bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein Requirements in Critical Illness: Do We Really Know Why to Give So Much?
Authors: Leyderman Ilya , Yaroshetskiy Andrey , Klek Stanislaw
Published: February 2020

The protein and energy requirements of critically ill patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs) have been actively discussed recently. Currently published clinical recommendations and reviews suggest significant increases of protein provision to 2–2.5 g/kg/d in some populations of ICU patients. However, a detailed analysis of the main sources of these recommendations reveals a number of serious contradictions, as well as an absence of obvious evidence supporting the allotment of high doses of protein. We went through these recommendations and reviewed cited articles and other studies, and we have separated our arguments against excessive protein provision into sections.
Element composition of soils to assess the success of wetland restoration
Authors: Wang Guodong , Jiang Ming , Wang Ming , Xue Zhenshan
Published: February 2020

The main purpose of this study is to assess if wetland restoration is associated with a directional shift in soil element concentration toward the original prefarming status in the peatlands of northeastern China. The concentrations of 55 soil elements and related environmental factors including organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and pH were investigated in natural, restored, and farmed wetlands in the Xingkai Lake Watershed of northeastern China. All but four of the soil element concentrations varied by wetland type (natural, restored, and farmed wetlands), and the soil concentrations of 41 elements increased from natural to restored to farmed wetlands. Soil organic matter and electrical conductivity explained 87.8% and 3.3% of the variation in element concentration based on ordination analysis using redundancy analysis. Both nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis indicated that the restored wetlands had a higher similarity with the farmed wetlands than the natural wetlands. Our findings suggest that restoration led to an increase in soil organic matter content and shifts in level of element concentration that was more similar to natural wetlands. However, differences remained so that the biogeochemistry of restored wetlands was not the same as the original prefarming level. This information is very important for wetland restoration, because to be successful, not only biodiversity and hydrology, but also the soil element composition and biogeochemistry need to be restored. Our approach can be used to assess the success of wetland restoration.
Childhood tonsillectomy alters the primary distribution of HPV‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Altenhofen Brannon , DeWees Todd A. , Ahn Ji W. , Yeat Nai C. , Goddu Shreya , Chen Ishita , Lewis James S. , Thorstad Wade L. , Chole Richard A. , Gay Hiram A.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

We investigated how tonsillectomy during childhood may influence the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) positive cancer of the tonsils in adult life using p16 as a surrogate marker for HPV infection.

Study Design

Retrospective observational study.

Methods

A total of 280 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and known p16 status were eligible for this study. Each participant was called to obtain the childhood tonsillectomy history. Respondents were subgrouped by p16 status and the primary tumor location. Patient demographic and clinical information was analyzed for association with Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Location of tumor was modeled using univariate (UVA) and multivariate (MVA) logistic regression with associated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Of the 280 patients, 115 (41%) were respondents: 104 (90.4%) were p16 positive and 11 (9.6%) were p16 negative. For p16 positive patients, we observed a majority (93%) of intact tonsils in those with tonsil cancer, compared to 45% of intact tonsils in patients with p16 positive cancer elsewhere in the oropharynx (P < .001). MVA logistic regression showed that female gender (OR = 4.16, P = .0675), prior smoking history (OR = 2.6, P = .0367), and intact tonsils (OR = 15.2, P < .0001) were associated with tonsillar OPSCC.

Conclusion

We found that patients with p16 positive OPSCC at a non‐tonsil site were much more likely to have had prior tonsillectomy vs those with p16 positive OPSCC arising within the tonsil. Nevertheless, we do not advocate tonsillectomies as a public health policy to reduce HPV‐related OPSCC.

Level of Evidence

6
Should we be sampling zooplankton at night?
Authors: Doubek Jonathan P. , Goldfarb Sadye K. , Stockwell Jason D.
Published: February 2020

Limnologists generally sample during the day. Consequently, many estimates of lake ecosystem processes are derived from daytime samples. Zooplankton, which play critical roles in many such processes, are typically sampled during the day in the pelagic zone, although they commonly exhibit diel vertical and horizontal migration. Demographic estimates using day pelagic sampling may be biased depending on the type and extent of migration. We compiled 870 paired night‐day zooplankton samples from the literature and found that crustacean zooplankton had, on average, 255% and 125% greater density and biomass, respectively, at night compared to day. Although limnologists have been aware that night zooplankton estimates are often higher than day estimates, our results provide quantitative estimates of the differences. Such underestimates from daytime sampling are alarming and call into question ecological rate processes derived from sampling zooplankton during the day.
TUTORIAL: ION ACTIVATION IN TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY USING ULTRA‐HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENTATION
Authors: Bayat Parisa , Lesage Denis , Cole Richard B.
Published: February 2020

