bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological biomarkers and fisheries management
Authors: Brosset Pablo , Cooke Steven J. , Schull Quentin , Trenkel Verena M. , Soudant Philippe , Lebigre Christophe
Published: September 2021

The benefits of physiological biomarkers, knowledge and concepts are well-established in fish and wildlife management as they confer the ability to understand mechanistic processes, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and develop predictive models. Although this approach is gaining momentum in the context of species conservation, the use of physiological biomarkers in exploited marine fish stock management and recovery plans remains relatively rare. Here, we present five essential issues to consider to implement physiological biomarkers in fisheries management: (i) choice of relevant biomarkers that have a well-known mechanistic basis, (ii) identification of species-specific biomarkers reflecting a meaningful timespan for management, (iii) selection of biomarkers compatible with data collection during routine scientific fisheries surveys, (iv) use of biomarkers as early-warning signals and complementary indicators of population-level changes in life history traits and (v) how physiological biomarkers may help to refine long-term population dynamic projections under climate change and management scenarios. Overall, if based on well-established mechanisms linked to individuals’ fitness, a focus on physiological biomarkers should help to better understand the mechanisms behind stock declines, changes in stock characteristics, and thus more efficiently manage marine fisheries and conserve populations. As this approach is transferable among species, locations, and times, the integration of physiological biomarkers in fisheries science has the potential to more broadly enhance assessments and management of fish stocks.
Valence tautomerism and recyclisation of type B mesoionic tetrazoles: a computational study
Authors: Oziminski Wojciech Piotr , Ramsden Christopher Antony
Published: September 2021

The energy profiles for ring opening of representative type B mesoionic 2,3-diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrazolium-5-olates, -thiolates, -aminides and –methylides and for alternative recyclisation pathways are investigated using ab initio MP2 calculations. The energetics of initial ring opening are found to be comparable for all systems, but the tetrazolium-5-olates are anomalous in that no alternative reaction pathway is accessible. The influence of solvent is explored using the polarised continuum model (PCM) method to simulate aqueous solvation. The only significant solvent effect is found to be solvation of the mesoionic precursors. This solvent effect correlates with dipole moment and disfavours initial valence tautomerism both kinetically and thermodynamically.
Using Macroelement Content to Characterize Surficial Water Quality of Artificial Reservoirs
Authors: Cygan Agnieszka , Kłos Andrzej , Wieczorek Piotr
Published: September 2021

The quality of surface waters in the territory of Poland, despite the implemented remedial measures, is mostly classified as bad. This article presents the results of research on the composition of water macroelements in 24 artificial reservoirs located in Opole province (southern Poland), searching for the reasons behind their pollution. Concentrations of the anions F−, Cl−, Br−, NO2−, NO3−, PO43− and SO42− and cations Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were taken into account. An analysis of seasonal changes was carried out and, on the example of a dam reservoir (Turawa Big Reservoir), a multi-point analysis of the distribution of ion concentrations in water at the reservoir surface was also carried out. It was shown that retention and flow-through reservoirs, where the main source of pollution is the water feeding the reservoirs, are the most vulnerable to pollution. The second group consists of closed reservoirs located in industrial and agricultural areas, which are exposed to pollution from rainwater run-off and field leachate. In the case of reservoirs created in marl mining areas, a significant effect was also indicated from the chemical composition of the substrate on the formation of ionic equilibria in waters filling the excavations. The research shows that there are no hard and fast rules regarding the seasonal variability of ion concentrations during the growing season, indicating that eutrophic reservoirs show greater variability of ion concentration.

Graphical Abstract
Impact of Volatile and Semi-volatile Organic Compounds from Farming Environments on Allergy-Related Cellular Processes
Authors: Gawlitta Nadine , Zimmermann Elias J. , Orasche Jürgen , Huber Anja , Buters Jeroen , Di Bucchianico Sebastiano , Oeder Sebastian , Gröger Thomas , Zimmermann Ralf
Published: September 2021

Allergic diseases are an increasing global burden. Epidemiological and in vivo studies showed that farming environments could protect from allergic asthma. Studies explaining this protective effect mainly focused on the influence of chemical compounds in the molecular size range of proteins and endotoxins. Our study aimed at deciphering the possible role of small-sized semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of farming aerosols in immunomodulation processes. Bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to aerosol extracts of particulate matter (PM2.5) from farming environments. These cell exposures revealed a decisive effect of the smaller sized fraction (< 3 kDa) compared to extracts including the larger sized fraction. We demonstrated that smaller compounds can induce regulations of inflammatory and allergy-related genes including interleukin-8, xanthine dehydrogenase and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Additionally, we performed a comprehensive chemical investigation of two typical farming aerosols (cow vs. sheep) by applying comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We were able to identify several SVOCs characteristic for the protective cow sheds environment including four key components. Cell exposure with the two farming extracts showed a distinct regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase PELI2 gene and TLR2 by cow shed extracts. Finally, the regulation of TLR2 corresponded to the regulation that was observed after exposing cells to an artificial mixture of the four key components identified in the cow sheds. In summary, we were able to demonstrate the importance of smaller particle-bound SVOCs found in farming environments concerning their possible contribution to a protective farm effect.
How biomarker patterns can be utilized to identify individuals with a high disease burden: a bioinformatics approach towards predictive, preventive, and personalized (3P) medicine
Authors: Bertele Nina , Karabatsiakis Alexander , Buss Claudia , Talmon Anat
Published: September 2021

