bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação do conhecimento e práticas dos pais quanto a saúde bucal dos filhos de 3 a 9 anos de idade
Authors: Santos Yara Mendes dos , Jorge Maria Letícia Ramos- , Paiva Saul Martins , Ferreira Meire Coelho
Published: March 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e práticas de pais quanto a saúde bucal dos filhos entre 3 e 9 anos de idade, atendidos em um consultório particular. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi composta de 21 crianças/pais. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de exame clínico das crianças e de questionárioauto-aplicado aos pais durante as consultas odontológicas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e aos testes Qui-quadrado (χ2) e Exato de Fisher (a < 0,05). Resultados: Para 85,7% dos responsáveis, o fator causal para cárie dentária foi “não escovar os dentes”, assim como para a amostra total quanto à doença periodontal. Somente 14,3% dos responsáveis considerou que a alimentação influencia na saúde dental, 57% não souberam dizer qual a função do flúor e 52,4% não souberam dizer quais produtos contém flúor. Em 57% das crianças, a higiene bucal era executada pelo responsável, no entanto, somente 38% desses dispensava o creme dental na escova. Noventa por cento das crianças consumiam açúcar mais de 3X/semana, sendo que 47,6% do consumo ocorria durante as refeições principais. Associação significativa foi observada entre “responsável assalariado ou não” e “frequência de higiene bucal da criança”, entre “renda familiar mensal” e “frequência de higiene bucal da criança” (p = 0,030; 0,032, respectivamente). Conclusão: Apesar dos responsáveis já terem tido contato com o cirurgião dentista e seus filhos estarem em tratamento odontológico, os conhecimentos que detém sobre saúde bucal são superficiais, tanto quanto aos fatores causais das doençasbucais mais prevalentes, como em relação a produtos de higiene. Desta forma, é preciso que ações educativopreventivas sejam construídas em bases sólidas a fim de que o conhecimento repassado aos responsáveis/filhos possibilite o estabelecimento de práticas de forma constante e segura para a manutenção e/ou aquisição de saúde bucal.Descritores: Prática privada. Saúde bucal. Pais. Criança.
Locally inertial reference frames in Lorentzian and Riemann‐Cartan spacetimes
Authors: Giglio J.F.T. , Rodrigues W.A.
Published: March 2012

In this paper the concept of locally inertial reference frames (LIRFs) in Lorentzian and Riemann‐Cartan spacetime structures is scrutinized. A rigorous mathematical definition of a LIRF in both structures is given, something that needs preliminary a clear mathematical distinction between the concepts of observers, reference frames, naturally adapted coordinate functions to a given reference frame and which properties may characterize an inertial reference frame (if any) in the Lorentzian and Riemann‐Cartan structures. Hopefully, the paper clarifies some obscure issues associated to the concept of a LIRF appearing in the literature, in particular the relationship between LIRFs in Lorentzian and Riemann‐Cartan spacetimes and Einstein's most happy thought, i.e., the equivalence principle.
Cytoarchitecture of the Spinal Cord of the Postnatal (P4) Mouse
Authors: Sengul Gulgun , Puchalski Ralph B. , Watson Charles
Published: March 2012

Interpretation of the new wealth of gene expression and molecular mechanisms in the developing mouse spinal cord requires an accurate anatomical base on which data can be mapped. Therefore, we have assembled a spinal cord atlas of the P4 mouse to facilitate direct comparison with the adult specimens and to contribute to studies of the development of the mouse spinal cord. This study presents the anatomy of the spinal cord of the P4 C57Bl/6J mouse using Nissl and acetyl cholinesterase‐stained sections. It includes a detailed map of the laminar organization of selected spinal cord segments and a description of named cell groups of the spinal cord such as the central cervical (CeCv), lateral spinal nucleus, lateral cervical, and dorsal nuclei. The motor neuron groups have also been identified according to the muscle groups they are likely to supply. General features of Rexed's laminae of the P4 spinal cord showed similarities to that of the adult (P56). However, certain differences were observed with regard to the extent of laminae and location of certain cell groups, such as the dorsal nucleus having a more dispersed structure and a more ventral and medial position or the CeCv being located in the medial part of lamina 5 in contrast to the adult where it is located in lamina 7. Motor neuron pools appeared to be more tightly packed in the P4 spinal cord. The dorsal horn was relatively larger and there was more white matter in the P56 spinal cord. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of uracil, 5,6‐dihydrouracil, 5‐fluorouracil and 5‐fluoro‐5,6‐dihydrouracil in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicity prediction in cancer patients
Authors: Büchel Barbara , Rhyn Peter , Schürch Stefan , Bühr Claudia , Amstutz Ursula , R. Largiadèr Carlo
Published: March 2012

