bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Espaço, sujeito e existência: diálogos espaço geográfico das artes
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas
Published: December 2016

Esta coletânea se divide em três densas partes e cujos trabalhos tratam: i) das dimensões existenciais e teóricas do espaço; ii) das dimensões geográficas do sujeito na música e; iii) das dimensões da existência no cinema e na literatura. Este livro possibilita aos estudiosos de Geografia, Arquitetura, Artes, Sociologia e Antropologia, especialmente, um conhecimento variado, mas metodologicamente demarcado do tratamento de expressões existenciais do sujeito por meio do espaço que agrega a música, a literatura, a arquitetura e o cinema.
Microbiologia do solo
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura ", Cardoso Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira ,   Luiz de Queiroz", Andreote Fernando Dini ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"
Published: December 2016

Este livro traz estudos sobre microrganismos que habitam o solo, microrganismos que vivem em associação com animais e com plantas.
Tentativa de suicídio na cidade de Paracatu, Noroeste de Minas Gerais
Authors: Rios Filho Pedro Paulo Santana , Amorim Angélica Pereira de , Santos Gabriela Reis , Silva Gabriela Souza e , Dadalti Guilherme Miyakawa , Vargas Luana Fernanda de Lima , Bueno Helvécio , Faria Talitha Araújo
Published: December 2016

Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) divulgou dados do primeiro Relatório Global para Prevenção do Suicídio, em 2014, revelando que mais de 800 mil pessoas dão fim à própria vida todos os anos no mundo. O levantamento diz ainda que a cada 40 segundos uma pessoa comete suicídio e cerca de 75% dos casos ocorrem em países de baixa e média renda, sendo considerado, então, um problema de saúde pública. Em Minas Gerais, de acordo com o DATASUS, nos anos de 2005 a 2009 a mortalidade por suicídios teve média de 5,28 por 100.000 habitantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento dos dados dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Municipal de Paracatu-MG que tentaram o autoextermínio levantando as variáveis relacionadas às causas e meios utilizados analisando a transição dos perfis mais incidentes. Trata-se se um estudo retrospectivo com corte transversal baseado na análise de prontuários, tendo uma amostra de 84 fichas de atendimento com relato de tentativas de autocídio registradas em 2012. Os resultados apontaram uma maior numero em mulheres, as substâncias mais utilizadas foram medicamentos e raticidas e a faixa etária predominante foi de 16-25 anos. Para esses pacientes o suicídio é um ato impulsivo, constado que a maioria não o efetivou. Os pacientes reincidentes foram encaminhados para órgãos responsáveis por acompanhamento psicológico. Faz-se necessário o encaminhamento de todos os pacientes que deram entrada no centro de urgência por tentativa de suicídio para a reinserção do indivíduo no meio social e familiar. Conclui-se que há um alto número de registro de tentativas de suicídio em Paracatu havendo a necessidade de aplicação de planos de cuidado para prevenção do autoextermínio e interinstitucionalização com encaminhamentos para melhor acompanhamento psicológico dos pacientes.
Avaliação preliminar da abordagem da Síndrome de Abstinência Neonatal por opióides na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva da Maternidade Odete Valadares em Belo Horizonte
Authors: Ferreira Carolina Cristina Rezende , Moreira Marcus Vinícius Gonçalves , Herculano Radassa De Avelar Nogueira , Silva Síura Aparecida Borges
Published: December 2016

Introduction: In order to treat pain and psychomotor agitation, which are common symptoms in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU), sedatives/opioid analgesics are used. However, its prolonged use, mainly in the continuous base, can provoke the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). Objectives: Evaluate the approach of NAS by opioids in newborns (NB) admitted in a NICU of Odete Valadares Maternity (OVM) in Belo Horizonte. Methods: Analysis of the medical records from the OVM pharmacy of the NB who have used methadone in between June 2013 to July 2014, additionally with diagnosis or risk of abstinence by opioids, confirmed clinically by the Finnegan scoring system. Results: All of the NB who have received methadone during the study time were evaluated. From the total of 17 NB, 6 were eliminated as they have been transferred to other services or evolved towards death, making it impossible to complete the data analysis. From 11 NB included, 7 were premature with gestational age under 28 weeks. There was a prevalence of the male gender (72,7%). All the infants received fentanyl continuously, which period of use was 37 days in average in the preterm NB, whereas being 25 days in the mature NB. The time spent to reach the control dose of methadone, meaning the sufficient dosage to avoid abstinence symptoms (Finnegan score < 8 in 3 consecutive evaluations) was in average 6 days and the time for drug suspension ranged from 10 to 159 days. From 11 NB, 8 presented signs of abstinence after the beginning of methadone with the need of dose adjustment. Conclusion: The study allowed a preliminary evaluation of the NAS protocol along with the use of methadone in the service where it was held. There was a relation between the use of methadone and continuous sedation, which duration was prolonged in the NB of male gender and premature ones. Although a more detailed approach should be accomplished, considering the amount of ventilated NB in the period (256 NB), the number of NB with possible abstinence was relatively small (6.6%), which may mean a judicious use of opioids in this population.
A criação literária e o devaneio em Caetés
Authors: Corvacho Suely
Published: December 2016

