bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ariel x NeurIPS Competition - Inferring Physical Properties of Exoplanets From Next-Generation Telescopes
Authors: Yip Kai Hou , Changeat Quentin , Morvan Mario , Nikolaou Nikolaos , Waldmann Ingo
Published: July 2022

The study of extra-solar planets, or simply, exoplanets,  planets outside our own Solar System, is fundamentally a grand quest to understand our place in the Universe. Discoveries in the last two decades have re-defined what we know about planets, and helped us comprehend the uniqueness of our very own Earth. In recent years, however, the focus has shifted from planet detection to planet characterisation, where key planetary properties are inferred from telescope observations using Monte Carlo-based methods. However, the efficiency of sampling-based methodologies is put under strain by the high-resolution observational data from next generation telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Ariel Space Mission. We propose to host a regular competition with the goal of identifying a reliable and scalable method to perform planetary characterisation. Depending on the chosen track, participants will provide either quartile estimates or the approximate distribution  of key planetary properties. They will have access to synthetic spectroscopic data generated from the official simulators for the ESA Ariel Space Mission. The aims of the competition are three-fold. 1) To offer a challenging application for comparing and advancing conditional density estimation methods. 2) To provide a valuable contribution towards reliable and efficient analysis of spectroscopic data, enabling astronomers to build a better picture of planetary demographics, and 3) To promote the interaction between ML and exoplanetary science.

The competition is open for all and is expected to run from July to October. We will provide a brief introduction to the competition, its aim and the different tracks available for participants. We will also be sharing preliminary results from the competition in this session.

 
The formation and evolution of planetesimals towards comets – an overview 
Authors: Bischoff Dorothea , Gundlach Bastian , Blum Jürgen
Published: July 2022

In the past, it has been controversially discussed how pristine or primordial the comets of the Solar Systems are. Here we present an overview of our understanding of their formation and evolution from dust and ice grains in the solar nebula towards the small bodies we observe today. The first phase is given by the agglomeration of dust and ice grains in the protoplanetary disk until mm- to cm-sized aggregates (“pebbles”) form, which cannot grow further due to the bouncing barrier. The formation of planetesimals is then caused by the gentle gravitational collapse of a concentrated pebble cloud. The formed planetesimals undergo different evolutionary phases, in which they can be altered by radiogenic heating and by mutual collisions. Radiogenic heating can lead to differentiated planetesimals, in which the volatiles are redistributed inside the bodies. Differentiation can be avoided if the planetesimals are relatively small or were formed late. Concerning collisional evolution, we define three types of impacts: sub-catastrophic, catastrophic, and super-catastrophic collisions, which differ in the degree of thermal and mechanical alteration of the bodies. After these phases of our model, the evolution ends with five types of small bodies, and we further discuss which of them can be regarded as comets, using their observed physical properties. Comparing these results with empirical data from comets, in particular from the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, conclusions about comet formation and evolution are drawn and open questions are highlighted. This work shall also shed light on possible observation methods that could be used to further constrain comet formation.
Effect of the Magnetospheric Plasma Interaction and Solar Illumination on Ion Sputtering of Europa’s Surface Ice
Authors: Addison Peter , Liuzzo Lucas , Simon Sven
Published: July 2022

For the entire ion energy range observed at Europa, we calculate spatially resolved maps of the surface sputtering rates of H2O, O2, and H2 from impacts by magnetospheric ions. We use the perturbed electromagnetic fields from a hybrid model of Europa’s plasma interaction, along with a particle-tracing tool, to calculate the trajectories of magnetospheric ions impinging onto the surface and their resultant sputtering yields. We examine how the distribution of the sputtering rates depends on the electromagnetic field perturbations, the angle between the solar radiation and the corotating plasma flow, and the thickness of the oxygen-bearing layer within Europa’s surface. Our major findings are: (a) Magnetic field-line draping partially diverts the impinging ions around Europa, reducing the sputtering rates on the upstream hemisphere, but allowing for substantial sputtering from the downstream hemisphere. In contrast, zero sputtering occurs in much of the downstream hemisphere with uniform electromagnetic fields. (b) If the oxygen-bearing surface layer is thin compared to the penetration depth of magnetospheric ions, thermal ions dominate the O2 sputtering rates, and the region of strongest sputtering is persistently located near the upstream apex. However, if the oxygen-bearing layer is thick compared to the penetration depth, energetic ions sputter the most O2, and the location of maximum sputtering follows the sub-solar point as Europa orbits Jupiter. (c) The global production rate of O2 from Europa’s surface varies by a factor of 3 depending upon the moon’s orbital position, with the maximum particle release occurring when Europa’s Sun-lit and upstream hemispheres coincide.
Chemical diversity of the atmospheres and interiors of sub-Neptunes
Authors: Guzmán Mesa Andrea
Published: July 2022

