bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Roles of Repetitive DNA Elements in the Context of a Unified Genomic‐Epigenetic System
Authors: STERNBERG RICHARD v.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Repetitive DNA sequences comprise a substantial portion of most eukaryotic and some prokaryotic chromosomes. Despite nearly forty years of research, the functions of various sequence families as a whole and their monomer units remain largely unknown. The inability to map specific functional roles onto many repetitive DNA elements (REs), coupled with the taxon‐specificity of sequence families, have led many to speculate that these genomic components are “selfish” replicators generating genomic “junk.” The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the selfishness, evolutionary effects, and functionality of REs. First, a brief overview of the range of ideas pertaining to RE function is presented. Second, the argument is presented that the selfish DNA “hypothesis” is actually a narrative scheme, that it serves to protect neo‐Darwinian assumptions from criticism, and that this story is untestable and therefore not a hypothesis. Third, attempts to synthesize the selfish DNA concept with complex systems models of the genome and RE functionality are critiqued. Fourth, the supposed connection between RE‐induced mutations and macroevolutionary events are stated to be at variance with empirical evidence and theoretical considerations. Hypotheses that base phylogenetic transitions in repetitive sequence changes thus remain speculative. Fifth and finally, the case is made for viewing REs as integrally functional components of chromosomes, genomes, and cells. It is argued throughout that a new conceptual framework is needed for understanding the roles of repetitive DNA in genomic/epigenetic systems, and that neo‐Darwinian “narratives” have been the primary obstacle to elucidating the effects of these enigmatic components of chromosomes.
Results of Long‐Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Tert‐Amyl‐Methyl‐Ether (TAME) and Di‐Isopropyl‐Ether (DIPE) in Rats
Authors: BELPOGGI FIORELLA , SOFFRITTI MORANDO , MINARDI FRANCO , BUA LUCIANO , CATTIN ELISA , MALTONI CESARE
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Tert‐amyl‐methyl ether (TAME) was administered by gavage in extra virgin olive oil solution at concentrations of 750, 250, or 0 mg/kg bw to groups of 100 male and 100 female Sprague‐Dawley rats 8 weeks old at the start of the experiment. Di‐isopropyl ether (DIPE) was administered in the same manner at the doses of 1000, 250, or 0 mg/kg body weight to groups of 100 male and 100 female Sprague‐Dawley rats. TAME and DIPE were each delivered in 1‐mL solution 4 days a week for 78 weeks. Control animals received 1 mL of extra virgin olive oil without TAME or DIPE. At the end of the treatment period, all animals were kept under observation until spontaneous death. Under these test conditions, TAME and DIPE were found to be potential carcinogenic agents for various organs and tissues.
Carcinogenic Effects of Benzene: Cesare Maltoni's Contributions
Authors: MEHLMAN MYRON A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Cesare Maltoni's contributions to understanding, identifying, and characterizing widely used commercial chemicals in experimental animals are among the most important methods developed in the history of toxicology and serve to protect working men and women, the general population, and our environment from hazardous substances. Maltoni developed experimental methods that have reached the “platinum standard” for protection of public health. Benzene was among the 400 or more chemicals that Maltoni and his associates tested for carcinogenicity. In 1976, Maltoni reported that benzene is a potent experimental carcinogen. Maltoni's experiments clearly demonstrated that benzene is carcinogenic in Sprague‐Dawley rats, Wistar rats, Swiss mice, and RF/J mice when administered by inhalation or ingestion. Benzene caused carcinomas of the Zymbal gland, oral cavity, nasal cavities; cancers of the skin, forestomach, mammary glands, and lungs; angiosarcomas and hepatomas of the liver; and hemolymphoreticular cancers. Thus, benzene was shown to be a multipotential carcinogen that produced cancers in several species of animals by various routes of administration. On November 2, 1977, Chemical Week reported that Maltoni provided a “bombshell” when he demonstrated the “first direct link” between benzene and cancer. In this paper, I shall summarize early experiments and human studies and reports; Maltoni's experimental contribution to understanding the carcinogenicity of benzene in humans and animals; earlier knowledge concerning benzene toxicity; and benzene standards and permissible exposure levels.
Primary Prevention Protects Public Health
Authors: TOMATIS LORENZO
Published: July 2010

