bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EEG, Physique, and Androgens
Authors: Vogel William , Broverman Donald M. , Klaiber Edward L.
Published: September 2011

Relationships were investigated between EEG variables (alpha frequency, beta frequency, presence of slow waves) and anthropometric indices of androgen stimulation in males (male hair patterns, muscle development, body weight, chest circumference). In both samples (36 male college students and 25 male secondary school students) the anthropometric indices were associated with the presence of slow waves and slow alpha frequencies and with rapid beta frequencies. These results were interpreted, in conjunction with previous findings, as reflections of the simultaneous effects of androgens on physical development and central nervous functioning.
Dual-Camera Cinematography for Studying Motion Transducer Output Characteristics
Authors: Herron R. E. , Weir J.
Published: September 2011

A comparatively simple method of studying the relationship between a movement and the corresponding output of a motion transducer is described. A major feature of the method is the arrangement of two motion film cameras, one to film the movements and the other to film the electrical output record, so that the two camera originals can be synchronized and printed adjacently on the same 16-mm. film for frame-by-frame analysis.
God in the Rorschach
Authors: Stanley Gordon
Published: September 2011

Rorschach cards were rated by both males and females on the dimension like God-unlike God. Card X was the only card for which there was a clear association with God and this was only true for females. There was limited support for the finding of Eisenman, et al. that God is viewed as benevolent but not potent.
Effect of Auditory Training on Reading Skills of Retarded Readers
Authors: Feldmann Shirley C. , Schmidt Dorothy E. , Deutsch Cynthia P.
Published: September 2011

64 third-graders from socially disadvantaged backgrounds were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups or to a control group. Treatment groups received reading instruction or auditory training or both. Batteries of auditory and reading tests were given before and after treatment. There was no evidence that any of the four groups showed superior posttest performance. The negative results are discussed in terms of timing of intervention programs. The findings suggest that there may be complex interrelationships of teacher and pupil variables with learning to read.
Comparison of Normals and Retardates on Three Perceptual and Motor Tasks
Authors: Horne Betty M. , Justiss Will A.
Published: September 2011

A group of 40 institutionalized retarded individuals with a wide range of CA and IQ was compared with a group of 40 normal second and third graders of approximately the same mental age on three tasks. Of these, the first, a finger oscillation test, is primarily motor; the second, an embedded figures test, is perceptual; the third, a design-copying test, is perceptual-motor. The retarded group showed greater variability than the normal group on finger oscillation and design copying. No significant differences between raw scores of the two groups were found on finger oscillation or embedded figures, but the normal Ss were superior on design copying ( p = .001). This pattern seems related to the complexity of the task requirements.
Heart-Rate Variability (CVT): Concurrent Validity and Test-Retest Reliability
Authors: Burdick J. Alan
Published: September 2011

Heart rate variability in 13 male Ss was scored using three systems of measurement. Also, a test-retest situation was scored for the beat-to-beat coefficient of temporal variability (CVT). The three different techniques were significantly intercorrelated, while the test-retest correlation for the CVT did not reach the .05 level. It is suggested that the use of a beat-to-beat measure is more straightforward than the variability from a series of arbitrarily chosen time intervals.
Use of Signal Detection Theory in Depth Perception Research, an Example
Authors: Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

Although binocular depth perception is usually better than monocular, responses may overlap greatly in some circumstances. Rather than supplying simply a measure of statistical significance, it is suggested that signal detection methodology be used to provide an index of separation between response distributions. Reanalyzing the data of Barrett and Williamson (1966) who used a paired-comparison technique plus confidence of response ratings, a d′ value of .5 was obtained. This supports their contention that distribution overlap existed but provides a better quantitative index of the extent of overlap than previously reported.
Transposition in the Infant and Adult Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments concerned with the effects of age on transposition were conducted In the first experiment neonatal and adult monkeys learned an area discrimination with great difficulty. Two adults transposed the learned discrimination to stimuli smaller than the original, but the mean transposition scores for neonatal monkeys were not significant. In the second experiment, 1-yr.-old and adult monkeys were slow to learn a brightness discrimination. Two adults and all of the infants showed consistent and significant transposition to darker stimuli, but performed at chance level to stimuli removed more than one step interval from the original learning on the lighter side. It is concluded that transposition is probably more closely tied to the variables affecting single-problem learning rather than to those affecting multiple-problem learning.
Effect of Varying and Nonvarying Stimulus Consequences on Visual Persistence in Twenty-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Weisberg Paul , Fink Edward
Published: September 2011

