bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ce Addition on the Creep Resistant Mg-Sr-Mn Alloys
Authors: Celikin Mert , Pekguleryuz Mihriban
Published: May 2014

Recent studies on Mg-Sr-Mn system exhibited the importance of α-Mn dynamic precipitation during creep on creep strengthening. In the present work, the effect of trace levels of Ce addition on the creep resistance of Mg-Sr-Mn system was investigated. The creep deformation in the quaternary alloys (Mg-Sr-Mn-Ce) were four times lower than the deformation seen in ternary alloys (Mg-Sr-Mn). Dynamic co-precipitation of Mg12Ce and α-Mn was mainly responsible for creep strengthening. Additionally, the presence of a trace amount of Sr in the Mg matrix affected the growth of the creep-induced Mg12Ce precipitates which were found to be lying parallel to the []Mg direction. This growth orientation is different from the orientation of Mg12Ce precipitates typically observed in Mg-Ce binary and Mg-Ce-Mn ternary alloys where plate-like precipitates lie along []Mg.
Fabrication of Mg Alloy Single Crystals Containing Rare Earth Elements and their Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Moon Jung Ho , Ha Tae Kwon
Published: May 2014

Single crystals of Magnesium alloys such as Mg-1Zn-0.5Y, Mg-0.1Y, and Mg-0.1Ce alloys were fabricated in this study by employing the modified Bridgman method. To determine the exact orientation of crystals, pole figure measurement using X-ray diffraction was carried out on each single crystal. Hardness and compression tests were conducted followed by subsequent recrystallization annealing. Recrystallization behavior of Mg alloy single crystals has also been investigated. Fabricated single crystals were deformed in compression mode by 30% reduction. Annealing treatment has been conducted on these samples at temperatures of 300°C for various times from 1 to 20 mins. The microstructure observation and hardness measurement conducted on the recrystallized specimens revealed that static recrystallization of ternary alloy single crystal was very slow, while recrystallization behavior of binary alloy single crystals appeared to be very fast.
Development of New High-Strength and Heat-Resistant Mg-Zn-Y-X (X=Zr and Ag) Casting Alloys
Authors: Ienaga Yuichi , Inoue Kenshi , Uesugi Tokuteru , Takigawa Yorinobu , Higashi Kenji
Published: May 2014

In order to develop a high strength and heat-resistant magnesium alloy, we focused on controlling microstructure of Mg96Zn2Y2 (at %) casting alloy by the addition of a 4th element. Initially, we investigated the effects of zirconium addition and cooling rate for grain refinement on microstructure and mechanical properties. Consequently, Mg95.8Zn2Y2Zr0.2 casting alloy contains fine equiaxed grains (approx. 0.01 mm), and it exhibits tensile and fatigue properties equivalent to or higher than those of commercial aluminum alloys at high temperature above 473 K. At 523 K, this alloy exhibited a tensile strength of 223 MPa nearly twice that of A4032-T6 alloy used in typical automotive pistons. The Mg95.8Zn2Y2Zr0.2 casting alloy also reveals sufficient ductility and good castability, characteristics not common in current heat-resistant magnesium alloys. Next, we focused on controlling microstructure of Mg96Zn2Y2 casting alloy by the addition of Ag. Mg96Zn2Y2 cast alloy is composed of alpha-Mg phase, long-period stacking ordered phase and Mg3Zn3Y2 phase; on the other hand, Mg-Zn-Y-Ag cast alloy had 4th phase by an addition of Ag. A substantial increase in yield strength at room temperature, without grain refining, was the result.
Influence of Nd in Extruded Mg10Gd Base Alloys on Fatigue Strength
Authors: Maier Petra , Tober Gerhard , Mendis Chamini Lakshi , Müller Sören , Hort Norbert
Published: May 2014

Magnesium alloys containing Rare Earth elements have proven to be suitable candidates for uses at high temperatures due to their good creep resistance as well as for use in biodegradable implants due to their adequate corrosion rate and biocompatibility. This work investigates the fatigue strength and cyclic deformation behavior of an extruded Mg10Gd1Nd in comparison to Mg10Gd and possible benchmark alloys WE43 and AZ31. The influence of the alloying element Nd is remarkable. The finite life fatigue strengths of Mg10Gd1Nd in the SN-diagram (Wöhler curve) are strongly improved compared to Mg10Gd and almost reach the strength values of WE43. Fracture surface morphology and crack propagation are discussed with attention given to low and high cycle fatigue. The very fine grain size, as the result of dynamic recrystallization during extrusion, offers high elongation at fracture. Therefore the residual fracture surface, where rapid failure occurs, is rather small in the high cycle fatigue samples. The size of the slow crack growth area has been determined by the appearance of benchmark ridges and fatigue striations and is discussed in correlation to stress and number of cycles. Scatter behavior of fatigue life was investigated by optical microcopy. The microstructure consists of second phase alignments in the extrusion direction, which differs in length, precipitate size and distance. Crack branching appears depending on microstructure and the load applied.
Factors Influencing the Shearing Patterns in High-Pressure Torsion
Authors: Huang Yi , Kawasaki Megumi , Langdon Terence G.
Published: May 2014

