bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lexicon as a Key to Ethno-Philosophy, History, and Politics: “Freedom” in Latin, English, Russian, and Polish
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Most of the copious literature on the concept of ‘freedom’ has come from philosophers of various sorts. To the best of my knowledge, there is hardly any serious linguistic literature on the subject. Yet linguistic analysis of this concept could play a valuable role. In particular, what is lacking in the philosophical literature is an analysis of ‘freedom’ and related concepts undertaken from a cross-linguistic perspective-an analysis which would be able to reveal, in a rigorous and methodical way, the similarities and the differences between concepts related to ‘freedom’ which have been lexically encoded in different languages, and which are often assumed to be simply identical.
Australian Key Words and Core Cultural Values
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

If Russian culture is epitomized by three untranslatable Russian words dusa (roughly ‘soul’), sud’ba (roughly ‘fate’), and toska (roughly ‘yearning/melancholy’) (see Wierzbicka 1992b), and Japanese culture by such untranslatable words as amae, giri, on, wa, enryo, seishin and omoiyari (see chapter 6), traditional Australian culture is reflected, above all, in the word mate (cf. chapter 2, section 5). As I will try to show in this chapter, it is also reflected in such characteristically Australian speech act verbs as doh in, chiack, yam, shout, and whinge (some of them, notably chiack, now archaic and replaced by various other verbs in the speech of the younger generation), and also in a number of characteristic Australian “b-words,” including, in particular, bloody, bastard, bugger, and bullshit.
Genetic Influences on Alcohol Metabolism and Sensitivity to Alcohol in Animals
Authors: Deitrich Richard A , Baker Rodney C
Published: November 2023

It has been recognized for millenia that there are individual differences in the reaction of humans to ethanol. Some people are “able to hold their liquor” while others “pass out with a whiff of the cork.” That such individual variability exists in lower animals is a more recent observation that forms the basis for the work reviewed in this chapter. Assuming equal access of ethanol to the blood stream and brain in two individuals or groups of individuals, there are several ways that individual variability in initial sensitivity to ethanol can arise. One possibility is that the central nervous system itself is differentially sensitive to the effects of ethanol. A second possibility is that one individual or group may simply get rid of the ethanol faster. Both of these possibilities have subleties associated with them that may not be readily apparent.
Genetic Influences on Alcohol Preference in Animals
Authors: Lumeng Lawrence , Murphy James M , Mcbride, William J , Li Ting-Kai
Published: November 2023

A key objective of alcoholism research is to explain why people drink, why some continue to drink even when alcohol use creates problems for them (i.e., alcohol abuse), and why some are unable to stop drinking even when faced with highly detrimental consequences (i.e., alcohol dependence). The underlying agent of alcoholism, of course, is ethanol; however, it is also clear that the final common behavioral path is the acquisition of ethanol through drinking (or self-administration), and that the central issue of alcoholism research should be the understanding of the psychosocial and biological (genetic and environmental) factors that contribute to aberrant alcohol drinking behavior. Although alcoholism is a disorder unique to humans, considerable efforts have been made to develop animal models of ethanol self-administration and to use them to elucidate the neurobiological substrates of alcohol-seeking behavior.
Genetic Factors That Reduce Risk for Developing Alcoholism in Animals and Humans
Authors: Crabb David W , Edenberg Howard J , Thomasson Holly R , Li Ting-Kai
Published: November 2023

Alcohol drinking behavior is influenced by a host of biological and environmental factors, some of which contribute to making the experience pleasant or rewarding while others make the experience unpleasant or aversive. The quantity and frequency of drinking are governed by the interaction of these positive and negative reactions to alcohol consumption. During the last 15 years, a great deal of attention has been paid to demonstrating that there is genetic as well as psychosocial risk for “drinking too much.” In humans, adoption studies have pointed to the existence of genetic determinants that increase the risk of developing alcoholism in children of alcoholics (Cotton, 1979; Cloninger et al., 1981). Recent studies of twins have shown that patterns of social drinking are also influenced by both environmental and genetic factors (Heath et al., 1991a, 1991b).
Genetic Influences on the Development of Physical Dependence and Withdrawal in Animals
Authors: Kosobud Ann E , Crabbe John C
Published: November 2023

