bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЕЛЕКТРОНСКЕ ВЕРЗИЈЕ ДОКТОРСКИХ ДИСЕРТАЦИЈА, МАГИСТАРСКИХ И ДИПЛОМСКИХ РАДОВА У БИБЛИОТЕЦИ МАШИНСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА УНИВЕРЗИТЕТА У БЕОГРАДУ
Authors: Зубић Aдријана
Published: November 2016

Напретком информационе технологије коришћење елек-тронских извора постаје приоритетно у области високог образовања.Данашњи корисник библиотеке, нарочито истраживач, очекује једнос-таван и брз приступ информацијама уз оптимално коришћење елек-тронских медија. Академско окружење је једна од првих средина укојој су заживеле електронске публикације које значајно олакшавајудисеминацију информација, убрзавају истраживања, обогаћују образо-вање и обезбеђују заједничко коришћење знања. У складу са трендо-вима на светским универзитетима, Машински факултет Универзитетау Београду је у циљу формирања институционалног репозиторијума2005. године донео Правилник о форми и начину архивирања доктор-ских, магистарских и дипломских радова у Библиотеци Машинскогфакултета којим се кандидат обавезује да поред штампане верзије радабиблиотеци достави и идентичну електронску верзију у виду фајла уPDF/A формату. Електронске публикације које се достављају библио-теци део су библиотечког фонда, налазе се на локалном серверу аметаподаци о њима укључени су у узајамни електронски каталогCOBISS.SR. Овај Правилник је „претеча“ Упутства за формирањерепозиторијума докторских дисертација које је прошле године донеоСенат Универзитета у Београду, којим се кандидати обавезују да поредштампаног примерка доставе и електронску верзију дисертацијефакултетској и универзитетској служби.Рад садржи нумерички приказ библиографских записа поменутихелектронских радова у локалној бази у периоду од 2006. до 2012. годи-не и анализу њихове заступљености у систему узајамне каталогизацијеCOBISS.SR. Наведени подаци су подстицајан показатељ да архивира-ње дипломских, мастер и докторских радова у електронској форми треба да заживи у академским библиотекама као пракса која ће резул-тирати порастом броја електронских извора, видљивошћу њиховихметаподатака у електронском каталогу, учесталијим коришћењем фон-да и бржом и лакшом дисеминацијом информација. Oбавеза формира-ња репозиторијума докторских дисертација коју је прописао Универ-зитет свакако ће допринети да академске библиотеке на овај начинпреузму што већу и значајнију улогу у обликовању будућности висо-ког образовања.
KAMPANJA HRVATSKOGA KNJIŽNIČARSKOG DRUŠTVA „IMAM PRAVO ZNATI, IMAM PRAVO NA KNJIŽNICU“ KAO PRILOG OSNAŽIVANJU EUROPSKIH NARODNIH KNJIŽNICA
Authors: Mišetić Marijana , Raos Nevia
Published: November 2016

U radu se razmatraju obrazovna i kulturna uloga knjižnica u suvremenomdruštvu, njihov utjecaj na informacijsku pismenost, inkluziju teosnaživanje pojedinca i zajednice, te predstavljaju iskustva Hrvatskogaknjižničarskog društva u dvogodišnjem vođenju kampanje Imam pravo znati,imam pravo na knjižnicu, koja je bila usmjerena na podizanje razine svijestio ulozi knjižnica u društvu znanja, u poboljšavanju pristupa informacijamai obrazovanju, te pojačavanju građanske participacije i angažiranosti.
What do active male brazilian adolescents know about fruits and vegetables?
Authors: Machado Rachel Helena Vieira , Iglesia Iris , Hartwick Carol Anne , Ursaia Roberta , Fontanezi Nathalia , Pires Ana , Moreno Luís , Fisberg Mauro
Published: November 2016

Objective: To describe and compare data on nutritional awareness regarding FV among adolescents from five Brazilian regions, according to demographics, physical activity levels, screen time and BMI. Method: Cross-sectional study with 1.190 males aged 10-12 in fi ve Brazilian regions, enrolled in a football tournament, with parental consent. BMI, weekly physical activity and daily screen time in minutes, awareness of FV recommendations in daily servings and recognition of food groups, home region, and residents of the household were obtained through self-administered questionnaire, adapted from a previously validated tool. ANOVA, Spearman correlation and chi-squared tests were performed, with a significance level of 5%. Results: Analysis showed 29% of overweight and obesity, less than 2 hours of daily screen time (70%) and insufficient levels of weekly physical activity (mean 226 minutes). Most (95%) lived with parents and with siblings (73%). About 29% of the sample were aware of FV recommendations and 60% recognized food groups. Awareness was not associated with BMI (p = 0.95), home region (p = 0,88), physical activity (p = 0.21), screen time (p = 0.46) or housing characteristics (p = 0.33). Conclusions: Data found on awareness of food groups are consistent with national and international studies, suggesting patterns of poor awareness worldwide. To our knowledge, there are no other Brazilian reports of level of awareness on recommendations of FV in this age group. The importance of behavioral interventions is acknowledged for stimulating healthy habits, which renders the results useful for the development of educational activities for this age group in Brazil.
How to monitor children with feeding diffi culties in a multidisciplinary scope? Multidisciplinary care protocol for children and adolescents – pilot study
Authors: Maximino Priscila , Machado Rachel Helena Vieira , Junqueira Patrícia , Ciari Maici , Tosatti Abykeila Melisse , Ramos Cláudia de Cássia , Fisberg Mauro
Published: November 2016

