bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A health equity care model for improving communication and patient-centred care
Authors: Ashing Kimlin Tam , Chávez Noé Rubén , George Marshalee
Published: April 2017

Increasing worldwide migration, especially from developing nations to developed nations is making our societies more multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual. Hence, as healthcare providers we are confronted with the challenge and opportunity to provide quality care that embraces the diversity of our patients and their families and reflects a deeper appreciation of their cultures and communities. Therefore, the current chapter examines culture, cultural competency, and the consideration of these constructs towards improving care and communication with the focus on oncology patients from diverse backgrounds, particularly those from cultural and linguistic minority communities. To further advance health communication and quality care, we present a health equity care model that embraces three pillars—cultural competency, cultural humility, and cultural empathy, and provide some recommendations and a case study for putting into practice these fundamental patient-centred principles.
Palliative medicine
Authors: Pease Nicola
Published: April 2017

Life near the end of life will mean different things to different people. For some patients, the priority may be length of life, but for many patients ‘life’ may mean something completely different; for example, the ability to put their affairs in order, plan a ‘healthy death’, or to achieve something important which has resonance specifically to them. Patients will have highly individual goals and priorities. Without information about their condition, their treatment options and possible outcomes, patients cannot make informed choices/decisions about how/where they might want to live in the last phase of their lives. The following chapter looks at prognostication tools and describes a ‘toolkit’ applicable to any healthcare setting, to facilitate and promote communication when patients are thought to be nearing the end of life. Within the chapter there are examples of the toolkit in action.
The Oncotalk/Vitaltalk model
Authors: Arnold Robert M. , Back Anthony L. , Baile Walter F. , Edwards Kelly A. , Tulsky James A.
Published: April 2017

Clinicians can, with training, improve their communication skills. In this chapter, we describe an interactive, evidence-based method for teaching clinicians to communicate with seriously ill patients. The programme, Vitaltalk, emphasizes small-group teaching with simulated patients and immediate feedback to allow learners to practice how to give serious news, talk about goals of care, and about what is most important to dying patients. This chapter describes common evidence-based principles used in developing an advanced communication skills programme based on Oncotalk experiences, identifies unique aspects of the learning context within an intensive retreat structure, and illustrates the lessons learned that can be tested in other settings. The programme is effective in improving learners’ communication skills in clinical studies. The growth of this programme in multiple specialties is discussed, as are our plans for disseminating the programme in the future.
The Belgian experience in communication skills training
Authors: Merckaert Isabelle , Libert Yves , Razavi Darius
Published: April 2017

Communication is recognized as one of healthcare professionals’ core clinical skills. Even though many endeavours have been undertaken to help professionals acquire these skills, many questions remain unanswered in terms of the transfer of learned skills to clinical practice, and in terms of the impact of this transfer on patients’ care and well-being. In the last two decades, communication skills training programmes, designed for healthcare professionals working in cancer care, have been the focus of several research endeavours of a research group based in Belgium. The efficacy of designed programmes has been tested in studies using a controlled design. Studies varied in the type of teaching method, the length of training, and the outcome measures considered. Four programmes will be detailed in this chapter in terms of rationale and results. The conclusion will build upon these experiences to develop recommendations and discuss where we may go from there.
Issues in coding cancer consultations
Authors: Butow Phyllis N.
Published: April 2017

It is now well accepted that communication between the health professional and the patient is a critical component of quality patient care, and that poor communication can adversely affect both patient and health professional outcomes. However, audits of doctor and nurse communication with patients have consistently revealed deficits, prompting the growth of communication skills training for both junior and senior clinicians, and the publication of communication guidelines for various challenging situations. Interaction analysis systems (IAS) enable the analysis of communication between the doctor, patient, family, and other health professionals in a qualitative and quantitative fashion. They are used as descriptive and outcome measures in research into medical communication, as well as to provide feedback to individual clinicians on their behaviour. Two types of IAS can be identified: ‘content’ systems, which describe task-oriented behaviour; and ‘process’ systems, which measure socio-emotional behaviour. This chapter describes and compares a variety of IAS.
The Roter Interaction Analysis System
Authors: Roter Debra L. , Isenberg Sarina R. , Czaplicki Lauren M.
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) and reviews a selected body of studies that have used the system to describe cancer communication processes in a variety of cancer and palliative care contexts. It addresses a broad array of research questions relevant to the delivery of high-quality patient care, while providing a broad overview of the characteristics of the RIAS. Its contribution to the field of cancer communication is illustrated in this chapter by reviewing a selected body of cancer and palliative care studies that have used the RIAS as their primary communication assessment tool.
Screening and surveillance
Authors: Rayner Mike , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Williams Julianne , McColl Karen , Mendis Shanthi
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses screening and surveillance and the role that these activities play in tackling non-communicable diseases. Screening and surveillance have an important role in all stages of the policy cycle. This chapter outlines the differences among screening, surveillance, and monitoring and how they help to define the problem, formulate strategies, monitor their successful implementation, and provide feedback. This chapter provides information about how these programmes could be integrated with risk categorization to identify high-risk groups for targeted interventions. It also discusses the types of surveillance and different ways to use surveillance data. It provides several case studies on screening and surveillance programmes set up in different parts of the world.
Capacity building
Authors: Rayner Mike , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Williams Julianne , McColl Karen , Mendis Shanthi
Published: April 2017

