bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of the Water in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, and Influencing Factors
Authors: Tully John P. , Dodimead Allan J.
Published: April 2011

The temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrates, nitrites, inorganic phosphates, and silicates are shown and discussed. The occurrence of these properties and their seasonal and diurnal cycles are related to the mechanism of tidal exchange, discharge of the Fraser River, weather, and growth of plankton to show the sources of the properties, the sequence of their change, and why, when, where, and how they occur.In the Strait of Georgia the waters are highly stratified. Fresh water from the Fraser River moves persistently seaward, entraining sea water en route. An upper brackish zone is formed in which the constituents occur in cloud-like distribution, and vary with tide and season. Below this is a deep zone where stratification is slight, and the properties are nearly constant throughout the area and the year.In the approaches to the strait the tidal flows are turbulent and mix the waters to homogeneity. Here the highly stratified upper-zone waters became apparent during the ebb flow, and homogeneous waters during the flood.The high concentrations of dissolved phosphates are attributed to the ocean water which intrudes the region in the lower zone. The high concentrations of dissolved silicates are attributed to the Fraser River waters. It is suggested that the supply of dissolved nitrates is the limiting factor in phytoplankton growth.
Incidence of a Parasitic Ascarid, Porrocaecum decipiens, in the Common Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, from the Lower Bay of Fundy
Authors: Scott D. M. , Fisher H. D.
Published: April 2011

Examinations were made of nematodes from the stomachs of 150 common porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) collected from 1952 to 1956 from the lower Bay of Fundy, one common porpoise from St. Ann's Bay, Nova Scotia, and one white whale, (Delphinapterus leucas) from Mace's Bay, New Brunswick.One adult Porrocaecum was found. Larval Porrocaecum in numbers ranging from 1 to 21 were found in about 25% of 50 porpoise stomachs collected in 1955 and 1956. Eighty larval Porrocaecum were present in the stomach of the white whale. No trace of reproductive organs was observed in any of the larval Porrocaecum.It is concluded that the common porpoise in the lower Bay of Fundy is not an important host of adult P. decipiens.
The Abundance and Distribution of the Northern Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubata) on the Coast of British Columbia
Authors: Pike Gordon C. , Maxwell Brian E.
Published: April 2011

The abundance and distribution of the northern sea lion, Eumetopias jubata, in British Columbia are described chiefly on the basis of a survey conducted during the summer of 1956. Results of surveys and censuses made in the years 1913, 1916, 1938 and 1955 are included for comparison. Most major rookeries and hauling-out sites were visited in 1956. Some which were missed were surveyed by aircraft in 1957.The numbers of sea lions in British Columbia are estimated to be 11,000–12,000 in 1956–57. They have apparently changed little since 1913 and 1916 when the population is estimated less reliably to have been 12,000–13,000. Some changes have occurred in their distribution, mainly as a result of organized destruction of concentrations centred near to fishing areas. Numbers in the Sea Otter Group have been reduced to about one-quarter of their former abundance. Numbers on the Cape St. James rookery, where the population has seldom been molested, have doubled.Present rookeries include: Triangle, Sartine, and Beresford Islands, in the Scott Island group; Kerouard Islands off Cape St. James; and North Danger Rocks. The Virgin and Pearl Rocks in the Sea Otter Group are no longer rookeries. Sartine Island and North Danger Rocks are recorded for the first time as rookeries. The Scott Islands and Kerouard Islands rookeries accommodate approximately 70% of the entire population, and 90% of the pups during the summer breeding season.Destruction of approximately 1,000 sea lions annually, when many of these are pups, is shown to be ineffective in substantially reducing the total population. Where efforts are concentrated in one area such as the Sea Otter Group, however, a local population can be greatly reduced and pupping curtailed or stopped.Pups are born from late May until late June. Soon after giving birth, the cows are serviced by the harem bulls. The harem structure, which averages about 10 cows per harem bull on the rookeries, begins to disintegrate near the end of July when pups take to the water and dominant bulls are replaced by reserve bulls. Some cows, probably not more than 25% at any one time, may forgo the normal annual pregnancy and continue to nurse a pup for more than a year.It is calculated that more than 70% of the sexually mature females in this population are pregnant in any one year. Natural mortality among the pups appears to be slight, but severe storms in some years may cause heavy pup mortality and constitute an important check on population growth.
Proteins in Fish Muscle. 11. On the Extraction of Myosin from Cod Muscle with Potassium Iodide
Authors: Dingle J. R.
Published: April 2011

