bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of Conjugated Polymers and Electrochemical Applications
Authors: MacDiarmid Alan G. , Zheng Weigong
Published: June 2014

The discovery in 1977–78 that trans-polyacetylene — (CH)x, the prototype conducting polymer (Figure 1)—could be chemically p-doped (partly oxidized) or n-doped (partly reduced) with a concomitant increase of its conductivity through the semiconducting to the metallic regime introduced new concepts of considerable theoretical and possible technological importance to condensed matter science. In 1979 it was discovered that p- or n-doping of trans-(CH)x could be accomplished electrochemically and that these processes were electrochemically reversible. Polyacetylene is the simplest example of a conjugated polymer, a polymer in which the “backbone” atoms are joined alternately by single and double bonds. All conducting polymers, “synthetic metals,” are conjugated polymers, at least in their doped forms. Other conducting polymers, including for example, poly(paraphenylene), polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, have since been examined as electrochemically active materials. These findings have stimulated much industrial and academic interest in the electro-chemistry of conducting polymers and their possible technological applications in for example, energy storage, electrochromic displays, electrochemical drug-delivery systems, electromechanical devices, and light-emitting devices.

This article will show the relationship between the doping of a conjugated polymer, the reduction potential of the polymer, and the role of “dopant” ions. These interrelationships have frequently caused considerable confusion in understanding electrochemical doping. Electrochemical synthesis of conjugated polymers and the role of cyclic voltammetry in elucidating the mechanism of electrochemical redox processes involving conjugated organic polymers will also be discussed. This article will also summarize a few selected applications involving electro-chemical properties of conjugated polymers. The coverage is intended to be

exemplary rather than exhaustive. Furthermore since the electrochemistry of (CH), the “prototype” conducting polymer, has been extensively studied and comprises a relatively simple, reversible electrochemical system, it will be used to exemplify the basic concepts involved. These basic concepts can then be applied with appropriate modification as necessary to the electrochemistry of other conjugated polymers. Polyaniline will then be used to illustrate a more complex conjugated polymer electrochemical system.
A Method for Fabrication of Implant-Supported Fixed Partial Dentures
Authors: Zafiropoulos Gregory-George , Hoffmann Oliver , Deli Georgio
Published: June 2014

When restoring a partially edentulous arch with an implant-supported fixed partial denture, the optimal fit and function of the final restoration depend on the fabrication of an accurate impression and the registration of the interocclusal relationship. The present case report presents a method for the fabrication of impressions and the registration of the interocclusal relationship for implant-supported partial dentures. The described method allows the accurate transfer of the implant position and the registration of the interocclusal relationship using transfer key and electroformed gold copings. The key and copings were used to transfer the intraoral implant position to the cast, to position the abutments intraorally, and to facilitate the fabrication of the final partial denture.
Cellular Responses to Metal Ions Released From Implants
Authors: Kardos Thomas B.
Published: June 2014

In the process of calcified tissue formation, cells secrete a protein-rich matrix into which they add a metal ion that nucleates in the presence of phosphorus to form an inorganic salt (usually calcium hydroxyapatite). Cellular and tissue responses to metal ions—released from implants, for example—can therefore be considered from the perspective of how cells handle calcium ions. A critical factor in determining cellular toxicity will be free ion concentrations and the competitive interactions that occur in a physicochemical manner. Three of the parameters used to assess the biocompatibility of implant materials are (1) the ability to influence mitotic activity, (2) intercellular adhesion, and (3) promotion of cell death. A spectrum of responses to free intracellular calcium ions can be identified, ranging from presence of the ion being essential for cell division through to an excess of the free ion that results in cell death (apoptosis). In between these extremes, cells may become postmitotic and express phenotypic variations as they adapt to their environment and establish equilibrium to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis. The response of cells to implants can be linked to ions released and interactions between these and other ions and/or molecules present in the tissues, similar to the manner in which cells handle calcium ions.
Flapless Implant Placement: A Case Report
Authors: Jain Deshraj , Gaur Ghanshyam
Published: June 2014

Full-thickness periosteal flap elevation for implant placement is often accompanied by potential marginal bone loss and/or soft tissue recession around the implant due to compromised blood supply to underlying bone. To preserve the blood supply to underlying bone, implants can be placed with a flapless surgical procedure. This procedure also provides numerous other benefits, such as decreased trauma, short recovery time, less pain, reduced rate of infection, and improved patient compliance. This report presents a case of flapless implant placement in the mandibular posterior region that achieved optimum results and caused minimal discomfort to the patient. The advantages and limitations of this procedure are also discussed.
An effective medium approach for predicting the intrinsic permeability of heated cement paste
Authors: Zhao Jie , Zheng Jian-jun , Peng Gai-fei
Published: June 2014

