bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stream Invertebrate Zoology
Authors: W. Cummins Kenneth
Published: August 2019

For over a century, there has been strong interest in freshwater streams and rivers. Since the inception of studies on running waters, invertebrates have been a central theme. Early descriptive work in Scandinavia and New Zealand was followed by work in Europe, England, and then North America and Australia. Presently, there is a very significant interest worldwide including Asia, Central and South America, and Africa in freshwater invertebrates. Throughout, insects have dominated the focus on invertebrates. Although the major marine invertebrate groups are present in freshwaters, there are essentially no marine insects. A clear picture of the habitat and food requirements of running water invertebrates shows that they serve as important indicators of water quality and fisheries. Major paradigms, such as the River Continuum and functional feeding groups, have provided frameworks for studies of running water (lotic) invertebrates. Once stream and river research achieved an international status by separation from lake domination of the limnology discipline, there has been an avalanche of running water invertebrate research.
Internet Reviews
Authors: Roberts Joni , Drost Carol
Published: August 2019

Internet Reviews
SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION: portal: A new model for the digital future
Authors: Lowry Charles B. , Martin Susan K. , Clair Gloriana St.
Published: August 2019

SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION: portal: A new model for the digital future
In the News
Authors: Orphan Stephanie
Published: August 2019

In the News
News from the Field
Authors: Orphan Stephanie
Published: August 2019

News from the Field
PARTNERSHIPS AND CONNECTIONS: Building faculty-librarian partnerships to prepare students for information fluency: The time for sharing information expertise is now
Authors: Rader Hannelore B.
Published: August 2019

PARTNERSHIPS AND CONNECTIONS: Building faculty-librarian partnerships to prepare students for information fluency: The time for sharing information expertise is now
Editorial: Best practices in communicating biotechnology
Authors: Russo Anthony J
Published: August 2019

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Database protection in the UK and the USA: What, if any, protection might those who work so hard receive?
Authors: Nott Robin M C , Huntington R Danny , Dunston Erin M
Published: August 2019

This paper discusses the nature and extent of protection afforded under UK and US laws for sequence listings, with an emphasis on databases containing sequence listings.
Early stage and seed financing for biotechnology start-ups: A UK perspective
Authors: Whitehead George
Published: August 2019

It is a tough climate in which to be raising early stage investment but there is funding available for the very best of British biotechnology. This report outlines several sources of funding that the author has found most relevant to early stage biotechnology companies. The competition for the limited funds is harsh so it is vital that biotechnology entrepreneurs choose the right sources of funding and approach them in the right way. The final section briefly outlines how companies can 'tilt the balance' in their favour and learn to move from just being scientifically convincing to becoming a commercially convincing investment opportunity.
Legal issues in bioinformatics
Authors: McCubbin Caroline
Published: August 2019

This paper is a review of legal issues in the discipline of bioinformatics. It covers the intellectual property rights (IPR) protection available to databases (together with their contents) and software. Legal problem areas that are unique to the discipline are then discussed. The paper concludes with a summary of the IPR position and recommendations that have been made for resolution of problem areas.
Regulatory Submissions Trends Survey 2002
Authors: Semple Ellen
Published: August 2019

This Regulatory Submissions Trends Survey, conducted by CDC Solutions in December 2002, takes the first steps to gauge how regulatory departments of US and European life sciences companies are using technology today and how they plan to harness technology in the future. The results specifically present a baseline measure on how pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies (a) view future increased demand for e-Submissions technology usage, (b) anticipate people, process and technology changes as related to the dynamic regulatory environment and (c) supplement current capabilities with outsourcing vendors. As with any baseline survey, many of the results are important and warrant continued tracking to begin to uncover the best practices in regulatory submissions software.
Marketspace: Trends in biotherapeutics
Authors: Pavlou Alex K
Published: August 2019

Analysis of the leading and emerging biotechnology companies identifies current and future trends in biotherapeutics. The ten leading biotechnology companies are forecast to generate cumulative revenues of US$31.7bn in 2007, with niche therapeutic areas and oncology forecast to account of 31 per cent and 27 per cent of these revenues, respectively. Small molecules are forecast to play a central role in the emerging sector's quest for revenue generation. Indeed small molecules carry the potential to become the dominant technological trajectory in terms of pipeline development, eclipsing antibody-based and rDNA technologies. Critical to the industry's future performance will be the ability of emerging companies to generate sustained businesses, and to validate their newly developed pipelines with the leading biotechnology or pharmaceutical players.
EU Financial accounts reports
Authors: Citron David
Published: August 2019

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Editorial: Creating a competitive European life science sector
Authors: Fisken Jane
Published: August 2019

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Financing papers: The role of the European Commission in fostering innovation in the life sciences and biotechnology
Authors: KÃ¼tt Waldemar , Magnien Etienne , Cantley Mark
Published: August 2019

