bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex organic molecules in protoplanetary disks: X-ray photodesorption from methanol-containing ices
Authors: Basalgète R. , Dupuy R. , Féraud G. , Romanzin C. , Philippe L. , Michaut X. , Michoud J. , Amiaud L. , Lafosse A. , Fillion J.-H. , Bertin M.
Published: January 2021

Context.Astrophysical observations show complex organic molecules (COMs) in the gas phase of protoplanetary disks. X-rays emitted from the central young stellar object (YSO) that irradiate interstellar ices in the disk, followed by the ejection of molecules in the gas phase, are a possible route to explain the abundances observed in the cold regions. This process, known as X-ray photodesorption, needs to be quantified for methanol-containing ices.

Aims.We aim at experimentally measuring X-ray photodesorption yields (in molecule desorbed per incident photon, displayed as molecule/photon for more simplicity) of methanol and its photo-products from binary mixed ices:13CO:CH3OH ice and H2O:CH3OH ice.

Methods.We irradiated these ices at 15 K with X-rays in the 525–570 eV range from the SEXTANTS beam line of the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The release of species in the gas phase was monitored by quadrupole mass spectrometry, and photodesorption yields were derived.

Results.For13CO:CH3OH ice, CH3OH X-ray photodesorption yield is estimated to be ∼10−2molecule/photon at 564 eV. X-ray photodesorption of larger COMs, which can be attributed to either ethanol, dimethyl ether, and/or formic acid, is detected with a yield of ∼10−3molecule/photon. When methanol is mixed with water, X-ray photodesorption of methanol and of the previous COMs is not detected. X-ray induced chemistry, dominated by low-energy secondary electrons, is found to be the main mechanism that explains these results. We also provide desorption yields that are applicable to protoplanetary disk environments for astrochemical models.

Conclusions.The X-ray emission from YSOs should participate in the enrichment of the protoplanetary disk gas phase with COMs such as methanol in the cold and X-ray dominated regions because of X-ray photodesorption from methanol-containing ices.
Identification du rythme annuel de précipitation des carbonates pariétaux pour un calage micro-chronologique des occupations archéologiques pyrogéniques : cas de la Grotte Mandrin (Malataverne, Drôme, France)
Authors: Vandevelde Ségolène , Lacour Jean-Luc , Quéré Céline , Marie Lionel , Petit Christophe , Slimak Ludovic
Published: January 2021

Dans les abris-sous-roche et grottes, la lecture géoarchéologique des sédiments peut permettre, dans des cas favorables, une étude micro-chronologique des traces d’activités anthropiques et en particulier de l’usage du feu. Si la récurrence dans l’utilisation des foyers peut parfois être identifiée par une étude micromorphologique de ces structures au sol, il n’est pas évident que l’ensemble des différents épisodes de combustion puisse y être identifié. Il se trouve que les événements de paléo-feux peuvent être enregistrés ailleurs que dans les foyers, par exemple sous la forme d’imprégnations de suie enregistrées dans les spéléothèmes, témoins des feux passés dans les cavités ; elles peuvent faire l’objet d’une étude fuliginochronologique (lat. fuligo,fuliginosus : suie), qui consiste à étudier la succession des dépôts de suie piégés dans une matrice. Certaines concrétions calcaires ont un autre avantage, celui de présenter des lamines pouvant être annuelles. Lorsque cela peut être démontré, l’étude conjointe des films de suie et des doublets de calcite permet de caler les chroniques de paléo-feux sur une échelle micro-chronologique de temps mesuré. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons, grâce à l’analyse conjointe des alternances de fabrique cristalline et des variations saisonnières de la teneur en strontium (Sr), que les doublets de calcite observés dans les fins encroûtements carbonatés pariétaux du site archéologique de la Grotte Mandrin sont annuels. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS – Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) qui permet de révéler des variations relatives d’éléments mineurs et traces dans ces concrétions avec une échelle annuelle à sub-annuelle. Les séquences de films de suie peuvent donc être indexées sur le calendrier annuel de la précipitation des carbonates et les chroniques de paléo-feux calées sur une échelle chronologique relative et précise à l’année près, voire la saison. L’étude des rythmicités des occupations humaines sur le site de la Grotte Mandrin devient alors accessible avec une résolution jusqu’alors inégalée.
Algorithm of automated annotation of areas of roads with increased accidents
Authors: Eliseev Michail , Blinov Alexandr , Lipenkov Alexandr
Published: January 2021

The paper describes the methodology of annotating of road accidents centres of interactive accidents map. Based on the statistical analysis of the traffic accidents database the range of accident risk zones of a roadmap of the city are allocated as well as cause of accidents. These information in the form of text messages is applied to a vector map of a geographical area, in this paper – the map of Nizhny Novgorod. The annotation algorithm also takes into account the data of the road infrastructure, the weather, the driver (the user of the interactive crash map). The method was tested during the creation of e-cards of Nizhny Novgorod.
Applying innovative technologies for road surfaces monitoring
Authors: Sakhapov Rustem , Makhmutov Marat
Published: January 2021