Abstract: It is widely accepted that epidemiological data provide the only reliable evidence of a carcinogenic effect in humans, but epidemiology is unable to provide early warning of a cancer risk. The experimental approach to carcinogenicity can ascertain and predict potential cancer risks to humans in time for primary prevention to be successful. Unfortunately, only in rare instances were experimental data considered sufficiently convincing per se to stimulate the adoption of preventive measures. The experimental testing of environmental agents is the second line of defense against potential human carcinogens. The first line is the testing of synthesized agents, be these pesticides, medical drugs, or industrial chemical/physical agents, at the time of their development. We do not know, however, how many substances have been prevented from entering the environment because most tests are carried out by commercial or private laboratories and results are rarely released. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the sequence of events of the carcinogenesis process will eventually lead to a more accurate characterization and quantification of risks. However, the ways that mechanistic data have been used lately for evaluating evidence of carcinogenicity have not necessarily meant that the evaluations were more closely oriented toward public health. A tendency has surfaced to dismiss the relevance of long‐term carcinogenicity studies. In the absence of absolute certainty, rarely if ever reached in biology, it is essential to adopt an attitude of responsible caution, in line with the principles of primary prevention, the only one that may prevent unlimited experimentation on the entire human species.
Chemicals Studied and Evaluated in Long‐Term Carcinogenesis Bioassays by Both the Ramazzini Foundation and the National Toxicology Program
Authors: HUFF JAMES
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The Ramazzini Foundation (RF) in Bentivoglio, Italy and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina have carried out several hundred chemical carcinogenesis bioassays: 200 by RF and 500 by NTP. Of these, 21 have been evaluated by both laboratories. The 14 chemicals for which both laboratories have designed, conducted, and reported bioassay results are: acrylonitrile, benzene, chlorine, diesel fuel, ethylbenzene, methylene chloride (dichloromethane), propylene, styrene, styrene oxide, toluene, trichloroethylene, trichlorofluoromethane, vinylidene chloride, and xylenes. The other seven chemicals (two are fibers) were evaluated by both laboratories, but results have not yet been published. Results of these 14 interlaboratory studies were compared both to explore consistency of carcinogenic responses and to identify possible factors that may reveal reasons for any differences observed. Individual carcinogenesis results from each laboratory were duplicated and complementary. Of the 14 chemicals compared, 11 (80%) were either carcinogenic (9 chemicals) or noncarcinogenic (2 chemicals) in both studies. Eight of the paired chemicals had at least one carcinogenic target site in common. The other three were carcinogenic in one laboratory but not in the other. Possible explanations for these differences include dose, method of administration, duration of follow‐up, and whether or not total tumors are counted. The collaboration between these two pioneering bioassay laboratory programs contributes greatly to our understanding of chemical carcinogenesis and results in better protection of workers and the general population from chemical diseases, especially cancers.
Ontogeny of the Human Amygdala
Authors: ULFIG NORBERT , SETZER MATTHIAS , BOHL JÜRGEN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Data on the fetal development of the human amygdala is reviewed with special reference to major ontogenetic events. In the fifth gestational month, the inferior portion of the amygdala reveals cell‐dense columns merging with the ganglionic eminence (proliferative zone) in Nissl‐stained sections. These columns contain vimentin‐positive fibers and can therefore be regarded as migrational routes. In the sixth and seventh months, distinct reorganization of the cytoarchitectonics takes place. The sequential occurrence of afferens can be visualized using anti‐GAP‐43; moreover, outgrowing axons appear to reach the periphery of the ganglionic eminence. The latter may thus represent an intermediate target for growing axons using anti‐calbindin and anti‐calretinin. Migrating and immature amygdaloid neurons can be shown in the fifth month. From the eighth month onwards, various nonpyramidal neurons and pyramidal neurons are immunolabeled. Transient expression of calretinin in pyramidal neurons is observed. When punctate calbindin and calretinin immunostaining in the fifth and eighth months is compared, distinct redistribution is observed. On the whole, it is apparent that the amygdala has reached a high degree of maturity in the eighth month. At this developmental stage, AKAP79, being enriched in postsynaptic densities, shows a characteristic nuclear‐specific distribution pattern. The latter largely corresponds to the expression pattern of NMDAR1. Thus, AKAP79 may have a preference for anchoring enzymes to glutamate receptors. The aforementioned results provide a basis for investigations on subtle changes in pathologically altered material, such as hemorrhage, in the ganglionic eminence of preterm infants.
Comparative Aspects of Amygdala Connectivity
Authors: PRICE JOSEPH L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The connections of the amygdala in rats, cats, and monkeys can be divided into three systems: (1) A largely forebrn system provides sensory information to the amygdala from the olfactory cortex, ascending taste/visceral pathways, posterior thalamus and sensory association cortex. Most of these connections are reciprocal and also support amygdaloid modulation of sensory processing. (2) A set of projections extends from the amygdala to the hypothalamus and brain stem, which appears to modulate visceral function in relation to emotional stimuli. (3) A forebrain circuit involves the amygdala with the ventromedial frontal, rostral insular, and rostral temporal cortical areas, the medial thalamus and ventromedial basal ganglia, and seems to be directly involved in emotional behavior and mood. All of these systems are present in all mammals studied; the major differences lie in the greater elaboration of the cerebral cortex in primates.
Extended Amygdala and Basal Forebrain
Authors: ALHEID GEORGE F.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The basal forebrain is a confluence of systems that are crucial to understanding some of the most important functions of the brain, including reward and punishment, learning and cognition, and feeding and reproduction. Basic to understanding this broad spectrum of behavior is untangling the interwoven functional systems in basal forebrain. This has been grounded by the appreciation that the major nearby structures, that is, amygdala and basal ganglia, provide a context for interpreting basal forebrain areas that are best viewed as extensions of either of these larger regions. The components of basal forebrain, the ventral striatopallidal system and the medial and central divisions of extended amygdala, are subcortical relays for information garnered from brain stem, thalamus, and cortical areas. With respect to the classically defined amygdala of the temporal lobe, the lateral‐basolateral complex, and the superficial amygdaloid nuclei may tentatively be viewed as specialized cortical regions. Their output targets both the striatopallidal complex and the extended amygdala, with some of the most massive basal forebrain efferents originating in the basolateral amygdaloid complex. The subcortical projections of the basolateral nucleus, at least in the rat, appear to be dichotomous, with anterior (or magnocellular) portions of the nucleus preferentially targeting striatum and ventral striatum (including the core of the nucleus accumbens), while the posterior (small‐celled) portions of the basolateral nucleus target the extended amygdala as well as the shell of the nucleus accumbens. This divergence represents a particular opportunity for behavioral neuroscientists analyzing basal forebrain functions. Studies exploiting the dual subcortical projection of basolateral amygdala indicate distinct functional roles for striatum versus extended amygdala. These reinforce the identification of extended amygdala as a functional‐anatomical entity distinct from the striatopallidal system.
Sex Offender Management
