bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serotonergic genes modulate amygdala activity in major depression
Authors: Dannlowski U. , Ohrmann P. , Bauer J. , Kugel H. , Baune B. T. , Hohoff C. , Kersting A. , Arolt V. , Heindel W. , Deckert J. , Suslow T.
Published: December 2006

Serotonergic genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression probably via their influence on neural activity during emotion processing. This study used an imaging genomics approach to investigate amygdala activity in major depression as a function of common functional polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) and the serotonin receptor 1A gene (5‐HT1A‐1019C/G). In 27 medicated patients with major depression, amygdala responses to happy, sad and angry faces were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. Patients were genotyped for the 5‐HT1A‐1019C/G and the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism, including the newly described 5‐HTT‐rs25531 single nucleotide polymorphism. Risk allele carriers for either gene showed significantly increased bilateral amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli, implicating an additive effect of both genotypes. Our data suggest that the genetic susceptibility for major depression might be transported via dysfunctional neural activity in brain regions critical for emotion processing.
Electrochemical biosensing with nanoparticles
Authors: Merkoçi Arben
Published: December 2006

This minireview looks at the latest trends in the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in electrochemical biosensing systems. It includes electrochemical characterization of NPs for use as labels in affinity biosensors and other applications. DNA analysis involving NPs is one of the most important topics of current research in bionanotechnology. The advantages of the use of NPs in designing novel electrochemical sensors for DNA analysis are reviewed. Electrochemical NPs can also be used in designing immunoassays, offering the possibility of easy, low cost and simultaneous detection of several proteins. Research into NP applications in electrochemical analysis is in its infancy. Several aspects related to sensitivity as well integration of all the assay steps into a single one need to be improved.
S‐Layers as a basic building block in a molecular construction kit
Authors: Sleytr Uwe B , Egelseer Eva M , Ilk Nicola , Pum Dietmar , Schuster Bernhard
Published: December 2006

Crystalline arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S‐layers) are the most common outermost envelope components of prokaryotic organisms (archaea and bacteria). The wealth of information on the structure, chemistry, genetics, morphogenesis, and function of S‐layers has revealed a broad application potential. As S‐layers are periodic structures, they exhibit identical physicochemical properties for each molecular unit down to the subnanometer level and possess pores of identical size and morphology. Many applications of S‐layers in nanobiotechnology depend on the ability of isolated subunits to recrystallize into monomolecular lattices in suspension or on suitable surfaces and interfaces. S‐Layer lattices can be exploited as scaffolding and patterning elements for generating more complex supramolecular assemblies and structures, as required for life and nonlife science applications.
Diversification of the insulin receptor family in the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Khayath Naji , Vicogne Jerome , Ahier Arnaud , BenYounes Amena , Konrad Christian , Trolet Jacques , Viscogliosi Eric , Brehm Klaus , Dissous Colette
Published: December 2006

Insulin signalling is a very ancient and well conserved pathway in metazoan cells, dependent on insulin receptors (IR) which are transmembrane proteins with tyrosine kinase activity. A unique IR is usually present in invertebrates whereas two IR members are found with different functions in vertebrates. This work demonstrates the existence of two distinct IR homologs (SmIR‐1 and SmIR‐2) in the parasite trematode Schistosoma mansoni. These two receptors display differences in several structural motifs essential for signalling and are differentially expressed in parasite tissues, suggesting that they could have distinct functions. The gene organization of SmIR‐1 and SmIR‐2 is similar to that of the human IR and to that of the IR homolog from Echinococcus multilocularis (EmIR), another parasitic platyhelminth. SmIR‐1 and SmIR‐2 were shown to interact with human pro‐insulin but not with pro‐insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in two‐hybrid assays. Phylogenetic results indicated that SmIR‐2 and EmIR might be functional orthologs whereas SmIR‐1 would have emerged to fulfil specific functions in schistosomes.
Kinetics of electron transfer from NADH to the Escherichia coli nitric oxide reductase flavorubredoxin
Authors: Vicente João B. , Scandurra Francesca M. , Rodrigues João V. , Brunori Maurizio , Sarti Paolo , Teixeira Miguel , Giuffrè Alessandro
Published: December 2006

Escherichia coli flavorubredoxin (FlRd) belongs to the family of flavodiiron proteins (FDPs), microbial enzymes that are expressed to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) under anaerobic conditions. To degrade NO, FlRd has to be reduced by NADH via the FAD‐binding protein flavorubredoxin reductase, thus the kinetics of electron transfer along this pathway was investigated by stopped‐flow absorption spectroscopy. We found that NADH, but not NADPH, quickly reduces the FlRd‐reductase (k = 5.5 ± 2.2 × 106 m−1·s−1 at 5 °C), with a limiting rate of 255 ± 17 s−1. The reductase in turn quickly reduces the rubredoxin (Rd) center of FlRd, as assessed at 5 °C working with the native FlRd enzyme (k = 2.4 ± 0.1 × 106 m−1·s−1) and with its isolated Rd‐domain (k ≈ 1 × 107 m−1·s−1); in both cases the reaction was found to be dependent on pH and ionic strength. In FlRd the fast reduction of the Rd center occurs synchronously with the formation of flavin mononucleotide semiquinone. Our data provide evidence that (a) FlRd‐reductase rapidly shuttles electrons between NADH and FlRd, a prerequisite for NO reduction in this detoxification pathway, and (b) the electron accepting site in FlRd, the Rd center, is in very fast redox equilibrium with the flavin mononucleotide.
Detecting Tropical Forests' Responses to Global Climatic and Atmospheric Change: Current Challenges and a Way Forward
Authors: Clark Deborah A.
Published: December 2006

