bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concise Synthesis and Facile Nanotube Assembly of a Symmetrically Multifunctionalized Cycloparaphenylene
Authors: Miyauchi Yuta , Johmoto Kohei , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Uekusa Hidehiro , Fujii Shintaro , Kiguchi Manabu , Ito Hideto , Itami Kenichiro , Tanaka Ken
Published: November 2015

The concise synthesis of C3‐symmetrical [12]CPP‐hexacarboxylate has been achieved through macrocyclization by the rhodium‐catalyzed intermolecular cross‐cyclotrimerization and subsequent reductive aromatization. C3‐Symmetrical functionalization of CPP with highly polar alkoxycarbonyl groups enabled the structurally uniform nanotube assembly in the crystalline state through multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions giving a dimer followed by one‐dimensional stacking.
Understanding supersaturation‐dependent crystal growth of L‐alanine in aqueous solution
Authors: Tan Wenhui , Yang Xiangyu , Duan Xuezhi , Zhang Xiangyang , Qian Gang , Zhou Xinggui
Published: November 2015

The dependence of crystal growth rate of L‐alanine on solution supersaturation was investigated by combining experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The experimental results show that lower supersaturated solution yields more elongated L‐alanine crystals along the c‐axis, i.e., the aspect ratio (c/b) of the crystal decreases with the increase of solution supersaturation, which is due to the higher supersaturation inducing a rise in the relative growth rate between the main side surface (the (120) surface) and the main end surface (the (011) surface). MD simulations on the two surfaces in contact with different supersaturated solutions revealed that the solute molecules tend to be more efficiently attached to the (011) surface than to the (120) surface at both supersaturations studied, as the interaction between the solute molecules and the L‐alanine molecules in the first layer of the (011) surface is stronger than that of the (120) surface. However, higher supersaturation leads to larger relative interaction energy between the (120) and (011) surfaces, suggesting an increase in the relative growth rate of the two surfaces (R(120)/R(011)) with supersaturation, which is in agreement with the experimental results.
Palladium‐Catalysed Synthesis of α‐(Trifluoromethyl)styrenes by Means of Directed C–H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Zhao Qun , Besset Tatiana , Poisson Thomas , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: November 2015

We report the first introduction of 2‐bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (BTP) by directed C–H bond functionalization. The developed method gives straightforward access to α‐(trifluoromethyl)styrene derivatives without prior prefunctionalization of the substrates. This palladium‐catalysed transformation was applied to a broad range of substrates, and the corresponding trifluoromethylated products were obtained in good yields. This approach represents an alternative pathway to the classical method previously used to access such molecules.
Introduction to Measuring Co‐Curricular Learning
Authors: Suskie Linda
Published: November 2015

This chapter frames the discussion regarding the importance of measuring co‐curricular learning and the role of the IR office.
The Role of the IR Office: Collaborating Across the Institution
Authors: Kroc Rick
Published: November 2015

This chapter describes a framework to guide collaboration between institutional research and other campus offices. Three examples are then provided to illustrate how the framework was applied successfully to actual projects.
Taxonomic characterization and the bio‐potential of bacteria isolated from glacier ice cores in the High Arctic
Authors: Singh Purnima , Singh Shiv Mohan , Roy Utpal
Published: November 2015

Glacier ice and firn cores have ecological and biotechnological importance. The present study is aimed at characterizing bacteria in crustal ice cores from Svalbard, the Arctic. Counts of viable isolates ranged from 10 to 7000 CFU/ml (mean 803 CFU/ml) while the total bacterial numbers ranged from 7.20 × 104 to 2.59 × 107 cells ml−1 (mean 3.12 × 106 cells ml−1). Based on 16S rDNA sequence data, the identified species belonged to seven species, namely Bacillus barbaricus, Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas syncyanea, Sphingomonas dokdonensis, and Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae, with a sequence similarity ranging between 93.5 and 99.9% with taxa present in the database. The isolates exhibited unique phenotypic properties, and three isolates (MLB‐2, MLB‐5, and MLB‐9) are novel species, yet to be described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on characterization of cultured bacterial communities from Svalbard ice cores. We conclude that high lipase, protease, cellulase, amylase, and urease activities expressed by most of the isolates provide a clue to the potential industrial applications of these organisms. These microbes, producing cold‐adapted enzymes may provide an opportunity for biotechnological research.
A calibration facility for automatic weather stations
Authors: Lopardo G. , Bellagarda S. , Bertiglia F. , Merlone A. , Roggero G. , Jandric N.
Published: November 2015

Environmental monitoring by automatic weather stations (AWSs) is growing as a result of the increasing number and reliability of surface observations. In order to ensure data traceability and obtain more comprehensive data on the performance of AWSs, a new transportable calibration facility was manufactured at the Italian Institute of Metrology (INRiM) in the framework of the project MeteoMet. The facility is equipped with temperature and pressure reference sensors directly traceable to the International System of Units (SI) to obtain meteorological data with well‐documented calibration uncertainty.

