bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China's State-Run Tabloids
Authors: Huang Chengju
Published: March 2007

Since the mid-1990s, the Chinese Communist Party's major provincial organs have established a large number of highly commercialized and urban-reader oriented daily newspapers, which are widely regarded as an `individual' press category called `city newspapers'. As an important press phenomenon that significantly reflects some recent changes in Chinese print media, the rise of city newspapers has attracted little attention in western communication scholarship so far. After a general description of the historical development of city newspapers, this article further examines their characteristics and impact on the Chinese press. The article argues that though market-oriented city newspapers are not independent operations but additional offerings of Party organs and therefore have little to do with the concept of press freedom, their emergence and rapid development significantly illustrate that the heyday of propaganda-oriented Party and government organs in China is apparently over, even though they still formally remain the authoritative voice of the ruling power. It is also argued that the growing success of city newspapers, while financially contributing to their parent Party organs, has brought challenges to them as well.
MTV and the Globalization of Popular Culture
Authors: Banks Jack
Published: March 2007

MTV: Music Television, the US music channel, has expanded its operations globally, launching derivative services in other regions, including MTV Europe, MTV Asia and MTV Latino. This expansion raises concerns about US cultural influence abroad since MTV's programs mostly play American and British artists or local acts that mimic US music styles. The history, operations and programming of MTV's various international services are surveyed. MTV seeks to foster and exploit an international youth culture. The part cooperative, part contentious relationship between MTV and transnational record companies is explored. Finally, alternatives to MTV like Canada's Much Music are considered.
The Roles of the Media and Mediated Opinion Leadership in the Public Opinion Process
Authors: Kwak Nojin
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed the content of newspapers regarding a political incident in Korea in which the government, yielding to public demand, reversed its initial policy position. Proposing the significance of alternative media and societal opinion leaders in helping public opinion effect this policy reversal, this study compared the coverage of mainstream and alternative newspapers and assessed the potential influence of the societal opinion leaders, as demonstrated in newspaper content. The findings indicated that the alternative newspaper was a better source for delivering various types of information and for presenting the climate of opinion that supported public opinion; the possible influence of societal opinion leaders on the activities of dissident groups and opposition parties emerged. The findings are discussed in the light of the spiral of silence theory and the shared responsibility thesis among the media and other actors in political controversies.
Regulating Access to Transnational Satellite Television
Authors: Thomas Amos Owen
Published: March 2007

The advent of transnational satellite television in the early 1990s caught Asian governments unawares. It captured the imagination of audiences in many countries under the footprint of satellite broadcast, who had long been accustomed to unimaginative public broadcasting and/or government-controlled commercial broadcasting. The new transnational medium fostered a dramatic growth in the sales of satellite dish antennae and the establishment of cable networks, illegal and quasi-legal. Complacent about their dominant market shares, domestic broadcasters were often slow to face up to any threat to their audience shares. Overtaken by events, governments in the region naturally reacted with a range of regulations and policies to what was perceived as cultural imperialism which would undermine their national sociocultural agenda. This article develops a typology of policies concerning consumer access to the new medium adopted by governments in Northeast Asia and their metamorphoses over the first five years. Since the regulatory policies are not sufficient explanations of the impact on the domestic media industry, this article also discusses other significant factors in the penetration of STAR TV, the pioneering transnational television broadcaster.
Trading the Nation
Authors: Thomas Pradip N.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the impact of multilateral trade negotiations, particularly trade in goods and services and its consequences for communications futures in India. It argues that the neo-liberal policies espoused by the World Trade Organization have begun to shape domestic practices and inform attitudes to communications priorities. The article specifically highlights issues related to intellectual property and charts the travails and dilemmas of local communications industries as they respond to liberalization in every communications sector, inclusive of information technology, broadcasting, film and the press. It also grapples with issues related to media imperialism, and suggests that despite new opportunities to reverse one-way flows, the systemic and systematic incorporation of countries like India into the circuits of globalization inevitably leads to them becoming mere appendages of transnational powers. The article implicitly takes the position that people's expressions in support of the right to communication are fundamentally important to stemming the flow of a rampant neo-liberalism, with its accents on quantity, technological rationality and privatized futures.
Learning from the Euro Disney Experience
Authors: Packman Hollie Muir , Casmir Fred L.
Published: March 2007

