bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature structure and characteristics appearing on SSM/I images of the Cosmonaut Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Takizawa Takatoshi , Ohshima Kay I. , Shcki Ushio , Kawamura Toshiyuki , Enomoto Hiroyuki
Published: February 2017

Water-temperature structure in the Cosmonaut Sea at 60 68° S, 35 65° E in 1987–92 shows that cold water with a temperature below -1.5°C was present in the coastal region. The Circumpolar Deep Water with a temperature higher than 1.0°C was found below about 150m depth from northeast to northwest of the cold water area. The SSM/I images in 1987–91 indicate that polynya activities were intensive in 1988 and the typical Cosmonaut Polynya was observed; due to weaker activities, the small and sporadic Cosmonaut Polynya formed in 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1991. A coastal polynya was frequently observed every year at about 66° S, 50–60° E. A train of polynyas to the east of Cosmonaut Polynya often appeared. It is considered that the Atmospheric Convergence Line and Antarctic Divergence Region are responsible for polynya activities in the Cosmonaut Sea.
Reconnaissance of chemical and isotopic firn properties on top of Berkner Island, Antarctica
Authors: Wagenhach D. , Graf W. , Minikin A. , Trefzer U. , Kipfstuhl J. , Oerter H. , Blindow N.
Published: February 2017

The ice cap on Berkner Island is grounded on bedrock within the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and is, therefore, expected to be a well-suited place to retrieve long-term ice-core records reflecting the environmental situation of the Weddell Sea region. Shallow firn cores were drilled to 11 m at the two main summits of Berkner Island and analysed in high depth resolution for electrical d.c. conductivity(ECM), stable isotopes, chloride, sulphate, nitrate and methane-sulphonate (MSA).From the annual layering ofδD and non-sea-salt (nss) sulphate, a mean annual snow accumulation of 26.6 cm water at the north dome and 17.4cm water at the south domeare obtained. As a result of ineffective wind scouring indicated by a relatively lownear-surface snow density, regular annual cycles are found for all species at least in the upper 4-5 m. Post-depositional changes are responsible for a substantial decrease o[the seasonalδD and nitrate amplitude as well as for considerable migration of the MSA signal operating below a depth of 3-4 m. The mean chemical and isotopic firn properties at the south dome correspond to the situation on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf at a comparable distance to the coast, whereas the north dome is found to be much more influenced by maritime air masses. Persistent high sea-salt levels in winter snow at Berkner Island heavily obscure the determination of nss sulphate probably due to sulphate fractionation in the Antarctic sea-salt aerosol. Estimated time-scale spredict ages at 400 m depth to be ~2000 years for the north and ~3000 years for the south dome. Pleistocene ice is expected in the bottom 200 and 300 m, respectively.
Formation and disintegration of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Huybrechts Philippe
Published: February 2017

A model of the Antarctic ice sheet has been used to simulate the ice sheet in warmer climates, in order to investigate what kind of ice-sheet geometries one can reasonably expect under what kind of climatic conditions and to discover which physical mechanisms may be involved to explain them. The results of these experiments reveal the considerable stability of; in particular, the East Antarctic ice sheet. It would require a temperature rise of between 17 and 20 K above present levels to remove this ice sheet from the subglacial basins in the interior of the continent and of 25 K to melt down the Antarctic ice sheet completely. For a temperature rise below 5 K, the model actually predicts a larger Antarctic ice sheet than today as a result of increased snowfall, whereas the west Antarctic ice sheet was round not to survive temperatures more than 8–10 K above present values. Furthermore, basal temperature conditions in these experiments point to the problems involved in raising the base of the ice sheet to the pressure-melting point over the large areas necessary to consider the possibility of sliding instability. These results bear on a lively debate regarding the late Cenozoic glacial history of Antarctica. Particularly, based on these findings, it is difficult to reconcile a highly variable East Antarctic ice sheet until the Pliocene with modest warming recorded in, for instance, the deep-sea records for the late Neogene.
The oceanic environment beneath the northwest Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Robinson Allan , Makinson Keith , Nicholls Keith
Published: February 2017

Oceanographic data have been obtained from beneath the Ronne Ice Shelf at a site on the southeastern side of a sea-floor trough, the Ronne Depression. The data consist of 5 d of conductivity temperature depth (CTD) profiling and a long-term temperature record from a thermistor cable. The water column was found to be composed of two layers: a cold buoyant layer of lce Shelf Water (ISW) overlying a layer of unmodified Western Shelf Water (WSW).

