bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drosophila Visual System Inspired Ambipolar OFET for Motion Detection
Authors: Xie Tao , Leng Yan‐Bing , Sun Tao , Zhu Shirui , Cai Hecheng , Han Pengfei , Zhang Yu‐Qi , Qin Jingrun , Xu Runze , Yi Zezhuang , Zhou Ye , Han Su‐Ting
Published: December 2024

Drosophila can rapidly and precisely detect changes in light in their surroundings and achieve acute perception of motion information with high energy efficiency and adaptivity owing to the cooperation of “ON” channel and the “OFF” channel in its visual system. Optical controlled bidirectional synaptic behavior of neuromorphic device is important for modeling parallel processing channels of Drosophila's visual system. In this study, an ambipolar transistor utilizing a bilayer architecture composed of p‐type pentacene and n‐type C60 as semiconductors is developed, with near‐infrared (NIR) PbS quantum dots serving as the charge‐trapping layer. This design enables a gate‐tunable positive and negative photoresponse, driven by photogating and photovoltaic effects at visible and NIR wavelengths. When regulated by a negative gate voltage, the device exhibits a suppressed photocurrent relaxation time exceeding 1000 s, demonstrating stable long‐term inhibitory characteristics. Consequently, high‐contrast excitatory and inhibitory synapses facilitate orientation and motion detection. Identification accuracies of up to 94.8% for motion direction and 98.1% for dynamic gestures are achieved. Practical applications such as intelligent monitoring and human–computer interaction stand to benefit significantly from these findings.
Fluorinated Pyrimidine Bridged Buried Interface for Stable and Efficient Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Yong , Xie Zhewen , Chang Xiong , Wang Guohua , Hong Zhanghua , Zhou Mengni , Li Kunpeng , Li Zhishan , Wang Hua , Zhu Xing , Zhu Tao
Published: December 2024

The buried interface of wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is crucial for effective charge transfer and device stability. In this study, 2,4‐diamino‐6‐fluoropyrimidine (DMFP) is incorporated into the perovskite layer to form a molecular bridge at the buried interface between the perovskite and MeO‐4PACZ. DMFP treatment reduces the agglomeration of MeO‐4PACZ, resulting in denser and more uniform self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) by inducing favorable crystal orientation. In addition, the strong chemical interaction between DMFP and perovskite films significantly reduces defect state density and promotes the growth of high‐quality perovskite grains. Moreover, DMFP treatment effectively modulates the energy levels of perovskites, facilitating interfacial charge extraction. As a result, WBG PSCs treated with DMFP demonstrate a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.96%, with an enhanced short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 21.60 mA cm−2 and a high open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.23 V. The prepared WBG PSCs retain 95.5% of their initial efficiency after 1500 h of aging at a relative humidity of ≈30% in air, indicating excellent humidity stability. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the perovskite buried interface and proposes a collaborative approach for developing high‐performance WBG PSCs.
Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts: Transforming Tumor Accomplices into Immunotherapeutic Allies
Authors: Qi Feng , Fu Dong , Cai Hongzhou , Zheng Yuxiao , Wang Ning , Xu Zicheng
Published: December 2024

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in the metabolic symbiosis that drives tumor proliferation and immune evasion. Paradoxically, eliminating CAFs can disrupt tissue homeostasis and potentially accelerate tumor spread. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel strategy to reprogram CAFs, transforming them into “anchors” and “fuel stations” for anti‐tumor immune cells, thereby enhancing the immune response against tumors. Utilizing a fibroblast‐specific lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery system, key metabolic genes in CAFs are targeted and downregulated, specifically hexokinase 2 (HK2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (MTCO1). The dual inhibition of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in CAFs consequently results in glucose overload and mitochondrial dysfunction. As a result, these energy‐deprived CAFs exhibit high expression of MHC II molecules and inflammatory cytokines, promoting immune cell infiltration and providing essential fuel for subsequent activation and proliferation. Furthermore, this metabolic reprogramming results in reduced angiogenesis and an immune microenvironment characterized by M1 macrophage polarization and enhanced lymphocyte infiltration. Consequently, this approach improves the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Thus, the reprogramming of CAFs into immune cell allies offers a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of current ICIs therapies.
Harnessing Defects in SnSe Film via Photo‐Induced Doping for Fully Light‐Controlled Artificial Synapse
Authors: Liu Zihui , Wang Yao , Zhang Yumin , Sun Shuyi , Zhang Tao , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Hu Lingxiang , Zhuge Fei , Lu Bin , Pan Xinhua , Ye Zhizhen
Published: December 2024

2D‐layered materials are recognized as up‐and‐coming candidates to overcome the intrinsic physical limitation of silicon‐based devices. Herein, the coexistence of positive persistent photoconductivity (PPPC) and negative persistent photoconductivity (NPPC) in SnSe thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition provides an excellent avenue for engineering novel devices. It is determined that surface oxygen is co‐regulated by physisorption and chemisorption, and the NPPC is attributed to the photo‐controllable oxygen desorption behavior. The dominant behavior of chemisorption induces high stability, while physisorption provides room for adjusting NPPC. A simple fully light‐modulated artificial synaptic device based on SnSe film is constructed to operate various synaptic plasticity and reversible modulation of conductance by applying 430 and 255 nm illuminations. A three‐layer artificial neural network structure with a high accuracy of 95.33% to recognize handwritten digital images is implemented based on the device. Furthermore, the pressure‐related cognition response of humans while climbing and the foraging and recognition behaviors of anemonefish are mimicked. This work demonstrates the potential of 2D‐layered materials for developing neuromorphic computing and simulating biological behaviors without additional treatment. Furthermore, the one‐step method for preparation is highly adaptable and expected to realize large‐area growth and integration of SnSe‐based devices.
Metaplasticity‐Enabled Graphene Quantum Dot Devices for Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting in Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Fan Xuemeng , Chen Anzhe , Li Zongwen , Gong Zhihao , Wang Zijian , Zhang Guobin , Li Pengtao , Xu Yang , Wang Hua , Wang Changhong , Zhu Xiaolei , Zhao Rong , Yu Bin , Zhang Yishu
Published: December 2024

