bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Tube Defects: From a Proteomic Standpoint
Authors: Puvirajesinghe Tania , Borg Jean-Paul
Published: March 2015

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital birth defects classified according to their resulting morphological characteristics in newborn patients. Current diagnosis of NTDs relies largely on the structural evaluation of fetuses using ultrasound imaging, with biochemical characterization used as secondary screening tools. The multigene etiology of NTDs has been aided by genetic studies, which have discovered panels of genes mutated in these diseases that encode receptors and cytoplasmic signaling molecules with poorly defined functions. Animal models ranging from flies to mice have been used to determine the function of these genes and identify their associated molecular cascades. More emphasis is now being placed on the identification of biochemical markers from clinical samples and model systems based on mass spectrometry, which open novel avenues in the understanding of NTDs at protein, metabolic and molecular levels. This article reviews how the use of proteomics can push forward the identification of novel biomarkers and molecular networks implicated in NTDs, an indispensable step in the improvement of patient management.
On the Mass Fractal Character of Si-Based Structural Networks in Amorphous Polymer Derived Ceramics
Authors: Sen Sabyasachi , Widgeon Scarlett
Published: March 2015

The intermediate-range packing of SiNxC4−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) tetrahedra in polysilycarbodiimide and polysilazane-derived amorphous SiCN ceramics is investigated using 29Si spin-lattice relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance (SLR NMR) spectroscopy. The SiCN network in the polysilylcarbodiimide-derived ceramic consists predominantly of SiN4 tetrahedra that are characterized by a 3-dimensional spatial distribution signifying compact packing of such units to form amorphous Si3N4 clusters. On the other hand, the SiCN network of the polysilazane-derived ceramic is characterized by mixed bonded SiNxC4−x tetrahedra that are inefficiently packed with a mass fractal dimension of Df ~2.5 that is significantly lower than the embedding Euclidean dimension (D = 3). This result unequivocally confirms the hypothesis that the presence of dissimilar atoms, namely, 4-coordinated C and 3-coordinated N, in the nearest neighbor environment of Si along with some exclusion in connectivity between SiCxN4−x tetrahedra with widely different N:C ratios and the absence of bonding between C and N result in steric hindrance to an efficient packing of these structural units. It is noted that similar inefficiencies in packing are observed in polymer-derived amorphous SiOC ceramics as well as in proteins and binary hard sphere systems.
Allomyrina dichotoma (Arthropoda: Insecta) Larvae Confer Resistance to Obesity in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Yoon Young-Il , Chung Mi , Hwang Jae-Sam , Han Myung , Goo Tae-Won , Yun Eun-Young
Published: March 2015

To clarify the anti-obesity effect of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae (ADL), we previously reported that ADL block adipocyte differentiation on 3T3-L1 cell lines through downregulation of transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBPA). In this study, we tested whether ADL prevent obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and further investigated the mechanism underlying the effects of ADL. All mice were maintained on a normal-fat diet (NFD) for 1 week and then assigned to one of five treatment groups: (1) NFD; (2) HFD; (3) HFD and 100 mg·kg−1·day−1 ADL; (4) HFD and 3000 mg·kg−1·day−1ADL; or (5) HFD and 3000 mg·kg−1·day−1 yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, positive control). ADL and yerba mate were administered orally daily. Mice were fed experimental diets and body weight was monitored weekly for 6 weeks. Our results indicated that ADL reduced body weight gain, organ weight and adipose tissue volume in a dose-dependent manner. Body weight gain was approximately 22.4% lower compared to mice fed only HFD, but the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that gene expression levels of PPARG, CEBPA and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the epididymal fat tissue of HFD-fed mice receiving 3000 mg·kg−1·day−1 ADL were reduced by 12.4-, 25.7-, and 12.3-fold, respectively, compared to mice fed HFD only. Moreover, mice administered ADL had lower serum levels of triglycerides and leptin than HFD-fed mice that did not receive ADL. Taken together our results suggest that ADL and its constituent bioactive compounds hold potential for the treatment and prevention of obesity.
TLR-2 Signaling Promotes IL-17A Production in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory Cells during Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Authors: Bhaskaran Natarajan , Cohen Samuel , Zhang Yifan , Weinberg Aaron , Pandiyan Pushpa
Published: March 2015

