bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN CAPTURED WILD NORWAY RATS: III. PRODUCTION OF ADRENAL STEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Héroux O.
Published: December 2009

The in vitro adrenal steroid secretion of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured during the winter differed in quantity, but not in quality, from that of similar rats captured during the summer. Whereas there was no evident seasonal effect on adrenal weight either in males or in females, adrenals of both sexes secreted at a faster rate during the winter than during the summer, this increase involving the four groups of steroids characterized chromatographically during both seasons and in both sexes; the predominant steroid secreted was corticosterone. This seasonal adjustment in adrenal activity is similar to that observed in white rats kept in group cages exposed outdoors to the natural summer and winter environmental conditions, but it differs from that found in white rats cold-acclimated in the laboratory, in which adrenal activity is lower than normal after cold acclimation.
A GENERAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY: EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCIN A
Authors: Patrick S. J.
Published: December 2009

A general micromethod for the determination of transaminase activities in tissue homogenates is described. Hypoglycin A has been found to be a competitive inhibitor for various liver transaminases, the greatest inhibition being found with L-leucine transamination.
SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS BY TESTICULAR TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: Hall Peter F. , Nishizawa Edward E. , Eik-Nes Kristen B.
Published: December 2009

The fatty acids palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic have been isolated from rabbit testis and evidence for the synthesis of palmitic and stearic acids de novo from acetate-1-C14is presented. ICSH did not produce demonstrable stimulation of the synthesis of these acids in vitro although the hormone stimulated the production of testosterone-C14by the same tissue. Adrenal tissue was shown to contain palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, and ACTH did not increase the incorporation of acetate-1-C14into a fatty acid fraction extracted following incubation of adrenal tissue in the presence of this substrate. Fatty acid biosynthesis, therefore, is probably not influenced by the mechanisms by which tropic hormones increase steroid formation.
THE EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE CHROMIUM-51 CONTENT OF LIVER NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W.
Published: December 2009

When tracer amounts of sodium radiochromate were injected intraperitoneally into mice, X-irradiation (600 r) produced an increase in the Cr51content of the liver which was accompanied by an increase in the Cr51content of the liver proteins and nucleic acids. The liver proteins and nucleic acids from the X-irradiated mice both showed the greatest increase in Cr51content at 16 days but at 37 days the X-irradiated and non-irradiated values were fairly similar. It is suggested that the Cr51content of the liver or liver proteins can be used as an index of repair or recovery following injury by X-irradiation.
DETERMINATION BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF URINARY HOMOVANILLIC ACID IN NORMAL AND DISEASE STATES
Authors: Sankoff Irwin , Sourkes T. L.
Published: December 2009

A rapid method using thin-layer chromatography has been developed to measure urinary HVA (homovanillic acid). Ethyl acetate extracts of urine are chromatographed on glass plates coated with silica gel. The solvent used is the organic phase of benzene: acetic acid: water (2:3:1) mixture. The eluted HVA is treated with Folin's phenol reagent and absorbance is measured at 750 mμ in a spectrophotometer. Normal amounts of HVA in human urine are 8.23 ± 2.96 (mean ± standard deviation) mg/24 hours or 6.42 ± 2.28 mg/g of creatinine. Higher values were obtained in cases of ganglioneuroma and neuroblastoma, in a case of pheochromocytoma, and in one of two cases of hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). In three cases of Huntington's chorea, values lay in the normal range.
TRANSAMINATION IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS GLUTAMATE: A STUDY ON VITAMIN E DEFICIENT RABBITS, AND MICE WITH HEREDITARY DYSTROPHY
Authors: Laferté Roland O. , Rosenkrantz Harris , Berlinguet Louis
Published: December 2009

A study of transaminase enzymes in various tissues of different species was carried out. Rabbits were fed with a vitamin E deficient diet. Controls receiving vitamin E were maintained on the same diet. Animals were killed at intervals and the glutamic-aspartic transaminase (GOT) and the glutamic-alanine transaminase (GPT) levels were determined in the muscle, blood, and liver.Mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy and normal litter mates which served as controls were killed at different stages of the disease and GPT and GOT levels were also determined in the muscle, blood, and liver.Important variations between the two types of dystrophy were noticed. Variations in the levels of GPT and GOT were also significant in blood and liver of dystrophic rabbits.Exogenous glutamic acid was injected to vitamin E deprived rabbits. Body weight losses and the onset of the terminal stage of the disease were much postponed when compared to the vitamin E deprived rabbits which did not receive glutamic acid.A discussion of the possible role of glutamic acid in muscular dystrophy of vitamin E deprived rabbits is presented.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY IODINE ON THE UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE IODIDE BY THE RAT
Authors: Robinson G. A.
Published: December 2009

