bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative characterization reveals three types of dry-sensitive corneal afferents: pattern of discharge, receptive field, and thermal and chemical sensitivity
Authors: Hirata Harumitsu , Fried Nathan , Oshinsky Michael L.
Published: August 2012

This study reveals that the cold-sensitive (CS) + dry-sensitive (DS) corneal afferents reported in a previous study consist of two types: 1) low threshold (LT)-CS + DS neurons with <1°C cooling sensitivity, and 2) high threshold (HT)-CS + DS neurons with a wide range of cooling sensitivities (∼1–10°C cooling). We also found DS neurons with no cooling sensitivity down to 19°C [cold-insensitive (CI) + DS neurons]. LT-CS + DS neurons showed highly irregular discharge patterns during the dry cornea characterized by numerous spiking bursts, reflecting small temperature changes in the cornea. Their receptive fields (RFs) were mainly located in the cornea's center, the first place for tears to ebb from the surface and be susceptible to external temperature fluctuations. HT-CS and CI + DS neurons showed a gradual rise in firing rate to a stable level over ∼60 s after the dry stimulus onset. Their RFs were located mostly in the cornea's periphery, the last place for tears to evaporate. The exquisite sensitivity to cooling in LT-CS + DS neurons was highly correlated with heat sensitivity (∼45°C). There was a perfect correlation between noxious heat sensitivity and capsaicin responsiveness in each neuron type. The high sensitivity to noxious osmotic stress was a defining property of the HT-CS and CI + DS neurons, while high sensitivity to menthol was a major characteristic of the LT-CS + DS neurons. These observations suggest that three types of DS neurons serve different innocuous and nociceptive functions related to corneal dryness.
IB4(+) nociceptors mediate persistent muscle pain induced by GDNF
Authors: Alvarez Pedro , Chen Xiaojie , Bogen Oliver , Green Paul G. , Levine Jon D.
Published: August 2012

Skeletal muscle is a well-known source of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which can produce mechanical hyperalgesia. Since some neuromuscular diseases are associated with both increased release of GDNF and intense muscle pain, we explored the role of GDNF as an endogenous mediator in muscle pain. Intramuscularly injected GDNF induced a dose-dependent (0.1–10 ng/20 μl) persistent (up to 3 wk) mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Once hyperalgesia subsided, injection of prostaglandin E2 at the site induced a prolonged mechanical hyperalgesia (>72 h) compared with naïve rats (<4 h; hyperalgesic priming). Selective neurotoxic destruction of IB4(+) nociceptors attenuated both GDNF hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming. Ergonomic muscular injury induced by eccentric exercise or mechanical vibration increased muscle GDNF levels at 24 h, a time point where rats also exhibited marked muscle hyperalgesia. Intrathecal antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to mRNA encoding GFRα1, the canonical binding receptor for GDNF, reversibly inhibited eccentric exercise- and mechanical vibration-induced muscle hyperalgesia. Finally, electrophysiological recordings from nociceptors innervating the gastrocnemius muscle in anesthetized rats, revealed significant increase in response to sustained mechanical stimulation after local GDNF injection. In conclusion, these data indicate that GDNF plays a role as an endogenous mediator in acute and induction of chronic muscle pain, an effect likely to be produced by GDNF action at GFRα1 receptors located in IB4(+) nociceptors.
Illusion caused by vibration of muscle spindles reveals an involvement of muscle spindle inputs in regulating isometric contraction of masseter muscles
Authors: Tsukiboshi Taisuke , Sato Hajime , Tanaka Yuto , Saito Mitsuru , Toyoda Hiroki , Morimoto Toshifumi , Türker Kemal Sitki , Maeda Yoshinobu , Kang Youngnam
Published: August 2012

Spindle Ia afferents may be differentially involved in voluntary isometric contraction, depending on the pattern of synaptic connections in spindle reflex pathways. We investigated how isometric contraction of masseter muscles is regulated through the activity of their muscle spindles that contain the largest number of intrafusal fibers among skeletal muscle spindles by examining the effects of vibration of muscle spindles on the voluntary isometric contraction. Subjects were instructed to hold the jaw at resting position by counteracting ramp loads applied on lower molar teeth. In response to the increasing-ramp load, the root mean square (RMS) of masseter EMG activity almost linearly increased under no vibration, while displaying a steep linear increase followed by a slower increase under vibration. The regression line of the relationship between the load and RMS was significantly steeper under vibration than under no vibration, suggesting that the subjects overestimated the ramp load and excessively counteracted it as reflected in the emergence of bite pressure. In response to the decreasing-ramp load applied following the increasing one, the RMS hardly decreased under vibration unlike under no vibration, leading to a generation of bite pressure even after the offset of the negative-ramp load until the vibration was ceased. Thus the subjects overestimated the increasing rate of the load while underestimating the decreasing rate of the load, due to the vibration-induced illusion of jaw opening. These observations suggest that spindle Ia/II inputs play crucial roles both in estimating the load and in controlling the isometric contraction of masseter muscles in the jaw-closed position.
Identification of microRNAs changed in the neonatal lungs in response to hyperoxia exposure
Authors: Bhaskaran Manoj , Xi Dong , Wang Yang , Huang Chaoqun , Narasaraju Telugu , Shu Weiqun , Zhao Chunling , Xiao Xiao , More Sunil , Breshears Melanie , Liu Lin
Published: August 2012

