bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-linear mathematical model for the X-ray variability classes of the microquasar GRS 1915+105 – II. Transition and swaying classes
Authors: Massaro E , Capitanio F , Feroci M , Mineo T , Ardito A , Ricciardi P
Published: April 2020

The complex time evolution in the X-ray light curves of the peculiar black hole binary GRS 1915+105 can be obtained as solutions of a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations derived from the Hindmarsh–Rose model and modified introducing an input function depending on time. In the first paper, assuming a constant input with a superposed white noise, we reproduced light curves of the classes ρ, χ, and δ. We use this mathematical model to reproduce light curves, including some interesting details, of other eight GRS 1915+105 variability classes either considering a variable input function or with small changes of the equation parameters. On the basis of this extended model and its equilibrium states, we can arrange most of the classes in three main types: (i) stable equilibrium patterns (classes ϕ, χ, α″, θ, ξ, and ω) whose light curve modulation follows the same time-scale of the input function, because changes occur around stable equilibrium points; (ii) unstable equilibrium patterns characterized by series of spikes (class ρ) originated by a limit cycle around an unstable equilibrium point; and (iii) transition pattern (classes δ, γ, λ, κ, and α′), in which random changes of the input function induce transitions from stable to unstable regions originating either slow changes or spiking, and the occurrence of dips and red noise. We present a possible physical interpretation of the model based on the similarity between an equilibrium curve and literature results obtained by numerical integrations of slim disc equations.
First Gaia dynamical model of the Milky Way disc with six phase space coordinates: a test for galaxy dynamics
Authors: Nitschai Maria Selina , Cappellari Michele , Neumayer Nadine
Published: April 2020

We construct the first comprehensive dynamical model for the high-quality subset of stellar kinematics of the Milky Way disc, with full 6D phase-space coordinates, provided by the Gaia Data Release 2. We adopt an axisymmetric approximation and use an updated Jeans Anisotropic Modelling (JAM) method, which allows for a generic shape and radial orientation of the velocity ellipsoid, as indicated by the Gaia data, to fit the mean velocities and all three components of the intrinsic velocity dispersion tensor. The Milky Way is the first galaxy for which all intrinsic phase space coordinates are available, and the kinematics are superior to the best integral-field kinematics of external galaxies. This situation removes the long-standing dynamical degeneracies and makes this the first dynamical model highly overconstrained by the kinematics. For these reasons, our ability to fit the data provides a fundamental test for both galaxy dynamics and the mass distribution in the Milky Way disc. We tightly constrain the volume average total density logarithmic slope, in the radial range 3.6–12 kpc, to be αtot = −2.149 ± 0.055 and find that the dark halo slope must be significantly steeper than αDM = −1 (NFW). The dark halo shape is close to spherical and its density is ρDM(R⊙) = 0.0115 ± 0.0020 M⊙ pc−3 (0.437 ± 0.076 GeV cm−3), in agreement with previous estimates. The circular velocity at the solar position vcirc(R⊙) = 236.5 ± 3.1 km s−1 (including systematics) and its gently declining radial trends are also consistent with recent determinations.
Adaptive Introgression across Semipermeable Species Boundaries between Local Helicoverpa zea and Invasive Helicoverpa armigera Moths
Authors: Valencia-Montoya Wendy A , Elfekih Samia , North Henry L , Meier Joana I , Warren Ian A , Tay Wee Tek , Gordon Karl H J , Specht Alexandre , Paula-Moraes Silvana V , Rane Rahul , Walsh Tom K , Jiggins Chris D
Published: April 2020

Hybridization between invasive and native species has raised global concern, given the dramatic increase in species range shifts and pest outbreaks due to anthropogenic dispersal. Nevertheless, secondary contact between sister lineages of local and invasive species provides a natural laboratory to understand the factors that determine introgression and the maintenance or loss of species barriers. Here, we characterize the early evolutionary outcomes following secondary contact between invasive Helicoverpa armigera and native H. zea in Brazil. We carried out whole-genome resequencing of Helicoverpa moths from Brazil in two temporal samples: during the outbreak of H. armigera in 2013 and 2017. There is evidence for a burst of hybridization and widespread introgression from local H. zea into invasive H. armigera coinciding with H. armigera expansion in 2013. However, in H. armigera, the admixture proportion and the length of introgressed blocks were significantly reduced between 2013 and 2017, suggesting selection against admixture. In contrast to the genome-wide pattern, there was striking evidence for adaptive introgression of a single region from the invasive H. armigera into local H. zea, including an insecticide resistance allele that increased in frequency over time. In summary, despite extensive gene flow after secondary contact, the species boundaries are largely maintained except for the single introgressed region containing the insecticide-resistant locus. We document the worst-case scenario for an invasive species, in which there are now two pest species instead of one, and the native species has acquired resistance to pyrethroid insecticides through introgression.
A quantitative framework for modeling COVID-19 risk during adjuvant therapy using published randomized trials of glioblastoma in the elderly
Authors: Tabrizi Shervin , Trippa Lorenzo , Cagney Daniel , Tanguturi Shyam , Ventz Steffen , Fell Geoffrey , Wen Patrick Y , Alexander Brian M , Rahman Rifaquat
Published: April 2020