A change in the water column was observed on the last day of profiling, the WSW layer thinning, a cold intrusion appearing directly above the WSW and the ISW becoming colder. In addition, on three profiles the ISW cooled further and increased in salinity, becoming apparently statically unstable. The temperature record from the thermistor cable confirms that the ISW layer occasionally becomes colder. with greater variation in temperature than seen on the CTD profiles. These low temperatures and high salinities arc interpreted as indicating that water containing ice crystals in suspension has been advected beneath the site.
Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica
Authors: Ferrigno Jane G. , Mullins Jerry L. , Stapleton Jo Anne , Bindschadler Robert A. , Scambos Ted A. , Bellisime Lynda B. , Bowell Jo-Ann , Acosta Alex V.
Published: February 2017

Fifteen 1: 250000 and one 1: 1000 000 scale Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image mosaic maps are currently being produced of the West Antarctic ice streams on the Shirase and Siple Coasts. Landsat TM images were acquired between 1984 and 1990 in an area bounded approximately by 78°-82.5°S and 120°- 160° W. Landsat TM bands 2, 3 and 4 were combined to produce a single band, thereby maximizing data content and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The summed single band was processed with a combination of high- and low-pass filters to remove longitudinal striping and normalize solar elevation-angle effects. The images were mosaicked and transformed to a Lambert conformal conic projection using a cubic-convolution algorithm. The projection transformation was controled with ten weighted geodetic ground-control points and internal image-to-image pass points with annotation of major glaciological features. The image maps are being published in two formats: conventional printed map sheets and on a CD-ROM.
Ice sheets and continental drift
Authors: Paltridge Garth W.
Published: February 2017

Cycles of ice-sheet loading during glacial periods of the Earth's history induce horizontal velocities in the uppermost mantle which may be of the same order as those of continental drift. Given some non-linear mechanism which ensures preferential movement in the one direction, a climatically induced component of continental drift is therefore possible during glacial periods such as the Quaternary. If so, one might expect that component of drift is intermittent on time-scales between 20 and 100 ka, i.e. on time-scales of observed ice-volume variations which, at least over the last 700 ka, have been related to the Earth's orbital variations.
EPISTEMIC TRANSFORMATION AND RATIONAL CHOICE
Authors: Bykvist Krister , Stefánsson H. Orri
Published: February 2017

Most people at some point in their lives face transformative decisions that could result in experiences that are radically different from any that they have had, and that could radically change their personalities and preferences. For instance, most people make the conscious decision to either become or not become parents. In a recent but already influential book, L. A. Paul (2014) argues that transformative choices cannot be rational – or, more precisely, that they cannot be rational if one assumes what Paul sees as a cultural paradigm for rational decision-making. Paul arrives at this surprising conclusion due to her understanding of transformative experience as being both epistemically and personally transformative. An experience is epistemically transformative if it ‘teaches [a person] something she could not have learned without having that kind of experience’ (11), but it is personally transformative if it changes the person's point of view and her fundamental preferences (16).
Researches in Space Flight Technology
Authors: Silverstein Abe
Published: February 2017

The Forty-Ninth Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture, “Researches in Space Flight Technology,” was given by Dr. Abe Silverstein, B.S., F.R.Ae.S., F.I.A.S., Director of Space Flight Programs, N.A.S.A., before a large and distinguished audience in the Lecture Theatre, 4 Hamilton Place, on 12th September 1961. Air Marshal Sir Owen Jones, K.B.E., C.B., A.F.C, B.A., D.I.C., F.R.Ae.S., M.I.Mech.E., R.A.F.(retd.), President of the Society, presided. The Lecture was given during the Eighth Anglo-American Aeronautical Conference, and the President was accompanied on the platform by Dr. H. Guyford Stever, President of the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences, and Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Air Commodore W. P. Gouin, R.C.A.F., a member of the Directing Staff of the National Defence College, Canada, and President of the Canadian Aeronautical Institute.

As has become the custom, before the Lecture was delivered, the President presented the awards made by the Council for 1961 for outstanding contributions to aeronautics. The list of awards presented on this occasion was published in the June 1961 Journal (p. XXVII).

Introducing the Lecturer, the President reminded the audience that the first Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture was given in 1913 by Horace Darwin. The list of Lecturers, as they would see in their programmes, contained the names of eminent scientists and engineers from America and from this country. They had with them on this occasion a number of those who had given the lecture, among them their very distinguished visitor, Dr. von Kármán.

This lecture had been given alternately by a lecturer from this country and one from the United States, with one exception. On one occasion it had been given by the late Professor Ludwig Prandtl—a name well-known to them all.

Now Dr. Abe Silverstein was to give the 49th Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture and had chosen as his subject “Researches in Space Flight Technology.” Dr. Silverstein was Director of Space Flight Programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration headquarters in Washington. Before the N.A.S.A. was established on 1st October 1958, Dr. Silverstein had been Associate Director of the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland, a research centre of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which formed a nucleus of the N.A.S.A. Dr. Silverstein joined the N.A.C.A. in 1929 and spent much time at the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory on wind tunnel design and high speed research until he was transferred to the Lewis Laboratory in 1943 to direct research at the Altitude Wind Tunnel. He had done pioneering work on large scale ram-jet engines and on the supersonic wind tunnels at Lewis.
Bird Flight and The Aeroplane
Authors: Wilding J.
Published: February 2017

If man's desire to fly was not totally inspired by the flight of birds at least his early attempts at heavier-than-air flight were a direct imitation of birds. To the earliest known aviators two features seemed indispensable in any flying machine, wings that flapped, and wings covered with feathers. The former at least seems reasonable, but no attempt was made to discover the purpose of feathering a bird's wing and feathers were used simply to give the flying contraption the appearance of a bird. As we shall see later these factors probably delayed the advent of sustained flight—not necessarily powered—by many years.

