bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of a dietary supplement of protected fat on the yield and composition of milk from ewes receiving different levels of fish meal in their diet
Authors: Kovessy M. , Robinson J.J. , Lough A.K. , Aitken R.P.
Published: June 2019

Perez Hernandez, Robinson, Aitken and Fraser (1986) showed that the addition of a protected lipid to the diet of lactating ewes increased the fat content of their milk but had little effect on milk yield. The effects on milk composition were reflected in an improvement of approximately 10 per cent in lamb growth rate. In the experiments of Perez Hernandez et al. the response to the lipid supplement was tested using a diet with a high content of undegraded dietary protein. We now report the results of an experiment in which the response of lactating ewes to a ‘protected’ lipid was tested at three levels of protein intake. We also present data from a second experiment carried out to investigate the influence of the ‘protected’ lipid on the fatty acid composition of the ewe's milk.
Food Additives for Growing Cattle
Authors: Thomas S. , Mackie C. K.
Published: June 2019

Food additives are used to increase growth rate by young growing cattle in their first winter before being turned out to graze. Evidence indicates that increased gains may not be retained through the grazing season. A trial was made to measure the effect of food additives on the performance of young growing cattle during winter and subsequently through the grazing season. Sixty British Friesian castrated male calves were offered grass silage ad libitum (DM 198g/kg; ME l0.0MJ/kg DM; CP 130g/kg DM) supplemented with either bruised barley or dried, molassed sugar beet pulp.
The effect of molasses intake on rumen pH and degradability of hay dry matter in sheep
Authors: Brunnen Jeannie M , Glvens D I
Published: June 2019

Cane molasses (CM) a by-product of sugar production, provides a relatively cheap means of increasing the energy content of ruminant diets. It is commonly thought that dietary concentrations of CM above about 200g/kg of the dry matter (DM) intake will lead to a reduction in rumen pH and hence have a depressant effect on forage digestibility. Recent work in vivo at the FEU and in vitro (ref 1) has suggested that there is an interaction between forage and CM, and indeed the in vitro experiment found evidence that increasing the proportion of CM actually enhanced the digestibility of the mixture. A further experiment was therefore conducted to monitor rumen pH and measure the degradability of hay DM in sheep fed increasing levels of molasses.
Les Manuscrits de Montfaucon et l'Édition de S. Jean Chrysostome
Authors: Leroy F. J.
Published: June 2019

Un certain nombre de scholars Américains ont songé à aborder une nouvelle édition de S. Jean Chrysostome. Il nous semble donc intéressant de publier ces notes sommaires sur les papiers de Montfaucon conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, dans le fonds du Supplément grec. Ces papiers avaient naguère été mis à profit par le P. Wenger (Introduction à son édition de Huit catéchèses baptismales inédites [Sources Chrétiennes 50; Paris 1957] 17, par exemple) et lui avaient permis d'éclairer M. Richard sur quelques questions de la tradition manuscrite d'Astérius le Sophiste (voir Commentariorum in Psalmos quae supersunt edidit M. Richard [Symbolae Osloenses, Suppl. 16 [1956], Introduction).
Eschatology in the Anonymous Old English Homilies
Authors: Gatch Milton McC.
Published: June 2019

The vernacular homilies of pre-conquest England fall into two clear groups: homilies whose authorship is unknown and which are generally considered to have been written by the middle of the tenth century and the sermon collections of Abbot Ælfric of Eynsham and Archbishop Wulfstan II of York which were written,ca.990–1020, under the influence of the Benedictine reform.
The Quest of Seth, Solomon's Ship and the Grail
Authors: Quinn Esther Casier
Published: June 2019

A considerable amount of work has been done recently on Malory. This interest in the author ofThe Tale of King Arthurhas been related in part to the advances in Arthurian scholarship which have formed a major portion of medieval studies in this century. In the whole Arthurian field perhaps no area has been so persistently studied as the legend of the holy grail.
Fourteenth-Century Hospitaller Lawyers
Authors: Luttrell Anthony
Published: June 2019

Most of the Hospitallers of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who seized Rhodes between 1306 and 1310 and thereafter defended it against the infidels, came from knightly or petty noble families which gave them little formal education; probably many were illiterate. They were well fitted to garrison castles and serve on crusading expeditions in the Levant, and to administer the extensive European estates on which the Order relied for the men and money necessary to maintain its position at Rhodes. The more outstanding brethren were often employed as royal or papal councillors and captains, but they were not normally intellectuals. Faced with the complex legal problems arising from their relationships and disputes with popes, bishops and secular powers, the Hospitallers had to rely on hired professional lawyers. It appeared during the trial of the French Templars, whose background was similar to that of the Hospitallers, that the Master of the Temple was illiterate, that only a few Templars knew Latin, and that their lack of expert legal knowledge prevented them from defending themselves properly in the various inquests and trials which culminated in the dissolution of their Order in 1312. For their part, the Hospitallers' own disadvantages at law must have become especially clear to them during the protracted legal quarrels which ensued in the decades after 1312, when they tried to secure possession of the lands of the Templars which had been transferred to them by the pope. The Hospitallers must also have felt the burden of the heavy fees they had to pay their lawyers.
1. Note on Cystine
Authors: Dewar James
Published: June 2019

