bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CYCLODIENE-RESISTANT CABBAGE MAGGOTS AND RUTABAGA PRODUCTION IN SANDY LOAM AND PEAT SOILS
Authors: Finlayson D. G. , Noble M. D.
Published: March 2010

Various rates and methods of applying organophosphorus and organocarbamate insecticides were compared in peat soil and sandy loam, against cyclodiene-resistant cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), in rutabaga. Phototoxicity and lack of persistence of single applications of the compounds at seeding caused initial problems. Granules applied at reduced rates in the furrow or as bands at seeding or a drench over young seedlings overcame the phytotoxicity. Three supplementary drenches during the growing season counteracted the lack of persistence of the pesticides. NIA.10242, an organocarbamate, was the most effective insecticide in sandy loam, and Zinophos, an organophosphorus compound, in peat soil. The best interval for the three supplementary drenches, starting 28 days after seeding, was 3 weeks.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF DICAMBA, PICLORAM, BROMOXYNIL, AND 2,4-D ESTER
Authors: Friesen H. A. , Dew D. A.
Published: March 2010

Moisture and temperature differentially affected the phytotoxicity of four herbicides to tartary buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., the test plant. The activity of the systemic herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, and picloram was greatest when conditions of soil moisture and air temperature tended toward optimum growth of the buckwheat. When moisture limited growth the phytotoxicity of these three herbicides was significantly less. Reducing the temperature from the optimum 24°–13 °C to 18°–7 °C did not significantly reduce the activity of these herbicides. Conversely, the phytotoxicity of the contact herbicide bromoxynil was significantly greater at the low rather than the high temperature program. This activity was accentuated when moisture was also made limiting but its effect was less pronounced. High light intensity tended to result in abnormal buckwheat growth and reduced activity of the herbicides.
STOMATAL APERTURE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM FIELD GROWN POTATOES
Authors: Fulton J. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE FLOWERING RESPONSE OF AZALEAS AS INFLUENCED BY PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Schneider E. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE SWIFT CURRENT SICKLE-BAR FORAGE HARVESTER III
Authors: Thompson J. L. , Caswell H. R. , Downey R. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
NEEDLE ICE AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Brink V. C. , Pearce D. G. , Mackay J. Ross , Freyman S.
Published: March 2010

In some years in southwestern British Columbia needle ice may occur frequently enough to cause serious damage to late seedings of sportsturf, lawns, and forage. Damage is particularly severe on muck soils of the Ladner series and sandy loams of the Alderwood series. When earlier seeding cannot be undertaken, it is shown that increasing seeding rates to secure dense stands may ameliorate the damage done by the needle ice. It is also shown that needle ice is a factor of considerable potential in the erosion of slopes, especially those which are lightly- or non-vegetated.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR COUNTING EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL
Authors: Voisey Peter W.
Published: March 2010

not available
WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT ZONATION: I. INDICES OF WINTERHARDINESS
Authors: Ouellet C. E. , Sherk L. C.
Published: March 2010

A method has been developed to establish indices of hardiness of ornamental trees and shrubs. Hardiness data were obtained from 108 stations across Canada and for 174 species and cultivars. Observers had to note whether each listed species was hardy, required protection to survive, or was not hardy. For estimation of the indices, stations were classified in three equal groups of 36 stations each, in order of decreasing suitability for winter survival. Two different procedures which gave nearly equal values were developed to establish the suitability of stations: one based on the most tender species surviving at stations, and the other on the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month. The indices of hardiness of each species were then obtained by averaging the ratios of the number of "hardy" reports to the total number of reports within each group of stations. Eighty-five percent of these indices were in line with experience. Inconsistencies were mostly due to inaccuracies in some of the reports on certain species.
AIR-BORNE POLLEN SURVEYS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Bassett I. J. , Crompton C. W.
Published: March 2010

Results from 17 pollen collecting stations in British Columbia indicate that air-borne pollen of ragweeds and their relatives, the principal causative agents of hay fever in North America, is practically absent throughout the province. Coniferous trees and shrubs such as pines, spruces, firs, cedars, Douglas fir, hemlocks and junipers produce the greater part of the air-borne pollen from March to early July. Pollen from alders, poplars, willows and birches is also prevalent in some areas in the early spring. The peak periods of grass pollen near the United States–Canadian border occur mainly in June and the early part of July, while further north they are about a month later. Of the four types of plantain pollen identified from the different collecting stations, English plantain was the most common, especially in the southwesterly part of the province. Pollen from the lambs’-quarters and amaranth families and wormwoods occurs mainly in the late summer and early fall and is more abundant in the dry interior than along the coast.
A MODIFIED SOIL PERCOLATOR FOR ZOOSPORE PRODUCTION AND INFECTION IN STUDIES ON ZOOSPORIC ROOT PATHOGENS
Authors: Atkinson R. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
MANUFACTURE OF COATED SEED WITH DELAYED GERMINATION
Authors: Schreiber K. , LaCroix L. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
SEED INCREASE OF ALFALFA IN GROWTH CHAMBERS WITH MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA F.
Authors: Heinrichs D. H.
Published: March 2010