Life sciences and biotechnology are fundamental to our ability to meet societal, environmental and economic challenges, be it the healthcare needs of a rich but ageing population in Europe, food security and improved healthcare for the ever-growing populations of the developing world, or the need to transform our economies and lifestyles towards more sustainable patterns. The new knowledge offers many opportunities, and competitive challenge obliges us always to seek to use our knowledge and techniques in ever more efficient and effective ways. To derive maximum benefit from recent and continuing progress in the life sciences and biotechnology, Europe has to invest more and better in research and technological development, and support the creation of a skilled and mobile workforce. Academiaâ€“industry links, in particular with small research-intensive biotechnology companies, have to be increased. The capital base of these companies has to be strengthened. Proper conditions for the commercialisation of biotechnology innovations are necessary, such as a science-based regulatory framework, and strong, harmonised and affordable intellectual property protection. Basic ethical and other values â€“ including consumer choice â€“ must be respected. The European Commission can play a major role in fostering innovations in the life sciences sector, through its Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, as well as through other policy initiatives implementing a coherent EU strategy for biotechnology and life sciences.
Prepress Doing Illness
Authors: Lenemark Christian
Published: August 2019

Through three case studies, thearticleexploreshow digital media have been used in recentyears to depict and comprehend experiences of cancer.Itfirstinvestigatesthe illness blog,specificallySwedish journalist and musician Kristian Gidlund’s immensely popular blogInMy Body, in which he,from 2011 to2013,shared the narrativeofhis struggle with anaggressive,incurable,andultimatelydeadly stomach cancer. ItcontinuesbydiscussingItalianengineer, artist, and hackerSalvatore Iaconesi’sdigital open-source projectLa Cura–TheCure(2012),whichhasgreat relevancefromboththedigital andthemedical humanitiesperspectivesin the way Iaconesi useshispersonal narrative ofbraincancerto encouragepeople tojoinhis struggletofind a cure.Finally,it analyzesthe American coupleRyanandAmyGreen’svideogameThat Dragon, Cancer(2016).Agamedifferingsignificantlyfromvideo and computer games in general andfrom othergames taking cancer as their subjectbyletting the player enter the role of caregiver to a small child dyingofcancer.Expanding onLisa Diedrich’s theoretical concept of “doing illness”, thearticleemphasizes theperformativedimension ofnarratingillnessin digital media, consideringhowtheseauthorsandcreatorsnegotiatewith narrative, cultural,and medialscripts when portrayingtheircancerexperiences.Ithighlights the interactive and participatory dimension of doing illnessin digitalmedia, by exploring howthe blog,open-source project, and videogamebothinviteand limittheaudience’s opportunitiesto interact and participatewith the illness narrativeconveyed.
Tell me a story
Authors: Sanes Joshua R
Published: August 2019

Many authors start with the figures when writing a scientific paper, but it is easier to tell a good story if you start with the Introduction and the Results, and leave the figures to later.
First report of cestode infection in the crustaceanArtemia persimilisfrom Southern Chilean Patagonia and its relation with the Neotropical aquatic birds
Authors: Redón Stella , Vasileva Gergana P. , Georgiev Boyko B. , Gajardo Gonzalo
Published: August 2019

The brine shrimp genusArtemiaLeach (Crustacea, Branchiopoda), a keystone group in hipersaline wetlands all over the world, offers an excellent model to study species interactions (parasitism) and to explore “hidden fauna” (avian endoparasites). The present study is the first report on the parasite infection of the South American speciesArtemia persimilisfrom the Southern Chilean Patagonia (50°S–53°S). Samples were collected in Los Cisnes and Amarga lagoons, the two most austral populations of this crustacean described to date, during two seasons (spring and autumn). A total of 98 larvae of cestodes of the family Hymenolepididae (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea) were found and identified as belonging to the following taxa:Confluaria podicipina(adult parasitic in grebes),Flamingolepissp. (a cestode parasite of flamingos),Fimbriarioides(?) sp. (adults of the species of this genus infect waterfowl and shorebirds) andWardiumsp. (definitive host unknown, most probably charadriiform birds). This is a new geographical record ofC. podicipinaand the genusFimbriarioidesfor the Neotropical Region, the latter being the most widely distributed species at both localities and seasons surveyed, and the only species recorded in autumn (April). Cestode community composition in Los Cisnes population was characterised by dominance ofFlamingolepissp., representing more than 65% of the total cestode species recorded, whereas in the Amarga population the most abundant parasite (>83%) wasFimbriarioides(?) sp. Significant seasonal variations were detected in Los Cisnes lagoon forFlamingolepissp. andC. podicipina, with exclusive presence of them in spring (November). Besides providing novel information on cestodes infection inA. persimilis,this study provides new data on the life cycle of cestodes of Neotropical aquatic birds such as South American flamingos and grebes. Our finding expands the knowledge on the biodiversity and population dynamics of extreme and unique environments from high latitudes (Patagonia) and makes evident the need of further taxonomical and ecological studies for better understanding the life cycles of avian helminth parasites in the Neotropics and the role of aquatic invertebrates in them.
Application of cell-free DNA sequencing in characterization of bloodborne microbes and the study of microbe-disease interactions
Authors: Chiu Kuo-Ping , Yu Alice L.
Published: August 2019

