bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IDENTIFICATION OF CAPITALIST FARMS
Authors: GHORAYSHI PARVIN
Published: March 2008

This paper proposes and defends a particular conception of a capitalist unit in an attempt to arrive at agreement on a basic unit of analysis essential for theory construction. It is argued that farmers in advanced capitalist countries are commodity producers and operate capitalistic farms, but a capitalist unit is an enterprise in which the individual capitalist employs a certain minimum number of wage workers and direct production is not his/her main task. Three alternative definitions of a capitalist unit are evaluated. Census data on Canadian agriculture are used to illustrate the differences that result from applying the various definitions.

Resume

S'agissant de trouver un accord quant a ľunité' ?analyse à employer dans la construction théorique, cet article propose une conception particulière de ce qu'est une unité capitalists Les agriculteurs des pays capitalistes développés sont considéréd comme des petits producteurs marchands qui développent une agriculture capitaliste. Cependant une unité capitaliste est une entreprise dans laquelle le capitaliste individuel emploie un certain nombre de salariés si bien que la production elle‐même n'est pas son activité principale. Trois définitions possibles ?une unité capitaliste sont passées en revue, et des données statistiques sur ľagriculture canadienne illustrent les différences qui apparaissent selon la définition qui est utilisée.

Kurzfassung

In dem Beitrag wird eine besondere Konzeption einer kapitalistischen Einheit als Versuch zur Erzielung von Einvernehmen iiber eine grundlegende Analyseeinheit vorgeschlagen und verteidigt, was für die Theoriebildung unabdingbar ist. Es wirdt behauptet, daß Landwirte in entwickelten kapitalistischen Ländern Warenproduzenten sind und kapitalistische Land‐wirtschaft betreiben, aber eine kapitalistische Einheit ein Unternehmen ist, in dem der Einzelkapitalist eine bestimmte Mindestzahl von Lohnarbeitern beschäftigt und die unmit‐telbare Produktion nicht seine Hauptaufgabe ist. Drei alternative Definitionen einer kapitalistischen Einheit werden geprüft. Daten der amtlichen Statistik über die kanadische Land‐wirtschaft werden herangezogen, urn die Bedȩutung der Unterschiede als Folge der Anwendung der verschiedenen Definitionen zu illustrieren.
FACTORIES, FARMS AND FAMILIES
Authors: LEWIS JIM , WILLIAMS ALLAN M.
Published: March 2008

THE IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN RURAL CENTRAL PORTUGAL*

A major current change in rural Portugal is the growth of small scale manufacturing enterprises but little is known about the effects of this on labour markets and household budgets. Hence, a survey of 155 industrial workers in rural parts of central Portugal examined the applicability of the Italian ‘North‐East‐Centre’ (NEC) model of labour market and household economic changes. It established the differences in worker characteristics between an area of long‐standing industrial activity, two areas with significant artisanal sectors and the concelho which is industrialising most rapidly. Particular attention is given to variations in the extent of part‐time employment in other activities, such as agriculture, and to other sources of household income. There was only limited evidence of the interdependence of farms and factories postulated in the NEC model.

La croissance des petites entreprises est un fait majeur du changement en cours dans le Portugal rural, mais on en connait peu les effets sur les marchés du travail et les budgets des ménages. Une enquête auprés de 155 travailleurs industriels des zones rurales du centre du Portugal a churchéà vérifier la pertinence du modèle italien ‘Nord‐Est‐Centre’. Elle a montré les différences, au niveau du travail, entre une zone de tradition industrielle, deux zones à prédominance artisanale et une autre en voie ? industrialisation rapide. Un intérêt particulier a été porté aux variations ? ampleur du temps partiel, en relation avec ľ agriculture et avec son impact sur les ressources des ménages. Il n'en résulte qu'une confirmation partielle de ľ interdépendance entre agriculture et industrie qui est postulee par le modèle précité.

Kurzfassung

Eine Hauptveränderung im ländlichen Raum Portugals ist die Zunahme kleincr Gewerbebe‐triebe, aber es ist wenig über deren Wirkungen auf die Arbeidsmärkte und finanzielle Situation der Haushalte bekannt. Deshalb wurde mit einer Umfrage bei 155 Industriearbeitern in ländlichen Gebieten Zentralportugals die Anwendbarkeit des italienischen Modells des Nord‐Ost‐Zentrums (NOZ) für die wirtschaftlichen Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in den Haushalten untersucht. Es wurden die unterschiedlichen Merkmale der Arbeiter in einem Gebiet mit lange zurückreichender industrieller Aktivität, in zwei Gebieten mit bedeutenden Handwerkssektoren und im Concelho, in dem die Industrialisierung am schnellsten voranschreitet, deutlich. Besondere Beachtung wird dem unterschiedlichen Umfang der Nebenerwerbstätigkeit in anderen Wirtschaftssektoren, wie der Landwirtschaf t und sonstigen Quellen des Haushaltseinkommens, geschenkt. Es gibt nur wenige Anzeichen für eine Interdependez zwischen landwirtschaftlichen und Industriebetriebcn, wie sie im NOZ‐Modell unterstellt wird.
PART TIME FARMING IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Authors: ZUREK ERNST C.
Published: March 2008

