bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Like a Stone’: Ecology,Enargeia, and Ethical Time in Alice Oswald'sMemorial
Authors: Farrier David
Published: April 2016

This article argues that the Anthropocene is marked by haunted time. As the ‘geological agents’ of climate change, as Dipesh Chakrabarty has put it, we both identify with ‘deep time’ processes and conjure the ghosts of those whose lives to come will be shaped in drastic ways by our actions in the present. This article explores a poetics of haunted time via readings of the work of artist/sculptor Ilana Halperin and poet Alice Oswald. Halperin's recent work with the “slow and fast time” of geological processes (calcification and lava flows), and also with the body's own capacity to generate geologic material (in the form of body stones), engages with the possibility of “geologic intimacy.” From here, the article reads Memorial, Oswald's recent translation of the Iliad pared down to snapshot biographies of the soldiers killed in the Trojan wars interleaved with a series of astonishing similes of the natural world, as an example of a poetics of haunted time. Drawing on James Hatley's theory of ethical time and its ecocritical application by Deborah Bird Rose, I argue that Oswald's strategy of repeating similes creates a kind of spectral echo, giving expression to an enfolding of diachronic and synchronous time in which intergenerational responsibilities are realised. The haunted time of Oswald's poem thus represents a passage to the difficult intimacy of rethinking the relationship between past, present, and future actions and effects.
On Mattering: A Coal Ash Flood and the Limits of Environmental Knowledge
Authors: Hatmaker Susie
Published: April 2016

This paper investigates the largest flood of coal ash in United States history as an event at once monumental and insignificant. It traces affective forces generative of both the ash, and its invisibility. In the moment of rupture, the ash flowed out of a large holding pond in a spill of layered sediments – each layer of particulate a temporary resting place for a forceful trajectory of matter spurned into motion elsewhere in space and time. This paper takes up the atemporal matter of this coal ash flood to ask: out of what movements and connections was the ash formed? How did this particular landscape change to accommodate its accumulation? What trajectories flowed into the pond, and what hidden memories sat buried in its mass? Drawing on ethnographic and archival research, this paper weaves together juxtaposed scenes that form (some of) the backstory of this event, and invites a reconsideration of the practices of knowledge that helped condition it.
RefiningUranium: Bob Wiseman's Ecomusicological Puppetry
Authors: Mark Andrew
Published: April 2016

This paper describes Bob Wiseman's allegorical piece, Uranium, arguing that it accesses emotion to alter the consciousness of percipients. Audiences respond with unusual intensity to Uranium's tragic environmental narrative. By using puppet theatre, film, comedy, and song to win their trust, Wiseman is able to shock his spectators. With interviews and consideration of the semiotic content of Uranium, I explore possibilities for activation of ecological consciousness through performing arts. Building on the shared ideas of Heinrich von Kleist, Gregory Bateson, and Thomas Turino, I argue that Wiseman offers one particularly useful mechanism to advance environmental concerns and learning through the arts. This paper seeks to bridge environmental and (ethno)musicological thought, and has specific relevance to the growing field of ecomusicology, presenting a musical ethnographic case-study in singer-song-writer activism.
“Images Adequate to Our Predicament”: Ecology, Environment and Ecopoetics
Authors: Lidström Susanna , Garrard Greg
Published: April 2016

This paper discusses the idea of ‘ecopoetry’ by outlining its development from drawing on Romantic and deep ecological traditions in the 1980s to reflecting complex environmental concerns in the 2010s. We identify a distinction between definitions that focus on poetry's ability to heighten individual readers' awareness of their physical surroundings on the one hand, and definitions that look for how poems can engage with difficult and complex environmental questions involving scale, justice, and politics on the other. We suggest that the difference between these two kinds of poems might be clarified by differentiating between ecophenomenological and environmental ecopoetry. We argue that recognition of this difference reflects a broader interdisciplinary development in our understanding of the environment as a social category, and that recognising it more readily and clearly could facilitate increased and improved cross-disciplinary discussions between ecocritical studies of poetry specifically, and environmental humanities more broadly. We carry out our analysis through the lens of the work of two influential poets in the Western, Anglophone world, namely Seamus Heaney and Ted Hughes. Heaney and Hughes's respective poetics exhibit distinctive differences that illustrate our argument. Their poems are frequently taught in university classes on ecopoetry, as well as, especially in their home countries, to younger students, and we argue that the differences we point to in their depictions of human-environment relations are important to recognise in these settings as part of a nuanced and interdisciplinary understanding of the relationship between poetry, ecology and environment.
Power and Purity: Nature as Resource in a Troubled Society
Authors: Gremaud Ann-Sofie N.
Published: April 2016

This article analyses representations of nature as brand and resource in current Icelandic society. This is done through an interdisciplinary approach consisting of concepts from the discipline of cultural geography and the analytical methodologies of visual cultural, imagology, discourse and brand analysis used to highlight key narratives in images and written sources. The article discusses how ideas of purity are used in branding strategies and what they mean in Iceland today e.g. as a part of the emerging regional consciousness of ‘Arctic Iceland.’ The current overlapping crises of the economy, the environment and the collective self-image in Iceland have fostered critical representations of the past, present and future of the relationship between humans and the environment. Thus utilitarian environmental policies and shallow ecology is treated critically in contemporary Icelandic art, as is the question of what constitutes pollution. Such internal conflicts of interest are analysed to show critical perspectives on the dominant narratives about Icelandic nature and society that are communicated to the outside world through nation branding.
The Anthropocene and the Environmental Humanities: Extending the Conversation
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: April 2016

