bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tough and kind leadership among the Konyaks of Nagaland
Authors: Featherstone Justin , Harvey William S.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to look at the practices within the principal Konyak kingdoms in Nagaland, and how leaders in other cultural contexts can learn from reconciling tough and kind forms of leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

For centuries, the villages of the principal Konyak kingdoms in Nagaland raided each other to take the heads of men, women and children in ritualised hostilities. Originally to bring fertility and good harvests, this practice evolved almost exclusively into an expression of power and success. One of the authors spent three weeks in January 2020 living in a Konyak village learning about leadership from the last surviving face-tattooed warriors, once successful headhunters.

Findings

The authors found a servant leadership culture based on kindness and collaboration, in some ways at odds with the brutal tradition associated with their society. Framing this compassionate leader and follower relationship is the concept of matkapu, or standing for the truth of things.

Practical implications

The authors explore whether contemporary organisations looking to sustain operational excellence and well-being, and often seeking to balance the needs of different stakeholders, can learn from the Konyaks based on centuries of continual conflict and volatility.

Originality/value

The authors show how contemporary organisations looking to sustain operational excellence and well-being can learn from the Konyaks based on centuries of continual conflict and volatility.
Factors influencing members’ knowledge sharing and creative performance in coworking spaces
Authors: Rese Alexandra , Kopplin Cristopher Siegfried , Nielebock Caren
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Coworking spaces (CWS) are a globally increasing phenomenon of new shared work environments used by freelancers, entrepreneurs and small companies that often work in information technology and creative industries. The purpose of this study is to examine coworkers’ knowledge sharing (KS), focusing on attitude, behavior and individual creativity. Several theoretical perspectives are deployed for factors influencing KS.

Design/methodology/approach

A research model is developed and tested, relying on a sample of 95 German coworkers using a structural equation modeling approach.

Findings

The attitude towards knowledge sharing and actual sharing behavior in CWS improve coworkers’ creativity. Behavior and attitude differ in positive impact depending on the level of collaboration orientation. Despite the presence of an agreeable atmosphere, lower collaborative orientation results in KS being rated lower.

Practical implications

Community commitment showed the highest positive impact on KS behavior. For community development, CWS will have to take differences in the KS behavior of their coworker client base into account to foster creativity.

Originality/value

The authors provide initial empirical insights into the relationship between KS and creativity in CWS. Core coworking values are shown not to form a uniform block but rather “collaboration” is acting as a discriminator.
Effect of infiltrant-related parameters on mechanical performance for 3DP technology
Authors: Wu Weiwei , Wang Zhouzhou , Ding Shuang , Song Aiping , Zhu Dejia
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The effects of infiltrant-related factors during post-processing on mechanical performance are fully considered for three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology. The factors contain infiltrant type, infiltrating means, infiltrating frequency and time interval of infiltrating.

Design/methodology/approach

A series of printing experiments are conducted and the parts are processed with different conditions by considering the above mentioned four parameters. Then the mechanical performances of the parts are tested from both macroscopic and microscopic papers. In the macroscopic view, the compressive strength of each printed part is measured by the materials testing machine – Instron 3367. In the microscopic view, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersion spectrum are used to obtain microstructure images and element content results. The pore size distributions of the parts are measured further to illustrate that if the particles are bound tightly by infiltrant. Then, partial least square (PLS) is used to conduct the analysis of the influencing factors, which can solve the small-sample problem well. The regression analysis and the influencing degree of each factor are explored further.

Findings

The experimental results show that commercial infiltrant has an outstanding performance than other super glues. The infiltrating action will own higher compressive strength than the brushing action. The higher infiltrating frequency and inconsistent infiltrating time interval will contribute to better mechanical performance. The PLS analysis shows that the most important factor is the infiltrating method. When compare the fitted value with the actual value, it is clear that when the compressive strength is higher, the fitting error will be smaller.

Practical implications

The research will have extensive applicability and practical significance for powder-based additive manufacturing.

Originality/value

The impact of the infiltrating-related post-processing on the performance of 3DP technology is easy to be ignored, which is fully taken into consideration in this paper. Both macroscopic and microscopic methods are conducted to explore, which can better explain the mechanical performance of the parts. Furthermore, as a small-sample method, PLS is used for influencing factors analysis. The variable importance in the projection index can explain the influencing degree of each parameter.
Sensitivity and sensitivity isotropy of an 8/4–4 parallel six-axis force sensor
Authors: Li Chenggang , Song Weishan , Song Yong
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Six-axis force sensors play an important role in civilian and military fields because of their multifunctionality. In the context of sensor structure design, sensitivity and sensitivity isotropy are often considered. This paper aims to study the possible relationship between the sensitivity/sensitivity isotropy and structural parameters of an 8/4–4 parallel six-axis force sensor. A comprehensive evaluation index and structural optimization design scheme are suggested in the end.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the conditional number of the Jacobian matrix spectral norm, the sensitivity and sensitivity isotropy of the sensor are derived. Orthogonal experiments are used to determine the degree of primary and secondary factors that have a substantial effect on the sensor characteristics. The relationship between the performance indices and the structural parameters is analyzed by the performance atlas method. The comprehensive evaluation index lays the foundation for the structural optimization design of an 8/4–4 parallel six-axis force sensor.

