bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SONORIDADES MICROPOLÍTICAS NA ARTE DE MANATA LAUDARES / Micropolitical sonorities in the art of Manata Laudares
Authors: Fasani Priscilla Porto Nascimento
Published: August 2020

Este artigo apresenta parte da tese SoundSystem: experiências sonoras e dançantes partilhadas pelos artistas Franz Manata e Saulo Laudares no circuito independente de arte contemporânea. A partir das disparações afetivas incitadas por ThePlace (1998-...), que é a própria pista de dança como obra de arte, Heartbeat(2006), instalação sonora que compartilha uma conversa entre corações e, pela intervenção urbana AFTER:Nature(2008-...), que disponibiliza ao público o canto dos pássaros, pensaremos sobre a posição política assumida pelos artistas, que é realizada através da ativação de um saber eco-etológico.Palavras-chave: Arte sonora; Sound System; Corpo vibrátil; Micropolítica; Manata Laudares.AbstractThis article presents part of the SoundSystem thesis: sound and dancing experiences shared by artists Franz Manata and Saulo Laudares in the independent circuit of contemporary art. Based on the affectives hots triggered by The Place (1998 -...), which is the dance floor itself as a work of art, Heartbeat (2006), a sound installation that shares a conversation between hearts and, through urban intervention AFTER: Nature ( 2008 -...), which makes the song of birds available to the public, we will think about the political position assumed by the artists, which is accomplished through the activation of an eco-ethological knowledge.Keywords: Sound art; Sound System; Vibrating body; Micropolitics; Manata Laudares.
GRANDE ORLÂNDIA: UMA MANIFESTA ABAIXO DA LINHA VERMELHA / Grande Orlândia: a manifest underneath Red Line (Linha Vermelha)
Authors: Eilers Helena Wilhelm
Published: August 2020

Na virada dos anos 1990 para os anos 2000 uma série de proposições pensadas e executadas pelos próprios artistas se difunde no Rio de Janeiro. O presente artigo busca trazer a história de Grande Orlândia – Artistas Abaixo da Linha Vermelha (2003), exposição sem patrocínio, fora do circuito de museus e galerias e que reuniu mais de 100 artistas, numa mistura de exposição, festa e manifestação política. No texto a Grande Orlândia é narrada, principalmente, a partir do olhar de alguns dos artistas participantes. É evidenciado não apenas a força do circuito independente, como os deslocamentos e pontos de contato junto ao território institucional.Palavras-chave: Arte contemporânea; Exposições; Circuito independente; Micropolítica.AbstractAt the turn of the 1990s to the 2000s, a series of propositions thought and produced by the artists themselves spread in Rio de Janeiro. This article brings the history of Grande Orlândia – artistas abaixo da Linha Vermelha (2003), an exhibition without sponsorship, outside the circuit of museums and galleries that brought together more than 100 artists. A mixture of exhibition, party and political manifestation. In the text, Grande Orlândia is narrated, mainly, from the perspective of some of the participating artists. Is evidented not only the strength of the independent circuit, but also the displacements and contact points within the institutional territory.Keywords: Contemporary art; Exhibitions; Independent circuit; Micropolitics.
ON AIR - CARTE BLANCHE A TOMAS SARACENO / On Air: Tomas Saraceno and actor–network poetry
Authors: Couri Fabião Aline
Published: August 2020

A resenha trata da exposição On Air: Carte Blanche à Tomas Saraceno, que ocorreu no Palais de Tokyo, Paris (17.10.2018 à 06.01.2019).
TUDO PODE SER ARTE, MAS ARTE NÃO PODE (SER) TUDO / Everything can be art but art cannot be everything
Authors: Lopes Fernanda
Published: August 2020

Reedição de entrevista realizada com o artista visual Milton Machado, publicada na DARDO Magazine, Santiago de Compostela, EP, n. 26,  p. 78-97, 2015.
THE MAPPING JOURNEY PROJECT DE BOUCHRA KHALILI: FAZENDO MAPAS FALAREM / The Mapping Journey Project by Bouchra Khalili: making maps speak
Authors: Silva Valdir Pierote
Published: August 2020