“The Anthropocene” is now a buzzword in international geoscience circles and commanding the attention of various social scientists and humanists. Once a trickle, I review what is now a growing stream of publications authored by humanists about the Holocene's proclaimed end. I argue that these publications evidence environmental humanists as playing two roles with respect to the geoscientific claims they are reacting to: the roles of “inventor-discloser” or “deconstructor-critic.” Despite their importance and their differences, as currently performed these roles hold environmental humanists at a distance from those geoscientists currently trying to popularise the Anthropocene proposition and a set of related grand ideas (like “planetary boundaries”). This is unfortunate because geoscience—like other branches of science—tends to enjoy a higher profile in key decision-making arenas than do humanities subjects. The same can be said of particular social science fields, such as environmental economics. By surveying the wider, febrile geoscience landscape in which the Anthropocene proposition is situated, I reveal opportunities for “engaged-analysis.” This involves simultaneously working on and with geoscientists, so too their kindred spirits in the social sciences. “The Anthropocene” concept may soon be among the key signifiers that frame the thinking of societal decision-makers. Environmental humanists can, if so minded, shape its meaning and implications directly. But this will involve more practitioners interested in global environmental change operating outside the “usual” arenas, such as established disciplinary conferences and journals. Engaged analysis offers a way to play the inventor-discloser and deconstructor-critic roles in places where knowledge aspires to inform environmental policy and practice. Though challenging and risky, the potential rewards are considerable.
Listening to Birds in the Anthropocene: The Anxious Semiotics of Sound in a Human-Dominated World
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew
Published: April 2016

Ever since Rachel Carson predicted a “silent spring” environmentalists have been carefully and anxiously listening to birds. More recently the musician and scientist Bernie Krause has examined the effects of human activity on avian soundscapes throughout the world. He argues that human activities cause ecological and sonic disruptions that really are rendering the world silent or discordant, submerging the “animal orchestra” beneath noise. A healthy natural environment can be heard, according to Krause, in a rich and harmonious soundscape that has evolved over millions of years. The loss of wildness thus elicits a loss of harmony. I consider these Anthropocene interpretations of silence, noise and dissonance by comparing the environmentalist concerns of Krause with responses to the Listening to Birds project—an anthropological investigation of bird sounds. These responses emphasise the significance of bird sounds for people's sense of place, time and season and the longing that many have for their own lives to resonate with the birds around them. I argue that this has less to do with desires to hear harmony in pristine nature but with developing relations of companionship with birds living alongside humans. While listening to birds can still iconically and indexically ground people, signs of absence and change can precipitate anxieties that stem from the ambiguities implicit in the Anthropocene's formulation of human relations with other species. Using narratives and field recordings I explore the anxious semiotics of listening to birds in the Anthropocene by drawing on Kohn's recent arguments on the semiotics of more-than-human relations and Ingold's understanding of the world as a meshwork.
Design of Visible Light Sensitive Heterogeneous Photocatalyst by Utilization of Sulfocalixarene as a Linker of Zinc Porphyrin and Pt-TiO2
Authors: Kamegawa Takashi , Imai Hiroki , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: April 2016

Visible light sensitive heterogeneous photocatalyst was successfully designed by utilization of 4-sulfocalix[4]arene as a linker molecule for stable immobilization of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrinatozinc(II) ion on Pt-loaded TiO2. This heterogeneous system can act as an efficient photocatalyst for generation of H2 under controlled reaction conditions.
Bilevel Knapsack with Interdiction Constraints
Authors: Caprara Alberto , Carvalho Margarida , Lodi Andrea , Woeginger Gerhard J.
Published: April 2016

We consider a bilevel integer programming model that extends the classic 0–1 knapsack problem in a very natural way. The model describes a Stackelberg game where the leader’s decision interdicts a subset of the knapsack items for the follower. As this interdiction of items substantially increases the difficulty of the problem, it prevents the application of the classical methods for bilevel programming and of the specialized approaches that are tailored to other bilevel knapsack variants. Motivated by the simple description of the model, by its complexity, by its economic applications, and by the lack of algorithms to solve it, we design a novel viable way for computing optimal solutions. Finally, we present extensive computational results that show the effectiveness of the new algorithm on instances from the literature and on randomly generated instances.
Branch-and-Price for Personalized Multiactivity Tour Scheduling
Authors: Restrepo María I. , Gendron Bernard , Rousseau Louis-Martin
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a branch-and-price approach to solve personalized tour-scheduling problems in a multiactivity context. Two formulations are considered. In the first, columns correspond to daily shifts that are modeled with context-free grammars, and tours are assembled in the master problem by means of extra constraints. In the second formulation, columns correspond to tours that are built in a two-phase procedure. The first phase involves the composition of daily shifts; the second assembles those shifts to generate tours using a shortest path problem with resource constraints. Both formulations are flexible enough to allow different start times, lengths, and days-off patterns, as well as multiple breaks and continuity and discontinuity in labor requirements. We present computational experiments on problems dealing with up to five work activities and a one-week planning horizon. The results show that the second formulation is stronger in terms of its lower bound and that it is able to find high-quality solutions for all instances with an optimality gap lower than 1%.
The effect of Ringer's solution within a dressing to elicit pain relief
Authors: Colegrave M. , Rippon M.G. , Richardson C.
Published: April 2016