It is an important issue whether microorganisms can live harmoniously with normal cells in the cardiovascular system. The answer to the question will have enormous impact on medical microbiology. To address the issue, it is essential to identify and characterize the bloodborne microbes in an efficient and comprehensive manner. Due to microbial sequence complexity and the composition of significant number of unknown microbial species in the circulatory system, traditional approaches using cell culture, PCR, or microarray are not suitable for the purpose. Recent reports indicate that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing using next-generation sequencing (NGS) or single-molecule sequencing (SMS), together with bioinformatics approaches, possesses a strong potential enabling us to distinguish microbial species at the nucleotide level. Multiple studies using microbial cfDNA sequencing to identify microbes for septic patients have shown strong agreement with cell culture. Similar approaches have also been applied to reveal previously unidentified microorganisms or to demonstrate the feasibility of comprehensive assessment of bloodborne microorganisms for healthy and/or diseased individuals. SMS using either SMRT (single-molecule real-time) sequencing or Nanopore sequencing are providing new momentum to reinforce this line of investigation. Taken together, microbial cfDNA sequencing provides a novel opportunity allowing us to further understand the involvement of bloodborne microbes in development of diseases. Similar approaches should also be applicable to the study of metagenomics for sufficient and comprehensive analysis of microbial species living in various environments. This article reviews this line of research and discuss the methodological approaches that have been developed, or are likely to be developed in the future, which may have strong potential to facilitate cfDNA- and cfRNA-based studies of cancer and acute/chronic diseases, in the hope that a better understanding of the hidden microbes in the circulatory system will improve diagnosis, prevention and treatment of problematic diseases.
Ultraviolet disinfection impacts the microbial community composition and function of treated wastewater effluent and the receiving urban river
Authors: Kauser Imrose , Ciesielski Mark , Poretsky Rachel S.
Published: August 2019

Background

In the United States, an estimated 14,748 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal service to more than 230 million people. The quality of treated wastewater is often assessed by the presence or absence of fecal indicator bacteria. UV disinfection of wastewater is a common final treatment step used by many wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens; however, its potential impacts on the total effluent bacterial community are seemingly varied. This is especially important given that urban WWTPs typically return treated effluent to coastal and riverine environments and thus are a major source of microorganisms, genes, and chemical compounds to these systems. Following rainfall, stormflow conditions can result in substantial increases to effluent flow into combined systems.

Methods

Here, we conducted a lab-scale UV disinfection on WWTP effluent using UV dosage of 100 mJ/cm2and monitored the active microbiome in UV-treated effluent and untreated effluent over the course of 48 h post-exposure using 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, we simulated stormflow conditions with effluent UV-treated and untreated effluent additions to river water and compared the microbial communities to those in baseflow river water. We also tracked the functional profiles of genes involved in tetracycline resistance (tetW)and nitrification (amoA) in these microcosms using RT-qPCR.

Results

We showed that while some organisms, such as members of the Bacteroidetes, are inhibited by UV disinfection and overall diversity of the microbial community decreases following treatment, many organisms not only survive, but remain active. These include common WWTP-derived organisms such asComamonadaceaeandPseudomonas.When combined with river water to mimic stormflow conditions, these organisms can persist in the environment and potentially enhance microbial functions such as nitrification and antibiotic resistance.
Effect of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Profile of Citrus aurantifolia Leaf Essential Oil Grown in North Central, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunyemi T. C. , Ekuma C. M. , Akintoye T. O. , Ogunyemi S. T.
Published: August 2019

Citrus aurantifolia essential oils are volatile phytochemicals obtained from various part of the plant which has found wide range of domestic, medicinal and industrial applications. The research seeks to investigate the effect of time of harvest on the yield and phytochemical composition of Citrus aurantifolia leaf oil. Pulverized leaves of Citrus aurantifolia harvested in the morning (7a.m) and afternoon (2p.m) on the same day were separately subjected to hydro-distillation which yielded 0.4 and 0.5% (v/w) of the volatile oil respectively. Analyses of the oil harvested in the morning (7am) revealed the predominance of oxygenated terpenes which constituted 58.3%  of the oil. The principal constituents were; isolimonene (22.2%), neral (22.2%), citral (21.5%), caryophyllene (4.3%), and α-geranyl acetate (4.1%). Furthermore, the leaf oil from the afternoon (2pm) harvest also showed predominance of oxygenated terpenes which constituted 57.7%. The principal constituents in the oil were; limonene (20.2%), neral (24.5%), citral (10.3%), caryophyllene (5.4%), and α-geranyl acetate (3.3%). This study established   that there was compositional variation in the leaf essential oil obtained from the different time of harvests.
Integrative analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation through one‐class logistic regression machine learning identifies stemness features in medulloblastoma
Authors: Lian Hao , Han Yi‐Peng , Zhang Yu‐Chao , Zhao Yang , Yan Shan , Li Qi‐Feng , Wang Bao‐Cheng , Wang Jia‐Jia , Meng Wei , Yang Jian , Wang Qin‐Hua , Mao Wei‐Wei , Ma Jie
Published: August 2019

