bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vocational-Neuropsychological Evaluation of Psychiatrically Disabled Patients
Authors: Bihm Elson M. , McCarron Lawrence T.
Published: August 2011

Although emotional problems were substantive but similar among 45 hospitalized psychiatric patients, those in the Sheltered Workshop were older than those in Industrial Therapy and Vocational Rehabilitation. The youngest group showed higher scores on visual, auditory, and delayed visual memory as well as on fine motor skills of the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development. Continuation of contact and services from the hospital is desirable.
Primacy of Affiliativeness in Ratings of Group Climate
Authors: Hurley John R. , Brooks Loren A.
Published: August 2011

Relationships among the 12 items of MacKenzie's (1983) short Group Climate Questionnaire (GCQ-S) were examined from two perspectives. All 25 members of four small groups and 9 nonparticipant observers separately supplied 75 GCQ-S protocols for varied group sessions that were compared for items' correlations and mean differences. Similarities overshadowed the differences between ratings by members and observers although members consistently rated group sessions more favorably than observers. Both data sets featured positively intralinked but negatively interlinked quintets of items designated Affiliative and Disaffiliative This 10-item Affiliativeness composite fully coincided with the main findings of prior studies by Slough and Hurley and Brooks. Superseding MacKenzie's Avoiding, Conflict, and Engaged GCQ-S miniscales, Affiliativeness parallels the affiliation/evaluation factor central to mote comprehensive group-climate inventories and also closely resembles the interpersonal domain's prepotent affiliation dimension.
A New Application of the Foot-in-the-Door Technique: Friend or Stranger?
Authors: Kilbourne Brock
Published: August 2011

Three groups of friends (small request only [a few minutes], larger request only [30 to 40 minutes], and small request then a larger request) and one group of strangers (larger request only) were investigated to assess a new application of the foot-in-the-door technique for the induction of compliance. Friends generally complied to requests and expected others to do so as well. Strangers generally did not comply to the 30- to 40-min. request and expected others to refuse also. An effect emerged when comparing the two-request condition of friends with the larger request-only condition of strangers. A reverse effect emerged when comparing the two-request condition of friends with the larger request only condition of friends. Female but not male requesters obtained greater compliance in the two-request of friends' condition. These findings indicated the differential effect of the foot-in-the-door technique for the induction of compliance and were discussed in relation to norms of friendship.
The Paradox of Socialism: The Relationship between Social and Economic Political Beliefs
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Heaven Patrick
Published: August 2011

This study attempted to test Eysenck's hypothesis of ‘cross-voting’ which suggests that many middle-class people are conservative in their economic beliefs but liberal in their general social attitudes. 80 Australian and 51 British middle-class subjects completed two questionnaires and positioned themselves on a right-left wing political dimension. Despite various analyses no support was found, showing rather that conservative economic beliefs were associated with conservative social attitudes and political beliefs. Various reasons for these findings were posited, and the limitations of the study outlined.
Students as Peer Critics of Writing in a Psychology Course
Authors: Kottke Janet L.
Published: August 2011

In this study of whether feedback from students improved peers' writing 56 students in a medium-size class of introductory psychology gave written feedback to their peers who then revised their own essays for final grading. Students were more critical evaluators than the teaching assistant. Although quality of essays improved upon revision, there were some mitigating issues. The continuing need to develop writing skills is stimulus for additional research on the use of peer review.
Antisociality and Dangerousness in Women before and after the Women's Movement
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Gottfried David M.
Published: August 2011

Women committing crimes before the surge of feminism (1965–1971) and long after this movement attracted national attention (1980–1985) were sampled. Greater antisociality in female criminals during the prefeminist period was associated with more dangerous crime, but predictability was lost by 1980–1985. It was suggested that rejection of role expectations inspired by feminism may have altered the determinants of dangerous crime in women.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XLV. Attitude Research: George A. Kelly's Use of Polar Adjectives
Authors: Jackson Thomas T. , Markley Robert P. , Zelhart Paul F. , Guydish J.
Published: August 2011

This article presents information about Dr. George A. Kelly's work in attitude measurement while he was at Fort Hays Kansas State College (1931–1943). The use of bipolar scales to measure the attitudes and the progress of clients supports Kelly's Dichotomy Corollary, in addition to providing external validity for the use of the Semantic Differential.
Two Inventories for the Measurement of Psychopathology: Dimensions and Common Factorial Space on Millon's Clinical and Eysenck's General Personality Scales
Authors: Gabrys John B. , Utendale Kent A. , Schumph Denis , Phillips Nicholas , Peters Kay , Robertson Grace , Sherwood Gregory , O'Haire Trula , Allard Irene , Clark Melodie , Laye Ronald C.
Published: August 2011

