bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Barry Project—a Three-Dimensional Assessment of Occlusal Treatment Change in a Consecutively Referred Sample: The Incisors
Authors: Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

The serial occlusal changes for a consecutively referred sample of malocclusion from a Welsh town are presented. The patients were assigned to one of four treatment regimes (meant to represent those commonly used in the U.K.) and treated to a rigid protocol. Twenty-five per cent of the cases were reviewed by an eight clinician panel. No bias in the original assignments was found although there was considerable interobserver variation. At defined pretreatment, post-treatment, and post-retention stages, records were collected and the study casts quantitatively measured using a reflex metrograph and an occlusal analysis programme. The results found for the overjet, overbite, crown inclination, and crown angulation are presented and discussed.
Post-orthodontic Splinting of Periodontally-involved Teeth
Authors: Saravanamuttu R.
Published: December 2014

Shortcomings of techniques presently available for the stabilization of periodontally-involved teeth following orthodontic therapy are discussed. The rationale for rigid fixation of such teeth is questioned in the light of modern concepts of tooth mobility.

An inexpensive technique of tooth stabilization based on wire and composite resin is described. The technique permits fixation allowing for individual periodontal adjustment, yet with minimal interference with tooth structure and the occlusion.
A Cephalometric Study to Compare the Effects of Cervical Traction and Andresen Therapy in the Treatment of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion: Part 1—Skeletal Changes
Authors: Derringer Kathryn
Published: December 2014

Lateral cephalometric radiographs at the beginning of treatment, end of active treatment, and post-treatment of 30 Andresen and 40 cervical traction patients were analysed, and compared with those of a control group of 22 untreated cases. The cervical traction group was divided into a non-extraction group and an extraction of maxillary second molars group.

A clinically significant reduction of ANB was achieved, mainly by mandibular changes in the Andresen group and by maxillary changes in the cervical traction groups. Cervical traction was associated with a small distal positioning and anterior downward tipping of the maxilla during treatment. A more favourable sagittal position of the mandible was achieved in the Andresen group compared to the cervical traction groups, particularly the non-extraction group, where a greater transient backward rotation of the mandible occurred during treatment.

A significant, but clinically small increase in mandibular body length occurred in Andresen patients compared to the control. However, in both treatment groups this was due to an increase in growth of the vertical ramus.

The lower face heights, both anterior and posterior, increased in all groups, with the anterior upper face height also increasing in the cervical traction group.
An Analysis of Retrospective Data concerning the Provision of Orthodontic Treatment by the Community Dental Services
Authors: O'Brien Kevin
Published: December 2014

The distribution of both community orthodontic and dental officer manpower has been reviewed, and both exhibit an unequal regional variation. The amount of orthodontic treatment provided was calculated, and expressed as a treatment rate and percentage of fixed: removable appliances filled. There was a marked regional variation in the form of appliance utilized, and there was a significant relationship between community orthodontic manpower and the relative use of fixed appliances. However, the treatment rate was not related to the manpower distribution. The data collected, by the Department of Health, on the provision of orthodontic treatment was found to have some limitations in its usefulness for epidemiological purposes.
Glass Ionomers for Direct Bonding: An In Vitro Assessment
Authors: Tavas M. A. , Salem N. Sheikh
Published: December 2014

An in vitro study was carried out resting the shear/peel bonding strength of brackets cemented with a glass-ionomer cement. It was found that the adhesive achieves its optimal bond strength at 24 hours. It is suggested that there is still scope for improvement of the material's mechanical properties and the use of prolonged clinical trials.
Dental Anomalies in Cleft Lip and Palate: An Unusual Case
Authors: Noar Joseph H.
Published: December 2014

A cleft palate case is reported in which there is an unusual pattern of hypodontia involving aplasia of the primary second molars, but development of the corresponding second premolars. This paper discusses some of the implications of this situation and stresses the need for very thorough clinical and radiographic examination.
The Barry Project—A Further Assessment of Occlusal Treatment Change in a Consecutive Sample: Crowding and Arch Dimensions
Authors: Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

In a further study of serially treated cases from a Welsh town, the results achieved for crowding, tooth alignment, residual spacing, tooth rotation, arch dimension, and centre line discrepancy are examined. The initial stability of the treatment change in these variables is also presented.
Panel Perception of Facial Attractiveness
Authors: Kerr W. J. S. , O'Donnell J. M.
Published: December 2014

The full-face and profile photographic transparencies of 60 subjects (30 male, 30 female) divided equally among Angles Class I. Class II Division I, and Class III malocclusions, taken before and after orthodontic treatment, were randomly distributed in projector carousels and shown to four panels consisting of orthodontists, dental students, art students, and the parents of children undergoing orthodontic treatment. The faces were rated according to the method of Lundstrom et al. (1987). Full-face views generally were rated more attractive than profile views and Class II and Class III malocclusion subjects were rated lower than Class I malocclusion subjects. While the art student and parent panels were less critical in their appraisal of facial attractiveness, they were less sensitive to the changes brought about by orthodontic treatment than the orthodontist and dental student panels, although all could appreciate an improvement in the Class II Division I group.
Variations in the Perception of Ideal Bracket Location and its Implications for the Pre-adjusted Edgewise Appliance
Authors: Fowler Peter V.
Published: December 2014