Because of tropical forests' disproportionate importance for world biodiversity and for the global carbon cycle, we urgently need to understand any effects on these ecosystems from the ongoing changes in climate and atmosphere. This review, intended to complement existing data reviews on this topic, focuses on three major classes of challenges that we currently face when trying to detect and interpret directional changes in tropical forests. One is the very limited existing information on the historical context of study sites. Lasting effects from past climate, natural disturbances, and/or human activities could be significantly affecting current‐day processes in tropical forests and need to be investigated for all active field sites. Second, while progress has been made in recent years on standardizing and refining research approaches, a number of methods‐ and data‐limitations continue to affect efforts both to detect within‐forest changes and to relate them to ongoing environmental change. Important outstanding needs are improved sampling designs, longer time‐series of observations, filling key data gaps, and data access. Finally, forest responses to ongoing environmental change are complex. The effects of many simultaneously changing environmental factors are integrated by the plants, and their responses can involve significant lags, carryovers, and non‐linearities. Specifying effects of individual environmental changes, however, is required for accurate ecosystem‐process models and thus for projecting future impacts on these forests. After discussing these several types of challenges and ways to address them, I conclude with a priority agenda for this critical area of research.

Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
A New Initiative to Use Carbon Trading for Tropical Forest Conservation
Authors: Laurance William F.
Published: December 2006

I describe a new initiative, led by a coalition of developing nations, to devise a viable mechanism for using carbon trading to protect old‐growth tropical forests. I highlight some of the practical and political hurdles involved in forest‐carbon trading, and explain why this initiative is rapidly gaining broad‐based political support.
Variation in Sexual Expression in Jacaratia mexicana (Caricaceae) in Southern Mexico: Frequency and Relative Seed Performance of Fruit‐Producing Males
Authors: Aguirre Armando , Vallejo‐Marín Mario , Salazar‐Goroztieta Lizandra , Arias Dulce M. , Dirzo Rodolfo
Published: December 2006

Dioecy, the segregation of male and female structures among individuals, is widespread in tropical plants, encompassing 10–30 percent of species in some sites. In many cases, interindividual sex separation is not complete, as individual plants, although nominally dioecious, may produce both types of reproductive structures. A common form of this sexual variation is the production of female structures in otherwise male individuals, commonly referred to as fruiting males. Here we report the existence of fruiting males in the dioecious tropical tree Jacaratia mexicana (Caricaceae). We show that fruiting males can constitute up to 45 percent of all males in some populations of a tropical forest in Southern Mexico. In order to determine the functional significance of fruiting males for the breeding system of J. mexicana, we compared the relative performance of male‐ and female‐borne seeds. Our results show that seeds from fruiting males are three times less likely to germinate and survive than seeds from female trees. Based on relative seed fitness data, and sex ratios in natural populations, we estimate that 6–15 percent of the genes contributed by fruiting males to the next generation are transmitted via ovules, meaning that morphological variation in gender is at least partially accompanied by functional gender variation. Finally, our seed fitness estimates for fruiting males suggest that fruiting males will not replace female plants in natural populations.

Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
Chemical Defense and the Persistence of Pioneer Plant Seeds in the Soil of a Tropical Cloud Forest
Authors: Veldman Joseph W. , Greg Murray K. , Hull Adrienne L. , Mauricio Garcia‐C J. , Mungall William S. , Rotman Garth B. , Plosz Mitchell P. , McNamara Laurie K.
Published: December 2006

We present evidence that differences in soil seedbank persistence among pioneer plants in the cloud forest of Monteverde, Costa Rica, are influenced by differences in seed chemical defense. We used extracted seed chemicals from Bocconia frutescens (Papaveraceae), Guettarda poasana (Rubiaceae), Phytolacca rivinoides (Phytolaccaceae), Urera elata (Urticaceae), Cecropia polyphlebia (Cecropiaceae), and Witheringia meiantha (Solanaceae) to assess seed chemical defense in two ways: (1) a plant pathogen inhibition assay using Pythium irregulare; and (2) a brine shrimp toxicity assay using Artemia salina. The combined performance of each species in the two assays positively correlated with seedbank persistence. In the pathogen assay, mycelium growth was reduced when Pythium was cultured on media containing seed extracts from the three species with the greatest seed longevity in the soil (i.e., Bocconia, Guettarda, and Phytolacca). Bocconia, the most persistent species, was the only species that contained chemicals toxic to brine shrimp, an indication of defense against arthropods. We focused on Bocconia defense by isolating the chemicals toxic to brine shrimp and identified them as dihydrosanguinarine, dihydrochelirubine, and dihydrochelerthrine. We found these alkaloids in Bocconia seeds at much higher concentrations (∼50 mg/g seed material) than in leaves. These chemicals are likely responsible for the exceptional longevity of Bocconia seeds in the soil. Phytolacca and Guettarda seeds also remain viable in the soil for long periods probably due to antipathogen chemicals detected in our analyses. In contrast, the species that do not persist (i.e., Urera, Cecropia, and Witheringia) lacked seed defensive chemicals in our assays.

Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
Damage and Recovery of Riparian Sierra Palms after Hurricane Georges: Influence of Topography and Biotic Characteristics
Authors: Zimmerman Julie K. H. , Covich Alan P.
Published: December 2006

Tropical forests are often shaped by disturbance events, especially in regions where hurricanes and other severe storms occur. We studied the effects of Hurricane Georges (September 1998) on the sierra palm (Prestoea acuminata var. montana) in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. We established riparian transects along two headwater streams that were similar in size and location, but differed in riparian tree species composition and land‐use history. Following Hurricane Georges, sierra palms were surveyed periodically for damage and recovery (measured by initial loss and subsequent regrowth of palm leaves), tree height, sun exposure, and production of inflorescences and infructescences. Palm height had the highest association with damage, with most damage occurring to canopy palms. Palm recovery (4 mo and 10 mo post‐hurricane) was associated with high tree density, indicating that sun exposure was not limiting. Hurricane Georges likely reduced production of flowers and fruits in sierra palms for at least 10 mo following the storm, although production of new leaves was rapid. Although palms recovered quickly from defoliation after the hurricane, decreased reproduction resulted in reduced availability of fruit for terrestrial and aquatic consumers.
Edge Effects of Linear Canopy Openings on Tropical Rain Forest Understory Microclimate
Authors: Pohlman Catherine L. , Turton Stephen M. , Goosem Miriam
Published: December 2006

We investigated microclimatic edge gradients associated with grassy powerlines, paved highways and perennial creeks in wet tropical forest in northeastern Australia during wet and dry seasons. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and vapor pressure deficit, soil temperature, canopy temperature, soil moisture, and air speed in the rain forest understory were measured during traverses perpendicular to the forest edge. Light intensity was elevated near the edges of powerlines, highways, and creeks, but this effect was strongest for creek edges. Air temperature and vapor pressure deficit were elevated near powerline edges in the dry season and highway edges in both wet and dry seasons but were not elevated near creek edges in either season. In contrast, soil moisture was lowered near creek edges but not near either powerline or highway edges. No edge gradients were detected for air speed. Canopy temperature was elevated near highway edges and lowered near powerline edges in the wet season but no edge gradients in canopy temperature were detected near creek edges in either the wet or the dry season. We suggest that these different edge gradients may be largely the result of differences in the fluxes of latent and sensible heat within each type of linear canopy opening, with periodic flood disturbance assisting by maintaining a more open canopy near creek edges. Our data indicate that the nature of the linear canopy opening is at least as important as the width in determining the nature and severity of microclimatic edge effects, analogous to the “matrix effect” of traditional fragmentation studies.
Possible Indirect Effects of Mammal Hunting on Dung Beetle Assemblages in Panama
Authors: Andresen Ellen , Laurance Susan G. W.
Published: December 2006

Hunting often impacts rain forest mammal communities but little is known about its indirect effects on other taxa. We examined dung beetle assemblages using pitfall and flight‐intercept traps at six rain forest sites in Panama that ranged in hunting intensity. Heavily hunted sites showed altered community composition, significantly fewer species (based on rarefaction), and lower abundances of dung beetles than did sites with little hunting. Our results suggest that intensive hunting affects nontarget forest taxa and is potentially altering ecosystem functioning.
Effects of Habitat, Cattle Grazing and Selective Logging on Seedling Survival and Growth in Dry Forests of Central Brazil
Authors: Vieira Daniel L. M. , Scariot Aldicir , Holl Karen D.
Published: December 2006

We studied the effect of forest gaps and cattle grazing on survival and growth of seedlings of seven native tree species, planted in dry forest fragments with different intensities of past logging in Central Brazil. Seedling survival after 12 mo ranged from 35 to 77 percent among species. Survival of most species was similar in gaps and understory in minimally disturbed forest remnants, but was lower in the gaps of more heavily logged forests. In contrast, growth was much higher in gaps than in understory in minimally disturbed forests, but for most species was similar in gaps and understory in more heavily logged forests. We did not detect an effect of cattle on seedling survival. Seedlings of the most commonly logged species show a high potential to survive and grow when planted in logged forests.
Avian Foraging Behavior in Two Different Types of Coffee Agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Dietsch Thomas V. , Perfecto Ivette , Greenberg Russell
Published: December 2006

