bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A reading of Virgil's fifth Eclogue
Authors: Lee Guy
Published: April 2013

The classical periodical literature of the last thirty years or so does not contain much about Virgil's fifth Eclogue, and those scholars who have written on it have mostly been concerned with the mysterious figure of Daphnis and the question of his relationship to Julius Caesar. Two exceptions are Adelaide Hahn, who briefly discussed the first 19 lines to show that the characters of Menalcas and Mopsus are sharply differentiated, and Peter Steinmetz, who, in an article about the Eclogues as dramatic poems, devoted three short paragraphs to Eclogue 5 and argued for the existence of a homosexual element in the exchanges between the two shepherds. Like Hahn and Steinmetz, I shall be concerned with characterisation and dramatic progression. It seems to me that the poem is most interesting if regarded primarily as a mime, with a beginning, a middle and an end, a miniature comedy in which we are expected to read between the lines.
Wretched tales of poets: Euripides,Heracles1340-6
Authors: Brown A. L.
Published: April 2013

Like everything else that Mr. T.C.W. Stinton writes, his recent article ‘“Si credere dignum est”: some expressions of disbelief in Euripides and others’ displays a range of learning and a subtlety of argument with which few of us could attempt to compete. If I now take issue with his interpretation of one particular passage, I am certainly not doing so in any spirit of rivalry or depreciation of his achievements. I am, however, emboldened to write this article by his frank admission, concerning his account ofHF1340-6, ‘I am not sure that I now believe it myself’ (p. 89, n. 56). Where Stinton is in doubt about his own interpretation, it may not be presumptuous for a lesser mortal to advocate another.
Rhetors at the wedding
Authors: Russell D. A.
Published: April 2013

In Lucian's Symposium, one of the wedding guests is a philosopher and another is a grammatikos. The grammatikos provides a bad elegiac epithalamium; the philosopher, who is called Ion, improves the occasion with a speech in which he declares that pederasty offers the best way of life, and the system of communal wives, as recommended in Plato's Republic, is the next best thing.

This fantasy, of course, tells us nothing about what went on at weddings. Lucian's main motive is literary parody, of Plutarch's Erotikos or something of the kind. But it may serve to recall something of which we have evidence enough in Greek rhetoric, namely the practice of delivering speeches of some literary pretention at high-class weddings. The educated classes of the cities of the eastern provinces evidently cherished this habit: a display of culture, as well as of wealth, was admired, and elaborate orations took their place, alongside abundance of food and wine, music and song, elaborately decorated bridal chambers and beds, as concomitants of a wedding that was to do both families credit. This is true of the period of the ‘Second Sophistic’, and of its fourth-century and early Byzantine continuations. How far the practice was common before, say, the Antonine age is much less clear.
Note on a Greek text relating to credit transactions
Authors: Millett Paul
Published: April 2013

This note is intended as a contribution towards a better understanding of the structure of credit relations in Greek society.

Diogenes Laertios: Life of Menippos 6.99 (Long):

.

This passage has been consistently misunderstood by translators and commentators. Typical of the confusion is the translation by Hicks in the Loeb edition:

Hermippos says that he [Menippos] lent out money by the day and got a nickname from doing so. For he used to make loans on bottomry and take security, thus accumulating a large fortune.
Family and inheritance in the Augustan marriage laws
Authors: Wallace-Hadrill Andrew
Published: April 2013

“Finally in his sixth consulship Caesar Augustus, securely in control, cancelled the orders he had issued as triumvir and laid the legal foundations for use in peace under principate. The bonds were more bitter from then on; watchers were set over us, with the inducement of rewards from the lex Papia Poppaea; the aim was that if men shirked the privileges of parenthood, the state as common parent should lay claim to their vacant possessions”.

Tacitus Annals 3.28.
Horatian notes III: despised readings in the manuscripts of the Epodes and a passage of Odes Book 3
Authors: Brink C. O.
Published: April 2013

I continue my observations on neglected readings in Horatian manuscripts, begun in these Proceedings, N.S. 15 (1969) and N.S. 17 (1971). I remind readers that my present subject concerns solely the differences between manuscript readings. In that respect my purpose differs from that of P. Maas in SIFC 27–28 (1956) 227–8. While I would not at all object to walking sulle orme di Paul Maas, my opinions on these matters crystallised before he published his paper, and an appraisal of the worth of manuscript readings is a different exercise from emending a corrupt text. In some respects it is easier, in others it is not. The importance of Bentley's work for textual criticism can be understood only by those who have familiarized themselves with both kinds of criticism. Likewise the inadequacy of current editions of Horace will not be brought home to scholars until they have made themselves so aware. A firm basis of what is acceptable in the transmitted text is required before we can hope to achieve agreement on the many places where no manuscript reading will satisfy critical inspection.
The buildings of Oinoanda
Authors: Coulton J. J.
Published: April 2013

