bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio
Published: January 2024

The industrial world is facing the economic consequences of the exhaustion of the Globalization Age (GA), largely due to endogenous reasons. The arrival of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine have furtherly challenged, in turn, the mutual confidence among the various players of global value chains, pushing the world into rising uncertainty. A major point here lies in the fact that the unfolding of the GA was driven by the idea that at a geopolitical level the world had become fundamentally an unipolar entity (led by the US), so that the possibility for a cross-country conflict at the political level was to be considered as having been overcome, once and for all, by the sheer strength of market forces. As far as the so-called ‘End of History’ has been blatantly disproved, the US has de facto abandoned the logic of multilateralism and free trade and has started playing instead a strong role in enhancing through their trade policy the trend towards de-globalization. As a consequence, as far as policy has now taken the scene in driving global changes, the economic determinants of development have been correspondingly weakening.
The policy gap in the information environment
Authors: Thorson Emily
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces three types of policy information: policy-outcome (about the outcomes of policies), policy-potential (about possible future policies), and policy-current information (about existing policies). Drawing on content analyses, the chapter argues that the media systematically ignore policy-current information. This tendency is the product of several systematic biases in news coverage. The focus on strategy frames leads journalists to prioritize how policy changes affect electoral outcomes, novelty bias leads them to focus on policy change rather than providing critical background information, and the “curse of knowledge” makes it difficult to them to comprehend the wide gaps in public understanding of basic policy facts.
The Existence Puzzles
Authors: Roberts M.A.
Published: January 2024

This book introduces newcomers to population ethics, a relatively new branch of moral philosophy that asks how moral law addresses distinctions in how many people, and just who, will exist in the future. This book also proposes a new way of thinking about the hard cases that population ethics is so widely known for. An intuitive first pass at what moral law has to say about the choice to bring new people into existence to begin with comes from Narveson. We are “in favour of making people happy” (we can call that the basic maximizing intuition) but are “neutral about making happy people” (the basic existential intuition). Ever since population ethics started attracting intense interest just a few decades ago, the dominant narrative has been that the two intuitions exist in high tension—that they are indeed inconsistent—and that, as between the two, it is the basic existential intuition that must go. That unfortunate conclusion ties our hands both in addressing climate change and establishing the moral permissibility of and constitutional right to contraception and earlier abortion. Moreover, it demands grave sacrifices on the part of many people in exchange for the bare chance to avoid human extinction indefinitely. This book takes a different tack. It considers hard cases to generate, not counterexamples disproving the basic existential intuition, but puzzles we can solve by application of the puzzle-solving rules we all understand: fitting the pieces together without throwing any of them out and within the confines of conceptual necessity.
Fluent Circulation
Authors: McDaniel Byrd
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 explores a community of creators on lip-syncing apps, primarily focusing on a relationship among musical.ly, TikTok, and YouTube. Lip-syncing videos stage the act of music reception, as people flaunt their fluency in musical styles and idioms. This chapter offers the concept of fluent circulation as a construct for exploring these performances, in order to weave together a wide range of official and less-conventional languages (e.g., English, Spanish, American Sign Language, dance, gestures, air guitar, hashtags, social-media conventions, and editing techniques). All of these fluencies represent various types of knowledge that are made visible and audible through digital practices, in a way that holds a community together. This chapter demonstrates how these fluencies can transcend individual platforms, enabling a style of popular-media transmission that can create continuity for ever-changing digital subcultures.
Interests and Identities
Authors: Cinalli Manlio
Published: January 2024

Citizenship creates a problem of collective action. In rejecting kinship-like criteria as the basis for rule and membership, citizenship raises the question on what basis can “society” be shaped as a shared collectivity? The concept of interest has provided a contractual grounding for linking individuals into a social whole. Identity, alternatively, pointed to cognitive and emotional foundations for anchoring the individual in a collectivity. The concepts of interest and identity mirror the framings of, respectively, demos and ethnos. In the nation-state, the ethnos of nationalism has been the basis of describing the collective identity. While citizenship has served the role of defining rights and membership, its transformative role in making the individual part of a collective civic identity is less evident. Citizenship has not been the basis for invoking the sense of a collective, emotionally felt identity. Arriving at a “collectively felt” civic identity is key for repairing democracies.
From Borders to Seams
Authors: Cinalli Manlio
Published: January 2024