Will part time farming be a survival strategy for rural societies, and in particular a solution for the development of disadvantaged rural areas in industrial societies? Using empirical results from field investigations in selected areas of the Federal Republic of Germany the paper tries to find an answer to these questions. It concludes, that for disadvantaged rural areas of developed societies pan time farming will be the only solution to keep these regions functionally and structurally intact to the benefit of those involved and of the whole society.
PLURIACTIVITY AS A STRATEGY FOR EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL NORWAY
Authors: HETLAND PER
Published: March 2008

Pluriactivity, the traditional employment adaptation in rural Norway, has kept its foothold in rural areas. The types of job combinations have however changed radically from ‘fishermen farmers’ and similar kinds of adaptations to a majority of ‘white collar farmers’. This change has been accelerated by new forms of work sharing between farmers and their wives. From a political point of view the dominant tendency for a long time has been to look upon pluriactivity as a traditional adaptation which will vanish as modernization progresses. Over recent years this point of view has changed. Contrary to former policies, projects and policies now try to discover how to stimulate pluriactivity.

In this paper the main focus is on how households are adapting to these kinds of policies and projects.

La pluriactivité est un mode traditionnel ? adaptation dans la Norvége rurale, et elle est toujours présente actuellement. Les combinaisons ont cependant changé en passant des ‘fermiers‐pêcheurs’ et de formes semblables à une majorité?‘agriculteurs‐cols blancs’. Ceci a été stimulé par de nouvelles formes de répartition du travail entre les hommes et les femmes. Au plan politique, la tendance a longtemps été de considérer la pluriactivité comme un phénoméne traditionnel qui devait disparahre avec les progrés de la modernisation. Mais ce point de vue est en train de changer: désormais des projets et des politiques s'efforcent au contraire de développer cette pluriactivité. Cet article analyse précisément la manière dont les families s'adaptent à ces projets et ces politiques.

Kurzfassung

Mehrfachbeschäftigung als traditioneller Weg der erwerbsmäßigen Anpassung im ländli‐chen Norwegen hat ihre Bedeutung im ländlichen Raum behalten. Die Typen der Enverbskombinationen haben sich jedoch stark verändert, von Landwirten und Fischern und ähnlichen Formen der Anpassung zu einer Mehrzahl von Landwirten mit einem Zweitberuf als höherwertige Dienstleistungs‐ oder Verwaltungstätigkeit. Diese Veränderung wurde durch neue Formen der Arbeitsteilung zwischen Landwirten und ihren Ehefrauen beschleunigt. Von einem politischen Standpunkt aus herrschte lange Zeit die Tendenz vor, Mehrfachbeschäftigung als einen traditionellen Weg der Anpassung zu sehen, der im Zuge der Modernisierung verschwindet. In den letzten Jahren hat sich diese Sichtweise geändert. Im Gegensatz zur früheren Politik wird nun mit Projekten und politischen Maßnahmen untersucht, wie Mehrfachbeschäftigung gefördert werden kann. In diesem Beitrag wird das Schwergewicht darauf gelegt, wie sich die Haushalte bei diesen Maßnahmen und Projekten anpassen.
On the Attributive Nature of Superlatives
Authors: Matushansky Ora
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The standard view of superlatives treats them as a subkind of adjectives. However, in many languages, superlatives require the presence of a determiner, even in the predicate position. This leads to an apparent contradiction, since it is independently known that determiners syntactically combine with extended NP projections and are excluded with APs. This issue is resolved if superlative adjectives always appear in an attributive (modificational) position. Superlative phrases without an overt noun (e.g., in the predicative position) modify a null head noun.

I show that this hypothesis immediately explains the restrictions on the distribution of superlatives in languages as diverse as Russian, French, German, Dutch, Breton, Spanish and Portuguese. I propose that the modificational nature of superlative adjectives can be derived from their semantics, and I argue that such a proposal yields a natural explanation of the behavior of superlatives in Hebrew and Persian. Finally, I discuss the interaction between this theory and the standard, movement‐based analyses of comparatives and superlatives and provide an explanation for apparent counterexamples.
On the Topic of Pseudoclefts
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  This paper presents arguments in favor of a pseudocleft analysis of a certain class of sentences in Malagasy, despite the lack of an overt wh‐element. It is shown that voice morphology on the verb creates an operator‐variable relationship much like the one created by wh‐movement in free relatives in English and other languages. The bulk of the paper argues in favor of an inversion analysis of specificational pseudoclefts in Malagasy: a predicate DP is fronted to a topic position from within a small clause constituent. Moreover, it is shown that the same inversion occurs in equative and specificational sentences in Malagasy, which suggests that these types of sentences share the same syntactic structure. The proposed analysis also provides support for the view that specificational pseudoclefts have a topic > focus structure, where the wh‐clause has been overtly topicalized.
The prosthetic eye: photography as cure and poison
Authors: Pinney Christopher
Published: March 2008

Much discussion of photography's relation to ‘evidence’ insists on imprisoning it within a dichotomy of ‘truth’ and ‘ falsehood’. The narrative developed here combines a Peircean assumption concerning photography's ineluctable ‘indexicality’ with a Kittlerian preoccupation with the ‘data ratios’ of different recording media. Analogue photography's chemical infrastructure forms a ground upon which a historical understanding of its protean technological incarnation is understood. As an increasingly mobile prosthesis capable of generating more and more intimate and dangerous kinds of evidence, photography can be seen in a dynamic relationship with a ‘colonial habitus’ in India. Initially deeply inserted within this habitus by virtue of its initial technological encumbrances, it is progressively liberated from it, and in the process slips from ‘cure’ to ‘poison’.

