bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal avalanche forecasting with Support Vector Machines
Authors: Pozdnoukhov A. , Matasci G. , Kanevski M. , Purves R. S.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. This paper explores the use of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) as a data exploration tool and a predictive engine for spatio-temporal forecasting of snow avalanches. Based on the historical observations of avalanche activity, meteorological conditions and snowpack observations in the field, an SVM is used to build a data-driven spatio-temporal forecast for the local mountain region. It incorporates the outputs of simple physics-based and statistical approaches used to interpolate meteorological and snowpack-related data over a digital elevation model of the region. The interpretation of the produced forecast is discussed, and the quality of the model is validated using observations and avalanche bulletins of the recent years. The insight into the model behaviour is presented to highlight the interpretability of the model, its abilities to produce reliable forecasts for individual avalanche paths and sensitivity to input data. Estimates of prediction uncertainty are obtained with ensemble forecasting. The case study was carried out using data from the avalanche forecasting service in the Locaber region of Scotland, where avalanches are forecast on a daily basis during the winter months.
Rogue waves and downshifting in the presence of damping
Authors: Islas A. , Schober C. M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Recently Gramstad and Trulsen derived a new higher order nonlinear Schrödinger (HONLS) equation which is Hamiltonian (Gramstad and Trulsen, 2011). We investigate the effects of dissipation on the development of rogue waves and downshifting by adding an additonal nonlinear damping term and a uniform linear damping term to this new HONLS equation. We find irreversible downshifting occurs when the nonlinear damping is the dominant damping effect. In particular, when only nonlinear damping is present, permanent downshifting occurs for all values of the nonlinear damping parameter β. Significantly, rogue waves do not develop after the downshifting becomes permanent. Thus in our experiments permanent downshifting serves as an indicator that damping is sufficient to prevent the further development of rogue waves. We examine the generation of rogue waves in the presence of damping for sea states characterized by JONSWAP spectrum. Using the inverse spectral theory of the NLS equation, simulations of the NLS and damped HONLS equations using JONSWAP initial data consistently show that rogue wave events are well predicted by proximity to homoclinic data, as measured by the spectral splitting distance δ. We define δcutoff by requiring that 95% of the rogue waves occur for δ < δcutoff. We find that δcutoff decreases as the strength of the damping increases, indicating that for stronger damping the JONSWAP initial data must be closer to homoclinic data for rogue waves to occur. As a result when damping is present the proximity to homoclinic data and instabilities is more crucial for the development of rogue waves.
Biofeedback History: An Alternative View
Authors: Peper Erik , Shaffer Fred
Published: February 2011

The tapestry of biofeedback history has been woven from many independent threads. Some contributors started with much vigor and nurtured others, and then they faded away. Yet they seeded ideas that the next generation rediscovered as their own. Others blossomed and disappeared, whereas still others have continued to actively nurture the field. Interest in biofeedback has waxed and waned in response to the historical forces of technology, social culture, beliefs, and economics.
Surface Electromyography-Assisted Ergonomic Analysis in a Newspaper Printing Plant: A Case Study
Authors: Caffrey Thomas R , Clasby Robert
Published: February 2011

This case study reports on the use of surface electromyography (SEMG) evaluation in a work environment, including production, to show a relationship between muscle dysfunction and specific job tasks and their injury potential. The results show that SEMG can help identify discordant muscle activity as part of an ergonomic evaluation. Such an evaluation leads to improvement in muscle function through SEMG-guided worker/workplace retraining.
Technique for Autologous Nasal Mucosa Transplantation in Severe Ocular Surface Disease
Authors: Chun Yeoun Sook , Park In Ki , Kim Jae Chan
Published: February 2011

Purpose

To describe the detailed surgical technique used for harvesting and transplantation of autologous nasal mucosa grafts for ocular surface reconstruction, to evaluate the clinical results and utility of autologous nasal mucosa grafts in ocular surface diseases.

Methods

Autologous nasal mucosa was harvested from either the middle or inferior turbinate. It was transplanted on 11 eyes with severe ocular surface diseases including 4 eyes with chemical burns, 2 eyes with thermal burns, 1 eye with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 1 eye with erythema multiforme major, and 3 eyes with extensively recurred pterygiums. Clinical outcomes were assessed based on ocular manifestation, epithelization, and visual acuity.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 19.9 months (range 13–32 months). Nasal mucosal tissues were safely excised, and their mucosal harvest sites were completely healed in 2 weeks without postoperative complications. All nasal mucosa autograft survived successfully with rapid epithelization, well-developed horizontal vascularization, and abundant mucin secretion. Clinical success, intact ocular surface epithelium without epithelial erosion more than 4 weeks, was achieved in all eyes. There was no recurrence of significant ulceration, conjunctivalization, fibrovascularization, Symblepharon, or pterygium.

