bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and small eyes
Authors: Lim Nicole Shao-Yuen , Males John
Published: January 2021

Aim: To determine whether there is an association between Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and shorter axial length (AL), shallower anterior chamber depth (ACD) and higher spherical equivalent (SE). In addition, to evaluate whether there is a correlation between AL and severity of corneal decompensation in FECD, using corneal thickness as a proxy.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: This was a single-centre study conducted in a cornea clinic in Sydney, Australia. Detailed clinical measurements of 91 eyes of 50 FECD patients were compared with 110 eyes of 55 controls. Main outcome measures included AL, ACD and SE. Other outcome measures included central corneal thickness, visual acuity, intraocular pressure and keratometry.

Results: Mean AL of FECD patients was 23.6 mm (standard deviation [SD] ±0.9 mm), compared with 24.7 mm (SD ±1.8 mm) for controls (1.1 mm difference [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-1.6], p < 0.001, independent sample t-test); corresponding means for ACD were 3.0 and 3.3 mm (0.32 mm difference [95%CI 0.2-0.5], p < 0.001, independent t-test). Eleven out of the 22 FECD patients with available refraction data had hypermetropic refraction compared with 16 out of 36 controls (p = 0.68, chi-squared test). The mean SE of FECD patients (+0.10D) was higher than controls (−1.33D) (1.4D difference [0.1-2.8], p = 0.04, independent t-test). No statistically significant correlation was found between AL and corneal thickness (p = 0.28, linear regression).

Conclusion: In this retrospective cohort study, a strong association was established between FECD and small eyes, with shorter AL and shallower ACD, compared with controls. These results have important implications for surgical planning, as shorter AL and ACD in FECD patients likely contribute to their high risk of corneal decompensation following cataract surgery.
SITA standard testing with Humphrey visual field analyzer versus full threshold testing with frequency doubling perimetry: a comparison of patient preference and perception
Authors: Kadavath Meethal Najiya Sundus , Lokapavani Velumuri , Asokan Rashima , Vijaya Lingam , George Ronnie Jacob
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To compare patient preference for Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) standard 24-2 protocol in Humphrey visual field analyzer (HVF) and full threshold N-30 protocol in frequency doubling perimetry (FDP) by primarily evaluating their perception about the test procedure and test targets along with surveying the factors that influence the patient concentration during perimetry and elements that determine the level of perimetry task difficulty.

Methods: This study enrolled a subset of subjects from the Chennai Glaucoma Study. Each subject underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination after which they were randomly allocated to perform HVF and FDP with a 30-minute interval between the two procedures. SITA standard 24-2 protocol in HVF and full threshold N-30 protocol in FDP were used. This was followed by the administration of a questionnaire that mainly assessed the components such as (a) the patient preference for test procedure and test targets, (b) the factors influencing the patient concentration during perimetry performance, and (c) the impression about the level of perimetry task difficulty. The patient responses from the survey for each of the subcategories were obtained and analyzed using Chi-square test.

Results: A total of 42 subjects with a mean age of 59.7 (SD 9.7) years were included, among which 18 (42.86%) were male and 24 (57.14%) were female. Thirty-two (76.19%) subjects felt both FDP and HVF were easy to perform, eight subjects (19.05%) felt that both perimetry techniques were difficult to perform, and two subjects (4.76%) found FDP procedure was easier than HVF, whereas the distribution was not statistically significant (Chi-square, p = 0.7). Pressing the button as a response to peripheral stimulus perception and inability to maintain steady central fixation for prolonged duration were the most commonly reported factors that influenced the level of difficulty of the perimetry tasks. A dark room ambience set for performing HVF was preferred by 32 (76.20%) subjects.

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the patient preference for test procedure and peripheral test targets. A black central fixation as in FDP and dark room ambience set for HVF were preferred.
Orbital cellulitis following Caldwell Luc procedure for maxillary sinusitis leading to a rare complication of central retinal artery occlusion
Authors: Mahajan Deepti , Sharma Gaurav , Tuli Rajeev
Published: January 2021

Posterior orbital cellulitis is a clinical syndrome in which early severe visual loss overshadows or precedes accompanying inflammatory orbital signs. It is an ocular emergency that can threaten life and vision. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a very rare condition leading to sudden onset of decreased vision and can even progress to blindness. We report a case of orbital cellulitis following Caldwell Luc surgery in a middle-aged diabetic woman, resulting in the rare complication of CRAO, leading to blindness in her right eye. The development of retinal artery occlusion after orbital cellulitis has not been well documented in literature. A quick diagnosis and close monitoring following sinus surgery is therefore needed to prevent such rare complications to happen.
Macular buckle with Morin–Devin T implant for pathological myopia with macular hole
Authors: Anand Abhishek , Agarwal Lalit , Agrawal Nisha , Anand Atul Kumar
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Pathological myopia is commonly associated with myopic traction maculopathy, which includes foveoschisis, foveal retinal detachment, macular hole (MH) and/or macular detachment (MD). Macular buckling is a rarely practiced extraocular surgical modality these days. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of primary buckling with Morin–Devin T implant for MD with MH and posterior staphyloma.

