bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coagulation Control
Authors: Conley Walter R. , Evers Richard H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a number of methods that have been developed for more precisely identifying good coagulation. The most common method of monitoring coagulation is by the use of jar tests and visual observation. The electrophoretic cell method involves measuring the charge on particles by observing their rate of movement toward electrodes. The streaming current detector can yield the same qualitative information as the electrophoretic cell. The main focus of the article is the pilot filter coagulant control system, used either to indicate coagulation conditions or to control them automatically.
Polymer Flocculation Kinetics of Dilute Colloidal Suspensions
Authors: Birkner Francis B. , Morgan James J.
Published: February 2018

It is desirable to obtain the complete size distribution of a flocculating suspension to evaluate coagulation and flocculation parameters, such as mixing intensity, mixing time, and coagulant or flocculant dose. In recent years, methods have been developed that permit the direct determination of particle size distributions, in the range 1‐1,000 µ, by means of electronic particle counting techniques. This study modified these techniques for sizing polystyrene latex suspensions at various stages in a flocculation process when either organic polyelectrolytes or inorganic salts are used as coagulants.
Cross‐Connection Control Program
Authors: Ramey J. C. , Angvik N. R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the essential elements for establishing a successful cross‐connection control program, and outlines the development of a cross‐connection control program at the Seattle Water Department.
Arctic Water Storage
Authors: Cohen Jules B. , Benson Barrett E.
Published: February 2018

The U.S. Alaskan Air Command, the Environmental Engineering Section of the Arctic Health Research Laboratory, U.S. Public Health Service, conducted a study of the heat balance of the 2 million gallon water storage tank at Kotzebue U.S. Air Force Station. The objective of the study was to develop design and operating criteria for water tanks in the arctic.
Properties of Sulfur‐Base Pipe‐Jointing Compounds
Authors: Wilson P. S.
Published: February 2018

The author of this comment regards certain statements made in a recent Journal AWWA article by R.E. Morris, Jr. on sulfur‐base pipe‐jointing compounds as misleading.
Coatings for Water Storage Tanks
Authors: Christofferson D. W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the many aspects involved with the surface preparation and painting of water tanks. Overall procedures and results, however, continue to improve as a result of testing, development work, and field experience.
Corporation Stop Retention Capacity of Ductile‐Iron and Gray‐Iron Pipe
Authors: Becque John H.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to determine whether the number of threads available in the walls of standard thicknesses of ductile‐iron pipe provide as good corporation stop adherence as those of standard wall thicknesses of gray‐iron pipe. The procedure involved two tests, the hydrostatic pullout test and the hydrostatic cantilever beam shear test.
Rubber‐Seated Butterfly Valves for Distribution Systems
Authors: Proudfit Donald P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of rubber‐seated butterfly valves in distribution systems. Early designs for butterfly valves are discussed, along with the problem of the ease of operation, line breaks, valve requirements, corrosion resistance, space requirements, types of butterfly valves, and pressure classes.
Water Treatment Plant Sludge Disposal Practices in the United Kingdom
Authors: Young E. F.
Published: February 2018

Reappraisal of disposal methods has been forced on the water supply industry in the United Kingdom (UK). Improvement of the quality of effluents discharged to rivers is a first step. As a basis for consent to discharge, River Authorities use the standard recommended by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in 1912 and amend these standards depending upon local conditions. Practice in the UK in sludge disposal is now developing towards the use of the minimum space for plant, lagoons, and tips. Any increase in cost must be considered as unavoidable.
Crossing the Meramec River
Authors: Tinkey A. M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a project to install a water main across the Meramec River near St. Louis, Missouri. The article discusses determining the crossing location, an engineering survey of the crossing site, method of pipe installation, testing the pipe, and estimating the cost.
Legal Aspects of Water Utility Operation
Authors: Campbell Ernest H.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by reviewing past legal aspects of municipal water supply throughout the state of Washington that fall under the categories of abrogation of immunity, exception to immunity, and proprietary functions. Recent developments that should be taken into account in the operation of water utilities are also considered, including: reading of water meters; negligence in maintenance; leaking of water; pipe deterioration; water for fire fighting; fluoridation; public notice; extraterritorial effect; establishment of a Local Improvement District; condemnation of property; buffer strip in watershed; effect of annexation; maintenance of records; State Board of Health; contracting authority; and, county service areas.
New Concepts for Desalting Brackish Water
Authors: Homer William A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several of the more promising processes for desalting brackish water and provides economic data where available. The processes discussed include: multi‐stage flash distillation; multiple‐effect distillation; vapor compression distillation; solar distillation; electrodialysis; reverse osmosis; ion exchange; freezing processes; and, hydrate formation. A new desalting process is discussed that uses a high capacity weakly basic resin that is highly selective for bicarbonate‐mineral acidity and can therefore convert salts in saline water to bicarbonate form.
Poliovirus Inactivation in Water‐Softening Precipitation Processes
Authors: Wentworth David F. , Thorup Robert T. , Sproul Otis J.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the extent of type I poliovirus inactivation in water softening precipitation processes under controlled chemical conditions. Materials included the attenuated Sabin type 1 poliovirus, and the tissue culture technique that was used conformed to that of Dubecco and Vogt and Vogt et al., as modified by Nakano and Gelfand, with the exceptions noted. Experimental procedures are discussed in detail.
A Size‐Density Relationship for Floes
Authors: Lagvankar Ashok L. , Gemmell Robert S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses floc formation using a computer simulation model by random conjunction of primary particles. The model flocs were generated by the successive addition to the growing floc in a random manner of primary particles, taken as spheres of unit radius. The article discusses the process, which was repeated until a floc containing the selected number of primary particles was formed. From the form of the model, it was expected that the flocs would approximate spherical symmetry; this was realized by the fact that the center of gravity of the 201‐particle flocs was never more than 1 to 1.5 particle radii from the origin. Several flocs varying in content from 101 to 401 primary particles were generated with this model. The characteristics of these flocs were then examined, and the findings generalized in terms of the floc size r (radius) and the volume fraction of solids pc for a floc containing n primary particles.
The Phosphorus Problem
Authors: Mackenthun Kenneth M.
Published: February 2018

