bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Off-pump Second-Stage Aortic Arch Repair after Type A Dissection
Authors: Lescan Mario , Andic Mateja , Krüger Tobias , Ivosevic Vedran , Schlensak Christian
Published: September 2018

Background Ascending aorta or hemi-arch repair are common in the acute phase of type A dissection. Postdissection aneurysms can develop with antegrade perfusion of the false lumen in the dissected aortic arch and require reoperation.

Methods From 2012 to 2018, we reoperated nine patients with postdissection aneurysms using a hybrid technique without cardiopulmonary bypass. The patients had a EuroSCORE II of 13% and a logistic EuroSCORE I of 45% and were not candidates for frozen elephant trunk surgery. The median interval since the acute ascending repair was 184 (92; 528) days. All patients were treated by median resternotomy, ascending to carotid bypass on a partially clamped ascending graft, and transfemoral endovascular repair with a Relay NBS (nonbare stent) or conformable Gore C-TAG stent graft.

Results Technical success was achieved in all cases. Mean follow-up was 405 (220; 672) days. There was no disabling stroke, endoleak, paraplegia, in-hospital, or late mortality. In all patients, the false lumen was completely thrombosed at the aortic arch level with a median aneurysm shrinkage of 13 mm in the distal arch. There was no bird beak or stent graft migration. Distal stent-induced new entry was observed in one case. Reinterventions were not necessary due to diameter stability.

Conclusion Complete debranching with transfemoral thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair showed encouraging results in patients with relevant comorbidities. The used stent grafts performed well in the mid-term follow-up period with no endoleaks or migration.
The challenges of behavioural insights for effective policy design
Authors: Kuehnhanss Colin R
Published: September 2018

Behavioural insights are becoming increasingly popular with policy practitioners. Findings and methods originally provided by cognitive psychology and later behavioural economics have found use in the formulation of public policies. Their most popularised application has emerged under the auspices of libertarian paternalism in the form of ‘nudging’. Its proponents claim to provide a new instrument to facilitate the formulation of effective and evidence-based policy, taking people’s actual behaviour into account from the outset, while preserving their liberty to choose. This article reviews the origins of libertarian paternalism and the behavioural insights it builds on and takes a critical look at the foundations nudging relies on as a policy tool. It also discusses the ongoing efforts to build policy capacity to integrate behavioural insights and experimental methods in the creation of public policy. Behavioural insights offer a powerful tool to reshape and design new evidence-based policy. However, designers ought to be aware of the underlying assumptions on individual behaviour, the broadness of the mandate the nudging approach claims and the challenges they pose for design effectiveness.
Facilitating moral maturity: integrating developmental and cultural approaches
Authors: Herzog Patricia Snell , Harris Daniel E. , Peifer Jared
Published: September 2018

This study integrates developmental and cultural approaches to student development and finds that millennial college students are responsive to moral formation. A particular challenge to prosociality among contemporary generations is growing up within a cultural context that aggrandizes a self-focus during emerging adulthood. Businesses are increasingly integrating spirituality at work, in part because of the benefits religiosity has in developing prosocial behaviors. However, businesses and universities can have concerns about explicitly engaging religiosity. We thus study a pedagogical approach that engages religiosity to investigate whether this promotes prosocial moral values. Employing a mixed-methods design, we analyze quantitative and qualitative changes in students completing a management education course with this pedagogical approach and compare their changes over time to a control group completing conventional ethics courses during the same time period. Findings indicate that prosocial development is possible during college and that explicit attention to diverse religious views aids moral development.
Plasma Biomarkers to Detect Prevalent or Predict Progressive Tuberculosis Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus–1
Authors: Lesosky Maia , Rangaka Molebogeng X , Pienaar Cara , Coussens Anna K , Goliath Rene , Mathee Shaheed , Mwansa-Kambafwile Judith , Maartens Gary , Wilkinson Robert J , Wilkinson Katalin Andrea
Published: September 2018

Background

The risk of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 developing tuberculosis (TB) is high, while both prognostic and diagnostic tools remain insensitive. The potential for plasma biomarkers to predict which HIV-1–infected individuals are likely to progress to active disease is unknown.

Methods

Thirteen analytes were measured from QuantiFERON Gold in-tube (QFT) plasma samples in 421 HIV-1–infected persons recruited within the screening and enrollment phases of a randomized, controlled trial of isoniazid preventive therapy. Blood for QFT was obtained pre-randomization. Individuals were classified into prevalent TB, incident TB, and control groups. Comparisons between groups, supervised learning methods, and weighted correlation network analyses were applied utilizing the unstimulated and background-corrected plasma analyte concentrations.

Results

Unstimulated samples showed higher analyte concentrations in the prevalent and incident TB groups compared to the control group. The largest differences were seen for C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1α, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α). A predictive model analysis using unstimulated analytes discriminated best between the control and prevalent TB groups (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.9), reasonably well between the incident and prevalent TB groups (AUC > 0.8), and poorly between the control and incident TB groups. Unstimulated IL-2 and IFN-γ were ranked at or near the top for all comparisons, except the comparison between the control vs incident TB groups. Models using background-adjusted values performed poorly.