40 Ss, divided into 4 groups, peered into a chamber and by so doing, exposed a slide. For half the Ss, continued peering regularly presented a new slide which consisted either of colorful pictures (varied-picture group) or a lighted screen of various brightness levels (varied-light group) while for the other half, continued peering always re-presented the same slide which consisted either of a colorful picture (constant-picture group) or a lighted screen (constant-light group). The varied-picture group relative to the other groups exposed the most slides and tended to take a single long look when a slide was exposed. In terms of this visual persistence pattern, the constant-picture group outperformed the remaining two groups. No significant differences were found between the constant-light and varied-light groups on any measure of persistence.
Preferences for Complexity-Simplicity and Symmetry-Asymmetry
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Gellens Harvey K.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 design was employed; 70 undergraduates from two classes were exposed to complexity-simplicity and symmetry-asymmetry. Each class showed an overwhelming preference for the complex-symmetrical shapes ( p < .001). Because complexity was preferred only in conjunction with symmetry, the results are considered consistent, in a qualified way, with the notion that naive Ss tend to prefer simplicity.
The Design Perception Cards Test as a Predictor of Sales Ability
Authors: Colenaty Charles
Published: September 2011

Success of 22 insurance sales trainees was predicted on the basis of the Design Perception Cards test. A longitudinal follow-up of these men revealed that those for whom success was predicted consistently and significantly outperformed those predicted to be failures throughout 19 mo. of employment in sales.
Private Events Made Public
Authors: Carini Louis
Published: September 2011

Recent notes criticizing and defending the use of phenomenological observations in psychology are criticized for failing to take into account the means through which observations can be made objective and public. Objectivity is attained through the use of objects or instruments of measurement, and the public nature of an event is a function of its replicability from laboratory to laboratory. Phenomenological observations are seen from this point of view to be necessarily subjective and private.
Reactions of Ferret-Polecat Hybrids to Complexity and Change
Authors: Eastment Alison M. , Hughes R. N.
Published: September 2011

Ferret-polecat hybrids entered the more visually complex of 2 Y-maze arms more often during a 60-sec. period. In Exp. 2, when Ss were faced with a familiar complex arm and a less complex novel one, they chose the novel arm first but entered the complex arm more frequently during another 60-sec. period. They also entered an arm more quickly when run before feeding than when run afterwards. These findings resembled those reported for rats, thus extending the range of species known to be reactive to spatial changes in visual stimulation.
Apparent Size-Apparent Distance Relationships in Flat Stimuli
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Os judged the apparent sizes of the “near” and “far” faces of a Necker cube and of a “cylinder” percept formed stereokinetically from a pair of overlapping flat circles rotating in the frontal plane. The “near” face with both stimuli was judged to be smaller than the “far” one. This was a constant property of the “near” face regardless of perspective reversals. These results suggest that there is a physiological mechanism for the organization of size-distance relationships.
Categorization Strategies across Different Domains
Authors: Mascaro Guillermo F.
Published: September 2011

A set of 7 items dealing with attitude-relevant issues were added to the Pettigrew (1958) Category Width Scale. The combined scale, together with an object-sorting test and a quantity-width-estimation test, was administered to Ss. The hypothesized generality of category width tendencies across attitude-relevant and attitude-irrelevant domains, and the hypothesized differences in category width consistencies across domains were empirically verified. The data also indicate intra-subject generality of response strategies to category-width items in terms of inconsistency in category width. In addition, data were obtained on the generality of categorization tendencies using different methods of measurement.
Perimetry and the Error of Anticipation
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of the constant errors, anticipation and habituation, on measurement of visual fields was investigated in 79 Ss. Visual fields were measured using 8 arc positions on a radius perimeter. On all arc positions, especially in the inferior arc positions, the peripheral threshold means, based on inward movement of the stimulus object, were larger (indicative of a larger field) than those based on outward movements. Peripheral threshold measurement, as conducted in this study, was seen to possess high reliability.
Pictorial Depth Perception and Education among Baganda School Children
Authors: Kilbride Philip L. , Robbins Michael C. , Freeman Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Relative amount of pictorial perception of depth among rural Baganda school children was directly related to amount of formal education. Use of superimposition as a cue to pictorial depth perception appeared to be less dependent on education than object size and perhaps other cues.
Perceptual and Socio-Economic Variables, Instruction in Body-Orientation, and Predicted Academic Success in Young Children
Authors: Gill Newell T. , Herdtner Thomas J. , Lough Linda
Published: September 2011

Perceptual differences were investigated at the first grade level among Negro and white lower class children and middle class white children; and nursery, kindergarten, and first grade middle class white children. Half of the nursery school children had been given special exercises to enhance bodily awareness. A rod-and-frame test, the Frostig test, and the Metropolitan Achievement test were the criterion measures. Lower class children were less effective; race was not a significant factor; special exercises were beneficial; and perceptual performance was more highly correlated with predicted academic success for girls.
Suggestion regarding Drama, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): I. Dramatic Arts and Dramatic Dreaming
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

