bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jatropha curcas L.: A Non-food Oil Source for Optimized Biodiesel Production
Authors: Tahir Mehmood Tahir Mehmood , Adeela Naseem Adeela Naseem , Farooq Anwar Farooq Anwar , Mudassir Iqbal and Muhammad Ashraf Shaheen Mudassir Iqbal and Muhammad Ashraf Shaheen
Published: January 2022

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to optimize transesterification reaction parameters for obtaining optimal biodiesel yield from Jatropha curcas oil. Transesterification variables such as: catalyst concentration (CC) (0.16-2%), reaction temperature (RT) (40-65and#176;C), molar ratio of oil and methanol (0.95-11.5), and reaction time (30-140 min) were optimized via RSM involving 24 full factorial CCRD design. The molar ratio of methanol to oil and RT were the most significant (pandlt; 0.5) factors affecting the yield of Jatropha curcas oil methyl esters (JOMEs). A linear relationship was recorded between the observed and predicted values (R2 = 0.766). Using multiple regression analysis, a quadratic polynomial equation was constructed to predict JOMEs yield. The quadratic term of molar ratio showed a significant impact on the JOMEs yield. The interaction terms of molar ratio and CC with reaction time exhibited positive impact on ester yield (pandlt; 0.05). The optimum reaction conditions including CH3OH to oil ratio of 6:1, 1.0 % CC, 60 and#176;C RT and 60 min reaction time offered the highest yield of JOMEs (99.90%). JOMEs were analytically characterized using GLC and FTIR. The fuel properties of produced JOMEs were in accordance to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.
Proximate and Trace Metal Analysis of Pakistani Coal
Authors: Muhammad Akbar Muhammad Akbar , Muhammad Abdul Qadir Muhammad Abdul Qadir , Ayoub Rashid Ayoub Rashid , Abrar Hussain Abrar Hussain , Khalid Bhatti and Ahmad Adnan Khalid Bhatti and Ahmad Adnan
Published: January 2022

Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis with depleting water and gas reservoirs. Pakistan has large reserves of coal found exclusively in Sindh, Baluchistan and Punjab, but this coal is regarded as low rank (Lignite grade). Present work aimed at the determination of the quality of coal by Proximate and trace metal analysis. Three coalfields including Dukki (Baluchistan), Chamalang (Baluchistan) and Salt range (Punjab) were selected for study. Proximate analysis and calorific values of coal samples were carried out using reported protocols and trace metal analysis including Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu was done by ICP employing standard procedures. Results suggested that the coal belonging to these areas is of sub-bituminous type. Chamalang coal of Baluchistan was found to be of better quality than Dukki and Salt Range coal.
Phytochemical Isolation and Biological Activities of Corydalis adiantifolia from Baltistan
Authors: Iftikhar Ali Iftikhar Ali , Zulfiqar Ali Zulfiqar Ali , Alishba Alishba , Zamarrud Zamarrud , Hidayat Hussain and Viqar Uddin Ahmad Hidayat Hussain and Viqar Uddin Ahmad
Published: January 2022

The whole plant material of Corydalis adiantifolia Hook.f. andamp; Thomson was investigated for biological activities e.g. antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, anticancer and phytotoxic activities and preliminary phytochemical screening. The methanol extract and dichloromethane fraction of the plant species exhibited 5% inhibition each against the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The methanol extract and water and dichloromethane fractions exhibited non-significant antibacterial activity and they showed inhibition against Hela cell lines and insignificant insecticidal activity. To understand the bioactive profile of C. adiantifolia, phytochemical screening approach is considered effective. The samples including methanol extract and n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence of various phytochemicals i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, diterprenes, triterpenoids, anthraquinones, anthranol glycosides, reducing sugars and phenols. The results exhibited the efficacy of methanol extract showing the presence of more phytochemicals in comparison to the fractions of C. adiantifolia. Moreover, as a result of phytochemical isolation, 8-acetonyldihydrosanguinarine (1), β-sitosterol (2) and β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (3) were isolated, purified, and characterized by spectroscopic methods. To the best of our knowledge, all this study was carried out for the first time on C. adiantifolia.
Pursuance of Piper Nigrum and Cinnamomum Verum on Poly vinyl Alcohol-Starch Hydrogel Membrane
Authors: Hafsa Iqbal Hafsa Iqbal , Sarah Farrukh Sarah Farrukh , Arshad Hussain Arshad Hussain , Awais Hassan Awais Hassan , Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis Sintayehu Mekuria Hailegiorgis
Published: January 2022

