bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Vibrio Species Isolated From Brackish Water Shrimp Culture Environment
Authors: Hossain M S , Aktaruzzaman M , Fakhruddin A N M , Uddin M J , Rahman S H , Chowdhury M A Z , Alam M K
Published: January 2013

A comparative study regarding prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio species in   the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) culture environment as well as market samples   were analyzed. Total Vibrio counts were found to range up to 2.5 × 103 cfu/gm and 60 cfu/gm in   shrimp and Gher water samples, respectively. Results revealed that the total vibrio count were found to be higher in samples taking from the market shops in Dhaka city than Gher shrimp samples and the live shrimps were not contaminated with Vibrio species but dead shrimps were   found contaminated, which were collected from shrimp Gher. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test, highest 28.57% resistance among total Vibrio isolates was observed to penicillin and cephalexin. Among the seven isolates of Vibrio species from Gher water sample one isolate displayed multi-drug resistance (MDR). The main reason of antibiotic resistance could be the indiscriminate application of antibiotics in shrimp farming and release of shrimp pond effluent to estuarine ecosystems or post harvest contamination of shrimps with the antibiotic resistant bacteria   through the environment and human handling. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v36i2.12964 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 2, 213-220, 2012
Microwave-Assisted Improved Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridine and Dihydropyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridine Derivatives Catalyzed by Silica Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Cao Chengpao , Xu Changliang , Lin Wei , Li Xuemei , Hu Minghua , Wang Juxian , Huang Zhibin , Shi Daqing , Wang Yucheng
Published: January 2013

An improved synthesis of multifunctionalized pyrrolo[2,3,4-kl]acridine derivatives with different substituted patterns using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a heterogeneous catalyst under microwave irradiation conditions was developed. The reaction could be conducted by using readily available and inexpensive substrates within short periods of 12–15 min. under microwave irradiation. Compared with the conventional methods, the remarkable advantages of this method are milder reaction conditions, operational simplicity, higher yields, short reaction times, and an environmentally friendly procedure.
Use of Pyrogallol Red and Pyranine as Probes to Evaluate Antioxidant Capacities towards Hypochlorite
Authors: Pérez-Cruz Fernanda , Cortés Contanza , Atala Elias , Bohle Pamela , Valenzuela Francisco , Olea-Azar Claudio , Speisky Hernán , Aspée Alexis , Lissi Eduardo , López-Alarcón Camilo , Bridi Raquel
Published: January 2013

Hypochlorite is a strong oxidant able to induce deleterious effects in biological systems. The goal of this work was to investigate the use of PGR and PYR as probes in assays aimed at evaluating antioxidant activities towards hypochorite and apply it to plant extracts employed in Chilean folk medicine. The consumption of PGR and PYR was evaluated from the decrease in the visible absorbance and fluorescence intensity, respectively. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteau assay. PGR and PYR react with hypochlorite with different kinetics, being considerably faster the consumption of PGR. Different stoichiometric values were also determined: 0.7 molecules of PGR and 0.33 molecules of PYR were bleached per each molecule of added hypochlorite. Both probes were protected by antioxidants, but the rate of PGR bleaching was too fast to perform a kinetic analysis. For PYR, the protection took place without changes in its initial consumption rate, suggesting a competition between the dye and the antioxidant for hypochlorite. Plant extracts protected PYR giving a PYR-HOCl index that follows the order: Fuchsia magellanica » Marrubium vulgare » Tagetes minuta > Chenopodium ambrosoides » Satureja montana > Thymus praecox. Based on both the kinetic data and the protection afforded by pure antioxidants, we selected PYR as the best probe. The proposed methodology allows evaluating an antioxidant capacity index of plant extracts related to the reactivity of the samples towards hypochlorite.
Production of Polygalacturonases by Aspergillus section Nigri Strains in a Fixed Bed Reactor
Authors: Maciel Marília , Ottoni Cristiane , Santos Cledir , Lima Nelson , Moreira Keila , Souza-Motta Cristina
Published: January 2013

Polygalacturonases (PG) are pectinolytic enzymes that have technological, functional and biological applications in food processing, fruit ripening and plant-fungus interactions, respectively. In the present, a microtitre plate methodology was used for rapid screening of 61 isolates of fungi from Aspergillus section Nigri to assess production of endo- and exo-PG. Studies of scale-up were carried out in a fixed bed reactor operated under different parameters using the best producer strain immobilised in orange peels. Four experiments were conducted under the following conditions: the immobilised cells without aeration; immobilised cells with aeration; immobilised cells with aeration and added pectin; and free cells with aeration. The fermentation was performed for 168 h with removal of sample every 24 h. Aspergillus niger strain URM 5162 showed the highest PG production. The results obtained indicated that the maximum endo- and exo-PG activities (1.18 U·mL−1 and 4.11 U·mL−1, respectively) were obtained when the reactor was operating without aeration. The microtitre plate method is a simple way to screen fungal isolates for PG activity detection. The fixed bed reactor with orange peel support and using A. niger URM 5162 is a promising process for PG production at the industrial level.
Sécurité alimentaire mondiale et crise structurelle d'un mode de fonctionnement de l'économie agricole
Authors: Azoulay Gérard
Published: January 2013

