bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On In Situ Prepared Cu–Phenanthroline Complexes in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions and Their Use in the Catalytic Oxidation of Veratryl Alcohol
Authors: Korpi Heikki , Figiel Paweł J. , Lankinen Elina , Ryan Paul , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: April 2007

The in situ prepared complex based on copper(II) sulfate and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and its performance in the catalytic oxidation of veratryl alcohol (3,4‐dimethoxybenzyl alcohol) to veratraldehyde with O2 in alkaline aqueous solutions have been studied. In aqueous solution, the structure of Cu–phen complexes varies with reaction conditions; by changing either the copper‐to‐ligand molar ratio or the pH, the amount of coordinated 1,10‐phenanthroline and hydroxido ligands in the coordination sphere of copper can be altered in a controlled manner. The highest activities are achieved in the pH range 12.6–13.3, which correlates with the presence of the [Cu(phen)(OH)2] species according to complex distribution curves. According to the UV/Vis and EPR studies, the oxidation reaction is initiated by the reduction of [Cu(phen)(OH)2] to CuI species by veratryl alcohol, which can be seen as a disappearance of the Cu2+ EPR signal and as a shift of the UV/Vis absorbance maximum from about 690 nm to the 410 and 525 nm regions. When molecular oxygen is added, the CuI species is readily oxidised back to CuII species, and the catalytic formation of aldehyde is initiated. On the basis of these observations, a mechanism for the catalytic oxidation is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Pirouetting Copper(I)‐Assembled Pseudo‐Rotaxanes: Strong Influence of the Axle Structure on the Motion Rate
Authors: Collin Jean‐Paul , Durola Fabien , Mobian Pierre , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2007

Based on the gathering and threading effect of copper(I), three different pseudo‐rotaxanes have been prepared and characterised in solution. They consist of the same two‐chelate ring and various coordinating fragments threaded through the ring. The ring‐incorporated chelates are a 2,2′,6′,6″‐terpyridine (terpy) unit and a 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dpp) motif. The threaded chelates are a 2,9‐bis(p‐anisyl)‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dap), a 6,6′‐bis(p‐anisyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dabipy) or a 8,8′‐diphenyl‐3,3′‐biisoquinoline (dpbiiq) derivative. Using electrochemical techniques, the pirouetting motions of the axle within the ring through which it is threaded have been investigated. In dichloromethane/acetonitrile, a strong dependence of the motion rate on the structure of the threaded chelate has been observed, evidencing that rigidity of the thread‐contained chelate and steric hindrance lead to slow moving molecular machines. Pirouetting is the main dynamic process observed but unthreading of the string‐like organic component represents another minor electrochemically induced reaction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Highly Enantioselective and Catalytic Aryl Transfer Reaction Using Mixed Triarylbismuthane and Dialkylzinc Reagents
Authors: Sato Itaru , Toyota Yousuke , Asakura Noriaki
Published: April 2007

Highly enantioselective and catalytic aryl transfer reactions to aromatic aldehydes by using mixed triarylbismuthane and dimethylzinc reagents were studied. In the presence of a chiral β‐amino alcohol catalyst, chiral diarylmethanols with up to 97 % ee were obtained. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A dynamic process convolution approach to modeling ambient particulate matter concentrations
Authors: Calder Catherine A.
Published: April 2007

Elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air have been shown to be associated with certain adverse human health effects. As a result, monitoring networks that track PM levels have been established across the United States. Some of the older monitors measure PM less than 10 µm in diameter (PM10), while the newer monitors track PM levels less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5); it is now believed that this fine component of PM is more likely to be related to the negative health effects associated with PM. We propose a bivariate dynamic process convolution model for PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Our aim is to extract information about PM2.5 from PM10 monitor readings using a latent variable approach and to provide better space‐time interpolations of PM2.5 concentrations compared to interpolations made using only PM2.5 monitoring information. We illustrate the approach using PM2.5 and PM10 readings taken across the state of Ohio in 2000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of risk factors predicting thrombotic and/or haemorrhagic complications in 306 patients with Essential Thrombocythemia
Authors: Radaelli Franca , Colombi Mariangela , Calori Rossella , Zilioli Vittorio Ruggero , Bramanti Stefania , Iurlo Alessandra , Zanella Alberto
Published: April 2007

Thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications are the main causes of morbidity in Essential Thrombocythemia (ET). We investigated the clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with the occurrence of these events with the aim of identifying subgroups of patients who might benefit from anti‐aggregant and/or cytoreductive therapy. The study involved 306 consecutive ET patients (median age 58 years and median follow‐up 96 months); the investigated variables were age, gender, platelet count, previous history of thrombotic or haemorrhagic events, disease duration and cardiovascular risk factors. Forty‐six patients (15%) experienced thrombotic complications during the follow‐up: 26/64 patients with a previous history of thrombosis (40.6%) and 20/242 patients without (8.3%; p < 0.0001). Thirty‐one patients (10%) experienced major haemorrhagic complications, mainly gastrointestinal tract bleeding: 3 with and 28 without a history of haemorrhagic events (p = 0.052). When the patients with a negative history of thrombosis were stratified on the basis of the number of cardiovascular risk factors (none vs. one vs. more than one), there was a significant correlation with the occurrence of thrombotic events (p < 0.05). ET patients with a positive history of thrombosis are at high risk of thrombotic complications, and should receive cytoreductive and anti‐aggregant treatment. Asymptomatic patients with a negative thrombotic history and no cardiovascular risk factors are at low risk, and should not be treated. Patients with a negative thrombotic history and one or more cardiovascular risk factors are at intermediate risk, and should be treated with anti‐aggregant and/or cytoreductive therapy. The need for treatment should be periodically re‐evaluated. Age and platelet count, generally accepted as very important risk factors for thrombosis, did not seem in our series associated with an increased risk for thrombosis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and in vitro characterization of three‐dimensional organic/inorganic scaffolds by robocasting
Authors: Russias J. , Saiz E. , Deville S. , Gryn K. , Liu G. , Nalla R.K. , Tomsia A.P.
Published: April 2007

A key issue for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering is the development of processing techniques flexible enough to produce materials with a wide spectrum of solubility (bioresorption rates) and mechanical properties matching those of calcified tissues. These techniques must also have the capability of generating adequate porosity to further serve as a framework for cell penetration, new bone formation, and subsequent remodeling. In this study we show how hybrid organic/inorganic scaffolds with controlled microstructures can be built using robotic assisted deposition at room temperature. Polylactide or polycaprolactone scaffolds with pore sizes ranging between 200–500 μm and hydroxyapatite contents up to 70 wt % were fabricated. Compressive tests revealed an anisotropic behavior of the scaffolds, strongly dependant on their chemical composition. The inclusion of an inorganic component increased their stiffness but they were not brittle and could be easily machined even for ceramic contents up to 70 wt %. The mechanical properties of hybrid scaffolds did not degrade significantly after 20 days in simulated body fluid. However, the stiffness of pure polylactide scaffolds increased drastically due to polymer densification. Scaffolds containing bioactive glasses were also printed. After 20 days in simulated body fluid they developed an apatite layer on their surface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007.
Characteristics of novel monofilament sutures prepared by conjugate spinning
Authors: Im Jung Nam , Kim Jeong Kyung , Kim Hyun‐Kyoon , Lee Kuen Yong , Park Won Ho
Published: April 2007

Compared with braided multifilament sutures, absorbable monofilaments are attractive suture materials as they exhibit less tissue drag and cause less tearing because of their smooth surfaces. However, monofilament sutures are less flexible and more difficult to tie a knot than multifilament ones, and their knots are more likely to loosen due to inferior knot security. Although various approaches have been reported to improve the flexibility of monofilament sutures, they still have limitations regarding poor knot security. To address this problem, we developed a novel technique to fabricate monofilament sutures by a conjugate spinning method, resulting in the formation of a sea/islands type of bicomponent monofilament suture. These sea/islands type bicomponent monofilament sutures, which can place many fine strands of a polymeric fiber within a matrix of another polymer, exhibited excellent knot security, flexibility, and low strain energy, compared with commercially available monofilament sutures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Biochemical characterization and modulation of LH/CG—receptor during human trophoblast differentiation
Authors: Pidoux Guillaume , Gerbaud Pascale , Tsatsaris Vassilis , Marpeau Olivier , Ferreira Fatima , Meduri Geri , Guibourdenche Jean , Badet Josette , Evain‐Brion Danièle , Frendo Jean‐Louis
Published: April 2007

Due to the key role of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) in placental development, the aim of this study was to characterize the human trophoblastic luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LH/CG‐R) and to investigate its expression using the in vitro model of human cytotrophoblast differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast. We confirmed by in situ immunochemistry and in cultured cells, that LH/CG‐R is expressed in both villous cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. However, LH/CG‐R expression decreased during trophoblast fusion and differentiation, while the expression of hCG and hPL (specific markers of syncytiotrophoblast formation) increased. A decrease in LH/CG‐R mRNA during trophoblast differentiation was observed by means of semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR with two sets of primers. A corresponding decrease (∼60%) in LH/CG‐R protein content was shown by Western‐blot and immunoprecipitation experiments. The amount of the mature form of LH/CG‐R, detected as a 90‐kDa band specifically binding 125I‐hCG, was lower in syncytiotrophoblasts than in cytotrophoblasts. This was confirmed by Scatchard analysis of binding data on cultured cells. Maximum binding at the cell surface decreased from 3,511 to about 929 molecules/seeded cells with a kDa of 0.4–0.5 nM. Moreover, on stimulation by recombinant hCG, the syncytiotrophoblast produced less cyclic AMP than cytotrophoblasts, indicating that LH/CG‐R expression is regulated during human villous trophoblast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 26–35, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of plasminogen activators in human thyroid follicular cells and their relationship to differentiated function
Authors: Susarla Radhika , Watkinson John C. , Eggo Margaret C.
Published: April 2007