Conclusions

Single plasma biomarkers are unlikely to distinguish between disease states in HIV-1 co-infected individuals, and combinations of biomarkers are required. The ability to detect prevalent TB is potentially important, as no blood test hitherto has been suggested as having the utility to detect prevalent TB amongst HIV-1 co-infected persons.
The nature of heterodox economics revisited
Authors: Slade-Caffarel Yannick
Published: September 2018

This paper revisits the conception of heterodox economics advanced by Tony Lawson in 2006 and critically assesses its reception. I consider the bearing of later contributions—most importantly, his 2013 paper ‘What is this “school” called neoclassical economics’—in which Lawson further develops his analysis of heterodox economics. The goal is to provide additional clarity to the discussion.
Women Missionaries and Colonial Silences in Kenya’s Female ‘Circumcision’ Controversy, 1906–1930
Authors: Anderson David M
Published: September 2018

For the people of Kenya, recent global debates on the emotional and medical harm caused by female genital mutilation (FGM), allied to arguments about the human rights of the women subjected to such acts, have a significant historical resonance. In the 1920s, Christian missionaries in central Kenya mounted a concerted campaign to prohibit ‘female circumcision’ among their flourishing African congregations. This provoked a backlash, with thousands of Kikuyu Christians deserting the missions to found their own independent churches and schools in the early 1930s. These events, commonly referred to as the ‘female circumcision controversy’, mark a turning point in Kenya’s colonial history. Taking as its starting-point the murder in 1930 of a female missionary with the African Inland Mission, the article explores the actions and attitudes of white women missionaries, revealing a subtle and complex picture of missionary views of African society and the process of Christian conversion, arguing that, as the circumcision crisis developed during 1929, these women stood at the centre of the gathering storm, their experience emblematic of the emotional, cultural and political challenges in the circumcision debate. This account adds an important new dimension to our understanding of gender in Kenya’s circumcision debate, but it also reveals why colonial silence has surrounded the event at the very centre of the crisis: the murder of Hulda Stumpf.
Older Black Adults’ Satisfaction and Anxiety Levels After Completing Alternative Versus Traditional Cognitive Batteries
Authors: Gamaldo Alyssa A , Tan Shyuan Ching , Sardina Angie L , Henzi Carolyn , Guest Rosalyn , Ross Lesley A , Willingham Kurtis , Zonderman Alan B , Andel Ross A
Published: September 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine satisfaction, test anxiety, and performance using computer-based cognitive batteries versus a paper-and-pencil neuropsychological battery among older Blacks.

Method

Self-identified Black adults (n = 87, age range: 55–86; mean education = 14) completed two computer-based tests (CogState and Joggle) and a paper-and-pencil neuropsychological battery. After each battery, participants reported their testing anxiety and satisfaction using the batteries. Descriptive, correlational, and regression analyses compared satisfaction, anxiety, and performance across the batteries.

Results

Majority of the participants reported more satisfaction with the computer-based (Joggle: 66%; CogState: 77%) than the neuropsychological (52%) battery. Participants also reported less testing anxiety after completing the computer-based batteries than the neuropsychological battery, F(2, 172) = 22.96, p < .001. Older adults’ familiarity and comfort level with the computer were not associated with their performance on the computer-based tests (p > .05). Although testing anxiety was not associated with performance across the batteries, age and education quality were uniquely associated with performance on the CogState and neuropsychological batteries.

Conclusions

Computer-based cognitive batteries appear to be less intimidating than the commonly used paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tests for Black adults. Thus, these cognitive batteries may be useful tools for monitoring older Blacks’ cognitive status.
Socioeconomic Status and Biological Risks for Health and Illness Across the Life Course
Authors: Yang Yang Claire , Schorpp Kristen , Boen Courtney , Johnson Moira , Harris Kathleen Mullan
Published: September 2018

Objectives

We assess the temporal properties and biosocial mechanisms underlying the associations between early-life socioeconomic status (SES) and later health. Using a life-course design spanning adolescence to older adulthood, we assess how early life and various dimensions of adult SES are associated with immune and metabolic function in different life stages and examine possible bio-behavioral and psychosocial mechanisms underlying these associations.

Method

Data for this study come from 3 national studies that collectively cover multiple stages of the life course (Add Health, MIDUS, and HRS). We estimated generalized linear models to examine the prospective associations between early-life SES, adult SES, and biomarkers of chronic inflammation and metabolic disorder assessed at follow-up. We further conducted formal tests of mediation to assess the role of adult SES in linking early SES to biological functions.

Results

We found that early-life SES exerted consistent protective effects for metabolic disorder across the life span, but waned with time for CRP. The protective effect of respondent education remained persistent for CRP but declined with age for metabolic disorder. Adult income and assets primarily protected respondents against physiological dysregulation in middle and old ages, but not in early adulthood.

