bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Hygrothermal Property of Jute Woven Fabric Reinforced Composites
Authors: Luo Changtai
Published: April 2021

Jute woven fabric reinforced composites are manufactured by means of VARI technology, hygroscopic property changes in the composites is analyzed, and the influence of hygrothermal aging on their tensile performance is investigated. The results show that moisture uptake of the composites at stage one conforms well to Fickian diffusion. Based on experimental data, the correlation between diffusion coefficient and temperature in Fickian equation is corrected. Meanwhile, the mild deviation between experiment-based moisture uptake curve and the one predicted by the modified equation validates the effectiveness of the correction. In addition, as temperature increases, the tensile strength of the composites decreases, due to the intensification of the resin dissolution.
Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete with Modified Calcium and Magnesium
Authors: Wu Xinyan , Jiang Lubing , Zheng Guoping
Published: April 2021

Geopolymer concrete has better mechanical property and environmental advantages than ordinary Portland concrete. Different amount of fly ash, Ca, Mg and the proportions of mixing ingredients are researched in this paper. Contrast by mixing different ratio of calcium to magnesium (Ca-to-Mg) into the geopolymer concrete, the mechanical property was researched. The compress experiment was fulfilled, moisture reduction was measured. The experimental results show modified geopolymer concrete with Mg/Ca can enhance the ability of water retention. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete enhanced when ratio of Mg-to-Ca was 1:1. The peak compressive strength of geopolymer concrete reached 43.7MPa when MgO and slag occupied 133% fly ash. Slag can obviously improve the mechanical properties of the geopolymers. Modified proper ratio of Ca-to-Mg can improve mechanical performance of the geopolymer gels by 52%-1461%.
Study on Buckling Behavior of Glass Fiber Sandwich Structure
Authors: Chen Ru , Liu Xinhang , Hu Cong , Yang Xu , Wu Ye
Published: April 2021

A range of glass fiber sandwich structures were manufactured utilizing VARI technology and hydrothermal accelerate aging tests were carried out for them at four temperatures (25°C, 40°C, 55°C, 75°C) with three durations (10 days, 20 days, 30 days). Subsequent buckling tests on these structures recognized the principal failure mode as overall buckling, additionally, interface debonding and foam shearing were observed, moreover, the maximum load value is negatively related to the above two hydrothermal parameters and decreased by 19.53% and 17.27% respectively after 30-day aging and the exposure at 75°C. Furthermore, SEM images of the structures’ surface suggest that as temperature and time increase, the resin dissolution are escalated contributing to more distinct undermining of buckling capacity.
Creep of Fly Ash Concrete under Sulfate Attack Based on Consolidation Theory and Damage Theory
Authors: Cao Jian , Xiao Junjie , Han Ziyang , Xu Bin
Published: April 2021

This paper focuses on the creep characteristics of fly ash concrete corroded by sulfate. Firstly, based on the existing research, combined with the creep consolidation theory of concrete, the creep prediction model of fly ash concrete suitable for corrosive environment is analyzed. Secondly, through the analysis of the progress of sulfate corrosion of fly ash concrete, the concept of damage degree in damage theory is introduced to establish the creep calculation model of sulfate corrosion of fly ash concrete. Finally, the calculated value of the model is compared with the test value. The results show that the calculated value of the model is in good agreement with the experimental data and are consistent with the creeping growth trend.
Corrosion Behavior of Chemical Oxidation Film of Magnesium Alloy in NaCl Solution
Authors: Cheng De , Wen Chen , Bai Jingying , Qin Yeshen , Jiao Baocheng
Published: April 2021

Magnesium alloy chemical oxidation is a commonly used conductive anti-corrosion treatment method for aerospace. In order to study the corrosion resistance of its chemical oxide film in the coastal launch site and evaluate the impact of the marine environment on its surface film performance, the corrosion properties of magnesium specimens were studied in 3.5% NaCl solution. The corrosion characteristics with different immersion time were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, energy spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. The corrosion mechanism was discussed. The results showed that as the immersion time increases, corrosion starts from pitting. The pit spreads to the morphology of multi-pronged extension cracks and then continues to deepen and widen, gradually covers the entire surface of the specimen. The corrosion products are mainly composed of magnesium and oxygen. The electrochemical results show that as the corrosion time increases, the corrosion rate increases from 0h to 12h, which the Icorr increases and the reaction resistance decreases. However, as the corrosion products cover the surface which prevents the corrosion expanding, the Vcorr trends to forward shift and reaction resistance increases.
Research on the Effect of Temperature on Tribological Properties of PTFE Composites under Oil Lubrication Conditions
Authors: Shi Jianwen , Suo Shuangfu , Zhang Qi
Published: April 2021

