bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of the United Netherlands
Authors: Motley John Lothrop
Published: April 2012

American historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. His first book on the subject was the widely acclaimed Rise of the Dutch Republic, which covered events up to 1584. Motley published this more ambitious four-volume sequel, covering events in the period 1584–1609, between 1860 and 1867. Volume 1 takes up the story from immediately after the assassination of William the Silent in 1584. It covers the formation of the political and military alliance between Holland and England against Spain and its allies during the period 1584–6.
History of the United Netherlands
Authors: Motley John Lothrop
Published: April 2012

American historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. His first book on the subject was the widely acclaimed Rise of the Dutch Republic, which covered events up to 1584. Motley published this more ambitious four-volume sequel, covering events in the period 1584–1609, between 1860 and 1867. Volume 2 covers the period 1586–9, describing the intensification of conflict between the allied English and Dutch and Spain, and includes an account of England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
The State of the Poor
Authors: Eden Frederick Morton
Published: April 2012

Sir Frederick Morton Eden (1766–1809) was an English writer and a pioneer social researcher. Eden studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and subsequently worked in banking and insurance, inheriting a baronetcy from his father, who had been the governor of the American province of Maryland, in 1784. Arguing that poverty could not be tackled without knowing what it actually meant to be poor, this innovative three-volume work is an attempt to define what poverty meant in concrete terms. It is packed with data from across England, divided by county, and covering factors such as food prices, wages, diet and mortality rates. It begins with an explanation of the methods of data collection used, and outlines the various measures taken against poverty in different periods. Volume 2 presents the first set of reports on living conditions of the poor in the various English counties, sorted alphabetically, from Bedfordshire to Suffolk.
A History of English Gardening Chronological Biological Literary and Critical
Authors: Johnson George William
Published: April 2012

In this informative study of Britain's rich horticultural history, first published in 1829, George W. Johnson (1802–66), a chemist, political economist and practising gardener, traces the history of gardening in England. He argues that the pursuit is an art which, like other art forms, developed by way of experiments and chance discoveries. The basic facts we know today, such as that vines must be watered, that plants flourish on exposure to the sun, and that animal manure helps to cultivate vegetables, all came about as a result of findings being passed down through many generations, and practice being improved through experience. Tracing the cultural importance of gardening back to biblical times, and relating it to the works of classical writers such as Hesiod, Cato and Cicero, as well as modern scholars such as Linnaeus and Banks, Johnson's work remains of interest to horticulturalists and botanists today.
Warfare and Shamanism in Amazonia
Authors: Fausto Carlos
Published: April 2012

Warfare and Shamanism in Amazonia is an ethnographic study of the Parakanã, a little-known indigenous people of Amazonia, who inhabit the interfluvial region in the state of Pará, Brazil. This book analyzes the relationship between warfare and shamanism in Parakanã society from the late nineteenth century until the end of the twentieth century. Based on the author's extensive fieldwork, the book presents first-hand ethnographic data collected among a generation still deeply involved in conflicts. The result is an innovative work with a broad thematic and comparative scope.
The French at Akaroa
Authors: Buick T. Lindsay
Published: April 2012

Thomas Lindsay Buick (1865–1938) became interested in New Zealand history while working as a political journalist in Wellington, and became an influential figure in the field. He went on to write twelve books and numerous pamphlets on the early history of the country and was elected a fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1914. First published in Wellington in 1928, this work describes the history of Akaroa in the South Island, a small settlement on the Banks Peninsula founded by French settlers in 1840. In the same year, New Zealand became part of the British Empire, and much of Buick's account focuses on the interaction and disputes between the French and British settlers. The book, which was published under the auspices of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research, also includes the history of the local Maori tribes.
Murihiku
Authors: McNab Robert
Published: April 2012

Robert McNab (1864–1917), lawyer, politician, and historian, was one of the most prominent and influential of New Zealand's early intellectuals, renowned for his meticulous gathering of historical resources. The result of nine years of painstaking research, this book was developed from a series of articles on Southland history published in the newspaper Southern Standard in the late 1890s. Murihiku spans the history of European exploration and settlement in the South Island, from the voyages of Abel Tasman and Captain Cook to the arrival of the sealers, whalers, missionaries, and the early settlers in the years leading up the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The book was first published in 1905. After extensive research in archives in Australia, the USA, and Britain, McNab produced a more substantial edition in 1907. This third edition appeared in 1909. McNab was elected fellow of the Royal Geographical society in 1908.
A berry thought-provoking idea: the potential role of plant polyphenols in the treatment of age-related cognitive disorders
Authors: Cherniack E. Paul
Published: April 2012

