bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valorization of Sargassum muticum Biomass According to the Biorefinery Concept
Authors: Balboa Elena , Moure Andrés , Domínguez Herminia
Published: June 2015

The biorefinery concept integrates processes and technologies for an efficient biomass conversion using all components of a feedstock. Sargassum muticum is an invasive brown algae which could be regarded as a renewable resource susceptible of individual valorization of the constituent fractions into high added-value compounds. Microwave drying technology can be proposed before conventional ethanol extraction of algal biomass, and supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 was useful to extract fucoxanthin and for the fractionation of crude ethanol extracts. Hydrothermal processing is proposed to fractionate the algal biomass and to solubilize the fucoidan and phlorotannin fractions. Membrane technology was proposed to concentrate these fractions and obtain salt- and arsenic-free saccharidic fractions. Based on these technologies, this study presents a multipurpose process to obtain six different products with potential applications for nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Metabolites Produced by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus from the Stem of Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv.
Authors: Shi Yu-Sheng , Zhang Yan , Chen Xiao-Zhong , Zhang Ning , Liu Yun-Bao
Published: June 2015

A new diketopiperazine alkaloid named spirotryprostatin K (1), and five known alkaloids, spiro[5H,10H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a:1′,2′-d]pyrazine-2(3H),2′-[2H]-indole]-3′,5,10(1′H) trione (2), 6-methoxyspirotryprostatin B (3), pseurotin A (4), N-β-acetyltryptamine (5), and lumichrome (6) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The structure and the absolute configuration of spirotryprostatin K were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, acid hydrolysis and ECD calculations. Pseurotin A exhibited indirect anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory factors in BV2 microglial cells, with an IC50 of 5.20 µM.
Progress in Studies on Rutaecarpine. II.—Synthesis and Structure-Biological Activity Relationships
Authors: Son Jong-Keun , Chang Hyeun , Jahng Yurngdong
Published: June 2015

Rutaecarpine is a pentacyclic indolopyridoquinazolinone alkaloid found in Evodia rutaecarpa and other related herbs. It has a variety of intriguing biological properties, which continue to attract the academic and industrial interest. Studies on rutaecarpine have included isolation from new natural sources, development of new synthetic methods for its total synthesis, the discovery of new biological activities, metabolism, toxicology, and establishment of analytical methods for determining rutaecarpine content. The present review focuses on the synthesis, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships of rutaecarpine derivatives, with respect to their antiplatelet, vasodilatory, cytotoxic, and anticholinesterase activities.
A 10-Year Cloud Fraction Climatology of Liquid Water Clouds over Bern Observed by a Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer
Authors: Cossu Federico , Hocke Klemens , Mätzler Christian
Published: June 2015

Cloud fraction (CF) is known as the dominant modulator of Earth’s radiative fluxes. Ground-based CF observations are useful to characterize the cloudiness of a specific site and are valuable for comparison with satellite observations and numerical models. We present for the first time CF statistics (relative to liquid clouds only) for Bern, Switzerland, derived from the observations of a ground-based microwave radiometer. CF is derived with a new method involving the analysis of the integrated liquid water distribution measured by the radiometer. The 10-year analyzed period (2004–2013) allowed us to compute a CF climatology for Bern, showing a maximum CF of 60.9% in winter and a minimum CF of 42.0% in summer. The CF monthly anomalies are identified with respect to the climatological mean values, and they are confirmed through MeteoSwiss yearly climatological bulletins. The CF monthly mean variations are similar to the observations taken at another Swiss location, Payerne, suggesting a large-scale correlation between different sites on the Swiss Plateau. A CF diurnal cycle is also computed, and large intraseasonal variations are found. The overall mean CF diurnal cycle, however, shows a typical sinusoidal cycle, with higher values in the morning and lower values in the afternoon.
Prevention of Aflatoxin B1-Induced DNA Breaks by β-D-Glucan
Authors: Madrigal-Bujaidar Eduardo , Morales-González José , Sánchez-Gutiérrez Manuel , Izquierdo-Vega Jeannett , Reyes-Arellano Alicia , Álvarez-González Isela , Pérez-Pasten Ricardo , Madrigal-Santillán Eduardo
Published: June 2015