Conclusions

Goblet cell transplantation using autologous turbinate nasal mucosa presents a promising treatment method in patients with severe ocular surface disorders.
Interpreting Levels of Exposures to Chemical Agents
Authors: Rappaport Stephen M. , Kupper Lawrence L.
Published: February 2011

The personal monitoring makes it possible to obtain sufficient data to characterize the distributions of air‐contaminant levels across workers and groups and to identify the important determinants of exposure. The occupational hygienists measure individual exposures relatively easily over the full work shift. Despite the OSH Act of 1970 and the increase number of occupational hygienists in the U.S, the numbers of exposure measurements per survey did not increase. This trend seems to reflect a fundamental change in focus for occupational exposure assessment. Occupational hygienists appear to have increasingly devoted their efforts to evaluating compliance with occupational exposure limits (OELs). The present study addresses the modality to integrate statistical methods and the philosophical bases for OELs within a logical framework for interpreting exposure levels.
Pharmacokinetics and Unusual Work Schedules
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J.
Published: February 2011

Many studies have been conducted to assess the health aspects of the shift workers but it is still not fully understood. The assessment of the health aspects of unusual shifts is complex since some of these schedules require the worker to alternate between night and day work every few days. These schedules have been called rapidly rotating, fast, or simply rapid‐roto shifts. In order for the health professional to ensure protection of workers who are exposed to airborne chemicals during unusually long or unusually short work periods, he or she should be familiar with the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of the chemical of interest as well as understand the rationale for its occupational exposure limit. The present study focuses about the pharmacokinetic models, exposure limits and adjustment of limits for carcinogens, etc.
Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Barnes Lisa Simkins
Published: February 2011

The present study provides an overview about hazardous waste management. The study emphasizes that the practicing professional must always consult the latest regulations before developing or updating a hazardous waste management program. Management of hazardous waste in accordance with EPA and OSHA regulations is essential not only for limitation of regulatory and tort liability, but for the protection of human health and the environment. The basic background information and regulatory and legal liabilities for the industrial hygienist or environmental professional involved in one or more facets of hazardous waste management have also been provided.
Probing Local and Global Ferroelectric Phase Stability and Polarization Switching in Ordered Macroporous PZT
Authors: McLachlan Martyn A. , McComb David W. , Ryan Mary P. , Morozovska Anna N. , Eliseev Eugene A. , Payzant E. Andrew , Jesse Stephen , Seal Katyayani , Baddorf Arthur P. , Kalinin Sergei V.
Published: February 2011

We describe the characterization, ferroelectric phase stability and polarization switching in strain‐free assemblies of PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 (PZT) nanostructures. The 3‐dimensionally ordered macroporous structures present uniquely large areas and volumes of PZT where the microstructure is spatially modulated and the composition is homogeneous. Variable temperature powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies show that the global structure is crystalline and tetragonal at room temperature and undergoes a reversible tetragonal to cubic phase transition on heating/cooling. The measured phase‐transition temperature is 50–60 °C lower than bulk PZT of the same composition. The local ferroelectric properties were assessed using piezoresponse force spectroscopy that reveal an enhanced piezoresponse from the nanostructured films and demonstrate that the switching polarization can be spatially mapped across these structures. An enhanced piezoresponse is observed in the nanostructured films which we attribute to the formation of strain free films, thus for the first time we are able to assess the effects of crystallite‐size independently of internal stress. Corresponding polarization distributions have been calculated for the bulk and nanostructured materials using a direct variational method and Landau‐Ginzburg‐Devonshire (LGD) theory. By correlating local and global characterization techniques we have for the first time unambiguously demonstrated the formation of tetragonal and ferroelectric PZT in large volume nanostructured architectures. With the wide range of materials available that can be formed into such controlled architectures we conclude that this study opens a pathway for the effective studies of nanoscale ferroelectrics in uniquely large volumes.
Network Polydiacetylene Films: Preparation, Patterning, and Sensor Applications
Authors: Lee Joosub , Yarimaga Oktay , Lee Cheol Hee , Choi Yang‐Kyu , Kim Jong‐Man
Published: February 2011

The synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of polydiacetylene (PDA) networks on solid substrates is presented. A highly transparent and cross‐linked diacetylene film of DCDDA‐bis‐BA on a solid substrate is prepared first by tailoring the monomers with organoboronic acid moieties as pendant side groups and consequent drop‐casting and dehydration steps. Precisely controlled thermal curing plays a key role to obtain properly aligned diacetylene monomers that are closely packed between the boronic acid derived anhydride structures. A second cross‐linking, which occurs by polymerization of the diacetylene monomers with UV irradiation, induces a transparent to blue color shift. Accordingly, colored image patterns are readily available by polymerization through a photomask. The color change that takes place as a response to various organic solvents can be simply detected by naked eyes. The thermofluorescence change of PDA networks is demonstrated to be an effective method by which to obtain the microscale temperature distribution of thermal systems. The ease of film formation and stress‐induced blue‐to‐red color change with a simultaneous fluorescence generation features of the network structure should find a great utility in a wide range of chemical and thermal sensing platforms.
Coral reef fish communities in management systems with unregulated fishing and small fisheries closures compared with lightly fished reefs – Maldives vs. Kenya
Authors: McClanahan T. R.
Published: February 2011

This study presents a comparison of the benthic cover and fish communities in three widely different management systems: (1) a heavily utilized subsistence fishery (yields >5 Mg km−2 yr−1); (2) moderately sized and well enforced fisheries closures (∼9% of the nearshore area) surrounded by heavy fishing; and (3) a more lightly used management system (yields <5 Mg km−2 yr−1).

The objective was to compare management systems of small to moderate‐sized closures surrounded by heavy use in Kenya with a large‐scale light‐use management system in the Maldives.