This chapter opens with a definition of capacity building and the history of its emergence as a concept. It outlines how capacity is required at the level of the environment, within organizations and individuals in order to enable individuals, institutions and societies to function. It goes on to describe the process for capacity building and provides examples of three attempts to integrate institutional capacity building into a larger long-term non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention strategies. The chapter includes a discussion of a systems approach. Just as the problem of NCDs exists within a highly complex system, responses need to be complex and viewed as just one of many pieces of a solution. The chapter outlines the levels where public health interventions can be made and discusses challenge of translating NCD interventions from one setting to another.
Evaluation and monitoring
Authors: Rayner Mike , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Williams Julianne , McColl Karen , Mendis Shanthi
Published: April 2017

This chapter explains why evaluating and monitoring non-communicable disease (NCD) policies or programmes is an essential part of the process of addressing NCDs. After defining these terms, this chapter reviews the three main types of evaluation: formative evaluation, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation. The chapter walks through the process of formulating an evaluation plan, discusses the challenge of identifying reliable and valid measures, and provides a checklist of issues to consider in choosing measures. It identifies important concepts to take into account when designing an evaluation for NCD prevention, such as the Hawthorne effect and the ceiling effect. Additionally, it provides several case studies which illustrate the diverse range of methods which can be employed to evaluate and monitor NCD initiatives. The chapter illustrates one possible model for NCD monitoring and provides the monitoring framework which the World Health Organization uses to monitor progress on the Global NCD Action Plan.
The Burden of the Feebleminded
Authors: Trent James W.
Published: April 2017

In 1876, the superintendents of the six institutions for idiots formed the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Persons. The Association elected Edward Seguin as its first president. With the forming of this organization, institutional treatment of idiots, imbeciles, and the feebleminded began to take on growth, organizational complexity, and a new purpose for the residential facility. By 1900, the institution had become merely a holding facility to free society from “the burden of the feebleminded.” In institutions, feeble minds were no longer seen as simple idiots ready for education and a return to the community, but as social burdens who needed permanent segregation because of their propensity to crime, immorality, and juvenile delinquency—all embodied in the “moral imbecile”.
Intellectual Disability and the Dilemma of Doubt
Authors: Trent James W.
Published: April 2017

The decades since the passage of the 1990 Americans with Disability Act, have seen the continuing depopulation of the institutions. Today many have closed, and those that remain have reduced their populations. The community is now the principal focus of services. Yet, intellectual disabled adults continue to have trouble finding gainful employment. The chapter reviews this recent history by considering changing definitions of intellectual disability. It then considers “sins of the past” made recently public: medical experimentation on intellectually disabled people at the Fernald State School and the eugenic sterilization program in North Carolina. Finally, the chapter reviews changing assumptions and attitudes about Down syndrome, and their bearing on “life not worth living” and the new eugenics.
The Perfect Storm
Authors: Judge Abigail M. , Ward Peggie
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses a constellation of features associated with families where children are resisting or refusing contact with a parent—personality disorder, high conflict, and court involvement—that the authors refer to as the “perfect storm.” High rates of personality disorder and associated characteristics have been described among child custody–litigating families in the psychological assessment and clinical literatures. Such personality features cause notoriously strong reactions in therapists and professional teams, especially under the added strain of separation or divorce and ongoing litigation. Left unexamined, the effects of these dynamics can undermine treatment and result in ethical missteps in clinical practice. This chapter describes each component of the perfect storm and proposes strategies for clinical management based on current writing about court-involved therapy. Case material is used to highlight key points.
Isolated Sleep Paralysis
Authors: Sharpless Brian A. , Denis Dan
Published: April 2017