Findings

The variation in each performance index of the sensor for each of the structural parameters is analyzed, and the structural parameters of the sensor with the desired performance indices can be easily selected from the performance atlases. A comprehensive performance evaluation index with a target value of 1 is proposed, and the overall influence of the structural parameters on the sensor performance index is investigated. A simulation example shows the feasibility of the proposed evaluation index.

Originality/value

The importance of each structural parameter of the 8/4–4 parallel six-axis force sensor is determined through orthogonal experiments in this paper. Relations among the structural parameters meeting the performance indices are derived and shown in the performance atlases. A comprehensive evaluation index is proposed to analyze the overall sensor performance.
Young adolescents’ experiences and views on eating and food
Authors: Gilmour Alice , Gill Steve , Loudon Gareth
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Poor eating habits established during adolescence are likely to lead to negative long-term health consequences. The childhood obesity epidemic is a growing public health concern, largely attributed to obesogenic environments. This study aims to explore the multiple factors contributing positively or negatively to young consumers’ attitudes towards their food consumption.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 42 11- to 13-years-old (24 men and 18 women) from three secondary schools in Wales participated in five focus group discussions. The process of thematic analysis resulted in several identified themes that influenced young consumers’ eating habits.

Findings

Extrapersonal factors compromised: education, peer pressure, parenting, availability and social media; and intrapersonal factors included: health consciousness, taste preferences, convenience and price consciousness. Contrary to previous research, the adolescent participants perceived their parents as more influential than their peer group, even during decision-making in the school canteen.

Practical implications

These research findings are beneficial for policy-makers working to develop an age-appropriate multi-factorial approach to promote healthful dietary practices amongst young consumers. For instance, increasing easily accessible food-to-go choices that are not only convenient to purchase and consume but also healthful could improve dietary intake.

Originality/value

A novel connection between peer pressure and convenience was discovered. Multiple factors contribute to young consumers’ attitudes towards food and their dietary habits.
Is (it) time to leave eternity behind? Rethinking Bildung's implicit temporality
Authors: Hogstad Kjetil Horn
Published: September 2020

Motivated by Gadamer's identification of Bildung's ‘Vorbild-Bildung-Nachbild’ (model-process-result) structure, a historical tracing of the Christian messianic heritage in Bildung is conducted. As Bildung grows into an educational concept with global aspirations, this heritage might prove a substantial theoretical obstacle. As an alternative to the Christian messianic conception of time, Crockett and Malabou's concept ‘plastic time’ is presented. Whereas Christian messianic time collects its drive from the eternal which is (not) to come, plastic time collects its drive from the ‘synaptic gap’ instead, the creative and constructive space located and organised in the human body. Crockett and Malabou argue that plastic time might allow the deconstruction of Christianity, and, this article suggests, consequently also of Bildung. A formulation of Bildung that can go beyond Western thinking would be a shift that might have consequences for education generally.
Familial factors may not explain the effect of moderate‐to‐heavy cannabis use on cognitive functioning in adolescents: a sibling‐comparison study
Authors: Ellingson Jarrod M. , Ross J. Megan , Winiger Evan , Stallings Michael C. , Corley Robin P. , Friedman Naomi P. , Hewitt John K. , Tapert Susan F. , Brown Sandra A. , Wall Tamara L. , Hopfer Christian J.
Published: September 2020

Aims

To examine whether moderate adolescent cannabis use has neurocognitive effects that are unexplained by familial confounds, which prior family‐controlled studies may not have identified.

Design

A quasi‐experimental, sibling‐comparison design was applied to a prospective, observational study of adolescents with moderate cannabis use. Participants were recruited from 2001 to 2006 (mean age = 17 years). A second wave of data was collected from 2008 to 2013 (mean age = 24 years).

Setting

Two US metropolitan communities.

Participants

A total of 1192 adolescents from 596 families participated in this study. Participants were primarily male (64%) and racially and ethnically diverse (non‐Hispanic white = 45%). A sibling in each family was a clinical proband identified due to delinquent behaviors. Whereas prior family‐controlled studies have used samples of primarily infrequent cannabis users (mean = 1–2 days/month), participants here endorsed levels of cannabis use comparable to findings from epidemiological cohort studies (mean = 7–9 days/month).

Measurements

Semi‐structured clinical interviews assessed drug use, and a neuropsychological battery assessed cognitive abilities. Covariates included age at assessment, gender and alcohol use.