A partir da obra The Mapping Journey Project de Bouchara Khalili, este artigo aborda as tensões entre o sistema de codificação geopolítica contemporâneo e a mobilidade de populações marcadas como indesejáveis, especificamente imigrantes e refugiados que tentam ingressar na Europa. Para acessar esses tensionamentos, o artigo produz uma espécie de contracartografia ao transitar por algumas linhas de força que estabelecem fronteiras, instituem mapas oficiais e compartimentalizam o mundo, separando populações que importam daquelas que supostamente não possuem valor.Palavras-chave: Arte e migração; Arte contemporânea africana; Mapas; Fronteiras; Deslocamentos humanos.AbstractBased on Bouchara Khalili's The Mapping Journey Project, this article addresses the tensions between the contemporary geopolitical coding system and the mobility of populations marked as undesirable, specifically immigrants and refugees trying to enter Europe. In order to access these tensions, the article produces a kind of counter-cartography when passing through some lines of force that establish borders, establish official maps and compartmentalize the world, separating populations that matter from those that are supposed to be worthless.Keywords: Art and migration; African contemporary art; Maps; Borders; Human displacements.
VIOLÊNCIA, CORPO E IMAGEM: NUNO RAMOS E ROSANGELA RENNÓ / Violence, body and image: Nuno Ramos and Rosangela Rennó
Authors: Rodrigues Tadeu Ribeiro
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo busca explorar relações entre violência, corpo e imagem na arte contemporânea brasileira a partir de obras que suscitam operações de reapropriação do real. Para isso, propusemos uma articulação entre as produções poéticas de Nuno Ramos e Rosangela Rennó – nomeadamente entre as décadas de 1990 e 2000 – e as contribuições teóricas de Slavoj Žižek e Michel Foucault, cujo caráter não conciliatório opera um tensionamento nos discursos hegemônicos em torno do fenômeno da violência e de suas relações com a visualidade e a corporeidade.Palavras-chave: Violência; Corpo; Imagem; Nuno Ramos; Rosangela. Rennó.Abstract This article aims to investigate the relations between violence, body and image in Brazilian contemporary art based on works that evoke reappropriations from the real. For that, we propose to link the artistic productions of Nuno Ramos and Rosangela Rennó from 1992 and the theoretical works of Slavoj Žižek and Michel Foucault.Keywords: Violence; Body; Image; Nuno Ramos; Rosangela Rennó.
A QUESTÃO DO ESPAÇO E A ENUNCIAÇÃO DO SUJEITO NO TRABALHO DE DANA AWARTANI / The issue of space and the enunciation of the subject in the work of Dana Awartani
Authors: Chagas Deivisson Dias
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo analisa a questão do processo colonial e de subalternização problematizado na obra “I went away and forgot you. A while ago I remembered. I remembered I’d forgotten you. I was dreaming”, da artista saudita Dana Awartani. Misto de site specific e registro fílmico de performance, o trabalho dialoga com a insurgência de novos sujeitos na produção de arte contemporânea, denominados por Gayatri C. Spivak de “sujeitos subalternos”, e com as mudanças ocorridas entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990 em torno do conceito de site specific, como teorizado pela crítica de arte  Miow Kwon.Palavras-chave: Site-specific; Performance; Sujeito; Subalternidade.AbstractThis paper analyzes the issue of space and the colonized subject in the work “I went away and forgot you. A while ago I remembered. I remembered I’d forgotten you. I was dreaming”, by saudi artist Dana Awartani. Mixed with site specific art and filmic performance record, the work dialogues with the insurgency of new subjects in the production of contemporary art in contexts against hegemonic and critical subalternity, as well as with the changes that occurred from the 1960s to the present day in around the concept of space specificity.Keywords: Site specific art; Performance; Subject; Subalternity.
Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering
Authors: V. Gaikwad Vikas , B. Patil Abasaheb , V. Gaikwad Madhuri
Published: August 2020

Scaffolds are used for drug delivery in tissue engineering as this system is a highly porous structure to allow tissue growth.  Although several tissues in the body can regenerate, other tissue such as heart muscles and nerves lack regeneration in adults. However, these can be regenerated by supplying the cells generated using tissue engineering from outside. For instance, in many heart diseases, there is need for heart valve transplantation and unfortunately, within 10 years of initial valve replacement, 50–60% of patients will experience prosthesis associated problems requiring reoperation. This could be avoided by transplantation of heart muscle cells that can regenerate. Delivery of these cells to the respective tissues is not an easy task and this could be done with the help of scaffolds. In situ gel forming scaffolds can also be used for the bone and cartilage regeneration. They can be injected anywhere and can take the shape of a tissue defect, avoiding the need for patient specific scaffold prefabrication and they also have other advantages. Scaffolds are prepared by biodegradable material that result in minimal immune and inflammatory response. Some of the very important issues regarding scaffolds as drug delivery systems is reviewed in this article.
A Systematic Study on Flowability and Compressibility of Asparagus racemosus root Powder for Tablet Preparation
Authors: Patra Ch Niranjan , Singn Satya Prakash , P Hemant Kumar , M Vimala Devi
Published: August 2020

The dried root of Asparagus racemosus is widely used as mild antihypertensive and tranquilizer. The objective of the present research was to study the original flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Asparagus racemosus root powder and develop its tablet formulations by wet granulation and direct compression technology. The consolidation behavior of drug and tablet formulations were studied by using Heckel and Leuenberger equation. Asparagus racemosus root powder showed very poor flowability and compactibility. Kawakita analysis revealed improved flowability for formulations prepared by direct compression and wet granulation technique. The Heckel plot showed that Asparagus racemosus powder is soft in nature and poor in die filling. Granules showed higher degree of plasticity and fragmentation than powder and direct compression formulations. The compression susceptibility parameter for compact formed by direct compression and wet granulation technique indicated that the maximum crushing strength is reached faster at lower pressures of compression as opposed to Asparagus racemosus powder. From this study, it is concluded that desired flowability, compressibility and compactibility of Asparagus racemosus root powder can be obtained by direct compression and wet granulation technique
Emergence of Probiotics in Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Bhattacharyya Barun K
Published: August 2020

