bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tectonic Inversion in Sediment-Hosted Copper Deposits: The Luangu Area, West Congo Basin, Republic of the Congo
Authors: Zhang Hongyuan , Cheng Shenghong , Wang Gongwen , Defliese William F. , Liu Zhenjiang
Published: October 2024

Complex Neoproterozoic tectonic processes greatly affected the West Congo Basin, resulting in a series of dispersed copper deposits in the Niari Sub-basin, Republic of the Congo. Structural observation and analysis can help in understanding both the transportation pathways for copper accumulation and the detailed tectonic evolution processes. This study examines cases from four copper mine sites in the Luangu region of the Niari Basin, using a set of codes that consider the three regional tectonic regimes (extension, extrusion, and contraction) and three deformation criteria (maximum effective moment criterion, tensile fracture criterion, and the Coulomb criterion). By combining these two aspects, nine new codes are introduced: the extension maximum effective moment criterion (EM), extension tensile fracture criterion (ET), extension Coulomb criterion (EC), strike-slip maximum effective moment criterion (SM), strike-slip tensile fracture criterion (ST), strike-slip Coulomb criterion (SC), compression maximum effective moment criterion (CM), compression tensile fracture criterion (CT), and compression Coulomb criterion (CC). By analyzing and applying these codes to the selected sites, we show that the new codes can present a geometric coordination catering to an exhumation-related inversion process from extension, strike-slipping, to contraction. The existence of SM- and CM-related structures that occurred during regional extrusional and contractional events may indicate a deeper level of exhumation for layers related to copper deposits in the field sites. A new tectonic evolution model is presented, considering the hypothesis of vertical principal stress changes while the two horizontal principal stresses remain relatively constant during copper mineralization affected by the Western Congo Orogen. The application of the nine codes facilitates the determination of interrelations between different tectonic regimes.
Pd Nanoparticles Immobilized on Pyridinic N-Rich Carbon Nanosheets for Promoting Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions
Authors: Cui Shihao , Xu Dejian , Wang Zhiyuan , Wang Libo , Zhao Yikun , Deng Wei , Zhao Qingshan , Wu Mingbo
Published: October 2024

Palladium (Pd) catalysts play a crucial role in facilitating Suzuki cross-coupling reactions for the synthesis of valuable organic compounds. However, conventional heterogeneous Pd catalysts often encounter challenges such as leaching and deactivation during reactions, leading to reduced catalytic efficiency. In this study, we employed an innovative intercalation templating strategy to prepare two-dimensional carbon nanosheets with high nitrogen doping derived from petroleum asphalt, which were utilized as a versatile support for immobilizing Pd nanoparticles (Pd/N-CNS) in efficient Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The results indicate that the anchoring effect of high-pyridinic N species on the two-dimensional carbon nanosheets enhances interactions between Pd and the support, effectively improving both the dispersibility and stability of the Pd nanoparticles. Notably, the Pd/N-CNS catalyst achieved an overall turnover frequency (TOF) of 2390 h−1 for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction under mild conditions, representing approximately a nine-fold increase in activity compared to commercial Pd/C catalysts. Furthermore, this catalyst maintained an overall TOF of 2294 h−1 even after five reaction cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. Theoretical calculations corroborate these observed enhancements in catalytic performance by attributing them to improved electron transfer from Pd to the support facilitated by abundant pyridinic N species. This work provides valuable insights into feasible strategies for developing efficient catalysts aimed at sustainable production of biaromatic compounds.
Association of Four Dietary Patterns and Stair Climbing with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Large Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Li Kexin , Huang Yanqiu , Wang Liao , Yuan Yong , Jiang Xu , Yang Yang , Huang Qingyun , Wang Hui
Published: October 2024

Background: The protective effect of a healthy diet combined with stair climbing on cardiovascular health is unclear. We aimed to assess the independent and joint associations of dietary patterns and stair climbing with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Methods: We included 117,384 participants with information on dietary intake and stair climbing from the UK Biobank (UKBB). We excluded participants with MACEs at baseline and death within two years of follow-up. We used restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots describing the linear or nonlinear associations between dietary patterns (the alternate Mediterranean diet score (AMED), dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), the healthful planted-based diet index (HPDI) and the alternate healthy eating index-2010 (AHEI-2010)) and stair climbing and MACEs. COX regressions estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) for incident MACEs associated with dietary patterns combined with stair climbing, and adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical factors. Results: The UKBB documented 9408 MACEs over a median follow-up of 13.3 years. Four dietary patterns were negatively and linearly associated with MACEs (P-nonlinear > 0.05), whereas daily stair climbing was negatively and nonlinearly associated with MACEs (P-nonlinear = 0.011). All of the dietary patterns had significant multiplicative interactions with stair climbing (all p-values < 0.05). The three dietary patterns had the lowest risk ratios for MACEs in the highest tertile (T3) combined with daily stair climbing of 60–100 steps (AMED: 0.78 (0.68, 0.89), DASH: 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) and HPDI: 0.86 (0.75, 0.98)), whereas the AHEI-2010 had the lowest HRs for MACEs in the T1 combined with stair climbing of 110–150 steps (AHEI-2010: 0.81 (0.71, 0.93)). Conclusions: Maintaining healthy dietary patterns and adhering to an average of 60–100 steps of stair climbing per day at home can be effective in preventing cardiovascular health-related events.
Effect of Nicotinamide Riboside Against the Exhaustion of CD8+ T Cells via Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Xiao Ying , Pang Nengzhi , Ma Sixi , Gao Mengqi , Yang Lili
Published: October 2024

