bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new method for the capture of surface proteins in Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocyte
Authors: Ferru Emanuela , Pantaleo Anntonella , Turrini Francesco
Published: June 2012

Introduction: We propose a new method for the selective labeling, isolation and electrophoretic analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum protein exposed on the erythrocyte cell surface. Historically, membrane surface proteins have been isolated using a surface biotinylation followed by capture of biotin-conjugated protein via an avidin/streptavidin-coated solid support. The major drawback of the standard methods has been the labeling of internal proteins due to fast internalization of biotin. Methodology: To solve this problem, we used a biotin label that does not permeate through the membrane. As a further precaution to avoid the purification of non surface exposed proteins, we directly challenged whole labeled cells with avidin coated beads and then solubilized them using non ionic detergents. Results: A marked enrichment of most of the RBC membrane proteins known to face the external surface of the membrane validated the specificity of the method; furthermore, only small amounts of haemoglobin and cytoskeletal proteins were detected. A wide range of P. falciparum proteins were additionally described to be exposed on the erythrocyte surface. Some of them have been previously observed and used as vaccine candidates while a number of newly described antigens have been presently identified. Those antigens require further characterization and validation with additional methods. Conclusion: Surface proteins preparations were very reproducible and identification of proteins by mass spectrometry has been demonstrated to be feasible and effective.
Brucellosis laboratory tests in Syria: what are their diagnostic efficacies in different clinical manifestations?
Authors: Alsayed Yara , Monem Fawza
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Diagnosis of brucellosis in Syria is based on the presence of compatible symptoms in addition to positive agglutination results. This study investigated the potential of culture, ELISA and real-time PCR to support the diagnosis in different clinical manifestations of brucellosis. Methodology: Peripheral blood samples from 34 suspected brucellosis patients and 42 probable chronic or relapsed brucellosis patients were tested by agglutination tests, culture, ELISA and real-time PCR. Results: Among 34 samples collected from suspected cases, 18/34 (53%) were agglutination tests positive, 12/34 (35%) were culture positive, 12/34 (35%) were Brucella IgG positive, and 10/34 (29%) were real-time PCR positive. Three out of 34 patients were positive by real-time PCR but not by agglutination tests or culture. Among 42 samples obtained from probable chronic or relapsed patients, 27/42 (64%) were agglutination tests positive, 26/42 (62%) were Brucella IgG positive, 4/42 (10%) were culture positive, and 1/42 (2%) was real-time PCR positive. Conclusion: To rule in or rule out the diagnosis of brucellosis, a combination of several tests should be applied. Agglutination tests should be performed first considering their high sensitivity. If the agglutination test is negative, real-time PCR, and/or ELISA, and/or culture should be performed. When relapse or chronic brucellosis are suspected, agglutination tests and/or ELISA are recommended.
Quorum sensing and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during urinary tract infections
Authors: Senturk Sezgi , Ulusoy Seyhan , Bosgelmez-Tinaz Gulgun , Yagci Aysegul
Published: June 2012

Introduction: In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the production of several virulence factors depends on quorum sensing (QS) involving N-acylhomoserine lactone signal molecules. In vitro studies have suggested that the QS system is crucial in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa. However, it is unclear whether QS systems of P. aeruginosa play the same role during infections. Methodology:  In this study, to explore the contribution of QS systems to the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa during urinary tract infections, we collected 82 clinical isolates. Detection of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (C12-HSL and C4-HSL) was performed on agar plates employing biosensor strains C. violaceum. Elastase and biofilm production were determined spectrophotometrically. QS genes were detected by PCR and subsequently underwent sequencing. Results and conclusion:  Six isolates were found to be negative in the production of both C12-HSL and C4-HSL and all virulence factors tested.  PCR analysis of these isolates revealed that four isolates contained all four QS genes while one isolate was negative for lasR gene, and one isolate negative for lasI, lasR and rhlR genes. Sequence analyses of these isolates showed that the lasR, lasI, rhlR and rhlI genes had point mutations. The combination of these mutations probably explains their C12-HSL, C4-HSL and virulence factor deficiencies. Results of this study suggest that QS deficient clinical isolates occur and are still capable of causing clinical infections in humans.
The current state of H5N1 vaccines and the use of the ferret model for influenza therapeutic and prophylactic development
Authors: Banner David , Kelvin Alyson Ann
Published: June 2012

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 is a threat to global public health as a natural pandemic causing agent but has recently been considered a bioterrorism concern.  The evolving view of the H5N1 virus necessitates the re-evaluation of the current status of H5N1 therapeutics and prophylactics, in particular the preparation of viable H5N1 vaccination strategies as well as the use of ferrets in influenza research.  Here the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus dilemma is discussed in context with the current H5N1 vaccine status and the use of the ferret model.  Previously, the development of various H5N1 vaccine platforms have been attempted, many of them tested in the ferret model, including vector vaccines, adjuvant vaccines, DNA vaccines, and reverse engineered vaccines. Moreover, as ferrets are a superlative animal model for influenza investigation and vaccine testing, it is imperative that this model is recognized for its uses in prophylactic development and not only as an agent for creating transmissible influenza viruses.  Elucidating the ferret immune response and creating ferret immune reagents remain important goals in conjunction with the development and manufacture of H5N1 vaccines.  In summary, an efficacious H5N1 vaccine is urgently needed and the ferret model remains an appropriate model for its development.
Effect of Belimumab on Vaccine Antigen Antibodies to Influenza, Pneumococcal, and Tetanus Vaccines in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the BLISS-76 Trial
Authors: CHATHAM W. WINN , WALLACE DANIEL J. , STOHL WILLIAM , LATINIS KEVIN M. , MANZI SUSAN , McCUNE W. JOSEPH , TEGZOVÁ DANA , McKAY JAMES D. , AVILA-ARMENGOL HILARIO E. , UTSET TAMMY O. , ZHONG Z. JOHN , HOUGH DOUGLAS R. , FREIMUTH WILLIAM W. , MIGONE THI-SAU
Published: June 2012

Objective.

