bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particulate δ15N in laminated marine sediments as a proxy for mixing between the California Undercurrent and the California Current: A proof of concept
Authors: Tems Caitlin E. , Berelson William M. , Prokopenko Maria G.
Published: December 2014

The measurements of particulate δ15N in coastal marine laminated sediments provide a high‐resolution proxy for fluctuations in the intensity of denitrification in the water column. In the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone, this denitrification signal is transported northward by the California Undercurrent, thus serving as a tracer of ocean circulation. This is verified through comparisons between salinity in the thermocline off Southern California (Santa Monica Basin) and the difference between δ15Nsed within age equivalent sediments from a southern (Pescadero Slope) and northern (Santa Monica Basin) site. Trends in this parameter, Δδ15Nsed, relate to Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase changes between 1900 and 1990. We hypothesize that the decline in Δδ15Nsed during warm PDO phases is due to a strengthening of the California Undercurrent transporting 15N‐enriched nitrate from the eastern tropical North Pacific northward. The deviation from this trend after 1990 suggests recent changes in circulation and/or California Current water nutrient biogeochemistry.
Changes to the temporal distribution of daily precipitation
Authors: Rajah Kailash , O'Leary Tess , Turner Alice , Petrakis Gabriella , Leonard Michael , Westra Seth
Published: December 2014

Changes to the temporal distribution of daily precipitation were investigated using a data set of 12,513 land‐based stations from the Global Historical Climatology Network. The distribution of precipitation was measured using the Gini index (which describes how uniformly precipitation is distributed throughout a year) and the annual number of wet days. The Mann‐Kendall test and a regression analysis were used to assess the direction and rate of change to both indices. Over the period of 1976–2000, East Asia, Central America, and Brazil exhibited a decrease in the number of both wet and light precipitation days, and eastern Europe exhibited a decrease in the number of both wet and moderate precipitation days. In contrast, the U.S., southern South America, western Europe, and Australia exhibited an increase in the number of both wet and light precipitation days. Trends in both directions were field significant at the global scale.
Probabilistic geomechanical analysis of compartmentalization at the Snøhvit CO2 sequestration project
Authors: Chiaramonte Laura , White Joshua A. , Trainor‐Guitton Whitney
Published: December 2014

Pressure buildup caused by large‐scale CO2 injection is a key concern during a carbon sequestration project. Large overpressures can compromise seal integrity, reactivate faults, and induce seismicity. Furthermore, pressure buildup is directly related with storage capacity. In this work we study the geomechanical response to CO2 injection at Snøhvit, to understand the potential for fault reactivation, leakage, and contamination of the producing interval through bounding faults. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential contribution of a structural component to reservoir compartmentalization. We combine simplified analytical models, based on critically stressed fracture theory and a Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion, with a rigorous sensitivity analysis. Large stress uncertainties are present and reflected in the modeling results. It was found that under the most likely stress state the faults are fairly stable and caprock hydrofracturing would be expected before fault reactivation. In most of the analyzed cases, the critical pressure perturbation needed for reactivation is above 13 MPa, which was the limiting pressure increase before reaching the fracture pressure. Faults were found to be ~ 20% less stable when considering variations in SHmax orientation. In those cases, fault reactivation could be expected before caprock failure if injection continued. However, if the pressure increase did reach the critical values for seal failure estimated under the worst case (and least likely) stress state, no indication of such failure can be observed in the measured pressure response. Finally, the potential role of a structural component in the compartmentalization and fluid migration is difficult to assess due to the stress state uncertainty.
Comparison of the charge moment change calculated from electrostatic analysis and from ELF radio observations
Authors: Nieckarz Zenon , Baranski Piotr , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Kulak Andrzej , Wiszniowski Jan
Published: December 2014

We compare the results of two methods of calculation of the charge moment change (CMC, also called the dipole moment change) of the cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges. The first method uses multistation ground‐based measurements of the E field change for the purpose of the lightning flash location and charge analysis. Our six stations, called the Local Lightning Detection Network (LLDN), were set up in the Warsaw region. The second method is based on measurements of the horizontal magnetic field component of electromagnetic waves generated by atmospheric discharges in the ELF (extremely low frequency) range. Our ELF station is equipped with two magnetic antennas, east‐west and north‐south and is located in a sparsely populated area of the Bieszczady Mountains in Poland (49.19°N, 22.55°E). We present and discuss the results obtained by both methods, focusing on the negative return stroke (RS) and the return stroke with continuing current (RS and CC) lightning discharges. Results show a good correlation between the CMC obtained by the two methods. For the negative RS and CC and RS the correlation coefficient is equal to +0.50 and +0.80, respectively.
Inducible Models of Bone Loss
Authors: Doucette Casey R. , Rosen Clifford J.
Published: December 2014

Bone is an essential organ that not only confers structural stability to the organism, but also serves as a reservoir for hematopoietic elements and is thought to affect systemic homeostasis through the release of endocrine factors as well as calcium. The loss of bone mass due to an uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption leads to increased fragility that can result in devastating fractures. Further understanding of the effects of environmental stimuli on the development of bone disease in humans is needed, and they can be studied using animal models. Here, we present established and novel methods for the induction of bone loss in mice, including manipulation of diet and environment, administration of drugs, irradiation, and surgically induced hormone deficiency. All of these models are directly related to human cases, and thus, can be used to investigate the causes of bone loss resulting from these interventions. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Histopathological Analysis of the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Scudamore Cheryl L. , McInnes Elizabeth F.
Published: December 2014

