bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable social exclusion: the case of land-use planning and 'newer' travellers
Authors: Wilkin Karen
Published: March 2007

The last Conservative administration privatized the provision of sites for travellers by introducing the 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act and the associated Circular 1/94, 'Gipsy Sites and Planning'. This article reproduces the results of a study of local planning authorities' responses to the needs of 'newer' travellers—those who apparently contradict preconceived ideas about 'gypsies'—and critically examines the results in the light of these travellers' experiences of the land-use planning system thus far. It finds that there is a distinct blindness to these travellers' requirements and suggests that this may have indeed been anticipated.
Cooperative and Intrusive Interruptions in Inter- and Intracultural Dyadic Discourse
Authors: Li Han Z.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether culture plays a role in the use of interruption in simulated doctor-patient conversations. Participants were 40 Canadians and 40 Chinese who formed 40 dyads in four experimental conditions: Canadian speaker-Canadian listener, Chinese speaker-Chinese listener, Chinese speaker-Canadian listener, and Canadian speaker-Chinese listener. All conversations were videotaped and microanalyzed. The data generated four findings: (a) In the Chinese speaker-Chinese listener interactions, cooperative interruptions occurred more frequently than intrusive interruptions; (b) when Canadians served as doctors, the doctors performed significantly more intrusive interruptions than cooperative ones; (c) the two intercultural groups engaged in more unsuccessful interruptions than the two intracultural groups; and (d) in the intercultural conditions, the occurrences of intrusive interruptions were greater than cooperative interruptions. This phenomenon provides unequivocal support for communication accommodation theory. The findings point to a hypothesis that conversational interruption may be a pancultural phenomenon, whereas interruption styles may be culture specific.
Accounts, Formulations and Goal Attainment Strategies in Service Encounters'
Authors: lacobucci Christine
Published: March 2007

Despite its apparently relational function, account giving is found during the course of goal completion in such task-oriented activities as service encounters. The present case involves calls to a telephone company relating to billing troubles. The analysis presented here reveals that nominally relationoriented talk is not always indicative of relational goals, but can be used as a strategy to achieve a task goal. This strategy, however, creates the potential for a coordination problem between participants, which, in turn, creates a need to negotiate the synchronising of institutional customer goals. The present analysis reveals that when coordination problems occur, formulations are used to redirect the talk, such that both participants orient in real-time to complementary goals.
Seeking Information: Contextual Influences on Question Formulation
Authors: Allwinn Sabine
Published: March 2007

Questioning has epistemic and social dimensions. Most studies on question formulation focus on one or other of these, associating them with different aspects of questioning utterances. Politeness is considered predominantly socially affected, whereas the use of closed questions is seen as determined by the speakers' amount of pre-knowledge. The purpose of this study is to explore the interrelationship between social and knowledge factors in question formulation. In an experiment, hypotheses about the influence of the speaker's state of knowledge as well as the effect of social factors (the addressee's cooperativeness and the social legitimation to insist on an answer) on politeness and the use of closed questions are tested. The results indicate social influences on both accounts whereas no knowledge impact on politeness could be found. The findings strongly support focusing on extended questioning utterances instead of restricted single sentence formulations.
Flirting with Meaning
Authors: Eisenberg Eric M.
Published: March 2007

Representational views of language and communication view ambiguity as a problem to be solved. An alternative approach treats ambiguity as an opportunity to challenge, skirt, and reinvent received knowledge and identity. In so doing, this approach makes a connection between epistemology and ontology, linguistic and existential meaning. This article describes this perspective on language and communication and offers three practical examples of how resources of ambiguity can be used to flirt with new, different notions of self and the world.
An Exploratory Study of Message Affect Behavior
Authors: Rogan Randall G. , Hammer Mitchell R.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of an investigation wherein Rogan and Hammer's language intensity/message affect coding metric was used for evaluating variability in the emotional language of Euro-Americans and African Americans responding to a freeresponse scenario. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that there are significant differences in the level of affect present in messages communicated by African Americans compared with messages communicated by Euro-Americans. Specifically, the EuroAmerican respondents employed significantly greater language intensity and significantly more positive message valence compared with more negatively valenced and neutral language intensity used by African American respondents. These findings provide additional insight into traditional, qualitatively derived assumptions regarding the affective communication patterns of Euro-Americans and African Africans. The results also serve to bolster the applicability and validity of Rogan and Hammer's coding metric.
Empowering the Primary School Deputy Principal
Authors: Harvey Michael
Published: March 2007

