bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gerekenariseerde loopbaanvoorligting: 'n Evaluering van die DISCOVER-stelsel
Authors: Langley Ronelle , Schepers Johann M.
Published: March 2013

Gerekenariseerde voorligting is een van die jongste toevoegings tot die terrein van loopbaansielkunde. 'n Eksperimentele ondersoek waarin die DISCOVER gerekenariseerde stelsel gebruik is, is by twee universiteite uitgevoer om te bepaal of DISCOVER 'n effektiewe hulpmiddel vir loopbaanvoorligting in Suid-Afrika kan wees. Eerstejaar universiteitstudente ( N = 106) is volgens die Solomon-Viergroepontwerp op lukraak wyse aan een van vier groepe toegewys. Die proefpersone het 'n biografiese vraelys en die Loopbaanontwikkelingsvraelys (LOV) voltooi. Evalueringsvraelyste omtrent die gebruik van die DISCOVER is deur sowel studente as voorligters ingevul. Die hoofhipotese, naamlik, dat daar 'n statisties beduidende verskil in die gemiddelde natoetstelling op die LOV sal wees tussen die eksperimentele en die kontrolegroep, is getoets. Indien die natoetstellings van die eksperimentele groep, na gebruik van die DISCOVER-program, met dié van die kontrolegroep vergelyk word, blyk dit dat daar 'n beduidende toename in loopbaanvolwassenheid by die eksperimentele groep plaasgevind het. Na gelykskakeling van die voortoetsverskille, is die effek van die DISCOVERprogram nog steeds beduidend. 'n Uitvloeisel van die huidige navorsing was die ontwikkeling van die Loopbaanontwikkelingsvraelys (LOV). Die bevindinge van hierdie studie toon dat die DISCOVER-stelsel 'n effektiewe loopbaanontwikkelingsprogram is en dat dit met vrug aangewend kan word vir loopbaanvoorlig-tingdoeleindes.
An Evaluation of an Integrated Parent-Effectiveness Training and Children's Enrichment Programme for Disadvantaged Families
Authors: Magwaza A.S. , Edwards S.D.
Published: March 2013

A number of developmental early childhood programmes have been implemented overseas to stimulate mother-child interaction in families whose environment is considered to be disadvantageous. There has been a tendency to use narrow cognitively oriented outcome measures, and findings on the efficacy of these programmes are still inconclusive. The present study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a programme designed to enhance the child's cognitive and socio-emotional functioning through mother-child interaction around a verbal interaction stimulus material, in a selected group of disadvantaged black families. A sample of 90 mothers and their pre-school children was randomly selected and assigned to the experimental group (A1) which received training, first control group (A2) which received visits only and second control group (A3) which was neither exposed to training nor visited. The mother-child dyads were assessed at pre-test, post-test and follow-up periods using two psychological measures, to monitor possible changes in children's development. An integrated parent-effectiveness and children's enrichment programme was found to be effective in stimulating children's cognitive and socio-affective development in disadvantaged black families.
Treatment of Multiple Behavioural Problems in a Retarded Township Child a Case Study
Authors: Edwards David , Bailey Geraldine
Published: March 2013

In this article the successful behavioural treatment of a seven-year-old retarded black township girl is described. The girl presented with (a) pica (indiscriminate eating of non-food substances such as soap, earth, paraffin, candles, rubbish etc.), (b) hazardous unsupervised playing with matches, (c) aggressive behaviour and prolonged crying, and (d) poor development of self-care and participation in household tasks. Contact with the therapist involved 10 one-hour sessions. The pica was treated by discrimination training and a home token economy. The playing with matches was treated by satiation and by reward for playing with matches only when supervised. The aggression was treated by social interventions aimed at eliminating provocation, and integrating her into family and peer activities. In addition, the mother was trained to model and reward self-care behaviours and performance of household tasks. All four targets were successfully treated initially: the pica, unsupervised playing with matches and aggressive outbursts were eliminated, and a marked increase in independent behaviour was achieved. In addition, the mother reported an increase in the girl's self-confidence and assertiveness. Results of follow-up interviews at eight, 12 and 24 months are reported.
Attitudes towards Rape and Rapists: A White, English-Speaking South African Student Sample
Authors: Levett Ann , Kuhn Louise
Published: March 2013

A vignette methodology was used to examine the effects of varying a sexual assault offender's ascribed race and class on attributions of responsibility to the victim, sentencing judgements for the offender, and perceptions of the victim. Respondents were 183 young white South African English-speaking students, male and female, domiciled in university residences in 1987 at the University of Cape Town. Measured by sentencing decisions, subjects were significantly more punitive towards an offender described as black, and towards an offender described as working class, than towards an offender described as white. Attitudes towards the victim did not differ significantly across offender conditions. Women attributed feelings of stigmatization to the victim significantly more than men across all offender conditions, while men attributed such feelings significantly less where a white assailant was depicted. The results are discussed within the context of the interaction of race and class prejudice in apartheid society, and in relation to previous literature concerning attitudes towards rape.
Training Needs in Educational Psychology for South African Social and Educational Conditions
Authors: Donald David R.
Published: March 2013