In this calibration system, temperature and pressure can be controlled simultaneously and independently so that all combinations over the ranges are possible. The nominal ranges are: absolute pressure 50 to 110 kPa and temperature −25 to 50 °C. The availability of a large range of atmospheric variability and the possibility of studying the mutual influence effects on sensors response are important characteristics of the facility.

This apparatus is also designed to permit a control in humidity, in order to complete the characterization of the whole AWS pressure–temperature–humidity modulus. As a matter of fact, the final version of the facility will be equipped with a humidity generator for hygrometer calibrations.

Finally, the calibration system is designed to be transportable, therefore allowing the calibration of AWSs located at sites that are difficult to access such as Ny‐Ålesund (Svalbard) stations, where the facility was employed.

The design and the technical characteristics are reported in this paper.
Radially symmetric convex solutions for Dirichlet problems of Monge‐Ampère equations
Authors: Liang Zaitao , Chu Jifeng
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we study the existence of radially symmetric convex solutions for Dirichlet problems of Monge‐Ampère equations. By applying a well‐known fixed point theorem in cones, we shall establish several new criteria for the existence of nontrivial radially symmetric convex solutions for the systems of Monge‐Ampère equations with or without an eigenvalue parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudospectra localizations and their applications
Authors: Kostić V. R. , Cvetković Lj. , Cvetković D. Lj.
Published: November 2015

Usefulness of spectral localizations in analysis of various matrix properties, such as stability of dynamical systems, has led us to derive a pseudospectra localization technique using the ideas that come from diagonally dominant matrices. In such way, many theoretical and practical applications of pseudospectra (robust stability, transient behavior, nonnormal dynamics, etc.) can be linked with specific relationships between matrix entries. This allows one to understand certain phenomena that occur in practice better, as we show for the realistic model of soil energetic food web. The novelty of the presented results, therefore, lies not only in new mathematical formulations but also in the conceptual sense because it links stability with empirical data and their uncertainty limitations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent optical, spectral, and thermal characteristics of InGaN/GaN near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Lee Soo Hyun , Guan Xiang‐Yu , Jeon Soo‐Kun , Yu Jae Su
Published: November 2015

The temperature‐dependent device characteristics of InGaN/GaN near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes, operating at λ ∼380 nm, with a chip size of 0.5 × 1 mm2 were reported. Their optical and spectral properties were measured and analyzed at different injection current levels and heatsink temperatures. The device performance showed the optical output power of 92.8 mW, forward voltage of 4.30 V, and emission peak wavelength of 380 nm at 350 mA and 298 K. The junction temperature (Tj) was experimentally estimated via the forward voltage method, leading to a thermal resistance of ∼10.03 K W−1. For comparison with the simulated Tj, the three‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer simulation based on the finite element method was also carried out.
Identifying similarities and differences between analogous bisdithiolene and bisdiselenolene complexes: A computational study
Authors: Bushnell Eric A. C. , Boyd Russell J.
Published: November 2015

Due to ligand non‐innocence and reversible one‐electron‐transfer processes dithiolene complexes have been intensively studied both experimentally and computationally. While the substitution of the ligating sulfur atoms by selenium provides a means to delicately tune the behavior of dithiolene compounds, diselenolene complexes have not been as thoroughly examined. Yet, the search for such ligands has been ongoing since the 1970s. Thus, we have looked at several metal‐bisdiselenolene complexes and have compared key properties of these complexes with their bisdithiolene analogues to determine the effect of substituting the chalcogen atom. The results herein show that substitution of the sulfur atoms by selenium within these complexes only subtly changes the thermodynamics and kinetic reactivity of bisdithiolene complexes while not significantly affecting the geometries of the complexes. The significance being that the relatively minor structural changes that occur upon redox is a key feature of dithiolene complexes. Due to ligand non‐innocence and reversible one‐electron‐transfer processes dithiolene complexes have been intensively studied, however, diselenolene complexes have not. First‐principles calculations show that substitution of the sulfur atoms by selenium within the investigated complexes does offer the ability to subtly tune the thermodynamics and kinetic reactivity of bisdithiolene complexes, while not significantly affecting the geometries of the complexes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dynamic trust management system for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Luo Wei , Ma Wenping , Gao Qiang
Published: November 2015

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used in different fields, such as battle field, environment monitoring, and intrusion detection, where amount of nodes are deployed. There are many factors make sensor nodes being more vulnerable to be attacked and compromised. In order to address the issue, many different schemes and methods are proposed. Trust evaluation and trust management play an important role in detecting the malicious nodes. In this paper, we propose a trust management system for clustered WSNs monitoring the sensor nodes' behaviors and evaluating their trust values. This system employs a hash algorithm for generating identify labels for sensor nodes to distinguish external attackers from normal nodes and dynamically manages the trust value of each node to detect the compromised nodes based on the trust evaluating model, which is based on beta density function. The simulation results show that our scheme can detect the malicious nodes quickly, which prevents clustered WSNs from external attacks and internal compromised nodes' attacks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust stream‐cipher mode of authenticated encryption for secure communication in wireless sensor network
Authors: Hwang Tzonelih , Gope Prosanta
Published: November 2015

