dual‐functional PAMs. Based on the classifications, working principles, basic requirements, and design principles, this review discusses various types of PESs cathodes. Finally, some perspectives are provided for further developing excellent performances of PESs.
Blue Waters system and component reliability
Authors: Bode Brett , King David , Mendes Celso L. , Kramer William T. , Jha Saurabh , Ford Roger , Davis Justin , Dramstad Steven
Published: December 2023

The Blue Waters system, installed in 2012 at NCSA, has the largest component count of any system Cray has built. Blue Waters includes a mix of dual‐socket CPU (XE) and single‐socket CPU, single GPU (XK) nodes. The primary storage is provided by Cray's Sonexion/ClusterStor Luster storage system delivering 35 PB (raw) storage at 1 TB/s. The statistical failure rates over time for each component including CPU, DIMM, GPU, disk drive, power supply, blower, etc and their impact on higher level failure rates for individual nodes and the systems as a whole are presented in detail, with a particular emphasis on identifying any increases in rate that might indicate the right‐side of the expected bathtub curve has been reached. Strategies employed by NCSA and Cray for minimizing the impact of component failure, such as the preemptive removal of suspect disk drives, are also presented.
Probing the Electronic Structure of Prussian Blue and Analog Films by Photoemission and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopies
Authors: Martins Jessica B. , Husmann Samantha , da Veiga Amanda G. , Zarbin Aldo J. G. , Rocco Maria Luiza M.
Published: December 2023

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) were employed to characterize the electronic properties of Prussian blue (PB) and its analogs when electrodeposited over metal‐decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Through an investigation of the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and preparation conditions on the electronic structure, valuable insights were obtained regarding their effects on electrochemical properties. XPS analysis enabled the probing of the chemical composition and oxidation states of the film materials, unveiling synthesis‐driven variations in their electronic properties. REELS provided information on energy loss and electronic transitions, enabling further characterization of the changes in the electronic structure induced by different preparation methods. Such findings emphasize the importance of surface characterization to understand how the unique electronic properties of such materials can be harnessed to enhance their performance and functionality.
Creating social value through operational supply chain transparency
Authors: He Shaohua , Liu Lei , Liu Qi , Fu Shaoling
Published: December 2023

Whether inclusive business (IB) supply chain transparency (SCT) can add value to a firm as an essential strategic resource is controversial. This study investigates how IB SCT affects willingness to pay a premium (WPP). Conditional process analysis was used to analyze survey data collected from 633 Chinese subjects in a scenario‐based role‐playing experiment. Analysis of the responses demonstrates that IB SCT indirectly enhances WPP through indirect reciprocity. In addition, the stronger the costly prosocial attributes of customers, the greater the indirect effect of IB SCT on WPP. The results indicate that IB SCT can add value to firms through consumer rewards, especially for costly prosocial consumers. These research constructs provide valuable insights for operators adopting IB to help them communicate and coordinate IB resources with consumers for IB sustainability.
Q‐learning‐based task offloading strategy for satellite edge computing
Authors: Shuai Jiaqi , Xie Bo , Cui Haixia , Wang Jiahuan , Wen Weichang
Published: December 2023

In this paper, we study the task offloading optimization problem in satellite edge computing environments to reduce the whole communication latency and energy consumption so as to enhance the offloading success rate. A three‐tier machine learning framework consisting of collaborative edge devices, edge data centers, and cloud data centers has been proposed to ensure an efficient task execution. To accomplish this goal, we also propose a Q‐learning‐based reinforcement learning offloading strategy in which both the time‐sensitive constraints and data requirements of the computation‐intensive tasks are taken into account. It enables various types of tasks to select the most suitable satellite nodes for the computing deployment. Simulation results show that our algorithm outperforms other baseline algorithms in terms of latency, energy consumption, and successful execution efficiency.
Investigating the phylogenetic history of toxin tolerance in mushroom‐feeding Drosophila
Authors: Erlenbach Theresa , Haynes Lauren , Fish Olivia , Beveridge Jordan , Giambrone Sarah‐Ashley , Reed Laura K. , Dyer Kelly A. , Scott Chialvo Clare H.
Published: December 2023

