bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and simulation of Compton scatter image formation in positron emission tomography
Authors: Kazantsev Ivan G. , Matej Samuel , Lewitt Robert M. , Olsen Ulrik L. , Poulsen Henning F. , Yarovenko Ivan P. , Prokhorov Igor V.
Published: October 2020

We present the comparative study of the analytical forward model and the statistical simulation of the Compton single scatter in the positron emission tomography.
The formula of the forward model has been obtained using the single scatter simulation approximation under simplified assumptions, and therefore we calculate scatter projections using independent Monte Carlo simulation mimicking the scatter physics.
The numerical comparative study has been performed using a digital cylindrical phantom filled in with water and containing spherical sources of emission activity located at the central and several displaced positions.
Good fits of the formula-based and statistically generated profiles of scatter projections are observed in the presented numerical results.
Increased length of stay and hospital charges in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and psychiatric illness
Authors: Munoz Fernando A. , Chin Cindy , Kops Samantha A. , Kowalek Katie , Seckeler Michael D.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in this population contributes to significant healthcare utilization, including emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and ICU care. Comorbid psychiatric illnesses (CPI) are additional risks for increased healthcare utilization. While CPI increased risk for DKA hospitalization and readmission, there are no data evaluating the relationship between CPI and hospital outcomes. We hypothesized that adolescents with T1DM and CPI admitted for DKA have increased length of stay (LOS) and higher charges compared to those without CPI.

Methods

Retrospective review of 2000–2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s (HCUP) Kids’ Inpatient Databases (KID). Patients 10–21 years old admitted with ICD-9 codes for DKA or severe diabetes (250.1–250.33) with and without ICD-9 codes for depression (296–296.99, 311) and anxiety (300–300.9). Comparisons of LOS, mortality, and charges between groups (No CPI, Depression and Anxiety) were made with one way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, independent samples Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction and χ2.

Results

There were 79,673 admissions during the study period: 68,573 (86%) No CPI, 8,590 (10.7%) Depression and 12,510 (15.7%) Anxiety. Female patients comprised 58.2% (n=46,343) of total admissions, 66% of the Depression group, and 71% of the Anxiety group. Patients with depression or anxiety were older and had longer LOS and higher mean charges (p<0.001 for both).

Conclusion

Comorbid depression or anxiety are associated with significantly longer LOS and higher charges in adolescents with T1DM hospitalized for DKA. This study adds to the prior findings of worse outcomes for patients with both T1DM and CPI, emphasizing the importance of identifying and treating these comorbid conditions.
Comparability of signed and spoken languages: Absolute and relative modality effects in cross-modal typology
Authors: Zeshan Ulrike , Palfreyman Nick
Published: October 2020

This article sets out a conceptual framework and typology of modality effects in the comparison of signed and spoken languages. This is essential for a theory of cross-modal typology. We distinguish between relative modality effects, where a linguistic structure is markedly more common in one modality than in the other, and absolute modality effects, where a structure does not occur in one of the modalities at all. Using examples from a wide variety of sign languages, we discuss examples at the levels of phonology, morphology (including numerals, negation, and aspect) and semantics. At the phonological level, the issue of iconically motivated sub-lexical components in signs, and parallels with sound symbolism in spoken languages, is particularly pertinent. Sensory perception metaphors serve as an example for semantic comparison across modalities. Advocating an inductive approach to cross-modal comparison, we discuss analytical challenges in defining what is comparable across the signed and spoken modalities, and in carrying out such comparisons in a rigorous and empirically substantiated way.
Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparins in thromboprophylaxis of major orthopaedic surgery – randomized, prospective pilot study
Authors: Biławicz Jan , Lipa Michał , Wielgos Miroslaw
Published: October 2020

Aim

To compare the clinical effectiveness of the two most commonly used LMWHs, dalteparin (DALT) and enoxaparin (ENOX), in thromboprophylaxis of elective total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR).

Material and methods

To the prospective, randomized study were included 66 adult patients qualified to undergo THR or TKR (age 63 ± 12 years, 44 women). The patients were randomized to daily in-hospital subcutaneous prophylaxis with 5,000 I.U. of DALT or 40 mg of enoxaparin. Clinical and laboratory data were collected before surgery, and on 1st and 5th days after surgery.