PTFE and its composites are widely used in various reciprocating sealing materials due to their extremely low friction coefficient. As pure PTFE has poor wear resistance at high temperature, it is necessary to study the tribological properties of PTFE with different fillers under the condition of high temperature and oil lubrication. The friction and wear properties of PTFE and PTFE composite material filled with bronze powder, carbon powder, carbon fiber, glass fiber and MoS2 powder were studied by standard friction and wear test using SRV-4 tribotester. Results showed that the wear resistance was all improved indicating that the fillers increased the wear resistance of PTFE, PTFE composite filled with MoS2 has the lowest coefficient at ambient temperature and the highest at high temperature, PTFE composites filled with carbon fiber have the lowest wear rate at all temperatures.
Simulation of Tensile Deformation Behavior of PM-SiCp/2014Al Composite Based on RVE
Authors: Yang Changyi , Wang Yingying , Fan Junxiang , Wu Yicheng , Jiao Haoyang , Li Fuguo
Published: April 2021

Metal matrix composite (MMC) emerges at the right moment and is widely used in aviation, aerospace and other fields due to its intrinsic properties. Usually compression tests are used to study the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of MMC. However, it is very important to study the deformation damage and fracture behavior of MMC under tensile stress state. At present, the design basis for MMC tensile stress state test still need further study. To this end, this paper uses the representative volume element (RVE) model, to simulate and analyze the tensile deformation behavior of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCS) for PM-SiCp/2014Al as the typical materials, and the deformation damage and fracture are analyzed and discussed.
The Influence of Material Matching and Rail Irregularities on Hypervelocity Gouging
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Luo Jinglin
Published: April 2021

Gouging is a phenomenon of large non-linear deformations which may lead a permanent damage on a rocket-sled system. To analyze how gouging occurs and tracing of its development with different matching and rail irregularities, the influences of material matching and rail irregularities on hypervelocity gouging are studied by MPM algorithm in this paper. 5 sets of material matching and 5 set of rail irregularities cases have been simulated in this paper. The results show that gouges would be easier to occur with a lower yield strength material or a rail with irregularities. These results can help us find the methods to avoid gouging.
Study on Thermo-Mechanical Behaviors of Shape Memory Polymer Beam
Authors: Zhao Fei , Wang Feifei , Zhou Bo , Xue Shifeng
Published: April 2021

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a new smart material and has attracted much attention of people and beam structure plays an important role in application of SMP. Thus, it is meaningful to study the thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMP beam. In this paper, a new constitutive model is established to study the thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMP beam. Based on the previous work, the SMP constitutive equation was further derived and the material parameter equation was introduced. According to the beam theory, SMP equation and the material parameter equation, the SMP beam model was established. And simply supported beams problem was taken for example to study the thermo-mechanical behaviors. The results show the viscous properties and shape memory effect of SMP beam and some conclusions are obtained. This work studies the thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMP beam and provides some theoretical basis for the application of SMP beam in the future.
Fabrication of a dual-layer cell-laden tubular scaffold for nerve regeneration and bile duct reconstruction
Authors: Liu Xixia , Yan Jianing , Liu Jingyi , Wang Yifan , Yin Jun , Fu Jianzhong
Published: April 2021

Tubular scaffolds serve as a controllable extracellular environment to guide the repair and regeneration of tissues. But it is still a challenge to achieve both excellent mechanical properties and cell compatibility of artificial scaffolds for long-term structural and biological stability. In this study, a four-step solution casting method was developed to fabricate dual-layer cell-laden tubular scaffolds for nerve and bile duct regeneration. The dual-layer tubular scaffold consisted of a bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-laden hydrogel inner layer and an outer layer of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/polyethylene glycol diacrylate. While the inner layer had a good biocompatibility, the outer layer had desired mechanical properties. The interfacial toughness, Young’s modulus, maximum tensile strain, and compressive modulus of dual-layer tubular scaffolds were 65 J m−2, 122.37 ± 23.21 kPa, 100.87 ± 40.10%, and 39.14 ± 18.56 N m−1, respectively. More importantly, the fabrication procedure was very cell-friendly, since the BMSC viability encapsulated in the inner layer of 10% (w/v) GelMA reached 94.68 ± 0.43% after 5 d of culture. Then, a preliminary evaluation of the potential application of dual-layer tubular scaffolds as nerve conduits and biliary scaffolds was performed, and demonstrated that the cell-laden dual-layer tubular scaffolds proposed in this work are expected to extend the application of tubular scaffolds in tissue engineering.
Enhanced circular dichroism of sparse nanoobjects by localized superchiral optical field
Authors: Rui Guanghao , Ying Xinyuan , Zou Shuting , Gu Bing , Cui Yiping
Published: April 2021

