bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond bulk: Density fractions explain heterogeneity in global soil carbon abundance and persistence
Authors: Heckman Katherine , Hicks Pries Caitlin E. , Lawrence Corey R. , Rasmussen Craig , Crow Susan E. , Hoyt Alison M. , von Fromm Sophie F. , Shi Zheng , Stoner Shane , McGrath Casey , Beem‐Miller Jeffrey , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , Blankinship Joseph C. , Keiluweit Marco , Marín‐Spiotta Erika , Monroe J. Grey , Plante Alain F. , Schimel Joshua , Sierra Carlos A. , Thompson Aaron , Wagai Rota
Published: December 2021

Understanding the controls on the amount and persistence of soil organic carbon (C) is essential for predicting its sensitivity to global change. The response may depend on whether C is unprotected, isolated within aggregates, or protected from decomposition by mineral associations. Here, we present a global synthesis of the relative influence of environmental factors on soil organic C partitioning among pools, abundance in each pool (mg C g−1 soil), and persistence (as approximated by radiocarbon abundance) in relatively unprotected particulate and protected mineral‐bound pools. We show that C within particulate and mineral‐associated pools consistently differed from one another in degree of persistence and relationship to environmental factors. Soil depth was the best predictor of C abundance and persistence, though it accounted for more variance in persistence. Persistence of all C pools decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) throughout the soil profile, whereas persistence increased with increasing wetness index (MAP/PET) in subsurface soils (30–176 cm). The relationship of C abundance (mg C g−1 soil) to climate varied among pools and with depth. Mineral‐associated C in surface soils (<30 cm) increased more strongly with increasing wetness index than the free particulate C, but both pools showed attenuated responses to the wetness index at depth. Overall, these relationships suggest a strong influence of climate on soil C properties, and a potential loss of soil C from protected pools in areas with decreasing wetness. Relative persistence and abundance of C pools varied significantly among land cover types and soil parent material lithologies. This variability in each pool's relationship to environmental factors suggests that not all soil organic C is equally vulnerable to global change. Therefore, projections of future soil organic C based on patterns and responses of bulk soil organic C may be misleading.
Mismatch‐induced growth reductions in a clade of Arctic‐breeding shorebirds are rarely mitigated by increasing temperatures
Authors: Lameris Thomas K. , Tomkovich Pavel S. , Johnson James A. , Morrison R. I. Guy , Tulp Ingrid , Lisovski Simeon , DeCicco Lucas , Dementyev Maksim , Gill Robert E. , ten Horn Job , Piersma Theunis , Pohlen Zachary , Schekkerman Hans , Soloviev Mikhail , Syroechkovsky Evgeny E. , Zhemchuzhnikov Mikhail K. , van Gils Jan A.
Published: December 2021

In seasonal environments subject to climate change, organisms typically show phenological changes. As these changes are usually stronger in organisms at lower trophic levels than those at higher trophic levels, mismatches between consumers and their prey may occur during the consumers’ reproduction period. While in some species a trophic mismatch induces reductions in offspring growth, this is not always the case. This variation may be caused by the relative strength of the mismatch, or by mitigating factors like increased temperature‐reducing energetic costs. We investigated the response of chick growth rate to arthropod abundance and temperature for six populations of ecologically similar shorebirds breeding in the Arctic and sub‐Arctic (four subspecies of Red KnotCalidris canutus, Great KnotC.tenuirostrisand SurfbirdC.virgata). In general, chicks experienced growth benefits (measured as a condition index) when hatching before the seasonal peak in arthropod abundance, and growth reductions when hatching after the peak. The moment in the season at which growth reductions occurred varied between populations, likely depending on whether food was limiting growth before or after the peak. Higher temperatures led to faster growth on average, but could only compensate for increasing trophic mismatch for the population experiencing the coldest conditions. We did not find changes in the timing of peaks in arthropod availability across the study years, possibly because our series of observations was relatively short; timing of hatching displayed no change over the years either. Our results suggest that a trend in trophic mismatches may not yet be evident; however, we show Arctic‐breeding shorebirds to be vulnerable to this phenomenon and vulnerability to depend on seasonal prey dynamics.
Comparing China’s urban aviation and innovation networks
Authors: Guan Mingming , Wu Siyu , Liu Chengliang
Published: December 2021

To date, comparative research of multiple urban networks are constantly emerging, but the relationship between virtual networks and physical networks still remains a riddle to be discovered. To step into this field, we used flight data and patent transaction data of prefecture‐level cities in China from 2010 to 2015 to construct the aviation network and the innovation network. After conducting a comparative study, we found that the structure of these two networks is different: the aviation network is a “hub‐and‐spoke network” structure while the innovation network is a diamond‐shaped structure; the spatial organization pattern of the aviation network is decentralized, while the innovation network shows a high geographic agglomeration; furthermore, the connectivity of the aviation network contributes to the balanced regional development, but that of the innovation network shows a preferred trend, with more concentration given to the development of eastern China. Finally, we also found that the innovation network and the aviation network are not completely interdependent, which reveals that the coupling relationship between the “virtual network” and the “physical network” in the urban network is also affected by other factors.
‘I just thought that it was such an impossible thing’: A qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to discontinuing long‐term use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists using the Theoretical Domains Framework
Authors: Lynch Tom , Ryan Cristín , Cadogan Cathal A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Existing interventions to reduce long‐term benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BZRA) use lack theoretical underpinning and detailed descriptions. This creates difficulties in understanding how interventions work and how to replicate them in practice. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) can be used to identify behaviour change determinants to target during intervention development.

