bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The TuMYB46L‐TuACO3 module regulates ethylene biosynthesis in einkorn wheat defense to powdery mildew
Authors: Zheng Hongyuan , Dong Lingli , Han Xinyun , Jin Huaibing , Yin Cuicui , Han Yali , Li Bei , Qin Huanju , Zhang Jinsong , Shen Qianhua , Zhang Kunpu , Wang Daowen
Published: November 2019

Powdery mildew disease, elicited by the obligate fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt), causes widespread yield losses in global wheat crop. However, the molecular mechanisms governing wheat defense to Bgt are still not well understood.

Here we found that TuACO3, encoding the 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase functioning in ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, was induced by Bgt infection of the einkorn wheat Triticum urartu, which was accompanied by increased ET content. Silencing TuACO3 decreased ET production and compromised wheat defense to Bgt, whereas both processes were enhanced in the transgenic wheat overexpressing TuACO3.

TuMYB46L, phylogenetically related to Arabidopsis MYB transcription factor AtMYB46, was found to bind to the TuACO3 promoter region in yeast‐one‐hybrid and EMSA experiments. TuMYB46L expression decreased rapidly following Bgt infection. Silencing TuMYB46L promoted ET content and Bgt defense, but the reverse was observed when TuMYB46L was overexpressed.

Hence, decreased expression of TuMYB46L permits elevated function of TuACO3 in ET biosynthesis in Bgt‐infected wheat. The TuMYB46L‐TuACO3 module regulates ET biosynthesis to promote einkorn wheat defense against Bgt. Furthermore, we found four chitinase genes acting downstream of the TuMYB46L‐TuACO3 module. Collectively, our data shed a new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat defense to Bgt.
Left on the shelf: Explaining the failure of public inquiry recommendations
Authors: Stark Alastair
Published: November 2019

Public inquiries remain the pre‐eminent mechanism for lesson‐learning after high‐profile failures. However, a regular complaint is that their recommendations get ‘shelved’. In political science, the most common explanation for this lack of implementation tells us that elites mobilize bias in order to undermine inquiry lesson‐learning. This article tests this thesis via an international comparison of inquiries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK. A series of alternative explanations for shelving emerge, which tell us that inquiry recommendations do not get implemented when: they do not respect the realities of policy transfer; they are triaged into policy refinement mechanisms; and they arrive at the ‘street level’ without consideration of local delivery capacities. These explanations tell us that the mobilization of bias thesis needs to be reworked in relation to public inquiries so that it better recognizes the complex reality of public policy in the modern state.
Campaign Contributions and Donors’ Policy Agreement with Presidential Candidates
Authors: Barber Michael , Canes‐Wrone Brandice , Thrower Sharece
Published: November 2019

Presidential campaign contributions primarily come from individuals, yet we know little about what motivates them to give. Using a recent donor survey, we analyze how policy positions affect these decisions, holding constant partisan strength and presidential approval. Three main findings emerge. First, donor agreement with candidates’ positions significantly affects the likelihood of giving to these campaigns. Second, while there is suggestive evidence that the effects are stronger for Independents, the results hold even for fellow partisans. Third, conditional on donating, issue positions do not increase the amount contributed; for both partisans and Independents, the amount depends on wealth and income.
Froude supercritical flow processes and sedimentary structures: New insights from experiments with a wide range of grain sizes
Authors: Ono Kenya , Plink‐Björklund Piret , Eggenhuisen Joris T. , Cartigny Matthieu J. B.
Published: November 2019

Recognition of Froude supercritical flow deposits in environments that range from rivers to the ocean floor has triggered a surge of interest in their flow processes, bedforms and sedimentary structures. Interpreting these supercritical flow deposits is especially important because they often represent the most powerful flows in the geological record. Insights from experiments are key to reconstruct palaeo‐flow processes from the sedimentary record. So far, all experimentally produced supercritical flow deposits are of a narrow grain‐size range (fine to medium sand), while deposits in the rock record often consist of a much wider grain‐size distribution. This paper presents results of supercritical‐flow experiments with a grain‐size distribution from clay to gravel. These experiments show that cyclic step instabilities can produce more complex and a larger variety of sedimentary structures than the previously suggested backsets and ‘scour and fill’ structures. The sedimentary structures are composed of irregular lenses, mounds and wedges with backsets and foresets, as well as undulating planar to low‐angle upstream and downstream dipping laminae. The experiments also demonstrate that the Froude number is not the only control on the sedimentary structures formed by supercritical‐flow processes. Additional controls include the size and migration rate of the hydraulic jump and the substrate cohesion. This study further demonstrates that Froude supercritical flow promotes suspension transport of all grain sizes, including gravels. Surprisingly, it was observed that all grain sizes were rapidly deposited just downstream of hydraulic jumps, including silt and clay. These results expand the range of dynamic mud deposition into supercritical‐flow conditions, where local transient shear stress reduction rather than overall flow waning conditions allow for deposition of fines. Comparison of the experimental deposits with outcrop datasets composed of conglomerates to mudstones, shows significant similarities and highlights the role of hydraulic jumps, rather than overall flow condition changes, in producing lithologically and geometrically complex stratigraphy.
Uncle Kimo Doesn't Get it: Reinforcing Racial Apathy with Racist Humor
Authors: Yamashita Liann
Published: November 2019