Determination of the intrinsic permeability of heated cement paste is essential to fire spalling analysis of high-performance concrete. The purpose of this paper is to develop a three-scale scheme for predicting the intrinsic permeability of heated cement paste. In this scheme, cement paste is modelled as a multi-phase composite material and further represented by three two-phase composite constituents. By analysing the thermal decomposition, the variation of various constituents in cement paste is expressed as a function of the heating history. Based on effective medium theory, the intrinsic permeability of heated cement paste is obtained in terms of the volume fractions and permeabilities of various constituents of the cement paste. Finally, the validity of the three-scale scheme is preliminarily verified with experimental data obtained from the literature.
Briefing: Shale gas – an energy status report from the Institution of Civil Engineers
Authors: Parkhurst Scot
Published: June 2014

The Institution of Civil Engineers energy expert panel has published a series of status reports concerned with various forms of energy such as wind, hydro, nuclear and energy from waste. Designed to be both informative and contemporary, the reports are updated regularly to provide accurate information to a varied audience. The present report focuses on the current status of shale gas in the UK.
Hemodynamic Shear Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Fitts Michelle K , Pike Daniel B , Anderson Kasey , Shiu Yan-Ting
Published: June 2014

Surgically-created blood conduits used for chronic hemodialysis, including native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and synthetic AV grafts (AVGs), are the lifeline for kidney failure patients. Unfortunately, each has its own limitations; AVFs often fail to mature to become useful for dialysis and AVGs often fail due to stenosis as a result of neointimal hyperplasia, which preferentially forms at the graft-venous anastomosis. No clinical therapies are currently available to significantly promote AVF maturation or prevent neointimal hyperplasia in AVGs. Central to devising strategies to solve these problems is a complete mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiological processes. The pathology of arteriovenous access problems is likely multi-factorial. This review focuses on the roles of fluid-wall shear stress (WSS) and endothelial cells (ECs). In arteriovenous access, shunting of arterial blood flow directly into the vein drastically alters the hemodynamics in the vein. These hemodynamic changes are likely major contributors to non-maturation of an AVF vein and/or formation of neointimal hyperplasia at the venous anastomosis of an AVG. ECs separate blood from other vascular wall cells and also influence the phenotype of these other cells. In arteriovenous access, the responses of ECs to aberrant WSS may subsequently lead to AVF non-maturation and/or AVG stenosis. This review provides an overview of the methods for characterizing blood flow and calculating WSS in arteriovenous access and discusses EC responses to arteriovenous hemodynamics. This review also discusses the role of WSS in the pathology of arteriovenous access, as well as confounding factors that modulate the impact of WSS.
Collaborative method to maintain business process models updated
Authors: Castela Nuno , Dias Paulo , Zacarias Marielba , Tribolet José
Published: June 2014

Business process models are often forgotten after their creation and its
representation is not usually updated. This appears to be negative as
processes evolve over time. This paper discusses the issue of business
process models maintenance through the definition of a collaborative method
that creates interaction contexts enabling business actors to discuss about
business processes, sharing business knowledge. The collaboration method
extends the discussion about existing process representations to all
stakeholders promoting their update. This collaborative method contributes to
improve business process models, allowing updates based in change proposals
and discussions, using a groupware tool that was developed. Four case studies
were developed in real organizational environment. We came to the conclusion
that the defined method and the developed tool can help organizations to
maintain a business process model updated based on the inputs and consequent
discussions taken by the organizational actors who participate in the
processes.
A direct approach to physical Data Vault design
Authors: Krneta Dragoljub , Jovanovic Vladan , Marjanovic Zoran
Published: June 2014

The paper presents a novel agile approach to large scale design of enterprise
data warehouses based on a Data Vault model. An original, simple and direct
algorithm is defined for the incremental design of physical Data Vault type
enterprise data warehouses, using source data meta-model and rules, and used
in developing a prototype case tool for Data Vault design. This approach
solves primary requirements for a system of record, that is, preservation of
all source information, and fully addresses flexibility and scalability
expectations. Our approach benefits from Data Vault dependencies
minimizations and rapid loads opportunities enabling greatly simplified ETL
transformations in a way not possible with traditional (i.e. non data vault
based) data warehouse designs. The approach is illustrated using a realistic
example from the healthcare domain.
The Association of Rate of Weight Gain During Early Adulthood With the Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease in Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: The MAXWEL-CAD Study
Authors: Lim Soo , Choi Sung Hee , Kim Kyoung Min , Choi Sang Il , Chun Eun Ju , Kim Min Joo , Park Kyong Soo , Jang Hak Chul , Sattar Naveed
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of the rate of weight gain (Ratemax_wt) between the age of 20 years and the age of maximum lifetime weight gain with indicators of subclinical coronary artery disease (CAD) at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied 1,724 consecutive Korean subjects aged ≥30 years with recently diagnosed (within 3 months) T2D and one or more cardiovascular risk factors to investigate the association of Ratemax_wt with subclinical CAD. We used 64-slice cardiac computed tomography angiography to evaluate the degree of coronary artery stenosis, multivessel involvement, plaque characteristics, and coronary artery calcium score (CACS). Body weight at age 20 years (Wt20y) was obtained from participant records. Participants recalled their maximum weight (Wtmax) before T2D diagnosis and age at maximum weight (Agemax_wt). The Ratemax_wt was calculated as (Wtmax – Wt20y) / (Agemax_wt – 20 years).

