bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cbk1 kinase and Bck2 control MAP kinase activation and inactivation during heat shock
Authors: Kuravi Venkata K. , Kurischko Cornelia , Puri Manasi , Luca Francis C.
Published: October 2011

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cbk1 kinase is a LATS/NDR tumor suppressor orthologue and component of the Regulation of Ace2 and Morphogenesis signaling network. Cbk1 was previously implicated in regulating polarized morphogenesis, gene expression, and cell integrity. Here we establish that Cbk1 is critical for heat shock and cell wall stress signaling via Bck2, a protein associated with the Pkc1-Mpk1 cell integrity pathway. We demonstrate that cbk1 and bck2 loss-of-function mutations prevent Mpk1 kinase activation and Mpk1-dependent gene expression but do not disrupt Mpk1 Thr-190/Tyr-192 phosphorylation. Bck2 overexpression partially restores Mpk1-dependent Rlm1 transcription factor activity in cbk1 mutants, suggesting that Bck2 functions downstream of Cbk1. We demonstrate that Bck2 precisely colocalizes with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase Sdp1. During heat shock, Bck2 and Sdp1 transiently redistribute from nuclei and the cytosol to mitochondria and other cytoplasmic puncta before returning to their pre-stressed localization patterns. Significantly, Cbk1 inhibition delays the return of Bck2 and Sdp1 to their pre-stressed localization patterns and delays Mpk1 Thr-190/Tyr-192 dephosphorylation upon heat shock adaptation. We conclude that Cbk1 and Bck2 are required for Mpk1 activation during heat shock and cell wall stress and for Mpk1 dephosphorylation during heat shock adaptation. These data provide the first evidence that Cbk1 kinase regulates MAPK-dependent stress signaling and provide mechanistic insight into Sdp1 phosphatase regulation.
Compromised mutant EFEMP1 secretion associated with macular dystrophy remedied by proteostasis network alteration
Authors: Hulleman John D. , Kaushal Shalesh , Balch William E. , Kelly Jeffery W.
Published: October 2011

An Arg345Trp (R345W) mutation in epidermal growth factor–containing, fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1) causes its inefficient secretion and the macular dystrophy malattia leventinese/Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy (ML/DHRD). To understand the influence of the protein homeostasis (or proteostasis) network in rescuing mutant EFEMP1 misfolding and inefficient secretion linked to ML/DHRD, we developed a convenient and sensitive cell-based luminescence assay to monitor secretion versus intracellular accumulation. Fusing EFEMP1 to Gaussia luciferase faithfully recapitulates mutant EFEMP1 secretion defects observed previously using more cumbersome methodology. To understand what governs mutant intracellular retention, we generated a series of R345 mutants. These mutants revealed that aromatic residue substitutions (i.e., Trp, Tyr, and Phe) at position 345 cause significant EFEMP1 secretion deficiencies. These secretion defects appear to be caused, in part, by reduced native disulfide bonding in domain 6 harboring the 345 position. Finally, we demonstrate that mutant EFEMP1 secretion and proper disulfide formation are enhanced by adaptation of the cellular environment by a reduced growth temperature and/or translational attenuation. This study highlights the mechanisms underlying the inefficient secretion of R345W EFEMP1 and demonstrates that alteration of the proteostasis network may provide a strategy to alleviate or delay the onset of this macular dystrophy.
Reevaluation of the role of the Pam18:Pam16 interaction in translocation of proteins by the mitochondrial Hsp70-based import motor
Authors: Pais June E. , Schilke Brenda , Craig Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2011

The heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70)–based import motor, associated with the translocon on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane, drives translocation of proteins via cycles of binding and release. Stimulation of Hsp70's ATPase activity by the translocon-associated J-protein Pam18 is critical for this process. Pam18 forms a heterodimer with the structurally related protein Pam16, via their J-type domains. This interaction has been proposed to perform a critical regulatory function, inhibiting the ATPase stimulatory activity of Pam18. Using biochemical and genetic assays, we tested this hypothesis by assessing the in vivo function of Pam18 variants having altered abilities to stimulate Hsp70's ATPase activity. The observed pattern of genetic interactions was opposite from that predicted if the heterodimer serves an inhibitory function; instead the pattern was consistent with that of mutations known to cause reduction in the stability of the heterodimer. Analysis of a previously uncharacterized region of Pam16 revealed its requirement for formation of an active Pam18:Pam16 complex able to stimulate Hsp70's ATPase activity. Together, our data are consistent with the idea that Pam18 and Pam16 form a stable heterodimer and that the critical role of the Pam18:Pam16 interaction is the physical tethering of Pam18 to the translocon via its interaction with Pam16.
Sensitive and specific detection of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease brain prion protein using real-time quaking-induced conversion
Authors: Peden Alexander H. , McGuire Lynne I. , Appleford Nigel E. J. , Mallinson Gary , Wilham Jason M. , Orrú Christina D. , Caughey Byron , Ironside James W. , Knight Richard S. , Will Robert G. , Green Alison J. E. , Head Mark W.
Published: October 2011

Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) is an assay in which disease-associated prion protein (PrP) initiates a rapid conformational transition in recombinant PrP (recPrP), resulting in the formation of amyloid that can be monitored in real time using the dye thioflavin T. It therefore has potential advantages over analogous cell-free PrP conversion assays such as protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). The QuIC assay and the related amyloid seeding assay have been developed largely using rodent-passaged sheep scrapie strains. Given the potential RT-QuIC has for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) research and human prion test development, this study characterized the behaviour of a range of CJD brain specimens with hamster and human recPrP in the RT-QuIC assay. The results showed that RT-QuIC is a rapid, sensitive and specific test for the form of abnormal PrP found in the most commonly occurring forms of sporadic CJD. The assay appeared to be largely independent of species-related sequence differences between human and hamster recPrP and of the methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene. However, with the same conditions and substrate, the assay was less efficient in detecting the abnormal PrP that characterizes variant CJD brain. Comparison of these QuIC results with those previously obtained using PMCA suggested that these two seemingly similar assays differ in important respects.
Characterization of novel canine bocaviruses and their association with respiratory disease
Authors: Kapoor Amit , Mehta Natasha , Dubovi Edward J. , Simmonds Peter , Govindasamy Lakshmanan , Medina Jan L. , Street Craig , Shields Shelly , Lipkin W. Ian
Published: October 2011

We report the first identification, genetic characterization and disease association studies of several novel species of canine bocaviruses (CBoV). Evolutionary analysis confirmed that CBoV are genetically distinct from the only other known canine bocavirus, minute virus of canines, with which they share less than 63, 62 and 64 % protein identity in NS, NP and VP genes, respectively. Comparative genetic analysis of 37 VP gene variants found in diseased and healthy animals showed that these novel viruses are genetically highly diverse and are common in canine respiratory infections that have remained undetected until now. Interestingly, we observed that a CBoV genotype with a unique deletion in the VP2 gene was significantly more prevalent in animals with respiratory diseases compared with healthy animals.
Advanced practice nursing role development: factor analysis of a modified role delineation tool
Authors: Chang Anne M. , Gardner Glenn E. , Duffield Christine , Ramis Mary‐Anne
Published: October 2011

chang a.m., gardner g.e., duffield c. & ramis m.a. (2012) Advanced practice nursing role development: factor analysis of a modified role delineation tool. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(6), 1369–1379.

Aim.  This study reports the use of exploratory factor analysis to determine construct validity of a modified advanced practice role delineation tool.

Background.  Little research exists on specific activities and domains of practice within advanced practice nursing roles, making it difficult to define service parameters of this level of nursing practice. A valid and reliable tool would assist those responsible for employing or deploying advanced practice nurses by identifying and defining their service profile. This is the third article from a multi‐phase Australian study aimed at assigning advanced practice roles.

Methods.  A postal survey was conducted of a random sample of state government employed Registered Nurses and midwives, across various levels and grades of practice in the state of Queensland, Australia, using the modified Advanced Practice Role Delineation tool. Exploratory factor analysis, using principal axis factoring was undertaken to examine factors in the modified tool. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient determined reliability of the overall scale and identified factors.

Results.  There were 658 responses (42% response rate). The five factors found with loadings of ≥400 for 40 of the 41 APN activities were similar to the five domains in the Strong model. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0·94 overall and for the factors ranged from 0·83 to 0·95.

Conclusion.  Exploratory factor analysis of the modified tool supports validity of the five domains of the original tool. Further investigation will identify use of the tool in a broader healthcare environment.
Social justice: a concept analysis
Authors: Buettner‐Schmidt Kelly , Lobo Marie L.
Published: October 2011

buettner‐schmidt k. & lobo m.l. (2011) Social justice: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 948–958.

Aim.  This article is a report of an analysis of the concept of social justice.

Background.  Nursing’s involvement in social justice has waned in the recent past. A resurgence of interest in nurses’ roles about social justice requires a clear understanding of the concept.

Data sources.  Literature for this concept analysis included English language articles from CINAHL, PubMed, and broad multidisciplinary literature databases, within and outside of health‐related literature, for the years 1968–2010. Two books and appropriate websites were also reviewed. The reference lists of the identified sources were reviewed for additional sources.

Review methods.  The authors used Wilsonian methods of concept analysis as a guide.

Results.  An efficient, synthesized definition of social justice was developed, based on the identification of its attributes, antecedents and consequences that provides clarification of the concept. Social justice was defined as full participation in society and the balancing of benefits and burdens by all citizens, resulting in equitable living and a just ordering of society. Its attributes included: (1) fairness; (2) equity in the distribution of power, resources, and processes that affect the sufficiency of the social determinants of health; (3) just institutions, systems, structures, policies, and processes; (4) equity in human development, rights, and sustainability; and (5) sufficiency of well‐being.

