bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Agglutinins for the Paradysentery Bacilli in Serums from Human Beings and from Animals
Authors: Sears H. J. , Schwichtenberg Lillian , Schwichtenberg Marian
Published: January 2023

Of 115 normal human serums tested for agglutination with antigens prepared from smooth cultures of three different strains of S. paradysenteriae, positive reactions for the Flexner strain were obtained in 87, 83 and 42 per cent respectively in a dilution of 1:20, and in 49, 43 and 13 per cent at a dilution of 1:80. No significant difference was found in the incidence of agglutinins in serums from males and females. Eight specimens of cord blood showed approximately the same percentages. Of 44 serums tested with one strain of S. dysenteriae, 10 agglutinated in 1:10, 2 in 1:20, none in higher dilutions.

Of 120 human serums tested with three strains of S. paradysenteriae, Sonne, 1.6 per cent agglutinated at least one strain in a dilution of 1:20; none in higher dilutions. The same three strains were agglutinated by 100 per cent of beef serums, 96.2 per cent of sheep serums, 93.5 per cent of swine serums, 46.4 per cent of rabbit serums and 22.3 per cent of guinea pig serums. Beef, swine and sheep serum titers were generally high; those for rabbit and guinea pig serums low. Absorption experiments indicated that normal agglutinins for the Sonne organism are not absolutely species-specific.
The Specific Absorbability of Protective Antibodies Against Cysticercus Crassicollis in Rats and C. Pisiformis in Rabbits from Infected and Artificially Immunized Animals
Authors: Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

Immunological studies with Cysticercus crassicollis in rats and with C. pisiformis in rabbits have demonstrated that several weeks after infection, the serum of these animals contains a protective substance which is not absorbed in vitro by specific whole parasite material. Since the protective antibodies induced by the parenteral injection of whole worm material and those present two weeks after infection are absorbable, the inference is that the unabsorbable antibodies in the serum of infected animals are engendered by antigenic materials elaborated by the developing parasite.
A Simplified Photronreflectometric Technic for the Titration of the Antibody-Potency of Antipneumococcal Horse and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Libby Raymond L.
Published: January 2023

A previous report (1) described a quantitative photronreflectometric technic for the determination of the antibody-potency of type I and II antipneumococcal horse-serum. The present paper outlines a simplified technic for determining the potency of all types of antipneumococcal horse- and rabbit-serum. The titrations are carried out at a definite reference-point on the antigen-antibody curve, that is, at the point of optimal precipitation in the zone of a slight excess of antigen. For the determination of this point, a rapid method is given which consists in mixing equal parts of varying dilutions of a serum of known potency and a constant concentration of the type-specific capsular polysaccharide and reading the resulting turbidities by means of the photronreflectometer. The maximal ratio of photronreflectometric reading to percentile serum-dilution indicates the point of optimal precipitation. The antibody-potency of samples of unknown serum may be determined by titrating varying dilutions of the unknown serum with the concentration of SSS used in determining the point of optimal precipitation. The end-point of the titration is the photronreflectometric reading originally obtained at this point with a serum of known potency. The unit-content of the unknown sample can be calculated by multiplying the turbidity reading of the unknown by the units per galvanometric scale-interval (obtained from the original titration with a serum of known potency) and dividing by the percentile serum-dilution.

The simplified photronreflectometric technic has several distinct advantages over the technic outlined in a previous report (1); in that the number of standardized SSS dilutions have been reduced from approximately 20 to a single dilution for each type, thus saving considerable time in preparing and standardizing solutions; a more definite and easily determined reference-point (point of optimal precipitation) is utilized as the end-point and finally, it is possible to titrate both antipneumococcal horse- and rabbit-serum at the point of optimal precipitation. Data are given to show that rabbit-serum cannot be titrated in the zone of a slight excess of antibody as proposed for types I and II horse-serum in a previous paper.

The data show that repeated photronreflectometric readings of the same concentrations of serum and SSS have a high degree of constancy. It is also shown that a reasonably good correlation exists between the unit-content of a serum determined by photronreflectometric titrations and that determined by the mouse-protective test.
Ablastic and Trypanocidal Antibodies against Trypanosoma Duttoni
Authors: Taliaferro William H.
Published: January 2023

The non-pathogenic trypanosomes, the members of which infect various rodents and are morphologically similar to Trypanosoma lewisi of the rat, present a number of immunological problems of peculiar interest. As far as these infections have been studied, they are characterized by an initial period of rapid reproduction of the parasites followed by a period during which reproduction is either completely inhibited or greatly reduced, and they are generally terminated by self-cure with a subsequent immunity of variable length. This peculiar development, which has been studied extensively in T. lewisi, is associated with the formation of the two following antibodies (Taliaferro, 1932): (1) The inhibition of reproduction is associated with a passively transferable antibody, termed ablastin, which has the specific property of inhibiting reproduction of the organisms and possesses many of the classical features of ordinary antibodies, but differs from them in that it exhibits no marked in vitro affinity for the organisms.
Nonspecific “Desensitization” Through Histamine
Authors: Farmer Laurence
Published: January 2023