As one of the most racially diverse U.S. states, Hawai'i is a reputed multicultural paradise. Its residents (locals) thus freely engage in racist jokes and stereotypes with one another as an example of their plurality compared to “racist” continental Americans. While previous studies have examined how racist comedy discursively naturalizes discrimination, I argue that these jokes are also connected to racialized emotions that uphold the islands’ unequal social structure. Using 44 interviews with locals who grew up in Hawai'i, I illustrate how racist jokes promote locals’ apathy toward the islands’ racial issues. I first describe how interviewees developed identity boundaries between “multicultural locals” and “racist mainlanders.” Then, I examine how these identity boundaries are tied to emotional scripts prompting respondents to ignore racism in Hawai'i. While many respondents uncritically engaged in racist comedy, a significant number of participants felt marginalized by racist humor. I use their experiences to show how locals must trade their “emotional labor,” laughing along with their peers, in order to maintain their local identities. I conclude by showing how racial apathy is reaffirmed as the affective consequences of racist jokes were trivialized and locals taught to roll with the punch(lines) of ethnic humor.
Schizophyllum commune sinusitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome: A case report and literature review
Authors: Narazaki Taisuke , Nakashima Yasuhiro , Tsukamoto Yasuhiro , Nishida Ruriko , Tsuda Mariko , Muta Hiroki , Kimura Daisaku , Masuda Toru , Takamatsu Akiko , Kohashi Kenichi , Murakami Daisuke , Shiratsuchi Motoaki , Ogawa Yoshihiro
Published: November 2019

Sinusitis is a serious infectious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Schizophyllum commune (S commune) is a common basidiomycete fungus that is rarely involved in human disease. We report herein a case of S commune sinusitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A 66‐year‐old man with myelodysplastic syndrome underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and developed maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis. The sinusitis did not improve with liposomal amphotericin B after neutrophil engraftment, so we considered that surgical intervention was needed for the recovery of sinusitis. Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed. In the debridement tissue of paranasal mucosa, filamentous fungal elements were observed. Moreover, genetic analysis of the tissue revealed the presence of S commune. Schizophyllum commune should be recognized as a fungal pathogen that causes sinusitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This case suggests the effectiveness of prompt surgical intervention with liposomal amphotericin B treatment for S commune sinusitis and the usefulness of genetic diagnosis for cases under antifungal treatment. (160 words)
Can a family medicine rotation improve medical students’ knowledge, skills and attitude towards primary care in Vietnam? A pre‐test–post‐test comparison and qualitative survey
Authors: Thai Thuy T. N. , Pham Tam T. , Nguyen Kien T. , Nguyen Phuong M. , Derese Anselme
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Well‐designed studies on the impact of a family medicine rotation on medical students are rare, and very few studies include a qualitative component. This study aimed to determine the improvement of medical students’ knowledge, communication skills and attitude towards primary care and explore their perceptions after rotations, in comparison with a control group.

Methods

We used a mixed‐methods design, comprising a pre‐test–post‐test comparison between a sample of trained students who took family medicine rotations and a control group and a qualitative survey. The measurement of improvement included (i) multiple choice question testing, (ii) objective structured checklist examinations, (iii) self‐reporting and (iv) interviews and focus group discussions. Data were collected from August 2017 to June 2018.

Results

There were 696 students in the trained group and 617 controls. The two groups’ baseline scores in knowledge, communication skills and attitude were not significantly different. Knowledge covering five domains of family medicine (Pearson's r from 0.6 to 0.9) improved significantly, as did attitudes towards primary care in the trained group. There were no differences in communication and counselling skills between the two groups for four situations, but for two–health check‐ups and mental health care–skills were significantly improved (Pearson's r from 0.28 to 0.43). The qualitative survey showed highly positive feedback from trained students.

Conclusions

The family medicine rotation significantly improved students’ knowledge and attitude towards primary care and some communication skills. Further studies should investigate students’ interest in and career choice for this discipline.
A bioengineered living cell construct activates metallothionein/zinc/MMP8 and inhibits TGFβ to stimulate remodeling of fibrotic venous leg ulcers
Authors: Stone Rivka C. , Stojadinovic Olivera , Sawaya Andrew P. , Glinos George D. , Lindley Linsey E. , Pastar Irena , Badiavas Evangelos , Tomic‐Canic Marjana
Published: November 2019

