bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sedimentary Environment in Iron and Manganese Crystallization Index of some Soil of Anbar Government
Authors: Kazim Muna Faraj , Ibrahiem Muthana khleel , Abd ElLatif Ahmed R.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to elucidate the impact of depositional conditions on different sedimentary and desert environments on the crystallization index of iron and manganese. The study area is located within the administrative boundaries of Anbar Governorate. Eight desert valleys were selected, including Al-Qaim Valley, Al-Mohammadi Valley, Al-Damamah Valley, Hauran Valley, Al-Baghdadi Valley, Zaghdan Valley, Al-Sahliyah Valley, and Al-Sheikh Hadeed Valley, with two pedons per site, one in the sedimentary deposits and one in the desert deposits. The samples were prepared for laboratory analysis. Total iron and manganese, non-crystalline iron and manganese oxides, crystalline iron and manganese oxides. Then, the crystallization index was calculated for both iron and manganese elements in both sedimentary and desert soils alike. The results showed that the values of the soil pH in sedimentary soils ranged from 7.12-8.06, while they were recorded in the desert soils with a range of 7.31-8.03. In general, they fell within the limits of basic to highly basic degrees. Electrical conductivity (Ec) was recorded in a range of 0.76-11.80 ds.m-1, which were classified as low salinity to saline soils, as their values decreased with increasing depth in both desert and sedimentary soils are the result of climatic conditions of high temperatures in as well as water and wind additions that helped the accumulation of salts in the surface horizons. The cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) varied between 10.06 and 40.58 cmolc.kg-1, consistently corresponding to the clay content present in the soil. Notably, desert soils exhibited superior crystallization indices for iron and manganese compared to sedimentary soils. However, there was a decline in the crystallization index of iron relative to manganese across all study soils, attributed to the high content of total iron in the parent material, with the presence of a certain pattern in the distribution in the desert soils, where it took a regular distribution with the depth. On another hand, in the sedimentary soils it took a random distribution with the depth due to influence of the sedimentary soils with the movement and transmission of the separate clay through the soil horizons. The ratio of iron to manganese crystallization varied from 0.140 to 14.142 Generally, it increased with depth in desert and sedimentary soils, except for Hauran valley and Al-Baghdadi valley soils, where it decreased due to high total iron content in their parent material.
Effect of Adding Zeolite and Agricultural Sulfur on The Availability of Phosphorus From Rock Phosphate and Some Chemical Properties and Growth of Maize in Calcareous Soil
Authors: Ghali Alaq K. Ch. , Shref Ashrf M.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya, research station (A) on maize plant, synthetic varieties type (Fajr 1), in the autumn season during the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the effect of adding zeolite and agricultural sulfur on the availability of phosphorus from Rock Phosphate and the growth of maize in calcareous soil with a loam texture. Agricultural sulfur was used with two levels (0, 2) μg.ha-1, which was added two months before the sowing date, and natural zeolite, which was added at sowing with two levels (0, 10) μg.ha-1, and Rock Phosphate, which was added at sowing with two levels (0, 80) μg.ha-1. While mineral phosphorus, was added in the form of DAP fertilizer according to the fertilizer recommendation for maize plants at a rate of (80) μg.ha-1 according to [1] with one level as a comparison sample with three replicates according to a factorial experiment within the randomized complete block design (RCBD), so that the number of experimental units to became (27) experimental units. Soil and plant samples were taken from the field during the two stages of plant growth (before flowering and harvesting). The results showed a significant effect of the triple interaction of adding agricultural sulfur, zeolite, and Rock Phosphate on the soil phosphorus availability at the harvesting stage which amounted to 10.15 mg.kg-1. The treatment of adding mineral fertilizer alone was 5.07 mg.kg-1, compared with the control treatment which amounted to 2.01 mg.kg-1. However the concentration of absorbed phosphorus in the plant at the stage before flowering was 916.10 mg P.plant-1, and for the treatment of mineral fertilizer alone, 519.90 mg P.plant-1, and for the control treatment amounted to 104.60 mg P.plant-1, respectively. The results also indicated the role of the triple interaction in decreasing the degree of soil reaction (pH) and increasing the degree of electrical conductivity (EC). The degree of pH reaction for the triple interaction treatment was 7.50 and 7.60, for the mineral fertilizer treatment 8.10 and 7.77, and the control treatment 8.13 and 8.13, respectively. The electrical conductivity EC for the triple interaction treatment was 3.00 and 2.84 dS/m, for the mineral fertilizer treatment 2.45 and 2.79 dS/m, and for the control treatment, which amounted to 2.33 and 2.24 dS/m during the two stages of plant growth before flowering and harvesting, respectively. The mineral zeolite alone affected the increase of the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of the study soil which amounted to 24.27 and 25.70 Cmol.kg-1 during the plant growth stages before flowering and harvesting, respectively.
Field Use of Drip Irrigation System and Its Impact on The Values Depended Evaluation Standards
Authors: Al-Obaidi Fatima A. O. , Al-Mehmdy Shuker Mahmood Hassan
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, affiliated to the College of Agriculture, located in Al-Buetha area, Al-Ramadi District, - center of Anbar Province. During the autumn season in 2022, in a sandy clay loam soil. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of field use of drip irrigation system and its impact on the adopted evaluation criteria before and after planting. To determine the effect of the drip irrigation system duration of using on its field performance. Before planting, the irrigation system was evaluated in the field by conducting tests at three different operating pressures, namely 0.3,0.5 and 0.7 bar to determine the actual discharge of the emitters closed to their design discharge. The evaluation criteria in this study were emitters discharge rate, uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity, discharge variation ratios. The results indicated that the operating pressure of 0.5 bar was the best among the selected pressures, where gave the highest actual discharge of 7.87 L h-1 which closed to its design discharge i.e., 8 Lh-1. Additionally, the highest coefficient of uniformity was achieved, reaching 96.39%, along with the highest emission uniformity of 95.93%. The lowest variation in discharge between emitters was recorded at 9.58%. Consequently, this pressure (0.5 bar) was adopted for operating the drip irrigation system throughout the study period.
Geochemical and Environmental Evaluation of the Copper Element in the Surface Soil and Its Health Effects in Selected Areas of Kirkuk Governorate
Authors: Mohammed Hanan M. , Al-Jumaily Hassan A.
Published: December 2023