Tandem mass spectrometry involves isolation of specific precursor ions and their subsequent excitation through collision‐, photon‐, or electron‐mediated activation techniques in order to induce unimolecular dissociation leading to formation of fragment ions. These powerful ion activation techniques, typically used in between mass selection and mass analysis steps for structural elucidation, have not only found a wide variety of analytical applications in chemistry and biology, but they have also been used to study the fundamental properties of ions in the gas phase. In this tutorial paper, a brief overview is presented of the theories that have been used to describe the activation of ions and their subsequent unimolecular dissociation. Acronyms of the presented techniques include CID, PQD, HCD, SORI, SID, BIRD, IRMPD, UVPD, EPD, ECD, EDD, ETD, and EID. The fundamental principles of these techniques are discussed in the context of their implementation on ultra‐high resolution tandem mass spectrometers. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev
Antenna sensitivity variation depending on the installation of a shield can
Authors: Park Donghee , Jeon Jihwan , Kim Hyeongdong
Published: February 2020

This letter investigates antenna sensitivity with various installations of a shield can. A commonly used shield can, which is widely used to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electronic devices, will produce a spurious resonance by the gap between the shield can and the ground when the shield can is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) with only a few soldering points. A noise source is simulated as a loop‐type circuit on the ground to model the digital noise produced in an actual device. The installation methods of the shield can is discussed to verify the performance of the antenna sensitivity. In the analysis, the spurious resonance from the shield can is an important factor to the coupling between the antenna and the noise source. A high sensitivity antenna can be achieved by modifying the installation of the shield can. The measurement of a commercial WiFi module is also conducted to demonstrate experimental antenna sensitivity.
The preparation of covalent triazine‐based framework via Friedel‐Crafts reaction of 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine with N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐di(m‐tolyl)benzidine for capturing and sensing to iodine
Authors: Geng Tongmou , Liu Min , Zhang Can , Hu Chen , Xia Hong‐Yu
Published: February 2020

The covalent triazine‐based framework (TDPDB) has been prepared by Friedel‐Crafts polymerization reaction of N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐di(m‐tolyl)benzidine (DPDB) with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (TCT) catalyzed by methanesulfonic acid. The yield of the reaction (94.85%) is very high. TDPDB was provided with Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller specific surface area of 592.18 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.5241 cm3 g−1. TDPDB demonstrated an excellent capacity for capturing iodine (3.93 g g−1) and an outstanding ability to fluorescent sensing to iodine with Ksv of 5.83 × 104 L mol−1. It also showed high fluorescent sensing sensitivity to picric acid.
The impact of attachment security on death preparation in advanced cancer: The role of couple communication
Authors: Mah Kenneth , Shapiro Gilla K. , Hales Sarah , Rydall Anne , Malfitano Carmine , An Ekaterina , Nissim Rinat , Li Madeline , Zimmermann Camilla , Rodin Gary
Published: February 2020

Objective

Attachment security protects psychological well‐being in patients with advanced cancer, but its effect on death preparation in this population has not been demonstrated. We examined the relationship of attachment security to death preparation in advanced cancer and tested whether couple communication mediates this relationship and whether gender and age moderate this mediating effect, using longitudinal data from a psychotherapy trial.

Methods

Patients with advanced cancer who lived with a partner (Nbaseline = 289) completed measures of attachment security (attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety), couple communication, and death preparation (preparation for end of life, life completion) and attendant health involvement (relationship with healthcare provider). A moderated mediation model was evaluated at each time period (baseline, 3 months, and 6 months).

Results

Couple communication mediated the relationship of attachment security to preparation for end of life and life completion (b's = −.06 to −.10). Anxiety × Gender effects on baseline couple communication (P's = .016) indicated that women with greater attachment anxiety reported worse communication than their male counterparts. Couple‐communication × Gender × Age effects on baseline preparation for end of life (P = .007‐.020) suggested that women showed better preparation with better couple communication. Younger patients reported less preparation than older patients, especially with poorer communication, but their preparation increased with better communication, especially in younger men.

Conclusions

Attachment security supports death preparation in advanced cancer partly through better couple communication. Couple‐based psychotherapeutic interventions, especially for younger individuals and women with attachment anxiety, may facilitate constructive conversations and death preparation.
A 624 V 5 A All‐GaN Integrated Cascode for Power‐Switching Applications
Authors: Jiang Sheng , Lee Kean Boon , Pinchbeck Joseph , Yin Yidi , Houston Peter A.
Published: February 2020

An all‐GaN integrated cascode device with an output current of 5 A, threshold voltage of +0.65 V and breakdown voltage of 624 V is demonstrated. Compared with the commercial 600 V hybrid GaN plus Si cascode device (TPH3202), the integrated cascode exhibits a significantly reduced delay time when switched at 200 V and 2.7 A. This is attributed to the absence of a Si metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) driver, leading to a much smaller input capacitance as indicated by the high voltage capacitance measurements. In addition, the integrated cascode device shows a reduced ringing effect due to monolithic integration. When compared with commercial 600 V standalone GaN devices (GS66502B and GS‐065‐004), a reduced Miller effect is observed for the integrated cascode when switched under low gate‐driving current conditions. The results demonstrate the advantages of the cascode device to switch with low gate‐driving current using cheaper, faster, and more efficient gate drivers.
Impact of Informative Context’s Meaning Consistency During Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition
Authors: Lowell Randy , Pender Kaitlyn Wade , Binder Katherine S.
Published: February 2020