Authors: ROBINSON LAURIE O.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Few issues within the crime policy arena are as volatile as those involving sex offending, yet there is an enormous ‘knowledge gap’ between research, science, and clinical practice, on the one hand, and the policy and criminal justice practitioner communities, on the other. Recent highly publicized cases involving sex offending, which have elevated the issue in the public eye, provide an opportunity for experts in this field to play an aggressive role in informing this debate. In particular, high priority should be given to developing more effective means of communicating to policymakers, practitioners, the media, elected officials, and the public what is known from science and clinical practice about sex offending and about what works in addressing it. A strong commitment to greater cross‐disciplinary collaboration is also needed, as is federal leadership, particularly in supporting a cross‐department research agenda. Researchers and other experts in this field can play a valuable role in helping ensure rational and effective public policy relating to sex offending that can achieve public safety and help reduce future victimization.
A 15‐Year Retrospective on Sexual Coercion: Advances and Projections
Authors: PRENTKY ROBERT A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:This paper surveys the clinical and legal literature in the area of sexual offender law, policy, and research from 1987 through 2001. Eleven clinical journals, yielding approximately 12,858 articles were screened, as well as 1196 articles in law journals. Content trends over fifteen years are reported. In addition, five major areas within the sexual offender field (etiology, risk assessment, legislative management, remediation, and public policy) are examined for noteworthy changes over the past fifteen years. Advances and projections for future developments are discussed.
The Development of Sexual Aggression through the Life Span
Authors: BARBAREE HOWARD E. , BLANCHARD RAY , LANGTON CALVIN M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: There is a strong belief in the field that sexual aggression persists unabated into old age. If libido is one of the important determinants of sexual aggression, as has been theorized, and if libido decreases with aging, then it follows that sexual aggression should show similar aging effects. The present study examines the effects of age on sexual arousal and sexual recidivism in sex offenders. In the first study, 1431 sex offenders' erectile responses were measured using volumetric phallometry during presentations of visual and auditory depictions of prepubescent, pubescent, and adult males and females. The maximum degree of arousal was plotted over the age of the offender at the time of the test. Age was a powerful determinant of sexual arousal and a line‐of‐best‐fit indicated that arousal decreased as a reciprocal of the age‐at‐test. In the second study, 468 sex offenders released into the community were followed for an average period of over five years. The effects of age‐at‐release were examined using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves plotted for subjects in different age‐at‐release cohorts. Results indicated that offenders released at an older age were less likely to recommit sexual offenses and that sexual recidivism decreased as a linear function of age‐at‐release. Age‐related decreases were confirmed while controlling for other risk factors using Cox regression analysis. The implications of reductions in sexual aggression with age are discussed in relation to our understanding of the etiology of sexual aggression and our use of actuarial risk assessments.
The Etiology of Anomalous Sexual Preferences in Men
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:People discover rather than choose their sexual interests. The process of discovery typically begins before the onset of puberty and is associated with an increase in the secretion of sex hormones from the adrenal glands. However, the determinants of the direction of sexual interest, in the sense of preferences for the same or opposite sex, are earlier. These preferences, although not manifest until much later in development, appear to be caused by the neural organizational effects of intrauterine hormonal events. Variations in these hormonal events likely have several causes and two of these appear to have been identified for males. One cause is genetic and the other involves the sensitization of the maternal immune system to some aspect of the male fetus. It is presently unclear how these two causes relate to each other. The most important question for future research is whether preferences for particular‐aged partners and parts of the male courtship sequence share causes similar to those of erotic gender orientation.
The Cultural Context of Sexual Aggression
Authors: HALL GORDON C. NAGAYAMA , TETEN ANDRA L. , SUE STANLEY
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Attention paid to culture in theories of sexual coercion has been limited. This failure to include culture in these theories implies that culture does not have an important role in sexually coercive behavior. Recent conceptual and empirical work supports the existence of culture‐specific models of sexual coercion. Sexual coercion has been characterized in much of the literature as an individual phenomenon. However, cultural norms are influential in collectivist cultural groups. Whereas European American men's sexual coercion is primarily determined by misogynous beliefs, Asian American men's sexual coercion is determined by a combination of misogynous beliefs and cultural considerations. These findings underscore the need to consider cultural context in the development of theoretical models and interventions for sexually coercive behavior.
Implications of Public Health for Policy on Sexual Violence
Authors: BASILE KATHLEEN C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In the last ten years, researchers and practitioners have written about why sexual violence in particular should be viewed as a public health issue, and the importance of prevention of sexual violence. However, little has been written about how to accomplish this. In this paper I describe steps that could be taken using the public health approach to better achieve prevention of sexual violence. Most research and prevention related to sexual violence have focused on the individual and relationship levels. I discuss the importance of addressing all levels using an ecological approach (macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, and personal history) and focusing more on prevention that addresses the societal and social roots of sexual violence. The paper concludes with some examples of potential preventive measures and policies consistent with a public health model.
Oxidative Modifications of α‐Synuclein
Authors: ISCHIROPOULOS HARRY
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Hallmark lesions of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies contain α‐synuclein (α‐syn) that is modified by nitration of tyrosine residues and possibly by dityrosine cross‐linking to generated stable oligomers. Data gathered from in vitro experiments and from model systems of cells transfected with wild‐type and mutant α‐syn revealed that conditions resulting in α‐syn nitration also induce formation of α‐syn inclusions with similar biochemical characteristics to protein extracted from human lesions. The detection of tyrosine‐nitrated α‐syn signifies the formation of reactive nitrogen species capable of both radical and electrophilic attack on aromatic residues as well as nucleophilic additions and oxidations. The cellular sources and biochemical reactivity of reactive nitrogen species in the central nervous system remain largely unknown, but kinetically fast reactions of nitric oxide with superoxide to form peroxynitrite as well as enzymatic one‐electron oxidation of nitrite are two important sources of reactive nitrogen species. Based on these findings a model is proposed where the process of fibrilization can be differentially affected by oxidants and nitrating species. Posttranslational modifications of α‐syn by reactive nitrogen species inhibits fibril formation and results in urea‐ and SDS‐ insoluble, protease‐resistant α‐syn aggregates that maybe responsible for cellular toxicity.
From Molecular Biology to Anti‐aging Cognitive‐Behavioral Practices: The Pioneering Research of Walter Pierpaoli on the Pineal and Bone Marrow Foreshadows the Contemporary Revolution in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology
Authors: Bushell W C
Published: July 2010