The paper considers the advantages and nature of georadar monitoring of road surfaces comparing to traditional destructive methods of road exploration. The authors checked the thickness of the structural layers of pavement to determine appropriate repair work using the amplitude-frequency characteristics and the dielectric constant (the speed of signal transmission). The article examined the section of the highway and the examination data was recorded in a file, which allows further study and documentation of the material with the help of computer equipment.
The Dynamic Theory of Macro-systems Usage to Solving the Problems of Transportation Processes Efficiency Increasing
Authors: Agureev Igor , Pyshnyi Vladislav , Mityugin Vitalii , Frolov Nukolai
Published: January 2021

The transport system of the city (agglomeration) is complex, and consists of a set of stochastic functioning elements. It allows choosing the theory of macro-systems, which investigates appearance of the determined behavior at the level of “system as a whole” as the main theoretical basis. The theory in this paper extends for the transport systems dynamic models development and separate processes or elements of them. Thus, there is an opportunity to find not only equilibrium conditions of systems, but also transition processes. Separate elements can have the properties of so-called “active particles”, the plenty of which creates conditions to the cooperative behavior.
Development of a System for increasing the Level of Vehicle Service at the Grain Terminal
Authors: Veremeenko Elena
Published: January 2021

A system of measures allowing to improve the level of vehicle services at the grain terminal was developed. The composition of the considered system includes the following measures: “Grain Terminal” simulation model of service of vehicles, a program for implementation of the pre-registration of vehicles in the terminal, pre-parking, waiting for service and the algorithm of vehicular transport management using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology.
Change of Traffic Parameters when Introduced Adaptive Method of Traffic Light Object Control
Authors: Karmanov Dmitriy , Zakharov Dmitriy , Chistyakov Andrey
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to improving the quality of life in cities by implementing the concept of an “intelligent” city and developing an automated transport infrastructure. The following factors are considered in the work: the traffic intensity of vehicles and the mode of operation of traffic signal regulation. In work, the mode of operation of a traffic light is determined by an adaptive method. The main tool for increasing the capacity is the choice of the optimal ratio of phase coefficients and the optimal cycle time. Considered the influence of capacity on the parameters of road traffic, the environmental load from automobile transport. The dependence of the traffic parameters for different cycle times is established. A change in fuel consumption and in the content of harmful emissions for various traffic light modes is given. The justification is given for the necessity to change the traffic light mode after increasing the number of lanes in the street road network.
Prospects for Reducing Accidents on the Roads of the Russian Federation Using the Scientific and Methodological Approach
Authors: Glagolev Sergey , Novikov Aleksander , Novikov Ivan , Shevtsova Anastasia
Published: January 2021

This article reports the results of an in-depth analysis of the transport situation in the Russian Federation and presents the main programmes, aimed at its improvement. The paper deals with the major ways of reducing risk of traffic accidents and increasing traffic safety. The paper proposes the scientific and methodological approach, providing the specialists with the opportunities of conducting a comprehensive assessment of the causes of emergencies and aiming at eliminating road accidents rates. The origin of the process of an emergency situation occurrence has been investigated and designed, the key components (constituents) of the process have been identified and the basic mechanisms, influencing the basic components, have been analyzed. The algorithm of the application of the proposed and developed scientific and methodological approach at the level of departmental organizations has been suggested. The article describes the mathematical model of the process of emergency situations occurrence, which, together with the applied telematics systems and intelligent transport systems, will help to achieve the basic objectives of the study.
Road Impregnating Materials, as an Effective Tool for the Protection and Restoration of Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Vysotskaya Marina , Vlasova Eugenia , Shekhovtsova Svetlana , Vasilyeva Victoria
Published: January 2021

The paper considers the problem of increasing the service life of road asphalt concrete coatings in conditions of year-round operation by road impregnating materials protection from the effects of climatic and operational factors. Objects of research are various domestic road impregnating materials. The subject of research is estimation methodology of road impregnating materials efficiency, modeling effects of the exposed asphalt during operation in the Central Federal District. The article proposes method of estimation of the impregnating materials resistance to different operational factors and consistent scheme of their impact on the object under study is proposed. We conducted comprehensive assessment of road impregnating materials and the effect of their influence on indicators of quality of asphalt concrete and proposed the mechanism of action to protect road impregnating materials.
Reliability Assessment of Road Network Operation
Authors: Sharov Maxim , Levashev Alexey , Mikhailov Alexander
Published: January 2021

In the frame of the project «Criteria of traffic control quality and effectiveness in Russian Federation» the Transportation Laboratory of ISTU was invoved into elaboration of network performance appraisal. Two alternative congestion measures were considered. The ratio of peak period to free flow travel times was proposed as a test criterion of urban highway network reliability.
Change of Carrying Shaft Innovative Capacity in The Process of Growth of Fatal Cracks
Authors: Denisov Aleksandr , Asoyan Artur , Verkhutov Alexey , Kokodeeva Natalija , Nikitin Dmitrij
Published: January 2021