Michael Harvey is at the Department of Educational Policy and Administrative Studies at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Western Australia. During an era of school based self-management, he suggests, surprisingly little attention has been given to the role of the deputy principal in the primary school. He reports on a survey undertaken in Western Australia which indicates that many deputy principals lack a significant professional identity. He suggests ways in which this situation might be improved.
Schools Coping with the Impact of Information Technology
Authors: Riffel J. Anthony , Levin Benjamin
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses school responses to changes in information technology based on survey data and four case studies of school districts in a Canadian province. Financial, administrative and political issues appear to have dominated the agenda and debates over priorities, costs and expectations of teachers have been central. Information technology has not, as yet, been integrated into people's thinking about teaching and learning. The authors argue that schools would benefit from better intelligence about the impact of such technology and from a wider repertoire of responses to it.
The Triumph of the Will
Authors: Hodgkinson Christopher
Published: March 2007

In this paper some of the most elusive concepts in administrative thought are revisited, most notably that of will but also cognate and related notions such as intention, consciousness, value and depth motivation. Philosophical resources drawn upon include Nietzsche. The writer also draws on his own works and, after considering aspects of contemporary malaise, is led to propose a curricular reform and research direction which would substitute axiological for current epistemological preoccupations. The new agenda would be appropriate to the condition of postmodernity yet congruent with the spirit of Socratic classicism. A directional shift is necessary within the administrative profession because the leadership function has the potential for being either the greatest of applied humanisms or the most devastating of all sociopathologies.
Otto Gross and Else Jaffé and Max Weber
Authors: Whimster Sam , Heuer Gottfried
Published: March 2007

Section one of this article gives the narrative background to the love affair between Otto Gross and Else Jaffé. Otto Gross took Freud's psychoanalytic method in a libertarian direction and he became an influential figure in German anarchist circles shortly before 1914. Else Jaffé was a leading figure in Heidelberg's academic community. Section 2 provides the first complete translation of the Gross-Jaffé letters. Section 3 contrasts the positions of Gross and Max Weber to Nietzsche and comments on Else Jaffé's intermediate role. It was her person that contributed to the development of both men's thinking on the erotic. An appendix provides the transcription of the Gross-Jaffé correspondence in German.
The Challenge Ahead For Criminal Justice Social Work In Scotland
Authors: Maybee James
Published: March 2007

James Maybee considers the lessons which Scotland's soon to be re-organised Criminal Justice Social Work Services can learn from the experiences of the National Probation Service in England and Wales. He argues that they must embrace principles of efficiency and effective practice if they wish to retain a central role in service delivery and their links with local authority social work.
Any Solution?
Authors: Gascoigne Ian
Published: March 2007

What are we to make of 'glue-sniffers'-should we be reacting with medical or moral panic, or be taking things more slowly and seeking to understand the habit? The author argues strongly for the latter course, and offers notes and observations to help us approach that understanding.
Probation and Just Deserts: The I982 Presidential Address
Authors: Walker Nigel
Published: March 2007

Prof Walker argues that the case for strict tariff sentencing is simplistic and sterile, and reasserts that the aim of sentencing must remain the good of the offender or society. Can the Probation Service credibly demonstrate that we contribute to this end, and by what criteria?
Consumer and Supervisor Perspectives on Probation
Authors: Day Peter
Published: March 2007

A recent survey of Probation Officers and their clients throws new light on how each make sense of the enforced relationship and suggests that clients may have less difficulty than supervisors in reconciling directiveness and help.
Theft of Conciliation? The Thieves Reply
Authors: Shepherd Graham , Howard John
Published: March 2007

Following Gwynn Davis' critical analysis of conciliation in divorce welfare practice (PJ March '85), two of the practitioners attacked challenge his arguments.
Commentary: Britain and Europe
Authors: Arter Chris
Published: March 2007

Chris Arter, the Commissioning Editor for the European section of this issue of the Journal, outlines recent progress in the International Council for the Education of the Visually Impaired (ICEVI) with special reference to teacher training and outlines some recent developments in the United Kingdom.
Current research on retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Converse Carolyn A.
Published: March 2007

Retinitis Pigmentosa is a family of related diseases in which the retinal cells deteriorate. Although this is well understood, the cause has not yet been found. In this article several theories about the cause are described. From these theories have evolved research studies which bring together workers from a number of disciplines. Their work is directed towards explaining RP but also, and more importantly, towards finding some way of treating the patient as early as possible.
Visually Impaired Children: the need for a team approach
Authors: Fagan Tom , Mabert Allan , Cowen Olive
Published: March 2007