Human thyroid cells in culture take up and organify 125I when cultured in TSH (acting through cAMP) and insulin. They also secrete urokinase (uPA) and tissue‐type (tPA) plasminogen activators (5–100 IU/106cells/day). TSH and insulin both decreased secreted PA activity (PAA), uPA and tPA protein and their mRNAs. Autocrine fibroblast growth factor increased secreted PAA and inhibited thyroid cell 125I uptake. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, TPA significantly increased PAA and inhibited thyroid differentiated function, (TPA > EGF). For TPA, effects were rapid, increased PAA secretion and decreased 125I uptake being seen at 4 h whereas for EGF, a 24 h incubation was required. qRT‐PCR showed significantly increased mRNA expression of uPA with lesser effects on tPA. Aprotinin, which inhibits PAA, increased 125I uptake but did not abrogate the effects of TPA and EGF. The MEKK inhibitor, PD98059 partially reversed the effects of EGF and TPA on PAA, and largely reversed the effects of EGF but not TPA on differentiated function. PKC inhibitors bisindoylmaleimide 1, and the specific PKCβ inhibitor, LY379196 completely reversed the effects of TPA on 125I uptake and PAA whereas EGF effects were unaffected. TPA inhibited follicle formation and this effect was blocked by LY379196 but not PD98059. We conclude that in thyroid cells, MAPK activation inversely correlates with 125I uptake and directly correlates with PA expression, in contrast to the effects of cAMP. TPA effects on iodide metabolism, dissolution of follicles and uPA synthesis are mediated predominantly through PKCβ whereas EGF exerts its effects through MAPK but not PKCβ. J. Cell. Physiol. 212:643–654, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic drugs as pleiotropic agents in cancer treatment: Biomolecular aspects and clinical applications
Authors: Sigalotti Luca , Fratta Elisabetta , Coral Sandra , Cortini Enzo , Covre Alessia , Nicolay Hugues J.M. , Anzalone Lucia , Pezzani Laura , Di Giacomo Anna Maria , Fonsatti Ester , Colizzi Francesca , Altomonte Maresa , Calabrò Luana , Maio Michele
Published: April 2007

In the last three decades huge efforts have been made to characterize genetic defects responsible for cancer development and progression, leading to the comprehensive identification of distinct cellular pathways affected by the alteration of specific genes. Despite the undoubtable role of genetic mechanisms in triggering neoplastic cell transformation, epigenetic modifications (i.e., heritable changes of gene expression that do not derive from alterations of the nucleotide sequence of DNA) are rapidly emerging as frequent alterations that often occur in the early phases of tumorigenesis and that play an important role in tumor development and progression. Epigenetic alterations, such as modifications in DNA methylation patterns and post‐translational modifications of histone tails, behave extremely different from genetic modifications, being readily revertable by “epigenetic drugs” such as inhibitors of DNA methyl transferases and inhibitors of histone deacetylases. Since epigenetic alterations in cancer cells affect virtually all cellular pathways that have been associated to tumorigenesis, it is not surprising that epigenetic drugs display pleiotropic activities, being able to concomitantly restore the defective expression of genes involved in cell cycle control, apoptosis, cell signaling, tumor cell invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis and immune recognition. Prompted by this emerging clinical relevance of epigenetic drugs, this review will focus on the large amount of available data, deriving both from in vitro experimentations and in vivo pre‐clinical and clinical studies, which clearly indicate epigenetic drugs as effective modifiers of cancer phenotype and as positive regulators of tumor cell biology with a relevant therapeutic potential in cancer patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 330–344, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iressa strengthens the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel in NSCLC models that harbor specific molecular characteristics
Authors: Rosetti Marco , Zoli Wainer , Tesei Anna , Ulivi Paola , Fabbri Francesco , Vannini Ivan , Brigliadori Giovanni , Granato Anna Maria , Amadori Dino , Silvestrini Rosella
Published: April 2007

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most lethal malignant tumor and is also considered one of the most chemoresistant cancers. Despite the benefits obtained from platinum‐based therapy, the majority of patients treated will progress and die. In the continuing quest for personalized therapy based on the biomolecular characteristics of each single patient, clinical practice now seems to be oriented towards combining conventional drugs with molecular‐targeted agents. In the present study, we evaluated the antitumor activity of docetaxel, one of the most widely used drugs for second‐line treatment, and Iressa, an EGFR‐targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor, administered singly or in sequence. The study was performed on three human NSCLC cell lines (ChaGo‐K1, CAEP and RAL) that exhibit different expression of proliferation and apoptosis‐related markers, and do not harbor EGFR mutations. The efficacy of docetaxel and Iressa differed in the three cell lines and an important synergistic interaction was observed with the sequence 1‐h docetaxel → 72‐h Iressa during which Iressa doubled the fraction of docetaxel‐induced apoptotic cells, amplifying a caspase‐dependent apoptosis and inhibiting docetaxel‐induced p21 hyperexpression. Moreover, the important role of MAPK‐dependent modulation of this molecular marker was shown using a specific inhibitor. The results from the present preclinical study demonstrate the cytotoxic activity of Iressa and its ability to increase taxane activity in a model that does not harbor EGFR‐specific mutations, thus highlighting the importance of focusing on alternative molecular targets of Iressa activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 212:710–716, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Canonical and non‐canonical wnts differentially affect the development potential of primary isolate of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Baksh Dolores , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: April 2007