Results

Thirty-four patients were randomized to prophylaxis with ENOX and 32 with DALT. The groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, creatinine and most of the laboratory parameters. The compared groups had similar surgical parameters, but more patients in the ENOX group received red blood cell infusion (17(50%) vs 8(25%); p < 0.05). The Lee–White coagulation time mildly decreased in ENOX and DALT following the surgery (p = ns). There was a shortening of Duke’s bleeding time in DALT after the surgery and it became significantly quicker than that in ENOX on Day 5 (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

The observed difference in Duke’s bleeding time and exceeding blood loss during the surgery on the enoxaparin demands confirmation, as it can be important information for clinical management.
Diagnosis of complication in lung transplantation by TBLB + ROSE + mNGS
Authors: Wang Qing , Feng Jing , Zhang Ji , Shi Lingzhi , Jin Zhixian , Liu Dong , Wu Bo , Chen Jingyu
Published: October 2020

Lung transplantation is a potentially life-saving therapy for patients with terminal respiratory illnesses. Long-term survival is limited by the development of a variety of opportunistic infections and rejection. Optimal means of differential diagnosis of infection and rejection have not been established. With these challenges in mind, we tried to use transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) rapid on-site cytological evaluation (ROSE), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and routine histologic examination to timely distinguish infection and rejection, and accurately detect etiologic pathogens. We reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with infection or rejection by these means from December 2017 to September 2018 in our center. We identified seven recipients whose clinical course was complicated by infection or rejection. Three patients were diagnosed with acute rejection, organizing pneumonia, and acute fibrinoid organizing pneumonia, respectively. Four of the seven patients were diagnosed with infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, Aspergillus, and bacterial pneumonia. These patients recovered after proper treatment. TBLB + ROSE + mNGS might be a good method to accurately detect etiologic pathogens, which may help us to facilitate the use of targeted and precision medicine therapy in postoperative complications and avoid unnecessary potential adverse effects of drugs.
High-efficiency metadevices for bifunctional generations of vectorial optical fields
Authors: Wang Dongyi , Liu Tong , Zhou Yuejiao , Zheng Xiaoying , Sun Shulin , He Qiong , Zhou Lei
Published: October 2020

Vectorial optical fields (VOFs) exhibiting tailored wave fronts and spatially inhomogeneous polarization distributions are particularly useful in photonic applications. However, devices to generate them, made by natural materials or recently proposed metasurfaces, are either bulky in size or less efficient, or exhibit restricted performances. Here, we propose a general approach to design metadevices that can efficiently generate two distinct VOFs under illuminations of circularly polarized lights with different helicity. After illustrating our scheme via both Jones matrix analyses and analytical model calculations, we experimentally demonstrate two metadevices in the near-infrared regime, which can generate vortex beams carrying different orbital angular momenta yet with distinct inhomogeneous polarization distributions. Our results provide an ultracompact platform for bifunctional generations of VOFs, which may stimulate future works on VOF-related applications in integration photonics.
REDES DE AFETOS NA NARRATIVA PÓS-DITATORIAL LATINO-AMERICANA CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: Silva Valéria Gomes Ignácio da , Bastazin Vera Lucia
Published: October 2020

A literatura configura-se território privilegiado para a expressão dos afetos que integram a vida social e privada, especialmente em se tratando de experiências de violência e trauma. Este ensaio propõe a análise de narrativas referenciadas nas ditaduras civil-militares ocorridas no Brasil, Chile e Argentina na segunda metade do século passado com o propósito de interrogar os procedimentos estéticos que, à luz da Teoria de afetos, de pressupostos teóricos acerca do testemunho e da memória, permitem identificar seu caráter de resistência e sua potência política. Os romances em análise têm como narradores personagens indiretamente relacionados aos acontecimentos, o que significa que estamos abordando as chamadas produções pós-memória, ou, em alguns casos específicos, relatos de filiação. Infere-se que a economia de afetos que permeia as narrativas, no imbricamento entre memória, subjetividade e história, acentua, no ato narrativo da cotidianeidade, a produção de sentidos e sua potência estética e ética.Palavras-chave: Teoria de afetos; Testemunho; Memória; Literatura latino-americana; Ditaduras latino-americanas.
A IMAGEM LATENTE DE SÃO LUÍS: DIÁLOGOS POSSÍVEIS ENTRE A FOTOGRAFIA E A POESIA À LUZ DA MEMÓRIA DA CIDADE
Authors: Soares Maria Thereza Gomes de Figueiredo , Ferreira Junior José , Manir Miguel Feitosa Márcia
Published: October 2020

