bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of care indicators and their related outcomes: A population-based study in prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy
Authors: Webber Colleen , Siemens David Robert , Brundage Michael , Groome Patti A
Published: August 2014

Introduction: We evaluated the validity of 8 quality of care indicators for prostate cancer patients treated curatively with radical prostatectomy (RP) by examining their association with indicator relevant outcomes.Methods: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of 646 prostate cancer patients diagnosed between 1990 and 1998 who received RP within 6 months of diagnosis. Data were collected from treating charts and linked to registry and administrative data. Quality indicators included: hospital volume, pre-treatment risk assessment, consultation with a radiation oncologist, appropriate follow-up care, nerve-sparing surgery, units of blood transfused, surgical margin status, and pelvic lymph node dissection during RP. Indicator-relevant outcomes were selected a priori by clinical members of the research team. The associations between indicators and their relevant outcomes were analyzed using regression techniques, to control for potential confounders.Results: Of the quality indicators evaluated, only hospital volume was statistically significantly associated with the gradient in the expected direction. Patients treated in the lowest-volume hospitals (<1 RP/month) had lower cause-specific survival rates compared to patients treated in the highest-volume hospitals (≥7 RP/month) (HR=4.71 95%; CI 1.06-20.82). Completeness of follow-up care was associated with cause-specific survival but in the opposite direction to our hypothesis.Conclusion: The structural indicator of hospital volume was associated with cause-specific survival in accordance with our a priori hypothesis. Our negative findings for completeness of follow-up care call its validity into question. Issues of statistical power and measurement accuracy may have affected our validation of the remaining indicators underscoring the challenges in assessing the impact of accepted quality indicators.
Malignant priapism secondary to isolated penile metastasis from a renal pelvic carcinoma
Authors: Liu Sulai , Zeng Fuhua , Qi Lin , Jiang Shusuan , Tan Pingping , Zu Xiongbing , Xie Yu , Han Weiqing
Published: August 2014

We report a case of isolated penile metastasis from renal pelvic carcinoma in a 69-year-old man with malignant priapism. The patient had radical resection of the renal pelvic carcinoma 2 months earlier with urothelial carcinoma (UC) and sarcomatoid differentiation histology. Physical examination showed no visible skin lesions, but a palpable hard nodule was present over the penile shaft. The imaging studies did not reveal other metastases. Cavernous-Glans shunt and nodule resection were performed, and histological examination showed metastasis UC with sarcomatoid differentiation. To our knowledge, we describe the first case of malignant priapism due to isolated penile metastasis of renal pelvic carcinoma.
Urethrocutaneous fistula post-Al-Ghorab shunt
Authors: Paladino Jr. João Roberto , Wroclawski Marcelo , Den Julio Alexandre , Kushyama Teixeira Gabriel , Glina Sidney , Lima Pompeo Antonio Carlos
Published: August 2014

Priapism is a rare event that may be induced by clinical conditions and medications. Ischemic priapism (IP) is a compartment syndrome of the penis, and it constitutes a medical emergency that may cause significant morbidity on the erectile function in particular. We report a case of a 30-year-old male in his fourth episode of priapism. The aspiration and washing of the corpora cavernosa with saline solution were performed, followed by washing with adrenaline solution without resolution of the condition.Treatment was followed by the performance of the Al-Ghorab shunt procedure with dorsal incision of the glans. During follow-up, an area of necrosis distal to the incision was detected, and after the catheter removal on postoperative day 14, the patient developed a glandular dorsal urethrocutaneous fistula and meatal stenosis. The meatal stenosis was corrected by Johanson urethroplasty with aneo-meatus at the coronal sulcus, along with resection and debridement of the fistula tract and a three-layer closure.
Endogenous biotin expression in renal and testicular tumors and literature review
Authors: Fahmy Nader , Woo Mark , Alameldin Mona , Joe Lee King Chien , MacDonald Kyle , Goneau Lee W , Cadieux Peter , Burton Jeremy , Pautler Stephen E
Published: August 2014

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine endogenous biotin levels in tumour specimens collected from patients with renal and testicular tumours and compare them to the surrounding non-neoplastic surgical margin.Methods: Frozen samples were obtained from the Ontario Tumour Bank. Renal and testicular tumour tissue were included in this study. Normal tissue from the negative surgical margins of each tumour served as a control. Biotin detection in tissue specimens was determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results: Specimens collected from 56 patients (36 men and 20 women) were included in this study. Histopathology of the 52 renal tumours included 31 (60%) conventional type RCC, 5 (10%) chromophobe RCC, 5 (10%) papillary RCC, 1 (2%) oncocytoma and 10 (19%) upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UC). The 4 testicular tumours included 1 seminomatous (25%) germ cell tumour and 3 (75%) non-seminomatous germ cell tumours.Conclusion: No biotin signal was perceived in all tested tumour samples. Endogenous biotin expression was detected in the matching non-neoplastic surgical margin of tested renal tissues. This lack of staining may prove to be a valuable tool in future studies.
Testosterone deficiency and replacement: Myths and realities
Authors: Grober Ethan D.
Published: August 2014

