bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1978 Civil Service Reform and Federal Equal Employment Opportunity
Authors: Kellough J. Edward
Published: March 2007

The issue of federal equal employment opportunity (EEO) is explored by examining employment trends for blacks and women in middle- and higher-level positions and looking for possible impacts of elements of the 1978 civil service reform designed to advance EEO. Using an interrupted time-series multiple-regression model, the rate of increase in black employment was found to decline slightly following the reform. For women, however, long-term employment trends in the middle-level grades that were examined appear unchanged, whereas the employment rate in higher grades increased following the 1978 reform.
Assessing MPA Program Outcomes: Current Practice and Policy Alternatives
Authors: Poister Theodore H. , Ingraham Patricia
Published: March 2007

Outcomes assessment has become a critical issue in higher education during the past few years, and graduate programs in public administration must demonstrate their effectiveness. Al though it is often assumed that schools have little experience with assessment, a substantial number of public administration schools occasionally use a variety of techniques to evaluate their outcomes. Schools use assessment for program planning or revision and for accreditation, although no formal link with the NASPAA accreditation process exists. The authors recommend a decentralized model that would require schools to use outcomes assessment but would give them wide latitude in defining and measuring results.
The NASPAA Alumni Survey Pilot: Design and Analyses
Authors: Andersen David , Desai Anand , DeShon David , Fry Brian
Published: March 2007

For the past several years, the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) has been interested in encouraging forms of outcome assessment to evalu ate, improve, and assist in the accreditation of programs in public administration. As part of that continuing effort, in 1990 the NASPAA Committee on Outcomes Assessment developed and pilot-tested an alumni survey that could be used by member schools. The authors describe the genesis of that project, the survey instrument that was developed, the practical pointers on how to administer such a survey, and present a discussion of the types of analysis obtained from such surveys. The illustrative analyses are based on an aggregate sample of schools that pilot-tested the survey.
Volunteers in the Delivery of Public Services: Hidden Costs... and Benefits
Authors: Montjoy Robert S. , Brudney Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

The literature on volunteers in public service tends to focus on efficiency and quality of performance. The case reported here illustrates additional benefits and costs of this approach. In 1988 and 1990 the State of Alabama used biracial teams of volunteer trainers to teach the requirements of a federal court order to poll workers in each of its counties. The benefits were a much larger work force than could have been assembled from paid employees, the speed with which it was recruited and deployed, and the symbolic effects of citizen participation. The principal cost was the extraordinary staff commitment required to coordinate the volunteer effort. The lessons of this experience are useful to scholars and public managers as they evaluate volunteer involvement in public service delivery.
Welfare Reform and Comparative Models of Bureaucratic Behavior: Budget Maximizers and Bureau Shapers in the United States and France
Authors: Matthewson Donald J.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that social problems related to the most disadvantaged citizens require service delivery that is universal, focused, and of reasonable quality. Resource distribution, which makes the delivery of these services possible, is dependent on decision-making structures that pattern relationships between major stakeholder groups, but missing in the debate over welfare reform is a discussion of the decision structures that determine the manner in which policies are formulated, enacted, and implemented. Much of the debate over the choice between markets and bureaucracy is misconceived. Such decision structures are not polar opposites but can work together to provide innovative delivery methods. This research compares evidence from two political systems: the United States and France. Both countries have faced political opposition to welfare policies and both have attempted to counter with administrative and political reforms. This paper probes the differences in those systems and their alternative reforms; it also makes some generalizations about political and administrative decision making and the delivery of remedial services to the most disadvantaged citizens in modern democracies.
Attempting Non-Incremental Budget Change in Oregon: An Exercise in Policy Sharing
Authors: Simonsen Bill , Johnston Nancy , Barnett Russell
Published: March 2007

In 1990 Oregon passed Measure 5, a constitutional property tax limitation that threatens massive funding cuts to education and government services. In response, Governor Barbara Roberts undertook an experiment in policy sharing, engaging in a "conversation" via closed circuit television with some 10,000 Oregonians about taxes and services before she formulated a tax restructuring plan. The resultant tax proposal appeared carefully balanced and moderate. It had something to offer each of the state's powerful constituencies but managed, nonetheless, to balance the budget. A special legislative session was called to decide whether to refer the governor's proposed tax restructuring to a vote of the people in the wake of Measure 5. At the end of a short, emotionally charged session, the legislature voted not to refer the plan to a vote of the people. This paper examines this process in the light of the literature and examples of other attempts to use citizen participation in formulating public policy.
Reinventing the Personnel Function
Authors: Hays Steven W. , Whitney Shawn Benzinger
Published: March 2007

