bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Aflatoxin Contamination Risk along Maize Distribution Chain (Case study: A Maize Enterprise in East Lampung)
Authors: Marpaung David Septian Sumanto , Indriyani Anggia , Fahadha Rizqa Ula , Mardiono Intan , Haryanto Agus , Tamrin
Published: August 2020

Aflatoxin is a dangerous secondary metabolite produced by some species in the Aspergillus genus. Aflatoxin contamination is considered as critical indicator for good quality of agricultural product, due to its carcinogenic effect to human and animal health. The contamination of aflatoxin in maize occurred at pre-and post-harvest stage when the environment condition is optimum for the mycotoxin growth. The contamination is possibly appeared along distribution chain from field to maize storage. However, the high risk of aflatoxin contamination point along maize distribution chain still unknown. Therefore, identification of high risk aflatoxin contamination along maize distribution chain for preventive handling is necessary. In this study, the aflatoxin contamination risk was determined along maize distribution chain, from field to maize storage. This study was conducted in one of maize enterprise in East Lampung. The distribution chain scope starts from harvest in the field until the maize ready to sell to feed company, without drying treatment. The distribution chain point was determined become 3 point: maize field (Point 1), before threshing/corncob in storage (Point 2) and before send to feed company/maize threshed (Point 3). The maize kernel was collected from each point for further analysis. Our results suggested for maize enterprise actor to put concern in maize handling at storage after threshing, especially controlling in environmental storage condition and time storage, to reduce aflatoxin contamination.
A Possibility of Proteolytic Bacteria Utilization to Control Ralstonia solanacearum 59 In Vitro
Authors: Asril M , Lisafitri Y , Siregar B Alhusaeri
Published: August 2020

Ralstonia solanacearum is a bacterium that causes wilting in chili plants. This bacterium can damage the tissue and cause a decrease in production. One of the controls using antagonistic bacteria with the mechanism of antibiosis is the production of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are protease enzymes. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of proteolytic bacteria from tofu wastewater to inhibit the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum 59. The study was conducted at the Biology Laboratory, Institut Teknologi Sumatera from April-October 2019. The research method used was experimental testing of bacterial antagonists in vitro on media Mueller Hinton Agar. The results showed that of the 28 proteolytic isolates tested, only three bacterial isolates could inhibit the growth of R solanacearum 59, namely BLT-15, BLT-17, and BLT-27. Of the three isolates, BLT-17 showed the highest inhibition zone against R. solanacearum of 23 mm. This inhibition zone activity showed that BLT-17 isolate was able to be used as a biocontrol agent of R. solanacearum 59, the cause of bacterial wilt disease.
Fatigue Level Analysis for Post-Harvest Activities of the Corn Farmers in Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung
Authors: Fil’aini Raizummi , Valentino Fandy , Dwi Safitri Sekar Ayu , Haryanto Agus
Published: August 2020

Corn has its own charm in the agricultural industries, especially in Tanjung Bintang. This crop can be consumed as staples in food and feed industry. In corn production chain, post-harvest requires some special attentions, as its price tends to decrease due to incorrect post-harvest handling. The increase of corn demand must be followed by higher productivity that can be identified from several work elements, which consist of cutting (Ct), transporting (Tr), and milling (Mi). In this moment, the post-harvest process is carried out by both men and women. The post-harvest process of corn was performed when it had been dried on the field. Hence, there is no drying process was needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the fatigue level of corn farmers in post-harvest activities both subjectively and objectively. The objective method used in this study was direct observation in the field by measuring the heart rate using a HRM. On the other hand, the applied subjective method was the SOFI questionnaire data. The results of the questionnaire showed that there were significant differences in the dimensions of physical fatigue, which consists of lack of energy (LE), physical exertion (PE), and physical discomfort (PD) with the general transportation showing the highest fatigue and the lowest was milling. The subjective fatigue dimensions, Lack ofmotivation (LM) and sleepiness (S) did not indicate any significant difference due to the majority of the activities were the physical work. In the objective measurements, the IRHR showed that the highest IRHR value in the transporting and grinding was more than 1.50. This value indicated the work element classified as heavy work. In conclusion, the subjective and objective measurements appointed the transportation (Tr) had the highest level of fatigue.
Isolation, Characterization, Modification of Artocarpin Compound from Pudau Plant (Artocarpus kemando Miq.) and Bioactivity Antibacterial Assay of Artocarpin Compound and Their Modification Result
Authors: Sa’diah Khalimatus , Yuwono Suripto Dwi , Qudus Hardoko Insan , Yandri  , Suhartati Tati
Published: August 2020

