bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The novel proautophagy anticancer drug ABTL0812 potentiates chemotherapy in adenocarcinoma and squamous nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: López‐Plana Anna , Fernández‐Nogueira Patricia , Muñoz‐Guardiola Pau , Solé‐Sánchez Sònia , Megías‐Roda Elisabet , Pérez‐Montoyo Héctor , Jauregui Patricia , Yeste‐Velasco Marc , Gómez‐Ferreria Mariana , Erazo Tatiana , Ametller Elisabet , Recalde‐Percaz Leire , Moragas‐Garcia Núria , Noguera‐Castells Aleix , Mancino Mario , Morán Teresa , Nadal Ernest , Alfón José , Domènech Carles , Gascon Pere , Lizcano Jose M. , Fuster Gemma , Bragado Paloma
Published: January 2020

Around 40% of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients are Stage IV, where the improvement of survival and reduction of disease‐related adverse events is the main goal for oncologists. In this scenario, we present preclinical evidence supporting the use of ABTL0812 in combination with chemotherapy for treating advanced and metastatic Nonsmall cell lung adenocarcinomas (NSCLC) and squamous carcinomas. ABTL0812 is a new chemical entity, currently in Phase 1b/2a clinical trial for advanced squamous NSCLC in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin (P/C), after successfully completing the first‐in‐human trial where it showed an excellent safety profile and signs of efficacy. We show here that ABTL0812 inhibits Akt/mTOR axis by inducing the overexpression of TRIB3 and activating autophagy in lung squamous carcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, treatment with ABTL0812 also induces AMPK activation and ROS accumulation. Moreover, combination of ABTL0812 with chemotherapy markedly increases the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy without increasing toxicity. We further show that combination of ABTL0812 and chemotherapy induces nonapoptotic cell death mediated by TRIB3 activation and autophagy induction. We also present preliminary clinical data indicating that TRIB3 could serve as a potential novel pharmacodynamic biomarker to monitor ABTL0812 activity administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy in squamous NSCLC patients. The safety profile of ABTL0812 and its good synergy with chemotherapy potentiate the therapeutic potential of current lines of treatment based on chemotherapy regimens, arising as a promising option for improving these patients therapeutic expectancy.
Is systemic risk systematic? Evidence from the U.S. stock markets
Authors: Choi Seo Joon , Kim Kanghyun , Park Sunyoung
Published: January 2020

The distinction between the role of systemic risk and the systematic risk remains unclear and is sometimes confusing. In this paper, we exploit three types of systemic risk measurements and examine their role as a systematic risk component in the equity market. We first construct the systemic risk factors by using the portfolio mimicking method. Then we analyse the systemic risk factors through the lens of the empirical asset pricing test to determine whether the factors are systematically priced in the equity market. As a result, we empirically find evidence that the systemic risk factors are systematically priced in the equity market, indicating that the systemic risk is compensated for the higher returns.
Leaving no one behind: Is the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals possible without securing the dignity, rights, and well‐being of those who are “invisible”?
Authors: Anastasi Erin , Asiamah Bridget , Lal Geeta
Published: January 2020

The persistence of obstetric fistula—a devastating childbirth injury occurring largely among poor, marginalized women and girls—constitutes a human rights violation and a public health crisis. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to “leave no one behind.” Failing to eliminate fistula jeopardizes attainment of several of the SDGs. Member States of the United Nations adopted a UN Resolution on ending fistula in 2018, calling for an end to fistula within a decade. Building upon recommendations of the UN Secretary General's 2018 Report on Obstetric Fistula, the Resolution calls for significantly increased commitments and investments to end fistula. Crucial interventions for eliminating fistula include high‐quality, equitable, accessible health systems; implementing costed national strategies for eliminating fistula; integrating fistula into national plans to achieve the SDGs; strengthening national fistula task forces; and significantly increased, sustained financial support. Fistula elimination necessitates protecting women's/girls’ human rights and addressing social determinants that affect women's/girls’ ability to “survive, thrive and transform,” including social and economic inequities; gender‐based violence; child marriage and early childbearing; and access to education. Enhanced awareness‐raising and advocacy; improved research, data, monitoring and evaluation; holistic social reintegration and survivor empowerment; and community engagement are additional key strategies for realizing this ambitious goal.
Challenges in the field of obstetric fistula
Authors: Rane Ajay , Browning Andrew , Majinge Peter , Pope Rachel
Published: January 2020

Thirteen years after the last supplement on obstetric fistula, the authors challenge the progress achieved. Citing the ongoing need for a standardized classification system, uniform surgical training and certification, evaluation, follow‐up, and research, we emphasize the need for improved communication and coordination between government and nongovernment entities invested in ending obstetric fistula. Struck by the call by the United Nations to end obstetric fistula by 2030, we stress the need for increased and targeted funding of programs that are of the highest quality and impact.
The mobile surgical outreach program for management of patients with genital fistula in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Maroyi Raha , Keyser Laura , Hosterman Lauren , Notia Amisi , Mukwege Denis
Published: January 2020

Objective

To describe components of the mobile surgical outreach (MSO) program as a model of care delivery for women with genital fistula; present program results; and discuss operational strengths and challenges.