Testosterone deficiency, or hypogonadism, is common and may have deleterious effects on men, including decreased overall wellbeing, reduced sexual function and bone loss. Despite data demonstrating strong links between testosterone deficiency and significant comorbid conditions including type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome as well as the health benefits of testosterone-replacement therapy (TRT), some physicians are still hesitant to initiate these therapies, based on a number of prevailing myths associating TRT with adverse prostate health and recent concerns highlighting the possibility of increased cardiovascular risk.
Osteoporosis: Connection to urologic health
Authors: Cheung Angela M.
Published: August 2014

Men with prostate cancer are often treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and a higher risk for fractures. Maintenance of optimum bone health throughout the natural course of prostate cancer is an important aspect in the management of this patient population. Bone targeted therapies such as bisphosphonates and the RANK ligand inhibitor denosumab have been demonstrated to reduce skeletal-related events in patients with metastatic cancer, while denosumab has also been shown to reduce the risk of fracture in men undergoing ADT for prostate cancer.
Metabolic syndrome and diabetes for the urologist
Authors: Fleshner Neil E. , Bhindi Bimal
Published: August 2014

Type 2 diabetes has a number of know urological consequences. Epidemiologic and clinical data suggest a link between metabolic syndrome and prostatic diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Recent studies have identified metformin as a viable treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the P,N-Substituted Ferrocenes [Fe{η5-C5H4–P(S)Ph2}(η5-C5H4–NHCH2tBu)] and [Fe(η5-C5H4– PPh2)(η5-C5H4–NHCH2tBu)]
Authors: Ritte Michael , Bruhn Clemens , Siemeling Ulrich
Published: August 2014

The P,N-substituted ferrocene [Fe{η5-C5H4-P(S)Ph2}(η5-C5H4-NHCH2tBu)] was prepared in six steps from the bromo derivative [Fe{η5-C5H4-PPh2}(η5-C5H4-Br)]. Its reductive desulfurisation with Raney nickel afforded the corresponding phosphino-substituted derivative [Fe(η5-C5H4- PPh2)(η5-C5H4-NHCH2tBu)]. Both compounds have been structurally characterised by singlecrystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Investigation for Pu-Erh Tea Contamination Caused by Mycotoxins in a Tea Market in Guangzhou
Authors: Jin-Yin Wu  , Guang-Yu Yang  , Jian-Ling Chen  , Wen-Xue Li  , Jun-Tao Li  , Chuan-Xi Fu  , Gao-Feng Jiang  , Wei Zhu
Published: August 2014

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to provide raw data for the development of guidelines for tea production and management, as well as relevant health standards. To investigate the mycotoxin contamination in the wet stored Pu-erh tea in a tea market in Guangzhou, we measured the concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and T-2 toxin in 70 tea samples.Methods: 70 samples of wet stored Pu-erh tea were randomly chosen in the market. Following crushing, brewing, and filtration of the samples, the contaminations of FB1, DON, or T-2 toxin were assayed by ELISA detection kits, and the contamination of AFB1 was measured by the IAC-HPLC method.Results: We found that all tea samples were safe regarding FB1 and T-2 toxin (safety limit, 1 mg/kg and 0.1×10-3mg/kg, respectively). However, 8 out of 70 samples displayed higher AFB1 concentrations compared to the safety limit(5×10-3 mg/kg). Surprisingly, 63 out of 70 samples have exceeded the safety limit for DON (1 mg/kg).Conclusion: Our survey was the first time to find AFB1 and DON contaminations in the wet stored Pu-erh tea in this tea market. Although the FB1 and T-2 toxin in these tea samples has not yet exceeded the safety limits, they were still detectable, which should cause more concern.
Micro-Place Disorder, Subjective Powerlessness and Violent Youth Group Involvement: Testing an Integrative Control Theory
Authors: Pauwels Lieven J.R. , Svensson Robert
Published: August 2014

In this study we test an integrative theory that seeks to explain why youth that live in disordered micro-places have an increase likelihood of becoming involved in a violent youth group. The emerging integrative theory is based on the principle of conceptual end-to-end integration and is the result of an attempt to integrate (1) a contemporary version of subjective powerlessness theory with (2) an integrative control framework of violent youth group involvement. We submit the thesis that the both aforementioned models are highly suitable for conceptual integration as micro-place disorder is a common antecedent. In addition, both models share an intervening mechanism in the observed micro-place disorder- violent youth group involvement relationship: the concept of normlessness. An integrative model allows for the study of multiple pathways through which micro-place disorder and subjective powerlessness affect the likelihood of becoming involved in a violent youth group. Using path analyses for continuous and dichotomous outcomes we test key propositions of our theoretical elaboration. Our research is based on a large sample of youths in early adolescence (N=2,486) in the urban context of Antwerp, the second largest city of Belgium. The results indicate that micro-place disorder increases decreases parental monitoring and increases feelings of subjective powerlessness. Normlessness and low self-control are important mediators in the “causal chain” between micro-place disorder, subjective powerlessness and violent youth group involvement. Low self-control and lifestyle risk further mediate the effects of subjective powerlessness, normlessness and micro-place disorder. The implications of these findings for future studies of violent youth group involvement are discussed.
Characteristics of Peripheral versus Central Lung Cancer Since 2000
Authors: Ock So Young , Jang Tae Won , Han You Jin , Yeo Go Eun , Kim Eun Jung , Lee Won Hyoung , Kim Nam Kyu
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the changes of bronchoscopic features according to epidemiologic change of lung cancer.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of the clinical characteristics of 1,139 lung cancer patient who underwent bronchoscopy at Kosin University Hospital from January 2000 to December 2010.