Wastewater phosphorus inflows to receiving waters must be reduced to check accelerating cultural eutrophication. To prevent biological nuisances, total phosphorus should not exceed 100 µg/l P at any point within the flowing stream, nor should 50 µg/l be exceeded where waters enter a lake, reservoir, or other standing water body. Those waters now containing less phosphorus should not be degraded. Adequate phosphorus controls must now be directed toward treatment of nutrient point sources and to wastewater diversion around the lake or dilution within the lake, where feasible. Once nutrients are combined within the ecosystem of the receiving waters, their removal is tedious and expensive. Results of harvesting an aquatic crop, dredging, or other means to remove nutrients after they have reached receiving waters must be compared to inflowing nutrient quantities to evaluate accomplishments.
Place of Federal Grants and Loans in Utility Financing
Authors: McLeod Robert J.
Published: February 2018

Federal aid programs should be modified as the need for financial assistance changes. Grants are essential to the creation of the basic facilities that will clean up polluted streams, aid in rejuvenating certain underdeveloped areas, and protect the health of congested or remote communities. There is, however, a need for much greater analysis and the establishment of stronger policies by the federal government in order to be sure that grants and loans are not being made to agencies that could finance their own projects. The program has not affected materially the authority and responsibility of local agencies to plan, design, build, and operate needed facilities without undue interference from the federal government. While the federal grant program has permitted the early construction of badly needed projects, the gradual reduction or elimination of such programs should be encouraged to enable water utilities to be essentially self sustaining.
Conjunctive Use of Ground and Surface Waters
Authors: Teerink John R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses management of groundwater basins in California. The first phase in a management study is a thorough geologic survey of the area that attempts a quantitative definition of the geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the groundwater basin and provides a foundation for the second phase, the hydrologic study, and for the formulation and evaluation of alternative plans of management in the third phase. All described management techniques may be needed in a particular basin. To effect optimum use of underground storage capacity, artificial recharge of the groundwater basin will be required to some extent in most areas. Through reconnaissance‐level studies, both the techniques needed and the legislative action required to implement a local water resource plan are identified.
Microbial Considerations in Drinking Water
Authors: Kabler Paul W.
Published: February 2018

Under unusual conditions, where the raw water supply contains large amounts of sewage or where there have been mechanical or human failures in water treatment plant operation, waterborne disease may result. Under normal conditions of raw‐water supply and of adequate treatment plant operation in this country, however, the pathogenic bacterial and virus content in drinking water is below the infectious level when the Standard Methods coliform test shows no gas in any tube. The scarcity of waterborne disease outbreaks supports this view. Indicator organisms discussed include coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci. Treatment methods discussed for the removal of organisms include flocculation, filtration, and chlorination.
A Simple Method for Concentrating and Detecting Viruses in Water
Authors: Rao V. Chalapati , Sullivan Robert , Read Ralston B. , Clarke Norman A.
Published: February 2018

This study examined the possibility of using iron oxide as a “filter bed,” adsorbing, concentrating, and recovering viruses suspended in water. This may provide a simple, economical, and efficient method for the detection of small numbers of viruses in large volumes of water. Preliminary experiments were carried out, using virus levels of 1‐5 plaque‐forming units (pfu) per milliliter; the results were encouraging enough to merit a detailed investigation of the factors involved in the use of magnetic iron oxide for concentrating and recovering viruses in water.
Quality Water: How to Get It
Authors: Faust Raymond J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the final report of AWWA Task Force 2640 P, Committee on Water Quality Goals. The AWWA Board of Directors approved the report at its annual meeting in New York in January 1968. This action by the Board gives official recognition to quality goals in the chemical, physical, bacterial, and radiological characteristics of drinking water sorely needed to direct the water industry toward its objective of better service to the public.
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF FILTRATION
Authors: Hudson Herbert E.
Published: February 2018