Evidence is accruing that a cognitive‐behavioral regimen integrating cognitive techniques (meditation‐based anti‐stress, anti‐inflammatory techniques, others), dietary modification (“dietary restriction” or modified dietary restriction), and certain forms of aerobic exercise, may prolong the healthy life span in humans. Recent research has identified some of the likely molecular mediators of these potentially broad‐ranging, health‐enhancing and anti‐aging effects; these include DHEA, interleukins ‐10 and ‐4 (IL‐10, 1L‐4), and especially melatonin. Relatedly, what some are calling a revolution in biology and medicine has been emerging from research on stem cells and regeneration processes more generally. Dogma regarding limitations on the regenerative capacities of adult vertebrates is being cautiously yet enthusiastically revised in the wake of rapidly accumulating discoveries of more types of adult stem cells in mammals, including humans. For example, a recent review by D. Krause of Yale concluded that “in the [adult] bone marrow, in addition to hematopoietic stem cells and supportive stromal cells, there are cells with the potential to differentiate into mature cells of the heart, liver, kidney, lungs, GI tract, skin, bone, muscle, cartilage, fat, endothelium and brain” In addition, very recent studies have shown that DHEA, ILs‐10 and ‐4, and melatonin all possess potential regenerative, including stem cell‐activating, properties. More than a quarter of a century ago, Walter Pierpaoli initiated a series of extraordinary studies that demonstrated in experimental animals the potential fordramaticregeneration associated with changes in the pineal gland and bone marrow. This appeared to be not onlyretardationof aging, but also itsreversal. Furthermore, as Pierpaoli was attempting to understand both anti‐aging regeneration and oncogenesis, he was focusing onboth pro‐ and anti‐mitotic mechanisms: recent research now suggests that there is a nonpathologic, “healthy” form of regeneration that is actually antagonistic to oncogenesis, and that melatonin may be important in this form of regeneration. This paper explores Pierpaoli's pioneering studies in light of recent developments in stem cell and regenerative biology, particularly as related to the regenerative potential associated with certain cognitive‐behavioral practices, and includes evidence on this subject presented for the first time.
Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Functional Characterization of Fruits Xoconostle (Opuntia matudae) Pears from Central‐México Region
Authors: Guzmán‐Maldonado Salvador H. , Morales‐Montelongo Ana L. , Mondragón‐Jacobo Candelario , Herrera‐Hernández Guadalupe , Guevara‐Lara Fidel , Reynoso‐Camacho Rosalia
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeño (Opuntia matudae) has attracted domestic and international industry attention; however, variations of composition from xoconostle structures have not been evaluated. Industries discard the pulp (endocarp) and peel (pericarp) as wastes and utilize the skin (mesocarp), which is the edible portion. The physicochemical, nutritional, and functional characterization of structures from xoconostle pear from 3 major sites of production in Mexico were assessed. Skin yield ranged from 58% to 64% and was higher to that of peel (22% to 24%) and pulp (12% to 18%) yields. pH, °Brix, and acidity were similar among xoconostle structures. Total fiber showed by peel (18.23% to 20.37%) was 2‐fold higher than that of skin. Protein and ether extract were higher in xoconostle pulp compared to that showed by peel and skin. Iron content of xoconostle peel (6 to 9.6 mg/100 g, DWB) was higher to that of skin and pulp and prickly pear pulp. Soluble phenols of peel (840 to 863 mg GAE/100 g, DWB) were almost similar to that of skin (919 to 986 mg GAE/100 g, dry weigh basis); meanwhile, ascorbic acid concentration of skin was 2‐fold higher compared to that of peel. The phenolic fraction of xoconostle structures consisted of gallic, vanillic, and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acids; catechin, epicatechin, and vanillin were also identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography–didoe array detection (HPLC‐DAD). Xoconostle peel showed higher antioxidant activity (TEAC) compared to that of skin (2‐fold) and pulp (6‐fold) of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. The potential of xoconostle peel and pulp for the production of feed or food is promissory.

