bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre‐synaptic nicotinic receptors evoke endogenous glutamate and aspartate release from hippocampal synaptosomes by way of distinct coupling mechanisms
Authors: Zappettini S , Grilli M , Salamone A , Fedele E , Marchi M
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe present work aimed to investigate whether and through which mechanisms selective α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) agonists stimulate endogenous glutamate (GLU) and aspartate (ASP) release in rat hippocampus.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHRat hippocampal synaptosomes were purified on Percoll gradients and superfusedin vitroto study endogenous GLU and ASP release. The synaptosomes were superfused with selective α7 and α4β2 nAChR agonists and antagonists. The excitatory amino acid (EAA) content of the samples of superfusate was determined by HPLC after pre‐column derivatization and separation on a chromatographic column coupled with fluorimetric detection.

KEY RESULTSCholine (Ch), a selective α7 receptor agonist, elicited a significant release of both GLU and ASP which was blocked by the α7 receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA), but was unaltered by the α4β2 receptor antagonist dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE). The stimulant effect of Ch was strongly reduced in a Ca2+‐free medium, was not inhibited by Cd2+and tetrodotoxin (TTX), but was antagonized by dantrolene, xestospongin C and thapsigargin. 5‐Iodo‐A‐85380 dihydrochloride (5IA85380), a selective α4β2 receptor agonist, elicited EAA release in a DHβE‐sensitive, MLA‐insensitive fashion. The 5IA85380‐evoked release was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, blocked by Cd2+and TTX, but unaffected by dantrolene.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSOur study shows for the first time that rat hippocampal synaptosomes possess α7 and α4β2 nAChR subtypes, which can enhance the release of endogenous GLU and ASP via two distinct mechanisms of action. These results extend our knowledge of the nicotinic modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.
Hay Transfer Promotes Establishment of Mediterranean Steppe Vegetation on Soil Disturbed by Pipeline Construction
Authors: Coiffait‐Gombault Clémentine , Buisson Elise , Dutoit Thierry
Published: July 2010

The Coussouls de Crau Nature Reserve is a xeric steppe providing a habitat for remarkable animals. Over the past centuries, this steppe has been partly destroyed and fragmented and has been reduced to 9,500 ha out of the 55,000 ha existing before the 16th century. Although this ecosystem is protected, 23 ha of natural habitat were nonetheless destroyed in 2006 during the construction of an underground pipeline. To mitigate potential future damage, an original experiment in restoration ecology was adapted and tested: the technique of hay transfer. The objective of this experiment was to find ways of accelerating steppe vegetation colonization on the soil over the buried pipelines by the reintroduction of steppe species. A factorial experiment was set up to test the effects of habitat characteristics, grazing, and hay transfer. The results obtained for 3 years after the experimentation setup are conclusive in favor of using hay transfer for the restoration of Mediterranean steppe ecosystem. Hay transfer has significantly increased the species richness on restored areas and has allowed the reintroduction of some typical steppe species. Among these species, we found a wide variety of annual grasses which play a key role in the recovery of steppe vegetation and provide food for sheep flocks. Sheep herding must be maintained during the ecological restoration of the herbaceous steppe community, because grazing significantly increases species richness on restored areas without changing species assemblies.
Intrathecal Gadolinium‐Enhanced MR‐Cisternography in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Associated With Behcet's Syndrome
Authors: Albayram Sait , Gunduz Aysegul , Saip Sabahattin , Ozer Harun , Gulsen Fatih , Kocer Naci , Islak Civan
Published: July 2010

We report a 32‐year‐old woman diagnosed with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and Behcet's Syndrome. Suspicion of SIH was based on cervical MRI findings, and magnetic resonanace (MR)‐cisternography revealed dural leaks bilaterally at lumbar region. MR‐cisternography is a recently performed technique and gaining importance in demonstration of CSF fistula.
In Situ Monitoring of Health in Older Adults: Technologies and Issues
Authors: Kang Hyun Gu , Mahoney Diane F. , Hoenig Helen , Hirth Victor A. , Bonato Paolo , Hajjar Ihab , Lipsitz Lewis A. ,   for the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology Working Group on Advanced Approaches to Physiologic Monitoring for the Aged
Published: July 2010