Alcohol withdrawal can be as benign as the common hangover experienced after a single episode of intoxication, or with continued excessive use it can evolve into the dramatic and life-threatening delirium tremens. Before the development of effective treatment, mortality rates among severe cases were as high as 15%. The exact mechanisms underlying withdrawal, and their relationship to the complex disorder of alcoholism, remain unknown. Is withdrawal merely a side effect of chronic alcohol abuse? Or are the processes that result in withdrawal fundamental to the process of addiction? Among the many symptoms and consequences of alcohol abuse, the withdrawal syndrome is one of the most puzzling. Although withdrawal symptoms can appear in an intoxicated individual, it is generally agreed that the syndrome intensifies as ethanol (EtOH) levels fall. The syndrome may continue to worsen long after the direct effects of EtOH have become negligible, and the severest form of withdrawal in humans can appear as many as five days after the last drink (Victor and Adams, 1953).
Biological Constraints
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

The idea that understanding the biological brain may lead to a better understanding of ourselves is a tantalizing one. It is no doubt responsible for the substantial research efforts that have been devoted to the brain over the last century, and that continue with increasing momentum. Clearly much has been achieved and substantial volumes are devoted to summarizing some of the known information.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

You have never heard of ileitis or colitis, yet suddenly you come down with ulcerative colitis or your child or spouse is diagnosed as having Crohn’s disease. Your doctor labels you or your child or spouse as having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Now wherever you go, you hear about these diseases. Other relatives or acquaintances all seem to have similar problems, yet they have different stories. Some remember that President Eisenhower had ileitis, but that he was a good general and president despite that. Everyone volunteers information. There’s a foundation working on the disease. It’s a viral disease. It’s a psychosomatic disease. It’s a Jewish disease, yet you’re not Jewish and neither was President Eisenhower. What you need to know is what kind of diseases these are.
Diarrhea, Constipation, and Rectal Bleeding
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

My definitions are quite simple. By diarrhea I mean bowel movements that occur too often and that are too loose. By constipation I mean difficulty in moving one’s bowels. (Although some people think they are constipated if their bowel movements are dry and hard, these are not necessarily signs of constipation; again, difficulty in moving one’s bowel is the important symptom.) By rectal bleeding I mean blood you can see with the naked eye on the toilet tissue, mixed with the stool, in the bowl, or all three. (Hidden bleeding, which doctors call “occult” bleeding, is blood in the stool that requires testing to be discovered.) Sometimes the stools may appear black or tarry in consistency. These symptoms are caused by stomach bleeding, which the action of intestinal bacteria turns black and sticky. Some stomach bleeding is so profuse that the blood does not have time to undergo a change in color. In this case, the blood remains bright red as it rushes down the whole intestine.
Polyps and Cancer of the Colon
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

We all live with the fear of developing a cancer. In men, cancer of the colon is now the second most common cancer in the body; in women, it may soon become the second most common also. In both sexes, colon cancer is by far the most common cancer of the entire intestinal tract. In this chapter, I use the term colon cancer to mean any cancer that develops in the colon from the cecum to the rectum, instead of continually saying colorectal cancer. Where there are important differences between cancer in the rectum and cancers elsewhere in the remainder of the colon, I make that difference clear. There is nothing good about cancer of the colon, but of all the gastrointestinal cancers, including those in the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and biliary system (gallbladder and bile ducts), colon cancer has the best outlook for cure and survival of life.
The Definition of Head
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M
Published: November 2023

In the introductory chapter I indicated the aim of this book, namely, the analysis and explanation of the linear reorganization of grammatical structures from Latin to French. Since these grammatical changes will be accounted for in terms of branching, the analysis is based on the independently motivated definition of the elements between which a branching relation exists, that is, the head and its complement or modifier. In this chapter I give a definition of head that can be used for morphological as well as syntactic structures.
Diachronic Analysis: The Verb Phrase
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M
Published: November 2023

In the detailed analysis of the position of the Latin genitive, adjective, and determiner I have demonstrated that the noun phrase underwent a structural reorganization whereby left branching gave way to right branching: comparison of data of various periods of Latin and even earlier reveals the gradual shift from archaic LB to modern RB structures. The changes that occurred in the Medieval French nominal phrase were but the accomplishment of that same evolution. The verbal phrase, which is analyzed in this chapter, underwent the same change, but at a different rate. Its structural reorganization extends as far as modern times: the relative clause featuring a final, hence LB, verb only disappeared in the seventeenth century, whereas even today the French verb still displays a left-branching future, for example, je chanterai ‘I will sing’, although this form is giving way to the right-branchingje vais + infinitive,. as in je vais chanter.
Patriotic Games
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

