bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Duodenal Ulcer‐Promoting Gene (dupA) of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Duodenal Ulcer in North Indian Population
Authors: Arachchi H. S. Jayasinghe , Kalra Vijay , Lal Banwari , Bhatia Vikram , Baba C. S. , Chakravarthy S. , Rohatgi S. , Sarma Priyangshu M. , Mishra V. , Das Bimal , Ahuja Vineet
Published: September 2010

Background:   The duodenal ulcer (DU)‐promoting gene (dupA) of Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a novel virulent marker associated with an increased risk for DU. The presence or absence of dupA gene of H. pylori present in patients with DU and functional dyspepsia in North Indian population was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization analysis.

Materials and Methods:   One hundred and sixty‐six patients (96 DU and 70 functional dyspepsia) were included in this study. In addition, sequence diversity of dupA gene of H. pylori found in these patients was analyzed by sequencing the PCR products jhp0917 and jhp0918 on both strands with appropriate primers.

Results:   PCR and hybridization analyses indicated that dupA gene was present in 37.5% (36/96) of H. pylori strains isolated from DU patients and 22.86% (16/70) of functional dyspepsia patients (p  .05). Of these, 35 patients with DU (97.2%) and 14 patients with functional dyspepsia (81.25%) were infected by H. pylori positive for cagA genotype. Furthermore, the presence of dupA was significantly associated with the cagA‐positive genotype (p  .02).

Conclusion:   Results of our study have shown that significant association of dupA gene with DU in this population. The dupA gene can be considered as a novel virulent marker for DU in this population.
Failure of Sequential Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter pylori in Previously Treated Subjects
Authors: Shehada Suhair , Srugo Isaac , Shaoul Ron
Published: September 2010

Background:  Recently, studies in adults and subsequently in children have demonstrated a very high success rate for sequential therapy as a primary therapy when compared to traditional therapy regimens.

Methods:  We report our experience with a sequential therapy regimen for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in five infected children and a young adult, whose conventional therapy regimens had been unsuccessful.

Results:  Five patients failed the sequential therapy. All of them experienced between two and four failures of traditional therapy prior to the sequential treatment protocol. The only patient who succeeded on the sequential therapy had just one previous failure. All of our patients who had failed sequential therapy achieved eradication of the bacteria with quadruple therapy.

Conclusions:  In view of our disappointing results, sequential therapy is unsuccessful as a therapy for children and young adults who have failed previous treatment regimens. At the present time, quadruple therapy is indicated for this group. Well‐designed placebo‐controlled trials are indicated to further characterize this group of patients.
Helicobacter pylori Recurrence in Developed and Developing Countries: Meta‐Analysis of 13C‐Urea Breath Test Follow‐Up after Eradication
Authors: Niv Yaron , Hazazi Rachel
Published: September 2010

Objective:  Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection after eradication is rare in developed countries and more frequent in developing countries. Most recurrent cases are attributed to recrudescence (recolonization of the same strain within 12 months) rather than to reinfection (colonization with a new strain after more than 12 months). The aim of the study was to analyze recurrence rates in developed and developing countries and to deduce the relative roles of recrudescence and reinfection.

Methods:  The PubMed database was searched up to January 31, 2007 using the keywords “Helicobacter pylori” or “H. pylori” and “recurrence” or “recrudescence,” or “reinfection.” Only prospective case studies in adults that used the 13C‐urea breath test (13CUBT) were included. Meta‐analyses were performed with statdirect Statistical software, version 2.6.1, StatsDirect Ltd, Chesire, UK.

Results:  The literature search yielded 10 studies of H. pylori recurrence in developed countries (3014 patients followed for 24–60 months) and 7 studies in developing countries (2071 patients followed for 12–60 months). The calculated annual recurrence rates were 2.67% and 13.00%, respectively. Nested meta‐analysis of cases with a longer follow‐up after eradication revealed an annual recurrence rate of 1.45% (RR 0.54) in developed countries and 12.00% (RR 0.92) in developing countries.

Conclusions:  The similarity of the annual recurrence rates during the first year after eradication and the annual recurrence rates in the second year after successful eradication in developing countries supports reinfection as the main cause in the second period. Therefore, a different approach for follow‐up of H. pylori eradication may be needed between developed and developing countries.
CpG Island Hypermethylation of Tumor‐Suppressor Genes in H. pylori‐Infected Non‐Neoplastic Gastric Mucosa Is Linked with Gastric Cancer Risk
Authors: Kaise Mitsuru , Yamasaki Takuji , Yonezawa Jin , Miwa Jun , Ohta Yasuhiko , Tajiri Hisao
Published: September 2010

Background and aim:  Gastric carcinogenesis involves CpG island hypermethylation (CIHM) of tumor‐suppressor genes. Although the CIHM of these genes occurs in non‐neoplastic gastric cells, it is unclear whether this epigenetic alteration is linked with aging and/or gastric cancer risk. We investigated this linkage in noncancerous gastric mucosa infected with H. pylori.