With the upcoming reform of the healthcare system and the greater emphasis on care in the home and other living environments, geriatric providers will need alternate ways of monitoring disease, activity, response to therapy, and patient safety. Current understanding of the dynamic nature of chronic illnesses, their effects on health over time, and the ability to manage them in the community are limited to measuring a set of variables at discrete points in time, which does not account for the dynamic interactions between physiological systems and the environments of daily life. Recent developments of sensors, data recorders, and communication networks allow the unprecedented measurements of physiological and sociological data for use in geriatrics care. This article identifies and discusses the important issues regarding the use of monitoring technologies in elderly patients. The goals are fourfold. First, some emerging technology that may improve the lives of older adults and improve care are highlighted. Second, the possible applications of technology in geriatrics settings are discussed, with a focus on acute falls, dementia, and cardiac conditions. Third, real and perceived concerns in using monitoring technology are identified and addressed, including technology adoption by elderly people; stigma; and the reduction in social contact; ethical concerns of privacy, autonomy, and consent; concerns of clinicians, including information overload, licensure, and liability; current reimbursement schemes for using technology; and the reliability and infrastructure needed for monitoring technology. Fourth, future approaches to make monitoring technology useful and available in geriatrics are recommended.
Conventional and Robust Quantitative Gait Norms in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Oh‐Park Mooyeon , Holtzer Roee , Xue Xiaonan , Verghese Joe
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To develop and compare norms for widely used gait parameters in adults aged 70 and older using cross‐sectional (conventional) and longitudinal (robust) approaches accounting for important confounders such as disease effects on gait.

DESIGN: Cohort study.

SETTING: General community.

PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling older adults (>70, N=824) without dementia or disability.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight quantitative gait parameters measured using an instrumented walkway.

RESULTS: Of the 824 subjects (conventional normal (CN) sample), 304 were included in a “robust normal” (RN) sample after excluding those with prevalent or incident clinical gait abnormalities developing within 1 year of the baseline assessment to account for disease effects on gait performance. Descriptively, the RN sample showed better performance on all selected gait variables than the CN sample. For instance, mean gait velocity ± standard deviation was 105.9 ± 17.9 cm/s in the RN sample, compared with 93.3 ± 23.2 cm/s in the overall CN sample. Applying one standard deviation below the mean (70.1 cm/s) derived from the CN sample to define slow gait, 15.9% (131) in the overall cohort were classified as abnormal, whereas the RN cut‐off (88.0 cm/s) classified 39.7% (327) in the overall cohort as abnormal.

CONCLUSION: Cross‐sectional conventional norms may underestimate gait performance in aging. Longitudinal robust norms provide more‐accurate estimates of normal gait performance and thus may improve early detection of gait disorders in older adults.
Methods of Instruction and Learning Outcomes: A Theoretical Analysis of Two Approaches in an Introductory Information Technology Course*
Authors: Pridmore Jeannie L. , Bradley Randy V. , Mehta Nikhil
Published: July 2010

In introductory information technology (IT) courses, communicating technical concepts so that they can be comprehended by all students, technical and nontechnical, has been a concern. Another challenge in such courses is to teach the real‐world applicability of technical concepts. In this conceptual article, we focus on a relatively unexplored issue in IT education—which instructional method is more effective in improving the learning outcomes of all students taking introductory IT courses. In doing so, we consider two instructional methods, lecture and multimedia case studies, and argue that either of these instructional methods, adopted singly, will be perceived by students as less effective in accomplishing learning outcomes than adopting a combination of the two instructional methods. Our arguments both augment existing knowledge about the differential influence of lecture and multimedia case studies on students’ learning outcomes and questions the wisdom of adopting either of these methods singly in introductory IT courses. We derive insights from the literature and anecdotal evidence, presented as four propositions, which illustrate the relationship between the two instructional methods and the specific learning outcomes students perceive they affect.
Does the MBA Experience Support Diversity? Demographic Effects on Program Satisfaction*
Authors: Arbaugh J. B. , Bento Regina , Hwang Alvin
Published: July 2010

Using data provided by graduates from 128 MBA programs, we examined the extent to which age, gender, and ethnicity predicted student perceptions of the MBA experience. We found that women and minorities were more likely to see program costs and the availability of financial support as significant factors in their program enrollment decisions than were Caucasian males. The most consistent predictor of students’ perceptions of their educational experience was whether the MBA program was full time or part time, with full‐time programs generally perceived more favorably. Our findings suggest that because diversity measures of age, gender, and ethnicity were not consistent predictors across the different perception areas, at minimum, MBA programs presently do not consistently inhibit diversity. However, given the increasing percentage of women and minorities that comprise the undergraduate population, maintaining the present path in program accessibility may create enrollment problems for MBA programs perhaps in the very near future. Therefore, we conclude with a discussion of the changing demographics in higher education and their potential implications for MBA programs and suggestions for how MBA programs might respond.
In Chains? An Empirical Study of Antecedents of Supplier Product Development Activity in the Automotive Industry*
Authors: Wynstra Finn , Von Corswant Fredrik , Wetzels Martin
Published: July 2010

In the literature on interorganizational collaboration in product development, considerable attention is given to supplier role classifications. Such classifications often link to a supplier's position in the overall supply chain, but the claim that this position has a substantial impact on its product development activities has seldom been empirically validated. The results from the present survey among Swedish automotive suppliers demonstrate that supplier product development activity is significantly affected by the position of the supplier in the supply chain and the supplier's strategic focus on innovation. While the latter has a stronger impact on product development activities, there is also an interaction effect implying that the effects of a supplier's innovation strategy are contingent on its supply chain position. Contrary to expectations, customer development commitment does not have any significant direct effect on supplier product development activities. Instead, this relation is fully mediated by supplier innovation strategy. These findings imply that, in contrast to conventional wisdom, product development activities are not strictly organized in “chains.” Although supply chains can be useful metaphors for understanding the distribution of regular production activities between firms, they arguably apply less to the distribution of product development activities.
Embracing the lived memory of genocide: Holocaust survivor and descendant renegade memory work at the House of Being
Authors: KIDRON CAROL A.
Published: July 2010