Gross level attributes of the fish community suggest that the Maldives reefs had higher numbers of individuals (30%) and species (15%) than the Kenyan closures.

Maldivian reefs had higher abundance of some carnivores such as emperors (Lethrinidae), jacks (Carangidae), triggerfish (Balistidae), and trumpetfishes (Aulostomidae). Half the biomass of fish in the Maldives was, however, composed of surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), which resulted in a higher abundance of herbivores/detritivores than found in Kenyan closures.

Apex predator species were not a large portion of the biomass (<10%) in any system and, if remote reefs of the Pacific are examples of undisturbed ecosystems, then neither management system has fully protected apex species.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klonen von Nutztieren. Tierzucht zwischen Landwirtschaft und Biomedizin
Authors: Niemann Heiner
Published: February 2011

Die Fortschritte in der Tierzucht in den vergangen rund 50 Jahren sind wesentlich auf die Einführung biotechnologischer Verfahren zurückzuführen. Das somatische Klonen ist das jüngste biotechnologische Verfahren, für das sich die Einführung in die tierzüchterische Praxis abzeichnet. Es ist bis heute bei mehr als einem Dutzend Spezies erfolgreich gewesen. Die Erfolgsraten, d.h. der Anteil geborener Nachkommen aus dem Klonprozess, ist noch niedrig im Vergleich zu konventionell produzierten Tieren. Die weltweit intensive Forschung hat jedoch zu deutlichen Verbesserungen geführt, so dass das Klonen heute bereits bei Rind und Schwein für spezifische Fragestellungen in Forschung und Anwendung eingesetzt werden kann.
Exoten am Lago Maggiore. Die Exkursion
Authors: Erdnüß Frank
Published: February 2011

Als Insubrien wird der westliche Teil des oberitalienischen Seenbogens bis in eine Höhe von etwa 500 Meter ü. NN bezeichnet. Charakteristisch für diese Region rund um den Lago Maggiore sind ein mild‐feuchtes Klima mit ergiebigen Niederschlägen vor allem während der Vegetationsperiode sowie saure Bodenverhältnisse. Diese Standortfaktoren führen zusammen mit der jahrhundertealten Gartenbautradition zu einer außergewöhnlichen Vielfalt an Gehölzen, die sich hervorragend zu Studienzwecken eignet. Auffällig ist vor allem ein hoher Anteil an breitblättrigen, immergrünen Holzpflanzen, wobei die Gärten sehr viele exotische Arten beherbergen. Einige davon etablieren sich als Neophyten auch in natürlichen Wäldern.
Pflanzenpathogene als Zuckerdiebe
Authors: Brennicke Axel
Published: February 2011

Nur süßer Nektar kann Bienen anlocken, ohne Zucker in der Blüte gibt es keinen Honig. Dieser Zucker muss aus den Pflanzenzellen ausgeschieden werden. Wie die Zuckermoleküle aus der Zelle kommen, wurde jetzt aufgeklärt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass der gleiche Transportweg bei Menschen den Blutzuckerspiegel reguliert. Bakterien und Pilze wiederum greifen bei ihren Opfern in diese Gene ein, schalten den Zuckerexport an und beschaffen sich so ihre Nahrung.
Jacob Moleschott: “Ohne Phosphor kein Gedanke”
Authors: Kockerbeck Christoph
Published: February 2011

Jacob Moleschott war ein bedeutender Physiologe, der sich frühzeitig darum bemühte, allgemeinverständlich über das Thema Ernährung zu schreiben. Er zählt mit Ludwig Büchner und Carl Vogt zu den Hauptvertretern des naturwissenschaftlichen Materialismus in Deutschland.
Sorry not today: Self and temporary consumption denial
Authors: Black Iain R.
Published: February 2011

This research investigates the temporary involuntary loss of symbolically important, meaningful possessions and how consumers manage self identity in this situation. The losses explored occurred within the context of air travel and included where people accustomed to flying in business class had to travel in economy and where high status in a frequent flyer program was lost. Three stages of fieldwork were conducted; participant observation involving 50 international and domestic flights covering 110,000 miles, depth interviews and engagement online with a range of frequent flyer discussion communities. The short‐term, concealable nature of the losses allowed consumers to manipulate private and public meaning to avoid, where possible, the consequences of the loss on self identity. This study contributes by showing that both private and public meanings of lost possessions can be used in identity construction and how identity negotiation can be avoided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of consumer ethical beliefs in product‐harm crises
Authors: Vassilikopoulou Aikaterini , Chatzipanagiotou Kalliopi , Siomkos George , Triantafillidou Amalia
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the consumer reaction during a product‐harm crisis by examining the interdependencies that exist among their ethical beliefs as consumers, their attributions of blame, their feelings of anger and finally their purchase intentions towards the affected company.

To test the five research hypotheses, a questionnaire containing a hypothetical crisis scenario of a fictitious company was distributed to 277 consumers. Respondents were asked to read the scenario and answer questions regarding their attribution of responsibility to the company, their feelings of anger and their purchase intentions. In order to investigate consumers' ethical beliefs, a Consumer Ethics Scale was also included in the questionnaire.

Structural equation modelling revealed a significant, positive correlation between attributions of blame, anger and ethical beliefs. Moreover, anger negatively affects purchase intentions, whereas the attribution of blame was not found to be significantly connected to purchase intentions.

