bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma Androstenedione (A) and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in Patients with Trophoblastic Disease and the Effect of Chemotherapy and Oophorectomy
Authors: Samaan N.A. , Smith J.P. , Rutledge F.N.
Published: March 2010

Plasma levels of androstenedione (A) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in 7 patients with trophoblastic disease with varying degrees of ovarian enlargement before and after chemotherapy and in 2 patients after oophorectomy. The data presented show that plasma A and DHT levels were elevated in patients with trophoblastic disease with enlarged ovaries and decreased to normal levels after chemotherapy or oophorectomy. Elevated serum levels of both human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (HCG) and testosterone in these same patients have been reported previously. These investigations suggest that HCG produced by trophoblastic disease is involved in these steroid changes.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Inhibitory Effect on Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Teasdale F. , Adcock, III E.W. , August C.S. , Cox Sheila , Battaglia F.C. , Naughton M.A.
Published: March 2010

Human chorionic gonadotropin can inhibit the blast cell transformation of human lymphocytes, both Phytohemagglutinin-induced and in mixed-lymphocyte reactions. This immunosuppression is noncytotoxic, and specific as shown by the contrasting response of lymphocytes to human serum albumin in similar culture systems. These findings and the high rate of production of this hormone at the surface of the implanting trophoblast support the hypothesis that human chorionic gonadotropin may play an important immunosuppressive role in vivo to prevent the rejection of the fetal allograft by the maternal host.
Estrogens and Antiestrogens
Authors: Geynet C. , Millet C. , Truong H. , Baulieu E.E.
Published: March 2010

This paper contains: A review of the features implicated in estrogen action on uterine cells: metabolism, transport, entry, cytosol receptor, and first effects. (2) New results concerning the interaction of several estrogens and antiestrogens with the receptor. Binding of radioactive estrogens: at equilibrium at 0 °C, KD (in nM) of estradiol 0.2–0.5, estrone 2.0, and estriol 1.3. Inhibition constant at equilibrium measured by competition with nonradioactive compounds of natural and synthetic steroid and nonsteroidal estrogens, new stilbene derivatives, phytoestrogens, etc. (28 compounds). Kinetic studies. Same dissociation rate constant for estradiol, estrone and estriol and association rate constant greater for estradiol. Formation of the neonuclear steroid receptor complex by estrone and estriol, implicating that estradiol is not unique for promoting the cytosol receptor translocation to the nucleus. (3) A review of possible mechanisms for antiestrogen action.
The Use of Estrogen Antagonists in Hormone Receptor Studies
Authors: Jensen E.V. , Jacobson H.I. , Smith Sylvia , Jungblut P.W. , de Sombre E.R.
Published: March 2010

Certain antiuterotrophic agents, such as ethamoxytriphetol, nafoxidine, clomiphene and Parke-Davis CI-628, act by preventing the association of estrogenic hormones with the extranuclear receptor protein of target tissues. These agents have proved of considerable value in estrogen receptor studies by permitting the distinction between specific hormone-receptor interaction and artifacts of nonspecific binding. Examples include evidence that estrogen-receptor interaction plays a role in uterine growth induction, the first indication of a relation between cytosol and nuclear binding, the relation between steroid structure and specific uterine binding invitro and the prediction of response of human breast cancers to adrenalectomy orhypophysectomy.
Enzyme Activity in the Fluid of the Human Ovarian Follicle
Authors: Caucig H. , Friedrich F. , Breitenecker G. , Golob E.
Published: March 2010

By using photometric techniques on standardized test substances, we measured the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, leucine aminopeptidase, aldolase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), LDH isoenzyme 1 and malate dehydrogenase in the fluid of human tertiary and Graafian follicles and, by way of comparison, that of ovarian cysts and the serum. All the enzymes, with the exception of alkaline phosphatase, were active to statistically significantly different degrees in the various fluid samples. The activity of the two glycolytic enzymes in particular was statistically significantly higher in the fluid of the tertiary follicle than in any of the other fluids for which measurements were taken.
Polypeptides Antagonists of the Hypothalamic Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Factor
Authors: Guillemin R. , Amoss M. , Blackwell R. , Burgus R. , Grant G. , Ling N. , Monahan M. , Rivier J. , Vale W.
Published: March 2010

Techniques are described for the solid-phase synthesis of the decapeptide luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) and for the testing of its biological activity in vitro (dispersed cells of rat pituitary gland in monolayer cultures). The biological activity of several (LH)LRF analogues is reported. Two analogues of the hypothalamic Luteinizing hormone releasingthalamic modified factor at the histidine-2 position were tested for biological activity (secretion of luteinizing hormone) in cultures of dis- persed rat anterior pituitary cells. The analogue in which glycine was substituted for histidine at position-2 [Gly2] LRF behaves as a partial agonist releasing less than 50 % of the luteinizing hormone secreted at maximum concentrations of the releasing factor, while the analogue in which histidine at position-2 is deleted has no significant agonist activity at any of the doses tested. When added to the cultured cells at molar ratios 103 to 101 times that of the luteinizing hormone releasing factor, both analogues decrease the amount of luteinizing hormone secreted in response to the releasing factor.
Effect of Serotonin and Other Indoles on the Release of LH, FSH, and Prolactin
Authors: Porter J.C. , Mical R.S. , Cramer O.M.
Published: March 2010