Authenticated Encryption is a cryptographic process of providing confidentiality and integrity protection of messages in a single pass without any support of conventional checksum, Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash function. In this paper, at first, we show that how to construct the stream‐cipher‐based Authenticated Encryption environment, where the key‐stream is generated from any secure block algorithm like Advanced Encryption Standard. In order to do that, we introduce two stream‐cipher modes of Authenticated Encryption, namely, PFC‐CTR (Counter‐based Authenticated Encryption environment) and PFC‐OCB (OCB‐based Authenticated Encryption environment), which are quite robust against several active attacks, for example, message stream modification attacks, known‐plain‐text attacks, and chosen‐plain‐text attacks, and at the same time, they can also efficiently deal with some other issues like “limited error propagation” existing in several conventional stream‐cipher modes of operation like Cipher Feedback, Output Feedback, and Counter. Finally, we enforce the concept of Authenticated Encryption in the sense of data communication security of the wireless sensor network (WSN), Global Mobility Networks (GLOMONET), and Cloud Computing environment, where only encryption can guarantee both the privacy and integrity in a single pass with the assurance of reasonable computational overhead. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manufacturing and corrosion properties of ultrasound supported friction stir welded Al/Mg‐hybrid joints
Authors: Benfer S. , Straß B. , Wagner G. , Fürbeth W.
Published: November 2015

Friction stir welding (FSW) allows to join Al and Mg alloys, which could hardly be welded by other techniques. Within the project a modified FSW process was developed, which uses additionally submitted power ultrasound during the joining of the Al‐cast and Mg‐cast alloys with the aim to improve the stirring in the welded area and to eliminate the formation of brittle intermetallic phases as coherent layers which reduce the attainable strength of the joints. To understand the development of the microstructure in the bonding zone a detailed analysis has been carried out. The resulting microstructure may influence the corrosion properties, which have been investigated by different methods. Voltapotential differences between the base alloys and the welded area were measured with the Scanning Kelvin Probe. Electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential, impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization) were carried out at different positions on the hybrid joints by using an electrochemical minicell (∅ 3 mm). This allows to observe the passivation behavior and corrosion activity of the base alloys and the nugget phase separately. As expected the Mg alloy exhibits a much stronger corrosion in sodium chloride solution than the Al alloy. In the transitional area between the Mg alloy and the nugget phase the overall corrosion rate strongly increases while the corrosion of the nugget is reduced at the expense of the Mg alloy. Differences between hybrid joints processed with and without ultrasound support are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis for missing data in regulatory submissions
Authors: Permutt Thomas
Published: November 2015

The National Research Council Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials recommended that sensitivity analyses have to be part of the primary reporting of findings from clinical trials. Their specific recommendations, however, seem not to have been taken up rapidly by sponsors of regulatory submissions. The NRC report's detailed suggestions are along rather different lines than what has been called sensitivity analysis in the regulatory setting up to now. Furthermore, the role of sensitivity analysis in regulatory decision‐making, although discussed briefly in the NRC report, remains unclear. This paper will examine previous ideas of sensitivity analysis with a view to explaining how the NRC panel's recommendations are different and possibly better suited to coping with present problems of missing data in the regulatory setting. It will also discuss, in more detail than the NRC report, the relevance of sensitivity analysis to decision‐making, both for applicants and for regulators. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Physical, Thermal, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructural Characterization of Sn-9Zn-XGa Alloys
Authors: Gancarz Tomasz
Published: November 2015

The microstructural features, physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of eutectic SnZn alloys with varying Ga contents were examined in this study. In the microstructure study using scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis, intermetallic phases were not observed. The results indicated that the primary effect of Ga was increased mechanical properties. The physicochemical properties of liquid alloys, density, viscosity, and surface tension were measured using the free flow method. The addition of Ga to eutectic SnZn alloy generally reduced density, surface tension, viscosity, and melting point, and increased the coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical resistivity.
Functional improvement after hip arthroscopy in cases of active paediatric hip joint tuberculosis: A retrospective comparative study vis-à-vis conservative management
Authors: Tiwari Vivek , Khan Shah Alam , Kumar Ashok , Poudel Rishiram , Kumar Venkatesan Sampath
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Tuberculosis of the hip joint is a significant cause of preventable disability, especially in children. The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional results of hip arthroscopy done in a cohort of patients with hip joint tuberculosis and to compare them with the outcome of conservatively managed cases.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study in which we evaluated the records of 22 hip arthroscopies performed in known cases of tuberculosis of the hip joint in children less than 12 years of age. A note of the demographic and clinical parameters like age, duration of symptoms, stage of the disease, time period of follow-up, any complications during surgery, and pre- and post-operative modified Harris hip score (MHHS) was made in all cases. We compared the results with an age-matched cohort of 44 children with hip joint tuberculosis who were treated non-operatively with anti-tuberculosis therapy and traction in the same tertiary care institute.

