bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Signaling via the CXCR4-TCR Heterodimer Requires Phospholipase C-β3 and Phospholipase C-γ1 for Distinct Cellular Responses
Authors: Kremer Kimberly N. , Clift Ian C. , Miamen Alexander G. , Bamidele Adebowale O. , Qian Nan-Xin , Humphreys Troy D. , Hedin Karen E.
Published: June 2011

The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that signals in T lymphocytes by forming a heterodimer with the TCR. CXCR4 and TCR functions are consequently highly cross regulated, affecting T cell immune activation, cytokine secretion, and T cell migration. The CXCR4-TCR heterodimer stimulates T cell migration and activation of the ERK MAPK and downstream AP-1–dependent cytokine transcription in response to stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), the sole chemokine ligand of CXCR4. These responses require Gi-type G proteins as well as TCR ITAM domains and the ZAP70 tyrosine kinase, thus indicating that the CXCR4-TCR heterodimer signals to integrate G protein-coupled receptor-associated and TCR-associated signaling molecules in response to SDF-1. Yet, the phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes responsible for coupling the CXCR4-TCR heterodimer to distinct downstream cellular responses are incompletely characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that PLC activity is required for SDF-1 to induce ERK activation, migration, and CXCR4 endocytosis in human T cells. SDF-1 signaling via the CXCR4-TCR heterodimer uses PLC-β3 to activate the Ras-ERK pathway and increase intracellular calcium ion concentrations, whereas PLC-γ1 is dispensable for these outcomes. In contrast, PLC-γ1, but not PLC-β3, is required for SDF-1–mediated migration via a mechanism independent of LAT. These results increase understanding of the signaling mechanisms employed by the CXCR4-TCR heterodimer, characterize new roles for PLC-β3 and PLC-γ1 in T cells, and suggest that multiple PLCs may also be activated downstream of other chemokine receptors to distinctly regulate migration versus other signaling functions.
A TCR Transgenic Mouse Reactive with Multiple Systemic Dimorphic Fungi
Authors: Wüthrich Marcel , Hung Chiung Yu , Gern Ben H. , Pick-Jacobs John C. , Galles Kevin J. , Filutowicz Hanna I. , Cole Garry T. , Klein Bruce S.
Published: June 2011

Dimorphic fungi collectively account for 5–10 million new infections annually worldwide. Ongoing efforts seek to clarify mechanisms of cellular resistance to these agents and develop vaccines. A major limitation in studying the development of protective T cells in this group of organisms is the lack of tools to detect, enumerate, and characterize fungus-specific T cells during vaccination and infection. We generated a TCR transgenic mouse (Bd 1807) whose CD4+ T cells respond to a native epitope in Blastomyces dermatitidis and also in Histoplasma capsulatum. In this study, we characterize the mouse, reveal its applications, and extend our analysis showing that 1807 cells also respond to the related dimorphic fungi Coccidioides posadasii and Paracoccidioides lutzii. On adoptive transfer into vaccinated wild-type mice, 1807 cells become activated, proliferate, and expand in the draining lymph nodes, and they differentiate into T1 effectors after trafficking to the lung upon lethal experimental challenge. Bd 1807 cells confer vaccine-induced resistance against B. dermatitidis, H. capsulatum, and C. posadasii. Transfer of naive 1807 cells at serial intervals postvaccination uncovered the prolonged duration of fungal Ag presentation. Using 1807 cells, we also found that the administration of vaccine only once induced a maximal pool of effector/memory CD4+ cells and protective immunity by 4 wk after vaccination. The autologous adoptive transfer system described in this study reveals novel features of antifungal immunity and offers a powerful approach to study the differentiation of Ag-specific T cells responsive to multiple dimorphic fungi and the development of CD4+ T cell memory needed to protect against fungal infection.
Sonographic Findings of Additional Malignant Lesions in Breast Carcinoma Seen by Second Look Ultrasound
Authors: Laguna Ana Delgado , Arranz S Jimenez , Checa V Quintana , Roca S Alonso , Jiménez D Expósito , Oliver-Goldaracena J
Published: June 2011

Objective:

The aim is to show ultrasound (US) findings of additional malignant lesions of breast carcinoma visualized on targeted second-look US that were not identified by mammography or US prior to the time of diagnosis.

Materials and Methods:

A double-blind retrospective review of the US results from January 2008 through August 2010 of 228 patients with known breast cancer was conducted by two expert radiologists. The focus of the review was on the second-look US characteristics (following BI-RADS criteria) of 26 documented additional malignant lesions of the 76 with successful sonographic correlation from the 123 lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All of them, before the MRI, had an initial mammography and a US with a histopathological biopsy of the primary lesion.

Results:

Approximately 60 to 70% of the findings were classified as BI-RADS 2 and BI-RADS 3, while assessing the final US category. The review of the second-look US showed the size of the second malignant additional lesion ranged from 3 to 22 mm, of which 90% were smaller than 10 mm and 66% were smaller than 7 mm.

