bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Antarctic Atmospheric Energy Budget. Part II: The Effect of Ozone Depletion and its Projected Recovery
Authors: Smith Karen L. , Previdi Michael , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: August 2013

In this study the authors continue their investigation of the atmospheric energy budget of the Antarctic polar cap (the region poleward of 70°S) using integrations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model from the years 1960 to 2065. In agreement with observational data, it is found that the climatological mean net top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative flux is primarily balanced by the horizontal energy flux convergence over the polar cap. On interannual time scales, changes in the net TOA radiative flux are also primarily balanced by changes in the energy flux convergence, with the variability in both terms significantly correlated (positively and negatively, respectively) with the southern annular mode (SAM). On multidecadal time scales, twentieth-century stratospheric ozone depletion produces a negative trend in the net TOA radiative flux due to a decrease in the absorbed solar radiation within the atmosphere–surface column. The negative trend in the net TOA radiative flux is balanced by a positive trend in energy flux convergence, primarily in austral summer. This negative (positive) trend in the net TOA radiation (energy flux convergence) occurs despite a positive trend in the SAM, suggesting that the effects of the SAM on the energy budget are overwhelmed by the direct radiative effects of ozone depletion. In the twenty-first century, ozone recovery is expected to reverse the negative trend in the net TOA radiative flux, which would then, again, be balanced by a decrease in the energy flux convergence. Therefore, over the next several decades, ozone recovery will, in all likelihood, mask the effect of greenhouse gas warming on the Antarctic energy budget.
Understanding the Relationships between Lightning, Cloud Microphysics, and Airborne Radar-Derived Storm Structure during Hurricane Karl (2010)
Authors: Reinhart Brad , Fuelberg Henry , Blakeslee Richard , Mach Douglas , Heymsfield Andrew , Bansemer Aaron , Durden Stephen L. , Tanelli Simone , Heymsfield Gerald , Lambrigtsen Bjorn
Published: August 2013

This study explores relationships between lightning, cloud microphysics, and tropical cyclone (TC) storm structure in Hurricane Karl (16 September 2010) using data collected by the NASA DC-8 and Global Hawk (GH) aircraft during NASA’s Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) experiment. The research capitalizes on the unique opportunity provided by GRIP to synthesize multiple datasets from two aircraft and analyze the microphysical and kinematic properties of an electrified TC. Five coordinated flight legs through Karl by the DC-8 and GH are investigated, focusing on the inner-core region (within 50 km of the storm center) where the lightning was concentrated and the aircraft were well coordinated. GRIP datasets are used to compare properties of electrified and nonelectrified inner-core regions that are related to the noninductive charging mechanism, which is widely accepted to explain the observed electric fields within thunderstorms. Three common characteristics of Karl’s electrified regions are identified: 1) strong updrafts of 10–20 m s−1, 2) deep mixed-phase layers indicated by reflectivities >30 dBZ extending several kilometers above the freezing level, and 3) microphysical environments consisting of graupel, very small ice particles, and the inferred presence of supercooled water. These characteristics describe an environment favorable for in situ noninductive charging and, hence, TC electrification. The electrified regions in Karl’s inner core are attributable to a microphysical environment that was conducive to electrification because of occasional, strong convective updrafts in the eyewall.
Stigmatising attitudes towards people with mental disorders: A comparison of Australian health professionals with the general community
Authors: Reavley Nicola J , Mackinnon Andrew J , Morgan Amy J , Jorm Anthony F
Published: August 2013

Objective:

The aim of this paper was to explore attitudes towards people with mental disorders among Australian health professionals (psychiatrists, psychologists and general practitioners (GPs)) and to compare their attitudes with members of the general community.

Methods:

The study involved a postal survey of 518 GPs, 506 psychiatrists and 498 clinical psychologists and a telephone survey of 6019 members of the general community. Participants were given a case vignette describing a person with either depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, early schizophrenia, chronic schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or social phobia and two questionnaires to assess stigmatising attitudes (the Depression Stigma Scale and the Social Distance Scale). Exploratory structural equation modelling was used to elucidate the structure of stigma as measured by the two scales, to establish dimensions of stigma and to compare patterns of association according to gender, age, vignette and professional grouping.

Results:

The measurement characteristics of stigmatising attitudes in health professionals were found to be comparable to those in members of the general community in social distance and also in personal and perceived attitude stigma, with each forming distinct dimensions and each comprising ‘Weak-not-sick’ and ‘Dangerous/unpredictable’ components. Among health professionals, female gender, age and being a GP were associated with higher scores on the personal stigma scales. Mental health professionals had lower scores on the personal ‘Weak-not-sick’ and ‘Dangerous/unpredictable’ scales than members of the general community, while there were no significant differences in the desire for social distance between health professionals and the general community.