Methods

A retrospective observational study of routinely collected health data from women treated via the MSO program (2013–2018). The program was developed at Panzi Hospital in the Democratic Republic of Congo to meet the needs of women with fistula living in remote provinces, where travel is prohibited. It includes healthcare delivery, medico‐surgical training, and community sensitization components.

Results

The MSO team cared for 1517 women at 41 clinic sites across 18 provinces over the study period. Average age at presentation was 31 years (range, 1–81 years). Most women (n=1359, 89.6%) presented with vesicovaginal fistula. Most surgeries were successful, and few women reported residual incontinence postoperatively. Local teams were receptive and engaged in clinical skills training and public health education efforts.

Conclusion

The MSO program addresses the backlog of patients awaiting fistula surgery and provides a template for a national strategic plan to treat and ultimately end fistula in DRC. It offers a patient‐centered approach that brings medico‐surgical care and psychosocial support to women with fistula in their own communities.
Rising trends in iatrogenic urogenital fistula: A new challenge
Authors: Tasnim Nasira , Bangash Kauser , Amin Oreekha , Luqman Sobia , Hina Hadia
Published: January 2020

Objective

To analyze trends in iatrogenic urogenital fistula among patients admitted for fistula repair at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad.

Methods

In this longitudinal study, all patients who presented for fistula repair between 2006 and 2018 were included in the study. Patient data were collected on age, parity, and type and etiology of fistula, which was classified as ischemic or iatrogenic.

Results

Of 634 fistula patients, 371 (58.5%) had iatrogenic fistula, while 263 (41.5%) patients developed ischemic fistula due to obstructed labor. Mean age of patients was 31.6 years. Yearly trends showed an increase in iatrogenic fistula from 43.2% in 2006–2008 to 71.4% in 2017–2018. The major etiological contributor to iatrogenic fistula was hysterectomy (52.5%), followed by cesarean hysterectomy (26.4%), and cesarean delivery (19.9%).

Conclusion

A rising trend in iatrogenic fistula was observed. This emphasizes the need for optimization of surgical approaches and surgical skills. Moreover, gynecologic surgeries should be restricted to authorized gynecologic surgeons.
Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia: Immunohistochemical study of testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells
Authors: Matsuoka Kanako , Sato Yuichi , Hoshi Seiji , Koguchi Tomoyuki , Ogawa Soichiro , Ishii Tomohiro , Haga Nobuhiro , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Kojima Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia is a rare disease that causes disorders of sex development. The 46,XY patient presents with female external genitalia and inguinal testes. We describe the case of a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia and investigated the testes of this patient in detail.

Case presentation

A 15‐day‐old 46,XY neonate presented with severe adrenal insufficiency. Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia was diagnosed after detection of steroidogenic acute regulatory gene mutations. At 2 years and 5 months, she underwent bilateral gonadectomy. Leydig cells were observed both with and without lipid droplets in the testes of this patient. We also demonstrated immunohistochemically that some testosterone‐synthesizing enzymes were maintained in this patient.

Conclusion

The results indicated transcription of testosterone‐synthesizing enzymes remained despite lipid accumulation in this patient. The pattern of expression of testosterone‐synthesizing enzymes suggested fetal Leydig cells may have remained after birth in the testes of this patient.
Graphene oxide quantum dot exposure induces abnormalities in locomotor activities and mechanisms in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Yan Jinhui , Chen Shujing , Zuo Zhenghong , He Chengyong , Yi Muqing
Published: January 2020

Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) have broad applications such as bioimaging and drug delivery, among others, even expanding into the aquatic environment. However, reports on the adverse effects of GOQDs on fish development are limited. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to GOQDs for 7 days after fertilization and found that GOQDs exposure at low concentrations (12.5, 25, 50 or 100 μg/L) decreased the total distance and the mean velocity of larvae movement. Additionally, the GOQDs significantly reduced the enzyme activity related to energy supply and locomotor capacity, including Ca2+‐ATPase in the 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/L GOQDs groups and Na+/K+‐ATPase in the 25 and 50 μg/L GOQDs groups. Moreover, GOQD exposure altered the mRNA expression of genes involved in energy supply and calcium transport. The levels of the atp2a2b, atp2a1, and cacna1sb genes were significantly downregulated in the 25, 50 and 100 μg/L GOQDs groups, and ryr3 expression was significantly reduced in the 25 and 50 μg/L GOQDs groups. The expression level of cacna1c was significantly upregulated in the 50 and 100 μg/L GOQDs groups. In summary, GOQD exposure induced a decrease in locomotor capacity in zebrafish, which may be due to the reduction of Ca2+‐ATPase and Na+/K+‐ATPase activity levels, and dysregulated expression of the genes involved in energy metabolism and calcium transport. Our study provides novel insight into the effects of GOQDs on the embryonic development of fish, which will be useful for the development of environment‐friendly GOQDs that reduce the potential hazard to aquatic species.
Increasing lithium extraction performance by adding sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) into block‐copolymer ethylene vinyl alcohol membrane
Authors: Zhang Chunfeng , Song Jianfeng , Huang Tao , Zheng Hongxing , He Tao
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

High efficiency membrane extraction (ME) of lithium from brine has been constrained by membrane mass transfer resistance. We report here a new solvent‐resistant membrane produced from ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVAL) and sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK).