In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evidence suggests that most vaccines (except live-virus vaccines) are safe, although antibody response may be reduced. This substudy from the phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled BLISS-76 trial evaluated the effects of belimumab on preexisting antibody levels against pneumococcal, tetanus, and influenza antigens in patients with SLE.

Methods.

In BLISS-76, patients with autoantibody-positive, active SLE were treated with placebo or belimumab 1 or 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 28 days and every 28 days thereafter, plus standard SLE therapy, for 76 weeks. This analysis included a subset of patients who had received pneumococcal or tetanus vaccine within 5 years or influenza vaccine within 1 year of study participation. Antibodies to vaccine antigens were tested at baseline and Week 52, and percentage changes in antibody levels from baseline and proportions of patients maintaining levels at Week 52 were assessed. Antibody titers were also assessed in a small number of patients vaccinated during the study.

Results.

Consistent with preservation of the memory B cell compartment with belimumab treatment, the proportions of patients maintaining antibody responses to pneumococcal, tetanus, and influenza antigens were not reduced. In a small group receiving influenza vaccine on study, antibody responses were frequently lower with belimumab, although titer levels were > 1:10 in all patients treated with 10 mg/kg and in the majority treated with 1 mg/kg.

Conclusion.

Treatment with belimumab did not affect the ability of patients with SLE to maintain antibody titers to previous pneumococcal, tetanus, and influenza immunizations. [ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT 00410384]
Canadian Rheumatology Association Recommendations for the Pharmacological Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Traditional and Biologic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: Part II Safety
Authors: BOMBARDIER CLAIRE , HAZLEWOOD GLEN S. , AKHAVAN POONEH , SCHIEIR ORIT , DOOLEY ANNE , HARAOUI BOULOS , KHRAISHI MAJED , LECLERCQ SHARON A. , LÉGARÉ JEAN , MOSHER DIANNE P. , PENCHARZ JAMES , POPE JANET E. , THOMSON JOHN , THORNE CARTER , ZUMMER MICHEL , GARDAM MICHAEL A. , ASKLING JOHAN , BYKERK VIVIAN
Published: June 2012

Objective.

The Canadian Rheumatology Association (CRA) has developed recommendations for the pharmacological management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with traditional and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) in 2 parts. Part II, focusing on specific safety aspects of treatment with traditional and biologic DMARD in patients with RA, is reported here.

Methods.

Key questions were identifieda prioribased on results of a national needs-assessment survey. A systematic review of all clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements regarding treatment with traditional and biologic DMARD in patients with RA published between January 2000 and June 2010 was performed in Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases, and was supplemented with a “grey literature” search including relevant public health guidelines. Systematic reviews of postmarketing surveillance and RA registry studies were performed to update included guideline literature reviews as appropriate. Guideline quality was independently assessed by 2 reviewers. Guideline characteristics, recommendations, and supporting evidence from observational studies and randomized trials were synthesized into evidence tables. The working group voted on recommendations using a modified Delphi technique.

Results.

Thirteen recommendations addressing perioperative care, screening for latent tuberculosis infection prior to the initiation of biologic DMARD, optimal vaccination practices, and treatment of RA patients with active or a history of malignancy were developed for rheumatologists, other primary prescribers of RA drug therapies, and RA patients.

Conclusion.

These recommendations were developed based on a synthesis of international RA and public health guidelines, supporting evidence, and expert consensus in the context of the Canadian health system. They are intended to help promote best practices and improve healthcare delivery for persons with RA.
Note sur un aspect encyclopédique de la modernité (du temps où Larousse semait à tout vent)
Authors: Maisonneuve Jean
Published: June 2012

On examine le souci de modernité – et des effets – dans l’élaboration des dictionnaires ( Petit Larousse et Petit Robert ). Cela à partir des préfaces, des avatars, d’un logo et d’un choix d’articles. Il apparaît que l’exigence de rigueur exclut désormais tout discours normatif, mais efface aussi une certaine tonalité affective parfois poétique propre aux lexiques démodés.
Modernité, postmodernité, hypermodernité
Authors: Tapia Claude
Published: June 2012

En tant qu’univers d’idées, de représentations, de modèles, de valeurs, la modernité est indissociable de l’esprit des Lumières. Beaucoup de sociologues se sont attachés du début du XX e siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui à clarifier le contenu de ce concept ainsi que ceux, connexes, de postmodernité et d’hypermodernité. Ce dernier concept correspond dans le domaine des relations, des sentiments, de l’art, de la littérature, de la conduite de l’économie, etc., à un ensemble de comportements, d’attitudes, de sensibilités, de réalisations... que notre contribution s’efforce d’analyser. Cette analyse n’esquive pas le problème de l’évolution du contenu et des formes de la sexualité et de l’éthique.
Généalogie des processus hypermodernes (de la condition de l'homme moderne à la condition de sujet visible)
Authors: Haroche Claudine
Published: June 2012