Practical Application:  Outstanding nutritional and functional properties of xoconostle cv. Cuaresmeño fruits are demonstrated. Increased consumption could contribute positively to improve the diet of rural and urban consumers. The high fiber, mineral, and antioxidant components of xoconostle peel and pulp suggest that these fruit structures, which are currently discarded as waste, have promissory use as feed or food by industry.
Physicochemical Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Wheat‐Germinated Brown Rice Bread during Storage Time
Authors: Charoenthaikij Phantipha , Jangchud Kamolwan , Jangchud Anuvat , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , No Hong Kyoon , King Joan M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Selected physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of bread prepared from composite flour (wheat:germinated brown rice:germinated glutinous brown rice flours at 60:30:10 ratio) were evaluated during storage for 0, 3, and 5 d, and compared with wheat bread (0 d, control). During storage, color profiles and water activity (from 0.947 to 0.932) of crumbs of composite flour breads slightly changed, but moisture content drastically decreased along with increasing crumb hardness (from 4.16 N to 10.37 N). Higher retrogradation in bread crumb was observed particularly for 5‐d stored bread (ΔH = 2.24 J/g) compared to that of the fresh composite bread and the control (ΔH = 0.70 and 0.51 J/g, respectively). Mean (n = 116) overall liking score of the fresh composite flour bread (0 d) was slightly lower than that of the control (7.1 compared with 7.6 based on a 9‐point hedonic scale). At least 76% of consumers would purchase the fresh composite flour bread if commercially available. Breads were differentiated by textural (moistness, smoothness, and softness) acceptability with canonical correlation of 0.84 to 0.87. The signal‐to‐noise ratio values of the 5‐d stored breads were lower than the control, due mainly to the non‐JAR (not‐enough) intensity responses for moistness, smoothness, and softness; the mean drop of liking scores for these attributes ranged from 2.42 to 2.98. Flavor acceptability and overall liking were factors influencing consumers’ purchase intent of composite flour breads based on logistic regression analysis. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation.