Aflatoxins are a group of naturally-occurring carcinogens that are known to contaminate different human and animal foodstuffs. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most genotoxic hepatocarcinogenic compound of all of the aflatoxins. In this report, we explore the capacity of β-D-glucan (Glu) to reduce the DNA damage induced by AFB1 in mouse hepatocytes. For this purpose, we applied the comet assay to groups of animals that were first administered Glu in three doses (100, 400 and 700 mg/kg bw, respectively) and, 20 min later, 1.0 mg/kg of AFB1. Liver cells were obtained at 4, 10 and 16 h after the chemical administration and examined. The results showed no protection of the damage induced by AFB1 with the low dose of the polysaccharide, but they did reveal antigenotoxic activity exerted by the two high doses. In addition, we induced a co-crystallization between both compounds, determined their fusion points and analyzed the molecules by UV spectroscopy. The data suggested the formation of a supramolecular complex between AFB1 and β-D-glucan.
Etude de quelques bioclimats humains d'Afrique tropicale (Some human bioclimates in tropical Africa)
Authors: Escourrou Pierre
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Six stations représentent les climats équatorial, tropical humide et désertique, pour dix jours de janvier et de juillet. Le climat équatorial est marqué par son humidité constante. Le climat tropical humide est plus contrasté pour la chaleur, mais toujours malsain à cause de l'humidité constante. Le climat désertique est excessif, très chaud et très «froid», d'une sécheresse considérable.
La transmission internet par satellite et l'Afrique : matérialité du système (Internet transmission by satellite and Africa : reality of the system)
Authors: Bernard Eric
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les satellites font désormais partie intégrante du futur prévisible du développement d'Internet. Annoncés comme la voie royale de l'évolution des télécommunications en Afrique, ils semblent pouvoir mettre un terme aux débats sur l'inégalité spatiale des accès aux télécommunications et à Internet et ainsi rendre l'analyse géographique peu pertinente. L'analyse de la transmission de données Internet via les satellites aide à distinguer la situation du continent africain dans le maillage global des réseaux informatiques. Il est inexact de considérer que tous les satellites autorisent la transmission de données, que la couverture est mondiale, ou que l'implantation des stations au sol est neutre. Les échecs récents de projet de constellations de satellites et les fusions entre projets montrent que rien n'est encore définitif pour les télécommunications par satellite et que l'Afrique ne contrôle que très peu les systèmes mis en place.
Immigration et nouvelles marges productives dans l'aire métropolitaine de Naples (Immigration and new productive margins in Naples metropolitan area)
Authors: Schmoll Camille
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - En Campante, les années 1980 sont à la fois celles du début d'un flux d'immigration important et celles du développement de nouveaux espaces productifs aux marges de l'aire métropolitaine de Naples. Dans la zone vésuvienne, et en particulier dans la commune de San Giuseppe Vesuviano, se développe une économie basée sur la vente en gros et la fabrication en sous-traitance de produits textiles de basse qualité. La constitution de ce pôle entraîne d'une part la venue d'une main-d'œuvre étrangère, essentiellement maghrébine, employée dans les fabriques, d'autre part celles de façonneurs chinois. Récemment ces entrepreneurs chinois ont ouvert des magasins de gros qui semblent avoir introduit une certaine concurrence tout en renforçant le pouvoir d'attraction de San Giuseppe sur une clientèle étrangère qui se caractérise par sa mobilité. Mobilité périurbaine pour les marchands ambulants marocains, mobilité transméditerranéenne pour les commerçants maghrébins pour lesquels le passage en Campanie est une étape au sein de trajectoires circulatoires.
Etude comparative des mesures à vin dans les Etats bourguignons au XVe siècle
Authors: Sommé Monique
Published: June 2015

"A comparative study of wine measures in the Burgundian States in the XVth century".

The daily accounts of the Dukes of Burgundy allow to draw a comparative study of wine measures in the XVth century, since the barrels of wine bought in the different cities of the burgundian States were appraised first in the local gauge and then in the french gauge (the Paris gauge) wich was the referece measure. The large capacity units ("muid" or "aime") are in a simple ratio to the Paris "muid", being worth either one or one and a half French "muid". The number of "setiers" in a "muid" or "aime" can also be defined. The measures, once thus compared, are geographically grouped. Yet the attempts toward a metric conversion of these measures by the use of the tables of the end of the XVIIIth century do not allow to confirm exactly the equivalences admitted by the XVth century gaugers. Certain measures must then have varied between the XVth century and the XVIIIth century.
Jugements de conseils de guerre spéciaux de la Grande Armée à charge de conscrits du département de Jemappes, 1806 - 1809
Authors: Douxchamps-Lefèvre Cécile
Published: June 2015

"Judgments passed on conscripts of the Jemmapes department by the special court-martials of the "Grande Armée" - 1806-1809".

The documents surveyed in this article consist in the minutes of 434 judgments passed between 1806 and 1809 by the special court-martials established in every regiment of the "Grande Armee" to judge the NCO's and soldiers of these bodies guilty of desertion. They were found in 1972 in the TOURNAI Law-court and are all related to deserters from the Tournai district. These minutes have all been delivered to the Tournai civil court in order that it might pronounce a judgment allowing the recovery of the 1 ,500 francs fine inflicted on every convict and pledged on his own or his relations' property.

This collection is unique in Belgium. It displays the working of the military law-courts, it witnesses the importance of the desertion movement at a time which was yet prosperous, and it shows the movements of the regiments and the individuality of officers and soldiers. In spite of its lacunar character it is a choice source for the study of military law-courts at Napoleonic times.
L'enquête de 1247 et les dommages de guerre en Tournaisis, en Flandre gallicante et en Artois
Authors: Sivéry Gérard
Published: June 2015

Gérard Sivéry, The 1247 inquiry and the war damages in Tournaisis, Southern Flanders and Artois.

