bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of porosity, fluid bulk modulus, and stiff-pore volume fraction using a multitrace Bayesian amplitude-variation-with-offset petrophysics inversion in multiporosity reservoirs
Authors: Li Kun , Yin Xingyao , Zong Zhaoyun , Grana Dario
Published: September 2021

The estimation of petrophysical and fluid-filling properties of subsurface reservoirs from seismic data is a crucial component of reservoir characterization. Seismic amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) inversion driven by rock physics is an effective approach to characterize reservoir properties. In general, PP-wave reflection coefficients, elastic moduli, and petrophysical parameters are nonlinearly coupled, especially in multiple-type pore-space reservoirs, which makes seismic AVO petrophysics inversion ill-posed. We have developed a new approach that combines Biot-Gassmann’s poroelasticity theory with Russell’s linear AVO approximation, to estimate the reservoir properties including elastic moduli and petrophysical parameters based on multitrace probabilistic AVO inversion algorithm. We first derive a novel PP-wave reflection coefficient formulation in terms of porosity, stiff-pore volume fraction, rock-matrix shear modulus, and fluid bulk modulus to incorporate the effect of pore structures on elastic moduli by considering the soft and stiff pores with different aspect ratios in sandstone reservoirs. Through the analysis of the four types of PP-wave reflection coefficients, the approximation accuracy and inversion feasibility of the derived formulation are verified. Our stochastic inversion method aims to predict the posterior probability density function in a Bayesian setting according to a prior Laplace distribution with vertical correlation and prior Gaussian distribution with lateral correlation of model parameters. A Metropolis-Hastings stochastic sampling algorithm with multiple Markov chains is developed to simulate the posterior models of porosity, stiff-pore volume fraction, rock-matrix shear modulus, and fluid bulk modulus from seismic AVO gathers. The applicability and validity of our inversion method is illustrated with synthetic examples and a real data application.
Evaluation of liver fibrosis using hepatic extracellular volume fraction by contrast-enhanced computed tomography before and after direct-acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: comparison with serological liver fibrosis markers
Authors: Kanki Akihiko , Maeba Kiyoka , Sotozono Hidemitsu , Yasokawa Kazuya , Higaki Atsushi , Yamamoto Akira , Tamada Tsutomu
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To evaluate time-dependent changes in hepatic extracellular volume (ECV) fraction using contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) and serological liver fibrosis markers, the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), before and after direct-acting antiviral therapy (DAA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Methods:

41 HCV-infected patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) after DAA (SVR group) and 10 control patients (untreated or unresponsive to treatment) who underwent CECT and serum biochemical tests before or after the first examination/DAA (T1) and at intervals thereafter (T2:<6 months after T1, T3: at 6–12 months, T4: at 12–24 months, and T5:>24 months) were evaluated.

Results:

In the control group, ECV fractions remained relatively unchanged through the study, and significant differences in FIB-4 index comparisons and APRI comparisons were only seen between the T2 and T4 values (p = 0.046 and p = 0.028, respectively). In the SVR group, ECV fractions were significantly different between T1 and T4 and T1 and T5 (p = 0.046 and 0.022, respectively), and both FIB-4 index and APRI were significantly different between T1 and all other time points (p = 0.017 to p < 0.001 and p = 0.001 to p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:

After DAA, ECV fraction decreased slowly, suggesting an improvement in hepatic fibrosis, while serological liver fibrosis markers decreased immediately, probably due to improvement in hepatic inflammation.

Advances in knowledge:

ECV fraction has the potential to be a non-invasive biomarker for the assessment of liver fibrosis after direct-acting antiviral therapy.
Imaging findings of prostate tuberculosis by transrectal contrast-enhanced ultrasound and comparison with 2D ultrasound and pathology
Authors: Yang Gaoyi , Ruan Litao
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) appearances of prostate tuberculosis (PTB) and its correlation with histopathology.

Methods:

Clinical, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and CEUS data of 12 PTB patients confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed, and compared to the pathological findings to identify the pathological structures corresponding to different image enhancement areas.

Results:

No specific characteristics could be found for the clinical appearances. Enlarged gland, hypoechoic lesions and calcification due to PTB could be found by TRUS, which were also non-specific. CEUS showed hypo- or non-enhanced lesions with varying size, which were related to different pathological stages of PTB. The incidence rate of non-enhanced lesions was 83.3%. The detection rate of suspected lesion by CEUS was significantly higher than that by TRUS (χ2 = 8.000, p = 0.005). Histopathology showed that the hypoenhanced area consisted of tuberculous granulomas, caseous necrosis and incomplete destruction of the glands, while the non-enhanced area consisted of caseous or liquified necrosis.

Conclusion:

CEUS could improve the detection rate of PTB lesions, and the diversity of its manifestations was related to different pathological structures. An enlarged, soft gland with non-enhanced on CEUS may provide valuable information for the diagnosis of PTB, but it is not a substitute for biopsy due to the diversity of CEUS findings.

