bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Propofol Preparations on Injection Pain
Authors: Yılmaz Ozlem , Cetinkaya Dilek
Published: September 2024

Aim: Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent that is frequently used. However, it has a disadvantage that it causes pain during injection. This pain can be quite uncomfortable for patients. Propofol preparations containing oil emulsion at various concentrations have been produced to relieve pain. We aimed to compare the effects of preparations with different propofol concentration, lipid content and lipid chain structure Propofol 1% and Propofol 2% on injection pain and hemodynamic response.
Study Design: Prospective, randomized and single-blind study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University Hospital, between July 2019- December 2019.
Methodology: Patients aged 18-65 years, who underwent general anesthesia for elective hysteroscopy were included. In our study, one group (Group P1) was given propofol 1% and the other group (Group P2) was given propofol 2%. The patient's pain was evaluated and recorded at the 5th, 10th and 15th seconds according to the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS).
Results: One hundred patients were evaluated. The mean pain scores of the patients were 0.24 (0-2) at the 5th second, 0.96 (0-3) at the 10th second and, 1.22 (0-3) at the 15th second in Group P1, 0.92 (0-3) at the 5th second, 1.76 (0-3) at the 10th second and, 2.00 (0-3) at the 15th second in Group P2. These values were statistically significant (P< 0.05).
Conclusions: We concluded that the approach of increasing the lipid content by increasing the propofol concentration applied in this study is not sufficient to reduce the incidence of pain, and that the fatty acid chain length, as well as the propofol concentration, are among the important factors affecting the formation of pain.
Navigating Digital Health Technology: A Comprehensive Review of USFDA Regulations
Authors: P. S Sivaranjani. , S Priyadharshini. , S Nagalakshmi.
Published: September 2024

Digital health technology is revolutionizing the healthcare landscape by leveraging digital and information technologies to enhance healthcare delivery, monitoring and management. This technology encompasses a wide range of tools, including mobile apps, wearable, telemedicine, electronic health records, and AI-driven diagnostics. Digital health technologies may be beneficial but also problematic. Development requires navigating complicated regulatory systems and meeting changing criteria. These technologies, particularly those using AI algorithms, need robust clinical validation to prove their safety and usefulness. Health data is delicate; thus, privacy and security are crucial. Successful adoption requires interoperability with current healthcare systems, seamless user experience, and ethical and legal considerations. To maximize digital health technology's potential, clinical evidence, financial management, and change resistance must be addressed. Addressing these issues requires collaboration between healthcare professionals, technology professionals, regulators, and patients. Digital health technology can empower people, enhance patient outcomes, and transform healthcare by balancing innovation and safety. Despite challenges, digital health technology improves global health, needing continuing innovation, regulatory compliance, and equal access. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) regulations governing digital health technologies, including, classification of DHT, mobile health applications, wearables, Cyber security, Regulatory expectations and challenges.
Impact of Planting Density and RDF Levels on Growth, Yield, and Seed Tuber Production of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Dhangrah V.K. , Kumar Virendra , Singh Satybhan , Singh Y. P. , Singh Kamal
Published: September 2024

The goal of the current study is to maximize the effects of planting density and NPK rate on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth, yield, and seed tuber production. During the Rabi season of 2016–17, a field experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Farm of IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh (India), repeating each treatment into three blocks using a Randomized Block Design. The potato variety, ‘Kufri Chipsona-1’ was grown in plots i.e. 7.5 m2 taking seed size (2.5 cm - 3.0 cm) of grade 'C' and finally harvested after 100 days of sowing. Nine treatments were consisted of three levels of planting density at 40 cm × 20 cm, 30 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 10 cm and three levels of RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) i.e. 100% RDF (NPK @ 120: 100: 100 kg ha-1), 50% RDF, and 25% RDF. The grades of tuber size as well as other growth and yield metrics were noted in the observations. The findings showed that plant height, number of tubers/plant, weight, size, and yield all significantly increase with relatively modest planting density. Similarly, these characters were significantly affected by reduced levels of RDF. Maximum medium and small size tubers, 'B' grade (22.31%) and 'C' grade (25.90%) were obtained with spacing of 40 cm × 20 cm and 30 cm × 15 cm, respectively. Higher percentage of seed grade tubers were obtained by the 50% reduction of RDF. Treatment, T2 (40 cm × 20 cm @ 50% RDF) had the highest net return (Rs. 100591.83 ha-1) and the B: C ratio (1.09). It can be suggested from the findings that a plant spacing of 40cm×20cm and 50%RDF level might be the most remunerative for seed tuber production in potato crop.
Effect of Temperature, Media and pH on Growth and Sporulation of Fusarium udum Causing Wilt of Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp
Authors: Sapna  , Yadav L. B. , Dubey Saurabh
Published: September 2024