RESULTS

The effect of the SPEEK on the thermodynamics and kinetics of demixing to the membrane morphology was investigated systematically. Addition SPEEK created extra resistance to the movement of the polymer chains in solution which was reflected in the reduced gelation diffusion coefficient. About 0.5 wt% of SPEEK was sufficient to reduce the mass transfer resistance of lithium ions (Li+). Membrane thickness showed linear correlation with Li+ flux, but was limited by its weak mechanical strength. Finally, a composite EVAL/SPEEK membrane supported by a thin loose nonwoven fabric showed a stress of 12.5 MPa, nearly 10‐fold greater than the unsupported membrane, and the highest lithium extraction flux of 4.80 × 10−8 mol cm−2 s−1.

CONCLUSION

The work provides a rationale for developing mechanically stable, high extraction flux membranes for ME. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Recognition of synthetic polyanionic ligands underlies “spontaneous” reactivity of Vγ1 γδTCRs
Authors: Dunst Josefine , Glaros Vassilis , Englmaier Lukas , Sandoz Patrick A. , Önfelt Björn , Kisielow Jan , Kreslavsky Taras
Published: January 2020

Although γδTCRs were discovered more than 30 yr ago, principles of antigen recognition by these receptors remain unclear and the nature of these antigens is largely elusive. Numerous studies reported that T cell hybridomas expressing several Vγ1-containing TCRs, including the Vγ1Vδ6 TCR of γδNKT cells, spontaneously secrete cytokines. This property was interpreted as recognition of a self-ligand expressed on the hybridoma cells themselves. Here, we revisited this finding using a recently developed reporter system and live single cell imaging. We confirmed strong spontaneous signaling by Vγ1Vδ6 and related TCRs, but not by TCRs from several other γδ or innate-like αβ T cells, and demonstrated that both γ and δ chains contributed to this reactivity. Unexpectedly, live single cell imaging showed that activation of this signaling did not require any interaction between cells. Further investigation revealed that the signaling is instead activated by interaction with negatively charged surfaces abundantly present under regular cell culture conditions and was abrogated when noncharged cell culture vessels were used. This mode of TCR signaling activation was not restricted to the reporter cell lines, as interaction with negatively charged surfaces also triggered TCR signaling in ex vivo Vγ1 γδ T cells. Taken together, these results explain long-standing observations on the spontaneous reactivity of Vγ1Vδ6 TCR and demonstrate an unexpected antigen presentation-independent mode of TCR activation by a spectrum of chemically unrelated polyanionic ligands.
Myocardial Extracellular Volume Fraction Allows Differentiation of Reversible Versus Irreversible Myocardial Damage and Prediction of Adverse Left Ventricular Remodeling of ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Chen Bing‐Hua , An Dong‐Aolei , He Jie , Xu Jian‐Rong , Wu Lian‐Ming , Pu Jun
Published: January 2020

Background

The relationship between dynamic changes of myocardial injury in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and long‐term prognosis is still unclear.

Purpose

To evaluate the extracellular volume fraction (ECV) in the differentiation of reversible from irreversible myocardial injury and the prediction value of left ventricular adverse remodeling in patients with STEMI after reperfusion.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Twenty‐four STEMI patients after reperfusion were included

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T, T1 mapping, ECV, T2‐STIR, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE).

Assessment

All the patients underwent cardiac MRI at four timepoints (days 1, 3, and 7, and at 6 months). The regions of interest (ROIs) were selected at the infarcted myocardium (with/without intramyocardial hemorrhage [IMH] and microvascular obstruction [MVO]).

Statistical Tests

One‐way analysis of variance and the Kruskal–Wallis test were used for the statistical analysis.

Results

Native T1 of MI (without MVO/IMH) gradually decreased after reperfusion (P < 0.05). The ECV of MI increased during the first 3 days and then slowly declined. Native T1 of MI with MVO/IMH was the lowest (1184 msec; 1108.5–1266), while ECV (78%; 65.5–87%) was the highest, P < 0.001. Native T1 and ECV of salvageable myocardium were higher than those of the remote myocardium but lower than those of the MI without MVO or IMH (P < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of ECV (0.85, P < 0.001) for differentiating infarcted and salvageable myocardium was higher than that of native T1 mapping (AUC: 0.63, P < 0.001) in the first week after STEMI (P < 0.0001). T1 and ECV differed significantly between patients with and without left ventricle adverse remodeling (P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion

Dynamic temporal changes in reversibly and irreversibly damaged myocardia were differentiated via native T1 and ECV mapping after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in STEMI patients. ECV may better reflect microvascular injury severity and myocardial viability. MI with higher native T1 and ECV or with severe microvascular injury (MVO and IMH) was correlated with adverse LV remodeling.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:476–487.
Impact of knee joint loading on fragmentation of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
Authors: Firner Sara , Zaucke Frank , Heilig Juliane , de Marées Markus , Willwacher Steffen , Brüggemann Gert‐Peter , Niehoff Anja
Published: January 2020