São Luís, palco de significativa produção literária, sobretudo no século XIX, é a cidade natal de Maria Firmina dos Reis, Arthur Azevedo, Aluísio Azevedo, Graça Aranha, Odylo Costa, filho, dentre outros, sendo também o local de nascimento daquele que se destacou na poesia moderna: Ferreira Gullar. A obra gullariana mais emblemática é Poema Sujo, em que traduz, em versos, seu eu-lírico no exílio. Este artigo propõe estabelecer possíveis relações entre a fotografia e a literatura, tendo como eixo de análise a relação da memória com três conjuntos de fotografias da série Visões de um poema sujo, de autoria do artista maranhense Márcio Vasconcelos, inspirada na poesia de Gullar. Considerando a cidade de São Luís como arrimo entre as duas obras, utiliza-se como base teórica o conceito de memória dos autores Michael Pollak e Maurice Halbwachs, com vistas à observação de tais relações. A metodologia empregada é o estudo do caso e o procedimento de análise de dados parte do entendimento desses conceitos de memória, em diálogo com um ponto de vista semiótico na configuração de Charles Sanders Peirce, no intuito de uma leitura da composição imagética enquanto linguagem visual. Como resultado há afastamentos e aproximações entre os dois suportes artísticos (a palavra escrita e a imagem fotográfica), razão pela qual a fotografia pode ser atravessada, por intermédio do olhar fotográfico. Considera-se, portanto, que a imagem propõe ao espectador um jogo de recepção e de tradução, sendo esse um processo no qual são acionados o código verbal (texto de partida) para envolvê-lo no processo tradutório e apontar para o visual (texto de chegada), caminho aberto às subjetividades.Palavras-chave: Poema sujo; fotografia; memória; São Luís.
ESPAÇO DE ENUNCIAÇÃO DA LÍNGUA DE IMIGRAÇÃO ALEMÃ: O FUNCIONAMENTO POLÍTICO DA RELIGIÃO COMO LUGAR DE MEMÓRIA
Authors: Fiepke Carpenedo Rejane , Rosa Sturza Eliana
Published: October 2020

Este estudo é parte da pesquisa de tese que está em andamento, em que a proposta é pesquisar a memória da língua de imigração alemã, escrita e falada, no município de Novo Machado – RS à luz dos estudos enunciativos. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir acerca do funcionamento político do espaço de enunciação religioso como lugar de memória da língua, pensado a partir da teoria da Enunciação, com base na Semântica do Acontecimento (Guimarães, 2002). O corpus mobilizado constitui-se de fotografias como materialidade de registro dos enunciados em língua alemã, para fins de possibilitar a análise dos espaços de enunciação. Observa-se que o discurso religioso constitui-se como um lugar de memória da língua, e se faz presente nos espaço de enunciação públicos e privados. Isto evidencia que a língua de imigração marca o seu funcionamento como lugar de pertencimento do sujeito, inscrevendo-se nas mais distintas instâncias da vida dos descendentes de alemães.Palavras-chave: Língua de imigração alemã; memória; enunciação.
The Insula Cortex Contacts Distinct Output Streams of the Central Amygdala
Authors: Ponserre Marion , Peters Christian , Fermani Federica , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus , Klein Rüdiger
Published: October 2020

The emergence of genetic tools has provided new means of mapping functionality in central amygdala (CeA) neuron populations based on their molecular profiles, response properties, and importantly, connectivity patterns. While abundant evidence indicates that neuronal signals arrive in the CeA eliciting both aversive and appetitive behaviors, our understanding of the anatomy of the underlying long-range CeA network remains fragmentary. In this study, we combine viral tracings, electrophysiological, and optogenetic approaches to establish in male mice, a wiring chart between the insula cortex (IC), a major sensory input region of the lateral and capsular part of the CeA (CeL/C), and four principal output streams of this nucleus. We found that retrogradely labeled output neurons occupy discrete and likely strategic locations in the CeL/C, and that they are disproportionally controlled by the IC. We identified a direct line of connection between the IC and the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which engages numerous LH-projecting CeL/C cells whose activity can be strongly upregulated on firing of IC neurons. In comparison, CeL/C neurons projecting to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are also frequently contacted by incoming IC axons, but the strength of this connection is weak. Our results provide a link between long-range inputs and outputs of the CeA and pave the way to a better understanding of how internal, external, and experience dependent information may impinge on action selection by the CeA.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur current knowledge of the circuit organization within the central amygdala (CeA), a critical regulator of emotional states, includes independent information about its long-range efferents and afferents. We do not know how incoming sensory information is appraised and routed through the CeA to the different output channels. We address this issue by using three different techniques to investigate how a sensory region, the insula cortex (IC), connects with the motor, physiological and autonomic output centers of the CeA. We uncover a strong connection between the IC and the lateral hypothalamus (LH) with a monosynaptic relay in the CeA and shed new light on the previously described functions of IC and CeA through direct projections to the LH.
Disparity Sensitivity and Binocular Integration in Mouse Visual Cortex Areas
Authors: La Chioma Alessandro , Bonhoeffer Tobias , Hübener Mark
Published: October 2020