Venous leg ulcers (VLU) represent a major clinical unmet need, impairing quality of life for millions worldwide. The bioengineered bilayered living cell construct (BLCC) is the only FDA‐approved therapy demonstrating efficacy in healing chronic VLU, yet its in vivo mechanisms of action are not well understood. Previously, we reported a BLCC‐mediated acute wounding response at the ulcer edge; in this study we elucidated the BLCC‐specific effects on the epidermis‐free ulcer bed. We conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01327937) enrolling 30 subjects with nonhealing VLUs, and performed genotyping, genomic profiling, and functional analysis on wound bed biopsies obtained at baseline and 1 week after treatment with BLCC plus compression or compression therapy (control). The VLU bed transcriptome featured processes of chronic inflammation and was strikingly enriched for fibrotic/fibrogenic pathways and gene networks. BLCC application decreased expression of profibrotic TGFß1 gene targets and increased levels of TGFß inhibitor decorin. Surprisingly, BLCC upregulated metallothioneins and fibroblast‐derived MMP8 collagenase, and promoted endogenous release of MMP‐activating zinc to stimulate antifibrotic remodeling, a novel mechanism of cutaneous wound healing. By activating a remodeling program in the quiescent VLU bed, BLCC application shifts nonhealing to healing phenotype. As VLU bed fibrosis correlates with poor clinical healing, findings from this study identify the chronic VLU as a fibrotic skin disease and are first to support the development and application of antifibrotic therapies as a successful treatment approach.
Short‐wave infrared light imaging measures tissue moisture and distinguishes superficial from deep burns
Authors: Mironov Sergey , Hwang Charles D. , Nemzek Jean , Li John , Ranganathan Kavitha , Butts Jonathan T. , Cholok David J. , Dolgachev Vladislav A. , Wang Stewart C. , Hemmila Mark , Cederna Paul S. , Morris Michael D. , Berenfeld Omer , Levi Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Existing clinical approaches and tools to measure burn tissue destruction are limited resulting in misdiagnosis of injury depth in over 40% of cases. Thus, our objective in this study was to characterize the ability of short‐wave infrared (SWIR) imaging to detect moisture levels as a surrogate for tissue viability with resolution to differentiate between burns of various depths. To accomplish our aim, we constructed an imaging system consisting of a broad‐band Tungsten light source; 1,200‐, 1,650‐, 1,940‐, and 2,250‐nm wavelength filters; and a specialized SWIR camera. We initially used agar slabs to provide a baseline spectrum for SWIR light imaging and demonstrated the differential absorbance at the multiple wavelengths, with 1,940 nm being the highest absorbed wavelength. These spectral bands were then demonstrated to detect levels of moisture in inorganic and in vivo mice models. The multiwavelength SWIR imaging approach was used to diagnose depth of burns using an in vivo porcine burn model. Healthy and injured skin regions were imaged 72 hours after short (20 seconds) and long (60 seconds) burn application, and biopsies were extracted from those regions for histologic analysis. Burn depth analysis based on collagen coagulation histology confirmed the formation of superficial and deep burns. SWIR multispectral reflectance imaging showed enhanced intensity levels in long burned regions, which correlated with histology and distinguished between superficial and deep burns. This SWIR imaging method represents a novel, real‐time method to objectively distinguishing superficial from deep burns.
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Traditional Media for the Promotion of Tourism in This Digital Age in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
Authors: Madondo Elvis , Chiguvi Douglas , Tadu Ruramayi
Published: November 2019

This is a study which seeks to measure the effectiveness of traditional media for the promotion of tourism in this digital age in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. This study employed a descriptive research design and the questionnaire was used to collect the data. The findings revealed that traditional media and online media are more or less equally competitive for the promotion of tourism. Traditional media is still effective for the promotion of tourism in this digital age, most especially in the domestic market. The study concluded and recommended that tourism marketers and authorities need to come to terms with traditional media and online media coexistence. There is no need to rely on one media to do it all. Where traditional media lacks, online media must be there to make up the difference and enhance the tourist’s experience.
Exercise and mitochondrial health
Authors: Memme Jonathan M. , Erlich Avigail T. , Phukan Geetika , Hood David A.
Published: November 2019

Mitochondrial health is an important mediator of cellular function across a range of tissues, and as a result contributes to whole‐body vitality in health and disease. Our understanding of the regulation and function of these organelles is of great interest to scientists and clinicians across many disciplines within our healthcare system. Skeletal muscle is a useful model tissue for the study of mitochondrial adaptations because of its mass and contribution to whole body metabolism. The remarkable plasticity of mitochondria allows them to adjust their volume, structure and capacity under conditions such as exercise, which is useful or improving metabolic health in individuals with various diseases and/or advancing age. Mitochondria exist within muscle as a functional reticulum which is maintained by dynamic processes of biogenesis and fusion, and is balanced by opposing processes of fission and mitophagy. The sophisticated coordination of these events is incompletely understood, but is imperative for organelle function and essential for the maintenance of an interconnected organelle network that is finely tuned to the metabolic needs of the cell. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of mitochondrial turnover in muscle could offer potential therapeutic targets for the advancement of health and longevity among our ageing populations. As well, investigating exercise modalities that are both convenient and capable of inducing robust mitochondrial adaptations are useful in fostering more widespread global adherence. To this point, exercise remains the most potent behavioural therapeutic approach for the improvement of mitochondrial health, not only in muscle, but potentially also in other tissues.