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of mechanical knee joint loading on the fragmentation pattern of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Ten healthy men ran with knee orthoses that were passive or active (+30.9 N·m external flexion moments) on a treadmill (30 minute; v = 2.2 m/s). Lower‐limb mechanics, serum COMP levels, and fragmentation patterns (baseline; 0, 0.5, 1, 2 hours postrunning) were analyzed. Running with active orthoses enhanced knee flexion moments, ankle dorsiflexion, and knee flexion angles (P < .05). There was an increase in serum COMP (+25%; pre: 8.9 ± 2.4 U/l; post: 10.7 ± 1.9 U/l, P = .001), COMP pentamer/tetramer (+88%; 1.88 ± 0.81, P = .007), trimer (+209%; 3.09 ± 2.65, P = .005), and monomer (+78%; 1.78 ± 0.85, P = .007) after running with passive orthoses and in serum COMP (+41%; pre: 8.5 ± 2.7 U/l; post: 11.3 ± 2.1 U/l, P < .001), COMP pentamer/tetramer (+57%; 1.57 ± 0.39, P = .007), trimer (+86%; 1.86 ± 0.47, P = .005), and monomer (+19%; 1.19 ± 0.34, P = .114) after running with active orthoses. Increased fragmentation might indicate COMP release from cartilage while running. Interestingly, 0.5 h up to 2 hours after running with passive orthoses, trimer (0.5 hour: 2.73 ± 3.40, P = .029; 2 hours: 2.33 ± 2.88, P = .037), and monomer (0.5 hour: 2.23 ± 2.33, P = .007; 1 hour: 2.55 ± 1.96, P = .012; 2 hours: 2.65 ± 2.50, P = .009) increased while after running with active orthoses, pentamer/tetramer (1 hour: 0.79 ± 0.28, P = .029), and trimer (1 hour: 0.63 ± 0.14, P = .005; 2 hours: 0.68 ± 0.34, P = .047) decreased. It seems that COMP degradation and clearance vary depending on joint loading characteristics.
CO2 Laser Punch‐Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery for Sebaceous Cysts
Authors: Wang Zheng‐Cai , Zhao Wan‐Yi , Fang Qing‐Qing , Wu Li‐Hong , Tan Wei‐Qiang
Published: January 2020

Background and Objectives

Traditional surgical excision for a sebaceous cyst can completely eradicate the cyst, but the surgical processes are relatively complicated and may cause obvious scarring. Some patients are reluctant to choose this method because of the inconvenient procedures and the risk of conspicuous scarring, especially in esthetically important areas. We present a simple treatment method to prevent formation of a conspicuous scar.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

First, the cyst wall was pre‐separated from the surrounding tissues by injecting a large volume of anesthetic around the cyst. Then, the cyst contents were removed through a small hole created by using a CO2 laser on the skin surface, which adhered closely to the cyst. Finally, the cyst wall was removed using a hemostat that clamps it at the base. Between August 2017 and July 2019, 32 patients with 33 sebaceous cysts (12 infected and 21 uninfected) were treated by this method to remove the cyst contents and cyst wall. Mean operative time, complications, and patient satisfaction were evaluated.

Results

All patients were satisfied with the good esthetic outcome and the simplicity of the surgical procedure. Only two of the 33 cysts (6.0%) recurred 2 and 3 months postoperatively, including 0 of 21 uninfected cysts (0.0%) and 2 of 12 infected cysts (16.7%). No complications were found during the follow‐up period. The mean operation time was 13 ± 2.1 minutes.

Conclusions

CO2 laser punch‐assisted surgery was associated with minimal scarring and high patient satisfaction. With acceptable recurrence rates, it is a convenient, effective and minimally‐invasive treatment option for sebaceous cysts. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optical spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of oxide films on a ferritic stainless steel
Authors: Fan Changfeng , Shi Jianmin , Sharafeev Azat , Lemmens Peter , Dilger Klaus
Published: January 2020