Findings

After correcting for multiple testing, a greater frequency and earlier onset of regular cannabis use were associated with poorer cognitive performance, specifically on tests of verbal memory. Further, after accounting for familial factors shared by siblings and alcohol use, poorer verbal memory performance was still associated with greater life‐time frequency of cannabis use at wave 1 [b = −0.007 (−0.002, −0.012), adjustedP = 0.036]; earlier cannabis use at wave 2 [b = −0.12 (−0.05, −0.19), adjustedP = 0.006;b = −0.14 (−0.06, −0.23), adjustedP = 0.006]; and greater frequency of past 6 months use at wave 2 [b = −0.02 (−0.01, −0.03), adjustedP = 0.002;b = −0.02 (−0.01, −0.03), adjustedP = 0.008].

Conclusions

Moderate adolescent cannabis use may have adverse effects on cognitive functioning, specifically verbal memory, that cannot be explained by familial factors.
Notointybia gen. nov., a new genus of the Australian soft‐winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Melyridae)
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Ślipiński Adam , Pang Hong
Published: September 2020

A new Australian genus Notointybia gen. nov. is established for three species formerly placed in Laius Guérin‐Méneville, Dicranolaius Champion or Intybia Pascoe. It can be separated from the other apalochrine genera by the following characters combined: pronotum with complete lateral carinae, basal antennomeres modified and fore tarsi four‐segmented or five‐segmented and without combs on the second segment in male specimens. The new genus includes Laius cavicornis Lea, 1909, Laius filamentarius Lea, 1917 (type species), Laius hackeri Lea, 1914 and a new species Notointybia maculosa sp. nov. from Queensland. We designate lectotypes for L. cavicornis Lea, 1909, L. hackeri Lea, 1914 and L. filamentarius Lea, 1917. The taxonomic position of Notointybia and its phylogenetic relationship with related genera remain unsolved, requiring a comprehensive molecular study of world Apalochrini.
‘I used to be a gardener’: Connecting aged care residents to gardening and to each other through communal garden sites
Authors: Fielder Hannah , Marsh Pauline
Published: September 2020

Objective

To explore residential aged care facility (RACF) residents’ use of communal garden sites as spaces for gardening and social connection.

Methods

Phenomenological inquiry using semi‐structured interviews with 13 residents, family members and staff of a rural RACF.

Results

Interest, ability and willingness to engage in communal garden sites were evident but limited by multiple factors. Data highlighted the complexities of accessing gardens, gardening and other people. An enduring identity as a gardener provided a framework for maintaining a link between gardening, finding meaning and maintaining a sense of self.

Conclusion

Communal garden sites can improve quality of life and enable connectedness for RACF residents. However, a range of personal, attitudinal, institutional and resource‐related challenges create barriers to gardening, and in the RACF isolation and inactivity persist. We conclude that these challenges might be overcome through provision of physical and emotional support for positive risk‐taking, autonomy and access to the outside to continue gardening.
Diagnosing, managing and preventing anaphylaxis: Systematic review
Authors: de Silva Debra , Singh Chris , Muraro Antonella , Worm Margitta , Alviani Cherry , Cardona Victoria , DunnGlvin Audrey , Garvey Lene Heise , Riggioni Carmen , Angier Elizabeth , Arasi Stefania , Bellou Abdelouahab , Beyer Kirsten , Bijlhout Diola , Bilo M. Beatrice , Brockow Knut , Fernandez‐Rivas Montserrat , Halken Susanne , Jensen Britt , Khaleva Ekaterina , Michaelis Louise J. , Oude Elberink Hanneke , Regent Lynne , Sanchez Angel , Vlieg‐Boerstra Berber , Roberts Graham ,   European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group
Published: September 2020

Background

This systematic review used the GRADE approach to compile evidence to inform the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology's (EAACI) anaphylaxis guideline.

Methods

We searched five bibliographic databases from 1946 to 20 April 2020 for studies about the diagnosis, management and prevention of anaphylaxis. We included 50 studies with 18 449 participants: 29 randomized controlled trials, seven controlled clinical trials, seven consecutive case series and seven case‐control studies. Findings were summarized narratively because studies were too heterogeneous to conduct meta‐analysis.

Results

It is unclear whether the NIAID/FAAN criteria or Brighton case definition are valid for immediately diagnosing anaphylaxis due to the very low certainty of evidence. There was also insufficient evidence about the impact of most anaphylaxis management and prevention strategies. Adrenaline is regularly used for first‐line emergency management of anaphylaxis but little robust research has assessed its effectiveness. Newer models of adrenaline autoinjectors may slightly increase the proportion of people correctly using the devices and reduce time to administration. Face‐to‐face training for laypeople may slightly improve anaphylaxis knowledge and competence in using autoinjectors. We searched for but found little or no comparative effectiveness evidence about strategies such as fluid replacement, oxygen, glucocorticosteroids, methylxanthines, bronchodilators, management plans, food labels, drug labels and similar.