Conclusions:

Most additional malignant lesions, nonpalpable carcinomas, which were previously not detected by mammography and US at first-look diagnosis, were detected by a targeted second-look US examination. These lesions were of category BI-RADS 2 and BI-RADS 3 and smaller than 7 mm.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Differentiating between Fibrotic and Active Inflammatory Small Bowel Stenosis in Patients with Crohn's Disease
Authors: Fornasa Francesca , Benassuti Chiara , Benazzato Luca
Published: June 2011

Objective:

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in prospectively differentiating between fibrotic and active inflammatory small bowel stenosis in patients with Crohn's disease (CD).

Materials and Methods:

A total of 111 patients with histologically proven CD presenting with clinical and plain radiographic signs of small bowel obstruction underwent coronal and axial MRI scans after oral administration of polyethylene glycol solution. A stenosis was judged present if a small bowel segment had >80% lumen reduction as compared to an adjacent normal loop and mural thickening of >3 mm. At the level of the stenosis, both T2 signal intensity and post-gadolinium T1 enhancement were quantified using a 5-point scale (0: very low; 1: low; 2: moderate; 3: high; and 4: very high). A stenosis was considered fibrotic if the sum of the two values (activity score: AS) did not exceed 1.

Results:

A small bowel stenosis was identified in 48 out of 111 patients. Fibrosis was confirmed at histology in all of the 23 patients with AS of 0 or 1, who underwent surgery within 3 days of the MRI examination. In the remaining 25 patients (AS: 2–8), an active inflammatory stenosis was suspected and remission of the obstructive symptoms was obtained by means of medical treatment. One of these patients (AS: 2), however, underwent surgery after 14 days, due to recurrence. MRI had 95.8% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 97.9% accuracy in the diagnosis of fibrotic stenosis.

Conclusion:

MRI is reliable in differentiating fibrotic from inflammatory small bowel stenosis in CD.
A laboratory study of soil conditions affecting emissions of nitrous oxide from packed cores subjected to freezing and thawing
Authors: Tenuta Mario , Sparling Brad
Published: June 2011

Tenuta, M. and Sparling, B. 2011. A laboratory study of soil conditions affecting emissions of nitrous oxide from packed cores subjected to freezing and thawing. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 223–233. A series of laboratory experiments using a packed core soil assay was carried out to test several soil conditions affecting the emission of N2O (nitrous oxide) during thawing of soil. The assay consisted of a sandy loam soil packed to 1.1 Mg m−3, moistened to 80% water-filled pore space, and temperature treated to 4 or −20°C for 2.5 d; the emissions from thawing soil were then determined as the differences in N2O release rates of the temperature-treated soils when placed at 15°C. Nitrate addition to surface soil (0–10 cm) enhanced thaw emission. Thaw emissions, averaged for deeper collected soil (10–30 and 30–60 cm), was 0.3% with NO3− treatment and 1.2% without NO3− treatment of that for surface soil treated similarly. Higher thaw emission for surface soil was related to greater organic matter and microbial biomass C contents and denitrifying enzyme activity than deeper collections of soil. Increasing the bulk density of soil from 1.1, 1.2, and 1.25 Mg m−3 decreased thaw emission. A second freeze-thaw cycle of the highest compaction treatment resulted in an emission of 2.3% of the first freeze-thaw cycle. Acetylene increased thaw emission of N2O and more so for NO3− untreated than treated soil. Using the acetylene inhibition method, the N2O:N2 ratio of gas produced was higher for frozen (0.17) than cold (0.07) treated soil, respectively, without the addition of NO3−. The addition of NO3− increased the N2O:N2 ratio of gas produced with the ratio being 2.45 and 0.53 for frozen and cold-treated soil. The results are consistent with biological denitrification being a source of N2O with conditions promoting N2O production rather than consumption enhancing thaw emissions.
Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered coarse soils
Authors: Huang Mingbin , Lee Barbour S. , Elshorbagy Amin , Zettl Julie D. , Cheng Si Bing
Published: June 2011

Huang, M., Barbour, S. L., Elshorbagy, A., Zettl, J. D. and Si, B. C. 2011. Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered coarse soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 169–183. Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered soils are complicated by contrasting hydraulic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the hysteretic and non-hysteretic models to simulate the infiltration and drainage processes from three different natural soil profiles containing as many as 20 texturally different layers. Hydraulic properties were estimated from soil textures using pedotransfer functions and were calibrated and validated using measured water contents during infiltration and drainage phases, respectively. The results supported the use of the Arya-Paris pedotransfer function to estimate the wetting curve when contact angles are incorporated. The unique Kozeny-Carmen equation parameter was evaluated by optimizing the estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity. The calibrated numerical model (Hydrus-1D) accurately simulated soil water content profiles and water volumes during the infiltration and drainage phases. The mean error of prediction (MEP) between the measured and estimated soil water contents varied from –0.030 to 0.010 cm3 cm−3, and the standard deviation of prediction (SDP) from 0.003 to 0.057 cm3 cm−3. The simulation was improved for more heterogeneous soil profiles when hysteresis was taken into account. The measured and simulated results indicated that the soil profile with vertical heterogeneity in soil texture can store more water than the similar textured vertically homogeneous soils under drained conditions.
Probability distribution functions for short-term daily nitrous oxide fluxes in a prairie pothole agricultural landscape in western Canada
Authors: Moulin Alan , Tenuta Mario , Lobb David , Dunmola Adedeji , Yapa Priyantha
Published: June 2011

