bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of High‐Pressure Process on Kinetics of Leaching Oil from Soybean Powder Using Hexane in Batch Systems
Authors: Uhm Joo Tae , Yoon Won Byong
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Mass transfer models of leaching oil from soybean (Glycine max) flour with hexane after high‐pressure process (HPP) treatment were developed. High pressure (450 MPa) was applied to the soybean flour (mean diameter of flour particle: 365 μm) for 30 min before leaching the oil components in the solvent. The ratio of solvent (volume, mL) to soybean flour (mass, g), such as 1:10 and 1:20, was employed to characterize the effect of solvent ratio on the leaching rate in the batch type of extraction process. Ultraviolet absorbance at 300 nm was used to monitor the extraction rate. Saturation solubility (CAS) was determined to be 21.73 kg/m3. The mass transfer coefficients (k) were determined based on the 1st‐ and 2nd‐order kinetic models. The 2nd kinetic model showed better fit. The HPP treatment showed a higher extraction rate and yield compared to the control, while the amount of solvent did not affect the extraction rate and yield. The scanning electron microscope showed that HPP‐treated soybean particles included more pores than the untreated. The pores observed in the HPP‐treated soybean flours might help increase the mass transfer rate of solvent and solute in the solid matrix.

Practical Application:  High‐pressure processing can help increase the extraction rate of oil from the soybean flour operated in batch systems. The conventional solid to solvent ratio (1:20) used to extract oil composition from the plant seed did not help increase the amount of oil extracted from the soybean flour.
Antimicrobial Activity of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Aqueous Extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Burris Kellie P. , Davidson Philip M. , Stewart, Jr Charles N. , Harte Federico M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Bioactive compounds from natural plant sources are becoming increasingly important to the food industry. Ilex paraguariensis is used in the preparation of a widely popular tea beverage (Yerba Mate) in the countries of Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. In this study, extracts of 4 brands of commercial tea, derived from the holly plant species, Ilex paraguariensis, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit or inactivate bacterial foodborne pathogens. The ultimate goal was to evaluate potential use of the extracts in commercial applications. Dialyzed aqueous extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was found to be the more sensitive to extracts than E. coli O157:H7. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined to be approximately 150 to 800 μg/mL and 25 to 50 μg/mL against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus, respectively. A Uruguayan brand had reduced activity against E. coli O157:H7 compared to the Argentinean brands tested. It was concluded that Yerba Mate could be used as a potential antimicrobial in foods and beverages against these pathogenic bacteria.

Practical Application:  Soluble extracts from Yerba Mate are natural antimicrobials that can be incorporated into food products to achieve longer shelf life.
Sensory Shelf‐Life Limiting Factor of High Hydrostatic Pressure Processed Avocado Paste
Authors: Jacobo‐Velázquez D. A. , Hernández‐Brenes C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing pasteurizes avocado paste without a significant impact on flavor. Although HHP‐treated avocado paste stored under refrigeration is safe for human consumption for months, sensory changes taking place during storage cause the rejection of the product by consumers within days. Although it is known that the shelf life of the product ends before its microbial counts are high, its sensory shelf life limiting factor remains unknown. The present study focused on the use of a trained panel and a consumer panel to determine the sensory shelf life limiting factor of HHP‐treated avocado paste. The trained panel identified sour and rancid flavors as the main sensory descriptors (critical descriptors) that differentiated stored from freshly processed samples. Further data obtained from consumers identified sour flavor as the main cause for a significant decrease in the acceptability (shelf life limiting factor) of refrigerated HHP‐treated avocado paste. The study allowed the elucidation of a proposed deterioration mechanism for HHP‐treated avocado paste during its refrigerated shelf life. The information through this work enhances scientific knowledge of the product and proposes the sour flavor development during storage as a relevant sensory attribute that needs to be improved in order to enhance the product shelf life.

Practical Application:  At present, HHP is the most effective commercial nonthermal technology to process avocado paste when compared to thermal and chemical alternatives. HHP‐treated avocado paste is a microbiologically stable food for a period of at least 45 d stored under refrigeration. However, previous published work indicated that consumers rejected the product after approximately 19 d of storage due to sensory changes. This manuscript presents a sensory study that permitted the identification of the critical sensory descriptor that is acting as the sensory shelf life limiting factor of the product. The data presented herein along with previous reported data allows a better understanding of the deterioration mechanism that occurs during the storage of HHP‐treated avocado paste. This information is relevant and useful for the elucidation of possible alternatives to enhance the shelf life of HHP‐treated avocado paste.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium sporogenes in Spinach Packaged in Modified Atmospheres after Treatment Combined with Chlorine and Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Brown Alison L. , Brooks J. Chance , Karunasena Enusha , Echeverry Alejandro , Laury Angela , Brashears Mindy M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Implementation of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) into retail produce is a less commonly practiced method due to differences among commodities and the potential growth of anaerobes. Pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been responsible for spinach outbreaks across the United States. In this study, hurdles, including those currently used with produce safety, such as MAP and chlorine, were combined with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to inhibit pathogens. Spinach was coinoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and Clostridium sporogenes, a surrogate for C. botulinum, and treated with water or a hurdle that included water, chlorine, and LAB. Spinach from treatments were packaged in air (traditional), oxygen (80% O2, 20% CO2), or nitrogen (80% N2, 20% CO2) and stored in a retail display case for 9 d at 4 to 7 °C. The hurdle inhibited E. coli O157:H7 and C. sporogenes compared to controls with reductions of 1.43 and 1.10 log (P < 0.05), respectively. The nitrogen atmosphere was outperformed by air and oxygen in the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.05) with a decrease of 0.26 and 0.15 logs. There were no significant differences among the 3 atmospheres on C. sporogenes survival. Relative to these hurdles, we also chose to evaluate the potential benefits of LAB in pathogen control. The survival of LAB in interventions demonstrates implementation of LAB into produce could control pathogens, without damaging produce or altering organoleptic properties.

