bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of stream diversion on riffle macroinvertebrate communities in a Maui, Hawaii, stream
Authors: McIntosh Mollie D. , Benbow M. Eric , Burky Albert J.
Published: November 2002

The continual demand for freshwater by industry (e.g. tourism) and agriculture, a growing population, and increasing development over the past 100 years has resulted in the construction of diversions within many streams of Hawaii. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of stream diversions on riffle macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate larval populations were compared above and below a diversion in Iao Stream, Maui, Hawaii, from April to August 2000. During this summer approximately 92–97% of daily stream flow was diverted from Iao Stream. Three taxa, Procanace sp. (Diptera: Canacidae), Atyoida bisulcata (Crustacea: Decapoda), and Amphipoda (Crustacea), were only collected above the diversion. However, the most numerous taxa, Chironomidae (63–64% of the total macroinvertebrate community), Hydroptila arctia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae; 15%), and Cheumatopsyche pettiti (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae; 8%), were found both above and below the diversion. The relative percentage abundance of these dominant taxa remained relatively consistent above and below the diversion over the study period. However, the mean total density of individual dominant taxa was greater above the diversion. The mean total macroinvertebrate density above the diversion was 46% greater than below the diversion (Student t‐test: df = 30, t = −3.22, p > 0.01). No correlation was found between temperature and density. A positive correlation was detected between Froude number and mean total macroinvertebrate density. Overall, the reduction in macroinvertebrate diversity and in individual and total density below the diversion suggest that trophic interactions, and thus energy flow, could be affected by reduced flow in Hawaiian streams. The information gained from this study will contribute to knowledge on Hawaiian stream ecosystems, help to create minimum instream flow standards for stream restoration, and will provide information for future freshwater management issues on the Hawaiian islands. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of airborne multispectral digital imagery to quantify riverine habitats at different base flows
Authors: Whited D. , Stanford J. A. , Kimball J. S.
Published: November 2002

We employed an integrated system of airborne remote sensing and ground surveys for regional mapping of instream habitats under variable flows over a 70 km section of the Lower Yakima River in southern Washington, USA. Airborne multispectral digital imagery was obtained in conjunction with field survey measurements and used to quantify the spatial extent, condition and temporal changes of selected river habitat characteristics under two different flows (14 and 28 m3 s−1). Under each flow, geomorphic measures were quantified (e.g. channel complexity, number and size of habitats). Water depth and velocity were also classified for instream habitats, and temperature and turbidity were recorded. Remote sensing classification accuracies for islands, exposed rocks and water surfaces were greater than 99%, while more detailed depth/flow classifications were less accurate (68% and 72%, for the high and low flows, respectively). While high turbidity (>4 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)), shadows and bidirectional reflectance factor reduced classification accuracies, the overall effect of these factors was minimal. Under the low‐flow situation, off‐channel habitats were less abundant, more isolated and had shallower depths and warmer temperatures. Our analysis suggests that airborne multispectral imagery, coupled with appropriate ground truth data, can be a viable method for regional mapping of diverse riverine habitats under variable flows. We concluded from this analysis that the higher flow situation provided substantially better habitat than currently exists in the Lower Yakima River. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple perspectives for the study of teaching: Knowledge, reason, understanding, and being
Authors: Feldman Allan
Published: November 2002

This study analyzes the participation of secondary school teachers in a U.S. science education curriculum reform effort. All participating teachers agreed to implement the curriculum in their classrooms; however, the level at which it was implemented varied significantly among teachers. This article reviews the available perspectives used to account for the behavior of these teachers—reliance on a knowledge base, practical reasoning and reflective practice, and sociocultural views—and argues they are incomplete. A fourth perspective is developed in which teaching is viewed as a way of being and teachers as meaning makers immersed in educational situations. The remainder of the article is a cross‐case analysis of two teachers' use of the curriculum as seen from each of these perspectives on teaching. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 1032–1055, 2002
Investigation of preservice elementary teachers' thinking about science
Authors: Cobern William W. , Loving Cathleen C.
Published: November 2002

It is not uncommon to find media reports on the failures of science education, nor uncommon to hear prestigious scientists publicly lament the rise of antiscience attitudes. Given the position elementary teachers have in influencing children, antiscience sentiment among them would be a significant concern. Hence, this article reports on an investigation in which preservice elementary teachers responded to the Thinking about Science survey instrument. This newly developed instrument addresses the broadrelationship of science to nine important areas of society and culture and is intended to reveal the extent of views being consistent with or disagreeing with a commonly held worldview of science portrayed in the media and in popular science and science education literature. Results indicate that elementary teachers discriminate with respect to different aspects of culture and science but they are not antiscience. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 1016–1031, 2002
Development and evaluation of the conceptual inventory of natural selection
Authors: Anderson Dianne L. , Fisher Kathleen M. , Norman Gregory J.
Published: November 2002