Oinoanda's chief claim to fame in Classical studies is philosophical, rather than architectural; it is the home of that Diogenes who had the name of a Cynic but Epicurean convictions, which he inscribed, ironically enough, on the walls of a stoa. In fact it was the repeated visits of M. F. Smith in connection with this great philosphical inscription that led to the British Institute of Ankara's survey project at Oinoanda under the direction of A. S. Hall. I am most grateful to Mr Hall for inviting me to participate in the survey and study of some of the city's buildings in 1975, 1977 and 1981, and for his support of my work on the site. We are all indebted to the Directorate of Antiquities at Ankara for permission to work at Oinoanda, and to a succession of most helpful simply representatives for their co-operation.

Most of the city's buildings have simply collapsed where they stood and been left undisturbed since the city's a bandonment, so that it is possible to study their fallen upper parts in some detail; but is should be remembered that the terms of our survey permit do not allow any excavation, and since the lowest part of almost all remain hidden, many question of plan and date remain invitably unanswered.
Corinna's Bed (Amores 2.11.7)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: April 2013

Perhaps no other poem of the Amores so consciously bears the marks of literary indebtedness as does Amores 2.11. The poem is modelled on Propertius 1.8. The opening echoes the opening of Catullus 64 and of Euripides' Medea (and Ennius' translation) and possibly the Argonautica of Varro of Atax. The ending echoes the ending of Tibullus 1.3. The essential facts may be found in the commentaries of P. Brandt (1911), F. Munari(ed. 5, 1970), and F. Bertini (1983). For recent discussion of the poem see L. P. Wilkinson, Ovid recalled (1955) 21–3, K. Quinn, Latin explorations (1963) 266–73, W. Görler, Hermes 93 (1965) 338–47, W. Kühn in Forschungen zur römischen Literatur (Festschrift Karl Büchner, ed. W. Wimmel, 1970) 151–7, B. E. Stirrup, Eranos 74 (1976) 32–52, M. Labate, SCO 27 (1977) 327–33, K. Morgan, Ovid's art of imitation: Propertius in the Amores (1977) 75–7.
Battle Scenes in the Aeneid
Authors: Willcock M. M.
Published: April 2013

Caedicus Alcathoum obtruncat, Sacrator Hydaspen (Aen. 10.747)

A fine line, with resonant names! It occurs at the beginning of a general list of killings, what in Homeric studies is called an androktasia, one of the few such found in the Aeneid. Perhaps the resonance of the names suggests to us that these are real people; but who are they? The answer is that we have not the faintest idea. Indeed, we are probably uncertain which side each of them is on, Trojan or Latin.

Virgilian battle scenes may properly be compared with those of Homer. In the Iliad, the descriptions are extraordinarily precise; and it is wholly possible, if one is interested, to understand exactly what is being described by the poet. There are certain conventions, which were without doubt fully understood by Homer's audience. Any lack of understanding on our part is not Homer's fault. The conventions, and implications of what happens in the battle scenes, are most clearly set out in the work of Dr Franz Albracht, Kampf und Kampfschilderung bei Homer (1886 and 1895). It is abundantly clear that Virgil not only knew Homer from beginning to end, and used his own personal technique of ‘creative imitation’ in putting together the Aeneid with one eye on Homer, both in the large scale and in detail, but that he also knew the Alexandrian commentaries on Homer. The former of these facts has recently been demonstrated at great length, but still not exhaustively, by G. N. Knauer in Die Aeneis und Homer (1964); the latter in a more selective way by R. R. Schlunk in The Homeric Scholia and the Aeneid (1974). There can thus be little doubt that in deciding how to present the fighting scenes in the ‘Iliadic Aeneid’, as Brooks Otis calls it – the necessary second half of the epic, which engages in the maius opus of establishing Aeneas and his people in Italy – Virgil would pay very close attention to the action of the Iliad.
A reading of Catullus 68A
Authors: Woodman A. J.
Published: April 2013

This poem is Catullus' reply to a letter from a friend called (probably) Manlius and it consists of three separate paragraphs: introduction (1–14), response (15–36), conclusion (37–40).