The uterine strips of serum-sensitized guinea pigs that had received injections of histamine at the height of sensitization were less sensitive to the specific antigen than were the sensitized uterine strips of the control animals. The uterine strips of normal guinea pigs that had received injections of histamine were less sensitive to histamine than were the uterine strips of the untreated controls. These experiments suggest that histamine is the substance responsible for the anaphylactic contraction of plain muscle; that it is possible to “desensitize” sensitized guinea pigs non-specifically by injections of histamine. The observed phenomena are a further indirect proof for the correctness of Dale's theory of the anaphylactic mechanism. They also furnish a basis for an understanding of the mechanism of non-specific “desensitization” by histamine.
The Quantitative Relation of Fibrinolysin and Antifibrinolysin
Authors: Massell Benedict F. , Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett
Published: January 2023

The quantitative relations of the fibrinolysin-concentration, the antifibrinolysin-concentration, and the time required for lysis of a plasma-clot have been considered.

It is concluded that under the conditions of these experiments there is a quantitative neutralization of fibrinolysin by antifibrinolysin.

The antifibrinolytic titers of a number of plasmas and sera are presented, and although the titers are only approximate because of inherent difficulties in the method, they demonstrate the unsatisfactory character of the lyzing time as a measure of the quantity of antifibrinolysin.
Differences in Hemolytic-Streptococcal Antifibrinolysins
Authors: Mote John R. , Massell Benedict F. , Jones T. Duckett
Published: January 2023

In the two preceding reports (1, 2) the quantitative relation of fibrinolysin and antifibrinolysin, and some factors affecting this relation were considered. In these studies a single preparation of fibrinolysin from a given strain of hemolytic streptococcus was used throughout in order to lessen the number of experimental variables. When fibrinolysin-preparations from several different strains of hemolytic streptococci were used in similar experiments checking the results of a quantitative method, further discrepant results were obtained. Since the discrepancies could not be explained by any of the known sources of error, the present study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of antifibrinolysins in plasmas titrated with several hemolytic-streptococcal fibrinolysins.
Antigenic Relationships of Pneumococci to Erythrocytes and Organs of Men and Animals
Authors: Weil A. J. , Sherman E.
Published: January 2023

The agglutination of human erythrocytes by antipneumococcal type XIV horse sera is only one very striking instance of antigenic relationships between pneumococcal antigens and substances present in organs of animals. The erythrocytes of rabbits and cats are also agglutinated by antipneumococcal type XIV horse sera, and in many instances also by the antibody against type VII. The antigenic relationship between rabbit blood cells and pneumococcus type XIV explains why antipneumococcal type XIV sera from rabbits do not contain the hemagglutinin for human blood cells.

The type-specific (anti-carbohydrate) antibody is the bearer of the relationship between pneumococcus type XIV and human erythrocytes.

Human organs absorb the hemagglutinating quality out of type XIV antipneumococcal horse sera, and saline extracts from human organs are flocculated by such sera.

Erythrocytes of dog, pig, sheep and guinea pig are not agglutinated by antipneumococcal horse sera.
Anaphylaxis in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas
Published: January 2023

The following anaphylactic phenomena have been demonstrated in the Rhesus monkey: severe and fatal shock following active sensitization; Arthus reaction; and functional and pathologic changes. The last named included delay in clotting time of the blood, reduction in the number of blood platelets, skin hemorrhages, and variable pathologic changes. Among these were found emphysema, edema and hemorrhage of the lungs, edema and hemorrhages of the intestinal tract, and occasional hemorrhages in other internal organs. The Schultz-Dale test using uterine and intestinal strips was negative. Precipitins to horse serum were present after repeated injections. No correlation was found between the titer of the serum and the degree of sensitivity as measured by shock.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard
Published: January 2023

The neutralization of diphtheric toxin in the skin by intravenously injected antitoxin follows the law of multiple proportions provided that the antitoxin is given before the toxin. If the antitoxin is injected only two minutes after the toxin, neutralization no longer follows the law of multiple proportions, larger amounts of toxin requiring more antitoxin than calculated. From the above experimental observations it follows that when the injection of antitoxin precedes that of the toxin the latter is neutralized before combining with the tissue. The endpoint of titration is the same whether the antitoxin is injected immediately, 1, 2, and sometimes even 4 or 6 hours before the toxin is injected intracutaneously. The distribution of antitoxin between blood and skin, therefore, must reach equilibrium immediately after its intravenous injection. This rapid exchange of antibodies between blood and tissue is explained by the assumption that the cutaneous reaction will be negative when the toxin is neutralized in a molecular zone of fluid bordering on the tissue structures and that within this area the exchange takes place in no measurable time. The result of the cutaneous test under these experimental conditions, therefore, is independent of the velocity of the toxin-tissue reaction. The application of these conclusions to experiments with viruses is discussed.
The Second Stage of the Agglutinative Reaction
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Herman Morris
Published: January 2023