Moulin, A., Tenuta, M., Lobb, D., Dunmola, A. and Yapa, P. 2011. Probability distribution functions for short-term daily nitrous oxide fluxes in a prairie pothole agricultural landscape in western Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 303–307. Probability distributions of N2O fluxes are often non-normal due to large temporal and spatial variability of environmental factors. The most common approaches to statistical analyses of these fluxes in the scientific literature are to transform data with a log function, or conduct non-parametric tests. Analysis of N2O flux data for 128 sites within a 16-ha field, taken on 20 dates in 2005 and 2006 near Brandon, Manitoba, show that the Johnson Su and generalized log probability distributions provided the best fit for the majority of sample dates. The results of this research indicate that statistical analysis of N2O fluxes with the Johnson Su probability function should be considered as an alternative to the lognormal function.
Extracting topographic characteristics of landforms typical of Canadian agricultural landscapes for agri-environmental modeling. I. Methodology
Authors: Li Sheng , Lobb David , McConkey Brian , MacMillan R. A. , Moulin Alan , Fraser Walter
Published: June 2011

Li, S., Lobb, D. A., McConkey, B. G., MacMillan, R. A., Moulin, A. and Fraser, W. R. 2011. Extracting topographic characteristics of landforms typical of Canadian agricultural landscapes for agri-environmental modeling. I. Methodology. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 251–266. Soil and topographic information are key inputs for many agri-environmental models and there are linkages between soil and topography at the field scale. A major source of soil data is soil databases established based on field soil survey. Although both soil and topographic information are recorded in field soil surveys, the nominal nature of the topographic data has limited their use in agri-environmental models. In this study, we developed a methodology to extract various topographic derivatives and to classify the landscape into landform elements with distinctive topographic characteristics based on detailed analyses of fine resolution digital elevation models. Data obtained from these analyses were used to calculate a representative two-dimensional hillslope of five segments, each with a defined length and slope gradient. A set of modal hillslopes was developed to describe topographic variability. Additional topographic parameters, ratios and indices were calculated to reflect different aspects of topographic characteristics and also to build connections between different agri-environmental models. In particular, a topographic complexity index was developed as a quantitative measure of the degrees of divergence and convergence. This paper describes the methodology using one site as an example. Application of this methodology to other landforms in agricultural land of Canada is reported in a companion paper.
Unsaturated sloping layered soil cover system: Field investigation
Authors: Tallon L. K. , O'Kane M. A. , Chapman D. E. , Phillip M. A. , Shurniak R. E. , Strunk R. L.
Published: June 2011

Tallon, L. K., O'Kane, M. A., Chapman, D. E., Phillip, M. A., Shurniak, R. E. and Strunk, R. L. 2011. Unsaturated sloping layered soil cover system: Field investigation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 161–168. Unsaturated soil cover systems are effective in minimizing the interaction of meteoric water with underlying mine waste. Studies detailing field-monitoring results of layered systems in sloping landscapes are scarce. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the field performance, defined as a reduction in percolation, of a sloping fine-over-coarse-layered cover system at a phosphate mine in the northwestern United States. Cover water content profiles were elevated in the underlying waste material during and after wet periods such as spring snow melt, suggesting that any layering effect of increasing storage capacity was lost. During dry periods, water content profiles suggested a slight benefit due to layering, as water contents were slightly elevated immediately above the cover/waste shale interface. Although there were incidental gains in performance due to layering, the majority of the infiltrating water was stored in the fine-textured layer. This layer was most responsible for limiting percolation into the underlying waste. There was little difference in performance due to slope position. The cover was sufficient in preventing net percolation into the underlying waste shale, and performance was at least partially improved by increased storage at layer interfaces.
Three Fixed Point Theorems: Periodic Solutions of a Volterra Type Integral Equation with Infinite Heredity
Authors: Islam Muhammad N.
Published: June 2011

In this paper we study the existence of periodic solutions of a Volterra type integral equation with infinite heredity. Banach fixed point theorem, Krasnosel'skii's fixed point theorem, and a combination of Krasnosel'skii's and Schaefer's fixed point theorems are employed in the analysis. The combination theorem of Krasnosel'skii and Schaefer requires an a priori bound on all solutions. We employ Liapunov's direct method to obtain such an a priori bound. In the process, we compare these theorems in terms of assumptions and outcomes.
Socially responsible and accountable gambling in the public interest
Authors: Smith Garry , Rubenstein Dan
Published: June 2011