Conclusion.  Nurses can have an important influence on the health of people globally by reinvesting in social justice. Implications for research, education, practice and policy, such as development of a social justice framework and educational competencies are presented.
Putting guidelines into practice: a tailored multi‐modal approach to improve post‐operative assessments
Authors: Ford John A. , MacKay Craig , Peach Chris , Davies Paul , Loudon Malcolm
Published: October 2011

Background  The Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) published Postoperative Management in Adults in 2004, advocating post‐operative assessments to optimize post‐operative care. Our aim was to improve post‐operative assessments in a surgical high‐dependency unit (HDU).

Methods  A prospective audit of post‐operative admissions to surgical HDU over two 4‐week periods was performed. Medical and nursing documentations were reviewed. A tailored multi‐modal approach targeting specific barriers to change was used to implement changes; education of staff, introduction of designated HDU bleeps and a post‐operative assessment pro forma. Re‐audit was performed after 6 months.

Main findings  The first cycle included 72 patients and the second included 62 patients. Time to assessment improved after changes. Forty‐six (74%) patients compared with 27 (37%) patients before were assessed within 4 hours. The number of individual reviews increased and number of reviews due to nursing concerns decreased. Thirty‐eight (61%) patients compared with 15 (21%) patients before were assessed through an individual review and one (2%) patient compared with 23 (32%) patients due to nursing concerns. Documentation improved. Documentation of relevant past medical history, medications, allergies, complications and post‐operative instructions improved from 2 (3%), 1 (1%), 0, 8 (11%) and 26 (36%), to 18 (29%), 28 (45%), 20 (32%), 18 (29%) and 55 (89%), respectively. Difference between first and second cycles was highly significant throughout (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  Clinical practice was improved by a tailored multi‐modal approach. Educating staff, improving communication and documentation, and re‐audit has shown significant improvement. However, further improvements are required to reach best practice.
Hospitalized mental health patients and oral health
Authors: EDWARD K.‐L. , FELSTEAD B. , MAHONEY A.‐M.
Published: October 2011

Accessible summary

Oral care for hospitalized mental health patients can minimize negative effects of physical conditions such as dehydration and diabetes and the oral side effects of commonly used medications.

About 14% of the global burden of disease is attributed to mental illness and for those who have mental illness, oral health assessment is not routinely practiced by clinicians.

Oral health care of hospitalized patients at present is variable and nursing care can play an important role in the oral health requirements of the hospitalized mental health patients and this information can form part of discharge planning to community care.

The purpose of this review of the literature is to present a contemporary perspective related to the nursing care of hospitalized mental health patients who have risk of developing oral health issues. Mental illness is a major health concern worldwide. Compounding this health issue, mental health patients/clients demonstrate avoidant behaviours related to oral health, and the symptoms of mental illness can be a compounding factor. Oral health and oral inflammatory disease are the result of lifestyle and behaviour and mental disorders affect both lifestyle and behaviour. The search used the search terms oral health AND nursing AND mental illness AND Published Date 2005 to 2010. For those who experience mental illness oral health assessment is not routinely practised by clinicians. The importance of special attention to dental problems for people with mental disorders has also been stressed by researchers since the lifespan of people with serious mental disorders is shortened compared to the general population. Oral health care is an important part of treatment. Routine oral care for hospitalized patients is imperative, and this is usually the responsibility of nurses without sufficient knowledge in oral care or comprehensive protocols to follow.
Recognition of physical deterioration in patients with mental health problems: the role of simulation in knowledge and skill development
Authors: UNSWORTH J. , MCKEEVER M. , KELLEHER M.
Published: October 2011

Accessible summary

Although rare, physical deterioration and medical emergencies in individuals with mental health problems can, and do, occur. Such events may have potentially devastating consequences.

Training staff how to recognize and respond to such emergencies using human patient mannequins and simulated events is one way of ensuring the development of confidence, knowledge and skill.

This study describes the use of simulation with mental health nursing students and details on how the approach facilitates learning by assisting the student to identify deficits within existing knowledge and skills.

Recognition of physical deterioration in patients with mental health problems has been recognized as a significant problem. Areas of particular concern include rapid tranquilization, physical restraint, the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs have the potential to result in sudden and catastrophic patient deterioration. Simulation sessions, using patient mannequins, are widely used to support the education of nurses but its use in mental health has been somewhat restricted. The aim of this study was to design and deliver simulation scenarios to develop the skills and knowledge of mental health nursing students in the recognition and management of physical deterioration. A series of three scenarios were developed and delivered to a group of final‐year nursing students. Evaluation of the sessions was undertaken using analysis of video footage from the sessions and through two focus groups. The results show that simulation is a useful catalyst for discrepancy creation which in turn leads to the student focusing their future learning towards addressing any identified deficits in skills and knowledge identified. Authenticity of the simulation sessions also plays a role in ensuring student engagement and faculty support during sessions is vital to support the students in managing unfamiliar situations.
Universal voluntary HIV testing in antenatal care settings: a review of the contribution of provider‐initiated testing & counselling
Authors: Hensen Bernadette , Baggaley Rachel , Wong Vincent J. , Grabbe Kristina L. , Shaffer Nathan , Lo Ying‐Ru Jacqueline , Hargreaves James
Published: October 2011

Objective  To assess the contribution of provider‐initiated testing and counselling (PITC) to achieving universal testing of pregnant women and, from available data on components of PITC, assess whether PITC adoption adheres to pre‐test information, post‐test counselling procedures and linkage to treatment.