A same-day administration of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to 325 male and 531 female clients allowed study of the psychometric properties of both instruments. Clients scoring low on Eysencks' Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and the Lie scale significantly differed from their high-scoring peers on many mean scores for the 20 Millon scales. Midrange scorers on the four Eysenck scales differed from extreme scorers on some Millon scales. A principal axis factor analysis accounted for over 80% of the total variance by four roots, tentatively identified as (1) Deviant Arousal; (2) for women, Deviant Socializing, for men, Self-protective Delusions; (3) for women, Self-protective Aloofness, for men, Deviant Socializing; and (4) Unusual Perceptions of Self. A noteworthy finding was that the factorial space is shared by Millon's categorical (psychiatric) variables and Eysenck's empirico-psychological constructs. Reported findings supported our assumptions about the quantitative rather than qualitative structure of human psychopathology as measured by the Millon and Eysenck scales. Both inventories complement each other by having shown dissimilar sensitivities and discriminative powers. A replication of our findings is necessary before employing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire as a screening instrument in clinical settings.
Sex Differences in Criteria Used by College Students in Selection of Course Sections
Authors: Hughes R. Eugene , Glascoff David W.
Published: August 2011

The study examined eight criteria thought to be important to students in their class scheduling decisions. Factor analysis of 1377 observations identified two factors, Schedule and Environment. Analysis by t test indicated modest but significant sex-based differences for Environment but no differences for Schedule.
Relationship of Patients' Pain Reports to Their Requests in Two Medical Settings
Authors: Eisenthal Sherman , Koopman Cheryl , Stoeckle John D.
Published: August 2011

Do patients' uncertainties about what their pain sensations mean influence their reports of pain? To study this question, patients' pain reports were examined within two hospital-based medical practices, a walk-in unit and a general medical practice, practices to which patients bring different uncertainties about their diagnosis and treatment. Patients' requests for medical help are a measure of such uncertainties. Within each practice requests of patients reporting pain were compared with those of nonreporters. In the walk-in unit, where new patients face diagnostic uncertainties, pain reporters compared to nonreporters were more likely to make requests that focused on diagnosis and that had a cognitive form (explanation). In the general medical practice, where returning patients face treatment uncertainties, pain reporters and nonreporters were equally likely to make requests that focused on treatment and that had a somatic form (medication). This result was not predicted since pain reporters were expected to exceed (not equal) nonreporters in this normative pattern. The relationship of pain reports to the intensity of medical uncertainty and the continuity of the doctor-patient relationship is discussed.
Pattern of Emotional Control and Psychological Reactions to Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Grassi L. , Molinari S.
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relationship between suppression of negative feelings and psychological reaction to cancer, a series of breast cancer patients were studied preoperatively ( n = 35), a week after mastectomy ( n = 32) and six months later ( n = 12). A general pattern of emotional control, as measured by the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale, showed less correlation with anxiety (Symptom Questionnaire Anxiety scale) before breast lump biopsy and more with depressive symptoms (SQ Depression scale) after mastectomy, especially 6 mo. later. Six months after surgery hostility (SQ Hostility scale), inability to express feelings to others, a tendency to perceive the somatic effects of the illness, and less preoccupation about the disease (Illness Behavior Questionnaire) were also associated with emotional repression. These preliminary results suggest further examination of the tendency to inhibit behavioral discharge of emotions which may be a factor in favoring psychological difficulties after diagnosis of cancer.
Attitudes toward Aging in a Southwestern Sample: Effects of Ethnicity, Age, and Sex
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Page Polly , Begay Cynthia
Published: August 2011

The present study, conducted in a Southwestern community, surveyed 257 adults varying in ethnicity, age, and sex on several measures of attitudes toward aging. Contrary to most previous research, the attitudes were positive in all groups, with persons aged sixty years or older giving the most positive responses on a number of items. American Indians and Hispanics were more likely to enjoy spending time with old people than Anglo-Americans, who, in turn, were more likely to disagree that people do not do much when they are old. Men were more likely to look forward to growing old than women and wished to reach an older age. In general, subjects from all ethnic, sex, and age groups reported being satisfied with their lives. The results suggest that the stereotypes of the elderly today are no longer primarily negative.
Effects of Labeling Patients “Psychiatric” or “Medical”: Favorability of Traits Ascribed by Hospital Staff
Authors: Fryer John H. , Cohen Leon
Published: August 2011

A modified version of the Adjective Checklist was developed to test whether labeling patients “psychiatric” or “medical” would affect caretakers' attitudes. 97 psychiatric hospital employees (47 men and 50 women) completed valid questionnaires during their initial employment processing. Compared to medical patients, psychiatric patients were rated as less likable and were viewed as having more unfavorable and fewer favorable traits. Specifically, psychiatric patients were characterized as more irresponsible, less dependable, and less clear-thinking than medical patients. No significant attitudinal effects were found for the factors of perceivers' sex or role (direct-care versus support personnel). The over-all findings indicate that, despite a generation of professional advocacy of the medical model, those charged with the care of psychiatric patients continue to view them as less socially desirable than medical patients.
A Review of Our Research on Group Polarization: Eleven Experiments on the Effects of Group Discussion on Risk Acceptance, Probability Estimation, and Negotiation Positions
Authors: Lamm Helmut
Published: August 2011