The basic anatomy of the mouse respiratory system is similar to that of other mammals and can be usefully examined under the light microscope in phenotyping studies, inhalation toxicity studies, and studies involving mouse models of human disease. In many studies, however, only the lungs are examined, leaving the possibility that phenotypic information from the majority of the conducting airways is lost. This unit provides standard approaches for tissue collection at necropsy and subsequent selection of a range of respiratory tissues for histological and pathological analysis. The major anatomical features to be found in each section are highlighted, and potential artifacts and methods to avoid them are discussed. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ferric Chloride–Induced Arterial Thrombosis in Mice
Authors: Subramaniam Saravanan , Kanse Sandip M.
Published: December 2014

Because of its high sensitivity and reproducibility, the FeCl3‐induced arterial thrombosis mouse model is widely used to study molecular mechanisms as well as the efficacy of antithrombotic agents. The model also carries the additional advantages of being relatively easy to establish and requiring minimal instrumentation. However, the various parameters that influence the outcome must be optimized to the experimental requirements and the individual laboratory conditions. Here, we describe a standard protocol for FeCl3‐induced common carotid artery thrombosis, parameters that influence thrombus growth, ways to optimize the experiment, and interpretation of the data. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platelet mitochondrial membrane potential in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Antony Paul M. A. , Boyd Olga , Trefois Christophe , Ammerlaan Wim , Ostaszewski Marek , Baumuratov Aidos S. , Longhino Laura , Antunes Laurent , Koopman Werner , Balling Rudi , Diederich Nico J.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), which has been reported not to be restricted to striatal neurons. However, studies that analyzed mitochondrial function at the level of selected enzymatic activities in peripheral tissues have produced conflicting data. We considered the electron transport chain as a complex system with mitochondrial membrane potential as an integrative indicator for mitochondrial fitness.

Methods

Twenty‐five IPD patients (nine females; mean disease duration, 6.2 years) and 16 healthy age‐matched controls (12 females) were recruited. Live platelets were purified using magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) and single‐cell data on mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψ) were measured by cytometry and challenged with a protonophore agent.

Results

Functional mitochondrial membrane potential was detected in all participants. The challenge test reduced the membrane potential in all IPD patients and controls (P < 0.001). However, the response to the challenge was not significantly different between patients and controls.

Interpretation

While the reported protonophore challenge assay is a valid marker of overall mitochondrial function in live platelets, intact mitochondrial membrane potential in platelets derived from IPD patients suggests that presumed mitochondrial enzymatic deficiencies are compensable in this cell type. In consequence, mitochondrial membrane potential in platelets cannot be used as a diagnostic biomarker for nonstratified IPD but should be further explored in potential Parkinson's disease subtypes and tissues with higher energy demands.
Rhodium Nanoflowers Stabilized by a Nitrogen‐Rich PEG‐Tagged Substrate as Recyclable Catalyst for the Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Pleixats Roser , Shafir Alexandr , Parella Teodor
Published: December 2014

Morphology and size controllable rhodium nanoparticles stabilized by a nitrogen‐rich polyoxyethylenated derivative have been prepared by reduction of RhCl3 with NaBH4 in water at room temperature and fully characterized. The flower‐like Rh NPs are effective and recyclable catalysts for the stereoselective hydrosilylation of challenging internal alkynes and diynes, affording the (E)‐vinylsilanes in quantitative yields for a wide range of substrates. The insolubility of the nanocatalyst in diethyl ether allows its easy separation and recycling.

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Synthesis and Biological Activity of 10‐Aza‐narciclasine
Authors: Vshyvenko Sergey , W'Giorgis Zemane , Weber Audrey , Neverova Natalia , Hedberg Bradley , Hudlicky Tomas
Published: December 2014

The first active aza analogue of narciclasine was synthesized from a pentasubstituted derivative of nicotinic acid. The key features of the synthesis include a halogen dance of bromopyridine and an intramolecular Heck reaction with a conduramine derived chemoenzymatically from bromobenzene. 10‐Aza‐narciclasine was found to have reasonable activity against several cancer cell lines.

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Assessing the Effect of Consumer Purchasing Criteria for Types of Rice in Togo: A Choice Modeling Approach
Authors: Fiamohe Rose , Nakelse Tebila , Diagne Aliou , Seck Papa A.
Published: December 2014

This study analyses rice consumer preferences in Togo and estimates consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for the quality attributes of locally produced rice. For that purpose, a random utility model is applied to elicit the WTP for the most important rice purchase criteria. The model is estimated using a survey of consumers from 15 prefectures in Togo. The results show that imported rice is largely preferred to local rice, especially in urban areas. Cleanness and whiteness appear to be the most preferred attributes, especially for imported rice. Togolese consumers are willing to pay a premium of up to 46% of the actual price for cleanness and 53% for whiteness in locally produced rice. Also, taste and swelling capacity play an important role in the preference for locally produced rice. The results might be useful for breeders and policy makers in the ongoing effort to improve the competitiveness of local rice in West Africa both from quality and price perspectives.
Extreme Confinement of Xenon by Cryptophane‐111 in the Solid State
Authors: Joseph Akil I. , Lapidus Saul H. , Kane Christopher M. , Holman K. Travis
Published: December 2014

