bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multicentre Study of Nutrition Risk Assessment in Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Attending Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Lomer Miranda C.E. , Cahill Orla , Baschali Aristea , Partha Sarathy Prasanna , Sarantidou Magda , Mantzaris Gerassimos J. , Gaya Daniel R. , Katsanos Konstantinos , Christodoulou Dimitrios K. , Gerasimidis Konstantinos
Published: November 2018

Background: Overnutrition and undernutrition can affect patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although all IBD outpatients should be screened for nutrition risk, screening is not routinely performed, potentially leading to reduced identification and treatment. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of nutrition risk in adult IBD outpatients and the proportion of cases who discussed diet and/or nutrition during their routine clinical appointment. Methods: Adults with IBD attending outpatient clinics at 4 hospitals in Greece and in UK were recruited. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected using face-to-face patient interviews and clinical records. Patients were classified as high (i.e., body mass index [BMI] < 18.5 or 18.5–20 kg/m2 and weight loss > 5%), moderate (i.e., BMI 20–25 kg/m2 and weight loss > 5%) or low risk of undernutrition and high risk of obesity (i.e., BMI 25–30% and weight gain > 5%). The proportion of patients who discussed diet and/or nutrition during their clinical appointment was calculated. Results: In total, 390 IBD patients participated. Sixteen (4%) patients were underweight, 113 (29%) were overweight and 71 (18%) were obese. Twenty-one (5%) patients were at high risk of undernutrition; of these 4 (19%) were under dietetic care. Of those at high risk of undernutrition, 11 (52%) had discussed diet and/or nutrition during their routine clinical appointment. Fifty-six (14%) patients had gained more than 5% weight since their last recorded/reported weight and 19 (5%) were at high risk of obesity. Conclusions: Few patients were identified to be at high risk of undernutrition and less than a fifth of these were under dietetic care. Overnutrition is a growing problem in IBD with almost half of adult patients being overweight or obese. Diet and/or nutrition were not routinely discussed in this group of IBD outpatients.
Chemopreventive Effect of Rebamipide against Gastric Cancer in Patients who undergo Endoscopic Resection for Early Gastric Neoplasms: A Nationwide Claims Study
Authors: Seo Gi Hyeon , Lee Hyuk
Published: November 2018

Background/Aims: Previous studies have shown that rebamipide is potentially protective against gastric cancer; however, no epidemiologic studies of its chemopreventive effects in patients who have a high risk of gastric cancer have been performed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rebamipide administration reduces the risk of gastric cancer. Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study using data retrospectively collected from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database in Korea. Patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric neoplasms between 2011 and 2014 were included. Results: During 73,416 person-years of follow-up, 711 patients were newly diagnosed with gastric cancer, including 377 low-dose (below median) and 334 high-dose (above median) rebamipide users (37,157.4 and 36,258.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively; log-rank test, p = 0.052). There were significant differences in gastric cancer incidence rates according to age, sex, and initial diagnosis at the time of index ESD. After adjusting for these clinical factors, high-dose use was associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer (hazard ratio 0.858; 95% CI 0.739–0.995, p = 0.043). Conclusion: High-dose rebamipide is associated with reduced gastric cancer risk in high-risk populations who undergo endoscopic resection for early gastric neoplasms.
Utility of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in the Remnant Stomach and Clinical Outcomes for Different Reconstruction Methods
Authors: Nomura Kosuke , Hoteya Shu , Kikuchi Daisuke , Inoshita Naoko , Iizuka Toshiro
Published: November 2018

Background: The number of patients with remnant gastric tumor during postoperative follow-up is increasing. We evaluated clinical outcomes to determine the feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric neoplasm in the remnant stomach. Methods: We compared 138 lesions of ESD in the remnant stomach after proximal gastrectomy, distal gastrectomy (DG) or pylorus-preserving DG with 3,237 lesions of ESD in the intact stomach. ESD was performed at our hospital between January 2005 and September 2017. Results: Compared with the intact group, the remnant group had significantly longer mean procedure duration and lower rates of curative resection (all p < 0.01). However, complication rates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Among the reconstruction techniques after DG, the rate of lesions at the anastomosis site was significantly higher and the mean procedure duration was significantly longer after Billroth II reconstruction (both p < 0.01). Also, curative resection rate was significantly lower after Billroth II (50.0%) than after Billroth I (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Although technically demanding, ESD for early gastric tumor in the remnant stomach was a safe and effective therapeutic method. However, because the curative resection rate was lower for the more frequent lesions occurring at the anastomosis site after Billroth II reconstruction, early detection of remnant stomach tumor is desirable after Billroth II reconstruction following DG.
Management of Dopamine Agonist-Resistant Prolactinoma
Authors: Maiter Dominique
Published: November 2018