Conclusions:

While mental health professionals have less stigmatising attitudes than the general public, the greater beliefs in dangerousness and personal weakness by GPs should be addressed.
Prevalence and prognosis of schizophrenia in Jinuo people in China: A prospective 30-year follow-up study
Authors: Yang JianZhong , Kang ChuanYuan , Zeng Yong , Li JianHua , Li PeiKai , Wan WenPeng , Zhao XuDong , Guo WanJun , Xu XiuFeng , Yang XiaoBin , Li QiuYuan , Liu XiaoYan , Pauline Sung-Chan
Published: August 2013

Background:

There are few studies investigating the influence of the development on mental health of minorities in China.

Aims:

To follow up the prevalence, natural course and prognosis of schizophrenia in Jinuo people, the last group to be recognized as a ‘national minority’ in China, every 10 years since 1979.

Methods:

From 1979 to 2009, 15%–19% of Jinuo residents were evaluated by random cluster sampling and followed up every 10 years using the Chinese version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) as the screening tool and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as diagnostic criteria tool.

Results:

There were no significant differences for the lifetime prevalence and current prevalence of schizophrenia across the three decades. Neither were there any significant differences for the prognosis of schizophrenia; however, at least half the patients had deteriorated or had residual symptoms in the follow-up. PANSS symptoms were significantly different according to different illness duration.

Conclusions:

During the three decades, there was no increasing trend for schizophrenia prevalence in Jinuo society; however, the prognosis of schizophrenia was not optimistic. In the natural, untreated status, schizophrenia patients with an illness duration of more than 20 years had more serious symptoms.
Accounting for the dynamics of one-sided violence
Authors: Schneider Gerald , Bussmann Margit
Published: August 2013

This article presents the Konstanz One-Sided Violence Event Dataset (KOSVED) which allows researchers to study the dynamics of civilian abuse in 17 civil wars. The dataset provides, based on a multitude of sources, detailed information on the number of civilians killed or harmed by government or rebel troops. Where information is available, KOSVED also documents the dates of these events as well as the identities of the perpetrators and the means used in terrorizing the civilian population. The authors argue that the content analysis of news reports offers relatively accurate figures on those events that the perpetrators cannot hide from the public and that receive prominent media attention. Presumably, such information motivates potential short-term retaliatory acts by the group that has been the target of one-sided violence. The analysis suggests that, over the course of a conflict, almost all actors attack unarmed citizens, although to radically different degrees and relying on different means.
Giant coronary artery fistula
Authors: Almansori Mohammed , Tamim Muhammed
Published: August 2013

Giant coronary artery fistula is rare. We describe the diagnostic work-up and surgical management of a 55-year-old woman who presented with congestive heart failure caused by a giant coronary artery fistula from the left circumflex artery to the coronary sinus.
Embedded voices
Authors: Hymer Barry , Watkins Chris , Dawson Elizabeth , Buxton Ruth
Published: August 2013

The researchers examined transcripts of comments made and dialogues engaged in by children, teachers and student teaching assistants during a 10-week enrichment programme for gifted and talented children aged 7–9 years. Attempts were made to match these utterances with the programme’s aims and aspirations as expressed in a promotional document. Little evidence of match was revealed, but considerable evidence did emerge of the extent to which dominant technical-rational discourses and practices permeate even privileged and non-state-sponsored educational environments, at the expense of children’s learning. Suggestions are made for foregrounding the processes of high quality pupil learning rather than the products of pupil performances in enrichment and extension programmes, and thereby for achieving greater congruence between this programme’s avowed aims and practice.
After Kittler: On the Cultural Techniques of Recent German Media Theory
Authors: Geoghegan Bernard Dionysius
Published: August 2013

This paper offers a brief introduction and interpretation of recent research on cultural techniques (or Kulturtechnikforschung) in German media studies. The analysis considers three sites of conceptual dislocations that have shaped the development and legacy of media research often associated with theorist Friedrich Kittler: first, the displacement of 1980s and 1990s Kittlerian media theory towards a more praxeological style of analysis in the early 2000s; second, the philological background that allowed the antiquated German appellation for agricultural engineering, Kulturtechniken, to migrate into media and cultural studies; and third, the role of these conceptual dislocations in enriching media-genealogical inquiries into topics such as life, biopolitics, and practice.
Providing Informal Care in Terminal Illness
Authors: Hall Jane , Kenny Patricia , Hossain Ishrat , Street Deborah J. , Knox Stephanie A.
Published: August 2013