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial chronic lung disease of premature infants. BPD can be attributed to the dysregulation of normal lung development due to ventilation and oxygen toxicity, resulting in pathologic complications of impaired alveolarization and vascularization. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally and are implicated in diverse biological processes and diseases. The objectives of this study are to identify the changed miRNAs and their target genes in neonatal rat lungs in response to hyperoxia exposure. Using miRNA microarray and real-time PCR analyses, we found downregulation of five miRNAs, miR-342, miR-335, miR-150, miR-126*, and miR-151*, and upregulation of two miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-34a. Some of these miRNAs had the highest expression during embryonic and early postnatal development. DNA microarray analysis yielded several genes with conserved binding sites for these altered miRNAs. Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein b (GPNMB) was experimentally verified as a target of miR-150. In summary, we identified seven miRNAs that were changed in hyperoxia-exposed neonatal lungs. These results provide a basis for deciphering the mechanisms involved in the spatial and temporal regulation of proteins that contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD.
Physiological and genomic consequences of adrenergic deficiency during embryonic/fetal development in mice: impact on retinoic acid metabolism
Authors: Osuala Kingsley , Baker Candice N. , Nguyen Ha-Long , Martinez Celines , Weinshenker David , Ebert Steven N.
Published: August 2012

Adrenergic hormones are essential for early heart development. To gain insight into understanding how these hormones influence heart development, we evaluated genomic expression changes in embryonic hearts from adrenergic-deficient and wild-type control mice. To perform this study, we used a mouse model with targeted disruption of the Dopamine β-hydroxylase ( Dbh) gene, whose product is responsible for enzymatic conversion of dopamine into norepinephrine. Embryos homozygous for the null allele ( Dbh−/−) die from heart failure beginning as early as embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). To assess underlying causes of heart failure, we isolated hearts from Dbh−/−and Dbh+/+embryos prior to manifestation of the phenotype and examined gene expression changes using genomic Affymetrix 430A 2.0 arrays, which enabled simultaneous evaluation of >22,000 genes. We found that only 22 expressed genes showed a significant twofold or greater change, representing ∼0.1% of the total genes analyzed. More than half of these genes are associated with either metabolism (31%) or signal transduction (22%). Remarkably, several of the altered genes encode for proteins that are directly involved in retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis and transport. Subsequent evaluation showed that RA concentrations were significantly elevated by an average of ∼3-fold in adrenergic-deficient ( Dbh−/−) embryos compared with controls, thereby suggesting that RA may be an important downstream mediator of adrenergic action during embryonic heart development.
Large-Scale Atmospheric Step-and-Repeat UV Nanoimprinting
Authors: Ishibashi Kentaro , Goto Hiroshi , Mizuno Jun , Shoji Shuichi
Published: August 2012

Step-and-repeat UV nanoimprinting for large-scale nanostructure fabrication under atmospheric pressure was realized using high-viscosity photocurable resin and a simple nanoimprinting system. In step-and-repeat UV nanoimprinting under atmospheric pressure using low-viscosity resin, large-scale nanostructure fabrication is very difficult, due to bubble defects and nonuniformity of the residual layer. To minimize bubble defects and nonuniformity of the residual layer, we focused on the damping effects of photocurable resin viscosity. Fabrication of 165 dies was successfully demonstrated in a130×130 mm2area on an 8 in silicon substrate by step-and-repeat UV nanoimprinting under atmospheric pressure using high-viscosity photocurable resin. Nanostructures with widths and spacing patterns from 80 nm to 3 μm and 200 nm depth were formed using a quartz mold. Bubble defects were not observed, and residual layer uniformity was within 30 nm ±10%. This study reports on simple step-and-repeat UV nanoimprinting under atmospheric pressure using high-viscosity photocurable resin, as a very widely available method for large-scale mass production of nanostructures.
Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Müller Progenitor Cell Interaction Increase Müller Progenitor Cell Expression of PDGFR and Ability to Induce Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Velez Gisela , Weingarden Alexa R. , Tucker Budd A. , Lei Hetian , Kazlauskas Andrius , Young Michael J.
Published: August 2012

Purpose. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a complication of retinal detachment characterized by redetachment of the retina as a result of membrane formation and contraction. A variety of retinal cells, including retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and Müller glia, and growth factors may be responsible. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is found in large quantities in PVR membranes, and is intrinsic to the development of PVR in rabbit models. This study explores the expression of PDGFR in cocultures of RPE and Müller cells over time to examine how these two cell types may collaborate in the development of PVR. We also examine how changes in PDGFRαexpression alter Müller cell pathogenicity.Methods. Human MIO-M1 Müller progenitor (MPC) and ARPE19 cells were studied in a transmembrane coculture system. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to look at PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and GFAP expression. A transfected MPC line cell line expressing the PDGFRα(MIO-M1α) was generated, and tested in a rabbit model for its ability to induce PVR.Results. The expression of PDGFRαand PDGFRβwas upregulated in MIO-M1 MPCs cocultured with ARPE19 cells; GFAP was slightly decreased. Increased expression of PDGFRαin the MIO-M1 cell line resulted in increased pathogenicity and enhanced ability to induce PVR in a rabbit model.Conclusions. Müller and RPE cell interaction can lead to upregulation of PDGFRαand increased Müller cell pathogenicity. Müller cells may play a more active role than previously thought in the development of PVR membranes, particularly when stimulated by an RPE-cell-rich environment. Additional studies of human samples and in animal models are warranted.
Asymptotic Stability of Semi-Markov Modulated Jump Diffusions
Authors: Deshpande Amogh
Published: August 2012