Binocular disparity, the difference between the two eyes' images, is a powerful cue to generate the 3D depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, binocular disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to binocular disparity. A detailed characterization of disparity tuning across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging in female mice to characterize the disparity tuning properties of neurons in visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented binocular gratings, as well as random dot correlograms (RDC). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null disparity, respectively, even in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance (OD) measurements. Neurons in higher areas exhibited broader and more asymmetric disparity tuning curves compared with V1, as observed in primate visual cortex. Finally, we probed neurons' sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated RDC (cRDC) and anticorrelated RDC (aRDC). Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level disparity processing in LM compared with V1 and RL.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA major cue for inferring 3D depth is disparity between the two eyes' images. Investigating how binocular disparity is processed in the mouse visual system will not only help delineating the role of mouse higher areas for visual processing, but also shed light on how the mammalian brain computes stereopsis. We found that binocular integration is a prominent feature of mouse visual cortex, as many neurons are selectively and strongly modulated by binocular disparity. Comparison of responses to correlated and anticorrelated random dot correlograms (RDC) revealed that lateromedial area (LM) is more selective to correlated stimuli, while less sensitive to anticorrelated stimuli compared with primary visual cortex (V1) and rostrolateral area (RL), suggesting higher-level disparity processing in LM, resembling primate ventral visual stream areas.
The Hippocampus and Dorsolateral Striatum Integrate Distinct Types of Memories through Time and Space, Respectively
Authors: Ferbinteanu Janina
Published: October 2020

Several decades of research have established that different kinds of memories result from the activity of discrete neural networks. Studying how these networks process information in experiments that target specific types of mnemonic representations has provided deep insights into memory architecture and its neural underpinnings. However, in natural settings reality confronts organisms with problems that are not neatly compartmentalized. Thus, a critical problem in memory research that still needs to be addressed is how distinct types of memories are ultimately integrated. Here we demonstrate how two memory networks, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum, may accomplish such a goal. The hippocampus supports memory for facts and events, collectively known as declarative memory and often studied as spatial memory in rodents. The dorsolateral striatum provides the basis for habits that are assessed in stimulus–response types of tasks. Expanding previous findings, the current work revealed that in male Long–Evans rats, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use time and space in distinct and largely complementary ways to integrate spatial and habitual representations. Specifically, the hippocampus supported both types of memories when they were formed in temporal juxtaposition, even if the learning took place in different environments. In contrast, the lateral striatum supported both types of memories if they were formed in the same environment, even at temporally distinct points. These results reveal for the first time that by using fundamental aspects of experience in specific ways, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum can transcend their attributed roles in information storage.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe current paradigm in memory research postulates that different types of memories reflected in separate types of behavioral strategies result from activity in distinct neural circuits. However, recent data have shown that when rats concurrently acquired in the same environment of hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation and striatal-dependent approach of a visual cue, each of the two types of memories became dependent on both the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum. The current work reveals that the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use distinct and complementary principles to integrate different types of memories in time and space: the hippocampus integrates memories formed in temporal proximity, while the lateral striatum integrates memories formed in the same space.
Auditory and Visual System White Matter Is Differentially Impacted by Normative Aging in Macaques
Authors: Gray Daniel T. , De La Peña Nicole M. , Umapathy Lavanya , Burke Sara N. , Engle James R. , Trouard Theodore P. , Barnes Carol A.
Published: October 2020

Deficits in auditory and visual processing are commonly encountered by older individuals. In addition to the relatively well described age-associated pathologies that reduce sensory processing at the level of the cochlea and eye, multiple changes occur along the ascending auditory and visual pathways that further reduce sensory function in each domain. One fundamental question that remains to be directly addressed is whether the structure and function of the central auditory and visual systems follow similar trajectories across the lifespan or sustain the impacts of brain aging independently. The present study used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual system function in adult and aged macaques to better understand how age-related changes in white matter connectivity at multiple levels of each sensory system might impact auditory and visual function. In particular, the fractional anisotropy (FA) of auditory and visual system thalamocortical and interhemispheric corticocortical connections was estimated using probabilistic tractography analyses. Sensory processing and sensory system FA were both reduced in older animals compared with younger adults. Corticocortical FA was significantly reduced only in white matter of the auditory system of aged monkeys, while thalamocortical FA was lower only in visual system white matter of the same animals. Importantly, these structural alterations were significantly associated with sensory function within each domain. Together, these results indicate that age-associated deficits in auditory and visual processing emerge in part from microstructural alterations to specific sensory white matter tracts, and not from general differences in white matter condition across the aging brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAge-associated deficits in sensory processing arise from structural and functional alterations to both peripheral sensory organs and central brain regions. It remains unclear whether different sensory systems undergo similar or distinct trajectories in function across the lifespan. To provide novel insights into this question, this study combines electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual function with diffusion MRI in aged macaques. The results suggest that age-related sensory processing deficits in part result from factors that impact the condition of specific white matter tracts, and not from general decreases in connectivity between sensory brain regions. Such anatomic specificity argues for a framework aimed at understanding vulnerabilities with relatively local influence and brain region specificity.
Neutral Lipid Cacostasis Contributes to Disease Pathogenesis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Dodge James C. , Jensen Elizabeth H. , Yu Jinlong , Sardi S. Pablo , Bialas Allison R. , Taksir Tatyana V. , Bangari Dinesh S. , Shihabuddin Lamya S.
Published: October 2020