Objective

To explore barriers and facilitators to discontinuing BZRA use from the perspective of both current and previous long‐term BZRA users.

Design/Setting and Participants

Semistructured TDF‐based interviews were conducted with community‐based individuals with current or previous experience of long‐term BZRA use. Data were recorded, transcribed and analysed using the framework method.

Results

Twenty‐eight individuals were interviewed. Despite commonalities in perceived barriers/facilitators to discontinuing BZRA use within individual TDF domains, individual participants had different experiences of identified determinants of BZRA discontinuation. For example, both similarities and differences existed within and between each participant group in terms of knowledge of the appropriate duration of BZRA use (‘Knowledge’ domain) and experience of withdrawal symptoms (‘Reinforcement’ domain). Compared to previous users, current users typically anticipated more barriers to discontinuing BZRA use and fewer positive consequences of discontinuation.

Conclusion

This study reports on barriers and facilitators to discontinuing BZRA use from the perspectives of current and previous long‐term users. The findings highlight the challenging nature of BZRA discontinuation and a multitude of barriers that impact participants’ behaviour regarding BZRA use. Future work will involve developing a theory‐based intervention to support BZRA discontinuation in primary care.

Patient Contribution

The study included patients as participants.
Present status and future directions: Endodontic management of traumatic injuries to permanent teeth
Authors: Krastl Gabriel , Weiger Roland , Ebeleseder Kurt , Galler Kerstin
Published: December 2021

The prognosis of traumatized teeth depends largely on the fate of the pulp and its treatment. This review aims to update the present status on the endodontic management of traumatic injuries to permanent teeth and to identify relevant research areas that could contribute to an improvement in diagnosis and treatment of traumatized permanent teeth. Future research should pay greater attention to (1) diagnostic methods to assess the perfusion of the pulp and enhance detection of tooth cracks and initial signs of root resorption; (2) improved materials for vital pulp treatment; (3) studies focusing on type and duration of splinting after root fractures; (4) antiresorptive intracanal medication in case of posttraumatic pulp necrosis and infection‐related resorption and (5) long‐term data on the apical barrier technique compared to revitalization.
A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the physical properties of NiTi instruments and their fracture characteristics
Authors: Schäfer Edgar , Bürklein Sebastian , Donnermeyer David
Published: December 2021

The aim of this review is to provide a critical overview of the physical properties (surface hardness, cutting efficiency, bending properties, flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance) of NiTi instruments. Frequently used experimental models regarding these aspects will be presented and discussed with regard to their strengths and weaknesses. For all these aspects, a plethora of experimental models have been described. Based on a critical appraisal and especially taking the appropriate translation of experimental findings to clinical endodontics into account, suggestions for future research based on clearly defined and valid experimental methodologies will be provided.

Up to now, very few attempts have been made to assess which particular physical properties of NiTi instruments exert an impact on the clinical outcome of root canal treatment. Departure from merely focusing on physical properties and fracture characteristics towards more biological aspects in terms of treatment outcome is essential.
Posttreatment of powder aerosol deposited oxide ceramic films by high power LED
Authors: Nazarenus Tobias , Schlesier Kira , Biberger Simon , Exner Jörg , Kita Jaroslaw , Köhler Anna , Moos Ralf
Published: December 2021

The powder aerosol deposition (PAD) method is becoming increasingly important as an energetically advantageous coating method compared to classic ceramic technologies. However, due to the process‐related lattice deformation, ceramic coatings often exhibit reduced functional properties in the as‐deposited state. A thermal posttreatment at temperatures well below the sintering temperature can significantly reduce the lattice deformation and the stress within the film to restore the functional film properties close to sintered bulk samples. In this work, the optothermal posttreatment of PAD films using three different high‐power light emitting diodes (HP‐LED) with different wavelengths within the visible light spectrum is investigated as an alternative to time‐consuming furnace or energy‐intensive laser processes on the example of thermoelectric CuFe0.98Sn0.02O2 films. We demonstrate that the space‐saving LED‐based posttreatment not only restores the film properties but also significantly reduces the required processing time to a few seconds.
Stop and start control at work: Differential validity of two types of self‐control for work behavior and emotion regulation
Authors: van Hooft Edwin A. J. , Kreemers Loes M.
Published: December 2021