Clinical studies suggest that dressings containing Ringer's solution, such as the TenderWet and HydroClean families, provide relief from wound pain. This report reviews the available evidence and possible mechanisms for the relief of wound pain by these dressings. The ability of dressings containing Ringer's solution to provide pain relief is likely to be through providing a moist environment that is favourable for wound healing; furthermore, the dressing augments the protective barrier function by having additional fluid under the dressing, which covers exposed nerve endings and protects against friction damage. Ringer's solution will have a dilution effect and an influence on the pH of exudate. Diluting cytokines within the exudate would be expected to decrease inflammation in chronic wounds and reduce the influence of caustic components such as matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Altering the pH of the wound bed could inactivate proteins and glycoproteins implicated in the pain response such as MMPs and sodium and calcium channels. The moist environment may also be better at recruiting leukocytes that release natural painkillers at areas of injury. These mechanisms are likely to act in combination to explain why dressings containing Ringer's solution can have analgesic effects.
Getting into the ACT with Psychoanalytic Therapy: The Case of "Daniel"
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: April 2016

Daniel is a 44-year-old Caucasian male who has struggled with chronic depression and extreme sensitivity to feeling judged and criticized.  I have seen him for more than ten years in psychoanalytic therapy. While he made significant progress in understanding the childhood determinants of his difficulties and achieved some symptom improvement, Daniel continued to struggle with observing and tolerating his feelings. This case study demonstrates how my decision to integrate techniques from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, 2005), a contemporary form of cognitive behavioral therapy, broke an impasse in the treatment, allowed the patient to resolve outstanding difficulties, and helped him move towards termination. The case report discusses the challenges of integrating ACT into psychoanalytic work, as well as ways that a psychoanalytic understanding of Daniel’s resistance to ACT techniques made that treatment effective.
Kauzalinės sąmonės turinio teorijos: kur yra „kauzalinis elementas“ ir kaip intencionalumas virsta santykiniu?
Authors: Gilaitis Mindaugas
Published: April 2016

Šio straipsnio tikslas – specifikuoti priežastingumo kategorijos vaidmenį priežastinių mintinio turinio teorijų pateikiamose intencionalumo koncepcijose. Šio tikslo siekiama analizuojant priežastinių mintinio turinio teorijų ir dviejų šio tipo teorijas lydinčių filosofinių teorijų – filosofinio natūralizmo doktrinos ir reprezentacinės sąmonės teorijos – tarpusavio ryšį. Atliekama analizė leidžia tiksliau apibrėžti priežastinių intencionalumo teorijų pagrindą sudarančio priežastinio komponento teorinį vaidmenį ir vietą bei parodyti, kokiu būdu šis komponentas tampa reliacinės intencionalumo koncepcijos pagrindu.
Laikinės sąmonės intencionalumas Levino ir Waldenfelso fenomenologijoje
Authors: Valinskaitė Vijolė
Published: April 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama intencionalumo problema Levino ir Waldenfelso fenomenologijoje. Pateikdamas intencionalumo ir gyvosios dabarties kritiką, Levinas fiksuoja Husserlio fenomenologijos problemą, iškylančią sprendžiant kito duoties klausimą. Levino įsitikinimu, kito kaip jau turinčio kito prasmę duotis lemia sąmonės kaip uždaros, sau pakankamos struktūros buvimą, implikuojantį bet kokios sąmonės atžvilgiu esančios kitybės pasirodymo negalimumą. Siekdamas pagrįsti kitybės pasirodymo galimybę, Levinas apibrėžia sąmonę ne intencionalumu, bet neintencionalumu. Būtent sąmonės apibrėžimas neintencionalumu atveria prieigą prie radikalios ateities laiko kitybės, kuri, viena vertus, pačią sąmonę leidžia fiksuoti kaip nesusintetinamą trūkį, kita vertus, grąžina prie intencionalumo problemos, iškeldama jo svarbos klausimą grindžiant bet kokią sąmonės patirtį. Kitybės, nors ir kitaip nei prasmės, pasirodymas implikuoja jos jau kaip „ko nors“ pasirodymą, todėl Waldenfelso fenomenologijoje prie Levino iškeltos kitybės problemos yra grįžtama ne atsisakant intencionalumo sampratos, bet ją permąstant. Remdamasis intencionalumo sampratos permąstymu, Waldenfelsas pasirodžiusią kitybę interpretuoja taip pat kaip nesusintetinamą trūkį, tačiau intencionalioje sąmonėje.
An Examination of the Effect Two Different Evaluation Methods Used in CPR Training Have on the Learning Process / Analiza utjecaja dviju različitih metoda koje se koriste za procjenjivanje usvojenosti tehnike kardiopulmonalne reanimacije na proces učenja
Authors: Demir Korkmaz Fatma , Ozsaker Esma , Tasdemir Nurten , Karacabay Kevser
Published: April 2016