On s’attache dans ce texte aux effets de la modernité sur les fonctionnements psychiques, entreprenant d’en mettre à jour les prolongements considérablement intensifiés dans l’hypermodernité : le caractère constant, invasif des technologies contemporaines exerçant une pression intense sur l’individu aboutit ainsi à constituer la condition de l’individu hypermoderne. On montre que les flux sensoriels et informationnels continus dans les sociétés « liquides » entravent les formes de construction de l’individu et de la pensée : jadis inscrites dans un rapport au temps fait d’alternance entre mouvement et arrêt, elles sont désormais accélérées et illimitées. On parvient enfin à la conclusion selon laquelle l’injonction à la visibilité continue dans les sociétés contemporaines conduit à parler non plus tant de La condition de l’homme moderne d’Arendt que de La condition du sujet visible.
Murmures du collège
Authors: Bozec Pierre
Published: June 2012

L’institution éducative à travers son collège unique avoue ses connivences avec le programme néolibéral. La connaissance de l’Histoire de l’école, la recherche des origines de la trahison d’État, la théorie du système délivrent des symptômes et éclairent les exemples cliniques. La souffrance au travail des « ensoignants » ainsi que celle de leurs élèves méritent une attention particulière que le simple fait médiatique ne saurait expliquer. Ainsi, comment comprendre que le collège unique est parvenu à inverser ce pour quoi il se proposait ? Comment accepter l’érosion, désormais visible, des équipes enseignantes, des adolescents et de leurs familles aux prises avec la machinerie orwellienne qui semble sourde à la critique et à la réalité des faits ? Inventaire et analyses tentent de faire céder l’étrange omerta dont les sujets du collège, adultes professionnels ou jeunes gens, complices ou pas, font les frais.
Aujourd'hui, nommer la perversion...
Authors: Diet Emmanuel
Published: June 2012

Dans l’hypermodernité libérale structurée par les logiques de la perversion, l’identification et la nomination de celle-ci sont devenues radicalement problématiques. La perversion étant toujours perversion du discours engendrant des discours pervers aujourd’hui paradigmatiques dans le transsubjectif, c’est dans ses effets et comme processus mettant en œuvre des alliances inconscientes dans une psychopathologie des liens et les mutations du social qu’il est possible de l’identifier, de l’analyser et de la nommer sans tomber dans le piège d’une réification paranoïaque et stigmatisante du sujet pervers, ni renoncer au devoir éthique de dénoncer les œuvres de la pulsion de mort.
L'hébergement privé, une forme de « suppléance sociale »
Authors: Cristofol Gisèle
Published: June 2012

Dans cette recherche, nous avons exploré un mode d’occupation spécifique du logement, l’hébergement privé ou interpersonnel : l’accueil de personnes sans domicile propre par des tiers, en l’absence de liens familiaux établis. Cette pratique sociale, informelle et invisible, a été étudiée à partir d’une population d’une grande agglomération de la région Île-de-France, bénéficiaire et objet d’intervention(s) sociale(s). Les données ont été recueillies grâce aux témoignages de quinze hébergés et de douze hébergeurs. Les modalités de collaboration entre cette population et les travailleurs sociaux feront l’objet d’une analyse ultérieure. Cet article présente les principaux résultats de la première partie de la recherche faisant apparaître l’hébergement privé durable comme une forme de « suppléance sociale », fonctionnant sur le modèle d’une économie du don, révélant à la fois ses fonctions d’utilité sociale et de socialisation au bénéfice de ses acteurs.
Des transmigrants en France
Authors: Tarrius Alain
Published: June 2012

Résumé Ces vingt dernières années, des populations de migrants internationaux sont apparues sous la dénomination de transmigrants  : cette population vit de manière transversale par rapport aux diverses frontières et aux découpages en zones « développées », « émergentes » ou « en développement ». Elle est en premier lieu formée de migrants en tournées internationales, de chez eux à chez eux, pour la vente de produits ou de services.
Migrations et transmigrations dans la diaspora entrepreneuriale chinoise
Authors: Ma Mung Emmanuel
Published: June 2012

Résumé La migration chinoise s’est accélérée depuis une quinzaine d’années, égrenant des établissements sur tous les continents. Pour tous il s’agit d’une promotion sociale éventuelle, à produire sur un marché du travail parallèle tenu par des compatriotes. Les perspectives d’emploi ont été réduites par la crise. Les migrants chinois se reportent alors sur des marchés précaires ou au contraire sur les marchés internationaux de construction. Nombre d’entre eux se font aussi les commerçants des nouveaux objets chinois fabriqués pour l’export.
Les mondes de l'immigration des héritiers
Authors: Boubeker Ahmed
Published: June 2012