The atmospheres of sub-Neptunes are expected to exhibit considerable chemical diversity, beyond what is anticipated for gas-giant exoplanets. Recently, in Guzman-Mesa et al 2022 we constructed self-consistent radiative transfer and equilibrium chemistry models to explore this chemical diversity. We use GJ 436 b as a case study to further study joint atmosphere-interior models. In particular, we constrain the properties of the interior and atmosphere of the planet based on the available Spitzer measurements. While it is possible to fit the emission spectrum of GJ 436 b using a high-metallicity model, we demonstrate that such an atmosphere is inconsistent with physically plausible interior structures. It remains the case that no existing study can adequately fit the 4.5-micron Spitzer secondary eclipse measurement, which is probably caused by chemical disequilibrium. In the light of the recently-launched JWST, we recommend that future analysis of emission and transmission spectra of sub-Neptune planets are carried out self-consistently using both the atmospheric and interior structure models.
Hybrid simulations of jovian plasma interaction with Ganymede's magnetopause
Authors: Fatemi Shahab , Poppe Andrew R. , Vorburger Audrey , Lindkvist Jesper , Hamrin Maria
Published: July 2022

We use a three-dimensional hybrid model of plasma (kinetic ions and charge neutralizing electron fluid) to study the dynamics of the thermal O+ and H+ ions at Ganymede's magnetopause when Ganymede is inside and outside of the jovian plasma sheet. Our kinetic simulations show that ion velocity distributions at the vicinity of the upstream magnetopause of Ganymede are highly non-Maxwellian where the dominant component of the velocity distribution is parallel to the background magnetic field (i.e., Tll>T⊥). At the magnetopause, however, ions are substantially heated and the dominant component of the velocity distribution is perpendicular to the background magnetic field (i.e., Tll<T⊥). We also investigate the energization of the ions interacting with the magnetopause and we find that the energy of those particles on average increases by a factor of 8 and 30 for the O+ and H+ ions, respectively. The energy of these ions is mostly within 1-100 keV for both species after interaction with the magnetopause, but a few percentage reach to 0.1-1 MeV. Our simulations show that a small fraction (<25%) of the co-rotating Jovian plasma reach the magnetopause, but among those more than 50% cross the high power density regions at the magnetopause and gain energy. Finally, we compare our simulation results with Galileo observations of Ganymede's magnetopause crossings (i.e., G8 and G28 flybys). There is an excellent agreement between our simulations and observations, particularly our simulations fully capture the size of the magnetosphere and reproduce the sharp magnetic transients at the magnetopause crossings.
An Alternative Approach to Sampling: Retrieving Exoplanetary Spectra with Variational Inference and Normalising Flow
Authors: Yip Kai Hou , Changeat Quentin , Al-Refaie Ahmed , Waldmann Ingo
Published: July 2022

Current endeavours in exoplanet characterisation rely on atmospheric retrieval to quantify crucial physical properties of remote exoplanets from observations. However, the scalability and efficiency of the technique are under strain with increasing spectroscopic resolution and forward model complexity. The situation becomes more acute with the recent launch of the James Webb Space Telescope and other upcoming missions. Recent advances in Machine Learning provide optimisation-based Variational Inference as an alternative approach to perform approximate Bayesian Posterior Inference. In this investigation we combined Normalising Flow-based neural network with our newly developed differentiable forward model, Diff-tau, to perform Bayesian Inference in the context of atmospheric retrieval. We demonstrated, with examples from real and simulated spectroscopic data, several advantages of our proposed framework: 1.) Our neural network does not require a large library of spectra, all it takes is a single observation 2.) It is able to produce distributions similar to sampling-based retrieval and 3.) It requires much less forward model computation to converge. Our proposed framework contribute towards the latest development of a neural-powered atmospheric retrieval.  Its flexibility and speed hold the potential to complement sampling-based approaches in large and complex data sets in the future.
Scattered Light Polarimetry of Close-In Exoplanets
Authors: Wiktorowicz Sloane
Published: July 2022

Exoplanet science is at a crossroads. Our dominant characterization technique, transmission spectroscopy, is not ideal for the known planets. Due to calibration constraints, transiting exoplanets around bright stars are required, rendering the bulk of radial velocity-discovered planets unsuitable for study. Furthermore, clouds and hazes, common around close-in exoplanets, reduce the amplitude of spectral features in transmission spectra. This currently hampers study with Hubble, and it will require careful target selection for Webb. Thus, our choice of techniques employed to study atmospheric diversity is, in fact, frustrated by the existence of atmospheric diversity itself.

Polarimetry, however, excels at the study of clouds and hazes, because it is sensitive to the size, shape, and index of refraction of scattering particles. Polarimetric observations obtained a century ago, coupled with Mie scattering codes 50 years later, enabled the discovery of concentrated, spherical, 1.1 µm-sized sulfuric acid cloud particles in Venus’ atmosphere. Pioneer 11 observations of Jupiter and Saturn revealed polar hazes, while Pioneer 11 and Cassini Huygens observations of Titan discovered 400 nm haze aggregates composed of 40 nm spherical monomers.

The polarimetric signatures of exoplanets will expose the properties of atmospheric scattering particles. While host stars contaminate system polarization and reduce the aperture-integrated polarization amplitude of an orbiting exoplanet to the 10-5 to 10-6 level, polarimetry’s differential nature enables ground-based observations to be calibrated to this level. Using our POLISH2 polarimeter, we demonstrate control of systematics to this level, which places the most favorable hot Jupiters in the realm of detectability. We report on the status of a survey of cloudy and clear exoplanets with the POLISH2 polarimeter at the Gemini North 8-m and Lick Observatory 3-m telescopes.
The CESAR project during the COVID pandemic
Authors: Benitez Herrera Sandra , Vaquerizo Juan Angel , Perez Ayucar Miguel , Gonzalez Beatriz , Gonzalez Lopez-Tercero David
Published: July 2022

CESAR (Cooperation through Education in Science and Astronomy Research) is a joint educational initiative between ESA (European Space Agency), INTA (Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology) and ISDEFE (Spanish state-owned consulting and engineering Company). Its main goal is to engage school students with STEM disciplines through the wonders of the Universe. The CESAR programme offers teacher training courses on Astronomy and Planetary Science topics to provide hints and inspiration for the use of space in school lessons to European educators and allow them to interact with scientists and experts too. These trainings had to be fully adapted to a virtual format due to the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 in a very short time scale. 