Background: The trend for terminally ill patients to receive much of their end-of-life care at home necessitates the design of services to facilitate this. Care at home also requires that informal care be provided by family members and friends. This study investigated informal carers’ preferences for support services to aid the development of end-of-life health care services. Methods: This cross-sectional study used 2 discrete choice experiments to ascertain the preferences of carers supporting patients with different levels of care need, determined by the assistance needed with personal care and labeled High Care (HC) and Low Care (LC). The sample included 168 informal carers of people receiving palliative care at home from 2 palliative care services in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews; carers chose between 2 hypothetical plans of support services and their current services. Data were analyzed with generalized multinomial logit models that were used to calculate the impact of each attribute on the probability of a carer choosing a service plan. Results: Preferred support included nursing services; the probability of choosing a plan increased significantly if it included nurse home visits and phone advice ( P < 0.001). HC carers also wanted doctor home visits, home respite, and help with personal care ( P < 0.05), and LC carers wanted help with household tasks, transport, and a case coordinator ( P < 0.001). On average, both groups of carers preferred their current services, but this varied with characteristics of the carer and the caregiving situation. Conclusions:The most valued services are those that support carers in their caregiving role; however, supportive care preferences vary with the different circumstances of patients and carers.
Uterine artery embolization in single symptomatic leiomyoma: do anatomical imaging criteria predict clinical presentation and long-term outcome?
Authors: Koesters Clemens , Powerski Maciej J , Froeling Vera , Kroencke Thomas J , Scheurig-Muenkler Christian
Published: August 2013

Background

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) has proven to be an effective treatment alternative for women suffering from symptomatic uterine leiomyomas. However, long-term clinical evaluation reveals treatment failure in approximately 25% of patients. To cope with the great variability in the extent of leiomyoma disease former studies are based on the simplifying assumption that the largest leiomyoma mainly causes the symptoms.

Purpose

To evaluate whether anatomical characteristics in women with a single symptomatic leiomyoma influence clinical presentation and outcome after UAE.

Material and Methods

Ninety-one patients with a single leiomyoma underwent UAE. Age, uterine and fibroid volume, fibroid location, and clinical symptoms (bleeding- and/or bulk-related symptoms) were documented. The need for reinterventions (i.e. repeat UAE, hysterectomy, myomectomy) and unchanged or worsened symptoms after UAE were classified as treatment failure (TF). Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 48–72 h after UAE was available in 38 women. The rate of fibroid infarction was determined and patients were assigned to one of three groups: complete (100%), almost complete (90–99%), or partial infarction (<90%). Cox regression analysis (CRA) was used to determine the influence of morphological and clinical parameters on outcome.

Results

Follow-up was available in 79/91 (87%) women (median age, 42 years; range, 33–56 years) at a median of 5 years (range, 3.1–9.2 years) after UAE. Anatomical leiomyoma criteria neither connected to specific clinical presentation nor influenced clinical outcome. Younger women showed a higher risk for TF with every year older lowering the risk by the factor of 0.86 ( P = 0.024). Subgroup analysis showed predictive value of fibroid infarction with a cumulative survival free from TF of 91% for complete vs. 0% for partial infarction ( P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Even in women with single leiomyomas, anatomical criteria do not specify clinical presentation or predict clinical outcome. Younger patient age and incomplete fibroid infarction relate to higher rates of TF.
An FP-CIT PET comparison of the difference in dopaminergic neuronal loss in subtypes of early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Song In-Uk , Chung Yong-An , Oh Jin-Kyoung , Chung Sung-Woo
Published: August 2013

Background

Patients with tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) have slower disease progression, show less cognitive decline, and have more favorable outcomes than patients with non-tremor PD. However, the pathophysiology of PD tremor remains unclear. Whether there are differences in nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction between the two PD subtypes is unknown.

Purpose

To evaluate the differences in regional dopamine transporter (DAT) density in the brain between different subtypes of early PD using FP-CIT PET/CT.

Material and Methods

We recruited 43 patients with PD (21 tremor-dominant PD [TP] and 22 non-tremor-dominant PD [NTP]) and 18 age-matched healthy controls. All patients with PD underwent FP-CIT PET/CT imaging and evaluated Parkinsonian motor severity by using the Hoehn and Yahr stage and Part III of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). We also compared tremor and non-tremor symptoms with motor phenotype scores between two subtypes of PD.

Results

All patients with PD demonstrated a significantly decreased FP-CIT uptake in the putamen compared to healthy controls. Differences in putamen FP-CIT uptake versus caudate nucleus FP-CIT uptake in PD showed putamen uptake was significantly more impaired than that in the caudate nucleus. However, there was no significant difference in FP-CIT uptake in the striatum between both PD groups at the same early stage of disease.

Conclusion

We suggest that differential of DAT uptake in the striatum did not allow for a reliable separation of subtypes into tremor-dominant and non-tremor-dominant, especially in the early stages of PD. Therefore, we assumed that many systems besides the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system are involved in the generation of tremors in PD.
Treatment Outcomes of Single- Versus Double-Row Repair for Larger Than Medium-Sized Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Kim Young Kyu , Moon Sung Hoon , Cho Seung Hyun
Published: August 2013

Background:

In rotator cuff repair, no practical guidelines exist for deciding which technique is the most beneficial to outcomes.