Given the predominance of needs within the non-privileged sector of South African society, two major issues face those who train in the field of educational psychology: the issue of how to train in sufficient numbers and the issue of the content and process of training where relevance and effectiveness are in question. With 77% of the school-going population having only one educational psychologist available for every 30 000 pupils, the needs cannot be met only through the current highly specialized and protracted training. The concept of a dual model of training with mental health workers also being trained to meet cross-disciplinary, basic level needs is developed. In conjunction with this, process and content shifts in training at both levels are suggested in order to meet three major areas of need: special education and the needs of those with developmental and educational disabilities; underachievement in black education; and problems resulting from the breakdown of families and effective parenting.
The Relation between Creative Genius and Psychopathology. An Historical Perspective and a New Explanation
Authors: Ochse Rhona
Published: March 2013

This article comprises: (a) a brief review of historical explanations for a relation between creative genius and psychopathology; (b) a discussion (in terms of research findings) of twentieth century views suggesting a positive relation, a negative relation, and no relation; (c) closer consideration (in terms of psychological theory and research) of possible causal relations — i.e. to the suggestions that creativity leads to psychopathology; that psychopathology leads to creativity, and that both derive from a common factor; and (d) a new explanation, suggesting that both creativity and psychopathology derive from distress, mediating factors being intellectual values and ability. Intellectual values and ability enable coping with the effects of distress through solitary intellectual activities, which afford palliation and develop the intellectual bases for productive creativity.
Experiences of Violence in the Lives of Township Youths in ‘Unrest’ and ‘Normal’ Conditions
Authors: Turton R.W. , Straker G. , Moosa F.
Published: March 2013

Political violence has attracted the attention of psychological researchers in South Africa. In comparison, the more habitual forms of violence occurring in townships have been neglected. In this study the authors investigate the experiences of violence of two cohorts of township youths; one which had recently experienced the violence of ‘unrest’ and one which had not. A comparison of the two cohorts revealed some differences, which are related to ‘unrest’. There are, however, many similarities which indicate consistencies in experiences of violence regardless of ‘unrest’. It is concluded that the more habitual forms of violence deserve more research attention.
The Perceptual Field of Participants in Student Violence
Authors: Schramm Wolfgang K. , Shuda Suzanne
Published: March 2013

The recent increase in violence on university campuses necessitates understanding of participants’ perceptions of self, environment and violence. Six students involved in violent incidents on the campus of the University of Western Cape served as subjects. Critical incident reports provided descriptive data, while qualitative research interviews generated hypotheses concerning the violence. The results indicated unstable identities and perceptions of the macroenvironment as hostile. A cycle of responses follows, initially characterized by passivity, then destructive and emotional (violent), and finally tempered with cognitive judgement. Conflict between the expression of unresolved emotions on the one hand, and greater cognitive maturity on the other, is manifested. So is the demand for freedom, undermined by an unwillingness to accept responsibility. The conflicts are resolved mainly by claiming to effect noble justice through violent acts.
Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry and Psychological Differentiation
Authors: Wissing Marié P. , Guse Tharina
Published: March 2013

A differentiation model is proposed in which a relationship between neuropsychological (perceptual) differentiation on the one hand, and psychological (personality) differentiation on the other hand is hypothesized. An empirical investigation of the basic hypothesis is reported. The fit of the global model to empirical data is evaluated with the aid of the RAMONA program for path analysis with latent variables. In the advanced model differentiation is assumed to be a formal property of an organismic system. Neuropsychological differentiation is conceptualized in terms of the extent of functional hemispheric asymmetry (FHA), and operationalized in the auditory and visual modalities with the aid of the dichotic stimulation technique (DST) and the divided visual field technique (DVFT). Psychological differentiation is conceptualized in terms of the degree of healthy, optimal personality functioning (OPF), and is operationalized with indices of communicative competency, degree of self-actualization and of personal autonomy. A significant relationship between FHA and OPF was found. This indicates a correspondence between the degree of differentiation in diverse domains of functioning (perceptual and personality-wise), in healthy, normal subjects. In this study phenomena described in different specialization areas of psychology (neuropsychology and personology) are linked in a shall bridge theory for which empirical support has been found. This is a modest step towards interdisciplinary understanding.
The Effect of a Computer-Assisted Career Guidance System on the Career Development of South African Students
Authors: Pretorius T.B. , Heyns P.M. , Broekmann N.C.
Published: March 2013