The following observations on Cystine are a continuation of those formerly communicated to the Society by Dr Arthur Gamgee and myself, during the course of the Session 1869–70, and reprinted with addition in the ‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology’ for that year; and although really little of a novel nature to present to the Society, still it is necessary to show some additional facts have been observed tending towards the synthesis of this interesting substance.
On the evaluation of
Authors: Wilson R.
Published: June 2019

It is not perhaps generally realised that the special bilinear substitution , used to reduce the integral
Early postoperative interventional aortic valve closure for severe aortic regurgitation in a neonate after Norwood procedure
Authors: Dilber Daniel , Eicken Andreas , Cleuziou Julie
Published: June 2019

A neonate presented with signs of heart failure early after a Norwood procedure, due to increase of aortic and mitral valve regurgitation. Because repeated surgery was considered risky, we closed the aortic valve by catheter intervention with an Amplatzer Duct Occluder. Aortic regurgitation was abolished almost completely and the child improved. Unfortunately, 2 weeks after discharge, the patient died suddenly.
Catheter ablation of left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia in children with limited fluoroscopy exposure
Authors: Koca Serhat , Akdeniz Celal , Karacan Mehmet , Tuzcu Volkan
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

Catheter ablation of left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia in the pediatric population remains challenging, and most studies about this topic have been conducted on adult patients. This study aimed to assess the clinical presentation features and outcomes of catheter ablations performed using limited fluoroscopy with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system guidance in a pediatric left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia patient group.

Methods:

A total of 20 consecutive patients undergoing left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia ablation at a single tertiary centre were enrolled. All children with left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia underwent electrophysiological studies using the EnSite NavX system guidance. Ablations were performed during the sinus rhythm based on the Purkinje potentials in all patients.

Results:

The mean patient age was 12.7 years (range 2–16), and the mean patient weight was 51 kg (range 11–84). The mean procedure and median fluoroscopy times were 143.1 minutes and 3.4 minutes, respectively. No fluoroscopy was used in three patients. Acute success was achieved in 19 patients (95%). During a mean follow-up of 38.6 ± 19.35 months, left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia recurred in four patients (20%). Repeat ablations were performed successfully in those patients who developed recurrences. No complications were seen.

Conclusions:

Catheter ablation of left posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia in children can be performed safely and effectively with low fluoroscopy exposure using a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system.
Inferring substrate preferences from test morphology in echinoids, and interpreting spatial and temporal patterns of diversity
Authors: Carter Burchard D.
Published: June 2019

Preservational style of fossil echinoid tests allows assessment of the likelihood of post-mortem transport out of the preferred sediment type of the living echinoid. Sedimentologic study of the matrix of untransported specimens allows a check on functional morphologic inferences of the species' preferred sediment types. Functional morphologic analysis allows inference of a species preferred sediment type because the petals, fasciolaes, tubercles, ambulacral pores, ambulacral shape, and test profile control the echinoid's ability to burrow, and the grain size of sediment into which it is capable of doing so. Past studies have achieved better than 90% accuracy in predicting the grain size of thin sections of rocks containing echinoids, simply by interpretation of their functional morphology. Most mistaken predictions are attributable to species living in sediments that are less difficult to burrow in (sands) than those to which they are adapted (muds). Other species may live in sediments in which they are not well adapted by assuming an epifaunal mode of life.

Relative proportions of species in an echinoid fauna preferring various sediment grain sizes, plotted for each of a number of localities, has proven useful in inferring generalized facies patterns within regions.

Plots of temporal changes in echinoid species diversity through time correspond well to changes in proportions of species inferred to have preferred various substrate conditions, suggesting an environmental and taphonomic component to simple diversity curves.
Echinoderm phylogeny: how congruent are morphological and molecular estimates?
Authors: Smith Andrew B.
Published: June 2019

Single data sets, whether derived from morphological or molecular evidence, provide one-off estimates of the correct phylogeny. Their reliability can only be gauged by statistical approaches such as bootstrapping or clade decay, but these test only whether there are sufficient characters in the data matrix to justify the groupings identified. They do not test whether the characters themselves are reliable. Consequently, confidence in the correctness of phylogenetic interpretations comes primarily from discovering the same (or statistically indistinguishable) patterns from independent data sets.