La relation de la photographie avec la « preuve » emprisonne souvent son sujet dans une dichotomie entre « vrai » et « faux ». La narration développée ici allie une hypothèse peircienne concernant la qualité« indexique » inéluctable de la photographie avec une préoccupation kittlerienne pour les « ratios de données » de différents supports d'enregistrement. L'infrastructure chimique de la photographie analogique constitue un terrain sur lequel se conçoit une compréhension historique de son incarnation technologique protéiforme. Prothèse de plus en plus mobile, capable de générer des preuves d'un type de plus en plus intime et dangereux, la photographie peut être considérée dans une relation dynamique avec un « habitus colonial » en Inde. D'abord profondément intégrée dans cet habitus en raison de sa lourdeur technologique, elle s'en affranchit et de « remède », devient ainsi « poison ».
Definitive evidence, from Cuban gods
Authors: Holbraad Martin
Published: March 2008

Based on evidence collected during fieldwork among practitioners of Afro‐Cuban religion in Havana, this paper seeks ‘recursively’ to redefine the notion of anthropological evidence itself. It does so by examining ethnographically practitioners' concern with the ‘evidence’ deities give (e.g. successful divinations, divine cures, etc.), by virtue of which people's relationships with deities are cemented. To the extent that this indigenous concept of evidence is different from notions of evidence anthropologists take for granted in their own work, it occasions the opportunity to transform those very assumptions. But such a procedure is itself evidential – pertaining to the relationship between ethnography and theory. The paper sets out the virtues, both ethnographic and theoretical, of this circularity.

Sur la base des preuves recueillies au cours d'un travail de terrain parmi les praticiens d'une religion afro‐cubaine à La Havane, le présent article cherche, de manière « récursive », à redéfinir la notion de preuve anthropologique elle‐même. Pour cela, il ethnographie l'attention apportée par les praticiens aux « preuves » que leur envoient les divinités (par exemple des divinations réussies, des guérisons divines, etc.), grâce auxquelles la relation entre humains et déités est consolidée. Dans la mesure où ce concept autochtone de preuve est différent de la notion de preuve que les anthropologues tiennent pour acquise dans leur propre travail, il donne l'occasion de transformer ces hypothèses même. Cette procédure a toutefois valeur de preuve par elle‐même, puisqu'elle est liée à la relation entre l'ethnographie et la théorie. L'auteur expose ici les vertus, ethnographiques aussi bien que théoriques, de cette relation circulaire.
THE MULTI‐LAYERED CITY: THE VALUE OF OLD URBAN PROFILES
Authors: BONTJE MARCO , MUSTERD SAKO
Published: March 2008

A mix of factors including increasing wealth, de‐industrialisation, the collapse of the Wall, the EU extension and global competition has set new conditions for European urban development. It is often claimed that European cities have particularly good prospects in the creative knowledge economy because of characteristics such as compactness, high density, functional mix and a rich cultural‐historical heritage. This, however, may be truer for some cities than for others. In this contribution we highlight the path dependent development and current perspectives of two European cities, Amsterdam and Leipzig. Their development paths are especially interesting since the two cities initially experienced similar characteristics and developments, but under different state regimes clearly experienced divergence, while new opportunities developed from 1990 onwards. We investigated how these development paths impact upon current perspectives. One conclusion is that old urban profiles retain their value, even after serious efforts to get rid of them.
PATH
Authors: Bailey H. W. , Ross Alan S. C.
Published: March 2008

Path is, by origin, an Iranian word which was borrowed into Germanic, thence into Finnish. Besides its familiar meaning, it has also the meaning “valley”. This latter meaning is attested in Anglo‐Saxon (§1). in later Northern English and Scottish (§2), in East Swedish dialects (§3), and, possibly, in early Dutch place‐names (§4). In Finnish, though “path” is found in its familar sense, it is more generally used in a variety of idioms (§5). Morphologically, the Germanic forms of “path” are diverse (§6); the form with final ‐[d] (pad, etc.) found in English dialects, is, where it is not a Dutch loan‐word, due to the operation of Verner's Law (§7); there is the possibility of s‐flexion (§8); finally, a number of Germanic morphological types emerge (§9). The type papi‐ is attested in High German (§10), and English, and there it does not represent a borrowing from Scandinavian (§11). The possibility of original s‐flexion still remains (§12). The borrowing from Iranian lies within the period 300 B.C.‐A.D. 300 (§13). Two Iranian roots paθ‐seem to be relevant in the present discussion; as its basic meaning the first—which stands in ancient morphological alternation with pant—has “path, road” (§§14‐16), the second has “extended” (§17). The word‐groups (a) Ir paθ‐ “arow”, and (b) E find, etc., deserve mention here (§18). These last two items, as well as paθ‐ “extended”, may all be subsumed under one and the same Indoeuropean root (§19). Postulation of original s‐flexion for the Germanic word (of. §§8,11) is finally rejected and the correlation of the Iranian and Germanic types follows without difficulty (§20).
GOTHIC ‐(u)h: A SYNCHRONIC AND COMPARATIVE STUDY1
Authors: Klein Jared S. , Condon Nancy L.
Published: March 2008