This study describes the foraging ecology of birds during summer and winter in two different types of coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Avian foraging behavior is documented in two agroecosystems of differing management intensity, structurally similar but with different levels of floristic diversity, during summer and winter seasons. The distribution of tree species used by birds was more even, and birds used a greater diversity of tree species, in the more diverse coffee shade system. Much of the variation in resource use derived from shifts in the use of flowers and fruit, highlighting the importance in resource phenology for birds. Insectivory was more frequent in winter than summer for the coffee layer, and in summer for the shade layer. Given the vegetative structural similarity of the two coffee agroecosystems included in this study, floristic differences probably accounted for much of the difference in the bird communities between the management systems, especially given the strong seasonal response to flowering and fruiting. This work suggests that plentiful and diverse food resources associated with the high diversity of plant species may facilitate coexistence of the high number of bird species found in shade‐grown coffee agroecosystems.
Elimination of 2‐Arachidonoylglycerol Action by Direct Hemoperfusion Through Immobilized Polymyxin B Fibers: An Experimental Study in Conscious Guinea Pigs
Authors: Shiga Naoko , Nemoto Kayo , Shimada Yasushi , Nakanowatari Yuichi , Ninomiya Norifumi , Yamamoto Yasuhiro
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Direct hemoperfusion through a network of immobilized polymyxin B fibers is used for the treatment of septic shock, but the mechanism underlying the clinical benefits remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to assess the actions of direct hemoperfusion through immobilized polymyxin B fibers on effects of exogenous endotoxin or 2‐arachidonoylglycerol in conscious guinea pigs; and to examine the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, colonic motion was monitored continuously by telemetry using a force transducer attached to the taenia caecum, while blood pressure was monitored with a carotid artery catheter. To establish a hemoperfusion circuit in a freely moving, conscious guinea pig, catheters were implanted in the carotid artery and the jugular vein, tunneled subcutaneously, exteriorized at the back of the neck in contact with a lightweight tethering spring, and attached to a swivel device at the top of the cage. On the day after the operation, lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli, O111:B4; 1 mg/kg) or 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (1 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) and direct hemoperfusion through immobilized polymyxin B fibers was carried out for 2 h. The results showed that in guinea pigs treated with direct hemoperfusion through immobilized polymyxin B fibers, relaxation of colonic longitudinal muscle caused by lipopolysaccharide or 2‐arachidonoylglycerol was significantly suppressed, as were decreases in blood pressure. We conclude that the actions following exogenous administration of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol were eliminated by direct hemoperfusion through immobilized polymyxin B fibers. These results suggest that effectiveness of direct hemoperfusion through immobilized polymyxin B fibers in endotoxemia involves elimination of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol action.
Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder and Vascular Complications
Authors: Moe Sharon M
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Over the last 30 years there have been improvements in our understanding of bone and vascular calcification in kidney disease patients. This has led to the development of new therapeutic strategies that allow more effective control of parathyroid hormone, less positive calcium balance, improved bone remodeling, and less vascular calcification. These changes in our knowledge and available treatments will be discussed.
Coronary Artery Calcification in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: Evaluation by Electron Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Iseki Kunitoshi
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  In patients on chronic hemodialysis, the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality rate are higher than those in the general population. These events are associated with coronary, aortic valve, or mitral valve calcification, and show a poor prognosis. However, no study has investigated coronary or cardiac valve calcification in patients on chronic hemodialysis and its prognosis. In this study, we performed electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) in 400 patients who underwent chronic hemodialysis at four dialysis units in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, between 1996 and 2003, and measured the coronary artery calcification score (CACS), aortic valve calcification score (AVCS), and mitral valve calcification score (MVCS) to analyze the association of these parameters with the prognosis. In addition, we examined the effects of sevelamer hydrochloride, which reduces the serum phosphorus level, reducing CACS. We reached the following conclusions with respect to the following examination items: (i) Factors involved in an increase in CACS in patients undergoing dialysis: in these patients with a rapid increase in CACS, the serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels were higher than the values in the control group; (ii) Cut‐off value of CACS influencing the outcome in patients on dialysis: we reviewed 104 chronic dialysis patients after EBCT was initiated. The group with a CACS of 200 or more showed a significantly poorer outcome compared to the group with a CACS of less than 200; (iii) Accuracy (sensitivity, specificity) of CACS screening on EBCT: we investigated the sensitivity and specificity of CACS based on the presence or absence of coronary artery disease on coronary angiography. The CACS values ranged from 100 to 3000, and their diagnostic accuracy was not satisfactory. Therefore, in patients without symptoms, EBCT may not be appropriate for coronary disease screening; (iv) Does sevelamer hydrochloride inhibit an increase in CACS by reducing the serum phosphorus level in patients on chronic hemodialysis?: in 98 patients on dialysis, this agent reduced the serum phosphorus level, and we examined whether it inhibits an increase in CACS. However, no significant results have been obtained due to a short follow‐up period; and (v) Correlations of CACS, AVCS, and MVCS with the outcome in patients on hemodialysis: AVCS was correlated with the outcome. Aortic valve calcification may markedly influence cardiac hemodynamics.