Objectives: To present the results of the implementation of a multidisciplinary approach to feeding difficulties in childhood and adolescence in a reference service. Method: The protocol was designed for outpatient patients aged from zero to 19 years old, with complaints of feeding difficulties and without psychiatric diagnoses, with signed parental consent. The protocol consists of paediatrician, speech therapist and nutritionist assessment in the same appointment, with common observation of evaluations and following multidisciplinary discussion. Diagnoses were categorized according Kerzner et al (2015), and parenting styles according to Hughes (2005). Statistical analysis was conducted via SPSS v21 through frequency distribution (%), mean ± standard deviation, Chi-square test and ANOVA. Significance level was considered at 5%. Results: Sample consisted of 56 children, 67.9% of males, most (75%) younger than 5 years old. The most frequent diagnosis was selectivity (30%). There was association between diagnoses and organic diseases in 30%. Start of complaints occurred at 18 months old. Speech-therapy alterations were detected mostly in speech (29%) and oral-motor skills (32%). Anthropometric assessment showed average normal growth patterns and average dietary assessment of protein intake derived from dairy products was above recommendations (18g/day). Conclusions: Results herein justify the presence of the multidisciplinary team in monitoring feeding difficulties in childhood and adolescence, and highlight the importance of longitudinal research nationwide.
Body image perception in scholars of a school in the brazilian north region
Authors: Evangelista Leila A. , Aerts Denise , Alves Gehysa G. , Palazzo Lilian , Câmara Sheila , Jacob Maria Helena
Published: November 2016

Introduction: In the adolescence period, an individual experiences biopsychosocial changes and dissatisfaction with body image is quite prevalent at this stage. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and its association with demographic and psychosocial factors, sexual maturity, nutritional condition and lifestyle. Method: Cross-sectional study with a sample representing 831 eighth grade students from Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, stratified into clusters. The data were obtained by questi onnaires - the Body Shape Questionnaire and Global School-based Student Health Survey - and anthropometry. The associations of interest were tested in a multivariate analysis with Cox regression adjusted for cross-sectional studies. Results: The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was 22 per cent. The outcome was signifi cantly more prevalent among girls (PR: 4.69; CI: 95%: 3.09 – 7.12), young Caucasians (PR: 1.32; CI: 95%: 1.02 – 1.72), those who used tobacco (RP: 1.53; CI: 95%: 1.12 – 2.09), who were overweight or obese (PR: 2.77; CI: 95%: 2.18 – 3.51), and who reported feelings of sadness (PR: 1.35; CI: 95%: 1.05 – 1.73) and loneliness (PR: 1.66; CI: 95%: 1.30 – 2.11). The students with lower weight were more satisfied with their image. Conclusion: The results point to the need for parents, educators and health professionals to act jointly in developing actions that reinforce the positive qualities of youth, especially in girls. Encouraging physical activity and healthy habits can promote overall health, improving satisfaction with body image.
Zika virus and measures of legal interventions in public health
Authors: Santos José Luiz Gondim dos , Lima Marcos Vinicius Malveira de , Leitão Francisco Naildo Cardoso , Costa Vitor Djannaro Eliamen da , Macedo Jr Hugo , Muniz Pascoal Torres
Published: November 2016

The zika virus is an emerging and important world health problem. In public health its harmful effects have stimulated various legal interests. The Federal Government of Brazil recently adopted several social and health surveillance measures, extending the instruments of possibilities to combating the virus transmitter in Brazil. Law No. 13.306/2016 brought incisive determinations about action awareness policies and educational campaigns, and at the same time authorizes the highest authorities of the Unified Health System (SUS) within federal, state, county and municipal governments to establish and implement the necessary measures to control the diseases caused by the virus, i.e. dengue, chikungunya and zika. The published legislation has created a motivating environment for researchers to develop projects aimed at the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, the chikungunya virus and the zika virus. Therefore, studies on A. aegypti have led to greater scientifi c knowledge about its habitat, reproduction and development and a description of means to combat it, as a precondition for the ful filment of the social purposes of Law No. 13.301, of June 27, 2016, mainly if researches about more efficient management models and management of public finances, contributing to unveiling impacts on public health and growth and human development.
Update on the Pharmacology and Legal Status of Kratom
Authors: Prozialeck Walter C.
Published: November 2016

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its leaves and the teas brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to stave off fatigue and to manage pain and opioid withdrawal. In a comprehensive review published in 2012, Prozialeck et al presented evidence that kratom had been increasingly used for the self-management of opioid withdrawal and pain in the United States. At the time, kratom was classified as a legal herbal product by the US Drug Enforcement Administration. Recent studies have confirmed that kratom and its chemical constituents do have useful pharmacologic actions. However, there have also been increasing numbers of reports of adverse effects resulting from use of kratom products. In August 2016, the US Drug Enforcement Administration announced plans to classify kratom and its mitragynine constituents as Schedule 1 controlled substances, a move that triggered a massive response from kratom advocates. The purpose of this report is to highlight the current scientific and legal controversies regarding kratom.
Large‐eddy simulation of wave‐breaking induced turbulent coherent structures and suspended sediment transport on a barred beach
Authors: Zhou Zheyu , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Cox Daniel , Liu Xiaofeng
Published: November 2016

