bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on death and mourning in relation to Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend
Authors: Godsil Geraldine
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Both Bion and Jung indicate in their theories of oscillating cycles of coniunctio/mortificatio and PsD that the toleration of psychic states of disintegration is both dangerous and essential to new development and that change is resisted and feared. Our fear of growth and development is described by Jung in the mortificatio phase of the coniunctio cycles where movement can be forward towards coniunctio or backwards into disiunctio and by Bion in his delineation of a grid, with its negative grid, where the normal direction of growth may be permanently reversed. Both highlight the inevitability of elements destructive to thought being present in the psyche and the need to know these forces. This paper relates their ideas to the difficult processes of mourning explored by Dickens in his novel Our Mutual Friend.
Undoing dissociation. Affective neuroscience:   a contemporary Jungian clinical perspective
Authors: Wilkinson Margaret
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  In the last ten years both analysts and neuroscientists have begun to challenge the analytic world to explore the analytic view of the mind in relation to knowledge emerging from the field of neuroscience. I find that ‘in many ways it is Jung's understanding of the mind, the human condition, and the self, that is most compatible with the insights that are emerging from neuroscience today’ (Wilkinson 2004, p. 84). In this paper I consider the insights that neuroscience has to offer us as we seek to work with those patients whose early experience has diminished their capacity to be ‘in mind’ and with it their capacity for reflective self‐function, whose defences are dissociative, whose need has been to keep unbearable experience at bay, out of mind. I look first at dissociationist theory and its development, then focus on the insights to be gained from neuroscience with regard to early trauma and its effect on the encoding and recall of memory. Finally, I turn to the nature of cure and argue that hemispheric integration is the key to undoing dissociation and the prelude to individuation.
The reception of Holocaust research in the world of psychology
Authors: Wieland‐Burston Joanne
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  After having spoken to lay and professional audiences in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, England, France and in the United States on the effects of the Shoah on people in psychotherapy today and found varying reactions, I decided to pursue the question in a more consequential way. I devised a questionnaire which I sent to a large number of international psychoanalytic societies. My initial impressions were confirmed: Freudian societies generally devote more work to the topic. Some Jungian societies with especially interested individuals have also devoted a substantial amount of work to the Shoah and its aftermaths. The Jungian hesitancy has to do with our often more archetypal approach and with shame about Jung's statements on the Jewish archetype.

On the collective level, the presence of a survivor population seems to make research on the topic more difficult. A certain amount of time must evolve before a society (be it professional, individual or political) deals with collective trauma, be it the Shoah or political oppression.

On the personal level, intimacy (also in future, adult relationships) seems blocked when fantasies about parents’ implications in the Shoah prevail. The bottom line of both phenomena is taboo, a prohibition against touching tameh. I propose that the IAAP supports research projects on the Shoah. They could also, as the Freudians do, offer a special prize at each international conference for the best piece of research on the topic of collective trauma.
Downstream displacement of post‐emergent brown trout: effects of development stage and water velocity
Authors: Daufresne M. , Capra H. , Gaudin P.
Published: September 2005

Brown troutSalmo truttawere introduced at hatching into distinct sections of two parallel artificial channels, one with a constant low velocity (control) and one with velocity changes (experimental), at such times as to produce 12, 3 and 0 day old fish (age after emergences) when the velocity was changed in the experimental channel. This experimental design was repeated in 2002 and 2003 at comparable dates. Young brown trout were sensitive to an increased water velocity for 5 to 6 days after emergence. Water velocity modified the displacement patterns qualitatively but not quantitatively. Eighty per cent of fish moved downstream at all water velocities. Velocity changes, however, advanced the time by which 80% of the fish had displaced downstream.
Behavioural responses of female Neogobius melanostomus to odours of conspecifics
Authors: Gammon D. B. , Li W. , Scott A. P. , Zielinski B. S. , Corkum L. D.
Published: September 2005

The behavioural responses of reproductive and non‐reproductive female round gobies Neogobius melanostomus to water conditioned by reproductive and non‐reproductive males and females were tested. The behavioural responses of reproductive female round gobies exposed to odour of reproductive males included increased time spent near the source of the odour, elevated swimming velocities and directed movement to and around the odour source when compared with their responses to control water. These results suggested that pheromones released from reproductive males may induce spawning behaviour in reproductive females. Non‐reproductive females exposed to reproductive female odour spent significantly more time near the odour source of reproductive females compared with control water. Non‐reproductive females also showed directed movement towards and around the odour source when exposed to reproductive female odour. These results suggested that round gobies use inter‐sexual and intra‐sexual pheromones and that both sex and reproductive status are important in the detection and release of these pheromones.
Extensive genetic differentiation in Gobiomorphus breviceps from New Zealand
Authors: Smith P. J. , McVeagh S. M. , Allibone R.
Published: September 2005