This paper gives a summary of the procedures and results of 11 experiments on the effects of group discussion. A wide range of personality and situational features were manipulated as independent variables. The studies were conducted for the most part in West Germany and have been published previously in various German and English/American journals. The findings are interpreted through two principal current theories of group polarization (i.e., of the finding that group discussion enhances the initially dominant tendency of group members), the social-comparison and persuasive-arguments theories. The studies here presented (almost all providing evidence for group polarization) seem to provide somewhat greater support for the latter theory. The article also analyzes subversions of each theory and discusses the relative support these receive from the data of our studies.
Dialysis Patients and Patterns of Symptom Report on the Symptom Checklist-90-R
Authors: Royse David , Toler Jennifer
Published: August 2011

This descriptive study of 156 persons undergoing outpatient dialysis shows that two-thirds met the operational definition of caseness for psychiatric disorder (a T score ≥ 63 on the global summary scale or on any two primary dimensions) using the Symptom Checklist 90-R. Over-all, the dialysis patients showed more psychopathology than a normal sample but less than an outpatient psychiatric sample. Length of time as an outpatient on dialysis was not an important predictor of psychopathology.
Measurement of Symptom and Behavior Change in Chronic Psychiatric Patients Using the Missouri Inpatient Behavior Scale
Authors: Evenson Richard C. , Cho Dong W.
Published: August 2011

Scores on eight scales of the Missouri Inpatient Behavior Scale changed significantly during the last 6 mo. prior to discharge of chronic public psychiatric patients. Improvement in chronic patients appears to occur primarily in day-to-day competence, communication, and affect.
The Family as a Developmental Framework for Biographically Determined Behavioural Dispositions
Authors: Langenmayr Arnold , Schubert Ulrich
Published: August 2011

The influence of family structure and dynamics on subjects' later lives was investigated using as a basis 265 biographies representative of the population of North Rhein-Westphalia, Federal Republic of Germany. It was possible to document empirically the presence and the effect of behavioural dispositions, which can be traced back to experiences in the childhood familial environment. It was also possible to identify the relationships between events and experiences in childhood and the later biographies, especially in the realm of familial reproductive behaviour, residential behaviour, occupational mobility, and the incidence and duration of illness. The findings were stable with regard to the possible influence of the subjects' age, sex, social-class membership, and region of residence.
Perception of College Students' Motives for Shoplifting
Authors: Turner Castellano B. , Cashdan Sheldon
Published: August 2011

Motivational patterns for shoplifting among college students were assessed using a projective questionnaire. Of the various motives offered for shoplifting, “poverty” and “self-indulgence” were the most prevalent. The third most frequent reason given was some variant of “fun” or “thrill,” indicating that some shoplifters may engage in this form of larceny for pleasure and excitement. A number of respondents indicated that revenge or diffusion of responsibility also play a significant role. The relationship between the shoplifter and the company from which one steals may be an important element in shoplifting. Finally, sex differences were explored among respondents. Of the different shoplifting categories studied, the only difference that emerged was within “self-indulgence.” Although this finding needs to be interpreted with caution because the number of comparisons undertaken were large, there may be motivational differences between male and female shoplifters.
Effect of Vividness of Language on Information Value of Reference Letters and Job Applicants' Recommendations
Authors: Ralston S. Michael , Thameling Carl A.
Published: August 2011

This study tested the effect of vividness of language in letters of recommendation on the informational value of information in letters and job applicants' recommendations. 120 personnel administrators read either a favorable-vivid, unfavorable-vivid, favorable-pallid, or unfavorable-pallid letter of reference concerning a fictitious job applicant for a management position. Analysis showed that vividness of language influenced perceived favorableness of information but failed to affect recommendations for a candidate.
Further Evidence of the Validity of the O'Brien Multiphasic Narcissism Inventory
Authors: O'Brien Michael L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined further aspects of the validity of the O'Brien Multiphasic Narcissism Inventory. The current research sought to determine whether the factorial structure of the O'Brien scales derived from a clinical population resembled that extracted from responses of the normal subjects studied previously and whether the clinical population would score higher than the normal subjects. Analyses showed that the O'Brien scales were highly congruent for the two populations and the clinical population scored significantly higher on all three of the O'Brien scales than the normal population. It was concluded that the results provided additional evidence for the validity.
The Folklore of Pregnancy
Authors: Goldfarb Connie Serouya
Published: August 2011