Olive Cowen spoke at the Dartington Hall Workshop (November 1984), a report o f which appeared in the Spring 1985 issue of the BJVI: subsequently there was considerable discussion between her and the two specialist workers - Tom Fagan and Allan Mabert - in one local authority area to which her responsibilities extend. The problems which arose in their discussion are highlighted in this article.
Some thoughts on mobility training: past, present and future
Authors: James Pauline
Published: March 2007

The author is the new Principal of the National Mobility Centre. In this article, she gives a brief outline of her own pro fessional training and career, and argues that her experience has shaped her views o f the whole process of rehabilitation and of the kind of training required for professional work with the visually impaired. She writes as a practitioner in the belief that subjective comment, if confirmed by a sufficient number of people, can be a basis for objective research and stimulus.
Tactile Diagrams : their production by current-day methods and thei r relative suitabilities in use
Authors: Kirkwood Rita
Published: March 2007

This article compares the methods of production of tactile diagrams by two distinct techniques. Since its recent introduction into this country, the raised copy image method has been used increasingly in the production of diagrams for the visually handicapped, alongside the longer established thermo- form method. The diagrams resulting from these two methods, and their suitabilities in use, are appraised. Some guidelines towards making raised copy diagrams using the Minolta heat copier are given, based partly on a working teacher's practical experience and partly on a case study.
The RCEVH project on micro-computer systems and computer assisted learning
Authors: Blenkhorn Paul
Published: March 2007

This article gives an overview of a project on micro-computer systems and computer assisted learning for blind and partially sighted children and adults. The major area of interest in the project has been in developing and investigating ways in which computers can be useful to the visually impaired and make existing programs accessible to them. As a result there is now available a wide range of computer based materials for users ranging from the pre-school multi-handicapped child to adults in employment. Work on this project has been going on at Birmingham University's Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped for the past three years.
Japanese music and the blind
Authors: Isaki Michiko
Published: March 2007

This article discusses, in a historical context, the important contribution made by blind people to Japanese music as performers, composers and teachers.
Tactual experience in relation to diagram use
Authors: Hinton Ronald
Published: March 2007

The article underlines the importance of careful diagram use as well as good design, and suggests the type of early educational experience which would equip a blind child to get the most information from diagrams. It explains how all these concerns should anfluence good teaching practice, particularly where blind children are educated in an integrated setting.
Changing perspectives
Authors: Wilson John
Published: March 2007

The following article is an edited version of the SRAB Annual Lecture given at the National Westminster Hall, London, 14 July 1988. The South Regional Association for the Blind celebrates its fiftieth anniversary this year.
Karen and George: face recognition by visually impaired children
Authors: Ellis Hadyn D. , Young Andy , Baikie Rae , Heaps Morag , Pulham John R.
Published: March 2007

Two visually impaired children appeared to have unusually severe difficulty in recognising faces. They were assessed on a variety of non-face and face tasks and it became apparent that only one of them was in fact severely limited in her ability to identify people by face. A series of training programmes, some microcomputer based, was given over an eighteen month period but there was no evidence of any improvement; this is due to the particular brain injury suffered and not to any lack of general intelligence.
Improving learning from audiotape: a technique that works!
Authors: Parkin Alan J. , Aldrich Frances K.
Published: March 2007

In this article we report experimental findings concerning a simple technique that greatly improves the amount people can remember after listening to an audiotape. The technique involves the insertion of self-assessment questions which target key information. The procedure is outlined, along with recommendations on its implementation.
BRAILLE LITERACY CONFERENCE School of Education, University of Birmingham, 12 May 1990
Authors: Raffray Monique
Published: March 2007

This Conference was organised by AEWVH; Reading Schemes for the Tactile Reader were on display throughout the day. The speakers were: Juliet Stone — University of Birmingham Myra Morgan - Ysgol Penybont, Bridgend John Lorimer - Braille Association of the United Kingdom Nigel Berry - Royal National College
Recent developments in ophthalmology
Authors: Blach Rolf
Published: March 2007

Ophthalmological research is a sober but often rewarding activity. This article discusses some of the difficulties in assessing the value of research and describes specitic areas in which significant advances have been made. These include the management of congenital cataract, essential blepharospasm, refractive surgery, proliferative vitreo-retinopathy and retinoblastoma. The place of preventive ophthalmology is also considered.
A low vision aid clinic for pre-school children
Authors: Gould Elizabeth , Sonksen Patricia
Published: March 2007

The aim of the research/service clinic set up at the Wolfson Centre in 1985 has been to provide very young severely visually impaired children with optimal visual expenence of materials from which they can learn The expenence of an optometnst and developmental paediatrician working together is presented, and the importance of this team Input to assessment emphasised. A detailed exploration of near functional vision made with real objects and nursery-age picture material serves as the basis for the prescription of an aid and subsequent evaluation of its success The careful counselling of parents and the importance of ongoing support and follow-up are discussed
The Children Act 1989: what does it mean for visually impaired children?
Authors: Ennals Paul
Published: March 2007