The common conception of precipitative and agglutinative reactions is that they proceed in two separate stages: (a) a specific combination between the antigen and its antibody, and (b) a non-specific stage of aggregation of the sensitized particles, in which electrolytes play a rôle. Marrack (1) has recently offered another interpretation. He believes that molecules or particles of antigen and antibody-molecules alternately combine to build up a three-dimensional lattice or mosaic by virtue of the presence in the antigenic particles and antibody-molecules of several combining groups. According to this concept, combination of antigen and antibody and aggregation occur simultaneously, and both “stages” would be specific. Heidelberger and Kendall (2) have reported quantitative studies on the precipitative reaction favoring Marrack's hypothesis.

Topley, Wilson, and Duncan (3) were the first to suggest studies on mixed agglutination of morphologically distinguishable antigens as a method of solving this problem.
Studies on the Fibrinolysin Produced by the Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Jablonowitz Jacob M.
Published: January 2023

Fibrinolysin is highly specific for human fibrinogen; it does not act, in the quantities tested, on dog, sheep, and rabbit fibrinogens. Human serum globulins are not attacked by fibrinolysin although fibrinogen, which is a globulin or is present in the globulin fraction of blood plasma, is acted upon. The action of fibrinolysin on fibrin formed by animal fibrinogen and human thrombin is peculiar in that both animal fibrinogen and human thrombin are unaffected by fibrinolysin when either is present alone, but when the two are combined and mixed with fibrinolysin the clot becomes susceptible to liquefaction. Human thrombin is capable of inactivating fibrinolysin; sheep thrombin does not possess this ability, even if it is permitted to act on the fibrinolysin for 20 hours. Liquefaction of fibrin-clots formed by human fibrinogen and either human or sheep thrombin results in the disappearance of the thrombin from the liquefied material. It was suggested that the formation of fibrin alters the state of both the fibrinogen and the thrombin. This is in keeping with the observations that when a fibrin-clot forms from fibrinogen and thrombin a large proportion of the thrombin disappears just as the clot solidifies. It has been assumed that the disappearance of the thrombin is due to its being taken up in the clot. However, from the present study it appears that the thrombin actually becomes altered or inactivated. The inactivation, however, does not invalidate the theory that thrombin is an enzyme.
Immunological Studies in Active Vaccination against Scarlet Fever
Authors: Strumia Max M. , Crawford Linden , Bergh Betty , Neher Regina N.
Published: January 2023

The literature before 1930 on active immunization against scarlet fever has been summarized by Thomson and Thomson (1). Rector (2), also, has recently studied statistical data covering about 60,000 individuals inoculated with Dick toxin in which there was an attack rate of 0.5 per cent for the immunized individuals as against 14 per cent for the known susceptibles. Anderson's (3) statement, therefore, appears to be true that “Immunization with Dick toxin in adequate doses confers on a person previously susceptible a level of resistance against clinically recognizable scarlet fever comparable to that shown by a negative test.”

Granted then that most investigators agree on this point, considerable disagreement nevertheless exists as to whether active immunization against scarlet fever protects against the erythrogenic toxin only, or whether it also increases resistance to the invasiveness of the streptococcus and to other manifestations of the infection.
The Acquisition of Heterophile Antigen by Eberthella Typhosa and Salmonella Paratyphi During Culture on Artificial Media
Authors: Holtman D. Frank
Published: January 2023

E. typhosa and S. paratyphi, originally lacking heterophile antigen, acquired this agent through prolonged culture on horse serum agar. The acquired heterospecificity of the bacteria was not affected by washing the cells in neutral or slightly acidified saline solution. Once the heterophile antigen had been gained, it was retained through 21 daily subcultures in subsequent propagation on beef extract agar but had disappeared after 50 transfers on this medium.
Combined Therapy of Pneumococcic Rat Infections with Rabbit Antipneumococcic Serum and Sulfapyridine (2-Sulfanilyl Aminopyridine)
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A.
Published: January 2023

Under comparable conditions, we have conducted comparative therapeutic tests in rats with polyvalent rabbit antipneumococcic serum, prepared with R form pneumococci and having a wide degree of efficacy in several types of pneumococcic infections, and sulfapyridine. Serum therapy in any one of the three doses used comprised a one dose procedure per rat as indicated. Chemotherapy was a four dose procedure per rat, the first being 60 mgm. per 100 gram rat, and the remaining three doses being 30 mgm. per rat. Our chemotherapy in rats was planned therefore to utilize a dosage on the lower border of the range found effective by Whitby in order to facilitate end-point comparisons. In addition to serum therapy and chemotherapy with sulfapyridine, we used a combined therapy of these agents. All these therapeutic tests have been applied to infections of types I, II, V, VII, VIII, and XIV pneumococci in rats. We have tried similar experiments with most of the other types of pneumococci, but these have been of consistently low virulence for rats.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin
Published: January 2023