Geographic borders and social boundaries generate an ongoing interrogation about who belongs in the ingroup and who should be excluded. Unlike borders and boundaries, the concept of “seams” recognizes, in civic contexts, the mutual dependence and opposition of connected parties. Civic life, in its authentic sense, is “seamed”—it is not about a priori, “fixed” attributions of sex, race, or caste. Seams, in the sartorial metaphor, are both a line of delineation and of suturing. In the context of extraordinary global flows, transnational identities, dual citizenship, and the like (together with counter trends of renewed nationalism), this chapter re-conceptualizes borders to account for changes on the ground. In contexts where seams are recognized and facilitated, we move beyond “insiders and outsiders” and toward more scalar understandings of relational ties. We may even get beyond the foregrounding of categories like ethnicity, class, and caste in favor of collective civic projects.
Completing the Third Revolution?
Authors: Cinalli Manlio
Published: January 2024

This book proposes a paradigmatic shift in the approach to citizenship, showing a way forward for reinvigorating democracies. Such a shift demands a more holistic framing of citizenship, pivoting from the nation-state lens to that of a civic polity—a civitas. Citizenship is more than rights and membership. It is about civically embedded sets of ongoing acts. Citizenship, its underlying grammar, induces a fluent interaction between rights and participation in social and political life. It unifies the “politics of consent” and the “politics of rights.” Rather than reducing individuals to a singular demographic category, citizenship opens the civic, relational possibilities by recognizing the multivalent quality of individuals. That makes possible the emergence of more authentic civic collectivities, rather than defaulting to the ethnos, domestically or nationally. Institutionally, how rights are structured to encourage such a civic process is critical. The twenty-first century guild is one, core response.
Introduction
Authors: Nyman John A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents the conventional theory of insurance and gambling and introduces the alternative quid pro quo theory. It then discusses a number of preliminary issues—whether to use income or wealth as the argument of the utility function, whether to view the gain from either insurance or gambling as additional income or additional consumption, whether to include all insurance and all gambling under the theory or to constrain the theory to apply to only certain types, whether to base the theory on a single utility function or on functions that are state-dependent, whether to use the term “risk” or the term “uncertainty”—and presents the justifications for each decision. The chapter ends with an overview of the content of the remaining nine chapters.
Demand for Gambling
Authors: Nyman John A.
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, the quid pro quo theory of gambling is presented as the demand for an expected income transfer that is work-free. The theoretical literature on the utility and disutility of labor is explored next. The variability of the demand for gambling is explained by alternative ways in which the consumer could view the opportunity cost of the wager and by alternative consumer expectations regarding the consumption value of the gambling income winnings. This section also reviews the empirical evidence supporting these sources of gambling variation. A number of additional sections cover a variety of topics: two complications of the theory, a review of the conventional theory of the demand for gambling for comparison, the insurance-purchasing gambler, the entertainment theory of the demand for gambling, lotteries as an exception to the quid pro quo theory, and the implications of gambling theory for the demand for insurance.
Empirical Evidence for Gambling
Authors: Nyman John A.
Published: January 2024

This wide-ranging chapter first considers the problems with the attempts to explain the demand for gambling with the curvature of the utility function and with the explanations based on the insurance-purchasing gambler. It then reviews the empirical evidence suggesting that the implied context for a consumer’s gambling decision is the workplace. The demand for gambles is re-presented next using a modified prospect theory diagram. The chapter suggests that research on risk preferences may have been biased through mental accounting and that such accounting might explain the phenomenon of preference reversals. Next, it reviews the empirical studies that attempt to determine the motivation for recreational gambling, and those that show that entertainment is dependent on the ability of the gambling game to generate additional income. It also considers the studies of a welfare gain from gambling. An appendix reconsiders one of the alternative motivations for gambling: the gambler’s fallacy.
The Insurance-Purchasing Gambler
Authors: Nyman John A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter reviews some of the standard explanations of the insurance-purchasing gambler. These explanations, and others that are less well-known, are all versions of the conventional theory because they all accept the assumption that consumers are generally averse to risk, as captured by a utility function that is increasing at a decreasing rate. Because of that, consumers should purchase insurance but not gamble. Accepting risk aversion as a premise for their models, authors of these explanations then propose various reasons why consumers might overcome this natural tendency to avoid risk, and gamble. In contrast, the quid pro quo theory suggests that those who purchase insurance and gamble simultaneously have different goals, unrelated to risk preferences. Thus, there is no puzzle to explain with the quid pro quo theory.
When Left Moves Right
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