Results

The arthroscopic findings in our series included synovitis, chondral erosions of the femoral head and/or acetabulum, pannus formation over the femoral head and/or acetabulum, and labral tears. The various arthroscopic procedures which were done included joint lavage, synovectomy, labral debridement and cheilectomy. The mean follow-up was 45 months, with the minimum being 36 months. There was a statistically significant change in the mean MHHS after hip arthroscopic procedures ( p < 0.001); the difference in the mean post- and pre-operative MHHS was independent of age, stage or duration of follow-up. There was a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05) between the magnitude of improvement in MHHS after hip arthroscopy and that after conservative management.

Conclusions

Arthroscopy of the hip joint in children in cases of tuberculosis can serve as an emerging therapeutic modality. It is an effective and safe minimally invasive procedure, and helps in improving the functional outcome in early disease.
Changes in Hospitalization for Ischemic Heart Disease After the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake: 10 Years of Data in a Population of 300,000
Authors: Huang Kaisen , Huang Dejia , He Dingxiu , van Loenhout Joris , Liu Wei , Huang Baotao , Deng Xiaojian , Wu Qi , Chen Mao , Guha-Sapir Debarati
Published: November 2015

Objective

The effects of earthquakes on ischemic heart disease (IHD) have often been reported. At a population level, this study examined short-term (60-day) and long-term (5-year) hospitalization events for IHD after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

Methods

We examined the 10-year medical hospitalization records on IHD in the city of Deyang provided by the Urban Employee Basic Health Insurance program.

Results

Evaluation of 19,083 hospitalizations showed a significantly lower proportional number and cost of hospitalizations in the 60 days after the earthquake (P<0.001). Hospitalizations were 27.81% lower than would have been expected in a normal year; costs were 32.53% lower. However, in the 5 years after the earthquake, the age-adjusted annual incidence of hospitalization increased significantly (P<0.001). In the fifth year after the earthquake, it was significantly higher in the extremely hard-hit area than in the hard-hit area (P<0.01).

Conclusion

After the 2008 earthquake, short- and long-term patterns of hospitalization for IHD changed greatly, but in different ways. Our findings suggest that medical resources for IHD should be distributed dynamically over time after an earthquake. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:203–210)
Conceptualization of a Health Care Coalition Framework in Georgia Based on the Existing Regional Coordinating Hospital Infrastructure
Authors: Harris Curtis , Waltz Tawny , O’Neal James Patrick , Nadeau Kelly , Crumpton Matthew , Ervin Sara
Published: November 2015

The watershed events of September 11, 2001; the anthrax attacks; Hurricane Katrina; and H1N1 necessitated that the United States define alternative mechanisms for disaster response. Specifically, there was a need to shift from a capacity building approach to a capabilities based approach that would place more emphasis on the health care community rather than just first responders. Georgia responded to this initiative by creating a Regional Coordinating Hospital (RCH) infrastructure that was responsible for coordinating regional responses within their individual geographic footprint. However, it was quickly realized that hospitals could not accomplish community-wide preparedness as a single entity and that siloed planning must come to an end. To reconcile this issue, Georgia responded to the 2012 US Department of Health and Human Services concept of coalitions. Georgia utilized the existing RCH boundaries to define its coalition regions and began inviting all medical and nonmedical response partners to the planning table (nursing homes, community health centers, volunteer groups, law enforcement, etc). This new collaboration effectively enhanced emergency response practices in Georgia, but also identified additional preparedness-related gaps that will require attention as our coalitions continue to grow and mature.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:174–179)
Probing the nanoscale: the first contact of an impacting drop
Authors: Li E. Q. , Vakarelski I. U. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: November 2015

When a drop impacts onto a solid surface, the lubrication pressure in the air deforms its bottom into a dimple. This makes the initial contact with the substrate occur not at a point but along a ring, thereby entrapping a central disc of air. We use ultra-high-speed imaging, with 200 ns time resolution, to observe the structure of this first contact between the liquid and a smooth solid surface. For a water drop impacting onto regular glass we observe a ring of microbubbles, due to multiple initial contacts just before the formation of the fully wetted outer section. These contacts are spaced by a few microns and quickly grow in size until they meet, thereby leaving behind a ring of microbubbles marking the original air-disc diameter. On the other hand, no microbubbles are left behind when the drop impacts onto molecularly smooth mica sheets. We thereby conclude that the localized contacts are due to nanometric roughness of the glass surface, and the presence of the microbubbles can therefore distinguish between glass with 10 nm roughness and perfectly smooth glass. We contrast this entrapment topology with the initial contact of a drop impacting onto a film of extremely viscous immiscible liquid, where the initial contact appears to be continuous along the ring. Here, an azimuthal instability occurs during the rapid contraction at the triple line, also leaving behind microbubbles. For low impact velocities the nature of the initial contact changes to one initiated by ruptures of a thin lubricating air film.
Taking Women's Rights Seriously: Using Human Rights to Require State Implementation of Domestic Abortion Laws in African Countries with Reference to Uganda
Authors: Ngwena Charles G
Published: November 2015