Today, tens of millions of elderly individuals worldwide suffer from dementia. While the pathogenesis of dementia is complex and incompletely understood, it may be, at least to a certain extent, the consequence of systemic vascular pathology. The metabolic syndrome and its individual components induce a proinflammatory state that damages blood vessels. This condition of chronic inflammation may damage the vasculature of the brain or be directly neurotoxic. Associations have been established between the metabolic syndrome, its constituents and dementia. A relationship has also been observed between certain dietary factors, such as constituents of the ‘Mediterranean diet’, and the metabolic syndrome; similar associations have been noted between these dietary factors and dementia. Fruit juices and extracts are under investigation as treatments for cognitive impairment. Blueberry, strawberry, blackberry, grape and plum juices or extracts have been successfully tested in cognitively impaired rodents. Published trials of the benefits of grape and blueberry juice in the treatment of small numbers of cognitively impaired persons have recently appeared. The benefits of fruit products are thought to be a result of its polyphenol content. A grape polyphenol found in grapes, resveratrol, now being studied in humans, and one in grapes and blueberries, pterostilbene, have been found to improve cognition in rodents. In the design of future human trials, one ought to consider the poor bioavailability of these products, the possible need to initiate the experimental therapy long before the onset of symptoms, and currently limited knowledge about the appropriate form (e.g. juice, powder or individual polyphenol) of treatment.
Rip Van Winkle's Odyssey
Authors: STALEY GREGORY A.
Published: April 2012

The wise Ulysses was more indebted to his sleeping than his waking moments for his most subtle achievements, and seldom undertook any great exploit without first soundly sleeping upon it…

James Joyce was the first reader of Washington Irving's famous tale of Rip Van Winkle to have noticed that Rip is ‘a lazy Odysseus’, as Andrew Burstein has more recently described him. Rip leaves home for twenty years, just as Odysseus did; however, unlike Odysseus, Rip spends this time not heroically fighting and adventuring but sleeping away his mature years. When he finally returns home, then, it is no surprise that the dog in front of his house ‘has forgotten' him, unlike Odysseus’ dog, who greets his master with a tail-wag of recognition. Irving creates in Rip Van Winkle an ironic and humorous embodiment of an Odysseus/Ulysses who, as quoted above, was ‘more indebted to his sleeping than his waking moments for his most subtle achievements’.
L'ENFANT ET LE TYRAN:“LA MARSEILLAISE” AND THE BIRTH OF MELODRAMA
Authors: Wise Jennifer
Published: April 2012

Whether through its association with 1789 or 1830, with the German labor movement of the nineteenth century, or the fight against fascism in the twentieth, the stirring sound of the national anthem of France is familiar to us all.1(And film buffs everywhere have a powerful image of this last association thanks to the unforgettable depiction of the song inCasablanca.) Less well known is that this famous song, though feared during the 1790s as the terrorist “chant” of the guillotine,2also provided René-Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt with the ingredients, and a ready-made dramaturgical recipe, for inventing a new theatrical genre.3With its simple division of the world into vulnerable, imperiledenfantson the one hand, and powerful, plottingtyranson the other, and its demand that the latter be killed, “La Marseillaise” may well have helped to stoke the fire of the Terror and certainly helped legitimize its violence. But in terms of its plot, characters, and politicomoral thought, even in terms of its diction and spectacle,4“La Marseillaise” also laid down the dramaturgical rules for playwriting in revolutionary Paris, showing the father of melodrama how to make for the happiness of theenfants de la patrie—those in the audience and those on the stage.
WHAT ARE YOU READING?
Authors: Bennett Susan
Published: April 2012

The three books that have recently been traveling between my desk and an airplane seat are placed by their respective publishers into the following categories: “business/marketing,” “economics & finance,” and “popular culture/American anthropology.” Yet each of these recent publications has something to say to and about our field as well; the authors engage with theatre, theatricality, and performance as crucial to their interrogations of the contemporary world.
An executive's handbook for understanding and risk managing unit linked guarantees ‐ Abstract of the London discussion
Authors: Maher James
Published: April 2012

This abstract relates to the following paper:

MaherJ., CorriganJ., BentleyA., and DiffeyW.An executive's handbook for understanding and risk managing unit linked guarantees. British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S1357321712000013
First Course in Metric Spaces
Authors: Tyagi B. K.
Published: April 2012

First Course in Metric Spaces presents a systematic and rigorous treatment of the subject of Metric Spaces which are mathematical objects equipped with the notion of distance. This book is a step towards the preparation for the study of more advanced topics in Analysis such as Topology. The contents are primarily suitable for teaching at the graduate level and serve as a treatise for undergraduate and postgraduate students. The book discusses classification of Metric Spaces using the standard classification notions such as completeness, compactness, and connectedness. The book also contains chapters on limit and continuity of mappings, fixed points and approximations, and a complete ordered field of real numbers obtained from cauchy sequences of rational numbers. Each chapter is interspersed with many examples and exercises.
Self-Monitoring and Linguistic Adaptation
Authors: Blank Hartmut , Ziegler René , de Bloom Jessica
Published: April 2012

