bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Étude Comparative de la Butapérazine et de la Prochlorpérazine Chez le Schizophrène Chronique
Authors: Rajotte Paul , Bordeleau J.-M. , Tétreault Léon
Published: April 2017

A comparative double-blind trial of butaperazine and prochlorperazine was carried out in 40 chronic schizophrenic patients. Subjects were matched in 20 pairs according to sex, age, duration of hospitalization, staff, ward and score on the B.P.R.S. Drugs were randomly allocated within each pair of patients and their effects evaluated according to the B.P.R.S. Posology was progressively increased up to 200 mg. daily but remained always equal for all patients. Results were analysed by non-parametric statistics for the B.P.R.S. and by an χ2 test for the global evaluation.

Butaperazine and prochlorperazine showed a significant therapeutic efficacy throughout the twelve-week period. At the fourth and tenth week, prochlorperazine was significantly superior to butaperazine. However, at the twelfth week there was no significant difference in the efficacy of both drugs, as measured by the B.P.R.S. and the global evaluation. Beyond 100 mg. daily of both drugs a plateau was reached which higher doses did not influence.

Side effects made their appearance sooner with butaperazine but at the end of the trial the frequency of side effects was comparable with both drugs.

A highly significant positive correlation between raters adds weight to our results*.
Peptic Ulcers in Children
Authors: Millar T. P.
Published: April 2017

Five cases of peptic ulcer in children are reported and the coexistence of reluctance or refusal to attend school is noted. The psychopathology observed is felt to result from the failure of the parent to set limits for the child and to permit the child to develop capacity for functioning in other than dependent ways. The direct management of the syndrome to achieve mother-child separation is recommended.
New Side Effects in Prolonged Chlorpromazine Therapy
Authors: Greiner Anthony C. , Nicolson George A.
Published: April 2017

Three new side effects of prolonged chlorpromazine therapy have been described. Their pathogenesis has been discussed, and increased melanin production was found to be the cause of these manifestations of chlorpromazine melanosis. Skin pigmentation has produced an appearance which is cosmetically undesirable. Ocular deposits have caused visual impairment. Diffuse melanosis of internal organs has been accompanied by functional disturbance of the involved organs. A preliminary report on the therapy of these side effects has been presented.
Alcoholism, Family Size and Ordinal Position
Authors: Gregory Ian
Published: April 2017

Schachter (12) assumed that alcoholics do not handle their anxiety by-affiliation, and found some indirect support for this contention in his analysis of data provided earlier by Bakan (1). However, certain figures in the latter sample are incompatible, and the method of analysis was unrefined.

Smart (15) supplied satisfactory data on family size and birth order among 242 alcoholics, and used appropriate techniques of analysis. He tested four hypotheses based on Schachter's work and assumption concerning alcoholics, and rejected three of them. If the corrected sizes of sibships in Smart's sample are compared with general population data on the sizes of completed families, this leads to rejection of the remaining hypothesis. The findings are compatible with the clinical observation that most male alcoholics are birds of a feather who tend to affiliate with other alcoholics.

Smart (16) provided additional data on a large sample of female alcoholics, which showed a similar distribution of family sizes to his predominantly male sample, but also a marked excess of youngest-born members of large families. The latter finding has previously been reported in certain other large samples of psychiatric patients, but the evidence is conflicting and requires further elucidation.
Imipramine in the Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis of Childhood
Authors: Alderton Harvey R.
Published: April 2017

A double-blind study of the use of imipramine in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis is reported. The subjects were twelve children aged six to 12 years in a children's psychiatric hospital. The drug (25 mg) or placebo was administered at 8.00 p.m. for two or four weeks at a time, the trial extending from 16 weeks to 32 weeks. For the group as a whole, the number of enuretic nights declined from 46.75% on placebo to 31.75% on drug, a reduction of 32.09%. The average enuresis per child declined from 47.25% to 30.75%, a reduction of 34.92%. Three children showed a significant response to placebo, one of these became virtually dry. Seven of the subjects showed a signficant response to the drug, with reduction of enuretic nights of 25% or more in all, of 50% or more in three and of 70% or more in two. Relapse occurred on discontinuing the drug.

In addition to the fall in enuresis each time drug was given, an over-all decrease in enuresis occurred throughout the trial, not due to spontaneous improvement. It is suggested that this results from the full effects of the drug being somewhat delayed and taking some time to wear off.

Observations on the time at which enuresis occurred showed that most commonly only incidents after 1 a.m. were reduced, suggesting that for this group earlier administration of the drug may be desirable. In only one subject was enuresis before 1 a.m. accompanied by an increase in incidents after 1 a.m. and for such cases an increased dosage may be effective. No side effects from the drug were observed.