While much has been written about the need for governments and the gambling industry to act responsibly in their provision of gambling, only modest advances have been made to establish best practices in this area. Worldwide, few governments even approach what William Eadington, in Trends in gambling and responsible gaming in the US and elsewhere (2003, http://www.888betsoff.com/links/04_presentations/Eadington.pdf), calls a stage-four level of responsible gambling stewardship, that is, the unconditional acceptance of strong measures to attenuate gambling-related harms. One of the cornerstones of a gambling regime oriented toward consumer safety and public interest is a commitment by government and the gambling industry to meet commendable standards for accountability and social responsibility. After studying the government's legislative framework for the operation and regulation of gambling in the province of Ontario (Canada), reviewing the province's gambling-related mission and public-policy statements, and interviewing key actors in the government's gambling administration, a template was developed for an optimally socially responsible and accountable gambling regime that operates in the public interest. The template, along with suggestions for improving accountability and social responsibility in the provision of gambling, is presented.
A typological study of gambling and substance use among adolescent students
Authors: Turner Nigel E. , Ialomiteanu Anca , Paglia-Boak Angela , Adlaf Edward M.
Published: June 2011

Cluster analysis was used to define subpopulations of youth involved in drugs, alcohol, and gambling. Data from a 2001 cross-sectional survey of Ontario grade 7 to 13 students (N = 2,243; mean age 15 years; 51% males) were examined. The analysis suggested four clusters: Mainstreamers (66.0%), Party Goers (26.2%), Drug Takers (5.9%), and Heavy Gamblers (1.9%). This cluster structure was validated across a number of additional external variables that were not used in the original cluster analysis. The findings indicated that Drug Takers and Heavy Gamblers formed two distinct clusters. Probable pathological gamblers were found in all four clusters, but they were most concentrated in the heavy gambling cluster. The results suggest that troubled youths are not a single entity, but display heterogeneity in their configuration of risk behaviours.
The addictiveness of online brokerage services: A first person account
Authors: Team David , Turner Nigel E.
Published: June 2011

In the story below, David describes the personal challenges he has faced in controlling his on-line stock market investing. Following David's account, Nigel Turner presents some general observations that tie David's story to the research literature on problem gambling. The viewpoints in David and Nigel's sections reflect the ideas and opinions of their respective author-although this account is collaborative, both authors worked independently and take credit only for their contribution1.
Efficacy of an Early Intervention Program for At-Risk Preschool Boys: A Two-Group Control Study
Authors: Golos Anat , Sarid Miri , Weill Michal , Weintraub Naomi
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE. We report the results of a preschool-based multidisciplinary intervention program.

METHOD. This study took place in two educational settings and included 81 preschool boys from unique cultural backgrounds and of low social economic status (SES). The settings were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. In the intervention group, boys identified as at risk for or with developmental delays received 8 mo. of intervention through a monitoring model. Additionally, a collaborative consultation model was used with all participants. Performance skills (visual–motor integration, motor, and cognitive) and performance and participation in preschool activities were evaluated at pretest and posttest.

RESULTS. At termination of intervention, all children in the intervention group scored significantly better than control children on most performance skills and more fully participated in preschool activities.

CONCLUSION. A multidisciplinary preschool early intervention program appears to assist children of low SES with improving their performance skills, and participation in preschool activities.
Rehabilitation, Disability, and Participation Research: Are Occupational Therapy Researchers Addressing Cognitive Rehabilitation After Stroke?
Authors: Wolf Timothy J.
Published: June 2011