Reinvention of the staffing function has emerged as a major theme within contemporary public management reform. South Carolina was one of the first states to implement a comprehensive reinvention of its civil service system. This article contains a case study of that state's experience in attempting to decentralize and reinvent its staffing practices. The article summarizes the progress that has been made, focusing in large part on the spotty record to date. Reasons for the halting success of reform are explored, and suggestions are provided for those who intend to push reinvention efforts in other locations. The needs for adequate legislative funding, technical support, and explicit guidelines are highlighted.
Part-Time Employment in the Federal Service
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

Despite congressional directives calling on federal agencies to promote part-time employment opportunities, the civil service uses part-time workers far less than does the private sector. The reason may lie both in decreased career advancement for part-timers and in higher administrative costs for federal agencies. Using two large samples of federal employees, the author explores differences between part-time and full-time employees in terms of their characteristics, career patterns, work satisfaction, and productivity Although part-timers hold lower grades and are promoted more slowly than comparably educated and experienced workers of the same sex, they are as satisfied with their jobs and pay as are full-time workers and more satisfied with their work-family balance. Their higher turnover rates and some evidence of lower performance ratings suggest that federal agencies may continue to resist expansion of part-time employment.
Where Values Collide
Authors: Vinzant Janet Coble
Published: March 2007

Although understanding the motivation of public employees in general is important, it is particularly difficult to comprehend why a person would be a child or adult protective services worker. These workers confront a staggering amount of human suffering, overt public hostility, ever-increasing caseloads, and seemingly irreconcilable value and role conflicts. Yet many of them not only cope, but also feel empowered and successful at doing so. What motivates these workers? How do they contend with the demands of their jobs? Based on participant observation and interviews in two states, this study suggests that public service motivation is very strong and important. Moreover, contrary to the existing literature, workers who experience and clearly articulate role and value conflicts were found to be more satisfied, motivated, and empowered in their work. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these observations for recruitment, training, and supervision of protective services workers.
Comparative Marketing: A Program for the Future
Authors: Barksdale Hiram C. , Anderson L. McTier
Published: March 2007

A program for future development of comparative marketing is proposed in two parts: a classification system for grouping marketing into homogeneous categories and a description of future directions for comparative marketing studies. Properly focused, these could lead to better explanations of the philosophy, organizational processes and performance of marketing systems.
Public Regulation of Marketing Activity: Part II: Regulatory Responses to Market Failures
Authors: Harris Robert G. , Carman James M.
Published: March 2007

This is the second of a three-part article which provides a comprehensive typology useful in any analysis of how public policies are used to control the operations of market exchanges and marketing systems. The first part (JMM, Spring 1983) provided a typology of market failures. The second part, presented here, provides a typology of regulatory responses to market failures. The third part, to appear in a subsequent issue, provides a typology of regulatory failures and discusses the implications of the three typologies for public policy and marketing decisions.
Department Stores as Innovations in Retail Marketing: Some Observations on Marketing Practice and Perception in Wilhelmine, Germany
Authors: Coles Tim
Published: March 2007

The relationship between department stores and small shopkeepers in Wilhelmine, Germany has received considerable attention. This article focuses primarily on the social relations between the groups and the nature of the Mittelstand responses to large-scale retail capital born of their perception of department stores as innovatory, “unfair” competition. In contrast, little work has focused on the marketing innovations, the probity of the methods considered so objectionable, and the veracity of the Mittelstand case. These form the basis of this article. Stores “innovated” through the integration and the refinement of existing marketing ideas and practices to suit contemporary conditions. Several inconsistencies existed in the Mittelstand position and antidepartment store sentiment masked significant internal difficulties in the shop sector. Established thinking surrounding retail evolution in Germany should be revised: instead of concentrating solely on emerging marketing innovations, the date and manner in which existing ideas and practices became redundant are also critical.
The Calculation of Robot Dynamics Using Articulated-Body Inertias
Authors: Featherstone R.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a new method for calculating the acceleration of a robot in response to given actuator forces. The method is applicable to open-loop kinematic chains containing revolute and prismatic joints. The algorithm is based on recursive formulas involving quantities called articulated-body inertias, which represent the inertia properties of collections of rigid bodies connected together by joints allowing constrained relative motion between the bodies. A new, matrix-based notation is introduced to represent articulated-body inertias and other spatial quantities. This notation is used to develop the algorithm, and results in a compact representation of the equations. The new algorithm has a computational requirement that varies linearly with the number of joints, and its efficiency is compared with other published algorithms.
An Optical Sensor for Measuring Overall Direction of Action by Using a Projected Image
Authors: Okada Tokuji
Published: March 2007

