bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Price Evolution in Online Toy Market
Authors: Yang Zhenlin , Gan Lydia , Tang Fang-Fang
Published: October 2010

We study and contrast pricing and price evolution of online only (Dotcom) and online branch of multi-channel retailers (OBMCRs) based on two panel data sets collected from online toy markets. Panel data regression analyses reveal several interesting empirical results: over time, OBMCRs and Dotcoms charge similar prices on average but Dotcoms significantly increase their shipping costs that eventually drive the overall average price of Dotcoms higher than that of OBMCRs. Price dispersions of both types of retailers are persistent. The price dispersion of OBMCRs is higher than that of Dotcoms at the beginning and does not change much over time, but the price dispersion of Dotcoms increases significantly over time, indicating that the latter will eventually be higher than the former. Moreover, the OBMCRs charge significantly different prices, but the Dotcoms charge similar prices.
Errors in GNSS radio occultation data: relevance of the measurement geometry and obliquity of profiles
Authors: Foelsche U. , Syndergaard S. , Fritzer J. , Kirchengast G.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Atmospheric profiles retrieved from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation (RO) measurements are increasingly used to validate other measurement data. For this purpose it is important to be aware of the characteristics of RO measurements. RO data are frequently compared with vertical reference profiles, but the RO method does not provide vertical scans through the atmosphere. The average elevation angle of the tangent point trajectory (which would be 90° for a vertical scan) is about 40° at altitudes above 70 km, decreasing to about 25° at 20 km and to less than 5° below 3 km. In an atmosphere with high horizontal variability we can thus expect noticeable representativeness errors if the retrieved profiles are compared with vertical reference profiles. We have performed an end-to-end simulation study using high-resolution analysis fields (T799L91) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to simulate a representative ensemble of RO profiles via high-precision 3-D ray tracing. Thereby we focused on the dependence of systematic and random errors on the measurement geometry, specifically on the incidence angle of the RO measurement rays with respect to the orbit plane of the receiving satellite, also termed azimuth angle, which determines the obliquity of RO profiles. We analyzed by how much errors are reduced if the reference profile is not taken vertical at the mean tangent point but along the retrieved tangent point trajectory (TPT) of the RO profile. The exact TPT can only be determined by performing ray tracing, but our results confirm that the retrieved TPT – calculated from observed impact parameters – is a very good approximation to the "true" one. Systematic and random errors in RO data increase with increasing azimuth angle, less if the TPT is properly taken in to account, since the increasing obliquity of the RO profiles leads to an increasing sensitivity to departures from horizontal symmetry. Up to an azimuth angle of 30°, however, this effect is small, even if the RO profiles are assumed to be vertical. For applications requiring highest accuracy and precision it is advisable to exclude RO profiles with ray incidence angles beyond an azimuth of 50°. Errors in retrieved atmospheric profiles decrease significantly, by up to a factor of 2, if the RO data are exploited along the retrieved TPT. The tangent point trajectory of RO profiles should therefore be exploited whenever this is possible.
Sediment transport modelling in a distributed physically based hydrological catchment model
Authors: Konz M. , Chiari M. , Rimkus S. , Turowski J. M. , Molnar P. , Rickenmann D. , Burlando P.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Sediment transport and erosion processes in channels are important components of water induced natural hazards in alpine environments. A distributed hydrological model, TOPKAPI, has been developed to support continuous simulations of river bed erosion and deposition processes. The hydrological model simulates all relevant components of the water cycle and non-linear reservoir methods are applied for water fluxes in the soil, on the surface and in the channel. The sediment transport simulations are performed on a sub-grid level, which allows for a better discretization of the channel geometry, whereas water fluxes are calculated on the grid level in order to be CPU efficient. Flow resistance due to macro roughness is considered in the simulation of sediment transport processes. Several transport equations as well as the effects of armour layers on the transport threshold discharge are considered. The advantage of this approach is the integrated simulation of the entire water balance combined with hillslope-channel coupled erosion and transport simulation. The comparison with the modelling tool SETRAC and with LiDAR based reconstructed sediment transport rates demonstrates the reliability of the modelling concept. The modelling method is very fast and of comparable accuracy to the more specialised sediment transport model SETRAC.
Measurements of bubble size spectra within leads in the Arctic summer pack ice
Authors: Norris S. J. , Brooks I. M. , de Leeuw G. , Sirevaag A. , Leck C. , Brooks B. J. , Birch C. E. , Tjernstrom M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The first measurements of bubble size spectra within the near-surface waters of open leads in the central Arctic pack ice were obtained during the Artic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS) in August 2008 at 87–87.6° N, 1–11° W. A significant number of small bubbles (30–100 μm diameter) were present, with concentration decreasing rapidly with size from 100–560 μm; no bubbles larger than 560 μm were observed. The bubbles were present both during periods of low wind speed (U < 6 m/s) and when ice covered the surface of the lead. The low wind and short open-water fetch precludes production of bubbles by wave breaking suggesting that the bubbles are generated by processes below the surface. When the surface water was open to the atmosphere bubble concentrations increased with increasing heat loss to the atmosphere. The presence of substantial numbers of bubbles is significant because the bursting of bubbles at the surface provides a mechanism for the generation of aerosol and the ejection of biological material from the ocean into the atmosphere. Such a transfer has previously been proposed as a potential climate feedback linking marine biology and Arctic cloud properties.
Computer Control of Microscopes Using µManager
Authors: Edelstein Arthur , Amodaj Nenad , Hoover Karl , Vale Ron , Stuurman Nico
Published: October 2010

