bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative of prim’s and boruvka’s algorithm to solve minimum spanning tree problems
Authors: Marpaung F , Arnita
Published: March 2020

Optimization is important in an algorithm. It can save the operational costs of an activity. In the Minimum Spanning Tree, the goal is to achieve how all vertices are connected with the smallest weights. Several algorithms can calculate the use of weights in this graph. The purpose of this study is to find out the Primary electricity distribution network graph model and correct algorithm to determine the minimum spanning tree. By comparing two algorithms, Prim’s and Boruvka’s algorithm, it will get an efficient algorithm to solve the minimum spanning tree problem. To get the output it takes several steps: Data collection: Designing Model: calculating the minimum spanning tree of Prim’s algorithm, the Boruvka’s algorithm: Comparing the efficiency of each algorithms. The analysis shows that the Prim’s and Boruvka’s algorithm have different steps even though the final result in the form of weights obtained in achieving the minimum spanning tree is the same. But in the case of electric network optimization, the Prim’s algorithm is more efficient.
Study of thermodynamics and complex structures on spin transitions of [Fe2(Htrz)6(trz)3]Cl and [Fe4(Htrz)10(trz)5]Cl3 complexes using the Density Functional Theory method
Authors: Nugraha A W , Jahro I S , Onggo D , Martoprawiro M A
Published: March 2020

The complex of iron(II) 1,2,4 H-triazole chloride is a complex that has spin transition characteristics. Thermodynamic studies and determination of changes in complex structured data have been carried out on the [Fe2(Htrz)6(trz)3]Cl and [Fe4(Htrz)10(trz)5]Cl3 complexes with the DFT method. The iron(II) 1,2,4 H-triazole chloride complex has a polymeric structure, so in this study used a model with 2 and 4 Fe(II) ions. The computational chemistry study using a hybrid functional/basis set B3LYP/6-31G(d). The results obtained show the distance between the Fe(II) ions, the bond length of Fe-N, and the distance between the Fe(II) ions with Cl− in the [Fe2(Htrz)6(trz)3]Cl complex at low spin states respectively 3.717Å, 1.990Å-2.049Å, and 6.829Å, while in the high spin state respectively 3.932Å, 2.130Å-2.360Å and 7,050Å. The distance between the Fe(II) ions, the bond length of Fe-N, and the distance between the Fe(II) ions with Cl− in the [Fe4(Htrz)10(trz)5]Cl3 complex at low spin states respectively 3.661Å-3.681Å, 1.960Å-2.089Å and 5.037Å, while in the high spin state respectively 3.911Å-3.946Å, 2.092Å-2.367Å and 5.280Å. Thermodynamic data in [Fe2(Htrz)6(trz)3]Cl complex is ∆E=-24.38989kJ/Mol, ∆H=-24.3909kJ/Mol, ∆G=-47.9364kJ/Mol, and ∆S=0.0789kJ/Mol. Thermodynamic data of [Fe4(Htrz)10(trz)5]Cl3 complex is ∆E=-12.8564kJ/Mol, ∆H=-12.8564kJ/Mol, ∆G=-33.6445kJ/Mol, and ∆S=0.0697kJ/Mol. The structure and thermodynamic data are compatible with experimental measurement data in the laboratory.
Permafrost degradation in the Western Russian Arctic
Authors: Vasiliev Alexander A , Drozdov Dmitry S , Gravis Andrey G , Malkova Galina V , Nyland Kelsey E , Streletskiy Dmitry A
Published: March 2020

The Global Climate Observing System and Global Terrestrial Observing Network have identified permafrost as an ‘Essential Climate Variable,’ for which ground temperature and active layer dynamics are key variables. This work presents long-term climate, and permafrost monitoring data at seven sites representative of diverse climatic and environmental conditions in the western Russian Arctic. The region of interest is experiencing some of the highest rates of permafrost degradation globally. Since 1970, mean annual air temperatures and precipitation have increased at rates from 0.05 to 0.07 °C yr−1 and 1 to 3 mm yr−1 respectively. In response to changing climate, all seven sites examined show evidence of rapid permafrost degradation. Mean annual ground temperatures increases from 0.03 to 0.06 °C yr−1 at 10–12 m depth were observed in continuous permafrost zone. The permafrost table at all sites has lowered, up to 8 m in the discontinuous permafrost zone. Three stages of permafrost degradation are characterized for the western Russian Arctic based on the observations reported.
Biquandle module invariants of oriented surface-links
Authors: Joung Yewon , Nelson Sam
Published: March 2020

We define invariants of oriented surface-links by enhancing the biquandle counting invariant using biquandle modules, algebraic structures defined in terms of biquandle actions on commutative rings analogous to Alexander biquandles. We show that bead colorings of marked graph diagrams are preserved by Yoshikawa moves and hence define enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant for surface links. We provide examples illustrating the computation of the invariant and demonstrate that these invariants are not determined by the first and second Alexander elementary ideals and characteristic polynomials.
Almost non-negatively curved 4-manifolds with torus symmetry
Authors: Harvey John , Searle Catherine
Published: March 2020