I reviewed articles published in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) in 2009 and 2010 to assess (1) whether research was published in the practice area of rehabilitation, disability, and participation and (2) the evidence being produced in an underdeveloped subcategory of this practice area: cognitive rehabilitation after stroke. The review revealed one intervention effectiveness study that addressed cognitive rehabilitation poststroke published in the 2-year period. Further analysis of outside repositories of evidence in this area revealed that although some evidence supports rehabilitation approaches for people with cognitive dysfunction after a stroke, little research has been devoted to this practice area. The poststroke cognitive intervention approaches in use have been shown to have little or no effect on improving everyday life activity. Occupational therapy has a key research and practice role with the poststroke population, and occupational therapists should be at the forefront in developing the science to support the effectiveness of their services.
Flux quanta, magnetic field lines, merging – some sub-microscale relations of interest in space plasma physics
Authors: Treumann R. A. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We clarify the notion of magnetic field lines in plasma by referring to sub-microscale (quantum mechanical) particle dynamics. It is demonstrated that magnetic field lines in a field of strength B carry single magnetic flux quanta Φ0=h/e. The radius of a field line in the given magnetic field B is calculated. It is shown that such field lines can merge and annihilate only over the length ℓ∥ of their strictly anti-parallel sections, for which case we estimate the power generated. The length ℓ∥ becomes a function of the inclination angle θ of the two merging magnetic flux tubes (field lines). Merging is possible only in the interval 12πθ≤π. This provides a sub-microscopic basis for "component reconnection" in classical macro-scale reconnection. We also find that the magnetic diffusion coefficient in plasma appears in quanta D0m=eΦ0/me=h/me. This lets us conclude that the bulk perpendicular plasma resistivity is limited and cannot be less than η0⊥=μ0eΦ0/me=μ0h/me~10−9 Ohm m. This resistance is an invariant.
Comment on "The PC index: review of methods", by McCreadie and Menvielle (2010)
Authors: Stauning P.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The Polar Cap (PC) index is a controversial topic within the IAGA scientific community. Since 1997 discussions of the validity of the index to be endorsed as an official IAGA index have ensued. The article: "The PC index: review of methods", written by two members of the IAGA PC index committee, H. McCreadie and M. Menvielle, holds a critical review of some aspects of the methods used to derive PC index values. However, a number of incorrect statements and factual errors have been found and shall be called attention to and discussed in this commentary. Further critical comments concern the Corrigendum issued by the same authors and published in Ann. Geophys., 29, 813–814, 2011.
Real‐time helpfulness prediction based on voter opinions
Authors: Zhang Richong , Tran Thomas , Mao Yongyi
Published: June 2011

This paper studies the problem of designing real‐time helpfulness prediction algorithms. Instead of following the conventional route, in which the fraction of positive votes is used as the measure of helpfulness, we give ‘helpfulness’ a naturally sensible and mathematically precise definition, namely, as the probability that a user will vote ‘helpful’ on the user‐generated content. Building on this definition, we introduce a principled methodology to helpfulness prediction, in which the prediction problem is naturally formulated as an optimization problem. Under this proposed methodology, we first develop a batch (off‐line) algorithm. Experiments on data from Amazon.com suggest that our proposed model in fact outperforms the previously reported prediction algorithm, support vector regression. In some circumstances, an online algorithm that can update the model as additional data arrive is required. In light of this, we proposed an online algorithm that incrementally updates the parameters of the model. Finally, an efficient hybrid algorithm is provided to increase the convergence rate and prediction precision. The final two algorithms are tested on real‐life user‐generated contents, and experimental results illustrate that the hybrid approach efficiently processes incoming data and generates reliable helpfulness predictions for users. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mega‐disasters: Is your IT battle‐ready
Authors: Sergeant Anne M. A.
Published: June 2011

In the wake of the Japanese tsunami, nuclear catastrophe, and myriad other disasters, who can not be concerned about “the Big One”? Mega‐disasters, once only the stuff of science fiction, now seem like a real threat. Is business prepared? Is your company really ready? A recent study suggests that companies are not even prepared for IT recovery from a small adverse event!

So what steps must your company take now to become battle‐ready? The authors of this article offer some answers and they examine the entire issue. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The legal side of IT auditing
Authors: Tackett James A. , Wolf Fran
Published: June 2011

Information technology (IT) audit professionals have traditionally viewed themselves as computer and information systems specialists. However, recent legal and regulatory trends require every IT auditor to be familiar with the rules and regulations for storing, securing, and transmitting digital business information. Companies that fail to store mandated e‐data—or send it to third parties without meeting certain legal conditions—can get into serious legal trouble.

So how much do you know about the legal side of IT auditing? What you don't know can hurt your firm and your career. But the information and advice in this article can help protect you . © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Management paradigm: The untapped power of process laws
Authors: Brimson James A.
Published: June 2011

It has been said that change is inevitable but progress optional. The choice facing executives is whether to continue to tweak their traditional management model—thus prolonging the disequilibrium caused by a vortex of turbulent events—or to start using an adaptive management philosophy, which is built on value creation and event management. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CINE turbo spin echo imaging
Authors: Mendes Jason , Parker Dennis L. , Hulet Jordan , Treiman Gerald S. , Kim Seong‐Eun
Published: June 2011

High‐resolution turbo spin echo (TSE) images have demonstrated important details of carotid artery morphology; however, it is evident that pulsatile blood and wall motion related to the cardiac cycle are still significant sources of image degradation. Although ECG gating can reduce artifacts due to cardiac‐induced pulsations, gating is rarely used because it lengthens the acquisition time and can cause image degradation due to nonconstant repetition time. This work introduces a relatively simple method of converting a conventional TSE acquisition into a retrospectively ECG‐correlated cineTSE sequence. The cineTSE sequence generates a full sequence of ECG‐correlated images at each slice location throughout the cardiac cycle in the same scan time that is conventionally used by standard TSE sequences to produce a single image at each slice location. The cineTSE images exhibit reduced pulsatile artifacts associated with a gated sequence but without the increased scan time or associated nonconstant repetition time effects. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do blue laws save lives? The effect of Sunday alcohol sales bans on fatal vehicle accidents
Authors: Lovenheim Michael F. , Steefel Daniel P.
Published: June 2011