An attempt has been made to extract myosin from cod muscle using potassium iodide solution as extractant. The product resembled in several respects myosins made from other cold-blooded animals by other methods, and like them, differed from rabbit myosin in solubility and sedimentation behaviour. Comparison was also made with cod actomyosin with respect to electrophoresis, sedimentation, viscosity, and solubility.
Rapid Learning of a Constant Course by Travelling Schools of Juvenile Pacific Salmon
Authors: Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Either individuals or schools of downstream-migrating chum, sockeye and pink salmon quickly establish a constant course in a circular channel. This clockwise or counter-clockwise course, once established, is not altered by a variety of disturbances including transfer to a channel of different size and shape or, in the case of the chum, removal from the apparatus for almost two days. The schools travel much more frequently in some particular area of a simple maze although, from time to time, they swim through all parts of it. The tendency to swim steadily forward in a winding maze seems to decline as the season of migration comes to an end. Fish trained to swim along one compass direction show no bias for this direction when given a choice of this or an alternate direction at right angles. Fish trained to reverse direction after a definite distance show a tendency to do this when given an opportunity to swim in a channel twice as long. The findings are discussed in relation to simple types of learning such as habituation, insight learning, latent learning and imprinting. The biological significance of the learning is considered in relation to the problem of migration.
Age and Growth of the Capelin, Mallotus villosus (Müller), from Newfoundland and Grand Bank Areas
Authors: Pitt T. K.
Published: April 2011

From the study of samples of capelin in their first year it was established that scales are acquired when the fish are a little less than one year old and range in size from 7.2 to 10.0 cm. total (extreme tip) length. Length frequency and age data indicate that there is great variation between the growth rates of the various year-classes.From the Grand Bank 96% of the mature males and 99.6% of the mature females were three years old. No five-year-old fish were found on the Grand Bank. The average total lengths of mature capelin from bank and shore areas are quite similar.The male capelin has a total length greater than that of the female. This difference increases from 0.22 cm. for one-year-old fish to 2.32 cm. for three-year-old spawning fish.
Heat Budget of the Water in the Vicinity of Triple Island, British Columbia
Authors: Tabata Susumu
Published: April 2011

Meteorological and oceanographic data from 1947 to 1955 have been analysed and magnitudes of the terms of heat budget equation discussed. Both energy transfer and advective processes are important in the heat budget of water in northern British Columbia. Solar radiation has the largest annual amplitude, the minimum and maximum occurring in winter and summer respectively. Annual amplitude of evaporation is about one-half that of solar radiation, the maximum and minimum also occurring in winter and summer respectively. Heat loss by conduction of sensible heat from the sea is in phase with that by evaporation. Although heat loss by effective back radiation is large (100 g-cal./cm.2/day) the annual amplitude is relatively small. The annual cycle of total heat transfer across the air–sea boundary is primarily governed by variation of solar radiation, evaporation, and conduction. It is quite marked, with maximum loss (approximately 350 g-cal./cm.2/day) occurring during the short winter period (December, January) and maximum gain (approximately 200 g-cal./cm.2/day) occurring during the long summer period (May to September). There was an apparent 25% loss of heat at the air–sea boundary during the period 1947 to 1954. Losses occurred every year except 1947. Appreciable year-to-year variations occurred in all components of the equation.The total heat released to the atmosphere by condensation of water vapour is about fivefold that made available by conduction of sensible heat from the sea.The large discrepancy in the rate of change of heat content of water with rate of heat exchange at the air–sea boundary is attributed to advection.
Grading Fish for Quality. 3. Grading of Recently Cut Fillets
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F.
Published: April 2011

Panels of experienced fish-plant foremen and government fresh-fish inspectors graded cod and haddock in the round or as gutted whole fish, and subsequently graded the same fish as fillets. The results show that in general the two sets of gradings were very similar, and that both showed a close correlation with the trimethylamine (TMA) value of the fish muscle. When the fish was relatively fresh (TMA value 0.1 to 1.5), there was a slight tendency for the panels to be more severe in grading the fillets than the corresponding whole fish. As spoilage progressed, this trend reversed.The results suggest that during the earlier stages of spoilage it is easier for a grader to judge the quality of a fish by examining the changes occurring on the exterior of the whole or gutted fish than by examining the fillet cut from it. This is particularly so where the grader cannot give careful attention to the early spoilage odours developing in the fillet.There are definite exceptions to the usual close correlation between the quality of cod or haddock fillets and their TMA values. Bilgy fish, ungutted fish, and certain types of very soft-textured fish may be of very poor quality and still have a relatively low TMA value. These exceptions are discussed in their relation to a system of grading for cod and haddock based on organoleptic examination and supported by TMA values as objective standards of quality.
Spawning Stock Size and Resultant Production for Skeena Sockeye
Authors: Shepard M. P. , Withler F. C.
Published: April 2011

For age 4 and 5 Skeena sockeye, plots of total production of adults from individual brood years against number of parent spawners gave a reproduction curve with an almost linear ascending limb and a very precipitous descending limb. Maximum reproduction (2.4 million sockeye) was achieved at spawning levels of slightly over 0.9 million; the maximum sustained yield (1.4 million) was provided by spawnings of 0.9 million. The stock is very sensitive both to small changes in fishing intensity, and to random variations in survival caused by density-independent environmental fluctuations. Therefore the attainment of high sustained yields by application of a constant optimum exploitation rate is not practical. Regulation to provide the optimum number of spawners each year would more likely provide the highest average yield. Observed fluctuations in commercial catches over the past 50-odd years can be accounted for by changes in annual rates of exploitation. Still higher yields might be attained if individual components of the composite stock studied could be managed separately.
On the Biology and Fishery of the Canadian Atlantic Halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.
Authors: McCracken F. D.
Published: April 2011