The chemotherapeutic drug 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) is widely used for treating solid tumors. Response to 5‐FU treatment is variable with 10–30% of patients experiencing serious toxicity partly explained by reduced activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). DPD converts endogenous uracil (U) into 5,6‐dihydrouracil (UH2), and analogously, 5‐FU into 5‐fluoro‐5,6‐dihydrouracil (5‐FUH2). Combined quantification of U and UH2 with 5‐FU and 5‐FUH2 may provide a pre‐therapeutic assessment of DPD activity and further guide drug dosing during therapy. Here, we report the development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for simultaneous quantification of U, UH2, 5‐FU and 5‐FUH2 in human plasma. Samples were prepared by liquid–liquid extraction with 10:1 ethyl acetate‐2‐propanol (v/v). The evaporated samples were reconstituted in 0.1% formic acid and 10 μL aliquots were injected into the HPLC system. Analyte separation was achieved on an Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 1.0 mm ammonium acetate, 0.5 mm formic acid and 3.3% methanol. Positively ionized analytes were detected by multiple reaction monitoring. The analytical response was linear in the range 0.01–10 μm for U, 0.1–10 μm for UH2, 0.1–75 μm for 5‐FU and 0.75–75 μm for 5‐FUH2, covering the expected concentration ranges in plasma. The method was validated following the FDA guidelines and applied to clinical samples obtained from ten 5‐FU‐treated colorectal cancer patients. The present method merges the analysis of 5‐FU pharmacokinetics and DPD activity into a single assay representing a valuable tool to improve the efficacy and safety of 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photomagnetism of a sym‐cis‐Dithiocyanato Iron(II) Complex with a Tetradentate N,N′‐Bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)1,2‐ethanediamine Ligand
Authors: Létard Jean‐François , Asthana Saket , Shepherd Helena J. , Guionneau Philippe , Goeta André E. , Suemura Naohiko , Ishikawa Ryuta , Kaizaki Sumio
Published: March 2012

A comprehensive study of the magnetic and photomagnetic behaviors of cis‐[Fe(picen)(NCS)2] (picen=N,N′‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)1,2‐ethanediamine) was carried out. The spin‐equilibration was extremely slow in the vicinity of the thermal spin‐transition. When the cooling speed was slower than 0.1 K min−1, this complex was characterized by an abrupt thermal spin‐transition at about 70 K. Measurement of the kinetics in the range 60–70 K was performed to approach the quasi‐static hysteresis loop. At low temperatures, the metastable HS state was quenched by a rapid freezing process and the critical T(TIESST) temperature, which was associated with the thermally induced excited spin‐state‐trapping (TIESST) effect, was measured. At 10 K, this complex also exhibited the well‐known light‐induced excited spin‐state‐trapping (LIESST) effect and the T(LIESST) temperature was determined. The kinetics of the metastable HS states, which were generated from the freezing effect and from the light‐induced excitation, was studied. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as a function of speed‐cooling and light conditions at 30 K revealed the mechanism of the spin‐crossover in this complex as well as some direct relationships between its structural properties and its spin state. This spin‐crossover (SCO) material represents a fascinating example in which the metastability of the HS state is in close vicinity to the thermal spin‐transition region. Moreover, it is a beautiful example of a complex in which the metastable HS states can be generated, and then compared, either by the freezing effect or by the LIESST effect.
Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath: Cytomorphologic and radiologic findings in 41 patients
Authors: Ho Cheng‐Ying , Maleki Zahra
Published: March 2012

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS) is a common soft tissue lesion and presents as a firm, slow‐growing, non‐tender mass adjacent to the tendon sheath. It can be further classified into diffuse or localized types based on its growth pattern. Using cytomorphologic analysis, we assessed the feasibility of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) as an initial diagnostic modality for GCTTS. Forty‐one cases of image‐guided FNA of GCTTS were retrospectively retrieved from the archives of The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Clinical information, imaging studies, histopathology, and other ancillary studies were also reviewed. The majority of the cytology specimens demonstrated hypercellularity. A uniform population of spindled to polygonal stromal cells constituted more than half of the cellularity. Other cell types frequently present included multinucleated giant cells, hemosiderin‐laden macrophages, and foamy histiocytes. Nuclear grooves or intranuclear pseudo‐inclusions present in stromal cells were also distinctive cytomorphologic features, but only present in less than a quarter of the cases. Our study has shown the usefulness and accuracy of imaging‐guided FNA as a diagnostic tool for GCTTS. Diagnostic accuracy can be optimized with a thorough review of clinical history, careful physical examination, and radiologic correlation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Green‐Ampt Curve‐Number mixed procedure as an empirical tool for rainfall–runoff modelling in small and ungauged basins
Authors: Grimaldi S. , Petroselli A. , Romano N.
Published: March 2012