In Patriotic Games, historian Stephen Pope explores the ways sport was transformed from a mere amusement into a metaphor for American life. Between the 1890s and the 1920s, sport became the most pervasive popular cultural activity in American society. During these years, basketball was invented, football became a mass spectator event, and baseball soared to its status as the “national pastime.” Pope demonstrates how America’s sporting tradition emerged from a society fractured along class, race, ethnic, and gender lines. Institutionalized sport became a trans-class mechanism for packaging power and society in preferred ways--it popularized an interlocking set of cultural ideas about America’s quest for national greatness. Nowhere was this more evident than the intimate connection established between sport and national holiday celebrations. As Pope reveals, Thanksgiving sports influenced the holiday’s evolution from a religious occasion to a secular one. On the Fourth of July, sporting events infused patriotic rituals with sentiments that emphasized class conciliation and ethnic assimilation. In a time of social tensions, economic downturns, and unprecendented immigration, the rituals and enthusiasms of sport, Pope argues, became a central component in the shaping of America’s national identity.
Olympic Spectacles and the Redemption of the Amateur Ethos
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

The revival of the Olympic Games by a French aristocrat, the Baron Pierre de Coubertin, proved to be the pivotal episode in the making of an American athletic identity. Convinced that the disciplined austerity and sports­ manship required of the English rugby players had produced empire builders and men of character, Coubertin conceived a modern athletic festival that would promote cooperative internationalism throughout Western society. Coubertin’s philosophy of “olympism” (the philosophy and world-view of the Olympic movement) embraced the best of ancient Greece; the proven power of English muscular Christianity; rhythm; art; beauty; and a balancing of body, mind, and soul. Such a synthesis might lead a man, the Baron thought (as did Socrates), to “knowledge of himself and of the right way to live.” Like other bourgeois liberals, Coubertin was torn between beliefs in both the individualistic ethos and nationalism. These ideological tensions led to an institutional action in 1894 when the International Olympic Committee ruled that individuals could compete only as representatives of their country’s national Olympic committees. The contradiction between the internationalist Olympic vision and nationalistic rivalry reflected the world-unifying and world-fragmenting tendencies of advanced capitalism itself.
Vectors and Approaches for the Eukaryotic Expression of Antibodies and Antibody Fusion Proteins
Authors: Morrison Sherie L , Coloma M Josefina , Espinoza Daniel , Hastings Alice , Shin Seung-Uon , Wims Letitia A , Wright Ann
Published: November 2023

lmmunoglobulin (lg) molecules are unique because of their wide range of binding specificities coupled with many different effector functions. In part because of their exquisite specificity, antibodies have great potential as therapeutic agents. Hybridomas are a major source of antibodies; however, hybridomas are largely of rodent origin and the immune response to rodent antibodies precludes their long-term use in man. DNA-mediated transfection and lg gene expression provides an important new tool to address the short comings of the hybridoma technology and can be used to produce both chimeric rodent/human and totally human antibodies with improved functional properties.
The Cloning of Hybridoma V Regions for Their Ectopic Expression in Intracellular and lntercellular Immunization
Authors: Bradbury Andrew , Ruberti Francesca , Werge Thomas , Amati Viviana , Luzio Anna Di , Gonfloni Stefania , Hoogenboom Hennie , Piccioli Patrizia , Biocca Silvia , Cattaneo Antonino
Published: November 2023

We describe in this chapter an experimental strategy to specifically interfere with the function of selected intra-or extracellular gene products in animal cells, where a systematic genetic approach is not feasible. This strategy is based on the ectopic expression of recombinant forms of monoclonal antibodies. As a prelude to this use of antibodies, we have recently shown that immunoglobulins can be efficiently expressed as secreted15 or intra cellular3 proteins by mammalian nonlymphoid cells. Intracellular expression of functional antibodies has also been demonstrated in yeast.14•80 In particular, the efficiency of antibody secretion by cells related to the nervous system was shown to be comparable to that of lymphoid cells. As a result we suggested that the local secretion of specific monoclonal antibodies by cells of the nervous system could be used in functional and developmental studies on the otherwise intact nervous system of transgenic mice. This approach can be taken one step further by engineering the expression of antibodies in the cell cytoplasm or in other compartments. Thus, we demonstrated that not only can antibody heavy and light chains
The Expression of “Single Chain” Antibodies in Transgenic Plants
Authors: Tavladoraki Paraskevi , Franconi Rosella , Bradbury Andrew , Cattaneo Antonino , Benvenuto Eugenio
Published: November 2023