Self‐control enables people to regulate their emotions, desires, cognitions, and behaviors. We distinguish between two types of self‐control (i.e., inhibitory/stop‐control and initiatory/start‐control), revised De Boer et al.'s stop/start‐control scales (Study 1), and examined their value in predicting work‐related behavior and emotion regulation among employees in a two‐wave design (Study 2). The findings show that stop‐ and start‐control have differential predictive validity: Stop‐control relates negatively to counterproductive work behavior and positively to expressive suppression, whereas start‐control relates positively to increasing challenging job demands (job crafting), cognitive reappraisal, and positive framing. Moreover, usefulness analyses supported the incremental validity of the narrow stop/start‐control facets beyond general trait self‐control. These findings illustrate the value of stop/start‐control at work, further substantiate stop/start‐control theory, and suggest organizations should take stop/start‐control into account (e.g., in personnel selection, job design).
Increasing Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin resistance in Australia over 20 years
Authors: Schubert Jonathon P. , Warner Morgyn S. , Rayner Christopher K. , Roberts‐Thomson Ian C. , Mangoni Arduino A. , Costello Sam , Bryant Robert V.
Published: December 2021

Background

Helicobacter pylori infection is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, and eradication rates are falling in many countries, primarily due to clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance.

Aims

There is a paucity of contemporary Australian data, which we sought to address by evaluating local rates of resistance of H. pylori to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline over the past 20 years.

Methods

All gastric biopsy specimens collected at endoscopy to detect H. pylori infection at a single centre underwent routine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing between 1998 and 2017. Specimens from 12 842 patients were cultured for H. pylori, of which 1473 positive cultures were tested for antibiotic susceptibility.

Results

Antibiotic resistance to clarithromycin increased by 3.7% per year (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.037; P = 0.014) over 20 years, with a corresponding 5.0% annual increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (odds ratio 1.050; P < 0.001). Since 2010, average clarithromycin resistance has exceeded 20%, with >25% of isolates resistant in the past 2 years of data capture. In contrast, rates of resistance to metronidazole (35.3%), amoxicillin (0.14%) and tetracycline (0.34%) and their MIC have remained stable. Review of a representative sample (n = 120; 8%) of these patients revealed that only 5% had documented prior H. pylori eradication therapy.

Conclusions

Over the past 20 years there has been a substantial rise in clarithromycin resistance, with stable metronidazole resistance and low rates of resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Current first‐line H. pylori eradication therapy may fail to achieve adequate eradication rates, and optimal first‐line therapy in Australia should be revisited.
Happy, sad, or yucky? Parental emotion talk with infants in a book‐sharing task
Authors: Ruba Ashley L. , Kalia Vrinda , Wilbourn Makeba Parramore
Published: December 2021

While preschoolers consistently produce and use labels for happy and sad emotional states, labels for other emotional states (e.g., disgust) emerge much later in development. One explanation for these differences may lie in how parents first talk about these emotions with their children in infancy and toddlerhood. The current study examined parent talk about different emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) in a book‐sharing task with their 12‐ to 24‐month‐old infants. Parental talk on each emotion page was coded for both quantity and quality of emotion talk. We found that, rather than labeling or asking questions about disgust emotional states, parents instead elaborated on and asked questions about the context of disgust pictures. In contrast, parents frequently labeled happy and sad emotional states and behaviors. Parental use of causal questions related to infants’ productive emotion vocabularies. These different narrative styles may partly explain why older children acquire emotion labels for “happy” and “sad” much earlier than “disgust.”
In situ combined stress‐ and temperature‐dependent Raman spectroscopy of Li‐doped (Na,K)NbO3
Authors: Khansur Neamul H. , Eckstein Udo R. , Bergler Michael , Martin Alexander , Wang Ke , Li Jing‐Feng , Cicconi Maria Rita , Hatano Keiichi , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi , de Ligny Dominique , Webber Kyle G.
Published: December 2021

External thermal, electrical, and mechanical fields can induce structural phase transitions in lead‐free Li‐modified Na0.5K0.5NbO3 ferroelectrics, which significantly influence the macroscopic electromechanical response. In particular, the relative stability of the polar monoclinic (or orthorhombic) and tetragonal phases under temperature and stress is critical to realize the ferroelectric and piezoelectric response. In this study, the effect of mechanical and thermal fields on the local structure in the vicinity of the monoclinic‐tetragonal (M‐T) phase boundary was investigated using a novel in situ combined uniaxial compressive stress‐ and temperature‐dependent Raman spectroscopy experimental arrangement. Experiments were performed up to 300°C and −200 MPa, clearly demonstrating stress‐induced M‐T phase transition in Li‐modified Na0.5K0.5NbO3. A stress‐temperature phase diagram has been established based on the change in vibrational modes. It was possible to correlate the relative permittivity singularities previously observed to a given stage of the M‐T phase transition using ratio between characteristic Raman band areas. In addition, the measurement method reported here can be applied to other functional ceramics to investigate the influence of mechanical fields on local structure.
Candida albicans biofilm formation and growth optimization for functional studies using response surface methodology
Authors: Sadanandan Bindu , Vaniyamparambath Vijayalakshmi , Lokesh K. N. , Shetty Kalidas , Joglekar Amruta P. , Ashrit Priya , Hemanth Beena
Published: December 2021

Aim

Optimization of Candida albicans growth and biofilm formation is essential for understanding the recalcitrance of this pathogen to advance functional analysis on hospital tools and material surfaces. Optimization and quantification of biofilm have always been a challenge using the conventional one variable at a time (OVAT) method. The present study uses central composite design-based response surface methodology for optimization of conditions to induce growth and biofilm formation in Candida albicans on polystyrene microtiter plates.