Recent studies show that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells (Tregs) produce effector cytokines under inflammatory conditions. However, the direct role of microbial agents that serve as toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs is less clear. Here we show that CD4+Foxp3+Tregs produce the effector cytokine IL-17A during oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) and inflammatory bowel disease in a TLR-2/Myd88 signaling dependent manner. TLR-2 ligands promote proliferation in Tregs in the presence and absence of TCR signals and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. The proliferation is directly dependent on TLR-2 expression in Tregs. Consistent with this, Tlr2−/− mice harbor fewer thymically derived Tregs and peripheral Tregs under homeostatic conditions in vivo. However, under Th17 inducing conditions, IL-6 and TLR-2 signaling both in Tregs as well as antigen presenting cells (APC) are critical for maximal ROR-γt and IL-17A up-regulation in Foxp3+ Tregs. The minimal and transient loss of Foxp3 expression and suppressive properties are due to the presence of IL-6 in the milieu, but not the direct effect of TLR-2 signaling in Tregs. Taken together, our data reveal that TLR-2 signaling promotes not only proliferation, but also IL-17A in Tregs, depending on the cytokine milieu. These IL-17A producing Tregs may be relevant in mucosal infections and inflammation.
A Retrospective Study of the Impact of 21-Gene Recurrence Score Assay on Treatment Choice in Node Positive Micrometastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Frazier Thomas , Fox Kevin , Smith J. , Laronga Christine , McSwain Anita , Paul Devchand , Schultz Michael , Stilwill Joseph , Teal Christine , Weisberg Tracey , Vacchino Judith , Sing Amy , Cherepanov Dasha , Hsiao Wendy , Chang Eunice , Broder Michael
Published: March 2015

To assess clinical utility of the 21-gene assay (Oncotype DX® Recurrence Score®), we determined whether women with HER2(−)/ER+ pN1mi breast cancer with low (<18) Recurrence Scores results are given adjuvant chemotherapy in a lower proportion than those with high scores (≥31). This was a multicenter chart review of ≥18 year old women with pN1mi breast cancer, HER2(−)/ER+ tumors, ductal/lobular/mixed histology, with the assay ordered on or after 1 January 2007. One hundred and eighty one patients had a mean age of 60.7 years; 82.9% had ECOG performance status 0; 33.7% had hypertension, 22.7% had osteoporosis, 18.8% had osteoarthritis, and 8.8% had type-2 diabetes. Mean Recurrence Score was 17.8 (range: 0–50). 48.6% had a mastectomy; 55.8% had a lumpectomy. 19.8% of low-risk group patients were recommended chemotherapy vs. 57.9% in the intermediate-risk group and 100% in the high-risk group (p < 0.001). A total of 80.2% of the low-risk group were recommended endocrine therapy alone, while 77.8% of the high-risk group were recommended both endocrine and chemotherapy (p < 0.001). The Oncotype DX Recurrence Score result provides actionable information that can be incorporated into treatment planning for women with HER2(−)/ER+ pN1mi breast cancer. The Recurrence Score result has clinical utility in treatment planning for HER2(−)/ER+ pN1mi breast cancer patients.
The Physics of Augustine: The Matter of Time, Change and an Unchanging God
Authors: Nordlund Thomas
Published: March 2015

Scientific questions posed by St. Augustine, early father of the Christian church, are presented as a part of a proposed undergraduate course for religion and philosophy students. Augustine regularly seasons his religious, philosophical and moral investigations with analysis focused on the physical nature of the universe and how it can be quantified: “And yet, O Lord, we do perceive intervals of time, and we compare them with each other, and we say that some are longer and others are shorter” (Confessions, Book 11). The physical analysis is sometimes extended, pressing the attention and grasp of the unsuspecting student of religion or philosophy. Though Augustine emphasizes that true knowledge comes from faith and revelation, his physical inquiries imply that he values such analysis as a way toward truth. In contrast, Master of Divinity programs, which train the majority of Western Christian ministers, require little science experience and usually no physics. Serious investigation of Augustine’s physical explorations reveal an alternative way of understanding scripture, especially Jesus’ sayings: could the master engineer who created the universe sometimes be speaking in straightforward scientific terms?
The Impact of Future Offshore Wind Farms on Wind Power Generation in Great Britain
Authors: Drew Daniel , Cannon Dirk , Brayshaw David , Barlow Janet , Coker Phil
Published: March 2015

In the coming years the geographical distribution of wind farms in Great Britain is expected to change significantly. Following the development of the “round 3” wind zones (circa 2025), most of the installed capacity will be located in large offshore wind farms. However, the impact of this change in wind-farm distribution on the characteristics of national wind generation is largely unknown. This study uses a 34-year reanalysis dataset (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) from National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (NASA-GMAO)) to produce a synthetic hourly time series of GB-aggregated wind generation based on: (1) the “current” wind farm distribution; and (2) a “future” wind farm distribution scenario. The derived data are used to estimate a climatology of extreme wind power events in Great Britain for each wind farm distribution. The impact of the changing wind farm distribution on the wind-power statistics is significant. The annual mean capacity factor increased from 32.7% for the current wind farm distribution to 39.7% for the future distribution. In addition, there are fewer periods of prolonged low generation and more periods of prolonged high generation. Finally, the frequency and magnitude of ramping in the nationally aggregated capacity factor remains largely unchanged. However, due to the increased capacity of the future distribution, in terms of power output, the magnitude of the ramping increases by a factor of 5.
A Study of Coal Fire Propagation with Remotely Sensed Thermal Infrared Data
Authors: Huo Hongyuan , Ni Zhuoya , Gao Caixia , Zhao Enyu , Zhang Yuze , Lian Yi , Zhang Huili , Zhang Shiyue , Jiang Xiaoguang , Song Xianfeng , Zhou Ping , Cui Tiejun
Published: March 2015

