bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criação de valor e estratégia de operações: um estudo do setor químico e petroquímico brasileiro
Authors: Gartner Ivan Ricardo , Garcia Fabio Gallo
Published: April 2006

Este artigo trata da integração da estratégia de operações às finanças, ao evidenciar a necessidade do gestor de operações de planejar uma estratégia voltada à criação de valor na companhia. O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o cálculo do valor econômico adicionado das empresas químicas e petroquímicas brasileiras para os anos de 2001 e 2002, período de profundas transformações no perfil competitivo do setor. Os resultados de 2002 validaram a hipótese central do trabalho e forneceram um instrumento de simulação para identificar o limiar da responsabilidade do gestor de operações com a criação de valor em uma organização.
Análise da biodegradação dos componentes do óleo cítrico por CG/EM e análise da população microbiana de um reator de lodo ativado no tratamento de água residuária de uma indústria cítrica
Authors: Ponezi Alexandre Nunes , Duarte Marta Cristina Teixeira , Coraucci Filho Bruno , Figueiredo Roberto Feijó de
Published: April 2006

Água residuária da indústria cítrica foi utilizada como objeto de estudo de biodegradação através de um sistema de lodo ativado por batelada. As análises realizadas por CG/EM mostraram que os compostos provenientes do óleo de laranja como o limoneno, foram resistentes a biodegradação. A avaliação microbiológica realizada no decorrer do período mostrou que o número e tipo de colônias bacterianas variaram de acordo com o tempo, e pode ser observada uma sucessão de microrganismos durante a biodegradação do efluente cítrico. O microrganismo identificado como LAB-9 (Pseudomonas struzieri) e LAB-7 (não identificado) prevaleceram durante todo o processo, sugerindo que estes são organismos importantes para remoção da matéria orgânica no processo ou são melhores adaptados ao tipo de água residuária. O sistema de lodo ativado foi eficiente na redução de DBO e DQO, alcançando valores de 79 e 78% respectivamente, num período de 15 h de reação, com uma relação F/M 4:2.
Estágio em uma casa de parto do Japão: relato de experiência
Authors: Hoga Luiza Akiko Komura
Published: April 2006

O conhecimento da assistência ao parto desenvolvida em outras sociedades pode promover a autocrítica a respeito de nossas próprias práticas. Este artigo relata a experiência de um estágio desenvolvido em uma Casa de Parto do Japão. A Instituição oferece assistência pré-natal, grupo de educação em saúde, ioga, hidroginástica, assistência ao parto e puerpério, cuidado com o recém-nascido, visita domiciliar e consulta de enfermagem da puérpera e recém-nascido. Os princípios que norteiam a assistência desenvolvida naquela Casa, em conformidade com as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, fornecem suporte para recomendar a adoção dos modos de cuidar ali desenvolvidos, com a necessária adaptação ao contexto sociocultural específico.
Perda de carga contínua em tubulações conduzindo água residuária da suinocultura
Authors: Sampaio Silvio C. , Denículi Wilson , Oliveira Rubens A. , Silva Demétrius D. da , Matos Antônio T. , Martinez Mauro A.
Published: April 2006

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de definir e avaliar modelos matemáticos que estimem a perda de carga contínua em tubulações de aço zincado, ferro galvanizado e PVC, nos diâmetros comerciais 2 a 6 polegadas. Utilizou-se como fluido escoante a água e água residuária proveniente da suinocultura, nas concentrações de 0,98; 2,08; 4,73; 7,69 e 8,56%. Os resultados mostraram que os métodos que estimam a perda de carga baseados na equação Universal e relacionam o fator de atrito às características de escoamento, não apresentaram bons ajustes, principalmente quando se utilizou o Número de Reynolds Generalizado. As equações empíricas, propostas neste trabalho, em que se utilizam as metodologias de Duffy & Titchener e Hazen-Williams Modificada, que relacionam a perda de carga com a vazão, diâmetro, coeficiente de rugosidade e concentração de sólidos totais, apresentaram bons resultados, com coeficientes de determinação acima de 0,98. Desta maneira, recomenda-se a sua utilização para dimensionamento de projetos, por serem equações simples e confiáveis.
Escoabilidade de leitos de partículas inertes com polpa de frutas tropicais: efeitos na secagem em leito de jorro
Authors: Medeiros Maria de F. D. de , Alsina Odelsia L. S. de , Rocha Sandra C. , Jerônimo Carlos E. de M. , Mata Ana L. de M. L. da , Medeiros Uliana K. L. de , Furtunato Andréa A.
Published: April 2006

Neste trabalho, foram caracterizados seis tipos de material inerte, utilizados na secagem de polpa de frutas em leito de jorro. Determinou-se o ângulo de repouso das partículas, com e sem adição de água e de polpa de diversas frutas tropicais. Correlacionou-se a escoabilidade com as propriedades das partículas e com a composição química das polpas. Analisou-se a influência do ângulo de repouso sobre o desempenho do secador, no que se refere à produção. Os resultados mostraram que, em geral, as polpas com elevadas concentrações de gordura e sólidos insolúveis e baixos teores de açúcares redutores, facilitam a escoabilidade. Uma análise dos resultados obtidos na secagem de polpa de frutas tropicais, utilizando-se partículas de poliestireno de baixa densidade, como material inerte, mostrou que, embora a escoabilidade permita a obtenção de menores vazões de jorro mínimo, em relação ao desempenho do secador, pode não favorecer uma produção maior de pó.
Influência de métodos de secagem na conservação de sementes de Ipê-branco
Authors: Degan Patrícia , Aguiar Ivor B. de , Sader Rubens , Perecin Dilermando , Pinto Luciana R.
Published: April 2006