The House of Being is a Holocaust‐survivor geriatric center and memorial museum in Israel, where lifeworlds and deathworlds coexist to create a “lived memory” of the Holocaust past. Its agenda, decor, and provocative commemorative practices engender movement between everyday life in the present and the genocidal past. Humor, for instance—the House genre—allows Holocaust descendants to explore contradictions between their familial lived experience of genocide and the “dead memory” of national commemoration. Sustaining a balance between a departure from and accommodation to mainstream national memory work, ludic memory reinvigorates the commemorative landscape. The activities that take place at the House, as well as its design and ambiance, problematize conceptualizations of commemoration, traumatic loss, serious humor, and the sequestration of death in everyday life.
Friendship in practice: Girls’ work in the Indian Himalayas
Authors: DYSON JANE
Published: July 2010

In this article, I examine the relationship between friendship, cultural production, and social reproduction through reference to the everyday practices of girls working in the Indian Himalayas. I build on 15 months of ethnographic research in the village of Bemni, Uttarakhand. Focusing especially on girls’ work collecting leaves, I stress the importance of contextualizing friendship with reference to lived everyday actions and environments. Friendship among girls in Bemni is a contradictory resource: a medium through which girls reproduce gendered norms and a basis for improvised cultural practice and effective cooperation.
The criterion of consistency: Women's self‐presentation at Yarmouk University, Jordan
Authors: KAYA LAURA PEARL
Published: July 2010

In the late 20th century, for the first time, higher education became an attainable goal for Jordanian women of all backgrounds, and Jordanian universities became vibrant, coed public spaces. The first‐generation‐female college students who enter these spaces take relational traditions of female identity construction that developed in intimate settings and adapt them for use in large‐scale, anonymous environments. Identities based on relationships are reified for exchange in a public sphere, and imperatives that had seemed to keep women in a “private” realm are transformed as women move in “public” space. After exploring the meanings of women's dress at Yarmouk University in Irbid, Jordan, I conclude with remarks on the implications of my study for the headscarf debate in France.
Communities of complicity: Notes on state formation and local sociality in rural China
Authors: STEINMÜLLER HANS
Published: July 2010

In this article, I deal with the tension in rural China between vernacular practice in local sociality and official representations related to processes of state formation and with the ways in which this tension is revealed and concealed through gestures of embarrassment, irony, and cynicism. Such gestures point toward a space of intimate self‐knowledge that I call a “community of complicity,” a concept derived from Michael Herzfeld's outline of “cultural intimacy.” I illustrate how such communities are constituted with examples involving Chinese geomancy (fengshui), funerary rituals, and corruption. I contrast this approach with arguments made about “state involution” in China.
Language Acquisition Meets Language Evolution
Authors: Chater Nick , Christiansen Morten H.
Published: July 2010

Recent research suggests that language evolution is a process of cultural change, in which linguistic structures are shaped through repeated cycles of learning and use by domain‐general mechanisms. This paper draws out the implications of this viewpoint for understanding the problem of language acquisition, which is cast in a new, and much more tractable, form. In essence, the child faces a problem of induction, where the objective is tocoordinatewith others (C‐induction), rather than to model the structure of the natural world (N‐induction). We argue that, of the two, C‐induction is dramatically easier. More broadly, we argue that understanding the acquisition of any cultural form, whether linguistic or otherwise, during development, requires considering the corresponding question of how that cultural form arose through processes of cultural evolution. This perspective helps resolve the “logical” problem of language acquisition and has far‐reaching implications for evolutionary psychology.
THE IMPACT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING ON WARSHIP DESIGN
Authors: OREM JOHN B.
Published: July 2010

In recent years, the expanding use of electromagnetic systems in warships has created significant problems. Mutually antagonistic systems degrade intended performance and serious safety problems have been created. The environmental effects produced by these systems must be considered in the mainstream of the warship design process. Systems engineering considerations using specific examples will show the potential impact on warship design considerations not normally considered. In addition, electromagnetic engineering considerations are proposed for impact on specific ship specification sections.
CENTRAL SHIP LOGISTICS AND ENGINEERING CONFIGURATION ACCOUNTING
Authors: MOUM JERRY D.
Published: July 2010

Since the 1960s, Navy configuration status accounting, logistics, and engineering data support systems have grown independently to solve specialized problems of individual communities within the Navy. Because these automated data systems do not function as a single process, the Navy's configuration status accounting capability is limited. Specifically:

— Navy's central configuration records are supply oriented.