Case description: A 52-year-old female presented with light perception vision in her right eye with posterior staphyloma, localized neurosensory detachment, and MH. She underwent primary macular buckling with Morin–Devin T implant. During the immediate postoperative day the wedge indentation was found misaligned to the fovea. A revision surgery was done after 2 weeks for repositioning of the macular wedge. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography confirmed indentation at the MH with resolution of subretinal fluid and hole closure. Her BCVA was 2/60 at 3 months postoperative and it remained the same even at 6 months of follow-up.

Conclusions: Primary macular buckling can be an effective procedure in eyes with MH with detachment and posterior staphyloma with or without associated foveoschisis. Morin–Devin T implant placement is a relatively simple procedure with short surgical time and excellent outcome.
Intercellular adhesive molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Victor Andi A. , Gondhowiardjo Tjahjono D. , Dharma Rahayuningsih , Jusman Sri W. A. , Yandri Vivi R. , Yuneta Ressa , Yuriza Rizky E. P.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To determine the level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and its affecting factors including HbA1c level, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin usage.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia from June 2015 to August 2016. Thirty-three consecutive vitreous samples harvested from PDR patients underwent vitrectomy. The level of vitreous ICAM-1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Based on the glycemic status, vitreous ICAM-1 level in the uncontrolled glycemic group (21.61 ng/ml) was lower than controlled glycemic group (24.20 ng/ml). Patients with DM for more than 10 years had higher level of vitreous ICAM-1 (26.30 ng/ml). Vitreous ICAM-1 level in DM patients with insulin was higher than those without insulin (27.07 ng/ml vs. 24.17 ng/ml). There was no statistically significant difference between vitreous ICAM-1 levels among all groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The concentration of vitreous ICAM-1 may not be influenced by glucose control and conventional insulin therapy.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia: a case series
Authors: Yaghoobi Gholamhossein , Hosseini Rad Abbas , Heydari Saeed Reza , Nikandish Malihe
Published: January 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to show diverse clinical presentation of ocular surface squamous neoplasia with a rare presentation of caruncle squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods: All cases that had suspicious ocular lesion were included in the treatment study. A detailed history including demographic data was obtained. Clinical features regarding the type of lesion, location, and the involvement of cornea were evaluated. For all patients, excisional biopsy following “Shield’s no-touch technique” with 3 to 4 mm margins of uninvolved tissue and cryotherapy at excisional margins was done. All specimens were sent for a histopathological evaluation. Topical chemotherapy (mitomycin C, 0.02%) was used as an adjunctive therapy following surgical excision for large and diffuse ocular surface tumors. All patients were subjected to long-term regular follow-ups.

Results: Twenty-six patients (18 men and 8 women) with a mean age of 54.2 years were enrolled in this study. The results showed that the most common localization was bulbar conjunctiva (92%). Nodular lesions (46.5%) and SCC (57.5%) were the most common clinical and histopathological features, respectively. We observed one rare case of primary SCC of the left caruncle in a 68-year-old man who had an asymptomatic medial canthal mass. Recurrence was found in two patients with SCC, one of them having an orbital extension.

Conclusion: The early suspicion of ocular surface neoplasia will be accomplished with a simple excision in most cases, leading to a favorable outcome except in severe progressive cases.
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty with manual small-incision cataract surgery: a modification of the triple procedure
Authors: Prasher Pawan
Published: January 2021

We describe a modified surgical technique for performing the triple procedure that combines deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty with manual small-incision cataract surgery. This technique offers advantages in terms of undergoing a single surgery as compared to the staged procedure, preservation of the host Descemet’s membrane and endothelium, and ability to perform cataract surgery in a closed-chamber setting.
Pterygium excision with suture-less and glue-free conjunctival autograft
Authors: Wali Fariha S. , Jawed Muhammad , Talpur Rafeen , Shaikh Naeemullah , Shujaat Shehnilla , Talpur Khalid I.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Pterygium excision is a commonly encountered surgery with different methods being used. These procedures range from simple excision to use of grafts. Limbal conjunctival autograft is currently the most popular surgical procedure. The most common method of autograft fixation is suturing. But it has its own drawbacks like increased operating time, post-operative discomfort, inflammation, buttonholes, necrosis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, scarring, and granuloma formation. Glue is widely used due to many advantages like easy fixation of the graft, shorter operation time, and reduction in complications and post-operative discomfort but at the same time has some disadvantages also like high cost, the risk of transmission of infectionsand inactivation by iodine preparations.

Purpose: In the following study, we describe a simple method of accomplishing conjunctival autograft adherence during pterygium surgery avoiding possible complications associated with the use of fibrin glue or sutures.

Design: Prospective study.

Method: We used conjunctival autograft, which was not sutured or glued to the scleral bed. The fibrin formed from the oozing blood was used to get the graft adhesion to the scleral bed. This study was approved by institutional review board, and written consent form was taken from each participant.