Sementes de Tabebuia roseo-alba (ipê-branco) com 21,9% de água e 56,5% de germinação, foram submetidas à secagem em liofilizador, câmara seca e estufa. Depois da secagem, o teor de água das sementes foi reduzido para 3,7, 4,0 e 11,7% e a germinação para 49,0, 44,7 e 45,5%, respectivamente. As sementes liofilizadas foram acondicionadas em embalagem impermeável e as não liofilizadas em embalagens permeável e impermeável. Após o acondicionamento, as sementes foram armazenadas nos ambientes normal de laboratório, de câmara seca e de câmara fria. Avaliações da porcentagem de germinação (capacidade germinativa) das sementes foram feitas periodicamente, durante 300 d de armazenamento. As sementes revelaram, durante o armazenamento, comportamento idêntico ao das classificadas como ortodoxas. Quando armazenadas em ambiente normal de laboratório, as sementes se deterioraram rapidamente. As sementes liofilizadas conservaram sua capacidade germinativa quando armazenadas em câmara fria. As sementes secadas em câmara seca, acondicionadas nas embalagens permeável e impermeável, e as secadas em estufa, acondicionadas em embalagem permeável, conservaram sua capacidade germinativa quando armazenadas na câmara seca e na câmara fria.
Um novo método para avaliar as inclinações dentárias utilizando a tomografia computadorizada
Authors: Capelozza Filho Leopoldino , Fattori Liana , Maltagliati Liliana Ávila
Published: April 2006

O exame de tomografia computadorizada vem sendo amplamente utilizado na Odontologia, principalmente na área de Implantodontia, com o objetivo de mensurar a altura e a espessura ósseas. A possibilidade de realizar cortes tomográficos individualizados nos fez levantar a hipótese de sua aplicabilidade para medir inclinações e angulações dentárias na Ortodontia, com maior precisão e confiabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma nova metodologia para a mensuração das inclinações e angulações dentárias, utilizando a tomografia computadorizada volumétrica. Para isso, foram realizados cortes tomográficos dos dentes anteriores, de dois indivíduos, com padrões faciais II e III, respectivamente. Após a avaliação, concluímos que a tomografia computadorizada pode ser um meio útil para avaliação de inclinações e angulações dentárias, possibilitando grande contribuição para as pesquisas envolvendo o posicionamento dentário e também para a individualização do tratamento ortodôntico, uma vez que permite a verificação individual do posicionamento dentário.
Tratamento ortopédico da Classe III em padrões faciais distintos
Authors: Oltramari Paula Vanessa Pedron , Garib Daniela Gamba , Conti Ana Cláudia de Castro Ferreira , Henriques José Fernando Castanha , Freitas Marcos Roberto de
Published: April 2006

A má oclusão de Classe III, de origem essencialmente esquelética, produz uma acentuada deformidade facial. A Classe III pode ser interceptada durante a fase de crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial mediante o uso de aparelhos ortopédicos. O crescimento mandibular, predominantemente endocondral na cartilagem condilar, obedece essencialmente ao controle genético. Portanto, os efeitos dos aparelhos ortopédicos que visam restringir o crescimento da mandíbula mostram-se limitados, o que conduz ao pobre prognóstico de tratamento precoce da Classe III determinada pelo prognatismo mandibular. Felizmente, o componente esquelético maxilar responde melhor à aplicação de forças ortopédicas, já que o crescimento ósseo intramembranoso mostra-se mais susceptível a influências extrínsecas ou ambientais. Deste modo, a Classe III morfologicamente definida pelo retrognatismo maxilar, privilegia-se com o tratamento ortopédico. Este trabalho discute o tratamento interceptivo da Classe III por meio da tração reversa da maxila em pacientes com padrões faciais distintos, apresentando dois casos clínicos, e ainda ressalta os aspectos atinentes a sua estabilidade.
Casca de café em dietas de vacas em lactação: consumo, digestibilidade e produção de leite
Authors: Souza Alexandre Lima de , Garcia Rasmo , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Rocha Fernanda Cipriano , Campos José Maurício de Souza , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Gobbi Kátia Fernanda
Published: April 2006