We prove that if a closed, smooth, simply-connected 4-manifold with a circle action admits an almost non-negatively curved sequence of invariant Riemannian metrics, then it also admits a non-negatively curved Riemannian metric invariant with respect to the same action. The same is shown for torus actions of higher rank, giving a classification of closed, smooth, simply-connected 4-manifolds of almost non-negative curvature under the assumption of torus symmetry.
On the slope of non-algebraic holomorphic foliations
Authors: Hong Jie , Lu Jun , Tan Sheng-Li
Published: March 2020

Let

(
Y
,

G

)

(Y, {\mathcal {G}})

be a Riccati foliation on

Y
Y

and let

π
:
(
X
,

F

)

→

(
Y
,

G

)

\pi :(X,{\mathcal {F}}){\rightarrow } (Y,{\mathcal {G}})

be a double cover ramified over some normal-crossing curves. We will determine the minimal model of

F

{\mathcal {F}}

and compute its Chern numbers

c
1
2

(

F

)

c_1^2({\mathcal {F}})

,

c
2

(

F

)

c_2({\mathcal {F}})

, and

χ
(

F

)
=
(

c
1
2

(

F

)
+

c
2

(

F

)
)

/

12

\chi ({\mathcal {F}})=(c_1^2({\mathcal {F}})+ c_2({\mathcal {F}}))/12

. We will prove that the slope

λ
(

F

)
=

c
1
2

(

F

)

/

χ
(

F

)

\lambda ({\mathcal {F}})=c_1^2({\mathcal {F}})/\chi ({\mathcal {F}})

satisfies

4
≤
λ
(

F

)
>
12

4\leq \lambda ({\mathcal {F}})>12

.
On 𝑝-adic harmonic Maass functions
Authors: Griffin Michael
Published: March 2020

Modular and mock modular forms possess many striking

p
p

-adic properties, as studied by Bringmann, Guerzhoy, Kane, Kent, Ono, and others. Candelori developed a geometric theory of harmonic Maass forms arising from the de Rham cohomology of modular curves. In the setting of over-convergent

p
p

-adic modular forms, Candelori and Castella showed this leads to

p
p

-adic analogs of harmonic Maass forms.

In this paper we take an analytic approach to construct

p
p

-adic analogs of harmonic Maass forms of weight

0
0

with square free level. Although our approaches differ, where the two theories intersect the forms constructed are the same. However our analytic construction defines these functions on the full super-singular locus as well as on the ordinary locus.

As with classical harmonic Maass forms, these

p
p

-adic analogs are connected to weight

2
2

cusp forms and their modular derivatives are weight

2
2

weakly holomorphic modular forms. Traces of their CM values also interpolate the coefficients of half-integer weight modular and mock modular forms. We demonstrate this through the construction of

p
p

-adic analogs of two families of theta lifts for these forms.
Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Three Types of Plant Formations in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa
Authors: Zida Issaka , Nacro Souleymane , Dabiré Rémy , Somda Irénée
Published: March 2020

Fruit flies are significant insect pests, worldwide. Tephritid species diversity and their seasonal abundance were investigated over 2 yr (May 2017 to May 2019) in Western Burkina Faso. A mass trapping experiment consisting of 288 Tephri Trap types, operating with four types of parapheromones comprising methyl eugenol, terpinyl acetate, trimedlure, and cue lure and an insecticide (Dichlorvos), was used for attracting and killing insects. Plant formations including natural fallows, mango orchards, and agroforestry parks in each of the six study sites were selected for data collection. Twenty-nine tephritid species belonging to 10 genera were identified. Fourteen fruit fly species were identified for the first time in Burkina Faso. The genera Ceratitis MacLeay (Diptera : Tephritidae) and Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae) with, respectively, 14 and 7 species recorded were the most represented. The dominant species caught was the invasive Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) followed by Ceratitis cosyra Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae). The fruit fly population density was very high during the rainy season, with peaks occurring in June or July. The fruit fly species were generally more abundant during the hot and rainy seasons than during the cold and dry seasons. The highest diversity was recorded in natural fallows, as compared with the mango orchards and agroforestry parks. Tephritid species found refuge in the mango orchards during the dry and cold periods. The results of that investigation may be used for developing a sustainable pest management strategy for commercial orchards.
The Malaria-High Blood Pressure Hypothesis: Revisited
Authors: Nwokocha Chukwuemeka R , Bafor Enitome E , Ajayi Olutayo I , Ebeigbe Anthony B
Published: March 2020

Malaria etiologies with pathophysiological similarities to hypertension currently constitute a major subject of research. The malaria-high blood pressure hypothesis is strongly supported by observations of the increasing incidence of hypertension in malaria-endemic, low- and middle-income countries with poor socioeconomic conditions, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. Malnutrition and low birth weight with persistent symptomatic malaria presentations in pregnancy correlate strongly with the development of preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and subsequent hypertension in adult life. Evidence suggest that the link between malaria infection and high blood pressure involves interactions between malaria parasites and erythrocytes, the inflammatory process, effects of the infection during pregnancy; effects on renal and vascular functions as well as effects in sickle cell disease. Possible mechanisms which provide justification for the malaria-high blood pressure hypothesis include the following: endothelial dysfunction (reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels), impaired release of local neurotransmitters and cytokines, decrease in vascular smooth muscle cell viability and/or alterations in cellular calcium signaling leading to enhanced vascular reactivity, remodeling, and cardiomyopathies, deranged homeostasis through dehydration, elevated intracellular mediators and proinflammatory cytokine responses, possible genetic regulations, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system mechanisms and renal derangements, severe anemia and hemolysis, renal failure, and end organ damage. Two key mediators of the malaria-high blood pressure association are: endothelial dysfunction (reduced NO) and increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity/angiotensin II levels. Sickle cell disease is associated with protection against malaria infection and reduced blood pressure. In this review, we present the state of knowledge about the malaria-blood pressure hypothesis and suggest insights for future studies.
Reforming Criminal Justice in the Ottoman Empire: Police, Courts and Prisons in Rusçuk, 1839-1864
Authors: Celik Mehmet
Published: March 2020