The gastrointestinal tract of human body is considered as an ecosystem which had been developed physiologically and microbiologically. The probiotic organisms (lactic acid bacteria) are one of the most important groups present in the gastrointestinal tract. A good number of Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium species, Saccharomyces boulardii and some other microbes are now used as probiotic strains. These probiotic organisms are marketed as health care products, functional foods or food supplements. The details of clinical, therapeutic applications and safety aspects of probiotics are discussed.
Biologically Active 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles
Authors: Rajak Harish , Kharya Murli Dhar , Mishra Pradeep
Published: August 2020

There are vast numbers of pharmacologically active heterocyclic compounds in regular clinical use. The presence of heterocyclic structures in diverse types of compounds is strongly indicative of the profound effects such structure exerts on physiologic activity, and recognition of this is abundantly reflected in efforts to find useful synthetic drugs. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleus has emerged as one of the potential pharmacophore responsible for diverse pharmacological properties. Medical Literature is flooded with reports of a variety of biological activities of 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. The present work is an attempt to summarize and enlist the various reports published on biologically active 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles.
Health Benefits of Resveratrol
Authors: D. Sathis Kumar , P. Shankar , G. Upender Rao
Published: August 2020

Resveratrol a polyphenolic phytoalexin possesses a variety of bioactivities associated with health promotion. Resveratrol is readily absorbed along with the other human dietary sources like peanuts, peanut butter, grapes, and red wine. The polyphenolic structure of resveratrol confers antioxidant activity and may reduce oxidant-induced apoptosis and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. The cardioprotective activity of resveratrol is associated with the inhibition of platelet aggregation and LDL oxidation and the promotion of artery vasorelaxation. As a chemopreventing agent, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, as well as inhibit the growth of cancerous cells through increased apoptosis and/or cell cycle blockage. Inflammatory processes are associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases including heart disease and diabetes. In addition, the estrogenic activity of resveratrol may help in the prevention of post-menopausal osteophoresis. This review reveals potential health benefits and discusses the current preclinical studies of resveratrol.
Recent Regulatory Initiatives at the Indian Central Drugs Standards Control Organization (CDSCO)
Authors: George Bobby
Published: August 2020

The Government of India, through the CDSCO office, has been trying to engage with the drug industry and other stakeholders through its inclusive approach for instituting measures, through administrative orders, in helping remove regulatory bottle necks, and thereby improve ease of doing business. Some of the measures which have been instituted include facilitating the conduct of trials; rationalizing and simplifying various formats of applications; doing away with pre-inspection of manufacturing sites for grant of test license; potentially reducing approval timelines for different kinds of regulatory submissions by making the submission process online etc. These measures have helped to remove the constraints which have been plaguing the industry. At the same time CDSCO has been building in enough checks and balances within the system to monitor quality, safety and compliance. Emphasis has been laid on quality standards being followed by manufacturing firms with a view to bringing the GMP standards at par with the WHO guidelines. There are plans which include scrapping the need to renew manufacturing licenses at the end of five years etc for which industry and other stakeholder’s opinion is being sought.
A New Method for Determination of Tolterodine and its Related Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient by HPLC
Authors: Rao Tentu Nageswara , Karri Apparao , Prathipati Revathi , Botsa Parvatamma
Published: August 2020

Tolterodine is used to treat overactive bladder symptoms such as loss of bladder control (incontinence) or a frequent need to urinate. A simple and inexpensive method was developed with high performance liquid chromatography with PDA detection for determination of tolterodine and related impurities.  The chromatographic separations were achieved on (250 × 4.6 mm), 5.0 µm make: symmetry, C8 column employing methanol and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water, in the ratio of 90:10 as mobile phase with gradient programmed at flow rate 1.0 mL/min was chosen. Three impurities were eluted within 35 minutes. The column temperature was maintained at 35oC and a detector wavelength of 220 nm was employed. The method was successfully validated by establishing system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. The validated method is useful for tolterodine assay in pharmaceutical products.
Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn. in Rats
Authors: M Patel Kruti , Shah Samir K
Published: August 2020