In the paper, the processes of changing the technical state of the crankshaft due to deformation and fatigue failure are considered. The defect method is presented, which allows to estimate the degree of fatigue damage of the crankshaft and to choose the way of restoration of the crankshafts
Technology of Reconditioning with Hardening of Working Elements of Construction and Road Machines by Composite Coatings
Authors: Kolomeichenko Aleksandr , Titov Nikolay
Published: January 2021

The article gives the description of the developed technology of increasing wear resistance of working elements of national and foreign constructional and road machines by composite coatings, obtained on working elements cutting surfaces applying Carbo Vibro Arc Hardening method (CVAH). The technology includes the following basic operations: cleaning and fault detection of the working element, removal of the worn cutting element, compensating element production, its sharpening and welding, preparation of metal and ceramic paste for Carbo Vibro Arc Hardening method (CVAH) and its application, Carbo Vibro Arc Hardening method (CVAH) of the harden cutting surface of the working element. When hardening new working elements technological process operations connected with production and welding the compensating element is not performed. According to the carried out results the rational composition and component concentration of the paste that provides significant increase of working elements wear resistance.
Proactive Management Transportation Logistics Infrastructure Life-Cycle (Digital Transformation)
Authors: Nekrasov Alexey , Sinitsyna Anna
Published: January 2021

The paper considers an innovative approach to life-cycle management of transportation-logistical infrastructure, basing on proactive management concept. It recommends new processes, providing for sustainability and adaptation of complex organisational-technical objects in digital transformation of Industry 4.0. Highly-effective infrastructure is based on coordinated interaction of enterprises at different stages of the life-cycle «design – operation – monitoring and correction».
Automation of the Process of Modelling Sales Volume Dynamics of Light Weight Vehicles in the Russian Market, Using Customer Satisfaction as a Yardstick
Authors: Solntsev Aleksey , Zenchenko Valeliy , Guliy Vitaly , Chekanov Alexander , Dzhabrailov Khizar
Published: January 2021

This paper takes a look at the questions surrounding the analysis of sales volume forecast of light weight vehicle of selected Makes/Brands in the Russian Market, taking into consideration the rating distribution of customer satisfaction. The link between the changes and fluctuations in the sales of LWV in combination with the cyclical processes of the level of economic activity is being considered.
Ensuring Reliability of Transportation Vehicles with Redundancy Methods
Authors: Pavlov Alexey , Karagodin Viktor
Published: January 2021

The main questions of ensuring reliability of cars by methods of redundancy are considered. The problematic nature of reliability factor is confirmed by the analysis. Redundancy method is reviewed as responsible for solution of the problem when opportunities offered at every stage of “car life time” are used. Three basic principles of repair arrangement based on redundancy method are presented. These principles serve to bring into effect working capacity inherent in a design. The new redundancy techniques with use of repair kits is offered. The feasibility of integrated redundancy system is developed.
Williams–Beuren syndrome: a complete guide for oral healthcare
Authors: Patil Pavan Manohar , Patil Seema Pavan
Published: January 2021

Introduction:Williams–Beuren syndrome is a rare, congenital, multisystem disorder, resulting from genetic alterations on chromosome 7q11.23. Characteristic features of WBS are the developmental, physical and mental abnormalities associated with it. Typical facial features and a spectrum of tooth disorders are associated with this condition. Cardiac and renal involvement may be so severe that sudden death during oral healthcare procedures is a possibility. Photophobia and hyperacusis further make dental treatment a challenge in these patients.Corpus: Routine dental treatment in the dental office pose a significant risk, depending upon the mental and physical compromise of the patient, thereby making hospital admission a safer approach. A multispeciality approach is necessary to provide effective and safe oral healthcare to such patients. This article provides undergraduates, residents, general dental practitioners, and specialists involved in oral healthcare with a comprehensive overview of the condition with emphasis on its genetic basis, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of general and oral health.Conclusion: Adequate knowledge regarding the various aspects of Williams–Beuren syndrome allows the oral health care student or specialist to plan and manage oral procedures safely and effectively. Specialist referral and multidisciplinary care may be considered when appropriate.
Serum vitamin D/25(OH)D associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 expression of immune cells in the saliva of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a preliminary study
Authors: Susanto Hendri , Soebadi Bagus , Ernawati Diah Savitri , Pamardiati Adiastuti Endah , Hendarti Hening Tuti , Hernawan Iwan , Radithia Desiana , Awalia
Published: January 2021

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) development. Vitamin D may involve in pathogen recognition through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in immune cells in saliva. This study aimed to determine the correlation between serum vitamin D/25(OH)D and TLR2 expression of immune cells in the saliva of SLE. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study conducted at the the SLE patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those who had signed informed consent involved to underwent unstimulated saliva collection and blood samples for TLR2 and vitamin D/25(OH)D examination. The correlation between serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentration and salivary TLR2 expression was analyzed using the correlation test, linear regression with 95% confidence level. Results: Thirty SLE patients had a mean serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentration of 9.98 ± 4.64 ng/ml. The mean of TLR2 expression of CD11b+ cells in saliva was 26.03 ± 20.92%. There was a significant positive correlation between serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentration and TLR 2 expression of CD11b+ cells in the saliva. (r = 0.434; P < 0.05). Vitamin D/25(OH)D was the only predictor for TLR 2 expression. Conclusion: Serum vitamin D/25(OH)D concentrations associated with TLR2 expression of CD11b+ cells in the saliva of SLE.
Poststroke Pain
Authors: Yang Seoyon , Chang Min Cheol
Published: January 2021