Artocarpus kemando Miq. is a species from the family Moraceae in Indonesia known as the Pudau plant. The purpose of this study is to isolate, characterize, modify and test the antibacterial activity of artocarpin compounds isolated from pudding plants. Stages of research include sample preparation, extraction, isolation, and purification of compounds using chromatographic techniques (TLC, VLC, and CC), characterization of compounds using spectroscopy. The isolated compound was obtained as a yellow crystal with a melting point of 185-187 °C. Based on the results of spectroscopic analysis, showed that the prenylated flavonoids had been successfully isolated, artocarpin in an amount of 35.2 mg. Modification of artocarpin with acetic anhydride produces artocarpin acetate as a yellow crystal. Artocarpin and modified compounds showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
The effect of cooperative learning strategy on the engagement in architectural education
Authors: Abdulwahhab Mayyadah L , Hashim Basim H.
Published: August 2020

Cooperative learning is one of the important educational strategies that have been adopted in the student-centered curricula, and an important step in learning and education is the development and enhancement of student learning and their interaction with improving the effectiveness of teaching. The aim of this research is to study the impact of the use of cooperative learning strategy and its impact on academic engagement and its reflection on student performance achievement and results of their learning process for a sample of students from the Department of Architecture in the College of Engineering at Mustansiriyah University. The results showed a strong correlation between cooperative learning strategy and academic engagement in the educational process with high impact factor between the two variables, so the result was positive, which enhanced the academic achievement results for the stage as well as an increase in technical and academic skills for students by helping them meet the design requirements and enhancing their social skills, so they became more motivating and willing to learn and strengthen social relations between students and the faculty as well as the influence of time factor where teamwork significantly reduced time at the level of achievement, in addition to the time devoted to criticism for five groups compared to (15) individuals. The experiment demonstrated the effect of cooperative learning strategy on the level of student engagement in terms of its four characteristics:

• Behavioral engagement through effective engagement into group work.

• An increase in the desire to work and an improvement in social relations, and hence, increase in the rates of emotional engagement.

• Cognitive merger by noting an improvement in academic performance in general compared to individual performance.

• The individual effort may not be apparent to some students due to the interlock of joints of work at the group level.
Adaptive reuse as an approach to sustainability
Authors: Abdulameer Zahraa Adil , Abbas Sana Sati’
Published: August 2020

Adaptive reuse of buildings serves well the needs of the local community and leads to sustainable economic, social and environmental development; therefore, it is necessary to search the role that adaptive reuse plays in the sustainability of the heritage buildings. The research problem is represented by a knowledge gap about the impact of the determinants of adaptive reuse and its benefits that leads to the sustainability of the reused buildings. The aim of the research is to build a theoretical framework that helps to determine this impact. The research adopts the descriptive analytical approach to some of global, Arabian and local samples elected on the basis of the difference in the new function compared to the old one, the difference in the benefits of reuse achieved in the samples, the difference in the culture and nature of society in the chosen areas of the projects and the fact that the projects are carefully designed to preserve the originality of the architectural heritage. Finally, the research has reached some conclusions and proposed a number of recommendations based on the results of a practical study aimed at achieving the sustainability of local heritage buildings by reusing them again.
The Challenges of Smart Development in Future Iraqi Cities: Achieving Techno-Sustainability
Authors: Hasan Maryam Mohammed , Abaas Zaynab Radi
Published: August 2020

Many of the technological concepts of contemporary cities have expanded within smart development frameworks. Baghdad represents a global challenge that requires comprehensive changes at all levels to become a sustainable smart city. This study highlights the most important challenges facing contemporary cities in general and Baghdad city in particular in respect to creating techno-sustainability. In doing so, future cities will provide citizens with various lifestyles according to multiple development possibilities. Extant research suggests that technological cities actively deploy the latest technologies in order to ensure the best quality of life and facilitate access to all economic, social, and environmental levels. This model of technologies can be applied to Baghdad in a manner commensurate with the city’s social reality. Using the inductive analytical method, this study compare theories of smart development with the most important local challenges, thereby identifying areas of focus for achieving techno-sustainability in an Iraqi city. This study concludes that smart governance and smart movement followed by a digital learning platform and community participation are among the most influential factors for techno-sustainability. In turn, these factors strengthen research capacity and measure the turning points in the pathways of Iraqi cities.
The Role of Landscape in Achieving (Ageing in Place) within Multi-Story Housing Projects
Authors: Ibrahim Neda K , Abbawi Rawaa F N
Published: August 2020