This article explores the role of self-monitoring in the adaptation to different linguistic environments (dialects and foreign languages). An internet study (N = 505) found the motivation and ability of speakers of local German dialects to switch to the German high language (as measured by a specifically developed scale) to be moderately related (r = .24) to their self-monitoring scores. Further analyses found this relationship to be stronger for people with stronger dialects. Also, in a survey of German first-year students (N = 88) at a Dutch university, self-monitoring was strongly related (r = .43) to a scale measuring various aspects of adaptation to the Dutch language; high self-monitors also reported less social and study-related problems due to language. We conclude from these results that self-monitoring is an important determinant of oral linguistic adaptation. Put differently, our findings extend the reach of the self-monitoring construct to the domain of language.
Particle-size distributions and seasonal diversity of allergenic and pathogenic fungi in outdoor air
Authors: Yamamoto Naomichi , Bibby Kyle , Qian Jing , Hospodsky Denina , Rismani-Yazdi Hamid , Nazaroff William W , Peccia Jordan
Published: April 2012

Fungi are ubiquitous in outdoor air, and their concentration, aerodynamic diameters and taxonomic composition have potentially important implications for human health. Although exposure to fungal allergens is considered a strong risk factor for asthma prevalence and severity, limitations in tracking fungal diversity in air have thus far prevented a clear understanding of their human pathogenic properties. This study used a cascade impactor for sampling, and quantitative real-time PCR plus 454 pyrosequencing for analysis to investigate seasonal, size-resolved fungal communities in outdoor air in an urban setting in the northeastern United States. From the 20 libraries produced with an average of ∼800 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences (total 15 326 reads), 12 864 and 11 280 sequences were determined to the genus and species levels, respectively, and 558 different genera and 1172 different species were identified, including allergens and infectious pathogens. These analyses revealed strong relationships between fungal aerodynamic diameters and features of taxonomic compositions. The relative abundance of airborne allergenic fungi ranged from 2.8% to 10.7% of total airborne fungal taxa, peaked in the fall, and increased with increasing aerodynamic diameter. Fungi that can cause invasive fungal infections peaked in the spring, comprised 0.1–1.6% of fungal taxa and typically increased in relative abundance with decreasing aerodynamic diameter. Atmospheric fungal ecology is a strong function of aerodynamic diameter, whereby through physical processes, the size influences the diversity of airborne fungi that deposit in human airways and the efficiencies with which specific groups of fungi partition from outdoor air to indoor environments.
Functional roles of protein splicing factors
Authors: Chen Hsin-Chou , Cheng Soo-Chen
Published: April 2012

RNA splicing is one of the fundamental processes in gene expression in eukaryotes. Splicing of pre-mRNA is catalysed by a large ribonucleoprotein complex called the spliceosome, which consists of five small nuclear RNAs and numerous protein factors. The spliceosome is a highly dynamic structure, assembled by sequential binding and release of the small nuclear RNAs and protein factors. DExD/H-box RNA helicases are required to mediate structural changes in the spliceosome at various steps in the assembly pathway and have also been implicated in the fidelity control of the splicing reaction. Other proteins also play key roles in mediating the progression of the spliceosome pathway. In this review, we discuss the functional roles of the protein factors involved in the spliceosome pathway primarily from studies in the yeast system.
University: Student Peer Mentoring in the Clinical Training of Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Kimble Carlotta , Turner Gregory
Published: April 2012

This phenomenological study explored the nature of clinical peer mentoring experiences from the perspectives of first-time undergraduate student clinicians, graduate student peer mentors, and their clinical instructor at one Midwestern university. Participants included five mentor–first time (FT) clinician pairs and one clinical instructor. In-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were analyzed using Moustakas’ (1994) modified van Kaam method of analysis of phenomenological data. The findings revealed personal and reciprocal peer mentor–FT clinician relationships that impacted clinical instructor supervision. The results suggested a dichotomy between acceptance of peer mentor guidance and support and FT clinician self-confidence in clinical skills. The findings demonstrated the potential impact of relationship dynamics between peer mentor and clinical instructor on the overall clinical experience of FT clinicians. The results yielded implications for peer mentor model development.
Current Issues: Understanding Personality: A Key to Supervisory Success
Authors: Baggs Terry
Published: April 2012

The notion of clinical success has both a narrow and broad perspective. This article explores the idea that the personality of a clinician can impact clinical success from both perspectives. I present a summary of pertinent literature and a discussion of a realistic approach to successful supervision utilizing personality assessment.
Administration: Leadership Challenges: Difficult Conversations
Authors: Whitelaw Gail M.
Published: April 2012