Results: The suture-less and glue-free conjunctival autograft was found to have excellent results in terms of surgical outcome as well as post-operative recovery. In addition, risk of side effects related to sutures and glue was eliminated.

Conclusion: Suture-less and glue-free conjunctival autograft is a new, easy, and cheaper technique for the management of pterygium.
Letter to our readers
Authors: Ong Keith
Published: January 2021

Dear Readers,

We would like to announce that Asian Journal of Ophthalmology (Asian JO) is now a fully online, open-access journal, without the registration requirements for readers. Although Asian JO is not listed on MEDLINE’S PubMed yet, it is indexed in Scopus and Google Scholar. Articles can be found either through those services or through our extensive archive.

Asian JO was the official journal of the Southeast Asian Glaucoma Interest Group (SEAGIG). It was initially published in 1998 and, at that time, was one of the few journals in Asia for authors to publish in. Asian JO is now an international journal serving authors and readers around the world with a publishing team in three continents.

The first publisher of Asian JO was Scientific Communications, based in Hong Kong, which later relocated to New Zealand. When the publisher retired, it became inactive. Fortunately, Professor Paul Chew along with his team at National University of Singapore managed to keep it afloat until Kugler Publications of the Netherlands became its official publisher. Paul asked me to join him in the role as Chief Editor as he needed to devote more time to develop his inventions, which include the micropulse transcleral laser therapy for glaucoma and the Paul Glaucoma Implant shunt. I was introduced to Asian JO when I asked Paul for advice on which journal to publish an article on the Ong Eye Speculum for glaucoma surgery.

Asian JO promotes the publication of novel ideas and surgical techniques. Brief reports and case reports can convey clinical gems that will improve the management of ophthalmology patients. Some journals reject papers describing innovative ideas because they may not conform to the standard research presentation format, but we believe this is a crucial part of the process of scientific discovery.

We have also re-established our role as the official journal of Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Society. For this reason, the next issue of Asian JO will be dedicated to abstracts for the Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress (APGC), to be held in Kuala Lumpur on August 14-16, 2020. Hence, Kugler Publications and Asian JO will be present at this conference, and we hope to meet readers and authors to discuss how we can improve the journal.

With kind regards,Dr. Keith OngChief Editor
Bilateral orbital metastasis as an initial presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Myint Kay Thi , Thant Ko Ko , Thazin Moe
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To describe a case of biopsy-confirmed bilateral orbital metastasis of previously undiagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma, presenting with bilateral proptosis.

Case description: A 57-year-old man presented with painless bilateral proptosis over 2 months. At presentation, the best-corrected visual acuity was 20/60 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Ocular examination revealed bilateral asymmetrical non-axial proptosis with Hertel exophthalmometer reading of 24 mm in the right eye and 22 mm in the left eye. There was mild inferior displacement in both eyes. Apart from mild exposure keratopathy in the right eye, both anterior and posterior segment examinations were not remarkable. Orbital computerized tomography (CT) scan showed soft tissue masses in the superotemporal quadrants of both orbits associated with lytic bone lesions. An orbital biopsy confirmed that it was metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ultrasound abdomen revealed multifocal HCC with underlying cirrhosis. We planned for further investigations such as hepatitis serology, alfa-fetoprotein, and CT abdomen, but he refused to proceed with investigations and treatment.

Conclusion: Orbital metastasis, more so as a bilateral involvement, is a rare phenomenon. It may present as an initial manifestation of undiagnosed systemic cancer. Orbital metastasis should be considered when diagnosing patients with bilateral proptosis, and orbital biopsy is crucial for histopathological diagnosis.
Results of early versus standard silicone stent removal following external dacryocystorhinostomy under local anesthesia
Authors: Limbu Ben , Sim Benjamin , Shrestha Mohan K. , Tabin Geoffrey , Saiju Rohit
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Many patients in Nepal travel vast distances to have their surgeries in Kathmandu. They often remain close by until their follow-up visit for their silicone tube removal, which contributes to a large financial burden on them and their families. Hence, reducing the time for which silicone tubes remain in situ following external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) provides significant benefits to patients. Furthermore, this is the first comparative study which has successfully demonstrated the earliest timeframe for which silicone tubes can be removed following DCR in the medical literature.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial consisting of 144 patients was designed to compare patient outcomes after early (2 weeks postoperatively) versus standard (6 weeks postoperatively) removal of silicone stents. The success of their procedures was determined when patients were assessed both symptomatically and anatomically at their 6-month follow-up.

Results: The surgical success in both groups was high at 97.8% collectively in both groups and there were only a small number of patients who were lost to follow-up (5 patients) at 6 months. There was no statistical difference at removing silicone stents at 2 or 6 weeks postoperatively.