image
An Inverse Design Method of Buckling-Guided Assembly for Ribbon-Type 3D Structures
Authors: Xu Zheng , Fan Zhichao , Zi Yanyang , Zhang Yihui , Huang Yonggang
Published: November 2019

Mechanically guided three-dimensional (3D) assembly based on the controlled buckling of pre-designed 2D thin-film precursors provides deterministic routes to complex 3D mesostructures in diverse functional materials, with access to a broad range of material types and length scales. Existing mechanics studies on this topic mainly focus on the forward problem that aims at predicting the configurations of assembled 3D structures, especially ribbon-shaped structures, given the configuration of initial 2D precursor and loading magnitude. The inverse design problem that maps the target 3D structure onto an unknown 2D precursor in the context of a prescribed loading method is essential for practical applications, but remains a challenge. This paper proposes a systematic optimization method to solve the inverse design of ribbon-type 3D geometries assembled through the buckling-guided approach. In addition to the torsional angle of the cross section, this method introduces the non-uniform width distribution of the initial ribbon structure and the loading mode as additional design variables, which can significantly enhance the optimization accuracy for reproducing the desired 3D centroid line of the target ribbon. Extension of this method allows the inverse design of entire 3D ribbon configurations with specific geometries, taking into account both the centroid line and the torsion for the cross section. Computational and experimental studies over a variety of elaborate examples, encompassing both the single-ribbon and ribbon-framework structures, demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the developed method.
Impact of nuclear vibrations on van der Waals and Casimir interactions at zero and finite temperature
Authors: Venkataram Prashanth S. , Hermann Jan , Vongkovit Teerit J. , Tkatchenko Alexandre , Rodriguez Alejandro W.
Published: November 2019

Van der Waals interactions in atomistic systems depend strongly on temperature, vibrational effects, and dimensionality.
Supramolecular silicone coating capable of strong substrate bonding, readily damage healing, and easy oil sliding
Authors: Liu Meijin , Wang Zhaoyue , Liu Peng , Wang Zuankai , Yao Haimin , Yao Xi
Published: November 2019

We report damage-healable supramolecular silicone coatings with high adhesion to solid and low adhesion to oils.
Electrodeposited surfaces with reversibly switching interfacial properties
Authors: Liu Yue , Zhao Liyan , Lin Jianjian , Yang Shikuan
Published: November 2019

Electrodeposited surfaces show reversibly switching interfacial properties arising from the orientation change of surface ligands.
The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) used imperial eagle phalanges for symbolic purposes
Authors: Rodríguez-Hidalgo A. , Morales J. I. , Cebrià A. , Courtenay L. A. , Fernández-Marchena J. L. , García-Argudo G. , Marín J. , Saladié P. , Soto M. , Tejero J.-M. , Fullola J.-M.
Published: November 2019

Eagle bones from Spanish cave reveal the long-standing Neanderthal jewelry tradition.
Spin-orbit torque manipulated by fine-tuning of oxygen-induced orbital hybridization
Authors: Kageyama Yuito , Tazaki Yuya , An Hongyu , Harumoto Takashi , Gao Tenghua , Shi Ji , Ando Kazuya
Published: November 2019

This paper reports that a fine-tuning of orbital hybridization opens a door to atomic-level engineering of spin-orbit physics.
A mutually stabilized host-guest pair
Authors: Zhang Chi , Wang Hongye , Zhong Jie , Lei Ye , Du Renfeng , Zhang Yang , Shen Libo , Jiao Tianyu , Zhu Yulu , Zhu Haiming , Li Haoran , Li Hao
Published: November 2019

A cage is able to accommodate an anthracene guest, after which both the host and guest are stabilized.
Transplanting organs from pigs to humans
Authors: Sykes Megan , Sachs David H.
Published: November 2019

Are genetically engineered pigs the answer to the organ shortage?
Pharmacokinetics of Telavancin in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis during Acute Pulmonary Exacerbation
Authors: Kidd James M. , Sakon Colleen M. , Oleksiuk Louise-Marie , Cies Jeffrey J. , Pettit Rebecca S. , Nicolau David P. , Kuti Joseph L.
Published: November 2019

Adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently harbor
Staphylococcus aureus
, which is increasingly antibiotic resistant. Telavancin is a once-daily rapidly bactericidal antibiotic active against methicillin-, linezolid-, and ceftaroline-resistant
S. aureus
. Because CF patients experience alterations in pharmacokinetics, the optimal dose of telavancin in this population is unknown.
HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage and Variable Loop Contact Impact V3 Loop Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Susceptibility
Authors: Registre Ludy , Moreau Yvetane , Ataca Sila Toksoz , Pulukuri Surya , Henrich Timothy J. , Lin Nina , Sagar Manish
Published: November 2019