RESULTS

The prevalence of coronary artery stenosis (≥50%), multivessel involvement (two or more vessels), plaque characteristics, and CACS ≥100 were 11.4%, 6.6%, 19.7%, and 12.8%, respectively. Mean Wt20y and Wtmax were 60.1 ± 10.5 and 73.0 ± 11.5 kg, respectively. Mean Agemax_wt was 41.3 ± 10.7 years, and Ratemax_wt was 0.59 ± 0.56 kg/year. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, including current BMI, the highest quarter of prior weight gain was significantly associated with coronary artery stenosis, multivessel involvement, and plaque characteristics, particularly mixed and noncalcified plaque.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that a greater rate of prior weight gain may accelerate the development of subclinical vascular complications in patients with newly diagnosed T2D.
Different Associations of Diabetes With β-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance Among Obese and Nonobese Chinese Women With Prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Li Weiqin , Zhang Shuang , Liu Huikun , Wang Leishen , Zhang Cuiping , Leng Junhong , Yu Zhijie , Yang Xilin , Tian Huiguang , Hu Gang
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

To examine the relative contributions of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to postpartum diabetes risk among obese and nonobese women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional survey 1–5 years after 1,263 women who had GDM gave birth. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of β-cell dysfunction (the lower quartile of HOMA-%β), insulin resistance (the upper quartile of HOMA-IR), decreased insulin sensitivity (the lower quartile of HOMA-%S), and different categories of BMI with prediabetes and diabetes risk.

RESULTS

β-Cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and decreased insulin sensitivity all were significantly associated with hyperglycemic status across normal weight, overweight, and obese groups, and the patterns of insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity were similar. BMI was inversely associated with β-cell dysfunction and positively associated with insulin resistance across normal glucose, prediabetes, and diabetes categories. Compared with women with normal glucose and weight, obese women with normal glucose had increased β-cell secretory function (odds ratio [OR] 0.09 [95% CI 0.02–0.37]) and insulin resistance (OR 17.4 [95% CI 9.47–31.9]). Normal weight diabetic women displayed the most β-cell dysfunction (OR 13.6 [95% CI 4.06–45.3]), whereas obese diabetic women displayed the highest insulin resistance (OR 45.8 [95% CI 18.5–113]).

CONCLUSIONS

For women with prior GDM, β-cell dysfunction had more pronounced contribution to postpartum diabetes among nonobese subjects, whereas insulin resistance contributed more to postpartum hyperglycemia among obese subjects.
Data dependence of solutions for Fredholm-Volterra integral equations in L2[a, b]
Authors: András Szilárd
Published: June 2014

In this paper we study the continuous dependence and the differentiability with respect to the parameter λ ∈ [λ1, λ2] of the solution operator S : [λ1, λ2] → L2[a, b] for a mixed Fredholm-Volterra type integral equation. The main tool is the fiber Picard operators theorem (see [9], [8], [11], [3] and [2]).
Leader election in synchronous networks
Authors: Iványi Antal
Published: June 2014

Worst, best and average number of messages and running time of leader election algorithms of different distributed systems are analyzed. Among others the known characterizations of the expected number of messages for LCR algorithm and of the worst number of messages of Hirschberg-Sinclair algorithm are improved
A survey of the alternating sum-of-divisors function
Authors: Tóth László
Published: June 2014

We survey arithmetic and asymptotic properties of the alternating sum-of-divisors function β defined by β(pa) = pa − pa−1 + pa−2 − · · · + (−1)a for every prime power pa (a ≥ 1), and extended by multiplicativity. Certain open problems are also stated.
Contact CR-submanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold
Authors: Laha Barnali , Das Bandana , Bhattacharyya Arindam
Published: June 2014

In this paper we prove some properties of the indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifolds. Section 1 is introductory. In Section 2 we define D-totally geodesic and D⊥-totally geodesic contact CRsubmanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold and deduce some results concerning such a manifold. In Section 3 we state and prove some results on mixed totally geodesic contact CR-submanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold. Finally, in Section 4 we obtain a result on the anti-invariant distribution of totally umbilic contact CR-submanifolds of an indefinite Lorentzian para-Sasakian manifold.
Austrians-in-the-World. Conversations and Debates About Planning And Development
Authors: Friedmann John
Published: June 2014