Conclusion: These results were consistent with our pilot study, which showed no statistical difference in long-term success following silicone tube removal at 2 and 6 weeks.
Isolated cortical vein thrombosis complicating orbital cellulitis
Authors: Murumkar Vivek S. , Kulanthaivelu Karthik , Goyal Sheetal , Biswas Shamick
Published: January 2021

Background: Orbital cellulitis is characterized by the infective inflammation of orbital structures, usually posterior to the orbital septum. Extension of infection from the paranasal sinuses is the most common etiology for orbital cellulitis. Intracranial complications of orbital cellulitis include meningitis, subdural empyema, brain abscess, and cavernous sinus thrombosis.
Case presentation: A 33-year-old man presented with acute onset of foul-smelling mucopurulent nasal discharge and swelling of the left eye followed by altered sensorium. On examination of the left eye, chemosis, eyelid edema, and proptosis were present. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed non-axial left proptosis with inflammatory reticulation in the intra- and extraconal fat alongside sinusitis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed the CT findings and additionally showed meningitis and subdural empyema along the left frontoparietal convexity with parenchymal signal changes, suggesting venous infarction in the left frontal lobe. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) confirmed thrombus in the frontal polar vein on the left side, suggesting septic isolated septic cortical venous thrombosis (ICVT) as a complication of orbital cellulitis. Cerebrospinal fluid showed polymorphonuclear cell pleocytosis with elevated protein and lowered sugar. Blood and conjunctival swab cultures were negative. He was subsequently treated with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungals to which he responded and was discharged in stable condition.
Conclusions: Our case highlights the presentation of septic ICVT complicating orbital cellulitis and paranasal sinusitis. It also underscores the higher sensitivity of SWI as a crucial tool in diagnosing ICVT. Appropriate and prompt medical treatment in orbital cellulitis can prevent further complications.
Using tropicamide and phenylephrine without cyclopentolate for pupil dilation in cataract surgery reduces postoperative intraocular pressure rise
Authors: Xuan Rachel , Ong Keith
Published: January 2021

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate whether intraocular (IOP) elevation post-cataract surgery can be reduced by using tropicamide and phenylephrine only, without cyclopentolate. Medical records across two surgical facilities were analyzed. One surgical facility (Cohort A) used a combination of tropicamide, cyclopentolate, and phenylephrine preoperatively, while the other (Cohort B) used tropicamide and phenylephrine only. Of patients in Cohort A, 63.6% (n = 7) had a higher IOP in the operated eye, while it was only 27.3% (n = 3) in Cohort B. Therefore, it is preferable to exclude the use of cyclopentolate in the preoperative dilation regimen of patients undergoing cataract surgery. However, a study with a larger sample population is required to further evaluate the significance of these results.
The Effect of Latanoprost vs Timolol on lntraocular Pressure in Patients with Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension
Authors: Aquino Mario V. , Lat-Luna Margarita
Published: January 2021

The objective of this study was to compare the effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) of latanoprost 0.005% once daily with timolol 0.5% twice daily in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The study was designed as a single-centre, randomised, double-masked parallel-group comparison of latanoprost with timolol after 12 weeks of treatment. 60 patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension with IOP of at least 22 mm Hg were included. Administration of previous ocular hypotensive medication necessitated a wash-out period of 5 to 21 days before the start of the study treatment. The patients were randomised to treatment with latanoprost 0.005% once daily or timolol 0.5% twice daily. Mean diurnal IOP was measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. After 6 weeks of treatment, the diurnal IOP reduction (mean± standard error of the mean [SEM]) in the latanoprost group was 12.1±1.1 mm Hg (41%;p<0.001; analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]) and 8.7 ± 1.1 mm Hg (30%; p < 0.001; ANCOVA) in the timolol group. The difference of 3.4 ± 1.6 mm Hg was statistically significant in favour of latanoprost (p = 0.034; ANCOVA). A 30% reduction or more in mean diurnal IOP was achieved by 71 % of patients in the latanoprost group and by 34% of patients in the timolol group. After 12 weeks of treatment, the diurnal IOP reduction (mean± SEM) in the latanoprost group was 11.1±1.2 mm Hg (39%; p < 0.001; ANCOVA) and 9.1 ± 1.1 mm Hg (32%; p < 0.001; ANCOVA) in the timolol group. Most side effects observed were mild and transient and no serious adverse events were reported. Latanoprost 0.005% administered once daily in the evening was at least as effective as timolol 0.5% twice daily in reducing the mean diurnal IOP after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. Both medications were well tolerated during the study period.
DIVERSIDAD FENOTÍPICA DE VARIEDADES E HÍBRIDOS DE MAÍZ EN EL VALLE TOLUCAATLACOMULCO, MÉXICO
Authors: González-Huerta Andrés , Vázquez-García Luis Miguel , Sahagún-Castellanos Jaime , Rodríguez-Pérez Juan Enrique
Published: January 2021