Purpose:

To determine which of 2 repair techniques, the single-row (SR) and double-row suture bridge (DR-SB) methods, leads to better therapeutic outcomes in terms of remnant tendon length in patients with larger than medium-sized cuff tears.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Remnant tendon length, muscle atrophy, and fatty degeneration were measured on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 78 patients with larger than medium-sized rotator cuff tears who were available for follow-up MRI. There were 30 patients with remnant tendons <10 mm in length (group 1) and 48 with remnant tendons ≥10 mm in length (group 2). In group 1, the SR technique was performed on 17 patients and the DR-SB technique on 13 patients. In group 2, the SR technique was performed on 16 patients and the DR-SB technique on 32 patients. The mean follow-up period for all patients was 26.6 months (range, 24-42 months). Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Constant, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores.

Results:

In group 1, there was 1 retear (6%) with the SR repair and 6 (46%) with the DR-SB repair. In group 2, there were 3 retears (19%) with the SR repair and 2 (6%) with the DR-SB repair. The retear rate was significantly higher in patients with the DR-SB repair in group 1 ( P = .025), while there was no significant difference between the 2 techniques in group 2 ( P = .316). The UCLA and Constant scores were significantly higher in patients with the SR repair in group 1 ( P = .02 and P = .029, respectively), and the UCLA and ASES scores were significantly higher in patients with the DR-SB repair in group 2 ( P < .001 and P = .001, respectively).

Conclusion:

Remnant tendon length should be considered to improve repair integrity. The SR technique may provide superior rotator cuff integrity when remnant tendons are <10 mm in length.
Multiple Channeling Improves the Structural Integrity of Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Jo Chris Hyunchul , Shin Ji Sun , Park In Woong , Kim Hyang , Lee Seung Yeon
Published: August 2013

Background:

Multiple channeling is a straightforward additional procedure for rotator cuff repair that creates multiple channels in the greater tuberosity, through which bone marrow of the proximal humerus communicates with the repair site.

Purpose:

To investigate the effect of multiple channeling on clinical and structural outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 124 patients with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear were included in the study. Fifty-seven patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with multiple channeling (the multiple channeling group) and 67 without it (the conventional group). Analysis of surface markers was performed to characterize the cells recruited by multiple channeling using flow cytometry. Clinical outcomes were evaluated preoperatively and at a minimum of 2 years after surgery (average, 36.79 ± 13.69 months) with respect to pain, range of motion, muscle strength, overall satisfaction, and commonly used functional scores. At a minimum of 9 months after surgery, structural integrity was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography arthrography.

Results:

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) positive for CD73, CD90, and CD105 and negative for CD45 could be isolated and cultured from bone marrow mononuclear cells of the proximal humerus. Clinical outcomes, including pain, range of motion, strength, overall satisfaction, and functional scores, showed no statistical difference between the 2 groups (all P > .05). The retear rate of the multiple channeling group (22.2%) was significantly lower than that of the conventional group (45.2%) ( P = .023).

Conclusion:

The findings of the study showed that multiple channeling significantly decreased the retear rate after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, probably via the recruitment of endogenous MSCs from the proximal humerus. Although the results did not show significant differences in the clinical outcomes between the 2 groups, better clinical outcomes might be anticipated in the multiple channeling group via improved structural integrity in a long-term follow-up.
rhEGF-containing thermosensitive and mucoadhesive polymeric sol–gel for endoscopic treatment of gastric ulcer and bleeding
Authors: Maeng Jin Hee , So Jung Won , Kim Jungju , Kim In Ae , Jung Ji Hoon , Min Kyunghyun , Lee Don Haeng , Yang Su-Geun
Published: August 2013

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a standard diagnostic tool for gastrointestinal ulcers and cancer. In this study, we have developed recombinant human epidermal growth factor-containing ulcer-coating polymeric sol–gel for endoscopic application. Chitosan and pluronic F127 were employed for their thermoresponsive and bioadhesive properties. At temperatures below 21℃, polymeric sol–gel remains liquid during endoscopic application and transforms to gel at body temperature after application on ulcers. In an in vitro cellular wounding assay, recombinant human epidermal growth factor sol–gel significantly enhanced the cell migration and decreased the wounding area (68%) compared to nontreated, recombinant human epidermal growth factor solution, and sol–gel without recombinant human epidermal growth factor (42, 49, and 32 % decreased at day 1). The in vivo ulcer-healing study was performed in an acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer rat model and proved that our recombinant human epidermal growth factor endoscopic sol–gel facilitated the ulcer-healing process more efficiently than the other treatments. Ulcer sizes in the recombinant human epidermal growth factor sol–gel group were decreased 2.9- and 2.1-fold compared with those in the nontreated group on days 1 and 3 after ulceration, respectively. The mucosal thickness in the recombinant human epidermal growth factor sol–gel group was significantly increased compared to that in the nontreated group (3.2- and 6.9-fold on days 1 and 3 after ulceration, respectively). In a gastric retention study, recombinant human epidermal growth factor sol–gel stayed on the gastric mucosa more than 2 h after application. The present study suggests that recombinant human epidermal growth factor sol–gel is a prospective candidate for treating gastric ulcers via endoscopic application.
Subsidized Housing and Crime
Authors: Lens Michael C.
Published: August 2013