With the advent of digital cameras and motorization of mechanical components, computer control of microscopes has become increasingly important. Software for microscope image acquisition should not only be easy to use, but also enable and encourage novel approaches. The open‐source software package µManager aims to fulfill those goals. This unit provides step‐by‐step protocols describing how to get started working with µManager, as well as some starting points for advanced use of the software. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 92:14.20.1‐14.20.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pathway Modulators and Inhibitors
Authors: Smith John A.
Published: October 2010

Inhibitors of specific cellular pathways are useful for investigating the roles of proteins of unknown function, and for selectively inhibiting a protein in complex pathways to uncover its relationships to other proteins in this and other interacting pathways. This appendix provides links to Web sites that describe cellular processes and pathways along with the various classes of inhibitors, numerous references, downloadable diagrams, and technical tips. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 92:A.6.1‐A.6.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Analysis of Gene Rearrangements and Mutations in Acute Leukemias and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Sholl Lynette M. , Longtine Janina
Published: October 2010

A large subset of acute leukemias and other myeloproliferative neoplasms contain specific genetic alterations, many of which are associated with unique clinical and pathologic features. These alterations include chromosomal translocations leading to oncogenic fusion genes, as well as mutations leading to aberrant activation of a variety of proteins critical to hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Molecular analysis is central to diagnosis and clinical management of leukemias, permitting genetic confirmation of a clinical and histologic impression, providing prognostic and predictive information, and facilitating detection of minimal residual disease. This unit will outline approaches to the molecular diagnosis of the most frequent and clinically relevant genetic alterations in acute leukemias and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 67:10.4.1‐10.4.35 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reporting of Diagnostic Cytogenetic Results
Authors: Ligon Azra H. , Morton Cynthia C. , Bieber Frederick R. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Giersch Anne B.S. , Kantarci Sibel , Leach Natalia , Lee Charles , Sandstrom Mary , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Xiao Sheng , Cin Paola Dal
Published: October 2010

This appendix, developed by the staff at the Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current “macros” or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG‐banding or FISH). Multi‐specimen usage macros are included that can be applied to two or more specimen types. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 67:A.1D.1‐A.1D.24 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monodisperse Pt3Fe Nanocubes: Synthesis, Characterization, Self‐Assembly, and Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yang Hongzhou , Yang Kaikun , Fang Jiye , Zou Shouzhong , Luo Zhiping , Wang Howard , Bae In‐Tae , Jung Dae Young
Published: October 2010

A facile, reliable, and robust synthetic method to prepare high‐quality Pt3Fe nanocubes is reported. Results of investigation on these Pt3Fe nanocubes in shape‐/size‐distribution, crystallinity, structural characteristics, compositions, electrochemical activity towards small organic molecule oxidation as well as capability of assembling into simple cubic supercrystals are presented, and a possible formation mechanism of the cubic nanocrystals at high temperature in oleylamine/oleic acid solution is also proposed. This study indicates that the catalyst performance may be improved by controlling the shape of particles.
Masitinib for the treatment of systemic and cutaneous mastocytosis with handicap: A phase 2a study
Authors: Paul Carle , Sans Beatrix , Suarez Felipe , Casassus Philippe , Barete Stéphane , Lanternier Fanny , Grandpeix‐Guyodo Catherine , Dubreuil Patrice , Palmérini Fabienne , Mansfield Colin D. , Gineste Paul , Moussy Alain , Hermine Olivier , Lortholary Olivier
Published: October 2010

Treatment options for patients suffering from indolent forms of mastocytosis remain inadequate with the hyperactivation of mast cells responsible for many of the disease's systemic manifestations. Masitinib is a potent and highly selective oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor. A combined inhibition of c‐Kit and Lyn make it particularly efficient in controlling the activity of mast cells and therefore, of potential therapeutic benefit in mastocytosis. Masitinib was administered to 25 patients diagnosed as having systemic or cutaneous mastocytosis with related handicap (i.e., disabilities associated with flushes, depression, pruritus and quality‐of‐life) at the initial dose levels of 3 or 6 mg/kg/day over 12 weeks. In accordance with the AFIRMM study, response was based upon change of clinical symptoms associated with patient handicap at week 12 relative to baseline, regardless of disease subtype. Improvement was observed in all primary endpoints at week 12 including a reduction of flushes, Hamilton rating, and pruritus as compared with baseline by 64% (P = 0.0005), 43% (P = 0.0049), and 36% (P = 0.0077), respectively. An overall clinical response was observed in 14/25 patients (56%; [95%CI = 37%−75%]), with sustainable improvement observed throughout an extension phase (>60 weeks). Common adverse events were edema (44%), nausea (44%), muscle spasms (28%), and rash (28%), the majority of which were of mild or moderate severity with a significant decline in frequency observed after 12 weeks of treatment. One patient experienced a serious adverse event of reversible agranulocytosis. Masitinib is a promising treatment for indolent forms of mastocytosis with handicap and indicates acceptable tolerability for long‐term treatment regimens. Am. J. Hematol. 85:921–925, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduktive Dehydroxylierung von Allylalkoholen durch IspH‐Protein
Authors: Gräwert Tobias , Span Ingrid , Bacher Adelbert , Groll Michael
Published: October 2010