Discussion

These findings are the first to elucidate the life-course patterns of SES that matter for underlying physiological functioning during the aging process to produce social gradients in health.
Ageism Amplifies Cost and Prevalence of Health Conditions
Authors: Levy Becca R , Slade Martin D , Chang E-Shien , Kannoth Sneha , Wang Shi-Yi
Published: September 2018

Background and Objectives

The persistent status of ageism as one of the least acknowledged forms of prejudice may be due in part to an absence of quantifying its costs in economic terms. In this study, we calculated the costs of ageism on health conditions for all persons aged 60 years or older in the United States during 1 year.

Research Design and Materials

The ageism predictors were discrimination aimed at older persons, negative age stereotypes, and negative self-perceptions of aging. Health care costs of ageism were computed by combining analyses of the impact of the predictors with comprehensive health care spending data in 1 year for the eight most-expensive health conditions, among all Americans aged 60 years or older. As a secondary analysis, we computed the number of these health conditions experienced due to ageism.

Results

It was found that the 1-year cost of ageism was $63 billion, or one of every seven dollars spent on the 8 health conditions (15.4%), after adjusting for age and sex as well as removing overlapping costs from the three predictors. Also according to our model, ageism resulted in 17.04 million cases of these health conditions.

Discussion and Implications

This is the first study to identify the economic cost that ageism imposes on health. The findings suggest that a reduction of ageism would not only have a monetary benefit for society, but also have a health benefit for older persons.
Comparison of marine and terrestrial ecosystems: suggestions of an evolutionary perspective influenced by environmental variation
Authors: Steele John H , Brink Kenneth H , Scott Beth E
Published: September 2018

The transition of plants and animals from sea to land required adaptation to a very different physical and chemical environment. In this paper, we focus on the consequences of the differences between the magnitude of the variability of ocean and atmospheric dynamics, with the ocean environment (in particular temperature and currents) being two to three orders of magnitude less variable than that on land. We suggest that greater insights on possible responses of marine vs. terrestrial systems to rapid climate change can be gained by considering that terrestrial vertebrates, invertebrates and plants have evolved from marine organisms that, pre-Cambrian, had early life history developmental stages as planktonic larvae. Marine larvae were/are adapted to the predictable and minimal range of temperature changes and regularities in ocean currents, as most organisms utilize the energy in these currents as an “auxiliary” source for predictable gamete and larvae dispersal. Post-Cambrian, on land, no such simple strategy was available; instead, most terrestrial organisms have evolved reproductive strategies and behaviours to eliminate, or at least minimize, the consequences of much larger atmospheric variability. Adapting our future use of these systems sensibly will require greater understanding of how the two regimes respond to rapid climate change.
Range-relaxed criteria for choosing the Lagrange multipliers in nonstationary iterated Tikhonov method
Authors: Boiger R , Leitão A , Svaiter B F
Published: September 2018

In this article we propose a novel nonstationary iterated Tikhonov (NIT)-type method for obtaining stable approximate solutions to ill-posed operator equations modeled by linear operators acting between Hilbert spaces. Geometrical properties of the problem are used to derive a new strategy for choosing the sequence of regularization parameters (Lagrange multipliers) for the NIT iteration. Convergence analysis for this new method is provided. Numerical experiments are presented for two distinct applications: (I) a two-dimensional elliptic parameter identification problem (inverse potential problem); and (II) an image-deblurring problem. The results obtained validate the efficiency of our method compared with standard implementations of the NIT method (where a geometrical choice is typically used for the sequence of Lagrange multipliers).
On the Monoidality of Saito Reflection Functors
Authors: Kato Syu
Published: September 2018

We extend the definition of the Saito reflection functor of the Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier algebras to the case of symmetric Kac–Moody algebras and prove that it defines a monoidal functor.
Individual and household influences on food security and dietary diversity in seven Dominican batey communities
Authors: McWade Conor M , Chen Sheau-Chiann , Ye Fei , Heimburger Douglas C , Moon Troy D , Suiter Sarah V
Published: September 2018

Background

To identify individual and household characteristics associated with food security and dietary diversity in seven Haitian–Dominican bateyes.

Methods

A cross-sectional sample of 667 households were surveyed. Novel household food security scores were calculated from components of the Household Food Insecurity Assessment Scale, while the Food and Agricultural Organization’s Household Dietary Diversity Score was utilized to calculate individual dietary diversity scores. Multivariable analyses were performed using ordinal logistic regression models to estimate the association between these scores and the covariate variables. Secondary dietary diversity analyses were performed after removing non-nutritious food groups.

Results

Food security was significantly associated with being above the poverty line (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.92 to 5.14), living in a rural batey (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.03), receiving gifts and/or donations (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.00) and having a salaried job (i.e., not being paid hourly; OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.64). Dietary diversity was significantly associated with living in a semi-urban batey (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.30), living with a partner (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.00), growing at least some of one’s own food (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.23), and receiving gifts and/or donations (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.73).