John Friedmann has taught at MIT, the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, UCLA, the University of Melbourne, the National University of Taiwan, and is currently an Honorary Professor in the School of Community and Regional Planning at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Throughout his life, he has been an advisor to governments in Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, Mozambique, and China where he was appointed Honorary Foreign Advisor to the China Academy of Planning and Urban Design.
Researching Social Services of General Interest: An Analytical Framework Derived from Underlying Policy Systems
Authors: Humer Alois
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses Social Services of General Interest, a political term of the European Union, which lies at the heart of the European Model of Society and Cohesion concepts. How and why is the organization and provision of services across Europe rooted in, and shaped by, the prevailing national constitutional components of social welfare and spatial planning systems? A high degree of interrelation between these two systems is confirmed and Social Services of General Interest are detected and conceptualized as a substantiation of components of both systems. In a concluding step, an analytical framework is introduced which enables us to research Social Services of General Interest from different angles for the purpose of deploying promising policy solutions.
The Soundslide Report
Authors: Engebretsen Martin
Published: June 2014

The audio slideshow - or soundslide report - represents a new format for journalistic reporting on online news sites. It is not very widely used, but it has certain discursive and aesthetic potentials indicating that it could contribute substantially to the ecology of journalistic genres. The article offers an illustration and discussion of these potentials, asking how the format communicates and how it affects journalism in general. Starting out with a close reading of a sample text and a discussion of the format’s position in a network of genres, the article concludes that the soundslide report belongs to a new wave of ”aesthetic journalism”, where journalism and art intersect
The assessment of mobility of selected joints of elderly women, the residents of social welfare homes
Authors: Kaczorowska Antonina , Katan Aleksandra , Ignasiak Zofia
Published: June 2014

Introduction: Good scope of mobility within the junctions of the motor system means that people are not only efficient in doing their everyday activities but also that they are engaged in family, social and professional life. The aim of this thesis is the assessment of mobility of chest, spine and large joints of women living in social welfare homes of different standards.

Material and methods: The research included the group of 124 women at the age of 60 - 89 who are residents of social welfare homes. The analyzed residents were divided into two groups according to age: 60-74 years old and 75-89 years old. Among the social welfare homes two kinds of institutions were differentiated. The first group is the institutions where women were offered additional programme of physical therapy - ‘good homes’. The second group is the institutions were rehabilitation is conducted only on basic level - ‘average homes’.

The mobility of spine in cervical and lumbar sections was measured by Saunders digital inclinometer. Mobility of chest was measured . The measurement of the mobility of large joints was conducted by goniometer.

Results: The female residents with extended programme of treatment show greater mobility of chest. Mobility of spine of tested women differs. The scope of mobility of large joints is better among the younger residents of good homes. Older women from good homes show greater mobility of hip joints.

Conclusions: The research has shown that the expanded programme of occupational therapy and rehabilitation should be applied to all types of such institutions. This will bring not only greater independence of doing everyday activities but also it will improve the quality of life of elderly people.
O Leonie Przanowskim (1844–1924) raz jeszcze/ Leon Przanowski (1844–1924) revisited
Authors: Przegaliński Andrzej
Published: June 2014

The published text as the press source is the description of funeral ceremonies which took place in Lublin in March 1924 to pay the last honors and homage to Leon Przanowski - one of the most significant and deserved personages associated with Lublin and the Lublin area at the turn of 19th and 20th century. The transcribed text was previously published on the pages of “Kalendarz Lubelski” [The Lublin Calendar] in 1925
Polska obecność na uniwersytetach w Wielkiej Brytanii w okresie międzywojennym/ The Polish Presence at Universities in Great Britain in the Interwar Period
Authors: Złotkiewicz -Kłębukowska Joanna
Published: June 2014

The first attempts to obtain support for Poland from the British public opinion were related to the period of the First World War. It was when the Polish politicians in London, representing various political views started more effective propaganda actions. After the war, the obligation to promote knowledge about Poland was assumed by the Polish diplomatic missions. Thanks to great effort of Polish diplomats, their personal commitment, fresher initiatives appeared, targeted to remove ignorance concerning Polish affairs, as well as history, culture and science. For this purpose, they organised lectures and readings for the Polish professors in Great Britain. The Polish students were also supported in their activities related to Polish cultural propaganda, however there were not many of them. It was considered that cooperation with the British students, organisations and associations was more important. The creation of Polish language courses for English students at the University of Nottingham and the University of Birmingham was a great success. However, all those activities were limited by financial problems as the well as lack of the Polish Foreign Ministry understanding.
The Fekete–Szegö problem for a class of analytic functions defined by Carlson–Shaffer operator
Authors: Ahuja Om P. , Orhan Halit
Published: June 2014

