bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimized nonviral gene delivery for primary urinary renal progenitor cells to enhance cell migration
Authors: Liu Gary W. , Johnson Soren L. , Jain Ritika , Peeler David J. , Shankland Stuart J. , Pun Suzie H.
Published: August 2019

Progressive loss of glomerular podocytes during kidney disease leads to irreversible kidney failure, and is exacerbated by the fact that podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells and unable to proliferate. Regeneration of lost podocytes must therefore derive from nonpodocyte sources. Human urine‐derived renal progenitor cells (uRPCs) are attractive podocyte progenitors for cell therapy applications due to their availability from patient urine and ability to migrate to injured glomeruli and differentiate into de novo podocytes after intravenous administration. Because gene delivery has emerged as an important strategy to augment the functionality and survival of cell therapies prior to injection, in this work we optimized nonviral gene delivery conditions (cell density, DNA dose, % FBS, and transfection material composition) to primary uRPCs. Using the cationic polymer‐peptide conjugate VIPER for gene delivery and the Sleeping Beauty transposon/transposase constructs for gene integration, we optimized transfection parameters to achieve efficient transgene expression (up to 55% transfected cells) and stable transgene expression (>65% integration efficiency) lasting up to 10 days. With these methods, we transfected uRPCs to overexpress CXCR4, an important chemokine receptor that mediates uRPC migration to the kidneys after intravenous injection, and demonstrate that CXCR4‐uRPCs exhibit enhanced migration compared to mock‐transfected cells.
Morphological and physiological responses of Picea asperata to different nitrogen availability and pH
Authors: Tang Bo , Man Jing , Jia Ruoyu , Yin Chunying , Liu Qing
Published: August 2019

Soil nitrogen (N) availability and pH are two determinants affecting plant growth, both of which are influenced by long‐term N deposition. However, the physiological mechanism of plants response to the changes in soil N availability and pH are not fully understood. To investigate the response of Picea asperata to both factors, seedlings of P. asperata were exposed to 50 or 1000 µM NH4NO3 with pH 5 or pH 7. In the current study, P. asperata, regardless of N availability and pH in growth medium, exhibited invariably a
preference. Lower root biomass, root : shoot mass ratio, total root length and area, and root vitality were detected in high N condition compared to those in low N supply, corresponding well to lower net influxes of
and
at the root surface in both pH treatments. These results indicate that P. asperata may employ an active‐forge strategy to exploit nutrient resources for growth under low N availability, probably by increased below‐ground carbon allocation and net influxes of
and
. Although low pH, to some extent may generate more malondialdehyde, P. asperata would enhance pH tolerance by increased detoxification, i.e., antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase), free proline and soluble protein as well as improved carbohydrate status (i.e., soluble sugar and starch).
Exploring discrepancies between pharmacists’ perceived and actual roles towards optimising care in patients prescribed direct oral anticoagulants: a survey
Authors: Turgeon Ricky D. , Semchuk William M. , Thomson Peter , Bungard Tammy J.
Published: August 2019

Background

Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare professionals, and scopes of practice are evolving. There is a paucity of literature evaluating community pharmacists’ degree of comfort with managing high‐risk medications, including anticoagulants.

Aim

To describe discrepancies between perceived and actual roles in care optimisation of patients prescribed direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), as well as the level of collaboration between pharmacists and other healthcare providers, and barriers to action among pharmacists.

Methods

Community‐based pharmacists in Alberta, Canada, were surveyed to evaluate perceived and actual roles, collaboration and barriers. Discrepancies between perceived and actual roles were compared for individual items, and total scores were calculated.

Results

In all, 177 (5%) pharmacists responded to the survey. Perceived role scores were high, and actual role scores were generally lower (median scores 42/52 vs 61/65). Actual role items with the lowest scores were: knowledge of the patient's medical conditions and indication for DOAC; provision of information about the condition being treated with a DOAC; review pertinent laboratory tests at initial prescription fill and refill; and follow‐up on adherence and side‐effects. Discrepancy rates between perceived and actual roles were low. There was moderate correlation between perceived and actual role scores (Spearman's ρ = 0.512, p < 0.001). Responders reported a high degree of collaboration with physicians. Several system‐ and organisation‐level barriers were identified, although overall barrier burden was low.