High-pressure torsion (HPT) is a processing technique in which samples are subjected to a high pressure and torsional straining. Experiments show that the shearing patterns in HPT are dependent upon the alignment of the anvils within the HPT facility. Using a two-phase duplex stainless steel as a model material, experiments were conducted by placing the anvils in different amounts of initial misalignment. The results demonstrate the importance of always ensuring that the upper and lower anvils are in good alignment prior to HPT processing.
Modelling Microstructure and Properties during Annealing of Cold-Rolled Al-Mn-Fe-Si-Alloys with Different Microchemistries
Authors: Marthinsen Knut , Wang Ning , Huang Ke
Published: May 2014

The physical basis and a mathematical formulation of a softening model nicknamed Alsoft, accounting for the combined effect of recovery and recrystallization during annealing of heavily deformed aluminium alloys have been presented. The prediction power of the model is tested against experiments in terms of softening kinetics and final grain structure of selected Al-Mn-Fe-Si-model alloys with different as homogenized microchemistries in terms solid solution levels of Mn (potential of concurrent precipitation) and different constituent particle and dispersoid structures. It is demonstrated that good model predictions may be obtained for alloys and conditions which are not or too a limited extent influenced by particle drag effects and concurrent precipitation while conditions strongly affected by these effects are increasingly difficult to model and in the most extreme cases impossible with reasonable input model parameters.
18CrNiMo7-6 with TRIP-Effect for Increasing the Damage Tolerance of Gear Components — Part I: Alloy Design
Authors: Bambach Margarita D. , Stieben Andreas , Bleck Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

High performance components such as gear wheels shall be resistant to rolling-contactfatigue. This type of failure is usually caused by effects occurring on a microscopic scale, such ascrack initiation at non-metallic inclusions. Much effort has been invested so far in improving thesteel cleanliness. However, these high performance components often do not reach the desiredservice life. Preliminary failure within the guarantee terms still occurs which leads to high warrantycosts. Alternative to improving steel cleanliness, the damage tolerance of high performancecomponents could be increased by inducing the TRIP-effect around the crack tip. Due to high localstrain hardening, martensite transformation occurs. The high compressive stresses related to it coulddelay or stop crack propagation by reducing stress concentrations via plastic deformation. As aresult, rolling-contact fatigue resistance of carburized steels may be increased and preliminaryfailure may be avoided. Part I of this study focuses on modifying the chemical composition ofconventional 18CrNiMo7-6 steel with Al to develop a high-strength, yet ductile matrix with a highwork hardening potential. Dilatometric tests on laboratory melts analyze the possibility of adjustinga microstructure able to produce a TRIP-effect. Both isothermal annealing and Quenching andPartitioning (Q&P) are used to stabilize residual austenite and optimum process routes areidentified.
Austenite Grain Structures in Ti and Nb-Containing HSLA Steel during Slab Reheating
Authors: Chakrabarti Debalay , Roy S. , Srivastava Dinesh , Dey Gautam Kumar
Published: May 2014

Spatial distribution of microalloy precipitates have been characterized in a low carbon microalloyed steel containing Nb, Ti and V. Micro-segregation during casting resulted in an inhomogeneous distribution of Nb (and also Ti) precipitates in the as-cast slab. Austenite grain growth has been investigated in the above mentioned steel, using different reheating temperatures between 1000°C and 1250°C for 1 h. Inhomogeneous distribution of Nb-rich precipitates created austenite grain size bimodality after reheating to an intermediate temperature range (1150-1200°C). Uniformly fine and uniformly coarse grain structures were found after reheating at lower- (≤ 1075°C) and higher-reheating temperatures (≥ 1250°C). A model has been proposed for the prediction of austenite grain size variation in the reheated steel.
Fatigue Behavior of High Manganese TWIP Steels and of Low Alloy Q&P Steels for Car-Body Applications
Authors: Matteis Paolo , Scavino Giorgio , Sesana R. , D’Aiuto F. , Firrao Donato
Published: May 2014

The automotive TWIP steels are high-Mn austenitic steels, with a relevant C content, which exhibit a promising combination of strength and toughness, arising from the ductile austenitic structure, which is strengthened by C, and from the TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) effect. The microstructure of the low-alloy Q&P steels consists of martensite and austenite and is obtained by the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment, which consists of: austenitizing; quenching to the Tq temperature, comprised between Ms and Mf; soaking at the Tp partitioning temperature (Tp being equal to or slightly higher than Tq) to allow carbon to diffuse from martensite to austenite; and quenching to room temperature. The fatigue behavior of these steels is examined both in the as-fabricated condition and after pre-straining and welding operations, which are representative of the cold forming and assembling operations performed to fabricate the car-bodies. Moreover, the microscopic fracture mechanisms are assessed by means of fractographic examinations.
Investigation of Possible Mechanisms for Developing Long Steel Products with Ultrafine Grained Microstructure
Authors: Guarnaschelli Claudio , Salvatori Ilaria , Coppola Tommaso
Published: May 2014