Conclusions

Anaphylaxis is a potentially life‐threatening condition but, due to practical and ethical challenges, there is a paucity of robust evidence about how to diagnose and manage it.
Fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics in type 1 diabetic pregnancies at near‐term gestation
Authors: Lehtoranta Lara , Haapsamo Mervi , Vuolteenaho Olli , Palo Pertti , Ekholm Eeva , Räsänen Juha
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Poor glycemic control in maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy can affect fetal cardiac and placental function. However, studies concerning fetal central hemodynamics have revealed conflicting results. We hypothesized that in pregnancies complicated by maternal type 1 diabetes, fetal cardiovascular and placental hemodynamics are comparable to the control fetuses at near‐term gestation. In addition, we investigated the relation between newborn serum biomarkers of cardiac function and fetal cardiovascular and placental hemodynamics. Furthermore, we studied whether maternal diabetes is associated with placental inflammation.

Material and methods

In this prospective case‐control study, fetal central and peripheral hemodynamics were assessed by ultrasonography in 33 women with type 1 diabetes and in 67 controls with singleton pregnancies between 34+2 and 40+2 gestational weeks. Newborn umbilical cord serum was collected to analyze cardiac natriuretic peptides (atrial and B‐type natriuretic peptides) and troponin T concentrations. Placental tissue samples were obtained for cytokine analyses.

Results

Fetal ventricular wall thicknesses were greater and weight‐adjusted stroke volumes and cardiac outputs were lower in the type 1 diabetes group than in the control group. Pulsatility in the aortic isthmus and inferior vena cava blood flow velocity waveforms was greater in the type 1 diabetes group fetuses than in the controls. A positive correlation was found between branch pulmonary artery and aortic isthmus pulsatility index values. Umbilical artery pulsatility indices were comparable between the groups. Umbilical cord serum natriuretic peptide and troponin T concentrations were elevated in the type 1 diabetes fetuses. These cardiac biomarkers correlated significantly with cardiovascular hemodynamics. Placental cytokine levels were not different between the groups.

Conclusions

In maternal type 1 diabetes pregnancies, fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics is impaired. Maternal type 1 diabetes does not seem to alter placental vascular impedance or induce placental inflammation.
Playing Safe or Taking Risks? Comparing China and Japan's Soft Power Strategies in Thailand
Authors: Carminati Daniele
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to highlight the increasing value of Joseph Nye's concept of soft power in East Asia by observing the actions of China and Japan in Thailand. The two major powers are trying to gather sociocultural and political resources towards improved economic relations and collaborations, while mostly detaching from ideological promotion. This article gathers opinions from “intellectual elites” to assess how the two countries understand soft power in action while outlining their main objectives, strategies, and impact. Although China's reputation is gradually improving, the country seems to be playing a risky game where admiration for its economic prowess and skepticism towards its opaque methods are equally present, resulting in a precarious position. Japan's image is still positive and stable, but its safe‐playing stance seems to reflect the geopolitical status‐quo and could be a missed opportunity to emerge as the third option beyond China and the United States.
Agentic values, generational contract, and elderly provisions in Taiwan and Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Raymond K. H. , Wang Lih‐Rong , Hu Kang
Published: September 2020

It is commonly believed that, in Chinese societies, respect for the elderly and communal values sustains a generational contract that benefits the older generation. Overt intergenerational conflict appears to be rare, though recent policy reforms have raised concerns about competing generational interests. Drawing on data from the sixth wave of the World Value Survey, we identified significant generational differences in values and in attitudes toward the elderly in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Agentic values are associated with more negative attitudes toward the elderly and have led to increased questioning of the distribution of resources to the elderly that may herald a weakening of the generational contract in both societies. We argue that the interests and concerns of the younger population must be adequately addressed. Upholding fairness in resource distribution, rather than simply appealing to traditional values, will provide a more solid groundwork to combat the increasing uncertainty in these two aging societies.
What parents want to know in the first postnatal year: A Delphi consensus study
Authors: Cashin Miranda , Wroe Jaime , Campbell Linda E.
Published: September 2020

Background

Early postnatal psychoeducation intervention programmes can support new parents in the adjustment to parenthood. However, most psychoeducation programmes focus on pregnancy and the birth and fail to deliver relevant and age‐specific information to new parents about what to expect in the postpartum period. Learning more about this intense period in a new parent's life will facilitate a healthy transition to parenthood. Considering the needs of time‐poor but tech‐savvy new parents, it is also necessary to rethink the delivery methods of such information to maximize impact.

Method

Two panels of experts in perinatal mental health (eight professionals and eight parents with lived experience) participated in a Delphi consensus study to establish what topics of information are most important for parents in the first postnatal year.

Results

A total of 89 topics of information were endorsed by at least 80% of both panels as Essential or Good to Know information for new parents. The topics were grouped under the following themes: sleep, attachment, co‐parenting, parental mental health, developmental milestones, feeding, social and community support, safety and health.