The spectroscopic methods of circular dichroism (CD) is commonly used in analysing the chirality of molecules, which plays an important role in pharmaceutical compounds. However, the current methods require high sample density due to the weak CD effect of natural material, making it challenging to detect the signal of individual chiral molecule. In this work, we propose a technique to enhance CD signal of individual chiral molecule with the use of superchiral optical field, which is acquired by focusing a twisted radially polarized vortex onto a one-dimensional photonic band gap structure. Through adjusting the topological charge and the focusing angle of the illumination, a deep subwavelength optical field with full width at half maxima (FWHM) of 0.02λand 22.4-fold superchirality factor enhancement can be generated. In addition, we demonstrate that up to 20-fold CD enhancement can be obtained by introducing 2 nm on-resonant chiral molecule into the superchiral optical field. This finding will have widely potential applications in CD spectroscopy and superresolution imaging for sparse subdiffraction chiral objects.
Shear viscoelasticity of electrospinning PCL nanofibers reinforced alginate hydrogels
Authors: Pang Lu , Sun Peixin , Dong Xufeng , Tang Tao , Chen Yi , Liu Qiang , Qi Min
Published: April 2021

Articular cartilage has limited self-repair capacity due to the lack of vascularization, innervation and lymphatic networks. Biomimetic scaffolds with features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage are advantageous to repair the injured cartilage tissue, but it remains a challenge to regulate its shear viscoelasticity to meet the needs of applications as articular cartilages. Fiber reinforced hydrogel is of great significance for their clinical application as cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds, especially for repairing the fibrocartilage tissue like meniscus or temporomandibular joint disc. In order to promote the shear viscoelasticity of alginate hydrogels, which was seldom studied, electrospinning PCL nanofiber layers were added into the alginate hydrogels to prepare PCL nanofibers reinforced alginate hydrogel composites (PNRAHCs). Compared with neat alginate hydrogel scaffolds, the PNRAHCs presented coral-like structure and spider web-like structure, and some PCL nanofibers form reinforced fiber bundles. Those special structures make the PNRAHCs have higher porosity, higher shear storage modulus and higher shear loss modulus than the neat alginate hydrogels, indicating better shear mechanical properties. They have the potential to be applied as the scaffolds to repair fibrocartilage tissues.
Experimental demonstration of a quantum controlled-SWAP gate with multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon
Authors: Wang Feiran , Ru Shihao , Wang Yunlong , An Min , Zhang Pei , Li Fuli
Published: April 2021

Optimizing the physical realization of quantum gates is important to build a quantum computer. The controlled-SWAP gate, also named Fredkin gate, can be widely applicable in various quantum information processing schemes. In the present research, we propose and experimentally implement quantum Fredkin gate in a single-photon hybrid-degrees-of-freedom system. Polarization is used as the control qubit, and SWAP operation is achieved in a four-dimensional Hilbert space spanned by photonic orbital angular momentum. The effective conversion rate

P

of the quantum Fredkin gate in our experiment is (95.4 ± 2.6)%. Besides, we find that a kind of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger-like states can be prepared by using our quantum Fredkin gate, and these nonseparale states can show its quantum contextual characteristic by the violation of Mermin inequality. Our experimental design and coding method are useful for quantum computing and quantum fundamental study in high-dimensional and hybrid coding quantum systems.
Enabling effective electrochemical healing of structural steel
Authors: Hsain Zakaria , Jiang Zhimin , Pikul James H
Published: April 2021

Low-carbon steel is a widely used structural metal that, when fractured, can be repaired with high temperature processes. There are many applications, however, that would benefit from a room-temperature repair process which maintains the steel microstructure and prevents nearby materials and electronics from overheating. This work seeks to enable effective room-temperature healing of steel by understanding how ion transport and electrolyte chemistry influence growth morphology and strength in fractured steel struts repaired with nickel electrodeposition. Experiments and simulations show that pulsed electroplating mitigates diffusion-limited growth to enable smooth and dense nickel deposits that have 4× higher adhesion to steel than nickel deposited by potentiostatic electroplating. By combining pulsed electroplating and electrolyte chemistry selection, fully fractured steel wires could be repaired to achieve up to 69% of their pristine wire strength. Finally, a simple geometric model highlights the advantageous energy and time requirements of electrochemical healing across length scales.
Lead confinement and fluorimetric detection using zeolites: towards a rapid and cost-effective detection of lead in water
Authors: Moreno-Torres José Adán , Flores-Acosta Mario , Ramírez-Bon Rafael , Coutino-Gonzalez Eduardo
Published: April 2021