— There is no firm central engineering control of change reporting and configuration status accounting.

We currently lack a coherent and articulate process to record, maintain and present logical, up‐to‐date configuration information about our ships. This weakness in our present configuration data system architecture is the result of two basic deficiencies: (1) the lack of a central purpose, and (2) the lack of a consistent configuration hierarchical structure code.

This paper defines an approach to a configuration data system which will correct these deficiencies. First, a central purpose is gained through selection of a global information systems architecture which recognizes the need for cradle‐to‐grave visibility of configuration data. The foundation of this architecture is a central logistics and engineering configuration data base. Second, a universal hierarchical structure code in the form of an Expanded Ship Work Breakdown Structure based Functional Group Code is proposed for use in the global systems architecture.
THE REVERSE ENGINEERING PROCESS: A COMPETITION ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE
Authors: DI MASCIO A.J. , MIXON CAMERON O.
Published: July 2010

Reverse engineering can be a powerful tool in the development of a competitive technical data package. However, it should be incorporated as one subset of the several tools available in a comprehensive competition engineering program. There are several technical programmatic, and economic factors which must be considered within the overall system context of such a competition engineering framework prior to committing to implementation of reverse engineering. This paper presents an overview of some of the principal technical, management and economic considerations which should be factored into the planning, decision‐making, and control processes when applying reverse engineering techniques to a Replenishment Spares Breakout Program. A decision‐making model and process management descriptive model are presented as guides to planning and control.
Juniper—The New U.S. Coast Guard Buoy Tender
Authors: DANHIEUX TIMOTHY J. , LACOSSE JAMES , BENTGEN BERNARD F. , WILLIAMS ROBERT E.
Published: July 2010

In early 1990, the U.S. Coast Guard embarked on a major program to replace its fifty‐year‐old seagoing buoy tender fleet by requesting proposals for designs that would meet the Circular of Requirements (COR) for the replacement cutter. Subsequently, three shipyards were awarded contracts to develop contract designs and specifications for the vessel. On 28 January 1993, Marinette Marine Corporation (MMC) was awarded a contract for construction of the Juniper, the lead ship of the new class of Coast Guard seagoing buoy tenders.

From even a cursory examination of the COR, while buoy tending remains the Juniper's primary mission, she will serve as a multi‐mission vessel capable of recovering spilled oil, performing icebreaking, servicing fixed stations and other vessels with fuel, water and cargo, as well as conducting search and rescue and law enforcement operations.

This paper lists the requirements and describes the resulting successful design that meets these requirements and has been designated the Juniper class by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Revisiting DDGX/DDG‐51 Concept Exploration
Authors: STEPANCHICK JUSTIN , BROWN ALAN
Published: July 2010

This study revisits concept exploration for DDG‐51 using reconstructed 1978–1979 DDX and 1979–1980 DDGX requirements and options, and 2005 tools. The goal of this study is to assess and highlight the benefits of current tools and processes for concept exploration by comparison with a well‐known design that did not use these tools. This case study was completed in a summer and fall ship design project at Virginia Tech. In 1979, the acquisition and design process did not begin with a Mission Need Statement, Analysis of Alternatives or Integrated Capabilities Document as is required today. It began with studies, Tentative Operational Requirements, and Draft Top Level Requirements. In this study, we revisit the 1978–1980 DDG‐51 (DDX/DDGX) concept exploration based on the guidance, goals, and constraints of the DDX and DDGX studies, using a notional mission statement, concept of operations, and list of required capabilities. The design space is defined to include many of the same design alternatives that were considered in the DDX and DDGX studies. A multiple‐objective genetic optimization (MOGO) based on military effectiveness, cost, and risk is used to search the design space and perform trade‐offs. A simple ship synthesis model is used to balance the designs, assess feasibility, and calculate cost, risk, and effectiveness. Alternative designs are ranked by cost, risk, and effectiveness, and presented in a series of non‐dominated frontiers. Concepts for further study and development are chosen from this frontier and a comparison with DDG‐51 is made based on these results.
Options‐Based Multi‐Objective Evaluation of Product Platforms
Authors: GONZALEZ‐ZUGASTI JAVIER P. , OTTO KEVIN N. , WHITCOMB CLIFFORD A.
Published: July 2010

A platform is the set of elements and interfaces that are common to a family of products. Design teams must choose among feasible platform concepts upon which a product family could be based, often involving new technologies. Multiple performance objectives need to be considered. A standard approach is to convert the performance outcomes into financial figures, which can then be weighed against the required investments. However, it is not always possible to transform performance outcomes (benefits) into monetary terms, such as in defense or highly technical projects. A multi‐objective form of real‐options‐based platform selection is developed. Systems are compared based on multiple technical and economic goals, incorporating uncertainty by representing the unknown factors during the subsequent development process with probability distributions. The range of uncertain outcomes is integrated into single expected measures of effectiveness, which can then be applied to select the most appropriate platform and set of support product variants. An application to the design of platform‐based families of naval high‐speed ships is shown.
USS Boone (FFG 28) Emergent Underwater Rudder Replacement
Authors: YOUNG Jay A.
Published: July 2010