Subsidized housing controversies frequently involve the fear of crime, a connection that is not well understood in policy and planning. This article thus critically reviews the literature on subsidized housing and crime. Three key findings emerge. First, subsidized households have too frequently lived in violent housing developments and neighborhoods. Second, the spillover effects on crime in surrounding neighborhoods are typically very small. Finally, although the precise mechanisms through which subsidized housing may affect crime are less clear, it is most likely that concentrated disadvantage plays the biggest role when effects are observed, rather than the physical attributes of subsidized housing.
The Use of Gendered Narratives in the Courtroom
Authors: Gathings M. J. , Parrotta Kylie
Published: August 2013

In this article, we investigate interactional processes—the gendered construction and negotiation of creditable identities—that lend themselves to differential sentencing outcomes. Based on observations in two courts in North Carolina, we argue that defense attorneys attempt to construct identities of defendants as worthy of leniency. They do so by developing gendered narratives that cast men as good workers, good providers, and as victims of the actions of others and women as good mothers/caretakers and dependent. These identity talk strategies enable defense attorneys, often with the help of their clients, to negotiate the identity of criminal defendants and mitigate the consequences of being labeled. This creates tangible incentives (i.e., nonactive or lesser sentences) for defendants to cooperate in these gendered performances, but has the unintended consequence of reproducing the hegemonic gender order.
Simulation of near surge instabilities onset in a turbocharger compressor
Authors: Després Guillaume , Boum Ghislaine Ngo , Leboeuf Francis , Chalet David , Chesse Pascal , Lefebvre Alain
Published: August 2013

This study focuses on numerical simulations of a small automotive turbocharger compressor stage. Two medium speed characteristics were reproduced from nominal operating points to surge and were compared with experimental measurements. The aim of this study is to analyze the flow unsteadiness occurring near the surge line. The complete geometry of the impeller is meshed; hence, no spatio-temporal hypothesis is done during simulations. The main flow patterns are investigated to identify structures that might be responsible of surge inception. Results show that both impeller and diffuser are affected by stall. Blade channels are affected by a complete shroud recirculation extending from upstream of the impeller inlet to the diffuser inlet. Three radial recirculation zones are detected on the vaneless diffuser walls, strongly influenced by the two-pike asymmetric pressure field induced by the volute tongue. Its influence is observed at the inlet of the compressor, increasing the inter-blade flow unsteadiness.
Application of a new numerical solver to turbomachinery flow problems
Authors: Wan Bo , Benra Friedrich K , Dohmen Hans J
Published: August 2013

The use of the physical linear characteristic of the modified equation of fluid motion allowed the authors to develop a novel numerical algorithm to solve advanced flow problems with reduced computational effort. The applied algorithm simplifies the velocity iteration procedure during the solver execution. The goal of the current paper is to describe an in-depth study of this numerical implementation of the modified equation of fluid motion for incompressible flow. The application of the developed solver is discussed for rotor–stator interaction in a radial pump. The results are evaluated by the numerical results from the Navier–Stokes solver and measurement data. The comparisons indicate that the developed solver, requires about 60% the computation time of the Navier–Stokes solver, and it produces physically reasonable results validated by measurement data.
Fracking in the UK press: Threat dynamics in an unfolding debate
Authors: Jaspal Rusi , Nerlich Brigitte
Published: August 2013

Shale gas is a novel source of fossil fuel which is extracted by induced hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking”. This article examines the socio-political dimension of fracking as manifested in the UK press at three key temporal points in the debate on the practice. Three newspaper corpora were analysed qualitatively using Thematic Analysis and Social Representations Theory. Three overarching themes are discussed: “April–May 2011: From Optimism to Scepticism”; “November 2011: (De-)Constructing and Re-Constructing Risk and Danger”; “April 2012: Consolidating Social Representations of Fracking”. In this article, we examine the emergence of and inter-relations between competing social representations, discuss the dynamics of threat positioning and show how threat can be re-construed in order to serve particular socio-political ends in the debate on fracking.
Abortion and premature birth in cattle following vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51
Authors: Dougherty Amanda M. Fluegel , Cornish Todd E. , O’Toole Donal , Boerger-Fields Amy M. , Henderson Owen L. , Mills Ken W.
Published: August 2013