Résumé L’histoire récente montre que les deuxièmes générations rencontrent aussi un problème d’intégration. Les immigrations post-coloniales sont maintenant mondialisées, et les quartiers dortoirs d’immigration sont devenus des places de commerce cosmopolites. L’espace public dans lequel se meut l’immigration s’est différencié. L’émigré devient l’immigré, la famille se regroupe. La nouvelle génération veut incarner la tradition et n’a plus peur de marquer l’espace public des signes ostentatoires d’une présence singulière.
Des objets et des hommes
Authors: Lulin Élisabeth
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les œuvres rassemblées par le département de prospective industrielle du Centre Pompidou à l’occasion de l’exposition Multiversités Créatives nous projettent dans un monde où s’estompent les frontières entre le vivant et le non-vivant, entre le pensant et le non-pensant, entre la nature et l’artefact. Matière intelligente et traitement algorithmique des données, « biologisation » des objets et « réification » de nos modes de vie instaurent un nouveau monde, qui multiplie les défis à notre humanité.
Regarder les données
Authors: Cardon Dominique
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les machines numériques sculptent désormais des objets en référant leurs formes aux flux de données qui jaillissent de l’incessante activité des bases de données du web. Pendant que s’affole le débat sur les risques et les opportunités des big data , d’autres s’affairent à régler les algorithmes destinées à faire « parler » les données. On assiste à un renversement d’une importance énorme dans le champ des sciences sociales, laissant croire que « les chiffres parlent d’eux-mêmes ». Ce que la visualisation des nouvelles traces digitales fait alors voir, c’est que les catégories d’interprétation traditionnelles ne tiennent plus d’elles-mêmes et qu’il faut commencer par regarder avant d’interpréter.
Traiter les données : entre économie de l'attention et mycélium de la signification
Authors: Citton Yves
Published: June 2012

Résumé Le traitement des big data (bases de données de grosse taille) pose un défi à nos intelligences collectives. Il nous contraint à inventer une autre économie de l’attention, à redéfinir la notion de « pertinence » (et d’impertinence), à nous doter d’une conception plus fine, plus souple et plus vivace de la « signification ». Cet article suggère que c’est du côté de la façon dont la littérature gère la polysémie que nous devrions chercher de quoi faire face à tous ces défis.
Se libérer de la rengaine du remboursement
Authors: Citton Yves
Published: June 2012

Résumé La dette est une affaire de mots avant d’être une affaire de chiffres. La rengaine qui nous enjoint de rembourser nos dettes nous berce d’illusions, que cet article essaie de déboulonner. La dette est un appareil de capture des revenus du travail, son remboursement fait l’objet de conflits sociaux et non de calculs économiques. Surtout, la vraie dette, écologique, ne saurait être remboursée, mais entretenue.
Apprendre en s'endettant
Authors: Querrien Anne , Rosso François
Published: June 2012

Résumé Comment fonctionne la dette étudiante et quelles sont ses implications sociales et politiques ? Cet article montre que le passage du financement public au financement individualisé des études supérieures commence par apporter des clients à certaines banques, qui savent bien en profiter. Cette évolution instaure aussi un quasi-marché des formations universitaires, qui a pour résultat d’exacerber les inégalités, les montants des droits d’inscription devenant la hiérarchie de référence entre des institutions décentralisées et mises en compétition.
Vers des saturnales post-modernes ?
Authors: Querrien Anne , Rosso François
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les fêtes romaines des « Saturnales » permettaient de reporter la domination au lendemain. La dette a besoin de ses saturnales. Les entreprises en bénéficient depuis longtemps, grâce à de multiples exonérations qui effacent leur dette sociale. Pour les salariés, que personne ne songe à exonérer, la Banque de France propose toutefois des consignes utiles et suggestives, sur quelques moyens pratiques d’échapper aux dettes privées, avant qu’elles nous écrasent. Cet article observe ces deux formes de saturnales bureaucratiques.
IN VIVO EVALUATION OF A NEW BIPHASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE SUBSTITUTE IN RABBIT FEMUR DEFECTS MODEL
Authors: Chen Chia-Hsien , Chiang Chang-Jung , Rau Gary , Huang Mao-Suan , Chan Kam Kong , Liao Chun-Jen , Kuo Yi-Jie
Published: June 2012

Calcium phosphate ceramic has been known for its properties of bioactivity and osteoconductivity and has been widely used in orthopedic, plastic and craniofacial surgeries. The biocompatibility, unlimited availability, lower morbidity for the patient and cost-effectiveness of calcium phosphate ceramics represent important advantages over other biological bone graft, such as autografts and allografts. A new synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), Bicera™ (60% HA and 40% β-TCP), is manufactured by Wiltrom Co., Ltd., as a new bone graft substitute. It shows good biocompatibility without cytotoxicity in in vitro test. To evaluate the possible application for clinical use, we used New Zealand white rabbit femur defect model to compare the osteoconductivity of this new bone substitute to another commercially available bone substitute (Triosite®) which was used as the control material.

According to the macroscopic observation, both bone substitutes show good biocompatibility and no abnormal inflammation either infection was seen at the implantation sites. X-rays image of implant sites at one month, three months and six months showed all implanted materials were well incorporated with host bone. All of them were not fully absorbed and replaced after six months implantation. In the histological and hitomorphometric data, new bone grew into the surface of the peripheral pores in both bone substitutes and increased over time. Moreover, the degree of bone regeneration appeared to be relatively greater in the specimens with Bicera™ when compared with Triosite®. We concluded that this new synthetic BCP (Bicera™) showed similar biocompatibility and osteoconductive characteristic comparing with commercial product Triosite® in rabbit femur defects model.
LUBRICATING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYALURONIC ACID MOLECULES ON THE ALBUMIN-MEDIATED TRIBOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Authors: Huang Huei-Ting , Fang Hsu-Wei
Published: June 2012