Sprague–Dawley rats were fed on diets ranging from 40 μg I/kg to 3885 μg I/kg. Single doses of iodide-131 were injected intraperitoneally into each of the rats. In vivo measurements of radioisotope levels were made at intervals for 11 to 15 days over the neck and thorax. Thyroidal I131 curves were obtained by using a fraction of the thoracic counts to correct for the extrathyroidal component of the neck counts. Animals on low-iodine diets concentrated I131 in their thyroids more rapidly and to greater peak values, had lower protein-bound iodine (I127) concentrations, and lower total thyroidal iodide (I127) content than did rats in the high-iodine groups. An attempt was made to compensate the thyroidal counts for the continuing decrease in the concentration of iodide-131 in the plasma. From this attempt was derived the "thyroidal index", a parameter which may be related to the rate of exchange of the total thyroidal iodine stores. Biological half-life values (I131 in thyroid gland) for the low-iodine groups were larger than those for the high-iodine animals. The hypothesis is advanced that, at least for the conditions reported here, the biological half-life does not adequately reflect thyroidal activity; exchange of iodine between the rat and its environment is considered to be the more important factor in controlling the numerical value of this parameter.
CONVERSION OF TYROSINE TO CATECHOLAMINES BY RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Iyer N. T. , McGeer P. L. , McGeer E. G.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented for the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA and the catecholamines by rat brain slices in vitro. Conversion is favored by ATP and TPNH and inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate. The conversion is very much less than that found under comparable conditions with rat adrenal medulla slices and also differs in that, in brain slices, there is a greater increase in DOPA than in dopamine or noradrenaline.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS L.: II. EMBDEN–MEYERHOF PATHWAY
Authors: Mehrotra K. N.
Published: December 2009

Evidence demonstrating the occurrence of some of the glycolytic enzymes in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L., has been obtained. The glycolytic pathway in mites appears to be similar to the Embden–Meyerhof type described for other organisms.The enzymes shown to be present in the mite are: phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The hexokinase and lactic dehydrogenase, if present, are in very low titre. The end products of glycolysis in the mites were shown to be α-glycerophosphate and pyruvate.
A COMPARISON OF HYDROLASE AND LYTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE JUICES OF THE GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL, ACHATINA FULICA, AND HELIX POMATIA
Authors: Thirlwell M. P. , Strasdine G. A. , Whitaker D. R.
Published: December 2009

Assays of hydrolase activity toward the following substrates gave specific activities for Achatina fulica digestive juice which were within ± 50% of those for Helix pomatia digestive juice: carboxymethyl cellulose, glycol chitin, laminarin, xylan, glycogen, a glucomannan, gentiobiose, cellobiose, maltose, p-nitrophenol-β-D-glucoside. The specific activities of Achatina digestive juice were substantially higher than those of Helix for hydrolase activity towards lichenin, lactose, trehalose, melibiose, and phenolphthalein-β-D-glucuronide and substantially lower for activity towards sucrose, turanose, and p-nitrophenol sulphate. At the same protein concentration, Achatina digestive juice had greater lytic activity towards Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Neurospora crassa than Helix digestive juice.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BETWEEN AQUEOUS AND NON-AQUEOUS PHASES
Authors: Demisch R. R. , Wright George F
Published: December 2009

When a series of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons is distributed between two solvent phases, hexane and aqueous monoethanolammonium desoxycholate, it is found that the greater is the carcinogenicity of the hydrocarbon toward the skin of the mouse, the higher is its solubility in the aqueous phase. The behavior suggests that the aqueous solubilization may depend upon a favorable geometry whereby salts of polynuclear acids like desoxycholic acids may include the hydrocarbon into their micellar ions. The differences in phase distribution have been utilized to effect partial separation by means of Craig countercurrent extraction.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL CELL LYSIS AND OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON CELLULOSE PRODUCTION BY ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Webb T. E. , Colvin J. Ross
Published: December 2009

The production of cellulose by lysozyme lysates of Acetobacter xylinum is similar to that of a suspension of whole cells, in contrast to the negative results obtained with previous "cell-free" preparations. The results of differential centrifugation of these lysates suggests that most of the enzymes required for cellulose synthesis from glucose normally are held by the cell envelope and are not located in the cytoplasm. However, a heat-stable cofactor(s) is present in the supernatant derived from the cell contents which may stimulate cellulose synthesis by the cell envelopes.The addition of extracts from a number of plant sources increased cellulose synthesis by whole cells of A. xylinum. In particular, the supernatant prepared by centrifugation of an homogenate of tomatoes increased bacterial cellulose production at pH 6 by a factor of 3. Both dialyzable and non-dialyzable substances in the extract are responsible. Fractionation of the non-dialyzable portion of the extract by column chromatography suggests that the overall increase is due to additive effects of several compounds. Here also the compounds appear to act upon the bacterial cell envelope.
A CONJUGATED FORM OF AMINOPEPTIDASE FROM AUTOLYZED EXTRACTS OF KIDNEY TISSUE
Authors: Matheson A. T. , Bjerre S. , Hanes C. S.
Published: December 2009

Peptidase-rich fractions were prepared from autolyzed extracts of pig kidney. These preparations showed many properties in common with leucine aminopeptidase but exhibited remarkable stability when subjected to vigorous emulsification with chloroform–octanol. By chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on Sephadex gel under appropriate conditions, it was demonstrated that the aminopeptidase in these preparations exists in a conjugated form which is dissociable into an enzymatically-active protein moiety and inactive fractions containing nucleic acid. The dissociated form of the enzyme is extremely labile and shows an A[280/260] ratio of 1.2. Starch gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme fraction shows several enzymatically-active protein bands and only traces of inactive protein. Preliminary evidence suggests that the aminopeptidase present in the supernatant fraction of non-autolyzed homogenates of kidney tissue exists also in a protected conjugated form.
STUDIES ON PLASMINOGEN: III. PURIFICATION OF BOVINE AND HUMAN PLASMINOGEN BY CONTINUOUS ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Mertz Edwin T. , Chan John Y. S.
Published: December 2009