The inquiry of 1247, ordered by Saint Louis, often takes the form of claims for the reparation of war damages in the regions touched by the struggles of the first half of the XIII th century... This is the case of Southern Flanders, Artois and Tournaisis. 82% of the claims bear on the seizure of goods and hostages by Philippe Auguste and the paiment of heavy ransoms, the seizure and destruction of valuables, and military service expenses. A France of trade is thus revealed since the average claims are high . 3,900 Lb. t. in Flanders and Artois, against 56 Lb. t. in Normandy and less than 30 Lb. t. in Touraine and Languedoc.
Crimes et mutineries dans la maison centrale de Loos de 1822 à 1870
Authors: Boulinguiez Yves
Published: June 2015

Yves Boulinguiez, Crimes and mutinies in the Loos County Gaol from 1822 to 1870.

The prisoners'life has seldom been spoken of and most of the studies hitherto written on the subject deal with the characterization of the penitentiary system. The aim of this article is to try and bring some light on one of the forms of protest used by the convicts in the County Gaol of Loos (Nord). Those protests concern the quality of food, the undertaking, and above all the penitentiary system itself. Thus prisoners, young ones in particular, commit crimes in order to be condemned to penal servitude or even death, both kinds of punishment looking preferable to life in a County Gaol whose monotony and discipline weighed heavily on them. This protest witnesses the utter inadaptation of the penitentiary system of the time .
La fécondité dans l'arrondissement de Lille au milieu du XIXème siècle
Authors: Spagnoli Paul-G.
Published: June 2015

Paul G. Spagnoli, Fertility Patterns in the Arrondissement of Lille in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century.

High rates of overall fertility in the arrondissement of Lille, 1859—63, resulted from a combination of very high marital fertility, rather high illegitimate fertility, and quite low proportions married. An examination of fertility variations among the communes within the arrondissement shows that the region can be subdivided into two zones with differing fertility patterns, and suggests that rapid economic expansion and the persistence of the region's traditional culture account for the arrondissement 's high fertility rates. The interpretation of the area's high fertility in terms of the disruption, disorganization, and demoralization produced by industrialization is rejected.
Charité municipale et autorité publique au XVIe siècle : l'exemple de Lille
Authors: Saint-Cyr Duplessis Robert
Published: June 2015

R. Duplessis, Municipal charity and public authority in the 16th century : the example of Lille.

Welfare reform in sixteenth-century Lille was provoked by disarray in existing charities, growing popular distress and social unrest. Designed and run by the municipal government, the revamped system obtained much revenue from donations and bequests. But only with new sources of income — sales taxes and annuities — could it provide for both the permanently destitute (orphans, the aged, the chronically ill) and victims of unemployment and high prices. Since indigence continued to be attributed to moral failings and temporary difficulties, little was done to attack its structural roots. Still, the aid given to between 5 and 10% of Lillois, and the centralized apparatus developed to collect and dispense it, not only helped to maintain political stability in a revolutionary period but significantly enhanced the power wielded by Lille's political elite.
Comment Bavai ne devint jamais une place forte aux XVIIème, XVIIIème et XIXème siècles (A l'occasion du 3ème centenaire du Rattachement du Hainaut à la France)
Authors: Biévelet Henri
Published: June 2015

H. Biévelet, How Bavai did not become a fortified town in the XVII., XVIII. and XIX. centuries.

The little city of Bavai, the ancient capital of the Nervii was twice fortified. Once at the time of the Lower Empire and another time in the Middle Ages. One could have expected then Vauban to strengthen these fortifications in order to include Bavai in the defensive system of the Northern side of the "square field". On the contrary the famous military engineer declared the thing impossible because of topographical and technical obstacles and water supply problems. Roughly the same reasons were advanced by engineer officers in 1774 and 1824.
Aperçus sur la zone réservée
Authors: Dejonghe Étienne
Published: June 2015

E. Dejonghe, Kort overzicht van de "Gereserveerde zone".

Wat het Noorden van Frankrijk karakteriseert, is de snelheid van de nationale heropleving na de nederlaag, hetgeen met name wordt uitgedrukt door een machtige Engelsgezinde stroming die uitzonderlijk is voor het Frankrijk van toen. Er zijn drie hoofdredenen aan te wijzen voor dit verschijnsel : de omstandigheden van de invasie die aan de situatie in 1914 doen denken, de ruwheid van de bezetter die een regime oplegt dat veel strenger is dan dat van België of van de militaire zone van Parijs, en het isolement tenslotte, het gevoel in de steek gelaten te worden dat de bevolking koestert.

Het eerste jaar van de bezetting is inderdaad voor het Noorden een tijd vol onzekerheden. Het is de tijd waarin het gevaar van een annexatie dreigt en waarin de separatistische politiek van het commando in Brussel bevestigd lijkt. Maar werd het gevaar op dezelfde wijze gevoeld door de centrale macht, door de notabelen in de provincie, en door het gewone volk, dat ondergîng zonder te weten ? Was men overal onderworpen aan dezelfde dwangmaatregelen ?