Synovial fluid mediated boundary lubrication is the key mechanism dominating the wear process of the artificial joint materials. The most abundant composition in the synovial fluid is albumin. It has been observed that the increasing human serum albumin (HSA) concentration leads to the increasing friction coefficient under the articulation of ultra-high molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE) and CoCrMo alloy materials. In this study, the friction and adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effects from addition of hyaluronic acid (HA) molecules. Our results indicated that the increase in HA concentration level results in the decrease of the frictions under HSA-HA mixed lubrication conditions. Insertion of HA molecules at the interface provide a higher elasticity of the lubricating layer. This "damping" mode results in the slightly reduction of friction. More HA molecules may entrap the HSA molecules and then expel them away from the articulating surfaces. This "expelling" mode leads to a significant decrease of friction. The lubricating mechanism of hyaluronic acid on the albumin-mediated tribological processes between UHMWPE and CoCrMo materials was investigated and proposed in this study.
Structural Characterization and Inhibitory Profile of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Selective Peptides Descending from a PIP2-Binding Domain of Gelsolin
Authors: Forsman Huamei , Andréasson Emil , Karlsson Jennie , Boulay Francois , Rabiet Marie-Josèphe , Dahlgren Claes
Published: June 2012

The neutrophil formyl peptide receptors, FPR1 and FPR2, play critical roles for inflammatory reactions, and receptor-specific antagonists/inhibitors can possibly be used to facilitate the resolution of pathological inflammatory reactions. A 10-aa-long rhodamine-linked and membrane-permeable peptide inhibitor (PBP10) has such a potential. This FPR2 selective inhibitor adopts a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate–binding sequence in the cytoskeletal protein gelsolin. A core peptide, RhB-QRLFQV, is identified that displays inhibitory effects as potent as the full-length molecule. The phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate–binding capacity of PBP10 was not in its own sufficient for inhibition. A receptor in which the presumed cytoplasmic signaling C-terminal tail of FPR2 was replaced with that of FPR1 retained the PBP10 sensitivity, suggesting that the tail of FPR2 was not on its own critical for inhibition. This gains support from the fact that the effect of cell-penetrating lipopeptide (a pepducin), suggested to act primarily through the third intracellular loop of FPR2, was significantly inhibited by PBP10. The third intracellular loops of FPR1 and FPR2 differ in only two amino acids, but an FPR2 mutant in which these two amino acids were replaced by those present in FPR1 retained the PBP10 sensitivity. In summary, we conclude that the inhibitory activity on neutrophil function of PBP10 is preserved in the core sequence RhB-QRLFQV and that neither the third intracellular loop of FPR2 nor the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor alone is responsible for the specific inhibition.
The Efficiency of Human Cytomegalovirus pp65495–503 CD8+ T Cell Epitope Generation Is Determined by the Balanced Activities of Cytosolic and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Peptidases
Authors: Urban Sabrina , Textoris-Taube Kathrin , Reimann Barbara , Janek Katharina , Dannenberg Tanja , Ebstein Frédéric , Seifert Christin , Zhao Fang , Kessler Jan H. , Halenius Anne , Henklein Petra , Paschke Julia , Cadel Sandrine , Bernhard Helga , Ossendorp Ferry , Foulon Thierry , Schadendorf Dirk , Paschen Annette , Seifert Ulrike
Published: June 2012

Control of human CMV (HCMV) infection depends on the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ CTLs. The HCMV phosphoprotein (pp)65 is a major CTL target Ag and pp65495–503 is an immunodominant CTL epitope in infected HLA-A*0201 individuals. As immunodominance is strongly determined by the surface abundance of the specific epitope, we asked for the components of the cellular Ag processing machinery determining the efficacy of pp65495–503 generation, in particular, for the proteasome, cytosolic peptidases, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident peptidases. In vitro Ag processing experiments revealed that standard proteasomes and immunoproteasomes generate the minimal 9-mer peptide epitope as well as N-terminal elongated epitope precursors of different lengths. These peptides are largely degraded by the cytosolic peptidases leucine aminopeptidase and tripeptidyl peptidase II, as evidenced by increased pp65495–503 epitope presentation after leucine aminopeptidase and tripeptidyl peptidase II knockdown. Additionally, with prolyl oligopeptidase and aminopeptidase B we identified two new Ag processing machinery components, which by destroying the pp65495–503 epitope limit the availability of the specific peptide pool. In contrast to cytosolic peptidases, silencing of ER aminopeptidases 1 and 2 strongly impaired pp65495–503-specific T cell activation, indicating the importance of ER aminopeptidases in pp65495–503 generation. Thus, cytosolic peptidases primarily interfere with the generation of the pp65495–503 epitope, whereas ER-resident aminopeptidases enhance such generation. As a consequence, our experiments reveal that the combination of cytosolic and ER-resident peptidase activities strongly shape the pool of specific antigenic peptides and thus modulate MHC class I epitope presentation efficiency.
Changes in Functional but Not Structural Avidity during Differentiation of CD8+ Effector Cells In Vivo after Virus Infection
Authors: Amoah Samuel , Yammani Rama D. , Grayson Jason M. , Alexander-Miller Martha A.
Published: June 2012