Subjects and methods:  Noncancerous corpus mucosa was endoscopically obtained from H. pylori‐positive gastric cancer patients (n = 34), and age‐matched H. pylori‐positive noncancerous controls (n = 68). Genomic DNA retrieved from the mucosa was subjected to methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction for p16, Ecad, and DAPK genes. Linkage between CIHM and clinicopathologic factors was evaluated.

Results:  CIHM rates of DAPK, Ecad, and p16 promoters were significantly higher in noncancerous gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients (91, 88, and 68%, respectively) than in noncancerous controls (71, 53, and 25%, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant linkage between CIHM in noncancerous mucosa and coexistence of gastric cancer. Significant linkage between polymorphoneutrophil infiltration and CIHM was observed except for CIHM of p16. No linkage was observed between CIHM and other parameters, including age. High CIHM status (all three tested genes methylated) was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, with an odds ratio of 9.8 (95% confidence interval, 3.8–25.3).

Conclusions:  In a subset of the H. pylori‐infected population, CIHM of tumor‐suppressor genes in noncancerous gastric mucosa is linked with the risk of gastric cancer and polymorphoneutrophil infiltration, but not aging. CIHM is a potential marker of gastric cancer risk.
Sensitivity Testing of Indicators of Ecosystem Health
Authors: De Soyza Amrita G. , Whitford Walter G. , Herrick Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

The sensitivities of three indicators of ecosystem health were evaluated at several sites in the Jornada Basin of the Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico. The size of bare patches, proportion of total grass cover contributed by long‐lived perennial grasses, and soil stability are interdependent indicators of ecosystem functions related to the retention and use of water and nutrients. Sensitivity tests were chosen using data collected along disturbance gradients and then tested using independent, ungrazed exclosures and adjacent grazed pastures. The mean size of bare soil patches was sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. When bare soil patch data were transformed using natural logarithms, the skewness of the frequency distribution weighted by mean bare patch size could be used to indicate early disturbance to the ecosystem. The proportion of total vegetation that was long lived also was sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and appears to be a good indicator of ecosystem degradation. The slake test for soil surface stability was extremely sensitive to disturbance and may serve as an early‐warning indicator of soil degradation for the coarse‐textured soils that were evaluated.
Epilepsy Care in Developing Countries: Part II of II
Authors: Birbeck Gretchen L.
Published: September 2010

Although 80% of people with epilepsy reside in resource poor, developing countries, epilepsy care in these regions remains limited and the majority of epilepsy patients go untreated. Cost-effective, sustainable epilepsy care services, delivering first-line antiepileptic drugs through established primary health care facilities, are needed to decrease these treatment gaps. Neurologists with local experience and knowledge of the culture, who are willing to serve as educators, policy advisors, and advocates, can make a difference. This is Part II of a two-part article. Part I reviewed the burden of epilepsy and the current state of resources for treatment in developing countries, while Part II will now discuss various aspects of care in these countries.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions with Antiepileptic Drugs: Always the Bad Actor or Simply Misunderstood?
Authors: Gidal Barry E.
Published: September 2010

Correlation of Enzyme-Inducing Anticonvulsant Use with Outcome of Patients with Glioblastoma. Jaeckle KA, Ballman K, Furth A, Buckner JC. Neurology 2009;73(15):1207–1213. BACKGROUND: Clinical trials involving patients with glioblastoma (GBM) distinguish cohorts who are treated with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants (EIAC). Such anticonvulsants induce hepatic P450 microsomal enzymes, which accelerate the metabolism of certain chemotherapy and molecular targeted agents. However, the resultant effect of such induction on patient outcome has received limited study. METHODS: We performed a correlative analysis of baseline EIAC use with outcome, using a cross-sectional database of 620 patients with newly diagnosed GBM treated prospectively on North Central Cancer Treatment Group trials. RESULTS: At registration, 72% were receiving treatment with EIAC; 2% were receiving non-EIACs, and the 26% were not receiving anticonvulsants (26%). Surprisingly, in the multivariable Cox model, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) showed a positive correlation with EIAC use (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.75, p = 0.0028 and HR = 0.80, p = 0.022), even after adjustment for the known prognostic factors of age, performance status, extent of resection, steroid use, and baseline neurocognitive function. Specifically, the median OS was longer in EIAC compared with non-EIAC patients (12.3 vs 10.7 months, p = 0.0002). Similarly, PFS was longer in EIAC patients (5.6 vs 4.8 months, p = 0.003). No differences in median OS or PFS were observed when comparing patients with or without a history of seizures at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Paradoxically, enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant (EIAC) use correlated with superior outcome of patients with glioblastoma. These results suggest that in comparative clinical trials testing agents metabolized by P450 microsomal enzymes, treatment arms may need stratification for the proportion of patients receiving EIAC.
Primary and Secondary Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis in the Temporal Lobe: There is a before and an After
Authors: Ben-Ari Yehezkel , Dudek F. Edward
Published: September 2010