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disease characterized by motor neuron (MN) death. Lipid dysregulation manifests during disease; however, it is unclear whether lipid homeostasis is adversely affected in the in the spinal cord gray matter (GM), and if so, whether it is because of an aberrant increase in lipid synthesis. Moreover, it is unknown whether lipid dysregulation contributes to MN death. Here, we show that cholesterol ester (CE) and triacylglycerol levels are elevated several-fold in the spinal cord GM of male sporadic ALS patients. Interestingly, HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, was reduced in the spinal cord GM of ALS patients. Increased cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity and lyso-phosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC) levels in ALS patients suggest that CE accumulation was driven by acyl group transfer from PC to cholesterol. Notably, Lyso-PC, a byproduct of CE synthesis, was toxic to human MNsin vitro. Elevations in CE, triacylglycerol, and Lyso-PC were also found in the spinal cord of SOD1G93Amice, a model of ALS. Similar to ALS patients, a compensatory downregulation of cholesterol synthesis occurred in the spinal cord of SOD1G93Amice; levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, a transcriptional regulator of cholesterol synthesis, progressively declined. Remarkably, overexpressing sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 in the spinal cord of normal mice to model CE accumulation led to ALS-like lipid pathology, MN death, astrogliosis, paralysis, and reduced survival. Thus, spinal cord lipid dysregulation in ALS likely contributes to neurodegeneration and developing therapies to restore lipid homeostasis may lead to a treatment for ALS.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurons that control muscular function progressively degenerate in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Lipid dysregulation is a feature of ALS; however, it is unclear whether disrupted lipid homeostasis (i.e., lipid cacostasis) occurs proximal to degenerating neurons in the spinal cord, what causes it, and whether it contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we show that lipid cacostasis occurs in the spinal cord gray matter of ALS patients. Lipid accumulation was not associated with an aberrant increase in synthesis or reduced hydrolysis, as enzymatic and transcriptional regulators of lipid synthesis were downregulated during disease. Last, we demonstrated that genetic induction of lipid cacostasis in the CNS of normal mice was associated with ALS-like lipid pathology, astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, and clinical features of ALS.
Public Feelings toward ASEAN
Authors: Lee Hyo Won , Lim Sijeong
Published: October 2020

What determines how ASEAN is perceived by the citizens of its member states? Most studies on ASEAN take a state-centric and elite-oriented viewpoint. We improve on this by bringing the people of ASEAN into the center of the analysis. Considering lessons from the European Union’s internal legitimacy crisis, we develop hypotheses on how skill-based economic interests, sociocultural beliefs, and assessments of national context shape people’s attitude to ASEAN. Our hypotheses are tested using the latest data from the Asian Barometer Survey, covering eight of the 10 ASEAN countries. We find that citizen confidence in domestic governance and a positive assessment of major extra-regional powers are associated with a closer identification with ASEAN. Our analysis also identifies age and gender cleavages. ASEAN affinity is higher among older rather than younger and male rather than female respondents. Our findings have important policy implications for the proponents of ASEAN.
A Historical Analysis of the LDP’s 2018 Constitutional Amendment Proposals
Authors: Winkler Christian G.
Published: October 2020

In 2018 Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party announced four new proposals to amend the seven-decades-old and thus-far unamended constitution of Japan. These include adding a third paragraph to Article 9, as well as state-of-emergency provisions, support for students in need, and changes to the electoral system. By analyzing each proposal’s place in the debate on amendments dating back to the 1950s, I show that these very different proposals share one important feature that sets them apart from recent drafts aiming for wholesale reform of the constitution: they are relatively minimalist in nature. This new modesty is due to the necessity to win over other parties and voters, but it is also an attempt to cement rather than to change the LDP-made status quo.
Songs That Run in the Streets
Authors: Romey John
Published: October 2020

In the second decade of the eighteenth century, the Parisian théâtres de la foire (fairground theaters) gave birth to French comic opera with the inception of the genre known as comédie en vaudevilles (sung vaudevilles interspersed between spoken dialogue). Vaudevilles were popular songs that “ran in the streets” and served as vessels for new texts that transmitted the latest news, scandals, and gossip around the city. Already in the seventeenth century, however, the Comédie-Italienne, the royally funded troupe charged with performing commedia dell’arte, began to create spectacles that incorporated street songs from the urban soundscape. In the late seventeenth century all three official theaters—the Comédie-Italienne, the Comédie-Française, and the Opéra—also infused the streets with new tunes that transformed into vaudevilles. This article explores the contribution of the nonoperatic theaters—the Comédie-Française and the Comédie-Italienne—to the vaudeville repertoire to show the ways in which theatrical spectacle shaped a thriving popular song tradition. I argue that because most theatrical finales were structured around many repetitions of a catchy strophic tune to which each actor or actress sang one or more verses, a newly composed tune used as a finale had an increased probability of transforming into a vaudeville. Some of the vaudevilles used in early eighteenth-century comic operas therefore originated in newly composed divertissements for the late seventeenth-century plays presented at the nonoperatic theaters. Other vaudevilles began as airs from operas that were also absorbed into the tradition of street song. By the early eighteenth century, fairground spectacles drew from a dynamic repertory of vaudevilles amalgamated from the most voguish tunes circulating in the city. The intertwined relationship of the popular song tradition and theatrical spectacle suggests that the theaters helped to mold the corpus of vaudevilles available to street singers, composers, and playwrights.
Commentary: Confronting Ideology: Islamophobia vs. Islamist Fundamentalism
Authors: Tiflati Hicham
Published: October 2020