A series of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch hydrogel membranes (0gm, 0.1gm, 0.3gm, 0.5gm, 0.7gm, 1gm, 1.5gm) were prepared with varying contents of piper nigrum and cinnamomum verum by solution casting method. The comparison was made between the pure PVA/starch hydrogel and natural antimicrobial agents assembled hydrogel matrix membrane. Glutaraldehyde was added as a crosslinker. Whereas, Glycerin was incorporated as a plasticizer to increases the ductility of hydrogels membranes. The concentration of loaded natural agents affects the physical properties of the hydrogel determined by swelling behavior, gel fraction, moisture retention and water vapor transmission rate. The prepared membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM shows saturated and matrix structure of membrane which makes the tensile strength of fabricated membranes as high as 9.8 MPA, which suitable to be used in biomedical applications. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains. The anti-fungal activity of these membranes was studied for Aspergillus Flavus, Aspergillus Oryzae and Aspergillus Subolivaeus fungus strains. Hydrogel membrane with 1.5g of natural antimicrobial agents has shown greater inhibitory activity. The results predict that; the membrane can be used as a wound dressing to provide a cushioning effect on the skin.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluate In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Novel Benzamide Derivatives
Authors: Xuesong Wang and Xiaorong Tang Xuesong Wang and Xiaorong Tang
Published: January 2022

A series of novel benzamide derivatives according to fluopicolide were designed and synthesized following the rule of combination carboxylic acid amides and amines derivatives together. The antifungal activity of the 15 new compounds were evaluated in vitro against five pathogenic fungi, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Gibberella zeae, Rhizoctonia solani, Helminthosporium maydis and Botrytis cinerea. Almost all the structure have not been reported, except compounds 3, 5 and 6. A surprising finding is that all the five tested fungi breed faster than negative controls when supplementary with compound 715 , respectively.
Synthesis, Characterization and Sunscreen Protection Factor of Novel Synthesized Para Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) Esters
Authors: Naseem Abbas Naseem Abbas , Zahid Mahmood Zahid Mahmood , Suryyia Manzoor Suryyia Manzoor , Zeeshan Akhtar and Muhammad Tariq Zeeshan Akhtar and Muhammad Tariq
Published: January 2022

Human exposure to sunlight can activate various biological responses from erythema to skin cancer. Precise use of sunscreen is the most efficient way to prevent the development of these diseases. Ingredients of sunscreen can be organic and inorganic ultraviolet (UV) filters. One of such organic ingredients is para amino benzoic acid (PABA), which is being used as sunscreen filter. The purpose of this study was to enhance the sun protection factor (SPF) value of PABA and minimize the harmful effects of PABA due to its deep penetration into skin. For this purpose, synthesis of two novel sunscreen filters PABA methyl stearate and PABA methyl ester were done by reacting PABA with olive oil at various conditions. The SPF value of each solution was determined by the standard spectrophotometric method. From SPF calculations, it was observed that both novel sunscreen filters showed high SPF number of 20.60 and 26.17 PABA methyl ester and PABA methyl stearate respectively while PABA showed the low SPF number of 17.60 at the same concentration. The PABA methyl stearate is less harmful to human skin because it has less penetration due to large size as compared to PABA.
Production of Biogas from Kitchen Waste with Inoculum and Study the Effect of Different Parameters
Authors: Muhammad Sohail Bashir Muhammad Sohail Bashir , Aqsa Safdar Aqsa Safdar , Shoaib Zaheer Shoaib Zaheer , Abdul Rehman Farooqi Abdul Rehman Farooqi , Muhammad Jamil Muhammad Jamil
Published: January 2022