Euglobulin from bovine plasma or outdated human blood plasma was freed of interfering impurities and applied to the anode side of the paper curtain of a Beckman Spinco CP electrophoresis apparatus in a cold room. Background buffer was at pH 3.5. The first and second leading fractions (cathode side) were combined and they contained plasminogen with approximately 10 times the specific esterolytic and caseinolytic activities of the original euglobulin. Cohn Fraction III can be substituted for human euglobulin. Additional purification can be obtained by phosphate precipitation of the curtain products. The specific esterolytic and caseinolytic activities of purified bovine and human plasminogen preparations, as well as their starch gel electrophoresis patterns, are reported and discussed.
GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID LEVELS IN THE BRAIN OF RATS EXPOSED TO OXYGEN AT HIGH PRESSURES
Authors: Wood J. D. , Watson W. J.
Published: December 2009

Rats were exposed to 100% oxygen at a pressure of 6 atmospheres absolute for 33 minutes. The surviving animals were assigned to one of three groups: (a) animals suffering severe convulsions during exposure, (b) animals suffering mild convulsions during exposure, (c) animals in which no convulsions were observed during exposure. The concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brains of rats in all groups was lower than in unexposed rats, reductions of 35%, 27%, and 19% in GABA concentration being observed in groups (a), (b), and (c) respectively. Only a few minutes' exposure to oxygen at high pressure was necessary to cause a significant decrease in GABA concentration. Exposure either to air at high pressure or to 100% oxygen at ambient pressure produced no reduction in GABA levels. Although the GABA concentration in the brain increased markedly within 1 hour after the end of the 33-minute exposure to oxygen at 6 atm pressure it was still somewhat below the levels found in unexposed animals. No significant change in GABA levels was observed during a further 2 hours of recovery time. In the case of rats exposed for only a short period of time, however, a complete return to normal was observed within the first hour. The levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and total α-amino acids in the brain were not altered by exposure to oxygen at high pressure.
PROTEINS IN FISH MUSCLE: 18. SEDIMENTATION PATTERNS OF MYOSIN-B EXTRACTS OF PRERIGOR COD MUSCLE
Authors: Dingle J. R. , Ellis D. G. , Hines J. A. , Lauder J. T.
Published: December 2009

Ultracentrifuge patterns (schlieren optics) of extracts of prerigor cod muscle, obtained by blending with 0.6 M salt solutions, showed only one major component together with a few very minor ones provided the concentration of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) derived from the muscle was greater than 1.5 × 10−4 M in the extract. At lower ATP concentrations, caused by its enzymic decay in aged extracts or by exhaustion of the muscle either by exercise or electric shock, peaks of heavier components appeared at the expense of the original lighter one. Ultracentrifugation of extracts at the higher ATP level prevented to some extent this change upon aging. Amino acid analyses showed that the sediment from this operation and also the residue from the original extraction had the composition of actin.
FORMATION OF STEROID HORMONES IN THE ADRENAL ADENOMA AND ADJACENT ADRENAL TISSUE OF A PATIENT WITH PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM
Authors: MacArthur Elizabeth , O'Donnell V. J.
Published: December 2009

The in vitro steroidogenic capacity of an adrenal adenoma and adjacent adrenal tissue of a patient with primary aldosteronism was studied. The adenoma slices elaborated into the incubation medium 7.07 μg/g tissue of cortisol (78.2%), corticosterone (7.6%), and aldosterone (14.2%), while the slices of adjacent adrenal gland released 19.88 μg/g tissue of cortisol (79.1%), corticosterone (14.9%), 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (3.9%), androstenedione (2.1%), and a trace of aldosterone. The steroid content of the adenoma and the adrenal slices after incubation was 4.22 and 3.19 μg/g tissue respectively. From the former, cortisol (51.1%), corticosterone (36.6%), and progesterone (12.4%) were isolated and from the latter cortisol (13.2%), corticosterone (56.1%), progesterone (17.2%), and androstenedione (13.5%). A sample of adrenal vein blood obtained prior to adrenalectomy exhibited a cortisol/corticosterone ratio of 2.45.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE AND ITS HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS
Authors: Davies R. O. , Kalow W.
Published: December 2009

Succinylcholine (succinyldicholine), a drug used to relax skeletal muscles, can be partially hydrolyzed to yield a mixture containing parent compound, succinyl-monocholine, choline, and succinic acid. Resolution of this mixture has been accomplished by paper chromatography. Thirty solvent systems were screened; ten separated all four compounds, while others achieved partial resolution. Kraut–Dragendorf and potassium iodoplatinate reagents were found to be useful to locate the compounds on the paper.
OCCURRENCE OF PARALBUMINEMIA IN MULE
Authors: Amin A. , Shamloo K. D.
Published: December 2009

One case of "double albuminemia" has been found among a total number of 70 mule sera tested. This condition was demonstrable by means of paper, agar gel, starch grain, and starch gel electrophoresis. Double albuminemia was shown to be present at pH's 8.6, 11.3, and 12.2. When tested immunochemically, however, these two albumins were alike, and were similar to normal mule serum albumin.
URINARY AND FECAL CONVERSION PRODUCTS OF 16-OXOESTRADIOL-17β-16-C14IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Ainsworth L. , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