The release of LH, FSH, and prolactin has been investigated in intact male rats, in estrogen-treated male rats, and in castrated male rats. The injection of 2 µl of 0.15 m NaCl into the third ventricle to cause ventricular expansion in castrated animals stimulated markedly the release of LH. FSH release was also stimulated but only slightly. Prolactin release was inhibited. Intact rats or estrogen-treated rats responded not at all or to a much lesser extent than did the castrated rats. Serotonin creatinine sulfate, given intraventricularly, stimulated the release of LH in intact rats but suppressed the release of LH in castrated rats that occurred following ventricular expansion in these animals. N-acetyl-serotonin generally had no effect on LH release in intact rats, but, in an occasional animal, this indole markedly stimulated the release of LH. In castrated animals, N-acetyl-serotonin and melatonin suppressed LH release. These indoles appeared to have little effect on FSH release in these experiments. Prolactin release was stimulated by N-acetyl-serotonin.
Effects of Antigonadotrophins on Ovarian Function
Authors: Laurence K.A. , Chang C.C. , Hassouna H. , Badawy S. , Loewit K.
Published: March 2010

Immunologic techniques have proven to be useful tools in characterizing the action of pituitary protein hormones on the target organs. Specifically, an antibody to luteinizing hormone can prevent ovulation, delay implantation, or cause fetal resorption depending on the time of administration of the antiserum to female rats. The immunologic interference with ovarian function appears to be associated with the steroidogenesis process during early pregnancy, and with fetal placental function during mid pregnancy in the rat. Progesterone synthesis is diminished, probably by the prevention of luteinizing hormone from stimulating the Δ5Β hydroxysteroid dehadrogenase within the interstitial tissue of the ovary. In later pregnancy, the antibody combines with specific cells within the placenta, thereby eliminating any placental influence on the ovarian steroidogenic process.
Antagonists of Trophic Hormones
Authors: Milner Josephine
Published: March 2010

Antagonists of pituitary trophic hormones may act either by inhibiting the synthesis and release of the hormone, by interfering with the interaction of the trophic hormone with its target tissue, or by inhibiting the intracellular response of the target cell. Taking the adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) – adrenal cortical cell system some inhibitors of the “trophic” and “acute steroidogenic” responses of the cortical cells to ACTH are described. Finally the problems associated with using inhibitors of specific intracellular functions in the whole animal are considered.
Prostaglandin F2α, ‘the' Luteolysin in the Mammal?
Authors: Goding J.R. , Cumming I.A. , Chamley W.A. , Brown J.M. , Cain M.D. , Cerini J.C. , Cerini Mildred E.D. , Findlay J.K. , O’;Shea J.D. , Pemberton D.H.
Published: March 2010

Part. I: Prostaglandin F2Α (PGF2Α) was shown to be ‘the’ luteolysin in the ewe on the following criteria: (1) Hysterectomy and/or separation of the uterine horn from the ovary bearing a corpus luteum led to prolongation of the oestrous cycle, (2) PGF2Α shortened the cycle when administered in the midluteal phase, (3) PGF2Α was identified in uterine venous blood, (4) a mechanism for the transfer of PGF2Α from the uterine vein to the ovarian artery was shown to exist, (5) the quantitative aspects of the secretion transfer mechanism and luteolytic potency of PGF2Α were adequate to account for the observed phenomena. Part II: These criteria were applied for evaluation of PGF2Α as ‘the’ luteolysin in the following species: cattle, goat, horse, pig, guinea pig, rat, hamster, rabbit, monkey, human. On present knowledge, there appeared to be a variation between species from those in which PGF2Α was probably concerned in luteolysis and those in which the evidence was against such a role. Part III: PGF2Α was shown to be luteolytic when given by continuous infusion for 3–6 h into the lumen of the uterus in cattle as well as sheep. The minimum effective dose was of the order of 7 g/kg. The application of this finding to artificial insemination programmes was discussed.
Effect of Testosterone in the Recovery of Spermatogenesis in Hypophysectomized Patients
Authors: Mancini R.E. , Lloret Pé;rez , Guitelman A. , Ghirlanda J.
Published: March 2010