Methods  Systematic review of published literature. Findings were collated and data extracted on HIV testing uptake before and after the adoption of a PITC model. Data on pre‐ and post‐test counselling uptake and linkage to anti‐retrovirals, where available, were also extracted.

Results  Ten eligible studies were identified. Pre‐intervention testing uptake ranged from 5.5% to 78.7%. Following PITC introduction, testing uptake increased by a range of 9.9% to 65.6%, with testing uptake ≥85% in eight studies. Where reported, pre‐test information was provided to between 91.5% and 100% and post‐test counselling to between 82% and 99.8% of pregnant women. Linkage to ARVs for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) was reported in five studies and ranged from 53.7% to 77.2%. Where reported, PITC was considered acceptable by ANC attendees.

Conclusion  Our review provides evidence that the adoption of PITC within ANC can facilitate progress towards universal voluntary testing of pregnant women. This is necessary to increase the coverage of PMTCT services and facilitate access to treatment and prevention interventions. We found some evidence that PITC adoption does not undermine processes inherent to good conduct of testing, with high levels of pre‐test information and post‐test counselling, and two studies suggesting that PITC is acceptable to ANC attendees.
Timing of fructose intake: An important regulator of adiposity
Authors: Morris Mariana , Araujo Iara C , Pohlman Roberta L , Marques Mariana C , Rodwan Naima S , Farah Vera MA
Published: October 2011

1. Overconsumption of fructose produces glucose intolerance, autonomic abnormalities and renal dysfunction and may be related to the worldwide epidemic of obesity and diabetes.

2. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the time period (light or dark) of fructose consumption influenced the pathological consequences. C57BL mice were given standard chow and assigned to one of three groups: (i) control (n = 10), which received water over a 24 h period; (ii) FL (n = 11), which received 10% fructose solution during the 12 h light period; and (iii) FD (n = 11), which received 10% fructose solution during the 12 h dark period.

3. There was a time related increase in body weight for all groups (P < 0.01, 2 vs 6 wks). There was a greater increase in body fat in the FL group compared with the control and FD groups. The changes in adiposity occurred even though the total caloric intake was not significantly different among the groups (approximately 18 kcal/day). Total fluid (water + fructose) consumption was greater in the FD and FL groups compared with control at 6 weeks. Significant increases were noted for plasma insulin and leptin at 8 weeks, with highest levels in the FL compared with FD group (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in glucose, glucose tolerance, cholesterol, triglycerides or adiponectin.

4. The results of the present study suggest that there is a mismatch in caloric consumption, metabolism and adiposity as related to the light–dark cycle of fructose consumption. These findings have clinical implications in the control of bodyweight, abdominal fat accumulation and Type 2 diabetes.
Trientine and renin–angiotensin system blockade ameliorate progression of glomerular morphology in hypertensive experimental diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Moya‐Olano Leire , Milne Helen Marie , Robinson Jillian Margaret , Hill Jonathan Vernon , Frampton Christopher Miles , Abbott Helen Frances , Turner Rufus , Kettle Anthony James , Endre Zoltán Huba
Published: October 2011

A comparison of the efficacy of the copper chelator, trientine, with combined renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade on the progression of glomerular pathology in the diabetic (mREN‐2)27 rat is reported. Animals were treated for 2 months with trientine, combined RAS blockers, combined trientine plus RAS blockers or none. Treatments began after inducing diabetes with streptozotocin. Physiological data were recorded monthly and light microscopic glomerular features were scored. Plasma allantoin and both plasma and renal protein carbonyls were measured as markers of oxidative stress. Trientine and RAS blockade decreased proteinuria and albuminuria and prevented an increase in creatinine clearance and kidney weight. Both reduced the diabetes‐related glomerular features of mesangiolysis and glomerular segmental hypocellularity and trientine prevented severe tuft‐to‐capsule adhesion and reduced tubularization. Hypertension‐related severe mesangial matrix expansion and global hypercellularity were increased by both treatments, which may reflect repair of mesangiolysis. Trientine reduced plasma but not renal protein carbonyls or plasma allantoin. In this model, trientine prevented the development of many diabetes‐specific features similarly to RAS blockade. Amelioration of oxidative stress and features commonly observed in human diabetic nephropathy (DN), support a diabetes‐related defect in copper (Cu) metabolism. The addition of CuII chelation may improve current DN therapy
Screening and treating pulmonary arterial hypertension in a tertiary hospital‐based multidisciplinary clinic: the first 200 patients
Authors: Low A. J. , Fowler D. , Manghani M. K. , Young I. , Garsia R. , Torzillo P. , Youssef P. , Celermajer D. S.
Published: October 2011

Background

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an increasingly recognised serious illness with insidious onset, delayed diagnosis, complex diagnostic algorithms and poor prognosis, but with recently available effective treatments.