On January 29th, 2017, Alexandre Bissonnette, a 27-year-old far-right anti-immigrant and anti-Islam Quebecois, entered into a mosque, killed six Muslims and injured dozens as they prayed at the Centre Culturel Islamique de Quebec. While the incident shocked the Quebecois and Canadian public, it was a proof that Islamophobes are as prone to killing innocent civilians as are militant Islamists.
Syrian Refugee Children And Mental Health Trauma
Authors: O'Brien Kathleen
Published: October 2020

In 2015, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) named Syria as the most dangerous place on earth to be a child (UNICEF, 2). Since the onset of civil war in 2011, nearly 4.8 million Syrians are refugees outside of Syria and approximately 6 million are internally displaced (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2016). While some refugees have successfully resettled in North American and European nations, many remain in limbo in refugee camps. What is most staggering about the population of affected persons is that nearly half, approximately 6 million, are children (UNICEF, 2016). Nearly all of these children have been subjected to trauma that has manifested in a variety of ways. They have often been subjected to or witnessed violence and have experienced the loss of one or more of their caregivers. Refugees face difficulty accessing psychological and health services and are met with the stigma surrounding mental health in countries including Lebanon and Turkey, regions that many refugee children have fled to. In the absence of these supports, the mental trauma a child is experience can impact learning and development and have disastrous impacts on their future.
Commentary: Ecological Relational Supports as Key Resources for Refugee Youth Mental Health
Authors: Liebenberg Linda
Published: October 2020

Considering mental health outcomes of children and youth refugees is critical to ensuring not only future peace efforts in contexts of conflict, but also in supporting improved social and economic conditions domestically and internationally.1 Failing to address the chronic stress and trauma that young people, their families and communities have been exposed to, undermines peace efforts and acts of repatriation. In this regard, and as stated by Emily Pelley, an interactive ecological resilience framework is an effective framework to guide to both our understanding of psychological responses to conflict experiences and to providing meaningful supports.
Commentary: Push and Pull Factors and the Reintegration of Children in the DRC
Authors: Williams Aneeta
Published: October 2020

The recruitment and use of child soldiers creates a lasting tear in society, and none so severely as the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is estimated that there are 310,000 children who are associated or formerly associated with armed forces or groups. Many (both girls and boys) experience sexual violence prior, during and/or following their association. As Arpita Mitra described in her paper, the scale of the tragedy is both widespread and brutal. She argues that despite the huge sums of financial assistance poured into the area for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programming, the implementation has failed to meet its goals.
Vancouver Principle 6 and the UN Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism: The MRM as a ‘whole-of-mission’ responsibility in UN peacekeeping operations
Authors: Falco Valentina , Wargo Alec
Published: October 2020

The monitoring and reporting of grave violations against children in situations of armed conflict is at the core of the Children and Armed Conflict (CAAC) normative and institutional architecture as outlined in twelve United Nations (UN) Security Council resolutions since 1999. The child protection mandate in United Nations peacekeeping operations is the key pillar underpinning this architecture.While the role of civilian Child Protection Advisers (CPAs) in identifying and reporting on these violations through the Security Council-mandated Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism on Children and Armed Conflict (MRM) is by now well established and largely codified, the contribution of uniformed peacekeepers to this critical function has been generally overlooked. However, in recent years, a series of UN and non-UN legal and policy instruments have placed increasing emphasis on the role of the UN Military and Police in the MRM.
Endoxifen and fulvestrant regulate estrogen-receptor α and related DEADbox proteins
Authors: Asberger Jasmin , Erbes Thalia , Jaeger Markus , Rücker Gerta , Nöthling Claudia , Ritter Andrea , Berner Kai , Juhasz-Böss Ingolf , Hirschfeld Marc
Published: October 2020

