bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Niacinamide and 12‐hydroxystearic acid prevented benzo(a)pyrene and squalene peroxides induced hyperpigmentation in skin equivalent
Authors: Mi Tingyan , Dong Yiying , Santhanam Uma , Huang Nan
Published: October 2018

Skin surface is constantly exposed to environmental and secreted stressors such as UV, air pollution and peroxidized sebum. The current study aims to use reconstructed human skin equivalents to demonstrate topical stressor‐induced hyperpigmentation and evaluate bioactives’ potential protective effect. Given that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are representative airborne particle‐bound organic compounds with known relevance to pigmentation pathways, benzo(a)pyrene was selected as surrogate environmental toxin. On the other hand, squalene monohydroperoxides are well‐characterized sebum peroxidation product under UV and pollutant exposure, thus are used as another representative skin stressor. With 3‐day continuous exposure, 30 pmol/cm2 of benzo(a)pyrene and 3.4 nmol/cm2 of squalene monohydroperoxides induced significant viability loss, inflammatory response, and approximately 10 shades of pigmentation increase in pigmented living skin equivalents. At the same time, pretreatment and co‐treatment with 12‐hydroxystearic acid (12‐HSA, 20 μmol/L) or niacinamide (5 mmol/L) ameliorated such stressor‐induced consequences. Niacinamide was particularly effective against benzo(a)pyrene damage, probably as a substrate for important NAD+ dependent detoxification pathways, while 12‐HSA was potent against squalene monohydroperoxides through barrier enhancing, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐oxidative mechanisms. In summary, topical stressor‐induced hyperpigmentation was achieved in vitro, with known bioactives showing protective benefits.
Divergent trends in the risk of spring frost damage to trees in Europe with recent warming
Authors: Ma Qianqian , Huang Jian‐Guo , Hänninen Heikki , Berninger Frank
Published: October 2018

Frost events during the active growth period of plants can cause extensive frost damage with tremendous economic losses and dramatic ecological consequences. A common assumption is that climate warming may bring along a reduction in the frequency and severity of frost damage to vegetation. On the other hand, it has been argued that rising temperature in late winter and early spring might trigger the so called “false spring”, that is, early onset of growth that is followed by cold spells, resulting in increased frost damage. By combining daily gridded climate data and 1,489 k in situ phenological observations of 27 tree species from 5,565 phenological observation sites in Europe, we show here that temporal changes in the risk of spring frost damage with recent warming vary largely depending on the species and geographical locations. Species whose phenology was especially sensitive to climate warming tended to have increased risk of frost damage. Geographically, compared with continental areas, maritime and coastal areas in Europe were more exposed to increasing occurrence of frost and these late spring frosts were getting more severe in the maritime and coastal areas. Our results suggest that even though temperatures will be elevated in the future, some phenologically responsive species and many populations of a given species will paradoxically experience more frost damage in the future warming climate. More attention should be paid to the increased frost damage in responsive species and populations in maritime areas when developing strategies to mitigate the potential negative impacts of climate change on ecosystems in the near future.
Stevia prevents experimental cirrhosis by reducing hepatic myofibroblasts and modulating molecular profibrotic pathways
Authors: Ramos‐Tovar Erika , Buendia‐Montaño Laura D. , Galindo‐Gómez Silvia , Hernández‐Aquino Erika , Tsutsumi Víctor , Muriel Pablo
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aims of the present study were to investigate the capacity of stevia leaves to prevent experimental cirrhosis induced by chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats and to explore the action mechanism involved.

Methods

Liver cirrhosis was established by CCl4 treatment (400 mg/kg i.p. three times a week for 12 weeks); stevia powder was administered (100 mg/kg by gavage daily) during the CCl4 treatment. Serum markers of liver damage and hydroxyproline were evaluated and histopathological analyses were carried out. The profibrotic pathways were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry.

Results

We found for the first time that stevia cotreatment prevented the elevation of serum markers of necrosis and cholestasis and the occurrence of liver fibrosis. It is worth noting that stevia downregulated several profibrogenic pathways, including the reduction of hepatic myofibroblasts and decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP13 expression, thereby blocking the liberation of transforming growth factor‐β from the extracellular matrix. Notably, stevia reduced the phosphorylation of pSmad3L, the most profibrogenic and mitogenic Smad, by inhibiting the activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase. Interestingly, Smad7, an important antifibrotic molecule, was upregulated by stevia treatment in cirrhotic rats. These multitarget mechanisms led to the prevention of experimental cirrhosis.