Pain is common but often underrecognized after stroke. Poststroke pain (PSP) hinders recovery, impairs quality of life, and is associated with the psychological state of patients with stroke. The most common subtypes of PSP include central PSP, complex regional pain syndrome, shoulder pain, spasticity-related pain, and headache. The pathophysiologies of these PSP subtypes are not yet clearly understood, and PSP is refractory to conventional treatment in many patients. However, recent studies have proposed potential pathophysiologies of PSP subtypes, which may help prioritize therapies that target specific mechanisms.
Rational indices for quantum ground state sectors
Authors: Bachmann Sven , Bols Alex , De Roeck Wojciech , Fraas Martin
Published: January 2021

We consider charge transport for interacting many-body systems with a gapped ground state subspace that is finitely degenerate and topologically ordered. To any locality-preserving, charge-conserving unitary that preserves the ground state space, we associate an index that is an integer multiple of 1/p, where p is the ground state degeneracy. We prove that the index is additive under composition of unitaries. This formalism gives rise to several applications: fractional quantum Hall conductance, a fractional Lieb–Schultz–Mattis (LSM) theorem that generalizes the standard LSM to systems where the translation-invariance is broken, and the interacting generalization of the Avron–Dana–Zak relation between the Hall conductance and the filling factor.
Uniform and stable plasma reactivity: Effects of nanosecond pulses and oxygen addition in atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Liu Feng , Chu Haijing , Zhuang Yue , Fang Zhi , Zhou Renwu , Cullen Patrick J. , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: January 2021

Uniform and stable reactivity of atmospheric pressure plasmas is a prerequisite for most applications in fields ranging from materials’ surface processing, environment protection, to energy conversion. Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are among the most promising plasmas to satisfy these requirements. However, the unpredictable and uncontrollable transitions between discharge modes, the limited understanding of the DBD ignition and extinction processes, and the complexity of plasma chemistries and reactions with admixture gases restrict their adoption in industry. Here, we report a practically relevant and elegant solution based on using customized nanosecond (ns) pulse excitation and precise addition of oxygen to an Ar flow. The effects of ns pulses and oxygen on the uniformity and reactivity of the DBD are investigated via quantifying the gap voltage Ug and the discharge current Ig from the current–voltage measurements and quantitative discharge imaging. The electron density, ne, is estimated with Ug and Ig. With increasing Ug, more electron avalanches are ignited and overlap, which facilitate ne, Te, and discharge uniformity, while high Ug induces excessive electrons generated with high ionization rates, resulting in the distortion of the space electric field and reduced stability and uniformity. A small amount of added oxygen favors the production of electrons. Overdosed oxygen molecules capture electrons causing a drop in ne and Te and couple with the effect of the electrical field resulting in the filamentary discharges or complete plasma extinction. The mechanism of the effects of ns pulses and oxygen addition on the uniformity and reactivity of plasmas is based on the electrical measurements and discharge image analysis and is cross-validated by optical emission spectra measurements and the ratio of the Ar intensities’ calculations as indicators of the variation in ne and Te. The results in this work contribute to the realization and controllability of uniform, stable, and reactive plasmas at atmospheric pressure.
Promising magnetic nanoradiosensitizers for combination of tumor hyperthermia and x-ray therapy: Theoretical calculation
Authors: Davydov Andrey S. , Belousov Alexandr V. , Krusanov Grigorii A. , Kolyvanova Maria A. , Kovalev Boris B. , Komlev Aleksei S. , Krivoshapkin Pavel V. , Morozov Vladimir N. , Zverev Vladimir I.
Published: January 2021

Nanoparticle (NP) assisted magnetic hyperthermia (NMH) is a clinically proven method for cancer treatment. High-Z magnetic NPs could also be a perspective object for combining hyperthermia with tumor radiosensitization. However, this application of NPs is little studied, and it is unclear as to what particle compositions one can rely on. Therefore, the present work focuses on the search of materials that combine alternating magnetic field induced heating and high atomic number related dose enhancement abilities. A theoretical evaluation of 24 promising NP compositions was performed: the values of dose enhancement factor (DEF) were determined for kilovoltage x-ray spectra (30–300 kVp), as well as specific absorption rate (SAR) values were calculated for various combinations of elemental compositions and particle size distributions. For the alternating magnetic fields with amplitude 75–200Oe and frequency 100kHz, the maximum obtained SAR values ranged from 0.35 to 6000Wg−1, while DEF values for studied compounds ranged from 1.07 to 1.59. The increase in the monodispersity of NPs led to a higher SAR, confirming well-known experimental data. The four types of SAR dependences on external magnetic field amplitude and anisotropy constant were found for various particle sizes. The most predictable SAR behavior corresponds to larger NPs (∼70–100 nm). Thus, based on these calculations, the most promising for the combination of NMH with radiotherapy, from a physical point of view, are La0.75Sr0.25MnO3, Gd5Si4, SmCo5, and Fe50Rh50. The greatest dose enhancement is expected for superficial radiotherapy (in the voltage range up to ∼60 kVp).
Constructing unbounded discontinuous solutions of scalar conservation laws using the Legendre transform
Authors: Gargyants L. V. , Goritsky A. Yu. , Panov E. Yu.
Published: January 2021

A first-order quasilinear equation with an odd flux function that has a single point of inflexion at zero is studied. A method for constructing sign-alternating discontinuous entropy solutions of this equation, based on the Legendre transform, is proposed.