The similarity of attitudes towards pregnancy and childbirth was investigated in two studies. Study 1 examined the attitudes towards the preference of the sex of first- and second born children among 1169 college students, who were not yet parents, in four samples, from 1978 to 1986. Five percent of the men and 9–2% of the women preferred Girl-Girl; 21.4% of men and 12.7% of women, Boy-Boy; 14.8% of the men and 29–2% of the women Girl-Boy, and 51.7% of the men and 426% of the women Boy-Girl. The same pattern of differences between the groups appeared over the 8-yr. period. Study 2 compared five ethnic groups on five categories of attitudes and superstition related to pregnancy and childbirth and found significant differences among the groups based upon the groups' patterns of immigration to the United States—the longer the ethnic group as a whole had been in the United States the lower the index of folklore. Rank order of the five categories of superstition was consistent among all of the ethnic groups surveyed.
Scores on the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity: A Sample of Australian Medical Students
Authors: Evans B. J. , Coman G. J. , Stanley R. O.
Published: August 2011

Scores of a sample of Australian medical students on the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity are compared with the normative data. The comparison suggests that these medical students' scores are generally slightly higher than those of the normative group but comparable to those of USA college and medical student samples. A comparison of 4th and 6th Year medical student samples indicated no differences between measures. These data will be further used in a longitudinal study of the effects of traditional medical education on students' consulting skills.
Comparison of Managerial Career Orientations
Authors: Veiga John F.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the Career Orientations of male and female managers. The findings suggest that women differ from men in their career perspectives. Women managers were much more inclined to be ambivalent about their careers in all age groupings than men. On the other hand, male managers by midcareer showed an inclination toward a downward orientation, ie., less interested in career advancement.
Is Hare's Psychopathy Checklist Reliable without the Interview?
Authors: Wong S.
Published: August 2011

The assessment of criminal psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist of Hare is based on a file review and a structured interview. However, the inmate may not always be accessible for the interview and researchers may have to rely on ratings obtained through a comprehensive file review alone. The present study investigates the reliability of ratings based on file review alone. Psychopathy Checklist ratings for 56 subjects were obtained with and without the structured interview. Reliable ratings on the Checklist and accurate classification of inmates were obtained without the interview. Ratings obtained without the interview tended to give a slightly more conservative estimate of the size of the group high in psychopathy.
Scores on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index: A Sample of Australian Medical Students
Authors: Coman G. J. , Evans B. J. , Stanley R. O.
Published: August 2011

Scores of a sample of 113 Australian medical students on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index are compared with the normative data. The comparison suggests that these medical students' scores are generally comparable. A comparison of 4th and 6th Year clinical students indicated few differences between these samples, the exception being the subscale “Fantasy” on which 6th Year women students scored significantly higher than the other three student samples. These data will be used in a longitudinal study of consulting skills training given to the 4th Year students.
Machiavellianism as a Strategy of Power Attainment in College Freshmen, Upperclassmen, and Graduate Students in Psychology
Authors: Madonna Stephen , Wesley Andrea L. , Bailey Glenda K. , Anderson Howard N.
Published: August 2011

Winter in 1973 suggested that among several career groups, psychologists have a tendency to be high in the need for power ( n Power). Machiavellianism, typically a strategy of manipulation, results in attainment of power or control over interpersonal situations. The present study investigated Machiavellianism as a means of power attainment in college students. The Mach V Scale was administered in a group format to the following: (a) college freshmen, (b) upperclass psychology majors, and (c) graduate students in psychology. Analysis indicated significantly different scores between groups as freshmen scored significantly lower than did upperclass or graduate students.
Personality Correlates between Need for Achievement and Subscales of the F-Scale of Authoritarianism
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Heinzen Thomas E. , Hartsough W. Ross
Published: August 2011

One section of data collected from an earlier, more complex experiment is examined to test the proposition that the achievement motive predicts authoritarian behavior. Particular subscales of the F-scale correlated differentially for 22 men and 30 women with the need for achievement, supporting the notion that authoritarianism may result, in part, from an individual with a high need for achievement.
Effect of Vitamin E on Vitamin C-Induced Lymphocytopenia
Authors: Richardson John H.
Published: August 2011