Isolated sleep paralysis involves the juxtaposition of certain aspects of REM sleep (e.g., muscle atonia, dream activity) with waking consciousness. It is a terrifying phenomenon that has played an important role in many supernatural and folkloric beliefs. Isolated sleep paralysis is also a surprisingly common phenomenon in the general population, with higher rates found among students and psychiatric patients. A minority of individuals were identified who experience clinically significant distress and/or interference as a result of episodes. Fortunately, much has been learned about this syndrome in recent years and an empirical literature base exists. There are currently several assessment and treatment options available for sufferers, but large-scale efficacy trials have yet to be conducted.
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder
Authors: Goldmeier David , Andrews Shalini
Published: April 2017

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a newly recognized condition of uncertain etiology with limited data on successful treatment. It best can be described as persistent physiological arousal in the absence of conscious feelings of sexual desire. PGAD consists of extended periods of sexual excitement that neither diminish on their own nor resolve with ordinary orgasmic experiences. The arousal is distressing, unwanted, and often painful. The majority of PGAD cases have been identified in women. Although the disorder can occur in men, there is no data on prevalence in men and little is known about whether or not there a common etiology is shared with female cases of PGAD. The chapter ends by discussing several possible etiologies and four main treatment options.
Necrophilia
Authors: West Sara G. , Resnick Phillip J.
Published: April 2017

Necrophilia consists of erotic fantasies about and/or sexual contact with the dead. The practice of necrophilia has been documented since ancient times, and there appears to have always been both a recognition and a fear of it. The chapter opens by discussing well-known cases of necrophilia and several etiological theories. The numerous classification systems for necrophilia are summarized, and the authors also present some potential commonalities. .Unfortunately, research into the world of necrophiles is hampered by the secrecy of their desires and difficulties in detecting their activities. Given its clandestine nature, the chapter suggests that clinicians more frequently screen for the presence of necrophilia when evaluating individuals who present with other deviant sexual behaviors.
Koro—A Genital Retraction Syndrome
Authors: Garlipp Petra
Published: April 2017

Koro involves the spurious belief that certain body parts, such as the penis in men and the vulva in women, are retracting into the body. The origin of the word, “koro,” is connected to the Malaysian term for the retracting of a turtle’s head. Upon complete retraction of the body part in question, death is the feared consequence. The first descriptions of koro-like symptoms (with some similarity to panic disorder symptomatology) can be found in ancient Chinese medical records that are over two thousand years old. Although koro is often thought to be a disorder associated with Asian populations, cases in other parts of the world have been regularly reported. Moreover, koro can occur as individualized cases or full-blown epidemics. Certain indigenous treatment practices can be dangerous, and several means of treating the possible conditions underlying koro are discussed.
Taijin Kyofusho
Authors: Sharpless Brian A. , Balko Amy L. , Grom Jessica Lynn
Published: April 2017

Anxiety in social situations presumably is found in every culture. However, there may be differences across cultures in the specific ways that this anxiety manifests itself and is subjectively experienced by the sufferer. Taijin kyofusho is a broad term for various socially directed fears. Manifestations range from classic social anxiety disorder symptoms to those found in body dysmporphic disorder, delusional disorder, and olfactory reference syndrome. Though originally thought to be a culturally bound variation of social anxiety found only in East Asian populations, a growing body of evidence also locates it in the West. In contrast to egocentric fears found in social anxiety disorder (e.g., “I will embarrass myself”), prototypical taijin kyofusho symptoms are more other directed (e.g., “I will offend others or make them uncomfortable”). Assessment and treatment options are summarized.
Brain Fag Syndrome
Authors: Ebigbo Peter O. , Elekwachi Chimezie Lekwas , Nweze Felix Chukwunenyem
Published: April 2017

Brain fag syndrome is a form of psychological distress first identified in Nigerian students in the 1960s but reported more generally in the African diaspora. It consists of a variety of cognitive disturbances, such as concentration difficulties and poor retention of study material, as well as sensory disturbances, such as heat sensations or dimming of vision), all of which occur during periods of intense intellectual activity. The symptoms occur continuously, which may make patients isolate themselves from intellectual activities altogether. Various etiological hypotheses ranging from the intrapsychic to the societal are discussed, including the suggestion that brain fag may not just be a disease entity of its own, but could be a kind of defense mechanism that prevents individuals from full mental breakdown during times of unbearable stress.
Jerusalem Syndrome and Paris Syndrome
Authors: Witztum Eliezer , Kalian Moshe
Published: April 2017