16-Oxoestradiol-17β-16-C14was injected intravenously into non-laying hens and the urine and feces for succeeding days were collected separately. Estrogen extracts were prepared using enzymic hydrolysis. Analyses of the urinary phenolic fractions showed the presence of two major radioactive products and one minor radioactive product. The major products were identified as 16-oxoestradiol-17β and 16-epiestriol. The minor product was not identified, but it contained little if any radioactive estriol. The fecal phenolic fraction contained a radioactive material identified as 16-epiestriol. A summary of recoveries and distributions of the radioactivity is presented along with criteria for the radiochemical purities of the isolated steroids.
THE METABOLISM OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: I. ADRENAL STEROIDS AND THE SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSAMINE-6-PHOSPHATE
Authors: Foster T. S.
Published: December 2009

The transamidase which synthesizes glucosamine-6-phosphate was studied in liver and connective tissue of rats. Adrenalectomy was found to result in a significant reduction in enzyme activity in liver. Adrenal steroid therapy with individual corticoids did not restore the level of activity, and cortisone caused a further significant decrease.Neither adrenalectomy nor therapy with the adrenal steroids corticosterone or cortisone effected any significant change in the level of activity in connective tissue. However, in the case of three other steroids, deoxycorticosterone, hydrocortisone, or progesterone, which were tested individually, the level was significantly decreased. Treatment with Reichstein's substance S resulted in a significantly increased enzyme activity.
EFFECT OF AN ANTIBIOTIC ON LIPID FRACTIONS IN PLASMA AND EGG YOLK OF LAYING HENS
Authors: Lupien P. J. , Vandenheuvel F. A. , Hunsaker W. G. , Hatina G. V.
Published: December 2009

Supplementation of the basal ration of laying hens with 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01% neomycin sulphate did not produce any significant changes in the weight of the hens, their eggs, or egg yolks, nor did it alter egg production. Supplemental neomycin caused no significant changes in levels of plasma cholesterol. Plasma and yolk lipid levels varied considerably within as well as between groups of hens. Plasma squalene/plasma cholesterol and yolk squalene/yolk cholesterol ratios were approximately the same, indicating the presence of 250 times more cholesterol than squalene. Plasma squalene/yolk squalene and plasma cholesterol/yolk cholesterol ratios showed that both components were approximately 13 times more concentrated in the yolk than in the plasma. The variable plasma cholesterol levels for rats, rabbits, mice, human beings, as well as the laying hen, treated with neomycin, are suggestive of species differences in response.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND HISTAMINE AND SEROTONIN CONTENT OF GUINEA PIG LUNGS AS INFLUENCED BY MICROPARTICLES INHALATION
Authors: Robillard Eugène , Alarie Yves
Published: December 2009

In previous experiments, the inhalation of aluminum or iron oxide submicronic particles was shown to possess strong constricting properties, using the method of volume–pressure curves with atelectatic guinea pig lung. The constricting effect of aluminum was prevented by cyproheptadine, an antihistaminic and antiserotonin substance. In the present experiments, determinations of serotonin and histamine in dust-treated lungs were undertaken; the content of serotonin and of histamine was found to be increased after aluminum and after iron oxide particle inhalation respectively. Serotonin and histamine given as aerosols to guinea pigs reproduced the characteristic volume–pressure curves obtained after aluminum or iron oxide microparticle inhalation, respectively.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY, DIHYDROERGOTAMINE, AND DIBENZYLINE ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RATS TO TOLBUTAMIDE
Authors: Hawkins Rosemary D. , Haist R. E.
Published: December 2009

In the rat, the magnitude of the hypoglycaemic response to a dose of tolbutamide (50 mg/kg per os) which does not depress blood glucose levels to the point where adrenal compensatory mechanisms are stimulated is unaffected by adrenalectomy. On the other hand, when a dose is given which induces a greater hypoglycaemia (100 mg/kg per os) a very significant difference between adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals is observed, the adrenalectomized rats displaying a far greater sensitivity to the hypoglycaemic action of this compound. In intact rats, the hypoglycaemia induced by tolbutamide (100 mg/kg per os) is lessened by pretreatment of the animals with Dibenzyline (4 mg/kg) but enhanced by the prior injection of dihydroergotamine (2 mg/kg). Larger doses of dihydroergotamine alone cause a reduction in glucose levels of tail blood which is greater than that found in carotid blood samples withdrawn at the same times.
CYTOPLASMIC INHIBITOR OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I FROM RAT LIVER TISSUE
Authors: Loiselle J.-M. , Carrier R.
Published: December 2009

A cytoplasmic inhibitor has been found effective against the mitochondrial deoxyribonuclease I from rat liver tissue. This inhibitor is similar in properties to most DNAase inhibitors reported so far in the literature. Attempts at identification have led to the conclusion that this inhibitor is a β-globulin. It is a non competitive inhibitor.
FUNCTION OF Ac-GLOBULIN AND LIPID IN BLOOD CLOTTING
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Cole Edmond R. , Aoki Nobuo
Published: December 2009