The paper is one of a series dealing with role-taking (empathy) and Rorschach movement responses. Previously, positive correlation was suggested between role-taking (empathy) in its intuitional sense, feeling, experience in its Erlebnis sense, and Rorschach movement response. In this paper the suggestion is expanded to include drama in the sense of the dramatic arts and what is defined as dramatic dreaming. The claim is made that a species incapable of Rorschachian inner creation is a species incapable of Stanislavskian acting, spectator empathy as defined by Langfeld and Jarrett, mimesis as discussed by Plato, make-believe (vision) as defined by Hoffer, and night dreaming as defined by Dement, Foulkes, and other researchers.
Sequential Constraints in Letter Lists
Authors: Howe Michael J. A.
Published: September 2011

The effects on performance of sequential constraints in letter lists were investigated in an experiment which required Ss to inspect and subsequently recognize items and to sort cards on the basis of this recognition. It was reasoned that the results would indicate whether the effects of sequential constraints in retention tasks are due mainly to a process of reconstruction by which Ss make use of language habits to guess at items not remembered in redundant sequences or whether processes at earlier stages within verbal tasks are affected by sequential constraints. The results support the latter suggestion.
The Great Illusion Controversy: A Glimpse
Authors: Carter Dorothy J. , Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Beginning with Mueller-Lyer's original article in 1889 and continuing with subsequent studies, an attempt to translate and/or analyze theoretical explanations of the Mueller-Lyer illusion is well under way. Much new food for thought comes from these old studies.
Some Personality Considerations of an Alcoholic Population
Authors: Allen L. R. , Dootjes I.
Published: September 2011

The personality characteristics of male alcoholic out-patients were investigated as a function of length of stay in therapy. It was found that the longer the stay in therapy, the more deferent and self-abasing the patient tended to be. This finding, replicated by other researchers, should be considered in the planning and application of treatment programmes for alcoholics.
Toward a Psychology of Knowledge: VI. The Sublime, the Mystical, and the Inner Creative
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to contribute to a psychology of the Sublime, an important concept in the history of aesthetics, (2) to relate the Sublime to the kind of psychology today called “existential” and/or “humanistic,” and (3) to unfold further the Rorschach framework of interpretation, particularly in regard to its limits The first of the paper's two main sections shows that most of Samuel Monk's basis for distinguishing Wordsworth from the “Blue Stockings and picturesque travelers” of late 18th century England is irrelevant to the framework. In so doing, it interprets the Sublime in terms of mystical—including psychedelic—experience. The other main section suggests the relevance of the foregoing to Viktor Frankl's “logotherapy,” and Abraham Maslow's “self-actualization,” “peak-experience,” and “Being-cognition.” A third section refers to Eric Hoffer's “true believer.” In sum, the paper associates all these individuals and/or concepts with each other and with what Rorschach meant by the capacity for inner creation.
Performance Decrement after Intake of Meprobamate as a Function of Task Difficulty and Learning Level
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Myrsten Anna-Lisa
Published: September 2011

The effect of 800 mg of meprobamate on performance in choice-reaction tasks of varying difficulty was examined. Comparisons between scores obtained in drug and placebo conditions showed that performance was progressively more impaired by the drug as task difficulty increased and progressively less impaired as learning level increased.
Apparatus for Eliciting and Recording the Eyeblink Response in Human Infants
Authors: White Burton L. , Clark Kitty Riley
Published: September 2011

An apparatus is described for eliciting and recording eyeblink responses in human infants 3 to 21 wk. of age. Stimulation consists of the visible changes when a red and white bull's-eye target is dropped towards the supine infant. Changes in target brightness and pressure on the corneal surfaces are precluded. The polygraphic records obtained enable accurate assessment of response frequency, amplitude, and latency. In addition to standardized stimulating conditions and objective recording, this device has two other advantages for work with infants. First, the infant's head and eye movements are not severely restricted, and, second, the response pickup consisting of three small electrodes is simple and very light.
Stimulus and Personality Complexity in Maintenance of Categorization Behavior
Authors: Reich John W.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to investigate both personality and stimulus effects on the maintenance of cognitive discrimination, 40 Ss sorted two sets of stimuli in a sustained sorting task; they were instructed to free-sort each set of stimuli as many times as they could until they ran out of meaningful groupings. Results demonstrated that several of the dependent variables assessed were in fact influenced by either personality or stimulus effects, or both. The maintenance of the discrimination was not significantly enhanced; discrimination complexity dropped to a low level, indicating a “movement toward simplicity” in a sustained categorization task.
An Approach to Determining the Number of Judges Needed for Scaling Experiments
Authors: Silverman Franklin H.
Published: September 2011