The limitations of deep neural networks in continuous learning stem from oversimplifying the complexities of biological neural circuits, often neglecting the dynamic balance between memory stability and learning plasticity. In this study, artificial synaptic devices enhanced with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that exhibit metaplasticity is introduced, a higher‐order form of synaptic plasticity that facilitates the dynamic regulation of memory and learning processes similar to those observed in biological systems. The GQDs‐assisted devices utilize interface‐mediated modifications in asymmetric conductive pathways, replicating classical synaptic plasticity mechanisms. This allows for repeatable and linearly programmable adjustments to future weight changes linked to historical weights. Incorporating metaplasticity is essential for achieving generalization within deep neural networks, which enables them to adapt more fluidly to new information while retaining previously acquired knowledge. The GQDs‐device‐based system achieved a 97% accuracy on the fourth MNIST dataset task, while consistently achieving performance levels above 94% on prior tasks. This performance substantiates the feasibility of directly transferring metaplasticity principles to deep neural networks, thereby addressing the challenges associated with catastrophic forgetting. These findings present a promising hardware solution for developing neuromorphic systems with robust and sustained learning capabilities that can effectively bridge the gap between artificial and biological neural networks.
Plasmon‐Enhanced Optoelectronic Graded Neurons for Dual‐Waveband Image Fusion and Motion Perception
Authors: Huang Ming , Liu Xiao , Yu Fenghao , Li Juan , Huang Jianhua , Ali Wajid , Yang Liuli , Song Boxiang , Li Ziwei
Published: December 2024

Motion recognition based on vision detectors requires the synchronous encoding and processing of temporal and spatial information in wide wavebands. Here, the dual‐waveband sensitive optoelectronic synapses performing as graded neurons are reported for high‐accuracy motion recognition and perception. Wedge‐shaped nanostructures are designed and fabricated on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers, leading to plasmon‐enhanced wideband absorption across the visible to near‐infrared spectral range. Due to the charge trapping and release at shallow trapping centers within the device channel, the optoelectronic graded neurons demonstrate remarkable photo‐induced conductance plasticity at both 633 and 980 nm wavelengths. A dynamic vision system consisting of 20 × 20 optoelectronic neurons demonstrates remarkable capabilities in the precise detection and perception of various motions. Moreover, neural network computing systems have been built as visual motion perceptron to identify target object movement. The recognition accuracy of dual‐wavelength fused images for various motion trajectories has experienced a remarkable enhancement, transcending the previous level of less than 80% to impressive values exceeding 99%.
Retroreflective Multichrome Microdome Arrays Created by Single‐Step Reflow
Authors: Son Chaerim , Nam Seong Kyeong , Lee Jiwoo , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: December 2024

Structural colors are known for their tunability, fade resistance, and eco‐friendliness. Recent advancements have shown that such colors can be efficiently produced using total internal reflection (TIR) on high‐refractive‐index convex microstructures without the need for periodic nanostructures. However, a reproducible, fast, and programmable production strategy for these microstructures is essential for commercial applications. Here, a single‐step method is reported for creating multicolor patterns by transforming photolithographically‐patterned micropillars into microdomes through thermal reflow. These micropillars, uniform in height but varying in diameter, are converted into microdomes that differ in diameter and height, which display a full spectrum of structural colors, creating a versatile color palette. This process enables the production of high‐resolution multicolor graphics using a rainbow color set, with high reproducibility. Additionally, by mixing distinct microdomes and adjusting their densities, a rich variety of color presentations can be achieved, enabling the recreation of arbitrary color images with microdome arrays. The variable heights of the microdomes also allow for dynamic discoloration or color changes through mechanical compression. The high reproducibility and scalability of this method hold significant commercial promise for various optical applications.
Size‐Dependent Multiexciton Dynamics Governs Scintillation From Perovskite Quantum Dots
Authors: Fratelli Andrea , Zaffalon Matteo L. , Mazzola Emanuele , Dirin Dmitry N. , Cherniukh Ihor , Otero‐Martínez Clara , Salomoni Matteo , Carulli Francesco , Rossi Francesca , Meinardi Francesco , Gironi Luca , Manna Liberato , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Brovelli Sergio
Published: December 2024