The authors examined the influence of context meaning consistency on incidental vocabulary acquisition during reading. Context meaning consistency refers to informational context that reflected the same meaning (i.e., consistent) or different meanings (i.e., inconsistent) across two self‐paced reading sessions for a given item (both sessions on the same day). The first sentence of each sentence‐pair item contained informational context, and the second sentence contained a target word (novel target or known control). Acquisition was assessed via surprise memory tests given right after the reading sessions (immediate) and again approximately a week later (delayed). Inconsistent context was generally associated with inflated reading times and less recall than consistent context, and retention was particularly low when the first encounter with the novel target was during the second reading session. Self‐paced reading times were also particularly inflated in the second reading session for items in which readers encountered the novel word version of the target for the first time (i.e., known control encountered during the first reading session instead). Acquisition was facilitated most for novel targets that were presented during both reading sessions in consistent meaning context, but suffered the most in the case of consistent context and the novel target initially encountered in the second session. When presented with different meanings for the same novel target across self‐paced reading sessions (inconsistent context condition), the intended meaning for the initial presentation was more likely to remain in memory.
Glimmers of Care: Attending to the Affective Everyday in Ninth‐Grade Literacy Classrooms
Authors: Garcia Antero , Guggenheim Aaron , Stamatis Kristina , Dalton Bridget
Published: February 2020

In this qualitative study, the authors examined how care was enacted, understood, and valued by teachers and students in nine ninth‐grade English language arts classrooms. Following two yearlong cohorts of teachers, the authors explored sociopolitical interpretations of care, specifically focusing on how care was an everyday, political phenomenon in the classrooms. Drawing on observations, teacher and student surveys and interviews, and students’ multimodal compositions and artifacts, the authors analyzed glimmers of affect within and across classrooms. The authors framed their findings around two vignettes to illustrate how clusters of analytic glimmers revealed three dimensions of political, everyday care in the classrooms. First, care was shaped by the structures of space and pedagogy in classrooms, such as the requirements imposed on student composition. Second, the manipulation of the actual space of classrooms—the positioning of desks and bodies—shaped care. Finally, the materiality and modality of student production in classrooms highlighted both the platforms on which students demonstrated forms of care and the authoring decisions they made. The authors conclude with specific suggestions for using glimmers as a methodological approach in other affective studies and for designing classrooms that provide avenues for students to shape the enactments of care in classrooms.
Harnessing the Power of Young Readers’ Perceptions to Support Motivation
Authors: Erickson Joy Dangora , Condie Cami , Wharton‐McDonald Ruth
Published: February 2020

The authors share findings from a study that incorporated two types of participatory interview approaches (conversational drawing interviews and walking tour interviews) to elicit young students’ (K–2) motivation‐related perceptions of a reading intervention to better understand and support their motivation for doing reading in the program. All 14 students shared perceived benefits of intervention participation, and 10 students shared perceived costs. For five students, the perceived costs appeared to outweigh the perceived benefits; these students reported that if allowed to choose, they would not participate in the reading intervention. A perceived lack of autonomy within the intervention was a common theme woven through these students’ responses. Given the connection between motivation and achievement, the authors emphasize the importance of eliciting students’ motivation‐related perceptions of reading instruction and offer suggestions for probing young students’ understandings.
Mechanisms of peptide and phosphoester hydrolysis catalyzed by two promiscuous metalloenzymes (insulin degrading enzyme and glycerophosphodiesterase) and their synthetic analogues
Authors: Hu Qiaoyu , Jayasinghe‐Arachchige Vindi M. , Sharma Gaurav , Serafim Leonardo F. , Paul Thomas J. , Prabhakar Rajeev
Published: February 2020

The hydrolysis of extremely stable peptide and phosphoester bonds by metalloenzymes is of great interest in biotechnology and industry. However, due to various shortcomings only a handful of these enzymes have been used for industrial applications. Therefore, in the last two decades intensive scientific efforts have been made in rational development of small molecules to imitate the activities of natural enzymes. Despite these efforts, their currently available synthetic analogues are inferior in terms of selectivity, catalytic rate, and turnover and the designing of efficient artificial metalloenzymes remains a distant goal. This is a challenging area of research that necessitates a rigorous integration between experiments and theory. The realization of this goal requires knowledge of the catalytic activities of both enzymes and their existing analogues and an effective fusion of that knowledge. This article reviews several studies in which a plethora of computational techniques have been successfully employed to investigate the functioning of two chemically promiscuous mono‐ and binuclear metalloenzymes (insulin degrading enzyme and glycerophosphodiesterase) and two synthetic analogues. These studies will help us derive fundamental principles of peptide and phosphoester hydrolysis and pave the way to design efficient small molecule catalysts for these reactions.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Serum CXCL13 levels are associated with lymphoma risk and lymphoma occurrence in primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors:   UK primary Sjögren’s syndrome registry, Traianos Emmanuella Young , Locke James , Lendrem Dennis , Bowman Simon , Hargreaves Ben , Macrae Victoria , Tarn Jessica Rachael , Ng Wan-Fai
Published: February 2020