The efficacy of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) therapies may be compromised by the preexistence of less susceptible variants. Sequence-based methods are needed to predict pretreatment variants’ neutralization sensitivities. HIV-1 strains that exclusively use the CXCR4 receptor rather than the CCR5 receptor are less neutralization susceptible, especially to variable loop 3 (V3 loop) bnAbs in some, but not all, instances. While the inability to utilize the CCR5 receptor maps to a predicted protrusion in the envelope V3 loop, this viral determinant does not directly influence V3 loop bnAb sensitivity. Homology modeling predicts that contact between the envelope V1 loop and the antibody impacts V3 loop bnAb susceptibility in some cases. Among pretreatment envelopes, increased probability of using CXCR4 and greater predicted V1 interference are associated with faster virus rebound and a smaller decrease in the plasma virus level, respectively, after V3 loop bnAb treatment. Receptor usage information and homology models may be useful for predicting V3 loop bnAb therapy efficacy.
Field-trip guide to the Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex, Tucson, Arizona
Authors: Davis George H. , Spencer Jon E. , Gehrels George E.
Published: November 2019

The Santa Catalina and Rincon Mountains north and east of Tucson, Arizona, form one of the largest core complexes on Earth. Both ranges consist primarily of Eocene leucogranites that intrude Proterozoic and late Cretaceous granitoids, and two Oligocene plutons. Mylonitic fabrics are well developed on the southern flank of the Santa Catalina Mountains and the southwestern flank of the Rincon Mountains. The corrugated form of the two ranges reflects the grooved form of the ca. 15–30 Ma Catalina–San Pedro detachment fault exposed primarily at the foot of the ranges. Normal displacement on two younger high-angle normal faults is responsible for much of the substantial relief of the ranges. This field guide is focused on fault rocks and mylonitic fabrics in the footwalls of the detachment fault and the high-angle Pirate normal fault, and includes description and analysis of shear-zone kinematics and processes, U-Pb geochronology of leucogranites, and core-complex geomorphology.
Accessibility and inclusion in the field: A field guide for central Arizona and Petrified Forest National Park
Authors: Atchison Christopher L. , Parker William G. , Riggs Nancy R. , Semken Steven , Whitmeyer Steven J.
Published: November 2019

This field trip focuses on accessible and inclusive design in field-based teaching and learning through a broad investigation of the geology of Arizona, followed by more detailed exercises that focus on the Upper Triassic stratigraphic sequences in Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO). The first day of the field trip will traverse the three physiographic provinces of Arizona, from fault-bounded, basement-cored uplifts and valleys of the Basin and Range in the greater Phoenix area, through the Transition Zone to the Mogollon Rim, and ending in Upper Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Colorado Plateau at Holbrook. The second day of the field trip will encompass more detailed, collaborative exercises in PEFO that utilize the expertise of both student and faculty participants in mixed-ability groups. The main priority of this accessible field experience is the development of an inclusive community of learning driven by paired student-faculty interactions, facilitated as needed by technology integration to mitigate barriers and foster engagement, communication, and collaboration across a spectrum of ability and content knowledge.

Please note that the collection of archaeological artifacts, fossils, rocks, or other natural history objects without an active research and collection permit is illegal at Petrified Forest National Park. Please refrain from collecting samples or specimens of any kind from anywhere in the park.
Mesoproterozoic rocks of the McDowell Mountains, Arizona—Journey into the magmatic gap
Authors: Skotnicki Steven J. , Gruber Dan
Published: November 2019

The McDowell Mountains of central Arizona contain one of the best preserved and thickest sections of pre–Apache Group Mesoproterozoic rocks in the state. The oldest formation, ash-flow tuff, has an age of ca. 1650 Ma and is overlain by a quartzite-shale-quartzite triplet. These two units are interpreted to correlate with the Red Rock Group and Mazatzal Group, respectively. Significantly, these formations are overlain by ~6 km of ash-flow tuffs and minor psammite and metabasalt. Preliminary U-Pb analysis of igneous zircons in the youngest ash-flow tuff (the Taliesin tuff) provides an age of 1546 ± 11 Ma. The oldest granite pluton, the Antiguo granite, intrudes the Taliesin tuff and has a U-Pb age of 1525.6 ± 9.5 Ma. If these preliminary results are accurate, they record volcanism, burial and metamorphism, and plutonism that occurred within the Proterozoic ‘magmatic gap’ (between ca. 1.6 and 1.45 Ga) and may be the only voluminous igneous rocks within this age range yet recognized in North America. Additionally, the stratigraphic section was deformed into km-scale folds during an episode of contraction that formed two northwest-vergent thrust faults in the northern part of the mountain range. Both thrusts were subsequently intruded by mafic hypabyssal sills and then buried to greenschist-facies depths and intruded by the coarse-grained Carefree granite at 1425 Ma.
Walk in the footsteps of the Apollo astronauts: A field guide to northern Arizona astronaut training sites
Authors: Greg Vaughan R. , Schindler Kevin , Stevens Jeanne , Hough Ian
Published: November 2019

Every astronaut who walked on the Moon trained in Flagstaff, Arizona. In the early 1960s, scientists at the newly formed United States Geological Survey (USGS) Branch of Astrogeology led this training, teaching geologic principles and field techniques to the astronaut crews. USGS scientists and engineers also developed and tested scientific instrument prototypes, and communication and transportation technologies that would aid in lunar exploration. Astronomers and cartographers based at the USGS and Lowell Observatory, using telescopes at Lowell Observatory and the U.S. Naval Observatory, also played a key role, preparing lunar navigation charts and landing site maps.