Conclusions

Because stevia possesses a reasonable safety profile, our results indicate that it could be useful in the clinical setting to treat chronic liver diseases.
Clean laundry with pure conscience—A study on laundry practices among Finnish consumers
Authors: Miilunpalo Satu‐Marja , Räisänen Riikka
Published: October 2018

The previous study concerning laundry practices in Finland was published 16 years ago. Since that time, many pro‐environmental debates have been going on and sustainable actions have been implemented in many areas of individual lives and households. The purpose of this study is to investigate the textile laundering practices of Finnish consumers and their attitudes toward clothing care procedures. This study discusses how laundry habits could be developed into a more sustainable direction. The data for this research were gathered through an online enquiry that consisted of structured multiple‐choice questions. The data were obtained from 1,841 persons of whom 97.5% were women (n = 1,795). The data were analyzed by statistical means using the SPSS program. The data show that, despite media attention and debate about textile care procedures, there still are factors in laundering that burden the environment. From a sustainability point of view, some improvements exist when comparing to the situation 16 years ago, but washing machines still are seldom filled to their full capacity and consumers, being unaware of water hardness, administer excessive amounts of detergent. The current life situations of the household members seem to be major factors influencing laundry habits and sustainable actions. Especially, young people and families with children would benefit from information and instructions on laundry practices. Topics could contain knowledge about water hardness and proper dosing of detergent, filling the washing machine, washing temperatures, drying methods, and saving energy. Furthermore, general promotion of gender equality is important because household work and laundering is strikingly women‐performed work.
The impact of fermentation at elevated temperature on quality attributes and biogenic amines formation of low‐salt fermented fish
Authors: Xu Yanshun , He Lina , Xia Wenshui , Jiang Qixing , Yang Fang , Gao Pei , Wang Bin
Published: October 2018

To accelerate fermentation and improve quality of fermented fish, the impact of fermentation at elevated temperature on physicochemical, microbiological and flavour characteristics, as well as biogenic amines (BAs) accumulation of low‐salt fermented fish was investigated. Results showed that increasing temperature at later stage significantly promoted the growth of lactic acid bacteria, retarded the reduction of yeast and increased the titratable acidity, while staphylococci and enterobacteriaceae were inhibited to higher extent when fermented at elevated temperature. BAs contents in samples fermented at 30 °C during later stage were lower than those in the group fermented at 25 °C for 28 days, and the lowest values were observed in the sample initially fermented at 25 °C for 10 days followed by fermentation at 30 °C for 18 days. Furthermore, fermentation at elevated temperature at later stage favoured the formation of desired volatile flavour compounds. Results suggested that fermentation at elevated temperature at later stage could reduce BAs accumulation and enhance quality attributes of low‐salt fermented fish.
Does Poverty Among Immigrants Adapt to Country of Residence? Turks in Germany and Denmark
Authors: Caner Asena , Pedersen Peder J.
Published: October 2018

We use data on Turkish immigrants in two European welfare states, Denmark and Germany, and data on Turks at home. Unlike in most studies of immigrant poverty, we thus control for the differences in immigrant composition. Denmark and Germany have different welfare state types, labour market structure and institutions. We find that in both countries Turkish immigrants have much higher poverty rates than natives. We perform Fairlie decompositions to find that in Denmark, compared to Germany, a larger part of the native‐immigrant poverty difference is explained by market valuation of characteristics and by unobservables. Finally, we decompose poverty by subgroups and find that certain immigrant subgroups (such as families with children and the elderly) are especially vulnerable in both countries and that not much has changed in the two countries between 2008 and 2013 in terms of the vulnerability of these sub‐groups to poverty risk.
Ethical norms and issues in crowdsourcing practices: A Habermasian analysis
Authors: Schlagwein Daniel , Cecez‐Kecmanovic Dubravka , Hanckel Benjamin
Published: October 2018

Crowdsourcing practices have generated much discussion on their ethics and fairness, yet these topics have received little scholarly investigation. Some have criticized crowdsourcing for worker exploitation and for undermining workplace regulations. Others have lauded crowdsourcing for enabling workers' autonomy and allowing disadvantaged people to access previously unreachable job markets. In this paper, we examine the ethics in crowdsourcing practices by focusing on three questions: (a) What ethical issues exist in crowdsourcing practices? (b) are ethical norms emerging or are issues emerging that require ethical norms? and, more generally, (c) how can the ethics of crowdsourcing practices be established? We answer these questions by engaging with Jürgen Habermas' discourse ethics theory to interpret findings from a longitudinal field study (from 2013 to 2016) involving key crowdsourcing participants (workers, platform organizers, and requesters) of three crowdsourcing communities. Grounded in this empirical study, we identify ethical concerns and discuss the ones for which ethical norms have emerged as well as others which remain unresolved and problematic in crowdsourcing practices. Furthermore, we provide normative considerations of how ethical concerns can be identified, discussed, and resolved based on the principles of discourse ethics.
Effect of MnO2on the dielectric properties of Nb‐doped BaTiO3‐(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3ceramics for X9RMLCCapplications
Authors: Chen Lingling , Wang Hongxian , Zhao Peiyao , Shen Zhengbo , Zhu Chaoqiong , Cen Zhenyong , Li Longtu , Wang Xiaohui
Published: October 2018