Megachile rotundata F. was successfully used to pollinate a 15-clone experimental alfalfa synthetic in a growth chamber. About 20 female bees pollinated 30 plants (two of each clone) during a period of one month when the alfalfa was blooming. This resulted in a yield of 320 g of seed (approximately 650 kg/ha). The 15 clones differed significantly in the amount of seed produced. The lowest-yielding clone produced only 2.7 g of seed per plant, the highest 17.8 g. The seed yield of the clones tended to follow a similar order in three consecutive tests (r = 0.77, 0.53 and 0.49 between tests).
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF N, P, AND K IN SEVERAL ALBERTA SOILS ON THE RESISTANCE OF GATEWAY BARLEY TO THE NET BLOTCH DISEASE
Authors: Piening L. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
CARRY-OVER EFFECTS OF HIGH FERTILIZER RATES ON NATIVE SEDGE BOG VEGETATION IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Pringle W. L. , Ryswyk A. L. van
Published: March 2010

A factorial fertilizer trial using rates of 0, 224 and 448 kg/ha of N, P2O5 and K2O in all combinations, was established on a sedge bog in the Cariboo area of British Columbia. Yields taken in the subsequent 5 years showed that a complete fertilizer in a 1:1:2 ratio was most efficient. The most limiting of the three elements was P, followed by K. Nitrogen had an effect in the first year only. Yearly fluctuations in yields and certain fertilizer response could be related to monthly precipitation. Tissue analysis revealed that, where supplied, N and P were increased in the first year only while K was increased in all years by the higher application rate. Presumably, it was taken up in luxury amounts in the first year. Digestibility of the forage was not affected by fertilizer treatment. It was concluded that hay quantity increased through the use of complete fertilizers and that elemental ratio is of equal importance to the rate. The entire picture was not complete as the test was still giving significant carry–over responses 5 years after the initial harvest.
COMPARATIVE Cs-137 CONTENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS GROWN IN A CONTAMINATED SOIL
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

Cereal, forage and vegetable crops grown in a loam soil in a greenhouse experiment varied in the relative concentration and uptake of Cs-137 but took up only a small percentage of the Cs-137 dose applied. The proportion of added dose taken up by sugar beet tops, the highest of any crop investigated, was only 0.13%.The Cs-137 concentrations found in vegetable crops were generally higher than those of forage crops, which in turn were generally higher than those found for cereals. On the other hand, the edible portion of most crops grown had lower Cs-137 concentrations than did the nonedible portion. The Cs-137/K ratios were not constant, and only in cereal crops was there a significant correlation between Cs-137 and K concentrations. Thus, the relation between Cs-137 and K was not as close as that usually found between Sr-90 and Ca.
GREEN SEED COLOR IN THE COMMON BEAN
Authors: Kemp G. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES
Authors: Gourley C. O.
Published: March 2010

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.
McINTOSH APPLE SHAPE IN RELATION TO POSITION IN THE BLOSSOM CLUSTER
Authors: Webster D. H. , Longley R. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
INTERACTION OF VARIETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN FIELD PEA TRIALS
Authors: Tyson H. , Bradner N. R. , Gfeller F.
Published: March 2010

Yield trials of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties were examined to extract the interactions of the varieties with locality and year. In addition, the contributions of each variety to these interactions were calculated; these contributions, when ranked, did not, however, correlate significantly with the rank of the varieties’ mean yields over all the tests. The interaction of variety by location by year was significant, and indicated that the varieties responded to particular combinations of environmental conditions.
RESPONSE OF GARDEN CROP PLANTS TO LOW DOSE GAMMA IRRADIATION OF SEEDS
Authors: Nuttall V. W. , Lyall L. H. , Lees D. H. , Hamilton H. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
APPLICATION OF CHEMICALS FOR CONTROL OF APPLE SCALD
Authors: Porritt S. W. , Meheriuk M.
Published: March 2010

The application of ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline) as late as 6 weeks after harvest controlled scald effectively on Delicious and Winesap apples. Applications of 2,700 ppm ethoxyquin by immersion, by spraying and brushing, with or without additional detergent, and 2,000 ppm diphenylamine were all effective but not significantly different in controlling scald on Delicious apples. The effectiveness of immersion application of ethoxyquin on Stayman, Winesap and Delicious apples was not significantly reduced by washing fruit 3 days after treatment. Thoroughly drying fruit by brushing after spray application of ethoxyquin did not significantly reduce protection.
EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON GROWTH OF ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS ’UTAH WHITE’ IN A CARBON DIOXIDE-ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Pih Te-sen , Toop E. W.
Published: March 2010

