bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The U.S. Involvement in Sinai: 1975 as a Legal-Political Turning Point
Authors: Pomerance Michla
Published: May 2019

The role of the United States as midwife in the Israeli-Egyptian peace process has become a familiar one in recent years. Indeed, the local protagonists have all but taken for granted that their own peacemaking efforts would be catalyzed and reenforced by the United States. The pattern of American involvement has since 1975–76 had a dual aspect: American personnel have been permanently stationed in Sinai, and U.S. assurances have been extended to the parties (especially to Israel) as inducements to the acceptance of painful concessions.

The American presence in Sinai, when initiated in 1975–76, was minimal both in terms of its numbers and its functions. Fewer than 200 U.S. civilians operated the Sinai Field Mission, an early warning system in the strategic Giddi and Mitla mountain passes, whose purpose was to complement the functions of the UN peacekeeping force in the Sinai (the UN Emergency Force or UNEF II).
What has contributed to improvements in the child sex ratio in select districts of India? A decomposition of the sex ratio at birth and child mortality
Authors: Diamond-Smith Nadia , Saikia Nandita , Bishai David , Canudas-Romo Vladimir
Published: May 2019

Despite an overall downward trend in child sex ratios in India, some of the most imbalanced districts in 2001 (fewer girls than boys) showed signs of becoming more balanced in 2011. This analysis looked in depth at these districts to better understand the nature of the improvement in the child sex ratio using two rounds of data from the Census of India from 2001 and 2011. Data were used from the 153 districts that showed improvement in their child sex ratio between 2001 and 2011. The improvement was decomposed into: (1) less sex-selective abortion and (2) improved girl compared with boy mortality. Most of the improvement in child sex ratios were shown to be due to reductions in sex-selective abortion, although this still made up the majority of the cause of imbalanced sex ratios in 2011. Child sex ratio improvement has been happening in both rural and urban areas of India, and there is evidence of stagnation in mortality decline for urban girls.
Interactions Among Ethephon, Nitrate, and After-Ripening in the Release of Dormancy of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Seed
Authors: Saini Hargurdeep S. , Bassi Pawan K. , Spencer Mary S.
Published: May 2019

Germination of dormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) seed was examined in response to various concentrations of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), KNO3, or both together in the dark at temperatures ranging from 7 to 32 C. Both chemicals significantly (P = 0.05) promoted germination and their effects were additive. Maximum stimulation of germination in response to all treatments occurred at 7 C, with a gradual decrease in reponse as temperature or duration of after-ripening, the seed that retained dormancy during storage remained responsive to ethephon also occurred during storage of mature seed at 3 to 32 C. The rate and extent of this dormancy loss increased with an increase in storage temperature. Regardless of the temperature or duration of after-ripening, the seed that retained dormancy during storage remained responsive to ethephon and KNO3treatments. Suitable combinations of after-ripening, ethephon, and KNO3induced over 90% germination of seed that was dormant at maturity. Experimental evidence has been obtained that suggests that this percentage may represent the total number of viable seed in the population. While ethephon promoted seed germination, it severely stunted root and shoot growth of the resulting seedlings. It appears that strategies could be developed to combine the use of ethephon and nitrate with the natural process of after-ripening to enhance and synchronize wild oat germination.
The Use of Controlled-Release Fluridone Fibers for Control of Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
Authors: Van Thai K. , Steward Kerry K.
Published: May 2019

A fiber system for controlled delivery of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} was evaluated for its potential use in the management of the submersed aquatic weed hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle # HYLLI] in slow-moving water. The release of fluridone from the fibers was first order and could be extended over several days simply by using fibers of larger diameters. Fibers of 0.8- and 1.2-mm diam released fluridone over a period of 40 and 50 days, respectively. Both effectively controlled hydrilla at a rate of 2.2 kg ai/ha in a 4-month study in replicated pools with water flow adjusted to provide one volume change every 24 h. Under the same conditions, the conventional liquid formulation was ineffective and a pellet formulation provided only marginal control.
Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Griffin James L.
Published: May 2019

Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. # LOLMU) control in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) using chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} at 35 g ai/ha was significantly higher when applied preemergence (pre) than early postemergence (poe) to ryegrass with two to four leaves and wheat with three to five tillers. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] applied at 420 g ai/ha early poe controlled more than 95% of the ryegrass, but control was unacceptable when the same rate was applied late poe when the ryegrass was at midtiller and wheat at full tiller. Wheat leaf burn, stunting, and stand reduction occurred where metribuzin was applied early poe but yields were not affected. Ryegrass control was excellent where diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} was applied early poe at 560 g ai/ha. Wheat yields, averaged over years, for early poe applications of chlorsulfuron at 35 g/ha, metribuzin at 280 and 420 g/ha, and diclofop at 560 g/ha were 22, 22, 24, and 20% higher, respectively, than the untreated stands. Injury associated with the herbicide treatments was not observed on soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] planted following wheat.
Effect of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Straw Mulch Level on Weed Control
Authors: Crutchfield Donald A. , Wicks Gail A. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Research was conducted to determine the effect of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) straw mulch level on weed control in a winter wheat-ecofallow corn (Zea maysL.)-fallow rotation at North Platte and Sidney, NE, in 1981 and 1982. Wheat straw mulch was established at 0, 1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8 Mg/ha in stubble fields. After application of 1.5 times the recommended rate at corn planting, metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] concentration remained higher in unmulched soil than in mulched soil for more than 4 months, due to interception of metolachlor by the mulch. Even though the amount of metolachlor in the soil was reduced by mulch, weed control was not reduced and increased with increasing mulch level. Thus, increasing metolachlor rate was not necessary to maintain adequate weed control in no-till winter wheat stubble since mulch itself provided some measure of weed control.
Germination and the Potential Persistence of Weedy and Domestic Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Seeds
Authors: Egley Grant H. , Elmore C. Dennis
Published: May 2019

Germination and longevity of weedy and three domestic okra [Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench. # ABMES] cultivars were investigated. Hard seed coats are the major reason for okra seed dormancy. Hard seeds of weedy okra, induced to germinate by scarification of seed coats, produced plants yielding 94 to 99% hard seeds. Of these, 40% remained hard but viable after overwintering in the soil at 5 cm deep. Nonhard seeds of weedy okra produced plants that yielded 95 to 99% hard seeds, but only 20% remained hard after overwintering in the soil at 5 cm deep. The ‘White Velvet’ cultivar of okra produced a few hard seeds, but none survived longer than 3 months in the soil. The other domestic cultivars, ‘Dwarf Green Long Pod’ and ‘Clemson Spineless', produced no hard seeds. None of these seeds survived over winter in the soil. Some seeds of White Velvet became slightly harder during dry storage based on time in concentrated H2SO4necessary to induce 80% germination. Although the hard-seed trait existed in the population of this domestic cultivar, it is unlikely that the seeds would overwinter. Seeds that overwinter in a dry condition may be the exception. Because a high percentage of hard seeds overwinter and germinate the following spring, weedy okra has the potential to become a persistent problem.
Repeated Annual Applications of Herbicides for Control of Rhizome Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Thullen Robert J. , Carter Charles H.
Published: May 2019

When postemergence applications of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} were compared with DSMA (disodium salt of methylarsonic acid), MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid), and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] for control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′), repeated annual applications of sethoxydim were more successful than other herbicides in protecting yields of cotton and reducing populations of rhizome johnsongrass over time. After the first year of treatment with sethoxydim in 1982, when an 18% yield loss of cotton occurred, populations of rhizome johnsongrass were reduced to the extent that they were no longer a threat to yields in plots treated with sethoxydim in 1983 and 1984. Although DSMA and glyphosate improved yields when compared to cultivated control plots, substantial yield losses occurred every year, and populations of johnsongrass remained unchanged after 3 yr of treatment. Averaged over 3 yr, plots treated with sethoxydim produced 94% as much cotton as weed-free plots, compared to 60 and 45% for plots treated with glyphosate and DSMA/MSMA, respectively.
Chemical Approaches for Improving Herbicide Selectivity and Crop Tolerance
Authors: Stephenson G. R. , Ezra G.
Published: May 2019

Combinations of antagonistic herbicides can be helpful in the search for seed-applied chemical safeners to protect crop plants from herbicide injury. If a particular herbicide combination is selectively antagonistic so that the crop is not injured but weed control efficacy is not reduced, it should be possible to develop a new, more selective formulation of the herbicide which includes the antagonist or antidote. A promising new approach involves the use of early pretreatments of crop plants with subtoxic levels of a particular herbicide to increase crop tolerance to later, higher rates of that herbicide. When there are different mechanisms for herbicide detoxification in different plant species, it should also be possible to develop selective herbicide synergists that would provide equal efficacy at lower rates with greater crop tolerance. As our knowledge of herbicide metabolism and mode of action develops, it will be increasingly possible to use other chemicals to selectively synergize or safen herbicides to solve problems in important crop-weed situations.
Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Bentazon, Fluazifop, Haloxyfop, and Sethoxydim on Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Chernicky Jon P. , Slife Fred W.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to measure the response of corn (Zea maysL. var. ‘Pioneer 3377’) to foliar applications of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid}, and haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid} as influenced by corn growth stage and the addition of 7.7, 15,4, 77.7, 140, 280, and 840 g/ai/ha of bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. Applications of sethoxydim (16.8, 33.6, 67.2, 100, and 134 g ai/ha), fluazifop, or haloxyfop (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 10.0, and 13.4 g ai/ha) to four- to five-leaf corn did not reduce seed weight, but significant reductions resulted when sethoxydim (100 g/ha) or fluazifop (13.4 g/ha) was applied to 70- to 80-cm (six-leaf) corn with or without bentazon. Corn grain yield was significantly reduced by sethoxydim (>67.2 g/ha) treatment at either growth stage of corn. In contrast, corn injury induced by fluazifop (>8.0 g/ha) and haloxyfop (13.4 g/ha) resulted in reductions in yield only when applications were made to 70- to 80-cm corn. Significant reductions in seed germination also resulted from foliar applications of the graminicides, but these reductions were inconsistent across corn growth stage.
Influence of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) Density and Duration of Interference on Soybean (Glycine max) Growth and Yield
Authors: Wyse Donald L. , Young Frank L. , Jones Robert J.
Published: May 2019