The recent emergence of quantum‐confined nanomaterials in the field of radiation detection, in particular lead halide perovskite nanocrystals, offers scalability and performance advantages over conventional materials. This development raises fundamental questions about the mechanism of scintillation itself at the nanoscale and the role of particle size, arguably the most defining parameter of quantum dots. Understanding this is crucial for the design and optimization of future nanotechnology scintillators. In this work, these open questions are addressed by theoretically and experimentally studying the size‐dependent scintillation of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations, spectroscopic, and radiometric techniques. The results show that the simultaneous effects of size‐dependent energy deposition, (multi‐)exciton population, and light emission under ionizing excitation, typical of confined particles, combine to maximize the scintillation efficiency and time performance of larger nanocrystals due to greater stopping power and reduced Auger decay. The agreement between theory and experiment produces a fully validated descriptive model that predicts the scintillation yield and kinetics of nanocrystals without free parameters, providing fundamental guidance for the rational design of nanoscale scintillators.
Ultra‐Antifouling Liquid‐Like Surfaces for Sustainable Viscous Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions Separation and Oil Recovery
Authors: Zheng Weiwei , Wang Huicai , Huang Qingshan , Li Ya , Huang Jianying , Cai Weilong , Lai Yuekun
Published: December 2024

The demand for efficient separation techniques in industries dealing with high viscosity emulsions has surged due to their widespread applications in various scenarios, including emulsion‐based drug delivery systems, the removal of emulsified impurities in formulations and oil spill remediation. However, membrane fouling is a major challenge for conventional separation methods, leading to decreased efficiency and increased maintenance costs. Herein, a novel approach is reported by constructing liquid‐like surfaces with double anti‐fouling structure, incorporating soft nanomicelles within a rigid, chemically cross‐linked network for both anti‐membrane‐fouling and effective viscous water‐in‐oil emulsion separation. The coating significantly outperforms perfluorinated and commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PVDF) membranes, effectively preventing the adhesion of viscous oils like crude oil and pump oil, and alleviating severe membrane fouling. For high‐viscosity emulsions (97.3 cP and 52.8 cP), it maintains over 99% separation efficiency after 3 h continuous use. Even after 15 h immersion in strong acids, alkalis, salts, or organic solvents, its separation efficiency remains above 95%. In addition, thanks to the anti‐membrane‐fouling ability, this work achieved 6 h continuous emulsion separation performance for the first time, demonstrating unparalleled long‐term stability. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the development of innovative coatings for efficient and eco‐friendly separation of high‐viscosity emulsions.
Wearable Resistive‐Type Stretchable Strain Sensors: Materials and Applications
Authors: Zhao Sanqing , Liu Dapeng , Yan Feng
Published: December 2024

The rapid advancement of wearable electronics over recent decades has led to the development of stretchable strain sensors, which are essential for accurately detecting and monitoring mechanical deformations. These sensors have widespread applications, including movement detection, structural health monitoring, and human–machine interfaces. Resistive‐type sensors have gained significant attention due to their simple design, ease of fabrication, and adaptability to different materials. Their performance, evaluated by metrics like stretchability and sensitivity, is influenced by the choice of strain‐sensitive materials. This review offers a comprehensive comparison and evaluation of different materials used in resistive strain sensors, including metal and semiconductor films, low‐dimensional materials, intrinsically conductive polymers, and gels. The review also highlights the latest applications of resistive strain sensors in motion detection, healthcare monitoring, and human–machine interfaces by examining device physics and material characteristics. This comparative analysis aims to support the selection, application, and development of resistive strain sensors tailored to specific applications.
Efficient Targeted Regulation of the Interfaces and Bulk in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells With a [closo‐B12H12]2−‐based Derivative
Authors: He Zhen , Xiong Jian , Zuo Yingqi , Zhao Haixu , Liu Fu , Hu Qiaofei , Yang Qiyu , Zhou Changrong , Li Lin , Dai Qilin , Zhang Haibo , Zhang Jian , Wang Jiang
Published: December 2024

The performance and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is adversely affected by the recombination loss, ion migration, and residual stress arising from issues within the bulk and at the cathode interface. Using simple post‐treatment with a novel solution‐processable derivative of the dodecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborate anion ([closo‐B12H12]2−)—(TBA)2[B12H11(OCH2CH2)2OH] (TBA2B)—it is simultaneously address these issues. In inverted PSCs, the cationic and anionic components of TBA2B uniquely self‐separate by positioning themselves precisely to perform their specific modification functions. The majority of [B12H11(OCH2CH2)2OH]2‐ anions reside at the (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/Ag interface, which enhances the electrical and physical contact. Additionally, a substantial fraction of tetrabutylammonium cations diffuse into the perovskite/PCBM heterojunction, enabling comprehensive control over the trap passivation, stress release, ion migration elimination, and grain boundary reinforcement through the in situ formation of 1D TBAPbI3 on the surface of the perovskite crystals. The TBA2B devices exhibit high power conversion efficiency of 25.59% and open‐circuit voltage of 1.199 V, performance that is among the highest achieved with a solution‐processed perovskite/PCBM heterojunction. Furthermore, TBA2B significantly enhances the device's stability. This study provides crucial insights into the design of efficient and solution processable [closo‐B12H12]2−‐based interface materials, and offers a comprehensive understanding of the underlying modification mechanisms.
Composition‐Graded Nitride Ferroelectrics Based Multi‐Level Non‐Volatile Memory for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Wang Rui , Ye Haotian , Xu Xifan , Wang Jinlin , Feng Ran , Wang Tao , Sheng Bowen , Liu Fang , Shen Bo , Wang Ping , Wang Xinqiang
Published: December 2024