Most human cancers develop from stem and progenitor cell populations through the sequential accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Cancer stem cells have been identified from medulloblastoma (MB), but a comprehensive understanding of MB stemness, including the interactions between the tumor immune microenvironment and MB stemness, is lacking. Here, we employed a trained stemness index model based on an existent one‐class logistic regression (OCLR) machine‐learning method to score MB samples; we then obtained two stemness indices, a gene expression‐based stemness index (mRNAsi) and a DNA methylation‐based stemness index (mDNAsi), to perform an integrated analysis of MB stemness in a cohort of primary cancer samples (n = 763). We observed an inverse trend between mRNAsi and mDNAsi for MB subgroup and metastatic status. By applying the univariable Cox regression analysis, we found that mRNAsi significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) for all MB patients, whereas mDNAsi had no significant association with OS for all MB patients. In addition, by combining the Lasso‐penalized Cox regression machine‐learning approach with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we identified a stemness‐related gene expression signature that accurately predicted survival in patients with Sonic hedgehog (SHH) MB. Furthermore, positive correlations between mRNAsi and prognostic copy number aberrations in SHH MB, including MYCN amplifications and GLI2 amplifications, were detected. Analyses of the immune microenvironment revealed unanticipated correlations of MB stemness with infiltrating immune cells. Lastly, using the Connectivity Map, we identified potential drugs targeting the MB stemness signature. Our findings based on stemness indices might advance the development of objective diagnostic tools for quantitating MB stemness and lead to novel biomarkers that predict the survival of patients with MB or the efficacy of strategies targeting MB stem cells.
Evaluation of the effects of motion mitigation strategies on respiration‐induced motion in each pancreatic region using cine‐magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Fujimoto Koya , Shiinoki Takehiro , Yuasa Yuki , Onizuka Ryota , Yamane Masatoshi
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This study aimed to quantify the respiration‐induced motion in each pancreatic region during motion mitigation strategies and to characterize the correlations between this motion and that of the surrogate signals in cine‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We also aimed to evaluate the effects of these motion mitigation strategies in each pancreatic region.

Methods

Sagittal and coronal two‐dimensional cine‐MR images were obtained in 11 healthy volunteers, eight of whom also underwent imaging with abdominal compression (AC). For each pancreatic region, the magnitude of pancreatic motion with and without motion mitigation and the positional error between the actual and predicted pancreas motion based on surrogate signals were evaluated.

Results

The magnitude of pancreatic motion with and without AC in the left–right (LR) and superior–inferior (SI) directions varied depending on the pancreatic region. In respiratory gating (RG) assessments based on a surrogate signal, although the correlation was reasonable, the positional error was large in the pancreatic tail region. Furthermore, motion mitigation in the anterior‐posterior and SI directions with RG was more effective than was that with AC in the head region.

Conclusions

This study revealed pancreatic region‐dependent variations in respiration‐induced motion and their effects on motion mitigation outcomes during AC or RG. The magnitude of pancreatic motion with or without AC and the magnitude of the positional error with RG varied depending on the pancreatic region. Therefore, during radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer, it is important to consider that the effects of motion mitigation during AC or RG may differ depending on the pancreatic region.
Biomarkers for REM sleep behavior disorder in idiopathic and narcoleptic patients
Authors: Antelmi Elena , Pizza Fabio , Donadio Vincenzo , Filardi Marco , Sosero Yuri L. , Incensi Alex , Vandi Stefano , Moresco Monica , Ferri Raffaele , Marelli Sara , Ferini‐Strambi Luigi , Liguori Rocco , Plazzi Giuseppe
Published: August 2019

To search for discriminating biomarkers, 30 patients with idiopathic rapid‐eye‐movements sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) were compared with 17 patients with RBD within narcolepsy type 1. Both groups underwent extensive examinations, including skin biopsy searching for phosphorylated α‐synuclein deposits and whole‐night video‐polysomnography. Skin biopsy was positive for phosphorylated α‐synuclein deposits in 86.7% of iRBD patients and in none of narcoleptic patients. The analysis of video‐polysomnographic motor events showed differences in their occurrence throughout the night in the two groups. iRBD and RBD due to narcolepsy do have different clinical and pathological findings, confirming a different pathophysiology.
Clinical Characteristics of Early‐Onset Gout in Outpatient Setting
Authors: Li Yan , Piranavan Paramarajan , Sundaresan Devi , Yood Robert
Published: August 2019

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with early‐onset gout.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 327 adult patients with a first diagnosis of gout from 2008 to 2016 using the database of a multispecialty group practice in New England. Patients were classified into the following groups: age 30 years or younger at first diagnosis (group 1), age 31‐40 years (group 2), and age over 40 years (group 3). The clinical characteristics and treatment of gout were compared among the three groups.

Results

We identified 87 patients in group 1 and 140 patients in group 2. Group 3 included 100 patients randomly chosen from the 7216 patients with a first diagnosis at age over 40 years. Patients within group 1 had significantly higher serum uric acid (sUA) levels at the time of diagnosis and a more prominent family history of gout. Younger patients (groups 1 and 2) had a significantly higher body mass index than patients over 40 years of age (group 3). A substantial number of younger patients also had hypertension or hyperlipidemia. The majority of younger patients met the 2012 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines for initiating urate‐lowering therapy (ULT) on the basis of frequency of gout attacks, whereas the majority of patients over 40 years of age met the guidelines for ULT on the basis of chronic kidney disease. Patients over 40 years of age were more likely to achieve an sUA level less than 6.0 mg/dl.