Exploratory fishing in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1945 and 1946 and off western Nova Scotia in 1947 caught 739 halibut, of which 229 were tagged and released. About 590 fish from the commercial fishery of the two regions were also examined.Larger, older halibut were caught in the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence than off western Nova Scotia. Tagged halibut recaptures, size and age composition of commercial landings, and differences in rate of growth suggest generally separate stocks in the two regions.Younger, immature halibut were most available in shallower water; larger, mature fish usually in deep water. Most halibut were caught at temperatures between about 3° and 9 °C. Seasonal, inshore, relatively shallow water halibut fisheries in the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off western Nova Scotia occur as the bottom water warms. Large female halibut predominate in such catches.Mature halibut, about 9 to 11 years and older, must spawn in late winter and early spring, probably along the deep-water edge of the banks. Mature halibut grow slowly though the females exceed the mature males and reach a much larger size. The faster-growing, immature halibut of both sexes grow at about the same rate.Halibut landings from ICNAF Subareas 3 and 4 which were at a low level between 1940 to 1948 increased sharply to about 13 million pounds in 1950. More recent landings approximate the long-term annual average of about 5 million pounds. Changes in the level of landings are related to changes in the magnitude of the Canadian fishery which, since 1940, has produced most of the halibut from Subareas 3 and 4.Offshore and inshore fisheries specifically for large halibut produce most of the landings. Catches of halibut taken incidentally in other fisheries contribute little by weight but take large numbers of small, faster-growing individuals. With a continuation of present fishing practices and intensities an annual yield of about 5 million pounds may be expected to continue, but some increased yield might result from controlling the incidental catches of younger halibut. Ways and means of effecting such control should be explored.
Trial Control of the Greater Clam Drill (Lunatia heros) by Manual Collection
Authors: Medcof J. C. , Thurber L. W.
Published: April 2011

Soft-shelled clams (Mya arenaria) 38 mm. long were planted 172 per m.2 in three 10 m.2 plots in a sandy flat where none occurred naturally but where there were 6 drills per m.2 feeding on mussels (Mytilus edulis). After plantings, at least 300 drills entered each plot daily. After 12 days clam survival was only 19% in the plot where there was no protection; 31% where soil was raked before planting and exposed drills removed (84% efficient); 34% where this pre-planting clearance was combined with 8 post-planting, low-tide, manual collections of surfacing drills (3% to 5% efficient). These intense efforts had little effect and would be unjustified on public beds even if much more effective. Drills kill more than half their prey without boring their shells. A higher proportion of the drill population comes to the surface by night (6%) than by day (3%) and small drills are unexplainably scarce.
Movements of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), Between and Within Fresh and Salt Water
Authors: Smith M. W. , Saunders J. W.
Published: April 2011

Major movements of trout into Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island, were in April, June–July, and November; and out in May and October to early January. Some movements were preponderantly in one direction; others involved trout making simultaneous movements up- and downstream. Mean length of trout in movements was 16.8 cm., predominantly age II. Trout were short-lived and few survived to make repeated movements. About 50% of trout making return movements did so within a month. Percentage of Ellerslie-reared trout which ran to salt water varied from 12 to 35 over a 6-year period. There was inconclusive evidence of a heritable propensity to sea-running. After descending into the estuary, few trout left for open coastal waters. Short-distance movements resulted in population shifts in the brook in summer which were not detected in traps at mouth of stream.Movements of trout between fresh and salt water were very closely associated with rise and fall of the water level in the brook, but not with height of water. Movements in spring and early summer were into preferred temperature. Although marked changes in water level occurred, few trout moved in winter after becoming acclimated to a water temperature of 0 °C. or in summer when brook was at temperature of final preferenda. Continuance of movement for some time after 0 °C. was reached seemed related to slow rate of acclimation. Movements were both random and directed. For most movements trout appeared conditioned by temperature and stimulated by changing water levels. Trout moved largely at night. Other influencing factors were living space, maturation and spawning. Turbidity, salinity, tides, and handling were without apparent effects.
Proteins in Fish Muscle. 12. Ultracentrifuge Studies on Post-rigor Extracts of Structural Protein
Authors: Ellis D. G. , Winchester P. M.
Published: April 2011

Ultracentrifuge examination of extracts of post-rigor Atlantic cod muscle showed the actomyosin fraction to consist of one major component, three minor components, and a gel fraction. At ion concentrations above 0.9 the major component dissociates to form two of the minor components.
A Portable Conductivity Bridge for Field Use
Authors: Hoy Joe
Published: April 2011

not available
Changes in pH, Carbonate and Lactate of the Blood of Yearling Kamloops Trout,Salmo gairdneri, During and Following Severe Muscular Activity
Authors: Black Edgar C. , Chiu Wing-gay , Forbes Francis D. , Hanslip Arthur
Published: April 2011