Background: Targeting mitochondria and protecting the mitochondrial function of CD8+ T cells are crucial for enhancing the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Objectives: In this study, our objective was to investigate the potential of nicotinamide riboside (NR) in preserving the mitochondrial function of CD8+ T cells and mitigating their exhaustion. Methods: We established two in vitro models to induce CD8+ T cell exhaustion either by tumor cell-conditioned medium (TCM) or by continuous stimulation with OVA(257–264) peptide. CD8+ T cells were treated in the absence/presence of NR. Results: Our findings demonstrated that NR supplementation effectively inhibited CD8+ T cell exhaustion and preserved mitochondrial function in both models. Moreover, apoptosis of CD8+ T cells was reduced after NR treatment. Western blot data indicated that NR treatment upregulated Silent information regulator 1 (SirT1) expression. Further inhibition of Sirt1 activity using EX527 uncovered that the inhibitory effect of NR on CD8+ T cell exhaustion and its protective effect on mitochondria were attenuated. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results indicate that NR supplementation attenuates CD8+ T cell exhaustion, and its underlying mechanism is associated with increased mitochondrial function regulated by the SirT1 pathway. Our research provides evidence that NR may assist in enhancing the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy.
Mechanisms of Action of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and Other Nutritional Therapies in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Geesala Ramasatyaveni , Gongloor Pratik , Recharla Neeraja , Shi Xuan-Zheng
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by transmural inflammation and intestinal fibrosis involving mostly the small intestine and colon. The pathogenic mechanisms of CD remain incompletely understood and cures are unavailable. Current medical therapies are aimed at inducing prolonged remission. Most of the medical therapies such as corticosteroids have substantial adverse effects. Consequently, many dietary therapies have been explored for the management of CD. Up to now, exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has been considered the only established dietary treatment for IBD, especially CD. In this article, we aim to give a concise review about the current therapeutic options and challenges in the management of CD and aim to compare the efficacy of EEN with other dietary therapies and update on the possible mechanisms of the benefits of EEN and other nutritional therapies. Methods: We searched the literature up to August 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as EEN, nutritional therapy, IBD, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis. Clinical studies in patients and preclinical studies in rodent models of IBD were included in the summary of the therapeutic benefits. Results and Conclusions: EEN involves oral or nasogastric tube feeding of a complete liquid diet with exclusion of normal foods for a defined period (usually 6 to 8 weeks). EEN treatment is demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and healing effects in CD through various potential pathways, including altering gut bacteria and their metabolites, restoring the barrier function, direct anti-inflammatory action, and indirect anti-inflammatory action by eliminating mechanical stress in the bowel. However, efficacy of other nutritional therapies is not well established in CD, and mechanisms of action are largely unknown.
Lifestyle Behaviours in Pre-Schoolers from Southern Spain—A Structural Equation Model According to Sex and Body Mass Index
Authors: Villodres Gracia , Padial-Ruz Rosario , Salas-Montoro José-Antonio , Muros José
Published: October 2024

Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between screen time (ST), sleep time (SLT), physical fitness (PF), Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, eating behaviours, and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of pre-schoolers from Granada (Spain). In order to address this aim, an explanatory model was developed to examine existing relationships between ST, SLT, PF, MD, pro-intake (PRO-I) and anti-intake (ANT-I) behaviours, and BMI. Further, the proposed structural model was examined via multi-group analysis as a function of sex and BMI. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 653 three- to six-year-old pre-schoolers attending 18 different schools invited to take part in the present study. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to analyse relationships between study variables as a function of sex and BMI. Results: SEM analysis revealed negative associations between ST and PF (p < 0.005), ST and MD adherence (p < 0.005), ST and SLT (p < 0.005), MD adherence and ANT-I behaviours (p < 0.005), and MD adherence and BMI (p = 0.033). In contrast, positive associations emerged between SLT and MD adherence (p < 0.005), and PRO-I behaviours and BMI (p < 0.005). SEM revealed differences according to sex and BMI. Conclusions: The study highlights significant relationships between lifestyle behaviours and physical and dietary outcomes in pre-schoolers from southern Spain, with variations based on sex and BMI. These findings suggest the need for interventions aimed at reducing ST and promoting better sleep, PF, and dietary habits in order to limit weight-related and general health risks in pre-schoolers from southern Spain.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Bone–Implant Contact in Three Short Dental Implant Models with Varying Osseointegration Percentages
Authors: Alemayehu Dawit Bogale , Todoh Masahiro , Huang Song-Jeng
Published: October 2024