We consider the class of semi-Markov modulated jump diffusions (sMMJDs) whose operator turns out to be an integro-partial differential operator. We find conditions under which the solutions of this class of switching jump-diffusion processes are almost surely exponentially stable and moment exponentially stable. We also provide conditions that imply almost sure convergence of the trivial solution when the moment exponential stability of the trivial solution is guaranteed. We further investigate and determine the conditions under which the trivial solution of the sMMJD-perturbed nonlinear system of differential equations is almost surely exponentially stable. It is observed that for a one-dimensional state space, a linear unstable system of differential equations when stabilized just by the addition of the jump part of an sMMJD process does not get destabilized by any addition of a Brownian motion. However, in a state space of dimension at least two, we show that a corresponding nonlinear system of differential equations stabilized by jumps gets destabilized by addition of Brownian motion.
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Gas-Liquid Flow in a T-Junction Microchannel
Authors: Pham Hongtruong , Wen Lu , Zhang Hongbo
Published: August 2012

Gas-liquid flow in microchannels is widely used in biomedicine, nanotech, sewage treatment, and so forth. Particularly, owing to the high qualities of the microbubbles and spheres produced in microchannels, it has a great potential to be used in ultrasound imaging and controlled drug release areas; therefore, gas-liquid flow in microchannels has been the focus in recent years. In this paper, numerical simulation of gas-liquid flows in a T-junction microchannel was carried out with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT and the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) model. The distribution of velocity, pressure, and phase of fluid in the microchannel was obtained, the pressure distribution along the channel walls was analyzed in order to give a better understanding on the formation of microbubbles in the T-junction microchannel.
Dynamical Behaviors of Impulsive Stochastic Reaction‐Diffusion Neural Networks with Mixed Time Delays
Authors: Zhang Weiyuan , Li Junmin , Chen Minglai
Published: August 2012

We discuss the dynamical behaviors of impulsive stochastic reaction‐diffusion neural networks (ISRDNNs) with mixed time delays. By using a well‐known L‐operator differential inequality with mixed time delays and combining with the Lyapunov‐Krasovkii functional approach, as well as linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique, some novel sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the existence, uniqueness, and global exponential stability of the periodic solutions for ISRDNNs with mixed time delays in the mean square sense. The obtained sufficient conditions depend on the reaction‐diffusion terms. The results of this paper are new and improve some of the previously known results. The proposed model is quite general since many factors such as noise perturbations, impulsive phenomena, and mixed time delays are considered. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to verify the usefulness of the obtained results.
Testing Two Tools for Multimodal Navigation
Authors: Liljedahl Mats , Lindberg Stefan , Delsing Katarina , Polojärvi Mikko , Saloranta Timo , Alakärppä Ismo
Published: August 2012

The latest smartphones with GPS, electronic compasses, directional audio, touch screens, and so forth, hold a potential for location-based services that are easier to use and that let users focus on their activities and the environment around them. Rather than interpreting maps, users can search for information by pointing in a direction and database queries can be created from GPS location and compass data. Users can also get guidance to locations through point and sweep gestures, spatial sound, and simple graphics. This paper describes two studies testing two applications with multimodal user interfaces for navigation and information retrieval. The applications allow users to search for information and get navigation support using combinations of point and sweep gestures, nonspeech audio, graphics, and text. Tests show that users appreciated both applications for their ease of use and for allowing users to interact directly with the surrounding environment.
EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma Mimicking a Pneumonia
Authors: Taus Álvaro , Zuccarino Flavio , Trampal Carlos , Arriola Edurne
Published: August 2012

PET-CT scan has demonstrated to be very effective in lung cancer diagnosis and staging, but lung cancer has multiple ways of presentation, which can lead to an error in diagnosis imaging and a delay on the beginning of specific treatment. We present a case of a 77-year-old man with an initial PET-CT scan showing high 18F-FDG intake, suggesting a bilateral pneumonia, who was finally diagnosed of an EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. EGFR-activating mutation allowed us to start treatment with the oral tyrosin kinase inhibitor Gefitinib, obtaining a rapid and sustained response. Histological confirmation of imaging findings is always necessary to avoid diagnostic errors.
Distortion-Based Slice Level Prioritization for Real-Time Video over QoS-Enabled Wireless Networks
Authors: Ali Ismail A. , Fleury Martin , Ghanbari Mohammed
Published: August 2012