An investigation was undertaken of the variability in the perception of ideal bracket location for the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance by the same clinician (intra-clinician variability) and between different clinicians (inter-clinician variability). The effect of recent training and experience upon this variability, as well as the likely changes in crown inclincation and root apex positioning, was also assessed. Results show that both intra- and inter-clinician variability for the long axis of the clinical crown (LACC) angulation was large while very small variations occurred in the location of the long axis (LA) point. Experience and training significantly reduced the variability in LACC angulation, but had little effect on the LA point location. The likely clinical implications are limited to only minor changes in crown inclination and root apex position for the majority of clinicians. However, the extreme intra-clinician variations found in LACC angulation could well result in poor root apex positioning.
Severe Hypodontia in Association with Klinefelter (47 XXY) Syndrome. A Case Report
Authors: Rock W. P. , McLellan N. J.
Published: December 2014

A case of a boy with only half the complement of normal teeth and taurodontism is reported in association with Klinefelter syndrome (47 XXY).
Bond Strengths of Orthodontic Bonding Materials: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Fox Nigel A. , McCabe John F. , Gordon Peter H.
Published: December 2014

The shear bond strength of a conventional composite resin was compared in-vitro with the bond strength of a fluoride releasing composite and a glass ionomer cement. The results obtained showed that the conventional composite had the highest mean bond strength. The results were also analysed using the weibull analysis which examines bond reliability rather than mean bond strength. It is likely that the two composites will behave in a similar manner in the clinical situation.
Micro-magnetic Retainers: An Attractive Solution to Fixed Retention
Authors: Springate S. D. , Sandler P. J.
Published: December 2014

The use of neodymium-iron-boron micro-magnets as a fixed retainer which does not hinder oral hygiene, is reported. A patient with persistent midline spacing treated using this method is described.
A Comparison of Orthodontic Treatment Changes as Measured from Study Casts and Cephalometric Radiographs
Authors: Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

Orthodontic treatment change was examined for 106 consecutively referred patients using serial lateral cephalometric radiographs and study cast records. The 2-D and 3-D measurement systems used to assess the changes were compared for five variables common to both sets of records. No statistical differences were found between the study cast and radiographic records for these variables.

The 3-D measurement with the Reflex Metrograph showed marginally better precision in the measurement of the treatment changes examined. However, the main advantage was that it allowed a more thorough and accurate assessment of both individual incisor position and measurement error.
Supernumerary Teeth Causing Delayed Eruption—A Retrospective Study
Authors: Mitchell L. , Bennett T. G.
Published: December 2014

The majority of previous studies that have looked at the management of delayed eruption secondary to a supernumerary tooth advocate exposure of the unerupted tooth at the time of supernumerary removal. However, accepted UK orthodontic practice is to extract the supernumerary and provide sufficient space for the unerupted tooth to erupt spontaneously. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the management and outcome for 96 patients who had been referred to Newcastle Dental Hospital between 1976 and 1988 who between them had 120 teeth with delayed eruption secondary to a supemumerary tooth.
The Orthodontic/Restorative Interface. Restorative Procedures to Aid Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Harrison Jayne E. , Bowden David E. J.
Published: December 2014

Restorative procedures which complement orthodontic treatment and which may be carried out by the orthodontist are summarized. The importance of planning, with the restorative requirements in mind and the maintenance of prepared space (individual tooth or abutment positions) in all three planes of space during the period of retention, is described. The importance of liaison regarding the timing of the placement of the definitive restoration, if it is to be carried out by another dental surgeon, is stressed.
An Investigation into the Effect of a Fluoride Releasing Adhesive on the Prevalence of Enamel Surface Changes Associated with Directly Bonded Orthodontic Attachments
Authors: Mitchell L.
Published: December 2014

Despite careful patient selection, decalcification still remains a problem during fixed orthodontic treatment. The advantages of a method of delivering fluoride to the area of the tooth most at risk, which does not rely on patient compliance, makes a fluoride releasing bonding adhesive desirable.

The aims of this study were to investigate the potential of a fluoride releasing bonding material for preventing decalcification and to monitor its efficacy at retaining orthodontic brackets.

In order to carry out the first part of the study it was necessary to devise a reproducible and sensitive method of recording the extent and severity of any decalcification. A photographic technique which fulfils these criteria is described.
Storage of Orthodontic Study Models in Hospital Units in the U.K.
Authors: McGuinness Niall J. , Stephens Christopher D.
Published: December 2014

Orthodontic study models form an essential part of the dental records of patients undergoing diagnosis and treatment. In order to ascertain the problems encountered by hospital orthodontic units in the utilization and storage of study models, a questionnaire was circulated in February 1991 to members of the Consultant Orthodontists Group.