Objectives: Dental implants have become a cornerstone of restorative dentistry, providing a long-lasting method for tooth replacement. The degree of osseointegration has a significant effect on biomechanical stability at the bone–implant contact (BIC), determining the continued efficacy of these implants. However, the exact consequences of changing osseointegration levels on different implant designs, especially in bones with variable densities, are not well known. Methods: This study used 3D finite element analysis (FEA) to look at the biomechanical performance of three short dental implants: BioMet 3iT3, Straumann® Standard Plus Short-Regular Neck (SPS-RN), and Straumann® Standard Plus Short-Wide Neck (SPS-WN). This paper tested the implants at four stages of osseointegration: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in both high-density (bone type III) and low-density (bone type IV) cancellous bone. It also created and examined realistic CAD models under static occlusal loading conditions to assess stress distribution and major strains at the bone–implant contact. Results: The study discovered that as osseointegration increases, von Mises stress and principal strains go down significantly for all implant types. The SPS-WN implant had the lowest strain values, especially for bone with low density. These reductions demonstrate increased mechanical stability as the bone–implant interface becomes more capable of dispersing mechanical stresses, minimizing the potential for localized deformation and bone resorption. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of achieving optimum osseointegration to reduce mechanical stress and increase the lifespan of dental implants. The SPS-WN type implant performed better in biomechanical tests than the others, especially when bone conditions were not ideal. This makes it a great choice for clinical applications that need long-term implant success.
Pd EnCat™ 30 Recycling in Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions
Authors: D’Andrea Laura , Steinmann Casper
Published: October 2024

Pd EnCat™ 30 is a palladium catalyst broadly used in several hydrogenation and cross-coupling reactions. It is known for its numerous beneficial features, which include high-yielding performance, easy recovery, and reusability. However, the available data regarding its recyclability in Suzuki coupling reactions are limited to a few reaction cycles and, therefore, fail to explore its full potential. Our work focuses on investigating the extent of Pd EnCat™ 30 reusability in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions by measuring its performance according to isolated yields of product. Our findings demonstrate that Pd EnCat™ 30 can be reused over a minimum of 30 reaction cycles, which is advantageous in terms of cost reduction and more sustainable chemical production.
Factor V Leiden (R506Q), Prothrombin G20210A, and MTHFR C677T Variants and Thrombophilia in Qatar Biobank Participants: A Case Control Study
Authors: Shibeeb Sapha , Al-Rayashi Nada , Shams Nehal , Hadvan Tameem , Agbani Ejaife O. , Abdallah Atiyeh M.
Published: October 2024

Background: Thrombophilia, a predisposition to develop blood clots, is very common and can have serious sequelae. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of three thrombophilia-related genetic variants—factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin (F2) G20210A, and MTHFR C677T—in the Qatari population and their associations with self-reported thrombosis. Methods: We analysed samples from 408 Qatari participants [304 controls and 104 with self-reported thrombosis (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, or ischaemic stroke)] from the Qatar Biobank. FVL (rs6025), F2 (rs1799963), and MTHFR (rs1801133) variants were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Results: Participants with self-reported thrombosis were older and more likely to be female. FVL A allele carriage (GA + AA vs. GG) was significantly higher in thrombosis cases (OR 3.6, p = 0.0002). In addition, individuals carrying FVL AA and GA genotypes had a lower mean platelet volume on average than those with the GG genotype (p = 0.03). MTHFR C677T did not show a similar association, and the F2 G20210A variant was too rare for analysis. Conclusions: There were significant differences in FVL A allele carriage between individuals with a history of thrombosis and the control group. Future research should explore the complex interplay between genetics and environment in thrombosis risk within this population.
A Phase 1 Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics, Food Effect, Safety, and Tolerability of Sepiapterin in Healthy Japanese and Non-Japanese Participants
Authors: Gao Lan , Kaushik Diksha , Ingalls Kimberly , Smith Neil , Kong Ronald
Published: October 2024