Imagination has always, in the past, attributed the bird with greater powers than it really possessed. Many early flying machines were designed as chariots borne by as few as six doves—powerful indeed! Its powers to soar so high that it became lost to sight gave it the status of a semi-deity, from which came the mariner's faith in the albatross, perhaps.
The Development of Tailless Aircraft and Flying Wings
Authors: Bishop W.
Published: February 2017

The tailless aircraft configuration is relatively rare in the field of aircraft design and for many years was regarded as a “freak” design. It is intended to trace the development of tailless and flying wing aircraft and to outline the major problems in control and stability.

First it is necessary to arrive at an arbitrary definition of the term tailless aircraft. Later an attempt will be made to classify the different tailless types in detail, but for the moment it is sufficient to regard a tailless aircraft as “an aircraft having no auxiliary horizontal stabilising plane, deriving lift and controlling moment solely from the main plane.” This definition, as it stands, includes what are often termed flying wing aircraft.
Aspects of the Determination of the Strength of Materials
Authors: Mardles E. W. J.
Published: February 2017

Some aspects of the determination of the strength of materials formed the subject of two meetings held jointly with the British Rheologists’ Club (President, Prof. E. N. da C. Andrade) and the Royal Aircraft Establishment in the Assembly Hall, Farnborough, on the 16th June, 1945, and with the Royal Aeronautical Society in the library at 4, Hamilton Place, on the 19th February, 1946, under the chairmanship of Sir Ben Lockspeiser.

At the Farnborough meeting three papers were read, namely, “The investigation of failures in wood by microscopical examination” by M. C. Pryor and A. Rayne; “The effect of duration of loading on the strength of brittle materials” by C. Gurney; and “Application of statistical methods to mechanical test results” by B. Chalmers and E. R. W. Jones. At the London meeting Prof. N. F. Mott of Bristol University spoke on the “Griffith theory of cracks in solids and recent developments of this theory, with application to brittle fracture in glass and in metals.”
The Helicopter—Has It a Future?
Authors: Robertson F. H.
Published: February 2017

It is always difficult and sometimes dangerous to estimate future trends and events. Nevertheless, it is a most satisfactory outlet for one's imagination and it is, to some extent, necessary unless we are to abandon all attempts at shaping our own future.

Before trying to forecast the future of the helicopter, I feel that I must define what I mean by a helicopter. Resort to the English Dictionary does not help greatly; as is so often the case, it has been left behind by progress.

A helicopter is described as “a flying machine that should rise vertically by airscrews revolving horizontally.” Derivation from the Greek, helix—a spiral, and pteron—a wing. This definition indicates that every aeroplane having a thrust loading of less than one is a helicopter, unless it is propelled by rockets, ramjets or pulse jets!

The dictionary definition of an aeroplane is “ a flying machine heavier than air using planes.”
Commonsense and Aeronautics
Authors: Tizard H. T.
Published: February 2017

Before beginning the main subject of my lecture, the Society may perhaps wish me to refer to some of the outstanding events of the year.

The honour of the first flight round the world has fallen to the countrymen of Wilbur and Orville Wright, and well have they deserved it. We can realise to the full the courage, endurance and skill that they brought to their task; and we can share to the full the disappointment of those of their own party, and of their friendly French and British competitors, who had the misfortune to fall by the way.

The flights round Australia, though less spectacular, and covering less distance, are perhaps equally worthy of recognition. With practically no organisation, complete reliance had to be placed on the aircraft and engines, as well as on the pilots; there, was no possibility of effecting any but quite minor replacements.
Royal Aero Club Light Aeroplane Competitions
Authors: Buchanan J. S.
Published: February 2017

I am indebted to the Air Ministry for permission to use the material contained in the various official reports dealing with this subject, and I wish to say that the views expressed in this paper are my own personal views and do not in any way represent the official view of the Air Ministry, nor indicate the policy to be pursued.

I am also indebted to the makers of the aircraft for supplying information in such detail and for permission to make use of this information.
Gliders: Their History and Uses
Authors: Sayers W. H.
Published: February 2017

Just a month or two more than twenty years ago, Orville Wright made the. first flight on a power-driven man-carrying aeroplane. This original Wright biplane was very far from being the first serious attempt to produce a man-carrying aeroplane, and it is not unfair to say that the machine itself was in its essential principles, and in respect to the skill and ingenuity displayed in its design and construction, no revolutionary advance upon certain previous machines which had been designed for the same end.