The effect of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosusL. # HELTU) density and duration of interference in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hodgson 78’] was investigated in two studies. Jerusalem artichoke densities of 1, 2, and 4 tubers/m of row reduced soybean seed yield by 31, 59, and 71%, respectively. Soybean height, branches/plant, pods/plant, and seed weight were usually reduced by all three weed densities. Soybean leaf area and relative growth rates were reduced by densities of 2 and 4 tubers/m of crop row, and net assimilation rate (NAR) was reduced by 4 tubers/m of crop row. Jerusalem artichoke interference at 4 tubers/m of row for 4, 6, 8, and 20 weeks (full season) reduced soybean yields 9, 10, 38, and 82%, respectively. Branches/plant, pods/plant, and seeds/plant were reduced after 8 weeks of interference. These results suggest that Jerusalem artichoke is highly competitive with soybean and should be controlled within 6 weeks after planting.
Control of Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) with Chlorsulfuron in a Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Summer-Fallow Rotation
Authors: Young Frank L. , Gealy David R.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on Russian thistle (Salsola ibericaSennen and Pau # SASKR) in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) summer-fallow rotation. In the greenhouse, when chlorsulfuron was applied to Russian thistle at three stages of growth, shoot dry weight was reduced similarly with either 4.4 g ai/ha plus surfactant or 140 g ai/ha plus surfactant. In the field, postharvest control (1981) of Russian thistle with 17.5 to 140 g/ha of chlorsulfuron ranged from 35 to 60% without surfactant and from 76 to 93% with surfactant. During the summer-fallow year (1982), Russian thistle treated in the preflowering stage of growth was not effectively controlled with 17.5 or 35 g/ha. In contrast, residual control from postharvest treatments 1 yr after application ranged from 90 to 100%. Chlorsulfuron applied in the crop (1983) controlled Russian thistle throughout the growing season. All treatments of chlorsulfuron applied in 1981, 1982, and 1983 increased wheat yield at least 75%.
Decline in Phytotoxicity of Benzyl Isothiocyanate Formulated as Granules
Authors: Dale Jim E.
Published: May 2019

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was formulated in dry granules with tung oil and calcareous loess to facilitate safe handling of the water-sensitive lachrymator. Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days. When the pretreated seeds were washed with water and placed on BITC-free sand in a germination chamber for 15 days, germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL. # IPOLA), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB), milo [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘Funks G-522DR’], and red rice (Oryza sativaL. # ORYSA) seeds; 15 or 16% for velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA]; and 39% for barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG]. Subjecting milo seeds to moist sand medium that contained BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substrate reduced germination of milo by 78, 97, and 100%, respectively. However, BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days prior to sowing seeds had little effect on germination and growth of milo or sicklepod. Thus, BITC-treated soil soon became safe for newly sown seeds, but seeds present in soil when the toxin granules were applied failed to recover from exposure to BITC and deteriorated within 15 days.
Effect of Soil pH on Degradation, Movement, and Plant Uptake of Chlorsulfuron
Authors: Fredrickson David R. , Shea Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