El conocimiento del origen geográfico y genético de los maíces (Zea mays L.) de Valles Altos del Centro de México podría ser relevante para el estudio y caracterización de su diversidad fenotípica, conservación in situ, mejoramiento genético y generación de tecnología. En el año 2004 se hizo un estudio con el objetivo principal de evaluar la diversidad fenotípica en variedades criollas e híbridos recomendados para siembra comercial en el Valle Toluca- Atlacomulco, en El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas (dos fechas de siembra), Metepec y Jocotitlán, Edo. de México. En las 25 poblaciones se midió el rendimiento de grano y 11 variables morfológícas de planta y mazorca y fenológicas, en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones por ambiente. Los resultados indicaron que la diversidad fenotípica del maíz en el Valle Toluca-Atlacomulco se distribuyó en cinco grupos: Palomero Toluqueño, Cacahuacintle, Chalqueño, Cónico-híbridos Cónico - Chalqueño e híbridos de origen racial complejo. Palomero sobresalió por su precocidad, mayor número de hileras de grano y mayor peso volumétrico. Cacahuacintle se diferenció por su mayor diámetro de mazorca y menor número de hileras de grano. Cónico rindió lo mismo que los híbridos de otras razas; su adaptabilidad histórica al Valle contribuiría a la derivación de poblaciones precoces de mayor rendimiento. La raza Chalqueño presentó las mayores dimensiones de planta, duración del ciclo biológico y rendimiento de grano; rindió igual que los híbridos Cónico-Chalqueño, que presentaron una mazorca por planta y altos pesos de grano por mazorca y volumétricos. Los híbridos de origen racial complejo podrían incrementar la heterosis para rendimiento de grano con Cónico- Chalqueño y disminuir las alturas de planta y mazorca, el acame y la esterilidad en Cacahuacintle, Cónico y Chalqueño.
SECUENCIA DEL GENOMA DE UN AISLAMIENTO DEL VIRUS DE LA TRISTEZA DE LOS CÍTRICOS
Authors: Quiroz-Velásquez Jesús Di Carlo , Peña-del Río Ma. de los Ángeles , Cruz-Hernández Ma. Antonia , Fernández-Dávila Susana , González-Paz Maurilio , Mendoza-Herrera Alberto
Published: January 2021

El genoma de un aislamiento severo del virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (VTC) de México (CBG-VTC1) se secuenció en su totalidad. Los 19 300 nucleótidos (nt) del genoma se dividen en 12 marcos de lectura abierta (ORF’s) que codifican para 15 proteínas y dos regiones no traducibles (5’ y 3’-UTR). El primer marco de lectura abierta inició en el nucleótido 108 con un tamaño de 9587 nt, y codificó para tres proteínas traslapadas, una poliproteína de 357 kDa que contiene dos proteasas contiguas (P-PRO), una metiltransferasa (MTR) y una helicasa (HEL). El segundo ORF traslapó en los últimos 55 nt de las proteasas; éste codifica para una ARN polimerasa ARN-dependiente (RdRp) con un peso molecular de 47 kDa cuya función es la replicación. Los ORF’s del 2 al 10 codificaron 10 productos proteicos con un rango que va de 6 a 65 kDa. El genoma CBG-VTC1 presentó sintenia con genomas ya reportados, y difirió solamente en 2 a 74 nt. La región 5’-UTR del CBG-VTC1 mostró 55 % de identidad con T30, 57.9 % con SY568, 100 % con T36 y solamente 58.9 % con VT, mientras que la región 3’-UTR tuvo 96 % de identidad en todos los aislamientos. La identidad aminoacídica promedio fue de 87.0 % con un aislamiento débil (T30) y de 85.9 %, 93.7 % y 85.13 % con las razas severas SY568, T36 y VT, respectivamente.
La reinserción social post penitenciaria: un reto a la justicia ecuatoriana
Authors: Brito Febles Osvaldo P. , Alcocer Castillo Byron Ramiro
Published: January 2021

Los seres humanos pueden reflejar sus bondades y miserias durante su vida, unas de esas miserias adquiridas por naturaleza o por aprendizaje social, en todo caso destructivas, pueden actuar como hilo conductor al delito. Como defensa contra el delito se crearon las penas y dentro de ellas, la prisión, cuya finalidad es que el ciudadano asuma una serie de valores básicos para la convivencia social en un régimen de democracia y justicia donde se respetan los derechos subjetivos y humanos. Esto significa que la pena debe estar fundamentada en políticas claves para la rehabilitación del individuo y su reinserción normal a la sociedad, lo que requiere un Estado que se preocupe no sólo por fijar las políticas, sino aplicarlas, hacerles seguimiento y evaluarlas para dejarlas, cambiarlas o eliminarlas. La presente investigación tiene como propósito analizar si es efectiva la reinserción social del penado en Ecuador, lo que se justifica por las exigencias constitucionales del Estado ecuatoriano. Para dar cumplimiento al objetivo del estudio se aplicó una metodología de carácter cuantitativa y cualitativa (mixta) en la que se unen estudios doctrinales y legales a la aplicación de una encuesta a los internos de la cárcel de Cotopaxi.
Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de información: análisis y procesamiento realizado por el investigador cualitativo
Authors: Sánchez Bracho Maream , Fernández Mariela , Díaz Juan
Published: January 2021