In a previous communication (1) a new method for the determination of the coefficient of the distribution of antibodies between blood and tissue has been described. The method was based on a quantitative comparison of direct and indirect1 cutaneous tests with diphtheric and staphylococcal toxins and antitoxins. By this means, the coefficient of the distribution of antitoxins was found to be in the neighborhood of 22.

All these experiments were carried out with horse-serum antitoxins. Recently Heidelberger and Pedersen (2), Goodner, Horsfall, and Bauer (3), and Schaffer and Dingle (4) have found with the methods of ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and the molecular-film technic of Langmuir, that antibodies in horse serum may have a considerably larger molecular weight and volume than the corresponding antibodies in rabbit serum. Actually this has been demonstrated, thus far, only for types 1 and 3 pneumococcal antibodies, whereas according to Schaffer and Dingle, types 5 and 8 pneumococcal antibodies have the same molecular size in horse and rabbit serum.
Studies on the Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Menten Maud L. , Finlay Harold H. , Stock Aaron H.
Published: January 2023

Approximately half of the individuals skin tested for susceptibility to scarlet fever gave positive Dick reactions. Varying degrees of refractoriness to immunization were encountered among the positive reactors. The results of immunization against scarlet fever with dosages varying from 750 to 15,000 STD of erythrogenic toxins of increasing degree of purification are reported. A high degree of protection against scarlet fever as evidenced by the low incidence of the disease in the immunized communities as compared to that in many of the contiguous districts has been observed for three years following immunization with the partially purified toxin.
Orientation of Antigen-Antibody Specificity in Monomolecular Films
Authors: Chambers Leslie A.
Published: January 2023

A technic for studying the orientation of reaction-specificity in monofilms of complex proteins has been developed. It consists in estimating the degree of antigen-antibody reaction at the two faces of deposited monofilms by comparison of specific bacterial adsorption in the two cases.

Application of the procedure has, in the case of a specific streptococcal agglutinogen (nucleoprotein), demonstrated that the deposited monofilms are not only immunologically active, but that there is a definite orientation of specificity toward antisera correlated with structural orientation.
The Isolation and Properties of the Specific Polysaccharide of Type B Hemophilus Influenzae
Authors: Dingle John H. , Fothergill Leroy D.
Published: January 2023

A simplified, peptone-free, liquid medium has been found suitable for the growth of H. influenzae from which a specific polysaccharide has been isolated. A description of some of the chemical properties of the preparation has been given. Immunologically, the substance was extremely reactive in that specific precipitation occurred in a dilution of 1:35,000,000 with immune horse serum and 1:12,000,000 with immune rabbit serum. Although precipitation with various immune rabbit sera was specific, certain heterologous immune horse sera exhibited cross-reactions in the presence of the carbohydrate; the latter, however, apparently did not depend on the presence of more than one antigen.
A Simplified Formula for Diphtheric Toxin Broth
Authors: Mueller J. Howard
Published: January 2023

Detailed directions are given for the preparation of a peptone— and meat infusion—free medium upon which a relatively powerful (60 Lf.) diphtheric toxin may be regularly obtained with a strain of the Park 8 organism. The problem of still further improvements in this medium is under investigation in this laboratory, as is the question of toxin production by other strains of C. diphtheriae.
Gonadotropic Inhibitory Substance and Precipitins in the Blood of Monkeys Receiving Gonadotropic Hormone Preparations
Authors: Meyer Roland K. , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

The antigonadotropic effect and precipitin titer of the blood of monkeys injected with relatively small amounts of pregnant mare serum having gonadotropic activity, or a highly purified gonadotropic hormone prepared from pregnant mare serum, or the serum of the non-pregnant mare were determined. These substances were given in a series of injections at intervals of 30 days or more and during a period of several months. Monkeys which received pregnant mare serum showed relatively high precipitative titers and antigonadotropic action 10 days after the last injection of the third and subsequent series of injections, but decreased markedly 30 days or more after the last injection of each series. Reinjections restored both substances. The monkeys injected with non-pregnant mare serum produced precipitins but no antigonadotropic substances, whereas the blood of monkeys given the purified gonadotropic extract showed an anti-substance but no evidence of precipitins.