This paper presents a prioritization scheme based on an analysis of the impact on objective video quality when dropping individual slices from coded video streams. It is shown that giving higher-priority classified packets preference in accessing the wireless media results in considerable quality gain (up to 3 dB in tests) over the case when no prioritization is applied. The proposed scheme is demonstrated for an IEEE 802.11e quality-of-service- (QoS-) enabled wireless LAN. Though more complex prioritization systems are possible, the proposed scheme is crafted for mobile interactive or user-to-user video services and is simply implemented within the Main or the Baseline profiles of an H.264 codec.
Successful Prolonged Mechanical CPR in a Severely Poisoned Hypothermic Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Piacentini Alberto , Volonte' Maurizio , Rigamonti Marcello , Guastella Elisa , Landriscina Mario
Published: August 2012

Mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (m-CPR) devices are an alternative to manual CPR, but their efficacy has been subject to debate. We present a case of a patient with full-neurologic recovery after prolonged m-CPR. The patient presented with severe hypothermia (internal temperature 24°C) and poisoning (sedatives/hypnotics). Hepatic perfusion and metabolism are considered keys to restore spontaneous circulation. During this period no problems related to the device or patient positioning were encountered. Delivery of high-quality CPR and prolonged resuscitation were achieved. We confirm that ventilations asynchronous with chest compressions can be a problem. Reduction in chest measurements can hamper lung ventilation. A synchronous mode of manual ventilation (30 : 2) seems to be the best solution. The patient had an initial period of manual CPR. No damage to any organ or structure was noted. This case is of further interest because our EMS helicopters can fly 24 hours a day and m-CPR devices could play an important role as a “bridge” in patients when active rewarming by cardiopulmonary bypass is indicated (CPB).
Fractal Dimension Analysis of Higher‐Order Mode Shapes for Damage Identification of Beam Structures
Authors: Bai Runbo , Cao Maosen , Su Zhongqing , Ostachowicz Wiesław , Xu Hao
Published: August 2012

Fractal dimension analysis is an emerging method for vibration‐based structural damage identification. An unresolved problem in this method is its incapability of identifying damage by higher‐order mode shapes. The natural inflexions of higher‐order mode shapes may cause false peaks of high‐magnitude estimates of fractal dimension, largely masking any signature of damage. In the situation of a scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) providing a chance to reliably acquire higher‐order (around tenth‐order) mode shapes, an improved fractal dimension method that is capable of treating higher‐order mode shapes for damage detection is of important significance. This study proposes a sophisticated fractal dimension method with the aid of a specially designed affine transformation that is able to obviate natural inflexions of a higher‐order mode shape while preserving its substantial damage information. The affine transformed mode shape facilitates the fractal dimension analysis to yield an effective damage feature: fractal dimension trajectory, in which an abruptly risking peak clearly characterizes the location and severity of the damage. This new fractal dimension method is demonstrated on multiple cracks identification in numerically simulated damage scenarios. The effectiveness of the method is experimentally validated by using a SLV to acquire higher‐order mode shapes of a cracked cantilever beam.
Impact of Oral Ubiquinol on Blood Oxidative Stress and Exercise Performance
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Canale Robert E. , McCarthy Cameron G. , Farney Tyler M.
Published: August 2012

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) plays an important role in bioenergetic processes and has antioxidant activity. Fifteen exercise-trained individuals (10 men and 5 women; 30–65 years) received reduced CoQ10 (Kaneka QH ubiquinol; 300 mg per day) or a placebo for four weeks in a random order, double blind, cross-over design (3 week washout). After each four-week period, a graded exercise treadmill test and a repeated cycle sprint test were performed (separated by 48 hours). Blood samples were collected before and immediately following both exercise tests and analyzed for lactate, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. Resting blood samples were analyzed for CoQ10 (ubiquinone and ubiquinol) profile before and after each treatment period. Treatment with CoQ10 resulted in a significant increase in total blood CoQ10 (138%;P=0.02) and reduced blood CoQ10 (168%;P=0.02), but did not improve exercise performance (with the exception of selected individuals) or impact oxidative stress. The relationship between the percentage change in total blood CoQ10 and the cycle sprint total work (R2=0.6009) was noted to be moderate to strong. We conclude that treatment with CoQ10 in healthy, exercise-trained subjects increases total and reduced blood CoQ10, but this increase does not translate into improved exercise performance or decreased oxidative stress.
Ownership Structure, Financial Decisions, and Institutional Setting: An International Analysis through Simultaneous Equations
Authors: López-Iturriaga Félix J. , Rodríguez-Sanz Juan Antonio
Published: August 2012

We analyze the mutual relations among firms’ capital structure, ownership structure, and valuation. Through the estimation of a system of simultaneous equations for a sample of 1,130 firms from 16 countries from both the common law and the civil law environments, our results confirm the differential effect of ownership structure on firms’ value in each setting. Whereas in civil law firms the higher ownership concentration results in an entrenchment and an alignment effect, in the common law firms higher ownership concentration increases the value of the firm. Second, we corroborate the endogeneity of ownership structure since we find that ownership structure is affected by the value of the firm and by the capital structure. Third, our results suggest that corporate finance decisions are taken simultaneously with other mechanisms of corporate governance and conditional on firms’ valuation.
A VNS Metaheuristic with Stochastic Steps for Max 3‐Cut and Max 3‐Section
Authors: Ling Ai-fan
Published: August 2012