Multi‐level non‐volatile ferroelectric memories are emerging as promising candidates for data storage and neuromorphic computing applications, due to the enhancement of storage density and the reduction of energy and space consumption. Traditional multi‐level operations are achieved by utilizing intermediary polarization states, which exhibit an unpredictable ferroelectric domain switching nature, leading to unstable multi‐level memory. In this study, a unique approach of composition‐graded ferroelectric ScAlN to achieve tunable operating voltage in a wide range and attain precise control of domain switching and stable multi‐level memory is proposed. This non‐volatile memory supports multi‐level storage up to 7‐bit capacities, and exhibits enhanced performance compared to the uniform composition device, showing one order of magnitude higher ON/OFF ratio, 30% reduced working voltage, and up to 50% enhanced tuning window of operating voltage. Finally, the emulation of long‐term plasticity and linear weight update akin to biological synapse with high uniformity and reliability are demonstrated. The proposed composition‐grading architecture offers new opportunities for next‐generation multi‐level ferroelectric memories, paving the way for advanced hybrid integration in multifunctional computing systems.
Quaternized Molecular Brush‐Grafted Injectable Microgel with Anti‐Inflammatory and Drainage Properties for Efficient Therapy of Anal Fistula
Authors: Wang Runxian , Ma Pengwei , He Siqi , Wang Xiao , Zhang Jinquan , Ye Junwen , Su Mingli , Shi Xingxing , Dou Ruoxu
Published: December 2024

Anal fistula is a common disease with recurrent inflammation and accumulated exudate. Traditional treatments often fail to effectively eliminate inflammation and ensure adequate drainage, leading to prolonged healing time and a high recurrence rate. Herein, a new class of quaternized molecular brush‐grafted injectable microgel (denoted as GAA@CNT‐g‐PVBTMA) is developed through thermal polymerization and mechanical fragmentation to promote the healing process of anal fistula. Benefiting from the fragmented morphology with a porous structure, the microgel can effectively fill the fistula and facilitate the drainage of exudate. Owing to the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged quaternized carbon nanotube molecular brush (CNT‐g‐PVBTMA) and the negatively charged inflammatory cytokines, GAA@CNT‐g‐PVBTMA microgel exhibits excellent anti‐inflammatory properties with scavenging rates of 92.6% for tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and 92.5% for interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Rat inflammatory anal fistula model demonstrates that the microgel can effectively reduce inflammation and epithelialization of the fistula, thereby promoting the healing of the anal fistula. By integrating effective filling, adequate drainage, and excellent anti‐inflammatory properties, GAA@CNT‐g‐PVBTMA microgel provides a promising new direction for the treatment of anal fistula.
In Situ Transformable Nanoparticle Effectively Suppresses Bladder Cancer by Damaging Mitochondria and Blocking Mitochondrial Autophagy Flux
Authors: Lv Yulin , Song Benli , Yang Guang , Wang Yuting , Wu Zeyu , Si Minggui , Yang Zongzheng , Chen Huilin , Liu Chen , Li Min , Zhang Yinshi , Qiao Zengying , Wang Lu , Xu Wanhai
Published: December 2024

Tumor therapeutic strategies based on mitochondrial damage have become an emerging trend. However, the low drug delivery efficiency caused by lysosomal sequestration and the activation of protective mitochondrial autophagy severely restricts the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, an in situ transformable nanoparticle named KCKT is developed to promote lysosomal escape and directly damage mitochondria while blocking mitochondrial autophagy. KCKT exhibits acid responsiveness for precise self‐assembly into nanofibers within the lysosomes of cancer cells. The massive accumulation of nanofibers and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under sonodynamic therapy synergistically induce lysosomal damage. This facilitates the escape of nanofibers from lysosomal sequestration, thereby enhancing drug delivery. Subsequently, the escaped nanofibers specifically aggregate around the mitochondria for long‐term retention and generate ROS under ultrasound irradiation to induce mitochondrial damage. Notably, due to lysosomal dysfunction, damaged mitochondria cannot be cleared by autophagy, further aggravating oxidative damage. These results reveal that KCKT effectively improves drug delivery and mitochondria‐targeted therapy efficiency by blocking protective autophagy. These findings hold significant potential for advancing the field of mitochondria‐targeted therapy.
Smallholder Inclusion Through Cooperative Contract Farming of Cavendish Banana Farmers in Davao del Norte, Philippines: A Meta‐Frontier Analysis
Authors: Sarmiento Jon Marx , Rola‐Rubzen Maria Fay , Fogarty James , Digal Larry N.
Published: December 2024

As the third‐highest global supplier of Cavendish bananas, the Philippine banana industry has a vital role in rural development. We compared farmers' technical efficiency (TE) and production performance across different contract farming arrangements: individual contracts, cooperative contracts, and growers without a contract. Using a random sample of 186 farmers in Davao del Norte, Philippines, we used meta‐frontier Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate TE scores and then use a truncated regression with bootstrapping to model the efficiency sources. We applied propensity score matching to minimize observable bias resulting from self‐selection among farmers participating in contract farming. The results across returns‐to‐scale assumptions and matching methods reveal that cooperative contract farmers have significantly higher TE and revenue performance than individual and noncontract farmers, primarily due to high export‐quality production and associated premium prices. Individual contract farmers were also more technically efficient and had higher returns than noncontract farmers. Smallholder farmers tend to participate more in cooperative contract farming. Thus, cooperative contracts should include smallholder farmers in export value chains to improve smallholder farmer income. This strategy will lead to the formation of inclusive agrifood value chains in Mindanao, Philippines.
Triple‐Purpose Thiocyanate‐Containing Protic Ionic Liquids: Chemodivergent Transformations of Dihydroimidazolones into Imidazo[4,5‐d]Oxazolethiones and Imidazo[4,5‐d]Thiazolones
Authors: Ratmanova Nina K. , Ermolaev Valery P. , Baranov Vladimir V. , Levina Irina I. , Minyaev Mikhail E. , Ivanova Olga A. , Kravchenko Angelina N. , Trushkov Igor V. , Andreev Ivan A.
Published: December 2024