Partial mitochondrial DNA sequences for parts of the cytochrome b gene and control region were obtained for 89 upland bullies Gobiomorphus breviceps from 19 catchments in New Zealand. There were two highly distinctive mtDNA clades: a northern clade corresponding to the North Island, northern South Island and west coast South Island, and a south‐east clade, in the southern and eastern South Island. Within these major clades there were further distinct clades that correlated with geographic sub‐regions and catchments. The marked genetic differentiation has occurred in the absence of obvious morphological divergence. Based on cytochrome b sequence divergences and the molecular clock hypothesis, the northern and southeastern clades correspond with the uplift of the Southern Alps during the Pliocene, while populations in the North Island and northern South Island were estimated to have diverged during the Pleistocene. The widescale geographic divergences were similar to those observed in the galaxiids, Galaxias vulgaris and Galaxias divergens, but biogeographic management boundaries may not be the same, reflecting different evolutionary histories for non‐diadromous species occupying the same areas.
Effect of delayed first feeding on development and feeding ability ofParalabrax maculatofasciatuslarvae
Authors: Peña R. , Dumas S.
Published: September 2005

The impact of delayed feeding early in development on late feeding ability and development of spotted sand bassParalabrax maculatofasciatuslarvae was examined. Larvae were sampled from hatching until day 19 after delayed feeding for zero (control), 1, 2, or 3 days. Feeding incidence was evaluated as the percentage of larvae with food in the gut and feeding intensity was measured by direct counting of prey after dissection of the gut. Delayed feeding effects due to starvation were observed early in development. By day 5, significant differences (P < 0·05) were observed between controls and larvae submitted to degrees of delayed feeding, including total length (LT), eye diameter, and the size of the head, liver, gut, muscles and body. Differences were still apparent inLT, and body, liver and muscle heights at the end of the studied period. Larvae under total starvation did not survive beyond day 5. Initial feeding incidence was 35, 60, 90 and 10% for larvae first fed on day 2, 3, 4 or 5, respectively. Mean ± s.d. feeding intensity was 3·6 ± 0·8, 2·8 ± 1·3, 5·2 ± 0·3, and 10·2 ± 1·5 rotifers per larva depending on whether larvae were initially fed on day 2, 3, 4 or 5, respectively. The point of no return occurred between 4 and 5 days after hatching.
Evaluation of the temporal development of the ovaries in Gadus morhua from the Sound and Kattegat, North Sea
Authors: Vitale F. , Cardinale M. , Svedäng H.
Published: September 2005

The gonadal development of cod Gadus morhua in the Sound and Kattegat, North Sea, was studied by investigating their histological structure on a temporal scale by intense sampling from September 2002 to May 2003. Different age classes were followed and the proportion mature in each age class within each area was analysed. Based on existing maturity criteria, a modified system, based on histological features, was developed in order to emphasize the crucial step in the developmental process, i.e. the passage from endogenous to exogenous vitellogenesis. Only fish that had attained exogenous vitellogenesis could be considered as being reproductively active in the forthcoming breeding season (Kjesbu et al., 2003). The histological based maturity scale will greatly improve the capability of separating mature from immature individuals in the studied areas, that is fundamental for an accurate and unambiguous estimate of the spawning stock biomass. Furthermore, the results showed a larger proportion of mature individuals per age class in the Kattegat stock compared to the Sound stock, which implied an earlier maturity for this stock. This difference in maturation pattern might have been related to a relaxation of competition, i.e. enhanced growth rate, as an effect of different levels of exploitation and technical fishing regulations between the two adjacent areas.
Effects of temperature on free‐embryonic diapause in the autumn‐spawning bitterling Acheilognathus rhombeus(Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Kawamura K. , Uehara K.
Published: September 2005

In bitterling Acheilognathus rhombeus, developmental arrest always occurred at stage D of the free‐embryonic phase, regardless of incubation temperature. Developmental arrest was terminated only by a cold treatment at 4° C for 60–90 days, initiated 10 days post‐hatching. After the termination of developmental arrest, free‐embryos became larvae c. 6 months after hatching, regardless of the time of initiation and duration of the cold treatment. In hybridization experiments between A. rhombeus and several species of spring‐spawning bitterlings, free‐embryos became free‐swimming larvae within 60 days after hatching in all experiments. Developmental arrest was not observed in any of the hybrids, regardless of parental sex. These results suggest that free‐embryonic diapause in A. rhombeus is not induced by environmental factors, such as cold, but by genetic factors, which are recessive to those in spring‐spawning bitterlings. Free‐embryonic diapause in A. rhombeus appears to be an adaptation to winter, which might have evolved with reproduction in autumn among autumn‐spawning bitterling species. This is the only report of free‐embryonic diapause after hatching in fishes, and only the second example of diapause in fishes, along with annual killifishes (Rivulidae).
The ontogeny of haematopoiesis in the marine teleostLeiostomus xanthurusand a comparison of the site of initial haematopoiesis withOpsanus tau
Authors: Govoni J. J. , West M. A. , Bonaventura J. , Goddette G. , Jenkins T. E.
Published: September 2005