This first paragraph itself consists of two parts: Catullus' recapitulation of the points made in Manlius' original letter (1–10), and an indication of what his response to that letter will be (11–14). From 1–2 it emerges that Manlius has experienced a crisis, and from 3–4 that he described himself in metaphorical terms as a shipwrecked person needing to be rescued by Catullus. From 5–8 we learn what Manlius' crisis was: he has lost his girlfriend and cannot sleep (5–6), and he derives no pleasure from the poetry of old writers (7–8). From line 10 we discover that Manlius has asked Catullus formunera et Musarum … et Veneris. What are these gifts? Some scholars have assumed that line 10 is an example of hendiadys and that only one gift has been requested, viz. erotic poetry; but it is clear from the wordutriusquein 39 that two separate items have been requested, in which case themunera Musarumandmunera Venerismust be two separate things. This is, after all, exactly what we should expect in the light of 5–8, where Manlius is represented as having made two separate complaints (neque … Venus … nec … Musae– 10et Musarum … et Veneris).
The repudiation of representation in Plato's Republic and its repercussions
Authors: Osborne Catherine
Published: April 2013

This paper surveys a selection of texts from the fourth century B.C. to the ninth century A.D. and considers the continuing repercussions of Plato's famous attack on art for the present as well as the past. I propose to treat the subject in five sections:

1. A brief consideration of the iconoclast controversy of the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., to highlight the theory behind the iconoclasts' rejection of pictorial art from the Church (and effectively from society).

2. A general discussion of Plato's apparently iconoclastic argument in Republic 10, to suggest that it too, like the later iconoclasm, was rejecting certain implicit claims made about the value of representation as such.

3. A closer analysis of the arguments in Republic 10 to clarify precisely what theories of art are vulnerable to them.

4. A survey of some subsequent defences of art on the basis that it imitates nature, to show that Plato was right to say that a defence on those lines would not make art sufficiently important to justify the place we accord it in society (or the Church).
An Augustan Inscription in the Rijksmuseum at Leyden (S.E.G.xviii, no. 555)
Authors: Crook J. A.
Published: April 2013

This inscription was published with commentary by Dr H. W. Pleket in The Greek Inscriptions in the ‘Rijksmuseum van Oudheden’ at Leyden (Leiden, 1958), as no. 57. The principal discussions of it since that of Pleket have been by Mrs K. M. T. Atkinson in Revue Internationale des droits de l'antiquité, 3e sér. VII (1960), at pp. 227–72, and by Prof. W. Kunkel in Studi Betti, at pp. 593–620.
Pindar: P. Oxy. 2450, fr. 1
Authors: Page D. L.
Published: April 2013

The new text gives a lengthy continuation of a passage of Pindar much quoted in antiquity and much discussed by modem scholars (lately, by Dodds in his commentary on Plato's Gorgias, pp. 270 ff.). The general sense of the first two dozen of the new lines is clear; even the detail is often determinable. The certain supplements are all in Lobel's edition; it is mere Spielerei to go beyond them, which is what I do here:
Greek Scientific Thought
Authors: Wasserstein A.
Published: April 2013

The following is a discussion of some characteristic features of Greek science. In singling out any one such characteristic one is, of course, in danger of over-emphasizing its role and of blacking-out the background of other equally characteristic features, some of which may well be effective in a very different and indeed opposite way. The argument presented here must therefore not be understood as a complete description or analysis of the character of Greek science. What is described here is only one tendency; a tendency observable in the work of many different thinkers; but also a tendency often counteracted, balanced, and sometimes almost submerged by opposite tendencies in the same thinkers. What is claimed here is no more than that certain characteristics are proportionately more prominent in ancient scientific thought and practice than they are today; it is not claimed that they were always dominant in antiquity or that they are completely foreign to modern science.
Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G.
Published: April 2013

Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.
miRNA regulation of BK polyomavirus replication during early infection
Authors: Broekema Nicole M. , Imperiale Michael J.
Published: April 2013

Viral microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role during infection by posttranscriptionally regulating both host and viral gene expression. However, the function of many viral miRNAs remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) miRNA in regulating virus replication. The function of the polyomavirus miRNA was investigated in archetype BKPyV, which is the transmissible form of the virus and thought to establish a persistent infection in the host urinary tract. In agreement with previous studies, we show that the BKPyV miRNA targets early mRNAs. Importantly, we show that the miRNA plays a significant role in limiting archetype BKPyV replication in a natural host cell model of infection. This regulation is accomplished through the balance of regulatory elements located within the noncoding control region that control early gene expression and miRNA expression before genome replication. We therefore provide evidence for a unique function of the polyomavirus miRNA that may have important implications for the mechanism of viral persistence.
Transient astronomy with the
Gaia
satellite
Authors: Hodgkin Simon T. , Wyrzykowski Łukasz , Blagorodnova Nadejda , Koposov Sergey
Published: April 2013