American businesses make assumptions about the transferability of their business, management, marketing, economic and structural models of organizing which frequently fail to take into consideration cultural differences. An example of the consequences of such an approach to intercultural business practice can be found in the Disney Corporation's recent European venture, now called Disneyland, Paris. Lack of cultural sensitivity and the negative infiltration strategy used by the Disney Corporation resulted in a great loss of time, money and reputation for which the corporation has only recently begun to compensate. It is the primary thesis of this article that the initial losses experienced by the Disney Corporation may have been prevented if only its representatives had known then what they know now: simply put, that organizations are not distinct, separate entities capable of functioning outside their physical, social and cultural environments. That insight, of course, calls for a different approach to international business, one which begins with the most basic aspect of human organizations, namely effective, meaningful, communicative interactions between people.
`Interactive' Online Journalism at English-Language Web Newspapers in Asia
Authors: Massey Brian L. , Levy Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Using measures of socioeconomic development, this benchmark study of online journalism attempts to account for differences in the degree of interactivity associated with English-language Web newspapers in Asia. Two hypotheses are tested. The first, that the interactivity of online newspapers will decrease from the region's economically developed centre through to its least developed periphery; and second, that this association between economic development and `quality' of online newspapers also will be reflected in subregional centre-periphery divisions. Based on a content analysis of 44 Asian English-language online newspapers, neither hypothesis is robustly supported. The implications of these findings for understanding the emergence of this new form of journalistic communication and for dependency theory more generally are discussed.
Moved by the Spirit
Authors: Elmes Michael , Smith Charles
Published: March 2007

The authors begin by showing the close links between the discourse of workplace empowerment and spirituality. They then identify these spiritual influences historically in Puritan and evangelical Christianity, utopianism, and New Age thinking. From Puritanism and evangelical Christianity, they locate the ideas that all work is God’s work, that charismatic evangelism (with Jesus as role model) is the prototype for leadership in business, and that Christian ideals can serve as a basis for organizing the factory system. From utopianism, the authors locate the influence of ideals such as perfectibility, new order, brotherhood, and radical experimentation on empowerment discourse. In New Age thinking, they see a context that permitted the emergence of empowerment as an ideological discourse that makes reference to earlier Christian and utopian ideas. They conclude by discussing spirituality as ideology—the mystifying aspects and potential costs to workers of this approach to empowerment.
Psychopolitical Orientations of White and Black Youth
Authors: Long Samuel
Published: March 2007

The undippable flag was a beauty, and the anthem and the vacant motto might not have mattered much, if it weren't for this: a lot of citizens were so ignored and cheated and insulted that they thought they might be in the wrong country, or even on the wrong planet, that some terrible mistake had been made. It might have comforted them some if their anthem and their motto had mentioned fairness or brotherhood or hope or hapiness, had somehow welcomed them to the society and its real estate.
Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream"
Authors: Alvarez Alexandra
Published: March 2007

This article studies Martin Luther King's speech, "I Have a Dream," delivered on August 28, 1963, at the Washington Mall, as a sermon in the black Baptist tradition. Considering "performance as situated in context... as unfolding or arising within that context" (Hymes, 1981: 81), this sermon, which is a dialogue between speaker and audience, has, in addition to the "message" contained in the code, a broader ethnographic meaning. The speech event itself is metaphorical in nature, signaling political protest.
Three-Dimensional Elasticity Solution of a Composite Beam
Authors: Adams Staley F. , Maiti M. , Mark Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This investigation was undertaken to develop a rigorous mathe matical solution of stress and strain for a composite pole con sisting of a reinforced plastics jacket laminated on a solid wood core. The wood and plastics are treated as orthotropic materials. The problem of bending of such poles as cantilever beams has been determined by the application of the principles of three- dimensional theory of elasticity. Values of all components of the stress tensor in cylindrical coordinates are given for the core and jacket. Exact values for the stresses have been obtained from computer results, using the basic elastic constants—Poisson's ratios, moduli of elasticity and moduli of rigidity—for each ma terial. A comparison of the numerical results of the exact solu tion with strength of materials solutions has been completed.
The Brittle Strength of Orthotropic Materials
Authors: Hoffman Oscar
Published: March 2007

A phenomenological fracture condition is proposed for ortho tropic brittle materials. It contains nine material parameters and can account for widely differing compressive and tensile strengths in various directions. The proposed fracture condition is devel oped, purely on formal grounds, by borrowing features of the Mises-Schleicher isotropic yield condition and Hill's orthotropic yield condition. Comparison with experimental data on a fiber- reinforced composite material shows good agreement. The reader is reminded repeatedly that, despite formal similarities, yield conditions and brittle-fracture conditions pertain to unrelated physical phenomena.
Rheology of Dispersions of High Aspect Ratio Submicroscopic Whiskers
Authors: Baum George
Published: March 2007

An unusual form of single crystal whiskers of β SiC was in vestigated in terms of the rheological properties of its suspensions in several fluids. Individual whiskers could not be separated intact from the fiber mass produced in the reactor. Capillary viscosity measurements were used to estimate the length of the fibers. An aspect ratio of 10,000 is obtained by the use of Burgers' equation for the viscosity of suspensions of rigid rods.

