bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of FEIBA for acute bleeding and surgical haemostasis in haemophilia A patients with inhibitors: a multicentre registry in Turkey
Authors: ZÜLFIKAR B. , AYDOGAN G. , SALCIOGLU Z. , ONER A. F. , KAVAKLI K. , GURSEL T. , ZÜLFIKAR H. ,   For the FEIBA INVESTIGATORS TEAM
Published: November 2011

Summary.  Long used in established industrialized nations to treat patients with haemophilia and inhibitors, factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA) has, in recent years, been introduced into more geographically diverse settings. Data are needed on how successfully FEIBA therapy has been implemented in new regions. To determine the efficacy and safety of FEIBA for the treatment of acute bleeding and surgical haemostasis in a newly industrialized country. A multicentre registry of haemophilia A patients with inhibitors receiving FEIBA treatment was established in Turkey. With a standardized case report form, data were collected retrospectively on: patient demographics; characteristics of acute bleeding episodes and surgical interventions; FEIBA regimen; and treatment outcomes. Thirty‐seven patients received a total of 112 FEIBA treatment courses, 90 for acute bleeding and 22 for surgical haemostasis. The median FEIBA dose per infusion for acute bleeding was 50 IU kg−1, and for surgery was 100 IU kg−1. For both acute joint and muscle/soft tissue bleeding and in surgery, haemostasis was attained in a median of two FEIBA infusions. FEIBA was judged effective in 92% of treatment courses for acute bleeding, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 85–97%. Rates of haemostatic efficacy did not differ significantly between anatomical sites of acute bleeding. The haemostatic efficacy rate of FEIBA in surgery was 86% (CI, 65–97%). No thromboembolic complications or other adverse events occurred during any treatment course. FEIBA has been successfully integrated into clinical practice in Turkey, with rates of haemostatic efficacy comparable to those reported in countries with a longer history of FEIBA usage.
Cross‐cultural validation of the CHO‐KLAT and HAEMO‐QoL‐A in Canadian French
Authors: YOUNG N. L. , ST‐LOUIS J. , BURKE T. , HERSHON L. , BLANCHETTE V.
Published: November 2011

Summary.  Multi‐site studies are necessary in the field of haemophilia to ensure adequate sample sizes. Quality of life (QoL) instruments need to be harmonized across languages and cultures to facilitate their inclusion. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Canadian Haemophilia Outcomes – Kids Life Assessment Tool (CHO‐KLAT©) and HAEMO‐QoL‐A© to French for Canada. The CHO‐KLAT and the HAEMO‐QoL‐A are haemophilia‐specific measures of QoL for boys and men respectively. Both measures originated in English, were translated into Canadian French by clinicians with expertise in haemophilia care, back‐translated by expert translators and harmonized by a multi‐disciplinary team. The harmonized versions were evaluated through a cognitive debriefing process with 6 boys with haemophilia, their parents and 10 men with haemophilia. The final versions were validated in a sample of 19 boys with haemophilia, 19 parents, and 22 men with haemophilia along with a generic QoL scale: the PedsQL for children; and the SF‐36 for adults. The translation and cognitive debriefing processes resulted in a preliminary version that maintained the intent of the original questions. The validation study estimated the mean score for the child‐reported CHO‐KLAT at 71.9 (SD 10.4), and the adult‐reported HAEMO‐QoL‐A at 79.1 (SD 21.3). The CHO‐KLAT correlated 0.64 with the PedsQL and the HAEMO‐QoL‐A correlated 0.78 with the SF‐36 physical component summary score. The French‐Canadian version of the CHO‐KLAT and HAEMO‐QoL‐A are valid. These measures are available for use in multi‐site haemophilia trials and clinical practices to capture QoL data from French Canadians.
Characterisation of odour‐active compounds in papaya (Carica papaya L.) wine
Authors: Pino Jorge A. , Queris Oscar
Published: November 2011

The volatile compounds of papaya wine were isolated by continuous solvent extraction and analysed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of 118 volatile constituents were detected, and ninety‐seven were positively identified. The composition of papaya wine included fifty‐three esters, twenty‐two alcohols, nine acids, seven phenols and derivatives, seven sulphur compounds, five lactones, five terpenes, three ketones, two aldehydes and five miscellaneous compounds. The aroma‐active areas in the gas chromatogram were screened by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis and by odour activity values. Six odorants were considered as odour‐active volatiles: ethyl octanoate, (E)‐β‐damascenone, 3‐methylbutyl acetate, benzyl isohtiocyanate; ethyl hexanoate and ethyl butanoate.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of muscle and skin protein hydrolysates from giant kingfish, Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775)
Authors: Nazeer R. A. , Anila Kulandai K.
Published: November 2011