In the present investigation we solve Fekete-Szegö problem for the generalized linear differential operator. In particular, our theorems contain corresponding results for various subclasses of strongly starlike and strongly convex functions
Properties of the determinant of a rectangular matrix
Authors: Makarewicz Anna , Pikuta Piotr , Szałkowski Dominik
Published: June 2014

In this paper we present new identities for the Radić’s determinant of a rectangular matrix. The results include representations of the determinant of a rectangular matrix as a sum of determinants of square matrices and description how the determinant is affected by operations on columns such as interchanging columns, reversing columns or decomposing a single column
A fixed point theorem for nonexpansive compact self-mapping
Authors: Narang T. D.
Published: June 2014

A mapping T from a topological space X to a topological space Y is said to be compact if T(X) is contained in a compact subset of Y . The aim of this paper is to prove the existence of fixed points of a nonexpansive compact self-mapping defined on a closed subset having a contractive jointly continuous family when the underlying space is a metric space. The proved result generalizes and extends several known results on the subject
On a subordination result for analytic functions defined by convolution
Authors: Oyekan E. A. , Opoola T. O.
Published: June 2014

In this paper we discuss some subordination results for a subclass of functions analytic in the unit disk U
The constructions of general connections on second jet prolongation
Authors: Plaszczyk Mariusz
Published: June 2014

We determine all natural operators D transforming general connections Γ on fibred manifolds Y → M and torsion free classical linear connections ∇ on M into general connections D(Γ,∇) on the second order jet prolongation J2Y → M of Y → M
Estimating the Effects of No Child Left Behind on Teachers’ Work Environments and Job Attitudes
Authors: Grissom Jason A. , Nicholson-Crotty Sean , Harrington James R.
Published: June 2014

Several recent studies have examined the impacts of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) on school operations and student achievement. We complement that work by investigating the law’s impacts on teachers’ perceptions of their work environments and related job attitudes, including satisfaction and commitment to remain in teaching. Using four waves of the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey, which cover the period from 1994 to 2008, we document overall trends in teacher attitudes across this time period and take advantage of differences in the presence and strength of prior state accountability systems and differences in likely impacts on high- and low-poverty schools to isolate NCLB effects. Perhaps surprisingly, we show positive trends in many work environment measures, job satisfaction, and commitment across the time period coinciding with the implementation of NCLB. We find, however, relatively modest evidence of an impact of NCLB accountability itself. There is some evidence that the law has negatively affected perceptions of teacher cooperation but positively affected feelings of classroom control and administrator support. We find little evidence that teacher job satisfaction or commitment has changed in response to NCLB.
An Improvised “Blow Glove” Device Produces Similar PEP Values to a Commercial PEP Device: An Experimental Study
Authors: Dagan Yaakov , Wiser Itay , Weissman Oren , Farber Nimrod , Hundeshagen Gabriel , Winkler Eyal , Kazula-Halabi Tamar , Haik Josef
Published: June 2014

Background: Postoperative positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy promotes increased lung volume, secretion clearance, and improved oxygenation. Several commercial devices exist that produce recommended PEP values (10–20 cmH2O) when the patient breathes through a fixed orifice resistor. It was hypothesized that an inexpensive, improvised “blow glove” device would produce similar PEP values over a wider range of expiration volumes and flow rates. Methods: PEP for different expiration volumes (400–2000 mL) and expiratory flow rates (10–80 L/min) was compared between a commercial PEP device (Resistex, Mercury Medical, Clearwater, FL) and an improvised “blow glove” device, recorded by a Vela ventilator (CareFusion, San Diego, CA). Dynamics in positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) values were evaluated following five consecutive expirations. The “blow glove” device was evaluated using various glove compositions and sizes. Results: The improvised “blow glove” device produced a significantly higher rate of PEP values in the recommended range than the Resistex device (88.9% vs. 20%, p<0.0001). No significant difference was observed between small and large glove sizes (88.9% vs. 82.9%, p>0.05), but the powdered latex glove showed a significantly higher rate of PEP values in the recommended range than the powder-free latex glove (88.9% vs. 44.4%, p<0.001). Conclusions: A “blow glove” PEP device using a powdered latex glove produces PEP values in the recommended range over a wider spectrum of expiratory flow rates and expiration volumes than a commercial PEP device.
3D-Characterization of AlCu5Mg0.3Mn0.3 and AlCu7Mn0.4 Alloys
Authors: Gutiérrez R. Fernández , Requena G. , Stauder B.
Published: June 2014