A heuristic algorithm based on VNS is proposed to solve the Max 3‐cut and Max 3‐section problems. By establishing a neighborhood structure of the Max 3‐cut problem, we propose a local search algorithm and a variable neighborhood global search algorithm with two stochastic search steps to obtain the global solution. We give some numerical results and comparisons with the well‐known 0.836‐approximate algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed heuristic algorithm can obtain efficiently the high‐quality solutions and has the better numerical performance than the 0.836‐approximate algorithm for the NP‐Hard Max 3‐cut and Max 3‐section problems.
Applications of Vitrinite Anisotropy in the Tectonics: A Case Study of Huaibei Coalfield, Southern North China
Authors: Wu Yudong , Hou Quanlin , Ju Yiwen , Cao Daiyong , Fan Junjia , Wei Wei
Published: August 2012

29 oriented and 10 nonoriented coal samples are collected in the study from three different regions of the Huaibei coalfield, eastern China, and their vitrinite reflectance indicating surface (RIS) parameters are systematically calculated and analyzed. Using the available methods, Kilby’s transformations and RIS triaxial orientations are obtained. The magnitudes and orientations of the RIS axes of the three regions were respectively projected on the horizontal planes and vertical sections. The results show that the samples in high deformed region have significant anisotropy magnitudes (higher Bw/Rmax and Ram values) with a biaxial negative style, whereas the samples in the slightly deformed area have unimpressive anisotropy magnitudes with a biaxial negative style. Thermal metamorphism superposed might enhance the complication and variation of RIS style. RIS projection analysis deduced that the RIS orientation is mainly controlled by regional tectonic stress, and likely influenced by deformation mechanisms of coal.
Existence of Weak Solutions for Nonlinear Fractional Differential Inclusion with Nonseparated Boundary Conditions
Authors: Zhou Wen-Xue , Liu Hai-Zhong
Published: August 2012

We discuss the existence of solutions, under the Pettis integrability assumption, for a class of boundary value problems for fractional differential inclusions involving nonlinear nonseparated boundary conditions. Our analysis relies on the Mönch fixed point theorem combined with the technique of measures of weak noncompactness.
Cluster Synchronization for Linearly Coupled Complex Networks with Identical and Nonidentical Nodes
Authors: Zhao Yi , Feng Jianwen , Wang Jingyi
Published: August 2012

The cluster synchronization of linearly coupled complex networks with identical and nonidentical nodes is studied. Without assuming symmetry, we proved that these linearly coupled complex networks could achieve cluster synchronization under certain pinning control schemes. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing cluster synchronization for any initial values are derived by using Lyapunov function methods. Moreover, the adaptive feedback algorithms are proposed to adjust the control strength. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate our theoretical results.
Two Portuguese Cochlear Implanted Dizygotic Twins: A Case Report
Authors: Chora Joana Rita , Simões-Teixeira Helena , Matos Tiago Daniel , Martins Jorge Humberto , Alves Marisa , Ferreira Raquel , Silva Luís , Ribeiro Carlos , Fialho Graça , Caria Helena
Published: August 2012

Individual’s hearing performance after cochlear implant (CI) is variable and depends on different factors such as etiology of deafness, age at implantation, and social/family hearing environment. Here we report the case of dizygotic twins, boy and girl, presenting with neurosensorial profound deafness prior CI (age of implantation = 3.5 years old). Both parents have severe/profound deafness, since childhood, and use sign language as primary mode of communication. Clinical and genetic characterization was performed, as well as the assessment of the auditory and oral (re)habilitation after CI, applying a battery of audiological, speech, and language tests. The twin girl and the father were homozygous for the c.35delG mutation in the GJB2 gene, while the twin boy and the mother were compound heterozygotes, both monoallelic for c.35delG and for the deletion del(GJB6-D13S1830) in theGJB6gene. The remaining hearing impaired relatives were c.35delG homozygotes. The genetic cause of deafness was thus identified in this family. Some noteworthy differences were observed regarding twins’ auditory and oral performance after CI. Subsequent follow-up of these children allowed us to conclude that those differences were most likely due to the different environment in which the twins have been living than to their differentGJB2/GJB6genotypes.
Elimination ofOnchocerca volvulusTransmission in the Huehuetenango Focus of Guatemala
Authors: Cruz-Ortiz Nancy , Gonzalez Rodrigo J. , Lindblade Kim A. , Richards Frank O. , Sauerbrey Mauricio , Zea-Flores Guillermo , Dominguez Alfredo , Oliva Orlando , Catú Eduardo , Rizzo Nidia
Published: August 2012