Congruence studies are most advanced for echinoids, where four independent data sets (two morphological and two molecular) provide strong corroboration for a single phylogenetic scheme. Analysis of all four data sets combined generates a highly robust hypothesis of relationships. The situation is very different for asteroids. Two analyses based on morphological data have reached very different conclusions. Three independent molecular data sets also have been compiled, but none has a statistically reliable signal concerning higher taxon relationships. Even combining all three molecular data sets fails to generate a statistically robust solution, implying that the major lines of asteroids diverged rapidly from one another. For ophiuroids, both morphological and molecular data generate topologies that for the most part lack statistical robustness. There is currently no cladistic analysis of holothurian relationships based on morphological data, and only a few taxa have been sequenced. The molecular data is, however, congruent and does permit an initial assessment of relationships. Nothing definite can be deduced about crinoid relationships since even fewer molecular sequences are known and morphological analysis remains sketchy.

Class-level relationships derived from two morphological and two molecular data sets also show considerable congruence, though a single definitive solution has yet to emerge.
Introduction to Radiometric Dating
Authors: Miller Brent V.
Published: June 2019

Radiometric dating of rocks and minerals to constrain the age of the Earth, timing of geological events and paleobiological histories has its roots in the works of nuclear physicists of the early Nineteenth Century during the period of discovery of radioactivity and investigations into the nature of the atom. The intervening years since have seen great progress in using the long-lived radioactive elements to constrain the origin and evolution of the Earth and to place the rock and fossil record into a consistent, numerically quantifiable temporal framework.

U-Th-Pb and40Ar/39Ar dating methods have emerged as the primary tools for calibrating most of Earth history. It is important for all geoscientists to appreciate the physical basis underlying these methods and to have the ability to evaluate dates by means of currently accepted practices of data presentation. This introduction, along with the accompanying chapters, is intended to help the consumers of radiometric dates to understand better the uses and limitations of radiometric dating methods in an effort to tailor methods and techniques to address specific geochronologic needs, including calibration of the geologic time scale.

The ultimate goal of a fully calibrated rock record remains an on-going endeavor. The 2004 ICS geologic time scale is the latest compilation of those efforts. The numerical age calibration is constrained by only 213 radiometric dates, the vast majority of which are U-Pb and40Ar/39Ar dates. Radiometric age control is not evenly distributed through geologic time. There are virtually no radiometric dates in the late Cenozoic where magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphic methods are more precise and applicable. Radiometric dating efforts are concentrated on biostratigraphically important segments of the rock record such as the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary events, and this is reflected in high-precision calibration of these boundaries. Large segments of geologic time, however, are constrained by either a few radiometric dates per chronostratigraphic unit (most of the Paleozoic) or none at all (Upper Triassic). The current status of radiometric age control on the rock record largely reflects real, underlying scientific issues in biostratigraphy and geochronology, and thus can help point the way to fruitful lines of collaboration between paleontologists, stratigraphers, and geochronologists.
Composite Time Lines: A Means to Leverage Resolving Power from Radioisotopic Dates and Biostratigraphy
Authors: Sadler Peter M.
Published: June 2019

Species origination and extinction events far outnumber radioisotopically dated events in the ancient stratigraphic record. In order to calibrate rapid rates of Mesozoic and Paleozoic change and to estimate the ages of paleobiologic events it would be ideal to have multiple dated events in single stratigraphic sections. This condition is rarely realized and the practical alternative is to build composite sections that combine information from many different locations. The compositing process takes advantage of all available evidence of relative age to produce high resolution time lines; i.e. ordered sequences of individual events whose average spacing is much finer than the duration of biostratigraphic zones and can approach the uncertainty intervals of the highest precision radioisotopic dates. Dated events are included in the compositing process from the outset. As a result the sequencing procedure is more efficient and the dated events find their optimal positions in the time line independent of any biostratigraphic zonal schemes. The sequencing procedures follow simple logical rules that may be learned from tiny data sets. When usefully large numbers of events are involved, however, the sequencing must be undertaken by computer and there is seldom a unique solution that best fits the field data. The range of positions in sequence that an event may occupy across the full set of equally best-fit solutions is a measure of the resolving power of the event. As new high-precision dates and detailed range charts continue to become available, the quality of the time lines will improve and they will become increasingly viable alternatives to zonal time scales in the older parts of the Phanerozoic.
Perspectives on the Evolution and Diversification of the Diatoms
Authors: Julius Matthew L.
Published: June 2019

The understanding of diatom evolution has progressed greatly over the last two decades. Existing data sets have been reanalyzed, new data sets have been generated, and new tools have been employed. Hindering progress is the seemingly endless number of diatom species remaining to be described and relative small number of investigators active in the field. This problem is further confounded by the dramatic reorganization of generic level classification in the group. Despite these problems, many conclusions can be made about prior hypotheses concerning the group's development. Most notably, the origin of the diatoms can be bracketed between the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic using fossil record and molecular clock estimates. This combination of techniques has also provided consensus and clarification to the origin and duration of specific lineages enhancing our understanding of the group's diversification, early ecology, and evolutionary relationships.
Applications of Commonly Used Numerical Techniques in Diatom-Based Paleoecology
Authors: Cumming Brian F. , Moser Katrina A.
Published: June 2019

Applications of commonly used numerical techniques in diatom-based paleoecology are reviewed including: approaches used to model diatom taxa to important limnological variables; ordination and other commonly used multivariate approaches; and the myriad of approaches that are now being explored to infer environmental variables based on diatom assemblages.