Prevalences of non-communicable diseases such as depression and a range of somatic diseases are continuously increasing requiring simple and inexpensive ways to identify high-risk individuals to target with predictive and preventive approaches. Using k-mean cluster analytics, in study 1, we identified biochemical clusters (based on C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, cortisol, and creatinine) and examined their link to diseases. Analyses were conducted in a US American sample (from the Midlife in the US study, N = 1234) and validated in a Japanese sample (from the Midlife in Japan study, N = 378). In study 2, we investigated the link of the biochemical clusters from study 1 to childhood maltreatment (CM). The three identified biochemical clusters included one cluster (with high inflammatory signaling and low cortisol and creatinine concentrations) indicating the highest disease burden. This high-risk cluster also reported the highest CM exposure. The current study demonstrates how biomarkers can be utilized to identify individuals with a high disease burden and thus, may help to target these high-risk individuals with tailored prevention/intervention, towards personalized medicine. Furthermore, our findings raise the question whether the found biochemical clusters have predictive character, as a tool to identify high-risk individuals enabling targeted prevention. The finding that CM was mostly prevalent in the high-risk cluster provides first hints that the clusters could indeed have predictive character and highlight CM as a central disease susceptibility factor and possibly as a leverage point for disease prevention/intervention.
Muskuloskeletale Beschwerden bei Friseur*innen
Authors: Wolff Michaela , Kitzig Dania , Freitag Sonja , Kozak Agnessa , Nienhaus Albert
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund

Friseur*innen arbeiten häufig in strukturbelastenden Körperhaltungen und haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für arbeitsbedingte Muskel-Skelett-Beschwerden (MSB). MSB verursachen in Deutschland circa ein Fünftel der Arbeitsunfähigkeitstage im Friseurhandwerk. Um das Ausmaß der Verbreitung von MSB bei Friseur*innen in Deutschland zu bestimmen, wurde eine Prävalenzstudie durchgeführt.

Methode

Die Studie war eine bundesweite Befragung im Querschnittsdesign, woran 889 Friseur*innen teilnahmen (Rücklauf 41 %). Die 12-Monate-Prävalenz von MSB wurde mit dem Standardised Nordic Questionnaire erfasst. Die Analyse der erhobenen Daten erfolgte deskriptiv und interferenzstatistisch.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt 91 % der Befragten hatten in mindestens einer Körperregion MSB. Die am häufigsten von MSB bzw. schweren MSB (mind. 30 Tage/Jahr und beruflich beeinträchtigt) betroffenen Körperregionen sind Nacken (70 %; 25 %), unterer Rücken (65 %; 25 %), Schultern (61 %; 23 %) und oberer Rücken (58 %; 22 %). Beschwerden in diesen Bereichen führten auch am häufigsten zu beruflichen Beeinträchtigungen. Faktoren wie das weibliche Geschlecht, ein hohes Alter, Adipositas, viele Berufsjahre und Selbstständigkeit sind mit schweren MSB assoziiert.

Schlussfolgerung

Diese Studie liefert erste Daten für die Prävalenz von MSB in verschiedenen Körperregionen bei Friseur*innen in Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine hohe Belastung des Muskel-Skelett-Systems bei Friseur*innen hin. Daraus resultiert ein hoher Bedarf an Prävention von arbeitsbedingten MSB im Friseurhandwerk.
Foundations for the future: institution building for the purpose of artificial intelligence governance
Authors: Stix Charlotte
Published: September 2021

Governance efforts for artificial intelligence (AI) are taking on increasingly more concrete forms, drawing on a variety of approaches and instruments from hard regulation to standardisation efforts, aimed at mitigating challenges from high-risk AI systems. To implement these and other efforts, new institutions will need to be established on a national and international level. This paper sketches a blueprint of such institutions, and conducts in-depth investigations of three key components of any future AI governance institutions, exploring benefits and associated drawbacks: (1) “purpose”, relating to the institution’s overall goals and scope of work or mandate; (2) “geography”, relating to questions of participation and the reach of jurisdiction; and (3) “capacity”, the infrastructural and human make-up of the institution. Subsequently, the paper highlights noteworthy aspects of various institutional roles specifically around questions of institutional purpose, and frames what these could look like in practice, by placing these debates in a European context and proposing different iterations of a European AI Agency. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are proposed.
Suspended Execution beyond China’s Borders
Authors: Smith Tobias , Pascoe Daniel
Published: September 2021