A group of adult hypophysectomized patients (due to cromophobe adenoma) was studied at different periods of time after operation. All of them showed loss of libido and potentia, low levels of urinary FSH and LH and of testosterone glucoronide. Daily doses of corticoids and thyroid hormone were administered. Testis biopsies were taken before and after each one of the following courses of treatment. The 14 patients were divided into 5 different groups. Group I, comprising 3 patients, was treated first with HMG (Pergonal-500, 3 ampoules per week) combined with HCG (3,000 IU per week). After 16 weeks, HMG continued to be administered, but HCG was discontinued and replaced by testosterone propionate at different weekly doses in each patient (200, 100 or 50 mg) during another 16 weeks. The 3 patients of group II were first administered HMG (similar dose and period of time as above) and then with HMG combined with testosterone (200, 100 or 50 mg, respectively). The 3 patients of group III were first treated with HCG in similar dose and period of time as above, and then with HCG combined with testosterone in similar dose and period of time as above. The 3 patients of group IV were given testosterone alone in similar doses and period of time as above. Finally, the 2 patients of group V were used as controls and no gonadotropins or testosterone treatment were administered during the period of the research. The following was observed: (1) HMG combined with HCG induced restoration of full spermatogenesis, development of mature Leydig cells and regression of preexistent peritubular hyalinosis. HMG alone showed a partial recovery of Leydig cells and of spermatogenesis until spermatid stages. HCG induced development of germinal cells until middle meiosis process and complete development of Leydig cells. (2) When testosterone was added to HMG or to HCG, an inhibitory effect was noted as judged by the regression of spermatogenesis and Leydig cells development, which was accompanied by reappearance of peritubular hyalinosis. The intensity of this inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. When testosterone was given alone, an almost complete atrophy of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells was present. (3) The probable mechanism of action of testosterone upon the endogenously circulating or exogenously administred gonadotropins is discussed.
Interference of Serotonin-Containing Neurons with Pituitary Gonadotropins Release-Regulation
Authors: Kordon C. , Gogan F. , Hery M. , Rotsztejn W.H.
Published: March 2010

The release of serotonin (5-HT) from nerve terminals located within the medio-basal hypothalamus has been shown to interfere with the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins. In particular, it inhibits the cyclic surge of LH resulting in ovulation, and it facilitates the suckling-induced rise in plasma prolactin levels in lactating rats. The level of activity of 5-HT neurons also seems to affect the uptake of -3Hestradiol by the hypothalamus. The importance of 5-HT in the neuroendocrine control of gonadotropic secretion is discussed in the light of these findings.
Comparison of the Gonadotropin Release induced by a Hypothalamic Factor and by a Synthetic Decapeptide Exhibiting Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Activity
Authors: Heller S. , Schlumberger H.D.
Published: March 2010

A gonadotropin-releasing factor could be extracted from human hypothalamic tissue. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- and luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing activities were assayed according to Ramirez and McCann. FSH and LH were testet according to Steelman and Pohley or Parlow. A minimal FSH-releasing activity was caused by 0.01 µg human FSH-releasing factor. The optimal dose was achieved with 0.025 µg. An increase of the dose up to 0.3 µg did not result in a further FSH release. 0.01 µg of the synthetic LH-/FSH-releasing factor showed a significant FSH release. An increase of the dose did not result in an increased FSH release. In contrast, the LH release was dose-dependent. The course of FSH release after application of 0.1 µg human gonadotropin-releasing factor showed the maximum after 30 min and reached the normal level after 2 h. Injection of 0.01 µg synthetic LH-releasing factor produced a maximum after 10 min and a smaller maximum after 60 min. The course of LH release after injection of 0.2 µg human gonadotropin-releasing factor showed a peak maximum 30 min and a second maximum 120 min after application. The synthetic LH-releasing factor showed a peak maximum after 5 min, followed by declines and maximas between 30 and 45 min and 100–120 min. Human gonadotropin-releasing factor and synthetic LH-/FSH-releasing factor showed a different behaviour. Chemical differences may be responsible for these differences.
Inhibition of DMBA-Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in the Rat by 2-Br-α-Ergocryptine (CB 154), An Inhibitor of Prolactin Secretion, and by Nafoxidine (U-11, 100 A), an Estrogen Antagonist
Authors: Heuson J.-C. , Waelbroeck Christine , Legros Nicole , Gallez Ghislaine , Robyn C. , L’;Hermite M.
Published: March 2010

The DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the Sprague-Dawley rat is known to be both estrogen and prolactin dependent. The experiments presented here show that 2-Br-Α-ergocryptine (CB 154), an inhibitor of prolactin secretion, and nafoxidine (, 100 A), an estrogen antagonist, inhibit the U 11 successive stages of carcinogenesis, namely formation of preneo plastic nodules, transformation of the latter into tumors, and finally growth of the established tumors. Endocrine studies, involving histological examination of organs and serum prolactin determination by radioimmunoassay, show that CB 154 inhibits prolactin secretion and produces peripheral changes consistent with this effect, and that nafoxidine behaves as an antiestrogen in intact animals and in oophorectomized animals given estrogens, that it is devoid of intrinsic estrogenic properties but rather displays progestational-like effects, and that it inhibits prolactin stimulation by estrogens in oophorectomized rats. The antitumor effect of CB 154 can be ascribed to interference with prolactin secretion. That of nafoxidine may result from its antiestrogenic properties at the tumor tissue level, although part of it could be tentatively ascribed to inhibition of prolactin secretion.
Use of Cyproterone Acetate in Animal and Clinical Trials
Authors: Neumann F.
Published: March 2010