Relying on the work of John R. Baylis, the author describes the behavior of the traditional rapid sand filter, then extends the discussion to cover dual‐media beds and higher filtration rates.
WHAT DOES A GOOD WATER RESOURCES PROGRAM MEAN TO A STATE?
Authors: LaDue Wendell R.
Published: February 2018

This article outlines steps taken by the state of Ohio to insure the development and wise use of its water resources, including water supply and resource programs, and the role the author feels the state must assume in tending to the needs of its people.
STATUS OF FLUORIDATION IN NEW YORK STATE
Authors: Berner William
Published: February 2018

From the first fluoridation of a New York State water supply in 1945, the benefits of fluoridation have spread now to encompass the vast majority of New York's population. The cost and convenience of fluoridation varies according to local conditions, but data are available to allow communities planning fluoridation to project estimated costs for their particular situations.
VANADIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN COLORADO RIVER BASIN WATERS
Authors: Linstedt K. Daniel , Kruger Paul
Published: February 2018

To measure traces of vanadium, which is sometimes associated with uranium milling, in waters of the Colorado River Basin, the authors devised a radiochemical activation analysis procedure. It confirmed that highest trace concentrations occur near milling activities.
HOW FIRE INSURANCE RATES ARE MADE
Authors: Rutter Joseph W.
Published: February 2018

Fire flow is a major service provided by water utilities. Precisely how do insurance companies take it into consideration when establishing municipal premium rates_ And how can water utilities help lower fire insurance rates?
DISEASE DUE TO “NONPATHOGENIC” BACTERIA
Authors: Culp Russell L.
Published: February 2018

Russell L. Culp, General Manager of the South Tahoe Public Utility District, South Lake Tahoe, California, discusses an article published by The New Yorker magazine and written by their medical reporter, Berton Roueche. The article, “Three Sick Babies” (Oct. 5 1968), traced a Pseudomonas epidemic in a hospital premature‐baby nursery to an aerating cap on a spigot used by ward personnel. Culp discusses the main points raised by Rouche, and reviews water works practices as they relate to Gram‐negative bacteria.
BEHAVIOR AND DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Authors: Myhrstad J. A. , Samdal J. E.
Published: February 2018

Norway's Baerum Water Works experimented with chlorine dioxide as a water disinfectant when it was found that chlorine often caused taste and odor problems. A modified method for the determination of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorine quantities is suggested.
TRAINING EMPLOYEES FOR IMPROVED CUSTOMER RELATIONS
Authors: Cole G. G. W.
Published: February 2018

Although utility employees may know the technical end of their jobs, many do not know how to deal with the public. They can, however, be trained for courtesy and understanding—training from which company, employee, and public all benefit.
EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY GOALS
Authors: Bean Elwood L.
Published: February 2018

Goals for water quality in public supplies, beyond those necessary for health alone, were recently adopted by the profession in the form of AWWA's “Water Quality Goals for Potable Water.” The author, who as chairman of the Water Quality Goals Committee and of its parent AWWA Water Quality Division was thus intimately involved with their development, describes how the goais evolved, why they are practical and desirable, and what future goals might be.
DETERMINATION OF BORON IN WATERS AND EFFLUENTS USING CURCUMIN
Authors: Bunton N. G. , Tait B. H.
Published: February 2018

The authors address themselves to a method of boron determination by curcumin in samples of more than moderate CaCO3 hardness.
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATERS
Authors: Doody James J.
Published: February 2018

Ground and surface water use must be coordinated for maximum regional benefits, and the coordination must not be merely on a physical basis but on an economic one as well. California is constructing mathematical models of ground water basins to integrate their use in economical water resources management plans.
READINESS FOR EARTHQUAKE—SEISMICITY STUDIES
Authors: Larkin D. G.
Published: February 2018

In a known seismic area, preparation for an earthquake is a necessity. The East Bay Municipal Utility District, aware of the dangers, has taken steps to insure its ability to fight fires and maintain service in the event of such a catastrophe.
REGROWTH OF FECAL COLIFORMS
Authors: Deaner David G. , Kerri Kenneth D.
Published: February 2018

Nonfecal coliforms often undergo regrowth after discharge into a stream. A California team investigates whether fecal coliforms follow suit.
CHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES IN WATER LABORATORIES
Authors: Greenberg Arnold E. , Moskowitz Nathan , Tamplin Benjamin R. , Thomas June
Published: February 2018

Analyses of chemical reference samples by different water control laboratories often give different, sometimes inaccurate findings. California's laboratories are a case in point.
25 YEARS OF FLUORIDATION
Authors: Maier Franz J.
Published: February 2018

The growth of fluoridation over the past 25 years has made necessary new techniques of chemical feeding and analysis, and raised questions of public acceptance, and continues to be a lively topic for discussion. Herewith a brief history.
INJECTION WELL EXPERIENCE AT RIVERHEAD, N. Y.
Authors: Baffa John J.
Published: February 2018