A consideration of the mode of action of the drug is presented and it is concluded that it may act by diminishing uninhibited bladder contractions by its autonomic diencephalic action. Previous reports on the treatment of enuresis by imipramine are reviewed together with a brief review of controlled studies of other drugs which have appeared in the past decade.

It is concluded that imipramine is a useful drug in the treatment of enuresis in psychiatrically disturbed children.
The Urinary Excretion of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids in Mental Illness
Authors: Lovegrove T. D. , Metcalfe E. V. , Hobbs G. E. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: April 2017

The 24-hour excretions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 17-hydroxycortico-steroids were measured in normals and in a) acute and b) chronic schizophrenics, (c) non-schizophrenic psychotics, d) psychoneurotic disorders, and e) a miscellaneous group composed primarily of personality disorders. Some patients were studied over a period of time and the changes in hormone excretion and in clinical conditions compared.

On comparison between groups, no difference was found in adrenaline and noradrenaline output. Similarly, when the patients were grouped by dominant emotional reaction at the time of test, no significant differences were observed. The acute schizophrenics, however, did show a greater output of free corticoids, but not of total corticoids compared to the normals.

When the same patients were studied over a period of time, there appeared to be a relationship between catecholamine excretion and emotional tension and/or stages of illness. Depressed patients showed a decreased adrenaline and noradrenaline output on admission to hospital but only that of adrenaline was significant. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline showed a marked, but not significant decrease in acute schizophrenics after recovery. In the chronic schizophrenics, there was, after four months of withdrawal of tranquillizers, a significant rise in the output of both; the total and free corticoids showed a similar increase which, however, was not significant.

Although no significant differences in hormone excretion were observed among the groups studied, other than increased excretion of free corticoids in the acute schizophrenics, the longitudinal studies in several groups suggest significant correlations may occur between changes in clinical condition and/or emotional state and the excretion of some of the hormones measured.
Étude Des Propriétés Hypnotiques de la Nitrométhaqualone Chez Le Malade Psychiatrique
Authors: Bordeleau J.-M. , Lafrenière B. , Rajotte P. , Tétreault L.
Published: April 2017

A study was conducted with forty neurotic or psychotic patients hospitalized at the Institut Albert Prévost and suffering from sleep disturbances. The goal of this experiment consisted in analyzing the hypnotic properties of nitrométhaqualone at a dosage of 25 and 50 mg., compared to a dosage of méthaqualone 300 mg. and a placebo. The evaluation was controlled by the following means: double-blind technique, use of randomized blocks, each patient being his own control.

The results obtained show that nitrométhaqualone 25 mg. is no more effective than placebo for induction and sleep duration; whereas nitrométhaqualone 50 mg. shows hypnotic properties resembling méthaqualone 300 mg. where sleep duration is concerned, but is ineffective where induction is involved.

We also deduct that the active medications produce no more secondary effects than placebo does.

On the whole we believe that méthaqualone 300 mg. remains a more satisfactory medication than nitrométhaqualone 50 mg.
Arriération Mentale: Coordination Des Services
Authors: Lazure Denis
Published: April 2017

In a brief historical review the author draws a parallel between the evolution of services to the mentally ill and those to the mentally retarded; some interrelationships are underlined.

The rapid development of facilities for the mentally retarded in Canada during the past decade was due to the vigorous action of Parents' Associations, and to the initiative of several departments within each Provincial Government. The lack of co-ordination of programs within the government departments themselves, as well as between private and governmental agencies, is emphasized and illustrated.

Reference is made to several existing models of co-ordinating bodies functioning in other countries. Finally a proposed scheme of co-ordination, at the level of a Province, is described in detail.
Group Psychoanalytic work with Children
Authors: Gratton L. , Lafontaine C. , Guibeautt J.
Published: April 2017

In a group context, the spontaneous play of young children expresses symbolically their free associations and their fantasies just as verbal productions of older children and adults treated in groups. The described technique allows us to treat latency and pre-school neurotic children, through the analysis of their collective play, according to the principles of Melanie Klein for the individual psychoanalysis of children. The trials we had with different groups in therapies lasting for more than a year, has convinced us that it is possible to interpret and work through the children's productions in group as in individual psychotherapy.

The technique can be modified for young psychotic patients and constitutes an excellent method of observation and treatment. The method can be further modified to include parents in group observation of children and families for diagnostic purposes.

