bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Application of “Double Isolation” in Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Sustained off-Resonance Irradiation Collisionally-Induced Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Remove Labile Isobaric Impurities
Authors: Gates Paul J. , Lopes Norberto P. , Pinto Ernani , Colepicolo Pio , Cardozo Karina H.M.
Published: December 2011

This study reports the application of “double isolation” in sustained off-resonance irradiation collisionally-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (SORI-CID-MS/MS) to remove radio-frequency (RF) fragment ions of very close mass isobaric ions (0.02 m/z apart). Analyses were performed with a fraction of a biological extract isolated from a macroalgae containing the mycosporine-like amino acid asterina-330. Direct isolation of the precursor ion by narrowing the isolation window proved ineffective as it impinged upon the required ion thus substantially reducing its intensity. By increasing the correlated sweep time, ejection efficiency of the isolation was improved, but caused the unwanted side-effect of RF fragmentation of labile ions. Finally, by skipping the ion activation step and performing a second isolation (in the MS3 module) the RF fragments from the first isolation were removed leaving a very pure isolation of the required precursor ion and allowed a very clean CID fragmentation. We demonstrated that the m/z 272.1351 ion is derived from the loss of NH3 from m/z 289.1620 isobaric impurity and is not related to asterina-330. This application represents a powerful tool to remove unwanted ions in the MS/MS spectrum that result from fragmentation of isobaric ions.
Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry of the Noble Gases: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Grandinetti Felice
Published: December 2011

This review article surveys recent experimental and theoretical advances in the gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases. Covered issues include the interaction of the noble gases with metal and non-metal cations, the conceivable existence of covalent noble-gas anions, the occurrence of ion–molecule reactions involving singly-charged xenon cations and the occurrence of bond-forming reactions involving doubly-charged cations. Research themes are also highlighted, which are expected to attract further interest in the nearfuture.
Antihyperglycemic potentials of a threatened plant, Helonias dioica: antioxidative stress responses and the signaling cascade
Authors: Chakraborty Debrup , Samadder Asmita , Dutta Suman , Khuda-Bukhsh Anisur Rahman
Published: December 2011

Helonias dioica (HD) is a threatened species of herb growing in North America. It is used as a traditional medicine for treating various ailments particularly related to reproductive issues. The root is reported to contain approximately 10% of a saponin (chamaelirin; C36H62O18) apart from certain other fatty acids. As saponins are known to have hypoglycemic effects, we suspected its possible antihyperglycemic potentials. We injected intraperitoneally alloxan (ALX) at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) to induce hyperglycemia in mice and tested possible hypoglycemic effects of HD in vivo by deploying two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg bw, respectively). We also tested its effects on the isolated pancreatic islets cells in vitro. We used various standard protocols like reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage, activities of biomarkers like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidase (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) of the pancreas tissue and glucokinase and glycogen content of the liver of hyperglycemic mice. With a mechanistic approach, we also tracked down the possible signaling pathway involved. We found an elevated level of ROS generation, LPO and overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), p38 Map kinase (p38 MAPK), nuclear factor (NF)- κβ, interferon gamma (IFN- γ), cytochrome c, caspase 3, poly [ADP ribose] polymerase (PARP) and cyclo oxygenase 2 (COX2) in ALX-induced diabetic mouse. Treatment of hyperglycemic mice with both the doses of HD showed a significant decrease with respect to all these parameters of study. Thus, our results suggest that HD prevents ALX-induced islet cell damage and possesses antihyperglycemic and antioxidative potentials.
An audit highlighting a lack of awareness of the UK national guidelines for HIV testing, 2008
Authors: Mitchell L , Bushby S A , Chauhan M
Published: December 2011

Following the publication of the UK national guidelines for HIV testing 2008, we carried out a local audit to determine the level of awareness of these guidelines among doctors working in Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK. An email questionnaire was distributed. Over two-thirds of respondents were unaware of the publication of the guidelines. Only 36% of respondents felt comfortable in offering a patient testing for HIV. The majority of doctors who responded lacked knowledge and confidence in issues surrounding HIV management and diagnosis, suggesting that better dissemination of information and training is still needed.
Patterns of HIV testing at a London teaching hospital between 2004 and 2007
Authors: Madge S , Smith C , Evans A , Clewley G , Johnson M A , Geretti A M
Published: December 2011

The aims of this study were to observe trends in testing for HIV between 2004 and 2007 in one London, UK, hospital and to observe the seroprevalence of HIV within subgroups. Tests were grouped according to source and reason for testing. A total of 58,720 tests were considered (HIV-1 seroprevalence 0.9%). The majority (75.4%) of tests were performed as part of routine and opt-out protocols including antenatal and genitourinary (GU) screening. Among people specifically seeking HIV testing, the HIV seroprevalence was 3.5%. Medical specialties performed fewer tests but a high HIV seroprevalence was observed, including infectious disease (seroprevalence 4.4%) and other medical specialties (seroprevalence 3.4%). A small number of specialties performed few HIV tests. HIV testing was cost-effective in virtually all settings. This study suggests that more HIV tests could be performed, for example, in acute medicine, and training might increase the number of tests offered in some settings. The most effective way of increasing testing appears to be opt-out testing.
Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in patients with a CD4 count of less than 350 cells: a retrospective audit against key indicators from the CQUIN payment framework
Authors: Mercer R M , Olarinde O , Ryan C , Greig J , Yeeles H , Walker A , Walker H , Meardon N C
Published: December 2011