Coal fires are a common and serious problem in most coal-bearing countries. Thus, it is very important to monitor changes in coal fires. Remote sensing provides a useful technique for investigating coal fields at a large scale and for detecting coal fires. In this study, the spreading direction of a coal fire in the Wuda Coal Field (WCF), northwest China, was analyzed using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) thermal infrared (TIR) data. Using an automated method and based on the land surface temperatures (LST) that were retrieved from these thermal data, coal fires related to thermal anomalies were identified; the locations of these fires were validated using a coal fire map (CFM) that was developed via field surveys; and the cross-validation of the results was also carried out using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared images. Based on the results from longtime series of satellite TIR data set, the spreading directions of the coal fires were determined and the coal fire development on the scale of the entire coal field was predicted. The study delineated the spreading direction using the results of the coal fire dynamics analysis, and a coal fire spreading direction map was generated. The results showed that the coal fires primarily spread north or northeast in the central part of the WCF and south or southwest in the southern part of the WCF. In the northern part of the WCF, some coal fires were spreading north, perhaps coinciding with the orientation of the coal belt. Certain coal fires scattered in the northern and southern parts of the WCF were extending in bilateral directions. A quantitative analysis of the coal fires was also performed; the results indicate that the area of the coal fires increased an average of approximately 0.101 km2 per year.
Cooperative Environment Scans Based on a Multi-Robot System
Authors: Kwon Ji-Wook
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes a cooperative environment scan system (CESS) using multiple robots, where each robot has low-cost range finders and low processing power. To organize and maintain the CESS, a base robot monitors the positions of the child robots, controls them, and builds a map of the unknown environment, while the child robots with low performance range finders provide obstacle information. Even though each child robot provides approximated and limited information of the obstacles, CESS replaces the single LRF, which has a high cost, because much of the information is acquired and accumulated by a number of the child robots. Moreover, the proposed CESS extends the measurement boundaries and detects obstacles hidden behind others. To show the performance of the proposed system and compare this with the numerical models of the commercialized 2D and 3D laser scanners, simulation results are included.
Single- and Two-Phase Flow Characterization Using Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings
Authors: Baroncini Virgínia , Martelli Cicero , Da Silva Marco , Morales Rigoberto
Published: March 2015

Single- and two-phase flow characterization using optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is presented. The sensor unit consists of the optical fiber Bragg grating positioned transversely to the flow and fixed in the pipe walls. The hydrodynamic pressure applied by the liquid or air/liquid flow to the optical fiber induces deformation that can be detected by the FBG. Given that the applied pressure is directly related to the mass flow, it is possible to establish a relationship using the grating resonance wavelength shift to determine the mass flow when the flow velocity is well known. For two phase flows of air and liquid, there is a significant change in the force applied to the fiber that accounts for the very distinct densities of these substances. As a consequence, the optical fiber deformation and the correspondent grating wavelength shift as a function of the flow will be very different for an air bubble or a liquid slug, allowing their detection as they flow through the pipe. A quasi-distributed sensing tool with 18 sensors evenly spread along the pipe is developed and characterized, making possible the characterization of the flow, as well as the tracking of the bubbles over a large section of the test bed. Results show good agreement with standard measurement methods and open up plenty of opportunities to both laboratory measurement tools and field applications.
Comparison of Grain Structure, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of BaTiO3 and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Ceramics Sintered Using Microwave and Conventional Techniques
Authors: Shannigrahi Santiranjan , Tan Chee
Published: March 2015

BaTiO3 (BT) and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (NZF) ceramic disc specimens were prepared using commercial grade powders sintering by conventional (CV) and microwave (MW) sintering techniques. In both the sintering techniques the set sintering temperatures were in the range of 850 °C to 1000 °C and time from 0.5 to 2 h. Structure, microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetic properties have been compared for the as sintered BT and NZF ceramic specimens. Comparatively large grain size and higher density observed for the samples sintered at same temperature and shorter holding time using microwave. Magnetic properties of the NZF samples sintered using MW at a temperature of 950 °C show a higher saturation magnetization (Ms) value of 88 emu/g.
The Effect of the Hydraulic Retention Time on the Performance of an Ecological Wastewater Treatment System: An Anaerobic Filter with a Constructed Wetland
Authors: Merino-Solís María , Villegas Edgardo , De Anda José , López-López Alberto
Published: March 2015

This work assesses the performance of a municipal pilot wastewater treatment system employing an up-flow anaerobic filter (UAF) followed by a horizontal subsurface constructed wetland (HSSCW). This pilot scale demonstration project was implemented in a zone with subtropical climate in order to protect Lake Chapala from wastewater loads that are discharged by small communities in the Lake’s vicinity. The filters were filled with tezontle as the media for biofilm support and the HSSCW was planted with two ornamental plants species, Canna hybrids and Strelitzia reginae. The experiment evaluated three hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 28 and 38 h in the UAF, which corresponds to two, three and four days in HSSCW over 66 weeks. The mean efficiencies found for the complete system were 80% and 90% of BOD, 80% and 86% of COD, 30% and 33% of Ntot and between 24% and 44% of Ptot. It was possible to remove almost 80% of organic matter in 18 h in the UAF while the HSSCW reached 30% of removal for Ntot in a HRT of three days. As expected, the UAF was responsible for removing most of the organic matter and the HSSCW removed most of the nitrogen.
Full-Scale Implementation of a Vertical Membrane Bioreactor for Simultaneous Removal of Organic Matter and Nutrients from Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Chae So-Ryong , Chung Jin-Ho , Heo Yong-Rok , Kang Seok-Tae , Lee Sang-Min , Shin Hang-Sik
Published: March 2015