To understand the interaction between wave‐breaking induced turbulent coherent structures and suspended sediment transport, we report a Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) study of wave‐breaking processes over a near‐prototype scale barred beach. The numerical model is implemented using the open‐source CFD toolbox, OpenFOAM®, in which the incompressible three‐dimensional filtered Navier‐Stokes equations for the water and air phases are solved with a finite volume scheme. A volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to capture the evolution of the water‐air interface. The numerical model is validated with measured free surface elevation, turbulence‐averaged flow velocity, turbulent intensity, and for the first time, the intermittency of breaking wave turbulence. Simulation results confirm that as the obliquely descending eddies (ODEs) approach the bottom, significant bottom shear stress is generated. Remarkably, the collapse of ODEs onto the bed can also cause drastic spatial and temporal changes of dynamic pressure on the bottom. By allowing sediment to be suspended from the bar crest, intermittently high sediment suspension events and their correlation with high turbulence and/or high bottom shear stress events are investigated. The simulated intermittency of sediment suspension is similar to previous field and large wave flume observations. Coherent suspension events account for only 10% of the record but account for about 50% of the sediment load. Model results suggest that about 60%∼70% of coherent bottom stress events are associated with surface‐generated turbulence. Nearly all the coherent sand suspension events are associated with coherent turbulence events due to wave‐breaking turbulence approaching the bed.
Role of wind in erosion‐accretion cycles on an estuarine mudflat
Authors: Shi B. W. , Yang S. L. , Wang Y. P. , Li G. C. , Li M. L. , Li P. , Li C.
Published: November 2016

Wind is an important regulator of coastal erosion and accretion processes that have significant ecological and engineering implications. Nevertheless, previous studies have mainly focused on storm‐generated changes in the bed level. This paper aims to improve the understanding of wind‐induced erosion‐accretion cycles on intertidal flats under normal (nonstormy) weather conditions using data that relates to the wave climate, near‐bed 3‐D flow velocity, suspended sediment concentration, and bed‐level changes on a mudflat at the Yangtze Delta front. The following parameters were calculated at 10 min intervals over 10 days: the wind wave orbital velocity (Ûδ), bed shear stress from combined current‐wave action, erosion flux, deposition flux, and predicted bed‐level change. The time series of measured and predicted bed‐level changes both show tidal cycles and a 10 day cycle. We attribute the tidal cycles of bed‐level changes to tidal dynamics, but we attribute the 10 day cycle of bed‐level changes to the interaction between wind speed/direction and neap‐spring cyclicity. We conclude that winds can significantly affect bed‐level changes in mudflats even during nonstormy weather and under macro‐mesotidal conditions and that the bed‐level changes can be predicted well using current‐wave‐sediment combined models.
Bottom‐slope‐induced net sheet‐flow sediment transport rate under sinusoidal oscillatory flows
Authors: Yuan Jing , Li Zhiwei , Madsen O. S.
Published: November 2016

It is generally believed that the slope of beaches can lead to a net downslope (usually offshore) sediment transport rate under shoaling waves, but very few high‐quality measurements have been reported for a quantitative understanding of this phenomenon. In this study, full‐scale (1:1) experiments of bottom‐slope‐induced net sheet‐flow sediment transport rate under sinusoidal oscillatory flows are conducted using a tilting oscillatory water tunnel. The tests cover a variety of flow‐sediment conditions on bottom slopes up to
. A laser‐based bottom profiler system is developed for measuring net transport rate based on the principle of mass conservation. Experimental results suggest that for a given flow‐sediment condition the net transport rate is in the downslope direction and increases linearly with bottom slope. A conceptual model is presented based on the idea that gravity helps bottom shear stress drive bedload transport and consequently enhances (reduces) bedload transport and suspension when the flow is in the downslope (up‐slope) direction. The model predicts both the measured net sediment transport rates and the experimental linear relationship between net transport rates and bottom slope with an accuracy generally better than a factor of 2. Some measured net transport rates in this study are comparable to those due to flow skewness obtained in similar sheet‐flow studies, despite that our maximum slope could be milder than the actual bottom slope in surf zones, where sheet‐flow conditions usually occur. This shows that the slope effect may be as important as wave nonlinearity in producing net cross‐shore sheet‐flow sediment transport.
Tropical cyclone wind field asymmetry—Development and evaluation of a new parametric model
Authors: Olfateh Mohammad , Callaghan David P. , Nielsen Peter , Baldock Tom E.
Published: November 2016