Background

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, contact with the health care system for cancer treatment can increase risk of infection and associated mortality. Treatment recommendations must consider this risk for elderly and vulnerable cancer patients. We reanalyzed trials in elderly glioblastoma (GBM) patients, incorporating COVID-19 risk, in order to provide a quantitative framework for comparing different radiation (RT) fractionation schedules on patient outcomes.

Methods

We extracted individual patient-level data for 1321 patients from Kaplan–Meier curves from 5 randomized trials on treatment of elderly GBM patients including available subanalyses based on O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation status. We simulated trial data with incorporation of COVID-19–associated mortality risk in several scenarios (low, medium, and high infection and mortality risks). Median overall survival and hazard ratios were calculated for each simulation replicate.

Results

Our simulations reveal how COVID-19–associated risks affect survival under different treatment regimens. Hypofractionated RT with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) demonstrated the best outcomes in low and medium risk scenarios. In frail elderly patients, shorter courses of RT are preferable. In patients with methylated MGMT receiving single modality treatment, TMZ-alone treatment approaches may be an option in settings with high COVID-19–associated risk.

Conclusions

Incorporation of COVID-19–associated risk models into analysis of randomized trials can help guide clinical decisions during this pandemic. In elderly GBM patients, our results support prioritization of hypofractionated RT and highlight the utility of MGMT methylation status in decision making in pandemic scenarios. Our quantitative framework can serve as a model for assessing COVID-19 risk associated with treatment across neuro-oncology.

Key Points

• Re-analysis of randomized controlled trials in COVID-19 era gives insight on optimal treatment of GBM.

• Hypofractionated RT or temozolomide alone may be reasonable options in high risk pandemic settings.

• A quantitative framework incorporating COVID-19 risks can be applied across neuro-oncology.
Gamification and Value Capture
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: April 2020

Games work in the medium of agency; this chapter explores the special dangers of that medium. Understanding the value of games will show us why the gamification of ordinary life is problematic. Games can offer us seductive experiences of value clarity. In games, values are clear, and our achievements are usually quantifiable and rankable. We know exactly what we are doing, and why. This is unproblematic, as long as it is confined to the gaming context. But it is quite dangerous to export the expectation for value clarity outside the game. Our larger values are subtle and complex. If we are seduced by a fantasy of value clarity, we will be drawn to oversimplify our values. When we oversimplify our values in ordinary life to induce game-like experiences, we may amplify our motivation, but we will also change the target. And when we expect game-like value clarity in ordinary life, we may be too drawn to institutions and systems that present oversimplified versions of values. This chapter introduces the notion of “value capture.” Value capture occurs when our natural values are subtle, but institutions present us with simplified versions of those values, and then we internalize them. Value capture threatens to undermine our autonomy. But if we don’t manage our experience of games properly, they can make us more vulnerable to value capture. And the attempts to actively gamify ordinary life increase the threat of value capture.
Preserving, Protecting, and Defending Her Legacy (2006–Present)
Authors: Sewell Amanda
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at Wendy Carlos’s legacy in the twenty-first century, focusing on how she tries to stop the digital distribution of her music online and how journalists, scholars, and others choose to represent Carlos. When her music returned to her ownership from East Side Digital, she did not distribute it through any online sources. Through Serendip LLC, Carlos and Annemarie Franklin worked tirelessly to stop people from posting Carlos’s music online without permission. From online forums to newspaper articles to peer-reviewed scholarly works, Carlos’s gender is still the most-discussed aspect of her life, garnering far more attention than her music.
The Virtues of Violence
Authors: Duong Kevin
Published: April 2020