El propósito de este articulo radica en analizar e interpretar la pluralidad de las perspectivas que nos muestran los puntos de vista coincidentes y contrapuestos entre el investigador y los sujetos, siendo paradójicamente uno de los aspectos que enriquece y nutre de complejidad y diversidad de técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de información en el análisis y procesamiento de la investigación cualitativa. Entre las técnicas de recolección de información consideradas se destacan la observación participante, el grupo nominal, Delphi, entrevista a profundidad, grupos focales, revisión documental, taller investigativo y técnicas proyectivas, y en cuanto los instrumentos se recalcan la guía de observación, anecdotarios, diario del investigador y artefactos. En relación al análisis y procesamiento de la información indagada se enfatizan la inducción analítica, método comparativo constante, codificación, descripción densa, análisis de contenido y análisis del discurso, perspectiva de mapeo y la triangulación. Todas y cada una de ellas permiten revelar como piensan, sienten y actúan los sujetos involucrados en una investigación, razón principal por la que es primordial aplicar cada técnica e instrumento adecuadamente, proporcionando una enorme riqueza informativa que pueden corregir los sesgos propios de cada método.
Efecto de la quema en caña de azúcar sobre el carbono de un Andisol
Authors: Montenegro Ballestero Johnny , Chaves Solera Marcos
Published: January 2021

Efecto de la quema en caña de azúcar sobre el carbono de un Andisol. En la producción de caña de azúcar la quema previa a la cosecha es una práctica común, la cual reduce la biomasa que potencialmente se incorporaría al suelo, por ello, se asume que disminuye el carbono orgánico del suelo. Esta investigación cuantificó en Turrialba, Costa Rica, el carbono orgánico por unidad de suelo en una plantación comercial de caña de azúcar, con y sin la práctica de quema previo a su cosecha.

En el 2019 se implementó un diseño irrestricto al azar y se evaluaron tres tratamientos: a) un año de renovación de la plantación y cosecha en verde sin quema (testigo, TO), b) un año de renovación (T1) y c) cuatro años de renovación con quema previo a la cosecha (T4); todos con tres repeticiones. En ellas se recolectaron muestras de suelo hasta 70 cm de profundidad. Se determinó interacción (P<0,0018) entre la profundidad y la quema en el contenido carbono orgánico, los valores disminuyeron marcadamente con la profundidad en T4 comparados a los de T0 y T1.

La relación C/N del suelo se incrementó significativamente (P<0,0001) con las veces que se quema previo a la cosecha, ya que los valores fueron mayores en T4 con respecto a los determinados en T0 y T1. El nitrógeno del suelo fue mayor (P<0,0016) en T0 y T1 con respecto a T4. Se determinó correlación (P<0,0001) entre el COS y el N, así como también entre la CE y el carbono, y entre el contenido de arcilla y carbono. Es notorio el efecto detrimental provocado por la quema en el contenido de carbono orgánico del suelo.Palabras clave: Cambio climático, mitigación, gases con efecto invernadero, trópico, cultivos tropicales.

Keywords: Climate change, mitigation, greenhouse gases, tropic, tropical crops.
Valoración económica de los servicios ambientales de la cuenca del río Coata, Puno-Perú
Authors: Quispe-Mamani Julio , Quispe-Mamani Felix , Roque-Guizada Cesar , Yapuchura-Saico Cristobal , Catachura-Vilca Alberto
Published: January 2021

The objective of the research was to economically value the environmental services of the Coata river watershed; Likewise, determine the willingness to pay for the improvement of environmental services and identify the socio-economic variables that determine the willingness to pay. The contingent valuation method and the binomial logit econometric model were applied, with a sample of 369 households living around the basin, for this the primary source data collection technique was used and the survey on the population was used as an instrument. that resides in the basin, using the statistical packages SPSS 25.0 and Stata 16.0 for the estimation and contrast of hypotheses. It was determined that the economic value of the DAP amounts to 4.88 soles per month, thus evidencing the existence of full willingness to pay by the families that live in the vicinity of the river basin. Finally, the DAP is explained by age in 2.77%, education in 3.1%, frequency of use of the environmental service in 2.3% and distance to the river in 2.3%.
Os valores épicos no cinema
Authors: Chanoca Tatiana Alvarenga
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho busca mostrar e entender como os valores épicos presentes em Homero, notadamente na Ilíada, foram absorvidos e repassados pela cultura cinematográfica. Foram escolhidos para comparação os filmes Helena de Troia (1956, refilmado em 2003), A ira de Aquiles (1962) e Troia (2004).
De diis gentium
Authors: Gonçalves Willamy Fernandes
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo observar como o movimento humanista manifestou-se nas letras portuguesas, especificamente quanto ao tratamento dado às narrativas míticas gregas. Para tanto, após breve caracterização da herança clássica no medievo português, sobretudo quanto à seleção e ao uso de narrativas e de personagens da mitologia grega, passa à leitura de um texto-chave sobre o tratamento do mito em Portugal na transição entre Baixa Idade Média e Renascimento: o prólogo da tradução da Electra de Sófocles por Anrique Aires Victória. O contraponto dessa leitura com trechos fundamentais de autores como Justino de Roma, Clemente de Alexandria e Basílio de Cesareia, que nos primeiros anos do cristianismo forneceram as diretrizes para o tratamento da herança literária clássica no mundo cristão, nos ajuda a compreender o que estava em jogo nas escolhas de Anrique Aires Victória e sugere que, na passagem entre Idade Média e Renascimento, mais do que um salto quantitativo na presença do mito, há uma importante mudança qualitativa, captada aqui a partir de conceitos utilizados pelos próprios autores do período (nomeadamente a oposição entre flor e fruto).
Niemieckie groby wojenne z okresu II wojny światowej w Polsce. Zagadnienia wstępne
Authors: Szymoniczek Joanna
Published: January 2021