Conclusion

Community‐based pharmacists perceived a significant role for pharmacists in optimising DOACs for patients, and higher perceived role scores were associated with greater action in actual roles. Removing system‐level barriers, and improving communication with prescribers about indications for DOACs, should be prioritised to enhance the role of the pharmacist.
Enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in overweight and obese patients: a prescribing audit at a tertiary hospital
Authors: Sherkat Masoum Maryam , Emmerton Lynne M.
Published: August 2019

Obesity increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Literature is inconclusive regarding fixed or weight‐based dose adjustment of enoxaparin to prevent VTE in overweight and obese patients. Data were collected for all adult patients who received enoxaparin in one of three wards at Royal Perth Hospital from September to December 2016. The reference dose for non‐obese patients was 40 mg daily. The key outcome was the percentage of obese patients (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2) receiving dose‐adjusted enoxaparin. Of the 343 patients who received enoxaparin, 92 (27%) were obese and 108 (32%) overweight. Of 141 patients of ?normal’ BMI, 127 (90%) received appropriate doses. Two obese patients received adjusted enoxaparin doses: 60 mg daily for 6 days, and 40 mg twice daily before titration. Weight‐based enoxaparin dosing was not prevalent in this sample of 92 obese patients. Local prescribing guidelines are warranted, and their effect should be monitored.
Comparison of information sources used in Cochrane and non‐Cochrane systematic reviews: A case study in the field of anesthesiology and pain
Authors: Biocic Marina , Fidahic Mahir , Cikes Karla , Puljak Livia
Published: August 2019

Background

It has been reported that information sources searched in systematic reviews (SRs) are insufficiently comprehensive. We analyzed information sources used in SRs, as well as how up‐to‐date were the searches.

Methods

We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) through Wiley from 2012 to 2016 to find SRs of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the field of anesthesiology and pain. We analyzed information sources used and search dates.

Results

We analyzed 674 SRs, including 374 non‐Cochrane SRs (NCSRs) and 300 Cochrane reviews. The most commonly searched electronic databases reported in all included SRs were Embase (88.6%), MEDLINE (78.3%), CENTRAL (76.1%), CINAHL (29.1%), and PubMed (30.9%). In 303 (45%) SRs, authors reported that they searched clinical trial registries; 57 (8.5%) reported that they searched for unpublished data, 184 (27.3%) searched grey literature, 51 (7.6%) searched citations, and 546 (81%) searched references of included studies. A substantial amount of Cochrane reviews searched clinical trial registries (75.7%), compared with NCSRs (20.3%). Search date was reported in 647 SRs (96.1%). The median time between the last search date and publication for the SRs that reported search date was 10 months. For the NCSRs, median time between the last search and publication date was significantly higher compared with Cochrane reviews. Nonreporting of search date was more prevalent in NCSRs.

Conclusion

SRs in the field of anesthesiology and pain often neglect to search all possible information sources, particularly in NCSRs. Cochrane reviews had more comprehensive searching and shorter search to publication time.
Determination of trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine using graphene oxide incorporated monolith solid‐phase extraction coupled with LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Li Zi‐Ling , Li Na , Du Li , Wang Ya‐Hui , Fang Bo , Wang Man‐Man , Wang Qian
Published: August 2019

The biomonitoring of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine, as a direct way to access multiple exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, has raised great concerns due to their increasing hazardous health effects on humans. Solid‐phase extraction is an effective and useful technique to preconcentrate trace analytes from biological samples. Here, we report a novel solid‐phase extraction method using a graphene oxide incorporated monolithic syringe for the determination of six hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine coupled with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The effect of graphene oxide amount, washing solvent, eluting solvent, and its volume on the extraction performance were investigated. The fabricated monoliths gave higher adsorption efficiency and capacity than the neat polymer monolith and commercial C18 sorbent. Under the optimum conditions, the developed method provided the detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.02–0.1 ng/mL and the linear ranges of 0.1–1500 ng/mL for six analytes in urine sample. The recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 77.5 to 97.1%. Besides, the intra column‐to‐column (n = 3) and inter batch‐to‐batch (n = 3) precisions were ≤ 9.8%. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples of coke oven workers.
Electrochemical and theoretical assessment of the effect of two biocides on the corrosion of petroleum steel in sulfur‐polluted Black Sea water
Authors: Hasanzade Rovshan , Bilgiç Semra , Gece Gökhan , Türkşen Özlem
Published: August 2019

Although the inhibitory effects of different biocides continue to gain ever‐increasing importance, the corrosion inhibition of petroleum steel in the Black Sea water by such compounds remains largely uncharacterized. Thus, to study the effect of sulfate‐reducing bacteria, corrosion parameters in oxygen‐free medium contaminated with sulfur have been determined. The variation of corrosion rates with the addition of two biocides, glutaraldehyde (GA) and ammonium chloride (AC), has been determined by using Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods in sulfur‐polluted seawater, both with and without biocides. Overall, this experimental work, also corroborated by theoretical data, reveals that some concentrations of GA and AC act as effective biocides in sulfur‐polluted medium.
SLC12A ion transporter mutations in sporadic and familial human congenital hydrocephalus
Authors: Jin Sheng Chih , Furey Charuta G. , Zeng Xue , Allocco August , Nelson‐Williams Carol , Dong Weilai , Karimy Jason K. , Wang Kevin , Ma Shaojie , Delpire Eric , Kahle Kristopher T.
Published: August 2019

Background

Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is a highly morbid disease that features enlarged brain ventricles and impaired cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. Although early linkage or targeted sequencing studies in large multigenerational families have localized several genes for CH, the etiology of most CH cases remains unclear. Recent advances in whole exome sequencing (WES) have identified five new bona fide CH genes, implicating impaired regulation of neural stem cell fate in CH pathogenesis. Nonetheless, in the majority of CH cases, the pathological etiology remains unknown, suggesting more genes await discovery.