Practical Application:  The goal of our work was to identify methods that could reduce food‐borne pathogens in packaged spinach products. Using current industry techniques in combination with unique methods, such as the use of beneficial bacteria, our research identified whether harmful microorganisms could be eliminated. Our data demonstrate that specific packaging conditions with beneficial bacteria can help eliminate or reduce the survival of E. coli O157:H7 and C. sporogenes (a model for C. botulinum) in produce.
Microencapsulated Antimicrobial Compounds as a Means to Enhance Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment for Inactivation of Pathogens on Fresh Spinach Leaves
Authors: Gomes Carmen , Moreira Rosana G. , Castell‐Perez Elena
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Recent outbreaks associated to the consumption of raw or minimally processed vegetable products that have resulted in several illnesses and a few deaths call for urgent actions aimed at improving the safety of those products. Electron beam irradiation can extend shelf‐life and assure safety of fresh produce. However, undesirable effects on the organoleptic quality at doses required to achieve pathogen inactivation limit irradiation. Ways to increase pathogen radiation sensitivity could reduce the dose required for a certain level of microbial kill. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using natural antimicrobials when irradiating fresh produce. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 natural compounds and extracts (trans‐cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, garlic extract, propolis extract, and lysozyme with ethylenediaminetetraacetate acid (disodium salt dihydrate) was determined against Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. In order to mask odor and off‐flavor inherent of several compounds, and to increase their solubility, complexes of these compounds and extracts with β‐cyclodextrin were prepared by the freeze‐drying method. All compounds showed bacteriostatic effect at different levels for both bacteria. The effectiveness of the microencapsulated compounds was tested by spraying them on the surface of baby spinach inoculated with Salmonella spp. The dose (D10 value) required to reduce the bacterial population by 1 log was 0.190 kGy without antimicrobial addition. The increase in radiation sensitivity (up to 40%) varied with the antimicrobial compound. These results confirm that the combination of spraying microencapsulated antimicrobials with electron beam irradiation was effective in increasing the killing effect of irradiation.

Practical Application:  Foodborne illness outbreaks attributed to fresh produce consumption have increased and present new challenges to food safety. Current technologies (water washing or treating with 200 ppm chlorine) cannot eliminate internalized pathogens. Ionizing radiation is a viable alternative for eliminating pathogens; however, the dose required to inactivate these pathogens is often too high to be tolerated by the fresh produce without undesirable quality changes. This study uses natural antimicrobial ingredients as radiosensitizers. These ingredients were encapsulated and applied to fresh produce that was subsequently irradiated. The process results in high level of microorganism inactivation using lower doses than the conventional irradiation treatments.
Findings from bipolar offspring studies: methodology matters
Authors: Duffy Anne , Doucette Sarah , Lewitzka Ute , Alda Martin , Hajek Tomas , Grof Paul
Published: July 2011

Aim: High‐risk studies provide the opportunity to describe the early natural history of bipolar disorder (BD); however, findings have varied substantially. In this review, we compare different methods of ascertainment and assessment, and their impact on study findings.

Methods: Through a literature search, we identified 11 high‐risk studies meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Studies included were those that focused on lifetime psychopathology in the offspring as the main outcome and provided adequate information on the methods of family ascertainment, as well as on parent and offspring assessment. We compared and contrasted psychopathological outcomes in the offspring among the studies using different methods.

Results: High‐risk studies that identified affected parents through their involvement in neurobiological research and confirmed diagnosis in the parent and offspring through best estimate procedures tended to report lower rates of co‐morbidity in the proband parent, lower rates of psychopathology in the non‐proband parent, lower rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and externalizing disorders, and older ages of onset of major mood disorders in the offspring compared with studies that identified affected parents through self‐referral and confirmed diagnosis in the parent and offspring through structured research interviews. Studies that identified severely ill parents and used semi‐structured assessments tended to have an intermediate position in terms of outcomes.