Understanding how and when key novel adaptations evolved is a central goal of evolutionary biology. Within the immigrans‐tripunctata radiation of Drosophila, many mushroom‐feeding species are tolerant of host toxins, such as cyclopeptides, that are lethal to nearly all other eukaryotes. In this study, we used phylogenetic and functional approaches to investigate the evolution of cyclopeptide tolerance in the immigrans‐tripunctata radiation of Drosophila. First, we inferred the evolutionary relationships among 48 species in this radiation using 978 single copy orthologs. Our results resolved previous incongruities within species groups across the phylogeny. Second, we expanded on previous studies of toxin tolerance by assaying 16 of these species for tolerance to α‐amanitin and found that six of them could develop on diet with toxin. Finally, we asked how α‐amanitin tolerance might have evolved across the immigrans‐tripunctata radiation, and inferred that toxin tolerance was ancestral in mushroom‐feeding Drosophila and subsequently lost multiple times. Our findings expand our understanding of toxin tolerance across the immigrans‐tripunctata radiation and emphasize the uniqueness of toxin tolerance in this adaptive radiation and the complexity of biochemical adaptations.
Glucagon‐like peptide agonists: A prospective review
Authors: Mariam Zamara , Niazi Sarfaraz K.
Published: December 2023

Background

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) have emerged as promising therapeutic options for addressing Type‐2 diabetes, obesity, and related conditions. Among these, semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide etc., all notable GLP‐1RA, have gained attention owing to their favourable pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy.

Aims

This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed analysis of both the currently available GLP‐1RAs in the market and those undergoing clinical trials. The focus is on examining their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy in glycemic control and weight management, safety profile, and potential applications.

Materials & Methods

The review employs a systematic approach to gather information on GLP‐1RAs. Relevant literature from the currently literature and ongoing clinical trials is thoroughly examined. Detailed scrutiny is applied to understand the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical outcomes of these agents.

Results

The review presents a comprehensive overview of the GLP‐1RAs, highlighting their distinct mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic profiles, and clinical effectiveness in glycemic control and weight management. Safety profiles are also discussed, providing a holistic understanding of these therapeutic agents.

Discussion

The findings are discussed in the context of advancements in the field of GLP‐1RAs. Potential applications beyond diabetes and obesity are explored, shedding light on the broader implications of these agents in managing related conditions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this review underscores the significance of GLP‐1RAs, with a specific focus on semaglutide, in the management of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and beyond. By synthesizing information on their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, this review provides valuable insights into the potential benefits these agents offer, contributing to the ongoing discourse in the field.
Unveiling the role of MGMT and DAPK hypermethylation in response to anti‐EGFR agents: Molecular insights for advancing HNSCC treatment
Authors: Arantes Lidia Maria Rebolho Batista , Silva‐Oliveira Renato José , de Carvalho Ana Carolina , Melendez Matias Eliseo , Sorroche Bruna Pereira , de Jesus Teixeira Renan , Tostes Katiane , Palmero Edenir Inez , Reis Rui Manuel , Carvalho André Lopes
Published: December 2023

Background

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently activated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and serves as a valuable target for therapy. Despite the availability of the EGFR inhibitors Cetuximab, Afatinib, and Allitinib, there are limited predictive markers for their response. Understanding molecular aberrations in HNSCC could facilitate the identification of new strategies for patient clinical and biological classification, offering novel therapeutic avenues.

Methods

We assessed CCNA1, DCC, MGMT, CDKN2A/p16, and DAPK methylation status in HNSCC cell lines and their association with anti‐EGFR treatment response.

Results

MGMT methylation status displayed high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing sensitive and resistant HNSCC cell lines to Afatinib (AUC = 0.955) and Allitinib (AUC = 0.935). Moreover, DAPK methylation status predicted response to Allitinib with high accuracy (AUC = 0.852), indicating their putative predictive biomarker roles.