The fibers are shown to be remarkably effective at low concen trations (<0.1%) in increasing the viscosity of a silicone, a hydro carbon and an alkylphosphonate fluid. The suspensions also exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior.
Graphite Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Composites
Authors: Browning C.E. , Marshall J.A.
Published: March 2007

Comparatively low-void content, high strength and modulus graphite fiber reinforced polyimide composites were fabricated. Utilizing matrices of Monsanto's Skybond 700 polyimide resin and TRW's P13N polyimide resin and reinforcements of ozone-treated Thornel 40 and 50 graphite fibers, these composites exhibited flexural strengths in excess of 100,000 psi, short-beam shear values in excess of 5000 psi, and void contents as low as 5%. Flexural strength versus time at 600°F is presented for composites of P13N and graphite, Skybond 700 and graphite; P13N and glass; Skybond 700 and glass; and P13N and Morganite II. Short-beam shear strength versus time at 600°F is plotted for a composite of P13N and Morga nite II. The best isothermal heat-aging data was obtained with Sky bond 700 and Thornel 50 (ozone treated) composites. These mate rials showed no short-term loss of flexural strength and demonstrated a 76% retention of the initial room temperature flexural strength after 500 hours at 600°F.
The Statics and Dynamics of a Transversely Isotropic Timoshenko Beam
Authors: Brunelle E.J.
Published: March 2007

A partial differential equation is derived that describes the motion of a transversely isotropic Timoshenko beam under initial stress, initial displacement, and transverse loading. Suitable specializations of this equation permits one to investigate buckling behavior, vibrational be havior as affected by initial stress, and wave propagation behavior in initially stressed infinite beams. Each separate topic provides important results for designing structures with high values of the ratio of longi tudinal modulus to longitudinal-transverse shear modulus which are common among advanced composites. The buckling investigation pre dicts moderate decreases in the buckling coefficient for simply sup ported beams but predicts very large decreases for clamped beams. The vibration investigation shows that initial tension and compression have practically no effect on the thickness shear frequencies for all modes. The wave propagation investigation shows (a) the extreme sensitivity of the thickness shear cutoff frequency as a function of the ratio of in-plane modulus of elasticity to transverse shear modulus and (b) that initial tension introduces a gap in the imaginary branch of the dispersion curve in which "trapped waves" cannot exist.
The Propagation of Waves from a Cylindrical Cavity
Authors: Eason G.
Published: March 2007

The propagation of waves resulting from the sudden application of a force to the surface of a cylindrical cavity in an infinite fibre reinforced solid is considered. The fibres are assumed to be circumferential to the cavity and uniformly distributed so that the material may be regarded as a highly anisotropic homogeneous elastic solid. The stress distribution within the solid is determined for certain values of the elastic constants. Numerical results are presented in graphical form.
Thermal Expansions of Heterogeneous Solids Containing Aligned Ellipsoidal Inclusions
Authors: Wakashima K. , Otsuka M. , Umekawa S.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical study has been made to predict overall thermal expansion characteristics of a two-phase material consisting of a matrix and aligned ellipsoidal inclusions. The calculation is based on Eshelby's theory on the transformation problem; an approximate method is Introduced to account for the effect of finite concentrations of the inclusions. The following two cases are treated: elastic matrix-elastic inclusions and elastoplastic matrix- elastic inclusions. The results are explicitly obtained when shapes of the inclusions are spherical, disc-shaped, and fiber-shaped. The calculated over all thermal expansion coefficient for the case of elastic matrix-elastic spheres agrees with Kerner's prediction.
Mixed-Mode Fracture of Graphite/Epoxy Composites: Fracture Strength
Authors: Morris D.H. , Hahn H.T.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents results on the fracture strength of Gr/Ep (T300/5208) [0/±45 and [0/±45/90] symmetric laminates in the pres ence of angle cracks. It is concluded that the fracture strength can be predicted irrespectively of the crack orientation if one uses the effective normal crack length in the equation developed for normal cracks. However, the application of the present model to isotropic, homogeneous materials may not be so satisfactory as is, say, the maximum tangential stress criterion.
Effects of Thermal Spiking on Graphite-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Loos Alfred C. , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed evaluating the effects of thermal spikes on the moisture absorption characteristics, the ultimate tensile strength, and the buckling modulus of Thornel 300/Fiberite 1034 composites. Measurements were made on unidirectional and π/4 laminates, using different types of thermal spikes. A survey was also made of the existing data. This survey, together with the present data indicate how thermal spikes affect the mois ture absorption and the mechanical properties of different graphite-epoxy composites.
Initiation and Growth of Transverse Cracks and Edge Delamination in Composite Laminates Part 1. An Energy Method
Authors: Wang A.S.D. , Crossman F.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the basic fracture mechanisms involved in matrix-dominated failures in fibrous composite laminates, Specifically, interlaminar fracture in the form of free-edge ply delamination and intra- laminar fracture in the form of multiple transverse cracks are investigated. In each case, a theory is formulated based on the classical linear fracture mechanics concept of strain energy release rate as a criterion for crack growth. A finite element technique incorporating the virtual crack-closure procedure is developed to generate numerical results. Simultaneously, an experimental study is conducted using a series of graphite epoxy laminates in the form of (±25/90 n) s, n = 1,2,3. Part 1 of this paper presents the development of the method from the conceptual, physical and numerical considerations, while Part 2 provides for a comparison between the analyti cal and experimental results.
Property Changes of a Graphite/Epoxy Composite Exposed to Nonionizing Space Parameters
Authors: Phelps Henry R. , Long Edward R.
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the changes in the mass, thickness and flexural properties of initially wet and dry specimens of graphite/epoxy composite material due to the equivalent of eight weeks of exposure to nonionizing space environmental parameters. The parameters were near and middle solar UV irradiance, high vacuum, and temperature. The flexural properties were not affected by the exposures. Changes did occur to the mass, dimensions, and surface morphology of the specimens. The changes varied with in dividual and combined parameter exposures. The combined UV and elevated thermal environment had synergistic effects on the properties of the specimens. The specimens' initial moisture content did not alter the effects of the environmental parameters.
Random Lattice Electrical Conductivity Calculations for a Graphite/Epoxy Ply of Finite Thickness
Authors: Li Peter , Strieder William , Joy Thomas
Published: March 2007