This paper analyzes the effect of state‐level Sunday alcohol sales restrictions (“blue laws”) on fatal vehicle accidents, which is an important parameter in assessing the desirability of these laws. Using a panel data set of all fatal vehicle accidents in the U.S. between 1990 and 2009 combined with 15 state repeals of blue laws, we show that restricting alcohol sales on Sunday has at most a small effect on fatal accident rates. Using American Time Use Survey data, we find no effect of blue laws on the location of consumption, and we show that the group whose drunk driving behavior is most affected by these laws is underage men. Overall, these results suggest that Sunday alcohol sales restrictions have fewer secular public health benefits, at least in terms of vehicle fatalities, than previously believed. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
China: Getting beyond the headlines
Authors: Frankenstein John
Published: June 2011

China's continued economic growth even in these tough times attracts headlines. But China appears to be taking a disturbingly harder line with foreign business. By examining the deep political and social dynamics—China's “Four Basic Questions”—that propel China's rise, we can begin to understand and come to grips with what underlies this apparently new attitude. Surveys by the World Bank and other international organizations show that China's business environment fundamentals might not be as strong as we think. Still, China's economic momentum will continue despite the many problems the country faces. While foreign businesspeople today may express concern over negative trends in the business environment, they should be realistic. Behind the ups and downs of the Chinese scene, the country is struggling to resolve issues left over from history. Clear thinking about these basic issues is needed to survive—and perhaps prosper—in this environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risky business: Financial‐sector liberalization and China
Authors: Goddard C. Roe
Published: June 2011

China's dramatic growth in exports, its rising conflict with its trade partners over the perceived undervaluation of the renminbi, and the snail's pace of financial liberalization is pushing its bilateral trade and monetary relations to a boil. Discontent in the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia, and, most recently, Brazil, has led popular pundits and even country finance ministers to speak publicly of a “currency war” with many calling for the de‐pegging of the renminbi to the dollar and an immediate appreciation of China's currency. However, China's history of liberalization, beginning with the opening to the West in 1978, is well known as one of gradualism in trade and the financial spheres. Economic history is replete with economic crises brought on by too rapid or premature liberalization of countries' capital flows. This article presents the case both for and against capital account liberalization and highlights the risks that China in particular confronts in responding to external demands for greater openness and an appreciation of the renminbi. It clearly captures the tightrope that China must walk between responding to the demands of its trade partners and maintaining economic growth and political stability at home. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case study: A strike in Shanghai
Authors: Chen Min , Aebi Candice , Grewal Tejinder
Published: June 2011

A sudden strike by workers in the Shanghai Petersburg Automotive Parts Company turns into a managerial nightmare following a confrontation between the strikers and the company's management team. With the chill of the global financial crisis speeding toward Asia, and animosities rising in the factory, management was in a quandary as to how to proceed in identifying the sources of the problem and finding an equitable solution for all. Once the strike ended, management had to look back and unravel how this had happened, and decide what steps to take to move forward and mollify the factory workers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Survey of Ethical and Professional Challenges Experienced by Spanish Health‐Care Professionals that Provide Genetic Counseling Services
Authors: Abad‐Perotín Reyes , Asúnsolo‐Del Barco Ángel , Silva‐Mato Agustín
Published: June 2011

Genetic testing is increasingly applied for diagnosis and clinical treatment. In some countries, genetic counseling services are provided by professionals with specific training in this discipline, whereas other countries have no teaching programs and counseling is offered by physicians, nurses, pharmacists or biochemists. This counseling raises more and more ethical dilemmas for health professionals at their clinics. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of Spanish professionals devoted to providing genetic counseling services and to investigate the frequency of the ethical dilemmas they face. Results from 72 survey respondents revealed this counseling is provided by an almost even number of male and female professionals, mostly physicians with many years of professional experience. The overall frequency of the ethical dilemmas encountered was not high. The most frequent dilemmas corresponded to emotional responses by patients, informed consent, uncertainty about test results, and limitations on health‐care resources. The frequency of dilemmas involving discrimination and provider directiveness was very low. Additional findings, practice implications, and research recommendations are presented.
How Often are Patient and Surgeon Recovery Expectations for Total Joint Arthroplasty Aligned? Results of a Pilot Study
Authors: Ghomrawi Hassan M. K. , Franco Ferrando Nuria , Mandl Lisa A. , Do Huong , Noor Neaz , Gonzalez Della Valle Alejandro
Published: June 2011

Background

Surgeons strive to set patient expectations for recovery following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, some patients report dissatisfaction after surgery due to unmet expectations.

Purpose

We compared patients’ and surgeon's recovery expectations prior to primary THA and TKA.