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an important legume crop worldwide, highly valued for its nutritional benefits, particularly its protein and vitamin content. However, the productivity of pigeon pea is often hindered by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium udum, stands out as a critical biotic factor impacting pigeonpea production the disease significantly hampers yield by infecting the plant's vascular system, leading to severe wilting and eventual plant death. As the pathogen thrives in the soil, it poses a persistent challenge to crop health, resulting in considerable losses for farmers. To understand the optimal conditions for the growth of Fusarium udum, a laboratory experiment was conducted on the effects of different culture media, pH, and temperature on the pathogen's mycelial growth and sporulation. The study revealed that the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Czapek Dox Agar were particularly effective in supporting the growth and sporulation of the fungus. These media provide essential nutrients that facilitate the robust growth of fungal colonies. Furthermore, the optimal temperature range for mycelial growth and sporulation of Fusarium udum was found to be between 20-30°C. Additionally, the fungus exhibited maximum growth and sporulation at a pH range of 6 to 7, indicating a preference for slightly acidic to neutral conditions. Understanding these growth parameters is crucial for developing effective disease management strategies by manipulating factors like nutrition source, pH and temperature.
What proportion of riverine nutrients reaches the open ocean?
Authors: Sharples Jonathan , Middelburg Jack J. , Fennel Katja , Jickells Timothy D.
Published: December 2016

Globally, rivers deliver significant quantities of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the coastal ocean each year. Currently, there are no viable estimates of how much of this N and P escapes biogeochemical processing on the shelf to be exported to the open ocean; most models of N and P cycling assume that either all or none of the riverine nutrients reach the open ocean. We address this problem by using a simple mechanistic model of how a low‐salinity plume behaves outside an estuary mouth. The model results in a global map of riverine water residence times on the shelf, typically a few weeks at low latitudes and up to a year at higher latitudes, which agrees well with observations. We combine the map of plume residence times on the shelf with empirical relationships that link residence time to the proportions of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and P (DIP) exported and use a database of riverine nutrient loads to estimate the global distribution of riverine DIN and DIP supplied to the open ocean. We estimate that 75% of DIN and 80% of DIP reaches the open ocean. Ignoring processing within estuaries yields annual totals of 17 Tg DIN and 1.2 Tg DIP reaching the open ocean. For DIN this supply is about 50% of that supplied via atmospheric deposition, with significant east‐west contrasts across the main ocean basins. The main sources of uncertainty are exchange rates across the shelf break and the empirical relationships between nutrient processing and plume residence time.
Automatic classification of endogenous landslide seismicity using the Random Forest supervised classifier
Authors: Provost F. , Hibert C. , Malet J.‐P.
Published: December 2016

The deformation of slow‐moving landslides developed in clays induces endogenous seismicity of mostly low‐magnitude events (ML<1). Long seismic records and complete catalogs are needed to identify the type of seismic sources and understand their mechanisms. Manual classification of long records is time‐consuming and may be highly subjective. We propose an automatic classification method based on the computation of 71 seismic attributes and the use of a supervised classifier. No attribute was selected a priori in order to create a generic multi‐class classification method applicable to many landslide contexts. The method can be applied directly on the results of a simple detector. We developed the approach on the seismic network of eight sensors of the Super‐Sauze clay‐rich landslide (South French Alps) for the detection of four types of seismic sources. The automatic algorithm retrieves 93% of sensitivity in comparison to a manually interpreted catalog considered as reference.
Kinetic Alfvén wave explanation of the Hall fields in magnetic reconnection
Authors: Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Zhang Yongcun , Lavraud Benoit , Burch James , Pollock Craig , Torbert Roy B.
Published: December 2016

Magnetic reconnection is initiated in a small diffusion region but can drive global‐scale dynamics in Earth's magnetosphere, solar flares, and astrophysical systems. Understanding the processes at work in the diffusion region remains a main challenge in space plasma physics. Recent in situ observations from Magnetospheric Multiscale and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms reveal that the electric field normal to the reconnection current layer, often called the Hall electric field (En), is mainly balanced by the ion pressure gradient. Here we present theoretical explanations indicating that this observation fact is a manifestation of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) physics. The ion pressure gradient represents the finite gyroradius effect of KAW, leading to ion intrusion across the magnetic field lines. Electrons stream along the magnetic field lines to track ions, resulting in field‐aligned currents and the associated pattern of the out‐of‐plane Hall magnetic field (Bm). The ratio ΔEn/ΔBm is on the order of the Alfvén speed, as predicted by the KAW theory. The KAW physics further provides new perspectives on how ion intrusion may trigger electric fields suitable for reconnection to occur.
Decade‐long deep‐ocean warming detected in the subtropical South Pacific
Authors: Volkov Denis L. , Lee Sang‐Ki , Landerer Felix W. , Lumpkin Rick
Published: December 2016

The persistent energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, inferred from satellite measurements, indicates that the Earth's climate system continues to accumulate excess heat. As only sparse and irregular measurements of ocean heat below 2000 m depth exist, one of the most challenging questions in global climate change studies is whether the excess heat has already penetrated into the deep ocean. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of satellite and in situ measurements to report that a significant deep‐ocean warming occurred in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean over the past decade (2005–2014). The local accumulation of heat accounted for up to a quarter of the global ocean heat increase, with directly and indirectly inferred deep ocean (below 2000 m) contribution of 2.4 ± 1.4 and 6.1–10.1 ± 4.4%, respectively. We further demonstrate that this heat accumulation is consistent with a decade‐long intensification of the subtropical convergence, possibly linked to the persistent La Niña‐like state.
Role of nonlinear ocean dynamic response to wind on the asymmetrical transition of El Niño and La Niña
Authors: An Soon‐Il , Kim Ji‐Won
Published: December 2016