Este ensaio procura explorar a representação do devaneio e da criação literária em Caetés, primeiro romance de Graciliano Ramos. Da análise da mise en abyme, recurso formal percebido como básico da obra, busca-se identificar os elementos que iluminam o fazer literário. O resultado permite encontrar pontos de contato e contrapontos com a posição de Freud em “Escritores criativos e devaneios” e “Sobre os sonhos”.
Antropófagos devorados e seus desencontros: da “formação” à “inserção” da literatura brasileira
Authors: Melo Alfredo Cesar Barbosa de
Published: December 2016

O artigo se propõe a pensar a literatura brasileira a partir do paradigma comparativista da “inserção”. Para fixar suas características, faço contraponto ao paradigma hegemônico da formação. Argumento que os dois paradigmas partem de pressupostos muito diferentes no que se refere à presença da cultura brasileira no mundo. A ideia de formação presume uma relação derivativa diante da Europa, vista como modelo a ser emulado. Outra dinâmica de poder surge com a  inserção da literatura brasileira em países africanos, produzindo representações dentre os letrados africanos que igualavam o Brasil ao país deles. O artigo procura tirar consequências das diferenças entre os dois paradigmas.
Estado da ralé: da pobreza à miséria na obra de João Antônio
Authors: Silva Júlio Cezar Bastoni da
Published: December 2016

O artigo aborda os últimos anos da produção do escritor João Antônio, em especial suas crônicas publicadas na imprensa, enfocando a posição de sua obra tardia na representação das questões que envolvem as mudanças sociais brasileiras das últimas décadas do século XX.
Literatura e direitos humanos: A reprodução do mal em Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas
Authors: Soares Paulo Sérgio Gomes
Published: December 2016

O artigo mostra como o mal se reproduz nas relações sociais historicamente constituídas, exemplificado no romance/ficção machadiano, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, cujo pano de fundo é a escravidão. Situações rememoradas por Brás Cubas revelam os padrões sociais de humanidade da época, analisados à luz dos conceitos de maldade e perversidade. A reprodução do mal possui raízes na introjeção/internalização dos valores sociais e morais e conduz a uma reflexão acerca das ilusões do humanismo e do papel dos Direitos Humanos hoje.
Pedal Edema as an Indicator of Early Heart Failure in the Community
Authors: Yeboah Joseph , Bertoni Alain , Qureshi Waqas , Aggarwal Shivani , Lima Joao A.C. , Kawel-Boehm Nadine , Bluemke David A. , Shah Sanjiv J.
Published: December 2016

Background—

The prevalence of pedal edema (PE) and its associations with abnormal cardiac structure/function, natriuretic peptides, and incident heart failure (HF) is unknown, especially in community-dwelling adults without a history of cardiovascular disease.

Methods and Results—

Out of 5004 MESA (Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) participants who had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, 4196 had complete data and were included in this analysis (3501 for the right ventricle analysis). Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to assess the associations among self-reported PE, 2-pillow orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, left and right ventricular structure and function, natriuretic peptide levels, and incident HF. PE was present in 28% of the participants. PE was not associated with overt left or right ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction <50%). PE was associated with 2-pillow orthopnea (odds ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30–2.12), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (odds ratio 1.95; 95% CI, 1.55–2.44), and abnormal N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (defined as >400 pg/mL; odds ratio 1.80; 95% CI, 1.21–2.68) in adjusted models. After a mean of 10.2 years of follow-up, 184/4196 (4.4%) participants had an adjudicated incident HF hospitalization. PE was associated with incident HF hospitalization in models adjusted for age, sex, and race (hazard ratio 1.44; 95% CI, 1.05–1.97). This association persisted after adding additional covariates, including comorbidities, baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, and antecedent myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 1.43; 95% CI, 1.02–1.99). The association of PE with incident HF was attenuated by further adjustment for N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.

Conclusions—

PE is prevalent in community-dwelling adults without clinically recognized cardiovascular disease and associated with future hospitalized HF.
Early Trajectory of Stroke Severity Predicts Long-Term Functional Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Subjects
Authors: Sajobi Tolulope T. , Menon Bijoy K. , Wang Meng , Lawal Oluwaseyi , Shuaib Ashfaq , Williams David , Poppe Alexandre Y. , Jovin Tudor G. , Casaubon Leanne K. , Devlin Thomas , Dowlatshahi Dar , Fanale Chris , Lowerison Mark W. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Goyal Mayank , Hill Michael D.
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose—

The trajectory of neurological improvement after stroke treatment is clinically likely to be an important prognostic signal. We compared the accuracy of early longitudinal National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) measurement versus other early markers of stroke severity post treatment in predicting subjects’ 90-day stroke outcome.