Breast cancer (BC) represents the most common type of cancer in females worldwide. Endocrine therapy evolved as one of the main concepts in treatment of hormone-receptor positive BC. Current research focuses on the elucidation of tumour resistance mechanisms against endocrine therapy. In a translational in vitro approach, potential regulatory effects of clinically implemented BC anti-oestrogens on ERα, its coactivators DDX5, DDX17 and other DEADbox proteins as well as on the proliferation markers cyclin D1 and Ki67 were investigated on both the RNA and protein level. BC in vitro models for hormone-receptor positive (MCF-7, T-47D) and hormone-receptor negative cells (BT-20) were subjected to endocrine therapy. Anti-oestrogen-dependent expression regulation of target genes on the transcriptional and translational level was quantified and statistically assessed. Endocrine therapy decreases the expression levels of Ki67, cyclin D1 and ERα in hormone-receptor positive cells. In the hormone-receptor negative cells, the three parameters remained stable after endocrine therapy. Endoxifen triggers a downregulation of DDX5 and DDX23 in MCF-7 cells. Fulvestrant treatment downregulates the expression levels of all investigated DEADbox proteins in MCF-7 cells. In T-47D cells, endoxifen and fulvestrant lead to a decrease of all target gene expression levels. Interestingly, endocrine therapy affects DEADbox RNA expression levels in BT-20 cells, too. However, this result could only be confirmed for DDX1, immunocytologically. The investigated DEADbox proteins appear to correlate with the oestrogen-dependent tumourigenesis in hormone-receptor positive BC and show expression alterations after endocrine treatment.
EXPLORING THE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE RUMEN MICROBIOTA AND ITS FIBROLYTIC POTENTIAL IN CROSSBRED CATTLE FED ON FIBROUS DIET THROUGH METATRANSCRIPTOMICS
Authors: Malik P K , V Lyju Jose , More Ravi P , Kolte A P , Trivedi S , Arun A Sha , Thirumalaisamy G , Bhatta R
Published: October 2020

The rumen wharves conglomerate of symbiotic fibrolytic microflora with the potential to produce repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes to elicit the degradation of recalcitrant plant lignocellulosic complex into simpler forms that can be utilized by the host. A metatranscriptomics approach was adopted to explore the metabolically active microbiota and the transcripts involved in the deconstruction of lignocellulose in Indian crossbred cattle rumen. The experimental animals were fed with mixed diet for a period of twenty-one days and the total RNA was isolated from the rumen digesta using a modified total RNA extraction protocol. After mRNA enrichment, the cDNA libraries were subjected to sequencing under Illumina HiSeq platform and generated about 2.89 GB of raw sequences. The contig assembly was accomplished using two different tools and the redundant sequences were removed before further processing. A total of 133,930 orfs were predicted from the assembled contigs using MetaGeneMark tool and the taxonomic affiliation of orfs were achieved using MEGAN 6.0 Community Edition. A total of 17 bacterial, 5 eukaryotic and 1 archaeal phylum were identified from rumen metatranscriptomic dataset. Phylum Bacteroidetes were acknowledged as the most abundant and metabolically active rumen bacterial populations in cattle rumen with 36,414 orfs corresponding to it, followed by Firmicutes with 6,349 orfs. Further, MEGAN annotation of metatranscriptomic data at species level revealed that Prevotella brevis and Prevotella ruminicola as the most metabolically active bacterial populations representing 4,022 and 2,725 orfs each. The functional annotation of metatranscriptomic data using COG database revealed that a large number of transcripts (~16%) were corresponding to translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis and carbohydrate transport and metabolism (15%). dbCAN annotation of rumen metatranscriptomic data identified and classified 5,267 transcripts belonging to 168 CAZyme families (GH-52%, GT-26%, CBM-14%, CE-6%, PL-2% and AA-0%). The microbial community analysis of the CAZyme encoding transcripts using M5NR database revealed that a significant proportion of CAZymes were contributed by genera Prevotella (37%) and Bacteroides (21%). The cattle rumen microbiome metatranscriptome analysis presented in this study facilitated the detection of large number of transcripts encoding diverse CAZymes that actively take part in the hydrolysis of plant lignocellulose complex that may be useful for improving livestock and biofuel generation.
Development and validation of a rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of fenofibric acid in human plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of fenofibrate tablet in Chinese subjects
Authors: Wu Xiaorong , Wang Yankai , Liang Binbin , Wu Honghai , Wu Liying , Song Jing , Liu Jianfang
Published: October 2020

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was developed to determine the fenofibric acid (FA) in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study of fenofibrate tablet (Lipanthyl® supra, 160 mg) on Chinese subjects which had not been reported. Bezafibrate was used as an internal standard (IS), and the plasma samples were precipitated by methanol. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantitatively analyzed FA m/z 317.2 → 230.7 and the IS m/z 360.0 → 274.0 in the electrospray ionization (ESI) negative interface. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 50–30,000  ng/mL (r2  ≥  0.996). The intra-day and inter-day precision (coefficient of variation, CV%) was less than 2.7 and 2.5%, respectively. The accuracy (relative error, RE%) ranged from −4.5 to 6.9%. The average recovery was higher than 86.2%, and the matrix effect was between 95.32 and 110.55%. The simple, rapid, and selectivity method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of fenofibrate tablets on Chinese subjects.
Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Single-Cell Oils to Hydrocarbon Fuels
Authors: Kruger Jacob S. , Knoshaug Eric P. , Dong Tao , Hull Tobias C. , Pienkos Philip T.
Published: October 2020