Conclusions

This study established consensus between perinatal experts and parents with lived experience in order to produce relevantm‐health psychoeducation for parents in the first postnatal year. The study findings will inform the development of perinatalm‐health psychoeducation programmes.
Mechano‐adaptive Responses of Alveolar Bone to Implant Hyper‐loading in a pre‐clinical in vivo model
Authors: Tian Ye , Li Zhijun , Chen Jinlong , Yuan Xue , Sadowsky Steven J. , Coyac Benjamin R. , Brunski John B. , Helms Jill A.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Oral implants transmit biting forces to peri‐implant bone. In turn, those forces subject peri‐implant bone to mechanical stresses and strains. Here, our objective was to understand how peri‐implant bone responded to conditions of normal versus hyper‐loading in a mouse model.

Material and Methods

Sixty‐six mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups; both groups underwent bilateral maxillary first molar extraction followed by complete healing. Titanium alloy implants were placed in healed sites and positioned below the occlusal plane. After osseointegration, a composite crown was affixed to the implant so masticatory loading would ensue. In controls, the remaining dentition was left intact but in the hyper‐loaded (test) group, the remaining molars were extracted. 3D finite element analysis (FEA) calculated peri‐implant strains resulting from normal and hyper‐loading. Peri‐implant tissues were analyzed at multiple time points using micro‐computed tomography (µCT) imaging, histology, enzymatic assays of bone remodeling, and vital dye labeling to evaluate bone accrual.

Results

Compared to controls, hyper‐loaded implants experienced a 3.6‐fold increase in occlusal force, producing higher peri‐implant strains. Bone formation and resorption were both significantly elevated around hyper‐loaded implants, eventually culminating in a significant increase in peri‐implant bone volume/total volume (BV/TV). In our mouse model, masticatory hyper‐loading of an osseointegrated implant was associated with increased peri‐implant strain, increased peri‐implant bone remodeling, and a net gain in bone deposition.

Conclusion

Hyper‐loading results in bone strain with catabolic and anabolic bone responses, leading to a net gain in bone deposition.
Digitized droop control of a high gain primitive converter—General performance analysis for smart city lighting application
Authors: Kannan Subha Sharmini , Krishnasamy Vijayakumar
Published: September 2020

This article presents the detailed behavioral analysis of the reduced equation DC droop controller being adapted to the primitive high gain converter designed for DC loads. The article discusses the operation in its open and closed loop modes, voltage, and current control modes as part of the simulation study. The converter mode of operation is continuous in all. Graphical portrayals of statistical results describe the effectiveness of the controller against a standard proportional integral (PI) controller in time and frequency domain. The results substantiate that the DC droop control is superior in terms of efficiency, line regulation, dynamism, and current sharing and stability.
The effects of patient personality traits and family cohesion on the treatment delay for patients with first‐episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder
Authors: Jo Anna , Kim Honey , Lee Ju‐Yeon , Kim Jae‐Min , Jeong Myung Ho , Chung Young‐Chul , Sohn Seok‐Joon , Kim Sung‐Wan
Published: September 2020

Aim

The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is an important prognostic indicator of schizophrenia. We explored the effects of patient personality and family relationships on delayed schizophrenia treatment.

Methods

We prospectively included data from 169 patients diagnosed with first‐episode schizophrenia. Personality traits were investigated using the Big Five Inventory (BFI‐10) and family relationship was assessed employing the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale‐III (FACES‐III). We explored patient clinical characteristics using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS). The DUP was defined as the time between the first appearance of psychotic symptoms and commencement of adequate antipsychotic treatment. Subjects were divided into two groups by the 3‐month median DUP cutoff.

Results

The average and median DUPs were 12 and 3 months, respectively. A longer DUP was associated with older age, a higher PANSS score, and a lower SOFAS score. The frequency of suicide attempts tended to be higher in the delayed treatment group (P = .055). The delayed treatment group scored significantly higher in conscientiousness factor of the BFI‐10 and scored significantly lower family cohesion and adaptability factors of the FACES‐III. Logistic regression showed that a longer DUP was significantly associated with higher‐level conscientiousness on the BFI‐10 and poorer family cohesion on the FACES‐III.

Conclusion

Treatment delay was associated with reduced family cohesion and higher patient conscientiousness, suggesting that the family plays a crucial role in terms of patient access to mental health services when early psychotic symptoms appear.
Species distribution models have limited spatial transferability for invasive species
Authors: Liu Chunlong , Wolter Christian , Xian Weiwei , Jeschke Jonathan M.
Published: September 2020

The reliability of transferring species distribution models (SDMs) to new ranges and future climates has been widely debated. Biological invasions offer the unique opportunity to evaluate model transferability, as distribution data between species’ native and introduced ranges are geographically independent of each other. Here, we performed the first global quantitative synthesis of the spatial transferability of SDMs for 235 invasive species and assessed the association of model transferability with the focal invader, model choice and parameterisation. We found that SDMs had limited spatial transferability overall. However, model transferability was higher for terrestrial endotherms, species introduced from or to the Southern Hemisphere, and species introduced more recently. Model transferability was also positively associated with the number of presences for model calibration and evaluation, respectively, but negatively with the number of predictors. These findings highlight the importance of considering the characteristics of the focal invader, environment and modelling in the application and assessment of SDMs.
Trade‐off between seed dispersal in space and time
Authors: Chen Si‐Chong , Poschlod Peter , Antonelli Alexandre , Liu Udayangani , Dickie John B.
Published: September 2020