Methods—

Data are from the Endovascular treatment for Small Core and Anterior circulation Proximal occlusion with ESCAPE trial (Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion With Emphasis on Minimizing CT to Recanalization Times). Stroke severity was assessed at baseline, 1, 2, 5, 30, and 90 days. Subjects’ functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale at baseline, 30 days, and 90 days. Group-based trajectory model was used to identify distinct subgroups of longitudinal trajectories of NIHSS measured over the first 2, 5, and 30 days. The accuracy of baseline NIHSS, infarct volume, 24-hour change in NIHSS, infarct volume, and disease severity trajectory subgroups in predicting 90-day stroke outcome were assessed using logistic regression analysis.

Results—

Group-based trajectory model of the 2-day longitudinal NIHSS data revealed 3 distinct subgroups of NIHSS trajectories—large improvement (41.6%), minimal improvement (31.1%), and no improvement (27.3%) subgroups. Individuals in the large improvement group were more likely were more likely to exhibit good outcomes after 90 days than those in the minimal improvement or no improvement subgroup. Among candidate predictors, the 2-day trajectory subgroup variable was the most accurate in predicting 90-day modified Rankin Scale at 84.5%.

Conclusions—

Early trajectory of neurological improvement defined by 2-day longitudinal NIHSS data predicts functional outcomes with greater accuracy than other common variables.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01778335.
Walter Benjamin and the Remains of a Philosophy of History
Authors: Moir Cat
Published: December 2016

Uwe Steiner’s Walter Benjamin: An Introduction to His Work and Thought is a comprehensive and compelling account of Walter Benjamin’s life and work, which will satisfy both newcomers to Benjamin and those with an existing interest. In this review, I argue that Steiner’s account goes beyond similar encounters with Benjamin in two main ways: first, by focusing specifically on Benjamin’s personal and intellectual relationship with ‘modernity’ and, second, by presenting Benjamin’s enduring appeal as a result of the creative interpretation of his work according to changing times and tastes. Yet Steiner’s historicising account of Benjamin also somewhat neutralises his critical potential as a historical-materialist thinker. Drawing on the work of Benjamin’s erstwhile friend and contemporary Ernst Bloch, as well as on Peter Osborne’s concept of modernity as a specific consciousness of time, I argue that the act of interpretation itself requires a weakly teleological concept of history, such as we find with Bloch and, between the lines perhaps, also with Steiner’s Benjamin.
From the Return to Labriola to the Anti-Croce
Authors: Olsaretti Alessandro
Published: December 2016

Gramsci belonged in a tradition which stemmed from Antonio Labriola, not from Croce and idealist philosophy. This tradition saw Marxism as a philosophy of praxis, a new and original philosophy distinct from both idealism and materialism. Gramsci took his lead from Labriola but also further expanded upon the latter’s approach by seeking the fundamental concepts of the new philosophy in theTheses on Feuerbach. In particular, Gramsci recovered both the concept of praxis and the concept of human nature from theTheses. With the concept of human nature, he expanded even upon Marx’s formulation, by including the individual within it in a way that lays the foundation for modern social sciences based on the notion of the individual, which was, in Gramsci’s case, a socially-rich notion.
Introduction
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia , King Patrick
Published: December 2016

This text introduces a symposium on the thought and legacy of the French Marxist, Daniel Bensaïd. The authors consider Bensaïd’s theoretical contributions to Marxism, especially the concepts of temporality, political strategy, and revolutionary organisation, as well as his ability to fuse militant activism and intellectual work. This is followed by brief summaries of the articles gathered in the symposium, and a reflection on Bensaïd’s relevance for future Marxist research.
Women under State Socialism
Authors: Kowalczyk Anna
Published: December 2016

Malgorzata Fidelis in her bookWomen, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Polandsets out to examine gender policies during Stalinism and their transformation under the subsequent ‘Polish road to socialism’. She shows that the relative political liberalisation in the late 1950s was also accompanied by the abandonment of policies favouring women and the return to conservative prewar gender hierarchies. The essay finds that the book is a valuable contribution to the understanding of the vicissitudes of gender struggle during Communism in Poland. It also makes a contribution to the understanding of how the principles declared by the Communist Party were modified in response not only to economic necessities but also to local cultures and popular struggles. In this way it sheds light on the process of the legitimation of the Communist regime in Poland and beyond by accommodating demands from below.
The Time of History, the Time of Politics, the Time of Strategy
Authors: Kouvelakis Stathis
Published: December 2016

The theoretical problem Bensaïd tries to confront from the 1990s onwards is the problem of the categories that are necessary to account for the traumatically new experience of history opened up by the defeat of the revolutionary experiments of the twentieth century. Hence the necessity of new answers to these fundamental and inexhaustible questions: How are we to understand history in its relation to human practice and to politics? Can we talk of ‘necessity’ in history, of ‘laws of history’, of ‘determination’, or ‘determinism’, or of modes of causality operating within it? How are we to conceive the notions of ‘historical possibility’, of ‘conflict’ and ‘struggle’? Bensaïd’s contribution will focus on a dialectical notion of temporality that implies a primacy of politics over history and a break with the traditional Marxist notions of a historical subject as an internally homogeneous and fully-sovereign collective force.
Night Lights: Daniel Bensaïd’s Times of Disaster and Redemption
Authors: McNally David
Published: December 2016