Die Biosynthese von Naturstoffen ist eine Fundgrube für ungewöhnliche Reaktionsmechanismen. Neue strukturbiologische und mechanistische Untersuchungen machen verständlich, wie Allylalkohole im Rahmen der Terpen‐Biosynthese durch das IspH‐Protein reduktiv dehydroxyliert werden.
Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Jiang Bo , Rajale Trideep , Wever Walter , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Li Guigen
Published: October 2010

Multicomponent domino reactions (MDRs) serve as a rapid and efficient tool for the synthesis of versatile heterocycles, particularly those containing structural diversity and complexity, by a one‐pot operation. These reactions can dramatically reduce the generation of chemical wastes, costs of starting materials, and the use of energy and manpower. Moreover, the reaction period can be substantially shortened. This Review covers recent advances on multicomponent domino reactions for the construction of five‐, six‐, and seven‐membered heterocyclic skeletons and their multicyclic derivatives.
Studies with Wnt genes and nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate
Authors: Menezes Renato , Letra Ariadne , Kim Ana H. , Küchler Erika C. , Day Alicia , Tannure Patricia N. , da Motta Luise Gomes , Paiva Katiucia B.S. , Granjeiro Jose M. , Vieira Alexandre R.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Clefts of the lip and/or palate (cleft lip/palate) are notable for their complex etiology. The WNT pathway regulates multiple developmental processes including craniofacial development and may play a role in cleft lip/palate and other defects of craniofacial development such as tooth agenesis. Variations in WNT genes have been recently associated with cleft lip/palate in humans. In addition, two WNT genes, Wnt3 and Wnt9B, are located in the clf1 cleft locus in mice.

METHODS

We investigated 13 SNPs located in Wnt3A, Wnt5A, Wnt8A, Wnt11, Wnt3, and Wnt9B genes for association with cleft lip/palate subphenotypes in 463 cleft cases and 303 unrelated controls. Genotyping of selected polymorphisms was carried out using Taqman assays. PLINK 1.06 software was used to test for differences in allele frequencies of each polymorphism between affected and unaffected individuals. Haplotype analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

Individuals carrying variant alleles in WNT3 presented an increased risk for cleft lip/palate (p = 0.0003; OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.29–2.02) in the population studied.

CONCLUSION

Our results continue to support a role for WNT genes in the pathogenesis of cleft lip/palate. Although much remains to be learned about the function of individual WNT genes during craniofacial development, additional studies should focus on the identification of potentially functional variants in these genes as contributors to human clefting. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preconception care for women with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations
Authors: Kitzmiller John L. , Wallerstein Robert , Correa Adolfo , Kwan Saiyin
Published: October 2010

This article provides an overview of the rationale for diabetes preconception care interventions for women with diabetes and the efficacy in reducing the excess occurrence of major congenital malformations. The problems with broad use of individualized preconception care are considered. In addition, suggestions are made for the implementation of more comprehensive interventions in the community and usual diabetes care settings, to address the multiple ongoing challenges in the prevention of structural anomalies associated with preexisting diabetes. Based on the published evidence, successful preconception care can be considered to include: achievement of individualized target standardized glycosylated hemoglobin levels, adequate nutrition, and minimizing hypoglycemia before and after discontinuing effective contraception and during the transition to early prenatal care. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An anatomic and clinical study of the adductor magnus tendon‐descending genicular artery bone flap
Authors: Huang Dong , Wang Hai‐Wen , Xu Da‐Chuan , Wang Hong‐Gang , Wu Wei‐Zhi , Zhang Hui‐Ru
Published: October 2010

The composite tissue flap of the descending genicular vessels with the adductor magnus tendon is a newly developed, reliable method to repair the Achilles tendon and relevant skin defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the adductor magnus tendon‐descending genicular artery bone flap, and the feasibility and value for the repair of the Achilles tendon and relevant skin defects. There were 34 adult specimens used for the anatomy of this flap. The descending genicular artery originates 10.5 ± 1.6 cm above the adductor tubercle, with a diameter of 1.8 ± 0.6 mm and a length of 1.2 ± 0.5 cm. Its articular branch is distributed in the adductor magnus tendon and the medial condyle of the femur. The saphenous branch has a diameter of 1.1 ± 0.3 mm and is distributed in the skin of the upper medial calf. A total of 16 cases of trauma‐induced Achilles tendon damage and calcaneus and skin defects were repaired with the vascularized adductor magnus tendon bone flap, including the reconstruction of Achilles tendon insertion and repair of relevant skin defects. All of the composite tissue flaps were viable, the skin sensation of the flaps was recovered, and all patients walked with a normal gait. Our results suggested that the adductor magnus tendon‐descending genicular artery bone flap is an alternative method to repair composite tissue defects of the Achilles tendon. Clin. Anat. 24:77–83, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semi‐Continuous Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene‐Butyl Acrylate with Methacrylic Acid: Box‐Behnken Design of Experiments
Authors: Hua H. , Dubé M. A.
Published: October 2010