Methods and Results

Statistical software package, Stat Soft®, STASTICA version 12.6 was used for data analysis. The variables considered in the design matrix were media pH, temperature, incubation period, shaker speed and inoculum size. A four-pronged quantification approach with XTT assay (cell viability), crystal violet assay (biofilm), calcofluor white assay and wet/dry weight measurements (cell mass) was used to understand different aspects of biofilm formation. Cell viability and cell mass were inversely related; however, biofilm was independent of these two factors. The study also highlighted the fact that foetal bovine serum does not significantly contribute to cell adhesion and in turn in vitro biofilm formation in some of the cultures.

Conclusions

A high-throughput optimization of C. albicans growth and biofilm formation on polystyrene microplate has been developed and validated.

Significance and Impact of Study

This is a first time approach to optimize the interaction of parameters for C. albicans biofilm formation using RSM. Heterogeneity in growth conditions for local strains of C. albicans clinical isolates was observed. This microtiter plate-based method can be used for future screening of therapeutics for the control of C. albicans.
Impact of mean blood pressure and blood pressure variability after diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and risk of dementia
Authors: de Havenon Adam , Muddasani Varsha , Anadani Mohammad , Prabhakaran Shyam
Published: December 2021

Hypertension and increased blood pressure variability (BPV) are associated with the development of dementia. However, previous studies did not focus on the risk of dementia among participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controlled blood pressure level. To address this limitation, the authors performed a post‐hoc analysis of SPRINT MIND participants diagnosed with MCI (mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment score at diagnosis 16.1±3.1). The primary outcome was subsequent diagnosis of probable dementia. The exposure was mean blood pressure and BPV following MCI diagnosis until the end of follow‐up or a dementia event (mean follow‐up 2.6±1.2 years). The primary outcome occurred in 76/516 (14.7%) patients. The mean blood pressure was not significantly higher in participants who developed dementia. In the lowest quartile of BPV (systolic standard deviation), the rate of dementia was 8.5% (11/129), while in the highest quartile it was 21.7% (28/129). The highest quartile of systolic BPV had an adjusted hazard ratio for dementia of 2.73 (95% CI, 1.31–5.69) and for diastolic BPV it was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.26–5.47). In SPRINT MIND participants, the authors found that increased BPV after MCI diagnosis was associated with incident probable dementia during subsequent follow‐up.
Risk factors for nonfatal self‐harm and suicide among adolescents: two nested case–control studies conducted in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Cybulski Lukasz , Ashcroft Darren M. , Carr Matthew J. , Garg Shruti , Chew‐Graham Carolyn A. , Kapur Nav , Webb Roger T.
Published: December 2021

Background

The characteristics of adolescents who die by suicide have hitherto been examined in uncontrolled study designs, thereby precluding examination of risk factors. The degree to which antecedents of nonfatal self‐harm and suicide at young age differ remains unknown.

Method

We delineated two nested case–control studies of patients aged 10–19 years using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink with interlinked hospital and national mortality records. Cases were adolescents who between 1st January 2003 and 31st December 2018 had died from suicide (N = 324) – study 1; experienced their first self‐harm episode (N = 56,008) – study 2. In both studies, cases were matched on sex, age and practice‐level deprivation quintile to 25 controls. By fitting conditional logistic regression, we examined how risks varied according to psychiatric diagnoses, prescribed psychotropic medication, patterns of clinical contact and area‐level deprivation.

Results

Suicides occurred more often among boys (66%), but self‐harm was more common in girls (68%). Most individuals who self‐harmed or died from suicide presented to their GP at least once in the preceding year (85% and 75% respectively). Only a third of cases had one of the examined diagnostic categories recorded. Depression was most strongly associated with elevated risks for both outcomes (self‐harm: OR 7.9; 95% CI 7.8–8.2; suicide: OR 7.4; 95% CI 5.5–9.9). Except for autism spectrum disorder, all other diagnostic categories were linked with similar risk elevations for self‐harm as for suicide. Whilst self‐harm risk rose incrementally with increasing levels of area‐level deprivation, suicide risks did not.

Conclusions

We observed few marked differences in risk factor profiles for nonfatal self‐harm versus suicide. As most adolescents who had harmed themselves or died by suicide were known to services in the preceding year, their underlying pathology may not be adequately identified and treated. Our findings highlight the need for a multiagency approach to treatment and prevention.
Digital dermoscopy monitoring of melanocytic lesions: Two novel calculators combining static and dynamic features to identify melanoma
Authors: Zenone M. , Zocchi L. , Moccia C. , Passerini S.G. , Sanavia T. , Fariselli P. , Broganelli P. , Ribero S. , Maule M. , Quaglino P.
Published: December 2021

Background

Early diagnosis is the most effective intervention to improve the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Even though the introduction of dermoscopy has improved the diagnostic accuracy, it can still be difficult to distinguish some melanomas from benign melanocytic lesions. Digital dermoscopy monitoring can identify dynamic changes of melanocytic lesions: To date, some algorithms were proposed, but a universally accepted one is still lacking.

