bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGE OF FAT CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF TURKISH HAZELNUTS (CORYLUS AVELLANA L.) DURING STORAGE
Authors: KOYUNCU MEHMET ALI
Published: August 2010

Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) were collected from three different cultivars (Tombul, Palaz and Kalınkara) at the harvest season of 1996. The dried nuts were stored shelled and unshelled in polyethylene bags at 21C and 60–65% relative humidity for 12 months. During storage, the total fat content increased, the palmitic and oleic acid content of the oil increased, linoleic acid, ranged from 12.41 to 10.35%. No significant differences were found for other fatty acids during storage. The effect of storage of shelled and unshelled hazelnuts on the total fat content was significant.
RADIATION CONTROL OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS IN SHRIMP
Authors: BANDEKAR J. R. , CHANDER R. , NERKAR D. P.
Published: August 2010

The effectiveness of a radicidation process using 1 kGy of gamma radiation was evaluated with respect to the destruction of Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination in shrimp. D10 values of this pathogen ranged from 0.03 kGy in frozen buffer to 0.10 kGy in naturally contaminated frozen shrimp. The efficacy of the process was demonstrated.
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE — PROTEIN COMPLEX AS POTENT VACCINE AGAINST SALMONELLOSIS
Authors: CHANDER RAMESH , LEWIS NORMAN F.
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide‐protein (LPS‐P) vaccine prepared from cells of S. typhimurium contains 11% protein. Immunization of mice with LPS‐P intraperitoneally at a dose level of 50 μg/mouse conferred 100% protection against subsequent challenge with S. typhimurium and seven other strains of Salmonella each possessing typical O‐antigen determinants. The immunity lasts for six months and the vaccine is equally effective in all six strains of mice studied. The lyophilized LPS‐P preparation is stable for eighteen months, thus providing opportunity for large scale field trial experiments.
E. COLI 0157:H7 ‐CURRENT CONCEPTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: NEILL MARGUERITE A.
Published: August 2010

The list of food‐borne pathogens now includes Escherichia coli serotype 0157:H7. This previously rare E. coli serotype was first recognized in 1982 as the causative agent of outbreaks of a bloody diarrheal syndrome known as hemorrhagic colitis. Since then, infection with this organism has been described throughout North and South America and western Europe, in healthy persons and those with chronic diseases, and in all age groups. Transmission appears to be largely food‐borne through foods of animal origin; person to person transmission has occurred. The hemolytic uremic syndrome occurs as a complication in approximately 10% of infected persons and may result in chronic renal failure and death. Infection with E. coli 0157:H7 appears to be increasing and strategies for prevention of disease are urgently needed for this important public health pathogen.
INCIDENCE AND DIARRHEGENIC POTENTIAL OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN PASTEURIZED MILK AND CEREAL PRODUCTS IN THAILAND
Authors: CHITOV T. , DISPAN R. , KASINRERK W.
Published: August 2010

Bacillus cereus, bacteria that commonly occur in foods, can potentially cause foodborne illness. Two important factors that contribute to the illness are the number of B. cereus in food and the ability of the organism to produce enterotoxins. This study investigated the number of B. cereus cells in dairy and cereal products in Thailand, using the plate count method and the presence of diarrheal‐enterotoxin genes in the isolates through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genes encoding hemolysin BL (hblA, hblC, hblD), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nheA, nheB, nheC), cytotoxin K (cytK) and enterotoxin FM (entFM) were the targets of the PCR. B. cereus was found in all pasteurized milk samples and in 37.7% of the cereal product samples, ranging from 50 to 1.7 × 103 cfu/g. PCR results revealed that each gene occurred in more than half of the foodborne isolates tested. A large proportion (96%) of the isolates harbored enterotoxin genes and is considered to be potentially diarrhegenic.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Significant frequency of Bacillus cereus contamination in pasteurized milk and cereal products, and the large proportion of diarrhegenic strains among foodborne B. cereus indicate the high risk of foodborne illness that could be caused by consumption of these foods in Thailand. This suggests that B. cereus should not be disregarded in its significance in disease control and prevention programs. Also, as complete elimination of this organism from pasteurized milk and most of the cereal products through the processing steps is not possible, proper handling and storage of these foods should be strictly applied by the food industry. This is necessary in order to prevent the growth of the organism to levels that can cause foodborne illness. This research is also relevant to other developing countries having similar situations as Thailand, where data concerning the number of B. cereus in foods, frequency of contamination and proportion of enterotoxigenic B. cereus are limited, and where B. cereus gastroenteritis could be underestimated.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHELL SWAB AND SHELL CRUSH METHODS FOR THE RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA FROM SHELL EGGS
Authors: KAWASAKI T. , MUSGROVE M.T. , MURATA M. , TOMINAGA N. , KAWAMOTO S.
Published: August 2010