Advances in knowledge:

When the lesions of prostate gland are unclear in TRUS examination, CEUS is an ideal option for the detection of lesions, which is conducive to targeted guidance of biopsy areas.
Transhepatic tract hemostasis using thermal-ablation after percutaneous portal vein access
Authors: Vermersch Mathilde , Denys Alban , Artru Florent , Tsoumakidou Georgia , Villard Nicolas , Duran Rafael , Hocquelet Arnaud
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

Bleeding risk after percutaneous portal vein access procedures is not negligible. Various agents, coils and plug, have been used to minimize this risk, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. This study reports the results of coagulation using thermal-ablation (radiofrequency or microwave ablation) as an alternative to trans-hepatic puncture tract closure.

Methods:

Ten patients who benefited from portal vein recanalization or portal hypertension-relative bleeding complication embolization using percutaneous portal vein access and who underwent thermal-ablation of the puncture tract between December 30, 2019 and July 16, 2020 were included. Early efficiency and safety were evaluated using imaging (ultrasound and/or CT scan) and laboratory data (hemoglobin, hepatic function) at 24 h. Follow-up was performed until August 2020.

Results:

No bleeding from the puncture tract and no embolization-related complications were observed in all 10 patients at 24 h or during follow-up with median of 3 months (range 1–8 months), even in case of ascites or therapeutic coagulation.

Conclusion:

Thermal-ablation seems to be a safe, effective and rapid technique to avoid bleeding after percutaneous transhepatic direct portal vein access.

Advances in knowledge:

Thermal-ablation could be an alternative for transhepatic puncture tract closure especially for patients with high bleeding risk.
A rare case of tension pneumoperitoneum secondary to gastric perforation associated with severe aortic compression
Authors: Greenish Davyd , Pathak Samir , Titcomb Daniel , Armstrong Lynne
Published: September 2021

A 36-year-old male was critically unwell with acute central abdominal pain and distension. CT demonstrated severe pneumoperitoneum leading to compression and total occlusion of the inferior vena cava and occlusion of the aorta. At laparotomy, a perforated posterior gastric ulcer was found with four quadrant contamination. A damage control procedure was performed and a re-look laparotomy was carried out 2 days later where bowel ischaemia was found. Despite being supported on the intensive care unit, unfortunately the patient died. Tension pneumoperitoneum leading to occlusion of the aorta is very rare and the severity of this condition should be recognised; it has never been survived in the reported literature. Rapid assessment and investigation is essential to ensure the timely treatment of this disease.
A proposed model on MR elastography for predicting postoperative major complications in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shibutani Kazu , Okada Masahiro , Tsukada Jitsuro , Hyodo Tomoko , Ibukuro Kenji , Abe Hayato , Matsumoto Naoki , Midorikawa Yutaka , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Takayama Tadatoshi
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To develop a model for predicting post-operative major complications in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods:

In all, 186 consecutive patients with pre-operative MR elastography were included. Complications were categorised using Clavien‒Dindo classification, with major complications defined as ≥Grade 3. Liver-stiffness measurement (LSM) values were measured on elastogram. The indocyanine green clearance rate of liver remnant (ICG-Krem) was based on the results of CT volumetry, intraoperative data, and ICG-K value. For an easy application to the prediction model, the continuous variables were converted to categories. Moreover, logistic regression analysis and fivefold cross-validation were performed. The prediction model’s discriminative performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the calibration of the model was assessed by the Hosmer‒Lemeshow test.

Results:

43 of 186 patients (23.1%) had major complications. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that LSM, albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) score, intraoperative blood loss, and ICG-Krem were significantly associated with major complications. The median AUC of the five validation subsets was 0.878. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test confirmed no evidence of inadequate fit (p = 0.13, 0.19, 0.59, 0.59, and 0.73) on the fivefold cross-validation. The prediction model for major complications was as follows: −2.876 + 2.912 [LSM (>5.3 kPa)]+1.538 [ALBI score (>−2.28)]+0.531 [Intraoperative blood loss (>860 ml)]+0.257 [ICG-Krem (<0.10)].

Conclusion:

The proposed prediction model can be used to predict post-operative major complications in patients with HCC.