Large daily doses of vitamin C resulted in lymphocytopenia in stressed mice caused by excessive plasma levels of adrenal corticosteroids. Vitamin C plus E resulted in less severe lymphocytopenia because vitamin E has a lymphoproliferative effect.
Sex Differences in Self-Perceptions among a Sample of College Students
Authors: Duke J. D.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 148 female and 85 male college subjects responded to 75 items about personal behaviors and opinions. While 22 significant associations were found, sex did not relate to items dealing with authoritarianism, locus of control, self-monitoring, and Machiavellianism.
Psychology of Computer Use: III. Accessing the Biosis Previews Database in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Perdue Bob
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the efficacy of using the database BIOSIS PREVIEWS as an online retrieval tool in clinical psychology. Considering the vast information store (53 million records) of this underutilized database, the authors demonstrated the productivity of BIOSIS versus PsycINFO citation output. Several illustrated examples were offered, and the implications of the results attest to the usefulness of accessing BIOSIS as an adjunct bibliographic retrieval strategy when searching the professional literature.
Relations among Self-Esteem, Depression and Anxiety of Children
Authors: Battle James , Jarratt Lucy , Smit Sinha , Precht Dan
Published: August 2011

930 boys and girls enrolled in Grades 2 through 9 participated in a study of the relations among self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. The criterion measures correlated significantly for all children, boys and girls in both elementary and junior high groups. Depression correlated higher with total self-esteem for all children, boys and girls in elementary and junior high school groups.
Conflict Situations in the Elderly
Authors: Fernández-Ballesteros Rocio , Diaz-Veiga Purificacion , Izal Maria , Hernandez Jose Manuel
Published: August 2011

A potential source of variance in the occurrence of a large number of physical and behavioral disorders among elderly persons comes from stressful life events or conflictive situations experienced by this age group. We attempted to find their most frequent conflictive situations. In other studies, following the Goldfried and D'Zurilla (1969) procedure, 23 conflictive situations were selected. Two dimensions assessed were frequency of occurrence and the subjective conflictiveness of situations. In this study we tried to find for 51 volunteer subjects some psychometric properties of our inventory of conflictive situations. We measured the stability of the reported conflictive situations, their association with life satisfactions and health, and the covariation between the occurrence of the situations reported by subjects and those by their relatives. There was no relation between subjective appraisal of situations and their occurrence.
Fetal Sex Identification and Prenatal Bonding
Authors: Wu J. Hana Lieve , Eichmann Mary Avellone
Published: August 2011

This study explored the relation between expectant parents' knowledge of fetal sex and their attachment to their fetuses. During a routine 18-wk. prenatal visit, 126 expectant couples from an HMO population independently completed a background questionnaire and Fetal Attachment Scales of Cranky. During a routine 34-wk. obstetrical ultrasound examination those who chose to know were informed of the fetal sex. Total attachment scales were readministered during the 37th week. Parents' sex, knowledge of fetal sex, and the passage of time significantly affected attachment scores. Both parents' scores increased over time. Mothers' scores increased at a greater rate than the fathers'. Those parents who knew the fetal sex had significantly lower scores than those who did not. Whether the sex of the fetus was the preferred sex was nonsignificant. Results were derived from a double multivariate analysis of variance which controlled the within-couple and within-subject effects.
Signal Control by Six Signals
Authors: Shellenberger Richard O. , Lewis Paul
Published: August 2011

In previous signal-control experiments, several types of stimuli elicited pecking when paired with peck-contingent grain. Here, we compared the effectiveness of an auditory stimulus and five visual stimuli. For 12 pigeons, the first keypeck to follow the offset of a 4-sec. signal was reinforced with grain. We examined the following signals: a tone, a white keylight, a dark keylight, a keylight that changed from white to red, houselight onset, and houselight offset. All signals acquired strong control over responding. According to one measure, percent of signals with a peck, houselight offset showed less control than the others; according to another measure, pecking rate, the white keylight showed greater control than the others. In this experiment, we found that a wide variety of stimuli can elicit strong pecking in the signal-control procedure. The present findings increase the chances that in past conditioning experiments, some keypecks thought to be due to contingencies of reinforcement were in fact elicited.
Ethanol's Effect on Human Vigilance during a Simple Task in the Presence of an Auditory Stressor
Authors: Patel Richard M.
Published: August 2011

This study concerns the effect of ethanol on vigilance during a simple task. A “complete-the-picture” test was administered to 128 male college students. Subjects ingested either a placebo or a moderate dose of alcohol, and half were assigned to complete the task with a stressor, static noise, included in the test environment. The time spent on the task and the number of details sketched by each subject were measured. Moderate doses of alcohol appear to dampen peripheral stressors and allow attention toward a central, simple task to be maintained or increased.
Motivation: Escape to Freedom, the Important Ingredient in Short-Term Psychotherapy
Authors: Blum Lucille Hollander
Published: August 2011

The presentation points up the important role of motivation in surmounting a crippling behavioral response and encouraging affective growth. The progress of a highly motivated woman in psychotherapy is described briefly. Attention is directed to motivation in short-term psychotherapy.
Small Institutions of Higher Education and Sponsored Programs: A Survey of Resources and Experiences
Authors: Buckalew L. W.
Published: August 2011