MnO2and Nb2O5co‐doped 0.9BaTiO3‐0.1(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3powders with excellent dielectric properties were fabricated using a conventional solid‐state reaction method and sand milling. The doping effects of various amounts of MnO2on the dielectric properties were investigated. The results revealed that the dielectric properties greatly depended on the concentration of MnO2. All the ceramics met the X9R specification. The dielectric loss decreased with an increasing concentration of MnO2. The specimen with an appropriate amount of 0.2 mol% MnO2exhibited the most enhanced properties: high insulation resistance (2.49 × 1013 Ω/cm) and improved degradation properties. Multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) chips were prepared by tape casting using a 0.2 mol% Mn‐doped 9010BTBNT‐based ceramic powder. The capacitance of theMLCCchip was approximately 100 nF, and the dielectric loss was approximately 1.75% at room temperature. The high‐temperature accelerated lifetime was over 1000 hours under 250 V (five times the working voltage) and at 230°C, indicating that theMLCCchips possess superior reliability.
Co2P2O7–Ni2P2O7 solid solutions: Structural characterization and color
Authors: Tena Ma Ángeles , Mendoza Rafael , Trobajo Camino , García José R. , García‐Granda Santiago
Published: October 2018

NH4[Co1−yNiyPO4]·H2O (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) single crystals were fired to prepare Co2−xNixP2O7 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 solid solutions between 800 and 1200°C. The structure of these solid solutions is α‐M2P2O7 (M = Co, Ni). The contraction of the unit cell with increasing x confirmed the formation of these solid solutions. The UV–vis–NIR spectra of these solid solutions were consistent with Co(II) and Ni(II) ions in the two different crystallographic sites (octahedral site and square pyramidal site) in the α‐M2P2O7 structure. Due to their thermal stability, Co2−xNixP2O7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) solid solutions with α‐M2P2O7 structure can be used as a blue, green, brown or yellow ceramic pigment.
Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles as heating agents for hyperthermia treatment
Authors: Hassanzadeh‐Tabrizi Sayed A.
Published: October 2018

In the present work, Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanopowders were prepared by a sol‐gel combustion method. The magnetic properties, heat generation ability in an AC magnetic field and cytotoxicity of the mixed ferrite nanopowders were investigated. The results showed that the powders have crystalline spinel structure with a particle size in the range of 20‐90 nm. Maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) of 51 emu/g was obtained for the Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles calcined at 900°C. The results showed that, the coercivity (Hc) of the Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 initially increases up to 700°C and then decreases with increasing temperature, whereas the Ms of the samples continuously increases. The Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 sample exhibited a temperature increase up to 45°C during 10 minutes in the exposure of magnetic field of 200 Oe. By increasing the viscosity of ferrofluid, the heat generation ability of nanoparticles reduced up to 9% at magnetic field of 200 Oe. Cell compatibility of the ferrite powders was studied by MTT assay using MG63 cell line proliferation. MTT results showed that calcination temperature of the Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles significantly affects the cell compatibility.
Biopsychosocial approach to understanding resilience: Stress habituation and where to intervene
Authors: Bennett Jeanette M. , Rohleder Nicolas , Sturmberg Joachim P.
Published: October 2018

Background

Resilience in the face of adversity is a human experience that leads to better health, both mentally and physically. We briefly review its historical origins rooted in ecological biology and its adoption into health care. Resilience is the common response to adversity or potential traumatic events. Individual differences in emotion regulation and coping skills as well as social capital and one's physical environment influence a person's ability to achieve resilience.

Proposed Mechanism

One potential biopsychosocial measure of resilience includes stress habituation to repeated stress as demonstrated in the laboratory, possibly providing a tool to observe mastery of resilience training in the clinic. Evidence‐based interventions at the individual and small group level (eg, family, classroom) have successfully shown development of resilient behaviours and improved mental and physical health outcomes. However, the role of social context and public policy clearly influence an individual's ability to be resilient.

Conclusions

Despite the current limited evidence of the effectiveness of resilience building interventions, clinicians, researchers, and other health care professions have an obligation to become advocates for laws and policies that support the most vulnerable, and least resilient, in our society to attain resilience for their health. This salutary effect will enable them to become socially as well as economically productive members of the community at large. It is not possible to remove stress or adversity from life, but we can influence the development of regulatory flexibility and decrease the sociocultural factors linked to the nonresilient experience, thus mitigating adversity's long‐term effects on health.
Salivary biomarkers and their efficacies as diagnostic tools for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gaba Fariah I. , Sheth Chirag C. , Veses Veronica
Published: October 2018

Background

More than 90% of malignant tumors of the head and neck are oral squamous cell carcinomas. Early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma using salivary biomarkers could prevent malignant transformations and enhance patient survival.

Methods

A systematic search in MEDLINE and the Central Register of Controlled Trials and meta‐analysis were undertaken to identify the screening potential of six salivary biomarkers for early oral squamous cell carcinoma detection: interleukins IL‐8 and IL1‐β, DUSP‐1 and S100P messenger RNAs, and miR125a and miR200a microRNAs.

Results

The sensitivities of IL‐8 (0.41; 95%CI 0.19‐0.99), IL1‐β (0.26; 95%CI 0.19‐0.99), DUSP‐1 (0.61; 95%CI 0.01‐0.98), and S100P (0.67; 95%CI 0.32‐0.99) were calculated. Specificities of the biomarkers analyzed were found to be IL‐8 (0.69; 95%CI 0.66‐0.99), IL1‐β (0.47; 95%CI 0.46‐0.90), DUSP‐1 (0.75; 95%CI 0.33‐1), and S100P (0.73; 95%CI 0.18‐0.99).