A three‐factor three‐level Box‐Behnken design was conducted to study the semi‐continuous emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St)/butyl acrylate (BA) with methacrylic acid (MAA). The effects of St/BA ratio, MAA content, and pH on the carboxylic acid distribution in the latex, the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg), the average latex particle diameter, the molecular weight and distribution of the polymer products, and the coating adhesion to a polycarbonate substrate were investigated. The experimental results showed how the pH affected the distribution of MAA in the polymer particles. Regression analysis revealed how the St/BA ratio, MAA content, and pH influence the copolymer Tg, the latex particle size, the number‐average molecular weight Mn as well as the weight‐average molecular weight Mw. An empirical model to correlate the pull‐off adhesion of the latex coating to a polycarbonate substrate was developed.
Fluorescence Spectroscopic Evidence for Hydrogen Bonding and Deprotonation Equilibrium between Fluoride and a Thiourea Derivative
Authors: Ashokkumar Pichandi , Ramakrishnan Vayalakkavoor T. , Ramamurthy Perumal
Published: October 2010

Interaction of anions with thiourea‐linked acridinedione fluorophore was studied by absorption, 1H NMR, steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence techniques. Addition of AcO− and H2PO4− shows a genuine H‐bonded complex with thiourea receptor; whereas, F− shows stepwise H‐bonding and deprotonation of thiourea NH as confirmed by 1H NMR titration. Free receptor 1 shows emission maximum at 418 nm; whereas, H‐bonded complex of 1⋅F− shows a new redshifted emission maximum at 473 nm and the deprotonated 1 exhibits an emission peak at 502 nm. Presence of these three different emitting species was probed by 3D emission spectroscopic studies. Equilibrium between the free receptor 1, 1⋅F− H‐bonded complex and deprotonated 1 was confirmed by time‐resolved fluorescence studies. Time‐resolved area normalised emission spectra (TRANES) of 1 in the presence of F− shows two isoemissive points at 456 and 479 nm between time delays of 0–0.5 ns and 1–20 ns, respectively, due to the existence of three emitting species in equilibrium. Observation of such an equilibrium based on fluorescence spectroscopic studies further proves the earlier reported absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of H‐bonding and deprotonation processes and also illustrates the dynamics of anion‐receptor interactions.
Determination of Partition Coefficients for Selected PAHs between Water and Dissolved Organic Matter
Authors: Kim Su‐Jin , Kwon Jung‐Hwan
Published: October 2010

The fate and transport of highly hydrophobic chemicals are affected by the partitioning between water and dissolved organic carbon. Large variation in the partition coefficient (KDOCw) is often found, due to the selection of model organic matter or potential experimental artifacts. To investigate the roles of the type of organic matter on the partitioning of highly hydrophobic compounds, the partition coefficients of eight selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with 3–6 aromatic rings, were determined using a passive dosing/extraction method between water and model dissolved organic matter (humic acid, fulvic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle (SDS), and 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin). Although the KDOCw values for 3–4 ring PAHs in this study were close to those reported in the literature, experimental KDOCw values between Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and water were higher than values reported in the literature for 5–6 ring PAHs. The KDOCw values were highest for AHA, followed by SDS and Suwannee river fulvic acid (SFA). The slopes of the linear regression between log KDOCw and log Kow were 1.23 (± 0.13), 0.82 (± 0.09), and 0.59 (± 0.13) for AHA, SDS, and SFA, respectively. The differences in the KDOCw values between AHA and the other organic matter (SDS, SFA, and CD) increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the PAHs, showing that the sorption of highly hydrophobic chemicals to the humic acid fraction may be important in the presence of mixed organic matter.
Molecular Assembly of Multifunctional 99mTc Radiopharmaceuticals Using “Clickable” Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Mindt Thomas L. , Struthers Harriet , Spingler Bernhard , Brans Luc , Tourwé Dirk , García‐Garayoa Elisa , Schibli Roger
Published: October 2010

Synthetic strategies that enable the efficient and selective combination of different biologically active entities hold great promise for the development of multifunctional hybrid conjugates useful for biochemical and medical applications. Starting from side‐chain‐functionalized N(α)‐propargyl lysine derivatives, conjugates containing a 99mTc‐based imaging probe for SPECT and two different moieties (e.g., tumor‐targeting vectors, pharmacological modifiers, affinity tags, or second imaging probes) can be assembled using the CuI‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition in efficient one‐pot protocols. This strategy was successfully applied to the preparation of a 99mTc‐labeled conjugate comprising a tumor‐targeting peptide sequence (bombesin(7–14)) and a low‐molecular‐weight albumin binder, a pharmacological modifier that prolongs the blood circulation time of the conjugate. Evaluation of the conjugate in vitro and in vivo provided promising results for its use as an imaging agent for the visualization of tumors positive for the gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor. The methodology presented herein provides an attractive synthetic tool for the preparation of multifunctional 99mTc‐based radiopharmaceuticals with significant potential for a multitude of applications.
A phase 2 study of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine every 2 weeks for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer
Authors: Fury Matthew G. , Haque Sofia , Stambuk Hilda , Shen Ronglai , Carlson Diane , Pfister David
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

Preclinical studies suggest that additive or synergistic effects are achieved with the combination of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine. A phase 1 study of pemetrexed plus gemcitabine given every 2 weeks demonstrated encouraging preliminary efficacy against head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC).