Dopamine agonists are usually very effective in the treatment of prolactinomas. Nonetheless, a subset of individuals does not respond satisfactorily to these agents, and this resistance is characterized by failure to achieve normoprolactinemia and a 30% or more reduction in maximal tumor diameter (in the case of macroprolactinoma) under maximally tolerated doses. The overall prevalence of dopamine agonist resistance is 20–30% for bromocriptine (BRC) and around 10% for cabergoline (CAB). The 2 main predictive factors are male gender and tumor invasiveness. The management of drug-resistant prolactinomas includes several options. Any BRC-resistant patient should be switched to CAB which will normalize prolactin in 80% of patients. As long as adverse effects do not develop, dose escalation of CAB is reasonable, with the expectation that subsequent dose reduction will be possible. Echocardiographic monitoring is advised in such patients because of the potential association with cardiac valvular fibrosis. Also, maintaining maximal CAB doses at 3.5 mg/week may lead to progressive hormonal control in a significant proportion of patients. Complete resistance to CAB is infrequent. In a study of 122 patients with a macroprolactinoma, only 7 (6%) could not achieve control despite maximal CAB doses for > 12 months. A large resistant prolactinoma is also an indication for transsphenoidal neurosurgery, aiming at a debulking which may improve postoperative medical control. For patients who harbor aggressive prolactinomas, radiotherapy may be considered. However, normal prolactinemia will eventually occur in only one-third of patients after many years. Finally, temozolomide may be a therapeutic option in malignant/aggressive prolactinomas.
АСЕПТИКА І АНТИСЕПТИКА В РОБОТІ МЕДИЧНОЇ СЕСТРИ ХІРУРГІЧНОГО ПРОФІЛЮ
Authors: Romanenko I. I.
Published: November 2018

У статті розглянуто питання про  хірургічну обробку рани, джерела потрапляння мікробів в рану, види прибирання. Висвітлено аспекти хірургічної  антисептики рук.
Classificação da obesidade infantil
Authors: Nogueira-de-Almeida Carlos Alberto , Mell Elza Daniel de , Ribeiro Graziela Aparecida N. de Almeida , Almeida Carla Cristina João N. de , Falcão Mário Cícero , Rêgo Carla Maria Barreto da Silva de Souza
Published: November 2018

Importância do Problema: A obesidade na infância e na adolescência é considerada, atualmente, grave problema de saúde pública com prevalência crescente em todo o mundo. Objetivo: atualizar a classificação da obesidade infantojuvenil publicada originalmente em 2004, incorporando as novas evidências científicas. Métodos: revisão da Literatura Científica que abordou os fatores etiopatogênicos da obesidade, buscando-se aprimorar a classificação anteriormente publicada incluindo os novos conhecimentos científicos. Resultados: apresentação de uma classificação que sugere como primeira estratégia a definição da presença de resistência periférica à insulina e, a seguir, sugere a divisão em quatro subgrupos de obesidade: sindrômica, epigenética, induzida (endocrinológica, neurológica, distúrbios do sono, fármacos e agentes infecciosos) e clássica (somática e psicossocial). Conclusão: a classificação permite auxiliar o clínico na tomada de decisões e na individualização do tratamento.
Anemia as the cause of clinical inability of candidates to blood donation for a hemotherapy and hematology center in the state of Maranhão, Brazil
Authors: Rocha Gabriele Pereira , Santos Alexsandro Ferreira dos , Martins Isabelle Christine Vieira da Silva , Moreira Jorvana Stanislav Brasil , Dias Jeane Lorena Lima , Dias Luciana Pereira Pinto , Maciel Michel Garcia , Chein Maria Bethânia Da Costa , Frota Maria Tereza Borges Araújo
Published: November 2018

Objective: To evaluate anemia as a cause of clinical disability in blood donors in the state of Maranhão- Brazil. Methods: This study addresses a time series of prevalence of anemia among blood donor candidates. Secondary data were collected from the Information System of the Blood Center of Maranhão. Donor candidates were treated between 2001 and 2010. Statistical analysis was performed with Epi Info version 6.04d. Results: The proportion of clinical disability was 16.8% (n = 1,672) and 63.27% (n = 6,198) consisted of men. Considering the unfit group, anemia was the second most frequent cause with 16.68% (n = 16,729). In men, drug use was the most frequent cause of inability (90.94%, n = 650) and anemia was the last cause with 28.76% (n = 458). In women, anemia was the major cause of clinical inability (71.24%, p = 0.000). Conclusion: Anemia is an important cause of inability, and in women it is the first one.
Relato da experiência da realização de pequenos procedimentos em dermatologia em Hospital Universitário
Authors: Lima Roberto Barbosa , Lima Ricardo Barbosa , Issa Paulo Roberto Abdala , Lima Rafael Tavares Barbosa , Guedes Juliana Chaves Ruiz , Veiga Maria Beatriz De Assis , Martins Carlos José , Ferry Fernando R. de Almeida
Published: November 2018