The obtainment of ultrafine grain microstructures, by the application of process parameters which are potentially feasible under industrial conditions, is attractive to develop a new generation of low alloy steel (Ultrafine Grain Steel, UFG) characterized by high strength and toughness, good cold/warm formability, environmentally-friendly process. The ferrite grain size refinement beyond existing levels by means of hot rolling mills, without requiring drastic plant changes, can be achieved by lowering the rolling temperature down to the range Ae3 - Ar3 in the finishing stands. In this temperature range different metallurgical mechanisms may take place. Austenite recrystallization is slower and there is a greater chance of obtaining non-recrystallized deformed austenite (pancake), which after phase transformation will give finer ferrite (Heavy Gamma Deformation). Or, in alternative, Deformation Induced Ferrite Transformation can occur especially in C-Mn steels, promoting the formation of ultrafine ferrite grains (DIFT).
Most of the existing studies on UFG steel focus on flat products. In this paper the mechanisms to be exploited for producing UFG long products are identified and examined on different low and medium carbon non-alloyed steels, as the common grades used for fastener applications. In particular, Heavy Gamma Deformation and DIFT are investigated through laboratory tests aimed at determining the process parameters affecting the two mechanisms in different ranges of chemical composition. On the basis of the results found, some basic concepts for industrialization on modern hot rolling mills will be given.
The Effect of Niobium Carbides and Laves Phase on the Yielding Behaviour of a Stabilized Ferritic Stainless Steel
Authors: Juuti Timo J. , Manninen Timo , Karjalainen L. Pentti , Porter David A.
Published: May 2014

High-chromium ferritic stainless steels have been developed for applications such as exhaust systems that require good formability. To improve formability, continuous yielding is preferred. However, in high-chromium ferritic stainless steels an upper yield point is often present as a result of free interstitials and Cottrell atmospheres. The upper yield point can be removed by temper rolling but it would be better to avoid it via a suitable heat treatment. This paper describes how this can be done in the case of a ferritic stainless steel containing 0.011%C, 0.012%N, 18%Cr, 2,1%Mo, 0.33%Nb, 0.15Ti%. Despite the presence of Nb and Ti, which should bind the free carbon and nitrogen as carbides and nitrides, an upper yield point was still observed. Previously it has been suspected that this is due to an intermetallic Laves phase present in this steel depleting the Nb in the matrix so that some carbon remains free. A series of short-term annealing experiments showed that the upper yield point diminishes, when the annealing temperature increases above 550 °C, finally disappearing after a heat treatment at 750 °C. On the basis of Thermo-Calc calculations and EDS analyses, free interstitials in the matrix could be related to depletion of MX or insufficient time to reach the equilibrium state.
Kinetics of Sigma Phase Precipitation in Niobium-Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steel and Effect on the Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ledoux Xavier , Buy Francois , Perron Aurélien , Suzon Eric , Farré José , Marini Bernard , Guilbert Thomas , Wident Pierre , Texier Gwénael , Vignal Vincent , Cortial François , Petit Philippe
Published: May 2014

Stabilized austenitic stainless steels are widely used in nuclear and oil industries. The 316 Nb steel grade presented in this study holds a small amount of delta ferrite in the austenitic matrix which tends to transform into sigma phase during prolonged exposures in the temperature range of 600-1000°C. Sigma phase is promoted by ferritic elements such as chromium, molybdenum, niobium and silicon. Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram of the δ-ferrite evolution is established thanks to DSC experiments and quantitative metallographic analysis. It is observed that the highest sigma phase formation rate occurs between 800 and 900°C, and that the transformation of ferrite begins after a few minutes of exposure in this temperature range. The microstructure of transformed δ-ferrite is mostly dominated by the eutectoid mixture σ + γ2. Tensile tests were performed for three different cooling conditions: a significant embrittlement attributed to the δ-ferrite transformation is measured by a ductility loss for the lowest cooling rate.
Effects of Thermomechanical Processing on Uniformity of Microstructure and Properties of AHSS
Authors: Marmulev Artem , Kaputkina Lyudmila M. , Herman Gwenola , Poliak Evgueni I.
Published: May 2014

Hot strip rolling of steels inherently results in non-homogeneous microstructure and mechanical properties of hot bands. Thermomechanical processing that implies careful selection of rolling temperatures, speeds, reductions and controlled cooling parameters, as well as their accurate in-bar dynamic control allows not only for reducing the inherent microstructure variability but also for attenuating and even eliminating the adverse downstream manifestations of microstructure non-homogeneities. This is especially pertinent to advance high strength steels (AHSS) for automotive applications that have been shown to possess high sensitivity to variations in industrial processing conditions. Examples of industrial data and real time monitoring of hot band microstructure evolution using online non-destructive technique are presented confirming the efficiency of thermomechanical processing in ensuring the proper quality of AHSS sheet products.
Levorphanol: Revisiting an Underutilized Analgesic
Authors: Prommer Eric
Published: May 2014

Levorphanol (levo-3-hydroxy- N-methylmorphinan) is a step 3 opioid first developed in the 1940s as an alternative to morphine. Levorphanol belongs to the morphinan opioid series. Levorphanol has greater potency than morphine and is a potent N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. Levorphanol interferes with the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, which makes it potentially useful for neuropathic pain. Glucuronidation changes Levorphanol to Levorphanol-3-glucuronide with excretion by the kidney. Levorphanol has a long half-life and may accumulate with repeated dosing. Levorphanol can be administered orally, intravenously, and subcutaneously. This article provides an update regarding the pharmacodynamics, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of this often overlooked step 3 opioid.
Swath grazing triticale and corn compared to barley and a traditional winter feeding method in central Alberta
Authors: Baron Vern S. , Doce Raquel R. , Basarab John , Dick Campbell
Published: May 2014