This article is constructed around the premise that women's rights to safe abortion give rise to obligations that the state has a positive duty to implement. Using Uganda as a case study, it frames failure by a state to implement its abortion laws in ways that render the rights tangible and accessible to women as a violation of human rights. The article develops a normative human rights framework for imposing on a state the obligation to take positive steps to implement abortion laws that the state, itself, has adopted. The framework does not depend on requiring the state first to reform its substantive laws or broaden the grounds for abortion. Rather, it focuses on the implementation of existing domestic laws. The article draws its remedial juridical responses partly from conceptions of women-centred rights to procedural justice, equality and health, and partly from jurisprudence developed in recent years by United Nations treaty-monitoring bodies and the European Court of Human Rights.
Effect of feeding ensiled mixture of pomegranate pulp and drier feeds on digestibility and milk performance in dairy cows
Authors: Shaani Yoav , Eliyahu Dana , Mizrahi Itzhak , Yosef Edith , Ben-Meir Yehoshav , Nikbachat Moshe , Solomon Ran , Mabjeesh Sameer Jermaya , Miron Joshua
Published: November 2015

Based on a previous ensiling study in glass silos of various pomegranate pulp (PP) mixtures, fresh pomegranate pulp (PP) was mixed with drier feeds including soy hulls and corn silage (40:35:25 on DM basis) and ensiled in 32 pressed bales (700 kg each) wrapped with stretch polyethylene film. This ensiled pomegranate pulp mixture (PPM) was included in lactating cow total mixed ration (TMR) at a level of 20% of DM (PPM-TMR). Performance and digestion experiment was conducted with two groups of 21 milking cows each, fed individually one of the two TMR: 1. Control TMR without ensiled PPM; 2. Experimental TMR which contained 20% ensiled PPM, including 8% PP as corn grain replacer. Voluntary DM intake of cows fed the control TMR was 5·04% higher than that of the PPM cows. In vivo digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP and fat were significantly higher in the control cows compared with the PPM group, but methane production in the rumen fluid was 25% lower in the PPM cows. A slightly higher milk yield (by 2·2%) observed in the control cows; however, milk fat content was 5·9% higher in the PPM cows. This was reflected in similar yield of energy corrected milk (ECM) and 3·97% increase in production efficiency (ECM/DM intake) of the PPM cows compared with the control ones. Welfare of the cows, as assessed by length of daily recumbence time, was in the normal range for both groups. Body weight gain was also similar in both groups. Data suggest that the level of 8% PP in the PPM-TMR used in this study was probably too high for lactating cows and should be lowered to 4% in order to achieve better performance.
Echocardiographic parameters for assessing successful balloon mitral valvuloplasty in juvenile age groups
Authors: Ananthakrishna Pillai Ajith , George Geofi , Kottyen Thazhath Harichandrakumar , Yerram Sreekanth
Published: November 2015

Background

Different echocardiographic parameters have been studied and validated for assessing the severity of mitral stenosis; however, scant data are available for these markers in the context of balloon mitral valvuloplasty in juvenile age groups (ages ⩽20 years).

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to find out the utility of echocardiographic parameters such as mitral valve separation index, left atrial volume, right ventricular systolic pressure, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tricuspid annular systolic velocity, and right ventricular Tei index in predicting success of balloon mitral valvuloplasty and their relation to mitral valve area in juvenile mitral stenosis.

Methods

We carried out a prospective single-centre study involving 52 juvenile mitral stenosis patients undergoing elective valvuloplasty. Success was defined as an increase in mitral valve area ⩾50% or ⩾1.5 cm2. Echocardiographic measurements were taken before and 24 hours after the procedure and statistical analyses were carried out.

Results

The mean age of the study population was 14.3 years (SD ±4.55), ranging from 7 to 20 years. Valvuloplasty was successful in 49 out of 52 patients. The mean valve area improved from 0.89 (SD ±0.16) to 1.73 (SD ±0.22) cm2/m2(p<0.01), and the mean mitral valve gradient decreased from 19.87 (SD ±7.89) to 7.45 (SD ±2.07) (p=0.021). All the surrogate parameters improved favourably after valvuloplasty (p<0.01). The decrease in right ventricular systolic pressure was a better indicator of the success followed by the increase in valve separation index (area under the curve 0.81 and 0.76, respectively).