Background: Sepiapterin is a natural precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a key cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. It is being developed for the treatment of patients with phenylketonuria. In this study, the ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics and safety of sepiapterin in Japanese and non-Japanese participants and food effects were evaluated. Methods: Healthy participants (n = 60) received a single oral dose of sepiapterin at either 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg with a low-fat diet. The Japanese participants received two doses at 40 mg/kg, either under fasted conditions or with a low-fat diet with a 3-day washout period in between. Results: Sepiapterin was well tolerated in all participants, with no serious adverse events. Sepiapterin was quickly absorbed (Tmax 1.4–4.5 h) and rapidly and extensively converted to BH4 (Tmax ~4 h). Exposures to sepiapterin were <1% of BH4. BH4 exposures were essentially dose-independent between 20 and 60 mg/kg. A low-fat diet increased BH4 exposures in Japanese participants by 1.7-fold compared with fasted conditions. Conclusions: BH4 exposures (Cmax and AUC0–last) in Japanese participants were 10–30% higher than in non-Japanese participants, which is deemed not clinically relevant; no dose adjustment is warranted. The slightly higher BH4 exposures in Japanese participants are likely due to the higher frequency of ABCG2 c.421C>A mutation in the Japanese population.
L. plantarum UBLP-40 Versus the Combined Formula of L. rhamnosus UBLP-58 and B. longum UBBL-64 in Excisional Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective
Authors: Moysidis Moysis , Chorti Angeliki , Cheva Angeliki , Abba Deka Ioanna , Tzikos Georgios , Kosmidis Christoforos , Koutelidakis Ioannis , Tsetis Joulia K. , Papavramidis Theodossis , Kotzampassi Katerina
Published: October 2024

Introduction: The utilization of probiotics in enhancing the active healing of skin wounds represents a burgeoning trend in contemporary medicine. Previous research has extensively explored wound healing mechanisms involving the strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium longum. This study seeks to compare and interpret cellular findings derived from immunohistochemical and pathological applications. Methods: Three groups (the control, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (RO1) group, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum (PRO2) group) underwent histological analysis, and microscopic cell counting were employed, offering insights into dynamic changes among neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasmacytes, mast cells, fibroblasts, and newly formed vessels across distinct treatment groups and temporal intervals. Results: The neutrophil count was found to be elevated in PRO2 on day 2, while the same group resulted in the highest decline on day 15. The number of fibroblasts peaked on day 4 for the PRO1 group, compared to the other two groups, which peaked on day 8. The lymphocyte count was the highest in the control group, while they peaked on day 4 in PRO2. The mast cells and plasmacytes were variable and sparse among all groups and time frames. Neovascularization was promoted by PRO1 and PRO2 groups on day 4 and remained high on day 8 for PRO2. Conclusions: Probiotic strains can be beneficial to the human population and in assisting skin wound healing, each strain working differently and more effectively in different healing phases. Thus, a combined formula containing different probiotics to modulate various healing phases is desirable.
Therapeutic Potential of Insect Defensin DLP4 Against Staphylococcus hyicus-Infected Piglet Exudative Epidermitis
Authors: Ma Xuanxuan , Dong Zhimin , Mao Ruoyu , Tian Xiangxue , Yang Na , Ren Weike , Hao Ya , Shen Wenluan , Teng Da , Li Xiuli , Wang Jianhua
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The emergence of resistance to Staphylococcus hyicus (S. hyicus), the major cause of exudative epidermatitis (EE) in piglets, has led to the need for new antimicrobial agents. The study aimed to evaluate the potential efficacy of the insect defensin DLP4 against EE in piglets caused by clinically isolated S. hyicus ACCC 61734. Methods and Results: DLP4 showed strong antibacterial activity against S. hyicus ACCC 61734 (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC: 0.92 μM, median effect concentration, EC50: 3.158 μM). DLP4 could effectively inhibit the formation of S. hyicus early biofilm with an inhibition rate of 95.10–98.34% and eradicate mature biofilm with a clearance rate of 82.09–86.41%, which was significantly superior to that of ceftriaxone sodium (CRO). Meanwhile, DLP4 could efficiently inhibit bacteria in early and mature biofilm, killing up to 95.3% of bacteria in early biofilm and 87.2–90.3% of bacteria in mature biofilm. The results showed that DLP4 could be effective in alleviating the clinical symptoms of EE by down-regulating the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, balancing cytokines, inhibiting bacterial proliferation, and reducing organ tissue damage. Conclusions: This study firstly demonstrated the potential efficacy of DLP4 against EE caused by S. hyicus ACCC 61734 infection in piglets, which may be used as an alternative to antibiotics in treating EE.
A Hybrid Network Integrating MHSA and 1D CNN–Bi-LSTM for Interference Mitigation in Faster-than-Nyquist MIMO Optical Wireless Communications
Authors: Cao Minghua , Yang Qing , Zhou Genxue , Zhang Yue , Zhang Xia , Wang Huiqin
Published: October 2024

To mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by Faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) technology in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) optical wireless communication (OWC) system, we propose an ISI cancellation algorithm that combines multi-head self-attention (MHSA), a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN), and bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). This hybrid network extracts data features using 1D CNN and captures sequential information with Bi-LSTM, while incorporating MHSA to comprehensively reduce ISI. We analyze the impact of antenna numbers, acceleration factors, wavelength, and turbulence intensity on the system’s bit error rate (BER) performance. Additionally, we compare the waveform graphs and amplitude–frequency characteristics of FTN signals before and after processing, specifically comparing sampled values of four-pulse-amplitude modulation (4PAM) signals with those obtained after ISI cancellation. The simulation results demonstrate that within the Mazo limit for selecting acceleration factors, our proposal achieves a 7 dB improvement in BER compared to the conventional systems without deep learning (DL)-based ISI cancellation algorithms. Furthermore, compared to systems employing a point-by-point elimination adaptive pre-equalization algorithm, our proposal exhibits comparable BER performance to orthogonal transmission systems while reducing computational complexity by 31.15%.
Real-Time Resolution Enhancement of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy via Deep Learning
Authors: Cui Zhiying , Xing Yi , Chen Yunbo , Zheng Xiu , Liu Wenjie , Kuang Cuifang , Chen Youhua
Published: October 2024

Confocal laser scanning microscopy is one of the most widely used tools for high-resolution imaging of biological cells. However, the imaging resolution of conventional confocal technology is limited by diffraction, and more complex optical principles and expensive optical-mechanical structures are usually required to improve the resolution. This study proposed a deep residual neural network algorithm that can effectively improve the imaging resolution of the confocal microscopy in real time. The reliability and real-time performance of the algorithm were verified through imaging experiments on different biological structures, and an imaging resolution of less than 120 nm was achieved in a more cost-effective manner. This study contributes to the real-time improvement of the imaging resolution of confocal microscopy and expands the application scenarios of confocal microscopy in biological imaging.
The Time Response of a Uniformly Doped Transmission-Mode NEA AlGaN Photocathode Applied to a Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Detecting System
Authors: Du Jinjuan , Li Xiyao , Jia Tiantian , Qiu Hongjin , Li Yang , Pu Rui , Zhang Quanchao , Cheng Hongchang , Guo Xin , Qiao Jiabin , He Huiyang
Published: October 2024

Due to the excellent quantum conversion and spectral response characteristics of the AlGaN photocathode, it has become the most promising III-V group semiconductor photocathode in solar-blind signal photoconversion devices in the ultraviolet band. Herein, the influence factors of the time-resolved characteristics of the AlGaN photocathode are researched by solving the photoelectron continuity equation and photoelectron flow density equation, such as the AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate, AlGaN electron diffusion coefficient, and AlGaN activation layer thickness. The results show that the response time of the AlGaN photocathode decreases gradually with the increase in AlGaN photoelectron diffusion coefficient and AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate, but the response time of the AlGaN photocathode gradually becomes saturated with the further increase in AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate. When the thickness of the AlGaN photocathode is reduced from 250 nm to 50 nm, the response time of the AlGaN photocathode decreases from 63.28 ps to 9.91 ps, and the response time of AlGaN photocathode greatly improves. This study provides theoretical guidance for the development of a fast response UV detector.
High-Linearity Dual-Parallel Mach–Zehnder Modulators in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate
Authors: Yang Tao , Cai Lutong , Huang Zhanhua , Zhang Lin
Published: October 2024

Microwave photonic (MWP) systems are inseparable from conversions of microwave electrical signals into optical signals, and their performances highly depend on the linearity of electro-optic modulators. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is expected to be an ideal platform for future microwave photonic systems due to its compact size, low optical loss, linear electro-optic effect, and high bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a TFLN modulator with a low voltage–length product (VπL) of 1.97 V·cm and an ultra-high-linearity carrier-to-distortion ratio (CDR) of 112.33 dB, using a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration. It provides an effective approach to fully suppress the third-order intermodulation distortions (IMD3), leading to 76 dB improvement over a single Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) in TFLN. The proposed TFLN modulator would enable a wide variety of applications in integrated MWP systems with large-scale integration, low power consumption, low optical loss, and high bandwidth.
A Python-Based Indoor Channel Model with Multi-Wavelength Propagation for Color Shift Keying
Authors: Gutiérrez Juan F. , Sandoval Diego , Quintero Jesus M.
Published: October 2024

Color shift keying is a modulation scheme for visible light communication that uses fixtures with three or more narrow-spectral light-emitting diodes to transmit data while fulfilling the primary function of illumination. When this modulation is used indoors, the reflectivity of the walls strongly affects the inter-channel interference and illumination quality. In this paper we present an indoor channel model that takes into account multi-wavelength propagation. This model is available as an open-source Python package. The model calculates the inter-channel interference, illuminance, correlated color temperature, and color rendering index at the receiver position. The Python package includes a module for estimating the symbol error rate. To validate the model, we computed the received power at each color photodetector for four different indoor scenarios. The model demonstrated a color rendering index of less than 15 when using IEEE-based color shift keying and non-uniform illumination on a horizontal plane. The simulation determined the required luminous flux to achieve a symbol error rate of less than 10−5 when the photodetector is at the center of the indoor space and vertically below the light source. To maintain a symbol error rate less than 10−5, the luminous flux increases when the photodetector is displaced in a diagonal direction from the center of the plane.
Feature Vector Effectiveness Evaluation for Pattern Selection in Computational Lithography
Authors: Feng Yaobin , Liu Jiamin , Jiang Hao , Liu Shiyuan
Published: October 2024