Conclusion

These findings hold promise for the development of more personalized and effective treatment approaches for HNSCC patients.
The medial prefrontal cortex during flexible decisions: Evidence for its role in distinct working memory processes
Authors: Kidder Kevan , Gillis Ryan , Miles Jesse , Mizumori Sheri J. Y.
Published: December 2023

During decisions that involve working memory, task‐related information must be encoded, maintained across delays, and retrieved. Few studies have attempted to causally disambiguate how different brain structures contribute to each of these components of working memory. In the present study, we used transient optogenetic disruptions of rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during a serial spatial reversal learning (SSRL) task to test its role in these specific working memory processes. By analyzing numerous performance metrics, we found: (1) mPFC disruption impaired performance during only the choice epoch of initial discrimination learning of the SSRL task; (2) mPFC disruption impaired performance in dissociable ways across all task epochs (delay, choice, return) during flexible decision‐making; (3) mPFC disruption resulted in a reduction of the typical vicarious‐trial‐and‐error rate modulation that was related to changes in task demands. Taken together, these findings suggest that the mPFC plays an outsized role in working memory retrieval, becomes involved in encoding and maintenance when recent memories conflict with task demands, and enables animals to flexibly utilize working memory to update behavior as environments change.
Barrier and channel thickness engineering to optimize fin height for enhancement mode Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN FinHEMT
Authors: Chakrabarty A. , Swain R. , Sahoo N. , Jena K. , Panigrahy A. K. , Lenka T. R.
Published: December 2023

In this work, a thorough analysis of the Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN FinHEMT structure has been performed using three‐dimensional numerical simulations to achieve enhancement mode (E‐mode) operation. In the proposed optimized structure, the fin height (HFin) is comprised of 7 nm critical strained AlGaN barrier layer with 30% Al mole fraction and 63 nm GaN channel layer having a fixed fin width (WFin) of 160 nm. The two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) concentration near the hetero interface is found to vary inversely with HFin of the proposed structure. The 2DEG variation was compared between fin‐shaped full tri‐gate approach and variable side gate length tri‐gate design counterpart for a fixed HFin of 70 nm. We achieved an improved threshold voltage of −0.2 V in the optimized HFin structure as compared to −1.45 V obtained in the unoptimized structure as reported earlier. Further, upon decreasing WFin to 40 nm in the same structure having optimized HFin of 70 nm, an E‐mode operation was achieved with a positive threshold voltage of 0.4 V. The positive shift in threshold voltage is explained with the help of necessary energy band diagram.
Assessment of NA‐CORDEX regional climate models, reanalysis and in situ gridded‐observational data sets against the U.S. Climate Reference Network
Authors: SY Souleymane , Madonna Fabio , Serva Federico , Diallo Ismaila , Quesada Benjamin
Published: December 2023

Climate models' capability of reproducing the present climate at both global and regional scales still needs improvements. The assessment of model performance critically depends on the data sets used as comparators/references. Reanalysis and gridded observational data sets have been frequently used for this purpose. However, none of these can be considered an accurate reference data set because of their associated uncertainties and full representativity. This paper, for the first time, uses in‐situ measurements from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) spanning the period 2006–2020 to assess daily temperature and precipitation from a suite of dynamically downscaled regional climate models (RCMs; driven by ERA‐Interim) involved in NA‐CORDEX. The assessment is also extended to the most recent and widely used Earth system reanalyses (ERA5, ERA‐Interim, MERRA2 and NARR) and a few in situ‐based gridded data sets (Daymet, PRISM, Livneh and CPC). Results show that biases for the different data sets are seasonally and subregionally dependent. On average, reanalysis and in situ‐based gridded data sets are warmer (with biases exceeding 0.3°C) than USCRN year‐round, while RCMs are colder (warmer) in winter (summer) with biases ranging from −0.5 (0.9)°C for RCMs at 0.44° to −0.2 (1.4)°C for CRCM5‐UQAM‐11. In situ‐based gridded data sets provide the best performance in most of the Contiguous United States (CONUS) regions compared to reanalyses and RCMs, but still have biases in regions such as the Western mountains and the Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, in most US subregions, reanalysis data sets do not outperform reanalysis‐driven RCMs. Likewise, for both reanalysis data sets and RCMs, temperature and precipitation biases vary considerably depending on the local orography, with larger temperature biases for coarser model resolutions and precipitation biases for reanalysis.
Endoscopic treatment of subglottic stenosis with flexible bronchoscopy via laryngeal mask airway
Authors: Gallagher Liam , Todatry Soorya , Oldenburg Kirsi , Misono Stephanie , Gray Raluca
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic treatment of subglottic stenosis with flexible bronchoscopy via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) approach.

