bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A synaptocentric view of the neuroendocrine response to stress
Authors: Wamsteeker Jaclyn I. , Bains Jaideep S.
Published: December 2010

The essential role of parvocellular neuroendocrine cells (PNCs) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is to translate real or perceived challenges into a comprehensive glucocorticoid (GC) hormone response. Synaptic inputs encoding physical and psychological stress engage the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) by increasing PNC activity, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone production and release. Following robust recruitment in response to stress, GCs feedback to dampen PNC responses. Here we review the contributions of glutamate and GABA synapses in PVN to the initiation and termination of the stress response. The reliability of HPA responses to a given stress can vary as a function of prior experience. Within this context, we examine possible synaptic correlates that allow this neuroendocrine system to learn and adapt following stress challenges.
Morphological plasticity of the rat supraoptic nucleus – cellular consequences
Authors: Oliet Stéphane H. R. , Bonfardin Valérie D. J.
Published: December 2010

The supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus display a remarkable anatomical plasticity during lactation, parturition and chronic dehydration, conditions associated with massive neurohypophysial hormone secretion. This structural remodeling is characterized by a pronounced reduction of the astrocytic coverage of oxytocin neurons, resulting in an increase in the number and extent of directly juxtaposed neuronal surfaces. Although the exact role played by such an anatomical remodeling in the physiology of the hypothalamo–neurohypophysial system is still unknown, several findings obtained over the last decade indicate that synaptic and extrasynaptic transmissions are impacted by these structural changes. We review these data and try to extrapolate how such changes at the cellular level might affect the overall activity of the system. One repercussion of the retraction of glial processes is the accumulation of glutamate in the extracellular space. This build‐up of glutamate causes an increased activation of pre‐synaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors, which are negatively coupled to neurotransmitter release, and a switch in the mode of action of pre‐synaptic kainate receptors that control GABA release. Finally, the range of action of substances released from astrocytes and acting on adjacent magnocellular neurons is also affected during the anatomical remodeling. It thus appears that the structural plasticity of the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei strongly affects neuron–glial interactions and, as a consequence, induces significant changes in synaptic and extrasynaptic transmission.
Neuroglial and synaptic rearrangements associated with photic entrainment of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Girardet Clémence , Becquet Denis , Blanchard Marie‐Pierre , François‐Bellan Anne‐Marie , Bosler Olivier
Published: December 2010

Rhythmic biological functions in mammals are orchestrated by a circadian timekeeper in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) which precisely adjusts clock outputs to solar time through the process of photic synchronization. Entrainment to the 24‐h light–dark cycle is known to act on the molecular loops which trigger circadian oscillations but is also thought to involve day–night adjustments in the intercellular phasing of the multiple component SCN oscillators. This view is supported by data showing that the SCN undergoes important rearrangements of its neuroglial architecture throughout the 24‐h cycle. The present paper highlights our data showing in rat that the two main sources of SCN efferents, composed of neurons synthesizing either vasopressin (AVP) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), are diffentially involved in day–night SCN neuroglial plasticity. We found that the synaptic inputs received by the VIP neurons, which are major integrators of photic signals in the retinorecipient SCN subregion, increased during the day while those received by the AVP neurons remained unchanged at day and night. Glutamatergic axons, known to convey photic information from the retina, together with nonglutamatergic axons, contribute to the synaptic remodellings on VIP neurons. Experimental data providing strong indication that these plastic events may subserve synchronization of the clock to the light–dark cycle and that the daily fluctuations of plasma glucocorticoid hormones may act as temporal endocrine signals that may modulate SCN neuroglial plasticity through the rhythmic release of serotonin are also reviewed.
Adult pituitary progenitors/stem cells: from in vitro characterization to in vivo function
Authors: Rizzoti Karine
Published: December 2010

Stem cells/progenitors are being discovered in a growing number of adult tissues. They have been hypothesized for a long time to exist in the pituitary, especially because this gland is characterized by its plasticity as it constantly adapts its hormonal response to evolving needs, under the control of the hypothalamus. Recently, five labs have reported the presence of adult progenitors in the gland and shown their endocrine differentiation potential, using different in vitro assays, selection methods and markers to purify and characterize these similar cell populations. These will be discussed here, highlighting common points, and also differences. Thanks to these recent developments it is now possible to integrate progenitors into the physiology of the gland, and uncover their participation in normal but also pathological situations. Moreover, experimental situations inducing generation of new endocrine cells can now be re‐visited in light of the involvement of progenitors, and also used to better understand their role. Some of these aspects will also be developed in this review.
Plasticity of melanotrope cell regulations in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Roubos Eric W. , Van Wijk Diane C. W. A. , Kozicz Tamás , Scheenen Wim J. J. M. , Jenks Bruce G.
Published: December 2010