Swabbing is the standard methodology for the recovery of resident microorganism from shell eggs in Japan. A comparative study of shell swab (SW) and shell crush (CR) techniques was performed to recover the laboratory‐inoculated Salmonella from shell eggs. It was found that the recovery of Salmonella by CR methods was significantly higher (4.5–7.5 log cfu/egg) than that of SW methods (3.1–6.3 log cfu/egg). However, analyses with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (invA as a target gene), fluorescent microscopic and quantitative analyses with a Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit revealed that not all of the inoculated Salmonella spp. populations were recovered as intact cells by either method. The chemiluminescent bacterial viability assay showed that chemiluminescence intensity (CI) began to increase after 30 min in CR samples; on the other hand, SW samples did not show any increase in CI for 2 h. These results suggest that SW might cause more damage and lethality to cells than CR.

In addition, to determine the most appropriate method for recovering resident aerobic bacteria, coliforms and Salmonella spp from shell eggs, 4,000 commercial eggs were collected and sampled by shell rinse (SR) and CR techniques using phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) warmed to different temperatures. PBS at 37C was found to be the best recovery solution and temperature, respectively, for recovering aerobic microorganisms from shell eggs by both methods and the CR methods recovered a higher population than did the SR methods (4.9 versus 5.8 log cfu/egg for SR and CR methods, respectively; n = 500 eggs/method).

Therefore, the CR method along with recovery buffer (PBS) at 37C could be an effective technique for the recovery of microorganisms from post‐processed shell eggs.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There is a need to develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for the recovery of microorganisms from shell eggs. Such recovery methods are also useful for evaluating the efficacy of newly developed shell egg disinfection techniques. Many methods involving rinsing, swabbing, and crushing of shell eggs have been reported; however, we performed a comparative study of the method used to recover the Salmonella from shell eggs. We found that the shell crush method (CR) was superior to the shell swab method (SW) for the recovery of Salmonella spp., and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) at 37C was found to be the best recovery solution and temperature, respectively, for recovering microorganisms from shell eggs by both methods. Therefore, the CR method along with recovery buffer (PBS) at 37C could be an effective technique for the recovery of microorganisms from post‐processed shells. Use of this method could be recommended for the microbial evaluation of post‐processed shell eggs in industries.
DETECTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI FROM FOOD SOURCES BY A NOVEL MULTIPLEX PCR ASSAY
Authors: MENG X. , ZHANG H. , LAW J. , TSANG R. , TSANG T.
Published: August 2010

Helicobacter pylori infection is worldwide and it has been recognized as an important cause of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. However, the modes of transmission of H. pylori infection are unclear. This study was designed to detect H. pylori from raw or ready‐to‐eat foods to provide more evidence for oral‐oral and fecal‐oral transmission patterns. For this purpose, a total of 11 fresh raw chickens from a local grocery and 18 orders of ready‐to‐eat raw tuna meat from a restaurant were collected. H. pylori were detected with our new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, which can amplify 10 DNA fragments from five gene loci at the same time. H. pylori were positive in 36% (4/11) of the raw chickens and 44% (8/18) of the ready‐to‐eat raw tuna meat tested using the new multiplex PCR assay. Our results demonstrate that food might be a vehicle for H. pylori transmission among humans.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection may be as high as 80% in developing countries and up to 40% in developed countries. However, the mode of transmission, the natural history and other aspects of the epidemiology of H. pylori infection are still unclear. There have been no reports of H. pylori being cultured and isolated from foods. In this study we designed a one‐step multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to amplify 10 DNA fragments at the same time to detect H. pylori, which could overcome the difficulty in identifying H. pylori by using culture or other routine tests. Since this assay is so sensitive, specific and rapid, it has a great potential for identifying H. pylori, which is difficult to be cultured by using current methods, from different food samples.
UPDATED AND EXTENDED TABLE FOR TESTING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE R‐INDEX
Authors: BI JIAN , O'MAHONY MICHAEL
Published: August 2010

The table of critical values for significance tests for the R‐index was updated and extended in the present article. A more accurate estimator of variance of the R‐index, instead of the maximum variance of the R‐index, was used in the calculations of the critical values of the table. Sample sizes were extended from 100 to 1,000.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Prior to this article, the significance of the R‐index values could only be determined for sample sizes of 100 and less. This article enables significance to be determined for sample sizes as large as 1,000, which will be especially useful for the larger samples required for consumer testing.
Health and Subjective Well‐Being in Later Adulthood: Different Health States—Different Needs?
Authors: Schüz Benjamin , Wurm Susanne , Warner Lisa M. , Tesch‐Römer Clemens
Published: August 2010