By the peak of the CD8+ T cell response, the effector cell pool consists of a heterogeneous population of cells that includes both those with an increased propensity to become long-lived memory cells (memory precursor effector cells; MPEC) and those that are terminally differentiated cells (short-lived effector cells; SLEC). Numerous studies have established the critical role that functional avidity plays in determining the in vivo efficacy of CD8+ effector cells. Currently, how functional avidity differs in MPEC versus SLEC and the evolution of this property within these two populations during the expansion and contraction of the response are unknown. The data presented in this study show that at the peak of the effector response generated after poxvirus infection, SLEC were of higher functional avidity than their MPEC counterpart. Over time, however, SLEC exhibited a decrease in peptide sensitivity. This is in contrast to MPEC, which showed a modest increase in peptide sensitivity as the response reached equilibrium. The decrease in functional avidity in SLEC was independent of CD8 modulation or the amount of Ag receptor expressed by the T cell. Instead, the loss in sensitivity was correlated with decreased expression and activation of ZAP70 and Lck, critical components of TCR membrane proximal signaling. These results highlight the potential contribution of avidity in the differentiation and evolution of the T cell effector response after viral infection.
Gemfibrozil, a Lipid-Lowering Drug, Upregulates IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Mouse Cortical Neurons: Implications for Neuronal Self-Defense
Authors: Corbett Grant T. , Roy Avik , Pahan Kalipada
Published: June 2012

Chronic inflammation is becoming a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders and accordingly, IL-1β, a proinflammatory cytokine, is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although IL-1β binds to its high-affinity receptor, IL-1R, and upregulates proinflammatory signaling pathways, IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) adheres to the same receptor and inhibits proinflammatory cell signaling. Therefore, upregulation of IL-1Ra is considered important in attenuating inflammation. The present study underlines a novel application of gemfibrozil (gem), a Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-lowering drug, in increasing the expression of IL-1Ra in primary mouse and human neurons. Gem alone induced an early and pronounced increase in the expression of IL-1Ra in primary mouse cortical neurons. Activation of type IA p110α PI3K and Akt by gem and abrogation of gem-induced upregulation of IL-1Ra by inhibitors of PI3K and Akt indicate a role of the PI3K-Akt pathway in the upregulation of IL-1Ra. Gem also induced the activation of CREB via the PI3K-Akt pathway, and small interfering RNA attenuation of CREB abolished the gem-mediated increase in IL-1Ra. Furthermore, gem was able to protect neurons from IL-1β insult. However, small interfering RNA knockdown of neuronal IL-1Ra abrogated the protective effect of gem against IL-1β, suggesting that this drug increases the defense mechanism of cortical neurons via upregulation of IL-1Ra. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the PI3K-Akt-CREB pathway in mediating gem-induced upregulation of IL-1Ra in neurons and suggest gem as a possible therapeutic treatment for propagating neuronal self-defense in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
Tim-3 Pathway Controls Regulatory and Effector T Cell Balance during Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Moorman Jonathan P. , Wang Jia M. , Zhang Ying , Ji Xiao J. , Ma Cheng J. , Wu Xiao Y. , Jia Zhan S. , Wang Ke S. , Yao Zhi Q.
Published: June 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. Upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 [Tim-3]) and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T cell (Teff) responses that are essential for viral clearance. Although the Tim-3 pathway has been shown to negatively regulate Teffs, its role in regulating Foxp3+ Tregs is poorly explored. In this study, we investigated whether and how the Tim-3 pathway alters Foxp3+ Treg development and function in patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that Tim-3 was upregulated, not only on IL-2–producing CD4+CD25+Foxp3− Teffs, but also on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, which accumulate in the peripheral blood of chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared with healthy subjects. Tim-3 expression on Foxp3+ Tregs positively correlated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 on Tregs, but it was inversely associated with proliferation of IL-2–producing Teffs. Moreover, Foxp3+ Tregs were found to be more resistant to, and Foxp3− Teffs more sensitive to, TCR activation-induced cell apoptosis, which was reversible by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Consistent with its role in T cell proliferation and apoptosis, blockade of Tim-3 on CD4+CD25+ T cells promoted expansion of Teffs more substantially than Tregs through improving STAT-5 signaling, thus correcting the imbalance of Foxp3+ Tregs/Foxp3− Teffs that was induced by HCV infection. Taken together, the Tim-3 pathway appears to control Treg and Teff balance through altering cell proliferation and apoptosis during HCV infection.
Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for the Selective and Low-Grade Induction of Proinflammatory Mediators in Murine Macrophages by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Maitra Urmila , Deng Hui , Glaros Trevor , Baker Bianca , Capelluto Daniel G. S. , Li Zihai , Li Liwu
Published: June 2012

Low-dose endotoxemia is prevalent in humans with adverse health conditions, and it correlates with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and neurologic inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that subclinical low-dose LPS skews macrophages into a mild proinflammatory state, through cell surface TLR4, IL-1R–associated kinase-1, and the Toll-interacting protein. Unlike high-dose LPS, low-dose LPS does not induce robust activation of NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K, or anti-inflammatory mediators. Instead, low-dose LPS induces activating transcription factor 2 through Toll-interacting protein–mediated generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, allowing mild induction of proinflammatory mediators. Low-dose LPS also suppresses PI3K and related negative regulators of inflammatory genes. Our data reveal novel mechanisms responsible for skewed and persistent low-grade inflammation, a cardinal feature of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Defective Macrophage Migration in Gαi2- but Not Gαi3-Deficient Mice
Authors: Wiege Kristina , Le Duc D. , Syed Shahzad N. , Ali Syed R. , Novakovic Ana , Beer-Hammer Sandra , Piekorz Roland P. , Schmidt Reinhold E. , Nürnberg Bernd , Gessner J. Engelbert
Published: June 2012