This case study explores the experimentation phase of the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms on the criminal justice system in the city of Rusçuk from 1839-64. In particular, it investigates crime and punishment by focusing on police, courts, and prisons and how these institutions responded to reform efforts in Rusçuk, which became the capital of the Danube Province in 1864. It shows that the Ottoman government established new police forces (zaptiye) and modernised prisons in the city in 1846 immediately after their introduction in the imperial capital of Istanbul. At the same time, the government bestowed extensive judicial authority on the meclis-i kebir (a secular administrative council in the provinces), and to a lesser extent on the meclis-i muvakkat (temporary council), over criminal cases. While the Sharia courts continued to enforce Islamic criminal law, the meclis-i kebir took charge of enforcing the new penal codes of 1840, 1851, and 1858, and served as a precursor first to the secular courts of the 1864 Provincial Reform and then to the more centralised and standardised nizamiye courts of the 1870s. This study also analyses the types and frequency of crimes and the penalties they received. Based on Rusçuk’s prison registers, which contain the cases tried by the meclis-i kebir and meclis-i muvakkat, and the records of the meclis-i vala (Supreme Court) in Istanbul, it argues that the crime rate in Rusçuk was much higher than the one represented in the Sharia court’s records.
Outcomes With Severe Blastomycosis and Respiratory Failure in the United States
Authors: Rush Barret , Lother Sylvain , Paunovic Bojan , Mooney Owen , Kumar Anand
Published: March 2020

Background

Outcomes of patients with severe pulmonary blastomycosis requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) are not well understood in the modern era. Limited historical case series reported 50–90% mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by blastomycosis. The objective of this large retrospective cohort study was to describe the risk factors and outcomes of patients with severe pulmonary blastomycosis.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2006–2014. Patients aged >18 years with a diagnosis of blastomycosis who received MV were included.

Results

There were 1848 patients with a diagnosis of blastomycosis included in the study. Of these, 219 (11.9%) underwent MV with a mortality rate of 39.7% compared with 2.5% in patients not requiring ventilatory support (P < .01). The median (IQR) time to death for patients requiring MV was 12 (8–16) days. The median length of hospital stay for survivors of MV was 22 (14–37) days. The rate of MV was higher for patients treated in teaching hospitals (63.4% vs 57.2%, P = .05) and lower for those receiving care at a rural hospital (12.3% vs 17.2%, P = .04). In a multivariate model, female gender was associated with increased risk of mortality (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.06–3.20; P = .03) as was increasing patient age (10-year age increase OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.33–2.02; P < .01).

Conclusions

In the largest published cohort of patients with blastomycosis, mortality for patients on MV is high at ~40%, 16-fold higher than those without MV.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Training Pathways in Residency: A National Survey of Curricula and Outcomes
Authors: Budak Jehan Z , Sears David A , Wood Brian R , Spach David H , Armstrong Wendy S , Dhanireddy Shireesha , Teherani Arianne , Schwartz Brian S
Published: March 2020

Background

The Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative, which aims to decrease the annual incidence of HIV infections in the United States (US) by 90% over the next decade, will require growth of a limited HIV provider workforce. Existing HIV training pathways within Family Medicine (FM) and Internal Medicine (IM) residency programs may address the shortage of HIV medical providers, but their curricula and outcomes have not previously been assessed.

Methods

We identified HIV residency pathways via literature review, Internet search, and snowball sampling and designed a cross-sectional study of existing HIV pathways in the US. This survey of pathway directors included 33 quantitative items regarding pathway organization, curricular content, graduate outcomes, and challenges. We used descriptive statistics to summarize responses.

Results

Twenty-five residency programs with dedicated HIV pathways in the US were identified (14 FM and 11 IM), with most located in the West and Northeast. All 25 (100%) pathway directors completed the survey. Since 2006, a total of 228 residents (77 FM and 151 IM) have graduated from these HIV pathways. Ninety (39%) of 228 pathway graduates provide primary care to persons with HIV (PWH).

