bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ether
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

On Saturday, 19 December 1846, a London dentist, James Robinson, demonstrated the use of ether for the first time on his side of the Atlantic. The demonstration occurred in the study of Dr. Francis Boott, an American living in London, who had learned of the new drug from friends in Boston. Sponges saturated with ether were placed in a glass vessel attached to an elastic tube and a mouthpiece. Robinson held this apparatus while Miss Lonsdale inhaled the gas and was rendered unconscious. Robinson quickly extracted a firmly fixed molar from her mouth and just as quickly she regained consciousness. The procedure had taken a scant three minutes. The patient had felt no pain and had not even moved a muscle.

On receiving his letters from America, Boott had also notified Robert Liston, professor of surgery at University College Hospital. Liston and his medical student assistant, William Squire, arrived after the dental surgery performed on Miss Lonsdale, and they observed Robinson administer ether with considerably less success to three or four other patients. Liston then consulted Peter Squire, William’s uncle, the queen’s pharmacist, at his shop in Oxford Street. After another unsuccessful trial of ether (from a cloth), Liston had Squire construct an inhaler from part of a Nooth’s apparatus, a device for carbonating water. This apparatus worked better.
Cholera and Metropolitan Water Supply
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

Of All The Conveniences that the modern industrialized world takes for granted, the availability of free-flowing water in every kitchen and bathroom is surely one of the foremost. During Snow’s lifetime few in London were so fortunate. Many continued to haul water from a neighborhood pump, and those who had water piped to their residence frequently received it, albeit with intermittent flow, in cisterns or butts in a courtyard rather than inside. Nevertheless, a water supply directly to one’s house was a much desired commodity in London, and private companies had competed for the opportunity to provide it since the previous century. In 1817, however, this open market was replaced by a regional patchwork of monopolies within which a single company laid pipes. When water rates under this cartel system rose considerably, limited competition was reintroduced in the mid-1830s. In north London the Hampstead and New River water companies were permitted to lay pipes in the same streets and solicit customers. In south London the Lambeth and Kent water companies were given similar access to neighborhoods previously reserved for the South London Water Works. Elsewhere, the monopoly system remained in force.
Further Developments In Anesthesia
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

John Snow May Have Been The First physician to “specialize” in anesthesia. In principle if not always in practice, his approach mandated that anesthesia should be performed by a trained physician exclusively dedicated to its safe administration. A surgeon or dentist operating on a patient had too much to do to take on the responsibility of inducing, monitoring, and reviving the chloroformed or etherized patient. In the 1850s surgeons began performing longer and more complex procedures that could not have been done without anesthetics. Surgery without pain made surgery both more popular and more common. Procedures that were formerly an excruciating last resort—amputations, removal of tumors, abdominal surgery—were now offered and performed routinely and repeatedly. Snow worked frequently with William Fergusson, an early practitioner of conservative surgical interventions (such as excision of joints or removal of dead bone tissue) that would have been impossible without anesthesia. During a span of five Saturdays in the autumn of 1848, Snow gave chloroform four times to one little boy for repeated surgeries on an “un-united fracture” of the humerus requiring resection (CB, 22–26).
Introduction
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

This work deals with the social, cultural, and political modernization and ethnic transformation of the Ottoman state, and the role of Islam and Sultan Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909)—referred to here simply as Abdulhamid—in conditioning and directing that transformation and modernization.
The Harameyin, the Caliphate, and the British Search for an Arab Caliph
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

After 1880 the Hicaz became crucial, both practically and symbolically, to Sultan Abdulhamid’s policy of integrating the Ottoman Muslims into a cohesive community and expanding his religious influence overseas. As the holy sites for the annual Muslim pilgrimage, Mecca and Medina (nineteenth-century neo-Sufism made the latter especially important) both became centers of indoctrination and legitimization of the sultan’s efforts to turn the caliphate into a de jure universal Ottoman Muslim institution. More efficient and less expensive transportation increased the number of pilgrims in the second half of the nineteenth century, while the availability of written information and more advanced education had enhanced the hacis’ intellectual development and political awareness. As a result, Abdulhamid now faced a new generation of politically awakening Muslims.
Ottomanism, Fatherland, and the “Turkishness” of the State
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