Extensive data involving several animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy highlight synaptic alterations that likely act synergistically during acquired epileptogenesis. Most of this research has utilized experimental models in which intense electrical activity in adult animals, primarily involving status epilepticus, causes variable neuronal death in the hippocampus and other temporal lobe structures. Neuronal death, including principal cells and specific interneurons, likely has several roles in epileptogenesis after brain injury. Both reduction of GABA-mediated inhibition from selective interneuron loss and the progressive formation of new recurrent excitatory circuits after death of principal neurons enhance excitability and promote seizures during the development of epilepsy. These epileptogenic circuits hypothetically continue to undergo secondary epileptogenesis, which involves further modifications that contribute to a progressive, albeit variable, increase in the frequency and severity of spontaneous recurrent seizures.
Too Much Inhibition Leads to Excitation in Absence Epilepsy
Authors: Wong Michael
Published: September 2010

Enhanced Tonic GABAA Inhibition in Typical Absence Epilepsy. Cope DW, Di Giovanni G, Fyson SJ, Orbán G, Errington AC, Lorincz ML, Gould TM, Carter DA, Crunelli V. Nat Med 2009;(12):1392–1398. The cellular mechanisms underlying typical absence seizures, which characterize various idiopathic generalized epilepsies, are not fully understood, but impaired γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibition remains an attractive hypothesis. In contrast, we show here that extrasynaptic GABAA receptor–dependent ‘tonic’ inhibition is increased in thalamocortical neurons from diverse genetic and pharmacological models of absence seizures. Increased tonic inhibition is due to compromised GABA uptake by the GABA transporter GAT-1 in the genetic models tested, and GAT-1 is crucial in governing seizure genesis. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are a requirement for seizures in two of the best characterized models of absence epilepsy, and the selective activation of thalamic extrasynaptic GABAA receptors is sufficient to elicit both electrographic and behavioral correlates of seizures in normal rats. These results identify an apparently common cellular pathology in typical absence seizures that may have epileptogenic importance and highlight potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy.
Out of (Dis)order? the Dynamics of Seizure Initiation
Authors: Mathews Gregory C.
Published: September 2010

Network Dynamics During Development of Pharmacologically Induced Epileptic Seizures in Rats in Vivo. Cymerblit-Sabba A, Schiller Y. J Neurosci 2010;30(5):1619–1630. In epilepsy, the cortical network fluctuates between the asymptomatic interictal state and the symptomatic ictal state of seizures. Despite their importance, the network dynamics responsible for the transition between the interictal and ictal states are largely unknown. Here we used multielectrode single-unit recordings from the hippocampus to investigate the network dynamics during the development of seizures evoked by various chemoconvulsants in vivo. In these experiments, we detected a typical network dynamics signature that preceded seizure initiation. The preictal state preceding pilocarpine-, kainate-, and picrotoxin-induced seizures was characterized by biphasic network dynamics composed of an early desynchronization phase in which the tendency of neurons to fire correlated action potentials decreased, followed by a late resynchronization phase in which the activity and synchronization of the network gradually increased. This biphasic network dynamics preceded the initiation both of the initial seizure and of recurrent spontaneous seizures that followed. During seizures, firing of individual neurons and interneuronal synchronization further increased. These findings advance our understanding of the network dynamics leading to seizure initiation and may in future help in the development of novel seizure prediction algorithms.
Interictal Spikes: Memories Forsaken
Authors: Stafstrom Carl E.
Published: September 2010

Hippocampal Interictal Spikes Disrupt Cognition in Rats. Kleen JK, Scott RC, Holmes GL, Lenck-Santini PP. Ann Neurol 2010;67(2):250–257. OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment is common in epilepsy, particularly in memory function. Interictal spikes (IISs) are thought to disrupt cognition, but it is difficult to delineate their contribution from general impairments in memory produced by etiology and seizures. We investigated the transient impact of focal IISs on the hippocampus, a structure crucial for learning and memory and yet highly prone to IISs in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: Bilateral hippocampal depth electrodes were implanted into 14 Sprague-Dawley rats, followed by intrahippocampal pilocarpine or saline infusion unilaterally. Rats that developed chronic spikes were trained in a hippocampal-dependent operant behavior task, delayed-match-to-sample. Depth-electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during 5,562 trials among five rats, and within-subject analyses evaluated the impact of hippocampal spikes on short-term memory operations. RESULTS: Hippocampal spikes that occurred during memory retrieval strongly impaired performance ( p < 0.001). However, spikes that occurred during memory encoding or memory maintenance did not affect performance in those trials. Hippocampal spikes also affected response latency, adding approximately 0.48 seconds to the time taken to respond ( p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: We found that focal IIS-related interference in cognition extends to structures in the limbic system, which required intrahippocampal recordings. Hippocampal spikes seem most harmful if they occur when hippocampal function is critical, extending human studies showing that cortical spikes are most disruptive during active cortical functioning. The cumulative effects of spikes could therefore impact general cognitive functioning. These results strengthen the argument that suppression of IISs may improve memory and cognitive performance in patients with epilepsy.
A Causal Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Risk
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony (Tony)
Published: September 2010