Cyproterone acetate (6-chloro-17-acetoxy -1Α,2Α- methylene – 4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) is the strongest antiandrogen known. Beside its androgenicity, this steroid has a strong progestational and thereby a partial antigonadotropic effect. There is vast evidence that the antiandrogenic effect is mainly due to competitive antagonism with androgens at the receptor sites of target organs. Experimental efforts aimed at two directions: (1) Possibilities for clinical use were evaluated and (2) cyproterone acetate was used as a tool for further investigation of testosterone-dependent events, e.g. androgen-dependent processes in the course of sexual differentiation. Almost all androgen-dependent organs and organ systems are affected by cyproterone acetate. Its most important effects in animals and humans are summarized in the following table: Since cyproterone acetate is also a potent progestagen, it could be used in combination with an estrogen as a hormonal contraceptive for women. Its antiandrogenicity would have positive effects in the so-called gestagen/androgen type of women. For use in men, only those antiandrogens would be suitable that have not only antiandrogenic but also gestagenic, hence antigonadotropic properties like cyproterone acetate. ‘Pure’ antiandrogens lacking these partial effects stimulate the secretion of gonadotropins and cause thereby enhanced synthesis and secretion of androgens which would compensate for antiandrogenic effects.
Production and Secretion of 5α-Dihydrotestosterone by Male Reproductive Organs
Authors: Eik-Nes K.B.
Published: March 2010

The androgen 5Α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has been isolated and identified in testicular tissue (rats, dogs) and in testicular venous blood of the canine testis. Conversion of 3H-testosterone (T) to 3H-DHT in vitro by testicular tissue from rats treated with follicle-stimulating hormone in vivo tended to increase. No such effect of human chorionic gonadotropin treatment could be observed. The Leydig cells of testes from mature rats contribute little to the formation in vitro of 3H-DHT from 3H-T. Both these androgens can be found in spermatic lymph and in epididymal tissue of the dog. In an isolated prostate preparation where the gland is infused via the prostatic arteries with the animal’s arterial blood at a constant rate, DHT can be found in effluent blood. The dog prostate both produces and secretes DHT. The purpose of DHT production and secretion by male reproductive organs is discussed.
Interference with the 5 α-Reductase System
Authors: Massa R. , Martini L.
Published: March 2010

The paper presents evidence indicating that, in an “in vitro” system, progesterone may interfere with the conversion of testosterone into its “active” metabolites (5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one, 5 alpha-androstan-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, etc.) both at the anterior pituitary and prostatic levels. Progesterone probably acts as a preferential substrate for the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase present in these structures. Other steroids are also active in diminishing the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone in its target organs. Both corticoids and progestagens seem to be effective inhibitors for such a reduction. These observations open a new approach for developing anti-androgenic compounds.
Clinical-Pharmacological Investigation of Cyproterone Acetate
Authors: van Wayjen R.G.A. , van den Ende A.
Published: March 2010

(1) The antiandrogenic steroid cyproterone acetate exerted a strongly negative nitrogen balance in 8 young male volunteers, the degree of which correlated with the dose administered. In a male patient of 77 years with cancer of the prostate, this catabolic effect proved to be much weaker. In 8 female patients with hirsutism, administration of cyproterone acetate resulted only then in a negative nitrogen balance when the food was deficient in calories and protein. Continuous treatment with cyproterone acetate in female patients is not feasible because of strongly progestational side-effects. These side effects can be avoided by combining cyproterone acetate with ethinyl estradiol as an ‘inverted sequential scheme’, according to Hammerstein and Cupceancy [2]. In most female patients with hirsutism, good or satisfactory results can be obtained by a continuous cyproterone acetate therapy or by the combination treatment of Hammerstein and CUPCEANCY [2].
Suppression of Testicular Androgen Synthesis in the Rat by Ethylene Dimethanesulphonate
Authors: Bu’;Lock Denise E. , Jackson Marion
Published: March 2010

In the rat the antispermatogenic and anti-fertility effects of ethylene dimethanesulphonate (EDS) are associated with temporary involution of accessory glands. Using 4–14C-labelled progesterone it has been shown in vitro that marked and dose-dependent inhibition of testosterone synthesis occurred over a time range consistent with the duration of sterility. The results also indicated that the metabolism of pregnenolone and 17Α-hydroxyprogesterone are impaired.
Hormone Secretion by the Human Ovaries
Authors: Mikhail G.
Published: March 2010

The secretory function of both human ovaries was studied simultaneously by comparing the concentrations of several steroids in the effluent blood from the two ovaries with their concentrations in the peripheral blood. As expected, progesterone and estradiol emerged as important secretory products. In both the preovulatory and postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle, significant amounts of 17Α-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione were found. In two cases dehydroepiandrosterone was present in high concentration in ovarian vein blood. 20Α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one, but not 20Β-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one, was consistently secreted by the corpus luteum. Small amounts of estrone and testosterone may be secreted by the ovary. In two ases with bilateral ovulation, there was a similarity between the steroid output of the two corpora lutea. In one subject studied following clomiphene treatment, anatomical as well as biochemical vidence of a hyperstimulated state was demonstrated. None of the steroids studied were secreted by the ovaries of a postmenopausal woman with the possible exception of androstenedione. While the bulk of the hormones was secreted by the ovary bearing the ripe follicle or the corpus luteum, the data indicate that the contralateral ovary actively secretes androgenic steroid hormones, especially androstenedione.
Placental and Fetal RNA Metabolism
Authors: Hayashi T.T. , Kazmierowski Dolores
Published: March 2010