Advances in knowledge:

The proposed prediction model can be used in routine clinical practice to identify post-operative major complications in patients with HCC and to strategise appropriate treatments of HCC.
Multimodality imaging of Surgicel®, an important mimic of post-operative complication in the thorax
Authors: Roshkovan Leonid , Singhal Sunil , Katz Sharyn I , Galperin-Aizenberg Maya
Published: September 2021

Absorbable hemostatic agents such as Surgicel are hemostatic materials composed of an oxidized cellulose polymer used to control post-surgical bleeding and cause coagulation. This material is sometimes purposefully left in situ where it slowly degrades over time and can produce an imaging appearance that mimics serious post-operative complications such as gangrenous infections and anastomotic leaks as well as potentially mimicking disease recurrence in later stages. In this article, we review the multimodality imaging appearance of this material in situ longitudinally in the range of post-operative settings, in order to promote awareness of this entity when interpreting post-operative imaging. We present this as a pictorial review focusing primarily but not exclusively on the chest noting that the thoracic imaging appearance of Surgicel® is less well reported in the published literature. An understanding of this entity may help to minimize erroneous diagnosis of a postoperative complication leading to unnecessary interventions.
The effect of red-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on heat shock protein 70 and cortisol expression in strenuous exercise induced rats
Authors: Harahap Novita Sari , Lelo Aznan , Purba Ambrosius , Sibuea Awaluddin , Amelia Rina , Zulaini Zulaini
Published: September 2021

Background: Oxidative stress from exercise can contribute to damaging cells, increasing heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and suppressing the immune system in the body. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of red-fleshed pitaya extract on HSP70 and cortisol expression in rats which were subjected to strenuous exercise.

Methods: The subjects of this research were 32 Sprague Dawley male rats, aged 3 months, with an average weight of 200 g. Red-fleshed pitaya extract was obtained from methanol extraction process; a maceration technique was performed and the extract was concentrated using an air-drying method. Rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with distilled water only; while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with 100 mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight of red-fleshed pitaya extract, respectively. Strenuous exercises in rats was performed by intense swimming of 20 min/day, 3 days a week for 3 weeks. HSP70 expression and cortisol were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method.

Results: There was a significant reduction of HSP70 (p=0.000) and cortisol expression (p=0.000) between the groups. Also, there was a significant difference in the average decreasing of HSP70 expression between group 4 and either groups 1 or 2 (p=0.000). However, a significant difference between groups 4 and 3 was not observed (p=0.813). Lastly, a significant difference was found in the average decrease of cortisol expression between groups 4 and 1 (p=0.000), 2 (p=0.000), and 3 (p=0.000) respectively.

Conclusion: Red-fleshed pitaya is potential to be utilized as antioxidant to decrease the HSP70 and cortisol expression.
Unenhanced computed tomography as a diagnostic tool in suspected pulmonary hypertension: a retrospective cross-sectional pilot study
Authors: Goh Ze Ming , Johns Christopher S. , Julius Tarik , Barnes Samual , Dwivedi Krit , Elliot Charlie , Sharkey Michael , Alkanfar Dheyaa , Charalampololous Thanos , Hill Catherine , Rajaram Smitha , Condliffe Robin , Kiely David G. , Swift Andrew J.
Published: September 2021

Background: Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has been proposed to be diagnostic for pulmonary hypertension (PH) in multiple studies. However, the utility of the unenhanced CT measurements diagnosing PH has not been fully assessed.  This study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility and reproducibility of cardiac and great vessel parameters on unenhanced computed tomography (CT) in suspected pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods: In total, 42 patients with suspected PH who underwent unenhanced CT thorax and right heart catheterization (RHC) were included in the study. Three observers (a consultant radiologist, a specialist registrar in radiology, and a medical student) measured the parameters by using unenhanced CT. Diagnostic accuracy of the parameters was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Inter-observer variability between the consultant radiologist (primary observer) and the two secondary observers was determined by intra-class correlation analysis (ICC).

Results: Overall, 35 patients were diagnosed with PH by RHC while 7 patients were not. Main pulmonary arterial (MPA) diameter was the strongest (AUC 0.79 to 0.87) and the most reproducible great vessel parameter. ICC comparing the MPA diameter measurement of the consultant radiologist to the specialist registrar’s and the medical student’s were 0.96 and 0.92, respectively. Right atrial area was the cardiac measurement with highest accuracy and reproducibility (AUC 0.76 to 0.79; ICC 0.980, 0.950) followed by tricuspid annulus diameter (AUC 0.76 to 0.79; ICC 0.790, 0.800).

Conclusions: MPA diameter and right atrial areas showed high reproducibility. Diagnostic accuracies of these were within the range of acceptable to excellent, and might have clinical value. Tricuspid annular diameter was less reliable and less diagnostic and was therefore not a recommended diagnostic measurement.
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ОБУЧАЮЩЕГО ПРОГРАММНОГО МОДУЛЯ «ЖИВОЙ ЗВУК» У ДЕТЕЙ С НАРУШЕНИЯМИ СЛУХА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТЫВА
Authors: Ignatova Irina A. , Pokidysheva Lyudmila I. , Skidanova Olga V. , Zaitseva Olga I.
Published: September 2021