Objectives

To identify independent predictive variables associated with the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma and develop a multivariable dermoscopic prediction model able to discriminate benign from malignant melanocytic lesions undergoing digital dermoscopy monitoring.

Methods

We collected dermoscopic images of melanocytic lesions excised after dermoscopy monitoring and carried out static and dynamic evaluations of dermoscopic features. We built two multivariable predictive models based on logistic regression and random forest.

Results

We evaluated 173 lesions (65 cutaneous melanomas and 108 nevi). Forty‐two melanomas were in situ, and the median thickness of invasive melanomas was 0.35 mm. The median follow‐up time was 9.8 months for melanomas and 9.1 for nevi. The logistic regression and random forest models performed with AUC values of 0.87 and 0.89, respectively, were substantially higher than those of the static evaluation models (ABCD TDS score, 0.57; 7‐point checklist, 0.59). Finally, we built two risk calculators, which translate the proposed models into user‐friendly applications, to assist clinicians in the decision‐making process.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that the integration of dynamic and static evaluations of melanocytic lesions is a safe approach that can significantly boost the diagnostic accuracy for cutaneous melanoma. We propose two diagnostic tools that significantly increase the accuracy in discriminating melanoma from nevi during digital dermoscopy monitoring.
Ichthyosis, psoriasiform dermatitis, and recurrent fungal infections in patients with biallelic mutations in PERP
Authors: Youssefian L. , Khodavaisy S. , Khosravi‐Bachehmir F. , Park J.S. , Saeidian A.H. , Mahmoudi H. , Saffarian Z. , Naraghi Z.S. , Kamyab‐Hesari K. , Zeinali S. , Vahidnezhad H. , Uitto J.
Published: December 2021

Background

Germline autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive mutations in PERP, encoding p53 effector related to PMP‐22 (PERP), a component of epidermal desmosomes, have been associated with a spectrum of keratodermas. Monoallelic nonsense mutations cause Olmsted syndrome with severe periorificial keratoderma and palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). Biallelic recessive frameshift and missense mutations are associated with milder forms of the disease, including generalised erythrokeratoderma and PPK.

Objectives

To add new insights into the genotype‐phenotype correlations as a consequence of PERP mutations and to provide a comprehensive review of the literature.

Methods

Among 26 previously unresolved families within a cohort of 180 extended Iranian families with syndromic or non‐syndromic ichthyosis, two families with shared clinical features were examined by whole‐exome sequencing and genome‐wide homozygosity mapping. Mycological and dermatopathological studies were performed to further characterise their atypical phenotypic presentations.

Results

In two unrelated multiplex consanguineous families affected by ichthyosis, two novel biallelic PERP variants, NM_022121.5, c.89T > C, p.Leu30Pro and c.466G > C, p.Gly156Arg, located inside of genomic homozygosity regions of the probands were detected. Interestingly, some patients had areas of scaly psoriasiform plaques on the background of generalised ichthyosis that appeared during active cutaneous fungal infections. Mycological examinations of these lesions revealed infections caused by Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, or Trichophyton rubrum. Histopathology of the psoriasiform lesions shared some features with psoriasis, which when combined with clinical presentation, led to incorrect diagnosis of guttate psoriasis or pustular psoriasis.

Conclusions

PERP variants in ichthyosis patients can confer susceptibility to recalcitrant cutaneous fungal infections. Additionally, patients with episodic psoriasiform dermatitis in the setting of keratoderma should be considered for PERP genotyping and cutaneous fungal examinations.
“What else can we do?”—Provider perspectives on treatment‐resistant depression in late life
Authors: Hamm Megan E. , Karp Jordan F. , Lenard Emily , Dawdani Alicia , Lavretsky Helen , Lenze Eric J. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Reynolds Charles F. , Roose Steven P. , Brown Patrick J.
Published: December 2021

Background

Treatment‐resistant depression in late‐life (TRLLD) is common. Perspectives of primary care providers (PCPs) and psychiatrists treating TRLLD could give insights into the challenges and potential solutions for managing this condition.

Methods

To identify perspectives of providers who treat TRLLD, we conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semi‐structured interviews with providers treating older adults with TRLLD in five locations across North America (i.e., Los Angeles, New York City, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Toronto). We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 50 care providers (24 primary care providers [PCPs], 22 psychiatrists, and 4 depression care managers). Interviews elicited providers' perspectives on treatment options for TRLLD, including treatment within the primary care setting and referral to psychiatry, and sought suggestions for improvement.

Results

We identified four themes. (1) Treating TRLLD takes an emotional toll on providers; (2) existing psychiatric services are inadequate to meet the needs of patients with TRLLD, mainly because of lack of access; (3) PCPs often attempt to treat TRLLD, even when they are not comfortable doing so; and (4) to better meet the needs of patients with TRLLD, providers recommend integrated care models involving PCPs, psychiatrists, and psychotherapists, potentially made more feasible by the growth of telehealth.