Conclusions

All the surrogate markers studied showed favourable improvement, and right ventricular systolic pressure reduction and improved mitral valve separation index were better indicators of successful valvuloplasty.
Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part IV: Framework for Societal Structures: the Societal Systems
Authors: Birnbaum Marvin L. , Daily Elaine K. , O’Rourke Ann P.
Published: November 2015

For the purposes of research and/or evaluation, a community/society is organized into 13 Societal Systems under the umbrella of an overall Coordination and Control System. This organization facilitates descriptions of a community/society or a component of a community for assessment at any designated time across the Temporal Phases of a disaster. Such assessments provide a picture of the functional status of one or more Systems that comprise a community. Since no system operates in isolation from the other systems, information of the concomitant status of several Societal Systems is crucial to gaining a complete understanding of compromised functions, as well as the effects and side effects of any intervention directed at restoring the functional state of the affected community or risk-reduction interventions of a community-at-risk. The 13 Societal Systems include: (1) Public Health; (2) Medical Care; (3) Water and Sanitation; (4) Shelter and Clothing; (5) Food and Nutrition; (6) Energy Supply; (7) Public Works and Engineering; (8) Social Structures; (9) Logistics and Transportation; (10) Security; (11) Communications; (12) Economy; and (13) Education. Many functions and sub-functions of the Systems overlap, or share some common sub-functions with other systems. For the purposes of research/evaluation, it is necessary to assign functions and sub-functions to only one of the Societal Systems.

BirnbaumML,DailyEK,O’RourkeAP.Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part IV: framework for societal structures: the Societal Systems.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(6):633–647.
The Politics of Sound and the Biopolitics of Music: Weaving together sound-making, irreducible listening, and the physical and cultural environment
Authors: Di Scipio Agostino
Published: November 2015

The ever-increasing focus on sound in recent creative practices has ideological implications and seems to reframe and problematise ontological perspectives on music. Today it is possible to contrast notions of music as identical with sound (as in the discursive framework of ‘audio culture’) with artistic practices where sound and music arenot at allidentical, and the usually implicit hierarchy between them is probably twisted. This article discusses such matters from a methodological position that weaves together issues usually discussed in different areas of concern: it understands ecologically informed notions of sound and auditory experience as strictly intertwined with critical and inventive attitudes on technology, particularly as their intertwining is elaborated through performative practices. It suggests that, in music as well as in sound art, what we hearassound andinsound is the dynamics of anecology of situated and mediated actions, as a process that binds together (1) human beings (practitioners and listeners, their auditory inclinations), (2) technical agencies (the domain where means and ends are dialectically negotiated as practitioners strive to achieve a certain freedom in action across the public space of technological mediations and delegations) and (3) the environment (the physicalandcultural context where sound-making and listening practices take place). The general idea is that the manners by which we shape up our relationship to sound and appropriate the technical mediations involved in working with it, are ofbiopoliticalrelevance for social endeavours that might (still) be ‘music’
Interacting with Cage: Realising classic electronic works with contemporary technologies
Authors: Gurevich Michael
Published: November 2015

At a time when tape music, which obviated the need for performers by eliminating interpretation after composition, was becoming the dominant paradigm for electronic music, John Cage, motivated by his inchoate aesthetic of indeterminacy, radically reimagined electronic music that ‘treats machines as things to perform with’. In the 1950s and 1960s, Cage employed electronic technologies in place of musical instruments in concert music, but also reframed the creation of tape music by following a score to be a performative act. Although Cage idealised a liberal approach to performance practice and maintained a modernist, utilitarian attitude towards technological progress, his actions and scores reflect allegiance to the ‘work concept’ (Goehr 1992). Twenty-first-century performers of Cage’s electronic music are challenged to address the seemingly paradoxical imperatives of technological progressivism and creative interpretation with fidelity to a work embodied in a score. This article discusses efforts to reconcile these forces in contemporary realisations using the interactive technologies of three of Cage’s classic electronic works. The development of interactive performance interfaces in response to musical requirements of a score is presented as an important but overlooked model for the development of new interfaces for musical expression.
The Materiality of Space
Authors: Nelson Peter
Published: November 2015

Space is a concept central to music. Particular spaces can be seen as the enablers and analogues of social configurations for music-making. Thus, for example, concert halls, clubs or cathedrals determine significant aspects of the social and auditory presence of heard music, in terms of concepts such as proximity, separation, resonance, silence, community. Recording technologies have forced us to reconsider musical space as a much more complex phenomenon, including the possible presence of imaginary spaces. Bearing in mind Henri Lefebvre’s assertion that space must be ‘produced’, and starting from Pierre Schaeffer’s notion of spatial development, this article considers the ‘materiality’ of space and the implications of such materiality for thinking about music and sound. Taking the recent reconstruction of the Denman exponential horn at the British Science Museum as an emblem, in relation to the recent resurgence of interest in historic sound recording practices, space is considered in relation to current discussions of material culture.
Passive immunization with hyperimmune egg-yolk IgY as prophylaxis and therapy for poultry diseases – A review
Authors: Gadde U. , Rathinam T. , Lillehoj Hyun S.
Published: November 2015