Moreover a complete set of online activities, the so-called Space Science Experiences (SSE), was develop during this period for primary and secondary schools, providing them with different educational resources, such as: online labs, virtual tours, access to scientific data from ESA space missions, proposal of experiments…all within the inquiry-based learning framework.

In this talk we will explain the process of design, development and classroom application of the on-line SSEs and present the lessons learned and success from this virtual approach.

 
Extremely flat protoplanetary disks: a favorable environment for planetary growth
Authors: Villenave Marion
Published: July 2022

To form giant planets in protoplanetary disk lifetime, small micron sized particles must grow rapidly to larger grains. A full understanding of that process requires a detailed characterization of the radial and vertical structure of the gas-rich disks associated with young pre-main sequence stars. Disks observed edge-on are of particular interest as they provide a unique point of view to unambiguously disentangle their vertical and radial dimensions. Here we present ALMA extremely high angular resolution imaging (up to a few AU scales) of one edge-on disk in the nearby Ophiuchus star-forming region. The modeling of the millimeter continuum image and a previously published scattered light image with radiative transfer enables a robust comparison of the spatial distribution of millimeter-sized grains and micron-sized dust grains in this disk. We find that the large dust grains are constrained to a remarkably flat subdisk as a consequence of dust settling. We place stringent constraints on the thickness of this subdisk in this system, on vertical settling efficiency, and on the potential for wide-orbit planet formation in this disk. 
On the nature of small planets orbiting low-mass stars
Authors: Luque Rafael , Pallé Enric
Published: July 2022

Planets smaller than Neptune are ubiquitous in the Galaxy and those around M stars constitute the bulk of warm and temperate worlds amenable for detailed atmospheric characterization. In this talk, we present a re-analysis of all the available data on small transiting planets around M dwarfs, refining their masses and radii (Luque & Pallé 2022, in press). Our precisely characterized sample reveals that this population is well described by only three discrete planet density populations, with bulk densities centered at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.24 relatively to Earth's. The first are rocky planets, the second are water worlds, and the third are puffy planets with Neptune-like densities. This density classification offers a much better insight to disentangle planet formation and evolution mechanisms, which are degenerate when using a radius-based classification. Our results are at odds with atmospheric mass loss models aiming to explain the bimodal radius distribution and suggest that the gap separates dry from water worlds rather than rocky planets with or without H/He envelopes. Formation models including type I migration explain naturally the observations independently of the accretion mechanism: rocky planets form within the snow line, water worlds form beyond and later migrate inwards. These results are to be published in Science and are currently under embargo.
Jovian Satellite and Ring Observations from the Juno Stellar Reference Unit, plus Plans for the Dark Side Perijoves
Authors: Becker Heidi , Florence Meghan , Brennan Martin , Hansen Candice , Schenk Paul , Ravine Michael , Arballo John , Bolton Scott , Lunine Jonathan , Guillaume Alexandre , Alexander James
Published: July 2022

Juno’s low-light sensitive Stellar Reference Unit (SRU) navigation camera has embarked on Juno’s Extended Mission as a full-fledged member of the science payload. SRU images from Juno’s Prime Mission led to multiple discoveries within the Jovian system, inspiring new objectives that the orbit’s evolution will soon put within reach. SRU images of Jupiter’s dark side revealed the presence of “shallow lightning” flashes with origins in high altitude ammonia-water clouds above the 2 bar level. These observations fortify theories in which ammonia-water hailstones (“mushballs”) transport ammonia into Jupiter’s deep atmosphere, accounting for the ammonia variability observed at depth by Juno’s Microwave Radiometer (MWR). Images of Jupiter’s faint dust ring have been acquired from unique vantage points while inside the ring looking out, and while observing the shadow line cast by Jupiter across the dust. In June 2021, the SRU imaged Ganymede’s dark side at >79 degrees illumination angle and <920 m/pixel resolution while the surface was illuminated only by Jupiter-shine. This novel use of a low-light star tracker resolved multiple craters, surface features (such as grooved terrain), and an unusual elongated ejecta deposit in Xibalba Sulcus. These features are not resolved in the Voyager and Galileo imagery used for the USGS global geologic map of Ganymede. Our discussion will focus on proposed updates to Ganymede’s geologic record and SRU ring science. A preview of upcoming SRU observations to investigate the influence of Jupiter’s shallow thunderstorms on Jupiter’s deep atmospheric dynamics (during the dark side perijoves starting in 2023) will also be included.
Spectral Observations at the CILBO Observatory: Calibration andData Sets
Authors: Zender Joe , Koschny Detlef , Rudawska Regina , Vicinanza Salvatore , Loehle Stefan , Eberhardt Martin , Meindl Arne , Smit Hans , Marraffa Lionel , Landman Rico , Stams Daphne
Published: July 2022

This talk will introduce the The Canary Island Long-Baseline Observatory (CILBO), a double station meteor camera setup located on the Canary Islands and operated by ESA’s Meteor Research Group since 2010.