Solids that sorb, capture and/or store the heavier noble gases are of interest because of their potential for transformative rare gas separation/production, storage, or recovery technologies. Herein, we report the isolation, crystal structures, and thermal stabilities of a series of xenon and krypton clathrates of (±)‐cryptophane‐111 (111). One trigonal crystal form, Xe@111⋅y(solvent), is exceptionally stable, retaining xenon at temperatures of up to about 300 °C. The high kinetic stability is attributable not only to the high xenon affinity and cage‐like nature of the host, but also to the crystal packing of the clathrate, wherein each window of the molecular container is blocked by the bridges of adjacent containers, effectively imprisoning the noble gas in the solid state. The results highlight the potential of discrete molecule materials exhibiting intrinsic microcavities or zero‐dimensional pores.
Self‐Regulation Mechanism for Charged Point Defects in Hybrid Halide Perovskites
Authors: Walsh Aron , Scanlon David O. , Chen Shiyou , Gong X. G. , Wei Su‐Huai
Published: December 2014

Hybrid halide perovskites such as methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) exhibit unusually low free‐carrier concentrations despite being processed at low‐temperatures from solution. We demonstrate, through quantum mechanical calculations, that an origin of this phenomenon is a prevalence of ionic over electronic disorder in stoichiometric materials. Schottky defect formation provides a mechanism to self‐regulate the concentration of charge carriers through ionic compensation of charged point defects. The equilibrium charged vacancy concentration is predicted to exceed 0.4 % at room temperature. This behavior, which goes against established defect conventions for inorganic semiconductors, has implications for photovoltaic performance.
Nocturnal Risk of Gout Attacks
Authors: Choi Hyon K. , Niu Jingbo , Neogi Tuhina , Chen Clara A. , Chaisson Christine , Hunter David , Zhang Yuqing
Published: December 2014

Objective

Several plausible mechanisms and anecdotal descriptions suggest that gout attacks often occur at night, although there are no scientific data supporting this. We undertook this study to evaluate the hypothesis that gout attacks occur more frequently at night.

Methods

We conducted a case‐crossover study to examine the risk of acute gout attacks in relation to the time of the day. Gout patients were prospectively recruited and followed up via the internet for 1 year. Participants were asked about the following information concerning their gout attacks: the date and hour of attack onset, symptoms and signs, medication use, and purported risk factors during the 24‐ and 48‐hour periods prior to the gout attack. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) of gout attacks (with 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) according to three 8‐hour time blocks of the day (i.e., 12:00 AM to 7:59 AM, 8:00 AM to 3:59 PM [reference], and 4:00 PM to 11:59 PM) using conditional logistic regression.

Results

Our study included 724 gout patients who experienced a total of 1,433 attacks (733, 310, and 390 attacks during the first, second, and third 8‐hour time blocks, respectively) over 1 year. The risk of gout flares in the 8‐hour overnight time block (12:00 AM to 7:59 AM) was 2.36 times higher than in the daytime (8:00 AM to 3:59 PM) (OR 2.36 [95% CI 2.05–2.73]). The corresponding OR in the evening (4:00 PM to 11:59 PM) was 1.26 (95% CI 1.07–1.48). These associations persisted among those with no alcohol use and in the lowest quintile of purine intake in the 24 hours prior to attack onset. Furthermore, these associations persisted in subgroups according to sex, age group, obesity status, diuretic use, and use of allopurinol, colchicine, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Conclusion

These findings provide the first prospective evidence that the risk of gout attacks during the night and early morning is 2.4 times higher than in the daytime. Further, these data support the purported mechanisms and historical descriptions of the nocturnal onset of gout attacks and may have implications for antigout prophylactic measures.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 from Lycium chinense
Authors: Tian Xiaowei , Ji Jing , Wang Gang , Jin Chao , Guan Chunfeng , Wu Guangxia
Published: December 2014

Carotenoids are key precursor for aroma compounds in plants. Although the fruit of Lycium chinense contains numerous carotenoids, the formation mechanism of aroma compounds in L. chinense is still poorly understood. In this study, a new carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (termed LmCCD1) was identified from the leaves of L. chinense. Expression analysis by semiquantitative PCR reveals that LmCCD1 gene is expressed in different tissues of L. chinense, and dominant expression of LmCCD1 gene was found in leaves, flowers, and ripe fruits. In addition, the expression level of LmCCD1 in fruits is in accordance with the content of β‐ionone. Finally, recombinantly expressed LmCCD1 can cleave β‐carotene and lycopene to produce β‐ionone and pseudoionone in in vitro assays. These results indicate that LmCCD1 a novel carotenoids cleavage dioxygenase gene that may regulate the metabolic pathways responsible for aroma metabolite production (such as β‐ionone and pseudoionone) in L. chinense has been identified.
Influence of macromolecular precipitants on phase behavior of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Rakel Natalie , Galm Lara , Bauer Katharina Christin , Hubbuch Juergen
Published: December 2014