The development of an optical sensor for measuring overall direction of action is treated. The measurement principle is based on distortions found in the projected image of a ball moving freely in liquid within a spherical vessel under the in fluence of the acceleration of gravity and motion. The sensor has an opaque ball housed in a bigger, transparent, spherical vessel. The opaque ball is illuminated by light coming from a pinhole, which is located close to a subminature lamp. The light passes through the spherical vessel to a translucent screen placed behind the vessel, and the image silhouetted on the screen is projected through a lens toward an area sensor. This lens is ball shaped so as to reduce the large image from the screen. Digitized signals from the area sensor are transferred into a microcomputer to obtain the farthest and nearest positions of the image from the center of the sensor. Next, the direction of the opaque ball is calculated.

The measurement is carried out in a static condition. Thus, the sensor output stands for the direction of the gravitational field. Experimental results are presented to show that the angular errors are within 12° for the overall direction. This sensor can be applied widely to the measuring of angular variations from the direction of the gravitational field.
Inverse Velocity and Acceleration Solutions of Serial Robot Arm Subassemblies Using the Canonical Coordinate System
Authors: Stanišié M.M. , Pennock G.R. , Krousgrill C.M.
Published: March 2007

The Taylor series expansion of a rigid body with three de grees of freedom is used to define and locate the canonical coordinate system for the arm subassembly of a six-axis robot with a spherical wrist. The canonical coordinate system yields the canonical form of the instantaneous kinematic equations of motion of the terminal link and the canonical form of the Jacobian matrix for the arm subassembly. This form of the Jacobian matrix gives the canonical inverse ve locity and acceleration solutions of the arm subassembly. As examples, the canonical inverse velocity and acceleration solutions of the spherical arm subassembly and the articu lated arm subassembly are presented in the paper. A numeri cal example of the articulated arm subassembly is also in cluded.
Determination of Optimal Measurement Configurations for Robot Calibration Based on Observability Measure
Authors: Borm Jin-Hwan , Meng Chia-Hsiang
Published: March 2007

The selection of measurement configurations in robot cali bration is investigated. The goal is to select a set of robot measurement configurations that will yield maximum ob servability of the error parameters in a defined position error model so that the effect of noise in parameter estimation can be minimized. The noise considered in this paper includes both measurement and modeling errors. An observability measure is used as a criterion for selecting measurement configurations for calibration. Experimental studies are per formed to demonstrate the importance of observability to parameter estimation and to verify its implications in robot calibration. Based on the defined observability measure, the optimal measurement configurations for robot calibration are determined for general open-loop planar mechanism and PUMA type robots.
Alternate Formulations for the Manipulator Inertia Matrix
Authors: Lilly Kathryn W. , Orin David E.
Published: March 2007

Four compact methods for computing the manipulator joint space inertia matrix are derived and compared. The deriva tion of the first, the Structurally Recursive Method, is based on the successive addition of single links to the free end of a serial manipulator. A general joint model allows multiple- degree-of-freedom joints to connect the links if desired, and the manipulator Jacobian matrix is a simultaneous result at no extra cost. The computational complexity of this new method is O(N3) for an N-link manipulator with revolute and/or prismatic joints. Derivation of the other methods fol lows from expanding the equations obtained in the structural recursion and examining the resulting terms. The second method, the Inertia Projection Method, defines a finite sum mation for each matrix component that has a form similar to that found in other work. This method is also O(N3), and once again, the Jacobian matrix is computed simultaneously. Through judicious use of the composite rigid body inertia concept, a third new and efficient algorithm, the Modified Composite Rigid Body Method, is developed with a compu tational complexity of O( N2). Additional manipulation leads to the O( N2) Spatial Composite Rigid Body Method, which is the most efficient for all N ≥ 6 but eliminates the simulta neous Jacobian computation. Thesefour methods are com pared with existing algorithms for computing the inertia matrix with respect to their computational complexities. The significance of the simultaneous Jacobian computation is demonstrated by a brief examination of the operational space inertia matrix.
Integrable Solutions of Kinematic Redundancy via Impedance Control
Authors: Mussa-Ivaldi Ferdinando A. , Hogan Neville
Published: March 2007