The ontogeny of haematopoiesis in the perciform fish, spotLeiostomus xanthurus, differed from that reported as the norm for fishes, as exemplified by the cypriniform zebrafishDanio rerio, and observed in the batrachoidiform oyster toadfishOpsanus tau. Erythropoiesis in spot was first evident in the head kidney of yolk‐sac larvae 3 days after hatching (DAH). No embryonic intermediate cell mass (ICM) of primitive stem cells or blood islands on the yolk were apparent within embryos. Erythrocytes were first evident in circulation near the completion of yolk absorption,c. 5 DAH, when larvae werec. 2·0 mm notochord length (LN). Erythrocyte abundance increased rapidly with larval development forc. 14 to 16 DAH, then became highly variable following changes in cardiac chamber morphology and volume. Erythrocytic haemoglobin (Hb) was not detected within whole larvae until they were 12 DAH orc. 3·1 mmLN, well after yolk and oil‐globule absorption. The Hb was not quantified until larvae were >47 DAH or >7 mm standard length. The delayed appearance of erythrocytes and Hb in spot was similar to that reported for other marine fishes with small embryos and larvae. In oyster toadfish, a marine teleost that exhibits large embryos and larvae, the ICM and Hb were first evident in two bilateral slips of erythropoietic tissue in the embryos,c. 5 days after fertilization. Soon thereafter, erythrocytes were evident in the heart, and peripheral and vitelline circulation. Initial haematopoiesis in oyster toadfish conformed with that described for zebrafish. While the genes that code for the development of haematopoiesis are conserved among vertebrates, gene expression lacks phylogenetic pattern among fishes and appears to conform more closely with phenotypic expression related to physiological and ecological influences of overall body size and environmental oxygen availability.
The houtingCoregonus oxyrinchus(L.)(Salmoniformes: Coregonidae), a globally extinct species from the North Sea basin
Authors: Freyhof J. , Schöter C.
Published: September 2005

Coregonus oxyrinchusis redescribed and a neotype is designated (BMNH 1862.11.20.1.). It was restricted to south England and the lower parts of the Rivers Rhine, Meuse and Schelde. It is now globally extinct; the last individual was caught in 1940.Coregonus oxyrinchusis distinguished from other coregonids by having 38–46 gill rakers and a long, pointed snout.
A finite interval of initial swimbladder inflation in Latris lineata revealed by sequential removal of water‐surface films
Authors: Trotter A. J. , Pankhurst P. M. , Battaglene S. C.
Published: September 2005

A finite interval of initial swimbladder inflation in striped trumpeter Latris lineata larvae occurred over 4 days at 16° C. Water‐surface films were removed on different days to form treatments: 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 days post hatching, dph (day 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 treatments, respectively). No swimbladder inflation was recorded prior to water‐surface film removal. When the water‐surface films were removed in day 4 and 8 treatments, initial swimbladder inflation was first recorded in larvae 9 dph at mean ± s.e. 35·0 ± 5·4%(n = 4) and 45·0 ± 7·9%, respectively. Water‐surface film removal at days 9, 10 and 11, resulted in initial swimbladder inflation the following day at 62·5 ± 2·5, 62·5 ± 7·2 and 11·3 ± 5·5% in larvae 10, 11 and 12 dph, respectively. No swimbladder inflation was recorded following water‐surface film removal on day 12. There was no significant difference in initial inflation among larvae in day 4, 8, 9 and 10 treatments, ranging from 65·0 ± 4·1 to 73·8 ± 6·9%(P > 0·05). Initial inflation was significantly lower in the day 11 treatment (11·3 ± 5·5%)(P < 0·05). During the inflation interval (9–12 dph) swimbladders displayed one of three morphologies; liquid dilation, gas inflated and collapsed. Collapse of the swimbladder lumen was first apparent in larvae without swimbladder inflation from 11 dph and progressively developed thereafter in all larvae with non‐inflated swimbladders. Larvae >6·1 mm standard length lost the ability to undergo initial swimbladder inflation. This study demonstrates that the interval for initial swimbladder inflation in striped trumpeter is short, finite and related to larval size. The end of the inflation interval was marked by onset of abnormal swimbladder morphologies, but not to closure of the pneumatic duct.
A new deep‐water chimaerid species, Hydrolagus lusitanicus n. sp., from off mainland Portugal with a proposal of a new identification key for the genus Hydrolagus(Holocephali: Chimaeridae) in the north‐east Atlantic
Authors: Moura T. , Figueiredo I. , Bordalo‐Machado P. , Almeida C. , Gordo L. S.
Published: September 2005