All respondents took pretreatment study models, while 9 per cent took their final study models at some time other than the end of active treatment; 85·5 per cent of respondents stored their study models in their units, but most were beginning to experience difficulties in this regard. There was a wide range for storage times, and only 10 per cent of employing authorities had a stated policy on the storage of study models. There was a highly significant difference (P&z.Ltc;0·001) between the time that models are stored at present, and the desired storage times. Most respondents appeared to be rather uncertain about the precise medico-legal requirements concerning model storage. The implications for audit and medico-legal matters are discussed in the light of these findings.
Physical Characteristics of Orthodontic Wires and Archwires—Part 1
Authors: Waters N. E. , Stephens C. D. , Houston W. J. B.
Published: December 2014

In Part 1A consideration is given to the relevant elastic properties of orthodontic wires. Tests for evaluating these properties are discussed and details of two new tests are given. Part 1B is concerned with an evaluation of the properties of a number of round and multiple strand orthodontic wires.
Modification of the Acid Etch and Composite Restoration Technique for the Retention of Derotated Fractured Incisors
Authors: Farren P. , Roberts G. J.
Published: December 2014

Two cases are presented to illustrate a new method of retention following orthodontic treatment. The movement accomplished in both cases is derotation of incisors which had previously suffered a fracture of the crown.
An Easy Approach to Edgewise—The Progressive Light Wire Edgewise Technique of Ricketts
Authors: Senior Winston B.
Published: December 2014

In this, the first of a three part article for the British Journal of Orthodontics, the author gives an illustrated history of the edgewise mechanism. He describes it, as it was used by the inventor 40 years ago, and explains why and how the edgewise appliance has been modified. He explains why, to the European seeing for the first time American edgewise orthodontic practices in the 1970s, there seem to be so many variations of the appliance in use.

He brings the story of the edgewise mechanism up to date with a description of the Progressive Light Wire Edgewise (Bioprogressive) technique of Ricketts. This is the form of edgewise which the author has adopted in his own practice. He attempts, in Part I, to show why he believes that with a British training and experience in Watkin, twin wire arch, and some knowledge of Begg, it is easy, enjoyable and beneficial to convert to the Progressive Light Edgewise technique.
Sub-atmospheric Pressures and Forces Recorded from the Labio-Buccal Surfaces of Teeth during Swallowing in Adult Males
Authors: Gould M. S. E. , Picton D. C. A.
Published: December 2014

In order to assess whether, during physiological activity, the cheeks and lips exert direct force on the teeth or whether they are sucked in by negative intra-oral pressures concurrent measurements were made of the force from the lips and cheeks and the barometric pressures in the same areas. The areas studied were the maxillary and mandibular right central incisor and the first molar regions in ten adult male subjects. The activities studied were saying the letter “M”, swallowing 3 ml of water and swallowing on command. The letter “M” produced coincident increases in pressure and force, but on many occasions, swallowing resulted in an increase in force being accompanied by a sustained decrease in pressure below the atmospheric level. It is concluded that increases in force on the labio-buccal surfaces of teeth which follow swallowing, reported Previously, may be due in some subjects to sucking in of the lips and cheeks.
Horizontal Skeletal Typing in an Ethnic Chinese Population with True Class III Malocclusions
Authors: Lew K. K. K. , Foong W. C.
Published: December 2014

Eighty Chinese adults with true Class III malocclusions were analysed cephalometrically to determine the percentage in each horizontal skeletal subtype. The maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases for each subject were analysed using angular (SNA/SNB) as well as linear (point A/B to McNamara's line) criteria. Results indicated that mandibular hyperplasias with normal anteroposterior maxillary position comprised the majority of true Class III malocclusions. While the majority of Class III in males were due to hyperplastic mandibles and normal maxillary antero-posterior relationship, most of the female Class III malocclusions were due to normal mandibles and hypoplastic maxillae. There was no significant difference between the incidence in Class III subtypes when using either angular or linear criteria.
Orthodontic Practice in the Netherlands
Authors: Sandham Andrew
Published: December 2014

Free movement of dental practitioners between the United Kingdom and The Netherlands presents no registration problems. Difficulties still exist for the registration of orthodontic specialists, but these should be solved with the introduction of the specialist register in Britain. Information is presented here which describes the mechanism for registration.
Personal Audit in Orthodontics
Authors: Richmond Stephen
Published: December 2014

The use of different criteria to assess outcome of orthodontic treatment makes it difficult to compare treatment from one individual practitioner to the next. This article describes a method for all dentists to use to record outcome for self-audit purposes.