The world is experiencing an increase in population leading to an increase in the percentage of people over the age of 65 years, so the aging of the population will not be confine to developed countries only, but also to developing countries. During the next five decades, more than 80% of the elderly will live in civilized cities and regions, due to the direct impact of urban areas on the quality of life for older people to spend most of their time in their local neighborhoods, and therefore they are sensitive to aspects related to the urban environment surrounding them. In order to assist the elderly to practice their daily lives in an appropriate way and support their aging in the place, the research will focus on the elderly in multi-story housing projects and how to work on, connecting them with nature within these complexes and help them in the successful completion of their daily activities. To achieve this the concept of (aging in place), will be addressed and given the role of landscape that can play in support of aging in place for the elderly. So the research came to study the possibility of achieving this concept in multi-story housing projects, where the concept of (aging in place), and the possibility of achieving it by landscape. It will be studied through an extensive literature review for addressing a holistic theoretical framework for indicators related to landscape and how they contribute to achieve aging in the place at the level of multi-story housing projects. Finally, the research reach the locally possibility of benefiting from that framework and diagnosing the obstacles to achieve those possibilities to provide landscape that can assist the elderly in multi-story housing projects achieve ageing well in a convenient and comfortable place for this important segment of the society.
Comparative Analysis of land use and urban growth modeling using geomatics technology (city of Najaf-Iraq)
Authors: Amany A Kh. , Ebraheem Mustafa A
Published: August 2020

The assessment of changes in land use and land cover in the city of Najaf is important because of changes in government structures, wars, the economic blockade over the past decades, migration and increased population growth at the present time and the historical and religious importance it possesses, where this study aims to simulate the spatial temporal changes of the city of Najaf by applying the Land Change Modeler (LCM) model IDRISI program, For the time period (1986-2016). The results indicated a change in the use of land by increasing the area of residential use and services and the expansion of the city to the north and northwest, with a small increase in agricultural land at the expense of vacant land. The model also outlines future land uses for the year 2036, Knowing the direction of future growth helps decision-makers to amend and develop new plans to achieve sustainable urban development and protect historical sites.
The impact of a frozen architectural heritage power on a local architecture
Authors: Al-Saidi Adil , Al-shamari Haitham , Kassid Mohammed
Published: August 2020

The frozen architectural heritage products refer to the products that cannot be repeated or continued for more time. This phenomenon caused by many factors such as inability to use, inadaptability, unrepeatability, collapsibility and the products classified as masterpiece. This paper adresses this phenomenon as a negative power inside the traditional urban fabrics. The main question is how the impact of this negative power could be reduced. This paper conducted a questionnaire to evaluate the architectural heritage products in Alkadhemiaa city in Baghdad. A large part of its fabric has been removed and the local architecture of Alkadhemiaa city has been affected negatively. The results obtained showed that the loss of this heritage fabric could have been avoided.
Sustainable Environment in Interior Design: Design by Choosing Sustainable Materials
Authors: Alfuraty Ali Basim
Published: August 2020

The process of designing interior environments has witnessed in recent years a shift in design strategies that have adopted the provision of healthy and sustainable environments, relying on choosing eco-friendly building materials and appropriate design solutions in interior spaces, creating environmentally responsible architecture and interior design.

Many studies showed that despite the development of the concept of sustainability, many architects, designers, and even users do not adopt sustainable design strategies, especially concerning the choice of sustainable materials in the processes of design, construction and even furnishing. The most important criteria in the choice of such materials and products are the low footprint and environmental impact, the high and easy maintenance, as well as durability, budget, comfort, safety, and flexibility.

The present paper aims to explore the role of the interior designers and the users in promoting the concepts of sustainability in interior spaces, by the proper choice of materials and design solutions to preserve the environment and achieve the users’ optimal interaction with their surrounding spaces.

The results show that the process of promoting and enhancing the interior environments with sustainable materials is a shared responsibility of both interior designers and users. Interior designers should develop solutions to raise the aesthetic and performance level of sustainable materials, as well as encouraging the concerned parties (users) to provide materials and furniture that comply with the concepts of reuse and recycling, to finally raise the level of environmental sustainability of interior spaces, and achieve the health and wellbeing of occupants, building a better and more sustainable future.
Performance of Thermally Insulated Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Near-Surface Mounted-Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strips under Elevated Temperature
Authors: Saeed Ikram Ameen , Al-Attar Tareq. S. , Al-Shathr Basil. S. , Al-Mahaidi Riadh.
Published: August 2020

This paper investigated the performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) smooth and rough strips using cement based adhesive and insulated with plasterboards for protection the beams subjected to high temperature. An experimental work was carried out on ten large scale RC strengthened beams and strengthened insulated beams. The experimental program subject the strengthened beams to high temperature degrees up to 600 °C in electric furnace and observe changes after beams been heated. Results showed that the plasterboards provided excellent protection and decreased the CFRP temperature of about 42-24%. The insulated beams behaved as good as that of strengthened beams prior to expose to 600°C.
Analysis of Steel Multi-storey Building Subjected to Halabja Earthquake Loading
Authors: Mohammed Aymen R. , Al-Qaisee Ghusoon S. , Rashid Bushra
Published: August 2020