METHODS:

This was an open‐label, single‐institution, single‐arm, phase 2 study for patients who had received no more than 2 cytotoxic regimens for recurrent and/or metastatic HNSCC. All patients received pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 intravenously plus gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 intravenously every 2 weeks with vitamin B12 and folate support. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST); secondary endpoints were to estimate overall survival and to evaluate safety and tolerability.

RESULTS:

Twenty‐five patients received therapy. All patients had received prior radiotherapy, and half had received prior cytotoxic chemotherapy for recurrent and/or metastatic disease. Neutropenia (grade ≥3) occurred in 24% of patients. Four patients (16%) had a partial response (PR) according to RECIST, and 5 additional patients (20%) had objective tumor reductions of >20 but <30% did not meet RECIST criteria for a PR. The median overall survival for all treated patients was 8.8 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

Treatment with pemetrexed plus gemcitabine every 2 weeks with vitamin support generally was well tolerated. The results of this study provided further evidence that pemetrexed may have significant palliative activity against advanced HNSCC. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Experimental therapeutics for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasias
Authors: Agrawal Meetu , Garg Ravin J. , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop , Verstovsek Srdan , Quintas‐Cardama Alfonso
Published: October 2010

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are characterized by stem cell‐derived, unrestrained clonal myeloproliferation. The World Health Organization classification system, proposed in 2008, identifies 7 distinct categories of Ph‐negative MPNs including essential thrombocythemia (ET); polycythemia vera (PV); primary myelofibrosis (PMF); mastocytosis; chronic eosinophilic leukemia; chronic neutrophilic leukemia; and MPN, unclassifiable. For many years, the treatment of ET, PV, and PMF, the most frequently diagnosed Ph‐negative MPNs, has been largely supportive. In recent years, that paradigm has been challenged because of the discovery of a recurrent point mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene (JAK2V617F). This mutation can be detected in the vast majority of patients with PV and approximately half of patients with ET or PMF and serves as both a diagnostic marker as well as representing a putative molecular target for drug development. Several putative targeted agents with significant in vitro JAK2 inhibitory activity and various degrees of JAK2 specificity are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Furthermore, other investigational non‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor approaches such as immunomodulatory agents and pegylated interferon‐α have also shown promising results in MPNs. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Increased polyclonal CD5+ B1a lymphocytes in a haploidentical stem cell transplant recipient
Authors: Hillard Robert A. , Lekakis Lazaros J. , Pulliam Joseph F.
Published: October 2010

Background:

Atypical lymphocyte populations may be seen in the peritransplant setting. In this case report, we describe an unusually high number of CD5+ B‐cells (B1a cells) following transplant.

Methods:

B1a cells identified during routine follow‐up by immunophenotypic analysis in a middle‐aged man who had a haploidentical stem cell transplant for acute myeloid leukemia were compared with a reference set of post‐transplant samples.

Results:

Increased but polyclonal B1a cells were identified with 100% donor chimerism.

Conclusions:

Our case demonstrates that a high absolute number of B1a cells may be seen post‐transplant and should not be confused with an atypical CD5+ lymphoproliferative disorder. Furthermore, the population of polyclonal CD5+ B lymphocytes from the patient's donor is prominent 7 months post‐transplant. This suggests that the maintenance of CD5+ B1 cells prior to conversion to adult‐type CD5− B2 cells is not hindered by the recipient adult stromal environment. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Glandular cells in vaginal cytology Papanicolaou tests in patients with hysterectomy for endometrial adenocarcinoma
Authors: Steele Erica , Umar Saleem A. , Bomeisl Philip , Miedler John , Zanotti Kristine M. , Wasman Jay K. , Hunt Daniel C. , Abdul‐Karim Fadi W.
Published: October 2010

The vaginal apex is the most common site of recurrence in patients with endometrial cancer. Although studies demonstrate that <1% of asymptomatic vaginal recurrences are detected by routine vaginal cytology alone, many practitioners still include it as part of the routine surveillance in these patients after hysterectomy. To further evaluate the effectiveness of vaginal cytology as a surveillance tool, we assessed the subsequent findings in patients reported to have benign and atypical glandular cells on vaginal cytology after hysterectomy performed for endometrial cancer. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmaceutical development of IPI‐504, an Hsp90 inhibitor and clinical candidate for the treatment of cancer
Authors: Porter James R. , Adams Julian , Ahn Rebecca , Ammoscato Vince , Arsenault Brendan , Austad Brian C. , Baker Gary , Basuki Johan , Booth Marlene R. , Campbell Matthew J. , Carter Bennett , Curtis Michael , Depew Kris , Douglas Mark A. , Ge Jie , Grenier Louis , Helble Joseph , Henderson John , Goltz Natalie , Ionescu Dumitru , Kott Laila , Kropp Jason T. , Lee John , Li Kaiming , Maurer Bradley , Mayes Denise , Pak Roger H. , Piotrowski Jason , Porter Jennifer R. , Rusch David , Sylvester Geoff E. , Wong Steven , Wright Jim
Published: October 2010