Microbial lipids hold great promise as biofuel precursors, and research efforts to convert such lipids to renewable diesel fuels have been increasing in recent years. In contrast to the numerous literature reviews on growing, characterising and extracting lipids from oleaginous microbes, and on converting vegetable oils to hydrocarbon fuels, this review aims to provide insight into aspects that are specific to hydroprocessing microbial lipids. While standard hydrotreating catalysts generally perform well with terrestrial oils, differences in lipid speciation and the presence of co-extracted compounds, such as chlorophyll and sterols, introduce additional complexities into the process for microbial lipids. Lipid cleanup steps can be introduced to produce suitable feedstocks for catalytic upgrading.
The use of assistive technology in classroom activities for learners with motor impairments at a special school in South Africa
Authors: Visser Marieta , Nel Mariette , De Klerk Melissa , Ganzevoort Annique , Hubble Caroline , Liebenberg Almaré , Snyman Marié , Young Megan
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Participation in education is the right of every child, regardless of disability. An Assistive Technology and InclusionProgramme, implemented at a special school, has provided learners with motor impairments with an alternative to typical writing andother classroom activities in which they cannot participate. This study aimed to describe how learners with motor impairments useassistive technology to participate in classroom activities at a special school in South Africa.Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study was conducted with 34 learners enrolled in this programme. The children were observedperforming a pre-determined activity using assistive technology. An observational checklist was compiled from the literature and relevantschool activities. Video recordings of each learner's performance were used to score the checklist.Results: Activity performance was assessed according to the learner's ability to use assistive technology, their need for assistance,quality of performance and speed of performance. Most learners were able to perform all the activities with some verbal and physicalassistance, cutting and erasing required the most assistance but the ability to use the assistive technology (>90%) and quality ofperformance (>85%) achieved high scores. The median time to complete the activity varied from 5 to 66 seconds.Conclusion: This study yielded descriptive evidence on learners with motor impairments' successful use of assistive technology whenparticipating in school activities, and reinforced the importance of an occupational therapy Assistive Technology and Inclusion Programmein the classroom. Further context-based evidence is required to improve the expansion and sustainability of such programmes.Key words: Occupational therapy; assistive technology; motor impairments; school activities; participation; South African special schools
Return to Work for People with Hand Injuries: Strategies and Barriers
Authors: Uys Michelle Elizabeth , Buchanan Helen , Van Niekerk Lana
Published: October 2020

Introduction: The socio-economic burden of a hand injury in South Africa is substantial, particularly for manual labourers whose job tasks are physically demanding and require hand function. Barriers to participation in work occur on an economic, social and level, as well as on a therapist and client-specific level.Aim: This study aimed to identify the strategies and barriers encountered by occupational therapists in work-related transitions after a serious hand injury.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilised. A questionnaire was developed for the study through a rigorous developmentdevelopment process that included piloting. The final instrument was disseminated as an online questionnaire to occupational therapists working within the field of return-to-work and hand injuries. As no data were available on the number of occupational therapists working within this field, convenience sampling was used with snowballing as a strategy to increase the number of possible respondents. Data were exported into Microsoft Excel and descriptive analyses were conducted.Results: Forty three occupational therapists completed the questionnaire. Respondents mostly focused on treating components of function (100%), addressing activities of daily living (97.67%) and issuing home programmes (97.67%) as direct intervention strategies to facilitate work-related transitions. One of the least used strategies was issuing assistive devices for work (30.23%).  The least used work-specific strategies included conducting worksite visits, observing clients (or proxies) completing work tasks in the workplace and implementing work trials.  Financial support and compensation were viewed as both an asset and a barrier.Conclusion: Without knowledge about the representability of the study sample, the results of this study cannot be generalised.However, the therapists who responded to the questionnaire were offering a range of strategies to address work-related transitions for people with serious hand injuries, despite the numerous barriers that exist.
SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICATED CHEWING GUM PRODUCTION
Authors: Blynskaya E. V. , Tishkov S. V. , Alekseev K. V. , Bueva V. V. , Ivanov A. A.
Published: October 2020

Chewing gum medicines are solid dosage forms intended for chewing for a certain period of time without subsequent ingestion to provide local and systemic effects. This article describes the basic technologies for producing chewing gum medicinal products, analyzes and compares the technological aspects of production. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the various technologies used, the features of the use in pharmaceutical technology, as well as additional technological methods for creating modifications of the release of drugs from chewing gum medicinal gums are given. It is concluded that the application of various technologies for the production of chewing gums and the methods for improving individual stages of the process are promising.