The affinity of people to a specific and meaningful geographical area is a well-known human behavioral phenomenon. Some scholars labeled this complex mental relationship with a significant space as “psychogeography.” In “Jerusalem syndrome” pilgrims and tourists may consider themselves to be biblical or messianic figures, act accordingly and utilize the Holy city as the arena where they act out their “mission.” “Paris syndrome” is a form of culture-shock observed primarily in Japanese tourists visiting Paris for the first time. Both are relatively rare phenomena. This chapter briefly describes the historical background and the cultural context underlying the narratives of the afflicted individuals. Research reveals that the vast majority of afflicted pilgrims suffered from severe mental problems prior to their arrival in the Holy City, and that the syndrome reflects their particular idiom of distress.
Factitious Disorders
Authors: Bursch Brenda , Haskell Robert
Published: April 2017

In Factitious Disorders, the patient exaggerates, fabricates, simulates, and/or induces symptoms of medical and/or psychiatric illnesses—in himself or in another person—with no concrete incentive beyond the pleasure, consolation, or status conferred by being a patient (or by being closely identified with a patient). This condition can go unrecognized for years, as most physicians assume that descriptions of medical symptoms are presented in good faith. Variations have sometimes been termed factitious disorder imposed on another or Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The secretive and sometimes criminal nature of these behaviors provides numerous barriers to research, but important data have been collected. After discussing the available research base of the factitious disorders, potential assessment procedures using medical records are detailed.
Body Integrity Identity Disorder
Authors: Sedda Anna
Published: April 2017

Body integrity identity disorder involves a patient’s desire to amputate a healthy body part or obtain an unnecessary body modification (e.g., paraplegia, blindness). Dramatic cases of surgical amputation of otherwise functional body parts have come to the attention of the media and medical professionals. Most known cases of body integrity identity disorder appear to have originated in the United States, Germany, and Switzerland. At present, the field knows very little about this condition, but the neurosciences have explored various possibilities for etiology and assessment. After discussing these topics, the chapter reviews treatment options and outcomes , including the results of self-amputations and illegal medical procedures.
A Framework for Assessment
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: April 2017

Assessment of ADHD differs significantly depending on whether the client had a childhood diagnosis. Those diagnosed with ADHD during childhood were usually referred for evaluation and treatment because of classroom disruption or academic difficulties, and they tend to be male, white, and hyperactive, possibly with an additional diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder. Individuals who are diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood differ significantly from those diagnosed in childhood. Gender, cultural, symptomatic, stereotype, and historical issues contribute to the individual reaching adulthood without being diagnosed. The chapter details the clinical interview process, as well as simple written assessment instruments. When to refer for psychological or neuropsychological testing is discussed.
Medical Problems, Sleep Disorders, and ADHD
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: April 2017

Physical illnesses can mimic ADHD. Careful clinical interviewing, with medical assessments as indicated, is necessary to determine the accurate diagnosis. Medical mimics of ADHD are discussed, with special attention to sleep problems and sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, periodic limb movements of sleep, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy, which can mimic ADHD and also be comorbid with ADHD. The complex relationship with sleep and ADHD are discussed, covering issues such as sleep–wake patterns, the tendency of people with ADHD to be “night owls,” the possibility of stimulant medication interfering with sleep, and undiagnosed sleep disorders that can be mimic ADHD or be comorbid with ADHD.
Assessing Adaptive Functioning
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: April 2017

Adults have many complex roles and responsibilities, and they have to plan, organize, manage complex responsibilities, and prioritize constantly. Adults with ADHD are constantly struggling with these responsibilities, and they have increased risk of adaptive functioning problems. Their functioning problems can include problems with: academics, work, social functioning, lack of achievement, driving, finances and paperwork, self-management, poor health behaviors, and adverse health outcomes. In the most severe cases, criminality, violence, and suicidal behavior may be present. Yet some adults with ADHD cope fairly effectively, and only their close family and friends know that they are disorganized, distressed, doing most things at the last minute, and feeling like underachievers.
Medications
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: April 2017

An understanding of medication treatment for ADHD is helpful to educate clients about the benefits and to facilitate collaboration with psychiatrists and other prescribers. Psychotherapy is helpful for organizational skills but leaves the client with continued cognitive difficulties. Stimulant medications effectively address these cognitive problems and are currently considered the most scientifically validated treatment of ADHD. Stimulant medications are well tolerated by clients and have been prescribed safely for decades. Only one nonstimulant medication, atomoxetine (brand name Strattera), has been approved by the FDA for adults with ADHD. Individuals with ADHD may be reluctant to take medication. In these cases, psychotherapists are directed to inquire about the client’s concerns about medication. Some people with ADHD function well without medication. This is an understudied area of research, so little is known.
Indicated Coaching Model
Authors: Marchese Dana D. , Becker Kimberly D. , Keperling Jennifer P. , Domitrovich Celene E. , Reinke Wendy M. , Embry Dennis D. , Ialongo Nicholas S.
Published: April 2017