Conclusions

Food insecurity and low dietary diversity are highly prevalent in Haitian–Dominican bateyes. The inclusion of sweets and non-milk beverages in dietary diversity calculations appear to skew scores towards higher levels of diversity, despite limited nutritional gains.
China’s diplomatic strategies in response to economic disputes in Myanmar
Authors: Chan Debby Sze Wan
Published: September 2018

How do societal actors in the host country matter to Beijing’s diplomatic strategies? In the course of political transition in Myanmar, the Myitsone Dam was suspended in 2011, and the China–Myanmar High-Speed Railway was reportedly halted in 2014. Since then, Beijing is said to have adopted public diplomacy in response to these economic setbacks. However, this article finds variations in Beijing’s approaches; Beijing actively engaged with the dam challengers, but not the railway opponents, who offered less of a challenge. Moreover, Beijing tolerated the project’s suspension in the dam case, but ramped up pressure in the railway case by increasing Naypyitaw’s costs of defection. Beijing’s inconsistent diplomatic approaches are attributed to different levels of social opposition observed in the anti-Chinese project movements. As such, Beijing has the propensity to bypass societal actors and pressure Naypyitaw for project continuation if it perceives that social opposition is not a major obstacle in bilateral economic cooperation.
Expert-level sleep scoring with deep neural networks
Authors: Biswal Siddharth , Sun Haoqi , Goparaju Balaji , Westover M Brandon , Sun Jimeng , Bianchi Matt T
Published: September 2018

Objectives

Scoring laboratory polysomnography (PSG) data remains a manual task of visually annotating 3 primary categories: sleep stages, sleep disordered breathing, and limb movements. Attempts to automate this process have been hampered by the complexity of PSG signals and physiological heterogeneity between patients. Deep neural networks, which have recently achieved expert-level performance for other complex medical tasks, are ideally suited to PSG scoring, given sufficient training data.

Methods

We used a combination of deep recurrent and convolutional neural networks (RCNN) for supervised learning of clinical labels designating sleep stages, sleep apnea events, and limb movements. The data for testing and training were derived from 10 000 clinical PSGs and 5804 research PSGs.

Results

When trained on the clinical dataset, the RCNN reproduces PSG diagnostic scoring for sleep staging, sleep apnea, and limb movements with accuracies of 87.6%, 88.2% and 84.7% on held-out test data, a level of performance comparable to human experts. The RCNN model performs equally well when tested on the independent research PSG database. Only small reductions in accuracy were noted when training on limited channels to mimic at-home monitoring devices: frontal leads only for sleep staging, and thoracic belt signals only for the apnea-hypopnea index.

Conclusions

By creating accurate deep learning models for sleep scoring, our work opens the path toward broader and more timely access to sleep diagnostics. Accurate scoring automation can improve the utility and efficiency of in-lab and at-home approaches to sleep diagnostics, potentially extending the reach of sleep expertise beyond specialty clinics.
Behavioral Dishonesty in the Public Sector
Authors: Olsen Asmus Leth , Hjorth Frederik , Harmon Nikolaj , Barfort Sebastian
Published: September 2018

We investigate the usefulness of the dice game paradigm to public administration as a standardized way of measuring (dis)honesty among individuals, groups, and societies. Measures of dishonesty are key for the field’s progress in understanding individual, organizational, and societal differences in unethical behavior and corruption. We first describe the dice game paradigm and its advantages and then discuss a range of considerations for how to implement it. Next, we highlight the potential of the dice game paradigm across two diverse studies: prospective public employees in Denmark (n = 441) and prospective public employees in 10 different countries with very different levels of corruption (n = 1,091). In the first study, we show how individual-level behavioral dishonesty is very strongly negatively correlated with public service motivation. In the second study, we find that widely used country-level indicators of corruption are strongly correlated with the average behavioral dishonesty among prospective public employees. The results illustrate the importance of the validated dice game paradigm to shed light on core questions that link micro- and macro-level dynamics of dishonesty and corruption in the public sector.
Change in Bacterial Causes of Community-Acquired Parapneumonic Effusion and Pleural Empyema in Children 6 Years After 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Implementation
Authors: Madhi Fouad , Levy Corinne , Morin Laurence , Minodier Philippe , Dubos François , Zenkhri Ferielle , Dommergues Marie Aliette , Mezgueldi Ellia , Levieux Karine ,   Pneumonia Study Group, Aurel Marie , Launay Elise , Biscardi Sandra , Hees Laure , Craiu Irina , Gillet Yves , Guen Christele Gras-Le , Hau Isabelle , Lorrot Mathie , Martinot Alain , Angoulvant François , Béchet Stéphane , Varon Emmanuelle , Cohen Robert ,   GPIP (Pediatric Infectious Disease Group), Madhi Fouad , Levy Corinne , Morin Laurence , Minodier Philippe , Dubos François , Zenkhri Ferielle , Dommergues Marie Aliette , Mezgueldi Ellia , Levieux Karine , Varon Emmanuelle , Cohen Robert
Published: September 2018