The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS‐CN) method is a popular rainfall–runoff model that is widely used to estimate direct runoff from small and ungauged basins. The SCS‐CN is a simple and valuable approach to quantify the total streamflow volume generated by storm rainfall, but its use is not appropriate for estimating the sub‐daily incremental rainfall excess. To overcome this drawback, we propose to include the Green‐Ampt (GA) infiltration model into a mixed procedure, which is referred to as Curve Number for Green‐Ampt (CN4GA), aiming to distribute in time the information provided by the SCS‐CN method. For a given storm, the computed SCS‐CN total net rainfall amount is employed to calibrate the soil hydraulic conductivity parameter of the GA model. The proposed procedure is evaluated by analysing 100 rainfall–runoff events that were observed in four small catchments of varying size. CN4GA appears to provide encouraging results for predicting the net rainfall peak and duration values and has shown, at least for the test cases considered in this study, better agreement with the observed hydrographs than the classic SCS‐CN method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the Trypanosoma cruzi/host cell interplay
Authors: Romano Patricia Silvia , Cueto Juan Agustín , Casassa Ana Florencia , Vanrell María Cristina , Gottlieb Roberta A. , Colombo María Isabel
Published: March 2012

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has a complex biological cycle that involves vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. In mammals, the infective trypomastigote form of this parasite can invade several cell types by exploiting phagocytic‐like or nonphagocytic mechanisms depending on the class of cell involved. Morphological studies showed that when trypomastigotes contact macrophages, they induce the formation of plasma membrane protrusions that differ from the canonical phagocytosis that occurs in the case of noninfective epimastigotes. In contrast, when trypomastigotes infect epithelial or muscle cells, the cell surface is minimally modified, suggesting the induction of a different class of process. Lysosomal‐dependent or ‐independent T. cruzi invasion of host cells are two different models that describe the molecular and cellular events activated during parasite entry into nonphagocytic cells. In this context, we have previously shown that induction of autophagy in host cells before infection favors T. cruzi invasion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that autophagosomes and the autophagosomal protein LC3 are recruited to the T. cruzi entry sites and that the newly formed T. cruzi parasitophorous vacuole has characteristics of an autophagolysosome. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of T. cruzi invasion in nonphagocytic cells. Based on our findings, we propose a new model in which T. cruzi takes advantage of the upregulation of autophagy during starvation to increase its successful colonization of host cells. 2012 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2012
Osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts induced by calcium silicate and calcium silicate/β‐tricalcium phosphate composite bioceramics
Authors: Fei Lisha , Wang Chen , Xue Yang , Lin Kaili , Chang Jiang , Sun Jiao
Published: March 2012

In this study, calcium silicate (CS) and CS/β‐tricalcium phosphate (CS/β‐TCP) composites were investigated on their mechanism of osteogenic proliferation and differentiation through regulating osteogenic‐related gene and proteins. Osteoblast‐like cells were cultured in the extracts of these CS‐based bioceramics and pure β‐TCP, respectively. The main ionic content in extracts was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy. The cell viability, mineralization, and differentiation were evaluated by MTT assay, Alizarin Red‐S staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay. The expressions of BMP‐2, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), Runx2, ALP, and osteocalcin (OCN) at both gene and protein level were detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis and Western blot. The result showed that the extracts of CS‐based bioceramics promoted cells proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization when compared with pure β‐TCP. Accordingly, pure CS and CS/β‐TCP composites stimulated osteoblast‐like cells to express BMP‐2/TGF‐β gene and proteins, and further regulate the expression of Runx2 gene and protein, and ultimately affect the ALP activity and OCN deposition. This study suggested that the CS‐based bioceramics could not only promote the expression of osteogenic‐related genes but also enhance the genes to encode the corresponding proteins, which could finally control osteoblast‐like cells proliferation and differentiation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Large neighborhood search for the pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem with multiple stacks
Authors: Côté Jean‐François , Gendreau Michel , Potvin Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2012

This article studies a single vehicle pickup and delivery problem with loading constraints. In this problem, the vehicle contains a number of (horizontal) stacks of finite capacity for loading items from the rear of the vehicle. Each stack must satisfy a last‐in‐first‐out constraint where any new item must be loaded on top of a stack and any unloaded item must be on top of its stack. A large neighborhood search is proposed for solving this problem. Computational results are reported on different types of randomly generated instances. Results are also reported on benchmark instances for two special cases of our problem and a comparison is provided with state‐of‐the‐art methods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
A new process for dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids
Authors: Cai Tao , Yang Gesheng , Zhang Huihui , Shao Huili , Hu Xuechao
Published: March 2012

A new dissolving process (two‐step dissolving process), that is, cellulose was first swelled to the maximum in aqueous 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) solution, and then dissolved by stirring under vacuum to remove excessive water, was developed to prepare the cellulose/[BMIM]Cl spinning dope with high quality. The results showed that the initial water contents in [BMIM]Cl have great influence on the swelling and dissolution of cellulose, and the suitable swelling range of aqueous [BMIM]Cl solution, in which cellulose can be swollen but not dissolved, was 2–5% water content. In this range, the higher water content in aqueous [BMIM]Cl solution, the more swelling time would be taken for cellulose to reach the maximal swelling ratio. Based on these results, cellulose/[BMIM]Cl spinning dopes were prepared by using two‐step dissolving process. In the range of our experiments, cellulose spinning dopes prepared by the two‐step dissolving process had better properties, such as fewer particles, lower apparent viscosity, and higher uniformity, compared with the direct dissolving process. By using this new dissolving process, the spinning performance of cellulose/[BMIM]Cl dopes was improved, and the mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose fibers were better than those prepared by the direct dissolving process. Therefore, it is a good way to prepare cellulose/[BMIM]Cl spinning dopes by using the new dissolving process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Sensitivity of state‐of‐the‐art and high efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells to metal impurities
Authors: Coletti Gianluca
Published: March 2012