Chapter 4 outlines the Indicated Coaching Model, which was developed for times when the Universal Coaching Model may not be sufficient to increase teacher implementation. Specific procedures and strategies are reviewed for working with teachers who need additional support using the same principles of engagement, collaboration, feedback, and positive reinforcement, but are influenced more heavily by behavioral assessment, principles, and strategies. Also described are how to identify barriers and facilitators of teacher implementation. The Teacher Implementation Support Planning Checklist (assess, plan, do, evaluate) and the Coach Action Plan (data, teacher strengths, influential factors, hypotheses, goals, action steps, short-term indicators of progress, assessment) are also reviewed.
Conclusion
Authors: Marchese Dana D. , Becker Kimberly D. , Keperling Jennifer P. , Domitrovich Celene E. , Reinke Wendy M. , Embry Dennis D. , Ialongo Nicholas S.
Published: April 2017

The Conclusion chapter briefly reviews strategies outlined in the book to effectively support teacher proficiency with PATHS to PAX GBG. It stresses that prevention and evidence-based interventions are needed to bring about important change that improves the outcomes of students. It highlights several of the strategies that coaches can use, such as modeling, reinforcement, and performance feedback. It reviews the Universal Coaching Model and the Indicated Coaching Model, and offers encouragement to coaches in support of teacher implementation of school-based interventions.
Locating the Best Available Research
Authors: Norcross John C. , Hogan Thomas P. , Koocher Gerald P. , Maggio Lauren A.
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses the steps EBP clinicians should take in finding evidence that addresses their clinical questions: searching background information resources, which provide overviews of topics, and then moving to filtered information resources, which provide access to timesaving, synthesized information. To help clinicians navigate these resources, the chapter summarizes basic search concepts that are applicable across the resources, such as Boolean operators, truncation, wild cards, and limits. The chapter describes key background information sources, such as eMedicine, textbooks, and Wikipedia. It then discusses key filtered information sources, including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, BMJ Clinical Evidence, and several evidence-based journals. The chapter provides tailored tips for optimal searching within each resource introduced.
Reading and Interpreting the Research
Authors: Norcross John C. , Hogan Thomas P. , Koocher Gerald P. , Maggio Lauren A.
Published: April 2017

Evidence-based practice depends on research as its key source, and that research follows one of several designs. This chapter identifies commonly used research designs, terms used in their application, and the special strengths and weaknesses of each design. Designs include randomized clinical trials, quasi-experimental designs, surveys, and case study methods. Discussion of multivariate methods covers the important role of partial correlation and its applications in multiple regression, structural equation modeling, factor analysis (both exploratory and confirmatory), and mediator analysis. The chapter further details the role of the hypothesis in the designs, types of errors (I and II) affecting conclusions, and the role of power in statistical tests. Critical factors in drawing causal conclusions from the various designs receive special attention throughout.
Appraising Research Reports
Authors: Norcross John C. , Hogan Thomas P. , Koocher Gerald P. , Maggio Lauren A.
Published: April 2017

Assessing and interpreting research reports involves examination of individual studies as well as summaries of many studies. Summaries may be conveyed in narrative reviews or, more typically, in meta-analyses. This chapter reviews how researchers conduct a meta-analysis and report the results, especially by means of forest plots, which incorporate measures of effect size and their confidence intervals. A meta-analysis may also use moderator analyses or meta-regressions to identify important influences on the results. Critical appraisal of a study requires careful attention to the details of the sample used, the independent variable (treatment), dependent variable (outcome measure), the comparison groups, and the relation between the stated conclusions and the actual results. The CONSORT flow diagram provides a context for interpreting the sample and comparison groups. Finally, users must be alert to possible artifacts of publication bias.
Navigating the Projects
Authors: Fishman Daniel B.
Published: April 2017

Case Studies Within Psychotherapy Trials: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods presents a specific, mixed-methods approach, called the “Cases Within Trials” (CWT) model, to psychotherapy research. The CWT model combines the randomized clinical trial (RCT) research design, based on quantitative group research, with richly, qualitatively detailed systematic case studies involving contrasting outcomes drawn from the experimental condition of the RCT. Specifically, the CWT model involves three components: results gained from the RCT, results gained from the case studies; and a synthesis of the two types of knowledge. Chapter 2 of the book is a “reader’s guide” to the details of the CWT method and its application to four illustrative RCT projects in Chapters 3–6 of the book.
Commentary
Authors: Norcross John C.
Published: April 2017