Triple‐purpose protic ionic liquids were employed as a solvent, a Brønsted acid catalyst, and a source of the nucleophile (thiocyanate‐ion) for the chemodivergent transformation of dihydroimidazolones into 2‐thioxohexahydro‐5H‐imidazo[4,5‐d]oxazol‐5‐ones and tetrahydro‐2H‐imidazo[4,5‐d]thiazole‐2,5(3H)‐diones. An important feature of this process is the switching of its chemoselectivity by simple variation of the reaction temperature, other conditions being the same; this allowed both types of products to be obtained selectively. Straightforward aqueous work‐up of reaction mixture provided solid bicyclic products in pure form in an environmentally friendly manner.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylthio Compounds from Sulfur‐Containing Precursors
Authors: Sang Zhimin , Luo Zijin , Chen Jingao , Gou Wenxue , Zhang Guofu , Ding Chengrong
Published: December 2024

The trifluoromethylthio group (−SCF3) exhibits several distinctive physicochemical properties and can alter the molecular lipophilicity and other pharmacokinetic properties of functional molecules. Moreover, its potent electron‐withdrawing capability confers enhanced metabolic stability to functional molecules. Molecules containing trifluoromethylthio groups are extensively applied in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals or agrochemicals and have garnered significant attention in recent years. The synthetic routes to trifluoromethylthio groups primarily fall into two categories: direct introduction of −SCF3 into target molecules, and indirect construction of −SCF3 through the introduction of −CF3 into sulfur‐containing precursors. In this review, we delineate approaches developed over the past seven years for the indirect construction of −SCF3 groups via electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, or other types of reactions involving −CF3 groups and sulfur‐containing precursors. These reactions are classified into seven categories depending on the employed: thiols, disulfides, thiosulfates, sodium sulfinates, sulfonyl chlorides, sulfoxides, and other sulfur‐containing precursors.
Ultrafast Synthesis of IrB1.15 Nanocrystals for Efficient Chlorine and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions in Saline Water
Authors: Liu Tingting , Chen Zhangsen , Liu Sixiang , Wang Pan , Pu Zonghua , Zhang Gaixia , Sun Shuhui
Published: December 2024

The production of storable hydrogen fuel through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources such as solar, marine, geothermal, and wind energy presents a promising pathway toward achieving energy sustainability. Nevertheless, state‐of‐the‐art electrolysis requires support from ancillary processes which often incur financial and energy costs. Developing electrolysers capable of directly operating with water that contains impurities can circumvent these processes. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient and durable electrolysis of saline water to produce chlorine gas (Cl2) and hydrogen using structurally ordered IrB1.15, synthesized through ultrafast joule heating. IrB1.15 exhibits remarkable performance, achieving overpotentials of 75 mV for the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) and 12 mV for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) at current densities of 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, IrB1.15 displays a durability of over 90 h towards both CER and HER. Density functional theory reveals that IrB1.15 has adsorption energies significantly closer to 0 eV for Cl and H, compared to IrO2 and Pt/C. Furthermore, in situ Raman investigations reveal that Ir in IrB1.15 serves as the active center for CER, while the introduction of B atoms to Ir lattices mitigates the formation of absorbed hydrogen species on the Ir surface, thereby enhancing the performance of IrB1.15 in HER.
Die Vermehrung von Alpha‐Synuclein Amyloidfibrillen ist unterdrückt unter vollständig ruhenden Lösungsbedingungen
Authors: Farzadfard Azad , Mason Thomas O. , Kunka Antonin , Mohammad‐Beigi Hossein , Bjerregaard‐Andersen Kaare , Folke Jonas , Aznar Susana , Kallunki Pekka , Buell Alexander K.
Published: December 2024

Experimente zur Vermehrung geringer Mengen an Proteinaggregaten/‐fibrillen, sogenannte “seed amplification assays (SAAs)”, sind ein vielversprechendes Mittel zur frühen Diagnose von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen. Wenn allerdings Fibrillen aus Patientenproben in Multiwell‐Platten vermehrt werden ist es momentan noch sehr schwierig deren Konzentration genau zu bestimmen. Es ist daher wünschenswert diese Art von Test in ein digitales Format zu überführen um direkte Quantifizierung der Anzahl der Fibrillen zu ermöglichen. Um einen Übergang vom gewöhnlichen Platten‐basierten zu einem mikrofluidischen digitalen Format zu ermöglichen muss eine effektive Vermehrung der Impffibrillen in den Mikroemulsionen erzielt werden. Daher etablieren wir hier eine Reihe von neuen Lösungsbedingungen die die effiziente Vermehrung von Impffibrillen (”seeds”) ohne Schütteln der Platte ermöglichen. Allerdings zeigen dieselben Lösungsbedingungen nach Überführung in das mikrofluidische Format ein ganz anderes Verhalten da dort keinerlei Vermehrung der Fibrillen beobachtet wird. Wir zeigen dass dieser Unterschied daher rührt dass alle sekundären Prozesse die die Impffibrillen vermehren könnten in Abwesenheit jeglicher mechanischer Einflüsse vollständig unterdrückt sind. Weiterhin zeigen wir dass die Vermehrung der Fibrillen innerhalb von Tröpfchen dadurch erzielt werden kann dass diese Mikroemulsionen hochfrequenten Vibrationen mittels einer Piezo‐Einheit ausgesetzt werden. Unsere Ergebnisse ermöglichen neue Einblicke in die physikalischen Bedingungen der Vermehrung von Alpha‐Synuclein Fibrillen und weisen einen Weg zur Entwicklung effektiver digitaler SAAs.
Single Solid‐State Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots for Multicolor, Bright and Efficient Electroluminescent Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Chenhao , Li Jinyang , Teng Qian , Li Jinsui , Yuan Fanglong
Published: December 2024