Injection of fresh potable water was accomplished to study the hydraulic characteristics of the injection mound as compared with the pumping drawdown. Results indicated that injection requires establishment of a boundary pressure for entrance of the injection water into the aquifer pores.
ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR‐CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL CONCRETE CONTAINERS BY FINITE DIFFERENCES
Authors: Ghali Amin
Published: February 2018

Numerical method by finite differences is used for the analysis of cylindrical and conical tank walls of variable thickness. Tables are presented which give the ring tension and bending moments in cylindrical tapered walls. Finite differences are also used to derive the wall flexibility and stiffness matrices related to edge displacements. Two tables are given for the calculation of the effects of radial forces and displacements. Finally, the continuity between cylindrical and conical walls is treated by finite differences.
ELIMINATING AIR FROM THE COLORADO SPRINGS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Authors: McCullough Jack A. , Bailey Edward W.
Published: February 2018

Suggestions for eliminating air entrainment in supply lines are always welcome. The Colorado Springs Dept. of Public Utilities found that the addition of four pressure valves to its main line helped solve the problem.
APPLYING BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS TO RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E.
Published: February 2018

Sanitary significance of fecal coliform determinations in water pollution have lately been questioned. Fecal coli forms have been reassessed as indicators for pollution in recreational waters and are judged still to be reliable.
WATER QUALITY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Gilbert Jerome B. , Storrs Philip N.
Published: February 2018

As our demand for natural resources grows, so does our ability to exploit them on an increasingly‐greater scale. Responsibility goes with this demand and this power, and water utilities must take a long view—repairing damaged resources and planning for an adequate supply of quality water for the future.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING CHEMICALS IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS, 1962
Authors: Clarke Norman A. , Weeks John D.
Published: February 2018

The authors have compiled a list of chemical substances in the Drinking Water Standards and have defined recommended methods of analysis and sensitivity of techniques for measuring these chemicals. Also included are the methods of atomic absorption and spark emission spectroscopy, where applicable.
PROFESSIONAL AND CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Anderson Maynard M.
Published: February 2018

A set of informal guidelines is set forth in order to expedite the successful completion of contracts between public agency and private contractor.
INJECTION OF RECLAIMED WASTEWATER INTO CONFINED AQUIFERS
Authors: Wesner G. M. , Baier D. C.
Published: February 2018

One barrier against seawater intrusion into an aquifer is a line of barrier injection wells several miles inland, with pumping wells between them and the shoreline. Treated wastewater offers a supply of injection water, and research reveals how it flows, changes in composition, and otherwise behaves in the aquifer surrounding the injection well.
WATER FOR THE YEAR 2000
Authors: Burgess Lawrence C. N.
Published: February 2018

Summarizing the past and relating it to the future, the author presents problems that he believes will arise within the next quarter‐century, and adds solutions to these problems.
FLUORIDATION CHEMICALS—THE SUPPLY PICTURE
Authors: Bellack Ervin , Baker Robert J.
Published: February 2018

With the increase in the use of fluoride compounds in public water supply, there occurs the problem of supplying chemicals that provide the fluoride ion.
SYSTEM SIMULATION FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Authors: Hann Roy W.
Published: February 2018

The author describes the philosophy and structure of the Problem Oriented Language called HYNET, which he has developed for network analysis. The capability of the HYNET system to solve network problems and to simulate system dynamics is presented, along with examples showing how the system is used. System flexibility and ease of use is emphasized.
ZONING PLAN FOR MANAGING A MARYLAND COASTAL AQUIFER
Authors: Hansen Harry J.
Published: February 2018

The management of ground water aquifers lags behind the recent rapid progress of hydrologists. Managers of ground water aquifers can learn from the model explained here.
COAGULATION AND COLOR PROBLEMS
Authors:   Research Committee on Coagulation and Research Committee on Color Problems
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this report is to summarize the state of the art of color removal by coagulation and focus research attention on those problems of greatest interest to the water works profession. It also explains color standards and the chemical structures of coloring agents.
CLEANING AND CEMENT‐MORTAR LINING OF WATER MAINS
Authors: Goebel Elmer
Published: February 2018

The author comments on various administrative aspects of cleaning and cement‐mortar lining water mains to alleviate the problems that occur in an unlined system. Some of these problems could be dealt with and removed, but unless preventative measures are taken, they will only occur again.
LAND MANAGEMENT IN MUNICIPAL WATERSHEDS
Authors: Jeffrey W. W. , Goodell B. C.
Published: February 2018

The concept of multiple‐use land management is not a new one to municipal planners. With the need for more and better planning of watershed areas, however, understanding this concept has become more and more necessary.
WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF LEACHING FROM SUBMERGED SOILS
Authors: Keup Lowell E. , McKee Gerald D. , Raabe Edward W. , Warner Richard W.
Published: February 2018

To implement the proposed impoundment of the Northeast Cape Fear River in Dulpin County, North Carolina, the US Army Corps of Engineers asked the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to investigate the leaching of undesirable materials into the impounded waters. Since the impoundment will inundate an area with rich organic soils, the possibility of leaching is high, and this research is important to the future of the whole project.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF TRACE ORGANICS ON FISH
Authors: Smith John W. , Grigoropoulos Sotirios G.
Published: February 2018