Gaia
is a cornerstone European Space Agency astrometry space mission and a successor to the
Hipparcos
mission.
Gaia
will observe the whole sky for 5 years, providing a serendipitous opportunity for the discovery of large numbers of transient and anomalous events, e.g. supernovae, novae and microlensing events, gamma-ray burst afterglows, fallback supernovae, as well as theoretical or unexpected phenomena. In this paper, we discuss our preparations to use
Gaia
to search for transients at optical wavelengths, and briefly describe the early detection, classification and prompt publication of anomalous sources.
Pan-STARRS, ATLAS and optical transient searches
Authors: Tonry J. L.
Published: April 2013

The Pan-STARRS1 survey is collecting multi-epoch, multi-colour observations of the sky north of declination −30
°
, and has designated 70 deg
2
for nightly observations that are particularly useful for transient detection. A duplicate, Pan-STARRS2, is nearing completion that offers opportunities to improve the quality of transient search and observation, as well as simply increasing the number of detections. A new system, the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), increases the search area to all-sky in return for diminished sensitivity, and highlights tension among optimization for static sky images, optimization for faint transients and optimization for an unbiased number of transients. ATLAS gives up sub-arcsecond images and full colour information to specialize in the third category, but should detect many more transients than the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep fields or the Palomar Transient Factory, with examples of transient classes that are considerably closer and brighter.
“You must finish your dinner”
Authors: Goh Esther C.L.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

By using food consumption as a kaleidoscope, the aim of this paper is to illustrate the bidirectional and dialectical interactions among caregivers and between single children and their multiple caregivers in Xiamen.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reports findings from in‐depth interviews with grandparents and parents (n=33) from ten three‐generational families and parents (n=20) from ten nuclear families with single children between six and nine years old.

Findings

Grandparents unequivocally accorded supreme importance to ensuring a child finishes his/her meals while parents tended to hold slightly more liberal views. These differences created higher conflict and tensions between the caregivers in three‐generational families as compared to nuclear households. Children in multigenerational families were more frequently force‐fed by adult‐caregivers whereas their counterparts were more capable of feeding themselves during meal times.

Research limitations/implications

This exploratory study provides in‐depth insights but carries the limitation of generalisability. Future research can apply similar methodology on bigger samples so as to ascertain a better estimation of the extent of stress and tension across generations over meal times in urban China.

Practical implications

The initial finding reported in this paper is useful for public health workers and family life educators in China to help families with children of middle childhood to manage tension arising from meal times.

Originality/value

Diverging from most parenting research which tends to focus on parent‐child dynamics, this paper included three generations – grandparents, parents, grandchildren – in the research conceptualization. This is important as grandparents are integral parts of childrearing in China.
Big government, big solution: could there be a message for all?
Authors: Hare Catherine
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the recent initiatives by the US Federal Government to put in place a robust and comprehensive framework and programme to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of managing Federal records and consider the wider scalability and applicability of the approach.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines the context, the supporting documents and the framework and analyses the extent to which the approach can be applied to organizations in general.

Findings

While very few organizations will have the authority and the resources available to the US Federal Government, the overall framework and its various elements provide a good, concise and up to date guide, irrespective of an organization's size.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis is a personal assessment of the US Federal Government approach.

Practical implications

It is hoped that the opinion piece gives food for thought, encouragement to hard pressed professionals to give some time to stepping back and reviewing their activity and highlights some useful, up to date resources.

Originality/value

The opinion piece provides an analysis of a major and current records management initiative.
Correlations between ICT and records policy integration and court case management system functionality
Authors: Lowry James
Published: April 2013

Purpose

From 2009 to 2011, the International Records Management Trust conducted a research project called Aligning Records Management with ICT/E‐government and Freedom of Information in East Africa, with funding from the International Development Research Centre. The research was concerned with the integration of records management components into ICT/e‐government and freedom of information initiatives, which are priorities for the governments in East Africa. This paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The research focused on the governments of the member states of the East African Community; Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. In each of these countries, research teams examined the level of records management functionality in new or planned court case management systems, where possible.

Findings

The findings demonstrated how the lack of a national regulatory framework for records management, at the highest level, could affect the design and implementation of systems, at the lowest, technical level.