A solution is suggested to the problem of determining the optimum size for a judging panel. It involves the application of the principle of sequential sampling.
Limited Foreview Tracing: Normal and Schizophrenic
Authors: King H. E.
Published: September 2011

Limiting the view of the “path ahead” slows the tracing time of both normal and schizophrenic Ss on both simple and complex designs. Schizophrenic tracing speed is consistently about half that of normal matched controls.
Repetition and Immediate Recall of Connected Discourse Practiced under Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: King David J. , Cotton Kingsley
Published: September 2011

60 Ss were divided into 3 experimental and 3 control groups. Experimental and control Groups I read a story aloud once. Groups II and III read the story aloud twice and three times respectively. The three experimental groups were subjected to delayed auditory feedback (DAF) for the entire reading. Following the completion of the reading, or readings, an immediate oral recall was obtained. Increased learning trials did not lead to increased memory loss. DAF presentation of connected discourse produces a partial immediate inhibition of memory which is non-additive over repeated exposures.
Easter Island's Stone Giants: A Neuro-Psychiatric View
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

The sorting-out of neuro-psychiatrically meaningful patterns is offered as an auxiliary tool to so far unsuccessful attempts at understanding why the approximately 1000 giant stone statues on Easter Island exist and at deciphering the significance of their unique features. Under stone age conditions these stone giants of repetitive shape were created by a population of 3000 to 4000 at the most, probably between 1100 A.D. and 1680 A.D. on an isolated and quite barren island. It is suggested that nothing short of an existential shock would have provided the impetus for this strenuous form of art. The disfiguring disease of leprosy, which has been endemic on Easter Island, might have constituted such a shock. Thus, in a possible magic attempt at mastery, the still healthy portion of the tiny community may have created these stone giants, who represent indestructable strength in general, and fortification of those specific body parts, which are usually damaged or disfigured by leprosy, in particular. Thus 7 body areas, including the acral ones, of these stone giants show a specific pattern of deviation from the normal appearance of the human body. These deviations may represent the reversal of the characteristic signs of leprosy into their opposite, a mechanism used by our unconscious to prevent panic.
Autokinesis and Psychological Differentiation
Authors: Cancro Robert , Voth Harold M.
Published: September 2011

105 paid, normal volunteers, of whom 77 were women, were administered the rod-and-frame test (RFT), the embedded-figures test (EFT), and the autokinetic test. Despite the similarity in personality correlates associated with these tests, there were no significant correlations—linear or curvilinear—between the measures of psychological differentiation and autokinesis. There were still no significant correlations when the men and women were treated as separate groups. Taking the extreme cases on the autokinetic test and comparing group means on the RFT and EFT still failed to yield a significant difference. The authors infer that these measures are independent, although the design of the study does not permit this inference to be stated as a conclusion.
Effect of Manifest Anxiety on a Form-Discrimination and a Size-Estimation Task
Authors: Magaro Peter A.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined two methodological aspects of the form-discrimination and size-estimation tasks employed in the literature dealing with the deficit performance of schizophrenics. The results indicated that the tasks were relatively independent although level of anxiety was related to a decrease in performance level on each task. In comparing the two discriminative dimensions of angle size and horizontal distance, it was found the horizontal distance was more difficult especially for high-anxiety normals. This result was discussed in terms of the studies with schizophrenics which used discriminative tasks and found more errors on an angular dimension.
College Counselors' Attitudes toward Education Considered a Determinant of Attitudes toward Disabled Persons
Authors: Palmerton Keith E. , Frumkin R. M.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that college counselors with traditional, subject-oriented attitudes toward education would have significantly less favorable attitudes toward disabled persons than counselors with progressive, person-oriented attitudes The test of this hypothesis led to uncertain, nonsignificant findings and suggests the need for further research.
Reinforcement and Non-Reinforcement in Rogerian Psychotherapy: A Critique
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

Truax (1966) had clinicians rate typewritten statements by a patient (and the preceding and subsequent therapist's statements) from a successful therapy case of Rogers. Non-zero correlations between ratings of patient statements and ratings of therapist statements and changes in the former over time were taken to support a reinforcement interpretation of Rogerian therapy. The present critique offers five arguments to counter the suggestions that the Truax study is relevant and crucial to the theoretical dispute between Rogers and Skinner. Truax asserts the correlations mean that Rogers' theory is wrong; however, the correlations represent a measure of how selective Rogers actually is in a particular case. Truax does not acknowledge that the obtained correlations may be (1) lower than correlations in non-therapy contacts or (2) lower than those in poor therapy. (3) An analysis of the logic of Truax's method suggests that the validity and appropriateness of the ratings are questionable. (4) Truax's analysis of changes over time does not consider the correlation-causation issue. (5) His treatment does not acknowledge that any outcome of his study would have been consistent with Skinner's position.
Displacement of Apparent Straight Ahead as an Aftereffect of Deviation of the Eyes from Normal Position
Authors: Park John N.
Published: September 2011