A sample of 51 consecutively treated patients was assessed. On average, the mean percentage reduction in PAR score was 74 per cent. Eight per cent of patients were categorized as ‘Worse or no different’, 39 per cent ‘Improved’, and 53 per cent ‘Greatly improved’. To achieve a good standard of orthodontic treatment it is proposed that the mean percentage reduction in PAR score should be greater than 70 per cent. The proportion of patients falling in to the ‘Worse or no different’ category should ideally be less than 5 per cent.
An Investigation into the Response of Palatally Displaced Canines to the Removal of Deciduous Canines and an Assessment of Factors Contributing to Favourable Eruption
Authors: Power Susan M. , Short Mary B. E.
Published: December 2014

The effect of the removal of deciduous canines on palatally displaced maxillary canines was assessed and factors contributing to a successful outcome were analysed. Thirty-nine consecutive patients of mean age 11·2 years (standard deviation 1·43), with 47 palatalfy displaced canines were included in the study.

The cases were examined clinically and radiographically for a maximum period of 2 years following deciduous canine removal. Twenty-nine (62 per cent) of the 47 ectopic canines achieved a normal eruptive position and nine (19 per cent) showed some improvement in eruptive position.

The outcome of the removal of the deciduous canine depended on the position of the permanent canine. Horizontal overlap of the nearest incisor was found to be the most significant factor. If this exceeded half the tooth width, success was unlikely. The presence of crowding was found to affect adversely the favourable eruption of the canine. Discriminant analysis was carried out to try to identify clinical features which could act as prognostic indicators for the outcome of deciduous canine removal.
Assessing the Costs of Activator Treatments in General Practice
Authors: Follin Marie E. , Kahnberg Elisabeth , Sjöström Ove
Published: December 2014

From a register of patients with malocclusion, 1688 patients were selected, of which 208 (12·3 per cent) had received activator treatment in general practice. Fifteen patients having moved from the area, the remaining 193 patients were selected for the study. From the patients' records, activator treatment time, and the costs of activator and additional orthodontic treatment were estimated. The results of activator treatment were graded according to a three-grade scale. Most activator treatments (83 per cent) had a duration of 2 years or less. Approximately half (48 per cent) of the patients were estimated to have good or excellent results. There was great variation in activator treatment costs and these did not appear to be associated with treatment results. There were also extreme variations between patients in number of visits to the clinic as well as in chairside-time. Additional orthodontic treatments were performed by the GDPs in 55 per cent of the patients and 12 per cent of the patients were referred to orthodontic specialist clinics for treatment.
The Clinical Evaluation of a Fluoride-containing Orthodontic Bonding Material
Authors: Turner P. J.
Published: December 2014

A clinical trial comparing a conventional adhesive, Concise®, with a new fluoride-containing composite cement is described. The bond failure rate, plaque score, gingival health, and enamel decalcification were assessed for each material after a minimum period of 1 year.

The preliminary results show no significant difference between the two materials for each of the variables examined, although there was a reduction in the number of white spot lesions using the fluoride-containing composite. The level of fluoride ion concentration required to inhibit the growth of oral micro-organisms is discussed.
A Comparison of the Frictional Characteristics of Five Initial Alignment Wires and Stainless Steel Brackets at Three Bracket to Wire Angulations—an in Vitro Study
Authors: Dickson J. A. S. , Jones S. P. , Davies E. H.
Published: December 2014

The study investigated static planar frictional resistance between five initial alignment wires and stainless steel brackets at three brackets to wire angulations (0, 5 and 10 degrees). It was demonstrated that static frictional resistance increased significantly with increasing bracket to wire angulation due to binding within the system. Epoxy-coated steel had the highest static frictional resistance and coaxial stainless steel the lowest. Fibre-optic glass (Optiflex®) had low frictional resistance. The coefficient of friction followed the trends of static frictional resistance in all respects.
L(+)-Lactic Acid Production in Plaque from Orthodontic Appliances Retained with Glass Ionomer Cement
Authors: Hallgren A. , Oliveby A. , Twetman S.
Published: December 2014

The lactic acid production in suspensions of plaque collected adjacent to orthodontic brackets retained with a glass ionomer cement (GIC), or a resin-based composite was investigated using a split-mouth technique. Forty-eight-hour-old plaque was collected at 3, 8, and 28 days, and 3 months after the onset of orthodontic treatment. Acid fermentation was induced by glucose and the L(+)-lactic acid concentrations were determined enzymatically after a 30-minute incubation period. Significantly (P<0·05) lower levels of lactic acid were found in plaque from GIC-retained brackets compared with the composite controls at the 28 days and 3 months sampling occasions, respectively. The results suggest that the use of GIC as a bonding agent in orthodontics can be beneficial for patients assessed at risk of caries development.
The Prevalence of Malocclusion Amongst Hong Kong Male Dental Students
Authors: Tang Endarra L. K.
Published: December 2014

The prevalence of malocclusion and treatment need amongst young Chinese adults has not previously been documented in Hong Kong. One-hundred-and-eight Chinese male first year dental students were assessed using the Occlusal Index. It was found that 41·7 per cent of the 108 needed orthodontic treatment and 24·1 per cent needed comprehensive orthodontic treatment to correct major malocclusions. The most commonly occurring feature was crowding (38·9 per cent), followed by Class II malocclusion (21·3 per cent,) and Class III malocclusion (14·8 per cent).
A Comparative Study of the Shear Bond Strengths of Four Different Crystal Growth Solutions
Authors: Jones M. L. , Pizarro K. A.
Published: December 2014

Previously, solutions based on polyacrylic acid have been found to initiate crystal growth on the enamel surface. Such crystals have been proposed as being suitable for the attachment of orthodontic brackets via a conventional composite interface, the advantages being improved clean-up characteristics and reduced damage to the enamel. In order to try and improve the reliability of the technique this base solution has been modified by the authors, by the addition of various ionic salts.