This review focuses on the plasticity of the regulation of a particular neuroendocrine transducer cell, the melanotrope cell in the pituitary pars intermedia of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. This cell type is a suitable model to study the relationship between various external regulatory inputs and the secretion of an adaptive endocrine message, in this case the release of α‐melanophore‐stimulating hormone, which activates skin melanophores to darken when the animal is placed on a dark background. Information about the environmental conditions is processed by various brain centres, in the hypothalamus and elsewhere, that eventually control the activity of the melanotrope cell regarding hormone production and secretion. The review discusses the roles of these hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei, their neurochemical messengers acting on the melanotrope, and the external stimuli they mediate to control melanotrope cell functioning.
Evaluation of nuclear factor κB and chemokine receptor CXCR4 co‐expression in patients with prostate cancer in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 8610
Authors: Okera Meena , Bae Kyoungwha , Bernstein Eric , Cheng Liang , Lawton Colleen , Wolkov Harvey , Pollack Alan , Dicker Adam , Sandler Howard , Sweeney Christopher J.
Published: December 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Nuclear factor κB and CXCR4 are found in prostate cancer.

The activation of NFκB may be able to be assessed for correlation of staining of NFκB subunits with staining of proteins products downstream of Nuclear Factor κB.

OBJECTIVE

• To determine the frequency of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 co‐expression in prostate cancer specimens from men with locally advanced disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Paraffin‐embedded samples from patients enrolled on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 8610 trial underwent immunohistochemical staining for NFκB and CXCR4.

• The amount of NFκB and CXCR4 was scored by a ‘blinded’ pathologist for the percentage of cells stained (0–100%) and staining intensity (0–3 +).

• Cox proportional hazard models were used for overall survival and disease‐free survival to examine if NFκB and/or CXCR4 expression were associated with patient outcomes with and without adjustment for covariates.

RESULTS

• Available material and successful staining allowed NFκB and CXCR4 status to be determined for 55 and 63 patients, respectively.

• Both NFκB and CXCR4 status were available for 51 patients. Of these, 53% were 2/3 + for cytoplasmic NFκB staining and 56% were 2/3 + for CXCR4.

• In all, 18 of the 51 patients were 2/3 + for both NFκB and CXCR4 (P= 0.129). Ten of 11 patients with 3 + NFκB had 2/3 + CXCR4 (P= 0.004).

• In this small study, neither NFκB nor CXCR4 were associated with prostate cancer outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

• High NFκB expression is associated with CXCR4 expression and they are co‐expressed in about one third of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

• Larger studies to accurately determine the frequency of co‐expression and prognostic utility of NFκB and CXCR4 alone and in combination are warranted.
The impact of surgical experience on total hospital charges for minimally invasive prostatectomy: a population‐based study
Authors: Budäus Lars , Abdollah Firas , Sun Maxine , Johal Rupinder , Morgan Monica , Thuret Rodolphe , Zorn Kevin C. , Lughezzani Giovanni , Isbarn Hendrik , Haese Alexander , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Montorsi Francesco , Perrotte Paul , Graefen Markus , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: December 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) for the treatment of localized prostate cancer has rapidly gained increasing popularity over time. The current report highlights the importance of high surgical experience in regards to lowering MIRP hospital charges.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the relationship between surgical volume (SV) and total hospital charges in patients undergoing minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) for treatment of localized prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Within the Florida Hospital Inpatient Datafile, 2666 men who were treated with MIRP for prostate cancer between 2002–2008 were identified.

• The SV was defined in two ways: annual caseload (AC) and each surgeons experience (SE) defined as the total number of procedures performed since entering the study until the time of each MIRP.

RESULTS

• The mean and median charges were respectively 38 852 and 31 511 US Dollars. AC ranged from 1–171 and SE varied from 1–500. Overall, 75.7 to 94% of surgeons were in the lowest AC tertile and 27 to 66% of patients were operated by low AC tertile surgeons.

• After stratification according to AC tertiles, median charges were 41 564; 33 395 and 26 608 US Dollar for respectively low intermediate and high AC tertile categories.

• Multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations revealed that the probability of charges above the median was reduced by respectively 38 and 68% in patients operated by intermediate SE (17–76 MIRPs) or high SE tertile (≥77 MIRPs) surgeons vs. low SE tertile (≤16 MIRPs) surgeons.

CONCLUSIONS

• High surgical experience reduces MIRP total hospital charges.

• Despite this observation, even in 2008, 82% of MIRP surgeons were in the lowest AC tertile and contributed to 32% of all MIRPs.
Ureterocalicostomy in children: 12 years experience in a single centre
Authors: Radford Anna R. , Thomas David F. M. , Subramaniam Ramnath
Published: December 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Since 1947 ureterocalicostomy has been a recognised option in the treatment of obstructive systems either as a primary or salvage procedure, however few series specific to the paediatric patient exist. This 12 year review of 13 cases at one tertiary centre demonstrates ureterocalicostomy to be a versatile, reliable means of relieving obstruction for a variety of indications; horseshoe kidney, recurrent PUJ obstruction and gross PUJ obstruction with unfavourable anatomy.