The multi-storey steel building widely used due to its light gravity loads that is very useful for regions of low soil bearing capacity. Also easy of manufacturing and erecting make it a right choice comparing with other structures. In the last years, the Halabja earthquake may classifieds as the largest base excitation that causes a rapid change in the Iraqi seismic map. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the steel building behaviour under Halabja earthquake loading using a non-linear time history analysis and comparing the results with those obtained from linear static analysis depending to the ISC 1997 and the modern seismic standard ISC 2017. A non-linear analysis using a time history approach was carried out for varied steel multi-storey building models. These models were analysed and designed under dead, live, wind and seismic loads using Staad Pro V8i Software. Results shows that the Iraqi Seismic Code (ISC) 2017 is a good approach to predicting the base shear and the story drift comparing with time history analysis under Halabja earthquake loading, while the Iraqi Seismic Code (ISC) 1997 seems to be very conservative approach.
Design and Implementation of Asymmetric Extrusion Die Using Bezier Technique
Authors: Bedan Aqeel Sabree , Mansor Khalida kadhim , Anwer Kany Kamaran , Kadhim Hanan Hikmat
Published: August 2020

Extrusion is a process that used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. The main advantage of this process with respect to other manufacturing processes is its ability to create very complex cross-sections, while the limitation of extrusion process is used to produced just a symmetric profile so this paper proposed an adopted algorithm that used to design and implementation the Asymmetric extrusion die that used to prevent the twisting that caused in metal when used to produce the Asymmetric product, and in other wise reduce the total extrusion power and die pressure distribution on metal during extrusion process. This adopted design was implemented in this work using Teflon material in both symmetric and asymmetric profile using CNC milling machine to demonstration the success of this algorithm.
Effect of the Location of Draw Bead and Its Profile in Cylindrical Cup Forming
Authors: Hussein Narmeen Zuhair , Ameen Hani Aziz , Saleh Ali Hassan
Published: August 2020

The effect of draw bead on the production of cylindrical cup in deep drawing process three metal (aluminum, brass, steel). The draw bead is designed by Bezier curve’s equation that play an important role in prevent occurrence of wrinkling especially with improved aluminum, because that’s only lubricant is passed with aluminum, when compared it with without draw bead, it is noticed that the maximum drawing force will increase due to lubricant. It can be concluded that in deep drawing with draw bead the wax has used us a lubricant, be better compared to without draw bead for AL, good agreement is evident between ANSYS(18) and experimental work. comparing between deep drawing with draw bead and without the energy required to complete drawn when using draw bead is more than without draw bead, The aims of this paper to predict the wrinkling and thinning (necking) and to study the influence of using draw bead on the thickness distribution along the cup, so the hoop strain distribution along the blank is more uniform for using draw bead and thickness strain with & without using draw bead, is about 0.17% in thinning for brass with it and 0.20% in thickening to steel without it.
Joining of Double Pre-Holed Aluminum Alloy AA6061-T6 to Polyamide PA using Hot Press Technique
Authors: Barrak Osamah Sabah , Saad Mursal Luaibi , Mezher Marwan T. , Hussein Sabah Khammass , Hamzah Mahmood Mohammed
Published: August 2020

The objective of this work is using a hot press technique to join a hybrid structure of aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 sheet of 1mm thickness together with polyamide PA sheet of 2mm thickness. The aluminum alloy specimen was pre-holed with two holes of 5mm diameter. The joining process was carried out with a lap joint configuration. Three different process parameters of the joining process were used: temperature (164, 172 and180°C), pressure (4, 7 and 10 bar) and time (1, 2.5 and 4 min.). The joints were tested by a shear test, macrostructure and scanning electron microscope (SEM) inspection. The design of the experiments (DOE) method was used to analysis the effect of the process parameters on the joint shear force. The DOE optimized the shear force of the joint with a maximum value of 1565 N at 177.5°C 4bar and 3.5min. The SEM examination indicated that the joining mechanism occurred by re-solidified the PA through the internal surface of the aluminum hole.
Strength of resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy AA6061 to carbon steel using different filler materials
Authors: Al-Filfily A A , Al-Adili A S , Sar M H
Published: August 2020

Resistance spot welding is a process in where contacting metal surfaces for similar or dissimilar materials are joined by heat generated from resistance to electric current. Carbon steel and aluminum alloy A6061 sheets were welded by using resistance spot welding method in two stages with and without filler materials where copper and zinc were implemented as fillers, where those two materials, particularly the former, has acceptable affinity, therefor better wettability, to both welded metals. The characteristics of weld joint were investigated by measuring the effect of welding current and time on the nugget size and tensile shear strength of the weldment. The results showed that the welding current has an incremental influence on both the nugget size and tensile shear strength for the two cases studied. Also, the results revealed that the copper filler increases the strength of the weldments more than the zinc filler, which is attributed of higher affinity of the copper to both metals. The joint with the maximum tensile shear strength of 47 kN/m2 is obtained at the condition of 15 kA welding current for copper filler and 40 kN/m2 is obtained at the condition of 13 kA. The thickness of interfacial reaction layer decreased from central joints region to the surrounding area.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Radiant Floor Heating Panels Performance at Different Conditions
Authors: Kassim Muna S. , Abdulghafor Israa A. , Kadhim Husam H.
Published: August 2020