A single ply of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite is modeled by both a two-dimensional Cartesian square and a close packed triangular lattice of fibers of infinite width and finite thickness. All fiber cross-sections are cir cular (of the same diameter) and those fibers with centers located at adjacent points on the lattice will contact at the midpoint. From these contacts con duction paths are formed across the latice. To generate randomness, the cir cular fiber cross-sections are removed at random from the lattice, leaving va cant sites of insulating matrix material, until a certain fiber fraction is reached. Lattice conductivities are calculated for both models at various fiber fractions and lattice thicknesses. Good agreement is obtained when the asymptotic conductivity versus thickness curves are compared with ex perimental data.
Analysis of Tubular Lap Joint in Torsion
Authors: Chon Choon T.
Published: March 2007

The stress distribution of the tubular lap joint whose adherends are com posite materials is analysed with a closed form solution. In the analysis the stress components, τrz and σr, which are identically zero if both adherends are isotropic materials, are introduced to satisfy the equilibrium equations and the compatibility conditions in the region of lap joint. The stress concen trations at and near the end of the joint as functions of the various parameters, such as wrap angles, overlap length, and thickness of the adhesive layer are studied.
Fracture Mechanics for Delamination Problems in Composite Materials
Authors: Wang S.S.
Published: March 2007

A fracture mechanics approach to the well-known delamination problem in com posite materials is presented. Based on the theory of anisotropic laminate elasticity and interlaminar fracture mechanics concepts, the composite delamination problem is for mulated and solved. The exact order of the delamination crack-tip stress singularity is determined. Asymptotic stress and displacement fields for an interlaminar crack are obtained. Fracture mechanics parameters such as mixed-mode stress intensity factors, KI, KII, KIII, and the energy release rate, G, for composite delamination problems are defined. To illustrate the fundamental nature of the delamination crack behavior, solu tions for edge-delaminated graphite-epoxy composites under uniform axial extension are presented. Effects of fiber orientation, ply thickness, and delamination length on the interlaminar fracture are examined.
Influence of Radial Compressive Stress Owing to Pressure On the Failure Modes of Composite Tube Specimens
Authors: Choo Vincent K.S. , Hull D.
Published: March 2007

The failure behaviour of unidirectional laminae in σ1 - -σ2 stress space has been studied using thin wall hoop-wound tubular specimens. σ 1 was generated by internal pressure and -σ2 by axial compression. It was found that the radial compressive stress -σ 3, due to internal pressure, has a profound effect on the failure behaviour in the range where failure occurred by matrix fracture. A model is presented for the effect of the radial compressive stress using a matrix failure criterion. The experimental data agreed reasonably well with the predictions of failure stresses based on this model. Optical microscopy revealed that shear deformation preceded final fracture in agreement with the model.
Improvement of Fatigue Strength of Adhesive Joints through Filler Addition
Authors: Imanaka Makoto , Kishimoto Waichiro , Okita Kozo , Nakayama Hideaki , Shirato Monpei
Published: March 2007

The effect of filler addition on the fatigue strength of adhesive joints was in vestigated. Both epoxy resin (Epikote 828) and polyamide (Versamid 125 or 115) were adopted as the adhesive components; the filler added in the adhesive was chrysotile- asbestos. The experimental results showed that the fatigue strength is improved by add ing the filler and depends on adhesive layer thickness as well as adhesive composition. Furthermore, the variation trends in strain range of the adhesive layer during the fatigue process were examined for the specimens with/without filler. For the specimen with the filler the strain range rapidly increases just before the fracture, and a fatigue hardening phenomenon is revealed in the fatigue life over 106 cycles.
Bending Theory for Fiber-Reinforced Beams
Authors: Hu M.Z. , Kolsky H. , Pipkin A.C.
Published: March 2007

The Saint-Venant theory of beams cannot account for constraints against cross- sectional warping, and for this reason it gives results that are inaccurate near fixed ends and at points where the warping changes abruptly, as under concentrated side loads. In highly anisotropic materials such as fiber-reinforced composites, the cumulative effect of such inaccuracies may be significant in some circumstances.