Metal clusters stabilized in zeolites have emerged as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications due to their remarkable luminescent properties. These optical properties have been exploited to develop fast and highly sensitive methods for optical sensing in environmental monitoring. However, to date, these materials have not been proposed as a detection method based on their luminescent response for sensing toxic metal ions. In this report, we synthesized luminescent lead (Pb) clusters into the cavities of synthetic F9-NaX zeolites, which were used as scaffolds to confine and detect Pb2+ ions in water through a fluorimetric mode. These Pb-F9 samples display an intense cyan emission in dehydrated form. Also, a correlation between the luminescence intensity of the materials and the lead loadings was observed, obtaining a low limit of detection of 1.248 ppb and a limit of quantification of 3.782 ppb. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of luminescent lead-exchanged F9 zeolites as one-step method for lead monitoring in water using a rapid and low-cost strategy.
The SparSpec algorithm and the application to the detection of spatial periodicities in tokamaks: error weighting the penalization criterion to improve the performance of the algorithm
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Authors: Testa D , Carfantan H , Perrone L M
Published: April 2021

A common problem in many complex physical systems is the determination of pulsation modes from irregularly sampled time-series, and there is a wealth of signal processing techniques that are being applied to post-pulse and real-time data analysis in such complex systems. The aim of this report is studying the problem of detecting discrete spatial periodicities in the spectrum of magnetic fluctuations in tokamaks, for which the optimization of the algorithm performance is essential, particularly when multiple sensors are used with different measurement uncertainties, and some of the processed output signals are then used in real-time for discharge control. The main tool used hereafter will be the SparSpec algorithm, initially devised for astrophysical purposes and already applied to the analysis of magnetic fluctuations in various tokamaks. In its baseline version, dubbed SS-H2, the SparSpec algorithm runs in currently or previously operating tokamaks (JET, TCV and Alcator C-mod), and is foreseen to be deployed for data analysis in tokamak under construction (ITER, DTT). For JET, SS-H2 regularly runs also in real-time on a 1ms clock for detecting Alfvén Eigenmodes using synchronously-measured magnetic perturbations. On JET and TCV, it was noted that often a reduced set of sensors had to be used as the measurement uncertainties were not the same for all available sensors, somewhat deteriorating the overall performance of the algorithm. Hence, as part of a major update of the SparSpec algorithm, specifically intended for accelerating the real-time performance, use of the measurement uncertainties to weight the data, the spectral window and the ensuing penalization criterion was introduced. The behaviour of this new version of the SparSpec algorithm under a variety of simulated circumstances is analysed. It is found that the implementation of SparSpec using such error weighting produces superior results to those obtained with SS-H2, both in terms of the speed and the accuracy of the calculations. A test on actual data from the JET tokamak also shows a clear improvement in the performance of the algorithm.
Poststructuralism and Its Discontents
Authors: Ardoin Paul
Published: April 2021

Deconstruction and poststructuralism have profoundly shaped popular and academic thought, while also drawing both popular and academic resistance, and doing so (strangely) consistently over decades. In particular, deconstruction and poststructuralism (and their synecdoche—the capital-T “Theory”) are viewed as sources of existential peril to English studies, where their impact has been indelibly tied to a canon expansion that takes seriously—and particularly—the contributions of women, people of color, queer people, and others. Detractors often reduce poststructuralism to its -ism—making of it a stagnant force of destabilizing chaos or a hopelessly unproductive and apolitical form of theoretical play. Dogmatic enthusiasts often become similarly reductive. Thinkers like Barbara Johnson and fiction writers like Percival Everett exemplify and advocate for a brand of deconstructive self-critique in which we: avoid allowing our enthusiasm or opinions to harden into any -ism (even when the enthusiasm is for, say, undecidability); embrace (in fact, seek) opportunities of confrontation with ignorance in our own thought; and recognize the potential value of upheaval in our real-world practices. Such self-critique is far from an existential peril to central values of English studies; it is, in fact, something not unlike the “critical thinking” valued and marketed by the Humanities.
Reference
Authors: Mohanty Satya P.
Published: April 2021

Reference is one of the most important concepts in literary studies, routinely invoked in theoretical discussions since the rise of poststructuralism in the 1970s. Derrida and those who follow his general approach, in particular, take for granted the view that reference is a reductive notion since it limits the range of possible textual interpretations and the free play of language; it does this, they say, by privileging an element drawn from the social or historical context and making it the foundation on which interpretations are based. But this view of reference is both narrow and misleading, since a much richer conception of it can be drawn from such thinkers as the late-19th-century pragmatist Charles Sanders Peirce as well as realist philosophers from the Anglo-American tradition who started writing in the second half of the 20th century. According to this conception, literary reference points not to a “thing,” or what Derrida calls a “sensible presence,” but rather to a complexly mediated object of knowledge, an object that is a part of an epistemic field that includes the written or oral text. Elaboration of this epistemic account of literary reference, illustrated through a comparison of two 19th-century realist novels from India where one comments on and corrects its predecessor, provides a more adequate theory than the simple and schematic view poststructuralists rely on. It shows how such a theory of reference can be a valuable, and even an essential, component of literary studies and can indicate how literary interpretation is related to other epistemic practices in human societies, including explanatory work done in the social and natural sciences.
Indigenous Studies: Australia
Authors: Minter Peter
Published: April 2021