In the era of modernization, the sultan and the Ottoman elites made use of both traditional and newly introduced concepts, institutions, and titles in order to recast the multiethnic and multilinguistic traditional Ottoman comity into a relatively homogeneous united political body. Usually referred to as “reform,” this effort was neither undertaken according to a well-defined plan nor carried out by an organization created specifically for the purpose but resulted from the belief that change was better than preserving the status quo. The Tanzimat reforms of 1839–56 created a momentum that led to a great expansion of their initial scope. After 1870, a small but constantly growing number of both modernist and Islamist intellectuals, educated mostly in the modern schools, expanded their interest beyond political institutions to the social, cultural, and philosophical aspects of society. Despite growing dispute about its nature, there was a basic agreement that change was inevitable and would have to include the acceptance of dünyevilik, or the worldly aspect of human and social life. The Hungarian Arminius Vambery, who had followed events in the Ottoman Empire for forty years, claimed that Ottoman society had changed in a very fundamental manner and achieved a high degree of progress toward diversity of thought, lifestyle, and patterns of organization.1 He failed to note that Ottoman change was not a predetermined, unilinear absorption of solely Western concepts but a multidimensional evolution that incorporated values and ideas of the traditional culture and history as well.
Introduction: April 19, 1995
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

This poem has haunted me since I began working in Oklahoma City in the spring of 1997. The powerful images of dark and lonely places and people clawing their way out of them capture well the mood of this book. When I first thought of writing about the bombing, it was in the familiar terms of a biography of memorial processes. Having written about changing interpretations of American battlefields, the making of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the controversy over the ill-fated Enola Gay exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum, I envisioned a book in which I would tell the story of the creation of the Oklahoma City Murrah Federal Building Memorial Task Force-now the Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation -and how it navigated the shoals of contending memorial visions in order to create a public memorial. That fascinating story is a part of this book.
“A Single Chord of Horror”: The Memorial Vocabulary of American Culture
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

Four days after the bombing, on April 23, 1995, a Canadian social worker wrote a note to “Friends” in Oklahoma City: “In the face of this tragedy we are not two or three. WE are twenty million Canadians and two hundred million Americans entwined into a single cord of horror, disbelief and resolve that this will not happen again.
Real People
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The attack came during breakfast. On a high bluff, a scout wheeled his horse in a tight circle while waving a blanket, the signal that an enemy was right on the Nez Perces. Almost immediately, the first cavalrymen were there. They came at a full gallop out of the south, the Bear’s Paw mountains behind them. In the “wild stir” that followed, Yellow Wolf (Hemene Moxmox) and several other warriors sprinted for the horse herd pastured on the far side of the camp from the attack, but soldiers and their Cheyenne scouts were soon there. Women and children, including Yellow Wolf’s mother, were with the horses when the cavalry charged, and he helped send them off to escape to the north, toward Canada— forty miles away. Back in the camp, other warriors stopped the cavalry’s charge, drove back a second attack, and dug in for a defense. It began to snow. After midnight, Yellow Wolf slipped between sentries and joined the besieged camp.
“Conquering by Kindness”
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The Senate took four years to approve the treaty of 1863, and even when government agents took their place among the Nez Perces they at first were almost comically inept. A later investigation found that Idaho’s governor and superintendent of Indian affairs, Caleb Lyon, acted with “an ignorance unparalleled.” He once provided the Nez Perces with forty dozen pairs of elastic garters—but no stockings. In a public dressing-down in 1864, Lawyer said his support of Washington had left him humiliated: “I stand here . . . naked.”
Toward Buffalo Country
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Meanwhile, Howard was camped at the upper end of the Bitterroot valley, three days and a hundred miles behind. On August 6, when he was at some hot springs on the eastern side of Lolo Pass, a courier had arrived with Gibbon’s plan of pursuit and a request that Howard come ahead with cavalry support. Howard told his infantry to hurry along behind him, and during the next three days he and two hundred mounted men covered about seventy-five miles. “We live on hard bread, bacon and occasional potatoes, one wrote.” On the tenth, as Gibbon’s men were dug into their thirsty bench land staving off disaster, Howard cut loose with twenty of his best horses and seventeen Indian scouts and made fully fifty- three miles, camping over the divide at Ross Hole, less than twenty miles from the Big Hole.