In this study the authors focused on the effect of a newly developed computer-assisted career guidance (CACG) system in South Africa on the career maturity, career certainty, career indecision and problem-solving appraisal of South African students. A Solomon four-group design was used and 84 final year high-school students were randomly assigned to two experimental and two control groups. The Attitude Scale of the Career Maturity Inventory, the Career Decision Scale and the Problem Solving Inventory were used as outcome measures. A two-way ANOVA indicated that exposure to the program had no effect on the outcome measures used. In a follow-up study 49 students in a lower grade level (Std 9) were randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group and the same outcome measures were used. An analysis of covariance indicated that exposure to the program had an effect on attitudinal career maturity and career indecision, but no effect on the career certainty and problem-solving appraisal of subjects. The results of the two studies suggest that CACG interventions need to take into account the career development stage and career readiness of students.
Neutrality, Relevance and Accountability in Psychological Research and Practice in South Africa
Authors: Biesheuvel Simon
Published: March 2013

Some support is found for a suggestion that South African psychologists tend to avoid research problems with political implications; but this can be ascribed more to mundane reasons than to action in accordance with scientific principle. The neutrality concept is found to be too ambiguous for use in a scientific context. The various opinions that have recently been expressed concerning relevance are reviewed. The conclusion is drawn that it is meaningless to use relevance without stating to what it refers. It is not an absolute concept. To clarify its use, a distinction between communal, utilitarian and sapiential relevance is proposed. The latter is concerned with the definition of the basic constructs and paradigms of psychology as a scientific discipline. This has become a controversial subject as a result of the rise of numerous special psychologies, including cross-cultural psychology, which attempts to grapple with the case for a universal as distinct from a number of indigenous psychologies. A compromise solution is suggested. Accountability is dealt with as relative to the responsibilities and values perceived and held by individuals. It is not subject to an abstract, ideologically conceived morality. To the question of what constitutes scientifically valid knowledge in the context of the proposed model, a pragmatic answer in preference to a metatheoretical one is favoured.
The Psychology of AIDS Transmission — Issues for Intervention
Authors: Perkel Adrian K. , Strebel Anna , Joubert Gina
Published: March 2013

In this study various aspects of AIDS amongst a sample of students at the University of the Western Cape in South Africa are examined. A modified version of the World Health Organisation Survey on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices, together with a survey of psychological dimensions considered important in mediating between knowledge and behaviour change, were used. Included were psychological defences of denial, rationalization and repression, social variables of peer pressure and sexual self-concept, and locus of control. Results indicated a number of significant relationships among variables. These are discussed together with their implications for appropriate intervention strategies.
Factors Related to Postpartum Depression
Authors: Spangenberg Judora J. , Pieters Huibrie C.
Published: March 2013

To determine which factors from a range of demographic, perinatal, psychosocial and hormonal factors were related to postpartum depression, a sample of 81 women between two weeks and six months postpartum was divided into a depressed group ( n = 22) and a non-depressed group ( n = 59) by means of the Beck Depression Inventory as the main measure and the Visual Analogue Scale as an additional measure. A demographical questionnaire, a social support questionnaire and a marital satisfaction questionnaire were completed by each subject. A depression incidence rate of 27,2% was found. Significant differences were found between the depressed group and the non-depressed group regarding social support, marital satisfaction and premenstrual tension. No significant differences were found regarding age, parity, previous depressive episodes, Caesarean births and prematurity. It was concluded that psychosocial and hormonal factors played a more important role in postpartum depression than demographic and perinatal factors.
Erickson or Ecosystem? Toward Circumventing Traditional Limitations in Hypnosis
Authors: Fourie David P.
Published: March 2013

Although Erickson did not postulate a theory of hypnosis or of human functioning, the work of Ericksonian hypnotherapists can be seen to embody a common epistemology or way of thinking about hypnosis and about treatment. It is shown in this paper that this epistemology adheres to the tenets of a traditional Newtonian conception of science and that it suffers from the limitations inherent in this scientific tradition. Attempts to extricate Ericksonian hypnosis from these limitations have been largely unsuccessful because they have been made from within the existing epistemology. This paper shows that the incorporation of Ericksonian ways of working into an encompassing ecosystemic (non-Newtonian) epistemology might be profitable in circumventing the limitations of Newtonian science in the field of hypnosis and hypnotherapy.
Health Care Professionals' Knowledge about AIDS, Prejudice and Attitudes towards AIDS
Authors: Schlebusch Lourens , Bedford Roger , Bosch Brenda A. , du Preez Michael R.
Published: March 2013