In nutrient-sensitive estuaries, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are required to implement more advanced treatment methods in order to meet increasingly stringent effluent guidelines for organic matter and nutrients. To comply with current and anticipated water quality regulations and to reduce the volume of produced sludge, we have successfully developed a vertical membrane bioreactor (VMBR) that is composed of anoxic (lower layer) and oxic (upper layer) zones in one reactor. Since 2009, the VMBR has been commercialized (Q = 1100–16,000 m3/d) under the trade-name of DMBRTM for recycling of municipal wastewater in South Korea. In this study, we explore the performance and stability of the full-scale systems. As a result, it was found that the DMBRTM systems showed excellent removal efficiencies of organic substances, suspended solids (SS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Moreover, average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) by the DMBRTM systems were found to be 79% and 90% at 18 °C, 8.3 h HRT and 41 d SRT. Moreover, transmembrane pressure (TMP) was maintained below 40 kPa at a flux of 18 L/m2/h (LMH) more than 300 days. Average specific energy consumption of the full-scale DMBRTM systems was found to be 0.94 kWh/m3.
On the Modeling of Bank Storage in a Groundwater Model: The April, 1983, Flood Event in the Neuwieder Becken (Middle Rhine)
Authors: Becker Bernhard , Jansen Matthias , Sinaba Benjamin , Schüttrumpf Holger
Published: March 2015

For predictive numerical simulations of subsurface floods (groundwater head rise due to high water in a contiguous river), it is important to know how to represent the bank storage process in a numerical groundwater model. Whilst leakage approaches are frequently used for modeling bank storage, another option is the application of a head boundary condition. In order to get a better understanding of the bank storage process, we analyze the bank storage event in the Neuwieder Becken (Middle Rhine) in April 1983, which has been reported by Ubell (1987). We found the leakage function to be nonlinear and hysteretic. The evaluation of different model variants for Ubell’s bank storage event shows that both a head boundary condition and a leakage boundary condition are appropriate modeling approaches. For practical reasons, the leakage boundary condition is preferred. A linear leakage function represents the bank storage process for the analyzed event sufficiently. A hysteretic course of the leakage function can be achieved in a three-dimensional groundwater model by layering the hydraulic soil properties in the vicinity of the bank.
Combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering by CuS nanocrystals on nanopatterned Au structures
Authors: Milekhin Alexander G , Yeryukov Nikolay A , Sveshnikova Larisa L , Duda Tatyana A , Rodyakina Ekaterina E , Gridchin Victor A , Sheremet Evgeniya S , Zahn Dietrich R T
Published: March 2015

We present the results of a Raman study of optical phonons in CuS nanocrystals (NCs) with a low areal density fabricated through the Langmuir–Blodgett technology on nanopatterned Au nanocluster arrays using a combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS and IERS, respectively). Micro-Raman spectra of one monolayer of CuS NCs deposited on a bare Si substrate reveal only features corresponding to crystalline Si. However, a new relatively strong peak occurs in the Raman spectrum of CuS NCs on Au nanocluster arrays at 474 cm−1. This feature is related to the optical phonon mode in CuS NCs and manifests the SERS effect. For CuS NCs deposited on a SiO2 layer this phonon mode is also observed due to the IERS effect. Its intensity changes periodically with increasing SiO2 layer thickness for different laser excitation lines and is enhanced by a factor of about 30. CuS NCs formed on Au nanocluster arrays fabricated on IERS substrates combine the advantages of SERS and IERS and demonstrate stronger SERS enhancement allowing for the observation of Raman signals from CuS NCs with an ultra-low areal density.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FOR THE ROMANIAN ECONOMY
Authors: ACHIM Monica-Violeta , BORLEA Sorin-Nicolae , MARE Codruţa
Published: March 2015

Our finding contributes towards the understanding of movements regarding the adoption of corporate governance practice in emerging countries such as Romania and its impact on business performances of a company. We have developed two econometric models to assess the business performances of the companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange, in order to point out the impact of corporate governance on business performances. Our results are inconsistent for the period 2001–2011, but if we consider only 2011, the results document a positive correlation between corporate governance quality and market value of companies, such it is reflected by Tobin’s Q. Therefore, our results contribute to the studies relating corporate governance and business performances, as it confirms a positive relationship between the two variables which appears once the Romanian emerging economy has began to adopt the best corporate governance practices. Firstly, our research has important implications for managers in order to know that the adoption of the best corporate governance practices could contribute to the financial success of the firm. Secondly, the results are useful for any investor who needs to consider the quality of corporate governance as a good predictor for the best rate of return of theirs investments. Moreover, our findings have also implications on policy-makers and regulatory authorities in European developing countries and offer them a barometer of adopting the best corporate governance practices in European space.
Distribution of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Gene Polymorphisms in Healthy Macedonian Male Population
Authors: Jakjovski Krume , Labachevski Nikola , Petlichkovski Aleksandar , Senev Aleksandar , Trojacanec Jasmina , Atanasovska Emilija , Kostova Elena , Spiroski Mirko
Published: March 2015

