bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Runtime Safety Assurance for Adaptive Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Amorim Tiago , Ratasich Denise , Macher Georg , Ruiz Alejandra , Schneider Daniel , Driussi Mario , Grosu Radu
Published: July 2017

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) provide their functionality by the interaction of various subsystems. CPS usually operate in uncertain environments and are often safety-critical. The constituent systems are developed by different stakeholders, who – in most cases – cannot fully know the composing parts at development time. Furthermore, a CPS may reconfigure itself during runtime, for instance in order to adapt to current needs or to handle failures. The information needed for safety assurance is only available at composition or reconfiguration time. To tackle this assurance issue, the authors propose a set of contracts to describe components' safety attributes. The contracts are used to verify the safety robustness of the parts and build a safety case at runtime. The approach is applied to a use case in the automotive domain to illustrate the concepts. In particular, the authors demonstrate safety assurance at upgrade and reconfiguration on the example of ontology-based runtime reconfiguration (ORR). ORR substitutes a failed service by exploiting the implicit redundancy of a system.
Cyber-Physical System and Internet of Things Security
Authors: Ulz Thomas , Haas Sarah , Steger Christian
Published: July 2017

An increase of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks launched by botnets such as Mirai has raised public awareness regarding potential security weaknesses in the Internet of Things (IoT). Devices are an attractive target for attackers because of their large number and due to most devices being online 24/7. In addition, many traditional security mechanisms are not applicable for resource constraint IoT devices. The importance of security for cyber-physical systems (CPS) is even higher, as most systems process confidential data or control a physical process that could be harmed by attackers. While industrial IoT is a hot topic in research, not much focus is put on ensuring information security. Therefore, this paper intends to give an overview of current research regarding the security of data in industrial CPS. In contrast to other surveys, this work will provide an overview of the big CPS security picture and not focus on special aspects.
Side-Channel Attacks in the Internet of Things
Authors: Zankl Andreas , Seuschek Hermann , Irazoqui Gorka , Gulmezoglu Berk
Published: July 2017

The Internet of Things (IoT) rapidly closes the gap between the virtual and the physical world. As more and more information is processed through this expanding network, the security of IoT devices and backend services is increasingly important. Yet, side-channel attacks pose a significant threat to systems in practice, as the microarchitectures of processors, their power consumption, and electromagnetic emanation reveal sensitive information to adversaries. This chapter provides an extensive overview of previous attack literature. It illustrates that microarchitectural attacks can compromise the entire IoT ecosystem: from devices in the field to servers in the backend. A subsequent discussion illustrates that many of today's security mechanisms integrated in modern processors are in fact vulnerable to the previously outlined attacks. In conclusion to these observations, new countermeasures are needed that effectively defend against both microarchitectural and power/EM based side-channel attacks.
Integration of Security in the Development Lifecycle of Dependable Automotive CPS
Authors: Macher Georg , Armengaud Eric , Kreiner Christian , Brenner Eugen , Schmittner Christoph , Ma Zhendong , Martin Helmut , Krammer Martin
Published: July 2017

The exciting new features, such as advanced driver assistance systems, fleet management systems, and autonomous driving, drive the need for built-in security solutions and architectural designs to mitigate emerging security threats. Thus, cybersecurity joins reliability and safety as a cornerstone for success in the automotive industry. As vehicle providers gear up for cybersecurity challenges, they can capitalize on experiences from many other domains, but nevertheless must face several unique challenges. Therefore, this article focuses on the enhancement of state-of-the-art development lifecycle for automotive cyber-physical systems toward the integration of security, safety and reliability engineering methods. Especially, four engineering approaches (HARA at concept level, FMEA and FTA at design level and HSI at implementation level) are extended to integrate security considerations into the development lifecycle.
Characterization of a Compatible Low Cost Strengthening Solution Based on the TRM Technique for Rammed Earth
Authors: Oliveira Daniel V. , Silva Rui A. , Barroso Cristina , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: July 2017

Rammed earth constructions are widely found worldwide, but they are endangered by their recognised high seismic vulnerability. As compatible and affordable reinforcement approaches are important requirements for these constructions, a strengthening solution based on low cost textile reinforced mortars (LC-TRM) is proposed here, within the framework of a large research project. This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at characterising low cost meshes available in the market (glass fibre, plastic, metallic and nylon) and at assessing possible mortars (unstabilised earth, stabilised earth, commercial earth and cement-based) capable of integrating the LC-TRM strengthening system. In general, the results obtained seem to indicate that the glass fibre meshes and the earth mortar are good options.
Out-of-Plane Strengthening of Masonry Walls with FRCM Composite Materials
Authors: Bellini Alessandro , Incerti Andrea , Mazzotti Claudio
Published: July 2017