In this study the authors examined knowledge of and attitudes to AIDS in a group of health care pofessionals. The results indicated high levels of knowledge about the disease. These results are regarded as positive findings, since their AIDS awareness showed the subjects were well informed and had formulated this knowledge from a relatively objective rather than judgemental/moralistic point of view. Three categories of attitudes were studied, that is, attitudes towards AIDS per se, attitudes towards homosexuality, and attitudes towards the sexuality of blacks. Attitudes towards AIDS per se varied considerably despite the relatively high levels of knowledge about the disease. Attitudes towards homosexuality had a substantial negative relationship with attitudes towards AIDS, a finding common to other studies. Attitudes towards AIDS were also related to attitudes towards the sexuality of blacks. It is concluded that attitudes towards AIDS in the group studied were substantially determined by historically grounded attitudes concerning the sexuality of marginalized groups. The implications of these findings as an additional component in combatting AIDS are discussed.
Cognitive Executive Processes and Mental Capacity on the Compound Stimulus Visual Information Task in a Group of Zulu-Speaking Children
Authors: Miller Ronald , Pascual-Leone Juan , Andrew Duncan J.
Published: March 2013

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of arousal and temporal executive training in the measurement of M-power using the Compound Stimulus Visual Information test (CSVI). Exploratory research has indicated that the standard CSVI training procedure may need to incorporate additional training when used cross-culturally to ensure familiarity with the executive demands of the task. Eleven-year-old ( n = 59) and 13-year-old ( n = 55) Zulu-speaking children were trained and tested on the tachistoscopic version of the CSVI. Within each age group, subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of approximately the same size. One group was trained to use arousal executives, another group to use temporal executives, and the third group received no further training. Following training, subjects were retested on the CSVI. Following this testing, the training procedures were reversed and the subjects received either arousal or temporal training with the control group receiving no training. All subjects were retested again on the CSVI. Although training of cognitive executive processes does not appear to improve task performance, clear learning and developmental effects are demonstrated.
AIDS: Knowledge and Attitudes of a Group of South African Health Professionals
Authors: Eagle Gillian , Bedford Roger
Published: March 2013

The results of a survey into attitudes to, and knowledge of, AIDS conducted on a group of 74 South African health professionals are described. Based on a similar British study by McManus and Morton, the authors sought to establish the degree to which attitudes to AIDS correlate with knowledge about AIDS, and the degree to which such attitudes correlate to attitudes towards the sexuality of ‘high-risk’ groups; homosexuals and blacks. Attitudes to AIDS appear to correlate significantly more highly with attitudes to high-risk groups than with knowledge concerning AIDS. The implications of these findings for educative intervention are briefly discussed.
Rage Dyscontrol and Suicide: An Extension of Nell's Ideas
Authors: Lester David
Published: March 2013

Nell recently described the rage dyscontrol syndrome, and the present paper explores whether this syndrome may have relevance for the description of suicidal individuals. Evidence was found from research that several of the characteristics of the rage dyscontrol syndrome (temporal lobe epilepsy, paroxysmal EEGs, learning disabilities, impulsiveness, assaultive behaviour, psychiatrically disturbed parents, and experience of physical abuse) have been found to characterize some suicidal people. Suggestions were made for research to explore the relevance of the rage dyscontrol syndrome for understanding suicidal behaviour.
Impressions and Questions about Psychology and Psychologists
Authors: Gerdes Lily C.
Published: March 2013

In this paper the author focuses attention on certain issues which psychology should face. They relate to the following: the desirability of counteracting fragmentation and striving for better integration within the discipline; maintaining a balance between positive and negative aspects; using the media more effectively; and considering if psychologists are equipped to deal with new tasks they could fulfil in the mental health field.
Psychology and Epidemiology: An Uncomfortable Alliance?
Authors: Miller Tracey , Swartz Leslie
Published: March 2013

Issues arising in a joint enterprise of psychology and epidemiology are discussed. Technical difficulties include: case definition; population definition; definition of onset; repeated admissions; çase-to-case spread; social factors; and the social production of symptoms. The potential marginalization of psychosocial issues in epidemiology is discussed in terms of the prevailing western medical model, biomedicine. The disease—illness distinction is used to explore the limitations of using epidemiological concepts and methods with psychological data and also with medical data. It is suggested that psychology plays a role in transforming epidemiology by emphasizing the necessity for theory, removing inappropriate interdisciplinary boundaries, using qualitative methodology, avoiding a technicist approach, contributing to the clear design of studies and to an examination of the nature of the epidemiological enterprise.
Body-Image Differences in Live-Related and Cadaver Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Schlebusch Lourens , Pillay Basil J. , Louw Johan
Published: March 2013