A new chimaerid species closely related to Hydrolagus pallidus is described from 13 specimens captured on the Portuguese continental slope (north‐east Atlantic) by commercial longliners at depths of c. 1600 m. The new species is large‐bodied with a rose to light brown body colouration. Hydrolagus lusitanicus n.sp. presents a combination of external morphological characters that allow it to be clearly differentiated from its congeners, in particular, the ratios of pectoral fin length: pectoral fin width and pelvic fin length: pelvic fin width; in having a serrated posterior edge of the dorsal spine; a high number of ridges in the dental plates. Additionally in males, there are differences on the shape and number of hooks in the frontal tenacula, on the number of spines in the prepelvic tenacula and on the length of the pectoral fin margin.
Hsp70 is not a sensitive indicator of thermal limitation in Gadus morhua
Authors: Zakhartsev M. , De Wachter B. , Johansen T. , Pörtner H. O. , Blust R.
Published: September 2005

The levels of heat‐shock proteins of the 70 kDa family (Hsp70s) were measured in different soft tissues of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from different locations and after exposure to various thermal conditions: acute temperature increments (1° C day−1), mid‐term (73 days at 4–15° C) and long‐term thermal acclimation (278 days at 8–15° C), and seasonal and latitudinal temperature variations (field samples). Tissue specific distribution patterns of Hsp70s were observed: liver > gills > red blood cells > brain > white muscle. Thus, different tissues may have required different levels of protection by Hsp70s, and possibly this was related to the rate of protein synthesis. There were no differences in tissue Hsp70s between Arctic cod populations (Arctic, i.e. Barents and White Seas, Norwegian coast, and North or Baltic Seas). No changes in Hsp70s levels were observed in response to temperature variation of any intensity (acute fluctuation or seasonal and latitudinal) within the range of physiological temperatures (4–15° C) in wild and laboratory Atlantic cod. This confirms previous observations that changes in Hsp70 caused by such temperature variation are often small in fishes. Probably, the constitutive level of Hsp70s in Atlantic cod was high enough to overcome potentially harmful effects of temperature variations within the physiological range. A suppressing effect of high temperature (15° C) has already been observed at a systematic level (as reduced rate of somatic growth), whereas it is not reflected in modified Hsp70s. Therefore, Hsp70s apparently played a secondary role in defining thermal tolerance limits in Atlantic cod. These conclusions are in line with a recent concept of thermal tolerance which indicated that the first line of thermal limitation in the cold and warm is a loss in aerobic scope.
Effects of intraperitoneal injection of cortisol on non‐specific immune functions of Ctenopharyngodon idella
Authors: Wang W. B. , Li A. H. , Cai T. Z. , Wang J. G.
Published: September 2005

After grass carps Ctenopharyngodon idellus were injected with cortisol, with (CBC) and without (C) a cocoa butter carrier, the effects of both slowly and rapidly acting exogenous cortisol on their non‐specific immune functions were investigated. On the one hand, after injection with CBC, the cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity in fish serum were enhanced and were sustained at high levels for a long period (30 days). The killing activity in the serum declined with time, and phagocytosis of head kidney macrophages diminished significantly (P < 0·05 or P < 0·01). The leukocrit values in the high dose group (31·8 mg cortisol fish−1) increased over time, however, with the maximum average being 5·6% at day 30. The spleen mass index in the high dose group was 0·93 × 10−3 after 30 days, notably lower (P < 0·05) than that in the control group. In addition, a decrease in resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in cortisol‐treated fish was shown, with the final cumulative mortalities being 54·5 and 66·7% in the low and high dose groups, respectively. On the other hand, there was a decrease in both serum cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity of the experimental fish within 2 weeks after injection with C, where plasma bactericidal activities in the high dose group (31·8 mg cortisol fish−1) were remarkably lower (P < 0·01) than those in the control group at each sampling, but were increased slightly over time. The results of which were different from those in the CBC trial. Phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages and spleen mass index decreased significantly (P < 0·05), while there were increases in leukocrit value and cumulative mortality due to A. hydrophila. The results of which were similar to those in the CBC trial. This study indicated that the injection of cortisol depressed the non‐specific immune functions of the grass carp and increased its susceptibility to disease.
Genetic verification of native brown trout from the Persian Gulf (Catak Cay River, Tigris basin)
Authors: Sušnik S. , Schöffmann J. , Weiss S.
Published: September 2005

Analysis of the mtDNA control region in six individual brown trout Salmo trutta from the Catak Cay River (Tigris basin) revealed a single, new, haplotype, 1·0 to 1·5% divergent from five other Da lineage haplotypes analysed, that groups with the Danubian clade with low bootstrap support. This highly divergent haplotype combined with unique phenotypic characteristics underscores the novelty and native status of this population, which has probably been isolated from other brown trout lineages for at least several hundred thousand years.
Potential problems with external trailing antennae: antenna migration and ingrowth of epithelial tissue, a case study from a recaptured Chondrostoma nasus
Authors: Bauer C. , Unfer G. , Loupal G.
Published: September 2005