Methods

WES of family members of a sporadic and familial form of severe L1CAM mutation‐negative CH associated with aqueductal stenosis was performed. Rare genetic variants were analyzed, prioritized, and validated. De novo copy number variants (CNVs) were identified using the XHMM algorithm and validated using qPCR. Xenopus oocyte experiments were performed to access mutation impact on protein function and expression.

Results

A novel inherited protein‐damaging mutation (p.Pro605Leu) in SLC12A6, encoding the K+‐Cl− cotransporter KCC3, was identified in both affected members of multiplex kindred CHYD110. p.Pro605 is conserved in KCC3 orthologs and among all human KCC paralogs. The p.Pro605Leu mutation maps to the ion‐transporting domain, and significantly reduces KCC3‐dependent K+ transport. A novel de novo CNV (deletion) was identified in SLC12A7, encoding the KCC3 paralog and binding partner KCC4, in another family (CHYD130) with sporadic CH.

Conclusion

These findings identify two novel, related genes associated with CH, and implicate genetically encoded impairments in ion transport for the first time in CH pathogenesis.
Many psychiatrists skeptical that technology will change field
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2019

Despite many ominous projections about how emerging technologies might eventually supplant much of the health care labor market, results of a new survey suggest psychiatrists generally are not concerned about their jobs being lost to machines.
Anorexia nervosa may have both metabolic, psychiatric origins
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2019

Researchers of a new study examining anorexia nervosa, considered by experts as one of the most serious and life‐threatening psychiatric disorders, have found results that suggest its genetic origins are metabolic and psychiatric. The findings were published online July 15 in Nature Genetics.
Growing market demand prompting genetic testing expansion
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2019

Observing the growing demand in the market for mental health genetic testing services, officials at a King of Prussia, Pennsylvania–based mental health care company say they are expanding its mental health genetic testing services, which will ultimately help physicians navigate the connection between an individual patient's genetic biomarkers and their implications for mental health treatment.
Sobolev orthogonal Legendre rational spectral methods for problems on the half line
Authors: Li Shan , Li Qiao‐ling , Wang Zhong‐qing
Published: August 2019

Modified Legendre rational spectral methods for solving second‐order differential equations on the half line are proposed. Some Sobolev orthogonal Legendre rational basis functions are constructed, which lead to the diagonalization of discrete systems. Accordingly, both the exact solutions and the approximate solutions can be represented as infinite and truncated Fourier series. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and the spectral accuracy of this approach.
Structural and electrical characterizations of the as grown and annealed Au/MοO3/In/MoO3/C bandpass filters
Authors: Khanfar Hazem K. , Qasrawi Atef , Daraghmeh Masa , Abusaa Muayad
Published: August 2019

In this work, the structural, morphology, and electrical properties of two 500 nm thick molybdenum trioxide layers that are sandwiched with indium slab of thickness of 200 nm (MoO3/In/MoO3 [MIM]) to form a bandpass filter are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and impedance spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The MIM films which coated onto Au thin film substrates by the thermal evaporation technique under vacuum pressure of 10−5 mbar was post annealed at 250°C in air atmosphere. While the XRD analysis revealed polycrystalline hexagonal lattice structure of the Au/MLM samples, the SEM and EDS analysis displayed grains of sizes of 350 nm and stoichiometric structure of MoO3. Electrically, indium layer which caused n‐type conduction with donor level of 299 meV, forced the material to exhibit negative capacitance (NC) effect at high frequencies (above 1.1 GHz). The impedance spectroscopy which was recorded in the frequency domain of 0.01 to 1.80 GHz, also revealed low pass and high pass filters characteristics in the low and high frequency domains, respectively. The annealing of the Au/MIM samples, decreased the crystallite and grain sizes and increased the microstrain, the defect density and the stacking faults. Small amount of excess oxygen and some indium deficiency are observed upon annealing. In addition, the annealing shifted the donor level closer to the bottom of the conduction band and inverted the NC effect from high to low frequency regions. The study indicates the applicability of the Au/MIM/C structures as microwave cavities and parasitic capacitance cancellers in electronic circuits.
MR fingerprinting as a diagnostic tool in patients with frontotemporal lobe degeneration: A pilot study
Authors: Keil Vera Catharina , Bakoeva Stilyana Peteva , Jurcoane Alina , Doneva Mariya , Amthor Thomas , Koken Peter , Mädler Burkhard , Block Wolfgang , Fimmers Rolf , Fliessbach Klaus , Hattingen Elke
Published: August 2019