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by an increased risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) development. Ectopic germinal centre (GC) in the salivary gland is associated with increased NHL risk in pSS, and the chemokine CXCL13 is implicated in B-cell migration and GC formation. Serum CXCL13 concentrations were quantified by ELISA in 48 healthy individuals, 273 pSS patients without NHL (pSS-nonL), and 38 pSS patients with NHL (pSS-NHL+) from the United Kingdom Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Registry cohort. PSS-nonL patients were stratified into low risk (LR), moderate risk (MR) and high risk (HR) groups according to the lymphoma risk score proposed by Fragkioudaki et al. Differences in serum CXCL13 levels among groups were analysed using the Wilcoxon method. Also, changes in serum CXCL13 over a time period of at least 1 year and a median 4 years were assessed for 200 pSS-nonL and 8 pSS-NHL+ patients. In addition, associations of serum CXCL13 with B-cell and inflammatory markers were investigated by correlation analyses and logistic regression. Serum CXCL13 levels were higher in all pSS groups compared to controls (p < 0.0001), and in pSS-NHL+ compared to pSS-nonL patients (p = 0.0204). LR patients had lower CXCL13 levels than MR patients (p < 0.0001) and pSS-NHL+ patients (p = 0.0008). CXCL13 levels remained stable over the study period for all pSS groups. CXCL13 was associated (p < 0.0005) with Immunoglobulin G (IgG), B-cell activating factor, β2 microglobulin, combined free light chains, κ and λ light chains, anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. IgG and C3 controlled for age and gender were significantly associated with NHL risk in pSS. Serum CXCL13 levels were elevated in pSS-NHL+ and MR patients compared to LR patients and remained stable over time. Further study is required to investigate the role of CXCL13 in pSS-associated NHL risk.
Antenna phase center correction differences from robot and chamber calibrations: the case study LEIAR25
Authors: Krzan Grzegorz , Dawidowicz Karol , Wielgosz Pawel
Published: February 2020

In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been intensively modernized, resulting in the introduction of new carrier frequencies for GPS and GLONASS and the development of new satellite systems such as Galileo and BeiDou (BDS). For this reason, the absolute field antenna calibrations performed so far for the two legacy carrier frequencies, the GPS and GLONASS, seem to be insufficient. Hence, all antennas will require a re-calibration of their phase center variations for the new signals to ensure the highest measurement accuracy. Currently, two absolute calibration methods are used to calibrate GNSS antennas: field calibration using a robot and calibration in an anechoic chamber. Unfortunately, differences in these methodologies also result in a disparity in the obtained antenna phase center corrections (PCC). Therefore, we analyze the differences between individual PCC obtained with these two methods, specifically for the Leica AR-25 antenna model (LEIAR25). In addition, the influence of PCC differences on the GNSS-derived position time series for 19 EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EPN) stations was also assessed. The results show that the calibration method has a noticeable impact on PCC models. PCC differences determined for the ionosphere-free combination may reach up over 20 mm and can be transferred to the position domain. Further tests concerning the positioning accuracy showed that for horizontal coordinates differences between solutions were mostly below 1 mm, exceeding 2 mm only at two stations for the GLONASS solution. However, the height component differences exceeded 5 mm for four, six and six stations out of 19 for the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo solutions, respectively. These differences are strongly dependent on large L2 calibration differences.
The composition of lipid profiles in different developmental stages of Dermestes ater and Dermestes maculatus and their susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
Authors: Cerkowniak Magdalena , Boguś Mieczysława I. , Włóka Emilia , Stepnowski Piotr , Gołębiowski Marek
Published: February 2020

Insects from the Dermestidae family (Dermestes ater and Dermestes maculatus) are synanthropic insects, which are household, agricultural and warehouse pests. Their lipidomics and the insects’ ability to use compounds present in their bodies to protect them against pathogens are not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the composition of compounds present in the bodies of two insect species, Dermestes ater and Dermestes maculatus, by the MALDI technique. Several free fatty acids and acylglycerols were found to be present as a result of the research. Significant differences in the composition and number of identified compounds have been shown, depending on the tested species and on the development stage. In lipids of D. ater, a greater variety of free fatty acids were found than in those of the second species. Biological studies have determined the high resistance of both species of Dermestidae to fungal infection with Conidiobolus coronatus. These results provide baseline data for further studies on the possible role of lipids.
The Role of General and Subject-specific Language Skills when Learning Mathematics in Elementary School
Authors: Ufer Stefan , Bochnik Katrin
Published: February 2020