446 thousand German soldiers died in Poland in World War II. Until the end of the 1980s, the Poles were unwilling to remember most of the German graves situated in their country. The breakthrough of 1989, together with a series of bilateral agreements, on the basis of which the graves of the German war victims were to be legally protected, respected and appropriately maintained, changed this. As a result, the remains of over 100 thousand German soldiers have been disinterred, the graves of German soldiers at the cemeteries in Joachimów-Mogiły, Kraków, Warsaw (The Northern Cemetery) and Poznań have been commemorated, and new, mass cemeteries have been built in Przemyśl, Mławka, Modlin, Siemianowice Śląskie, Nadolice Wielkie, Gdańsk, Puławy, Bartosze, near Ełk, and Stary Czarnów (Glinna) near Szczecin. These cemeteries are to provide for reconciliation and a genuine normalisation in relations between Poles and Germans. Since the late 1990s, youth camps as well as the Bundeswehr and Polish army camps have been organised in localities where German war cemeteries are situated, during which the participants carry out building work and repair the architectural artefacts in German cemeteries from both World War I and the World War II. The camp organisers’ aim is for these events to help the youth of both countries to become acquainted with each other, to learn history and tolerance, to disperse prejudices, and so forth. While to most of the Poles such actions are a form of expressing a humanitarian attitude, some of them find it unacceptable to commemorate the aggressor’s dead, while others perceive these efforts as a business opportunity.
Wpływ 1968 roku na kształtowanie obrazu Polski i Polaków w niemieckiej opinii publicznej
Authors: Madajczyk Piotr
Published: January 2021

The article is an initial presentation of the problem of the reception of the Polish events of 1968 in other countries, and in particular, in Germany. Two areas have been subjected to a preliminary scrutiny. The first pertains to the attitude to Czechoslovakia and the participation of the Polish armed forces in suppressing the Prague Spring by force. This participation is interpreted as a result of the Brezhnev Doctrine. What is more controversial is the balancing of the relations between the positive elements, namely, a pro-democracy social movement, and the negative ones which, apart from the policy of the Communist authorities, also included anti-Semitism and nationalism as social phenomena. References to the positive elements seem to dominate in historical studies. The situation in the mass media requires an even more detailed analysis, as emotions take the upper hand there.
Pierwsza wizyta Bruno Kreisky’ego w Polsce w dniach 1–3 marca 1960 roku w świetle dokumentów Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych
Authors: Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

Following World War II, Polish-Austrian relations developed in a climate of mutual interest and political support. Despite finding themselves on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War era, the communist People’s Republic of Poland (PRP) and the Republic of Austria worked for bilateral recognition and opportunities for trading collaboration from 1945 onward. During the early phase of post-1945 Polish-Austrian relations, occasional state visits were made by the highest echelons. The first such event occurred from 1st to 3rd March 1960, when the then Austrian Foreign Minister, Bruno Kreisky, visited Warsaw. On the Polish side, preparations for the minister’s visit were made with extraordinary care. Among the circle of Western states, sui generis breakthroughs which would offer the chance of instigating the economic and political exchange so essential to a new people’s democracy were being sought. The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive holds materials giving  detailed descriptions of the preparations for, and the course of, the first visit made to Poland by the highest of Austrian echelons. In a document entitled Points for the Talks, we read that the Polish government did not exclude the possibility of cooperation with Western states, including those which belonged to NATO, as well as of its desire to be appropriately prepared for that collaboration. In the minds of Polish diplomats, the Republic of Austria was to help in breaking the political isolation which afflicted the PRP.
Problematyka narodowościowa w spisach powszechnych ludności 2002 i 2011 roku w kontekście mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce
Authors: Popieliński Paweł
Published: January 2021