In Latin America, onchocerciasis is targeted for elimination by 2012 through twice-yearly mass treatment of the eligible population with ivermectin. In Guatemala, two of the four historical endemic foci have demonstrated elimination of transmission, following World Health Organization guidelines. Using established guidelines ophthalmological, serological, and entomological evaluations were conducted in 2007-8 to determine the transmission status of onchocerciasis in the Huehuetenango focus. The prevalence ofOnchocerca volvulusmicrofilariae in the anterior segment of the eye in 365 residents was 0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–0.8%), the prevalence of infection ofO. volvulusinSimulium ochraceumamong 8252 flies collected between November 2007 and April 2008 was 0% (95% CI 0–0.02%), and the prevalence of antibodies to a recombinantO. volvulusantigen in 3118 school age children was 0% (95% CI 0–0.1%). These results showed transmission interruption; thus, in 2009 mass treatment was halted and posttreatment surveillance began. To verify for potential recrudescence an entomological evaluation (from December 2010 to April 2011) was conducted during the 2nd and 3rd year of posttreatment surveillance. A total of 4587S. ochraceumwere collected, and the prevalence of infection ofO. volvuluswas 0% (95% CI 0–0.04%). Transmission of onchocerciasis in the Huehuetenango focus has been eliminated.
Amyloidβ-Related Angiitis Causing Coma Responsive to Immunosuppression
Authors: Weiss Shennan A. , Pisapia David , Mayer Stephan A. , Willey Joshua Z. , Lee Kiwon
Published: August 2012

Introduction. Amyloid-beta-related angiitis (ABRA) is a form of CNS vasculitis in which perivascular beta-amyloid in the intracerebral vessels is thought to act as a trigger for inflammation mediated by CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ T lymphocytes. Patients with severe ABRA may develop coma responsive to immunosuppressive treatment.Case Presentation. A 57-year-old man presented to the neurological intensive care unit febrile, obtunded, and with a left hemiparesis. He had suffered from intermittent left arm weakness and numbness for several months prior. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid studies showed a lymphocytic leukocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but no other evidence of infection, and the patient underwent a brain biopsy. Histopathological examination demonstrated amyloid angiopathy, with an extensive perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, indicative of ABRA. The patient was started on cyclophosphamide and steroids. Following a week of treatment he awakened and over several weeks made a significant neurological recovery.Conclusions. ABRA can have a variety of clinical presentations, including impairments in consciousness and coma. Accurate pathological diagnosis, followed by aggressive immunosuppression, can lead to impressive neurological improvements. This diagnosis should be considered in patients with paroxysmal recurrent neurological symptoms and an accelerated progression.
Epimedium koreanumExtract and Its Constituent Icariin Improve Motor Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Tohda Chihiro , Nagata Aiko
Published: August 2012

Although cell transplantation strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI) using sources such as iPS cells and neural stem cells are focused as expectative therapies for SCI, the possibility of medication as more accessible and practical way should not be given up. We, therefore, aimed to develop medical sources for SCI. In this paper, we evaluated effects of a famous tonic herb,Epimedium koreanum, on motor dysfunction in spinal cord injury (SCI). The spinal cord was injured by contusion after laminectomy at T10 level. Oral administration of the methanol extract ofE. koreanumsignificantly enhanced hindlimb function in SCI mice by short period treatment (for initial 3 days) and chronic treatment (21 days), although chronic treatment recovered the function more potently. Since it is well known that icariin is the major constituent inE. koreanum, icariin was administered orally to SCI mice for initial 3 days. Motor dysfunction was ameliorated by icariin treatment similarly to the methanol extract ofE. koreanum. This paper is the first report to indicateE. koreanumis effective for recovery of motor function in SCI, and at least icariin is an active constituent.
Sources of Dietary Fiber and the Association of Fiber Intake with Childhood Obesity Risk (in 2–18 Year Olds) and Diabetes Risk of Adolescents 12–18 Year Olds: NHANES 2003–2006
Authors: Brauchla Mary , Juan WenYen , Story Jon , Kranz Sibylle
Published: August 2012

Increased fiber intake has been linked with lower risk of overweight and obesity in adults, but data are sparse for children. To address this issue, NHANES 2003–2006 data was used to evaluate (1) the food sources of fiber in children, (2) the dietary fiber density levels and risk of being classified as overweight/obese, and (3) the association between fiber intake level and impaired glucose metabolism in children. Analyses were restricted to the subsample of children with biological plausible diet reports (N=4,667) and stratified by 2–11 year olds (n=2072) and 12–18 year olds (n=2595). Results showed that the food sources are predominantly foods that are low in dietary fiber, but are consumed at high levels. In 2–18 year old plausible reporters, the risk for overweight/obesity decreased by 17% from children in the medium tertile of fiber density intake compared to the lowest tertile (OR=0.83,Pvalue = 0.043) and by 21% between the highest compared to the lowest tertile (OR=0.79,Pvalue = 0.031). There was a protective effect of being in the medium tertile of dietary fiber density (OR=0.68,Pvalue <0.001) on impaired glucose metabolism. These results indicate a beneficial effect of higher fiber density in children’s diets.
Risk Factors for Asthma in a Helminth Endemic Area in Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Cardoso Luciana S. , Costa Daniela M. , Almeida Maria Cecília F. , Souza Robson P. , Carvalho Edgar M. , Araujo Maria Ilma , Oliveira Ricardo R.
Published: August 2012