For the first time, the sensitivity to impurities of the solar cell conversion efficiency is reported for a state‐of‐the‐art (i.e., 18%) and advanced device architecture (i.e., 23%). The data are based on the experimental results obtained in the CrystalClear project for the state‐of‐the‐art cell process and extrapolated to a device with excellent front and rear surface passivation. Both device structures are not assumed to work in low injection level as several studies assumed before, but real operating conditions are considered. This is a fundamental difference with the past and required for modeling future high efficiency devices. The impurity with highest impact is Ti, followed by Cu, Cr, Ni and Fe, which form together a group two order of magnitude less sensitive than the former. In high efficiency devices, a large reduction of the impurity impact is visible for impurities with large capture cross‐section ratio like Fe, which reduces its relative difference in comparison with, for example, Cr, which has a small capture cross‐section ratio. In general, advanced devices will be more sensitive to the impurity content than the state‐of‐the‐art cell design. This effect is partly compensated by a reduction of the substrate thickness. The impurity sensitivity as function of the substrate thickness is reported. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic performance of eccentrically braced frame with vertical link using PBPD method
Authors: Shayanfar M. A. , Rezaeian A. R. , Zanganeh A.
Published: March 2012

There are special guidelines to design the structures resistant to earthquake forces; parameters such as conditions of the site, seismicity of the site, importance of the structure and the type of the structure are the main effective factors. Consideration of these parameters in calculation and distribution of the earthquake forces are significantly different in various design codes. In most of these design codes, the computation and distribution of earthquake forces are based upon the elastic structural analysis. In this approach, the real behavior of structure is not considered and it may consequently sustain big displacements and irretrievable damages. Therefore, a new design method has been utilized in this paper by which the base shear and its distribution in the height of the structure are calculated according to the plastic behavior of structure and takes advantage of energy balance. The latter is known as performance‐based plastic design method. The study of the behavior of eccentrically braced frames with vertical links while undertaking earthquake loads using performance‐based plastic design method is the main purpose of this study. It is also worthy of notion that the frames are designed using a capacity design method. In addition, the results are compared with those of the International Building Code 2009 method; the results demonstrate that the plastic hinges, the interstory drifts and plastic rotation of links are distributed more uniformly in the height of frames designed by the suggested method compared to International Building Code 2009. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolonged Portal Triad Clamping Increases Postoperative Sepsis after Major Hepatectomy in Patients with Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome and/or Steatohepatitis
Authors: Narita Masato , Oussoultzoglou Elie , Fuchshuber Pascal , Chenard Marie‐Pierre , Rosso Edoardo , Yamamoto Keiichi , Jaeck Daniel , Bachellier Philippe
Published: March 2012

Background

Portal triad clamping (PTC) has been widely adopted in an attempt to decrease bleeding during liver parenchymal transection. As a larger proportion of patients are treated with chemotherapy prior to liver resection, the safety of PTC in patients with chemotherapy‐associated liver injury remains poorly investigated. This study aims to evaluate the influence of PTC on early postoperative outcomes in patients with chemotherapy‐associated liver injury undergoing major hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CLM).

Patients and methods

From January 2000 to October 2010, 53 patients with histologically proven chemotherapy‐associated liver injuries [sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS; n = 41), steatohepatitis (n = 5), and both SOS and steatohepatitis (n = 7)] who underwent major hepatectomy for CLM were divided into two groups; patients undergoing intermittent TPC (n = 20) and those who did not undergo TPC (n = 33). Perioperative clinicobiological factors, morbidity including septic complications, and mortality were analyzed and compared between the two groups.

Results

Intraoperative blood transfusions and postoperative liver function were comparable between the two groups. Sepsis and biloma occurred more often in patients undergoing PTC longer than 30 min than in those undergoing PTC ≤30 min (66.7 % versus 17.1 %, p = 0.002, and 33.3 versus 0 %, p = 0.002, respectively). A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that prolonged PTC (>30 min) and the ratio of future liver remnant volume to total liver volume ≤43 % were independent factors for predicting postoperative sepsis [odds ratio (OR): 32.68; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI): 2.86–372.82; p = 0.005—and odds ratio: 9.70; 95 % CI: 1.04–90.86; p = 0.047, respectively].

Conclusions

Portal triad clamping can be safely used in patients with chemotherapy‐associated liver injury who require major liver resection. Prolonged PTC can increase the occurrence of postoperative biliary and septic complications.
Role of Antibiotic Therapy in Mild Acute Calculus Cholecystitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mazeh Haggi , Mizrahi Ido , Dior Uri , Simanovsky Natalia , Shapiro Mervyn , Freund Herbert R. , Eid Ahmed
Published: March 2012

Background

Current recommendations for treating acute calculus cholecystitis include the use of intravenous antibiotics, although these recommendations were never tested scientifically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients with mild acute calculus cholecystitis.