The strength of the resultant bond was assessed for the base solution of 50 per cent polyacrylic acid and concentrated sulphuric acid, and for three more solutions modified by the addition of the sulphates of lithium, magnesium, and potassium, respectively. A standard acid/etch method of bracket attachment was also included for the purposes of comparison. The bond strength of each material was assessed by shear testing, performed on human extracted premolar teeth to a standard method.

As might have been expected the acid/etch system proved to be the strongest method of bonding brackets. Amongst the crystal solutions, the addition of lithium sulphate provided the highest mean shear strength at 80 per cent of that for acid etch. Therefore, this latter solution provides the most potential for development in the future.
The Interface between Orthodontics and Restorative Dentistry in the Management of Anterior Tooth Surface Loss
Authors: Beckett Heather A. , Evans Robert D.
Published: December 2014

Anterior tooth surface loss is a significant problem, ideally requiring early recognition, diagnosis and prevention of progression. However, when first noted it is often sufficiently advanced to warrant treatment. Management should be aimed at minimizing further tooth surface loss and frequently benefits from an integration of treatment procedures. The problems, aims of treatment, and relevant treatment modalities are discussed, and two illustrative cases presented.
Non-completion of Active Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Roberts E. E. , Kassab J. Y. , Sandham J. S. , Willmot D. R.
Published: December 2014

Over a 1-year period, all patients attending a consultant orthodontist's new patient clinics in North Derbyshire and whose treatment plans involved active appliance treatment, were accepted into a prospective longitudinal study. In all 294 patients were included in the study. Subsequent to the consultant's new patient clinic the patients' active treatments were undertaken in the Hospital, General, or Community Dental Services. Four years after the commencement of the study, 207 patients had completed active treatment and 50 had non-completed during active treatment. This gave an overall non-completion rare (NCR) of 19·5 percent for the study. Of the 50 patients who did not complete treatment during active treatment 23 (46 per cent) non-completed during the first 6 months of active treatment. A predictive model of non-completion of active orthodontic treatment (NCT) over time is suggested.
A Preliminary Comparison of the DPB's Grading of Completed Orthodontic Cases with the PAR Index
Authors: Turbill Elizabeth A. , Richmond Stephen , Andrews Mary
Published: December 2014

The PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index was compared to the grading system currently in use for completed orthodontic cases at the Dental Practice Board of England and Wales. Forty completed cases were graded by the two systems, which were compared for their intra- and inter-examiner reliability, as well as for their agreement and disparity in judging outcomes of cases. The implications of the results on the monitoring of standards in the General Dental Services are discussed.
Orthodontic Rare Earth Magnets—In Vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity
Authors: Bondemark Lars , Kurol Jüri , Wennberg Alf
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to assess and compare in vitro the cytotoxic effects of uncoated and parylene-coated rare earth magnets, used in orthodontics. Cytotoxicity of samarium-cobalt magnets (SmCo5 and Sm2Co17) and neodymium-iron-boron magnets (Nd2Fe14B) was assessed by two in vitro methods, the millipore filter method and an extraction method. Orthodontic stainless steel brackets served as controls.

Uncoated SmCo5-magnets showed high cytotoxicity while uncoated Sm2Co17-magnets demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity. Uncoated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, as well as parylene coated Sm2Co17-magnets and parylene-coated neodymium-iron-boron magnets, showed negligible cytotoxicity. Short-term exposure to a static magnetic field did not cause any cytotoxic effect on the cells.
A Study to Compare the Effects of Simulated Torquing Forces on Pre-adjusted Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: McKnight M. M. , Jones S. P. , Davies E. H.
Published: December 2014

The transmission of torquing forces between three types of pre-adjusted bracket was investigated. 0·022-inch Roth prescription ‘A’-Company® (stain less steel), Silkon® (reinforced polycarbonate), and Allure III® (polycrystalline ceramic) brackets were used. A selection of stainless steel archwires were chosen, 0·018 × 0·025, 0·019 × 0·025, and 0·021 × 0·025 inch. The brackets were torqued with respect to the archwire and force v. angular deflection was recorded on an Instron machine. The dimension of angular change was in part dependent on the ability of the bracket to elastically or plastically deform.