This study examines the role of Wnt signaling events in regulating the differential potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult bone marrow (BM). Immunohistochemical analysis of BM revealed co‐localization of Wnt5a protein, a non‐canonical Wnt, with CD45+ cells and CD45− STRO‐1+ cells, while Wnt3a expression, a canonical Wnt, was associated with the underlying stroma matrix, suggesting that Wnts may regulate MSCs in their niche in BM. To elucidate the role of Wnts in MSC development, adult human BM‐derived mononuclear cells were maintained as suspension cultures to recapitulate the marrow cellular environment, in serum‐free, with the addition of Wnt3a and Wnt5a protein. Results showed that Wnt3a increased cell numbers and expanded the pool of MSCs capable of colony forming unit — fibroblast (CFU‐F) and CFU — osteoblast (O), while Wnt5a maintained cell numbers and CFU‐F and CFU‐O numbers. However, when cells were cultured directly onto tissue culture plastic, Wnt5a increased the number of CFU‐O relative to control conditions. These findings suggest the potential dual role of Wnt5a in the maintenance of MSCs in BM and enhancing osteogenesis ex vivo. Our work provides evidence that Wnts can function as mesenchymal regulatory factors by providing instructive cues for the recruitment, maintenance, and differentiation of MSCs. J. Cell. Physiol. 212:817–826, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
WWOX in biological control and tumorigenesis
Authors: Aqeilan Rami I. , Croce Carlo M.
Published: April 2007

The WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is located at 16q23.1–16q23.2, a region that spans the second most common human fragile site, FRA16D. The WWOX protein contains two N‐terminal WW domains and a central short chain oxidoreductase‐like domain. In the last few years, considerable amount of data have shown inactivation of WWOX in a variety of human malignancies. Moreover, interacting partners have been identified biochemically that define, at least in part, the molecular mechanism of WWOX action. Recently, we demonstrated that targeted deletion of the Wwox gene in the mouse led to increased incidence of spontaneous and chemically induced tumor formation, thereby providing the first in vivo evidence that WWOX is a bona fide tumor suppressor. This review focuses on the most recent progress in understanding WWOX function as a tumor suppressor. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 307–310, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maspin augments proteasome inhibitor‐induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Chen Di , Yin Shuping , Meng Yonghong , Yang Huanjie , Landis‐Piwowar Kristin R. , Li Yiwei , Sarkar Fazlul H. , Reddy G. Prem Veer , Dou Q. Ping , Sheng Shijie
Published: April 2007

Proteasome inhibitors are known to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. On the other hand, maspin, a non‐inhibitory serine protease inhibitor, is shown to sensitize cancer cells to therapeutic agents that induce apoptosis. We examined the consequence of maspin expression in prostate cancer cells targeted for treatment with various proteasome inhibitors. We observed that proteasome inhibitors induced apoptosis more effectively in maspin transfected human prostate cancer DU145 cells than in control cells. Interestingly, increased apoptosis in these cells was associated with a significant induction of maspin expression. MG‐132, a proteasome inhibitor, induced endogenous and ectopic [cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV)‐driven] maspin expression, and maspin siRNA attenuated MG‐132‐induced apoptosis. Proteasome inhibitor‐induced maspin expression was inhibited by actinomycin D (Act D) and cyclohexamide (CHX), and by the inhibitors of p38MAPK, but not ERK1/2 or NF‐κB. Electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay (EMSA) and promoter‐reporter activity analyses suggested that p38MAPK activated transcription factor AP‐1 is responsible for proteasome inhibitor‐induced maspin expression. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that proteasome inhibitors induce maspin expression by activating p38MAPK pathway, and that maspin thus expressed, in turn, augments proteasome inhibitor‐induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that gene therapy involving ectopic maspin expression may dramatically improve the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 298–306, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C6‐ceramide inhibited Na+ currents by intracellular Ca2+ release in rat myoblasts
Authors: Liu Zheng , Xu Jian‐Guang , Zhang Hua , Fang Yan‐Jia , Mei Yan‐Ai
Published: April 2007