To assess the antioxidant properties of fish protein hydrolysate from giant kingfish Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775), muscle and skin were obtained using various proteases (papain, pepsin, trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin), respectively. Antioxidant activities of the resulting hydrolysates were evaluated using 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. Among the hydrolysates, peptic of muscle (37 ± 1.0; 0.290 ± 0.012; 63.30 ± 0.57) and tryptic of skin (36.2 ± 1.0; 0.190 ± 0.110; 63 ± 0.57) hydrolysates, which had the highest free radical scavenging activity, was subjected to purification using Sephadex G‐25. The fractionated hydrolysates were superior to the original hydrolysates in the antioxidative activity tested. The active fractions (MF2 and SF2) effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsion system, and the activity was compared with α‐tocopherol. The amino acid profile of MF2 and SF2 showed a high level of essential amino acids, and the most abundant amino acids were in the order His (12.01% and 7.08%), Phe (7.05% and 6.18%) and Lys (6.76% and 4.74%). Conclusively, C. ignobilis muscle and skin hydrolysates could be a promising rich source of natural antioxidants.
Effects of pretreatment and various operating parameters on permeate flux and quality during ultrafiltration of apple juice
Authors: Bahçeci K. Savaş
Published: November 2011

The central composite design with a quadratic model was used to investigate the effect of temperature (20–40 °C) and transmembrane pressure (TMP) (100–300 kPa) as well as pretreatment with gelatin and bentonite (0:0–300:1500 mg L−1) on permeate flux and fouling resistance during ultrafiltration of apple juice. The changes in some physicochemical properties were also investigated. Pretreatment of apple juice with gelatin and bentonite and an increase in the temperature and TMP significantly improved the permeate flux. In general, physicochemical properties of apple juice other than polyphenolics were not affected by the applied parameters. Using 150 mg L−1 of gelatin and 750 mg L−1 of bentonite for fining significantly reduced the total phenolic content and so did the fouling resistance. Fouling resistance also decreased with increasing temperature, and increasing pressure increased the fouling resistance.
Protein content determination in Brassica oleracea species using FT‐NIR technique and PLS regression
Authors: Szigedi Tamás , Lénárt József , Dernovics Mihály , Turza Sándor , Fodor Marietta
Published: November 2011

Six fresh and one frozen vegetable cultivar groups possessing remarkably different morphology from the same Brassica oleracea species, including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, curly cabbage, white cabbage, red cabbage, cauliflower and white kohlrabi, were chosen to set up a Fourier transform near‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐NIR)‐based method for the quantification of protein content. Sample preparation was based on lyophilisation and homogenisation. Calibration was set up with the help of the Kjeldahl method for the quantification of protein content in the range of 12.9–32.5 m/m%. Calibration model was developed using the spectral regions 1136–1334 and 1639–1836 nm, with partial least squares regression. This model was checked by cross‐validation. The performance of the final FT‐NIR estimation model was evaluated by root mean square of cross‐validation, root‐mean‐square error of estimation and the determination coefficient (R2). The final estimation function for the protein determination was characterised with the predictive error of 0.76 m/m% and R2 value of 98.81.
Nonstructural 5A protein of hepatitis C virus regulates heat shock protein 72 for its own propagation
Authors: Lim Y. S. , Shin K. S. , Oh S. H. , Kang S. M. , Won S. J. , Hwang S. B.
Published: November 2011

Summary.  We identified heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) as a host factor that was differentially expressed in cells expressing nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein. To investigate how NS5A modulates Hsp72 in hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, we examined the role of Hsp72 in HCV replication and virus production. NS5A specifically interacted with Hsp72. Both Hsp72 and nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) levels were increased in cells expressing NS5A protein. Treatments of N‐acetylcysteine and glutathione markedly reduced protein levels of both NFAT5 and Hsp72. Knockdown of NFAT5 resulted in decrease in Hsp72 level in cells expressing NS5A. Importantly, silencing of Hsp72 expression resulted in decrease in both RNA replication and virus production in HCV‐infected cells. These data indicate that NS5A modulates Hsp72 via NFAT5 and reactive oxygen species activation for HCV propagation.
Derivation, Characterization and Differentiation of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Amniotic Fluid Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Dev K , Giri SK , Kumar A , Yadav A , Singh B , Gautam SK
Published: November 2011

Contents

Amniotic fluid cells (AFCs) are obtained from amnion for pre‐natal analysis and can be cultured in vitro. Heterogeneous amniotic fluid (AF) contains various cell types, and it is believed that some of these cells possess the stem cell properties. The aim of this study was to characterize these cells by phenotypical and genotypical means in buffalo. The differentiation potential of amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells was carried out by converting these cells into neurons. The AFCs were cultured without feeder cells in DMEM containing 16% foetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1%l‐glutamine in 5% CO2 at 38.5 ± 0.5°C in a CO2 incubator. After 6 days of culture, different types of cells viz., star shaped (62.7%), spherical without nucleus (1.9%), spherical with nucleus (26.4%), pentagonal (0.4%) and free floating/rounded cells (8.3%) were observed. Most of the cells started anchorage‐dependent growth after day 7 of the culture. Expression of Oct‐4, Sox‐2, Nanog, alkaline phosphatase, 18s rRNA, stem cell factor, cyclin A, Nestin and FGF‐5 was observed from the AFS cells in different passages with PCR amplicon of 314, 277, 317, 180, 162, 216, 421, 307 and 210 bp, respectively. During the differentiation step, at day 6, neuron‐like cells could be clearly identified and confirmed with Nestin‐specific RT‐PCR. The cells were found to have a normal karyotype at different passages. These results may contribute towards establishing non‐embryonic pluripotent stem cells for various therapeutic and reproductive biotechnological applications in the species.
Understanding overweight adolescents' beliefs using the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Rhoades Debra R , Al‐Oballi Kridli Suha , Penprase Barbara
Published: November 2011