The influence of soil pH on the uptake, degradation, and movement of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} in soil was examined. Phytotoxicity decreased as pH increased in a silty clay loam with an adjusted pH range of 5.9 to 7.5. Fresh weights of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘Funks G-499 GBR’] shoots grown in soil at pH 7.5 and containing 0.8 or 1.6 ppbw chlorsulfuron were not different from the controls while large differences occurred at pH 5.9. Uptake of14C-chlorsulfuron by wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Centurk’) in a silty clay loam with a pH of 5.9 was 67 to 100% greater than at pH 7.5. Soil pH strongly influenced the degradation rate of chlorsulfuron in a laboratory incubation study. Chlorsulfuron half-life in a silty clay loam was 1.9 weeks at pH 5.6 and 10 weeks at pH 7.5. Soil thin-layer chromatography indicated a high leaching potential for chlorsulfuron, and mobility increased as soil pH was increased.
Tolerance of Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and Bentgrass (Agrostisspp.) to Sethoxydim
Authors: Butler J. Hugh B. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} is used to control weedy grasses in red fescue (Festuca rubraL. # FESRU andF. rubrassp.commutata), an important seed crop in Oregon. The sethoxydim rate required to reduce growth rate of 11 cultivars of red fescue and four cultivars of bentgrass (Agrostis tenuisSibth. # AGSTE andA. stoloniferaL. var.palustris# AGSST), a common contaminant in red fescue fields, by 50% (GR50) was determined in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Field experiments compared only red fescue cv. ‘Pennlawn’ and bentgrass cv. ‘Penncross'. The GR50values for Pennlawn red fescue in the field, the greenhouse, and the laboratory were 30 kg ai/ha, 15 kg/ha, and 5300 μM, respectively. Penncross bentgrass was approximately 400, 1400, and 12 900 times more susceptible than Pennlawn red fescue in the field, in the greenhouse, and in laboratory experiments, respectively. Plants were at different growth stages in the different experiments. The xylene and surfactant used as a solvent for the technical grade sethoxydim was as toxic to red fescue without sethoxydim as when sethoxydim was included. Cultivars of red fescue differed in their response to sethoxydim, but cultivars of bentgrass did not. The GR50's of other species tested in the greenhouse were >4 kg/ha for annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL. # POAAN), 0.22 kg/ha for tall fescue (F. arundinaceaSchreb. # FESAR), 0.37 kg/ha for downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE), and 0.017 kg/ha for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. # LOLMU).
Activated Carbon for Safening Peppers (Capsicum annuumL.) in Soils Treated with Metribuzin
Authors: Majek Bradley A.
Published: May 2019

Metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one], when applied pretransplant at 0.28 kg ai/ha, killed peppers (Capsicum annuumL.) that were transplanted bare root or in plugs. Activated carbon applied at 1 g/plant effectively reduced injury of such peppers in soils treated with up to 0.56 kg ai/ha metribuzin. The increase in crop tolerance to metribuzin was dependent on the amount of activated carbon added. The level of crop protection for plug transplants depended on the amount of activated carbon per plant rather than on the percentage in the greenhouse mix by dry weight. One gram was required to protect plug transplants grown in cells that held 10 or 20 g of greenhouse mix.
Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Control with Thiocarbamate Herbicides on Previously Treated Soils
Authors: Harvey R. Gordon , McNevin Gregory R. , Albright John W. , Kozak Mary Ellen
Published: May 2019

Efficacy of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylcarbamothioate), butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate], vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate), and cycloate (S-ethyl cyclohexylethylcarbamothioate) applied with dichlormid (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide), and the former three herbicides applied with dichlormid and dietholate (O,O-diethyl-O-phenol phosphorothioate) for wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. ssp.ruderale(Kitagawa) Tzevelev. # PANMI) control in corn (Zea maysL.) was evaluated in fields previously treated with EPTC + dichlormid or EPTC + dichlormid + dietholate. Cycloate + dichlormid usually controlled millet regardless of prior herbicide use. But EPTC + dichlormid was less effective than on soils not previously treated with the herbicides, suggesting enhanced soil biodegradation. The use of EPTC + dichlormid with row cultivation or applications of selected herbicides improved millet control. Following prior use of EPTC + dichlormid, wild proso millet control was improved by the addition of dietholate to EPTC + dichlormid and vernolate + dichlormid but not butylate + dichlormid. In dissipation studies using soils previously treated with EPTC + dichlormid, the relative order of herbicide persistence was EPTC + dichlormid < vernolate + dichlormid < butylate + dichlormid < EPTC + dichlormid + dietholate < vernolate + dichlormid + dietholate = butylate + dichlormid + dietholate < cycloate + dichlormid. When EPTC + dichlormid + dietholate was applied to soils previously treated with that mixture, wild proso millet control was again reduced. Dissipation studies confirmed that dietholate slowed biodegradation of EPTC in soils previously treated with EPTC + dichlormid but not with EPTC + dichlormid + dietholate.
Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Hexazinone in Blueberry (Vacciniumsp.) and Hollow Goldenrod (Solidago fistulosa)
Authors: Baron Jerry J. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] toxicity, absorption, translocation, metabolism, and effect on photosynthesis were investigated with rooted cuttings of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosumL.), rabbiteye blueberry (V. asheiReade), and hollow goldenrod (Solidago fistulosaMiller # SOOFI). Highbush and rabbiteye blueberry plants were three times more tolerant to root applications of hexazinone than hollow goldenrod. Blueberry plants absorbed an average of 7.9% of root-applied14C-hexazinone and hollow goldenrod absorbed an average of 10.1%. An average of 6.8% of root-absorbed hexazinone (14C-label) was translocated from the roots of blueberry to stem and leaves. Radioactivity in hollow goldenrod was distributed equally between roots and shoots. The majority of radioactivity in both species was recovered as hexazinone. Root-absorbed hexazinone caused a rapid inhibition of photosynthesis in intact hollow goldenrod leaves. Root-absorbed hexazinone was capable of inhibiting photosynthesis in intact blueberry leaves; however, this occurred only when roots were exposed to high concentrations of hexazinone.
Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) Growth and Development in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Young Frank L.
Published: May 2019