Daniel Bensaïd’s meditations on utopia and revolution assume a materialist form in his grasp of the non-linear temporalities of value relations in capitalist society. The result is a dialectical understanding of time as irregular and prone to ruptural transformations. Bensaïd’s unique reflections in this area open up a ‘strategic sense of time’ as the space of revolutionary politics.
Daniel Bensaïd between Marx and Benjamin
Authors: Traverso Enzo
Published: December 2016

Daniel Bensaïd (1946–2010) was a leading figure of May ’68, a Marxist thinker and an influential French public intellectual. His theoretical and political trajectory is divided into two distinct periods separated by the historical turn of 1989: the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of theussr. This also coincided with an existential turn due to his contractingaids, which brought him close to death. After this turn, he played the role of a ‘border-crosser’ between generations, intellectual currents and geopolitical areas within the radical left. In the 1990s, he began a critical rereading of Marx and tried to transcend Trotskyism, confronting its legacy with other currents of critical thought, notably the Frankfurt School. Since this pivotal moment, his writings reveal a permanent and intense dialogue with the work of Walter Benjamin, which he reinterpreted in a contemporary, political perspective, rethinking the political dilemmas of the twenty-first century through a Messianic vision of history. This article emphasises the affinities between two historical constellations – 1939 and 1989 – which, in spite of their obvious differences, were equally shaped by a feeling of defeat, and allowed a fruitful ‘encounter’ between French and German philosophers.
A Concubine in Early-Modern Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim Nasser A.
Published: December 2016

This article portrays the life of Al-Sit Nafisa Khatun al-Muradiyya, originally taken captive in Georgia and sold into slavery in Cairo, who rises from life as a concubine to become the wife of the Mamluk leader Murad Bey in the late eighteenth century. In the process, Nafisa became chief of the Mamluk Harem and acquired substantial wealth, but her fate would take a turn for the worse after Muhammad Ali Pasha consolidated his control of Egypt and began his efforts to annihilate the Mamluks, culminating in the famous Cairo Citadel massacre of 1811. As her life in various ways mirrored that of Egypt’s Mamluks, this study uses the example of Nafisa to understand the extent to which large social, economic and political changes impacted the lives of individuals who lived through them.
‘From Purdah to Parliament’
Authors: Pirbhai M. Reza
Published: December 2016

Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah was a Pakistani author, politician, diplomat and social-activist whose life bridges the late colonial and post-colonial phases of South Asian history. Her biography illustrates the discursive pressures shaping the lives of upper and intermediate class men and women of her generation, particularly as manifested in the unquestioned tropes of modernization theory. However, the same life reveals that her notion of the tradition-modernity dichotomy does not extend to the equation of Islam with tradition. The secular-religious divide, in fact, does not feature in her thought or activism at all. The latter activism also problematizes the assumption that Muslim women, any more of less than non-Muslims, are marginal or peripheral players in the history of the twentieth century.
Evidence for Administration of the Nubian Fortresses in the Late Middle Kingdom: P. Ramesseum 18
Authors: Liszka Kate , Kraemer Bryan
Published: December 2016

TheSemna Dispatcheshold unparalleled importance as one of the only papyri remaining for our understanding of Egypt’s control over its Lower Nubian forts in the late Middle Kingdom. Here, we provide an edition and commentary on P. Ramesseum 18 (EA10771), another text concerning the forts. Its only previous publication was as a photograph in Alan Gardiner’sThe Ramesseum Papyri: Platesin 1955. The text provides evidence for oversight from the Office of the Vizier in the form of letters to the forts, in support of which only seal impressions and theDuties of the Vizierattested formerly. One letter alerts the fortresses of Elephantine and Kuban about upcoming inspections. Another mentions an official from Edfu connected with the Medjay commanding awꜤr.t-district at Kuban. Dating to the transition of Dynasty 12 and 13, the letters verify the continuing control of the forts, including rotations of personnel from Upper Egypt.
Policy Space under the Second Clause of gatt Article xx(g)
Authors: Wu Yingying
Published: December 2016

The demand for rare earths elements (rees), which are essential inputs for some electronic consumer products and crucial to the development of high-tech products, has grown rapidly. As the major supplier of rees, China’s rees policy has affected global markets significantly. Countries have pursued ways to address the shortfall and high prices of rees. The Appellant Body (ab) ruled that China violated its wto obligations in the dispute regarding China’s restrictions on the export of rees.