Problems arising when kinematically redundant manipula tors are controlled using the Jacobian pseudoinverse are related to the nonintegrability of the standard pseudoin verse. This article presents a class of generalized inverses that have the property of being integrable within any sim ply connected, nonsingular region of the work space. Inte grability is obtained by deriving the equations that describe an externally imposed motion, with the hypothe sis that a compliance function is associated with each degree of freedom of the manipulator. The result is a weighted pseudoinverse containing a term that accounts for the nonlinear features of the forward kinematics. The relation of this integrable weighted pseudoinverse to the standard Moore-Penrose and other weighted pseudo- inverses is discussed.
Feasible Trajectories in Task Space from a Singularity for a Nonredundant or Redundant Robot Manipulator
Authors: Chevallereau C.
Published: March 2007

From a singularity with deficiency of rank 1, for any joint velocity the effector velocity in task space is zero along a special direction (the singular direction). However, any motion along the m -1 non singular directions can be produced. Thus, any feasible trajectories from the singularity and with nonzero initial velocity is orthogonal to the singular direction. The feasibility of an effector acceleration along the singular direction is studied. A necessary condition for existence of an effector acceleration along the singular direction is that the joint velocities have to appear explicitly in the expression of this acceleration. This condition is not sufficient, since the joint velocities are related to the effector velocity along the nonsingular directions as well. A simplified expression is found for the effector acceleration along the singular direction whose analysis allows one to characterize the feasible trajectories from the singularity with a nonzero initial acceleration. From some singularities, any path can be tracked. In other cases, the tangent and curvature to the path at the singular point are not arbitrary. In case any path cannot be tracked, it may be interesting to consider trajectories with zero initial acceleration and nonzero initial jerk. Some special examples are studied. A classification of singularities is displayed, and the set of all feasible trajectories is defined in the task space for each type of singularity Various examples are provided. Redundant and nonredundant robots are studied.
Evaluating the Usability of Robot Programming Toolsets
Authors: MacKenzie Douglas C. , Arkin Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

The days of specifying missions for mobile robots using traditional programming languages such as C++ and LISP are coming to an end. The need to support operators lacking programming skills coupled with the increasing diversity of robot run-time operating systems is moving the field toward high-level robot programming toolsets that allow graphical mission specification. This paper ex plores the issues of evaluating such toolsets as to their usability. We first examine how usability criteria are established and perfor mance target values are chosen. The methods by which suitable experiments are created to gather data relevant to the usability criteria are then presented. Finally, methods to analyze the data gathered to establish values for the usability criteria are discussed. The MissionLab toolset is used as a concrete example throughout the article to ground the discussions, but the methods and techniques are generalizable to many such systems.
An Exploration of Nonprehensile Two-Palm Manipulation
Authors: Erdmann Michael
Published: March 2007

When two hands manipulate a part, they perform three basic opera tions : holding or rotating the part in an equilibrium grasp, allowing the part to fall in disequilibrium, and sliding one hand or the other relative to the part. This paper discusses a method for represent ing these primitive operations, focusing in particular on the sliding motions. The basic idea is to partition the combined configuration space of the part and palms into volumes of invariant contact me chanics. Within each volume, the possible motions of the part and palms are qualitatively equivalent. The precise accelerations may vary, but the contact mode is invariant. The possible part and palm motions are a function of the overlap of the contact friction cones with the line of gravity acting through the part's center of mass. A critical event analysis of this dependence allows the robot to parti tion the combined configuration space into the volumes of invariant contact mechanics. This system generates plans for manipulating the part by searching the resulting graph.
A New Approach to the Control of the Planar One-Legged Hopper
Authors: François Charles , Samson Claude
Published: March 2007

The problem of energy-efficient control of running legged mecha nisms is addressed via the case study of the planar one-legged hopper. Owing to its mechanical simplicity, the planar one-legged hopper is generally considered as the basic prototype of mechanisms capable of ballistic running gaits. What makes this system particularly inter esting is that when properly endowed with energy-storing springs, it can be controlled without spending much energy for actuation. This possibility has already been investigated in a few studies, but has not yet been sufficiently explored. The present study is an at tempt in this direction. Being primarily motivated by control-design and analysis aspects, we have tried to set the basis of a methodol ogy for the derivation of a new class of simple controllers capable of stabilizing passive periodic motions. Elements of this class are derived by making specific novel choices for the model used for con trol design and the control actuation setting. Impulsive feedback inputs applied at discrete time instants and equivalent piecewise- constant feedback inputs, calculated at the beginning of each hop, are considered, instead of more conventional piecewise-continuous feedback controls. Stability analysis is performed on a simplified model of the system, and the soundness of the approach is illustrated via simulation. The study also unveils new results and intriguing questions, some of which could be central to a better understanding of the potentials and limitations of legged locomotion.
Dyslexia, Temporal Processing and Music: The Potential of Music as an Early Learning Aid for Dyslexic Children
Authors: Overy Katie
Published: March 2007