This historical and educational field trip will take participants along a historical path to some of the key sites where the Apollo astronauts trained. Field trip participants will see: (1) Grover, the geologic rover simulator on which the Apollo astronauts trained, which is on display at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center; (2) telescopes at Lowell Observatory used to map the lunar surface, as well as some of the original airbrushed maps; (3) the Bonito Lava Flow training area at Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument; (4) the Cinder Lake crater field, which was created in 1967 to simulate the lunar landscape for training astronauts and testing equipment; and (5) Meteor Crater, the best-preserved exposed impact crater on Earth.

During this field trip we celebrate the 50th anniversary of one of the most remarkable events and most significant achievements in the history of humankind. We hope that the sites we visit will connect participants with the experiences of the astronauts and the excitement and inspiration of the origins of human space exploration. We also hope to communicate the historical significance of these sites, facilitate continued visitation of the sites (e.g., through class field trips), and educate the broader scientific and science education communities about the role that Flagstaff scientists and engineers played in the Apollo expeditions to the Moon.
Temporal evolution of the Laramide arc: U-Pb geochronology of plutons associated with porphyry copper mineralization in east-central Arizona
Authors: Seedorff† Eric , Barton Mark D. , Gehrels George E. , Valencia§ Victor A. , Johnson§ David A. , Maher§ David J. , Stavast§ William J.A. , Marsh§ Timothy M.
Published: November 2019

We describe the time-space evolution of a segment of the Laramide arc in east-central Arizona that is associated with porphyry copper mineralization, as constrained by U-Pb zircon geochronology conducted by laser ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Mid-Cenozoic normal faulting dismembered and tilted many of the plutons and the associated porphyry copper deposits and produced a wide range in depths of exposure. The study area reconstructs to a 75-km-long slice along the arc, with exposures from <1 to >10 km depth. The copper deposits are related to granodioritic to granitic plutons that exhibit variable magmatic sources and locally severe degrees of zircon inheritance.

U-Pb zircon ages of plutons in the study area range from 75 to 61 Ma, with dioritic rocks at the older end of the range. The age range of magmatism and mineralization in a cluster of deposits near the Schultze Granite, including the Globe-Miami, Pinto Valley, and Resolution deposits, is from ca. 69–61 Ma. To the south in the Tortilla and Dripping Spring Mountains, the porphyry systems range from ca. 74 Ma at Kelvin-Riverside to ca. 69 Ma at Ray and ca. 65 Ma at Christmas. At several localities where geologic constraints exist, mineralizing plutons were emplaced following Laramide shortening. The ages of the inherited zircon cores correspond fairly closely to the ages of basement rocks in the immediate vicinity of sample sites, implying that similar basement ages and lithologies contributed to the source areas of magmas that produced Laramide porphyry deposits.

The U-Pb results on hypabyssal rocks are typically 1–5 m.y. older than previous K-Ar ages, and U-Pb ages on more deeply emplaced plutonic rocks are as much as 5–10 m.y. older. These results are consistent with predictions from thermal modeling and suggest that temporal evolution of the entire Laramide arc needs revision. For this segment of the arc, magmatism was stagnant for ~15 m.y., with minimal migration over time and mineralization occurring episodically over most of that lifespan. There is no simple geographic progression in ages along or across the strike of the arc. Thus, it is difficult to call upon time-specific far-field or plate margin triggers for magmatism or mineralization. The intrusive flux of the Laramide arc appears to be similar to that of the Sierra Nevada arc during the Mesozoic during its “background” periods, rather than during episodes of flare-up. The wide compositional diversity of the Laramide arc is more akin to northeastern Nevada during the onset of extension in the mid-Cenozoic than to the Mesozoic of the Sierra Nevada.
Geology and paleontology of the early-middle Pleistocene El Golfo beds, Sonora, Mexico—A field guide
Authors: Shaw† Christopher A. , Croxen† Fred W.
Published: November 2019