Our observations of meteors are obtained in the visual wavelength band by intensified video cameras from both stations, supplemented by an intensified video camera mounted with a spectral grating at one of the locations. The cameras observe during cloudless and precipitation-free nights and data are transferred to a main computer located at ESA/ESTEC once a day. The image frames that contain spectral information are calibrated, corrected, and finally processed into line intensity profiles. An ablation simulation, based on Bayesian statistics using a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo method, allows to determine a parameter space, including the ablation temperatures, chemical elements and their corresponding line intensities, to fit against the line intensity profiles of the observed meteor spectra. The algorithm is presented in this talk. Several hundred spectra have been processed and will be made available through the Guest Archive Facility of the Planetary Science Archive of ESA.   
Daily soil moisture mapping at 1 km resolution based on SMAP data for desertification areas in northern China
Authors: Rao Pinzeng , Wang Yicheng , Wang Fang , Liu Yang , Wang Xiaoya , Wang Zhu
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Land surface soil moisture (SM) plays a critical role in
hydrological processes and terrestrial ecosystems in desertification areas.
Passive microwave remote-sensing products such as the Soil Moisture Active
Passive (SMAP) satellite have been shown to monitor surface soil water well. However,
the coarse spatial resolution and lack of full coverage of these products
greatly limit their application in areas undergoing desertification. In
order to overcome these limitations, a combination of multiple machine
learning methods, including multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector
regression (SVR), artificial neural networks (ANNs), random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), have been applied to downscale the 36 km
SMAP SM products and produce higher-spatial-resolution SM data based on
related surface variables, such as vegetation index and surface temperature.
Desertification areas in northern China, which are sensitive to SM, were
selected as the study area, and the downscaled SM with a resolution of 1 km
on a daily scale from 2015 to 2020 was produced. The results showed a good
performance compared with in situ observed SM data, with an average unbiased
root mean square error value of 0.057 m3 m−3. In addition, their
time series were consistent with precipitation and performed better than
common gridded SM products. The data can be used to assess soil drought and
provide a reference for reversing desertification in the study area. This
dataset is freely available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16430478.v6
(Rao et al., 2022).
A new digital elevation model (DEM) dataset of the entire Antarctic continent derived from ICESat-2
Authors: Shen Xiaoyi , Ke Chang-Qing , Fan Yubin , Drolma Lhakpa
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Antarctic digital elevation models (DEMs) are essential
for fieldwork, ice motion tracking and the numerical modelling of the ice sheet.
In the past 30 years, several Antarctic DEMs derived from satellite data
have been published. However, these DEMs either have coarse spatial
resolution or aggregate observations spanning several years, which
limit their further scientific applications. In this study, the
new generation satellite laser altimeter Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation
Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is used to generate a new Antarctic DEM for both the
ice sheet and ice shelves. Approximately 4.69 × 109 ICESat-2
measurement points from November 2018 to November 2019 are used to estimate
surface elevations at resolutions of 500 m and 1 km based on a
spatiotemporal fitting method. Approximately 74 % of Antarctica is
observed and the remaining observation gaps are interpolated using the
normal kriging method. The DEM is formed from the estimated elevations in
500 m and 1 km grid cells, and is finally posted at the resolution of 500 m.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Operation IceBridge (OIB)
airborne data are used to evaluate the generated Antarctic DEM (hereafter
called the ICESat-2 DEM) in individual Antarctic regions and surface types.
Overall, a median bias of −0.19 m and a root-mean-square deviation of 10.83
m result from approximately 5.2 × 106 OIB measurement
points. The accuracy and uncertainty of the ICESat-2 DEM vary in relation to
the surface slope and roughness, and more reliable estimates are found in
the flat ice sheet interior. The ICESat-2 DEM is comparable to other DEMs
derived from altimetry, stereophotogrammetry and interferometry. Similar
results are found when comparing to elevation measurements from kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) (GPS and the Russian GLONASS) transects. The elevations of high
accuracy and ability of annual updates make the ICESat-2 DEM an addition to
the existing Antarctic DEM groups, and it can be further used for other
scientific applications. The generated ICESat-2 DEM (including the map of
uncertainty) can be downloaded from National Tibetan Plateau Data Center,
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences at
https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/disallow/9427069c-117e-4ff8-96e0-4b18eb7782cb/ (last access: 27 June 2022)
(Shen et al., 2021a, https://doi.org/10.11888/Geogra.tpdc.271448).
A new 2010 permafrost distribution map over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on subregion survey maps: a benchmark for regional permafrost modeling
Authors: Cao Zetao , Nan Zhuotong , Hu Jianan , Chen Yuhong , Zhang Yaonan
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Permafrost over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has gained increasing attention due to its high sensitivity to climate change. Numerous spatial modeling studies have been conducted on the QTP to assess the status of permafrost, project future changes in permafrost, and diagnose contributors to permafrost degradation. Due to very limited number of observation stations on the QTP, these modeling studies are often hampered by the lack of validation references, calibration targets, and model constraints, whereas a high-quality permafrost distribution map can be a good option as a benchmark for spatial simulation results. Existing permafrost distribution maps on the QTP can hardly serve this purpose. An ideal benchmark map for spatial modeling should be methodologically sound, have sufficient accuracy, and be based on observations collected in specific mapping years, rather than all historical data spanning several decades. Therefore, in this study, we created a new permafrost distribution map over the QTP in 2010 through a novel permafrost mapping approach with satellite-derived ground surface thawing/freezing indices as input and survey-based subregion permafrost maps as constraints. This approach was further improved in this study to reduce parametric equifinality. It accounts for the effects of local factors by incorporating into the model an empirical soil parameter whose values are optimally estimated through spatial clustering and parameter optimization constrained by survey-based subregion permafrost maps. This new map shows a total permafrost area of about 1.086×106 km2 (41.2 % of the QTP area) and seasonally frozen ground of about 1.447×106 km2 (54.9 %) in 2010, excluding glaciers and lakes. Validations using survey-based subregion permafrost maps (Kappa = 0.74) and borehole records (Overall Accuracy = 0.85 and Kappa = 0.43) showed higher accuracy of this map than two recent maps. Inspection of regions with obvious distinctions between the maps affirms that the permafrost distribution on this map is more realistic than on the Zou et al. (2017) map. Due to the excellent accuracy demonstrated, this map can serve as a benchmark map of sufficient quality to constrain/validate land surface models and as a historical reference when projecting future permafrost changes on the QTP in the context of global warming.
Volume 13 Issue 2 2022
Authors: Nelson Karen , Creagh Tracy
Published: July 2022