Conclusions: This review indicates that different methods of family ascertainment and of assessment of parent and offspring impact the findings pertaining to lifetime psychopathology and clinical course of BD in high‐risk studies. The implications of this finding for mapping the natural history of BD are discussed.
Radiographic changes of the jaws in HbSS and HbSC genotypes of sickle cell disease
Authors: Neves Frederico Sampaio , de Almeida Dayane Araújo , Oliveira‐Santos Christiano , dos Santos Jean Nunes , Toralles Maria Betânia Pereira , da Silva Maria Christina Bahiana Olympio , Campos Maria Isabela Guimarães , Crusoé‐Rebello Iêda
Published: July 2011

This study used panoramic radiographs to evaluate the presence of radiographic changes in the jaws of a population who had sickle cell disease (SCD). The authors compared the frequency of findings between subjects with and without SCD. Panoramic radiographs of 71 subjects with SCD (36 with HbSS and 35 with HbSC) and 52 healthy controls (HbAA) were evaluated for the presence of the following radiographic alterations: radiopaque areas, increased spacing of bony trabeculae, horizontal arrangement of bony trabeculae, and absence of mandibular canal corticalization. The control group had a significantly smaller number of all the radiographic features evaluated. Differences were not statistically significant between the groups with HbSS and HbSC, except for more trabecular spacing in the molar region in the HbSS genotype, suggesting a possible correlation between radiographic findings and disease presentation.
Use of a single implant to retain a mandibular complete overdenture on the compromised atrophic alveolar ridge: a case report
Authors: Schneider Galen B. , Synan William J.
Published: July 2011

This case report illustrates some of the advantages gained by placing a single implant in the midline of the intersym‐physeal region of the mandible, which can be used to retain a complete mandibular overdenture in patients with a compromised atrophic mandible opposing a maxillary complete denture. This approach is a valid treatment option for patients with limited financial and therapeutic means.

This case report, along with other evidence, demonstrates that a mandibular single implant‐retained overdenture is a viable treatment option for a specific group of patients.
Diagnostic utility of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for mediastinal lesions: A prospective three year, single centre analysis
Authors: Mohan Anant , Naik Samir , Pandey Ravinder Mohan , Mills Janet , Munavvar Mohammed
Published: July 2011

Background:  The diagnostic yield of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) over a 3‐year period was analyzed.

Methods:  Consecutive patients who underwent EBUS for the evaluation of pulmonary/mediastinal lesions were recruited.

Results:  One hundred and ninety‐one patients were studied (54% male, mean age, 65 years [standard deviation 11.1]). A final diagnosis of a malignant disorder was made in 151 patients (79%). Of these, EBUS‐TBNA alone provided the diagnosis in 135 patients. The majority of the remaining 56 patients had reactive changes (n = 32). Nineteen patients, either because they did not respond to appropriate treatment or based on clinical indication, underwent a different procedure resulting in an additional diagnosis of malignancy in 16 patients, tuberculosis in one and indeterminate in two. The diagnostic yield of EBUS for malignant disorders was 70.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86, 0. 77). The overall ability of EBUS to achieve a definitive diagnosis (benign plus malignant) was 90.1% (95% CI, 0.85, 0. 94). Logistic regression and stepwise regression analysis revealed that older age, greater lymph node size, and the presence of intraprocedure complications significantly influenced EBUS yield for malignancy.

Conclusion:  EBUS‐TBNA has a high diagnostic yield for mediastinal lesions, both benign and malignant. The yield depends on both lesion‐ and patient‐related factors.
Government Effectiveness and Institutional Trust in Japan, South Korea, and China
Authors: Kim Myunghee , Voorhees Mychal
Published: July 2011

Japan, South Korea, and China have all achieved high economic growth rates in a relatively short period of time; they also have shared values. The phenomenon of rapid economic growth in a short period, however, raises questions about government effectiveness in managing sociopolitical issues such as corruption, human rights, and crime. By using the 2003AsiaBarometersurveys, this article examines citizens' perceptions about government effectiveness on the issues of corruption, human rights, and crime as well as the economy in the three countries. It then looks at the impact of said perceptions on trust in political institutions such as the central government, the legal system, and the legislature. The multilevel estimates suggest that effective management of the economy primarily affects trust in the central government; how the government deals with corruption primarily affects trust in parliament; whereas the management of human rights as well as crime reflects on trust in the legal system.
Questions at the Exhibition
Authors: Levy‐Aldema Yehuda
Published: July 2011

Abstract  In this article the author describes the process and framework behind the experience of developing a “Legitimate Visual Question Exhibition.” We start with the assumption that a museum has a responsibility to challenge and provoke its visitors and help them create new meanings, thus transcending the traditional model of information transfer. A Legitimate Visual Question Exhibition can effectively accomplish this. It approaches the task through installations of familiar subjects and stories presented in a manner that provokes questions that aren’t easily answered by cause‐and‐effect explanations. Several examples from a cultural museum in Israel are used to illustrate the philosophy and approach.
Volunteering for Museums: The Variation in Motives across Volunteer Age Groups
Authors: Deery Margaret , Jago Leo , Mair Judith
Published: July 2011