Household kitchen waste quantity is increasing rapidly because of the population explosion. Agricultural growth and intensive animal farming are generating a large quantity of bio waste. Disposing of this huge amount of waste is a serious environmental issue of the world. This waste can be used as an alternative source for the generation of green fuel by converting it to biogas. Though, a lot of work has been done on biogas production from conventional feedstock. However, it is highly desired to improve and optimize the process with kitchen waste used as feedstock. In this paper, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and high-quality biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste mixture with inoculum. Inoculum is used as a source of microbial population. It is prepared by mixing of cow dung and water with a weight ratio of 1:5. The effect of temperature, pH, and the weight ratio of inoculum/kitchen waste on the production of biogas has been studied. The results indicated that the optimum pH value is 7.5 and for the maximum production of biogas temperature should be 37 ˚C. The optimum weight ratio of inoculum/kitchen waste is 60/40. The quality of biogas is improved by the absorption of CO2 from it with the aid of absorber contains 2 M solution of NaOH. The gas was burnt smoothly with a blue flame. This indicates the high content of CH4 in biogas. It is a green heating and cooking fuel and can be used for transport and power generation.
Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity and Theoretical Studies of New Polymeric Schiff-base
Authors: Maha Abid Al Hussain Hameed Maha Abid Al Hussain Hameed , Maida Abdulaa Adnan Maida Abdulaa Adnan
Published: January 2022

A novel Schiff-base compound was synthesized by condensation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-aminoazobenzene. The prepared Schiff-base was converted to a polymer by reaction with formaldehyde and resorcinol. The two types of the prepared compounds were characterized with spectral techniques (FT-IR and 1H-NMR). The biological activity as antibacterial and antifungal was tested using the cork well diffusion method against some standard microorganisms, which indicate that these compounds showed good antimicrobial activity. HyperChem-8 program has been used to determine total energy, LUMO-HOMO, bond length and angles.
Tuning Photocatalytic Activity and Decomposition Properties of Poly(Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate-co-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate)/TiO2 Composite Hydrogel
Authors: Melek Tezcan Melek Tezcan , Huseyin Cicek Huseyin Cicek , Meryem Cicek and Said Nadeem Meryem Cicek and Said Nadeem
Published: January 2022

We have synthesized TiO2-loaded porous polyethylene glycol diacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (poly(PEGDA-co-HEMA)) hydrogel composites having tunable photocatalytic properties with structural decomposition. TiO2 was loaded over hydrogels by impregnation of titanium oxobutyrate (Ti(OBu)4), peptized at room temperature that resulted poly(PEGDA-co-HEMA)/TiO2 composites. Pore morphology, crystalline structure and TiO2 content of the hydrogels/composites were examined using SEM, XRD and TGA analyses. Structural decomposition rate of the composite hydrogels and model contaminant (methyl orange) was performed under simulated sun light. Suitable pore size, morphology and higher PEGDA/HEMA ratio in the formulation increased the structural decomposition rate of the polymer that works as a TiO2 template. As the template breaks out, it leaves behind a porous TiO2 skeleton – thus accelerates the photocatalytic activity. Although the TiO2 template did not formed at lower PEGDA/HEMA ratio and lower molecular weight of PEGDA, decomposition rate of the composite slowed down (10 % in 108 h). The prepared hydrogels can be used in the skin care andamp; engineering and waste water treatments.
Synthesis, Applications and Swelling Properties of Poly (Sodium Acrylate-Coacrylamide) Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels
Authors: Saud Hashmi Saud Hashmi , Saad Nadeem Saad Nadeem , Zahoor Awan Zahoor Awan , Adeel ur Rehman Adeel ur Rehman , Ahsan Abdul Ghani Ahsan Abdul Ghani
Published: January 2022