Seed movement and delayed germination have long been thought to represent alternative risk‐spreading strategies, but current evidence covers limited scales and yields mixed results. Here we present the first global‐scale test of a negative correlation between dispersal and dormancy. The result demonstrates a strong and consistent pattern that species with dormant seeds have reduced spatial dispersal, also in the context of life‐history traits such as seed mass and plant lifespan. Long‐lived species are more likely to have large, non‐dormant seeds that are dispersed far. Our findings provide robust support for the theoretical prediction of a dispersal trade‐off between space and time, implying that a joint consideration of risk‐spreading strategies is imperative in studying plant life‐history evolution. The bet‐hedging patterns in the dispersal–dormancy correlation and the associated reproductive traits have implications for biodiversity conservation, via prediction of which plant groups would be most impacted in the changing era.
A Bornean peat swamp forest is a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
Authors: Tang Angela C. I. , Melling Lulie , Stoy Paul C. , Musin Kevin K. , Aeries Edward B. , Waili Joseph W. , Shimizu Mariko , Poulter Benjamin , Hirata Ryuichi
Published: September 2020

Tropical peat forests are a globally important reservoir of carbon, but little is known about CO2 exchange on an annual basis. We measured CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and tropical peat swamp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia using the eddy covariance technique over 4 years from 2011 to 2014. The CO2 fluxes varied between seasons and years. A small carbon uptake took place during the rainy season at the beginning of 2011, while a substantial net efflux of >600 g C/m2 occurred over a 2 month period in the middle of the dry season. Conversely, the peat ecosystem was a source of carbon during both the dry and rainy seasons in subsequent years and more carbon was lost during the rainy season relative to the dry season. Our results demonstrate that the forest was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during every year of measurement with annual efflux ranging from 183 to 632 g C m−2 year−1, noting that annual flux values were sensitive to gap filling methodology. This is in contrast to the typical view of tropical peat forests which must have acted as net C sinks over time scales of centuries to millennia to create the peat deposits. Path analyses revealed that the gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were primarily affected by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Results suggest that future increases in VPD could further reduce the C sink strength and result in additional net CO2 losses from this tropical peat swamp forest in the absence of plant acclimation to such changes in atmospheric dryness.
FISCAL CONSOLIDATION PROGRAMS AND INCOME INEQUALITY
Authors: Brinca Pedro , Ferreira Miguel H. , Franco Francesco , Holter Hans A. , Malafry Laurence
Published: September 2020

We document a strong empirical relationship between higher income inequality and stronger recessive impacts of fiscal consolidation episodes across time and space. To explain this finding, we develop a life‐cycle economy with uninsurable income risk. We calibrate our model to match key characteristics of several European economies, including inequality and fiscal structures, and study the effects of fiscal consolidation programs. In our model, higher income risk induces precautionary savings behavior, which decreases the proportion of credit‐constrained agents in the economy. These agents have less elastic labor supply responses to fiscal consolidations, which explain the correlation with inequality in the data.
2020 European guideline on the management of genital molluscum contagiosum
Authors: Edwards S , Boffa MJ , Janier M , Calzavara‐Pinton P , Rovati C , Salavastru CM , Rongioletti F , Wollenberg A , Butacu AI , Skerlev M , Tiplica GS
Published: September 2020

Molluscum contagiosum is a benign viral epidermal infection associated with high risk of transmission. The guideline is focused on the sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum. The diagnosis is clinical with characteristic individual lesions, termed ‘mollusca’, seen as dome‐shaped, smooth‐surfaced, pearly, firm, skin‐coloured, pink, yellow or white papules, 2 ‐ 5 mm in diameter with central umbilication. Dermoscopy may facilitate diagnosis. Therapeutic options are numerous, including physical treatments (cautery, curettage and cryotherapy), topical chemical treatments (e.g. podophyllotoxin and imiquimod) or waiting for spontaneous resolution in immunocompetent patients. In pregnancy, it is safe to use physical procedures (e.g. cryotherapy). Immunosuppressed patients develop severe and recalcitrant molluscum lesions that may require treatment with cidofovir, imiquimod or interferon. Patients with molluscum contagiosum infection should be offered to be screened for other sexually transmitted infections.
Isolation, characterization and virulence of Mesanophrys sp. (Ciliophora: Orchitophryidae) in farmed swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) in eastern China
Authors: Liu Xiao , Lei Yuhua , Ren Zhiming , Zhou Suming , Qian Dong , Yu Youbin , Yin Fei , Wang Chunlin
Published: September 2020