Conclusion

Patients with a first diagnosis of gout at age 40 years or younger frequently had cardiovascular risk factors and were less likely to achieve an sUA level less than 6.0 mg/dl compared with patients over 40 years of age who were treated in routine clinical practice. Clinicians should be aware that patients with early‐onset gout may be an undertreated population with poor adherence to ULT and increased risk of recurrent gout and cardiovascular diseases.
Anisotropic Hybrid Hydrogels with Superior Mechanical Properties Reminiscent of Tendons or Ligaments
Authors: Choi Suji , Choi Youngjin , Kim Jaeyun
Published: August 2019

Mimicking the hierarchically anisotropic structure and excellent mechanical properties of natural tissues, such as tendons and ligaments, using biomaterials is challenging. Despite recent achievements with anisotropic hydrogels, limitations remain because of difficulties in achieving both structural and mechanical characteristics simultaneously. A simple approach for fabricating hybrid hydrogels with a hierarchically anisotropic structure and superior mechanical properties that are reminiscent of tendons or ligaments is proposed. Alginate–polyacrylamide double‐network (DN) hydrogels incorporated with high aspect ratio mesoporous silica microparticles are stretched and fixed via subsequent drying and ionic crosslinking to achieve multiscale structures composed of an anisotropically aligned polymer network embedded with aligned microparticles. The mechanical properties of hydrogels can be further controlled by the degree of stretching, quantities, and functional groups of inorganic microparticles, and types of crosslinking cations. The subsequent reswelling results in a high water content (>80%) similar to that of natural tendons while high strength, modulus, and toughness are maintained. The optimized anisotropic hybrid hydrogel exhibits a tensile modulus of 7.2 MPa, strength of 1.3 MPa, and toughness of 1.4 MJ m−3 even in the swollen state, which is 451‐, 27‐, and 2.2 times higher than that observed in the non‐swollen tough DN hydrogel. This study suggests a new strategy for fabricating anisotropic hydrogels with superior mechanical properties to develop new biomaterials for artificial tendons or ligaments.
Ultra‐High Surface Area Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Aerogels Derived From a Schiff‐Base Porous Organic Polymer Aerogel for CO2 Storage and Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Huimin , Li Jiahuan , Thomas Arne , Liao Yaozu
Published: August 2019

Nitrogen‐doped carbon aerogels (NCAs) have received great attention for a wide range of applications, from thermal electronics to waste water purification, heavy metal or gas adsorption, energy storage, and catalyst supports. Herein NCAs are developed via the synthesis of a Schiff‐base porous organic polymer aerogel followed by pyrolysis. By controlling the pyrolysis temperature, the polymer aerogel can be simply converted into porous NCAs with a low bulk density (5 mg cm−3), high surface area (2356 m2 g−1), and high bulk porosity (70%). The NCAs containing 1.8–5.3 wt% N atoms exhibit remarkable CO2 uptake capacities (6.1 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1 bar, 33.1 mmol g−1 at 323 K and 30 bar) and high ideal adsorption solution theory selectivity (47.8) at ambient pressure. Supercapacitors fabricated with NCAs display high specific capacitance (300 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), fast rate (charge to 221 F g−1 within only 17 s), and high stability (retained >98% capacity after 5000 cycles). Asymmetric supercapacitors assembled with NCAs also show high energy density and power density with maximal values of 30.5 Wh kg−1 and 7088 W kg−1, respectively. The outstanding CO2 uptake and energy storage abilities are attributed to the ultra‐high surface area, N‐doping, conductivity, and rigidity of NCA frameworks.
Giant and Reversible Inverse Barocaloric Effects near Room Temperature in Ferromagnetic MnCoGeB0.03
Authors: Aznar Araceli , Lloveras Pol , Kim Ji‐Yeob , Stern‐Taulats Enric , Barrio María , Tamarit Josep Lluís , Sánchez‐Valdés César F. , Sánchez Llamazares José Luis , Mathur Neil D. , Moya Xavier
Published: August 2019

Hydrostatic pressure represents an inexpensive and practical method of driving caloric effects in brittle magnetocaloric materials, which display first‐order magnetostructural phase transitions whose large latent heats are traditionally accessed using applied magnetic fields. Here, moderate changes of hydrostatic pressure are used to drive giant and reversible inverse barocaloric effects near room temperature in the notoriously brittle magnetocaloric material MnCoGeB0.03. The barocaloric effects compare favorably with those observed in barocaloric materials that are magnetic. The inevitable fragmentation provides a large surface for heat exchange with pressure‐transmitting media, permitting good access to barocaloric effects in cooling devices.
A Multilayer‐Graphene/Silicon Infrared Schottky Photo‐Diode
Authors: Apicella Valerio , Fasasi Teslim Ayinde , Wang Shu , Lei Sipeng , Ruotolo Antonio
Published: August 2019