This paper deals with methodology. We endeavoured to show that our method of group therapy was applicable to the different age groups and to the different psychiatric entities of adolescence and childhood. We purposely abstained from mentioning the evolution of these patients, since any percentage of improvement would be meaningless in such small series. However, we may add that some hopeless patients did not improve at all, but that many patients did show a remarkable improvement.
Verbal Conditioning As A Psychotherapeutic Model: The Effects of Social Deprivation
Authors: Lipinski B. G. , Lipinski E.
Published: April 2017

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of social deprivation on the conditionability of adult female subjects. The prediction that social deprivation of relatively brief duration would heighten sensitivity to minimal reinforcing cues supplied by the interviewer and would result in a significantly higher frequency of self-reference statements in a simulated therapy interview, was confirmed. The findings were interpreted as supporting the Gewirtz-Baer hypothesis of social drive as a motivational factor which enhances subsequent effectiveness of social reward. However, the possible concurrent influence of anxiety, ‘set’ or ambiguity in producing the verbal conditioning effects could not be ruled out.
Psychopharmacological Aspects of Mental Depression
Authors: Stein Larry
Published: April 2017

1) It is assumed that depression, whether in the normal or the mentally ill, results from insufficient positive reinforcement or reward. The depressed patient, however, despairs even if the environment supplies a normal amount of rewarding stimulation. This failure of rewarding stimulation to exert its usual energizing effect is attributed, at least in some types of depression, to a biochemical defect in the hypothalamic reward mechanism.

2) Self-stimulation studies made it possible to investigate the pharmacology of the reward mechanism in experimental animals. It was concluded that the reward mechanism is directly or indirectly activated by a catecholamine, probably norepinephrine, on the following evidence:

a) Chemical analyses show that self-stimulation structures are unusually rich in norepinephrine.

b) Self-stimulation is selectively inhibited by chlorpromazine, which antagonizes norepinephrine centrally, and by reserpine, which depletes the brain of norepinephrine.

c) Self-stimulation is selectively facilitated by amphetamine, which resembles norepinephrine closely in chemical structure, and which appears to produce its stimulating effect by liberating norepinephrine from stores in the reward system. Other potent releasers of norepinephrine, like α-methyl-meta-tyrosine and tetrabenazine (in combination with a mono-amine oxidase inhibitor) selectively facilitate self-stimulation too.

3) It is therefore suggested, on this and other evidence, that at least some types of depression result from an insufficient synthesis or utilization of norepinephrine in the reward system, and that antidepressive drugs probably act by the following mechanisms:

a) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors relieve depression by building up levels of norepinephrine in the reward system.

b) Imipramine and related drugs relieve depression by elevating the level of free norepinephrine in the reward system, probably by blocking its uptake into storage sites.

c) Amphetamine sometimes provides temporary relief from depression by releasing norepinephrine from stores in the reward system.
A Double-Blind Comparative Study of Opipramol and Amitriptyline in Neurotic and Endogenous Depressions
Authors: Rajotte Paul , Bordeleau Jean-Marc , Tétreault Léon , Doucet Pierre , Rajotte Elisabeth
Published: April 2017

A comparative double-blind study of two antidepressant drugs, opipramol and amitriptyline, had been undertaken in neurotic and endogenous depressions. It was to be carried out simultaneously in a well-staffed university clinic and in an understaffed mental hospital. The depression rating scale used was the one constructed by Wechsler et al. Criteria to differentiate both entities were those described by Kiloh and Garside. It was hoped; 1) to compare the efficacy of both drugs; 2) to compare differences in milieu in regard to the two types of depression and the drugs used; 3) to test the hypothesis, by means of comparing scores on the DRS, that there exists a difference between neurotic and endogenous depressions.

The trial could not be completed because it was very difficult to find neurotic depressions at the state hospital and endogenous depressions at the university clinic. Although the results could not be compared in terms of both institutions and no conclusion could be drawn as to the efficacy of either drugs in neurotic depressions because of too small a sample, it was nevertheless shown that amitriptyline was significantly superior to opipramol in endogenous depressions.

Some methodological flaws of the present study were pointed out, namely, the lack of placebo in the neurotic group, the drawback of a flexible posology and the short observation period (4 weeks). Explanations were propounded to explicate the sampling difference between the two psychiatric institutions.
A Psychoanalytic note on a Specific Delusion of time in Psychotic Depression
Authors: Gerald J. Sarwer-Foner
Published: April 2017

1) The specific delusion of the eternity of the depressed state presented by psychotic depressed patients in all aspects of their behaviour and thought during their illness, is described and discussed. It consists of the conviction that their depressed state will never end and will continue for an eternity.

2) The hopelessness and helplessness of such patients are directly linked with this delusion (cf. text).

3) The findings of the author, based on psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis differ from those presented in the existentialist literature (cf. text). Time is neither regularly ‘speeded up’ nor ‘slowed down’, ‘stagnant’ nor ‘dammed up’, nor is the ‘future blocked’ as reported by the existentialist phenomenologists. Rather, patients perceive their future in the deluded conviction that it is an unending depression that will continue unabated forever or for eternity.