Since the first demonstration that plant cells are able to synthesize and secrete antibodies, plants have been considered as alternative hosts for immunoglobulin expression in heterologous systems. Hence plants join the established list of nonlymphoid hosts such as bacteria, yeasts, insect cultured cells, and mammalian cells,3•7•36 each of which has advantages and disadvantages for the production of secreted antibodies or their domains. Part of the difficulty with every recombinant host lies in the transfer and expression of two genes (heavy and light chains) and the subsequent assembly of the synthesized polypeptides. Other drawbacks are represented by the presence of distinct glycosylation patterns in each host and the necessity toadapt signals to drive processing, assembly, and secretion.
Formation of a Musico-Literary Sensibility
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

“The city and its suburbs lie in one of the most beautiful and romantic regions of Saxony, on the left bank of the Mulde, between gardens, meadows, and fertile fields. … The entire area around Zwickau has so many natural beauties that one could actually call it a park:’1 It was here in Zwickau, on 8 June 1810 at 10:30 P.M., that Robert Schumann was born the fifth and last child of August Schumann and Johanna Christiana Schumann nee Schnabel. The young Schumann passed his early years in a milieu conducive to the pursuit of literary studies. His father, by several accounts an active, ingenious, and industrious man,2 is often described as a book dealer, though the scope of his activities was considerably wider. The author of chivalric romances and an indefatigable lexicographer, August Schumann made a small fortune by publishing pocket editions of Sir Walter Scott’s novels and other foreign classics in German translation. Soon before his death in August 1826 he began to issue similar editions of Byron’s works; these publications were not lost on his son, who during the summer of 1827 set one of the English poet’s lyrics (“I saw thee weep”) as a lied entitled Die Weinende.
The Musical Dramatist
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

With the possible exception of the choral partsongs and the late works, sacred and secular, for soloists, chorus, and orchestra, Schumann’s dramatic music constitutes the least explored area of his output. His opera Genoveva, the only one of the major dramatic compositions to have acquired something of a critical tradition, is little known and rarely performed; the first complete recording of the work was made as recently as October 1976. Likewise, the other dramatic essays of the Dresden years have fared poorly in contemporary concert life: only the Overture to Manfred has secured a place in the standard repertory; selections from the Scenen aus Gothe’s Faust (WoO 3) are only infrequently accorded a spot on concert programs.
The Present and the Imperfect in Germanic and Romance
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider in more detail the syntax/semantics interface of the continuous tenses—in particular, of the present tense and the imperfect indicative. The observation from which we begin is the following. In the previous chapters we have shown that English and Mainland Scandinavian languages differ from Romance and from the other Germanic languages with respect to the morphosyntax of the present tense. We have argued that a wide range of phenomena follows from this difference, such as the facts concerning the interpretive properties of the present perfect. With respect to these properties, English and MSc pattern together, contrasting with Romance and the other Germanic languages. In chapter 2 and chapter 3 we considered the syntax/semantics interface with respect to the temporal properties of the present tense.
Reference, Kinds and Predicates
Authors: Reyes Marie La Palme , Macnamara John , Reyes Gonzalo E
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to present a theory of reference for proper names (PNs), count nouns (CNs) and predicables (mainly adjectives, adjectival phrases, verbs, verb phrases).

The paper is divided into three sections and an Appendix. In the first, we describe briefly some theses on reference. These theses express the logical prerequisites for reference to take place. The second section, which is the core of the paper, describes a mathematical theory that is based on these theses. This theory, the theory of reference mentioned above, constitutes the foundation for the semantics of kinds and predicates.

The third section, which is devoted to some applications of the theory, is divided into three parts. In the first, we discuss and apply the notion of an underlying map which is directly linked to reference and kinds. In the second, we discuss some transformations that such parts of speech as CNs, MNs (mass nouns) and predicables may undergo and we provide semantical counterparts for these transformations. In the third, we mention some problems and possible developments of our theory. In the Appendix, we sketch a proof of a soundness theorem for the formal system introduced in the second section.
Prolegomena to a Theory of Kinds
Authors: Peruzzi Alberto
Published: November 2023

The discussion on meaning and reference has had a central place in con temporary philosophy of language. The problems that have emerged are not solvable by means of Procrustean definitions of meaning and reference, nor is the full range of their variety revealed by ad hoc case studies. A unifying and precise theory has to be developed and its empirical adequacy shown by its ability to handle a significant range of se mantic phenomena. Yet, all attempts to achieve this goal have failed so far, because their target was language in its final stage, from the twofold point of view of both ontogenesis (adult’s language) and cultural adaptation. Standard computational models of language understanding have embodied this very premise, being thus vitiated from the start by ignoring the dynamic interactions that lead to the emergence of high level symbolic configurations. More recently, however, there is a growing realization that the search for such a unifying theory can be successful only if meaning and reference are investigated within the dynamics of cognitive development, which is a highly composite process. Correspondingly, various artificial intelligence projects now seek to design models of the formation and the stabilization of semantic capabilities (cf. analogical simulations of “naive,” qualitative physics).
Making Medical Spending Decisions
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