OBJECTIVE

To document the outcome of ureterocalicostomy in children.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The outcomes of 13 children who had undergone ureterocalicostomy consecutively under the care of two paediatric urologists between 1997 and 2009 were evaluated retrospectively.

Ureterocalicostomy was performed as the primary procedure in four children with horseshoe kidney and four children presenting with gross pelvi‐ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction.

In the remaining five children, it was performed as a secondary procedure for recurrent PUJ obstruction after previous pyeloplasty.

An open approach was employed in 12 patients, whereas, in one patient, it was performed by a laparoscopically‐assisted technique.

RESULTS

Mean age at operation was 9.3 years and the mean (range) duration of follow‐up was 2.6 (0.3–7.0) years. Twelve children (92%) experienced a good functional outcome following ureterocalicostomy, as defined by reduced dilatation and improved drainage on postoperative ultrasonography and/or isotope imaging.

However one child (8%) developed symptomatic anastomotic obstruction 5 months after primary ureterocalicostomy for obstruction in a horseshoe kidney. Surgical revision was successful, with good drainage, preservation of differential function and relief of symptoms on further follow‐up to 3 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Ureterocalicostomy provides a versatile and reliable means of relieving obstruction for a variety of indications, including horseshoe kidney, recurrent PUJ obstruction and gross PUJ obstruction with unfavourable anatomy.

Approximation of ureteric and caliceal urothelium and excision of renal parenchyma in the proximity to the anastomosis are the key steps for securing a satisfactory outcome.
A phase II study of the efficacy and safety of AMG 102 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Schöffski Patrick , Garcia Jorge A. , Stadler Walter M. , Gil Thierry , Jonasch Eric , Tagawa Scott T. , Smitt Melanie , Yang Xinqun , Oliner Kelly S. , Anderson Abraham , Zhu Min , Kabbinavar Fairooz
Published: December 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

It is now recognized that all patients with mRCC will eventually become resistant to VEGF inhibition. Although existing level 1 evidence supports the use of second‐line therapy, the oral mTOR inhibitor Everolimus, recent data also indicates that sequential VEGF inhibition is an appropriate therapeutic manoeuver in this cohort of patients. Targeting the alternative signaling pathway of Hepatocyte growth factor/c‐met can lead to anti‐tumour activity in RCC. AMG‐102 is a fully human monoclonal antibody to HGF/SF that prevents HGF/SF from binding to c‐Met and blocks signaling pathways that drive tumour‐cell proliferation, migration, invasion and survival.

It emphasizes the need to continue exploring new therapeutic targets in RCC.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the efficacy and safety of single‐agent AMG 102, an investigational, fully human monoclonal antibody to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• This open‐label phase II study included patients ≥18 years old with histologically confirmed, advanced or metastatic RCC (mRCC) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2. AMG 102 was administered i.v. at 10 or 20 mg/kg once every 2 weeks.

• A two‐stage design was used at each dose level and the primary endpoint was objective best confirmed response (by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours) at any time.

RESULTS

• Sixty‐one patients with mRCC enrolled and received AMG 102 (40 at 10 mg/kg; 21 at 20 mg/kg). Overall, 70.5% were men, median age was 59 years (range, 39 to 84 years), and 92% had received previous anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. RCC histologies were: clear cell (75.4%), papillary (11.5%), chromophobe (4.9%) and unclassified (8.2%).

• One confirmed partial response occurred at 10 mg/kg, maintained for over 2.5 years; 26 patients (43%) had stable disease, 10 (16%) for ≥32 weeks. The median profression‐free survival was 3.7 months at 10 mg/kg and 2.0 months at 20 mg/kg. The commonest adverse events were oedema (45.9%), fatigue (37.7%) and nausea (27.9%). Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 33% of patients, the most common being oedema (9.8%).

• Baseline levels of plasma HGF/SF and soluble c‐Met as well as archival‐tumour c‐Met did not correlate with measures of efficacy.