Baron, V. S., Doce, R. R., Basarab, J. and Dick, C. 2014. Swath-grazing triticale and corn compared to barley and a traditional winter feeding method in central Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1125–1137. A 5-yr study compared swath-grazed triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), corn (Zea mays L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with a traditional pen-fed, wintering diet for gestating beef cows on the basis of dry matter (DM) yield, carrying capacity, nutritive value, cow performance and total daily feeding cost. Cows (690±70 kg BW) were fed a control total mixed ration (TMR) or allocated to swath-grazed treatments in 2.5-ha paddocks. Triticale yielded 15% more than corn and corn 32% more than barley. Carrying capacity of triticale (1145 cow-d ha−1) and corn (1004 cow-d ha−1) were similar and both were greater (P<0.05) than control (516 cow-d ha−1) and barley (554 cow-d ha−1). Average utilization for triticale (83.7%) was greater (P<0.05) than corn (74.7%) and barley (71.7%). In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) for corn was highest (682 g kg−1), followed by triticale (620 g kg−1), then barley (570 g kg−1) and the control TMR (571 g kg−1). Average cow mean body condition score (BCS) was higher (P<0.05) for triticale and corn (3.0) than barley (2.9), but lower than the control (3.1). Thus, cow reproductive performance should not be compromised by swath grazing. Total daily feeding costs, averaged over years, ranked (P<0.05) triticale ($0.78 cow-d−1)<corn ($1.05 cow-d−1)<barley ($1.24 cow-d−1)<control ($1.98 cow-d−1).
Social Influences towards Conformism in Economic Experiments
Authors: Hargreaves Heap Shaun P.
Published: May 2014