Results

The age of patients increased significantly during the last decade (P < 0.001). The most common histological type was adenocarcinoma (38.1%), followed by squamous carcinoma (35.7%) and small cell carcinoma (15.3%). There was an increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma over the time (P < 0.001). Bronchoscopic feature were divided into two classes; central type, peripheral type. The peripheral type was predominant (62.3%). The proportion of peripheral type has been increased in process of time (49.7% vs. 63.7% vs. 73.7%; P < 0.01). Among the major histopathologic type of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma (81.3%) and unclassifiable non-small-cell lung cancer (73.4%), small cell carcinoma (56.9%) were associated with preferential occurrence of peripheral type. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung more often arised in central type (59%). However, the proportion of peripheral squamous cell carcinoma has been increased. On the subgroup analysis, the median survival time of peripheral type with adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma were longer than central type (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The age of the lung cancer patients at diagnosis was getting older. The most frequent histopathologic type was adenocarcinoma. The proportion of peripheral type lung cancer gradually increased over the time. The survival time of peripheral type lung cancer was longer than central type.
A Case of Hydrothorax Aggravated by Peritoneal Dialysate Leakage in Compensated Liver Cirrhosis Patient with Ascites
Authors: You Gain , Shin Ho Sik , Jung Yeon Soon , Rim Hark
Published: August 2014

The cirrhotic patients with ascites present unique challenge to the renal caregiver. Hydrothorax in a cirrhotic patient treated with PD poses a diagnostic dilemma. Proposed mechanisms for the development of a pleuroperitoneal communication include congenital diaphragmatic defects, acquired weakening of diaphragmatic fibers caused by high intra-abdominal pressures during peritoneal dialysis, and impairments in lymphatic drainage. Pleural fluid analysis and diagnostic imaging assist in differentiation from other causes of pleural effusion. We report a case of hydrothorax in a compensated cirrhotic patient after recent introduction to peritoneal dialysis.
A Case of Seizure and Metabolic Acidosis Due to Renal Adjustment Dosage of Isoniazid in an Elderly Woman
Authors: Shin Young Shin , Sim Eun Hee , Yeo Chang Woo , Kang Jin Doo , Kim Ji Yeon , Park Seon Ja
Published: August 2014

Isoniazid is one of the most commonly used antituberculosis drug. Acute into xication is characterized by repetitious convulsions, high anion gap metabolic a cidosis and coma. The basis of theraphy consists of parental pyridoxine admi nistration in a dose equivalent to that of isoniazid ingested. Here we present a case of seizure and metabolic acidosis due to only renal adjustment dosage of Isoniazid in an elderly woman.
Avoir une voix dans sa propre histoire. Féminité, care et sexualité dans Irina Palm de Sam Garbasky
Authors: Molinier Pascale
Published: August 2014

Cet article se penche sur le film de Sam Garbarski, Irina Palm (2007). Un petit garçon, Ollie, est gravement malade et le coût du traitement dépasse les moyens financiers de sa famille. Pour amasser la somme, Maggie, sa grand-mère, se fait embaucher dans un sex-shop où, cachée derrière un mur, elle masturbe à la chaîne des clients. Satisfaite, la clientèle se multiplie et les hommes sont bientôt légion à fréquenter son isoloir et à fantasmer être livrés aux mains expertes d’une créature merveilleuse nommée Irina Palm. L’expérience de Maggie, qui pourrait être vécue comme une décrépitude morale, devient au contraire une occasion de perfectionnement. En s’occupant des autres et de son travail, elle devient à nouveau désirable et libre pour la première fois de sa vie. L’actrice Marianne Faithfull, qui l’incarne, sert au public féminin une leçon de vieillissement. Ce film traite du travail du care, du travail domestique et travail sexuel dans un continuum, dans la lignée du mythique Jeanne Dielman (1975) de la réalisatrice belge Chantal Akerman.
Enighetens befrämjande och fäderneslandets förkovran: religion och politik under frihetstiden
Authors: Winton Patrik
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Svenska kyrkan och det moderniserande nationella tänkandet 1789–1810
Authors: Ihalainen Pasi
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Johan Ihres kritik mot den franska encyklopedin: reaktion mot en påstådd kulturell urartning
Authors: Östlund Krister
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Att avbilda passionerna
Authors: Olin Martin
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Medier, retorik och känslor
Authors: Skuncke Marie-Christine
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Ocimum L. (Lamiaceae) in Australia and Papua New Guinea
Authors: Conn Barry John
Published: August 2014

A review of the genus Ocimum (Lamiaceae) in the Papua New Guinea and Australia reveals the presence of five species and the natural hybrid, Ocimum africanum. Ocimum caryophyllinum F.Muell. is reinstated for much of the Australian plants previously included in the widespread O. tenuiflorum L. The other species recognized for Papua New Guinea and Australia are O. americanum, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum. An identification key, brief descriptions and distribution maps are provided for these taxa. An enumeration of collections examined is included.
Which cusp upflow events can possibly turn into outflows?
Authors: Skjæveland Å. , Moen J. , Carlson H. C.
Published: August 2014