On November 30, 2006, USS Boone (FFG 28) lost all steering control in the Mediterranean Sea due to a lost rudder. Within hours of the casualty, numerous US Navy and contractor activities sprung into action to coordinate and complete an emergent voyage repair to return USS Boone to service to support the Global War on Terrorism. The Navy faced a large hurdle to identify and transport a replacement rudder to Rota, Spain, and prepare and carry out an extremely complex repair procedure. Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard personnel removed the replacement rudder from USS Crommelin (FFG 37) in Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and transported the rudder to Rota, Spain. The Navy's Supervisor of Salvage and Diving developed the repair procedure and coordinated the repair operation, which involved over 30 US Navy and contractor divers. The repair team completed the rudder replacement on December 28, 2006 and returned USS Boone to underway operations.
Filaggrin null mutations and association with contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: results from a tertiary dermatology clinic
Authors: Carlsen Berit Christina , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Menné Torkil , Meldgaard Michael , Szecsi Pal B. , Stender Steen , Thyssen Jacob P.
Published: July 2010

Background: Filaggrin null (FLG) mutations lead to skin barrier disruption with a reduced resistance towards exogenous agents and also influence the course of disease in atopic dermatitis. Objectives: To examine the association between FLG mutations and contact allergy, polysensitization, hand eczema at first appearance of disease, occurrence, and course of dermatitis. Methods: A venous blood sample from 430 individuals was genotyped for FLG mutations R501X and 2282del4 with polymerase chain reaction followed by typing through hybridization to paramagnetic polystyrene beads and analysis on a BioPlex 200. All individuals had a minimum of one positive patch test reaction. Results: In all, 3.5% were 2282del4 heterozygote and 5.1% were R501X heterozygote. An odds ratio (OR) of 1.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–3.00] was found for nickel allergy, OR 0.84 (95% CI 0.41–1.74) for polysensitization, OR 0.78 (95% CI 0.25–2.43) for dermatitis, OR 0.96 (95% CI 0.48–1.92) for hand eczema at debut, OR 1.25 (95% CI 0.99–1.57) for duration of disease, and OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.59–0.97) for age at onset. Conclusions: No association between nickel allergy, polysensitization, hand eczema at first appearance or occurrence of dermatitis, and FLG mutations was found. However, patients with FLG mutations had an earlier age of onset compared with the wild‐type genotype and a trend towards longer duration of disease.
The PD‐1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity
Authors: Francisco Loise M. , Sage Peter T. , Sharpe Arlene H.
Published: July 2010

Summary:  Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD‐1: PD‐ligand (PD‐L) pathway are both critical to terminating immune responses. Elimination of either can result in the breakdown of tolerance and the development of autoimmunity. The PD‐1: PD‐L pathway can thwart self‐reactive T cells and protect against autoimmunity in many ways. In this review, we highlight how PD‐1 and its ligands defend against potentially pathogenic self‐reactive effector T cells by simultaneously harnessing two mechanisms of peripheral tolerance: (i) the promotion of Treg development and function and (ii) the direct inhibition of potentially pathogenic self‐reactive T cells that have escaped into the periphery. Treg cells induced by the PD‐1 pathway may also assist in maintaining immune homeostasis, keeping the threshold for T‐cell activation high enough to safeguard against autoimmunity. PD‐L1 expression on non‐hematopoietic cells as well as hematopoietic cells endows PD‐L1 with the capacity to promote Treg development and enhance Treg function in lymphoid organs and tissues that are targets of autoimmune attack. At sites where transforming growth factor‐β is present (e.g. sites of immune privilege or inflammation), PD‐L1 may promote the de novo generation of Tregs. When considering the consequences of uncontrolled immunity, it would be therapeutically advantageous to manipulate Treg development and sustain Treg function. Thus, this review also discusses how the PD‐1 pathway regulates a number of autoimmune diseases and the therapeutic potential of PD‐1: PD‐L modulation.
Ten‐years degradation of resin–dentin bonds
Authors: Hashimoto Masanori , Fujita Shinichi , Nagano Futami , Ohno Hiroki , Endo Kazuhiko
Published: July 2010

Hashimoto M, Fujita S, Nagano F, Ohno H, Endo K. Ten‐years degradation of resin–dentin bonds. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 404–410. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the durability of resin–dentin bonds in 10‐yr water‐storage testing. Resin–dentin bonded bulk specimens were prepared using six commercially available resin adhesives. The resin–dentin bonded specimens were stored in water for 24 h (control group) or for 10 yr (experimental groups). After each storage period, the specimens were sectioned to make specimen beams and then subjected to a microtensile bond test. After the bond test, fractured surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, interfacial observation of silver nanoleakage was performed using the backscatter electron mode of SEM. The bond strengths of four of the six adhesive systems tested decreased significantly after 10 yr. However, no significant bond‐strength reduction was recorded for the other two systems. The interfacial observations showed water tree propagation in the bonding resin layer as a typical morphological change after aging for five of the six adhesives tested. Water tree propagation may be a symptom of degradation in the resin bonding layer of resin–dentin bonds.
General introduction to altitude adaptation and mountain sickness
Authors: Bärtsch P. , Saltin B.
Published: July 2010