As a matter of fact, the machine, including engine, was designed and built in little more than a year, and regarded purely as an engineering structure it was considerably cruder than certain earlier aeroplanes which never succeeded in flying. The explanation of the Wrights’ success in this matter is, I think, to be found in the fact that they had learnt to fly before they attempted to build an aeroplane rather than in any remarkable qualities possessed by the aeroplane which they produced.
The Thermo-Dynamics of Aircraft Engines
Authors: Wimperis H. E.
Published: February 2017

When asked to read a paper on the Thermodynamics of Aero Engines I felt very doubtful in the first place whether I ought to attempt such a subject at all, for, though I have posed often as a mechanic, I have not posed before as ascientist, at least not in public. In the second place I felt doubtful, if I attempted anything so rash, how to deal with the subject. Clearly I must adopt one or other of two lines, either play for safety and stick firmly to the fundamental thermo-dynamic laws which are unassailable but also inapplicable to practical working conditions, or take the plunge and endeavour to argue or at least to speculate as to how these fundamental laws must be qualified to meet actual working conditions. In adopting the latter course I realise that I must touch upon many highly controversial questions, and if in places I appear to lay down the law on what at best is little more than mere conjecture, I must ask you to forgive me and to realise from the start that the last thing I intend is to appear didactic.
The Reaction of a Stream of Viscous Fluid on a Rotating Circular Cylinder
Authors: Low A. R.
Published: February 2017

At the request of the Council the following notes on the subject have been prepared, with special reference to the Flettner “rotor ship” and to possible applications in aeronautics.

While it is necessarily somewhat provisional, the data available are pretty full, and it is hoped that no serious modifications will be required as a result of further experimental investigations.

In the now well-known Joukowsky transformation from a circle to a wing profile, maintaining the circulation G and the steady flow at a distance U, unaltered, the diameter of the cylinder 2a, its angular velocity ω, the chord of the profile 4a. (subject to a small correction of about – 5 per cent) and the effective incidence (β are connected by the relations G = 2πa2ω = 4πa sin βU so that aω/2U = sin β.
Some Aspects of the Comparison of Model and Full Scale Tests
Authors: Taylor D. W.
Published: February 2017

Aeronautics now covers a large field. The bibliography alone, compiled and published annually by the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, requires something like two hundred pages of a book seven inches by ten inches. Needless to say, I am not undertaking to review the whole field.

Owing to the difficulties of conducting free flight tests of performance and the fact that we cannot afford to make many mistakes in an appliance whose operation involves the risk of human life, it is peculiarly desirable that we may be able to predict the performance of the completed airplane from small-scale experiments; and probably in no other branch of mechanical science have we at present so many research laboratories.
Some Aspects of Aeronautical Progress
Authors: Sykes V. H.
Published: February 2017

It is very kind of you to invite me again to address the Scottish Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and I am glad to do so at this the opening meeting of what promises to be a highly valuable session.

I will not excuse my temerity in coming here to-night for two reasons. First, since I am no longer in direct touch with aviation I do not claim first hand knowledge of detail, my interest in what we all believe to be one of the greatest of modern developments is still unabated. And secondly, because aeronautical progress must be assisted by open discussion of its difficulties, and it may be of value, whether you agree with them or not, to express some personal ideas from the outside angle of a year's private membership of the House of Commons as a preface to your more technical meetings.
Asserting Difference in Plurality: The Case of the Martyrs of Córdoba
Authors: Patey Ariana
Published: February 2017

Between the years 850 and 859 forty-eight Christians were decapitated for offences against Islam in Córdoba, the capital of the Islamic Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus, Spain (756–1031). The majority of those executed had deliberately instigated their own deaths by making derogatory comments about the Prophet Muhammad, a known capital offence. The calculated nature of their behaviour, in action against rulers considered by their contemporaries to be fellow monotheists, and without the supernatural support of widely accepted miracles, strained the already fractured Christian community. While the Córdoban bishop and the metropolitan of Seville worked closely with the emirs to stop the would-be martyrs, Eulogius, a Córdoban priest and bishop-elect of Toledo, and his friend Paul Alvar composed martyrologies and apologies for the group. Written for prisoners preparing for martyrdom and for circulation amongst the religious communities surrounding the city, the works allow insight into a movement of martyrs composed of men and women, lay and religious, with Christian and non-Christian backgrounds. The works of Eulogius and Alvar reflect an intense preoccupation with public behaviour as an expression of identity in a religiously diverse society. This emphasis on the bodies of Muslims, Christians and martyrs in both hagiography and act draws attention to the movement’s motives by highlighting its relationship with the strictly ascetic monastic communities of Córdoba, where monks and nuns used their own bodies as means of preserving and articulating Christian culture in early medieval Spain.
Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the Early Mongol Empire
Authors: Power Amanda
Published: February 2017