This book uncovers an unfamiliar vision of political violence that nonetheless prevailed in modern French thought: that through “redemptive violence” the people would not rend but regenerate society. It homes in on invocations of popular redemptive violence across four historical moments in France specifically: the French Revolution, Algeria’s colonization, the Paris Commune, and the eve of the first World War. In each of these cases, the book reveals how French thinkers experienced democratization as social disintegration. Yet, before such danger, they also proclaimed that virtuous violence by the people could repair the social fabric. The path leading from an anarchic multitude to an organized democratic society required, not violence’s prohibition, but its virtuous expression by the people. Understanding this counterintuitive vision of violence in French thought offers a new vantage point on the meaning of modern democracy. It alerts readers to how struggles for democracy do not merely seek justice or a new legal regime but also liberating visions of the social bond.
The Life of a Combat Social Worker
Authors: Yarvis Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 gives the reader a tour—a kind of ride-a-long or a kind of “see-what-I-see” experience. Much of the chapter is about the combat part of combat social work: What does social work look like outside the wire, downrange, or in combat or other hostile and dangerous battles or threats. This chapter will enable the reader to appreciate the role and experiences of combat social workers, as captured in later autobiographical chapters. However, deployments are time-limited (7–15 months, as a rule), and most of the time spent as a military social worker is in garrison (i.e., base camp with offices, often a behavioral health clinic or the social work department at a military hospital). This is where and how most members of the military receive their mental health treatment—conducted by military social workers. This is discussed in Chapter 2.
The Journey of Serving as an Army Reserve Social Worker
Authors: DeCoster Vaughn A.
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, the author describes how and why he joined the U.S. Army and became a social worker officer, commanding a combat stress team in Baghdad during the surge of 2006–2007. He explains the lessons learned from a combat deployment, providing mental health services to military and civilian personnel in theater, and working with veterans adjusting to life back home in the United States. The author also discusses the emotional strain and costs of doing trauma work—that selfless service is fine but not very realistic in an intense environment; that establishing rapport quickly under stressful conditions is important; and that some wars are unwinnable or not worth the human costs. Finally, the author describes postcombat readjustment and the role of community resources like the Department of Veteran’s Affairs Vet Center.
Triumph Over Adversity
Authors: Atkins Christopher Lee
Published: April 2020

Like other chapters, the author takes the reader on a journey of a combat social worker beginning in his childhood as the son of a Vietnam veteran with severe PTSD. With the valuable lessons learned from his father’s mental health treatment journey with the help of the early 1980s Vet Centers. The author shares his life experiences and lessons gleaned from a career as a trauma therapist and finally a 16-year career as an Army social worker, including lessons from Iraq combat tour and the Army’s comprehensive soldier fitness program. Research-based theories, books, and interventions are described critical to healing PTSD and empowering the holistic well-being of today’s service members. The author, currently an Army lieutenant colonel behavioral health officer concludes with a call for reinforcements due to increasing attrition of combat social workers, and the corresponding traits and mindset required for this dynamic career opportunity in today’s military mental health community.
Conclusion
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard
Published: April 2020