Examination of a nase Chondrostoma nasus, that was carrying an implanted telemetry transmitter for 7 months, showed that the external trailing antenna of the transmitter had migrated c. 3 cm to the posterior edge of the incision. The absorbable sutures were still present, and there was epithelial tissue within the granulation encapsulating the transmitter. This tissue may have grown down from the surface along the antenna providing a potential entryway for pathogens.
Investigating the relationship among abnormal patterns of cell cleavage, egg mortality and early larval condition in Limanda ferruginea
Authors: Avery T. S. , Brown J. A.
Published: September 2005

Normal (symmetrically cleaving) and abnormal (non‐symmetrically cleaving) eggs were selected from four batches of eggs from three yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea, and reared in Petri dishes as paired replicates under controlled conditions. Mortality rates were significantly higher in early (day 0–3) but not later (day 4–9) embryogenesis in abnormal eggs when compared to the normal eggs. Early larval morphology was not different between the two groups, but larvae from normal eggs were significantly longer than those from abnormal eggs (P < 0·05).
The post‐spawning movements of migratory brown trout Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Bendall B. , Moore A. , Quayle V.
Published: September 2005

The post spawning behaviour of sea trout Salmo trutta was studied over a 2 year period in the river and estuary of the River Fowey, south‐west England. Forty‐five sea trout kelts were trapped immediately after spawning in December and intraperitoneally tagged with miniature acoustic transmitters. The subsequent emigration into coastal waters was monitored using acoustic receivers deployed throughout the river catchment. The levels of gill Na+K+ATPase activity in sea trout kelts sampled at the same time as the tagged fish were within the range of 2·5 to 4·5 μmol Pi per mg protein per h indicating that the post‐spawning fish were not physiologically adapted to salt water. The tagged kelts were resident in fresh water between 4 and 70 days before entering the estuary. Sixty two per cent of the tagged kelts subsequently migrated successfully into coastal waters, with a higher success rate for male fish (75%) than females (58%). There was a significant size related difference in the run‐timing of the kelts with the larger fish moving more quickly into coastal waters after spawning than smaller fish. Seaward migration within fresh water was predominantly nocturnal and generally occurred in conjunction with increasing river discharge and rising water temperature. Migration through the estuary continued to be predominantly nocturnal and occurred during an ebbing tide. Residency within the estuary varied amongst individuals although it was invariably short, with most fish moving out into coastal waters within one to two tidal cycles. Five tagged kelts returned from the coastal zone and re‐entered fresh water during April and June. Marine residence time varied between 89 and 145 days (mean 118 days) and the minimum estimated marine survival was c. 18%. One of these sea trout was subsequently recaptured after successfully spawning in the vicinity where it had been previously tagged demonstrating a degree of spawning site fidelity.
The thyroid tissue of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss is tubular, not follicular
Authors: Raine J. C. , Strelive U. , Leatherland J. F.
Published: September 2005

The three dimensional morphology of the thyroid tissue in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was determined using serial transverse and longitudinal sections of lower jaws stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The thyroid tissue comprised interconnecting tubular units not the follicles that are widely described in the literature. Some of these tubules were subdivided by branching, giving the appearance of follicles in the sections. The thyroid tissue was aggregated into two major concentrations of tissue, associated with the first and second branchial arteries, with the majority of the tissue located dorsal and lateral to the aorta. These observations in juvenile rainbow trout suggest that thyroid tissue of some species of fishes may not be follicular, as previously assumed. The physiological and evolutionary implications have yet to be determined.
Comparison of the prolonged swimming performances of closely related, morphologically distinct three‐spined sticklebacksGasterosteusspp.
Authors: Blake R. W. , Law T. C. , Chan K. H. S. , Li J. F. Z.
Published: September 2005

Prolonged swimming performances of two as yet unnamed species of three‐spined stickleback,Gasterosteusspp., were compared. The two fishes (not yet formally described, referred to here as benthic and limnetic) inhabit different niches within Paxton Lake, Texada Island, British Columbia, Canada, and are recent, morphologically distinct species. Limnetics had longer endurance during prolonged swimming than did benthics. The mean regression of the log10of fatigue time (Ft, s) on swimming speed (U, standard length,LSs−1) for limnetics (log10Ft = 7·03 − 0·46U) had a similar slope, but a significantly higher intercept than that for benthics (log10Ft = 5·55 − 0·43U). Adult benthics were larger, heavier and deeper‐bodied fish than limnetics. Limnetics, however, had a significantly greater pectoral fin edge:base ratio (mean ± s.e.: limnetics, 4·58 ± 0·43; benthics, 3·63 ± 0·27). In addition, limnetics had significantly lower drag coefficients (CD) than benthics (limnetics, log10CD = −0·49log10Re + 0·66; benthics, log10CD = −0·26log10Re − 0·30) whereReis the Reynolds number [(LSU (ν−1), whereUand ν are swimming velocity and the kinematic viscosity of the water, respectively]. Compared to their ancestral form, the anadromous three‐spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatusL., limnetics and benthics had significantly longer and shorter endurance times, respectively. In addition, both these fishes had significantly higher fast‐start velocities than their ancestral form. Selection due to differential resource use may have lead to divergence of body form, and, therefore, of steady swimming performance. Therefore predation may be the selective force for the similar high escape performance in these two fishes.
Geographic variation in Austrolebias luteoflamulatus Vaz‐Ferreira, Sierra & Scaglia (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae)
Authors: D’Anatro A. , Loureiro M.
Published: September 2005