Among the richest, and strangest, sites for religious encounter during the medieval period was the network of Mongol encampments on the Eurasian steppe. In the middle decades of the thirteenth century, a vast empire was administered from these itinerant cities. In consequence, they were crammed with a transient population of people drawn, summoned or seized from diverse societies across the continent. Within these cities, physical space, approved gestures and permitted actions were heavily ritualized according to shamanistic practice, but as long as these customs were respected, the Mongols encouraged an atmosphere of relative egalitarianism among the various faiths represented in the camps.
Christian-Muslim Encounters: George of Trebizond and the ‘Inversion’ of Eastern Discourse regarding Islam in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Papastathis Konstantinos
Published: February 2017

The capture of Constantinople (1453) by the Ottoman troops of Mehmed II was a historical turning point. The political reference point of Eastern Christianity was now in Muslim hands, the Ottomans representing in the eyes of late medieval Europeans not only an enemy of the true faith, and as such an obstacle for ecclesiastical unity, but also a potential rival of the papacy as a political power. In short, within the contemporary context and the socially dominant apocalyptic frame of mind, the Ottomans were viewed as an existential threat for Christianity as a whole. While the papal reaction to this development was to go on the offensive, expressed through the call for a new crusade, the emergence of a few voices expressing divergent theological content and political orientation had special significance. One of the voices which ‘set off the politics of religious synthesis from different quarters” was that of George of Trebizond (1395–1472/3), a Cretan emigrant to Italy who lived in Venice and Florence before moving to Rome. He had converted to Catholicism without losing his sense of belonging to the East, and became a prominent figure of the Italian intellectual elite and an editor of classical and theological literature, as well as a member of the Vatican bureaucracy.
William Jowett’sChristian Researches:British Protestants and Religious Plurality in the Mediterranean, Syria and the Holy Land, 1815–30
Authors: Atkins Gareth
Published: February 2017

[Acre,] Sunday, Nov. 2, 1823 —This morning, in the Consul’s room, we held Divine Service, with a congregation of ten souls — as promiscuous an assembly as could well be expected within the compass of so small a number. The individuals who composed it were, a British Consul — his Dragoman, a native of the country — a Maronite Priest — a Roman Physician — one Greek — one Jew — an English captain of a merchant vessel then in port — my servant, who is under French protection — an American Brother-Missionary — and myself, of the Church of England … The whole Service was in Italian.
Anglican Clergy Responses to Jewish Migration in late Nineteenth-Century London
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: February 2017

When, yearly, on Good Friday, Church of England clergymen prayed:‘Have mercy upon all Jews, Turks, Infidels and Hereticks, and take from them all ignorance, hardness of heart and contempt of thy Word: and so fetch them home blessed Lord, to thy flock, that they may be saved among the remnant of the Israelites’, 99.9 per cent of them in the late nineteenth century had little expectation of encountering a Jew, Turk or Infidel. This paper seeks to explore how the few Church of England clergy in London who in the 1890s did have a significant presence of Jews in their parishes responded as ministers of the established Church, with a charge to be responsible for the spiritual well-being of all the inhabitants of their parishes, including the call to save the Jews ‘among the remnant of the Israelites’.
Christianity, Plurality and Vernacular Religion in early Twentieth-Century Glastonbury: A Sign of Things to Come?
Authors: Bowman Marion
Published: February 2017

This essay focuses upon a significant place, Glastonbury, at an important time during the early twentieth century, in order to shed light on a particular aspect of Christianity which is frequently overlooked: its internal plurality. This is not simply denominational diversity, but the considerable heterogeneity which exists at both institutional and individual level within denominations, and which often escapes articulation, awareness or comment. This is significant because failure to apprehend a more detailed, granular picture of religion can lead to an incomplete view of events in the past and, by extension, a partial understanding of later phenomena. This essay argues that by using the concept of vernacular religion a more nuanced picture of religion as it is – or has been – lived can be achieved.
‘To Live within Islam’: The Chaldean Catholic Church in modern Iraq, 1958–2003
Authors: Girling Kristian
Published: February 2017

Since June 2014 the Chaldean Catholic Church has faced an existential crisis. The recent attacks of the terrorist forces of the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the northern Iraqi provinces of Duhok, Erbil, Mosul and Sulaymaniya have resulted in increasing levels of persecution and forced displacement. This essay reflects on a more secure period in Chaldean history, during which the community made a strong contribution to the development of the modern state of Iraq, established in 1921. Although proportionally small in size, the essay will show that the Chaldean community contributed in ways which far outweighed their numbers, especially in the sphere of inter-communal relations.
‘What could be more Christian than to allow the Sikhs to use it?’ Church
Redundancy and Minority Religion in Bedford, 1977–8
Authors: Maiden John
Published: February 2017