Although China remains the world’s most prolific death-penalty jurisdiction, it has also reportedly reduced executions in the twenty-first century. China achieved this reduction in part through the use of a nominal capital sentence called “suspended execution.” The success of suspended execution as a diversionary tool has produced calls for its introduction elsewhere. However, there has been no empirical research on suspended execution outside China. This article fills this gap by identifying neighbouring countries where suspended-execution proposals have been considered, determining why these countries considered it, and examining how proposals were structured. We identify four Asian jurisdictions—Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia. We find that all of these countries looked to China for inspiration; each did so independently and for reasons unrelated to China’s death-penalty reforms. Our findings provide insights about capital punishment in Asia, the appeal of suspended execution, and the role of China in regional penal practice.
Determinants of Leptomeningeal Collateral Status Variability in Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Rebchuk Alexander D. , Field Thalia S. , Hill Michael D. , Goyal Mayank , Demchuk Andrew , Holodinsky Jessalyn K. , Fainardi Enrico , Shankar Jai , Najm Mohamed , Rubiera Marta , Khaw Alexander V. , Qiu Wu , Menon Bijoy K.
Published: September 2021

Background:

Collateral status is an indicator of a favorable outcome in stroke. Leptomeningeal collaterals provide alternative routes for brain perfusion following an arterial occlusion or flow-limiting stenosis. Using a large cohort of ischemic stroke patients, we examined the relative contribution of various demographic, laboratory, and clinical variables in explaining variability in collateral status.

Methods:

Patients with acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation were enrolled in a multi-center hospital-based observational study. Intracranial occlusions and collateral status were identified and graded using multiphase computed tomography angiography. Based on the percentage of affected territory filled by collateral supply, collaterals were graded as either poor (0–49%), good (50–99%), or optimal (100%). Between-group differences in demographic, laboratory, and clinical factors were explored using ordinal regression models. Further, we explored the contribution of measured variables in explaining variance in collateral status.

Results:

386 patients with collateral status classified as poor (n= 64), good (n= 125), and optimal (n= 197) were included. Median time from symptom onset to CT was 120 (IQR: 78–246) minutes. In final multivariable model, male sex (OR 1.9, 95% CIs [1.2, 2.9],p= 0.005) and leukocytosis (OR 1.1, 95% CIs [1.1, 1.2],p= 0.001) were associated with poor collaterals. Measured variables only explained 44.8–53.0% of the observed between-patient variance in collaterals.

Conclusion:

Male sex and leukocytosis are associated with poorer collaterals. Nearly half of the variance in collateral flow remains unexplained and could be in part due to genetic differences.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia is more frequent and lethal in stroke patients: A nationwide 4-year study
Authors: Gonçalves-Pereira João C. , Marino Flavio , Mergulhão Paulo , Nunes Baltazar , Froes Filipe
Published: September 2021

We report a higher incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in patients admitted with stroke (odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 5.4–5.8). Patients with HAP and stroke had an elevated risk of death (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.3). The incidence and mortality of HAP in stroke patients increased across all age groups.
Homogenization-based design of microstructured membranes: wake flows past permeable shells
Authors: Ledda Pier Giuseppe , Boujo E. , Camarri S. , Gallaire F. , Zampogna G.A.
Published: September 2021

A formal framework to characterize and control/optimize the flow past permeable membranes by means of a homogenization approach is proposed and applied to the wake flow past a permeable cylindrical shell. From a macroscopic viewpoint, a Navier-like effective stress jump condition is employed to model the presence of the membrane, in which the normal and tangential velocities at the membrane are respectively proportional to the so-called filtrability and slip numbers multiplied by the stresses. Regarding the particular geometry considered here, a characterization of the steady flow for several combinations of constant filtrability and slip numbers shows that the flow morphology is dominantly influenced by the filtrability and exhibits a recirculation region that moves downstream of the body and eventually disappears as this number increases. A linear stability analysis further shows the suppression of vortex shedding as long as large values of the filtrability number are employed. In the control/optimization phase, specific objectives for the macroscopic flow are formulated by adjoint methods. A homogenization-based inverse procedure is proposed to obtain the optimal constrained microscopic geometry from macroscopic objectives, which accounts for fast variations of the filtrability and slip profiles along the membrane. As a test case for the proposed design methodology, a cylindrical membrane is designed to maximize the resulting drag coefficient.
Density distribution in the flow past a sphere descending in a salt-stratified fluid
Authors: Okino Shinya , Akiyama Shinsaku , Takagi Koki , Hanazaki Hideshi
Published: September 2021

The density distribution around a sphere descending in a salt-stratified fluid is measured by the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method. The corresponding velocity distribution is measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV), and numerical simulation is also performed to supplement the observations by LIF and PIV. In steady flow, LIF observes a thin and vertically long structure which corresponds to a buoyant jet. The bell-shaped structure, which appears under strong stratification and moderate Reynolds number (Froude number

$Fr \lesssim 3$

, Reynolds number

$50 \lesssim Re \lesssim 500$

), is also identified. The measured density distributions in the salinity boundary layer and in the jet agree with the numerical simulations which use the Schmidt number of the fluorescent dye (