Snapdragon seedlings (Antirrhinum majus ’Utah White’) were benched in two adjoining greenhouse compartments. A randomized-block design including three concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and a distilled water control was employed in each compartment. Treatments were replicated three times. Treatment of snapdragon seedlings with GA3 significantly increased the length of inflorescences, the overall height of the plants at maturity and the fresh weight of the tops when the plants were grown in a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere. Treatment hindered root development and reduced chlorophyll content of leaves in relation to dry weight. Plants grown in an atmosphere containing 0.09% CO2 had longer inflorescences, were taller, had greater fresh weight and more chlorophyll at each level of treatment with GA3 than such plants grown in an atmosphere containing 0.03% CO2. However, these comparisons were considered significant only for total height (control) and fresh weight of tops (0, 10 and 50 μg/ml GA3). Whereas GA3 at 10 μg/ml reduced length of roots proportionally in both levels of CO2, higher concentrations of GA3 continued to give significant reduction only under the higher level of CO2.
EFFECTIVENESS AND COMPATIBILITY OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND STARTER SOLUTIONS APPLIED JOINTLY TO CAULIFLOWER
Authors: Finlayson D. G.
Published: March 2010

Insecticides alone or combined with fungicides and acidic or basic starter solutions were applied to cauliflower in the transplant water to determine their compatibility for control of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Effects were assessed by periodic counts to determine phytotoxicity, by uprooting wilted plants to determine maggot damage or wire stem (R. solani), by counting marketable and unmarketable heads, and by uprooting the plants at harvest and grading the maggot damage and incidence by clubroot (P. brassicae). Maggot damage was severe in plots without insecticides. Mercuric chloride gave some protection from maggot damage but retarded early growth and was incompatible with the organophosphorus insecticides Birlane, Dasanic, diazînon and Zinophos. Clubroot was more severe in peat soil than in sandy loam, but was unevenly distributed. Many plants that had clubroot and were attacked by maggots still produced marketable heads if they survived for 6 weeks immediately after transplanting. Acidic starter solution with mercuric chloride reduced the percentage head production. Diazinon was the least effective insecticide. The organocarbamate, Furadan, had systemic properties.
MEASUREMENT OF ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF IRRIGATED TOMATOES WITH THE P-32 INJECTION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Jong E. de , Otinkorang E. S.
Published: March 2010

Root distribution of tomatoes was measured by injecting P-32 into the stem and by taking soil cores after an equilibration period of 2 days. The soil cores were radioassayed and the pattern of radioactivity was used as an indication of root distribution. Root distribution and distribution of P-32 were significantly correlated.Root distribution of irrigated tomatoes was measured 35, 66 and 97 days after transplanting. At all times, 75% or more of the roots were present directly under the plant in a core 25 cm in diameter and 45 cm deep. In the wet plots, the quantity of roots decreased more gradually with depth than in the dry plots. This was attributed to the fact that rainfall interfered with the scheduling of the irrigation of some plots.
VIABLE SEED POPULATIONS IN ALBERTA PRAIRIE TOPSOILS
Authors: Johnston A. , Smoliak S. , Stringer P. W.
Published: March 2010

Naturally disseminated seeds in soil obtained from native and cultivated grass stands were permitted to germinate and grow in pots at different soil temperatures or in greenhouse flats at a constant temperature. There were differences in numbers of seeds of various species germinating at various temperatures, but greatest differences were among sites. Grazing affected number of seeds of a species that germinated, with grasses decreasing and weeds increasing as intensity of grazing increased. Viable seeds ranged in number from 204 to 12,342/m2, Distribution of numbers of seeds in topsoils was skewed, with the mode at 780/m2. The presence of viable seeds of many species on or in the topsoil would, upon its disturbance, assure secondary plant succession.
INFLUENCE OF TOP REMOVAL ON THE CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF ALFALFA CROWNS AND ROOTS GROWN IN A GNOTOBIOTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Lukezic F. L. , Bloom J. R. , Levine Roslyn G.
Published: March 2010

Changes in carbohydrate levels in crowns and roots because of top removal of mature plants grown in the absence of detectable microorganisms were determined for the first time. Plants of Medicago sativa L. cultivar Du Puits were grown in modified Hoagland’s solution and sand-perlite mixture in a gnotobiotic environment. When the plants were four months old they were divided into three groups, and each group was cut back to a different level every two weeks. At the end of six weeks of trimming, the root carbohydrate levels were determined by gas chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. The degree of clipping caused a reduction in fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and starch. There was an increase in mannose and galactose, suggesting an increase in the galactosemannans due to the clipping. All attempts to isolate microorganisms on or in the roots were negative.
YAMASKA OATS
Authors: Klinck H. R. , Gauthier F. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
VARIATION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS WITHIN AND BETWEEN ALFALFA POPULATIONS
Authors: Heinrichs D. H. , Troelsen J. E. , Warder F. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 326 alfalfa plants, classified into five populations, were grown in three replicates in the greenhouse and studied for variability for the following characters: leaf size, internode between branches, interval between flowering, dry matter of leaves and stems at two cuttings, percent leaf at two cuttings, in vitro digestibility, and contents of crude fiber, ether extract, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in leaves and stems. The variance analysis showed that there were significant differences between plants for all characters except in vitro digestibility in leaves and ether extract in stems. Components of variance for some characters were nearly as great between populations as within, while for others they were mainly due to within-population variation. The greatest differences occurred between populations classified as M. falcata and M. sativa. The M. media populations resembled the M. sativa population to a greater extent than the M. falcata type. Frequency distribution graphs indicated that the range for the various characters differed considerably, and genotypic differences between plants were indicated for practically all of them. Correlation coefficients between characters, although often significant, generally were of rather small magnitude. However, certain relationships may be useful in a breeding program.
FINE STRUCTURE OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN TOMATO
Authors: Mohr W. P. , Stein M.
Published: March 2010