Passive immunization with pathogen-specific egg yolk antibodies (IgY) is emerging as a potential alternative to antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of various human and animal diseases. Laying hens are an excellent source of high-quality polyclonal antibodies, which can be collected noninvasively from egg yolks. The use of IgY offers several advantages in that it is environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and reduces the numbers of animals required for antibody production. This paper reviews the use of IgY antibodies in the treatment and prevention of enteric pathogen infections in poultry. Brief descriptions of the production, structure, and properties of IgY are also presented. Some limitations of the technology and future perspectives are discussed.
TO TEST OR NOT? SINGULAR OR MULTIPLE HERITAGE?
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L. , Sen Maya
Published: November 2015

DNA ancestry testing may seem frivolous, but it points to two crucial questions: First, what is the relationship, if any, between biology and race? Second, how much and why do people prefer clear, singular racial identities over blurred, mixed racial self-understandings, or the reverse? We posit that individuals of different racial or ethnic backgrounds will have different levels of support for this new technology. In particular, despite the history of harm caused by the biologization of race, we theorize that African Americans will be receptive to the use of DNA ancestry testing because conventional genealogical searches for ancestral roots are mostly unavailable to them. This “broken chain” theory leads to two hypotheses, of disproportionately high Black interest in DNA ancestry testing—thus an implicit acceptance of a link between biology and race—and high acceptance among Blacks of multiple heritages despite a preference for evidence of roots in Africa.

To test these hypotheses, we analyze two databases of U.S. newspaper articles, one with almost 6,000 items and a second with 700. We also analyze two new public opinion surveys of nationally representative samples of adult Americans. Most of the evidence comes from the second survey, which uses vignettes to obtain views about varied results of DNA ancestry testing. We find that the media increasingly report on the links between genetic inheritance and race, and emphasize singular racial ancestry more than multiple heritages. The surveys show, consistent with our theory, that Blacks (and Hispanics, to some degree) are especially receptive to DNA ancestry testing, and are pleased with not only a finding of group singularity but also a finding of multiple points of origin. Qualitative readings of media reports illuminate some of the reasons behind these survey findings. We conclude with a brief discussion of the broader importance of DNA ancestry testing.
Respiratory inflammation and infections in high‐performance athletes
Authors: Gleeson Maree , Pyne David B
Published: November 2015

Upper respiratory illness is the most common reason for non‐injury‐related presentation to a sports medicine clinic, accounting for 35–65% of illness presentations. Recurrent or persistent respiratory illness can have a negative impact on health and performance of athletes undertaking high levels of strenuous exercise. The cause of upper respiratory symptoms (URS) in athletes can be uncertain but the majority of cases are related to common respiratory viruses, viral reactivation, allergic responses to aeroallergens and exercise‐related trauma to the integrity of respiratory epithelial membranes. Bacterial respiratory infections are uncommon in athletes. Undiagnosed or inappropriately treated asthma and/or allergy are common findings in clinical assessments of elite athletes experiencing recurrent URS. High‐performance athletes with recurrent episodes of URS should undergo a thorough clinical assessment to exclude underlying treatable conditions of respiratory inflammation. Identifying athletes at risk of recurrent URS is important in order to prescribe preventative clinical, training and lifestyle strategies. Monitoring secretion rates and falling concentrations of salivary IgA can identify athletes at risk of URS. Therapeutic interventions are limited by the uncertainty of the underlying cause of inflammation. Topical anti‐inflammatory sprays can be beneficial for some athletes. Dietary supplementation with bovine colostrum, probiotics and selected antioxidants can reduce the incidence or severity of URS in some athletes. Preliminary studies on athletes prone to URS indicate a genetic predisposition to a pro‐inflammatory response and a dysregulated anti‐inflammatory cytokine response to intense exercise as a possible mechanism of respiratory inflammation. This review focuses on respiratory infections and inflammation in elite/professional athletes.
The full repertoire of Drosophila gustatory receptors for detecting an aversive compound
Authors: Shim Jaewon , Lee Youngseok , Jeong Yong Taek , Kim Yonjung , Lee Min Goo , Montell Craig , Moon Seok Jun
Published: November 2015