This paper examines the entire range of constructions in which the Gothic particle ‐(u)h occurs, demonstrating that its primary employment is within anaphoric (coreferential and iterative) sequential structures as a discourse resumptive particle. As such, it is directly comparable to Homeric Greek aũ and Vedic Sanskrit u. This in turn substantiates Brugmann's derivation of ‐(u)h from *u kwe, a collocation that occurs elsewhere in Indo‐European as well. It also places in a new light the status of the Gothic sah/panuh pronoun, which represents a univerbation of Proto‐Indo‐European (PIE) *só/tó‐u kwe comparable to Vedic Sanskrit nonuniverbated sá u/tám u and Homeric Greek tòn (d') aũ, etc., with PIE *(a)w in its normal anaphoric/resumptive value.
FROM EMPATHETIC DEIXIS TO EMPATHETIC NARRATIVE: STYLISATION AND (DE‐)SUBJECTIVISATION AS PROCESSES OF LANGUAGE CHANGE
Authors: ADAMSON SYLVIA
Published: March 2008

In this paper I try to relate a problem in the history of literary style to wider issues in the theory of language change. The stylistic question I address concerns the historical origin of empathetic narrative (Bally's style indirect libre). I contest the standard account, which associates its first appearance with the nineteenth‐century novel, and argue instead for a linguistic origin in the everyday use of shifted (empathetic) deictics and for a historical origin in the emergence of modern subjectivity in seventeenth‐century epistemology. I propose a quantificational method for comparing the incidence of empathetic narrative in texts and a theory of stylisation to account for its progressive development across a historical corpus. The paper's interest to non‐literary readers lies, on the level of data, in the evidence it presents of the use of tense‐adverb combinations as an exponent of aspect and, on the level of theory, in its challenge to Traugott's account of the role of subjectivisation in language change.
Robust Estimation For Periodic Autoregressive Time Series
Authors: Shao Q.
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  A robust estimation procedure for periodic autoregressive (PAR) time series is introduced. The asymptotic properties and the asymptotic relative efficiency are discussed by the estimating equation approach. The performance of the robust estimators for PAR time‐series models with order one is illustrated by a simulation study. The technique is applied to a real data analysis.
Calling the Judiciary to Account for the Past: Transitional Justice and Judicial Accountability in Nigeria
Authors: YUSUF HAKEEM O.
Published: March 2008

Institutional and individual accountability is an important feature of societies in transition from conflict or authoritarian rule. The imperative of accountability has both normative and transformational underpinnings in the context of restoration of the rule of law and democracy. This article argues a case for extending the purview of truth‐telling processes to the judiciary in postauthoritarian contexts. The driving force behind the inquiry is the proposition that the judiciary as the third arm of government at all times participates in governance. To contextualize the argument, I focus on judicial governance and accountability within the paradigm of Nigeria's transition to democracy after decades of authoritarian military rule.
Said and Unsaid: State Legislative Signaling to State Courts over Same Sex Marriage 1990–2004
Authors: BARCLAY SCOTT , FISHER SHAUNA
Published: March 2008

From 1990 through 2004, same sex marriage emerged as a major policy issue. In responding to this controversial policy issue, many state legislatures demonstrated unusual behavior. A substantial minority of state legislatures continued to introduce new legislative bills on this topic long after the legal position of the respective state would indicate that the state had articulated a recognized and settled policy. In this article, we propose that the apparently aberrant behavior of these state legislatures can be explained in part by consideration of legislative signaling directed toward state courts. Specifically, we consider the attempt of state legislators to discourage intervention by the state courts around some policy issues.
ISLANDSCAPES AND ‘ISLANDNESS’: THE PREHISTORIC ISLE OF MAN IN THE IRISH SEASCAPE
Authors: FRIEMAN CATHERINE
Published: March 2008

Summary.  This paper will explore the role of the Isle of Man in the prehistory of the Irish Sea area through an examination of its changing islandscape from the Neolithic through the Iron Age. It was far from insular during prehistory, but the social and economic interactions of prehistoric Manx people around the Irish Sea and beyond were heavily affected by their water‐bound environment. The way that the prehistoric Manx perceived their boundaries and their coastal situation is reflected in their ritual and social landscape, their preferential use of coastal areas for monumental architecture, and in the choices they made with regard to the island landscape they inhabited. This culturally constructed sense of islandness allowed the prehistoric Manx people to maintain distinctive local cultures while still playing an active role in the larger Irish Sea region.
HOUSES FOR THE DEAD AND CAIRNS FOR THE LIVING; A RECONSIDERATION OF THE EARLY TO MIDDLE BRONZE AGE TRANSITION IN SOUTH‐WEST ENGLAND
Authors: JONES ANDY M.
Published: March 2008