This special issue brings together a selection of articles and practice reports from the 2022 STARS Conference. The focus of STARS is expressed by broad guiding themes: Students, Transitions, Achievement, Retention, and Success. These themes provide the conceptual framework for this annual discourse and guide analysis of tertiary curriculum, programs, practices and culture. The themes are at the centre of considerations about how institutions are creating environments that enable students, in all their diversity, to realise their potential through post-secondary education.
The Impact of the Integrated Practitioner in Higher Education: Studies in Third Space Professionalism
Authors: Kift Sally
Published: July 2022

Sally Kift reviews The Impact of the Integrated Practitioner in Higher Education: Studies in Third Space Professionalism
Representación de género en el tema del doble. Castigo, deseo y rol social en La piel que habito (Pedro Almodóvar, 2011), Laurence Anyways (Xavier Dolan, 2012) y Tomboy (Céline Sciamma, 2011)
Authors: García Sahagún Marta , Deltell Escolar Luis
Published: July 2022

Introducción. En el presente artículo se explora la relación entre el tema del doble y el género, que se desarrolla principalmente en el procedimiento de desdoblamiento por metamorfosis, donde las características de compatibilidad e identidad personal propias del doble clásico varían. Objetivos y metodología. En el análisis indagamos en las distintas posibilidades que surgen en estas historias, deteniéndonos en el concepto de identidad personal —a través de los elementos microtextuales del tema— y en las variantes del desdoblamiento dispuestas por Doležel —paradigmáticas, sintagmáticas, autenticidad y modos de construcción—. Para ello, se analizan las películas La piel que habito (Pedro Almodóvar, 2011), Laurence Anyways (Xavier Dolan, 2012) y Tomboy (Céline Sciamma, 2011). Resultados y conclusiones. Como conclusión, observamos que la identidad personal prevalece frente a la cuestión del cambio o confusión de género (voluntario o no), especialmente a través de los elementos microtextuales del nombre propio y de la máscara/disfraz. La metamorfosis recrea dobles excluyentes en el tiempo y espacio, justificadamente auténticos, con puntos en común entre ambos y que poseen distintos modos de construcción (deseo, castigo y rol social) en función de los clásicos propuestos por Kovacshazy. Las tres películas, además, coinciden con la premisa de Kuhn sobre el cine feminista, haciendo visible lo invisible, narrando y problematizando —a través de un tema con tanta tradición como la del doble—, sobre cuestiones poco presentes dentro del cine mayoritario.
The impact of state surprise medical billing protections on consumers with employer-sponsored health insurance
Authors: Zhang Hanchun , Cude Brenda J. , Groshong Lisa , Keith Katie
Published: July 2022

This article used consumer survey data to investigate the impact of state surprise medical billing protections on consumers with employer-sponsored health insurance. State protections were categorized as comprehensive, partial, and none following the Commonwealth Fund (2019). Our results indicated that consumers with employer- sponsored health insurance who lived in states with comprehensive surprise medical billing protections were more likely to report receiving surprise medical bills than those who lived in states with no protections. We offer several explanations for this result, including that state protections do not apply to self-funded health care plans. Regarding differences across ages, we found that consumers ages 45 to 60 were more likely to receive a surprise medical bill, which is consistent with the age distribution of those receiving the highest proportion of surgical and non-surgical procedures. With these results, our study contributes to the health insurance literature by deepening our understanding of surprise medical billing regarding both consumer knowledge and the impact of state regulation.
Insurance business diversification and systemic risk
Authors: Regele Fabian
Published: July 2022