The role of skills in the language of instruction for mathematics learning is well established by longitudinal studies at the primary school level. Explanations for these relations lead to the question: are they mostly due to general, domain-overarching language skills, or does the command of subject-specific language registers play an important role? Integrating prior research threads, we propose two instruments to measure subject-specific language skills in mathematics: One measuring mathematical vocabulary, and one measuring mathematical text comprehension. We report on a longitudinal study withN = 237 German grade 3 students, which investigated the predictive value of these instruments beyond prior arithmetic skills, general language skills, and control variables such as general cognitive skills and socio-economic status on students’ later arithmetic skills. We applied a multidimensional assessment model to measure arithmetic skills. Apart from replicating the prominent role of general language skills found in earlier studies, our results indicate a substantial, additional role of subject-specific language skills for the development of mathematics skills. These relations could be identified for knowledge of mathematical vocabulary, as well as for mathematical text comprehension. The results indicate that fostering subject-specific language skills already at the primary school level is not only one of many goals of mathematics instruction, but is a core prerequisite to supporting mathematical skill acquisition.
Fractal analysis of the microstructure of milk powders produced at various temperatures
Authors: Smoczyński Michał
Published: February 2020

The quality of milk powder is largely determined during it manufacture process by the morphological characteristics of powder particles. Considering that, the main research objective of this study was to determine whether parameters of the production process contribute to differences in the microstructure of the manufactured powders, and by this means affect their functional traits. To diversify the milk powder production process, various temperatures of the inlet air were used during drying, i.e. 140, 150 and 160 °C. An image fractal analysis was employed and powder particle sizes were compared with respective results achieved in the instrumental analysis using the laser diffraction method. Values of fractal dimensions decreased slightly along with drying temperature increase, what demonstrates that the technological parameters are reflected in the microstructure of milk powders produced. Although particle sizes determined with both methods fitted within the same range of values, the contribution of particular fractions slightly differed and the choice of the appropriate approach may not always be unambiguous. Finally, the fractal dimension is a precise parameter which provides the accurate and explicit characteristics of milk powder microstructure and as such should be recommended for the characterization of irregular structures of different food products.
Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of groundwater along the coastal tracts of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India
Authors: Khan A. Faizal , Srinivasamoorthy K. , Rabina C.
Published: February 2020

Coastal areas provide the largest avenue for human settlement worldwide. Among the different sources of water, groundwater comes under the most exploited for domestic, agriculture as well as industrial purposes. The present study is aimed to evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater. A total of 132 groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and analyzed for major and minor ions, and the results were used to evaluate water quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio, magnesium absorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate to establish water quality for various utilities. Groundwater samples show acidic to alkaline nature; dominant cations reported were in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ and dominant anions Cl− > HCO3− > SO42−. The hardness of water ranges from soft to very hard. The major water types noted were CaHCO3, NaHCO3, CaCl2, mixed CaNaHCO3 and NaCl. Based on electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and total hardness majority of the samples are appropriate for consumption and domestic utilities with few exceptions. Computed parameters reveal that a majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for agricultural purposes. The Gibbs plot reveals that interaction between rock and water is the major mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry in the study area. Multivariate statistical analyses such as correlation analysis and principal component analysis were carried out for better understanding and classification of water quality and factors which control the groundwater chemistry.
Development of a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in post-earthquake Haiti, 2010–2019
Authors: Raviola G. , Rose A. , Fils-Aimé J.R. , Thérosmé T. , Affricot E. , Valentin C. , Daimyo S. , Coleman S. , Dubuisson W. , Wilson J. , Verdeli H. , Belkin G. , Jerome G. , Eustache E.
Published: February 2020

Between 2010 and 2019 the international health care organization Partners In Health (PIH) and its sister organization Zanmi Lasante (ZL) mounted a long-term response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, focused on mental health. Over that time, implementing a Theory of Change developed in 2012, the organization successfully developed a comprehensive, sustained community mental health system in Haiti's Central Plateau and Artibonite departments, directly serving a catchment area of 1.5 million people through multiple diagnosis-specific care pathways. The resulting ZL mental health system delivered 28 184 patient visits and served 6305 discrete patients at ZL facilities between January 2016 and September 2019. The experience of developing a system of mental health services in Haiti that currently provides ongoing care to thousands of people serves as a case study in major challenges involved in global mental health delivery. The essential components of the effort to develop and sustain this community mental health system are summarized.
Fascist Samurais: the Japanese race in the Italian imaginary during the Second World War and beyond
Authors: Monserrati Michele
Published: February 2020