CONCLUSION

• Single‐agent AMG 102 was tolerable, but it is unclear if AMG 102 was growth inhibitory in this population of patients with mRCC.
Survivors and Victims, a Meta‐analytical Review of Fairness and Organizational Commitment after Downsizing
Authors: van Dierendonck Dirk , Jacobs Gabriele
Published: December 2010

There is a lack of consistent evidence that downsizing leads to improved financial performance. Lowered commitment after painful downsizing periods is identified as an important reason why downsizing does not show the intended long‐term effects. This paper provides a meta‐analytical overview of the impact of fairness on organizational commitment for survivors and victims after a downsizing operation. Among 37 samples (11,256 persons), a positive relationship was found between fairness and affective organizational commitment (ρ=0.40) for both survivors and victims. Three moderators of the fairness–commitment relationship were identified: (1) for survivors, procedural justice matters more than distributive justice; (2) the impact of fairness is stronger in countries with an individualistic (versus collectivistic) culture; (3) fairness matters more when mass layoff is initiated for profit maximization (versus economic necessity).
Does Terrorism Demoralize? Evidence from Israel
Authors: ROMANOV DMITRI , ZUSSMAN ASAF , ZUSSMAN NOAM
Published: December 2010

Terrorism is a form of warfare that is specifically designed to have far‐reaching psychological effects beyond the immediate victims. We study the effect of terrorism on the happiness of Israelis during a recent period of severe violence with the Palestinians (the second Intifada). The identification strategy is based on variation in the intensity of terrorism over time and location. Using individual level happiness equations augmented with daily fatality figures, we show that terrorism had practically no immediate or delayed effect on the happiness of Jewish Israelis, but adversely affected the happiness of Arab citizens of Israel.
An improved protein fold recognition with support vector machines
Authors: Chmielnicki Wiesław , Roterman‐Konieczna Irena , Stąpor Katarzyna
Published: December 2010

Predicting the three‐dimensional structure (fold) of a protein is a key problem in molecular biology. It is also interesting issue for statistical methods recognition. In this paper a multi‐class support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used on a real world data set. The SVM is a binary classifier, but protein fold recognition is a multi‐class problem. So several new approaches to deal with this issue are presented including a modification of the well‐known one‐versus‐one strategy. However, in this strategy the number of different binary classifiers that must be trained is quickly increasing with the number of classes. The methods proposed in this paper show how this problem can be overcome.
Use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy during pregnancy in patients with pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Ahmed A.R. , Gürcan H.M.
Published: December 2010

Background  Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of in vivo deposition of antibodies against cell surface antigens desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 2 in the epidermis.

Objectives  To report the treatment outcomes in pregnant PV patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy.

Methods  Eight patients with active disease during pregnancy were treated. Patients were treated with a dose of 2 g/kg/cycle. Seven patients were treated for 2 months on post‐partum basis. Main Outcome Measures were as follows: (i) pregnancy outcome; (ii) presence of neonatal pemphigus; (iii) post‐partum flare; (iv) effect of IVIg on present and future pregnancies; (v) immediate and long‐term side‐effects in the mother and child.

Results  Patients ages ranged from 20 to 43 years (mean 29.6). All patients had severe and widespread disease involving the skin and multiple mucous membranes. Patients one to seven responded to IVIg therapy and did not have a post‐partum flare. Patient eight could not tolerate IVIg because of intense headaches and significant post‐partum flare. None of the neonates had pemphigus. Three patients who completed the IVIg protocol had normal second pregnancies. One patient who did not complete the protocol had a miscarriage during the second pregnancy. Since last observation, none of the patients have had a recurrence of the disease or another pregnancy.

Conclusions  The data suggests that IVIg can be useful and safe in treating pregnant patients with PV. No long‐term adverse effects of IVIg in the mother or in the child were observed based on a long‐term follow‐up.
Why Institutional Overlap Matters: CSDP in the European Security Architecture
Authors: HOFMANN STÉPHANIE C.
Published: December 2010

The creation and continued existence of CSDP cannot be understood without reference to the institutional environment within which it is located. To explain its emergence and design, one needs to study the institutional architecture into which this additional institution emerged. Once institutional overlap exists, it becomes a crucial independent variable explaining not only the strategies that member states have at their disposal, but also the development of international institutions occupying the same policy domain as well as the impact on the policy field at large.
A comparison of symptoms after viewing text on a computer screen and hardcopy
Authors: Chu Christina , Rosenfield Mark , Portello Joan K , Benzoni Jaclyn A , Collier Juanita D
Published: December 2010

Citation information: Chu C, Rosenfield M, Portello JK, Benzoni JA & Collier JD. A comparison of symptoms after viewing text on a computer screen and hardcopy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 29–32.

Purpose:  Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a complex of eye and vision problems experienced during or related to computer use. Ocular symptoms may include asthenopia, accommodative and vergence difficulties and dry eye. CVS occurs in up to 90% of computer workers, and given the almost universal use of these devices, it is important to identify whether these symptoms are specific to computer operation, or are simply a manifestation of performing a sustained near‐vision task.

Method:  This study compared ocular symptoms immediately following a sustained near task. 30 young, visually‐normal subjects read text aloud either from a desktop computer screen or a printed hardcopy page at a viewing distance of 50 cm for a continuous 20 min period. Identical text was used in the two sessions, which was matched for size and contrast. Target viewing angle and luminance were similar for the two conditions. Immediately following completion of the reading task, subjects completed a written questionnaire asking about their level of ocular discomfort during the task.