A disease outbreak occurred in swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) farmed in eastern China, with a mortality rate of more than 80%. To further investigate the characteristics and pathogenesis, we reported isolation, characterization and virulence of the causative agent of this disease from 10 sick crabs. Histopathological observation found that multiple tissues, especially haemolymph, contained lots of ciliates. The ciliate was isolated and cultured in vitro, and molecular and morphological studies were done. The results showed that SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA sequences of the ciliate were similar to Mesanophrys ciliates (>96.81%), while ITS1‐5.8s‐ITS2 sequence was similar to Mesanophrys pugettensis (95.37%) and identical to Orchitophrya stellarum (100%). Furthermore, the results of the morphological study confirmed that the ciliate was similar to Mesanophrys ciliates and O. stellarum cultured in supportive media, but different from O. stellarum cultured in living sperm cells of starfish (Leptasterias spp.). Also, the growth of the ciliate did not interfere with light, which was different from O. stellarum. Accordingly, the ciliate was classified as genus Mesanophrys and temporarily named as Mesanophrys sp. In addition, experimental infection confirmed that Mesanophrys sp. was the pathogen that infected farmed crabs. In summary, Mesanophrys sp. was first isolated and characterized in P. trituberculatus.
Evaluation of a Technique for Reducing Chairside Occlusal Adjustment of Crowns
Authors: Altarakemah Yacoub , Akbar Jaber , Akthar Saeed , Qudeimat Muawia A. , Omar Ridwaan
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To assess whether the occlusion of metal‐ceramic crowns, as received from the laboratory, and the time taken to adjust the occlusion of crowns not deemed acceptable, can be reduced by fabricating the crowns with controlled amounts of infra‐occlusion during the laboratory phase.

Material and Methods

An opposing set of typodonts, articulated in maximum intercuspal position served as the patient in an in vitro simulation. Seventy‐five metal‐ceramic crowns were fabricated for the mandibular right second molar with three different occlusal contact specifications: A, control group had occlusal contacts shared evenly by the crown and the neighboring teeth (n = 25); B, first experimental group had the occlusion relieved until 2 shimstock foils were able to be pulled from between the crown and the opposing tooth without tugging (n = 25); C, second experimental group had the occlusion relieved until 4 shimstock foils were able to be pulled from between the crown and the opposing tooth without tugging (n = 25). The occlusion of each crown, as received from the laboratory, was assessed using one of three categories (Excellent, Acceptable, and Poor). Chi‐square analysis was used to test the differences in occlusal outcomes between the three study groups. For all of those rated “Acceptable,” the time taken to adjust each crown to proper occlusion was recorded. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni tests were carried out to compare the adjustment times across the three study groups.

Results

The 2‐shim group had the best outcome, with 56% of the crowns rated as “Excellent” (p = 0.001). In addition, there were statistically significant differences in adjustment times between the control group (A) and the 2‐shim (B) and the 4‐shim (C) groups (p = 0.0001), but not between the 2‐shim (B) and 4‐shim (C) groups (p = 0.08).

Conclusions

Metal‐ceramic crowns fabricated with controlled interocclusal relief of 2‐ and 4‐shims each required less time for chairside occlusal adjustment than crowns fabricated in the laboratory to conventional occlusal contact. However, the overall superior outcome, in terms of the possibility for immediate insertion as received from the laboratory as well as favorable chairside adjustment time, for the 2‐shim prespacing suggests that this dimension is the preferred option over 4‐shim prespacing to reduce occlusal inaccuracies of indirect restorations.
Investigating the disclosure of ingredient lists impact on consumers' sensory perceptions of red wines produced in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Hayward Lydia , Finlay Emily , Lafortune Maggie , Strother Heather , Tomchuk Alexis , Selviz Valentina A. , McSweeney Matthew B.
Published: September 2020

Wineries have started to state their ingredients list on their bottles of wine; however, they have not considered how this may affect consumers' acceptability and sensory perception. The first objective was to determine the attributes consumers used to describe Nova Scotia (NS) red wines. The second objective was to identify the impact ingredient lists have on consumers' sensory perceptions of wine. In the first trial, 81 participants evaluated NS red wines (n = 8) using projective mapping and ultra‐flash profiling. In the second trial, three red wines were selected to be evaluated with and without an ingredient list. Participants (n = 98) evaluated the wines through a check‐all‐that‐apply questionnaire and 9‐point hedonic scales. Sweet, fruity, and floral attributes were used more frequently to describe the wines with a shorter ingredient list. However, there was no significant difference in the acceptability of wines when they were evaluated blinded and with the ingredient list.