The extraordinary contribution by Interian, Prawda, Fishman, and Buerger (this volume) presents and celebrates many of my favorite methods: motivational interviewing (MI), real-world research, cultural adaptations, therapeutic relationships, systematic case studies, and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The reader may excuse me, then, for my unabashed enthusiasm for the chapter and for its clinical and research underpinnings. As a commentator, however, I will endeavor to highlight an occasional quibble and to offer an alternative hypothesis or two. All that within the context of my rousing burst of “Well done, colleagues! This is precisely what the future of clinical practice and psychotherapy research requires.”...
An Outside Perspective
Authors: Chui Harold , Bloch-Elkouby Sarah , Barber Jacques P.
Published: April 2017

Case Studies Within Psychotherapy Trials: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods presents a specific, mixed-methods approach, called the “Cases Within Trials” (CWT) model, to psychotherapy research, combining the results from a randomized clinical trial (RCT) with systematic case studies involving contrasting outcomes drawn from the experimental condition of the RCT; and a synthesis of the two types of knowledge. Chapters 3–6 of the book present four specific and diverse projects that concretely illustrate the CWT method. Chapter 7 presents an outside perspective on the four projects from a research team expert in conducting traditional RCTs. The authors explore the benefits of the CWT approach, such as confirming certain findings and challenging other findings in the quantitative group literature, and coming up with new hypotheses emerging from individual differences within group findings. In addition, the authors document some of the challenges of the CWT approach, such as confirmatory bias and case selection.
Counseling Special Populations in Schools
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S.
Published: April 2017

This book address nine unique and overlapping special populations of students whose life circumstances put them at greater risk for poor mental health outcomes and school failure: students who are homeless, students living in foster care, students involved with the juvenile justice system, students who are LGBTQ, students who are pregnant or parenting, students who are gifted, students with incarcerated parents, students in military families, and students who are at risk for school failure and dropout. Many of these students demonstrate incredible resilience in spite of their life circumstances, but they need mental health support to manage the impact of victimization, unstable living situations, and social stigma, among other challenges. Each chapter examines relevant background information regarding one population of students, provides specific counseling strategies and techniques to address students’ needs and promote resilience, and offers resources and strategies for supporting students beyond the counseling office. Individual and group counseling are addressed, as well as advanced counseling techniques, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and motivational interviewing.
Counseling Students Who Are Homeless
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S.
Published: April 2017

This chapter presents background information about homeless youth and suggested counseling strategies for use by school-based counselors who work with young people who are homeless. Homelessness is a growing problem for students, and students who experience homelessness are at increased risk for a host of developmental, academic, and mental health problems. Counselors working with students who are homeless must be aware of legal and ethical issues, such as the McKinney-Vento Act, which was enacted to ensure that homeless students are provided a free and appropriate public education, and mandated reporting requirements. Counselors can help promote resilience by focusing on students’ strengths and addressing issues related to stress, trauma, and family involvement. Specific counseling strategies discussed include solution-focused brief therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Counseling Students Involved With the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S.
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the juvenile justice system, as well as descriptions of alternative education settings, and offers suggestions for counselors who work with students who are involved with that system. Students who are involved with the juvenile justice system face a number of risks that impact them at school, including trauma, comorbid psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, learning disabilities, and underachievement. Counselors working with this group of students need to take time to establish effective rapport and develop a treatment plan that takes into account the complexities of these students’ lives. Specific counseling strategies discussed include solution-focused brief therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy dialectical behavior therapy motivational interviewing (MI), multisystemic therapy and group counseling.
Counseling Students Who Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S.
Published: April 2017