This paper reviews some of the economic experimental evidence on conformism. There is nothing to match the early psychology experiments where subjects were often swayed by the behaviour of others to an extraordinary degree, but there is plenty of evidence of conformism. This seems built-in to our sociality either because we have preferences for conversation or status which are activated by the knowledge of what others do, or because other people face relevantly similar decisions to our own and so that their behaviour signals something useful to us about the uncertain world. These social influences can cause mischief. The more worrying cases, however, are those where individual preferences themselves change through interaction with others: the strongest experimental evidence for this is with respect to individual social preferences, particularly in a context where individuals belong to different groups.
X-ray fluorescence mapping of mercury on suspended mineral particles and diatoms in a contaminated freshwater system
Authors: Gu B. , Mishra B. , Miller C. , Wang W. , Lai B. , Brooks S. C. , Kemner K. M. , Liang L.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Mercury (Hg) bioavailability and geochemical cycling is affected by its partitioning between the aqueous and particulate phases. We applied X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microprobes to directly visualize and quantify the spatial localization of Hg and its correlations with other elements of interest on suspended particles from a Hg contaminated freshwater system. Up to 175 μg g–1 Hg is found on suspended particles. Mercury is heterogeneously distributed among phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms) and mineral particles that are rich in iron oxides and natural organic matter (NOM), possibly as Hg-NOM-iron oxide ternary complexes. The diatom-bound Hg is mostly found on outer surfaces of the cells, suggesting passive sorption of inorganic Hg on diatoms. Our results indicate that localized sorption of Hg onto suspended particles, including diatoms and NOM-coated oxide minerals, is an important sink for Hg in natural aquatic environments.
The skill of seasonal ensemble low flow forecasts for four different hydrological models
Authors: Demirel M. C. , Booij M. J. , Hoekstra A. Y.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper investigates the skill of 90 day low flow forecasts using two conceptual hydrological models and two data-driven models based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for the Moselle River. One data-driven model, ANN-Indicator (ANN-I), requires historical inputs on precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET), groundwater (G) and observed discharge (Q), whereas the other data-driven model, ANN-Ensemble (ANN-E), and the two conceptual models, HBV and GR4J, use forecasted meteorological inputs (P and PET), whereby we employ ensemble seasonal meteorological forecasts. We compared low flow forecasts without any meteorological forecasts as input (ANN-I) and five different cases of seasonal meteorological forcing: (1) ensemble P and PET forecasts; (2) ensemble P forecasts and observed climate mean PET; (3) observed climate mean P and ensemble PET forecasts; (4) observed climate mean P and PET and (5) zero P and ensemble PET forecasts as input for the other three models (GR4J, HBV and ANN-E). The ensemble P and PET forecasts, each consisting of 40 members, reveal the forecast ranges due to the model inputs. The five cases are compared for a lead time of 90 days based on model output ranges, whereas the four models are compared based on their skill of low flow forecasts for varying lead times up to 90 days. Before forecasting, the hydrological models are calibrated and validated for a period of 30 and 20 years respectively. The smallest difference between calibration and validation performance is found for HBV, whereas the largest difference is found for ANN-E. From the results, it appears that all models are prone to over-predict low flows using ensemble seasonal meteorological forcing. The largest range for 90 day low flow forecasts is found for the GR4J model when using ensemble seasonal meteorological forecasts as input. GR4J, HBV and ANN-E under-predicted 90 day ahead low flows in the very dry year 2003 without precipitation data, whereas ANN-I predicted the magnitude of the low flows better than the other three models. The results of the comparison of forecast skills with varying lead times show that GR4J is less skilful than ANN-E and HBV. Furthermore, the hit rate of ANN-E is higher than the two conceptual models for most lead times. However, ANN-I is not successful in distinguishing between low flow events and non-low flow events. Overall, the uncertainty from ensemble P forecasts has a larger effect on seasonal low flow forecasts than the uncertainty from ensemble PET forecasts and initial model conditions.
Evaluation of root water uptake in the ISBA-A-gs land surface model using agricultural yield statistics over France
Authors: Canal N. , Calvet J.-C. , Decharme B. , Carrer D. , Lafont S. , Pigeon G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The interannual variability of cereal grain yield and permanent grassland dry matter yield is simulated over French sites by the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere, CO2-reactive (ISBA-A-gs) generic Land Surface Model (LSM). The two soil profile schemes available in the model are used to simulate the above-ground biomass (Bag) of cereals and grasslands: a 2-layer force-restore (FR-2L) bulk reservoir model and a multi-layer diffusion (DIF) model. The DIF model is implemented with or without deep soil layers below the root-zone. The evaluation of the various root water uptake models is achieved by using the French agricultural statistics of Agreste over the 1994–2010 period at 45 cropland and 48 grassland sites, for a range of rooting depths. The number of sites where the simulated annual maximum Bag presents a significant correlation with the yield observations is used as a metric to benchmark the root water uptake models. Significant correlations (p value < 0.01) are found for up to 29% of the cereal sites and 77% of the grassland sites. It is found that modelling additional subroot zone base flow soil layers does not improve (and may even degrade) the representation of the interannual variability of the vegetation above-ground biomass. These results are particularly robust for grasslands as calibrated simulations are able to represent the extreme 2003 and 2007 years corresponding to unfavourable and favourable fodder production, respectively.
Wave induced mixing and transport of buoyant particles: application to the Statfjord A oil spill
Authors: Drivdal M. , Broström G. , Christensen K. H.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The modelling of wave-current and wave-turbulence interactions have received much attention in recent years. In this study the focus is on how these wave effects modify the transport of particles in the ocean. Here the particles are buoyant tracers that can represent oil droplets, plastic particles or plankton, for example fish eggs and larvae. Using the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM), modified to take surface wave effects into account, we investigate how the increased mixing by wave breaking and Stokes shear production as well as the stronger veering by the Coriolis–Stokes force affect the drift of the particles. The energy and momentum fluxes as well as the Stokes drift depend on the directional wave spectrum that can be obtained from a wave model or from observations. As a first test the depth and velocity scales from the model are compared with analytical solutions based on a constant eddy viscosity (e.g. classical Ekman theory). Secondly the model is applied to a case where we investigate the oil drift after an offshore oil spill outside the western coast of Norway in 2007. During this accident the average net drift of oil was observed to be both slower and more deflected away from the wind direction than predicted by empirical models. With wind and wave forcing from the ERA Interim archive, it is shown that the wave effects are important for the resultant drift in this case, and has the potential to improve drift forecasting.
Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multimission satellite imagery
Authors: Rankl M. , Kienholz C. , Braun M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Positive glacier-mass balances in the Karakoram region during the last decade have fostered stable and advancing glacier termini positions, while glaciers in the adjacent mountain ranges have been affected by glacier recession and thinning. In addition to fluctuations induced solely by climate, the Karakoram is known for a large number of surge-type glaciers. The present study provides an updated and extended inventory on advancing, stable, retreating, and surge-type glaciers using Landsat imagery from 1976 to 2012. Out of 1219 glaciers the vast majority showed a stable terminus (969) during the observation period. Sixty-five glaciers advanced, 93 glaciers retreated, and 101 surge-type glaciers were identified, of which 10 are new observations. The dimensional and topographic characteristics of each glacier class were calculated and analyzed. Ninety percent of nonsurge-type glaciers are shorter than 10 km, whereas surge-type glaciers are, in general, longer. We report short response times of glaciers in the Karakoram and suggest a shift from negative to balanced/positive mass budgets in the 1980s or 1990s. Additionally, we present glacier surface velocities derived from different SAR (synthetic aperture radar) sensors and different years for a Karakoram-wide coverage. High-resolution SAR data enables the investigation of small and relatively fast-flowing glaciers (e.g., up to 1.8 m day−1 during an active phase of a surge). The combination of multitemporal optical imagery and SAR-based surface velocities enables an improved, Karakoram-wide glacier inventory and hence, provides relevant new observational information on the current state of glaciers in the Karakoram.
Evaluation of Data From 35 Dogs Pertaining to Dehiscence Following Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis
Authors: Mouat Emily E. , Davis Garrett J. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Wallace Koranda A.
Published: May 2014