The performance of radiant floor heating panels with different arrangements in room and different room air temperatures are investigated experimentally and numerically. In addition to study the effect of radiant floor heating arrangement on thermal comfort conditions in occupied zone. The room air and panels temperatures are measured at different heights and locations. The temperature of supplying hot water fluctuates from 35 to40 °C. The results present that the different radiant floor heating arrangements effect on thermal comfort while the performance of radiant floor heating panel is little affected by arrangements. Experimental results appear good agreement with numerical results.
The crack displacement prediction of a composite sample by modelling the mixed mode bending test
Authors: Ibrahim Isam Jabbar , Moosa Affaan Uthman , Battawi Ali Adel
Published: August 2020

One of the main failure modes of laminate structures is interfacial failure by interlaminar failure or debonding. Interlaminar failure can be simulated with a model called cohesive zone approach A key ingredient of a cohesive zone approach is a traction-separation law that describes the softening in the crack zone near the tip of interlaminar failure. This simulation utilized the implementation of a cohesive zone approach with traction-separation laws, which implemented within the thin elastic layer feature of the Solid Mechanics interface in a COMSOL Multiphysics analysis software’s on a sample of composite material APC-2/AS-4. The capabilities of the cohesive zone approach to predict mixed mode effect in the beginning and propagation of the crack are demonstrated in a model of mixed-mode bending test. Both load and displacement are measured at the crack interface. The maximum load that carried by the sample used was 257.8 N. Whereas the maximum displacement was 6 mm as a load-displacement curve was shown.
Investigating affecting parameters on surface roughness and metal removal rate in wire electrical discharge machining process
Authors: Shather Saad K. , Mahdi Qussay S.
Published: August 2020

This article presents an approach to study the role of cutting factors on surface quality and material removal rate in (Wire Electrical Discharge Machining) process of O1tool steel. Pulse duration, pulse pause time and working current were adopted as process parameters while surface roughness and metal removal rate were the outputs. Three levels of pulse on time have been used 10, 20 and 30 μ sec. while pulse off time was 10, 15 and 20 μ sec. and finally the current was 6, 8 and 10 A while the other parameters kept constant. The experiments showed that increasing pulse on time will increases metal removal rate and surface roughness, in addition increasing pulse off time will reduce metal removal rate but improving surface finish. Finally increasing the current will increase metal removal rate and reduce surface roughness.
Control of vibration by using dynamic vibration absorber
Authors: Ahmed R S , Atiyah K A. , Abdulsahib I A.
Published: August 2020

Vibration is one of the most important problems that engineering systems and suspension systems which negatively affected the performance of the system as it leads to energy loss, equipment damage, mechanical parts erosion, low product cost and quality. Therefore, many methods have been studied to reduce the vibrations, and the most important of these methods is the use of a vibration absorbent. Several different technologies have been used to improve the performance of adaptation, and the important one from these technologies is the use of smart materials. The present invention relates to a vibration absorber which an absorber end mass is coupled to a primary mass from two degrees of freedom, with shape memory alloy (SMA) springs. Preferably, the end mass is coupled to the primary mass with several discrete SMA springs, which may be individually heated. When each of the SMA spring is heat above a predetermined temperature, the SMA material undergoes a phase change that results in a change in the stiffness of the SMA spring. Experimental and theoretical results have shown that the SMA-based dynamic vibration absorption is more effective in reducing the vibration amplitude for a wider frequency range. The range of error does not exceed 20% approximately. Therefore, good agreements between theoretical and experimental results in 2DOF system are obtained.
Design of Sliding Mode Control for Overhead Crane Systems
Authors: Hussein Emad. Q. , Al-Dujaili Ayad Q. , Ajel Ahmed R.
Published: August 2020

Overhead cranes are large used structures for lifting and conveying weighty loads. The design and modelling of imperceptible controllers based on the uncertainty and disturbance estimator for crane system. In this work, a SMC (Sliding Mode Control) of a crane system is proposed. The asymptotically stability system is ensured by Lyapunov functions. For validation of the proposed controller, a comparative study with LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) results show that both the controllers give satisfactory performance, but the SMC provides better overall performance. The proposed sliding mode control approach for overhead cranes system has shown to be more effective, robust and realistic than a LQR controller, and to be able to move cargo safely to a destination even in harsh environment. Simulation results of the study prove the favourable of the proposed controller during the transport of a crane system.
Removal of Precious Metals from Electronic-Waste by Using Composite Material
Authors: Hilal Raghad Hamid
Published: August 2020