Bibliography: 18 titles.
Singularities on toric fibrations
Authors: Birkar C. , Chen Y.
Published: January 2021

In this paper we investigate singularities on toric fibrations. In this context we study a conjecture of Shokurov (a special case of which is due to M

Kernan which roughly says that if

is an

-lc Fano-type log Calabi-Yau fibration, then the singularities of the log base

are bounded in terms of

and

where

and

are the discriminant and moduli divisors of the canonical bundle formula. A corollary of our main result says that if

is a toric Fano fibration with

being

-lc, then the multiplicities of the fibres over codimension one points are bounded depending only on

and

.

Bibliography: 20 titles.
A cognitive investigation of ‘chunking’ and ‘reordering’ for coping with word-order asymmetry in English-to-Chinese
sight translation
Authors: Ma Xingcheng , Li Dechao
Published: January 2021

Word-order asymmetry between source language and target language has been recognized as a major obstacle in
interpreting. Regarding whether the original word order is changed in target production, two strategies for asymmetrical
structures are identified: chunking and reordering. This study primarily examined the cognitive mechanism involved in applying
these two strategies during English to Chinese sight translation. The cognitive load associated with chunking and reordering was
measured by eye movement and the resulting data were analysed. A group of interpreting trainees sight-translated asymmetrical
sentences in two contexts: sentence and text. Their eye-movement measures, including total dwell time, fixation count and
rereading rate, were recorded. The results demonstrate that chunking was the primary strategy used to render word-order asymmetry
in both task conditions. A greater cognitive load was found in the reordered sentences. More contextual information did not contribute to an execution of the strategies that required less effort. This
research is one of the first attempts to explore the cognitive process associated with interpreting strategies for word-order
asymmetry. It provides a new perspective with which to deepen our understanding of the cognitive mechanism underlying the use of a
strategy.
Punching through the barrier
Authors: Mister Bianca , Baker Amanda , Chen Honglin
Published: January 2021

This paper aims to investigate how productive oral vocabulary development can be promoted by focusing on word stress patterns. The Rhythmic Fight Club (RFC) pronunciation technique has been used in numerous ESL/EFL classrooms, but its effect on the L2 vocabulary development of learners has yet to be investigated. The present study focused on adult ESL learners and tested a four-stage learning cycle aimed at developing productive oral vocabulary. This paper focuses on findings related to one aspect of that learning cycle which used the RFC to draw learner attention to word stress patterns in order to control productive output. Findings reveal that repetition of target words whilst making a gesture helped to enhance the learners’ productive output accordingly. The paper concludes that kinaesthetic/tactile classroom teaching techniques such as the RFC can help learners to develop productive oral vocabulary by reconceptualising their perception of English speech rhythm.
Portrait of an Azerbaijani journalist: unpaid, dissatisfied, but nevertheless passionate and committed
Authors: Mammadov Rashad
Published: January 2021

The field of journalism in Azerbaijan is vastly understudied. Aiming to fill the major knowledge gap owing to the lack of any empirical data on Azerbaijan’s media, this is an attempt to systematically study the media environment in Azerbaijan. Through a national survey based on the larger frameworks of theGlobal Journalist(GJ) and theWorlds of Journalism(WoJ) projects this study constructs a demographic profile of journalists in Azerbaijan. We find that the overall picture of journalism in Azerbaijan is, in many ways, similar to the global averages (i.e. education, ethnic and religious affiliation with majority groups). However, even when the findings are similar between Azerbaijan and other countries, especially the “Western” countries with particular media systems, similar demographic characteristics can be due to a set of factors specific to Azerbaijani society.
A monocrat’s hobby and its power: on shadow politics in Georgia
Authors: Tsuladze Lia
Published: January 2021