Alterations in the blood levels of lactate, carbonate, hydrogen ion and hemoglobin following vigorous muscular exercise were studied in yearling Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, over four years.Lactate increased during exercise and during the first 2 hours of rest, returning to the initial level after 6 to 8 hours. Carbonate increased to a maximum during the first 3 minutes of exercise, then dropped precipitously to a minimum far below the initial level after [Formula: see text] hour of rest, later rose to near the initial level at the 4th hour of recovery, maintained this until the 12th hour, but it had decreased again at the 24th hour. Hydrogen ion concentration rose sharply during the first 3 minutes of activity, then fell off to a stable level a little above the initial figure until the end of exercise, after which it fell substantially below initial level and had not completely recovered after 24 hours of rest. A marked decrease in swimming rate occurred after 3 minutes exercise, following the initial rise of carbonate and hydrogen ion concentration.
Pacific Striped Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, off the Coast of British Columbia
Authors: Pike Gordon C.
Published: April 2011

not available
International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Fisheries Investigations 1956–59 Introductory Account
Authors: Hart J. L. , McKernan D. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Assessment of the Progressive Spoilage of Ice-stored Shrimp
Authors: Iyengar J. R. , Visweswariah K. , Moorjani M. N. , Bhatia D. S.
Published: April 2011

Freshly caught shrimp, stored in ice, were sampled for chemical and bacteriological tests. Data have been presented to correlate the results of the tests with the quality and spoilage of shrimp. Rapid methods based on use of test papers have been developed as an index of shrimp spoilage.
Effect of the Ingestion of Porrocaecum (Codworm) on Growth, Voluntary Intake and Feed Efficiency of Beagle Pups
Authors: Crampton E. W. , Donefer E. , Schad Donna J.
Published: April 2011

In a series of four feeding trials involving 94 beagle pups, it was shown that supplementation of a control ration with codworms at levels up to 80 per day (equivalent to 80 per 1000 Calories of intake), did not significantly impair the efficiency of feed utilization or induce any deterioration in the general health of the pups. Digestibility of this control ration, which consisted of dog meal plus a meat source, was not significantly altered by the addition of 20 codworms to the daily intake of each pup.
Facilities for Anadromous Fish Passage, Passamaquoddy Project
Authors: Bell M. C. , Clay C. H.
Published: April 2011

Consideration was given to the effects of building dams at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay between New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, U.S.A., on the normal migration route of anadromous fish. Situations at filling and emptying gates and at the proposed power house were assessed and provisions to facilitate normal movements of anadromous fish recommended.
On the Source of Free Ribose formedpost mortemin the Muscle of Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus)
Authors: Tomlinson Neil , Creelman Vera M.
Published: April 2011

During the storage of lingcod in ice, the quantities of the ribomononucleotides in the muscle decreased. The decrease was accompanied by an accumulation of free ribose in the muscle. During the same time, no decrease in the ribonucleic acid of the muscle was detected. It was concluded that ribomononucleotides, and not ribonucleic acid, were the precursors of ribose in the muscle post mortem.
The Behaviour of Pacific Salmon Fry During Their Downstream Migration to Freshwater and Saltwater Nursery Areas
Authors: McDonald J.
Published: April 2011

The downstream migration of sockeye, coho, pink and chum salmon fry is initially nocturnal and appears to be regulated quite precisely by changes in light intensity. Downstream movement is seen to arise from a displacement by the current when firm visual contact with fixed objects in the stream is lost. Once the migration is under way the distribution of the fry varies. The lateral distribution of pink and sockeye, but not chum and coho, was closely and positively related to current speed, above a threshold of 1.3 ft/sec (0.4 m/sec). Pink fry were found to be distributed throughout the total depth of water but greatest catches were made at intermediate depths. The negative response of fry to light appears to change after exposure to it, and pink and chum fry were found to extend their movements into and throughout the daylight hours where the migration route was lengthy. Feeding and schooling activity is probably associated with this change in response to light. Both pink and chum fry were observed to school only near the end of their seaward movement. Pink fry were found to feed to some extent in the natal areas but to a greater extent as the sea was approached.
Explorations for Herring in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine
Authors: Tibbo S. N. , Brawn V. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Actions and Interactions of Temperature, Light Intensity and Nutrient Concentration on the Growth of the Green Alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi Dangeard
Authors: McCombie Alen Milne
Published: April 2011

The unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, was cultured at several temperatures in Chu's No. 10 medium under 150 foot-candles illumination. Specific growth rates based on cell counts were found to fit a typical activity curve. The range of temperature tolerance was 6 °C to 35 °C and the optimum was 28°.The culture series was repeated at light intensities of 75, 110 and 200 f-c in turn. These changes in illumination did not alter the limits of temperature tolerance or the optimum, though the reduced intensities caused decreases in growth rates. At the reduced intensities light acted as the typical limiting factor. At 200 f-c the growth temperature relation was the same as that for 150 f-c, indicating that some factor other than light intensity had become limiting at the latter levels.The series was then repeated with the light intensity held at 200 f-c but with the total concentration of nutrient salts doubled. This accelerated growth between 12° and 30°, showing that some nutrient salt was indeed the limiting factor in the experiments with 200 f-c. However, the increase in salt concentration also shifted the lower limit of temperature tolerance up to 12° and moved the optimum down to 18°. Hence the salt concentration must have played some role besides that of limiting factor.Finally, the results of this investigation are discussed from the standpoint of the system of environmental factors described by Fry (1947) and some of the ecological implications of the observations are considered.
The Protein Nutritive Value of "Liquid Herring" Preparations
Authors: March B. E. , Biely J. , McBride J. R. , Idler D. R. , MacLeod R. A.
Published: April 2011

Experimentally prepared "liquid fish" made from British Columbia herring was compared with presscake herring meal, whole herring meal and condensed herring solubles as a source of supplementary protein for chicks. Two samples of liquid fish made by an enzymatic and by a high-pressure acid treatment respectively were tested. The two preparations were similar in protein value and gave a growth response intermediate between that obtained with herring meal and with condensed herring solubles.
Oceanographic Activities of the Polar Continental Shelf Project
Authors: Collin A. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Biosynthesis of Trimethylammonium Compounds in Aquatic Animals. II. Role of Betaine in the Formation of Trimethylamine Oxide by Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Bilinski E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Preparation of Deoxynucleosides, Purine and Pyrimidine Bases and Deoxyribose 1-Phosphate from Deoxyribonucleic Acid Employing Salmon Enzyme Systems
Authors: Mannan Abdul , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

A crude enzyme system made by treating aqueous extracts of salmon kidney with protamine solution, followed by centrifugation to remove precipitated ribonucleic acid, was used to hydrolyze salmon deoxyribonucleic acid. When such hydrolyses were conducted in presence of toluene to minimize bacterial action, the deoxynucleosides of thymine, uracil, guanine and hypoxanthine were isolated in comparatively pure state. However, the digests also contained a significant proportion of unidentified non-nucleotide ultraviolet-absorbing substances. Digestions carried out in absence of toluene, with accompanying bacterial activity, resulted in formation of thymine, uracil, hypoxanthine and xanthine, which were isolated and characterized. A crude nucleoside phosphorylase enzyme was prepared from salmon livers by a method similar to that used with the kidney enzyme system. In presence of 0.2M KF it exhibited the following order of specificity: deoxyuridine > thymidine > deoxyguanosine > deoxycytidine > deoxyinosine > deoxyadenosine > uridine > cytidine > adenosine > inosine > guanosine > xanthosine. This preparation also exhibited marked phosphodeoxyribomutase and phosphoribomutase activities. Dicyclohexylammonium deoxyribose 1-phosphate was isolated in an amorphous form (purity 74%) from a reaction mixture containing thymidine, orthophosphate and the liver enzyme.
Comparative Osteology of Representative Salmonid Fishes, with Particular Reference to the Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and its Phylogeny
Authors: Norden Carroll R.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study is to describe the morphology, particularly the osteology, of the grayling (Thymallus arcticus), in relation to that of the other salmonid fishes, in order to assess the phylogenetic position of the grayling and to synthesize the natural classification of the Salmonidae.Fresh and preserved material of 33 species in 9 genera of Salmonidae were studied. The study materials included dried whole skeletons from fresh fishes, stained bones of preserved specimens, and cross sections of larval stages. Effort was made to eliminate bias due to ontogenetic and sexual differences.The Salmonidae are soft-rayed teleost fishes belonging to the suborder Salmonoidei of the generalized order Clupeiformes (Isospondyli). Prior classifications of the salmonids have arranged them into one, two, or three families. As herein visualized, the family Salmonidae contains those salmonoid fishes that have three upturned caudal vertebrae. They are divided into three subfamilies: Salmoninae, the trouts and salmons, with an orbitosphenoid bone and a suprapreopercular bone, a basibranchial plate, teeth on the maxilla, no dermosphenotic bone, and parietals separate at the midline; Thymallinae, the graylings, with no orbitosphenoid, suprapreopercle or basibranchial plate, a dermosphenotic bone, teeth on the maxilla, and parietals meeting at the midline; and Coregoninae, with orbitosphenoid and dermosephnotic bones, no suprapreopercle, no teeth on the maxilla, and parietals meeting at the midline.The grayling possesses only two invariable morphological differences from other salmonids. These are the absence of an orbitosphenoid bone and the presence of seventeen or more dorsal fin rays. In other characters, there is overlap with one or the other subfamilies.Three osteological characteristics are thought to be more fundamental than the others: the toothless maxilla in the Coregoninae, the lack of an orbitosphenoid in the Thymallinae, and the separation of the parietals by the supraoccipital in the Salmoninae. Each character is distinctive for only one subfamily, it being common to the other two. The complete bony and cartilaginous skeletal system of the grayling is illustrated, as are many osteological features of the trouts and whitefishes.Within the subfamily Salmoninae, 5 genera (Brachymystax, Hucho, Salvelinus, Salmo, and Oncorhynchus) are recognized and defined. The Thymallinae consists of a single genus Thymallus with 4 species. Three genera of Coregoninae are recognized: Prosopium, Coregonus, and Stenodus. The discovery that Prosopium has a basibranchial plate, taken together with previously known characters, justifies recognition of generic rank for this group. The group commonly ranked as a genus Leucichthys does not display enough difference to warrant such segregation and is synonymized with the genus Coregonus. Stenodus is found to have distinctive characters not heretofore noted and may rank as a genus separable from but related to Coregonus.
Some Oceanographic Features of Juan de Fuca Strait
Authors: Herlinveaux R. H. , Tully J. P.
Published: April 2011