Research on the etiology of chronic pulmonary disease (COPD), an irreversible degenerative lung disease affecting 15% to 20% of smokers, has blossomed over the past half‐century. Profound new insights have emerged from a combination of in vitro and –omics studies on affected lung cell populations (including cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, regulatory CD4+ helper T cells, dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells, goblet cells, and fibroblasts) and extracellular matrix components (especially, elastin and collagen fibers); in vivo studies on wild‐type and genetically engineered mice and other rodents; clinical investigation of cell‐ and molecular‐level changes in asymptomatic smokers and COPD patients; genetic studies of susceptible and rapidly‐progressing phenotypes (both human and animal); biomarker studies of enzyme and protein degradation products in induced sputum, bronchiolar lavage, urine, and blood; and epidemiological and clinical investigations of the time course of disease progression. To this rich mix of data, we add a relatively simple in silico computational model that incorporates recent insights into COPD disease causation and progression. Our model explains irreversible degeneration of lung tissue as resulting from a cascade of positive feedback loops: a macrophage inflammation loop, a neutrophil inflammation loop, and an alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis loop. Unrepaired damage results in clinical symptoms. The resulting model illustrates how to simplify and make more understandable the main aspects of the very complex dynamics of COPD initiation and progression, as well as how to predict the effects on risk of interventions that affect specific biological responses.
Illustrating Risk: Anaphylaxis Through the Eyes of the Food‐Allergic Child
Authors: Fenton Nancy Elizabeth , Elliott Susan J. , Cicutto Lisa , Clarke Ann E. , Harada Laurie , McPhee Elizabeth
Published: September 2010

The risk perception research is widely focused on children as targets of risk. To date, very few studies have consulted with the impacted group to assess the perceptions of risk associated with the exposures of interest. Much less research has investigated the experiences of children at risk for anaphylaxis, their concerns, and the psychosocial stresses associated with risk. The present study explores the perceptions and experiences of Ontario students with anaphylaxis, and their parents regarding school as a safe place in order to inform school policy around risk management and coping. A “child‐centered” analytical framework incorporating illustrative techniques within interpretative analysis is outlined. Five prominent themes: (a) social and environmental barriers to safety, (b) coping strategies, (c) emotional burden of responsibility, (d) balance of responsibility (transitions), and (e) redefining “normal” are discussed. Results found that “child‐centered” techniques empowered children in a process that is meaningful and relevant to their lives. A preliminary framework for understanding what risk means to children highlighted the differences in how they cope in the public sphere of school.
A Feminist Lutheran Substantive Christology: Method and Methodology
Authors: Streufert Mary J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  From a Euro‐American feminist perspective, not only the methods of North American ‘mainstream’ Christology but also of much feminist Christology needs refinement. The former must take into account the context of feminist consciousness, with particular attention to experience. The latter must reclaim kerygma and dogma. Drawn from history, kerygma, dogma, and experience, feminist Lutheran Christology is substantive, meaning that Jesus Christ is fully human and fully divine and sufficient for salvation.
LA GEOGRAPHIE DE RAOUL BLANCHARD
Authors: Hamelin Louis‐Edmond
Published: September 2010

Raoul Blanchard, one of the Honorary Presidents of the Canadian Association of Geographers, has certainly made a most voluminous contribution to geography. His writing alone covers 15,000 pages, much of it on French Canada. He has also enjoyed a remarkable professional career: his teaching, mainly at Grenoble, France, and his concurrent research on the Western Alps and on the heartland of French Canada each in themselves constitute an outstanding achievement. In the province of Quebec, Blanchard's influence on the development of the field of geography has been profound.

The principal concern of this article is with Blanchard's concept of a geographer. This consideration necessitates an evaluation of Blanchard's definition of geography, the specific character of his “schools,” the class of people he wrote for, as well as an examination of his methods of teaching, of research. and of writing. To do this, the writer reviews Blanchard's books with the following: questions in mind: What is Blanchard's meaning of the term “géographie régionale” of which he is said to be a “maitre”? Does he, during his career of sixty years, keep the same approach to his science? Is he the “perfect geographer,” or simply an outstanding representative of a glorious period in the history of French geography?
THE EMPIRICAL STRUCTURE OF URBAN SYSTEMS: THE LONDON, ONTARIO, EXAMPLE
Authors: Muncaster Russell
Published: September 2010