Avaliaram-se o consumo, a digestibilidade, a produção e a composição do leite de vacas recebendo dietas contendo diferentes níveis de casca de café (0,0; 8,75; 17,5 e 26,25% da MS) em substituição ao milho na ração concentrada. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, distribuídas de acordo com o período de lactação. As dietas, isoprotéicas e com 14,0% de proteína bruta (PB), foram constituídas de 60% de silagem de milho e 40% de ração concentrada, com base na MS. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), PB e carboidratos totais (CT) não foram alterados, enquanto o de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) aumentou com adição de casca de café. As digestibilidades da MS, PB, CT, FDN e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) diminuíram com adição de casca de café na ração. A produção de leite e as quantidades de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais e suas concentrações no leite não foram alteradas com adição de casca de café nas dietas. Apesar de a casca de café ter reduzido a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta essas alterações não foram capazes de reduzir a produção e a composição do leite, recomendando-se a inclusão deste resíduo em até 10,5% na MS total da dieta em substituição ao milho da ração concentrada.
Curva de lactação e qualidade do leite de cabras Saanen recebendo rações com diferentes relações volumoso: concentrado
Authors: Zambom Maximiliane Alavarse , Alcalde Claudete Regina , Martins Elias Nunes , Santos Geraldo Tadeu dos , Macedo Francisco de Assis Fonseca de , Horst José Augusto , Veiga Darcy Rodrigues da
Published: April 2006

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a curva de lactação e a qualidade do leite de cabras Saanen recebendo rações com diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado. Foram utilizadas 20 cabras (59,59 kg ± 6,97) em lactação, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco relações volumoso:concentrado nas rações (40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 e 80:20), correspondentes a 2,95; 2,83; 2,70; 2,58 e 2,46 Mcal de EM/kg MS. Os animais permaneceram alojados, durante 152 dias, em baias individuais com controle diário da ração ingerida e da produção de leite. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o peso vivo (kg) das cabras. A ingestão de matéria seca (kg/dia) variou ao longo do ciclo produtivo. A produção de leite foi influenciada pelos tratamentos, de modo que a ração com maior concentração energética proporcionou maior produção de leite. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para os constituintes do leite, a produção inicial, a taxa de acréscimo de produção até o pico de lactação e a taxa de declínio de produção após o pico. No entanto, foi observado efeito linear negativo para o dia de produção no pico e a produção no pico. A relação volumoso:concentrado com maior concentração energética melhora o desempenho produtivo dos animais, sem alterar a qualidade do leite.
Os deserdados da indústria: um estudo sobre seus riscos e seus ativos no mercado de trabalho
Authors: Cardoso Adalberto Moreira
Published: April 2006

O estudo visa sanar uma lacuna existente na literatura sobre reestruturação produtiva no Brasil, tradicionalmente voltada para a análise da organização do trabalho e dos empregos que sobrevivem às mudanças. Sabe-se muito pouco sobre as opções de trabalho daquelas pessoas que são direta e negativamente afetadas pela reestruturação. Logo, em lugar de argüir a tecnologia para então buscar na estrutura social o trabalhador mais adequado aos novos postos de trabalho, cumpre argüir a estrutura mesma de oferta e demanda de força de trabalho para desvelar as potencialidades efetivas de incorporação produtiva e social dos trabalhadores que tiveram no mundo fabril seu projeto de emprego, mas que vêem suas opções ocupacionais restringidas pela destruição estrutural de postos de trabalho. Como hipótese global de trabalho, parece plausível suspeitar que, quanto mais sistêmica a reestruturação de um setor qualquer, maiores os riscos de perda do emprego e menores as chances de reinserção profissional dos demitidos, de tal modo que se preservem o capital qualificacional e a qualidade de emprego de origem. Esta hipótese é investigada por meio de análise de história de eventos, tendo como objeto os empregados nas indústrias de material de transportes do Estado de São Paulo nos anos 1990.
Avaliação antropométrica e de composição corporal de atletas paraolímpicos brasileiros
Authors: Santos Sílvio Soares dos , Guimarães Fernando José de Sá Pereira
Published: April 2006

Estudos de aspectos relacionados à dimensão, proporção, composição e maturação humanas evidenciaram estreitas relações entre formas e proporções com o movimento humano (Ross e Marfell-Jones apud Petroski, 1999)¹. Estudos têm demonstrado haver uma relação de algumas medidas antropométricas humanas com risco de doenças metabólicas (assim como o IMC (índice de massa corporal) com o desenvolvimento do diabetes em homens e também em mulheres2-4.Não obstante à sua estreita correlação com várias patologias a avaliação antropométrica dos atletas paraolímpicos brasileiros visou identificar o perfil dos diferentes grupos de atletas, descrever suas condições sob o ponto de vista da formação corporal, visando otimizar o seu rendimento atlético durante os Jogos Paraolímpicos de Sydney. Medidas de distribuição da gordura corporal, soma das dobras cutâneas, IMC e RCQ foram alguns dos parâmetros utilizados para se prescrever dietas e treinamentos específicos. Foram detectadas várias alterações nesses itens em vários grupos de atletas. A partir dos dados coletados poder-se-á criar um banco de dados com os parâmetros antropométricos de cada grupo de atletas para futuras comparações.
Incubadora de inovação: que nova espécie é essa?
Authors: Vedovello Conceição , Figueiredo Paulo N.
Published: April 2006