To understand why El Niño is frequently followed by La Niña while the opposite occurs rarely, we analyze the inherent asymmetry in a delayed negative feedback loop in the framework of delayed oscillator theory using observational data. The asymmetrical response of the ocean wave to wind is much larger than that of the wind intensity to sea surface temperature (SST) and that of the subsurface temperature to thermocline. Strong oceanic response during El Niño compared to La Niña is presumably due to the relatively shallow mean thermocline over the western Pacific, which efficiently traps the atmospheric momentum in the shallow upper ocean, and the asymmetrical wind pattern response to SST. A modified delayed oscillator model experiment verifies that the asymmetrical ocean wave response to wind is more important in the asymmetrical transition of El Niño and La Niña than asymmetrical wind intensity response to SST and asymmetrical subsurface temperature response to thermocline.
Cross‐scale observations of the 2015 St. Patrick's day storm: THEMIS, Van Allen Probes, and TWINS
Authors: Goldstein J. , Angelopoulos V. , De Pascuale S. , Funsten H. O. , Kurth W. S. , LLera K. , McComas D. J. , Perez J. D. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Thaller S. A. , Valek P. W. , Wygant J. R.
Published: December 2016

We present cross‐scale magnetospheric observations of the 17 March 2015 (St. Patrick's Day) storm, by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes), and Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS), plus upstream ACE/Wind solar wind data. THEMIS crossed the bow shock or magnetopause 22 times and observed the magnetospheric compression that initiated the storm. Empirical models reproduce these boundary locations within 0.7 RE. Van Allen Probes crossed the plasmapause 13 times; test particle simulations reproduce these encounters within 0.5 RE. Before the storm, Van Allen Probes measured quiet double‐nose proton spectra in the region of corotating cold plasma. About 15 min after a 0605 UT dayside southward turning, Van Allen Probes captured the onset of inner magnetospheric convection, as a density decrease at the moving corotation‐convection boundary (CCB) and a steep increase in ring current (RC) proton flux. During the first several hours of the storm, Van Allen Probes measured highly dynamic ion signatures (numerous injections and multiple spectral peaks). Sustained convection after ∼1200 UT initiated a major buildup of the midnight‐sector ring current (measured by RBSP A), with much weaker duskside fluxes (measured by RBSP B, THEMIS a and THEMIS d). A close conjunction of THEMIS d, RBSP A, and TWINS 1 at 1631 UT shows good three‐way agreement in the shapes of two‐peak spectra from the center of the partial RC. A midstorm injection, observed by Van Allen Probes and TWINS at 1740 UT, brought in fresh ions with lower average energies (leading to globally less energetic spectra in precipitating ions) but increased the total pressure. The cross‐scale measurements of 17 March 2015 contain significant spatial, spectral, and temporal structure.
Validity of 2‐D electromagnetic approaches to estimate log‐amplitude and phase variances due to 3‐D ionospheric irregularities
Authors: Galiègue Hélène , Féral Laurent , Fabbro Vincent
Published: December 2016

To limit the computation time and the computer resource, 2‐D numerical approaches such as 2‐D parabolic wave equation (2‐D PWE) associated with 1‐D multiple phase screens (1‐D MPS) are classically used to estimate ionospheric scintillation effects on radio wave propagation. However, in the ionosphere, the turbulent fluctuations of the electron density responsible for the scintillation effects are clearly a three‐dimensional process. This paper quantitatively assesses the errors potentially induced by the 3‐D to 2‐D dimensional reduction to predict ionospheric effects in terms of log‐amplitude and phase variances. To that purpose, the ionospheric electron density fluctuations are described by an anisotropic turbulent spectrum with three axes of anisotropy. On the one hand, considering four typical configurations (two equatorial and two polar radio links), scintillation effects are evaluated numerically, using 3‐D and 2‐D PWE‐MPS numerical techniques. Some consequences of the dimensional reduction are then qualitatively discussed. On the other hand, an analytical framework that solves the 3‐D and 2‐D propagation equations in the line‐of‐sight coordinate system is proposed. Under weak scattering assumption, it allows assessing analytically the consequences of the dimensional reduction whatever the geometry of the transionospheric radio link and, finally, allows 2‐D numerical schemes to be used advisedly for the prediction of ionospheric scintillation effects.
Spatial and seasonal variations of secondary organic aerosol from terpenoids over China
Authors: Ding Xiang , Zhang Yu‐Qing , He Quan‐Fu , Yu Qing‐Qing , Shen Ru‐Qin , Zhang Yanli , Zhang Zhou , Lyu Su‐Jun , Hu Qi‐Hou , Wang Yue‐Si , Li Long‐Feng , Song Wei , Wang Xin‐Ming
Published: December 2016