A new parametric model is developed to describe the wind field asymmetry commonly observed in tropical cyclones or hurricanes in a reference frame fixed at its center. Observations from 21 hurricanes from the North Atlantic basin and TC Roger (1993) in the Coral Sea are analyzed to determine the azimuthal and radial asymmetry typical in these mesoscale systems after removing the forward speed. On the basis of the observations, a new asymmetric directional wind model is proposed which adjusts the widely used Holland (1980) axisymmetric wind model to account for the action of blocking high‐pressure systems, boundary layer friction, and forward speed. The model is tested against the observations and demonstrated to capture the physical features of asymmetric cyclones and provides a better fit to observed winds than the Holland model. Optimum values and distributions of the model parameters are derived for use in statistical modeling. Finally, the model is used to investigate the asymmetric character of TC systems, including the azimuth of the maximum wind speed, the degree of asymmetry, and the relationship between asymmetry and forward speed.
Parameterizing total storm conduction currents in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Kalb Christina , Deierling Wiebke , Baumgaertner Andreas , Peterson Michael , Liu Chuntao , Mach Douglas
Published: November 2016

Electrified clouds are known to play a major role in the Global Electric Circuit. These clouds produce upward currents which maintain the potential difference between Earth's surface and the upper atmosphere. In this study, model output from two simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are compared with conduction currents and other data derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, including both the Lightning Imaging Sensor and Precipitation Radar. The intention is to determine CESM's skill at representing these microphysical and dynamical properties of clouds. Then, these cloud properties are used to develop a model parameterization to compute conduction currents from electrified clouds. Specifically, we evaluate the ability of global mean convective mass flux, ice water path, and convective precipitation to represent conduction current sources. Parameterizations using these variables yield derived global mean currents that agree well with the geographical patterns of TRMM currents. In addition, comparing the diurnal variations of modeled global mean current to the observed diurnal variations of electric potential gradient, root‐mean‐square (RMS) errors range between 6.5% and 8.1%, but the maximum occurs 4 to 6 h early in all three variables. Output currents derived from the model variables generally match well to the currents derived from TRMM, and the total global current estimates agree well with past studies. This suggests that cloud parameters are well suited for representing the global distribution and strength of currents in a global model framework.
A photochemical model of the dust‐loaded ionosphere of Mars
Authors: Cardnell S. , Witasse O. , Molina‐Cuberos G. J. , Michael M. , Tripathi S. N. , Déprez G. , Montmessin F. , O'Brien K.
Published: November 2016

The ionization of the lower Martian atmosphere and the presence of charged species are fundamental in the understanding of atmospheric electricity phenomena, such as electric discharges, large‐scale electric currents, and Schumann resonances. The present photochemical model of the lower ionosphere of Mars (0–70 km) is developed to compute the concentration of the most abundant charged species (cluster ions, electrons, and charged aerosols) and electric conductivity, at the landing site and epoch of the ExoMars 2016 mission. The main sources of ionization are galactic cosmic rays (during daytime as well as nighttime) and photoionization of aerosols due to solar UV radiation during daytime. Ion and electron attachment to aerosols is another major source of aerosol charging. The steady state concentration of charged species is computed by solving their respective balance equations (also known as continuity equations), which include the source and sink terms of their photochemical reactions. Since the amount of suspended dust can vary considerably and it has an important effect on atmospheric properties, several dust scenarios, in addition to the day‐night variations, are considered to characterize the variability of the concentration of charged species. It has been found that during daytime, aerosols tend to become positively charged due to electron photoemission and, during nighttime, tend to charge negatively due to electron attachment. The most dominant day‐night variability in ion and electron concentration occurs when the amount of suspended dust is the largest. The electric conductivity has been found to vary in the 10−13–10−7 S/m range, depending on the altitude, dust scenario, and local time.
Ground heat flux: An analytical review of 6 models evaluated at 88 sites and globally
Authors: Purdy A. J. , Fisher J. B. , Goulden M. L. , Famiglietti J. S.
Published: November 2016

Uncertainty in ground heat flux (G) means that evaluation of the other terms in the surface energy balance (e.g., latent and sensible heat fluxes (LE and H)) remains problematic. Algorithms that calculate LE and H require available energy, the difference between net radiation, RNET, and G. There are a wide range of approaches to model G for large‐scale applications, with a subsequent wide range of estimates and accuracies. We provide the largest review of these methods to date (N = 6), evaluating modeled G against measured G from 88 FLUXNET sites. The instantaneous midday variability in G is best captured by models forced with net radiation, while models forced by temperature show the least error at both instantaneous and daily time scales. We produce global decadal data sets of G to illustrate regional and seasonal sensitivities, as well as uncertainty. Global model mean midmorning instantaneous G is highest during September, October, and November at 63.42 (±16.84) Wm−2, while over December, January, and February G is lowest at 53.86 (±18.09) Wm−2 but shows greater intermodel uncertainty. Results from this work have the potential to improve evapotranspiration estimates and guide appropriate G model selection and development for various land uses.
Hydrogen‐Induced Improvement of the Cylindrical Drawing Properties of a Ti–22Al–25Nb Alloy
Authors: Shao Bin , Wan Shengxiang , Shan Debin , Guo Bin , Zong Yingying
Published: November 2016