A proportion of funding for the South Yorkshire HIV Network is dependant on meeting the targets of the Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN) payment framework. This states that 85% of patients with a CD4 count below 350 should be on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We also audited how many patients we started on treatment within six weeks. We found 88% of the 243 patients were on ART at the end of the audit, but significantly less had been started on treatment within six weeks of their CD4 count falling below 350. Although the target was achieved, there were patients who should be excluded as shown by other clinical guidelines, for example patients on treatment for tuberculosis. If these patients were excluded and the threshold level increased, it would help emphasize the at-risk patient group and lead to a fairer allocation of funding.
Awareness of, usage of and willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men in downtown Toronto, Canada
Authors: Leonardi M , Lee E , Tan D H S
Published: December 2011

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising strategy whereby HIV-uninfected people could take antiretroviral (ARV) medications to reduce their risk of HIV acquisition. Reports suggest that unsupervised PrEP use has been occurring in gay communities of USA cities before human safety and efficacy data became available. We administered a 20-item questionnaire to men undergoing HIV testing at Hassle Free Clinic, a sexual health clinic in the gay village of Toronto. Questionnaire items enquired about demographics, sexual partners, substance use and awareness of, usage of and willingness to use PrEP. Logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with PrEP-related outcomes. Of 256 participants, 11.7% were aware of PrEP, with more men who have sex with men (MSM) aware (14.1%) than non-MSM (4.9%). No participants reported PrEP usage. Willingness to consider PrEP use was high and associated with high-risk activities, suggesting opportunities for PrEP use in the future.
UK guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure (2011)
Authors: Benn P , Fisher M , Kulasegaram R
Published: December 2011

We present the updated British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) guidelines for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEPSE) to HIV. This document includes a review of the current data to support the use of PEPSE, considers how to calculate the risks of infection after a potential exposure, and provides recommendations on when PEPSE would and would not be considered. We review which agents to use for PEPSE including the potential for drug-drug interactions and make recommendations for monitoring individuals receiving PEPSE. Other areas included are the possible impact on sexual behaviour, cost-effectiveness and issues relating to service provision. Throughout the document, consideration is given to the place of PEPSE within the broader context of HIV prevention strategies and sexual health.
Incidence of Bleeding in Renally Impaired Patients Receiving Incorrectly Dosed Eptifibatide or Bivalirudin While Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Taylor Lindsey A , Mauro Vincent F
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND:

Limited data are available regarding adverse bleeding events associated with antithrombotic agents incorrectly dosed based on renal function in patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the incidence of bleeding during their hospital stay in patients with reduced renal function receiving incorrect doses of bivalirudin or eptifibatide to the incidence of correct doses, based on manufacturer recommendations; secondary objectives were to determine the incidence of correct dosing based on manufacturer recommendations and the incidence of TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) major bleeding.

METHODS:

A chart review over a 32-month period showed that patients with reduced renal function who received either eptifibatide or bivalirudin during PCI were evaluated for correct dosing based on manufacturer recommendations, bleeding incidence according to the TIMI criteria, and extent of bleeding according to the TIMI and GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) criteria.

RESULTS:

One hundred ninety patients met inclusion criteria, 56 who received eptifibatide and 134 who received bivalirudin. Eptifibatide was dosed incorrectly in 64% of the patients. Patients receiving incorrectly dosed compared to correctly dosed eptifibatide experienced significantly more bleeding (64% vs 35%, respectively, p = 0.04), a greater extent of bleeding based on the TIMI and GUSTO criteria (p = 0.03 and p = 0.009, respectively), and had more TIMI major bleeding (19% vs 5%, respectively). Bivalirudin was dosed incorrectly in 28% of the patients. Patients receiving incorrectly dosed compared to correctly dosed bivalirudin experienced a significantly greater extent of bleeding based on the GUSTO criteria (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between the incidence of bleeding (37% vs 21%, respectively; p = 0.06), extent of bleeding based on the TIMI criteria (p = 0.058), or incidence of TIMI major bleeding (5% vs 3%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients receiving incorrectly dosed eptifibatide and bivalirudin are susceptible to adverse bleeding events. The occurrence of incorrect dosing offers an opportunity for pharmacist-driven institutional improvement.
Thermodynamic modeling of trivalent Am, Cm and Eu-citrate complexation in concentrated NaClO4media
Authors: Thakur Punam , Xiong Yongliang , Borkowski Marian , Choppin Gregory R.
Published: December 2011