The distribution and structure of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and density, and their seasonal and tidal variations are summarized, and related to the tidal and estuarine mechanisms.Juan de Fuca Strait is a complex, deep, positive estuary. It is divided into inner and outer parts by a sill extending southward across the channel from Victoria, B.C. The Inner Strait is separated from the Strait of Georgia by the San Juan Archipelago. The water structure in the Strait of Georgia is highly stratified due to the shallow brackish upper zone maintained by the Fraser River discharge. This brackish water tends persistently seaward due to the estuarine mechanism. In the passages through the San Juan Archipelago the shallow and deep waters are mixed to near homogeneity by the turbulent tidal flows. In the Inner Strait the stratification is small. Part of this mixed water is fed back into the lower zone of the Strait of Georgia, and part escapes seaward in the upper zone of the outer part of Juan de Fuca Strait, where it overruns the intruding ocean water, creating a new stratification. The ebb flow is stronger than the flood in this upper zone, and the halocline is deepest on the northern side of the strait.The flood flow, augmented by the deep inflow required by the estuarine mechanism, is strongest in the lower zone. Here the ocean waters advance over the sill during the flood flow, but do not retreat during the ebb flow, which is relatively weak. These ocean waters are incorporated with the mixed waters in the Inner Strait. This mechanism is a tidal pump.The concentration of fresh water in the upper zone of Juan de Fuca Strait varies from 2 to 6% during the year. The amount (depth of fresh water when separated from the ocean water in the system) varies from 1 to 7 m. In this and all other properties there is a gradient from the Strait of Georgia into the Inner Strait. In the Outer Strait there are cross-channel gradients, but none longitudinally.Throughout the system the density structure is salinity dominated. During the summer the thermocline coincides with the halocline. In winter the waters are isothermal, or the upper waters become slightly colder than the deep waters. Then the stability depends on the salinity structure alone.The salinity is a linear function of temperature within 0.1 °C, except at the surface in summer. The slope of the relation varies with time (season) and location. The relation shows that the waters throughout the system are mixtures of ocean water and brackish water from the Strait of Georgia, and tributary inlets.
Ocean Temperatures and Their Relation to Albacore Tuna (Thunnus germo) Distribution in Waters off the Coast of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia
Authors: Alverson Dayton L.
Published: April 2011

Commercial albacore fishing offshore from Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, occurs during summer months when offshore surface water temperatures exceed 58°F (14.4 °C). Fishermen have established 58°F (14.4 °C) surface temperature as an indicator of "tuna water", and this rule-of-thumb relationship for surface water temperatures and albacore has generally been substantiated by total catch versus temperature records made during albacore investigations. Catch-per-hour data are also in accord with this general thesis. Catch-per-unit-effort data, however, do not indicate as marked a decline in availability at temperatures between 54 and 58°F (12.2–14.4 °C) as might be interpreted from qualitative observations. With the exception of one albacore caught by a gillnet in 1956, all albacore have been taken in Bureau investigations where surface temperatures exceeded 54°F (12.2 °C) and highest catch rates were obtained between 58 and 61°F (14.4–16.1 °C). As the thermocline depth averages about 60 feet (18.3 m) in the summer months offshore from the Pacific Northwest states and temperatures are all well below 50°F (10 °C) at the bottom of the thermocline, albacore probably inhabit only the overlying (mixed layer) lens of warm oceanic water. Concentrations of albacore appear to occur along the interface of the warm oceanic waters and the cooler waters adjacent to the coast.
Tag Failure Associated with a Net Fishery as a Source of Experimental Error
Authors: Parker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

Tags may be forcibly separated from the fish by the action of the gear with which it is recaptured. This problem was evaluated by both tagging and removing the adipose fin on maturing Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and sampling in the gill net catches. In this study, a maximum estimate of error necessitating a correction coefficient of 1.196 is indicated. Error of this magnitude is of serious consequence to estimates of vital statistics of populations subject to high rates of exploitation.
Photographing Halibut Otoliths for Measuring Growth Zones
Authors: Southward G. Morris
Published: April 2011

Apparatus is described for clearing, projecting and photographing halibut otoliths for use in growth studies.
Record of the Oceanic Puffer, Lagocephalus lagocephalus (L.), Family Tetraodontidae, from Newfoundland
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