Nevertheless, there is potential policy space preserved for national interests from the Appellant Body’s viewpoint, which rejected the Panel’s view that the burden of policies must be evenly distributed between domestic consumers and foreign consumers. By focusing on the second clause of gatt Article xx(g), this essay analyzes the wto ruling and its impact on China’s rees policy, as well as other factors that play roles in China’s policy choices.
Methods for Computing the Boiling Temperature of Water at Varying Pressures
Authors: Miller Sam
Published: December 2016

Boiling is an extreme form of evaporation that occurs when the saturation vapor pressure is equal to the total atmospheric pressure. This paper computes boiling temperature by four different methods and compares the results to data provided in the CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry. The first method utilizes a constant value for the latent heat of vaporization (lυ) in the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, and the second method uses a previously published temperature-dependent linear function for lυ. A third method is suggested that begins by deriving a new second-order function for lυ, and then applies this function in an error-reduction loop to determine boiling temperature as a function of pressure. This method for computing boiling temperature shows a mean bias of 0.31°C between mean sea level pressure and 100 hPa and a mean error of less than a tenth of a percent, which is a significant improvement over both of the first two methods. The fourth method uses a fifth-order polynomial, eliminating lυ and making pressure the independent variable, which is used to compute boiling temperature with a mean bias of 0.25°C and a mean error of 0.09% for pressures between mean sea level pressure and 100 hPa.
What Can We Conclude about the Real Aspect Ratios of Ice Particle Aggregates from Two-Dimensional Images?
Authors: Jiang Zhiyuan , Oue Mariko , Verlinde Johannes , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Aydin Kultegin , Botta Giovanni , Lu Yinghui
Published: December 2016

A simple numerical experiment was performed to investigate the result published in many papers that measurements indicate that aggregates may be well represented as oblate spheroids with mean aspect ratio (semiminor axis to semimajor axis length) of 0.6. The aspect ratio measurements are derived from two-dimensional projections of complex three-dimensional aggregates. Here, aggregates were modeled as ellipsoids with semiprincipal axes of length a, b, and c, which include oblate spheroids (a = b) as a class, and the projected aspect ratios of large numbers of two-dimensional projections of them were sampled. When sampling oblate spheroids with aspect ratio 0.6 over random orientations, the mean projected aspect ratio is 0.746. A mean projected aspect ratio of 0.6 is obtained for an oblate spheroid with aspect ratio of 0.33. When sampling randomly oriented ellipsoids with semiminor axes (b, c) varying from 0.10 to 1.00 in steps of 0.01, representing many complex shapes, the mean projected aspect ratio is 0.595, close to the measured mean projected aspect ratio of aggregates of 0.6. These experiments demonstrate that the conclusion one may safely draw from the projected aspect ratio measurements is that the mean aspect ratio of aggregates is lower than 0.6. Moreover, the projected aspect ratio distributions from measurements suggest a mixture of aggregate shapes, rather than only oblate spheroids as is often assumed.
Single Precision in Weather Forecasting Models: An Evaluation with the IFS
Authors: Váňa Filip , Düben Peter , Lang Simon , Palmer Tim , Leutbecher Martin , Salmond Deborah , Carver Glenn
Published: December 2016

Earth’s climate is a nonlinear dynamical system with scale-dependent Lyapunov exponents. As such, an important theoretical question for modeling weather and climate is how much real information is carried in a model’s physical variables as a function of scale and variable type. Answering this question is of crucial practical importance given that the development of weather and climate models is strongly constrained by available supercomputer power. As a starting point for answering this question, the impact of limiting almost all real-number variables in the forecasting mode of ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from 64 to 32 bits is investigated. Results for annual integrations and medium-range ensemble forecasts indicate no noticeable reduction in accuracy, and an average gain in computational efficiency by approximately 40%. This study provides the motivation for more scale-selective reductions in numerical precision.
Investigating the Use of Ensemble Variance to Predict Observation Error of Representation
Authors: Satterfield Elizabeth , Hodyss Daniel , Kuhl David D. , Bishop Craig H.
Published: December 2016

Data assimilation schemes combine observational data with a short-term model forecast to produce an analysis. However, many characteristics of the atmospheric states described by the observations and the model differ. Observations often measure a higher-resolution state than coarse-resolution model grids can describe. Hence, the observations may measure aspects of gradients or unresolved eddies that are poorly resolved by the filtered version of reality represented by the model. This inconsistency, known as observation representation error, must be accounted for in data assimilation schemes. In this paper the ability of the ensemble to predict the variance of the observation error of representation is explored, arguing that the portion of representation error being detected by the ensemble variance is that portion correlated to the smoothed features that the coarse-resolution forecast model is able to predict. This predictive relationship is explored using differences between model states and their spectrally truncated form, as well as commonly used statistical methods to estimate observation error variances. It is demonstrated that the ensemble variance is a useful predictor of the observation error variance of representation and that it could be used to account for flow dependence in the observation error covariance matrix.
A LAMP–HRRR MELD for Improved Aviation Guidance
Authors: Glahn Bob , Schnapp Adam D. , Ghirardelli Judy E. , Im Jung-Sun
Published: December 2016