Structural strengthening by using composite materials proved to be one of the most suitable solutions for reinforcing masonry buildings. In this framework, the focus point of the presented experimental study is to evaluate the out-of-plane behaviour of masonry walls strengthened with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites when subjected to horizontal actions, by analyzing and discussing failure modes and their out-of-plane capacity. To this purpose, a new experimental set-up was developed, capable of applying an axial force and out-of-plane horizontal actions on full-scale masonry panels, placed in vertical position and subjected to a stress state similar to that present on a real masonry wall. Experimental results, obtained by using traditional and innovative techniques (such as Digital Image Correlation), will be compared with those coming from more conventional tensile and bond tests performed on FRCM coupons applied on masonry substrates, making use of simple theoretical models.
A 3D Masonry-Like Model with Bounded Shear Stress
Authors: Lucchesi Massimiliano , Pintucchi Barbara , Zani Nicola
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with non linear elastic materials for which not all the stresses are admis-sible but only those which belong to the stress range, i.e. a closed and convex subset of the spaceof all symmetric tensors. The constitutive equation that has been formulated and explicitly solved issufficiently general to include, besides the so-called masonry-like materials, many others whose stressrange is obtained experimentally or is theoretically defined. The model, implemented into the finiteelement code MADY, has been used to analyze a masonry panel under a bi-directional monotonicallyincremental load and the obtained numerical results have been discussed.
Retrofitting Masonry Vaults with Basalt Textile Reinforced Mortar
Authors: de Santis Stefano , Roscini Francesca , de Felice Gianmarco
Published: July 2017

Due to their slenderness, masonry vaults are particularly vulnerable against unsymmetrical service loads, support displacements and seismic actions. Retrofitting works are therefore needed in numerous existing structures to ensure an adequate safety level according to current standard codes. This paper describes an experimental investigation carried out in the laboratory on two full-scale vault mock-ups. One of them was tested unreinforced, while the other one was strengthened with a basalt mesh applied at the extrados with lime-based mortar. Aiming at reproducing the actual condition of brick vaults in historic constructions, the specimens were provided with buttresses and filling. The load was applied over the filling at 1/3 of the span and increased cyclically up to failure. The tests provided the increase in load-carrying capacity attained with the basalt TRM reinforcement and the modification of the associated failure mode.
Repair of Clay Brick Walls for out of Plane Loads by Means of FRCM
Authors: D'Ambra Claudio , Lignola Gian Piero , Fabbrocino Francesco , Prota Andrea , Sacco Elio
Published: July 2017

Aim of this work is the evaluation of FRCM capacity in repairing pre-damaged clay brick walls under out of plane loads. Full scale experimental tests have been performed damaging clay brick walls subjected to out of plane loads; then, tests are performed on damaged walls repaired with innovative composite grids with inorganic matrix (FRCM). The boundary constraints of the walls (two adjacent edges constrained and the other two free) allowed to simulate a non-uniform out of plane behaviour of the wall subjected to a pointwise normal load applied at the free corner. The aim of this study was to assess the potentiality of FRCM to recover stiffness after significant damage and to improve the lateral (out-of-plane) capacity of the repaired wall. Experimental evidences demonstrated that the externally bonded strengthening was not strongly affected by debonding and it was able to prevent a flexural failure; the collapse of the wall occurred at almost double load with respect to the unreinforced configuration, despite previous significant damage, and that the failure was governed by shear sliding. Future developments include experimental tests of strengthened walls not previously damaged, to investigate on the effect of pre-damage on out of plane strengthening capacity of FRCM.
The Use of Carbon Fiber Cementitious Matrix Connection for the Strenghtening of Multiple-Leaves Masonry
Authors: Anania Laura , Badalà Antonio
Published: July 2017

The paper reports the results obtained by a numerical investigation carried out on a multi-ple leaf masonry characterized by very poor inner core leaf in mortar and stone aggregate strengthened by innovative technology based on the use of composite materials. The scope of the study is to predict and simulate the real performance of the masonry when re-inforced by means of Carbon fiber connector. The proposed reinforcement technology consists in inserting some transversal C-FRP joints through the thickness of the wall. All the connection joints were inserted by a constant distance along the height of the masonry wall. The joints consist of a bundle of unidirectional long fibers held by a special mesh and inserting in the thickness of the wall by means of a cementitious matrix. The ad-vantages of having replaced an epoxy resin with cementitious matrix are multiple and re-gard, on one hand an increase in the reinforcement capacity and on the other an improve-ment regarding the problem of the durability of the structural reinforcement which for FRPs is a real. To this aim, a finite element investigation was carried out, firstly, on the original non-reinforced masonry then on the reinforced model both subjected to eccentric loads. This scheme of load is very common in practice due to eccentricity of the self-weight resultant of the top storey when the thickness is reduced in respect to the ground floor.
An Investigation of the Debonding Mechanism between FRCM Composites and a Masonry Substrate
Authors: Santandrea Mattia , Daissè Gilda , Mazzotti Claudio , Carloni Christian
Published: July 2017

Fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have recently become a hot topic in Europe as an alternative to traditional fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for several strengthening applications of existing masonry buildings. The terrific success of this new retrofitting system is mainly due to some advantages that it offers when compared to FRP, such as the possibility of application of the composite to wet surfaces and the vapor permeability featured by the inorganic matrix. In this work, the stress transfer between FRCM composites and a masonry substrate is investigated. FRCM strips comprised of ultra-high-strength steel fibers embedded in a cementitious grout are externally bonded to masonry blocks. Single-lap direct shear tests are performed. Parameters studied are bonded length and density of the steel fibers. Load responses are presented and failure modes are discussed. Change in the bond behavior and load carrying capacity with increasing bonded length is analyzed to determine the effective bond length.
3D Photogrammetric Reconstruction by Drone Scanning for FE Analysis and Crack Pattern Mapping of the “Bridge of the Towers”, Spoleto
Authors: Mongelli Marialuisa , de Canio Gerardo , Roselli Ivan , Malena Marialaura , Nacuzi Andrea , de Felice Gianmarco
Published: July 2017

Technological advances in the digital camera industry and computing resources make the use of photogrammetry a very fast, low-cost, contactless and non-destructive technique. It can represent a good alternative to obtain 3D information for monitoring and conservation of cultural heritage assets, especially where it is not possible to use 3D laser scanners and also in situations where areas to be inspected are not easily accessible [1]. Resolution generally depends on the number of images, their quality and the level of overlap between them, as well as hardware and software capabilities. Starting from 2D aerial or terrestrial photographic images, photogrammetry allows to reconstruct a 3D model in the form of a "point cloud" and also to derive accurate 3D measurements of large architectural elements.This paper is about stereo-photogrammetric scanning by drone performed by MENCI software s.r.l. aimed at the definition of the state of conservation of the “Bridge of the Towers” in Spoleto and its long term preservation without building scaffoldings. It was performed within the RoMA (Resilience enhancement of a Metropolitan Area) project, through an agreement between the “Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development” (ENEA) and the “Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities” (MIBACT).Photogrammetric scanning and FE modelling were applied within the project together with many other monitoring techniques in order to assess the bridge cracks pattern and its structural health by a multidisciplinary approach that allows their mutual validation [2].As one of the most important problems in the use of photogrammetric 3D reconstruction is the considerable demand in terms of hardware and software resources for images processing and data storage, thanks to the HPC (High Performance Computing) resources provided by the CRESCO infrastructure (Research Computational Centre on Complex Systems), it was possible to analyse and process a large amount of high-resolution photos in order to detect the crack pattern and to assess the actual damage state to be monitored over time [3].
Seismic Response of URM Walls Strengthened with FRP Reinforced Coating
Authors: Triller Petra , Tomaževič Miha , Gams Matija
Published: July 2017

A set of individual URM walls as well as an assemblage of a three-storey URM hollow clay block masonry structure composed of two shear- and two cross-walls have been tested in original and strengthened state. As a method of strengthening, the coating of the walls, consisting of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) grid laid in fiber reinforced cementitious mortar matrix (sometimes called textile reinforced mortar), anchored to the walls with glass fiber anchors, has been used. All specimens were subjected to constant vertical load simulating the effect of gravity loads and cyclic horizontal displacements with step-wise increased amplitudes, induced either at the top of the walls or at the floor levels of the assemblage, simulating the effect of seismic loads.The observed behaviour and failure mechanisms were of the shear type. The results show that by the application of FRP reinforced coatings, the seismic performance of URM structures can be significantly improved. As the results of experiments indicate, the energy dissipation, displacement capacity and shear resistance of URM increase substantially. In this regard, adequate anchoring of coating to the masonry and into the r.c. floor structures is essential.
Seismic Evaluation of the Santa Catalina’s Church of Valencia (Spain) Applying a Scalar Damage Model
Authors: Moreno-Puchalt Jésica , Alonso-Durá Adolfo , Llopis-Pulido Verónica , Almerich-Chuliá Ana
Published: July 2017

The structural system in Gothic architecture of Central Europe is characterized by the vaults supported on pillars and the dematerialization of walls to introduce into the Temple the maximum light possible. However the “Mediterranean Gothic” structure of the churches is formed by two sets of diaphragm walls breaking with the traditional gothic canons. The study carried out explains the reasons for these differences from an exhaustive structural analysis of Santa Catalina’s church of Valencia under seismic effects. Two methods for analyzing have been used for simulating the seismic effects: the pushover analysis and the nonlinear dynamic analysis in time-history. The non-linear damage model method with its evolution under static and dynamic loads was applied in both cases. The study has been extended up to five different simulations of the same Finite Element model, depending on the constructive elements that made up the wall structural system and two return periods of 475 and 950 years. The methods used gave a good correspondence in their results which make them two complementary methods according to the proposed objectives. The results show that the Santa Catalina’s church offers an optimal seismic response as a consequence of its structural system stiffness.
Non-Linear Modeling of Masonry Arches Strengthened with FRCM
Authors: Pantò Bartolomeo , Malena Marialaura , de Felice Gianmarco
Published: July 2017