From midlife on, health problems become more prevalent. Health is one of the key determinants of subjective well‐being (SWB), but examining the relation between health and SWB in later adulthood is complicated by the clustering of multiple illnesses. This article proposes Latent Class Analysis (LCA) for a parsimonious description of adult health. This article compares SWB in health classes and examines the relative importance of socioeconomic resources, pain and coping (flexible goal adjustment) for SWB. Data stem from a nation‐wide representative sample of adults aged 40–85 (German Ageing Survey, DEAS; N = 3,084). LCA was used to examine different configurations of health. Multiple regression analyses in latent classes were conducted to examine predictors of SWB. LCA generated four distinct classes of health conditions: No disease (n = 807), cardiovascular diseases (n = 405), joint problems (n = 1,612) and multiple illnesses (n = 258). As expected, only small mean differences in SWB indicators were found, whereas discontinuous predictors of SWB were detected: Coping was more strongly associated with SWB in individuals with higher illness burden. LCA can be applied to describe health in later adulthood. Differential prediction patterns suggest distinct factors for SWB depending on individual health status.
Review article: recommendations for the clinical management of patients taking non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs – a gastroenterologist's perspective
Authors: LANAS A.
Published: August 2010

There are several risk factors that predispose a patient taking non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs to an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The most significant are a previous ulcer history and age, but other factors such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug dose, concomitant aspirin and Helicobacter pylori infection also play a role.

When giving non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug treatment the physician must balance the known benefits in terms of a reduction in pain and inflammation, and in the case of aspirin the cardiovascular benefits, with the potential gastrointestinal risks, which can be fatal. Selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors have similar efficacy to non‐selective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs but a better gastrointestinal safety profile, and were an attractive alternative to traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs until recent data raised concerns about their cardiovascular safety.

It has also been demonstrated that the gastrointestinal benefits of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agents are eliminated when they are taken concomitantly with aspirin. A Spanish epidemiological study investigated the relative risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors and a range of other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The combination of a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug plus a proton‐pump inhibitor was found to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding; the combination of a cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agent plus a proton‐pump inhibitor further reduced this risk, and was calculated to be a cost‐effective option compared with hospitalization for a gastrointestinal bleeding event.
Market Power in UK Food Retailing Pouvoir de marché du secteur alimentaire de détail au Royaume‐Uni Marktmacht im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel in Großbritannien
Authors: Lloyd Tim , Morgan Wyn
Published: August 2010

summary

Market Power in UK Food Retailing

Deepening concentration in the food chain throughout Europe suggests antitrust authorities need to be ever vigilant to deter the use of market power. In this article, the authors highlight some of the problems that regulatory authorities face when collating evidence on the existence and use of market power in the food industry, not least the reticence of food suppliers to inform on supermarkets undertaking anti‐competitive practices. The article argues that the systematic effects that anti‐competitive practices have upon retail and producer prices offer economists the opportunity to detect the exercise of market power in publicly available aggregate data. Drawing on recent research, the article proposes a simple empirical test of the use of market power that is based on economic theory and complementary to extant sources of evidence. While the test does not measure the extent of market power, it does offer a tractable means of detecting its existence. The article summarises the findings from two recent academic papers in which the test has been applied. Results point to the existence of market power in all fresh food products that were assessed, corroborating both the conclusions of the first competition enquiry in 2000 and the recent decision to launch a further investigation into British supermarkets that is due to report in 2007.
WOMEN'S ACCESS TO FEDERAL CIVIL SERVICE MANAGEMENT POSITIONS: THE ISSUE OF VETERANS‘ PREFERENCE
Authors: Keeton Kato B.
Published: August 2010

Within the framework of affirmative action and the theory of representative bureaucracy with a focus on organizational barriers, this paper demonstrates the lack of significant success of women in attaining positions of authority (executive, administrative, managerial) in the federal civil service. The role of veterans' preference policies in limiting the access of women to federal public service management positions is shown. Assuming the continuation of a strong lobbying effect in support of the continuation of veterans' preference policies, recommendations are made to rectify the organizational barrier to women posed by veterans' preference policies through the adoption of a point system which would assign to qualified non‐veterans additional points based upon qualifications which exceed the minimum.
THE MORALITY OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR: POLITICAL REALITIES AND LEGAL INTERPRETATIONS
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood , Hulme Derick L.
Published: August 2010

The January 1991 Persian Gulf War and U.S.‐led coalition's resort to overt military conflict against Iraq fueled the debate on the utility and relevance of the just war tradition. Assessing realities surrounding the war's circumstances, we show that a) some criteria of just war theory (jus ad bellum) cannot be easily or fully satisfied, b) new political realities and multinational strategic interests can be incorporated within just war doctrine without depriving the latter of its perennial norms, and c) although U.N. involvement was critical to satisfy the legitimate authority requirement of just war doctrine, sovereign states acted largely independently of U.N. supervision. Our analysis questions some of the moral and practical uncertainties of the just war tradition and encourages ways to reconcile this rich tradition with new political and legal realities.
DO TREES HAVE RIGHTS? RIGHTS, NATURE, AND CONCEPTUAL CHANGE
Authors: Klyza Christopher McGrory
Published: August 2010