Renal Osteopathy Society: Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism and Vascular Calcification
Authors: Shioi Atsushi
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  Vascular calcification is frequently observed in dialysis patients. Derangements of bone and mineral metabolism in dialysis patients are considered to cause renal osteopathy, leading to the development and progression of vascular calcification, for which hyperphosphatemia and an increased calcium‐phosphorus (Ca × P) product are the most important risk factors. In contrast, adverse effects of standard therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism including calcium supplementation and treatment with calcitriol and other active vitamin D sterols have been pointed out. There is concern that these treatments may result in increased Ca × P levels, promoting vascular calcification. It is known that vascular calcification is negatively correlated with bone density in dialysis patients. It has been speculated that increased bone turnover, particularly bone resorption, is associated with the release of various bone‐associated proteins. This paper discusses the roles of deranged metabolism of bone and mineral in vascular calcification.
Vitamin D, Cardiovascular System, and Longevity of Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Shoji Tetsuo , Nishizawa Yoshiki
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  The risk of cardiovascular death is high in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and thickening, stiffening and calcification of the arterial wall have been shown as its predictive factors. Activated vitamin D preparations are used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in HD patients, but as they increase serum phosphate and calcium concentrations, there is a concern that they promote vascular calcification and, consequently, exacerbate the outcomes. In this article, the effects of vitamin D therapy on survival, cardiac function, arteriosclerosis, immunity, and inflammation are evaluated by reviewing the literature. In HD patients, the risk of death (particularly cardiovascular death) is significantly lower in those treated than in those not treated with vitamin D. Moreover, activated vitamin D improves cardiac function and alleviates cardiac hypertrophy in HD patients. Experimental data in cultured macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells suggest that it has antiatherosclerotic effects. In vivo, the administration of vitamin D improves immune functions and normalizes inflammatory reactions. In HD patients, vascular calcification is related to the dose of calcium carbonate, but its relationship with the administration of vitamin D is not significant. These observations suggest that, contrary to the general concerns, activated vitamin D exerts favorable effects on the cardiovascular system in HD patients as long as it is used in appropriate clinical doses.
An Overview of Regular Dialysis Treatment in Japan (as of 31 December 2004)
Authors: Nakai Shigeru , Wada Atsushi , Kitaoka Tateki , Shinzato Takahiro , Nagura Yuji , Kikuchi Kenjiro , Masakane Ikuto , Shinoda Toshio , Yamazaki Chikao , Sakai Rumi , Marubayashi Seiji , Morita Osamu , Iseki Kunitoshi , Usami Takeshi , Kimata Naoki , Suzuki Kazuyuki , Tabei Kaoru , Fushimi Kiyohide , Miwa Naoko , Yauchi Mitsuru , Wakai Kenji , Akiba Takashi
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  A statistical survey of 3932 nationwide hemodialysis (hereafter, dialysis) facilities was carried out at the end of 2004, and 3882 facilities (98.73%) responded. The population undergoing dialysis at the end of 2004 was 248 166, an increase of 10 456 patients (4.4%) from that at the end of 2003. The number of dialysis patients per million people was 1943.5. The crude death rate of dialysis patients from the end of 2003 to the end of 2004 was 9.4%. The mean age of patients who underwent dialysis in 2004 was 65.8 years, and that of the total dialysis population was 63.3 years. The percentage distribution of patients who underwent dialysis according to a newly underlying disease showed that 41.3% of patients had diabetic nephropathy and 28.1% had chronic glomerulonephritis. The frequency of calcium carbonate use for dialysis patients was 75.1% and that of sevelamer hydrochloride use was 26.2%. The frequency of sevelamer hydrochloride use does not necessarily have a strong correlation with the dose of calcium carbonate. Patients who received high doses of sevelamer hydrochloride tended to have a low concentration of arterial blood HCO3–. Approximately 15% of dialysis patients used an intravenous vitamin D preparation, generally maxacalcitol. The longer the patients had been on dialysis, the higher the frequency of use of an intravenous vitamin D preparation. When the concentration of serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) was more than 200 pg/mL, the frequency of use of an orally administered vitamin D preparation decreased; but that of intravenous vitamin D preparation increased. The percentage of dialysis patients who received percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) was 1.4%. The percentage was more than 50% in the patients who had been on dialysis for more than 10 years. The percentage of patients who received PEIT again was 35.0%. The percentage of patients who had been on hemodialysis for more than 10 years and received PEIT again was more than 50%.
First e-VLBI observations of Cygnus X-3
Authors: Tudose V. , Fender R. P. , Garrett M. A. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Paragi Z. , Spencer R. E. , Pooley G. G. , van der Klis M. , Szomoru A.
Published: December 2006