In spite of the rational connection between ethics and crisis, there is lack of research correlating these two concepts. Based on this gap in the literature, the current research attempts to connect ethical beliefs with consumer reactions and emotions during product‐harm crises.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term exposure to incense smoke alters metabolism in Wistar albino rats
Authors: Alokail Majed S. , Al‐Daghri Nasser M. , Alarifi Saud A. , Draz Hossam M. , Hussain Tajamul , Yakout Sobhy M.
Published: February 2011

The burning of incense is an important source of indoor air pollution in Asia. We assessed the effect of long‐term exposure to incense smoke on the body weight and levels of circulating glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, insulin, adiponectin and leptin in Wistar albino rats. Two groups of rats were used. First group (n = 12) was exposed daily to incense smoke for 4 months at the rate of 4 g day−1 in the exposure chamber. Another group of rats (n = 12), was used as non‐exposed control. Blood samples were collected from all animals after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of exposure. Serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol insulin, adiponectin and leptin were measured. Our results showed that incense smoke exposure was associated with decreased weight gain and the adverse metabolic changes of increased triglycerides and decreased HDL‐cholesterol concentrations. Exposure to incense was also associated with a transient increase of leptin levels. Taken together, these data suggest that incense smoke influences metabolism adversely in rats. The effect of incense smoke on human health and the underlying mechanisms need to be studied further. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxorhenium‐Mediated Assembly of Noncyclic Selective Integrin Antagonists: A Combinatorial Approach
Authors: Aufort Marie , Gonera Marta , Le Gal Julien , Czarny Bertrand , Le Clainche Loïc , Thai Robert , Dugave Christophe
Published: February 2011

The parallel oxorhenium‐mediated assembly of 288 noncyclic RGD analogues is reported. All complexes contain a NS2+S chelating motif that enables the unambiguous coordination of the oxorhenium and oxotechnetium cores. In this study, “modules S” contain a variety of pending guanidinium groups whereas the “NS2 modules” are made of a series of N‐acylated amino acids. Combination of sets of “NS2” and “S modules” together with tetrabutylammonium tetrachlorooxorhenate gave the corresponding oxorhenium complexes in good yields and satisfactory purities. Evaluation of these metalloconstructs towards integrins αVβ3, αIIbβ3, and αVβ5 led to the identification of micromolar and submicromolar antagonists of theses integrins. These compounds exhibit interesting selectivities and promise attractive applications for the molecular imaging of integrin‐dependent pathologies.
Cytotoxicity of Plasticizers and Ionic Liquids Using Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cell Culture
Authors: Rahman M. , O'Donnell J. M. , Brazel C. S.
Published: February 2011

One successfully demonstrated application of ionic liquids (ILs) is to produce flexible polymeric materials, i.e., as plasticizers. However, the use of ILs as plasticizers, especially in medical plastics and children's toys, requires a thorough toxicological investigation. This is particularly important considering the safety concerns associated with leaching of many traditional plasticizers. This paper encompasses cellular biology and engineering aspects of the application of ILs as novel plasticizers by analyzing the cytotoxic effects of a variety of ILs on Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) S2 cell culture. While the effects observed have been correlated with previous observations, the cytotoxicity of ILs was found to depend on the selection of specific cations, anions, exposure time, concentration and solubility of the ILs in the culture media, and the toxicity of the parent chemicals used to synthesize the ILs.
Kinetic Study of Dilute Nitric acid Treatment of Corn Stover at Relatively High Temperature
Authors: Zhang R. , Lu X. , Liu Y. , Wang X. , Zhang S.
Published: February 2011

Corn stover was hydrolyzed using dilute nitric acid at 150 °C. Several concentrations of HNO3 (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 wt‐%) and reaction times (0–60 min) were evaluated. The kinetic parameters of mathematical models for predicting the concentrations of xylose, glucose, arabinose, acetic acid, and furfural in the hydrolysates were determined. The hydrolysates obtained from corn stover can be used to produce methane by an anaerobic fermentation process. Thus, the hydrolysis process of corn stover using dilute nitric acid can be conceived as the first stage of an integrated strategy for corn stover utilization.
Condensation Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Separate Heat Pipe in Cool Storage Air‐Conditioning Systems
Authors: Liu X. , Fang G.‐Y. , Chen Z.
Published: February 2011

The condensation characteristics model of the condensation part of a separate heat pipe in a cool storage air‐conditioning system is presented. In this model, the shear stress between gas and liquid two‐phase flow is considered. R134a is taken as working medium of the heat pipe. The liquid film thickness, shear stress, and heat transfer coefficient of the heat pipe are calculated. The effect of the shear stress on the film thickness and the variations of the heat transfer coefficient with heat pipe diameter and heat flux are analyzed. Influences of the heat pipe incline angle and heat flux on the heat transfer coefficient are also considered. The results indicate that the liquid film based on this model is thinner and the condensation heat transfer coefficient is larger than that based on the Nusselt model.
Biodegradation of wastewater containing cyanide, acetonitrile, and acrylonitrile using RBC and shock loading study
Authors: Kubsad Vijay , Gupta Sudhir Kumar , Chaudhari Sanjeev
Published: February 2011