Results:  When comparing the computer and hardcopy conditions, significant differences in median symptom scores were reported with regard to blurred vision during the task (t = 147.0; p = 0.03) and the mean symptom score (t = 102.5; p = 0.04). In both cases, symptoms were higher during computer use.

Conclusions:  Symptoms following sustained computer use were significantly worse than those reported after hard copy fixation under similar viewing conditions. A better understanding of the physiology underlying CVS is critical to allow more accurate diagnosis and treatment. This will allow practitioners to optimize visual comfort and efficiency during computer operation.
Single vision during ocular deviation in intermittent exotropia
Authors: Serrano‐Pedraza Ignacio , Clarke Michael P , Read Jenny CA
Published: December 2010

Citation information: Serrano‐Pedraza I, Clarke MP & Read JCA. Single vision during ocular deviation in intermittent exotropia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 45–55.

Intermittent exotropia is a common oculomotor anomaly where one eye intermittently deviates outwards. Patients with this type of strabismus are often not aware of the exodeviation and do not usually experience diplopia. In this review, we discuss what is known about the cortical mechanisms which achieve single vision during exodeviation in this condition, and highlight some outstanding questions.
The problems of markets: science, norms and the commodification of carbon
Authors: FRAME DAVID J
Published: December 2010

Market‐based approaches to commons problems have attracted considerable interest and claim various successes in managing environmental issues. Yet in order to apply market‐based approaches to environmental problems we need to have both a good understanding of the dynamics of the system which we are commodifying, and a good, or at least shared, understanding of the criteria against which the policy is to be evaluated. In many settings within natural resource economics these are often taken for granted, or assumed to be relatively straightforward to obtain. Yet, as illustrated by the development of carbon markets in the context of climate change, structural problems can arise from a limited scientific understanding of system dynamics or of resource fluxes, or from inadequate framings of complex problems.
Who Believes the Hype? An Experimental Examination of How Language Affects Investor Judgments
Authors: HALES JEFFREY , KUANG XI (JASON) , VENKATARAMAN SHANKAR
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates the effect of vivid language on investor judgments. Recent research finds that investor judgments are significantly influenced by disclosure tone (positive versus negative). Holding tone constant, we investigate investors’ reactions to vivid versus pallid information. Drawing on theories from psychology, we predict that investors will be sensitive to the differences between vivid and pallid language when the underlying information is preference inconsistent, but not when the information is preference consistent. Results of two experiments support our prediction. Vivid language significantly influences the judgment of investors who hold contrarian positions (i.e., short investors in a bull market and long investors in a bear market). Interestingly, vivid language has limited influence on the judgment of investors who hold positions consistent with the general tenor of the market. Our results provide evidence regarding when vividness matters and when it does not in financial contexts, thereby contributing to both psychology and a growing literature on disclosure tone in financial reporting. In addition, our results also speak to concerns raised by regulators and academics asserting that vivid language can inflate bubbles and incite panics.
Real Effects of Accounting Rules: Evidence from Multinational Firms’ Investment Location and Profit Repatriation Decisions
Authors: GRAHAM JOHN R. , HANLON MICHELLE , SHEVLIN TERRY
Published: December 2010

We analyze survey responses from nearly 600 tax executives to better understand corporate decisions about real investment location and profit repatriation. Our evidence indicates that avoiding financial accounting income tax expense is as important as avoiding cash income taxes when corporations decide where to locate operations and whether to repatriate foreign earnings. This result is important in light of the recent research about whether financial accounting affects investment and in light of the decades of research on foreign investment that examines the role of cash income taxes but heretofore has not investigated the importance of financial reporting effects. Our analysis suggests that financial reporting is an important factor to be considered in the policy debates focused on bringing investment to the United States.
Cotton fabric dyeing with cochineal extract: influence of mordant concentration
Authors: Arroyo‐Figueroa Gabriela , Ruiz‐Aguilar Graciela M L , Cuevas‐Rodriguez German , Sanchez Guillermo Gonzalez
Published: December 2010

Dyeing with cochineal extract has been carried out in Mexico since pre‐Hispanic times as a handcraft process. However, this has limited its application on fabrics other than wool. An experiment was designed to study the influence of mordant concentration on colour behaviour in cotton fabric dyed with cochineal extract at the laboratory. At the same time, colour fastness was determined by applying six fastness tests to define the quality of the dyed fabric. It was concluded that, when there was a larger concentration of metallic ions in the mordant, colour fixation in the fabric was better, as there was less lightness in the red hue of the fabric. In addition, the more hydrogen ions present because of acids, the more intense the red hue. A decreasing trend in the colour fastness tests was observed: dry rubbing > artificial light > acids > alkalis > domestic washing > hot water.
Motivation to Quit Smoking among Relatives of Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Butler Karen M. , Rayens Mary Kay , Zhang Mei , Hahn Ellen J.
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to motivation to quit among smoking family members of lung cancer patients.