Dit artikel probeert uit te leggen waarom het oorspronkelijke patriotisme niet verenigend werkte, hoe ondanks dit patriotisme en juist erdoor nieuwe scheuringen ontstonden.

De notabelen vormden niet, zoals in 1914, het redmiddel, de oorlog heeft immers de roi gespeeld van een vergrotende spiegel van de sociale ongelijkheden, en het geschilpunt tussen de klassen verergerd.

Deze interferentie van het nationaal gevoel en de sociale strijd lijkt, hetzij deze elkaar versterkten, hetzij ze elkaar neutraliseerden, één van de sleutels te zijn tot een beter begrip van de période 1930-1948.
Les syndicats chrétiens du Nord de la France de 1940 à 1944
Authors: Launay Michel
Published: June 2015

Michel LAUNAY, De christelijke vakbonden in het Noorden van Frankrijk tegenover de Wet op de Arbeidf 1941-1944).

De christelijke vakbonden in het Noorden van Frankrijk stonden niet in het bijzonder vijandig tegenover de regering van Vichy op zichzelf, maar de afschaffing van de vakbonden in 1940 en vooral de publicatie van de Wet op de Arbeid in 1941 hebben deze vakbonden zich tegen het regime doen keren. De enige vakbond, ruggegraat van de hervorming van de sociale betrekkingen, kon geen steun van de C.F.T.C. (franse bond van christelijke arbeiders) krijgen, omdat deze laatste vanaf z'n oprichting altijd, soms heftig, had moeten strijden ter verdediging van z'n eigen identiteit tegenover de machtige C.G.T. (algemene arbeiders bond).

De christelijke vakbonden van het Noorden hebben in hun strijd voor een herziening van de Wet aldoor de steun ondervonden van kardinaal Liénart, bisschop van Lille. De sterke per- soonlijkheden die de leiders ervan waren, Charlemagne Broutin en Georges Torcq, hebben eveneens niet weinig bijgedragen tot het bepalen van de positie van de christelijke vakbonden tegenover de vakbond van de staat.

In de kontakten die door heel Frankrijk met de verschillende zones plaatsgevonden hebben, hebben de christelijke vakbonden drie standpunten ingenomen : één van openlijke vijand- schap tegenover Vichy om vooral ideologische en politieke redenen, dit is het standpunt van de christelijke vakbonden van de zuidelijke zone ; een ander om systematisch samen jte werken met de autoriteiten van Vichy, dit als standpunt van de christelijke vakbonden uit de stxeek rond Parijs ; tenslotte stelden de christelijke vakbonden van Noord -Frankrijk zich op op een uitgekiende mid- denpositie, met de bedoeling om maarschalk Pétain te brengen tot een herziening van de eerste tekst van de Wet in een libérale en pluralistische richting.

De strakheid van het regime en diens weigeren van samenspraak met de christelijke vakbonden heeft in juni 1943 de groepering van bijna allé vakbonden uitgelokt op een duidelijk en definitief vijandelijk standpunt. In deze strijd tegen het regime van Vichy hebben de christelijke vakbonden in Noord-Frankrijk van een exemplair gedrag blijk gegeven.
Étapes de l'aménagement du paysage agraire au pays de Montreuil
Authors: Fossier Robert
Published: June 2015

In de streek begrensd door de Liane, de Canche de Course en de klifkust van de streek ten noorden van Montreuil toont de reconstructie van de stadia van de menselijke bewo- ning aan dat er geen lijst bestaat van de kerken met begraafplaats, de kastelen, de wegen, de dorpen en de landbouwgebieden, voor 1050, en ook niet na 1 150. Daarvoor was er geen dorp dat het vermelden waard is. Daarna verandert de toestand niet meer gedurende eeuwen. Deze noordelijke vorm van het "incastellamento" heeft waarschijnlijk in het gehele westen bestaan. De middeleeuwen beginnen in het jaar duizend.
Les paysages gévaudanais du XVème siècle : l'apport des terriers
Authors: Helas Jean-Claude
Published: June 2015