A 2-yr field study was conducted to measure the growth and development of Russian thistle (Salsola ibericaSennen and Pau # SASKR) in the growing crops of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and after harvest of these crops. In herbicide-free conditions, few Russian thistle seedlings emerged in winter wheat. Only 50% of these plants survived compared to 92 and 95% survival in spring wheat and crop-free treatments, respectively. Compared to growth in the crop-free treatment, both wheat types suppressed oven-dry weight, height, and width of Russian thistle plants during the crop-growing season and after crop harvest. During the crop-growing season, winter wheat suppressed Russian thistle height and width more than spring wheat. After crop harvest, oven-dry weight of Russian thistle plants grown in winter wheat stubble was suppressed 75% compared to plants grown in spring wheat stubble. Russian thistle plants grown in crop-free, spring wheat, and winter wheat treatments produced 152 100, 17 400, and 4 600 seeds/plant, respectively.
Influence of Planting Date on Growth of Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Thullen Robert J. , Carter Charles H.
Published: May 2019

Ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. # IPOHE], planted in 1984 and 1985 the first of each month from April through August, began emerging in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2’) 1 week after planting. Morningglory, at a density of 1 plant/2 m of row, emerging in April and May became so competitive to cotton by harvest in September that the total crop was lost. June plantings, although less competitive than earlier plantings, still reduced yields by 11%. Later plantings did not reduce yields of cotton. Morningglory plantings that produced seed (April through July) began flowering within 7 weeks, and viable seed was collected for the first time 9 weeks after planting. Ivyleaf morningglory plants that emerged in April and May produced about 11 000 seed/plant by cotton harvest. This compared to 3000 and 93 seed/plant for morningglory that emerged in June and July, respectively. The earliest that morningglory might be expected to produce seed in cotton planted in early April would be late May to early June, and morningglory emerging as late as the first of July could produce some seed by cotton harvest.
Preemergence Weed Control in Gladiolus Cormels
Authors: Gilreath James P.
Published: May 2019

Multiple applications of several preemergence herbicides were evaluated for weed control and for phytotoxicity to gladiolus (GladiolusXhortulanusL.) grown from cormels in 1984 and 1985. Oryzalin [4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide] consistently provided acceptable control of southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris(Retz.) Koel. # DIGSP], goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN], and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH) and had minimal effect on gladiolus plant growth even after four applications. Pronamide [3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] provided erratic weed control and reduced yields of gladiolus corms.
Potential for Using Weed Seed Content in the Soil to Predict Future Weed Problems
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Kerr Eric D. , Nelson Lenis A.
Published: May 2019

The seed composition in the upper 15-cm soil horizon was determined and correlated with weed seedlings growing with fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Valley’). The total seed reservoir averaged 250 seed/kg of soil, and 19 species were represented. Seed occurring with the most frequency were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. ♯ CHEAL), and common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL. ♯ POROL). Seed from these plants accounted for over 85% of the seed found. The number of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ECHCG], buffalobur (Solanum rostratumDunal ♯ SOLCU), common lambsquarters, common purslane, and common sunflower (Helianthus annuusL. ♯ HELAN) seed in the soil was correlated with the number of plants growing in the field with fieldbeans. A correlation occurred between redroot pigweed, yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel.) Hubb. ♯ SETLU], and barnyardgrass growing in corn (Zea maysL.) fields in the fall of the year and plants growing in the field with fieldbeans the following year.
Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Competition with Spring Wheat: Plant Density Effects
Authors: Carlson Harry L. , Hill James E.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to measure the grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘ANZA’) at various wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯ AVEFA) and wheat plant densities. Wheat yield declined as wild oat plant density increased. Wheat yield increased in wild oat-infested plots as wheat plant density increased. Regression models were developed to describe the combined effect of wheat and wild oat plant densities on wheat grain yield. Wheat yields were best described by a nonlinear regression model using the relative density of wild oat in the weed-crop stand as the dependent variable. Inclusion of crop stand as a competitive factor significantly improved the fit of all regression models tested. Wild oat were more competitive against wheat in these experiments than in experiments reported by others. Possible reasons for differences in observed competitiveness are discussed.
Roller Application of Picloram for Leafy Spurge Control in Pastures
Authors: Messersmith Calvin G. , Lym Rodney G.
Published: May 2019

Roller-applied picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) at a concentration of 30 to 60 g ae/L gave similar control to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. ♯ EPHES) as spray-applied picloram at 1.1 to 2.2 kg ae/ha. Leafy spurge control was most effective when the roller applicator was adjusted to treat a maximum amount of stem tissue with a 60 g/L picloram solution. Control was not improved by including a petroleum oil or surfactant additive. Fall applications of roller-applied picloram tended to provide better control than spring applications. When used on dense leafy spurge stands, the roller applicator applied only 40% as much picloram as spray treatments of 2.2 kg/ha. However, picloram residues in soil following roller application were similar to those from picloram at 0.3 to 1.1 kg/ha applied as a spray.
Grubbing for Control of Blackbrush Acacia (Acacia rigidula) Invading Rootplowed Rangeland
Authors: Cross Bobby T. , Wiedemann Harold T.
Published: May 2019