As an important method for improving the plasticity of titanium alloys, the “hydrogen (H)‐induced plasticization” mechanism has been widely studied. The present study comparatively investigates the high‐temperature tensile properties, deformation mechanism, and cylindrical drawing properties of hydrogenated and non‐hydrogenated Ti–22Al–25Nb alloys. The results indicate that the “H‐induced plasticization” effect is the most obvious at 0.2 wt% hydrogenation. At 960 °C, the elongation percentage of the 0H alloy is 109% and the elongation percentage of the 0.2H alloy is 202%. Through a cylindrical drawing test, it is found that after hydrogenation, the forming performance of the alloy improved significantly.
Guiding hMSC Adhesion and Differentiation on Supported Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Koçer Gülistan , Jonkheijm Pascal
Published: November 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are intensively investigated for regenerative medicine applications due to their ease of isolation and multilineage differentiation capacity. Hence, designing instructive microenvironments to guide MSC behavior is important for the generation of smart interfaces to enhance biomaterial performance in guiding desired tissue formation. Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) as cell membrane mimetics can be employed as biological interfaces with easily tunable characteristics such as biospecificity, mobility, and density of predesigned ligand molecules. Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) ligand functionalized SLBs are explored for guiding human MSC (hMSC) adhesion and differentiation by studying the effect of changes in ligand density and mobility. Cellular and molecular analyses show that adhesion occurs through specific interactions with RGD ligands where the extent is positively correlated to changes in ligand density. Furthermore, cell area is significantly regulated by ligand density on ligand‐mobile SLBs when compared to ligand‐immobile SLBs. Finally, the osteogenic differentiation capacity of hMSCs is positively correlated to ligand density on ligand‐mobile SLBs indicating that regulation of cell spreading is linked to cell differentiation capacity. These results demonstrate that hMSC behavior can be directed on SLBs by molecular design and presents SLBs as versatile platforms for future engineering of smart biomaterial coatings.
Recent Progress in the Development of Printed Thin‐Film Transistors and Circuits with High‐Resolution Printing Technology
Authors: Fukuda Kenjiro , Someya Takao
Published: November 2016

Printed electronics enable the fabrication of large‐scale, low‐cost electronic devices and systems, and thus offer significant possibilities in terms of developing new electronics/optics applications in various fields. Almost all electronic applications require information processing using logic circuits. Hence, realizing the high‐speed operation of logic circuits is also important for printed devices. This report summarizes recent progress in the development of printed thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and integrated circuits in terms of materials, printing technologies, and applications. The first part of this report gives an overview of the development of functional inks such as semiconductors, electrodes, and dielectrics. The second part discusses high‐resolution printing technologies and strategies to enable high‐resolution patterning. The main focus of this report is on obtaining printed electrodes with high‐resolution patterning and the electrical performance of printed TFTs using such printed electrodes. In the final part, some applications of printed electronics are introduced to exemplify their potential.
Active Multifunctional Microelectromechanical System Metadevices: Applications in Polarization Control, Wavefront Deflection, and Holograms
Authors: Cong Longqing , Pitchappa Prakash , Wu Yang , Ke Lin , Lee Chengkuo , Singh Navab , Yang Hyunsoo , Singh Ranjan
Published: November 2016

Metasurfaces have provided a novel route to control the local phase of electromagnetic radiation through subwavelength scatterers where the properties of each element remain passive. A passive metasurface design can only achieve a specific functionality as it is extremely challenging to reconfigure each element that contributes toward the control of the radiation. In this work, the authors propose a different scheme based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) to reconfigure the resonance and radiation phase via control of each dipolar element. The suspension angle of the individual bimorph cantilever in air can be precisely controlled through electrostatic actuation that determines the operative phase diagram of the metadevice. The dynamic polarization conversion is demonstrated through global control. In addition, it is proposed that a multifunctional operation such as dynamic wavefront deflection and rewritable holographic display can be accomplished by using 1D and 2D control of the cantilever array when each cantilever in the MEMS metadevice array is uniformly and accurately controlled in the large‐area samples. Such a rewritable proposition can enable myriad of applications of MEMS‐based metadevices in polarization‐division multiplexing and dynamic flat lenses.
Redox‐Neutral Arylations of Vinyl Cation Intermediates
Authors: Kaiser Daniel , Veiros Luis F. , Maulide Nuno
Published: November 2016

Herein we present a new unified concept for C−C bond formation under redox‐neutral conditions. Our strategy hinges upon interception of a vinyl cation with a sulfoxide resulting in simultaneous C–C and C−O bond formation and arylation. A range of structurally diverse vinyl cations are generated in situ in the presence of a sulfoxide, resulting in hydrative arylation, direct arylation of enol triflates and interrupted Meyer–Schuster rearrangement. Mechanistic investigations showcase the crucial role played by the fleeting vinyl cation intermediate and structural features that lead to its stabilization. Applications of the reaction products to synthesis are also presented.