Fine structural changes occurring in the parenchymatous outer pericarp of tomato fruit (a representative high-moisture, edible plant tissue) were followed throughout the fruit’s normal growth cycle on the plant. Illustrated in electron micrographs, these changes involve the structural components of the protoplasm, both membranous and non-membranous. Normal intercellular space enlargement and cell wall separation are also shown. The observations are discussed in relation to some of the biochemical and physiological changes known to occur in the developing fruit. The results indicate the potential value of electron microscopy in extending present knowledge of certain problem areas in fruit and vegetable research, such as the processes involved in the onset of senescence, the mechanism of physiological disorders, and the fundamental nature of quality changes affecting the tissue’s edible properties.
CORRELATIONS INVOLVING OIL AND FATTY ACIDS IN RAPESEED
Authors: Stefansson B. R. , Storgaard A. K.
Published: March 2010

Four populations of rapeseed plants (Brassica napus L.) were used in an investigation of the correlation of seed oil and its component fatty acids; the constituents of the oil were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and eicosenoic acids. Oil content was calculated as percent of the dry weight of the seed and fatty acids from the oil as percent of total fatty acids (TFA) and as percent of seed. Correlation coefficients were calculated for all pairs of fatty acids and for oil and each fatty acid.When fatty acids were expressed as percent of TFA, there was a strong tendency for negative correlations between oleic and other fatty acids and a tendency for positive correlation between linoleic and linolenic. These results are essentially similar to published correlations. When fatty acids were expressed as percent of seed, there were no consistently significant correlations for any pair of fatty acids in the four populations of rapeseed plants.When fatty acids were expressed as percent of TFA and oil as percent of seed, there were several consistently high negative correlations between oil and fatty acids. When both fatty acids and oil were expressed as percent of seed, most of the correlations between oil and fatty acids were positive, as might be expected since fatty acids are a part of the oil.
CARBON DIOXIDE PRESSURIZED AQUATIC HERBICIDE SPRAYER
Authors: Allan J. R. , McDonald S. , Hall N. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
STORAGE ROT OF APPLES CAUSED BY PLEOSPORA HERBARUM: A NEW RECORD FROM CANADA
Authors: Lopatecki L. E. , Porritt S. W.
Published: March 2010

Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabh., a fungus not previously recorded from apples in Canada, was isolated from a surface rot that developed on the McIntosh cultivar in controlled atmosphere storage in Kelowna, British Columbia. The isolate of P. herbarum failed to infect sound McIntosh apples, but did rot areas of the fruit that had been subjected to injury from incipient freezing. It was concluded that this storage rot developed on fruits that had suffered chilling injury when storages were being filled.
EFFETS DU SUBSTRAT SUR LA PATHOGENECITE DE QUELQUES CHAMPIGNONS DU SOL A L’EGARD DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: Aubé Claude
Published: March 2010

Under the conditions of the present work with four soil fungi and four substrates, the reaction of alfalfa to Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries, Pythium debaryanum Hesse, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. var. rodelens (Wr.) Gordon, and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in greenhouse tests was affected by the nature of the growth substrate. The above-mentioned fungi were more pathogenic in artificial substrates, such as the vermiculite-perlite and vermiculite-white sand mixtures, than in natural soil. The increase of pathogenicity in artificial substrates varied with the fungus. In natural soil, the temperature was consistently higher than in artificial media which might account for the difference in pathogenicity of the fungi in the different substrates.
ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ON FOUR DIFFERENT NATIVE GRASSLAND SITES FERTILIZED WITH NITROGEN AT THREE DIFFERENT RATES
Authors: Goetz Harold
Published: March 2010

Root production was slightly increased by nitrogen fertilization on four range sites. A major portion of the total root material was found in the upper 15.2-cm layer of the soil profiles on the Vebar, Rhoades, and Manning sites. A greater proportion of the root material was located at deeper depths in the Havre profile. Significant root increases were observed on the Vebar at the 37-kg nitrogen treatment, mainly at the 0- to 30.5-cm depth and on the Havre site at the 0- to 15.2-cm depth with 75 and 113 kg nitrogen per hectare. Significant increases were observed at the 0- to 15.2-cm and 30.5- to 45.7-cm depths only at the 75- and 113-kg nitrogen treatments on the Rhoades site. Statistically significant differences were observed between control plots and the 113-kg nitrogen treatment at the 15.2- to 30.5-cm depths on the Manning site. Bulk density decreased with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the Vebar and Manning sites.
DISTRIBUTION OF FATTY ACIDS WITHIN THE SEED OF FLAX
Authors: DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