Conclusions

Findings from these qualitative interviews show the challenges in providing care for TRLLD. These findings can guide knowledge dissemination to psychiatrists, PCPs, policy‐makers, and other stakeholders involved in the mental health system. They can also inform structural changes to clinical practice that may increase the implementation of the best treatment strategies across settings to improve long‐term outcomes for TRLLD.
Causes of death in neotropical primates in Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil
Authors: Ehlers Luiza P. , Slaviero Mônica , Bianchi Matheus V. , de Mello Lauren S. , De Lorenzo Cíntia , Surita Lívia E. , Alievi Marcelo M. , Driemeier David , Pavarini Saulo P. , Sonne Luciana
Published: December 2021

Background

Anthropogenic disturbances are the main threats to nonhuman primates conservation, and infectious diseases may also play a key role in primate population decline. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death in neotropical primates.

Methods

A retrospective study of post‐mortem examinations was conducted on 146 neotropical primates between January 2000 and December 2018.

Results

Conclusive diagnoses were obtained in 68.5% of the cases, of which 59 corresponded to non‐infectious causes and 41 to infectious diseases. Trauma was the main cause of death (54/100), with anthropogenic stressors caused by blunt force trauma injuries (collision with vehicles) and puncture wound injuries associated with interspecific aggression (dog predation) were the most common factors. Other causes of death included bacterial diseases (27%), followed by parasitic diseases (12%), neoplasms (2%), and viral diseases (2%).

Conclusions

Free‐ranging primates were mostly affected by non‐infectious causes, while captive primates were by infectious conditions.
Sec3 exocyst component knockdown inhibits axonal formation and cortical neuronal migration during brain cortex development
Authors: Bustos Plonka Florentyna , Sosa Lucas J. , Quiroga Santiago
Published: December 2021

Neurons are the largest known cells, with complex and highly polarized morphologies and consist of a cell body (soma), several dendrites, and a single axon. The establishment of polarity necessitates initial axonal outgrowth in concomitance with the addition of new membrane to the axon's plasmalemma. Axolemmal expansion occurs by exocytosis of plasmalemmal precursor vesicles primarily at the neuronal growth cone membrane. The multiprotein exocyst complex drives spatial location and specificity of vesicle fusion at plasma membrane. However, the specific participation of its different proteins on neuronal differentiation has not been fully established. In the present work we analyzed the role of Sec3, a prominent exocyst complex protein on neuronal differentiation. Using mice hippocampal primary cultures, we determined that Sec3 is expressed in neurons at early stages prior to neuronal polarization. Furthermore, we determined that silencing of Sec3 in mice hippocampal neurons in culture precluded polarization. Moreover, using in utero electroporation experiments, we determined that Sec3 knockdown affected cortical neurons migration and morphology during neocortex formation. Our results demonstrate that the exocyst complex protein Sec3 plays an important role in axon formation in neuronal differentiation and the migration of neuronal progenitors during cortex development.

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Effects of art consumption on consumerwell‐being
Authors: An Donghwy , Jeong Bo‐ram , Youn Nara
Published: December 2021

This research shows that consumers' experience of art, including artistic commercial products, enhances consumers' well‐being by inducing a sense of inspiration. Prior research in neuroscience and psychology has documented that participating in art and culture programs enhances individuals' well‐being, but there is a shortage of empirical evidence documenting the effect of consumers' art appreciation as products and services on well‐being or the cognitive mechanism underlying that effect. Our five studies, based on an administrative dataset (Study 1) and laboratory experiments (Studies 2a–2d), show that consumers' experience of art in daily life increases consumers' well‐being. Furthermore, consumers' experience of art induces inspiration, which in turn enhances subjective well‐being (Studies 2b and 2c), and consumer well‐being (Study 2d). Critically, that effect remained significant across various forms of art, including paintings, song lyrics, and sculpture, and extended to commercial products such as computer screen saver and handbags depicting artistic images.
Stock Market and No‐Dividend Stocks
Authors: ATMAZ ADEM , BASAK SULEYMAN
Published: December 2021

We develop a stationary model of the aggregate stock market featuring both dividend‐paying and no‐dividend stocks within a familiar, parsimonious consumption‐based equilibrium framework. We find that such a simple feature leads to profound implications supporting several stock market empirical regularities that leading consumption‐based asset pricing models have difficulty reconciling. Namely, the presence of no‐dividend stocks in the stock market leads to a lower correlation between stock market returns and the aggregate consumption growth rate, a nonmonotonic and even negative relation between the stock market risk premium and its volatility, and a downward‐sloping term structure of equity risk premia.
A primer with purpose: Research implications of the objectification of weight in the workplace
Authors: Lemmon Grace , Jensen Jaclyn M. , Kuljanin Goran
Published: December 2021

We offer a primer for researchers who seek to carry out studies that evaluate the lived experience of larger‐bodied workers. We use objectification theory to describe the process by which intraculturally‐determined body size preferences impact how observers think about and react to larger‐bodied colleagues, and how these larger‐bodied colleagues internalize and cope with these judgements. Arguing that exploration of the objectification of larger‐bodied professionals is incomplete without the use of multidisciplinary lenses, we describe mechanisms that reinforce weight stigma, including the role of healthism‐based value systems, intersectionality, and body image. We conclude the primer by outlining areas for new research that highlights burgeoning applied demand for more nuanced, evidence‐based discussions of weight at work.