A majority of global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) comes from terpenoids. In this study, we carried out a 1 year nationwide observation of pinenes (α‐ and β‐pinene) and SOA tracers from monoterpenes (SOAM) and β‐caryophyllene (SOAC) over China for the first time. SOAM and SOAC tracers ranged from 9.80 to 49.0 ng m−3 and 1.72 to 7.72 ng m−3, respectively, with high levels in southern China. Pinenes ranged from 34 to 102 parts per trillion by volume, with α‐pinene dominant over β‐pinene. SOAM tracers were correlated between paired sites, suggesting a regional impact of SOAM, while pinenes were uncorrelated between sites due to their rapid oxidation. High levels of SOAM tracers were observed in spring and summer. However, at the Hailun site in Northeast China, SOAM tracers increased during winter. The positive correlation between SOAM tracers and the biomass burning (BB) tracer levoglucosan during winter at Hailun indicated that the unexpected increase of SOAM was associated with BB. The SOAC tracer, β‐caryophyllenic acid, increased during winter and was positively correlated with levoglucosan, suggesting substantial contributions from BB to SOAC production in wintertime. Together with SOA tracers from isoprene, these tracers were applied to estimate biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC) from isoprene, monoterpenes, and β‐caryophyllene. The annual average BSOC was 0.91 ± 0.41 μgC m−3,with the majority from monoterpenes and the highest level in Southwest China. BSOC was elevated from April to September and was lowest in January and February. BSOC composition dramatically changed from a monoterpene majority in fall‐spring to an isoprene majority in summer.
Controls on the early Holocene collapse of the Bothnian Sea Ice Stream
Authors: Clason Caroline C. , Greenwood Sarah L. , Selmes Nick , Lea James M. , Jamieson Stewart S. R. , Nick Faezeh M. , Holmlund Per
Published: December 2016

New high‐resolution multibeam data in the Gulf of Bothnia reveal for the first time the subglacial environment of a Bothnian Sea Ice Stream. The geomorphological record suggests that increased meltwater production may have been important in driving rapid retreat of Bothnian Sea Ice during deglaciation. Here we apply a well‐established, one‐dimensional flow line model to simulate ice flow through the Gulf of Bothnia and investigate controls on retreat of the ice stream during the post‐Younger Dryas deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. The relative influence of atmospheric and marine forcings are investigated, with the modeled ice stream exhibiting much greater sensitivity to surface melting, implemented through surface mass balance and hydrofracture‐induced calving, than to submarine melting or relative sea level change. Such sensitivity is supported by the presence of extensive meltwater features in the geomorphological record. The modeled ice stream does not demonstrate significant sensitivity to changes in prescribed ice stream width or overall bed slope, but local variations in basal topography and ice stream width result in nonlinear retreat of the grounding line, notably demonstrating points of short‐lived retreat slowdown on reverse bed slopes. Retreat of the ice stream was most likely governed by increased ice surface meltwater production, with the modeled retreat rate less sensitive to marine forcings despite the marine setting.
Denitrification in upland of China: Magnitude and influencing factors
Authors: Wang Jinyang , Yan Xiaoyuan
Published: December 2016

A better understanding of influencing factors and accurate estimate of soil denitrification is a global concern. Here we present a synthesis of 300 observations of denitrification in Chinese upland soils from 39 field and laboratory studies using the acetylene inhibition technique. The results of a linear mixed model analysis showed that the rates of soil denitrification were significantly affected by crop type, soil organic carbon, soil pH, the measurement period, and the rate of N application. The emission factor (EF) and N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio for soil denitrification were on average 2.11 ± 0.17% and 0.508 ± 0.020, respectively. Our meta‐analysis indicated that N fertilization increased soil denitrification by 311% (95% CI: 279–346%) and 112% (95% CI: 66–171%) in the field and laboratory studies, respectively. Substantial interactive effects between soil properties and N fertilization on soil denitrification were found. Although the highest values of both the rate of denitrification and the EF were found in vegetable fields, the size of the stimulating effect of N fertilization on soil denitrification was lower in vegetable fields than in maize and wheat fields. These results suggest that the crop‐specific effect is important and that vegetable fields are potential hot spots of denitrification in Chinese uplands. Based on either the EF or the N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio obtained, the estimated amount of total denitrification from the upland soils was an order of magnitude lower than that from budget calculations, suggesting that the acetylene inhibition technique may significantly underestimate denitrification in Chinese upland soils.
Root traits explain observed tundra vegetation nitrogen uptake patterns: Implications for trait‐based land models
Authors: Zhu Qing , Iversen Colleen M. , Riley William J. , Slette Ingrid J. , Vander Stel Holly M.
Published: December 2016