The early to middle Pleistocene Colorado River Delta deposits exposed in the upper Gulf of California, Sonora, México, are host to a diverse paleo-fauna and paleo-flora (El Golfo local paleobiota) of Irvingtonian Land Mammal Age (Calabrian Stage). The fossiliferous exposures are found in badlands developed in fluvio-deltaic sediments that have been mildly deformed during late Pleistocene doming along the Cerro Prieto fault. The El Golfo Project is part of the resource inventory for the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve. Through joint efforts by Arizona Western College, the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, and the Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, about 50% of the region has been prospected and mapped. To date, more than 13,500 mapped vertebrate fossil localities are documented, including important microvertebrate sites. New mammalian, avian, fish, and flora taxa have been recently added to a growing paleobiota list that now numbers more than 145 taxa. The preserved paleobiota suggests the existence of three ecologic communities: freshwater aquatic, shrub and brush woodland, and savannah-like grassland. Some of the fauna are presently endemic to geographic areas farther south, suggesting a more tropical to subtropical climate on the Colorado River Delta during this part of the Irvingtonian.
Exceptionally large, atypically located spindle cell lipoma
Authors: John Mitchell , Patel Shaan , Joseph George
Published: November 2019

Spindle cell lipomas are a rare subtype of lipoma typically occurring in the shawl region of middle-aged men with a characteristic histological appearance consisting of mature adipocytes, ropey collagen and spindle cells. Those of extraordinary size or atypical anatomic location require a proper immunohistological workup to rule out more ominous malignancy. The authors report the rare presentation of a 54-year-old man with a large mass of the left palm causing discomfort and paresthesia for 6 months. Radiographs showed a radiolucent mass without mineralisation or bony involvement. MRI demonstrated a non-contrast-enhancing homogeneous lipomatous mass encompassing flexor tendons of the palm. Elective excisional biopsy and immunohistological analysis were consistent with spindle cell lipoma measuring 11 cm × 7 cm × 4 cm. This case is the largest spindle cell lipoma of the hand reported in the literature and appears to be the largest described in the upper extremity.
Spontaneous hepatic rupture due to primary amyloidosis
Authors: Leonard-Murali Shravan , Nasser Hassan , Ivanics Tommy , Woodward Ann
Published: November 2019

Spontaneous hepatic rupture is an uncommon cause of haemorrhagic shock and very rarely happens due to amyloidosis. This report describes one such case in which a middle-aged man presented in extremis. He was managed initially with massive transfusion, interventional radiology embolisation and decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome. Subsequent coagulopathy was treated with activated factor VII due to deficient native activity. Serum protein electrophoresis and liver biopsy during his hospital course yielded a diagnosis of amyloidosis, which was treated palliatively with steroids and bortezomib. Despite supportive care, he died 10 days after presentation. This case illustrates the importance of considering an uncommon pathology when a patient presents with a condition in an uncommon way.
Cost and cost-effectiveness of childhood cancer treatment in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Fung Alastair , Horton Susan , Zabih Veda , Denburg Avram , Gupta Sumit
Published: November 2019

Introduction

A major barrier to improving childhood cancer survival is the perception that paediatric oncology services are too costly for low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) health systems. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise existing evidence on the costs and cost-effectiveness of treating childhood cancers in LMICs.

Methods

We searched multiple databases from their inception to March 2019. All studies reporting costs or cost-effectiveness of treating any childhood cancer in an LMIC were included. We appraised included articles using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. Where possible, we extracted or calculated the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted using reported survival and country-specific life expectancy. Cost/DALY averted was compared with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as per WHO-Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective guidelines to determine cost-effectiveness.

Results

Of 2802 studies identified, 30 met inclusion criteria. Studies represented 22 countries and nine different malignancies. The most commonly studied cancers were acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n=10), Burkitt lymphoma (n=4) and Wilms tumour (n=3). The median CHEERS checklist score was 18 of 24. Many studies omitted key cost inputs. Notably, only 11 studies included healthcare worker salaries. Cost/DALY averted was extracted or calculated for 12 studies and ranged from US$22 to US$4475, although the lower-end costs were primarily from studies that omitted key cost components. In all 12, cost/DALY averted through treatment was substantially less than country per capita GDP, and therefore considered very cost-effective.

Conclusion

Many included studies did not account for key cost inputs, thus underestimating true treatment costs. Costs/DALY averted were nonetheless substantially lower than per capita GDP, suggesting that even if all relevant inputs are included, LMIC childhood cancer treatment is consistently very cost-effective. While additional rigorous economic evaluations are required, our results can inform the development of LMIC national childhood cancer strategies.
Association between measured teamwork and medical errors: an observational study of prehospital care in the USA
Authors: Herzberg Simone , Hansen Matt , Schoonover Amanda , Skarica Barbara , McNulty James , Harrod Tabria , Snowden Jonathan M , Lambert William , Guise Jeanne-Marie
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between measured teamwork and adverse safety events in the prehospital emergency care of children using high-fidelity simulation. We posit that non-technical skills such as leadership, teamwork, situation awareness and decision-making are associated with the clinical success of teams.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Emergency medical services (EMS) responders were recruited from public fire and private transport agencies in Oregon State to participate in four simulations of paediatric emergencies using high-fidelity patient simulators, scene design, and professional actors playing parents and bystanders.