Rhoades DR, Al‐Oballi Kridli S, Penprase B. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 562–570

Understanding overweight adolescents' beliefs using the theory of planned behaviour

This qualitative inquiry examined adolescents' experiences surrounding their beliefs towards being overweight. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand behavioural, normative and control beliefs of overweight adolescents regarding losing weight, exercising and eating healthy. Purposive sampling was used to obtain 10 overweight adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19. The theory of planned behaviour was used as a theoretical framework for this study. An interview guide based on the Theory of Planned was used to conduct individual semistructured interviews. Content analysis showed that overweight adolescents exhibited positive attitudes in dealing with their weight status and valued their family's support and guidance in helping control their weight. Although friends were important to facilitate regular exercise, families, particularly mothers, were crucial in addressing healthy eating habits. Understanding the subtleties and complexities of living with childhood overweight might assist health professionals in creating more effective and developmentally sensitive interventions.
Protecting and respecting military nurses
Authors: Rushton Patricia
Published: November 2011

Rushton P. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 615–620

Protecting and respecting military nurses

There are data reported in psychological and sociological scientific literature concerning the physical and sexual abuse of members of the US Military Services with a focus on abuse of females. An extensive search of that literature found little evidence that military nurses had experienced physical or sexual abuse. An oral history project to collect accounts of wartime experiences of military nurses is currently ongoing from an institution in the western United States. A secondary analysis of data finds that project participants included almost no reports of such abuse. Rather, there were many reports that nurses were respected and protected from harm during the time of their military service.
MONETARY POLICY IN A NON‐REPRESENTATIVE AGENT ECONOMY: A SURVEY
Authors: Brzoza‐Brzezina Michał , Kolasa Marcin , Koloch Grzegorz , Makarski Krzysztof , Rubaszek Michał
Published: November 2011

It is well known that central bank policies affect not only macroeconomic aggregates, but also their distribution across economic agents. Similarly, a number of papers demonstrated that heterogeneity of agents may matter for the transmission of monetary policy to macro variables. Despite this, the mainstream monetary economics literature has so far been dominated by dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models with representative agents. This paper aims to tilt this imbalance towards heterogeneous agents setups by surveying the main positive and normative findings of this line of the literature, and suggesting areas in which these models could be implemented. In particular, we review studies that analyse the heterogeneity of (i) households’ income, (ii) households’ preferences, (iii) consumers’ age, (iv) expectations and (v) firms’ productivity and financial position. We highlight the results on issues that, by construction, cannot be investigated in a representative agent framework and discuss important papers modifying the findings from the representative agent literature.
High prevalence of unintended pregnancies in HIV‐positive women of reproductive age in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective study
Authors: Loutfy MR , Raboud JM , Wong J , Yudin MH , Diong C , Blitz SL , Margolese SL , Hart TA , Ogilvie G , Masinde K , Tharao WE , Linklater G , Salam K , Ongoiba F , Angel JB , Smaill FM , Rachlis AR , Ralph ED , Walmsley SL ,   for the Ontario HIV Fertility Research Team
Published: November 2011

Objectives

There is speculation, but there are few data, on the high rates of unintended pregnancies in HIV‐positive women. We investigated rates and correlates of unintended pregnancies among HIV‐positive women of reproductive age.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted with recruitment stratified to match the geographical distribution of HIV‐positive women of reproductive age (18–52 years) living in Ontario, Canada. Women, recruited from 38 sites between October 2007 and April 2009, were invited to complete a 189‐item self‐administered survey. This analysis focused on questions relating to pregnancy and whether the last pregnancy was intended. Logistic regression models were fitted to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of correlates of unintended pregnancies occurring after HIV diagnosis. Happiness with unintended pregnancies was also assessed.

Results

The median age at the time of the survey of the 416 participating HIV‐positive women who were previously pregnant (53% before and 47% after HIV diagnosis) was 38 years [interquartile range (IQR) 33–44 years] and their last pregnancy was a median of 8 years (IQR 3–14 years) prior to the survey (n=283). Fifty‐nine per cent were born outside Canada and 47% were of African ethnicity. Of the 416, 56% [95% confidence interval (CI) 51–61%] identified that their last pregnancy was unintended (57% before and 54% after HIV diagnosis). In the multivariable model, significant correlates of unintended pregnancy after HIV diagnosis were: marital status (P=0.01) and never having given birth (P=0.01). Women were less happy if their pregnancy was unintended (P<0.01).