Design and Sample: Relatives of multidisciplinary lung cancer clinic patients were recruited during family members' treatment. Participants (N=29) were primarily female and Caucasian.

Measures: The items assessed included the effect of their relative's disease on motivation to quit, intent to quit in the next 6 months, stage of change, perceived risk from smoking, and attitudes about being approached about cessation.

Results: Most indicated that their relative's disease had increased motivation to quit smoking (71%); 72% planned to quit within 6 months. One fourth (28%) were in precontemplation stage of change; 65% in contemplation; and 7% in preparation. The average perceived risk of developing lung cancer was 6.3. Two thirds were glad or very glad that someone had talked with them about quitting; 91% thought it was somewhat or very appropriate to talk about cessation with family members of lung cancer patients. Motivation to quit smoking was positively correlated with stage of change and perceived lung cancer risk.

Conclusions: Public health nurses who interact with families of lung cancer patients may be able to promote cessation in an at‐risk group that is motivated to quit smoking.
Generation of neutrophil priming activity by cell‐containing blood components treated with pathogen reduction technology and stored in platelet additive solutions
Authors: Ambruso Daniel R. , Thurman Gail , Tran Khoa , Marschner Susanne , Gathof Birgit , Janetzko Karin , Goodrich Raymond P.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: Storage of cell‐containing blood components such as platelet concentrates (PCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) results in generation of biologically active compounds, many of which may be associated with adverse transfusion events. Priming of the neutrophil oxidase activity is a common characteristic of many of the biologically active compounds found in stored blood. We evaluated the priming activity of pathogen reduction technology (PRT)‐treated PCs stored in plasma or platelet additive solution (PAS) and PRT‐treated RBCs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCs were collected with Trima or Amicus equipment and were PRT treated with the Mirasol PRT system or the Intercept Blood System. Some units were gamma irradiated. Products were stored in 100% plasma or 35% plasma plus PAS. RBCs were washed and PRT treated before storage. Samples were removed throughout storage and priming of the oxidase activity was measured.

RESULTS: Platelets collected on Trima or Amicus equipment and stored in plasma or PAS demonstrated increasing priming activity during 5 to 7 days of storage. Gamma irradiation, but not PRT treatment with either technology, further enhanced this priming activity. Supernatants of RBCs stored for 42 days induced priming in untreated controls, but not in washed or Mirasol PRT–treated test products.

CONCLUSION: Production of oxidase priming activity increased during storage in all blood products. No significant differences were associated with the collection method, storage in PAS, or PRT treatment. The generation of biologically active compounds, which may serve as an etiology for adverse events, appears to be independent of these processes for collection, storage, and pathogen reduction.
Inactivation of human white blood cells in platelet products after pathogen reduction technology treatment in comparison to gamma irradiation
Authors: Fast Loren D. , DiLeone Gilbert , Marschner Susanne
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: During the transfusion of blood products, the transfer of allogeneic donor white blood cells (WBCs) can mediate adverse reactions in recipients. To minimize reactions, blood components are leukoreduced and/or exposed to gamma irradiation. Nucleic acid–targeted pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) processes are well suited for WBC inactivation. The Mirasol PRT system (CaridianBCT Biotechnologies) uses riboflavin and ultraviolet light to reduce the active pathogen load and inactivate residual WBCs in blood products used for transfusion. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of PRT treatment to gamma irradiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: WBCs were resuspended in 100% plasma or in plasma containing 65% platelet additive solution (SSP+). A single product was split into three aliquots: control, PRT treatment, or gamma irradiation. After treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from products, and cell viability and functionality were assessed in limiting dilution assays (LDAs), by CD69 expression, by proliferation, and by cytokine accumulation after lipopolysaccharide addition.

RESULTS: PRT treatment and gamma irradiation reduced the ability of the T cells to proliferate by similar degrees as evidenced by a 6 log or greater reduction in the LDA and a lack of response to several stimuli. However, gamma‐irradiated T cells were still capable of up regulating surface CD69, inducing a proliferative response in allogeneic responder cells, and producing levels of proinflammatory cytokines similar to those of untreated control cells, responses that PRT‐treated T cells were incapable of mediating.