Lateral effect, Schottky photo‐diodes are commonly used as magnetic‐ and position sensing‐ detectors. Yet, they can only respond to ultraviolet‐ and visible‐light because of the low optical transmittance in metals at long wavelengths, such as infrared light. Furthermore, Schottky contacts to narrow‐band gap semiconductors are challenging to fabricate. Here, it is shown that an extended multilayer‐graphene/silicon junction can be used as a lateral photo‐diode in the infrared range. A multilayer graphene film was grown on an intrinsic‐silicon substrate. The film shows graphene order near the interface to become amorphous carbon as the film grows in thickness. Since amorphous carbon behaves as a metal, this results in an effective metallic/2D/Si heterostructure, showing a rectifying behavior in the measured current–voltage characteristics. Moreover, photo‐induced Hall effect measurements show that the proximity to graphene increases the spectrum of absorbance of silicon. This work shows that 2D materials can be used to extend the range of application of silicon to the infrared wavelengths.
Self‐Folding Metal Origami
Authors: Lazarus Nathan , Smith Gabriel L. , Dickey Michael D.
Published: August 2019

Origami‐based techniques for creating 3D shapes from 2D patterns via folding have moved from the domain of art to practical engineering. Flat sheets are an appealing starting material for the creation of 3D objects because of 1) the ability to efficiently store and ship stacks of sheets, 2) the compatibility of flat surfaces with a variety of patterning processes such as lithography, and 3) the ability to make sheets via high‐throughput manufacturing. Self‐folding is the ability of flat sheets of materials to respond to external stimuli (light, heat, magnetic fields, etc.) and rapidly change shape without human intervention. Herein, the self‐folding of metals is reviewed, which is particularly important for opening up new applications in robotics, medicine, and reconfigurable electronics. These applications rely on the superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of metals compared with polymer alternatives. The field is reviewed from actuation mechanisms and materials to design approaches and common applications of technologies.
Gallium‐Based Thin Films for Wearable Human Motion Sensors
Authors: Dejace Laurent , Laubeuf Nathan , Furfaro Ivan , Lacour Stéphanie P.
Published: August 2019

Wearable electronic circuits based on the films of gallium and its alloys offer promising implementations in health monitoring and gaming sensing applications. However, the complex rheology of liquid metals makes it challenging to manufacture thin gallium‐based devices with reliable, reproducible, and stable properties over time. Herein, the surface coating and topography of silicone substrates are engineered to enable precisely defined, micrometer‐thick liquid metal patterns over large (>10 cm2) surface areas, and high design versatility. Control over the film microstructure meets manufacturing conditions that enable gallium films with a precise, repeatable, and durable electromechanical performance. The robustness and applicability of this technology in a virtual‐reality scenario is demonstrated by implementing thin, soft, and stretchable gallium‐based sensors to accurately monitor human hand kinematics.
Longitudinal spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis using the generalized boundary shift integral
Authors: Moccia Marcello , Prados Ferran , Filippi Massimo , Rocca Maria A. , Valsasina Paola , Brownlee Wallace J. , Zecca Chiara , Gallo Antonio , Rovira Alex , Gass Achim , Palace Jacqueline , Lukas Carsten , Vrenken Hugo , Ourselin Sebastien , Gandini Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A. M. , Ciccarelli Olga , Barkhof Frederik ,   for the MAGNIMS Study Group
Published: August 2019

Objective

Spinal cord atrophy is a clinically relevant feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), but longitudinal assessments on magnetic resonance imaging using segmentation‐based methods suffer from measurement variability, especially in multicenter studies. We compared the generalized boundary shift integral (GBSI), a registration‐based method, with a standard segmentation‐based method.

Methods

Baseline and 1‐year spinal cord 3‐dimensional T1‐weighted images (1mm isotropic) were obtained from 282 patients (52 clinically isolated syndrome [CIS], 196 relapsing–remitting MS [RRMS], 34 progressive MS [PMS]), and 82 controls from 8 MAGNIMS (Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis) sites on multimanufacturer and multi–field‐strength scans. Spinal Cord Toolbox was used for C2‐5 segmentation and cross‐sectional area (CSA) calculation. After cord straightening and registration, GBSI measured atrophy based on the probabilistic boundary‐shift region of interest. CSA and GBSI percentage annual volume change was calculated.

Results

GBSI provided similar rates of atrophy, but reduced measurement variability compared to CSA in all MS subtypes (CIS: −0.95 ± 2.11% vs −1.19 ± 3.67%; RRMS: −1.74 ± 2.57% vs −1.74 ± 4.02%; PMS: −2.29 ± 2.40% vs −1.29 ± 3.20%) and healthy controls (0.02 ± 2.39% vs −0.56 ± 3.77%). GBSI performed better than CSA in differentiating healthy controls from CIS (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.66 vs 0.53; p = 0.03), RRMS (AUC = 0.73 vs 0.59; p < 0.001), PMS (AUC = 0.77 vs 0.53; p < 0.001), and patients with disability progression from patients without progression (AUC = 0.59 vs 0.50; p = 0.04). Sample size to detect 60% treatment effect on spinal cord atrophy over 1 year was lower for GBSI than CSA (CIS: 106 vs 830; RRMS: 95 vs 335; PMS: 44 vs 215; power = 80%; alpha = 5%).