This chapter presents information for counselors who work with students who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning (LGBTQ). These students experience increased discrimination, victimization, and bullying in schools, which can lead to mental health and academic problems. The chapter provides definitions for basic terminology related to sexual and gender identity, summarizes research on the development of sexual and gender identity, and briefly addresses changing personal attitudes and public policies that affect LGBTQ individuals. It stress that counselors who work with LGBTQ students need to be thoughtful about ethical considerations, such as maintaining confidentiality, and employ an affirmative counseling approach that supports positive identity development and decreases suicide risk. Specific counseling strategies discussed include LGBTQ-affirmative counseling and LGBTQ-affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Counseling Students Who Are Pregnant or Parenting
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S. , Drysdale Haylea
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews strategies for working with students who are pregnant or parenting. The chapter reviews the risks for becoming a teen parent, as well as the risks and pressures faced by pregnant and parenting students, including teen fathers. It covers issues such as choice counseling, building social support networks, and dropout prevention. The legal and ethical considerations specific to this population are discussed, and strategies such as solution-focused brief therapy, psychoeducation, group counseling, and vocational counseling are presented. Finally, the chapter suggests broad strategies that counselors can implement in efforts to provide effective, holistic pregnancy prevention and education programs in schools.
Counseling Students Who Are Gifted
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S.
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews strategies for working with students who are gifted. It stresses that gifted students can be a vulnerable population because, without proper academic, social, and emotional support, they may not reach high levels of achievement and recognize their potential in school and beyond. Also, because gifted students’ social and emotional needs are often unrecognized and unmet, it is important for counselors to familiarize themselves with the characteristics associated with giftedness. The chapter describes the types of challenges that may be faced by gifted students, including perfectionism, underachievement, motivation, and multipotentiality. It also suggests counseling strategies to address these concerns such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, career counseling, and group counseling.
Counseling Students in Military Families
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S.
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews strategies for working with students who are from military families. During peacetime, military children are nearly identical to civilian children in terms of well-being and academic achievement. When families face deployment, however, social, emotional, academic, and behavioral problems can occur. The chapter reviews risks and stressors faced by students and parents with military involvement; these include financial stress, familial changes related to stages of deployment, and reactions to the injury or loss of a family member. Counseling strategies to support students through relocation, deployment, loss, or injury to a parent are presented and include building coping skills, grief counseling, and group counseling. The chapter also covers how counselors can help schools to establish school-wide supports for their students from military families.
Counseling Students to Increase Motivation and School Completion
Authors: Fisher Emily S. , Kennedy Kelly S. , McLay Brianna Meshke
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews strategies for working with students who are at risk for school failure or dropout. Because each of the populations discussed in the earlier chapters may be at risk for dropout or failure, this chapter builds upon previous strategies by providing a framework for targeting motivation and academic enabling skills (e.g., note taking, study skills). It describes risk factors (both membership in certain groups and personal risk factors) that may contribute to school failure or dropout. It also addresses the need to distinguish between skills/acquisitions deficits and performance deficits in identifying the reasons a student is struggling academically, is chronically truant, or is at risk of dropping out. Counseling strategies to address motivation and academic enabling skills include motivational interviewing, solution-focused brief therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and group counseling.
Overview of STEPPS
Authors: Blum Nancee S. , John Don St. , Pfohl Bruce , Black Donald W.
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides an overview of Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS), a manualized, cognitive-behavioral, skills-based group treatment program, originally developed as an adjunctive treatment for outpatients with borderline personality disorder. STEPPS was developed at the University of Iowa in 1995 in response to patient and provider needs. A detailed manual was developed and training workshops are conducted nationally and internationally. The systems component is unique to the program and refers to providing the client’s support system, (i.e., family members, friends, and key professionals) with an understanding of the STEPPS approach, a common language to communicate clearly about BPD, and ways to reinforce the skills that patients are acquiring. The program has been implemented worldwide and is included in SAMSHA’s NREPP list of evidence-based programs. The program is user-friendly and easily learned and delivered by therapists. A follow-up program, STAIRWAYS, is also described.
Research Evidence Supportive of STEPPS
Authors: Black Donald W. , Blum Nancee S. , Allen Jeff
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews the empirical database for STEPPS, which now consists of eight uncontrolled studies and three randomized controlled studies. This provides one of the world’s largest bodies of data supportive of any group treatment for persons with borderline personality disorder, exceeded only by that for dialectical behavior therapy. The data are remarkably consistent in showing that patients have measureable improvements in mood, impulsiveness, and symptoms specific to BPD such as mood instability, cognitive problems (e.g., overvalued ideas, depersonalization, and nonpsychotic paranoia), identity issues, and disturbed relationships; health care seeking and self-harm behaviors are reduced. In correctional settings, STEPPS decreases disruptive behaviors. Further, data show that STEPPS is well accepted by patients and therapists. On the strength of this research evidence, STEPPS has been designated by the United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration as an evidence-based treatment and is listed on the National Registry for Evidence-Based Practices.
Introducing STEPPS on an Inpatient Unit in Italy
Authors: Fossati Andrea , Alesiani Roberta , Boccalon Silvia , Giarolli Laura , Borroni Serena , Somma Antonella
Published: April 2017