Цель. Повысить эффективность специализированной персонифицированной медицинской помощи детскому слабослышащему населению республики Тыва с помощью программного модуля «Живой звук».
Результаты. У слабослышащих детей при проведении реабилитационных мероприятий неречевыми и речевыми стимулами посредством программного модуля «Живой звук» получена положительная динамика слуха в зависимости от возраста, формы и степени тугоухости.
Заключение. Использование полученных в работе результатов предполагает наличие экономического эффекта: сокращения времени обследования и улучшения качества диагностических и лечебных мероприятий среди детского слабослышащего населения республики Тыва.
ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ И КУЛЬТИВИРОВАНИЯ ЭПИТЕЛИОЦИТОВ ЖЕЛУДКА
Authors: Peretyat'ko Olga V. , Belenyuk Vasiliy D. , Moskalenko Olga L.
Published: September 2021

Культивирование клеток слизистой оболочки желудка является достаточно затруднительным. Однако, возможности использования эпителиоцитов в качестве моделей для исследований in vivo достаточно перспективны.

Цель.  Получить первичную культуру клеток слизистой оболочки желудка и оценить её фенотипические и метаболические характеристики.

Материалы и методы. В данной работе представлены результаты методического исследования по получению первичных клеточных культур слизистой оболочки желудка человека методом ступенчатого протеолиза и возможности их дальнейшего культивирования. Для оценки фенотипа полученных клеток и их жизнеспособности использовался метод многоцветной проточной цитометрии.

Результаты исследования. Были выделены геторогенные клетки слизистой оболочки желудка с высоким процентом жизненоспособности. В ходе культивирования количество жизнеспособных клеток снижалось незначительно.

Заключение. Нами была получена первичная жизнеспособная культура эпителиоцитов желудка, что позволяет заключить, что представленная методика выделения пригодна для получения жизнеспособных клеток.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome - management and treatment
Authors: Kłosińska Martyna Julia , Kaczyńska Agnieszka
Published: September 2021

The polycystic ovarian syndrome is an endocrine disorder with a high prevalence affecting reproductive-aged women and adolescent girls. The most common symptoms are infertility, numerous ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism, menstrual cycle abnormalities. The disease has a great impact on patients, impairing their quality of life. Bearing that in mind, innovative therapeutic approaches are needed. We aim to describe current management and treatment concepts adopted in PCOS therapy. The analysis of previously published studies was conducted by using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases.Mentioned studies show that lifestyle changes may benefit PCOS therapy in multiple ways. Dietary and exercise interventions have a notable influence on women’s body composition as well as biochemical parameters. The reduction of body weight or BMI is a therapeutic achievement likewise patients’ contribution to managing PCOS. Pharmacotherapy provides plentiful treatment choices to adopt. Studies show that hormonal contraceptive has a significant impact on both hyperandrogenism and menstrual abnormalities. Metformin is proven to reduce BMI, improve LDL levels, and lower the risk of OHSS in women undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET. A meta-analysis proved metformin’s monotherapy superiority over clomifene citrate or their combination in treating infertility. However, both substances are not recommended as the first-line choice. Regrettably, many studies mention short of evidence, lack of larger sample sizes, or insufficient duration preventing further research.The conclusion we draw is that approaches of managing and treating PCOS are constantly advancing and updating. However, there is a necessity for future studies to expand their research by gathering more data and considering diverse cases.
Structural features of the intervertebral disc in rats
Authors: Pankiv M. V. , Paltov Ye. V. , Masna Z. Z. , Chelpanova I. V. , Kovalska M. Ye.
Published: September 2021

The aim of our work was to study the structural organization of the components of vertebral disc of rats on the microscopic level in the normal state.This goal was achieved by means of microscopic method of visualization of cellular components of the intervertebral disc of rats. Histological preparations were made in accordance with the conventional method of using the dye hematoxylin, eosin and azan according to the method of Heidenhain, PAS reaction according to MacManus and Alcian blue according to Steedman.As a result of the microstructural study, it was ascertained that the rat’s intervertebral disc normally consists of a gelatinous (pulpal) nucleus and a fibrous ring. It is separated from the vertebral bodies by a thin layer of cartilaginous tissue of the locking plates and hyaline cartilage, which covers the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. The data that rats do not have locking plates can be rarely found in the literature. The vessels verging the intervertebral disc radially -in front, back and from the sides, branch out from the vessels of vertebral periosteum. In the cartilaginous tissue of intervertebral disc, vessels are not visualized.
Incidence of COVID-19 after vaccination. Analysis of publicly available data
Authors: Divocha V. , Zukow W. , Gozhenko A.
Published: September 2021