Originality/value

This paper draws together the case studies prepared by the author from data collected by the national research teams, to provide an overview of the issues encountered in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, which were the member states of the original East African Community, and demonstrate the correlation between ICT and records policy integration and court case management system functionality.
Aero‐design of transonic LH2 and LOX contra rotating turbopumps in an expander rocket engine
Authors: Paniagua Guillermo , Lavagnoli Sergio , Verstraete Tom , Mahmoudi Wassim , Benamara Tariq
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Contra‐rotating turbines offer reduced size, weight, and cooling requirements, compared to conventional co‐rotating machinery. In spite of the associated mechanical complexity, their aero‐thermal performance is superior to conventional turbines, not only due to the elimination of stator blade rows, but also because lower turning airfoils can be implemented as a result. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to determine the optimum velocity triangles of the turbine, together with a two‐dimensional design and optimization tool to minimize the blade unsteady force using radial basis function network, coupled to a genetic algorithm. The proposed design methodology is illustrated with the aerodynamic design of a contra‐rotating two‐axis turbine, which is able to deliver the power necessary to drive the LOX and LH2 pumps of an improved expander rocket engine.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a methodology to determine the optimum velocity triangles of the turbine, together with a two dimensional design and optimization tool to minimize the blade unsteady force using radial basis function network, coupled to a genetic algorithm. The proposed design methodology is illustrated with the aerodynamic design of a contra‐rotating two‐axis turbine, which is able to deliver the power necessary to drive the LOX and LH2 pumps of an expander rocket engine, namely the Japanese LE‐5B.

Findings

The airfoil optimizer allows reductions in the downstream pressure distortion of 40 per cent. Consequently, the unsteady forces in the downstream blade row are minimized.

Originality/value

This paper presents to turbomachinery designers in liquid propulsion a novel tool to enhance the aerodynamic performance while reducing the unsteady forces on the blades.
A functional trait approach to fen restoration analysis
Authors: Hedberg Petter , Saetre Peter , Sundberg Sebastian , Rydin Håkan , Kotowski Wiktor
Published: April 2013

Questions

Ecological restoration has traditionally been evaluated with analyses focused on species identities and abundances. These analyses provide no ecological explanation to why certain species change in abundance. One solution may be a functional trait analysis. We asked whether shifts in functional traits could explain vegetation changes in fens restored through tree cutting and rewetting, and how the functional traits in the restored sites compare to those of the reference site?

Location

Three former rich fens in east‐central Sweden.

Methods

Tree cutting and rewetting were applied in a factorial design, and species and abundance data were recorded for 8 yrs. Abundance data and trait data of canopy height, specific leaf area (SLA) and diaspore mass were used to calculate functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), functional dispersion (FDis) and community‐weighted mean (CWM) of functional traits. Data were analysed in a linear mixed effect model for vascular plants and bryophytes jointly, and for vascular plants separately. Results of restoration treatments were compared to data from a reference site.

Results

Among vascular plants, tree cutting caused a decrease in SLA, as shade‐sensitive species increased. In accordance with the change in SLA, FDis increased. In the joint analysis, tree cutting led to increased FDis, FDiv and FRic, indicating reduced filtering caused by the removal of the shading canopy, which allowed shade‐sensitive species to establish. The comparison to the reference site shows that even after 8 yrs, the restoration treatments have higher trait diversity than the reference site, indicating that the restoration sites have a too relaxed trait filter compared to conditions in an undisturbed fen. Our interpretation is that this is primarily caused by insufficient rewetting (and increased nutrient availability) that allow species of both natural and degraded fen conditions to co‐exist, and which failed to suppress the regrowth of trees.

Conclusions

Analysis of functional diversity improves our understanding of the ecological mechanisms affecting restoration results, and allows comparison among regions and communities with different species composition.
Viral respiratory tract infections and asthma in early life: cause and effect?
Authors: Mackenzie K. J. , Anderton S. M. , Schwarze J.
Published: April 2013

Interactions between viral respiratory tract infections in infancy and childhood, and asthma development and exacerbation, are complex and intriguing. This review aims to unravel some of these complexities. Does severe respiratory viral infection early in life predispose to later asthma development, or is it indicative of a predisposition to allergic respiratory disease? How could variables such as age and severity of viral infection affect the interaction between respiratory viral infections and asthma? How could respiratory viral infection drive allergic sensitization? Here, we review the evidence surrounding these questions, and discuss current and future research and therapeutic approaches targeting the interplay between viral respiratory tract infection and asthma.
Inhibition of protein kinase A activity depresses phrenic drive and glycinergic signalling, but not rhythmogenesis in anaesthetized rat
Authors: Burke P. G. R. , Sousa L. O. , Tallapragada V. J. , Goodchild A. K.
Published: April 2013