Localized Aviation MOS Program (LAMP) forecasts of ceiling height, visibility, wind, and other weather elements of interest to the aviation community have been produced and put into the National Digital Guidance Database (NDGD) since 2006. The High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model is now producing explicit forecasts of ceiling height and visibility computed by algorithms based on variables directly forecasted by the HRRR. The Meteorological Development Laboratory has improved the LAMP ceiling and visibility forecasts by combining these two sources of information into a LAMP–HRRR MELD. The new forecasts show improvement over the original LAMP and particularly over the HRRR and persistence in terms of bias, threat score, and the Gerrity score. This paper explains how the MELD is produced and shows selected verification and example forecasts. A new guidance product based on this work will be made available to partners and customers.
Effect of thermo-oxidative aging on compressive behavior of carbon fiber polymer matrix composites
Authors: Fan Wei , Guo Dan-dan , Li Jia-lu , Zhou Ying-ying , Gong Liang , Xue Li-li , Li Juan-zi , Yuan Lin-jia , Sun Run-jun , Meng Jia-guang
Published: December 2016

The effects of reinforcement architecture on the compressive behaviors of carbon fiber polymer matrix composites (CF-PMCs) under thermo-oxidative aging conditions were investigated. Samples of three-dimensional and four-directional braided carbon fiber/epoxy composites (BC) and laminated plain woven carbon fiber/epoxy composites (LC) were subjected to isothermal aging at 80℃, 100℃, 120℃ and 140℃ in air circulating ovens for various durations up to 1200 h. The process resulted in progressive deterioration of the matrix reins and fiber/matrix interfaces, in the form of chain scissions, weight loss and fiber/matrix debonding, which significantly led to the decrease of the compressive strength. In addition, the compressive strength retention rates of BC were higher than those of LC at the same aging conditions due to the differences of their reinforcement architecture. On the one hand, LC lost more weight than BC because the percentage of exposure of fiber ends to air in the LC samples was five times more than that in the BC samples. Moreover, the BC samples could resist the compressive load as an integral structure and did not show delamination damage as in the case of LC samples, although the resin was damaged and the adhesive force between fiber bundles and resin decreased after thermo-oxidative aging. Therefore, adopting the three-dimensional and four-directional braided preform as the reinforcement of CF-PMCs is an effective way to improve their compressive strength under thermo-oxidative aging conditions.
Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale
Authors: Ayón Cecilia
Published: December 2016

The present study describes the development and testing of the Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale (PIPES). The measure was developed in Spanish to assess the impact of state-level immigration policies on Latino immigrant parents. This study describes the steps taken to develop the scale items and psychometric testing. The scale was completed by 300 Latino immigrant parents in the state of Arizona. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed/confirmed a four-factor model (discrimination, social exclusion, threat to family, and children’s vulnerability). The subscales and total scale have excellent reliability (α = .824-.934). Additional testing is needed to examine the application of the scale beyond states passing restrictive immigration policies.
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Enhance Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in Adolescents Delivered via Mobile Phone Text Messaging
Authors: Loescher Lois J. , Rains Stephen A. , Kramer Sandra S. , Akers Chelsie , Moussa Renee
Published: December 2016

Objective:

To systematically review healthy lifestyle interventions targeted to adolescents and delivered using text messaging (TM).

Data Source:

PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases.

Study Inclusion Criteria:

Research articles published during 2011 to 2014; analyses focused on intervention targeting adolescents (10-19 years), with healthy lifestyle behaviors as main variables, delivered via mobile phone-based TM.

Data Extraction:

The authors extracted data from 27 of 281 articles using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method.

Data Synthesis:

Adolescent and setting characteristics, study design and rigor, intervention effectiveness, challenges, and risk of bias.

Results:

Across studies, 16 (59.3%) of 27 included non-Caucasians. The gender was split for 22 (81.5%) of 27 studies. Thirteen studies were randomized controlled trials. There was heterogeneity among targeted conditions, rigor of methods, and intervention effects. Interventions for monitoring/adherence (n = 8) reported more positive results than those for health behavior change (n = 19). Studies that only included message delivered via TM (n = 14) reported more positive effects than studies integrating multiple intervention components. Interventions delivered using TM presented minimal challenges, but selection and performance bias were observed across studies.

Conclusion:

Interventions delivered using TM have the potential, under certain conditions, to improve healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents. However, the rigor of studies varies, and established theory and validated measures have been inconsistently incorporated.
Game theory modeling for the Cold War on both sides of the Iron Curtain
Authors: Hagemann Harald , Kufenko Vadim , Raskov Danila
Published: December 2016