Two sequences, before and after magnetic noon, respectively, of poleward moving auroral forms with associated upflows situated above the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar allowed close study of ion upflow dynamics. We find that flux intensity is correlated with plasma temperature and that upflowing plasma undergoes acceleration proportional to the slope of the velocity profile and to the velocity at each altitude. The potential for upflows to lift thermal plasma to regions where broadband extremely low frequency electric field activity can cause nonthermal acceleration leading to outflow is examined. Equations for estimating the travel time of upflowing plasma are presented. We find that around 40% of the observed upflow profiles with a unit number flux greater than 1 × 1013 m−2 s−1 can transport plasma from 500 to 800 km altitude in less than 10 min, approximately the typical lifetime of pulsed upflow events. Almost all such profiles can transport plasma from 600 to 800 km in the same time span. Typical transport times for other altitude ranges are also presented. Post magnetic noon the background electron density was somewhat higher than prenoon due to transport of EUV‐enhanced plasma, and the postnoon ion flux was somewhat weaker than prenoon.
Is a sudden increase of irregularity of sunspot numbers a precursor of a return to low solar activity?
Authors: Shapoval A. , Le Mouël J.‐L. , Courtillot V. , Shnirman M.
Published: August 2014

We have recently introduced an irregularity index λ for daily sunspot numbers International Sunspot Number (ISSN), derived from the well‐known Lyapunov exponent, that attempts to reflect irregularities in the chaotic process of solar activity. Like the Lyapunov exponent, the irregularity index is computed from the data for different embedding dimensions m (2–32). When m = 2, λ maxima match ISSN maxima of the Schwabe cycle, whereas when m = 3, λ maxima occur at ISSN minima. The patterns of λ as a function of time remain similar from m = 4 to 16: the dynamics of λ change between 1915 and 1935, separating two regimes, one from 1850 to 1915 and the other from 1935 to 2005, in which λ retains a similar structure. A sharp peak occurs at the time of the ISSN minimum between cycles 23 and 24, possibly a precursor of unusual cycle 24 and maybe a new regime change; λ is significantly smaller during the ascending and descending phases of solar cycles. Differences in values of the irregularity index observed for different cycles reflect differences in correlations in sunspot series at a scale much less than the 4 year sliding window used in computing them; the lifetime of sunspots provides a source of correlation at that time scale. The burst of short‐term irregularity evidenced by the strong λ peak at the minimum of cycles 23 and 24 would reflect a decrease in correlation at the time scale of several days rather than a change in the shape of the cycle.
THEMIS observations of the current sheet dynamics in response to the intrusion of the high‐velocity plasma flow into the near‐Earth magnetotail
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Palin L. , Jacquey C. , Zelenyi L. M.
Published: August 2014

A small separation between Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes allows us to analyze a sudden activation in the near‐Earth current sheet (CS) at microscales. The start of the activation coincides with the appearance of an earthward plasma flow and dipolarization front (DF) at THEMIS location. The time sequence of observations of the fast plasma flow and the associated DF by three THEMIS probes denotes their dawnward displacement and the localization of the flow channel in the dawn‐dusk direction. The onset of kink perturbations of the CS was generated on the dawn side of the flow. These fluctuations also propagated dawnward and were followed by the CS thinning (L ~ ρi) and by the development of tearing instability with transient appearance of a magnetic null point. The region of the unstable CS with a magnetic null point was localized in the X and, possibly, in the Y directions. The CS perturbations were most likely triggered by the intrusion of the fast flow into the ambient plasma in the course of the global dawnward displacement of the flow structure. Although no substorm onset was observed during the CS activation, a ground signature of a pseudobreakup was detected just after the excitement of the tearing mode in the near‐Earth tail. Probably the pseudobreakup was caused by a localized diversion of the current, which could result from the disruption of the cross‐tail current in a localized region of the near‐Earth CS.
Seismic evidence of a complex multi‐lens melt reservoir beneath the 9° N Overlapping Spreading Center at the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Arnulf A. F. , Singh S. C. , Pye J. W.
Published: August 2014

The crustal structure at fast spreading ridges is characterized by the presence of an axial melt lens along a significant part of the ridge axis over a partially molten lower crust. Using three‐dimensional seismic reflection data and waveform inversion, here we show the existence of two to three stacked melt lenses beneath both limbs of the 9°N overlapping spreading center on the East Pacific Rise, which we suggest are the source of the very evolved lavas locally observed on the seafloor. The melt lenses are 2–4 km wide and lie in a 900 m depth range. We suggest that the presence of a complex multi‐lens melt reservoir in the crust is due to the reduced ambient stress regime, hence cracking, resulting from the overlap of the two segments of the ridge, allowing melt to stay longer in the crust at different depths.
Interplate locking condition derived from seafloor geodetic data at the northernmost part of the Suruga Trough, Japan
Authors: Yasuda Kenji , Tadokoro Keiichi , Ikuta Ryoya , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Nagai Satoru , Okuda Takashi , Fujii Cosmo , Sayanagi Keizo
Published: August 2014