Several very rare forms of dementia are associated with characteristic focal atrophy predominantly of the frontal and/or temporal lobes and currently lack imaging solutions to monitor disease. Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is a recently developed technique providing quantitative relaxivity maps and images with various tissue contrasts out of a single sequence acquisition. This pilot study explores the utility of MRF‐based T1 and T2 mapping to discover focal differences in relaxation times between patients with frontotemporal lobe degenerative dementia and healthy controls. 8 patients and 30 healthy controls underwent a 3 T MRI including an axial 2D spoiled gradient echo MRF sequence. T1 and T2 relaxation maps were generated based on an extended phase graphs algorithm‐founded dictionary involving inner product pattern matching. A region of interest (ROI)‐based analysis of T1 and T2 relaxation times was performed with FSL and ITK‐SNAP. Depending on the brain region analyzed, T1 relaxation times were up to 10.28% longer in patients than in controls reaching significant differences in cortical gray matter (P = .047) and global white matter (P = .023) as well as in both hippocampi (P = .001 left; P = .027 right). T2 relaxation times were similarly longer in the hippocampus by up to 19.18% in patients compared with controls. The clinically most affected patient had the most control‐deviant relaxation times. There was a strong correlation of T1 relaxation time in the amygdala with duration of the clinically manifest disease (Spearman Rho = .94; P = .001) and of T1 relaxation times in the left hippocampus with disease severity (Rho = .90, P = .002). In conclusion, MRF‐based relaxometry is a promising and time‐saving new MRI tool to study focal cerebral alterations and identify patients with frontotemporal lobe degeneration. To validate the results of this pilot study, MRF is worth further exploration as a diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative diseases.
Organizational identity and the state of organizational identification in nursing organizations
Authors: Tsukamoto Naoko , Hirata Akemi , Funaki Yuka
Published: August 2019

Aim

This study qualitatively identified the organizational identity of a nursing organization and determined the state of organizational identification of staff in hospital wards.

Design

Cross‐sectional descriptive survey study.

Methods

Interviews were conducted using interview guides; a qualitative inductive analysis was performed for the three attributes of organizational identity (central, distinctive and enduring). The study included three head nurses working in different facilities and three teams comprising three nurses each, who worked under each of the head nurses (12 nurses total).

Results

Centrality comprised two subcategories: “ward work attributes” and “ward care attributes”. Clear centrality originating from a head nurse showed a strong influence on organizational culture in a hospital ward. As young staff is identified by distinctiveness in wards, it is important to clarify distinctiveness. When centrality and distinctiveness were not clear, enduring was weak.
Comparison of text processing methods in social media–based signal detection
Authors: Gavrielov‐Yusim Natalie , Kürzinger Marie‐Laure , Nishikawa Chihiro , Pan Chunshen , Pouget Julie , Epstein Limor BH , Golant Yan , Tcherny‐Lessenot Stephanie , Lin Stephen , Hamelin Bernard , Juhaeri Juhaeri
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Adverse event (AE) identification in social media (SM) can be performed using various types of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML). These methods can be categorized by complexity and precision level. Co‐occurrence‐based ML methods are rather basic, as they identify simultaneous appearance of drugs and clinical events in a single post. In contrast, statistical learning methods involve more complex NLP and identify drugs, events, and associations between them. We aimed to compare the ability of co‐occurrence and NLP to identify AEs and signals of disproportionate reporting (SDR) in patient‐generated SM. We also examined the performance of lift in SM‐based signal detection (SD).

Methods

Our examination was performed in a corpus of SM posts crawled from open online patient forums and communities, using the spontaneously reported VigiBase data as reference data set.

Results

We found that co‐occurrence and NLP produce AEs, which are 57% and 93% consistent with VigiBase AEs, respectively. Among the SDRs identified both in SM and in VigiBase, up to 55.3% were identified earlier in co‐occurrence, and up to 32.1% were identified earlier in NLP‐processed SM. Using lift in SM SD provided performance similar to frequentist methods, both in co‐occurrence and in NLP‐processed AEs.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that using SM as a data source complementary to traditional pharmacovigilance sources should be considered further. Various levels of SM processing may be considered, depending on the preferred policies and tolerance for false‐positive to false‐negative balance in routine pharmacovigilance processes.
Effects of antibullying programs on teachers’ interventions in bullying situations. A meta‐analysis
Authors: van Verseveld Marloes D. A. , Fukkink Ruben G. , Fekkes Minne , Oostdam Ron J.
Published: August 2019