Color‐tunable electroluminescent light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on quantum dots (QDs) are rapidly emerging as a key technology for next‐generation full‐color displays and solid‐state lighting. However, achieving broad color tunability in LEDs that utilize a single QD emissive material continues to pose significant challenges. Here, we present the first example of bright, multicolor electroluminescent LEDs with tunable emission peaks spanning from 535 to 640 nm, utilizing a new type of single red solid‐state emissive carbon quantum dots (R‐SSCQDs). Unlike conventional CQDs, which often exhibit weak or negligible emission in solid‐state form, R‐SSCQDs demonstrate bright red emission in solid state and green emission in diluted state. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations reveal that the unique non‐planar spatial structure and significant steric hindrance of R‐SSCQDs effectively suppress π–π stacking, resulting in efficient solid‐state fluorescence emission. By adjusting the weight ratios of R‐SSCQDs doped in host materials, we showcase bright, efficient and multicolor CQD‐based LEDs that emit green, yellow, orange, and red light, achieving a record‐high luminance of 15,834 cd m−2 and current efficiency of 10.3 cd A−1. This work presents a straightforward and universal strategy for creating efficient solid‐state emissive CQDs, showcasing significant potential for color‐tunable LED applications.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Tri‐Axis Naphthalenes via Diels–Alder Reaction and Dehydrative Aromatization of Isobenzofurans
Authors: Du Yuan‐Bo , Lu Qi‐Tao , Cui Yun‐Shu , Wu Kai‐Wen , Wang Yu , Zhang Yu‐Zhen , Zhao Zheng , Hou Jun‐Li , Cai Quan
Published: December 2024

Atropisomers with multiple stereogenic axes have attracted much attention due to their increasing significance in the fields of natural products, chiral materials, and drug discoveries. However, the catalytic stereoselective construction of axially chiral ring scaffolds with more than two axes on a single benzene ring remains a challenging task. Herein, we present an efficient method for synthesizing triaxially chiral polysubstituted naphthalene scaffolds via sequential Ni(II)‐catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction of isobenzofurans and TfOH‐promoted dehydrative aromatization reaction. Using 1,3‐biarylisobenzofurans and β‐aryl‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated N‐acyl pyrazoles as modular reaction partners, a series of naphthalenes with 1,3,4‐triaxes were synthesized with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. Furthermore, by attaching two pyrene chromophores to this novel triaxially chiral ring scaffold, a circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)‐active dye exhibiting a remarkable luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum=−0.019) and high fluorescence quantum efficiency (ØFL=0.29) was obtained, highlighting the potential applications of atropisomers with multiple stereogenic axes in the design of chiroptical organic materials.
Advances in polysaccharide‐based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review
Authors: Li Jiahao , Ahmed Hanan Hassan , Hussein Ali M. , Kaur Mandeep , Jameel Mohammed Khaleel , Kaur Harpreet , Tillaeva Umida , Al‐Hussainy Ali Fawzi , Sameer Hayder Naji , Hameed Huda Ghassan , Idan Ameer Hassan , Alsaikhan Fahad , Narmani Asghar , Farhood Bagher
Published: December 2024

Polysaccharides, the most abundant biopolymers in nature, have attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians due to its practicality in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. These biomaterials have high bioavailability and play structural and functional roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides are classified into several groups based on their origin, including plant polysaccharides and marine polysaccharides (like chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, alginates, etc.) with specific applications. These biopolymers possess unique physicochemical (such as surface functional groups, solubility, and stability), mechanical (like mechanical strength and tensile), and biomedical (such as antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and non‐immunogenicity) characteristics which have made them excellent platforms for a wide variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Ease of extraction and different preparation approaches are mentioned as other potential properties of polysaccharides that further improved their practicality in biomedical sciences. They have high drug/bioactive encapsulation capacity and sustained/controlled release manner in in vivo microenvironments. The anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulation, stimuli‐responsive drug/bioactive release, and passive and active drug/bioactive delivery are considered the potential features of these biopolymers in pharmaceutical sciences. Polysaccharides have indicated practical applications in biomedical sciences, including biosensors, tissue engineering, implantation, wound healing, vascular grafting, and vaccines. This review highlights the advances of polysaccharide‐based materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.
From anatomy to surgery: Effectiveness of virtual simulation adjuvant to traditional methods in the preclinical training of apicoectomy
Authors: Liu Liu , Chen Yue , Cao Yubin , Yang Lei , Yang Yiyan , Li Yantong , Huang Dingming , Ye Ling , Zheng Qinghua
Published: December 2024