Invasion of rootplowed rangeland by blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidula Benth. ♯ ACARI) is a problem in south Texas. Low-energy grubbing uprooted plants 1 to 2.5 m tall in densities of 50, 150, and 300 plants/ha at rates of 3.0, 1.6, and 1.0 ha/h, respectively, yielding an average plant kill of 85%. Plants grubbed above the second major lateral root sprouted. A grubbing depth of 20 to 30 cm was necessary to assure plant death. A grubbing blade modified by the addition of ripper teeth facilitated grubbing under dry soil conditions and extended the grubbing season. Contract cost for grubbing the average density of 169 plants/ha was $20.80/ha adjusted to 1983 dollars.
Tridiphane as a Synergist for Herbicides in Corn (Zea mays) and Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Authors: Ezra Gail , Dekker Jack H. , Stephenson Gerald R.
Published: May 2019

Tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane] is a potent synergist of atrazine for postemergence control of weeds such as giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. ♯ SETFA) and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. ♯ DIGSA]. We determined whether: a) tridiphane could syngergize the activity of other herbicides known to be detoxified via enzymatic conjugation to glutathione, and b) differential toxicities of the synergized herbicides could provide control of proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. ♯ PANMI) in corn (Zea maysL. “PAG SXIII”). Four herbicides were used in this study: EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], CDAA (N-N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide), and alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide]. Herbicides and herbicide-synergist combinations were applied postemergence. In corn, tridiphane synergized the activity of EPTC at 2 and 4 kg ai/ha, causing 22 to 25% growth reduction. Atrazine was ineffective and CDAA only slightly effective in combination with tridiphane in causing growth reduction. However, alachlor was markedly synergized by tridiphane at both 2 and 4 kg ai/ha, resulting in 36 to 54% growth reduction compared with plants treated with herbicides alone. Proso millet followed a similar trend to corn: EPTC and alachlor were effectively synergized by tridiphane, while atrazine and CDAA were ineffective. Importantly, however, the rates of herbicide used for proso millet control were much lower than those used for corn. Our data suggest that tridiphane used in combination with EPTC or alachlor could provide improved control of proso millet in corn.
Distribution of Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and Russian Knapweed (Centaurea repens)
Authors: Maddox Donald M. , Mayfield Aubrey , Poritz Noah H.
Published: May 2019

The world distributions of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L. ♯ CENSO) and Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens L. ♯ CENRE) are mapped based on information from world regional floras. A survey of weed specialists and herbaria was made in the United States, and the extent of the infestations and economic importance of these weeds was determined for the 48 contiguous states. Yellow starthistle currently occurs in 209 counties in 23 states and has apparently increased in abundance since 1970. Russian knapweed was reported in 412 counties in 21 states and does not seem to be spreading. Both of these weedy plant species are of greater economic importance in the western United States than in the east.
Growth and Regeneration of Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Authors: Cloutier Daniel , Watson Alan K.
Published: May 2019

Growth and regeneration of field horsetail (Equisetum arvenseL. ♯ EQUAR) were investigated under field and greenhouse conditions. Field horsetail produced shoots during the entire summer but its growth was detrimentally affected by the presence of corn (Zea maysL.). Field horsetail regrew as well whether it had been hoed once or 16 times during the growing season; and during the subsequent summer, there were no significant differences between horsetail growth in plots kept weed-free the previous growing season and in plots where field horsetail grew freely. In the greenhouse, rhizome segments 1 cm long placed 15 cm deep easily regenerated plants. Simulations were done using the growth and regenerative ability of field horsetail to estimate its potential spread in agricultural fields. The results of these simulations indicate that this weed can infest a hectare within 6 yr of its introduction into a new area.
Influence of Herbicides and Tillage on the Control of Triazine-Resistant Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) in Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Ritter Ronald L. , Harris Thomas C. , Varano William J.
Published: May 2019

In field studies, a preemergence application of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] followed by an early postemergence application of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) gave good season-long control of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. ♯ AMACH) in conventional and no-till corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3184’ and ‘Pioneer 3382’). In soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams' and ‘Essex’], best control of smooth pigweed was achieved with an early postemergence application of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethyoxy-imino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} plus acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}. Tillage played a role in the degree of smooth pigweed control. Best control of smooth pigweed in corn was obtained when the ground was moldboard plowed and disced, and least control was obtained when corn was no-till planted in the previous year's corn stalks or in a rye (Secale cerealeL.) cover crop.
Uptake and Translocation of Fluazifop by Three Annual Grasses
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. , Monaco Thomas J. , Sheets Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