The Government's (OPCS) survey of the disabled population (Bone and Meltzer, 1989) suggested that there are 21,000 severely visually impaired children in Britain. For those children and their families the level of services offered by the local authority and by other agencies can mean the difference between frustration and contentment. This article seeks to highlight the main principles underlying the Children Act, and to explore some of the implications of the Act for people working with visually impaired children and their families.
Regional provision for visually impaired children in western France
Authors: Chatterton Joyce
Published: March 2007

During the Easter holidays (1993) the author visited a school for visually impaired children in western France and had an opportunity to discuss the varied provisions which support children of all ages and abilities. Issues relating to funding, staffing and resources were addressed, and facilities at the school were viewed and evaluated. The findings open the way for comparisons between educational provision for visually handicapped children in the United Kingdom and in other European countries.
Spelling for the visually impaired child
Authors: Arter Christine , Mason Heather
Published: March 2007

The teaching of spelling to children with special needs has long been a cause for concern. How can these children be taught to become proficient spellers? This article describes some of the particular difficulties of visually impaired and blind children and considers a whole-school approach which incorporates old techniques and new ideas.
Tail with a happy ending
Authors: Oxley Julian
Published: March 2007

In the first of a series of major interviews, Kevin Carey talks to Julian Oxley, the Director of The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (GDBA) and finds that expanding revenue will meet foreseeable need for the provision of dogs and the associated training while leaving room for assistance in related areas.
A Method for the Measurement of Error Rate in Braille Transcription
Authors: Carey Kevin
Published: March 2007

A combination of factors led in the early 1990s to the perceived need for a method of measuring error rate in braille transcription in such a way that it could be included in contracts between consumers and producers. The United Kingdom Association of Braille Producers (UKABP) designed a Standard 1.0 which comes into force on 1 July 1997 and will be reviewed in November 1998.
Problems Experienced by Hearing and Visually Impaired People
Authors: Cohn Hans
Published: March 2007

Hans Cohn presents a personal account of living with a dual sensory handicap; reports on discussions with similarly afflicted people; argues for the separation of deaf-blindness from hearing and visual impairment and for recognition of the problems posed by the latter; and makes some suggestions for the way forward.
On Being `Just Friends': The Frequency and Impact of Sexual Activity in Crosssex Friendships
Authors: Afifi Walid A. , Faulkner Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

Research on cross-sex friendships has noted the presence of sexual tension in many of these relationships. Yet, to our knowledge, no studies have directly examined the frequency and effect of sexual contact on friendships. This investigation provides an initial look at the prevalence of sexual activity in otherwise `platonic' cross-sex friendships and applies a recently developed model of expectation violations to understand the related consequences of that behavior. Results suggest that approximately half the heterosexual college student population has engaged in sexual activity in an otherwise platonic cross-sex friendship and that the aversive uncertainty within valence model of expectation violations serves as a good framework from which to understand the associated relational outcomes. The findings' implications for research on cross-sex friendships are discussed.
Maintenance Behaviors, Expectations for Maintenance, and Satisfaction: Linking Comparison Levels to Relational Maintenance Strategies
Authors: Dainton Marianne
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to assess the relationship between expectancy fulfillment for the partner's use of relational maintenance activities and one's own satisfaction with the relationship. In Study 1, 478 people in romantic relationships completed questionnaires assessing their experience of their partner's use of maintenance activities relative to their expectations for the frequency with which maintenance should be performed. As interdependence theory predicts, the more one's experience with maintenance activities exceeded expectations, the more relational satisfaction was reported. The strongest predictors of satisfaction were the extent to which the partner's use of assurances and positivity exceeded one's expectations for these activities. In Study 2, 283 people in romantic relationships provided reports of their expectations for their partner's use of maintenance activities, as well as their perceptions of the frequency with which their partners actually engaged in maintenance behaviors. Results indicated that individuals had higher expectations for their partner's use of sharing tasks and assurances than for other maintenance behaviors. However, the perceived use of maintenance strategies was stronger in predicting relational satisfaction than were the discrepancy scores between expected and perceived use of such behaviors. Implications for an interdependence theory approach to relational maintenance are discussed.
Interpersonal Expectancies and Preferences for Various Types of Social Behaviours of Depressed Outpatients
Authors: Hokanson Jack E. , Meyer Barbara E.B.
Published: March 2007