The two most recent Polish general censuses, carried out in 2002 and 2011, excited numerous controversies among the national and ethnic minorities living in Poland. During the general census of 2002, questions regarding nationality emerged for the first time since the era of the communist People’s Republic of Poland and our country’s socio-political turning-point. Both censuses addressed the matter, providing a foundation, first and foremost, for the size of the German and other national minority groups to be established. On the basis of the results, the Polish government enacted the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Languages in 2005. The representatives of national and ethnical minority groups in Poland, including the Germans, had a great many concerns regarding the way in which the general censuses were carried out. They warned the Polish authorities that the data obtained would not be fully objective, nor would they reflect the actual numbers of the groups in question.In the article, the author details the particulars of the preparation and conducting of both general censuses. He presents the multiplicity of problems with which the national and ethnic minorities, including the Germans, were grappling and shows what the consequences of that fact have been, and are, for that group. He analyses the factors which had an impact on the numbers for the German minority, the reasons why those numbers have decreased with each general census and what has influenced the fact that, in the two censuses, more and more people gave their nationality as Silesian on the form, while fewer and fewer put themselves down as being German. At the same time, he describes the phenomenon of feeling Silesian, explaining how the ‘Silesian’ national and ethnic category came to figure on the Central Statistical Office’s questionnaire and clarifying how it should be defined. In addition, he focuses on what consequences the social manifestation which is the declaration of Silesian nationality, as well as the emergence of organisations centred around the Silesians who do so, might bring for the German minority movement in Poland in the future.
Kontrowersje wokół nauczania języka niemieckiego jako języka mniejszości narodowej w Polsce po 1989 roku – podtrzymywanie tożsamości narodowej czy nauka języka obcego
Authors: Pogorzała Ewa
Published: January 2021

This article attempts to analyse the problems of teaching German in Poland as a language of a national minority. According to the Polish law, the aim of such language classes is to maintain the national identity. As early as in the 90s of the twentieth century, however, when people were allowed to learn German as a minority language, there were allegations that some of them would send their children to these lessons without feeling de facto any relation to the German minority; they just wanted their children to learn a foreign language. During more than two decades of teaching German as a minority language, a number of interpretation problems appeared in the Polish education system concerning the principles of this teaching and persons entitled to receive education in this form. Applications for the admission of children to a German language course are treated as a declaration of nationality. A controversy also arises about the amount of additional financial resources provided for the organization of the minority language classes from the educational part of the general subsidy that is often compared to the funds allocated by the German authorities on the activities of the Polish diaspora and Poles in Germany. At present, the German minority in the Opole region undertakes a number of activities to promote bilingualism and thus overcome the conflicts around the German language, and to draw attention to the benefits of knowing more than one language as a first/second language, and not just as a foreign language.
Partner na trudny czas. Obraz Austrii w świetle materiałów Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej z lat 1980–1983
Authors: Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

The aim of this article is to show how the Fourth Department (Western Europe) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Polish People’s Republic (PRL) assessed its relations with Austria in 1980–1983. This topic is analysed from the perspective of the existing research on Polish foreign policy and its relations with the West. The article mainly presents the Polish perspective of bilateral relations and efforts to restore good trade relations with Austria. Before martial law was introduced in the PRL, this neutral Western country had evidently favoured Polish affairs in the international arena. The contribution of Bruno Kreisky’s personal diplomacy to the development of trade relations with the PRL is also taken into account. There is a thesis that Austria was one of the first countries in the West which renewed diplomatic relations with the PRL after their having been frozen in December 1981. In the light of the existing studies, such measures were first taken in 1984 in the so-called fraternal countries and in 1985 in Western countries. Materials taken into account in this analysis have not yet been published, and come from the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the Polish diplomatic documents from 1980–1983, Austria has the image of „a partner in difficult times”. Since 1970, the Austrian government under the leadership of Chancellor Bruno Kreisky was at first perceived exceptionally well in the PRL, compared to other Western countries. After the imposition of martial law, Vienna repeatedly confirmed its willingness to provide Poland with not just humanitarian, but also diplomatic and economic support, refraining from making negative comments on Polish authorities on the international forum. Kreisky avoided sharp statements against Polish authorities, fearing the possible escalation of the conflict. He was convinced that the shift in power was not possible at that time and in that area. He judged negatively Western economic sanctions for two reasons. As he claimed, they struck only the society and common people, having no impact on the decisions of Polish politicians; on the other hand, they threatened the interests of Austria, which was inclined to import Polish raw materials and repay the existing financial obligations. Shortly after the exchange of correspondence on the circumstances of the martial law, the Austrian side, through the Embassy in Vienna, offered to re-establish correct relations. They excluded the possibility of conducting official state visits until the lifting of martial law; however, in April 1983, the first working group meeting with Otto von Bauer, the Deputy Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Austria, was arranged in Vienna. This event was treated as an example to follow in the other diplomatic posts of the Fourth Department.
Inżynieria społeczna – między biopolityką a etnopolityką
Authors: Madajczyk Piotr
Published: January 2021

Social engineering comprises two major models of politics: ethnopolitics and biopolitics. Biopolitics aims to create a society whose government does not treat the right to decide about death as the main tool of politics and is responsible for life development and management. The most important task of this government is no longer to receive certain benefits, but to control them and increase their efficiency. Ethnopolitics, in turn, aims to create an ethnically homogenous state, although such projects were sometimes more complicated in terms of the structure of a nation. This article aims to look at the main directions in the development of social engineering projects in Central Europe (Germany), East-Central Europe (Poland and Ukraine), as well as on the border between the latter and Southeastern Europe (Croatia).