Risk diversification regarding business lines with imperfectly correlated cash flows can reduce the financial distress risk of an institution due to coinsurance effects. Therefore, business diversification might also lower systemic risk from a “domino” perspective, in which the financial distress of an institution causes financial contagion risks to other institutions that result in systemic risk. The underwriting of risks by insurers is typically considered not systemically risky by itself, providing the basis for the diversification of insurance business lines to potentially reduce systemic risk. Since life and non-life insurance lines generally show substantially different underwriting characteristics, this paper studies if the diversification of both insurance business lines can create a financially stabilizing diversification effect, therefore reducing systemic risk. By means of a theoretical portfolio model and empirical analysis, the findings suggest that diversified insurers engaging in both insurance lines have, on average, a lower contribution to systemic risk than monoline life and non-life insurers. More specifically, insurers with a business allocation in the range of 54% life insurance are, on average, associated with the lowest contribution to systemic risk. These findings have practical implications for the design of macroprudential insurance regulation, which currently neglects the financially stabilizing potential of the diversification of both insurance business lines.
TINGKAT DENSITAS POPULASI BOBOT DAN PANJANG MAGGOT Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PAKAN BERBEDA
Authors: ; Azharika , Nurhayatin Titin , Herawati Ervi
Published: July 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pakan berbeda terhadap densitas populasi, bobot dan panjang maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan lima ulangan, sehingga jumlah sampel sebanyak 20 biopond dengan bobot maggot 1 gram/biopond. Perlakuan yang di gunakan adalah pakan yang diberikan yaitu P1 : Kotoran Ayam Petelur, P2 : Limbah Organik Pasar, P3 : Ampas Tahu dan P4 : Campuran Ketiga Perlakuan. Variabel yang diamati terdiri dari tingkat densitas, bobot dan panjang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan  pemberian pakan berbeda memberikan pengaruh terhadap tingkat densitas, obot dan panjang pada maggot Hermetia illucens.  Pemberian campuran pakan dengan (Kotoran ayam petelur, Limbah Pasar Organik, dan Ampas tahu) memberikan pengaruh optimal terhadap tingkat densitas populasi maggot (0.168 cm3), bobot (697 gram), dan panjang (23,23 mm)  pada maggot Hermetia illucens.
The role of mycorrhiza in food security and the challenge of climate change
Authors:   Cukurova University, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Adana, Turkey, Ortas Ibrahim
Published: July 2022

Before the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was 280 ppm and in time increasing fossil fuels use increased CO2 concentration up to 416 ppm in a preset time. Meanwhile, increasing population growth (around 8 billion) has also started to put serious pressure on soil ecosystem for more food production demand. With the demand for more food production, intensive chemical inputs and soil cultivation practices applied to the soil has increased the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere. Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere triggers global warming and climate change which is negatively affect plant growth and consequently food security. In order to ensure food security under climate change conditions, it seems that the need to re-enact nature's own mechanisms has arisen. In this context, it is aimed to reduce the effect of climate changes by keeping more carbon as a sink by operating the effects of plant root mechanisms on the soil health according to ecological principles. Under long term filed conditions the effects of different soil-plant managements, especially mycorrhiza fungi, were investigated. Since 1996, several researches have been carried out under long-term field studies to see the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and other microorganisms on carbon sequestration, as well as the emission of CO2 from the greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Regularly CO2 flux, emissions, photosynthesis rate, C, N sequestration and yield parameters are measured. Data are yearly evaluated. Results revealed that under long-term field conditions, organic fertilizers application and mycorrhizal inoculation sequestered more carbon in soil profile. It has been shown that, using animal manure, compost, biochar, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi significantly kept more carbon in plant tissue and soil. It is determined that there is an increase of 1.5 ppm CO2 concentration in atmosphere per year. It has been determined that especially long-term addition of organic matter and management of natural mycorrhizae increase soil organic carbon and accordingly soil quality and productivity increase. As the effect of climate change and population growth have significant negative impact on food security, definitely a new agriculture revelation is needed to overcome of climate and food security problem. Soil and plant management must be managed according to low-input ecological principles.
Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự hài lòng của sinh viên đối với học trực tuyến trong thời gian chống dịch covid-19: Trường hợp sinh viên Trường Đại học Cần Thơ
Authors: Gấm Đinh Thị Hồng
Published: July 2022

Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là phân tích các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự hài lòng của sinh viên trường Đại học Cần Thơ đối với phương thức học trực tuyến trong thời gian chống dịch Covid-19. Dữ liệu phân tích được thu thập từ 185 sinh viên chính quy của trường đại học Cần Thơ đã tiếp cận với phương thức học trực tuyến trong thời gian chống dịch. Có 6 yếu tố được đề xuất có ảnh hưởng đến sự hài lòng của sinh viên: Cấu trúc khóa học, tương tác giữa sinh viên với sinh viên, tương tác giữa giảng viên với sinh viên, giảng viên, đặc điểm sinh viên và công nghệ. Kết quả phân tích cho thấy, chỉ có bốn yếu tố có tác động tích cực đến sự hài lòng của sinh viên khi học trực tuyến: Cấu trúc khóa học, tương tác giữa sinh viên với sinh viên, giảng viên, công nghệ. Từ kết quả phân tích, tác giả đề xuất một số giải pháp nhằm nâng cao sự hài lòng của sinh viên trong thời gian học trực tuyến trong thời gian sắp tới.
Ảnh hưởng của quản trị doanh nghiệp và cấu trúc sở hữu đến chi phí đại diện: Trường hợp các doanh nghiệp cổ phần hóa niêm yết ở Việt Nam
Authors: Đạo Lê Trung , Phúc Đoàn Ngọc
Published: July 2022