Since both the short‐ and long‐term toxic effects of trace organic substances on fish are known, and the short‐term effects of these substances on man are known, a method of extrapolating to find the long‐term effects on man will be useful to all concerned with water purity.
NUTRIENTS AND QUALITY IN IMPOUNDED WATER
Authors: Wang Wun‐Cheng , Evans Ralph L.
Published: February 2018

Since the impoundment of water is becoming extensive, any changes in quality that might occur during the impoundment should be evaluated. The authors describe nutrients occurring naturally and the effects of impoundment on them.
ANNUAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN AN IMPOUNDMENT IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS
Authors: Kothandaraman Veerasamy , Evans Ralph L.
Published: February 2018

Since temperature affects most of the physical properties of impounded waters, as well as some of the chemical, a method of determining annual temperature quantitatively will be of interest to operators.
WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Arnold G. E.
Published: February 2018

Certain adjustments must be made by a western engineer when planning and building in a developing country. The stage of development, funds available, and local customs must be considered when planning and executing a project.
HANDLING REVENUE AND COST ELEMENTS IN RATE SETTING
Authors: Adams John C. , Pennacchio Vito F.
Published: February 2018

The authors graphically present the mechanism of rate‐making, with emphasis on the importance of the plant superintendent to the other professionals—the engineers, financial men, and accountants who specialize in the utility field, especially water—in setting rates that will yield required income.
NATURAL FREEZING FOR DEWATERING OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE SLUDGES
Authors: Farrell J. B. , Smith J. E. , Dean R. B. , Grossman E. , Grant O. L.
Published: February 2018

The treatment of wastewaters with aluminum sulfate results in large amounts of low‐solids sludge, from which it is difficult to remove water. One method of dewatering this sludge is by natural freezing, and the authors describe the feasibility of this process herein.
POLYELECTROLYTE CONDITIONING OF ALUM SLUDGES
Authors: Bugg Henry M. , King Paul H. , Randall Clifford W.
Published: February 2018

An economic means of disposing of water treatment plant wastes without adding pollution to watercourses is increasingly in demand. This paper looks into the use of synthetic organic polymers as conditioners to permit rapid dewatering of sludges.
COST OF PATUXENT RIVER QUALITY MONITORING
Authors: Nauman Jon W. , Cory Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Continuous quality monitoring of a major water source enables the operator to take measures to correct sudden deterioration. The authors present a summary of installation and maintenance costs for a monitoring system set up by the USGS to aid those wishing to set up a similar system.
THE QUALITY OF WATER IS NOT STRAINED
Authors: Ruckelshaus William D.
Published: February 2018

History is replete with examples of civilizations that were weakened by poor water management, and we are not totally immune from such disaster ourselves. We have come a long way, but we must remain alert if we are to attain the ideal‐water‐quality goals set by AWWA—goals that must be regarded as utterly definitive.
FITNESS NEEDS FOR WASTEWATER‐RECLAMATION PLANTS
Authors: Jopling William F. , Deaner David G. , Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

Results of intensive investigations by the California State Dept. of Public Health show the need for improved reliability features at wastewater‐reclamation operations for public‐health protection. The department has completed the development of criteria concerning the means for assurance of reliability.
SOME NOTES ON REUSE
Authors: Suhr L. G.
Published: February 2018

Some of the better known reuse programs—past and planned—are reviewed by the author to point up that the concept is viable—although much research remains to be done.
THE ENVIRONMENT: PAST, PRESENT, AND PLUPERFECT
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

The prophets of gloom and doom would have the general public believe that the environment rapidly is becoming poisoned and that reversal of conditions no longer may be possible. In reality, the author contends, although there is room for improvement, in many ways the environment is better than in the past—and it is getting better.
WATER REQUIREMENTS OR WATER DEMANDS?
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Boland John J.
Published: February 2018

The terms “water requirements” and “water demands” are frequently used interchangeably. In the language of economics, however, these words have special meanings. Here is the first of four articles by these authors that delve into water demand.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TOOL AIDS
Authors: Baker James B.
Published: February 2018

Managerial accounting, which doesn't have the limitation of the so‐called familiar custodial accounting, is highly flexible and entirely oriented to internal information needs. Properly supported and administered, it can aid all management levels of a water utility.
Work‐Order Forms for the Field
Authors: Fenley Calvin
Published: February 2018

The water department of Houston, Tex., has eliminated much of the voluminous, and often repetitious, paperwork that impedes efficient maintenance service to its customers by designing a oneform system of communication.
NITRATE IN DRINKING WATER
Authors: Winton E. F. , Tardiff R. G. , McCabe L. J.
Published: February 2018

A study was undertaken to determine whether the present public health specification for the nitrate content in tap drinking water is too arbitrary. Results are not definitive, but it appears that the present recommended nitrate limit provides a valid safety margin when the water is used for infant intake.
A COOPERATIVE INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEM
Authors: Dieker Elmer V.
Published: February 2018