Does nature have rights? Can nature have rights? Should nature have rights? Is it sensible or nonsensical to talk of the rights of nature? I examine these questions here. I begin with a discussion of numerous approaches to rights, all sharing the common thread that rights cannot be applied to nature. Next I examine representatives from the current literature opposing and favoring extending rights to nature. I then shift to an exploration of conceptual change and the historicity of moral and political concepts and what this implies for present and future understandings of rights. I argue that rights can be extended to include nature and that this should be done. Finally, I present an outline for how such a rights‐based approach to protecting nature might work.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1990–1992 TERM LIMITATION ELECTIONS
Authors: Boeckelman Keith A.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines 18 statewide term‐limitation elections held between 1990 and 1992 in 16 states. Three basic explanations of the term‐limit vote are considered: partisanship, race, and alienation. The results suggest that whites are more likely to support term limits than minorities, and Republicans are more likely to do so than Democrats. Measures of alienation yielded mixed results. An income‐based measure of the concept was inconclusive. Nevertheless, a connection between the constituencies of the term‐limitation movement and Ross Perot's presidential bid is apparent. The results also reveal that media framing of the term‐limitation issue may have affected the outcome in the early term‐limitation elections by intensifying voters' distrust of government institutions.
CASEWORK ADVERTISEMENT AND MEMBER‐CONSTITUENT CONTACT: A DISTRICT ANALYSIS
Authors: Serra George
Published: August 2010

Few political scientists would argue with the proposition that incumbents take the initiative and try to raise their caseload level and thereby increase constituent contact. There is less agreement, however, concerning the success of members' overt efforts to stimulate cases. This study capitalizes on a unique research opportunity to explore the impact of one House member's casework strategy: overt solicitation of cases (i.e., newsletters) and reputation for constituent service. A multivariate probit model explains constituent requests for ombudsman service. The findings demonstrate that the member's newsletters are a relatively ineffective means of generating casework. Word of mouth publicity, however, contributes significantly to service requests. By developing a reputation for constituent service through second‐hand contact, the member can communicate his or her ombudsman role to constituents and thus more easily cultivate the district.
EMERGING BLACK ENVIRONMENTALISM: A CONSEQUENCE OF POLLUTION AND ITS THREAT TO HEALTH
Authors: Arp William , Boeckelman Keith A.
Published: August 2010

The inequitable siting of polluting industry in or near majority black communities has developed “health consequences.” This study surveyed 402 black community residents and found a majority alleging that pollution caused or aggravated pre‐existing health ailments in their household. Respondents alleging health problems were found to be environmentally more active and to judge the environment a more salient issue.
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE'S ETERNAL FEMININE
Authors: Brabant Margaret A.
Published: August 2010

In his work, Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville assigns to women the task he thinks most necessary in the preservation of a democratic regime: women nurture, educate, and impart to the young the virtues which maintain the moral standards and integrity of a particular society. This essay considers the limits of Tocqueville's analysis with respect to his observations concerning gender roles and civic participation and seeks to set forth reasons why women and men who are committed to the realization of certain democratic ideals cannot wholeheartedly embrace Tocqueville's particular form of liberalism.
BUSINESS CONTRACTIONS AND INCUMBENT PARTY LOSSES OF THE PRESIDENCY: 1864–1932
Authors: Lynch G. Patrick
Published: August 2010

Using aggregate level data on U.S. business cycles, this article addresses the question of whether or not economic conditions may have impacted presidential elections during the sample. A simple regression model is employed, and the results indicate that downturns in the economy hurt the fortunes of incumbent presidents, or the candidate of their party, during the sample.
LAME DUCK THEORY CALLED INTO QUESTION
Authors: Schack Lawrence L.
Published: August 2010

Many studies of state politics hold that a governor's success in his or her dealings with the state's legislature is at its height during the executive's initial legislative session and then decreases as the final year approaches. The purpose of this paper is to examine the validity of this generally accepted assumption. This work tests the hypothesis that governors serving out the concluding year of their term are lame ducks. An analysis of the legislative passage and amendment rates of two governors of Virginia, Gerald Baliles (1986–1989) and L. Douglas Wilder (1990–1993), during their first and last years reveals that lame duck theory is suspect. Both of the executives achieved first and last year passage and amendment percentages which were more congruous than one might expect. Other variables besides Governors Baliles' and Wilder's time in office affected their ability to gain the passage of their legislative proposals.
THE INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF INTER‐BRANCH CONFLICT IN THE ERA OF DIVIDED GOVERNMENT
Authors: Kelly Sean Q
Published: August 2010