Conclusions

Early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma was best achieved by screening for salivary messenger RNA DUSP‐1 and S100P. Further investigation is required into miRNAs as novel biomarkers.
Primary resistance of hepatitis B virus to nucleoside and nucleotide analogues
Authors: Chevaliez Stéphane , Rodriguez Christophe , Poiteau Lila , Soulier Alexandre , Donati Flora , Darty‐Mercier Mélanie , Pioche Corinne , Leroy Vincent , Brodard Véronique , Zoulim Fabien , Brouard Cécile , Larsen Christine , Semaille Caroline , Roudot‐Thoraval Françoise , Pawlotsky Jean‐Michel ,   The Hepatology Reference Centers Laboratories Network for Chronic Hepatitis B Surveillance
Published: October 2018

Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NUCs) targeting hepatitis B virus are capable of selecting resistant viruses upon long‐term administration as monotherapies. The prevalence of resistance‐associated substitutions (RASs) and fitness‐associated substitutions at baseline of NUC therapy and their impact on treatment responses remain unknown. A total of 232 treatment‐naïve patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) consecutively referred for the first time to one of French reference centres were included. The nearly full‐length HBV reverse transcriptase was sequenced by means of deep sequencing, and the sequences were analysed. RASs were detected in 25% of treatment‐naïve patients, generally representing low proportions of the viral quasispecies. All amino acid positions known to be associated with HBV resistance to currently approved NUCs or with increased fitness of resistant variants were affected, except position 80. RASs at positions involved in lamivudine, telbivudine and adefovir resistance were the most frequently detected. All patients with RASs detectable by next‐generation sequencing at baseline who were treatment‐eligible and treated with currently recommended drugs achieved a virological response. The presence of pre‐existing HBV RASs has no impact on the outcome of therapy if potent drugs with a high barrier to resistance are used.
A qualitative study exploring infant feeding decision‐making between birth and 6 months among HIV‐positive mothers
Authors: Horwood Christiane , Jama Ngcwalisa Amanda , Haskins Lyn , Coutsoudis Anna , Spies Lenore
Published: October 2018

Despite efforts to support breastfeeding for HIV‐positive mothers in South Africa, being HIV‐positive remains a barrier to initiating and sustaining breastfeeding. The aim was to explore decision‐making about infant feeding practices among HIV‐positive mothers in a rural and urban settings in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. HIV‐positive pregnant women were purposively sampled from one antenatal clinic in each setting. A qualitative longitudinal cohort design was employed, with monthly in‐depth interviews conducted over 6 months postdelivery. Data were analysed using framework analysis. We report findings from 11 HIV‐positive women within a larger cohort. Participants were aged between 15 and 41 years and were all on antiretroviral therapy. Before delivery, nine mothers intended to exclusively breastfeed (EBF) for 6 months, and two intended to exclusively formula feed (EFF). Three mothers successfully EBF for 6 months, whereas four had stopped breastfeeding, and two were mixed breastfeeding by 6 months. Mothers reported receiving strong advice from health workers (HWs) to EBF and made decisions based primarily on HWs advice, resisting contrary pressure from family or friends. The main motivation for EBF was to protect the child from HIV acquisition, but sometimes fear of mixed feeding led to mothers stopping breastfeeding entirely. Infant feeding messages from HWs advice were frequently inadequate and out of date, and failed to address mothers' challenges. Minimal support was provided for EFF. In conclusion, HWs play a pivotal role in providing infant feeding support to HIV infected mothers, but need regular updates to ensure if advice is correct and appropriate.
A human subcutaneous infection by Microascus ennothomasiorum sp. nov
Authors: Brasch Jochen , Beck‐Jendroschek Vera , Iturrieta‐González Isabel , Voss Karin , Gené Josepa
Published: October 2018

A 60‐year‐old woman presented with a nodular granulomatous skin lesion on her right thumb. It had developed after inoculation of a splinter of wood. Because it was resistant to various therapies, the nodule was finally excised. Complete healing followed this surgery and a melanised filamentous fungus with scopulariopsis‐like morphology was recovered from the dermal tissue. Fitting with no known species, the fungus was subjected to extensive morphological, physiological and genetic investigations. It was characterised by resistance to cycloheximide, growth at 37°C, branched conidiophores with cylindrical annellides in brush‐like groups producing dark conidia in basipetal chains, and cleistothecia with ellipsoidal to slightly reniform ascospores. Genetically it clustered in a well‐supported clade together with Microascus (M.) brunneosporus, Microascus chinensis, Microascus intricatus, Microascus longicollis, Microascus micronesiensis and Microascus onychoides, but formed an independent branch distant from the other Microascus species. Based on its unique genetic characteristics and morphological findings, the isolate is proposed as a new species, Microascus ennothomasiorum. Morphologically it differs from its phylogenetically closest species by its branched conidiophores and ascomata with a peridium of textura intricata. Our observation once again emphasises that dermal granulomas can be caused by uncommon fungi; diagnostics should therefore include appropriate mycological investigations.
Micromorphological studies of the leaf epidermis of Iranian Cotoneaster Medik
Authors: Raei Niaki Nemat Allah , Attar Farideh , Mirtadzadini Mansour , Mahdigholi Kazem , Sheidai Masoud
Published: October 2018