The butyl ester of fluazifop {[(±)-2-[4-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy)propanoic acid} at 0.26 μM in nutrient solution inhibited root growth of hydroponically grown goosegrass (Eleusine indicaGaertn. ♯ ELEIN), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. ♯ DIGSA], and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. ♯ SETFA). Treating the soil and plant foliage at 0.035 or 0.07 kg ai/ha did not result in greater phytotoxicity than exposing only the foliage of each grass to the herbicide. Foliar-applied fluazifop was retained on the foliage in similar amounts by each of the species. Translocation of14C to all plant parts was detected 6 h after foliar application of the butyl ester of14C-fluazifop to the grasses in the pretillering or tillering stage. The majority (90%) of14C absorbed by each of the species remained in the treated leaf. In hydroponic studies, each species exuded14C into nutrient solution following foliar application of the14C-labeled herbicide. The exuded material was predominantly fluazifop with small amounts of compounds more polar than the butyl ester of fluazifop. Uptake and translocation studies suggest that the greater sensitivity of goosegrass to fluazifop may be related to higher concentrations of the herbicide present in plant tissue.
Interference of Red Rice (Oryza sativa) with Rice (O. sativa)
Authors: Diarra Amadou , Smith Roy J. , Talbert Ronald E.
Published: May 2019

Red rice (Oryza sativaL. ♯ ORYSA) densities of 5, 108, and 215 plants/m2reduced grain yield of commercial rice (Oryza sativaL.) 22, 77, and 82%, respectively. At a cultivated rice density of 195 plants/m2, red rice at 5, 108, and 215 plants/m2reduced straw dry weight of cultivated rice 18, 66, and 68%, respectively. At a red rice density of 5 plants/m2, reduction in number of cultivated rice grains per panicle ranged from 8 to 18%, whereas densities of 108 and 215 plants/m2reduced grains per panicle 56 to 70%. Red rice grain yield was 24 to 33% lower in ‘Mars' rice than in ‘Lebonnet’. Mars, a medium-grain cultivar that matures in 138 days, competed better with red rice than Lebonnet, a long-grain cultivar that matures in 126 days.
Herbicide Treatments for Control of Weeds in Dry-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Smith Roy J. , Khodayari Khosro
Published: May 2019

Herbicide treatments of tank mixtures or sequential applications were applied at different growth stages and compared with standard treatments for control of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCM], bearded sprangletop [Leptochloa fascicularis(Lam.) Gray ♯ LEFFA], and aquatic weeds in rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Starbonnet’). Some herbicides injured rice more than the propanil (3’,4’-dichloropropionanilide) or molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) standards, but injury for all treatments was inconsequential. Postemergence tank mixture treatments that controlled barnyardgrass (two- to four-leaf stages), bearded sprangletop (two-leaf to tillering stages), and aquatic weeds better than standard treatments were propanil plus butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2’,6,-diethylacetanilide], oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] thiobencarb {S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]diethylcarbamothioate}, or pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine].
Application of14C-Labeled Herbicides in Lysimeter Studies
Authors: Führ Fritz
Published: May 2019