Recent seismic events, such as the Central Italy (2016), the Emilia (2012) and L’Aquila (2009) earthquake, have demonstrated the high vulnerability of cultural heritage represented by historical and monumental buildings. These structures are often characterized by the presence of elements with a curved geometry such as arches and vaults, which interact with the vertical elements (walls or columns) during the earthquake motion, producing a significant effect on the seismic response of the entire structure.
Aiming at the reduction of the seismic vulnerability of curved masonry elements, several techniques of reinforcing based on composite fiber materials, have been recently developed and widely investigated by means of experimental tests and numerical simulations. The using of fiber reinforced systems, applied through cementitious mortar (FRCM), is becoming a very common technique of retrofitting for historical and monumental masonry buildings. This technique, if compared to the using of fiber polymeric materials (FRP), is more compatible with the mechanical properties of the masonry and more appropriate with the preservation needs of cultural heritage, associated to the historical constructions.
A discrete macro-modeling approach, already available in the literature for modeling masonry structures with plane and curved geometry, is here employed to predict the non-linear behaviour of masonry arches strengthened with FRCM. In that approach the reinforcement is explicitly modeled by using a rigid plate, while the interaction between the reinforcement and the masonry support is governed by a discrete zero thickness interface. In this paper the interfacial behavior is updated with a more sophisticated bond-slip constitutive law specifically conceived for FRCM reinforcement within the framework of fracture mechanics; in particular the proposed calibration takes into account both the pure opening mode (mode I) and the in plane shear mode (mode II). The obtained numerical results are compared with an analytical closed form solution of the problem and validated by mean of experimental tests on prototypes, available in the literature.
Continuity and discontinuity in physics and biology
Authors: Strauss Danie F.M.
Published: July 2017

Although classical physicists believed that nature does not make leaps – it is continuous and infinitely divisible – 20th century physicists soon realised that there are indivisible elementary particles (quanta) and that physical space is therefore not continuous and also not infinitely divisible. This state of affairs is also underscored by the duality of particle and wave. Even for Einstein the continuity of the microstructure of ‘space-time’ was still an open question. Therefore considering physical phenomena as literally continuous could be questioned. Moreover it is striking that reflection on the nature of matter gave birth both to an ‘atomistic’ and a ‘continuity’ conception. Faithful to modern nominalism (neo-)Darwinism accepts no universality outside the human mind. Plants and animals are simply positioned in a continuum with the aid of arbitrary names. This continuity postulate – known as ‘gradualism’ – is, nonetheless, confronted from the outset with the dominant stasis pattern of the paleontological record: a type appears abruptly, remains constant for millions of years and then disappears equally abruptly. As a consequence the assumed ‘imperfection’ of the fossil record could be questioned. Prominent biological thinkers still wrestle with the problem of continuity and discontinuity. One of them explains that these stories begin from the same foundational fallacy and then proceed in an identically erroneous way. They start with the most dangerous of mental traps: a hidden assumption, depicted as self-evident, if recognised at all, namely, a basic definition of evolution as continuous flux.
A Transparent home Sensors/Actuators layer for Health &Well-being services
Authors: Tanguy Philippe , Simonnet Mathieu , Lohr Christophe , Kerdreux Jerome
Published: July 2017

Risks factor leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases can be reduced by a preventive care infrastructure able to modify the habits toward healthier lifestyles, including more exercise, a better diet and a reduced stress. Accessing the home space is important not only to monitor indoor environment quality (IEQ) but also to provide relevant user’s feedback and engage users towards a healthy life style. This paper present a new preventive care infrastructure composed of a distributed infrastructure for heterogeneous devices in the home local area network (named xAAL) in conjunction with a machine to machine protocol (MQTT) to external health & well-being services. Finally, end-user tests were performed in the Experiment’HAAL living lab in order to test sensors and feedbacks.
Philosophy, Human Development and National Question
Authors: Ekei John
Published: July 2017

What we know today as “philosophy” began as a cosmic inquiry into the nature of the universe as espoused by Thales of Miletus. Philosophy was then comparable to natural sciences; anchoring its major subject matter on the issue of change and permanence in the universe. The obvious discovery and wonder here, is that, behind this noticeable change in the universe, there is a certain unchangeable element, (urstoff). And the major problem becomes how this paradox of changeable and unchangeable phenomena can be resolved? While the solution to this dilemma is still being sought, Socrates shifted the attention of philosophy (with obvious reasons) from nature to ethical-political question, that is, to the issue of human development. It interests this essay, to find out, what exactly is human development, and why philosophy after Socrates considers human development as a more basic and more important issue than cosmic (or physical) development. In other words, why is human development the essence of every development and what is the contribution of philosophy to human development in Nigeria. And what is the relationship between philosophy, human development and national question in Nigeria fraught with corruption, insecurity, indiscipline, unemployment, etc.
Igbo Symbols: Developing Aesthetic Values on the Igbo Child
Authors: Nwokoye A.N. , Eze Peace-Val Chinomnso
Published: July 2017