The cAMP–protein kinase A (PKA) pathway plays a critical role in regulating neuronal activity. Yet, how PKA signalling shapes the population activity of neurons that regulate respiratory rhythm and motor patterns in vivo is poorly defined. We determined the respiratory effects of focally inhibiting endogenous PKA activity in defined classes of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord by microinjection of the membrane‐permeable PKA inhibitor Rp‐adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphothioate (Rp‐cAMPS) in urethane‐anaesthetized adult Sprague Dawley rats. Phrenic nerve activity, end‐tidal CO2 and arterial pressure were recorded. Rp‐cAMPS in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) caused powerful, dose‐dependent depression of phrenic burst amplitude and inspiratory period. Rp‐cAMPS powerfully depressed burst amplitude in the phrenic premotor nucleus, but had no effect at the phrenic motor nucleus, suggesting a lack of persistent PKA activity here. Surprisingly, inhibition of PKA activity in the preBötC increased phrenic burst frequency, whereas in the Bötzinger complex phrenic frequency decreased. Pretreating the preBötC with strychnine, but not bicuculline, blocked the Rp‐cAMPS‐evoked increase in frequency, but not the depression of phrenic burst amplitude. We conclude that endogenous PKA activity in excitatory inspiratory preBötzinger neurons and phrenic premotor neurons, but not motor neurons, regulates network inspiratory drive currents that underpin the intensity of phrenic nerve discharge. We show that inhibition of PKA activity reduces tonic glycinergic transmission that normally restrains the frequency of rhythmic respiratory activity. Finally, we suggest that the maintenance of the respiratory rhythm in vivo is not dependent on endogenous cAMP–PKA signalling.
Assessing and managing data‐limited ornamental fisheries in coral reefs
Authors: Fujita Rod , Thornhill Daniel J , Karr Kendra , Cooper Cara H , Dee Laura E
Published: April 2013

Coral reefs support numerous ornamental fisheries, but there are concerns about stock sustainability due to the volume of animals caught. Such impacts are difficult to quantify and manage because fishery data are often lacking. Here, we suggest a framework that integrates several data‐poor assessment and management methods in order to provide management guidance for fisheries that differ widely in the kinds and amounts of data available. First, a resource manager could assess the status of the ecosystem (using quantitative metrics where data are available and semi‐quantitative risk assessment where they are not) and determine whether overall fishing mortality should be reduced. Next, productivity susceptibility analysis can be used to estimate vulnerability to fishing using basic information on life history and the nature of the fishery. Information on the relative degree of exploitation (e.g. export data or ratios of fish density inside and outside no‐take marine reserves) is then combined with the vulnerability ranks to prioritize species for precautionary management and further analysis. For example, species that are both highly exploited and vulnerable are good candidates for precautionary reductions in allowable capture. Species that appear to be less vulnerable could be managed on a stock‐specific basis to prevent over‐exploitation of some species resulting from the use of aggregate catch limits. The framework could be applied to coral reef ornamental fisheries which typically lack landings, catch‐per‐unit‐effort and age‐size data to generate management guidance to reduce overfishing risk. We illustrate the application of this framework to an ornamental fishery in Indonesia.
Winter climate change effects on soil C and N cycles in urban grasslands
Authors: Durán Jorge , Rodríguez Alexandra , Morse Jennifer L. , Groffman Peter M.
Published: April 2013

Despite growing recognition of the role that cities have in global biogeochemical cycles, urban systems are among the least understood of all ecosystems. Urban grasslands are expanding rapidly along with urbanization, which is expected to increase at unprecedented rates in upcoming decades. The large and increasing area of urban grasslands and their impact on water and air quality justify the need for a better understanding of their biogeochemical cycles. There is also great uncertainty about the effect that climate change, especially changes in winter snow cover, will have on nutrient cycles in urban grasslands. We aimed to evaluate how reduced snow accumulation directly affects winter soil frost dynamics, and indirectly greenhouse gas fluxes and the processing of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the subsequent growing season in northern urban grasslands. Both artificial and natural snow reduction increased winter soil frost, affecting winter microbial C and N processing, accelerating C and N cycles and increasing soil : atmosphere greenhouse gas exchange during the subsequent growing season. With lower snow accumulations that are predicted with climate change, we found decreases in N retention in these ecosystems, and increases inN2OandCO2flux to the atmosphere, significantly increasing the global warming potential of urban grasslands. Our results suggest that the environmental impacts of these rapidly expanding ecosystems are likely to increase as climate change brings milder winters and more extensive soil frost.
Melatonin induces apoptosis through a caspase‐dependent but reactive oxygen species‐independent mechanism in human leukemia Molt‐3 cells
Authors: Perdomo Juan , Cabrera Javier , Estévez Francisco , Loro Juan , Reiter Russel J. , Quintana José
Published: April 2013