Este artigo enfoca a transferência de conhecimento da infra-estrutura tecnológica para a indústria, a partir da experiência de uma incubadora de inovação - modalidade rara de incubadora que nasce dentro de uma corporação e torna-se independente. Esta experiência é aqui examinada por meio do Genius Instituto de Tecnologia, nascido a partir da Gradiente Eletrônica S/A. Optando pela estratégia de estudo de caso individual, este artigo baseia-se em evidências empíricas qualitativas coletadas através de técnicas múltiplas (entrevistas formais, reuniões casuais, observação direta e consulta à documentação) durante trabalho de campo original e detalhado. Além de expandir o conhecimento sobre o papel da inovação na estratégia empresarial, este estudo contribui para adicionar novos elementos às tipologias sobre incubadoras - incubadora de inovação - onde cabe destacar o papel central dos recursos humanos altamente qualificados e do estabelecimento de parcerias como bases de sua sustentação.
Teoria institucional e dependência de recursos na adaptação organizacional: uma visão complementar
Authors: Rossetto Carlos Ricardo , Rossetto Adriana Marques
Published: April 2006

O presente trabalho aborda o processo de adaptação estratégica organizacional utilizando para sua análise duas abordagens distintas: a perspectiva Institucional e da Dependência de Recursos. O texto em um primeiro momento apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as perspectivas e após a discussão de como a utilização de ambas na análise dos processos pode contribuir para seu entendimento. Apesar das diferenças entre as perspectivas, os autores, na revisão bibliográfica feita, concluem que elas podem ser utilizadas de forma complementar. A ponte de complementaridade decorre de suas concepções a respeito do meio ambiente, que o considera o fator chave do funcionamento organizacional. A perspectiva Institucional afirma que as organizações resistem às pressões do ambiente na extensão em que a tradição das empresas, o contexto ambiental, ou ambos, suportam tal resistência. Já a perspectiva da Dependência de Recursos sugere que as organizações adaptam-se às pressões na extensão em que os atores organizacionais corretamente percebem e gerenciam as mudanças necessárias. Portanto, para a compreensão de como os processos organizacionais que resultam na sobrevivência ou não das organizações ocorrem há que se considerar a visão das duas perspectivas.
Formation Damage vs. Solid Particles Deposition Profile During Laboratory-Simulated Produced-Water Reinjection
Authors: Al-Abduwani F. A. H. , Shirzadi A. , van den Broek W. M. G. T. , Currie P. K.
Published: April 2006

The importance of produced water reinjection (PWRI) is unquestionable. It is in many cases the cheapest and most environmentally friendly solution for wastewater disposal. It is also a feasible method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) as a waterflooding mechanism.

PWRI, however, suffers from a major limitation, which is the current inability in accurately predicting the lifespan and performance of its injection wells. This is because of the multitude of parameters that affect it. Current models1,2 that incorporate the thermal effects3 of PWRI leading to fracture growth exist. However, the leakoff pattern of this injection differs from that of clean water (seawater) injection because of the damage caused by the produced water to the formation, especially to the fracture faces. Thus, static filtration experiments with refined post-mortem analysis have been conducted to obtain quantitative deposition profiles along the core. This allows for the testing and verification of existing models.4–8

The post-mortem analysis introduced in this paper will be used for future dynamic filtration experiments as well as experiments specifically devised to simulate the fracture tip area. A unified model that will accurately reproduce the permeability decline and deposition profile for all three sets of experiments will follow, thus advancing the predictability of injectivity decline associated with PWRI.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the post-mortem analysis, while rigorous testing of the existing heuristic models (for instance, Wennberg and Sharma6 and Bedrikovedski et al.7) will be published in the near future.9
Assessment of Total Skin Factor in Perforated Wells
Authors: Yildiz Turhan
Published: April 2006

In this study, the available methods and software to predict the well productivity and total skin factor in fully perforated vertical wells have been reviewed. The methods have been compared against the experimental data obtained on an electrolytic apparatus, and their accuracy has been investigated. It has been observed that the 3D semianalytical model, SPAN 6.0 software, and the simple hybrid model described in this paper replicate the experimental results very well. On the other hand, the results estimated from the McLeod method and the Karakas-Tariq method substantially deviate from the experimental data; hence, these models/methods should be used with caution.

The literature hosts many equations to predict the total skin factor in partially perforated vertical wells. Some of the available models have been tested against the results from the 3D semianalytical model. It has been shown that total skin-factor equations based on the summation of individual components do not work.

The 3D semianalytical model has been modified to build an approximate model for fully and partially perforated inclined wells in isotropic formations. Additionally, a simple hybrid model to compute total skin factor in perforated inclined wells has been presented. The hybrid model for perforated inclined wells agrees well with the approximate 3D model. Some of the available models to calculate total skin factor in perforated inclined wells have been compared to the approximate 3D model, and their accuracy has been discussed.