Practical applications

Consumers are asking for more information on to be presented on alcoholic beverages, including ingredients. Understanding which attributes contribute to and the impact of ingredient lists on consumer liking is vital to the wine industry. This study used check‐all‐that‐apply and hedonic scales were used to evaluate how the presence of ingredient lists affected the participants' sensory perception and overall liking of the red wines. It was determined that the presence of ingredient lists did not significantly affect the acceptability or the perceived sensory properties of red wines.
Crazy gamblers or cautious investors? Evidence from a peer‐to‐peer market in China
Authors: Zhao Yingxiu , Zhang Wei , Li Yuelei , Yin Shuxing , Yang Yang
Published: September 2020

By data of 10,357 individual investors from Renrendai.com, an established peer‐to‐peer (P2P) lending platform in China over the period of 2011–2014, we examine whether investors’ prior investment outcomes influence their subsequent risk‐taking behavior in the credit market. We find strong evidence that a prior trading loss induces greater subsequent risk‐taking. Specifically, investors decrease their number of bids and the bidding amount; and choose listings with a lower interest rate and higher credit grade. The investors who obtain more prior gains become more cautious and take on less posterior risk. Overall, this study complements the lack of relevant research in the credit market.
Plant protein ingredients with food functionality potential
Authors: Loveday S. M.
Published: September 2020

Proteins play many technological, physicochemical and sensory roles (i.e. functionalities) in foods, including solubility, emulsifying, gelling, foaming and flavour creation. In comparison with animal proteins, plant proteins have different structure, composition and food functionality. This review discusses how protein can be extracted from plant materials to produce protein‐rich ingredients for creating plant‐based foods. It explores the potential for a new generation of semi‐purified plant‐derived ingredients with greater sustainability and health benefits.
Future foods: Is it possible to design a healthier and more sustainable food supply?
Authors: McClements D. J.
Published: September 2020

There is increasing concern about the negative impact of the modern food system on the health of both us and our planet. As the global population continues to increase, we need to feed everyone without irreparably harming the environment. Moreover, the food produced should be affordable, convenient, safe, nutritious and sustainable. This article reviews some of the recent technological advances being employed to design foods to improve their healthiness and sustainability. In particular, emphasis is placed on how processed foods can be redesigned to make them healthier by altering the nature and structural organisation of their constituents to modulate the way they behave inside our bodies. This includes reducing the levels of undesirable food constituents, such as saturated fat, salt and sugar, as well as incorporating health‐promoting ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds, prebiotics and probiotics. Moreover, foods are being designed to be masticated and digested more slowly or to release their constituents at particular locations along our gastrointestinal tract, which may help to fight obesity and diabetes by reducing appetite. A focus will also be placed on some of the new technologies being developed to create alternatives to animal products, such as meat, milk and egg, which should reduce the amount of meat consumed and alleviate some of its negative impacts on our environment.
Classical and Bayesian Inference for Income Distributions using Grouped Data
Authors: Eckernkemper Tobias , Gribisch Bastian
Published: September 2020

We propose a general framework for Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimation of income distributions based on grouped data information. The asymptotic properties of the ML estimators are derived and Bayesian parameter estimates are obtained by Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) techniques. A comprehensive simulation experiment shows that obtained estimates of the income distribution are very precise and that the proposed estimation framework improves the statistical precision of parameter estimates relative to the classical multinomial likelihood. The estimation approach is finally applied to a set of countries included in the World Bank database PovcalNet.
Do Accounting Standards Matter for Productivity?
Authors: Banker Rajiv , Huang Rong , Li Yinghua , Zhao Sha
Published: September 2020

In this study, we examine whether productivity shifts when accounting standards change. Using mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as a shock to the accounting regime, we examine the changes in country‐level productivity. We find that mandatory IFRS‐adopting countries experience significant increases in total factor productivity (TFP) and labor productivity. The post‐adoption productivity improvements are greater for countries without IFRS convergence. Further, TFP increases more for countries that experience a larger increase in industry comparability. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the new IFRS accounting regime increases economic productivity via improving information environments and facilitating internal firm decisions.
The role of CLV1, CLV2 and HPAT homologues in the nitrogen‐regulation of root development
Authors: Wang Chenglei , Reid James B. , Foo Eloise
Published: September 2020

Plants use a variety of signals to control root development, including in modifying root development in response to nutrient stress. For example, in response to nitrogen (N) stress, plants dramatically modulate root development, including the formation of N‐fixing nodules in legumes. Recently, specific CLE peptides and/or receptors important for their perception, including CLV1 and CLV2, have been found to play roles in root development, including in response to N supply. In the legume Medicago truncatula, this response also appears to be influenced by RDN1, a member of the hydroxyproline‐O‐arabinosyltransferase (HPAT) family which can modify specific CLE peptides. However, it is not known if this signalling pathway plays a central role in root development across species, and in particular root responses to N. In this study, we systematically examined the role of the CLV signalling pathway genes in root development of the legume pea (Pisum sativum) and non‐legume tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using a mutant‐based approach. This included a detailed examination of root development in response to N in tomato mutants disrupted in CLV1‐ or CLV2‐like genes or HPAT family member FIN. We found no evidence for a role of these genes in pea seedling root development. Furthermore, the CLV1‐like FAB gene did not influence tomato root development, including the root response to N supply. In contrast, both CLV2 and the HPAT gene FIN appear to positively influence root size in tomato but do not mediate root responses to N. These results suggest the function of these genes may vary somewhat in different species, including the N regulation of root architecture.