Conclusions

HIV pathways are effective in graduating providers who can care for PWH, but generally are not located in nor do graduates practice in the geographic areas of highest need. Our findings can inform quality improvement for existing programs, development of new pathways, and workforce development strategies. Specifically, expanding pathways in regions of greatest need and incentivizing pathway graduates to work in these regions could augment the HIV workforce.
‘Codification by Interpretation’: The International Law Commission as an Interpreter of International Law
Authors: Azaria Danae
Published: March 2020

This article argues that the International Law Commission (ILC) interprets international law. In recent years, in documents intended to remain non-binding, the Commission has made interpretative pronouncements about a treaty in force, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and customary international law reflected therein. This development is called the ‘codification by interpretation’ paradigm in this article. This article argues that interpretation falls within the ILC’s function, and it analyses the effects of the Commission’s interpretative pronouncements. It explains that the ILC’s interpretative pronouncements are not per se binding or authentic. However, they may trigger an interpretative dialogue with states. The ILC’s interpretative pronouncements may constitute a focal point for coordination among states, a subsidiary means for determining rules of law and a supplementary means of (treaty) interpretation. The aim of the ILC’s ‘codification-by-interpretation’ paradigm in the four topics considered in this article is to introduce clarity and predictability into secondary rules on the law of treaties, thus ensuring the clarity and predictability of primary treaty rules across all fields of international law. The ILC endeavours to convince states to use international law as a medium by which they regulate their affairs.
The status of preimplantation genetic testing in the UK and USA
Authors: Theobald Rachel , SenGupta Sioban , Harper Joyce
Published: March 2020

STUDY QUESTION

Has the number of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles in the UK and USA changed between 2014 and 2016?

SUMMARY ANSWER

From 2014 to 2016, the number of PGT cycles in the UK has remained the same at just under 2% but in the USA has increased from 13% to 27%.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

PGT was introduced as a treatment option for couples at risk of transmitting a known genetic or chromosomal abnormality to their child. This technology has also been applied as an embryo selection tool in the hope of increasing live birth rates per transfer. ART cycles are monitored in the UK by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and in the USA by the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART). Globally, data are monitored via the ESHRE PGT Consortium.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This cross-sectional study used the HFEA and SART databases to analyse PGT cycle data and make comparisons with IVF data to examine the success of and changes in patient treatment pathways. Both data sets were analysed from 2014 to 2016. The UK data included 3385 PGT cycles and the USA data included 94 935 PGT cycles.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Following an extensive review of both databases, filters were applied to analyse the data. An assessment of limitations of each database was also undertaken, taking into account data collection by the ESHRE PGT Consortium. In the UK and USA, the publicly available information from these datasets cannot be separated into different indications.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The proportion of PGT cycles as a total of ART procedures has remained the same in the UK but increased annually in the USA from 13% to 27%. Between 2014 and 2016 inclusive, 3385 PGT cycles have been performed in the UK, resulting in 1074 PGT babies being born. In the USA 94 935 PGT cycles have been performed, resulting in 26 822 babies being born. This gave a success rate per egg collection for PGT of 32% for the UK and 28% for the USA. Analysis of the data by maternal age shows very different patient populations between the UK and USA. These differences may be related to the way PGT is funded in the UK and USA and the lack of HFEA support for PGT for aneuploidy.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Data reported by the HFEA and SART have different limitations. As undertaken by the ESHRE PGT Consortium, both data sets should separate PGT data by indication. Although the HFEA collects data from all IVF clinics in the UK, SART data only represent 83% of clinics in the USA.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Worldwide, a consistent reporting scheme is required in which success rates can convey the effectiveness of PGT approaches for all indications.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No specific funding was obtained and there are no competing interests to declare that are directly related to this project. Joyce Harper is the director of the Embryology and PGD Academy, which offers education in these fields.
Acute type A aortic dissection in non-agenarians: to cut or not
Authors: Hattori Shigeru , Noguchi Kenichiro , Gunji Yusuke , Nagatsuka Motoki , Katayama Ikuo
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES

Surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (type AAD) in non-agenarians is usually contraindicated due to advanced age. The aim of this study was to assess and compare outcomes after surgical or conservative treatment for acute type AAD in non-agenarians by evaluating frailty.

METHODS

Between October 2012 and September 2018, 273 patients underwent open repair for type AAD at the Shonan Kamakura General Hospital and the Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, and here, we retrospectively reviewed the case reports of 10 surgically treated non-agenarians and 15 conservatively treated non-agenarians. Exclusion criteria for surgery were the patient’s refusal of surgery, severe dementia and coma. In patients considered to be at a high risk, our judgements were based on the results of comprehensive evaluation.

RESULTS

Both in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality in the surgical group were zero, while in-hospital mortality in conservatively treated non-agenarians was 73.3%. Importantly, 1-year survival in the surgical group and conservative group was 90% and 25%, respectively. The 5-year survival in the surgical group and conservative group was 49.2% and 25%, respectively (log-rank test, P = 0.0105). Four of 6 patients with preoperative clinical frailty scores not higher than 4 were still alive at 1 year with the same level of preoperative frailty.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgery for acute type AAD in non-agenarians can be performed with acceptable outcomes in carefully selected patients, particularly in those with preoperative clinical frailty scores not higher than 4.
Adapting Labour Law to Complex Organisational Settings of the Enterprise: Why Rethinking the Concept of the Employer is Not Enough
Authors: Gaudio Giovanni
Published: March 2020