The three dimensional microstructural evolution of cast B206 (AlCu5Mg0.3Mn0.3) and AlCu7 (AlCu7Mn0.4) alloys is studied as a function of solution treatment time by synchrotron tomography. Both alloys are formed by an α-Al matrix, Al2Cu and Al7Cu2(FeMn). 3D microstructural parameters of the aluminides such as volume fraction and interconnectivity are presented for the alloys in as-cast condition and after 4 h, 8 h and 16 h of solution treatment at 530 °C. Morphological evolution is obtained from the mean and Gauss curvature distribution. Finally, target metallography is combined with energy dispersive x-ray analysis to identify the phases remaining after 16 h of solution treatment.
Challenges of structural Decisions in contemporary architecture
Authors: Fülöp Zsuzsanna
Published: June 2014

Design in contemporary architecture has become increasingly exploratory in recent years. Digital architecture and the huge number of construction products allow a diverse range of complex forms to be created. Today, sustainability is a key factor in architecture, with architects continually looking for ways to reduce the use of energy and other natural resources, and then harvest and re-use those resources.As a result of these new perspectives and tools, the architectural design process must become more conscious. Architects need to take into consideration the full complexity of available social, cultural, functional, economic, natural, structural, material and technological data, while providing control over the decisions of the design process. The Holistic Performance Based (HPB) [9] method and its approach to  the design process could be a toolkit for choosing the most appropriate structural solutions. The essential part of the decision process is a properly modifiable Project-oriented Site-specific Database (PSD) [15], continuously fitted to the project, consisting of real, up to date and comparable data.
Expression of energy: The architecture of power stations in Hungary between 1945 and 1970 part I.
Authors: Haba Péter
Published: June 2014

The study in two parts discusses the architectural characteristics of power stations built in Hungary from 1945 to 1970, reviewing the period’s social, architectural and technological background, as well as those factors that exerted an influence on power station architecture in these 25 years. The study points out that despite the dominance of technological systems in the case of this building type, Hungarian architects were able to create autonomous designs by their various interpretations of monumentality as a unique aesthetic quality. The first part of the study focuses on the processes that took place in the Rákosi era (1948-1956). It mainly explores the interplay between the structural and formal characteristics resulting from on-site concrete precasting, the technological demands imposed by the electricity industry and the stylistic expectations of socialist realist ideology, and shows how this led to a kind of classicizing monumentality that also manifested in the area of engineering.
Context of product data bases in energy efficient architecture
Authors: Keresztessy Éva
Published: June 2014

The increasing cost of energy has drawn attention to the need to reduce the energy consumption of buildings in Hungary. There are a number of ways to reduce the energy demand of buildings, among these; the most common solution is the thermal insulation of the building envelope. The declared thermal conductivity factor given in the product catalogues forms the basis for designing the different thermal insulation structures, although these factors can differ significantly from the properties of the built-in state. The lack of a performance based approach is particularly significant: the effect of the environment, the use and the neighbouring constructions must all be taken into account when designing the thermal insulation [4]. This paper was written with the purpose of examining which factors influence the insulating capacity of the built-in material, how can they be quantified with the help of the Hungarian/European/International standards, and what research has already been carried out with reference to the given effect.
On the Industrial Urban Development of Pest in the 19th Century
Authors: Pilsitz Martin
Published: June 2014

As the point of departure for industrialization and the development of a separate architecture for factories, the Industrial Revolution has been seen as an all-encompassing concept – one that explains the industrialization process that spread gradually from Great Britain to the continent [19]. Although this viewpoint is not erroneous from a pan-European perspective, it does not give us the full picture [17]. Since the process of industrial urban development was not uniform in the various industrial centres, in order to gain an accurate and undistorted impression of industrial urban development in, for example, Budapest, we need to examine the subject matter from a “regional perspective” [11]. The article focuses on the regional aspects of industrial development in urban Pest, with special consideration to the engineering and brewing industries.
“Pubs in Vas County” From the cadastral maps of 1857 to the present day
Authors: Ivicsics Péter
Published: June 2014

The examination of pubs and inns in Vas County was made possible by the first cadastral survey in 1857. The present paper attempts to examine this important building type. The architectural design, functions, layout, the location within settlements and the owners are part of the research. Based on the architectural analysis and value assessment of the buildings, the decision as to whether they should be put on the national or locallists of historic monuments and thus be protected can be made.
Expression of energy: The architecture of power stations in Hungary between 1945 and 1970 part II.
Authors: Haba Péter
Published: June 2014

Part I of this study reviewed the architecture of power stations in Hungary in the period from 1945 to 1955. The introductory sections gave a summary of the architectural and technological background to power station design in the quarter of a decade that followed World War II. Through the analysis of power stations in Inota, Dunaújváros, Kazincbarcika and Tiszapalkonya, the first part highlighted the interplay between the structural and formal characteristics resulting from on-site concrete precasting – which defined industrial architecture in Hungary in the Rákosi era –, the technological requirements imposed by the electricity industry and the stylistic expectations of socialist realist ideology that led to a kind of classicizing monumentality, which also manifested in the area of engineering. The second part of the study discusses the developments from the mid-1950s to around 1970. From a structural, technological and aesthetic point of view, these fifteen or so years can be divided into two periods. The first and shorter one, lasting up to 1960, was characterised by new solutions linked to a change of direction in structural innovation and to the fresh ambitions of Hungarian architecture that returned to modernism. This stage represents a type of transition between the period of 1949-1955 and the 1960s, burdened by serious architectural problems created by the so-called open-air technological systems.
The cathedral at Vác and universal architecture
Authors: Kelényi György
Published: June 2014