Modelo do estudo: Cohort. Objetivos: Relatar a experiência do setor de Pequenos Procedimentos em Dermatologia do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, determinando os diagnósticos, tipos de tratamentos e resolutividade. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, observacional, por meio da coleta de dados dos pacientes do Programa de Saúde da Família da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro encaminhados para a realização de pequenos procedimentos em dermatologia, durante um período de 31 semanas. Resultados: Foram atendidos 884 pacientes. As lesões benignas representaram 77,5% dos diagnósticos clínicos e as malignas 22,5%. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram de cisto (133) e carcinoma basocelular (128). Os procedimentos mais realizados foram a excisão e sutura simples (337) e a retirada de lesão por shaving mais eletrocoagulação (161). No total, 98,3% dos procedimentos foram de cirurgia dermatológica básica e 1,7% dos casos necessitaram de procedimentos avançados. Além disso, 90,8% dos pacientes foram operados no dia do primeiro atendimento e 3,7% precisaram ser encaminhados para outras especialidades cirúrgicas. Conclusão: Um serviço de cirurgia dermatológica estruturado para a realização de pequenos procedimentos, em caráter ambulatorial, permite prover atendimento resolutivo à grande maioria dos pacientes com essa necessidade.
Measuring Fitness Effects of Agent-Environment Interactions
Authors: McGregor Simon , Mediano Pedro A. M.
Published: November 2018

One important sense of the term “adaptation” is the process by which an agent changes appropriately in response to new information provided by environmental stimuli. We propose a novel quantitative measure of this phenomenon, which extends a little-known definition of adaptation as “increased robustness to repeated perturbation” proposed by Klyubin (2002). Our proposed definition essentially corresponds to the average value (relative to some fitness function) of state changes that are caused by the environment (in some statistical ensemble of environments). We compute this value by comparing the agent's actual fitness with its fitness in a counterfactual world where the causal links between agent and environment are disrupted. The proposed measure is illustrated in a simple Markov chain model and also using a recent model of autopoietic agency in a simulated protocell.
A new species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: MAZINE FIORELLA F. , SOBRAL MARCOS , VALDEMARIN KARINNE SAMPAIO
Published: November 2018

A new species of Eugenia from Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro State is described, illustrated, and discussed. Eugenia circumdata is characterized by its inflorescences with tomentose, brown-yellowish indumentum, bracteoles orbiculate or obovate, concave, surrounding the flower bud, and deciduous at anthesis. Eugenia circumdata is most similar to Eugenia myrobalana, from which it differs mainly by its smaller leaf blades, axillary inflorescences, and shorter pedicels. Moreover, the species described here is known only from collections in Reserva Biológica União, in the municipality of Rio das Ostras. Data on its conservation status are presented.
Kaempferia graminifolia (subgen. Protanthium: Zingiberaceae), a new endemic species from Thailand

Authors: NOPPORNCHAROENKUL NATTAPON , JENJITTIKUL THAYA
Published: November 2018

Kaempferia graminifolia, a new species belonging to subgen. Protanthium with unique grass-like foliage is described and illustrated. A preliminary IUCN conservation assessment finds that the status of this endemic species is Vulnerable.
A new species of blue-eyed Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae) from Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: HAMIDY AMIR , MATSUI MASAFUMI
Published: November 2018

A new megophryid species of Leptobrachium is described on the basis of three specimens collected from Kubu Perahu, Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. The new species, L. waysepuntiense sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners by the colour of iris, which is totally light bluish in adult and greyish in juvenile stages. It is similar to Bornean endemic species in the absence of dark markings around groin, and particularly to L. gunungense in the very small size of femoral gland. It is the fourth species of Leptobrachium recorded from Sumatra, and its discovery underscores the under estimated diversity of amphibians on Sumatra. Variation in the pattern of iris colour in Leptobrachium is discussed.
Erratum—Vieira, L.M., Migotto, A.E. & Winston, J.E. (2010) Marcusadorea, a new genus of lepralioid bryozoan from warm waters. Zootaxa, 2348, 57–68.
Authors: VIEIRA L. M. , MIGOTTO A. E. , WINSTON J. E.
Published: November 2018

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A new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina
Authors: SANABRIA EDUARDO , QUIROGA LORENA , ARIAS FEDERICO , CORTEZ RICARDO
Published: November 2018

A new species of bufonid frog, Rhinella bernardoi sp. nov., belonging to the granulosa group, is described from moderately high elevation (1400 m) at Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina. The morphology of the new species is compared to and diagnosed from other closely related species of the same group (R. bergi, R. fernandezae, and R. granulosa). We also describe the osteology of the skull and the vertebral column of the new species and present data on its geographic distribution and natural history.
Gammarus kesanensis sp. nov., a new blind amphipod species from Turkey (Amphipoda, Gammaridae), with a key to eyeless Gammarus species of Europe
Authors: ÖZBEK MURAT , ÇAMUR-ELİPEK BELGİN
Published: November 2018

A new blind species of freshwater amphipod, Gammarus kesanensis sp. nov., collected from Erikli Fountain, Keşan, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to Gammarus pulex- group and is the fourth blind species of the group reported from Europe and Turkey. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the new species are given and differences from related species are discussed. In addition, a key to the blind/eyeless species of Gammarus genus of Europe is presented.
Finnish species of Nemotelus (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), with description of a new species
Authors: KAHANPÄÄ JERE
Published: November 2018