Over the past two decades, postcommunist countries have witnessed a sudden shift in the electoral fortunes of their political parties: previously successful center-left parties suffered dramatic electoral defeats, while right-wing populist parties soared in popularity. This dynamic echoed similar processes in Western Europe and raises a question: Were these dynamics in any way connected? This book argues that they were. And that the root of the connection between them lies in the pro-market rebranding of the ex-communist left. This book demonstrates that, though the left’s pro-market shift initially led to electoral rewards, it had a less straightforward impact on left-wing parties’ electoral fortunes in the long run. Traditional supporters of the left (working-class and economically vulnerable groups) were alienated by the new economic policies, and the middle-class voters newly drawn to these parties did not compensate for those losses. As a result, several electoral rounds following the rebranding, reformist parties on the left suffered electoral defeats. In response, right-wing parties in their respective countries adopted more redistributive economic platforms consistent with preferences of former supporters of the left and incorporated sizable shares of these electorates. The book traces this process in postcommunist Europe. It argues that scholars should incorporate the economic policy dimension when explaining the demise of the left and the rise of the populist right in the region. It also examines important parallels between the dynamics of Western and postcommunist countries by arguing that the idiosyncrasy of Eastern European politics has been overstated in the scholarly literature.
What Happens when Left Moves Right?
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

The introductory chapter overviews the rise of right-wing populism in Europe and introduces the main puzzle. It outlines the problem of rising right-wing populism in Europe, showing the parallel processes of decline of the center-left parties and the rise of the populist right parties in the East and in the West. This chapter also introduces key theoretical concepts and explains the book’s regional focus on postcommunist countries, a region that is undertheorized in comparative literature. The region’s party system dynamic is often conceptualized as fluid and unstable—and essentially different from Western European systems. However, popular idiosyncratic explanations for the success of populist right parties in postcommunist Europe do not provide a convincing explanation for this phenomenon.
When Left Moves Right, Right Wins
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 reviews the cases of Hungary and Poland, where the ex-communist left rebranded itself as more centrist. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of how these left parties’ choices dealigned working-class electorates from left parties, and subsequently helped populist right parties incorporate those electorates into their constituencies. This chapter, which combines qualitative analysis with individual-level observational data, also focuses on a quantitative examination of the party dealignment process in Poland and Hungary. Using survey evidence, the chapter demonstrates that in the aftermath of rebranding blue-collar constituencies consistently reduced their support for center-left parties in these two countries while gradually embracing the populist right. It also shows that the sharpest decline in blue-collar support for the left parties in both countries was associated with the timing of the implementation of austerity reforms.
When Left Stays Left, Right Stays Small
Authors: Snegovaya Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the experiences of two Visegrád countries where some leftist parties remained faithful to their traditional economic positions, retained the support of their traditional constituencies, and curtailed the rise of populist right parties. The chapter opens with the case of the Czech Republic. The Czech Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia—a left party that preserved traditional leftist economic policy positions—succeeded in implementing pro-labor policies in alliance with the Czech Social Democratic Party. This helped to keep Czech blue-collar voters on the left side of the political spectrum and limited the populist right’s growth throughout the analyzed period. The chapter also examines Slovakia, where one left party, the Party of the Democratic Left (SDĽ), took part in neoliberal economic reforms during EU accession, while Smer, another leftist party, did not. The SDĽ lost its supporters and disappeared, while Smer was able to attract the support of economically vulnerable voters and limited the share of electorates available for mobilization by the populist right.
Time Regained
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim
Published: January 2024

This book is the first volume of a two part project articulating a new approach to the analysis of time in modern physical theory. Our particular concern is with the Problem of Time as it occurs in theories which feature dynamical laws that are invariant under time reparametrization symmetries. The class of such theories includes both simple mechanical theories and the general theory of relativity, and prospective theories of quantum gravity. Our goal is to provide a solution to the problem of time such that determinate time ordering structure can be reconciled with reparametrization symmetry. The present volume is focused on the context of classical mechanical theory within analytical formulations. This restricted context will allow us to develop a new framework for the analysis of symmetry and structure in physical theory and provide a fully general and explicit resolution of the classical mechanical problem of time.
Conclusion
Authors: Mahtani Anna
Published: January 2024

This short chapter gives a brief summary of the message that a user of the credence framework should take away from this book. Firstly, credence claims are opaque. When we consider the credences that an agent has about some person or object, it matters how that person or object is designated. Secondly, this simple tenet has wide-ranging and important implications for users of the credence framework—for the reflection and deference principles, for the Principal Principle, for decision theory, and for various views in welfare economics. Thirdly, there is no easy way for the underlying framework to accommodate the tenet that credence claims are opaque. The hope is that the credence framework will continue to be used, but with an awareness of the issues raised in this book.
Morphosyntactic alignment
Authors: Meyer Robin
Published: January 2024