Summary. The Early to Middle Bronze Age transition period has often been interpreted as involving a move to ‘rational’ food‐producing societies. More recently, models have been advanced which have highlighted the presence of ritualized practices within Middle Bronze Age society. However, many of these interpretations have largely been based upon evidence from excavated settlements in central southern England. This paper examines the need to consider the transition period at a more localized level and presents the evidence from south‐west England.
Jung in Africa: the historical record
Authors: Burleson Blake
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Blake Burleson's ninety‐minute presentation was part one of ‘A Passage to Africa’ moderated by John Beebe. Eight individual filmed sequences from home movies taken by Helton Godwin Baynes during Jung's 1925 expedition to East Africa were shown. In addition to placing these clips in their historical, geographic, and cultural context, Burleson introduced the following cultural complexes revealed in the film and in travelling companion Ruth Bailey's commentary on the film: romantic primitivism, ‘going black’, self‐conscious élite, ‘furor Africanus’, the ‘black man's burden’, racial inferiority, and the ‘curse of Ham’.
Investigation into the Ability of SNP Chipsets and Microsatellites to Detect Association with a Disease Locus
Authors: Curtis D. , Vine A. E. , Knight J.
Published: March 2008

We wished to investigate the ability of different SNP chipsets to detect association with a disease and to investigate the linkage disequilibrium (LD) relationships between microsatellites and nearby SNPs in order to assess their potential usefulness to detect association.

SNP genotypes were obtained from HapMap and microsatellite genotypes from CEPH. 5000 SNPs were simulated as disease genes which increased penetrance from 0.01 to 0.02 in a sample of 400 cases and 400 controls. The power of flanking SNPs to detect association was tested using sets of 1, 2, 3 or 4 markers analysed with haplotype analysis or logistic regression and using either all HapMap markers or those from the Affymetrix 500K, Illumina 300K or Illumina 550K chipsets. Additionally, LD relationships between 10 microsatellites and SNPs within 2Mb of each other were studied.

The power for one of the markers to detect association at p = 0.001 was around 0.4. Power was slightly better for logistic regression than haplotype analysis and for two‐marker as opposed to single marker analysis but analysing with larger numbers markers had little benefit. The Illumina 550K marker set was better able to detect association than the other two and was almost as powerful as using all HapMap markers. Microsatellites had detectable LD with only a small number of nearby SNPs and the pattern of LD was very variable.

Available chipsets have quite good ability to detect association although obviously results will be critically dependent on the nature of the genetic effect on risk, sample size and the actual LD relationships of the susceptibility polymorphisms involved. Microsatellites seem ill‐suited for systematic studies to detect association.
Lipid imaging of human skeletal muscle using TOF‐SIMS with bismuth cluster ion as a primary ion source
Authors: Magnusson Ylva , Friberg Peter , Sjövall Peter , Dangardt Frida , Malmberg Per , Chen Yun
Published: March 2008

Intramyocellular lipids are of importance in lipid‐related diseases. The techniques in this field are limited because of a lack of adequate tools for localization of various lipids. The most usual methods for the localization of lipid distribution in the skeletal muscle are histochemistry and fluorescence probes. Different chromatography methods and mass spectrometry techniques have also been used for lipid identification. Our aim was to localize the spatial distribution of lipids in their native forms by using static time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). Human percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the middle part of the lateral vastus muscle in the right leg of healthy adolescents with a body mass index >30. Samples were prepared by high‐pressure freezing, freeze‐fracturing and freeze‐drying, and analysed by imaging TOF‐SIMS equipped with a Bi3+ cluster ion gun. In the positive spectra, we identified phosphocholine, cholesterol, diacylglycerol, phospholipids and triacylglycerol. Phosphocholine was localized to the edge of the fibre, representing the sarcoplasma or endomysium. Weak cholesterol signals were observed in the intracellular areas. High diacylglycerol and low triacylglycerol signal intensities were seen in intracellular spaces of the transversal area of the muscle fibre. In the negative spectra, we identified fatty acids. We observed co‐localization of fatty acids and diacylglycerol, which may indicate lipid‐storing parts of the skeletal muscle. Thus, TOF‐SIMS imaging can be used to depict the heterogeneous localization of lipids in human skeletal muscle.
The Effects of EU Formula Apportionment on Corporate Tax Revenues*
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Loretz Simon
Published: March 2008

The European Commission proposes to replace the current system of taxing corporate income using separate accounting by a two‐step ‘consolidation and apportionment’ procedure. This paper uses a large set of unconsolidated firm‐level data to assess the likely impact on corporate tax revenues in each member state. Taking pre‐tax profit as given, overall tax revenues would be likely to drop by 2.5 per cent if companies could choose whether to participate. By contrast, if they were forced to participate, total tax revenues would be likely to increase by more than 2 per cent, leaving some European countries ‐ most notably, Spain, Sweden and the UK ‐ better off. We investigate how sensitive these results are to the apportionment factors used.
Study of free radical polymerisation with dye photoinitiators containing a naphthoylenebenzimidazolone skeleton
Authors: Podsiadły Radosław , Kolińska Jolanta , Sokołowska Jolanta
Published: March 2008