The dissociation constants of citric acid (Cit), and the stability constants of Am3+, Cm3+and Eu3+with Cit were determined as a function of ionic strength (NaClO4) using potentiometric titration and an extraction technique, respectively. The results have shown the presence of both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes under the experimental conditions. A thermodynamic model was constructed to predict the apparent stability constants at different ionic strengths by applying the Pitzer ionic interaction parametersβ(0),β(1), and Cφwhich were obtained to fit the experimental data. Thermodynamic stability constants of M(Cit) and M(Cit)23-(where M = Am3+, Cm3+or Eu3+) were calculated to belog β0101 = 9.91 ± 0.10,log β0102 = 14.47 ± 0.14for Am3+,log β0101 = 9.53 ± 0.16,log β0102 = 14.46 ± 0.16for Cm3+andlog β0101 = 9.82 ± 0.14,log β0102 = 13.31 ± 0.12for Eu3+as obtained by extrapolation to zero ionic strength.
Cross section measurements for gallium in the neutron energy range of 13.5 to 14.8MeV
Authors: Luo Junhua , Liu Rong , Jiang Li
Published: December 2011

Cross sections for (n,2n), (n,p) and (n,n´α) reactions have been measured on gallium isotopes at the neutron energies of 13.5–14.8 MeV using the activation technique. The monoenergetic neutron beam was producedviathe3H(d,n)4He reaction. The neutron fluences were determined using the monitor reaction27Al(n,α)24Na. The activities induced in the reaction products were measured using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Data are reported for the following reactions:69Ga(n,2n)68Ga,71Ga(n,2n)70Ga,69Ga(n,p)69mZn,71Ga(n,p)71mZn and71Ga(n,n´α)67Cu. Nuclear model calculations using the code HFTT, which employs the Hauser–Feshbach (statistical model) and exciton model (precompound effects) formalisms, were undertaken to describe the formation of the reaction products. Results are discussed and compared with some corresponding values found in the literature, with some established systematics and with the evaluated data given in ENDF/B-VII.0, CENDL-3.1 and JENDL-4.0.
Intrauterine and postnatal growth failure with normal GH/IGF1 axis and insulin-resistant diabetes in a consanguineous kinship
Authors: Guevara-Aguirre Jaime , Guevara-Aguirre Marco , Hwa Vivian , Prócel Patricio , Saavedra Jeannette , Ostrer Harry , Fang Peng , Rosenfeld Ron G , Kerns Sarah , Rosenbloom Arlan L
Published: December 2011

Objective

To describe the clinical and biochemical features, and perform molecular analysis for candidate abnormalities in a novel familial syndrome of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), failure of an adolescent growth spurt with proportional adult short stature, minimal subluxation of the 5th metacarpal–phalangeal joint, and adult-onset insulin-resistant diabetes unrelated to obesity or other manifestations of metabolic syndrome (MS).

Design

Detailed clinical history, auxological, biochemical, radiological, and molecular studies, including DNA analysis andin vitrostudy of the GH/IGF1 pathway.

Materials and methods

Ten affected adults from two generations of five related families were studied in detail, and information obtained about nine other likely affected individuals.

Results

HeightZ-scores ranged from −7.3 to −3.8. Unaffected parents of the older generation and frequency of confirmed and suspected instances of the syndrome in the two generations studied is consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Insulin resistance was uniformly present in seven subjects tested who were not taking insulin. Diabetes severity did not correlate with overweight. Subjects did not have other typical manifestations of MS such as substantial hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, or hypertension. No biochemical abnormality in the GH/IGF1 axis or molecular defect was found.

Conclusions

While the association of IUGR and adult MS, including diabetes, has been well documented, these subjects did not have typical manifestations of MS. Abnormalities in common components that could result in a combination of IUGR, severe postnatal growth, and insulin resistance have been ruled out. A mutation in an unidentified gene may affect intrauterine and postnatal growth, with insulin resistance directly affected or as a result of this growth phenomenon.
Automated image analysis of hand radiographs reveals widened joint spaces in patients with long-term control of acromegaly: relation to disease activity and symptoms
Authors: Biermasz N R , van 't Klooster R , Wassenaar M J E , Malm S H , Claessen K M J A , Nelissen R G H H , Roelfsema F , Pereira A M , Kroon H M , Stoel B C , Romijn J A , Kloppenburg M
Published: December 2011

Objective

Arthropathy is an invalidating complication of acromegaly. Although acromegalic arthropathy shares features with primary osteoarthritis, joint spaces are widened rather than narrowed in patients with long-term cure of acromegaly. The late effects of acromegaly on hand joints have not been characterized. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess joint space widths (JSWs) of hand joints in patients with long-term control of acromegaly and to identify factors associated with JSW.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out in 89 patients (age 58±12 years, 49% women) with long-term controlled acromegaly and 471 controls without hand symptoms (age 46±12 years, 42% women). Radiological JSWs of individual hand joints were measured by automated image analysis.

Results

Patients had wider mean joint spaces than controls: metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joints were ∼24%, proximal interphalangeal joints ∼21%, and distal interphalangeal joints were ∼20% wider (patients vs controls; P<0.001 for all joints). Mean JSW exceeded the 95th percentile of the values obtained in controls in 64% of patients. Higher IGF1 and GH concentrations at diagnosis were associated with larger JSWs (adjusted β for pretreatment GH in tertiles: 0.09 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03–1.84) and for IGF1 in tertiles: 0.14 (95% CI 0.05–0.23) at the MCP joints in acromegalic patients. In male patients, but not in female patients, increased JSWs were associated with more self-reported pain (P=0.02).