Conclusions

The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was high in this cohort. Pregnancy planning programmes are needed for this population to decrease fetal and maternal complications and reduce vertical and horizontal transmission.
CEO Centrality and Meeting or Beating Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Mande Vivek , Son Myungsoo
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Using a sample of S&P 500 firms over the period 2000–2005, we examine whether CEO centrality – the relative power of the CEO within the top executive team – is associated with a higher probability of meeting or barely beating financial analysts’ earnings forecasts. We argue that CEOs with relatively high centrality are able to manipulate earnings in order to meet or just beat analysts’ forecasts. Specifically, our results show that there is a positive association between CEO centrality and the likelihood of meeting or just barely beating analysts’ forecasts. This finding holds after controlling for previously identified determinants proxying for managerial incentives, and earnings‐related and forecast‐related attributes. Additional tests show that CEO centrality is related to managing reported earnings upwards so that earnings targets can be met. Interestingly, our results show that as an explanatory variable, CEO centrality outperforms other proxies for CEO power used in prior studies. Collectively, our results suggest that a concentration of power in the top management team with the CEO can result in undesirable financial reporting behavior.
ON EUTHANASIA: EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING AND ATTITUDES IN A SAMPLE OF MEXICAN PHYSICIANS AND MEDICAL STUDENTS
Authors: DEL RÍO ASUNCIÓN ÁLVAREZ , MARVÁN MA. LUISA
Published: November 2011

Euthanasia has become the subject of ethical and political debate in many countries including Mexico. Since many physicians are deeply concerned about euthanasia, due to their crucial participation in its decision and implementation, it is important to know the psychological meaning that the term ‘euthanasia’ has for them, as well as their attitudes toward this practice. This study explores psychological meaning and attitudes toward euthanasia in 546 Mexican subjects, either medical students or physicians, who were divided into three groups: a) beginning students, b) advanced students, and c) physicians. We used the semantic networks technique, which analyzed the words the participants associated with the term ‘euthanasia’. Positive psychological meaning, as well as positive attitudes, prevailed among advanced students and physicians when defining euthanasia, whereas both positive and negative psychological meaning together with more ambivalent attitudes toward euthanasia predominated in beginning students. The findings are discussed in the context of a current debate on a bill proposing active euthanasia in Mexico City.
Shape Distortion and Delamination During Constrained Sintering of Ceramic Stripes: Discrete Element Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Rasp Tobias , Jamin Christine , Wonisch Andreas , Kraft Torsten , Guillon Olivier
Published: November 2011

Particle‐based simulations using the discrete element method are applied for the sintering of thin ceramic stripes that are constrained by a rigid substrate. The inhibition of lateral particle movement in vicinity of the substrate leads to a preferred shrinkage direction perpendicular to the substrate, which causes shape distortion as well as delamination of the stripe at the interface edges. Multiple processing parameters are varied in simulations to analyze their influence on the mentioned effects. The amount of particle rearrangement and the height to width aspect ratio of the cross‐section are identified to be factors that determine the level of shape distortion and edge delamination. The simulation results are compared with measurements of stripes produced by soft micromolding in capillaries. Good accordance is observed regarding parameters like axial and lateral shrinkage or delamination angle.
Polycrystalline Ho:YAG Transparent Ceramics for Eye‐Safe Solid State Laser Applications
Authors: Yang Hao , Zhang Jian , Qin Xianpeng , Luo Dewei , Ma Jan , Tang Dingyuan , Chen Hao , Shen Deyuan , Zhang Qitu
Published: November 2011

High optical quality holmium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) transparent ceramics that contained 0.5–2.0 at.% holmium additives were fabricated by a reactive sintering method under vacuum. Fully dense Ho:YAG ceramics with the average grain size of ~10 μm were obtained after vacuum sintered at 1780°C for 8 h. The in‐line transmittances in the visible and infrared region are higher than 82% and 84%. The absorption coefficients of the 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 at.% Ho:YAG ceramics at 1907 nm was calculated to be 0.72, 0.89, 1.32, and 1.78 cm−1, respectively. The absorption cross‐section of Ho:YAG ceramic was 0.645 × 10−20 cm2. The 1.5 and 2.0 at.% Ho:YAG ceramic slabs were in‐band pumped by a Tm:fiber laser at 1907 nm. A maximum output power of 20.6 W at 2097 nm was obtained with a corresponding slope efficiency of 60.9%.
Associations of periodontal microorganisms with salivary proteins and MMP‐8 in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Yakob Maha , Kari Kirsti , Tervahartiala Taina , Sorsa Timo , Söder Per‐Östen , Meurman Jukka H. , Söder Birgitta
Published: November 2011

Objective

We investigated in subjects with and without periodontitis, the levels of certain salivary proteins and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), in relation to the presence of specific periodontal pathogens.