For the successful application of protein crystallization as a downstream step, a profound knowledge of protein phase behavior in solutions is needed. Therefore, a systematic screening was conducted to analyze the influence of macromolecular precipitants in the form of polyethylene glycol (PEG). First, the influence of molecular weight and concentration of PEG at different pH‐values were investigated and analyzed in three‐dimensional (3‐D) phase diagrams to find appropriate conditions in terms of a fast kinetic and crystal size for downstream processing. In comparison to the use of salts as precipitant, PEG was more suitable to obtain compact 3‐D crystals over a broad range of conditions, whereby the molecular weight of PEG is, besides the pH‐value, the most important parameter. Second, osmotic second virial coefficients as parameters for protein interactions are experimentally determined with static light scattering to gain a deep insight view in the phase behavior on a molecular basis. The PEG‐protein solutions were analyzed as a pseudo‐one‐compartment system. As the precipitant is also a macromolecule, the new approach of analyzing cross‐interactions between the protein and the macromolecule PEG in form of the osmotic second cross‐virial coefficient (B23) was applied. Both parameters help to understand the protein phase behavior. However, a predictive description of protein phase behavior for systems consisting of monoclonal antibodies and PEG as precipitant is not possible, as kinetic phenomena and concentration dependencies were not taken into account. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:145–153, 2015
The Community Story, Relationality and Process: Bridging Tools for Researching Local Knowledge in a Peri‐urban Township
Authors: Lau Ursula , Seedat Mohamed
Published: December 2014

In intervening in social challenges impacting local communities, Western forms of dispute/conflict resolution have been critiqued for imparting norms, values and practices that marginalise worldviews of indigenous people. From a decolonizing stance, indigenous scholars have emphasised the need for recovery of ‘lost’ values, beliefs and practices to advance indigenous knowledge. We highlight some of the conceptual challenges associated with applying ‘indigenous knowledge’ and culture‐specific ‘indigenous methodologies’ to a marginalised peri‐urban, ethnically plural township community situated on the outskirts of Johannesburg, South Africa. In embracing the mutuality of indigenous and Western knowledge forms, we explore three elements: the community story, relationality and process in relation to initial engagements with our study community. We attempt to transcend the dualism between ‘Western’ epistemologies and ‘indigenous knowledge’ through these ‘bridging concepts’. What is offered is not a formula or model but an orientation that aims to foster mutual learning through collaborative partnerships within and between communities and researchers with a view to inspiring possibilities for creative and meaningful solutions for violence prevention and dispute/conflict resolution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron‐Catalysed Hydrofunctionalisation of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Greenhalgh Mark D. , Jones Alison S. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: December 2014

The metal‐catalysed hydrofunctionalisation of alkenes and alkynes provides a convenient and atom‐economic route to diversely functionalised products with control of regio‐, chemo‐ and stereoselectivity. As one of the most abundant elements on earth, iron offers a level of sustainable and long‐term availability that is uncommon for most transition metals. Although iron is commonly found in the oxidation states of +2 and +3, the use of redox‐active ligands has allowed the synthesis and application of low oxidation state iron complexes in catalysis. A broad range of hydrofunctionalisation reactions have been developed by using iron catalysts in a wide variety of oxidation states. Intense development over the past decade has resulted in the development of iron‐catalysed hydroamination, hydroalkoxylation, hydrocarboxylation, hydrothiolation, hydrovinylation, hydrosilylation, hydroboration, hydrophosphination, hydromagnesiation and carbonylation reactions, amongst others. With the field still in its infancy, there is great potential for further developments in the mechanistic understanding and synthetic and industrial applicability of these processes.
A Heteroleptic Ferrous Complex with Mesoionic Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) Ligands: Taming the MLCT Excited State of Iron(II)
Authors: Liu Yizhu , Kjær Kasper S. , Fredin Lisa A. , Chábera Pavel , Harlang Tobias , Canton Sophie E. , Lidin Sven , Zhang Jianxin , Lomoth Reiner , Bergquist Karl‐Erik , Persson Petter , Wärnmark Kenneth , Sundström Villy
Published: December 2014

Strongly σ‐donating N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have revived research interest in the catalytic chemistry of iron, and are now also starting to bring the photochemistry and photophysics of this abundant element into a new era. In this work, a heteroleptic FeII complex (1) was synthesized based on sequentially furnishing the FeII center with the benchmark 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligand and the more strongly σ‐donating mesoionic ligand, 4,4′‐bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) (btz). Complex 1 was comprehensively characterized by electrochemistry, static and ultrafast spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations and compared to [Fe(bpy)3](PF6)2 and (TBA)2[Fe(bpy)(CN)4]. Heteroleptic complex 1 extends the absorption spectrum towards longer wavelengths compared to a previously synthesized homoleptic FeII NHC complex. The combination of the mesoionic nature of btz and the heteroleptic structure effectively destabilizes the metal‐centered (MC) states relative to the triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state in 1, rendering it a lifetime of 13 ps, the longest to date of a photochemically stable FeII complex. Deactivation of the 3MLCT state is proposed to proceed via the 3MC state that strongly couples with the singlet ground state.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Helicene‐Based Imidazolium Salt and Its Application in Organic Molecular Electronics
Authors: Storch Jan , Zadny Jaroslav , Strasak Tomas , Kubala Martin , Sykora Jan , Dusek Michal , Cirkva Vladimir , Matejka Pavel , Krbal Milos , Vacek Jan
Published: December 2014