Fatty acid analysis of oil from the basal, mid, and apical portions of individual flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) revealed that the portion nearest the embryo axis had more palmitic and linoleic acid and less oleic and linolenic acid than the remainder of the seed.Seed of flax selection F.P. 497 was dissected into three components, embryo axis, cotyledons, and combined testa and endosperm. The embryo axis tissue contributed only 4.4% of the total seed oil, but its fatty acid composition differed significantly from that of the attached cotyledons. The embryo axis contained 11.3% palmitic, 5.0% stearic, 10.6% oleic, 28.1% linoleic and 45.0% linolenic acid compared with 5.1, 4.7, 17.6, 14.0 and 58.6%, respectively, for the cotyledons.The testa and endosperm contained 21.6% of the total oil and had a high level of palmitic but a very low level of stearic acid. These two tissues significantly influence overall seed composition; therefore they must be considered in microsampling.
INFLUENCE METHOD OF AFTERMATH REMOVAL ON THE SEED YIELD OF RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

The aftermath forage of Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch. was removed each fall from 1963 through 1967 by three methods: grazing by sheep, close clipping with a rotary mower, and spraying with diquat to desiccate the leaves and then burning. The five-year average seed yields were 294, 405, and 336 kg/ha, respectively, compared with 223 kg/ha from the stand where the residue was allowed to accumulate.Continuous close grazing of the aftermath forage of Russian wild ryegrass plants immediately after seed harvest and throughout August, September, and the first half of October over a number of years resulted in unproductive plants from the standpoint of seed yield.
GLASSHOUSE REPLACEMENT ROOMS FOR GROWING PLANTS
Authors: Stoskopf N. C. , Hume D. J. , Gamble E. E. , Tossell W. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
DIFFERENTIAL ACTION OF FUNGICIDES UPON FUNGI OCCURRING ON BARLEY SEED
Authors: MILLS J. T. , WALLACE H. A. H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of eight fungicide formulations on the microflora of 10 lots of naturally infested barley seed were investigated after 7 days’ incubation. Reactions of individual fungi to treatment with a given fungicide were generally independent of seed lot. Hoe 2874, Panogen Px, SWF 790 and Polyram 80 were nonselective in action, whereas specific effects were associated with Vitavax, G 696 and Hexa. The decreasing order of effectiveness of fungicides against Cochliobolus sativus and Alternaria spp. established internally in the seed was Hoe 2874, Panogen Px, SWF 790, Polyram 80, Vitavax, G 696 and Hexa. Because Hoe 2874 did not control Streptomyces spp., which are known to be antagonistic to C. sativus, it may be of merit for control of common root rot of cereals.
MODIFICATIONS TO EXTEND THE USEFULNESS OF ROOT-OBSERVATION CELLS
Authors: Estey R. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
LIPID AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING RAPESEED, BRASSICA NAPUS
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

Self-pollinated seed from normal and erucic acid free plants of summer rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was harvested at weekly intervals from pollination to maturity. Oven-dried whole seeds and their component parts were weighed and analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil and dry matter accumulation followed sigmoidal patterns, most of the deposition occurring between 14 and 35 days after pollination (DAP). The relative contribution of the testa, endosperm and embryo to dry weight and oil content of whole seeds changed significantly during seed development. Oil content of the developing embryo varied from 22 to 44%, and the testa from 1.6 to 13%, although at maturity only 6 to 8% oil was found in the testa and adhering aleurone. The nucleate endosperm oil content was estimated to be low and in the order of 2 to 2.5%. In 7- to 14-day-old seeds the dry weight, oil content and fatty acid composition were largely determined by the testa and endosperm. From 14 to 21 DAP the testa and embryo were dominant and after 21 DAP the embryo was the controlling influence on the seed characteristics studied.Oils of the testa, nucleate endosperm and embryo differed in fatty acid composition. In seeds free of erucic acid, the ratios of the 18 carbon fatty acids of the embryo and testa remained nearly constant from 21 DAP to maturity. This suggested that the variation in fatty acid composition as well as oil content during seed development in this material was due to disproportionate changes in the contribution of the testa, nucleate endosperm and embryo. However, in developing seeds capable of producing erucic acid a change in the ratio of fatty acid synthesis occurred in both the testa and embryo.
SHRUB ROSE ’KAKWA’
Authors: Harris R. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE ON PERICARP THICKNESS IN DENT CORN
Authors: HELM J. L. , ZUBER M. S.
Published: March 2010

Pericarp tissue was excised from mature dent corn (Zea mays L.) kernels harvested at physiological maturity, 30% moisture, and safe storage moisture, 15% moisture. There were significant differences in pericarp thickness among hybrids. Differences in thickness were significant at two individual measurement positions, but not on the overall mean thickness values. Thus, it appears that dent corn can be harvested at either 30% or 15% moisture with essentially similar pericarp thickness values, from excised pericarp strips.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRUIT SIZES AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES AND CUCUMBERS
Authors: WARD GORDON M. , MILLER MARCIA J.
Published: March 2010