The results show that the antigonadotropic substance can be produced by the injection of relatively small quantities of hormone and also indicate that precipitins are not responsible for the antigonadotropic action of the sera. The similarity in the time of appearance and disappearance of the anti-substance and precipitins offers additional evidence for the concept that the anti-substance may be an antibody.
A Study of Natural and Acquired Immunity to Staphylococcal Toxin in Monkeys
Authors: Weiss Charles , Taranik Jeanette D.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The natural antistaphylolysin (alpha) of the serum of a series of 65 monkeys (M. irus and M. mulatta) was found to vary from 0 to 25 international units; the largest number had from 4 to 5. Individual monkeys, like rabbits and human beings, varied in their response to parenteral introduction of staphylotoxin. The maximal titers reached depend upon the route of injection, as well as upon their natural levels. Animals with high initial titers (10 units or more per cubic centimeter) develop antibodies more rapidly and reach a much higher level than those with low values. High titers, up to 250 units per cubic centimeter, resulted from repeated injection of small doses of toxin, either intracutaneously or intrabronchially, the rapidity of antibody-production being in the order given. Intranasal instillation, with or without ether-anesthesia, yielded low titers. Neither after active nor passive immunization could any definite relationship be established between the titers of circulating antibody (alpha-antistaphylolysin) and the intensity of cutaneous reactions to staphylotoxin. As is true with the Schick test, there was no fixed level at which individual animals passed from the negative to the positive group or vice versa. After injection of antitoxin, skin reactions remained negative at a time when the serum titers had returned to approximately their original levels.
Studies of the Sparing Effect of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis on Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert
Published: January 2023

The criteria used in establishing the sparing effect of lymphocytic choriomeningitis on experimental poliomyelitis have been the clinical behavior of the animals and survival (1–2). Since the diseases are dissimilar in the monkey and poliomyelitis of the kind we have used is almost invariably fatal, these criteria have sufficed not only to determine that an effect occurs, but also to establish certain features of this effect. To extend our knowledge, other criteria seemed necessary. The present report is based on determinations of the infectivity of appropriate tissues of monkeys influenced by both diseases.

Methods. Poliomyelitis has been produced, as in the earlier experiments, by the intracerebral injection of 0.2 cc. of the supernate of a 10 per cent centrifuged emulsion of pooled monkey cord. Mixed virus (MV) has been used. In all but the preliminary experiments monkeys were sacrificed when their temperatures fell to 98°F. This was done for several reasons.
Behavior of Acid-Treated Antipneumococcal Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Weil A. J. , Moos A. M. , Clapp Frances L.
Published: January 2023

Pneumococcal rabbit antibody treated with acid shows an increase of nitrogen precipitable by S. A shift in the combining ratio occurs at the same time. The ratio of mouse-protective value / N precipitated by S is lowered. The complement-fixing quality of acid-treated sera is impaired or lost when the ratio of mouse-protective power / N precipitable is lowered. Loss of complement-fixing quality was also observed with antibody subjected to a process of partial peptic digestion. The properties of causing capsular swelling and of eliciting passive anaphylactic shock are unimpaired in acid-treated sera. The implications of these observations are discussed.
Mechanism of the Toxic Action of Germicides on Whole Blood Measured by the Loss of Phagocytic Activity of Leucocytes
Authors: Welch Henry
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The thermolabile component of complement in guinea pig blood which accelerates phagocytosis is an essential factor in the proposed method for determining the toxicity of germicides.

The thermostabile opsonin appears to be responsible for the greater resistance of human blood to the action of germicidal substances.

The expected normal variation in the opsonic activity of guinea pig complement had no effect on the “toxic endpoint” of a germicide when tested by the proposed method.

The toxic effect of germicides when tested on human or guinea pig blood as a tissue appears to be directed against the humoral in contrast to the cellular elements.
Protein Fractions of a Strain of Group “A” Hemolytic Streptococci. III
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Scherp Henry W.
Published: January 2023

Further attempts at fractionation of proteins of a scarlatinal strain (C 203) of Streptococcus hemolyticus group A have furnished new evidence that much of the nucleic acid present is bound more firmly than in dissociable salt linkage. The nucleic acid isolated by alkaline degradation of the neutral-extractible D fraction appeared to contain an impurity antigenically distinct from “C” substance or the protein-fractions identified. Antisera to the protein-fractions behaved much like antisera to the whole cell and supplied similar evidence for the serologic difference of fractions E, F, G, and K from fraction D and its alkaline derivatives. As stated in an earlier paper, the hemolytic streptococcal strain studied, C 203, therefore contains at least two protein-antigens which are not type-specific, and the utility of the fractionation procedure then used is still apparent.
The Natural Transmission of Immunity Against Trypanosoma Duttoni from Mother Mice to Their Young
Authors: Culbertson James T.
Published: January 2023

Mother mice which have recovered from an infection with Tryp. duttoni transmit to their young protective substances which render the young resistant to infection with this parasite. The young animals acquire their resistance principally after birth through the ingestion of milk from the immune mother. The young born of a normal mother promptly acquire resistance against Tryp. duttoni if permitted to nurse the specifically immune mother.