Conclusions

Using a new semi-automated image analysis of hand radiographs, acromegalic patients with long-term disease control appeared to have increased joint spaces of all hand joints. JSWs were positively related to disease activity at diagnosis, but not to duration of follow-up, suggesting irreversible cartilage hypertrophy. Irreversible cartilage hypertrophy may partly explain persisting hand complaints despite long-term disease control.
Fetuin A in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: in vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Haukeland John Willy , Dahl Tuva B , Yndestad Arne , Gladhaug Ivar P , Løberg Else Marit , Haaland Terese , Konopski Zbigniew , Wium Cecilie , Aasheim Erlend T , Johansen Odd Erik , Aukrust Pål , Halvorsen Bente , Birkeland Kåre I
Published: December 2011

Objective

Fetuin A has been associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. We therefore explored the role of fetuin A in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Design

Cross-sectional and intervention studies.

Methods

We included 111 subjects with histologically proven NAFLD of whom 44 participated in a randomized, controlled trial with metformin. One hundred and thirty-one healthy subjects and 13 subjects undergoing hepatic surgery for metastatic cancer served as controls. Main outcome variables were circulating levels of fetuin A according to the presence of NAFLD, hepatic gene expression of fetuin A and key enzymes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and the effect of metformin on fetuin A levels in vivo and in vitro (HepG2 cells).

Results

Fetuin A levels were significantly higher in NAFLD patients compared with controls (324±98 vs 225±75 mg/l, P<0.001). NAFLD was a significant predictor of elevated fetuin A levels (β=174 (95% confidence interval: 110–234)) independent of body mass index, age, sex, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. Hepatic fetuin A mRNA levels correlated significantly with hepatic mRNA levels of key enzymes in lipid (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) and glucose (phosphoenol pyruvate kinase 1, glucose-6-phosphatase) metabolism. Plasma fetuin A levels decreased significantly after metformin treatment compared with placebo (−40±47 vs 15±82 mg/l, P=0.008). Metformin induced a dose-dependent decrease in fetuin A secretion in vitro.

Conclusions

Fetuin A levels were elevated in NAFLD. Hepatic expression of fetuin A correlated with key enzymes in glucose and lipid metabolism. Metformin decreased fetuin A levels in vitro.
James F. Crow and the Art of Teaching and Mentoring
Authors: Hartl Daniel L
Published: December 2011

To honor James F. Crow on the occasion of his 95th birthday, GENETICS has commissioned a series of Perspectives and Reviews. For GENETICS to publish the honorifics is fitting, as from their birth Crow and GENETICS have been paired. Crow was scheduled to be born in January 1916, the same month that the first issue of GENETICS was scheduled to appear, and in the many years that Crow has made major contributions to the conceptual foundations of modern genetics, GENETICS has chronicled his and other major advances in the field. The commissioned Perspectives and Reviews summarize and celebrate Professor Crow’s contributions as a research scientist, administrator, colleague, community supporter, international leader, teacher, and mentor. In science, Professor Crow was the international leader of his generation in the application of genetics to populations of organisms and in uncovering the role of genetics in health and disease. In education, he was a superb undergraduate teacher whose inspiration changed the career paths of many students. His teaching skills are legendary, his lectures urbane and witty, rigorous and clear. He was also an extraordinary mentor to numerous graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom went on to establish successful careers of their own. In public service, Professor Crow served in key administrative positions at the University of Wisconsin, participated as a member of numerous national and international committees, and served as president of both the Genetics Society of America and the American Society for Human Genetics. This Perspective examines Professor Crow as teacher and mentor through the eyes and experiences of one student who was enrolled in his genetics course as an undergraduate and who later studied with him as a graduate student.
Expression of PTEN in basaloid squamous cell carcinoma and its clinicopathological significance
Authors: Zyada Manal M. , Salama Naglaa M.
Published: December 2011

There are a few ideal predictors that are used to evaluate the prognosis of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC). This study was designed to investigate the expression of PTEN (phosphates and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) and its association with clinicopathological and available follow-up data. PTEN protein was examined by using immunohistochemical SABC staining method in eight cases of BSCC. Loss of PTEN expression was noted in five (62.5%) of the eight studied BSCC cases. Statistically, there was a significant relationship between PTEN expression and studied BSCC groups depending upon the basaloid component level, lymph node involvement, and the clinical stage of the disease. Of the five patients whose tumors were PTEN negative, three (80%) had recurrence or death at follow-up, whereas none of the three patients whose tumors were PTEN positive had recurrence or death. It was concluded that the PTEN positive expression may be useful for predicting the prognosis of BSCC.
Vesetumor és vena cava inferior tumorthrombus kezelése
Authors: Nagy Zoltán , Pánovics József , Harsányi László , Szendrői Attila , Szűcs Miklós , Romics Imre
Published: December 2011