Differences in body-image between live-related and cadaver renal transplant recipients were investigated. A body-image questionnaire as part of a comprehensive psychological assessment was individually administered to ten live-related and 30 cadaver renal transplant patients. A factor analysis of the questionnaire items disclosed eight factors in the ratings of body-image. Separate factor scores were then calculated for each participant in the study on each factor. Further statistical analysis of these scores revealed no significant sex-related differences in the ratings, but indicated that live-related renal recipients overall felt less positive than cadaver renal recipients concerning the body's physical attractiveness, and physical contact. The implications of these findings for a psychonephrology service are discussed.
Occupational Stressors among Ambulance and Rescue Service Workers
Authors: Sparrius Sandra K.
Published: March 2013

An exploratory, quantitative study was conducted to identify the range of occupational stressors that occurs among ambulance and rescue service workers in South Africa. A total of 20 employees from four occupational levels of an ambulance and rescue service located in a South African coastal city were interviewed. The contents of these interviews were subjected to qualitative data analysis within the conceptual framework of an interactive model of stress. A range of negative stressors was identified. Despite the presence of some unique individual, intergroup and extra-organizational stressors, the most striking finding was the level of negativity accorded by the respondents to organization-based stressors. These findings have important implications for the structure and functioning of ambulance and rescue services, as well as for stress intervention and prevention programmes for workers in these services.
The Challenge of Hypertension to South African Health Psychology. 1. The Potential Contribution of Educational, Cognitive and Behavioural Strategies to Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Edwards David
Published: March 2013

This is the first of two papers on the potential contribution of health psychology to alleviating the problem of hypertension in South Africa. Educational, cognitive and behavioural strategies that can be employed as an adjunct to, or in place of, medication include: improving patients’ adherence to treatment regimens; educating and training in weight reduction, smoking cessation; healthy dietary and exercise habits; and a range of cognitive and behavioural stress management techniques. Research is reviewed, mostly from Europe and the USA, evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies, and their current status relative to the use of medication is examined.
The Challenge of Hypertension to South African Health Psychology. 2. The Epidemiological, Economic, Social and Political Context
Authors: Edwards David
Published: March 2013

This is the second of two papers which examine the contribution that health psychology can make to the problem of hypertension in South Africa. Essentially hypertension is a chronic medical condition that leads to increased susceptibility to life-threatening diseases. In this paper the author summarizes data on its high prevalence in the various South African race groups, and on the low rates of diagnosis and treatment. Research on the possibility of genetic susceptibility of blacks to hypertension is reviewed. An analysis of the political, economic and social context, and the state of the health care infrastructure in South Africa is presented in order to evaluate the potential for establishing on a large scale educational and cognitive and behavioural programmes of the type described in the first paper. Although the outlook is pessimistic, a number of initiatives that can be taken by psychologists in the teaching, research and political spheres are suggested.
Countertransference in Trauma Work in South Africa: For Better or Worse
Authors: Moosa Fathima
Published: March 2013

Working with victims of political violence evokes strong countertransference reactions in mental health workers. Professionals and lay counsellors alike comment on the intensely demanding, stressful and sometimes invigorating nature of this work. Despite these acknowledgements, however, there is a dearth of literature on the countertransference experiences of therapists engaged in trauma work. This gap is especially pronounced in the available literature on trauma work in South Africa. In this paper the author considers some of the reasons for this omission and then presents the results of interviews with 20 therapists engaged in work with individuals traumatized by political violence (i.e. former detainees and refugees from vigilante violence). Specific countertransference themes are identified and discussed.
The Effect of Social Support during Labour on Postpartum Depression
Authors: Trotter Coralie , Wolman Wendy-Lynne , Hofmeyr Justus , Nikodem Cheryl , Turton Rai
Published: March 2013

A prospective, randomized, controlled intervention trial was conducted to determine the effect of a supportive labour companion (doula) on postpartum depression. Women in an experimental group were attended by a doula during labour and delivery whereas women in the control group received no intervention. It was predicted that intervention at childbirth would be associated with significantly lower measures of postpartum depression. The hypothesis was supported by the data at three months postpartum. This suggests that labour support has a considerable impact on the mother which persists into the postpartum period. This has important implications for primary prevention.
Die evaluering van 'n huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram
Authors: Pretorius H.G. , van Wyk J.D. , Schepers J.M.
Published: March 2013