At some point in time, all leaders face the issue of having to initiate a conversation considered to be “difficult.” This article discusses what makes conversations difficult and addresses the benefits of resolving issues that are related to difficult conversations. I discuss evidence-based approaches and tools for facilitating difficult conversations and use examples related to speech and hearing to illustrate the approaches and tools.
Oral Care Across Ages: A Review
Authors: Ashford John R.
Published: April 2012

Mouth cleaning is performed to prevent diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Bacteria, present since birth, form complex biofilms that attach to oral surfaces. These florae—controlled with saliva, brushing, and the immune system—may contribute to systemic diseases, including aspiration pneumonia. This review examines oral properties, biofilms, potential disease associated with the oral flora, and oral care practices.
Muscle Tone and the Speech-Language Pathologist: Definitions, Neurophysiology, Assessment, and Interventions
Authors: Clark Heather M. , Solomon Nancy Pearl
Published: April 2012

Abnormal muscle tone is presumed to underlie certain types of dysarthria and dysphagia. However, the speech-language pathologist rarely assesses orofacial muscle tone, presumably because of a lack of training and the unavailability of adequate tools. This article reviews the general mechanisms underlying muscle tone, explains sensory and motor therapeutic strategies that target muscle tone, and introduces new measurement tools.
Laryngectomy – Concepts and Shifting Paradigms
Authors: Xu Jason , Fung Kevin
Published: April 2012

The treatment of laryngeal cancer has changed substantially over the past 50 years with advances that maximize both oncological and functional outcomes. Surgically, transoral laser microsurgery and transoral robotic surgery are minimally invasive endoscopic techniques that have evolved from the conventional open partial laryngectomy and total laryngectomy. Along with concurrent advances in organ preservation radiotherapy and chemotherapy, choosing the best treatment for laryngeal cancer has become more complex. In this paper, we present a brief overview of laryngeal cancer and review the management options currently available, with a focus on advances in surgery. This information is critical for speech-language pathologists to understand as they participate on multidiscliplinary rehabilitation teams with this population.
Structural characterization of electron-induced proton transfer in the formic acid dimer anion, (HCOOH)2−, with vibrational and photoelectron spectroscopies
Authors: Gerardi Helen K. , DeBlase Andrew F. , Leavitt Christopher M. , Su Xiaoge , Jordan Kenneth D. , McCoy Anne B. , Johnson Mark A.
Published: April 2012

The (HCOOH)2 anion, formed by electron attachment to the formic acid dimer (FA2), is an archetypal system for exploring the mechanics of the electron-induced proton transfer motif that is purported to occur when neutral nucleic acid base-pairs accommodate an excess electron [K. Aflatooni, G. A. Gallup, and P. D. Burrow, J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 6205 (1998)10.1021/jp980865n; J. H. Hendricks, S. A. Lyapustina, H. L. de Clercq, J. T. Snodgrass, and K. H. Bowen, J. Chem Phys. 104, 7788 (1996)10.1063/1.471484; C. Desfrancois, H. Abdoul-Carime, and J. P. Schermann, J. Chem Phys. 104, 7792 (1996)]. The FA2 anion and several of its H/D isotopologues were isolated in the gas phase and characterized using Ar-tagged vibrational predissociation and electron autodetachment spectroscopies. The photoelectron spectrum of the FA2 anion was also recorded using velocity-map imaging. The resulting spectroscopic information verifies the equilibrium FA2− geometry predicted by theory which features a symmetrical, double H-bonded bridge effectively linking together constituents that most closely resemble the formate ion and a dihydroxymethyl radical. The spectroscopic signatures of this ion were analyzed with the aid of calculated anharmonic vibrational band patterns.
A simulation approach of high-frequency electrostatic waves found in Saturn’s magnetosphere
Authors: Koen Etienne J. , Collier Andrew B. , Maharaj Shimul K.
Published: April 2012

Using a particle-in-cell simulation, the characteristics of electron plasma and electron acoustic waves are investigated in plasmas containing an ion and two electron components. The electron velocities are modeled by a combination of two κ distributions. The model applies to the extended plasma sheet region in Saturn’s magnetosphere where the cool and hot electron velocities are found to have low indices, κc≃2 and κh≃4. For such low values of κc and κh, the electron plasma and electron acoustic waves are coupled. The model predicts weakly damped electron plasma waves while electron acoustic waves should also be observable, although less prominent.
Numerical investigation of a compressible gyrofluid model for collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Comisso L. , Grasso D. , Tassi E. , Waelbroeck F. L.
Published: April 2012