Between 1938 and 1943, Fascist intellectuals debated the problem of how to create a racial policy that would encompass the Japanese within the Aryan doctrine. This article demonstrates how internal divisions in the Fascist party over racial issues generated alternative versions of pro-Japanese propaganda, which influenced the racial thinking of the Italian far-right even long after the Second World War. I show how Italian racial theories developed to underpin the alliance with Japan were transnational in scope, as they involved both German and Italian scholars in a common effort to lobby state racial policies. Specifically, I consider George Montandon and Julius Evola as two transnational actors engaged in building a case for the inclusion of the Japanese in the family of Aryan races, speaking either from a ‘biological’ or ‘spiritual’ perspective. While by the end of the Second World War the ‘biological’ thesis for the inclusion of the Japanese race had evaporated, the ‘spiritual’ thesis would continue to influence a generation of Italian far-right militants, especially during the ‘Years of Lead’. To make sense of this legacy, I suggest that the foundational myth of Italian Fascism, based on the spiritual heritage of themultiethnicRoman empire, responded to the neofascist quest for transnational affiliations against Western materialism.
What Is Criminal and What Is Not: Prosecuting Wartime Japanese Sex Crimes in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Hao Xiaoyang
Published: February 2020

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) prosecuted Japanese military servicemen for war crimes committed during and after the Sino-Japanese War. This paper examines written confessions left by those Japanese war crimes suspects and considers to what extent they were used by the CCP to prosecute sexual violence during the trials. The historical analysis is contextualized by an examination of the representation of the CCP's legal approach to sexual violence in articles from thePeople's Daily. This paper finds that although accounts of sexual violence are found in the confessions written by suspected Japanese war criminals, the courts did not make rape a focal point of the prosecutions and did not pursue the so-called “comfort women” issue. Furthermore, no victim of rape was called to testify before the court. The CCP's approach to the issue of sexual violence in the 1956 trials closely corresponded to the discourse and propaganda in thePeople's Daily.
Accounting for Colonial Legal Personhood: New Intersectional Histories from the British Empire
Authors: Burton Antoinette
Published: February 2020

In this comment on the special issue, Burton situates the essays in the scholarship of 1980s and 1990s as well as very recent scholarship on age of consent laws. She notes patterns — including processes of abstraction and transnational circulation — that shaped the cases gathered here. She points as well to the stakes of prioritizing gender and conjugality in scholarship on legal imperial regimes of all kinds.
Electing to Do Women's Work? Gendered Divisions of Labor in U.K. Select Committees, 1979–2016
Authors: Goodwin Mark , Holden Bates Stephen , McKay Stephen
Published: February 2020

Where female representatives are located within legislatures and what they do matters for the substantive representation of women. Previous scholarship has found that female parliamentary committee members participate differently than their male counterparts in relation to both policy area and status of positions held. Here, we draw on an original time-series data set (n= 9,767) to analyze the U.K. select committee system. We test for the impact of four variables previously found to be important in explaining changes in gendered divisions of labor: the system of appointment/election, the proportion of female representatives in the legislature, sharp increases in the number of female representatives, and changes in government from right-wing parties to left-wing parties. We find that horizontal and vertical divisions of labor persist over time and that membership patterns in the United Kingdom mainly correspond to those found elsewhere. Moreover, there is little evidence that any of the four variables have systematically affected membership patterns.
Enhanced Primary Production in the Oligotrophic South China Sea Related to Southeast Asian Forest Fires
Authors: Xiao Hong‐Wei , Luo Li , Zhu Ren‐Guo , Guo Wei , Long Ai‐Min , Wu Jing‐Feng , Xiao Hua‐Yun
Published: February 2020

Atmospheric reactive nitrogen deposition is an important process in the nitrogen cycle of natural ecosystems, especially in oligotrophic oceans. Increased land‐based atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the ocean changes the stoichiometric balance of marine ecosystems; this causes changes in ecosystem functions and biogeochemical cycles. Current studies have shown that atmospheric reactive nitrogen is mainly derived from land‐based human activities, such as the use of fertilizers, combustion of fossil fuels, and forest fires. Forest fires can provide a vast amount of reactive nitrogen and other nutrients over short time scales and may greatly influence marine ecosystems. Here, we document a large change in nitrogen concentration and primary productivity in upper levels of the South China Sea (SCS), coincident with Indonesian forest fires between August and September of 2012. Using back trajectories, fire spot maps, geographical distributions of the smoke, vertical distributions of the depolarization ratio, and nitrogen isotope values of nitrate in rainwater, we found that the change in nitrogen could be attributed to the forest fires. Our results show that the SCS received about 180 Gg of N as wet deposition during the sampling period. This atmospheric nitrogen deposition caused high primary productivity (40.679 ± 15.852 mg C·m−2·hr−1) in the upper levels of the SCS, which tripled values recorded in other years. This suggests that high nitrogen levels as well as other nutrients derived from tropical Asian forest fires are of great importance to the marine ecosystem of the SCS and also likely affect global marine biogeochemical cycles.
ATIR101 administered after T-cell-depleted haploidentical HSCT reduces NRM and improves overall survival in acute leukemia
Authors: Roy Denis Claude , Walker Irwin , Maertens Johan , Lewalle Philippe , Olavarria Eduardo , Selleslag Dominik , Lachance Sylvie , Buyse Marc , Wang Kun , Rovers Jeroen , Santi Irene , Bonig Halvard , Sandler Andrew , Velthuis Jurjen , Mielke Stephan
Published: February 2020