Mục đích chính của nghiên cứu này nhằm kiểm định mối quan hệ giữa quản trị doanh nghiệp, cấu trúc sở hữu, quản trị doanh nghiệp và chi phí đại diện của doanh nghiệp nhà nước cổ phần hóa ở Việt Nam với nguồn dữ liệu được sử dụng bao gồm 217 doanh nghiệp niêm yết trên 2 sàn giao dịch chứng khoán TPHCM và Hà Nội trong giai đoạn 2009-2019. Các biến giải thích bao gồm sở hữu của nhà nước, sở hữu quản lý, sở hữu nước ngoài, quy mô hội đồng quản trị (hội đồng quản trị), chủ tịch hội đồng quản trị đồng thời là giám đốc điều hành và sự độc lập của hội đồng quản trị. Kết quả hồi quy cho thấy, sở hữu của nhà quản lý, sở hữu nước ngoài, sự độc lập của hội đồng quản trị, quy mô doanh nghiệp có quan hệ ngược chiều với chi phí đại diện. Trong khi đó, chủ tịch hội đồng quản trị đồng thời là giám đốc điều hành, quy mô hội đồng quản trị, sở hữu nhà nước tác động cùng chiều đến chi phí đại diện của doanh nghiệp cổ phần hóa. Từ góc độ chính sách, kết quả nghiên cứu gợi mở một số hàm ý trong việc giải quyết mâu thuẫn lợi ích đối với loại hình doanh nghiệp có nhiều chủ sở hữu, góp phần nâng cao hiệu quả hoạt động kinh doanh của doanh nghiệp nhà nước cổ phần hóa ở Việt Nam
الرجل العربي المثال عند الشاعرات الجاهليات
Authors: عثمان محمد عبلة الصديق
Published: July 2022

وموضوع هذا البحث (الرجل العربي المثال عند الشاعرات الجاهليات). بحثاً عن الرجل المثال في أشعارهن، وبحثاً في القيم المشتركة بين الشاعرة الجاهلية والشاعر الجاهلي، وبحثاً عن القيم الخاصة التي اختصت بها الشاعرة الجاهلية، أو ألحّت عليها في شعرها وعظّمت من شأنها أكثر من غيرها.

والبحث كذلك محاولة في ربط هذه القيم بنفسية المرأة العربية، وما تريده من الرجل العربي المثال، ومعلوم أن شعر المرأة في العصر الجاهلي كان في شكل مقطوعات قصيرة، أو قصائد قصيرة. ومعظم أشعارهن وردت في كتب الاختيارات وأيام العرب، وقليل منهن من كان لها ديوان كالخنساء، ومن كان لها ديوان فإن أشعارها فيه لا تخرج عن المقطوعات والقصائد القصيرة كالخرنق أخت طرفة.

ومع هذا فإن أهم ما يميز هذا الشعر هو التغني بالقيم، والمثل العليا عند الرجل العربي.
الحاجات الإرشادية وعلاقتها بالتوافق الاجتماعي لدى أولياء أمور المعاقين عقلياً بولاية الخرطوم
Authors: د.عثمان موسى حريكة إبراهيم د.عثمان
Published: July 2022

The study aimed to identify the counseling needs of the parents of the mentally handicapped and their relationship to their social compatibility. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The study sample size reached (237) parents and the study tools were the indicative needs scale for Mozamban Zabirah and the social consensus scale of Abdullah Yusuf Sakran and he used a number of statistical equations. Including the T-test for one sample, the Mann-Winnie test, the Pearson coefficient of correlation coefficient and the Fakronbach equation, and the results of the study were the counseling needs of parents of the mentally handicapped are high, the social compatibility among parents of mentally handicapped persons is high, there are statistically significant differences in the counseling needs of parents of the disabled Mentally attributable to the gender variable, there are no statistically significant differences in the counseling needs of the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the kinship variable, there are statistically significant differences in the counseling needs of the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the educational level variable, there are no statistically significant differences in social consensus Among the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the gender variable, there are significant differences There are no statistically significant differences in the social compatibility of the parents of the mentally handicapped due to the educational level variable, there is no correlation between the counseling needs and the social compatibility of the parents of the mentally handicapped, and the researcher concluded To recommendations, the most important of which are: Expanding the establishment of counseling centers specialized in dealing with the problems of the mentally handicapped, providing the disabled brothers with mechanisms for proper dealing with their disabled brothers, and educating parents about the potential effects of disability on the brothers of the disabled.
أثر الأحـــــــــــوال المــــــرئية على النفـــــــوس البشـــــريـــــة
Authors: د/ محمد د/ محمد
Published: July 2022

many of the benefits will be found in this research that are related to the conditions of the Prophet, Peace Be Upon Him, which may mask if confined to the reader to simplify denote obvious words of Alhdith phrases, so it was extremely important for anyone who wants to understand the Sunnah optimal understanding that avoids acknowledged making mistakes or slippage that Mulls consideration of the accompanying words, a case so that it can judge the whole incident of monuments is confusion.
A Miscellany of Bats
Authors: Fenton M. Brock , Rydell Jens
Published: July 2022