In 1985, Faith in the City, The Church of England’s report on Urban Priority Areas, commented that Christians frequently had an excess of church buildings, while ‘people of other faiths are often exceedingly short of places in which to meet and worship’. The challenge of securing sacred space has been common to migrant groups in Britain, and during the 1970s sharing of space between national historic denominations and migrant religious groups was identified by the British Council of Churches (BCC) and its Community and Race Relations Unit as a leading issue for interreligious relations. In the case of the Church of England, ancillary parish buildings were occasionally shared with non-Christian religious congregations for limited use: for example, later that decade the church halls of All Saints, Gravelly Hill, Birmingham, were being used by Muslims and Hindus for festivals and clubs.
Mountain Nyala
Authors: Brown Leslie
Published: February 2017

The Ethiopian Highlands are the home of two major herbivores found nowhere else in the world. One is the Walia Ibex; the other, the Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni.

Many people believe that the Okapi and the Giant Forest Hog were the last major mammals to be discovered in Africa. In fact, this distinction belongs to the Mountain Nyala; and the man who discovered it, Major Ivor Buxton, is still alive. It has been known to science since only 1908.
Biopolicy: A Restatement of Its Role in Politics and the Life Sciences
Authors: Blank Robert H.
Published: February 2017

There is nothing unique in a call for increased attention to the policy dimensions of biological developments. Almost two decades ago, Caldwell (1964:2) urged a “policy synthesis of scientific knowledge and ethical values” in response to the public policy questions raised 1JY the “explosion of biomedical knowledge and technology.” Despite similar exhortations intermittently since that time, Somit and Peterson (1979) conclude that political scientists have yet to give adequate attention to the public policy implications of biological issues. Wiegele, too, (1979: 151) sees the need for “some students of biopolitics to become interested in the political policy relevance of certain aspects of the life sciences” but sees only a few scholars interested in pursuing such an endeavor at this time.
Political Science, Social Organization, and Environment
Authors: Rota Franco P.
Published: February 2017

In Western Europe and especially West Germany, introducing a new approach in political science, biopolitics, is not an easy task. German political science has a very strong and effective philosophical tradition (Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Weber), which separates it from the life sciences. Traditionally, political science is a theoretical branch of study, and politics is regarded principally as a rational process. Based on well-known historical experiences, German social scientists raise ideological objections to biology, and, with some exceptions (Flohr, 1979, 1983; Buhl, 1981, 1982), they neglect the findings of the life sciences. Political science mainly operates in a vacuum, adhering to the discipline's traditional monistic conceptions of what politics ought to be. Thus, in Germany the first problem is how to change monistic approaches and create a new kind of scientific conception of the world, one that is open and dynamic (Radnitzky, 1971) and able to integrate findings from the life sciences. Only then can biopolitical perspectives become anchored in the discipline. Thus, introducing biopolitics in Germany depends on a mental change, from traditional monistic conceptions to an open conception.
Author's Response
Authors: Caldwell Lynton Keith
Published: February 2017

If you give me six lines written by the hand of the most honest of men, I will find something in them which will hang birn.

—Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu (1641)
The Concept of Evolution and Early State Formation
Authors: Geiger Gebhard
Published: February 2017

The emergence of the state and similar forms of large-scale, stratified society from the matrix of primitive egalitarian social relations poses a problem sui generis for political anthropology. On the one hand, since the Neolithic, hierarchical stratification and political domination have evolved in a relatively short time from the patterns of kinship bonds and ephemeral leadership characteristic of primitive society (Service, 1975; Carneiro, 1978). On the other hand, the extent of the division of labor and of hierarchical stratification in even the most primitive corporate political groups is significantly greater than that found in egalitarian bands and tribes. This difference lends support to very specific explanations such as the theories of cataclysmic sociocultural change of political anthropology (Service, 1975:15).
Teaching Biopolitics: Needs, Experiences, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Kort Fred
Published: February 2017

Biopolitics must be taught in a context that makes it possible for students to acquire competence in at least evolutionary biology, genetics (with the proper molecular biology perspective), biological anthropology, neurobiology, and the evolution of behavior. A more modest beginning may be necessary, however, and actually has been pursued at various institutions.

Although a systematic study of experiences in teaching biopolitics has not been prepared, various impressions have been obtained. In spite of some seemingly discouraging situations with respect to biopolitics, expectations that a biobehavioral perspective ultimately will be the principal and pervasive frame of reference for a proper study of political processes and institutions are justified.
On Teaching Biopolicy and Values in Selected Reproductive Technologies: Abortion,In VitroFertilization, and Surrogate Motherhood
Authors: Moreland Lois B.
Published: February 2017

This article is divided into three parts: “Faculty Preparation: Immersion in the Literature,” “Conceptualizing and Organizing the Course,” and “Course Design.” The first part is addressed particularly to readers without access to a computer search of the literature. It suggests resource materials for each of the technologies. It also speaks to the meanings of and approaches which may be used to study biopolitics. Biopolicy is the approach used in the course.