4) The author considers the nature of this delusion. For him, the delusion of the permanence of the depressed state results from a marked regression to fixations in the earliest oral phase, in which the passage of time can only be measured by changes in the biological rhythms of the organ system denoting such change. Thus a state continues ‘forever’ until it is succeeded by a new organic state of function, e.g. sleep to wakefulness, feeding to satiation and very rapid sleep, etc. (cf. text). This regression explains the nature and form of the cathexis present in the patient's depressed state. Helplessness is felt to be a marked regression of aggressive cathexis to a late oral (pre-anal) stage—one prior to the development of sphincter control and mastery (cf. text).

5) The author also discusses some aspects of technique in using the above concepts in psychotherapy and psycho-analysis, of this aspect of their illness, of such patients (cf. text).

6) The patients' poor motivation to continue on-going psychotherapy once out of the depressed state, and the specific psychodynamic reasons for this, are discussed (cf. text).
Beyond Depression—The Depleted State
Authors: Cath Stanley
Published: April 2017

This paper has attempted to differentiate the stages of adaptive and regressive reactions to loss in the aged. Central to this study is the hypothesis that depletion is a distinct and separate entity in a chain of psychological responses—that is beyond depression.

A study of the general reactions to loss reveal three basic patterns of behaviour: mourning (and its somatic equivalent), neurotic depression, and melancholia, in order of severity. The ability to cope with loss is seen to be determined, in part, by the individual's capacity to resolve ambivalences, to tolerate depression and the ability to relate to whole objects. If reparation by projective identification is not possible, depression merges into melancholia. The pattern of reaction to loss begins early in life, largely determined by the child's separation and reunion experiences with his mother, and continues as a ‘defensive style’ throughout life.

The problems of object loss and depression are intensified in old age when the individual is simultaneously coping with real losses of self (body ego) and decreasing stimulation from external objects. Even in the best of circumstances, the reality reinforcement of the ageing process may exacerbate exhaustion of the positive forces in the nuclear self and, if some restitutive action or substitute object relationships for emotional refuelling are not possible, regression will occur. Individuals of melancholic disposition are particularly vulnerable because they are relatively incapable of neutralizing aggression.

Ageing offers an ideal opportunity to study the breakdown of defences and defusion of instincts as the lines of growth are reversed. Depletion reactions which have generally been subsumed under the diagnosis of depression and/or senility are seen as distinctly differentiated and observable precursors to the ego's fragmentation, disintegration and abandonment of an ‘objectless’ world.
Operant Conditioning of Schizophrenic Children
Authors: Ney Philip
Published: April 2017

Though there is little agreement concerning the diagnosis, incidence or etiology of childhood schizophrenia, until recently most authors agree there is no effective treatment. Operant conditioning is reported to succeed where other therapies have failed. Twenty children diagnosed according to Creak's criteria in two groups matched for age, sex, duration of stay, Vineland score and amount of speech, were treated by either interpretive play therapy or operant conditioning. Emotional relatedness and self-identity, then imitation of ‘behaviour and speech were conditioned with the positive reinforcements of candy. Tested before, during and after fifty 45-minute sessions, those in the operant-conditioning group had gained more speech and improved more on Vineland score. The relative efficacy of operant conditioning may be related to the greater ease with which the staff learned this technique and the need of these children for predictable routines. The experiment will continue with a crossover complex.
Cytogenetic Practice in a Mental Retardation Clinic
Authors: Sergovich F.R.
Published: April 2017

Chromosome abnormalities are known to be associated with a wide variety of psychiatric disorders varying from severe mental retardation to aberrant social behaviour. Principles and methods used in contemporary cytogenetic laboratories are discussed and an attempt is made to illustrate how the integration of these techniques can be of considerable value for diagnostic and genetic counselling purposes.
Cardiac Symptoms and Tachistoscopic Recognition of the Heart Image
Authors: Cassell Wilfred A. , Duboczy John B.
Published: April 2017

This study investigates the relationship between cardiac symptoms and an individual's tachistoscopic awareness of the heart image. A group of 78 female college students were classified on the basis of heart symptomatology utilizing self-administered medical questionnaires. It was found that symptomatic subjects with more frequent disturbances required significantly longer to recognize an illustration of the heart. It was hypothesized that these subjects were less tachistoscopically aware of the heart image because of anxiety associated with this body area.
The Informational Underload (Sensory Deprivation) Model in Contemporary Psychiatry
Authors: Brawley Peter , Pos Robert
Published: April 2017