Practical Application:  Our previous study revealed that flours from germinated brown rice have better nutritional properties, particularly gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), than the nongerminated one. This study demonstrated feasibility of incorporating up to 40% germinated brown rice flour in a wheat bread formulation. In the current U.S. market, this type of bread may be sold as frozen bread that would have a longer shelf life, or may be supplied as a food‐service product that would be made‐to‐order or made fresh daily as currently practiced in some major grocery stores.
Oxidative Damage in Response to Natural Levels of UV‐B Radiation in Larvae of the Tropical Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla
Authors: Lister Kathryn Naomi , Lamare Miles D. , Burritt David J.
Published: July 2010

To assess the effects of UV radiation (280–400 nm) on development, oxidative damage and antioxidant defence in larvae of the tropical sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla, a field experiment was conducted at two depths in Aitutaki, Cook Islands (18.85°S, 159.75°E) in May 2008. Compared with field controls (larvae shielded from UV‐R but exposed to VIS‐radiation), UV‐B exposure resulted in developmental abnormality and increases in oxidative damage to proteins (but not lipids) in embryos of T. gratilla held at 1 m depth. Results also indicated that larvae had the capacity to increase the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes when exposed to UV‐B. The same trends in oxidative damage and antioxidant defence were observed for embryos held at 4 m, although the differences were smaller and more variable. In contrast to UV‐B exposure, larvae exposed to UV‐A only showed no significant increases in abnormality or oxidative damage to lipids and proteins compared with field controls. This was true at both experimental depths. Furthermore, exposure to UV‐A did not cause a significant increase in the activities of antioxidants. This study indicates that oxidative stress is an important response of tropical sea urchin larvae to exposure to UV radiation.
Short‐term changes in the composition of active marine bacterial assemblages in response to diesel oil pollution
Authors: Lanfranconi Mariana P. , Bosch Rafael , Nogales Balbina
Published: July 2010

The changes caused by diesel oil pollution in the metabolically active bacterioplankton from an oligotrophic coastal location were analysed in laboratory microcosms (44 l) using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) as molecular marker. The aim was to simulate typical hydrocarbon pollution events in a coastal area exploited for seasonal touristic activities. The experiment consisted in addition of low amounts of diesel oil without nutrients to seawater collected at different times (winter and summer). Bacterial diversity was analysed by terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) profiling of 16S rRNAs after reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and by generation of 16S rRNA clone libraries in control and diesel‐polluted microcosms. Diesel addition caused a twofold increase in prokaryotic numbers in comparison with controls at the end of the experiment, both in winter and summer microcosms. Bacterioplankton composition, determined by 16S rRNA T‐RFLP data, changed rapidly (within 17 h) in response to treatment. The resulting communities were different in microcosms with water collected in summer and winter. A reduction in diversity (Shannon index, calculated on the basis of T‐RFLP data) was observed only in summer microcosms. This was due to the rapid increase of phylotypes affiliated to the Oceanospirillaceae, not observed in winter microcosms. After diesel treatment there was a reduction in the number of phylotypes related to SAR11, SAR86 and picocyanobacteria, while phylotypes of the Roseobacter clade, and the OMG group seemed to be favoured. Our results show that diesel pollution alone caused profound effects on the bacterioplankton of oligotrophic seawater, and explained many of the differences in diversity reported previously in pristine and polluted sites in this coastal area.
Whole cell‐catalyzed transesterification of waste vegetable oil
Authors: Xiao Man , Obbard Jeffrey Philip
Published: July 2010

Enzymatic transesterification of waste cooking oil, comprising fats, oil and grease (FOG), to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) i.e. biodiesel, was investigated using a novel strain of the fungus Aspergillus niger, immobilized as a whole‐cell biocatalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM), with a five‐level‐three‐factor central composite rotatable design, was used to optimize the reaction and analyze the relationship of reaction variables and their coinfluent on the response i.e. FAME yield. Independent variables that affect the transesterification reaction include temperature, feedstock water content and enzyme amount. Using RSM, a second‐order polynomial equation was derived for FAME yield using multiple regression analysis. The second‐order polynomial regression model was highly significant (P<0.001) in predicting the actual relationship between the response and the variables, where a linear relationship was apparent between observed and predicted values (R2=0.9651). In addition, the predicted determination coefficient q2 i.e. 0.7723, also proved that the model has a high predictive ability. The validation experiments, under optimized conditions, showed that the predicted value of maximum FAME yield (i.e. 91.3%) was in close agreement with the experimental value (i.e. 91.8%).
Corn stover feedstock trials to support predictive modeling
Authors: KARLEN DOUGLAS L.
Published: July 2010