To assess the extent of copper contamination in the surface soil and its effects on human health in selected areas of Kirkuk Governorate, several geochemical analyzes and environmental assessments were performed. Twenty-two (22) surface soil samples were collected and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results showed that the average concentration of copper in the study area was (42.64 ppm), and its highest value was in the (H19) site represented in the Benji Ali area (129.7 ppm). In (H11) site, with a concentration of (88.8 ppm), which represents an industrial neighborhood area, and the reason is due to it being a polluted industrial area, which is higher than the permissible natural values, amounting to (20 ppm). In the soil, the element copper, which indicates a potential danger to the environment, as well as the average values of the soil accumulation index showed that it is unpolluted to medium pollution, while the value of the average enrichment factor was medium enrichment, and also the average of the environmental hazard index showed potential moderate environmental risks, and it was found Exposure through inhalation (CDIinh) is more effective in adults and children with copper than through skin contact (CDIdermal) and ingestion (CDIing). And it was found that the values (HI) are greater than one for the studied copper element for both children and adults, which indicates The presence of carcinogenic health risks of the copper element on humans in the study area, and it was found that children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of copper because they are still developing.
Hysteresis in Soil, Its Causes and Influences
Authors: Nasr Marwan Musa , Ati Alaa Salih
Published: December 2023

Soil hysteresis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in soil water retention curve (SWRC) and soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), the mismatch of the drying (drainage or desorption) and wetting (sorption or adsorption) curves in each curve is called hysteresis in soil, i.e., At any potential (Ψ), there is a discrepancy between the soil water content (Θ or ű) in the curve of desorption and adsorption, this indicates that the amounts of water collected during the desorption cycle are not the same as the amount of water for adsorption the soil at the same applied pressure (suction Ψ). So, this relationship between soil water content (Θ or ű) versus soil water potential (Ψ) is non-unique. The difference is caused by a number of mechanisms, including: Contact Angle (θ), Adsorption, Bubble-form, Matric potential, Ink-Bottle Effect, Entrapped Air, Wetting and Drying History and Pore Size... etc. The explanations concern both (water and soil). Soil hysteresis has a degree, that varies depending on the type of clay minerals and pore size... etc. In this review paper, what are the causes of soil hysteresis, the hysteresis degree, and what does it influence? will be discussed.
The Impact of Agricultural Polymer Application and Irrigation Frequency on the Availability of (NPK) in Soil and the Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivated in Sandy Soil
Authors: Al-Amiri Zainab Nafeh Awwad , Al-Baraka Hanoun N. Kadhem
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Al-Bandar Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University to investigate the impact of agricultural polymer application and the frequency of irrigation on soil nutrient levels and wheat yield in sandy soil during the agricultural season of 2022-23. The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications. The experimental design consisted of five levels of agricultural polymer, denoted as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, which were applied at rates of 0, 25, 75, 50, and 100 kg ha-1, respectively. These levels were assigned to the secondary plot. Additionally, the main plot was assigned four levels of the number of watering, denoted as R1, R2, R3, and R4, corresponding to 6, 7, 8, and 9 watering, respectively. The findings of the statistical analysis indicate that the inclusion of various concentrations of agricultural polymer resulted in an enhancement of nutrient availability in the soil. Specifically, the highest concentration (P3) had a significant impact on both the biological yield and the levels of soil NPK. The average values for these parameters were observed to be 13.36 mg.ha-1 and 36.30 mg N kg-1 soil, 26.83 mg P kg-1 soil, and 251.0 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively. Regarding the P2 level, it exerted an impact on the grain yield, resulting in an average of 5.41 mg ha-1. The impact of various irrigation methods on soil nutrient availability was found to be insignificant. However, a significant relationship was observed between the levels of agricultural polymers and the number of irrigations, affecting all the traits under investigation.
The Interaction Effect Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on Soil Biological Traits, Yield, and Quantity of Coriander Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Authors: Abd Asma Hussein , Suhail Faris Mohammad
Published: December 2023