A laboratory scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) was used to study the biodegradation of synthetic wastewater similar to the one from the petrochemical industry producing acrylonitrile (ACR). The study was carried out at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 h for simultaneous removal of cyanide (CN), acetonitrile (ACN), and ACR in petrochemical wastewater stream. The attached biomass was acclimatised by gradually increasing CN, ACN, and ACR concentration from 5 to 40, 41 to 113, and 45 to 142 mg L−1, respectively, with simultaneous increase in the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen at HRT of 30 h. During acclimatisation the percent removal of COD, CN, ACN, and ACR were 90–95, >99, 80–94, and 80–88, respectively. The performance of RBC was monitored for various parameters like COD, 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand at 20°C (BOD5), CN, ACN, ACR, ammonium nitrogen, etc. The removals obtained in terms of percentage, for CN, ACN, ACR, and COD were 97, 81, 89, and 95, respectively, at HRT 30 h. The quantitative shocks consisting of increase in influent substrate concentration with subsequent increase in concentration of other parameters proportionally were studied. The variation of biomass concentration within the system was also studied.
Investigation on local and average static hold‐ups in liquid–liquid systems in a rotary disc contactor
Authors: Molavi Hoda , Hosseinpour Sima , Bahmanyar Hossein , Shariaty‐Niasar Mojtaba
Published: February 2011

A rotating disc contactor with inner diameter of 91 mm and 21 compartments was used to investigate local and average static hold‐ups in the column. Three chemical systems, including distilled water as stagnant continuous phase and toluene, kerosene, and butyl acetate as dispersed phase, in case of no mass transfer, were applied. Different parameters consisting of drop size and static hold‐up were measured experimentally under various operating conditions, and two dimensionless correlations for estimation of local static hold‐up as a function of average mother drop size, physical properties, rotor speed, and stage number were proposed in two cases: (1) immovable and (2) rotating rotor discs.

Furthermore, two dimensionless correlations were presented to estimate average static hold‐up as a function of average mother drop size, physical properties, rotor speed, and number of stages in the column in the two aforementioned conditions.
Challenging breast lesions: Pitfalls and limitations of fine‐needle aspiration and the role of core biopsy in specific lesions
Authors: Simsir Aylin , Cangiarella Joan
Published: February 2011

Core biopsy rapidly replaced fine needle aspiration (FNA) over the past decade in evaluation of diseases of the female breast in many centers in the USA. We continue to heavily utilize FNA for the initial evaluation of breast masses in our institution. In this article, we discuss the cytologic and core biopsy findings in challenging breast lesions such as papillary and mucinous proliferations, fibroepithelial neoplasms, and low grade cancers. We specifically focus on the pitfalls and limitations of both diagnostic modalities in these selected specific lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytological significance of abnormal squamous cells in urinary cytology
Authors: Hattori Manabu , Nishimura Yukari , Toyonaga Masumi , Kakinuma Hirokuni , Matsumoto Kazumasa , Ohbu Makoto
Published: February 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of abnormal squamous cells (ASCs) in urinary cytology to clarify whether finding of ASCs could improve diagnostic accuracy. A total of 3,812 urine specimens were reviewed. We focused on three parameters of ASCs, necrotic debris, and ASC clusters, and linked them to histological diagnosis and clinical information. ASCs were identified in 34 (0.9%) specimens from 21 different patients. The incidence of ASCs was higher in females than in males. The 34 urine specimens were categorized as voided urine (16 cases), bladder‐catheterized urine (17 cases), and bladder‐washed fluid (1 case). Six (28.6%) of 21 patients were histologically diagnosed as having combined urothelial carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Eight patients (38.1%) were histologically diagnosed as having SCC originating from sites other than the urinary tract; those urine specimens showed ASCs that were likely to have been exfoliated from malignant lesions. Necrotic debris and ASC clusters were identified in 12 specimens (35.3%) from 11 patients and 4 specimens (11.8%) from 4 patients, respectively, from a total of 34 specimens. Our results indicate that a great amount of care is needed for cytological diagnosis when attempting to recognize ASCs in urine specimens because ASCs were identified in not only SCC of the bladder but also in carcinoma or nonmalignant lesions of nonurinary tracts. Necrotic debris was found not only in patients who had malignant bladder tumors but also in those who had malignant lesions in locations other than the bladder. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of New Chiral‐at‐Metal Ruthenium Allenylidene Complexes
Authors: Costin Stephen , Widaman Andria K. , Rath Nigam P. , Bauer Eike B.
Published: February 2011