The objectives of this study were to evaluate blood and abdominal fluid lactate and glucose, fluid cytology, culture, and volume 24 and 48 hr following intestinal resection and anastomosis in dogs with and without closed-suction drains and to correlate findings with survival. Thirty-five client-owned dogs that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis were prospectively enrolled in the study. Abdominal fluid was submitted for culture at surgery and again 24 hr postoperatively. Twenty-four and 48 hr postoperatively, blood and abdominal fluid glucose and lactate were measured and fluid was submitted for cytology. Abdominal fluid was collected either from a closed-suction drain or by abdominocentesis. Patients were followed either for 14 days or until death. Comparisons were made based on development of dehiscence and presence or absence of a drain. Patients with dehiscence were more likely to have positive cultures at 24 hr and to have had more bowel resected. Surviving patients without drains had significantly smaller differences in blood and fluid glucose and lactate both 24 and 48 hr postoperatively than surviving patients with drains. The significant differences identified between patients with and without drains suggests a need for further research into the effect of drains on abdominal fluid values.
Oxygation Improves Yield and Quality and Minimizes Internal Fruit Crack of Cucurbits on a Heavy Clay Soil in the Semi-arid Tropics
Authors: Bhattarai Surya , Dhungel Jay , Midmore David
Published: May 2014

This study evaluated the effects of aerated irrigation water (oxygation) with subsurface drip irrigation, employing an in-line air injector (Mazzei venturi to introduce 12% air by volume of water) on yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) in a heavy clay soil. The fruit yield with oxygation increased from 14.5 t ha-1 to 24.6 t ha-1, and 26.3 t ha-1 to 28.9 t ha-1, for watermelon and pumpkin, respectively. The total soluble solids (ºBrix) increased by 19% with oxygation (13.2 vs. 11.1%), and  internal fruit crack decreased for watermelon, whereas fruit dry matter increased by 4% (40 vs. 38.4%) and ºBrix by 7% (13.7 vs. 12.8%) in pumpkin. Season long water use efficiency was greater with oxygation compared to the control. The higher yield with oxygation was associated with a more rapid canopy cover, more leaf chlorophyll, and an increase in leaf photosynthetic rate, and leaf transpiration and increase in fruit number and size.
Evaluation of Sorghum-Cowpea Intercrop Productivity in Savanna Agro-ecology using Competition Indices
Authors: Oseni Tajudeen
Published: May 2014

The competitive behaviour of sorghum-cowpea intercrops at different planting patterns were studied at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching and Research farm, Bauchi in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. The treatments comprised of three row arrangements of sorghum/cowpea mixtures; one row of sorghum for one row of cowpea (1S:1C), two rows of sorghum for one row of cowpea (2S:1C) and one row of sorghum for two rows of cowpea (1S:2C), respectively. Sole crops of sorghum and cowpea were included as check to compare yields of intercropped mixtures. Results indicated that grain and straw yields of both sorghum and cowpea were higher in sole cropping than in the intercropping mixtures. However, the 2S:1C planting arrangement exhibited higher LER, competitive indices values, SPI and MAI (N7857.11) compared to the other planting arrangements and the sole crops. From this study, it is inferred that intercropping of sorghum with cowpea at 2S:1C planting pattern will give higher income, better land use efficiency and thus enhancing sustainability of crop production than sole culture of each crop species.
Role of Fluorescent Pseudomonads Siderophore to Increase Bean Growth Factors
Authors: Omidvari Mahtab , Sharifi Roh Allah , Ahmadzadeh Masoud , Dahaji Payman Abaszadeh
Published: May 2014

Since the Iranian soils are almost limy, application of Fluorescent pseudomonas have a major potential toprovide the microelements needed for crop plants due to their siderophore production ability. In this work threeindigenous high siderophore producing strains, a reference strain 7NSK2 and its pyoverdine mutant, MPFM1,were employed. To explore their efficiency, siderophore production was investigated by CAS-agar method.Effect of bacteria inoculation on the shoot and root dry weight increase as well as chlorophyll content of the cropwere assayed under greenhouse condition. Furthermore, synergistic effects of bacteria strains and iron chelates,Fe-EDDHA and Fe-EDTA, and zinc sulphate on promotion of common bean plants were estimated. StrainUTPF76 with 20.4 mm halo in CAS-agar medium had the highest siderophore production capability. The resultsof the greenhouse experiments revealed that three of strains, 7NSK2, UTPF5 and UTPF76 increased the plantgrowth factors significantly. Addition of iron chelates and zinc sulphate improved bacterial efficacy. StrainsMPFM1 and UTPF61 not only did not have positive effect on the plant growth but also in some cases decreasedthe growth factors. In colonization survey UTPF76 and UTPF5 had the greatest colonization activity. Inconclusion, our results showed that indigenous stains have a high potential in biotechnological applications andtheir industrial application is recommended.
Analysis on Characteristics of Effective Agricultural Land System in China after the Founding of PRC
Authors: Shang Xin , Zhao Shanshuo
Published: May 2014

This article makes an analysis on effective agricultural land system in China after the founding of PRC from thethree aspects of its root cause, incentive mechanism and assets rights of farmers. According to the authors, at thestage of low economic development, we should carry out agricultural land system through improving theincentive mechanism and enlarging assets rights of farmers, etc. Agricultural land systems with differentefficiency differ from each other in the following aspects: whether peasant households really own the propertyright and whether their internal incentive mechanism can be brought into play to mobilize the enthusiasm ofproducers.
Effects of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management (IPNM) Practices on the Sustainability of Maize-based Farming Systems in Nepal
Authors: Chapagain Tejendra , Gurung Gam B.
Published: May 2014