This paper contains a review of literature on efforts at small institutions to pursue sponsored programs and of related resources, efforts, and attitudes of 175 such schools from which 47 responses were received. Few relevant articles were found. Responses to a mail survey were from independent (51%), church-affiliated (45%), and state-supported (4%) schools, at which average undergraduate enrollment was 574, with a mean of 39 full-time and 22 part-time faculty and an average annual operating budget of $5.7 million. About 50% had a staff person responsible for securing sponsored programs. A 30% success rate for solicited funding, typically involving educational programs and primarily from government and foundation sources, was reported. Perceived success rates for research and program-funding solicitations were 10% and 30%, respectively. While high importance was ascribed to efforts to solicit funds, over 80% of surveyed schools had no policy governing compensation for operating a funded program. Development of policy, stimulation of soliciting sponsored programs, and encouragement of faculty research appear needed.
Medical Students' Edwards Personal Preference Schedule Norms
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

Three consecutive classes of freshman medical students completed the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule; results were compared to published norms for male and female college students. 171 male medical students scored significantly lower on the traits of Order, Exhibition, and Dominance and were higher on Affiliation, Succorance, Nurturance, and Heterosexuality. 51 female medical students scored significantly lower on the traits of Exhibition, Affiliation, and Abasement; they were higher on Achievement, Succorance, and Nurturance.
Use and Misuse of the MMPI, a Reconsideration
Authors: Mueller Stanley R. , Girace Marilyn
Published: August 2011

26 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients were compared to 26 nonMS control subjects using a “corrected MMPI” (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) in which items related to MS symptomatology were removed. Analysis showed that, when MS items were removed for Scales 1, 3, and 8, the scores were significantly reduced for both groups but more for the MS patients. Such results strongly suggest that the MMPI must be used with caution when applied to neurologically impaired persons. Various deletion strategies were then discussed as these related to the interpretation of the MMPI for MS patients. Since inclusion of MS-related items may spuriously elevate the profiles of the MS patients, the clinician may be misled in assuming pathology where there is none.
Comparing General Occupational Themes of Women of Four Academic Majors Using the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Heck Rose M. , Prior Daniel
Published: August 2011

This study compared the similarity of 40 women's General Occupational Themes and their selection of college majors. The results were generally consistent with the expectations derived from Holland's theory.
Semiotic Frame: A Method for the Experimental Analysis of “Images”
Authors: Perussia Felice
Published: August 2011

The author proposes the Semiotic Frame as a method by which to analyze those peculiar types of ‘images’ (or concepts, or representations) such as the ‘image of the body,’ the ‘image of a place,’ etc. This method consists of giving to a sample of subjects verbal stimuli and then asking them to write within a time limit “all those words of which the item itself reminds them.” Semiotic Frame is an evolution of the Free Association method, referred to ‘social’ images instead of to individual reactions. The author presents as examples the “Holiday,” “University,” and “Nature” Semiotic Frames.
Attribution of Mutual Personality Traits by Employed and Unemployed Subjects
Authors: Dekker Paul , Ester Peter
Published: August 2011

This study shows that both the employed and the unemployed subjects tend to attribute positive traits more to employed people and negative traits more to unemployed people. Employed subjects believe positive traits to be more characteristic for employed than for unemployed people, whereas attribution of negative traits does not differentiate between employed and unemployed subjects. The hypothesis that negative dispositional attribution by employed subjects is related to perceived threat of becoming unemployed oneself and to expected personal and general welfare development is not supported. As far as employed subjects are concerned trait attribution is related to attitudes towards social security, as well as to a number of moral and sociopolitical beliefs.
Self-Estimates of Adaptors and Innovators on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory
Authors: Masten William G. , Caldwell-Colbert A. Toy , Morse David T.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory total scores and self-estimates of the inventory scores to assess how accurately individuals can predict their adaptor or innovator status. Analysis indicated that 42 of 66 students (26 men, 40 women) classified themselves correctly as either adaptors or innovators, which was significant as were the Pearson correlations between actual and self-estimates of total scores (.52) and also actual scores and self-ratings on a five-point scale (.54). These data indicate many individuals can recognize the adaptive-innovative continuum with reasonable accuracy.
Effects of Actor's and Observer's Roles on Causal Attributions by Japanese Subjects for Success and Failure in Competitive Situations
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu
Published: August 2011

To examine differences between actors and observers for causal attribution for success and failure under competitive situation, 72 male and 72 female students were administered three kinds of mental tasks. Subjects were asked to rate the extent to which they attribute their own (actor role) and opponent's (observer role) outcomes to four causes, ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck. According to the notion of self-serving bias or egotism in attribution, actors attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors. The winning actors attributed success to luck, while the losing actors attributed failure to ability or internal factors. These findings indicated no self-serving bias but rather showed a reverse trend. In contrast, the losing opponent-observers attributed actor's success more to internal factors, while the winning opponent-observers attributed actor's failure more to luck. The cross-cultural influences in achievement motivation were discussed for these attributional tendencies.
Work-Group Cohesion
Authors: Summers Irvin , Coffelt Terry , Horton Roy E.
Published: August 2011