Natural selection as a mechanism of evolution is a central concept in biology; yet, most nonbiology‐majors do not thoroughly understand the theory even after instruction. Many alternative conceptions on this topic have been identified, indicating that the job of the instructor is a difficult one. This article presents a new diagnostic test to assess students' understanding of natural selection. The test items are based on actual scientific studies of natural selection, whereas previous tests have employed hypothetical situations that were often misleading or oversimplified. The Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection (CINS) is a 20‐item multiple choice test that employs common alternative conceptions as distractors. An original 12‐item version of the test was field‐tested with 170 nonmajors in 6 classes and 43 biology majors in 1 class at 3 community colleges. The test scores of one subset of nonmajors (n = 7) were compared with the students' performances in semistructured interviews. There was a positive correlation between the test scores and the interview scores. The current 20‐item version of the CINS was field‐tested with 206 students in a nonmajors' general biology course. The face validity, internal validity, reliability, and readability of the CINS are discussed. Results indicate that the CINS will be a valuable tool for instructors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 952–978, 2002
Effect of the challenger experience on elementary children's attitudes to science
Authors: Jarvis Tina , Pell Anthony
Published: November 2002

This research explored how the Challenger experience influenced over 655 elementary boys' and girls' general attitudes to science and space during the 5 months after their visit by examining their responses to four different attitude scales. These were administered to the 10‐ to 11‐year‐olds immediately before and after the Challenger experience as well as 2 and 5 months later. Knowledge tests were also administered before and after the visit. A sample of children completed an existing measure of anxiety. Although there were mainly positive outcomes immediately after the Challenger experience, there were some negative effects. There were also noticeable differences between boys and girls. Some 24% of pupils were inspired to become scientists. There was also less fear of space travel with a greater appreciation of the use of science to protect the planet after the visit. Most girls improved and maintained their attitudes toward science in society. A sizeable number of pupils were relatively unaffected by the experience and there was a significant negative effect on a small group of anxious girls. There are indications that previsit preparation and careful choice of roles during the simulation are important. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 979–1000, 2002
Differential effects on the achievement of males and females of teaching the particulate nature of chemistry
Authors: Bunce Diane M. , Gabel Dorothy
Published: November 2002

Chemistry concepts in three 2‐week modules were presented to a treatment and control group of high school students from 10 different high schools. The treatment group was taught using three representations of matter (macroscopic, particulate, and symbolic), whereas only two representations (macroscopic and symbolic) were used with the control group. The treatment group scored significantly higher across the combined score of all three modules. When the data were analyzed for gender–group interactions, females who were taught the particulate representation scored as well as males whereas those who were not taught the particulate representation scored significantly lower than males. Teaching males the particulate representation did not significantly affect males' achievement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 911–927, 2002
Situational knowledge in physics: The case of electrodynamics
Authors: Savelsbergh Elwin R. , de Jong Ton , Ferguson‐Hessler Monica G.M.
Published: November 2002

Major difficulties for a novice physics problem solver are how to interpret new problems and how to combine information given in the problem with information already known. A domain expert, by contrast, has the knowledge to take full advantage of problem features at a glance. It takes a long period of practice to acquire such situational knowledge, and it would be desirable for this to be taught more effectively. As a first step, this requires information on how situational knowledge differs across individuals of different competence levels. Related research on mental models and problem representations does not give a direct view on the knowledge subjects have of situations before being confronted with the problem. To assess situational knowledge more directly, we asked participants to respond to physics formulas (from the field of electrodynamics) by describing relevant problem situations. We compared physics problem descriptions by experts (n = 6) and by proficient (n = 6) and less proficient (n = 6) novices. We analyzed the situations that were described at the levels of words, sentences, and complete descriptions. Results indicate that competence is related to the structure of problem situations rather than the use of particular concepts, and that the differences in the use of multiple representations are more prominent than differences in the use of one specific kind of representation. Results also indicate that the differences between experts and novices are along different dimensions than the differences between more and less proficient novices. Implications for teaching are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 928–951, 2002
Correction for long‐term instrumental drift
Authors: Rousseau Richard M.
Published: November 2002

A method of correcting for instrumental drift must be associated with any calibration procedure in order to validate the stored calibration data (slopes and intercepts) over a long period of time. Indeed, it can usually be observed that the drift is negligible for a 24 h period, but over longer periods corrections to the measured intensities have to be made. These corrections are based on the measurement of special specimens known as drift monitors or simply monitors. Physically, the monitor can comprise one to several specimens, each containing one or several analytes of which the intensity of each analyte is slightly higher than the highest intensity in the analyte concentration range. The other two essential properties of a monitor are its stability over time and reproducibility of its intensity measurements. A drift correction must be applied to the measured intensities of every analyte using one, two or several monitors depending on the spread of the intensity ranges. Some drift correction methods are proposed and it is explained how to combine them with the calibration procedure in order to obtain precise analytical results over long periods of time from the same set of calibration data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative characterization of microsamples by x‐ray fluorescence tomography
Authors: Chukalina M. , Simionovici A. , Snigirev A. , Jeffries T.
Published: November 2002