Various heterotrimeric Gi proteins are considered to be involved in cell migration and effector function of immune cells. The underlying mechanisms, how they control the activation of myeloid effector cells, are not well understood. To elucidate isoform-redundant and -specific roles for Gαi proteins in these processes, we analyzed mice genetically deficient in Gαi2 or Gαi3. First, we show an altered distribution of tissue macrophages and blood monocytes in the absence of Gαi2 but not Gαi3. Gαi2-deficient but not wild-type or Gαi3-deficient mice exhibited reduced recruitment of macrophages in experimental models of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and LPS-triggered lung injury. In contrast, genetic ablation of Gαi2 had no effect on Gαi-dependent peritoneal cytokine production in vitro and the phagocytosis-promoting function of the Gαi-coupled C5a anaphylatoxin receptor by liver macrophages in vivo. Interestingly, actin rearrangement and CCL2- and C5a anaphylatoxin receptor-induced chemotaxis but not macrophage CCR2 and C5a anaphylatoxin receptor expression were reduced in the specific absence of Gαi2. Furthermore, knockdown of Gαi2 caused decreased cell migration and motility of RAW 264.7 cells, which was rescued by transfection of Gαi2 but not Gαi3. These results indicate that Gαi2, albeit redundant to Gαi3 in some macrophage activation processes, clearly exhibits a Gαi isoform-specific role in the regulation of macrophage migration.
Immediate Effect of Occlusal Errors on Masticatory Muscle Activity in Denture Wearers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wicks Russell , Cagna David , Brandt Robert
Published: June 2012

Over the past three decades, little scientific progress has been made relative to occlusion in conventional complete dentures. Equal distribution of functional load throughout the residual denture foundation is likely an important factor in prosthesis stability and patient acceptance of dentures. A better understanding the relationship between denture occlusion and the physiologic behavior of muscles involved in mastication may prove beneficial in the clinical management of edentulism. The purpose of the present study was to determine the short-term immediate effects of unilateral and bilateral posterior occlusal interferences on masticatory muscle activity in edentulous patients treated with conventional complete dentures. Bilateral EMG activity of the anterior temporalis and masseter muscles was recorded in ten subjects at baseline, following introduction of unilateral posterior occlusal interferences, and following introduction of bilateral posterior interferences. During each experimental event, muscle activity was recorded bilaterally at maximal clench and the intended denture occlusion was electronically verified. Patients responded to questionnaires after each experimental intervention and following removal of occlusal interferences. Student's paired t-test was used to compare the data obtained (p = 0.05). Results indicate no significant difference in EMG values at baseline, after introduction of bilateral posterior interferences, after the introduction of unilateral right posterior interferences and after removal of the occlusal interference. In the group with unilateral left posterior occlusal interferences there was a significant reduction in the EMG activity of the left masseter. Analysis of questionnaires did not reveal any significant findings. Taken together, results suggest that there was no significant difference in the EMG values of the patient after the introduction of the posterior interferences.

How to cite this article

Ahuja S, Wicks R, Cagna D, Brandt R, Scarbecz M. Immediate Effect of Occlusal Errors on Masticatory Muscle Activity in Denture Wearers: A Pilot Study. Int J Exper Dent Sci, 2012;1(1):1-7.
Stress in the Mandible with Splinted Dental Implants caused by Limited Flexure on Mouth Opening: An in vitro Study
Authors: Erdohelyi Balázs , Szabó Péter István , Varga Endre
Published: June 2012

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress developed in the bar connecting implants and in the mandible as a result of the elastic deformation of the mandible during mouth opening when using a finite element method (FEM).

Materials and methods

A three-dimensional model of an edentulous mandible was generated based on the computer tomography (CT) data of a patient. Two cylindrical implants (diameter 4.3 mm, length 13 mm) were inserted in the area of the mandibular canine, premolar and molar in the mandibular model. Implants were connected with a rigid bar (width 2 mm, height 3 mm), and mouth opening was simulated on the threedimensional (3D) model. The location and magnitude of maximum von Misess stress that occurred in the mandible and in the bar were estimated.

Results

The highest stress level in the mandible (4.5 GPa) and in the splint (32 GPa) was measured in the longest fixed partial denture with the implants in the mandibular left canine and left second molar position. The maximum stress in the bone was measured distal to the splinted implants.

Conclusion

Since, great distance between splinted implants caused high stress during mouth opening, due to mandibular deformation, the use of a short span fixed partial denture supported by implants in the molar region of the edentulous mandible is probably more advantageous.

How to cite this article

Radnai M, Erdohelyi B, Szabó PI, Varga E. Stress in the Mandible with Splinted Dental Implants caused by Limited Flexure on Mouth Opening: An in vitro Study. Int J Exper Dent Sci, 2012;1(1):8-13.
Cellular Angiofibroma of the Buccal Mucosa: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Bokhari Kamran , Manikandan Luqman , Mohammad Ajmal , Shahul Mohammad , Bagi Mustafa Abdul , Kota Zaheer
Published: June 2012

Background

Cellular angiofibromas are rare benign mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by spindle cell component and numerous small vessels. They are commonly well-circumscribed, localized in the superficial soft tissues. The lesion is more frequently seen in the inguinoscrotal or vulvovaginal regions and occurs equally in men and women, and rarely involves oral cavity. Due to its clinical and histological similarity with other mesenchymal tumors, such as angiomyoma, hemangioma, lymphangioma and hemangiopericytoma, angiofibroma presents a diagnostic dilemma.