The immune substances are secreted by the mother not only in the colostrum, but also in the milk later passed, and nurslings until 15 days old as well as those newly born can absorb the protective substances from the intestine after ingesting the milk of the immune mother. Accordingly, it is possible for a mother who has been infected after the birth of her litter to develop and transmit protective substances to her nurslings in sufficient amount to protect them measurably against a subsequent infection.

A mother mouse passively immunized by the injection of serum from a mouse which has recovered from Tryp. duttoni is also able to transmit protective substances to the young which nurse her.

The immunity of the young mice is specific, and nurslings injected with Tryp. cruzi will become infected even though they nurse a mother immune to Tryp. duttoni.

It is pointed out, in discussion, that the mouse differs as to the principal route of transfer of the protective substances to the young from that generally accepted for hemochorial mammals.
A Comparison of Acquired Immunity and Species Resistance Based on the Cultivation of Virus III in Vitro
Authors: Pearce John M.
Published: January 2023

Virus III can be cultivated in vitro indefinitely by serial transfer in simple, minced-rabbit-testis tissue-cultures. The rate of multiplication of the virus rapidly reaches a maximum at which it remains constant. The virus also survives and multiplies readily in rabbit testis tissue-cultures made from the testes of rabbits immunized by previous infection, provided normal, non-immune rabbit serum is used in the preparation, as well as in normal rabbit testis cultures containing the sera of animals of species naturally resistant to the infection. On the other hand, virus III does not survive in tissue-cultures containing the serum of a rabbit immunized by previous infection, nor does it survive in cultures made from the testes of animals of species naturally resistant to the virus, irrespective of the type of serum used.

From these observations on the behavior of virus III cultivated in vitro, it may be concluded in respect to infection by this virus that acquired immunity is humoral in character and depends on the presence of neutralizing antibody. Species immunity, or natural resistance, on the other hand, is cellular in character, and is not related to the presence of an inactivating substance in the blood.
Vaccination of Man Against the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis (Eastern and Western Strains)
Authors: Beard J. W. , Beard Dorothy , Finkelstein Harold
Published: January 2023

A group of 100 men and women have been vaccinated with the crude formolized chickembryo-vaccines of the sort employed in the protection of horses against equine encephalomyelitis. A bivalent vaccine effective against both Eastern and Western strains of virus was used.

General and local reactions to the vaccine-material were mild or absent except in one instance in which muscular stiffness developed subsequent to vaccination.

Response to the vaccines as measured by serum-neutralizing antibody-content was high and apparently more rapid for the Western strain antigen than for the Eastern. With the former, high titers were observed seven days after the first injection while comparable titers for the latter were found after fourteen days.

The results yield no contraindications to the use of properly prepared and tested vaccines of this nature in man. On the contrary, the findings together with consideration of the demonstrated prevalence of subclinical and clinical infections with both strains of virus constitute emphatic indications for the vaccination of people frequently exposed to the virus in the laboratory and in the field.
Studies on the Relationship of Sex Hormones to Infection
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. , McDearman Sara
Published: January 2023

In a recent publication (1), we reported that the estrogenic hormone, when injected into castrate rabbits, decreased the spread of India ink and increased the resistance of the rabbit to infection with vaccinia. In another paper, pseudopregnancy was shown to decrease the spread of India ink (2). In these papers, we cited a number of other workers who had shown that related endocrine states caused a change in the resistance of the host to infection.

A further study of the relationship of the endocrine pattern of the host to infection was considered desirable. The value of such a study would be greatly enhanced, furthermore, if the resistance of the host could be determined on a quantitative basis. The only report of a quantitative study which we found was the paper by Rosahn, Hu and Pearce (3). These workers showed by the statistical analysis of data derived from a large number of rabbits that pregnancy increases the resistance of rabbits to infection.
An Improved Serologic Method for the Determination of the Precipitative Titers of Antisera
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Marshall Charles E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A method has been described for the determination of the precipitative strength of an antiserum, utilizing the combined methods of agglutination of collodion-particles coated with a purified protein, and the resuspension-agglutination technic. It is possible in this way to determine precipitative titers simply and accurately by serial dilution of the antiserum, as with other serologic procedures. Because of the simplicity of the collodion-agglutination method, relatively large numbers of antisera can be quickly and conveniently titrated and their precipitative strengths determined and compared with the skin-reactivity of the animals from which the serums were secured. The method is sharply specific, and is delicate enough to demonstrate the presence of precipitins in sera so weak that no visible precipitate occurs when they are mixed with varying dilutions of specific antigen. By this method, specific precipitins have been demonstrated in sera from patients hypersensitive to egg-protein, tuberculin and crystalline-insulin. There is reason to hope, therefore, that it may be of value for the quantitative study of the relationship of precipitins to various types of hypersensitive reactions.
The Bactericidal Power of Blood from Patients and Normal Controls for Staphylococci
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Paine John R. , Jermsta Jean
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