In this kinetic study of prothrombin activation prothrombin, thrombin, autoprothrombin C, autoprothrombin I, and Ac-globulin were used in purified form. The lipids used were protein-free sedimentable brain thromboplastin and crude "cephalin". Ac-globulin changed the substrate specificity of autoprothrombin C so that the latter really functions quite as another enzyme designated autoprothrombin C-AcG. The enzyme specificity of thrombin was also changed with Ac-globulin. The modified enzyme is designated thrombin-AcG. The two enzymes from prothrombin function in autocatalysis, and Ac-globulin is a co-autocatalyst. Thrombin-AcG is relatively a weaker enzyme than autoprothrombin C-AcG. With brain thromboplastin and Ac-globulin the two activation products are thrombin and autoprothrombin C. If the two procoagulants, brain thromboplastin and Ac-globulin, are in low concentration, autoprothrombin I compensates for the deficiency. In a typical prothrombin activation the microgram proportions of prothrombin, Ac-globulin, brain thromboplastin, and autoprothrombin I were respectively 500:26:20:400. Generally, lipid is present in lowest concentration and functions nonspecifically. Each lipid, such as brain thromboplastin, platelet factor 3, and crude cephalin, has its own peculiarities. The function of the lipids is in terms of the enzymes that originate from prothrombin itself. As soon as autoprothrombin C-AcG was constituted the full activity was there and was maintained. By contrast, when thrombin-AcG was constituted activity was there at once, tended to increase, and then subsided. Thrombin tends to activate Ac-globulin. The activity measured as Ac-globulin activity is nothing else than accelerated thrombin and (or) autoprothrombin C activity. When thrombin-AcG was used for activating prothrombin to thrombin there was no autoprothrombin C. Instead, there was another activation product called autoprothrombin III. This was isolated as a single component.
COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF THE MILK OF THE GREY (ATLANTIC) SEAL
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D.
Published: December 2009

A gas–liquid chromatographic examination of the component fatty acids of the milk of the grey (Atlantic) seal confirms previous findings that in general composition the milk fats of marine mammals resemble the depot fat. An empirical correction system is suggested for argon ionization detectors.
THE EFFECT OF SIALIDASE ON PIG TRANSFERRINS
Authors: Kristjansson F. K. , Cipera J. D.
Published: December 2009

1. Sialidase digestion resulted in a decreased electrophoretic mobility of pig transferrins without destroying their ability to bind iron.2. The decrease in electrophoretic mobility occurred in two distinct steps.3. The migration rates of the final sialidase digestion products of TfA and TfB suggest that the difference in mobilities of TfA and TfB is not due to a difference in the amount of sialic acid which each contains.4. The mobility differences between the three zones observed for both TfA and TfB under high voltage Tris–citrate gel analyses do not appear to be due to the amount of sialic acid possessed by each.
THE ROLE OF SODIUM IONS IN THE METABOLISM OF ACETYLCHOLINE
Authors: Birks R. I.
Published: December 2009

The importance of sodium ions both to the synthesis and to the release of acetylcholine in nerve terminals is demonstrated.
THE RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE FROM A SYMPATHETIC GANGLION BY CARBACHOL: RELATIONSHIP TO THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
Authors: McKinstry D. N. , Koenig E. , Koelle W. A. , Koelle G. B.
Published: December 2009

The action of carbachol in causing the release of acetylcholine from a sympathetic ganglion is described. The possible functional significance of the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase in non-cholinergic structures and the question of the importance of acetylcholine in all synaptic transmission processes are discussed.
ACETYLCHOLINE AS A CENTRAL TRANSMITTER
Authors: Curtis David R.
Published: December 2009

A comparison is drawn between the effects produced by acetylcholine electrophoretically applied to Renshaw cells of the spinal cord and to thalamic and other neurones.
CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION AND ACETYLCHOLINE OUTPUT
Authors: Paton W. D. M.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented refuting the possibility that pyruvylcholine might be a transmitter in cholinergic transmission processes.The physiology and pharmacology of acetylcholine release is discussed, with special reference to recent work.Experiments on the output of acetylcholine from electrically stimulated ileum preparations are described. It is suggested that two output mechanisms may exist: one important at low firing rates, which yields a constant output of transmitter per unit time and is morphine-sensitive; the other brought in at higher frequencies of excitation, which yields a more nearly constant volley output, and is morphine-resistant.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING ACUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL FAILURE IN THE RAT: II. THE BEHAVIOR OF ADENINE AND PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES OF THE LIVER DURING SHOCK
Authors: Loiselle Jean-Marie , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

The acute hypoxia, caused by severe blood loss, gives rise to the rapid breakdown of glycogen in the liver and concurrent increase in the concentration of ATP in the mitochondria. The increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) continues until the onset of the reversible phase of shock. The glycogen reserve approaches depletion during the late reversible phase. Simultaneously, the generation of ATP in the mitochondria ceases and the concentration begins to fall. It would appear that at this time the adenylate kinase mechanism in the mitochondrial membrane comes into play to convert the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). As the condition becomes irreversible the residual ATP and phosphorylated intermediates of the Embden–Meyerhof system undergo rapid hydrolysis with liberation of AMP and inorganic phosphate in the cytoplasm.The concentration of the pyridine nucleotides undergoes no change in any of the liver cell components until the onset of the irreversible phase of failure. Thereafter, these nucleotides undergo a progressive conversion to the reduced form.
A STUDY OF BLOOD α-KETO-ACIDS IN LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Smith M. B.
Published: December 2009

A study of blood concentration of α-ketoglutaric, pyruvic, and total "branch chain" keto acids in infectious hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and obstructive jaundice is reported. The concentration of α-ketoglutarate was often abnormal, but the total "branch chain" keto acid concentration was only raised in two cases, and that of pyruvic acid in one case out of 15. The significance of the results is discussed.
ACETATE INCORPORATION INTO CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS BY LIVER SLICES FROM RATS FED COMMERCIAL OR SEMISYNTHETIC DIETS: THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FATS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