That night, seven refugees from the battle stumbled in and reported that Gibbon was barely hanging on. Howard sent word for his cavalry to catch up quickly, then set off before dawn on August 11 to find Gibbon.
“The Best Skirmishers in the World”
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

During the sojourn in Yellowstone, telegraphic dispatches had kept the public informed, and there was a gathering confidence. A Montana editor found the situation “in the highest degree gratifying.” Sherman, “the lion in him roused,” had his quarry boxed into the high country: “We wait now hopefully for news that the Nez Perces have been struck hard and fatally.”
Under the Bear’s Paw
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The Nez Perces were in no hurry to leave Snake Creek on the morning of September 30. During the night, Wottlen (Hair Combed Over Eyes) dreamed of being in this very camp, but now gloomed with battle smoke hanging dark and low and with the creek running red with the blood of his people and of soldiers. He awoke and walked among the sleeping families, then returned to dream again of smoke and blood, this time also with fallen leaves and withered flowers followed by springtime grass, sunshine, and peace. In the morning, he went about the camp call- ing out his dream to the people. Looking Glass scoffed, as he had with Shore Crossing’s and Lone Bird’s premonitions before the attack at the Big Hole. Build fires and give the children plenty of time for breakfast, he told the women. It was after eight o’clock before some families began to bring pack horses in from their pasture on a grassy plateau a few hundred yards to the west. Guards had been posted as usual to the south, but with any pursuers presumably days behind them, they felt no urgency. Some played cards.
Introduction
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

Housing has lost its voice. Not because housing needs have been satisfied. They have not: the 1995 urban housing stock will need to double by 2030 [United Nations, 1998, 97]. Not because housing has become more affordable or easier to acquire, either. It has not: in both richer and poorer countries, housing now requires a larger, not a smaller, share of family incomes, and the very poor are expected to pay a greater share of their incomes for housing, a major cause for homelessness. Housing has simply squandered its voice on defective visions. The slum tenements of the poor were a potent symbol for revolutionaries—the most visible sign of the unjust society they wanted to destroy. The high-rise apartment block was the ultimate vision of modernity, the choice weapon of postwar utopian dreamers who believed they could impose order and design on the chaos and decadence of cities bursting at their seams. Public housing was the battle cry of paternalistic governments vowing to overpower monstrous housing deficits and dedicating themselves to providing decent housing for all those in need. For a while, sites-and-services mimicking the housing process of the poor were the rage at the World Bank, that, while committed to the development of housing markets unencumbered by government intervention, lent money to governments-and only to governments-for”public” projects. And now, atthe start of the new millennium, with the cooling of revolutionary fervor, the disillusion with urban utopias, the shrinking of government ambitions, and the miserable performance of a great number of projects, housing visions have been blurred and tired housing voices have fallen silent. Exasperated housing advocates have deserted the field in droves in search of more fashionable development alternatives, and reborn urban planners have found a new mission in the commitment to protect nature from the assaults of housing. And good riddance.
The Enabling Approach to Governing Housing
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

In the absence of a clear and accepted definition of what constitutes housing policy and who attends to it, we can only speak of the housing policy environment-the setof policies or government interventions that motivate, enable, and constrain housing action. We define the housing policy environment as follows: The housing policy environment is the set of government interventions that have a critical and measurable effect on the performance of the housing sector.
Housing Policy and the City
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

There is no question that municipalities and local governments play a key role in the formulation and execution of housing policy, but this role is often glossed over or rendered invisible in the now-common perception-both in the housing literature and among policy-makers-that housing policy is a national concern and a national prerogative. This perception has been dominant in international forums, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, which, since their creation in the mid-twentieth century, have been held hostage by nation-states insisting on being the sole source of legitimate authority over their internal affairs, housing being one of them. In turn, the World Bank’s insistence on central-government guarantees of all its loans further reinforced this perception.
The Property Rights Regime
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The establishment of a regime of individual property rights in land and housing is the cornerstone of an enabling housing policy regime. The formal and informal rules governing property acquisition, sale, development, and use are of critical importance in creating predictable, vibrant, and efficient housing markets; adherence to these rules is what makes these markets work. In the absence of such rules, housing development is subjectto the whims of unpredictable political intervention. And intervention by decree, as we shall see, usually impedes and constrains housing sector performance.
The Housing Finance Regime
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The mortgage, which uses the house as collateral for fully securing a long-term loan, is an invention that has transformed housing beyond recognition, much as the internal combustion engine has transformed transportation. It originated with the self-help” terminating” building clubs in eighteenth century England,1 where participants pooled their savings to finance the house building of individual members. As the clubs grew and matured, they were gradually displaced by the more impersonal building societies, which could no longer rely on peer pressure to enforce compliance and needed the mortgage contract as a way of reducing lender’s risk. The growth of building societies provided increased financial resources for building complete houses and enabled borrowers to pay for houses over a long period of time. Housing producers could now operate with improved cash flow. As transactions grew in volume, the courts were called upon to enforce and secure these transactions through the legal sanction of foreclosure in the case of default. Governments acted to support the development of mortgage markets by promoting the establishment of financial institutions, by regulating them, by guaranteeing and insuring mortgages, and by providing numerous subsidies to home owners. Mortgage instruments were further modified to withstand inflation and financial liberalization, and secondary mortgage markets were created to increase the flow of long-term funds to the housing sector. As a further refinement, a new generation of policies to remove discrimination and other inequities created by the home mortgage system were adopted, directing mortgage credit to lower-income families. In a broad perspective, the evolution of housing finance can be viewed as an interplay of complementary and mutually supportive actions of the private sector and the public sector.
Residential Infrastructure
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