Aims

To efficiently diagnose and to offer treatment for PAH, we established a multidisciplinary service in 2005, where patients attend a clinic staffed by specialists in cardiology, respiratory medicine, rheumatology and immunology in a tertiary referral hospital setting.

Methods

We studied the first 200 patients referred. Serology, echocardiography, lung function tests, high‐resolution computed tomography, World Health Organisation Class determination and 6‐min walk tests and/or right heart catheterisation were performed, as clinically indicated.

Results

Of the 200 patients seen, 66 had confirmed pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mmHg) diagnosed on echocardiography ± right heart catheterisation. Of these patients, 58 had catheter‐proven PAH (mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mmHg with mean wedge pressure < 15 mmHg). Underlying diagnoses for the confirmed PAH patients were idiopathic (32), scleroderma‐associated (14), other connective tissue disease (4) and associated with congenital heart disease (8). Patients with confirmed PAH were commenced on PAH‐specific therapy – initially bosentan in the majority but sildenafil, and iloprost were occasionally used initially for patient‐specific reasons. Median time from when the patient first called the clinic to prescription of therapy was 16 days (interquartile range; 0–31 days). All surviving patients with PAH have attended for regular 6‐monthly follow‐up visits with a 100% retention rate up to 4 years.

Conclusion

A multidisciplinary clinic can provide efficient diagnosis and rapid triage to PAH‐specific therapy, if appropriate. Retention rates remain high, at follow up.
Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy
Authors: Nagel R. , Cuttell L. , Stensvold C. R. , Mills P. C. , Bielefeldt‐Ohmann H. , Traub R. J.
Published: October 2011

Background

Blastocystis is a common, enteric parasite. The pathogenicity of the organism is uncertain, but subtypes (ST) 1 and 3 have been reported more likely to cause irritable bowel‐like symptoms.

Aims

We treated symptomatic patients positive for Blastocystis with conventional therapy and analysed 16 small‐subunit (SSU) rDNA to assess clearance and carriage rates and ST prevalence of the parasite in the asymptomatic household members.

Methods

In a longitudinal, prospective case study, 11 symptomatic patients positive for Blastocystis underwent outpatient clinical assessment to exclude other diagnoses before 14 days of either metronidazole 400 mg three times daily or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice‐daily therapy. Faecal specimens were collected from patients at baseline, day 15, 28 and 56 after therapy and from 17 family members and eight pets at day 15. Specimens were analysed using faecal smear, culture and polymerase chain reaction analysis of 16SSU rDNA.

Results

No patient cleared the organism following therapy. ST 1 (45%), 3 (36%), 4 (36%) and 6 (9%) were found in the symptomatic Blastocystis patients, and ST identified before and after therapy were identical in each individual. All household contacts were positive for Blastocystis and 16/17 (94%) contacts showed identical Blastocystis ST to the symptomatic family member. All pets were positive for Blastocystis with polymerase chain reaction testing, 7/8 (88%) demonstrating ST concordance with the symptomatic Blastocystis patients.

Conclusions

Conventional therapy is ineffective for symptomatic Blastocystis infection. The high prevalence of Blastocystis infection within households suggested transmission between humans and their pets. Subtyping analysis of SSU rDNA alone in Blastocystis does not appear to predict pathogenicity.
MusicalExpression ofEmotions: ModellingListeners' Judgements ofComposed andPerformedFeatures
Authors: JUSLIN PATRIK N. , LINDSTRÖM ERIK
Published: October 2011

Music is commonly regarded as expressive of emotions that can be perceived by listeners. Nevertheless, the specific characteristics of this perceptual process are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the relationships between various features of musical structure and the emotions perceived by listeners, with a focus on the role of interactions among such features. Eight musical features (pitch, mode, melodic progression, rhythm, tempo, sound level, articulation and timbre) were systematically manipulated in a factorial design through synthesis. Ten musically trained listeners judged the resulting 384 pieces of music on five emotion scales. The relationships between musical features and listener judgements were modelled by means of multiple regression analysis. The results (1) confirmed empirically based predictions from previouspost hocanalyses with respect to which musical features are associated with each emotion; (2) suggested that different musical features were important for different emotions; (3) indicated that some features (e.g. tempo) were more powerful than others overall; and (4) revealed that interactions made significant but small contributions to the predictive power of the regression models.
Emotion in the German Lutheran Baroque and the Development of Subjective Time Consciousness
Authors: BUTT JOHN
Published: October 2011