Liver slices from rats fed a commercial diet incorporated more acetate-1-C14 into cholesterol than did slices from rats fed semisynthetic diets. The stimulatory effect of the commercial diet was due in part to a saponifiable component of the ether-soluble portion of the diet, possibly linoleic acid; and in part to the ether-insoluble portion of the diet. Dietary fats stimulated acetate incorporation into cholesterol more when mixed with the ether-insoluble portion of commercial diet than when mixed with semisynthetic diet. With either diet, unsaturated fats stimulated incorporation more than saturated fats. The rate-limiting step in these experiments was prior to mevalonic acid in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Acetate incorporation into fatty acids was little affected by the nature of the dietary fat or the diet in which it was fed.
POTENTIATION OF GLUCURONIDASE HYDROLYSIS OF SODIUM PREGNANEDIOL GLUCURONIDATE
Authors: Cohen Saul L.
Published: December 2009

It has been observed that after long standing a reduction occurs in the activity of glucuronidase preparations of mammalian origin (e.g. Ketodase) on sodium pregnanediol glucuronidate (NaPG), either as a pure solution or in urine. This deterioration is characterized by increases in the optimum pH and in the amount of enzyme required to yield a complete hydrolysis of the NaPG. The fact that complete enzyme activity on pure NaPG solutions is restored by the addition of propylene glycol suggests that this deterioration might involve some glucuronyl transfer mechanism. Propylene glycol increases the activity of enzyme on pure NaPG solution by a factor of 6–15, reducing the amount of enzyme required to give a 95% hydrolysis in 4 hours from about 150 units/ml to 10 units/ml or by reducing the time required for 10 units/ml of enzyme to effect this hydrolysis from 24 to 4 hours. The presence of inhibitors in urine reduces this factor to 2, thus it requires half as much enzyme to effect a 95% or complete hydrolysis of the NaPG of urine in the presence of propylene glycol as in its absence. About two-thirds of the inhibitors toward the Ketodase hydrolysis of the NaPG in urine can be removed by simple (NH4)2SO4precipitation and extraction techniques. Thus 25 units/ml urine equivalent are capable of giving a complete hydrolysis of the NaPG in such extracts in the presence of propylene glycol, compared to 150 units/ml for the original urine under similar circumstances or 300–600 units/ml in the absence of propylene glycol.
EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCIN A ON THE METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS BY LIVER SLICES
Authors: Patrick S. J. , Stewart L. C.
Published: December 2009

The effects of hypoglycin A on the metabolism of L-leucine-C14, L-alanine-C14, and L-glutamic-acid-C14by rat liver slices have been investigated. Hypoglycin exerted markedly inhibitory effects on the conversion of leucine-C14to fatty acid, cholesterol, and CO2. Conversion of alanine-C14and glutamic acid-C14to fatty acids was also inhibited by hypoglycin. No effects of hypoglycin on the conversion of C14-amino acids into protein or glycogen were demonstrated.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS WITH CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XX. THE METABOLISM OF PROPIONIC ACID
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Finlayson A. J.
Published: December 2009

The metabolism of propionic acid by maturing wheat plants was investigated by use of the radioactive tracers propionate-1-C14, -2-C14, and -3-C14. Carbon 2 of propionate was most extensively incorporated into kernel components and yielded kernel protein of high specific activity, glutamic acid being particularly radioactive. Carbon 3 was also preferentially incorporated into glutamic acid but was not as efficient in this regard as was carbon 2. Carbon 1 of propionate was extensively respired as carbon dioxide. It did not label glutamic acid extensively. Partial degradation of glutamic acid from kernel protein hydrolyzates showed that carbon 1 of propionate labelled carbon 1 of glutamate more than it did other glutamate carbons. Carbon 2 of propionate preferentially labelled carbon 4 of glutamate and carbon 3 preferentially labelled carbon 5 of glutamate. Similar data were obtained by examining the carbon-14 distribution in free glutamic acid obtained from wheat seedlings labelled with radioactive propionate-1-C14, -2-C14, and -3-C14.The results are interpreted as evidence that propionate is degraded by conversion of carbon 1 to carbon dioxide and by utilization of carbons 2 and 3 as acetate, with carbon 3 behaving as the carboxyl carbon of acetate. They accord with views on the mode of propionate metabolism derived from studies with plant tissue slices.
SOME FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS ON HIGH VOLTAGE PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS (H.V.P.E.) APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES
Authors: Pasieka Arthur E.
Published: December 2009

Two major improvements on a high voltage paper electrophoresis apparatus are described. Special tinned brass radiator plates have been very effective for cooling the system. Multichambered electrolyte vessels have facilitated the separation of various biological mixtures at several pH's in a single run at room temperature.
THE DETERMINATION OF NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHORUS WITH A STANNOUS CHLORIDE - HYDRAZINE SULPHATE REAGENT
Authors: Hurst R. O.
Published: December 2009

Stabilization of stannous chloride as reducing agent for the analysis of phosphorus by the molybdenum blue method has been achieved by combining it with hydrazine sulphate. Application of the procedure to the determination of inorganic and nucleotide phosphorus is described. Colorimetric measurement of light absorption is made at 700 mμ, permitting a highly sensitive and accurate estimation of phosphorus.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT AND PROTEIN LEVELS UPON THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE CHICK
Authors: March B. E. , Biely Jacob
Published: December 2009