Background: Distribution of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphisms may vary significantly among different ethnic groups, and eventually influence the variation in drug metabolism or even failure.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles in the healthy population of Republic of Macedonia compared to the global geographic data reported from different ethnic populations. Also, to genotype CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes and eventually to divide individuals in poor, extensive, or intermediate metabolizer.Material and Methods: Blood samples were collected after signing written consent, DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes were typed (n=124). Genotyping was performed by commercially available kits (GeneID GmbH, Strassberg, Germany, AID Diagnostica), based on the method of polymerase chain reaction with a subsequent hybridization. The population genetics analysis package, PyPop ver. 0.6.0, was used for analysis of the data.Results: The frequency of alleles varies from 0.931 for CYP2C9*3 to 0.109 for CYP2C9*2 indicating common â€œwild typeâ€ allele in those genes. The frequency ranges spanned ~50% for each allele of VKORC1 gene, indicating no common â€œwild typeâ€ allele in this gene. Test of neutrality showed significant negative value for VKORC1 polymorphism that indicates balancing selection operating on the alleles at that locus. All polymorphisms of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 showed a good fit with Hardy-Weinberg expectations.Conclusion: The results of polymorphic alleles of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes in Macedonian population can be used for the variation in drug metabolism studies as well for adapting dosage regimes for oral anticoagulant therapies.
Visceral Fat Cut-off Points for a Sample of Egyptian Adults
Authors: Hassan Nayera , El-Masry Sahar , El Hussieny Mohamed , El-Banna Rokia , El Sherity Safenaz , Ebrahim Ebrahim , Metkees Mohamed , Ahmed Wesam
Published: March 2015

Objective: To determine appropriate visceral fat cut-off values using ultrasound (USVF); for obesity according to existing waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR) and BMI cut-off levels.Methods: 998 Egyptian adults, aged 25- 55 years, were studied in a cross-sectional survey for evaluation of â€œVisceral and Central Obesity as an Early Estimator for Obesity Health Riskâ€. Results: Â Using WC as standard for classification ofÂ  central obesity, cut-off points of USVF were found to be 6.5 cm for men and 5 cm for women; using ROC analysis; with 76 % sensitivity, 83% specificity, 1.06 PPV/NPV, and 81% accuracy for men, and with 77 % sensitivity, 76% specificity, 0.99 PPV/NPV, and 76% accuracy for women. Same cut-off points of USVF were detected using BMI as standard; with 71 % sensitivity, 77% specificity, 1.04 PPV/NPV, and 75% accuracy for men, and 74% sensitivity, 79% specificity, 1.03 PPV/NPV, and 77% accuracy for women. Even by using WHR as standard, these cut-offs increased 0.5 cm only for both men and women (7 and 5.5 cm respectively).Conclusion: The best cut-off points of visceral fat; using US in Egyptian adults; is 6.5 cm for men and 5 cm for women.en
Validity of Autotaxin as a Novel Diagnostic Marker for Liver Fibrosis in Egyptian Chronic HCV Patients
Authors: Ezzat Wafaa M. , Ragab Halla M. , El Maksoud Nabila Abd , Abdulla Nour A. , Elhosary Yasser A.
Published: March 2015

We aimed to detect the validity of serum ATX as a diagnostic marker for liver fibrosis. Forty-eight males and 16 females were enrolled in the current study. Their ages ranged from 29-57 years with mean of 45.09, all were chronically HCV infected. Laboratory assessment was done for all subjects in form of complete blood picture; liver function test; lipid profile and serum detection of ATX. Patients were grouped according to the stage of fibrosis into group 1: fibrosis score 0, 1, 2, 3; group 2: fibrosis score: 4, 5, 6.The mean values of ATX in all studied patients with chronic HCV infection was 63.02 Â± 36.29 while that of healthy controls was 65.31 Â± 12.24 without any significant difference. Surprisingly, mean values of ATX were higher among patients with group 1 but it did not reach the significant level. In each group of them, the differences between mean values of ATX among different grades of liver fibrosis were insignificant. It was also noticed that the mean values of ATX were higher among men than in women .It was concluded that Autotoxin might not be used as a useful diagnostic marker for liver fibrosis in Egyptian chronic HCV patients.
The Importance of Down Syndrome Phenocopies in the Newborns in Tertiary Obstetric Hospital
Authors: Zisovska Elizabeta , Lazovska Bratica
Published: March 2015