Lawsonia inermis Linn., commonly called as Henna belongs to family Lythraceae. Traditionally, it has been reported to have therapeutic activity in bronchitis, diabetes, antimicrobial, antibacterial, trypsin inhibitory, cytotoxicity, wound healing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic. However, the antiurolithiatic activity of the bark extract of  L. inermis Linn. is not known. In this study, we investigated protective effect of the alcoholic extract of L. inermis bark against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis and its possible underlying mechanisms using male wistar albino rats. Animals were divided into seven groups and urolithiasis was induced by ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) in drinking water for 28 days. Methanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis (MELI) bark (300 & 500 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered once daily from 15th day to 28th day as curative regimen and from 1st day to 28th day as preventive regimen. Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard drug. After 28 days, various biochemical parameters like urine volume, pH were measured. Calcium, phosphate and oxalate were measured in urine and kidney homogenate. Serum creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen were estimated. Histopathology of kidney also studied. Treatment with the MELI extract significantly restored all elevated parameters including calcium, phosphate and oxalate in urine and kidney homogenate; creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen in serum when compared to model control group. The histopathological study of the kidney also supported the above results. It can be concluded that methanolic extract of bark of Lawsonia inermis Linn. has significant antiurolithiatic effect in experimental rats.
Preparation and Evaluation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate Floating Matrix Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers
Authors: D. V. R. N. Bhikshapathi , B Haarika , S Jyothi Sri , Abbulu K
Published: August 2020

The purpose of present investigation was to develop floating matrix tablets of gemifloxacin mesylate, which after oral administration could prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. Tablets containing drug, various viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose such as HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M as matrix forming agent, Sodium bicarbonate as gas-forming agent and different additives were tested for their usefulness in formulating gastric floating tablets by direct compression method. The physical parameters, in vitro buoyancy, release characteristics and in vivo radiographic study were investigated in this study. The gemifloxacin mesylate floating tablets were prepared using HPMC K4M polymer giving more sustained drug release than the tablet containing HPMC K15M. All these formulations showed floating lag time of 30 to 47 sec and total floating time more than 12 h. The drug release was decreased when polymer concentration increases and gas generating agent decreases. Formulation that contains maximum concen-tration of both HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate (F9) showing sufficiently sustained with 99.2% of drug release at 12 h. The drug release from optimized formulation follows Higuchi model that indicates the diffusion controlled release. The best formulation (F9) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic studies by incorporating barium sulphate as a radio-opaque agent and the tablet remained in the stomach for about 6 h.
A Comparative Study of Matrix Tablets Designed by Different Methods
Authors: Bisht Tulsi , Poonam Rishishwar
Published: August 2020

The aim of present work was to develop once daily sustained release matrix tablet of aceclofenac by wet granulation technique using natural gums i.e.: gum acacia, guar gum and Xanthan gum. In this present study matrix tablets were prepared using three different methods and a comparative study was done. Aceclofenac sodium being the newer derivative of diclofenac having short biological half life (4hrs.), so it requires more than one dose per day to maintain therapeutic dose. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various parameters like weight variation, hardness, swelling index, friability, percent drug release and various release profile like zero order, first order, Higuchi's, and Koshemeyrs-peppa. All the evaluation parameters met pharmacopoeial specifications and through dissolution studies it was matrix tablets prepared with method 2 shows heighest percent drug release and matrix tablet prepared by method 3 showed lowest percent drug release at the end of 8 hrs. (Shown in fig. 8, comparative release study of all three formulations). Matrix tablet of aceclofenac were successfully prepared and evaluated and it can be concluded that matrix tablet prepared with natural gums showed release rate for a prolonged time and can be of great importance for “once daily” tablet to reduce side effects and toxicity related with NSAIDs.
Formulation and Development of Divalproex Sodium Bi-Layered Tablets using Superdisintegrants and Release Retardant Polymers
Authors: Acharya Ankit , Ahmed Mohammed Gulzar , Chaudhari Ravi , Chitti Renukaradhya
Published: August 2020

Divalproex sodium is considered as the most important antiepileptic drug and widely used for treatment of epilepsy and bi-polar disorders and prophylaxis of migraine. The present work has been done to formulate bi-layered tablet of Divalproex sodium containing immediate release layer and sustained release layer. The FTIR study revealed that there was no interaction between drug and polymer and combination. Both layers were prepared by wet granulation technique as poor flow property exhibited by pure drug. The immediate release layer was formulated by using superdisintegrants and evaluated for physical parameters, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The optimized immediate release layer (IF6) with highest in vitro release of 98.11 was selected for bi-layered tablet formulation. HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M polymer were used to retard the drug release from sustained release layer in different proportion and combination and evaluated for physical parameter along with in vitro drug release studies. The optimized sustained release layer (SF8) which extends the Divalproex sodium release more than 18 hrs was selected. Finally, bi-layered tablets were prepared by double compression of selected sustained release layer and immediate release layer of Divalproex sodium. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug release. All the physical parameters were in acceptable limit of pharmacopeial specification. The stability studies, shown the bi-layer tablet was stable at 40oC / 75% RH for a period of 3 months.
Preparation and In vivo Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Gastroretentive Delivery of Misoprostol
Authors: D.V. R. N. Bhikshapathi , K Ranjith Kumar
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present investigation was to prepare and evaluate the Misoprostol mucoadhesive microspheres for gastroretentive drug delivery. Sodium alginate and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose were used as mucoadhesive polymers. Microsphere formulations were prepared using Ionotropic gelation technique. All the microspheres were characterized for particle size, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR study, percentage yield, drug entrapment, stability studies and for in vitro release kinetics. Based on the results, the formulation M12 was selected as optimized formulation. In vitro drug release study of optimized formulation M12 showed 98.23% after 12 h in a controlled manner, which is essential for anti ulcer therapy. The marketed product shows the drug release of 95.23 within 1 h. The results of mucoadhesion study showed better retention of prepared microspheres (8) h in chic duodenal and jejunum regions of intestine. The results showed significant higher retention of mucoadhesive microspheres in upper GI tract. Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the bioavailability was found to be increased significantly when compared with marketed tablets. The drug release of Misoprostol optimized formulation M12 followed zero order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics indicating diffusion controlled with non-Fickian (anomalous) transport thus it projected that delivered its active ingredient by coupled diffusion and erosion. Overall, the result indicated prolonged delivery with improved bioavailability of Misoprostol from mucoadhesive microspheres due to higher retention in the upper GI tract.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Substituted-Benzylpiperazinyl Methanone Derivatives
Authors: Chidara Mahesh , Rani Satla Shobha
Published: August 2020