Résumé Un mode spécifique de fonctionnement de l’économie agricole mondiale maintient dans l’insécurité alimentaire chronique près de 900 millions d’individus. Les règles du commerce international des produits agricoles et les pratiques des institutions internationales constituent une entrave à la mise en œuvre de stratégies cohérentes dans ces pays. Les alternatives stratégiques et théoriques à la crise structurelle de ce modèle supposent la combinaison de multiples facteurs tenant à la capacité des gouvernements à mettre en œuvre de véritables politiques, à fournir des biens publics et à gérer les ressources de manière autonome par leurs propres institutions et procédures c’est-à-dire la volonté politique d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre de véritables stratégies globales, alliant rôle du marché et de l’État.
L'agriculture familiale au Brésil
Authors: Roux Bernard
Published: January 2013

Résumé Au Brésil, dont l’agriculture est trop souvent résumée à son impressionnant agrobusiness, une masse d’agriculteurs peu dotés en facteurs de production et mettant en œuvre la force de travail familiale a, de tout temps, été présente dans la structure agraire. Or, depuis peu, celle-ci retient l’attention des pouvoirs publics, après avoir subi un « oubli » de plusieurs siècles. L’article se divise en trois parties. Dans la première partie, cette forme d’agriculture de « petite production » est observée au cours de l’histoire agraire brésilienne, pour comprendre ses vicissitudes sur le temps long et montrer comment s’est créée sa situation « subalterne ». Dans la deuxième partie, est caractérisée cette agriculture, désignée actuellement comme « familiale » et sont indiquées les circonstances récentes qui ont conduit à son institutionnalisation. Dans la troisième partie est présenté le contenu des politiques publiques dont elle bénéficie.
Des agriculteurs contre le marché ? Itinéraire d'un mode alternatif de commercialisation des fruits et légumes
Authors: Samak Madlyne
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article interroge la façon dont une pratique alternative de commercialisation des fruits et légumes bien connue des sciences sociales — les Associations pour le maintien d’une agriculture paysanne (AMAP) — s’est développée dans un espace géographique limité — l’extrême Sud-Est de la France. L’étude sur le temps long des appropriations différenciées de cette innovation sociale et commerciale par les agriculteurs, permet de mettre en évidence et d’expliquer son « itinéraire ». Ainsi, des premières AMAP (nommées comme telles) aux systèmes de paniers qui se développent aujourd’hui, la dimension non marchande de la transaction semble avoir disparu. Parmi les explications qui sont traitées ici, on trouve la diversification des profils sociologiques des agriculteurs qui commercialisent en AMAP, et les transformations des conditions de mise en marché des produits issus de l’agriculture biologique.
Fins de cure
Authors: Le Bihan Anne
Published: January 2013

Cet axe, qui fait suite au travail sur la passe dans les Assises I, pose qu’il n’y a pas de fin de cure type. S’agit-il de sortie ? De fin ? De conclusion ? Toutes interrogent la question du transfert et ce qu’il en advient à ce qui fait terme de son analyse pour un sujet. Il s’agit pour lui de toucher au réel qui l’inscrit dans sa singularité, dans le monde, et qu’il éprouve au plus intime de sa position.
Physically based modeling of rainfall-triggered landslides: a case study in the Luquillo Forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Lepore C. , Arnone E. , Noto L. V. , Sivandran G. , Bras R. L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. This paper presents the development of a rainfall-triggered landslide module within a physically based spatially distributed ecohydrologic model. The model, Triangulated Irregular Networks Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator and VEGetation Generator for Interactive Evolution (tRIBS-VEGGIE), is capable of a sophisticated description of many hydrological processes; in particular, the soil moisture dynamics is resolved at a temporal and spatial resolution required to examine the triggering mechanisms of rainfall-induced landslides. The validity of the tRIBS-VEGGIE model to a tropical environment is shown with an evaluation of its performance against direct observations made within the Luquillo Forest (the study area). The newly developed landslide module builds upon the previous version of the tRIBS landslide component. This new module utilizes a numerical solution to the Richards equation to better represent the time evolution of soil moisture transport through the soil column. Moreover, the new landslide module utilizes an extended formulation of the Factor of Safety (FS) to correctly quantify the role of matric suction in slope stability and to account for unsaturated conditions in the evaluation of FS. The new modeling framework couples the capabilities of the detailed hydrologic model to describe soil moisture dynamics with the Infinite Slope model creating a powerful tool for the assessment of landslide risk.
Enumeration and Identification of 4-Ethylphenol Producing Yeasts Recovered from the Wood of Wine Ageing Barriques after Different Sanitation Treatments
Authors: Barata A. , Laureano P. , D’Antuono I. , Martorell P. , Stender H. , Malfeito-Ferreira M. , Querol A. , Loureiro V.
Published: January 2013

Aims: This work was aimed at the evaluation of several sanitation procedures on the reduction of total microbial flora and of D. bruxellensis recovered from the inner layers of the barrique’s wood.

Methods: A group of used oak barrels tainted by 4-ethylphenol and contaminated with D. bruxellensis were differently sanitized and, afterwards, were dismantled to analyse samples of shaves taken from wood surfaces at different depths. Microbial counts were obtained by the Most Probable Number Technique using broths of general purpose medium and of Dekkera/Brettanomyces differential medium (DBDM).