This article discusses how shadow politics is enacted in Georgia with shadow actors setting the agenda from the political backstage. It conceptualizes acting “along with the state” as a novel form of informality, to describe a situation when state regulations are in place and shadow actors try to “correspond” to such regulations not through adapting their actions but making the state adapt to their needs via modifying formal rules. Such an enactment of shadow politics is demonstrated based on two recent environmental cases. The paper describes how, on the one hand, a shadow actor strategically uses his both visible and invisible power for informal land appropriation and construction, as well as the purchase and transportation of century-old trees, while on the other hand, authorities challenge environmental NGOs and activists resisting his “hobby” by politicizing their protest actions.
Development of MEMS-based piezoresistive 3D stress/strain sensor using strain technology and smart temperature compensation
Authors: Kayed Mohammed O , Balbola Amr A , Lou Edmond , Moussa Walied A
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the microfabrication and testing of a membrane-free eight-element single-polarity (n-type) sensing rosette integrated with strained silicon technology over (111) silicon plane to measure the full 3D stress/strain tensor with full temperature compensation. Such n-type piezoresistive (PR) sensor has low sensitivity to the out-of-plane components compared to the in-plane components. To improve the sensitivity of such sensors to the out-of-plane components, a strained silicon technique was integrated into the sensing rosette during the microfabrication process using a highly compressive film produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride. For experimental verification, a prototype device featuring the proposed sensing rosette was microfabricated using semiconductors fabrication processes. The experimental analysis applied both, in-plane and out-of-plane stresses at different temperatures over a range from −20 °С to 60 °С. In this work, a smart sensing calibration algorithm, utilizing machine learning, is employed to reduce the temperature impact on both sensitivity and resistance of PR coefficients during stress measurement. The developed sensor is capable of accurately extracting the applied stress/strain components with temperature compensation.
Theory of spoof magnetic localized surface plasmons beyond effective medium approximations
Authors: Rizza Carlo , Galante Angelo , Palange Elia , Alecci Marcello
Published: January 2021

A homogeneous negative permeability sphere can support magnetic localized surface plasmons (MLSPs). Generally, negative permeability materials are metamaterial (MM) structures exhibiting very deep subwavelength spatial scales, whose effects may be detrimental in the near-field for those applications based on effective medium approximations. We suggest to overcome this fundamental limitation by demonstrating analytically that the electromagnetic spatial distribution, associated to a MLSP resonance and excited by a near-field source, can be accurately reproduced outside the sphere by substituting the negative permeability sphere with a homogeneous high-index dielectric one having the same radius. Considering that a large class of ferroelectric materials shows ultra-high dielectric constant and low-losses at low frequency (up to GHz), our spoof MLSPs theory could be a key tool for realizing high performance subwavelength magnetic photonic devices in the radiofrequency and microwave regions.
Non-Unitarity at DUNE and T2HK with charged and neutral current measurements
Authors: Dutta Debajyoti , Roy Samiran
Published: January 2021

Neutral current (NC) measurements play an important role in exploring new physics scenarios at long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. We find that combining NC measurements of the proposed Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) with its charged current (CC) measurements enhances the bounds on some of the non-unitarity parameters. Combining DUNE with the T2HK experiment improves the bounds further. We show that even in the averaged out regime of light sterile neutrinos, the NC events are different from the heavy sterile case in the leading order. It is observed that NC measurements at DUNE provide much better constraints on the α
33 parameter than the CC measurements.
Structure and dynamics of responsive colloids with dynamical polydispersity
Authors: Baul Upayan , Dzubiella Joachim
Published: January 2021

Dynamical polydispersity in single-particle properties, for example a fluctuating particle size, shape, charge density, etc, is intrinsic to responsive colloids (RCs), such as biomacromolecules or microgels, but is typically not resolved in coarse-grained mesoscale simulations. Here, we present Brownian dynamics simulations of suspensions of RCs modeling soft hydrogel colloids, for which the size of the individual particles is an explicitly resolved (Gaussian) degree of freedom and dynamically responds to the local interacting environment. We calculate the liquid structure, emergent size distributions, long-time diffusion, and property (size) relaxation kinetics for a wide range of densities and intrinsic property relaxation times in the canonical ensemble. Comparison to interesting reference cases, such as conventional polydisperse suspensions with a frozen parent distribution, or conventional monodisperse systems interacting with an effective pair potential for one fixed size, shows a significant spread in the structure and dynamics. The differences, most apparent in the high density regimes, are due to many-body correlations and the dynamical coupling between property and translation in RC systems, not explicitly accounted for in the conventional treatments. In particular, the translational diffusion in the RC systems is surprisingly close to the free (single RC) diffusion, mainly due to a cancellation of crowding and size compression effects. We show that an effective monodisperse pair potential can be constructed that describes the many-body correlations reasonably well by convoluting the RC pair potential with the density-dependent emergent size distributions and using a mean effective diffusion constant.
High temperature stability, metallic character and bonding of the Si2BN planar structure
Authors: Fthenakis Zacharias G , Jaishi Meghnath , Narayanan Badri , Andriotis Antonis N , Menon Madhu
Published: January 2021