Since the early 1950s there have been numerous studies which have attempted to determine the hierarchical structure of urban‐place systems. Although Harris and Ullman identified three general city‐forming functions, namely central place, transportation, and specialized, most urban‐place system studies since have been based on a measure of the central‐place function. Pred emphasizes the problem in his recent work, City Systems in Advanced Economies. He used the term “city systems” because his study is of the complete system and not just the central‐place portion of the system. I chose for this study the term “urban‐place system” for the same reason, but used “urban‐place” rather than “city” because the system contains towns, villages, and hamlets as well as cities.
L‘ŒUVRE DE PAUL VIDAL DE LA BLACHE: NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
Authors: Andrews Howard F.
Published: September 2010

Note de rédacteurs: À l'occasion du vingt‐cinquième Congrès International de Géographie à Paris en 1984, plus d'un demi‐siecle depuis que l'ugi se soit rassemblée dans cette ville ‐ le siège de Vidal de la Blache pendant quarante ans de sa vie professionelle ‐ il a paru tout convenable aux rédacteurs du Géographe canadien de faire hommage, quoique modeste, à cet homme illustre, un des plus célèbres géographes de l'histoire de notrc discipline. Plutôt qu'une réflexion générate sur sa pensée ou même une étude critique sur quelques‐unes de ses ouvrages ‐ il y en a bien assez déjà ‐ il nous a paru plus désirable de faire une contribution concrète aux études vidaliennes et aux outils de recherche sur l'histoire de la géographie franchise. Nous espérons que les notes et la bibliographie qui suivent aideront à relever l'intérêt et la qualité de la recherche dans ce domaine.
OPTIMISATION DU TRACÉ D'UN CORRIDOR ROUTIER DANS LA RÉGION DU RIF AU MAROC DANS LE CONTEXTE DE LA LIAISON FIXE EUROPE‐AFRIQUE À L'AIDE D'UN SIG
Authors: FOULADI ABDERRAHMAN EL , MARCEAU DANIELLE J.
Published: September 2010

Cet article décrit une méthodologie basée sur l'utilisation d'un système d'information géographique (SIG) pour l'identification d'un corridor routier optimal dans la région du Rif au Maroc. L'optimisation a été réalisée en appliquant l'approche de propagation de l'onde frontale sur une surface de coûts cumulés en utilisant la pente comme contrainte dominante. Différents tests ont ensuite été réalisés afin de vérifier la faisabilité du corridor en fonction des caractéristiques physiographiques de la région de même que son efficacitéà contribuer au désenclavement du Rif, à mettre en valeur ses potentialités économiques et à améliorer le transit international de l'Europe vers l'Afrique du Nord. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de démontrer l'intérêt de construire une rocade autoroutière à travers le Rif. Les fonctions d'intégration de données multi‐sources, d'analyse spatiale et de cartographie d'un SIG se sont révélées particulièrement efficaces pour ce genre d'étude qui peut être généralisée à d'autres contextes.

This paper describes the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify an optimal corridor for the construction of a highway in the Rif region, in Morocco. The optimization is based on the front wave propagation approach, where slope was used as the dominant constraint. Different tests were conducted to verify the feasibility of the corridor in relation to the physiographic characteristics of the region and its efficiency in enhancing the economic potential of the Rif and in facilitating the international traffic between Europe and North Africa. The results demonstrated the numerous advantages of building a highway along the Mediterranean Sea. The analytical functions of a GIS, for the integration of multisource data, spatial analysis, and cartography, were particularly efficient in conducting a study like this, which can be adapted to other contexts.
Geographies of criminal victimization in Canada
Authors: SHARPE BOB
Published: September 2010

This paper provides a summary review and analysis of some of the recent literature on the geography of crime and criminal victimization, especially as it relates to Canada. The topic is approached from a risk perspective focussing on human vulnerability to criminal victimization. The analysis reveals divergent perspectives in the literature. On one hand, the most readily accessible literature is that of the dominant geographical representation of crime in Canada which is found in the official reports of the criminal justice system, media reports, and social science texts. This perspective concentrates on offences and maps of the spatial distribution of crime. On the other hand, there is a less integrated literature which is both critical of, and complementary to, the dominant view. This literature emphasizes the victims of crime and gives particular attention to the role of local context and community in conditioning human vulnerability. These different perspectives reflect a fundamental spatial tension between a criminal justice system which attempts to manage the hazards of criminal activity through technocratic, large scale, and centralized practices, and the need and desire of individuals and communities to maintain some degree of local control over their own vulnerability and public safety.