The Classical Armenian periphrastic perfect, unlike the synthetic tenses, does not construe along nominative-accusative lines; instead of the nominative, the agent of transitive verbs is most commonly expressed by the genitive, and there is no copula agreement. This construction has given rise to a number of different explanations over the course of the 20th century: Meillet proposed an originally nominal construction, Benveniste an analogy to ‘have’-perfects in other Indo-European languages. Other suggestions include prototypical genitive agents, Caucasian influence, and analogical change. This chapter reviews and rejects these previous explanations systematically and in detail. In their stead, it proposes that, given the established contact relationship with Parthian, a closer investigation of their alignment patterns will also shed light on the origin of the Armenian construction.
Introspective Access and Introspective Method
Authors: Spener Maja
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter sets out the central distinction between two notions of introspection - introspective access and introspective method. Introspective access concerns a type of first-personal mental capacity, which comes in at least three modes (inner attention, retrospection, and inner apprehension). Introspective method concerns a type of inquiry involving the deployment of some mode of introspective access. This distinction provides the basis for a framework to address the question about the reliability of introspection (i.e. when and whether we can trust its deliverances as well as how to calibrate it). The framework shows that this general question fragments into more specific ones about the epistemic potential of different modes of introspective access on a given occasion of deployment. These more specific reliability questions are independent of each other and are more tractable than the general one.
The Ethics of Privacy and Surveillance
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

Human beings need privacy just as much as they need community. Our need for socialization brings with it risks and burdens which in turn give rise to the need for spaces and time away from others. Privacy matters because it shields us from abuses of power. It is the blindfold of justice that ensures impartiality; it fosters autonomy, equality, and freedom. This book is intended to contribute to a better understanding of privacy from a philosophical point of view—what it is, what is at stake in its loss, and how it relates to other rights and values. It covers the genealogy and definition of privacy, the epistemology of privacy, the relationship between privacy and the public sphere, the balance between privacy and surveillance, a comprehensive theory of privacy and the right to privacy, and some reflections about privacy in the twenty-first century. The five parts that compose this book respond to five basic questions about privacy: Where does privacy come from? What is privacy? Why does privacy matter? What should we do about privacy? Where are we now?
Visions of Cannabis Control
Authors: Heidt Jon , Wheeldon Johannes
Published: January 2024

Visions of Cannabis Control documents the history of cannabis policy and the role of racism, labelling, and stigmatization. The book argues that these problems stem from the failure to properly frame cannabis prohibition as the result of moral panics that have been instigated, perpetuated, and sustained in ways that are difficult to dislodge. Stan Cohen argued that reforms designed to replace carceral tendencies within correctional institutions often extend such approaches into our communities. The idea that criminal justice reforms often reproduce what they were intended to disrupt is depressing and provocative. It remains relevant to the cannabis revolution currently underway around the world. Racial disparities in arrests persist, exacerbated by laws that make it legal to possess cannabis but illegal to consume it anywhere but in your home. Too often, cannabis liberalization comes at the cost of expanding paternalistic public health models and abstention-based diversion programs. Finally, the goal of dismantling and disrupting illicit markets has been undermined by onerous regulations, anemic marketing efforts, and the failure to promote consumer-centered approaches. Emphasizing public health goals ahead of market conditions complicates legal cannabis as an industry. To understand the future of cannabis policy, Visions of Cannabis Control examines the experience of six countries and several US states through the lens of criminological theory, recent research, and practice. The book presents several options to guide responsible regulation from extensive research and practice, finally concluding that sustaining reform will require ensuring those affected by cannabis policies are consulted, respected, and included.
Cannabis, Criminology, and Visions of Control
Authors: Heidt Jon , Wheeldon Johannes
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces cannabis as a case study in legal, moral, and cultural renegotiation. For a century, prohibition has shaped the criminological enterprise in North America and worldwide. In the past decade, jurisdictions have explored and established new regimes established in law and policy to regulate cannabis. However, challenges remain. We introduce some fundamental problems at the intersection of theory and practice. These include racial disparities in cannabis enforcement and the rise in cannabis diversion programs and mandated treatment. Difficulties dismantling illicit markets within jurisdictions that have legalized cannabis have also emerged. We frame these problems based on the work of Stan Cohen. He argued that criminal justice reforms often reproduce what they were intended to disrupt because they fail to understand the nature of the obstacles, making them difficult to dislodge. The chapter concludes by assessing different rights-based frameworks to guide future cannabis reform and outlining the book’s organization.
Cannabis, Culture, and Pragmatic Criminology
Authors: Heidt Jon , Wheeldon Johannes
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, we argue cannabis reform requires renegotiating cannabis culture in ways that confront stigma, further responsible consumption, and ensure legal cannabis can be sustained. This means revisiting concepts introduced in previous chapters, such as tolerance, aversion, harm reduction, and benefit maximization. Next, we apply work on multi-level stigma to cannabis laws, policies, and practices and consider how expanding social control impacts criminology. Finally, we introduce pragmatism to connect participatory approaches to policymaking. We conclude by considering the similarities and differences between Jurgen Habermas and Richard Rorty on deliberative democracy and addressing the prescient warnings of Stanley Cohen. Finally, we argue the future of cannabis research must privilege the views of people who use it.
Should Moral Error Theorists Make Do with Make-Believe?
Authors: Isserow Jessica
Published: January 2024