Work-group cohesion has been closely related to a number of variables as the present survey suggests. The content can be useful in teaching, developing research, instrument development, and exploring the hypothesized relations.
Equity/Inequity, and Self-Esteem: A Reassessment
Authors: Schafer Robert B.
Published: August 2011

Psychological distress in an inequitable relationship may be due in part to a lowered sense of self-worth as well as to the inequity itself. A causal model was tested, using 986 undergraduate students, in which self-esteem was found to mediate the effect of inequity on distress. The implication of this finding is a redefinition of equity-restoring behavior as self-enhancing behavior.
Relations of Age and Education to Managers' Work Values
Authors: Brenner O. C.
Published: August 2011

The relations of age and years of formal education to work values of 209 middle managers was examined. Older men placed less importance on intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics while older women reported lower desire for independence. Men and women with more education showed a greater desire for intrinsic job aspects, independence, and the opportunity to perform managerial activities.
Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-like Symptoms among AIDS Caregivers
Authors: Trice Ashton D.
Published: August 2011

Interviews were conducted with 43 mothers of AIDS fatalities 2 or 3 years following their sons' deaths. Eighty-four percent of the mothers who devoted full-time care to their sons for substantial periods of time showed a cluster of symptoms normally associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Only 8% of those who did not engage in extended care experienced three or more of these symptoms.
Ipsative Dependence and a Solution: Monte Carlo Study of Gordon's Survey of Interpersonal Values
Authors: Rudmin F. W.
Published: August 2011

Using scores of preferences for one scale over another gives 15 preference scores instead of 6 scale scores. This is shown to reduce the intercorrelations from a mean r of −.20 among the 6 scale scores to a mean absolute r of .05 among the 15 preference scores.
Correlations between Age and California Psychological Inventory Scale Scores
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Feild Hubert S.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the correlations between age and scores on scales of the California Psychological Inventory for 1,137 accountants An analysis of within-scale score differences showed statistically significant correlations between age and Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sense of Well-being, Responsibility, Self-control, Good Impression, Achievement via Conformance, and Flexibility. Differences in direction of only three of the 28 correlation pairs found by the matching of scores on these scales and those reported by Gough in 1975 suggest that the latter intercorrelations are not sample- or situation-specific. Finally, age had only a negligible influence on the intercorrelations, allowing the inference that age has a direct rather than a moderating influence on these scores.
Death Anxiety, State and Trait Anxiety in Kuwaitian Samples
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Omar Maher Mahmoud
Published: August 2011

200 male and 277 female undergraduates at the University of Kuwait completed the Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and Spielberger, et al.'s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for which retest reliabilities were adequate. Women had higher mean scores than men on death and trait anxiety but they were similar in state anxiety. The mean death anxiety score for Kuwaitians was very close to that of Egyptians. There was similarity in death anxiety between Kuwaitian and United States men, but not women. Significant differences appeared on trait anxiety, showing the order from low to high mean scores: United States, Kuwaitian, and Egyptian university students. Correlations among the scales were significant; however, the correlation between state and trait anxiety was higher than that between death anxiety and both state and trait anxiety for men and women. Death anxiety was associated more closely with trait than with state anxiety.
Boredom Proneness and Adolescents' Personalities
Authors: McGiboney Garry Wade , Carter Clifford
Published: August 2011

With 50 adolescent subjects evidence suggests that boredom is related to inactivity, social dependency, a disregard for rules, apprehension, and guilt proneness. Satisfactory test-retest reliability of the Boredom Proneness Scale ( r = .79) was obtained.
Physical Attractiveness as a Contributing Factor to Loneliness: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Zakahi Walter R. , Duran Robert L.
Published: August 2011

A study of the relation between objective ratings of physical attractiveness and loneliness showed that 30 very lonely male participants scored significantly lower on attractiveness than did 30 least-lonely male participants. No such differences were found for female participants.
Procrastination in Daily Living
Authors: Milgram Noach
Published: August 2011

Two aspects of procrastinating on tasks of daily living—(a) the failure to plan when and how to perform a given task in advance and (b) the failure to perform the task well and when scheduled—were investigated by obtaining self-reports of the converse behavior. Efficient planning-scheduling of three kinds of tasks (routine tasks of minor importance, discretionary important tasks, and coping with stressful, largely adverse events) and executing these tasks well and on schedule were highly intercorrelated. People are more likely to apply these behaviors to tasks they regard as important, regardless of the normative importance assigned to these tasks. People who plan and schedule efficiently report greater life satisfaction and emotional adjustment than those who do not.
Reward Contingency, Perceived Competence, and Attribution of Intrinsic Motivation: An Observer Simulation
Authors: Bordieri James E.
Published: August 2011