The effects on thyroid activity of dietary protein level and of dietary fat level were studied. Diets containing 18 and 26% of protein were fed with and without 8% of supplementary fat. Thyroid weights and thyroidal uptake of I131 of chicks fed the diets were determined. The chicks fed the higher dietary protein level had consistently greater thyroid weights. The effect of supplementary fat on thyroid weight was variable. Total thyroidal uptake of I131 in chicks fed the fat-supplemented diets was greater when the diets contained 26% of protein. With the low-fat diets, protein level did not significantly affect uptake of I131. Supplementary fat decreased I131 uptake in chicks fed the low-protein diet and increased I131 uptake in chicks fed the high-protein diet. Thus, although it is evident that diet affects thyroid activity, conclusions regarding the effect of diet will depend upon the parameter used as a measure of thyroid activity.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND AMINO ACID BALANCE UPON THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE CHICK
Authors: March B. E. , Biely Jacob , Pastro K. R.
Published: December 2009

Chicks fed diets containing 26% of protein had larger thyroid glands than did chicks fed diets containing 17.5% of protein. Thyroidal uptake of I131per chick was also greater in the chicks fed the higher level of protein. The basal diets were deficient in methionine. Supplementation of the diets with lysine, which would aggravate the amino acid imbalance, significantly depressed thyroidal uptake of I131per chick. It is concluded that the amino acid composition of dietary protein, as well as the protein level in the diet, affects thyroid activity in the chick.
EFFECT OF ESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE ON THE FATTY ACIDS OF PLASMA CHOLESTERYL ESTERS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN THE CASTRATED RAT
Authors: Lyman R. L. , Shannon Angela , Ostwald Rosemarie , Miljanich P.
Published: December 2009

The effects of physiological doses of estradiol and testosterone on plasma cholesteryl ester and phospholipid fatty acid composition were investigated in castrated male rats. The animals were killed after 3 weeks on experiment, and their plasma cholesteryl esters and phospholipids were analyzed and compared with those of intact female and male rats.Estradiol appeared to be responsible for the increased proportion of plasma cholesteryl arachidonate seen in the female or estrogen-injected rats since the proportion of cholesteryl arachidonate in castrated control rats was lower and similar to that of male or testosterone-treated rats. Plasma phospholipids of female and estradiol-injected rats had a higher percentage of stearic acid relative to palmitic acid. On the other hand, male, castrated control and testosterone-treated rats had higher proportions of palmitic acid. Fractionation of the plasma phospholipids into cephalins, lecithins, sphingomyelins, and lysolecithins, and analyses of their fatty acids, revealed that a principal effect of estradiol was to increase proportions and amounts of stearic and arachidonic acids in the lecithin fraction.The results suggest that estradiol may influence the synthesis of a lecithin rich in stearic and arachidonic acid. A possible relationship between the arachidonic-acid-rich lecithin and the higher percentage of cholesteryl arachidonate in estradiol-treated rats is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF FORTIFICATION OF PROCESSED SOYA FLOUR WITHdl-METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOGUE ORdl-METHIONINE ON THE DIGESTIBILITY, BIOLOGICAL VALUE, AND NET PROTEIN UTILIZATION OF THE PROTEINS AS STUDIED IN CHILDREN
Authors: Parthasarathy H. N. , Doraiswamy T. R. , Panemangalore Myna , Rao M. Narayana , Chandrasekhar B. S. , Swaminathan M. , Sreenivasan A. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: December 2009

The true digestibility coefficient, biological value, and net available protein of diets based on processed soya flour supplemented with dl-methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) or dl-methionine (at a level of 1.2 g/16 g N) have been determined in children aged 8–9 years. The mean daily intake of protein by the children on the different diets was maintained at a level of about 1.2 g/kg body weight. Supplementation of soya flour with dl-methionine brought about a marked increase in the biological value and net protein utilization of the proteins. MHA was, however, slightly less effective than dl-methionine in this respect. The biological value and net protein utilization of the different proteins were as follows: soya flour, 63.5 and 53.3; soya flour + MHA, 71.5 and 61.4; soya flour + methionine, 74.9 and 64.7; and skim milk powder, 82.6 and 72.0.
FRACTIONATION AND DISSOCIATION OF THE AVIAN LIPOVITELLINS AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH PHOSVITIN
Authors: Radomski M. W. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

Phosvitin and lipovitellin, the granule proteins of hen's egg yolk, were clearly separated by gradient elution on Dowex-1 columns. No phosvitin could be detected in the lipovitellin fraction but the first eluates of the phosvitin fraction contained lipovitellin of high protein phosphorus content. These initial eluates contained only two components sedimenting at rates slightly higher than dimer and monomer lipovitellin. As the lipovitellin monomer does not ordinarily occur in neutral solvents, the slower sedimenting material is either a new component or the monomer stabilized through interaction with phosvitin.Gradient elution chromatography of the total lipovitellins on hydroxyapatite showed that β-lipovitellin was completely eluted by 0.6 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 and appeared to be homogeneous. However, α-lipovitellin was heterogeneous: it was eluted over a concentration range of 0.7 to 1.4 M and the protein phosphorus content and dissociative behavior of successive fractions showed a progressive change with increasing ionic strength. Superimposed on this general heterogeneity of α-lipovitellin, there was consistent evidence of two poorly defined components, and three when the α-fraction was rechromatographed. Following dissociation and reassociation, there was no evidence of hybridization between monomers of α- and β-lipovitellin. Changes in the chromatographic patterns of α-lipovitellin following dissociation may indicate hybridization of different α-monomers, but these could also arise from structural changes in the monomers.
LIPIDS OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Kates M. , Adams G. A. , Martin S. M.
Published: December 2009