Overcoming graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) without increasing relapse and severe infections is a major challenge after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). ATIR101 is a haploidentical, naïve cell-enriched T-cell product, depleted of recipient-alloreactive T cells to minimize the risk of GvHD and provide graft-versus-infection and -leukemia activity. Safety and efficacy of ATIR101 administered after T-cell-depleted haploidentical HSCT (TCD-haplo + ATIR101) without posttransplant immunosuppressors were evaluated in a Phase 2, multicenter study of 23 patients with acute leukemia and compared with an observational cohort undergoing TCD-haplo alone (n = 35), matched unrelated donor (MUD; n = 64), mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD; n = 37), and umbilical cord blood (UCB; n = 22) HSCT. The primary endpoint, 6-month non-relapse mortality (NRM), was 13% with TCD-haplo + ATIR101. One year post HSCT, TCD-haplo + ATIR101 resulted in lower NRM versus TCD-haplo alone (P = 0.008). GvHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) was higher with TCD-haplo + ATIR101 versus MMUD and UCB (both P < 0.03; 1-year rates: 56.5%, 27.0%, and 22.7%, respectively) and was not statistically different from MUD (1 year: 40.6%). ATIR101 grafts with high third-party reactivity were associated with fewer clinically relevant viral infections. Results suggest that haploidentical, selective donor-cell depletion may eliminate requirements for posttransplant immunosuppressors without increasing GvHD risk, with similar GRFS to MUD. Following these results, a randomized Phase 3 trial versus posttransplant cyclophosphamide had been initiated.
Disentangling the impact of environmental and phylogenetic constraints on prokaryotic within-species diversity
Authors: Maistrenko Oleksandr M , Mende Daniel R , Luetge Mechthild , Hildebrand Falk , Schmidt Thomas S B , Li Simone S , Rodrigues João F Matias , von Mering Christian , Pedro Coelho Luis , Huerta-Cepas Jaime , Sunagawa Shinichi , Bork Peer
Published: February 2020

Microbial organisms inhabit virtually all environments and encompass a vast biological diversity. The pangenome concept aims to facilitate an understanding of diversity within defined phylogenetic groups. Hence, pangenomes are increasingly used to characterize the strain diversity of prokaryotic species. To understand the interdependence of pangenome features (such as the number of core and accessory genes) and to study the impact of environmental and phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of conspecific strains, we computed pangenomes for 155 phylogenetically diverse species (from ten phyla) using 7,000 high-quality genomes to each of which the respective habitats were assigned. Species habitat ubiquity was associated with several pangenome features. In particular, core-genome size was more important for ubiquity than accessory genome size. In general, environmental preferences had a stronger impact on pangenome evolution than phylogenetic inertia. Environmental preferences explained up to 49% of the variance for pangenome features, compared with 18% by phylogenetic inertia. This observation was robust when the dataset was extended to 10,100 species (59 phyla). The importance of environmental preferences was further accentuated by convergent evolution of pangenome features in a given habitat type across different phylogenetic clades. For example, the soil environment promotes expansion of pangenome size, while host-associated habitats lead to its reduction. Taken together, we explored the global principles of pangenome evolution, quantified the influence of habitat, and phylogenetic inertia on the evolution of pangenomes and identified criteria governing species ubiquity and habitat specificity.
Exploring the biological hallmarks of cancer of unknown primary: where do we stand today?
Authors: Rassy Elie , Assi Tarek , Pavlidis Nicholas
Published: February 2020

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) affects a small percentage of the general population. Nonetheless, a substantial number of these patients have a poor prognosis and consequently succumb to their illness within a year of diagnosis. The natural history of CUP is characterised by early metastasis from the unknown primary site, aggressive course and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the processes by which this orphan disease originates and progresses have not been fully elucidated and its biology remain unclear. Despite the conceptual progress in genetic and molecular profiling made over the past decade, recognition of the genetic and molecular abnormalities involved in CUP, as well as the identification of the tissue of origin remain unresolved issues. This review will outline the biology of CUP by exploring the hallmarks of cancer in order to rationalise the complexities of this enigmatic syndrome. This approach will help the reader to understand where research efforts currently stand and the pitfalls of this quest.
Stable isotopes: their use and safety in human nutrition studies
Authors: Davies Peter S. W.
Published: February 2020