Ndi Igbo are known by their symbols. Aesthetic relates to the principles of beauty and taste of an art. Aesthetics and Ethics often overlap to the degree that this impression is embodied in a moral ethical code. The symbols in Igbo land are of the ethical codes of the society that project its aesthetic values as such they have what they value as beauty in art or expression. Today, the average Igbo child has lost the grip of the meaning and value of these symbols. It is difficult for such a child to recognize and understand the meaning of such art, both as an expression and as an object. The writers therefore want to use this medium to awaken the interest and consciousness of the Igbo child about one of the African (Igbo) most valued culture, which is in symbols. The researchers attend this goal by reviewing related works and interviewed people. The findings of this work are that a lot of Igbo symbols abound and not much of them are transmitted to the younger generations. As a result, Igbo children do not use them or understand them as symbols rather they see them as ordinary words, expressions and objects. Therefore, the writers suggest that the Igbo child of today’s aesthetic and value can be developed through symbolic treasure.
Christian Ethics in a Corrupt Society: A Challenge to Christians in Nigeria
Authors: Ogbuehi Friday Ifeanyi
Published: July 2017

Christian ethics revolves around morality that concentrates on whether an action is morally good or bad. It implies that Christian ethics which is a branch of religious ethics ensures that people’s actions are in tandem with the acceptable moral standard, thereby contributing a lot in human moral development. It becomes worrisome that despite Christian ethics, corruption is perpetrated freely in Nigeria without those concerned having requisite moral Compunction to abstain from corrupt acts. This ugly situation diminishes the role of Christian ethics in human moral development. Therefore it has become necessary to examine the factors that militate against Christian ethics in Nigeria which has made it possible for people, particularly politicians to engage in all sorts of corrupt acts. The work made use of phenomenological approach. It was descriptive and analytical. The work used primary and secondary sources. The primary source includes observation while secondary sources include books, journals, internet materials, encyclopedia and so on. Despite the fact that Nigeria is predominantly Christians, Nigeria is classified as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. There is no doubt that most of the Christians do not apply Christian ethics in their workplace due to Colonialism, Secularization, Materialism, change of moral values, irreligious attitude, Family background, Western influence, Imported religion and so on.Keywords: Christian, Ethics and Corruption
Gender Inequality and its Challenge to Women Development in Nigeria: The Religious Approach
Authors: Sibani Clifford Meesua
Published: July 2017

Obviously, discrimination with respect to gender inequality in Nigeria is at the apex in the contemporary era. Gender inequality is a socio-cultural phenomenon that divides people into various categories such as male and female with a very high bias placing one specifically less than the other. Here attention is given to the sorry and pitiable state of women in Nigeria under marginalization and suppression from the men in a bid to continually exercise undue superiority over them. However, this paper addresses the social status of women in Nigeria: how men have contributed to a slow state of development of Nigerian women via paid employment (socio-economic), socio-cultural, socio-religious and sociopolitical. This research looked at the recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and its relevance to women development. Religious approach to gender inequality as a panacea to enhance the development of women in Nigerian nation was x-rayed. This research made used of historical method, books and journal articles were also consulted.
A Linguistic Wanderlust around Humanism
Authors: Chukwu Ephraim
Published: July 2017

Humanism, a man-centred interest, is in contrast to the Middle Ages or ecclesiastical period, a God – centred churchianity. The different mankind’s interests to control and embellish his surroundings to infuse comfort are discussed under ancient, classical, ecclesiastical, modern and contemporary humanism. The purpose of this paper therefore is to recall that mankind’s march of civilization is a march to realize himself, to conquer his environments, and to make himself comfortable. Thus, its contribution is bringing to the forefront language as the pivotal tool facilitating the humanism of mankind, and a tool relied upon in this wanderlust around humanism. In so doing, the paper concludes that humanism and human development, suggestive of humanism, are stored, retained and accounted for by language.
Using a novel technology for disaster staff notification
Authors: Morris, MD, MPH Stephen C. , Pelley Janice K. , Mitchell, MD, FACEP Steven H.
Published: July 2017

Notification of backup staff and determining their ability to augment frontline staff is a major component of any disaster plan. However, the communication and organization of this effort has many challenges. These include communication system overload, the disaster setting, disrupted transportation, and staffing impacts on normal operations. An optimal disaster notification system must have the ability to be modified to include all hazards and the unique environment in which the plan is being made. This article highlights a unique disaster staff notification system using a novel technology, an outside administrator, and a multilayer system of redundant communication.
In vitro and in vivo assessment of the abuse potential of PF614, a novel BIO-MD™ prodrug of oxycodone
Authors: Kirkpatrick, PhD D. Lynn , Schmidt, PhD William K. , Morales, BSc Ricardo , Cremin, PhD John , Seroogy, BSc Julie , Husfeld, PhD Craig , Jenkins, PhD Thomas
Published: July 2017