A novel semi‐quantitative algebraic reconstruction technique for x‐ray fluorescence tomography data sets is described and its use is demonstrated on laser‐ablated resin samples. The experiments were performed at the ID22 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. The projections were collected using a parallel scheme using 22.5 keV x‐rays at 4 µm resolution. The iterative algebraic reconstruction technique was used to calculate an elemental ‘effective’ concentration distribution. This ‘effective’ concentration is introduced for the first time and allows the attenuation of both the incident x‐ray beam and the fluorescence to be included in the reconstruction procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vacant states of TiO2 with rutile structure and their reflection in different‐type x‐ray absorption spectra
Authors: Finkelstein L. D. , Zabolotzky E. I. , Korotin M. A. , Shamin S. N. , Butorin S. M. , Kurmaev E. Z. , Nordgren J.
Published: November 2002

A tight‐binding linearized muffin‐tin orbital method was applied for the calculation of the densities of states (DOS) for TiO2 with the rutile structure in the wide energy region of the conduction band. The calculated partial DOS of titanium and oxygen were compared with the experimental Ti 2p total electron yield spectrum (TEY), which was measured in the present work, and the Ti 1s x‐ray absorption spectrum, O 1s TEY and bremstrahlung isochromat spectrum taken from the literature. We found that in the energy region higher than ∼6 eV above the bottom of the conduction band the fine structure of experimental absorption spectra follows the distribution of the corresponding partial DOS. In connection with this, one does not need to use any satellite mechanism for an interpretation of these spectra. In the region of vacant Ti 3d states (up to ∼6 eV), correspondence between the experimental and calculated splitting of t2g and eg subbands is observed in all spectra except Ti 2p TEY. As we showed using atomic calculations, this is connected with the Ti 2p53d1 multiplet in the final state of absorption which leads to suppression of the intensity of lower states of the t2g subband in Ti 2p TEY of TiO2. As a result, t2g–eg splitting extracted from Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 TEY is less than in Ti 3d DOS and other experimental spectra (Ti 1s XAS and O 1s TEY) in which an interaction of core level vacancy with photoelectron is absent owing to the delocalized character of valent states. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardless analysis of small amounts of mineral samples by SR‐XRF and conventional XRF analyses
Authors: D'Angelo J. , Perino E. , Marchevsky E. , Riveros J. A.
Published: November 2002

Standardless synchrotron radiation x‐ray fluorescence (SR‐XRF) and conventional XRF analytical results are presented. The method was applied to determine sample mass thickness. Concentrations of the major constituents of samples were also determined. Small samples (∼30 mg cm−2) were mounted on suitable substrates prepared with a mixture of chemicals. The intensity reduction of fluorescent lines emitted by substrates was analyzed. The choice of the substrate depends on the number of elements to be analyzed, since elemental concentrations are determined through the attenuation of substrate fluorescent lines. Comparative results obtained by using SR and conventional XRF are also presented. Although this method is used to characterize minerals, it may also be applied to several kinds of samples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray fluorescence determination of major and minor elements in ferrotitanium, ferroniobium and ferrovanadium from compressed pellets and fusion beads
Authors: Coedo A. G. , Dorado T. , Padilla I. , Alguacil F. J.
Published: November 2002

This paper describes the x‐ray fluorescence determination of major and minor elements in ferrotitanium, ferroniobium and ferrovanadium. Samples preparation was accomplished using two different procedures: compressed pellets and fusion beads. Calibration graphs were prepared by mixing two ferroalloys of each of the considered types in different proportions. These ferroalloys were selected from industrial batches, providing the most varied composition available in order to cover as completely as possible the ranges of composition listed in ISO specifications. Total reproducibility tests, incorporating sample preparation and measurement, were performed using six samples prepared with the ferroalloys having the highest alloying grade. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values referred to the major element in Fe–Ti, Fe–Nb and Fe–V were 0.20, 0.17 and 0.21%, respectively, when using compressed pellets, and 0.16, 0.14 and 0.13% when using fusion beads. As regards the minor elements, the RSD values were in all cases below 5% for compressed pellets and below 3% for fused beads. The criterion applied to test the agreement of the two methods showed that the difference between the results provided by both samples preparation systems may be explained in terms of random errors. Accuracy was checked by analysing Certified Reference Materials of each of the types of ferroalloys studied. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total electron yield of electrons emitted by x‐ray excitation from layered AlxGa1 − xAs–GaAs structures
Authors: Ebel Horst , Svagera Robert , Ebel Maria F.
Published: November 2002