Maize is a staple summer crop grown in the hilly areas of Nepal, where the soil is fragile and fertility is declining over years due primarily to degradation of natural resource base, high rates of soil erosion, increased cropping intensity and inadequate replenishment of soil nutrients. Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development (FORWARD) with the financial support from Hill Maize Research Program (HMRP/CYMMIT) conducted eight Integrated Plant Nutrient Systems (IPNS) trials, 16 Farm Yard Manure (FYM) improvement demonstrations and 16 conservation farming demonstrations each year through two women farmer groups since 2003 in Makawanpur District in order to raise the awareness of farmers on sustainable soil management practices through better utilization of locally available and external resources. The three years' trial results revealed that the maize crop with IPNS (15 t ha-1 FYM + 60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) was better with respect to crop vigor and grain yields compared to the control treatment (farmers' practice with FYM and urea top dressing). The Improved cultivar with IPNS practices increased the grain yield by 64% (p
Ascorbic Acid Distribution in Three Introgression Lines of Tomato
Authors: Minutolo Maria , Di Matteo Antonio , Amalfitano Carmine , Evidente Antonio , Monti Luigi , Errico Angela
Published: May 2014

Total ascorbic acid (total-AsA) content and percentage of reduced ascorbic acid on total-AsA (AsA%) were investigated and discussed in fruits, leaves, petiole, stem and roots of the Solanum lycopersicum cv M82 and S. pennellii introgression lines IL7-3, IL10-1 and IL12-4. In fruits total-AsA content showed to be different according to genotype analysed. Higher total-AsA accumulations was observed for IL7-3 and IL12-4 followed by M82 and IL10-1. Total-AsA was generally higher in leaves than in petioles, stems and roots of all genotypes. In roots higher total-AsA concentration and lower AsA% was generally observed in introgression lines than M82, in particular for IL7-3.
Assessment of Selected Pea Genotypes Reaction to Ascochyta Blight under Field Conditions and the Impact of Disease Severity on Yield Components
Authors: BOROS Lech , Marcinkowska Joanna
Published: May 2014

The response of pea (Pisum sativum) genotypes to ascochyta blight disease and the effect of disease severity on yield components were evaluated in a 4-year trial under field conditions. Peas were inoculated with Ascochyta pinodes, the anamorph of  Mycosphaerella pinodes, or with Phoma pinodella separately and with a mixture of both species. Mean infection ratings of all inoculation treatments were significantly higher compared to controls, with the highest infection for inoculation with A. pinodes. Pea genotypes significantly differed for ascochyta blight severity.  The differences in extent of infection of  the  least  and  the most infected  genotypes were quite consistent throughout the study. Frequencies of A. pinodes and P. pinodella isolated from diseased leaf fragments of ten pea genotypes  depended  on growing  season. Deleterious effects of the inoculation with Ascochyta, Phoma and Ascochyta+Phoma treatments on all evaluated agronomic parameters were observed. Greater lodging of plants in all fungi-inoculated treatments was noticed. Inoculated plants revealed decreased seed yield components as follows:  number of pods and seed per plant was reduced from 12% to 19% and from 18,5 to 22%, respectively. Seed weight per plant decreased from 18% to 27,7% in comparison with controls. There were also quite large differences between pea genotypes in reduction of all yield components.
Some results of operator ideals on s-type $|A, p|$ operators
Authors: MAJI AMIT , Srivastava P. D.
Published: May 2014

Let $s=(s_{n})$ be a sequence of $s$-numbers in the sense of Pietsch and $A$ be an infinite matrix. This paper presents a generalized class $\mathscr{A}^{(s)}-p$ of $s$-type $|A, p|$ operators using $s$-number sequence which unifies many earlier well known classes. It is shown that the class $\mathscr{A}^{(s)}-p$ forms a quasi-Banach operator ideal under certain conditions on the matrix $A$. Moreover, the inclusion relations among the operator ideals as well as the inclusion relations among their duals are established. It is also proved that for the Ces$\grave{\rm{a}}$ro matrix of order $1$, the operator ideal formed by approximation numbers is small for $1<p< \infty$.
САЙХАН-ОВООГИЙН НҮҮРСНИЙ ШИНЖ ЧАНАР БА ПИРОЛИЗЫН СУДАЛГАА
Authors: Даваажав Я. , Пүрэвсүрэн Б. , Серикжан X. , Батбилэг C. , Ууганжаргал Э.
Published: May 2014

Манай орон нүүрсний арвин их нєєцтэй бєгєєд зарим ордуудын нүүрсний судалгаа  нэлээд єргєн хүрээтэй хийгдсэн байдаг. Харин Сайхан-Овоогийн ордын нүүрс нь  тєдийлєн судлагдаагүй учир энэ ордын нүүрсийг судалгааны обьектоор сонгон  авч нүүрсний техникийн шинж чанарын үзүүлэлтүүдийг тодорхойлж, нүүрсэн дэх  хүхрийн хэлбэрүүдийг тогтоон, пиролизын бүтээгдэхүүний гарц, хатуу үлдэгдэл  дэх хүхрийн хэлбэрүүдийн агуулга, шингээх, шүүх чадвар зэргийг судлан тогтоолоо. Мєн нүүрсний бүтэц, үнсний макро, микро элементүүдийг нил улаан туяаны  спектрометр, рентген флуоренценцийн спектрометрээр тодорхойлов. Түлхүүр үг: Нүүрс, Пиролиз, Идэвхжүүлэлт, Ерєнхий хүхэр, эрдэс бүрэлдэхүүн Investigation on Characterization and Pyrolysis of Coal from Saikhan-Ovoo Deposit Have been determined main technical characteristics of coal from Saikhan-Ovoo deposits:  moisture Wa-2.24%, ash, Aa-10.56%, volatile matter, Vdaf-8.17% caloric value, Qo- 8052 ккal/kg, and sulfure content Satotal-0.35%, SaSO4-0.0 13%, SaS-0.018%, Saorganic-0.32%.Saikhan-Ovoo coal was tested by pyrolysis experiments and determined yields of  pyrolysis hard residue-90.8%, tar and water-5.3%, and gases-3.8%.The pyrolysis hard  residue had been activated by steam and the adsorbing was ability increased which measured  with iodine and methyleneblue.The X-ray and analysis of coal ash showed that ash has alkaline character.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i1.62Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2010 No.1 pp.3-17
Forest Cover Assessment in Tuv province of Mongolia Using MODIS and Landsat-7 ETM+
Authors: Tsolmon R , Yanagida K , Erdenetuya M , Ochirhuyag L
Published: May 2014