Objective: The need for pain medication which will not lead to abuse is well recognized. Ensysce has designed prodrug analogs of the commonly used pain medications including hydromorphone, oxycodone (OC), hydrocodone, and morphine that limit their use to oral delivery, two of which are in clinical development. This study was undertaken to demonstrate that PF614, an extended-release prodrug of OC, allows the release of OC as designed when delivered orally, yet it resists ex vivo extraction with household chemicals and is pharmacologically inactive when administered by nonoral routes (nasal and parenteral), thereby substantially reducing its intravenous (IV) and intranasal abuse potential.Methods: In vitro and in vivo methods were used to determine release of OC from PF614 and to show potential μ-opioid receptor activity. Plasma and cerebral spinal fluid levels of OC were evaluated following in vivo IV administration of PF614 in rats. In vitro extraction of OC from PF614 was explored using enzymes, common solvents, and household chemicals at room temperature and elevated temperature over time to determine release of OC from the prodrug.Results: PF614 was stable with in vitro exposure to human plasma, saliva, and liver microsomes or culinary enzyme preparations. PF614 was stable (≥90 percent remaining as intact prodrug) under all room temperature conditions evaluated for 24 hours. At 80 °C for 1 hour, no OC was released. Incubation at 80 °C for 24 hours in vinegar or vodka produced a conversion to OC of 6 percent. Incubation with trypsin at 37 °C converted PF614 approximately stoichiometric to OC with half-life of 4 hours. PF614's penetration of the central nervous system was 83-fold lower than OC and it had a 6.5-fold reduced potency as a μ-opioid agonist. Finally, oral PF614 delivers OC into plasma with an extended-release profile in dogs (reduced Cmax; delayed Tmax).Conclusions: The Bio-Activated Molecular Delivery prodrug design limits the use of PF614 to the intended oral route of delivery with reduced potential for IV or nasal abuse, as it cannot be activated intravenously or nasally to provide an active opioid. Unlike existing opioid formulations, the extended-release profile of PF614 cannot be accelerated by chewing or ex vivo extraction to pharmacologically active substances.
Opioid management strategy decreases admissions in high-utilizing adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Mager, PA-C, MPAS Amy , Pelot, MSSW Kristin , Koch, APNP Kathryn , Miller, PsyD Lawrence , Hubler, BS Collin , Ndifor, BS Anisah , Coan, PharmD Canice , Leonard, MSN Cynthia , Field, MD, MS Joshua J.
Published: July 2017

Background: A subset of adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) heavily utilizes the emergency department (ED) and hospital. The objective of our study was to determine the efficacy of a multidisciplinary strategy to address unmet needs in highly utilizing adults with SCD.Methods: In a prospective study, adults with SCD with ≥10 admissions per year were assessed by a multidisciplinary team for gaps in medical, social, and psychological care. Thereafter, the team decided upon the subject's predominant domain that drove admissions and instituted an interventional plan. All plans included an opioid management strategy. Preintervention and postintervention admission rate, as well as opioid use, was compared.Results: Twelve subjects were enrolled. Median rate of ED and hospital admissions preintervention was 25 per year. The predominant domains identified were social needs (n = 6), psychological disorder (n = 1), and substance use disorder (n = 5). Multifaceted interventional plans were developed to address a wide range of gaps in care, but an opioid management strategy was the only intervention successfully completed. Even so, when the preintervention versus postintervention admission rate was compared, regardless of the domain, there was a 40 percent decline in hospital admissions (p = 0.03). Consistent with the successful implementation of an opioid management plan, the decrease in admissions was accompanied by a 37 percent decrease in intravenous opioid use (p = 0.02) and 10 percent decrease in oral opioid use (p = 0.04).Conclusion: An opioid management strategy, as part of a larger effort to improve care for high-utilizing adults with SCD, decreased rate of admissions and opioid use.
Ideas and perspectives: New research examples of autumnal climate change ecology
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Krusic Paul J.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Changes in autumnal climate affecting the diversity and productivity of the ecosphere are arguably as important as vernal climatic changes. Motivated by a recent call for more research on the biological and ecological consequences of autumnal climate change (Gallinat et al., 2015), we present three examples of innovative biogeoscience, employing novel datasets and methodologies, which refine our ability to monitor the physiological functioning and ecosystem performance during autumn. Drawn from recent research in wildlife biology (big-game hunting), wood anatomy (tree-ring formation) and mycology (mushroom inventory), these studies provide original insights that contribute to an improved understanding of how varying environmental and climatic conditions impact the phenology, productivity and diversity of different organisms in autumn.
Coupling biophysical processes and water rights to simulate spatially distributed water use in an intensively managed hydrologic system
Authors: Han Bangshuai , Benner Shawn G. , Bolte John P. , Vache Kellie B. , Flores Alejandro N.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Humans have significantly altered the redistribution of water in intensively managed hydrologic systems, shifting the spatiotemporal patterns of surface water. Evaluating water availability requires integration of hydrologic processes and associated human influences. In this study, we summarize the development and evaluation of an extensible hydrologic model that explicitly integrates water rights to spatially distribute irrigation waters in a semi-arid agricultural region in the western US, using the Envision integrated modeling platform. The model captures both human and biophysical systems, particularly the diversion of water from the Boise River, which is the main water source that supports irrigated agriculture in this region. In agricultural areas, water demand is estimated as a function of crop type and local environmental conditions. Surface water to meet crop demand is diverted from the stream reaches, constrained by the amount of water available in the stream, the water-rights-appropriated amount, and the priority dates associated with particular places of use. Results, measured by flow rates at gaged stream and canal locations within the study area, suggest that the impacts of irrigation activities on the magnitude and timing of flows through this intensively managed system are well captured. The multi-year averaged diverted water from the Boise River matches observations well, reflecting the appropriation of water according to the water rights database. Because of the spatially explicit implementation of surface water diversion, the model can help diagnose places and times where water resources are likely insufficient to meet agricultural water demands, and inform future water management decisions.
Meteorological analysis of flash floods in Artvin (NE Turkey) on 24 August 2015
Authors: Baltaci Hakki
Published: July 2017