We describe here changes in the bacterial causes of pleural empyema before and after implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) program in France (2009–2017). For 220 (39.3%) of 560 children, a bacterial cause was found. The frequency of pneumococcal infection decreased during the study from 79.1% in 2009 to 36.4% in 2017 (P < .001). Group A streptococcus is now the leading cause of documented empyema (45.5%).
The polarization mode of the auroral radio emission from the early-type star HD 142301
Authors: Leto P , Trigilio C , Oskinova L M , Ignace R , Buemi C S , Umana G , Cavallaro F , Ingallinera A , Bufano F , Phillips N M , Agliozzo C , Cerrigone L , Todt H , Riggi S , Leone F
Published: September 2018

We report the detection of the auroral radio emission from the early-type magnetic star HD 142301. New VLA observations of HD 142301 detected highly polarized amplified emission occurring at fixed stellar orientations. The coherent emission mechanism responsible for the stellar auroral radio emission amplifies the radiation within a narrow beam, making the star where this phenomenon occurs similar to a radio lighthouse. The elementary emission process responsible for the auroral radiation mainly amplifies one of the two magneto-ionic modes of the electromagnetic wave. This explains why the auroral pulses are highly circularly polarized. The auroral radio emission of HD 142301 is characterized by a reversal of the sense of polarization as the star rotates. The effective magnetic field curve of HD 142301 is also available making it possible to correlate the transition from the left to the right-hand circular polarization sense (and vice versa) of the auroral pulses with the known orientation of the stellar magnetic field. The results presented in this letter have implications for the estimation of the dominant magneto-ionic mode amplified within the HD 142301 magnetosphere.
Care of Ebola Survivors and Factors Associated With Clinical Sequelae—Monrovia, Liberia
Authors: de St. Maurice A , Ervin E , Orone R , Choi M , Dokubo E K , Rollin P E , Nichol S T , Williams D , Brown J , Sacra R , Fankhauser J , Knust B
Published: September 2018

Background

The Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA) Clinic was the first clinic to provide free, comprehensive care to Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors in Liberia. The objectives of this analysis were to describe the demographics and symptoms of EVD survivors at ELWA from January 2015 through March 2017 and to identify risk factors for development of sequelae.

Methods

Patients’ demographic and clinical information was collected by chart review in June 2016 and March 2017. Associations with clinical sequelae were analyzed using the chi-square test, t test, and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

From January 2015 to March 2017, 329 EVD survivors were evaluated at ELWA. Most survivors experienced myalgia/arthralgia (73%; n = 239) and headache (53%; n = 173). The length of time from Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU) discharge to first clinic visit ranged from 0 to 30 months. Many visits (30%) occurred 24 or more months after ETU discharge. The proportion of visits for headache, weight loss, joint pain, visual problems, insomnia, fatigue, memory loss, decreased libido, depression, and uveitis decreased over time. More men than women had visits for depression; however, these differences were not significant. Symptom prevalence differed in adults and children; significantly more adults experienced myalgia/arthralgia (77% vs 44%), visual problems (41% vs 12%), post-EVD-related musculoskeletal pain (42% vs 15%), and insomnia (17% vs 2%).

Conclusions

EVD survivors frequented ELWA for EVD-related symptoms many months after ETU discharge, indicating a long-term need for care. Reported symptoms changed over time, which may reflect eventual resolution of some sequelae.
Heuristics in Political Behavior
Authors: Steenbergen Marco R. , Colombo Céline
Published: September 2018

Politics is a complex affair. Whether one is a legislator or a citizen, making political decisions is rarely easy. The question of how people deal with this complexity has been on the minds of scholars for decades, if not centuries. One important answer, which emerged in the 1970s, is that decision makers rely on heuristics to tame the intricacies of politics. Heuristics are (cognitive) shortcuts that allow decision makers to bypass a great deal of information while producing an output in the form of a judgment or choice. Often such outputs are indistinguishable from what a complete consideration of the decision-relevant information would have produced. At other times the outputs may not be optimal, but they are good enough. It can also happen, however, that heuristics introduce formidable biases and result in inferior decisions. This chapter reviews the literature on heuristics use by the mass public and political elites. It discusses the kinds of heuristics that are used, how they function, and why they are both inevitable and fallible. Finally, the chapter considers the normative implications of heuristics in political behavior.
Cultural Heritage, Information Science, and the Creative Process
Authors: Boutard Guillaume , Guastavino Catherine
Published: September 2018