Participants

Forty-four fire/transport teams consisting of 259 EMS professionals consented to participate and completed simulations.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Teams were assessed using the Clinical Teamwork Scale (CTS), a validated instrument that measures overall teamwork and 15 specific elements in five overarching domains: communication, decision-making, role responsibility (leadership and followership), situational awareness/resource management and patient-friendliness. We used generalised estimating equations to estimate the odds of error with increasing overall CTS teamwork score while adjusting for clinical scenario and potential clustering by team.

Results

Across 176 simulations, the mean overall score on the CTS was 6.04 (SD 2.10; range 1=poor to 10=perfect) and was normally distributed. The distribution of scores was similar across the four clinical scenarios. At least one error was observed in 82% of the simulations. In simulations with at least one observed error, the mean CTS score was 5.76 (SD 2.04) compared with 7.16 (SD 1.95) in scenarios with no observed error. Logistic regression analysis accounting for clustering at the team level revealed that the odds of an error decreased 28% with each unit increase in CTS (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.88).

Conclusions

This study found that overall teamwork among care delivery teams was strongly associated with the risk of serious adverse events in simulated scenarios of caring for critically ill and injured children.
Towards a safer culture: implementing multidisciplinary simulation-based team training in New Zealand operating theatres - a framework analysis
Authors: Jowsey Tanisha , Beaver Peter , Long Jennifer , Civil Ian , Garden A L , Henderson Kaylene , Merry Alan , Skilton Carmen , Torrie Jane , Weller Jennifer
Published: November 2019

Aim

NetworkZ is a simulation-based multidisciplinary team-training programme designed to enhance patient safety by improving communication and teamwork in operating theatres (OTs). In partnership with the Accident Compensation Corporation, its implementation across New Zealand (NZ) began in 2017. Our aim was to explore the experiences of staff – including the challenges they faced – in implementing NetworkZ in NZ hospitals, so that we could improve the processes necessary for subsequent implementation.

Method

We interviewed staff from five hospitals involved in the initial implementation of NetworkZ, using the Organising for Quality model as the framework for analysis. This model describes embedding successful quality improvement as a process of overcoming six universal challenges: structure, infrastructure, politics, culture, motivation and learning.

Results

Thirty-one people participated. Structural support within the hospital was considered essential to maintain staff enthusiasm, momentum and to embed the programme. The multidisciplinary, simulation-based approach to team training was deemed a fundamental infrastructure for learning, with participants especially valuing the realistic in situ simulations and educational support. Participants reported positive changes to the OT culture as a result of NetworkZ and this realisation motivated its implementation. In sites with good structural support, NetworkZ implementation proceeded quickly and participants reported rapid cultural change towards improved teamwork and communication in their OTs.

Conclusion

Implementation challenges exist and strategies to overcome these are informing future implementation of NetworkZ. Embedding the programme as business as usual across a nation requires significant and sustained support at all levels. However, the potential gains in patient safety and workplace culture from widespread multidisciplinary team training are substantial.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12617000017325.
Family-based, healthy living intervention for children with overweight and obesity and their families: a ‘real world’ trial protocol using a randomised wait list control design
Authors: Liu Sam , Marques Isabela Gouveia , Perdew Megan A , Strange Karen , Hartrick Teresa , Weismiller Joy , Ball Geoff D C , Mâsse Louise C , Rhodes Ryan , Naylor Patti-Jean
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Family-based behavioural weight management interventions are efficacious and widely used to address childhood obesity. Curriculum and strategies vary extensively and scale-up often depends on ensuring that the intervention fits the adoption context.

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the impact and implementation of a ‘made in British Columbia’ (BC) family-based early intervention programme (EIP) for 8–12 years old with overweight and obesity and their families.

Methods and analysis

A randomised waitlist-control trial will assess a 10-week interactive, family-based lifestyle intervention followed by four maintenance sessions, in BC, Canada. We aim to enrol 186 families. The blended intervention includes at least 26 contact hours between participants and programme providers, including interactive activities and educational materials through weekly 90-min group sessions, an online family portal, and self-directed family activities. Curricular content includes information and activities related to healthy eating, physical activity (PA), positive mental health, parenting practices and sleep hygiene. The waitlist control group will receive a modified programme with the same 10-week sessions in the family portal, and four group sessions. Families participate in data collection at baseline, postintervention (week 10) and follow-up (week 18). The primary outcome is to assess changes in child body mass index z-score at 10 weeks between the groups. Secondary outcomes include changes at 10 weeks between the groups in child and parent PA behaviour and skills, healthy eating behaviour, and mental health. Process evaluation will address reach, implementation and maintenance (baseline, 10-week and 18-week) using recruitment tracking forms, parent questionnaire, programme attendance tracking forms, leader feedback surveys, parents and children satisfaction surveys and postprogramme interviews with facilitators, stakeholders and parents. Intention-to-treat analyses will be conducted. Process evaluation will be analysed thematically.

Ethics and dissemination

Study procedures were designed to address research and community needs and will follow ethical standards.

Trial registration number

NCT03643341.