Modelling the response of individual diatom taxa to limnologically important variables is consistent with ecological theory and has been largely accomplished using approaches based on generalized linear models. These techniques have established that strong and significant relationships exist between the numerically dominant diatom taxa and important limnological variables (e.g., pH, nutrients, salinity). Null modelling approaches have also been used. However, inclusion of rare taxa in null models results in high rates of type-II errors, and consequently spurious claims that only a minority of diatoms have significant relationships to important limnological variables such as lakewater pH and nutrients.

A variety of ordination techniques are widely used in diatom-based paleolimnological studies to aid in summarizing the main directions of variation in diatom assemblages, and to identify limnological variables that are strongly correlated to the diatom assemblages, both in time and space. More advanced ordination techniques, such as partial ordinations, are increasingly being used to assess the shared and unique variance attributable to groups of important limnological variables. Further, diatom-based approaches based on experimental designs with control lakes and appropriate multivariate statistics are now becoming increasingly common to assess, for example, the impact of forestry on water quality.

A number of different diatom-based inference models based on the present-day relationships between diatom assemblages and limnological variables are now available for inferring important limnological variables. These approaches vary from simple approaches such as weighted-averaging to more complex approaches involving curve fitting and maximum likelihood, neural networks, and Bayesian statistics. All of these approaches have been shown to result in strong inference models, each using aspects of ecological information available from the diatom assemblages.
Diatoms in Estuaries and Tidal Marshes
Authors: Starratt Scott W.
Published: June 2019

Diatoms from estuarine and marsh sediments can be used to evaluate a number of geological processes. Information on salinity, elevation, and substrate derived from modern assemblages have been used to determine local and regional Holocene sea level history, identify seismic and tsunami events, and aid in the recognition of regional variations in precipitation. In order to apply diatoms to these questions, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the ecology of marine, brackish, and freshwater taxa, as well as an understanding of the taphonomic processes that determine the final diatom assemblage. The potential for studies of pre-Holocene estuarine depositional systems is largely limited by the availability of study sites.
Diversity Partitioning Using Shannon's Entropy and its Relationship to Rarefaction
Authors: Olszewski Thomas D.
Published: June 2019

Diversity (the variety of different types of organisms) of an ecological or paleoecological system reflects processes and history operating across a range of hierarchically related scales. For example, the diversity of a biofacies is the sum of the diversity in all the local patches composing the biofacies, the diversity of a depositional system is composed of all the biofacies composing the depositional system, and the diversity of a biotic province is composed of all the landscapes composing the province. Diversity at a larger scale (γ-diversity) incorporates both the average inventory diversity of units of the next smaller scale (α-diversity) and the compositional differences, or differentiation diversity, among the smaller units (β-diversity). Many familiar means of measuring diversity can be mathematically partitioned to determine the relative contribution of different diversity components at any hierarchical level. When using richness (the number of taxa in an ecological system) as a measurement of diversity, it is necessary to use rarefaction to correct for differences in sample size. The divergence between sample-based and individual-based rarefaction curves of a composite collection (γ-diversity) incorporating all the samples (α-diversity) contributing to a given hierarchical level reflects the degree of non-random compositional difference among the smaller scale units (β-diversity). Alternatively, Shannon's entropy can be partitioned additively: β-entropy equals γ-entropy (based on a composite sample) minus average α-entropy of the constituent samples. A useful property of entropy is that it can be converted to effective richness, the number of taxa that would result in the same entropy value if all were equally abundant. Effective richness can be thought of as a unit conversion from non-intuitive entropy units to more easily understood richness units. Effective richness derived from Shannon's entropy partitions diversity multiplicatively – i.e., β-diversity is the number of compositionally distinct smaller units that contribute to the total diversity at the higher level. Diversity partitioning is rapidly becoming adopted as a tool for directly addressing how the structure of higher-level ecological and paleoecological systems reflects interactions among lower-level units in response to environmental and evolutionary changes.
Ostracodes as Hydrologic Indicators in Springs, Streams and Wetlands: A Tool for Environmental and Paleoenvironmental Assessment
Authors: Smith Alison J. , Davis Jesse W. , Palmer Donald F. , Forester Richard M. , Curry B. Brandon
Published: June 2019