In the present paper we present an approximate theory of the bending of cross-ply fiber-reinforced composites that is simpler than the exact theory of elasticity but is capable of accommodating any given displacement boundary conditions and arbi trarily varying side loads. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the problem of a tip-loaded cantilever with a fixed end. In this problem the theoretical results agree with elementary beam theory (with a particular choice of the shear correction factor) except in a relatively long end-effect region near the clamped end.

To test the theory, cantilever specimens of a cross-ply fiberglass (Scotchply 1002) were prepared and stressed in a standard Instron testing machine. Strain distributions were monitored with resistance strain gauges, and deflections were measured with dial gauges.

The strain distributions in the end-effect region were found to be much closer to those predicted by the present theory than to those predicted by the Saint-Venant theory. The deflection measurements did not agree with either theory, presumably because of rotation of the specimen in the clamps.
Fiber Inclination Model of Three-Dimensional Textile Structural Composites
Authors: Yang Jenn-Ming , Ma Chang-Long , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a methodology for predicting the elastic properties of three- dimensional textile structural composites. A "Fiber Inclination Model" is established, which treats the unit cell of a composite as an assemblage of inclined unidirectional laminae. The analysis is based upon the classical laminated plate theory. The effective in-plane elastic properties are derived; comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental data are also presented.
Asbestos-Brucite-Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites. Part I: Chemical and Electrochemical Degradation in Hot Alkali
Authors: Montoneri E. , Modica G. , Maffi S.
Published: March 2007

Asbestos reinforced with 11-47% polyphenylene sulfide is 2.5-8 times more stable than plain asbestos or asbestos-brucite composites of equivalent composition when aged in boiling concentrated alkali. SEM and Ir spectroscopy show that asbestos hydrolysis is the main cause of material loss. Composites pressed between electrodes at 1 A/cm2 in 95 °C 50% KOH however undergo principal mechanical erosion and the minimum poly phenylene sulfide load to achieve satisfactory performance is ∼ 29%.
Stiffness-Thermal Expansion Relationships in High Modulus Carbon Fibers
Authors: Wolff E.G.
Published: March 2007

Improved crystallite orientation in carbon fibers increases the axial stiffness while decreasing the axial coefficient of thermal expansion. Measurements of unidirectional Pitch 120 and Pitch 140 fibers, with axial tensile Young's moduli of 828 GPa (120 msi) and 966 GPa (140 msi), respectively, in epoxy and aluminum matrices are described. The axial CTE of these fibers was found to be -1.62 ± 0.04 × 10-6 C-1 in the range 0 ± 60°C. The positive deviation is attributed to high compressive stresses (P140/A1) while the most negative value is achievable by fiber misalignments of a few degrees from unidirectional. The stiffness-expansion relation changes for fiber stiffness above 680 GPa. This suggests a decoupling of the CTE dependence on preferred orientation with possible emphasis on defect structure.
Laminated Composites Containing an Elliptical Opening. II. Experiment and Model Modification
Authors: Tan S.C.
Published: March 2007

Static tensile experiment was performed for orthotropic composite laminates containing an elliptical opening. Based on the extended point stress fracture criterion and the ex tended average stress fracture criterion, a modified model is presented that expresses the characteristic damage zone size as functions of the opening length and opening aspect ratio. The predictions for the notched strength of orthotropic laminates, containing either a circular hole, an elliptical opening, or a center crack, agree very well with experimental data and are written in a tractable form.
Effect of Finite Width on Deflection and Energy Release Rate of an Orthotropic Double Cantilever Specimen
Authors: Davidson B.D. , Schapery R.A.
Published: March 2007

The problem of an orthotropic cantilevered plate subjected to a uniformly distributed end load is solved by the Rayleigh-Ritz energy method. The result is applied to laminated composite, double cantilevered specimens to estimate the effect of crack tip constraint on the transverse curvature, deflection and energy release rate. The solution is also utilized to determine finite width correction factors for fracture energy characterization tests in which neither plane stress nor plane strain conditions apply.
Mode I Delamination of a Three-Dimensional Fabric Composite
Authors: Byun Joon-Hyung , Gillespie John W. , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: March 2007