Absztrakt

Cél: Vesedaganat és vénás tumorthrombus miatt operált betegeink adatainak feldolgozása, tapasztalataink összegzése, ennek alapján további tevékenységünk tervezése. Módszer: 1998 és 2010 között a Semmelweis Egyetem Urológiai Klinikán 21 vesetumoros beteget operáltunk, akiknél a vesedaganat a vena cava inferior tumorthrombusával szövődött. Ismertetjük a preoperatív tüneteket, a tumorstádium-beosztást, az alkalmazott műtéti megoldásokat, a szövődményeket, a posztoperatív kezelést és a túlélési eredményeket. Az átlagos vizsgálati idő 39 hónap (3–101) volt. Eredmények: 3. szintű tumorthrombus eltávolítására öt esetben májmobilizálást és egy esetben endoluminalis occlusiót alkalmaztunk. Műtéti halálozás: 9,5%. A műtét idején metastasisos betegek medián túlélése 12,1 hónap (3–19). A metastasis nélküli betegek közül három a követési időszakban meghalt, átlagos túlélési idejük 26,7 hónap (22–31) volt. Nyolc (73%) beteg él, átlagos túlélési idejük 67,1 hónap (39–101), azaz 5,6 év. Következtetések: Fenti eredményeinkkel megerősítjük azt a megállapítást, hogy a 3. szintű tumorthrombusszal szövődött vesedaganatos betegek kevésbé agresszív módon, mellkasmegnyitás nélkül is sikerrel operálhatók.
Prevalence of prediabetes in patients with metabolic risk
Authors: Matos Lívia Nascimento de , Giorelli Guilherme de Vieira , Saado Amir , Dias Cristiane Bitencourt
Published: December 2011

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis of prediabetes should be done to avoid complications relating to diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim here was to assess the prevalence of prediabetes among individuals at high risk of developing DM, and to seek variables relating to glucose intolerance (GI) among individuals with normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, São Paulo. METHODS: The FPG and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were analyzed, from which the subjects were divided as follows: group 1 (FPG and GTT both normal), group 2 (normal FPG but abnormal GTT), group 3 (abnormal FPG but normal GTT), and group 4 (FPG and GTT both abnormal). The subjects' clinical, laboratory and anthropometric profile was determined. RESULTS: 138 subjects were studied: 44 in group 1, 11 in group 2, 33 in group 3 and 50 in group 4. The prevalence of prediabetes was 68.0%. Group 4 individuals were older than group 1 individuals [69.0 (55.5-74.0) versus 58.9 ± 11.8 years; P < 0.05], with greater prevalence of risk conditions for DM [5.0 (4.0-5.0) versus 4.0 (3.0-5.0); P < 0.05]. Among individuals with normal FPG, GI prevalence was 20.0%. No variables analyzed correlated with GTT. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of prediabetes was 68.0%, and 20.0% of subjects with normal FPG had GI. Although some anthropometric, clinical and laboratory variables have been correlated with DM and prediabetes, none, except for GTT, was able to screen for GI among subjects with normal FPG in the present study
Characterisation of municipal solid waste at landfill, India
Authors: Mali Sandip Tanaji , Khare Kanchan C. , Biradar Ashok H.
Published: December 2011

Characterisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is important for adequate decision making in the management strategy of urban MSW of a city. The objective of this study was to characterise the MSW at a landfill of Pune city, India and suggest appropriate MSW management methods. The investigations showed that biological treatment of MSW will be feasible as it contains high organic matter and moisture content. This would help to divert 70% of the total waste, if solid waste treatment facilities were provided at source, which would lead to enormous cost savings of waste collection, transport and disposal. Energy generation through incineration of MSW was not feasible. The changing pattern of characterisation of MSW in relation to socio-economic changes has been discussed. Though the study was focused on Pune city, investigations will help solid waste management planners, materials recovery facility designers and for estimation of landfill gas emission in developing metropolitan cities.
Race/Ethnicity and All-Cause Mortality in US Adults: Revisiting the Hispanic Paradox
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Lancet Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2011

Objectives. We examined the association between race/ethnicity and all-cause mortality risk in US adults and whether this association differs by nativity status.

Methods. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate all-cause mortality rates in 1997 through 2004 National Health Interview Survey respondents, relating the risk for Hispanic subgroup, non-Hispanic Black, and other non-Hispanic to non-Hispanic White adults before and after controlling for selected characteristics stratified by age and gender.

Results. We observed a Hispanic mortality advantage over non-Hispanic Whites among women that depended on nativity status: US-born Mexican Americans aged 25 to 44 years had a 90% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03, 0.31) lower death rate; island- or foreign-born Cubans and other Hispanics aged 45 to 64 years were more than two times less likely to die than were their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Island- or foreign-born Puerto Rican and US-born Mexican American women aged 65 years and older exhibited at least a 25% lower rate of dying than did their non-Hispanics White counterparts.

Conclusions: The “Hispanic paradox” may not be a static process and may change with this population growth and its increasing diversity over time.
The Impact of Changes in Job Strain and Its Components on the Risk of Depression
Authors: Smith Peter M. , Bielecky Amber
Published: December 2011

Objectives. We assessed the impact of changes in dimensions of the psychosocial work environment on risk of depression in a longitudinal cohort of Canadian workers who were free of depression when work conditions were initially reported.

Methods. Using a sample (n = 3735) from the Canadian National Population Health Survey, we examined the effects of changes in job control, psychological demands, and social support over a 2-year period on subsequent depression. We adjusted models for a number of covariates, including personal history of depression.