Ongoing climate warming will likely perturb vertical distributions of nitrogen availability in tundra soils through enhancing nitrogen mineralization and releasing previously inaccessible nitrogen from frozen permafrost soil. However, arctic tundra responses to such changes are uncertain, because of a lack of vertically explicit nitrogen tracer experiments and untested hypotheses of root nitrogen uptake under the stress of microbial competition implemented in land models. We conducted a vertically explicit 15N tracer experiment for three dominant tundra species to quantify plant N uptake profiles. Then we applied a nutrient competition model (N‐COM), which is being integrated into the ACME Land Model, to explain the observations. Observations using an 15N tracer showed that plant N uptake profiles were not consistently related to root biomass density profiles, which challenges the prevailing hypothesis that root density always exerts first‐order control on N uptake. By considering essential root traits (e.g., biomass distribution and nutrient uptake kinetics) with an appropriate plant‐microbe nutrient competition framework, our model reasonably reproduced the observed patterns of plant N uptake. In addition, we show that previously applied nutrient competition hypotheses in Earth System Land Models fail to explain the diverse plant N uptake profiles we observed. Our results cast doubt on current climate‐scale model predictions of arctic plant responses to elevated nitrogen supply under a changing climate and highlight the importance of considering essential root traits in large‐scale land models. Finally, we provided suggestions and a short synthesis of data availability for future trait‐based land model development.
Fast bias‐constrained optimal FIR filtering for time‐invariant state space models
Authors: Zhao Shunyi , Shmaliy Yuriy S. , Ji Guoli , Khan Sanowar H.
Published: December 2016

This paper combines the finite impulse response filtering with the Kalman structure (predictor/corrector) and proposes a fast iterative bias‐constrained optimal finite impulse response filtering algorithm for linear discrete time‐invariant models. In order to provide filtering without any requirement of the initial state, the property of unbiasedness is employed. We first derive the optimal finite impulse response filter constrained by unbiasedness in the batch form and then find its fast iterative form for finite‐horizon and full‐horizon computations. The corresponding mean square error is also given in the batch and iterative forms. Extensive simulations are provided to investigate the trade‐off with the Kalman filter. We show that the proposed algorithm has much higher immunity against errors in the noise covariances and better robustness against temporary model uncertainties. The full‐horizon filter operates almost as fast as the Kalman filter, and its estimate converges with time to the Kalman estimate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate‐Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Enantioenriched Allylic Amines by Palladium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Allylic Amination: Formal Synthesis of Fagomine
Authors: Soriano Sébastien , Escudero‐Casao Margarita , Matheu M. Isabel , Díaz Yolanda , Castillón Sergio
Published: December 2016

Branched allyl amines or linear amines can be obtained from E‐4‐hydroxybuten‐2‐yl methyl carbonate using the palladium/1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (DACH)‐catalysed allylic amination by just starting from the unprotected or the protected derivative, respectively. Unhindered primary amines can be used as nucleophiles, thus enlarging the scope of the Pd/DACH catalytic system. Hydrogen bonding involving the free hydroxy group in the unprotected allylic carbonate is proposed to be responsible for the control of the regioselectivity to afford branched isomers, obtained in high ee. A short and enantioselective formal synthesis of the glycosidase inhibitor fagomine is described using this method.

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Mathematical modeling of molecular weight distribution in miniemulsion polymerization with oil‐soluble initiator
Authors: Capeletto Claudia A. , Costa Cristiane , Sayer Claudia , Araújo Pedro H. H.
Published: December 2016

A mathematical model for the study of reaction kinetics and molecular weight distributions in miniemulsion polymerization systems with oil‐soluble initiators is presented. The mathematical model allows the computation of the evolution of the complete molecular weight distribution with chain lengths of up to 105 mers in miniemulsion polymerization by direct integration in reasonable computational time. Also, no restriction in the kinetic regime is needed, as the model is able to represent both compartmentalized and pseud‐bulk systems. The model was validated with experimental results for methyl methacrylate and styrene homopolymerizations, with two different oil‐soluble initiators, and adequately represented both the kinetics and molecular weight distributions of these systems. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2128–2140, 2017
Interacting spinning fermions with quasi‐random disorder
Authors: Mastropietro Vieri
Published: December 2016

Interacting spinning fermions with strong quasi‐random disorder are analyzed via rigorous Renormalization Group (RG) methods combined with KAM techniques. The correlations are written in terms of an expansion whose convergence follows from number‐theoretical properties of the frequency and cancellations due to Pauli principle. A striking difference appears between spinless and spinning fermions; in the first case there are no relevant effective interactions while in presence of spin an additional relevant quartic term is present in the RG flow. The large distance exponential decay of the correlations present in the non interacting case, consequence of the single particle localization, is shown to persist in the spinning case only for temperatures greater than a power of the many body interaction, while in the spinless case this happens up to zero temperature.

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Continuous Flow Synthesis and Purification of Aryldiazomethanes through Hydrazone Fragmentation
Authors: Lévesque Éric , Laporte Simon T. , Charette André B.
Published: December 2016

Electron‐rich diazo compounds, such as aryldiazomethanes, are powerful reagents for the synthesis of complex structures, but the risks associated with their toxicity and instability often limit their use. Flow chemistry techniques make these issues avoidable, as the hazardous intermediate can be used as it is produced, avoiding accumulation and handling. Unfortunately, the produced stream is often contaminated with other reagents and by‐products, making it incompatible with many applications, especially in catalysis. Herein is reported a metal‐free continuous flow method for the production of aryldiazomethane solutions in a non‐coordinating solvent from easily prepared, bench‐stable sulfonylhydrazones. All by‐products are removed by an in‐line aqueous wash, leaving a clean, base‐free diazo stream. Three successful sensitive metal‐catalyzed transformations demonstrated the value of the method.
Highly Site Selective Formal [5+2] and [4+2] Annulations of Isoxazoles with Heterosubstituted Alkynes by Platinum Catalysis: Rapid Access to Functionalized 1,3‐Oxazepines and 2,5‐Dihydropyridines
Authors: Shen Wen‐Bo , Xiao Xin‐Yu , Sun Qing , Zhou Bo , Zhu Xin‐Qi , Yan Juan‐Zhu , Lu Xin , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: December 2016