The concluding chapter has four related aims. First, the authors present an overview of all the previous chapters, providing in a concise format the major contours of the religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults. Second, the authors take the major findings and use them to think about how young people are constructing their own religious/spiritual perspectives and to address the question of religious return for those who have left religion. Third, the authors revisit the concept of Moralistic Therapeutic Deism, which was first presented in Soul Searching, asking how this has changed from these young people’s teenage years to where they are as emerging adults. Finally, the chapter raises several questions related to the future of religion both for these emerging adults and for religious institutions.
Drugs for the Tengatenga, 1861–1919
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 draws a link between the conscription of hundreds of thousands of Nyasaland’s Africans into the British military’s carrier service during the First World War and the first efforts to provide some measure of government health care to rural colonial subjects during the 1920s. Prewar colonial civilian medical care was poor. During the First World War, hundreds of thousands of Africans were forcibly conscripted into the British war effort. For the most part, this experience consisted of brutal and often deadly labor. However, the experience of even threadbare medical care during the war years did lead to calls for better civilian government health facilities during the 1920s.
A Freedom to Die For, 1964–1982
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 explores the place of public-sector medicine in President Hastings Kamuzu Banda’s ideology of social protection in post-colonial Malawi. In the midst of internecine strife with his cabinet soon after independence, Banda abandoned health-care user fees, provided free food to hospital inpatients and promised new medical facilities. Later, Banda disregarded international advisers by refusing to promote contraception. Though some commentators attributed this policy to Banda’s conservatism, birth control also ran counter to his regime’s carefully constructed symbolism of abundance. Malawi’s government was not unique in opposing outside efforts at population control, but Banda’s ideology, which invoked what anthropologists of the 1970s called “wealth-in-people,” made birth control particularly unacceptable. Banda also made grand displays of his government’s new hospitals. While he would not devote significant domestic resources to health, he mobilized funds from external donors, particularly governments facing their own crises of legitimacy. While Banda did not consider health a priority, his reliance on symbols of abundance, health and fertility left him vulnerable to critique and compelled him to direct a modicum of resources toward public sector health facilities and to keep care at those facilities free of charge.
Reordering International Order
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 (“Reordering International Order”) reviews the pitfalls of existing conceptions of international order before arguing that order is best conceptualized not as particular material, institutional, or normative environments but instead as the presence of a set of observed rules in world politics. It then returns to the primary empirical focus of the book, dominant-actor preferences for international order. After justifying this focus on the most powerful polities, it more precisely defines dominant actors and moments of order change opportunity and identifies a universe of cases for potential study. It then introduces the nine cases to be studied in chapters 4 through 8 and justifies a focus on these historical periods in particular.
Birthing the Liberal International Order
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 7 (“Birthing the Liberal International Order”) focuses on the American order project after the Second World War. It argues that there were actually two distinct American visions for order in the 1940s, a universalist global order vision—manifested in the United Nations system—and a smaller Western order vision—comprised of the Bretton Woods economic and NATO security systems. Observers often posit that these layers were complementary, representing an evolving but not contradictory strategy by the United States to build an inclusive and multilayered international order. By contrast, this chapter argues that this transition from global to Western order can be best explained by American leaders’ shifting threat perceptions during this critical period. While they began with a more inclusive global order vision, they soon shifted to a more exclusive and adversarial Western order idea as they became increasingly wary of the extraordinary threat posed by their former wartime ally, the Soviet Union. The Soviet threat is the most important causal force in explaining this shift in America’s ordering strategy, and the story of the liberal international order’s origins simply cannot be told without it.
Candidate Matters
Authors: West Karleen Jones
Published: April 2020

In Candidate Matters: A Study of Ethnic Parties, Campaigns, and Elections in Latin America, Karleen Jones West argues that the characteristics of individual candidates campaigning in their districts shapes party behavior. She does so through a detailed examination of the Pachakutik indigenous party in Ecuador, as well as with the analysis of public opinion in fifteen Latin American countries. Ethnic parties that are initially programmatic can become personalistic and clientelistic vehicles because vote-buying is an effective strategy in rural indigenous areas, and because candidates with strong reputations and access to resources can create winning campaigns that buy votes and capitalize on candidates’ personal appeal. When candidates’ legislative campaigns are personalistic and clientelistic in their districts, niche parties are unable to maintain unified programmatic support. By combining in-depth fieldwork on legislative campaigns in Ecuador with the statistical analysis of electoral results and public opinion, this book demonstrates how important candidates and their districts are for how niche parties compete, win, and become influential in developing democracies. In the process, the author shows that, under certain conditions, niche parties—such as ethnic parties—are not that different from their mainstream counterparts.
The Role of Candidates, Districts, and Campaign Strategies in Determining Party Behavior
Authors: West Karleen Jones
Published: April 2020

This chapter develops a framework of party behavior that focuses on how district-level legislative campaigns influence the behavior of national parties. In a departure from much of the literature, the text argues that parties’ electoral behavior is significantly determined by candidates who are constrained by their personal characteristics and the demographics of their districts when shaping their campaign strategies. Using ethnic parties as an exemplar of niche, policy-seeking parties, the chapter contends that some campaign strategies are inherently conflictual with niche-party goals, resulting in party behavior that does not always reflect the niche focus of the party. Certain candidate characteristics—such as experience with party leadership and access to resources—combined with district characteristics—such as the level of partisan support—generate conditions under which candidates benefit from campaigning on the basis of their personal characteristics and clientelism, rather than their party platform. The result is that, in the aggregate, the ethnic party ultimately sacrifices its niche policy-making goals for the sake of campaign strategies that make legislative candidates more electorally viable in their districts.
The Evolution of Ethnic-Party Behavior
Authors: West Karleen Jones
Published: April 2020