$Sc \sim 2000$

). The initially unsteady process of the jet formation is also investigated. Under weak stratification, the LIF shows an initial development of an axisymmetric rear vortex as observed in homogeneous fluids. However, as time proceeds and the effect of stratification becomes significant, the vortex shrinks and disappears, while the jet extends vertically upward. Under strong stratification, a thin jet develops without generating a rear vortex, since the effect of stratification becomes significant in a short time before the vortex is generated.
A model of the growth of hydrogen bubbles in the electrolysis of water
Authors: Higuera F.J.
Published: September 2021

The growth of attached bubbles during the electrochemical evolution of hydrogen at a horizontal cathode at the base of a quiescent, dilute aqueous solution is analysed using a simple model of the process that includes the Butler–Volmer reaction model, the diffusion and migration of electroactive species and a symmetry condition that approximately accounts for the presence of periodically spaced bubbles on the electrode surface. The diffusion controlled growth of a bubble approximately follows a

$t^{1/2}$

law when the spacing of the bubbles on the electrode is large, departing slightly from it due to the non-uniformity of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen in the supersaturated solution into which the bubble grows, and approaches a

$t^{1/3}$

law when the spacing decreases. The space- and time-averaged current density increases exponentially with the applied voltage for an alkaline solution when the consumption of water in the reaction is not taken into account. For an acidic solution, the average current density saturates to a transport limited value that depends on bubble spacing. For a given voltage, the presence of attached bubbles increases the average current density due to the decrease of the concentration overpotential caused by the bubbles. The spacing of the bubbles on the electrode surface decreases when the voltage increases if the maximum supersaturation at the electrode is imposed to be constant. The result suggests that coalescence of attached bubbles will occur above a certain voltage.
Numerical experiments on turbulent entrainment and mixing of scalars
Authors: Cimarelli A. , Boga G.
Published: September 2021

Numerical experiments on the turbulent entrainment and mixing of scalars in a incompressible flow have been performed. These simulations are based on a scale decomposition of the velocity field, thus allowing the establishment from a dynamic point of view of the evolution of scalar fields under the separate action of large-scale coherent motions and small-scale fluctuations. The turbulent spectrum can be split into active and inactive flow structures. The large-scale engulfment phenomena actively prescribe the mixing velocity by amplifying inertial fluxes and by setting the area and the fluctuating geometry of the scalar interface. On the contrary, small-scale isotropic nibbling phenomena are essentially inactive in the mixing process. It is found that the inertial mechanisms initiate the process of entrainment at large scales to be finally processed by scalar diffusion at the molecular level. This last stage does not prescribe the amount of mixing but adapts itself to the conditions imposed by the coherent anisotropic motion at large scales. The present results may have strong repercussions for the theoretical approach to scalar mixing, as anticipated here by simple heuristic arguments which are shown able to reveal the rich dynamics of the process. Interesting repercussions are also envisaged for turbulence closures, in particular for large-eddy simulation approaches where only the large scales of the velocity field are resolved.
Evaporation of multiple droplets
Authors: Masoud Hassan , Howell Peter D. , Stone Howard A.
Published: September 2021

We derive an accurate estimate for the diffusive evaporation rates of multiple droplets of different sizes and arbitrary contact angles placed on a horizontal substrate. The derivation, which is based on a combination of Green's second identity and the method of reflections, simply makes use of the solution for the evaporation of a single droplet. The theoretical results can serve as a guide for future computational and experimental studies on the collective evaporation of arrays of droplets, as well as similar multi-body, diffusion-dominated transport problems.
The propagation and decay of a coastal vortex on a shelf
Authors: Crowe Matthew N. , Johnson Edward R.
Published: September 2021

A coastal eddy is modelled as a barotropic vortex propagating along a coastal shelf. If the vortex speed matches the phase speed of any coastal trapped shelf wave modes, a shelf wave wake is generated leading to a flux of energy from the vortex into the wave field. Using a simple shelf geometry, we determine analytic expressions for the wave wake and the leading-order flux of wave energy. By considering the balance of energy between the vortex and wave field, this energy flux is then used to make analytic predictions for the evolution of the vortex speed and radius under the assumption that the vortex structure remains self-similar. These predictions are examined in the asymptotic limit of small rotation rate and shelf slope and tested against numerical simulations. If the vortex speed does not match the phase speed of any shelf wave, steady vortex solutions are expected to exist. We present a numerical approach for finding these nonlinear solutions and examine the parameter dependence of their structure.
A systematic review of interventions to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ENT surgeons
Authors: Storey B , Verkerk M , Hashtroudi A , Golding-Wood D
Published: September 2021

Objective

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ENT surgeons are common and detrimental, yet few are aware of preventative measures. We evaluate the evidence for interventions to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ENT surgeons.

Method

A systematic search of databases up to 8 June 2021 was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines and predetermined inclusion criteria.

Results

Seven prospective cohort studies and 2 case series were identified (51 participants). Interventions included novel equipment (n= 3), patient positioning (n= 2), clinician positioning (n= 3) and operative technique (n= 1). Five studies reported Rapid Upper Limb Assessment scores as outcome measures of strain. Strain decreased when adopting a favourable operating posture, using a supportive chair and keeping patients supine for clinic procedures.