Abstract  The value of volunteering is well documented, and though there is a readily available recruitment pool for volunteers, many come from an aging population that is also relatively affluent and has many more opportunities and demands for their free time in retirement. This paper examines the motives of older volunteers in a state museum in Australia with the aim of differentiating motivations within subsets of volunteering groups. The study undertook a census of 450 volunteers at the museum, using the Voluntary Functions Inventory (VFI). The findings reveal various levels of motivation within the older age groups. Such findings can assist volunteer agencies in enhancing the quality of their volunteers’ experience.
Altered Telomeres in Tumors with
ATRX
and
DAXX
Mutations
Authors: Heaphy Christopher M. , de Wilde Roeland F. , Jiao Yuchen , Klein Alison P. , Edil Barish H. , Shi Chanjuan , Bettegowda Chetan , Rodriguez Fausto J. , Eberhart Charles G. , Hebbar Sachidanand , Offerhaus G. Johan , McLendon Roger , Rasheed B. Ahmed , He Yiping , Yan Hai , Bigner Darell D. , Oba-Shinjo Sueli Mieko , Marie Suely Kazue Nagahashi , Riggins Gregory J. , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Hruban Ralph H. , Maitra Anirban , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Meeker Alan K.
Published: July 2011

Chromosome tips seem to be maintained by an unusual mechanism in tumors that have mutations in chromatin remodeling genes.
Bacterial Scaffolds Assemble Novel Higher-Order Complexes to Reengineer Eukaryotic Cell Processes
Authors: Lesser Cammie F. , Leong John M.
Published: July 2011

Bacterial effector proteins can act as novel scaffolds for signaling proteins in infected mammalian cells.
Dissecting Insulin's Actions in the Brain
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: July 2011

Insulin-responsive neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus contribute to obesity induced by a high-fat diet.
Targeting Receptor Stability
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: July 2011

Targeting of caveolin-1 by microRNAs destabilizes the insulin receptor, which leads to decreased insulin sensitivity.
Voltammetry of aqueous chloroauric acid with hanging mercury drop electrode
Authors: Korshunov Andrey V. , Yosypchuk Bogdan , Heyrovský Michael
Published: July 2011

In d.c. voltammetry of dilute aqueous chloroauric acid with hanging mercury drop electrode, when potential scanning proceeds from negative to positive values, a prominent maximum of cathodic current appears on the curve near 0 V. The effect is explained as due to catalytic evolution of hydrogen on the electrode initially covered by adsorbed Au-hydroxidic layer. Once the layer dissolves in the acidic solution during the positive scan, a fast evolution of hydrogen takes place, catalysed by short-lived adsorbed gold particles.
Will our junior doctors be ready for the next major incident? A questionnaire audit on major incident awareness across three NHS Trusts in Wales
Authors: Hobson Joseph M
Published: July 2011

Aim

The aim was to assess junior doctors' understanding of their role in the Major Incident Contingency Plan at their hospital, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a teaching intervention on increasing awareness.

Background

In this audit, ‘junior doctor’ refers to the first 2 years of work after qualifying from medical school. Once a major incident is confirmed, junior doctors should go to their ward, contact the senior nurse in charge and compile a list of the patients who could safely be discharged from the hospital. This action is standard across NHS Trusts in Wales.

Method

A questionnaire was given to 89 junior doctors across three NHS Trusts in Wales. It involved general aspects of a major incident, as well as ascertaining perceptions of their role as junior doctors. They then received formal teaching by Emergency Planning Faculty. Following this, a repeat questionnaire was completed.

Results

91% felt they did not know what would be expected of them during a major incident; 47% would initially go to the Emergency Department; 27% were unclear where to go; 31% were unaware who to contact on hearing of a major incident; and 16% would telephone switchboard. Junior doctors believe their primary role would be triage (16%); clerking in the emergency department (36%); clerking in Medical Assessment Unit/Surgical Assessment Unit (17%); and practical work (15%). Only 3% would first go to their ward; 12% believe their primary role would involve patients on the ward; and only 1% would list patients for discharge. 90% of completed questionnaires included a request for teaching. Following teaching, 97% knew who to call, where to go and what to do during a major incident.

Conclusion

Junior doctors' awareness of major incidents within Wales was near absent prior to teaching. This teaching is vital to help ensure smooth running of the hospital on the day.
The clinical diagnostic accuracy of rapid detection of healthcare-associated bloodstream infection in intensive care using multipathogen real-time PCR technology
Authors: Dark Paul , Dunn Graham , Chadwick Paul , Young Duncan , Bentley Andrew , Carlson Gordon , Warhurst Geoffrey
Published: July 2011

Background

There is growing interest in the potential utility of real-time PCR in diagnosing bloodstream infection by detecting pathogen DNA in blood samples within a few hours. SeptiFast is a multipathogen probe-based real-time PCR system targeting ribosomal DNA sequences of bacteria and fungi. It detects and identifies the commonest pathogens causing bloodstream infection and has European regulatory approval. The SeptiFast pathogen panel is suited to identifying healthcare-associated bloodstream infection acquired during complex healthcare, and the authors report here the protocol for the first detailed health-technology assessment of multiplex real-time PCR in this setting.