Four species of the soldier fly genus Nemotelus are recorded from Finland. One of them, Nemotelus (Nemotelus) infortunatus sp. nov., is described as new to science from material collected from south-eastern Finland and the adjacent Russian Republic of Karelia. The new species differs from the other North European Nemotelus species by the partially black postpronotum, darkened fore and mid tibiae and details of the male genitalia. Details of six Nemotelus occurring in North and northern Central Europe are presented for comparison and all six species are shown in colour photographs. A revised key to the North European species of Nemotelus is presented.
A new genus and two new species of Pachygastrinae from the Oriental region (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Authors: YANG ZAIHUA , YANG MAOFA
Published: November 2018

A new genus and two species, Nasimyia gen. nov., N. megacephala sp. nov. and N. nigripennis sp. nov. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Pachygastrinae) from Yunnan Province, China, are described and illustrated. Relationships of the new genus are briefly discussed. A key to the known Oriental genera of Pachygastrinae with elongate, slender abdomen is presented.
Final-stage phyllosoma of Palinustus A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Achelata: Palinuridae)—The first complete description
Authors: PALERO FERRAN , GUERAO GUILLERMO , CLARK PAUL F. , ABELLÓ PERE
Published: November 2018

Four rare palinurid phyllosoma larvae, one mid-stage and three final stage, were found among the unclassified collections in the Crustacea Section, Natural History Museum, London. Detailed morphological analysis of the larvae indicated that they belong to several Palinustus species given the presence of incipient blunt-horns, length of antennula, length ratio of segments of antennular peduncle, distribution of pereiopod spines, and shape of uropods and telson. Moreover, the size of the final-stage larvae agrees with that expected given the size of the recently described puerulus stage of Palinustus mossambicus. This constitutes the first description of a complete phyllosoma assigned to Palinustus species. The phyllosoma described in the present study include the largest Palinuridae larva ever found.
Metadynomene tuamotu, a new species of dynomenid crab from French Polynesia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)
Authors: NG PETER K. L. , MCLAY COLIN L
Published: November 2018

A large dynomenid specimen from the Tuamotu Archipelago previously thought to belong to Metadynomene tanensis (Yokoya, 1933) is shown to be a new species, M. tuamotu sp. nov. Metadynomene tanensis is a widespread Western Pacific species occurring from Japan to New Zealand; while M. tuamotu sp. nov. joins M. devaneyi (Takeda, 1977) as the second species of this genus known from French Polynesia. A key to the genus is provided.
Contributions towards a review of the genus Rhynchelmis Hoffmeister (Clitellata: Lumbriculidae)
Authors: FEND STEVEN V. , BRINKHURST RALPH O.
Published: November 2018

Morphological characters for several Palearctic taxa attributed by recent authors to the genus Rhynchelmis Hoffmeister, 1843 were reviewed using new or previously studied museum specimens. The genus Rhynchelmis s. lat. was supported, and the Palearctic subgenus Rhynchelmis (Rhynchelmis) was proposed, based on several probable synapomorphies: longitudinal muscles with lateral margins curled; strong dorsolateral-transverse muscles; vasa deferentia with thickened, glandular epithelium; spermathecal ampullae with anterior, sacciform diverticulum; accessory organ often present in preatrial segment. The Japanese Rhynchelmis orientalis Yamaguchi, 1936 was redescribed using new material, and had none of the abovementioned characters. The separation of other potential subgenera, the Rhynchelmoides and Sutroa groups, is still subject to review of those primarily Nearctic taxa. Attribution by Kaygorodova & Liventseva (2007) of several Lake Baikal species to Pseudorhynchelmis Hrabě (1982) was supported, and Rhynchelmis paraolchonensis Giani & Martinez-Ansemil, 1984 may also belong in Pseudorhynchelmis.
Description of two new species of torrent frog, Amolops Cope (Anura: Ranidae) from a degrading forest in the northeast Indian state of Nagaland
Authors: BIJU S. D. , MAHONY STEPHEN , KAMEI RACHUNLIU G.
Published: November 2018

Two distinctive new species of torrent frogs, Amolops nidorbellus sp. nov. and Amolops kohimaensis sp. nov. are described from the state of Nagaland in northeast India. Both species are compared with all known congeners. Amolops nidorbellus sp. nov. morphologically belongs to a group of torrent frogs including A. caelumnoctis, A. splendissimus, A. kaulbacki and A. viridimaculatus and is unarguably the most spectacularly coloured species in the genus. Amolops kohimaensis sp. nov. appears most similar to A. granulosus, each with extensive dorsal spinulation. The two new species are sympatrically occurring and currently known only from the type locality, about 5 kilometers west of Kohima town, Nagaland. The small forest fragment is in the process of extensive destruction from local quarrying activities, thus these species may already be threatened. Additional taxonomic comments are provided for A. caelumnoctis, A. splendissimus, A. daorum and A. mengyangensis.
A redescription of Torymus sapporoensis Ashmead and description of a new species of Torymus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) parasitizing Paratephritis fukaii (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Japan
Authors: MATSUO KAZUNORI
Published: November 2018