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Preparation and characterization of compression‐molded green composite sheets made of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) reinforced with long pita fibers
Authors: Torres‐Giner Sergio , Montanes Nestor , Fombuena Vicent , Boronat Teodomiro , Sanchez‐Nacher Lourdes
Published: November 2016

Novel green composites were successfully prepared from bacterial poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and pita fibers derived from the agave plant (Agave americana). Various weight contents (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.‐%) of pita fibers at different lengths (5, 15, and 20 mm) were successfully incorporated into PHB by compression molding. The newly prepared PHB/pita fibers composite sheets were characterized in terms of their mechanical and thermomechanical properties and then related to their morphology after fracture. Attained results indicated that the mechanical stiffness of PHB significantly improved with both the content and length of pita fibers, although ductile properties were reduced. In particular, the elastic modulus of the 40 wt.‐% PHB composite sheets containing 20‐mm‐long pita fibers was approximately 55% higher than the unfilled PHB sheet. Shore D hardness also improved, achieving the shortest pita fibers the highest improvement. Pita fibers with lengths of 15 and 20 mm also increased the Vicat softening point and heat deflection temperature (HDT) by 38 and 21°C, respectively. Due to their optimal shape, it is concluded that pita fibers with lengths above 15 mm can potentially reinforce and improve the performance of PHB biopolymer. In addition, the compression‐molding methodology described in this research work represents a cost‐effective pathway to feasibly prepare long‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics (LFRTs) fully based on renewable raw materials. Resultant green composite sheets can be of interest for the development of sustainable parts in the automotive industry and other advanced applications in polymer technology.
Effect of graphene platelets on the thermal and conducting properties of poly(ethyl methacrylate)
Authors: Mohanty Fanismita , Swain Sarat K.
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to convert nonconducting polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) matrix to thermally stable conducting composites with the reinforcement of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). PEMA/rGO nanocomposites were prepared by low‐cost in situ technique. The interaction between PEMA and rGO was shown by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction study. The structural properties of PEMA/rGO composites were studied with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The surface roughness of composite was 40 nm, which was calculated from atomic force microscope . The thermal stability of PEMA was considerably enhanced due to the incorporation of nano‐filler. It was noticed that the remaining residue of composites was 32% at 600°C due to dispersion of 5 wt% of r‐GO. The electrical properties of PEMA/rGO composites were studied by conductivity measurement. The electrical percolation was achieved at 3 wt% of nano‐filler loading. The synthesized material has achieved conducting behavior with improvement in thermal properties which is suitable for devices with conducting filler.
Leveraging a Virtual Community of Practice to Participate in a Survey‐based Study: A Description of the METRIQ Study Methodology
Authors: Thoma Brent , Paddock Mike , Purdy Eve , Sherbino Jonathan , Milne William Ken , Siemens Marshall , Petrusa Emil , Chan Teresa
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To power the METRIQ (Medical Education Translational Resources: Impact and Quality) Study adequately, we aimed to recruit > 200 medical students, residents, and attendings to complete a 90‐ to 120‐minute survey by leveraging a virtual community of practice (vCoP).

Methods

Participants were recruited using personal (conference campaign and e‐mails) and online (a study website and social media campaign utilizing Twitter, Facebook, blogs, podcasts, an infographic, and a YouTube video) techniques that leveraged relationships within a virtual community or practice. Participants received weekly survey reminders for 4 weeks and at the end of the rating period. Survey completion rates were calculated.

Results

A total of 380 potential participants completed an intake form (139 medical students, 120 residents, 121 attendings), 330 consented to participate, and 309 (81.3% of interested and 93.9% of consenting participants) completed the full survey (121, 88, and 100, respectively). The required sample size was achieved.

Conclusions

The METRIQ Study utilized a multimodal recruitment campaign that targeted a vCoP. It recruited large numbers of participants with high completion rates. Response rates could not be calculated given the uncertainty surrounding the number of individuals invited to participate.
Nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in a peat swamp habitat: Effects of age, sex, and season
Authors: Vogel Erin R. , Alavi Shauhin E. , Utami‐Atmoko Sri Suci , van Noordwijk Maria A. , Bransford Timothy D. , Erb Wendy M. , Zulfa Astri , Sulistyo Fransiska , Farida Wartika Rosa , Rothman Jessica M.
Published: November 2016

The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. This variation is exemplified by the peatland forests of Central Kalimantan, which are characterized by unpredictable fruiting fluctuations, relatively low levels of fruit availability, and low fruit periods (<3% of trees fruiting) that can last nearly a year. Challenged by these environments, large, arboreal frugivores like orangutans must periodically rely on non‐preferred, lower‐quality foods to meet their nutritional needs. We examined variation in nutrient intake among age‐sex classes and seasons over a 7‐year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full‐day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age‐sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging‐related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age‐sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age‐sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.

Research Highlights

The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. Here we present the first long term study of the effects of variation in fruit availability and age/sex class on nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans. We examined variation in nutrient intake of wild orangutans in living in a peat swamp habitat over a 7‐year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full‐day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age‐sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging‐related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age‐sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age‐sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of human prion detection in cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Foutz Aaron , Appleby Brian S. , Hamlin Clive , Liu Xiaoqin , Yang Sheng , Cohen Yvonne , Chen Wei , Blevins Janis , Fausett Cameron , Wang Han , Gambetti Pierluigi , Zhang Shulin , Hughson Andrew , Tatsuoka Curtis , Schonberger Lawrence B. , Cohen Mark L. , Caughey Byron , Safar Jiri G.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Several prion amplification systems have been proposed for detection of prions in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), most recently, the measurements of prion seeding activity with second‐generation real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC). The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of the RT‐QuIC prion test in the broad phenotypic spectrum of prion diseases.