De archieven van Gévaudan zijn er een goed voorbeeld van wat de grondboeken kunnen bijdragen tot de kennis van de vroege middeleeuwen. Men kan zo niet alleen vaststellen hoe het stond met de grote typen van het landelijk landschap, maar binnen elke zone zien hoe de bewoning en de bebouwing geregeld waren. In sommige gevallen is het zelfs mogelijk, vertrekkend van récente dokumenten, in de loopder tijden de verdeling in percelen gedeeltilijk te reconstitueren. Men kan dat plan dan nog opfleuren door er de grote verbindingswegen op aan te brengen. De grondboeken zijn immers onuitputtelijke informatiebronnen voor wat mens dier en water betreft.
TWO-STAGE BASED DYNAMIC EARTH-ROCK TRANSPORTATION ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM UNDER FUZZY RANDOM ENVIRONMENT TO EARTH-ROCK DAM CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Xu Jiuping , Feng Cuiying
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses a two-stage based dynamic transportation assignment problem (TS-based DTAP) under a fuzzy random environment in an earth-rock transportation system. This problem is a multi-objective dynamic programming optimization process for minimizing total operational cost, transportation duration and total waste. Triangular fuzzy random numbers are used for the uncertain parameters, and a hybrid crisp approach and an expected value operator are introduced to deal with these uncertainties. A dynamic programming based contraction particle swarm optimization is developed to solve the proposed expected value model for TS-based DTAP. Then, the earth-rock dam construction at Pubugou Hydropower project is used as a practical application to verify the proposed approach. Results and analysis are presented to highlight the performance of the proposed TS-based DTAP model and the optimization method, which proves to be effective and relatively efficient compared to the models under other environments and a standard PSO algorithm.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE THERMAL-AIR REGIME OF A VENTILATED ATTIC
Authors: Piotrowski Jerzy Zbigniew , Stroy Anatoliy , Olenets Marianna
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the developed mathematical models that characterize the thermal-air regime of a ventilated attic in the summer and winter seasons. The relevance of the mathematical models was shown and examples of applying these models to solve some engineering problems were presented. Mathematical models can be used to analyze and evaluate changes in the temperature and heat flux (the radiant and convective component) along the air movement in the attic and to select the materials for the roof and floor, as well as for the calculation of ventilation for different climatic conditions.
PROBABILITY BASED DESIGN OF PUNCHING SHEAR RESISTANCE OF COLUMN TO SLAB CONNECTIONS
Authors: Vainiūnas Povilas , Šalna Remigijus , Šakinis Dainius
Published: June 2015

The paper analyzes the dependence of punching shear strength reliability index β, calculated according to EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004) and STR 2.05.05:2005 (2005) in reinforced concrete floor slab-to-column joint on the values of random factors. The paper deals with theoretical research of the influence of independent random variables, such us the value of the characteristic compressive strength fck of concrete, the area As of the longitudinal reinforcement, effective cross-section depth d and the ratio of the self-weight and the effective load on the value of the reliability index β. The paper presents experimental results of reinforced concrete slabs with different longitudinal reinforcement ratio ρ subjected to a concentrated load. I t was determined that when the effective load makes around 50% of the construction self-weight load, i.e. Gk /Qk = 2 and when minimal variation coefficient estimates are taken (for concrete strength δfc = 0.1, for effective depth δd = 0,1 and for the area of longitudinal reinforcement cross-section δAs = 0.05 or δAs = 0.075 and when Gk = Qk i.e. Gk /Qk = 1 where δfc = 0.1, δd = 0.1 and δAs = 0.05) the reliability index β of the analyzed slabs calculated according to EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2004) as well as β calculated according to STR 2.05.05:2005 (2005), is bigger than EN 1990:2002 (2002) recommendation for the minimum value of reliability index – 3.8 for RC2 construction reliability class ultimate. In other cases the reliability index β is close to 3.8 or much smaller than 3.8.
Multimodal Mapping of a University's Formal and Informal Online Brand
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: June 2015

With the popularization of the Social Web (or Read-Write Web) and millions of participants in these interactive spaces, institutions of higher education have found it necessary to create online presences to promote their university brands, presence, and reputation. An important aspect of that engagement involves being aware of how their brand is represented informally (and formally) on social media platforms. Universities have traditionally maintained thin channels of formalized communications through official media channels, but in this participatory new media age, the user-generated contents and communications are created independent of the formal public relations offices. The university brand is evolving independently of official controls. Ex-post interventions to protect university reputation and brand may be too little, too late, and much of the contents are beyond the purview of the formal university. Various offices and clubs have institutional accounts on Facebook as well as wide representation of their faculty, staff, administrators, and students online. There are various microblogging accounts on Twitter. Various photo and video contents related to the institution may be found on photo- and video-sharing sites, like Flickr, and there are video channels on YouTube. All this digital content is widely available and may serve as points-of-contact for the close-in to more distal stakeholders and publics related to the institution. A recently available open-source tool enhances the capability for crawling (extracting data) these various social media platforms (through their Application Programming Interfaces or “APIs”) and enables the capture, analysis, and social network visualization of broadly available public information. Further, this tool enables the analysis of previously hidden information. This chapter introduces the application of Network Overview, Discovery and Exploration for Excel (NodeXL) to the empirical and multimodal analysis of a university's electronic presence on various social media platforms and offers some initial ideas for the analytical value of such an approach.
Social Media Tools for Quality Business Information
Authors: Maravilhas Sérgio
Published: June 2015

Information, as a tool to reduce uncertainty and to develop knowledge in organizations, is an important aid in the decision-making process and must be of quality to improve its value. We are living in an information society where organizational and personal life are mediated by information and knowledge, with the help of technologies that gather, disseminate, and deliver that raw material to support our decisions. There are several characteristics that describe the quality of information that will allow the analysis of the value of the information used. In the globalized world we are living in, quality information warrants best results when competing with other organizations. Its value is related to the results that it will allow to be obtained and the dependability on its context. Marketing trends and competitive information is needed for clear decision making about what products to develop, for what customers, at what cost, through which distribution channels, reducing the uncertainty that a new product/service development always brings with it. Social Media tools allow the knowledge of competitor's moves and the analysis of trends from the communications exchanged in the networks of individual consumers, making it easy for companies to develop solutions according to their clients and prospects desires. Learning how to extract quality information, unbiased, valuable for business, from these social tools is the aim of this work, sharing with the interested parties some ways of using it for their profit and competitive sustainability.
The Use of Social Media in College Recruiting and the Student Job Search
Authors: Diepenbrock Amy , Gibson Wanda
Published: June 2015