We report the results of the first two 5-GHz electronic very-long-baseline interferometry (e-VLBI) observations of the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3 using the European VLBI Network. Two successful observing sessions were held, on 2006 April 20, when the system was in a quasi-quiescent state several weeks after a major flare, and on 2006 May 18, a few days after another flare. At the first epoch we detected faint emission probably associated with a fading jet, spatially separated from the X-ray binary. The second epoch in contrast reveals a bright, curved, relativistic jet more than 40 milliarcsec in extent. In the first and probably also second epochs the X-ray binary core is not detected, which may indicate a temporary suppression of jet production as seen in some black hole X-ray binaries in certain X-ray states. Spatially resolved polarization maps at the second epoch provide evidence of interaction between the ejecta and the surrounding medium. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of rapid analysis of long-baseline observations of transients, such as facilitated by e-VLBI.
The absence of H i in the Boötes dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Bailin Jeremy , Ford Alyson
Published: December 2006

Neutral hydrogen (H i) observations towards the Boötes dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy (hereafter Boötes), a very low-luminosity metal-poor Galactic satellite, have been obtained using the Parkes Radio Telescope. We do not detect any H i in or around Boötes to a 3σ upper limit of 180 M⊙ within the optical half-light radius and 8000 M⊙ within 1.6 kpc. Its H i mass-to-light ratio is less than 0.002 M⊙/L⊙, making Boötes one of the most gas-poor galaxies known. Either reionization severely inhibited gas infall on to the proto-Boötes, or large amounts of gas have been removed by ram pressure and/or tidal stripping. Since Boötes lies on the mass–metallicity fundamental line, this relation and the inefficiency of star formation at the faintest end of the galaxy luminosity function must be partly driven, or at least not disrupted, by extreme gas loss in such low-luminosity galaxies. We also do not detect any H i associated with the leading tidal tail of the Sagittarius dSph galaxy, which fortuitously passes through the observed field, to a 3σ column density limit of 2 × 1017cm−2. This suggests that either the leading gaseous tail is ionized, or the gas in the trailing tail was removed before the current tidal disruption of the parent dSph began.
Probability in the Everett Interpretation
Authors: Greaves Hilary
Published: December 2006

The Everett (many‐worlds) interpretation of quantum mechanics faces a prima facie problem concerning quantum probabilities. Research in this area has been fast‐paced over the last few years, following a controversial suggestion by David Deutsch that decision theory can solve the problem. This article provides a non‐technical introduction to the decision‐theoretic program, and a sketch of the current state of the debate.
Successful medical treatment of 15 dogs with pyothorax
Authors: Johnson M. S. , Martin M. W. S.
Published: December 2006

Objectives: To review the success of non‐surgical management, which included antibiotics and a single thoracocentesis, in 15 dogs presenting with pyothorax.

Methods: Sixteen dogs were selected retrospectively from case files at the Veterinary Cardiorespiratory Centre.

Results: One dog was diagnosed with a mass suspected to be a pulmonary abscess on ultrasound examination and was referred for surgery. Fifteen dogs were treated medically. Springer spaniels were the most commonly presented breed (six cases) followed by Labrador retrievers (three cases). Under sedation or general anaesthesia, thoracocentesis was performed unilaterally and as much purulent effusion as possible was removed. Lavage of the thorax was not undertaken. In most dogs, antibiotic treatment was ampicillin at a mean dose of 33 mg/kg administered three times daily and 25 mg/kg metronidazole administered twice daily. Antibiotics were provided for a minimum of six weeks. All dogs recovered completely and did not show relapse on prolonged follow‐up. This included one dog, which had very widespread pleural adhesions and minimal effusion.

Clinical Significance: In dogs that do not have evidence of pulmonary masses or consolidations and no evidence of granular pleural effusion, medical therapy may be curative even in chronic cases of pyothorax with pleural adhesions.
Evaluation of transanal endoscopic treatment of benign canine rectal neoplasia
Authors: Holt P. E.
Published: December 2006

Objectives: To evaluate transanal endoscopic treatment in the management of benign canine rectal neoplasia.

Methods: A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the response to transanal endoscopic treatment in 13 dogs with extensive rectal neoplasia that was considered inoperable by conventional surgical techniques but was indicated as benign by previous biopsy.

Results: Tumours affected the lengths of rectal mucosa varying from 2 to 13 cm. Between 25 and 100 per cent of the rectal circumference was affected in each case. Transanal endoscopic treatment of canine rectal neoplasia was curative in five dogs, palliative in three and associated with a poor result in the remaining five. Complications of the technique included rectal perforation, leading to peritonitis and death.