New chiral‐at‐metal ruthenium indenyl PPh3 phosphoramidite allenylidene complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Through thermal ligand‐exchange reactions with [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)2], the phosphoramidite ligands (R)‐binol‐N,N‐dimethylphosphoramidite (5a), (R)‐binol‐N,N‐dibenzylphosphoramidite (5b), (R,S)‐binol‐N‐benzyl‐N‐α‐methylbenzylphosphoramidite (5c), and (R)‐catechol‐2‐methylpyrrolidinephosphoramidite [(R)‐10] were converted into the complexes [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(L)] [L = 5a, 79 %; 5b, 87 %; 5c, 80 %, (R)‐10, 67 %]. The complexes [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(5b)] and [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(5c)] were obtained diastereomerically pure and, by reaction with propargylic alcohols, subsequently converted into the allenylidene complexes [Ru(Ind)(PPh3)(5b)(=C=C=CRR′)]+ PF6– (R = R′ = Ph, 85 %; R = Ph, R′ = Me, 66 %; R = 2‐furyl, R′ = Me, 94 %; R = R′ = 4‐fluorophenyl, 76 %; R = 4‐methoxyphenyl, R′ = Me, 66 %) and [Ru(Ind)(PPh3)(5c)(=C=C=CRR′)]+ PF6– (R = R′ = Ph, 91 %; R = Ph, R′ = Me, 72 %; R = 2‐furyl, R′ = Me, 93 %), which were also obtained diastereomerically pure. Complex [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(5b)] and three of the new allenylidene complexes were characterized structurally, which showed that the chiral information was transferred from the precursor complex to the corresponding allenylidenes. Dynamic NMR experiments showed that during the synthesis of allenylidene complexes only one diastereomer was formed. The research presented herein has an impact on the chemistry of chiral allenylidene complexes as catalysts and as potential intermediates in propargylic substitution reactions.
Candida antarctica Lipase B in a Chemoenzymatic Route to Cyclic α‐Quaternary α‐Amino Acid Enantiomers
Authors: Li Xiang‐Guo , Rantapaju Maria , Kanerva Liisa T.
Published: February 2011

Kinetic resolution of three cyclic quaternary ethyl 1‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indene‐1‐carboxylates and both 1‐ and 2‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene analogues have been studied. Interesterification with butyl butanoate and Candida antarctica lipase B accomplished the task. The enantiomers of all 1‐amino analogues reacted with excellent enantioselectivity (enantiomeric ratio er greater than 200), whereas the 2‐amino analogue was not enantioselective (er = 4). Amino acid enantiomers were finally obtained as their respective hydrochlorides with almost maximum theoretical yields. For the first time, a lipase enzyme was effectively used in the kinetic resolution of cyclic α‐quaternary α‐amino esters.
A One‐Pot, Three‐Component Approach to Functionalised Tetrahydroisoquinolines Using Domino Heck–aza‐Michael Reactions
Authors: Priebbenow Daniel L. , Pfeffer Frederick M. , Stewart Scott G.
Published: February 2011

A one‐pot, three‐component method incorporating a domino Heck–aza‐Michael reaction has been developed for the rapid synthesis of functionalised tetrahydroisoquinolines. Following the in situ generation of an acrylamide, a domino process involving intermolecular Heck reaction and subsequentintramolecular aza‐Michael addition affords tetrahydroisoquinolines bearing C1‐acetamide functionality.
Gaining Control: Direct Suzuki Arylation of Dihydroazulenes and Tuning of Photo‐ and Thermochromism (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 6/2011)
Authors: Petersen Michael Åxman , Broman Søren Lindbæk , Kilså Kristine , Kadziola Anders , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: February 2011

The cover picture shows different states of a dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene photochromic system that was prepared by a Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. The color of the system is controlled by light, heat, acid, and base. Details are discussed in the article by M. Å. Petersen, M. B. Nielsen et al. on p. 1033 ff.
Improving ecological risk assessment in the Mediterranean area: Selection of reference soils and evaluating the influence of soil properties on avoidance and reproduction of two oligochaete species
Authors: Chelinho Sónia , Domene Xavier , Campana Paolo , Natal-da-Luz Tiago , Scheffczyk Adam , Römbke Jörg , Andrés Pilar , Sousa José Paulo
Published: February 2011

A current challenge in soil ecotoxicology is the use of natural soils as test substrates to increase ecological relevance of data. Despite the existence of six natural reference soils (the Euro-soils), some parallel projects showed that these soils do not accurately represent the diversity of European soils. Particularly, Mediterranean soils are not properly represented. To fill this gap, 12 natural soils from the Mediterranean regions of Alentejo, Portugal; Cataluña, Spain; and Liguria, Italy, were selected and used in reproduction and avoidance tests to evaluate the soil habitat function for earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus). Predictive models on the influence of soil properties on the responses of these organisms were developed using generalized linear models. Results indicate that the selected soils can impact reproduction and avoidance behavior of both Oligochaete species. Reproduction of enchytraeids was affected by different soil properties, but the test validity criteria were fulfilled. The avoidance response of enchytraeids was highly variable, but significant effects of texture and pH were found. Earthworms were more sensitive to soil properties. They did not reproduce successfully in three of the 10 soils, and a positive influence of moisture, fine sand, pH, and organic matter and a negative influence of clay were found. Moreover, they strongly avoided soils with extreme textures. Despite these limitations, most of the selected soils are suitable substrates for ecotoxicological evaluations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1050–1058. © 2011 SETAC
Sino‐Kharosthi and Sino‐Brahmi coins from the silk road of western China identified with stylistic and mineralogical evidence
Authors: Fang Jiann‐Neng , Yu Bing‐Sheng , Chen Cheng‐Hong , Wang David Teh‐Yu , Tan Li‐Ping
Published: February 2011