Depressed and nondepressed outpatients and normal controls were compared on two questionnaires that assessed interpersonal expectancies and subjects' preferences for engaging in various types of social behaviours. Depressed subjects expressed more negative expectancies than the two control groups regarding the future behaviour of intimates, generalized others, and the operation of fate in their lives. Depressed subjects also indicated stronger preferences for assuming subordinate social roles with intimates and with generalized others. A number of significant correlations indicate that negative interpersonal expectancies are associated with preferences for passive, solitary and subordinate social behaviours.
Perceived Similarity and Understanding in Married Couples
Authors: White James M.
Published: March 2007

The propositional review of research on marital quality by Lewis & Spanier (1979) and the theoretical perspectives on close relationships of phenomenology, communication and consistency theory, suggest the hypothesis that the similarity perceived by a spouse is directly related to that spouse's understanding of his or her partner. The results of this study do not appear to confirm this suggestion. When global perception scores are divided by the importance of the issue in the relationship, it appears that issue salience is implicated in a couple's perceptual accuracy. In general, husband's perceived similarity is consistently closer to the actual level of dyadic agreement than is the wife's perceived similarity. Wife's understanding of her spouse is consistently more accurate than is husband's understanding. Only on low salience items is the wife's perceived similarity as accurate as the husband.
Loneliness and Aggressive Behaviour
Authors: Check James V.P. , Perlman Daniel , Malamuth Neil M.
Published: March 2007

In one of the early classic articles on loneliness, Zilboorg (1938) claimed that lonely individuals are hostile and aggressive. The present research tested this proposition. Two samples of males were given a measure of loneliness and various measures of hostility. Ninety-one subjects in the second study were also given the opportunity to administer aversive noise to a critical, rejecting confederate for making errors on an ESP task. In both samples, lonely males expressed more hostility towards women and endorsed the view that men and women are essentially adversaries in their sexual relationships. In the ESP task, the lonely subjects administered higher levels of aversive noise. Despite some qualifications, the results generally are consistent with Zilboorg's contention that lonely individuals manifest greater aggressive tendencies.
Jealousy and the Social Psychology of Emotional Experience
Authors: Ellis Carolyn , Weinstein Eugene
Published: March 2007

Jealousy is investigated as a focus for the symbolic interactionist analysis of emotion. We define jealousy in terms of the features of the contexts in which it is evoked. Three related elements are essential: an attachment between two persons; valued resources that flow through and are controlled by that attachment; and intrusion on that attachment by a third person who is perceived by one partner as becoming or wanting to become the receiver or giver of those resources. This partner becomes jealous because of fear of loss of control over the resources that pass through the bond between the two attached people. Identification is seen as the principal mode of attachment threatened by the intrusion. The kinds of resources controlled through identification and the context dependency of the features implying intrusion are examined along with the role of feeling ruies in jealousy management. Implications for theory and methodology in the social psychology of emotion are discussed.
Dating Violence: The Primacy of Previous Experience
Authors: Deal James E. , Wampler Karen Smith
Published: March 2007

Data concerning dating violence were collected from 410 university and college students. Descriptive information on the rate and type of such violence was examined along with information on the gender of individuals involved. The relative contributions of five sets of factors to the occurrence of dating violence were investigated: past experiences with violence, attitudes, personality factors, the nature of the relationship, and socioeconomic status. The results indicate that 47 percent of the respondents had some experience with violence in a dating relationship. The majority of these experiences were reciprocal in nature with both partners violent at some time. When the violence was not reciprocal, males were three times as likely to report victim-only experiences than were females. Multiple regression analysis showed violent experiences in previous relationships to be the main predictor of violent experiences in current relationships.
Invited Article Fudging with Friends and Lying to Lovers: Deceptive Communication in Personal Relationships
Authors: Miller Gerald R. , Mongeau Paul A. , Sleight Carra
Published: March 2007

Although a considerable body of recent research has addressed the problem of deceptive communication, few studies have examined deceptive communication in personal relationships. We argue that the occurrence, substance, and outcomes of deceptive communication are markedly influenced by the nature of the communicators' relationship. To redeem this claim, we examine how several differences between impersonal and personal relationships may influence deceptive exchanges, and consider some of the implications of the distinctions for future research dealing with deceptive communication in personal relationships.
Strategies for Maintaining and Repairing Marital Relationships
Authors: Dindia Kathryn , Baxter Leslie A.
Published: March 2007