When the well water on company lands dropped to such low levels that there was danger of salt‐water influx, three companies in New Jersey pooled resources in order to develop a common source of supply.
RECLAMATION AND INDUSTRIAL REUSE OF AMARILLO'S WASTEWATER
Authors: Scherer Clarence H.
Published: February 2018

A growing awareness of the need for water conservation is pervading all factions of US society. In order to husband its resources, the City of Amarillo has instituted wastewater reclamation. The first of these two papers presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 25, 1970, is devoted to the operation of that city's wastewater‐facility operation. The second paper describes how a power utility in the area uses the treated wastewater for cooling purposes.
PLANNING AND USING UTILITY MAPS
Authors: Larkin Donald G. , Grant Bruce B.
Published: February 2018

A utility without maps of its facilities firmly referenced to state coordinates not only is hampered in carrying out its daily service functions, but it has a poor base from which to update and automate. Here is an article that may help alleviate such a situation.
APPLICATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA IN POTABLE WATER SURVEILLANCE
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E.
Published: February 2018

The bacteriological quality of water, gaged by the presence of coliform bacteria, is easily tested in the laboratory. The tests are valid, however, only if they are carried out with the proper care and in the proper manner.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER COOPERATIVE STUDIES
Authors: Strobel Joseph J.
Published: February 2018

As the need for new sources of potable water becomes imminent, the Office of Saline Water's progress in research and development becomes of prime importance to the industry.
THE POLITICS OF PASSING PIPELINES THROUGH CITIES
Authors: Buettner Carl F.
Published: February 2018

Installation of a large‐diameter water conduit through municipalities not served by a utility is subject to the political whims of the citizens and officials. Using a project for the City of St. Louis as an example, the author demonstrates that a well‐coordinated and ‐designed conduit project is still possible in this day of rising prices, in spite of heavy requirements and restrictions.
CRISIS IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

Municipal water suppliers face many crises; this article covers three—all of which involve legal aspects. In the first third of this article, the author presents a detailed review of the laws of many states of the US relating to water pollution. The author then changes tack and discusses the appropriation of water resources. To close the article, there is a discussion of the legalities affecting the operating prerogatives of municipal water works.
NORTHEASTERN US WATER SUPPLY STUDY
Authors: Groves Richard H.
Published: February 2018

The NEWS Study authorizes the Corps of Engrs., in cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, to prepare plans for meeting the long‐range water‐supply needs of the northeastern states. The basic study‐strategy has been first to take a preliminary look at the total problem and then to select specific areas in which water‐supply problems appear most imminent. The next step was the initiation of feasibility studies, which have led to more detailed work in the fields of engineering, ecology, economics, and institutional analyses.

This four‐part discussion, which was presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 23, 1970, deals, respectively, with important aspects of the water‐supply picture in the Northeast: the changing problems and solutions now before us; the work of the NEWS Study and other studies; the important role of AWWA's Advisory Committee; and the dilemmas facing the New York City metropolitan area.
VENEZUELA'S WATER RESOURCES
Authors: Azpurua Pedro Pablo , Aguerrevere Francisco G. , Bolinaga Juan Jose
Published: February 2018

Because of its climate and topography, the development of its water resources has always been a problem for Venezuela, but as late as the 1840s the projects built during the colonial period were still adequate to meet demand. However, with an increasing population and industrialization to consider, it is vital that a comprehensive water‐resource‐development plan be set up. Such a plan is now in the process of formulation.
PHOSPHATE AND TURBIDITY CONTROL BY FLOCCULATION AND FILTRATION
Authors: Bernhardt H. , Clasen J. , Schell H.
Published: February 2018

The Wahnbach Reservoir in the Federal Republic of Germany, since its impoundment, gradually has developed heavy deposits of algae—most of which thrive on the phosphates from agricultural runoff. To stifle the algae, tests were run to determine the best method for eliminating their nourishment. This article relates findings that, for this reservoir's particular problems, were found to be the most efficient and economic methods.
IMPROVING WORKMANSHIP AND REDUCING COSTS
Authors: Abbett James M.
Published: February 2018

In feudal times the “employee” worked in order to stay alive. Now that the worker's lot has improved and he has time to think about matters other than simply keeping alive, the employee must be motivated to do his best. The best way to achieve this aim is to remind the employee continuously that management knows he is there doing a good job.
IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY REGULATIONS
Authors: McCall R. G.
Published: February 2018

As are other public facilities throughout the US, the West Virginia State Dept. of Health isn't sufficiently staffed.* The Department's job is compounded because the majority of water utilities that it must oversee caters to a relative handful of customers. Because they are small, these facilities often can't afford the equipment necessary to provide water that meets minimum quality standards.
MODERN TECHNIQUES IN GROUND ‐ WATER STUDIES
Authors: Williams Dennis E.
Published: February 2018