Methods

Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, in 1985 and in 2009 from 99 subjects; 56 with and 43 without periodontitis (mean age 59.2 ± SD 2.9). Saliva samples collected in 2009 were analysed for salivary albumin, total protein and immunoglobulins A, G and M. GCF was collected for analysis of MMP‐8 levels and for the PCR‐analysis of the microorganisms Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia.

Results

Periodontitis patients were more often infected by P. gingivalis (p < 0.05), P. intermedia and T. denticola (p = 0.01) than controls. Salivary albumin and protein concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with T. denticola (p < 0.05). MMP‐8 levels were significantly higher in subjects with T. denticola (p < 0.001) and T. forsythia (p < 0.01). No corresponding results were found in salivary immunoglobulin concentrations.

Conclusion

The presence of T. denticola seemed to increase salivary albumin and total protein concentrations, and GCF levels of MMP‐8. Both T. denticola and T. forsythia seemed to induce a cascade of host response with increased MMP‐8 in GCF.
If the Shoe Fits They Might Acquit: The Value of Forensic Science Testimony
Authors: Koehler Jonathan J.
Published: November 2011

The probative value of forensic science evidence (such as a shoeprint) varies widely depending on how the evidence and hypothesis of interest is characterized. This article uses a likelihood ratio (LR) approach to identify the probative value of forensic science evidence. It argues that the “evidence” component should be characterized as a “reported match,” and that the hypothesis component should be characterized as “the matching person or object is the source of the crime scene sample.” This characterization of the LR forces examiners to incorporate risks from sample mixups and examiner error into their match statistics. But will legal decisionmakers be sensitive to the extent to which examiners' statistical testimony accounts for various potential sources of risk and error? A controlled experiment with 315 jury‐eligible jurors who received a shoeprint match statistic in a hypothetical burglary case finds that, contrary to normative theory, people are more persuaded by statistical testimony that ignores various error risks than by testimony that is objectively stronger by virtue of taking those risks into account. The experiment also finds that jurors are relatively unresponsive to exposure of those risks by a defense attorney on cross‐examination. These results support and extend previous research that finds many people are confused about how to evaluate the risk of error associated with expert forensic testimony.
What's an Apology Worth? Decomposing the Effect of Apologies on Medical Malpractice Payments Using State Apology Laws
Authors: Ho Benjamin , Liu Elaine
Published: November 2011

Past studies find that apologies affect the outcomes of medical malpractice litigation, but such studies have largely been limited to laboratory surveys or case studies. Following Ho and Liu (2010), we use the passage of state‐level apology laws that exclude apologies from being used as evidence in medical malpractice cases, and estimate that apologizing to a patient in cases of medical malpractice litigation reduces the average payout by $32,000. This article seeks to unpack the mechanism of apologies by examining the differential impact of apologies laws by various subsamples. We find that apologies are most valuable for cases involving obstetrics and anesthesia, for cases involving infants, and for cases involving improper management by the physician and failures to diagnose.
Trawling Genetic Databases: When a DNA Match is Just a Naked Statistic
Authors: Scurich Nicholas , John Richard S.
Published: November 2011

Genetic databases are highly controversial. Significant controversy followed a report by the National Research Council (1996) concluding that a DNA match resulting from a database trawl is less probative than when only a single test is conducted. Legal scholars and statisticians have demonstrated why this conclusion is specious, but there is no empirical research examining what impact a trawl match has on jurors. The current experiment demonstrates that mock jurors are less likely to convict when a DNA match arises from a database trawl compared to a conventional confirmation case. Interestingly, however, the probability judgments of guilt did not differ between the cases. The Wells effect (Wells 1992) is consistent with this disjunction, where a trawl match is more likely to be viewed as naked statistical evidence that influences the perception of guilt but not guilty verdicts. A second study examined mock jurors' perceptions of the arguments advanced by the Bayesian and frequentist camps over the probative value of trawl matches. The frequentist argument led to fewer convictions, while the Bayesian argument increased the conviction rate, as expected. The Bayesian argument also attenuated the Wells effect. Implications for the introduction of trawl matches are considered in light of these findings.
To Dollars from Sense: Qualitative to Quantitative Translation in Jury Damage Awards
Authors: Hans Valerie P. , Reyna Valerie F.
Published: November 2011

This article offers a new multistage account of jury damage award decision making. Drawing on psychological and economic research on judgment, decision making, and numeracy, the model posits that jurors first make a categorical gist judgment that money damages are warranted, and then make an ordinal gist judgment ranking the damages deserved as low, medium, or high. They then construct numbers that fit the gist of the appropriate magnitude. The article employs data from jury decision‐making research to explore the plausibility of the model.
Effect of long‐term water immersion on the fracture toughness of denture base and reline resins
Authors: Finoti Lívia Sertori , Machado Ana Lucia , Chaves Carolina De Andrade Lima , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Vergani Carlos Eduardo
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00573.x
 
Effect of long‐term water immersion on the fracture toughness of denture base and reline resins

purpose:  This study evaluated the fracture toughness (FT) of one denture base (Lucitone 550 – L) and four hard reline resins [Ufi Gel Hard (UH), Tokuyama Rebase II (TR), New Truliner (NT) and Kooliner (K)], and the effect of long‐term water storage on this property.