A series of neutral and cationic dyes based on a naphthoylenebenzimidazolone skeleton have been synthesised and evaluated as potential light‐absorbing chromophores for free radical polymerisation. The kinetic study of photoinitiated polymerisation of ethyl acrylate performed with the use of N‐phenylglycine, ethyl 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminobenzoate, phenylthioacetic acid and phenoxyacetic acid have proved that the tested dyes are good electron‐accepting photoinitiators. The results show that, in the photoinduced electron transfer from donor to excited singlet state of the dye, the radical anion is possibly formed via an associated donor–dye complex.
Measurement of Free Thyroxine (T4) Levels in Pregnancy
Authors: McElduff Aidan
Published: March 2008

Summary: Free T4 and TSH were measured in 119 pregnant women. Twenty of these women had the free T4 measured a second time during the pregnancy; 35 of the 119 had the free T4 measured by 2 different methods. The results showed that free T4 fell as pregnancy progressed but even at the early stages of pregnancy many measured free T4 concentrations were below the lower end of the nonpregnant normal range. This remained the case when the measurement was made by a dialysis kit method. These results challenge the current widely‐accepted statement that free T4 concentrations remain within the normal nonpregnant range during pregnancy. This study highlights the need for each laboratory to develop its own normal range for free T4 levels in pregnancy.
A New Method for Rapid Measurement of Lactate in Fetal and Neonatal Blood
Authors: Pennell Craig E. , Tracy Mark B.
Published: March 2008

A prospective trial to determine the accuracy and precision of the Boehringer Mannheim Accusport® handheld lactate meter in measuring plasma lactate levels in umbilical cord blood and neonatal blood microsamples was performed in the labour ward and the neonatal intensive care unit of the Nepean Hospital. Specimens were collected from the umbilical artery of 160 consecutive deliveries covering gestations from 26 to 42 weeks, and from 110 umbilical artery catheters covering a range of gestations from 26 to 41 weeks. Serum was also obtained from an exchange transfusion for coefficient of variation analysis. Blood was simultaneously tested for lactic acid concentration on the Boehringer Mannheim (BM) Accusport® held lactate meter and the Radiometer ABL 625° blood‐gas machine. Clinical data from the mother and baby were recorded together with the full blood‐gas analysis for comparison with the lactate measures. Coefficients of variation for the BM Accusport® lactate meter were established by a further 120 samples of plasma lactate at 6 concentrations from 1 to 20 mmol/L. The stability of measurements with the BM lactate meter over a wide range of temperatures was ascertained by repeated sampling of known concentrations of plasma lactate from 0.5°C to 37°C. The BM Accusport® lactate meter was found to be accurate from 1 mmol/L to 20 mmol/L with a Passing Bablok regression line y = 0.004 + 0.915 ± (95% CI of slope of 0.889 to 0.946 and intercept‐0.138 to 0.094) for whole blood, and y = 0.200 + 1.000 ± (95% CI of slope 0.989 to 1.018 and intercept 0.080 to 0.222) for plasma. Between run coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to be 1.23% to 5.53% over the clinically significant range (2.2–19.3 mmol/L). The BM lactate meter was accurate from 5 to 37°C. At 0.5°C the BM lactate meter significantly underestimated the plasma lactate concentration. There was no significant effect of haematocrit (41.5 to 62%), gestation, or operator on the accuracy of the BM lactate meter. The Accusport® handheld lactate meter is an accurate, commercially available, method of measuring plasma lactate levels in only 60 seconds at the point‐of‐care. It requires only 15μL of blood and is significantly cheaper than other assay methods. The BM lactate meter is well suited to assess lactic acidaemia of fetal scalp and neonatal blood samples to help quantify hypoxic stress in the perinatal period.
The Therapeutic Dilemma of an Ectopic Pregnancy in the Setting of the Severe Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Authors: Howat P.W. , Pallis L.M. , Wenck D.J. , Humphrey M.D.
Published: March 2008

Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome as a result of assisted reproductive therapy occurs rarely. However, this iatrogenic condition can result in a life threatening illness with difficult management dilemmas for the attending physicians. A patient with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome and septicaemia after in vitro fertilization required prolonged intensive care treatment and subsequently had a probable ectopic pregnancy treated with systemic methotrexate as an alternative to surgical management. A satisfactory outcome was obtained, followed by a spontaneous successful pregnancy some months after these events.
An Unusual Presentation of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Authors: Suri Vanita , Dhaliwal Lakhbir , Gupta Indu , Khera Kamla , Rajwanshi Arwind
Published: March 2008

: This seems to be a case of a woman with a metastatic invasive mole presenting with a haemoperitoneum 3 weeks after termination of a first trimester pregnancy. We accepted this case for publication to remind readers of the wide range of presentations of gestational trophoblastic disease (hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma). This case report is brief but it seemed to the reviewer that the bleeding could have arisen from a superficial metastasis rather than uterine rupture from an invasive mole extending from deeper within the uterus. The success of the suture in controlling the bleeding suggests the former possibility to be more likely. The moral of this case is when in diagnostic doubt in gynaecology, arrange for urinary or plasma HCG assay although in the case reported the acute presentation made laparotomy mandatory.
Medical Treatment of a Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Khatree M.H.D. , Titiz H.
Published: March 2008