In this study, micromorphological features of the leaf epidermal cells of 17 species of Iranian Cotoneaster were determined. The studied species were compared with each other and with phylogenetic relationships established by previous studies. Three populations of C. integerrimus and C. multiflorus were studied as representatives of C. subgen. Cotoneaster and Chaenopetalum, respectively. To evaluate quantitative and qualitative characters, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) were performed. Finally, relationships among the taxa were illustrated by hierarchical clustering analysis. Three stomatal types were identified, i.e. anomocytic, stephanocytic and actino‐stephanocytic. The wax and cuticle density was higher in species from semi‐moist habitats than in those from dry and semi‐dry habitats. The patterns formed by the anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells were sinuous, repand and straight‐curved. Interestingly, there was a significant relationship between the length of leaves, the density of the indumentum and the pattern formed by the anticlinal cell walls. The leaves of species with large leaves also have lower hair density and more curved anticlinal cell walls. It appears probable that climatic conditions affected the evolution of leaf micro‐morphological characters during the early diversification of the genus, but that these characters have subsequently been permanently fixed by phylogenetic constraints and thus appear diagnostic for extant species.
Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Authors: Lim S. S. , Kakoly N. S. , Tan J. W. J. , Fitzgerald G. , Bahri Khomami M. , Joham A. E. , Cooray S. D. , Misso M. L. , Norman R. J. , Harrison C. L. , Ranasinha S. , Teede H. J. , Moran L. J.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have increased risk of metabolic syndrome. The relative contribution of clinical, demographic or biochemical factors to metabolic syndrome in PCOS is not known. A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and clinical trial registries. Of 4530 studies reviewed, 59 were included in the systematic review and 27 in the meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. In good and fair quality studies, women with PCOS had an overall increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio, OR 3.35, 95% confidence interval, CI 2.44, 4.59). Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome occurred in overweight or obese women with PCOS (OR 1.88, 95% 1.16, 3.04) but not in lean women (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.35, 6.12). In meta‐regression analyses, the markers of metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria (waist circumference, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure), BMI, glucose tolerance (2‐hr oral glucose tolerance test) and surrogate markers of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) but not markers of reproductive dysfunction (sex hormone binding globulin, testosterone, PCOS phenotypes) contributed significantly to the heterogeneity in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Women with PCOS have increased risk of metabolic syndrome which was associated with obesity and metabolic features but not with indices of hyperandrogenism.
Dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in individuals with chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Limeira Francisco Ivison Rodrigues , Yamauti Monica , Moreira Allyson Nogueira , Galdino Tuélita Marques , de Magalhães Cláudia Silami , Abreu Lucas Guimarães
Published: October 2018

Objective

To evaluate studies assessing the prevalence of dental caries and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in comparison with individuals without CKD.

Materials and methods

Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline via Ovid, and ProQuest databases from their inception date until February 2018. Two review authors independently selected the studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality. Meta‐analysis was performed.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies were included in this study. For permanent teeth, 14 studies found that individuals without CKD had higher dental caries scores than those with CKD. However, only five studies presented results with a statistically significant difference between groups. Among the studies evaluating primary teeth, five showed that individuals without CKD had higher dental caries scores than those with CKD. Five studies showed that individuals with CKD had a significantly higher prevalence of DDE than individuals without CKD. The meta‐analyses showed that individuals without CKD had significantly higher scores of dental caries teeth and surfaces than individuals with CKD. For DDE, no statistical difference between groups was observed.

Conclusions

Individuals with CKD present lower dental caries scores and a higher prevalence of DDE in comparison with individuals without CKD.
Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals that dehydrins ERD10 and ERD14 are phosphorylated by SNF1‐related protein kinase 2.10 in response to osmotic stress
Authors: Maszkowska Justyna , Dębski Janusz , Kulik Anna , Kistowski Michał , Bucholc Maria , Lichocka Małgorzata , Klimecka Maria , Sztatelman Olga , Szymańska Katarzyna Patrycja , Dadlez Michał , Dobrowolska Grażyna
Published: October 2018

SNF1‐related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) regulate the plant responses to abiotic stresses, especially water deficits. They are activated in plants subjected to osmotic stress, and some of them are additionally activated in response to enhanced concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant cells. The SnRK2s that are activated in response to ABA are key elements of ABA signalling that regulate plant acclimation to environmental stresses and ABA‐dependent development. Much less is known about the SnRK2s that are not activated by ABA, albeit several studies have shown that these kinases are also involved in response to osmotic stress. Here, we show that one of the Arabidopsis thaliana ABA‐non‐activated SnRK2s, SnRK2.10, regulates not only the response to salinity but also the plant sensitivity to dehydration. Several potential SnRK2.10 targets phosphorylated in response to stress were identified by a phosphoproteomic approach, including the dehydrins ERD10 and ERD14. Their phosphorylation by SnRK2.10 was confirmed in vitro. Our data suggest that the phosphorylation of ERD14 within the S‐segment is involved in the regulation of dehydrin subcellular localization in response to stress.
Response to ustekinumab in three pediatric patients with alopecia areata
Authors: Aleisa Abdullah , Lim Yeun , Gordon Samantha , Her Min Ji , Zancanaro Pedro , Abudu Minawaer , Deverapalli Sandhya Chowdary , Madani Abdulaziz , Rosmarin David
Published: October 2018