Torymus itoi Matsuo sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is described as a parasitoid of Paratephritis fukaii Shiraki (Diptera: Tephritidae) which induces galls on the petioles and peduncles of Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. (Asteraceae) in Japan. Torymid specimens that were previously identified as T. sapporoensis Ashmead in Ito (1947) are identical with T. itoi, which is shown to be different from T. sapporoensis. To complement the insufficient original description, T. sapporoensis is redescribed based on the holotype.
Two new species of Plutomurus Yosii (Collembola, Tomoceridae) from the Caucasus
Authors: BARJADZE SHALVA , JORDANA RAFAEL , BAQUERO ENRIQUE , GIORDANO ROSANNA , SOTO-ADAMES FELIPE N.
Published: November 2018

Two new species of Plutomurus, P. pichkhaiai sp. nov. from Garakha and Letsurtsume caves and P. shurubumuensis sp. nov. from Shurubumu Cave (Chkhorotsku district, Western Georgia) are described, and illustrated. The new species are very similar to P. kelasuricus from the Tsebelda karst massif formation in Apkhazeti, Georgia, but differ in having two inner spine-like chaetae on the inner edge of the hind tibiotarsus (only one in P. kelasuricus) and in occupying different, isolated cave formations separated by a geographic distance of nearly a 100 km. A key to the species of Plutomurus with 6 prelabral chaetae is provided.
Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity in the North Atlantic and Northeastern Pacific Basins Using TRMM Satellite Passive Microwave Observations
Authors: Jiang Haiyan , Tao Cheng , Pei Yongxian
Published: November 2018

A statistical passive microwave intensity estimation (PMW-IE) algorithm for estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Atlantic and northeastern and central Pacific basins is developed and tested. The algorithm is derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) 85-GHz brightness temperatures and near-surface rain-rate retrievals to provide objective estimates of current maximum sustained surface winds (Vmax) and 6-h future Vmax of TCs. The full record of TRMM data (1998–2013) including 2326 TMI overpasses of 503 TCs is separated into dependent samples (1998–2010) for model development and independent samples (2011–13) for model verification. The best track intensities are used as dependent variables in a stepwise multiple-regression approach. Separately for each basin, three regression models are derived using selected 1) 85-GHz-only variables, 2) rain-rate-only variables, and 3) combined 85-GHz and rain variables. The algorithms are evaluated using independent samples and those with contemporaneous aircraft-reconnaissance measurements. Rain-only and combined models perform better than the 85-GHz-only model. Lower errors are found for estimating the 6-h future Vmax than estimating the current Vmax using all three models. This suggests that it is optimal to use passive-microwave-retrieved rain variables observed a few hours earlier to estimate TC intensity. The MAE (RMSE) of 6-h future Vmax is 9 (12) kt (1 kt ≈ 0.51 m s−1) when testing the combined models with ATL and EPA independent samples. Aircraft-reconnaissance-based independent samples yields a MAE of 9.6 kt and RMSE of 12.6 kt for estimating 6-h future Vmax.
Characterization of mixture epoxy syntactic foams highly loaded with thermoplastic and glass microballoons
Authors: Dando Kerrick R , Cross William M , Robinson Marc J , Salem David R
Published: November 2018

Syntactic foams comprising glass or thermoplastic microballoons have gained considerable attention in recent years due to mechanical and thermal properties that are advantageous for naval and aerospace applications. This work reports a method for producing syntactic foams with unusually high-volume fraction microballoon loadings (>0.74) and its utilization for the creation of “hybrid” epoxy resin-based syntactic foams comprising various mixtures of glass and thermoplastic microballoons. Microstructural analyses using X-ray micro-computed tomography provided non-destructive quantitative characterization of microballoon packing, confirming the high loading levels suggested by density measurements. By systematically varying the glass/thermoplastic microballoon ratio, it was shown that a range of mechanical properties can be engineered into these lightweight materials. The peak impact force of these syntactic foams can be significantly reduced (∼30% reduction) through combining glass and thermoplastic microballoons in a ratio where the thermoplastic microballoons are the dominant fraction but not the sole microballoon component.
Stress and the Mental Health of Populations of Color: Advancing Our Understanding of Race-related Stressors
Authors: Williams David R.
Published: November 2018

This article provides an overview of research on race-related stressors that can affect the mental health of socially disadvantaged racial and ethnic populations. It begins by reviewing the research on self-reported discrimination and mental health. Although discrimination is the most studied aspect of racism, racism can also affect mental health through structural/institutional mechanisms and racism that is deeply embedded in the larger culture. Key priorities for research include more systematic attention to stress proliferation processes due to institutional racism, the assessment of stressful experiences linked to natural or manmade environmental crises, documenting and understanding the health effects of hostility against immigrants and people of color, cataloguing and quantifying protective resources, and enhancing our understanding of the complex association between physical and mental health.
Certain Correlates of Attitudes toward Radio Commercials
Authors: Laybourn G. P. , Longstaff H. P.
Published: November 2018

Editor's Note: This study by two psychological researchers, throws considerable light on the attitude of radio listeners toward commercials and the products advertised.
Retailing in the Soviet Union
Authors: Goldman Marshall I.
Published: November 2018

How does the consumer shop in the Soviet Union? What kind of stores are there in Russia?