This chapter addresses the gap in the literature regarding employer recruitment of college students, and more specifically, the use of social media in the recruitment and hiring processes by both students and employers. Background information on traditional recruiting strategies is briefly discussed as well as how employers are using social media. Additionally, how millennial college students typically communicate and how they should be using social media in the job search process are addressed. This chapter also includes data from a survey, administered by the authors, of U.S.-based employers who recruit college students with anecdotal information about how they utilize, or do not utilize, social media in their recruiting and hiring practices.
Social Media in the Canadian Post-Secondary Classroom
Authors: Pardy Linda , Thomson David , Pattridge Samantha
Published: June 2015

In Canada, the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS) for instructional purposes at post-secondary institutions is constrained by students' legislated rights to privacy. Some universities have explored ways to obtain the advantages of cloud computing while still meeting mandated obligations to protect student privacy. The government of British Columbia maintains the strictest standards in Canada regarding access to and storage of personal information, hampering instructional use of SNS. The University of the Fraser Valley (UFV) decided to work within this legislation and challenge faculty to modify their classroom practice. At UFV the most significant SNS-related teachable moments come from education towards informed consent to public sharing of information through SNS. While our ability to teach students how to use SNS resources is restricted, working within the legislation encourages educators to evaluate their central purpose for using SNS. Students acquire digital skills through various forms of informal learning; therefore, the formal instructional setting becomes an opportunity to foster development of digital citizens.
Assemblages of Dissent
Authors: Bridgman Katherine
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines the online identities of protestors and their transnational audiences that emerged across social media platforms during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Using the framework of assemblage theory, the authors argue that these online identities emerged as a result of the assemblages of dissent that formed between protestors and their audiences. In particular, they argue that, as protestors and their transnational audiences came together in assemblages of dissent, both gained emergent online identities as activists in the transnational mediatized event of the revolution. Protestors initiated these relationships through petitions for audiences to join the Facebook page “We are All Khaled Said” and follow the Twitter hashtag #Jan25; their catalogue of grievances against Mubarak's regime; and, finally, their digital assertions of lived experiences of violence. As transnational audiences took up these texts as invitations to participate in the doing of this mediatized event, they responded by “liking,” commenting, retweeting, and creating new texts of their own. As a result, both protestors and their audiences around the globe gained online identities as activists in the revolution.
Does Facebook Provide Educational Value?
Authors: Manca Stefania , Ranieri Maria
Published: June 2015

Facebook has received considerable attention in a number of research areas. However, its educational value has not been fully confirmed and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory. A number of experiences related to the educational use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment are also flourishing. In these, Facebook has been used as a unique, or at least as one, learning management system tool, or as a platform for educational purposes. This chapter focuses on these issues, providing a wide overview of the current literature on the educational value of Facebook considering both theoretical positions and empirical findings. Furthermore, a few preliminary guidelines about Facebook usage are provided, pertaining to pedagogical, institutional, technological, and ethical issues. The chapter finally provides some hints about emerging trends and areas that deserve further research, such as professional development, academic practice, and location-based learning.
Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Kim Jaekyung , Lee Sang M. , Olson David L.
Published: June 2015

Knowledge sharing is an important research area in knowledge management. This study broadens the perspective on knowledge sharing by investigating an individual’s behavior type as a cooperator, reciprocator, and free rider toward knowledge contribution. In this study, we view shared knowledge in a community of practice as a public good and adopt a theory of reciprocity to explain how different cooperative types affect knowledge contribution. In the perspective of shared knowledge as a public good, people may react in three ways: they share knowledge without need for reciprocity (cooperators), they feel obligated to share their knowledge (reciprocators), or they take knowledge for granted (free riders). Analytic and simulation results reveal that the fraction of cooperators is positively related to total knowledge contribution and to the reciprocity level, while the reciprocity level positively affects knowledge contribution.
Polyfunctional, Pathogenic CD161+ Th17 Lineage Cells Are Resistant to Regulatory T Cell–Mediated Suppression in the Context of Autoimmunity
Authors: Basdeo Sharee A. , Moran Barry , Cluxton Deborah , Canavan Mary , McCormick Jennifer , Connolly Mary , Orr Carl , Mills Kingston H. G. , Veale Douglas J. , Fearon Ursula , Fletcher Jean M.
Published: June 2015