Methods

The records of all patients who underwent endoscopic surgery for subglottic stenosis (SGS) from November 2019 to January 2023 at an academic medical center were reviewed with attention to demographics, patient comorbidities, airway stenosis characteristics, operative time details, surgical complications, and post‐operative course. All patients, >18 years old, with one or more surgeries for SGS using (LMA) for intraoperative airway management were included. Surgeries with suspension microlaryngoscopy were excluded. Patients with glottic stenosis or tracheotomy were excluded.

Results

Thirty‐five patients underwent 52 procedures meeting inclusion criteria. Mean age was 55 years (range 31–78, SD 13.3) and 33 patients (94%) were female. Mean BMI was 30.9 (range 18.4–60.5, SD 8.8). The most common etiology of stenosis was intubation injury in 17 patients (49%), followed by idiopathic in 13 patients (37%). Cotton‐Meyer grade 3 (71–99% narrowing) was seen in 25 patients (71%). Mean anesthesia and surgical operative times were 75.9 min (SD 13.5 min) and 39.7 min (SD 11.0 min), respectively. Mean SpO2 nadir was 94.5% (SD 6.3%). No patients required intraoperative change to rigid laryngoscopy, intubation, or tracheotomy. There were no post‐operative complications. Mean surgery‐free interval was 12.2 months (SD 6.3).

Conclusion

Endoscopic treatment of subglottic stenosis with flexible bronchoscopy and spontaneous ventilation via LMA approach is a safe and effective option, especially in patients with limitations for rigid laryngoscopy and elevated BMI.

Level of Evidence

Level Four (case series) Laryngoscope, 134:2672–2677, 2024
Elevated FVIII levels in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Implications for clinical management
Authors: Jørgensen Ole Jakob , Steineger Johan Edvard , Hillarp Andreas , Pareli Wåland Erik , Holme Pål André , Heimdal Ketil , Dheyauldeen Sinan
Published: December 2023

Objectives

The objective of this study was twofold: to determine the prevalence of arterial and venous thromboembolic events in the Norwegian Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) population, and to explore potential factors linked to such events, with particular emphasis on FVIII.

Methods

Patients with an HHT diagnosis attending the Otorhinolaryngology Department at Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet were included consecutively between April 2021 and November 2022. We recorded the participants' medical history with an emphasis on thromboembolic events. Measurements of blood constituents, including FVIII, FIX, vWF, hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, and CRP were performed.

Results

One hundred and thirty‐four patients were included in the study. The total prevalence of thromboembolic events among the participants was 23.1%. FVIII levels were high (>150 IU/dL) in the majority of HHT patients (n = 84) (68.3%) and were significantly associated with thromboembolic events (p < .001), as was age. Of the patients with high FVIII levels, 28 (33%) had experienced a thromboembolic event. Furthermore, FVIII levels were measured consecutively in 51 patients and were found to fluctuate above or below 150 IU/dL in 25% of these cases.

Conclusion

Thromboembolic events are highly prevalent in the Norwegian HHT population and are significantly associated with FVIII levels. FVIII levels can fluctuate, and measurements should be repeated in HHT patients to assess the risk of thromboembolic events.