The study aimed at determining the relative proportions of forest cover and other components in a mixed pixel. For this purpose a linear mixing model was used for the derivation of a land cover classification map in two study areas of Tuv province, Mongolia. Main types of forest cover change are forests to burn scars and agricultural fields in the study areas. In this paper, two reflective channels 3 and 4 of LANDSAT ETM+ and reflective channels land 2 of MODIS data was used to map five and four land components respectively. Clouds proportion was derived using MODIS data. A synergy between high-resolution MODIS and Landsat ETM+ data may greatly enhance the operational success of satellite based vegetation monitoring, in providing multi-spectral data on parameters of the environment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.40Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2007 No 4 pp.50-59
Analysis of Infrasound Propagation at Regional Distance by Mining Explosion
Authors: Bayarsaikhan Ch , Ulziibat M , Tungalag L , Lkhagvajav Ch , Le Pichon Alexis
Published: May 2014

Seismic and acoustic recordings are particularly important to help identifying and locating industrial blasting sources. We have analyzed seismo-acoustic signals from mine blast for 2000 and 2005 in order to determine detection seismo-acoustic signals of explosion by seismic and infrasound stations. Several large mines in the region routinely generate explosions that are detected seismically and with infrasound. The mine range in distance from 40-500 km from the seismic, infrasound array. In last few years mining activity in Mongolia significantly increased. All events identified as quarry blasts have occurred during daytimes between 03:00 p.m. and 08:00 a.m. GMT and on weekdays from Monday to Friday. The corresponding number of infrasound detection is found to be dependent upon the regional weather condition, which is included air temperature, epicentral distance, wind force and velocity. We present the seismic and infrasound IMS stations and some results of analysis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.45 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No 4 pp.42-52
Low-Frequency Shear Parameters Viscoelastic Relaxation Process
Authors: Adiyasuren P , Damdinov BB , Tsend-Ayush A , Norgov E
Published: May 2014

An experimental study of the shear parameters of viscoelastic liquids is carried out by the acoustic resonance method based on the changes in the natural frequency and Q factor of a piezoelectric quartz resonator. The liquid to be studied is placed between a stationary quartz strap and the piezoelectric quartz crystal vibrating at the resonance frequency. For a set of drilling mud, the values of the real and imaginary shear module are obtained at a frequency of 74 kHz. The measurements are performed with a liquid layer thickness much smaller than the shear wavelength. It is shown that the shear modulus decreases with increasing strain amplitude. A hole-cluster model based on the Isakovich- Chaban nonlocal diffusion theory is proposed for explaining the low-frequency viscoelastic relaxation process.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.46 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No 4 pp.53-58
Some Physiological and Biochemical Properties of Microalgae in Vegetable Soil
Authors: Buyankhishig N , Zultsetseg Ch , Odgerel B
Published: May 2014

Chlorella is included in a group of an autotrophic protococci alga and is occurred in ponds, wells, moist soil and on the surface of trees. It is circular in shape, 1.5-10.5μm in size and is a unicellular alga (1). Among them, some strains of Chlorella genus contain 45-50% protein, 20- 25% carbohydrate, 7-10% lipids, and biologically active substances such as several types of vitamins and essential amino acids, hence, other countries are widely utilizing them in food, forage, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes (1.7). Other countries are searching for chances to isolate a microalgae strain from their natural resources which can synthesize biologically active substances, to determine their properties, to utilize them practically and to produce their biopreparations by biotechnological methods (1.2.7). Therefore, we studied the physiological and biochemical properties of the cultures that were isolated from the soil of a greenhouse in order to detect a biologically active microalgae strain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.51 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2009 No.4 pp.86-89
Fractal Functions of Discontinuous Approximation
Authors: M.A. Navascués
Published: May 2014

A procedure for the definition of discontinuous real functions is developed, based on a fractal methodology. For this purpose, a binary operation in the space of bounded functions on an interval is established. Two functions give rise to a new one, called in the paper fractal convolution of the originals, whose graph is discontinuous and has a fractal structure in general. The new function approximates one of the chosen pair and, under certain conditions, is continuous. The convolution is used for the definition of discontinuous bases of the space of square integrable functions, whose elements are as close to a classical orthonormal system as desired.