Herein we demonstrate the synthesis of a helicene‐based imidazolium salt. The salt was prepared by starting from racemic 2‐methyl[6]helicene, which undergoes radical bromination to yield 2‐(bromomethyl)[6]helicene. Subsequent treatment with 1‐butylimidazole leads to the corresponding salt 1‐butyl‐3‐(2‐methyl[6]helicenyl)‐imidazolium bromide. The prepared salt was subsequently characterized by using NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis, various optical spectrometric techniques, and computational chemistry tools. Finally, the imidazolium salt was immobilized onto a SiO2 substrate as a crystalline or amorphous deposit. The deposited layers were used for the development of organic molecular semiconductor devices and the construction of a fully reversible humidity sensor.
Nanorattles or Yolk–Shell Nanoparticles—What Are They, How Are They Made, and What Are They Good For?
Authors: Priebe Magdalena , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: December 2014

The development of nanotechnology has led to the design of cutting‐edge nanomaterials with increasing levels of complexity. Although “traditional” solid, uniform nanoparticles are still the most frequently reported structures, new generations of nanoparticles have been constantly emerging over the last several decades. The outcome of this nano‐art extends beyond nanomaterials with alternative compositions and/or morphologies. The current state‐of‐the‐art allows for the design of nanostructures composed of different building blocks that exhibit diverse properties. Furthermore, those properties can be a reflection of either individual features, which are characteristic of a particular building block alone, and/or synergistic effects resulting from interactions between building blocks. Therefore, the unique structures as well as the outstanding properties of nanorattles have attracted increasing attention for possible biomedical and industrial applications. Although these nanoparticles resemble core–shell particles, they have a distinctive feature, which is a presence of a void that provides a homogenous environment for the encapsulated core. In this Review, we give a comprehensive insight into the fabrication of nanorattles. A special emphasis is put on the choice of building blocks as well as the choice of preparation method, because those two aspects further influence properties and thus possible future applications, which will also be discussed.
Wiring Laccase on Covalently Modified Graphene: Carbon Nanotube Assemblies for the Direct Bio‐electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxygen
Authors: Lalaoui Noémie , Le Goff Alan , Holzinger Michael , Mermoux Michel , Cosnier Serge
Published: December 2014

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was covalently functionalized by the in situ generation and reduction of anthraquinone diazonium salt. Deposition on multi‐wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrodes prevents the aggregation of RGO nanosheets and allows the stable deposition of modified graphene, accompanied with excellent electron transfer properties. Laccases were immobilized on the nanostructured electrode by the interaction between the anthraquinone moiety and the laccase hydrophobic pocket located near the T1 copper center. The MWCNT/f‐RGO electrode exhibits efficient bioelectrocatalytic oxygen reduction, with current densities of up to 0.9 mA cm−2.
Bis(N‐Confused Porphyrin) as a Semirigid Receptor with a Chirality Memory: A Two‐Way Host Enantiomerization through Point‐to‐Axial Chirality Transfer
Authors: Chmielewski Piotr J. , Siczek Marta , Stępień Marcin
Published: December 2014

The adduct formation of protonated bis(N‐confused porphyrin) (BNCP, 3,3′‐bis(meso‐tetratolyl‐2‐aza‐21‐carbaporphyrin) with chiral anions, carboxylic acids, and alcohols was studied in solution by means of 1H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analysis and DFT methods. The addition of enantiopure guests to the acidified BNCP resulted in optical activity that vanished after neutralization. Pairs of the 1H NMR‐distinguishable diastereomers were formed when enantiopure guests were applied, although a single form was observed upon the addition of the racemic mixtures in each case. Unidirectional configuration change that led to diastereomeric excess was observed in several instances. Such an excess was memorized by metalation of the adducts with AgBF4, thus resulting in optically active silver(III) complexes of BNCP with some enantiomeric excess. Absolute configurations of BNCP cations and bis(zinc) and bis(silver(III)) complexes were determined on the basis of time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT calculations of their CD spectra. It was shown that some of the chiral carboxylates induced opposite directions of enantiomerization of di‐ and tetracations or di‐/tetracation and bis(zinc) complexes. The source of the optical activity of the equimolar diastereomeric mixture of adducts is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimization of Ni—Co—Mn—Sn Heusler Alloy Composition for Near Room Temperature Magnetic Cooling.
Authors: Chen X. , Naik V. B. , Mahendiran R. , Ramanujan R. V.
Published: December 2014

The effect of both Co and Mn substitution in the title alloys on the magnetocaloric properties, thermopower, electrical resistivity, and structural and magnetic phase transitions are determined.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect in Ternary REAgAl (RE: Er and Ho) Intermetallic Compounds.
Authors: Zhang Yikun , Yang Baijun , Wilde Gerhard
Published: December 2014