Alopecia areata (AA) is relatively common and can have a significant impact on quality of life, especially in a pediatric population. Currently available treatments are often ineffective or have poor safety profiles. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the Th1 pathway in the pathogenesis of AA, suggesting ustekinumab as a treatment modality for this disease. We present three pediatric AA patients who demonstrated hair regrowth after initiating ustekinumab.
Treatment of pediatric alopecia areata with anthralin: A retrospective study of 37 patients
Authors: Wu Sean Z. , Wang Sophie , Ratnaparkhi Rubina , Bergfeld Wilma F.
Published: October 2018

Background/Objectives

Data on treatment options in pediatric alopecia areata are limited. Topical anthralin has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment option in adults and has minimal systemic toxicity. Prior results on its efficacy in children with alopecia areata have been mixed.

Methods

Medical records of 37 patients with alopecia areata who were started on topical anthralin before age 17 were reviewed for efficacy and safety data. Scalp regrowth was quantified by serial photography if available or by medical record documentation if photographs were unavailable. Mean duration of clinical follow‐up was 2.5 years.

Results

Most patients were started on anthralin while continued on prior therapies, including topical corticosteroids, minoxidil, and/or intralesional corticosteroids. Twelve patients (32%) experienced complete scalp regrowth, while 25 patients (68%) experienced at least 50% maximal scalp regrowth with using anthralin. Of the patients with at least 50% scalp regrowth, mean time to first clinically observed response was 3.4 months. Mean time to maximal response was 15 months. Four patients stopped anthralin due to skin irritation. Relapses affected 64% of those with at least 50% maximal scalp regrowth.

Conclusions

Topical anthralin provides children with alopecia areata an additional option that offers potential for significant scalp regrowth with minimal systemic effects. Treatment course may need to be continued for at least 1 year in order to achieve maximal efficacy. The efficacy of anthralin may be limited by high rate of recurrence and local adverse effects.
Balloon atrial septostomy in hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive atrial septum
Authors: Fukushima Yosuke , Baba Kenji , Kondo Maiko , Kurita Yoshihiko , Eitoku Takahiro , Shigemitsu Yusuke , Hirai Kenta , Tsukahara Hirokazu , Iwasaki Tatsuo , Kasahara Shingo , Kotani Yasuhiro , Otsuki Shinichi
Published: October 2018

Background

Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) can be challenging in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and small atrial septal defect (ASD).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all infants with HLHS who underwent surgery and BAS between January 2006 and December 2015. The infants were divided into three groups: no BAS; catheter BAS; and open AS. Infants who underwent catheter BAS were divided into two groups based on atrial septal anatomy: standard and complex.

Results

Of the 70 patients, 57 (81%) underwent Glenn surgery. Subsequently, a significant difference in survival was observed: 86% (44/51), 91% (10/11), and 25% (2/8) in the no BAS, catheter BAS, and open AS groups, respectively (P = 0.0002). No significant difference was seen between the no BAS and the catheter BAS groups (P = 1.0). In the 56 patients who underwent catheterization after surgery, no intergroup differences in mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, or pulmonary artery index were found. We classified catheter BAS into standard (n = 5) and complex (n = 5) based on ASD location, and septum thickness. All patients in the standard group underwent complete Rashkind BAS, but in the complex group, only one patient underwent complete Rashkind BAS, with the remaining requiring initial static BAS (P = 0.048). Following septostomy, ASD size, ASD flow, and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions

Catheter BAS is effective in infants with HLHS and a restrictive atrial septum. Infants with standard or complex atrial septum can achieve equivalent outcomes despite more patients often requiring static BAS.
Risk markers for later cardiovascular diseases in liver‐transplanted children and adolescents
Authors: Naeser Vibeke , Brandt Andreas Hjelm , Nyhuus Bo , Borgwardt Lise , Jørgensen Marianne Hørby , Rasmussen Allan
Published: October 2018

Background

Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases is well described after adult liver transplantation, whereas the risk in the pediatric population still is discussed. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pediatric liver transplant recipients and whether measurements of carotid intima media thickness and pulse wave velocity were increased compared to healthy controls.

Methods

We included 42 pediatric liver transplantation recipients and examined them for markers of metabolic syndrome, liver fibrosis measured by shear wave velocity, body fat measured by DXA scans and carotid intima‐media thickness, and pulse wave velocity (n = 41 for the carotid scans). The ultrasound measurements of carotid intima‐media thickness and pulse wave velocity were also conducted on 82 healthy children and adolescents matched on height and age, respectively.