Level of Evidence

4.
Recruitment of older adults from long‐term care settings for a longitudinal clinical trial
Authors: Davis Rebecca , Sikorskii Alla
Published: December 2023

Recruitment of residents for research from long‐term care settings is known to be difficult. The purpose of this study was to summarize the effectiveness and cost in terms of time and dollars of recruitment methods for a cluster‐randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in long‐term care settings. This study was a retrospective, exploratory, descriptive analysis of recruitment data. After recruitment of 15 independent and assisted living communities, residents at each site were recruited to participate in the study using combinations of 12 different recruitment methods. Recruitment methods, time spent screening, and enrollment data were collected. Recruitment data were analyzed at the levels of site, research staff member, and participant. Over the study period, 279 older adults were screened and 172 enrolled from the 15 sites. Many participants were cognitively impaired. Research staff spent 39–89 h recruiting at each site and utilized an average of four different recruitment methods per site. Introductions of participants by site contacts yielded the most consented participants compared to other recruitment methods. Sites that had a dedicated recruiter utilized more recruiting methods and enrolled more participants than those without a dedicated recruiter. The cost of recruiting averaged $1490 per site and $93–$258 per enrollee (mean $144, standard deviation $58), but was more costly in larger facilities. Recruitment of older adults from long‐term care communities requires multiple methods of recruitment, skilled recruitment staff, and trust with the staff and potential participants.
Prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression among adolescent and adult mothers in Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Kassa Getachew , Batchelder Anne , Gross Deborah
Published: December 2023

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mental health issue in resource‐limited settings that negatively affects the well‐being of mothers and children. However, PPD often remains untreated, leading to long‐term consequences for families. Therefore, we examined the prevalence and determinants of PPD among adolescent and adult mothers in northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected from 374 adolescent (10–19 years) and 760 adult (20–34 years) mothers 6 weeks after childbirth. Data were analyzed using binary and multiple logistic regression. Adolescent mothers had a significantly higher proportion of PPD (37.4%) than adult mothers (20.1%) and were more likely to report low self‐esteem (13.1% vs. 8.2%) and low social support (28.3% vs. 23.3%). Factors associated with PPD differed between adolescent and adult mothers. Adolescent mothers with PPD were more likely to report household food insecurity, low self‐esteem, low knowledge of postpartum complications, and working in agriculture or professional/technical occupations. For adult mothers, factors associated with PPD included distance to the nearest health facility, medium social support, inadequate dietary diversity, and food insecurity. Results suggest that targeted interventions by age group are needed to reduce the burden of PPD in Ethiopia.
Stability control of a two‐lane car‐following model based on cluster synchronization of complex network
Authors: Du Wenju , Li Yinzhen , Zhang Jiangang
Published: December 2023

The article investigated the stability of a two‐lane car‐following model with lateral friction on the basis of cluster synchronization theory of complex network. By using the Lyapunov stability theory and designing the appropriate controller, the two‐lane car‐following model with lateral friction is quickly stabilized and the stability condition of the model is obtained. Besides, based on the adaptive cluster synchronization theory for complex networks with external disturbances, the stability of two‐lane car‐following model with lateral friction is studied when the vehicles is subjected to random external disturbance. Finally, the numerical simulation is carried out by using Matlab simulation technology, the results show that the two‐lane car‐following model with lateral friction is rapidly stabilizing and congestion phenomenon is effectively alleviated under the controller designed.
Mass spectrometry approaches to natural and synthetic melanin characterization
Authors: Keating Addie R. , Dhinojwala Ali , Wesdemiotis Chrys
Published: December 2023