Results. Respondents with increased psychological demands were more likely to have depression over the following 2 years (odds ratio = 2.36; 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 4.88). This risk remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, gender, marital status, presence of children, level of education, chronic health conditions, subclinical depression when work conditions were initially assessed, family history of depression, and personal history of depression.

Conclusions. These results demonstrate that changes in psychological demands have a stronger influence than changes in job control on the onset of depression, highlighting the importance of not assuming an interaction between these 2 components of job strain when assessing health outcomes.
Program, Policy, and Price Interventions for Tobacco Control: Quantifying the Return on Investment of a State Tobacco Control Program
Authors: Dilley Julia A. , Harris Jeffrey R. , Boysun Michael J. , Reid Terry R.
Published: December 2011

Objectives. We examined health effects associated with 3 tobacco control interventions in Washington State: a comprehensive state program, a state policy banning smoking in public places, and price increases.

Methods. We used linear regression models to predict changes in smoking prevalence and specific tobacco-related health conditions associated with the interventions. We estimated dollars saved over 10 years (2000–2009) by the value of hospitalizations prevented, discounting for national trends.

Results. Smoking declines in the state exceeded declines in the nation. Of the interventions, the state program had the most consistent and largest effect on trends for heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. Over 10 years, implementation of the program was associated with prevention of nearly 36 000 hospitalizations, at a value of about $1.5 billion. The return on investment for the state program was more than $5 to $1.

Conclusions. The combined program, policy, and price interventions resulted in reductions in smoking and related health effects, while saving money. Public health and other leaders should continue to invest in tobacco control, including comprehensive programs.
In the Wake of Guatemala: The Case for Voluntary Compensation and Remediation
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Adashi Eli Y.
Published: December 2011

Recently unearthed records reveal that between 1946 and 1948, researchers with the US Public Health Service engaged in nonconsensual inoculation of vulnerable Guatemalan populations with syphilis, gonorrhea, or chancroid.

The US government has issued formal public apologies to the Guatemalan government and its people, and the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues has been tasked with reviewing the historical record and the adequacy of protection of human research participants.

We argue that the US response is insufficient and call for a restitution program directed at the aggrieved parties. We review the lessons of two earlier analogous cases and propose guiding principles upon which such a restitution program could be crafted with the Guatemalan people in mind.
Messinian and Zanclean continental formations of the Montpellier region and their relevance to the geodynamic model of Georges Clauzon (1996)
Authors: Ambert Paul
Published: December 2011

The Pliocene period in the Montpellier region, considered as being emblematic since the middle of the 19th century because of its diverse mammal fauna, has not received much innovative treatment over the last 30 years. In particular, there has been no reinterpretation of geological data in the light of the Messinian-Zanclean double eustasy and related mechanisms. And yet, the increase in the number of urban projects affecting the Pliocene terrains and substratum has allowed for a renewed analysis of these areas in conformity with the results obtained in the nearby valley of the Rhône river. Highlighting the discordance, the regressive Messinian erosion has allowed for the Pliocene fluviatile network of the Lez to emerge. This in turn has made possible the reconstruction of a digitate network that recorded all of the phases of the filling in of these Pliocene rias. This is particularly clear thanks to the study of the Messinian discordance in the hard rocks of the Montpellier fold on the one hand, and on the other, within the Neogene ditches. Since the Messinian, the course of the Mosson and Lez rivers, just as that of the Vidourle river, tracked heavily to the east. This is how the Pliocene Mosson river crossed the Montpellier fold. In fact these modifications of the river courses, made possible by the reuse, until the end of the Pliocene, of the erosion surfaces of the coastal links (the Montpellier fold, the Gardiole), correspond to the accentuation of the deformations of these surfaces. The amplitude and variability of these movements is a result of the altitude of the marine-continental Pliocene transition. This altitude is doubtless often rather approximate, but it differs considerably with respect to the coastal Jurassic ranges (the Montpellier fold to the north, the Gardiole to the south), which frame the Pliocene “Gulf” of Montpellier. The two coastal ranges, calcareous and sub-parallel to the sea surface, have succeeded in channeling the transgression at the point of the saddleback axes, conferring Dalmatian coastal characteristics to the Pliocene ria.
Base level rise and per ascensum model of speleogenesis (PAMS). Interpretation of deep phreatic karsts, vauclusian springs and chimney-shafts
Authors: Mocochain Ludovic , Audra Philippe , Bigot Jean-Yves
Published: December 2011

In Mediterranean karsts, the Messinian salinity crisis induced first a deepening of the karst systems, then a flooding after the Pliocene transgression, and finally a reorganization of the drains after this base level rise. This reorganization mainly corresponds to the development of phreatic lifts: the chimney-shafts and the vauclusian springs. Such a per ascensum speleogenesis appears with a base level rise, which is caused by eustatism, by fluvial aggradation or valley infilling, or by continental subsidence. Consequently, we explain the origin of most of the deep phreatic cave systems (which are not hypogenic) by a base level rise, which flooded the deep karst, producing phreatic lifts connected to vauclusian springs.
Morphostructural evolution of the Luberon since the Miocene (SE France)
Authors: Clauzon Georges , Fleury Thomas-Jules , Bellier Olivier , Molliex Stéphane , Mocochain Ludovic , Aguilar Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2011

In northern Provence, a major tectonic phase occurred between 10 and 6 Ma prior to the Messinian salinity crisis. It is expressed by reverse faulting reactivation of the Luberon ramp-anticline that developed initially during the Pyrenean orogeny, with most of the deformation taking place during the Eocene. This Miocene phase led to a concomitant rejuvenation of the relief, along with the development of a “Jurassian” structural morphology and drainage pattern. Its most spectacular expression is the deeply incised transverse valleys that provide evidence of powerful downcutting.