To summarize briefly: Converging data from many disciplines — psychology, psychiatry, social theory, biochemistry, neuropharmacology, neurophysiology — point to the sensory input regulating mechanism of the central nervous system as a critical factor in the production of hallucinoses and psychotic experience. There is good evidence that what we have called the informational underload model ‘holds considerable promise for improving our understanding of many clinical and non-clinical phenomena of interest to psychiatry. The evidence suggests that a neurophysiological, internal informational underload syndrome may be a final common pathway of psychotic experience. The question as to where such a syndrome might occur in the brain, together with the question of whether such an informational underload syndrome might be due to toxins, genetic factors, conditioning processes, anxiety or dissociation, or other causes, has to be left open. What is needed now, is research directed at these two questions: 1) does such an internal informational underload syndrome occur in the brain, 2) when, where, and under what circumstances does it occur?
Electroencephalography in Criminology
Authors: Bonkalo A.
Published: April 2017

Some practical and theoretical aspects of the use of electroencephalography in criminology are reviewed. Examples are given of various factors in the EEG pattern and in certain activation techniques showing correlation with certain attributes of personality structure. Briefly presented are EEG studies of psychopathic populations and those of convicted criminals, including murderers. The relatively high incidence, among murderers, of clinical epileptics and persons with EEG's showing epileptic implications, is discussed, as well as the significance of the 14 and 6 cycles per second positive spike complex, which is still a controversial issue.

In spite of widely divergent findings, it is generally agreed that there is a relatively high incidence of abnormal EEG's among criminal and delinquent populations, though without a specific and consistent EEG pattern characterizing these groups; that the most often seen abnormalities are the presence of excessive theta activity, focal temporal lobe pathology, and instability of the patterns, often epileptic in nature; that the age factor needs special consideration in the EEG appraisal of criminal or delinquent populations, and that aggressive behaviour, continuous or episodic, appears to be the common denominator in the personality structure of these populations.
A Study of the Psychiatric Interview
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Keogh R.P.
Published: April 2017

Disorders of interpersonal communication, as measured by a content analysis of the verbal behaviour elicited by a structured interview technique, were studied in a sample of 101 first admissions to a psychiatric hospital.

Diagnostic groups were found to differ on several objective dimensions of verbal interaction. Schizophrenics had a lower total output of verbal units and they, as well as psychotics in general, had a lower over-all rate of usage of self (I, we) as the subject of their units. Selective verbal reinforcement of self-referred affect statements in one period of the interview produced an increase in the total output of verbal units, and a decrease during subsequent interviewer silence; these changes were more marked for the specific class reinforced than for other verbal units over the population as a whole. However, diagnostic groups differed in the extent to which their response to reinforcement was a specific change in output of self-referred affect statements or a non-specific change in other units.

Ratings of the clinical EEG, based on the content of alpha and beta frequencies, also yielded groups which were significantly different in regard to their specific or non-specific verbal responsiveness in interview.
Munchausen's Syndrome: A Note on Schizoid Mechanisms
Authors: Sendbuehler J.M. , Nemeth G.A.
Published: April 2017

Munchausen's Syndrome, which has been described by numerous writers, is the syndrome of the imposter. Generally characterized by multiple complaints, Pseudologia fantastica, wandering and stubbornness; patients thus afflicted cause the medical community much concern and annoyance.

Emergency medical or surgical treatment proves valueless in dealing with fraudulent symptoms. In addition, the patient's identity and past history usually turns out false. Confrontation leads to quick departure and repetition of the play-acting in another locality.

The authors believe that these curious patterns of behaviour can be understood as schizoid mechanisms. To illustrate this view, they present detailed psychiatric and psychological investigation of such a case.

In reviewing the patient's early life and present situation, the authors demonstrate schizoid attitudes of omnipotence, detachment, identity diffusion and dependency. When the significant figures in the patient's life died, his marginal adjustment collapsed and the onset of the syndrome was noted. Virtually all his time was spent between hospital admissions and jail sentences.

The authors interpret these wanderings as a search for a depersonalized-all-healing mother. The ‘symptoms’ (usually centering around the genito-urinary system) reflect confusion of sexual identity. Their fabrications (pseudologia fantastica) may be mistaken for malingering but correspond more to schizoid role-playing and exhibitionism. Through victimizing people by false pretences, such patients assume omnipotence in so far as they prove that nobody can help them.
Autistic Behaviour Patterns in Phenylketonuric Children
Authors: Hackney I. Mary
Published: April 2017

An incidence of nine cases, or 20 per cent of a group of 45 phenylketonuric children showing autistic behaviour patterns has been reported. Most of these children have tended to lose the autistic behaviour patterns over time without psychotherapeutic intervention. The question of etiology and factors affecting the course of their development has been raised.
Combined Therapies in a Family Group
Authors: Ney Philip G.
Published: April 2017

An attempt is made to combine insight oriented, non-directive psychotherapy, behaviour therapy and psychodrama in a family group. A case of school phobia and her psychopathogenesis is presented to illustrate the technique. These different approaches synthesize readily and empirically this synthetic therapy appears to be efficiently effective. It is able to treat simultaneously a variety of psychological disorders on different levels to promote personality integration.
Total Fasting in Psychiatric Subjects: Psychological, Physiological and Biochemical Changes
Authors: Sletten Ivan W. , Viamontes Gloria , Hughes Derek D. , Korol Bernard
Published: April 2017