The key elements in acclimatization aim at securing the oxygen supply to tissues and organs of the body with an optimal oxygen tension of the arterial blood. In acute exposure, ventilation and heart rate are elevated with a minimum reduction in stroke volume. In addition, plasma volume is reduced over 24–48 h to improve the oxygen‐carrying capacity of the blood, and is further improved during a prolonged sojourn at altitude through an enhanced erythropoiesis and larger Hb mass, allowing for a partial or full restoration of the blood volume and arterial oxygen content. Most of these adaptations are observed from quite low altitudes [∼1000 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)] and become prominent from 2000 m a.s.l. At these higher altitudes additional adaptations occur, one being a reduction in the maximal heart rate response and consequently a lower peak cardiac output. Thus, in spite of a normalization of the arterial oxygen content after 4 or more weeks at altitude, the peak oxygen uptake reached after a long acclimatization period is essentially unaltered compared with acute exposure. What is gained is a more complete oxygenation of the blood in the lungs, i.e. SaO2 is increased. The alteration at the muscle level at altitude is minor and so is the effect on the metabolism, although it is debated whether a possible reduction in blood lactate accumulation occurs during exercise at altitude. Transient acute mountain sickness (headache, anorexia, and nausea) is present in 10–30% of subjects at altitudes between 2500 and 3000 m a.s.l. Pulmonary edema is rarely seen below 3000 m a.s.l. and brain edema is not seen below 4000 m a.s.l. It is possible to travel to altitudes of 2500–3000 m a.s.l., wait for 2 days, and then gradually start to train. At higher altitudes, one should consider a staged ascent (average ascent rate 300 m/day above 2000 m a.s.l.), primarily in order to sleep and feel well, and minimize the risk of mountain sickness. A new classification of altitude levels based on the effects on performance and well‐being is proposed and an overview given over the various modalities using hypoxia and altitude for improvement of performance.
Vertical jump in female and male volleyball players: a review of observational and experimental studies
Authors: Ziv G. , Lidor R.
Published: July 2010

The main purpose of this article was to review a series of studies (n=32; 24 observational and eight experimental) examining vertical jump (VJ) performances in female and male volleyball players. The main findings of this review are (a) players of better performing teams have higher VJ values; (b) strength and conditioning programs that emphasize plyometric training can increase VJ performance; and (c) it is important to continue conditioning sessions throughout the season in order to maintain VJ performance. Three research limitations associated with the testing protocols and the strength and conditioning programs used in the studies were outlined: (a) the use of multiple testing protocols; (b) lack of experimental studies; and (c) lack of data on the effect of VJ performance on achieving success in actual games. Four recommendations for volleyball and strength and conditioning coaches were given: (a) Plyometric training should be included in the annual training program; (b) Interruptions in the conditioning program during the season should be avoided; (c) Overtraining during the pre‐season should be avoided; and (d) VJ performance should be tested throughout the entire season.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in preschool children in Kuwait – a screening study
Authors: Hasan Abdulaziz A. , Qudeimat Muawia A. , Andersson Lars
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  Aims:  This is the first study in Kuwait to determine the prevalence, etiology, classification of trauma, teeth involved, place of injury and treatment received after dental trauma in preschool children.

Material and methods:  A total of 500 preschool children presenting at a dental screening day in all governorates of Kuwait were clinically examined for signs of trauma to their primary teeth. The parents were then interviewed and a prevalidated questionnaire was completed with the demographic data of the participant and history of the dental trauma.

Results:  A total of 243 (48.6%) males and 257 (51.4%) females were screened. The age range was 2–6 years (mean age of 4.31 ± 1.03 years). Fifty‐six children (68 teeth) suffered trauma to their primary teeth making a prevalence of 11.2%. Majority of dental traumas occurred at home (n = 49, 87.5%) followed by at street (n = 4, 7.1%) and at school (n = 3, 5.4%). The most common reason of oral trauma was falls (n = 53, 94.6%).The most commonly affected tooth was the maxillary right primary central incisor (n = 29, 42.6%) followed by the maxillary left primary central incisor (n = 26, 38.2%). There were 20 teeth with enamel fractures (29.4%), 18 teeth had enamel‐ dentin fractures (26.5%) and 10 teeth had complicated crown fractures (14.7%). There were 17 luxated teeth (25%) and only three primary teeth (4.4%) were avulsed. The only statistically significant relation found in this study was between the type of trauma and the type of the treatment provided. Of the traumatized teeth, 23 (33.8%) did not receive any type of dental or medical care.