Brucella abortus RB51 is the vaccine strain currently licensed for immunizing cattle against brucellosis in the United States. Most cattle are vaccinated as heifer calves at 4–12 months of age. Adult cattle may be vaccinated in selected high-risk situations. Two herds of pregnant adult cattle in the brucellosis-endemic area of Wyoming were vaccinated with a standard label dose (1.0–3.4 × 1010 organisms) of RB51. Reproductive losses in the vaccinated herds were 5.3% (herd A) and 0.6% (herd B) and included abortions, stillbirths, premature calves, and unbred cows (presumed early abortion). Brucella abortus was cultured from multiple tissues of aborted and premature calves (7/9), and from placenta. Isolates were identified as B. abortus strain RB51 by standard strain typing procedures and a species-specific polymerase chain reaction. Bronchopneumonia with intralesional bacteria and placentitis were observed microscopically. There was no evidence of involvement of other infectious or toxic causes of abortion. Producers, veterinarians, and laboratory staff should be alert to the risk of abortion when pregnant cattle are vaccinated with RB51, to potential human exposure, and to the importance of distinguishing field from vaccinal strains of B. abortus.
Evaluation of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for the detection of serum antibodies against Akabane virus in cattle
Authors: Kittelberger Reinhold , McFadden Andrew M. J. , Kirkland Peter D. , Hannah Michaela J. , Orr Della , Bueno Rudolfo , Swainsbury Richard , Keen Denise , Jenner Judy , French Jennifer , Pigott Clive J.
Published: August 2013

In New Zealand, an arbovirus surveillance program has been operating for more than 20 years, which includes testing of cattle with the Akabane virus neutralization test. With the aim to replace this laborious test by an easier-to-perform enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 2 commercial ELISA kits, ELISA-1 from France (originally from Australia) and ELISA-2 from Japan, were compared, using 334 serum samples from noninfected New Zealand cattle, and 548 serum samples from naturally infected cattle herds in Australia. Diagnostic specificities for the test methods were high, ranging from 99.4% to 100%. The diagnostic sensitivities varied considerably between the test methods and differed from the values reported by the manufacturers (94% for each ELISA). The diagnostic sensitivities relative to the virus neutralization test ( n = 378) were 96.0% for ELISA-1 or 98.9% when suspect samples were included, and 78.0% for ELISA-2. Differences in the commercial ELISA kits may be explained by the presence of other Simbu serogroup viruses in Australian cattle herds, causing cross-reactions in ELISA-1. Both commercial ELISA kits would be fit for purpose and could replace the virus neutralization test for Akabane virus surveillance in New Zealand. ELISA-1 may be able to detect other Simbu serogroup viruses, should they be present. The current study shows that despite comparable ELISA test characteristics given by the manufacturers, evaluation on the target population revealed marked differences in the ELISA kits test methods’ characteristics.
Into the Deep
Authors: Lind Vicki R.
Published: August 2013

This article outlines strategies for using thinking routines in the general music classroom to foster deeper learning. Based on the Artful Thinking program, a model developed by Harvard’s Project Zero in collaboration with Traverse City [Michigan] Area Public Schools, thinking routines were developed to draw students into a more meaningful art experience and foster critical thinking habits. By using these thinking routines in the general music classroom, we can encourage students to develop thinking dispositions, or habits of mind, that promotes full engagement in music learning.
Influence of Common Associated Forefoot Disorders on Preoperative Quality of Life in Patients With Hallux Valgus
Authors: Gines-Cespedosa Alberto , Alentorn-Geli Eduard , Sanchez Juan Francisco , Leal-Blanquet Joan , Rigol Pau , Puig Lluís , de Zabala Santiago
Published: August 2013

Background:

Hallux valgus (HV) is frequently associated with other forefoot disorders, but its influence on preoperative quality of life (QOL) has not been well characterized. The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of common associated forefoot disorders (metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities) on preoperative QOL in patients with HV.

Methods:

Preoperative QOL assessed through the Short Form–36 (SF-36, version 2) was obtained from 94 patients with HV from a database. Patients were classified according to their condition: HV alone, HV and metatarsalgia, HV and lesser toe deformities, and HV and both metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities. Values of each domain were compared among groups. In addition, a correlational study between SF-36 and radiographic severity of HV was performed. The mean age of the 94 patients was 62.6 ± 12.3 years. There were 42.6% patients with HV alone, 30.8% with HV and metatarsalgia, 16% with HV and lesser toe deformities, and 10.6% with HV and both metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities.

Results:

Patients with HV and associated metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities had significantly worse physical function ( P = .029), role-physical ( P = .017), bodily pain ( P = .045), role-emotional ( P = .016), mental health ( P = .001), and mental component summary ( P = .003) compared to patients with HV alone. There were no significant correlations between radiographic HV and intermetatarsal angles and any of the domains or summaries of the SF-36.