Results: The least inefficient treatment included barrique steaming at low pressure. Uncontaminated samples were only detected under this treatment and in the upper level (0-2 mm) of the staves. With this treatment complete destruction of the contaminating flora was not achieved in any level of stave side surfaces and in grooves. The presence of D. bruxellensis was detected in depths up to 6-8 mm in the wood corresponding to the maximum level of wine penetration.

Significance: this work demonstrated that even after current sanitation procedures barriques used in wine maturation pose a severe risk to wine stability due to the presence of D. bruxellensis.
Quality Attributes of Immature Fruit of Different Mango Varieties
Authors: Mujahid Hussain Leghari  , Saghir Ahmed Sheikh  , Noor-un-nisa Memon  , Aijaz Hussain Soomro  , Aijaz A. Khooharo
Published: January 2013

The study was carried out to evaluate quality attributes of immature fruits of four commercially grown varieties of mango namely Sindhri, Chaunsa, Langra and Desi. The immature mango fruits were collected from basin of mango tree in the end of April followed by washing, surface drying and extraction of fruit pulp. The extracted fruit pulp was assessed for pH, TSS, moisture and ash percentage, acidity, vitamin C, fat, protein and sugars. Besides, minerals including sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, and manganese were also determined. On the basis of varietal comparison Sindhri had more moisture (88.60%), ash and fat (0.60%) each, total sugars (6.99%) and reducing sugars (2.78%) as compared to rest of the varieties. However TSS (9.35%), protein (0.71%), and non reducing sugars (4.86%) were recorded the highest in Langra variety. Only the Chaunsa variety had maximum pH of 3.01 and vitamin-C (27.16 mg 100g-1). Regarding mineral elements, Desi was found potential in terms of sodium (453.93 mg kg-1), calcium (403.79 mg kg-1), Zinc (3.47 mg kg-1) and iron (5.95 mg kg-1). The zinc and iron was at par with the results obtained from Langra. However, potassium (904.58 mg kg-1) and copper (2.58 mg kg-1) were observed the highest in Langra, magnesium (78.09 mg kg-1) in Chaunsa and manganese (2.43 mg kg-1) in Sindhri.
AGROCHEMICALS IN FIELD MARGINS—ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF HERBICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND FERTILIZER ON THE COMMON BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS ACRIS)
Authors: Schmitz Juliane , Schäfer Karoline , Brühl Carsten A.
Published: January 2013

The effects of herbicide, insecticide, and fertilizer inputs on the common buttercup Ranunculus acris in field margins were studied in an experimental field study. The test design allowed us to investigate the single and combined effects of repeated herbicide, insecticide, and fertilizer applications in successive growing seasons. To assess the effects of the agrochemical applications on R. acris, plant community assessments were carried out and a photodocumentation of the flowering intensity was performed over two years. In addition, the authors conducted a monitoring survey of R. acris in field margins in the proximity of the study site. In the field experiment, R. acris plant density decreased significantly with treatments including fertilizer. The herbicide caused a sublethal effect by reducing flower intensity by 85%. In the long run, both effects will result in a decline of R. acris and lead to shifts in plant communities in field margins. This was confirmed by the monitoring survey, where R. acris could hardly be observed in field margins directly adjacent to cereal fields, whereas in margins next to meadows the species was recorded frequently. Besides the implications for the plants, the sublethal effects may also affect many flower-visiting insects. The results indicate that the current risk assessment for nontarget plants is insufficiently protective for wild plant species in field margins and that consideration of sublethal effects is crucial to preserve biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1124–1131. © 2013 SETAC
EFFECT PROPAGATION IN A TOXICOKINETIC/TOXICODYNAMIC MODEL EXPLAINS DELAYED EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH OF UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGAE SCENEDESMUS VACUOLATUS
Authors: Vogs Carolina , Bandow Nicole , Altenburger Rolf
Published: January 2013

Ecotoxicological standard tests assess toxic effects by exposing an organism to high concentrations over defined periods of time. To evaluate toxicity under field conditions such as fluctuating and pulsed exposures, process-based toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic (TK/TD) models may be used for extrapolation from the existing evidence. A TK/TD model was developed that simulates the effect on growth of the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus continuously exposed to the model chemicals norflurazon, triclosan, and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine. A pharmacological time–response model describing the effects of anticancer treatments on cancer cell growth was adapted and modified to model the affected growth of synchronized algae cells. The TK/TD model simulates the temporal effect course by linking the ambient concentration of a chemical to the observable adverse effect via an internal concentration and a sequence of biological events in the organism. The parameters of the toxicodynamic model are related to the growth characteristics of algae cells, a no effect concentration, the chemical efficacy as well as the ability of recovery and repair, and the delay during damage propagation. The TK/TD model fits well to the observed algae growth. The effect propagation through cumulative cell damage explained the observed delayed responses better than just the toxicokinetics. The TK/TD model could facilitate the link between several effect levels within damage propagation, which prospectively may be helpful to model adverse outcome pathways and time-dependent mixture effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1161–1172. © 2013 SETAC
Interferon‐γ promotes vascular remodeling in human microvascular endothelial cells by upregulating endothelin (ET)‐1 and transforming growth factor (TGF) β2
Authors: Chrobak Izabela , Lenna Stefania , Stawski Lukasz , Trojanowska Maria
Published: January 2013