The morphological variation in the annual killifish Austrolebias luteoflamulatus was studied using meristic and pigmentation characters analysed with univariate and multivariate analysis, and morphometric characters analysed with a geometric morphometry approach (thin plate spline). The results showed that morphological variation in this species was associated with a geographical pattern. In the case of meristic and pigmentation characters, the strongest distinction occured in males, while females were more similar among different drainages. Males from Rocha (eastern Uruguay) exhibited the greatest differences from the others. The number of dorsal fin rays and bars on the flanks were the characters that contributed most to this segregation. When morphometrics were considered, the three populations analysed could be distinguished well from each other in both sexes. Some of the characters that contributed to this pattern were dorsal fin origin, position of eyes and length of snout. Since pigmentation characteristics and some characters of the dorsal fin in males were involved in the differences observed, sexual selection could have played an important role in the differentiation of populations of this species. Since Austrolebias luteoflamulatus has a restricted geographical distribution, conservation of this species should include consideration of these populations individually since they might represent different evolutionary units.
Comparative efficacy of rapid‐release nicotine gum versus nicotine polacrilex gum in relieving smoking cue‐provoked craving
Authors: Niaura Raymond , Sayette Michael , Shiffman Saul , Glover Elbert D. , Nides Mitch , Shelanski Morris , Shadel William , Koslo Randy , Robbins Bruce , Sorrentino Jim
Published: September 2005

Aims  Most relapse episodes occur when smokers are confronted with craving provoked by situational cues. Current nicotine gum can help relieve cue‐provoked cravings, but faster effects may result in more rapid relief. We tested a prototype formulation of a new rapid‐release nicotine gum (RRNG) that provides more rapid release and absorption of nicotine, for its ability to provide faster and better craving relief compared to current nicotine polacrilex gum (NPG).

Design  Random assignment to RRNG or NPG, used during a smoking cue provocation procedure.

Participants and setting  A total of 319 smokers were exposed to a smoking cue in the laboratory by being asked to light but not smoke a cigarette of their preferred brand. Subjects then chewed a piece of 2 mg RRNG (n = 159) or 2 mg NPG (n = 160) according to randomized assignment.

Measurements  Craving assessments were completed at regular intervals before and after cue exposure (baseline, pre‐cue, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 30 and 35 minutes after the cue).

Findings  Smokers chewing RRNG showed significantly lower craving than NPG subjects starting with the first assessment at 3 minutes (P < 0.025). Repeated‐measures ANOVA revealed a significant treatment × time interaction (P < 0.05)—craving scores dropped more rapidly in RRNG subjects compared to NPG subjects. Survival analyses also indicated superiority of RRNG in achieving more rapid self‐reported meaningful relief (P < 0.05) and complete relief (P < 0.05) of craving.

Conclusions  Rapid‐release nicotine gum reduced cue‐provoked craving more rapidly compared to NPG, and thus merits further study in cessation efficacy trials.
Researchers’ experience of co‐operative inquiry in acute mental health care
Authors: Hummelvoll Jan Kåre , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: September 2005

Aim.  The aim of this article is to reflect upon our experiences of using co‐operative inquiry in an acute mental health care setting, with a focus on the methodology used in a 4‐year intervention programme developed in Norway between 1999 and 2003.

Background.  Action research plays a crucial role in assisting nurses to integrate theory and research with nursing practice. The central characteristic of this approach is the grounding of research in practice in collaboration with clinical practitioners.

Methods.  The research was a co‐operative inquiry based on a hermeneutic‐phenomenological approach. The research methods used were ethnographic, including participant observation and face‐to‐face interviews, questionnaires, focus group interviews, and our process notes.

Findings.  The different methods used in the co‐operative inquiry design of the Project Teaching Ward (PTW) had both benefits and drawbacks. In particular, the focus group method proved useful due to its ability to stimulate participants’ research interest, and thus motivating them to be actively involved in the development of knowledge. The particular knowledge development process used has been described as a local knowledge dialogue. This dialogue must incorporate critical subjectivity on the part of participants in order to ensure that the research has a reflective resistance, which is decisive for its validity and quality. The findings also highlight the importance of the different roles of project leader in lengthy action research collaboration.

Conclusions.  The PTW has illustrated that co‐operative inquiry was well suited for developing knowledge relevant to practice, thus contributing to bridging the gap between practice and theory. In order for this to happen, the research collaboration should be characterized by patience, realism and engagement.
Coping, social support and quality of life over time after myocardial infarction
Authors: Kristofferzon Marja‐Leena , Löfmark Rurik , Carlsson Marianne
Published: September 2005

Aim.  This paper describes gender differences in perceived coping, social support and quality of life 1, 4 and 12 months after myocardial infarction.