Conclusion

A small number of low-quality studies were identified. Modifiable risk factors exist, and ergonomic education may help prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Further studies with longer term follow up are required.
Synergistic effects of childhood adversity and polygenic risk in first-episode psychosis: the EU-GEI study
Authors: Aas Monica , Alameda Luis , Di Forti Marta , Quattrone Diego , Dazzan Paola , Trotta Antonella , Ferraro Laura , Rodriguez Victoria , Vassos Evangelos , Sham Pak , Tripoli Giada , Cascia Caterina La , Barbera Daniele La , Tarricone Ilaria , Muratori Roberto , Berardi Domenico , Lasalvia Antonio , Tosato Sarah , Szöke Andrei , Llorca Pierre-Michel , Arango Celso , Tortelli Andrea , de Haan Lieuwe , Velthorst Eva , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miguel , Sanjuán Julio , Santos Jose Luis , Arrojo Manuel , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Menezes Paulo Rossi , Selten Jean-Paul , Jones Peter B. , Jongsma Hannah E. , Kirkbride James B. , Rutten Bart P. F. , van Os Jim , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Murray Robin M. , Morgan Craig
Published: September 2021

Background

A history of childhood adversity is associated with psychotic disorder, with an increase in risk according to the number of exposures. However, it is not known why only some exposed individuals go on to develop psychosis. One possibility is pre-existing polygenic vulnerability. Here, we investigated, in the largest sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP) cases to date, whether childhood adversity and high polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (SZ-PRS) combine synergistically to increase the risk of psychosis, over and above the effect of each alone.

Methods

We assigned a schizophrenia-polygenic risk score (SZ-PRS), calculated from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC2), to all participants in a sample of 384 FEP patients and 690 controls from the case–control component of the EU-GEI study. Only participants of European ancestry were included in the study. A history of childhood adversity was collected using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Synergistic effects were estimated using the interaction contrast ratio (ICR) [odds ratio (OR)exposure and PRS − ORexposure − ORPRS + 1] with adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

There was some evidence that the combined effect of childhood adversities and polygenic risk was greater than the sum of each alone, as indicated by an ICR greater than zero [i.e. ICR 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.29 to 3.85]. Examining subtypes of childhood adversities, the strongest synergetic effect was observed for physical abuse (ICR 6.25, 95% CI −6.25 to 20.88).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest possible synergistic effects of genetic liability and childhood adversity experiences in the onset of FEP, but larger samples are needed to increase precision of estimates.
Morphosyntax–phonology mismatches in Muskogee
Authors: Guekguezian Peter Ara
Published: September 2021

The mismatching of morphosyntactic and phonological domains inside words provides a testing ground for models of the morphosyntax–phonology interface. This paper describes a pattern of morphosyntax–phonology mismatches in Muskogee. Muskogee verbs are spelled out at two phases, vP and CP, resulting in two phonological domains, which this paper models as ω-recursion. The vP phase and ωmin are mismatched: either vP-phase material is parsed outside ωmin – an undermatch – or CP-phase material is parsed inside ωmin – an overmatch. The mismatch pattern requires a parallel model of morphosyntax–phonology mapping to distinguish mismatches using gradient Align constraints, rather than categorial Match constraints. Additionally, a phase-based model must allow earlier cycles to be altered in later cycles, ruling out strict phase inalterability in phonology, while a Stratal OT analysis must send a word's first phase through the stem-level phonology, regardless of its ultimate phasal structure.
Evaluation of subclinical cardiovascular risk and cardiac function in children with vesicoureteral reflux: a prospective study
Authors: Elmacı Ahmet Midhat , Alp Hayrullah , Dönmez Muhammet İrfan
Published: September 2021

Background:

Vesicoureteral reflux is a prominent congenital anomaly of the kidney and the urinary tract. Further, renal scarring is known to be related to chronic inflammation. However, there have been limited studies to date regarding the cardiovascular consequences of vesicoureteral reflux.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

Methods:

Patients with vesicoureteral reflux and age matched healthy controls were prospectively included in this case-control study. Patients were divided into two groups concerning renal scarring status. To assess cardiac functions, carotid artery intima media, epicardial adipose tissue, and periaortic adipose tissue thicknesses were evaluated.

Results:

There were 50 patients with vesicoureteral reflux; 26 patients without renal scarring and 24 patients with renal scarring, as well as 40 healthy controls. Myocardial performance indexes (Tei indexes) measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography from septum and left ventricle were significantly increased in study group (for all, p < 0.001). Also, intima media, epicardial adipose tissue, and periaortic adipose tissue thicknesses of the study groups were significantly higher than the control group (for all, p < 0.001). However, no statistical difference was observed between renal scarring (−) and renal scarring (+) groups.