Results

Participants had a median age of 13.03 years, and median time since transplantation was 8.54 years. Compared to healthy controls, liver‐transplanted patients had significantly increased intima‐media thickness measurements in both control groups whereas there was no significant difference with regard to pulse wave velocity. Two patients (6.25%) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Within the group of liver‐transplanted pediatric patients, only elevated body mass index was associated with elevated carotid intima‐media thickness measurement. Elevated pulse wave velocity was only associated with abdominal obesity. Factors not significantly correlated with either were age, sex, metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, triglycerides, years since transplantation, fibrosis of the liver, body fat content, smoking habits, HDL cholesterol levels, hypertension, and mono‐drug versus multi‐drug therapies.

Conclusion

Pediatric liver transplant recipients do have an increased risk of increased carotid intima‐media thickness.
An Analysis of the Nature and Use of Promigrant Representations in an Antideportation Campaign
Authors: Ryan Caoimhe , Reicher Stephen
Published: October 2018

Opposition to immigration and the rejection of migrants have long been of concern to psychologists. While much is known about negative representations of migrants in politics and the media, far less is known about positive representations of migrants and immigration. In this article, we provide an examination of social representations promoting promigrant action in the context of a community campaign opposing the deportation of a woman and her young daughter. The woman, who had come to the United Kingdom from Malawi seven years prior had lost permission to remain following changes to personal circumstances and was facing deportation. Our analysis explores the ways in which the campaign’s mobilization arguments respond to and engage with antimigrant representations. It identifies the importance of categorical representations concerning the nature, norms, and interests of the local community, of the two migrants under threat of deportation, and of those seeking to deport them. Contrary to antimigrant representations, the migrants at the center of the campaign were presented as ingroup members and their potential deportation as a violation of ingroup norms and ingroup interests. Finally, we also identify points of ambivalence in the campaign’s mobilization strategy where arguments reject the ascription but not the nature of negative representations of migrants.
On the Time‐Varying Relationship between Unemployment and Output: What shapes it?
Authors: Jalles João Tovar
Published: October 2018

This paper revisits, by means of both time series and panel data analyses, the empirical regularity popularized by Okun's (Proc Bus Econ Sect, 98‐103, 1962) seminal paper focusing on a sample of 20 advanced economies between 1978 and 2015. Not only do we provide arguably better estimates of the Okun's Law coefficient (OLC) (using the gap version) by employing a new filtering technique, but more importantly, we also contest the hypothesis that the OLC has been static over time. By estimating country‐specific time‐varying Okun coefficient models, we confirm that the unemployment‐output responsiveness has been changing over time. The dispersion between countries’ OLCs has been determined by some (structural) characteristics. The starting level of unemployment and the phase of the business cycle increase the estimated OLCs, while informality and certain labour and product market policies lower them. Our evidence sustains the fact that aggregate demand policies aiming at increasing output growth can equally contribute to the recovery in labour markets.
Facilitators to support the implementation of injury prevention training in youth handball: A concept mapping approach
Authors: Ageberg Eva , Bunke Sofia , Lucander Karolina , Nilsen Per , Donaldson Alex
Published: October 2018

There is a need for research to identify effective implementation strategies for injury prevention training within real‐world community sports. The aim of this ecological participatory study was to identify facilitators, among stakeholders at multiple levels, that could help injury prevention training become part of regular training routines in youth team handball. Concept mapping, a mixed‐method approach for qualitative data collection and quantitative data analysis, was used. Stakeholders (n = 196) of two community team handball clubs (29% players, 13% coaches, 38% caregivers, 11% club, district and national handball administrators, 9% unknown) participated in a brainstorming process. After the research team synthesized the 235 generated statements, 50 stakeholders (34% players, 22% coaches, 24% caregivers, 20% administrators) sorted 89 unique facilitator statements into clusters and rated them for importance and feasibility. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis yielded five clusters (stress value 0.231): “Understanding and applying knowledge,” “Education, knowledge, and consistency,” “Set‐up and exercises,” “Inspiration, motivation, and routines,” and “Club policy and expert collaboration.” The cluster “Understanding and applying knowledge” had the highest mean importance (3.17 out of 4) and feasibility (2.93) ratings. The 32 statements rated as both highly important and feasible (Go‐zone) indicate action is required at the individual (end‐users) and organizational (policymakers) levels to implement injury prevention training. Results suggest that developing evidence‐based context‐specific injury prevention training, incorporating physiological, biomechanical and psychological components, and an associated context‐specific implementation plan in partnership with all stakeholders should be a high priority to facilitate the implementation of injury prevention training in youth team handball.
Tabletop games and 21st century skill practice in the undergraduate classroom
Authors: Hayse Mark
Published: October 2018

In the undergraduate classroom, tabletop games can aid both teaching and learning – especially when accompanied by debriefing exercises following gameplay. In particular, tabletop games enable undergraduate learners to practice the 21st century skills of collaboration, communication, and critical thinking. This qualitative study examines three cases from the disciplines of practical theology, systematic theology, and history, utilizing the methods of classroom video recordings, written assessments from students and professors, and student debriefing exercises. In this study, undergraduate students (n = 46) and undergraduate professors (n = 3) reflect upon and self‐report their experience playing tabletop games in the classroom. Students and professors report that tabletop gameplay appears to intensify active learning, classroom engagement, and student motivation – a powerful blend for the retention of course content.
Intestinal tuberculosis: clinico‐pathological profile and the importance of a high degree of suspicion
Authors: Cheng Wei , Zhang Shaoyi , Li Yousheng , Wang Jian , Li Jieshou
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) remains prevalent and a big health hazard in China. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse its clinico‐pathological features.