Total fasting as a method for weight reduction has been used successfully in non-mental patients and found to produce an elevation in mood. In the present study, this method was explored in mental patients. Twenty-one patients began the fast. Three refused to co-operate from the start; four manifested an exacerbation of symptoms; four were unmotivated to continue more than four days; and ten completed the ten-day fast. the latter ten became relaxed and pleasant after the first few fasting days. Three patients requested a repeat fast. Weight loss ranged from 2.8 to 1.3 pounds per day.

Changes were noted in hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma unesterified fatty acids, CO2combining power, urinary acetone, and urine specific gravity.

This may prove to be a satisfactory approach to weight reduction in mental patients.
Quelques Aspects Psychosomatiques du Glaucome
Authors: Gosselin J.-Y. , Rouleau Y. , Montgrain N.-H.
Published: April 2017

The influence of emotional factors in glaucoma has received wide recognition by clinicians and investigators.

Referring to a more particular dynamic approach of three female patients, the authors want to ascertain if certain personalities, influenced by their education and milieu, faced with profound conflicts considered insoluble, would not in their choice of somatizations choose the eye, referring to its subjective symbolic value as an object of auto-punitive paroxysm, so reflecting the summum of their introjected culpability and aggressive drives.

In each case the patients experienced a feeble or absent father's figure, a frigid and authoritarian mother and problems of identification. They no longer could tolerate their passivity in the life situations and developed a competitive attitude. Born in a lower, middle social class, they all obtained a university degree. Then a great deal of altruism has crowned their dominating needs.

During the acute phase of glaucoma, they showed an overflow of aggressivity and culpability with feeling of hopelessness.

The acute and profound personality disorganization was perceived by the patients themselves more intensely than those experienced in some other psychosomatic complaints.
A Review of Psychiatric Rating Scales
Authors: Norton W. A.
Published: April 2017

Considerable attention has been paid during the past twenty years, mainly by research workers in the U.S.A., to the employment of rating scales for the assessment and recording of those characteristics of psychiatric patients which are generally classed as signs and symptoms.

As well as being used in the practical problems of diagnostic evaluation of patients, the rating scales are often employed in research endeavours in the area of psychiatric nosology. Their employment and the methodological approach which they represent might well be regarded as complementary to other sorts of activities and interpretative philosophies which might be encountered in any particular psychiatric facility, including those in which comparatively less emphasis may be laid upon considerations of diagnostic differentiation.

Rating scales are relatively objective methods of appraisal at least of certain observable aspects of personality, such as overt situational behaviour and appearance, as well as some aspects of the patients' verbal communication. In employing these scales, such personal characteristics are systematically reviewed; usually quantitatively graded; and are recorded in recoverable form. Immediate interpretation of the observed phenomena is not called for. The observations are made in a more or less standardized fashion, and more than one rater may participate in order to minimize subjective differences of appraisal. In this way, then, real life behaviour in a particular situation is assessed, in contrast to the approach involved in some of the more traditional ‘test’ methods, in which the rationale entails that certain aspects of personality are implied symbolically in the test scores or protocol. However, in so far, as certain of the scales may involve some self-report on the part of patients regarding subjective feelings and symptoms, there is clearly some affinity with certain of the older personality inventories, questionnaires, symtom check-lists and the like.

The factor analytic treatment of data derived from the use of psychiatric rating scales to assess some of the phenomena of psychopathology has led to fresh suggestive principles of classifying these. From various studies a number of dimensions have emerged in distinction from the usual disease entities though it is possible to make assimilatory links between these two sets, as, for example, Lorr (26) has done. While the nature and number of the ‘factors’ produced are dependent upon the particular patient population studied, several surveys have resulted in some measure of concordance as may be seen in the three lists of factors shown in Table 1.

The various scales themselves may be typed according to the extent of involvement of the patient; the areas covered by the particular scale; and the sort of patients for whom it is intended. In this way, the reader will be able to select scales which are appropriate for any particular purpose, such as routine observation and assessment, or research connected with changes of signs and symptoms.
Art Therapy: Preliminary Observations
Authors: Migneault Pierre
Published: April 2017

Graphic productions as a diagnostic and projective device are clearly well known. Following Naumburg, we insisted on the therapeutic aspect of graphic productions with a personal emphasis upon the research aspect. However all these distinctions are fairly dogmatic and useful only for academical purposes; the graphic productions become ‘therapeutic’ as long as they ‘reveal’ something to the patient. These distinctions can help to avoid many conflicts between different schools of psychotherapy using the same basic productions (dreams, associations, graphic productions etc.) in different ways.
Medication Antiparkinsonienne et Bilan Extra-Pyramidal: Etude du Trihexyphenidyl
Authors: Bordeleau J.-M. , Albert J.-M. , Hillel J. , Tetreault L.
Published: April 2017