Materials and methods:  Forty specimens (40 × 8 × 4 mm) of each material were made, and FT was assessed after polymerisation (control of reliners), after 48 ± 2 h in water at 37°C (control of denture base resin) and after storage in water at 37°C for 7, 90 or 180 days (all materials). Data (MPa.m1/2) were analysed by two‐way anova and Games–Howell test (p = 0.05).

Results:  Resin L exhibited the highest FT mean values. After 180 days of storage, FT mean values of L (3.37), UH (1.53) and K (1.20) were higher than those of the other periods. FT mean values of NT decreased from control (1.63) to 7 days (1.30) and then remained constant. FT mean values of TR (1.13) were similar in all periods of analysis.

Conclusion:  The denture base resin L showed higher FT mean values than the reline resins. Long‐term water storage increased the FT of L, UH and K, reduced the FT of NT and did not influence the FT of TR.
Validity and reliability of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) scale in the elderly population of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Erić Jelena , Stančić Ivica , Šojić Ljiljana Tihaček , Popovac Aleksandra Jelenković , Tsakos Georgios
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00584.x

Validity and reliability of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) scale in the elderly population of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Objectives:  To adapt the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) index for elderly people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and test its validity, reliability and responsiveness to change.

Background:  Clinical measures alone may not be adequate for assessing the oral health of individuals. Subjective oral health indicators tested within a particular cultural context may not be relevant across cultures.

Materials and methods:  The study population comprised 231 free‐living adults aged 65 years or older. The OIDP was cross‐culturally adapted from English into the Serbian language and its psychometric properties were tested. Data were collected using a clinical examination and a questionnaire containing the OIDP.

Results:  In terms of reliability, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.82 and the intraclass correlation coefficient 0.88. The very high correlation of OIDP with self‐rated oral health (r = 0.78) verified criterion validity, while construct validity was demonstrated through its significant and graded associations with other subjective health measures. OIDP change scores on a treated subsample showed moderate effect size (0.59) and were associated with perceptions of oral health change, providing evidence for its responsiveness to change.

Conclusion:  The Bosnian version of the OIDP showed satisfactory validity, reliability and responsiveness to change confirming its appropriateness for use among older populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The ‘Island Rule’ Acting on Anuran Populations (Bufonidae: Rhinella ornata) of the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Montesinos Rachel , da Silva Hélio Ricardo , de Carvalho André Luiz Gomes
Published: November 2011

Darwin and Wallace, in the mid‐nineteenth century, were the first to document examples of natural selection acting on island dwellers. A century later a pattern of morphological differences among organisms on islands was coined the ‘island rule’, which states that on islands species with small individuals tend toward gigantism and large individuals tend toward dwarfism. Selective pressures such as limited resources and increased intraspecific competition modulate the size of organisms in these environments. Of the several works that have tested vertebrates for adherence to the island rule only two have addressed amphibians. This work is the third record of body size variation of island amphibian populations, and the first for the Southern Hemisphere. The islands investigated were once continuous with mainland, and now are isolated as a result of sea level fluctuations that took place in the Pleistocene and Holocene. This study compared morphometric variation in populations of Rhinella ornata (Bufonidae) occurring on three islands of the Costa Verde to populations on five continental areas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We measured 18 morphometric variables of 177 individuals. There was a shift toward smaller body size (dwarfism) in two of the three island populations studied. We attribute this general pattern to geographic factors, verifying the expression of the island rule in tropical frogs populations (insular dwarfism) operating inversely in relation to those of temperate environments (island gigantism).
NGC 2419 does not challenge modified Newtonian dynamics
Authors: Sanders R. H.
Published: November 2011

I show that, in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), non-isothermal models, approximated by high-order polytropic spheres, are consistent with the observations of the radial distribution of the line-of-sight velocity dispersion in the distant globular cluster, NGC 2419. This calls into question the claim by Ibata et al. that the object constitutes a severe challenge for MOND. In general, the existence and properties of globular clusters are more problematic for LCDM than for MOND.
Value of Measuring Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Diagnosing Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Dassan Pooja , Keir Geoffrey , Jäger Hans Rolf , Brown Martin M.
Published: November 2011

Background and purpose

It has previously been reported that serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are raised after acute ischemic stroke compared to healthy controls. The aim of this prospective study was to ascertain whether serum vascular endothelial growth factor measurements could be used to distinguish between acute ischemic stroke and common stroke mimics in the emergency room.