The intermetallics of title are prepared by arc melting of the elements and subsequent annealing (evacuated quartz tubes, 873 K, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Purity Fe3S4 Greigite Microcrystals for Magnetic and Electrochemical Performance.
Authors: Palstra Thomas T. M. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2014

The title microcrystals are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions containing FeCl2, L‐cysteine, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant (autoclave, 165 °C, 40 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Fluorous Benzoquinones and Their Application in Deprotection of Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Matsubara Hiroshi , Maegawa Takahiko , Kita Yasuaki , Yokoji Takato , Nomoto Akihiro
Published: December 2014

Fluorous 1,4‐benzoquinones (I) are prepared and tested as catalysts in the deprotection of silyl ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Stereodivergent Strategy Towards Aminocyclitols.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Malhotra Sushant
Published: December 2014

Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric desymmetrization of the meso 1,4‐dibenzolate produces the common intermediate (III) in excellent yield and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Sandmeyer Trifluoromethylation and Trifluoromethylthiolation.
Authors: Bayarmagnai Bilguun , Matheis Christian , Risto Eugen , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: December 2014

The reaction can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Alkoxylation of 2‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Authors: Shi Suping , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: December 2014

The presented reaction provides ortho alkoxylated aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles and aryl compounds bearing different directing N‐heterocyclic substituents in good yields and is tolerant to a broad scope of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of the New Reactivity of Chiral Acrylamides and Unprotected Pyrroles: Diastereoselective and Carbonyl Compatible 1,4‐Addition.
Authors: Gratais Alexandre , Pannecoucke Xavier , Bouzbouz Samir
Published: December 2014

The methodology is applied to di‐, tri‐ and tetrapeptidic acrylamides as well as dipeptidic α,β‐unsaturated γ‐lactams.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed sp3 C—H Bond Activation from Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with Amides.
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Xiang , Wang Yan‐Jing , Wang Nai‐Xing , Zhang Wei , Bai Cui‐Bing , Li Yi‐He , Wen Jia‐Long
Published: December 2014

The reaction of (I) with N‐methylformamide or N‐methylacetamide, respectively, yields only trace amounts of the corresponding products.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminosulfonylation of Aromatic Amines, Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrazines.
Authors: Zheng Danqing , Li Ying , An Yuanyuan , Wu Jie
Published: December 2014

A facile route to aromatic N‐aminosulfonamides (III) (24 examples) via reaction of aromatic amines with sulfur dioxide and hydrazines under mild conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral 2,3‐Disubstituted Indolines from Indoles and Aldehydes by Organocatalyzed Tandem Synthesis Involving Reduction by Trichlorosilane.
Authors: Chen Lin , Wang Chao , Zhou Li , Sun Jian
Published: December 2014

A variety of 2,3‐disubstituted indolines are synthesized from 2‐methylindoles and various aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted 4‐Acetonylindoles via Sequential Dearomatization and Silver‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction.
Authors: Feng Xin , Wang Huiqing , Yang Bo , Fan Renhua
Published: December 2014

Synthetically useful two steps/one pot reaction of 4‐acetonylindoles, which is prepared from 2‐alkynylanilines and silyl enol ethers using a dearomatization strategy, is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cascade Reaction to Carbazoles and Naphthalenes via Dehydrative [3 + 3]‐Annulation.
Authors: Wang Shaoyin , Chai Zhuo , Wei Yun , Zhu Xiancui , Zhou Shuangliu , Wang Shaowu
Published: December 2014

This novel reaction proceeds through a cascade process involving the cleavage and formation of multiple chemical bonds in a single operation releasing water as the only by‐product with readily available electron‐rich benzylic alcohols and propargylic alcohols as starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: InBr3‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Hexahydro‐1H‐furo[3,4‐c]pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy M. Ramana , Sridhar B. , Reddy C. Suresh
Published: December 2014

The γ,δ‐unsaturated alcohol (I) undergoes a smooth bicyclization (novel Prins bicyclization strategy) with various aldehydes to yield a new series of the title compounds [(III) and (V)] with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Some Novel 6‐Alkyl or Aryl‐7H‐tetrazolo[5,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazine.
Authors: Eftekhar Melika , Eshghi Hossein , Rahimizadeh Mohammad , Bakavoli Mehdi , Saberi Sattar
Published: December 2014

8 Title compounds of type (III) or (V) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: New Triterpenoids from the Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and Their Bioactivities.
Authors: Liu Dong‐Ze , Zhu Yi‐Qun , Li Xiao‐Fei , Shan Wei‐Gang , Gao Peng‐Fei
Published: December 2014

Two new triterpenoids (I) and (II) are isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Ganoderma lucidum.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids under Operationally Convenient Conditions.
Authors: Joerres Manuel , Chen Xia , Acena Jose Luis , Merkens Carina , Bolm Carsten , Liu Hong , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: December 2014

A new chiral Ni(II)—complex (I) is synthesized from proline‐derived amide, glycine, and Ni(NO3)2.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Metathesis with Electron‐Rich Phenyl Vinyl Sulfide Enables Access to 2,3‐Dideoxy‐D‐ribopyranose Ring System Donors.
Authors: Boutureira Omar , Matheu M. Isabel , Diaz Yolanda , Castillon Sergio
Published: December 2014