Colored oxide films that form on ferritic stainless steel in a high‐temperature, oxidizing environment and correspond to different chemical compositions can cause a deterioration of pitting resistance and corrosion performance. Herein, optical spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques have been used to reveal the relationship between color, chemical composition, and corrosion resistance of oxide films formed in the temperature range from 400°C to 800°C for 30 min and at 800°C for 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. The substrate with a thin and dense passivation film leads to a low pitting potential but high corrosion resistance. Oxide films of yellowish or brownish color formed below 600°C are mainly iron oxides, which correspond to low corrosion resistance. No passivation characteristics can be observed for polarization curves of oxide films formed at 500°C and 600°C. The color of oxide films varies from blue to dark gray with the increase of oxidation time at 800°C. Corrosion resistance changes with different proportions of Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4. The gray oxide films formed at 800°C for 30 min exhibit the lowest pitting susceptibility and the highest corrosion resistance.
LncRNA IGFL2‐AS1 functions as a ceRNA in regulating ARPP19 through competitive binding to miR‐802 in gastric cancer
Authors: Ma Yu , Liu Yi , Pu Yan‐Song , Cui Ming‐Liang , Mao Zhi‐Jun , Li Zhen‐Zhen , He Li , Wu Min , Wang Jian‐Hua
Published: January 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system worldwide. Multiple long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the regulation of GC development and metastasis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the expression and function of lncRNA IGFL2‐AS1 in GC. We found that IGFL2‐AS1 was highly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of IGFL2‐AS1 suppressed GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, we identified that IGFL2‐AS1 exerted its function as a molecular sponge of miR‐802. MiR‐802 was demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor, and overexpression of miR‐802 suppressed GC cell growth, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, we revealed that the cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein 19 (ARPP19) was a direct target of miR‐802 and could reverse the inhibitory function of miR‐802. Moreover, our results confirmed that knockdown of IGFL2‐AS1 inhibited GC tumor development in an in vivo GC tumor xenograft model. In summary, our data suggest that the IGFL2‐AS1/miR‐802/ARPP19 axis plays a critical role in the progression and metastasis of GC. Therapies targeting the IGFL2‐AS1/miR‐802/ARPP19 axis can potentially improve GC treatment.
A novel mutation deep within intron 7 of the GBA gene causes Gaucher disease
Authors: Malekkou Anna , Sevastou Ioanna , Mavrikiou Gavriella , Georgiou Theodoros , Vilageliu Lluisa , Moraitou Marina , Michelakakis Helen , Prokopiou Chrystalla , Drousiotou Anthi
Published: January 2020

Background

Mutations in the GBA gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid β‐glucocerebrosidase cause Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Most of the mutations are missense/nonsense, however, a few splicing mutations within or close to conserved consensus donor or acceptor splice sites have also been described. The aim of the study was to identify the mutation(s) in a Cypriot patient with type I GD.

Methods

The genomic DNA of the proband was screened for nine common mutations using Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) analysis. All exons and exon‐intron boundaries, and the 5’UTR and 3’UTR regions of the GBA gene, were investigated by Sanger sequencing. RNA analysis was performed using standard procedures, and the abnormal transcript was further cloned into pGEM‐T‐Easy plasmid vector and sequenced. The relevant intronic region was further sequenced by the Sanger method to identify the genetic variant.

Results

A novel point mutation, g.12599C > A (c.999 + 242C > A), was detected deep in intron 7 of the GBA gene. This type of mutation has been previously described for other diseases but this is the first time, as far as we know, that it is described for GD. This mutation creates a new donor splice site leading to aberrant splicing and resulting in the insertion of the first 239nt of intron 7 as a pseudoexon in the mRNA, creating a premature stop codon.

Conclusion

This study expands the mutation spectrum of GD and highlights the importance of RNA sequencing for the molecular diagnosis of patients bearing mutations in nonexonic regions.
The dynamics of an age‐structured TB transmission model with relapse
Authors: Cao Hui , Gao Xiaoyan , Yan Dongxue , Zhang Suxia
Published: January 2020

This paper deals with the global dynamics for a tuberculosis transmission model with age‐structure and relapse. The time delay in the progression from the latent individuals to becoming the infectious individuals is also considered in our model. We perform some rigorous analyses for the model, including presenting an explicit formula for the basic reproduction number of the model, addressing the persistence of the solution semiflow and the existence of a global attractor. Based on these analyses, we establish some results about stability and instability of the solutions for our model. At end, the model is applied to describe tuberculosis transmission in China. The number of the total population and the number of the annual newly reported TB cases both match the statistical data well. The number of the total population, the latent individuals, the infectious individuals, the Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) positive rate, and the prevalence rate from 2020 to 2035 all are presented.
Method to quickly and accurately calculate absorbed dose from therapeutic and stray photon exposures throughout the entire body in individual patients
Authors: Wilson Lydia J. , Newhauser Wayne D. , Schneider Christopher W. , Kamp Florian , Reiner Michael , Martins Juliana C. , Landry Guillaume , Giussani Augusto , Kapsch Ralf‐Peter , Parodi Katia
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Photon radiotherapy techniques typically devote considerable attention to limiting the exposure of healthy tissues outside of the target volume. Numerous studies have shown, however, that commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs) significantly underestimate the absorbed dose outside of the treatment field. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of quickly and accurately calculating the total absorbed dose to the whole body from photon radiotherapy in individual patients.

Methods

We created an extended TPS by implementing a physics‐based analytical model for the absorbed dose from stray photons during photon therapy into a research TPS. We configured and validated the extended TPS using measurements of 6‐ and 15‐MV photon beams in water‐box and anthropomorphic phantoms. We characterized the additional computation time required for therapeutic and stray dose calculations in a 44 × 30 × 180 cm3 water‐box phantom.

Results

The extended TPS achieved superior dosimetric accuracy compared to the research TPS in both water and anthropomorphic phantoms, especially outside of the primary treatment field. In the anthropomorphic phantom, the extended TPS increased the generalized gamma index passing rate by a factor of 10 and decreased the median dosimetric discrepancy in the out‐of‐field region by a factor of 26. The extended TPS achieved an average discrepancy <1% in and near the treatment field and <1 mGy/Gy far from the treatment field in the anthropomorphic phantom. Characterization of computation time revealed that on average, the extended TPS only required 7% longer than the research TPS to calculate the total absorbed dose.