In this research, in-situ polymerization is used to prepare composite material at the same ratio of (polyacrylic acid to bentonite) and (10ml) aquaregia (1:3 HNO3: HCl), accurately about (5g) of the electronic waste (e-waste) powder is dissolved. Adsorption efficiency of (Polyacrylic acid - bentonite) composite to precious metals from neutral (e-waste) solution via forth flotation method, taking various weights (2.5, 5, 10 g.l−1) of adsorbent material (polyacrylic acid - bentonite) composite at different temperatures (25, 35 and 45) °C. Results show that adsorption efficiency of Au+1 is higher than Ag+1 from adsorbent material and the highest value is (53.238%, 43.3904%), (51.778%, 41.99%) and (51.278%, 39.595%) for (Au+1, Ag+1) at (25, 35 and 45)°C respectively. But it is decreased slightly with increasing temperature.
Modification and Refinement of Al-23Si Alloy Processed by Addition of Nano-Metal-Phosphate
Authors: Hussein H A , kahdim M j , Atiyah A A
Published: August 2020

This research investigates the effect of Nano-Metal-Phosphate on Si particles through solidification in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys. Which means the merge of modification and refinement with the addition (0.01-0.03) % of Nano-Metal-Phosphate produced by a stir casting. The process synchronizing effects of Nano-Metal-Phosphate that relates to the AlP and Al2O3 formation. These include the following, the effect of Al2O3 at the interfaced between the Al phase and Si particles for obstacle the growth and enhance the refinement of the primary Si and the impact of AlP act as sites of heterogeneous nucleation for eutectic Si. Microstructures analysis revealed that both the fundamental and eutectic Si particles were significantly modified and refined. The primary Si grains were refined from star frames to polygon forms, and their edges were more regular. The platelet eutectic Si grains were also modified into the delicate fibrous forms. Resulting in significant ductility enhancement that could have great potential for numerous applications. Besides, studies microstructure and corrosion behaviour by optical and scanning electron microscopy, XRD and electrochemical cyclic polarization.
Investigation the Effect of Titanium on Adhesive Wear and Hardness of NiAl-Y2O3 Composite Material
Authors: Al-Ethari Haydar , Haleem Ali Hubi , Al-Dulaimi Kawthar Y.
Published: August 2020

In the present study, the nickel aluminide NiAl-based composite, reinforced with yttrium oxide Y2O3 with addition of titanium, was prepared by sintering at 1350 °C for one and a half hours under argon gas atmosphere. Brinell hardness test was carried out according to (ASTM E140 – 12b). Titanium addition leads to an increase in hardness of (NiAl-Y2O3) composite. The increase in hardness is mainly due to increased NiAl-Y2O3 mechanical resistance when titanium is added by the solid-state solution strengthening, as well as by the high density (5.7514 g/cm3) and very low porosity (1.93%) of the final samples. The addition of 2 wt % Ti to the NiAl compound increases the hardness of the compound material (90NiAl-10Y2O3) to 295 HB and then increases to 330 HB by adding 2.5 wt. % Ti and continues to increase to 378 HB by adding (3 wt. % Ti). Wear test is carried out to find the wear characteristics of the composites developed by powder metallurgy route. The results revealed that the addition of titanium leads to a decrease in the wear-rate of NiAl-Y2O3. Addition of 2 wt. % Ti to (70NiAl-30Y2O3) leads to a reduction in adhesion-wear rate from (7.611 * 10−6 g/cm) to (5.81* 10−6 g/cm) and to (5.47*10−6 g/cm) by adding 2.5 wt. % Ti. The adhesion-wear ratio continues to decrease to 4.77 * 10−6 g/cm by adding 3 wt. % Ti.
The Role of ZnO Nano-fluids on Heat Treatments of Medium Carbon Steel
Authors: Hassoni Safaa M. , Azpen Qasim M. , Assi Abdullah Dhayea , Ismael Mustafa K.
Published: August 2020

Conventional quenching versus ZnO-NP emulsion and heat treatments for medium carbon steel (CK45) has been carried out in laboratory environment condition. For comparison, the mechanical properties of CK45 and microstructure were examined. The main parameter focused in this work was the concentration of ZnO-NP in deionized water. Thus, emulsion represents a quenching medium for CK45 specimens. Optical microscope analysis for CK45 microstructure, hardness and tensile test for all specimens were done to evaluate the role of nano ZnO additives as quenching media at different concentration. Experimental results reveal that the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid (water) astonishingly enhanced some mechanical properties as tensile strength and yield stress. 2wt.% of ZnO-NP raised the yield 14.8% and the UTS by 16.9%.
Extraction of high purity amorphous silica from rice husk by chemical process
Authors: Ajeel Sami abualnoun , Sukkar Khalid A. , Zedin Naser Korde
Published: August 2020