Superabsorbent hydrogels constitute a group of polymeric materials with three-dimensional network structure, which can swell to absorb an enormous amount of water or aqueous solutions. This property enables various commercial applications of hydrogels such as water holding capability in agriculture and superabsorbent material for baby diapers. Several novel superabsorbent hydrogels based on acrylic acid-co-acrylamide copolymers were synthesized under variation of copolymer compositions through free radical polymerization. N,N’methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) was used as a water soluble crosslinker and potassium persulphate (KPS) as an initiator. Effect of varying the copolymer composition, change in crosslinker concentration, and effect of environmental parameters (pH, temperature, and ion concentration) on both swelling capacity and swelling rate were examined. These gel shows maximum swelling at neutral pH-7, whereas increasing salt concentration in water decrease the swelling capacity. It was found interesting that an increase in crosslinker concentration from 0.020% to 0.16%, the swelling capacity decreases up to 70% while the swelling rate increases from 0.007g water/g dry hydrogel sec to 0.024g water/g dry hydrogel sec, respectively because there is a compromise exists between entropic spring forces between network connection points and the hydrostatic pressure of the water diffusing into the gels. Dynamic swelling curve obtained were fitted to the three different kinetic models namely Peleg’s kinetic model, pseudo 1st order as proposed by Lagergen and pseudo 2nd order kinetics. All these models provided a good agreement with the experimental data; However on the bases of statistical parameters (RMSE, R2 and X2) the Peleg’s model was selected as the most appropriate model for this study. Analyzing rate constant for Peleg’s models at different swelling temperatures disclosed that increasing temperature could only increase the swelling rate without affecting the swelling capacity of the hydrogels. Experimental values for rate constant k1 of Peleg’s model at different temperature shows a sharp decrease from 0.57545 at 30 oC to 0.1535 at 75 oC that contemplated the rate of swelling at 75 oC was 65% faster than that of 30 oC. The diffusion mechanisms in hydrogels were proven to be tailorable by increasing cross-linker concentration and temperature, leading towards the Fickian type diffusion behavior. The synthesized superabsorbent hydrogels were also tested for water retention applications in agriculture.
Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Anti-microbial potential of a New Sphingolipid from Salvadora oleoides
Authors: Hafiza Naila Khalid Hafiza Naila Khalid , Ejaz Ahmed Ejaz Ahmed , Ahsan Sharif Ahsan Sharif , Sumra Amanat Sumra Amanat , Faiza Arshed Faiza Arshed , Muhammad Arshad Zahoor Hussain Farooqi Muhammad Arshad Zahoor Hussain Farooqi
Published: January 2022

Salvadoramide (1) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the whole plant of Salvadora oleoides. The structure, (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S, 3S, 4R, 5E, 7E)-1, 3, 4-trihydroxy-5, 7-tetra decdiene-2-yl] tetradecanamide), was established by the use of sophisticated modern spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D-NMR, EIMS, HREIMS, UV and IR) and chemical reactions. The compound was further evaluated for its antimicrobial activity.
Substituent Effect on the Solid-State Photoinduced Luminescence of α-Cyanostilbene Derivatives
Authors: Huan Yuan Long Huan Yuan Long , Jin Zhang Jin Zhang , Zi Wei Li Zi Wei Li , Peng Zhou Peng Zhou , Tian Ying Peng and Guo Wen He Tian Ying Peng and Guo Wen He
Published: January 2022

A series of α-cyanostilbene derivatives with aggregation-induced enhanced emission （AIEE） was obtained. All the compounds were characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance. These compounds exhibited blue, green and yellow color emission in solid state but non-fluorescent in dilute solutions. The electronic characteristics were examined by GAMESS Interface software package. The results indicate that the luminescence properties are affected by the substituents.
A Density Functional Theory Study of 3,5-dichlorosalicyliden-p-iminoacetophenone oxime Complexes with Co, Ni, Cu and Zn Metals
Authors: Ali apan Ali apan , Erdal Canpolat Erdal Canpolat , Henar Sleman and Niyazi Bulut Henar Sleman and Niyazi Bulut
Published: January 2022

In this work, new Schiff baz ligand was synthesized by reaction of p-iminoacetophenone oxime with 3,5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde. Metal complexes of Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 acetate metal salts were synthesized with this ligand. The ligand and complexes are characterized in experimental by their elemental analyses, X-ray, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis, FT-IR, magnetic susceptibility and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and also have been investigated by using quantum mechanical methods. The transition metals are coordinated to the schiff base through the azomethine nitrogen and the carboxyl oxygen atom. Obtained metal complexes were studied the magnetic properties and their geometries were determined. Co+2, Ni+2 and Zn+2 complexes have been found tetrahedral geometry and Cu+2 complex has been found four coordinated geometry.
Synthesis of New Substituted 2-amino-4H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitrile Derivatives
Authors: Ju Liu Ju Liu , Jian Tao Shi Jian Tao Shi , Xue Chen Hao Xue Chen Hao , Yu Tong Liu Yu Tong Liu , Shi Ding Shi Ding , Yang Wang and Ye Chen Yang Wang and Ye Chen
Published: January 2022