Discussions of urban infrastructure do not generally look at it from the perspective of the housing sector, even though the housing sector is the primary consumer of infrastructure services. In industrialized countries, residential buildings typically constitute more than half of all non-infrastructure investment in con shuction, and occupies more than half of all developed urban land not in use for roads and highways. The efficient and equitable provision of residential infrastructure is, without doubt, an essential component of an enabling housing policy environment. In other words, the housing sector cannot function at an adequate, let alone optimal, level unless it is supported by an adequate supply of infrastructure services. Conversely, as we shall see, infrastructure services cannot be optimally produced and paid for if their symbiotic relations with the housing sector are ignored.
The Economic, Social, and Political Context
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

Part III of this book focuses on two questions of critical importance to the conduct of policies that rely on enabling housing markets to work: (a) how do we monitor housing market performance? and (b) how do we account for variations in housing market conditions and outcomes among cities and countries? This chapter initiates this discussion by examining the economic, social, and political context of the housing sector, with a view to identifying the elements of this context that are expected to havea direct bearing on housing market performance. Recall the conceptual model of the housing sector discussed in chapter 6: these contextual factors may influence housing market performance either indirectly (through their effects on the housing policy environment or on housing market conditions), or directly (as household income, for example, as an element of the context, affects the quantity or quality of housing on the market). Since our key emphasis here is on monitoring and modeling the sector, we shall pay special attention to those elements of the context that are measurable-and indeed have been measured-ignoring or mentioning only in passing factors that at present cannot be properly measured. Such concerns as, for example, the environmental orientation of the political party in power, the balance of power between suburbs and central cities, the distribution of authority among branches of government, the strength of nongovernmentalorganizations, the prevalence of mutual aid and cooperative traditions, the existence of corrupt bidding practices in the construction sector, religious and supernatural beliefs affecting the form of houses, and government suppression or encouragement of squatter movements have been largely excluded from the analysis in this partof the book. This should not imply, however, that these concerns are less significant than those factors that are measurable. The numbers we usedo tell a good story, even a comprehensive one, as we shall see, but not the whole story.
House Prices, Rents, and Affordability
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The housing problem can be characterized as the presence of a large number of urban families living in what society-at-large considers to be unacceptable housing conditions. The problem, posed this way, necessarily focuses on bad housing conditions. When bad housing is plentiful, however, it enables poor families to spend less on housing. When there are many poor families that can only afford bad housing, housing conditions simply reflect poverty-poor people cannot afford to house themselves at standards acceptable to” society-at-large.” Surely, when economies develop and people come out of poverty, they either invest in the improvement of their existing houses or move away from slums and into better housing. Economic growth and the distribution of the benefits of growth can therefore be expected to lead to a better housing stock, and to provide a partial solution to the housing problem. Bad housing then gradually gives way to better housing. If, however, bad housing is destroyed faster than warranted and is no longer plentiful, the quality of the housing stock improves but poor families face a shortage of affordable housing and need to spend a larger portion of their meager incomes on shelter. The housing problem then becomes an affordability problem. The lack of affordability is a no less severe problem than bad housing, but a less visible one. Bad housing is a visible sign of poverty. Families that spend more than half their incomes on housing are not.
Dwelling Units and Living Space
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The most basic perception of the adequacy of housing is that there be an adequate number of dwellings to house the entire population. This perception is rather simplistic, of course, because it does not contain any information about adequacy in terms of quality, crowding, affordability, location, or tenure choice. Whitehead [1991], for example, remarked that when the Conservative government came to power in the United Kingdom in 1979, “[I]t rejected this wider approach to evaluating housing need. In evidence to the Select Committee on Environment, the Secretary of State started by stressing the ‘largest crude surplus of houses over households that we have ever had in this country’ (House of Commons, 1981) as justification for cutting the amount of public resources allocated to housing” [879]. Crude measures are often advanced in support of crude policies. Still, precisely because such measures are often used in policy discussions, they merit a more detailed analysis.
The Value of Housing
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The estimated median monetary value of a country’s urban housing stock in1990 was of the order of 1.4 times its gross national product (GNP). The estimated total value of the urban housing stock in the world was of the order of $50 trillion, roughly 2.25 times the gross product of the world at that time,1 and this great wealth was largely in the hands of home-owning families. The irreversible evolution of universal urban home ownership has resulted in the transfer of both wealth and power from the ruling classes to the masses. Contrary to the now-discredited Marxist view that the ownership of the means of production should be vested in the state, houses-the means of production of housing services—are now universally vested in the hands of the people in a form a of highly decentralized capitalism that could not be imagined before. And there is no doubt that this has limited, rather than strengthened, the hand of the state vis-a-vis the individual in the conduct of urban policy (for better or for worse).
Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