Labour law struggles to deal with the vertical disintegration of the enterprise, a phenomenon that questions the traditional bilateral and contractual analysis of the employment relationship and the unitary concept of the employer. Multiple employer patterns have been proposed by the Italian and English scholarship to try to sidestep the current impasse. However, these seem to be inconsistent with the existing legal framework and, in addition, it is debatable that they can be always instrumental in addressing the issues arising from the vertical disintegration of the enterprise. Nevertheless, an alternative and more nuanced analytical path can be followed. Labour law mostly takes the view that the employer is the contractual counterparty to the employee. Yet it also recognises that other entities can assume certain responsibilities of the employer in certain specific regulatory domains, where legislators recur to particular regulatory strategies often independent of a contractual analysis of the employment relationship. This article argues that the law takes this step not because these other legal entities are functionally akin to employers, but precisely in spite of the differences between them and the employer form. Rather than seeking to redefine the concept of employer, a better understanding of the subject must recognise that employment law consists of a kaleidoscopic blend of different regulatory domains, characterised by a range of different purposes, the achievement of which requires the adoption of different and even non-contractual normative tools. Adopting a variable geometry approach to frame the scope of labour laws would constitute a better analytical response to potentially restore the coherence and completeness of the scope of employment protective norms.
Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus Infections Elicit Similar Memory B-Cell Responses, but Breadth to Other Serotypes and Cross-Reactivity to Zika Virus Is Higher in Secondary Dengue
Authors: Andrade Paulina , Narvekar Parnal , Montoya Magelda , Michlmayr Daniela , Balmaseda Angel , Coloma Josefina , Harris Eva
Published: March 2020

Background

The 4 antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) share extensive homology with each other and with the closely related Zika flavivirus (ZIKV). The development of polyclonal memory B cells (MBCs) to the 4 DENV serotypes and ZIKV during DENV infection is not fully understood.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed polyclonal MBCs at the single-cell level from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected ~2 weeks or 6–7 months postprimary or postsecondary DENV infection from a pediatric hospital-based study in Nicaragua using a Multi-Color FluoroSpot assay.

Results

Dengue virus elicits robust type-specific and cross-reactive MBC responses after primary and secondary DENV infection, with a significantly higher cross-reactive response in both. Reactivity to the infecting serotype dominated the total MBC response. Although the frequency and proportion of type-specific and cross-reactive MBCs were comparable between primary and secondary DENV infections, within the cross-reactive response, the breadth of MBC responses against different serotypes was greater after secondary DENV infection. Dengue virus infection also induced cross-reactive MBC responses recognizing ZIKV, particularly after secondary DENV infection.

Conclusions

Overall, our study sheds light on the polyclonal MBC response to DENV and ZIKV in naive and DENV-preimmune subjects, with important implications for natural infections and vaccine development.
Authentication of Coffea arabica Varieties through DNA Fingerprinting and its Significance for the Coffee Sector
Authors: Pruvot-Woehl Solène , Krishnan Sarada , Solano William , Schilling Tim , Toniutti Lucile , Bertrand Benoit , Montagnon Christophe
Published: March 2020

Background

Locating the optimal varieties for coffee cultivation is increasingly considered a key condition for sustainable production and marketing. Variety performance varies when it comes to susceptibility to coffee leaf rust and other diseases, adaptation to climate change and high cup quality for specialty markets. But because of poor organization and the lack of a professional coffee seed sector, most existing coffee farms (and even seed lots and nurseries) do not know which varieties they are using. DNA fingerprinting of coffee planting material will contribute to professionalize the coffee seed sector.

Objective

The objective of this paper is i) to check in a large scale the robustness of the existing coffee DNA fingerprinting method based on eight Single Sequence Repeats markers (SRR) and ii) to describe how it can help in moving the needle towards a more professional seed sector.

Method

2533 samples representing all possible genetic background of Arabica varieties were DNA fingerprinted with 8 SRR markers. The genetic diversity was analyzed and the genetic conformity to varietal references was assessed.

Results

The DNA fingerprinting method proved to be robust in authenticating varieties and trace back the history of C. arabica breeding and of the movement of C. arabica varieties. The genetic conformity of two important coffee varieties, Marseillesa and Gesha, proved to be 91% and 39% respectively.

Conclusions

DNA fingerprinting provides different actors in the coffee sector with a powerful new tool—farmers can verify the identity of their cultivated varieties, coffee roasters can be assured that marketing claims related to varieties are correct, and most of all, those looking to establish the a more professional and reliable coffee seed sector have a reliable new monitoring tool to establish and check genetic purity of seed stock and nursery plants.

Highlights

While C. arabica is primarily self-pollinating, even fixed line varieties appear to be drifting away from their original genetic reference due to uncontrolled cross pollination. A set of 8 SSR markers applied to the largest possible genetically diverse set of samples prove to discriminate between a wide range of varieties Figures confirm that genetic non conformity of coffee varieties can represent up to 61% of checked samples.
Artificial Accumulation of Leaf Litter in Forest Edges on Residential Properties via Leaf Blowing Is Associated with Increased Numbers of Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs
Authors: Jordan Robert A , Schulze Terry L
Published: March 2020