Analysis of greenhouse tomato and cucumber fruits for their content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg showed that very small fruits contain relatively high percentages of these nutrients. Beyond a certain size the levels are somewhat lower and remain constant throughout the whole process of sizing. Nutrient absorption keeps pace with size even though growth may follow an erratic time sequence. The levels may differ in different parts of the plant but they are uniform for all fruit sizes in each part.
REPRODUCTION OF PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS AND GROWTH OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL MOISTURE AND CUTTING MANAGEMENT
Authors: THOMPSON L. S. , WILLIS C. B.
Published: March 2010

Significantly less root and foliage growth of Empire birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L., was recorded at a soil moisture level of approximately 50% of field capacity (FC) when compared with that at 70–100% FC. The root lesion nematode, [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stekh], significantly reduced root and foliage yields of plants growing in soil at 70–100% FC, but there was no effect at 50% FC. The nematode population increased gradually throughout the experiment in plants at low soil moisture, whereas, at the higher soil moisture, population development was more rapid early in the experiment. Root and foliage yields were reduced significantly by cutting at early flowering and cutting at 2.5 cm above soil every 3 weeks. Nematodes reduced foliage yields significantly in all cutting management treatments, with the greatest reduction recorded when plants were cut at the early flowering stage. Nematode numbers per gram of rootlets increased more rapidly with more severe cutting. Total nematode reproduction was proportional to root yield.
SEEDLING GROWTH OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS AND RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: SMOLIAK S. , JOHNSTON A. , WILSON D. B.
Published: March 2010

Seedlings of crested wheatgrass, Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult., cultivar Summit, and Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch., cultivar Sawki, were grown in the greenhouse for 7 weeks. Each week 20 plants were destructively harvested for growth analysis. Leaf and tiller numbers and leaf lengths were recorded for an additional 10 plants of each species. Mean net assimilation rate of crested wheatgrass was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of Russian wild ryegrass, apparently indicating greater photosynthetic efficiency in the former. In 7 weeks, crested wheatgrass seedlings produced nearly twice as much total dry matter as Russian wild ryegrass seedlings.
INFLUENCE OF ROOT TEMPERATURE ON THE EARLY GROWTH AND SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION OF NODULATED LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Three birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cultivars, inoculated with one of six Lotus rhizobia strains or dependent on ammonium nitrate, were grown in diSPo growth pouches under controlled environmental conditions at five root temperatures (9–30 C) for 35 days after nodule formation. When the plants were dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the highest dry weights and nitrogen yields per plant were obtained at 18 or 24 C depending on symbiotic combination. At 9 and 12 C, nitrogen fixation was depressed and the growth was poor. The dry weights of plants at 9 C were 19 to 45% of those at 24 C. At 30 C the growth and nitrogen fixation were generally depressed. At all root temperatures the growth of plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation was inferior to that of plants receiving combined nitrogen (NH4NO3). Significant interactions indicate that the nitrogen fixing ability of cultivars was dependent on both root temperature and the strain of Lotus rhizobia.
CHEMICAL EFFECTS ON ANTHOCYANIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN STORED CRANBERRIES
Authors: CANSFIELD P. E. , FRANCIS F. J.
Published: March 2010

Infiltration of pale colored cranberries with gibberellic acid (10−4M, 10−5M), malathion (0.38 × 10−4M), indoleacetic acid (10−6M) and galactose (10−2M) stimulated the development of anthocyanin pigment. Galactose (0.5 × 10−1M, 0.25 × 10−1M) and sucrose (10−1M, 0.5 × 10−1M, 0.25 × 10−1M) inhibited pigment production. The experimental berries all had much lower total pigment contents than well colored, vine-ripened berries. The ratios of the four main pigments were also different. The stimulation of pigment production was not great enough to influence consumer acceptance. However, the results were sufficiently encouraging to suggest that further experiments were justified.
INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM-MAGNESIUM ANTAGONISM ON TOMATO PLANT GROWTH
Authors: KABU K. L. , TOOP E. W.
Published: March 2010

The influence of low and high levels of substrate potassium on the uptake and distribution of magnesium was studied in tomato plants. Magnesium content of the stems and leaves increased with increases in substrate magnesium, regardless of the level of potassium. However, high substrate potassium (12 meq/liter) significantly reduced magnesium uptake (content of aerial portions of the plants) at the high substrate magnesium level (3 meq/liter). Under this potassium-induced antagonism, leaf content of magnesium remained constant at the expense of the stem. Greater quantities of magnesium were required in the plant tissues to prevent deficiency under conditions of high substrate potassium. However, under these conditions essentially the same level of magnesium is needed in the indicator tissue of tomato plants (fifth leaf from the top) as is normally believed adequate for optimal growth and yield.
REVENUE SLENDER WHEATGRASS
Authors: Crowle W. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
Organic Ligands Made Porous: Magnetic and Catalytic Properties of Transition Metals Coordinated to the Surfaces of Mesoporous Organosilica
Authors: Kuschel Andreas , Luka Martin , Wessig Martin , Drescher Malte , Fonin Mikhail , Kiliani Gillian , Polarz Sebastian
Published: March 2010