Thin layers of AlxGa1 − xAs on GaAs substrates are characterized by thickness t and composition x. Measuring the GaK total electron yield (TEY) jumps delivers either x for known t or vice versa. A result of this investigation is the possibility of determining both quantities of a single layer structure by a systematic variation of the incidence angle of x‐radiation with regard to the specimen surface in the range 1–10°. Owing to the influence of the statistical significance of the measured data on the computed values of x and t, an x‐ray source with sufficient photon flux is an essential requirement. Possible applications are x‐values from 0 up to 0.5 and thicknesses from 0 up to 100 nm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical potential of EDXRF using toroidal focusing systems of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)
Authors: Kolmogorov Yuriy , Trounova Valentina
Published: November 2002

To solve a number of geochemical problems for ultrabasic and basic rocks, we applied the simplest and most accessible EDXRF method on an x‐ray tube with the use of toroidal double concave focusing systems and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The results of measurements on clinopyroxene grains are shown. The weight of clinopyroxene grains was about 100 µm. Correlations of the element (Sr, Y, and Zr) concentrations in clinopyroxene grains determined by ICP‐MS and by EDXRF with a focusing HOPG monochromator and filter are shown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large volume hepatic freezing: association with significant release of the cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor a in a rat model
Authors: Seifert Joachim K. , France Malcolm P. , Zhao Jing , Bolton Elaine J. , Finlay Ian , Junginger Theodor , Morris David L.
Published: November 2002

Although cryotherapy of liver tumors is generally considered a safe procedure, a syndrome of coagulopathy and fatal multiorgan failure has been observed in some patients and is called the cryoshock phenomenon. Our aim was to establish an animal model of this phenomenon and examine the effects of the basic parameters of freezing or cryotherapy on it. A group of 75 female Sprague‐Dawley rats were allocated randomly to five groups: (1) sham laparotomy (n=15); (2) small (25% liver volume) single freeze (n=15); (3) small (25% liver volume) double freeze (n=15); (4) large (50% liver volume) single freeze (n=15); (5) large (50% liver volume) double freeze (n=15). Blood samples were collected at different postoperative times, and organs were harvested for histopathology. There was a significant release of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα:) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) following hepatic freezing, which was greatest in group 5. Postoperative serum cytokine levels were significantly associated with hepatocellular injury, as measured by postoperative serum aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations. Severe hemoglobinuria and renal injury, as demonstrated by the serum creatinine level and the glomerular neutrophil count, were observed and were greatest in group 5. Hepatic cryosurgery is associated with release of IL‐6 and TNFα and renal injury in a rat model. It is likely that the cryoshock phenomenon is another form of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Based on the results of this study, it is possibly mediated by cytokines released from the frozen liver tissue. We therefore caution against cryothérapy of large tumor volumes.
Hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: Can preoperative scoring predict patient outcome?
Authors: Mala Tom , Bøhler Geir , Mathisen Øystein , Bergan Anstein , Søreide Odd
Published: November 2002

A retrospective study was performed to define patient selection, safety, and efficacy of hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. The recently proposed preoperative clinical risk score (CRS) for selection of patients for surgery was also assessed. In all, 146 consecutive hepatic resections in 137 patients operated in the period between 1977 and 1999 were studied. Of these patients, 113 were classified into five CRS groups. Perioperative mortality was 1.4% (2 patients; no death in 120 patients operated after 1985) and morbidity was 38%. Five‐year actuarial survival (perioperative mortality included) was 29% (median 37 months), and actual 5‐year survival was 25% (17/69 patients). Patients operated after 1995 lived longer than those operated before 1995. Multiple regression analyses identified preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen CEA<100 µg/L, nodal status at resection of primary tumor, and RO vs. R1/R2 resection as prognostic parameters. CRS grouping had prognostic importance. The relative risk (hazard rate) of tumor recurrence in patients with CRS 3–4 was 2.1, compared to that of patients with CRS 0–2. Five‐year actuarial survival in the two groups was 12% and 40%, respectively. Fourteen of 15 long‐term survivors (τ;5 years) classified by the CRS system had CRS of 2 or less. Resection for colorectal liver metastases is safe, and long‐term survival rates are acceptable. CRS predicts patient outcome, but the clinical role in patient selection will have to be defined in prospective studies.
Effect of internal biliary drainage on plasma levels of endotoxin, cytokines, and C‐reactive protein in patients with obstructive jaundice
Authors: Padillo Francisco J. , Muntane Jordi , Montero Jose L. , Briceño Javier , Miño Gonzalo , Solorzano Guillermo , Sitges‐Serra Antonio , Pera‐Madrazo Carlos
Published: November 2002