Conclusions

The results of this work suggest that it is feasible to quickly and accurately calculate whole‐body doses inside and outside of the therapeutic treatment field in individual patients on a routine basis using physics‐based analytical dose models. This additional capability enables a more personalized approach to minimizing the risk of radiogenic late effects, such as second cancer and cardiac toxicity, as part of the treatment planning process.
A hypoplastic model for granular soils incorporating anisotropic critical state theory
Authors: Yang Zhongxuan , Liao Dong , Xu Tingting
Published: January 2020

It is well known that soil is inherently anisotropic and its mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by its fabric anisotropy. Hypoplasticity is increasingly being accepted in the constitutive modeling for soils, in which many salient features, such as nonlinear stress‐strain relations, dilatancy, and critical state failure, can be described by a single tensorial equation. However, within the framework of hypoplasticity, modeling fabric anisotropy remains challenging, as the fabric and its evolution are often vaguely assumed without a sound basis. This paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for granular soils based on the newly developed anisotropic critical state theory, in which the conditions of fabric anisotropy are concurrently satisfied along with the traditional conditions at the critical state. A deviatoric fabric tensor is introduced into the Gudehus‐Bauer hypoplastic model, and a scalar‐valued anisotropic state variable signifying the interplay between the fabric and the stress state is used to characterize its impact on the dilatancy and strength of the soils. In addition, fabric evolution during shearing can explicitly be addressed. Modifications have also been undertaken to improve the performance of the undrained response of the model. The anisotropic hypoplastic model can simulate experimental tests for sand under various combinations of principle stress direction, intermediate principal stress (or mode of shearing), soil densities, and confining pressures, and the associated drastic effect of different principal stress orientations in reference to the material axes of anisotropy can be well captured.
Assessment of ATR‐NIR and ATR‐MIR spectroscopy as an analytical tool for the quantification of the total polyphenols in Dendrobium huoshanense
Authors: Hao Jing‐Wen , Chen Yue , Chen Nai‐Dong
Published: January 2020

In this study, the potentiality of applying attenuated total reflectance near‐infrared (ATR‐NIR) and attenuated total reflectance mid‐infrared (ATR‐MIR) techniques combined with a partial least squares (PLS) regression technology to quantify the total polyphenols (TPs) in Dendrobium huoshanense (DHS) was investigated and compared. The real TP contents in the DHS samples were analysed using methods of reference. The capability of the two IR spectroscopic techniques to quantify the TPs in DHS was assessed by the root‐mean‐square error of calibration (RMSEC) and determination coefficients (R2). The results showed that both NIR and MIR might be used as a fast and simple tool to replace traditional chemical assays for the determination of the TP contents in DHS, and the best NIR model showed slightly better prediction performance [root‐mean‐square error of prediction (RMSEP): 0.307, R2: 0.9122, ratio performance deviation (RPD): 4.43] than the best MIR model (RMSEP: 0.440, R2: 0.9069, RPD: 3.09). Results from this study indicated that both the NIR and MIR models could be used to quantify the TP in DHS, and ATR‐NIR appeared to be the more predominant and more robust technique for the quantification of the TP in DHS.
Dual‐functional, aromatic, epoxy‐methacrylate monomers from bio‐based feedstocks and their respective epoxy‐functional thermoplastics
Authors: Bassett Alexander W. , Sweet Kayla R. , O'Dea Robert M. , Honnig Amy E. , Breyta Claire M. , Reilly Julia H. , La Scala John J. , Epps Thomas H. , Stanzione Joseph F.
Published: January 2020

Dual‐functional monomers consist of two distinctly different functional groups that enable chemical versatility. The most readily available epoxy‐methacrylate dual‐functional monomer is glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). In an effort to produce bio‐based, aromatic complements to GMA, asymmetric phenolic diols (vanillyl alcohol, syringyl alcohol, gastrodigenin, and tyrosol) were identified and selectively epoxidized at the aromatic hydroxyl followed by subsequent esterification at the aliphatic hydroxyl to prepare dual functional monomers, vanillyl alcohol epoxy‐methacrylate (VAEM), syringyl alcohol epoxy‐methacrylate (SAEM), gastrodigenin epoxy‐methacrylate (GDEM), and tyrosol epoxy‐methacrylate (TEM). These monomers are viable platforms for a multitude of applications due to their unique chemical functionalities. VAEM, SAEM, GDEM, and TEM were homopolymerized individually to produce aromatic, bio‐based epoxy‐functional thermoplastics analogous to poly(GMA). The molecular weight distributions and thermal properties of each polymer were evaluated, as were the surface characteristics of flow‐coated thin films from these polymers. Most of the newly prepared epoxy‐functional thermoplastics exhibited increased thermal stability (initial decomposition temperatures >260 °C in air) relative to poly(GMA), while retaining similar glass transition temperatures (~ 65 °C) and surface energies (~ 53 mJ m−2); thus, these materials could be substituted for poly(GMA) and enable use in higher‐temperature applications. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 673–682
Antifungal activities of silver and selenium nanoparticles stabilized with different surface coating agents
Authors: Vrandečić Karolina , Ćosić Jasenka , Ilić Jelena , Ravnjak Boris , Selmani Atiđa , Galić Emerik , Pem Barbara , Barbir Rinea , Vinković Vrček Ivana , Vinković Tomislav
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

Extensive and growing use of different chemical pesticides that affect both the environment and human health raises a need for new and more suitable methods to deal with plant pathogens. Nanotechnology has enabled the use of materials at the nanoscale with exceptional functionality in different economic domains including agricultural production.