The incorporation of 14C-labeled L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, L-glutamic acid and D-glucose into the fetal and placental RNAs was studied using 14-day pregnant rats. Although all five compounds demonstrated some degree of incorporation, D-14C-glucose was the most effective precursor for both the fetal and placental RNAs. Transfer studies of D-glucose demonstrated a facile transplacental passage, and radiochromatogram analyses showed that D-14C-glucose was incorporated into both the ribose moiety and the nucleic acid bases. In contrast to our previous studies with the near term pregnant rats, there was a normal 18 S radioactivity peak in the placenta RNA resulting from changes in the technique used to extract the placental RNA.
Effects of Labor on Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Cortisol
Authors: Lefèbvre Y. , Chapdelaine A. , Bolté E.
Published: March 2010

Maternal and cord plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) and cortisol were measured before cesarean section, during syntocinon induced labor, and at delivery after spontaneous or induced labor. The mean maternal plasma DHAS was significantly lower in cesarean sections than in spontaneous labor, and raised significantly by induction of labor. The cord plasma DHAS was not significantly different in cesarean, spontaneous or induced labor. In cesarean section, the cord plasma DHAS was higher than maternal DHAS, but they were not different during spontaneous or induced labor. Maternal plasma cortisol increases significantly during spontaneous or induced labor. During prelabor, the increase in maternal DHAS without a change in plasma cortisol suggest, at least, a change in the metabolism of maternal DHAS. During labor, the increase in plasma concentrations of both compounds indicates a change in the metabolism of cortisol and DHAS.
A Wireless Radiotelemetry System for Monitoring Fetal Heart Rate and Intrauterine Pressure During Labor and Delivery
Authors: Neuman M.R. , Picconnatto J. , Roux J.F.
Published: March 2010

A wireless radio telemetry system for the continuous monitoring of fetal heart rate and intrauterine pressure during labor has been designed, constructed, and clinically tested. The system is based upon a miniature or microminiature battery powered two-channel radio transmitter which can be located near or within the vagina respectively. The range of transmission is 10 to 20 m. A noise reducing cardiotachometer is incorporated in the system to reduce artifact by imposing amplitude, duration, and interval criteria to recognize fetal beats. A clinical evaluation of the monitor on 10 patients for an average time of 215 min has shown it to be equivalent to conventional wire monitoring techniques.
The Role of the Umbilical Sinus in the Regulation of Placental Vascular Resistance
Authors: Brinkman, III C.R. , Kirschbaum T.H. , Assali N.S.
Published: March 2010

The role of the umbilical sinus – ductus venosus complex in the regulation of umbilical venous and placental vascular resistance was investigated in 12 near term exteriorized fetal lambs before and after the induction of mild and severe hypoxia. Mild maternal hypoxia caused increases in the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava pressures and a decrease in the umbilical blood flow rate. Severe maternal hypoxia caused an increase in the inferior vena cava pressure and a decrease in the umbilical blood flow, both of which were statistically significant. During mild maternal hypoxia the placental vascular resistance increased 11 % and the umbilical sinus vascular resistance increased 24%, while during severe hypoxia the increases were 17 and 66% respectively, thus demonstrating a greater sensitivity of the umbilical sinus vasculature to the stress of hypoxia and emphasizing its role in placental vascular resistance.
Modification of Pituitary Thyrotropin and Thyroid Activity in the Rat Following Administration of Clomiphene Citrate
Authors: Gellert R.J. , Bakke J.L. , Lawrence Nancy
Published: March 2010

Clomiphene citrate was administered to mature female rats at 5 dose levels for 16 days and pituitary thyrotropin levels were measured as well as indices of thyroidal and gonadal function. Thyroidal 131I uptake was increased, serum free thyroxin was reduced and PBI remained unchanged. A marked increase in pituitary TSH occurred. Estrous cycles were blocked and uterine weights reduced, however, no significant change was seen in ovarian weights except for reduction at the highest dose of clomiphene. Clomiphene depressed the usual thyroidal weight response to TSH when added to bovine thyroid slices invitro. The results suggests that clomiphene has direct effects on thyroidal iodide uptake and T4 secretion, probably unrelated to direct central effects on pituitary TSH secretion.
Uterine Transplantation in Dogs
Authors: Scott J.R. , Anderson W.R. , Kling T.G. , Yannone M.E.
Published: March 2010

An experimental surgical procedure of uterine transplantation using the omentum as a vascular supply was performed in 20 dogs. Eight of the 10 uterine autografts were considered viable. Five of the 10 dogs with homografts were treated with immunosuppressive drugs, but no significant differences in the rejection reaction between the 2 groups were noted. The described clinical behavior, laboratory studies, and gross and microscopic findings supply more information about the rejection characteristics of this organ.
Regulation of Human Gonadotropins
Authors: Jaffe R.B. , Midgley, Jr. A.R. , Goebelsmann U. , Snyder D.L.
Published: March 2010