Finally, a simple model to predict total skin factors in perforated horizontal wells has been developed. The application using the simple model has demonstrated that a combination of long wellbore length and perforations bypassing the damaged zone could overcome the destructive effect of severe formation damage around the wellbore.
An Investigation of the Effect of Oil Composition on Heavy-Oil Solution Gas Drive
Authors: Tang G.-Q. , Leung T. , Castanier L. M. , Sahni A. , Gadelle F. , Kumar M. , Kovscek A. R.
Published: April 2006

This study probes experimentally the mechanisms of heavy-oil solution gas drive through a series of depletion experiments employing two heavy crude oils and two viscous mineral oils. Mineral oils were chosen with viscosity similar to crude oil at reservoir temperature. A specially designed aluminum coreholder allows visualization of gas phase evolution during depletion using X-ray computed tomography (CT). In addition, a visualization cell was installed at the outlet of the sandpack to monitor the flowing-gas-bubble behavior vs. pressure. Bubble behavior observed at the outlet corroborates CT measurements of in-situ gas saturation vs. pressure. Both depletion rate and oil composition affect the size of mobile bubbles. At a high depletion rate (0.035 PV/hr), a foam-like flow of relatively small pore-sized bubbles dominates the gas and oil production of both crude oils. Conversely, at a low depletion rate (0.0030 PV/hr), foam-like flow is not observed in the less viscous crude oil; however, foam-like flow behavior is still found for the more viscous crude oil. No foam-like flow is observed for the mineral oils. In-situ imaging shows that the gas saturation distribution along the sandpack is not uniform. As the pattern of produced gas switches from dispersed bubbles to free gas flow, the distribution of gas saturation becomes even more heterogeneous. This indicates that a combination of pore restrictions and gravity forces significantly affects free gas flow. Additionally, results show that solution-gas drive is effective even at reservoir temperatures as great as 80°C. Oil recovery ranges from 12 to 30% OOIP; the higher the depletion rate, the greater the recovery rate.
Dan and Mende masks: a structural comparison
Authors: Jȩdrej M. C.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The masks and associated traditions of the people of the central Guinea coast of West Africa are among the most obvious and well-known features of the contemporary cultural landscape of the region. For some time social anthropologists have described the functions of the masks as social control mechanisms (Horton, 1976). Recently anthropologists have been elucidating these cultural items in terms of symbolic or structural analyses (Fischer and Himmelheber, 1976; Jdrej, 1976; MacCormack, 1980; Phillips, 1978). So far the studies concerned with symbolism, where they have not been explicitly general and theoretical (Jdrej, 1980; Tonkin, 1979), have confined themselves to a particular culture or a particular mask or subset of masks.
Network building and political power in northwestern Sierra Leone, 1800–65
Authors: Howard Allen M. , Skinner David E.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The study of social, economic and political networks provides a new perspective on the history of northwestern Sierra Leone and neighbouring parts of Guinea during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article concerns the men and women of wealth, rank and power who built and maintained local and extensive networks focused on towns in northwestern Sierra Leone, Port Loko and Kambia, at two time periods,c.1800 andc.1865. These activities involved the production and exchange of resources; the migration, settlement and intermarriage of families; and the creation, expansion and fission of households, alliances and other groups. Network analysis illuminates major historical changes, such as the development of towns, kingdoms and interregional trade systems. Furthermore, it reveals the shifting nature of ethnic identities, particularly among the Mande. And finally, it helps to show how society in the northwest became more class differentiated as internal and external commerce expanded.
Mafias in Africa: the rise of drinking companies and vigilante groups in Bugisu District, Uganda
Authors: Heald Suzette
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

This paper describes the emergence during the 1960s of two forms of neighbourhood organisation, drinking companies and vigilante groups, in Bugisu District in eastern Uganda. The main interest of these groups is that they were both explicit responses to a perceived state of anarchy and lawlessness. The drinking companies evolved to control the most popular, and the most dangerous, social activity: the drinking of beer. They were essentially voluntary associations which developed into forms of rotating credit association. The vigilantes, as a self-appointed police force, tackled the problem of community security in a different way and, patrolling their areas at night, were dedicated to the eradication of thieves and witches. Evolving at the same time and often in consort, both movements were united in their aim to provide a distinctive ‘Gisu Government’.
Ikpe migrant cocoa farmers of south-western Cameroon
Authors: Ekpenyong Stephen
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The causes of migration are a major theoretical issue in migration studies. Some writers, such as Udo, see migration as involving a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. It is usually considered to be a rational, that is an economic, man's reaction to economic differentials between regions (Udo, 1978: 124). Hill adds that in rural West Africa the propensity to migrate does not necessarily correlate at all closely with population density as demographers and economists so often assume; it may be the result of lack of lucrative non-farming occupations, because farming is not regarded as ‘work’ by some West Africans (Hill, 1978: 25–6).
The evolution of the ‘wheat trap’: the Nigerian wheat boom
Authors: Kimmage Kevin
Published: April 2006

In the 1970s large-scale irrigation in Nigeria failed to produce the import-substituting wheat which was to a large extent itsraison d'être.Nigerian determination to achieve wheat self-sufficiency has continued through the medium of the recently expanded ADP schemes. After outlining the conjunction of events which led to the formation of the original ‘wheat trap’ envisaged by Andrae and Beckman (1985), this article goes on to demonstrate how the ADP scheme established in Kano State has led to significant changes in agricultural practices and patterns of production within the state. It is argued that, in the longer term, the socio-economic, agronomic, ecological and pedological consequences of the federal government's present wheat import substitution policies could be disastrous for food production in northern Nigeria.
The Sefwi Wiawso Riot of 1935: the deposition of an Omanhene in the Gold Coast
Authors: Roberts P. A.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

On 15 November 193 5 a riot took place in Wiawso, the capital town of Sefwi Wiawso district in the then Western Province of the Gold Coast. It followed weeks of struggle to bring destoolment charges against the omanhene, Nana Kwame Tano II. Four people died of gun-shot wounds, forty were injured and the omanhene was assaulted. On 2 December the State Council completed its hearing of fifteen charges against the omanhene and brought in a majority verdict in favour of destoolment, which in due course was confirmed by the Governor.