The family of monolayered Si2BN structures constitute a new class of 2D materials exhibiting metallic character with remarkable stability. Topologically, these structures are very similar to graphene, forming a slightly distorted honeycomb lattice generated by a union of two basic motifs with AA and AB stacking. In the present work we study in detail the structural and electronic properties of these structures in order to understand the factors which are responsible for their structural differences as well as those which are responsible for their metallic behavior and bonding. Their high temperature stability is demonstrated by the calculations of finite temperature phonon modes which show no negative contributions up to and beyond 1000 K. Presence of the negative thermal expansion coefficient, a common feature of one-atom thick 2D structures, is also seen. Comparison of the two motifs reveal the main structural differences to be the differences in their bond angles, which are affected by the third nearest neighbor interactions of cis–trans type. On the other hand, the electronic properties of these two structures are very similar, including the charge transfers occurring between orbitals and between atoms. Their metallicity is mainly due to the p

z
orbitals of Si with a minor contribution from the p

z
orbitals of B, while the contribution from the p

z
orbitals of N atoms is negligible. There is almost no contributions from the N p

z
electrons to the energy states near the Fermi level, and they form a band well below it. I.e., the p

z
electrons of N are localized mostly at the N atoms and therefore cannot be considered as mobile electrons of the p

z
cloud. Moreover, we show that due to the relative positions in the energy axis of the atomic energies of the p

z
orbitals of B, N and Si atoms, the density of states (DOS) of Si2BN can be considered qualitatively as a combination of the DOS of planar hexagonal BN (h-BN) and hypothetically planar silicene (ph-Si). As a result, the Si2BN behaves electronically at the Fermi level as slightly perturbed ph-Si, having very similar electronic properties as silicene, but with the advantage of having kinetic stability in planar form. As for the bonding, the Si–Si bonds are covalent, while the π back donation mechanism occurs for the B–N bonding, in accordance with the B–N bonding in h-BN.
Large magnetoresistance in the iron-free pnictide superconductor LaRu2P2
Authors: Fernández-Lomana Marta , Barrena Víctor , Wu Beilun , Delgado Sara , Mompeán Federico , García-Hernández Mar , Suderow Hermann , Guillamón Isabel
Published: January 2021

The magnetoresistance (MR) of iron pnictide superconductors is often dominated by electron–electron correlations and deviates from the H
2 or saturating behaviors expected for uncorrelated metals. Contrary to similar Fe-based pnictide systems, the superconductor LaRu2P2 (T
c = 4 K) shows no enhancement of electron–electron correlations. Here we report a non-saturating MR deviating from the H
2 or saturating behaviors in LaRu2P2. We present results in single crystals of LaRu2P2, where we observe a MR following H
1.3 up to 22 T. We discuss our result by comparing the bandstructure of LaRu2P2 with that of Fe based pnictide superconductors. The different orbital structures of Fe and Ru leads to a 3D Fermi surface with negligible bandwidth renormalization in LaRu2P2, that contains a large open sheet over the whole Brillouin zone. We show that the large MR in LaRu2P2 is unrelated to the one obtained in materials with strong electron–electron correlations and that it is compatible instead with conduction due to open orbits on the rather complex Fermi surface structure of LaRu2P2.
A novel multifunctional gold nanorod-mediated and tumor-targeted gene silencing of GPC-3 synergizes photothermal therapy for liver cancer
Authors: Liu Yanling , Tan Manman , Fang Chunjuan , Chen Xiaoyan , Liu Huan , Feng Ying , Zhang Yujuan , Min Weiping
Published: January 2021

Tumor-specific targeted delivery is a major obstacle to clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we have developed a novel multi-functional nanostructure GAL-GNR-siGPC-3, which consists of Galactose (GAL) as the HCC-targeting moiety, golden nanorods (GNR) as a framework to destroy tumor cells under laser irradiation, and siRNA of Glypican-3 (siGPC-3) which induce specifically gene silence of GPC-3 in HCC. Glypican-3 (GPC-3) gene is highly associated with HCC and is a new potential target for HCC therapy. On the other hand, Gal can specifically bind to the asialoglycoprotein receptor which is highly expressed on membrane of hepatoma cells. GAL and siGPC-3 can induce targeted silencing of GPC-3 gene in hepatoma cells. In vivo and in vitro results showed that GAL-GNR-siGPC-3 could significantly induce downregulation of GPC-3 gene and inhibit the progression of HCC. More notably, GAL-GNR-siGPC-3 could induce both GPC-3 gene silencing and photothermal effects, and the synergistic treatment of tumors was more effective than individual treatments. In summary, GAL-GNR-siGPC-3 achieved a synergistic outcome to the treatment of cancer, which opens up a new approach for the development of clinical therapies for HCC.
Computation of linear MHD instabilities with the multi-region relaxed MHD energy principle
Authors: Kumar A , Qu Z , Hole M J , Wright A M , Loizu J , Hudson S R , Baillod A , Dewar R L , Ferraro N M
Published: January 2021

Over the last decade, a variational principle based on a generalisation of Taylor’s relaxation, referred to as multi-region relaxed magnetohydrodynamics (MRxMHDs) has been developed. The numerical solutions of the MRxMHD equilibria have been constructed using the Stepped Pressure Equilibrium Code (SPEC) (Hudson et al 2012 Phys. Plasmas
19 112502). In principle, SPEC could also be established to describe the MRxMHD stability of an equilibrium. In this work, a theoretical framework is developed to relate the second variation of the energy functional to the so-called Hessian matrix, enabling the prediction of MHD linear instabilities of cylindrical plasmas, and is implemented in SPEC. The negative and positive eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix predict the stability of an equilibrium. Verification studies of SPEC stability results with the M3D-C
1 code and the tearing mode