We examined whether routine fall yard maintenance, specifically depositing leaves removed from lawns and landscaping along forest margins, may increase densities of nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) ticks within these managed areas. Leaf blowing activities in fall 2017 and 2018 on residential properties in New Jersey, United States, significantly increased leaf litter depth in managed edge areas (range = 259.8–352.8 mm) compared to unmanaged edges (77.6–188.0 mm) and adjacent forest (39.4–166.2 mm). Drag sampling conducted on 20 and 30 dates in spring 2018 and 2019, respectively, yielded ≥3-fold more I. scapularis nymphs in managed edge plots compared to natural edge and forest plots in both years. In 2018, we collected more A. americanum nymphs from forest plots than from either natural or managed edge plots, but 2019 natural edge plots yielded the greatest number of the ticks. Nearly half of A. americanum adults were collected in forest plots in both years. Our data suggest that the acarological risk of human encounters with I. scapularis nymphs may be significantly greater in areas receiving an accumulation of leaves from leaf blowing or raking compared to adjacent unmanaged forest edges. This artificially elevated acarological risk can be mitigated if homeowners avail themselves of curbside leaf pickup or composting services offered by many municipalities or request that lawn/landscaping contractors remove collected leaves offsite, or at least to areas of less frequent use, rather than concentrating them along the lawn-forest edge.
Temporal Trend ofAedes albopictusin Local Urban Parks of the Republic of Korea
Authors: Hwang Myung-Jae , Kim Jong-Hun , Kim Heung-Chul , Kim Myung Soon , Klein Terry A , Choi Juhwa , Sim Kisung , Chung Yeonseung , Joshi Yadav Prasad , Cheong Hae-Kwan
Published: March 2020

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was first reported in the Republic of Korea in 1941 (Suwon, Gyeonggi Province). Recently, a mosquito-monitoring program was established in response to the potential development of autochthonous infections of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, to identify the regional characteristics of Ae. albopictus in Suwon. Daily collections of adult mosquitoes were conducted using Blackhole UV-LED traps and BG-Sentinel traps baited with octenol, carbon dioxide or both at five sites in Suwon (Sungkyunkwan University, Manseok, Seoho, Olympic, and Jungang parks) from 1 July to 1 November 2016. Based on the ecological cycle of mosquitoes, an estimated association between the daily mean temperatures [2 wk prior to the collection date (lag 2 wk)] and relative population abundance were developed using a generalized linear model. The overall proportion of female mosquitoes collected from all traps was 88.3%. Higher female trap indices were observed for mosquitoes collected at BG-Sentinel traps. Additionally, the BG-sentinel trap was more effective collecting Ae. albopictus. Culex pipiens (Coquillett) was the most frequently collected mosquito using UV-LED traps, followed by Ae. vexans nipponii (Theobald), Ochlerotatus koreicus (Edwards), Cx. inatomi (Kamimura and Wada), and members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group. Within a certain temperature range, daily mean temperatures 2 wk prior to the collection period was significantly associated with a maximum abundance of Ae. albopictus (P < 0.05) at 26.2°C (95% confidence interval: 24.3–29.4°C). The BG-Sentinel trap is an effective trap for monitoring relative population abundance of Ae. albopictus, and trap catches are significantly correlated with daily mean temperatures.
Does social cohesion solve forced migration riddles? Troubled concepts and constrained practices in Turkey
Authors: Özçürümez Saime , Hoxha Julinda , İçduygu Ahmet
Published: March 2020

Amid the epistemic divide about what social cohesion means as a foundational concept, the pursuit of social integration as a policy objective is more desirable than ever among policy makers. While scholarly debates seek to restore conceptual clarity for social cohesion and social integration separately, referring to them interchangeably in policy reports seems to go conveniently unnoticed across different migration contexts. This study seeks answers to the question: how does the concept of social cohesion manifest itself in forced migration contexts? It does so by first reviewing the state of the art on social cohesion-forced migration nexus to identify the recurring themes and substitute concepts in the literature. Secondly, based on an in-depth textual analysis of 327 scholarly articles and policy reports on the forcibly displaced theme in Turkey published between 2011 and 2018, this study presents a classification of conceptual frames on social cohesion in forced migration contexts as security threat-based, humanitarian emergency-driven, policy regime-oriented, and socio-interactional. One of the main findings is that the existing social cohesion models of the settlement countries do not explain what has been unfolding in Turkey in the post-2011 period with the mass influx of the forcibly displaced and ongoing conflict at its borders. The study concludes with a discussion on why integrating policy regime-oriented and socio-interactional approaches are more likely to advance both the quest for conceptual clarity around social cohesion and facilitate the design of actionable policies in protracted large-scale displacement contexts.
ART2: a 3D parallel multiwavelength radiative transfer code for continuum and atomic and molecular lines
Authors: Li Yuexing , Gu Ming F , Yajima Hidenobu , Zhu Qirong , Maji Moupiya
Published: March 2020