Practitioner points

In professional spaces, many workers feel comfortable “objectifying” their colleagues who occupy larger (i.e., “overweight”/”obese”) bodies. This means that workers (a) constantly compare their colleagues’ bodies to a “thin” standard, (b) feel a certain comfort in remarking on their larger‐bodied colleagues’ size, and (c) this judgment feeds into a cycle of self‐consciousness and self‐dislike that many larger‐bodied workers feel about themselves.

This objectification process can be doubly harmful to the well‐being of larger‐bodied workers when they, too, occupy a secondary marginalized identity/ies, such as being female or of a minority ethnicity.

The motivation for objectification comes from broader Western culture, which views the pursuit of health as a value that all people should pursue. Workers often assume their larger‐bodied colleagues are not pursuing health simply because of their size and can feel punitive toward them as a result.

Organizational remedies for this objectification process include educational programming and training to talk about the myriad ways “health” may be realized; more precise information about the complex origin’s of one’s body size; education around how marginalization of larger‐bodied colleagues does not stimulate effective action, but instead harms these colleague’s mental health (and beyond).
Functional, physical and psychosocial impact of degenerative temporomandibular joint disease
Authors: Yap Adrian Ujin , Zhang Xiao‐Han , Cao Ye , Fu Kai‐Yuan
Published: December 2021

Objectives

This study evaluated the functional, physical and psychosocial impacts of TMJ degenerative joint disease (DJD). The bearing of TMJ osteoarthrosis/osteoarthritis and early/late TMJ DJD on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) were also compared.

Methods

Participants were enrolled from a TMD/oro‐facial pain centre. Those diagnosed with intra‐articular conditions based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) were subjected to CBCT assessment and categorised into four discrete groups: NN—no TMJ DJD and no arthralgia; NA—no TMJ DJD with arthralgia; TO—TMJ osteoarthrosis; and TR—TMJ osteoarthritis. The TO/TR groups were subdivided into early/late TMJ osteoarthrosis (EO/LO) and osteoarthritis (ER/LR). OHRQoL was examined using the OHIP‐TMD, and data were appraised with the Kruskal‐Wallis/Mann‐Whitney U tests (α = 0.05).

Results

The study participant (n = 358) had a mean age of 31.85 ± 12.39 years (85.6% women). Frequencies of the TMD groups were as follows: NN—23.2%; NA—27.1%; TO—19.0%; and TR—30.7%. Participants with TR/NA had significantly worse OHRQoL than those with TO/NN. Additionally, participants with ER/LR reported significantly poorer OHRQoL than their counterparts with EO/LO. For all TMD groups and TMJ DJD subgroups, the psychological discomfort domain was generally the most impaired. Differences in global OHIP scores were significant between participants with and without arthralgia (i.e., NA‐NN, ER‐EO and LR‐LO).

Conclusions

The presence of TMJ pain appeared to impair OHRQoL more than the severity of TMJ DJD. As psychological domains were most impacted, psychosocial care should be incorporated when managing patients with painful TMJ DJD.
Curcumin plays a local anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant role via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐ΚB pathway in rat masseter muscle under psychological stress
Authors: Miao Li , Huang Fei , Sun Ying‐Ying , Jiang Wei , Chen Yong‐Jin , Zhang Min
Published: December 2021

Background and objective

Psychological stress causes structural and metabolic dysfunction of masseter muscles. The anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative polyphenol curcumin plays a local antioxidant role in rat masseter muscles under psychological stress by an as‐yet‐unknown mechanism. The present study aimed to assess curcumin anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative effects on masseter muscle and its possible molecular mechanisms.

Methods

We constructed a rat model of chronic unpredictable moderate stress (CUMS). Psychological stress was assessed by determining the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in serum. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays measured inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress in masseter muscles. Levels of high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were determined using quantitative PCR analyses and immunofluorescent staining. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation were examined using western blotting.

Results

The CUMS group showed increased serum cortisol and ACTH levels. Pathological changes in the ultrastructure, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the masseter muscles were also observed. Curcumin treatment (50, 100 mg/kg) ameliorated these changes significantly by varying degrees. Mechanistically, increased levels of phosphorylated NF‐κB, toll‐like receptor 4 and HMGB1 were observed, which were also ameliorated by curcumin treatment.