High purity amorphous silica (SiO2) is extracted from agriculture waste (rice husk) that supplied from Al-Najaf province, Iraq. Silica is the major inorganic constituent of the rice husk. It is prepared with using acid pretreatment of (3N HCl), then burned it at (700°C) for 4 hrs, and followed with leaching process by 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3N NaOH. The extracted results are high-surface area of amorphous silica particles. Extracted results are silica particles were high surface area of amorphous silica particles. These particles were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. High pure amorphous silica observed from rice husk ash was confirmed by XRD diffraction. The silica purity results measured by X-Ray fluorescence was 99.714% for leaching at 3N NaOH. Results from (AFM) of silica with nanoscale sizes and microparticles with diameters ranging from (87-114) nm.
Effect of Mold Vibration on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si Eutectic Alloy
Authors: Al-Ethari Haydar , Haleem Ali Hubi , Hassan Muhanad Hamid
Published: August 2020

Aluminum-silicon foundry alloys at eutectic region have small range of freezing, good castability and good properties. Such alloys are used in many engineering applications like automobile, aeronautical and aerospace industries. In present work, aluminum-silicon eutectic samples with silicon of 12-13wt.% were prepared using stir casting method. The microstructure, hardness, porosity, dendrite grain size, tensile strength, and elongation were studied to see the effect of mechanical mold vibration on this eutectic alloy. An amplitude of 0.5 mm and frequency of 5,10,15,20 and 25 Hz were used for casting the samples with mechanical mold vibration. The results showed that the values of the amplitude and frequencies have significant effect on the studied properties. A decrease in dendrite grain size by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the decreased by 15%, 26%, 32%, 42%, and 53%. The hardness was increased by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the hardness increased by 7%, 16%, 25%, 33%, and 40%. Also, a decrease in porosity by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the porosity decreased by 35%, 46%, 58%, 69%, and 77%. The increase in tensile strength by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the increased by 12%, 18%, 25%, 29%, and 36%; and increase in elongation percentage by used mechanical mold vibration, at frequencies(5,10,15,20 and 25)Hz the increased by 14%, 29%, 38%, 52% and 71% respectively.
Derivation of a new multiscale model: II. Deriving a modified Hall-Petch relation from the multiscale model and testing it for nano, micro, and macro materials
Authors: Fadhil Sadeem Abbas , Hassan Mohsen A. , Azeez Jazeel H. , Majeed Munaf S.
Published: August 2020

In the present work, a multiscale Hall-Petch relation is derived from a new multiscale model and applied for all ranges of grain sizes. The derived multiscale Hall-Petch relation has a superior over the previous models represented by its direct applicability on any material without the need for prior knowledge of grain size distribution. The new multiscale relation applicability is tested with three elements Mg, Zn, and Fe due to their importance in industrial applications. The comparison among the coefficients of different materials suggested a criterion to predict the reverse Hall-Petch relation.
Erosive Wear Behavior of Jute Fiber / Polyester resin with Biowaste Materials
Authors: Mohammed R A , Attallah M S , Hadi A Q
Published: August 2020

The improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of hybrid composite materials plays a huge role in many different engineering applications. In this article, the hybrid composites were prepared using the hand lay up method from polyester resin with 4% wt. jute fibers and reinforcement with different weight fractions of (3%, 6%, 9%, and 11%wt. egg shells powder / rice husk powder) to investigate the resistance of these hybrid polymeric composites to the test erosive wear. The median particle size of the eggshell and rice husk powder used in this research was (15.2 µm, 53.7 µm) respectively. The parameters that were studied during the erosion test (weight fractions of the fillers, impingement angle (30°, 60°, 90°), size silica sand (450, 600, 750µm) at the time constant (15 hours). Erosive wear behavior results for all samples hybrid composites were analyzed and discussed by using the experimental design of Taguchi (L9) (MINITAB 16). We note from the results that the samples (polyester + 4 wt%. Jute fibers + 11% wt. Eggshell powder) and (polyester + 4 wt%. Jute fibers + 11 wt%. rice husk powder) give the best erosive rate (0.00010g, 0.00027 g)respectively at variables (angle 60°, size silica sand 450 µm). Through the results of the ANOVA analysis, it was found that all variables (filler content, angle impingement, and silica sand size) had a significant effect on the erosive test.
High Empirical Study of Edge Detection-Based Image Denoising Corrupted by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (WGN)
Authors: Al-azzawi Alaa K
Published: August 2020

Denoising of images is one of the Sparky subjects in image manipulating. The goal behind new design approaches to the denoising of image chains is to alleviation the superinduced noise into minimal rate after adopting spatial and temporal areas. However, eliciting edges from denoising images consider the largest trouble that facing many of researchers. Many wavelet-based images denoising methods been proposed to elicit edges from the corrupted images. In this paper, denoising images can be actualized by thresholding the wavelets coefficients at the low — low — subbands. In addition, a new technique approach to the edge detection of images corrupted by the “White-Gaussian Noise” been proposed. This technique comprises two treads: First, all likely edge points elicited with the applying of the first and second partial derivatives. Second, edge detection based-gradients which, relying on the two-dimensional convolution-based on the theory of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter been attained. Here, the histograms of the V/H image gradients can be exploited to create the essential threshold. This will facilitate the access to the convincing simulations in the process of image gradients detection. Experimental results show that the performance efficiency of our proposed technique was best comparing with the classical detection method in terms of blurriness and artifacts specifically, with areas that contain the edges.
Reference measurement channel RMC parameters of LTE downlink waveforms
Authors: Al Azzawi Fatima Faydh , Al Azzawi Zainab Faydhe , Al Azzawi Sada Faydhe , Abid Faeza Abbas
Published: August 2020