Characterization of synthetic and natural melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) has been challenging due to the variability of properties and chemical bonding. Although eumelanin was the first to be discovered, four additional subcategories of melanin now exist including pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin and pyomelanin. Mass spectrometry (MS) methods have provided crucial insights into the bonding, structure, and mechanism regarding MNP formation, but inconsistent findings in the literature have caused further confusion in the analysis and structure of MNPs. This mini‐review will focus on the types of MS experiments that have been used to analyze MNPs and what kind of information can be gained from different ionization sources, collisional activation experiments, and reaction monitoring quantitative methods when analyzing different subcategories of MNPs. Additionally, future directions regarding alternative applications of MNPs in MS experiments, mass defect analyses of complex mixtures, and a standardized nomenclature for isomeric redox states will all be addressed. © 2023 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Material availability assessment using system dynamics: The case of tellurium
Authors: Hanna Francis , Nain Preeti , Anctil Annick
Published: December 2023

With the increased deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV), the cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV market is expected to grow substantially. CdTe PV production is crucial for the clean energy transition but problematic because of the material availability challenges. CdTe PV relies on tellurium, a scarce metal mainly produced as a byproduct of copper. Several studies investigated the availability of tellurium for CdTe PV. However, previous models are static and do not reflect the interconnection between tellurium supply, demand, and price. Despite the efforts, previous studies have inconsistent results and do not provide a clear understanding on the availability of tellurium for CdTe PV applications. This study uses system dynamics modeling to assess tellurium availability between 2023 and 2050. The model considers different scenarios for CdTe PV demand growth and PV material intensity reduction. The model also considers tellurium supply variables such as Te‐rich ores, tellurium yield from anode slimes, and growth in copper mining. The historical data (2000–2020) analysis shows a negative correlation between the tellurium price and the annual tellurium surplus. All the considered demand scenarios exhibit a tellurium supply gap where annual material production falls below demand. Tellurium availability and price could delay the growth of CdTe PV production, and maintaining the current CdTe PV market share of ~4% will be challenging. The low‐demand scenario, which is based on a constant CdTe PV market share, results in a supply gap starting in 2029 and a supply gap peak of 508 metric tons in 2036. Our work shows that having more manufacturing capacity is insufficient if tellurium is unavailable. More importantly, this work shows that fast growth in CdTe PV production can diminish the advantages of dematerialization. The estimated cumulative CdTe PV production by 2050 ranges between 929 and 2250 GWp. The findings also suggest that recycling retired solar panels can contribute to 17% of the total tellurium demand and 34% of the CdTe PV tellurium demand. Sensitivity analysis shows that expanding existing Te‐rich ores does not alleviate tellurium scarcity. Alternatively, improving tellurium yield from copper electrorefining is a more efficient mitigation approach. The system dynamic approach outlined in this study provides a better perspective on the status of various critical metal supply chains, ultimately leading to sustainable materials management and increasing CdTe production.
Study on the safety and mechanical properties of a new tetrazole‐based energetic material
Authors: Zhang Liang‐Liang , Du Qi‐Xuan , Zhang Lu , Ye Zhi‐Wen , Qian Hua
Published: December 2023

DTDA‐THA (tris(hydrazin‐1‐ium)5,5′‐(hydrazin‐1‐ide‐1,2‐diylbis((1H‐tetrazole‐5,1‐diyl)))bis(tetrazol‐2‐ide)) is a novel type of poly‐nitrogen energetic material characterized by high nitrogen content, high enthalpy of formation, and low sensitivity. To research the application of DTDA‐THA in polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs) and improve the safety performance of DTDA‐THA in composite explosives, this study calculated the binding energies between ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and DTDA‐THA via density functional theory, respectively. Three types of PBXs molding powders were prepared through the direct method. For further investigation, the moisture absorption of molding powders, the forming density, and the compressive strength of the grains under different binders were characterized. The result of the simulation shows higher binding energy between the crystal surface (2 −1 2) and different binders. The comprehensive order of the binding energies between different binders and the crystal surface of DTDA‐THA was DTDA‐THA@EVA>DTDA‐THA@PVB>DTDA‐THA@PVAc. The experimental results show that the addition of binder reduced the hygroscopicity of DTDA‐THA and improved the sensitivity and mechanical properties of the molding powders. Under the same binder proportion, the formulation prepared by PVAc had a higher molding density, while the formulation prepared by PVB exhibited the best compressive strength.