Conclusion:  In spite of the low prevalence of dental trauma in Kuwaiti preschool children, it is highly recommended to plan a community wide trauma prevention campaign targeting parents, children and medical/dental care providers.
Bifid mandibular condyle with tempromandibular joint ankylosis – a pooled data analysis
Authors: Balaji SM
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  Background and objectives:  Bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) with associated temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is extremely rare with only sixteen cases reported worldwide. This article presents the largest case series with 12 patients of BMC with TMJA with treatment results in an attempt to elucidate the morphological pattern in this rare condition.

Materials and method:  Retrospective examination of Computed Tomograms (CT) over a period of 9 years revealed that 12 cases had BMC with TMJA. Demographical, Clinical, CT features and treatment results of these were analyzed. Patients were grouped according to sides of involvement and orientation of condyles. Data of 12 Indian cases were noted and pooled from existing literature from India and analysis performed using statistical software. Descriptive statistics and one way anova were used to find association.

Results:  The male: female ratio was 1:1. Twenty three cases were post‐traumatic and one postinfectious. The etiology was sustained in childhood in all patients. The mean presenting age was 16.92 ± 11.05 years. Of all the cases 66.7% presented with ipsilateral chin deviation. The mean mouth opening was 3.89 ± 5.4 mm. Bilateral BMC was observed in 29% of cases and 87.5% of all cases had mesiolateral orientation. In general, ankylosed heads were mushroom shaped compared with non‐ankylosed heads. The result of 1 year postoperative mouth opening was compared with treatment modalities used in this center.

Conclusions:  This series attempts to elucidate patterns of ankylosis and CT morphology in BMC with associated TMJA. Also included are treatment results of BMC with TMJA. This case series is the largest presented and includes youngest case of TMJA with BMC reported so far in English literature.
Knowledge and management of traumatic dental injuries in a group of Saudi primary schools teachers
Authors: Al‐Obaida Mohammad
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge level of a group of Saudi primary school teachers in the management of dental trauma. A three‐part questionnaire on demographic data and knowledge was distributed to the teachers in Riyadh city. Twenty‐four selected schools were visited and 277 teachers participated in the study of which 5 of them had formal education in dental injuries. Concerning knowledge, 124 teachers (44.8%) believed dental trauma emergency should be dealt with immediately. This study showed that majority of teachers were not aware of the most favorable storage media for avulsed permanent teeth. It was concluded that the majority of Saudi primary school teachers in Riyadh city do not know how to handle a child who sustains dental injury.
Reattachment of anterior fractured teeth: effect of materials and techniques on impact strength
Authors: Bruschi‐Alonso Renata Camila , Alonso Roberta Caroline Bruschi , Correr Gisele Maria , Alves Marcelo Corrêa , Lewgoy Hugo Roberto , Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre Coelho , Puppin‐Rontani Regina Maria , Correr‐Sobrinho Lourenço
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  The reattachment of dental fragments, as a conservative treatment, should be the first choice to restore fractured teeth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different materials and reattachment techniques on impact strength of bovine incisors.

Material and Methods:  Standardized fragments were obtained when 80 crowns were sectioned 12 mm from the incisal edge. Teeth were mounted in PVC rings, embedded in acrylic resin and polyether to simulate bone support and periodontal ligament. Specimens were distributed in nine groups (n = 10), according to the reattachment technique (Direct bonding or Circumferential chamfer); the adhesive system (Single Bond or Clearfil SE Bond); and the intermediated material (Filtek Z350 Flow or Rely X CRA). Sound teeth composed the control group. Circumferential chamfer was prepared after the bonding of the fragment by means of a spherical point and filled with the composite Filtek Z250. The impact strength was evaluated in a universal testing machine Instron. A compressive load was applied at a crosshead speed of 500 mm min−1 on the buccal surface, 2 mm from the incisal edge. Data were submitted to anova and Ryan–Einot–Gabriel–Welsch Multiple Range test (5%).

Results:  Mean value of impact strength for control group was 64.8 Kgf. The fragment reattachment using Circumferential chamfer was significantly superior to Direct Bonding. The use of Single Bond significantly increased the impact strength when compared to the use of Clearfil SE. There was no significant difference among Rely X and Filtek X350 Flow.

Conclusion:  No technique or material, when individually considered, was capable of achieving the mechanical strength of the sound teeth; however, the association of reattachment technique Circumferential chamfer with bonding system Single Bond could approximate the immediate impact strength of the restored teeth to that observed in the sound teeth.
Evaluation of tooth‐fragment reattachment: a clinical and laboratory study
Authors: Yilmaz Yucel , Guler Cigdem , Sahin Hakan , Eyuboglu Ozge
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  Purpose:  To evaluate the restoration of fractured teeth by reattaching tooth fragment to its tooth remnant in a group of children and adolescents, and to compare the results with those of a laboratory study.