Finite element analysis was conducted on the double cantilever beam speci men (DCB) of carbon-epoxy (T300/3501-6) orthogonal interlocked fabric composites. The Mode I strain energy release rate, GI, was evaluated to investigate the influence of through-the-thickness (z-axis) fibers on crack driving force as a function of crack length. The finite element analysis of the DCB specimens showed good agreement with ex perimental results for both compliance and strain energy release rate. The presence of z- axis fibers sharply reduced the strain energy release rate in comparison to the traditional two dimensional (2-D) laminated material. A parametric study revealed that increasing the z-axis fiber stiffness reduces GI. Progressive debonding of the z-axis reinforcement was also modelled. The Mode I strain energy release rate increased as the fiber debonded but was significantly less than the 2-D laminated material in all cases investigated. A model for the prediction of critical load is proposed for Mode I interlaminar fracture of 3-D orthogonal interlocked fabric composites. Fundamental inputs to the model are the z-axis fiber properties, fiber architecture, fiber volume fraction and the Mode I critical strain energy release rate for the 2-D laminate.
Overall Instantaneous Viscoplastic Properties of Composites
Authors: Valisetty R.R. , Teply J.L.
Published: March 2007

A computer procedure was developed to analyze viscoplasticity and strain rate effects of continuous fiber reinforced composite materials. The procedure provides the overall instantaneous moduli, coefficients of thermal expansion and micromechanical stresses and strains. It was implemented with the help of a displacement formulation of the finite element method and a periodic hexagonal array microstructural model. It also can be adapted to evaluate instantaneous overall viscoplastic properties at integration points in finite element analyses of composite structures. This procedure was primarily developed to simulate the viscoplastic response of an aramid/epoxy laminate, used in the production of ARALL® laminates, in an off-axis tension test.
A Mechanism Responsible for Reducing Compression Strength of Through-the-Thickness Reinforced Composite Material
Authors: Farley Gary L.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to identify one of the mechanisms that contributes to the reduced compression strength of composite materials with through-the-thickness (TTT) reinforcements. In this study a series of thick [0/90] laminates with stitched and in tegrally woven TTT reinforcements were fabricated and statically tested. In both the stitch ing and weaving process a surface loop of TTT reinforcement yarn is created between suc cessive TTT penetrations. It was shown that the surface loop of the TTT reinforcement "kinked" the in-plane fibers in such a manner that they were made ineffective in carrying compressive load. The improvement in strength by removal of the surface loop and "kinked" in-plane fibers was between 7 and 35 percent.
The Effect of Film Adhesive on the Delamination Strength of Tapered Composites
Authors: Llanos Antonio S. , Vizzini Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Film adhesive is used to suppress delamination in tapered glass/epoxy laminates. Two different stacking sequences with thin section layups of [0 4/ ±452] s and [± 452/0 4] s containing three equidistant internal double-ply drops of ± 45° plies are in vestigated. Tapered specimens are manufactured and tested under quasi-static uniaxial ten sion. They are also modeled with and without layers of film adhesive. Thin interply resin layers are included in the model for direct assessment of the interlaminar stress state as well as for better modeling of the tapered region. The experimental study indicates an in crease in the delamination onset load for the [±452/04] s specimens with film adhesive which corresponds to a decrease in the predicted stress state. However, the experimental study does not show any significant change in the delamination onset load in the [04/ ±452] s specimens even though the analysis indicates a decrease in the stress state. This indicates that for this stacking sequence, the taper is not the dominant contributor to the onset of delamination.
Fully Isotropic Laminates and Quasi-Homogeneous Anisotropic Laminates*
Authors: Wu Kuang M. , Avery Brian L.
Published: March 2007

This work pertains to the development of the fully isotropic laminates (FIL) and the quasi-homogeneous anisotropic laminates (QHAL). An FIL exhibits con comitant isotropy in the extensional and bending stiffnesses; its macromechanical be havior matches that of a homogeneous isotropic plate. A QHAL is a multidirectional lami nate with identical anisotropy in the extensional and bending stiffnesses, which matches that of a homogeneous anisotropic plate. Because of these characteristics, classical theo ries of homogeneous (isotropic and anisotropic) thin plates are applicable to the macro mechanical analysis of FIL and QHAL, which significantly reduces the laminate design effort.
Compression Failure Mechanisms in Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Jelf P.M. , Fleck N.A.
Published: March 2007

The compressive failure of unidirectional fibre composites has been ex amined. Four mechanisms of failure have been identified: fibre failure, elastic micro buckling, matrix failure, and plastic microbuckling. Theoretical models to predict the onset of these mechanisms have been reviewed and validated using both model materials and data from the literature. Plastic microbuckling is identified as the dominant com pressive failure mechanism in polymeric matrix composites; for this failure mode com pressive strength is dictated by the shear yield strength of the matrix and the misalignment of the fibres. Preliminary work has been undertaken to compare predicted and measured distributions of fibre waviness in a carbon AS4/PEEK composite. Weibull statistics have been used successfully to characterise the compressive failure of unidirectional AS4/PEEK composite.
A Closed Form Solution for the Energy Release Rate of the Double Cantilever Beam Specimen with an Adhesive Layer
Authors: Penado F.E.
Published: March 2007