One of the most fundamental issues in health care delivery is who should decide which items of medical care are not worth their cost. This book is a fresh and comprehensive exploration of how health care rationing decisions are made. Unlike prior works, its focus is not on the specific criteria for rationing, like age or quality of life. Instead, the author provides comparative analysis of alternative social mechanisms for making medical spending decisions: (1) consumers paying for their medical treatment out of pocket; (2) payers, government officials, or other centralized authorities setting limits on what doctors can do and what insurance will pay for; and (3) physicians motivated to make these decisions at the bedside level. His analysis of each of these mechanisms reveals that none is uniformly superior, and each is better suited for certain decisions that others. Therefore, a mix of all three is inevitable. The author develops his analysis along three dimensions: political economics, ethics, and law. The political economic dimension discusses the practical and theoretical aspects of each method for making spending decisions, synthesizing empirical studies of the situations in which each mechanism has been tested. The ethical dimension is based on several strands of philosophical theory, principally classic liberalism, social contract theory, and communitarianism, as well as conceptual analysis of terms such as autonomy and coercion. The legal dimension addresses recent developments in legal doctrine such as informed consent, insurance coverage disputes, and the emerging direction of federal regulation. Hall concludes that physician rationing at the bedside is far more promising than medical ethicists and the medical profession have traditionally allowed. The best way to allocate authority for making medical spending decisions in both public and private systems, he believes, is the informed purchase of different types of health insurance in a managed competition framework.
The Polysynthesis Parameter
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

This book investigates in detail the grammar of polysynthetic languages-those with very complex verbal morphology. Baker argues that polysynthesis is more than an accidental collection of morphological processes; rather, it is a systematic way of representing predicate-argument relationships that is parallel to but distinct from the system used in languages like English. Having repercussions for many areas of syntax and related aspects of morphology and semantics, this argument results in a comprehensive picture of the grammar of polysynthetic languages. Baker draws on examples from Mohawk and certain languages of the American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Australia, and Siberia.
Introduction
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Oscar Wilde, the master of paradox, once intoned, “I adore the simple pleasures, they are the last refuge of the complex. “1 Unfortunately, sexual pleasure, as Wilde discovered, is seldom simple. In many ways, Wilde is emblematic of the vagaries of sexual politics, having been disgraced and jailed for his homosexuality. What started as a simple (but brazen) libel trial-initiated by Wilde against the Marquis of Queensbury for claiming that Wilde was “posing as a sodomite” and thereby adversely influencing his son, Lord Alfred Douglas-ultimately backfired against Wilde when evidence obtained from previous lovers irrefutably demonstrated that he was, in fact, a “sodomite.“
Sex as Procreation: Is That All There Is?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

The ancient Romans liked the idea of nature. In fact, they liked it so much that they codified it as a principle, known as natural law. This principle distinguished the laws enacted by mere humans from the laws inherent in glorious nature. And just what did natural law encompass? The third century A.D. jurist, Ulpian, explained: Natural law is what nature has taught all animals. This law is not unique to the human race but common to all animals born on land or sea and to birds as well. From it comes the union of male and female which we call marriage, as well as the procreation of children and their proper education [education]. We see in fact that all other animals, even wild beasts, are regulated by an understanding of this law.
The Biology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Ultimately, the foundations of human sexual pleasure must be biological, regardless of the triviality or momentousness of cultural influences. To give just one example, penile erection is evident in the male fetus by the thirty-eighth week in utero, long before cultural conditioning could have a significant effect. Even more suggestive is the existence of the clitoris, an organ whose sole function is to provide pleasure. Like the penis, the clitoris makes its anatomical debut well before birth.
AIDS: The End of Pleasure?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