The following article describes the Soviet retail network and the pattern of merchandising. It also examines some new if not “revolutionary” innovations in trade and distribution.
Why Kill the Passenger Train?
Authors: Berge Stanley
Published: November 2018

Is the passenger train getting a “fair break” in the U.S. travel market? No, says the author of this article, an expert on transportation.

He charges that railroad passenger-service losses have long been exaggerated by obsolete accounting rules of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

However, some railroads that refuse to be deluded by “phantom” bookkeeping deficits are successfully marketing travel by train. If others would do likewise, the author points out, the results would be profitable both to the railroads and their customers.
Market Performance in the Baking Industry
Authors: Storey David A. , Farris Paul L.
Published: November 2018

This article sets forth the key market structure characteristics and developments of the perishable bakery products industry. It is concerned with questions of how the industry performs and how patterns of organization and behavior influence performance.

The approach here can also be useful in analyzing the market structure and behavior of other industries.
Planning and Executing an Effective Agricultural Promotion Program
Authors: Wolfson Joel
Published: November 2018

More than 1,100 organized commodity groups in-invest over $75 million each year for advertising and promotional purposes.

This article reviews some current thinking on agricultural promotion programs. The principles stated at the end of the article may be applicable to product promotion both within and without the area of agriculture.
Blueprint for Marketing
Authors: Whitehead Edward
Published: November 2018

Famed Commander Whitehead's views about marketing are “capsuled” in this brief article.

The material has been adapted from a portion of one of a series of articles by Commander Whitehead appearing in the British publication MARKETING, produced by the Institute of Marketing and Sales Management.
Patterns of Communication in Marketing Organizations
Authors: Andersen R. Clifton , Cundiff Edward W.
Published: November 2018

The authors of this article conducted extensive interviews in four large consumer goods firms, to study horizontal communication patterns among executives with marketing responsibilities.

Their study gives factual information, especially about the “informal communication network” in such organizations.
Marketing in Nigeria
Authors: Baker Raymond W.
Published: November 2018

Tropical Africa is unlike any other part of the world, and the problems of understanding the commercial systems of the area can be frustrating. Various physical, economic, and social factors lead to marketing procedures that can be radically unusual.

This author analyzes and describes the marketing patterns and techniques found in Nigeria, and outlines some of the changes that are taking place as the country develops.
Tribute to past Presidents of American Marketing Association
Authors: Hobart Donald M.
Published: November 2018

This is the speech given by Donald M. Hobart, formerly Senior Vice President and Director of Research of the Curtis Publishing Company (also President of the American Marketing Association in 1945), in New York on June 14, 1965, at the annual meeting of the American Marketing Association.
Can Attitude Measurement Predict Consumer Behavior?
Authors: Udell Jon G.
Published: November 2018

• Are attitudes predictive of consumer behavior? • What potential role does attitude measurement play in the marketing research program of a company? • Does the Thurstone technique offer management a reliable tool for research and decision-making? • What is the public's attitude or response to a promotional device such as trading stamps?

An extensive research project regarding trading stamps provides insight into the answers to these and other questions. Over 400 pretest and 1,400 test interviews in three states produced the information on which this article is based.
Dissecting the Segmentation Syndrome
Authors: Brandt Steven C.
Published: November 2018

If there were but 500,000 potential customers for a given product in the world and a decision of how much to spend on wooing each of them had to be made, upon what basis would the decision be made?

Once upon a time a measurement of their relative needs or abilities to buy provided a satisfactory guidepost for the decision. But today there are other factors that must be considered.

In this article the author traces how such decisions have been made in the past. He then proposes a method of market segmentation that will be of interest to marketers in both large and small firms.
A Missing Link in Physical Distribution System Design
Authors: Heskett J. L.
Published: November 2018

Spatial concepts of system design have outlived their usefulness, says the author of this article.

He holds that a more useful framework for future analysis can be based on temporal measures—that it offers the opportunity to develop an analytic approach devoid of crippling assumptions.
Behavior Patterns of Supermarket Shoppers
Authors: Schapker Ben L.
Published: November 2018

What are the reasons for the decline in supermarket shopping-loyalty during the past decade? What is behind the trend toward more frequent shopping by supermarket customers? Why is readership of food store advertising in newspapers increasing?

How accurate is the prediction of credit purchasing of food in supermarkets? Is interest in saving trading stamps on the wane? How does discount store food shopping differ from shopping in conventional supermarkets?

The answers to these questions should be of interest to all marketers.
What Kind of Corporate Objectives?
Authors: Boyd Harper W. , Levy Sidney J.
Published: November 2018

What are the most effective ways of devising overall corporate objectives?