Although the majority of publications on extant nonmarine ostracode species in North America are concerned with lacustrine settings, many species that are potentially valuable as indicators of water quality changes live in non-lacustrine settings. Ostracode distributions in 157 springs, wetlands and streams in the United States are examined here in order to assess 1) species richness, 2) association with physical and chemical parameters of their habitats and 3) the presence of potentially useful biomonitors and environmental sentinels. The 157 non-lacustrine sites are a subset of a large database (NorthAmericanNon-marineOstracodeDatabase: NANODe version 1) consisting of 611 mostly lacustrine sites with ostracode species, presence-absence data, hydrochemistry and climate data (Forester et al., in review). Of the 89 species represented in NANODe version 1, 51 species are found in springs, 59 species are found in wetlands and only 15 species are found in streams. Many species are found in at least two of these habitats and some in all three. Principal Components Analysis of these 157 sites indicates that 71% of the variance is explained by salinity (total ionic concentration), alkalinity and temperature, a result consistent with previously published analyses of natural water. Cluster analysis shows that spring species are most strongly tied to temperature, whereas wetlands and streams are most strongly tied to ionic composition. Three species are found to be potentially valuable biomonitors: Cavernocypris wardi in springs, Fabaeformiscandona rawsoni in wetlands and Physocypria globula in streams.
The Evolutionary Diversity and Ecological Complexity of Coral Reefs
Authors: Knowlton Nancy , Jackson Jeremy
Published: June 2019

Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems on the planet, with at least one quarter of all marine species associated with reefs today. This diversity, which remains very poorly understood, is nevertheless extraordinary when one considers the small proportion of ocean area that is occupied by coral reefs. Networks of competitive and trophic linkages are also exceptionally complex and dense. Reefs have a long fossil record, although extensive reef building comes and goes. In the present, coral reefs sometimes respond dramatically to disturbances, and collapses are not always followed by recoveries. Today, much of this failure to recover appears to stem from the fact that most reefs are chronically stressed by human activities, judging by observations of recovery at exceptional locations where local human activity is minimal. How long reefs can continue to bounce back in the face of warming and acidification remains an open question. Another big uncertainty is how much loss of biodiversity will occur with the inevitable degradation of coral reefs that will continue in most places for the foreseeable future.
Altered States: What Will Coral Reefs Look Like in the Future?
Authors: Kleypas Joanie A.
Published: June 2019

Future environmental conditions for coral reefs are rapidly approaching states outside the ranges reefs have experienced for thousands to millions of years. Coral reef ecosystems, once thought to be robust to climate change because of their ability to bounce back after large scale physical impacts, have proven to be sensitive to both temperature rise and ocean acidification. Predicting what coral reefs will look like in the future is not an easy task, and one that is likely to be proven flawed. The discussion presented here is a starting point for those predictions, mostly from the perspective of reef building and ocean acidification.
Clumped Isotope Paleothermometry: Principles, Applications, and Challenges
Authors: Affek Hagit P.
Published: June 2019

Clumped isotopes geochemistry measures the thermodynamic preference of two heavy, rare, isotopes to bind with each other. This preference is temperature dependent, and is more pronounced at low temperatures. Carbonate clumped isotope values are independent of the carbonate δ13C and δ18O, making them independent of the carbon or oxygen composition of the solution from which the carbonate precipitated. At equilibrium, it is therefore a direct proxy for the temperature in which the carbonate mineral formed. In most cases, carbonate clumped isotopes record the temperature of carbonate formation, irrespective of the mineral form (calcite, aragonite, or bioapatite) or the organism making it. The carbonate formation temperatures obtained from carbonate clumped isotope analysis can be used in conjunction with the δ18O of the same carbonate, to constrain the oxygen isotope composition of the water from which the carbonate has precipitated. There are, however, cases of deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium, where both clumped and oxygen isotopes are offset from the expected values. Such carbonates must be characterized and calibrated separately. For deep-time applications, special care must be paid to the preservation of the original signal, in particular with respect to diagenetic alteration associated with atomic scale diffusion that may be undetectable by common tests for diagenesis.
Reconstructing Terrestrial Environments Using Stable Isotopes in Fossil Teeth and Paleosol Carbonates
Authors: Passey Benjamin H.
Published: June 2019