The earliest occurrence of the Valensole gravels, dated to ~11 Ma, is found in the Cucuron basin in the foreland of the Luberon. The uplift of the Luberon anticline and its foreland resulted from southward propagation of thrusting, whilst the phases of high eustatic sea-level that precede and follow the ending of the Messinian salinity crisis caused an accretion of the piedmont. The Luberon Alpine structural development occurred before the Messinian salinity crisis, and took place within two distinct tectonic episodes during the Miocene: the first episode, in the Early Miocene (Langhian), mainly affected the Petit Luberon, while the second more recent episode, during the Tortonian, lead to deformation in the Grand Luberon before 5.9 Ma. These tectonic events and their large-scale morphological impacts – notably the creation of the present-day relief – indicate that the Tortonian phase was the most important of the Miocene episodes as it controlled the Alpine structural development of the Luberon and its foreland as well as the associated ranges to the south. After the Miocene, whereas the Alpine phase did not modify the morphology, deformation migrated southwards from the Luberon. Some of the faults are still active, as shown by the 1909 Lambesc earthquake (11 June 1909; 6 Mw), which triggered the reactivation of the Trévaresse fault.
SCORe-CT: a new method for testing effectiveness of sulfide-control chemicals used in sewer systems
Authors: Gutierrez Oriol , Sudarjanto Gatut , Sharma Keshab R. , Keller Jurg , Yuan Zhiguo
Published: December 2011

A new method for testing the effectiveness of chemical products for sulfide control in sewers is reported. The method, called SCORe-CT (Sewer Corrosion and Odour Research – Chemical Testing), consists of two specially designed laboratory-scale systems that mimic sulfide production in real rising main sewers, and a multi-phase and multi-facet testing protocol. The monitoring tools/methods include both routine chemical analysis of various sulfurous and carbonaceous compounds in liquid and their on-line monitoring using advanced sensors. Molecular methods and microelectrodes can also be employed to examine the microbial structure and activity of sewer biofilms. The SCORe-CT method is not proposed to replace field trials but to screen chemicals prior to their often costly trials/applications in field conditions. For effective chemicals the method helps to reveal the mechanisms involved, and assists with the design of optimal dosage strategies, which would significantly reduce application costs. In this paper, the method is explained in detail and demonstrated with several case studies.
Trophic state evolution in a subtropical reservoir over 34 years in response to different management procedures
Authors: Cunha D. G. F. , Grull D. , Damato M. , Blum J. R. C. , Lutti J. E. I. , Eiger S. , Mancuso P. C. S.
Published: December 2011

Despite their importance for water management, long-term studies on trophic state are relatively scarce in subtropical reservoirs. We analyzed total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in the Billings Reservoir (Brazil) over time: Phase 1 (1977–1992, Tietê River water was pumped to Billings to increase energy generation, 100 m3 s−1); Phase 2 (1992–2007, Tietê water was conveyed to Billings only in special cases for flood avoidance, 8 m3 s−1); and Phase 3 (2007–2010, besides flood control, Billings received Tietê water treated by an in situ flotation system, 13 m3 s−1). We compared our results with data from 12 reservoirs to evaluate current (2005–2009) enrichment conditions. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations decreased (p < 0.05, MANOVA) from Phase 1 to 2 and were stable thereafter. TN/TP ratios increment (1977–2010) indicated shift from N- to P-limitation in the reservoir, affecting the phytoplankton. Nutrient levels in Billings are currently between the expected concentrations in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs (0.03 mg L−1 < TP < 0.42 mg L−1, 0.8 mg L−1 < TN < 7.6 mg L−1) and Chl a concentrations exceeded 34 μg L−1, median for the eutrophic waterbodies from the dataset. Although water quality in Billings has improved, nutrient inputs from Tietê River pumping episodes, diffuse and internal sources are still favoring biomass accrual and compromising water uses.
Surgical Treatment for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: Novelties, Concerns and Ethics
Authors: Zimmern Philippe E
Published: December 2011

The International Continence Society (ICS) is the largest international body of nurses, physical therapists, Drug researchers, clinicians, gynecologists, urologists and other specialists united yearly to discuss the topic of incontinence. This year, over 2500 attendees from all over the world participated in the annual meeting held in Glasgow, Scotland. Several presentations deserve recognition, but we will focus on a few key issues, such as the latest information on the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence, a novel approach to patient's study participation in randomized controlled trials via internet recruitment, and ethical concerns related to disclosure and transparency, as these are keenly relevant topics in women's health.
Quantitative determination of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) by "on-line" pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography
Authors: Antic Vesna , Antic Malisa , Kronimus Alexander , Schwarzbauer Jan
Published: December 2011