Ion Larmor radius effects on collisionless magnetic reconnection in the presence of a guide field are investigated by means of numerical simulations based on a gyrofluid model for compressible plasmas. Compressibility along the magnetic field is seen to favour the distribution of ion guiding center density along the neutral line, rather than along the separatrices, unlike the electron density. On the other hand, increasing ion temperature reduces the intensity of localized ion guiding center flows that develop in the direction parallel to the guide field. Numerical simulations suggest that the width of these bar-shaped velocity layers scale linearly with the ion Larmor radius. The increase of ion temperature radius causes also a reduction of the electron parallel velocity. As a consequence, it is found that the cusp-like current profiles distinctive of non-dissipative reconnection are strongly attenuated. The field structures are interpreted in terms of the behavior of the four topological invariants of the system. Two of these are seen to behave similarly to invariants of simpler models that do not account for parallel ion flow. The other two exhibit different structures, partly as a consequence of the small electron/ion mass ratio. The origin of these invariants at the gyrokinetic level is also discussed. The investigation of the field structures is complemented by an analysis of the energetics of the system.
Formation and dynamics of electrostatic solitary waves associated with relativistic electron beam
Authors: Moslem W. M. , Bencheriet F. , Sabry R. , Djebli M.
Published: April 2012

Properties of nonlinear electrostatic solitary waves in a plasma are analyzed by using the hydrodynamic model for electrons, positrons, and relativistic electron beam. For this purpose, the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation has been derived and its analytical solution is presented. It is found that the nonlinear solitary structures can propagate as slow and fast modes. The dependence of these modes on the plasma parameters is defined numerically. Furthermore, positive and negative electrostatic solitary structures can exist. In order to show that the characteristics of the solitary wave profile are influenced by the plasma parameters, the relevant numerical analysis of the KP equation is obtained. The electrostatic solitary waves, as predicted here, may be associated with the nonlinear structures caused by the interaction of relativistic jets with plasma medium, such as in the active galactic nuclei and in the magnetosphere of collapsing stars.
Synergy between ion temperature gradient turbulence and neoclassical processes in global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell simulations
Authors: Vernay T. , Brunner S. , Villard L. , McMillan B. F. , Jolliet S. , Tran T. M. , Bottino A.
Published: April 2012

Based on the CYCLONE case, simulations of collisional electrostatic ion temperature gradient (ITG) microturbulence carried out with the global gyrokinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) code ORB5 are presented. Considering adiabatic electrons, an increase in ion heat transport over the collisionless turbulent case due to ion-ion collisions is found to exceed the neoclassical contribution. This synergetic effect is due to interaction of collisions, turbulence, and zonal flows. When going from a collisionless to a collisional ITG turbulence simulation, a moderate reduction of the average zonal flow level is observed. The collisional zonal flow level turns out to be roughly independent of the finite collisionality considered. The Dimits shift softening by collisions [Z. Lin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3645 (1999)] is further characterized, and the shearing rate saturation mechanism is emphasized. Turbulence simulations start from a neoclassical equilibrium [T. Vernay et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 122301 (2010)] and are carried out over significant turbulence times and several collision times thanks to a coarse-graining procedure, ensuring a sufficient signal/noise ratio even at late times in the simulation. The relevance of the Lorentz approximation for ion-ion collisions, compared to a linearized Landau self-collision operator, is finally addressed in the frame of both neoclassical and turbulence studies.
Theoretical predictions of properties of group-2 elements including element 120 and their adsorption on noble metal surfaces
Authors: Pershina V. , Borschevsky A. , Anton J.
Published: April 2012

Trends in properties of group-2 elements Ca through element 120 and their M2 and MAu dimers were determined on the basis of atomic and molecular relativistic density functional theory calculations. The relativistic contraction and stabilization of the ns AO with increasing atomic number were shown to result in the inversion of trends both in atomic and molecular properties in group 2 beyond Ba, so that element 120 should be chemically similar to Sr. Due to the same reason, bonding in (120)2 and 120Au should be the weakest among the considered here M2 and MAu. Using calculated dissociation energies of M2, the sublimation enthalpy, ΔHsub, of element 120 of 150 kJ/mol was estimated via a correlation between these quantities in group 2. Using the M-Au binding energies, the adsorption enthalpies, ΔHads, of element 120 of 172 kJ/mol on gold, 127 kJ/mol on platinum, and 50 kJ/mol on silver were estimated via a correlation with known ΔHads in the group. These moderate values of ΔHads are indicative of a possibility of chromatography adsorption studies of element 120 on these noble metal surfaces.
Photocatalytic properties of porous titania grown by oblique angle deposition
Authors: Riley M. J. , Williams B. , Condon G. Y. , Borja J. , Lu T. M. , Gill W. N. , Plawsky J. L.
Published: April 2012