According to moral fictionalists, moral error theorists ought to preserve moral discourse in the spirit of a useful fiction. Moral fictionalists make two key promises: that adopting fictionalist attitudes like make-believe will (i) secure many of the practical benefits of our error-ridden moral practices and (ii) help us to avoid the epistemic costs of preserving our erroneous moral beliefs. Olson (2014) identifies a tension here: any efforts to keep the first promise will compromise the fictionalist’s ability to keep the second, and vice versa. The author of this chapter argues that the epistemic promise isn’t in jeopardy. However, she also argues that a proper appreciation of why the fictionalist can make good on her epistemic promise casts doubt upon whether she really can make good on her practical one. Make-believe is sufficiently distinct from belief to immunize fictionalists from any illicit moral believing, but arguably too distinct to secure the benefits of moral believing.
Moral Fictionalism and Misleading Analogies
Authors: Jaquet François
Published: January 2024

In a central variant, moral fictionalism is the view that we should replace moral belief with make-believe: that is, be disposed to accept some moral propositions in everyday contexts and to reject all such propositions in more critical circumstances. It is said by its opponents to face three significant problems: in contrast with a real morality, a fictional morality would not allow for deductive inferences; moral make-believe would lack the motivational force that is typical of moral belief; and moral make-believers could not genuinely disagree with one another about ethical matters nor, consequently, articulate their practical conflicts in moral terms. This chapter argues that all three objections rest on a misconception of the kind of attitudes recommended by fictionalism. Once misleading analogies are dismissed and the nature of moral make-believe is clarified, it becomes clear that a fictional morality would preserve deductive inference, moral motivation, and ethical disagreement.
UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: January 2024

This chapter sets out the impact of the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement on the four components of the Northern Ireland constitution: the principle of consent, devolved government, the North–South and the East–West dimensions. Findings can be summarised as follows: (1) the Protocol established the EU as a ‘protector’ of the 1998 Agreement; (2) the ‘democratic consent mechanism’ represents a new formulation of the principle of consent; (3) by not requiring oversight from Strand One institutions the arrangements for implementing the Protocol strengthened UK Government executive powers vis-à-vis devolved government powers in a manner beyond the balance envisaged in the 1998 Agreement; (4) the Protocol privileged Strand Two by creating new legal protections for North–South cooperation in respect to cross-border trade in goods while also incentivising deeper North–South cooperation in areas not covered in the Protocol text; (5) Brexit motivated renewed engagement with Strand Three institutions, resulted in some legal clarification of bilateral UK–Ireland relations and catalysed new use of the term and concept of ‘East–West’.
Languages and Communities in Late Antique and Early Medieval North Africa
Authors: Conant Jonathan P.
Published: January 2024

The linguistic situation in western North Africa in the late antique and early medieval period was complex. In addition to autochthonous Amazigh (or ‘Berber’) languages, long-term histories of colonialism, imperialism, and overseas settlement had established Punic, Latin, and in some places Greek as important regional idioms. Between the fifth and eighth centuries, Vandal, Byzantine, Amazigh, and Arab conquests further reconfigured local linguistic landscapes, though language change in later Roman and post-imperial North Africa played out slowly over the course of centuries. Regional language use was fundamentally pragmatic. It could be a product of multiple factors, including region, class, occupation, and, with time, religion. Particularly important, however, was the association of certain languages with practical power, social advancement, and the control of wealth and property. Such an association was not the inevitable result of conquest, even when members of a new ruling class spoke a language other than that of the majority of their subjects. Nor were the associations of languages with power felt uniformly across the expansive landscape of western North Africa. Rather, such associations were always negotiations, worked out between multiple actors, including ordinary Africans as well as rulers and elites.
Registers of Latin in Gaul from the Fifth to the Seventh Century
Authors: Wood Ian
Published: January 2024

Despite the fact that language moved further and further from classical norms, writers in sixth- and seventh-century Gaul continued to show an awareness of the appropriate use of different registers in writing Latin, employing a more florid style for some audiences than for others. This is apparent in the composition of sermons and letters, as can be seen most obviously in the writings of Avitus of Vienne, but also in the letters written in the seventh century, as well as in the works of Gregory of Tours, and in hagiographical works, where the preface is often more rhetorical than the ensuing narrative.
A Critical Afterword
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores some of the implications of the work presented in the chapters in this volume. The aim of the volume was to bridge the gap between linguists and historians in thinking about the social dimensions of language in the later-Roman and post-imperial West and the story of Latinization. In practice, while useful conversations can take place, the highly detailed and technical approach of linguists is difficult to integrate with broader wide-ranging historical approaches. This afterword argues that historians and linguists have much to learn from each other, but at the same time they should develop a better understanding of the different methodologies involved in the various kinds of work being undertaken.
Crises and Integration in European Banking Union
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: January 2024