Helmholtz's proprioceptive theory of apparent visual direction predicts a displacement of egocentric straight ahead as an aftereffect of deviation of the eyes from normal frontal position. In a test of this prediction, 91 Ss (a) selected from a line of lighted discs that disc which appeared to be straight ahead, (b) fixated the eyes for 30 sec. on a point in the line of discs which was either 30° from frontal position or at the most extreme position attainable (approximately 45° from frontal position), (c) returned the eyes to what seemed to be frontal position and selected the disc which appeared to be straight ahead. Ocular deviation produced as an aftereffect a displacement of apparent straight ahead which had a mean value of 3.12° and occurred in the same meridian and in the same direction as the eyes had been deviated. The amount of displacement was not significantly affected by the degree of prior ocular deviation or by the orientation of the line of discs (vertical, horizontal, or diagonal).
Systematic Alterations of the Apparent Centers of Lines
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , Dufilho L. Paul
Published: September 2011

Predictable stimulus-bound alterations in the apparent centers of lines were used to discriminate behavioral differences in bisection. 2 dimensions of individual differences were demonstrated in bisection that appeared to be related to cognitive control mechanisms: the well-known basic tendency for the upper segment of lines to be overestimated, and the relative influence on the apparent centers exerted by the stimulus-effects. The roles on these of minor modifications in the stimulus and of secondary factors such as practice, eye and hand dominance, sex, etc., were examined. A more basic effect was noted when the lines were bisected in a horizontal orientation—there was almost no correlation between S's performance with vertical vs horizontal lines. Even though the two main effects noted above were still present, their measures did not correlate with those of the vertical bisection. The implications of this are discussed.
Sex-of-Rater Bias in Clinical Diagnosis of Organic Brain Damage Using the Bender-Gestalt and Memory-for-Designs Tests
Authors: Wohlford Paul , Flick Grad L.
Published: September 2011

Although there are many reported sex differences in cognitive style, there has been no examination of the sex of the rater as a possible source of error in the clinical diagnosis of organic brain damage. In the present study, 4 male and 4 female Ph.D. clinical psychologists (Raters) judged the unidentified Bender-Gestalt and Memory-for-Designs protocols of 15 male and 15 female neuropsychiatric patient- Ss. Judgments of both male and female Raters correlated highly with objective scoring of the same protocols. However, the females found significantly more organicity than the males. The relative agreements of ratings of both tests with a medical criterion of organicity are discussed in terms of the two currently opposing schools of thought.
An Automated Procedure for the Study of Perceptual Imprinting
Authors: Kovach Joseph K. , Callies Duane , Hartzell Rex
Published: September 2011

A new procedure and automated apparatus for the study of approach-withdrawal behavior and associated perceptual learning in young precocial animals are presented. The construction and functions of the apparatus are discussed in detail.
Performance of Disabled and Normal Readers on the Bender-Gestalt, Auditory Discrimination Test, and Visual-Motor Matching
Authors: Lingren Ronald H.
Published: September 2011

Research comparing normal and disabled readers on perceptual tasks is equivocal. Benton (1962) cites inadequate matching of groups on the factor of general intelligence as a reason for the disparate findings. Groups of disabled and normal readers ( N = 20 each) were compared on the Bender-Gestalt, Auditory Discrimination Test, and a visual-motor matching task. No significant differences between the groups were found on the Bender-Gestalt and the visual-motor matching task. The normal readers were superior to disabled readers on the Auditory Discrimination Test ( p < .01). Implications for early identification and remediation were discussed.
Music Ability among Negro Grade School Pupils: Or, I Got Rhythm?
Authors: Wilcox Roger
Published: September 2011

200 Grade 6 “inner city” Negro students were found to be markedly deficient on the Seashore Test of Musical Talents (STMT) when they averaged at the 20th percentile on the 6 sub-scales. Analysis indicated that 25% of the students scored at or below the 5th percentile on the STMT, that they were significantly more variable on loudness, rhythm, time, and tonal memory, and significantly less variable on pitch. If these data indicate a generalized deficiency among Negro pupils then intensified training programs for developing music ability need to be initiated or if they suggest the inappropriateness of certain standardized testing programs then they support the urgent need to develop relevant testing materials and procedures for such “inner city” children. The public school system must be meaningfully and realistically aware of the musical ability of its pupils if it is to participate intelligently in the development of musical ability and appreciation.
IES Arrow-Dot Performance in Two Montessori Preschools
Authors: McCormick Clarence C. , Schnobrich Janice N.
Published: September 2011