Carbon isotopes in Neogene-age fossil teeth and paleosol carbonates are commonly interpreted in the context of past distributions of C3 and C4 vegetation. These two plant types have very different distributions in relation to climate and ecology, and provide a robust basis for reconstructing terrestrial paleoclimates and paleoenvironments during the Neogene. Carbon isotopes in pre-Neogene fossil teeth are usually interpreted in the context of changes in the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2, and variable climate-dependent carbon-isotope discrimination in C3 plants. Carbon isotopes in pre-Neogene soil carbonates can be used to estimate past levels of atmospheric CO2. Oxygen isotopes in fossil teeth and paleosol carbonates primarily are influenced by the oxygen isotopic compositions of ancient rainfall and surface waters. The oxygen isotopic composition of rainfall is has a complex, but tractable, relationship with climate, and variably relates to temperature, elevation, precipitation amount, and other factors. Mammal species that rely on moisture in dietary plant tissues to satisfy their water requirements (rather than surface drinking water) may have oxygen isotopic compositions that track aridity. Thus, oxygen isotopes of fossil mammals can place broad constraints on paleoaridity. Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry allows for reconstruction of soil temperatures at the time of pedogenic carbonate mineralization. The method is unique because it is the only thermodynamically based isotopic paleothermometer that does not require assumptions about the isotopic composition of the fluid in which the archive mineral formed. Soil temperature reflects a complex interplay of air temperature, solar radiative heating, latent heat effects, soil thermal diffusivity, and seasonal variations of these parameters. Because plants and most animals live in and/or near the soil, soil temperature is an important aspect of terrestrial (paleo)climate.
Integrating Paleobotanical, Paleosol, and Stratigraphic Data to Study Critical Transitions: A Case Study From The Late Cretaceous–Paleocene Of India
Authors: Smith Selena Y. , Manchester Steven R. , Samant Bandana , Mohabey Dhananjay M. , Wheeler Elisabeth , Baas Pieter , Kapgate Dashrath , Srivastava Rashmi , Sheldon Nathan D.
Published: June 2019

During the Cretaceous and Paleogene, the Indian subcontinent was isolated as it migrated north from the east coast of Africa to collide with Asia. As it passed over the Reunion hotspot in the late Maastrichtian–early Danian, a series of lava flows extruded, known as the Deccan Traps. Also during this interval, there was a major mass-extinction event at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, punctuated by a meteorite impact at Chicxulub, Mexico. What were the biological implications of these changes in paleogeography and the extensive volcanism in terms of biodiversity, evolution, and biogeography? By combining chronostratigraphic, paleosol, and paleobotanical data, an understanding of how the ecosystems and climates changed and the relative contributions of the Chicxulub impact, Deccan Traps volcanism, and paleogeographic isolation can be gained. Understanding relative ages of paleobotanical localities is crucial to determining floristic changes, and is challenging because different methods (e.g., magnetostratigraphy, radiometric dating, vertebrate and microfossil biostratigraphy) sometimes give conflicting answers, or have not been done for paleobotanical localities. Climatic data can be obtained quantitatively by studying paleosol geochemistry, as well as qualitatively by examining functional traits and nearest living relatives of fossil plants. An additional challenge is revising macrofossil data, which includes some confidently identified taxa and others with uncertain affinities. This is important for understanding ecosystem composition both spatially and temporally, as well as the biogeographic implications of an isolated India.
Value Judgments
Authors: Singer Marcus G. , Clark Stephen R. L.
Published: June 2019

A person's values are what that person regards as or thinks important; a society's values are what that society regards as important. A society's values are expressed in laws and legislatively enacted policies, in its mores, social habits, and positive morality. Any body's values—an individual person's or a society's—are subject to change, and in our time especially. An individual manifests his or her values in expressions of approval or disapproval, of admiration or disdain, by seeking or avoidance behaviour, and by his or her characteristic activities. What one values one seeks for or tries to maintain. Sometimes attaining it leads to unexpected enlightenment—that isn't what one wanted after all. But a person's values are discovered most significantly in a reflective way by becoming aware of what one is willing to give up to attain or maintain one's values. This is the price one is willing to pay for it, and values are occasionally, and in the money and stock markets always, expressed in terms of price. This can be significant or it can be misleading; it depends on how it is interpreted. Not everything has a monetary equivalent, despite the attempts of the law to provide recovery for damages in monetary terms, and despite the cynical maxim, ‘Everyone has his price’.
The Structure of Orthonomy
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: June 2019

According to the standard story of action, a story that can be traced back at least to David Hume (1740), actions are those bodily movements that are caused and rationalized by a pair of mental states: a desire for some end, where ends can be thought of as ways the world could be, and a belief that something the agent can just do, namely, move her body in the way to be explained, has some suitable chance of making the world the relevant way. Bodily movements that occur otherwise aren't actions, they are mere happenings (Davidson 1963, Davidson 1971).
The Destruction of the World Trade Center and the Law on Event-identity
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: June 2019

September 11, 2001 brought to legal awareness an issue that has long puzzled metaphysicians. The general issue is that of event-identity, drawing the boundaries of events so that we can tell when there is one event and when there are two. The September 11th version of that issue is: how many occurrences of insured events were there on September 11, 2001 in New York? Was the collapse of the two World Trade Center Towers one event, despite the two separate airliners crashing into each tower? Or were these two separate insured events?
Need, Humiliation and Independence
Authors: O'Neill John
Published: June 2019