EDITORIAL COMMENT: A certain degree of scepticism in medicine is to be encouraged if for no other reason than to promote thought about aetiology and different methods of treatment. We have published 3 previous case reports in our journal on the successful management of so called arteriovenous malformations of the uterus (A, B, C). Since the new technology has become available that allows precise diagnosis of arteriovenous fistulas there have been numerous case reports on such lesions in the uterus in the gynaecological literature. One wonders what happened to these patients previously. Surely many must have had curettage performed for menorrhagia and yet how often was it necessary to perform hysterectomy for uncontrollable uterine haemorrhage after such a procedure? The only patient the editor can remember treating who required an emergency hysterectomy for torrential haemorrhage following curettage was a 17‐year‐old woman with an unsuspected choriocarcinoma, who had a preoperative diagnosis of incomplete abortion (D). From the point of view of aetiology, surely these lesions should be called arteriovenous fistulas rather than malformations because the patients often have had previous uterine surgery or complications that could have been causal. We accepted this case for publication because it suggests that trial of hormone therapy is a reasonable method of treatment in patients with uterine arteriovenous fistulas who have not got intractable haemorrhage and who wish to preserve their uterus.
An Unusual Cause of Antepartum Haemorrhage
Authors: Soh Eric B.S. , Lim Jason M.H.
Published: March 2008

Summary: This is a rare case of antepartum haemorrhage arising from the nonpregnant uterus in a woman with uterine didelphys. The bleeding and subsequent passage of a decidual cast did not have any adverse effect on the ongoing pregnancy.
Host range ofAsobara japonica(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of drosophilid flies
Authors: IDEO Shinsuke , WATADA Masayoshi , MITSUI Hideyuki , KIMURA Masahito T.
Published: March 2008

We studied the host range ofAsobara japonica, a larval‐pupal parasitoid of drosophilid flies. Habitat selection was found to be an important determinant of host range in this parasitoid; it attacked drosophilid larvae breeding on banana and mushrooms, but seldom attacked those breeding on decayed leaves. This parasitoid was able to use diverse drosophilid taxa as hosts. Attack byA. japonicasometimes killed hosts at the larval stage, and therefore parasitoid larvae also died.Drosophila elegansandD. busckiisuffered particularly high larval mortality due to the attack byA. japonica(in the latter species only when young larvae were attacked). Many individuals ofD. subpulchrellaalso died at the pupal stage without producing parasitoids when they were parasitized at the late larval stage. In contrast,D. bipectinata,D. ficusphila,D. immigrans,D. formosanaandD. albomicanswere resistant to attack: large proportions of the larvae of these drosophilid species grew to adulthood, even in the presence of parasitoids. On the basis of phylogenetic information, we concluded that phylogenetic position has only limited importance as a factor determining whether a species is suitable as a host forA. japonica, at least within the genusDrosophila.
Seasonal changes in the reproductive and life‐history traits of Chrysomela populi L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: GOMI Tadashi , KIMURA Tomonori , HIROSE Shunpei
Published: March 2008

Seasonal changes in the reproductive and life‐history traits of Chrysomela populi L. were investigated in Shobara (34°52′N, 133°01′E), Japan, in 2004 and 2005. Larvae were hatched and reared under natural photoperiod and temperature in 8 different periods between late April and early September in 2004. The incidence of adult diapause increased with progression of the season in 2004. The critical timing of diapause induction, as defined by 50% of females entering diapause, was estimated to occur between late July and early August. No effects of season on the survival rate from hatching to adult emergence, percentage ovipositing females and percentage females that deposited viable eggs were clearly detected. Adult weight at emergence fluctuated seasonally, which was probably caused by air temperature. No effect of season on the oviposition period was observed among females that averted diapause. Females that entered diapause in 2004 started oviposition from the first day of May in 2005. Reproductive output was significantly greater in diapause females than in non‐diapause females. This increase in the reproductive output of diapause females was caused by elongation of the oviposition period and consequently by enlargement of the number of egg clutches deposited. These results suggest that the seasonal timing of diapause induction in females of C. populi would be affected by various risks and benefits to reproduction and survival.
Demography of the Okinawan eusocial waspRopalidia fasciata(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) II. Effects of foundress group size on survival rates of colonies and foundresses, and production of progeny
Authors: ITÔ Yosiaki , ITIOKA Takao
Published: March 2008