Here are analyses of six different categories of marketing objectives, especially useful to top management.
Diagnosing the Product Portfolio
Authors: Day George S.
Published: November 2018

How to use scarce cash and managerial resources for maximum long-run gains
Limit Pricing Theory as a Basis for Anti-Merger Policy
Authors: Phillips Lynn W. , Stern Louis W.
Published: November 2018

Should conglomerate mergers be forestalled on the basis of limit pricing theory?
Market Expansion Strategies in Multinational Marketing
Authors: Ayal Igal , Zif Jewel
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a framework for planning and evaluation of multinational expansion strategies focusing on the rate of entry into new markets and the allocation of efforts among markets. Two major and opposing strategies are presented and compared: market diversification and market concentration. The factors affecting the choice of strategies are analyzed and illustrated by examples.
An Analysis of the Adolescent Consumer
Authors: Moschis George P. , Churchill Gilbert A.
Published: November 2018

Although the consumer behavior of young people has become of increasing interest to marketing practitioners and public policy makers, little empirical data are available to be used in effective decision making. This paper presents an analysis of adolescent consumer behavior and provides empirical data useful in understanding differences among teenage consumers.
The Comparative Price Advertising Controversy: Consumer Perceptions of Catalog Showroom Reference Prices
Authors: Sewall Murphy A. , Goldstein Michael H.
Published: November 2018

The emergence of the latest form of aggressive, low price retailer— the catalog showroom merchandiser—has ignited a controversy over comparative price advertising. This paper considers that problem within the context of existing literature and presents results of a survey of catalog showroom customers.
Choice Criteria Revisited
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: November 2018

This investigation replicates, in part, a 1974 study examining the relative importance of different attributes across four industrial product types. Similar conclusions are found.
Technical Wording in Advertising: Implications for Market Segmentation
Authors: Anderson Rolph E. , Jolson Marvin A.
Published: November 2018

It may be ill-advised for advertisers to avoid technical language in print media messages directed to household consumers. Results of an experiment reported here suggest that technical wording levels in ads combine with the audience's educational levels and product experience to generate a series of product perceptions, advertising evaluations, and purchase considerations.
Impact of Asking Race Information in Mail Surveys
Authors: Sheth Jagdish N. , Leclaire Arthur , Wachspress David
Published: November 2018

A field experiment was carried out in four regions to measure the impact of asking race information in a mail survey. The six-page questionnaire was identical between control and test groups except for the addition of questions on race information. The response rates for both groups were identical.
Top Management's Concerns about Marketing: Issues for the 1980's
Authors: Webster Frederick E.
Published: November 2018

Interviews conducted with chief executive and operating officers in 30 major U.S. corporations identify a number of important issues for consideration by marketing managers and educators.
Intepreting Consumer Mythology: A Structural Approach to Consumer Behavior
Authors: Levy Sidney J.
Published: November 2018

Consumer behavior depth interviews are grouped with other kinds of story telling—fairy tales, novels, psychological test responses, and myths—as imaginative statements that can be qualitatively interpreted for their functional and symbolic content. Drawing upon the Claude Lévi-Strauss approach to the analysis of myths, a structuralist interpretation illustrates application to the age, sex, and social status dimensions of food consumption.
Strategic Marketing: Betas, Boxes, Or Basics
Authors: Wensley Robin
Published: November 2018

This paper is critical of both the financial and marketing approaches to resource allocation problems within the multiproduct, multimarket firm. It is suggested that the financial approach is helpful on the issue of shareholder risk but that the marketing strategy approaches, using box classifications, are ill defined and based on dubious empirical assumptions. Neither approach is the key to identifying sustainable competitive advantage. More emphasis is required on project based assessment of such factors as imitability, flexibility, and positional advantages, as well as specific cost effects.
A Comment on “Evaluating and Improving Argument-Centered Works in Marketing”
Authors: Sterrett S. Martin , Smith Daniel C.
Published: November 2018

An article in a recent issue of this journal suggested that marketers adopt the tools of formal deductive logic to evaluate “argument-centered” works in marketing. In this comment, the authors argue that the criterion of deductive validity is inappropriate for evaluating such works and would require rejecting almost all principles central to advancing knowledge in general and marketing knowledge in particular.
Marketing and Logical Deduction
Authors: Skipper Robert , Hyman Michael R.
Published: November 2018

Sterrett and Smith argue that deduction is ill-suited for use in argument-centered works and that deduction should not replace induction. We respond by (1) clarifying some key terms, (2) proclaiming the extreme importance of induction for marketing science, (3) showing that the demands of deductive reasoning, if properly understood, are not excessive, and (4) defanging their argument from non-ampliativity.
Communication Strategies in Marketing Channels: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Mohr Jakki , Nevin John R.
Published: November 2018

Though the marketing literature acknowledges that communication plays a vital role in channel functioning, it provides no integrated theory for channel communication. The authors build a theoretical model to help understand the role of communication in marketing channels. They propose a contingency theory in which communication strategy moderates the impact of channel conditions (structure, climate, and power) on channel outcomes (coordination, satisfaction, commitment, and performance). When a communication strategy matches the channel conditions, channel outcomes will be enhanced in comparison with the outcomes when a communication strategy mismatches channel conditions.
The Protection Motivation Model: A Normative Model of Fear Appeals
Authors: Tanner John F. , Hunt James B. , Eppright David R.
Published: November 2018