CONCLUSIONS: These in vitro results demonstrate that PRT treatment is more effective than gamma irradiation at abrogating selected WBC immune functions.
Risk‐Taking and the Media
Authors: Fischer Peter , Vingilis Evelyn , Greitemeyer Tobias , Vogrincic Claudia
Published: December 2010

In recent years, media formats with risk‐glorifying content, such as video games that simulate illegal street racing (“bang and crash” games), films about extreme sports, and risky stunts have emerged as top sellers of the media industry. A variety of recent studies conducted by several researchers revealed that exposure to risk‐glorifying media content (e.g., video games that simulate reckless driving, smoking and drinking in movies, or depictions that glorify extreme sports) increases the likelihood that recipients will show increased levels of risk‐taking inclinations and behaviors. The present article (1) reviews the latest research on the detrimental impact of risk‐glorifying media on risk‐taking inclinations (cognitions, emotions, behaviors), (2) puts these findings in the theoretical context of recent sociocognitive models on media effects, and (3) makes suggestions to science and policymakers on how to deal with these effects in the future.
Determinants and Mapping of Collective Perceptions of Technological Risk: The Case of the Second Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan
Authors: Hung Hung‐Chih , Wang Tzu‐Wen
Published: December 2010

Nuclear power is a highly controversial and salient example of environmental risk. The siting or operating of a nuclear power plant often faces widespread public opposition. Although studies of public perceptions of nuclear power date back to 1970s, little research attempts to explain the spatial heterogeneity of risk attitude toward nuclear power among individuals or communities. This article intends to improve the knowledge about the major factors contributing to nuclear power plant risk perceptions by mapping the geographical patterns of local risk perception and examining the determinants in forming the nature and distribution of the perceived risk among potentially affected population. The analysis was conducted by a case study of the Second Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP) in Taiwan by using a novel methodology that incorporates a comprehensive risk perception (CRP) model into an ethnographic approach called risk perception mapping (RPM). First, we examined the determinants of local nuclear power risk perceptions through the CRP model and multivariate regression analysis. Second, the results were integrated with the RPM approach to map and explain the spatial pattern of risk perceptions. The findings demonstrate that the respondents regard the nuclear power plant as an extremely high‐risk facility, causing them to oppose the SNPP and reject the compensation payment to accept its continuing operation. Results also indicate that perceptions of nuclear power risk were mainly influenced by social trust, psychological and socioeconomic attributes, proximity, and the perceived effects of the SNPP on the quality of everyday life.
A Risk Assessment Framework for Assessing Metallic Nanomaterials of Environmental Concern: Aquatic Exposure and Behavior
Authors: O’Brien Niall Joseph , Cummins Enda J.
Published: December 2010

Nanomaterials are finding application in many different environmentally relevant products and processes due to enhanced catalytic, antimicrobial, and oxidative properties of materials at this scale. As the market share of nano‐functionalized products increases, so too does the potential for environmental exposure and contamination. This study presents some exposure ranking methods that consider potential metallic nanomaterial surface water exposure and fate, due to nano‐functionalized products, through a number of exposure pathways. These methods take into account the limited and disparate data currently available for metallic nanomaterials and apply variability and uncertainty principles, together with qualitative risk assessment principles, to develop a scientific ranking. Three exposure scenarios with three different nanomaterials were considered to demonstrate these assessment methods: photo‐catalytic exterior paint (nano‐scale TiO2), antimicrobial food packaging (nano‐scale Ag), and particulate‐reducing diesel fuel additives (nano‐scale CeO2). Data and hypotheses from literature relating to metallic nanomaterial aquatic behavior (including the behavior of materials that may relate to nanomaterials in aquatic environments, e.g., metals, pesticides, surfactants) were used together with commercial nanomaterial characteristics and Irish natural aquatic environment characteristics to rank the potential concentrations, transport, and persistence behaviors within subjective categories. These methods, and the applied scenarios, reveal where data critical to estimating exposure and risk are lacking. As research into the behavior of metallic nanomaterials in different environments emerges, the influence of material and environmental characteristics on nanomaterial behavior within these exposure‐ and risk‐ranking methods may be redefined on a quantitative basis.
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) as an Emerging Prebiotic: Microbial Synthesis, Utilization, Structural Characterization, Bioactive Properties, and Applications
Authors: Aachary Ayyappan Appukuttan , Prapulla Siddalingaiya Gurudutt
Published: December 2010