Clinical Significance: Transanal endoscopic treatment can be recommended as an alternative to radical, full‐thickness rectal excision for the management of extensive but benign canine rectal neoplasia. Owners should be informed that the treatment may be palliative rather than curative and that complications, if they occur, can be fatal. Dogs should be hospitalised for at least five days after treatment and observed for signs of potentially fatal complications such as rectal perforation.
FOOD AND FEEDING ECOLOGY OF THE COMMON DOLPHIN (DELPHINUS DELPHIS) IN THE OCEANIC NORTHEAST ATLANTIC AND COMPARISON WITH ITS DIET IN NERITIC AREAS
Authors: Pusineri Claire , Magnin Véronique , Meynier Laureline , Spitz Jérôme , Hassani Sami , Ridoux Vincent
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The short‐beaked common dolphin,Delphinus delphis, is abundant in both neritic and oceanic habitats. These two domains differ largely in terms of the nature of forage organisms and their availability to surface‐bound top predators, which suggests that the common dolphin should show extensive variability in foraging strategies as a response to these different habitats. However, although its diet is well known over continental shelves, so far, mostly because of sampling issues, nothing has been published on its diet in oceanic habitats. In this study, the diet of sixty‐three common dolphins bycaught in the French albacore tuna driftnet fishery in the summers of 1992–1993 in the oceanic Bay of Biscay was determined from their stomach contents and compared to neritic studies. The diet was dominated by fish (90% by number [N] and 53% by mass of total diet [M]). Cephalopods were also important in the total diet (9%N, 46%M) but were a prey of secondary importance in the fresh fraction (3%N, 10%M), presumably due to longer retention of cephalopod remains in the stomach. Crustaceans were of minor importance. At the species level, the myctophid fish (Notoscopelus kroeyeri) largely dominated the diet. Prey size ranged from 1 to 68 cm, but the majority of preys were from 2 to 30 cm. The prey characteristics and their state of digestion suggest that the common dolphin forages preferentially on small schooling, vertically migrating mesopelagic fauna in the surface layer at dusk and early night. The diet is taxonomically distinct from results obtained in neritic studies but is similar in terms of prey type and the corresponding feeding behavior.
THE USE OF NATURAL MARKINGS IN STUDIES OF LONG‐FINNED PILOT WHALES (GLOBICEPHALA MELAS)
Authors: Auger‐Méthé Marie , Whitehead Hal
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Photo‐identification using natural markings has been used for pilot whale (Globicephala melas) studies. However, none of these studies investigated the reliability of the marks used. To identify which mark types are reliable and which could improve the method, fifteen mark types, and their distribution within the population, were described. The rates of gain and loss of each mark type were calculated and the variability in visibility was investigated. Although the mark types associated with the current photo‐identification method, the notch and the protruding piece, appear to be permanent, they allowed us to identify only 33% of our sample. The prevalence of all but two mark types is independent of the identifiability of a photograph. One of these is already used in the current photo‐identification method. This independence indicates that the proportion of the population that is currently identifiable does not differ from the rest of the population in its susceptibility to factors causing marks, such as predation, and thus appears to be representative of the whole population. Using saddle patches in combination with the current photo‐identification method would double the percentage of the identifiable individuals. However, due to limitations of matching software, the current method is easier to use.
FORENSIC METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING WATERCRAFT FROM WATERCRAFT‐INDUCED WOUNDS ON THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS)
Authors: Rommel Sentiel A. , Costidis Alexander M. , Pitchford Thomas D. , Lightsey Jessica D. , Snyder Richard H. , Haubold Elsa M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Watercraft‐related mortality represents 1,253 (24.9%) of 5,033 Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) deaths recorded between 1 January 1979 and 31 December 2004. Wound patterns generated by collisions with watercraft are diagnostic. Sets of cuts and scrapes that are roughly equidistant and perpendicular to the direction of vessel travel are consistent with lacerations made by propeller blades. From these lesions, estimates of propeller diameter, pitch, rotation, and direction of travel may be obtained. Considerable overlap of propeller sizes and pitches on different size vessels, common use of counter rotation propellers, and numerous other complicating factors may confound efforts to accurately predict vessel size and type from propeller wounds. Of the more than one million watercraft registered in Florida, 98% are ≤12.2 m (40 ft), yet watercraft 5.3–36.6 m (17.5–120 ft) are known to have killed manatees. Analysis of a 5‐yr subset of mortality data suggests that a disproportionate number of propeller‐caused watercraft‐related mortalities could be attributed to propeller diameters ≥43.2 cm (17 in.), inferring that these were caused by watercraft ≥12.2 m (40 ft).
VESSEL COLLISIONS WITH WHALES: THE PROBABILITY OF LETHAL INJURY BASED ON VESSEL SPEED
Authors: Vanderlaan Angelia S. M. , Taggart Christopher T.
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Historical records demonstrate that the most numerous, per capita, ocean‐going‐vessel strikes recorded among large‐whale species accrue to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). As vessel speed restrictions are being considered to reduce the likelihood and severity of vessel collisions with right whales, we present an analysis of the published historical records of vessels striking large whales. We examine the influence of vessel speed in contributing to either a lethal injury (defined as killed or severely injured) or a nonlethal injury (defined as minor or no apparent injury) to a large whale when struck. A logistic regression model fitted to the observations, and consistent with a bootstrap model, demonstrates that the greatest rate of change in the probability of a lethal injury (Plethal) to a large whale occurs between vessel speeds of 8.6 and 15 knots where Plethal increases from 0.21 to 0.79. The probability of a lethal injury drops below 0.5 at 11.8 knots. Above 15 knots, Plethal asymptotically approaches 1. The uncertainties in the logistic regression estimates are relatively large at relatively low speeds (e.g., at 8 knots the probability is 0.17 with a 95% CI of 0.03–0.6). The results we provide can be used to assess the utility of vessel speed limits that are being considered to reduce the lethality of vessels striking the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale and other large whales that are frequent victims of vessel strikes.
The Current Debate on the Linkage Between Global Warming and Hurricanes
Authors: Shepherd J. Marshall , Knutson Thomas
Published: December 2006