Conclusion:

Patients with HV and both metatarsalgia and lesser toe deformities have significantly worse QOL compared to patients with HV alone. The presence of associated forefoot deformities may be a discriminating factor for the prioritization of surgical treatment of HV.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, cross-sectional study.
Predicting Outcomes Among Adolescents With Disruptive Disorders Being Treated in a System of Care Program
Authors: Oruche Ukamaka M. , Gerkensmeyer Janis E. , Carpenter Janet S. , Austin Joan K. , Perkins Susan M. , Rawl Susan M. , Wright Eric R.
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND: “Systems of care” are strengths-based approaches to treating adolescents and others with disruptive disorders. However, little is known about why some adolescents improve and others do not. OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in personal strengths and family functioning as predictors of behavioral and social functioning among adolescents with disruptive disorders who participated in a system of care program. DESIGN: Secondary analyses of data from 114 adolescents (12-17 years of age) with disruptive disorders and their caregivers who participated in the Dawn Project Evaluation Study. Caregivers completed in-depth interviews conducted by trained data collectors using standardized questionnaires. Baseline and 12- month data are reported here. RESULTS: Improvement in personal strengths was a significant predictor of improvement in adolescent behavioral and social functioning, controlling for demographics ( p < .001). CONCLUSION: In adolescents with disruptive disorders, psychiatric nurses should focus on enhancing adolescents’ personal strengths to improve behavioral and social functioning.
The Influence of Early Drinking Contexts on Current Drinking Among Adult Lesbian and Bisexual Women
Authors: Parks Cheryl A. , Heller Nina Rovinelli
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND: Differences exist in alcohol-related outcomes across subgroups of sexual minority women. Likewise, stressors associated with coming out and living as lesbian or bisexual are hypothesized to be highly variable. Lesbians’ and bisexual women’s risks for hazardous drinking are explored in a 2006 NIAAA-funded interview study of women living in the Northeastern United States. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the present study is to replicate and extend an earlier analysis of the relationship between early drinking contexts and current drinking outcomes of adult lesbians with a convenience sample that includes a subgroup of self-identified bisexual women. Potential differences in the early drinking contexts of these two groups of self-identified lesbian and bisexual women are also explored. DESIGN: Bivariate and multiple regression analyses are used to examine relationships between early drinking contexts and current drinking of a racially and age-diverse convenience sample of 145 adult lesbian ( N = 94) and bisexually identified ( N = 51) women. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous research, patterns established while coming out have an enduring effect on drinking outcomes of lesbians; findings for bisexual women are inconclusive. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Influences of Immigration on Health Information Seeking Behaviors Among Korean Americans and Native Koreans
Authors: Oh Kyeung Mi , Zhou Qiuping (Pearl) , Kreps Gary , Kim Wonsun
Published: August 2013

Korean Americans (KAs) have low screening rates for cancer and are often not well informed about their chronic diseases. Reduced access to health-related information is one reason for gaps in knowledge and the widening health disparities among minority populations. However, little research exists about KAs’ health information seeking behaviors. Guided by the Structural Influence Model, this study examines the influence of immigration status on KAs’ trust in health information sources and health information seeking behaviors. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area as well as in the Gwangju metropolitan city in South Korea during 2006-2007. Two hundred and fifty-four KAs and 208 native Koreans who were 40 years of age or older completed the surveys. When comparing native Koreans to KAs, we found KAs were 3 times more likely to trust health information from newspapers or magazines (odds ratio [OR] = 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.49-6.54) and 11 times more likely to read the health sections of newspapers or magazines (OR = 11.35; 95% CI = 3.92-32.91) in multivariate adjusted models. However, they were less likely to look for health information from TV (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.12-0.72) than native Koreans. Our results indicate that immigration status has profound influences on KAs’ health information seeking behaviors. Increasing the availability of reliable and valid health information from printed Korean language magazines or newspapers could have a positive influence on increasing awareness and promoting screening behaviors among KAs.
Study on aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels with random skin/core weld defects
Authors: Ai Shigang , Mao Yiqi , Pei Yongmao , Fang Daining , Tang Liqun
Published: August 2013

Effects of random skin/core weld defects on out-of-plane tensile, compressive and in-plane shear behaviors of hexagonal cell aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels are investigated using ABAQUS/Explicit code. Firstly, a meso-structure model of the sandwich panels is constructed, which consists of the upper and lower skins, the honeycomb core and the skin/core welds. Defects are introduced by removing of skin/core welds, and the defect ratios are 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 16% and 32%. Next, the out-of-plane tensile, compressive and in-plane shear response and crushing of the sandwich panels under quasi-static loadings are calculated when different defect ratios are considered, respectively. Finally, the sensitivities of mechanical properties and failure behaviors of these defected sandwich panels are compared with that of an intact honeycomb sandwich panel. The numerical results indicate that defects introduced by randomly removing skin/core welds caused some mechanical properties a sharp decrease in the sandwich panels (e.g. a 1% defects caused more than 50% reduction in the out-of-plane tensile failure strain), while some properties exhibit a gradual decay, i.e. the compressive load plateau.
Mathematics is the method: Exploring the macro-organizational structure of research articles in mathematics
Authors: Graves Heather , Moghaddasi Shahin , Hashim Azirah
Published: August 2013