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease characterized by vascular alterations, activation of the immune system and tissue fibrosis. Previous studies have implicated activation of the interferon pathways in the pathogenesis of SSc. The goal of this study was to determine whether interferon type I and/or type II could play a pathogenic role in SSc vasculopathy. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs) and fibroblasts were obtained from foreskins of healthy newborns. The RT Profiler PCR Array System was utilized to screen for EndoMT genes. Treatment with IFN‐α or IFN‐γ downregulated Fli1 and VE‐cadherin. In contrast, IFN‐α and IFN‐γ exerted opposite effects on the expression of α‐SMA, CTGF, ET‐1, and TGFβ2, with IFN‐α downregulating and IFN‐γ upregulating this set of genes. Blockade of TGFβ signaling normalized IFN‐γ‐mediated changes in Fli1, VE‐cadherin, CTGF, and ET‐1 levels, whereas upregulation of α‐SMA and TGFβ2 was not affected. Bosentan treatment was more effective than TGFβ blockade in reversing the actions of IFN‐γ, including downregulation of α‐SMA and TGFβ2, suggesting that activation of the ET‐1 pathway plays a main role in the IFN‐γ responses in HDMECs. IFN‐γ induced expression of selected genes related to endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), including Snail1, FN1, PAI1, TWIST1, STAT3, RGS2, and components of the WNT pathway. The effect of IFN‐γ on EndoMT was mediated via TGFβ2 and ET‐1 signaling pathways. This study demonstrates distinct effects of IFN‐α and IFN‐γ on the biology of vascular endothelial cells. IFN‐γ may contribute to abnormal vascular remodeling and fibrogenesis in SSc, partially via induction of EndoMT. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1774–1783, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endothelial NOS gene Glu298Asp polymorphism in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Demirçubuk Ayşe G. , Coşkun M. Yavuz , Demiryürek Şeniz , Dokuyucu Recep , Öztuzcu Serdar , Taviloğlu Z. Şafak , Arslan Ahmet , Sivaslı Ercan
Published: January 2013

Rationale

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) due to prematurity is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. According to few studies in recent years, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms are found to be partially responsible for liability to RDS. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between eNOS gene polymorphism and RDS in preterm neonates.

Patients and Methods

The patient group consisted of 152 premature neonates born before 37 weeks of gestation and diagnosed as RDS. The control group consisted of 125 premature neonates born before 37 weeks of gestation, but was not diagnosed as RDS. Genomic DNA from patients and controls was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction.

Results

It was found that Glu/Glu, Glu/Asp, and Asp/Asp genotype frequencies of the eNOS gene polymorphism were 35.2%, 59.2%, and 5.6% of the control group, and 32.9%, 65.1%, and 2.0% of the patient group, respectively (P > 0.05). However, significant increases in Glu/Glu genotype and Glu allele frequencies were noted in the RDS groups when the preterm neonates were divided into two groups (24–30 weeks and 31–36 weeks) by gestational age. Additionally, Glu/Asp genotype and Asp allele were markedly less frequent among the RDS groups (P < 0.05). Asp allele frequency in boys and Glu allele frequency in girls were significantly high in RDS group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These data suggest that there were significant gestational age‐related differences between RDS and control groups in terms of Glu298Asp polymorphism. Therefore, RDS seems to develop with alterations in eNOS Glu298Asp genotype frequencies in the Turkish population. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:976–980. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co-administration of methyl donors along with guanidinoacetic acid reduces the incidence of hyperhomocysteinaemia compared with guanidinoacetic acid administration alone
Authors: Ostojic Sergej M. , Niess Barbara , Stojanovic Marko , Obrenovic Milos
Published: January 2013

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the natural biosynthetic precursor of creatine, in a metabolic reaction that requires only a methyl group transfer. The use of GAA as a food additive for restoring creatine load in human tissues is rather unexplored and data on efficacy and safety are limited. In particular, an increase in serum homocysteine after GAA administration can be regarded as critical and should be prevented. The present study evaluated the effects of orally administered GAA with and without methyl group donors on serum and urine creatine concentrations, and the occurrence of adverse events during an intervention in healthy human subjects. A total of twenty male and female volunteers were randomised in a double-blind design to receive either GAA (2·4 g/d) or GAA with methyl donors (2·4 g/d of GAA and 1·6 g/d of betaine HCl, 5 μg/d of vitamin B12, 10 mg/d of vitamin B6and 600 μg/d of folic acid) by oral administration for 8 weeks. Serum and urine creatine increased significantly from before to after administration in both groups (P< 0·001). The proportion of participants who reported minor adverse events was 33·3 % in the GAA group, and 10·0 % in the GAA with methyl donors group (P= 0·30). Hyperhomocysteinaemia was found in 55·6 % of participants supplemented with GAA, while no participant experienced hyperhomocysteinaemia in the group supplemented with GAA and methyl donors (P= 0·01). In summary, both interventions strongly influenced creatine metabolism, resulting in a significant increase in fasting serum creatine. The concomitant supplementation of methyl donors along with GAA largely precluded the elevation of serum homocysteine caused by GAA administration alone.
Oral green tea catechin metabolites are incorporated into human skin and protect against UV radiation-induced cutaneous inflammation in association with reduced production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoid 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
Authors: Rhodes Lesley E. , Darby Gemma , Massey Karen A. , Clarke Kayleigh A. , Dew Tristan P. , Farrar Mark D. , Bennett Susan , Watson Rachel E. B. , Williamson Gary , Nicolaou Anna
Published: January 2013