We observed seafloor crustal deformation at two observation sites on opposite sides of the Suruga Trough off Japan from 2005 to 2011 to investigate the interplate locking condition at the source region of the anticipated great subduction earthquake, named Tokai earthquake. We estimated the displacement velocity vectors relative to the Amurian Plate on the basis of repeated observations. Our results at the two points, Suruga northeast and Suruga northwest (SNW) were 42 ± 8 mm/yr toward N94 ± 3°W and 39 ± 11 mm/yr toward N84 ± 9°W, respectively. These directions are the same as those measured at on‐land GPS stations. The magnitudes of the velocity vectors indicate a significant shortening of approximately 4 mm/yr between SNW and on‐land GPS stations located to the west of the Suruga Trough. The results show that the plate interface is strongly locked (no slip) shallower than the source region of the anticipated Tokai earthquake.
Fluid injection induced seismicity reveals a NE dipping fault in the southeastern sector of the High Agri Valley (southern Italy)
Authors: Stabile T. A. , Giocoli A. , Perrone A. , Piscitelli S. , Lapenna V.
Published: August 2014

On 2 June 2006 the wastewater produced during the oil and gas field exploitation in High Agri Valley (southern Italy) started to be managed by disposal through pumping the fluids back into the subsurface at the Costa Molina 2 (CM2) injection well, located in the southeastern sector of the valley. The onset of microearthquakes (Ml ≤ 2) after 4 days at about 1.3 km SW of CM2 well suggests fluid injection induced seismicity by the diffusion of pore pressure. Moreover, the space‐time evolution of 196 high‐resolution relocated events reveals a previously unmapped NE dipping fault. We investigate the physical processes related to the fluid injection induced seismicity and delineate the previously unmapped fault by jointly analyzing seismicity data, geological observations, fluid injection data, the stratigraphic log of the CM2 well, and the electrical resistivity tomography survey carried out in the study area.
Electron gyroharmonic effects on ionospheric stimulated Brillouin scatter
Authors: Mahmoudian A. , Scales W. A. , Bernhardt P. A. , Isham B. , Kendall E. , Briczinski S. J. , Fuentes N. E. B. , Vega‐Cancel O.
Published: August 2014

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and resonant phenomena are well known in the context of laser fusion, fiber optics, and piezoelectric semiconductor plasmas, as well as in various biological applications. Due to recent advances, active space experiments using high‐power high‐frequency (HF) radio waves may now produce stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the ionospheric plasma. The sensitivity of the narrowband SBS emission lines to pump frequency stepping across electron gyroharmonics is reported here for the first time. Experimental observations show that SBS emission sidebands are suppressed as the HF pump frequency is stepped across the second and third electron gyroharmonics. A correlation of artificially enhanced airglow and SBS emission lines excited at the upper hybrid altitude is observed and studied for second gyroharmonic heating. The SBS behavior near electron gyroharmonics is shown to have important diagnostic applications for multilayered, multi‐ion component plasmas such as the ionosphere.
Low‐latitude ionospheric D region dependence on solar zenith angle
Authors: Thomson Neil R. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J.
Published: August 2014

Phase and amplitude measurements of VLF radio signals on a short, nearly all‐sea path between two Hawaiian Islands are used to find the height and sharpness of the lower edge of the daytime tropical D region as a function of solar zenith angle (SZA). The path used was from U.S. Navy transmitter NPM (21.4 kHz) on Oahu to Keauhou, 306 km away, on the west coast of the Big Island of Hawaii, where ionospheric sensitivity was high due to the destructive interference between the ionospherically reflected wave and the ground wave, particularly around the middle of the day. The height and sharpness are thus found to vary from H′ = 69.3 ± 0.3 km and β = 0.49 ± 0.02 km−1 for SZA ~10°, at midday, to H′ > 80 km and β ~ 0.30 km−1 as the SZA approached ~70°–90°, near dawn and dusk for this tropical path. Additional values for the variations of H′ and β with solar zenith angle are also found from VLF phase and amplitude observations on other similar paths: the short path, NWC to Karratha (in NW Australia), and the long paths, NWC to Kyoto in Japan and NAU, Puerto Rico, to St. John's Canada. Significant differences in the SZA variations of H′ and β were found between low and middle latitudes resulting from the latitudinally varying interplay between Lyman α and galactic cosmic rays in forming the lower D region. Both latitude ranges showed β < 0.30 km−1 during sunrise/sunset conditions.
Oscillatory pumping wells in phreatic, compressible, and homogeneous aquifers
Authors: Dagan G. , Rabinovich A.
Published: August 2014

Oscillatory well pumping was proposed recently as a tool for hydraulic tomography. Periodic pumping at a few frequencies is carried out through vertical intervals along the pumping well and the periodic head is measured along a few piezometers. The paper presents an analytical solution for the head field in an unconfined aquifer of finite depth under the common assumptions of a linearized water table condition, different horizontal and vertical constant permeabilities, constant specific storativity and water table drainable porosity, and small well radius to length ratio. The solution provides the expressions of the amplitude and phase of the head as a function of coordinates, frequency, and the problem parameters. The solution simplifies to one pertaining to an upper constant head condition and a rigid aquifer for a wide range of the dimensionless frequency values.
Breaking through a Myopic View of Immigrant Students
Authors: Kim Eunyoung
Published: August 2014

Seeing their needs clearly.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Photoresponsive Two‐Dimensional GaSe Nanosheet Networks
Authors: Mahjouri‐Samani Masoud , Gresback Ryan , Tian Mengkun , Wang Kai , Puretzky Alexander A. , Rouleau Christopher M. , Eres Gyula , Ivanov Ilia N. , Xiao Kai , McGuire Michael A. , Duscher Gerd , Geohegan David B.
Published: August 2014