This book develops a theory of which crises are most likely to produce substantially deeper European integration based on the interaction of two dimensions of a crisis: the severity of the threat to the existing status quo and the origin of the crisis either within or outside of the sector of interest. In order to produce truly fundamental reform, a crisis must both be severe enough that reform is undeniably necessary and have originated within the sector of interest, such that reform could plausibly prevent future recurrences of the crisis. The theory is tested by examining the relative impact of a series of crises on the centralization of European banking regulation in the twenty-first century, and in particular on efforts to complete a European banking and capital markets union. It looks in turn at the 2007–09 Banking Crisis, the 2010–14 Debt Crisis, the 2016 Brexit Crisis, and the 2020–21 COVID Pandemic. In brief, Brexit, a moderate exogenous crisis, produced no notable reform, while both the moderate endogenous 2007–09 Banking Crisis and the severe exogenous COVID-19 Pandemic produced modest reforms, in form of the creation of the European Banking Authority and an accelerated timeline for using the European Stability Mechanism to backstop funding of bank resolution respectively. Only the severe endogenous 2010–14 Debt Crisis produced the substantial reform out of crisis envisioned by scholars and practitioners, by moving regulation and resolution of the largest Eurozone banks to the newly created Single Supervisory Mechanism and Single Resolution Mechanism.
Anthropomorphizing AI in centaur teaming
Authors: Johnson James
Published: January 2024

How does anthropomorphizing AI affect human–machine collaboration in hybrid military operations? Chapter 2 turns to the problem of anthropomorphic tendencies in AI. It argues that until AI surpasses human intelligence, anthropomorphism will play a critical role in human–machine interactions in tactical operations, which depend on fast, cognitively parsimonious, and efficacious communication. Thus, understanding the various (social and cognitive) psychological mechanisms that undergird AI-anthropomorphism is crucial in determining the potential impact of military human-machine interactions. While the limitations of AI technology in human–machine interaction are well known, how the spontaneous tendency to anthropomorphize AI agents might affect the psychological (cognitive/behavioral) and motivational aspects of hybrid military operations have garnered far less attention. How does anthropomorphizing AI affect human–machine collaboration in hybrid military operations? This chapter identifies some potential epistemological, ontological, normative, and ethical consequences of humanizing algorithms—that is, the use of anthropomorphic language and discourse—for the conduct of war. It also considers the possible impact of the AI-anthropomorphism phenomenon on the inverse process of dehumanization.
Brinkmanship in algorithmic warfare
Authors: Johnson James
Published: January 2024

How might AI-enabled warfare effect human psychology during nuclear crises? Chapter 4 evokes Thomas Schelling’s theory of “threat that leaves something to chance” to consider how states can credibly signal resolve and compete under the shadow of a nuclear war. Schelling’s theory provides insight into how and why state actors may seek to manipulate risk to achieve competitive advantage in bargaining situations and how this contest of nerves, resolve, and credibility can lead states to stumble inadvertently into war. How might the dynamics of the age of AI affect Schelling’s theory? The chapter explores the implications of Schelling’s insights on crisis stability between nuclear-armed rivals in the age of AI-enabling technology and contextualizes them within the broader information ecosystem. It engages with interdisciplinary human psychology, behavioral science, and anthropological studies, offering fresh perspectives and insights on the “AI-nuclear dilemma”—the intersection of technological change, strategic thinking, and nuclear risk. The chapter concludes that the risks of nuclear-armed states leveraging Schelling’s “something to chance” in the digital era obviate any potential bargaining benefits in brinkmanship.
Definition and Dispute
Authors: Ball Derek
Published: January 2024