Die toenemende huweliksverbrokkeling en egskeiding onder blanke Suid-Afrikaners wek reeds die afgelope paar dekades kommer by persone in die hulpverleningsprofessies. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om 'n Afrikaanse huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram, wat teoreties op die algemene sisteemteorie gebaseer is en waarbinne bepaalde gedragsterapeutiese en kliëntgesentreerde konsepte geïntegreer is, binne psigo-oplei-dingskonteks toe te pas ten einde die kort- en langtermyn effekte daarvan te bepaal. Die Solomon-viergroep navorsingsontwerp is in die ondersoek gebruik en 40 voornemende egpare het daaraan deelgeneem. Objek-tiewe beoordelingskale sowel as selfrapporteringsvraelyste is as meetinstrumente aangewend. Uit die eksperimentele evaluering van die huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram blyk dit dat die verloofde pare wat onderskeidelik aan die program deelgeneem het en nie deelgeneem het nie, op die korttermyn sowel as die langtermyn beduidend van mekaar verskil het. Die program het dus beter huweliksaanpassing en vaardighede tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie verskil geld vir al die veranderlikes wat geëvalueer is, te wete verhoudingsaanpassing, empatiese begrip, kommunikasievaardighede, positiewe versterking, konflikhanteringsvaardighede en intimiteit. Verder is bevind dat die effekte van die huweliksvoorbereidingsprogram oor die langtermyn konstant gebly het.
Patterns of Prejudice: Group Interests and Intergroup Attitudes
Authors: Duckitt John
Published: March 2013

Despite their potential importance, relatively little research has been done on intergroup attitudes from the perspective of Realistic Conflict theory (RCT). RCT has also typically been limited to a few rather rudimentary propositions concerning the effects of direct competition between groups of relatively equal status and power. In this paper the author elaborates RCT by systematically extending the analysis to other forms of conflicting group interests and intergroup functionality, such as domination and intergroup scapegoating. Different forms of functional interrelation between groups, and the structural location of groups within social systems, seem to generate qualitatively different patterns of prejudice. These can be differentiated in terms of the characteristic image of the outgroup, the affective and behavioural response to the outgroup, the psychological and attributional mechanisms underlying the prejudiced attitudes, and their functionality for the ingroup. These patterns of prejudice may be viewed as mediating between social structure and social action, thus contributing to the historical process. Finally, research is discussed that suggests a broadened version of RCT may be particularly crucial in explaining prejudiced racial attitudes in South Africa.
Authoritarianism and Autonomy. 1. Conflicting Value Systems in the Introduction of Psychological Services in a South African Primary Health Care System
Authors: Seedat Mohamed , Nell Victor
Published: March 2013

Psychology functions within the context of South Africa's ruling ideology, resistance discourse and national health care philosophy. Using a psychological skills training programme in the Soweto Community Health Centre System in Johannesburg as a case study, the authors examine how the introduction of psychological services in primary health care is both enabled and constrained by state ideology, medical hegemony, professional interests and personal perceptions. Nuances underlying the subversion of an empowering concept such as primary health care, and some general rules about the perception of psychology that are likely to apply in South Africa and other developing countries, are discussed. In Part 2 (this issue) this etic perspective is extended into an emic exploration of how these factors impact upon the interpersonal processes and practices of nursing staff in the health care system.
Teachers' Perceptions of Primary School Children's Learning and Behaviour Problems: The Interaction Effects of Teaching Experience, Sex and Contact with Inspectors of Psychological Services
Authors: Sibaya Patrick T. , Malan J.A.
Published: March 2013

To determine the effects and interaction effects of teachers' characteristics on perceptions of pupils' learning and behavioural problems, the Devereux Elementary School Behaviour Rating Scale (DESB) was used in this study. The data obtained on the variables of teacher's sex, teaching experience and teacher's contact with inspectors of psychological services, were analysed by means of a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the unbalanced design. Results indicated significant interaction effects for Factors 4, 6, 10 and 11. These Factors are external blame, external reliance, creative initiative and need for closeness to the teacher, respectively. Non-significant interaction effects were recorded for Factors 1 (classroom disturbance), 2 (impatience), 5 (achievement anxiety), 8 (inattentive-withdrawn), 9 (irrelevant-responsiveness), and Nonfactor items 27 (inability to change from one task to another) and 41 (slow to complete work). The variables of sex, contact and experience had significant influence on perceptions of Factors 3 (disrespect-defiance), 7 (comprehension) and Nonfactor Item 40 (desire to quit or give up), respectively.
The Case for an Independent Licensing Board for Psychology
Authors: Nell Victor
Published: March 2013

Medicine and psychology are constrained to collaborate with one another in their common human service enterprise, but are methodologically separated by psychology's loquacity, its dependence on words, and the silence of the medical gaze, its wordlessness. If psychology is co-opted by the politically more powerful medical profession, it cannot attain its full human welfare potential. Its professional development is stunted, it is subordinated to psychiatry in mental health settings, and prevented from communicating effectively with its clients by the imposition of information giving constraints appropriate to medicine but alien to psychology. In this paper the author argues that in South Africa there cannot be a liberatory psychology until there is an autonomous psychology, governed by a statutorily independent licensing board.
Gesinsfunksionering by Beangste Laerskoolleerlinge
Authors: Snyman J.H. , van Rensburg E.
Published: March 2013