Proper management of ground‐wafer reserves can be exercised only if there is a firm understanding of the factors affecting those reserves. Outlined in this article are a testing procedure for ascertaining the transmissivity and storage characteristics of ground‐water reservoirs and a mathematical model for predicting future developments.
Activities of the AWWA Research Foundation
Authors: Faber Harry A.
Published: February 2018

The all‐encompassing activities of the AWWA Research Foundation embrace every phase of water‐utility research—from project initiation and financial support to overall coordination.
Laboratory Load Tests on Buried Flexible Pipe
Authors: Howard Amster K.
Published: February 2018

To lower construction costs of closed‐conduit systems, the Bureau of Reclamation has investigated the soil‐structure interaction of flexible pipe buried in a large container, using clay as a cover and subjecting them to surcharge loads. The results are both interesting and incisive.
Geothermal Resources as a Source of Water Supply
Authors: O'Brien James J.
Published: February 2018

Since man first “came down from the trees” he has utilized geothermal resources. Hot springs have warmed his caves; the people of Rome, Greece, and Japan used hot springs for thermal and space heating. Today scientists seek ways to harness such sources for power—and to supply fresh water by desalting their brine.
Economics of Ion‐Exchange Techniques for Municipal Water‐Quality Improvement
Authors: Bresler Sidney A. , Miller Edward F.
Published: February 2018

Preliminary investigations indicate that modified ion‐exchange processes or combined ion‐exchange and membrane processes may be competitive with electrodialysis and reverse osmosis in improving the quality of some brackish municipal water supplies. These processes are described and a cost methodology is presented.
ACI Com. 344 Report: Design and Construction of Circular Prestressed‐Concrete Structures
Authors: Robinson Thomas B.
Published: February 2018

It has been nearly a decade since the American Concrete Inst. organized Com. 344 to devise a standard for circular prestressed‐concrete structures. A few years ago, the committee made its final report, and for better or worse it has often served as a guideline for building concrete water tanks.

The lead article of the four that follow briefly puts the controversy generated over applicability of the report to water tanks into perspective.

The second article succinctly describes the aims of the committee and the trials and tribulations that it suffered before a report could be generated that would muster the approval of most of the committee members.

The last two articles relate the criticisms of two men involved with prestressed‐concrete water‐tank construction, with regard to the value of the report of AWWA members.
Water Quality and Treatment: PAST PRESENT & FUTURE
Authors: Singley J. E. , Black A. P.
Published: February 2018

Although present technology may not be equal to the task of providing “ideal” water, water supplies can be processed to exceed the require ments set forth by 1962 USPHS standards. The authors review past water‐treatment practices, analyze those presently in vogue, and discuss future prospects.
Lancaster's New Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Levis Calvin E. , Smith Wilson B.
Published: February 2018

The key features in the design of the new water‐treatment plant at Lancaster, Pa., involved the attempts to reduce operating and maintenance expenses through the use of modern techniques and materials.
Predicting Expansion of Filters During Backwash
Authors: Amirtharajah A. , Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

Backwashing sand filters gives rise to maintenance problems because the sand undergoes volume expansion. Knowing, with a fair amount of precision, how the sand will behave, therefore, can be helpful. Much of the work involved in predicting volume swell, until now, has been by rule of thumb. The authors describe a simple mathematical model that should overcome much of the prevailing uncertainty.
Methods and Materials for Fluoride Analysis
Authors: Bellack Ervin
Published: February 2018

Making fluoride additions to drinking water, according to the author, is less difficult than ascertaining how much is present after it has been added. Several methods are available for making such determinations. The one chosen will depend, among other things, on the abilities of the technician. The author offers a rundown of what is available and offers guidance for suitable choices.
Is the Engineer Qualified?
Authors: D Joseph
Published: February 2018

In general, the engineer is qualified. However, even the most qualified engineer must realize that he can make mistakes and that correcting his mistakes must be a team effort, not the responsibility of the contractor alone.
Water‐Storage‐Tank Failure due to Freezing and Pressurization
Authors: Wormald Lawrence W.
Published: February 2018

Elevated water tanks can react to the rigor of a freezing environment somewhat like a milk bottle—unless certain precautions, which the author describes, are taken.
Ozone Disinfection
Authors: Harris Weldon C.
Published: February 2018

The author thinks water utilities should investigate further the possibilities of ozone for water treatment, and he briefly outlines data on an ozone‐disinfection program designed for Strasburg, Pa.
Continuous Turbidity Monitoring
Authors: Talley Darrel G. , Johnson Joel A. , Pilzer John E.
Published: February 2018

In most water‐treatment plants, a sizable portion of the initial invest ment, not considering distribution costs, goes into facilities for the removal of turbidity. Continuous turbidity monitoring can be effec tively used to obtain more effective and efficient use of these facilities.
Apparatus for Concentrating Viruses From Large Volumes
Authors: Wallis Craig , Homma Akira , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: February 2018

With the equipment stages described here it is possible to process raw waters at 300 gph, with total virus removal from the water and with good recovery from the virus adsorbents.
Employee‐Benefit Trends
Authors: Sims Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