Anatomy forms the foundation for the training and execution of routine surgical procedures. However, a gap persists in effectively bridging anatomical knowledge with the confident performance of procedures. Virtual simulation (VS) techniques, based on experiential and situated learning theory, hold promise in addressing this challenge. Apicoectomy, a procedure involving root apex resection to preserve a tooth, requires a blend of regional and dental anatomy knowledge, making it an ideal model for assessing the effectiveness of VS. This prospective cohort study evaluated primarily the enhancement of incorporating VS training in the preclinical skill training of apicoectomy for undergraduate dental students, compared to relying solely on traditional methods. VS training includes the simulated dissection process, patient examination, and apicoectomy based on graphically synthesized virtual models. Secondly, the study investigated the influence of exposure to VS training on students' confidence and satisfaction. The training was divided into three progressive levels aligned with students' cognitive processes, employing Miller's competence learning framework. Participants were categorized into the control group (CG) (n = 214) and VS training group (VSTG) (n = 220) based on their classes. The results demonstrated that VSTG showed significantly greater training enhancement (VSTG: 7.14 ± 1.74; CG: 6.57 ± 2.02, p = 0.002) and higher confidence levels (VSTG: 2.94 ± 0.13; CG: 2.69 ± 0.13, p < 0.001), along with greater satisfaction with the training compared to the CG (VSTG: 3.70 ± 0.18; CG: 3.20 ± 0.17, p < 0.001). In conclusion, VS proves to be a valuable adjunct for enhancing procedural skill training in surgical procedures.
Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierungssysteme für Straßeninfrastrukturprojekte
Authors: Haverkamp Pamela , Traverso Marzia , Szukalla Lea
Published: December 2024

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierungssysteme (NZS) für Straßeninfrastrukturprojekte. Die Baubranche trägt erheblich zum globalen Ressourcenverbrauch und zu den CO2‐Emissionen bei. Daher ist der Bedarf an NZS und nachhaltigen Lösungen in den letzten Jahren gestiegen. NZS stellen Stakeholdern wichtige Entscheidungshilfen und Informationen zur Nachhaltigkeitsleistung in allen Projektphasen bereit. Im Fokus der vorliegenden Analyse stehen die Systeme BREEAM Infrastructure, SUNRA, LCE4ROADS, SPeAR, Greenroads, Envision und BASt, wobei Aspekte wie Anwendbarkeit, zertifizierte Projektphasen, Bewertungsmethode und Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen adressiert werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die betrachteten Systeme in ihrer Struktur ähneln, sich jedoch in ihrer Gewichtung, dem Verhältnis der Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen zueinander und der Definition der Indikatoren unterscheiden.
Ökobilanzierung in der Tragwerks‐ und Fassadenplanung
Authors: Pfanner Daniel , Feldmann Angela , Preuschoff Karen , Reshamvala Marcel , Münch Hanna
Published: December 2024

Der folgende Beitrag beschreibt die Implementierung von Methoden der Ökobilanzierung als Entwurfs‐ und Entscheidungshilfe in den Planungsprozessen eines Ingenieurbüros. Die Anwendung wird anhand von praktischen Projektbeispielen in der Tragwerks‐ und Fassadenplanung erläutert. Es werden konkrete Planungsszenarien aufgegriffen und aufgezeigt, welche Entwurfsentscheidungen durch entsprechende Analysen unterstützt und beeinflusst wurden und wie sich diese im weiteren Projektverlauf entwickelt haben. Konkrete Berechnungsbeispiele dienen der praktischen Anschauung und sollen Impulse für Tragwerks‐ und Fassadenplaner:innen geben. Die derzeitigen bau‐ und planungsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen werden kurz erläutert, um die vorgestellten Methoden hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf den ökologischen Fußabdruck von Gebäuden zu bewerten.
Projektbegleitende Strategien zur nachhaltigen Materialwahl
Authors: Maatz Jasper , Lambertz Michaela
Published: December 2024

Der Bausektor ist Deutschlands ressourcenintensivster Wirtschaftszweig, obwohl in der Effizienz des Gebäudebetriebs große Fortschritte erzielt werden. Effizienzgewinne werden jedoch häufig durch Reboundeffekte in der Gebäudenutzung ausgeglichen. Konstruktionsweisen und Materialien gewinnen bei im Betrieb energieeffizienten Gebäuden zunehmend an Bedeutung. Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien wie Suffizienz und Konsistenz bleiben oft unbeachtet. Das DGNB‐Zertifizierungssystem unterstützt die gleichberechtigte Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien, setzt aber ein klares Aufgabenverständnis und definierte Zuständigkeiten voraus. Zentrale Kriterien sind Ressourceneffizienz, Zirkularität und Schadstofffreiheit. Maßnahmen wie der Einsatz biobasierter oder recycelter Baustoffe und Rückbaubarkeit senken Umweltauswirkungen und Lebenszykluskosten. Digitale Tools und Gebäuderessourcenpässe fördern Transparenz und Wiederverwendbarkeit. Das DGNB‐System berücksichtigt, dass Suffizienz und Konsistenz Schlüsselprinzipien des nachhaltigen Bauens sind. Eine teamorientierte Arbeitsweise mit Unterstützung von digitalen Tools erleichtert die Integration von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten und maximiert deren Potenzial.
Childhood Educational Outcomes of Infants Born With Esophageal Atresia With or Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Authors: ElHassan Nahed O. , Cen Ruiqi , Pugh Charles P. , Akmyradov Chary , Ying Jun , Goudie Anthony , Nembhard Wendy N.
Published: December 2024

Background

There are limited studies on educational outcomes of children born with esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). We aimed to compare 3rd to 5th grade academic proficiency among children born with EA/TEF versus unaffected children.