IPI‐504 (retaspimycin hydrochloride) is an Hsp90 inhibitor that is the subject of multiple clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. IPI‐504 is an aqueous soluble (>200 mg/ml) hydroquinone hydrochloride salt of 17‐(allylamino)‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG), a quinone derivative also undergoing clinical evaluation, albeit with suboptimal formulations that address its inferior aqueous solubility (∼50 µg/ml). IPI‐504 interconverts with 17‐AAG in vivo through oxidation‐reduction reactions that result in a dynamic redox equilibrium. The development challenges associated with redox active molecules are significant due to the pH, oxygen, and temperature sensitivities associated with such chemotypes. The API and sterile drug product manufacturing processes thus warrant the monitoring and control of these key variables. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical development challenges associated with cancer agents that are often fast‐tracked due to unmet medical needs mandate a rapid development cycle with associated regulatory hurdles. Drug Dev Res 71: 429–438, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conflict, migration and land‐cover changes in Indochina: a hydrological assessment
Authors: Lacombe G. , Pierret A. , Hoanh C. T. , Sengtaheuanghoung O. , Noble A. D.
Published: October 2010

The Indochinese section of the Mekong Basin has been subjected to major environmental disturbances over the last half century. The Vietnam War is invoked as a central explanation for the extensive deforestation in specific areas while conflict‐induced exoduses caused the abandonment of cultivated lands, followed by forest regeneration. Although the socio‐economical consequences of these episodes have been analysed, their hydrological impacts remain unknown. This paper investigates hydrological changes in two catchments of the lower Mekong Basin that were either heavily bombed (in southern Laos) or depopulated (in northern Laos). This analysis is based on the widely and independently recognized fact that vegetation, via evapotranspiration, is a central driver of basin water yield. The analysis of the most complete Vietnam War air mission database and of available hydro‐meteorological data over the period 1960–2004 reveals a sharp runoff increase in the southern catchment when bombing climaxed in the early 1970s while no hydrological change is observed in the northern catchment over the same period. From 1995 onwards, the northern and southern catchment's runoff productions are significantly lower and higher than in the pre‐war conditions, respectively. Although causalities could not be ascertained because of data limitations, these short‐ and long‐term hydrological shifts were found to be consistent, in terms of occurrence, spatial distribution and magnitude, with the expected changes in the vegetation cover, either denser in the north (in response to abandonment of cultivated lands) or sparser in the south (as a result of bomb‐induced deforestation and soil degradations). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Additive Differential Pulse Voltammetry for the Study of Slow Charge Transfer Processes at Spherical Electrodes
Authors: Laborda Eduardo , Rogers Emma I. , Martínez‐Ortiz Francisco , Molina Ángela , Compton Richard G.
Published: October 2010

The application of additive differential pulse voltammetry to the study of the kinetics of a charge transfer process is studied. A simple analytical solution is presented, valid for spherical electrodes of any size and for electrode processes of any reversibility. From this solution, valuable diagnostic criteria for the elucidation of the electrochemical reversibility are established based on the variation of the ADPV signal with the duration of the potential pulses, the electrode radius and the pulse height. Working curves for the determination of the kinetic parameters are also given. The value of the ADPV technique is experimentally demonstrated by studying the kinetics of the reduction of 3‐nitrophenolate− and europium3+ at mercury hemispherical microelectrodes.
Forecast accuracy and effort: The case of US inflation rates
Authors: Taylor Nicholas
Published: October 2010

This paper investigates the relationship between forecast accuracy and effort, where effort is defined as the number of times the model used to generate forecasts is recursively estimated over the full sample period. More specifically, within a framework of costly effort, optimal effort strategies are derived under the assumption that the dynamics of the variable of interest follow an autoregressive‐type process. Results indicate that the strategies are fairly robust over a wide range of linear and nonlinear processes (including structural break processes), and deliver forecasts of transitory, core and total inflation that require less effort to generate and are as accurate as (that is, are insignificantly different from) those produced with maximum effort. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gotthard Base Tunnel – Tunnelling in the influence zone of two concrete arch dams /
Authors: Ehrbar Heinz , Bremen Roger , Otto Bastian
Published: October 2010

The determination of the alignment of the Gotthard Base Tunnel made sure not to tunnel directly under the dams of the Vorderrhein AG power stations. The Gotthard Base Tunnel will, however, have to be driven through the zone, which could affect the three arch dams at Nalps, Santa Maria and Curnera.

The Zeuzier dam in Wallis (Valais) suffered severe damage in 1978 as the result of drainage of the rock mass for an investigation tunnel being driven in the vicinity. The cracks in the dam led to years of operational limitations and required extensive repair works.