Although most of the country is very much aware of the spiraling costs of inflation, projected salary figures for the year 2000 will, nevertheless, be met with mild disbelief by many. Moreover, payment will be for less service rendered–as work weeks shorten and vacation allotments stretch. The author details what management should expect.
Action Now‐A View From Chicago
Authors: Jardine James W.
Published: February 2018

AWWA's host city for the 1972 Annual Conference has been actively engaged in an “Action Now” program for several years. It is appropriate, therefore, that this month's Conference Issue of the JOURNAL begins with an authoritative assessment of that city's progress. Chicago is not merely paying lip service to the Action Now. It not only has a progressive 5‐yr improvement program that it intends to follow, but it is helping its “neighbors“‐whether they be adjacent or remote.
Basic Gas Chlorination Manual: I
Authors:   Ontario Water Resources Com.
Published: February 2018

OWRC offers its training programs for operators on a continuing basis, covering, among other subjects, Chlorination. The manual that accompanies this subject is divided into four substantive parts (theory, safety, equipment, residual testing), one of which—theory—is presented here. Readers familiar with the OWRC course will recognize that the editorial format has been altered somewhat to remove some of the workbook aspect of the original presentation.
Basic Gas Chlorination Manual: II
Authors:   Ontario Water Resources Com.
Published: February 2018

For the purpose of water disinfection, chlorine can be dispensed in two forms. One of them is elemental chlorine a highly toxic substance that must be handled with the utmost caution. In this, the second installment of the OWRC manual (Part I was presented last month), the operator is briefed on how to avoid accidents and, should an accident happen, how to minimize its effects.
Socioeconomics of Multiple Uses
Authors: Stone Ralph , Friedland Helen
Published: February 2018

Using a mathematical model and two sets of cost analysis, the authors collated collected data to derive results bearing on the multiple use of water impoundments as they are affected by social and economic factors. Although the authors conclude that more research is needed, they do have some interesting specific data to present.
Density Considerations in Sedimentation
Authors: Hudson H. E.
Published: February 2018

Short‐circuiting can be as much a detriment to water systems as electrical systems. Any alteration that changes the density of water entering sedimentation tanks can cause incoming water to bypass its normal route. Here is a description of short‐circuit causes along with some corrective procedures.
Adsorption of Inorganic Compounds by Activated Carbon
Authors: Sigworth E. A. , Smith S. B.
Published: February 2018

Little, if any, work has been performed within the water‐supply field relevant to the use of activated carbon for removing trace metals and compounds. The authors extrapolate the results of tests performed elsewhere, and for reasons other than cleansing water supplies, and come to the conclusion that activated carbon under appropriate conditions of pH can do a proper job of purification.
Distribution System Records
Authors: Kiser K. B.
Published: February 2018

To work on a distribution system requires a detailed accounting not only of all facts regarding the components of that system, but also those factors created by other utilities that may have a bearing on system requirements.
Large Water Mains: Experience and Practice of Three Large Users
Authors: Dressendorfer Paul V. , Halff Albert H.
Published: February 2018

Some utilities favor the use of one type of pipe over another. Other utilities use different pipe more or less interchangeably. The authors report on the experiences of three utilities with regard to their use of steel and prestressed concrete pipe.
Progress Report on the Evaluation of RPM Pipe
Authors: Timblin L. O. , Selander C. E. , Causey F. E.
Published: February 2018

The basic properties of reinforced‐plastic‐mortar pipe are being determined by lab and field studies of burst, creep, and stiffness after exposure to environments of acid, alkali, synthetic‐soil extract, tap water, and distilled water as part of a government‐industry cooperative study. Scaling factors are being developed from the test results on 12‐, 24‐, 36‐, and 48‐in. Class 60 pressure pipe.
A Sound Safety Program
Authors: O'Meara Robert G.
Published: February 2018

Benefits of a soundly organized safety program include substantially reduced costs and a sharp decline in disabling injuries.
Review of the Causes of Waterborne‐Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Craun Gunther F. , McCabe Leland J.
Published: February 2018

Currently, about fourteen waterborne‐disease outbreaks occur each year in the US and cause, on an average, 1,600 illnesses and one death per year. This is not a leading cause of the American public's illnesses, but it represents a residual that should have been eliminated in this age of sanitation.
A Metricized Article Use of Polymers in Municipal Water Treatment
Authors: Beardsley Jan A.
Published: February 2018

Current common usage of alum and iron for coagulation and flocculation presents serious drawbacks as well as benefits. A growing alternate method is the use of synthetic polymers. Since many new plants will be incorporating design features utilizing these polymers, operators should become aware of their characteristics.
The Financial Feasibility of Regionalization
Authors: Williams Norman C. , Redfern J. Martin
Published: February 2018

Northwest Arkansas, a rapidly developing region, faces the problem of increasingly complex water‐supply decisions, one of which is whether or not to centralize now‐independent systems. In this article, the authors discuss the finances of creating one regional supply system.