The history and examination of patients suspected of having brain disease are not standard. They vary from patient to patient depending on the presenting complaint. If every function that could be assessed were examined in every patient, each evaluation would require at least a full day. Testing all sensory modalities, including olfaction, hearing, vision, taste, and somatosensory functions as well as the interpretation of and memory of sensory stimuli, speech, numerical calculation, cerebellar function, and each cranial nerve might be excessive in a young woman with many years of typical migraine headaches, for example.

The history, appearance, and behavior of the patient indicate which functions are appropriate to test. Patients with disorders of behavior and thought must have a thorough examination of the functions that are mediated in the cerebral hemispheres.
How Is Osteoarthritis Diagnosed?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

“My doctor says I have osteoarthritis:’ a patient tells her friend. “How do you know?” is the reply. Since there are no diagnostic blood or urine tests for the disorder, the label osteoarthritis all too often seems to be one of exclusion, once other possibilities have been considered. In fact, osteoarthritis is so prevalent that it often coexists with many other musculoskeletal disorders. So how can we tell you have osteoarthritis? BLOOD TESTS There are a wide variety of arthritis blood tests physicians can order. These determinations can suggest if something is wrong with the musculoskeletal system. Let’s start with the blood evaluations that primary care physicians routinely order at a check-up. A low red blood count, or anemia, might indicate a chronic inflammatory process such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Low white blood cell or platelet counts are also seen in patients with autoimmune disorders.
Prologue: A New Economic Interpretation
Authors: Mcguire Robert A
Published: October 2023

It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.
Colocalization of Multiple Neurochemicals in Mammalian lntrathoracic Neurons
Authors: Horackova Magda
Published: October 2023

The electrical and contractile properties of the heart are regulated to a great degree by mechanisms intrinsic to cardiomyocytes themselves. In addition to these intrinsic properties, cardiac myocyte contractile behavior is modulated by neurons within and outside the heart5 that are constantly transducing sensory inputs from various cardiac regions.5A2 While many physiological studies have been carried out to determine the role of extrinsic cardiac neurons in the control of the heart, much less is known about the capacity of intrinsic cardiac neurons to regulate regional cardiac function. Recent evidence indicates that intrinsic cardiac neurons receive inputs not only from neurons extrinsic to the heart but also directly or indirectly from local afferent neurons (Chapter 3), so that they may act as integrative centers mediating local reflexes (Chapter 4).
Epilogue: Relevance of the Cardiac Neuronal Hierarchy in Heart Disease
Authors: Ardell Jeffrey L , Dell’italia Lours J , Armour J Andrew
Published: October 2023

The overriding hypothesis of this book is that autonomic neuronal markers for the progression of cardiac disease and the risk of sudden cardiac death are complex, manifest early in the disease process, and are under­ appreciated given our current indirect methods of neurocardiac assessment. Furthermore, the genesis of autonomic dysfunction may depend on inherent rather than acquired factors that are subtle and presumably involve multiple facets of the cardiac neuronal hierarchy. Evidence based on data derived from single cells studied in vitro (Chapter 1), neuronmyocyte interactive cocultures (Chapter 2), whole animals (Chapters 3-12), and patients (Chapters 10-14) centers around the concept of the synergistic, multilevel neural interactions involved in cardiac control. Specifically, these studies have resulted in the evolving hypothesis that the cardiac chemical/mechanical milieu is transduced and reflexly modulated not only by the central nervous system but also by intrathoracic components of the cardiac neuronal hierarchy, including those of the paravertebral chain and those intrinsic to the heart. Previously, cardiac function was considered to be controlled solely by the central nervous system and involve cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons acting in a reciprocal manner.
Aphra Behn’s The Widow Ranter
Authors: Hutner Heidi
Published: October 2023

I began this study with Shakespeare’s The Tempest, quite possibly the most pivotal literary text in critical studies of colonial discourse in the early modern period. This chapter comes full circle, then, in that I conclude by examining Aphra Behn’s dramatization of colonization. I would argue that just as The Tempest functions as a central text in Renaissance colonial discourse, so too Behn’s Oroonoko and Widow Ranter operate as crucial points of analysis for race and gender studies of the Restoration and early eighteenth century. Ever growing numbers of critics examine the novel, and many inexpensive versions of the work are available to the public.’ Oroonoko has entered the canon with a vengeance. Indeed, as Srivinas Aravamudan writes, “recent critical attention [to Oroonoko] borders on the obsessional. “2 While the novel is immensely popular, Behn’s important colonial play has been comparatively overlooked. With the exception of two fine recent essays on The Widow Ranter by Margaret Ferguson and Margo Hendricks, and brief discussions of the play by Joseph Roach, Jacqueline Pearson, and Janet Todd, the play has gone unnoticed.3 In this chapter, I will look closely at Behn’s Widow Ranter (ca.1688-1689), and I will point to crucial aspects of Oroonoko (1688) which surface in the play. Before examining The Widow Ranter, however, I will situate the play in the context of the history of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, and the Exclusion Crisis and fall of the Stuart throne in 1688.
An Arch between Two Lives: Melville and the Mediterranean, 1856-57
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

Perhaps nothing is more remarkable in Melville’s remarkable career than that an intellectual and imaginative life lived intensely and, as it seemed, leading to a literary and philosophical cul-de-sac should have had its creative sequel, its “afterlife,” to use John Updike’s resonant term. The gate way between Melville’s lives was the trip he took to Europe and the Levant in 1856-57, a journey funded by his father-in-law, Judge Shaw, in response to family concern over physical and psychological ailments that seemed to threaten outright collapse. The Mediterranean had fascinated Melville as early as 1849, when, having barely set foot in England on a journey nominally to arrange for the English publication of White-Jacket,he sketched a plan for traveling across Europe for the Levant. “I am full (just now) of this glorious Easternjaunt. Think of it! -Jerusalem & the Pyramids-Constantinople, the Egean, & old Athens!” (J7). A light purse and “the cursed state of the copyright” (J20) put an end to his daydream, and when he returned to England en route to the Holy Land seven years and five books later, he was an altered man. Meeting him in Liverpool, Hawthorne, now consul there, found him “much overshadowed since I saw him last,” as well he might be, having lost his novelistic audience in Pierreand written himself into a labyrinth of skepticism in The Confidence-Man.“He said that he already felt much better than in America,” Hawthorne reported, “but observed that he did not anticipate much pleasure in his rambles, for that the spirit of adventure is gone out of him.”
Introduction
Authors: Woollacott Angela
Published: October 2023

Louise Mack, a poet and writer from Sydney, included this romantic passage in her fictionalized travelogue, An Australian Girl in London, written and published in London in 1902, to explain what being in that city meant to her. She was one of tens of thousands of Australian women who were drawn to and resided in their imperial metropolis between 1870 and 1940. Mack’s evocation of how at least she felt her colonialness, and the ways in which to her the metropolis represented the arts and urban opportunity, suggests the links between the attraction of the imperial metropolis, gender, whiteness, colonial status, and modernity that are at the heart of this book.
The Contraction of International Lending
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

It would have been useful for my argument to measure expansions and contractions in global liquidity conditions in some objective way and to correlate these directly with expansions and contractions in international lending. The difficulty in doing so is that monetary expansion is a dynamic process, and it is extremely difficult to point to a single variable or group of variables that identify the expansion in each of the different cases. Liquidity is a complex enough concept, that there is no easy way to quantify it, and liquidity expansions can come about in many forms. I have identified in my 180-year history and discussed in this book a variety of ways they can occur, such as direct expansions of gold reserves, the sudden rapid creation of banks and joint stock holding companies, large money transfers and recyclings, the creation of large, actively traded bond issues, securitization of real estate, etcetera. For this reason I have tried to list the expansionary events associated with each of the lending cycles.
Conclusion: The New Financial Architecture
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

The story by now is well known in academic lore. A famous academic, one of the world ‘s leading proponents of deregulation and free markets, is invited to come to Chile following a period of difficult economic conditions and political conflict. He and his follower propose a series of measures to open up the economy, which include reducing banking restrictions, freeing up the allocation of credit, eliminating trade tariffs, and deregulating the local economy.
Germanic Mythology
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

The term Germanic mythology refers to the gods and heroes of European peoples that include Germans, Scandinavians, and Anglo-Saxons. These are people whose languages—one of which would evolve into Old English and then, with other influences, into Middle and Modern English—derive from the same Indo-European branch. Terms commonly applied to the most northern of the Germanic peoples are Norse and, during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, Viking. Germanic mythology has a certain unity of theme and narrative but reflects the conditions of several cultures “contaminated” in various degrees by surrounding realities. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf in Old English contains elements of Germanic mythology, as do the later German epic the Nibelungenlied, the Scandinavian Volsunga Saga, and especially the Eddas of Iceland. But all these works bear the marks and influences of the Christian era in which they took literary form.
European Deities and Creation Myths
Authors: Leeming David
Published: October 2023

The concepts of divinity and creation are pervasive in the human psyche. In Europe, as in every other section of the world, divinity has taken many forms. Indications of a great mother creatrix are evident, especially in the cave paintings of the European Paleolithic period and in the archeology of the Neolithic period. There are numerous examples of sovereign gods, warrior gods, thunder gods, fertility gods, and trickster gods. Images of godhead reflect people’s sense of the nature of the universe, of life in general, and of particular cultural experience. For some, gods have been a literal presence; for others, gods have been metaphors for vague understandings of the mysteries of the universe and the psyche. Perhaps most importantly, humans have needed divinity to make sense of where we came from and of who and what we are. Both as a species and as cultures it is difficult to conceive of mere chance existence. We crave identity. As the one species blessed or cursed by the sense of plot— of beginnings, middles, and ends—we are driven to tell the essential story of where we came from and why. So we have gods who created us. And our images of creation say a great deal about who we are.
I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

round dusk on a day in November of the year 1812, following the Calle de Compostela heading northward from the city was a calash drawn by a pair of mules, on one of which, as was the custom, the black calash driver was mounted. The driver’s attire, the harnesses of the mules, and the solid silver ornaments made it plain to see that the person to whom such luxurious equipment belonged was rich. The curtain or cloth hood hung from studs, not only in front, but also on one side and half of the other, fastened down by a strip of calfskin. Whoever it was inside the carriage at that time, there is no denying that he or she had an interest in remaining incognito, although the precaution seemed unnecessary, inasmuch as there was not a living soul out on the streets, nor was there any light visible other than that of the stars or the artificial light from a few houses as it escaped through the wide slits in the closed doors.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

After making the rounds of the ballroom, Cantalapiedra burst into the bedroom of the mistress of the house and put his hands over her eyes just as she was bending over the bed to place on it the shawl of one of her friends who had just come in from the street. The aforementioned mistress of the house, Mercedes Ayala, was a gay, high-spirited mulatto, despite her being a little over 30; plump, short, and not bad-looking.
V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The discreet reader will already have realized that the Little Bronze Virgin of the preceding pages was none other than Cecilia Valdés, that same young vagabond whom we endeavored to introduce at the beginning of this true story. Hence by this time she had reached the flower of her youth and of her beauty and was beginning to collect the idolatrous tributes that a sensual and depraved people always generously offers those two deities. When the reader remembers Cecilia’s careless upbringing and adds to this the indecent flirtatious advances to which men subjected her, along with the fact that she belonged to a mixed, inferior race, he or she will conceive more or less of an idea of her pride and vanity, the driving forces of her imperious temperament.
X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

We were saying that all the students of the law of the land imitated the example of their professor and rose to their feet. But even though presumably anxious to leave the classroom, they remained in their respective places until he had come down from his chair and made for the door, his head lowered and his textbook under his arm; they then filed out behind him in two columns, in respectful silence.The few who accompanied him to the door of his cell, at the far end of the covered walkway, were the seminarians, students at the college, who could be distinguished by the ankle-length brown serge robe they were wearing that made them look like altar boys; it was certain, however, that none of them would pursue a career in the Church.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Nemesia reached the door of her house just as her beloved brother José Dolores was leaving it, with his clarinet in its case underneath his arm and a roll of music scores in his hand. As was his habit, he was walking along with his head down, lost in thought. For this reason and because the street was very dark, with no light inside the house either, their paths almost crossed without either of them recognizing the other, despite their proximity. Just like that, she recognized him first, barred his way, and asked him a question by repeating a few words of a song that at the time was as popular as it was a bit risqué:“ ‘Where are you going with that cat on such a dark night?’ ““What!” José Dolores exclaimed in surprise.
V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