An attempt has been made to demonstrate the presence of antibacterial immunity in patients with staphylococcal sepsis. The bactericidal power of whole defibrinated blood from patients and normal individuals has been evaluated for several strains of staphylococci. The killing power of the bloods from twenty-five patients and eighteen normal persons has been determined. Thirty-one strains of staphylococci were used, seventeen of them isolated from patients included in this report. All the strains proved to be pathogenic when studied by one or more tests for pathogenicity. The bloods of both patients and normal controls possessed little or no killing power for the seventeen strains isolated from the patients. In some instances, an appreciable number of organisms from heterologous strains were killed by the bloods of patients and normal controls. The significance of this is discussed.
Antibodies to Strychnine
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Antibodies specific for strychnine were obtained from rabbits injected with mono-aminostrychnine-azohemocyanin. Precipitation with caseinazostrychnine was inhibited by the alkaloid and some of its amino, nitro, and methoxyl derivatives, but not by morphine, quinine, etc., or even by tryptophane, which like strychnine, contains the indol nucleus. The sera were too weak (0.05 mg ab-N/ml) to neutralize the lethal effect of strychnine in mice.

A failure to produce antimorphine is recorded.

Various aspects of the general topic are discussed.
Comparison of Various Physical Means of Liberation of the Agglutinogen from H. Pertussis in Phase I
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Kimball Anne C.
Published: January 2023

The sonic method of cellular disintegration is the most effective of the six physical means tried for liberation of the phase I-agglutinogen of H. pertussis. The low temperature ball-mill is next and offers more effective means of obtaining the agglutinogen than grinding the dried organisms at room temperature. Semi-quantitative agglutinin-absorption was used as the method of biological assay. Soluble nitrogen content of the extracts does not afford a satisfactory criterion of relative efficiency of extraction of surface-antigen.
The Proteins and Antibodies of Serum after Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Terry M. C.
Published: January 2023

The fractionation of rabbit sera by prolonged dialysis against distilled water with removal of the precipitate at the termination of the period of dialysis has been investigated.

The character of the precipitate is comparable to that previously described for sera similarly dialyzed with successive removals of precipitate as it formed. The quantity and composition differ, however. In this case there is less total precipitate, primarily because of the sedimentation of less albumin-like protein, and partly also because less globulin precipitates.

The quantitative and qualitative distribution of antibody between the dialyzed fractions lends support to the view previously expressed that the specific globulin with which immune body is associated depends on the intensity of the immunizing process. In the rabbit, multivalent antibody appears to be associated with the water-soluble globulin. As this type of antibody increases in amount with progressive vaccination, an increasingly greater part of the total antibody of the serum is found in association with this globulin, while a progressively smaller part occurs in the water-insoluble portion.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur
Published: January 2023

A method is described for judging functional efficiency (through observation of the respiratory response to inhaled 5 per cent CO2) which gives indications of correlated resistive efficiency consistent with the record for subsequently observed incidence of common cold.

The resting subject is connected with an apparatus recording the rate and depth of breathing. Rest is continued until the ventilation per minute has declined to the estimated basal level (BVR). Air containing 5 per cent CO2 is then given for 1 to 2 minutes. The quotient (VQ) of the ventilation rate during the first minute of CO2-stimulation, by the BVR, is compared with the VQ 1.29 representing optimum and reported in terms of percentile divergence from that optimum.

Minimal incidence of common cold appeared to be associated with VQs within 5 per cent of 1.29 and heightened incidence with VQs more than 5 per cent divergent from 1.29, in persons free of allergy. A tendency toward hyper-reaction to inhaled CO2, possibly derived from an underlying hyper-responsiveness to stimulus such as predisposes to histamine shock, in the rabbit, and not associated with heightened susceptibility to common cold, was observed in a small group of persons with untreated, non-acute, non-infectious allergic dermatitis. The more usual type of hyper-reaction to CO2, associated with heightened susceptibility to common cold and possibly derived from an underlying shrinkage in circulating blood volume, was observed in non-allergic dermatitis and in diabetes. Unusual local effects on pain and limitation to movement were observed following CO2-inhalation in rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence is considered to the effect that CO2 may be a determinant, as well as an indicator, of capacity for sustaining circulation, function and resistance.
The Study of Problems of Immunity by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Burrows Montrose T. , Suzuki Yoshio
Published: January 2023

Many attempts have been made to devise a simple and accurate laboratory method for determining the presence of toxic and antitoxic substances in the blood of persons suffering from acute infections of various kinds and in the blood of normal individuals. Several methods adapted for the study of certain toxins have resulted. Many of these in the hands of most workers have been difficult to manipulate. Others have failed to give the qualitative and quantitative data necessary. It has been evident since the beginning of the study of toxins and antitoxins that their presence or absence must be determined by testing their effect upon animal tissues. Other and more accurate methods will probably not be devised until the chemical and physical properties of these substances are better understood.