Methods

In this prospective, randomized controlled trial, 84 patients with a diagnosis of mild acute calculus cholecystitis were randomly assigned to supportive treatment only or supportive treatment with intravenous antibiotic treatment (42 patients in each arm). Patients were followed through their index admission and until delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed.

Results

The two study groups did not differ in their demographic data or in the clinical presentation and disease severity. Analysis was conducted on the intent‐to‐treat basis. Patients in the intravenous antibiotics arm resumed a liquid diet earlier (1.7 vs. 2.2 days, p = 0.02) but did not significantly differ in resumption of regular diet (2.8 vs. 3.2 days, p = 0.16) or hospital length of stay (LOS) (3.9 vs. 3.8 days, p = 0.89). Patients in the intravenous antibiotics arm had rates of percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement (12 vs. 5 %, p = 0.43), readmissions (19 vs. 13 %, p = 0.73), and perioperative course similar to those not receiving antibiotics. The overall hospital LOS, including initial hospitalization and subsequent cholecystectomy, was similar for both groups (5.6 vs. 5.1 days, p = 0.29). Eight (19 %) patients in the supportive arm were crossed over to the intravenous antibiotic arm during the index admission.

Conclusions

Intravenous antibiotic treatment does not improve the hospital course or early outcome in most of the patients with mild acute calculus cholecystitis.
Developing a Perioperative Educational Video Web Site
Authors: O'Dowd Bell Lynn
Published: March 2012

Nurses frequently have to adjust to changes in technology, particularly in the OR, but cataloging the wealth of resources commonly used in the OR (eg, equipment, supplies, how to use them) has not kept pace. To address this, I worked with the information systems administrative coordinator at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, to design and implement a perioperative intranet site that includes videos and fact sheets about equipment and supplies and that can be accessed by all perioperative staff members. This required promoting the idea and getting stakeholder sign‐on, soliciting videotapes and DVDs and screening all submissions for appropriateness, choosing and formatting applicable resources for use on the site, working with members of the information systems department to create a web site after the video library was assembled, and helping staff members use and accept the site as a valuable educational resource. This intranet web site has been available to staff members for two years, and data from a recent survey of staff members and from mandatory intranet inservice compliance programs show evidence of its effectiveness.
Educating for the Future
Authors: Castelluccio Donna
Published: March 2012

The current lack of perioperative clinical rotations in nursing schools makes it imperative that perioperative nurses create ways to entice the next generation of nurses to work in the OR. At Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, the OR manager and clinical educators looked at the challenges that nursing students face in the perioperative clinical setting and created an orientation to help to ease their fears about observing in the OR, familiarize them with the perioperative nursing role, and perhaps encourage more nursing students to consider perioperative nursing as a career. We used the “AORN guidance statement: The value of clinical learning activities in the perioperative setting in undergraduate nursing curricula” as a framework for a perioperative orientation class that addresses the challenges and meets the students' academic goals. We also used the nursing curriculum objectives from Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, to plan the students' clinical experience in surgery. Our approach has attracted more student interest in perioperative nursing than in previous years, resulting in more students requesting a perioperative clinical rotation or senior practicum.
Clinical Issues—April 2012
Authors: Ogg Mary J.
Published: March 2012

This Month

Patient monitoring during moderate sedation administration

Key words: moderate sedation, capnography, exhaled carbon dioxide, end‐tidal carbon dioxide, pulse oximetry.

Maintenance requirements for eyewash stations

Key words: eyewash stations, hazardous chemicals.

Electrosurgery and fire prevention

Key words: fire prevention, electrosurgery handpiece, laparoscopic electrosurgery.

Preventing alternate site burns from hair accessories during electrosurgery

Key words: electrosurgery, hair weaves, bobby pins, metal, alternate site burn.
Anticoagulation Management in the Ambulatory Surgical Setting
Authors: Eisenstein Diana Hill
Published: March 2012

Many people receiving maintenance anticoagulation therapy require surgery each year in ambulatory surgery centers. National safety organizations focus attention toward improving anticoagulation management, and the American College of Chest Physicians has established guidelines for appropriate anticoagulation management to balance the risk of thromboembolism when warfarin is discontinued with the risk of bleeding when anticoagulation therapy is maintained. The guidelines recommend that patients at high or moderate risk for thromboembolism should be bridged with subcutaneous low‐molecular‐weight heparin or IV unfractionated heparin with the interruption of warfarin, and low‐risk patients may require subcutaneous low‐molecular‐weight heparin or no bridging with the interruption of warfarin. The guidelines recommend the continuation of warfarin for patients who are undergoing minor dermatologic or dental procedures or cataract removal. The literature reveals, however, that there is not adequate adherence to these recommendations and guidelines. Management of anticoagulation therapy by a nurse practitioner may improve compliance and safety in ambulatory surgery centers.
Expression of the class II tumor suppressor gene RIG1 is directly regulated by p53 tumor suppressor in cancer cell lines
Authors: Hsu Tzu-Hui , Chu Chin-Chen , Jiang Shun-Yuan , Hung May-Whey , Ni Wen-Chieh , Lin Huai-En , Chang Tsu-Chung
Published: March 2012