Background: A phenotype is the composite of the observable characteristics, and in some cases it is not representative for identification of recognized genetic structure. Aim: The aims of the study were to present the incidence and clinical features of dismorphia in newborn children, and to investigate the prevalence of phenocopies among them. Material and Methods: Newborns born at the University Clinic for Gynecology & Obstetrics, having at least 3 minor anomalies (mm) specific for Down syndrome were investigated. Patientsâ€™ histories, observation, cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood samples were analysed. Results: Among 17835 liveborns during 5 yearsâ€™ period, 128 were detected having at least 3 mm, calculated incidence of dysmorphia 0.83% (1:139). Cytogenetic analysis was not performed in 3.1% (4/128) due to immediate death or transfers elsewhere, 30.5% (39/128) were confirmed Down syndrome. Cytogenetic analysis showed trisomy 21 in 97.4%; Robertsonian translocation had one newborn (2.6%); normal cytogenetic structure had 66.4% (85/128) of the newborns. Conclusons: Other studies didnâ€™t highlight the proportion of phenocopies of Down syndrome in unselected population of newborns, mainly investigating sick children, disabled, or older-aged. As more the critical role of phenocopy emerges, the more the initial difficulty in detecting gene-gene interactions is amplified. Neglecting the possible presence of phenocopies in complex traits, heavily affects the analysis of their genetic data.
Autologous Serum Eye Drops for Post-Chemical Injuries and Corneal Epithelial Defects
Authors: Janicijevic-Petrovic Mirjana A. , Petrovic Marko , Vujic Dragan , Janicijevic Katarina , Popovic Andrijana
Published: March 2015

Aim: To evaluate success rate (efficacy, safety) in treatment of post-chemical injuries and corneal defects using autologous serum eye drops.Material and Methods: Authors reviewed 93 patients (116 eyes) hospitalized in Clinic of ophthalmology from 2010 to 2013, who had post-causoma corneal defects that were nonresponsive to conventional treatment and were treated with serum therapy. Authors correlated time of epithelialization of defects with rate of epithelial healing.Results: Authors investigated 93 patients (52 males, 41 females; aged 18 - 74) for treatment of corneal defects. Application of autologous serum therapy 56 (48.28%) of 116 eyes was healed in an average time of 4 weeks. Among 116 eyes, epithelial defects healed in 4 (3.45%) within 1 week, in additional 17 (14.65%) in 1-2 weeks, totalling 31 (26.72%) within 3 weeks. Five eyes (4.31%) completely healed at 5 week; three eyes (2.59%) had subsequent healing of epithelial defect at 6 week; 56 eyes completely healed within one month, and the remaining eight eyes healed within 1.5 month.Conclusion: Using serum therapy, it was managed to reduce time of healing from eleven weeks, which were necessary just couple years ago (before 2010) to four (maximum six) weeks to complete healing which are necessary today.
Hypercalcemia in Patients Treated with Oral Bisphosphonates for Tumor-Induced Osteolysis
Authors: Holecki MichaÅ‚ , Skorupa Anna , DuÅ‚awa Jan , Chudek Jerzy
Published: March 2015

Objective: Hypercalcemia as the consequence of an excessive bone resorption is a common complication in patients with cancer. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of hypercalcemia in patients with tumor-induced osteolysis starting therapy with bisphosphonates.Methods: The questionnaire-based survey (data collected during three consecutive examinations within a 3-month period) was conducted among 1,450 patients treated with bisphosphonates for tumor-induced osteolysis.Results: Hypercalcemia was found in 8.7% respondents starting the treatment with bisphosphonates. The most common cause of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia was prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and breast cancer. On the other hand, hypercalcemia was the most prevalent among patients with multiple myeloma, metastatic cancer of an unknown primary origin and bladder cancer. Metastases were reported in 342 patients, while pathological fractures in 37. The normalization of calcium level was obtained in 91.4% of the patients treated with bisphosphonates, mostly clodronate. During the bisphosphonate therapy, pathological fractures occurred in 4.6% of patients and the percentage of the patients reporting bone pain decreased from 79.9% to 30.9%.Conclusion: Multiple myeloma, prostate and breast cancer are the most common causes of hypercalcemia of malignancy in patients with tumor-induced osteolysis starting therapy with bisphosphonates.
Do Silent Brain Infarctions Predict the Development of Dementia After First Ischemic Stroke?
Authors: Barbov Ivan , Arsova Slavica , Taravari Arben , Petrova Vera
Published: March 2015

Background: Silent brain infarctions (SBI) are common findings in advanced age, but their relationship to dementia is still uncertain.Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate whether SBI predict the development of dementia after first clinical ischemic stroke.Methods: We blindly studied admission CT scans of 102 consecutive nondemented patients presenting with ischemic stroke that clinically was their first stroke episode. SBI were defined as CT evidence of infarcts not compatible with the acute event. The patients were subsequently followed for their mental state for 2 years. Survival analysis, wherein onset of dementia was the end point, was performed on the total sample population and conducted separately on those with and without SBI at admission.Results: Dementia developed in 33 patients (32.3%), including 17 of the 37 (45.9%) with SBI and 16 of the 65 (24.6%) without SBI. Thus, dementia was strong related to SBI.Conclusion: Elderly people with silent brain infarcts and stroke have an increased risk of dementia and a steeper decline in cognitive function than those without such lesions.
Iselinâ€™ Disease - Apophysitis of the Fifth Metatarsal Base: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Ruci Vilson , Duni Artid , Serani Dorina
Published: March 2015