There is extensive evidence suggesting that the language and literacy problems experienced by dyslexics are caused by deficits in various sensory, cognitive and motor processes. Several theories on the underlying cause of these deficits are converging on the idea that the fundamental problems derive from abnormal neurological timing, or "temporal processing". It has been proposed that temporal processing ability can be improved through training, and that this will lead to improved language and literacy skills (Tallal et al., 1996). Music training, requiring very accurate timing skills, can offer a medium for the development and improvement of temporal processing ability, and thus may provide a valuable form of extra remediation for dyslexic children. This article reports some preliminary work in this area, which has produced encouraging results. Further research is also outlined.
Attentional Resource Allocation in Musical Ensemble Performance
Authors: Keller Peter E.
Published: March 2007

Individual performers in ensembles must attend simultaneously to their own part and parts played by others. Thus, they allocate attentional resources skilfully and flexibly between different sound sources in order to (a) monitor their own part and other parts, and (b) group together elements from these parts to derive the whole ensemble texture. The theory of Attentional Resource Allocation in Musical Ensemble Performance (ARAMEP) presented here accounts for how attentional flexibility is influenced by various musical and extramusical factors. It is claimed that these factors act directly upon cognitive/motor mechanisms that regulate attentional resource allocation. Particular focus is given to the role of meter in modulating resources in a manner that is plastic and efficient, and hence conducive to optimal attentional flexibility. Specifically, metric frameworks enable the availability of resources to be varied systematically, so as to compensate for fluctuations in resource activity that arise due to variability in the concentration of events at different metric locations in the music.
A Study of Cognitive Demands in Listening to Mozart's Quintet for Piano and Wind Instruments, K.452
Authors: Marsden Alan A.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the paper is to study complexity in the music of Mozart. A scheme of modelling the cognitive representation of music is proposed, based on the theories of Schenker and Komar. The hierarchical structures of these theories are expressed as networks of elaborations. Such networks are produced for each phrase of the exposition of the allegro moderato of Mozart's quintet K.452. The number of elaborations in each network is found to be constrained to a limited range, and when plotted against the number of notes in each phrase a weak negative correlation is found. This is taken as evidence that the cognitive demand on the listener is maintained at a more or less constant level throughout the movement. Complications concerning recurrent material and different tempi are discussed.
The Imitation of Perceived Rubato: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Clarke Eric , Baker-Short Cathy
Published: March 2007

Studies of expressive performance have generally focussed on the analysis of spontaneously generated expressive features. The prevailing model to emerge from this research considers expression to be generated from musical structure at the time of performance. The studies reported in this paper require performers to imitate the rubato of short musical phrases in which the relationship between structure and expression is varied. Performers are able to imitate the rubato they hear with some success, though their attempts to do so are less accurate and stable when structure and expression conflict than when they are consistent with one another. This demonstrates that although expressive timing may have a generative origin in spontaneous performance, performers have some ability to encode and reproduce rubato even when it is not structurally anchored. However the greater instability of structurally arbitrary rubato suggests that convincing expressive performances can only be reliably achieved when the underlying musical structure has been understood and assimilated.
A Psychological Investigation of the Role of Mouthpiece Force in Trumpet Performance
Authors: Davies John Booth , Kenny Patrick , Barbenel Joe
Published: March 2007

Amongst beginning trumpet players, signs of physical stress are frequently observed especially when the player attempts to explore the higher register of the instrument. Preliminary interviews with teachers of trumpet revealed a general concern about development of an easy and relaxed playing style, and with the reduction of mouthpiece-to-lip forces to a low or minimal level. An apocryphal story amongst many trumpet players concerns individuals who can, reputedly, produce double-high Cs on an instrument merely suspended by a couple of strings. The present research programme investigated the physical, psychological and psychophysical manifestations of mouthpiece force amongst groups of trumpet players of different degrees of skill. Our results in fact differ rather sharply from the introspections of trumpet pedagogues. All players, skilled and less skilled, used varying but substantial amounts of force; less-skilled players could not be differentiated from skilled performers in terms of forces used; and skilled players were no better than less skilled (or in some cases unskilled) subjects at the task of judging how much force was being used (a) by themselves, and (b) by other players, all judgements being prone to considerable error.
Aesthetic Judgements and Musical Cognition: A Comparative Study in Samples of French and British Children and Adults
Authors: Zenatti Arlette
Published: March 2007