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023, in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in improving soil biological characteristics, quantity, and yield of aromatic oil of the medicinal coriander plant. The treatment of a mixture of bacteria and fungus residues with the presence of mycorrhizae achieved the highest amounts in oil yield, total yield, biomass carbon, numbers of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria, and the percentage of mycorrhizae infection, which recorded (153 L.ha-1, 632.50 kg.ha-1, 222.65 mg C kg soil-1, 15.66 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 30.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 90.66%), respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded (13.65 L.ha-1, 270.50 kg.ha-1, 133.33 mg C kg.soil-1, 2.33 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 10.00 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 17.33%), respectively, and the treatment of fertilizer recommendation, which recorded (47.22 L.ha-1, 540.00 kg.ha-1, 150.75 mg C kg.soil-1, 5.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 14.66 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 26.66%), respectively.
Evaluation of Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium manausense and Bradyrhizobium venae on the Elemental content of Cowpea Plant in Gypsum Soil
Authors: Altai Salahaldeen H. , Muhee Heba A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season on 3/25/2022 in the fields of the University of Tikrit / College of Agriculture located in the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, with the aim of studying the effect of inoculation with Rhizobia bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of cowpea in gypsum soil, conducted in a randomized complete block design. R. C. B. D With three replications, the experiment included two main factors: inoculation with rhizobium bacteria, and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. The inoculation factor was three levels (A0 = no inoculation, A1 = inoculation with the first strain, Bradyrhizobium manausense, and A2 = inoculation with the second strain, Bradyrhizobium vignae), and the second factor was nitrogen fertilization. At three levels N0 and N1 = 40 kg / ha and N2 = 80 kg / ha, the process of isolation and development of Rhizobium bacteria was conducted on the optional medium (YEMA), and the two isolates were identified and recorded in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) by number Global OP740389 Bradyrhizobium vignae, as for the results of the field experiment, the inoculation treatment with root nodes bacteria Bradyrhizobium vignae was superior to the control treatment and even to the second strain Bradyrhizobium manausense in all studied traits of cowpea plant, and the percentage increase of the inoculation treatment with Bradyrhizobium vignae with 40 kg of nitrogen fertilizer was higher than The control treatment in the number of root nodes and their wet weight (1474.87, 267.101)%, respectively, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the vegetative part (61.300, 1.600, 7.102)%, respectively.
Response of some Growth Traits of Maize Plants to Conventional and Nano-Fertilizers
Authors: Mahdi Hawraa F. , Bhiah Karim M.
Published: December 2023

The Agricultural Research Station in the university city associated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa undertook a fall 2022-2023 field experiment. The study examined the effects of zinc and iron nanoparticles at 2g.l-1 or 3g.l-1, conventional iron and zinc fertilizer at 3g.l-1, and distilled water on maize plant growth and development. A three-replication Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) factorial experiment was done. Nano-fertilization with nano-zinc at 3g.l-1 produced the best results across various vegetative development indicators. Plant height rate, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus content are these indicators. However, 3g.l-1 nano iron increased leaf area the highest, reaching 0.424 m2.plant-1. This treatment also produced the most rows per ear and the maximum leaf potassium concentration. In contrast, 1.5 g.L-1 traditional zinc and 1.5 gm.L-1 conventional iron fertilizer produced better vegetative growth and production. These included plant height, average stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll, and leaf elements (NPK). Additionally, 3 g.L-1 conventional iron produced the maximum leaf area. Overall, the 1.5 g.L-1 nano-zinc and 1.5 g.L-1 nano-iron fertilizer combination had higher vegetative growth rates than other combinations. However, the combination of 1 g.L-1 nano-iron and 1.5 g.L-1 nano-zinc had the maximum leaf area and potassium concentration.
The Effect of Diesel Fuel Additives on the Exhaust Gases of Agricultural Tractors During Plowing
Authors: Awwad Ali A. , Hilal Yousif Y. , Rajab Raqeeb H.
Published: December 2023