Green tea catechins (GTC) reduce UV radiation (UVR)-induced inflammation in experimental models, but human studies are scarce and their cutaneous bioavailability and mechanism of photoprotection are unknown. We aimed to examine oral GTC cutaneous uptake, ability to protect human skin against erythema induced by a UVR dose range and impact on potent cyclo-oxygenase- and lipoxygenase-produced mediators of UVR inflammation, PGE2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), respectively. In an open oral intervention study, sixteen healthy human subjects (phototype I/II) were given low-dose GTC (540 mg) with vitamin C (50 mg) daily for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-supplementation, the buttock skin was exposed to UVR and the resultant erythema quantified. Skin blister fluid and biopsies were taken from the unexposed and the UVR-exposed skin 24 h after a pro-inflammatory UVR challenge (three minimal erythema doses). Urine, skin tissue and fluid were analysed for catechin content and skin fluid for PGE2 and 12-HETE by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem MS. A total of fourteen completing subjects were supplement compliant (twelve female, median 42·5 years, range 29–59 years). Benzoic acid levels were increased in skin fluid post-supplementation (P= 0·03), and methylated gallic acid and several intact catechins and hydroxyphenyl-valerolactones were detected in the skin tissue and fluid. AUC analysis for UVR erythema revealed reduced response post-GTC (P= 0·037). Pre-supplementation, PGE2 and 12-HETE were UVR induced (P= 0·003, 0·0001). After GTC, UVR-induced 12-HETE reduced from mean 64 (sd 42) to 41 (sd 32) pg/μl (P= 0·01), while PGE2 was unaltered. Thus, GTC intake results in the incorporation of catechin metabolites into human skin associated with abrogated UVR-induced 12-HETE; this may contribute to protection against sunburn inflammation and potentially longer-term UVR-mediated damage.
Production of bioactive bovine fibroblast growth factor 4 in E. coli based on the common nucleotide sequence of its structural gene in three breeds
Authors: Sugawara Saiko , Ito Toshihiko , Sato Sho , Yokoo Mari , Mori Yuki , Kasuga Kano , Kojima Ikuo , Fukuda Tomokazu , Yamanaka Ken‐ichi , Sakatani Miki , Takahashi Masashi , Kobayashi Masayuki
Published: January 2013

Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is considered a crucial gene in the proper development of bovine embryos. We recently determined the FGF4 gene sequence in eight cattle derived from three breeds and revealed a common nucleotide sequence of the structural gene encoding FGF4, which leads to the deletion and mutation of amino acid sequences in the mature FGF4 (Pro32‐Leu206) compared with the sequence previously reported. In the present study, HisbFGF4, a 6× histidine‐tagged bovine FGF4 (Pro32‐Leu206), was produced in Escherichia coli based on the validated nucleotide sequence and purified by heparin column chromatography. In primary bovine fibroblasts, HisbFGF4 showed significant mitogenic activity, whereas, intriguingly, the activity of a commercially available recombinant human FGF4 (Gly25‐Leu206) produced in E. coli was weaker than that of HisbFGF4. In conclusion, the present study provides a simple method for the production of a bioactive bovine FGF4 derivative in E. coli utilizing its structural gene elucidated by us.
Soil seed banks of remnant and degraded Swartland Shale Renosterveld
Authors: Heelemann Steffen , Krug Cornelia B. , Esler Karen J. , Reisch Christoph , Poschlod Peter
Published: January 2013

Questions

What are the characteristics of soil seed banks in highly endangered renosterveld vegetation and adjacent degraded sites? What is the contribution of the soil seed bank to restoring renosterveld vegetation after degradation through agriculture or afforestation?

Location

Tygerberg Nature Reserve – one of the largest remaining fragments of Swartland Shale Renosterveld, Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.

Methods

Assessment of vegetation, soil parameters and soil seed banks in three renosterveld sites, two adjacent abandoned fields, one pine plantation and one pine plantation clear‐cut site. Smoke primer (i.e. fire surrogate) was applied to soil seed bank samples to evaluate fire as a possible management and restoration tool.

Results

Abandoned agricultural fields adjacent to renosterveld remnants are characterized by alien grass cover, nutrient enrichment of the soil and depletion of the indigenous soil seed bank. In contrast, pine plantations show less alien species infestation, soil nutrient alteration and have a viable soil seed bank as well as re‐development of indigenous renosterveld vegetation after clearance. Seedling recruitment was not significantly influenced by application of a smoke primer compared to the magnitude of fire response in fynbos.