The cathedral of Vác was built by Isidore Ganneval (Canecvale) who accompanied his master, Niccolo Servandoni to Vienna in 1760. He did not return to his homeland of France but remained in Vienna until the end of his life (1786). In 1761, he was appointed to design the cathedral at Vác. As there are no original plans, in the research, there is some diversity of opinion about the artist’s origin; we do not know whether there were stages in his development. Attention is directed towards the cathedral because it is stylistically close to “French revolutionary architecture”. The study deals with the totally novel character of the building and its stylistic parallels (e.g. Contant d’Ivry in France and Plattenstil in Austria). The hypothesis is that representations of the cathedral with high towers in place of the present sturdy version are signs of an earlier, more traditional plan.
Functional Thinking in the Architecture of Samu Pecz and his Followers
Authors: Gyetvainé Balogh Ágnes , Kalmár Miklós
Published: June 2014

The aim of the article is to analyse how functional thinking can be reflected in the activity of a historicizing architect, or how his thoughts could influence his followers’ later activity.In the first decades of the 20th century, architecture was characterized by a special duality: the increasingly vigorous emergence of modernity next to the insistence on the historical forms. While the main characteristic of Samu Pecz’s (1854-1922) historicizing architectural style resulted from his adherence to the historical, particularly the mediaeval styles, with their practicality, his works emerged amongst the work of his contemporaries, who also saw to realize principally in his work “to build from inside outwards”. This thought is analysed in several of Pecz’s buildings, which were designed for the Campus of the Technical University in Lágymányos (a southern district of Buda) in Budapest.Besides his remarkable oeuvre as an architect, Samu Pecz was also a great scholar and lecturer of the Technical University. As one of his pupils, Béla Rerrich summarized, Samu Pecz “...was a genuine master of structures.” It is true that he always emphasised the importance of finding solutions to structural issues. He helped the spread of constructional innovations in Hungary, especially iron and ferroconcrete structures.
The potential presence of Zoltán Szentkirályi in space theory
Authors: Meggyesi Tamás
Published: June 2014

According to the basic theorem of Prof. Zoltán Szentkirályi, the interpretation of the history of architecture should be extended to the history of organizing space. As linear space in architecture is the way subsequent space-elements develop for us in time, it may be related with the urban space composed of streets and squares. Figure-ground analysis proved to be a useful tool to describe the dichotomy of mass and space. The historical categories of Prof. Szentkirályi: the topological, the eschatological, the intellectual and the rational may be connected with the categories of Kevin Lynch: the city of faith (i.e. medieval cities), the city of the engine (i.e. the industrial city) and the polycentric city of our age. It may be related with the space-theoretical concepts of Christian Norberg-Schulz: the centre and the place, the direction and the way and the network city correspondingly. As a morphological analogy, we may speak about central, linear and even or dispersed distribution of buildings. Finally, the study introduces five qualitative categories to describe spiritual orientations of contemporary urban design: the chaotic, the organic, the rational, the emotional and the symbolic. The combination of these categories may provide a complex system of evaluation.
Building Rehabilitation – Tendencies of Functional Transformations in Spain
Authors: Kóródy Anna Nóra
Published: June 2014

Over the last decade, instead of new constructions, building rehabilitations have become a  focal point of international architecture. The extending approach of heritage protection opened up a broad spectrum of architectural instruments besides the solutions traditionally applied to protected monuments. These contemporary methods serve the sustainability of heritage through their further usage and adaptation for new functions. The paper concerns the problem of integrated monument restoration from the viewpoint of functional transformations and presents the tendencies of conversions featured in the examined period. Stability or gradual disappearance of certain functions is observable, and they can also be defined as flexible or bounded due to their adaptability to different buildings. Functional transformations are influenced by several social, economic and architectural aspects like environmental facilities, architectural values, local construction regulations, structural facilities, spacial arrangement and questions of ownership. The investigation is based on building rehabilitations in Spain where the number of projects allows the establishment of comprehensive conclusions; furthermore, the case studies of high architectural quality also introduce examples for Hungarian practice.
The model of Matthias Church, created by Frigyes Schulek, and its role in the design
Authors: Farbaky Deklava Lilla
Published: June 2014