Die doel van die ondersoek was om gesinsfunksionering met angstige kinders in verband te bring. Tien- tot twaalfjarige seuns en dogters aan sewe verskillende Afrikaanse laerskole is betrek en 350 seuns en 354 dogters is aan die Child Anxiety Scale en State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children onderwerp en sodoende is 'n angstige ( N = 56) en nie-angstige ( N = 52) groep geselekteer. Veertig angstige en 30 nie-angstige kinders was bereid om aan verdere toetsing deel te neem. Ook die ouers van die twee groepe is genader en 60 ouers van angstige kinders en 52 ouers van nie-angstige kinders kon betrek word. Die Persoonlikheidsvraelys vir Kinders en die Kinetiese Gesinstekening is op die kinders toegepas terwyl die ouers die Family Assessment Device, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale en die Conflict Tactics Scale voltooi het. Nadat die gegewens met die SAS-rekenaarprogrampaket verwerk is, is daar, wat die PVK betref, duide-like verskille tussen die persoonlikheidseienskappe van beangste en nie-beangste kinders gevind. Daar is ook tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat sekere fasette van gesinsdinamiek vir die vestiging van sommige persoonlikheidseienskappe by angstige kinders verantwoordelik mag wees. Dit blyk verder dat gesinne met angstige kinders swakker kommunikasievermoëns en algemene gesinsfunksionering toon. Voorts het gesinne met angstige kinders 'n swakker vermoë, ten opsigte van herstrukturering getoon. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking waartoe daar gekom is, was dat daar wel 'n verband tussen sekere gesinsfunksies en angstige kinders bestaan.
Pain Management in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention
Authors: Germond Sean , Schomer Hein Helgo , Meyers Orlando Llewellyn , Weight Lindsay
Published: March 2013

Psychological adjustment is thought to play an important role in determining pain experience, disease status, and immune function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fourteen female RA out-patients were tested longitudinally in a matched-random assigned two-groups design with cognitive-behavioural intervention designed to improve pain and stress management skills. Pre-intervention correlational analyses tested the extent to which mood disturbance, self-perceptions of coping efficacy, health locus of control, and stressful life experience were related to pain, disease activity, functional status and lymphocyte proliferation rate variables. Intra- and inter-group analyses were conducted to determine treatment effects, and case studies were conducted. RA was characterized more by poor psychological health status than physical disability, with pain more a function of psychological adjustment than actual disease status. No significant treatment effects were observed. Case studies indicated the complex nature of the individual disease experience. The value of cognitive-behavioural intervention in RA, and implications for future-related research are discussed in terms of such findings.
A Sceptical Argument concerning the Value of a Behavioural Solution for AIDS
Authors: Lachenicht L.G.
Published: March 2013

A thought experiment was developed in which it is demonstrated that frequently recurring temptations are hard to resist even if the risks of succumbing to the temptation are well understood. Behavioural programmes against AIDS are primarily concerned with making the risks of unprotected sex known to groups of people at risk of contracting HIV. But these target groups are also shown to engage in very frequent sex and this, combined with the thought experiment suggest that behavioural programmes may be less effective than desired. Structural interventions may be more successful than behavioural programmes. Some limitations of the thought experiment are considered.
Assessment of Parental Involvement in Imparting Sexual Knowledge to Adolescents
Authors: Mayekiso T.V. , Twaise N.
Published: March 2013

The present study examined the extent of parental involvement in imparting sexual knowledge to adolescents. A total of 50 adolescent girls were administered a questionnaire on the source and extent of sexual knowledge. The areas covered by the questionnaire were menarche; knowledge and use of contraceptives; sexual activity; and the causes of teenage pregnancy. Results indicated that the subjects' sexual knowledge was inadequate. The main source of sexual knowledge was the peer group. Parental involvement in imparting sexual knowledge to the adolescents after the first menstruation was very limited (14,2%). None of the subjects reported communication with parents about sexual matters prior to menarche.
A Factorial Investigation of the Dimensions of Social Support
Authors: Pretorius T. Brian , Diedricks M.
Published: March 2013

This study represents a factor analytic investigation of the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) and the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) when used with South African students. Respondents ( N = 242) were undergraduate students at the University of the Western Cape. The obtained internal-consistency estimates of reliability for the ISSB and the SSQ (alphas above 0,90) compared favourably with previously reported reliabilities for these scales. Exploratory factor analyses of the ISSB yielded three factors similar to previously reported factor structures of the scale, while in the case of the SSQ it appears as if one factor is sufficient to represent the factorial structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analyses, using latent variable methods confirmed the distinctiveness of the instruments and indicated that two interrelated factors accounted for the variation in the subscales of the ISSB and the SSQ.
What is the Truth? Being More than Just a Jesting Pilate in South African Psychology
Authors: Bodibe R. Cecil
Published: March 2013