Preschool children attending two Montessori schools (26 boys, 23 girls at School A; 33 boys, 33 girls at School B) were administered the IES Arrow-Dot Test along with several other psychological tests in order to establish preliminary preschool norms and to test the hypothesis that I-scores would decline, while E- and S-scores would rise over ages 3 to 6. The data supported the hypothesis; however, there were clear differences between the two schools which indicated that much more than age and IQ were determining the level and pattern of the scores.
An Objective Test of Speed of Fine Motor Function
Authors: Schulman Jerome L. , Buist Charlotte , Kaspar Joseph C. , Child David , Fackler Eleanor
Published: September 2011

A sample of 375 Ss between the ages of 3 and 8 were given a series of fine motor tasks of which 7 comprised a single instrument. Speed of performance on these measures was found to relate primarily to age, although social class was occasionally a factor. Sex did not affect performance on the test. Speed of performance was found to be an exponential function of age. The measures on the test were found to be highly interrelated. Further, a sample of children referred for diagnosis for presumed retardation, organicity or learning difficulties differed significantly from the standardization population on these measures.
Some Effects of Layer Tinting of Maps
Authors: Kempf R. P. , Poock G. K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on the perceptual processes when the contours of a map are layer tinted with various colors. Data from military officers serving as Ss indicated layer tinting significantly reduced the times to determine altitudes of specific locations on a map. However, layer tinting had a detrimental effect and significantly increased times to determine grid coordinates on the same map.
Evoked Potentials (Lambda Waves) Relating to the Nonadditive Properties of Visual Sensory Inflow
Authors: Scott Donald F. , Hoffmann Helmut J. , Bickford Reginald G.
Published: September 2011

A study is reported in which the cortical responses to monocular and binocular scanning of patterned stimuli, both simple and complex, were recorded. In particular, the computer-summated parieto-occipital potentials, time-locked to eye movement (the lambda response), were used. No over-all asymmetries appeared between the hemispheres, whether the scanning was monocular or binocular, although responses were in general of greater amplitude for binocular than for monocular scanning. However, there were individual and other differences which were thought to be related to complex parameters of the lambda response itself.
Frequency-Threshold Relation with Association Value Controlled
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed in which the tachistoscopic recognition threshold for nonsense syllables was the dependent variable. Glaze association value (AV), print size (between- Ss effects), and frequency of prior exposure of the syllables (within- Ss effect) were the independent variables. Analysis of variance indicated significance ( p = .05) for size and frequency main effects. Thresholds decreased with increasing size and frequency. The AV main effect and the interactions were not significant, although the trend suggested an inverse relation between AV and thresholds. The findings as an extension of earlier work and as evidence for a perceptual factor in the frequency-threshold relation were discussed.
Performance Decrements during a Continuous Discrimination Task
Authors: Klipple Alfred G. , Scelfo Lynn M.
Published: September 2011

3 experiments involving 48 Ss were conducted to study the effects of four variables (event frequency, test frequency, task difficulty, and mode of responding) on performance in a prolonged discrimination task. As in the typical vigilance study, decrements in performance were observed over time. The variables which generally affect the decrements in the vigilance task, however, did not produce significant effects when continuous discriminations were required.
Effect of Integrated and Non-Integrated Programs on Cognitive Change in Pre-School Children
Authors: Denmark Florence L. , Guttentag Marcia
Published: September 2011

63 cognitively disadvantaged, Negro, pre-school children in 4 different intervention programs were compared with controls before and after treatments. Neither differences in program content nor the presence of white, middle-class children were significant in determining cognitive improvement. Duration of program alone was related to cognitive change.
Information, Similarity and Vocalization in Short-Term Recognition Memory for Numbers
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

32 men and 32 women were given a memory-recognition task involving either quinary or decimal numbers. One half of Ss in each group vocalized the presented items, while the other half read them silently. The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. Quinary numbers resulted in a greater number of errors of omission and commission than did decimal numbers. Vocalization resulted in greater number of errors of commission in women but the difference did not occur with errors of omission. Recognition was discussed in terms of the amount of transmitted information. The difference in transmitted information between quinary and decimal numbers was analyzed into components accruing from the difference in the number of bits per item and from the difference in the formal interitem similarity.
Accurate Interpersonal Perception and Open-Mindedness
Authors: Sawatzky D. D. , Zingle H. W.
Published: September 2011