Although relationship research has concentrated on relational formation and termination processes, most of the time spent in long-term relationships is devoted to relational maintenance and/or repair. The present study examines the maintenance/repair strategies reported by fifty couples (n= 100 spouses). It attempts to discover the strategies and the ways in which their number and choice are related to marital satisfaction, participation in a marital enrichment programme, length of marriage and respondent gender. Forty-nine strategies were identified and clustered into twelve superordinate strategy types. Respondents most frequently reported use of prosocial, ceremonial, communication and togetherness strategy types. More strategies were reported in accomplishing maintenance than repair of the relationship. However, the same types of strategies were reported for both maintenance and repair with the exceptions of metacommunication and anti-ritual/spontaneity strategies. The number of strategies correlated negatively with length of marriage. Implications for future research include the need for comparative work among premarital, marital and divorced couples. In addition, the need to develop understanding of such strategies for use in marital enrichment programmes is discussed.
Lovers Wear Rose Colored Glasses
Authors: Hendrick Clyde , Hendrick Susan S.
Published: March 2007

It was proposed that people falling in love differ from people not in love on a variety of variables, viewing the world more positively, such that `lovers wear rose colored glasses'. This proposal was tested in two studies. In the first study, 235 college students completed a questionnaire battery. About half of the students were currently in love ( n = 125) and half were not ( n = 110). Subjects in love were more erotic and agapic and less game-playing in their love attitudes and less permissive and instrumental in their sexual attitudes than subjects not in love. Subjects in love were also lower in self-monitoring and sensation-seeking than subjects not in love. Previously found gender main effects were replicated, and gender interacted with love status on only 2 of 26 measures. The second study used a large sample ( n = 789) of subjects available from past research to examine in more detail the effects of love status on love and sex attitudes. Results replicated those from the first study. In addition, factor analyses of the six love and four sex attitude scale scores indicated that the factor structures differed for the two love status groups. In general, the results from the two studies indicated that falling in love is systematically related to broad changes on several variables. The studies also clarified the relation between Lee's (1973) topology of love attitudes and the phenomenon of falling in love.
Friendship and Gender: Perspectives of Professional Men and Women
Authors: Sapadin Linda A.
Published: March 2007

Same- and cross-sex friendships of 156 professional men and women were investigated using a self-report questionnaire consisting of rating scales and open-ended questions. Results indicated that while both sexes viewed the characteristics of an ideal friendship in similar ways, their actual experiences of friendships differed. Women's same-sex friendships were rated higher for overall quality, intimacy, enjoyment and nurturance. Men, on the other hand, rated their cross-sex friendships higher in these areas, with the exception of intimacy which was rated the same by men in both same- and cross-sex friendships. Cross-sex friendships provided both sexes with new understandings and perspectives of the opposite sex. Both sexes generally kept their friendships and sexual relationships separate though sexual feelings and tensions still existed in many cross-sex friendships. These results are similar to findings from studies with college students, indicating that women's participation in professional roles has not resulted in dramatic changes in friendship patterns. Gender differences in same- and cross-sex friendships remain strong, despite new career roles for women.
Multidimensional Jealousy
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan M. , Wong Paul T. P.
Published: March 2007

Three studies were conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed multidimensional jealousy scale (MJS), which provides separate assessments of cognitive, emotional and behavioural jealousy. Good reliability and validity data were obtained for the scale. It has high internal consistency, as well as a clear factor structure. The three components of jealousy correlate with established jealousy scales. The results also show that emotional jealousy is positively related to love, while cognitive jealousy is negatively related to love. All three components are negatively related to liking. Emotional and behavioural jealousy are negatively related to happiness. Thus, both convergent and discriminant validity are established. The MJS is useful in providing a clearer picture of the relationships between the components of jealousy and various psychological variables than traditional unidimensional measures of jealousy. Practical implications of the scale in detecting pathological jealousy are discussed.
The Waxing and Waning of Relational Intimacy: Touch as a Function of Relational Stage, Gender and Touch Avoidance
Authors: Guerrero Laura K. , Andersen Peter A.
Published: March 2007

Scholars have paid increasing attention to the role of non-verbal communication within intimate relationships. Reportedly, immediate behaviors such as touch escalate opposite-sex relationships by promoting increased intimacy and psychological closeness. This study examined the effects of relational stage, gender and touch avoidance on unobtrusively coded public touch behavior. An ANOVA indicated that relational stage was curvilinearly related to public interpersonal touch such that the level of touch was higher in intermediate stage of relationships than in either initial or stable stages. Gender had no effect on touch. Instead, a high correlation was found between the amount of touch used by males and the amount of touch used by their female partners. Touch avoidance was found to be linearly related to the amount of touch displayed, with low touch avoiders touching the most and high touch avoiders touching the least. There was a strong additive effect for touch avoidance, with all three touch avoidance groups following a curvilinear pattern for relational stage. x2 tests found that touch increased primarily in the hand and waist areas during the intermediate stage. Implications for the study of reciprocity, immediacy, intimacy and stage theory are discussed.
Revealing and Not Revealing the Status of Romantic Relationships to Social Networks
Authors: Baxter Leslie A. , Widenmann Sally
Published: March 2007