The second part addresses the problem of finding a unifying concept which would bring cohesion to the multiple and diverse materials and issues. It also includes the statement of purpose and course objectives. It is here that the development of identifying and demonstrating the nexus between the reproductive technologies and public policy begins. It also discusses methodologies used in the course.

The third part lists the activities that served as a guide in designing the course and cites remaining caveats in course development. The paper concludes with statements about required reading materials, review materials, audio-visual aids, and a broad outline of the course.
Biopolitics in 1985
Authors: Somit Albert , Peterson Steven A.
Published: February 2017

There are several noteworthy aspects to 1985. First, the triennial congress of the International Political Science Association was held (in Paris). Second, full panels on biology and politics were featured at four regularly scheduled political science meetings—the American Political Science Association, the International Political Science Association, the Western Political Science Association, and the New York State Political Science Association—an increase from just two the year before. Third, three dissertations are either completed or in progress: a decided improvement after such little activity in that area in 1984. Fourth, over 10 percent of the works appearing were by non-United States political scientists, reflecting a continuation of their greater visibility over the past few years. Fifth, several works were produced by two different teams of researchers that have received substantial support from federal research grants (Masters and colleagues; J. Schubert, Wiegele, and Hines). Finally, there is a continuing influx of new entrants into the ranks of biopolitical scholars (we tally 25 for the year).
Bioconstitutional Politics: Toward an Interdisciplinary Paradigm
Authors: Carmen Ira H.
Published: February 2017

This article integrates theory and data culled from two largely unrelated subdisciplines—biopolitics and constitutional politics—to provide a “bioconstitutional” overview of power relationships among Homo sapiens. That overview features three aspects of constitutional configuration: (1) the biopsychological, evidence of which is drawn chiefly from neuroscience, primatology, biochemistry, and championship chess play; (2) the biosocial, evidence of which is drawn chiefly from gene-culture coevolutionary analysis, anthropology, social psychology, jurisprudence, and political science; (3) the biopolicy aspect, evidence of which is drawn exclusively from the American scene, most particularly Supreme Court decision making involving reproductive choice and governmental constraints on gene-cloning. Constitutionalism is conceived as a thought-action field theory, whose values are not only dynamic and functional, but also both politically influential and subject to political influence. Bioconstitutionalism supplies the requisite life science context for these patterns, and itself presents notable feedback features as humans acquire greater capacity to order their adaptive strategies through biological intervention programs.
Cline's Recombinant DNA Experiment as Political Rashomon
Authors: Duster Troy
Published: February 2017

Robin and Markle's “Let No One Split Asunder: Controversy in Human Genetic Engineering” is a notable contribution to the sociology of science and a clarification of some important social and political issues in the current controversy around the new recombinant DNA technologies. Their four-fold taxonomy of levels of inquiry and analysis is a theoretical advance. It is also a device for illuminating, decoding, deciphering, and finally for bettering our understanding of what happened structurally in the Cline case. Much of the contemporary work in the sociology of science touches on a few, or even several of these dimensions, but because the analytic categories are frequently (if inadvertently) run together, one is often burdened with a confusing vault between levels. (Few authors make the analytic distinctions of different levels as do Robin and Markle, so it is hardly surprising that they would “run them together.”)
A Cork on a Wave
Authors: Mazur Allan
Published: February 2017

Robin and Markle nicely illuminate the highly-publicized Cline case by examining it in turn from the substantive, network, organizational, and societal perspectives. They never explain, however, why this particular case was so highly publicized, in contrast to other instances of questionable ethics in biomedical research that never reached public attention. Without some explanation for the notoriety given to Cline's actions, their four perspectives seem seriously incomplete.
Author's Response
Authors: Davies James C.
Published: February 2017

There is a happy irony in the fact that an essay on aggression—whether political or otherwise, violent or otherwise, and whether physical or verbal—should elicit comments that are in these ways not at all aggressive. In this rather scientific polylogue, you as reader and I as author are thus spared the need and even the temptation to respond with defensive verbal aggression.
1986: Boom Year for Biopolitics
Authors: Somit Albert , Peterson Steven A. , Peer Denise
Published: February 2017

As our title indicates, by almost every measure, 1986 was a good year for biopolitics. First, the total number of items which appeared, 116, set an all-time record (the previous high was 92 in 1985). Second, there continued to be an influx of new entrants, with 22 first-time contributors emerging from our literature search. Third, 15 percent of the items were written by non-American political scientists, up from last year's 10 percent and an indication, we believe, of the healthy growth in international interest. Fourth, and perhaps best of all, five biopolitical dissertations-in-progress, or actually completed, were listed in the annual PS compilation, a nice upturn from 1984's low.
Biotechnology, Public Policy, and the Social Sciences: Critical Needs in Teaching and Research
Authors: Blank Robert H. , Caldwell Lynton K. , Wiegele Thomas C. , Zilinskas Raymond A.
Published: February 2017