Abstract. On 24 August 2015 intense rainfall episodes generated flash floods and landslides on the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. As a consequence of the heavy rainstorm activity over Artvin and its surroundings (NE Turkey), 11 people died and economic losses totaled a million dollars. Over the 6 h of the event (from 05:00 to 11:00 UTC), total accumulated rainfall amounts of 136, 64, and 109 mm were measured in the Hopa, Arhavi, and Borçka settlements of Artvin city, respectively. This study comprehensively investigates the meteorological characteristics of those flash floods. In terms of synoptic mechanisms, the cutoff surface low from the summer Asian monsoon settled over the eastern Black Sea. After two days of quasistationary conditions of this cyclone, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) reached 27.5 °C (1.5 °C higher than normal) and low-level moisture convergence developed. In addition, transfer of moisture by warm northerly flows from the Black Sea and relatively cool southerly flows from the land coasts of the Artvin district exacerbated the unstable conditions and thus played a significant role in the development of deep convective cells. Severe rainstorms as well as the slope instability of the region triggered landslides and worsened flood damages in the Artvin area. This study supports conventional weather analysis, satellite images, and forecast model output to alert forecasters to the potential for heavy rainfall.
Bases militares: um entendimento na perspectiva dos grandes empreendimentos - DOI 10.5216/ag.v7i1.19253
Authors: Teixeira Vinicius Modolo
Published: July 2017

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo a aproximação do estudo das Bases Militares com o estudo dos efeitos de implantação de Grandes Empreendimentos. O estudo se baseia na avaliação preliminar do impacto gerado pela construção/desativação de Bases Militares, e as influências no seu entorno, causando modificações de ordem social, econômica, espacial e de segurança, tais quais outros Grandes Empreendimentos. Baseado em dados fornecidos pelo Exército, Aeronáutica, agências de pesquisa e notícias de canais de informação, esse trabalho busca apontamentos iniciais a essa nova perspectiva para os estudos de defesa e dos efeitos de implantação de suas unidades militares no território brasileiro. Palavras Chave: Bases Militares, Grandes Empreendimentos, Exército, Aeronáutica. Abstract This paper aims to approach the study of military bases to the study of the effects of Large Projects deployments. The study is based on preliminary assessment of the impact caused by construction / decommissioning of military bases, and the influences around them, causing changes in social, economic, space and security, such that other Large Projects. Based on data provided by the Army, Air Force, research agencies and news channel, this article is the initial notes about this new perspective for defense studies an the effects of deployment of military units in the Brazilian territory. Key Words: Military Bases, Large Projects, Army, Air Force. Resumen Este trabajo pretende abordar el estudio de las bases militares para el estudio de los efectos de la implementación de grandes empresas. El estudio se basa en la evaluación preliminar del impacto causado por la construcción / desmantelamiento de bases militares, y las influencias a su alrededor, provocando cambios en la vida social, en el espacio, en el económico y en la seguridad, de tal manera que otros proyectos grandes. Con base en datos proporcionados por el Ejército, Fuerza Aérea, organismos de investigación y la información de los canales de noticias, este artículo señala inicialmente las perspectivas para los estudios de defensa y los efectos de la implantación de unidades militares en el territorio. Palabras Clave: Bases militares, Grandes Proyectos, Ejército, Fuerza Aérea.
OS APORTES NORMATIVOS RELATIVOS AOS TERRITÓRIOS QUILOMBOLAS: UMA LEITURA A PARTIR DO NOVO CONSTITUCIONALISMO LATINO AMERICANO
Authors: Vidotte Blanco Tárrega Maria Cristina , Donizete Franco Rangel
Published: July 2017