The needs principle—that certain goods should be distributedaccording to need—as been central to much socialist andegalitarian thought. It is the principle which Marx famously takesto be that which is to govern the distribution of goods in the higherphase of communism. The principle is one that Marx himself tookfrom the Blanquists. It had wider currency in the radical traditionsof the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century it remainedcentral to the mutualist form of socialism defended by Tawney andTitmuss. The principle underlay the development and justificationof the modern welfare state—thus the National Health Service isstill founded upon the idea that the distribution of medicalresources should be determined by medical need, not by ability topay. One source of the power of the needs principle lies in the factthat it appears to be both a principle of justice and a principle ofcommunity or social solidarity. As a principle of justice it is offeredas a corrective to the particular forms of unequal distributions ofgoods that can result from market transactions, and as a principle ofcommunity or social solidarity as a corrective to the possessiveindividualism taken to be the corollary of a market order.
Needs and Ethics in Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: June 2019

What I propose to do in this short paper is to outline two different approaches to needs in Greek philosophy. The first is the reasonably familiar approach used by Aristotle, and, in some moods, by Plato; the second is a rather less well-known approach which can with some justice be associated with Socrates, and/or Plato when he is not in an Aristotelian mood (if I may so put it)—and also the Stoics, who seem to have picked up some distinctly Socratic ways of thinking. The Aristotelian line, if not necessarily familiarasAristotle's, will be familiar just insofar as it gives some degree of that recognition to needs that most moderns would suppose the idea should be given. What I am calling the Socratic line, by contrast, appears to leave no room for the idea of needs at all (or at least, that will be my way of putting it for now; I shall need a rather different formulation later on). It is this second, ‘Socratic’, approach that primarily interests me, not least because it is non-standard.
Need, Care and Obligation
Authors: Miller Sarah Clark
Published: June 2019

All humans experience needs. At times needs cut deep, inhibiting persons' abilities to act as agents in the world, to live in distinctly human ways, or to achieve life goals of significance to them. In considering such potentialities, several questions arise: Are any needs morally important, meaning that they operate as morally relevant details of a situation? What is the correct moral stance to take with regard to situations of need? Are moral agents ever required to tend to others' well-being by meeting their needs? What justification or foundation, if any, can be given for requiring moral agents to respond to others' needs?
Fundamental Needs
Authors: Thomson Garrett
Published: June 2019

The concept of need is promising and alluring because of three factors:

1. Needs are objective because it is a discoverable matter of fact what needs a person has and yet this fact has a bearing on what one ought to do. The concept is both factual and evaluative.

2. Needs are matters of priority; what we need usually overrides other reasons for action.

3. Needs are unimpeachable values. We cannot say truly that a person ought to have different needs and, in this sense, they are fundamental.

In this paper, I shall be concerned primarily with explaining the third of these features. I am interested in fundamental needs, but not necessarily basic or minimal needs, such as those pertaining to survival. Furthermore, I shall not be concerned directly in the strength of claims to need on other people, but rather on oneself. I shall use ‘need’ in such a way that the term indicates a disposition and does not imply a lack. I need food even when I am eating.
Innocent Before God: Politics, Morality and the Case of Billy Budd
Authors: Mendus Susan
Published: June 2019

I begin with the story told by Herman Melville in his short novel, Billy Budd. The year is 1797. Britain is engaged in a long and bitter war against France, and the British war effort has been threatened by two naval mutinies: the Nore Mutiny and the mutiny at Spithead. The scene is His Majesty's Ship, the Indomitable, and the central character is Billy Budd, sailor. Billy Budd is a young man of exceptional beauty, both physical and moral, whose only flaw is a stammer. He is loved by all his fellow sailors except the master-at-arms, John Claggart. The incarnation of evil, Claggart recognises in Billy the incarnation of goodness, and is consumed by a jealousy which leads him to accuse Billy (falsely) of inciting the crew to mutiny. Alone with Claggart and the ship's Captain, Edward Vere, Billy hears the lying charge against him. He is enraged, but his stammer prevents him from responding in words. He strikes Claggart, and the blow is fatal. Billy Budd, sailor, has killed the master-at-arms of one of His Majesty's ships on active service, and the penalty for this is death.
Casting the First Stone: Who Can, and Who Can't, Condemn the Terrorists?
Authors: Cohen G. A.
Published: June 2019

‘No matter what the grievance, and I'm sure that the Palestinians have some legitimate grievances, nothing can justify the deliberate targeting of innocent civilians. If they were attacking our soldiers it would be a different matter.’ (Dr. Zvi Shtauber, Israeli Ambassador to the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 4, May 1, 2003).
Knowledge management and dissemination for livestock production: global opportunities and local constraints
Authors: Garforth C.J.
Published: June 2019