Ethnic parties are not unitary actors, and this chapter shows that their behavior is constrained by the campaign strategies that their individual candidates adopt. By analyzing election results for over five thousand candidates and forty-five parties that have competed in four legislative elections in Ecuador—in 1998, 2002, 2006, and 2009—this chapter evaluates how ethnic parties and their candidates connect with their constituencies. Candidates affiliated with ethnic parties receive greater programmatic support, but only in earlier elections. This change is largely attributable to the behavior of individual ethnic-party candidates, and reflects the evolution of ethnic-party behavior in Ecuador. Building on the theory developed in chapter 2, the text explores why ethnic-party candidates form the linkages with voters that they do. As expected, ethnic-party candidates form more programmatic linkages in districts of higher magnitude, but struggle to form programmatic linkages when they are party leaders and incumbents, suggesting that they are instead connecting with voters on the basis of their personal characteristics.
Candidate Matters for Mainstream-Party Campaigns in Ecuador
Authors: West Karleen Jones
Published: April 2020

This chapter evaluates the campaign strategies used by four different traditional-party candidates in the Andean and Amazonian regions during Ecuador’s 2006 elections. The analysis focuses on the extent to which traditional-party candidates cultivate a personal vote versus a vote for their party’s label. Like the Pachakutik candidates, traditional-party nominees are highly influenced by their own personal experiences in politics, as well as district-level factors such as the incidence of poverty. However, the profiles of these four candidates illustrate the variety of techniques that can be adopted by those who campaign on non-ethnic-party labels. Together, these traditional-party candidates provide a baseline for making comparisons between candidates associated with an ethnic-party label and candidates who are not. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the similarities and differences between the Pachakutik candidates profiled in chapter 4 and the traditional candidates profiled here.
Revolution and Religion
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

Under nation-building efforts in the first half of the twentieth century, communal temples became targets of political and military appropriation, which shook the foundations of traditional communal religion in Rui’an and Wenzhou. Yet local religion continued to thrive. Protestant churches, the Catholic Church, traditional salvationist groups, and redemptive societies all grew rapidly, perhaps due in large part to the greater social uncertainty brought about by political turbulence and wars. Since its foundation in the region in the late 1920s, communist forces stayed close to local peasant society, including their religious communities. Before 1949, they both clashed and collaborated with religious groups, depending on the circumstances.
The Land Revolution and Religious Communities in the Early 1950s
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

The Communist government after 1949 did not have a systematic program to crack down on religion. Yet the sweeping land reform—Mao’s core revolutionary agenda—dealt a huge blow to religious communities. Land reform, however, did not impact all religious traditions in the same manner or to the same extent. Land seizures removed one of the main sources of livelihood for Buddhist and territorial temples, but salvationist groups and Christian churches, whose “ways of organizing actions” were less bound by locality, were hit less hard economically. The most significant consequence of land reform’s uneven effects on religious life may have been the dramatic expansion of indigenous salvationist groups during land reform, followed shortly thereafter by the swift downfall of the same groups. This marked a critical shift in the local religious landscape since the turn of the twentieth century.
Diversification and Unification
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

During the early Cultural Revolution, Christian churches ran into a second wave of repression, more violent than the Great Leap, yet with less severe consequences for the church. Indeed, the political chaos of the time, particularly the factional conflicts crippling the state’s management and oversight capabilities, dramatically opened up space for religious activities. Faced with the state’s intense hostility toward religion, Christian preachers adopted tactics to evade the attention of the state. These tactics ensured not just the survival of the church, but its rapid and dramatic territorial expansion, leading to a fundamental transformation in the institutions of Protestant Christianity in Wenzhou, with the establishment of regional networks and the extensive paidan system for sharing pastoral resources. The Cultural Revolution saw both diversification and unification in the church. There was competition between different churches, even as new collaborative networks started to reduce the importance of denominational lines.
Drunk Japan
Authors: West Mark D.
Published: April 2020

What does it mean to be drunk in Japan? This book provides a rich description of Japanese alcohol consumption, drinking culture, and intoxication distilled from a unique data set: thousands of published Japanese court opinions. The opinions bring to light fascinating patterns in what, where, and why people drink in Japan, but they also focus to a surprising extent on characteristics of individual litigants. Courts humanize people in the opinions in various ways, for instance, by dropping clues about their social status (occupation, wealth, gender, education, and the like) or by discussing in depth their particular histories with alcohol. The focus on individual people sometimes leads courts to ignore forensic evidence when defendants don’t fit their image of drunkenness, to rely on postarrest drinking tests to see how people handle their liquor, and to calculate prison sentences based on such factors as whether mothers promise to help their adult children abstain. The consistencies and contradictions that emerge from a deep reading of the cases reveal a comprehensive picture of alcohol in Japan and an entirely new vision of Japanese law.
Conclusion
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore
Published: April 2020