Protective factors associated with atopy or asthma in rural areas include socioeconomic level, overcrowding, and helminth infection. However, little epidemiological information was originated from schistosomiasis areas. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with asthma in a schistosomiasis endemic area. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographics, socioeconomic, and environmental features. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to identify individuals with asthma. Parasitological exam was done in all participants and skin prick test to aeroallergens in all asthmatics. Prevalence ofSchistosoma mansoniinfection was 57.4% andAscaris lumbricoides,30.8%. Asthma was found in 13.1% of the population, and 35.1% of them had a positive SPT. Active and passive smoking was positively associated with asthma, whereasA. lumbricoideswas negatively associated. In a schistosomiasis hyperendemic region, current infection withA. lumbricoidesis protective against asthma. However, we cannot rule out the involvement ofS. mansoniinfection in this process.
Conformational Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium-Type Ionic Liquid Cation, N,N-Diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) Ammonium Cation
Authors: Takekiyo Takahiro , Imai Yusuke , Abe Hiroshi , Yoshimura Yukihiro
Published: August 2012

Conformational preference of N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium cation ([DEME]+), which is one of the quaternary ammonium-based ionic liquid cation, in the gas phase has been investigated using a density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Eight candidates for the stable conformers of [DEME]+ exist in the gas phase, and can it energetically classify into two groups. One is a five conformers group, which has the intramolecular attractive interaction form (the folded form). The other is a three conformers group, which is the noninteraction form (the extended form). The transformation from the folded form to the extended form induces large changes in the dipole moment and partial charges of N and O atoms. Here we show that the difference in the dipole moment and partial charges of N and O atoms associated with the conformational change of [DEME]+ are closely related to the molecular orientation of [DEME]-based ionic liquids in the liquid state.
Projection of Social Burden of the Elderly in Japan Using INAHSIM-II
Authors: Fukawa Tetsuo
Published: August 2012

By using a microsimulation model named INAHSIM, we conducted a household projection in Japan for the period of 2011–2060. Due to rapid aging of the population, the distribution of the elderly (65 years old or older) by living arrangement and dependency level has a profound impact on the future social burden. In this paper, we measured the social burden of the elderly by three variables: (1) institutionalization rate (percentage of the elderly living in institutions), (2) parent-child ratio (relative number of old parents taking into account the number of brothers and sisters), and (3) one-year transition matrix of the elderly by household type. Especially, the choice of the elderly among (a) living independently, (b) coresident with child households, and (c) moving to institutions are crucial indicators for the future social burden of the elderly in Japan.
Virus Infection-Induced Bronchial Asthma Exacerbation
Authors: Yamaya Mutsuo
Published: August 2012

Infection with respiratory viruses, including rhinoviruses, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus, exacerbates asthma, which is associated with processes such as airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus hypersecretion. In patients with viral infections and with infection-induced asthma exacerbation, inflammatory mediators and substances, including interleukins (ILs), leukotrienes and histamine, have been identified in the airway secretions, serum, plasma, and urine. Viral infections induce an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airway mucosa and submucosa, including neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. Viral infections also enhance the production of inflammatory mediators and substances in airway epithelial cells, mast cells, and other inflammatory cells, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, RANTES, histamine, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Viral infections affect the barrier function of the airway epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Recent reports have demonstrated augmented viral production mediated by an impaired interferon response in the airway epithelial cells of asthma patients. Several drugs used for the treatment of bronchial asthma reduce viral and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from airway epithelial cells infected with viruses. Here, I review the literature on the pathogenesis of the viral infection-induced exacerbation of asthma and on the modulation of viral infection-induced airway inflammation.
A Dynamic Pricing Scheme for Congestion Game in Wireless Machine-to-Machine Networks
Authors: Mao Zhifei , Nan Guofang , Li Minqiang
Published: August 2012

The problem of assigning a set of source nodes to a set of routes in wireless machine-to-machine (M2M) networks is addressed using a game theoretic approach. The objective is to minimize the maximum latency over all source nodes as far as possible while the game achieves a pure Nash Equilibrium (NE). To compute such an NE efficiently, we present a distributed dynamic pricing (DP) scheme, where each source node is assumed to pay for using any route so that the route has incentive to relay data for the source node. A loose upper bound is given for the convergence time of DP, and simulation results show that it performs much faster in practice. The price of anarchy in this game is also investigated by comparing DP with a cost-reducing path method; the results show that DP produces optimum assignment in more than 90% of the simulation runs.
Cytokine Immunopathogenesis of Enterovirus 71 Brain Stem Encephalitis
Authors: Wang Shih-Min , Lei Huan-Yao , Liu Ching-Chuan
Published: August 2012

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the most important causes of herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease. It can also cause severe complications of the central nervous system (CNS). Brain stem encephalitis with pulmonary edema is the severe complication that can lead to death. EV71 replicates in leukocytes, endothelial cells, and dendritic cells resulting in the production of immune and inflammatory mediators that shape innate and acquired immune responses and the complications of disease. Cytokines, as a part of innate immunity, favor the development of antiviral and Th1 immune responses. Cytokines and chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis EV71 brain stem encephalitis. Both the CNS and the systemic inflammatory responses to infection play important, but distinctly different, roles in the pathogenesis of EV71 pulmonary edema. Administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and milrinone, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has been shown to modulate inflammation, to reduce sympathetic overactivity, and to improve survival in patients with EV71 autonomic nervous system dysregulation and pulmonary edema.
Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis and Optical Properties of Monoclinic CePO4 Nanowires with High Aspect Ratio
Authors: Ekthammathat Nuengruethai , Thongtem Titipun , Phuruangrat Anukorn , Thongtem Somchai
Published: August 2012