Synthesis of functional metal chalcogenide (GaSe) nanosheet networks by stoichiometric transfer of laser‐vaporized material from bulk GaSe targets is presented. Uniform coverage of interconnected, crystalline, and photoresponsive GaSe nanosheets in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane orientations are achieved under different ablation conditions. The propagation of the laser‐vaporized material is characterized by in situ ICCD‐imaging. High (1 Torr) Ar background gas pressure is found to be crucial for the stoichiometric growth of GaSe nanosheet networks. Individual 1–3 layer GaSe triangular nanosheets of ≈200 nm domain size are formed within 30 laser pulses, coalescing to form nanosheet networks in as few as 100 laser pulses. The thickness of the deposited networks increases linearly with pulse number, adding layers in a two‐dimensional (2D) growth mode. GaSe nanosheet networks show p‐type semiconducting characteristics with mobilities reaching as high as 0.1 cm2V−1s−1. Spectrally‐resolved photoresponsivities and external quantum efficiencies range from 0.4 AW−1 and 100% at 700 nm, to 1.4 AW−1 and 600% at 240 nm, respectively. Pulsed laser deposition under these conditions appears to provide a versatile and rapid approach to stoichiometrically transfer and deposit functional networks of 2D nanosheets with digital thickness control and uniformity for a variety of applications.
Copper(I)‐Oxide‐Mediated Cyanation of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates with Trimethylsilyl Cyanide: A Method for Synthesizing Aromatic Nitriles
Authors: Xu Wen‐Bin , Xu Qing‐Hui , Zhang Zhen‐Fa , Li Ji‐Zhen
Published: August 2014

A Cu2O‐mediated cross coupling of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with trimethylsilyl cyanide to form aromatic nitriles is presented. This protocol tolerates a wide range of functional groups and gives good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Cu2O provides appealing and convenient access to aromatic nitriles compared with the traditional Sandmeyer reaction with toxic CuCN via nucleophilic substitution under relatively harsh conditions.
Deferiprone in Friedreich ataxia: A 6‐Month randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pandolfo Massimo , Arpa Javier , Delatycki Martin B. , Le Quan Sang Kim Hanh , Mariotti Caterina , Munnich Arnold , Sanz‐Gallego Irene , Tai Geneieve , Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Taroni Franco , Spino Michael , Tricta Fernando
Published: August 2014

Objective

We conducted a 6‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to assess safety, tolerability, and efficacy of deferiprone in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA).

Methods

Seventy‐two patients were treated with deferiprone 20, 40, or 60mg/kg/day or placebo, divided into 2 daily doses. Safety was the primary objective; secondary objectives included standardized neurological assessments (Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale [FARS], International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale [ICARS], 9‐Hole Peg Test [9HPT], Timed 25‐Foot Walk, Low‐Contrast Letter Acuity), general functional status (Activities of Daily Living), and cardiac assessments.

Results

Deferiprone was well tolerated at 20mg/kg/day, whereas more adverse events occurred in the 40mg/kg/day than in the placebo group. The 60mg/kg/day dose was discontinued due to worsening of ataxia in 2 patients. One patient on deferiprone 20mg/kg/day experienced reversible neutropenia, but none developed agranulocytosis. Deferiprone‐treated patients receiving 20 or 40mg/kg/day showed a decline in the left ventricular mass index, compared to an increase in the placebo‐treated patients. Patients receiving 20mg/kg/day of deferiprone had no significant change in FARS, similar to the placebo‐treated patients, whereas those receiving 40mg/kg/day had worsening in FARS and ICARS scores. The lack of deterioration in the placebo arm impaired the ability to detect any potential protective effect of deferiprone. However, subgroup analyses in patients with less severe disease suggested a benefit of deferiprone 20mg/kg/day on ICARS, FARS, kinetic function, and 9HPT.

Interpretation

This study demonstrated an acceptable safety profile of deferiprone at 20mg/kg/day for the treatment of patients with FRDA. Subgroup analyses raise the possibility that, in patients with less severe disease, deferiprone 20mg/kg/day may reduce disease progression, whereas higher doses appear to worsen ataxia. Ann Neurol 2014;76:509–521
Dreidimensionale Charakterisierung von Edelmetall‐Nanopartikeln und deren Anordnungen mithilfe von Elektronentomographie
Authors: Bals Sara , Goris Bart , Liz‐Marzán Luis , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: August 2014

Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Nanomaterialien erfordern quantitative Charakterisierungsmethoden, die Informationen bis hin zum atomaren Maßstab liefern. Im Fokus dieses Aufsatzes steht die dreidimensionale Untersuchung von einzelnen Metall‐Nanopartikeln und zusammengesetzten Strukturen mithilfe der Elektronentomographie. Diese Technik hat sich zu einem vielseitigen Hilfsmittel entwickelt, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Eigenschaften und der Struktur oder Beschaffenheit von Nanomaterialen zu verstehen. Es werden die verschiedenen Schritte eines Experimentes in der Elektronentomographie dargelegt, und wir zeigen, wie quantitative dreidimensionale Darstellungen mit atomarer Auflösung erreicht werden können.
Dynamic Switching of the Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Disubstituted Polyacetylene by Selective Transmission through a Thermotropic Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: San Jose Benedict A. , Yan Jialin , Akagi Kazuo
Published: August 2014

The circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of chiral disubstituted liquid‐crystalline polyacetylene (di‐LCPA) can be dynamically switched and amplified from left‐ to right‐handed CPL and vice versa through the selective transmission of CPL across a thermotropic chiral nematic liquid crystal (N*‐LC) phase. By combining a chiral di‐LCPA CPL‐emitting film with an N*‐LC cell and tuning the selective reflection band of the N*‐LC phase to coincide with the CPL emission band, a CPL‐switchable cell was constructed. The phase change induced by the thermotropic N*‐LC cell by varying the temperature leads to a change in the selective transmission of CPL, which enables the dynamic switching and amplification of CPL. It is anticipated that CPL‐switchable devices might find applications in switchable low‐threshold lasers and optical memory devices.
Mononuclear and Terminal Zirconium and Hafnium Methylidenes
Authors: Kamitani Masahiro , Pinter Balazs , Chen Chun‐Hsing , Pink Maren , Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: August 2014

The dimethyl aryloxide complexes [(PNP)M(CH3)2(OAr)] (M=Zr or Hf; PNP−=N[2‐P(CHMe2)2‐4‐methylphenyl]2); Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3), which were readily prepared from [(PNP)M(CH3)3] by alcoholysis with HOAr, undergo photolytically induced α‐hydrogen abstraction to cleanly produce complexes [(PNP)M=CH2(OAr)] with terminal methylidene ligands. These unique systems have been fully characterized, including the determination of a solid‐state structure in the case of M=Zr.
Durch N‐heterocyclische Carbene katalysierte formale [3+2]‐Anellierungen von Enalen: enantioselektiver Zugang zu Spiroheterocyclen
Authors: Guo Chang , Schedler Michael , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2014

Eine hoch enantioselektive, durch N‐heterocyclische Carbene (NHC) katalysierte formale [3+2]‐Anellierung von α,β‐ungesättigten Aldehyden mit Azaauronen oder Auron wurde entwickelt, die Spiroheterocyclen liefert. Dieses Protokoll stellt einen einzigartigen Zugang zu Spiroheterocyclen mit quartärem Stereozentrum dar.
Metastable Ionic Diodes Derived from an Amine‐Based Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity
Authors: Madrid Elena , Rong Yuanyang , Carta Mariolino , McKeown Neil B. , Malpass‐Evans Richard , Attard Gary A. , Clarke Tomos J. , Taylor Stuart H. , Long Yi‐Tao , Marken Frank
Published: August 2014

A highly rigid amine‐based polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM), prepared by a polymerization reaction involving the formation of Tröger’s base, is demonstrated to act as an ionic diode with electrolyte‐dependent bistable switchable states.
Visualizing an Ultra‐Weak Protein–Protein Interaction in Phosphorylation Signaling
Authors: Xing Qiong , Huang Peng , Yang Ju , Sun Jian‐Qiang , Gong Zhou , Dong Xu , Guo Da‐Chuan , Chen Shao‐Min , Yang Yu‐Hong , Wang Yan , Yang Ming‐Hui , Yi Ming , Ding Yi‐Ming , Liu Mai‐Li , Zhang Wei‐Ping , Tang Chun
Published: August 2014

Proteins interact with each other to fulfill their functions. The importance of weak protein–protein interactions has been increasingly recognized. However, owing to technical difficulties, ultra‐weak interactions remain to be characterized. Phosphorylation can take place via a KD≈25 mM interaction between two bacterial enzymes. Using paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy and with the introduction of a novel GdIII‐based probe, we determined the structure of the resulting complex to atomic resolution. The structure accounts for the mechanism of phosphoryl transfer between the two enzymes and demonstrates the physical basis for their ultra‐weak interaction. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that the complex has a lifetime in the micro‐ to millisecond regimen. Hence such interaction is termed a fleeting interaction. From mathematical modeling, we propose that an ultra‐weak fleeting interaction enables rapid flux of phosphoryl signal, providing a high effective protein concentration.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allyl–Allylsilane Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Hamilton James Y. , Hauser Nicole , Sarlah David , Carreira Erick M.
Published: August 2014

An enantioselective allyl–allylsilane cross‐coupling involving racemic branched allylic alcohols and allylsilanes is reported. An iridium‐(P,olefin) phosphoramidite complex enables the transformation with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity under operationally simple conditions. The utility of the coupling is demonstrated in a concise catalytic, enantioselective synthesis of a pyrethroid insecticide protrifenbute.
Size‐Dependent Thermochromism through Enhanced Electron–Phonon Coupling in 1 nm Quantum Dots
Authors: Tamaki Haruna , Watanabe Hiroto , Kamiyama Sachiko , Oaki Yuya , Imai Hiroaki
Published: August 2014

1 nm CuO quantum dots (QDs) were produced in size‐controlled super‐micropores of a silica matrix. The reversible color change of the QDs from pale blue to deep green was clearly observed in a wide temperature range from 298 to 673 K. This particular thermochromism is ascribed to an enhanced bandgap shift depending on temperature with a strong electron–phonon coupling in the confined space of the 1 nm QDs.
Three‐Dimensional Characterization of Noble‐Metal Nanoparticles and their Assemblies by Electron Tomography
Authors: Bals Sara , Goris Bart , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: August 2014