"On-line" pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography (GC) was performed for
quantitative determination of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in wastewater
sample. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the main
product of pyrolysis of PVP, at high temperatures, is N-vinylpyrrolidone
(NVP). After that, different amounts of commercial PVP were pyrolyzed in
order to establish correlation between the amount of generated NVP (its GC
peak area) and the initial mass of pyrolyzed PVP. GC-FID analysis was used
for construction of calibration curve and for quantitative determination of
PVP. Very good linear correlation was obtained between the area of NVP peak,
generated during pyrolysis, and the initial mass of PVP (r2 = 0.998).
Further, solutions of known concentration of PVP were prepared in destilled
water ("spiked samples"). Spiked samples were preextracted with diethyl
ether and n-hexane, and after that, the water-layer was evaporated and
dissolved again in methanol. Analysis of pyrolysates of preextracted spiked
samples showed that the "recovery" of PVP was above 96 mas%. This finding
suggested that pre-extraction could be applied to reduce the concentration
of organic substances that could also be pyrolyzed, and thus hinder
identification and quantitative determination of PVP, without significant
loss of polymer. The sample of an industrial wastewater from Pancevo, Serbia
was investigated in the last part of this work. The sample was preextracted
in the same way as the spiked samples and than pyrolyzed. NVP was identified
by GC-MS in obtained pyrolysate, which was the evidence that PVP was present
in the wastewater sample. NVP was quantified on the basis of the peak area
in GC-FID chromatogram, and than the concentration of PVP in wastewater
sample was calculated based on calibration curve. Concentration of PVP in
industrial wastewater amounted 2.5 mg/L.
Use of deferiprone for the treatment of hepatic iron storage disease in three hornbills
Authors: Sandmeier Peter , Clauss Marcus , Donati Olivio F. , Chiers Koen , Kienzle Ellen , Hatt Jean-Michel
Published: December 2011

Case Description—3 hornbills (2 Papua hornbills [Aceros plicatus] and 1 longtailed hornbill [Tockus albocristatus]) were evaluated because of general listlessness and loss of feather glossiness.

Clinical Findings—Because hepatic iron storage disease was suspected, liver biopsy was performed and formalin-fixed liver samples were submitted for histologic examination and quantitative image analysis (QIA). Additional frozen liver samples were submitted for chemical analysis. Birds also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) under general anesthesia for noninvasive measurement of liver iron content. Serum biochemical analysis and analysis of feed were also performed. Results of diagnostic testing indicated that all 3 hornbills were affected with hepatic iron storage disease.

Treatment and Outcome—The iron chelator deferiprone was administered (75 mg/kg [34.1 mg/lb], PO, once daily for 90 days). During the treatment period, liver biopsy samples were obtained at regular intervals for QIA and chemical analysis of the liver iron content and follow-up MRI was performed. In all 3 hornbills, a rapid and large decrease in liver iron content was observed. All 3 methods for quantifying the liver iron content were able to verify the decrease in liver iron content.

Clinical Relevance—Orally administered deferiprone was found to effectively reduce the liver iron content in these 3 hornbills with iron storage disease. All 3 methods used to monitor the liver iron content (QIA, chemical analysis of liver biopsy samples, and MRI) had similar results, indicating that all of these methods should be considered for the diagnosis of iron storage disease and monitoring of liver iron content during treatment.
Thrombin Production and Human Neutrophil Elastase Sequestration by Modified Cellulosic Dressings and Their Electrokinetic Analysis
Authors: Edwards Judson Vincent , Prevost Nicolette
Published: December 2011

Wound healing is a complex series of biochemical and cellular events. Optimally, functional material design addresses the overlapping acute and inflammatory stages of wound healing based on molecular, cellular, and bio-compatibility issues. In this paper the issues addressed are uncontrolled hemostasis and inflammation which can interfere with the orderly flow of wound healing. In this regard, we review the serine proteases thrombin and elastase relative to dressing functionality that improves wound healing and examine the effects of charge in cotton/cellulosic dressing design on thrombin production and elastase sequestration (uptake by the wound dressing). Thrombin is central to the initiation and propagation of coagulation, and elastase is released from neutrophils that can function detrimentally in a stalled inflammatory phase characteristic of chronic wounds. Electrokinetic fiber surface properties of the biomaterials of this study were determined to correlate material charge and polarity with function relative to thrombin production and elastase sequestration. Human neutrophil elastase sequestration was assessed with an assay representative of chronic wound concentration with cotton gauze cross-linked with three types of polycarboxylic acids and one phosphorylation finish; thrombin production, which was assessed in a plasma-based assay via a fluorogenic peptide substrate, was determined for cotton, cotton-grafted chitosan, chitosan, rayon/polyester, and two kaolin-treated materials including a commercial hemorrhage control dressing (QuickClot Combat Gauze). A correlation in thrombin production to zeta potential was found. Two polycarboxylic acid cross linked and a phosphorylated cotton dressing gave high elastase sequestration.