Many of our deepest disagreements turn on matters of definition. Philosophers discuss the definitions of knowledge, art, truth, and freedom, and social and political questions about personhood, health and disease, marriage and gender are also commonly thought of as turning in part on definitions. This book contributes to our understanding of how we engage with questions and disagreements of this kind. It argues that disputes about matters of definition are not just about the meanings of words or our concepts, and they do not typically involve change of meaning. Instead, it develops a conception of definition on which engaging in an investigation or a discussion helps determine the meanings of our words without changing them; what is determined is the meaning our words had all along. This temporal externalist view—that what happens at the end of our investigation or discussion can play a role in determining what we meant and thought throughout—puts us in a position to see why typical ways we engage with questions of definition make sense, and are not confused or in need of revision. The book develops this style of view in unprecedented detail and shows how it helps make sense not only of definitional disputes, but also of disagreements about matters of taste (such as discussions of whether a particular food is delicious, or a certain film is funny.) Its defencse of temporal externalism includes powerful new criticisms of competing philosophical views about verbal dispute, metalinguistic negotiation, inconsistent concepts, conceptual engineering, and relativism.
CRUMPLED LEAF supports plastid OUTER ENVELOPE PROTEIN OF 80 KDA complex formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yoshimura Ryo , Minamikawa Syun , Suzuki Takamasa , Goto Kotaro , Latrasse David , Sicar Sanchari , Raynaud Cécile , Benhamed Moussa , Yoshioka Yasushi
Published: January 2024

Embedded β-barrel proteins in the outer envelope membrane mediate most cellular trafficking between the cytoplasm and plastids. Although the TRANSLOCON AT THE OUTER ENVELOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLASTS 75-V (TOC75-V)/OUTER ENVELOPE PROTEIN OF 80 KDA (OEP80) complex has been implicated in the insertion and assembly of β-barrel proteins in the outer envelope membrane of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts, relatively little is known about this process. CRUMPLED LEAF (CRL) encodes a chloroplast outer envelope membrane-localized protein, and its loss-of-function mutation results in pleiotropic defects, including altered plant morphogenesis, growth retardation, suppression of plastid division, and spontaneous light intensity-dependent localized cell death. A suppressor screen conducted on mutagenized crl mutants revealed that a missense mutation in OEP80 suppresses the pleiotropic defects of crl. Furthermore, we found that OEP80 complex formation is compromised in crl. Additionally, we demonstrated that CRL interacts with OEP80 in vivo and that a portion of CRL is present at the same molecular weight as the OEP80 complex. Our results suggest that CRL interacts with OEP80 to facilitate its complex formation. CRL is involved in plastid protein import; therefore, the pleiotropic defects in crl are likely due to the combined effects of decreased plastid protein import and altered membrane integration of β-barrel proteins in the outer envelope membrane. This study sheds light on the mechanisms that allow β-barrel protein integration into the plastid outer envelope membrane and the importance of this finding for plant cellular processes.
Tandemly duplicated MYB genes are functionally diverged in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean
Authors: Ma Ruirui , Huang Wenxuan , Hu Quan , Tian Guo , An Jie , Fang Ting , Liu Jia , Hou Jingjing , Zhao Meixia , Sun Lianjun
Published: January 2024

Gene duplications have long been recognized as a driving force in the evolution of genes, giving rise to novel functions. The soybean (Glycine max) genome is characterized by a large number of duplicated genes. However, the extent and mechanisms of functional divergence among these duplicated genes in soybean remain poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that 4 MYB genes (GmMYBA5, GmMYBA2, GmMYBA1, and Glyma.09g235000)—presumably generated by tandem duplication specifically in the Phaseoleae lineage—exhibited a stronger purifying selection in soybean compared to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). To gain insights into the diverse functions of these tandemly duplicated MYB genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, we examined the expression, transcriptional activity, induced metabolites, and evolutionary history of these 4 MYB genes. Our data revealed that Glyma.09g235000 is a pseudogene, while the remaining 3 MYB genes exhibit strong transcriptional activation activity, promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis in different soybean tissues. GmMYBA5, GmMYBA2, and GmMYBA1 induced anthocyanin accumulation by upregulating the expression of anthocyanin pathway-related genes. Notably, GmMYBA5 showed a lower capacity for gene induction compared to GmMYBA2 and GmMYBA1. Metabolomics analysis further demonstrated that GmMYBA5 induced distinct anthocyanin accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots compared to GmMYBA2 and GmMYBA1, suggesting their functional divergence leading to the accumulation of different metabolites accumulation following gene duplication. Together, our data provide evidence of functional divergence within the MYB gene cluster following tandem duplication, which sheds light on the potential evolutionary directions of gene duplications during legume evolution.
Valsa mali PR1-like protein modulates an apple valine-glutamine protein to suppress JA signaling-mediated immunity
Authors: Han Pengliang , Wang Chengli , Li Fudong , Li Meilian , Nie Jiajun , Xu Ming , Feng Hao , Xu Liangsheng , Jiang Cong , Guan Qingmei , Huang Lili
Published: January 2024