A simple, yet accurate, strength of materials approach is used to derive a closed form solution for the compliance and energy release rate of the double cantilever beam specimen with an adhesive layer and cohesive cracks. Such capability currently is not available in the literature. The results are valid for either isotropic or orthotropic mate nals in plane stress or plane strain. The specimen is modelled as a beam partially free and partially supported by an elastic foundation. The solution is an extension of previous work by Kanninen [1] for the special case of a homogeneous material (e.g., no adhesive layer). The closed form results are subsequently verified using the finite element method. Ex cellent agreement is found for a variety of crack lengths and material properties. It is shown that, for composite adherends, shear deformation must be taken into account in ad dition to elastic foundation effects. The present results are useful in analyzing test results to determine the fracture toughness of adhesives and composite laminates with adhesive interlayers or resin rich ply interfaces, and in sizing specimens.
A Comparison of Two Resin Flow Models for Laminate Processing
Authors: Smith Gregory D. , Poursartip Anoush
Published: March 2007

Two well-established resin flow models for laminate processing by autoclave/vacuum degassing are compared. These are the sequential compaction and the squeezed sponge models, both based on viscous flow through porous media. A detailed examination of these models in this investigation shows that, contrary to what is com monly assumed, the fibre bed carries some of the applied pressure in the sequential com paction model. Equations for the implicit fibre bed compaction behaviour are derived, and using these equations, it is shown that the sequential compaction model is essentially a special case of the squeezed sponge model. The fibre bed pressure/compaction curve and the fibre bed permeability are identified as the two key relevant material properties. For one special case of these material properties, the squeezed sponge model predicts a se quential compaction sequence, with a roughly linear resin pressure profile, as assumed by the sequential compaction model. Using the fibre bed compaction and permeability as the primary parameters in the squeezed sponge flow model it is shown that a range of laminate compaction behaviour, from sequential to uniform compaction, can be obtained. It is also shown that the permeability controls the compaction time and the fibre bed behaviour con trols the shape of the laminate compaction response.
The Effect of Social Support on Reactions to Role Ambiguity and Conflict
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: March 2007

The moderating effects of perceived peer and leader support on the relations between role ambiguity and role conflict and job satisfaction and job performance respectively were examined in a sample of 90 black and 93 white clerks in South Africa. Subgroup analysis indicated that peer and leader support moderated the job stress-performance and job stress-satisfaction relationships among the black clerks, but not among the white clerks. It is argued that this is because blacks attach much more importance to social support in the work situation that do whites in South Africa because of their different background and position in South African society. This points to the need for further cross-cultural research if the reactions of people to different aspects of the work situation are to be fully understood.
Ethnic Affirmation Versus Social Desirability
Authors: Marin Gerardo , Triandis Harry C. , Betancourt Hector , Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: March 2007

An analysis was made as to the possible explanations for the fact that bilinguals provide different responses when answering in each of their two languages. Spanish/ English bilinguals answered a paper-and-pencil instrument that contained emic and etic questions. Cultural "anchors"were obtained from a sample of monolingual students, and groups of Hispanic and Anglo psychologists rated the social desirability of all items. The results show that although some differences can be explained in terms of ethnic affirmation, social desirability explains the largest number of differences found.
Children'S Social Interactions and Social Concepts
Authors: Nucci Larry P. , Turiel Elliot , Encarnacion-Gawrych Gloria
Published: March 2007

Observations and interviews were conducted in the Virgin Islands to examine the forms of responses adults and preschool children provided to moral and social conventional transgressions, and to determine whether children and adolescents made a conceptual distinction between morality and convention. Findings from both portions of the study paralled outcomes of previous observational and interview studies conducted with subjects in the United States. The observations in Virgin Islands preschools revealed that the responses of both adults and children to social conventional events differed from their responses to moral events. Both children's and adults' responses to moral events focused upon the intrinsic (hurtful or unjust) consequences of the actions upon victims. In contrast, the responses of both children and adults to transgressions of social conventions revolved around aspects of social order.Two forms of convention were observed: conventional school regulations and general conventions. Almost all responses to transgressions of conventional school regulations were initiated by adults. Children and adults responded with equal frequency to transgressions of general conventions. Interviews conducted with the preschool children revealed that they discriminated between the observed moral and conventional transgressions. These results were concordant with findings from interviews in the second portion of the study that older children and adolescents of the Virgin Islands treated conventional but not moral issues as relative.
Etic Plus Emic Versus Pseudoetic
Authors: Triandis Harry C. , Marin Gerardo
Published: March 2007