This chapter describes how STEPPS has been adapted for inpatients with borderline personality disorder and co-occurring mood disorders at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy. All of the participants had a history of multiple hospitalizations and suicide attempts before entering STEPPS. The chapter describes how the program was modified for the inpatient setting. The patients begin the program during hospital admission to an inpatient unit and continue twice-weekly following discharge. The admission typically lasts one month, and the STEPPS program begins after remission of the acute mood disorder symptoms. Following discharge, the group program meets twice weekly for 45 minutes; the typical 20 session program is increased to 30 sessions. STEPPS was used as a stand-alone treatment for these patients. Data show that STEPPS has contributed to a reduction in self-destructive behaviors and frequency of hospitalization.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization ofStreptomycesSpecies Causing Potato Common Scab in Uruguay
Authors: Lapaz M. I. , Huguet-Tapia J. C. , Siri M. I. , Verdier E. , Loria R. , Pianzzola M. J.
Published: April 2017

Isolation and characterization of common scab (CS) pathogen Streptomyces spp. from Uruguayan potato tubers and soil samples were done in response to significant economic losses due to CS on potato in autumn 2010. Seventy of the 331 isolates were classified as pathogenic owing to their ability to induce necrosis on tuber disks and stunting of radish seedling. Streptomyces spp. causing CS on potato in Uruguay were found to represent a range of different species by virtue of their diverse morphological and physiological traits as well as rep-PCR, rpoB phylogenetic analysis, and multi-locus sequences analysis. We identified isolates primarily as Streptomyces scabiei, S. acidiscabies, and S. europaeiscabiei. However, some of the pathogenic isolates still remain to be identified at the species level. This highlights the need for improved methods for discrimination among pathogenic Streptomyces species. The presence of Streptomyces pathogenicity island (PAI) genes was analyzed, including genes encoding for thaxtomin synthetase (txtA, txtB), tomatinase (tomA), and a necrosis protein (nec1). Among the isolates that were pathogenic, 50% contained the four pathogenicity genes, 33% had an atypical composition of PAI marker genes, and 17% did not contain any genes. The absence of the genes reported to be involved in thaxtomin biosynthesis (txtA, txtB) was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing of two representative strains of this group. This finding suggests the participation of other virulence factors in plant pathogenicity.
Assessment of the Virulence Spectrum and Its Association with Genetic Diversity in Magnaporthe oryzae Populations from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mutiga S. K. , Rotich F. , Ganeshan V. Devi , Mwongera D. T. , Mgonja E. M. , Were V. M. , Harvey J. W. , Zhou B. , Wasilwa L. , Feng C. , Ouédraogo I. , Wang G.-L. , Mitchell T. K. , Talbot N. J. , Correll J. C.
Published: April 2017

A collection of 122 isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, from nine sub-Saharan African countries, was assessed for virulence diversity and genetic relatedness. The virulence spectrum was assessed by pathotype analysis with a panel of 43 rice genotypes consisting of differential lines carrying 24 blast resistance genes (R-genes), contemporary African rice cultivars, and susceptible checks. The virulence spectrum among isolates ranged from 5 to 80%. Five isolates were avirulent to the entire rice panel, while two isolates were virulent to ∼75% of the panel. Overall, cultivar 75-1-127, the Pi9 R-gene donor, was resistant to all isolates (100%), followed by four African rice cultivars (AR105, NERICA 15, 96%; NERICA 4, 91%; and F6-36, 90%). Genetic relatedness of isolates was assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from genotyping-by-sequencing and by vegetative compatibility tests. Phylogenetic analysis of SNPs of a subset of isolates (n = 78) revealed seven distinct clades that differed in virulence. Principal component analysis showed isolates from East Africa were genetically distinct from those from West Africa. Vegetative compatibility tests of a subset of isolates (n = 65) showed no common groups among countries. This study shows that blast disease could be controlled by pyramiding of Pi9 together with other promising R-genes into rice cultivars that are adapted to East and West African regions.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Potyviridae
Authors: Wylie Stephen J , Adams Mike , Chalam Celia , Kreuze Jan , López-Moya Juan José , Ohshima Kazusato , Praveen Shelly , Rabenstein Frank , Stenger Drake , Wang Aiming , Zerbini F. Murilo ,   ICTV Report Consortium
Published: April 2017

The Potyviridae is the largest family of RNA plant viruses, members of which have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes and flexuous filamentous particles 680–900 nm long and 11–20 nm wide. There are eight genera, distinguished by the host range, genomic features and phylogeny of the member viruses. Genomes range from 8.2 to 11.3 kb, with an average size of 9.7 kb. Most genomes are monopartite but those of members of the genus Bymovirus are bipartite. Some members cause serious disease epidemics in cultivated plants. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Potyviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/potyviridae.