2,3‐Dideoxy‐D‐ribopyranose units [e.g. (V)] are synthesized by using a cross‐metathesis reaction of the corresponding sugar‐derived hydroxyalkene (I) with phenyl vinyl sulfide (II) as a key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Fortucine and Reassignment of Its Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Beaulieu Marc‐Andre , Ottenwaelder Xavier , Canesi Sylvain
Published: December 2014

The total synthesis of the title compound (I) led to a reassignment of its absolute configuration as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Construction of Metal—Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Catalysis.
Authors: Ou Sha , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: December 2014

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation in the Core of Dendrimers
Authors: He Yan‐Mei , Feng Yu , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: December 2014

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Redox‐A3 Reaction
Authors: Seidel Daniel
Published: December 2014

Review: details of a new type of A3 reaction (three‐component condensation of an aminean aldehyde and an alkyne); 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinone‐Methide Species, A Gateway to Functional Molecular Systems: From Self‐Immolative Dendrimers to Long‐Wavelength Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Gnaim Samer , Shabat Doron
Published: December 2014

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments for the Synthesis of Heterocycles Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Fan Xiaona , Wu Jie
Published: December 2014

Review: recent developments in the synthesis of heterocycles such as lactams, lactoneschromones, and benzofuranones catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes; 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Synthetic Platform Based on Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes
Authors: Chung Young Keun , Chang Kyung‐Mi , Kim Ju Hyun
Published: December 2014

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Remarkable Structural Diversity Achieved in Ent‐kaurane Diterpenes by Fungal Biotransformations
Authors: Takahashi Jacqueline A. , Gomes Dhionne C. , Lyra Fernanda H. , dos Santos Gabriel F. , Martins Leonardo R.
Published: December 2014

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1, 5‐Benzothiazepines: An Update
Authors: Prasad Ch. , Rao A. Vasudeva , Rao Mopidevi Venkateswara
Published: December 2014

Review: various methods of synthesis, spectral properties and pharmacological profile; 156 refs.
CIS and CIGS nanomaterials prepared by solvothermal method and their spectral properties
Authors: Huang Fei , Yan Ai‐Hua , Zhao Hui , Li Zhen , Cai Xiao‐Ping , Wang Yue‐Hua , Wu Yu‐Chang , Yin Shi‐Bin , Qiang Ying‐Huai
Published: December 2014

Uniform CIS and CIGS nanomaterials were successfully synthesized by a simple amino‐based assisted solvothermal technique using PVP‐30 as the surfactant. The influence of surfactant, temperature and Ga amount on the structure, morphology, phase and spectral property was analyzed in detail. The results show that CIS and CIGS nanomaterials with 40∼70 nm in diameter can be gained at 200 °C for 24 h. PVP‐30 surfactant can greatly improve the dispersion characteristics of particles. XRD pattern shows that the “three peaks” obviously shift to bigger 2θ after gallium implantation because of lattice contraction. EDAX and Raman show that the final product is close to CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2. The possible reaction mechanism has also been explained in detail. UV‐vis‐NIR spectra show that the absorption peak and absorption edge of CIGS with 1.278 eV bandgap obviously shift to a lower energy compared to CIS with 1.051 eV bandgap, which shows the potential application in enhanced conversion efficiency.
Preparation and Catalytic Activity of BINOL‐Derived Silanediols
Authors: Wieting Joshua M. , Fisher Thomas J. , Schafer Andrew G. , Visco Michael D. , Gallucci Judith C. , Mattson Anita E.
Published: December 2014

Enantiopure silanediols derived from BINOL are an innovative family of stereoselective hydrogen‐bond donor (HBD) catalysts. Silanediols incorporated into a BINOL framework are attractive catalysts, as they are readily accessible and highly customizable. Structural modifications of the BINOL backbone affect the reactivity and selectivity of the silanediol catalysts in the additions of silyl ketene acetals to N‐acyl isoquinolinium ions. The best results were obtained when the silanediol scaffold was substituted at the 4,4′‐ and 6,6′‐positions. This report includes details regarding the properties of selected BINOL‐based silanediol catalysts, including their acidities, binding constants, and X‐ray crystal structures.
Electroosmosis of Powell–Eyring fluids under interfacial slip
Authors: Goswami Prakash , Kumar Mondal Pranab , Dutta Sanmitra , Chakraborty Suman
Published: December 2014

We investigate the EOF of a Powell–Eyring fluid through a slit microchannel, employing Navier slip boundary condition. Using an analytical scheme consistent with the homotopy perturbation method, we bring out the alteration in the underlying flow dynamics as attributable to the nonlinear interactions between fluid rheology and electrostatics over interfacial scales. We validate the approximate analytical solutions by comparing those with results from numerical analysis. We unveil a regime of phenomenal amplification in the net volumetric flow rate, realized as a consequence of an intricate interplay between interfacial electromechanics, slipping hydrodynamics, and the flow rheology. Our results may have far ranging consequences in the design of various biomicrofluidic devises/systems, which are often used for the manipulation of non‐Newtonain fluids.
reduction on the novel heterosystem La2CuO4/SnO2 under solar light
Authors: Lahmar H. , Rekhila G. , Trari M. , Bessekhouad Y.
Published: December 2014