Serum LH, FSH and progesterone concentrations and urinary pregnanediol excretion were quantitated in 5 regularly menstruating women who received 0.5 mg chlormadinone acetate for periods ranging from 51 to 60 days. These gonadotropic hormone and steroid hormones were also measured during the months before and after medication administration. An additional group of 5 women were studied who had been receiving 0.5 mg chlormadinone acetate continuously for at least 6 months prior to having hormone determinations performed, and who continued on this regimen during the entire study period. All of these subjects had serum LH and FSH determinations, and 4 had progesterone measurements performed for 22, 29, 30, 34 and 60 days. In the ‘short-term studies’, while receiving chlormadinone acetate, a typical surge of neither LH nor FSH was observed. However, 4 of the 5 subjects demonstrated atypical, multiple elevations of baseline concentrations of LH at varying times, but usually at the middle of the treatment cycles. Concomitant rises in FSH were not observed. The quantities of pregnanediol excreted during the latter half of treatment cycles were below values normally seen during the luteal phase. During the first treatment cycle, only 1 subject had a relatively normal luteal phase progesterone profile. The concentrations in the other subjects were only slightly elevated, with peak levels between 3 and 4 ng/ml. During the second treatment cycle, 2 of the 4 subjects in whom progesterone determinations were performed had elevated values compatible with normal luteal phase concentrations. Biphasic basal body temperatures were observed in 3 of the 10 treatment cycles. In the ‘long-term studies’, no ‘typical’ LH or FSH profiles were observed. FSH concentrations were frequently elevated for extended periods, and were usually higher than LH concentrations. In only 1 of the subjects was a typical luteal phase elevation in progesterone concentration observed. These data indicate that, unlike other synthetic progestogenic and estrogenic steroids, marked variability in the profiles of the hormones studied is observed in the presence of 0.5 mg chlormadinone, and that typical luteal phase progesterone concentrations may occur in the absence of an antecedent gonadotropin surge.
Comparison of the Constricting Actions Produced by Serotonin and Prostaglandins on Isolated Sheep Umbilical Arteries and Veins
Authors: Dyer D.C.
Published: March 2010

Sheep umbilical arteries and veins contracted to serotonin at concentrations less than those of prostaglandins. Also, serotonin produced a greater maximal contraction relative to the prostaglandins. PGF2Α and PGE2 were essentially equiactive in inducing contractions while PGE1, and PGF1Α were clearly less active than PGF2Α or PEG2
Phospholipids and the Onset of Labor in Rabbits
Authors: Ogawa Y. , Herod L. , Lanman J.T.
Published: March 2010

A soya bean oil containing predominantly phospholipids (SBP) has been known to sensitize the pregnant rabbit uterus to oxytocin, permitting premature induction of labor. We are attempting to identify the active component. Lipid class analyses of SBP revealed nonphospholipids, noncholine-containing phospholipids, and choline-containing phospholipids (CCP). Biological activity was found in the CCP fraction. Fatty acid analyses of SBP and CCP showed a high degree of unsaturation with sufficient linoleic acid to require the presence of dilinoleyl lecithin in both SBP and CCP. Hydrogenation of SBP rendered SBP inactive on biological testing. Our results suggest that biological activity may reside in the lecithin fraction of SBP, and that unsaturation is essential for activity. The predominance of linoleic acid has led us to suspect that dilinoleyl lecithin may be an active compound (though not exclusively).
The Latex Agglutination Test Applied to Liquor Amnii
Authors: Huisjes H.J. , Wobbes T.
Published: March 2010

Previous studies have suggested the possibility of diagnosing post-maturity by the demonstration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in amniotic fluid by latex agglutination tests. In our study we found that 72 of 75 samples of amniotic fluid obtained from mothers at varying times of gestation gave a positive latex agglutination reaction. The latex agglutination test, therefore, appears to be of no value for the diagnosis of post-maturity.
The Effect of Mercury Estradiol on 17β-Estradiol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Betz G. , Susee P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of two organic mercurials (4-acetatomercuri-17Β-estradiol and p-chloromercuribenzoate) on human placental estradiol dehydrogenase were evaluated by equilibrium rate exchange and initial velocity measurements. The steroid mercurial was more effective in reducing isotopic exchange between steroid pairs than between cosubstrate pairs. An opposite result was obtained using p-chloromercuribenzoate. The results suggest that the mercury estradiol is useful as an affinity label for the steroid binding site of this class of enzymes.
Lack of Association Between Adiponectin Levels and Atherosclerosis in Mice
Authors: Nawrocki Andrea R. , Hofmann Susanna M. , Teupser Daniel , Basford Joshua E. , Durand Jorge L. , Jelicks Linda A. , Woo Connie W. , Kuriakose George , Factor Stephen M. , Tanowitz Herbert B. , Hui David Y. , Tabas Ira , Scherer Philipp E.
Published: March 2010

Objective—

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived, secreted protein that is implicated in protection against a cluster of related metabolic disorders. Mice lacking adiponectin display impaired hepatic insulin sensitivity and respond only partially to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. Adiponectin has been associated with antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic properties; however, the direct involvement of adiponectin on the atherogenic process has not been studied.