Recent studies indicated that the RIG1 (RARRES3/TIG3) plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of RIG1 gene expression has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we identified a functional p53 response element (p53RE) in the RIG1 gene promoter. Transfection studies revealed that the RIG1 promoter activity was greatly enhanced by wild type but not mutated p53 protein. Sequence specific mutation of the p53RE abolished p53‐mediated transactivation. Specific binding of p53 protein to the rig‐p53RE was demonstrated using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Further studies confirmed that the expression of RIG1 mRNA and protein is enhanced through increased p53 protein in HepG2 or in H24‐H1299 cells. In conclusion, our results indicated that RIG1 gene is a downstream target of p53 in cancer cell lines.
The association between pelvic girdle pain and urinary incontinence among pregnant women in the second trimester
Authors: Fitzgerald Colleen M. , Santos Lynette R. , Mallinson Trudy
Published: March 2012

Objective

To examine the association among pelvic girdle pain (PGP), urinary incontinence (UI), and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function in pregnant women in the second trimester.

Methods

Fifty‐five pregnant women (29 with PGP and 26 without) were enrolled. Urinary incontinence was measured via the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form. Vaginal examination assessed PFM contract–relax patterns and muscle strength.

Results

Overall, 51 women (26 with PGP and 25 without) were included in the final analyses. After controlling for PFM muscle strength, women with PGP were significantly more likely to have UI (P = 0.03). After controlling for pain status, having little or no PFM contraction was significantly associated with UI (P = 0.03). There was no association between PGP and PFM weakness.

Conclusion

There was an association between PGP and UI and between UI and PFM weakness among the study participants. Lack of PFM weakness in women with PGP during pregnancy may reflect acuity of pain or measurement error.
Disruption of the bottom log layer in large-eddy simulations of full-depth Langmuir circulation
Authors: Tejada-Martínez A. E. , Grosch C. E. , Sinha N. , Akan C. , Martinat G.
Published: March 2012

We report on disruption of the log layer in the resolved bottom boundary layer in large-eddy simulations (LES) of full-depth Langmuir circulation (LC) in a wind-driven shear current in neutrally-stratified shallow water. LC consists of parallel counter-rotating vortices that are aligned roughly in the direction of the wind and are generated by the interaction of the wind-driven shear with the Stokes drift velocity induced by surface gravity waves. The disruption is analysed in terms of mean velocity, budgets of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and budgets of TKE components. For example, in terms of mean velocity, the mixing due to LC induces a large wake region eroding the classical log-law profile within the range $90\lt { x}_{3}^{+ } \lt 200$. The dependence of this disruption on wind and wave forcing conditions is investigated. Results indicate that the amount of disruption is primarily determined by the wavelength of the surface waves generating LC. These results have important implications for turbulence parameterizations for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of the coastal ocean.
Daytime restricted feeding modifies 24 h rhythmicity and subcellular distribution of liver glucocorticoid receptor and the urea cycle in rat liver
Authors: Luna-Moreno Dalia , García-Ayala Braulio , Díaz-Muñoz Mauricio
Published: March 2012

The timing system in mammals is formed by a set of peripheral biological clocks coordinated by a light-entrainable pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Daytime restricted feeding (DRF) modifies the circadian control and uncouples the light-dependent physiological rhythmicity, food access becoming the principal external time cue. In these conditions, an alternative biological clock is expressed, the food-entrainable oscillator (FEO). Glucocorticoid hormones are an important part of the humoral mechanisms in the daily synchronisation of the metabolic response of peripheral oscillators by the timing system. A peak of circulating corticosterone has been reported before food access in DRF protocols. In the present study we explored in the liver the 24 h variations of: (1) the subcellular distribution of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR), (2) the activities of the corticosterone-forming and NADPH-generating enzymes (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH)), and, (3) parameters related with the urea cycle (circulating urea and activities of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase) elicited by DRF. The results showed that DRF promoted an increase of more than two times of the hepatic GCR, but exclusively in the cytosolic compartment, since the GCR in the nuclear fraction showed a reduction. No changes were observed in the activities of 11β-HSD-1 and H6PDH, but the rhythmicity of all of the urea cycle-related parameters was modified. It is concluded that liver glucocorticoid signalling and the urea cycle are responsive to feeding-restricted schedules and could be part of the FEO.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CITRUS (CITRUSSPP.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V.
Published: March 2012