In order to provide a better understanding of some cognitive mechanisms which might be behind the formation, development and evolution of musical taste, a juxtaposition of the results of two previous studies conducted by Sloboda in England, and Zenatti in France, was made. Both sets of experiments were run on children from the same age groups and on adults, involved the same experimental methods, and employed more or less comparable melodic and harmonic musical structures. There was a difference in the nature of judgements made, however; subjects were asked to indicate which structures were judged to be "correct" in Sloboda's experiments (involving an assessment of conformity to rules), and to be "pretty" in Zenatti's research (involving an expression of taste). Comparative analysis reveals that judgements expressed by children in both countries tend to be similar, supporting the hypothesis that the formation of musical taste rests at least in part on cognitive mechanisms. With some adults, the appreciation of the aesthetic aspect of musical structures remained distinct from judgements of "correctness", revealing the specificity and evolution of taste.
The Assessment of Singing
Authors: Welch Graham F.
Published: March 2007

Singing is an omnipresent feature of musical cultures and occurs in many different forms and guises. Because of its variety and developmental nature, any assessment of singing needs to take careful account of the particular cultural context in which the observed behaviour occurs. The literature on singing indicates that the nature of the sample, the location, the social context, the type of singing task and the assessment method are all likely to be significant variables. An overview of singing assessment is presented in which the application of recent advances in speech science technology are set along- side more traditional assessment methods, with examples of assessment evidence from the project Singing Development in Early Childhood at the Roehampton Institute.
Handedness and Musical Ability: A Study of Professional Orchestral Players, Composers, and Choir Members
Authors: Aggleton John P. , Kentridge Robert W. , Good James M. M.
Published: March 2007

The handedness of three groups of accomplished musicians (623 instrumentalists, 331 composers, and 584 choir members) was assessed using a standard questionnaire (Oldfield, 1971). While the three groups of musicians did not differ from one another, there was evidence of a modest, but significant, increase in the proportion of left-handers and mixed-handers among the musicians when compared with a normal population. It was found, for example, that 12-2% of the male and 11-8% of the female musicians were lefthanded as defined by the Laterality Quotient (Oldfield, 1971). These figures compared with 8-5% male and 7 3% female left-handers in their respective age-matched control groups. Further evidence of an increased proportion of left-handed musicians was found for the single item, writing hand. This latter finding suggests that the differences in handedness were not simply a consequence of musical training.
Toughmindedness and Preference for Musical Excerpts, Categories and Triads
Authors: Rawlings David , Hodge Malcolm , Sherr Debbie , Dempsey Anne
Published: March 2007

Four studies examined the relationship between Eysenck's Toughmindedness or Psychoticism (P) dimension and various aspects of music preference. Using recorded musical excerpts, study 1 found that P is related to liking for hard rock music and dislike of easy listening music. Study 2 employed the Litle and Zuckerman Music Preference Survey in which subjects list their preferences for music categories; toughminded subjects reported preference for hard rock music, and dislike of "soft" popular music. Study 3 correlated P with preference for five types of recorded triad. Low P subjects showed a stronger preference for consonant triads (major, minor) over dissonant triads (augmented, diminished, atonal) than high P subjects. Study 4 showed that chord preferences are related to music preferences, and substantially supported studies 1 and 3. It is concluded that, relative to tenderminded individuals, toughminded subjects show preference for "hard" music and "harsh" chords.
The Feeling of Musical Mode and its Emotional Character in a Melody
Authors: Hoshino Etsuko
Published: March 2007

The present investigation, conducted on music students and non-music students as well as middle-aged subjects, had two aims. The first was to try to discover, through a synaesthetic bias, whether there is a difference in emotional reactions to the many musical modes in existence in Japan. The second was to make a comparison between age groups of the way in which melodies which differ only in one aspect, namely musical mode, are heard. The results show that (1) each mode produced a different impression, according to melodic type, on the listeners, but (2) there were additional differences in the emotional modal characters according to age group and to whether the listeners were musicians or non-musicians.
Case Study of a First-Year University Voice Major: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Charles P. , Andrews Moya L.
Published: March 2007

This case study of globus hyster icus documents the vocal problems, adjustments to university life, and the career ambivalence of a first-year voice major enrolled at a large university school of music. The case was investigated using data obtained from (a) subject's self-perceptions; (h) evaluation by the subject's voice teacher; (c) interview with the subject's mother; (d) medical diagnosis; (e) evaluations of a voice clinician and clinical supervisor; (I) behavioural data obtained in ten voice therapy sessions; (g) psychological measures of motivation, self concept and personality; and (h) academic records. The case was studied within the context of ten one-hour voice therapy sessions that occurred across one term and two follow-up interviews that occurred during the second term. Therapy involved modification of targeted vocal behaviours and counselling. Counselling focused on psychosocial factors related to the client's vocal problems and cognitive restructuring associated with her transition from secondary school music student to first-year voice major. Results were discussed in relation to factors influencing persistence of university music majors.
The South Wales Miners Federation, Miners' Lung and the Instrumental Use of Expertise, 1900-1950
Authors: Bloor Michael
Published: March 2007