Three coins of the Khotan horse, or Sino‐Kharosthi, style from Xinjiang province of China were recently obtained from a coin dealer. Because the archaeological context of these coins remains unknown, we conducted chemical and stylistic analyses to help determine their authenticity. Energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and wavelength dispersive X‐ray (WDX or microprobe) measurements indicate that they are red (pure) copper and bronze coins, with one coin containing 4.2% Ag. Metal content and the presence of secondary minerals formed through weathering indicate that these are authentic ancient coins that were buried in a dry environment. All three coins bear Chinese characters; one shows Kharosthi, and two display Brahmi, a popular language in Khotan from A.D. 260 to 282. This indicates that the Sino‐Brahmi coins were made slightly later than the Sino‐Kharosthi coins, which were made before A.D. 260. These specimens represent the first Sino‐Brahmi coin and 20‐zhu coin ever reported in the literature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observation and analysis of near‐surface pore‐pressure measurements in clay‐shales slopes
Authors: Berti Matteo , Simoni Alessandro
Published: February 2011

Clay‐shales largely outcrop in the Northern Apennines of Italy, where they are associated with frequent and widespread landslide activity. The paper presents the results of monitoring activities carried out in two field‐sites and focused on the hydrology of clay‐shales prone to landsliding. In the monitored slopes, the water table is close to the ground surface throughout the year, with seasonal fluctuations of tens of centimetres to a couple of metres. Shallow weathered soils, or clay cover, and unaltered material exhibit a much different behaviour. Although responses to single rainfalls are clearly identifiable as pressure pulses in the clay cover, they are never observed in the underlying parental clay‐shales where downward gradients indicate recharge and only long‐term seasonal fluctuations are recorded. Short‐term variations of pressure head in the clay cover are ruled by downward propagation of a pressure wave in saturated conditions. More than 400 pore‐pressure responses collected in the two sites are analysed in terms of lag time, rate and amount of pressure increase and timing of pressure peaking. It emerges that the linear diffusion theory can satisfactorily explain the observed behaviour. In deeper unaltered material, the barometric effect influences the measures similarly to what is observed in confined aquifers. After its removal, the corrected data exhibit regular seasonal fluctuations which are used to estimate the diffusivity of the material based on phase‐lag and attenuation of the downward propagating long‐term periodic pulse. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex steroid and thyroid hormone receptor expressions in the thyroid of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) during different life stages
Authors: Bermudez Dieldrich S. , Skotko Jeremy P. , Ohta Yasuhiko , Boggs Ashley S.P. , Iguchi Taisen , Guillette Louis J.
Published: February 2011

The expression of estrogen receptors, ESR1 (ERα) and ESR2 (ERβ), and androgen receptors (AR) in the thyroid gland has been reported in few vertebrate species other than a few mammals. This study reports the presence of sex steroid hormone receptors and thyroid receptors (ERα, ERβ, AR, TRα, and TRβ) in the thyroid gland of the American alligator at several life stages. It provides a semiquantification and distribution of ERα in the thyroid follicle cells using an immunohistochemical approach as well as reports quantitative differences in mRNA expression of ERα, ERβ, TRα, TRβ, and AR in the same tissue using quantitative real time‐PCR (Q‐PCR) with primers designed specifically for alligators. The thyroid tissue of the American alligator expresses ERα, ERβ, and AR at all of the life stages examined here although no statistically significant differences were observed between male and female in thyroid mRNA expression for any of the genes analyzed. No sexual dimorphism was observed in ERα immunostaining. No statistical analysis across life stages were performed due to confounding factor of season. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A numerical modelling: Opened perspectives to increase the performance of the electromagnetic forming processes
Authors: Luca Dorin
Published: February 2011

Electromagnetic forming is achieved by a system consisting of an equipment, a tool (coil) and a workpiece. The success of the deformation process depends on the equipment's parameters, the tool characteristics and the properties of the workpiece material. Finite element software FLUX2D was used for electromagnetic parameter simulation in the case of a device with flat spiral coil, used for the following operations: deep drawing, embossing, piercing, blanking etc. The simulations were made with a model previously validated by comparison with values experimentally measured for the discharge current and magnetic induction parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Devensian and Holocene relative sea‐level change in North Wales, UK
Authors: Roberts M. J. , Scourse J. D. , Bennell J. D. , Huws D. G. , Jago C. F. , Long B. T.
Published: February 2011

Deglacial sea‐level index points defining relative sea‐level (RSL) change are critical for testing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model output. Only a few observations are available from North Wales and until recently these provided a poor fit to GIA model output for the British‐Irish Ice Sheet. We present results of an integrated offshore geophysical (seismic reflection), coring (drilling rig), sedimentological, micropalaeontological (foraminifera), biostratigraphical (palynology) and geochronological (AMS 14C) investigation into a sequence of multiple peat/organic sediment horizons interbedded within a thick estuarine–marine sequence of minerogenic clay‐silts to silty sands from the NE Menai Strait, North Wales. Ten new sea‐level index points and nine new limiting dates from the Devensian Late‐glacial and early Holocene are integrated with twelve pre‐existing Holocene sea‐level index points and one limiting point from North Wales to generate a regional RSL record. This record is similar to the most recent GIA predictions for North Wales RSL change, supporting either greater ice load and later deglaciation than in the GIA predictions generated before 2004, or a modified eustatic function. There is no evidence for a mid‐Holocene highstand. Tidally corrected RSL data indicate initial breaching of the Menai Strait between 8.8 and 8.4 ka BP to form a tidal causeway, with final submergence between 5.8 and 4.6 ka BP. Final breaching converted the NE Menai Strait from a flood‐dominated estuary into a high energy ebb tidal delta with extensive tidal scouring of pre‐existing Late‐glacial and Holocene sequences. The study confirms the value of utilising offshore drilling/coring technology to recover sea‐level records which relate to intervals when rates of both eustatic and isostatic change were at their greatest, and therefore of most value for constraining GIA models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder in NICU infants compared to normal‐hearing NICU controls
Authors: Coenraad Saskia , Goedegebure André , van Goudoever Johannes B. , Hoeve L. J.
Published: February 2011

Objectives:

To evaluate independent etiologic factors associated with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) in infants who have been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) compared to normal‐hearing controls.