Methods/design

A Phase III multicentre double-blinded diagnostic study will determine the clinical validity of SeptiFast for the rapid detection of healthcare-associated bloodstream infection, against the current service standard of microbiological culture, in an adequately sized population of critically ill adult patients. Results from SeptiFast and standard microbiological culture procedures in each patient will be compared at study conclusion and the metrics of clinical diagnostic accuracy of SeptiFast determined in this population setting. In addition, this study aims to assess further the preliminary evidence that the detection of pathogen DNA in the bloodstream using SeptiFast may have value in identifying the presence of infection elsewhere in the body. Furthermore, differences in circulating immune-inflammatory markers in patient groups differentiated by the presence/absence of culturable pathogens and pathogen DNA will help elucidate further the patho-physiology of infection developing in the critically ill.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been granted by the North West 6 Research Ethics Committee (09/H1003/109). Based on the results of this first non-commercial study, independent recommendations will be made to The Department of Health (open-access health technology assessment report) as to whether SeptiFast has sufficient clinical diagnostic accuracy to move forward to efficacy testing during the provision of routine clinical care.
The impact of heatwaves on mortality and emergency hospital admissions from non-external causes in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Wang Xiao Yu , Barnett Adrian Gerard , Yu Weiwei , FitzGerald Gerry , Tippett Vivienne , Aitken Peter , Neville Gerard , McRae David , Verrall Ken , Tong Shilu
Published: July 2011

Objectives

Heatwaves can have significant health consequences resulting in increased mortality and morbidity. However, their impact on people living in tropical/subtropical regions remains largely unknown. This study assessed the impact of heatwaves on mortality and emergency hospital admissions (EHAs) from non-external causes (NEC) in Brisbane, a subtropical city in Australia.

Methods

We acquired daily data on weather, air pollution and EHAs for patients aged 15 years and over in Brisbane between January 1996 and December 2005, and on mortality between January 1996 and November 2004. A locally derived definition of heatwave (daily maximum ≥37°C for 2 or more consecutive days) was adopted. Case–crossover analyses were used to assess the impact of heatwaves on cause-specific mortality and EHAs.

Results

During heatwaves, there was a statistically significant increase in NEC mortality (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.77), cardiovascular mortality (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.44 to 2.48), diabetes mortality in those aged 75+ (OR 9.96; 95% CI 1.02 to 96.85), NEC EHAs (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.23) and EHAs from renal diseases (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.83). The elderly were found to be particularly vulnerable to heatwaves (eg, for NEC EHAs, OR 1.24 for 65–74-year-olds and 1.39 for those aged 75+).

Conclusions

Significant increases in NEC mortality and EHAs were observed during heatwaves in Brisbane where people are well accustomed to hot summer weather. The most vulnerable were the elderly and people with cardiovascular, renal or diabetic disease.
DEPOSITION OF THIN FILM COPPER NANOSTRUCTURES BY ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE ON SiO2/p-TYPE Si(100) AND STUDY OF ITS OXIDATION BEHAVIOR
Authors: YEGANEH M. , SAREMI M.
Published: July 2011

Electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) is being used in coating components for many applications such as for producing nanostructures and integrated circuits (ICs) coating in electronic industry. In this work, copper was deposited on the SiO 2/p-type Si (100). Thin film characteristics are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Then oxidation behavior of deposits was evaluated by Dektak Surface Profiler and weight gain method at 200 and 300°C. Results showed that thin film copper deposited by EBPVD has better oxidation characteristics in comparison with copper foil.
HYDROTHERAPY VERSUS LAND-BASED EXERCISES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Bello Ajediran I. , Kalu Nkechi H. , Adegoke Babatunde O. A. , Agyepong-Badu Sandra
Published: July 2011

Purpose: The study compared the efficacy of hydrotherapy and land-based exercises in the management of chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods: Twelve patients diagnosed with CLBP were randomly assigned into either hydrotherapy or land-based exercise groups. Similar exercises were prescribed for both groups throughout the 6-week program. The treatment outcome measures were Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Modified Schober Flexion Technique (MSFT) and Modified Schober Extension Technique (MSET). Participants were assessed at baseline and after six weeks by an independent assessor. Paired t-test was used to compare within group scores whilst between-group comparison of post-treatment outcomes was analyzed using unpaired t-test. Alpha level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean (standard deviation) duration of symptoms for land-based and hydrotherapy groups were 48.5 (37.39) months and 66.0 (48.45) months, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the pre-treatment and post-treatment VAS, MSFT and MSET for the hydrotherapy groups. Whilst the VAS and MSET scores were significantly different (p < 0.05) from baseline scores in land group, the MSET failed to show any significant difference. Comparison of both groups showed hydrotherapy group scoring significantly higher (p < 0.05) only on MSFT than land group. Conclusion: The two exercise media were relevant in the management of CLBP, though hydrotherapy seems to be better for spinal flexibility, thus serving as a better alternative in clinical practice.
LENGTH OF REST INTERVAL BETWEEN RESISTANCE EXERCISE SETS: PERFORMANCE AND INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF CK ACTIVITY
Authors: Silva Lara E. , Pereira Rafael , Rodrigues Vanessa C. , Silva Pierre A. V. , Silva Kênia M. , Machado Marco
Published: July 2011