Interpretation

The registration‐based method (GBSI) allowed better separation between MS patients and healthy controls and improved statistical power, when compared with a conventional segmentation‐based method (CSA), although it is still far from perfect. ANN NEUROL 2019 ANN NEUROL 2019;86:704–713
Polymeric Encapsulation of Novel Homoleptic Bis(dipyrrinato) Zinc(II) Complexes with Long Lifetimes for Applications as Photodynamic Therapy Photosensitisers
Authors: Karges Johannes , Basu Uttara , Blacque Olivier , Chao Hui , Gasser Gilles
Published: August 2019

The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat cancer has received increasing attention over the last years. However, the clinically used photosensitisers (PSs) have some limitations that include poor aqueous solubility, hepatotoxicity, photobleaching, aggregation, and slow clearance from the body, so the design of new classes of PSs is of great interest. We present the use of bis(dipyrrinato)zinc(II) complexes with exceptionally long lifetimes as efficient PDT PSs. Based on the heavy‐atom effect, intersystem crossing of these complexes changes the excited state from singlet to a triplet state, thereby enabling singlet oxygen generation. To overcome the limitation of quenching effects in water and improve water solubility, the lead compound 3 was encapsulated in a polymer matrix. It showed impressive phototoxicity upon irradiation at 500 nm in various monolayer cancer cells as well as 3D multicellular tumour spheroids, without observed dark toxicity.
Energy‐Efficient Solar Photochemistry with Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based Photomicroreactors
Authors: Cambié Dario , Dobbelaar Jeroen , Riente Paola , Vanderspikken Jochen , Shen Chong , Seeberger Peter H. , Gilmore Kerry , Debije Michael G. , Noël Timothy
Published: August 2019

The sun is the most sustainable light source available on our planet, therefore the direct use of sunlight for photochemistry is extremely appealing. Demonstrated here, for the first time, is that a diverse set of photon‐driven transformations can be efficiently powered by solar irradiation with the use of solvent‐resistant and cheap luminescent solar concentrator based photomicroreactors. Blue, green, and red reactors can accommodate both homogeneous and multiphase reaction conditions, including photochemical oxidations, photocatalytic trifluoromethylation chemistry, and metallaphotoredox transformations, thus spanning applications over the entire visible‐light spectrum. To further illustrate the efficacy of these novel solar reactors, medicinally relevant molecules, such as ascaridole and an intermediate of artemisinin, were prepared as well.
Supramolecular photocatalyst of Palladium (II) Encapsulated within Dendrimer on TiO2 nanoparticles for Photo‐induced Suzuki‐Miyaura and Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling reactions
Authors: Eskandari Ameneh , Jafarpour Maasoumeh , Rezaeifard Abdolreza , Salimi Mehri
Published: August 2019

In this study, synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of a novel supramolecular photocatalytic system including palladium (II) encapsulated within amine‐terminated poly (triazine‐triamine) dendrimer modified TiO2 nanoparticles (Pd (II) [PTATAD] @ TiO2) is presented. The obtained nanodendritic catalyst was characterized by FT‐IR, ICP‐AES, XPS, EDS, TEM, TGA and UV‐DRS. The as‐prepared nanodendritic catalyst was shown to be highly active, selective, and recyclable for the Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross‐coupling of a wide range of aryl halides including electron‐rich and electron‐poor and even aryl chlorides, affording the corresponding biaryl compounds in good to excellent yields under visible light irradiation. This study shows that visible light irradiation can drive the cross‐coupling reactions on the Pd (II) [PTATAD] @ TiO2 under mild reaction conditions (27–30 °C) and no additional additives such as cocatalysts or phosphine ligands. So, we propose that the improved photoactivity predominantly benefits from the synergistic effects of Pd (II) amine‐terminated poly (triazine‐triamine) dendrimer on TiO2 nanoparticles that cause efficient separation and photogenerated electron–hole pairs and photoredox capability of nanocatalyst which all of these advantages due to the tuning of band gap of catalyst in the visible light region.
Carboxylic modification of welan gum
Authors: Li Xin , Liu Zhuang , Zhu LunYu , Miao ShanShan , Fang Zheng , Zhao LiHuan , Guo Kai
Published: August 2019

Welan gum has disadvantages such as poor solubility, low viscosity, and poor crosslinking property, when it is applied in petroleum industry, comparing to guar gum. Two methods for the carboxylic modification of welan gum were developed, carboxyethyl modification and citric acid modification, to improve the solubility in water, viscosity, and crosslinking ability of welan gum in the borax crosslinking system. The solubility time of carboxyethyl modified and citric acid modified welan gum were shortened to 30 and 90 min, respectively. The highest viscosity of citric acid modified product was 49.4 mPa s, the viscosity after crosslinking was raised at least 1.2 times to the highest four times than that before crosslinking. The results indicated three factors affecting the properties of modified products: (1) how many function groups in the modifying agent; (2) the way to connect the function group; and (3) the whole structure of the modifying agent. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48301.
Fluorinated copolyimide membranes for sour mixed‐gas upgrading
Authors: Hayek Ali , Yahaya Garba O. , Alsamah Abdulkarim , Panda Saroj K.
Published: August 2019