Cultural embeddedness and cultural sensitivity are important determinants of human behaviour. An assertion is therefore made that indigenous psychology has a definite place in fostering better perceptions and understandings among psychologists in a pluralistic society such as our own. There has been a dearth of views from indigenous psychologists in this debate. Western viewpoints have held sway and have indeed been well articulated. The time is now ripe for African psychologists to tell their side of the story too, so as to contribute to the continuing quest for a psychology that is relevant to the needs and aspirations of all South Africans.
Constructing the Subject: South African Psychological Research before World War II
Authors: Louw Johann , Binedell Julie , Brimmer Welmoet , Mabena Pindi , Meyer Annemarie , Robins Evan , Roper Ken , van Rooyen Diana
Published: March 2013

Thirty-three journal articles reporting empirical findings published by South African psychologists before 1939 were examined to establish the dominant research models of the time. Danziger's study provided the initial impetus as well as methodological guidelines. Findings indicate that three models of research were present, but that one, the Galtonian form of experimentation, soon dominated the field. One possible explanation is to be found in the early involvement of South African psychologists in applied and practical matters. Thus an investigative practice which enabled psychologists to develop knowledge which was relevant to the needs of socially important markets, and still be acceptable as ‘scientific’ knowledge, had significant advantages over rival investigative practices.
Further Validation of a Subtle Racism Scale in South Africa
Authors: Duckitt John
Published: March 2013

Obvious and transparent measures of traditional racism no longer appear to adequately assess anti-black prejudice in more sophisticated samples. This, together with a growing tendency for traditional measures to elicit antagonistic responses from subjects, led in an earlier study to the development and preliminary validation of a South African subtle racism (SR) scale. The current research used a new sample, in which the use of traditional measures of anti-black racism would have been very difficult, to cross-validate the SR scale. It also extended the validation of the SR scale by investigating its association with self-reports of actual interracial behaviour. The findings from 303 white students at the University of the Witwatersrand showed a high level of internal consistency on the SR scale, and a strong correlation with an interracial behavioural intention scale. These findings as well as significant correlations with self-reported interracial behaviour support the validity of the SR scale. Contrary to earlier thinking, the findings also indicate a very powerful relationship between anti-black prejudice and authoritarianism.
The Validity of the Jenkins Activity Survey in Terms of Illness and Work
Authors: Strümpfer D.J.W.
Published: March 2013

The Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) and the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), as a means of operationalizing it, are described. The JAS is a measure of the ‘pressured drive’ component of the TABP and is related only poorly to the Structured Interview, which is usually considered as the standard méasure of the TABP. Literature on the JAS and coronary heart disease (CHD) is reviewed first. Cross-sectional studies provided favourable validation but not so prospective studies. A number of large-scale prospective studies with consistently negative findings are viewed as inconclusive for sampling reasons. Overall, the results discourage use of the JAS as a predictor of CHD. Next, data on the JAS and illness in general, as well as accidents and injuries, are reviewed and moderate support for the relationship is found. Lastly, the relationship of the JAS to occupational and productivity criteria is reviewed and fairly strong ties are highlighted. A number of alternative measures and more sophisticated research designs are proposed.
The Relationship between Spouse abuse and Subjective Job-related Variables in a Sample of Employed Women
Authors: Ortlepp Karen , Nkosi Nokuphila Doreen
Published: March 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between spouse abuse, both physical and nonphysical, and the subjective work-related variables of job satisfaction and job involvement in employed women. Given the exploratory nature of the study, a cross-sectional, correlational design was adopted. Self-report data was collected from 65 African nurses working in a private nursing consultancy in the Johannesburg area. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed. The results indicated that there is a significant inverse relationship between spouse abuse and the subjective job-related variables focused on in this study. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in terms of these findings.
Seeking Identity — Township youth and Social Development
Authors: Freeman Melvyn
Published: March 2013

The potential of South African youth to play an economically productive and socially reconstructive role in society has been questioned. In this article it is argued that personal development is central to social development, and that appropriate intervention programmes which target the psychological functioning of youth will substantially enhance the chances of youth playing socially constructive roles in society. A framework for such interventions is suggested. The article applies Erikson's theory of identity development to township youth, first within an historical perspective and then to current youth. It is argued that both historically and currently, identity for many young people has been integrally linked with struggle for political change. A major challenge facing psychologists and other change agents is to help youth shift from this identity, to one in which youth see themselves as builders of and contributors towards a new democratic society. Key elements derived from Eriksonian theory which might facilitate this change are presented.