Conclusion

Abandoned agricultural fields (previously renosterveld) at Tygerberg have a very low restoration potential. In contrast, pine plantation sites should be given priority in restoration, because soil chemistry is less significantly altered and a viable indigenous soil seed bank is still present, which can be successfully activated through clearance management.
The role of domestic goats in the conservation of four endangered species of cactus: between dispersers and predators
Authors: Baraza E. , Fernández‐Osores S.
Published: January 2013

Questions

The aim of this study was to establish the potential of domestic goats to act as cactus seed dispersers by assessing: (1) the proportion of cactus seeds that can pass undamaged through the domestic goat gut, (2) the temporal pattern of seed defecation, (3) whether ingestion by goats enhances or depresses cactus seed germination, and (4) whether the viable cactus seeds contained within goat faecal pellets can germinate directly from the faeces.

Location

River basin of Zapotitlán, Tehuacán‐Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.

Methods

Four groups of goats, each comprising three females of similar size and age, were fed the fruits of four endemic cactus species (Echinocactus platyacanthus f. grandis, Ferocactus flavovirens, F. robustus and F. latispinus var. spiralis). The percentage of undamaged seeds in the goat faeces was calculated at different times of collection following ingestion. Recovered seeds were tested for germination and viability, alongside seeds taken directly from the fruit. Intact and artificially cracked faecal pellets, collected from grazed natural areas, were kept in a greenhouse while seedling emergence was quantified. After 103 d, all cactus seeds that remained within the faecal pellets were recovered and their germination capacity was compared to that of the seeds taken directly from fruits.

Results

For the four species, between 28% and 61% of the seeds ingested were later recovered in the faecal pellets. No significant differences were found between species in the proportion of seeds retrieved during each collection time point. However, the time interval between ingestion and collection significantly influenced the number of seeds retrieved, peaking at between 16–32 hr. The digestion process significantly decreased the seed germination rate. Cactus germination from cracked faecal pellets was significantly higher than from intact pellets. Both contained viable seeds of all four cactus species, but particularly E. platyacanthus f. grandis.

Conclusions

Domestic goats are potential dispersers of the studied cactus species, although degradation of the faecal pellets is necessary to fully permit seedling emergence. These findings should be taken into account when designing management plans to conserve these endangered species.
Associations of HbA1c and educational level with risk of cardiovascular events in 32 871 drug‐treated patients with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study in primary care
Authors: Östgren C. J. , Sundström J. , Svennblad B. , Lohm L. , Nilsson P. M. , Johansson G.
Published: January 2013

Aims

To explore the association of HbA1c and educational level with risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A cohort of 32 871 patients with Type 2 diabetes aged 35 years and older identified by extracting data from electronic patient records for all patients who had a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes and had glucose‐lowering agents prescribed between 1999 and 2009 at 84 primary care centres in Sweden. Associations of mean HbA1c levels and educational level with risks of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality were analysed.

Results

The associations of HbA1c with risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality were J‐shaped, with the lowest risk observed for cardiovascular mortality at an HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.8%) for subjects on oral agents and 56 mmol/mol (7.3%) in insulin‐treated patients. The lowest risk observed for all‐cause mortality was at an HbA1c level of 51 mmol/mol (6.8%) for subjects on oral agents and 56 mmol/mol (7.3%) in insulin‐treated patients. There was an increased risk for cardiovascular death [hazard ratio 1.6 (1.2–2.1), P = 0.0008] at the lowest HbA1c decile for subjects in the low education category. For subjects with higher education there was no evident J curve for cardiovascular death [hazard ratio 1.2 (0.8–1.6), P = 0.3873].

Conclusions

Our results lend support to the recent American Diabetes Association/ European Association for the Study of Diabetes position statement that emphasizes the importance of additional factors, including the propensity for hypoglycaemia, which should influence HbA1c targets and treatment choices for individual patients.

(Clinical Trials Registry No; NCT 01121315)
Proteome‐wide analysis of nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide variations in active sites of human proteins
Authors: Dingerdissen Hayley , Motwani Mona , Karagiannis Konstantinos , Simonyan Vahan , Mazumder Raja
Published: January 2013

An enzyme's active site is essential to normal protein activity such that any disruptions at this site may lead to dysfunction and disease. Nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide variations (nsSNVs), which alter the amino acid sequence, are one type of disruption that can alter the active site. When this occurs, it is assumed that enzyme activity will vary because of the criticality of the site to normal protein function. We integrate nsSNV data and active site annotations from curated resources to identify all active‐site‐impacting nsSNVs in the human genome and search for all pathways observed to be associated with this data set to assess the likely consequences. We find that there are 934 unique nsSNVs that occur at the active sites of 559 proteins. Analysis of the nsSNV data shows an over‐representation of arginine and an under‐representation of cysteine, phenylalanine and tyrosine when comparing the list of nsSNV‐impacted active site residues with the list of all possible proteomic active site residues, implying a potential bias for or against variation of these residues at the active site. Clustering analysis shows an abundance of hydrolases and transferases. Pathway and functional analysis shows several pathways over‐ or under‐represented in the data set, with the most significantly affected pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. We provide a table of 32 variation–substrate/product pairs that can be used in targeted metabolomics experiments to assay the effects of specific variations. In addition, we report the significant prevalence of aspartic acid to histidine variation in eight proteins associated with nine diseases including glycogen storage diseases, lacrimo‐auriculo‐dento‐digital syndrome, Parkinson's disease and several cancers.
The permanent deformation of the self‐adjusting files when used in canals of extracted teeth
Authors: Farmakis E. T. R. , Sotiropoulos G. G. , Pantazis N. , Kozyrakis K.
Published: January 2013

Aim

To examine the permanent deformation of self‐adjusting files (SAF) when used by endodontists with no previous experience with this system.