Methods

We performed CSF RT‐QuIC testing in 2,141 patients who had rapidly progressive neurological disorders, determined diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in 272 cases that were autopsied, and evaluated the impact of mutations and polymorphisms in the PRNP gene, and type 1 or type 2 human prions on diagnostic performance.

Results

The 98.5% diagnostic specificity and 92% sensitivity of CSF RT‐QuIC in a blinded retrospective analysis matched the 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity of a blind prospective study. The CSF RT‐QuIC differentiated 94% of cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 from the sCJD MM2 phenotype, and 80% of sCJD VV2 from sCJD VV1. The mixed prion type 1‐2 and cases heterozygous for codon 129 generated intermediate CSF RT‐QuIC patterns, whereas genetic prion diseases revealed distinct profiles for each PRNP gene mutation.

Interpretation

The diagnostic performance of the improved CSF RT‐QuIC is superior to surrogate marker tests for prion diseases such as 14‐3‐3 and tau proteins, and together with PRNP gene sequencing the test allows the major prion subtypes to be differentiated in vivo. This differentiation facilitates prediction of the clinicopathological phenotype and duration of the disease—two important considerations for envisioned therapeutic interventions. ANN NEUROL 2017;81:79–92
Stabilität von Perowskit‐Solarzellen: Einfluss der Substitution von A‐Kation und X‐Anion
Authors: Wang Ze , Shi Zejiao , Li Taotao , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei
Published: November 2016

Seit einigen Jahren entwickeln sich Metall‐organische Trihalogenidperowskite zu aussichtsreichen Materialien für kostengünstige, flexible und hocheffiziente Solarzellen. Vor einer möglichen gewerblichen Nutzung müssen aber für die organisch‐anorganischen Hybrid‐Perowskitmaterialien trotz ihrer Verarbeitungsvorteile die Probleme einer schlechten Stabilität gegen Feuchtigkeit, Wärme, Licht und Sauerstoff gelöst werden. Hier besprechen wir den aktuellen Stand der Forschung und behandeln aktuelle Fortschritte zum Verbessern der chemischen Stabilität von Perowskit‐Materialien durch Substitution von A‐Kation und X‐Anion. Dabei soll der Weg zu einem rationalen Design von Perowskit‐Materialien geebnet werden, mit denen Perowskit‐Solarzellen mit besserer Stabilität erhalten werden können.
Ein isosteres und fluoreszierendes DNA‐Basenpaar aus 4‐Aminophthalimid und 2,4‐Diaminopyrimidin als C‐Nucleoside
Authors: Merkel Marcus , Dehmel Lars , Ernsting Nikolaus P. , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: November 2016

Eine 13mer DNA‐Duplexstruktur, die in zentraler Position das artifizielle Basenpaar aus 4‐Aminophthalimid und 2,4‐Diaminopyrimidin (4AP:DAP) enthält, wurde mithilfe optischer Spektroskopie und NMR‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die Fluoreszenz von 4AP weist eine große Stokes‐Verschiebung von Δλ=124 nm und eine Quantenausbeute vonΦF=0.24 auf. Die NMR‐Struktur zeigt zwei Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen den Nucleosiden und bestätigt die künstliche Basenpaarung. Im Unterschied dazu bevorzugt der 4‐N,N‐Dimethylaminophthalimid‐Rest die syn‐Konformation in DNA. Entsprechend ist die Fluoreszenzintensität dieses Chromophors in DNA sehr gering, und die NMR‐Struktur zeigt keine Bindung mit dem DAP. Primerverlängerungsexperimente mit DNA‐Polymerasen ergaben, dass das 4AP‐Nucleosid nicht nur an der gewünschten Position gegenüber vom DAP des Templats eingebaut wird, sondern auch bis zum Volllängenprodukt überwunden wird. Die dabei beobachtete Selektivität stützt die NMR‐Resultate.
Enantioselective (4+2) Annulation of Donor–Acceptor Cyclobutanes by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: Levens Alison , Ametovski Adam , Lupton David W.
Published: November 2016

Herein we report the enantioselective (4+2) annulation of donor–acceptor cyclobutanes and unsaturated acyl fluorides using N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis. The reaction allows a 3‐step synthesis of cyclohexyl β‐lactones (25 examples) in excellent chemical yield (most ≥90 %) and stereochemical integrity (all >20:1 d.r., most ≥97:3 e.r.). Mechanistic studies support ester enolate Claisen rearrangement, while derivatizations provide functionalized cyclohexenes and dihydroquinolinones.
Von Chlorophyll abstammende gelbe Phyllobiline höherer Pflanzen als umgebungsgesteuerte, chirale Photoschalter
Authors: Li Chengjie , Wurst Klaus , Jockusch Steffen , Gruber Karl , Podewitz Maren , Liedl Klaus R. , Kräutler Bernhard
Published: November 2016