The coronavirus began in late 2019 in China's Hubei province. Since then, it has spread around the world. In the world, according to official data, more than 100 million people have become infected, more than 3 million have died from the coronavirus.On 18.03.2020, the first coronavirus vaccine trials began. Currently, 5 vaccines are used for vaccination: Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson and Sputnik-V. No vaccine against COVID-19 protects a person 100% from the incidence of coronavirus. Average mortality rate as of 19.04.2021. 1. Pfizer-39,4; 2. Moderna-20,2; 3. AstraZeneca-12,8; 4. Johnson and Johnson-7,5; 5. Sputnik V-2,0. Pfizer and Moderna vaccines cause a risk of cardiovascular disease (myocarditis and pericarditis), thrombosis, bleeding and embolism.
Adverse Childhood Experiences as a significant predictor of worsened well-being among Polish medical and dental students
Authors: Drożak Paulina , Augustowska Katarzyna , Bryliński Łukasz , Bura Agata , Drożak Martyna , Duda Piotr , Rudnicka-Drożak Ewa
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a major public health problem. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences among medical and dental students in Poland and to examine a relationship between ACEs and chosen factors associated with well-being of the students.Material and method. The research tool consisted of the Adverse Childhood Experiences standardized questionnaire and authors’ questions. 934 medical students and 228 dental students took part in the study (a total of 1162 participants). The respondents came from 18 Polish universities.Results. 57.40% of the students experienced at least 1 childhood adversity, 8.43% of them were affected by 4 or more ACEs. The most common adverse childhood experiences were: emotional neglect (23.06%), emotional abuse (22.98%) and mental illness or a suicide attempt in a household member (21.86%). On average, women experienced more childhood adversities than men. An overall graded relationship was found between ACEs and: frequent feelings of loneliness, low self-assessment of academic performance, problems with maintaining stable body weight, reaching for alcohol in order to de-stress and being non-religious.Conclusions. Adverse Childhood Experiences are common among Polish medical and dental students and are linked with multiple aspects of worsened well-being of the students. The study emphasizes a need to create strategies that aim to educate on Adverse Childhood Experiences in order to prevent them and help those who are affected by them.
Smoking as a factor influencing the rehabilitation process after cardiac surgery
Authors: Mińko Alicja , Hilicka Zuzanna , Turzyński Dominik
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation is a standard therapeutic procedure in patients after cardiac surgery. Its course depends on many factors. One of them is smoking. Exposure of the body to tobacco compounds reduces the supply of oxygen to the organs, which in turn has a damaging effect on the heart tissue.Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of smoking on the effectiveness of rehabilitation in patients after cardiac surgery.Materials and methods: The research was carried out at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, SPSK 2, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin. The research was conducted among 35 patients, divided into 3 groups. The first group of 9 people (26%) were non-smokers. The second group was assigned to 11 people (31%) who were heavy smokers. The third group consisted of 15 people (43%) who had been addicted to cigarettes in the past. The research tool used in the study was the 6-minute walk test.Results: Non-smokers achieved a greater improvement in the 6-minute test score compared to the group of smokers and ex-smokers, whose mean score was lower by 39.17 m (± 100.80) and 85.74 m (± 80.56), respectively.Conclusion: Smoking may have an impact on the exercise capacity and exercise tolerance in patients after cardiac surgery.
Public knowledge on influenza and influenza vaccines
Authors: Gorecka Adrianna , Gorecka Dagmara , Zaremba Bartłomiej , Wieteska Małgorzata , Urbańska Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose. Influenza is the most common infectious disease reported in Poland. It is caused by a virus, which is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Vaccines are prime and most effective way to prevent the disease and its complications, but only 4,15 Polish people are vaccinated against influenza, which ranks Poland on one of the last places in Europe.Material and method. The aim of the study was evaluation of public knowledge about influenza and influenza vaccines.Results. The majority of respondents have basic knowledge about influenza, still most of them (almost 70%) have never been vaccinated against the flu. The main reason of that situation is their confidence about their good health and lack of necessity to get a vaccine. 92% of people points fever as the main symptom of influenza. Some people confuse symptoms of the flu with those of a cold of Covid-19 infection. More than 23% of people does not believe in the efficiency of the vaccine. Lack of sufficient knowledge about that issue is mentioned by 15% of the respondents. Polish people describe their knowledge in the middle of the 5-point scale, while most of them never learned about it.Conclusions. Still too few people in Poland decide to take a vaccine against influenza especially in age group below 65 years old. Reliable education should be of great importance for everyone, especially  teachers and healthcare workers. Covid-19 had an impact on the number of people who decided to get the vaccine in 2020.
Cardiovascular comorbidities in acromegaly
Authors: Laszczak Katarzyna , Moqbil Sara , Niedobylski Sylwiusz , Warchoł Konrad
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose: Acromegaly is a rare disease which occurs with the frequency of 0.2-1.1 cases per 100 000 patients per year. The main cause is the excess level of growth hormone (GH) which stimulates the liver to the insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) secretion. IGF-1 leads to the tissues overgrowth. In addition, acromegalic patients suffer from many comorbidities, such as: cardiovascular, endocrinological, neoplastic and musculoskeletal complications. The main aim of this review is the update of the latest information concerning cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with acromegaly.State of knowledge: Studies revealed that 80% of acromegalic patients will develop cardiovascular comorbidities. Complications such as: hypertension, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, heart valve disease, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease as well as myocardial infarction were the most widely described. They are responsible for 44% of deaths in the first decade of the acromegaly and 23% in the second one.Conclusions: Because of the delayed diagnosis of acromegaly in most patients, most comorbidities are discovered in advanced stages leading to the decrease in patients’ life span. Adequate knowledge about potential complications is necessary to increase patients’ quality of lives.
Selected skin diseases of the feet
Authors: Chodun Wiktoria , Ruszel Kinga , Dubel Robert , Nieradko-Iwanicka Barbara
Published: September 2021

Foot skin diseases are common problems encountered by dermatologists. They involve the skin and nails. In addition to the health aspect, there is also an aesthetic aspect, especially troublesome in the summer. It is recommended to visit a dermatologist with any disturbing skin lesion. The article presents an overview of the most common diseases in dermatology and podiatry offices.
Prion diseases: fatal familial insomnia
Authors: Madoń Barbara , Mikos Eryk , Nowaczek Justyna , Wasyluk Martyna , Wilczek Natalia
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is one of the transmissible spongiform encephathalopathies characterized by neuronal loss, sleep impairment, subsequent non-specific disturbances of autonomic nervous system (e.g. tachycardia) and endocrine dysfunctions. It is fatal autosomal dominant prion disease, which is extremaly rare- FFI affects only about one person per milion annually. The aim of this study is to review the literature and systematize knowledge about fatal familial insomnia.Brief description of the state of knowledge. The causative agent of this disease is a misfolded version of the physiological prion protein called PrP(Sc) in the brain.  Major vulnerable regions in FFI are mediodorsal and anterior ventral nuclei of the thalamus.  Average  survival time after the onset of symptoms is 18 months. Hence molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis are poorly understood, the disease is incureable yet. However, there are a number of therapeutic options currently under investigation, e.g. immunotherapy or doxycycline usage.Conclusions. Subsequent researches are essential to improve understending of fatal familial insomnia. The prime issue is to develop functioning therapeutic or preventive treatment. While some of presented terapeutic approches appers promising, all of them require profoud research.
The role of artificial intelligence in cancer diagnostics - a review
Authors: Stanicki Paweł , Nowakowska Katarzyna , Piwoński Michał , Żak Klaudia , Niedobylski Sylwiusz , Zaremba Bartłomiej , Oszczędłowski Paweł
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purposeArtificial intelligence (AI) is more advanced than ever and finds more and more new applications. Attempts are being made to use computer data analysis in medicine. The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge on the use of AI in the diagnosis of breast, prostate, skin and colorectal cancer with particular emphasis on the applications and effectiveness of AI in making diagnoses. A brief description of the state of knowledgeThe most frequently used form of artificial intelligence in diagnostics are algorithms that analyze databases and recognize patterns. They can capture the features of samples characteristic of tumors, such as abnormal cells in the biopsy material or the alarming size and color of the skin lesion. Additionally, AI is capable of analyzing magnetic resonance images, radiographs, and other standardized test results. In most cases, AI is more effective than clinicians, sometimes as effective as they are, and almost never less effective. As a rule, the most accurate and adequate diagnosis can be obtained by joining the forces of AI and medical specialists. Working with learning algorithms requires the use of very extensive data sets. Every effort should be made to protect sensitive information from patients' medical history. ConclusionsThe results of research on the effectiveness of AI in cancer diagnostics are very promising. Further research and development of information technology systems may positively affect the quality and effectiveness of tumor diagnostics.
The influence of diet on polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Łopuszyńska Anna Małgorzata , Pawlicki Mateusz , Kozioł Magdalena , Krasa Aleksandra , Piekarska Ewa , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina
Published: September 2021