Case report

Very few cases of angiofibroma involving maxillofacial region have been reported in the literature. This case report involves cellular angiofibroma involving left buccal mucosa in a 23-year-old female patient. Following detailed clinical examination, radiological interpretation and histopathological diagnosis, surgical excision was performed. The patient was followed-up on a regular basis and was disease free.

Summary and conclusion

Benign angiofibroma involving oral cavity is a rare tumor. There is a close resemblance of this tumor with other mesenchymal lesions and, thus, faces a diagnostic challenge. Surgical excision with a long-term followup gives good prognosis to this lesion—benign cellular angiofibroma.

How to cite this article

Bokhari K, Manikandan L, Mohammad A, Shahul M, Bagi MA, Kota Z. Cellular Angiofibroma of the Buccal Mucosa: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature. Int J Exper Dent Sci 2012;1(1):23-25.
Primary Extranodal B-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Shaik Mohammed Asif , Waghray Shefali , Kaleem Sultan Mohammed , Morrthy Surekha , Shaheen Naheeda
Published: June 2012

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) constitutes a diverse group of lymphoid neoplasm that differs in manner of presentation, response to therapy and prognosis. They are less predictable and have a greater prediction to disseminate to extranodal sites. Their incidence has been increased over the last four decades and, head and neck is the second most common region for the extranodal lymphomas after that of gastrointestinal tract. Approximately 2.5% of malignant lymphomas arise in the oral and paraoral region. Generally, the oral manifestations of NHL are secondary to a more widespread involvement throughout the body. The cause of NHL is still unclear. Most of the lymphomas have been shown to be predominant of B-lineage. We present a case of a B-cell lymphoma with nodal and extranodal involvement.

How to cite this article

Shaik MA, Waghray S, Kaleem SM, Morrthy S, Shaheen N. Primary Extranodal B-cell Lymphoma. Int J Exper Dent Sci, 2012;1(1):30-33.
Anesthetic Management of a Case with Moebius Syndrome
Authors: Arpaci Hande , Kadioglu Merve N , Tuzuner-Oncul Aysegul M
Published: June 2012

Moebius syndrome is neurological disease of unknown etiology which is characterized by bilateral and unilateral facial and abducens nerve congenital paralysis. This syndrome usually presents with intubation difficulty due to the craniofacial anomaly and surgical interventions are required for treatment of inadequate chewing, swallowing, coughing reflex and hypotonicity, aspiration and respiratory problems. The aim of this case report is to present anesthesia technique during the extraction of 19 tooth in 2.5-year-old girl with severe hypotonia and possible difficult intubation due to craniofacial anomaly.

How to cite this article

Arpaci H, Kadioglu MN, Tuzuner-Oncul AM. Anesthetic Management of a Case with Moebius Syndrome. Int J Exper Dent Sci, 2012;1(1):37-39.
Huge Dentigerous Cyst in the Mandible Treated under Local Anesthesia
Authors: Findik Yavuz , Baykul Timuçin
Published: June 2012

A case of a dentigerous cyst located in the mandible of a 32-year-old male was reported. The patient was consulted to our clinic with complaining discomfort in the retromolar area of the left mandible. Radiographic examination revealed regularly demarcated huge bone resorption in the left molar area. Under local anesthesia, lesion was excised and specimen was sent for pathological examination. Microscopic examination of the excised tissue showed it to be well-circumscribed with fibrous tissues, and the cystic space lined by keratinized epithelium. There was no evidence of recurrence of the cysts. The patient remained in good health during the 1 year follow-up.

How to cite this article

Findik Y, Baykul T. Huge Dentigerous Cyst in the Mandible Treated under Local Anesthesia. Int J Exper Dent Sci 2012;1(1):45-47.
Odontology Concern on Some Specific Odontogenic Problems due to Nuclear Leakage Crisis
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: June 2012

The recent nuclear crisis in Japan leads to concern on its health effect. Although there are many reports on its possible unwanted effects on many systems in human body, the specific report on odontology aspect is limited. In this brief review, the author hereby presents the specific concerns on odontology focus on some specific odontogenic problems due to nuclear leakage crisis.

How to cite this article

Wiwanitkit V. Odontology Concern on Some Specific Odontogenic Problems due to Nuclear Leakage Crisis. Int J Exper Dent Sci 2012;1(1):54-55.
The occurrence of Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. in Europe and the new localities of the species in Poland
Authors: Piwowarski Bartosz , Bartoszek Wacław
Published: June 2012

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. is a North American species that has been recorded in most, semi-natural habitats in Europe, e.g. in meadows, bog springs, margins of water bodies. It is circumscribed within two taxa of lower rank: G. striata subsp. striata and G. striata subsp. stricta. Only G. striata subsp. stricta has been reported from Europe. This paper gives a list of the European locali- ties of the species (48) and describes two newly discovered localities in Poland (the Wyżyna Małopolska upland and the Western Carpathian Mts.). The distribution of G. striata in Europe is mapped and potential migration routes of the species are discussed.