Contemporary Indigenous Australian literature draws on tens of thousands of years of sustained cultural continuity and diversity, while bearing witness to the destructive impacts of colonization and assimilation, and imagining new horizons of restoration, healing, and sovereign expression. The late 18th-century arrival of the English language amid complex Indigenous societies presented Indigenous peoples with a set of unfamiliar literary, linguistic, and rhetorical conditions and forms, the sudden appearance of Western literary modernity forever changing Indigenous modes of expression. This “intercultural entanglement” of Indigenous Australian literature is central to an appreciation of its achievements, from its earliest appearances in letters, petitions, and chronicles aimed at negotiating with or at times subversively mimicking modes of colonial authority, to its growing confidence and autonomy in the 20th century as Indigenous Australians fought back again colonization, asserted civil and land rights, and began the long process of cultural restoration and healing, through to the sovereign expressions of Aboriginal consciousness today. Across various modern literary genres, from mythological narratives to political manifestos, in poetry, plays, short stories, and novels, Indigenous Australian authors have borne witness to tragic and humiliating histories of violence, incarceration, and cultural suppression and fragmentation, but have also assertively developed new and at times revolutionary reimaginings of Western literary modes and styles. Realist testimonial narratives and lyrics in prose and poetry are today complemented by assured works of the imagination in which genre and mode are transformed in the recovery of blood memory, country, and language. The literature of Indigenous Australia continues to make a profound contribution to the literature of the world.
Effect Size and Effect Uncertainty in Organizational Research Methods
Authors: Morris Scott  B. , Shokri Arash
Published: April 2021

To understand and communicate research findings, it is important for researchers to consider two types of information provided by research results: the magnitude of the effect and the degree of uncertainty in the outcome. Statistical significance tests have long served as the mainstream method for statistical inferences. However, the widespread misinterpretation and misuse of significance tests has led critics to question their usefulness in evaluating research findings and to raise concerns about the far-reaching effects of this practice on scientific progress. An alternative approach involves reporting and interpreting measures of effect size along with confidence intervals. An effect size is an indicator of magnitude and direction of a statistical observation. Effect size statistics have been developed to represent a wide range of research questions, including indicators of the mean difference between groups, the relative odds of an event, or the degree of correlation among variables. Effect sizes play a key role in evaluating practical significance, conducting power analysis, and conducting meta-analysis. While effect sizes summarize the magnitude of an effect, the confidence intervals represent the degree of uncertainty in the result. By presenting a range of plausible alternate values that might have occurred due to sampling error, confidence intervals provide an intuitive indicator of how strongly researchers should rely on the results from a single study.
Queer Communication Pedagogy
Authors: LeMaster Lore/tta
Published: April 2021

The emerging subfield of queer communication pedagogy (QCP) marks an educative praxis that centers the liberation of queer and trans subjects and, specifically, those who are most violently impacted by racist cisheterosexism in the form of carceral logics and policing. Intersectional articulations of sex, gender, and sexual difference are disciplined and literally policed both in and out of the communication classroom. Course design, for instance, provides a disciplinary means for justifying the violent repression of sex, gender, and sexual difference in the classroom through activities that insist on a compulsory framing of gender in binary terms. Or, policing can emerge in the racist cisheterosexist pedagogue’s gaze that communicatively constitutes “incivility” out of racialized sex, gender, and sexual difference; this is evidenced in the violent policing of queer and trans students of color beginning with the school-to-prison pipeline and on into higher education settings where educators are empowered to call on campus police forces to remedy what they perceive as “unruly”—queer—students.