Novel antibacterial compounds are needed to combat the emerging bacterial infections. In this study, synthesis of 4-substituted benzylpiperazin-1-yl methanone derivatives was carried out by 4-substituted benzyl chloride (I) with piperazine in presence of ethanol to obtain 4-substituted benzylpiperazines (II). Benzylpiperazines (II) was condensed with different substituted esters in presence of diluted acid to produce title compounds (IIIa–e, IVa-e and Va-e). All the title compounds were screened for possible antibacterial activity against P. Vulgaris, S. Aureas, E. Coli, B. Subtillus and antifungal activity against Altenaria, Culvalaria, C. Albicans and A. Niger. Among the compounds synthesized IVb, IVd and IVf demonstrated good antibacterial activity; IVb, IVc, and IVe showed good antifungal activity. The activities of the synthesized compounds are compared with the standard and other test compounds. The structures of synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis, IR, H NMR and Mass spectral data. Future studies will confirm their efficacy and utility as antibacterial agents.
Xyloglucan based Microspheres for Pulmonary Delivery of Rifabutin Dry Powder Inhaler
Authors: Mahajan Hitendra S , Dusunge Sanket B , Gundare Sadanand A
Published: August 2020

Pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs can be an effective treatment for tuberculosis. The main objective of the present work was to prepare rifabutin loaded xyloglucan microspheres as dry powder inhaler for pulmonary delivery. Xyloglucan is natural polysaccharide with mucoadhesive property and temperature responsive gelling ability allows its application in microspheres development. Xyloglucan microspheres were prepared by using single step spray drying process using lactose. All microsphere formulations were evaluated for various physical properties such as density and flow. On the basis of results of evaluation parameters such as entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesion, swelling and in vitro drug release, microspheres with 2% xyloglucan and 1% lactose monohydrate were found to be most favorable. They possessed morphology and particle size distribution suitable for pulmonary administration. XRD studies reveal amorphous nature of microspheres. In vitro DPI performance demonstrates suitability of xyloglucan based microspheres for pulmonary delivery. In conclusion, it is suggested that this natural polymer based microspheres containing rifabutin DPI formulation could be used as a significant enhanced treatment for TB.
Evaluation of Hemolytic and Anti-Hemolytic Activity of the Aerial Parts of Sonchus Oleraceus Extracts
Authors: Dima Joujeh , Raghda Lahdo , Jalil Ghrewaty Abdul
Published: August 2020

Plants have been used as alternative remedy for the treatment of various ailments since ancient times. The present study aimed to evaluate some of the biological activities of the plant Sonchus oleraceus in vitro including the hemolytic and antihemolytic effect. Hydromethanolic 80% and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of plant were prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Phyto-chemical analysis, hemolytic and anti-hemolytic activity of both extracts of Sonchus oleraceus were assessed. Phyto-chemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds in both extracts. Hemolytic activity assessment has been conducted, using spectrophotometric method. The extracts had low hemolytic effect towards human erythrocytes in concentration-dependent manner.The extracts showed moderate membrane stabilizing effect against hypotonic-induced hemolysis at concentration range of (250-1000 µg/ml). This study also showed that extracts had potential antioxidant activity through the inhibition of H2O2 induced hemolysis. Both extracts showed remarkable antihemolytic activity against H2O2 induced hemolysis at all tested concentrations. It was concluded that the extracts of S. oleraceus manifest low hemolytic effect, and had antihemolytic activity. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models.
Solubility Enhancement of Ebastine by Self-Nanoemulsifying Delivery Strategy: Formulation, Optimization and Characterization
Authors: K Raja Rajeswari , Gupta V Rama Mohan
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study was to develop and optimize Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for the improvement of solubility and dissolution of an anti-allergic drug, Ebastine, a BCS class II drug. Preliminary screening was carried out to select proper components combination of Oil (Oleic acid): Surfactant (Tween® 80): Co-solvent (Ethanol). Pseudo-ternary phase diagram experimental design was applied to formulate and optimize the SNEDDS containing 3:7 of (oil: Smix). Drug-Excipient compatibility studies were performed by FTIR and found no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. The systems were assessed for evaluation parameters like optical clarity in three stages by exposing the SNEDDS to heating-cooling cycle at 4 to 45 oC, centrifugation at 5000rpm and freeze-thaw cycles at -21 oC to 21 oC. The droplets of optimized SNEDDS formulation were found to be spherical with a size range of 76-111nm and emulsification efficiency of 97.67 ± 0.3% and 91.1 ± 0.06% drug release at the end of 30 minutes with a significant increase in dissolution rate compared to the marketed drug suspension under the same conditions. The optimized SNEDDS formulation charged for the accelerated stability studies at 40 oC/75% RH for three months revealed to be stable with 95.31 ± 1.4% drug content and 90.12 ± 1.98% drug release. It was hence concluded that the solubility of poorly soluble drugs like Ebastine can be effectively enhanced using Self nano emulsifying approaches with the use of Oleic acid, Tween 80 and Ethanol as Oil, surfactant and co-solvent respectively.
Development and Evaluation of Olmesartan Medoxomil Controlled Release Floating Microspheres using Natural Gums
Authors: Kota Ravi Kumar , Gande Suresh
Published: August 2020