This study aimed to evaluate antifungal potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized with different surface coatings and characterized by different surface charge on plant pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Diaporthe longicolla.

RESULTS

AgNPs were coated with three different stabilizing agents: mono citrate (MC‐AgNPs), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB‐AgNPs) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP‐AgNPs). SeNPs were coated with poly‐l‐lysine (PLL‐SeNPs), polyacrylic acid (PAA‐SeNPs), and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP‐SeNPs). Seven different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg L−1) of nanoparticles were applied. All AgNPs and SeNPs significantly inhibited the growth of the tested fungi. Among the tested NPs, PVP‐AgNPs showed the best inhibitory effect on the tested plant pathogenic fungi, especially against S. sclerotiorum. The similar inhibition of the sclerotia formation was observed for S. sclerotiorum treated with PLL‐SeNPs.

CONCLUSION

Obtained results provides new insights on fungicide effect of AgNPs and SeNPs stabilized with different coating agents on different plant pathogens. Further work should focus on detailed risk/benefit ratio assessment of using SeNPs or AgNPs in agriculture taking into account whole agroecosystem. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Directed energy system technology for the control of soilborne fungal pathogens and plant‐parasitic nematodes
Authors: Riga Ekaterini , Crisp Jason D , McComb Gordon J , Weiland Jerry E , Zasada Inga A
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

It is challenging to manage soilborne pathogens and plant‐parasitic nematodes using sustainable practices. Here, we evaluated a novel energy application system, Directed Energy System (DES). This system generates pulses of energy capable of impacting selected biological organisms. The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi, the fungus Verticillium dahliae, and the plant‐parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne hapla and Globodera ellingtonae were added to soil. Then DES‐generated energy was applied to soil and impacts on target organisms were determined.

RESULTS

DES applied at 20, 40 and 70 J cm−3 to P. cinnamomi and V. dahliae resulted in ≥50% and 92% reductions (respectively) of propagules per gram of soil in comparison to the untreated control. There was a significant reduction of M. hapla eggs per gram of host tomato root between the untreated control, and 2.2, 13 and 25 J cm−3 DES dosages applied pre‐ or post‐planting. Additionally, an 84% reduction in hatch from G. ellingtonae encysted eggs after treatment with 70 J cm−3 DES was observed. The dosages ranged from 40 or 80V mm−1 for nematodes to 200 V mm−1 for fungi.

CONCLUSION

DES‐generated energy reduced survival of the soilborne pathogens P. cinnamomi and V. dahlia, and the plant‐parasitic nematodes M. hapla and G. ellingtonae. The application of this technology to a field setting remains to be considered. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Pest Management Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Corrosion and Structural Properties of Erbium–Zinc Thin Films at Low‐to‐Medium Erbium Concentrations
Authors: Recktenwald Dominik , Kollender Jan Philipp , Mardare Cezarina Cela , Mardare Andrei Ionut , Hassel Achim Walter
Published: January 2020

A combinatorial erbium–zinc thin film material library is deposited by thermal co‐evaporation. The library is screened for its structural and compositional properties by energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and shows a compositional range from 3.1 to 31.2 at% Er. XRD proofs an amorphous region around 20 at% Er. This is rarely encountered in binary systems, and supports an improved corrosion resistance for this composition. SEM shows the formation of a compact film at the same compositional range. The alloys' electrochemical characteristics are assessed with open‐circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements in a scanning droplet cell microscopy (SDCM) setup coupled with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP–OES). This allows capturing the relation between current, potential, and metal ion dissolution in the system. The experiments are performed in aqueous 0.01 m Na2SO4 solution under constant flow (0.0136 mL s−1). Increased corrosion resistance is found for alloys containing 19–22 at% in all four used methods, showing the superior properties at this compositional range.
Simultaneous Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Surface Modification on the Work Function and Hole Injection Properties of ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Raoufi Meysam , Hörmann Ulrich , Ligorio Giovanni , Hildebrandt Jana , Pätzel Michael , Schultz Thorsten , Perdigon Lorena , Koch Norbert , List-Kratochvil Emil , Hecht Stefan , Neher Dieter
Published: January 2020