This study, made on 60 chronic mental patients, had aimed to determine the effective dosage of trihexyphenidyl, an antiparkinsonian drug. During the preliminary period all patients were given a standard medication consisting of a neuroleptic, trifluoperazine 60 mg. daily, and an antiparkinsonian agent, trihexyphenidyl 10 mg. daily. A placebo was substituted for the antiparkinsonian during the first experimental period to measure the patients' extrapyramidal sensitivity. This evaluation was performed with a rating scale (B.E.P.) and observations from the nursing staff.

Patients were divided into three groups of 20 according to their B.E.P. score and received one of the three therapeutic regimens: trihexyphenidyl 15 mg. or 6 mg. or placebo.

Analyses of the results allow us to conclude that for this population a daily dosage of 6 mg. of trihexyphenidyl gives as much protection as 15 mg.; patients receiving an antiparkinsonian agent needed less “p.r.n.” administration of prociclydine. We have also found that if the antiparkinsonian drug can control some extrapyramidal symptoms it might be responsible for the presence of other more complex neurological symptoms.
Haloperidol: New Addition to the Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Lafave H. G. , Stewart Alex , Segovia G.
Published: April 2017

A double-blind crossover study was conducted to compare the effects of haloperidol with those of trifluoperazine in patients with Chronic schizophrenia of long duration. Both medications were administered to the patients following a drug-free and placebo period, initially and at the crossover. Tests of mental status were used to indicate changes produced by drag administration and included the BPRS, IMPS, MACC and the Rockland-Pollin scales. Results of the study indicate that the drugs both had a similar therapeutic effect and that the effect tended to be similar. Extrapyramidal side effects were observed in patients who received either haloperidol or trifluoperazine. One patient receiving haloperidol experienced epileptic seizures during the course of treatment. No significant abnormalities or trends toward such were seen in the battery of laboratory tests performed on each patient.
Clinical Trial of G-33040 in a Group of Depressed Out-Patients
Authors: Weckowicz T. E.
Published: April 2017

Controlled clinical trial of G-33040 was conducted in a group of 14 mildly depressed out-patients, using the ‘crossover’ design. The drug was found to be effective in treatment of depression, particularly of the agitated type with somatic preoccupations and also the one in a character neurosis setting. The possible side effects were skin rash and dizziness due to postural hypotension.
Conclusion
Authors: Saucier Jean-François
Published: April 2017

The tradition of committing the mentally ill in America is only one century-and-a-half old: it is then relatively recent and easy to change.

The psychiatric profession, however, was born during that ‘custodial’ period, and has been accustomed to isolation from society and the other medical groups.

The Second World War put a term to that isolation; not being familiar with social participation, the psychiatrist is a little reluctant to take over this new role.

A better control of psychotic symptoms, through pharmacology now makes possible the release of many mental patients without, however, making predictable within the near future the closing of mental hospitals. The tolerance of families and communities to the presence of the mentally ill is not unlimited, and suggestion is made of a large investigation to make a precise evaluation of the saturation point of varied groups, in order to prevent panic reactions and a deterioration of social attitudes towards the mentally ill.

The gradual increase of people wanting to undergo psychiatric treatment forces the psychiatrist to learn the techniques of team work in order to treat patients with benign symptoms indirectly.

More and more the psychiatrist will be asked to co-operate in community leadership and in social reforms. He should be cautious in this field on account of the present ambiguity concerning the specific influence of this or that social factor on the rate of mental illness. He should also avoid the disgraceful impression given to the public by radically opposite scientific statements, as heard in criminal cases. It is then preferable in the present conditions that the psychiatrist involves himself in social action as a citizen rather than as a psychiatrist.

Up to now, and up to a certain point, psychiatry has succeeded in integrating biology and psychology. The ‘third revolution’ presents the challenge of integrating a third level, the socio-anthropological one, in the decades to come.
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: Ward J. A.
Published: April 2017

A review of some of the important recent findings on sleep and its disorders has been presented and they provide some insight into the mysterious process of sleep. Sleep is shown to be a very complex process which will require not only extension of the current researches but a revised approach into the areas covered by previous studies.

Sleep is a unique state quite different from other phenomena of loss or change of consciousness. It is distinguished from hypnosis which may involve more the specific arousal system of the thalamus. Hypnotic blindness for example does not involve sleep changes but rather a reversal of the electrical activity of the visual cortex (38).