For a long time it has seemed apparent that the tissue culture method might aid very materially in making such determinations.
Studies in Osmotic Pressure
Authors: Kosakai Mitsuji
Published: January 2023

The laws governing the development of osmotic pressure and the effects produced by that agency upon animal and vegetable cells have been exactly determined by experimental study. The nature of the force of osmotic pressure, on the other hand, has, of necessity, been only surmised, because of the limitations hitherto surrounding the experimental study of that force, and the ideas concerning this question are based either on theoretical grounds or on the observations upon the effects of osmotic pressure.

In the writings on the subject of osmotic pressure two conceptions of the nature of that force are found.

The first conception is drawn from the well known demonstration by van't Hoff of the agreement between the laws governing gas pressure and those governing the development of osmotic pressure. According to this conception, osmotic pressure, corresponding with the pressure of the gases, is exerted by the molecules of the dissolved substance (solute), these being thought of as continually “bombarding” the surface of the limiting membrane.
The Rôle of Bacillus Influenzae in Clinical Influenza
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Hannum S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

An examination of the experimental evidence of the preceding pages would appear to have established the following facts: That B. influenzae is capable of producing a toxic substance.That this substance, when introduced into the circulation, produces congestion of the respiratory tract with haemorrhages into the alveoli.That certain conditions of symbiotic growth intensify the liberation of the toxin.That as an effect of the action of the poison the lungs show a predisposition to invasion by various organisms, with the production of secondary lesions.That live bacilli introduced at a remote point probably affect the lungs through the action of a liberated toxin.That there is nothing in the serological evidence to preclude the consideration of this organism as an important factor in the causation of clinical influenza.
A New Method of Testing Antitoxic Dysentery Serum
Authors: Fukuhara Yoshimoto
Published: January 2023

In order to determine the antitoxic value of anti-dysentery serum it is necessary to select a standard serum which can be preserved in a dry state in the vacuum tubes of Ehrlich. The standard antitoxin unit adopted by us was the amount that neutralized 100 minimal lethal doses of the toxin which at that time was at our disposal. For the testing of other anti-dysentery sera the so-called L+ dose of dysentery toxin was adopted as the smallest amount which when mixed with the antitoxin unit and injected intravenously into a rabbit of 1500 to 2000 grams weight caused the death of the animal within from four to five days. The L+ dose of the toxin is employed, in the usual manner, to determine the relative antitoxic value of newly prepared antisera. The deterioration of aged dysentery toxin is referable to a change of the toxin molecule into a non-toxic modification which possesses no avidity for the antitoxin. The toxin molecules lose their toxicity without the formation of toxoids; in this repect the dysentery toxin is unlike diphtheria toxin.
An Electrophoretic Study of Heated Horse-Serum
Authors: van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Clarke F. L.
Published: January 2023

When normal horse-serum was warmed to about 65°C a part of its protein became denatured with the formation of a colloidal component, C, having an electrophoretic mobility approximately that of the β-globulin. Electrophoretic analysis showed that this C component arose in the first place at the expense of the globulins but if it was produced in large amounts it adsorbed considerable quantities of albumin. The C-component precipitated on dialysis; a serum containing it could be largely cleared by centrifugation. The C-colloid precipitated in these ways could be redispersed and showed the same mobility it had had in serum.

It is pointed out that in hyperimmune sera the colloid C formed at the expense of the antibody-containing T and γ-globulins. Some sera intended for therapeutic uses are pasteurized to destroy foreign viruses or bacteria. Electrophoretic investigation offers a direct way of studying antibody-damage resulting from this heating.
Experimental Diphtheria in the Albino Rat
Authors: Seligmann E. , Jungeblut C. W.
Published: January 2023

Albino rats are highly but not completely resistant to infection with diphtheria bacilli, irrespective of whether the gravis or the mitis types are used. Intravenous or intraäbdominal injection of large doses of diphtheria bacilli produced no effect. The animals survived, the bacilli died out swiftly. Subcutaneous injection, however, resulted in the formation of transitory abscesses in which living diphtheria bacilli persisted not longer than one week after injection. A generalization of the infection was indicated by the survival of the organisms in the spleen. No deaths occurred in these animals. Intracerebral injection of diphtheria bacilli proved lethal within one to seven days. The brain contained numerous diphtheria bacilli but the blood and spleen were sterile. Administration of large amounts of diphtherial antitoxin failed to prevent the development of abscesses following subcutaneous infection, or death following intracerebral infection. Serial passage of a gravis strain of C. diphtheriae through rats did not change the cultural, biochemical or biological characteristics of the organism.