Ceramides are novel second messengers that may mediate signaling leading to apoptosis and the regulation of cell cycle progression. Moreover, ceramide analogs have been reported to directly modulate K+ and Ca2+ channels in different cell types. In this report, the effect of C6‐ceramide on the voltage‐gated inward Na+ currents (INa) in cultured rat myoblasts was investigated using whole‐cell current recording and a fluorescent Ca2+ imaging experiment. At concentrations of 1–100 µM, ceramide produced a dose‐independent and reversible inhibition of INa. Ceramide also significantly shifted the steady‐state inactivation curve of INa by 16 mV toward the hyperpolarizing potential, but did not alter the steady‐state activation properties. C2‐ceramide caused a similar inhibitory effect on INa amplitude. However, dihydro‐C6‐ceramide, the inactive analog of ceramide, failed to modulate INa. The effect of C6‐ceramide on INa was abolished by intracellular infusion of the Ca2+‐chelating agent BAPTA, but was mimicked by application of caffeine. Blocking the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum with xestospongin C or heparin, an inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptor blocker, induced a gradual increase in INa amplitude and eliminated the effect of ceramide on INa. In contrast, ruthenium red, which is a blocker of the ryanodine‐sensitive Ca2+ receptor did not affect the action of C6‐ceramide on INa. Intracellular application of the G‐protein agonist GTPγS also induced a gradual decrease in INa amplitude, while the G‐protein antagonist GDPβS eliminated the effect of C6‐ceramide on INa. Calcium imaging showed that C6‐ceramide could give rise to a significant elevation of intracellular calcium. Our data show that increased calcium release through the IP3‐sensitive Ca2+ receptor, which probably occurred through the G‐protein and phospholipase C pathway, may be responsible for C6‐ceramide‐induced inhibition of the INa of rat myoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 151–160, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of income and equality in poverty reduction: recent cross‐country evidence
Authors: Ram Rati
Published: April 2007

This paper uses a reasonable model and recent cross‐country data to study empirically the effects of income and equality on poverty. Three main points are noted. First, the estimates show highly significant roles of income and equality in poverty reduction, and the effects of increased income and lower inequality are both substantial. Second, the elasticity of poverty with respect to inequality is substantially larger than that relative to income. Third, the estimates suggest a ‘growth elasticity’ of poverty that is much smaller than the values used in almost every study. Therefore, most of the well‐known and influential recent research seems to have overstated the impact of income growth on poverty alleviation by de‐emphasising the role of inequality, to which poverty is highly responsive, and by using an income (growth) elasticity of poverty that is much larger than what seems reasonable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Th17 and Th1 responses directed against the immunizing epitope, as opposed to secondary epitopes, dominate the autoimmune repertoire during relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kroenke Mark A. , Segal Benjamin M.
Published: April 2007

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with similarities to multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been suggested that relapses of EAE and MS may be associated with, and even driven by, T cells specific for novel epitopes that are primed during the course of tissue destruction in the target organ or in secondary lymphoid tissues. We show, however, that IFNγ and IL‐17 responses against the immunizing epitope remain dominant through out the course of multiphasic EAE. Furthermore, induction of tolerance against a putative secondary epitope did not prevent clinical relapses. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of nitric oxide in the brain during lipopolysaccharide‐evoked systemic inflammation
Authors: Czapski Grzegorz A. , Cakala Magdalena , Chalimoniuk Malgorzata , Gajkowska Barbara , Strosznajder Joanna B.
Published: April 2007

Although the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a well‐established source of nitric oxide (NO•) during inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), little is known about the involvement of constitutive isoforms of NOS (cNOS) in the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of the expression and activity of iNOS and the two cNOS isoforms, neuronal and endothelial (nNOS and eNOS, respectively), in the brain to systemic inflammation and their roles in the cascade of events leading to degeneration and apoptosis. A systemic inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide [LPS; 1 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)]. The relative roles of the NOS isoforms were evaluated after injection ofNG‐nitro‐L‐arginine (NNLA; 30 mg/kg b.w.), which preferentially inhibits cNOS, or 1400W (5 mg/kg b.w.), an inhibitor of iNOS. Biochemical and morphological alterations were analyzed up to 48 hr after administration of LPS. Systemic LPS administration evoked significant ultrastructural alterations in brain capillary vessels, neuropils, and intracellular organelles of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Apoptotic/autophagic processes occurred in many neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), which coincided with exclusive enhancement of iNOS expression and activity in this brain region. Moreover, inhibitors of both iNOS and cNOS prevented LPS‐evoked release of apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) from SN mitochondria. Collectively, the results indicate that synthesis of NO•by both the inducible and constitutive NOS isoforms contribute to the activation of apoptotic pathways in the brain during systemic inflammation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone modulates voltage‐activated sodium current and odor responses in Necturus maculosus olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Zhang Wenling , Delay Rona J.
Published: April 2007