Divided government has been a defining characteristic of American politics over the last forty years. Despite the prominence of divided government as an institutional regime, little research has sought to determine the consequences of divided government for inter‐branch conflict. I summarize the debate over the consequences of divided government, and posit four models of inter‐branch policy agreement that emerge from these arguments. The seat aggregation hypothesis holds that increased policy agreement is a function of the president's party amassing seats in Congress. Three additional models are grounded in the expectations of critics of divided government. I demonstrate, using data that measure inter‐branch policy agreement, that united government increases policy agreement between the branches. Divided government as an institutional arrangement has an effect on policy agreement that is independent of seats.
PUTTING IT IN WRITING: AN EXAMINATION OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE PLATFORMS IN THE 1992ELECTION
Authors: Cammarano Joseph , Josefson Jim
Published: August 2010

The 1992 presidential election saw several different campaign innovations that brought candidates closer to citizens. One such innovation was the production of campaign books by the candidates. These candidate platforms signal the continuing dominance of candidates and the decline of parties as the grounding elements of presidential campaigns. Many analysts argue that such independent campaigning is detrimental to democracy. We disagree. Candidate platforms indicate positive development in presidential politics. More detailed than party platforms, they provide information to voters in a way that conforms to the realities of modern campaigning. In addition, they help candidates challenge existing voter impressions based upon party stereotypes. Finally, candidate platforms provide for direct accountability, allowing citizens to blame or credit presidents for their actions. This may make the job of president more dificult, but it also makes what candidates say in campaigns more meaningful.
NARROWING THE GAP OR CLOSING THE DOOR: WHAT KINDS OF WOMEN GET JOBS AS LEGISLATORS
Authors: Considine Mark , Deutchman Iva Ellen
Published: August 2010

Previous studies of the impact of gender upon legislatures have shown conflicting findings regarding the backgrounds, qualifications and types of men and women serving as legislators. Women appear to have narrowed the gap in terms of some of these background variables but still face significant obstacles. This study examines the impact of major institutional factors upon the roles of men and women. Survey and interview methodology compare two important aspects of institutionalization: The U.S. type legislature is compared with a major parliamentary system (Australia), and professionalized legislators are compared with the non‐professionalized. The study finds that women have achieved parity with men in regard to education and employment history, regardless of the type of system. However, there are significant differences in incumbency, with women being relatively recent entrants into the Australian system. Moreover, women in Australian parliaments encounter more problems regarding child‐care and marital responsibilities than their U.S. counterparts.
INSTITUTIONAL AND PERSONAL LEGISLATIVE SPECIALIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE
Authors: Gaddie Ronald Keith , Kuzenski John C.
Published: August 2010

A current debate in congressional behavior research surrounds the continued adherence to norms of legislative behavior, especially “legislator expertise” or specialization. We examine the degree to which senators adhere to the traditional specialization norm of the U.S. Senate. Based on an analysis of primary sponsorship in the 101st Congress, this study finds that the specialization norm is still present in the contemporary Senate, but that type of specialization is an important distinction to make when evaluating the strength of the norm. We identify two forms of specialization: institutional and personal. Using this construct, we find that legislators who deemphasize institutional specialization are often electorally vulnerable and/or facing reelection soon. These senators placed less emphasis on focused legislative activity, presumably to engage in constituency‐oriented sponsorship of legislation.
SOLICITOR GENERAL, PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENT, AND THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING
Authors: Sheehan Reginald S.
Published: August 2010

This study focuses on the relationship between the Solicitor General and the Supreme Court in cases involving the federal government as a direct party in litigation. Particular attention is given to the impact of presidential appointments on the success of the federal government in litigation. The analyses indicate that there are differences in success rates for the federal government when we control for the effects of different presidential administrations, different solicitors general, issue areas, and changes in the Court's ideological composition over time. Multivariate analysis demonstrates that changes in the Supreme Court brought about by presidential appointment combined with the ideological position taken by the solicitor general in the case has a significant impact on the success of the federal government in litigation.
POLITICAL MOBILIZATION AND VOTER TURNOUT IN THE 1990 MIDTERM ELECTIONS: AN AGGREGATE‐LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: Goidel Robert K. , Shields Todd G.
Published: August 2010

In the following analysis, we utilize district level data on voter turnout to examine the relationship between political mobilization and voter turnout. The analysis improves on previous research in the following three ways: (1) we incorporate a dynamic element into our analysis allowing us to examine differences in turnout across election years; (2) we more closely examine the nonrecursive relationship between the closeness of an election and fluctuations in voter turnout; and (3) we relate our findings to the question of whether or not turnout makes a difference in electoral outcomes. The results indicate that while demographic factors help to explain the level of turnout across congressional districts, differences in turnout across election years are better explained as a function of campaign mobilization and residential mobility. In addition, by taking into account the simultaneity between electoral competitiveness and turnout, we find that turnout is not only stimulated by more competitive elections, but that turnout contributes to electoral competitiveness.
BARRIERS TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Mead Timothy D.
Published: August 2010