Methods

Blood samples were taken on arrival to hospital and daily for six-days, in 44 patients with suspected ischemic stroke (29 acute infarcts and 15 stroke mimics), arriving within 24 h of symptom onset. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The neurological deficit was recorded daily using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. Evaluation of infarct volumes was based on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly raised in acute ischemic stroke patients on the day of symptom onset and at all other time points, compared to healthy controls ( P < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of vascular endothelial growth factor for diagnosing acute ischemic stroke on admission to hospital were only 69% and 73%, respectively. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were also elevated in four out of 15 stroke mimics, including three patients presenting with postictal paresis.

Conclusions

Vascular endothelial growth factor has limited clinical utility in the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in the emergency room because levels are also raised in common stroke mimics. Further studies are required to establish the mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor elevation in postictal paresis.
Deep fungal dermatitis caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii in captive coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata)
Authors: Johnson RSP , Sangster CR , Sigler L , Hambleton S , Paré JA
Published: November 2011

Deep fungal dermatitis caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) was diagnosed in a group of coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata). The outbreak extended over a 6‐month period, with four of six lizards from the same zoological outdoor enclosure succumbing to infection. A fifth case of dermatomycosis was identified in a pet lizard originally sourced from the wild. Diagnosis of infection with the CANV was based on similar clinical signs and histopathology in all animals and confirmed by culture and sequencing of the fungus from one animal. This is the first report of the CANV causing disease in a terrestrial reptile species in Australia and the first in the coastal bearded dragon.
The structure, dynamics and movement patterns of the Australian sheep industry
Authors: East IJ , Foreman I
Published: November 2011

Objective  To describe the structure of Australia's sheep industries and the movement of sheep to enable examination of the potential for animal movements to spread disease between farms.

Procedure  The structure, size, marketing and movement patterns of Australian sheep farms was determined through (i) review of data published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, (ii) interviews with producers and saleyard managers and (iii) expert opinion.

Results  Twelve geographic regions are described, based on the type and extent of sheep farming in each region. Five production sectors were identified within the Australian sheep industry, with the proportion of each varying between the geographic regions. Over the past 20 years, the industry has decreased in size and contracted from the northern and central areas of Australia. Movement of sheep onto the majority (79%) of properties was limited to the introduction of less than 50 stud rams annually, although cross‐bred‐ and wether‐based farms introduced up to 2000 sheep annually; 75% of sheep movements occurred over distances less than 200 km, but stud rams moved up to 500 km. An increasing percentage of movements off farms was direct to abattoirs and over 80% of sheep sold through saleyards were purchased by abattoirs.

Conclusions  The majority of Australian sheep farms operate as self‐replacing enterprises and introduce few stock. In addition, most sheep movements occur over distances of less than 200 km and therefore sheep movements within Australia have only a limited potential to spread disease over larger distances.
Body Mass Index and 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Status in Patients With and Without Heart Failure
Authors: DiCarlo Christina , Schmotzer Brian , Vest Marianne , Boxer Rebecca
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the association between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations, vitamin D intake, and sunlight exposure in patients with heart failure (HF) compared with healthy volunteers. Fourteen healthy volunteers 50 and older were recruited to compare with 14 patients with HF. Healthy volunteers were compared with HF patients by serum 25(OH)D concentrations, dietary vitamin D intake, weekly sunlight exposure, and other covariates. Independent sample t tests and linear regression models were used to compare differences between healthy volunteers and patients with HF. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was not significantly different between groups (healthy volunteers 25.7±11.1 ng/mL, patients with HF 20.4±10.2 ng/mL; P=.2) and no group effect was found in any multivariable models. Body mass index regardless of group was found to be inversely associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ( P=.025). There was no difference in the dietary intake of vitamin D or calcium between groups. The healthy volunteers had a significantly greater amount of sunlight exposure but this did not result in higher 25(OH)D when compared with those with HF. Our findings suggest that body mass index has an important relationship with 25(OH)D concentrations regardless of a person being healthy or having HF. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of autotaxin and acylglycerol kinase in proliferative vitreoretinal epiretinal membranes
Authors: Abu El‐Asrar Ahmed M. , Missotten Luc , Geboes Karel
Published: November 2011

Purpose:  Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)/LPA1 receptor pathway is involved in inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. This study was conducted to analyse the expression of LPA‐producing enzymes, autotaxin (ATX) and acylglycerol kinase (AGK) and LPA1 receptor, in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) epiretinal membranes.

Methods:  Nine active and 13 inactive membranes from patients with PDR and 21 membranes from patients with PVR were studied by immunohistochemistry.

Results:  In PDR membranes, vascular endothelial cells expressed ATX and AGK in 16 and 19 membranes, respectively. Stromal cells expressed ATX and AGK in 19 and 22 membranes, respectively. Immunoreactivity for LPA1 receptor was noted in vascular endothelial cells and stromal cells in the five membranes stained for LPA1 receptor. Numbers of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing CD34, ATX and AGK were significantly higher in active membranes than in inactive membranes. Significant correlations were detected between number of blood vessels expressing the panendothelial cell marker CD34 and number of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing ATX and AGK. In PVR membranes, spindle‐shaped myofibroblasts expressing α‐smooth muscle actin co‐expressed ATX, AGK and LPA1 receptor.