The combined effect of ultraviolet (UV) light soaking and self‐assembled monolayer deposition on the work function (WF) of thin ZnO layers and on the efficiency of hole injection into the prototypical conjugated polymer poly(3‐hexylthiophen‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) is systematically investigated. It is shown that the WF and injection efficiency depend strongly on the history of UV light exposure. Proper treatment of the ZnO layer enables ohmic hole injection into P3HT, demonstrating ZnO as a potential anode material for organic optoelectronic devices. The results also suggest that valid conclusions on the energy‐level alignment at the ZnO/organic interfaces may only be drawn if the illumination history is precisely known and controlled. This is inherently problematic when comparing electronic data from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements carried out under different or ill‐defined illumination conditions.
An Effective Strategy for Photoelectric Performance Enhancement of 2D Perovskite via Halogenating Organic Cation: A Theoretical Prediction
Authors: Tang Yong , Zhou Yingtang , Zhong Xiangli , Liu Meiping , Yan Luo , Hu Huandong , Wang Jinbin
Published: January 2020

Confronted with the challenge of the inappropriate bandgap, there is an urgent need for effective methods to reduce the bandgap of 2D hybrid perovskites (2DHP) to illuminate their applications in optoelectronic devices. Herein, taking (C6H5NH3)2PbI4as an example, an effective way is predicted to modify the electronic structures of 2DHP by halogenating the benzene ring. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of 2DHP with various numbers and types of halogenated functional groups (HFGs) are systematically investigated. The results show that pure (C6H5NH3)2PbI4exhibits a direct bandgap of 2.28 eV, which can be tuned under the action of HFG. It is particularly noteworthy that the bandgap of 2DHP decreases sharply from 2.28 to 1.64 eV after the benzene ring is fully halogenated by Br. The decline of bandgap is mainly attributed to the action of HFG on the band edges of 2DHP. In addition, HFG can effectively enhance the optical properties of 2DHP. It is firmly believed that the findings will be applied to other 2DHP, paving a new way of improving the photoelectric performance and expanding the application of 2DHPs in optoelectronic devices.
A control chart for monitoring the lognormal process variation using repetitive sampling
Authors: Shaheen Uzma , Azam Muhammad , Aslam Muhammad
Published: January 2020

Control charts are developed to make the specific quality measures for a successful production process and follow normal distribution behaviors. But some real‐life practices do not match such practices and exhibit some positively skewed behavior like lognormal distribution. The present study has considered this situation and proposed a monitoring control chart based on lognormal process variation using a repetitive sampling scheme. This concept proved better for detecting shifts as quickly as possible, and compared with the existing concept, results are elaborated through extensive tables. The average run lengths and standard deviations of the run lengths are being used as a performance evaluation measures and computed by using Monte Carlo simulations performed in R language. A real‐life situation has been discussed in the example section to strengthen the proposed control chart concept in a real‐life situation.
Modeling repeated labor curves in consecutive pregnancies: Individualized prediction of labor progression from previous pregnancy data
Authors: Buhule Olive D. , Choo‐Wosoba Hyoyoung , Albert Paul S.
Published: January 2020

The measurement of cervical dilation of a pregnant woman is used to monitor the progression of labor until 10 cm when pushing begins. There is anecdotal evidence that labor tracks across repeated pregnancies; moreover, no statistical methodology has been developed to address this important issue, which can help obstetricians make more informed clinical decisions about an individual woman's progression. Motivated by the NICHD Consecutive Pregnancies Study (CPS), we propose new methodology for analyzing labor curves across consecutive pregnancies. Our focus is both on studying the correlation between repeated labor curves on the same woman and on using the cervical dilation data from prior pregnancies to predict subsequent labor curves. We propose a hierarchical random effects model with a random change point that characterizes repeated labor curves within and between women to address these issues. We employ Bayesian methodology for parameter estimation and prediction. Model diagnostics to examine the appropriateness of the hierarchical random effects structure for characterizing the dependence structure across consecutive pregnancies are also proposed. The methodology was used in analyzing the CPS data and in developing a predictor for labor progression that can be used in clinical practice.
Design efficiency in genetic association studies
Authors: Gjerdevik Miriam , Gjessing Håkon K. , Romanowska Julia , Haaland Øystein A. , Jugessur Astanand , Czajkowski Nikolai O. , Lie Rolv T.
Published: January 2020

Selecting the best design for genetic association studies requires careful deliberation; different study designs can be used to scan for different genetic effects, and each design has its own set of strengths and limitations. A variety of family and unrelated control configurations are amenable to genetic association analyses, including the case‐control design, case‐parent triads, and case‐parent triads in combination with unrelated controls or control‐parent triads. Ultimately, the goal is to choose the design that achieves the highest statistical power using the lowest cost. For given parameter values and genotyped individuals, designs can be compared directly by computing the power. However, a more informative and general design comparison can be achieved by studying the relative efficiency, defined as the ratio of variances of two different parameter estimators, corresponding to two separate designs. Using log‐linear modeling, we derive the relative efficiency from the asymptotic variance of the parameter estimators and relate it to the concept of Pitman efficiency. The relative efficiency takes into account the fact that different designs impose different costs relative to the number of genotyped individuals. We show that while optimal efficiency for analyses of regular autosomal effects is achieved using the standard case‐control design, the case‐parent triad design without unrelated controls is efficient when searching for parent‐of‐origin effects. Due to the potential loss of efficiency, maternal genes should generally not be adjusted for in an initial genome‐wide association study scan of offspring genes but instead checked post hoc. The relative efficiency calculations are implemented in our R package Haplin.