Three random and two block 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA)‐based copolyimides with different 6FpDA:Durene molar ratio varying from 25 to 80% were prepared and characterized. The pure‐gas permeation data of their membranes were investigated at 100 psi and 22 °C. The CO2/CH4 ideal selectivity coefficient increased to around 47 with the increase of the 6FpDA content to 80% in the copolymer backbone while the CO2 permeability coefficient found to be the highest (378 barrer) with highest Durene content copolymer. Based on its attractive pure‐gas permeation properties(CO2/CH4 = 47), 6FDA‐6FpDA/6FDA‐Durene (4:1) block copolyimide was selected for further analyses, where the effect of pressure and temperature on its gas transport properties was evaluated. Furthermore, the mixed‐gas permeation properties were investigated using multicomponent sweet and sour gas mixtures prepared from N2 (30% or 10%), CH4 (59%), C2H6 (1%), CO2 (10%), and H2S (0% or 20%)accordingly. The sweet mixed‐gas CO2/CH4 selectivity and CO2 permeability coefficients of 6FDA‐6FpDA/6FDA‐Durene (4:1) are around 39 and 45 barrer, respectively, at elevated pressure (800 psi). The polymer, however, showed nonideal behavior when subjected to high H2S‐content gas mixture (20 vol. % H2S), where the CO2/CH4 selectivity value dropped to around 21 and the H2S/CH4 selectivity coefficient is 13. The CO2 and H2S permeability coefficients are 42 and 26 barrer, respectively, at an upstream pressure up to 500 psi. When plotted on the combined acid gas permeability‐selectivity curve, the polymer separation efficiency was nearby the high‐performing polymers reported in the literature, and way superior to the industrial standard glassy polymer, cellulose acetate, used currently in gas separation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48336.
Multicomponent Approach to Hydantoins and Thiohydantoins Involving a Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Gupta Naveen K. , Aswar Vikas R.
Published: August 2019

We report an efficient synthetic strategy to diverse hydantoins and thiohydantoins involving a three‐component reaction with the aid of deep eutectic solvent. Here, N,N′‐dimethyl urea and N,N′‐dimethyl thiourea play a dual role as reactant and reaction medium along with l‐(+)‐tartaric acid. The three‐component reaction provides an easy access to 5‐amino‐1,3‐dialkyl‐substituted hydantoins and thiohydantoins in good yields.
Powerful knowledge and the curriculum: Contradictions and dichotomies
Authors: Alderson Priscilla
Published: August 2019

The concept of powerful knowledge (PK) has central dichotomies and contradictions, which this article questions. The origins, meaning, purpose and reality of PK are considered. PK is based in social realism, and the article suggests how critical realism could inform more illuminating analyses of knowledge and power. The two versions of realism are compared for their different approaches to dichotomies and dialectic, and to types of knowledge as sacred or profane. The dichotomies assumed in PK theory, which will be reviewed, are: separating concepts from values; informal everyday experience versus formal academic education; separating disciplines versus interdisciplinarity; passive versus active learning and curriculum versus pedagogy; and policies versus theories of power and knowledge. The article concludes that these dichotomies are unrealistic and unhelpful. If teaching informed by PK theory is to benefit students and society, and if knowledge is to be associated with power, it will be helpful to overcome or revoke the dichotomies, which are better understood through dialectical analysis, as shown throughout the article.
Nationwide population-based study of the impact of immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Heeg E , Harmeling J X , Becherer B E , Marang-van de Mheen P J , Vrancken Peeters M T F D , Mureau M A M
Published: August 2019

Background

Initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy within 6–12 weeks after mastectomy is recommended by guidelines. The aim of this population-based study was to investigate whether immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) after mastectomy reduces the likelihood of timely initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

All patients with breast cancer who had undergone mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy between 2012 and 2016 in the Netherlands were identified. Time from surgery to adjuvant chemotherapy was categorized as within 6 weeks or after more than 6 weeks, within 9 weeks or after more than 9 weeks, and within 12 weeks or after more than 12 weeks. The impact of IBR on the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy for these three scenarios was estimated using propensity score matching to adjust for treatment by indication bias.

Results

A total of 6300 patients had undergone primary mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy, of whom 1700 (27·0 per cent) had received IBR. Multivariable analysis revealed that IBR reduced the likelihood of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 weeks (odds ratio (OR) 0·76, 95 per cent c.i. 0·66 to 0·87) and 9 weeks (0·69, 0·54 to 0·87), but not within 12 weeks (OR 0·75, 0·48 to 1·17). Following propensity score matching, IBR only reduced the likelihood of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 weeks (OR 0·95, 0·90 to 0·99), but not within 9 weeks (OR 0·97, 0·95 to 1·00) or 12 weeks (OR 1·00, 0·99 to 1·01).

Conclusion

Postmastectomy IBR marginally reduced the likelihood of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 weeks, but not within 9 or 12 weeks. Thus, IBR is not contraindicated in patients who need adjuvant chemotherapy after mastectomy.