Background.  There is a shortage of studies with a longitudinal research design investigating coping, social support and quality of life in women and men after myocardial infarction.

Methods.  A longitudinal, descriptive and comparative design was used for the study, which included 74 women and 97 men. At 12 months, 60 women and 88 men remained. Data were collected using the Jalowiec Coping Scale, a social support questionnaire, the SF‐36 Health Survey (health‐related quality of life) and the Quality of Life Index‐Cardiac version (quality of life). The data were collected during the period 1999–2001.

Results.  No statistically significant changes over time in coping assessments emerged in the study group, except for fatalistic coping, which diminished over time in men. Women used more evasive coping than men at 4 and 12 months. The perceived efficiency in coping with physical aspects of the heart disease increased. More women than men perceived available support from grandchildren and staff of the church. Health‐related quality of life increased in women and men in physical functioning, role‐physical, vitality, social functioning, and role‐emotional scales. Moreover, an improvement in the mental health scale was evident in women and a reduction in pain in men. No statistically significant gender differences were found for quality of life at any point in time.

Conclusions.  The findings can be used to inform caregivers that optimistic, self‐reliant and confrontational coping were the most frequently used by both women and men over the first year after myocardial infarction, and that confrontational coping has been shown to have positive outcomes in the longer term. Nurses should tell women about the importance of seeking prompt treatment and discuss health problems with caregivers and significant others. Care planning should include family members and significant others so that they can support and encourage patients to cope with problems in daily life.
Inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit: literature review
Authors: Zeitzer Mindy B.
Published: September 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a literature review to examine the effectiveness of inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest.

Background.  After cardiac arrest, severe neurological impairment is a major problem. Outcome after anoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest varies from normal function to brain death. However, a large proportion of these patients are left with severe disability and completely dependent on others for basic needs. Since the 1950s, several studies have shown how hypothermia can be neuroprotective. Recently, these studies have been taken to human trials in populations experiencing out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest.

Methods.  A literature search was conducted using the Ovid and MDConsult databases for the years 1966–2004 and the keywords included hypothermia, therapeutic hypothermia, and cardiac arrest. Only English language papers were retrieved. Six human trials were found.

Results.  All six studies showed improved neurological outcomes and four of these showed a decrease in mortality. Minimal complications exist from inducing mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest, and include decreased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, transient electrolyte abnormalities (increased serum potassium and glucose), possible increase in pneumonia or other infectious processes, possible rebound hyperthermia, possible hypotension, and possible arrhythmias.

Conclusions.  Based on the review of these studies and the recommendations from the Advanced Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, advanced practice nurses should promote this practice, but look for further research on specific treatment recommendations.
Effects of acupressure therapy for patients having prolonged mechanical ventilation support
Authors: Tsay Shiow‐Luan , Wang Juei‐Chin , Lin Kuan‐Chia , Chung Ue‐Lin
Published: September 2005

Aims.  This paper reports an investigation of the effects of acupressure therapy on dyspnoea, anxiety and physiological indicators of heart rate and respiratory rate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease having mechanical ventilation support.

Background.  Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are using mechanical ventilation often experience dyspnoea and anxiety, which affects successful ventilator use.

Methods.  The study had an experimental blocking design, using sex, age and length of ventilator use as a blocking factor. Qualified patients in two intermediate respiratory intensive care units were randomly assigned to an acupressure group and a comparison group. A total of 52 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in northern Taiwan participated. Those in the experimental group received daily acupressure therapy and massage treatment for 10 days. Patients in the comparison group received massage treatment and handholding. The primary outcome measures were the visual analogue scales for dyspnoea and anxiety, and physiological indicators of heart rate and respiratory rate. Data were collected every day from baseline (day 1), during the treatment (days 2–10) and follow‐up (days 11–17). Data were analysed using generalized estimation equations. The study was carried out in 2003.

Results.  Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were using prolonged mechanical ventilatory support experienced high levels of dyspnoea and anxiety. Dyspnoea (P = 0·009), anxiety (P = 0·011) and physiological indicators (P < 0·0001) in the acupressure group improved statistically significantly over time when compared with those of the comparison group.

Conclusions.  This results support the suggestion that acupressure therapy could decrease sympathetic stimulation and improve perceived symptoms of dyspnoea and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who are using prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Pain in Alzheimer's disease: nursing assistants’ and patients’ evaluations
Authors: Scherder Erik , Van Manen Femke
Published: September 2005

Aim.  This paper reports on a study examining the level of agreement between the pain perceptions of nursing assistants, older people without dementia and patients with Alzheimer's dementia. It was hypothesized that nursing assistants would overestimate the pain experience of patients with Alzheimer's dementia.