High surface area nanorods of titanium dioxide were grown by oblique angle deposition on a transparent substrate to investigate their effectiveness as photocatalytic agents for the destruction of organic contaminants in air and water. Optical transmission measurements were made that allowed for an estimation of the porosity of the film (75%-78%). Comparing transmission measurements with those from a dense anatase film showed that the penetration depth for the light into the nanorod film was 2.5 times that in a dense, anatase film. The photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye on the porous films was shown to depend on film thickness and annealing conditions. The effectiveness of the film was assessed by observing the change in absorbance of the dye at 610 nm over time and quantifying the film performance using a pseudo-first-order reaction rate model. Reaction rates increased as the film thickness increased from 600 nm to 1000 nm, but leveled out or decreased at thicknesses beyond 1500 nm. A transport/reaction model was used to show that there exists an optimal geometry that maximizes the overall reaction rate and that such a geometry can be simply produced using glancing angle deposition. The nanorod films were benchmarked against nanoparticle films and were shown to perform as well as 0.73 g/L of 25-nm-diameter anatase nanoparticles with surface area of 50 m2/g.
Simulation of fluid-solid coexistence in finite volumes: A method to study the properties of wall-attached crystalline nuclei
Authors: Deb Debabrata , Winkler Alexander , Virnau Peter , Binder Kurt
Published: April 2012

The Asakura-Oosawa model for colloid-polymer mixtures is studied by Monte Carlo simulations at densities inside the two-phase coexistence region of fluid and solid. Choosing a geometry where the system is confined between two flat walls, and a wall-colloid potential that leads to incomplete wetting of the crystal at the wall, conditions can be created where a single nanoscopic wall-attached crystalline cluster coexists with fluid in the remainder of the simulation box. Following related ideas that have been useful to study heterogeneous nucleation of liquid droplets at the vapor-liquid coexistence, we estimate the contact angles from observations of the crystalline clusters in thermal equilibrium. We find fair agreement with a prediction based on Young's equation, using estimates of interface and wall tension from the study of flat surfaces. It is shown that the pressure versus density curve of the finite system exhibits a loop, but the pressure maximum signifies the “droplet evaporation-condensation” transition and thus has nothing in common with a van der Waals-like loop. Preparing systems where the packing fraction is deep inside the two-phase coexistence region, the system spontaneously forms a “slab state,” with two wall-attached crystalline domains separated by (flat) interfaces from liquid in full equilibrium with the crystal in between; analysis of such states allows a precise estimation of the bulk equilibrium properties at phase coexistence.
Design and control of a decoupled two degree of freedom translational parallel micro-positioning stage
Authors: Lai Lei-Jie , Gu Guo-Ying , Zhu Li-Min
Published: April 2012

This paper presents a novel decoupled two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) translational parallel micro-positioning stage. The stage consists of a monolithic compliant mechanism driven by two piezoelectric actuators. The end-effector of the stage is connected to the base by four independent kinematic limbs. Two types of compound flexure module are serially connected to provide 2-DOF for each limb. The compound flexure modules and mirror symmetric distribution of the four limbs significantly reduce the input and output cross couplings and the parasitic motions. Based on the stiffness matrix method, static and dynamic models are constructed and optimal design is performed under certain constraints. The finite element analysis results are then given to validate the design model and a prototype of the XY stage is fabricated for performance tests. Open-loop tests show that maximum static and dynamic cross couplings between the two linear motions are below 0.5% and –45 dB, which are low enough to utilize the single-input-single-out control strategies. Finally, according to the identified dynamic model, an inversion-based feedforward controller in conjunction with a proportional-integral-derivative controller is applied to compensate for the nonlinearities and uncertainties. The experimental results show that good positioning and tracking performances are achieved, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism and controller design. The resonant frequencies of the loaded stage at 2 kg and 5 kg are 105 Hz and 68 Hz, respectively. Therefore, the performance of the stage is reasonably good in term of a 200 N load capacity.
Effects of polarization azimuth in dynamics of electrically assisted light-induced gliding of nematic liquid-crystal easy axis
Authors: Dubtsov A. V. , Shmeliova D. V. , Pasechnik S. V. , Kiselev Alexei D. , Chigrinov V. G.
Published: April 2012

We experimentally study the reorientation dynamics of the nematic liquid crystal easy axis at photoaligned azo-dye films under the combined action of in-plane electric field and linearly polarized reorienting UV light at varying polarization azimuth, ϕp. At non-zero values of the azimuth, ϕp≠0, as opposed to the case where the polarization vector of the light is parallel to the initial easy axis (ϕp=0), the easy axis reorientation was observed to be most pronounced outside the interelectrode gaps. In the regions between electrodes with non-vanishing electric field, it is found that the dynamics of reorientation slows down with ϕp and the sense of easy axis rotation is independent of the sign of ϕp. A generalized version of the phenomenological model that was previously developed to describe the electrically assisted light-induced gliding is applied to interpret the experimental data.
Pre-weaning growth of red deer calves is not determined by ability of hinds to produce milk
Authors: Barrell G. K. , Wellby M. , Ridgway M. J. , Asher G. W. , Archer J. A.
Published: April 2012