Purpose: To determine how the rest interval (RI) lengths of 30 and 90 s between sets of biceps curl exercise affect the total volume of work performed and serum CK activity, and to verify the relationship between inter-individual variability of CK activity and total volume performed when the resistance exercise bout is conducted with 30 or 90 s Methods: Twenty-seven healthy sedentary men (18–20 years old) volunteered to participate in this study and were divided into two groups: 30RI (n = 16) or 90RI (n = 11), based on the RI length of 30 or 90 s between the sets of a resistance exercise protocol. The one repetition maximum (1RM) assessment of the elbow flexion was carried out and then a resistance exercise protocol which constituted five sets of biceps curl at 85% of 1RM with 30-s (30RI group) or 90-s (90RI group) RI length between sets was performed. Each bout was performed to voluntary fatigue and the number of repetitions and workout volume completed were calculated. Subjects provided blood samples prior to resistance exercise, and at 48 and 96h following exercise to evaluate serum CK activity. The inter-individual serum CK activity along the 96h after exercise was analyzed. Results: The results demonstrated that the longer RIs provided greater workout volume as expected, but there were no differences in serum CK activity between the groups. Additionally, it was possible to identify two high responder subjects, one from each RI group, who showed a great inter-individual serum CK activity variability. Conclusion: Exercising with short RIs does not appear to present any additional muscle microtrauma to untrained subjects. Further studies are necessary to evaluate if the inter-individual variability of the serum CK activity is influenced by the inter-set RI length.
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION AMONG PAIN, PHYSICAL STRENGTH, FUNCTIONAL ABILITY, QUALITY OF LIFE AND SEXUAL FREQUENCY IN LOW BACK PAIN
Authors: Kumar Suraj , Sharma Vijai P. , Aggarwal Anoop
Published: July 2011

Purpose: The present study was undertaken to find out the relationship among outcome variables as well as association between dependent variables with physical characteristics in low back pain (LBP) patients. Correlations between outcome variables [pain, back pressure changes (BPC), abdominal pressure changes (APC), walking, stairs climbing, stand ups, quality of life (QOL) and sexual frequency] of all LBP subjects before and after treatment were assessed. Regression analysis was used to estimate baseline BPC and APC of LBP subjects from their baseline demographic characteristics (age, height, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and pulse rate) and severity of pain. Methods: A total of 141 nonspecific chronic LBP patients were recruited. After baseline recording, all subjects were given trunk stabilization training for 20 regular days. After training, the follow-up was done at a gap of each 15 days up to 6 months (180 days). At the last follow-up session (180th day), the outcome variables were recorded again. Findings: The present study found an inverse relation between pain and muscle functions (BPC: r = -0.36; p < 0.01 and APC: r = -0.26; p < 0.01). This study also showed that BPC was more inversely related with the pain than APC. Conclusions: This study concludes that physical strength (BPC and APC) of LBP subjects is more closely associated with the pain than the functional ability (walking, stairs climbing and stand ups). This study also estimated (baseline or before treatment) BPC and APC in LBP subjects from their physical characteristics and pain severity.
Data Snooping on Technical Analysis: Evidence from the Taiwan Stock Market
Authors: Chen Cheng-Wei , Huang Chin-Sheng , Lai Hung-Wei
Published: July 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the validity and predictability of technical analysis in the Taiwan stock market. Bootstrapped tests of White (2000) and of Hansen (2005) are employed to ascertain whether there exists a superior trading rule among two broadly used sets of technical analysis. One coming from Brock et al. (1992) and the other from Sullivan et al. (1999). Moreover, this study brings together powerful bootstrapped tests along with two institutional adjustments to ascertain the efficacy of technical analysis: (1) non-synchronous trading and (2) transaction costs. The empirical results indicate that this triad-data snooping, non-synchronous trading and transaction costs, has a great impact on the performance of technical analysis. In fact, the Taiwan stock market stands for market efficiency, and economical profits cannot be rendered from technical analysis in this market.
Optimal Bank Interest Margin with Synergy Banking under Capital Regulation and Deposit Insurance: A Swaption Approach
Authors: Chang Chuen-Ping , Lin Jyh-Horng
Published: July 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to model bank spread behavior under capital regulation and deposit insurance. Comparative static results show that an increase in the capital-to-deposits ratio or the deposit insurance decreases the bank's interest margin or spread. It is also shown that an increase in the equity that implies its opportunity cost of the coupon rate on the fixed leg decreases the margin. Previous research on market-based evaluations of bank equity has modeled the bank as a narrowing banking firm with risky assets and insured liabilities. The equity of the bank is viewed as a call option on its risky assets. No attempt was made to explicitly analyze a synergy between lending and deposit-taking, and, in our view, the equity of the bank is viewed as a swap option on coupon bonds. Synergy banking, particularly in the return to retail banking, is important in distinguishing banks from other lenders such as finance companies and mutual fund institutions. These other lenders call for the breaking up of banks into separate lending and deposit-taking operations, respectively. Our findings provide an insight for synergy banking operations concerning regulated bank spread behavior in the return to retail banking.
FIXED POINTS AND COINCIDENCES IN TORUS BUNDLES
Authors: KOSCHORKE ULRICH
Published: July 2011

Minimum numbers of fixed points or of coincidence components (realized by maps in given homotopy classes) are the principal objects of study in topological fixed point and coincidence theory. In this paper, we investigate fiberwise analoga and present a general approach e.g. to the question when two maps can be deformed until they are coincidence free. Our method involves normal bordism theory, a certain pathspace EB and a natural generalization of Nielsen numbers.