This article reports the macro-organizational structure of research articles (RAs) in mathematics, based on an analysis of 30 published pure and applied mathematics articles. Math RAs eschew the Introduction-Methods-Results-Discussion (IMRD) structure for an Introduction-Results model that enables researchers to present new knowledge as clearly and succinctly as possible. Notable omissions from the mathematics RA structure are Method and Discussion sections, which mathematicians do not need because of the well-established methodology used in the field (based on deduction and induction) and the relative absence of extended discussion required to interpret research findings. We contextualize the macrostructure of RAs in mathematics within the discourse conventions and disciplinary assumptions about knowledge in the field to suggest the value of such a strategy to teachers and students of academic writing.
Zero quoting in the speech of British and Spanish teenagers: A contrastive corpus-based study
Authors: Palacios Martínez Ignacio M
Published: August 2013

Quotatives have been studied extensively in the language of teenagers in recent years as they present distinctive features of their own that make them different in part from those used by adults in mainstream English and Spanish. However, zero quoting has not received all the attention it certainly deserves as it has not been fully probed in terms of its discourse and pragmatic functions. This corpus-based study is focused on the strategies used by British and Spanish teenagers to introduce constructed dialogue without the use of a particular marked and an explicit quotative form. The results indicate that the absence of quotatives is not casual; there are some linguistic contexts that favor the existence of this type of quotatives, namely non-lexicalized and sound words, and the dramatic recreation of situations where the speaker(s) perform new voices. The lack of quotatives also serves to involve the interlocutor more directly and in a higher degree in what is being told, and gives more self-assurance to the narrator. These tendencies apply equally to English and Spanish. The study of null/zero quotatives should go then beyond the simple reporting of an absence of a verbal mark, and should address pragmatic and interpersonal factors closely associated with the context where they occur and with the speaker’s attitude and communicative intention and purpose.
The construction of paradoxes in news discourse: The coverage of the Israeli Haredi community as a case in point
Authors: Shukrun-Nagar Pnina
Published: August 2013

This article focuses on the construction of two types of non-logical paradoxes in news discourse: 1) inconsistencies of positions and acts; 2) conflicts between reality and expectations or common sense. I will argue that these paradoxes are constructed by various discursive devices and will demonstrate the key role played by conventional and conversational implicatures in this regard. The discussion will focus on 23 items covering disputes between ultra-Orthodox ( Haredim) and secular Jews, broadcast on mainstream Israeli television news in 2009. I will show that the journalists consistently attribute paradoxicality to Haredim, and that this corresponds with the common public bitterness towards them because they enjoy financial support from the government, while sharing little of the economic and security burden. Moreover, I will argue that the paradoxical representations of Haredim rely on the secular ‘we’ group view and serve to base its common sense and norms.
An Indian summer: Corruption, class, and the Lokpal protests
Authors: Khandekar Aalok , Reddy Deepa S
Published: August 2013

In the summer of 2011, in the wake of some of India’s worst corruption scandals, a civil society group calling itself India Against Corruption was mobilizing unprecedented nation-wide support for the passage of a strong Jan Lokpal (Citizen’s Ombudsman) Bill by the Indian Parliament. The movement was, on its face, unusual: its figurehead, the 75-year-old Gandhian, Anna Hazare, was apparently rallying urban, middle-class professionals and youth in great numbers—a group otherwise notorious for its political apathy. The scale of the protests, of the scandals spurring them, and the intensity of media attention generated nothing short of a spectacle: the sense, if not the reality, of a united India Against Corruption. Against this background, we ask: what shared imagination of corruption and political dysfunction, and what political ends are projected in the Lokpal protests? What are the class practices gathered under the “middle-class” rubric, and how do these characterize the unusual politics of summer 2011? Wholly permeated by routine habits of consumption, we argue that the Lokpal protests are fundamentally structured by the impulse to remake social relations in the image of products and “India” itself into a trusted brand. Taking “corruption” as a site at which the middle class discursively constitutes itself, we trace the idioms and mechanisms by which the Lokpal agitation re-articulates the very terms of politics, citizenship, and democracy in contemporary India.
Facing the past: Media framing of war crimes in post-conflict Serbia
Authors: Golčevski Nenad , von Engelhardt Johannes , Boomgaarden Hajo G
Published: August 2013

Although it is generally acknowledged that national elites and the mass media play an important role in the way that societies come to terms with a legacy of war crimes, there is little empirical knowledge about whether and how the mass media actually do contribute to a process of ‘facing the past’. Based on the case of Serbia, this study examines press media coverage of war crimes and war crime judiciary during the country’s recent post-war period. Adopting a novel approach to the conceptualization and measurement of media frames, the article compares the reporting of war crimes issues in four Serbian newspapers during the period from 2004 to 2006. Five frames were identified: an injustice frame, a denial frame, a factual frame, a benefits frame, and a rejection frame. In conclusion, the study reveals a discourse that is both ‘perpetrator centered’ and – particularly for the nationalistic press – ethnically biased.