O artigo tem por objeto a explicitação dos referenciaisnormativos sobre a regularização dos territóriosquilombolas no Brasil, na perspectiva do NovoConstitucionalismo Latino Americano. Incialmente,são apresentadas as características da perspectivateórica adotada. Após, são descritas a ConvençãoAmericana de Direitos Humanos e a Convenção sobreos Povos Indígenas e Tribais da OIT. Em seguida, éapresentada a regulamentação interna sobre a questãoterritorial quilombola, desde as primeiras portarias atéo Decreto n.º 4.887/03, que atualmente fixa oprocedimento para a regularização dos territóriosquilombolas no Brasil. Por fim, apresenta-se oPrograma Brasil Quilombola, a partir de seusprincipais eixos, como política pública que sustenta aperspectiva de concretização dos direitos territoriaisdos quilombolas.
Learning 2.0 in Knowledge Economy: A Case Study of a Pilot Project in Zambia
Authors: Kim Juseuk
Published: July 2017

This paper explores how Learning 2.0 in a knowledge economy can promote African higher education. It uses a case study of the pilot project in Zambia. The paper begins by showing that Learning 2.0 used in a knowledge economy is changing the nature of learning and providing new possibilities for learning. As higher education is a key factor for national development in knowledge economy, this is important for Africa. But Africa has few resources to expand quality tertiary education. An innovative project in Zambia uses Learning 2.0 to overcome some of these challenges and deliver quality higher education. The article shows how the project works and discusses some of the remaining challenges. In conclusion, the concept of the project presents that elements of the learning 2.0 in the knowledge economy can help to spread the higher education in developing countries.
Properties of Empty Fruit Bunches Eco-Composite Boards from Elaeis guineesis
Authors: Wahab Razak , Mustafa Mohd Tamizi , Mat Rasat Mohd Sukhairi , Mohd Don Siti Marlia
Published: July 2017

This studies investigated on the properties of eco-composite boards made from Elaeis guineesis empty fruit bunch. The empty fruit bunches (EFB) collected from a private Elaeis guineesis plantation in Selangor. The EFB refined using fiber cutter and particle crusher. Hardeners and wax added at 1% and 3% during the mixing process. Boards with densities of 700, 600 and 500 kg/m3produced using resin urea formaldehyde as the bonding agent at 10, 12 and 14%. The boards conditioned in a conditioning chamber set at 20±2°C and 65% relative humidity before undergoing subsequent testing. Preparation for boards and tests samples follows BS and EN Standards specifications. Maximum modulus of rupture (MOR) were 22.91 N/mm2and modulus of elasticity (MOE) 2059.56 N/mm2. The internal bonding recorded at 0.98 N/mm2, for the edge and face screw withdrawal were at 467.47 N/mm2 and 512.37 N/mm2 respectively. The boards with 700 kg/m3 density and 14% resin content met the required standard with good dimensional stability. In the thermogravimetric analysis the maximum rate of decomposition for the EFB boards occurred at 380.83°C. The board's overall properties are influence by the density and resin content applied.
El ēthos posmoderno o la moral del nómada. Estudio sobre la condición moral en la posmodernidad
Authors: López David E.
Published: July 2017

La posmodernidad debe ser considerada, ante todo, como un ēthos, es decir, como un modo de ser o un carácter moral que se caracterizaría, de una parte, por un abandono de la perspectiva moderna y por la incredulidad en su proyecto utópico y, de otra, por la emergencia de un nuevo ēthos: una vida moral sin normas ni regulaciones, la invalidez de ideas reguladoras y de valor universal, el culto a la pluralidad y a la diversidad, el rechazo a la idea de proyecto histórico, el relativismo y el subjetivismo axiológicos, la liberación de la actividad sexual de las compulsiones morales tradicionales y el fomento de relaciones interpersonales superfi ciales, líquidas y transitorias, las que generan pronto desencanto y frustración. Sostener este punto de vista y festejarlo como la liberación de las cadenas de la opresión o como el non plus ultra de la historia es ser posmoderno. El estudio de esta condición no puede limitarse, no obstante, a describir el modo de ser posmoderno; sino que debe explicarla y proponer un nuevo ēthos.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 1, No 26, Enero-Junio 2016: 9-33
Estudio descriptivo sobre la problemática del refajo indígena en la región de los izalcos de El Salvador
Authors: Irula Calderón María José
Published: July 2017

Este artículo indaga sobre la desaparición del refajo indígena en la región de los Izalcos de El Salvador y las consecuencias que esto conlleva de manera cultural, social e histórica. Analiza las causas y efectos del desuso e improductividad del corte tradicional a partir de información bibliográfi ca así como del estudio de campo a través de entrevistas y fotografías que relatan experiencias y conocimientos de las usuarias del refajo indígena.Se ordenan los elementos que intervinieron en el abandono de la producción y uso del refajo así como los cambios internos que sufrió la comunidad.Finaliza con una refl exión acerca de las consecuencias culturales que implica dicha problemática en la sociedad salvadoreña.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 1, No 26, Enero-Junio 2016: 99-120