Δ

′

criterion have been conducted for ideal and resistive MHD instabilities, respectively, in a pressureless cylindrical tokamak, and have shown good agreement. Our stability analysis is a critical step towards understanding the MHD stability of three-dimensional MHDs where nested flux surfaces, magnetic islands and stochastic regions co-exist.
Tungsten impurity effects on the coupling of TEM and ITG mode in reversed magnetic shear tokamak plasmas
Authors: Liu Jiayan , Dong J Q , Du H R , Li J , Wang F , Wang Z X , Han M K , Shen Y
Published: January 2021

The trapped electron mode (TEM) and ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode may couple into one hybrid mode or coexist simultaneously, depending on the regime of tokamak plasma parameters. A gyrokinetic integral eigenvalue equation is applied to investigate the coupling of TEM and ITG mode in the presence of tungsten (W) impurity in tokamak geometry of reversed magnetic shear (RMS). Systematic analysis of W impurity effects on the mode characteristics and induced quasi-linear particle flux has been performed in a wide regime of plasma parameters such as density gradient

L

e
z

=

L

n
e

/

L

n
z

, charge concentration

f
z

, and charge number

Z

of impurity ions, and poloidal wave number

k
θ

ρ
s

spectrum. It is found that both RMS and the impurity ions with inwardly peaked density profile and high charge concentration have strongly stabilizing effects on the modes. Furthermore, the increasing

Z

tends to decouple the hybrid mode into coexisting modes or dominating TEM/ITG mode in different parameter regions. The significance of the results for the particle transport of impurity and main ions as well as electrons in advanced tokamaks with W components is discussed.
Effect of Ag source layer thickness on the switching mechanism of TiN/Ag/SiN
x
/TiN conductive bridging random access memory observed at sub-µA current
Authors: Choi Yeon-Joon , Bang Suhyun , Kim Tae-Hyeon , Lee Dong Keun , Hong Kyungho , Kim Sungjun , Park Byung-Gook
Published: January 2021

Experiments are conducted to compare the resistive switching characteristics for several samples with different amounts of Ag deposition in TiN/Ag/SiN
x
/TiN conductive bridging random access memory (CBRAM). The compliance current in TiN/Ag/SiN
x
/TiN CBRAM determines the volatile/non-volatile memory operation as the current level controls the strength of the filament made of Ag. The transient measurement showed that the effective thickness of Ag source layer in the TiN/Ag/SiN
x
/TiN controls the supply of the Ag atoms into the insulating layer, affecting the strength of the conductive bridge. The mechanism for the switching characteristics and the volatility trend with the amount of Ag deposition is closely investigated using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images. The device shows the conductance potentiation by a voltage pulse train under 1 µA current level, and the higher potentiation rate is observed in the CBRAM with thick Ag source layer.
Selective-area growth study of GaN micropillars for quasi-vertical Schottky diodes
Authors: Debald A , Kotzea S , Ahmadsad H , Heuken M , Kalisch H , Vescan A
Published: January 2021

In this work, metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) is employed for selective-area growth (SAG) of undoped and lightly n-doped GaN micropillars on masked GaN-on-sapphire templates. In micropillar geometry, the limits of GaN drift layer thickness in hetereoepitaxial Schottky diodes are expected to be significantly pushed upwards. This is an important step towards the realization of GaN-based quasi-vertical power devices with high breakdown voltage (V
br) on low-cost foreign substrates. Micropillar growth evolution and the impact of growth rate and V/III ratio on micropillar morphology and parasitic GaN deposition on AlOx hard masks are investigated. By using a combination of low growth rate and high V/III ratio, 12–22 µm high micropillars with planar pillar tops are grown in circular mask openings with radii of 35–100 µm. The threading dislocation density of the highest pillars is (1.4 ± 0.3) × 107 cm−2. Schottky diodes on micropillars with lowest net doping concentration (N
D − N
A) of 1.3 × 1016 cm−3 exhibit excellent forward characteristics with ideality factors

n
<
1.10

, on/off-ratios up to 1010, and on-resistances R

on

<

1 m

Ω

cm−2.
Smart wearable monitoring system based on multi-type sensors for motion recognition
Authors: Yang Jiehua , Li Qiao , Wang Xi , Di Ping , Ding Hao , Bai Yunfeng , Dong Weiwei , Zhu Shigen
Published: January 2021

Motion monitoring systems are often designed and researched to detect the movement of human lower limbs, and play an important role in the field of exoskeleton control. However, current wearable devices can still be improved to be more convenient or accurate in motion recognition. In this work, a comfortable smart wearable gait monitoring system was designed and tested. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) and flexible membrane compression sensors were implemented, integrated to a comfortable sport pant and insoles of both feet, respectively. Data acquisition module was designed, while software with user interface for data collection and storage was realized based on LABVIEW. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the recognition performance of the smart wearable gait monitoring system among nine common actions. Results show that the combined data set of IMUs and compression sensor provided by the system can highly improve classification performance. Based on the self-designed sensing network and the K-nearest neighbor machine learning algorithm, the recognition rate of nine motion patterns can reach as high as 99.96%, showing that the multi-channel wearable gait monitoring system is more effective for motion detection and prediction compared to that with single-type sensors.