Inorganic solids with porosity on the mesoscale possess a high internal surface area and a well‐accessible pore system. Therefore, it is a relevant task to equip the surfaces of such materials with a maximum density of various organic functional groups. Among these functions it is the capability of coordinating to metal species as a ligand that is of extraordinary importance in many areas, for example, in catalysis. This paper describes how prominent ligands containing donor functions such as carboxylic, thio, chelating, or amine groups can be obtained in the form of nanoporous organosilica materials. The coordination of metal centers such as CoII, MnII, VIV, or PtIV is studied in detail. The magnetic properties of the corresponding materials and some applications in catalysis are reported. A quantitative determination of the surface density of donor atoms by distance measurements using EPR spectroscopy is shown.
Template‐Directed Liquid ALD Growth of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Properties and Potential in Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Foong Thelese R. B. , Shen Yaodong , Hu Xiao , Sellinger Alan
Published: March 2010

Dense and well‐aligned arrays of TiO2 nanotubes extending from various substrates are successfully fabricated via a new liquid‐phase atomic layer deposition (LALD) in nanoporous anodic alumina (AAO) templates followed by alumina dissolution. The facile and versatile process circumvents the need for vacuum conditions critical in traditional gas‐phase ALD and yet confers ALD‐like deposition rates of 1.6–2.2 Å cycle−1, rendering smooth conformal nanotube walls that surpass those achievable by sol–gel and Ti‐anodizing techniques. The nanotube dimensions can be tuned, with most robust structures being 150–400 nm tall, 60–70 nm in diameter with 5–20 nm thick walls. The viability of TiO2 nanotube arrays deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO)–glass electrodes for application in model hybrid poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):TiO2 solar cells is studied. The results achieved provide platforms and research directions for further advancements.
Developing standard approaches for recording and assessing river hydromorphology: the role of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Authors: Boon Philip J. , Holmes Nigel T.H. , Raven Paul J.
Published: March 2010

1. Over the last 20 years the concept of ‘freshwater quality’ has expanded to incorporate a range of physical, chemical, hydromorphological and biological characteristics. In Europe, this process has been given greater impetus by the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the requirement for Member States to assess and monitor a comprehensive suite of freshwater features.

 2. Assessments of river hydromorphology are needed not only for implementing the WFD but also for nature conservation purposes, such as monitoring the condition of Special Areas of Conservation under the EC Habitats Directive and helping in the management and restoration of rivers. At present there are few detailed methods available in Europe for assessing river hydromorphology, and standard approaches are urgently required.

 3. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) works to promote voluntary technical harmonization in Europe in conjunction with worldwide bodies and its European partners. The production of a CEN standard for assessing the hydromorphological features of rivers began in September 1999 and culminated in the production of EN 14614 in November 2004.

 4. EN 14614 is a ‘guidance standard’ that provides a framework of general principles and sets out which aspects of river hydromorphology should be assessed, how to plan and conduct field surveys, how results should be interpreted and presented, and ways of applying quality assurance procedures.

 5. A second CEN standard on river hydromorphology has recently been published. Using simple scoring systems, this will enable the extent of hydromorphological modification to river channels, banks, riparian zones and floodplains to be recorded and assessed consistently.

 6. CEN standards encourage European collaboration and provide a framework which other countries can use to develop their own assessment methods. However, ways need to be found to streamline the process of standardization and to ensure that published standards influence the work of researchers, environmental regulators and policy makers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D as Significant Markers for Assessment of Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Feng Yukuan , Wang Wei , Hu Jing , Ma Jing , Zhang Yafang , Zhang Jianguo
Published: March 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C and VEGF‐D induce lymphangiogenesis through activation of VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR‐3) and have been implicated in tumor spread to the lymphatic system. Lymph node dissemination critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relationship of VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D, and lymph node metastasis in cancers, including NSCLC, is still controversial. To evaluate the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, the expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D in NSCLC tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (QRT‐PCR). QRT‐PCR revealed that in marginal region VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D mRNA was significantly higher than in tumor center, and VEGF‐D mRNA was also higher than that in peritumoral lung tissue. Immunohistochemically, we observed the same heterogeneous expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D proteins. The group with high expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D in marginal region had a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis compared with the group with low expression. Furthermore, the group with high expression of VEGF‐D in marginal region had a higher incidence of lymphatic invasion. The group with high peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) had higher expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D mRNA compared with the group with low peritumoral LVD. Our studies suggested that the expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D at invasive edge was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis or lymphatic invasion in patients with NSCLC and may be involved in regulation of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of rhBMP‐2 and Natural Latex as Potential Osteogenic Proteins in Critical Size Defects by Histomorphometric Methods
Authors: Issa João Paulo Mardegan , Defino Helton Luiz Aparecido , Netto Joaquim Coutinho , Volpon José Batista , Regalo Simone Cecílio Hallak , Iyomasa Mamie Mizusaki , Siéssere Selma , Tiossi Rodrigo
Published: March 2010