Conclusions:

Results of our study showed early deterioration of cardiac systolic and diastolic functions in children with vesicoureteral reflux regardless of renal scarring. Also, diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux is an important risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis, independent of renal scarring, which should be considered in the follow-up of these patients.
A Victorian Wrenaissance: Historical Narrative at St. Paul's Cathedral
Authors: Agazarian Dory
Published: September 2021

The condition of St. Paul's Cathedral was central to concerns about the perception of London over the course of the nineteenth century. Designed by Sir Christopher Wren, it faced public criticism from the start. Unlike gothic Westminster Abbey, St. Paul's was an eclectic amalgam of gothic and neoclassical architecture; its interior was never finished. Efforts to decorate were boxed in by the strictures of Victorian architectural revivalism. This is the story of how academic historiography resolved a problem that aesthetic and architectural theory could not. Throughout the century, cathedral administrators sought to improve the cathedral by borrowing tools from historians with varying success. In the 1870s, a solution emerged when historians reinvented the Italian Renaissance as a symbol of liberal individualism. Their revisionist Renaissance provided an alternative to pure gothic or neoclassical revivalism, able to accommodate Wren's stylistic eclecticism. Scholars have traditionally plotted disputes about St. Paul's within broader architectural debates. Yet I argue that these discussions were framed as much by historical discourse as aesthetics. Turns in Victorian historiography eventually allowed architects to push past the aesthetic limits of the Battle of the Styles. New methods in Victorian historical research were crucial to nineteenth-century experiences of urban space.
Des Grieuxand the Origins ofTeleny
Authors: Mackie Gregory
Published: September 2021

Scholarly discussions of the anonymous homoerotic novelTeleny(1893) invariably confront the question of its mysterious origins. This is understandable, since for many commentators what has been dubbed “the first gay modern novel” represents the opening chapter in a story about queer print culture that may (or may not) have been authored by Oscar Wilde. Joining the methodologies of bibliography and queer theory, with particular emphasis on temporal directionality and sequencing, this article offers new insight intoTeleny's history in light of its virtually unknown 1899 prequel,Des Grieux (The Prelude to “Teleny”). “Des Grieuxand the Origins ofTeleny” represents the first detailed critical analysis ofTeleny's literary progeny, and I pursue this analysis by attending to publishing history, authorial speculation, and both novels’ engagement with Victorian sexology. Although the bibliographer Peter Mendes avers that “Des Grieuxwas indeed written by the same hand(s) asTeleny, and possibly beforeTelenyat that,” I contend that its appearance six years after the first appearance ofTelenyarticulates a queer textual genealogy for the two novels, situatingTelenyin an inverted relation to a prequel that postdates it.
THE p-ZASSENHAUS FILTRATION OF A FREE PROFINITE GROUP AND SHUFFLE RELATIONS
Authors: Efrat Ido
Published: September 2021

For a prime number p and a free profinite group S on the basis X, let
$S_{\left (n,p\right )}$
,
$n=1,2,\dotsc ,$
be the p-Zassenhaus filtration of S. For
$p>n$
, we give a word-combinatorial description of the cohomology group
$H^2\left (S/S_{\left (n,p\right )},\mathbb {Z}/p\right )$
in terms of the shuffle algebra on X. We give a natural linear basis for this cohomology group, which is constructed by means of unitriangular representations arising from Lyndon words.
NATURAL MAPS FOR MEASURABLE COCYCLES OF COMPACT HYPERBOLIC MANIFOLDS
Authors: Savini A.
Published: September 2021

Let
$\operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(n)$
be equal to either
$\operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm PO}}}(n,1),\operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm PU}}}(n,1)$
or
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\textrm {PSp}}}(n,1)$
and let
$\Gamma \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(n)$
be a uniform lattice. Denote by
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}}$
the hyperbolic space associated to
$\operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(n)$
, where
$\operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm K}}}$
is a division algebra over the reals of dimension d. Assume
$d(n-1) \geq 2$
.

In this article we generalise natural maps to measurable cocycles. Given a standard Borel probability
$\Gamma $
-space
$(X,\mu _X)$
, we assume that a measurable cocycle
$\sigma :\Gamma \times X \rightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(m)$
admits an essentially unique boundary map
$\phi :\partial _\infty \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}} \times X \rightarrow \partial _\infty \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^m_{{\rm K}}}}$
whose slices
$\phi _x:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}} \rightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^m_{{\rm K}}}}$
are atomless for almost every
$x \in X$
. Then there exists a
$\sigma $
-equivariant measurable map
$F: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}} \times X \rightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^m_{{\rm K}}}}$
whose slices
$F_x:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}} \rightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^m_{{\rm K}}}}$
are differentiable for almost every
$x \in X$
and such that
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\textrm {Jac}}}_a F_x \leq 1$
for every
$a \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}}$
and almost every
$x \in X$
. This allows us to define the natural volume
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\textrm {NV}}}(\sigma )$
of the cocycle
$\sigma $
. This number satisfies the inequality
$\operatorname {\mathrm {\textrm {NV}}}(\sigma ) \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {\textrm {Vol}}}(\Gamma \backslash \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbb {H}^n_{{\rm K}}}})$
. Additionally, the equality holds if and only if
$\sigma $
is cohomologous to the cocycle induced by the standard lattice embedding
$i:\Gamma \rightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(n) \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(m)$
, modulo possibly a compact subgroup of
$\operatorname {\mathrm {{\rm G}}}(m)$
when
$m>n$
.