The terminal nerve (nervus terminalis) extends from the basal forebrain to the nasal cavity and has been shown to contain gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). The specific function of the terminal nerve is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that it modulates the function of olfactory neurons. To examine the effects of GnRH on isolated Necturus maculosus olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), we used the perforated configuration of the patch clamp technique to record current responses. GnRH had no effect on the membrane current at any holding potential but did modulate voltage‐activated TTX‐sensitive sodium current (INa). Within 1 min of applying GnRH, approximately 60% of the OSNs showed a decrease in the magnitude of INa. Initial responses to GnRH were inhibitory, although in one group of cells the initial inhibitory response was followed by a potentiation of INa with continual application (∼5 min). The time course of the GnRH response suggested that a second messenger pathway mediated the response. Inhibitors of PKC, tyrosine kinase, and PI3K were all able to inhibit the INa, but none of them could prevent the GnRH response. Application of a cAMP analog mimicked the effects of GnRH, and only inhibitors of PKA and PKG could prevent GnRH‐induced inhibition of INa. This suggests that the modulation of voltage‐activated sodium currents by GnRH involve a cyclic nucleotide pathway. In addition, GnRH modulated the odor responses of OSNs. Our data suggest the release of GnRH, presumably from the terminal nerve, can serve to modulate olfactory sensory neurons. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accumulation of phosphorylated α‐synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of transgenic mice that express human α‐synuclein
Authors: Wakamatsu Masaki , Ishii Aiko , Ukai Yuriko , Sakagami Junko , Iwata Shingo , Ono Mieko , Matsumoto Kayo , Nakamura Atsushi , Tada Norihiro , Kobayashi Kazuto , Iwatsubo Takeshi , Yoshimoto Makoto
Published: April 2007

Parkinson's disease is neuropathologically characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies, whose major component is α‐synuclein. We had previously generated transgenic mice that expressed human α‐synuclein carrying an Ala53Thr point mutation (hα‐syn140m) under the control of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter and found that hα‐syn140m was localized not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nuclei of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, we carried out immunohistochemical analysis of the brain of Tg mice using anti‐PSer129, an antibody that specifically recognizes α‐synuclein phosphorylated at Ser129. The antibody detected only phosphorylated hα‐syn140m, whereas phosphorylation of endogenous α‐synuclein, if any, was below the detection limit of the method employed. The analysis showed that approximately one‐third of the hα‐syn140m‐positive neurons in the midbrain of heterozygous Tg mice were concomitantly reactive to anti‐PSer129. The ratio almost doubled in homozygotes, indicating that the phosphorylation level depends directly on the amount of substrate. In addition, the ratio did not change at least up to 48 weeks of age. These data strongly suggest that hα‐syn140m underwent constitutive phosphorylation and that the phosphorylation level was maintained to a certain level until the aged stages. Remarkably, hα‐syn140m localized in the nuclei seemed to be preferentially phosphorylated compared with that in the cytoplasm. Among kinases that have been reported to be involved in the phosphorylation of α‐synuclein, the β subunit of casein kinase‐2 was detected in the nuclei by immunohistochemistry. These data imply that at least casein kinase‐2 is involved in the phosphorylation of hα‐syn140m in the Tg mice. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple method for determination of five terpenoids from different parts of Tripterygium wilfordii and its preparations by HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection
Authors: Luo Xiao‐Ling , Shao Qing , Qu Hai‐Bin , Cheng Yi‐yu
Published: April 2007

By optimizing the extraction, separation, and analytical conditions, a reliable and accurate high‐performance liquid chromatography method coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for simultaneous determination of five terpenoids, i. e., triptolide, tripchlorolide, demethylzelastral, wilforlide B, and wilforlide A, in root, stem, leaves, root bark, twig, and root without bark of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f and six of its herbal preparations. This approach would thus provide a more accurate and general method for evaluating the quality of the herb and its preparations. Separation of these five terpenoids was achieved on a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB‐C8 column with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile as solvents, both containing 0.05% formic acid, at a temperature of 30°C and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The drift tube temperature of ELSD was set at 100°C, and the nitrogen flow rate at 1.5 L/min. Good linear relationships were obtained with correlation coefficients for the analytes exceeding 0.992, and the LOD and LOQ were less than 0.149 μg and 0.297 μg on column, respectively. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision of the analytes were less than 1.25% and 5.97%, respectively, and the average recovery rates obtained were in the range of 95.9 ± 3.7% to 100.4 ± 5.0% for all terpenoids with RSDs below 4.99%. Quantitative analysis of the five terpenoids in different parts of Tripterygium wilfordii and its six preparations showed that the contents of the terpenoids varied significantly. The tender root contained higher concentrations of triptolide, tripchlorolide, demethylzelastral, and wilforlide B than any other part of the herb. Correspondingly, the root bark contained the greatest concentration of wilforlide A, and the stem and twig came in second and third. This suggested that we could infer whether the medicinal materials were absolute roots without bark or not from the comparative contents of these terpenoids in the tablets in view of the fact that only the roots without bark are the valid officinal part of the plant. This method and the quantitation results obtained can provide a scientific and general as well as simple and convenient approach for the product manufacturers to set up quality control standards and for informing the public about the quality and safety of the preparations.
Subcritical water chromatography: A green approach to high‐temperature liquid chromatography
Authors: Yang Yu
Published: April 2007