Bats have long been the focus of fascination, and sometimes fear: they move faultlessly through the darkness and spend the day hanging upside down in gloomy caverns and cracks – most at home where humans are least comfortable. Bats also represent a hugely important, numerous and varied group, accounting for 20% of all mammal species worldwide. Covering their biodiversity, ecology and natural history, A Miscellany of Bats offers a hoard of insights into the lives of these creatures. For over a quarter of a century Brock Fenton and the late Jens Rydell collaborated on projects involving bats. Here they bring together a collection of stories and anecdotes about bat research, brought to life by stunning photographs of these animals in action. Key topics include flight and echolocation, diet and roosting habits, and the complex social lives of bats. Jens and Brock also address issues of conservation and the interactions between bats and people, ranging from matters of disease to bats’ role as symbols, and our fixation with vampire bats. They explore how echolocation and flight shape batkind, from their appearance to where they go and why. Overall, this book is an entertaining and personal vision of bats’ central place in the universe.
A TRANSPARÊNCIA DAS SOCIEDADES DE ECONOMIA MISTA LISTADAS EM BOLSA: UMA BREVE PERSPECTIVA A PARTIR DE ANÁLISES DOS WEBSITES
Authors: Ferraz Hector Rodrigo Ribeiro Paes
Published: July 2022

O presente artigo propõe o estabelecimento de um panorama geral no tocante à transparência da divulgação de dados de sociedades de economia mista federais listadas em bolsa nos seus portais de internet, a fim de discutir as políticas públicas promovidas pelos órgãos governamentais. O foco de análise surge a partir do peso econômico que as estatais representam para o país, bem como suas principais regras de transparência num contexto anticorrupção. Ainda são elaborados comentários e proposições de melhorias na concepção de uma política de transparência mais estruturada, em benefício dos investidores e da sociedade.
Dos ministros que temos aos ministros que queremos: o processo de nomeação dos Ministros do STF (1988-2019)
Authors: Lima Flávia Danielle Santiago , Lima Jairo Neia
Published: July 2022

De acordo com a perspectiva da judicialização da política, as Cortes Constitucionais alcançaram um papel de destaque nas democracias. Nos últimos anos, os principais dilemas morais e controvérsias políticas têm sido resolvidos por essas instituições. No Brasil, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) representa uma voz institucional destaque, essa posição representa o resultado de escolhas constituintes, delegações do Legislativo e da prática decisória do STF. No entanto, o aumento desse papel central é seguido por uma constante desconfiança do déficit democrático das Cortes Constitucionais, seja da perspectiva teórica quanto prática. A forma como os Ministros são escolhidos representa uma das preocupações democráticas. Com base nesse problema, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa empírica sobre as propostas de emendas constitucionais no Brasil (1988-2019) que objetivavam alterar o processo de indicação a Ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Em conclusão, os dados indicam que existe uma demanda significa por participação de outras instituições no processo de nomeação.
Los Juzgados de Derechos Humanos del Poder Judicial de la Ciudad de México
Authors: Soule Hugo Carrasco , Martínez Lazcano Alfonso Jaime
Published: July 2022

A raíz de la trasformación jurídica de distrito federal a la Ciudad de México, se emitió la primera Constitución de la Ciudad de México a la considerada entidad federativa, y en la misma carta se estableció un medio para garantizar los derechos humanos (DDHH) y una jurisdicción de doble instancia para su protección. Por la importancia que este tema reviste para el país, se realiza un análisis mediante el método analítico-descriptivo y el de jurisprudencia analítica se estudia la aplicación de esta nueva jurisdicción, que permite una tutela, a priori, más expedita que el juicio de amparo.
Segurança jurídica na tutela dos interesses dos vulneráveis
Authors: Cesário João Humberto
Published: July 2022

A segurança jurídica é essencial para uma vida estável, sendo que ela reclama, muito além da previsibilidade, a efetiva tutela dos direitos fundamentais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho é o de demonstrar que, ainda que previsível ou calculável, um ambiente jurídico fica longe de ser seguro se não tutela concretamente os direitos de todos, mormente os daqueles que estão em situação de desamparo. Para o alcance do aludido desiderato, o estudo baseia-se em pesquisa qualitativa, sendo utilizado o método dedutivo em perspectiva crítica. A sua conclusão assentou que a segurança jurídica não milita somente em favor do capital econômico, mas, também, e, sobretudo, em favor das parcelas vulneráveis da sociedade.
As Audiências Públicas no Sistema Multinível de Proteção dos Direitos Humanos
Authors: Camargo Outeiro Hernandes Luiz Eduardo , Piovesan Flávia
Published: July 2022

O artigo pretende demonstrar a hipótese de que as audiências públicas são instrumentos de participação, de cooperação e de construção do diálogo no âmbito do sistema multinível interamericano de proteção dos direitos humanos, cuja articulação transformadora lhe é inerente. A metodologia empregada na pesquisa foi as análises de conteúdos e de dados documentais coletados a partir de amostras. Os resultados atingidos com a pesquisa foram demonstrar a correção da hipótese e explicitar as audiências públicas promovem o diálogo entre a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, as Cortes Constitucionais, as instituições estatais e os atores sociais especialmente impactados frente as violações de direitos fundamentais no plano nacional, bem como direcionam as Cortes Constitucionais no sentido de se transformarem em cortes transformativas.