Cells of Serratia marcescens, whether pigmented or unpigmented, contained 10–11% of methanol–chloroform extractable lipids (dry weight basis) and < 1% of bound lipids. The extractable lipids contained 34–43% phosphatides, 3–11% unsaponifiable material, and 2–5% free fatty acid. The phosphatides contained high proportions of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and smaller amounts of phosphatidyl serine, polyglycerol phosphatides, phosphatidyl glycerol, and an unidentified ninhydrin-positive phosphatide probably associated with ornithine and other amino acids found in the lipid hydrolyzate.The fatty acids were found to consist largely of palmitic, C17- and C19-cyclopropane and C16- and C18-monoenoic acids. The proportions of monoenoic and cyclopropane acids were found to vary greatly with the age of the cultures; in the early stages of growth, regardless of pigmentation, low amounts of cyclopropane acids and high amounts of monoenoic acid were present, the latter being converted almost completely to cyclopropane acids during the active growth phase.The lipids associated with extracellular lipopolysaccharide material were similar in composition to the cellular lipids.
THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF RAT-LIVER β-GLUCURONIDASE
Authors: Gianetto R.
Published: December 2009

The intracellular distribution of rat-liver β-glucuronidase was studied in the presence of various substrates, namely, phenolphthalein β-glucuronide, p-chlorophenyl β-glucuronide and phenyl β-glucuronide. The pattern of distribution of the enzyme was essentially the same in the presence of the different substrates.
PREPARATION OF PREPHENIC ACID AND ITS CONVERSION TO PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE BY PLANT ENZYMES
Authors: Gamborg O. L. , Simpson F. J.
Published: December 2009

Enzymes from mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) convert prephenic acid to phenylalanine and tyrosine. In addition to glutamate NADP was required for the production of tyrosine but no cofactor appeared necessary for the formation of phenylalanine. Prephenic acid was produced by growing the auxotroph, Escherichia coli, 58-278, in 20 liters of medium in fermenters at 30 °C. From 275 to 325 mg of prephenic acid was obtained per liter. The culture nitrates were concentrated, and the prephenic acid adsorbed and eluted from Dowex 1 resin and charcoal before being recovered in 40–50% yield as the crystalline barium salt.
THE METABOLISM OF ANTIGEN IN VIVO: II. AZOPROTEIN
Authors: Larose A. , Rose B. , Richter M.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were carried out to detect precipitating or non-precipitating antigenic fragments in the serum or spleen of rabbits given a single intravenous injection of arsanil azo – human gamma-globulin. The results, using a number of different methods for the detection of antibody (double diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, inhibition of hemagglutination by serum fractions obtained by elution of paper electropherograms of the antiserum), failed to provide any evidence for the presence of antigenic fragments either in the circulation or in the spleen of the experimental animal.
THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS AND THE ROLE OF INSULIN IN GLUCOSE TRANSPORT
Authors: Henderson Margaret J.
Published: December 2009

This presentation has been restricted to the role of insulin in glucose transport in muscle cells and deals mainly with experiments using the perfused rat heart. The several possible means for glucose transfer into cells, diffusion, pores, pinocytosis, carriers, and dimerization, have been discussed; and arguments in favor of the carrier theory, namely, specificity, kinetics, inhibition, competition, and counterflow, have been elaborated. Glucose uptake has been considered to consist of three sequential steps: (1) passage of glucose from within the capillary to the cell surface, (2) transport across the cell membrane, and (3) metabolism of glucose within the cell. The first is considered to take place by diffusion and not to be significantly limiting under normal conditions, nor to be influenced by insulin. Transport across the cell membrane is thought to be mainly under the control of insulin and is the major rate-limiting step in glucose uptake when the extracellular glucose levels are in the normal range. Metabolism of glucose within the cell is the major rate-limiting step in glucose uptake when intracellular glucose concentration is so high that its phosphorylation is near saturation.
CELLULAR TRANSPORT OF LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Evans John R.
Published: December 2009

Cellular transport of long chain nonesterified fatty acids involves transfer of fatty acids between extracellular binding sites on albumin and tissue binding sites on cell membranes and organelles. Tissue phospholipids and lower glycerides do not serve as primary acceptors for fatty acid entering the cell. Evidence for an energy-dependent transport process is lacking; however, alterations in active cellular metabolism which influence utilization of fatty acids may indirectly affect transport by changing the rate of clearance of fatty acids from tissue binding sites. Release of nonesterified fatty acids from adipose tissue, and uptake by heart muscle and other tissues are influenced by fatty acid concentration and the molar ratio of fatty acid to albumin in extracellular fluid, and probably as well by the capacity and turnover rate of binding sites for fatty acid within the cells. The relationship between transport and molecular structure of fatty acids may be attributed to differences in solubility, protein binding, and rate of intracellular utilization of fatty acids of different chain length and degree of unsaturation. Removal of circulating triglyceride appears to be influenced by lipoprotein lipase activity of peripheral tissues but may be limited by the capacity of the tissue to accept the component fatty acids.