A whole range of measures was undertaken for the Gotthard Base Tunnel in order to avoid a repetition. The construction of the tunnel near the dam was the subject of years of preparatory work. Since the end of 2005, the southward drive from Sedrun has been near the Nalps dam and since the middle of 2009, that from Faido has been within the zone influencing the Santa Maria dam. Long‐term safe operation of both dams has to be ensured despite the near approach of the tunnelling works. Although the task is the same for both dams, completely different solutions were chosen. The following paper explains the reasons for this

Bei der Festlegung der Linienführung für den Gotthard Basistunnel wurde darauf geachtet, dass die Stauanlagen der Kraftwerke Vorderrhein AG nicht direkt unterfahren werden. Der Gotthard Basistunnel muss jedoch im Einflussbereich der drei Bogenstaumauern Nalps, Santa Maria und Curnera vorgetrieben werden.

Die Staumauer Zeuzier im Wallis erlitt im Jahr 1978 als Folge der Gebirgsentwässerung eines in der Nähe vorgetriebenen Sondierstollens schwere Schäden. Die Risse in der Mauer führten zu jahrelangen Betriebseinschränkungen und lösten umfangreiche Sanierungsmaßnahmen aus.

Am Gotthard Basistunnel wurde somit eine ganze Anzahl von Maßnahmen getroffen damit ein solcher Zwischenfall sich nicht wiederholt. In jahrelangen Vorarbeiten wurde der Tunnelbau in der Nähe der Stauanlagen vorbereitet. Seit Ende 2005 befindet sich der von Sedrun ausgeführte Südvortrieb im Bereich der Stauanlage Nalps und seit Mitte 2009 jener von Faido aus im Einflussbereich der Stauhaltung Santa Maria. Bei beiden Mauern muss langfristig ein sicherer Betrieb der Stauanlagen, unter Berücksichtigung des in der Nähe vorgenommenen Tunnelvortriebs, gewährleistet werden. Obwohl die Aufgabenstellung in beiden Fällen identisch war, wurden schließlich für die zwei Mauern zwei komplett unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze gewählt. Der nachfolgende Beitrag zeigt die Gründe dazu auf.
Considerations of the crack water table and its fluctuation in pressure tunnel design and construction /
Authors: Vigl Alois , Gerstner Reinhold
Published: October 2010

In pressure tunnel construction, the crack water table plays a varied role, often important and decisive with regard to technology, safety, cost‐effectiveness and environmental relevance. This paper is concerned with the crack water table and its natural range of fluctuation, with the relaxation of crack water pressure due to tunnelling, the interaction between internal tunnel pressure and crack water as it affects lining and waterproofing and the influence of the crack water by the operation of the tunnel.

Im Druckstollenbau spielt der Bergwasserspiegel eine vielfältige und hinsichtlich Technik, Sicherheit, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltrelevanz eine wichtige und oft entscheidende Rolle. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Bergwasserniveau und seiner natürlichen Schwankungsbreite, mit der Bergwasserentspannung durch den Vortrieb, mit dem Zusammenwirken von Stolleninnendruck und Bergwasser im Hinblick auf Auskleidung und Abdichtung sowie mit der Beeinflussung des Bergwassers durch den Betrieb des Druckstollens.
Deep geothermal energy – an interdisciplinary challenge. Shaft with 3D underground collector as heat exchanger /
Authors: Muser Christoph , Hämmerle Hubert , Galler Robert , Schubert Wulf
Published: October 2010

The “Deep geothermal power station” project represents a new process for the exploitation of geothermal energy. District heating and heating for industrial purposes as well as electricity can be produced in a geothermal power station. The heat extraction will be controlled and continuous in a closed circulation system using drillings from a mined system of tunnels at a depth of 6,000 m. In order to overcome the high temperatures and rock pressures to be expected, interdisciplinary collaboration between several professions will be required.

Das Projekt “Geothermietiefenkraftwerk” stellt einen neuen Verfahrensansatz in der Nutzung geothermischer Energie dar. Fernund Prozesswärme sowie Elektrizität werden hierbei in einem geothermischen Großkraftwerk erschlossen. Die Wärmegewinnung erfolgt kontrolliert und kontinuierlich in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf mittels Bohrungen von einem bergmännisch aufgefahrenen Stollensystem in einer Teufe von 6.000 m. Zur Beherrschung der hohen Temperaturen und Gebirgsdrücke ist eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit mehrerer Fachdisziplinen erforderlich.
Tapovan‐Vishnugad hydroelectric power project – experience with TBM excavation under high rock cover /
Authors: Brandl Johann , Gupta V. K. , Millen Bernard
Published: October 2010

NTPC Ltd. of India is presently constructing the 520 MW (4 x 30 MW) Tapovan‐Vishnugad hydroelectric power plant in Uttarakhand in the Himalayas. As part of this project, an approximately 12.1 km head race tunnel (HRT) is to be constructed, of which approximately 8.6 km are being excavated by DS‐TBM with an excavation diameter of 6.575 m. Construction of this HRT has been awarded to a Joint Venture (JV) of Larsen, Toubro Ltd., India, and Alpine, Austria. Geoconsult ZT GmbH is acting as a Consultant to NTPC Ltd. for the TBM part of the HRT. The overburden above the tunnel is up to 1, 100 m with the result that knowledge of the geology along the HRT alignment could only be based on projections made from surface exposures available in the area. Basically, the ground consists of jointed quartzite, gneiss and schist. Excavation of the HRT started in October 2008 and excavation rates of over 500 m per month were achieved in November 2009. However, in December 2009 the TBM encountered a fault zone along with high‐pressure water inflow and became trapped. This paper outlines the present status of HRT construction and describes in particular the difficulties encountered during TBM excavation in fault zones with large high‐pressure water inflows and how these problems are being dealt with.