Preoperative biliary drainage may improve the cytokine and acute‐phase response derangements observed in patients with obstructive jaundice. We conducted a prospective longitudinal, before‐after trial in our 600‐bed teaching hospital. Twenty‐four patients with obstructive jaundice were investigated, 11 with benign obstruction and 13 with malignant disease. Endoscopic internal biliary drainage was performed in all patients (7 by papillotomy and 17 by endoprostheses). Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interIeukin‐6 (IL‐6), nitric oxide production, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were determined at admission and on days 2 and 7 after internal biliary drainage was accomplished. Bile cultures were obtained before and at the time of drainage. Endotoxin, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and CRP were significantly higher in patients with cancer. After internal drainage, endotoxin (11.4 vs. 2 EU/L; p<0.05), TNF‐α (87.5 vs. 48 pg/ml; p=0.03), and IL‐6 (324 vs. 232 pg/ml;/ p<0.05) plasma levels decreased significantly in the early postdrainage period in patients with cancer. Endotoxin, cytokines, as well as the CRP plasma values, however, increased again on day 7 after drainage. This trend was less marked in patients with benign obstruction. Patients with positive bile cultures after drainage displayed higher levels of CRP (115 vs. 62 mg/L; p=0.03), IL‐6 (598 vs. 330 pg/ml; p=0.04), and endotoxin (10.6 vs. 4.8 EU/L; p=0.02) than those with negative bile cultures. Biliary tract obstruction is associated with an increase in endotoxin levels, a positive acute‐phase response, and plasma cytokine elevation. After biliary drainage a transitory improvement of these alterations was observed, although values remained high 1 week postdrainage. These findings were associated with positive bile cultures.
Predictors of successful hepatic resection: Prognostic usefulness of hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor analysis
Authors: Kokudo Norihiro , Vera David R. , Tada Keiichiro , Koizumi Mitsuru , Seki Makoto , Matsubara Toshiki , Ohta Hirotoshi , Yamaguchi Toshiharu , Takahashi Takashi , Nakajima Toshifusa , Muto Tetsuichiro
Published: November 2002

To test the clinical usefulness of hepatic asialogycoprotein receptor analysis in liver surgery, we have conducted univariate and multivariate analysis for the detection of cirrhotic patients and prediction of morbidity after hepatic resection. Liver scintigraphy using technetium 99m‐labeled asialoglycoprotein analog (TcGSA), ICG test, and CT hepatic volumetry were undertaken in 158 surgical patients including 111 who underwent hepatic resection. Hepatic functional parameters including Child‐Pugh score, indocyanine green retention at 15 minutes (ICG‐R15), clearance index (HH15), receptor index (LHL15), receptor concentration ([R]0), total hepatic receptor amount (R0) and hepatic parenchymal volume (HPV) were compared among patients with normal, cirrhotic, and non‐cirrhotic damaged liver. Preoperative hepatic functional parameters, resected parenchymal fraction (RPf), operative blood loss, and total receptor amount of the remnant liver (R0‐remnant) were compared between patients with and without signs of postoperative liver failure. All parameters but HPV were significantly different among patients with normal, cirrhotic, and noncirrhotic damaged liver. The multivariate analysis selected two significant (p<0.05) parameters, [R]0 and Child‐Pugh score for the detection of liver cirrhosis. Of the 111 patients who underwent resection, 14 developed transient signs of postoperative liver failure. Of the parameters tested, presence of liver cirrhosis, LHL15, R0, intraoperative blood loss, and R0‐remnant were significantly different between patients with and without signs of postoperative liver failure (p<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis selected only R0‐remnant as a significant (p=0.022) parameter for the prediction of liver failure. The morbidity rate in patients with R0‐remnant under 0.05 µmoles was 100%, and the rate decreased in inverse proportion to R0‐remnant. in conclusion, combining the ASGP‐R concentration ([R]0) and the Child‐Pugh score best detected liver cirrhosis in surgical candidates. Cirrhotic patients and patients with a low R0‐remnant are at higher risk for postoperative liver failure. The present study confirms the usefulness of hepatic asialogycoprotein receptor analysis in liver surgery.
Influence of diabetes on persistent nonhealing ischemic foot ulcer in end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Yasuhara Hiroshi , Naka Shuji , Yanagie Hironobu , Nagawa Hirokazu
Published: November 2002

The aim of this study was to identify important atherosclerotic risk factors for characteristic nonhealing ischemic foot ulcers in patients with end‐stage renal failure. We retrospectively studied 534 consecutive hemodialysis patients in five dialysis units of the Tokyo metropolitan area between 1980 and 1999. The influence of risk factors for ischemic foot ulcers in hemodialysis patients was determined using a multivariate logistic model. The characteristic features were also evaluated with further comparison of the prevalence of risk factors between hemodialyzed diabetic patients with ischemic foot ulcers and another 61 age‐ and gender‐matched nonhemodialyzed diabetic patients with ischemic foot ulcers. In the logistic model, two factors emerged as important risk factors for ischemic foot ulcers: renal failure due to diabetes [odds ratio 21.580 (95% CI 4.838–96.251); p=0.0001] and a history of cerebrovascular disease [odds ratio 2.782 (1.015–7.624); p=0.0467]. On the basis of a comparison of age‐ and gender‐matched control patients, associated diabetic triopathy, a history of cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension were more frequent in the hemodialysis patients. The development of ischemic foot ulcers in those with end‐stage renal failure is strongly influenced by underlying advanced diabetic microangiopathy and such other factors as sequelae of cerebrovascular disease and patient debilitation.
Patient generated index: New instrument for measuring quality of life in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Camilleri‐Brennan John , Ruta Danny A. , Steele Robert J. C.
Published: November 2002