Science-based biotechnology is now introducing fundamental changes in the status of life on earth which have major implications for human society, yet the social sciences are largely failing to address these changes. Biotechnology offers immense opportunities for advancing the quality of human life, holding promise for overcoming numerous and heretofore intractable causes of suffering and impoverishment. Moreover, it may enable mankind to enjoy the benefits of science without degradation of the biosphere. But to obtain these advantages biotechnology must be guided by wise and timely public policies. Even the most beneficent innovation may create problems that, unless anticipated and prevented, may offset or cancel out social gains.
Onomantic and Semantic Considerations
Authors: Riggs Fred W.
Published: February 2017

Corning and Hines make a useful contribution to the study of politics by distinguishing sharply between “political development” and “political evolution.” Their emphasis on the multidisciplinary dimensions of real life changes as they occur (and have occurred) throughout the world is also needed. We must, assuredly, go beyond political science, both to the other social sciences (including economics) and also, notably, to the life sciences.
Dissent with Modification: Hines' Response
Authors: Hines Samuel M.
Published: February 2017

Let me begin by saying that I do appreciate several of the commentators' observations and I shall respond to those below. Before doing so, however, I must add that there are a number of suggestions in the commentaries that seem to me useful only to the extent they reveal the failure of the commentators to read our article carefully, to do a little homework, to grasp some of the points we were making, or all three. I am mindful of the fact that all three commentators are recognized scholars in the more traditional field of comparative politics who may have had little or no contact with the literature of politics and the life sciences. Nor should I assume they would have any familiarity with the substantial literature in anthropology, archaeology, history, and social biology dealing with the evolution of social systems and the origins of the state upon which we have drawn and which has become so familiar to Corning and me that we are sometimes forgetful of the need to provide more examples and references, depending upon the reading audience.
Aristotle and the Sociobiologists: An Old Controversy Revived
Authors: Fortin Ernest L.
Published: February 2017

Being neither a biologist nor an expert on biopolitics, it is with considerable reluctance that I venture into the vast and intimidating domain mapped out in Arnhart's learned article. My own knowledge of the field is limited to what an interested observer is likely to have absorbed, admittedly in more or less random fashion, by reading the popular journals and engaging in occasional debate with scientists, some of them sociobiologists. Here as elsewhere, one cannot help being struck by the enormous difficulties that the growth of scientific specialization and the revelation of hitherto unsuspected links between disciplines once thought to be relatively independent of each other have created, not only for the amateur but for scientists themselves. It says something about our present situation that many of the terms employed as a matter of course by Arnhart and others-sociobiology, bioethics, biopolitics, biomedics, and the like-are not to be found in any dictionary that is more than ten or fifteen years old.
The Good Life and the Life Sciences
Authors: Wiser James L.
Published: February 2017

Arnhart's “Aristotle's Biopolitics: A Defense of Biological Teleology against Biological Nihilism” is both a valuable and yet at the same time a problematic study. Its value for political science lies in Arnhart's reminder that for many of the most important thinkers in the history of Western political thought their efforts to discover and articulate the principles of a political order necessarily presupposed a specific understanding of the order of nature itself. Given this, the fundamental political challenge of the modern scientific and industrial revolutions not only includes the new instruments and techniques of organization and manipulation made possible by the discoveries of modern science, but also those cultural and intellectual assumptions which create that very environment within which such instruments and techniques first became possible. In illustrating this intimate relationship between modern natural science and modern political science, Grant (1976:124) has written: “What calls out for recognition here is that the same apprehension of what it is to be ‘reasonable’ leads men to build computers and to conceive the universal and homogenous society as the highest political goal. The ways such machines can be used must be at one with certain conceptions of political purposes because the same kind of ‘reasoning’ made the machines and formulated the purposes. To put the matter extremely simply, the modern physical sciences and the modern political sciences have developed in mutual interpenetration, and we can only begin to understand that interpenetration in terms of some common source from which both forms of science found their sustenance.”
Disability, Illness, and the Presidency: The Case of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Authors: Gilbert Robert E.
Published: February 2017

Only one man in American history has been elected four times to the Office of President. Despite the image of vigor and hearty good cheer that he projected, Franklin D. Roosevelt was afflicted by both disability and serious illness while in the White House. He had never recovered fully from his 1921 bout with polio, a fact concealed from the public for many years out of fear that it might be detrimental to his political career. The methods of concealment, involving both image control and media management, produced a veil of secrecy that only time has penetrated. Also, after several years in office, Roosevelt suffered from cardiovascular disease that eventually ended his life. The belief of some critics that his physical deterioration impacted negatively on his performance as president, most notably at the Yalta Conference in early 1945, is worthy of examination, with the perspective that more than forty years can provide.