Iselinâ€™ disease is a benign adolescent growth disturbance of the base of the fifth metatarsal called epiphysitis or apophysitis by others caused by abnormal traction of peroneus brevis tendon. This abnormality is rarely reported in medical literature, probably due to the benign nature and spontaneous healing in almost all cases. The affection should be known to medical specialist like orthopedists, radiologists, physical therapists and pediatricians. The differential diagnosis is made with Jonesâ€™ fracture of the fifth metatarsal and os vesalianum which is a congenital anomaly. We present two our cases with their similarities in clinical findings, typical radiologic images and complete relief from symptoms with conservative treatment.
Diarrhea Associated Costs among Children Less Than 5 Years of Age from Health Care Provider and Social Perspectives in Albania
Authors: Ahmeti Albana , Simaku Artan , Preza Iria , Bino Silva
Published: March 2015

Background: Diarrheal diseases count for a considerable proportion of morbidity, mortality and elevated use of health services and costs, especially in developing countries. In limited resource countries like Albania, it is essential to assess the costs associated with diarrhea, from health provider and social perspective, as a first step toward prioritization of interventions.Materials and Methods: We used the 2011 information by gathering data from primary care, emergency rooms (ER) and hospitals. Average non-medical and medical costs were used. To assess the social costs of diarrhea we interviewed parents of children with diarrhea. Based on this information the total cost of diarrhea in Albania was calculated.Results: The total mean cost per hospitalized, emergency room and outpatient diarrhea case was $228.97, $17.68 and $9.24, respectively. The total social costs per each hospitalized, ER and outpatient diarrhea case were $45.66, $15.22 and $15.22, respectively. The final burden of diarrhea, in terms of costs, in Albania was approximately $3 million in 2011.Conclusion: The high burden of diarrhea associated costs for the Albanian health care system finances dictates the necessity to assess the costs of a potential rotavirus immunization program in order to prioritize the interventions based on scientific evidence.
Legionnairesâ€™ Disease and Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Î‘lpha Inhibitors: A Forthcoming Problem?
Authors: Nanovic Zorica , Petrovska Milena
Published: March 2015

Aim: To establish a review in the current literature and to analyze the relation Legionnairesâ€™ disease â€“ TNF-Î± inhibitors, in order to estimate the real indications for such connection.Material and Methods: The electronic data for PubMed and Google Scholar have been searched, according to the vocabulary: legionellosis, epidemiology, outbreak, diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, TNF-Î± inhibitors, indications, side effects, risk of infection. The obtained studies have been selected in English, according to the relevance by the topic.Results: Selected papers, consisted of ten studies and eight case reports, yielded 35 cases of Legionnaires' disease associated with the use of TNF- Î± inhibitor treatment.Discussion: There is a prevailing conclusion for increased risk of serious infections while using TNF-Î± inhibitors and also a deficiency of studies for an association of Legionnairesâ€™ disease with the use of TNF-Î± inhibitors. Sub-diagnosing and no-existence of screening before the anti-TNF-Î± therapy blur the factual profile for the researched relation. The possibility for latent infection has not been sufficiently researched.Conclusion: There are indications that Legionnairesâ€™ disease in the therapy with TNF-Î± inhibitors is indeed a forthcoming problem. Additional target researches are required in order to establish the position of Legionnairesâ€™ disease in the mosaic of anti - TNF-Î± therapy.
Exertional Heat Stroke in Athletes
Authors: Kjertakov Metodija , Epstein Yoram
Published: March 2015

Exercising in hot and especially humid environment can cause rise in body core temperature to such a critical level that it does not only reduce performance, but also may ultimately lead to exertional heat stroke (EHS). This illness is true medical emergency that can result in significant morbidity and mortality, if not early recognized and promptly treated. Diagnostic criteria for EHS are body core temperature above 40ÂºC and central nerve system dysfunction. Any athlete experiencing such symptoms should be immediately exposed to aggressive cooling treatment aimed to lower the elevated core temperature to near normal as quickly as possible. Ice water immersion is highly recommended as a cooling method because it provides the fastest cooling rates and is associated with lowest mortality rates. Athletes cooled rapidly soon after the onset of EHS usually recover without complications and are able to return to normal training in hot environment within a few weeks. EHS is also a preventable condition, and its occurrence can be minimized by implementing a few simple measures.
Macedonian Medical Master of Science Theses in Public Health (MScPH) Defended in 2012
Authors: OAMJMS OAMJMS
Published: March 2015