QCP reflects histories comprising both critical communication pedagogy (CCP) and queer pedagogy. CCP, itself informed by critical pedagogy, is committed to liberatory educative ends driven by praxiological means derived of lived experience in historical context. That is, critical pedagogy takes as a point of departure lived experience as a means of resisting intersectional oppression and, in turn, enacting progressive social change. CCP strives toward these liberatory goals through communicative means, specifically dialogic encounters between/with/as students-and/as-teachers. Conversely, queer pedagogy refers to a destabilization of pedagogical presumption implicating the racist cisheteronormative foundation informing carceral-centered knowledge production and educative engagement. In turn, queer pedagogy labors toward the abolition of carcerality including the prison industrial complex and police state. Taken together, QCP marks an activist-oriented educative praxis that labors toward liberation of queer and trans subjects through the abolition of racist cisheterosexist carcerality.
Disidentification
Authors: Morrissey Megan Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Deriving from José Esteban Muñoz’s foundational 1999 text Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics, disidentification is a theoretical heuristic and performative practice that is an essential framework for thinking through, and living in, intersecting sites of marginality and oppression. In particular, disidentification is a heuristic that provides critical scholars with a framework for theorizing the relationships between subject formation, ideology, politics, and power while also offering people from marginalized communities a way to navigate intersecting forms of oppression and enact agency. Scholars use disidentification to refer to performances that minoritarian subjects engage in to survive within inhospitable spaces, while nevertheless working to subvert them. Thus, as both a theoretical framework and a performative practice, disidentification is an antiracist tool that can be utilized to theorize and respond to normative power structures including Communication Studies’ modes of disciplinary knowledge production. Indeed, the discipline of Communication Studies is diverse, but in spite of this, what coheres this expansive body of scholarship is an investment in understanding how communication produces, scaffolds, organizes, and potentially revises our world. Disidentification, by foregrounding identities and experiences of difference, offers Communication Studies researchers a way to consider how one’s life can be understood in relation to others, within the social structures that govern daily life, and within the ideological commitments that organize our experiences.
Saharan Dust Records and Its Impact in the European Alps
Authors: Greilinger Marion , Kasper-Giebl Anne
Published: April 2021

Mineral dust is one of the main natural sources of atmospheric particulate matter, with the Sahara being one of the most important source regions for the occurrence and deposition of mineral dust in Europe. The occurrence of dust events in the European Alps is documented via measurements of airborne dust and its deposits onto the glaciers. Dust events occur mainly in spring, summer, and early autumn.

Dust layers are investigated in ice cores spanning the last millennium as well as in annual snow packs. They strongly affect the overall flux of dust-related compounds (e.g., calcium and magnesium), provide an alkaline input to wet deposition chemistry, and change the microbial abundance and diversity of the snow pack. Still airborne mineral dust particles can act as ice nuclei and cloud condensation nuclei, influencing the formation of cloud droplets and hence cloud formation and precipitation. Dust deposits on the snow lead to a darkening of the surface, referred to as “surface albedo reduction,” which influences the timing of the snowmelt and reduces the annual mass balance of glaciers, showing a direct link to glacier retreat as observed presently in a warming climate.
Zhu Kezhen 竺可楨 (1890–1974)
Authors: Amelung Iwo
Published: April 2021

Zhu Kezhen (1890–1974), also known as Chu Coching, was a Harvard-educated meteorologist who worked in the field of climate sciences in China from 1918 to 1974. He was highly regarded under vastly different political regimes. His concerns regarding the development of observatory networks, educational practices, and the establishment of research topics reflect the development of the field in China, which only began at the very end of the 19th century.

Zhu Kezhen was influenced by the meteorological and climate knowledge imparted to him by his academic teachers in the United States and appropriated Ellsworth Huntington’s ideas on climate determinism, which shaped some of his fundamental concerns. One of his main achievements was to make use of a wide array of observational and other data in order to contribute to the “localization” of climate science. In fact, employing data culled from traditional sources and making use of and expanding the phenological knowledge of traditional Chinese rural society allowed him to approach climate science in a way that was not easily possible in the West. Zhu’s research into historical climate change in China embodied many aspects of his approach to the localization of science in China, but changes in the international scientific network (from an American-European to a Soviet-dominated network) and the political turmoil in the People’s Republic of China greatly impaired his work. Zhu’s research remains highly influential and has exerted considerable influence on environmental and climate history.
“Civil and Military” as a Constitutive Categorization of the Study of War and Politics
Authors: Angstrom Jan , Ledberg Sofia K.
Published: April 2021

The existence of a clear-cut division between “civil and military” is in many ways a foundation for international law and diplomacy. It is also a given starting point in many studies on current issues relating to war and peace, as well as in historical interpretations of past conflicts. Yet the civil–military dichotomy is not always a useful way of approaching complex matters, and by adopting such a starting point, some issues risk being overlooked. There are numerous historical examples, from the American Civil War, to wars of national liberation ending colonialization, to insurrections shaking political status quo such as the Marxist–Leninist revolutions; all illustrate that neither the agents of war nor the victims fit neatly into one of two clear categories. In a contemporary setting, non-traditional forms of warfare that make use of cyber space or autonomous systems further serves not only to undermine ideas of internal–external security but also to blur the distinction between civil and military. In the everyday making and implementation of policy, these concepts are indeed fluid and the borders between them highly variable, continuously contested, and renegotiated. As concepts, they can be seen as co-constitutive in the everyday usage. Civil and military are therefore best understood as norms, whose contents and interrelationship are contextually determined. At the same time, civil and military are organizational principles of the state, and as such the distinction is, arguably, too important, too deep-seated within the modern state-system, and too engrained in how legal and political order are understood to disappear in the near future.
Creative Participation and the Expansion of Political Engagement
Authors: Theocharis Yannis , de Moor Joost
Published: April 2021