There were no significant differences between bracket types with the 0·018 × 0·025-inch archwire. ‘A’-Company® brackets demonstrated a significantly lower resistance to loading compared to Silkon® brackets in the 0·019 × 0·025-inch group. The greatest amount of distortion was seen in Silkon® brackets with an 0·021 × 0·025-inch archwire. Allure III® brackets demonstrated the greatest resistance to loading in all groups. As no apparent distortion under loading is seen in Allure III® brackets, it is assumed that the load is largely transmitted to the tooth. Full thickness stainless steel rectangular wires should be avoided with these brackets, in order to prevent overloading.
Stability of the Lower Labial Segment following Orthodontic Treatment—A Comparison of Treatment with Andresen and Begg Appliances
Authors: Sims A. P. T. , Springate S. D.
Published: December 2014

This retrospective cephalometric study of Class II division 1 malocclusions investigates the effects on the lower labial segment of two form of orthodontic treatment. Non-extraction Andresen myofunctional therapy and first premolar extraction Begg treatment are compared to the lower incisor changes found in appropriate non-extraction and first premolar extraction control groups, which also presented with Class II division 1 malocclusions.

Using four angular and two linear measurements, the lower labial segment was found to procline during Andresen therapy (1–2 degrees, 1–2 mm), and on withdrawal of the appliance it retroclined by about one-half of the in-treatment proclination (0.4–0.8 degrees, 0.1–0.5 mm). During extraction Begg mechanics, the lower incisors were found to retrocline (1.3–1.5 degrees, 0.4–0.9 mm), and they continued to retrocline following removal of the appliance (0.2–3.0 degrees, 0.8–1.1 mm).

In general, the variables used to measure lower incisor position demonstrated only very small changes, and were near method error. The reliability of these changes are discussed. It is considered that the axial inclination of the lower incisor in relation to the mandibular plane is the most consistent and therefore still the most useful clinical measurement of lower incisor change available from cephalometric radiographs.
Financial Consequences of Reducing Treatment Availability in a Publicly-funded Orthodontic Service. A Decision Analysis Problem
Authors: Mavreas D. , Melsen B.
Published: December 2014

When a third party is responsible for funding a component of the health service, cost/benefit assessments become important. Such assessments become urgent when the budget is reduced. In this paper decision analysis has been applied to evaluate potential savings by reducing the proportion of children offered free orthodontic treatment through the National Health Service in Denmark. Data for the development of the decision tree was acquired using the Delphi technique. The results suggest that a reduction in the proportion of children offered early treatment might ultimately lead to an increased consumption of resources. Further investigation of the issue is needed before definitive recommendations can be made.
An Investigation to Estimate the Flouride Uptake Adjacent to a Fluoride-releasing Bonging Agent
Authors: Chadwick S. M. , Gordon P. H.
Published: December 2014

Decalcification of the teeth remains a problem during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. It has been suggested that bonding agents which release fluoride could supply it to the area of the tooth most at risk from decalcification. The aim of this study was to estimate uptake by enamel adjacent to a fluoride releasing bonding agent.

Acid etch biopsies were used to estimate the concentration of fluoride in enamel adjacent to brackets bonded with Vitrabond® and Geristore®. Results indicate that there was a significant increase in the concentration of fluoride in enamel adjacent to Vitrabond®. The clinical significance of the increase in the concentration of fluoride adjacent to Vitrabond® and the mechanism by which fluoride moves from the material into the enamel remain unclear.
Long-term Effects of the Herbst Appliance on the Dental Arches and Arch Relationships: A Biometric Study
Authors: Hansen Ken , Iemamnueisuk Pannamas , Pancherz Hans
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate biometrically the treatment and post-treatment effects of the Herbst appliance on the dental arches and arch relationships. The sample consisted of 53 Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients (33 boys and 20 girls) treated with the Herbst appliance. The mean age of the patients before treatment was 12·5 years (SD = 1·2 years). Dental casts were analysed before treatment, after treatment, 6 months post-treatment and at the end of the growth period (5–10 years post-treatment). The following variables were assessed: sagittal molar and canine relationships, overjet, overbite, maxillary and mandibular arch perimeters, and inter-molar and inter-canine dental arch widths. During treatment, the overjet, overbite, and sagittal molar relationship were overcorrected in most of the cases, while the sagittal canine relationship was normalized. The maxillary and mandibular arch perimeters increased during treatment, as did dental arch widths (moral and canine).