Oral history materials from the South Wales Miners' Library are used to examine the communal understandings of, and collective responses to, the scourge of Miners' Lung (pneumoconiosis) in the 1920s and 1930s. Lay epidemiology in mining communities attributed an aetiological rôle to coaldust at a time when many experts believed miners' pulmonary disease to be bronchitic, or to be silica-induced. In their efforts to secure compensation claims for their members, union officials instrumentally used scientific expertise in a variety of forms: they contributed to epidemiological evidence; they lobbied for more government-funded research; they `bought' experts; they duped expert witnesses; and they made sophisticated instrumental appeals to the supposed independence of favourable expert judgements. Eventually, miners' situated `local knowledge' became scientific orthodoxy, a success story which may be associated with the class-conscious miners' `bump of irreverence' about expert knowledge, and with the divided character of the expert core-set, sections of which were receptive to miners' `local knowledge' claims.
The Diabolical Symphony of the Mechanical Age:
Authors: Bijsterveld Karin
Published: March 2007

New technologies profoundly change our sonic surroundings, the world's soundscape. However, research dealing with the sound of technology is scarce within Science and Technology Studies (S&TS). This study argues that such a silence should be broken, since the sound of technology not only tunes our sonic environment, but has also been a highly controversial aspect of technology loaded with symbolic significance. Research into such a symbolism of sound enhances our understanding of the responses to technology-related changes in early 20th-century Western cities. The importance of sound will be made clear by discussing the historiography and anthropology of noise and silence, and by analyzing a crucial episode in the history of noise abatement in European and North American cities. By showing how the symbolism of sound influenced the noise abatement campaigns and the measures taken in response, the paper illustrates how the study of technological culture can be deepened by focusing on sound.
Peer Review at the NSF: A Dialectical Policy Analysis
Authors: Mitroff Ian I. , Chubin Daryl E.
Published: March 2007

The controversy over peer review is viewed as a dialectic. The arguments espoused by advocates and critics of the system wherein research proposals are evaluated by advisors to funding agencies are reviewed, particularly the findings of two recent studies of peer review at the National Science Foundation These findings seem to establish merit as the primary factor m the recommendations of peer reviewers to fund proposals The findings also beg several questions as to 'acceptable' definitions of meritoriousness and innovativeness, the links among belief, perception, and evaluation, and the sanctioned operation of particularistic factors m the review process Future studies, it is suggested, must include psychological variables - especially measurement of applicants' and reviewers' 'cognitive styles' - if data are to narrow gaps in knowledge and inform the debate itself Finally, three models which undergird views of peer review are discussed and related to key social issues m the debate
Review Paper : Psychology of the Scientist: An Evaluative Review
Authors: Mahoney Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Although the social processes in scientific inquiry have received extensive analysis, psychologists have devoted relatively little attention to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the individual scientist. This neglect has resulted in an unfortunate failure to evaluate long held assumptions about scientist behaviour. This article reviews sociological, archival, and recent experimental evidence bearing on the psychology of the scientist. These data suggest that the correspondence between scientist behaviour and accepted scientific 'ideals' may be far less than has been presumed. After briefly reappraising those ideals, it is argued that psychological research - and particularly psychological theorizing- are critical to an adequate understanding and refinement of human factors in science.
'A Second Party in Our Midst': The History of the Soviet Scientific Forecasting Association
Authors: Rocca Gordon L.
Published: March 2007

The growth in popularity of Soviet forecasting research during the latter part of the 1960s was a positive by-product of the lingering mood of economic and administrative reform prevalent in the USSR until the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Novel forecasting programmes under Soviet academic auspices gave rise to an ill-fated Soviet Association of Scientific Forecasting, whose activities and publications helped popularize futures research to a wider Soviet scientific and technical audience. The Organization's promoters even went so far as to offer its services to State planning authorities as an independent body of expertise regarding the unforeseen consequences of planning and management decisions. The controversial programmes in question were soon dismantled on ideological as well as political grounds. The further elaboration of a critically minded, policy science-oriented futures research in the Soviet Union was henceforth proscribed under new guidelines that subordinate Soviet forecasting work to the immediate needs of the regime.
Publication and Citation Practices of Brazilian Agricultural Scientists
Authors: Velho Lea , Krige John
Published: March 2007