A series of novel substituted 2-amino-4H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives was synthesised by condensation of different halogen derivatives with the hydroxy-group of 2-amino-8-hydroxy-4-styryl- 4H-benzo[h]chromene-3-carbonitrile and 2-amino-8-hydroxy-4- phenethyl-4H-benzo-[h]chromene-3-carbonitrile, which were prepared from cinnamaldehyde, malononitrile and naphthalene-1,6-diol through Knoevenagel condensation and cyclization reaction and then reduction with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C at room temperature. Each intermediates and target compounds were obtained in good yields.
Enhanced UV Photo-Stabilization of Tyrosine with Benzotriazole Structure Formed Through Chemical Modification
Authors: Zongqian Wang Zongqian Wang , Yinchun Fang and Jun Li Yinchun Fang and Jun Li
Published: January 2022

In this paper, tyrosine was modified by the benzotriazole structure through the coupling reaction with the diazonium salt to form the intermediate and the ring-closing reaction of the intermediate to form the benzotriazole structure. Structure of intermediate and modified tyrosine was characterized via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and mass spectra (MS) methods; then the photo-degradation curve under ultraviolet (UV) exposure of the modified tyrosine was measured and compared with the tyrosine; UV and fluorescence spectrum were used to analyze the photo-stabilization mechanism of the modified tyrosine. Results showed that the photo-degradation rate of modified tyrosine was less than one fifth of tyrosine after UV irradiation for 2 h and far less than that of tyrosine in the whole irradiation experiment in this work, proving that the photo-stability of the tyrosine was greatly improved by introducing the benzotriazole structure after the modification. From the analysis of UV and fluorescence spectrum, the photo-stabilization mechanism of the modified tyrosine was revealed.
Mass Transfer Enhancement for CO2 Absorption in Structured Packed Absorption Column
Authors: Pongayi Ponnusamy Selvi and Rajoo Baskar Pongayi Ponnusamy Selvi and Rajoo Baskar
Published: January 2022

The acidic gas, Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption in aqueous ammonia solvent was carried as an example for industrial gaseous treatment. The packed column was provided with a novel structured BX-DX packing material. The overall mass transfer coefficient was calculated from the absorption efficiency of the various runs. Due to the high solubility of CO2, mass transfer was shown to be mainly controlled by gas side transfer rates. The effects of different operating parameters on KGav including CO2 partial pressure, total gas flow rates, volume flow rate of aqueous ammonia solution, aqueous ammonia concentration, and reaction temperature were investigated. For a particular system and operating conditions structured packing provides higher mass transfer coefficient than that of commercial random packing.
Synthesis of Soluble and Highly Thermally Stable Polyaniline- Titanium Dioxide Composite via Inverse Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Anwar ul Haq Ali Shah Anwar ul Haq Ali Shah , Saima Shaheen Saima Shaheen , Muhammad Kamran Muhammad Kamran , Humaira Seema Rizwan Ullah and Salma Bilal Humaira Seema Rizwan Ullah and Salma Bilal
Published: January 2022

Polyaniline (PANI)/Titanium dioxide (TiO2) composites were prepared by polymerization of aniline in the presence of TiO2 using inverse emulsion polymerization protocol. In this method 2-butanol and chloroform were used as dispersing media and the materials were tested for corrosion protection of stainless steel in Indian Ocean water. The amount of aniline, oxidant (Benzoyl peroxide), Dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (DBSA) surfactant and metal oxide (TiO2) were varied in the reaction bath for optimum yield. The as-synthesized PANI and PANI-TiO2 composites were soluble in a number of common organic solvents and characterized with Ultravilot-visivble (UVand#172;-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopies. The surface morphology, particle size and crystinality were determined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Rays Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to determine thermal stability of the composite. The total mass loss was found to be 58% in PANI as compared to 22% in PANI-TiO2 showing comparatively higher thermal stability of the composites. The composites were electrochemically active in acidic medium and reduced corrosion rate of steel to 0.9083 mm/ year Indian Ocean water. Finally it was concluded that PANI-TiO2 composites could be employed as anticorrosive coatings for steel in aggressive corrosive environment
A Novel and Efficient Alkoxylselenenylation of Alkenes
Authors: Yingguo Fang and Jie Yan Yingguo Fang and Jie Yan
Published: January 2022