The medieval building of the Church of Our Lady in Buda was converted to be the coronation church between 1872-96, with the design and guidance of Frigyes Schulek, student of Friedrich Schmidt from Vienna. The story of the building model, prepared during the construction, sheds light on the design process. The model was created in the sculptor’s workshop of the construction office from 1877-1884, undergoing several conversions just for the purpose of testing the different design versions. This work was carried out in parallel with the construction until 1884. From analysing the resources, it could be concluded that Schulek designed the facade with two towers of different sizes: a lower neo-Romanesque north tower and another one reconstructed from the existing south tower. In this design, Imre Henszlmann, the instructor of the Temporary Committee of Monuments, played a major role; in his expert report, published in 1874, he suggested building the towers following the supposed invention of the first builders. Schulek realized this suggestion on the model. Although he had submitted the plan with two different towers to a design judgement, the discussion never took place, since the minister, Ágoston Trefort, withdrew the construction of the neo-Romanesque north tower from the building programme in 1884, referring to financial difficulties. So this design stage was only discovered during the research of the model.
The plans of Johann Grenner for the Greek Catholic episcopal centre in Ungvár (Uzhhorod)
Authors: Terdik Szilveszter
Published: June 2014

Maria Theresa founded the separate Greek Catholic Diocese of Munkács (in English: Mukacheve) in 1771. The episcopal centre was intended to be moved to Ungvár (in English: Uzhhorod) from Munkács, to the abandoned castle that would have hosted the necessary institutions, the cathedral, the Bishop’s Palace and the seminary. For the commission of the Chamber, the conversion plans were prepared by master builder Joseph Simmet. For the Court Chamber initiative in Vienna, a reviser Johann Grenner and an architect Lorenz Lander were sent to the site. Grenner presented the new plans in 1774. He would have converted the inner castle into the apartments of the bishop and the prebendaries, while the cathedral and the seminary would have been placed in the outer castle. It was a daring solution to compose the new cathedral – with its Greek cross layout and oval central dome – on top of an Old Italian system bastion. The plans of Grenner were much more expensive than that of Simmet, so for the proposal of Court Chief Architect Franz Anton Hillebrandt the decision was made to convert the Jesuit monastery, also standing abandoned near the castle, into the Bishop’s Palace, the church into the cathedral, and place only the seminary in the castle. This proposal was accepted, thus Grenner’s design was not realized.
Widths and Shifts of Isolated Lines of Neutral and Ionized Atoms Perturbed by Collisions With Electrons and Ions: An Outline of the Semiclassical Perturbation (SCP) Method and of the Approximations Used for the Calculations
Authors: Sahal-Bréchot Sylvie , Dimitrijević Milan , Nessib Nabil
Published: June 2014

“Stark broadening” theory and calculations have been extensively developed for about 50 years. The theory can now be considered as mature for many applications, especially for accurate spectroscopic diagnostics and modeling, in astrophysics, laboratory plasma physics and technological plasmas, as well. This requires the knowledge of numerous collisional line profiles. In order to meet these needs, the “SCP” (semiclassical perturbation) method and numerical code were created and developed. The SCP code is now extensively used for the needs of spectroscopic diagnostics and modeling, and the results of the published calculations are displayed in the STARK-B database. The aim of the present paper is to introduce the main approximations leading to the impact of semiclassical perturbation method and to give formulae entering the numerical SCP code, in order to understand the validity conditions of the method and of the results; and also to understand some regularities and systematic trends. This would also allow one to compare the method and its results to those of other methods and codes. 1
On Spatial Covariance, Second Law of Thermodynamics and Configurational Forces in Continua
Authors: Panoskaltsis Vassilis , Soldatos Dimitris
Published: June 2014

This paper studies the transformation properties of the spatial balance of energy equation for a dissipative material, under the superposition of arbitrary spatial diffeomorphisms. The study reveals that for a dissipative material the transformed energy balance equation has some non-standard terms in it. These terms are related to a system of microforces with its own balance equation. These microforces act during the superposition of the spatial diffeomorphism, because of the dissipative properties of the material. Moreover, it is shown that for the case in question the stress tensor is additively decomposed into a conventional part given by the standard Doyle-Ericksen formula and a non-conventional one which is related to changes in the material internal structure in the course of deformation. On the basis of the second law of thermodynamics and the integrability condition of a Pfaffian form it is shown that the non-conventional part of the stress tensor can be related not only to dissipative but also to conservative response. A further insight to this conservative response is provided by exploiting the invariance properties of the balance of energy equation within the context of the material intrinsic “physical” metric concept. In this case, it is shown that the assumption of spatial covariance yields the standard conservation and balance laws of classical mechanics but it does not yield the standard Doyle-Ericksen formula. In fact, the Doyle-Ericksen formula has an additional term in it, which is related directly to the evolution of the material internal structure, as it is determined by the (time) evolution of the material metric in the spatial configuration. A formal connection between this term and the Eshelby energy-momentum tensor is derived as well.