The objective of this study was to assess the validity and responsiveness of a new quality of life instrument, the Patient Generated Index (PGI), in patients with rectal cancer. Thirty‐three patients with rectal cancer were administered the PGI, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaires QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐CR38, and the Medical Outcomes Study short form SF‐36 questionnaire preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. The PGI was assessed in this group of patients for validity and responsiveness. PGI scores achieved significant correlations with a number of domains on the three quality of life (QOL) questionnaires. Stepwise regression analysis showed that 91.3% of the variation in PGI scores could be explained by three health‐related QOL variables alone: pain, role limitations due to physical problems, and a global rating of health and QOL. The mean PGI score showed significant improvement 3 months following surgery. The PGI was found to be more responsive to change than the SF‐36, the QLQ‐C30, or the QLQ‐CR38 items except the micturition item. The PGI assesses the extent to which the expectations of patients suffering from rectal cancer are matched by reality; and it satisfies the criteria of validity and responsiveness of this instrument for this cancer. Further studies are needed to determine its psychometric properties in other areas of surgery and oncology. If these studies support our findings, we believe that patient‐centered measures such as the PGI may provide a meaningful assessment of the outcome of surgery for patients with cancer.
Predictive value of blood flow in the gastric tube in anastomotic insufficiency after thoracic esophagectomy
Authors: Miyazaki Tatsuya , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Kato Hiroyuki , Yoshikawa Minako , Ojima Hitoshi , Tsukada Katsuhiko
Published: November 2002

Anastomotic insufficiency is considered to be one of the most serious complications associated with esophageal reconstruction. The purposes of this study were to identify (1) the relationship between anastomotic insufficiency and tissue blood flow (TBF) in the gastric tube in the perioperative period, and (2) the effects of intravenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on TBF in the gastric tube. The study group consisted of 44 patients who were to undergo esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Intraoperative and postoperative TBF on the serosal side of the gastric tube were measured by laser‐Doppler tissue blood flowmetry. The TBF of the Leakage(+) group (n=5) was poorer than that of the Leakage(−) group (n=39) during the intraoperative and postoperative periods. There was a significant difference in TBF between the two groups at postoperative day (POD) 3. There was a tendency in the PGE1(+) group (n=18) to exhibit richer blood flow through the anastomosis than the PGE1(−) group (n=26), intraoperatively, but the difference was not significant. Two of five Leakage(+) cases were also in the PGE11(+) group. There was no relationship between intraoperative medication with PGE1 and incidence of leakage. The TBF of three‐field lymph node dissection and reconstruction of the retrosternal route group (n=21) was poorer than that of the two‐field lymph‐node dissection and reconstruction of the posterior mediastinal route group (n=23). The TBF in the gastric tube after esophagectomy may be a predictor of anastomotic insufficiency. However, PGE1 treatment in the intraoperative period alone is not effective in preventing anastomotic insufficiency.
Sentinel node biopsy in early breast cancer in Taiwan
Authors: Yu Jvh‐Cherng , Hsu Giu ‐Cheng , Liu Yao ‐Chi , Sheu Lai ‐Fa , Li Su ‐Hui , Chao Tsu ‐Yi
Published: November 2002

The purpose of this study is to report the results of sentinel node (SN) biopsy for assessment of early breast cancer in Taiwan and to compare our results with those in other Asian countries and worldwide. We used methylene blue dye to identify SN in patients with clinically non‐palpable breast mass and palpable breast mass smaller than 3 cm. We also explored the role of imprint cytology and immunochemical studies to identify metastatic cancer cells in the lymph nodes. A total of 221 procedures on 218 patients were performed by a single surgeon. The SN was identified in 85.5% of the cases. The overall accuracy of identifying tumors in SN was 97.4%, with a sensitivity of 90.9%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 96.4%. The use of immunochemical techniques helped to identify micrometasta‐sis in SN or non‐SN. Our results on SN biopsy with the dye method were similar to those reported from Japan and elsewhere. We concluded that sentinel node biopsy, together with the use of immunochemical techniques to identify micrometastatic foci, has allowed surgeons to decide at the time of surgery whether to perform axillary node dissection.
Reference Values for Transverse Cerebellar Diameter Throughout Gestation
Authors: Pinar Halit , Burke Sarah H. , Huang Carol W. , Singer Don B. , Sung C. James
Published: November 2002

The transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is well established in the ultrasound literature as a reliable parameter for estimating the duration of gestation. In cases of growth restriction the cerebellum is usually spared, making TCD a reliable indicator of gestational age even when other parameters fall off the appropriate growth curve. The purpose of this study is to establish normal values for the transverse diameter of the cerebellum in pathology specimens, and to determine if these values correlate with those obtained by ultrasound. We examined 96 specimens ranging from 14 to 42 weeks gestational age and found that our values correlate well with those published in the ultrasound literature. Mean TCD with 2 standard deviations for each gestational week were determined as reference values.
Significance of p53 Expression in Immature Teratomas
Authors: Charoenkwan Pimlak , Senger Christof , Weitzman Sheila , Sexsmith Elizabeth , Sherman Christopher G. , Malkin David , Thorner Paul S.
Published: November 2002

Twenty-nine pediatric immature teratomas were reviewed to determine the frequency and clinical significance of p53 expression. Tumors were stained for p53 expression by immunohistochemistry and results were correlated with the presence of other germ cell tumor elements and with outcome. Sequencing of p53 for mutations was performed on positive cases. Eighteen cases showed widespread positive p53 staining of the immature teratoma elements, 9 showed staining only in very occasional cells, and 2 cases showed no staining. Of the 18 positive cases, 5 recurred. All five were pure immature teratomas at diagnosis. Four recurred as immature or mature teratoma and one as a sarcoma; all except one showed frequent cells positive for p53 in the recurrent tumor. Another 5 of the 18 diffusely positive cases contained immature teratoma as well as other malignant germ cell elements at diagnosis; none of these recurred. None of the remaining eight cases with frequent positive cells, the nine cases with occasionally positive p53 staining, or the two cases with no staining recurred or demonstrated other germ cell tumor elements. We conclude that p53 expression is not unusual in immature teratoma and diffuse p53 immunopositivity is associated with recurrence or the presence of malignant elements in ~50% of cases. In only 1 of 29 cases tested was p53 immunopositivity associated with mutations in the p53 gene; hence, overexpression in the majority of cases is presumed to reflect increased half-life of the protein from undetermined stabilizing factors. Expression of p21, a p53 target gene, was only focal, suggesting impaired transcriptional activation by p53. The finding of frequent p53-positive cells in immature teratoma should prompt a search for malignant elements within the tumor and affected patients should be followed closely for evidence of recurrence.
Central Nervous System Embryogenesis and Its Failures
Authors: Lacbawan Felicitas L. , Muenke Maximilian
Published: November 2002

The well-orchestrated development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires highly integrated regulatory processes to ensure its precise spatial organization that provides the foundation for proper function. As emphasized in this review, the type, timing, and location of regulatory molecules influence the different stages of development from neuronal induction, regional specification, neuronal specification, and neuronal migration to axonal growth and guidance, neuronal survival, and synapse formation. The known molecular mechanisms are summarized from studies of invertebrates and lower vertebrates, in which we have learned more about the different ligands, receptors, transcription factors, and the intracellular signaling pathways that play specific roles in the different stages of development. Despite known molecular mechanisms of some disturbances, most of the clinical entities that arise from failures of CNS embryogenesis remain unexplained. As more novel genes and their functions are discovered, existing mechanisms will be refined and tenable explanations will be made. With these limitations, two specific clinical entities that have been relatively well studied, holoprosen-cephaly and neuronal migration defects, are discussed in more detail to illustrate the complexity of regulatory mechanisms that govern well-defined stages of CNS development.
Triplet Placentas: Reference Values for Weights
Authors: Pinar Halit , Stephens Merielle , Singer Don B. , Boyd Theonia K. , Pflueger Solveig M.V. , Gang David L. , Roberts Drucilla J. , Sung C. James
Published: November 2002

The occurrence of twins, triplets, and other multiple births increased significantly between 1970 and 2000 in the United States and other industrialized countries. The number of triplet placentas submitted for examination as pathologic specimens has also markedly increased, but no reference values are published for triplet weights. We examined 196 normal triplet placentas. Specimens with associated conditions known to affect the weights of the placentas were excluded. The gestational ages ranged between 20 and 38 weeks. Mean weights for different gestational ages are summarized as follows: 253 g for 20 weeks, 319 g for 22 weeks, 406 g for 24 weeks, 509 g for 26 weeks, 621 g for 28 weeks, 738 g for 30 weeks, 855 g for 32 weeks, 965 g for 34 weeks, 1065 g for 36 weeks, and 1147 g for 38 weeks. Weight gain of triplet placentas appears to parallel that of twin placentas. The mean values of placental weights for triplets at each gestational age are less than triple those of singleton weights for the same duration of gestation. The placental weights in multiple gestations do not increase proportionately with the number of fetuses.
Hostility and anger expression in African American and European American men is associated with cardiovascular and lipid reactivity
Authors: Finney Montenique L. , Stoney Catherine M. , Engebretson Tilmer O.
Published: November 2002