New developments in the field of nanomaterials drive the need for quantitative characterization techniques that yield information down to the atomic scale. In this Review, we focus on the three‐dimensional investigations of metal nanoparticles and their assemblies by electron tomography. This technique has become a versatile tool to understand the connection between the properties and structure or composition of nanomaterials. The different steps of an electron tomography experiment are discussed and we show how quantitative three‐dimensional information can be obtained even at the atomic scale.
Enhanced Separation of Potassium Ions by Spontaneous K+‐Induced Self‐Assembly of a Novel Metal–Organic Framework and Excess Specific Cation–π Interactions
Authors: Wu Wenyu , Kirillov Alexander M. , Yan Xuhuan , Zhou Panpan , Liu Weisheng , Tang Yu
Published: August 2014

A novel metal–organic framework (MOF) was fabricated by spontaneous K+‐induced supramolecular self‐assembly with the embedded tripodal ligand units. When the 3D ligand was loaded onto Fe3O4@mSiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles, it could effectively separate K+ ions from a mixture of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions through nanoparticle‐assisted MOF crystallization into a Fe3O4@mSiO2@MOF hybrid material. Excess potassium ions could be extracted because of the specific cation–π interaction between K+ and the aromatic cavity of the MOF, leading to enhanced separation efficiency and suggesting a new application for MOFs.
Extensive Structural Rearrangements upon Reduction of 9H‐9‐Borafluorene
Authors: Hübner Alexander , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias
Published: August 2014

Common wisdom has it that organoboranes are readily oxidized. Described herein is that also their reduction can result in remarkable chemistry. Treatment of dimeric 9H‐9‐borafluorene with Li metal in toluene yields two strikingly different classes of compounds. One part of the sample reacts in a way similar to B2H6, thus affording an aryl(hydro)borane cluster reminiscent of the [B3H8]− anion. The other part furnishes a dianionic boron‐doped graphene flake devoid of hydrogen substituents at the boron centers and featuring a central BB bond. A change in the solvent to THF allows an isolation of this dibenzo[g,p]chrysene analogue in good yields.
The effect of BMP‐2 and VEGF loading of gelatin‐pectin‐BCP scaffolds to enhance osteoblast proliferation
Authors: Amirian Jhaleh , Linh Nguyen Thuy Ba , Min Young Ki , Lee Byong‐Taek
Published: August 2014

A composite scaffold of gelatine (Gel)‐pectin (Pec)‐biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) was successfully fabricated. Growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were loaded into the Gel‐Pec‐BCP hydrogel scaffolds by freeze‐drying. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and BCP dispersion in the hydrogel scaffolds was measured by energy dispersive and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. The results obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and quantitative measurements showed successfully loading of BMP‐2 and VEGF into the Gel‐Pec‐BCP hydrogel scaffolds. In addition MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblasts were cultivated on the three types of scaffolds to investigate the effects of BMP‐2 and VEGF on cell viability and proliferation. The Gel‐Pec‐BCP scaffolds loaded with VEGF and BMP‐2 demonstrated more cell spreading and proliferation compared to those of the Gel‐Pec‐BCP scaffolds. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41241.
Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical properties of a novel terphenyl liquid crystalline epoxy resin
Authors: Harada Miyuki , Ando Junichiro , Yamaki Motohiro , Ochi Mitsukazu
Published: August 2014

A novel terphenyl liquid crystalline (LC) epoxy resin was synthesized and characterized by 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polarizing optical microscopy. Depending on the curing temperature, the synthesized resin formed both smectic and nematic LC phases. A time‐temperature‐transformation diagram was constructed to optimize the curing process, which helped in the preparation of LC and isotropic system. The terphenyl epoxy resin obtained exhibited higher acid resistance than a comparable Schiff‐base epoxy resin, and also displayed excellent fracture toughness. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41296.
Alkyl pectin: Hydrophobic matrices for controlled drug release
Authors: Zheng Xue‐Fang , Lian Qi , Yang Hua , Zhu Hong
Published: August 2014

Alkyl pectin with various fatty acid (C4–C16) bromides increased its hydrophobic characteristic and made important changes in its structural features. Unmodified pectin exhibited a low degree of order (DO) and a weak tablet‐crushing strength. Pectin alkylated with a short chain length (C4) possessed similar properties but exhibited significant swelling. Alkylation with longer side chains (C8–C16) resulted in a higher DO and crushing strength but a lower swelling. The best mechanical characteristics and drug‐release properties were found for octanoyl pectin (OP; degree of substitution = 7.06–15.41%) tablets with 20% bovine serum albumin as a tracer. The high stability of these monolithic tablets appeared to be due to hydrophobic interactions between side chains, as shown by a more organized structure. IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses of OP were consistent with a hydrophobic self‐assembling model. The drug dissolution kinetics showed longer release times for higher degrees of functionalization, that is, 35 h (for 10.88% substitution) and 80 h (for 15.41% substitution); this suggested OP excipients as interesting candidates for oral and subdermal pharmaceutical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41302.
Ultra‐high enhancement in the toughness of polyethylene by exfoliated natural clay nanosheets
Authors: Cai Dongyu , Song Mo
Published: August 2014

The full exfoliation of inorganic natural clay was engineered in a nonpolar polyethylene following a novel method without the involvement of any chemical modification to the surface of silicate layers. Tensile results showed that the toughening effect was dependent of strain rates, and the toughness of polyethylene was substantially improved by nearly five times with 0.5 wt % natural clay nanosheets at a strain rate of 0.15 s−1. Toughening mechanism was also discussed based on this new exfoliated system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41314.