Methods

Sixty eight patients scheduled to undergo primary total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR) surgery were enrolled. Before surgery, patients filled out a validated recovery expectations questionnaire that quantified expectations of postoperative pain relief, function, and well-being with a value from 0 to 100 (higher being more optimistic). The surgeon independently completed the same questionnaire for each patient. Overall score and item-specific comparisons were conducted. Correlations were explored between agreement level, demographics, patient-reported health status measures, and patients’ assessments of the risk of complications associated with surgery.

Results

Most patients undergoing THR or TKR had higher expectations for recovery than their surgeon. Applying the clinically meaningful difference in expectations (≥7 points), 52.5% of the TKA patients’ expectations exceeded those of the surgeon, while 22.5% expected less than their surgeon and 60.7% of THA patients’ expectations exceeded those of the surgeon, while 21.4% expected less than their surgeon. THA patients with either lower or higher expectations than their surgeon had lower physical and mental health status scores. TKA patients with lower expectations compared to their surgeon had a higher expectation of complications.

Conclusions

More than 50% of the patients had higher expectations than their surgeon and this was driven by expectations of high-level activities and extreme range of motion. Further investigations are needed to understand these differences so as to enhance patient preoperative education.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in rats
Authors: Hirabayashi Masumi , Hochi Shinichi
Published: June 2011

Over the past 25 years, the reverse genetic approach including precise and conditional replacement or loss of gene function at a specific locus was considered possible only in mice due to the absence of embryonic stem (ES) or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines in other species. Recently, however, stem cell technology in rats has become available for biomedical research. In this paper we overview the recent progress of rat ES and iPS cell technology. Starting from the establishment of rat ES cells, the use of ES cells for foreign gene transfer and endogenous gene knock‐out is discussed, followed by the successful establishment of rat iPS cells and the generation of an iPS cell‐derived organ via interspecific blastocyst complementation. Finally, the possible contribution of rat stem cell technology to reproductive medicine is described.
Reducing Barriers to Sun Protection – Application of a Holistic Model for Social Marketing
Authors: McLeod Geraldine , Insch Andrea , Henry James
Published: June 2011

Reducing high rates of sunburn occurrence, linked to the development of skin cancers, has been the focus of sustained social marketing campaigns in Australasia. Despite substantial investment in public health warnings, barriers to preventing sunburn and associated skin cancers remain. The purpose of this article is to illustrate through a holistic model of sunburn how social marketing interventions can be made at both the macro- and micro-environmental levels to minimise the remaining barriers to sun protection. This is achieved though a review of population studies that identify the barriers to preventable sunburn. Integration of the barriers suggests that a holistic approach is needed to understand sun protection behaviour among the general population. This approach supplements existing public health promotion approaches which tend to target an individual's knowledge and attitude toward sun protection and tanning. From this holistic model of sunburn, the implications for social marketers and directions for future research are presented.
Is there an association between preterm birth or low birthweight and chronic widespread pain? Results from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Littlejohn C. , Pang D. , Power C. , Macfarlane G.J. , Jones G.T.
Published: June 2011

Objective

The aim was to examine the relationship between gestational age and birthweight and adult chronic widespread pain (CWP).

Design and participants

A prospective cohort study of 18,558 participants recorded birthweight and gestation at birth.

Exposure

Participants were categorised by gestation (fullterm ≥37 weeks; preterm <37 week) and birthweight (full birthweight (FBW) ≥2.5 kg; low birthweight (LBW) 1.5–2.5 kg; and very low birthweight (VLBW) <1.5 kg).

Outcome

The presence or absence of CWP was measured by self‐completed questionnaire in 8572 participants at age 45 yrs. Risk ratios were calculated using Poisson regression. Adjustment was made for potential confounding factors.

Results

Premature birth was associated with a 26% increase in the risk of CWP compared to fullterm birth, although this was not statistically significant (risk ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.67). This increased risk was robust to adjustment for sex, social class at birth and age 42 yrs, or birthweight, but was completely attenuated when adjusted for childhood behavioural problems and adult psychiatric disorder.

LBW was not associated with an increased risk of CWP (RR 1.01, 95%CI 0.78–1.32). VLBW was associated with a non‐significant increased risk (RR 1.48, 0.42–5.22) although there was insufficient study power to examine this relationship in the context of other factors.

Conclusions

Premature birth and VLBW are associated with increased risk of adult CWP although these effects are modest, and not statistically significant. Although not conclusive in itself, this study lends support to the theory that adult chronic pain may have its origins – at least in part – in very early life.
Pregnancy outcomes after surgical treatment of ovarian pregnancy
Authors: Koo Yu‐Jin , Choi Hong‐Jun , Im Kyong‐Shil , Jung Hyun‐Joo , Kwon Yong‐Soon
Published: June 2011

Objective

To investigate pregnancy outcomes subsequent to ovarian pregnancy treated by surgery.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of ovarian pregnancies that were treated by surgery at a hospital in Korea between January 1996 and December 2009.