The creative process has recently garnered research attention in the field of information science. Multiple authors have proposed original research directions and methods relating to the creative process with the goals of preserving, curating, and disseminating cultural heritage. This body of research provides empirical grounds for the development of better tools for artistic practice and, at a theoretical level, brings another interdisciplinary perspective on the creative process. The field of information science investigates the creative process through the lens of different theoretical frameworks, stemming notably from psychology, sociology, and linguistics. Research areas include empirical studies on music information–seeking behavior, creative process modeling, digital humanities projects for repertoire analysis, performance documentation methodologies, preservation frameworks, and theoretical investigations of the relationship between creative processes and archival documents. Together, these studies provide new insights into the field of information science by re-examining established categories of inquiry, as well as methodologies and ontologies pertaining to the field. The relationship between cultural heritage, information science, and the creative process highlights the singularity of the creative process as an object of research and provides a new critical perspective on the domains within which it is being investigated.
Rhythm and the Performer’s Body
Authors: Stevens Daniel B.
Published: September 2018

Numerous studies of expressive timing use quantitative measurements to reveal and compare ways in which performers realize rhythmic and other notations given on the score, implying that expressive performances creatively inflect elements of musical structure. This study offers an alternative, speculative account of expressive timing in performance based on the complex, dynamic structure of a performer’s gestures as coordinated in the performance of the second étude from Chopin’s Trois nouvelle études and Godowsky’s first paraphrase-study of that étude. Impactful and nuanced temporal fluctuations of two recorded performances are explained in terms of the approach to crafting expressive bodily gestures codified by the piano pedagogue Abby Whiteside. Suggesting that Godowsky’s paraphrase realizes through composition several expressive possibilities latent in Chopin’s score, this chapter also highlights some ways that analyses, representations, and interpretations of rhythm and timing in performance could benefit from taking into account the expressive structure of the performer’s body.
Trading, Profits, and Volatility in a Dynamic Information Network Model
Authors: Walden Johan
Published: September 2018

We introduce a dynamic noisy rational expectations model in which information diffuses through a general network of agents. In equilibrium, agents who are more closely connected have more similar period-by-period trades, and an agent’s profitability is determined by a centrality measure that is related to Katz centrality. Volatility after an information shock is more persistent in less central networks, and volatility and trading volume are also influenced by the network’s asymmetry and irregularity. Using account-level data of all portfolio holdings and trades on the Helsinki Stock Exchange between 1997 and 2003, we find support for the aggregate predictions, altogether suggesting that the market’s network structure is important for these dynamics.
The Turnaround of the Swedish Economy: Lessons from Large Business Sector Reforms
Authors: Heyman Fredrik , Norbäck Pehr-Johan , Persson Lars
Published: September 2018

How can a country improve productivity growth in its business sector and reach its growth potential? Sweden during the 1970–2010 period can serve as an example to help other countries understand how to efficiently reform a business sector. In the 1990s, Sweden implemented a reform package that ignited a successful reorganization of a business sector that had faltered for decades. To understand the economic forces behind this process, the paper first surveys the industrial restructuring literature and then examine the reform package using Swedish matched plant-firm-worker data. The removal of barriers to growth for new and productive firms, as well as increased rewards for investment in human capital, were crucial to the success of Sweden's reforms. The paper also discusses how the reform experience of a developed country such as Sweden can be useful for developing countries that are in the process of transforming their business sectors. The findings suggest that policymakers have much to learn from country case studies and that the Swedish experience can be a valuable case study for developing countries that are attempting to promote growth by developing their business sectors.
Filament extensibility and shear stiffening control persistence of strain and loss of coherence in cross-linked motor-filament assemblies
Authors: Gopinath Arvind , Chelakkot Raghunath , Mahadevan L.
Published: September 2018

Cross-linked flexible filaments deformed by active molecular motors occur in many natural and synthetic settings including eukaryotic flagella, the cytoskeleton and in vitro motor assays. In these systems, an important quantity that controls spatial coordination and emergent collective behavior is the length scale over which elastic strains persist. We estimate this quantity in the context of ordered composites comprised of cross-linked elastic filaments sheared by active motors. Combining a mean-field theory valid for negligibly noisy systems with discrete simulations for noisy systems, we show that the effect of localized strains – be they steady or oscillatory – persist over distances determined by motor kinetics, motor elasticity and filament extensibility. The cut-off length that emerges from these effects controls the transmission of mechanical information and determines the criterion for spatially separated motor groups to stay synchronized. Our results generalize the notion of persistence in passive, Brownian filaments to active, cross-linked filaments.
Notch signalling maintains Hedgehog responsiveness via a Gli-dependent mechanism during spinal cord patterning in zebrafish
Authors: Jacobs Craig T. , Huang Peng
Published: September 2018