Methods and Results—

We crossed adiponectin knockout mice (
Adn
−/−
) or mice with chronically elevated adiponectin levels (

Adn
Tg

) into the low-density lipoprotein receptor–null (
Ldlr
−/−
) and the apoliprotein E–null (
Apoe
−/−
) mouse models. Adiponectin levels did not correlate with a suppression of the atherogenic process. Plaque volume in the aortic root, cholesterol accumulation in the aorta, and plaque morphology under various dietary conditions were not affected by circulating adiponectin levels. In light of the strong associations reported for adiponectin with cardiovascular disease in humans, the lack of a phenotype in gain- and loss-of-function studies in mice suggests a lack of causation for adiponectin in inhibiting the buildup of atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusion—

These data indicate that the actions of adiponectin on the cardiovascular system are complex and multifaceted, with a minimal direct impact on atherosclerotic plaque formation in preclinical rodent models.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Secreting Mast Cells and Myofibroblasts
Authors: Syväranta Suvi , Helske Satu , Laine Mika , Lappalainen Jani , Kupari Markku , Mäyränpää Mikko I. , Lindstedt Ken A. , Kovanen Petri T.
Published: March 2010

Objective—

To examine the proangiogenic potential of myofibroblasts and mast cells, 2 types of cells present in human aortic valves.

Methods and Results—

Aortic valve stenosis is an active atheroinflammatory disease, characterized by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the neovascularization of the valves. A total of 85 stenotic valves and 20 control valves were obtained during valve replacement surgery. The results of immunohistochemistry analysis revealed stenotic aortic valves that contained 3 types of neovessels: small microvessels, medium microvessels, and organized arterioles. The distribution density of the neovessels was significantly higher in stenotic valves than in control valves (
P
<0.001) and correlated positively with valvular calcification gradus (
r
=0.26,
P
=0.02) and mast cell density (
r
=0.38,
P
<0.001). In the neovascularized areas of stenotic aortic valves, mast cells contained vascular endothelial growth factor and were degranulated, indicating their activation. The stimulation of cultured myofibroblasts derived from aortic valves with a mast cell–preconditioned medium, hypoxic culture conditions, or tobacco smoke all induced vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in the myofibroblasts. Finally, mast cell tryptase was able to degrade the antiangiogenic molecule endostatin in vitro.

Conclusion—

Mast cells and myofibroblasts may accelerate the progression of aortic valve stenosis by altering the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in the valves, thus promoting valvular neovascularization.
The Extent of Coronary Atherosclerosis Is Associated With Increasing Circulating Levels of High Sensitive Cardiac Troponin T
Authors: Laufer Eduard M. , Mingels Alma M.A. , Winkens Mark H.M. , Joosen Ivo A.P.G. , Schellings Mark W.M. , Leiner Tim , Wildberger Joachim E. , Narula Jagat , Van Dieijen-Visser Marja P. , Hofstra Leonard
Published: March 2010

Objective—

This study explored the relationship between coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and quantifiable circulating levels of troponin measured with a recently introduced high sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) assay.

Methods and Results—

Cardiac patients suspected of having coronary artery disease (CAD) but without acute coronary syndrome were studied. Cardiac troponin T levels were assessed using the fifth-generation hs-cTnT assay. All patients (n=615) underwent cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CCTA). On the basis of CCTA, patients were classified as having no CAD or mild (<50% lesion), moderate (50% to 70% lesion), severe (>70% lesion), or multivessel CAD (multiple >70% lesions). As a comparison, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured. Progressively increasing hs-cTnT levels were found in patients with mild (median, 4.5 ng/L), moderate (median, 5.5 ng/L), severe (median, 5.7 ng/L), and multivessel (median, 8.6 ng/L) CAD compared with patients without CAD (median, 3.7 ng/L) (all
P
<0.01). For high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, no such relationship was observed. In patients without CAD, 11% showed hs-cTnT levels in the highest quartile, compared with 62% in the multivessel disease group (
P
<0.05). Multivariance analysis identified hs-cTnT as an independent risk factor for the presence of CAD.

Conclusion—

In patients without acute coronary syndrome, even mild CAD is associated with quantifiable circulating levels of hs-cTnT.
Characterization of Ion Channels Involved in the Proliferative Response of Femoral Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Cidad Pilar , Moreno-Domínguez Alejandro , Novensá Laura , Roqué Mercé , Barquín Leire , Heras Magda , Pérez-García M. Teresa , López-López José R.
Published: March 2010

Objective—

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute significantly to occlusive vascular diseases by virtue of their ability to switch to a noncontractile, migratory, and proliferating phenotype. Although the participation of ion channels in this phenotypic modulation (PM) has been described previously, changes in their expression are poorly defined because of their large molecular diversity. We obtained a global portrait of ion channel expression in contractile versus proliferating mouse femoral artery VSMCs, and explored the functional contribution to the PM of the most relevant changes that we observed.

Methods and Results—

High-throughput real-time polymerase chain reaction of 87 ion channel genes was performed in 2 experimental paradigms: an in vivo model of endoluminal lesion and an in vitro model of cultured VSMCs obtained from explants. mRNA expression changes showed a good correlation between the 2 proliferative models, with only 2 genes, Kv1.3 and Kvβ2, increasing their expression on proliferation. The functional characterization demonstrates that Kv1.3 currents increased in proliferating VSMC and that their selective blockade inhibits migration and proliferation.

Conclusion—

These findings establish the involvement of Kv1.3 channels in the PM of VSMCs, providing a new therapeutical target for the treatment of intimal hyperplasia.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism With Eplerenone on Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Udelson James E. , Feldman Arthur M. , Greenberg Barry , Pitt Bertram , Mukherjee Robin , Solomon Henry A. , Konstam Marvin A.
Published: March 2010

Background—

Aldosterone antagonism has been studied in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) and also in patients with post-myocardial infarction and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction with HF symptoms. Few data are available on effects of aldosterone antagonism in patients with mild-to-moderate HF.