Cet article nous donne un bref résumé ainsi qu'une analyse de certains ouvrages traitant de la géographie du crime et de la “victimisation criminelle” dans une perspective canadienne. Le sujet est abordé du point de vue du risque et plus particulièrement sur celui du sentiment de vulnérabilité face à la “victimisation criminelle.” L'analyse met en évidence deux perspectives divergentes dans ce domaine. D'une part le matériel le plus accessible traite sans doute de la répartition du crime à travers le Canada, telle qu'elle apparaît dans les rapports officiels du système pénal, dans les médias et les manuels de sciences sociales. Cette approche tend à s'attacher aux crimes et à leur distribution géographique. D'autre part, il existe des ouvrages de perspective beaucoup plus mixtes qui sont à la fois critiques, mais adhèrent aussi à l'opinion prévalente. Ces derniers s'intéressent davantage aux victimes du crime et insistent tout particulièrement sur le rôle du contexte local et de celui de la communauté dans le conditionnement de la vulnérabilité chez l'individu. Ces différentes perspectives reflètent la tension fondamentale qui existe entre une justice pénale tentant de gérer les risques associés à la criminalité grâce à des mesures centralisées, purement technocratiques, exécutées à grande échelle. Elles reflètent aussi à la fois le besoin et le désir des individus et des communautés de vouloir exercer un certain contrôle sur leur propre vulnérabilité et sur leur sécurité publique.
Changing Constructions of Machismo for Latino Men in Therapy: “The Devil Never Sleeps”
Authors: FALICOV CELIA JAES
Published: September 2010

This paper presents current narratives about masculinity that question simplistic negative stereotypes of machismo for Latino heterosexual men. Various models of masculinity within Latino cultures are described using evidence from ethnographic studies, research data, and clinical observation. Therapeutic advantages of including positive cultural masculine traits such as respect and dignity are illustrated with an extensive case study. The case highlights contradictions in the coexistence of constructions of masculinity and traces progressive stages for transforming these constructions. In this strength‐based approach, attention is directed to elements of cultural memory that reclaim a strong relational ethic present in the indigenous cultures. “Within the culture” definitions of masculinity contribute alternative constructions toward a more empowering cultural narrative for Latino men than the usual negative stereotypes.
Positioning Oneself Within an Epistemology: Refining Our Thinking About Integrative Approaches
Authors: DICKERSON VICTORIA C.
Published: September 2010

Integrative approaches seem to be paramount in the current climate of family therapy and other psychotherapies. However, integration between and among theories and practices can only occur within a specific epistemology. This article makes a distinction between three different epistemologies: individualizing, systems, and poststructural. It then makes the argument that one can integrate theories within epistemologies and one can adopt practices and some theoretical concepts across theories and across epistemologies, but that it is impossible to integrate theories across epistemologies. It further states that although social constructionism has influenced much of contemporary psychological thinking, because of the divergence between a structural and a poststructural approach, constructionism looks different depending upon one's epistemological stance. Examples of integration within epistemologies and of what looks like integration across epistemologies (but is not) further illustrate these important distinctions. The conclusions reached here are crucial to our philosophical considerations, our pedagogical assumptions, and implications for both research and a reflexive clinical practice.
The Making of Mexican Migrant Youth Civic Identities: Transnational Spaces and Imaginaries
Authors: DeJaeghere Joan G. , McCleary Kate S.
Published: September 2010

This article examines how Mexican youth's civic identities are being made in school and community settings in relation to discourses and practices of immigration. Taking a transnational approach, we argue that Mexican youth civic identities are an embodiment of security and fear, freedom and vulnerability. The discourse and practices of immigration essentialize their identities racially, while the youth seek to negotiate and create alternative identities. [civic identities, transnationalism, immigration, Mexican youth]
Teachers as Language‐Policy Actors: Contending with the Erasure of Lesser‐Used Languages in Schools
Authors: Brown Kara
Published: September 2010

On the basis of an ethnographic study of the Võro‐language revitalization in Estonia, this article explores the way teachers function as policy actors in the broader context of the school. As policy actors, the language teachers' appropriation of regional–language policy helps simultaneously to reproduce and challenge existing ideologies in the school environment. I explore the teachers' understandings of their power and freedom to inform their navigation of the circumscribed choices offered in a post‐Soviet educational system. [language, anthropology of policy, teachers, Baltic]
Redescription of Favella ehrenbergii (Claparède and Lachmann, 1858) Jörgensen, 1924 (Ciliophora: Choreotrichia), with Phylogenetic Analyses Based on Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: KIM SUN YOUNG , YANG EUN JIN , GONG JUN , CHOI JOONG KI
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. The identification of Favella ehrenbergii, a marine planktonic ciliate, has largely been based on its lorica features. This approach is potentially problematic given the polymorphic lorica during this organism's life cycle. We isolated a population of F. ehrenbergii from the coastal waters of Incheon, Korea, and revealed its infraciliature using the protargol staining method. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences was also performed. Results showed that this population possessed 16 collar membranelles (CM) and about 100 somatic kineties. These features are highly conserved, even in later dividers. As such, the number of CM and somatic kineties can be used as key characteristics for identification of Favella species.
Advanced Airway Management Does Not Improve Outcome of Out‐of‐hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Arslan Hanif M. , Kaji Amy H. , Niemann James T.
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:926–931 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Background:  The goal of out‐of‐hospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) is to reduce mortality and morbidity for patients with airway and ventilatory compromise. Yet several studies, mostly involving trauma patients, have demonstrated similar or worse neurologic outcomes and survival‐to‐hospital discharge rates after out‐of‐hospital ETI. To date, there is no study comparing out‐of‐hospital ETI to bag‐valve‐mask (BVM) ventilation for the outcome of survival to hospital discharge among nontraumatic adult out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) patients.