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in women in reproductive age. It is estimated that it affects about 5-10% of women aged 18-44. This disease is associated with reproductive dysfunction and metabolic disorders. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) 2018 guidelines, the first line treatment for PCOS are lifestyle adjustments, including dietary control and exercise. Hence a lot of research on the diet that is most appropriate for this group of people.  Material and methods: PubMed research base was searched using the following keywords: diet, pcos, policystic ovary syndrome in 2017-2021.  Results: The diet of women with PCOS is poorly composed, and dietary errors may affect the metabolic disorders occurring in these patients. Women with PCOS tend to have insufficient intakes of vitamin D, fiber, and vitamin B9, as well as excessive sodium intake. Mediterranean, ketogenic, low-carbohydrate, low-glycemic, low-AGE and pod-based diets positively affect this disease in   various ways.  Conclusions: PCOS is a very diverse disease that affects a large number of women around the world. Changing your lifestyle, including diet and exercise, is the first line treatment. This is why creating the best diet for these patients is extremely important. Current discoveries are very promising and give hope to create a model of nutrition that will be the best for these women. Large, multicentre randomized trials are still needed to develop diets that are appropriate for different patients because the disease picture is heterogeneous.
The role of soy in development of breast, ovarian, endometrial and prostate gland cancer
Authors: Maksymowicz Marcela , Machowiec Piotr , Baran Natalia , Piekarska Małgorzata
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purposeSoy as a rich source of isoflavones has become a focus of interest because of its positive health benefits on numerous diseases, particularly hormone-related cancers. The aim of this study was to present the current state of knowledge on the role of soy in the development of breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate gland cancer.A brief description of the state of knowledgeSoy components reduce inflammation, stress oxidative and inhibit proliferation of breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate cancer cells. Isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, S-equol via activation of estrogen receptors, inhibit aromatase synthesis and may decrease the risk of estrogen-dependent cancers. Moreover, soy food products have the potential toregulate molecular pathways of AR and reduce testosterone levels. It leads to a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Furthermore, increased consumption of soy protein and isoflavones decreased the risk of mortality from cancers.ConclusionsSoy foods and their isoflavones are associated with reduced carcinogenesis. A higher amount of soy intake can have positive benefits for prevention of cancers including breast, prostate gland, endometrial and ovarian cancer.
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome
Authors: Piwoński Michał , Żak Klaudia , Niedobylski Sylwiusz , Stanicki Paweł
Published: September 2021

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an acute, life-threatening condition that occurs either spontaneously or as a complication of cytoreductive antitumor therapy, and occurs in both children and adults. As a result of TLS, intracellular components are released into the extracellular space, leading to dysregulation of the body's homeostasis due to the accumulation of uric acid, phosphate and potassium ions, and hypocalcemia, which may lead to cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, or kidney failure.
The impact of Pandemic COVID-19 on cases of Borreliosis infection in 2020
Authors: Rogulska Karolina , Piątek Patrycja , Grzeszczak Konrad
Published: September 2021

Borreliosis (Lyme borreliosis; Lyme disease) is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Borrelia. In humans, the accidental host of ticks, the infection is transmitted by the bite of the tick - the spirochetes are present in the salivary glands of the tick. Any of the three forms of tick: larva, nymph and adult can be responsible for infection. The most common threats to humans are Borrelia burgdorferii sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii occurring mainly in Europe. Lyme disease is a complex, multi-stage disease and progresses in 3 stages. The targeted treatment of Lyme disease is based on the administration of antibiotics. The introduction of antibiotics in the early stages of Lyme borreliosis offers a good chance of a complete cure. Lyme disease is a major epidemiological problem in the world. In Europe, the average number of cases per year remains at 65,400. In Poland, the number of infections annually reaches several tens of thousands. According to the National Institute of Hygiene of Poland, which keeps statistics of epidemiological reports, a total of 83,495 people fell sick with Lyme disease in Poland between 2016 and 2019. Whereas in 2020, the number of cases of Lyme disease decreased to 12933. The reason for this is undoubtedly the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dominated health care and focused all the attention of medical workers. This review shows that Lyme borreliosis is a dangerous disease with a high risk of complications. A quick diagnosis is crucial in the therapeutic process. An algorithm should be developed in order to distinguish other diseases from Lyme disease and thus enable an early reaction and treatment.
The influence of bisphenol A on the human body
Authors: Kozioł Magdalena , Krasa Aleksandra , Łopuszyńska Anna Małgorzata , Pawlicki Mateusz , Piekarska Ewa , Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina , Wójcik Anna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance commonly used in industry for the production of everyday plastic products. It is also found in thermal paper. Global pollution of the environment by BPA results in constant exposure to its harmful effects. This substance penetrates the skin, respiratory tract and food into the body. BPA, due to its structure similar to estrogens, disturbs e.g. functioning of the endocrine system and increases the risk of certain cancers.

Material and methods: The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to review the literature.

Description of knowledge: Exposure of breast cancer cells to BPA results in increased aromatase synthesis and increased proliferation of ER + cells. Moreover, BPA stimulates the growth of neoplastic breast cancer cells not only at high doses but also at low doses (<25 µg / kg / day). This substance has an affinity for the estrogen receptor. Daily doses of BPA have been found to increase the density of the mammary gland in mammography. Exposure of this substance to human prostate epithelial cells induced the potential of cancer development in prostate cells. Recent studies have shown that BPA causes increased bronchial reactivity and reduced epidermal regeneration capacity, which proves its pro-inflammatory effect. Research proves that BPA reduces the ability to learn and disrupts the Glu / GABA neurotransmitter ratio.

Conclusions: The ubiquitous presence of BPA has a negative effect on living organisms. By accumulating in adipose tissue, it exposes us to constant exposure, which is dangerous even in low doses. Increases the risk of infertility and cancer. Acting pro-inflammatory, it increases the susceptibility to allergens. There are calls for the use of BPA-free packaging and for steps to be taken to reduce BPA production.