Studies of the deposition of chiefs in the Gold Coast have tended to focus on the changing reasons for and, particularly, the increased frequency of destoolment (Busia 1968: passim; Owusu 1970: 63ff.). Arhin especially has looked at the effect of the cash economy upon the relationships between chiefs and their subjects (Arhin 1976). Others have described the increasing complexity of the politico-jural structures surrounding the office and functions of chieftaincy as revealed in destoolment cases (Dunn and Robertson, 1973; Robertson 1976).
Dynamics of herd structures and herding strategies in West Africa: a study of market integration and ecological adaptation
Authors: Amanor Kojo Sebastian
Published: April 2006

This study is an attempt to find variables in the technical, economic and anthropological literature on pastoralism that can be used to gain an overview of cattle herding strategies in West Africa and the nature of their integration into a wider regional market in which ecological differentiation plays an important role. It is largely concerned with the implications of this economic integration for the analysis of herding strategies and it attempts to identify variables which cattle herders manipulate to achieve herd management objectives and adaptation to specific constraints and market opportunities. It focuses on the extent to which herd structures reflect herd management practices and integration into markets. This is a significant variable, and not so abstract as it may seem, since the original image of pastoralists as substantivists who were more concerned with cattle as social wealth than with economic efficiency originated from the observations of high numbers of male cattle among African herds.
Community, forestry and conditionality in The Gambia
Authors: Schroeder Richard A.
Published: April 2006

This article seeks to explain the resurgence of the ‘community’ scale as a central organising principle guiding contemporary environmental initiatives in Africa. It sets policies centred on the notion of community-based natural resource management in their regional political-economic context, demonstrating that fiscal constraints have forced environmental managers to rely more heavily on community efforts to accomplish environmental objectives. In effect, it argues that environmental managers confronted with increased expectations on the part of donors and their government superiors have seized the opportunity to devolve responsibility for environmental management to ‘the community’ as a means of expanding programmes while incurring minimal additional costs. The case study involves a German-funded community forestry project in the Gambia. In 1991, in order to speed up the implementation of ‘scientific’ management on state-controlled forest land, the Gambian-German Forestry Project, a branch of the national Forestry Department, began granting rural communities leasehold rights to community forestry reserves. In each instance, however, community representatives were required by contract to commit their constituencies to a rigorous set of management tasks. Participatory rhetoric notwithstanding, the project offered communities little more than graduated sovereignty over forests. Programme conditions ensured that project personnel would control the finest details of forest management, not despite, butbecause of, the evolution of tenure rights to the community.
Administrators, anthropologists and ‘traditionalists’ in colonial Swaziland: the case of the ‘amaBhaca’ fines
Authors: Macmillan Hugh
Published: April 2006

This article seeks to explain why social anthropologists working in southern Africa in the 1930s were so ill equipped to distinguish between real and invented traditions or old and revived customs. The core of the article is a contemporary account of the history of an aspect of custom. The custom in question relates to the control within the age grade or regimental system of the age at marriage of men in Swazi society. The article examines the motives of the Swazi authorities, under the leadership of the Paramount Chief, Sobhuza II, in attempting to revive in the late 1920s and early 1930s the custom of fining men who married before their regiment, or age grade, had been given permission for them to do so. It also considers the attitude of members of the colonial administration towards the revival of this custom and the part played by members of the administration, especially A. G. Marwick, in the formulation of the ‘traditionalist’ agenda. It also examines the way in which social anthropologists, including Winifred Hoernlé, Isaac Schapera, Bronislaw Malinowski and Hilda Kuper, were recruited in support of Sobhuza II's ‘traditionalist’ programme. It notes the failure of these anthropologists to comment on the fact that custom was being revived and seeks to explain their emphasis on continuity. It seeks, in essence, to show what it was in the environment of Swaziland in the 1930s which led so many intelligent observers either to describe what they did not see or not to describe what they did see. It suggests some links between the ideas of administrators, anthropologists and ‘traditionalists’.
Inor lullabies
Authors: Leslau Wolf
Published: April 2006

Fourteen Gurage lullabies from Ethiopia, in their Inor transcriptions and English translations, are briefly introduced and annotated. Inor belongs to the West Gurage group of languages; this set of lullabies complements those from Eža (another West Gurage language) published earlier by the author.
Creating ‘Union Ibo’: Missionaries and the Igbo language
Authors: van den Bersselaar Dmitri
Published: April 2006

The literature of ethnicity in Africa indicates a major role for Christian missionaries in the creation of languages in Africa. It has been argued that certain African ethnic groups owe their existence to the ‘invention’ of their language by missionaries who created a written dialect—based on one or more vernacular(s)—into which they translated the Bible. This language came to be used for education in mission schools and later also in government schools. The Bible dialect consequently became the accepted standard language of the ethnic group and acquired the function of one of the group's prime identity markers.