The primary intent of this study was to investigate the relationship between “open-mindedness” and accuracy of interpersonal perception. Specifically, a negative correlation was hypothesized between scores on the Rokeach (1960) Dogmatism Scale and total test scores on the Cline Interpersonal Perception Test. The sample included 70 graduate and 61 undergraduate students. The hypothesis was not confirmed. However, a significant ( p < .05) negative relationship was evident between dogmatism and the subtest of the Cline subtest, “Perception and Memory of Verbal Stimuli.” When the total sample was divided into five subgroups according to level of dogmatism, no significant differences were noted on the film test performances. However, the group with the highest dogmatism scores obtained the highest scores on 3 of the 4 subtests. Suggested improvements of the film test questionnaires are discussed.
Extraversion and Increased Interference in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: September 2011

A previous study had shown that extraverts were superior in serial learning under distraction by competing responses from previously learned material. The present study introduced an incremental interference technique applied to paired-associate learning and verified the previous finding that personality differences can systematically affect standard learning tasks. The learning performance of 11 extraverts, 11 controls and 11 introverts was compared on a task consisting of five pairings of a color and a short animal name, e.g., Black-pig. After S had mastered the first series, the animal names were differently assigned among the colors so S had to learn in the face of competing responses. Finally, the pairings were changed in a third series, at which time the extraverts significantly outperformed (trials to criterion) the introverts, control Ss occupying an intermediate position.
Pattern Area and Discrimination Learning with Pattern Spacing, Pattern Height, Pattern-Border Contiguity, and Pattern Manipulation Controlled
Authors: Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between pattern area and pattern discrimination learning was explored. The possibly confounding effects of pattern spacing, height, contiguity, and manipulation were removed or controlled by: (a) presenting illuminated .25-, 1-, and 4-sq. in. patterns in a totally dark room, (b) alternating correct and incorrect patterns in a randomly determined temporal succession, (c) equating pattern height for all pattern-area conditions, (d) prohibiting pattern manipulation. Increasing pattern height from 1 to 4 sq. in. still resulted in improved learning. Results were interpreted in terms of utilization of brightness and/or size differences as cues to pattern discrimination.
Low Oxygen Tension and Discrimination Reversal
Authors: Gunter Ralph , Wright Edwin T. , Brown W. Jann , Gunter Eleanor R.
Published: September 2011

An experimental group of 9 cats were trained to a visual form discrimination; the valences of the stimuli were then reversed and the cats were subjected to various levels of oxygen deprivation after which they were tested for retention and reversal performance. A normal control group ( N = 9) were trained identically to the experimental group but were not subjected to hypoxia. 10 naive cats constituted the post-hypoxia new-learning group. It was found that 70 min. of oxygen deprivation had a significant effect on retention and reversal performance; one exposure had no observable effect on either function. No differential effects were found on retention or new learning as measured by either retention new-learning or reversal-reversal comparisons.
Non-Visual Estimation of near Space: A Ratio Scale
Authors: Norman Joyce L. , Kiker Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

A scale was constructed by the method of ratio production with a fractionation ratio of .5. 16 Ss were given 72 trials each on an apparatus designed to measure non-visual estimation of arm position in space. 18 stimulus angles each were presented to the right and left arms in both horizontal and vertical planes of body orientation. A scale of subjective non-visual space in kines was developed and a power function with an exponent of one fitted to the data. A second study was conducted to delimit the possibility of time estimation as a factor in the non-visual estimation of near space. 24 Ss were administered 36 trials for each of two methods of presentation of stimulus angles in a horizontal plane. For Method 1, the angle was given by moving S's extended arm along the perimeter of the apparatus. Method 2 involved moving the arm from flexion to extension to two different positions, thus describing an angle. Results showed the two response distributions to be similar, and it was concluded from both studies that there is a linear relationship between size of angle and fractionation mean judgments of the angle.
Relative Effectiveness of Teaching Beginning Badminton with and without an Instant Replay Videotape Recorder
Authors: Gasson I.
Published: September 2011

The problem was to examine the relative effects of teaching badminton to beginners with and without an instant replay video tape recorder. Two classes ( Ns = 22 and 21) of students at Simon Fraser University were taught a 10-wk. unit of badminton. The experimental class used the video tape recorder. Evaluation of performance was by the Miller Badminton Wall Volley Test. No significant class-sex interaction was noted and no significant difference between the classes was observed.
Autonomic and Verbal Discrimination of a Subliminally Learned Task
Authors: Beisgen Robert T. , Gibby Robert G.
Published: September 2011