This study examines some of the ways in which it was possible to understand emotion in Lutheran church music of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It suggests that emotion related to music more through association and contextual factors than through a fixed relationship, thus explaining the ways in which musical passages and techniques could be taken from a secular context to serve a sacred purpose. With these factors in mind, it is possible to suggest ways in which a listener's likely emotional association with music can be harnessed through particular compositional procedures. Schütz's setting of part of the Song of Songs may well engage with the listener's consciousness over time, stretching it and reinforcing the ‘useful’ emotional associations that the sacred context might bring. The opening aria of Bach's cantata ‘Liebster Jesu, mein Verlangen’ achieves something similar over a longer span and with greater emotional intensity. Here there is the added sense of the believer finding, losing and then rediscovering the object of spiritual adoration. The music thus implies the potential alienation of the listener, something both supported and overcome through the very structuring of the music. Its repetitive ritornello process is sometimes hidden but always latent, thus playing on the potential for subconscious recognition. Together, these two examples suggest that music can be used as a powerful demonstration of the historical development of modern forms of consciousness as related to emotional states over time.
AestheticallyWarrantedEmotion andComposedExpressiveTrajectories inMusic
Authors: HATTEN ROBERT S.
Published: October 2011

Theorists of music and emotion have come to recognise a wide range of aesthetic and non‐aesthetic situations in which music serves as a vehicle, or a trigger, or a catalyst, for emotional experience. In this essay I focus on aesthetically warranted emotions (AWEs) as real, measurable emotions that are directly motivated by stylistically competent interaction with composed expressive trajectories (CETs). Through a close interpretation of the exposition of the second movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata in F, K. 533, I explore five central issues: (1) the role of marked musical gestures and stylistically unmarked alternatives in reconstructing and interpreting CETs; (2) the affordance of prior emotional experience for an individual's complete cognitive understanding of CETs; (3) whether or not one need actually experience AWEs in order to cognitively understand and appreciate CETs; (4) whether emotional engagement need always be congruent with, or isomorphically constrained by, CETs in order to qualify as AWEs; and (5) the status of AWEs, and our cognition of them, as multi‐levelled and integrative, synthetic and emergent, and varying in intensity.
Formation and potential uses of milk proteins as nano delivery vehicles for nutraceuticals: A review
Authors: ABD EL‐SALAM MOHAMED H , EL‐SHIBINY SAFINAZ
Published: October 2011

The aim of this review was to highlight the progress achieved in the use of milk protein as nano vehicles for nutraceuticals. Reassembled casein and β‐casein micelles and core/shell nanoparticles from casein with other biopolymers have been prepared. Also, cross‐linking of casein micelles has developed stable nanoparticles. Nanogels of whey proteins (WP), β‐lactoglobulin (β‐LG) and lactoferrin (Lf) have been prepared by controlled thermal treatment, and several core/shell nanoparticles have been developed from WP or β‐LG with several polysaccharides. The developed caseins and WP nanoparticles have been used as carriers for several nutraceuticals. Examples have been presented and discussed.
Effect of long‐chain inulin on the texture profile and survival of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei in set yoghurts during refrigerated storage
Authors: PIMENTEL TATIANA C , GARCIA SANDRA , PRUDÊNCIO SANDRA H
Published: October 2011

The effects of adding inulin at 20 g/L as a fat replacer and probiotic bacteria on the physicochemical and textural characteristics of yoghurt were studied. The ability of long‐chain inulin to improve the probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei) bacteria viability in yoghurt was investigated. The addition of inulin made the texture (firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess) of skimmed yoghurt similar to that of whole yoghurt, demonstrating the role of inulin as a fat replacer. However inulin increased syneresis and did not influence the viability of probiotic bacteria in the yoghurts. The addition of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts improved syneresis and increased firmness and gumminess.
“Does This Doctor Speak My Language?” Improving the Characterization of Physician Non‐English Language Skills
Authors: Diamond Lisa C. , Luft Harold S. , Chung Sukyung , Jacobs Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To describe the initial impact of an organizational policy change on measurement of physician non‐English language proficiency.

Study Setting

Multispecialty health care organization in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Study Design/Data Collection

In response to preliminary findings suggesting that the organization's nonvalidated and undefined three‐category tool for physician self‐report of non‐English language proficiency levels was likely inadequate, the organization asked physicians to rate their non‐English language proficiency levels using an adapted Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale, a validated measure with five rating levels and descriptors. We then compared the self‐reported language proficiency on the original scale and the ILR for those physicians who completed both and used regression analysis to investigate physician characteristics potentially associated with a change in score on the old versus ILR scales.

Principal Findings

Six months after the ILR scale was implemented throughout the organization, 75 percent (258/342) of physicians had updated their language proficiency ratings. Among clinicians who had previously rated themselves in the “Medical/Conversational” category, there were substantial variations in scores using the ILR scale. Physicians who spoke two or more non‐English languages were significantly more likely to lower their self‐reported proficiency when updating from the old scale to the ILR scale.