Abstract: Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) have great prebiotic potential and can be incorporated into many food products. XOS seem to exert their nutritional benefits in various animal species, which by definition have an intestinal tract populated by a complex, bacterial intestinal ecosystem. The production of XOS on an industrial scale is carried out from lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) rich in xylan by chemical and enzymatic methods and the latter is preferred in the food industry because of the lack of undesirable side reactions and products. The information available does not provide an exact explanation about the bioactive effects of XOS. Their fermentation results in the acidification of the colonic contents and the formation of short chain fatty acids that serve as fuels in different tissues and may play a role in the regulation of cellular processes. Only data from small trials are currently available to support use of XOS in the treatment of different clinical scenarios. Numerous questions about the molecular mechanisms of action or clinical indications of XOS and other prebiotics remain unanswered. This article presents XOS as an emerging prebiotic with more emphasis on its microbial production, structural characterization, and bioactive properties.
Phase/State Transitions of Confectionery Sweeteners: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects
Authors: Hartel Richard W. , Ergun Roja , Vogel Sarah
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  It has been said that the key to making high‐quality candy is understanding and controlling the transitions of sugar. Whether found as crystal, glass, or fluid solution, sugars impart the texture necessary to distinguish one confection from another and to provide a unique experience to the consumer. In principle, the phase/state transitions of sugars are best understood through careful application of the phase diagram. However, many, if not all, confections are not at equilibrium, meaning that the phase diagram is simply a starting point for understanding and controlling the state of sugars. An understanding of the thermodynamic driving forces that push a confection towards equilibrium and the kinetic constraints that control the rate of approaching that equilibrium are key elements to creating products with the desired texture, quality, and shelf life. In this review, we summarize the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of controlling phase/state transitions in sweeteners, with particular emphasis on applications to confectionery products.
Factors Influencing Gel Formation by Myofibrillar Proteins in Muscle Foods
Authors: Sun Xiang Dong , Holley Richard A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Considerable research has been done to better understand the basis for gel formation by myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in effort to manufacture acceptable processed meats with lower cost and more desirable nutritional characteristics. Results from research available indicate that there is no substitute for the myofibrillar protein myosin in gel formation by proteins from a wide variety of animal and fish species. This report consolidates information on determinants of protein gel formation, examining types of muscles and fibers, the species influence, and interactions of the MPs actin and myosin with each other and with fat, gelatin, starch, hydrocolloids, some protein soy, whey, and nonprotein additives such as phosphates and acidifiers, and the influences of pH, ionic strength, rates of heating, and its absence, protein oxidation, as well as the use of transglutaminase and high hydrostatic pressure. It is of interest that myosin alone will form acceptable gels. Gel formation by MPs is optimized at pH 6, an ionic strength of 0.6 M, and at 60 to 70 °C. The observations that collagen‐derived gelatin can reduce the rubbery texture of low‐fat products and that solubilization of MPs is not always essential for gel formation, and the observation that good gels can be formed in the absence of salt, are exciting developments that should be considered as pressure mounts to continue to reduce fat and salt in the diet.
Urban School Displacement: The Resettlement of a Community School
Authors: HALPERIN RHODA H.
Published: December 2010

The East End Community Heritage School (EECHS) was originally established in a diverse working class riverfront neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. EECHS has now been displaced to a third location outside of its community of origin. The displacements generate increased levels of routine, everyday violence for the kids and raise questions about the school's sustainability, the community served by the school, the possibilities of a working class imagined community in the school, and the impacts, financial, educational and ideological, of school resettlement on families, children and youth.
Poisoning Deaths in Central China (Hubei): A 10‐year Retrospective Study of Forensic Autopsy Cases
Authors: Zhou Lan , Liu Liang , Chang Lin , Li Ling
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  A retrospective study of autopsy cases was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College (DFM‐TMC), in Hubei, China to describe the characteristics of poisoning deaths from 1999 to 2008. A total of 212 poisoning deaths were investigated by DFM‐TMC during the 10‐year period. The poisoning deaths ranged from 17 cases in 1999 to 27 cases in 2008. Of the 212 cases, 82 deaths (38.7%) were from pesticides, 36 deaths (17.0%) from carbon monoxide, 34 deaths (16.0%) from drugs, 22 deaths (10.4%) from alcohol, 17 deaths (8.0%) from other chemicals, 15 deaths (7.1%) from poisonous plants and animals, and six deaths (2.8%) from heavy metals. Of the 82 pesticide poisoning deaths, 43 (52.4%) cases were caused by rodenticides, mainly tetramine (N = 39). The majority of poisoning deaths were accidents (63.7%), followed by suicides (25.9%) and homicides (3.8%). The manner of death could not be determined in 14 cases (6.6%).
Prediction and Preliminary Standardization of Fire Debris Constituents with the Advanced Distillation Curve Method*
Authors: Bruno Thomas J. , Lovestead Tara M. , Huber Marcia L.
Published: December 2010

Abstract: The recent National Academy of Sciences report on forensic sciences states that the study of fire patterns and debris in arson fires is in need of additional work and eventual standardization. We discuss a recently introduced method that can provide predicted evaporation patterns for ignitable liquids as a function of temperature. The method is a complex fluid analysis protocol, the advanced distillation curve approach, featuring a composition explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for qualitative, quantitative, and trace analysis), low uncertainty temperature measurements that are thermodynamic state points that can be modeled with an equation of state, consistency with a century of historical data, and an assessment of the energy content of each distillate fraction. We discuss the application of the method to kerosenes and gasolines and outline how expansion of the scope of fluids to other ignitable liquids can benefit the criminalist in the analysis of fire debris for arson.