Conclusion

Curcumin can reduce local pathological changes, levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in masseter muscles. Psychological stress activates HMGB1 expression and increases the expression of downstream TLR4 and p‐NF‐κB, which could be reduced by curcumin. Thus, curcumin might exert anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects in masseter muscles via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐κB pathway.
Phymatolithopsis gen. nov. (Hapalidiales, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) based on molecular and morpho‐anatomical evidence
Authors: Jeong So Young , Diaz‐Pulido Guillermo , Maneveldt Gavin W. , Gabrielson Paul W. , Nelson Wendy A. , Won Boo Yeon , Cho Tae Oh
Published: December 2021

A multigene (psbA, rbcL, 18S rDNA) molecular phylogeny of the genus Phymatolithon showed a polyphyletic grouping of two monophyletic clades within the Hapalidiales. DNA sequence data integrated with morpho‐anatomical comparisons of type material and of recently collected specimens were used to establish Phymatolithopsis gen. nov. with three species, P. prolixa comb. nov., the generitype, P. repanda comb. nov. and P. donghaensis sp. nov. Phymatolithopsis is sister to Mesophyllum and occurs in a clade distinct from Phymatolithon and boreal species currently assigned to Lithothamnion. Morpho‐anatomically, Phymatolithopsis is comprised of species that are non‐geniculate and encrusting, bear epithallial cells with rounded walls (not flared), subepithallial initials that are usually as short as or shorter than their immediate inward derivatives, conceptacle primordia from all stages forming superficially directly from subepithallial initials, mature carposporangial conceptacles with a discontinuous fusion cell, gonimoblast filaments that develop at the margins of the fusion cell around the periphery of the carposporangial conceptacle chambers, and multiporate tetra/bisporangial conceptacles. Phymatolithopsis can be distinguished from Phymatolithon by the origin of its conceptacle primordia, which are initiated superficially, directly from the layer of subepithallial initials below the epithallial cells and the distribution of gonimoblast filaments in carposporangial conceptacles, that are at the margins of the fusion cells.
Inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage on copper film deployed in high touch areas of a public transport system
Authors: Monge M. , Abdel-Hady A. , Aslett L.D. , Calfee M.W. , Williams B. , Ratliff K. , Ryan S. , Oudejans L. , Touati A.
Published: December 2021

Although SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne risk, the COVID-19 pandemic also highlighted the need for self-disinfection surfaces that could withstand the demand of high occupant densities characteristic of public transportation systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the durability and antiviral activity of a copper film deployed for 90 days in two high touch locations within an active metropolitan bus and railcar. The antiviral efficacy of this copper film after being deployed in transit vehicles for 90 days (deployed copper film) was then compared to new (unused) copper film to determine if frequent touches and cleaning protocols could decrease the efficacy of the copper films. Deployed copper film, new copper film, and aluminium foil (positive control) coupons were inoculated with ~1 × 106 MS2 virus particles, allowed a contact time of either 5- or 10-min, and analysed for residual viral infectiousness. On both new and deployed copper films, MS2 was completely inactivated (≥5 log reduction) at both time points. These results suggest that the copper film may provide the durability demanded by high touch public spaces while maintaining the antiviral activity necessary to reduce exposure risk and viral transmission via surfaces in public transportation settings.
Vessel grafts for tissue engineering revisited—Vessel segments show location‐specific vascularization patterns in ex vivo ring assay
Authors: Vaghela Ravikumar , Arkudas Andreas , Steiner Dominik , Heltmann‐Meyer Stefanie , Horch Raymund E. , Hessenauer Maximilian
Published: December 2021

Objective

Transplantation of prefabricated tissue‐engineered flaps can be a potential alternative for healing large tissue defects. Providing adequate vascular supply for an engineered tissue construct is one of the key points in establishing successful tissue engineering‐based treatment approaches. In tissue engineering‐based vascularization techniques like the arteriovenous loop, vascular grafts with high angiogenic potential can help to enhance neovascularization and tissue formation. Therefore, our study aimed to compare the angiogenic potential of vascular grafts from different locations in the rat.

Methods

The angiogenic activity was investigated by an ex vivo vessel outgrowth ring assay using 1‐mm height vascular segments embedded in fibrin for 2 weeks.

Results

Maximum vessel outgrowth was observed on Days 10–12. Upper extremity vessels exhibited stronger outgrowth than lower extremity vessels. Moreover, arterial vessels demonstrated higher angiogenic potential compared with venous vessels.

Conclusion

Collectively, our ex vivo findings suggest that upper extremity arterial vessels have a higher angiogenic capacity, which could be used to improve neovascularization and tissue formation in tissue engineering.
For the flaring up of the flu: The nurses of the Maggiore Hospital in Milan hit by the Spanish fever
Authors: Rosi Ivana Maria , Milos Roberto , Galimberti Paolo Maria , Rancati Stefania
Published: December 2021

In the last year of the Great War, Italy was also hit by the Spanish flu. The Civic Hospitals faced a deadly disaster with insufficient resources. All the heavy workload fell on the female nursing staff, who were the only ones able ensure the continuity of the hospital services. This study aimed to explore the impact of the influenza on the health of the nurses at the Maggiore Hospital in Milan during the second and third epidemic waves. Historical research was conducted between February and May 2020. Primary sources were retrieved from the historical archives of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and the daily newspaper Corriere della Sera. In the autumn of 1918, the Maggiore Hospital in Milan changed its organization to hospitalise patients affected by the influenza pandemic. Although the hospital managers wanted to protect their healthcare staff from the risks of contagion by means of prophylaxis rules, 388 lay nurses and 80 religious sister nurses were affected by this insidious disease. The second and third waves of the pandemic claimed 25 victims of duty. Remembered for their altruism and spirit of abnegation, the hospital community honoured their sacrifice, and the citizens expressed their gratitude.