Creative participation refers to citizens’ invention of, and engagement in, new action forms that aim to influence, or take responsibility for, the common good in society. By definition, these action forms are constantly evolving and cannot be listed or summarized. Yet some, like guerrilla gardening, have over time become more established in political repertoires, and specific arenas are known to be particularly productive sites for their development. These include in particular the Internet, and lifestyles and consumption. The constant changes in how citizens become active represented by creative participation present considerable challenges for scholars of political participation—both in terms of theory and methodology. In particular, such forms test our ability to distinguish political from nonpolitical activities. However, how political creative participation is, is often subtle and implicit, and therefore hard to establish. Yet being able to do so is essential for an ongoing assessment of the quality of participatory democracy. With conventional forms of participation declining and creative participation becoming more common, scholars must be able to agree on definitions and operationalizations that allow for the comparison of participatory trends. For instance, a key concern has been whether creative forms of participation crowd out more conventional ones, like voting or lobbying politicians. Developments in survey research have been able to show that this is not the case and that creative participation may in fact increase conventional participation. In addition, qualitative research methods like focus groups and ethnography, allow for more open-ended explorations of this elusive research topic. As to who participates, creative participation has enabled traditionally underrepresented groups like women and young people to catch up with, and sometimes overtake, those older men who have long dominated conventional political participation. Still, education remains a key obstacle even to creative participation. The COVID-19 crisis that took hold of the world in 2020 has compromised access to collective action and public space. It has thereby once more put the onus on citizens to engage creatively with ways to influence, and take responsibility for, society. At the same time, the crisis presents a need and opportunity for political participation scholarship to engage more deeply with theoretical debates about what it means to be political or to participate.
Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Brust-Renck Priscila G. , Weldon Rebecca B. , Reyna Valerie F.
Published: April 2021

Everyday life is comprised of a series of decisions, from choosing what to wear to deciding what major to declare in college and whom to share a life with. Modern era economic theories were first brought into psychology in the 1950s and 1960s by Ward Edwards and Herbert Simon. Simon suggested that individuals do not always choose the best alternative among the options because they are bounded by cognitive limitations (e.g., memory). People who choose the good-enough option “satisfice” rather than optimize, because they are bounded by their limited time, knowledge, and computational capacity. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky were among those who took the next step by demonstrating that individuals are not only limited but are inconsistent in their preferences, and hence irrational. Describing a series of biases and fallacies, they elaborated intuitive strategies (i.e., heuristics) that people tend to use when faced with difficult questions (e.g., “What proportion of long-distance relationships break up within a year?”) by answering based on simpler, similar questions (e.g., “Do instances of swift breakups of long-distance relationships come readily to mind?”).

More recently, the emotion-versus-reason debate has been incorporated into the field as an approach to how judgments can be governed by two fundamentally different processes, such as intuition (or affect) and reasoning (or deliberation). A series of dual-process approaches by Seymour Epstein, George Lowenstein, Elke Weber, Paul Slovic, and Ellen Peters, among others, attempt to explain how a decision based on emotional and/or impulsive judgments (i.e., system 1) should be distinguished from those that are based on a slow process that is governed by rules of reasoning (i.e., system 2). Valerie Reyna and Charles Brainerd and other scholars take a different approach to dual processes and propose a theory—fuzzy-trace theory—that incorporates many of the prior theoretical elements but also introduces the novel concept of gist mental representations of information (i.e., essential meaning) shaped by culture and experience. Adding to processes of emotion or reward sensitivity and reasoning or deliberation, fuzzy-trace theory characterizes gist as insightful intuition (as opposed to crude system 1 intuition) and contrasts it with verbatim or precise processing that does not consist of meaningful interpretation. Some of these new perspectives explain classic paradoxes and predict new effects that allow us to better understand human judgment and decision making. More recent contributions to the field include research in neuroscience, in particular from neuroeconomics.
Bilingual Education
Authors: Razfar Aria
Published: April 2021

Bilingualism broadly defined is the ability to communicate in two languages, often denoted as L1 and L2. “L1” is generally applied to a person’s native language, which is the language they acquired from birth, and “L2” refers to the target language that is learned and/or acquired in school and society. Communication includes traditional school-based literacy functions like reading, writing, speaking, and comprehension (i.e., biliteracy), as well as broader meaning-making practices including nonverbal and informal literacy practices. Bilingual education is the formal teaching and learning of two languages for academic functions, purposes, and discourses. It generally consists of a primary national and/or global language as well as a secondary language associated with a student’s heritage, national origin, or ethnic minority status within a more dominant linguistic and cultural context. Depending on the program model and a nation’s language ideology vis-à-vis nondominant linguistic and cultural practices, varying amounts of each language are utilized for instructional purposes within formal educational contexts. Bilingual education models vary from weak forms that are transitional and assimilationist to strong forms that are egalitarian and empowering of nondominant languages. Bilingual education around the world is marked by controversies rooted in the dominance of the nation-state and its language and culture vis-à-vis a minority group. Bilingual education across the globe is informed by the pervasive beliefs and attitudes about the nature, function, and purpose of language(s), issues of status and solidarity with nondominant language communities, and perceived benefits and/or potential harms of bilingualism.
Public-Oriented Alternatives to Dominating Control of Schooling Exemplified by Raden Adjeng Kartini and Ki Hadjar’s Taman Siswa Schools in Indonesia
Authors: Aletheiani Dinny Risri
Published: April 2021