The research aims to study the effect of the fuel type, plow types, and engine speeds on carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and oxygen (O2) gases. The field experiments were conducted on an experimental farm in Al-Hamdaniya, Nineveh, Iraq. The investigation was factorial, using a Randomized Complete Block Design with Split –Split plot Design. The three types of fuel were placed in the main plot, the plow types in the secondary split plot, and the speed engine in the Split –Split action. The results showed significant differences between the fuel, plows, and engine speeds in most studied traits. There were no significant differences in the interaction between the plow types and the engine’s speed regarding CO emissions at the two levels. Still, the rate at 1000 rpm recorded the lowest emission value. At the two levels (the level of the exhaust nozzle - the status of the tractor driver’s seat), it amounted to 39.833-18.767 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the highest reading of H2S gas emissions was recorded with diesel without added fuel and the moldboard plow. Finally, the results showed no significant difference, as diesel fuel with super additives from Manol and an engine speed of 2000 rpm recorded the lowest emission rate for the emission rate of O2 gas, amounting to 20.550%.
The Effect of Different Ratios of Internal Organs, Dried Artemia and Frozen Artemia on the Growth Rates of Common Carp Fish
Authors: Al-Kubaisi Harith Mohammed Nasser , Al-Obaidi Tugreed Sadiq Mohsen
Published: December 2023

A total of 140 fish with an average weight of 35±2 grams were used and reared for a period of 70 days. The fish were randomly distributed into seven treatments, which included the addition of dried Artemia to the second, third, and fourth treatments at a ratio of 50% of fishmeal. The internal organs powder of the fish was added to the third and fourth treatments at a ratio of 25% and 50% of fishmeal respectively. Frozen Artemia was added to the fifth, sixth, and seventh treatments at a ratio of 50% of fishmeal, and the internal organs powder of the fish was added to the sixth and seventh treatments at a ratio of 25% and 50% of fishmeal respectively. The results showed that the arithmetic mean of the sixth treatment was superior to all other treatments, reaching 82.80 grams/fish. This treatment included the addition of 50% frozen Artemia, 25% fish powder, and 25% internal organs powder. Furthermore, the results showed that the lowest weight gain rate for the fish was in the fourth treatment (51.40 grams/fish), which included the addition of 50% dried Artemia and 50% internal organs powder to the common carp fish feed. In conclusion, the addition of frozen Artemia at a ratio of 50% of fishmeal, enhanced with 25% internal organs powder, was found to be the best among the treatments in terms of growth criteria.
The Effect of Power Sources in the Agricultural Tractor and the Developed Sprayer System on the Performance of the Electrical and Mechanical Sprayer System and some Performance Indicators of the Engine
Authors: Al-Taie Haider Ali Hussein , Kadhim Naseer S.
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of the sprayer type according to the source of power and the size of the spray nozzle concerning the quality of the spray produced and fuel consumption.Two types of sprayers were used: a conventional boom sprayer (S1) and a modified (electrified) boom sprayer (S2), along with three sizes of the XR TeeJet 110 spray nozzle (N). The following technical performance indicators were examined: Density of coverage (drops/cm2) using ImageJ software, a 600dpi business card scanner, specifically the ScanShell 800N by CSSN, Inc, and water-sensitive paper (WSP), rate of spray nozzles discharge (ml/min), and fuel consumption (liters/hectare) using a calibrated cylinder, and the percentage of weed control by sampling treated and untreated weeds. The experiment was designed as a complete randomized block design in the order of the system (Nested design). Sprayer type had significant effect on spray coverage and nozzle discharge rate. The conventional boom sprayer resulted in a coverage of 169.5 drops/cm2, while the modified (electrified) boom sprayer achieved only 149.4 drops/cm2. The discharge rate was 707.5 ml/min when using the conventional boom sprayer, compared to 671.2 ml/min with lower pesticide consumption when using the modified (electrified) boom sprayer.The smaller-sized XR TeeJet 110.015 VP nozzle (N1) outperformed the other nozzle sizes in terms of coverage (178.7 drops/cm2), weed control percentage (84.56%), and lower pesticide consumption (lower nozzle discharge) of 490.4 ml/min.
Study of the Effect Developed Chisel Plow on some Soil Properties in Heavy, Clay-Textured Soils
Authors: Al-Hameed Lu’ay L. , Abd Al-Nabi Murtada A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment conducted in the fields of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah, Karmat Campus, according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), to study the effect of height sweeps shank in back row with the developed chisel plow (10 and 20 cm), with three depths (15, 25 and 35 cm) and three lateral distances (20, 25 and 30 cm), on the field performance indicators where the mean weighted diameter, bulk density and total soil porosity are present. In mixed loamy soil with a density of (1.25) g cm3 and a moisture content of (15.17)%, the experiment was designed according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the improved chisel plow was significantly superior to the normal chisel plow by giving it the lowest mean weighted diameter ratio (higher fracturing), the least density, and the highest porosity, as the weighted diameter decreased significantly when both the lateral distance and the height of sweeps shank increased. The values of the mean weighted diameter (increased smoothing) decreased at a height of 20 cm of sweeps shank, and increased with the increase in lateral distance and depth. Bulk density values decreased at 10 cm height for the rear sweeps shank, and increased with increasing the lateral distance and the depth of plowing. The porosity increased at the height of the sweeps shank 10 cm and the depth of tillage 15 cm, and there was no significant effect of the lateral distance in the porosity.
A study of the Effect of Diesel Oil Contamination with Glycol on the Performance of a Diesel Engine
Authors: Kadhim Naseer Salman , Hasan Haider Ali , Abdul-Munaim Ali Mazin
Published: December 2023