Although there appears to be a system which alerts the sleeping organism to meaningful stimuli it seems that there is little evidence of significant new learning during sleep (12, 120, 153). Rather sleep involves the focusing of the activity of the central nervous system on its internal processes. Sleep produces a state of relative bodily inactivity but the central nervous system remains actively engaged in a restorative process not yet understood.

The discovery of the REM state has shown the complexity of sleep. No study of the effect of physical or chemical stimuli on the nervous system during sleep will be adequate without the examination of effects and responses in the different phases of sleep. The lack of success of continuous sleep therapy may be in part due to suppression of REM sleep by the sedatives used (23). It should be stated, however, that clinical studies are also needed to supplement the more sophisticated and expensive scientific procedures. There are still many areas of controversy on the phenomenology of sleep disorder which need investigation.
Psychiatric Aspects of the Long-Term Course of Severe Diffuse Non-Progressive Cerebral Disease in Adults
Authors: Sisler G. C.
Published: April 2017

Though there are major limitations in present knowledge regarding the psycho- and physio-pathology and prognostic indices of the syndromes produced by the after effects of severe non-progressive cerebral disease in adults, an early poor prognosis on the basis of prolonged coma, a picture of dementia, or relapse following improvement, is often proven wrong. Treatable decompensation may temporarily interrupt the course of improvement. The patient and family require the hopeful co-operative efforts of family physicians, psychiatrist and other specialists, psychologists, and paramedical remedial therapists to achieve maximum freedom from disabling symptoms and social adaption.
The Use of Imipramine in the Treatment of Enuresis a Review of the Literature
Authors: Dinello Frank A. , Champelli Joyce
Published: April 2017

Forty studies reporting the use of imipramine in the treatment of enuresis have been reviewed. All twenty-three of the uncontrolled studies report various degrees of success, and eleven of seventeen controlled studies also report successful results. The conclusion is that imipramine has a varied but statistically significant anti-enuretic effect on children.
Intelligence, Personality and Achievement
Authors: Harris B. R. , Muir R. , Lester E. P. , Dudek S. Z. , Goldberg J.
Published: April 2017

A longitudinal development study of a group of middle class children has been described briefly, with emphasis on a segment of this research where findings suggest that the children achieving most at school are those with high intelligence and a high level of observed emotional disturbance (relative to the group).

This result was discussed in the light of current emphasis on early diagnosis and treatment of learning problems, and in the light of the interest in the bright under achiever.

It is suggested that more emphasis be laid on fostering cognitive growth and skills in the low intelligence group, though we remain guarded about the future progress of our bright but relatively disturbed children.

Speculations were made about the possible future course of these children, and also about those children who at present are apparently learning well below their capacity.

Attempts will be made to isolate those factors, which individually and by their interaction, let emotional disturbance add drive force to learning, and those which reduce that drive.
The Children's Pathology Index*
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. , Hoddinott B. A.
Published: April 2017

Investigation into the nature and treatment of emotional disorders in children requires reliable and valid measuring instruments.

The Children's Pathology Index is described. It consists of 38 five-item categories and may be administered in 20 to 30 minutes by child-care staff. Little training is required, results from four raters are pooled and raters may be changed on subsequent occasions.

Factor analysis yields four factors I) Disturbed Behaviour Towards Adults; II) Neurotic Constriction; III) Destructive Behaviour; IV) Disturbed Self Perception. Results demonstrate satisfactory reliability for all four factors and adequate validity studies have been made for Factor I.

The subjects were boys and girls aged 6–12 years, of different diagnostic categories, most of whom were admitted because of acting out behaviour disorders.

Comments are made on the usefulness of Factor I estimates in assessing social acceptability of children whatever the other difficulties present or the diagnosis made.
Classification Des Troubles Du Comportement Des Adolescents Et Données Électroencéphalographiques
Authors: Müller H. F. , Shamsie S. J.
Published: April 2017

Seventy-eight teenage girls who were admitted to. the Adolescent Service of Douglas Hospital for behaviour disturbances were classified according to the diagnostic groups proposed by Jenkins. They underwent EEG. examinations, and their EEG. characteristics were statistically compared with the clinical features.

The main results were that the ‘over-inhibited’ girls showed more fast activity in temporal areas, a stronger reaction to eye opening and more positive spikes during chlorpromazine-induced sleep than the others; the ‘unsocialized aggressive’ patients had a larger amount of generalized slow activity and a greater difference between the occipital and temporal peak frequencies than the others. The ‘socialized aggressive’ group finally had more normal and better regulated EEG.s than the other two groups.

These results are generally plausible when related to the personality characteristics of these patients. It appears therefore that Jenkins' groups represent biological as well as psychosocial syndromes, in which certain types of electrical brain activity indicate predispositions to certain types of behaviour, and perhaps also vulnerabilities to certain types of environmental pathology.