At temperatures and pressures lower than 374°C and 218 atm, subcritical water has widely tunable properties such as dielectric constant, surface tension, viscosity, and dissociation constant achieved by simply adjusting the temperature with a moderate pressure to keep water in the liquid state. At elevated temperatures, water acts like a weak polar organic solvent. Thus, subcritical water has been used as a green eluent to replace hazardous solvents commonly used as organic modifiers in RPLC. Subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) is capable of separating polar, moderately polar, and even some nonpolar analytes. Most of these low molecular weight solutes are stable at elevated temperatures during a chromatographic run. Some new packing materials are also quite stable and robust at mild temperatures ranging from 80 to 150°C. Advantages of SBWC include the elimination of hazardous organic solvents used in traditional RPLC, rapid analysis time, improved selectivity, temperature‐dependent separation efficiency, temperature‐programmed elution, and compatibility with both gas‐ and liquid‐phase detectors. In this paper, the technical aspects as well as the applications of SBWC are reviewed. Topics addressed in this review include the unique characteristics of subcritical water, analytes separated by SBWC, packing materials tested for SBWC, the application of GC and LC detection techniques in SBWC, SBWC instrumentation development, temperature effects on SBWC separation, and models developed for separation in SBWC.
Thermochemistry for enthalpies and reaction paths of nitrous acid isomers
Authors: Asatryan Rubik , Bozzelli Joseph W. , Simmie John M.
Published: April 2007

Recent studies show that nitrous acid, HONO, a significant precursor of the hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere, is formed during the photolysis of nitrogen dioxide in soils. The term nitrous acid is largely used interchangeably in the atmospheric literature, and the analytical methods employed do not often distinguish between the HONO structure (nitrous acid) and HNO2 (nitryl hydride or isonitrous acid). The objective of this study is to determine the thermochemistry of the HNO2 isomer, which has not been determined experimentally, and to evaluate its thermal and atmospheric stability relative to HONO. The thermochemistry of these isomers is also needed for reference and internal consistency in the calculation of larger nitrite and nitryl systems. We review, evaluate, and compare the thermochemical properties of several small nitric oxide and hydrogen nitrogen oxide molecules. The enthalpies of HONO and HNO2 are calculated using computational chemistry with the following methods of analysis for the atomization, isomerization, and work reactions using closed‐ and open‐shell reference molecules. Three high‐level composite methods G3, CBS‐QB3, and CBS‐APNO are used for the computation of enthalpy. The enthalpy of formation, ΔHof(298 K), for HONO is determined as −18.90 ± 0.05 kcal mol−1 (−79.08 ± 0.2 kJ mol−1) and as −10.90 ± 0.05 kcal mol−1 (−45.61 ± 0.2 kJ mol−1) for nitryl hydride (HNO2), which is significantly higher than values used in recent NOx combustion mechanisms. H‐NO2 is the weakest bond in isonitrous acid; but HNO2 will isomerize to HONO with a similar barrier to the HONO bond energy; thus, it also serves as a source of OH in atmospheric chemistry. Kinetics of the isomerization is determined; a potential energy diagram of H/N/O2 system is presented, and an analysis of the triplet surface is initiated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 378–398, 2007
Interminable Paths and Trails: Extreme Cases
Authors: Dirac G. A.
Published: April 2007

This paper is concerned with terminable and interminable paths and trails in infinite graphs. It is shown that

The only connected graphs which contain no 2 – ∞ way and in which no finite path is terminable are precisely all the 1 – ∞ multiways.

The only connected graphs which have no 2 – ∞ trail and in which no finite trail is terminable are precisely all the 1 – ∞ multiways all of whose multiplicities are odd numbers and which have infinitely many bridges.

In addition the strucuture of those connected graphs is determined which have a 1 – ∞ trail and in which no 1 – ∞ trail but every finite trail is terminable.

In this paper the terminology and notation of a previous paper of the writer [1] and of F. HARARY's book [6] will be used. Furthermore, a graph consisting of the distinct nodes n1,…,nδ (where δ≧1) and of one or more (ni, ni+1)‐edges for i = 1,…, δ – 1 will be called a multiway, and analogously for 1 – ∞ and 2 – ∞ multiways. The number of edges joining ni and ni+1 will be called the (ni,+1)‐multiplicity. Thus a multiway in which each multiplicity is 1 is a way. Multiplicities are allowed to be infinite.
Some results on functions of matrix argument
Authors: Mathai A. M.
Published: April 2007

A number of integrals of scalar variables are extended to the case of matrix variables. Functions where the argument is a positive definite symmetric matrix are considered in this article. With the help of a generalized matrix transform a number of results are derived which are extensions of the corresponding results in the univariate cases.
Biological agents for ulcerative colitis: Hypes and hopes
Authors: Danese Silvio , Angelucci Erika , Malesci Alberto , Caprilli Renzo
Published: April 2007

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa. Over the last decade, the increasing knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation has led to the development of a number of biological agents, mainly addressed to molecules and/or pathways demonstrated to have a pathogenic role in UC. In UC, clinical course and therapeutic decisions mainly depend on disease activity and extent. While therapeutic approach to mild‐to‐moderate UC by using aminosalicylates and corticosteroids has been well established, treatment of severe UC is far from being satisfactory. A severe attack of UC remains a challenge to be managed jointly by gastroenterology, surgery, and intensive care units. However, the recent introduction of biological therapies has led to promising changes in the management of UC patients. Aim of this paper is to review the recent advances and future perspectives for the use of biological agents in UC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 28, No. 2, 201–218, 2008
Wide locking range divide‐by‐4 injection locked frequency dividers
Authors: Lee Shao‐hua , Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Lee Chien‐Feng , Juang Miin‐Horng
Published: April 2007