Conclusions

The organization was willing to adopt a relatively straightforward change in how data were collected and presented to patients based on the face validity of initial findings. This organizational policy change appeared to improve how self‐reported physician language proficiency was characterized.
The Association of Health Insurance and Disease Impairment with Reported Asthma Prevalence in U.S. Children
Authors: Coker Tumaini R. , Kaplan Robert M. , Chung Paul J.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To test the hypotheses that reported asthma prevalence is higher among insured than uninsured children and that insurance‐based differences in asthma diagnosis, treatment, and health care utilization are associated with disease severity.

Data Sources

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2008.

Study Design

We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between insurance and asthma symptom severity with asthma diagnosis, treatment, and acute care utilization.

Principal Findings

In multivariate analysis, insured children had greater odds of reporting a current diagnosis of asthma than uninsured children (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.47–2.94). When interactions between insurance and asthma impairment were included, insurance was associated with greater odds of diagnosis among children with intermittent (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.57–10.61), but not persistent, symptoms. Among children with intermittent symptoms, insurance was associated with inhaled corticosteroid use (OR = 4.51, 95% CI: 1.18–17.24) and asthma‐related acute care utilization (OR = 5.21, 95% CI: 1.21–23.53); these associations were nonsignificant among children with persistent symptoms.

Conclusion

Being insured increases only the likelihood that a child with intermittent, not persistent, asthma symptoms will receive an asthma diagnosis and control medication, and it may not reduce acute care utilization. Although universal insurance may increase detection and management of undiagnosed childhood asthma, theorized cost savings from reduced acute care utilization might not materialize.
The Sensitivity of Adverse Event Cost Estimates to Diagnostic Coding Error
Authors: Wardle Gavin , Wodchis Walter P. , Laporte Audrey , Anderson Geoffrey M. , Ross Baker G.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine the impact of diagnostic coding error on estimates of hospital costs attributable to adverse events.

Data Sources

Original and reabstracted medical records of 9,670 complex medical and surgical admissions at 11 hospital corporations in Ontario from 2002 to 2004. Patient specific costs, not including physician payments, were retrieved from the Ontario Case Costing Initiative database.

Study Design

Adverse events were identified among the original and reabstracted records using ICD10‐CA (Canadian adaptation of ICD10) codes flagged as postadmission complications. Propensity score matching and multivariate regression analysis were used to estimate the cost of the adverse events and to determine the sensitivity of cost estimates to diagnostic coding error.

Principal Findings

Estimates of the cost of the adverse events ranged from $16,008 (metabolic derangement) to $30,176 (upper gastrointestinal bleeding). Coding errors caused the total cost attributable to the adverse events to be underestimated by 16 percent. The impact of coding error on adverse event cost estimates was highly variable at the organizational level.

Conclusions

Estimates of adverse event costs are highly sensitive to coding error. Adverse event costs may be significantly underestimated if the likelihood of error is ignored.
Lessons from genome‐wide association studies findings in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: MORAES Clayton F. , LINS Tulio C. , CARMARGOS Einstein F. , NAVES Janeth O. S. , PEREIRA Rinaldo W. , NÓBREGA Otávio T.
Published: October 2011

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with a complex genetic background. Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have placed important new contributors into the genetic framework of early‐ and late‐onset forms of this dementia. Besides confirming the major role of classic allelic variants (e.g. apolipoprotein E) in the development of AD, GWAS have thus far implicated over 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in AD. In this review, we summarize the findings of 16 AD‐based GWAS performed to date whose public registries are available at the National Human Genome Research Institute, with an emphasis on understanding whether the polymorphic markers under consideration support functional implications to the pathophysiological role of the major genetic risk factors unraveled by GWAS.
Powder Processing Effects on the Rapid Low‐Temperature Densification of ZrB2–SiC Ultra‐High Temperature Ceramic Composites Using Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Walker Luke S. , Pinc William R. , Corral Erica L.
Published: October 2011

Investigating the powder processing effects on a ZrB2–25 vol% SiC ceramic composite densified using spark plasma sintering (SPS) allows for identification of densification mechanisms and enables a reduction in sintering temperature to a minimum of 1650°C. Attrition milling (AM) and ball milling (BM) were investigated as processing methods to produce a fine and coarse powder densified using SPS with or without a tube furnace preheat treatment. Ceramics formed from AM and BM powders contain 1.66 wt% oxygen contamination, primarily ZrO2 and SiO2, and 0.35 wt% oxygen contamination as SiO2, respectively. Heat treatment slightly reduces oxygen contamination but has significant impacts on the densification mechanisms. Without heat treatment, powder coarsening dominates the initial sintering process in the SPS inhibiting densification until ~1350°C. After heat treatment, sintering and densification is enabled at low temperature, 1000°C–1100°C. The densification of ZrB2–SiC composites can be broken into a two‐step process with phase 1 as the sintering step based on powder surface area reduction and phase 2 as a forging step where high‐temperature creep and pressure eliminate porosity after the primary grains have formed. A time–temperature‐density plot illustrates the change in densification mechanism used to fully densify ZrB2–SiC composites in SPS.
A New Iguanodontian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Nakhon Ratchasima in Northeastern Thailand
Authors: SHIBATA Masateru , JINTASAKUL Pratueng , AZUMA Yoichi
Published: October 2011