Nigeria's constitutional system explicitly establishes local autonomy as one of the principles of its “three tier” federalism. Over the thirty years of Nigerian Independence, however, there have been barriers to local government autonomy—even under civilian rule—that have prevented the constitutional ideal from being realized. Some of the barriers are holdovers from the traditional society and some are of contemporary origin. None of the barriers is as troublesome as the recurrent military rule.
INTERDEPENDENCE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN UKRAINE AND BELARUS
Authors: Nordberg Marc
Published: August 2010

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its constituent republics suddenly found themselves to be independent states. However, Russia continues to exert influence on these states through interdependent economies and revanchist policies. Some states see their sovereignty being threatened by this, and resist. Others see the possibility for gain and encourage increased cooperation with Russia. This paper explores the causes for this difference in behavior. Two of these states that are moving in opposite directions in regard to Russia—Ukraine and Belarus—are examined. It is found that in light of the high level of asymmetrical interdependence found between these states and Russia, national identity can be used to explain why Ukraine and Belarus either associate or dissociate in regard to the Commonwealth of Independent States, the energy trade, and nuclear weapons.
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION: FEMINISM'S RELATIONSHIP WITH POLITICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Caiazza Amy B.
Published: August 2010

Feminist political scientists argue that women's political roles may be best understood in terms of a split between the public and private spheres. Ignoring the private sphere predisposes politicalscience to misunderstanding the complex relationship between gender and politics. Despite interesting advances, mainstream political science does not seriously incorporate this critique and dismisses gender's importance. If political science continues to ignore feminism, it cannot gain a comprehensive understanding of politics. So, while feminist demands may change the discipline significantly, political science should consider feminism more seriously. After considering the dynamics of the relationship between feminism and political science, this article suggests ways to improve the dialogue between feminist and mainstream researchers.
THE EFFECTS OF THE ABOLITION OF THE GEORGIA COUNTY‐UNIT SYSTEM ON THE 1962 GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION
Authors: Buchanan Scott E.
Published: August 2010

This study examines the impact of the abolition of the county‐unit system on the 1962 Georgia gubernatorial election, which provides the opportunity to analyze what occurs when a major upheaval takes place in an electoral system. Methods: Hypotheses concerning this election are proposed. Path models are used to demonstrate causal relationships, while multiple regression is used to empirically test the hypotheses. Results: The findings show that the abolition of the county‐unit system did have a significant impact upon this election. This ranged from what motivated voter turnout, to visits by the candidates, to what influenced vote choice. Conclusions: The abolition of the county‐unit system provided for a massive shift away from rural domination of statewide politics. Beyond simply influencing voting behavior, the urban counties also had a decisive impact on candidate campaigning and voter turnout.
POLICY CORRELATES OF PERFORMANCE AMONG GEORGIA'S PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS
Authors: Mabie Jan E. , Digby Michael F.
Published: August 2010

Achievement scores among 149 of Georgia's school systems were analyzed by first examining the impact of demographic and socioeconomic variables, and then the marginal impact of educational policy variables. Eleventh grade Iowa Tests of Basic Skills results served as the dependent variable in a series of multiple regression models and discriminant functions. A major object of the study was to assess the extent to which policy factors discriminate between school systems that exhibit test scores either substantially above or substantially below those predicted by a baseline demo‐graphic/SES model. The results reaffirm the powerful influences of environment upon absolute school system performance, but also demonstrate the significant marginal contributions of several education policy variables. Education policies were found to discriminate powerfully between systems that performed significantly above and those that perform significantly below regression estimates based upon their demographic/SES characters.
STRATEGIES FOR PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP IN THE POST‐COLD WAR ERA
Authors: Lammers William W.
Published: August 2010

This article first addresses factors which determine presidential opportunities for shaping domestic policy and emerging change in the post‐Cold War era. Recent changes are seen as providing significant constraints, but also a greater degree of opportunity than is sometimes acknowledged. The scope of those opportunities is then examined by assessing key leadership strategies. While recognizing continuing constraints on direct bargaining roles and significant limitations with the fast start strategy, the discussions points to important opportunities with strategies which include a full mobilization of administration potentials for influence, top‐level negotiation, third‐year shifts, uses of the bully pulpit to modify attitudes and behavior, and administrative actions. The conclusions emphasize that while opportunity levels will continue to have a strong impact on presidential accomplishments, differences in presidential choices of strategies will also contribute to future domestic policy outcomes.
US Crises and Domestic Politics: Crisis Outcomes, Reputation, and Domestic Consequences
Authors: Rioux Jean Sebastien
Published: August 2010