In many quarters it seems as though AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has become the new primary meaning of sex. The Catholic Church, for one, opposes safe sex and instead promotes abstinence and monogamy as “solutions” to the problem of AIDS. (In a survey of Catholic priests conducted by the Los Angeles Times, 46 per cent responded that it was “always or often a sin to use condoms as a protection against AIDS. “1) Although it is now nearly fifteen years into the epidemic, the United States government still begins epidemiological reports with the rather naive (though technically correct) rejoinder that, “refraining from intercourse with infected partners remains the most effective strategy for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. “2 Many politicians view AIDS as a opportunity to turn back the clock to a time before the sexual revolution when repression and secrecy were commonplace. To evangelists, AIDS represents “God’s punishment” for our collective sexual sins, particularly homosexuality and the liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s.
Public Health Surveillance and Health Services Research
Authors: Thacker Stephen B , Stroup Donna F
Published: November 2023

The effective practice of public health includes surveillance; epidemiologic, behavioral, and laboratory research; outcomes research (including economic analysis and evaluation); and training. Public health surveillance data are used to assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate programs, and identify emerging problems and research priorities. In this chapter, we explore the potential uses of health services data in surveillance and the applications of surveillance data to improve health services research. To do this, we first intro duce the concepts of public health surveillance and summarize the historical development and applications of this essential public health tool. We then explore previous applications of health services data to surveillance in two case studies and evaluate their usefulness for surveillance. Finally, we discuss future directions in public health surveillance and health services research, addressing special issues such as confidentiality and informatics.
An International United Front?
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

Hitler’s smooth accession to power triggered a profound sense of disorientation within the Social Democratic and the Communist Internationals, thus creating a favorable opening facilitating moves toward unity. Most historians date the beginning of this attempt to reach an international understanding to 19 February 1933, when the LSI bureau published an appeal-”TotheWorkers of the World”-calling for a cessation of hostilities between the two Internationals and a common effort to counter the growing threat of fascism and war. Yet there is reason to believe that the very first recorded international initiative was a Communist move. According to Jonathan Haslam, “On 13 February, two weeks after Hitler became chancellor, French, German and Polish communist leaders issued a joint communique to the social demo crats offering a united front of action against fascism.” Undoubtedly, the explicit appeal of the LSI raised the stakes considerably higher. It took the Comintern two weeks to respond. When it finally issued its proclamation on 5 March 1933, it rejected any attempt to engage in top-level negotiations and instead called on each national Communist Party to enter separate united front negotiations for each individual count ry.3 In turn, the next LSI executive meeting on 18-19 March decided to recommend to its “affiliated Parties to refrain from any separate negotiations ... until results have been achieved by agreement between the two lnternationals,” thereby effectively ending the official moves toward an alliance in times of great need. The Comintern quickly switched back to its tactics of united fronts “from below,” and Aldo Agosti is undoubtedly on the mark when he infers: “The position adopted by the leadership of the LSI could not but have the effect of reinforcing the position of the most tenacious advocates of the theory of ‘social fascism’ within the leading circles of the Comintern.”6 But an interesting and little-known aftermath of this exchange suggests that the brief rapprochement of the LSI and the Comintern carried more promise than most participant observers suspected at the time. The postscript to the document exchange saw the French writer and political activist Henri Barbusse emerging from the sidelines to enter center stage, if behind closed curtains.
Business
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

Before and beyond all else, the bullfight was a business. Its purpose, from its inception, was to make money: for private institutions and public purposes as well as for the growing myriad of individuals for whom it was a source of income, sometimes the sole source of income. The bullfight was a cultural industry, and as in any industry, it brought together a number of groups with divergent interests whose relations were complex and conflictual. Bullfighters, breeders, promoters, critics, and fans presented a kaleidoscope of competing interests and fought among themselves for power and profit.
Politics
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

The bullfight was a commercialized leisure spectacle, but on certain selected occasions it was deliberately made into a political event. These political bullfights were invested with carefully constructed messages about the glory of the monarch, about imperial rule, about political power, about social prestige and display, and about the nation. In these ways, the corrida became a form of politics in the afternoon.
The Texts
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest
Published: November 2023

The Exultet in southern Italy, whether written in roll or codex, is always one of two texts, which we shall call the Beneventan and the Franco Roman versions. The Beneventan text, used in the pre-Gregorian liturgical rite of the southern Lombards, is present in the oldest sources. In the course of the eleventh century, older rolls are replaced by new documents (or rewritten) with the Franco-Roman text of the Exultet, an importation from the north; this text represents the efforts of Carolingian reform corrupted by Gallican obstinacy and its adoption as part of a growing tendency toward unification in the church, acknowledging at the same time the primacy of the liturgy of Rome. Although this “Roman” text is not Roman in origin, it came to be universally adopted and reflects the rites of the church of Rome as they were understood in the south. It is essentially the text used in the Roman liturgy to this day.
When Mothers and Children No Longer Visit
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter examines seven mothers who believe they lost contact due to their children rejecting them, either because of relationship problems or the active involvement of another adult turning the children against them. In this chapter we examine two other patterns, those having to do less with rejection of the mother by the child and more with the quality of the mother’s parenting being called into question.
When Contact Is Reestablished
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L
Published: November 2023