As an illustration we determine the minimum numbers for all maps between torus bundles of arbitrary (possibly different) dimensions over spheres and, in particular, over the unit circle. Our results are based on a careful analysis of the geometry of generic coincidence manifolds. They also allow a simple algebraic description in terms of the Reidemeister invariant (a certain selfmap of an abelian group) and its orbit behavior (e.g. the number of odd order orbits which capture certain nonorientability phenomena). We carry out several explicit sample computations, e.g. for fixed points in (S1)2-bundles. In particular, we obtain existence criteria for fixed point free fiberwise maps.
ON THE SATELLITE CROSSING NUMBER CONJECTURE
Authors: STOIMENOW A.
Published: July 2011

We prove some estimates on the crossing number of satellites of adequate, and partly of semiadequate knots. We mostly deal with classical cables, obtaining the first examples where the asymptotic cable crossing number is shown to be equal to the companion crossing number. Our approach can also be applied to Whitehead and Bing doubles and positive braid cables. For some patterns one can use it to determine their geometric degree.
INFLUENCE OF THE SOLUTION HEAT EXCHANGER EFFICIENCY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE EFFECT H2O-LiBr ADIABATIC ABSORPTION SYSTEM
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ URUETA GEYDY , AUMENTE PEDRO RODRÍGUEZ , HIDALGO MARIA RODRÍGUEZ , NEUMANN ANTONIO LECUONA
Published: July 2011

This work analyzes the effect that particular operating conditions of a single effect H2O - LiBr adiabatic absorption system have on a plate-type solution heat exchanger efficiency. The corresponding influence of such efficiency on the performance of facility under study is evaluated. As a result of the design of experimental test facility, the functioning of the strong solution circuit leads to take into account some particular operating conditions which affect the correct performance of the solution heat exchanger. For some experimental conditions, the strong solution side is not completely filled by the solution fluid. As a consequence of this, the heat transfer process is affected, reducing the solution heat exchanger efficiency and changing greatly the resulting coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption facility. In order to illustrate this phenomenon, this paper offers graphical results including: solution working temperatures, solution heat exchanger efficiency and COP in a time sequence of an experiment, as well as for fixed steady-state operating conditions. These results show the importance of a correct functioning of the solution heat exchanger on the performance of an absorption system. The results are useful for researchers interested in new absorption cycle designs.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF COUNTER FLOW WET COOLING TOWER
Authors: RAMKUMAR R. , RAGUPATHY A.
Published: July 2011

This paper presents an experimental work, which studies the performance of a counter-flow type cooling tower. The experimental trials have been carried out in a counter-flow type cooling tower test rig with mechanical draft. Expanded Wire Mesh type of film packing has been used for experimentation. The packing is made of mild steel with height ranging from 800 to 1255 mm. This study investigates the effect of the air and water flow on the cooling tower range, as well as the tower characteristics for different air flow and water flow quantities. The variation of temperature along the height of pack is measured by means of suitable thermocouples at five different places. The results show that the mass flow rate has adverse effect on the number of transfer unit. Also tower range would be increased by decreasing the inlet wet bulb air temperature.
USING WATER VAPOR AS REFRIGERANT IN MULTISTAGE VARIABLE SPEED TURBO COMPRESSOR TO IMPROVE SEASONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO OF AIR CONDITIONING
Authors: LI QUBO , AMIBE DEMISS A. , MÜLLER NORBERT
Published: July 2011

An air conditioning system using water as refrigerant (R718) that compresses water vapor with multistage stage variable speed axial compressor with intercooling between stages by water injection is considered. Four stage compression with flash intercooling resulted in 50% improvement of coefficient of performance (COP) at full load compared to conventional refrigerants like R134a. The energy efficiency of an air conditioning unit is specified by seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER). SEER is defined as the ratio of cooling output of an air conditioner measured and electrical energy consumption as per AHRI 210/240 during cooling season. The SEER is computed after determining the evaporator cooling capacity and the electrical energy demand of the compressor at each bin temperature using assumed compressor isentropic efficiency, mechanical efficiency and electrical efficiency and multiplying by the weight of each bin temperature to determine the total for the cooling season. As a result of multistage compression, best part load performance of water as a refrigerant and operation of compressor near design point at part load due to variable speed drive, 50%–60% improvement in SEER is obtained compared to the best available in the market using conventional refrigerants such as R134a with single stage compression.
Modification of Surface State Density Distribution of p-InP Surfaces by Nitrogen Radical Exposure
Authors: Yoshida Toshiyuki , Hashizume Tamotsu
Published: July 2011