Pattern selection is crucial for optimizing the calibration process of optical proximity correction (OPC) models in computational lithography. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a balance between representative coverage and computational efficiency. This work presents a comprehensive evaluation of the feature vectors’ (FVs’) effectiveness in pattern selection for OPC model calibration, leveraging key performance indicators (KPIs) based on Kullback–Leibler divergence and distance ranking. Through the construction of autoencoder-based FVs and fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based FVs, we compare their efficacy in capturing critical pattern features. Validation experimental results indicate that autoencoder-based FVs, particularly augmented with the lithography domain knowledge, outperform FFT-based counterparts in identifying anomalies and enhancing lithography model performance. These results also underscore the importance of adaptive pattern representation methods in calibrating the OPC model with evolving complexities.
Telescope Alignment Method Using a Modified Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent Algorithm
Authors: Li Min , Liu Xin , Zhang Junbo , Xian Hao
Published: October 2024

To satisfy the demands of high image quality and resolutions, telescope alignment is indispensable. In this paper, a wavefront sensorless method based on a modified stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm (SPGD) called the adaptive moment estimation SPGD (Adam SPGD) algorithm is proposed. Simulations are carried out using a four-mirror telescope, whose aperture is 6 m and fields of view are Φ2°. Three misalignments are shown as examples. Positions of the secondary mirror and third mirror are employed to compensate aberrations. The results show that merit functions and energy distributions of corrected images match with the designed ones. The mean RMS of residual wavefront errors is smaller than λ/14 (λ = 0.5 μm), indicating that the misalignments are well compensated. The results verify the effectiveness of our method.
Single-Shot Fringe Projection Profilometry Based on LC-SLM Modulation and Polarization Multiplexing
Authors: Shu Long , Li Junxiang , Du Yijun , Fan Chen , Hu Zirui , Chen Huan , Zhao Hong , Zhao Zixin
Published: October 2024

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is extensively utilized for the 3D measurement of various specimens. However, traditional FPP typically requires at least three phase-shifted fringe patterns to achieve a high-quality phase map. In this study, we introduce a single-shot FPP method based on common path polarization interferometry. In our method, the projected fringe pattern is created through the interference of two orthogonal circularly polarized light beams modulated by a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). A polarization camera is employed to capture the reflected fringe pattern, enabling the simultaneous acquisition of four-step phase-shifting fringe patterns. The system benefits from advanced anti-vibration capabilities attributable to the common path self-interference optical path design. Furthermore, the utilization of a low-coherence LED light source results in reduced noise levels compared to a laser light source. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can yield 3D measurement outcomes with high accuracy and efficiency.
Solid Forms of Bio-Based Monomer Salts for Polyamide 512 and Their Effect on Polymer Properties
Authors: Zhang Xiaohan , Fang Xincao , Yan Yongliang , Li Zihan , Wen Qingshi , Zhang Keke , Li Ming , Wu Jinglan , Yang Pengpeng , Wang Junzhi
Published: October 2024

Polyamides’ properties are greatly influenced by the polymerization process and the type of feedstock used. The solid forms of nylon salts play a significant role in determining the final characteristics of the material. This study focuses on the long-chain bio-nylon 512. Firstly, we systematically investigated the possible solid forms of the nylon 512 salt, including crystal forms and morphologies, by massive experimental screening, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and TG-DSC measurements. The regulation and control of the various solid forms were achieved through solid-state transformations (SSTs) and solution-mediated phase transformations (SMPTs). Our findings shows that the nylon 512 salt exists in two crystal forms (anhydrate and dihydrate) and four morphologies (needle-like, plate-like, rod-like, and massive block crystal). Many factors will influence the formation of these solid forms, such as water activity, temperature, solvent, and ultrasonic physical fields. We can choose the right factors to regulate this as needed. On this basis, we studied the effects of different solid forms (crystal forms and morphologies) on the properties of the resulting polyamides prepared using direct solid-state polymerization (DSSP). The solid form of the salt had many effects on the polymer, including its structure, melting point, and mechanical properties. The polyamide obtained through DSSP of the anhydrate salt exhibited a higher melting point (204.22 °C) and greater elastic modulus (3.366 GPa) compared to that of the dihydrate salt, especially for the anhydrate salt of plate-like crystals.
Advanced HPLC Method with Diode Array Detection Using a Phenyl-Bonded Column for Simultaneous Quantitation of Three Sunscreen Filters in a Moisturizing Sunscreen Cream for Acne-Prone Skin
Authors: Feidias Panayiotis , Panderi Irene , Tsotsou Georgia Eleni , Balatsouka Ioanna , Papageorgiou Spyridon , Varvaresou Athanasia
Published: October 2024