Chapter 9, the book’s conclusion, charts a path forward both theoretically and empirically. It shows how using a more complex model of policy feedback enables a better understanding of the conditions under which retrenchment is likely. This chapter makes the case that understanding organized combat between policy advocates and opponents is crucial to explaining policy change. It also shows how advocates and states can get climate policy back on track, reviewing more hopeful recent developments in state clean energy laws. For too long, a small set of interest groups has captured the regulatory process—the very mechanism that is supposed to serve and protect the public interest. They have used their power to imperil the health and well-being of all people on the planet. To address climate change, policy advocates need to win policy conflicts more often. Clean energy advocates must learn from their opponents’ success in retrenching policy.
Approaches to Measuring the Impact of Music Therapy and Music Activities on People Living With Dementia
Authors: Dowson Becky , McDermott Orii
Published: April 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to the evaluation of music activities and music therapy for people with dementia. We outline some of the main challenges and considerations involved in choosing or using outcome measures. An overview of common outcome measures used in current research, including those for behavioral and psychological symptoms, quality of life, physiological changes, cognitive function, and music-related behaviors, is provided. Two music-therapy case studies are presented as real-life examples of how to select clinically relevant measures. Clinicians have long argued that some clinically meaningful changes may not always be measurable. We propose that when insights obtained from high-quality qualitative and mixed methods studies are added to the evidence base of quantitative research, it will lead to a deeper understanding of the benefits that music can have in the lives of people living with dementia.
Music Interventions for Advanced Dementia
Authors: Mercadal-Brotons Melissa
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents a review of the scientific literature published in English and Spanish concerning the use of music and music therapy with people in the advanced stages of all types of dementia. The aim of this review was to identify the needs of this client group, areas addressed in music therapy and music interventions, specific techniques which appear to be the most appropriate and effective, and other methodological issues that have arisen when working with this population. Based on the results of this literature review, a list of criteria and recommendations is provided to guide music therapists in the selection of appropriate music-therapy interventions and to assist caregivers to make informed choices on how to use appropriate music-based interventions with clients in the late stages of dementia.
Therapeutic Music Interventions to Support People With Dementia Living at Home With Their Family Caregivers
Authors: Tamplin Jeanette , Clark Imogen N.
Published: April 2020

Music can be used therapeutically in home and community settings throughout the trajectory of dementia. Communal singing experiences offer opportunities for music participation and social engagement that are accessible and enjoyable for people with dementia at any stage of severity. They also provide a means of communication and facilitate relationships between people with dementia and their carers through shared and meaningful musical interactions. In the early stages after a diagnosis of dementia, supported opportunities to sing together, along with the associated prospects for peer support and social interaction, may enable family carers to care for loved ones at home for as long as possible. In the later stages of dementia, singing may be the only way for the person with dementia to communicate and connect with others. Music processing capacities can be retained until the severe stage and music can stimulate memories and self-awareness for the person with dementia. Supported songwriting can be therapeutic for both people with dementia and their caregivers in facilitating emotional expression and acknowledging and validating feelings. This chapter explores the range of music participation opportunities available to people living with dementia at home with their caregivers at various stages of the disease. We also outline the differences in groups facilitated by music therapists and community musicians and highlight ways that caregivers can use music therapeutically in the home environment.
The Cash-in-Advance Model—First Step
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

Introduces a nearly static version of the standard cash-in-advance constraint model with endogenous production using labor. The Lagrangian formulation is introduced, and the first-order conditions and multipliers are derived.
The Statistical Model
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter covers some of the basics of time series statistics as they relate to our model. An analytic solution to our model is derived with log preferences. Then the chapter discusses how to program up the model and compute sample statistic from model simulations. Finally it discusses Monte Carlo simulations to determine the sampling distributions for statistics from our model simulations.
Some History
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the results of historical studies of the empirical relationship between output growth, inflation and money growth. It seeks to relate these results to the quantitative implications of our model.
Liquidity Effects and Interest Rates
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter develops a version of the liquidity model which relies on cash-in-advance constraints for both households and firms. Monetary injections are show to raise employment and lower short-term interest rates, at least initially. A quantitative version of the model is developed and we discuss on to simulate the model on the computer. Finally we discuss how we can modify our model to make a role for quantitative easing by the central bank.
Taxes
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents an overview of the U.S. tax system focusing on individual and corporate taxation and how that relates to the taxation of capital and income. Some historical perspective is provided as well evidence on the cross-sectional implications of our tax system.
Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