In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), regulatory T cells (Tregs) fail to constrain autoimmune inflammation; however, the reasons for this are unclear. We investigated T cell regulation in the RA joint. Tregs from RA synovial fluid suppressed autologous responder T cells; however, when compared with Tregs from healthy control peripheral blood, they were significantly less suppressive. Despite their reduced suppressive activity, Tregs in the RA joint were highly proliferative and expressed FOXP3, CD39, and CTLA-4, which are markers of functional Tregs. This suggested that the reduced suppression is due to resistance of RA synovial fluid responder T cells to Treg inhibition. CD161+ Th17 lineage cells were significantly enriched in the RA joint; we therefore investigated their relative susceptibility to Treg-mediated suppression. Peripheral blood CD161+ Th cells from healthy controls were significantly more resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, when compared with CD161- Th cells, and this was mediated through a STAT3-dependant mechanism. Furthermore, depletion of CD161+ Th cells from the responder T cell population in RA synovial fluid restored Treg-mediated suppression. In addition, CD161+ Th cells exhibited pathogenic features, including polyfunctional proinflammatory cytokine production, an ability to activate synovial fibroblasts, and to survive and persist in the inflamed and hypoxic joint. Because CD161+ Th cells are known to be enriched at sites of autoinflammation, our finding that they are highly proinflammatory and resistant to Treg-mediated suppression suggests an important pathogenic role in RA and other autoimmune diseases.
Perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Female Athletic Trainers on Motherhood and Work-Life Balance: Individual- and Sociocultural-Level Factors
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M.
Published: June 2015

Context

 A multilevel model of work-life balance (WLB) has been established in the sports management literature to explain interactions among organizational/structural, individual, and sociocultural factors and their effects on individual responses and attitudes toward WLB. These factors influence experiences and outcomes related to WLB.

Objective

 To examine individual and sociocultural factors that may influence perceptions of female athletic trainers (ATs) employed in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I setting, particularly any sex-specific influences.

Design

 Qualitative study.

Setting

 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I.

Patients or Other Participants

 A total of 27 women (14 single with no children, 6 married with no children, 7 married with children) currently employed as full-time ATs in the Division I setting participated.

Data Collection and Analysis

 Participants responded to a series of open-ended questions via reflective journaling. Data were examined using a general inductive approach. Trustworthiness was established by multiple-analyst triangulation, member interpretive review, and peer review.

Results

 Participants recognized that their sex played a role in assessing WLB and a long-term career as an AT. In addition, they identified various individual- and sociocultural-level factors that affected their perceptions of WLB and attitudes toward a career goal.