Methodology

The canals of extracted human molars were initially prepared with glide path up to size 20 K‐file. The operators were first instructed on the use of the SAF in simulated canals in plastic blocks then applied the SAF in natural root canals of extracted teeth. Every 4 min, each file was withdrawn from the canal and inspected for integrity. If intact, it was used in another canal for an additional 4 min and checked again. This was repeated until all 19 SAF files were deformed. The files were collected for inspection at ×50 magnification. All teeth were then examined radiographically for the presence of any metal fragments in the root canals. Permanent deformation was categorized according to the type and location occured. Three types were defined as follows: (i) detachment of one component of the file at one end while the component is retained (ii) detachment of a component at both ends and the component missing and (iii) permanent twisting of the component. Recordings were made and statistically analysed using McNemar's test.

Results

Mechanical failures on the 5‐arch‐side of SAF (odd side) were significantly more frequent in comparison with the even side (P = 0.039). Similarly, mechanical failures in arches on the odd side were also significantly more frequent compared with the even ones (P = 0.012) Longitudinal beams fractured significantly less often compared with arcs or struts (P < 0.001). In no case did complete file fracture occur, nor were metal fragments retained in the root canal.

Conclusions

Deformation of SAF files occurred mainly as detachment of one of the arches or struts at connection points on the odd side of the file. In no case did its mechanical failure result in metal fragment retention in the root canal.
The antecedents of cultural effectiveness of expatriation: moderating effects of psychological contracts
Authors: Lee Li‐Yueh , Veasna Sou , Sukoco Badri Munir
Published: January 2013

We extend the literature on emotional intelligence (EQ) and cultural intelligence (CQ) to examine expatriates' cultural adjustment and effectiveness. A mechanism for determining the moderating effects of psychological contracts on the proposed theoretical model is also evaluated. The sample draws on 256 expatriates from multinational corporations in China and Vietnam. SEM indicates that EQ and CQ make significant contributions to cultural adjustment and effectiveness. The findings suggest that cultural adjustment mediates the relationship between EQ, CQ, and cultural effectiveness. In addition, the moderating effects of psychological contracts are partially confirmed in this study.
Gravity-Assisted Heat Pipe With Strong Marangoni Fluid for Waste Heat Management of Single and Dual-Junction Solar Cells
Authors: Armijo Kenneth M. , Carey Van P.
Published: January 2013

This study investigates the cooling of single and multijunction solar cells with an inclined, gravity-assisted heat pipe, containing a 0.05 M 2-propanol/water mixture that exhibits strong concentration Marangoni effects. Heat pipe solar collector system thermal behavior was investigated theoretically and semi-empirically through experimentation of varying input heat loads from attached strip-heaters to simulate waste heat generation of single-junction monocrystalline silicon (Si), and dual-junction GaInP/GaAs photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. Several liquid charge ratios were investigated to determine an optimal working fluid volume that reduces the evaporator superheat while enhancing the vaporization transport heat flux. Results showed that a 45% liquid charge, with a critical heat flux of 114.8 W/cm2, was capable of achieving the lowest superheat levels, with a system inclination of 37 deg. Solar cell semiconductor theory was used to evaluate the effects of increasing temperature and solar concentration on cell performance. Results showed that a combined PV/heat pipe system had a 1.7% higher electrical efficiency, with a concentration ratio 132 suns higher than the stand-alone system. The dual-junction system also exhibited enhanced performance at elevated system temperatures with a 2.1% greater electrical efficiency, at an operational concentration level 560 suns higher than a stand-alone system.
MONOTONIC ERROR ELIMINATION IN SUBRANGE A/D CONVERTERS
Authors: PETRELLIS N. , ADAM G. , VENTZAS D.
Published: January 2013

Monotonic errors cause severe errors and are inherent in several A/D Converter (ADC) architectures. Moreover, several error correcting and ADC output processing methods require a monotonic behavior for a successful operation. Based on the features of asynchronous ADCs, an architecture for the elimination of monotonic errors is presented. This monotonic error correcting module is connected at the output of an ADC and does not require any modification in its internal circuits. It controls an output buffering stage that discards output codes with monotonic errors and this correcting procedure is triggered by changes in specific output bits of the ADC. Simulation results show an improvement by 8 dB or 25% maximum, in the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of an 8-bit ADC if this monotonic error elimination method is used alone and a further improvement by 1–5 dB if it is combined with a post processing method developed by the authors. Similar improvement can also be achieved in several other architectures like Subrange or Folding ADCs that operate in relatively high oversampling ratio and suffer from monotonic errors with specific features.
The Impact of ART on the Economic Outcomes of People Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Nannungi Annet , Wagner Glenn , Ghosh-Dastidar Bonnie
Published: January 2013