Die indische Firma NTPC Ltd. errichtet derzeit das 520 MW (4 x 130 MW) Tapovan‐Vishnugad Wasserkraftwerk in Uttarakhand, Himalaya. Als Teil dieses Projekts wird ein ungefähr 12,1 km langer Triebwasserstollen (TWS) errichtet, wobei rund 8,6 km davon mittels einer DS‐TBM mit einem Ausbruchdurchmesser von 6.575 m aufgefahren werden. Der Bau dieses Triebwasserstollens wurde an die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Larsen, Toubro Ltd., Indien, und Alpine, Österreich vergeben. Geoconsult ZT GmbH fungiert als Berater von NTPC Ltd. für den TBM‐Teil des TWS. Aufgrund der Überlagerung des Tunnels von bis zu 1,100 m konnte die Geologie entlang des Triebwasserstollens nur durch Projektion von vorhandenen Oberflächenaufschlüssen aus der Umgebung bestimmt werden. Das Gebirge besteht hauptsächlich aus geklüftetem Quarzit, Gneis und Schiefer. Der Ausbruch des TWS begann im Oktober 2008. Im November 2009 wurde eine Vortriebsgeschwindigkeit von über 500 m pro Monat erreicht. Im Dezember 2009 jedoch fuhr die TBM eine Störzone mit einem Hochdruckwassereinbruch an, wodurch die TBM stecken blieb. Dieser Artikel skizziert den derzeitigen Stand des TWS und legt besonderes Augenmerk auf die Schwierigkeiten beim Auffahren der Störzone inklusive Hochdruckwassereinbruch mit einer TBM. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, wie sich die auftretenden Probleme lösen lassen.
A STEP‐based Generic Product Modeling Architecture for collaborative injection moulding product development
Authors: Ai Qingsong , Zhou Zude , Liu Quan , Xie Shengquan , Yang Weizhou
Published: October 2010

A STEP (STandard for Exchange of Product model data)‐based Generic Product Modeling Architecture (GPMA) for efficient information sharing and exchange in support of collaborative injection moulding product development, is proposed in this article. The architecture consists of four functional components: an EXPRESS Data Model (EDM), a STEP‐based modeling environment, a five‐phase modeling method, and three EDM data exchange and sharing methods. The focus of this article is on the modeling methodologies and the definition of schemas for modeling all the important information during the life cycle of injection moulding product development. The information structure is well defined in EXPRESS language, which allows the creation of user‐defined data types and the definition of more complex entities for injection moulding products. Because the proposed GPMA is based on STEP, it can provide standardized mechanisms for representing and exchanging product model data, is extendable, and is adaptable. A prototype system named the World Wide Web–based Product Information Sharing System was developed based on the proposed GPMA. The system is then applied to a Chinese injection moulding enterprise to support the collaborative product development of a new product, and the results validated the feasibility of the proposed GPMA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety climate and pesticide risk communication disparities in crop production by ethnicity
Authors: Smith‐Jackson Tonya , Wogalter Michael S. , Quintela Yvette
Published: October 2010

Pesticide safety is a significant global health concern. This study explored factors associated with the risk divide, a term used to describe disparities in injuries and fatalities between majority and minority workers. Forty (40) farm workers from the South‐Atlantic region of the United States were recruited. Results revealed significant differences between ethnic groups on several measured constructs. Latino migrant workers (from the Americas) reported lower perceived control of their work environment and higher risk perception compared to Americans of European descent. Preliminary recommendations relevant to cultural ergonomics, risk communication usability, and safety climate are provided. Implications relevant to farm and manufacturing settings are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virtual Reality and its potential for evaluating warning compliance
Authors: Duarte Emília , Rebelo Francisco , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: October 2010

Behavioral compliance is usually considered the best measure of warning effectiveness. Researching behavioral effects is difficult to carry out, however, due to concerns for safety, ethics, and high costs. Researchers cannot expose participants to real hazards while conducting a research. A realistic scenario that appears risky but that actually has no risk is expensive to conduct in terms of money, time, and effort. This article reflects on the potential of Virtual Reality (VR) as a technique to investigate warning effectiveness, particularly behavioral compliance. VR may help to overcome several key constraints that have limited warning compliance research, such as hazards actually being manipulated. This article focuses on two information‐processing stages that will most likely benefit from VR: attention and behavior. Increasingly realistic VR can provide high‐quality Virtual Environments (VEs) for use in warnings research. VEs can provide ecological validity and experimental control while limiting actual physical harm. Advantages and limitations are reviewed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.