This study introduces a novel, robust, and efficient method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three sunscreen filters, namely, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, octyl methoxycinnamate, and avobenzone, in a moisturizing sunscreen cream specifically designed for acne-prone skin. The method employs high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection, providing a reliable separation of the analytes. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Fortis Phenyl analytical column (150.0 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm), with isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The mobile phase was composed of a 57/43 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile/45 mM aqueous ammonium formate solution, ensuring sufficient resolution and peak symmetry for the target compounds. The method was validated comprehensively for critical performance parameters, including linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Linearity was established across a suitable range for all three analytes, with high correlation coefficients. Precision was confirmed with intra-run and total precision coefficients of variation of ≤4.6%, while accuracy assessments yielded a percent recovery between 98.6 and 100.4, for all quality control levels. Additionally, the method was able to effectively separate the sunscreen filters from other cosmetic ingredients, such as [β-(1.3), (1.6)-D-glucan], low molecular weight (LMW) hyaluronic acid and plant extracts ensuring specificity in complex formulations. This straightforward and time efficient sample preparation process, involving methanol extraction followed by serial dilution, makes the method suitable for routine quality control in cosmetic laboratories. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of two different lots of a commercial sunscreen cream, achieving excellent recovery for all filters, ranging between 94.6% and 99.8%, thus demonstrating its reliability and applicability for the quality control of cosmetics.
Research on Highly Reliable Self-Powered Vibration Sensors for Geological Drilling
Authors: Lu Feifei , Shen Xianhong , Wu Chuan
Published: October 2024

Vibration signals at the bottom of the drill string during geological drilling are crucial for lithological identification and drilling parameter optimization. However, existing downhole vibration sensors suffer from limitations in power supply and reliability. This study proposes a self-powered vibration sensor with high redundancy based on the triboelectric nanogenerator principle, which is capable of measuring both axial and transverse vibrations, thereby reducing the dependence on external power sources. The experimental results show that the sensor can measure axial vibration frequencies ranging from 0 to 11 Hz with an error of less than 4% and transverse vibration frequencies ranging from 0 to 5 Hz with an error of less than 5%. It can operate stably in temperatures from 0 to 180 °C and relative humidities from 0 to 95%. The sensor’s axial vibration measurement features six identical measurement structures, providing high redundancy and effectively enhancing its reliability. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits power generation capabilities. When an external load of 1 MΩ is applied to the axial measurement module and 10 MΩ to the transverse measurement module, the sensor achieves its maximum power output for both axial and transverse measurements, reaching 32.4 × 10−9 W and 2.1 × 10−9 W, respectively. Compared to traditional bottom-of-the-hole vibration sensors, this sensor possesses self-powering capabilities and high reliability, which can improve the operational efficiency and hold significant practical value for future applications.
An Enhanced Fault Localization Technique for Distribution Networks Utilizing Cost-Sensitive Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Wang Zilong , Huang Birong , Zhou Bingyang , Chen Jianhua , Wang Yichen
Published: October 2024

Accurate and timely fault diagnosis is of great significance for the stable operation of a distribution network. Traditional artificial intelligence-based localization methods rely heavily on large-scale labeled datasets, making them prone to being affected by distributed generators. To address this issue, this study proposes a fault location method for distribution systems using a cost-sensitive graph attention network model. In this approach, the physical structure of the distribution network is considered a crucial constraint for model training, thereby enhancing its information perception capabilities. Specifically, the electrical nodes and lines of the distribution network are mapped to the vertices and edges within the graph attention network, with the attention weights determined by the correlation of adjacent node fault characteristics, thus improving the sensitivity to grounding faults. Additionally, a cost-sensitive matrix is used to balance class distribution, enhancing the robustness and generalization ability of the model. Fault localization experiments were conducted on the IEEE-33 bus distribution system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed fault localization method. Factors such as data disturbance, varying fault grounding resistances, and distributed power supply access were employed to assess the model’s anti-interference performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the fault location method exhibits high positioning accuracy and excellent robustness.
Driver–Automated Cooperation Driving Authority Optimization Framework for Shared Steering Control
Authors: Yan Shuting , Wei Qingsong , Xie Xianyi , Zhao Dingxuan , Liu Xinyu
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we introduce the preview-follower theory for modeling the trajectory-tracking controller of an automated system using model predictive control (MPC). The primary contribution of this research lies in enhancing tracking accuracy and driving safety when the driver and automated system share similar driving intentions, while also enabling a rapid transfer of driving authority to the human driver in cases of differing intentions. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed driving authority optimization framework, both simulation and driver-in-the-loop experiments were conducted under conditions of consistent and inconsistent driving intentions between the human driver and the autonomous driving system. The results of both experiments demonstrated that the proposed shared steering cooperative control and driving authority optimization framework not only significantly improves vehicle tracking accuracy but also promptly aligns with the driver’s intentions.
Electric Vehicle Thermal System Concept Development for Multiple Variants Using Digital Prototype and AI
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Petrovich Simon , Ebrahimi Kambiz
Published: October 2024