Following Hurricane Katrina and the parade of storms that affected the conterminous United States in 2004–2005, the apparent recent increase in intense hurricane activity in the Atlantic basin, and the reported increases in recent decades in some hurricane intensity and duration measures in several basins have received considerable attention. An important ongoing avenue of investigation in the climate and meteorology research communities is to determine the relative roles of anthropogenic forcing (i.e., global warming) and natural variability in producing the observed recent increases in hurricane frequency in the Atlantic, as well as the reported increases of tropical cyclone activity measures in several other ocean basins. A survey of the existing literature shows that many types of data have been used to describe hurricane intensity, and not all records are of sufficient length to reliably identify historical trends. Additionally, there are concerns among researchers about possible effects of data inhomogeneities on the reported trends. Much of the current debate has focused on the relative roles of sea‐surface temperatures or large‐scale potential intensity versus the role of other environmental factors such as vertical wind shear in causing observed changes in hurricane statistics. Significantly more research – from observations, theory, and modeling – is needed to resolve the current debate around global warming and hurricanes.
Mega‐Yardangs: A Global Analysis
Authors: Goudie Andrew S.
Published: December 2006

Yardangs, analogues of which occur on Mars and possibly on Venus, are wind moulded landforms that develop in the world's drylands. Mega‐yardangs (wind‐abraded, ridge, and swale features of regional extent) are easily identified on satellite images and these have been employed to map their global distribution. Areas where they are present include Central Asia, the Lut Desert of Iran, northern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the Libyan Desert in Egypt, the central Sahara, the Namib Desert, the high Andes and the Peruvian Desert. These features develop in a wide range of rock types, including sandstones, ignimbrites, limestones and basement rocks, occur in hyper‐arid areas, form where winds tend to be unimodal in direction, are best developed in areas of sand transport rather than sand accumulation, and occur in plains rather than in mountainous areas.
MOTHER COURAGE: REFLECTIONS ON MATERNAL RESILIENCE
Authors: Baraitser Lisa , Noack Amélie
Published: December 2006

abstract  This paper attempts to develop a psychoanalytic perspective on maternal resilience. It argues that notions of resilience have been largely focused on the development of resilience in children, with the mother being viewed as a key figure in understanding its success or failure. However, the development of maternal resilience – the capacity for mothers to survive the vicissitudes of the parenting experience itself – has received less attention, occluding an important aspect of maternal subjectivity. Drawing on recent work on maternal ambivalence, this paper explores the relation between ambivalence and resilience, and provides clinical material from a two‐year slow‐open analytic group for mothers at the Maya Centre to illustrate our view that maternal resilience may usefully describe the aspect of ambivalence that entails bearing and accepting ourselves as mothers as well as our ambivalent feelings about our children.
GROUPING OR GANGING: THE PSYCHODYNAMICS OF BULLYING
Authors: Waddell Margot
Published: December 2006

abstract  This paper considers the notion of resilience in the context of the psychodynamics of bullying. It draws a distinction between the role and function of group membership on the one hand and of gang formations on the other. The ‘safety in numbers’ mentality establishes a false sense of integration and identity, especially attractive to those whose early experiences have undermined their resilience as a result of insufficient containment, of aggressive and hostile impulses above all. The paper argues that resilience is the capacity to withstand destructive impulses and experiences and that that capacity is lodged in very early development. It draws on Bion’s theories in particular, and offers examples from infant and young child observations.
RESILIENCE AND VULNERABILITY IN LATER LIFE
Authors: Martindale Brian
Published: December 2006

abstract  The paper focuses on some psychological factors specific to the psycho‐developmental tasks involved in ageing that may lead to a considerable loss of resilience and psychological breakdown for the first time since becoming adult. Issues connected with the potential increase of dependency, especially physical dependency are often central. The paper gives an account of reasons why this may be more threatening to some than others including the reawakening of childhood failures of dependency and also identifications with disturbing dependency experiences of late life of one’s parents.
TREATMENT OF PERSONALITY DISORDER: LIMIT SETTING AND THE USE OF BENIGN AUTHORITY
Authors: McLean Duncan , Nathan Jack
Published: December 2006

abstract  Personality disorders are an ill‐defined group of psychopatholo‐gical conditions that are increasingly seen as one of the main domains of NHS dynamic psychotherapy. The authors discuss some of the concepts that underlie the diagnosis though it can most easily be understood as severe non‐psychotic pathology. Psychoanalytic theory has suggested several paradigms to understand and treat such conditions, and most of these rely on interpretation as the central therapeutic agent. The authors argue in this paper that therapists may need to consider the use of limit setting with patients with personality disorder where dangerous acting out may occur. This runs counter to the principles of therapeutic neutrality, and yet the limit setting may be a prerequisite to an effective therapeutic encounter.