In the long-term (mean = 6·7 years after treatment), Herbst appliance treatment resulted in a normal or over-corrected sagittal molar relationship in 79 per cent and a normal canine relationship in 68 per cent of the cases. Eighty-three per cent of the subjects has an overjet of 4·5 mm or less. In the long-term, the arch perimeters seemed to follow a normal dental development pattern. The increase of the upper molar and canine dental arch widths during treatment remained virtually stable whilst the lower intermolar arch widths seemed unaffected by treatment.
Location of the Centre of Resistance for the Nasomaxillary Complex Studied in a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model
Authors: Tanne Kazuo , Matsubara Susumu , Sakuda Mamoru
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the location of the centre of resistance (CRe) for the nasomaxillary complex by the use of finite element analysis. A three-dimensional finite element model of the craniofacial complex, consisting of 2918 nodes and 1776 elements, was used for displacement analyses. Anteriorly and inferiorly directed forces of 9·8 N were applied at five different levels, parallel and perpendicular to the functional occlusal plane, respectively. For each loading condition, horizontal and vertical displacements of eight anatomic points in the complex and on the maxillary dentition were analysed. The complex exhibited an almost translatory displacement of approximately 1·0 µm in the forward direction when the horizontal force was applied at a point on the horizontal plane, passing through the superior ridge of the pterygomaxillary fissure, whereas the complex experienced clockwise or counter clockwise rotation when the forces were applied at the remaining levels. Furthermore, the downward forces produced anteriorly upward, or posteriorly upward rotation. However, the force applied at a point on the vertical plane passing through the posterior wall of the pterygomaxillary fissure, produced almost equal displacements of approximately 6·0 µm in an inferior direction for all the anatomic points. It is suggested that CRe of the nasomaxillary complex is located on the posterosuperior ridge of the pterygomaxillary fissure, registered on the median sagittal plane.
A Clinical Investigation of the Effects of Omission of Pumice Prophylaxis on Band and Bond Failure
Authors: Barry G. R. P.
Published: December 2014

One hundred and twelve first molar bands and 614 directly bonded brackets on incisor, canine, and premolar teeth were included in a clinical trail to investigate the importance of omission of pumice prophylaxis at the time of banding and bonding, on their possible subsequent failure. Half of the sample were selected for the non-pumiced test groups using a random number allocation method, the remaining pumiced teeth acting as control groups. Two etch times were used for the direct bonding part of the study, 15 and 60 seconds, with non-pumiced test and pumiced control groups included within both etch-time groups. Results showed no statistical difference in the failure rate of attachments in either test or control groups during the course of treatment. The different etch times had no significant effects in the direct bonding part of the study.
The Ranking of Dental Aesthetics
Authors: Burden D. J.
Published: December 2014

This study examined the effectiveness of three different aesthetic ranking systems. The Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (10 photographs), a numerical scale illustrated with three photographs and a numerical scale with only two photographs were assessed. Ten general dental practitioners ranked the attractiveness of dentitions using each aesthetic scale. A greater tendency to underscore was detected when the dentists used the two-photograph scale. Reducing the number of photographs in the aesthetic scale did not significantly improve the dentists ability to rank dental aesthetics.
A Technique for the Computerized Identification of Orthodontic Instruments
Authors: Jones Malcolm L. , Shepherd Jonathan P. , Brickley Mark R.
Published: December 2014

Increasingly, orthodontic instruments must leave the chair side or even the clinic in order to facilitate adequate sterilization. The tray system employed in an orthodontic clinic is outlined. Inevitably, there are problems with instruments being lost from these trays and finding some method for individual ‘tagging’, which is also resistant to autoclaving, would be a useful facility.

To address this problem a robust procedure of automatic instrument identification, similar to bar coding, has been deployed. This system, termed matrix coding, not only facilitates easy instrument identification, but also allows every episode of clinical use and sterilization to be recorded. By such a method it could become possible to quickly establish when instruments are likely to require servicing, sharpening or replacement.
Dilaceration of a Permanent Mandibular Incisor. A Case Report
Authors: Chadwick S. M. , Millett D.
Published: December 2014

A case is described where a permanent mandibular incisor was found to be dilacerated. Histological examination of the extracted tooth was consistent with trauma, although there was no supporting history. These findings are discussed and the orthodontic implications are considered.
A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Early Enamel Caries Formed in Vivo beneath Orthodontic Bands
Authors: Melrose C. A. , Appleton J. , Lovius B. B. J.
Published: December 2014

A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the development of caries lesions associated with fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. To introduce a cariogenic challenge on Sound buccal enamel surface in vivo, specially designed orthodontic bands were attached to premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons. The bands were modified by having two metal wires (0·8 mm in diameter) welded to the inner surface of the band to produce a space for plaque accumulation similar to that occurring under loose orthodontic bands. The bands were cemented with a zinc phosphate cement (Tenet®) an left in situ for 4 weeks. Of 22 premolar teeth banded in eight different patients, eight showed definite white spot lesions, eight showed definite faint enamel opacities, and six showed no discernable lesions. Examination of definite white spot lesions by scanning electron microscopy revealed characteristic patterns of initial tissue destruction. Focal holes and an accentuation of the perikymata were observed affecting the enamel surface zone, an area previously considered to remain relatively intact during the development of a caries lesion. The superficial nature of the caries lesions observed and the rapidly of their formation is significant in the clinical management of decalcified areas forming beneath orthodontics bands.
The Re-establishment of Molar Occlusion following Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Jones A. G. , Briggs P. F. A. , Evans R. D.
Published: December 2014