Objectives:  The objective was to compare survival to hospital discharge among adult OOHCA patients receiving ETI to those managed with BVM.

Methods:  In this retrospective cohort study, the records of all OOHCA patients presenting to a municipal teaching hospital from November 1, 1994, through June 30, 2008, were reviewed. The type of field airway provided, age, sex, race, rhythm on paramedic arrival, presence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), whether the arrest was witnessed, site of arrest, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission, comorbid illnesses, and survival to hospital discharge were noted. A univariate odds ratio (OR) was first computed to describe the association between the type of airway and survival to hospital discharge. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for rhythm, bystander CPR, and whether the arrest was witnessed.

Results:  A cohort of 1,294 arrests was evaluated. A total of 1,027 (79.4%) received ETI, while 131 (10.1%) had BVM, 131 (10.1%) had either a Combitube or an esophageal obturator airway, and five (0.4%) had incomplete prehospital records. Fifty‐five of 1,294 (4.3%) survived to hospital discharge; there were no survivors in the Combitube/esophageal obturator airway cohort. Even after multivariable adjustment for age, sex, site of arrest, bystander CPR, witnessed arrest, and rhythm on paramedic arrival, the OR for survival to hospital discharge for BVM versus ETI was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3–8.9; p<0.0001).

Conclusions:  In this cohort, when compared to BVM ventilation, advanced airway methods were associated with decreased survival to hospital discharge among adult nontraumatic OOHCA patients.
Tenderness and Steadiness: Relating Job and Interpersonal Demands and Resources With Burnout and Physical Symptoms of Stress in Canadian Physicians
Authors: Lee Raymond T. , Lovell Brenda L. , Brotheridge Céleste M.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the extent to which job and interpersonal demands and resources are associated with burnout and physical symptoms of stress among Canadian physicians. Using the job demands‐resources (JD‐R) model, we predicted that demands would be more strongly related to emotional exhaustion and physical symptoms, whereas resources would be more strongly related to personal accomplishment and decreased depersonalization. The findings reveal that communication skills and emotional labor contributed to the explained variances beyond workload and work–life conflict (as job demands), as well as autonomy, predictability, and understanding (as job resources). The predictors were differentially associated with the outcome variables in a manner that is consistent with the JD‐R model. Implications for physician well‐being and improved patient outcomes are discussed.
The Dynamic Processes of Influence Between Contextual and Situational Motivation: A Test of the Hierarchical Model in a Science Education Setting
Authors: Lavigne Geneviève L. , Vallerand Robert J.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the present research was to identify some of the psychological processes through which changes in contextual motivation toward science courses can occur. In line with the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Vallerand, 1997), it is proposed that much of the changes in contextual motivation toward science are induced by repeated changes in situational motivation toward science‐related activities. Furthermore, situational motivation itself is determined by one's contextual motivation. Finally, contextual science motivation should predict intentions of taking future science classes and pursuing a science career. Participants were high school students engaged in science courses. A longitudinal design with 5 measurement time points was used. Overall, the results of structural equation modeling analyses supported the hypotheses.
The Motivational Impact of Perceived Control on Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Kidwell Blair , Jewell Robert D.
Published: September 2010

This research explores the moderated influence of perceived control and its underlying motivational processes. Perceptions of control can change one's motivation to engage in deliberative or nondeliberative processing when forming a behavioral intention. Studies were designed to test the moderated relationships of perceived control on decision theoretic variables (Study 1), to provide experimental evidence of differences in processing relative to levels of perceived control (Study 2), and to examine how levels of control induce motivation to engage cognitive resources toward a decision (Study 3). Findings support predictions that lower vs. higher levels of control result in the formation of behavioral intention based on deliberative rather than nondeliberative processing. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Political Partisan Prejudice: Selective Distortion and Weighting of Evaluative Categories in College Admissions Applications
Authors: Munro Geoffrey D. , Lasane Terell P. , Leary Scott P.
Published: September 2010

Two methods by which people make prejudicial yet justifiable judgments were assessed in a simulated college admissions paradigm in which participants evaluated 2 applications. In the preference condition, the stronger applicant was described as a member of a different political party than the participant. In the control condition, no political party was indicated. Supporting a political partisan prejudice effect, among strong partisans, the stronger applicant was favored in the control condition, but the weaker applicant was favored in the preference condition. No effect was found for weak partisans. Additionally, participants supported their biases by altering the importance of (Study 1) and distorting the strength of (Study 2) different types of application information.
The effect of undergraduate education in communication skills: a randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Haak Rainer , Rosenbohm Jakob , Koerfer Armin , Obliers Rainer , Wicht Michael J.
Published: September 2010

Purpose:  To determine whether students improve their communication skills as a result of supervised patient care and whether a newly implemented communication course could further improve these skills.