Conclusions:  The LPA/LPA1 receptor pathway may be involved in inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrotic responses in proliferative vitreoretinal disorders.
Reed canary grass cultivation mitigates greenhouse gas emissions from abandoned peat extraction areas
Authors: Mander Ülo , Järveoja Järvi , Maddison Martin , Soosaar Kaido , Aavola Rene , Ostonen Ivika , Salm Jüri‐Ott
Published: November 2011

We studied the impact of reed canary grass (RCG) cultivation on greenhouse gas emission in the following sites of an abandoned peat extraction area in Estonia: a bare soil (BS) site, a nonfertilized Phalaris (nfP) plot, a fertilized Phalaris (fP) plot, and a natural bog (NB) and a fen meadow (FM) as reference areas. The C balance and global warming potential (GWP) were estimated by measuring CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions and aboveground and belowground biomass variations. The high CO2 flux from the nfP and fP sites and the low CO2 emission from the BS are due to the enhancement of mineralization by plant growth on planted sites and inhibited mineralization by the recalcitrant C of BS. The NB site emitted 24 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, whereas the almost zero CH4 emission from the Phalaris plots and the BS site was due to the high S concentration in peat, which probably inhibited methanogenesis. The N2O flux varied from <0.1 kg on the Phalaris plots and the NB to 2.64 kg N2O ha−1 yr−1 on the FM. The highest yield of RCG was obtained in autumn (13.9 t and 8.0 t dw ha−1 on the fP and nfP, respectively). By spring, the biomass yield on the fP and nfP plot was 12.7 and 7.9 t dw ha−1, respectively. The C balance of nfP and fP plots was negative in comparison to the BS (−3322, −5983, and 2504 kg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, respectively). This indicates that the cultivation of RCG transformed them from a net source of C into a net sink of C. The GWP for the fP and nfP sites was −5981 and −3885 kg CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The BS site had a total GWP of 2544 kg CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1.
Statin treatment depresses the fetal defence to acute hypoxia via increasing nitric oxide bioavailability
Authors: Kane Andrew D. , Herrera Emilio A. , Hansell Jeremy A. , Giussani Dino A.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  The fetal cardiovascular defence to episodes of reduced oxygenation, or acute hypoxia, includes redistribution of the cardiac output away from peripheral and towards essential circulations, such as those perfusing the brain – the so called brain‐sparing effect. The peripheral vasoconstriction is triggered by a chemoreflex and maintained by constrictor hormones. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis during hypoxia opposes these mechanisms, but the balance of all effects favours constriction. Statins are drugs commonly used to lower cholesterol. Since women are delaying pregnancy until later in life, there is increasing clinical interest in treating pregnant women with statins. However, statins have other effects, including increasing NO levels, and their effects on the physiology of the fetus are completely unknown. Here, we show that fetal exposure to statins depresses the fetal peripheral constrictor response to acute hypoxia via increasing NO bioavailability. Use of statins in pregnancy should be viewed with caution.
Oxidative stress and enhanced sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting muscles of nitrate‐tolerant rats and humans
Authors: Fadel Paul J. , Farias III Martin , Gallagher Kevin M. , Wang Zhongyun , Thomas Gail D.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Activation of sympathetic nerves decreases blood flow to resting skeletal muscle, but this vasoconstrictor effect normally is blunted during exercise so that blood flow can increase to the working muscles. In rats and humans treated with nitroglycerin for 1 week, we show that overproduction of reactive oxygen species prevents the usual attenuation of sympathetic vasoconstriction in the working muscles, resulting in muscle ischaemia during exercise. Improved knowledge about the effect that reactive oxygen species has on muscle blood flow regulation may help us to better understand the decreased exercise tolerance that occurs with age as well as with chronic disease.
Muscle time under tension during resistance exercise stimulates differential muscle protein sub‐fractional synthetic responses in men
Authors: Burd Nicholas A. , Andrews Richard J. , West Daniel W.D. , Little Jonathan P. , Cochran Andrew J.R. , Hector Amy J. , Cashaback Joshua G.A. , Gibala Martin J. , Potvin James R. , Baker Steven K. , Phillips Stuart M.
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  A single bout of resistance exercise stimulates the synthesis of new muscle proteins. Chronic performance of resistance exercise (i.e. weight training) is what makes your muscles grow bigger; a process known as hypertrophy. However, it is unknown if increasing the time that muscle is under tension will lead to greater increases in muscle protein synthesis. We report that leg extension exercise at 30% of the best effort (which is a load that is comparatively light), with a slow lifting movement (6 s up and 6 s down) performed to fatigue produces greater increases in rates of muscle protein synthesis than the same movement performed rapidly (1 s up and 1 s down). These results suggest that the time the muscle is under tension during exercise may be important in optimizing muscle growth; this understanding enables us to better prescribe exercise to those wishing to build bigger muscles and/or to prevent muscle loss that occurs with ageing or disease.