This in vivo study evaluated the osteogenic potential of two proteins, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) and a protein extracted from natural latex (Hevea brasiliensis, P‐1), and compared their effects on bone defects when combined with a carrier or a collagen gelatin. Eighty‐four (84) Wistar rats were divided into two groups, with and without the use of collagen gelatin, and each of these were divided into six treatment groups of seven animals each. The treatment groups were: (1) 5 μg of pure rhBMP‐2; (2) 5 μg of rhBMP‐2/monoolein gel; (3) pure monoolein gel; (4) 5 μg of pure P‐1; (5) 5 μg of P‐1/monoolein gel; (6) critical bone defect control. The animals were anesthetized and a 6 mm diameter critical bone defect was made in the left posterior region of the parietal bone. Animals were submitted to intracardiac perfusion after 4 weeks and the calvaria tissue was removed for histomorphometric analysis. In this experimental study, it was concluded that rhBMP‐2 allowed greater new bone formation than P‐1 protein and this process was more effective when the bone defect was covered with collagen gelatin (P < 0.05). Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultramicroscopic Examination of the Ovine Tonsillar Epithelia
Authors: Casteleyn Christophe , Cornelissen Maria , Simoens Paul , Van Den Broeck Wim
Published: March 2010

As solid morphological knowledge of ovine tonsillar epithelia might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of several diseases including prion diseases, the epithelia of all tonsils of 7 one‐year‐old Texel sheep were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Major parts of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils were covered by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelia that were interrupted by patches of epithelium containing cells with densely packed microfolds or microvilli, and cells with both microvilli and cilia. Smaller parts were covered by either flattened polygonal cells with densely packed microvilli or microfolds, squamous epithelial cells, or patches of reticular epithelium. The palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils were mainly lined by squamous epithelial cells with apical microplicae or short knobs. Additionally, regions of reticular epithelium containing epithelial cells with apical microvilli were seen. The lingual tonsil was uniformly covered by a keratinized squamous epithelium and devoid of microvillous cells and patches of reticular epithelium. The rostral half of the tonsil of the soft palate was lined by a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with characteristics of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils. The epithelium of the caudal part resembled the epithelia of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils. Putative M cells, mainly characterized by apical microvilli or microfolds and a close association with lymphoid cells, seem manifestly present on the nasopharyngeal tonsils. The reticular epithelium of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils also harbor cells with small apical microvilli. The exact nature of these presumptive M cells should, however, be elucidated in functional studies. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Muscle Segment Homeobox Genes in the Developing Myocardium
Authors: Boogerd Cornelis J.J. , Moorman Antoon F.M. , Barnett Phil
Published: March 2010

Msx1 and Msx2 are essential for the development of many organs. In the heart, they act redundantly in development of the cardiac cushions. Additionally, Msx2 is expressed in the developing conduction system. However, the exact expression of Msx1 has not been established. We show that Msx1 is expressed in the cardiac cushions, but not in the myocardium. In Msx2‐null mice, Msx1 is not ectopically expressed in the myocardium. The absence of myocardial defects in the Msx2 knock‐out can therefore not be attributed to a redundant action of Msx1 in the myocardium. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution Analysis of Deacetylase SIRT1 in Rodent and Human Nervous Systems
Authors: Zakhary Sherry M. , Ayubcha Diana , Dileo Jeffery N. , Jose Riya , Leheste Joerg R. , Horowitz Judith M. , Torres German
Published: March 2010

Sirtuins function with other biogenic molecules to promote adaptation to caloric restriction in a broad spectrum of eukaryotic species. Sirtuin pathways also converge in the mammalian brain where they appear to protect neurons from nutrient stress. However, few anatomical studies on sirtuins (e.g., SIRT1) are available, particularly those detailing the spatial distribution and subcellular localization pattern of SIRT1 in the brain parenchyma. Here, we report the characterization of a panel of SIRT1‐specific antibodies within rodent (i.e., rat and mouse) and human central nervous systems. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses indicate that the subcellular localization of SIRT1 is predominantly nuclear throughout the rodent brain and spinal cord. A similar subcellular distribution pattern of SIRT1 was detected in human central nervous system material. SIRT1 is ubiquitously present in areas of the brain especially susceptible to age‐related neurodegenerative states (e.g., the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia). Further, we show no apparent species‐specific differences in the subcellular localization pattern of rodent versus human SIRT1. Finally, we identify the chemical phenotype of SIRT1‐containing neurons in a number of brain sites that are strongly compromised by aging. These data provide additional and important anatomical findings for the role of SIRT1 in the mammalian brain and suggest that SIRT1 pathways are broadly distributed in neurons most susceptible to senescence injury. Activating endogenous sirtuin pathways may, therefore, offer a therapeutic approach to delay and/or treat human age‐related diseases. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.