The chromate reduction is successfully achieved over the new heterosystem La2CuO4/SnO2 under solar light. La2CuO4 is a narrow band gap semiconductor with a direct optical transition of 1.27 eV. Its photoelectrochemical characterization is undertaken to predict the electrons injection in SnO2, the latter acts as electrons bridge to adsorbed
. The Mott‐Schottky plot of La2CuO4 is characteristic of p‐type conductivity with a flat band potential of −0.46 VSCE. Hence, the conduction band (−1.62 VSCE) is cathodic enough to reduce
into Cr3+. The chrono‐potentiometry shows that the adsorption is reached after ∼ 40 min. and averages 15% for an initial concentration of 30 mg/L at pH = 4. The photoactivity is strongly enhanced in presence of oxalic acid as holes scavenger, which hinders the recombination of electron/hole pairs. A complete reduction (30 mg/L) occurs in less than 2 h under solar irradiation. The kinetic of the chromate reduction is well described by the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model with an apparent rate constant of 0.23 mn−1. The saturation beyond 75 min is due to the competitive water reduction which inhibits considerably the chromate reduction. The reutilization of the heterosystem shows a negligible deactivation effect and the heterosystem could be promising for the water depollution. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2014 34: 744–750, 2015
The potentiation of zinc toxicity by soil moisture in a boreal forest ecosystem
Authors: Owojori Olugbenga J. , Siciliano Steven D.
Published: December 2014

Northern boreal forests often experience forest dieback as a result of metal ore mining and smelting. The common solution is to lime the soil, which increases pH, reducing metal toxicity and encouraging recovery. In certain situations, however, such as in Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada, liming has yielded only moderate benefits, with some locations responding well to liming and other locations not at all. In an effort to increase the effectiveness of the ecorestoration strategy, the authors investigated if these differences in liming responsiveness were linked to differences in toxicity. Toxicity of metal-impacted Flin Flon soils on the oribatid mite Oppia nitens and the collembolan Folsomia candida was assessed, with a view toward identifying the metal of concern in the area. The effects of moisture content on metal sorption, uptake, and toxicity to the invertebrates were also investigated. Toxicity tests with the invertebrates were conducted using either Flin Flon soils or artificial soils with moisture content adjusted to 30%, 45%, 60%, or 75% of the maximum water-holding capacity of the soil samples. The Relative to Cd Toxicity Model identified Zn as the metal of concern in the area, and this was confirmed using validation tests with field contaminated soils. Furthermore, increasing the moisture content in soils increased the amount of mobile Zn available for uptake with the ion exchange resin. Survival and reproduction of both invertebrates were reduced under Zn exposure as moisture level increased. Thus, moisture-collecting landforms, which are often also associated with high Zn concentrations at Flin Flon, have, as a result, higher Zn toxicity to the soil ecosystem because of increases in soil moisture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:600–607. © 2014 SETAC
Multi-year and short-term responses of soil ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes to zinc bacitracin, monensin, and ivermectin, singly or in combination
Authors: Konopka Magda , Henry Hugh A.L. , Marti Romain , Topp Edward
Published: December 2014

A field experiment was initiated whereby a series of replicated plots received annual applications of ivermectin, monensin, and zinc bacitracin, either singly or in a mixture. Pharmaceuticals were added at concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg soil or 10 mg/kg soil. The authors collected soil samples in 2013, before and after the fourth annual application of pharmaceuticals. In addition, a 30-d laboratory experiment was undertaken with the same soil and same pharmaceuticals, but at concentrations of 100 mg/kg soil. The impact of the pharmaceuticals on nitrification rates, on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) was assessed. None of the pharmaceuticals at 0.1 mg/kg had any effect on nitrification. Referenced to control soil, nitrification was accelerated in soil exposed to 100 mg/kg zinc bacitracin or 10 mg/kg of the pharmaceutical mixture, but none of the treatments inhibited nitrification. Neither AOB abundance nor AOA abundance was affected by the pharmaceuticals at 0.1 mg/kg. At 10 mg/kg, monensin, zinc bacitracin, and a mixture of all 3 pharmaceuticals suppressed the abundance of AOB, and zinc bacitracin and the mixture increased AOA abundance. The decrease in AOB abundance and increase in AOA abundance when exposed to 10 mg/kg soil suggests that AOB are more sensitive to these chemicals and that AOA populations can expand to occupy the partially vacated niche. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:618–625. © 2014 Canadian Crown in right of Canada. Published 2014 SETAC
Potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells in studies of liver disease
Authors: Sampaziotis Fotios , Segeritz Charis‐Patricia , Vallier Ludovic
Published: December 2014

Liver disease is a leading cause of death in the Western world. However, our insight into the underlying disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic agents has been hindered by limited availability of primary tissue, intraspecies variability associated with the use of animal models, and reduced long‐term viability of isolated and diseased liver cells. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiation protocols to generate hepatocyte‐like cells has opened the possibility of addressing these issues. Here, we discuss the recent progress and potential in the production of various cell types constituting the liver and their applications to model liver diseases and test drug toxicity in vitro. (Hepatology 2015;62:303‐311)