The present research was aimed to prepare Olmesartan medoxomil floating microspheres for controlled release using polymers such as sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, K15M), Olibanum gum and Xanthan gum by ionotropic gelation method. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for the percent drug content, entrapment efficiency, percentage buoyancy and in vitro dissolution studies. Among all the formulations F14 was selected as optimized formulation based on the micromeretic and physico-chemical parameters including drug release studies. Percentage buoyancy of optimized formulation was found to be 96.45%. In vitro release study of formulation F14 showed 98.11% drug release after 12 h in a controlled manner, which is desired for disease like Hypertension.  The reference standard shows the drug release of 94.12% within 12 h. Drug and excipient compatibility studies were carried out by FT-IR and no interactions were observed. The SEM of microspheres show a hollow spherical structure with a rough surface morphology. Some of microspheres showed dented surface structure but they showed good floating ability on medium indicated intact surface. The shell of microspheres also showed some porous structure which might be due to release of carbon dioxide. F14 followed zero order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer Peppas kinetics indicating diffusion controlled with non-fickian (anomalous) transport, projecting that its active ingredient are delivered by coupled diffusion and erosion. From these results, it can be concluded that the polymer proportion controlled the drug release from the olmesartan floating microspheres.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Floating Tablets of an Antihypertensive Diltiazem
Authors: Kulkarni Gururaj S , Chaudhary Prabhansh P , Swamy Shivakumar
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate sustained release floating tablets of Diltiazem hydro-chloride, an antihypertensive agent. The sustained release floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method and formulated using different polymer combinations, formulations such as F1 to F9. Natural polymer Sodium alginate and synthetic polymer HPMC K4M were used. Developed formulations were evaluated for the pre compression parameters i.e., drug- excipients compatibility by FTIR, bulk density, compressibility, and angle of repose etc. Post compression parameters i.e. weight variation; full factorial design was applied to optimize the developed formulation. SA and HPMC K4M were selected as independent variable at three different concentrations. The in-vitro drug release study revealed that formulation F8 combination of both synthetic (HPMC) and natural polymers (sodium alginate) was the most successful formulation of the study, all tablets but one exhibited gradual and near complete sustained release for diltiazem HCl (90-100%) that extended the drug release up to 8 hours, with satisfactory drug release in the initial hours, and the total release pattern was close to the theoretical release profile.  Model equations of zero and first order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell and Peppas, intended to elucidate the drug release mechanism, and were fitted to the release data. Mathematical modelling of in-vitro dissolution data indicated the best-fit release kinetics was achieved with Higuchi model with r2 vales of 0.994 in its semi log plot. The ‘n’ value in Higuchi model was >0.89 which indicated, Super Case-II transport of drug from polymer sustained, i.e., diffusion with relaxation of polymeric chain. In conclusion, the results indicated that the prepared sustained-release tablets of Diltiazem hydrochloride could perform therapeutically better than conventional tablets with improved efficacy and better patient compliance.
Evaluation of Post-Surgical Antibiotic Utility Patterns in an Indian Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Islam Azad Moidul , Acharya Ankit , B P Satish Kumar , Kibria Faruk Azad , Chitti Renukaa Aradhya , C.H Vijay
Published: August 2020