The aim was to analyze the effects of two different assessment methods on the learning process in CPR training. This quasi-experimental study design included two groups consisting of 152 third-year students. Group I students evaluated themselves by watching the videotapes and performing the CPR practice once again, while Group II students were evaluated by their trainers and asked to perform this skill again after receiving feedback. It was found that there was no significant difference between the self-assessment method and the feedback provided by their trainers (F=1.8362, p=.245, p>0.05). It was determined that with the videotapes used by Group I students, insufficient/incorrect practices were easier to spot during the self-assessment process.Key words: CPR; nurse; process assessment; student; video recordings. ---Cilj rada bio je analizirati utjecaj koji dvije različite metode ocjenjivanja usvojenosti tehnike kardiopulmonalne reanimacije (KPR) imaju na proces učenja. Kvazieksperimentalno istraživanje obuhvatilo je dvije skupine od ukupno 152 studenta treće godine. Studenti u Skupini 1 sami su sebe ocjenjivali tako što su gledali video snimke samih sebe dok su izvodili tehniku kardiopulmonalne reanimacije, a nakon toga su ponovno primijenili KPR tehniku. Studente u Skupini 2 ocjenjivali su njihovi nastavnici, a nakon što su dobili povratnu informaciju o tome kako su izveli tehniku kardipulmonalne reanimacije, studenti su je ponovili. Pokazalo se da ne postoji značajna razlika između metode samoocjenjivanja i povratne informacije koju daju nastavnici (F = 1,8362, p = ,245, p > 0,05). Utvrđeno je da se u procesu samoocjenjivanja s pomoću video snimaka koje su gledali studenti u Skupini 1 može lakše uočiti nepotpuna/netočna usvojenost tehnike KPR-a.Ključne riječi: KPR; medicinska sestra; proces ocjenjivanja; student; videosnimke.
Exploring the Vocabulary Learning Strategy Use of Teachers in Their Vocabulary Instruction/Kako se nastavnici koriste strategijama za usvajanje vokabulara kada poučavaju vokabular
Authors: Vasu Sindhu , Periyasamy Dhanavel Senkamalam
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe present study investigated the use of Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) by Indian teachers in their classroom vocabulary instruction. It also examined the influence of gender and experience-related differences on their use of VLS in the classroom vocabulary instruction. The paper reports the results of data collected to identify the VLS used by them in their vocabulary instruction. T-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted to analyse and interpret the data. The results indicate that the teachers employ VLS, such as: guessing from the context to find the meanings of new words, group work to learn new words, and using new words in sentences to store them in memory. They also show that the teachers do not prefer VLS, such as: flashcards, L1 similarity used to find the meanings of new words, and the keyword method. Further, they reveal an experience-related difference in the teachers’ vocabulary instruction. Key words: classroom teaching; English in India; English language teaching; second language vocabulary learning; vocabulary instruction in India; vocabulary learning strategies.  --- SažetakU ovom se radu istražuje uporaba strategija za usvajanje vokabulara (SUV) među nastavnicima koji u Indiji poučavaju vokabular. Odnosi se također na to kako spolne i iskustvene razlike među nastavnicima utječu na njihovu uporabu SUV u učioničkom kontekstu. U radu su prikazani rezultati koji proizlaze iz identifikacije SUV koje rabe sami nastavnici kada poučavaju vokabular. Provedeni su T-test i jednosmjerna ANOVA da bi se dobiveni podaci analizirali i tumačili. Rezultati pokazuju da se nastavnici koriste SUV kao što su: pogađanje iz konteksta pri određivanju značenja novih riječi, grupni rad s ciljem usvajanja novih riječi i uporaba novih riječi u rečenicama radi njihova pamćenja. Istraživanje također pokazuje da nastavnici ne preferiraju sljedeće SUV: uporaba kartica, sličnost s J1 i metoda ključne riječi. Osim toga, otkriva iskustvene razlike među nastavnicima kada je riječ o poučavanju vokabulara.   Ključne riječi: učionička nastava; engleski jezik u Indiji; poučavanje engleskog jezika; usvajanje vokabulara stranog jezika; poučavanje vokabulara u Indiji; strategije usvajanja vokabulara.
Pupils' Speech Development in the Croatian Language from First to Fourth Grade of Primary School/Razvoj govora učenika od prvog do četvrtog razreda osnovne škole u hrvatskom jeziku
Authors: Grahovac-Pražić Vesna
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper will investigate the speaking competence of pupils of the first educational cycle on a target group in the first and fourth grade, i.e. at the beginning of learning a standard language and in the fourth grade at the end of the first educational cycle. The research is based on the recordings of pupils' speech in designed speech situations. The empirical basis is comprised of records of tokens in children's language with regard to the number of spoken words and sentences, the use of dialect and speech language errors. The research was conducted with a view to identify the features of language-speech development of pupils of the first educational cycle, i.e. the change in the period from the first to the fourth grade.Key words: competences; primary education; school; speech; pupil.---SažetakU radu se istražuju govorne kompetencije učenika prvog odgojno-obrazovnog ciklusa na ciljanoj skupini u prvom i četvrtom razredu, na početku učenja standardnog jezika i u četvrtom razredu, na kraju prvog odgojno-obrazovnog ciklusa. Istraživanje se temelji na zapisu govora učenika u osmišljenoj govornoj situaciji. Empirijsku osnovu čini evidencija pojavnica u dječjem leksiku s obzirom na broj izgovorenih riječi i rečenica, uporabe dijalekta i govornih jezičnih pogrešaka. Ispitivanje je provedeno s ciljem utvrđivanja značajki jezično-govornog razvoja učenika prvog odgojno-obrazovnog ciklusa, odnosno promjena u razdoblju od prvog do četvrtog razreda.Ključne riječi: govor; kompetencije; primarno obrazovanje; škola; učenik.   Ključne riječi: govor; kompetencije; razredna nastava; škola; učenje
Capillary column coated with geminal ionic liquids as stationary phases for gas chromatographic separation
Authors: Jiang Rui , Liu Tao , Yang Shu , Sun Liquan , Luo Aiqin
Published: April 2016