Three experiments were carried out to determine whether growth of suckling red deer calves is determined by the potential of their mothers to produce milk. In the first experiment red deer hinds (n = 10, calves 6 weeks old) were treated either with bovine somatotrophin (bST, 54 mg s.c. injected every 2 weeks for 8 weeks then 108 mg every 2 weeks for a further 8 weeks) or saline. There was no effect of bST treatment on calf or hind liveweight, calf liveweight gain or body condition score of hinds. The second experiment used red and red-wapiti crossbred deer calves (n = 8–11) suckled by red deer dams that had been treated with bST or had received excipient only for 12 weeks from when the calves were 5 weeks old. Calf liveweight was affected by genotype (wapiti-red crossbreds were heavier than their red counterparts) but there was no effect of bST treatment of the hinds on calf growth in either of the genotypes. Although bST treatment of the suckled hinds elevated their plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration it had no effect on milk yield. A third experiment ruled out the possibility that bST ingested by calves in milk from treated hinds would have had any influence on growth of calves in the other experiments. From these results it is concluded that the inherent demand from suckling calves, rather than the ability of adequately nourished hinds to produce milk, determines growth rate of red deer calves from birth to weaning.
Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian arboreal and scansorial mammals
Authors: Goldingay Ross L.
Published: April 2012

Many species of non-flying mammal depend on tree hollows (cavities or holes) for shelter and survival. I reviewed the published literature on tree hollow use by Australian non-flying arboreal and scansorial mammals to provide a synthesis of tree hollow requirements, to identify gaps in knowledge and to stimulate future research that may improve the management of these species. The use of hollows was described in some detail for 18 of 42 hollow-using species. Most information was for possums and gliding possums, whereas dasyurid marsupials and rodents were largely neglected. The paucity of data for many species must be addressed because it represents an impediment to their conservation. Hollow abundance appears to be the primary determinant of tree preferences. This accounts for the frequent use of standing dead trees by most species. Most hollow-bearing trees used as dens were at least 100 years of age. Further studies that describe the dynamic processes that govern the availability of tree hollows are needed. The few studies that document attrition of hollow-bearing trees suggest that land managers need to improve strategies for the effective retention and long-term replacement of these trees.
Investigation of generation of defects due to metallization on CdZnTe detectors
Authors: Zheng Q , Dierre F , Franc J , Crocco J , Bensalah H , Corregidor V , Alves E , Ruiz E , Vela O , Perez J M , Dieguez E
Published: April 2012

The influence of deposition methods and type of metal contacts on the defects generated at the metal/semiconductor interface has been investigated. Photoluminesccence spectra at a low temperature demonstrated that the Au electroless deposition samples exhibit the lowest I
(D0,X)/I
A-center ratio and have the best gamma response. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry results show that the sputtering method creates the highest concentration of TeO2 layer compared with the evaporation and electroless deposition methods. The electroless Au has more inter-diffusion between the contact and the CZT material than either sputtering or evaporation methods. The electroless Pt and Ru depositions, however, exhibit lower inter-diffusion. The contacts deposited by electroless and evaporation present more quasi-ohmic behaviour and better gamma response than those fabricated by sputtering.
Tribology of soot suspension in hexadecane as distinguished by the physical structure and chemistry of soot particles
Authors: Bhowmick Hiralal , Majumdar S K , Biswas S K
Published: April 2012

Ethylene gas is burnt to generate soot which is collected thermophoretically from different locations of the flame. Tribological performance of the collected soot in hexadecane suspension is compared with that of carbon black and diesel soot. The soots are analysed to yield a range of mechanical properties, physical structures and chemistry. The paper correlates these property variations with the corresponding variations in friction and wear when the soot suspended in hexadecane is used to lubricate a steel on steel sliding interaction. The particles are dispersed in hexadecane by a non-ionic surfactant, poly-isobutylene succinimide (PIBS), which is mono-functional with no free amine group. The grafting of the surfactant on the soot particles is found to have a profound effect on the dispersion of the soot, in general, while, between the different soot types, the tribology is differentiated by the physical structure and chemistry.
Effective Pediatric Clinical Trials in Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Pancreatic Disease and Nutrition
Authors: Heubi James E. , Guthery Stephen
Published: April 2012

The proceedings of a single‐topic symposium held before the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition annual meeting in New Orleans on October 20, 2010 are presented for use by participants and other interested investigators. The program was developed with the following goals: to discuss collaborative networks, their implementation, and function; to discuss potential funding sources for clinical trials; to discuss the science of determining robust endpoints and biomarkers of disease used for clinical trials; and to discuss practical aspects of developing and completing clinical trials in pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition.
Immunization with recombinant macaque major histocompatibility complex class I and II and human immunodeficiency virus gp140 inhibits simian–human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques
Authors: Yang Gui-Bo , Wang Yufei , Babaahmady Kaboutar , Schøller Jørgen , Rahman Durdana , Bunnik Evelien , Spallek Ralf , Zong Chun-Miao , Duan Jia-Zhong , Qin Chuan , Jiang Hong , Singh Mahavir , Vaughan Robert , Bergmeier Lesley A. , Schuitemaker Hanneke , Shao Yiming , Lehner Thomas
Published: April 2012