Methods and Results—

In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with mild-to-moderate HF and LV systolic dysfunction, patients with New York Heart Association class II/III HF and LV ejection fraction (EF) ≤35% were randomly assigned to receive eplerenone 50 mg/d versus placebo in addition to contemporary background therapy. Quantitative radionuclide ventriculograms to assess LV volumes and ejection fraction were performed at baseline and again after 9 months of double-blind treatment and were analyzed in a central core laboratory, blinded to treatment. The primary efficacy analysis was the between-group comparison of the change in LV end-diastolic volume index. Secondary analyses examined changes in LV end-systolic volume index and ejection fraction as well as markers of collagen turnover. Of the total 226 patients enrolled, 117 were randomly assigned to receive eplerenone and 109 to receive placebo. There was high use of contemporary background therapy at baseline, with >90% use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers and >90% use of β-blockers. Over 36 weeks of treatment, there was no apparent between-group difference in the changes in end-diastolic volume index or end-systolic volume index. There was a reduction in the collagen turnover marker procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in the eplerenone group compared with placebo (
P
=0.01 and
P
=0.04, respectively). There was no change in symptom status or quality-of-life measures.

Conclusions—

In a clinically stable, well-treated population of patients with mild-to-moderate HF symptoms and LV dysfunction, 36 weeks of treatment of aldosterone antagonism with eplerenone at a dose of 50 mg daily had no detectable effect on parameters of LV remodeling.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00082589.
Towards a Sociology of Philosophy
Authors: Heidegren Carl-Göran , Lundberg Henrik
Published: March 2010

The article presents and discusses the sociology of philosophy as a theory-based empirically practised sociological subdivision that came to the fore in the 1980s. In the first part, the type of empirical material and the forms of data presentation that are available to the sociology of philosophy are discussed. In the second part, the focus is on two important attempts, those of Randall Collins and Pierre Bourdieu, to develop general sociological theories about the relationship between social being and thought. The main lesson to be drawn from them is that in normal circumstances philosophical thought cannot be reduced to socio-political conditions outside the attention space (Collins) or the philosophical field (Bourdieu). In the concluding part, we tentatively sketch a programme for a future sociology of philosophy. All in all, the sociology of philosophy is seen as an emerging new subdivision within sociology, the potential of which is far from exhausted with respect to theoretical development as well as empirical approaches.
Conducting Research With LGB People of Color: Methodological Challenges and Strategies
Authors: DeBlaere Cirleen , Brewster Melanie E. , Sarkees Anthony , Moradi Bonnie
Published: March 2010

Methodological barriers have been highlighted as a primary reason for the limited research with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people of color. Thus, strategies for anticipating and addressing potential methodological barriers are needed. To address this need, this article discusses potential challenges associated with conducting research with LGB people of color and describes specific strategies for addressing these challenges. Each step of the research process—from development of research questions to interpretation and dissemination of results—is discussed. This discussion concludes with a summary of recommended strategies for advancing the quality and quantity of future scholarship with LGB people of color.
Update on Dental Nanocomposites
Authors: Chen M.-H.
Published: March 2010

Dental resin-composites are comprised of a photo-polymerizable organic resin matrix and mixed with silane-treated reinforcing inorganic fillers. In the development of the composites, the three main components can be modified: the inorganic fillers, the organic resin matrix, and the silane coupling agents. The aim of this article is to review recent studies of the development of dental nanocomposites and their clinical applications. In nanocomposites, nanofillers are added and distributed in a dispersed form or as clusters. For increasing the mineral content of the tooth, calcium and phosphate ion-releasing composites and fluoride-releasing nanocomposites were developed by the addition of DCPA-whiskers or TTCP-whiskers or by the use of calcium fluoride or kaolinite. For enhancing mechanical properties, nanocomposites reinforced with nanofibers or nanoparticles were investigated. For reducing polymerization shrinkage, investigators modified the resin matrix by using methacrylate and epoxy functionalized nanocomposites based on silsesquioxane cores or epoxy-resin-based nanocomposites. The effects of silanization were also studied. Clinical consideration of light-curing modes and mechanical properties of nanocomposites, especially strength durability after immersion, was also addressed.
Redressing Three-dimensional Garments Based on Pose Duplication
Authors: Yueqi Zhong
Published: March 2010

The online purchase of garments is increasing and a method to enable accurate and immediate garment sizing could improve the customer’s experience. A successful online garments shopping system should provide the capacity of dressing a given garment onto various posed human models with fit/ease information. In this paper, we present a method to “copy” the pose of a source human model to a target human model via a skeleton-matching algorithm. The skeleton is generated automatically according to the anthropometric features. The pose difference is compensated by an affine transformation applied to the skin vertices recursively. The final redressing is conducted according to benchmark matching and a penetration recovery procedure followed by a physical-based drape simulation. The fit evaluation is fulfilled through cutting the segmented human model with a serious of planes. The experimental results validate that this method is an effective approach for predicting dressing style with accurate fit/ease information.