Here we report a new iguanodontian dentary found from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Nakhon Ratchasima, northeast Thailand. A unique character, which is an elongated and flat shape of the dentary ramus, makes it possible to assign the specimen to the new genus of non‐hadrosaurid iguanodontian, Ratchasimasaurus suranareae gen. et sp. nov. R. suranareae shows both primitive and derived characters, such as a caudally inclined coronoid process and alveolar trough with a primitive crown impression, and a derived buccal shelf between tooth row and coronoid process. The discovery of a new iguanodontian from the Indochina Terrene, considering that the previously reported “Probactrosaurus‐like” iguanodontian, points out a great diversity of this group in the late Early Cretaceous in Thailand, and corresponds to the Asian iguanodontian diversity at that time.
A New Brachyceran Family Origoasilidae Fam. Nov. from the Late Mesozoic of China (Insecta: Diptera)
Authors: ZHANG Kuiyan , YANG Ding , REN Dong
Published: October 2011

Lower brachyceran flies are abundant in the Late Mesozoic of China. Many extant and extinct members of that have been found in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces. A new family, Origoasilidae fam. nov., belonging to the lower Brachycera, is built based on a new specimen from the Yixian Formation and is a representative of the Jehol Biota. The new endemic Mesozoic family possesses several unique characters in the wing. The relationship among the Origoasilidae fam. nov. and relative known lower brachyceran flies has been discussed.
Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotope Values and Microfossils at 41.4–4.5 ka BP in Tai Co, Tibet, China, and Their Paleoclimatic Significance
Authors: ZHENG Mianping , LIU Junying , MA Zhibang , WANG Hailei , MA Nina
Published: October 2011

Two sedimentary sections were measured at Tai Co (Co means lake in Tibetan) in western Tibet, China. The two sections are almost all composed of clay carbonate beds except in their lower parts where there are carbonized plants at >10 cm depths and dark‐colored carbonate clay and clay at 50–70 cm depths, yielding abundant gastropods, ostracods, and charophytes. The carbon and oxygen stable isotope values of carbonate, ostracods, and charophytes and ecological features of microfossil communities indicate the following climatic change in the area from 41.4 to 4.5 ka BP: at 41.4–26.2 ka BP, the climate was relatively wet; at 26.2–25.5 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐dry; at 25.5–22.5 ka BP, it was warm‐wet; at 22.5–21.0 ka BP, it was slightly cold‐wet; at 20.5–17.5 ka BP, it became cold abruptly and slightly wet, implying the climate of the last glacial maximum; at 17.5–16.0 ka BP, it was slightly cold‐dry; at 16.0–11.8 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐wet; at 11.8–10.4 ka BP, it was relatively cold‐dry, roughly equivalent to the climate of the Younger Dryas, and at 10.4 ka BP, the temperatures began to rise again; at 10.4–9.4 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐wet; at 9.4–8.5 ka BP, there occurred short warm‐wet oscillations; at 8.5–7.9 ka BP, it was slightly dry‐cold, representing a strong temperature‐lowering and drying event in the postglacial stage; at 7.8–6.3 ka BP, it was slightly warm‐wet; at 6.3–4.5 ka BP, the climate tended to be cold‐dry. 4.5 ka BP recorded the maximum aridity since the late part of the late Pleistocene.
LA‐ICP‐MS Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology of the Fine‐grained Granite and Molybdenite Re‐Os Dating in the Wurinitu Molybdenum Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: LIU Cui , DENG Jinfu , KONG Weiqiong , XU Liquan , ZHAO Guochun , LUO Zhaohua , LI Ning
Published: October 2011

The Wurinitu molybdenum deposit, located in Honggor, Sonid Left Banner of Inner Mongolia, China, is recently discovered and is considered to be associated with a concealed fine‐grained granite impregnated with molybdenite. The wall rocks are composed of Variscan porphyritic‐like biotite granite and the Lower Ordovician Wubin'aobao Formation. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dating of the fine‐grained granite reveals two stages of zircons, one were formed at 181.7±7. 4 Ma and the other at 133.6±3.3 Ma. The latter age is believed to be the formation age of the fine‐grained granite, while the former may reflect the age of inherited zircons, based on the morphological study of the zircon and regional geological setting. The Re‐Os model age of molybdenite is 142.2±2.5 Ma, which is older than the diagenetic age of the fine‐grained granite. Therefore the authors believe that the metallogenic age of the Wurinitu molybdenum deposit should be nearly 133.6±3.3 Ma or slightly later, i.e., Early Cretaceous. Combined with regional geological background research, it is speculated that the molybdenum deposits were formed at the late Yanshanian orogenic cycle in the Hingganling‐Mongolian orogenic belt, belonging to the relaxation epoch posterior to the compression and was associated with the closure of the Mongolia‐Okhotsk Sea.