This article proposes techniques for improving locking range of divide‐by‐4 injection locked frequency divider (D4ILFD). Two D4ILFDs were designed and implemented. One D4ILFD is made of tapped resonator; the other ILFD is made of switched resonator. Both circuits use a complementary CMOS LC‐tank oscillator and are based on the direct injection topology. The wideband function of switched resonator D4ILFD is obtained by tuning the switch across the tank inductors and the varactors. At the supply voltage of 1.8 V and at the incident power of 0 dBm, the locking range of switched resonator D4ILFD is from 7.11 to 9.4 GHz. At the supply voltage of 1.2 V and at the incident power of 0 dBm, the locking range of the tapped inductor D4ILDS is from 7.39 to 9.44 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1533–1536, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22481
A simple spice model for traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifier
Authors: Das Barman Abhirup , Sengupta Ipsita , Basu P. K.
Published: April 2007

An equivalent lumped element electric circuit model for traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifier has been developed using the rate equation for carriers. SPICE simulation of the circuits gives results in close agreement with the experimental data and values from sophisticated analyses. The modulation bandwidth and transient response were examined by including parasitic elements in the intrinsic model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1558–1561, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22483
Magnitude of the voltage reflection coefficient of terminated reciprocal uniform lossy transmission lines
Authors: Torrungrueng D. , Wongwattanarat A. , Krairiksh M.
Published: April 2007

In this paper, lossy transmission lines with arbitrary loss are analyzed in detail. Interestingly, analytical results show that the magnitude of the voltage reflection coefficient could be greater than unity for some passive load terminations. However, it can be shown rigorously that the input power is always greater than or equal to the power at the load; i.e., it still satisfied the law of power conservation even when the magnitude of the voltage reflection coefficient is greater than unity. In addition, the Smith chart is also employed to graphically illustrate that the magnitude of the voltage reflection coefficient at some points along lossy transmission lines could be greater than unity for proper load terminations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1516–1519, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22490
Time response of ASE‐XGM wavelength conversion in SOAs using ultrashort pulses
Authors: de Oliveira Ribeiro Rafael , Pontes Maria José , Lima Rodolfo A. A. , Giraldi Maria Thereza M. R. , Carvalho Maria Cristina R.
Published: April 2007

The time response of a semiconductor optical amplifier wavelength converter based on the ASE‐XGM technique was experimentally obtained using ultra‐short pump optical pulses. The results were compared with the pump & probe technique and show similar time responses. The conversion efficiency of the ASE‐XGM technique was measured for different pump power levels and presented promising results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1541–1544, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22492
Study of optically controlled high temperature superconducting microwave variable attenuator
Authors: Liu Lin , Ye Yutang , Wu Yunfeng , Chen Zhenlong , Wang Yulin
Published: April 2007

A novel optically controlled HTS (high temperature superconducting) microwave variable attenuator was proposed and a sample was tested, which can be used solely, or be integrated into the HTS system. Utilizing the very low microwave superficial resistance and superexcellent optically response character of YBCO film, the insertion loss of sample is lower than 0.2 dB and variable attenuation precision is 0.01 dB at least. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1539–1541, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22494
Impact of the variable output resistance on the transient response of LC transmission line CMOS buffers and its model
Authors: Cappuccino Gregorio , Crupi Felice , Pugliese Andrea
Published: April 2007

The work focuses on the impact of the finite and variable MOSFET output resistance on the transient response LC transmission line drivers. Experimental results highlight the severe error occurring in conventional timing analysis when actual finite resistance of the device is neglected. A novel analytical model is presented to capture the variable resistance of the driver. The model allows closed‐form expressions for the output waveform to be carried out, and it agrees well with HSPICE simulations. The proposed model is suitable to figure fundamental timing parameters of CMOS gates driving lossless transmission lines, such as the propagation delay, transition time, as well as power estimation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1504–1509, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22496
Multiband antenna system with polarization conversion for WLAN applications
Authors: He Wei , Jin Ronghong , Geng Junping , Gao Bo
Published: April 2007

In this article, an antenna system consisting of two inverted‐F antenna arrays printed on one substrate for polarization conversion is proposed. The two antenna arrays are designed for triple‐band operation at about 2.4, 5.25, and 5.8 GHz for antenna selection diversity in IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN applications. Simulation and measurement results for main parameters, such as return loss, impedance bandwidth, radiation pattern, and gains are also discussed herein. The study shows that modeling of such antenna system, with simplicity in designing, can well meet the requirements of IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN applications and support antenna diversity by selection of the antenna (one out of two) with the highest receiving signal strength for polarization conversion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1772–1777, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22501