Four geminal ionic liquids (GILs), namely, 1,4-bis(1,1′-butyl-3,3′- methylene- imidazolium)-benzene bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BBMIB-NTf2), 1,4- bis(1,1′-butyl-3,3′-methylene-imidazolium)-benzene tetrafluoroborate (BBMIB-BF4), 1,4- bis(1,1′-butyl-3,3′-methylene-imidazolium)-benzene hexafluophosphate (BBMIB-PF6), and 1,4-bis(1,1′-methyl-3,3′-methylene-imidazolium)-benzene bis[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl] imide (BMMIB-NTf2), were synthesized. They were statically coated onto the inner walls of fused-silica capillary columns and used as stationary phases for gas chromatography. The evaluation of BBMIB-NTf2, BBMIB-BF4, BBMIB-PF6, and BMMIB-NTf2 as stationary phases is reported here for the first time. These new stationary phases exhibit efficiencies of at least 2.3 × 103 plates per meter. Abraham solvation parameter model was used to evaluate the solvation characteristics. The system constants indicated that the dipolarity/polarizability and the hydrogen-bond basicity play a major role among five molecular interactions between stationary phases and solute molecules. A fundamental understanding into the solvation characteristics of these GILs can be used as a guide to choosing the appropriate geminal ionic liquids for specific applications in various fields. The chromatographic separation performance was evaluated by a Grob test mixture, n-alkanes, alcohols, and aromatic isomers. Furthermore, the thermal stability was tested. The present results demonstrate that these geminal ionic liquids stationary phases possess excellent chromatographic separation performance and good thermal stability (at least up to 270 °C) and may be applicable as gas chromatography stationary phases for more application.
Corn and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Growth and Transpiration Efficiency under Varying Water Supply
Authors: Vaughn Logan G. , Bernards Mark L. , Arkebauer Timothy J. , Lindquist John L.
Published: April 2016

The supply of soil resources is critical for the establishment and long-term competitive success of a plant species. Although there is considerable research on the effects of water supply on crop growth and productivity, there is little published research on the comparative response of crops and weeds to limiting soil water supply. The objective of this research was to determine the growth and transpiration efficiency of corn and velvetleaf at three levels of water supply. One corn or velvetleaf plant was grown in a large pot lined with plastic bags. When seedlings reached 10 cm, bags were sealed around the base of the plant, so the only water loss was from transpiration. Daily transpiration was measured by weighing the pots at the same time each day. The experiment was conducted in the fall of 2007 and in the spring of 2008. Four replicates of each species–water treatment were harvested periodically to determine biomass accumulation and leaf area. The relationship between cumulative aboveground biomass and water transpired was described using a linear function in which the slope defined the transpiration efficiency (TE). Corn TE was greater than velvetleaf TE in all treatments during both trials. In the fall trial, corn TE was 6.3 g kg–1, 47% greater than that of velvetleaf TE. In the spring trial, TEs of both species were lower overall, and corn TE increased with declining water supply. Corn produced more biomass and leaf area than velvetleaf did at all water-supply levels. Velvetleaf partitioned more biomass to roots compared with shoots during early growth than corn did. The ability of corn to generate more leaf area and its investment in a greater proportion of biomass into root growth at all levels of water supply may enable it to more-effectively avoid velvetleaf interference under all levels of soil-water supply.
A “Stressed” Alfalfa-Based Cropping System Leads to the Selection of Quizalofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum)
Authors: Collavo Alberto , Panozzo Silvia , Allegri Antonio , Sattin Maurizio
Published: April 2016