The results of research on the water relations and irrigation need ofCitrusspp. are collated and reviewed in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to drought mitigation and irrigation practices. Background information is given on the centres of origin (south-east Asia) and of production of citrus (areas with subtropical Mediterranean-type climates). The effects of water stress on the development processes of the crop are summarised followed by reviews of the plant water relations, crop water requirements, water productivity and irrigation systems. The topic is complicated by the diversity of species and cultivars (including rootstocks) that are embraced withinCitrusspp. The effects of water availability on vegetative growth are understood in general terms, but the relationships have not yet been quantified. Similarly, the need for a ‘rest period’ to induce flowering is understood, but its magnitude (in terms of a drought stress index or day-degrees) does not appear to have been specified with precision. Again, the effects of drought on flower and fruit formation and retention are understood in general terms, but the relationships have not been quantified in useful ways for specific cultivars. Rooting depth and distribution have only been described in a limited number of situations. Environmental factors influencing stomatal conductances are generally well described and relationships with some growth processes established. Compared with other crops, low stomatal/canopy conductance restricts water use ofCitrusspp. Some (limited) progress has been made in quantifying crop water requirements in specific conditions. Despite many recent attempts to specify how little water can be applied at specific growth stages to optimise water productivity through regulated deficit irrigation, no consensus view has emerged. The yield response to ‘full’ irrigation is of the order 6–7 kg fresh fruit m−3as a result of an increase in the number of fruit of marketable size. There are also improvements in fruit quality. The most effective way of irrigating a citrus orchard is with a microirrigation system (drip or microsprinklers), but both methods require answers to the question: what proportion of the root zone needs to be irrigated? Both methods, especially drip, allow water to be applied (with fertigation) at very frequent intervals (including several times a day), although formal evidence of the benefits to be obtained from this level of intensification is lacking.
The EU ban on the import of seal products and the WTO regulations: neglected human rights of the Arctic indigenous peoples?
Authors: Hossain Kamrul
Published: March 2012

The EU ban on the import and commercialising of seals and seal products in the EU market, has attracted intense attention in recent years. As seal products mostly originate from outside the EU, it is argued that the EU action has been discriminatory and hence contrary to the WTO regulations. Canada and Norway have been critical of the EU regulation and have initiated dispute settlement procedures within the WTO since most of the products that enter into the internal market are mainly from these countries. The ban also provoked anger within the Inuit and other indigenous communities, mainly from Canada and Greenland. Although the EU regulation provides an exception for Inuit and indigenous hunts and the subsequent commercialisation of resulting products into the internal market, the exception suffers from clarity and lacks proper implementation procedures. The regulation is predicted to lead to the ultimate disappearance of the seal market in the EU, which directly affects the Inuit and other indigenous peoples engaged in sealing activities. They may lose their means of subsistence. While analysing the critical issues concerning the EU and the WTO regulations and its exceptions, the article focuses on the human rights perspective of the Arctic indigenous peoples affected by the EU ban.
Commissioning in the English National Health Service: What's the Problem?
Authors: CHECKLAND KATH , HARRISON STEPHEN , SNOW STEPHANIE , MCDERMOTT IMELDA , COLEMAN ANNA
Published: March 2012

The English NHS is currently organised around a split between the ‘commissioning’ and the ‘providing’ of health care. There has been considerable critical comment about commissioning, focusing upon perceived inadequacies of the regulatory structure and a perceived lack of competence of the managers concerned. In this paper, we use empirical data from two detailed studies of commissioning to propose a third explanation of the difficulties that have been observed in making commissioning work. We apply Scott's institutional analysis to the issue, arguing that far from reflecting managerial incompetence, some of the difficulties experienced are inherent in the normative and cultural/cognitive pillars of the NHS institution, so that there is a lack of ‘fit’ between commissioning and the institutional characteristics of the NHS. We conclude by exploring the potential impact of the latest round of NHS changes on this institution.
Integrated prevention of obesity and eating disorders: barriers, developments and opportunities
Authors: Sánchez-Carracedo David , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne , López-Guimerà Gemma
Published: March 2012

Objective

The serious consequences of obesity and eating disorders (ED), difficulties encountered in treatment and the high prevalence of these conditions are important reasons to develop efforts aimed at their prevention. The implementation of integrated interventions aimed at preventing risk factors for both obesity and ED constitutes a very exciting development. In the present paper we discuss and review the main reasons for an integrated approach to the spectrum of eating- and weight-related problems, which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, anorexic and bulimic behaviours, unhealthy dieting practices, body dissatisfaction, binge-eating disorder, overweight and obesity. Given differences between the fields with regard to current perspectives and objectives, key barriers to an integrated approach to prevention are discussed. In order to show the possibilities of development of this approach, we review the main contributions made to date in the fields of both obesity and ED prevention. In particular, environmental approaches in the prevention of obesity and ED are reviewed, given their potential for preventing a broad spectrum of eating- and weight-related problems. Furthermore, several examples of initiatives that have utilized an integrated approach to prevention are discussed.

Design

Narrative review.