Melatonin is a naturally occurring indoleamine synthesized in the pineal gland that exhibits an extensive repertoire of biological activities. An increasing number of studies indicate that melatonin protects normal cells, while it reducing cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on the growth of the human leukemia cells and found that it efficiently reduced the number of cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. Thus, incubation with the indoleamine increased the percentage of cells with a hypodiploid DNA content, augmented the number of annexin V–positive cells, and also provoked ultrastructural changes that are features of apoptotic cell death. Evaluation of caspases revealed that caspase‐3, caspase‐6, caspase‐7, and caspase‐9, but not caspase‐8 and caspase‐2, were quickly activated (3–6 hr). The increase in the activity of these proteases was associated with up‐regulation of the pro‐apoptotic factor Bax and also with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Pretreatment of the cells with the general caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk, reduced melatonin‐induced apoptosis, but it did not block cell death suggesting that melatonin activates an alternative cell death modality in the absence of caspase activity. Thus, the activation of caspases was preceded by a fast (<30 min) increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Rotenone and antimycin A reduced the levels of ROS stimulated by melatonin, indicating that the complex I and the complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are important sources of these chemical species. However, the role of ROS in melatonin‐induced cell death remains elusive because anti‐oxidants that were shown to decrease ROS levels (glutathione, N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine and Trolox) were unable to abrogate melatonin‐induced cell death.
Morphology and chronology of diphyodont dentition in miniature pigs, Sus Scrofa
Authors: Wang F , Xiao J , Cong W , Li A , Song T , Wei F , Xu J , Zhang C , Fan Z , Wang S
Published: April 2013

Objective

There is little knowledge about the tooth replacement in large mammals. The aim of this study is to investigate the tooth replacement patterns in Chinese miniature pig (Sus Scrofa).

Materials and Methods

The developmental patterns of mandibular successional and additional teeth from Chinese miniature pig before and after birth were investigated by microanatomy, immunohistochemistry, and cone beam computed tomography.

Results

Secondary dental lamina for successional teeth was not visible until its predecessor progressed to late bell stage. Successional teeth reached early cap stage when their predecessor began to erupt. The development patterns and speed varied between anterior and posterior successional teeth. Additional molars, derived from the free end of additional dental lamina, initiated sequentially in mandible ramus, while previous additional molar progressed into late bell stage. Proliferating cells in the permanent primordium were distributed asymmetrically.

Conclusions

Our findings identify the characteristic patterns about spatiotemporal morphogenesis of successional teeth in context of their predecessor and cascade initiation of additional molars in miniature pigs. Our study provides a basis toward better understanding the mechanisms underlying diphyodont replacement in human and also assists in tooth regeneration and tooth engineering in large animal.
Effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) in a rockpool‐scenario
Authors: Olischläger Mark , Bartsch Inka , Gutow Lars , Wiencke Christian
Published: April 2013

Rising atmospheric CO2‐concentrations will have severe consequences for a variety of biological processes. We investigated the responses of the green alga Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) to rising CO2‐concentrations in a rockpool scenario. U. lactuca was cultured under aeration with air containing either preindustrial pCO2 (280 μatm) or the pCO2 predicted by the end of the 21st century (700 μatm) for 31 days. We addressed the following question: Will elevated CO2‐concentrations affect photosynthesis (net photosynthesis, maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR(max)), maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), pigment composition) and growth of U. lactuca in rockpools with limited water exchange? Two phases of the experiment were distinguished: In the initial phase (day 1–4) the Seawater Carbonate System (SWCS) of the culture medium could be adjusted to the selected atmospheric pCO2 condition by continuous aeration with target pCO2 values. In the second phase (day 4–31) the SWCS was largely determined by the metabolism of the growing U. lactuca biomass. In the initial phase, Fv/Fm and rETR(max) were only slightly elevated at high CO2‐concentrations, whereas growth was significantly enhanced. After 31 days the Chl a content of the thalli was significantly lower under future conditions and the photosynthesis of thalli grown under preindustrial conditions was not dependent on external carbonic anhydrase. Biomass increased significantly at high CO2‐concentrations. At low CO2‐concentrations most adult thalli disintegrated between day 14 and 21, whereas at high CO2‐concentrations most thalli remained integer until day 31. Thallus disintegration at low CO2‐concentrations was mirrored by a drastic decline in seawater dissolved inorganic carbon and HCO3−. Accordingly, the SWCS differed significantly between the treatments. Our results indicated a slight enhancement of photosynthetic performance and significantly elevated growth of U. lactuca at future CO2‐concentrations. The accelerated thallus disintegration at high CO2‐concentrations under conditions of limited water exchange indicates additional CO2 effects on the life cycle of U. lactuca when living in rockpools.
Sympathetic Nervous System Function and Dysfunction in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Rubinger Dvora , Backenroth Rebecca , Sapoznikov Dan
Published: April 2013