Italian ryegrass populations investigated in this study were harvested in an alfalfa-based cropping system. In that system, the agronomic practices and chemical weed management, based on the use of aryloxyphenoxy-propionates herbicides (i.e., quizalofop ethyl ester), were optimized to obtain a dual seed–forage production. Five of seven populations tested were confirmed resistant to quizalofop ethyl ester with resistance indexes ranging from 4.5 to >209. Both target- and nontarget-site resistance mechanisms were most likely involved. Three allelic variants were detected (Ile-1781–Leu, Trp-2027–Cys, and Ile-2041–Asn) in four resistant populations, whereas no known mutations were found in one resistant population. The herbicide treatment on Italian ryegrass plants at different phenological stages suggested that to control regrowth, it is necessary to use two to fives times the herbicide dose suitable for younger plants. This situation is encountered in fields when Italian ryegrass plants need to be controlled to maximize the alfalfa seed production, and it is comparable to using a sublethal herbicide dose, leading to the selection of herbicide-resistant biotypes. In such a situation, the cropping system is not sustainable, and integrated weed management should be implemented to deplete the soil weed seed bank and prevent new weed seed production.
Efecto de la microdeleción en la región AZF sobre marcadores forenses del cromosoma Y
Authors: Laverde-Angarita Lilia Judith , Agudelo-Hincapie Natalia , Páez-Vila Ana Lucia
Published: April 2016

Tema y alcance: el objetivo de esta revisión es conocer los estudios que se han hecho a nivel mundial sobre las microdeleciones del cromosoma Y y sus posibles efectos en los resultados genético forenses observados. Características: la infertilidad originada en el cromosoma Y es generalmente causada por deleciones del material genético en las zonas relacionadas con el Factor de Azoospermia (AZF), localizadas en tres regiones del Yq contiguas: AZFa, AZFb y AZFc. Hallazgos: se ha comprobado que algunos de los STRs utilizados rutinariamente en el laboratorio de genética forense con kits multiplex están localizados en estas regiones permitiendo evidenciar la existencia de microdeleciones en algunos loci. Aumentar el conocimiento de los eventos microestructurales dentro del cromosoma Y puede ser de utilidad para una mejor caracterización de los patrones anormales repetitivos que complican la interpretación del perfil de ADN. Conclusiones: la variación en estudios poblacionales de prevalencia de microdeleciones, puede deberse a diferencias en la selección de los pacientes, tamaño muestral, la técnica usada. Los casos reportados concluyen que  los  loci afectados generalmente son DYS385, DYS392 indican microdeleciones en la región AZFb y DYS448 está relacionado con microdeleciones en la región AZFc.
Calcificación del ligamento estilohiodeo y apófisis estiloides elongada: hallazgo durante una necropsia médico legal por muerte súbita
Authors: Pareja-Pineda Jorge Iván
Published: April 2016

Propósito: la relación del síndrome de Eagle con la muerte súbita y las ciencias forenses ha sido poco descrita en la literatura por lo que se hace necesario considerar esta alteración anatomo-patológica, tanto desde el punto de vista clínico como forense, dado que la escasa sintomatología que presenta no permite realizar un diagnóstico oportuno que puede llevar a la muerte ante ciertas condiciones físicas pre existentes como la enfermedad cardiaca o vascular. Temas: La elongación del apófisis estiloides y la calcificación del ligamento estilohioideo han sido reportadas como una alteración que produce dolor en el cuello y la cabeza, conocidos como el síndrome de Eagle. Desarrollo: se presenta el caso de un hombre de 48 años, con cardiopatía de base y cuya causa de muerte, después de descartar causas toxicológicas, se correlacionó con los hallazgos y una enfermedad cardíaca subyacente. Conclusiones: las alteraciones anatomo-patológicas deben ser consideradas  al  momento de iniciar las necropsias donde se haya producido la muerte o alguna alteración durante la manipulación del cuello, como por ejemplo en la terapia física y deportes de contacto generando responsabilidades médico legales.
Proceso de identificación de cadáveres en el marco del proyecto justicia y paz en el laboratorio de genética del instituto nacional de medicina legal y ciencias forenses regional suroccidente entre octubre 17 de 2008 y junio 21 de 2012
Authors: Arango-Rodríguez Juliana , Camargo Martha Lucía
Published: April 2016

Introducción: una parte fundamental del proyecto Justicia y paz se centra en la búsqueda e identificación de víctimas del delito de desaparición forzada en Colombia con el fin de identificarlos y así volverlos a inhumar según las tradiciones locales y en general brindar una reparación integral a los familiares de las mismas, de acuerdo al numeral 45.5 del artículo 44 del la ley 975 de 2005 1. Metodología: el Laboratorio de Genética del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Regional Suroccidente-Cali hace su aporte en el proceso de identificación genética de los restos óseos exhumados por medio de la verificación de relaciones de parentesco biológico entre dichos restos y muestras biológicas tomadas a presuntos familiares de las víctimas. Resultados: dicho proceso de identificación es evaluado mediante el presente trabajo a partir de la revisión de los casos de este tipo analizados en el periodo comprendido entre el 17 de Octubre del 2008 y el 21 de Junio del 2012 para establecer el impacto de su aporte, verificar su efectividad. Conclusiones: Se postulan posibles mejoras para orientación de los casos y la eficacia y eficiencia del desarrollo de actividades en cada etapa del proceso.
Hallazgos de necropsias en maltrato infantil en Bogotá, Colombia, entre el 2000-2005 y el 2011-2013
Authors: Zurbarán-Barrios Mabel , García Fino Claudia Adriana
Published: April 2016