We construct the Ramsey problem for our model. We use this to examine optimal monetary and fiscal policy.
Rebels in the Making
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

Rebels in the Making narrates and interprets secession in the fifteen slave states in 1860–1861. It is a political history informed by the socioeconomic structures of the South and the varying forms they took across the region. It explains how a small minority of Southern radicals exploited the hopes and fears of Southern whites over slavery after Lincoln’s election in November of 1860 to create and lead a revolutionary movement with broad support, especially in the Lower South. It reveals a divided South in which the commitment to secession was tied directly to the extent of slave ownership and the political influence of local planters. White fears over the future of slavery were at the center of the crisis, and the refusal of Republicans to sanction the expansion of slavery doomed efforts to reach a sectional compromise. In January 1861, six states in the Lower South joined South Carolina in leaving the Union, and delegates from the seceded states organized a Confederate government in February. Lincoln’s call for troops to uphold the Union after the Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter in April 1861 finally pushed the reluctant states of the Upper South to secede in defense of slavery and white supremacy.
Uneasy Rest the Masters
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

The maturation of the slave economy by the 1850s restricted opportunities for whites and provoked populist stirrings of discontent challenging planter rule. The cotton prosperity of the decade resulted in the pricing of good land and slaves beyond the reach of the bulk of the population, and the numbers of poor whites with neither land nor slaves rose to one-third of the free population. The color line blurred as poor whites were forced into competition with slave labor and miscegenation increased. Frustrated by shrinking opportunities, the sons of planters yearned to win glory and status as the South’s future leaders. To defend their jobs and white manhood, urban workers organized politically to protest the use of slave mechanics in the job market. Moral and economic opposition blocked efforts to widen slave ownership by lowering prices through reopening the African slave trade. The decade ended with new political groupings demanding greater political and economic power for non-slaveholders.
Deadlock and a Deepening Crisis
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

Congressional efforts to quell secession through a sectional compromise collapsed in December. As Northerners debated ways to deal with secession, President James Buchanan, a Democrat who had long sympathized with Southern grievances, lost credibility on both sides when he declared secession to be an unconstitutional act that he was powerless to put down. Following the departure of House members from the Lower South and South Carolina’s secession on December 20, a Senate committee proposed the Crittenden Compromise, a package of constitutional amendments guaranteeing the protection of slavery, including the recognition of slavery in all present and future territories south of the Missouri Compromise line of 36° 30'. Lincoln emphatically rejected the territorial feature on the expansion of slavery, and the Republicans backed him by scuttling the compromise. At the same time, the governors in the Lower South denounced the surprise move by Major Robert Anderson of his federal garrison from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in the Charleston harbor as a hostile act portending a new aggressive federal policy against secession. In what amounted to de facto secession, the governors ordered the seizure of federal forts and possessions in their states. War over Fort Sumter was averted when Buchanan and the South Carolina governor agreed to maintain the status quo in the wake of the firing on a poorly planned relief effort to resupply the fort.
Secessionist Surge
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

The states of the Lower or Cotton South seceded in January 1861 following the failure of the Crittenden Compromise and the seizure of federal property by their governors. Here, unlike in South Carolina, moderates initially mounted a strong opposition to immediate straight-out secession. Coalescing under the label of cooperationists, they hoped to delay secession while seeking redress for Southern grievances within the Union. Some called for a convention of all Southern states to present demands; others wanted a prior agreement to secede by blocs of states before any decisive steps were taken. Republican refusals to grant them any significant concessions destroyed any chances of their success. Led by upwardly mobile young planters and slaveholding lawyers, the immediate secessionists easily carried Mississippi and Florida, where slavery was still undergoing vigorous growth. Elsewhere, the contests for the secession conventions were quite close as older, established planters and non-slaveholders in the backcountry condemned secession as certain to provoke a war that would result in economic ruin and the end of slavery. In all the elections, support for secession was strongest where slavery was most dominant. Once their states seceded, the cooperationist delegates called for popular referendums on secession. When those calls were rejected, they joined the original secessionists in presenting a united front against the North.
The Upper South
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