Genetic, epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is critical in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The objectives of this study were to determine whether novel recombinant Mamu MHC constructs would elicit protection against rectal challenge with heterologous simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain SF162.P4 in rhesus macaques. Mamu class I and II gene products were linked together with HIV gp140, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) p27 and heat-shock protein 70 to dextran. The vaccine was administered to two groups, each consisting of nine macaques, either subcutaneously (SC), or rectally and boosted by SC immunization. The controls were untreated or adjuvant-treated animals. Repetitive rectal challenges with up to ten doses of SHIV SF162.P4 showed a significant decrease in the peak and sequential viral RNA concentrations, and three macaques remained uninfected, in the nine SC-immunized animals, compared with infection in all nine controls. Macaques immunized rectally followed by SC boosters showed a less significant decrease in both sequential and peak viral loads compared with the SC-immunized animals, and all were infected following rectal challenge with SHIV SF162.P4. Plasma and mucosal IgG and IgA antibodies to Mamu class I alleles and HIV gp120, as well as to RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted; CCR5) were increased, and showed significant inverse correlations with the peak viral load. These results suggested that allo-immunization with recombinant MHC constructs linked to HIV–SIV antigens merits further investigation in preventing HIV-1 infection.
Audit Committees and Internal Control Quality: Evidence from Nonprofit Hospitals Subject to the Single Audit Act
Authors: Pridgen Annette , Wang Karl J.
Published: April 2012

This study examines the impact of audit committees on the internal control quality of nonprofit organizations. Based on resource dependency theory that stresses an entity's economic needs for internal control over administering federal funding, we select a sample of nonprofit hospitals subject to the Single Audit Act in the United States, from 2001 to 2008. Our results show that hospitals that had audit committees and also employed Big 4 auditors were associated with better internal control quality. In addition, we find that Big 4 auditors were negatively associated with reported deficiencies of internal control over administering major federal programs in the early years (2001–2004), but positively associated with reported deficiencies of the same kind in the later years (2005–2008), suggesting a possible effect of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act.
Immunoglobulin G4‐positive multi‐organ lymphoproliferative syndrome with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Authors: KAWAKAMI Nobuyo , KAWAI Kazuhiro , BABA Naoko , OHSHIMA Kouichi , KANEKURA Takuro
Published: April 2012

We report immunoglobulin (Ig)G4‐positive multi‐organ lymphoproliferative syndrome (IgG4+‐MOLPS) with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) in a 56‐year‐old Japanese man presenting with purpuric patches on his legs. Skin biopsy revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Laboratory tests demonstrated high levels of serum IgG and IgG4, hypocomplementemia and anticardiolipin antibody. Echography of the lower limbs and pulmonary scintigraphy showed a thrombus in the left soleal vein and multiple emboli in the basal part of both inferior pulmonary arteries. Computed tomography revealed systemic lymphadenopathy. Histologically, there was reactive paracortical hyperplasia with proliferation of histiocytes and infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasma cells. We made a diagnosis of IgG4+‐MOLPS with APS. To our knowledge, this complication has not been reported previously.
Buruli ulcer and current situation in Japan: A new emerging cutaneous Mycobacterium infection
Authors: YOTSU Rie R. , NAKANAGA Kazue , HOSHINO Yoshihiko , SUZUKI Koichi , ISHII Norihisa
Published: April 2012

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a new emerging disease and the third most common chronic mycobacterial infection in humans, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Approximately 5000 cases are reported annually from at least 33 countries around the globe, but more from the tropical nations. A total of 32 cases have been reported from Japan sporadically since 1980. None of the cases were related to international travel. Of the total reported, M. ulcerans ssp. shinshuense, a subspecies speculated to be domestic to Japan or in Asia, has been isolated from 23 cases. The mode of transmission and its incubation period remain unclear, despite several proposed hypotheses, including several vectors and cutaneous wound as port of entry for the pathogen. M. ulcerans invades the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia and eventually forms extensive ulceration. Smear, culture, histopathology and polymerase chain reaction are established diagnostic tools to identify M. ulcerans. Multiple antimicrobial therapy is a commonly used therapeutic method, but patients often need extensive debridement and, at times, skin grafting, especially when diagnosis is delayed. Thus, expanding a system for improved awareness and diagnosis in Japan and Asia is important, together with elucidating the candidate vector and the mode of transmission. Here, to establish a base for future progress in better understanding of this infectious disease, we reviewed the characteristics of the disease together with an update of reported cases in Japan.