The bi-polar confrontation between the Soviet Union and the USA involved many leading game theorists from both sides of the Iron Curtain: Oskar Morgenstern, John von Neumann, Michael Intriligator, John Nash, Thomas Schelling and Steven Brams from the United States and Nikolay Vorob’ev, Leon A. Petrosyan, Elena B. Yanovskaya and Olga N. Bondareva from the Soviet Union. The formalization of game theory (GT) took place prior to the Cold War but the geopolitical confrontation hastened and shaped its evolution. In our article we outline four similarities and differences between Western GT and Soviet GT: 1) the Iron Curtain resulted in a lagged evolution of GT in the Soviet Union; 2) Soviet GT focused more on operations research and issues of centralized planning; 3) the contemporary Western view on Soviet GT was biased and Soviet contributions, including works on dynamic stability, non-emptiness of the core and many refinements, suggest that Soviet GT was able to catch up to the Western level relatively fast; 4) international conferences, including Vilnius, 1971, fostered interaction between Soviet game theorists and their Western colleagues. In general, we consider the Cold War to be a positive environment for GT in the West and in the Soviet Union.
Internationalization of Cold War systems analysis
Authors: Duller Matthias
Published: December 2016

This article has a dual purpose. First, it looks at the transfer of the methodology of systems analysis from the RAND Corporation to the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in the wake of an East–West bridge-building effort during the Cold War. Second, it draws out a more general argument about how the institutional structures of these research organizations condition their methodological orientations. Acknowledging the complexity of factors influencing methodological choices at RAND and IIASA, the article concentrates on the centrality of institutional purpose, institutional environments and internal organizational structure, and demonstrates how, when taken together, these factors led to a methodological diversification at IIASA that is best summarized as the internationalization of systems analysis.
Evolutionary optimization of transonic airfoils for static and dynamic trim performance
Authors: Candon Michael , Carrese Robert , Joseph Nishit , Ogawa Hideaki , Marzocca Pier
Published: December 2016

The development and accelerated use of optimization frameworks in aircraft design is a testament to their ability to identify optimal and often non-intuitive shapes as a result of multi-disciplinary design objectives. Airfoil design is a continuously revised multi-disciplinary problem, and is pivotal to illustrate the performance of optimization frameworks involving numerical simulation, flexible shape parametrization, and intelligent evolutionary algorithms. An often overlooked component of this classic problem is to consider the dynamic aeroelastic behavior under trim conditions, which can generate explicit boundaries to the flight envelope. Trim introduces a significantly strong coupling with objectives governing static performance, e.g. aerodynamic and/or structural, thereby resulting in a highly nonlinear and discontinuous design space. In this paper, a multi-objective particle swarm optimization framework for multi-disciplinary performance improvement is presented, pertaining to aerodynamic, structural and aeroelastic design criteria at trim conditions. The framework is assisted by the construction of adaptive Kriging surrogates, which is cooperatively used with the numerical solver to identify optimal solutions within a computational constraint. Designer preferences are introduced to reflect the optimal compromise between the objectives. Results of the optimization process indicate a large spread in design variable influence and interaction, and a subtle yet clear distinction between all objectives is illustrated through the catalog of final airfoil candidates obtained.
Active shape and vibration control of functionally graded thin plate using functionally graded piezoelectric material
Authors: Susheel C K , Kumar Rajeev , Chauhan Vishal S
Published: December 2016

This article deals with the geometric nonlinear static and dynamic analyses of thin functionally graded structure sandwiched between functionally graded piezoelectric materials. The properties of functionally graded material are graded in thickness direction according to power law distribution, and the variation in electric potential is assumed to be quadratic across the thickness of functionally graded piezoelectric material layers. The functionally graded material structure is modeled using finite element modeling considering complete Green–Lagrangian strains. The finite element formulation is derived using Hamilton’s principle based on first-order shear deformation theory. The ensued nonlinear algebraic equations are then solved using the modified Newton–Raphson method. Shape and vibration control of functionally graded plate is presented using functionally graded piezoelectric material. Fuzzy logic controller is used to control the vibrations. The numerical results predict that functionally graded piezoelectric material can control the shape and vibration of functionally graded plate.
Inference Instruction to Support Reading Comprehension for Elementary Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Hall Colby , Barnes Marcia A.
Published: December 2016

Making inferences during reading is a critical standards-based skill and is important for reading comprehension. This article supports the improvement of reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities (LD) in upper elementary grades by reviewing what is currently known about inference instruction for students with LD and providing detailed suggestions and a five-step process for teaching students to make text-connecting and knowledge-based inferences while reading. By bolstering this key reading comprehension skill in the upper elementary grades, teachers can better prepare students for the increased reading comprehension demands of middle school.
Being a Former Carer: Impacts on Health and Well-Being
Authors: Watts Jacqueline H. , Cavaye Joyce
Published: December 2016

In the United Kingdom, policy has formalized the role of carers through the introduction of new rights and entitlements to support. However, this support is directed only at current carers with the needs of former carers being unacknowledged. Yet, when caregiving comes to an end, the transition to a life as a “former” carer can be challenging. This article reports findings from a small-scale qualitative study about the experiences of former carers conducted in the United Kingdom. Findings highlight the impact of caregiving on the health and well-being of former carers with feelings of loss and distress associated with the end of caregiving. The need for support in the post-caregiving phase emerges as a significant issue with former carers feeling abandoned, lacking purpose and motivation to move forward in their lives. Findings suggest that the needs of former carers are not being met.
Competition and Gaming Behavior by Medicare Home Health Agencies in the United States
Authors: Kim Hyunjee , Wu Bingxiao , Jung Jeah
Published: December 2016