Rationale use of antibiotic prophylaxis is essential to reduce the incidence of surgical site infections and cost inefficiency. However, inappropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis administration is still commonly observed in surgical hospitals. A prospective and observational study was carried out in 111 patients at tertiary care hospital in India. Among the 111 study population enrolled in the study, the majority of study populations were males 70.270% and the females were about 29.729%. Among the 111 study populations enrolled in the study, the majority of the subjects belonged to the age group ≥18 years (88%) and followed by 13-17 years (7%) and 1-12 years (4%). Among 111 patients included in the study, the majority of patients were found ulcer (18%) and followed by hernia (12%), appendicitis (9.9%), head injury (4.5%), burn (3.6%), abscess (3.6%), cystitis (2.7%), hemorrhoids (2.7%), cholelithiasis (2.7%), cancer (3.6%), breast infection (1.81%), miscellaneous (4.5%). Among 111 subjects enrolled in the study, the majority of the subjects (74) had surgery (66%) and 37 subjects did not get surgery (33.33%). Among 111 subjects included in the study, the majority of subjects stayed (5-10days) in the hospital for 11 to 31 days. In 78 (70%) cases, there was no drug interaction and only 33 (30%) subjects showed drug interactions at mild to moderate level. In 66 subjects, antibiotics were prescribed in fixed dose combination. In 45 subjects, antibiotic were prescribed by generic name and 35 subjects got antibiotics from both fixed dose combination and generic version. Within 111 subjects, majority of subjects got rational use of antibiotics (85 subjects, 76%) and irrational use of antibiotic found in 26 subjects (23%). This study confirms that the use of antibiotic prophylaxis needs to be continuously focused in surgery department in order to improve rational use of antibiotic prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and cost.
Design and in vivo Evaluation of Gastro-retentive Floating Capsules of Amlodipine Besylate in Healthy Human Volunteers
Authors: D. V. R. N. Bhikshapathi , Shalina Chenna Madipalli , Pulavarthy Vishnu , Medipally Viswaja
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study was to explore the application of Gelucire 43/01 for the design of sustained release gastro retentive drug delivery system of Amlodipine besylate. Gelucire 43/01 has been used in floating sustained release formulations to prolong gastric residence time and increase its bioavailability. Gelucire 43/01 in combination with HPMC and Polyox was used as a release retarding polymer. HPMC of various viscosity grades HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M in combination of Gelucire were tested to obtain optimal total floating time as well as controlled drug release for prolonged period. Melt granulation technique has been used to prepare gastro retentive Amlodipine besylate formulations. All the formulations were evaluated in vitro for their floating ability and drug release. The floating times of all tablet formulations were greater than 12h. HPMC K4M in combination with Gelucire as polymeric matrix enhanced the drug release due to addition of hydrophilic polymer facilitated the swelling and erosion of the tablets. Incorporation of low viscosity polymer HPMC K100 M resulted in optimal floating as well as drug release for longer time. In vivo studies of optimized formulation show floating ability for 6 h in stomach. The results indicate that Gelucire 43/01 in combination with dissolution enhancers HPMC increase the permeability of the wax matrix, which provides improved dissolution thereby bioavailability of Amlodipine besylate and can be considered as a carrier for the development of sustained release floating drug delivery systems.
Design, Optimization and Evaluation of Repaglinide Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery for Enhanced Solubility
Authors: K Mahalaxmi , Ch Sailu
Published: August 2020

The aim of study was to develop self-nanoemulsifying systems of poorly water-soluble drug repaglinide, which is an antidiabetic drug in the class of medications known as meglitinides. Solubility of repaglinide in oily phases and surfactants was determined to identify components of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Surfactants and oil was selected based on solubility studies were further screened for their efficiency in formulation. Acrysol K 150, Kolliphor EL and Capmul MCM were selected as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Formulation F8 was found to be optimized formulation on the basis of in vitro dissolution studies, particle size and zeta potential. The optimized formulation was then subjected to stability studies and was found to be stable after 6 months. Thus, SNEDDS were found to be influential in improving the release performance of repaglinide, indicating their potential to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of repaglinide.
Design and In vivo Evaluation of Palonosetron HCl Mouth Dissolving Films in the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Vomiting
Authors: Rao Y. Srinivasa , Reddy K. Adinarayana
Published: August 2020

Fast dissolving oral delivery systems are solid dosage forms, which disintegrate or dissolve within 1 minute in the mouth without drinking water or chewing. Mouth dissolving film (MDF) is a better alternate to oral disintegrating tablets due to its novelty, ease of use and the consequent patient compliance. The purpose of this work was to develop mouth dissolving oral films of palonosetron HCl, an antiemetic drug especially used in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In the present work, the films were prepared by using solvent casting method with various polymers HPMC E3, E5 & E15 as a film base synthetic polymer, propylene glycol as a plasticizer and maltodextrin and other polymers. Films were found to be satisfactory when evaluated for thickness, in vitro drug release, folding endurance, drug content and disintegration time. The surface pH of all the films was found to be neutral. The in vitro drug release of optimized formulation F29 was found to be 99.55 ± 6.3 7% in 7 min. The optimized formulation F29 also showed satisfactory surface pH, drug content (99.38 ± 0.08 %), disintegration time of 8 seconds and good stability. FTIR data revealed that no interaction takes place between the drug and polymers used in the optimized formulation. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the films confirmed their potential as an innovative dosage form to improve delivery and quick onset of action of Palonosetron Hydrochloride. Therefore, the mouth dissolving film of palonosetron is potentially useful for the treatment of emesis disease where quick onset of action is desired, also improved patient compliance.
Immunomodulatory Effect of “Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy” to Cure or Prevent Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial) Infections due to Clostridium difficile (C. diff), other Pathogenic Bacteria, and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Reddy Malireddy S
Published: August 2020