The analogy that states in the international system act as firms in a market has been used by scholars to explain the initiation of war and the formation of balances of power, among other things. Here, this analogy is explored further in an attempt to formalize and quantify the age‐old concept of diplomatic reputation. In this paper, I argue that states, like firms, invest in their reputation in order to secure future benefits, which might take the form of bargaining advantages. Investment in reputation is accomplished by escalating crises, in order to deter other states from initiating future crises. The resulting model of reputation‐building is tested empirically using International Crisis Behavior data on United States involvement in international crises for the years 1918–1988. The results support the model developed here; it appears that we can measure the concept of diplomatic reputation, and once a strong reputation is established, the United States does become involved in fewer crises. Furthermore, a hypothesis predicting more crisis activity during new presidential administrations is supported. Domestically, empirical evidence also is found linking diplomatic reputation with presidential approval levels.
SUPREME COURT SUPPORT FOR THE UNITED STATES: THE EFFECT OF PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS
Authors: Brent James C.
Published: August 2010

In a 1990 article, Jeffrey Segal attempted to document the effects of Supreme Court appointments on judicial decisions made in cases in which the U.S. Solicitor General had filed an amicus brief. Although his hypotheses were well justified by theory, the expected relationships did not emerge. In this paper, I argue that the effects that Segal sought to discover should be more apparent in cases in which the United States is a litigant than in cases in which the U.S. appears only as amicus. Based on this discussion, I then replicate Segal's analysis using a new set of data. The findings provide some support for Segal's original hypothesis: presidential appointments do matter. However, the relationship is more subtle than originally suggested by Segal, and to a certain extent is time‐bound.
THE MAYORAL CAMPAIGNS OF HARVEY GANTT: PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF COALITION MAINTENANCE IN THE NEW SOUTH
Authors: Clemons Michael L.
Published: August 2010

Recent United States Supreme Court rulings suggest that future gains in the number of black elected officials will likely derive primarily from districts which are predominantly white. The series of mayoral races (1979 primary and the 1983, 1985, and 1987 general elections) run by Harvey Gantt in Charlotte, North Carolina illuminates the problems and prospects of coalition maintenance in the New South. Specifically, these races suggest that in order to win in non‐black majority districts, it is imperative for black office seekers to formulate a biracial coalition which by its very nature consists of disparate social groups. Although deracialized electoral strategies can facilitate the formation of biracial coalitions by emphasizing issues which transcend racial boundaries, such strategies are not foolproof given the complexity of modern racism. This research addresses a significant void in the political science literature resulting from the lack of scholarly attention to these campaigns, and more generally to biracial political contests and coalition maintenance in the southern region.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF DIVIDED STATE GOVERNMENT ON TAX INNOVATION: 1960–1990
Authors: Schneiderman Stuart B.
Published: August 2010

There has been a lack of analysis of the consequences of divided government at the American state level. Past analyses tend to assume divided government results in gridlock. This article examines innovations in tax policy for the 50 states from 1960–1990 to test this assumption. Taking interparty competition into account, preliminary tests indicate that divided state governments, at least in the field of taxation, are capable of producing important legislation.
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE STATE‐BUILDING PROCESS IN EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: Roper Steven D. , Crowther William
Published: August 2010

This article examines the institutionalization of the Romanian parliament since 1990. The authors present a criteria for analyzing organizational institutionalization which incorporates notions of political culture, external influences and organizational structure. This criteria is then applied to a case study of the Romanian parliament. Based on the current structure of the Romanian parliament and MP survey data, the authors find that it has a low level of organizational institutionalization.
THEORIZING CITIZENSHIP FROM THE MARGINS
Authors: Brettschneider Marla
Published: August 2010

Democratic theorists devote much attention to citizenship. What might it mean, though, to theorize citizenship specifically from the margins? The presumption made here is that working from the margins indicates a concern for, and a sensitivity to, the views, needs and aspirations of those on the margins of society and attempts to attend to these. As the focus for this article is citizenship, the particular experimenting with such work done here is rooted in the experience of marginalization of certain groups in their exclusion from the formal relationships within the spheres of citizenship. The paper describes other spheres in which these groups have always been active. The experiences of many women and marginalized minorities in these other spheres suggest alternative possibilities for an “integrated” view of citizenship. After demonstrating this, I seek to articulate some of the concrete obstacles feminists face in enacting this “integrated” form of democratic citizenship.
THE WESTERN POWERS AND THE BALKAN WAR: CLASHING SECURITY INTERESTS AND INSTITUTIONAL PARALYSIS
Authors: Rupp Richard E.
Published: August 2010