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high speed wireless communication for mobile devices and data terminals, It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements. LTE employs SC-FDMA for uplink UL transmission and OFDM for downlink DL data transmission, in this paper LTE DL implemented with MATLAB programing and Simulink, Reference measurement channel RMC on DL waveform illustrated in different Transmission scheme of single, 4 antenna and cyclic delay diversity scheme CDD, duplexing mode, resources blocks and modulation approaches leadings to a various number of total information per frame, QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation approaches used in the proposed system are tested under AWGN Rayleigh fading channels.
Modulation and RS-CC rate specifications in WiMAX IEEE 802.16 Standard with MATLAB Simulink model
Authors: Al-Azzawi Fatima Faydhe , Al-Azzawi Zainab Faydhe , Shandal Shereen , Abid Faeza Abas
Published: August 2020

The intensive use of broadband system leading to focusing of telecommunication development industries, which are characterized by high quality features. Forthisissue, high transmission abilities in a new technologies systems have been designed. the WiMAX concept were proposed where a wireless transmission infrastructure that allows a fast deployment as well as low maintenance costs. Based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, in this paper an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) have been implemented using MATALB Simulink, according to the IEEE® 802.16-2004 standard. Supporting all of the mandatory coding and modulation options. It also illustrates Space-Time Block Coding (STBC), an optional transmit diversity scheme specified for use on the downlink. it illustrates the use of digital pre-distortion, a technique for extending the linear range of a nonlinear amplifier. Also modulation sets have been changed and tested in the model to reduce running time and power consumption. Finally, measurements of Error vector magnitude EVM and modulation error ratio MER were performed.
A Smart Biomedical Assisted System for Alzheimer Patients
Authors: Ahmed Qayssar A. , Al-Neami Auns Q. H.
Published: August 2020

In the last decades the health care developments highly rise the level of ages of world population. This improvement was accompanied by increasing the diseases related with elder like Dementia, which Alzheimer’s disease represent the most common form. The present study aims to design and implementation a medical system for improving the life of Alzheimer’s disease persons and ease the burden of their caregivers. A Smart Biomedical Assistance is an electronic device that provide around the clock monitoring the stability state of the Alzheimer’s patient, showing their location on the map, automatically reminders for medication times, and a call button for an emergency cases that the patient may pass through during the day. The device designed with two units one worn by the patient while the other is an internet of things technology (IoT) platform application used by the caregiver. The wearable unit was implemented by using a motion processing unit sensor, global positioning sensor module (GPS), heart rate sensor with microcontrollers and LCD display. This unit is supported by an (IoT) platform for communication with the patient from anywhere by the caregiver.
Analytical Model of a Holmium-doped Fiber Laser Including Up-conversion Transition
Authors: Khamis M A , Al-Abbasi Ziad Qais
Published: August 2020

This paper presents theoretical investigation of a holmium-doped fiber laser. Analytical model is developed to consider the effect of up-conversion transition on the laser performance. In this model, the core pumped system is simulated at in-band pumped scheme to optimize the fiber length, pump wavelength, pump power threshold and laser wavelength. A good agreement is achieved between the simulation findings and the experiment results. The results indicate the negative effect of up-conversion transitions on the performance of holmium-doped fiber lasers via reducing the laser efficiency. Understanding the impact of this interaction is helpful to describe the reason for obtaining a lower laser efficiency than expected in experimental reports of holmium-doped fiber lasers pumped at 1.95µm wavelength region. The developed model is suggested as valid tools to simulate and optimize any rare-earth doped fiber lasers and amplifiers.
Enhancement Mechanism of the Channel for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: hashem Seham ahmed , Farhood Alaa Deshar , Naji Maham Kaml
Published: August 2020

Wireless sensor network contains set of self-organized sensors which are trademark by confined energy of preparing and constrained battery vitality. It is used in various correspondences and enterprises viewpoints. Sensors hubs check the activities and send it to multi hub steering to the expected collector jump for making the handling these activities. The routing is developed by utilizing responsive and proactive directing conventions. Clog happens because of information stream passing which supersedes the most extreme limit of channel and the limit line of every jump. The Quality of service (QoS) of the sensor arrange application will be decreased, because of losing the information due to the. This paper considers the blockage probability with a particular ultimate objective to diminish its occasions in Wireless sensor network (WSN) and settle it, and after that proposes a balanced and an altered steering convention to be specific Congestion Control Algorithm (CCA) which is used to reduce the clog in the event that it happens in wireless sensor network.