A basic assumption of cross-cultural psychology, that instruments made in one culture and applied to another culture would not be as useful as instruments made in each of the cultures in which they are to be used, was tested with samples of "Mainstream" and Hispanic naval recruits. Some subjects (62 Mainstream and 60 Hispanic recruits) responded to a role differential that consisted of 30 roles judged on 20 behavior scales taken from a previous study of American and Greek role perceptions; 54 Mainstream and 51 Hispanic recruits responded to a role differential specially constructed after interviews with Hispanics and Mainstream individuals. As expected, the second role differential identified more cultural differences than the first. However, the first was not entirely useless. It did identify more cultural differences than could be expected by chance. The results are discussed in terms of the relative advantage of developing instruments after pretests in the relevant cultures and the increased time and effort to develop such instruments relative to the advantages of the shortcut of simply using available instruments.
The Naive Theory of the Infant and Some Maternal Attitudes
Authors: Keller Heidi , Miranda Delia , Gauda Gudrun
Published: March 2007

Attitudes and beliefs are regarded as guides to action in early childhood socialization. Since the cultural specifity of those attitudes is commonly stressed, two countries are analyzed in this study. The cross-cultural design is aimed at clarifying socialization concepts. Pregnant women of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and Costa Rica were asked about their expectancies, timetable of care-giving activities, child rearing, and sources of information on child development. The results indicate different lay or "naive" theories of child development, mostly concerning the onset of cognitive abilities and prolonged bodily dependency. The experience, as expressed in differences in parity, does not seem to have a substantial influence.
Are the Rules of Address Universal?
Authors: Kroger Rolf O. , Wood Linda A. , Kim Uichol
Published: March 2007

Our basic questions were: Does the alleged universality of Brown's invariant norm of address (1965) extend to Korean usage, and is the structure of address exchange cross-culturally similar for Korean, Greek, and Chinese speakers? To answer the first question, 73 Korean speakers from both Korea and Canada reported actual address usage received from and sent to 34 categories of interactants. Their answers were coded in terms of three quantitative indices that assess the degrees of reciprocity, solidarity, and inequality in dyadic address exchanges. The results supported Brown's description of address exchange such that we may add Korean to the languages that support the claim for the universality of the rules of address. There were no significant differences in address usage between Korean speakers living in Korea and those living in Canada. To answer the second question, we compared Korean and previously reported Greek and Chinese usage to reveal substantial cross-cultural consistency. Some exceptions are noted, and the results are discussed in terms of some principles drawn from the alternative social-psychological strategy of ethogeny.
The Development of Prosocial Behavior and Cognitions in German Children
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Boehnke Klaus , Schuhler Petra , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: March 2007

The development of German children's moral reasoning about prosocial conflicts, and the interrelations of moral reasoning and prosocial behavior were examined. Hedonistic reasoning decreased in usage from the preschool years to fourth grade; direct reciprocity, needs-oriented, approval/ interpersonal, and reasoning involving references to others' humanness increased with age. The pattern of development was strikingly similar to that of an American sample of the same age. However, German children used more direct reciprocity and less stereotypic reasoning than did American children. As has been found for American children, sharing behavior but not helping was related to level of moral judgment. The results are discussed in relation to theory and the existing research concerning prosocial development in America.
Relationship between Acculturation, Cognitive Style, and Intelligence
Authors: Gonzales Ricardo R. , Roll Samuel
Published: March 2007

The relationship of degree of Anglo-American acculturation to analytic cognitive style, nonverbal intelligence, and verbal intelligence was investigated using a cross-sectional development design. The results suggest that cognitive style does not play a particularly important role in an individual's performance on intelligence tests. In this study Mexican-Americans were no different from Anglos in nonverbal intellectual ability, but they performed less well on the vocabulary subtest. Overall this suggests that a relatively lower verbal facility, rather than analytic ability or cognitive style, contributed to the poorer performance of Mexican-Americans on standardized verbal intelligence tests. However, when Mexican-Americans become similar to Anglos in acculturation there is no significant difference between the groups on these important reference tests.
A Comparative Analysis of Social Values of Chinese and American Children
Authors: Domino George , Hannah Mo Therese
Published: March 2007

A set of 701 stories generated by 80 Chinese and 80 American children was content analyzed, and submitted to a factor analysis that yielded four factors common to both groups, one unique factor for the Chinese sample and two for the American sample. A stepwise discriminant function analysis of the common factors indicated significant differences between Chinese and American children, and significant sex differences in the American sample only. The results support the hypotheses that Chinese stories evidence greater social orientation, greater concern with authority and with moral-ethical rectitude, and greater saliency of the role of natural forces and chance, and contain more affective elements, fewer instances of physical aggression, and less economic orientation. The results are taken to reflect cultural differences, which in turn are the result of myriad aspects, from differential child rearing to differing sociopolitical climates.