Background. Clinical benefits of ART are well documented, but less is known about its effects on economic outcomes such as work status and income in sub-Saharan Africa.Methods. Data were examined from 482 adult clients entering HIV care (257 starting ART; 225 not yet eligible for ART) in Kampala, Uganda. Self-reported data on work status and income were assessed at baseline, months 6 and 12. Multivariate analysis examined the effects of ART over time, controlling for change in physical health functioning and baseline covariates.Results. Fewer ART patients worked at baseline compared to non-ART patients (25.5% versus 34.2%); 48.8% of those not working at baseline were now working at month 6, and 50% at month 12, with similar improvement in both the ART and non-ART groups. However, multivariate analysis revealed that the ART group experienced greater improvement over time. Average weekly income did not differ between the groups at baseline nor change significantly over time, among those who were working; being male gender and having any secondary education were predictive of higher income.Conclusions. ART was associated with greater improvement in work status, even after controlling for change in physical health functioning, suggesting other factors associated with ART may influence work.
Different Activation of TRAF4 and TRAF6 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Shen Jun , Qiao Yuqi , Ran Zhihua , Wang Tianrong
Published: January 2013

In recent years, interests combining the exploration of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) and TRAF6 in immune cells and transgenic mice are emerging. Although it has been found that TRAF4 and TRAF6 share the same TRAF binding sites, comprehensive study of TRAF4 and TRAF6 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still lacking. This paper shows similar and different expression patterns of TRAF4 and TRAF6 in patients with IBD. The results indicate that TRAF4 and TRAF6 are overexpressed in IBD. TRAF4 and TRAF6 play different roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. Moreover, TRAF4 may be an indicator of endoscopic disease activity of UC and TRAF6 preactivation can be detected in noninflamed colonic segments.
Welcome to a decade of action that can make a change!
Authors: Schmucker Uli , Ekkernkamp Axel , Stengel Dirk
Published: January 2013

The Journal of Trauma Management and Outcomes welcomes the launch of the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020. More than 100 countries around the world will kick off the first global Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, a decade that we believe can make a change!
Low Cost, Low Risk Options for Determining Reservoir Pressures in Newly Drilled Horizontal Wells
Authors: Adams John R. , Dotson Bryan
Published: January 2013

Understanding ranges of reservoir depletion is essential in optimizing field development within tight gas plays. Unfortunately, determining reservoir pressure in low permeability reservoirs is difficult due the long shut-in times required for conventional pressure transient analysis. Pre-fracture injection tests have successfully been used in low permeability reservoirs, but these tests can add operational complexity restricting their use in many cases. Horizontal wells with reservoir pressure below hydrostatic are particularly challenging since running downhole pressure gauges prior to fracture stimulation is often deemed to be an unacceptable risk. New low cost, low risk measurement methods for determining reasonable approximations of reservoir pressure in horizontal open-hole packer/sleeve (ball actuated) completions have been successfully tested in an East Texas Cotton Valley well. This paper describes two of the methods used in this well which successfully yielded reliable approximations of reservoir pressure. The primary driver for using these methods was well risk imposed by extended deployment of pressure gauges downhole. The first method, port opening observation, is applicable to open-hole packer/sleeve completions where the first port is pressure activated. The second, gas-over-level, can be used on any type of completion on an under-pressured formation where the risk or expense of downhole pressure gauges is prohibitive. It approximates sandface pressure which can then be analyzed using standard DFIT (diagnostic fracture injection test) methods. Both of these methods can be performed with minimal cost and operational interference thus providing an opportunity to routinely obtain reasonable estimates of reservoir pressures during infill horizontal drilling programs.
Re-engineering and Upgrade of Semi-Automated 3000 HP Drilling Rig for KOC HP/HT Exploration Program in Frontier Areas - Case History of UPDC Rig 776
Authors: Al-Saleh A.. , Al-Khaldy M. D. , Shehab A. A. , Al-Naqa F. A. , Baijal S.. , Karam M. F. , Schmidt S.. , McKinnell D. C.
Published: January 2013

KOC have been drilling deep HP/HT wells for over thirty years during which time the well prospects have become more challenging, aiming for new frontier areas with increased depth and formation difficulty. The rig designs employed have therefore been developed over the years with new technologies being incorporated to meet these challenges, and to improve safety and operational performance.

In 2011 KOC looked into the enhancement of the equipment specifications for deep drilling rigs to integrate ‘State-of-the-Art’ technologies in the new contract terms. UPDC-776 was the first of the existing fleet rigs to be upgraded and this work was handled as an integrated project by the rig contractor working in close cooperation with the field operator.

With regard to the rig design, major changes were made to enhance safety, capacity and automation of the drilling functions. These modifications included; re-design of sub-structure to incorporate full 15K BOP stack rig-up, upgrade of TDS, 2200HP mud pumps and associated 7500 psi discharge pipework, new power train and SCR system, upgraded drawworks with semi-automated control system, iron roughneck and power slips, increased capacity mud system with latest design solids control equipment. The actual rig modifications were carried out within the scheduled time and performance has been improved with less downtime than comparative new build start-ups.

This paper will describe the ‘Upgrading Project’ including the re-engineering and design, rig modifications and construction phase, commissioning / break-in operations on the first well. The case study will make particular reference to the planning, logistics, and teamwork employed during this process and conclude with lessons learnt plus recommendations for future rig modification projects.