Physiological stress reactivity has been examined with respect to cynical hostility and anger expression, but primarily among Caucasians. Investigations of African Americans are far fewer and have focused only on the cardiovascular system. This study compared the relationships between hostility and anger expression on the one hand, and both cardiovascular and lipid reactivity on the other, among African Americans and European Americans. Forty‐six men participated in a study examining cardiovascular and lipid reactivity to a speech stressor. African American men low in cynical hostility had greater blood pressure reactivity to the stressor; this effect appeared to be due primarily to low cynical men with high Anger In. Independent of ethnicity, those with a general tendency to either always express or always inhibit the expression of anger had higher triglyceride reactivity, relative to those with a more flexible style of anger expression. These results suggest that it is important to examine ethnicity in relationship to measures of hostility and anger expression, to uncover vulnerable individuals.
Pain‐evoked anterior cingulate activity generating the negative difference potential may reflect response selection processes
Authors: Dowman Robert
Published: November 2002

The effects of a heterotopic cold pain stimulus applied to the hand on the scalp‐recorded negative difference potential (NDP) and subjective pain ratings elicited by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve were examined in 24 participants. Our previous work strongly suggests that the NDP is generated in part by the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACCcd). The latency and magnitude of the ACCcd activity were estimated from the NDP and from the dipole source localization analysis of the NDP. As expected, the sural nerve pain ratings were smaller in the cold pain condition than in the control condition. The ACCcd activity underlying the 125‐ms peak of the NDP did not change across conditions, whereas the ACCcd activity underlying the 210‐ms NDP peak was largest in the cold pain condition. The dissociation between pain‐evoked ACCcd activity and pain ratings observed here and elsewhere suggest that not all of the nociresponsive neurons in the ACCcd are involved in pain sensation. Rather, differences in the cognitive demands of the control and cold pain conditions suggest that the pain‐evoked 210‐ms ACCcd activity reflects response selection processes, perhaps response competition monitoring.
Are rules applied in Pavlovian electrodermal conditioning with humans general or outcome specific?
Authors: Lachnit Harald , Kinder Annette , Reinhard Günter
Published: November 2002

There is growing evidence that in human skin conductance response (SCR) conditioning positive patterning (A−, B−, AB+) and negative patterning (A+, B+, AB−) are solved by applying two different rules. The present experiments investigated whether the representations of such rules are specific or general with regard to outcomes and response systems. In Experiment 1, we investigated SCR and eyelid conditioning with different types of training administered in an interleaved fashion. We found that positive patterning SCR conditioning interfered with negative patterning SCR conditioning, whereas eyeblink conditioning had no effect on SCR conditioning. In Experiment 2, in which eyeblink and SCR conditioning were administered in sequential fashion, the same result was obtained. We conclude that the rules involved in solving patterning tasks might be specific to outcomes and/or response systems.
P300 amplitude is determined by target‐to‐target interval
Authors: Gonsalvez Craig J. , Polich John
Published: November 2002

P300 event‐related brain potential (ERP) measures are affected by target stimulus probability, the number of nontargets preceding the target in the stimulus sequence structure, and interstimulus interval (ISI). Each of these factors contributes to the target‐to‐target interval (TTI), which also has been found to affect P300. The present study employed a variant of the oddball paradigm and manipulated the number of preceding nontarget stimuli (0, 1, 2, 3) and ISI (1, 2, 4 s) in order to systematically assess TTI effects on P300 values from auditory and visual stimuli. Number of preceding nontargets generally produced stronger effects than ISI in a manner suggesting that TTI determined P300 measures: Amplitude increased as TTI increased for both auditory and visual stimulus conditions, whereas latency tended to decrease with increased TTI. The finding that TTI is a critical determinant of P300 responsivity is discussed within a resource allocation theoretical framework.
Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences
Authors: Gross James J.
Published: November 2002

One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion‐generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down‐regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion‐generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion‐generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual‐difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Engineering psychophysiology: Issues and applications, edited by Richard W. Backs and Wolfram Bousein. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000. 385 pp.
Authors: Strayer David L.
Published: November 2002

Advancing technology changes the very nature of the world in which we interact. Often these changes introduce unintended stresses and strains on the individual attempting to interact with this new technology. The objective of this 17‐chapter edited volume is to promote engineering psychophysiology as a discipline that uses a variety of psychophysiological measures to understand and potentially improve the nature of our interactions in the real world. The target audience for the book is the researcher who is new to the use of psychophysiological measures in engineering applications.