Platinum‐catalyzed formal [5+2] and [4+2] annulations of isoxazoles with heterosubstituted alkynes enabled the atom‐economical synthesis of valuable 1,3‐oxazepines and 2,5‐dihydropyridines, respectively. Importantly, this Pt catalysis not only led to unique reactivity dramatically divergent from that observed under Au catalysis, but also proceeded via unprecedented α‐imino platinum carbene intermediates.
Glucose‐Responsive Sequential Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide for Synergistic Cancer Starving‐Like/Gas Therapy
Authors: Fan Wenpei , Lu Nan , Huang Peng , Liu Yi , Yang Zhen , Wang Sheng , Yu Guocan , Liu Yijing , Hu Junkai , He Qianjun , Qu Junle , Wang Tianfu , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: December 2016

Glucose is a key energy supplier and nutrient for tumor growth. Herein, inspired by the glucose oxidase (GOx)‐assisted conversion of glucose into gluconic acid and toxic H2O2, a novel treatment paradigm of starving‐like therapy is developed for significant tumor‐killing effects, more effective than conventional starving therapy by only cutting off the energy supply. Furthermore, the generated acidic H2O2 can oxidize l‐Arginine (l‐Arg) into NO for enhanced gas therapy. By using hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticle (HMON) as a biocompatible/biodegradable nanocarrier for the co‐delivery of GOx and l‐Arg, a novel glucose‐responsive nanomedicine (l‐Arg‐HMON‐GOx) has been for the first time constructed for synergistic cancer starving‐like/gas therapy without the need of external excitation, which yields a remarkable H2O2–NO cooperative anticancer effect with minimal adverse effect.
Synthesis of Functionalized [3], [4], [5] and [6]Dendralenes through Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Substituted Allenoates
Authors: Lippincott Daniel J. , Linstadt Roscoe T. H. , Maser Michael R. , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: December 2016

A mild method for the synthesis of highly functionalized [3]–[6]dendralenes is reported, representing a general strategy to diversely substituted higher homologues of the dendralenes. The methodology utilizes allenoates bearing various substitution patterns, along with a wide range of boron and alkenyl nucleophiles that couple under palladium catalysis leading to sp‐, sp2‐, and sp3‐substituted arrays. Regioselective transformations of the newly formed unsymmetrical dendralene derivatives are demonstrated. The use of micellar catalysis, where water is the global reaction medium, and room temperature reaction conditions, highlights the green nature of this technology.
Single Fusion Events at Polarized Liquid–Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Laborda Eduardo , Molina Angela , Espín Vanesa Fernández , Martínez‐Ortiz Francisco , García de la Torre José , Compton Richard G.
Published: December 2016

A new electrochemical framework for tracking individual soft particles in solution and monitoring their fusion with polarized liquid–liquid interfaces is reported. The physicochemical principle lies in the interfacial transfer of an ionic probe confined in the particles dispersed in solution and that is released upon their collision and fusion with the fluid interface. As a proof‐of‐concept, spike‐like transients of a stochastic nature are reported in the current–time response of 1,2‐dichloroethane(DCE)|water(W) submilli‐interfaces after injection of DCE‐in‐W emulsions. The sign and potential dependence of the spikes reflect the charge and lipophilicity of the ionic load of the droplets. A comparison with dynamic light scattering measurements indicates that each spike is associated with the collision of a single sub‐picoliter droplet. This opens a new framework for the study of single fusion events at the micro‐ and nanoscale and of ion transport across biomimetic soft interfaces.
Knight Shift in 13C NMR Resonances Confirms the Coordination of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands to Water‐Soluble Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Asensio Juan M. , Tricard Simon , Coppel Yannick , Andrés Román , Chaudret Bruno , de Jesús Ernesto
Published: December 2016

The coordination of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands to the surface of 3.7 nm palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) can be unambiguously established by observation of Knight shift (KS) in the 13C resonance of the carbenic carbon. In order to validate this coordination, PdNPs with sizes ranging from 1.3 to 4.8 nm were prepared by thermal decomposition or reduction with CO of a dimethyl NHC PdII complex. NMR studies after 13CO adsorption established that the KS shifts the 13C resonances of the chemisorbed molecules several hundreds of ppm to high frequencies only when the particle exceeds a critical size of around 2 nm. Finally, the resonance of a carbenic carbon is reported to be Knight‐shifted to 600 ppm for 13C‐labelled NHCs bound to PdNPs of 3.7 nm. The observation of these very broad KS resonances was facilitated by using Car–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) echo train acquisition NMR experiments.
On the Reactions of Thiols, Sulfenic Acids, and Sulfinic Acids with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Chauvin Jean‐Philippe R. , Pratt Derek A.
Published: December 2016