An examination of subliminal perception was made by employing classical conditioning techniques at a subliminal level. 17 Ss were presented 10 nonsense syllables at a subliminal level, 5 of which were paired with an electric shock. Ss were then administered 4 tests for discrimination immediately thereafter. The conclusions were that the subception effect described in prior studies can be empirically verified and that classical conditioning can take place at a level below conscious awareness.
Beliefs in Internal-External Control of Reinforcement and Participation in Group and Individual Sports
Authors: Lynn Robert W. , Phelan Joseph G. , Kiker Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 30 12- to 15-yr.-old males, students of California junior high schools, matched for age and IQ, were tested on the Rotter I-E Scale. Group A (school basketball players) were considered to be group sports participants, Group B (gymnasts) individual sportsmen, and Group C non-participants in any school activity. A significant difference in the direction of internal control for group sports participants was noted. Individual sports participants and non-participants were alike in being significantly higher in external control than group players. Further research on the relationship between internal control and self-esteem seems warranted for group sports participants.
Scanning and the Counseling Readiness Scale
Authors: Hoffman Harvey E.
Published: September 2011

The position that the cognitive control variable is a crucial factor in predicting length of stay in treatment is proposed.
Criterion of Pretraining in Stimulus Predifferentiation
Authors: Seaborne A. E. M.
Published: September 2011

Pretraining in stimulus predifferentiation studies can be controlled by equating degree of mastery achieved by different experimental groups or the learning trials given all groups. In some studies, where control has been in terms of trials, degree of mastery achieved in pretraining by different experimental groups relates positively to success achieved by them on the transfer task, obscuring the precise effect of the main experimental variables.
Perceived Similarity to Parents as Related to Perceived Similarity to other Adults
Authors: Ward William D. , Day Charles R.
Published: September 2011

109 male college juniors were administered the Role Construct Repertory Test to investigate whether measures of perceived similarity to one's parents are equivalent to perceived similarity to adults in general. The former tended to be consistent with the measures of perceived similarity to some “other adults” and inconsistent with measures of perceived similarity to other “other adults.” Thus, perceived similarity to parents may generalize to other adults because of common characteristics other than adultness between parents and other adults. A sweeping generalization that measures of perceived similarity to parents are equivalent to perceived similarity to adults in general is not warranted.
Relationships among the Quick Test, Two Measures of Psychomotor Functioning, and Age
Authors: Quattlebaum Lawrence F. , White William F.
Published: September 2011

As part of a routine testing battery, 180 neuropsychiatric patients were administered Form 1 of the Quick Test, the Bender-Gestalt Test (scored by the Hain method), and the Memory-for-Designs Test. The relationships among the Quick Test and the two psychomotor tests were examined, taking age into consideration. Implications for the clinical use of these tests were discussed.
Effect of Stress on Perceptual-Motor Functioning of Adolescents with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Mordock John B.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt (B-G) scores of 69 adolescents enrolled in a residential treatment center were analyzed for the effects of stress upon perceptual-motor functioning. All Ss had been tested twice with the B-G, once at pre-placement (designated the stressful condition) and again several months following enrollment. The results indicated that Ss tended to make fewer errors on the second administration. Only in those Ss diagnosed as brain-impaired, however, did this difference reach conventional levels of statistical significance.
A Simple Non-Language Test of New Learning
Authors: Fowler Roy S.
Published: September 2011

A paired-associate learning test was developed which uses familiar household objects and is independent of spoken language. The test was patterned after the Wechsler paired-associate word test which is thought to evaluate new learning ability. The Wechsler test has been used for many years to evaluate learning in brain-damaged Ss. It is, however, of no use when the patient has a speech deficit. The object test was designed to be used when language deficits exist. 160 normal Ss were given both the word and the object test. The tests were of comparable difficulty level. Norms are given. The object test is easy to give and should prove to be of considerable value in evaluating the new learning ability of brain-damaged Ss.
Constellations of the Zodiac: A Cultural Rorschach Test?
Authors: Kuttner Robert E. , Lorincz Albert B. , Hickey Robert E.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that the identification of constellations with primitive and classical myths provides clues to culturally important psychological themes. Traces of fertility cults and theological conflicts in the surviving nomenclature are pointed out. Detailed analysis by the methods of projective psychology are recommended as a means of uncovering characteristic cultural patterns.
Some Old and New Group Tests for the Study of Cognitive Controls and Intellectual Abilities
Authors: Gardner Riley W. , Lohrenz Leander J.
Published: September 2011

Validity and reliability findings are presented for new group forms of Thurstone's Color-Word Test and Voth's Autokinetic Test. Split-half, alternate, or shortened forms were constructed of several other old and new cognitive control tests and some key intellectual ability tests to explore the reliability of chese procedures and the possibility of using shortened forms. The results suggest that important savings in testing time may be achieved in exploratory studies by using the procedures described here.
Further Normative Data on a Frostig Subtest, Eye-Hand Coordination
Authors: Briggs Peter F. , Tellegen Auke
Published: September 2011

Scores on the eye-hand coordination subtest of the Frostig for 360 males and females from age 3 to 39 confirmed the Frostig standardization scores through age 7.