While the focus has been on parents not in contact with their children, some do reunite after lengthy periods of separation. In a three year follow-up interview with thirty parents who participated in the original survey (approximately one-sixth the sample), 30 percent stated contact had increased. Half of the mothers and fathers said nothing had changed in their relationship with the child with whom they were not in contact, and the remaining 20 percent said what minimum contact there may have been had decreased further. Some of the parents interviewed in depth in earlier chapters, such as Kerry in chapter 4, called to tell me that her situation with all her children had improved since our interview. For the parents who were back in contact, almost all reported great satisfaction with the renewed relationship. The parents who were not seeing their children were still mourning the loss of contact but had begun to come to terms with their situations. A few reported that the “ball was in their child’s court,” giving the impression they were not going to vigorously pursue the children any longer. They believed they had tried everything they could and, in some cases, were following the advice of friends and therapists who encouraged them to move on with their lives.
Suicide
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

Suicide continues to be an urgent problem in all countries in the world, especially among youths. More than l.4 million people committed suicide in 1990, which accounts for roughly 1.6% of the world’s mortality for that year.1 Rates of attempted suicide could be ten to twenty times higher.2 Suicide is among the top ten causes of death in most countries that report rates and is one of the top two or three causes of death among the young. Deliberate self-harm often arises from a complex mix of intolerable burden, inability to cope, and social anomie. Acts of suicide relate to a range of social, political, and psychological factors, from sentiments of despair and worthlessness associated with unemployment in Western countries to culturally sanctioned forms of self-annihilation in several Asian societies. Despite the fact that ideas about suicide are deeply rooted in cultural traditions, social-policy makers and mental health workers can take several important steps to prevent many suicides.
Violence
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

The ubiquity of collective violence is one of the most disturbing features of the late twentieth century. In the past two decades, the low-intensity conflicts in Nicaragua, Angola, and Mozambique, the repressive regimes in Myanmar, Guatemala, El Salvador, South Africa, and Indonesia, the “dirty wars” of Argentina and Chile, the wars in Indochina, and the civil, ethnic, and religious conflicts in Latin America, South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East constitute a new wave of violence, torture, and repressive techniques.
Women
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

When the world of policy and public health considers the health of women, one tendency is to first and foremost link the well-being of women to that of children and the family and, at times, to the health of a society. Maternal and child health, or “MCH,” has been a common focus for health programs throughout the world; however, these programs have often defined women’s health as reproductive health, or even women’s children’s health. Family planning efforts, inspired by the theory that overpopulation is a major impediment to development, have dispensed contraceptives in the interests of reducing fertility, but largely ignored women’s needs for information about, and control over, reproductive processes.” Questions about these trends are beginning to be raised as women exercise greater influence over health policy formation. Where is the “M” in MCH programs?2 What about programs designed to address women’s needs as women as well as mothers? Traditional definitions of women’s health should be broadened to reach beyond the reproductive and the maternal, incorporating mental and physical health across the life cycle.
Future Trends in Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Savitz David A
Published: November 2023

All of the exposures discussed in this book will continue to be the subject of epidemiologic research in the future because they are very common and because their association with health effects in most cases has not been proven or disproven conclusively, at least not at the exposure levels currently encountered in developed countries. The degree to which these associations are accepted as causal and the doseresponse relationship will help determine what intervention, if any, should take place to avoid or reduce exposure.
Surveillance and Epidemiology
Authors: Wetterhall Scott F , Noji Erick.
Published: November 2023

Disasters disrupt normal or existing relationships between people and their environment, and social relationships among and within groups of people. These disruptions require action by public health officials to mitigate the resulting adverse health effects, to prevent as much damage as possible, and to restore delivery of public services to pre-disaster levels. To respond appropriately and effectively to the challenges and threats that disasters and their consequences pose to public health, everyone involved in relief efforts-policymakers, disaster managers, resource coordinators, field-workers, and the victims themselves-require timely and accurate information. Public health surveillance can identify health problems, establish priorities for decision-makers, and evaluate the effectiveness of relief activities.
Managing the Environmental Health Aspects of Disasters: Water, Human Excreta, and Shelter
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R
Published: November 2023