In the case of the Igbo language, the history of the CMS missionaries' efforts at creating a written standard Igbo shows that the process was not always straightforward. The article describes the problematic process of creating a written language. The missionaries undertook continual attempts on the basis of several dialects, but it was half a century before they produced the first translation of the Bible. They complicated matters by working in different dialects, but eventually created a standard dialect which they named Union Ibo, a mixture based on several Igbo dialects.

The missionaries were also confronted with resistance from at least part of the Igbo population, who contested their choice of dialect. However, it appears that the majority of the Igbo were simply not interested. The Igbo population were far more interested in education in English, and although the CMS missionaries forced some vernacular education upon the people, actual interest remained limited. It is thus not surprising that the Bible language did not become the accepted standard language of the Igbo ethnic group. The spoken Igbo language does nevertheless function as one of the prime identity markers of the group. The article argues that the importance of the Igbo language to Igbo identity is partly the result of the missionary activity.
Extending the Revisionist Project
Authors: Grossman Lewis
Published: April 2006

I am gratified by Stephen Siegel's generous analysis of my article and its place within the historiography of Gilded Age legal thought. In his comment, Siegel has performed the invaluable task of synthesizing the various strands of revisionist scholarship in this area and examining the growing body of, in his apt words, “revisions of the revision.” It should be noted that Siegel himself is at the forefront of the current wave of scholarship he describes. If Langdell is eventually ousted from his current position as the leading exemplar of late nineteenth-century private law jurisprudence, Siegel's seminal and sophisticated work, to which I am much indebted, will deserve much of the credit.
Further Considerations on the Emergence of Chumash Chiefdoms
Authors: Gamble Lynn H. , Walker Phillip L. , Russell Glenn S.
Published: April 2006

Identifying the origins of simple chiefdoms in the archaeological record is a subject that has elicited significant debate among archaeologists working in the Chumash region. We address several significant issues raised by Arnold and Green concerning our interpretations of the mortuary data from the site of Malibu. We argue, contrary to their assertion of ambiguity, that when multiple lines of evidence are considered, a strong case can be made for the existence of sociopolitical complexity during the Middle period.
Reply to Bird
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: April 2006

Of the criticisms advanced by Bird on the article entitled “Early Man in the New World,” some are held to be pertinent to the purposes of this article, and suggestions are made for their clarification; others do not seem to be directly relevant and no modifications are attempted.
An Upper Mississippi Colander from Northwestern Indiana
Authors: Faulkner Charles H.
Published: April 2006

Excavation of the Griesmer site in northwestern Indiana has revealed an Upper Mississippi campsite where riverine food resources were intensively utilized. The discovery of 14 sherds from drilled colanders in Oneota cooking pits suggests relationship to colanders found on some Fort Ancient sites or the conversion of ordinary cooking vessels to meet specific food-preparation needs on a site of this type.
Reply to Ellis’ “Comment” on “Pueblo Indian Migrations”
Authors: Jett Stephen C.
Published: April 2006

Ellis’ first major criticism, that local variations on the regional precipitation patterns were ignored, is considered irrelevant, because of the local, random, and short-term nature of these variations and the essential homogeneity of the climate of the Plateau area. Ellis’ second criticism, that the regional differences in climate between the Plateau area and the Rio Grande region were not taken into account, is considered to have more relevance. These differences could conceivably account for a movement between a desiccated Mesa Verde and a little-affected Rio Grande, but precipitation at Mesa Verde would have to be considerably more than halved for this regional differential to be of importance. Regional climatic differences cannot explain population shifts within the relatively homogeneous Plateau region. Hack's theory of arroyo-cutting accompanying droughts as the direct cause of migrations is inadequate because a number of areas were manifestly unaffected by arroyo-cutting, and there is evidence to suggest that arroyo-cutting is not genetically associated with drought periods as minor as that of A.D. 1276–1299. Certain misquotations in Ellis' note are also corrected, as is a misrepresentation in Jett's article.
Prehispanic Obsidian Mines in Southern Hidalgo
Authors: Spence Michael W. , Parsons Jeffrey
Published: April 2006

The writers recently examined the famous Cerro de las Navajas obsidian mines described by William H. Holmes. Evidence was found there of extensive Aztec period working. The high proportion of mines to workshops suggests that the obsidian was only roughly processed at the mines, most of it having been carried elsewhere to be worked into final form.
Microevolution and the Skeletal Traits of a Middle Archaic Burial: Metric and Multivariate Comparison to Paleoindians and Modern Amerindians
Authors: Lovvorn Marjorie Brooks , Gill George W. , Carlson Gayle F. , Bozell John R. , Steinacher Terry L.
Published: April 2006