The failure to gain the states of the Upper South when they held their secession elections in February 1861 was a major setback for the cause of secession. The seven states of the original Confederacy needed the manufacturing and white manpower of the Upper South, either to convince the North of the futility of military coercion or to be competitive should war break out. Both for its prestige and size, Virginia was the pivotal state that had to be won. As an institution, slavery was stagnant or declining across most of the Upper South, and levels of slave ownership and slaves in the population were roughly half of those in the Lower South. Secessionist appeals for the immediate need to leave the Union to protect slavery failed to gain any majority support. The conservative Whig Party was still very competitive and warned that the cotton Confederacy would push for free trade and the African slave trade, both of which would undermine the more diversified economies in the Upper South. Its leaders rallied non-slaveholders under the banner of conditional Unionism, a commitment to remain in the Union so long as concessions on slavery were granted and the North refrained from any military action against the states that had seceded. Aware of their distinctly minority status and the vulnerability of their slaves given the proximity of the free-labor Northern states, most of the slaveholders in the border slave states clung to the Union as the safest defender of their slave property.
Conclusion
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

Southern whites paid a terrible price in mangled bodies and lives lost in their bid to win independence and perpetuate slavery. On the defensive since the late eighteenth century when the Western world turned against slavery, they saw in Lincoln’s election, followed by his call for troops in April 1861, the realization of their worst fears. Duty, honor, and the protection of loved ones motivated them to fight for liberties that in their minds were inseparable from the ownership of slaves. Many non-slaveholders in the mountains and backcountry opposed the Confederacy by 1863 and slaves fled to Union armies wherever they could, but slaveholders fought on with ever greater desperation. As the losses mounted, whites came to understand the war as divine retribution for their sins and those of the nation.
Disenchantment with Democracy
Authors: Reykowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

The main theme of the book is the resurgence in the countries of liberal democracy, the political movements that express an approval for violence as a mean of attaining group goals. From ancient time, violence was a commonly accepted, dominant way of gaining wealth, prestige, and fame, as well as a means of social control and socialization of young generations. Human communities attempted to regulate and curtail violence, primarily in intragroup relations. A major change in attitude toward violence was brought about by the development of liberal culture and liberal institutions that saw individual freedom and individual rights as fundamental values. The role of violence was to be limited by two main institutions: the free market and liberal democracy, both of which regard individual freedom as a cardinal principle. However, they have both turned out to be fallible. Conflicts of interests, ideological or world views contradictions, and identity differences are sources of destructive conflicts that trigger various forms of violence: political, economic, symbolic, and physical. This book focuses on two issues. One refers to the psychological nature of the main conflicts and the question of whether those conflicts are intractable and must necessarily lead to destructive consequences. The other, concerns the imperfections of liberal institutions, which render them unable to perform sufficiently well one of their basic functions, that is, removing violence from the sphere of human relations. This analysis is carried out from a specific perspective, focusing on psychological sources and consequences of the phenomena discussed in the book.
Opposed Interests as a Source of Conflict*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

According to Realistic Conflict Theory, opposing claims to scarce resources such as wealth, prestige, and power generate antagonisms and initiate conflicts with potentially destructive consequences. However, the consequences of such opposed interests may differ depending on how people understand their own interests and how they interpret their conflict. The clash of interests is a certain form of interdependence between people that can be described in terms of the Dual Concern Model. The model implies that in conflicts people might take into consideration their own as well as the other party’s interests. Their behavior depends on their understanding of the conflict situation and the characteristics, which they attribute to the participants in the conflict. The dominant ideology may play a major role shaping peoples’ interpretation of the situation and preferences for strategies of conflict resolution.
Afterword
Authors: Freeman Margaret H.
Published: April 2020

Throughout this book, I have attempted to take up Archibald MacLeish’s challenge to show how poets can carry the world in all its complexities into the human mind, in enclosing boundless space in a square foot of paper, and in how deluge can pour from the inch space of the heart. By exploring the workings of the cognitive sciences in approaches to poetry and reevaluating the nature of aesthetics as basic to both the sciences and the arts, I hope to have shown how a poem may create an icon of felt reality. Answers to MacLeish’s questions lie in recognition of a world that, in its never-ending changes and transformations, provides ever new horizons for seekers of knowledge and wisdom. Art in all its forms takes a necessary place along with the sciences in the human expressions of aesthetic cognition by iconically understanding the being of an infinitely changing reality.
Maritime Interaction and Mediterranean Communities
Authors: Leidwanger Justin
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces the argument and background for the study, exploring Mediterranean connectivity through interaction across the sea. It reviews relevant motivators and logistics behind Roman maritime connections and situates these aspects within broader discussion and debate over Rome’s economic history. The dataset of shipwreck and port sites along the coasts of Turkey and Cyprus that forms the basis of analysis for the case study is introduced and contextualized alongside recent efforts to amass and analyze bulk data, with a particular focus on the challenges and opportunities of working with uneven evidence. A brief overview of the book’s structure is provided.