ART2 is a 3D multiwavelength Monte Carlo radiative transfer (RT) code that couples continuum and emission lines to track the propagation of photons and their interactions with the interstellar medium (ISM). The original ART2 has been extensively applied to hydrodynamics simulations to study panchromatic properties of galaxies and ISM. Here, we describe new implementations of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium RT of molecular and atomic fine structure emission lines, and the parallelization of the code using a number of novel methods. The new ART2 can efficiently and self-consistently produce a full spectrum that includes both continuum and lines such as [C ii], [N ii], [O iii], Ly α, and CO. These essential features, together with the multiphase ISM model and the adaptive grid, make ART2 a multipurpose code to study multiwavelength properties of a wide range of astrophysical systems from planetary discs to large-scale structures. To demonstrate the capability of the new ART2, we applied it to two hydrodynamics simulations: the zoom-in Milky Way Simulation to obtain panchromatic properties of individual galaxies, and the large-scale IllustrisTNG100 Simulation to obtain global properties such as the line intensity mappings. These products are vital for a broad array of studies. By enabling direct comparison between numerical simulations and multiband observations, ART2 provides a crucial theoretical framework for the understanding of existing and future surveys, and the synergy between multiband galaxy surveys and line intensity mappings. Therefore, ART2 is a powerful and versatile tool to bridge the gap between theories and observations of cosmic structures.
Unmatched Level of Molecular Convergence among Deeply Divergent Complex Multicellular Fungi
Authors: Merényi Zsolt , Prasanna Arun N , Wang Zheng , Kovács Károly , Hegedüs Botond , Bálint Balázs , Papp Balázs , Townsend Jeffrey P , Nagy László G
Published: March 2020

Convergent evolution is pervasive in nature, but it is poorly understood how various constraints and natural selection limit the diversity of evolvable phenotypes. Here, we analyze the transcriptome across fruiting body development to understand the independent evolution of complex multicellularity in the two largest clades of fungi—the Agarico- and Pezizomycotina. Despite >650 My of divergence between these clades, we find that very similar sets of genes have convergently been co-opted for complex multicellularity, followed by expansions of their gene families by duplications. Over 82% of shared multicellularity-related gene families were expanding in both clades, indicating a high prevalence of convergence also at the gene family level. This convergence is coupled with a rich inferred repertoire of multicellularity-related genes in the most recent common ancestor of the Agarico- and Pezizomycotina, consistent with the hypothesis that the coding capacity of ancestral fungal genomes might have promoted the repeated evolution of complex multicellularity. We interpret this repertoire as an indication of evolutionary predisposition of fungal ancestors for evolving complex multicellular fruiting bodies. Our work suggests that evolutionary convergence may happen not only when organisms are closely related or are under similar selection pressures, but also when ancestral genomic repertoires render certain evolutionary trajectories more likely than others, even across large phylogenetic distances.
Efficient routing quantum information in one-dimensional tight-binding array
Authors: Chen Bing , He Yu-Zhen , Chu Tian-Tian , Shen Qing-Hui , Zhang Jia-Ming , Peng Yan-Dong
Published: March 2020

We present an efficient quantum router using a fully-engineered one-dimensional tight-binding array acting as quantum data bus. Quantum routing is achieved by weakly coupling the sender and the receivers to the data bus. We show that perfect transfer of a state between sender and a chosen receiver can be achieved via appropriately tuning the on-site energy applied on the site of the sender. A generalization of this model to the case of multiple receivers is then studied. The results show that the state is equally split between receivers who participate in communication. Moreover, that a similar idea can be used to create $W$ state between all receivers is further emphasized.
Ethnicity-Dependent Effects of Schizophrenia Risk Variants of the OLIG2 Gene on OLIG2 Transcription and White Matter Integrity
Authors: Komatsu Hiroshi , Takeuchi Hikaru , Kikuchi Yoshie , Ono Chiaki , Yu Zhiqian , Iizuka Kunio , Takano Yuji , Kakuto Yoshihisa , Funakoshi Shunichi , Ono Takashi , Ito Junko , Kunii Yasuto , Hino Mizuki , Nagaoka Atsuko , Iwasaki Yasushi , Yamamori Hidenaga , Yasuda Yuka , Fujimoto Michiko , Azechi Hirotsugu , Kudo Noriko , Hashimoto Ryota , Yabe Hirooki , Yoshida Mari , Saito Yuko , Kakita Akiyoshi , Fuse Nobuo , Kawashima Ryuta , Taki Yasuyuki , Tomita Hiroaki
Published: March 2020

Previous studies have indicated associations between several OLIG2 gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to schizophrenia among Caucasians. Consistent with these findings, postmortem brain and diffusion tensor imaging studies have indicated that the schizophrenia-risk-associated allele (A) in the OLIG2 SNP rs1059004 predicts lower OLIG2 gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenia patients and reduced white matter (WM) integrity of the corona radiata in normal brains among Caucasians. In an effort to replicate the association between this variant and WM integrity among healthy Japanese, we found that the number of A alleles was positively correlated with WM integrity in some fiber tracts, including the right posterior limb of the internal capsule, and with mean blood flow in a widespread area, including the inferior frontal operculum, orbital area, and triangular gyrus. Because the A allele affected WM integrity in opposite directions in Japanese and Caucasians, we investigated a possible association between the OLIG2 gene SNPs and the expression level of OLIG2 transcripts in postmortem DLPFCs. We evaluated rs1059004 and additional SNPs in the 5′ upstream and 3′ downstream regions of rs1059004 to cover the broader region of the OLIG2 gene. The 2 SNPs (rs1059004 and rs9653711) had opposite effects on OLIG2 gene expression in the DLPFC in Japanese and Caucasians. These findings suggest ethnicity-dependent opposite effects of OLIG2 gene SNPs on WM integrity and OLIG2 gene expression in the brain, which may partially explain the failures in replicating associations between genetic variants and psychiatric phenotypes among ethnicities.
Policing, Recognition, and the Bind of Legal Cynicism
Authors: Campeau Holly , Levi Ron , Foglesong Todd
Published: March 2020