The performance of a diesel engine was tested with diesel oil contaminated with glycol at the engineering workshop/Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment / College of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad. To investigate the impact of different concentrations of glycol on the performance of a diesel engine, an experimental water-cooled four-stroke motor was utilized, with oil containing 0, 100, and 200 parts per million (ppm). Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, friction power, and exhaust gas temperature were examined as performance indicators. To compare the significance of the treatments, the study employed a full randomization design (CRD), with three replicates for each treatment at the 5% probability level. Experiment results demonstrated significant variations in the characteristics under study. For example, the highest rates of Brake-specific fuel consumption (kg/KW.h) (0.4459), frictional power (7.8837 kW), and exhaust gas temperature (173.6 0 C) were all observed at oil contamination levels of 200 ppm glycol. Meanwhile, the Brake thermal efficiency was the lowest of any measured system at only 17.5623%. Glycol oil pollution was shown to have a considerable effect on engine performance.
Study on Nutrients Concentration Trends in Tukad Badung River Toward Nutrient Recovery Potential
Authors: Wijaya I M W , Partama I G Y , Sumantra I K
Published: December 2023

This study addresses the urgent concern of water quality degradation resulting from untreated domestic wastewater discharge, with a specific focus on nutrient trends within an aquatic ecosystem. The investigation centres on ammonium (NH4
+) as a significant contaminant sourced from residual foods, hygiene practices, and fertilizers, known for its association with eutrophication—characterized by excessive algae growth and oxygen depletion. The study aims to offer comprehensive insights by meticulously analysing water quality parameters across six distinct sampling points. Data collection encompassed total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia (NH4
+), nitrite (NO2
−), nitrate (NO3
−), total phosphate (PO4
−), and total nitrogen (TN). Notable variations were observed: TSS concentrations ranged from 9.00 mg/L to 20.00 mg/L, NH4
+ concentrations spanned 0.00 mg/L to 1.96 mg/L, NO2- and NO3
− levels varied from 0.00 mg/L to 0.16 mg/L and 1.19 mg/L to 1.91 mg/L, respectively, PO4
3- content ranged from 0.01 mg/L to 0.65 mg/L, and TN concentrations fluctuated between 1.36 mg/L and 3.31 mg/L. These findings underscore the complexity of water quality dynamics and highlight the need for integrated management strategies to mitigate nutrient pollution’s impact on aquatic ecosystems.
Reinventing the Authenticity of Nature Tourism: Social Capital-Based Ecotourism Development in Sendang Sombomerti
Authors: Saputra B , Pegi A L , Suripto
Published: December 2023

Environmental sustainability packaged in ecotourism is a promising type of tourism. Ecotourism is deemed necessary to be developed because it utilizes natural beauty, aesthetics and environmental sustainability and pays attention to the balance of interactions between humans and nature. Ecotourism management can be accomplished by utilizing social capital. So this study aims to determine the extent of the role of social capital in the management of Sendang Sombomerti ecotourism in Sombomerten Village, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods to get an overview of the ecotourism management community group’s application and level of social capital. Data collection was carried out supported by primary and secondary data; informants were selected using snowball sampling. Source triangulation analysis is used to answer the research objectives. Based on the research results, it is known that the level of social capital of Sendang Sombomerti ecotourism managers is classified as good/strong, and linking social capital is dominant. It is, therefore, easy to develop a level of social capital to advance ecotourism development.
Iot-based measurement for observing thermal conductivity of modern office building
Authors: Uddin N , Mannan K A , Tarigan S G
Published: December 2023

The potential CO
2 emissions of a building can be identified based on the building thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of the building can be determined by measuring the temperatures outside and inside the building for a long period. Unfortunately, this measurement is quite hard and very expensive to be done manually. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides a simple and inexpensive method for carrying out measurements. This study presents a development of IoT system for measuring the building temperature for an unlimited period of time, and the measurement data is accessible from anywhere. The development steps include design, prototyping, and experimental testing. Performance of the developed system is examined through an experimental test. The result shows that the system was able to measure the building temperatures, transmit and store the measurement data to a cloud server, and graphically display the measurement data on the website. The system provides a useful tool for remotely and integrated temperature measurement in determining the thermal conductivity of the buildings.
The impact of waste bank development on society during endemic era in semarang city
Authors: Samadikun B P , Nugraha W D , Rahayu A P , Napitupulu J C W , Fuad T S , Amartia N U , Mirhan S A A
Published: December 2023