During the early 1990s many international relations specialists wrote that the end of the Cold War heralded the emergence of a markedly new era in global politics. The argument was advanced that the major powers were experiencing a congruence of their security interests and that the new period afforded unprecedented opportunities for multilateral cooperation. As the two dominant frameworks in the formal study of international relations, realism and neo‐liberalism are at odds in explaining multilateral interventions of the post‐Cold War era. This article applies the two theories to the West's intervention in the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1995. The primary aim of the research is to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of the theories as they account for the West's failed intervention strategies. Analysis of this question will be based upon the examination of three independent variables: the interests of the intervening states, the impact of international organizations, and the presence or absence of a hegemonic power among the Western powers.
THINKING LOCALLY, ACTING GLOBALLY: LOCAL DEMOCRACY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Hunold Christian
Published: August 2010

This essay rethinks local democracy in the context of globalization. I reject unduly negative assessments of the prospects for local democracy because they derive from a model of globalization which ignores that local responses to globalization vary with local conditions. A multidimensional model, in contrast, does justice to the complexity of globalization processes, including their impact on subnational democracy. However, the longstanding tradition of democratic localism provides a weak conceptual basis for local democracy in the context of globalization. An adequate conception of local democracy should transcend the parochial outlook of democratic localism and accommodate a transnational action orientation. In such a cosmopolitan local democracy, local communities are primarily sources of political mobilization rather than arenas of political action. A transnational campaign by Canadian aboriginal peoples against the militarization of their homeland provides reassuring as well as disturbing lessons about the prospects for cosmopolitan local democracy.
CAMPAIGN EFFECTS OF EARLY VOTING
Authors: Busch Andrew E.
Published: August 2010

While attention has been focused on the goal of boosting voter participation, early voting reforms adopted by numerous states may also have important effects on the conduct of campaigns and the outcome of elections. By summarizing the national debate over the campaign effects of early voting, this paper identifies five primary questions. A case study of Colorado addresses those five questions. Early voting does substantially alter campaign dynamics. It takes campaigns several election cycles to adapt, and campaigns which make serious efforts to adapt are much more likely to win. Hypotheses that early voting drives up campaign costs and reduces late negative campaigning are not supported by the evidence. Finally, despite the beliefs of candidates that early voting does not systematically help either party and that it does systematically help incumbents, available evidence indicates that early voting helps Republicans fairly consistently but does not systematically benefit incumbents.
MANAGING THE PRE‐MODERN PRESIDENCY: JAMES K. POLK, THE OREGON CRISIS AND THE MEXICAN WAR
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes the management style of President James K. Polk and his handling of two very critical events during his tenure: the Oregon Crisis and the Mexican War. A number of conclusions can be drawn. Polk subscribed to a collegial form of White House organization in which he occupied the center of the policy and political process. All important decisions were made by Polk as he delegated little authority. The costs and benefits of the collegial model are apparent in the Polk administration: the facilitation and origination of a number of feasible and quality policy options as well as the stress and strain of his labor‐intensive managerial style. Finally, a comparison is made between Polk and President Jimmy Carter. Not only are there similarities in their respective management styles, but also with respect to their personalities and relationships with their advisors.
NIXON AND THE FREE PRESS: GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE DOMESTIC ASSAULT
Authors: Van Belle Douglas A.
Published: August 2010

New data compiled on the number of free press countries in the world since 1948 show a steady upward trend except during the presidency of Richard M. Nixon. During Nixon's presidency, and only during Nixon's presidency, the number of free press countries around the globe declined steadily. The coincidence of Nixon's unprecedented attacks on the US news media and this decline in the number of free presses around the globe is difficult to ignore. Though no causal link is tested, several mechanisms that might explain how Nixon's policies might have had a global impact are suggested, along with outlines of what is needed for rigorous exploration and testing.
Machiavelli, Politics, and Morality
Authors: Sabia Daniel R.
Published: August 2010

Drawing primarily on interpretations of Machiavelli, this article describes four conceptions of the relationship between politics and morality, together with key features of politics and morality that underlie them. One conception is manifest in the traditional image of Machiavelli as an immoralist and corrupt founder of the tradition of reason of state, who supposes politics to be a realm of action distinct from, and in conflict with, morality. A second conception, which in contrast to the first is captured in a view of Machiavelli as a moralist, contends that politics places on morality distinct demands which morality is nonetheless able to accommodate by distinguishing between public and private ethics. A third position on the relationship between politics and morality, suggested by interpretations that depict Machiavelli as a moralist of a deeply troubled sort, conceives of politics as a realm of tragedy. In a fourth and final view, politics is said to be the source of morality, a conception manifest in interpretations of Machiavelli that describe him as advocating a presumed pagan worldview. Rather than championing any one of these perspectives on the relation between politics and morality, the position adopted here is that each has something important to say about the perennial questions regarding the nature of politics, morality, and the relation between them.