The researchers conducted retrospective interviews with 101 university-level participants to determine what they did to make their developing romantic relationship known to social network members and what they did to keep their relationship from becoming known. The most frequent topic of both revelation and concealment was information on the relationship's status and progress. Strategic disclosure and manipulation of co-presence signals were the most frequent ways in which information was managed. The most frequent reasons for revelation were felt obligation to reveal based on the relationship with the target, the desire for emotional expression and the desire for psychological support from the target. The most frequent reason to withhold information was the anticipation of a negative reaction from the target. Parents were more likely than others in the respondent's network to be the target of concealment acts, whereas close friends of the respondent were less likely than others to have information with-held. Parties in closer relationships were more likely than those in less close relationships to perform jointly enacted acts and acts directed toward members of the partner's network or the joint network.
Newlyweds Tell their Stories: A Narrative Method for Assessing Marital Experiences
Authors: Veroff Joseph , Sutherland Lynne , Chadiha Letha , Ortega Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes three coding systems used to analyze systematically joint narratives told by 344 black and white newlywed couples about the `story of their relationship', as part of a program of study of the early years of marriage. The first coding system of these accounts captures the affects mentioned in the stories; the second assesses husband-wife interactions in telling the stories; and the third identifies styles and themes characterizing both the overall story and specific substories within the narratives. A summary of results based on these coding schemes is outlined. Several narrative measures were found to be related to marital quality over time. A number of these measures help clarify ways in which black couples ( n = 176) in comparison to white couples ( n = 167) are alike and ways in which they are different. We discuss the role of these coding schemes for capturing `meaning-making' in story construction. In addition, we illustrate the possibility for analyzing changes in narrative memory and its connection to affective development in people.
The Role of Emotion in Social Support Provision: Gender, Empathy and Expressions of Distress
Authors: Trobst Krista K. , Collins Rebecca L. , Embree Jayne M.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the association between emotion-related factors and intentions to provide social support to a distressed peer. In both studies, providers' gender and their level of dispositional empathy were related to anticipated support provision. Women and persons high in trait empathy were more supportive than men and persons low in trait empathy. Consistent with predictions, the gender effect was largely mediated by that of empathy. Study Two extended these findings by demonstrating that state empathic responses are also substantially associated with support provision, and by exploring the impact of recipients' expression of emotion on empathy and support. As a whole, the studies indicate that emotion plays an important role in support provision in that providers' feelings of concern are a strong determinant of their supportive responses.
The Privatization of the Personal? I: Intimate Disclosure in Modern-Day Russia
Authors: Goodwin Robin
Published: March 2007

The dramatic changes in the political and economic structures of Russian society have been widely documented and have focused interest on the interpersonal lives of the Russian peoples. The two studies reported in this paper use the cultural theory of Mary Douglas to examine intimate disclosure amongst cohorts of students, entrepreneurs and manual workers. Structured questionnaire responses analysed at the individual level suggest that those who believe in rules disclose less than those who do not. Analysis at the occupational level revealed that manual workers found discussing the family problematic whilst entrepreneurs found discussing sex and love difficult. Some age and sex effects were also evident, with younger informants and female respondents more willing to disclose. The implications of these findings for the efficacy of cultural theory, and the future development of interpersonal life in Russia, are discussed.
Predictors of Intimacy for Women in Heterosexual and Homosexual Couples
Authors: Rosenbluth Susan C. , Steil Janice M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated individual differences in self-esteem, capacity for intimacy, relationship values and influence strategy use as factors in self-reported intimacy levels for women in homosexual and heterosexual couples. There were no differences by relationship type in levels of self-esteem, capacity for intimacy or in the valuing of relationship qualities. Women in both types of couples described their relationships as highly intimate and reported using Direct/Bilateral influence strategies most frequently. For both groups, higher levels of relationship intimacy were associated with more frequent use of Direct/Bilateral strategies and less frequent use of Indirect/Unilateral and Indirect/Bilateral strategies. Capacity for intimacy and self-esteem were strongly positively related to intimacy for women in same-sex but not cross-sex couples. The best predictor of intimacy for women in heterosexual couples was a negative one: more frequent use of Indirect strategies was associated with lower levels of intimacy.
Meanings for Closeness and Intimacy in Friendship
Authors: Parks Malcolm R. , Floyd Kory
Published: March 2007