Apple Valsa canker (AVC) is a devastating disease of apple (Malus × domestica), caused by Valsa mali (Vm). The Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (CAP) superfamily protein PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 1-LIKE PROTEIN c (VmPR1c) plays an important role in the pathogenicity of Vm. However, the mechanisms through which it exerts its virulence function in Vm–apple interactions remain unclear. In this study, we identified an apple valine-glutamine (VQ)-motif-containing protein, MdVQ29, as a VmPR1c target protein. MdVQ29-overexpressing transgenic apple plants showed substantially enhanced AVC resistance as compared with the wild type. MdVQ29 interacted with the transcription factor MdWRKY23, which was further shown to bind to the promoter of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-related gene CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (MdCOI1) and activate its expression to activate the JA signaling pathway. Disease evaluation in lesion areas on infected leaves showed that MdVQ29 positively modulated apple resistance in a MdWRKY23-dependent manner. Furthermore, MdVQ29 promoted the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY23 toward MdCOI1. In addition, VmPR1c suppressed the MdVQ29-enhanced transcriptional activation activity of MdWRKY23 by promoting the degradation of MdVQ29 and inhibiting MdVQ29 expression and the MdVQ29–MdWRKY23 interaction, thereby interfering with the JA signaling pathway and facilitating Vm infection. Overall, our results demonstrate that VmPR1c targets MdVQ29 to manipulate the JA signaling pathway to regulate immunity. Thus, this study provides an important theoretical basis and guidance for mining and utilizing disease-resistance genetic resources for genetically improving apples.
Air pollution benefits from reduced on-road activity due to COVID-19 in the United States
Authors: Arter Calvin A , Buonocore Jonathan J , Isakov Vlad , Pandey Gavendra , Arunachalam Saravanan
Published: January 2024

On-road transportation is one of the largest contributors to air pollution in the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic provided the unintended experiment of reduced on-road emissions’ impacts on air pollution due to lockdowns across the United States. Studies have quantified on-road transportation's impact on fine particulate matter (PM2.5)–attributable and ozone (O3)–attributable adverse health outcomes in the United States, and other studies have quantified air pollution–attributable health outcome reductions due to COVID-19-related lockdowns. We aim to quantify the PM2.5-attributable, O3-attributable, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)–attributable adverse health outcomes from traffic emissions as well as the air pollution benefits due to reduced on-road activity during the pandemic in 2020. We estimate 79,400 (95% CI 46,100–121,000) premature mortalities each year due to on-road-attributable PM2.5, O3, and NO2. We further break down the impacts by pollutant and vehicle types (passenger [PAS] vs. freight [FRT] vehicles). We estimate PAS vehicles to be responsible for 63% of total impacts and FRT vehicles 37%. Nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions from these vehicles are responsible for 78% of total impacts as it is a precursor for PM2.5 and O3. Utilizing annual vehicle miles traveled reductions in 2020, we estimate that 9,300 (5,500–14,000) deaths from air pollution were avoided in 2020 due to the state-specific reductions in on-road activity across the continental United States. By quantifying the air pollution public health benefits from lockdown-related reductions in on-road emissions, the results from this study stress the need for continued emission mitigation policies, like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) recently proposed NOX standards for heavy-duty vehicles, to mitigate on-road transportation's public health impact.
Time to exercise caution? Project CARA and out-of-court responses to domestic abuse
Authors: Myhill Andy , Bartlett Andy
Published: January 2024

Domestic abuse (DA) is a high-volume area of police work and the utility of criminal justice intervention has been questioned, especially in relation to cases perceived as low risk. This paper initiates debate on conditional cautions being used by some police forces as an alternative to a criminal charge. We highlight limitations of existing evaluations of the Cautioning Adult Relationship Abuse (CARA) intervention and potential unintended consequences of wider roll-out that remain untested. We suggest continuing to grow the evidence-base for behaviour change while addressing issues around implementation, with a greater emphasis on controlling and coercive behaviour.
An investigation of 60Co gamma radiation induced damage in N-channel MOSFETS at cryogenic temperature
Authors: Anjum Arshiya , Muddubasavanna Darshan , Nagaraj Pushpa , Akkanagowda Patel Gnana Prakash
Published: January 2024

N-channel depletion metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) were irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation in the dose range of 100 krad to 6 Mrad at cryogenic (77 K) and room temperatures (300 K). The MOS devices irradiated at 77 K and 300 K were characterized at 77 K and 300 K respectively. The different electrical parameters of MOSFET such as threshold voltage (Vth), density of interface trapped charges (ΔNit), density of oxide trapped charges (ΔNot) and mobility of the charge carriers (μ) were studied as a function of total dose. A considerable increase in ΔNit and ΔNot and decrease in Vth was observed after irradiation. The 77 K irradiation results were then compared with 300 K irradiation results and found that the degradation in the electrical characteristics is more for the devices irradiated at 300 K.