Introducción: el objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de la investigación realizada en necropsias medicolegales de menores fallecidos por maltrato infantil, en la ciudad de Bogotá, en los años 2000 a 2005 y 2011 a 2013. Metodología: además se busca determinar las causas de muerte y el patrón de lesiones traumáticas más frecuentes y compararlos con lo descrito en la literatura médica. A la Regional Bogotá del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses ingresan anualmente unos 4.700 cadáveres, el 8 – 10 % corresponden a casos de menores de edad. Resultados: 110 casos de muerte por malos tratos por acción. Las edades oscilaron entre 7 días y 15 años. Los niños representaron el 55% y las niñas el 45%. Las causas de muertes en estos menores fueron 66.36% por trauma craneoencefálico; 29.09% por trauma abdominal; y  2.73% por asfixia. Los traumas  dérmicos fueron la lesión que más frecuentemente acompañó a las causas de muerte.  Conclusiones: 2.67% de las muerte de menores residentes en la ciudad de Bogotá son causadas por maltrato infantil. Las causas de muerte fueron principalmente trauma craneoencefálico, seguido por trauma abdominal. El mecanismo de trauma craneoencefálico de mayor frecuencia fue aceleración desaceleración. El 11.1% tuvo delito sexual asociado. Los agresores identificados en su mayoría fueron los progenitores.

 
DECLARED UNFIT TO OWN A FIREARM: Are the courts playing a role?
Authors: Mistry Duxita , Minnaar Anthony
Published: April 2016

This article is a follow up to a previous article dealing with the role of the police in declaring a person unfit topossess or own a firearm.Similarly, it draws on a studythat examined how the criminal justice system excluded unfit persons from firearm ownership; the primary legal means being sections 11 and 12 of the old Arms and Ammunition Act, no. 75 of 1969. Section 12(1) refers to persons who are automatically declared unfit due to a conviction for a crime involving a firearm. Section 12(2) refers to the discretionary declaration of unfitness upon conviction for certain other crimes. As a result of the large number of crimes that are committed with firearms and the number of firearms that are stolen from legal gun owners, there is a drive by the criminal justice system to reduce the amount of firearms, both legal and illegal, in circulation. This article concentrates on s12 and reveals a number of shortcomings by both prosecutors and magistrates in the application of this section. These may have a considerable impact on the effective implementation of the new Firearms Control Act.
MISSED OPPORTUNITIES: Confiscation of weapons in domestic violence cases
Authors: Smythe Dee
Published: April 2016

Part of a series in the SA Crime Quarterly on the implementation of the Domestic Violence Act, this article focuses on the use of weapons in incidents of domestic violence as reflected in applications for protection orders at three Western Cape jurisdictions. Weapons are often used in domestic violence. If the police and magistrates use the powers available to them to seize weapons, it will go a long way to protecting women and the broader public.
TOUGH CHOICES: Difficulties facing magistrates in applying Protection Orders
Authors: Artz Lillian
Published: April 2016

The second in a series of articles on the Domestic Violence Act considers some of the most difficult issues that magistrates must decide on. These include the temporary removal of the ‘abuser’ from the common home, emergency monetary relief for ‘victims’, and orders specifying the terms of contact with children. Magistrates’ opinions on these controversial issues vary greatly, with the result that victims get uneven assistance from the courts. Magistrates, however, argue that the variation of opinion reflects their independence and discretion, as well as the various capacities of the lower courts to implement the Act.
VIOLENT DEATHS IN SA: The 2003 National Injury Mortality Surveillance System
Authors: Matzopoulos Richard
Published: April 2016

The latest data from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System – the most detailed source on the ‘who, what, when, where and how’ of fatal injuries in South Africa – shows that homicide remains the most common cause of injury-related deaths. Homicide rates varied significantly between the four major urban centres covered, and firearms were a key contributor to the high homicide rates. Alcohol was confirmed as an important risk factor for murder, with the highest percentage of alcohol positive cases being recorded in Cape Town.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT: Mandatory and minimum sentences in South Africa
Authors: Sloth-Nielsen Julia , Ehlers Louise
Published: April 2016

The legislation passed in 1997 that provides for mandatory minimum sentences for serious crimes was recently extended for another two years. At the time, the aim was to reduce serious and violent crime, achieve consistency in sentencing, and satisfy the public that sentences were sufficiently severe. This article argues that the legislation has achieved little or no significant impact with regard to these goals. Instead, many agree that the provisions have exacerbated the problem of overcrowding in South African prisons.
EASY PREY: Results of the national youth victimisation study
Authors: Burton Patrick
Published: April 2016