Given a continuous map
$f:M \rightarrow N$
between compact hyperbolic manifolds, we also obtain an adaptation of the mapping degree theorem to this context.
The teacher-class relationship
Authors: Roza Julia M. G. , Frenzel Anne C. , Klassen Robert M.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Teacher-student relationships have been shown to be highly relevant for student outcomes, but they are also important for teachers. Teachers have a basic need for relatedness with their students and recent empirical evidence underlines the relevance of teachers' relationships with the students of a class. However, a validated instrument which specifically addresses the relational phenomenon between a teacher and the entire group of students within a class – which we define as teacher-class relationship – is yet missing. Thus, the goal of the present research was to develop and validate an instrument which captures the teachers' self-reported quality of the teacher-class relationship (the TCR scale). To do so, we adopted a mixed methods approach: In Study 1 (qualitative, N = 56), we analyzed interviews to explore the cognitive validity of the TCR items, and in Study 2 (quantitative, N = 209), we tested the psychometric quality of the TCR scale and its external validity in terms of correlative links with related constructs. Study 1 results showed that seven out of the original 13 developed items were highly cognitively valid in that the teachers associated main aspects of relationship quality with these items and answered them by referring predominantly to the whole class instead of individual students. Study 2 results confirmed that these seven items formed a unidimensional scale with high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .89). Furthermore, the TCR scale was significantly linked with teachers' class-specific teaching emotions and self-efficacy as well as with teachers' job-related burnout symptoms and emotional labor. We conclude that the TCR scale represents a reliable, valid and parsimonious instrument to measure the quality of teacher-class relationships. We hope that the existence of this scale fuels future research to further investigate teacher-class relationships and their connections with teachers' emotional and professional wellbeing.
CME-Sonografie 102/Antworten: Akute Oberbauchschmerzen
Authors: Tuma Jan
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Akute Oberbauchschmerzen sind ein häufiges Thema in der Notfallmedizin. In der Differenzierung spielt neben der Anamnese und Laborbefunden die Sonografie eine führende Rolle. Neben der direkten Darstellung der jeweiligen Pathologien (Gallensteine, Gangerweiterungen, Tumoren) ist auch die klinisch-sonografische Untersuchung, die sogenannte Palpation unter Ultraschall-Sicht, wichtig. In diesem Beitrag möchten wir die Wege der Differenzialdiagnose bei akuten Oberbauchschmerzen aufzeigen.
Mit der Akzeptanz der Situation, wächst die Zuversicht
Authors: Stähli Alexandra
Published: September 2021

Was ist zu diesem Thema bereits bekannt?

Menschen mit einer chronischen Abhängigkeitserkrankung haben oft langjährige Erfahrung mit Beschämung, mit toxischen Folgen für das eigene Selbstwertgefühl. Doch Veränderungen anzustoßen, bedeutet auch, sich den Schamgefühlen zu stellen.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Die intersubjektive Dimension der Scham wird hervorgehoben. Der Umgang mit Schamgefühlen im Kontext der pflegerischen Beziehungsarbeit reflektiert den chronischen Verlauf der Erkrankung und die verschiedenen schamauslösenden Situationen.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Im Schamgefühl beschleicht einem die existenzielle Angst, aus Beziehungen herauszufallen und ausgeschlossen zu werden. Gelingt es, der Scham mit einer offenen und akzeptierenden Haltung zu begegnen und die Beziehungskontinuität zu bezeugen, kann das Leiden an der Scham gelindert werden.
Energy Budgets From Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection Site to Reconnection Front
Authors: Shu Yukang , Lu San , Lu Quanming , Ding Weixing , Wang Shui
Published: September 2021

Collisionless magnetic reconnection occurs ubiquitously in space plasma environments and plays an important role in energy conversion therein. In collisionless magnetic reconnection, the reconnection site is usually unsteady and ejects reconnection fronts away from it. Using two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations, we study the energy budgets from the collisionless magnetic reconnection site to reconnection fronts. It is concluded that the reconnection rate cannot well reflect energy conversion of nonsteady state magnetic reconnection because energy conversion occurs predominantly at the reconnection fronts, whereas the reconnection rate can only represent the energy conversion at the reconnection site. We clarify the connection between the reconnection site and the reconnection fronts in terms of energy conversion. The reconnection site functions as a trigger and energy source that generates the outflow of Poynting flux, bulk kinetic energy flux, and enthalpy flux forming the reconnection fronts that move downstream. The well‐developed reconnection fronts are no longer related to the reconnection site. The energy income at the reconnection fronts is mainly the Poynting flux from their top and bottom boundaries, most of which is transformed to flux flowing downstream out of the moving front through the work by the electric field. The work done by the electric force is compensated with the work done by the thermal pressure gradient, which guarantees that the released magnetic energy is mostly converted to thermal energy.
Deep‐Sea Electric and Magnetic Surveys Over Active and Inactive Basalt‐Hosted Hydrothermal Sites of the TAG Segment (26°, MAR): An Optimal Combination for Seafloor Massive Sulfide Exploration
Authors: Szitkar Florent , Hölz Sebastian , Tarits Pascal , Petersen Sven
Published: September 2021