School curriculum in most countries is dominated by the interests of the corporate states that govern the world. Educational alternatives have emerged in many countries that represent a public that is disenfranchised with them. In Indonesia, the work of Raden Adjeng Kartini and Ki Hadjar Dewantara provides poignant illustrations of educators who developed writings and practices that offer alternatives to the corporate states or imperialist and colonial precursors to them. These two prominent Indonesian curriculum theorists/educators, Raden Adjeng Kartini (1879–1904) and Ki Hadjar Dewantara (1889–1959), their lives, their works regarding the education of indigenous Indonesians, and their influences upon Indonesian education illustrate such alternatives. Raden Adjeng Kartini’s contribution in education revolves around four main concerns, namely the conditions and the rights of girls and women in Indonesian society, specifically in Java; the influences of tradition and customs; modernity and educating Indonesians; and the mechanism of colonialization. Her letters between 1898 and 1904 are unique sources to better understand her curriculum craft on the importance of education for all. Ki Hadjar’s contributions in education are similar to those of Raden Adjeng Kartini. Ki Hadjar’s contribution can be studied through the work of Taman Siswa school. The important characteristics of Taman Siswa include its conceptual and physical establishment as perguruan or paguron, sense of family as an institutional and educational principle and approach, and the Among System.
Negotiating Transnational Mobility and Gender Definitions in the Context of Migration
Authors: Fresnoza-Flot Asuncion
Published: April 2021

The rise of mobility and transnationalism perspectives in the social sciences has contributed to a burgeoning literature on the cross-border movements of people. Gender as a conceptual lens has increasingly taken a central stage in the analyses, unveiling unequal power relations as well as unmasking the often-hidden macro-social processes and structures that shape them. As a category of difference, gender influences individuals’ attitudes and behavior, including their decision to migrate or not across borders of nation-states. This raises the question of how transnational mobility and gender intersect in the lives of individuals. To shed light on this issue, this article takes stock of the literature on transnational migrations associated with social reproduction: labor, marriage, and reproductive migrations. Such research reveals individuals’ tactics to negotiate their transnational mobility and gender definitions: using the dominant gender scripts in the country of origin, reconciling the gender ideologies in their countries of origin and destination, or aligning their narratives to specific moral values. Transnational mobility acquires different social meanings at certain points in time and in varying contexts, whereas gender remains at large anchored to its heteronormative foundation. Finally, based on the analysis of existing studies, a more holistic approach to transnational mobility through a sexuality-inclusive, process-oriented, subjectivity- and agency-focused, and time-sensitive framework is called for.
Multiracial Curriculum Perspectives
Authors: Janis Sonia , Howard Joy
Published: April 2021

Multiraciality is a historical reality that has existed as long as the racializing of any group, community, tribe, nation, or continent. Multiraciality is a silenced reality that has been informed by history, politics, geography, law, research, scholarship, media, popular culture, and education. In turn, the same fields have been informed by multiraciality. Multiracial curriculum perspectives provide key historical understandings to contextualize the present multiracial scholarship around curriculum. The work within multiracial studies is research addressing the implications of people identifying as two or more races. The study of multiraciality outside psychology is methodologically nonlinear, qualitative, storied, personal, and operating “in-between” multiple theoretical orientations. This type of research is not acknowledged in academia as influential enough to garner considerable attention and value. Prior to 2014, the research and scholarship associated with multiraciality was often dispersed across disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and public policy. Historically, the two prominent fields that orientate to the cross-/interdisciplinary field of multiracial studies are psychology, where multiracial identity development is explored, and policies studies with the multiracial movement and the addition of “mark-all-that-apply” in the U.S. Census. Understanding multiracial curriculum perspectives requires a historical perspective to contextualize 21st-century discourse and scholarship around the multiracial curriculum. The use of 21st-century figures brings to the surface historical understandings germane to synthesizing what it might mean to theorize multiraciality in the curriculum. An analysis of multiracial encounters in P-12 schools, universities, and educational institutions exemplify how generations living in the 21st century are making sense of multiracial identities and curriculums.