Materials and Methods:  The clinical study was conducted on 43 fractured incisors: 22 uncomplicated crown fractures (Group A) and 21 complicated crown fractures (Group B). The 43 incisal fragments: 23 were kept dry for 47 h and 20 were kept wet for 24 h by the patients before they were reattached. The fragments were kept in 0.9% saline solution for 30 min before reattachment. The fragments in Group A were reattached using a dentin bonding agent, a flowable and a hybrid resin composite, whereas the fragments in Group B were reattached to the tooth remnant after a pulpotomy was performed. The laboratory study was conducted on 56 extracted incisors. Teeth were divided equally into four groups: Group I – Uncomplicated crown fracture + wet medium; Group II – Uncomplicated crown fracture + dry medium; Group III – Complicated crown fracture + wet medium, and Group IV – Complicated crown fracture + dry medium. The fragments were then reattached in a manner that was similar to that used in the clinical study. The restored teeth were then re‐fractured. All data were analyzed statistically.

Results:  In the clinical study, the restored teeth were followed up for 2 years. Neither the type of trauma nor the storage medium had any significant effect on the survival, color, and bond strength of the restored teeth when assessed in the clinical and laboratory study. The color disharmony that was encountered initially in restored teeth resolved significantly on its own accord within 12 months after reattachment of the fragment.

Conclusion:  Fragment reattachment can be used to treat fractured teeth successfully in children and adolescents.
Delayed replantation of an avulsed tooth after 5 hours of storage in saliva: a case report
Authors: Koca Hüseyin , Topaloglu‐Ak Asli , Sütekin Evren , Koca Olgu , Acar Sibel
Published: July 2010

Abstract –  This article reports a clinical case of a 8‐year‐old boy, who underwent an avulsion of the upper left central incisor. The avulsed tooth was kept in the oral cavity in direct contact with saliva for 5 h from the moment of trauma until its replantation. Treatment guidelines for avulsed mature permanent teeth were followed. The clinical and radiographic findings after 2 years revealed absence of root resorption, ankylosis or mobility of the replanted tooth.
Role of maternal 5‐HT1Areceptor in programming offspring emotional and physical development
Authors: Van Velzen A. , Toth M.
Published: July 2010

Serotonin1Areceptor (5‐HT1AR) deficiency has been associated with anxiety and depression and mice with genetic receptor inactivation exhibit heightened anxiety. We have reported that 5‐HT1AR is not only a genetic but also a maternal ‘environmental’ factor in the development of anxiety in Swiss‐Webster mice. Here, we tested whether the emergence of maternal genotype‐dependent adult anxiety is preceded by early behavioral abnormalities or whether it is manifested following a normal emotional development. Pups born to null or heterozygote mothers had significantly reduced ultrasonic vocalization (USV) between postnatal day (P) 4 and 12, indicating an influence of the maternal genotype. The offspring's own genotype had an effect limited to P4. Furthermore, we observed reduced weight gain in the null offspring of null but not heterozygote mothers, indicating that a complete maternal receptor deficiency compromises physical development of the offspring. Except a short perinatal deficit during the dark period, heterozygote females displayed normal maternal behavior, which, with the early appearance of USV deficit, suggests a role for 5‐HT1AR during pre‐/perinatal development. Consistent with this notion, adult anxiety in the offspring is determined during the pre‐/perinatal period. In contrast to heterozygote females, null mothers exhibited impaired pup retrieval and nest building that may explain the reduced weight gain of their offspring. Taken together, our data indicate an important role for the maternal 5‐HT1AR in regulating emotional and physical development of their offspring. Because reduced receptor binding has been reported in depression, including postpartum depression, reduced 5‐HT1AR function in mothers may influence the emotional development of their offspring.
Oral candidiasis mimicking an oral squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case
Authors: Pontes Hélder Antônio Rebelo , Paiva Helena Borges , de Freitas Silva Brunno Santos , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , da Silva Fernanda Bragança Monteiro , Pontes Flávia Sirotheau Corrêa , dos Santos Pinto Décio
Published: July 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00371.x

Oral candidiasis mimicking an oral squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case

Oral candidiasis is a significant problem in immune‐compromised patients. The most common forms of mucosal candidiasis are oropharyngeal, oesophageal and vaginal, and more than 90% of HIV positive persons will manifest at least one episode of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Local and systemic factors such as uninterrupted daily use of a prosthesis by patients, smoking habit, as well as high glucose intake may contribute to the development of the lesion. The aim of this article is to report an uncommon case of oral candidiasis presenting an aggressive clinical behaviour in a 64‐year‐old male patient, with a significant smoking habit and a medical history of non‐controlled diabetes. The lesion affected the hard and soft palate of the right side, revealing erythematous and ulcerated areas, elevated borders and central portions resembling necrosis, mimicking the clinical features of oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the correct diagnosis of oral candidiasis was obtained after histopathological and cytological examinations and the patient was easily treated with traditional antifungal drugs and correction of his glucose levels.