Even though teachers are key figures of a program's effectiveness, most intervention studies have not focused explicitly on the effects of antibullying programs at teacher level. We conducted a meta‐analysis into the effects of school‐based antibullying programs on determinants of teacher intervention, including teachers’ attitudes towards bullying, their self‐efficacy and knowledge regarding intervention strategies, and the effects on teachers’ bullying intervention itself. Following the PRISMA guidelines, 13 peer‐reviewed papers were retrieved that reported outcomes on teachers, staff, and students (N = 948, 2,471, and 138,311, respectively). Antibullying programs had a significant moderate effect on determinants of teacher intervention (g = 0.531) and a significant small to moderate effect on teacher intervention in bullying situations (g = 0.390). Results of the meta‐analysis indicate that the effectiveness of antibullying programs may increase when components are included to reinforce teachers’ attitudes, subjective norms, self‐efficacy, knowledge, and skills towards reducing bullying in the school.
Development of Rutile Titanium Oxide Thin Films as Battery Material Component Using Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kia Alireza M. , Bönhardt Sascha , Zybell Sabine , Kühnel Kati , Haufe Nora , Weinreich Wenke
Published: August 2019

Herein, growth kinetics, crystal structure, and the uniformity of titanium oxide (TiO2) thin films prepared using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and plasma‐enhanced ALD (PE‐ALD) are studied. TiO2 thin films are grown using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), water, and oxygen precursors. Using ALD, TiO2 is grown in the temperature range of 270–310 °C thermally and in the range of 300–400 °C with PE‐ALD. In spite of the plasma process yielding better uniformity on planar structures, the optimized thermal process provides a remarkable conformal step coverage within deep trenches. In addition, the change in the crystal structure and phase transitions of TiO2 is presented herein. This is attempted at using TiO2 as a component material to grow lithium titanate (LTO) as an electrode material in solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Thereby, different substrates are used. In comparison to the silicon (Si) substrate, silicon oxide (SiO2) and titanium nitride (TiN) lead to crystal phase transformation while annealing. Measurements are performed using in situ high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (HT‐XRD). It is also shown that when TiN is sandwiched between TiO2 and the silicon substrate, the TiO2 thin film (25 nm) gradually changes from an anatase to a rutile structure.
Feedback stabilization of multi‐DOF nonlinear stochastic Markovian jump systems
Authors: Hu Rongchun , Dong Hao , Gu Xudong , Deng Zichen
Published: August 2019

A feedback control strategy is designed to asymptotically stabilize a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) nonlinear stochastic systems undergoing Markovian jumps. First, a class of hybrid nonlinear stochastic systems with Markovian jumps is reduced to a one‐dimensional averaged Itô stochastic differential equation for controlled total energy. Second, the optimal control law is deduced by applying the dynamical programming principle to the ergodic control problem of the averaged systems with an undetermined cost function. Third, the cost function is determined by the demand of stabilizing the averaged systems. A Lyapunov exponent is introduced to analyze approximately the asymptotic stability with probability one of the originally controlled systems. To illustrate the application of the present method, an example of stochastically excited two coupled nonlinear oscillators with Markovian jumps is worked out in detail.
Robust joint stem detection and crop‐weed classification using image sequences for plant‐specific treatment in precision farming
Authors: Lottes Philipp , Behley Jens , Chebrolu Nived , Milioto Andres , Stachniss Cyrill
Published: August 2019

Conventional farming still relies on large quantities of agrochemicals for weed management which have several negative side‐effects on the environment. Autonomous robots offer the potential to reduce the amount of chemicals applied, as robots can monitor and treat each plant in the field individually and thereby circumventing the uniform chemical treatment of the whole field. Such agricultural robots need the ability to identify individual crops and weeds in the field using sensor data and must additionally select effective treatment methods based on the type of weed. For example, certain types of weeds can only be effectively treated mechanically due to their resistance to herbicides, whereas other types can be treated trough selective spraying. In this article, we present a novel system that provides the necessary information for effective plant‐specific treatment. It estimates the stem location for weeds, which enables the robots to perform precise mechanical treatment, and at the same time provides the pixel‐accurate area covered by weeds for treatment through selective spraying. The major challenge in developing such a system is the large variability in the visual appearance that occurs in different fields. Thus, an effective classification system has to robustly handle substantial environmental changes including varying weed pressure, various weed types, different growth stages, changing visual appearance of the plants and the soil. Our approach uses an end‐to‐end trainable fully convolutional network that simultaneously estimates plant stem positions as well as the spatial extent of crop plants and weeds. It jointly learns how to detect the stems and the pixel‐wise semantic segmentation and incorporates spatial information by considering image sequences of local field strips. The jointly learned feature representation for both tasks furthermore exploits the crop arrangement information that is often present in crop fields. This information is considered even if it is only observable from the image sequences and not a single image. Such image sequences, as typically provided by robots navigating over the field along crop rows, enable our approach to robustly estimate the semantic segmentation and stem positions despite the large variations encountered in different fields. We implemented and thoroughly tested our approach on images from multiple farms in different countries. The experiments show that our system generalizes well to previously unseen fields under varying environmental conditions—a key capability to deploy such systems in the real world. Compared to state‐of‐the‐art approaches, our approach generalizes well to unseen fields and not only substantially improves the stem detection accuracy, that is, distinguishing crop and weed stems, but also improves the semantic segmentation performance.
Origins of Magnetospheric Plasma
Authors: MOORE THOMAS E.
Published: August 2019