Spinal cord patterning is orchestrated by multiple cell signalling pathways. Neural progenitors are maintained by Notch signalling, whereas ventral neural fates are specified by Hedgehog (Hh) signalling. However, how dynamic interactions between Notch and Hh signalling drive the precise pattern formation is still unknown. We applied the PHRESH (PHotoconvertibleREporter ofSignallingHistory) technique to analyse cell signalling dynamicsin vivoduring zebrafish spinal cord development. This approach reveals that Notch and Hh signalling display similar spatiotemporal kinetics throughout spinal cord patterning. Notch signalling functions upstream to control Hh response of neural progenitor cells. Using gain- and loss-of-function tools, we demonstrate that this regulation occurs not at the level of upstream regulators or primary cilia, but rather at the level of Gli transcription factors. Our results indicate that Notch signalling maintains Hh responsiveness of neural progenitors via a Gli-dependent mechanism in the spinal cord.
Nuclear receptor HNF4A trans-represses CLOCK:BMAL1 and acts as a core component of tissue-specific circadian networks
Authors: Qu Meng , Duffy Tomas , Hirota Tsuyoshi , Kay Steve A.
Published: September 2018

Either expression level or transcriptional activity of various nuclear receptors (NRs) have been demonstrated to be under circadian control. With a few exceptions, little is known about the roles of NRs as direct regulators of the circadian circuitry. Here we show that the nuclear receptor HNF4A strongly trans-represses the transcriptional activity of the CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer. We define a central role for HNF4A in maintaining cell-autonomous circadian oscillations in a tissue-specific manner in liver and colon cells. Not only transcript level but also genome-wide chromosome binding of HNF4A is rhythmically regulated in the mouse liver. ChIP-seq analyses revealed co-occupancy of HNF4A and CLOCK:BMAL1 at a wide array of metabolic genes involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid homeostasis. Taken together, we establish that HNF4A defines a novel feedback loop in tissue-specific mammalian oscillators and demonstrate its recruitment in the circadian regulation of metabolic pathways.

Significance

Interlocked feedback loops promote robustness and stability in a system and are a feature of circadian clocks in both animal and plants. The mammalian circadian clock is known to consist of two transcriptional feedback loops, relying on the transcriptional activity of the master complex CLOCK:BMAL1 and the feedback regulation by its target genes. Our research extends this knowledge by establishing a novel feedback loop in peripheral circadian oscillators and highlights the underlying mechanisms mediated by the unappreciated CLOCK:BMAL1 trans-repression activity of the circadian nuclear receptor HNF4A.
Medicalisation, pharmaceuticalisation, or both? Exploring the medical management of sleeplessness as insomnia
Authors: Coveney Catherine , Williams Simon J. , Gabe Jonathan
Published: September 2018

In this paper we examine the medical management of sleeplessness as ‘insomnia’, through the eyes of general practitioners (GPs) and sleep experts in Britain. Three key themes were evident in the data. These related to (i) institutional issues around advocacy and training in sleep medicine (ii) conceptual issues in the diagnosis of insomnia (iii) and how these played out in terms of treatment issues. As a result, the bulk of medical management occurred at the primary rather than secondary care level. These issues are then reflected on in terms of the light they shed on relations between the medicalisation and the pharmaceuticalisation of sleeplessness as insomnia. Sleeplessness, we suggest, is only partially and problematically medicalised as insomnia to date at the conceptual, institutional and interactional levels owing to the foregoing factors. Much of this moreover, on closer inspection, is arguably better captured through recourse to pharmaceuticalisation, including countervailing moves and downward regulatory pressures which suggest a possible degree of depharmaceuticalisation in future, at least as far prescription hypnotics are concerned. Pharmaceuticalisation therefore, we conclude, has distinct analytical value in directing our attention, in this particular case, to important dynamics occurring within if not beyond the medicalisation of sleeplessness as insomnia.
Co‐teaching in a mainstream post‐primary mathematics classroom: an evaluation of models of co‐teaching from the perspective of the teachers
Authors: Carty Audrey , Marie Farrell Ann
Published: September 2018

This article examines the use of a range of co‐teaching models when teaching mathematics. The approaches suggested have potential for all students, but in this instance their importance as a pedagogical approach with students with special educational needs (SEN) in inclusive classrooms is considered. The study was based in the first‐year mathematics classroom of an Irish, urban, mainstream, post‐primary, girls’ school. This article highlights the findings from the teacher's perspective and presents their reflections on a range of co‐teaching approaches. The potential and challenges of these are considered in the context of schools generally.
Choosing the Future for a Child with a Severe Hearing‐Impairment
Authors: Takala Marjatta , Viljamaa Elina , Fredäng Päivi
Published: September 2018

This study explores the choices made by parents of children who are severely hearing‐impaired or deaf. It also gives ideas how to support these children at school. In a six‐year longitudinal study, eleven families completed the study questionnaire four times. Questions were related to choice of hearing aid, methods of communication and educational settings, as well as the everyday experiences of life with a hearing‐impaired child. Analysis of the results was informed by the work of Bourdieu. The findings indicate that while other ways of communicating were also used, parents preferred to communicate with their child within their own hearing field – that is, by means of speech – and choosing a cochlear implant made this possible. While the preferred educational setting was a regular school, special settings were also chosen, especially for children with multiple disabilities. Parents’ choices commonly entailed hesitation, disagreement and a tendency to move towards hearing culture; in some cases, these choices changed during the study period. The article discusses parents’ choices and their descriptions of daily life with their child who is severely hearing‐impaired or deaf, ranging from wholly ordinary to something quite distinct or different.
Can serious reading disorders be investigated and diagnosed by secondary school SEN staff?
Authors: Mays Dennis
Published: September 2018