Adequate sympathetic nervous system activation is essential for the compensatory mechanisms of blood pressure maintenance during the hemodialysis (HD) procedure. Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity, however, may lead to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in HD patients. The present review focuses on recent findings on the sympathetic nervous system activity in these patients. Sympathetic overactivity has been demonstrated directly by muscle sympathetic nerve activity recordings (MSNA) in chronic renal disease, but only rarely in HD patients. In the latter, sympathetic activity has mostly been assessed using indirect methodology. Decreased heart rate variability, increased blood pressure variability (BPV), and suppressed baroreflex function are believed to represent chronic sympathetic overactivity in HD patients. The HD procedure and ultrafiltration are associated with enhanced sympathetic activity and baroreflex activation. During most episodes of intradialytic hypotension, the baroreflex is adequately activated; sympathetic withdrawal with bradycardia, however, has been reported during excessive hypovolemia. Sympathetic overactivity is also believed to be a mechanism associated with intradialytic hypertensive episodes and refractory hypertension. While successful renal transplantation is associated with improvement of heart rate variability (HRV), improvement and restoration of baroreflex function, persistent sympathetic overactivity has been documented in transplanted patients using MSNA recordings. Decreased HRV and baroreflex function have been reported to be associated with increased mortality and morbidity in HD patients. The predictive value of sympathetic outflow assessed by MSNA has yet to be determined. Optimization of HD treatment, pharmacological interventions, and renal sympathetic denervation are several approaches targeting sympathetic overactivity to improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Not Moving Clauses: Connectivity in Clausal Arguments
Authors: Moulton Keir
Published: April 2013

Novel reconstruction data is introduced which argues that clauses do not move leftward, thus contributing to a long‐standing debate about sentential subjects and topics (Koster 1978, Alrenga 2005). Although fronted clauses appear to reconstruct for variable‐binding purposes, I offer several arguments that these bound‐variable interpretations are only apparent. First, left‐dislocated CPs do not exhibit the kinds of reconstruction interactions that hold of other moved constituents, as discovered by Lebeaux (1991). Second, we find apparent bound variables in left‐dislocated CPs that can be shown to have no movement source that would provide a site for reconstruction. I will then provide a detailed analysis that marshals the semantics ofde repronouns to explain why covariation without reconstruction is available in these dislocated CPs. Aside from offering a detailed syntax–semantics for clausal complementation, I make the case that there must be syntactic derivations of sentential subjects and topics that do not involve movement and that a parsimonious theory rules out movement of clausal arguments altogether.
Epigenetic Activation of AP1 Promotes Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis
Authors: Ding Xiangming , Pan Hongya , Li Jiong , Zhong Qi , Chen Xiaohong , Dry Sarah M. , Wang Cun-Yu
Published: April 2013

Epigenetic changes contribute to a positive feedback loop promoting AP1 activity that contributes to metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma to lymph nodes.
Spatial Control of Epac2 Activity by cAMP and Ca
2+
-Mediated Activation of Ras in Pancreatic β Cells
Authors: Idevall-Hagren Olof , Jakobsson Ida , Xu Yunjian , Tengholm Anders
Published: April 2013

By oscillating between the plasma membrane and the cytosol, Epac2 promotes pulses of insulin secretion.
Decreased Vancomycin Susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus Caused by IS
256
Tempering of WalKR Expression
Authors: McEvoy Christopher R. E. , Tsuji Brian , Gao Wei , Seemann Torsten , Porter Jessica L. , Doig Kenneth , Ngo Dung , Howden Benjamin P. , Stinear Timothy P.
Published: April 2013

Vancomycin-intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
(VISA) strains often arise by mutations in the essential two-component regulator
walKR
; however their impact on
walKR
function has not been definitively established. Here, we investigated 10 MRSA strains recovered serially after exposure of vancomycin-susceptible
S. aureus
(VSSA) JKD6009 to simulated human vancomycin dosing regimens (500 mg to 4,000 mg every 12 h) using a 10-day hollow fiber infection model. After continued exposure to the vancomycin regimens, two isolates displayed reduced susceptibility to both vancomycin and daptomycin, developing independent IS
256
insertions in the
walKR
5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) revealed a 50% reduction in
walKR
gene expression in the IS
256
mutants compared to the VSSA parent. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter analysis, promoter mapping, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed these findings and showed that the IS
256
insertions had replaced two SigA-like
walKR
promoters with weaker, hybrid promoters. Removal of IS
256
reverted the phenotype to VSSA, showing that reduced expression of WalKR did induce the VISA phenotype. Analysis of selected WalKR-regulated autolysins revealed upregulation of
ssaA
but no change in expression of
sak
and
sceD
in both IS
256
mutants. Whole-genome sequencing of the two mutants revealed an additional IS
256
insertion within
agrC
for one mutant, and we confirmed that this mutation abolished
agr
function. These data provide the first substantial analysis of
walKR
promoter function and show that prolonged vancomycin exposure can result in VISA through an IS
256
-mediated reduction in
walKR
expression; however, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain to be determined.