Stable isotopes have been used as tracers in human nutritional studies for many years. A number of isotopes have been used frequently to assess body composition, energy expenditure, protein turnover and metabolic studies in general, such as deuterium (2Hydrogen), 18Oxygen, 13Carbon and 15Nitrogen. Nevertheless, there is still occasional confusion and concern over their safety, which can hinder the appropriate use of these isotopes in human studies. This mini review aims, therefore, to consider the safety of the four stable isotopes mentioned above, and to reiterate and reaffirm their safety once again. It is hoped that these data will be of use to new researchers in the field, as well as those considering the ethical or other implications of using these stable isotopes in nutritional research. Undoubtedly some of the confusion arises as deuterium, especially, is associated with the nuclear industry. However, as their name implies, of course, none of these stable isotopes are radioactive, and no adverse biological or physiological effects have been reported at the very low levels of enrichment that are used in human studies. There are ample data to reaffirm the safety of stable isotopes at the levels used in nutritional research, and unnecessary concerns and/or confusion should not be a block to continued use of these important tracers.
Maternal paraben exposure triggers childhood overweight development
Authors: Leppert Beate , Strunz Sandra , Seiwert Bettina , Schlittenbauer Linda , Schlichting Rita , Pfeiffer Christiane , Röder Stefan , Bauer Mario , Borte Michael , Stangl Gabriele I. , Schöneberg Torsten , Schulz Angela , Karkossa Isabell , Rolle-Kampczyk Ulrike E. , Thürmann Loreen , von Bergen Martin , Escher Beate I. , Junge Kristin M. , Reemtsma Thorsten , Lehmann Irina , Polte Tobias
Published: February 2020

Parabens are preservatives widely used in consumer products including cosmetics and food. Whether low-dose paraben exposure may cause adverse health effects has been discussed controversially in recent years. Here we investigate the effect of prenatal paraben exposure on childhood overweight by combining epidemiological data from a mother–child cohort with experimental approaches. Mothers reporting the use of paraben-containing cosmetic products have elevated urinary paraben concentrations. For butyl paraben (BuP) a positive association is observed to overweight within the first eight years of life with a stronger trend in girls. Consistently, maternal BuP exposure of mice induces a higher food intake and weight gain in female offspring. The effect is accompanied by an epigenetic modification in the neuronal Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) enhancer 1 leading to a reduced hypothalamic POMC expression. Here we report that maternal paraben exposure may contribute to childhood overweight development by altered POMC-mediated neuronal appetite regulation.
Anthropogenically-driven increases in the risks of summertime compound hot extremes
Authors: Wang Jun , Chen Yang , Tett Simon F. B. , Yan Zhongwei , Zhai Panmao , Feng Jinming , Xia Jiangjiang
Published: February 2020

Compared to individual hot days/nights, compound hot extremes that combine daytime and nighttime heat are more impactful. However, past and future changes in compound hot extremes as well as their underlying drivers and societal impacts remain poorly understood. Here we show that during 1960–2012, significant increases in Northern Hemisphere average frequency (~1.03 days decade−1) and intensity (~0.28 °C decade−1) of summertime compound hot extremes arise primarily from summer-mean warming. The forcing of rising greenhouse gases (GHGs) is robustly detected and largely accounts for observed trends. Observationally-constrained projections suggest an approximate eightfold increase in hemispheric-average frequency and a threefold growth in intensity of summertime compound hot extremes by 2100 (relative to 2012), given uncurbed GHG emissions. Accordingly, end-of-century population exposure to compound hot extremes is projected to be four to eight times the 2010s level, dependent on demographic and climate scenarios.
Distinct iron cycling in a Southern Ocean eddy
Authors: Ellwood Michael J. , Strzepek Robert F. , Strutton Peter G. , Trull Thomas W. , Fourquez Marion , Boyd Philip W.
Published: February 2020

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the iron-limited Southern Ocean, controlling ocean-atmosphere exchange processes, however their influence on phytoplankton productivity remains unknown. Here we probed the biogeochemical cycling of iron (Fe) in a cold-core eddy. In-eddy surface dissolved Fe (dFe) concentrations and phytoplankton productivity were exceedingly low relative to external waters. In-eddy phytoplankton Fe-to-carbon uptake ratios were elevated 2–6 fold, indicating upregulated intracellular Fe acquisition resulting in a dFe residence time of ~1 day. Heavy dFe isotope values were measured for in-eddy surface waters highlighting extensive trafficking of dFe by cells. Below the euphotic zone, dFe isotope values were lighter and coincident with peaks in recycled nutrients and cell abundance, indicating enhanced microbially-mediated Fe recycling. Our measurements show that the isolated nature of Southern Ocean eddies can produce distinctly different Fe biogeochemistry compared to surrounding waters with cells upregulating iron uptake and using recycling processes to sustain themselves.