A review is given of recent (1987–1990) progress in understanding of the origins of plasmas in the Earth's magnetosphere. In counterpoint to the early supposition that geomagnetic phenomena are produced by energetic plasmas of solar origin, 1987 saw the pUblication of a provocative argument that accelerated ionospheric plasma could supply all magnetospheric auroral and ring current particles. Significant new developments of existing data sets, as well as the establishment of entirely new data sets, have improved our ability to identify plasma source regions and to track plasma through the magnetospheric system of boundary layers and reservoirs. New computing capabilities have likewise improved our ability to plausibly model the magnetosphere so that new interpretative hypotheses may be tested. These developments suggest that the boundary between ionospheric and solar plasmas, once taken to lie at the plasmapause, actually lies much nearer to the magnetopause. Defining this boundary as the surface where solar wind and ionosphere contribute equally to the plasma, it is referred to herein as the “geopause.” It is now well established that the an infusion of ionospheric O+ plays a major role in the storm‐time distention of the magnetotail and inflation of the inner magnetosphere. This role is often dominant in the larger storms. Smaller quantities of particles with high charge states and very energetic ionospheric molecules are observed as well. However, after more than two decades of observation and debate, the question remains: Are magnetospheric protons of solar or terrestrial origin?
CROSS SECTIONS AND REACTION RATES OF RELEVANCE TO AERONOMY
Authors: Fox J. L.
Published: August 2019

Experimental and theoretical data relevant to models and measurements of the chemical and thermal structures and luminosity of the thermospheres of the Earth and planets published during the last four years are surveyed, and those in which one or more authors is affiliated with a U.S. institution are indicated. Among chemical processes, we include ion‐molecule reactions, dissociative recombination of molecular ions, and reactions between neutral species. Both reactions between ground state species and species in excited states are considered, including energy transfer and quenching. Measured and calculated cross sections for interactions of solar radiation with atmospheric species, such as photoabsorption, photoionization, and photodissociation and related processes are surveyed. Measurements and calculations of cross sections for elastic and inelastic scattering of particles, including electrons, protons, alpha particles, heavier ions, and neutral atoms are also surveyed.
A Review of Ocean Acoustic Tomography: 1987–1990
Authors: WORCESTER PETER F. , CORNUELLE BRUCE D. , SPINDEL ROBERT C.
Published: August 2019

Research in ocean acoustic tomography during the last quadrennium has resulted in substantial progress in understanding the capabilities and limitations of the technique. Theoretical studies and numerical simulations have led to greater understanding of the oceanographic information available in a vertical slice from acoustic transmissions between a single pair of instruments, of the horizontal geometries required to map the ocean mesoscale field with specified precision, and of the properties of tomographic reconstructions of the two‐dimensional vector field of current. Simultaneously, the instrumentation used in tomographic experiments has been significantly improved, increasing the precision of the measurements and making gyre and basin scale experiments feasible between moored instruments. Experimental efforts to test the accuracy with which the ocean temperature and current fields can be measured acoustically have now demonstrated that tomographic techniques provide measurements with oceanographically useful precision up to ranges of about 1000 km. Such demonstrations are difficult due to the incompatibility between point measurements and the spatial averages provided by tomographic techniques. The experiments have also yielded significant information on the character of acoustic propagation at long range in the ocean. Experimental precision is now adequate to distinguish between competing algorithms for sound speed as a function of temperature, salinity, and depth. Finally, and most importantly, emphasis has shifted to use of the technique for studying the ocean, rather than on understanding the capabilities and limitations of the technique. Two major experiments, the Greenland Sea Tomography Experiment and the Gulf Stream Extension Tomography Experiment, both conducted during 1988–89, were devoted to improving our understanding of ocean dynamics, although results are not yet available. There is increased emphasis on exploiting the integrating nature of acoustic transmissions to study gyre and global scale temperature variability, phenomena difficult to study in any other way.
How freshwater biomonitoring tools vary sub‐seasonally reflects temporary river flow regimes
Authors: White James C. , Armitage Patrick D. , Bass Jon A.B. , Chadd Richard P. , Hill Matthew J. , Mathers Kate L. , Little Sally , Wood Paul J.
Published: August 2019