Conclusions

 Our data suggested that female ATs may hold traditional sex ideologies of parenting and family roles, which may influence their potential for career longevity.
Post bubble-closeoff fractionation of gases in polar firn and ice cores: effects of accumulation rate on permeation through overloading pressure
Authors: Kobashi T. , Ikeda-Fukazawa T. , Suwa M. , Schwander J. , Kameda T. , Lundin J. , Hori A. , Döring M. , Leuenberger M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Gases in ice cores are invaluable archives of past environmental changes (e.g., the past atmosphere). However, gas fractionation processes after bubble closure in the firn are poorly understood, although increasing evidence indicates preferential leakages of smaller molecules (e.g., neon, oxygen, and argon) from the closed bubbles through ice crystals. These fractionation processes are believed to be responsible for the observed millennial δO2/N2 variations in ice cores, linking ice core chronologies with orbital parameters. Herein, we found that δAr/N2 at decadal resolution on the gas age scale in the GISP2 ice core has a significant negative correlation with accumulation rate over the past 6000 years. Furthermore, the precise temperature and accumulation rate records over the past 4000 years are found to have nearly equal effects on δAr/N2 with sensitivities of 0.72 ± 0.1 ‰ °C−1 and −0.58 ± 0.09 ‰ (0.01 m ice yr−1)−1, respectively. To understand the fractionation processes, we applied a permeation model to "microbubbles (< 1 % of air content in the Vostok ice core)" and "normal bubbles" in the firn. The model indicates that δAr/N2 in the microbubbles is negatively correlated with the accumulation rate as found in the observation, due to changes in overloading pressure. Colder (warmer) temperatures in the firn induce more (less) depletions in δAr/N2. The microbubbles are so depleted in δAr/N2 at the bubble closeoff depth that they dominate the total δAr/N2 changes in spite of their smaller volumes. The model also indicates that δAr/N2 of GISP2 and NGRIP should have experienced several permil of depletion during the storage 14 years after coring. Further understanding of the δAr/N2 and δO2/N2 fractionation processes in the firn may lead to a new proxy for the past temperature and accumulation rate.
Synoptic-scale analysis of mechanisms driving surface chlorophyll dynamics in the North Atlantic
Authors: Ferreira A. S. A. , Hátún H. , Counillon F. , Payne M. R. , Visser A. W.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic. Our main objective is to examine which bottom-up processes can best predict the annual increase in surface phytoplankton concentration in the North Atlantic by applying novel phenology algorithms to ocean colour data. We construct indicator fields and time series which, in various combinations, provide models consistent with the principle dynamics previously proposed. Using a multimodel inference approach, we investigate the evidence supporting these models and how it varies in space. We show that, in terms of bottom-up processes alone, there is a dominant physical mechanism, namely mixed-layer shoaling, that best predicts the interannual variation in the initial increase in surface chlorophyll across large sectors of the North Atlantic. We further show that different regions are governed by different physical phenomena and that wind-driven mixing is a common component, with either heat flux or light as triggers. We believe these findings to be relevant to the ongoing discussion on North Atlantic bloom onset.
A metadata template for ocean acidification data
Authors: Jiang L.-Q. , O'Connor S. A. , Arzayus K. M. , Parsons A. R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This paper defines the best practices for documenting ocean acidification (OA) data and presents a framework for an OA metadata template. Metadata is structured information that describes and locates an information resource. It is the key to ensuring that a data set will be accessible into the future. With the rapid expansion of studies on biological responses to OA, the lack of a common metadata template to document the resulting data poses a significant hindrance to effective OA data management efforts. In this paper, we present a metadata template that can be applied to a broad spectrum of OA studies, including those studying the biological responses to OA. The "variable metadata section", which includes the variable name, observation type, whether the variable is a manipulation condition or response variable, and the biological subject on which the variable is studied, forms the core of this metadata template. Additional metadata elements, such as investigators, temporal and spatial coverage, and data citation, are essential components to complete the template. We explain the structure of the template, and define many metadata elements that may be unfamiliar to researchers.
Finite-Element Sea Ice Model (FESIM), version 2
Authors: Danilov S. , Wang Q. , Timmermann R. , Iakovlev N. , Sidorenko D. , Kimmritz M. , Jung T. , Schröter J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Finite-Element Sea Ice Model (FESIM), used as a component of the Finite-Element Sea ice Ocean Model, is presented. Version 2 includes the elastic-viscous-plastic (EVP) and viscous-plastic (VP) solvers and employs a flux corrected transport algorithm to advect the ice and snow mean thicknesses and concentration. The EVP part also includes a modified approach proposed recently by Bouillon et al. (2013), which is characterized by an improved stability compared to the standard EVP approach. The model is formulated on unstructured triangular meshes. It assumes a collocated placement of ice velocities, mean thicknesses and concentration at mesh vertices, and relies on piecewise-linear (P1) continuous elements. Simple tests for the modified EVP and VP solvers are presented to show that they may produce very close results provided the number of iterations is sufficiently high.
Ensemble seasonal forecast of extreme water inflow into a large reservoir
Authors: Gelfan A. N. , Motovilov Yu. G. , Moreido V. M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. An approach to seasonal ensemble forecast of unregulated water inflow into a large reservoir was developed. The approach is founded on a physically-based semi-distributed hydrological model ECOMAG driven by Monte-Carlo generated ensembles of weather scenarios for a specified lead-time of the forecast (3 months ahead in this study). Case study was carried out for the Cheboksary reservoir (catchment area is 374 000 km2) located on the middle Volga River. Initial watershed conditions on the forecast date (1 March for spring freshet and 1 June for summer low-water period) were simulated by the hydrological model forced by daily meteorological observations several months prior to the forecast date. A spatially distributed stochastic weather generator was used to produce time-series of daily weather scenarios for the forecast lead-time. Ensemble of daily water inflow into the reservoir was obtained by driving the ECOMAG model with the generated weather time-series. The proposed ensemble forecast technique was verified on the basis of the hindcast simulations for 29 spring and summer seasons beginning from 1982 (the year of the reservoir filling to capacity) to 2010. The verification criteria were used in order to evaluate an ability of the proposed technique to forecast freshet/low-water events of the pre-assigned severity categories.
Extreme values of snow-related variables in Mediterranean regions: trends and long-term forecasting in Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Authors: Pérez-Palazón M. J. , Pimentel R. , Herrero J. , Aguilar C. , Perales J. M. , Polo M. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Mountain areas in Mediterranean regions constitute key monitoring points for climate variability and its impacts, but long time datasets are not always available due to the difficult access to high areas, relevant for capturing temperature and precipitation regimes, and the predominance of cloudy remote sensing images during the snow season. Sierra Nevada National Park (South Spain), with altitudes higher than 3500 m a.s.l., is part of the Global Change in Mountain Regions network. Snow occurrence just 40 km from the seaside determines a wide range of biodiversity, a snowmelt fluvial regime, and the associated ecosystem services. This work presents the local trend analysis of weather variables at this area together with additional snow-related variables. For this, long term point and distributed observations from weather stations and remote sensing sources were studied and used as input and calibration datasets of a physically based snow model to derive long term series of mean and maximum daily fraction of snow covered area, annual number of days with snow, annual number of days with precipitation, mean and maximum mean daily snow water equivalent, and snowmelt and evaporation volumes. The joint analysis of weather and snow variables showed a decrease trend in the persistence and extent of the snow cover area. The precipitation regime, rather than the temperature trend, seems to be the most relevant driver on the snow regime forcing in Mediterranean areas. This poses a constraint for rigorous scenario analysis in these regions, since the precipitation pattern is poorly approximated by climatic models in these regions.