Results

Forty‐nine women with ovarian pregnancies (1.6% of all ectopic pregnancies) were treated; 28 of these patients who were followed‐up for more than a year were included in the study. The most common risk factor for ovarian pregnancy was endometriosis (42.9%). Accurate diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy was made preoperatively in 7 patients (25%). Of the 28 patients, 16 (57.1%) had subsequent pregnancies: 13 (46.4%) were intrauterine pregnancies and 3 (10.7%) were tubal pregnancies. However, no subsequent ovarian pregnancies occurred. In addition, only 1 patient had secondary infertility after surgery for ovarian pregnancy.

Conclusions

After an ovarian pregnancy treated by surgery, the outcome of a subsequent pregnancy is reasonable; there is a high rate of successful subsequent pregnancy and a low rate of subsequent ectopic pregnancy or of infertility.
Changes in the management and outcome of central nervous system involvement from ovarian cancer since 1994
Authors: Cormio Gennaro , Loizzi Vera , Falagario Maddalena , Lissoni Andrea A. , Resta Leonardo , Selvaggi Luigi E.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To identify differences in the management and outcome of patients with central nervous system metastases from epithelial ovarian cancer.

Methods

The clinical and pathologic characteristics, treatment, and outcome of 23 patients with brain metastases from epithelial ovarian cancer who were treated during 1982–1994 were compared with those of 20 patients treated during 1995–2010 at the same center.

Results

No differences were found in terms of primary tumor characteristics, time interval from ovarian cancer diagnosis to brain involvement diagnosis, sites of metastasis, and presence of extracranial disease. The main difference between the 2 groups was the therapeutic approach. During 1982–1994, most patients received radiotherapy only, whereas most patients during 1995–2010 underwent surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The duration of survival during 1982–1994 was 5 months, which was significantly shorter than the duration of survival (18 months) during 1995–2010.

Conclusion

An aggressive multimodal treatment approach might prolong the survival of patients with brain involvement from ovarian cancer.
Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Epigenomic Approaches to Recovery After Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Conley Yvette P. , Alexander Sheila
Published: June 2011

Genomics and its related fields have expanded rapidly, primarily because of the potential utility for clinical decision making and improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of complex conditions. The state of the science and technology associated with this field is such that current and future health care providers, when consulting with new patients about their acquired brain injury and options for rehabilitation, will use genetic information as a routine part of the process, which may include information received from a laboratory report that uses transcriptomic data, informs regarding patient prognosis, and makes recommendations for individualized therapeutic approaches to optimize recovery. This may sound like science fiction, but, in the field of oncology, it is the norm for breast cancer and, more recently, for colon cancer, with expansion to other types of cancer on the horizon as research data continue to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions. Something similar for rehabilitation after acquired brain injury is much further off on the horizon. However, it is a possibility that will never be realized if the community of scientists and health care providers who work with these patients do not have the knowledge or expertise to embrace genomics and related approaches. This article discusses these approaches, some practical considerations for using such approaches, and what is currently published in this area with regard to brain injury.
Public Perceptions of Climate Change and Support for Climate Policies in Asia: Evidence from Recent Polls
Authors: Kim So Young
Published: June 2011

Climate change has become a focal point in recent environmental debates and policymaking. Latest polls show rising consensus among the global public on the urgency of the problem. Home to the fastest growing economies as well as to four of the ten largest greenhouse gas emitters, Asia holds key to successful global coordination on climate change policy. This essay draws a contour of Asian public opinion on climate change issues based on multiple cross-national polls. While generally aware of climate change and seriously concerned about its effects, Asians turn out to be the least willing to bear the costs of climate change mitigation as compared to the residents of other regions of the world. This portends a great hurdle to devising and implementing proactive policies to address the challenges of climate change in the region.
Doubts About Autonomy
Authors: Kekes John
Published: June 2011

Most of us are more or less dissatisfied with some aspect of our present self and want to change it to a better future self. This makes us divided beings. The beliefs, emotions, and motives of our present self prompt us to act in one way and our desired future and better self often prompts us to act in another way. This makes us ambivalent. One of the shibboleths of the present age is that the key to overcoming our ambivalence is to cultivate autonomy. This Kantian ideal is defended, developed, and somewhat revised by Christine Korsgaard, who constructs an ideal theory of self-constitution. This theory is untenable. Its very nature makes it incapable of addressing the concrete problems ambivalence presents to us in our very different individual circumstances. It unreasonably claims that either we meet arbitrary, unrealistic, and mind-bogglingly complex requirements, or disqualify ourselves from being rational and moral agents. And it optimistically assumes that by becoming more autonomous, we become more rational and moral, rather than merely continue to act in the ways we have been acting before. The failure of this latest ideal theory does not show that there is something wrong with autonomy. It shows that the extravagant claims Korsgaard makes for autonomy are groundless. The way to cope with our ambivalence is not to follow a theory, but to think better and harder about what we – individuals in individual circumstances – are, and want to be.