The worldwide popularity of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy to treat or prevent the hospital acquired infections (nosocomial infections) arose a great interest in the medical community around the world (Reddy and Reddy, 2016; 2017). The following questions were raised on this subject: Does Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics directly inhibit the pathogenic bacteria (C. diff) in the gastrointestinal tract or indirectly through modulation of the host immune system or both? To be more specific, what is the exact and/or hypothetical mechanism at molecular level behind the breakthrough discovery of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy?  To answer these questions, the specific immunomodulation regulatory functions of the individual Probiotic strains (on host) have beenresearched, investigated andoutlined in this article.  A detailed explanation(s) and hypotheses have been proposed outlining the possible cumulativedirect bacteriological and indirect immunomodulatory effects (at the molecular level) of the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics used in Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy to successfully treat C. diff infection.  A detailed scientific and research attempts were made to correlate the Probiotic induced immune activities in relation to the reduction of the symptoms associated with the hospital acquired Clostridium difficile infection during and after the Multiple Mixed Strain Probioitc Therapy.  Results of the clinical trials, microbiological tests on feces, and the clinical blood tests significantly revealed that the reasons for the success of Dr. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy are multifold. Presumably, it is predominantly due to the immunomodulatory effect they have exerted on the host immune system along with the direct inhibition of C. diff bacteria by multiple Probiotics, due to the production of bacteriocins, lactic acid and nutritional competency.In addition, the size of the individual cells of the Probiotic strains in the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics and their significant effect on immunomodulation has been thoroughly discussed. Results clearly proved that if Probiotics are absent in the GI tract during C. diff infection, the chances of patient survival is zero.  This is because of the excess immune stimulation and incurable damage to the epithelial cell barrier of the gastrointestinal tract caused by C. diff bacteria.  The results also revealed, without any doubt, as of to-datethe latest discovery of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy is the best way to cure the deadly hospital acquired infections affecting millions of people around the world, with high degree of mortality.  This has been attested by several practicng medical professionals and scientists around the world (Reddy and Reddy, 2017).
Development and Characterization of Pomegranate-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: C H Vinay , Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed , Goudanavar Prakash , Acharya Ankit Acharya
Published: August 2020

The main objective of the present work was to prepare pomegranate peel extract based nano particles by chemical complexation method. Ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peel were prepared by using Soxhlet apparatus and evaluated for phyto-chemical constituents. Qualitative analysis showed that pomegranate peel extract showed positive results for alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins and terpenoids.The percentage moisture content and pH of the extract was found to be 72% and 3.6 respectively. A zeta potential and particle size of prepared nanoparticles was found in the range of -24.6 to– 34.5 mV and 118.6 nm to 231.7 nm, respectively. These range confirms that obtained particles were in nano range, i.e. <500 nm size. SEM results indicated the formation of nanoparticles and were relatively spherical in shape. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis confirms the presence of AgNPs. Further the study will be extended for anti-microbial and wound healing activities.
Development and Evaluation of Terminalia Arjuna Loaded Phytosome for Bioavailability Enhancement
Authors: Shende Mulchand A , More Minakshi S. , Marathe Rajendra P
Published: August 2020

Present work was aimed to develop and investigate phosphatidylcholinatedphytosome system based on triterpenoid fraction of Terminalia Arjuna (TFTA) for secure and efficient delivery of triterpenoid to enhanced bioavailability. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) a green method with a significant reduction in extraction time and organic solvent consumption has been selected and successful extraction of triterpenoids with good yield. Planterosomes a novel carrier for drug delivery of triterpenoid fraction of Terminalia Arjuna were effectively fabricated with a specified molar ratio of 7:3 of TFTA-PC complex and cholesterol in chloroform: methanol (3:1) by the thin layer film hydration method and examined for particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry study. Formulation of planterosomes showed a narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 381.2 ± 1.82 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of TFTA was 87.94 ± 0.41%. Release study demonstrated prolonged triterpenoid release from phytosomes following higuchi release kinetics with r2 = 0.995. Ex-vivo permeation studies demonstrated the presence of significant absorption of TFTA-PC complex as compared to the TFTA and thereby, the superiority of complex which may be due to the amphiphilic nature of complex which greatly enhance the lipid miscibility of TFTA.  From stability studies it was conclude that drug leakage was not significant at storage condition which suitable for vesicles. Conclusively, TFTA loaded planterosomes might be an efficient carrier for triterpenoids which enhance the absorption triterpenoids across the biological membrane for effective management of curing various diseases.