Using demography data for the primitively eusocial waspRopalidia fasciatacollected at 10 survey stations over 5 years, the effects of foundress group size (FGS) on colony survival rate and production of progeny were examined. The distribution pattern for the frequency of nests established by different numbers of foundresses fit a 0‐truncated negative binomial distribution. The rate of nest failure up to the beginning of June decreased with FGS, and colony survival rate up to June and September increased with FGS. Although there were large variations among stations and years, the survival rate of colonies established by a single foundress (haplometrotic colonies) was significantly lower than that of colonies established by two or more foundresses (pleometrotic colonies). The number of new adults that emerged per colony up to the end of July increased with FGS, but there was no significant correlation between number of new adults per foundress and FGS. The number of potential foundresses produced per colony tended to increase with FGS, but there was no significant difference among the values produced per foundress for the three FGS categories. The percentage parasitism by an ichneumon parasitoid,Arthula formosana, tended to be higher in colonies established by a small number of foundresses. The relation between FGS and the productivity of the new foundresses was not statistically significant, suggesting that independent founding may be a better strategy for future subordinate foundresses. However, the long colony life span (mean 100 days, maximum 240 days) as compared with the shorter life span of foundresses (40 or 50 days) may be a good condition for the coexistence of many egg‐layers in a colony.
Reviews: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications of Microbubbles during Hemodialysis
Authors: Barak Michal , Nakhoul Farid , Katz Yeshayahu
Published: March 2008

Microbubbles have been detected in the human circulation of end‐stage renal disease patients who are treated by hemodialysis throughout the past decade as a result of advanced ultrasound and Doppler technology. These detection tools uncovered signals of microbubbles, which originate in extracorporeal lines and tubing of hemodialysis machine, circulate in the blood stream until lodging in the capillary bed of various organs, mainly the lungs. During its course within the capillary, a bubble abrades the glycocalyx layer lining the surface of the vessels and thereafter obstructs blood flow through the capillary. This causes tissue ischemia, inflammatory response, and complement activation. Aggregation of platelets and clot formation occurs as well, leading to further obstruction of the microcirculation and subsequent tissue damage. In this review, we describe the biological and clinical effects of microbubbles during hemodialysis and discuss management with regard to prevention and treatment.
Small‐molecule complement inhibitors cannot prevent the development of the platelet storage lesion
Authors: Bradley Amanda J. , Read Brandi L. , Levin Elena , Devine Dana V.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Suppression of the platelet (PLT) storage lesion would maintain PLT quality over longer storage times. An increased storage period would greatly improve the ability of blood agencies and hospitals to manage PLT inventories and minimize product wastage. Activation of the complement system has been proposed to play a role in initiating or potentiating the PLT storage lesion. This study examines the effect of complement inhibition on the development of the PLT storage lesion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Leukofiltered PLT concentrates (PCs) were split into miniunits containing the complement inhibitors N‐acetylaspartylglutamic acid (NAAGA) or compstatin, a control peptide, or saline. Samples were collected up to Day 11 of storage. Complement activation was monitored as C3a generation. PLT quality was assessed by morphology, CD62 and CD63 expression, fibrinogen binding, pH, mean PLT volume, annexin V binding, and PLT viability. Caspase‐3 activity served as a measure of PLT apoptosis.

RESULTS: At concentrations of NAAGA required to achieve approximately 50 percent complement inhibition, PLT activation, and caspase‐3 activity were increased. Complement inhibition by compstatin was highly variable. Compstatin addition consistently resulted in a 37 to 55 percent inhibition of PLT caspase‐3 activity, but PLT quality and viability were no different between compstatin PCs and control PCs over the storage time.

CONCLUSIONS: Neither NAAGA nor compstatin provided complete inhibition of complement over the storage period. Addition of these small‐peptide inhibitors to PCs did not slow PLT storage lesion development, in spite of the partial inhibition of caspase‐3 activity in the compstatin‐treated PCs.
The quality of platelet concentrates produced by COBE Spectra and Trima Accel cell separators during storage for 7 days as assessed by in vitro methods
Authors: Tynngård Nahreen , Lindahl Tomas L. , Trinks Marie , Studer Monika , Berlin Gösta
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: The quality of platelet (PLT) concentrates (PCs) can be evaluated with various in vitro methods. A new technique, free oscillation rheometry (FOR), can be used to monitor coagulation properties of PCs and gives information on clotting time and coagulum elasticity. This study compared the quality of apheresis PCs produced by the COBE Spectra and Trima Accel cell separators (both Gambro BCT) during storage for 7 days with in vitro tests including FOR.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Apheresis PCs were collected with the COBE Spectra (n = 10) and Trima Accel (n = 10) cell separators. Swirling, blood gases, and metabolic variables were analyzed on Day 0. Samples taken on Days 1, 5, and 7 were also analyzed for hypotonic shock response (HSR), P‐selectin, and glycoprotein (GP)Ib expression and evaluation of coagulation by FOR.

RESULTS: Swirling, HSR, and percent GPIb‐expressing PLTs were well maintained for 7 days, whereas glucose decreased and lactate increased significantly during storage for both Spectra and Trima PCs. Percent P‐selectin–expressing cells increased to the same extent in both types of PCs during storage. pH increased between Day 0 and Day 1 but then decreased. The clotting time remained constant throughout the storage period whereas the development of elasticity was reduced on Days 5 and 7 compared to Day 1 (p < 0.05) for both types of PCs.

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the PLT quality after storage for 7 days is well preserved, although activation of PLTs occurs during storage as assessed by in vitro tests. No difference in PLT quality was observed between Spectra‐ and Trima‐produced PCs.