An observer simulation and a within-subjects variable (i.e., size of reward) were used to examine the effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Subjects assessed the intrinsic motivation and task competence of two actors who performed a task for monetary rewards. Relatively large, task-noncontingent rewards and rewards determined by the quantity of performance (i.e., task contingent) undermined the attribution of intrinsic motivation. In contrast, rewards contingent on the quality of the actor's performance (i.e., performance contingent) produced an incentive relation between the size of the reward and intrinsic motivation. Estimated task competence was influenced only when the amount of the reward was determined by the quality of task performance.
Covert Solutions to Computerized Mathematics Problems as a Function of Visibility of the Numbers and Rate of Digit Presentation
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Tyler Kimberly E.
Published: August 2011

This exploratory investigation concerned estimation of sums of single digits as a function of the visibility of the digits, and the interstimulus intervals between digit presentations. A standard Televideo computer terminal (CRT) was used to randomly display digits ranging from 1 to 5 such that 25 numerals were successively presented per set. 77 undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to either a “visible” group in which numerals appeared on the CRT screen or to a “nonvisible” group in which the screen light was dimmed so that the digits were not visible. The rate of digit presentation varied within each group per set of numerals as a function of 3 interstimulus intervals (1, 3, and 5 sec.). Comparisons were made between participants' estimates of the sums of these numbers versus the correct sums given as feedback by the computer. A 2 × 2 × 2 mixed split-plot factorial analysis of variance gave significant differences between interstimulus intervals and significant interactions between interstimulus intervals and estimated versus correct means. There were no significant differences due to “viewing” conditions per se. Scheffé multiple comparisons gave significant differences between estimated versus correct sums at the 1-sec. interval for both visible and nonvisible viewing conditions. There were no significant differences between estimates and correct sums at the 3-sec. or 5-sec. interstimulus intervals for visible or nonvisible viewing conditions. Results are interpreted in terms of matching-to-sample, retrieval interference, and threshold for interstimulus intervals.
Scaling Considerations in Screening Candidates for Excellence in Teaching Awards in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: August 2011

The study examined the process of identifying and rewarding faculty members for teaching excellence in a university setting. A holistic scoring procedure was developed to screen candidates and to facilitate the decision process. Improvements in measurement are required before a statistical approach can replace a collegial approach based on consensus among academic peers.
Behavioral Science in Medical Education: A 1985–1987 Bibliography
Authors: Holmes George R. , Shuler Claude Mark , Donald Alexander G.
Published: August 2011

Holmes, et al. in 1985 compiled 46 studies in an updated bibliography of behavioral science in undergraduate and graduate medical education. Since then, 61 additional studies of behavioral science in medical education have been published and abstracted in Index Medicus and Psychological Abstracts, reference sources for the bibliography.
Effect of Response Effort Requirement on Percentage of Short Interresponse Times under Delayed and Immediate Reinforcement
Authors: Armus Harvard L. , Mikesell Denise C.
Published: August 2011

Higher levels of required response effort on an operant task resulted in a greater percentage of short (less than 1 sec.) interresponse times for rats receiving a 2-sec. delay of food reinforcement. These results and those of previous studies were discussed in terms of a possible explanation based on salience of response feedback stimuli.
Psychometric Characteristics of a Preemployment Screening Device
Authors: Sauser William I. , Hornsby Jeffrey S. , Benson Philip G.
Published: August 2011

Compu-Scan is a preemployment screening device which considers a job applicant's potential for such undesirable behaviors as substance abuse, theft, and violation of company policy to assign an over-all risk score. A “theft” subscale score may also be derived. This study assessed certain psychometric characteristics of Compu-Scan. Data provided by a private security firm included 445 completed Compu-Scans; 48 persons had also undergone an independent polygraph examination. A coefficient alpha of .84 was obtained for the 91-item “over-all risk” scale; the 43-item “theft” subscale yielded a similar coefficient of .83. Compared with predictions from the polygraph, validity coefficients of .45 and .36 were found for the “over-all” and “theft” scores, respectively. While evidence for the convergent validity of the two scales was noted, substantial method variance was also indicated. These results compare favorably with those reported for similar honesty measures and support the view that preemployment honesty screening is potentially a viable personnel practice.
A Revised Strategy of Type a Research
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: August 2011

This paper proposes a program of Type A research in which labor is divided between those concerned with the relations of Type A status and stress on the one hand, and those interested in the relations between confirmed stress and biological pathology on the other. A review of research illustrates the value of restricting Type A studies to determining the factors that enhance the vulnerability or immunity of individuals to excessive stress loads.