Method:  We conducted a randomised, controlled trial including all participants of the first clinical treatment course (n = 26) between October 2006 and February 2007. Randomisation was balanced by gender and basic communication skills. The test group practised dentist‐patient communication skills in small groups with role‐plays and videotaped real patient interviews, whereas the control group learned in problem‐based workshops both on a weekly basis. Before and after the interventions (two group pre‐ and post‐design) all students conducted two interviews with simulated patients. The encounters were rated using a 10‐item checklist derived from the Calgary–Cambridge Observation Guide I.

Results:  Repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05) showed a significant difference of the sum scores of the ratings between test and control group (P = 0.004). The participants educated in communication skills improved significantly (Δ = +14.9; P = 0.004), whereas in the control group no accretion of practical communication competence was observed (Δ = −3.9; P = 0.23).

Conclusion:  It could be demonstrated that solely interacting with patients during a clinical treatment course did not inevitably improve professional communication skills. In contrast, implementation of a course in communication skills improved the practical competence in dentist‐patient interaction.
Reasons for choosing dentistry as a career by Arab dental students
Authors: Al‐Bitar Z. B. , Sonbol H. N. , Al‐Omari I. K.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for choosing dentistry as a career in an Arab population of undergraduate dental students in Jordan. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to dental students from year 1 to 5 at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Jordan in Amman. The questionnaire comprised 31 items and the students were required to rate the importance of each item for selecting dentistry as a career on a 10 point scale. Parametric tests were used to investigate if statistically significant differences existed between scores for different groups. The response rate for the study was 79% (477 out of 604 students recruited). Two hundred and twenty one students (46%) had dentistry as a first choice. Prestige was given a maximum score by 44.4% of the students recruited and a similar number of students, 43.6% gave a maximum score to the factor representing helping people. There were slight differences in the motivation between male and females with males more motivated by financial factors. It was concluded that ‘prestige’ and ‘helping people’ were important motivating factors in this group of dental students.
Appearance of chemically treated root canal walls in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: KOSKINEN KARI P. , MEURMAN JUKKA H. , STENVALL HANNELE
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

The dissolving effects of seven endodontic solutions on unprepared root canal walls of young intact human premolars were evaluated with the scanning electron microscope. After incubation at 37°C in distilled water or isotonic saline for 10 min the predentinal surfaces showed no changes as compared with untreated controls. The demineralizers Decal® and Largal Ultra® had little effect on the organic tissues but caused some decalcification where mineralized dentin was exposed. Nelex® caused concentration‐dependent coagulation of the residual pulp tissue, making typical ring structures on the surfaces. Sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% and 5.0% dissolved most of the predentin, exposing the globular appearance of the mineralizing front. Salvizol® produced small globules on otherwise intact surfaces. Dissolution of both the organic and inorganic tissue of the root canal wall would require the combined use of two of the solutions studied.
Effect of Zn and Mg on the formation of whitlockite in human subgingival calculus
Authors: KNUUTTILA MATTI , LAPPALAINEN ROLF , KONTTURI‐NÄRHI VUOKKO
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

X‐ray diffraction analyses were carried out from pooled samples of old subgingival calculus. Also the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, Sr, Pb, Fe and Cu from these samples were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The comparison of the samples containing almost the same Zn concentration and two different concentrations of Mg (9 mg/g and 16 mg/g) showed an increase of 2. 0. 10 and 220 whitlockite reflections with an increasing Mg concentration. The increase of Mg concentration shifted whitlockite reflections suggesting a contraction of a‐axis. The increase of Zn concentration showed an increase of 2. 0. 10 and 220 reflections indicating the fitness of Zn into the laitice of whitlockite. No changes of a‐axis were detectable. When comparing all diffractograms and the results obtained from chemical analyses, the presence of Zn‐Mg‐whitlockite proved evident.
Pulmonary deposition following inhalation of chromium‐cobalt grinding dust in rats and distribution in other tissues
Authors: BRUNE DAG , KJÆRHEIM ASMUND , PAULSEN GUNNAR , BELTESBREKKE HANS
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

Twenty rats were exposed to dust particles of chromium‐cobalt alloy abrasives produced in dental material handling. The exposure was carried out in chambers for periods up to 107 days at concentrations of particulate matter of about 10‐50 mg/m3. The content of chromium and cobalt in autopsy specimens of lung, liver, kidney and trachea was measured with nuclear techniques. The alloy particles were found to be markedly accumulated in lung tissue. Increased levels of chromium and cobalt were also observed in the trachea. In addition, a moderate increase of cobalt in liver and kidney was demonstrated. The lungs of six exposed rats were examined microscopically. The main part of the dust particles was observed within macrophages. Only a minor fraction of particles were seen in the bronchial lumen close to the epithelial surface. The majority of dust‐filled macrophages were located in groups within the bronchial wall or in the interstitium close to the terminal broncheoli. No fibrosis, dysplasia or tumor formation occurred. No acute adverse effects in the lungs were observed.