Surface state density distributions of p-InP surfaces before and after nitrogen (N2)-radical exposure were characterized using an air-gap capacitance–voltage (C–V) technique. Before N2-radical exposure, a discrete level with a high density and extremely slow electron capture rate existed, causing strong Fermi level pinning. The peak density and full width at half maximum of this level were estimated. After N2-radical exposure, the density of the discrete level decreased to (5–6)×1012 cm-2 eV-1. On the other hand, the continuous level became to be observed. Furthermore, the electron capture rate of the discrete level became larger after the N2-radical exposure.
Loss of parietal cell superoxide dismutase leads to gastric oxidative stress and increased injury susceptibility in mice
Authors: Jones Michael K. , Zhu Ercheng , Sarino Edna V. , Padilla Oscar R. , Takahashi Takamune , Shimizu Takahiko , Shirasawa Takuji
Published: July 2011

Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) prevents accumulation of the superoxide that arises as a consequence of oxidative phosphorylation. However, SOD2 is a target of oxidative/nitrosative inactivation, and reduced SOD2 activity has been demonstrated to contribute to portal hypertensive gastropathy. We investigated the consequences of gastric parietal cell-specific SOD2 deficiency on mitochondrial function and gastric injury susceptibility. Mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of the parietal cell Atpase4b gene promoter were crossed with mice harboring loxP sequences flanking the sod2 gene (SOD2 floxed mice). Cre-positive mice and Cre-negative littermates (controls) were used in studies of SOD2 expression, parietal cell function (ATP synthesis, acid secretion, and mitochondrial enzymatic activity), increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, and gastric susceptibility to acute injury. Parietal cell SOD2 deficiency was accompanied by a 20% ( P < 0.05) reduction in total gastric SOD activity and a 93% ( P < 0.001) reduction in gastric SOD2 activity. In SOD2-deficient mice, mitochondrial aconitase and ATP synthase activities were impaired by 36% ( P < 0.0001) and 44% ( P < 0.005), respectively. Gastric tissue ATP content was reduced by 34% ( P < 0.002). Basal acid secretion and peak secretagogue (histamine)-induced acid secretion were reduced by 43% ( P < 0.0001) and 40% ( P < 0.0005), respectively. There was a fourfold ( P < 0.02) increase in gastric mucosal apoptosis and 41% ( P < 0.001) greater alcohol-induced gastric damage in the parietal cell SOD2-deficient mice. Our findings indicate that loss of parietal cell SOD2 leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in perturbed energy metabolism, impaired parietal cell function, and increased gastric mucosal oxidative stress. These alterations render the gastric mucosa significantly more susceptible to acute injury.
Effect of age and weight on upper airway function in a mouse model
Authors: Polotsky Mikhael , Elsayed-Ahmed Ahmed S. , Pichard Luis , Richardson Ria A. , Smith Philip L. , Schneider Hartmut , Kirkness Jason P. , Polotsky Vsevolod , Schwartz Alan R.
Published: July 2011

Defects in pharyngeal mechanical and neuromuscular control are required for the development of obstructive sleep apnea. Obesity and age are known sleep apnea risk factors, leading us to hypothesize that specific defects in upper airway neuromechanical control are associated with weight and age in a mouse model. In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing young and old wild-type C57BL/6J mice, genioglossus electromyographic activity (EMGGG) was monitored and upper airway pressure-flow dynamics were characterized during ramp decreases in nasal pressure (Pn, cmH2O). Specific body weights were targeted by controlling caloric intake. The passive critical pressure (Pcrit) was derived from pressure-flow relationships during expiration. The Pn threshold at which inspiratory flow limitation (IFL) developed and tonic and phasic EMGGGactivity during IFL were quantified to assess the phasic modulation of pharyngeal patency. The passive Pcrit increased progressively with increasing body weight and increased more in the old than young mice. Tonic EMGGGdecreased and phasic EMGGGincreased significantly with obesity. During ramp decreases in Pn, IFL developed at a higher (less negative) Pn threshold in the obese than lean mice, although the frequency of IFL decreased with age and weight. The findings suggest that weight imposes mechanical loads on the upper airway that are greater in the old than young mice. The susceptibility to upper airway obstruction increases with age and weight as tonic neuromuscular activity falls. IFL can elicit phasic responses in normal mice that mitigate or eliminate the obstruction altogether.
A Branch‐and‐Reduce Approach for Solving Generalized Linear Multiplicative Programming
Authors: Wang Chun-Feng , Liu San-Yang , Zheng Geng-Zhong
Published: July 2011

We consider a branch‐and‐reduce approach for solving generalized linear multiplicative programming. First, a new lower approximate linearization method is proposed; then, by using this linearization method,
the initial nonconvex problem is reduced to a sequence of linear programming problems. Some techniques at improving the overall performance of this algorithm are presented. The proposed algorithm is proved to be convergent,
and some experiments are provided to show the feasibility and efficiency of this algorithm.