A GEOMAR (Kiel, Germany) research team has developed a passive electric field acquisition system for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to optimize seafloor massive sulfides exploration. This sensor was made of two perpendicular and horizontal pairs of electrodes, and was successfully tested over active basalt‐hosted hydrothermal site TAG (26°N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge) and several inactive sites in its vicinity. The resulting data underline the efficiency of combining deep‐sea electric and magnetic measurements for searching for active and inactive hydrothermal vent fields. With these datasets, it becomes possible to determine the geological nature of the targets and to constrain the characteristics of fluid circulation at depth without involving costly and invasive underwater tools such as Remotely Operated Vehicles or even manned submersibles to collect samples. Data analysis also revealed that AUV attitude variations induce distortions of the electric signal. These distortions start prevailing for dives at altitudes higher than 90 m above the seafloor, as the distance between the AUV becomes too important to guarantee that the signal produced by the geological target still dominates. To improve the acquisition system and reduce the overall noise, we discuss solutions that limit the impact of such attitude variations. These solutions consist of minor adjustments, such as masts at AUVs stern to tow damping electrodes arrays. In such configurations, we believe that deep‐sea passive electric measurements combined with high‐resolution magnetic measurements can become a highly efficient seafloor exploration tool, including for sulfide deposits associated with inactive hydrothermal systems.
Association of cortical microstructure with amyloid-β and tau: impact on cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in older adults
Authors: Rodriguez-Vieitez Elena , Montal Victor , Sepulcre Jorge , Lois Cristina , Hanseeuw Bernard , Vilaplana Eduard , Schultz Aaron P. , Properzi Michael J. , Scott Matthew R. , Amariglio Rebecca , Papp Kathryn V. , Marshall Gad A. , Fortea Juan , Johnson Keith A. , Sperling Reisa A. , Vannini Patrizia
Published: September 2021

Noninvasive biomarkers of early neuronal injury may help identify cognitively normal individuals at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A recent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) method allows assessing cortical microstructure via cortical mean diffusivity (cMD), suggested to be more sensitive than macrostructural neurodegeneration. Here, we aimed to investigate the association of cMD with amyloid-β and tau pathology in older adults, and whether cMD predicts longitudinal cognitive decline, neurodegeneration and clinical progression. The study sample comprised n = 196 cognitively normal older adults (mean[SD] 72.5 [9.4] years; 114 women [58.2%]) from the Harvard Aging Brain Study. At baseline, all participants underwent structural MRI, DWI, 11C-Pittsburgh compound-B-PET, 18F-flortaucipir-PET imaging, and cognitive assessments. Longitudinal measures of Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite-5 were available for n = 186 individuals over 3.72 (1.96)-year follow-up. Prospective clinical follow-up was available for n = 163 individuals over 3.2 (1.7) years. Surface-based image analysis assessed vertex-wise relationships between cMD, global amyloid-β, and entorhinal and inferior-temporal tau. Multivariable regression, mixed effects models and Cox proportional hazards regression assessed longitudinal cognition, brain structural changes and clinical progression. Tau, but not amyloid-β, was positively associated with cMD in AD-vulnerable regions. Correcting for baseline demographics and cognition, increased cMD predicted steeper cognitive decline, which remained significant after correcting for amyloid-β, thickness, and entorhinal tau; there was a synergistic interaction between cMD and both amyloid-β and tau on cognitive slope. Regional cMD predicted hippocampal atrophy rate, independently from amyloid-β, tau, and thickness. Elevated cMD predicted progression to mild cognitive impairment. Cortical microstructure is a noninvasive biomarker that independently predicts subsequent cognitive decline, neurodegeneration and clinical progression, suggesting utility in clinical trials.
The prediction-error hypothesis of schizophrenia: new data point to circuit-specific changes in dopamine activity
Authors: Millard Samuel J. , Bearden Carrie E. , Karlsgodt Katherine H. , Sharpe Melissa J.
Published: September 2021

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting 21 million people worldwide. People with schizophrenia suffer from symptoms including psychosis and delusions, apathy, anhedonia, and cognitive deficits. Strikingly, schizophrenia is characterised by a learning paradox involving difficulties learning from rewarding events, whilst simultaneously ‘overlearning’ about irrelevant or neutral information. While dysfunction in dopaminergic signalling has long been linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, a cohesive framework that accounts for this learning paradox remains elusive. Recently, there has been an explosion of new research investigating how dopamine contributes to reinforcement learning, which illustrates that midbrain dopamine contributes in complex ways to reinforcement learning, not previously envisioned. This new data brings new possibilities for how dopamine signalling contributes to the symptomatology of schizophrenia. Building on recent work, we present a new neural framework for how we might envision specific dopamine circuits contributing to this learning paradox in schizophrenia in the context of models of reinforcement learning. Further, we discuss avenues of preclinical research with the use of cutting-edge neuroscience techniques where aspects of this model may be tested. Ultimately, it is hoped that this review will spur to action more research utilising specific reinforcement learning paradigms in preclinical models of schizophrenia, to reconcile seemingly disparate symptomatology and develop more efficient therapeutics.