To be sustainable, feedstock harvest must neither degrade soil, water, or air resources nor negatively impact productivity or subsequent crop yields. Simulation modeling will help guide the development of sustainable feedstock production practices, but not without field validation. This paper introduces field research being conducted in six states to support Sun Grant Regional Partnership modeling. Our objectives are to (1) provide a fundamental understanding of limiting factor(s) affecting corn (Zea maysL.) stover harvest, (2) develop tools (e.g., equations, models, etc.) that account for those factors, and (3) create a multivariant analysis framework to combine models for all limiting factors. Sun Grant modelers will use this information to improve regional estimates of feedstock availability. A minimum data set, including soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, pH, bulk density (BD), and soil‐test phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations, is being collected. Stover yield for three treatments (0%, 50%, and 90% removal) and concentrations of N, P, and K in the harvested stover are being quantified to assess the impact of stover harvest on soil resources. Grain yield at a moisture content of 155 g kg−1averaged 9.71 Mg ha−1, matching the 2008 national average. Stover dry matter harvest rates ranged from 0 to 7 Mg ha−1. Harvesting stover increased N–P–K removal by an average of 42, 5, and 45 kg ha−1compared with harvesting only grain. Replacing those three nutrients would cost $53.68 ha−1based on 2009 fertilizer prices. This first‐year data and that collected in subsequent years is being used to develop a residue management tool that will ultimately link multiple feedstock supplies together in a landscape vision to help develop a comprehensive carbon management plan, quantify corn stover harvest effects on soil quality, and predict regional variability in feedstock supplies.
Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in faeces and ileal contents from grass sickness affected horses: Comparisons with 3 control populations
Authors: WAGGETT B. E. , McGORUM B. C. , WERNERY U. , SHAW D. J. , PIRIE R. S.
Published: July 2010

Reasons for performing study: While previous studies have demonstrated an association between equine grass sickness (EGS) and the presence of Clostridium botulinum within ileal contents and faeces, no such associations with other intestinal‐derived anaerobic bacteria have been extensively investigated.

Hypothesis: The prevalence of C. perfringens in the ileal contents and faeces of EGS horses is greater than control horses; the detection of C. perfringens in faeces by ELISA could be diagnostically beneficial in a clinical setting.

Methods: The prevalence of C. perfringens in faeces from EGS horses and healthy grazing control horses was determined by both selective culture and ELISA to permit both validation of the ELISA and inter‐group comparisons. Additionally, the prevalence of C. perfringens (ELISA) in ileal contents from EGS horses was compared with that for control horses with nongastrointestinal disease. Finally, the prevalence of C. perfringens (ELISA) in faeces from EGS cases was compared with that from both horses with which they shared pasture at the time of disease onset and non‐EGS colic horses.

Results: When compared with culture, the ELISA had a sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 98%, respectively. The prevalence of C. perfringens in faeces as determined by both culture and ELISA was significantly higher (P<0.001) for EGS horses (7/9 and 15/37, respectively) than for healthy grazing controls (0/60 and 1/74, respectively). The prevalence of C. perfringens in ileal contents from EGS horses (5/10) was greater than that for horses with nongastrointestinal disease (1/12) at a level that approached significance (P = 0.056). EGS cases had a significantly greater prevalence of C. perfringens in faeces (15/37) than co‐grazing horses (1/18) and colic (1/16) horses. The specificity (93%) and PPV (94%) of the detection of C. perfringens by ELISA on faecal samples in relation to disease status (EGS compared with colic horses) was good. Sensitivity (41%) and NPV (39%) were poor.

Conclusions and potential relevance: The use of a commercial ELISA to detect faecal C. perfringens may be diagnostically beneficial when differentiating EGS cases from colic cases, although further work is required to fully evaluate its potential.
Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction
Authors: BARAKZAI S. Z. , DIXON P. M.
Published: July 2010

Reasons for performing study:To correlate resting and exercising endoscopic grades of laryngeal function in horses undergoing high‐speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE) using the Havemeyer grading system. To correlate dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) seen at rest with palatal function during exercise.

Methods:Records of horses that underwent HSTE examination (1999–2009) were reviewed. Resting laryngeal function score and other abnormalities noted on resting endoscopy were recorded as were results of HSTE. Results of resting and exercising endoscopic findings were correlated.

Results:281 horses underwent HSTE. There was significant correlation between grade of laryngeal function at rest (grades 1–4) and exercise (ρ= 0.53, P<0.001) and between restingsubgrades 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3and exercising grades of laryngeal function (ρ= 0.43, P = 0.0017). DDSP was observed at rest significantly more often in horses that developed DDSP during HSTE than those without DDSP during HSTE (RR = 4.1, P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of DDSP seen during resting endoscopy as a test for DDSP occurring during exercise were 25.5 and 95.1% respectively (positive predictive value 0.57, negative predictive value 0.83).

Conclusions and potential relevance:The results of the current study support the use of the Havemeyer system for grading laryngeal function in the resting horse, and corroborate findings of previous studies correlating resting and exercising palatal abnormalities. Studies that use the presence of spontaneous DDSP during resting endoscopic examination as an inclusion criterion for investigating efficacy of treatments for DDSP are likely to have a low proportion of horses with false positive diagnoses.
Pharmaceutical nanocrystals by nanomilling: critical process parameters, particle fracturing and stabilization methods
Authors: Peltonen Leena , Hirvonen Jouni
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Wet milling is a common technique to produce drug nanocrystals. Stability of the nanocrystals is a critical question, and different kinds of stabilizers, e.g. polymers, celluloses, surfactants and lipids, have been tested for various drugs. Still, the question about how to select the best stabilizer to a certain drug material and also to a selected process is open.