Under the Medicare home health prospective payment system, agencies could make large profits by targeting the 10th therapy visit. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of market competition on home health agencies’ targeting the 10th therapy visit. This article uses changes in competition rates within each market over time to examine whether home health agencies were more likely to target the 10th visit under greater competition. No significant associations were found between competition and agencies’ targeting behavior on average, but competition effects on targeting behavior were significantly greater for freestanding agencies that were likely to be in relatively financially disadvantageous positions. These findings suggest that competition might increase financially unstable agencies’ 10th-visit targeting behavior, potentially leading to unnecessary Medicare spending.
Individual Differences and Rating Errors in First Impressions of Psychopathy
Authors: Gillen Christopher T. A. , Bergstrøm Henriette , Forth Adelle E.
Published: December 2016

The current study is the first to investigate whether individual differences in personality are related to improved first impression accuracy when appraising psychopathy in female offenders from thin-slices of information. The study also investigated the types of errors laypeople make when forming these judgments. Sixty-seven undergraduates assessed 22 offenders on their level of psychopathy, violence, likability, and attractiveness. Psychopathy rating accuracy improved as rater extroversion-sociability and agreeableness increased and when neuroticism and lifestyle and antisocial characteristics decreased. These results suggest that traits associated with nonverbal rating accuracy or social functioning may be important in threat detection. Raters also made errors consistent with error management theory, suggesting that laypeople overappraise danger when rating psychopathy.
Evolutionary Advantages of Free Play During Childhood
Authors: Greve Werner , Thomsen Tamara
Published: December 2016

In a theoretical framework of evolutionary developmental psychology, the present study investigates the assumption that free play during childhood is a condition for the development of individual adaptability, which in turn predicts, first, social success and, second, reproductive success. This hypothesis is tested in a study with 238 adults (75.9% females; 18–90 years). Participants were asked to recollect their free play experiences during childhood in detail, to report their current developmental status with respect to several aspects of social success, and to report the number of (own) children. Furthermore, individual adaptability (flexibility of goal adjustment) is assessed. Results show that the opportunity for free play in childhood significantly predicts both social success and individual adaptability. Social success did not predict reproductive success (number of offspring) directly. However, an indirect effect to the number of offspring was found, mediated by individual adaptability. These results suggest that freely playing in childhood is connected to the development of developmental resources, in particular individual adaptability in adulthood, which, in turn, is related to reproductive success (fitness).
Effect of expiratory positive airway pressure on tidal volume during non-invasive ventilation
Authors: Kinnear W , Watson L , Smith P , Johnson L , Burrows S , Colt J , Sovani M , Khanna A
Published: December 2016

During non-invasive ventilation (NIV), tidal volume ( Vt) will depend upon the difference between inspiratory and expiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP and EPAP, respectively), provided the respiratory muscles are relaxed and the lungs and chest wall therefore move along their passive pressure–volume curves. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of increasing EPAP during pressure-controlled modes of NIV in 30 long-term ventilator users (10 each with scoliosis, obesity hypoventilation or neuromuscular disorders). While maintaining the same IPAP, addition of 5 cmH2O of EPAP reduced mean Vtby 167 ml; 10 cmH2O reduced Vtby 367 ml. This pattern was seen in all three patient groups. EPAP has several potential advantages, for example maintaining upper airway patency, preventing basal atelectasis and facilitating triggering. EPAP does, however, appear to reduce Vt. Decreasing EPAP is an alternative to increasing IPAP if measurements of gas exchange during NIV indicate that ventilation is inadequate.
Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Bone Anna E , Hepgul Nilay , Kon Samantha , Maddocks Matthew
Published: December 2016

Sarcopenia and frailty are geriatric syndromes characterized by multisystem decline, which are related to and reflected by markers of skeletal muscle dysfunction. In older people, sarcopenia and frailty have been used for risk stratification, to predict adverse outcomes and to prompt intervention aimed at preventing decline in those at greatest risk. In this review, we examine sarcopenia and frailty in the context of chronic respiratory disease, providing an overview of the common assessments tools and studies to date in the field. We contrast assessments of sarcopenia, which consider muscle mass and function, with assessments of frailty, which often additionally consider social, cognitive and psychological domains. Frailty is emerging as an important syndrome in respiratory disease, being strongly associated with poor outcome. We also unpick the relationship between sarcopenia, frailty and skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic respiratory disease and reveal these as interlinked but distinct clinical phenotypes. Suggested areas for future work include the application of sarcopenia and frailty models to restrictive diseases and population-based samples, prospective prognostic assessments of sarcopenia and frailty in relation to common multidimensional indices, plus the investigation of exercise, nutritional and pharmacological strategies to prevent or treat sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease.