bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exclusive image guided IMRT vs. radical prostatectomy followed by postoperative IMRT for localized prostate cancer: a matched-pair analysis based on risk-groups
Authors: Azelie Caroline , Gauthier Mélanie , Mirjolet Céline , Cormier Luc , Martin Etienne , Peignaux-Casasnovas Karine , Truc Gilles , Chamois Jérôme , Maingon Philippe , Créhange Gilles
Published: September 2012

Background

To investigate whether patients treated for a localized prostate cancer (PCa) require a radical prostatectomy followed by postoperative radiotherapy or exclusive radiotherapy, in the modern era of image guided IMRT.

Methods

178 patients with PCa were referred for daily exclusive image guided IMRT (IG-IMRT) using an on-line 3D ultra-sound based system and 69 patients were referred for postoperative IMRT without image guidance after radical prostatectomy (RP + IMRT). Patients were matched in a 1:1 ratio according to their baseline risk group before any treatment. Late toxicity was scored using the CTV v3.0 scale. Biochemical failure was defined as a postoperative PSA ≤ 0.1 ng/mL followed by 1 consecutive rising PSA for the postoperative group of patients and by the Phoenix definition (nadir + 2 ng/mL) for the group of patients treated with exclusive radiotherapy.

Results

A total of 98 patients were matched (49:49). From the start of any treatment, the median follow-up was 56.6 months (CI 95% = [49.6-61.2], range [18.2-115.1]). No patient had late gastrointestinal grade ≥ 2 toxicity in the IG-IMRT group vs. 4% in the RP + IMRT group. Forty two percent of the patients in both groups had late grade ≥ 2 genitourinary toxicity. The 5-year FFF rates in the IG-IMRT group and in the RP + IMRT groups were 93.1% [80.0-97.8] and 76.5% [58.3-87.5], respectively (p = 0.031).

Conclusions

Patients with a localized PCa treated with IG-IMRT had better oncological outcome than patients treated with RP + IMRT. Further improvements in postoperative IMRT using image guidance and dose escalation are urgently needed.
Whole blood transcriptome correlates with treatment response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Zaatar Adel M , Lim Chun Ren , Bong Chin Wei , Lee Michelle Mei Lin , Ooi Jian Jiek , Suria David , Raman Rakesh , Chao Samuel , Yang Hengxuan , Neoh Soon Bin , Liew Choong-Chin
Published: September 2012

Background

Treatment protocols for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) developed in the past decade have significantly improved patient survival. In most NPC patients, however, the disease is diagnosed at late stages, and for some patients treatment response is less than optimal. This investigation has two aims: to identify a blood-based gene-expression signature that differentiates NPC from other medical conditions and from controls and to identify a biomarker signature that correlates with NPC treatment response.

Methods

RNA was isolated from peripheral whole blood samples (2 x 10 ml) collected from NPC patients/controls (EDTA vacutainer). Gene expression patterns from 99 samples (66 NPC; 33 controls) were assessed using the Affymetrix array. We also collected expression data from 447 patients with other cancers (201 patients) and non-cancer conditions (246 patients). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to obtain biomarker signatures differentiating NPC samples from controls and other diseases. Differences were also analysed within a subset (n = 28) of a pre-intervention case cohort of patients whom we followed post-treatment.

Results

A blood-based gene expression signature composed of three genes — LDLRAP1, PHF20, and LUC7L3 — is able to differentiate NPC from various other diseases and from unaffected controls with significant accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of over 0·90). By subdividing our NPC cohort according to the degree of patient response to treatment we have been able to identify a blood gene signature that may be able to guide the selection of treatment.

Conclusion

We have identified a blood-based gene signature that accurately distinguished NPC patients from controls and from patients with other diseases. The genes in the signature, LDLRAP1, PHF20, and LUC7L3, are known to be involved in carcinoma of the head and neck, tumour-associated antigens, and/or cellular signalling. We have also identified blood-based biomarkers that are (potentially) able to predict those patients who are more likely to respond to treatment for NPC. These findings have significant clinical implications for optimizing NPC therapy.
Correlations between psychological tests and physiological responses during fear conditioning and renewal
Authors: Martínez Karen G , Castro-Couch Melissa , Franco-Chaves José A , Ojeda-Arce Brenda , Segura Gustavo , Milad Mohammed R , Quirk Gregory J
Published: September 2012

Background

Anxiety disorders are characterized by specific emotions, thoughts and physiological responses. Little is known, however, about the relationship between psychological/personality indices of anxiety responses to fear stimuli.

Methods

We studied this relationship in healthy subjects by comparing scores on psychological and personality questionnaires with results of an experimental fear conditioning paradigm using a visual conditioned stimulus (CS). We measured skin conductance response (SCR) during habituation, conditioning, and extinction; subsequently testing for recall and renewal of fear 24 hours later.

Results

We found that multiple regression models explained 45% of the variance during conditioning to the CS+, and 24% of the variance during renewal of fear to the CS+. Factors that explained conditioning included lower levels of conscientiousness, increased baseline reactivity (SCL), and response to the shock (UCR). Low levels of extraversion correlated with greater renewal. No model could be found to explain extinction learning or extinction recall to the CS+.

Conclusions

The lack of correlation of fear extinction with personality and neuropsychological indices suggests that extinction may be less determined by trait variables and cognitive state, and may depend more on the subject’s current emotional state. The negative correlation between fear renewal and extraversion suggests that this personality characteristic may protect against post-treatment relapse of symptoms of anxiety disorders.
An average-derivative optimal scheme for frequency-domain scalar wave equation
Authors: Chen Jing-Bo
Published: September 2012

Forward modeling is an important foundation of full-waveform inversion. The rotated optimal nine-point scheme is an efficient algorithm for frequency-domain 2D scalar wave equation simulation, but this scheme fails when directional sampling intervals are different. To overcome the restriction on directional sampling intervals of the rotated optimal nine-point scheme, I introduce a new finite-difference algorithm. Based on an average-derivative technique, this new algorithm uses a nine-point operator to approximate spatial derivatives and mass acceleration term. The coefficients can be determined by minimizing phase-velocity dispersion errors. The resulting nine-point optimal scheme applies to equal and unequal directional sampling intervals, and can be regarded a generalization of the rotated optimal nine-point scheme. Compared to the classical five-point scheme, the number of grid points per smallest wavelength is reduced from 13 to less than four by this new nine-point optimal scheme for equal and unequal directional sampling intervals. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the theoretical analysis. The average-derivative algorithm is also extended to a 2D viscous scalar wave equation and a 3D scalar wave equation.
Efficient and accurate modeling of ocean bottom seismometer data using reciprocity
Authors: Moghaddam Peyman Poor , Libak Audun , Keers Henk , Mjelde Rolf
Published: September 2012

Seismic experiments in which the number of sources is considerably larger than the number of receivers occur regularly. An important example is the collection of crustal scale seismic data using ocean bottom seismometers and marine sources. We describe a method to accurately and efficiently compute synthetic seismograms for such experiments by using finite differences and reciprocity. We show numerically how to decompose an explosive source into its equivalent body force components using the staggered-grid finite-difference technique with a fourth-order approximation for the spatial derivative and a second-order approximation for the temporal derivative. This decomposition results in a source configuration where the equivalent body forces are defined in 12 points around the point where the ex-plosive source is applied. We then use the derived equivalent body forces for the explosive source and seismic reciprocity theorems to convert the common receiver gather to a common shot gather. The method is tested on a structurally complex elastic model of the crust and the results show that it is accurate within floating point precision. The synthetic data are compared to data from a real ocean bottom seismometer experiment conducted across a continent-ocean transition zone. A good fit in terms of traveltime is observed for many of the prominent seismic phases. The amplitude fit of these arrivals is not always as good as the traveltime fit. This indicates that full-waveform modeling of such data can provide useful information about the subsurface that cannot be obtained from traveltime modeling. If enough data are available, the modeling method can be used in full-waveform inversion.
Socioeconomic and Physician Supply Determinants of Racial Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Soneji Samir , Armstrong Katrina , Asch David A.
Published: September 2012

Whether the United States is able to equitably meet future demand for colorectal cancer screening may depend on access, physician supply, and organization of the health care system.
Warren Samuels: A Personal Reminiscence
Authors: Medema Steven G.
Published: September 2012

The author offers a personal reminiscence of Warren Samuels, a noted historian of economics who died in 2011.
An Appreciation of Selig Perlman‘s A Theory of the Labor Movement
Authors: Kapuria-Foreman Vibha , McCann Charles R.
Published: September 2012

The Wisconsin school of labor history and labor economics rose and fell within a particular historical context. While Richard T. Ely studied labor union movements in pursuit of furthering social progress, others, such as John R. Commons and Selig Perlman, desired to understand the social constitution of these movements. Perlman played a pivotal role by developing a theory of the labor movement. This theory, while having had a significant impact on the development of labor history, had relatively less impact on the development of labor economics.
Multiplicative properties of Quinn spectra
Authors: Laures Gerd , McClure James E.
Published: September 2012

We give a simple sufficient condition for Quinn's “bordism-type spectra” to
be weakly equivalent to strictly associative ring spectra. We also show that
Poincaré bordism and symmetric L-theory are naturally weakly equivalent to
monoidal functors. Part of the proof of these statements involves showing
that Quinn's functor from bordism-type theories to spectra lifts to the
category of symmetric spectra. We also give a new account of the foundations.
Weyl groups for non-classical restricted Lie algebras and the Chevalley Restriction Theorem
Authors: Bois Jean-Marie , Farnsteiner Rolf , Shu Bin
Published: September 2012

Let

(
𝔤
,
[
p
]
)

$(\mathfrak {g},[p])$

be a finite-dimensional restricted Lie algebra, defined over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p > 0. The scheme of tori of maximal dimension of 𝔤 gives rise to a finite group S(𝔤) that coincides with the Weyl group of 𝔤 in case 𝔤 is a Lie algebra of classical type. In this paper, we compute the group S(𝔤) for Lie algebras of Cartan type and provide applications concerning weight space decompositions, the existence of generic tori and polynomial invariants.
Probing the chemical and surface chemical modification of vessel cell walls during bleaching of eucalyptus pulp
Authors: Orblin Elina , Lindström Nina , Fardim Pedro
Published: September 2012

Eucalyptus pulp is increasingly used for the manufacture of printing papers. However, its major drawback, the vessel picking, is still waiting for a solution. The detailed features and the characteristic behaviour of vessel elements (VEs) in pulp and paper processes are poorly understood. This study focusses on the chemistry, surface chemistry and morphology of eucalyptus VEs. These properties were followed through the changes introduced by different stages of elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching, by studying separated VEs. Microprobe X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (μ-XPS) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied to elucidate the surface chemical composition and morphological ultrastructure, respectively. The bulk chemical composition was investigated among others by Py-GC/MS. Lignin was detected in vessels still after completed bleaching sequence, whereas the fibres were lignin-free. The vessel lignin was mainly composed by syringyl-type units. Surface coverage by lignin and amount of surface anionic groups were practically unaffected by bleaching. The vessel cell wall structure was observed to be layered in a complex way with no particular orientation of cellulose fibrils, and the different layers seemed to be exfoliated during different bleaching stages.
Diversity, abundance, and sex-specific expression of chemosensory proteins in the reproductive organs of the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis
Authors: Zhou Xian-Hong , Ban Li-Ping , Iovinella Immacolata , Zhao Li-Jing , Gao Qian , Felicioli Antonio , Sagona Simona , Pieraccini Giuseppe , Pelosi Paolo , Zhang Long , Dani Francesca Romana
Published: September 2012

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are small soluble proteins often associated with chemosensory organs in insects but include members involved in other functions, such as pheromone delivery and development. Although the CSPs of the sensory organs have been extensively studied, little is known on their functions in other parts of the body. A first screening of the available databases has identified 70 sequences encoding CSPs in the oriental locust Locusta migratoria manilensis. Applying proteomic analysis, we have identified 17 of them abundantly expressed in the female reproductive organs, but only one (CSP91) in male organs. Bacterially expressed CSP91 binds fatty acids with a specificity for oleic and linoleic acid, as well as medium-length alcohols and esters. The same acids have been detected as the main gas chromatographic peaks in the dichloromethane extracts of reproductive organs of both sexes. The abundance and the number of CSPs in female reproductive organs indicates important roles for these proteins. We cannot exclude that different functions can be associated with each of the 17 CSPs, including delivery of semiochemicals, solubilization of hormones, direct control of development, or other unknown tasks.
The YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 protein family: common principles and distinct features
Authors: Saller Manfred J. , Wu Zht Cheng , de Keyzer Jeanine , Driessen Arnold J.M.
Published: September 2012

The members of the YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 protein family are evolutionary conserved in all three domains of life. They facilitate the insertion of membrane proteins into bacterial, mitochondrial, and thylakoid membranes and have been implicated in membrane protein folding and complex formation. The major classes of substrates are small hydrophobic subunits of large energy-transducing complexes involved in respiration and light capturing. All YidC-like proteins share a conserved membrane region, whereas the N- and C-terminal regions are diverse and fulfill accessory functions in protein targeting.
Intronic hammerhead ribozymes in mRNA biogenesis
Authors: García-Robles Inmaculada , Sánchez-Navarro Jesús , de la Peña Marcos
Published: September 2012

Small self-cleaving ribozymes are a group of natural RNAs that are capable of catalyzing their own and sequence-specific endonucleolytic cleavage. One of the most studied members is the hammerhead ribozyme (HHR), a catalytic RNA originally discovered in subviral plant pathogens but recently shown to reside in a myriad of genomes along the tree of life. In eukaryotes, most of the genomic HHRs seem to be related to short interspersed retroelements, with the main exception of a group of strikingly conserved ribozymes found in the genomes of all amniotes (reptiles, birds and mammals). These amniota HHRs occur in the introns of a few specific genes, and clearly point to a preserved biological role during pre-mRNA biosynthesis. More specifically, bioinformatic analysis suggests that these intronic ribozymes could offer a new form of splicing regulation of the mRNA of higher vertebrates. We review here the latest advances in the discovery and biological characterization of intronic HHRs of vertebrates, including new conserved examples in the genomes of the primitive turtle and coelacanth fish.
The gateway to chloroplast: re-defining the function of chloroplast receptor proteins
Authors: Chang Wai-Ling , Soll Jürgen , Bölter Bettina
Published: September 2012

Chloroplast biogenesis often requires a tight orchestration between gene expression (both plastidial and nuclear) and translocation of ∼3000 nuclear-encoded proteins into the organelle. Protein translocation is achieved via two multimeric import machineries at the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) envelope of chloroplast, respectively. Three components constitute the core element of the TOC complex: a β-barrel protein translocation channel Toc75 and two receptor constituents, Toc159 and Toc34. A diverse set of distinct TOC complexes have recently been characterized and these diversified TOC complexes have evolved to coordinate the translocation of differentially expressed proteins. This review aims to describe the recent discoveries relating to the typical characteristics of these distinct TOC complexes, particularly the receptor constituents, which are the main contributors for TOC complex diversification.
Interaction between natural compounds and human topoisomerase I
Authors: Castelli Silvia , Coletta Andrea , D’Annessa Ilda , Fiorani Paola , Tesauro Cinzia , Desideri Alessandro
Published: September 2012

Eukaryotic topoisomerase I (Top1) is a monomeric enzyme that catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during important processes including DNA replication, transcription, recombination and chromosome condensation. Human Top1 I is of significant medical interest since it is the unique cellular target of camptothecin (CPT), a plant alkaloid that rapidly blocks both DNA and RNA synthesis. In this review, together with CPT, we point out the interaction between human Top1 and some natural compounds, such us terpenoids, flavonoids, stilbenes and fatty acids. The drugs can interact with the enzyme at different levels perturbing the binding, cleavage, rotation or religation processes. Here we focus on different assays that can be used to identify the catalytic step of the enzyme inhibited by different natural compounds.
Multifunctional silica nanoparticles for optical and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Joshi Rajendra , Feldmann Verena , Koestner Wolfgang , Detje Claudia , Gottschalk Sven , Mayer Hermann A. , Sauer Martin G. , Engelmann Jörn
Published: September 2012

The surface of spherical, nonporous silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) was modified with gadolinium (Gd) complexes, fluorophores, and cell-penetrating peptides to achieve multifunctionality on a single particle. The Gd surface concentrations were 9–16 μmol/g resulting in nanomaterials with high local longitudinal and transversal relaxivities (~1×105 and ~5×105 /mm/s/NP, respectively). Rapid cellular uptake was observed in vitro; however, larger extracellular agglomerates were also formed. In vivo administration revealed a fast distribution throughout the body followed by a nearly complete disappearance of fluorescence in all organs except the lungs, liver, and spleen after 24 h. Such NPs have the potential to serve as efficient multimodal probes in molecular imaging.
Incapacidade funcional associada à lombalgia em cuidadores de crianças com paralisia cerebral grave
Authors: Maia Angélica Campos , Fialho Camila Bruno , Alcântara Marcus Alessandro de , Morais Rosane Luzia de Souza
Published: September 2012

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a contribuição de variáveis físicas, psicossociais e sociodemográficas para a ocorrência de incapacidade funcional associada à dor lombar entre cuidadores de crianças com paralisia cerebral grave. A amostra foi composta de 45 cuidadores com lombalgia crônica. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e aplicados instrumentos sobre intensidade da dor, satisfação com a vida e incapacidade funcional. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente e o nível de significância fixado em p<0,05. As variáveis que apresentaram correlação significativa com incapacidade (p<0,05) foram inseridas no modelo de regressão linear múltipla. A média de intensidade da dor foi 5,67±2,23; os escores médios de satisfação com a vida foram de 18,9±6,64 e de incapacidade, 9±5,35. Apenas a correlação entre intensidade de dor e incapacidade foi significativa (r=0,34; p=0,021). A análise de regressão linear múltipla confirmou a intensidade da dor como o maior preditor de incapacidade e explicou 11% da incapacidade (r=0,36; p<0,05). A intensidade da dor lombar é pois um preditor moderado de incapacidade, mas não foi encontrada interferência das variáveis sociodemográficas e satisfação com a vida no grau de incapacidade funcional dos cuidadores de crianças com paralisia cerebral.
Watershed‐level Comparison of Predictability and Sensitivity of Two Phosphorus Models
Authors: Sen Sumit , Srivastava Puneet , Vadas Peter A. , Kalin Latif
Published: September 2012

Buildup of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils and transport of P to nearby surface waters due to excessive, long‐term application of poultry litter is an environmental concern in many poultry‐producing states. Watershed models are often used to quantify soil and water quality impacts of poultry litter applications. However, depending on how P transport is simulated in watershed models, the anticipated impact could be quite different. The objective of this study was to determine the predictability and sensitivity of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) P model and a newly developed, state‐of‐the‐art manure P model called SurPhos in a poultry litter–applied pasture watershed. A small, predominantly agricultural watershed in Randolph County, Alabama was used for this study. The SWAT model, calibrated for surface runoff and total stream flows (Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.70 for both), was used to provide runoff inputs to the SurPhos model. Total dissolved P (TDP) exports simulated by the SWAT P and SurPhos models from the hay hydrological response units of the watershed were compared for different poultry litter application rates and different initial soil Solution P levels. Both models showed sensitivity to poultry litter application rates, with SWAT simulating linear and SurPhos simulating nonlinear increases in TDP exports with increase in poultry litter application rates. SWAT showed greater sensitivity to initial soil Solution P levels, which can lead to overestimation of TDP exports, especially at low poultry litter application rates. As opposed to the SurPhos model simulations and contrary to recent studies, SWAT simulated excessive accumulation of Solution P in the top 10 mm of soil. Because SurPhos appears to simulate P transport and build‐up processes from manure‐applied areas more accurately, this study suggests that SWAT be replaced by SurPhos to more accurately determine watershed‐level effectiveness of P management measures.
Losses in Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soil Particle‐Size Fractions along Cultivation Chronosequences in Inner Mongolian Grasslands
Authors: He Nianpeng , Zhang Yunhai , Dai Jingzhong , Han Xingguo , Yu Guirui
Published: September 2012

Cultivation in semiarid grasslands induces large changes in soil organic matter (SOM) stock. To better predict the effects of cultivation on SOM pools, there is a need to identify the soil fractions that are affected and the extent to which they are affected. Using four cultivation chronosequences in Inner Mongolian grasslands of northern China, we investigated the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) stocks in soil particle‐size fractions to identify the effect of cultivation on SOM dynamics. The results showed that conversion of native grasslands into croplands significantly decreased the SOC stocks (4.34–31.65 Mg C ha−1) and N (0.19–2.54 Mg N ha−1) in the 0‐ to 100‐cm layer after cultivation. Prominent changes were observed in the SOC and N stocks in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer and were, on average, 6.56 Mg C ha−1 (24.85%) and 0.63 Mg N ha−1 (23.48%), respectively. The effect of cultivation on the SOC and N stocks in soil fractions was in the order sand > silt > clay. The C and N stocks in the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil layer in the sand fraction in croplands decreased, on average, by 4.74 Mg C ha−1 (35.86%) and 0.48 Mg N ha−1 (41.30%), respectively, compared with those in native grasslands. The declines in the silt and clay fractions were small. Thus, sand fraction was a more important contributor to C and N losses in soil after cultivation than silt or clay fraction. Our findings indicate that the preliminary responses of SOC and N to cultivation in a semiarid grassland area and have significant implications for assessing the loss or gain of C and N during grassland conversion.
Eleven‐Year Trend in Acetanilide Pesticide Degradates in the Iowa River, Iowa
Authors: Kalkhoff Stephen J. , Vecchia Aldo V. , Capel Paul D. , Meyer Michael T.
Published: September 2012

Trends in concentration and loads of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor and their ethanasulfonic (ESA) and oxanilic (OXA) acid degradates were studied from 1996 through 2006 in the main stem of the Iowa River, Iowa and in the South Fork Iowa River, a small tributary near the headwaters of the Iowa River. Concentration trends were determined using the parametric regression model SEAWAVE‐Q, which accounts for seasonal and flow‐related variability. Daily estimated concentrations generated from the model were used with daily streamflow to calculate daily and yearly loads. Acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, and their ESA and OXA degradates were generally present in >50% of the samples collected from both sites throughout the study. Their concentrations generally decreased from 1996 through 2006, although the rate of decrease was slower after 2001. Concentrations of the ESA and OXA degradates decreased from 3 to about 23% yr−1. The concentration trend was related to the decreasing use of these compounds during the study period. Decreasing concentrations and constant runoff resulted in an average reduction of 10 to >3000 kg per year of alachlor and metolachlor ESA and OXA degradates being transported out of the Iowa River watershed. Transport of acetochlor and metolachlor parent compounds and their degradates from the Iowa River watershed ranged from <1% to about 6% of the annual application. These trends were related to the decreasing use of these compounds during the study period, but the year‐to‐year variability cannot explain changes in loads based on herbicide use alone. The trends were also affected by the timing and amount of precipitation. As expected, increased amounts of water moving through the watershed moved a greater percentage of the applied herbicides, especially the relatively soluble degradates, from the soils into the rivers through surface runoff, shallow groundwater inflow, and subsurface drainage.
Phosphorus Retention in a 20‐Year‐Old Septic System Filter Bed
Authors: Robertson W. D.
Published: September 2012

Septic systems in lakeshore environments often occur where thin soils overlie bedrock and, consequently, filter beds may be constructed of imported filter sand. The objective of this study was to assess the mobility of wastewater phosphorus (P) in such a potentially vulnerable setting by examining a 20‐yr‐old domestic septic system located near Parry Sound, ON, Canada, where the filter bed is constructed of imported noncalcareous sand. The groundwater plume is acidic (pH 6.0) and has a zone of elevated PO4–P (up to 3.1 ± 1.7 mg L−1) below the tile lines but no elevated PO4–P is present beyond 5 m from the tile lines. Elevated concentrations of desorbable P (up to 137 mg kg−1) and acid‐extractable P (up to 3210 mg kg−1) occur in the filter sand within 1 m below four of seven tile lines present and the total mass of excess acid‐extractable P (39 kg) is similar to the estimated total lifetime P loading to the system (33 kg). Microprobe images reveal abundant Fe and Al‐rich authigenic mineral coatings on the sand grains that are increasingly P rich (up to 10% w/w P) near the tile lines. Additionally, 6 yr of monitoring data show that groundwater PO4 concentrations are not increasing. This indicates that mineral precipitation, not adsorption, dominates P immobilization at this site. This example of robust long‐term P retention opens up the possibility of improving P removal in on‐site treatment systems by prescribing specific sand types for filter bed construction.
Effects of Long‐Term Application of Biosolids for Mine Land Reclamation on Groundwater Chemistry: Trace Metals
Authors: Oladeji Olawale O. , Tian Guanglong , Cox Albert E. , Granato Thomas C. , Pietz Richard I. , Carlson Carl R. , Abedin Zainul
Published: September 2012

Data collected for 35 yr from a 1790‐ha strip mine reclamation site in Fulton County, Illinois, where biosolids were applied from 1972 to 2004, were used to evaluate the impacts of long‐term biosolids application on metal concentrations in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected between 1972 and 2006 from wells installed in seven strip‐mined fields treated with biosolids at cumulative loading rates of 801 to 1815 dry Mg ha−1and from another seven fields (also strip mined) treated with mineral fertilizer. Samples were collected monthly between 1972 and 1986 and quarterly between 1987 and 2004 and were analyzed for total metals. The concentrations of metals in groundwater were generally below regulatory limits. Lead, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Hg concentrations in groundwater were similar for the biosolids‐amended and fertilizer‐treated sites across all sampling intervals. Zinc concentration was increased by biosolids application only for samples collected before the 1993 promulgation of the USEPA 40 CFR Part 503 rule. Iron and Mn were the only metals that were consistently increased after biosolids application; however, Mn concentrations did not exceed the 10 mg L−1regulatory limits. Zinc, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Al, and Mn concentrations in groundwater decreased with time, coupled with the change from pre‐part 503 to post‐Part 503 biosolids. The concentrations of other metals, including Ni, Cr, and Hg, did not increase in groundwater with the prolonged biosolids application. The study suggests that the long‐term application of biosolids at high loading rates does not result in trace metal pollution of groundwater.
Sediment Removal by Prairie Filter Strips in Row‐Cropped Ephemeral Watersheds
Authors: Helmers Matthew J. , Zhou Xiaobo , Asbjornsen Heidi , Kolka Randy , Tomer Mark D. , Cruse Richard M.
Published: September 2012

Twelve small watersheds in central Iowa were used to evaluate the effectiveness of prairie filter strips (PFS) in trapping sediment from agricultural runoff. Four treatments with PFS of different size and location (100% rowcrop, 10% PFS of total watershed area at footslope, 10% PFS at footslope and in contour strips, 20% PFS at footslope and in contour strips) arranged in a balanced incomplete block design were seeded in July 2007. All watersheds were in bromegrass (Bromus L.) for at least 10 yr before treatment establishment. Cropped areas were managed under a no‐till, 2‐yr corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] rotation beginning in 2007. About 38 to 85% of the total sediment export from cropland occurred during the early growth stage of rowcrop due to wet field conditions and poor ground cover. The greatest sediment load was observed in 2008 due to the initial soil disturbance and gradually decreased thereafter. The mean annual sediment yield through 2010 was 0.36 and 8.30 Mg ha‐1 for the watersheds with and without PFS, respectively, a 96% sediment trapping efficiency for the 4‐yr study period. The amount and distribution of PFS had no significant impact on runoff and sediment yield, probably due to the relatively large width (37–78 m) of footslope PFS. The findings suggest that incorporation of PFS at the footslope position of annual rowcrop systems provides an effective approach to reducing sediment loss in runoff from agricultural watersheds under a no‐till system.
Adsorption and Desorption of Boron in Column Studies as Related to pH: Results and Model Predictions
Authors: Suarez D.L. , Wood J.D. , Taber P.E.
Published: September 2012

Reuse of agricultural drainage waters, treated municipal wastewaters, and brackish groundwaters is often impaired by elevated concentrations of B. Boron is an element with a narrow concentration range between deficiency and toxicity for plants. Knowledge of the B concentrations in soil solution and transport of B out of the root zone is essential for management of wastewaters. Prediction of B concentrations in the root zone requires consideration of soil adsorption and desorption of B, which are dependent on soil properties and solution composition, especially pH. We examine B transport in soil by first applying a 0.08‐mmol L−1 B solution to three arid‐land soils from southern California and subsequently leaching the soils with a low B solution. The experiment was conducted with irrigation water at pH 6.0 and 9.0. The data showed that transport was highly pH dependent. Results from the column experiments were generally well predicted using the UNSATCHEM transport model with the B subroutine that includes the constant capacitance model and prediction of the model constants for each soil based on the specific soil properties. Use of a single set of average constants for all soils in combination with a calculated surface area provided a less satisfactory fit to the experimental data, especially at elevated pH. These results indicate that B transport can be predicted without the need for time‐consuming and soil‐specific determinations of B adsorption characteristics if we utilize predictive relations to predict the CCM constants from individual soil properties.
Semianalytical Solution for Dual‐Probe Heat‐Pulse Applications that Accounts for Probe Radius and Heat Capacity
Authors: Knight John H. , Kluitenberg Gerard J. , Kamai Tamir , Hopmans Jan W.
Published: September 2012

The dual‐probe heat‐pulse (DPHP) method is useful for measuring soil thermal properties. Measurements are made with a sensor that has two parallel cylindrical probes: one for introducing a pulse of heat into the soil (heater probe) and one for measuring change in temperature (temperature probe). We present a semianalytical solution that accounts for the finite radius and finite heat capacity of the heater and temperature probes. A closed‐form expression for the Laplace transform of the solution is obtained by considering the probes to be cylindrical perfect conductors. The Laplace‐domain solution is inverted numerically. For the case where both probes have the same radius and heat capacity, we show that their finite properties have equal influence on the heat‐pulse signal received by the temperature probe. The finite radius of the probes causes the heat‐pulse signal to arrive earlier in time. This time shift increases in magnitude as the probe radius increases. The effect of the finite heat capacity of the probes depends on the ratio of the heat capacity of the probes (C0) and the heat capacity of the soil (C). Compared with the case where C0/C = 1, the magnitude of the heat‐pulse signal decreases (i.e., smaller change in temperature) and the maximum temperature rise occurs later when C0/C > 1. When C0/C < 1, the magnitude of the signal increases and the maximum temperature rise occurs earlier. The semianalytical solution is appropriate for use in DPHP applications where the ratio of probe radius (a0) and probe spacing (L) satisfies the condition that a0/L ≤ 0.11.
Applying HYDRUS to Flow in a Sodic Clay Soil with Solution Composition–Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Reading Lucy P. , Baumgartl Thomas , Bristow Keith L. , Lockington David A.
Published: September 2012

Management of sodic soils under irrigation often requires application of chemical ameliorants to improve permeability combined with leaching of excess salts. Modeling irrigation, soil treatments, and leaching in these sodic soils requires a model that can adequately represent the physical and chemical changes in the soil associated with the amelioration process. While there are a number of models that simulate reactive solute transport, UNSATCHEM and HYDRUS‐1D are currently the only models that also include an ability to simulate the impacts of soil chemistry on hydraulic conductivity. Previous researchers have successfully applied these models to simulate amelioration experiments on a sodic loam soil. To further gauge their applicability, we extended the previous work by comparing HYDRUS simulations of sodic soil amelioration with the results from recently published laboratory experiments on a more reactive, repacked sodic clay soil. The general trends observed in the laboratory experiments were able to be simulated using HYDRUS. Differences between measured and simulated results were attributed to the limited flexibility of the function that represents chemistry‐dependent hydraulic conductivity in HYDRUS. While improvements in the function could be made, the present work indicates that HYDRUS‐UNSATCHEM captures the key changes in soil hydraulic properties that occur during sodic clay soil amelioration and thus extends the findings of previous researchers studying sodic loams.
Music Video and the Spectator: Television, Ideology and Dream
Authors: Kinder Marsha
Published: September 2012

The spectacular burgeoning of music videos poses many intriguing questions about the form and its institutional setting, as well as the relations between video and dreaming.
The Film-Maker as Romantic Poet: Brakhage and Olson
Authors: James David
Published: September 2012

The achievements and limitations of the style Stan Brakhage has developed in his astonishingly prolific career.
Review: Montenegro by Dusan Makavejev
Authors: Callenbach Ernest
Published: September 2012

Dusan Makavejev the Reichian returns with a charmingly bizarre comedy that offers home for the impulsive but constrained middle-class heart in a bootlegger's hideaway.
Power and Dis-Integration in the Films of Orson Welles
Authors: Houston Beverle
Published: September 2012

On the "Power Baby," the central figure of desire and contradiction, notably manifested in "Kane" and "Ambersons", but also apparent in many other Welles films.
"When the Mountains Tremble": An Interview with Pamela Yates
Authors: Rosenthal Alan , Yates Pamela
Published: September 2012

How a woman film-maker operated in guerrilla and government territory in Guatemala, and came back alive - with a powerful film on the war's effects on the Guatemalan people.
Review: Pedro and the Captain by Juan E. Garcia, Pedro Torres Castilla
Authors: Burton Julianne
Published: September 2012

A new Mexican film (based on a Uruguayan play) explores the brutal dynamics of political torture, Latin American style.
Review: The Restored Way down East
Authors: Vineberg Steve
Published: September 2012

Griffith's masterpiece, now restored, has a meticulous, rhymed, novelistic finish that no one has seen in six decades.
Stop Making Sense
Authors: Doherty Thomas
Published: September 2012

The Talking Heads film revitalizes the dormant rock documentary form and avoids rock-video cliches.
A Taste for Naruse
Authors: Lopate Phillip
Published: September 2012

The unobtrusive realism of this neglected Japanese director now makes him seem more modern (and materialist) than his famous compatriots.
Review: Shoah by Claude Lanzmann
Authors: Erens Patricia
Published: September 2012

Claude Lanzmann's hypnotic, obsessional Holocaust documentary focuses for 9½ hours on the desire to forget, the need to remember.
George Kuchar: An Interview
Authors: MacDonald Scott , Kuchar George
Published: September 2012

Behind the bizarre melodramas like "Corruption of the Damned" and "Hold Me While I'm Naked" lurks an original, iconoclastic intelligence.
A Dialogue with Tomás Gutiérrez Alea on the Dialectics of the Spectator in "Hasta Cierto Punto"
Authors: MacBean James Roy , Alea Tomás Gutiérrez
Published: September 2012

The director of "Memories of Underdevelopment" has made a subtle new film probing Cuban "machismo."
Milling-induced polymorphic transformation in MoSi2
Authors: Ishihara Keiichi N. , Yamasue Eiji , Okumura Hideyuki , Hara Kosuke O.
Published: September 2012

The mechanism of phase selection during mechanical milling has been investigated first with a large perspective using an exhaustive number of transformations reported in the literature and next with focusing on the specific system of MoSi2. The former shows that the phases exhibiting smaller values of the volume per one mole of atoms and the number of atoms in a reduced unit cell are preferred during mechanical milling. The latter involves both experimental and theoretical investigations. The dynamic equilibrium between the stable α and metastable β phases is reached with negligible Fe contamination, which is explained by a transformation mechanism based on synchroshear. The β phase formation is promoted in the presence of Fe, which is attributed to the formation of Fe-substituted MoSi2 with Si vacancies according to first-principles calculation results.
Effect of Fe and V additions on amorphous structure formation in melt spun AlNiZr alloys
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Kukuła Agata , Lityńska-Dobrzyńska Lidia , Góral Anna , Czeppe Tomasz
Published: September 2012

An aluminum-based AlNiZr ternary alloy containing 11 at.% Ni and 5 at.% Zr was modified by substitution of 5% of nickel by either iron or vanadium. Melt spun ribbons were cast under a protective helium atmosphere from 99.9% pure elements at 35 m s−1 linear rate of the copper wheel of the melt spinner. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that most of the volume of all cast ribbons is amorphous showing a broad amorphous halo, however all alloys have shown a small amount of crystalline α(Al) solid solution. The same phase was identified in quaternary alloys. The ribbons showed high microhardness near 500 HV. Transmission electron microscopy studies enabled identification of a large number of spherical crystals of α(Al) solid solution of size near 200 nm in AlNiZr ribbons, containing less solute elements than the amorphous phase. In alloys with iron and vanadium additions crystallites were larger in the form of discontinuous lamellar precipitates. Differential scanning calorimetric studies enabled identification of a multistage crystallization mechanism and the additions of iron and vanadium caused an increase in crystallization temperatures as compared to ternary AlNiZr alloy
Mechanical behavior of the cold-rolled Zr57Ti8Nb2.5Cu13.9Ni11.1Al7.5 metallic glass–quasicrystalline composite
Authors: Beitelschmidt Denise , Scudino Sergio , Prashanth Konda Gokuldoss , Kühn Uta , Eckert Jürgen
Published: September 2012

The as-cast Zr57Ti8Nb2.5Cu13.9Ni11.1Al7.5 glass–quasicrystalline composite exhibits high strength, good elasticity but no macroscopic room temperature plastic deformability. Significant improvement in plastic deformability to a strain of about 5% can be achieved after cold-rolling of the as-cast material. This behavior can be ascribed the anisotropic and inhomogeneous stress distribution developing during the mechanical test along with the creation of an extensive system of shear bands.
Mechanochemistry and H-sorption properties of Mg2FeH6-based nanocomposites
Authors: Leiva Daniel R. , Zepon Guilherme , Asselli Alexandre A. C. , Fruchart Daniel , Miraglia Salvatore , Ishikawa Tomaz T. , Botta Walter J.
Published: September 2012

Mg2FeH6 is a promising material for hydrogen storage applications, since it presents the highest known volumetric capacity of 150 kg m−3 of H2 and its metallic constituents are inexpensive. The major drawbacks for its application are the difficulties associated with its synthesis and also its high thermal stability. In this paper, Mg2FeH6-based nanocomposites were prepared from the elements via reactive milling. A high-yield of the complex hydride synthesis was obtained after a systematic processing study, and the best conditions were successfully extended to the mechanochemical synthesis of Mg2CoH5. The influence of different additives such as transition metals, transition metal fluorides and graphite on the H-sorption behavior of the Mg2FeH6-based nanocomposites was evaluated. Mixtures rich in both MgH2 and Mg2FeH6 hydrides present lower temperature ranges of hydrogen release than those which are rich in only one of these hydrides. The MgH2–Mg2FeH6-based nanocomposite presents ultra-fast H-sorption kinetics at 300°C with partial reversible formation of Mg2FeH6.
Attainment of quasicrystalline phase in Al–Cu–Fe alloy via melting and mechanical alloying
Authors: Esquivel Rosalba , Suárez Miguel A. , Díaz-Barriga Lucia , Chávez Federico
Published: September 2012

Al62Cu25.5Fe12.5 (A) and Al65Cu20Fe15 (B) alloys were fabricated via melting and experimentally studied in both as-cast and annealed conditions. Alloy (B) was also fabricated using mechanical alloying and an annealing treatment. The melted alloys were characterized to investigate the distribution of alloying elements Fe and Cu on the icosahedral and coexisting phases, as well as the hardness of all phases. The as-cast alloys showed the highest amount of icosahedral phase with up to 47% of ingot (A), but this increased after heat treatment to 99% and 75% of ingots in (A) and (B) alloys respectively. During heat treatment the iron content was increased in all phases, while the copper content decreased. As a consequence, the hardness of the icosahedral phase increased by 23% in (A) Al62Cu25.5Fe12.5 alloy and 33% in (B) Al65Cu20Fe15 alloy. On the other hand, the effect of heat treatment on samples obtained from mechanical alloying caused a modification in the iron and copper contents, leading to the formation of iron-rich phases such as λ-(Al, Cu)13Fe4 phase for all milling times and the icosahedral phase after 35 h.
Viscosity estimation of semi-solid alloys based on thermal simulation compression tests
Authors: Wang Jiaojiao , Shang Shuzhen , Lu Guimin , Yu Jianguo
Published: September 2012

In this paper, according to the thermal simulation compression test data, relationships for flow stress, temperature, strain rate and strain of semi-solid ZL201 alloy were studied through multiple regressions, and the constitutive equation of the alloy was established. The relationship between apparent viscosity and the shear rate was also researched. The results indicated that the maximum stress increased as strain rates increased at a constant temperature. The peak stress was clearly affected by deformation temperature, strain rate and strain. The plateau stress showed the same characteristics as the peak stress. In general, it increased slightly with increasing of the deformation temperature, except at high strain rates. The relationship between apparent viscosity and the shear rate was in accordance with the power law. The results provided a technological reference for the study of semi-solid die-casting numerical simulation of semi-solid ZL201 alloy parts. The viscosity of other semi-solid alloys could be calculated, as in the case of viscosity estimation of semi-solid ZL201 alloy.