We present English abstracts of MSc theses in Public Health (MScPH) defended in 2012 at the Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. English summaries are published as they are translated by authors and included in the final version of defended MScPH. Macedonian Medical Master of Science theses are deposited in the Central Medical Library and National and University Library â€œSt. Kliment Ohridskiâ€ in Skopje.At the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje 17 MSc theses in Public Health there were defended in 2012, five of them are not deposited in the Central Medical Library. All deposited MScPH have abstracts in Macedonian and English language, with key words, mentors and co mentors. Editorial Board does not take any responsibility either for the content, nor the quality of the abstracts. Primary responsibility for the quality of the MSc theses belongs to the mentors, to the institutions they are representing, and to the Vice-Dean of science. Defended MScPH can be cited as they are published in this and in the previous reports.
A new species of Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Reshchikov Alexey
Published: March 2015

Lathrolestes fiedlerisp. n. is described from Peru. This is the first record of the tribe and the genus for the country.
The Backbone of Key Successful Branding Strategies in the 21st Century
Authors: Lee Ho Cheong , Noraziah Ahmad , Herawan Tutut
Published: March 2015

In the 21st century, the awareness of applying recent advanced intelligent technologies to promote a firm's brand image is the key to the success of expanding its business. Such implication demands efforts in strategic planning and massive investment from the top management team. However, most researches on branding strategies are narrowed to advertisement or classical marketing. Insufficient research on the backbone of making key successful branding strategies to effectively apply the intelligent technologies hinders the development of branding strategies. This chapter identifies three aspects: innovation in design technology, decision making on product quality, and collaborative communications to be the critical elements of the backbone. The methodology utilizes the power of the advanced computational technologies to generate innovative designs in a collaborative communication framework. Decision making on the quality of designs is monitored with EG-Kano reference models. Four case studies demonstrate that the backbone has potentials leading to ever-greater economic benefits.
Intelligently Adaptive Mobile Interfaces for Older People
Authors: McCarthy Sheila , Sayers Heather , Mc Kevitt Paul , McTear Mike , Coyle Kieran
Published: March 2015

Computer technology has been reported to pose significant usability problems for older users. Further usability problems have been encountered with small, mobile computing devices due to their size as well as age-related declines. This chapter focuses on the usability of mobile computing devices for older people by first employing target users in a study to establish the problems to be addressed when using Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). The development of an intelligent mobile interface companion called MemorLane to support older people by adapting its presentation and multimodal output of life-cached data to address individual user preferences and physical abilities is then presented, followed by the results of a detailed user-centred evaluation with further target users. Results show that the adaptability to individual requirements and preferences leads to statistically significant improvements both in the usability of the mobile interface and in the levels of user satisfaction experienced.
Emerging Technologies for Dementia Patient Monitoring
Authors: Qassem Tarik
Published: March 2015

In this chapter, the author explores the available technologies that can enhance the Quality of Life of individuals with dementia. He investigates the foundations of telemetry, different sensor technologies, Context-Aware Systems, and the use of the Internet of Thing in supporting those to live an independent life. The author reviews the use of Smart Homes in supporting individuals with dementia. He then discusses the role of social networking sites in keeping this group connected. In addition to that, the author examines the use of Global Poisoning System (GPS) technology in management of wandering behaviour and the possible use of the currently available technologies in the detection, diagnosing the cause, assessing the response to treatment, as well as prevention of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD). This is followed by a brief discussion of the acceptability and the ethical issues that surround the use of these technologies.
Service Evolution in Clouds for Dementia Patient Monitoring System Usability Enhancement
Authors: Wang Zhe , Cheng Guojian
Published: March 2015

The authors present an analysis which concludes that most e-health system are packaged for large-scale access through cloud-based services shared in a real-time service deployment environment. The service, which has already been deployed in the clouds for e-health construction, needs to instantly change itself in order to enhance the usability for the patients, especially for the dementia patient monitoring system. The evolution for the service in cloud-based systems can be driven fundamentally based on the service function improvement, quality of service improvement, and service collaboration improvement, which can greatly enhance the usability of the dementia patient monitoring system and dynamically enlarge the life-cycle of the current service system in clouds without replacing the reusable service components. The quality of service evolution of the dementia patient monitoring system is essential because the system reliability and instant messaging sending ability is needed in the dementia patient monitoring system. The system should be as reliable as possible for its undertaken the people's life and healthy ensure for all those who use the system.
Pervasive Data Capturing and Analysis for Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lam Kam-Yiu , Tsang Nelson Wai-Hung , Ng Joseph Kee-Yin , Wang Jiantao , Kam Calvin Ho Chuen , Han Song
Published: March 2015

Two of the major considerations in helping patients with Alzheimer's disease are: (1) the monitoring of patients' activities to minimize the risk in their daily lives and (2) to reduce the worsening rate of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. By introducing our tracking and monitoring system, SmartMind, the authors demonstrate how the latest pervasive and sensing technologies can help the patients living alone while providing immediate assistance if necessary. In addition, patients' current health statuses can be estimated daily by checking with the Normal Living Habit (NLH) recorded by the SmartMind. Since patients with Alzheimer's disease may result in serious mood problems, it is important to monitor their mood status. SmartMood, which works with SmartMind, provides estimation on the mood status of a patient by analysing his/her voice data captured from his/her smartphone while he/she is talking with others. Alerts are sent when an abnormal mood status is detected.