One‐dimensional cerium phosphate (CePO4) nanowires (NWs) were successfully synthesized by a facile and simple hydrothermal method at 200°C for 12 h, using Ce(NO3)3·6H2O and Na3PO4·12H2O as starting materials, and followed by pH adjusting to be 1–3 using HNO3 (conc.). Phase, morphologies, and vibration modes of the as‐synthesized CePO4 products, characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and FTIR, were proved to be perfect and uniform monoclinic CePO4 nanowires with aspect ratio of more than 250 for the product synthesized in the solution with the pH of 1. The UV‐visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometers were used to investigate optical properties of the as‐synthesized monoclinic CePO4 nanowires.
Adsorption of Trinitrotoluene on a MgO(001) Surface Including Surface Relaxation Effects
Authors: Guerra Thiago , Borges Itamar
Published: August 2012

A thorough investigation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) adsorption on a MgO(001) surface was carried out using density functional theory (DFT) combined with periodic boundary conditions. Four different initial orientations of the TNT molecule, adsorbed on two different representations of the MgO(001) surface, were investigated. In the first surface representation, there were two fixed layers of atoms and in the second the surface had three layers, with the uppermost fully relaxed in geometry optimizations. Electron density difference maps for each case were computed and provided a detailed picture of the interactions. The results showed a physical adsorption process for both surface representations. In the most favorable situation—TNT adsorbed on the surface with three layers—the computed adsorption energy was −9.89 kcal/mol. The importance of allowing the uppermost layer of the surface to fully relax upon molecular desorption was shown.
Tumor Cell Autophagy as an Adaptive Response Mediating Resistance to Treatments Such as Antiangiogenic Therapy
Authors: Hu Yu-Long , Jahangiri Arman , DeLay Michael , Aghi Manish K.
Published: August 2012

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that can sequester cytosolic material, including organelles, nonspecifically in a process called nonselective macroautophagy, or target specific protein aggregates designated for destruction in a process called selective autophagy. Autophagy is one mechanism that enables tumor cells to survive stressors in the tumor microenvironment, as well as injuries caused by treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The complexity of the role of autophagy in cancer is underscored by evidence that autophagy can allow premalignant cells to escape the genotoxic stress and inflammation that promote tumorigenesis, and that some tumor cells exhibit loss of autophagy capacity altogether through molecular mechanisms that have not yet been defined. Efforts to understand and modulate the autophagy pathway will be crucial to maximize the full therapeutic potential of cancer therapies that are currently hindered by tumor cell autophagy as a resistance mechanism. Cancer Res; 72(17); 4294–9. ©2012 AACR.
TNF-α Mediates Macrophage-Induced Bystander Effects through Netrin-1
Authors: Yang Yonghong , Wang Xingmin , Moore Danny R. , Lightfoot Stanley A. , Huycke Mark M.
Published: August 2012

Macrophage-induced bystander effects have been implicated as an important mediator of chromosomal instability and colon cancer triggered by Enterococcus faecalis, a human intestinal commensal bacteria. There is little understanding about how inflammatory cytokines mediate bystander effects, but questions in this area are important because of the pivotal contributions made by inflammatory processes to cancer initiation and progression. Here, we report that the central proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α acts as a diffusible mediator of the bystander effects induced by macrophages, an effect caused by a proliferation of macrophages that trigger epithelial cell production of Netrin-1, a neuronal guidance molecule. TNF-α-mediated bystander assays used a murine coculture system of primary colonic epithelial cells and E. faecalis-infected macrophages (in vitro), with an interleukin 10 (IL-10)-deficient mouse model of colon cancer that involves long-term colonization with E. faecalis (in vivo). In cell cocultures, we observed increased expression of the TNF-α receptor Tnfrsf1b and Netrin-1. These effects were blocked by anti-TNF-α antibody or by pretreatment with an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. RNAi-mediated attenuation of Tnfrsf1b decreased TNF-α-induced netrin-1 production and augmented epithelial cell apoptosis in culture. Extending these observations, colon biopsies from E. faecalis-colonized IL-10−/− mice exhibited crypt hyperplasia and increased staining for macrophages, TNF-α, netrin-1, NF-κB, Tnfrsf1b, and the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen while also displaying a reduction in epithelial cell apoptosis. Together, our results define a pathway for macrophage-induced bystander effects in which TNF-α triggers TNFRSF1b receptor signaling leading to increased production of Netrin-1, crypt hyperplasia, and decreased epithelial cell apoptosis. In elucidating an important commensal-associated proinflammatory mechanism in the intestinal microenvironment, our work highlights the role of Netrin-1 and a specific TNF-α receptor as candidate targets to prevent or treat colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5219–29. ©2012 AACR.