Closeness and intimacy are fundamental, but poorly defined, concepts in the study of personal relationships. We sought to contribute to a more precise understanding of closeness and intimacy by first examining participants' meanings for closeness in friendships, and then by comparing meanings for closeness with participants' meanings for intimacy. In a self-report survey 270 college students were asked what made their same-sex and cross-sex friendships close and how close-ness was expressed. Thirteen different meanings for close-ness were derived. Individuals assigned an average of three meanings for closeness, with the most common being self-disclosure, support, shared interests and explicit expression of the value of the relationship. Native meanings for closeness differed relatively little across sexes and relational types. Respondents envisioned three possible relationships between closeness and intimacy. Just under half the respondents appeared to view them as equivalent terms, while the remaining respondents emphasized either qualitative or quantitative differences. The chief qualitative difference was that intimacy implied a romantic or sexual dimension to about one quarter of the respondents. Quantitative differences generally took the form of believing that an intimate relationship was a more intense form of a close relationship. Closeness appeared to be a richer, more inclusive term than intimacy. Respondents generated more meanings for it and thought of a greater variety of relationships as close. There were fewer sex differences in meanings for closeness than in meanings for intimacy.
Sampling Couples to Understand them: Mixing the Theoretical with the Practical
Authors: Acitelli Linda K.
Published: March 2007

The project described here is one of the first to obtain a probability sample of couples based on characteristics of both partners. The undertaking is presented as a mix of theoretical and practical concerns. First, I present the theoretical background justifying the need for such a sample and outline the methods of the longitudinal study of couples. Then the steps taken to recruit the sample (238 couples) are traced, including the process of screening for eligible respondents. Several un-foreseeable problems occurred that required more time, and thus more money, than were originally budgeted. This paper exposes these difficulties in a straightforward manner not often seen in journal articles that typically cover up or smooth out all blemishes. I also offer suggestions for ways to diminish the effects of such problems. The hope is that other researchers who wish to follow a similar path will find this paper helps make their journeys smoother than the one described here.
Student-Professor Relationship Styles, Childhood Attachment Bonds and Current Academic Orientations
Authors: Lopez Frederick G.
Published: March 2007

Within the past decade, attachment theory has been productively extended into the domains of close adult relationships. Indeed, a key theoretical construct attachment security has been shown to predict a variety of important relationship out comes, including perceived trust, affect self-regulation, and overall dyadic adjustment. More recently, attachment theory has guided research into non-intimate relationships, again with supportive results. In keeping with this initiative, the present study explored whether college students adopting typically secure vs insecure styles of relating to professors also differed in their descriptions of early attachment bonds with parents, and in their responses to measures of current academic motivation and adjustment. Findings indicated that, relative to their peers with insecure relationship styles, students in secure relationships with their professors experienced significantly warmer and more supportive childhood emotional bonds with their mothers. In addition, they evidenced significantly more favorable academic attitudes and stronger feelings of social integration and connectedness within the university community.
The Contribution of Affective Reactions and Relationship Qualities to Adolescents' Reported Responses to Parents
Authors: Russell Alan , Searcy Elaine
Published: March 2007

We examined influences on reciprocity in early adolescents' responses to parental behavior presented in vignettes. The parent behaviors were either warm/affectionate or mildly controlling, and the influence of the following were investigated: (a) adolescents' affective reactions to the parental behavior, (b) their perceptions of the degree of parental acceptance, and (c) relationship type (birth-parent vs stepparent). Relationship type made little independent contribution to the adolescents' reported responses. Both affective reactions and perceptions of acceptance contributed to reported responses, depending on the parental behavior and the type of response. The results suggest that reciprocity in adolescents' responses to parents can occur through the return of perceived parental behavior or through the return of perceived relationship qualities.
Are Some Relationships more Useful than Others? The Value of Similar Others in the Networks of Recent Widows
Authors: Morgan David , Carder Paula , Neal Margaret
Published: March 2007

Contacts with other widows are often seen as having particular value for those who are coping with bereavement. Both the benefits of associating with other widows and the difficulties of maintaining ties with married friends make it likely that recent widows' friendship networks will show increasing `homophily', based on substituting widowed friends for married friends. We investigated these issues based on a year of longitudinal interviewing with 321 recently widowed women, aged 59-85 years, who provided data about their social support networks. Our results indicate that these widows did shift their networks toward greater association with others who had experienced this life event. We did not, however, find evidence that this was due to the amount or quality of the support they received from widowed rather than married friends. One possible explanation is that widows' preference for associating with their similar others has more to do with the nature of the companionship they share in such relationships, rather than with the provision of social support.