Key findings

Many different factors, such as surface energy, hydrophobicity, solubility, viscosity and functional groups, affect the stability of the formed nanosuspensions. Affinity of the stabilizer to the particle surfaces seems to be the most important parameter. This affinity is partly related to the surface energy and hydrophobicity of the surfaces and stabilizers.

In this review the most important factors affecting nanocrystal formulation and efficacy of stabilizers are presented. In order to widen understanding of the milling process, the most important variables related to milling techniques and particle fracturing processes during the milling are briefly presented.
Characterising the behaviour of poorly water soluble drugs in the intestine: application of biorelevant media for solubility, dissolution and transport studies
Authors: Kleberg Karen , Jacobsen Jette , Müllertz Anette
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Based on the knowledge of human intestinal fluids, compositions of biorelevant media and their impact on solubility, dissolution and permeability studies of poorly soluble drug compounds are discussed.

Key findings

Human intestinal fluids show large variations with regard to composition and pH, which complicate the selection of biorelevant media. The influence of concentration and ratio of bile salts, phospholipids and hydrolysis products, such as monoglycerides and free fatty acids, in well characterised media, on the solubility, dissolution and permeability of a given drug provides valuable information on the behaviour of the drug in the intestine, thus enabling the prediction of the in-vivo absorption.

This review discusses the implications of biorelevant media composition on the solubility, dissolution and permeability of poorly soluble drug compounds. Biorelevant media contain bile salts and phospholipids and when simulating the fed state also monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Solubility of some poorly soluble drugs increase independently of the type of surfactants included in the biorelevant media, while others have a higher solubility in monoglyceride- and fatty acid-containing media. This is independent of the log P (the octanol–water partition coefficient) of the drug. The use of biorelevant dissolution media improves the correlation to in-vivo data, compared with compendial media, and although the field of permeability studies is complex the use of biorelevant media in this setting shows promise with respect to a better prediction of absorption.
Continuing professional pharmacy development needs assessment of Qatar pharmacists
Authors: Wilbur Kerry
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Maintenance and improvement of knowledge, skills and performance for provision of contemporary patient care is at the core of continuing professional pharmacy development (CPPD). Existing CPPD models worldwide reflect different approaches to lifelong learning. Before implementing the first country-wide CPPD programme in Qatar, pharmacists were surveyed to determine their specific continuing education (CE) needs, preferences and attitudes.

Methods

A systematic review of allied-health literature was conducted to help devise an anonymous web-based CPPD needs-assessment survey. Questions were characterized into domains of interest including pharmacist demographics, internet access, frequency and characteristics of past CE activity, preferences for delivery and content, barriers to participation, and plans for future CE activities. All pharmacists in Qatar were invited to participate through e-mail and fax invitations.

Key findings

After 4 months, 134 of 523 (≈25%) pharmacists had completed the survey. Practice sites (hospital and community) and gender were equally represented. Approximately one-third had no or inadequate internet access in the workplace. In the past 2 years, one-quarter had not attended any live local educational programmes. Major obstacles included poor timing (66%) and excessive workload (56%). Most pharmacists preferred interactive CE programme formats and one-third indicated Arabic as delivery language of choice. The majority expressed high motivation to achieve their CPPD goals and only 12% outrightly opposed mandatory CE for pharmacist re-licensure.

Conclusions

Qatar pharmacists demonstrated support for enhanced CE opportunities. While views and preferences mirror those of colleagues elsewhere, current conditions merit careful consideration of CPPD programme development and delivery, including language and technology capabilities.
Is there variability in drug release and physical characteristics of amiodarone chloride from different commercially available tablets? Possible therapeutic implications
Authors: Ngo Suong N T , Barnes Timothy
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Amiodarone is a low-solubility, high-permeability drug with a narrow therapeutic index and reported bioavailability problems associated with switching formulations. The aim of this study was to identify whether there is variability in drug release and physical characteristics of different commercially available amiodarone hydrochloride formulations in Australia.

Methods

Four available formulations (innovator Cordarone (COR) and generic products G1, G2 and G3) were tested for drug dissolution, content uniformity, hardness, weight variation, friability and disintegration in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia specifications.

Key findings

The tested formulations exhibited variable dissolution behaviours: G1 and G3 exhibited the fastest dissolution, G2 dissolution was the slowest and Cordarone showed a medium dissolution. After 3 months' exposure to high temperature (40 ± 2°C) and relative humidity (75 ± 5%), the products exhibited a higher degree of disparity, with drug-release profiles of the generics being markedly different from that of Cordarone. This suggests possible implications on bioequivalence for patients who live in warm/tropical regional areas. Most products met the US Pharmacopeia specifications for drug-content uniformity and other test physical characteristics.

Conclusions

The results suggested that variability in drug release profiles in vitro of amiodarone formulations might be a potential indicator of compromised bioavailability, causing possible interference with the therapeutic response of the drug.