Skeletal remains recovered and analyzed from Archaic and Paleoindian periods demonstrate less pronounced Asiatic/Sinodont features that distinguish them from present day Amerindians. This paper describes the metric and nonmetric traits that link a Middle Plains Archaic male (radiocarbon dated to 2220-2500 B. C.), found near Sidney, Nebraska, to Sinodonts, Sundadonts, and Paleoindians. Metrically, the Sidney male differs from Late Prehistoric and Historic Mandan and Arikara males (1500 to 1830 A.D.) from the same region in cranial vault height (auricular height p ≤ .02 basion-porion height p ≤ .07). His cranium is longer and higher (acrocranic Cranial Breadth-Height Index) than that of the more highly derived Mandan and Arikara males. Several of the Sidney male’s cranial and femoral traits show a blend of Amerindian and earlier protomongoloid traits, distinguishable from recent Amerindian populations. These traits suggest affiliation to a common Eurasian progenitor for Sinodonts, Sundadonts, and Paleoindians, and support the hypothesis that Plains Amerindians descended from the earliest wave of Paleoindians who crossed the Bering Straits. Tracing microevolutionary changes across time is a challenging, incremental process, not yet resolved by the limited Paleoindian and Archaic skeletal remains discovered to date. However, the intermediate skeletal characteristics of the Sidney male indicate gradual adaptation and suggest that natural selection most strongly influenced the adaptation of Plains peoples. Information presented here increases the database needed for future investigations of microevolution, gene flow patterns and the cultural history that may someday link early Archaic populations and Paleoindians to specific tribes among the modern Plains Amerindians.
Where Do Research Problems Come From?
Authors: Binford Lewis R.
Published: April 2006

In science, understanding the relationship between data and problems is crucial to successful research. When problems are imposed on the data and its organization-instead of addressing the empirical subject matter of the discipline-a major epistemological difficulty arises. What domains of knowledge can reliably inform about the imposed problem? I suggest that the many claims that all data are "theory dependent" are primarily accurate in those instances when a problem is imposed on a body of data. This is the approach of humanities. When a problem is recognized in the context of pattern recognition studies that are focused on data generated from the study of one"s subject matter, a different relationship exists between data and theory and fruitful theory building becomes possible. The latter is the approach of science. Central to this contrast is the issue of where problems come from.
Intentionality, Symbolic Pragmatics, and Material Culture: Revisiting Binford’s View of the Old Copper Complex
Authors: Byers A. Martin
Published: April 2006

I examine how a cognitive archaeology may best be advanced by focusing on Intentionality, the mental property that acts as the causal interface in the human-world interaction. I call this approach symbolic pragmatics. The argument is that, through style as the symbolic medium, material culture is endowed by its users with a form of derived Intentionality that is expressively imposed on it in the moment of usage. The central heuristic is the notion of the legal warrant as a pragmatic symbol that transforms behavioral interventions into the types of social activities (intended) they are. In the same way, material cultural style symbolically endows its users with pragmatic or action-constitutive powers that transform their material interventions into the social activities they (intend) are. I apply the warranting model to interpreting the Old Copper Culture Complex, arguing that its copper/stone duality manifests a structuring of the material activities of this society into two complementary water and land ecological spheres.
Year One: Radiocarbon Dating and American Archaeology, 1947-1948
Authors: Marlowe Greg
Published: April 2006

This paper both expands and reconceptualizes our knowledge about the early (January 1947 to January 1948) and formative responses of American archaeologists and anthropologists to word and rumor about W. F Libby's14C dating system. Drawing principally from primary sources for the first time, integrated with literature from the history and sociology of science, new and interpretative information is offered relative to several topics. They include: (1) the profession's inefficient communication networks and their influence on the year-long course of truncated dialogue about purported radioactive dating investigations afoot; (2) the divergent ways in which competing factions of elite specialists labored to formulate strategies to address the perceived implications of Libby's novel technique; (3) the particularly important roles in this period assumed by Chicago's Robert Redfield and Fred Eggan, the R. S. Peabody Foundation's Frederick Johnson, and the Viking Fund's Paul Fejos, among others; (4) the degree and manner in which the effort to grapple with the14C dating proposal was integrally connected to an ongoing campaign to enhance the professional standing of American archaeology; and (5) clear indications that some archaeologists exhibited ambivalence, if not resistance, to the prospect of "physics" intruding into their domain.
Death's Heads, Cherubs, and Willow Trees: Experimental Archaeology in Colonial Cemeteries
Authors: Dethlefsen Edwin , Deetz James
Published: April 2006

Seventeenth and eighteenth-century gravestones in Massachusetts are decorated with a traditional set of designs which have distinctive spatial and temporal limits. By treating them as archaeological phenomena, one can demonstrate and test methods of inferring diffusion, design evolution, and relationships between a folk-art tradition and the culture which produced it. Early popularity of death's-head designs reflects Puritan attitudes toward death, while the later cherub, willow tree, and urn motifs indicate the breakdown of these values. Although cherubs appear earliest among an innovating urban class in Cambridge, they remain a relatively minor type in this central area but are rapidly adopted in outlying districts further removed from the center of influence. Imperfect reproduction of certain designs gives rise to distinctive local styles of other areas. The distribution of these local styles in time and space provides further insights regarding religious change in the Colonial period, including a clear indication of how this change proceeded in different geographical areas at different times. Future analysis of this material promises to be quite productive in the areas of experimental archaeology, kinship analysis, demographic studies, style change, and religious change in Colonial America.