In addition to causing immediate adverse health effects such as injury and death, disasters disrupt environmental health safeguards that are critical for a population’s survival, including the assurance of potable water, the proper management of human excreta, and the provision of shelter (I). When such safeguards are interrupted, populations may experience increased rates of communicable diseases and other harmful effects related to exposure to cold weather, heat, or rain (2, 3). Health professionals must understand the interplay between the environmental conditions and the status of a population’s health if they are to provide effective relief services to a disaster-stricken community. For example, diarrheal illness resulting from the consumption of polluted drinking water or improperly prepared rations may require immediate action to purify water supplies or to dispose of contaminated food. Cold stress to a displaced population whose homes have been destroyed or increased rates of respiratory illness among persons residing in overcrowded community shelters are also examples of health problems that must be remedied through immediate improvements in the physical environment. Consequently, directing limited disaster relief resources toward the consequences rather than toward the root causes of inadequate states of environmental health may not be the most effective public health strategy to pursue in disaster situations. The purpose of this chapter is to help professionals whose skills are primarily in fields other than environmental health develop a better understanding of this aspect of disaster response.
Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Malilay Josephine
Published: November 2023

Tropical cyclones are among the most destructive weather systems (1-3). The impact from cyclones generally extends over a wide area, with mortality, injury, and property loss that result from strong winds and heavy rains. Often secondary events such as storm surges, flooding, landslides, and tornadoes exacerbate effects of these systems (4). Although improved warning systems in most cyclone-prone areas of the world today prevent or reduce deaths, meteorological elements, increased population growth, and the development of human settlements along coastal areas continue to present risks associated with cyclone-related mortality and morbidity.
Tornadoes
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R
Published: November 2023

Tornadoes are funnel-shaped windstorms that occur when masses of air with differing physical qualities (e.g., density, temperature, humidity and velocity) collide(]). These violent rotating winds converge to form a vortex, which is usually narrow at the base and which gives a tornado its typical funnel-shaped appearance. Air and debris are actively drawn into the base of the vortex as the tornado moves across the ground, resulting in a path of destruction. Tornadoes in the Northern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise, while those in the Southern Hemisphere rotate clockwise (2). Winds associated with tornadoes can reach speeds in excess of 250 miles per hour (mph) (1, 3). Because weather conditions that create tornadoes may be present over a large geographic region, tornado outbreaks, defined as six or more tornadoes, may occur within a relatively short period of time (2). For example, in 1974, an outbreak of 148 tornadoes throughotiNh eastern United States affected 13 states and resulted in approximately 300 deaths and 6,000 injuries (4). The cost of property damage caused by a single outbreak can be in excess of $200 million (5).
Heat Waves and Hot Environments
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin M
Published: November 2023

Hot weather is an important determinant of human mortality. In the United States, a major heat wave can cause literally thousands of excess deaths in a given summer. Yet, for purposes of public health, the term “heat wave” is not easily defined. “Hot” is a relative term, and periods of hot weather (heat waves) vary greatly in intensity and duration. Ambient temperatures may change rapidly, and they have marked diurnal fluctuations. Their effect on human beings is not the same in different geographic areas. Moreover, the microclimates, behaviors, and preexisting medical conditions of individual human beings dramatically affect the biological consequences of macroenvironmental heat. Thus, at the present time, a precise description of conditions constituting a heat wave of public health importance eludes description. Determining the precise hot weather conditions leading to an adverse impact on public health remains an important area for scientific investigation.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Studd Michael V
Published: November 2023

Sexual harassment–unwanted and often persistent sexual attention most frequently involving male initiators and female victims–has recently emerged as a major issue in the management of organizations (e.g., Center for Women’s Policy Studies, 1981; Farley, 1978; Gutek, 1985; Neugarten & Shafritz, 1980; Paludi, 1990; U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 1981). Sexual harassment in the workplace occurs within an environment in which issues associated with, and interactions among, sexual desire, individual power, and sociosexual conflict are especially pronounced and especially problematic (Studd & Gattiker, 1991). The personal and professional goals and desires of individuals in the workplace often conflict with those of other individuals with whom they interact. Moreover, individual and organizational objectives are often also in conflict. The problematic nature of these competing influences is in contrast to sexual motivation and sociosexual interactions in private life, in which incidents of unwanted sexual attention can at least potentially be resolved on a more individual and private basis. Such resolutions would, generally lack implications for that individual’s working or professional life and therefore would be unaffected by the confounding influence of organization-based power. The presence and use of this professional and organizational power greatly complicate sociosexual interactions between men and women in the workplace, especially with respect to unwanted sexual attention.