Marketing researchers have questioned the use of the fear appeal, believing it to be too difficult to implement properly. AIDS, drug abuse, and other social problems have caused practitioners to return to the fear appeal, but with little direction from marketing theory. The protection motivation paradigm offers a prescriptive model to improve the effectiveness of the fear appeal. The authors propose and empirically test several changes to the PM model. Results indicate that fear appeals should present certain material in a specified order and attack maladaptive behaviors.
For Reason and Realism in Marketing
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: November 2018

The author responds to the comments by Peter and by Zinkhan and Hirschheim on his 1990 JM article, “Truth in Marketing Theory and Research.”
Measuring Service Quality: A Reexamination and Extension
Authors: Cronin J. Joseph , Taylor Steven A.
Published: November 2018

The authors investigate the conceptualization and measurement of service quality and the relationships between service quality, consumer satisfaction, and purchase intentions. A literature review suggests that the current operationalization of service quality confounds satisfaction and attitude. Hence, the authors test (1) an alternative method of operationalizing perceived service quality and (2) the significance of the relationships between service quality, consumer satisfaction, and purchase intentions. The results suggest that (1) a performance-based measure of service quality may be an improved means of measuring the service quality construct, (2) service quality is an antecedent of consumer satisfaction, (3) consumer satisfaction has a significant effect on purchase intentions, and (4) service quality has less effect on purchase intentions than does consumer satisfaction. Implications for managers and future research are discussed.
Premarket Forecasting for New Consumer Durable Goods: Modeling Categorization, Elimination, and Consideration Phenomena
Authors: Urban Glen L. , Hulland John S. , Weinberg Bruce D.
Published: November 2018

The authors extend previous models for premarket forecasting of new durable consumer goods by including parameters that reflect consumers’ categorization and consideration processes. They propose a model and measurement methodology, which they apply to the premarket forecasting of a new automobile. They describe empirical data collection, parameter estimation, managerial implications, validation issues, and future research needs. The extended model generates new managerial insights into positioning and marketing planning effectiveness, can be used to simulate the effects of changes in positioning strategy on consideration and choice, and provides more detailed information about why consumers consider or reject a new brand. The relevance of the categorization extension for other new product models that condition choice on a consideration set is also explored.
Identifying Global and Culture-Specific Dimensions of Humor in Advertising: A Multinational Analysis
Authors: Alden Dana L. , Hoyer Wayne D. , Lee Chol
Published: November 2018

Humor is a commonly used communication tool in advertising in the United States, but U.S. marketers know little about its use and effectiveness in foreign markets. Such limited knowledge hinders international managers’ ability to determine which aspects of humorous communications are likely to be amenable to global standardization and which should be adapted to local expectations. The authors examine the content of humorous television advertising from four national cultures: Korea, Germany, Thailand, and the United States. Findings indicate that humorous communications from such diverse national cultures share certain universal cognitive structures underlying the message. However, the specific content of humorous advertising is likely to be variable across national cultures along major normative dimensions such as collectivism-individualism.
Objectivity in Marketing Theory and Research
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: November 2018

Many marketers contend that recent developments in the philosophy of science imply that objectivity in marketing research is an illusion, a chimera, or impossible. Five arguments are customarily put forth that supposedly demonstrate the impossibility of objectivity: (1) linguistic relativism, (2) paradigm incommensurability, (3) theories are underdetermined by facts, (4) perception is theory-laden, and (5) epistemically significant observations are theory-laden. The author evaluates the five arguments, shows that there is nothing in the philosophy of science that dooms objective marketing research, and puts forth the “positive case” for objectivity.
Contextual and Temporal Components of Reference Price
Authors: Rajendran K. N. , Tellis Gerard J.
Published: November 2018

An emerging consensus in marketing is that consumers respond to price relative to some standard or reference price. Most researchers modeling brand choice have reasoned that this standard is based on past prices of the brand. The authors argue that consumers do use reference prices, but one that is also based on context—other prices in the store—rather than on past prices alone. An analysis of households’ brand choices in two subcategories and over three cities supports this premise. Within context, the lowest price seems to be an important cue for reference price, whereas within time, a brand's own past prices seem to be the most important cue. Households’ use of a contextual reference price also varies predictably across some consumer characteristics. Though their model can be applied to other categories, the findings have important managerial implications: Managerial focus on temporal reference prices could lead to an everyday high price, whereas focus on contextual reference prices could lead to an everyday low price. Only the inclusion of both contextual and temporal reference prices justifies variable pricing.
Public Service Advertisements: Emotions and Empathy Guide Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Moore David J.
Published: November 2018

The authors develop and test a theory of how public service advertisements function to induce helping responses. Building on Lazarus's general theory of emotion and adaptation, they hypothesize that public service ads designed to reduce the incidence of child abuse stimulate negative emotions; these, in turn, lead to empathic reactions and end with the decision to help. Two field experiments are conducted to test the theory.