The Covid 19 pandemic has made significant changes to human life. The activity that was quite affected during the pandemic was the waste bank activity. However, since the pandemic status changed to endemic, all activities have started to operate normally and waste bank activities have also begun to be reactivated. Semarang currently has 299 waste banks and Gedawang Asri is one of waste bank which located in Gedawang, Banyumanik District, Semarang City. This study will discuss how is the impact of waste banks on society in the endemic era. This research uses a survey method with analysis techniques using quantitative and qualitative analysis. Based on the research results, 47.83% of customers felt that there was an increase in the performance of waste banks during the endemic era. This is shown by the increase in the number of customers in each waste bank to reach 140 households. 65.2% of respondents stated that concern for the environment was the biggest reason for remaining a waste bank customer. Customers realize that the existence of a waste bank provides great benefits for everyday life, including reducing waste generation (73.9%), customers are motivated to manage waste in everyday life (60.9%), as well as being profitable for the community’s economy (43.5%)
Identification of eco enzyme characteristics from organic waste
Authors: Abdullah N O , Zubair A , Mangarengi N A P , Rachman R M , Tumpu M , Djamaluddin D
Published: December 2023

Eco enzyme is a form of creative and environmentally friendly organic waste management efforts. This study aims to analyze and compare the characteristics of eco enzymes made from organic waste with variations of palm sugar and coconut sugar. The method used in this study is a quantitative method with an experimental approach and qualitative methods in the form of research development research. This study consists of two types of samples, namely palm sugar and coconut sugar with three times the repetition of each type of sample and fermented for 3 months. The results showed that eco enzyme made from organic waste with a variation of coconut sugar produced a higher content of acetic acid, phosphorus, calcium, lipase enzyme activity and protease enzyme activity and the final volume of the solution, while eco enzyme made from organic waste with palm sugar variations resulting in amylase enzyme activity, higher pH and chlorine. Based on the results, the characteristics obtained from coconut sugar, eco enzyme solution is recommended for use in agriculture as an organic fertilizer, while eco enzyme from coconut sugar is recommended as a disinfectant and natural detergent.
Study on activated sludge composition and concentration setting for increasing COD efficiency in dairy industry wastewater
Authors: Wikaningrum T , Putri ANI
Published: December 2023

The dairy industry’s wastewater is the pollution problems that must be concerned. Since dairy wastewater tends to be easily biodegradable, the commonly wastewater treatment technology is biological treatment. The efficiency of reducing COD in the aeration tank of PT. AN was about 39.54% compared to the theoretical that can be achieved until 90%. Therefore, this research objective was to improve the efficiency of COD reduction in the aerobic-activated sludge process of PT. AN. The research was done by laboratory experimental method with variations of the concentration and type of the activated sludge applied, also variations in Bacillus cereus bacteria addition. The performance was measured by the COD reduction efficiency after 9-hour aeration and 3-hour sedimentation. The result showed that by increasing 100% of the activated sludge concentration, the process could increase the COD reduction from 20.3% to 49.8%. The 50:50 combination of existing activated sludge and other activate sludge taken from non-dairy industry’s WWTP got worse result, with the COD reduction from 20.3% to 15.9 %. The better result was shown by Bacillus cereus bacteria addition, the COD reduction can achieve 67.0% with 4.7 % bacteria addition and 97.0% COD reduction can be achieved with 9% bacteria addition.
The influence of eco-enzyme bioactivator addition variations on compost volume reduction using biopore infiltration holes
Authors: Sarminingsih A , Sumiyati S , Syafrudin  , Andika A F , Balqis M , Alfarisi I , Setiawan R , Tambunan A Y F
Published: December 2023

The issue of waste in Indonesia is a serious problem faced by the government and society. Organic waste is the largest percentage of all types of waste generated which can cause negative impacts on the environment. It is necessary to process organic waste in a short time. Eco-enzyme is an alternative in processing organic waste that can be a bioactivator in composting organic waste into compost. One of the media that can be used in composting is biopori infiltration holes. This research aims to determine the optimal dose in the addition of eco-enzyme as a bioactivator in accelerating composting. The stages carried out in this study were preparing tools and materials. Adding organic waste into biopore holes, and conducting scheduled monitoring of the decrease in organic waste in composting. The results of this study show that in Biopore Infiltration Hole 6 with a dose of 60 ml of eco-enzyme is able to decompose organic waste faster than other doses. The high dose given can accelerate the composting process, this is because eco-enzyme contains many microorganisms that can accelerate composting..
Landslide Prone Areas Analysis in Bandungan District, Semarang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Widiarso D A , Sitompul R , Martadiastuti V
Published: December 2023