By the time they transfer to secondary school, most young people who have serious obstacles to becoming literate will have been identified. The necessary procedures will have been completed by school and LEA staff to obtain a statement of SEND or EHC plan. Not all children are this fortunate however. Financial constraints, home, family and sometimes school circumstances may result in a child being overlooked. This article discusses the feasibility of conducting a detailed analysis of a child’s difficulties in Year 7 of the comprehensive school.
Searching for Dumbledore: A reflection upon the outcomes of a tailored emotional literacy programme on three key stage 2 children
Authors: Kay Lynda
Published: September 2018

Some children may only be able to express feelings of anxiety, frustration, stress or sadness through angry behaviours, which may prove challenging for schools (Barnes et al., 2016; Shechtman and Tutian, 2016). This is problematic when considered in relation to research evidence highlighting the negative impact such behaviours may have upon social relationships and academic outcomes (Sloan et al., 2017). The aims of this study were to explore whether a tailored emotional literacy programme can be used effectively to extend children's emotional lexicon and strategies for the self‐management of behaviours. Three children with social‐emotional difficulties were taught in twelve weekly sessions. The findings from this study suggests the positive benefits of using a programme tailored to meet a child's specific needs (rather than a programme without any adaptations), which may be an effectual tool in supporting children to change established patterns of negative behaviours.
UK higher education lecturers’ perspectives of dyslexia, dyslexic students and related disability provision
Authors: Ryder Denise , Norwich Brahm
Published: September 2018

Dyslexia is a controversial concept. In UK universities, the number of students possessing a dyslexia diagnosis continues to increase. Legislation requires that teaching staff adapt their pedagogic practices to effectively include students so diagnosed. These actions depend on lecturers having up‐to‐date knowledge of what the dyslexia label currently means. This study explored the nature and extent of UK lecturers’ awareness of, and attitudes towards, dyslexia and dyslexic students. One hundred and sixty‐four lecturers working within a range of disciplines in 12 UK universities were surveyed via an online questionnaire. The findings revealed a high degree of positivity towards dyslexic students and academic accommodations like reasonable adjustments. The positivity, though, was typically underpinned by inadequate awareness of current dyslexia research knowledge. Notable consequences included confusion and feelings of inadequacy around how best to meet the needs of dyslexic students, a resultant reliance on generic reasonable adjustments, and disinclination to fully engage with related equity issues. The study’s quantitative estimate of the extent of these findings, together with its analysis of cross and inter‐institutional differences, adds a new dimension to existing knowledge in the field. It has serious implications for the overall quality and equality of teaching and learning in higher education.
Positioning the Health Services Research Workforce for Continued Success: Recommendations from AcademyHealth Stakeholders
Authors: Menachemi Nir , Simpson Lisa A. , Wolfe Meghan J.
Published: September 2018

AcademyHealth established a Workforce Initiative Task Force in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the state of the health services research workforce and develop recommendations for its future in the context of the changing health care and research ecosystems. This assessment included four components: a series of commissioned papers, an online priority setting process, a multistakeholder summit, and final analysis by the AcademyHealth Education Council. This paper presents this process and the resultant list of prioritized recommendations and planned next steps.
Identifying Children with Special Health Care Needs Using Medicaid Data in New York State Medicaid Managed Care
Authors: Miller Lauren S. , Wu Meng , Schettine Anne M. , Cogan Lindsay W.
Published: September 2018

Objective

The ability to identify children with special health care needs (CSHCN) is crucial to evaluate disparities in the quality of health care for children in Medicaid Managed Care. We developed and assessed the accuracy of a new method to classify CSHCN.

Data Sources

Secondary data analysis was conducted using NYS Medicaid administrative data and the Children with Chronic Conditions Screener (CCC Screener).

Study Design

This study included 5,907 NYS Medicaid beneficiaries (17 years old or younger) whose parents completed the CCC Screener in 2014. Medicaid administrative data were used to create a risk score to assess the risk of special needs, and a cut point was identified to differentiate between children with versus without special needs. Diagnostic accuracy of the method was assessed using sensitivity and specificity analyses.

Principal Findings

Applying the CCC Screener as the “gold standard,” the risk score correctly classified the majority of CSHCN as positive (sensitivity = 75 percent) and the majority of the children without special needs as negative (specificity = 79 percent). This method demonstrated decent diagnostic ability (AUC = 0.77).

Conclusions

Our method can identify CSHCN in the NYS Medicaid Managed Care population and will help the State monitor the quality of care for this vulnerable population.