As can be imagined, at nine o’clock on the morning of the day after the ball at the Philharmonic, everyone in the Gamboa household was sleeping, with two exceptions. We are speaking here of the world of the masters, among whose number the eight or nine servants of the family were not included, for once day had dawned they had to be up and about, fulfilling their daily tasks, no matter how they had spent the night.
V I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Turn your eyes toward the Plaza de Armas, toward the east, that is, as everyone knows, and look at the facade of the palace of the Captaincy General of Cuba.The entrance is vast, a sort of foyer, with rooms on both sides, whose doors open onto the foyer; the one on the left is for the officer of the guard, and the one on the right serves as quarters for the detachment of guards. The soldiers’ rifles were standing in their rack, as the sentry, with his rifle across his arm, paced back and forth in front of the door.
X I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

It was bright daylight and the sun quite hot when SeÑa Josefa returned to her little house on the Calle del Aguacate. Apparently no creature there had budged, save for the hen with her chicks, who were searching about for the way out to the yard through the lintel and doorframe. The old woman’s first concern was to see whether her granddaughter was asleep in the high bed; and satisfied that she was sleeping peacefully, she took off her sackcloth shawl, undid her leather belt and collapsed in the armchair, thereby dislodging the cat, which on hearing his mistress entering, was stretching, opening its mouth wide, and showing its red tongue and sharp teeth.
X I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

In the era of which we have been speaking, a professional dentist was a rara avis in Havana. Following that Castilian saying that teaches: “If a molar hurts, have it pulled out,” the occupation or art of dentistry was practiced, for the most part, by barbers in the towns, and in the country by surgeons who, armed with powerful iron forceps, did not leave a tooth or a molar alive.There were also toothpullers who were interlopers or enthusiasts. Among them, one by the name of Fiayo had become famous for the dexterity and skill with which he painlessly yanked these appendages for mastication out by the roots and waved them in the air. His fame and popularity, however, came from the fact, first, that he used no sort of surgical instrument of any sort; and second, that he took no money for his magic dental operations.
X I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The strange conduct and the ironic phrases of his beloved wife alarmed Don Cándido Gamboa. She had never used such sarcastic language. On the contrary, in her fits of jealousy she had always erred on the side of being overly frank and forthright. What new information had she discovered? Where had she been that morning to have brought about such a change in her?It did not accord with Don Cándido’s character, nor with his ideas of honor and dignity, to ask his wife for an explanation of the mystery, much less his children, with whom he seldom spoke, and less still the servants, one or another of whom knew more family secrets than was advisable for peace and happiness within the home. Worldly and astute, he
X V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

In the life of every man guilty of a grave misdeed there comes a time when repentance is the obligatory tribute that must be paid to his alarmed conscience; yet mending his ways, since that is subject to other laws and dependent upon external circumstances, is not always within the power of human will to achieve. For guilt shares this characteristic with certain stains: the more they are washed away, the more clearly the face beneath can be seen.
I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The wound that Dionisio Jaruco or Gamboa received in the knife fight with the musician José Dolores Pimienta did not prove to be inevitably fatal. The blow was not delivered with the end of the knife but with the edge, and although the weapon separated the muscles of the left side of his chest diagonally, at the height of the nipple, it did not injure any delicate bodily part in its long trajectory. Hence, even though he fell to the ground on his back, it was not in fact because the wound deprived him of all his strength. He stumbled over a paving stone as he dodged the blow, and what laid him low was fear and his loss of blood.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The moment to carry out the plan conceived by Don Cándido before he went off to the country had unexpectedly arrived.The death of SeÑa Josefa had thrown Cecilia into the arms of Leonardo, who, his father knew, was not so guileless or so virtuous as to allow this opportunity to take her as his mistress to go by, on the pretext that he was protecting her.Don Cándido looked upon this event as bordering on a catastrophe; the only way of avoiding it, to his way of thinking, was to remove Cecilia from Leonardo’s sight and keep her from having any dealings with him, even if in order to do so it would be necessary to use force. But it occurred to him that perhaps he could accomplish the same thing without any commotion and without being held responsible so long as it was given the appearance of being legal. Motivated by this felicitous idea, he decided to consult the attorney and deputy magistrate Don Fernando O’Reilly, a friend and former classmate of Leonardo’s, with whom he was on quite friendly terms.