Key words: bisphenol A; BPA; estrogen; mechanisms; receptors; cancer.
Xylometazoline and oxymetazoline - unusual effects of everyday drugs (literature review)
Authors: Klas Jakub , Kluz Natalia , Piwowar Klaudia
Published: September 2021

The aim of the study is to systematize the knowledge about xylometazoline and oxymetazoline - commonly used nasal sprays with sympathicomimetic effect, mainly directly on α-adrenergic receptors [1]. A review of recent reports on possible side effects and new therapeutic options will be presented.

Results: Over several years, reports have been published regarding descriptions of unusual cases of side effects, such as angina attack [4], a case of respiratory failure in a newborn [5], ischemic stroke [6], or anaphylactic reaction during routine surgery.

In experiments using rats, on the other hand, it has been shown that these substances can also cause increased inflammation of the lower respiratory tract [7], as well as numerous ophthalmic problems [8].

Recent reports also suggest new uses for xylometazoline and oxymetazoline. In combination with lidocaine, an intranasal solution of xylometazoline has shown efficacy in the anesthesia of maxillary teeth in patients with minor carious lesions [9], and a beneficial therapeutic combination of oxymetazoline and dye laser (PDL) has also been reported for the treatment of rosacea, among others [10].

Conclusions: Although imidazoline derivatives were admitted to the drug list decades ago, still their pharmacological potential has not been fully exploited. Finding applications of these drugs in dermatology and dentistry may not only improve the efficacy and comfort of treatment, but also significantly reduce the costs of the whole therapy. The aforementioned reports on the side effects of xylometazoline and oxymetazoline should not be forgotten. It is possible that the presented examples will increase awareness to use these drugs with more respect, according to the recommendations on the leaflet.
Vaccination of pregnant women
Authors: Adamczyk-Gruszka Olga
Published: September 2021

Vaccination of pregnant women for their protection and the protection of the fetus and the child is not common. Health professionals' prejudices about immunization of pregnant women increase the concerns of women and their families. Such behavior is not supported by scientific data. The literature describes the harmlessness of the vaccine for mother and child in the case of seasonal, pandemic or meningococcal flu, pneumococcus, tetanus, acellular pertussis, human papillomavirus, cholera, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, anthrax, smallpox, yellow fever, mumps, measles and rubella, typhoid fever, inactivated or attenuated polio vaccines, and Bacillus Calmétte Guerin vaccines.

 Many scientific studies show the beneficial effects of the flu vaccine for mother and baby and the pertussis vaccine for the baby. Staff of Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments, family doctors and midwives should include vaccinations in their standard clinical care.

Strategies are needed that are effective in reducing parents' reluctance to vaccinate. Every pregnant woman should be aware that the lack of vaccines before pregnancy does not preclude the use of some of them during pregnancy.
Nursing care for a patient with chronic insufficiency prepared for kidney transplant
Authors: Reczkowska Justyna , Sławiński Mirosław
Published: September 2021

Admission: The term chronic renal failure (CHF) has been used since the beginning of medicine. In Poland, as in the rest of the world, there is a continuous increase in society who suffer from CKD in the uremic phase. Transplantation is considered to be the most optimal method of treating chronic renal failure. It is considered to be the most effective because the transplanted organ can take over all the functions that a healthy organ performs in the donor human body.

Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to provide holistic care to a patient with chronic renal failure who was being prepared for organ transplant.

Materials and methods: The study uses the method of an individual case, used in qualitative research.

Case report: The subject of the study is a 45-year-old man with chronic renal failure caused by poorly treated arterial hypertension. After performing basic blood tests, he was referred to the Department of Nephrology due to the diagnosis of renal failure. The diagnosis was confirmed at the ward. Despite compliance with the recommendations, glomerular filtration was systematically deteriorating. The patient was reported for a pre-kidney transplant. After the first kidney transplant, the organ was rejected. The patient started a course of hemodialysis. After a year, another transplant was successfully performed.

Conclusions: Nursing care for a patient with chronic renal failure prepared for transplantation requires careful observation of the patient as well as skilful diagnosis and appropriate response to his problems.
The correlation between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid function – short review
Authors: Piekarska Małgorzata , Marcela Maksymowicz  , Radosław Kasperski  , Agata Pikulicka  , Katarzyna Pacek
Published: September 2021

Vitamin D is traditionally associated with the regulation of mineral metabolism and bone homeostasis, and its deficiency is the cause of diseases such as osteoporosis or osteomalacia. However, numerous studies in recent years suggest that thanks to the common expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the cells of the body and the related additional anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic vitamin D effects, it may play a role in the development and progress of autoimmune diseases and tumors. The collected data suggest that low vitamin D levels correlate with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland and that there is a significant correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TPO or anti-Tg levels. However, these data are inconclusive and further research is needed to confirm this relationship and determine whether lowered vitamin D titer is the cause or rather the consequence of autoimmune thyroid disorders, and whether vitamin D supplementation could prove to be an effective prophylaxis and treatment.