Methods

Retrospective study of 85 consecutive ITB patients in two tertiary hospitals in East China. Relevant clinical, laboratory examination, radiological, endoscopic and histopathological features of ITB were recorded.

Results

The mean age was 37.3 ± 16.0 years; 56 patients (65.9%) were male. 67.1% had ITB secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis. The overall median length of hospital stay was 28 days and was significantly longer in patients with intestinal complications (P = 0.003) and malnutrition (P = 0.042). Abdominal pain (88.2%) and weight loss (75.3%) were the commonest symptoms. The positive rate of the purified protein derivative (PPD) test was 88.2%; of the T‐spot, 85.7%. Histopathology revealed caseating granuloma in 70.6% and caseating necrosis in 24.7% of patients. The most commonly affected sites were the ileocecal valve (56, 65.9%), terminal ileum (40, 47.1%) and caecum (33, 38.8%). Only 17 (20%) patients were initially diagnosed as ITB, the other 68 patients were misdiagnosed. Six patients with caecum tuberculosis were misdiagnosed as appendicitis, four of whom had improper surgical procedures followed by post‐operative intestinal fistulas; two died due to MODS.

Conclusions

Diagnosis of ITB is often misdirected and delayed, which may lead to inappropriate treatment and high mortality. High diagnostic suspicion is necessary for patients with unexplained abdominal complaints. Diagnosis is not easy but could benefit coexisting pulmonary tuberculosis, T‐spot, CT imaging, colonoscopy, pathological features, acid‐fast bacilli and response to anti‐tuberculosis therapy (ATT).
Is FTA/EPA effective for a developing country to attract FDI? The knowledge‐capital model revisited
Authors: Oyamada Kazuhiko
Published: October 2018

To prepare an answer to the question of how a developing country can attract foreign direct investment (FDI), this paper explored the factors and policies that may help bring FDI into a developing country by utilising an extended version of the knowledge‐capital model. With a special focus on the effects of a free trade agreement (FTA) or an economic partnership agreement (EPA) between a pair of market and non‐market countries, simulations with the model revealed the following: (i) although FTA/EPA generally tends to increase FDI to a developing country, the possibility of improving welfare through increased demand for skilled and unskilled labour decreases as the size of the country grows; (ii) a developing country may suffer severe welfare losses through FTA/EPA if the availability of skilled labour is extremely limited; and (iii) a developing country can enhance welfare gains from a FTA, and it is even possible to recover the welfare effects from negative to positive, by making the arrangement an EPA.
Furstenberg entropy of intersectional invariant random subgroups
Authors: Hartman Yair , Yadin Ariel
Published: October 2018

We study the Furstenberg-entropy realization problem for stationary actions. It is shown that for finitely supported probability measures on free groups, any a priori possible entropy value can be realized as the entropy of an ergodic stationary action. This generalizes results of Bowen. The stationary actions we construct arise via invariant random subgroups (IRSs), based on ideas of Bowen and Kaimanovich. We provide a general framework for constructing a continuum of ergodic IRSs for a discrete group under some algebraic conditions, which gives a continuum of entropy values. Our tools apply, for example, for certain extensions of the group of finitely supported permutations and lamplighter groups, hence establishing full realization results for these groups. For the free group, we construct the IRSs via a geometric construction of subgroups, by describing their Schreier graphs. The analysis of the entropy of these spaces is obtained by studying the random walk on the appropriate Schreier graphs.
Four-fold Massey products in Galois cohomology
Authors: Guillot Pierre , Mináč Ján , Topaz Adam
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we develop a new necessary and sufficient condition for the vanishing of$4$-Massey products of elements in the modulo-$2$Galois cohomology of a field. This new description allows us to define a splitting variety for$4$-Massey products, which is shown in the appendix to satisfy a local-to-global principle over number fields. As a consequence, we prove that, for a number field, all such$4$-Massey products vanish whenever they are defined. This provides new explicit restrictions on the structure of absolute Galois groups of number fields.
Generators in formal deformations of categories
Authors: Blanc Anthony , Katzarkov Ludmil , Pandit Pranav
Published: October 2018

In this paper we use the theory of formal moduli problems developed by Lurie in order to study the space of formal deformations of a$k$-linear$\infty$-category for a field$k$. Our main result states that if${\mathcal{C}}$is a$k$-linear$\infty$-category which has a compact generator whose groups of self-extensions vanish for sufficiently high positive degrees, then every formal deformation of${\mathcal{C}}$has zero curvature and moreover admits a compact generator.