Recent media reports have highlighted incidents of violence and crimes against children and young people in South Africa. Yet, up till now, there has been little exploration of the extent and nature of criminal victimisation against youth. The recent National Youth Victimisation Study reveals that young people are almost twice as likely to be victimised as adults, and that young people are surrounded by violence and crime in all the spheres they occupy: the home, the school and the community.
Ngwana phosa dira ga a bolawe: The value of restorative justice to the reintegration of offenders
Authors: Batley Mike
Published: April 2016

Does restorative justice have anything to offer the field of offender reintegration? Restorative justice is defined, and distinctions are drawn, between a restorative justice worldview and processes and programmes that are restorative. Restorative justice processes focus on relationships and create opportunities for individual, family and community restoration and reconciliation. In doing so they open up new social spaces for offenders and nurture social inclusion. They also help offenders accept responsibility and help all parties manage the process of release from prison.
The nature of the beast: A critical discussion of profiling
Authors: Labuschagne Irma
Published: April 2016

The criminologist’s inquiry into the causes of crime is complex and multifaceted. The process by which individuals become criminals must be identified; social behaviour in general, and the specific context in which the crime was committed, should receive attention. The study of all crimes involves not only investigations into the motivation of offenders, but also into the roles of victims and bystanders, as well as the physical and social context within which crime takes place. It is with all of these factors in mind that criminologists embark on the arduous task of developing a profile for society’s most feared – the serial killer.
‘The ones in the pile were the ones going down’: The reliability of violent crime statistics
Authors: Bruce David Bruce
Published: April 2016

Following an announcement in 2004 by the South African government that in the coming years it would endeavour to reduce violent crime by seven to ten per cent per annum, total levels of violent crime dropped by 25 per cent over the next five years. However, a closer look at the crime statistics over this period reveals a number of peculiarities that require explanation. In recent years there have also been numerous press reports on the manipulation of crime statistics that have highlighted the existence of incentives within the SAPS not to record violent crime. This article argues that the identified peculiarities in crime statistics can be understood as linked to non-recording, which is shaped by a hierarchy of violent crime in which some categories of crime are viewed as important while others are viewed as unimportant. This implies that current violent crime statistics cannot be relied on as an indicator of trends in violent crime.
Anger, hatred, or just heartlessness? Defining gratuitous violence
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2016

Violent crime in South Africa is sometimes said to be unusual, because it is perceived to frequently be gratuitous. This article engages with the question of how to define gratuitous violence. If the term gratuitous is understood to mean 'for nothing', gratuitous violence should be understood as violence that is 'low on expressive and instrumental motivations'. Whilst the evidence is that much violence is 'instrumental', violence in South Africa may be unusual but it may be better to articulate this in terms of the concepts both of 'expressive' and gratuitous violence. Gratuitous violence and the apparent cruelty that characterises some acts of instrumental violence also appear to imply that 'empathy deficits' might be a characteristic of many perpetrators of violence.
To protect and serve: Restoring public confidence in the SAPS
Authors: Burger Johan
Published: April 2016

Persistent incidents of brutality, criminal behaviour and abuse of authority by members of South Africa’s police agencies have serious implications for public trust and confidence in the police. A decline in trust and confidence in the police is inevitably harmful to the ability of the government to reduce crime and improve public safety. Firm action is needed to stop the decline in policing standards, which is placing both police officers and civilians at unnecessary risk of injury and death. This article explores the underlying reasons for many of the problems confronting the SAPS and considers how they may be addressed.
Lost, stolen or skimmed: Overcoming credit card fraud in South Africa
Authors: Budhram Trevor
Published: April 2016

A credit card is a convenient method of payment, but it does carry risks. The enormous growth in the use of credit cards has resulted in high levels of credit card fraud. Technological advances have allowed the perpetrators to produce counterfeit cards that resemble the genuine card so closely that it is difficult for shopkeepers, tellers, police and bank investigators to identify a fraudulent card. Identity theft and the exponential growth of the internet have further compounded the crime of credit card fraud by allowing for on-line purchasing, resulting in huge financial losses to the card industry and consumers alike. This article discusses credit card fraud in South Africa and offers information about the measures taken to reduce it.
Early Intervention: A foundation for lifelong violence prevention
Authors: Skeen Sarah , Tomlinson Mark , Ward Catherine L , Cluver Lucie , Lachman Jamie
Published: April 2016

High levels of violence affect every family in South Africa. Exposure to violence starts early, in both the home and community. There are high levels of physical abuse of children, and the national under-five homicide rate is more than double that of other low- and middle-income countries. Rates of violence are particularly high in poorer communities in the country, and many children already made vulnerable by poverty are also at risk from increased exposure to violence.
Programmes for change: Addressing sexual and intimate partner violence in South Africa
Authors: Shai Nwabisa Jama , Sikweyiya Yandisa
Published: April 2016

South Africa has a number of locally evaluated interventions that have been designed to prevent sexual and intimate partner violence before it occurs. This article describes such programmes that have been evaluated and found to be promising or effective. Seven locally evaluated primary prevention interventions are described, along with the evidence egarding their level of effectiveness. These interventions include mother-child, parentteen, individual and group-based interventions. All of these interventions are developed based on evidence and primary prevention principles: a sound theory of change, cultural relevance, participatory methods and evaluation through randomised controlled trials.