The reaction of thiols with H2O2 is central to many processes essential to life, from protein folding to redox signaling. The initial products are assumed to be sulfenic acids, but their observation, and the kinetic and mechanistic characterization of their subsequent reactions, has proven challenging. The introduction of a 9‐fluorotriptycene substituent enabled the use of 19F NMR to directly monitor the reaction of a thiol with H2O2 to yield a sulfenic acid, and its subsequent oxidation to sulfinic and sulfonic acids. The oxidations are specific base catalyzed, as revealed by the lack of isotope effects and the dependence of the kinetics on pH but not buffer concentration.
Optimization of thermopressing conditions for the production of binderless boards from a coriander twin‐screw extrusion cake
Authors: Uitterhaegen E. , Labonne L. , Merah O. , Talou T. , Ballas S. , Véronèse T. , Evon Ph.
Published: December 2016

A deoiled press cake resulting from twin‐screw extrusion of coriander fruits was used as a raw material for the production of self‐bonded boards. The operating parameters for thermopressing were varied and include the applied pressure (19.6–39.2 MPa), molding time (60–300 s), and molding temperature (155–205 °C). The optimized process conditions (21.6 MPa, 300 s, 205 °C) resulted in a board with a density of 1323 kg/m3, a flexural strength of 23 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 4.4 GPa, and a thickness swelling of 31%. The thickness swelling was effectively reduced to 20% through the application of a heat treatment at 200 °C after thermopressing. A variation of the moisture content of the press cake between 3 and 8% showed that increased moisture contents do not lead to improved mechanical properties of the resulting board and further induce internal fracturing of the board during thermopressing. The manufactured binderless boards may act as environmentally friendly alternatives to commercial wood‐based boards such as oriented strand board and particleboard. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44650.
Influence of water on phase transition and rheological behavior of cellulose/ionic liquid/water ternary systems
Authors: Lee Young Jae , Kwon Mi Kyung , Lee Sung Jun , Jeong Sang Won , Kim Hyun‐Chul , Oh Tae Hwan , Lee Se Geun
Published: December 2016

The influence of water content on liquid crystalline (LC) gel formation and the rheological behavior of a ternary microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/1‐ehtyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc)/water system was investigated using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and rheometry. POM indicated that the distinct water content range for forming a fully anisotropic LC gel with 14 wt % MCC was 4–10 wt %. Adding water to the MCC/EmimAc system resulted in enhanced complex viscosity and storage and loss moduli, and ultimately LC gel formation. Comparison of creep compliance vs. time revealed that the system without water showed representative viscoelastic behavior, while the time dependence of creep compliance disappeared as the water content increased, suggesting elastic‐solid behavior. Additionally, hydrogen bonding between cellulose and EmimAc weakened as water content increased, whereas the intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of cellulose became stronger because of strong self‐association. This strong bonding caused aggregation, chain entanglement, and self‐supporting LC gel network formation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44658.
Two selective HPTLC methods for determination of some angiotensin II receptor antagonists in tablets and biological fluids
Authors: Salah Gamal A. , Abd El‐Wadood Hanaa M. , Khairy Mohamed , Khorshed Ahmed A.
Published: December 2016

Two simple, selective, precise and highly sensitive high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods have been developed and validated for analysis of five angiotensin II receptor antagonists, namely losartan, irbesartan valsartan, candesartan and olmesartan, which are widely used in clinical practice. HPTLC of the drugs was performed on pre‐coated silica gel HPTLC plates 60 F254 by development using a mobile phase composed of chloroform–acetone–glacial acetic acid (7.8:1.5:0.7m v/v/v), which was suitable for all of the studied drugs. The first method depended on utilizing reflectance/fluorescence mode for detection while the second method depended on using 2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone as spraying reagent for the first time to form orange spots scanned at 460 nm. A good linear relationship was obtained over the concentration ranges of 1.2–60 and 360–3000 ng/band while detection and quantification limits were in the ranges of 0.07–0.43, 45.2–140.49 and 0.21–1.29, 137.05–425.74 ng/band for reflectance/fluorescence and reflectance/absorbance methods respectively. The developed methods were applied successfully for their determination in tablets and spiked human plasma for reflectance/fluorescence method with good accuracy and precision, and so can be applied in the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies.
Revisiting thoracic surface anatomy in an adult population: A computed tomography evaluation of vertebral level
Authors: Badshah Masroor , Soames Roger , Khan Muhammad Jaffar , Ibrahim Muhammad , Khan Adnan
Published: December 2016