We draw on a unique dataset of 60 semi-structured interviews with recently arrested suspects in Cleveland, Ohio, a city currently under federal consent decree due to police use of excessive force. Through these interviews we shed light on an apparent paradox in research to date—that residents of disadvantaged communities are deeply skeptical about policing, while still believing that the police remain a viable institution for seeking security in their communities. By connecting research on legal cynicism with insights from cultural sociology and the sociology of law, we find that respondents make meaning of this apparent paradox – and the resulting bind in which they find themselves – by stressing the promise of law that underwrites a transformative potential of policing. Through these ideals of legality, residents aspire to material and symbolic forms of recognition from law enforcement, ranging from police presence and safety, to expressions of understanding and feelings of worth. We propose that this desire for broad recognition is central to how suspects make sense of their reliance on police, and we suggest further research into how this struggle for recognition provides a cultural approach for understanding social inequality and its intersection with legality and criminal justice.
Death is on Our Side: Paleontological Data Drastically Modify Phylogenetic Hypotheses
Authors: Koch Nicolás Mongiardino , Parry Luke A
Published: March 2020

Fossils are the only remaining evidence of the majority of species that have ever existed, providing a direct window into events in evolutionary history that shaped the diversification of life on Earth. Phylogenies underpin our ability to make sense of evolution but are routinely inferred using only data available from living organisms. Although extinct taxa have been shown to add crucial information for inferring macroevolutionary patterns and processes (such as ancestral states, paleobiogeography and diversification dynamics), the role fossils play in reconstructing phylogeny is controversial. Since the early years of phylogenetic systematics, different studies have dismissed the impact of fossils due to their incompleteness, championed their ability to overturn phylogenetic hypotheses or concluded that their behavior is indistinguishable from that of extant taxa. Based on taxon addition experiments on empirical data matrices, we show that the inclusion of paleontological data has a remarkable effect in phylogenetic inference. Incorporating fossils often (yet not always) induces stronger topological changes than increasing sampling of extant taxa. Fossils also produce unique topological rearrangements, allowing the exploration of regions of treespace that are never visited by analyses of only extant taxa. Previous studies have proposed a suite of explanations for the topological behavior of fossils, such as their retention of unique morphologies or their ability to break long branches. We develop predictive models that demonstrate that the possession of distinctive character state combinations is the primary predictor of the degree of induced topological change, and that the relative impact of taxa (fossil and extant) can be predicted to some extent before any phylogenetic analysis. Our results bolster the consensus of recent empirical studies by showing the unique role of paleontological data in phylogenetic inference, and provide the first quantitative assessment of its determinants, with broad consequences for the design of taxon sampling in both morphological and total-evidence analyses. [phylogeny, morphology, fossils, parsimony, Bayesian inference.]
Biological Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms of Fludioxonil Resistance in Fusarium graminearum in China
Authors: Zhou F. , Li D. X. , Hu H. Y. , Song Y. L. , Fan Y. C. , Guan Y. Y. , Song P. W. , Wei Q. C. , Yan H. F. , Li C. W.
Published: March 2020

Fusarium graminearum is the primary causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil is not currently registered for the management of FHB in China. The current study assessed the fludioxonil sensitivity of a total of 53 F. graminearum isolates collected from the six most important wheat-growing provinces of China during 2018 and 2019. The baseline fludioxonil sensitivity distribution indicated that all of the isolates were sensitive, exhibiting a unimodal cure with a mean effective concentration for 50% inhibition value of 0.13 ± 0.12 μg/ml (standard deviation). Five fludioxonil-resistant mutants were subsequently induced by exposure to fludioxonil under laboratory conditions. Ten successive rounds of subculture in the absence of the selection pressure indicated that the mutation was stably inherited. However, the fludioxonil-resistant mutants were found to have reduced pathogenicity, higher glycerol accumulation, and higher osmotic sensitivity than the parental wild-type isolates, indicating that there was a fitness cost associated with fludioxonil resistance. In addition, the study also found a positive cross resistance between fludioxonil, procymidone, and iprodione, but not with other fungicides such as boscalid, carbendazim, tebuconazole, and fluazinam. Sequence analysis of four candidate target genes (FgOs1, FgOs2, FgOs4, and FgOs5) revealed that the HBXT2R mutant contained two point mutations that resulted in amino acid changes at K223T and K415R in its FgOs1 protein, and one point mutation at residue 520 of its FgOs5 protein that resulted in a premature stop codon. Similarly, the three other mutants contained point mutations that resulted in changes at the K192R, K293R, and K411R residues of the FgOs5 protein but none in the FgOs2 and FgOs4 genes. However, it is important to point out that the FgOs2 and FgOs4 expression of all the fludioxonil-resistant mutants was significantly (P < 0.05) downregulated compared with the sensitive isolates (except for the SQ1-2 isolate). It was also found that one of the resistant mutants did not have changes in any of the sequenced target genes, indicating that an alternative mechanism could also lead to fludioxonil resistance.