A female specimen of Lagocephalus lagocephalus (L.), 60 cm long, was collected alive on Aug. 26, 1961 on the beach at Point Verde, Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 47°14′N, 54°01′W. This is apparently the first record of this species in the western Atlantic.
Air Blowing of Cod Liver Oil and Other Marine Oils
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: April 2011

The polymerization of cod liver oil by blowing with air was investigated at temperatures ranging from 80 to 140 °C. The changes occurring in the chemical and physical constants were plotted and the effects of reaction variables studied. Polymerization of herring oil and seal oil was compared with cod liver oil under the same conditions. The use of these blown oils as possible additives to lubricating oils is suggested.
Record of the Blue Ling, Molva byrkelange (Walbaum), from the Newfoundland Area
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

A female specimen of European ling, 115 cm long, caught in Hermitage Bay, Nfld., Lat. 47°33′N, Long. 56°06′W on September 17, 1959, has been identified as the blue ling, Molva byrkelange (Walbaum). This is apparently the first record of this species from the western Atlantic west or south of West Greenland.
On the Feeding and Growth of Young Herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Captivity
Authors: Das Naresh , Tibbo S. N.
Published: April 2011

not available
Glycogen Concentration and Post Mortem Loss of Adenosine Triphosphate in Fish and Mammalian Skeletal Muscle. A Review
Authors: Tomlinson N. , Geiger S. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Amphipods in Low-Oxygen Marine Waters Adjacent to a Sulphite Pulp Mill
Authors: Waldichuk M. , Bousfield E. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Egg Masses and Early Developmental Stages of the Scorpaenid Fish, Sebastolobus
Authors: Pearcy W. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Species Differences of Some Members of Salmonidae Based on Their Muscle Myogen Patterns
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts E.
Published: April 2011

The muscle myogen patterns obtained by starch gel electrophoresis of the Dolly Varden and eastern brook trout (Salvelinus), the rainbow and steelhead trouts and the Atlantic salmon (Salmo), and the coho, spring, chum, sockeye and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus) are compared. The myogen protein patterns are clearly distinct for each species of fishes studied, except for the rainbow and steelhead trouts, and constitute a remarkably constant property which can be employed to differentiate between species and for other useful purposes. The specific and generic inter-relationships have been analyzed by these patterns and developed as further criteria for classification purposes and are discussed in conjunction with currently accepted beliefs.
Temperature and Rate of Hatching of Triaenophorus Eggs
Authors: Watson N. H. F. , Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Discards of Fish at Sea by Northern New Brunswick Draggers
Authors: Jean Yves
Published: April 2011

Sampling aboard northern New Brunswick draggers from 1956 to 1961 shows a substantial reduction in the percentage by numbers and by weight of the catch of cod discarded at sea. The total numbers of cod discarded in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence, which amounted to about 7 million in 1956, have been reduced to an estimated 1 million in 1961. Two factors are mainly responsible for this reduction: large-mesh nets which, following an ICNAF recommendation, became effective in 1957, and reduction in sizes retained for landing. The mesh effect is believed to be 1.3 times greater than the cull effect in reducing cod discards in 1961. Discards of American plaice have increased during the same period, due to larger recruitment of young year classes. Discards of species other than cod and plaice are negligible because they are only a small part of the catch. Survival experiments show that most cod and plaice are dead when returned to the sea. The use of large-mesh codends may result in long-term increase in the total cod landings in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence.
A Note on Gadus (Micromesistius) poutassou (Risso) from Western Atlantic Waters
Authors: Scott W. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Measurements of Immature Stages of Triaenophorus
Authors: Lawler G. H. , Watson N. H. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
An Occurrence of Dusky Sharks, Carcharhinus obscurus, (Lesueur) 1818, in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Tibbo S. N. , McKenzie R. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effect of Photoperiods on the Reactions of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.) to Light Stimuli
Authors: Pinhorn A. T. , Andrews C. W.
Published: April 2011

The reactions to light stimuli of juvenile Atlantic salmon exposed to photoperiods (light-exposed fish) and those exposed to control conditions (control fish) were compared. The light-exposed fish showed more activity and reacted more readily to stimuli than the control fish. Both the control and light-exposed fish exhibited a negative phototaxis at all light intensities except the very lowest where a slight positive phototaxis was obvious. The intensity of an intermittent light stimulus had very little effect on the intensity of the reaction in the light-exposed fish, while the control fish showed an increase in the intensity of the reaction with an increase in the intensity of the light stimulus. The control fish showed an increase in the reaction to the intermittent light stimulus the longer the stimulus was applied at the higher levels of stimulation, while the light-exposed fish showed this behavior at the lower levels of stimulation. The reactions to continuous light were similar to the reactions to intermittent light stimuli, but the light-exposed fish reacted more quickly to continuous light than the control fish. These differences in behavior are attributed to the increased activity and sensitivity of the light-exposed fish, resulting from their exposure to photoperiods.
Movements of Young Atlantic Salmon in a Small Stream
Authors: Saunders Richard L. , Gee John H.
Published: April 2011