Characterizing temporary river ecosystem responses to flow regimes is vital for conserving their biodiversity and the services they provide to society. However, freshwater biomonitoring tools rarely reflect community responses to hydrological variations or flow cessation events, and those available have not been widely tested within temporary rivers. This study examines two invertebrate biomonitoring tools characterizing community responses to different flow‐related properties: the “Drought Effect of Habitat Loss on Invertebrates” (DEHLI) and “Lotic‐invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation” (LIFE), which, respectively reflect community responses to habitat and hydraulic properties associated with changing flow conditions. Sub‐seasonal (monthly) variations of LIFE and DEHLI were explored within two groundwater‐fed intermittent rivers, one dries sporadically (a flashy, karstic hydrology—River Lathkill) and the other dries seasonally (a highly buffered flow regime—South Winterbourne). Biomonitoring tools were highly sensitive to channel drying and also responded to reduced discharges in permanently flowing reaches. Biomonitoring tools captured ecological recovery patterns in the Lathkill following a supra‐seasonal drought. Some unexpected results were observed in the South Winterbourne where LIFE and DEHLI indicated relatively high‐flow conditions despite low discharges occurring during some summer months. This probably reflected macrophyte encroachment, which benefitted certain invertebrates (e.g., marginal‐dwelling taxa) and highlights the importance of considering instream habitat conditions when interpreting flow regime influences on biomonitoring tools. Although LIFE and DEHLI were positively correlated, the latter responded more clearly to drying events, highlighting that communities respond strongly to the disconnection of instream habitats as flows recede. The results highlighted short‐term ecological responses to hydrological variations and the value in adopting sub‐seasonal sampling strategies within temporary rivers. Findings from this study indicate the importance of establishing flow response guilds which group taxa that respond comparably to flow cessation events. Such information could be adopted within biomonitoring practices to better characterize temporary river ecosystem responses to hydrological variations.
Enantioselective Assembly of Tricyclic Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Kazancioglu Mustafa Z. , Kalay Erbay , Kazancioglu Elif Akin , Peshkov Vsevolod A.
Published: August 2019

A three‐step synthetic route towards enantioenriched tricyclic tetrahydroquinoline derivatives has been investigated. The first step involved the assembly of 4‐amino‐tetrahydroquinoline core through the asymmetric three‐component Povarov reaction of benzyl (E)‐prop‐1‐en‐1‐ylcarbamate and p‐anisidine with aliphatic aldehydes of various length bearing protected hydroxyl group. The alcohol was then deprotected and employed in an intramolecular reaction with a secondary amine of tetrahydroquinoline moiety producing desired tricyclic scaffolds.
Climate and society in long‐term perspective: Opportunities and pitfalls in the use of historical datasets
Authors: van Bavel Bas J. P. , Curtis Daniel R. , Hannaford Matthew J. , Moatsos Michail , Roosen Joris , Soens Tim
Published: August 2019

Recent advances in paleoclimatology and the growing digital availability of large historical datasets on human activity have created new opportunities to investigate long‐term interactions between climate and society. However, noncritical use of historical datasets can create pitfalls, resulting in misleading findings that may become entrenched as accepted knowledge. We demonstrate pitfalls in the content, use and interpretation of historical datasets in research into climate and society interaction through a systematic review of recent studies on the link between climate and (a) conflict incidence, (b) plague outbreaks and (c) agricultural productivity changes. We propose three sets of interventions to overcome these pitfalls, which involve a more critical and multidisciplinary collection and construction of historical datasets, increased specificity and transparency about uncertainty or biases, and replacing inductive with deductive approaches to causality. This will improve the validity and robustness of interpretations on the long‐term relationship between climate and society.

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Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives
Effect of foundation type and modelling on dynamic response and fatigue of offshore wind turbines
Authors: Løken Ingrid B. , Kaynia Amir M.
Published: August 2019

This paper presents dynamic response and fatigue analyses of several bottom‐mounted offshore wind turbine (OWT) models, simulated in the aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic simulation tool FAST. The distinction between the models is the foundations, which are modelled with different methods, concepts, and dimensions. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed a 5‐MW reference turbine supported on a monopile, the NREL 5MW, which was used as a reference model in this paper. The paper presents the implementation and comparison of two different foundation modeling methods, referred to as the simplified apparent fixity method and the improved apparent fixity method. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses of different monopile dimensions were performed, followed by sensitivity analyses of suction caisson foundations of different dimensions. The final part of the paper presents fatigue analyses for the foundation models considered in this study subjected to 17 load cases. Fatigue damage, fatigue life, and damage equivalent loads were calculated, as well as the relative fatigue contribution from each load case.
A method for mapping hunting occurrence using publicly available, geographic variables
Authors: Burke Conner R. , Peterson M. Nils , Sawyer David T. , Moorman Christopher E. , Serenari Christopher , Pacifici Krishna
Published: August 2019