Landslide is a natural disaster that often occurs in Indonesia. Many factors can influence the occurrence of landslides such as the constituent rocks, topography, and rainfall can trigger landslides. Bandungan District is a tourist area that is lot of visitors and many of these settlements have a history of quite large landslides. Throughout 2021, there have been 7 points of landslides in Bandungan District. This study aims to determine potential landslide prone areas in Bandungan District. This study uses a method of weighting overlay the parameters to be calculates such as lithology, slope, rainfall, land cover, distance from the road, distance from the river, distance from the straightness. Based on the results obtained using the Regulation of the Ministry of Public Work (PERMEN PU) classification, landslide susceptibility is 41.5% for high level, 54.2% for medium level, and 4.3% for low level, while according to Soil and Agroclimate Research and Development Centre (PUSLITTANAK) classification, 5.3% for high level, 71.8% for medium level, and 22.8% for low level. From the results of this analysis, it is recommended that areas that are suitable for housing at a low level are recommended.
Highlighting the use of end-of-life tire (ELT) as a renewable material and the potential applications in Indonesia
Authors: Anisa A N , Budihardjo M A , Sumiyati S , Puspita A S , Priya Kurniatama D V
Published: December 2023

The development of the number of vehicles impacts the increased waste of used tires produced. This paper was created to explore the reuse end of life tires (ELT) as a renewable material. This paper also discusses the potential implementation of tire fiber recycling in Indonesia. Data were taken from various relevant articles from accredited sites such as Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, and Research gate. The data were reviewed using the narrative analysis method. Two recycling sectors, namely geotechnical application (Landfill liner) and civil engineering application (asphalt, pavement, LVL board, and lightweight aggregate concrete). The result shows the potential for ELT applications in Indonesia is very high. This is due to the large number of used tires in Indonesia because of the high consumption of vehicles by the population. The new recycling process carried out in Indonesia is only asphalt and pavement. There is no use of ELT for landfill liners, LVL, and lightweight aggregate concrete in Indonesia. The utilization of ELT can be maximized in Indonesia with the help of local government and research studies to reduce ELT waste in Indonesia.
Use of hydroxyapatite powder derived from green mussel shell wastes for coating on AISI 316L
Authors: Amin M , Ismail R , Jamari J , Bayuseno A P
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to determine the effect of preheating AISI 316L metal substrate on the adhesion strength of the hydroxyapatite (HA) layer derived from green mussel shell waste deposit by the flame spray method. The deposition experiment was carried out in a spray gun with a distance of 10 mm with preheat of 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. A sample without preheating was also a comparison. An optical microscope was for assessing the thickness and uniformity of the HA surface layer. The adhesion strength of the coatings followed the ASTM D4541 Standard. As a result, the adhesion strength of the HA coating increases with increasing preheat temperature. However, using Image-J software, at an initial heating temperature of 600 °C, the adhesion strength of the coating changed from adhesion- to adhesion-cohesive strength, leading to an increase in coating strength noted. The result can add knowledge to understanding the flame spray method for the HA-coated from green mussel shell waste on AISI 316L. The results obtained can increase knowledge to understand the method of flame spraying on HA-coated green mussel shell waste on AISI 316L. Preheat temperature, spray gun shooting distance, HA powder release, oxygen gas pressure, and LPG gas pressure can be used as references.
The Dynamics of The Role Oil Palm Smallholders in Implementing ISPO Certification: Looking Back to Moving Forward
Authors: Habibie D K , Darwin M , Suharko
Published: December 2023

The author tries to holistically present the intellectual structure of scientific work with the keywords independent smallholders, certification, oil palm plantations, analyzes the concept keywords and study results to see the direction of the study as well as the empirical results of the study to see the dynamics of independent smallholders in fulfilling ISPO certification. The research flow uses bibliometric analysis techniques. Design/methodology/approach – By conducting a bibliometric analysis of 100 research articles published during 2006 - 2023 with the keywords disbursement of Independent Smallholders Certification of Oil Palm Plantation, taken from Scopus indexed articles, this study provides comprehensive insights from abstraction and keyword analysis. Emerging research streams were further evaluated using VOSviewer software. Findings - This study illustrates the year-over-year trend of overall increase in publications, key words used as research drivers as well as the reality of study content. Furthermore, this study evaluates trends in three cluster areas namely impact, Implementation, Sustainability Certification and the dynamics of the role of independent smallholders.
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two tofu industries that uses different energy sources for production processes
Authors: Azatri V , Aziz R , Goembira F
Published: December 2023

Tofu industry is engaged in processing food made from soybeans, which has a significant contribution to emissions. Padang City has 12 tofu industries, including the ‘A’ tofu industry and ‘B’ tofu industry. The ‘A’ tofu industry and ‘B’ tofu industry produce 990 kg and 2,400 kg of tofu/day, respectively. The difference between them is the application of briquettes and diesel fuel in ‘A’ tofu industry, while ‘B’ tofu industry uses firewood and electricity for boiling and milling processes. Therefore, this study purpose to analyze the environmental impact of 1 kg of tofu using the Life Cycle Assessment method with SimaPro ver.9.0. A gate-to-gate approach was used. The result of the characterization impact on the environment is ‘B’ tofu industry had the highest impact than ‘A’ tofu industry, marine aquatic ecotoxicity 645.69 and 419.91 kg1.4-DBeq, human toxicity 39.81 and 0.33 kg1.4-DBeq, global warming potential 36.96 and 16.68 kgCO2eq, abiotic depletion 15.02 and 13.27 MJ, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity 2 kg1.4-DBeq and acidification 0.01 and 0.0075 kgSO2eq. A component that contributes to harmed the environment is the boiling process. From the result, several alternatives can be recommended, replacing fuel for the boiling process with briquettes and treating liquid waste with an aerobic-anaerobic-biofilter.
Adaptation strategies of flood prone urban settlement of tegal city
Authors: Esariti L , Handayani W , Purnomo M S
Published: December 2023