Das Farbenspiel des Herbsts ist ein Zeichen des Chlorophyllabbaus, der in Pflanzen die Phyllobiline erzeugt. Die Phyllobiline im Herbstlaub sind meist farblos, doch treten auch gelbe Phyllobiline (Phylloxanthobiline) auf. Wie hier gezeigt, sind Phylloxanthobiline einzigartige, vierstufige Photoschalter, deren Schaltmodus durch ihre Umgebung gesteuert wird. In polaren Medien sind Phylloxanthobiline monomer und durchlaufen eine photoreversible Z/E‐Isomerisierung, ähnlich wie Bilirubin. Im Unterschied zu diesem photodimerisieren jedoch Phylloxanthobilin‐Z‐Isomere dank ihrer Selbststrukturierung in apolarer Lösung (die auch in Kristallen ähnlich auftritt) durch regio‐ und stereospezifische thermoreversible [2+2]‐Cycloaddition. Erstmals wurden die Stereostruktur eines Phylloxanthobilins und seine H‐gebundene, selbststrukturierende Architektur aufgeklärt, die seine Photoschalter‐Eigenschaften deuten ließ. Das chemische Verhalten der Phylloxanthobiline ist wegweisend für die Identifikation biologischer Rollen von Phyllobilinen
Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Prospective on the Substitution of the A Cation and X Anion
Authors: Wang Ze , Shi Zejiao , Li Taotao , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei
Published: November 2016

In recent years, organometal trihalide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for low‐cost, flexible, and highly efficient solar cells. Despite their processing advantages, before the technology can be commercialized the poor stability of the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials with regard to humidity, heat, light, and oxygen has be to overcome. Herein, we distill the current state‐of‐the‐art and highlight recent advances in improving the chemical stability of perovskite materials by substitution of the A‐cation and X‐anion. Our hope is to pave the way for the rational design of perovskite materials to realize perovskite solar cells with unprecedented improvement in stability.
Chlorophyll‐Derived Yellow Phyllobilins of Higher Plants as Medium‐Responsive Chiral Photoswitches
Authors: Li Chengjie , Wurst Klaus , Jockusch Steffen , Gruber Karl , Podewitz Maren , Liedl Klaus R. , Kräutler Bernhard
Published: November 2016

The fall colors are signs of chlorophyll breakdown, the biological process in plants that generates phyllobilins. Most of the abundant natural phyllobilins are colorless, but yellow phyllobilins (phylloxanthobilins) also occur in fall leaves. As shown here, phylloxanthobilins are unique four‐stage photoswitches. Which switching mode is turned on is controlled by the molecular environment. In polar media, phylloxanthobilins are monomeric and undergo photoreversible Z/E isomerization, similar to that observed for bilirubin. Unlike bilirubin, however, the phylloxanthobilin Z isomers photodimerize in apolar solvents by regio‐ and stereospecific thermoreversible [2+2] cycloadditions from self‐assembled hydrogen‐bonded dimers. X‐ray analysis revealed the first stereostructure of a phylloxanthobilin and its hydrogen‐bonded self‐templating architecture, helping to rationalize its exceptional photoswitch features. The chemical behavior of phylloxanthobilins will play a seminal role in identifying biological roles of phyllobilins.
Strategic Utilization of Multifunctional Carbene for Direct Synthesis of Carboxylic–Phosphinic Mixed Anhydride from CO2
Authors: Hoshimoto Yoichi , Asada Takahiro , Hazra Sunit , Kinoshita Takuya , Sombut Panukorn , Kumar Ravindra , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: November 2016

Direct synthesis of carboxylic–phosphinic mixed anhydrides has been achieved by treating carbon dioxide with N‐phosphine oxide‐substituted imidazolylidenes (PoxIms) that contain both nucleophilic carbene and electrophilic phosphorus moieties. This novel mixed anhydride was efficiently derivatized into an ester, an amide, and an unsymmetrical ketone via transformation into its corresponding imidazolium salt followed by a dual substitution reaction. The presented work used well‐designed multifunctional carbene reagents to establish a novel utility for carbon dioxide in organic synthesis.
Effect of bimetallic NiW modified crystalline ZSM‐5 zeolite on catalytic conversion of crude palm oil and identification of biofuel products
Authors: Subsadsana Maliwan , Sangdara Pakpoom , Ruangviriyachai Chalerm
Published: November 2016

In this study, the catalytic performance of bimetallic NiW modified ZSM‐5 catalysts for hydrocracking conversion of crude palm oil is presented. Crystalline ZSM‐5 zeolites with precisely controlled SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (SARs) of 30, 50, 70 and 100 were successfully synthesized from kaolin via the hydrothermal method. To enhance their catalytic activity, as‐prepared zeolites were modified with Ni, W and NiW by the impregnation technique. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques. The total amount of Ni and W in the catalysts was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy technique and found to be in the range of 3.08–3.16 and 5.88–6.39 wt%, respectively. These NiW‐ZSM‐5 catalysts showed good activity for the production of biofuels, and their catalytic activity decreased in the order NiW‐ZSM‐5 > Ni‐ZSM‐5 > W‐ZSM‐5 > ZSM‐5. The incorporation of NiW improved the production of both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation hydrocarbon compounds. Moreover, the different SARs in ZSM‐5 zeolite also affected the catalytic activity and NiW‐ZSM‐5 with SAR of 50 gave an excellent conversion (96.20%). Additionally, the types of the obtained hydrocarbon products were identified as gasoline (C5–C10), kerosene (C9–C11) and diesel (C10–C20) by simulated distillation gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.