Background.  There is now increasing evidence that, in contrast to other subtypes of dementia, patients with Alzheimer's disease might experience a decrease in pain. It is unfortunate that these latest insights into the complex relationship between subtypes of dementia and pain are not always included in education programmes for nursing assistants.

Method.  Twenty patients with Alzheimer's disease and 17 older people with arthrosis and/or osteoporosis but no dementia and their personal nursing assistants participated in the study. Pain experience was assessed using the Coloured Analogue Scale for the assessment of Pain Intensity and Pain Affect, the Faces Pain Scale, and the Checklist of Non‐verbal Pain Indicators. The data were collected in 2002–2003.

Results.  Before and after walking, the absolute difference in pain evaluation between nursing assistants and older people without dementia was statistically significantly less than the difference in pain evaluation between nursing assistants and patients with Alzheimer's disease on the Coloured Analogue Scale for Pain Intensity (P = 0·007 and P = 0·04, respectively) and on the Coloured Analogue Scale for Pain Affect (P = 0·009 and P = 0·01, respectively).

Conclusion.  Nursing assistants may overestimate the extent of suffering from pain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. They might be very well able to estimate this pain, provided they were educated about new insights into the influence of the various subtypes of dementia on pain.
Dietary habits of patients with coronary atherosclerosis: case–control study
Authors: Loke Alice Yuen , Chan Kit Nga
Published: September 2005

Aim.  The aim of this study was to identify the dietary‐related risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis among Hong Kong Chinese people.

Background.  Prevalence and mortality figures for coronary atherosclerosis are increasing in Chinese communities, including those in Hong Kong. Changes in dietary patterns might explain the increased risk of coronary artery disease among the Hong Kong Chinese.

Method.  A total of 145 consecutive patients scheduled to have coronary angiogram in a regional hospital in Hong Kong completed a self‐reported questionnaire on their dietary intake for 1 week. A case–control design was used, and the data were collected from December 2000 to February 2001.

Results.  Consumption of more than 1120 g of fish [28 tael (Chinese weight unit, 1 tael equals approximately 42 g)] per week (OR = 0·07) and soybean (OR = 0·17) had a beneficial effect in preventing coronary atherosclerosis. In addition, an increased waist–hip ratio (OR = 4·81) and consumption of more than 28 teaspoons of fat per week (OR = 42·36) were identified by logistic regression as independent risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. Moreover, people who smoked (OR = 1·72), had a lower educational level (OR = 0·51) or higher family income (OR = 1·92) were more vulnerable to coronary atherosclerosis. Patients confirmed as having coronary atherosclerosis were more likely than those with normal coronary vessels to rank deep fry, stir fry, and pan fry as their preferred cooking methods over steaming or boiling.

Conclusion.  The results provide nurses with information on which to develop appropriate health education programmes for patients and the general public in Hong Kong to promote cardiovascular health. Efforts should be directed particularly to promoting boiling and steaming as major cooking methods, rather than frying or deep frying, as protective actions against coronary atherosclerosis.
Breastfeeding as health‐promoting behaviour for Hispanic women: literature review
Authors: Schlickau Jane M. , Wilson Margaret E.
Published: September 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a literature review to synthesize the evidence that breastfeeding is a health‐promoting behaviour for Hispanic women and to demonstrate the usefulness of the Health Promotion Model in understanding and increasing breastfeeding behaviours in Hispanic women.

Background.  While breastfeeding has been shown to promote the health of both mother and infant, it has not been widely viewed from the perspective of the Health Promotion Model.

Methods.  The CINAHL and MEDLINE databases were searched using the terms ‘Hispanic’ or ‘Latina’, ‘breastfeeding’ and concepts specific to the Health Promotion Model (interpersonal relationships, social support, acculturation, self‐efficacy, barriers, benefits, and commitment). Only papers in the English language from 1990 to 2003 (except for classic papers) that used research techniques were reviewed. Only those addressing breastfeeding intention, initiation or duration were included. The reference lists of each paper were examined for additional empirical papers that linked any of the determinants of the Health Promotion Model to breastfeeding among Hispanic women. Papers were organized using the ten determinants as headings: prior related behaviour, personal factors, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self‐efficacy, activity‐related affect, interpersonal influences, situational influences, immediate competing demands, and commitment to a plan of action. The review was conducted in 2003.

Findings.  The literature verifies that each of the 10 determinants of health‐promoting behaviour also promotes breastfeeding for Hispanic women, particularly through the constructs of acculturation, interpersonal support, self‐efficacy and immediate competing demands. Breastfeeding is not consistently defined in all studies, nor are Hispanic population groups uniformly classified according to country of origin. Specific interventions to promote breastfeeding have been implemented for women of Latin American origin, but randomized designs to measure outcomes have not been consistently employed with Hispanic women in the United States of America. Further intervention research is needed to confirm breastfeeding as a health‐promoting behaviour and to inform breastfeeding education for this group.