The formal communication system of agricultural scientists working at two major teaching and research centres in Brazil is investigated with an eye on formulating policies to improve it. To avoid the pitfalls surrounding the use of sources like the Science Citation Index in this area, a sample of the articles actually published by the scientists was used to construct the data base. Results are presented on where the scientists publish, on the content of their papers, on whom they refer to, and on the age distribution of their references. The picture which emerges is one of a fragmented scientific community whose members have only tenuous links with their colleagues in other domestic institutions, and whose work appears to be lagging behind the research frontier in their field. Policies for ameliorating this situation are suggested.
Reproducing Cultural Identity in Negotiating Nuclear Power: The Union of Concerned Scientists and Emergency Core Cooling
Authors: Downey Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This paper advances the concept of `cultural identity' to account for the nexus between structure and practice in technological negotiations. It describes how the formation of the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), and that group's subsequent discourse and nonverbal actions, both reproduced the established identities of group members and contributed to negotiations that reconstituted those identities. In particular, UCS claims about emergency core-cooling systems in nuclear plants were congruent with the combination of a shared ideology, the social interests of MIT faculty, and established principles of engineering design. The cultural analysis of identity reproduction shows the opposition between cognitive and social phenomena to be a significant distinction framing action in Western culture. The analysis also suggests that new attention be given to the relationship between the constitutive and reproductive functions of discourse and nonverbal action.
Henry Bryant Bigelow, the US Bureau of Fisheries, and Intensive Area Study
Authors: Brosco Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2007

Oceanographers have long viewed `intensive area study' as a step in the internal development of oceanography. But for its first American practitioner, Henry Bryant Bigelow, intensive area study was a new and innovative approach that allowed him to pursue fundamental questions of hydrology and zoology within the restrictions imposed by his patron, the US Bureau of Fisheries. Intellectually, such methods promised a long-term solution to the problem of predicting fluctuations in fish populations; practically, they required little money and allowed Bigelow to stay physically near the New England fisheries. Reconstructing Bigelow's relationship to the USBF provides the political and social context necessary for understanding the origins and acceptance of a scientific practice. It also shows how scientists must often negotiate between the demands of their patrons for practical information and the demands of their disciplines for `pure' science.
Politeness and Certainty: The Language of Collaboration in an Al Project
Authors: Myers Greg
Published: March 2007

Collaboration in scientific groups can be investigated through analysis of linguistic features associated with politeness strategies. Disagreements, especially, can carry possible threats to colleagues' face. The strategies for redressing these threats can be seen in choices of pronouns or impersonal constructions, and uses of `hedges' — modifications of the force of an assertion. These features indicating politeness overlap with the features used to indicate degrees of doubt or certainty. Thus neither the participants in the collaboration, nor the science studies analyst, can disentangle participants' personal interactions from reasoning, persuasion and decision-making. For instance, the hedging of a criticism out of politeness will be hard to tell from the expression of uncertainty about the evidence or reasoning supporting a suggestion. An exchange of memos in one natural language processing group, concerning a decision over the inclusion of one factor in an algorithm, shows the possible functions of politeness strategies in the course of the group's decision-making.
The Manufacture of Bodies in Surgery
Authors: Hirschauer Stefan
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an ethnographic account of surgical operations as encounters of two disciplined bodies — a parcelled `patient-body', and an aggregated `surgeon-body'. It describes the practices of making bodies operable, of cooperating and of creating anatomical visibility by means of highly skilled manipulations and optical technology. The discussion relates features of surgical practice to two issues raised in science studies: (1) Ritual aspects of scientific work; how does a medical science deal with the life-world esteem for its object?; and (2) The relation of experience and representation; how do patients' bodies come to embody the properties of anatomical pictures? A constructivist interpretation is offered: the anatomical body is an accomplishment of the sculptural practice of operations.
Origins of the Second Golden Age of Dutch Science after 1860: Intended and Unintended Consequences of Educational Reform
Authors: Willink Bastiaan
Published: March 2007

In this paper, indicators and explanations for the revival of Dutch science after around 1860 are proposed. Explanations for the occurrence of the `second Golden Age of Dutch Science' emphasize the effects of educational reform policy after 1862. The (often unintended) results of the Secondary Education Act of 1863, the Higher Education Act of 1876, the sharp increases in Personnel and Materials Budgets after 1876, and the decrease of student influx at the same time, are discussed in some detail.