The automotive industry is experiencing a surge in system complexity driven by the ever-growing number of interacting components, subsystems, and control systems. This complexity is further amplified by the expanding range of component options available to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). OEMs work in parallel on more than one vehicle model, with multiple vehicle variants for each vehicle model. With the increasing number of vehicle variants needed to cater to diverse regional needs, development complexity escalates. To address this challenge, modern techniques like Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), digitalization, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are becoming essential tools. These advancements can streamline concept development, optimize thermal and HVAC system design across variants, and accelerate the time-to-market for next-generation EVs. The development of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) needs a strong focus on thermal management systems (TMSs) and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. These systems play a critical role in maintaining optimal battery temperature, maximizing range and efficiency, and ensuring passenger comfort. This article proposes a digital prototype (DP) and AI-based methodology to specify BEV thermal system and HVAC system components in the concept phase. This methodology uses system and variant thinking in combination with digital prototype (DP) and AI to verify BEV thermal system architecture component specifications for future variants without extensive simulation. A BEV cabin cooling requirement of 22 °C to be achieved within 1800s at a high ambient temperature (45 °C) is required, and its verification is used to prove this methodology.
Green Medicine: Advancing Antimicrobial Solutions with Diverse Terrestrial and Marine Plant-Derived Compounds
Authors: Jo Du-Min , Tabassum Nazia , Oh Do Kyung , Ko Seok-Chun , Kim Kyung Woo , Yang Dongwoo , Kim Ji-Yul , Oh Gun-Woo , Choi Grace , Lee Dae-Sung , Park Seul-Ki , Kim Young-Mog , Khan Fazlurrahman
Published: October 2024

Infectious diseases continue to cause global morbidity and mortality. The rise of drug-resistant pathogens is a major challenge to modern medicine. Plant-based antimicrobials may solve this issue; hence, this review discussed in detail plant-sourced antimicrobial drugs as an alternative toward bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Plant-derived chemicals from various sources such as marine, medicinal, and non-medicinal sources have diverse antimicrobial properties. Complex chemical profiles from these sources allow these molecules to interact with several targets in the microbial pathogens. Due to their multi-component composition, these compounds are more effective and less likely to acquire resistance than single-target antibiotics. Medicinal herbs have long been used for their antimicrobial properties; however, non-medicinal plants have also been identified for their antimicrobial properties. Other interesting new pathways for the identification of antimicrobials include marine plants, which contain a wide variety of metabolites that are both distinct and varied. We have conducted a thorough literature search for the medicinal, non-medicinal, and marine plant-derived molecules with antimicrobial roles from databases which include Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The review also discussed the synergistic potential of combining these plant-derived compounds with traditional antimicrobial drugs to attenuate the microbial pathogenesis. Based on the existing research and advancements, the review article emphasizes the importance of continuing research into plant-based antimicrobials from these many sources and integrating them with existing therapies to combat the rising threat of drug-resistant infections.
Exploring Children’s Self-Reports of Victimisation Experiences and Solitary, Prosocial, and Aggressive Behaviours
Authors: Rix Katie , Monks Claire P.
Published: October 2024

Young children’s social behaviour plays an important role in their lives. Most research makes use of reports from adults and peers, rather than speaking to young children about their own behaviour. The current study was exploratory and looked at children’s self-reports of solitary, prosocial and aggressive behaviours, and victimisation experiences, during the formative school years. Children aged between four and seven years (n = 193) were recruited from three primary schools. Using an innovative method with stick-figure animations, they were asked to provide frequency ratings of 16 of their own behaviours. Class teachers were also asked to provide ratings for the participating children’s behaviours. Key findings showed that children offer unique insight into their behaviour and experiences. Specifically, children’s self-reports of victimisation experiences are more complex than their teachers; and teachers were found to under-report solitary behaviour in boys in comparison to self-reports. Self-reports of prosocial and aggressive behaviour showed some possible social desirability amongst 6–7-year-olds, but there are also potential situational and gender biases in reports from their teachers. These findings show the importance of including young children’s self-reports in the study of their behaviour.
A Solution to the Quantum Measurement Problem
Authors: Musielak Zdzislaw E.
Published: October 2024

A novel solution to the quantum measurement problem is presented by using a new asymmetric equation that is complementary to the Schrödinger equation. Solved for the hydrogen atom, the new equation describes the temporal and spatial evolution of the wavefunction, and the latter is used to calculate the radial probability density for different measurements. The obtained results show that Born’s position measurement postulates naturally emerge from the theory and its first principles. Experimental verification of the theory and its predictions are also proposed.