Study Design:

Case–control study.

Methods:

We included all infants (n = 9) with the ANSD profile admitted to the NICU of Sophia Children's Hospital between 2004 and 2009. Each patient was matched with four normal‐hearing controls of the same gender and postconceptional age. The following possible risk factors were studied: birth weight, dysmorphic features, APGAR scores (at 1, 5, and 10 minutes), respiratory distress (IRDS), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, sepsis, meningitis, cerebral bleeding, hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy, peak total bilirubin level, furosemide, dexamethason, vancomycin, gentamycin, and tobramycin administration.

Results:

Nine infants met the ANSD criteria in one or both ears. IRDS (P = .02), meningitis (P = .04), and vancomycin administration (P = .009) were significantly increased in infants with ANSD compared to controls.

Conclusions:

In high‐risk NICU infants IRDS, meningitis and vancomycin administration are associated with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. Laryngoscope, 2011
pCBT/MWCNT Nanocomposites Prepared by In situ Polymerization of CBT After Solid‐Phase High‐Energy Ball Milling of CBT with MWCNT
Authors: Romhány Gábor , Vígh János , Thomann Ralf , Karger‐Kocsis József , Sajó István E.
Published: February 2011

pCBT/MWCNT nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization of CBT after solid‐phase HEBM of the polymerization catalyst containing CBT with MWCNT. The crystallinity and crystallization behavior of the pCBT nanocomposites were studied by WAXS and DSC. The MWCNTs did not affect the crystallinity of the isothermally produced pCBT significantly, but acted as nucleation agents during the crystallization of pCBT from its melt. pCBT/MWCNT nanocomposites were subjected to DMTA, static flexure, and dynamic Charpy impact tests. The flexural modulus, strength, and impact strength from these tests all went through a maximum as a function of the MWCNT content. Optimum properties were found in the MWCNT range of 0.25–0.5 wt.‐%.

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Rheology and Mixing of Granular Materials
Authors: Khakhar Devang V.
Published: February 2011

Polymer processing entails several operations involving the handling of granular materials. We present here a review of some recent advances in the field which are of relevance to polymer processing. The stress distribution in static material is considered with application to particulates in bins and hoppers. A new model for description of the rheology of dense granular flows is reviewed. A model for surface granular flows with application to rotating cylinders is discussed. Finally the mixing and segregation is tumbling mixers is reviewed.

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16 T Diffusion microimaging of fixed prostate tissue: Preliminary findings
Authors: Bourne Roger , Kurniawan Nyoman , Cowin Gary , Sved Paul , Watson Geoff
Published: February 2011

Diffusion tensor microimaging was used to investigate the water diffusion properties of formalin‐fixed prostate tissue at spatial resolution approaching the cellular scale. Diffusion tensor microimaging was performed at 16.4 T with 40 μm isotropic voxels. Diffusion tensor microimaging clearly demonstrated distinct microscopic diffusion environments and tissue architecture consistent with that seen on light microscopy of the same tissue. The most restricted diffusion environment is the secretory epithelial cell layer (voxel bulk mean diffusivity, D = 0.4 ± 0.1 × 10−3 mm2/sec). Diffusion in the fibromuscular stromal matrix is relatively less restricted (D = 0.7 ± 0.1 × 10−3 mm2/sec). In tumor tissue (Gleason pattern 4+4) distinct glandular and ductal structures are absent in the diffusion‐weighted images and diffusivity is low (D = 0.5 ± 0.1 × 10−3 mm2/sec). Distinct stromal and epithelial diffusion compartments are the most likely origin of biexponential diffusion decay observed in vivo. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High resting level and weak response of baroreflex‐governed sympathetic outflow in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Nygren Ingela , Fagius Jan
Published: February 2011

Both altered sympathetic function and insulin resistance have been observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Insulin is a sympathetic stimulator. We recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by microneurography in 9 patients with ALS and 9 healthy controls during rest. We also initiated a number of sympathoexcitatory maneuvers, including intake of 100 g of glucose. Patients showed reduced glucose tolerance and a higher heart rate and higher level of MSNA at rest than controls (61.0 ± 15.2 vs. 41.2 ± 5.8 bursts/min, P = 0.006); baroreflex inhibitory influence was present. In contrast, MSNA in ALS patients responded more weakly to maneuvers. This inverse relationship is interpreted as a “ceiling effect,” as ALS patients use nearly maximal MSNA capacity already at rest and do not have sympathetic failure. The increased level of MSNA may be a primary feature of ALS, but insulin stimulation may also contribute. Our findings are assessed in relation to previous, sometimes seemingly contradictory observations. Muscle Nerve, 2011