The ability to detect toxic compounds in foods is essential for animal survival. However, the minimal subunit composition of gustatory receptors required for sensing aversive chemicals in Drosophila is unknown. Here we report that three gustatory receptors, GR8a, GR66a and GR98b function together in the detection of L-canavanine, a plant-derived insecticide. Ectopic co-expression of Gr8a and Gr98b in Gr66a-expressing, bitter-sensing gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) confers responsiveness to L-canavanine. Furthermore, misexpression of all three Grs enables salt- or sweet-sensing GRNs to respond to L-canavanine. Introduction of these Grs in sweet-sensing GRNs switches L-canavanine from an aversive to an attractive compound. Co-expression of GR8a, GR66a and GR98b in Drosophila S2 cells induces an L-canavanine-activated nonselective cation conductance. We conclude that three GRs collaborate to produce a functional L-canavanine receptor. Thus, our results clarify the full set of GRs underlying the detection of a toxic tastant that drives avoidance behaviour in an insect.
Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians
Authors: Jones Eppie R. , Gonzalez-Fortes Gloria , Connell Sarah , Siska Veronika , Eriksson Anders , Martiniano Rui , McLaughlin Russell L. , Gallego Llorente Marcos , Cassidy Lara M. , Gamba Cristina , Meshveliani Tengiz , Bar-Yosef Ofer , Müller Werner , Belfer-Cohen Anna , Matskevich Zinovi , Jakeli Nino , Higham Thomas F. G. , Currat Mathias , Lordkipanidze David , Hofreiter Michael , Manica Andrea , Pinhasi Ron , Bradley Daniel G.
Published: November 2015

We extend the scope of European palaeogenomics by sequencing the genomes of Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old, 1.4-fold coverage) and Mesolithic (9,700 years old, 15.4-fold) males from western Georgia in the Caucasus and a Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,700 years old, 9.5-fold) male from Switzerland. While we detect Late Palaeolithic–Mesolithic genomic continuity in both regions, we find that Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter-gatherers ∼45 kya, shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers ∼25 kya, around the Last Glacial Maximum. CHG genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe ∼3,000 BC, supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze age culture. CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the Caucasus and also central and south Asia possibly marking the arrival of Indo-Aryan languages.
Efficient near-infrared up-conversion photoluminescence in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Akizuki Naoto , Aota Shun , Mouri Shinichiro , Matsuda Kazunari , Miyauchi Yuhei
Published: November 2015

Photoluminescence phenomena normally obey Stokes’ law of luminescence according to which the emitted photon energy is typically lower than its excitation counterparts. Here we show that carbon nanotubes break this rule under one-photon excitation conditions. We found that the carbon nanotubes exhibit efficient near-infrared photoluminescence upon photoexcitation even at an energy lying >100–200 meV below that of the emission at room temperature. This apparently anomalous phenomenon is attributed to efficient one-phonon-assisted up-conversion processes resulting from unique excited-state dynamics emerging in an individual carbon nanotube with accidentally or intentionally embedded localized states. These findings may open new doors for energy harvesting, optoelectronics and deep-tissue photoluminescence imaging in the near-infrared optical range.
Charge density wave transition in single-layer titanium diselenide
Authors: Chen P , Chan Y. -H. , Fang X. -Y. , Zhang Y , Chou M Y , Mo S. -K. , Hussain Z , Fedorov A. -V. , Chiang T. -C.
Published: November 2015

A single molecular layer of titanium diselenide (TiSe2) is a promising material for advanced electronics beyond graphene—a strong focus of current research. Such molecular layers are at the quantum limit of device miniaturization and can show enhanced electronic effects not realizable in thick films. We show that single-layer TiSe2 exhibits a charge density wave (CDW) transition at critical temperature TC=232±5 K, which is higher than the bulk TC=200±5 K. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal a small absolute bandgap at room temperature, which grows wider with decreasing temperature T below TC in conjunction with the emergence of (2 × 2) ordering. The results are rationalized in terms of first-principles calculations, symmetry breaking and phonon entropy effects. The observed Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) behaviour of the gap implies a mean-field CDW order in the single layer and an anisotropic CDW order in the bulk.
X-ray induced dimerization of cinnamic acid: Time-resolved inelastic X-ray scattering study
Authors: Inkinen Juho , Niskanen Johannes , Talka Tuomas , Sahle Christoph J. , Müller Harald , Khriachtchev Leonid , Hashemi Javad , Akbari Ali , Hakala Mikko , Huotari Simo
Published: November 2015

A classic example of solid-state topochemical reactions is the ultraviolet-light induced photodimerization of α-trans-cinnamic acid (CA). Here, we report the first observation of an X-ray-induced dimerization of CA and monitor itin situusing nonresonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy (NRIXS). The time-evolution of the carbon core-electron excitation spectra shows the effects of two X-ray induced reactions: dimerization on a short time-scale and disintegration on a long time-scale. We used spectrum simulations of CA and its dimerization product, α-truxillic acid (TA), to gain insight into the dimerization effects. From the time-resolved spectra, we extracted component spectra and time-dependent weights corresponding to CA and TA. The results suggest that the X-ray induced dimerization proceeds homogeneously in contrast to the dimerization induced by ultraviolet light. We also utilized the ability of NRIXS for direct tomography with chemical-bond contrast to image the spatial progress of the reactions in the sample crystal. Our work paves the way for other time-resolved studies on chemical reactions using inelastic X-ray scattering.