The phenomenon of flooding and inundation of Tegal City is an indicator of climate change as it was caused by changes in tidal patterns and fluctuating flood runoff volumes. This research focuses on the flood events that occurred in Sumurpanggang municipality of Tegal City and how communities in residential areas adapt as a response to maintain livelihood sustainability. Based on the results of field observations and interviews with 24 respondents in flood-affected families, 2 strategies were identified. The first strategy is related to the activity of structural adjustment of the house, which is a physical strategy that is oriented towards solving short-term problems. The second strategy is to collaborate with key stakeholders in flood prevention efforts. This strategy focuses on normalizing and restoring the function of urban drainage systems. The results of the study prove that adaptation activities conducted as an effort to strengthen the resilience of residential area communities in the face of climate change.
Relationship between organic removal and power production in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell with intermittent mode
Authors: Samudro G , Oktiawan W , Imai T , Mangkoedihardjo S , Novianti K D , Nurfitria P , Handayani E P
Published: December 2023

Unoptimised simultaneous performance in microbial fuel cell (MFC) is still a big concern due to a lack of information on the correlation between organic removal and power production. Its correlation becomes more substantial owing to the main factors which affect a concurrent condition. To contribute new insight, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the main factors for determining the optimal condition of MFC performance. Dual-chamber MFC (DCMFC) was designed by modifying the anode chamber into two compartments, namely double anode chamber DCMFC (DAC-DCMFC), operated within 8 days running with intermittent mode. The differences of organic loading rate (OLR), 0.4; 1.0; 2.5 kg.m−3.d−1 represented low to high organic loadings and electrode material-based reactor types, were used to assign the optimal concomitant performance in DCMFC. A closed circuit voltage (CCV) wiring system plugged onto the data logger within running time was employed to evaluate the synchronous achievement. This study result was medium OLR 1.0 kg.m−3.d−1, and GNPs anode-PTFE cathode attained optimally in the performance. In addition, higher OLR does not indicate higher organic removal correlating linearly with power production. This finding contributes to the limitation of organic loading that biological role capabilities can use.
Study of the Effectiveness of Using Natural Gas as an Effort to Reduce Conventional Emission Load at Gas and Steam Power Plant in Medan City
Authors: Zulkarnain R , Suryati I , Samosir Y B P , Khair H , Suyanto
Published: December 2023

Gas and Steam Power Plant PT. PLN (Persero) Belawan Generation Control Implementation Unit (UPDK) is the main supplier of electricity needs in the Northern Sumatra System. In the early days of Gas and Steam Power Plant PT. PLN UPDK Belawan, the fuel used was diesel oil. However, since 2015, this Gas and Steam Power has started to use natural gas as fuel. This study aims to analyze the differences in conventional emission loads (SO2, NO2, and Total particles) before and after the fuel shift from diesel oil to natural gas. This conventional emission load calculation uses Tier 1 emission factors and WSR (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks) statistical analysis to analyze real differences in the use of these fuels. Based on the calculations, it is concluded that the percentage change in conventional emission load by switching fuel from petroleum to diesel is around 32%–87%. According to the findings of statistical research, there is a considerable variation in the emission load of immobile sources before and after the use of natural gas as the primary fuel.
Policy Capacity Challenges for Renewable Energy Development in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Fajri H , Yuliarti  , Hanoselina Y , Wahyuni N
Published: December 2023

West Sumatra Province already has an energy development planning document, one of which is renewable energy development. Unfortunately, four years on, the policy’s realization has not followed existing plans. Thus, this study aims to analyze the challenges of policy capacity in developing renewable energy in West Sumatra Province. This research method is qualitative with a case study approach. Furthermore, data was collected from interviews with resource persons from various parties. The results show that low analytical capacity is the main factor affecting the formulation of evidence-based policies. Low operational capacity also hinders the effectiveness of renewable energy policy implementation. Political challenges, such as changing priorities and lack of commitment, also affect renewable energy development. Lack of transparency in policy formulation leads to public resistance to renewable energy development. The study concludes that it is crucial to strengthen policy capacity and engage actors from various sectors to achieve the goal of sustainable renewable energy development and contribute to climate change mitigation globally. This article can serve as a guide for policymakers and industry in achieving ambitious renewable energy goals in the future.