The locations of tagged parr and fin-clipped fry were observed from summer through early winter in a 1000-ft (328-m) study area of a small coastal stream. Tagged parr were usually found in or near places of original capture which are herein designated as homes. Parr whose homes were in pools, which appeared to be as suitable habitats as riffles, and those in adjacent riffles appeared to stay in their respective habitats. Some returned to their homes after having been moved as much as 700 ft (213 m) upriver or downriver. Fry were most numerous in shallow riffles and appeared to remain within small areas of the stream during summer but moved into parr habitats, the pools and deep riffles in autumn.
Polyphosphate Treatment of Frozen Cod. I. Protein Extractability and Lipid Hydrolysis
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Brockerhoff H. , Hoyle R. J. , Fraser D. I.
Published: April 2011

Tripolyphosphate dipped and undipped control paired cod fillets stored at −12 °C showed no differences occurring on storage in extractable protein, lipid hydrolysis, or thaw drip. A higher yield of frozen and of thawed fillets was obtained from the dipped samples due to water uptake.No specific effect of tripolyphosphate on thaw drip was obtained at the ionic concentrations used, but it is postulated that such effects might occur in the presence of about 1% salt.
Movements of Halibut on the Nova Scotian and Grand Banks
Authors: Kohler A. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Pilchard Oil: An Analysis for Component Fatty Acids with Particular Reference to the C24 Chain Length
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
An Air-Lift Pump for Elevating Salmon, Herring, and Other Fish of Similar Size
Authors: Roach S. W. , Claggett F. G. , Harrison J. S. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Distribution and Synonymy in the Pacific Ocean, and Variation, of the Greenland Halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum)
Authors: Hubbs Carl L. , Wilimovsky Norman J.
Published: April 2011

Long known in the Pacific Ocean from a single specimen from east-central Japan, the very distinctive flatfish genus Reinhardtius has been shown since 1930 to maintain a population of commercial significance from northern Japan to northwestern Bering Sea. It is now found to be common also in eastern Bering Sea, and to occur also just south of the tip of the Alaska Peninsula, in northern and central California, and even at the extreme north of Baja California, Mexico. Japan and the Californias appear to be inhabited by non-breeding expatriates, whose wanderings are attributable to the free-swimming habits and prolonged early pelagic development of the species. Lack of records between the Alaska Peninsula and California may possibly indicate actual absence, attributable to current pattern. Analysis of the only morphometric characters thought to be indicative of subspecific differentiation between the Pacific and Atlantic stocks discloses no basis for such separation, nor do any meristic characters disclose such a basis. The single species Reinhardtius hippoglossoides is therefore regarded as a uniquely undifferentiated amphiboreal taxon. The chief distinction between the ocean stocks lies in the number of vertebrae, but the differentiation (probably genetic) is not beyond the racial level. The difference in vertebral numbers, surprisingly, is not paralleled by a difference in numbers of dorsal or anal rays; nor is there any marked correlation between vertebral and ray numbers. As expected, the numbers of dorsal and anal rays are found to be positively correlated, and the number of precaudal and caudal vertebrae to be negatively correlated. In this flatfish of relatively limited asymmetry the numbers of rays are virtually identical in the two pectoral fins. Two reversed examples of the species are reported.
Distribution of Introduced Marine Mollusca in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Quayle D. B.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of a number of species of lamellibranchs and gastropods that have been introduced into British Columbia waters largely as a result of oyster cultural operations is discussed. The dispersal routes and barriers are indicated in relation to known hydrographic conditions and circulation patterns. The problems of spawning, larval movements, metamorphosis, and spat survival are examined.The introduced species that are discussed are Crassostrea gigas, Mya arenaria, Venerupis japonica, Ocenebra japonica, Teredo navalis, Nassarius obsoletus, Purpura clavigera, Urosalpinx cinerea and Batillaria cumingi.
A Model for Simulation of the Population Biology of Pacific Salmon
Authors: Larkin P. A. , Hourston A. S.
Published: April 2011

A model simulating the population dynamics of the stocks of salmon spawning in a large river system is constructed, incorporating (1) a series of theoretical reproduction curves operating in successive stages during the life history of each stock producing compensatory or depensatory effects, (2) a device for simulating environmental variability (extrapensatory effects), (3) the effects of a joint fishery on mixed stocks, (4) the effects of multiple age of spawning on fluctuation in abundance of a single stock, (5) the consequences to yield of various degrees of stabilization of the fishery, and (6) the inheritance of age at maturity in salmon. Application of the model is illustrated by two examples. The first simulates the production of cyclic dominance by the inheritance of age of maturity and depensation in the freshwater stage. In the second example, five stocks differing in relative abundance; age composition, environmental variability, and rate of compensation are subjected to a common fishery which is selective for age and provides for complete stabilization of the escapement for the combined run as a whole. Comparisons between various combinations of the five stocks show the effects of these factors on the various stocks and on the run as a whole over a simulated period of 120 years.