Science produces new knowledge relevant to agricultural production at a breathtaking pace. Despite concerns over the limited resources committed to publicly funded research, the number of articles in scientific journals and of papers and posters presented at scientific conferences continues to increase year on year. Increasing amounts of knowledge are also being generated in the commercial sector, some protected by commercial considerations but much of it contributing to the general stock of publicly available knowledge. Yet individuals have a limited capacity to attend to and take in new information.
The use of alkanes as markers for estimating diet composition in sheep and goats
Authors: Ferreira L.M.M. , Oliván M. , Rodrigues M.A.M. , Dias-da-Silva A. , Osoro K.
Published: June 2019

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of alkanes for estimating diet composition of goats and sheep offered three different dietary treatments. Twelve animals as two groups of 4 crossbred goats (G1, 24 kg live weight; G2, 22 kg) and 4 crossbred sheep (S, 26 kg live weight), were housed in metabolism pens. Animals were offered daily a total of 1 kg DM/100 kg live weight. G1 received 70% ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and 30% gorse (Ulex gallii), G2 received 70% ryegrass and 30% heather (Erica sp.) and S group ate 100% ryegrass. Diet composition was estimated from the alkane concentrations (using all alkanes from C23 to C36 or only odd-chain alkanes C27, C29, C31 and C33) in diet and faeces (with or without correction for incomplete faecal recoveries) using least-squares procedures.

Dietary treatment and animal species significantly affected alkane faecal recoveries, except for C24 and C36. When applying the faecal recovery corrections, there were no significant differences between measured proportions of dietary components and those estimated using all alkanes or odd-chain alkanes. In contrast, the proportions calculated without faecal recovery correction differed significantly (P<0.05) from the actual proportions and over-estimated the amount in the diet of those plant components with higher concentrations of long-chain alkanes (Erica sp. and Lolium perenne). The results indicate that alkanes are useful markers to estimate diet composition, however, it was observed that animal species and diet composition influenced the faecal recovery of alkanes. This suggests that the use of the alkane methodology for estimating the diet selection of grazing animals should be preceded by a calculation of the actual alkane faecal recoveries for each experimental condition.
Gas production and dry matter degradability of diets for ruminants
Authors: Bovera F. , Calabrò S. , Schettini R. , Cutrignelli M.I. , Infascelli F. , Piccolo V.
Published: June 2019

Four feeds widely used in ruminant nutrition (corn silage, alfalfa hay, corn grain and soybean meal) and nine diets prepared in the laboratory by thorough mixing of these four feeds in different ratios, were analysed for: chemical composition according to the Weende and Van Soest schemes. Starch content, as well as total gas production and dry matter degradability after 8, 24 and 48 hours of incubation were measured. The same parameters were calculated for the nine diets from the measurements made on each of the four components (i.e. estimated values). For the chemical determinations, the differences between the analytical results (real values) and the corresponding estimated values varied little and did not reach statistical significance. However, statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between real and estimated values appeared for gas production at 24 hours (48.07 vs. 44.13 ml/200mg DM) and for DM degradability after 8 hours of incubation (32.35 vs. 30.56 %). The differences in the gas production measurements were removed when Diet 1 was excluded.
A new strategy for the in situ technique through the use of one fistulated ruminant
Authors: Sampaio I. B. M. , Tomich T. R.
Published: June 2019

The sampling of forage from distinct sites in the pasture and which are then dried and ground separately as replicates for the in sacco technique, is the best procedure for studies of forage evaluation. It permits the evaluation of the true error (variation between blocks of plants) and not the variation between replicates obtained from only one sample of forage dried, ground and then divided between distinct nylon bags (which causes an underestimation of error). Consequently it is possible with only one ruminant to define an experimental design which is simpler, but capable of offering better precision.
Comparison between in vitro gas production and in situ degradation for evaluating rumen dry matter degradation of maize grain and tropical grasses
Authors: Mauricio R. M. , Tomich T.R. , Filho R. A. , Reis R. B. , Gonçalves L.C. , Borges I. , Dhanoa M. S.
Published: June 2019

The in situ technique (NB) was compared to the in vitro gas production technique (Gas) in terms of ability to estimate the dry matter degradation (DMD) using high soluble substrates (maize grains) and low soluble substrates (four tropical forages). The experiments (in situ and in vitro) were carried out at the same time using the same cow for both techniques and DMD was estimated at 6, 12, 24, 48 & 96 h. The results showed that DMD from Gas were lower than NB DMD and the correlation for the maize group were lower than those of the grass group which indicated that Gas technique, closed system, has potential to analyse highly soluble substrates, probably, overcoming the particle losses effect demonstrated by the in situ technique.