The spatial distribution of land available for hunting has received scant attention in the literature, but it fundamentally affects the feasibility of wildlife management. Modeling the distribution of hunting lands can be logistically difficult because of data requirements and the dynamic nature of landscapes and landowner preferences. We describe one approach to address this challenge using spatially explicit logistic regression models that accurately predict whether each parcel of land in North Carolina, USA, was hunted using free and publicly available geographic predictors. We collected data to develop and validate models from surveys of nonindustrial (n = 1,936) and industrial (n = 670) private landowners conducted during 2016 in North Carolina. Property size and housing and road density predicted whether hunting occurred correctly on 96% of nonindustrial parcels. Property size, housing and road density, and distance to the nearest city correctly predicted whether hunting occurred for 94% of industrial parcels. These results suggest wildlife managers may be able to accurately map and quantify where hunting occurs using relatively few publicly available geographic predictors. Future refinement of the methodology and model parameters is likely needed in different regions, with independent data sets, before adopting widespread implementation of underlying methods. This mapping method will facilitate assessing the efficacy of hunting as a wildlife management tool for overabundant species. Similarly the mapping approach would improve wildlife population estimates based on hunter harvest data by providing a more rigorous estimate of land that is huntable per harvested animal reported. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Nitrogen‐rich Salts based on 3‐Dinitromethyl‐[1,2,4]triazine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance
Authors: Dong Zhen , An Dong , Yang Rui , Ye Zhiwen
Published: August 2019

1,1‐Diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7), one of the most well‐known energetic materials, has attracted broad attention around the world. To extend the chemistry of FOX‐7, we present here a series of energetic salts based on 3‐dinitromethyl‐[1,2,4]triazine, which is prepared from FOX‐7. All these salts were fully characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. In addition, the potassium salt (2), ammonium salt (5), and guanidinium salt (7) were further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Extensive hydrogen bonds were observed in these salts. The salts exhibit moderate densities varying from 1.63 to 1.76 g·cm–3. All the compounds possess good thermal stability with decomposition temperatures from 118 to 267 °C. The detonation performance for salts were calculated by using EXPLO 5, their detonation velocities are in the range from 6807 to 8614 m·s–1 and detonation pressures fall between 18.8 to 31.6 GPa. All the salts exhibit very low mechanical sensitivity, which indicates their potential application as insensitive energetic materials.
The Sodium Antimony Telluridogermanate(III) Na9Sb[Ge2Te6]2
Authors: Schwarzmüller Stefan , Hoai‐Thuong Tran Vu , Yang Fangshun , Oeckler Oliver
Published: August 2019

Systematic studies in the quaternary system Na/Ge/Sb/Te yielded the new compound Na9Sb[Ge2Te6]2. Its crystal structure is isotypic to Na9Sb[Ge2Se6]2 (space group C2/c with a = 9.541(2), b = 26.253(7), c = 7.5820(18) Å and β = 122.233(15)°, Z = 2). The structure is characterized by Ge–Ge dumbbells that are octahedrally coordinated by Te, forming ethane‐like [Ge2Te6]6– anions. Cation sites are occupied by Na+ as well as shared by Na+ and Sb3+. Na9Sb[Ge2Te6]2 is formally obtained from the reaction of one equivalent Na8[Ge4Te10] and one equivalent NaSbTe2. In contrast to members of the metastable solid solution series (NaSbTe2)1–x(GeTe)x, Na9Sb[Ge2Te6]2 is a thermodynamically stable compound. It is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.51 eV.
The utility of terrestrial photogrammetry for assessment of tree volume and taper in boreal mixedwood forests
Authors: Mulverhill Christopher , Coops Nicholas C. , Tompalski Piotr , Bater Christopher W. , Dick Adam R.
Published: August 2019

Key Message

This study showed that digital terrestrial photogrammetry is able to produce accurate estimates of stem volume and diameter across a range of species and tree sizes that showed strong correspondence when compared with traditional inventory techniques. This paper demonstrates the utility of the technology for characterizing trees in complex habitats such as boreal mixedwood forests.

Context

Accurate knowledge of tree stem taper and volume are key components of forest inventories to manage and study forest resources. Recent developments have seen the increasing use of ground-based point clouds, including from digital terrestrial photogrammetry (DTP), to provide accurate estimates of these key forest attributes.

Aims

In this study, we evaluated the utility of DTP based on a small set of photos (12 per tree) for estimating stem volume and taper on a set of 15 trees from 6 different species (Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca, Pinus contorta latifolia, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, Abies balsamea) in a boreal mixedwood forest in Alberta, Canada.

Methods

We constructed accurate photogrammetric point clouds and derived taper and volume from three point cloud–based methods, which were then compared with estimates from conventional, field-based measurements. All methods were evaluated for their accuracy based on field-measured taper and volume of felled trees.

Results

Of the methods tested, we found that the point cloud–derived diameters in a taper curve matching approach performed the best at estimating diameters at the lowest parts of the stem (< 30% of total tree height), while using known DBH and height provided more accurate estimates for the upper parts of the stem (> 50% of total height). Using the field-measured DBH and height as inputs to calculate stem volume yielded the most accurate predictions; however, these were not significantly different from the best point cloud-based estimates.

Conclusion

The methodology confirmed that using a small set of photographs provided accurate estimates of individual tree DBH, taper, and volume across a range of species and size gradients (10.8–40.4 cm DBH).