Most herbicides are applied preemergence onto bare soil or during the early stage of plant development. Therefore, the major part of the active ingredient either reaches the soil surface immediately or later with decaying plant material. The further fate of the herbicide depends largely on the physicochemical behavior of the respective compound, the amount and method of application, and a number of soil, plant, and climatic factors influencing the persistence and bio availability of organic compounds in a given soil (5, 7). Especially in the upper 2-cm soil layer, drastic changes in temperature and moisture content during a growing season have a great influence on the degradation and adsorption of herbicides in soil (10, 31).
Combination Effects of Acifluorfen with Crop Oil Concentrates and Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: Chen Yong-Zheng , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse studies were initiated to identify potential interactions of the postemergence herbicide acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} with the postemergence grass herbicides sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl)-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid}, and RO-13-8895 [acetone 0-(D-(2-(p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy) phenoxy)propionyl)oxime}. Greatest control of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] was obtained with the combination of acifluorfen and sethoxydim plus a crop oil concentrate. This combination increased foliar absorption of14C-acifluorfen by barnyardgrass but not by soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Corsoy’]. The combination of acifluorfen with diclofop appeared to reduce phytotoxicity to barnyardgrass and increase it to soybean. Little or no interaction was observed in combinations of acifluorfen and RO-13-8895.
POLITICHE DEI REDDITI E SINDACATI. I LIMITI DELL'APPROCCIO ORGANIZZATIVO
Authors: Pappalardo Adriano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La questione del governo politico delle economie capitalistiche è da tempo discussa nella letteratura politologica e, in particolare, nella crescente produzione teorica (ma molto più esiguamente empirica) sul neocorporativismo. In questo sag gio, ci occuperemo di un aspetto centrale di tale questione, le politiche dei redditi o, più precisamente, le politiche di controllo dei salari. L'argomento, in verità, non è nuovo e, anzi, si può dire studiatissimo da economisti di tutte le scuole. Ma questi, d'altro canto, si concentrano su una controversia (tuttora irrisolta) che qui non ci interessa (cioè, sull'efficacia antinflazioni-stica delle politiche dei redditi), mentre di rado dedicano analisi sistematiche e sufficientemente informate alle loro condizioni politico-istituzionali. Né, del resto, tali condizioni sono state esaminate in un'ottica comparata dagli stessi politologhi, salvo un paio di ottimi, recenti contributi sui quali dovremo ritornare sia per trarne spunti e ipotesi da sottoporre a più approfondita verifica, sia per correggerne alcune conclusioni.
I MOVIMENTI POLITICI A BASE ETNICA: IL CASO BASCO
Authors: della Porta Donatella , Mattina Liborio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nel corso degli ultimi venti anni in molte regioni dell'emisfero nord-occidentale sono riemersi quei movimenti politici a base etnica il cui declino era sembrato ineluttabile dopo la ridefinizione dei confini nazionali seguita alle due guerre mondiali. Tali movimenti hanno perseguito obiettivi diversi da un caso all'altro — dalla difesa della lingua regionale alla richiesta dell'autonomia politica, all'indipendenza — e talvolta anche divergenti tra le diverse componenti del medesimo schieramento. Nonostante le differenze essi sono stati contrassegnati da una comune caratteristica: quella di rivalorizzare attributi culturali oggettivi condivisi dai loro militanti — la razza, la lingua, la religione, l'insediamento in un determinato territorio, il riferimento a precedenti istituzioni, simboli, tradizioni storiche. Questi attributi sono serviti ad alimentare processi di identificazione politica che ai governi centrali è stato richiesto di riconoscere. Tuttavia, sebbene l'esistenza di attributi culturali oggettivi comuni ai membri di gruppi etnici sia stata una condizione necessaria del riemergere dei movimenti, non ne ha però costituito il fattore decisivo.
IL PARADIGMA “ NEOPLATONICO ” NELLE SCIENZE POLITICHE E SOCIALI
Authors: Gangemi Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Si intende per assioma un principio indimostrabile posto come fondamento o come premessa del discorso matematico. Secondo l'accezione formalista oggi prevalente un assioma è accettato per convenzione e la produzione di nuovi assiomi va considerata libera. Prima del prevalere di questo punto di vista, per assioma si intendeva, secondo l'accezione razionalista, un principio intuitivo ed autoevidente e, secondo l'accezione empirista in genere e di J.S. Mill in particolare, una generalizzazione dall'esperienza.
CONSOLIDAMENTO DEMOCRATICO: DEFINIZIONE E MODELLI
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il presente lavoro presenta, in maniera sintetica ed essenziale, un tema di ricerca e alcuni problemi ad esso connessi, la cui importanza è immediatamente evidente. Tra la metà degli anni settanta e l'inizio del decennio successivo si sono iniziati e, in parte o del tutto, conclusi, i processi di instaurazione democratica in paesi come il Portogallo, la Spagna e la Grecia nell'area mediterranea o come l'Argentina, il Brasile, l'Uruguay, il Però, la Bolivia nell'America meridionale o anche come il Messico, il Salvador, il Guatemala e l'Honduras nell'America centrale. Tutti questi paesi si sono trovati o si trovano ancora a dover affrontare il successivo problema di consolidare e rendere persistenti le proprie nuove strutture politiche. Per meglio valutare l'ampiezza del fenomeno basterà riflettere sul fatto che esso riguarda circa un terzo delle democrazie attualmente esistenti. Inoltre, i problemi del consolidamento sono stati cruciali per altre democrazie europee come l'Italia, la Germania, l'Austria, la Francia o, in un diverso contesto, come il Giappone tra la fine degli anni quaranta e l'inizio del decennio successivo, e per altri paesi dell'America Latina quali Colombia, Costa Rica e Venezuela tra gli anni sessanta e i primi anni settanta. Si tratta, dunque, non solo di un fenomeno attualmente molto ampio, ma anche di grande rilievo nell'immediato passato.
The attached algal flora of the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Wilkinson M. , Scanlan C. M. , Tittley I.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

A current intensive mapping scheme for Forth seaweeds shows the normal attenuation gradient of species going upstream in the estuary with the existence of two areas of species depletion in the firth, around Kirkcaldy and Edinburgh. Ordination of species presence data suggests the continuation of estuarine influence into the firth and the possibility of slight differences in composition of the flora between the north and south banks in the mid and inner firth. Impoverishment of the flora around Edinburgh since the 19th century can be ascribed to increased pollution, but possibly also, to a lesser degree, to shore reclamation. Following abatement of sewage pollution, differences in the recovery of the algal flora on different shores may be related to the nature of the pollution-induced animal community. Recent work on the upper estuarine flora of the many small, highly-stratified sub-estuaries of the Forth system has revealed a marked shore zonation pattern of smaller mat-forming species.