Methods

Children born with EA/TEF (2000–2005) were identified from the Arkansas Reproductive Health Monitoring System. For each child born with EA/TEF, up to two unaffected children were selected from birth certificates and matched on hospital and month of birth, sex, and race and ethnicity. Data on NICU hospitalization were abstracted from medical records at Arkansas' only pediatric specialty hospital. The study outcomes were 3rd to 5th grade proficiency on literacy and mathematic standardized achievement tests, referral to special education, and days of school absence. Regression models were used to assess the association of outcome measures with diagnosis of EA/TEF, after adjusting for differences in covariates between EA/TEF and unaffected children and accounting for paired correlations using the generalized estimating equation method.

Results

The final cohort included 20 surviving children born with EA/TEF and 31 unaffected children. There was no significant difference in literacy (3rd: 70% vs. 71%; 4th: 83% vs. 81%; 5th: 94% vs. 87%, p > 0.05) or mathematics proficiency (3rd: 80% vs. 87%; 4th: 83% vs. 78%; 5th: 75% vs. 78%, p > 0.05), referral to special education (20% vs. 19%, p = 0.65), or total days of school absence (47 vs. 26 days, p = 0.07) between EA/TEF and unaffected children.

Conclusions

Children born with EA/TEF had comparable academic proficiency to unaffected children.
Parental Smoking and the Risk of Birth Defects in Offspring in China: A Systematic Review and meta‐Analysis
Authors: Han Jinxi , Zhang Yunxia , Liu Yibo , Liu Jikai , Zhang Yuehua , Wang Kaijuan
Published: December 2024

Objective

A meta‐analysis of case‐control studies was conducted to assess the risk of birth defects in offspring in China associated with maternal active and passive smoking and paternal smoking.

Methods

Four electronic databases were searched for qualified research up to December 2023. A Random‐effect model or fixed‐effect model was used to calculate the overall comprehensive risk estimates; and the relationship between parental smoking and the risk of birth defects in different periods of pregnancy. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore possible sources of heterogeneity.

Results

Sixty‐two qualified studies involving 137,574 cases and 8,770,837 controls were included. Overall, maternal active smoking (OR = 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72–2.79; p < 0.01) and passive smoking (OR = 2.59,95% CI: 2.24–2.99; p < 0.01) as well as paternal active smoking (OR = 1.47,95% CI: 1.34–1.62; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with birth defect risk. The sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis. Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of congenital heart disease in offspring was increased in paternal and maternal active smoking (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 2.01–4.39; OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.30–1.74), respectively. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results.

Conclusion

Maternal active and passive smoking and paternal active smoking are risk factors for birth defects in offspring. Parents should be encouraged to quit smoking during the perinatal period and pregnancy.
Evidence of Epigenetic Oncogenesis: A Turning Point in Cancer Research
Authors: Capp Jean‐Pascal , Aliaga Benoît , Pancaldi Vera
Published: December 2024

In cancer research, the term epigenetics was used in the 1970s in its modern sense encompassing non‐genetic events modifying the chromatin state, mainly to oppose the emerging oncogene paradigm. However, starting from the establishment of this prominent concept, the importance of these epigenetic phenomena in cancer rarely led to questioning the causal role of genetic alterations. Only in the last 10 years, the accumulation of problematic data, better experimental technologies, and some ambitious models pushed the idea that epigenetics could be at least as important as genetics in early oncogenesis. Until this year, a direct demonstration of epigenetic oncogenesis was still lacking. Now, Parreno, Cavalli and colleagues, using a refined experimental model in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, enforced the initiation of tumors solely by imposing a transient loss of Polycomb repression, leading to a purely epigenetic oncogenesis phenomenon. Despite a few caveats that we discuss, this pioneering work represents a major breakpoint in cancer research. We are led to consider the theoretical and conceptual implications on oncogenesis and to search for links between this artificial experimental model and naturally occurring processes, while revisiting cancer theories that were previously proposed as alternatives to the oncogene‐centered paradigm.
Exploring Ion Channel Magnetic Pharmacology: Are Magnetic Cues a Viable Alternative to Ion Channel Drugs?
Authors: Zablotskii Vitalii , Polyakova Tatyana , Dejneka Alexandr
Published: December 2024

We explore the potential of using magnetic cues as a novel approach to modulating ion channel expression, which could provide an alternative to traditional pharmacological interventions. Ion channels are crucial targets for pharmacological therapies, and ongoing research in this field continues to introduce new methods for treating various diseases. However, the efficacy of ion channel drugs is often compromised by issues such as target selectivity, leading to side effects, toxicity, and complex drug interactions. These challenges, along with problems like drug resistance and difficulties in crossing biological barriers, highlight the need for innovative strategies. In this context, the proposed use of magnetic cues to modulate ion channel expression may offer a promising solution to address these limitations, potentially improving the safety and effectiveness of treatments, particularly for long‐term use. Key developments in this area are reviewed, the relationships between changes in ion channel expression and magnetic fields are summarized, knowledge gaps are identified, and central issues relevant to future research are discussed.