To compare key thoracic anatomical surface landmarks between healthy and patient adult populations using Computed Tomography (CT). Sixteen slice CT images of 250 age and gender matched healthy individuals and 99 patients with lung parenchymal disease were analyzed to determine the relationship of 17 thoracic structures and their vertebral levels using a 32‐bit Radiant DICOM viewer. The structures studied were: aortic hiatus, azygos vein, brachiocephalic artery, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), left and right common carotid arteries, left and right subclavian arteries, pulmonary trunk bifurcation, superior vena cava junction with the right atrium, carina, cardiac apex, manubriosternal junction, xiphisternal joint, inferior vena cava (IVC) crossing the diaphragm, aortic arch and junction of brachiocephalic veins. The surface anatomy of all structures varied among individuals with no significant effect of age. Binary logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between individual health status and vertebral level for brachiocephalic artery (P = 0.049), GEJ (P = 0.020), right common carotid (P = 0.009) and subclavian arteries (P = 0.009), pulmonary trunk bifurcation (P = 0.049), carina (P = 0.004), and IVC crossing the diaphragm (P = 0.025). These observations differ from those reported in a healthy white Caucasian population and from the vertebral levels of the IVC, esophagus, and aorta crossing the diaphragm in an Iranian population. The differences observed in this study provide insight into the effect of lung pathology on specific thoracic structures and their vertebral levels. Further studies are needed to determine whether these are general changes or pathology‐specific. Clin. Anat. 30:227–236, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioprospecting of Turbinaria Macroalgae as a Potential Source of Health Protective Compounds
Authors: Stranska‐Zachariasova Milena , Kurniatanty Isma , Gbelcova Helena , Jiru Monika , Rubert Josep , Nindhia Tjokorda Gde Tirta , D'Acunto Cosimo Walter , Sumarsono Sony Heru , Tan Marselina Irasonia , Hajslova Jana , Ruml Tomas
Published: December 2016

The present study aims to focus on the bioprospecting of marine macroalgae of Turbinaria species, plenteous biomass of the world ocean. Three types of solvents, i.e., H2O, MeOH/H2O (80:20, v/v) and hexane/i‐PrOH (50:50, v/v), were used for extraction. Both the biological activity and the pattern of present chemicals were characterized. For the cell proliferation assay, the human embryonic kidney 293 cells, cervix/breast/pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma cells were used. For the antioxidant activity determination, both intracellular assay with human embryonic kidney and cervix adenocarcinoma cells, as well as the biochemical DPPH test, were employed. To complete the information about macroalgae composition, organic compounds were characterized by the liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Attention was concentrated mainly on the lipidomic profile characterization. In spite the fact that any significant antiproliferative effect was not observed for cancer cells, both the Turbinaria species were shown to be good protectors against the oxidative stress of the non‐cancer cells. Most of the antioxidants were determined in the hexane/i‐PrOH extract. As regards the lipids identified, most of them belonged to the triacylglycerols followed by sphingomyelins, diacylglycerols, and polar (lyso)phospholipids. Additionally to fatty acids with 14, 16 and 18 carbons, also those with odd carbon numbers were frequently present.
Chemical Variability of Ivoirian Xylopia rubescens Leaf Oil
Authors: Yapi Thierry Acafou , Boti Jean Brice , Tonzibo Zanahi Félix , Ahibo Coffy Antoine , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph , Tomi Félix
Published: December 2016

Forty‐two essential oil samples were isolated from leaves of Xylopia rubescens harvested in three forests of Southern Ivory Coast. All the samples have been submitted to GC‐FID and the retention indices (RIs) of individual components have been measured on two capillary columns of different polarity. In addition, 20 oil samples, selected on the basis of their chromatographic profile, were also analyzed by 13C‐NMR and 24 components (78.0 – 92.4% of the whole compositions) have been identified. The content of the main components varied drastically from sample to sample: furanoguaia‐1,4‐diene (5.7 – 54.1%), furanoguaia‐1,3‐diene (1.1 – 10.5%), (8Z,11Z,14Z)‐heptadeca‐8,11,14‐trien‐2‐one (4.3 – 16.0%), and (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (1.7 – 17.3%). Hierarchical cluster and principal components analysis of the 42 oil compositions allowed the distinction of two well‐differentiated groups of unequal importance within the oil samples. Oil samples of the main group (Group II) contained mainly furanoguaia‐1,4‐diene (mean [M] = 43.1%; standard deviation [SD] = 3.2%) while furanoguaia‐1,3‐diene (M = 8.4%; SD = 0.9%) and (8Z,11Z,14Z)‐heptadeca‐8,11,14‐trien‐2‐one (M = 7.1%; SD = 1.5%) were present at appreciable contents. The composition of Group I was dominated by furanoguaia‐1,4‐diene (M = 17.0%; SD = 8.5%), (8Z,11Z,14Z)‐heptadeca‐8,11,14‐trien‐2‐one (M = 10.2%; SD = 2.4%) and (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (M = 9.5%; SD = 5.3%).
Three New Iridoid Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Asperula involucrata
Authors: Kırmızıbekmez Hasan , Tiftik Kubilay , Kúsz Norbert , Orban‐Gyapai Orsolya , Zomborszki Zoltán Péter , Hohmann Judit
Published: December 2016

Three new iridoid glycosides, named involucratosides A – C (1 – 3), were isolated from the H2O subextract of crude MeOH extract prepared from the aerial parts of Asperula involucrata along with a known iridoid glycoside (adoxoside), three flavone glycosides (apigenin 7‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside, luteolin 7‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside, apigenin 7‐O‐rutinoside) as well as two phenolic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid 4‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside). Their chemical structures were established by UV, IR, 1D‐ (1H, 13C and JMOD) and 2D‐ (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) NMR experiments and HR‐ESI‐MS. In addition, the crude extract, subextracts and isolates were evaluated for their xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities in in vitro tests. This is the first report on the chemical composition and bioactivities of A. involucrata.