Conclusions

We recommend a scenario in which the two fields share knowledge to enhance the difficult work of preventing and treating both ED and obesity.
Hat das kognitive Modell von Clark und Wells zur sozialen Phobie Erklärungskraft für das Kindesalter?
Authors: Schäfer Johanna , Schmitz Julian , Tuschen-Caffier Brunna
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung. Das kognitive Modell von Clark und Wells (1995) zur sozialen Phobie hat in der empirischen Forschung der letzten Jahre viel Beachtung gefunden. Bisher bleibt jedoch unklar, ob das für das Erwachsenenalter konzipierte und evaluierte Modell auch Erklärungskraft für das Kindesalter hat. In unserem Literaturüberblick fanden wir Hinweise darauf, dass einige Aspekte des Modells schon im Kindesalter eine Rolle für die Aufrechterhaltung der Störung spielen, wie dysfunktionale antizipatorische Bewertungen, Aufmerksamkeits-, Interpretations- und Grübelprozesse. Empirische Studien zu anderen Komponenten des Modells liefern dagegen widersprüchliche Ergebnisse, oder können aufgrund nicht ausreichender Studienzahl nicht abschließend beurteilt werden. Insgesamt ergeben sich Hinweise darauf, dass das Modell zumindest zum Teil Erklärungskraft für die soziale Phobie des Kindes- und Jugendalters besitzt.
Decrease of dissolved oxygen after the mid‐1980s in the western North Pacific subtropical gyre along the 137°E repeat section
Authors: Takatani Yusuke , Sasano Daisuke , Nakano Toshiya , Midorikawa Takashi , Ishii Masao
Published: March 2012

The Japan Meteorological Agency has acquired dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration data each year since 1967 along the 137°E repeat section in the western North Pacific. In this data set we found significant regional temporal trends of decreasing or increasing DO concentrations on various isopycnal surfaces. DO decreases were particularly significant after the mid‐1980s in the subtropical gyre; mean rates of DO change at 20–25°N for 1985–2010 were −0.28 ± 0.08 μmol kg−1 yr−1 on 25.5 σθ in North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW), −0.36 ± 0.08 μmol kg−1 yr−1 on 26.8 σθ in North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), and −0.23 ± 0.04 μmol kg−1 yr−1 on 27.3 σθ in the O2 minimum Layer (OML). The cause of DO decrease differed among isopycnal surfaces. On density surfaces shallower than 26.0 σθ (less than about 400 m), the deepening of isopycnal surfaces and decline of oxygen solubility due to ocean warming have had the greatest influence. In particular, between 25.2 σθ and 25.8 σθ near the NPSTMW their combined contributions accounted for >50% of the DO decrease. In the NPIW core at roughly 26.8 σθ (∼700 m), the decline in DO was attributable to the DO decrease in the formation region. In the OML between 27.0 σθ and 27.3 σθ (∼1000 m), the DO decrease likely resulted from an increase in westward transport of low O2 water due to strengthening of the subtropical gyre. The result of this study shows the importance of the long‐term and high‐frequency along the 137°E repeat section.
Large‐scale observations of a subauroral polarization stream by midlatitude SuperDARN radars: Instantaneous longitudinal velocity variations
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Greenwald R. A. , Thomas E. G. , Shepherd S. G. , Talaat E. R. , Bristow W. A. , Zheng Y. , Coster A. J. , Sazykin S.
Published: March 2012

We present simultaneous measurements of flow velocities inside a subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) made by six midlatitude high‐frequency SuperDARN radars. The instantaneous observations cover three hours of universal time and six hours of magnetic local time (MLT). From velocity variations across the field‐of‐view of the radars we infer the local 2D flow direction at three different longitudes. We find that the local flow direction inside the SAPS channel is remarkably constant over the course of the event. The flow speed, however, shows significant temporal and spatial variations. After correcting for the radar look direction we are able to accurately determine the dependence of the SAPS velocity on magnetic local time. We find that the SAPS velocity variation with magnetic local time is best described by an exponential function. The average velocity at 00 MLT was 1.2 km/s and it decreased with a spatial e‐folding scale of two hours of MLT toward the dawn sector. We speculate that the longitudinal distribution of pressure gradients in the ring current is responsible for this dependence and find these observations in good agreement with results from ring current models. Using TEC measurements we find that the high westward velocities of the SAPS are ‐ as expected ‐ located in a region of low TEC values, indicating low ionospheric conductivities.
A new approach to magnetopause and bow shock modeling based on automated region identification
Authors: Jelínek K. , Němeček Z. , Šafránková J.
Published: March 2012

The present empirical models describing a location and shape of the magnetopause and bow shock are based on a statistical evaluation of magnetopause and bow shock crossings. The crossings are usually identified by a visual inspection of the plots or by automatic methods which are less reliable. We present a new method of determination of the most probable boundary locations. The method is based on continuous plasma and magnetic field measurements in the regions visited by a sounding spacecraft (the solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere) and on the determination of ratios of these parameters to simultaneously monitored upstream parameters. The regions identified by this method are then used for development of simple models of the magnetopause and bow shock locations parameterized by the upstream pressure. The performance of the models is tested with corresponding boundary crossings based mainly on the THEMIS observations. Both developed models are in a good agreement with the results obtained from identification of crossings.