The effect on distal molar occlusion following mandibular orthognathic surgery is highlighted. Two cases are presented in which at the completion of orthodontic/surgical treatment a stable molar occlusion was re-established by adjunctive restorative treatment. The clinical problem highlighted, illustrates the importance of restorative support for patients with residual post-orthodontic and post-surgical occlusal problems.
Consultant Orthodontic Services for Cleft Patients in England and Wales
Authors: Williams A. C. , Sandy J. R. , Shaw W. C. , Devlin H. B.
Published: December 2014

A postal questionnaire survey of consultant orthodontists in England and Wales was undertaken as part of a national audit of the care of children horn with cleft lip/and or cleft palate. A 100% response rate was achieved. The majority of respondents stated that they provide orthodontic treatment for cleft patients hut only 78% of these attend multi-disciplinary cleft clinics. Consultant orthodontists provide treatment not only in the form of appliances for patients born with clefts hut are also involved in the counseling of parents and coordination of regional data bases. Only 24% of hospital orthodontists are involved in the provision of presurgical appliances for cleft babies on a regular basis. The lack of rationalisation of orthodontic services and a low uptake of standardised record keeping protocols for cleft patients by consultant orthodontists gives cause for concern.
The Assessment of Crowding without the Need to Record Arch Perimeter. Part II: Crowded and Irregular Arches
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. , Johal A. S. , Crow V. P.
Published: December 2014

A mathematically determined technique which seemed to be valid for the calculation of crowding and spacing in arches with acceptable alignment, was tested on a series of arches with varying degrees of crowding and irregularity.

Upper and lower study casts of 30 individuals with sufficient malalignment and crowding to warrant orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were examined. Models were measured by three operators, using a reflex microscope interfaced to an IBM compatible PC and a customized calculation program. The degree ofcrowdmg was compared with a ‘clinical’ assessment of each arch, in which the irregularity was measured directly using a steel ruler.

Both the computer calculated and clinical values varied between observers, but the agreement between observers was better using the reflex microscope. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0·92 to 0·96 for the reflex microscope, and between 0·86 and 0·91 for the clinical assessment. Inter-observer agreement for the three operators was high: 0·93 for the reflex microscope and 0·87 where a ruler was used. This suggests that the computer program used to calculate the crowding was valid for the crowded arches under consideration.
Accuracy of Orthodontic Force and Tooth Movement Measurements
Authors: Lundgren Dan , Owman-Moll Py , Kurol Jüri , Mårtensson Birgit
Published: December 2014

This study was designed to test the accuracy of measurement methods for assessment of force and tooth movement in orthodontic procedures. Daily in vivo measurements of the force produced by activated archwires showed that the initial force declined substantially (by 20 per cent of mean value) within 3 days. Both the ‘trueness’ (validity) and precision of the force measurements, obtained with a strain gauge, were found to be high (SD values were 1·0 cN and 0·4 cN, respectively). Horizontal tooth movements were measured with three different instruments: a slide calliper, a co-ordinate measuring machine, and laser measuring equipment based on holograms. There was a good level of agreement between these methods. This was also confirmed by calibration data. The precision of the methods was (SD values) 0·06, 0·07, and 0·13 mm, respectively. The benefits of the use of the co-ordinate measuring machine are obvious, since it can measure tooth movements in relation to reference planes in all directions.
Orthodontic Management of Root-Filled Teeth
Authors: Drysdale C. , Gibbs S. L. , Ford T. R. Pitt
Published: December 2014

Orthodontists are often concerned about the prognosis of root-filled teeth, particularly when extractions are required for orthodontic treatment. This review provides guidance on assessing the quality of root fillings, as well as the factors which affect the prognosis of root-filled teeth. The implications of previous traumatic injuries and the likelihood of root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement are discussed.
Insights into the business of orthodontics
Authors: Venn Vicki , Scott Sheila
Published: December 2014

This article explores the key aspects of business planning and management which are most appropriate for the successful orthodontic practice. It is written by consultants who are experienced in helping individual practices achieve personal and professional goals.
Factors Associated with the Standard and Duration of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Taylor P. J. S. , Kerr W. J. S. , McColl J. H.
Published: December 2014

The pretreatment and post-treatment study casts and records of 156 completed fixed appliance and removable appliance cases were analysed, and the influence of various factors on the standard of result, as measured by the change in PAR score produced by treatment and the duration of treatment, was assessed. For the purpose of analysis the sample was divided into two groups; a two-arch fixed appliance group (n = 81) and a removable/mini fixed appliance group (n = 75). Multiple regression procedures were carried out separately for both groups, first, with all gathered data and, secondly, with only information which would be known at the start of treatment. For fixed appliances the initial PAR score was consistently an influential variable on change in PAR score and duration of treatment. Patient compliance, the need to extract a permanent first molar and the presence of an anterior crossbite were also important. The initial PAR score also explained much of the variation in change in PAR for removable/mini fixed appliances, but generally, regression models for this group were less well fitting.
Starting from Scratch
Authors: Parkhouse R. C.
Published: December 2014

The need for postgraduate education in an orthodontically undeveloped area is discussed with proposed methods of providing orthodontic instruction to practitioners and community dentists.