A novel and efficient alkoxylselenenylation from alkenes, diselenides, and alcohols mediated by iodine is developed, with which a series of β-alkoxy selenides are synthesized. In this procedure, firstly, I2 reacts with diselenide to form in situ the active electrophilic selenium species RSeI, then following an electrophilic addition of it to alkenes provides β-alkoxy selenides with high regioselectivity and in good yields. This new method for achieving β-alkoxy selenides has some advantages over other methods such as using available and cheap iodine as the oxidizing species at room temperature, which makes this reaction has milder reaction conditions and simpler procedure.
Quantification of Riboflavin and Pyridoxine in a Mixed Solution at a High Concentration by Fluorescence Spectrophotometry
Authors: Xiaofei Li Xiaofei Li , Zhihua Wu Zhihua Wu , Shenguang Tong Shenguang Tong , Ping Tong Ping Tong , Xin Li Xin Li , Anshu Yang and Hongbing Chen Anshu Yang and Hongbing Chen
Published: January 2022

A new method of quantifying the contents of riboflavin (RF) and pyridoxine (PY) in their mixed solution was introduced in this study. A mathematical model was established to calculate the actual concentration of PY (Z) based on the apparent concentrations of PY (Y) and RF (X), which were quantified directly when RF and PY were mixed together. First, a linear relationship was found between Y and Z with a high coefficient, which defines fluorescence quenching efficiency. Second, a curvilinear equation was established between the apparent concentration of X and the fluorescence quenching efficiency (k) of PY. The actual concentration of PY could be obtained by using the two equations. The established mathematical model was verified, and the relative error of the calculated PY value was below 2.5%. The upper limit of fluorescence spectrophotometry quantification was up to 20 μg/mL for both RF and PY. Compared with RP-HPLC, this method is convenient in terms of sample pretreatment, as well as saves organic solvents and time.
Liquid Crystalline Properties of 4,4and#39;-methylenebis(N-(4-Alkanoxybenzylidene)aniline): Synthesis, Characterization, and Theoretical study
Authors: Mohammed Taha Yaseen and Abdullah Hussein Kshash Mohammed Taha Yaseen and Abdullah Hussein Kshash
Published: January 2022

The paper presents six homologues series of Schiff bases ether compounds distinguished by the length of terminal alkoxy groups which substituted on a side benzene nucleus. The above structures were demonstrated through the use of spectroscopic techniques, like FT- IR and 1H-NMR. Polarized hot stage optical microscopy was used to study both mesomorphic properties and phase transitions. The results showed that out of the six compounds only three (B2, B3 and B4) were pure (marble) nematic mesophase, while no liquid crystal properties for (B5, B6 and B7) compounds. The theoretical study for the electronic structures was intended to study the effects of alkyl chain length on the electronic structure by using Gaussian program, DFT and 6-31G as basis set. The theoretical results indicate that there is no effect to the terminal substituted alkoxy groups on the HOMO energies but there is an effect on LUMO energies through decreasing energy for the prepared compounds.
Первая находка Sceliphron deforme (F. Smith, 1856) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) на территории Белгородской области (Россия)
Authors: Присный Юрий Александрович
Published: January 2022

Сообщается о первом достоверном обнаружении на территории Белгородской области Sceliphron deforme (F. Smith, 1856) – азиатского вида сфецид, расширяющего свой ареал на территории европейской России. Самки S. deforme были пойманы в жилых помещениях в г. Белгороде и в с. Таволжанка Новооскольского района в июле 2021 года. Регистрация вида в Белгородской области является на данный момент наиболее западной в европейской части России.
Об эффективном использовании мобильных автоматических светоловушек для исследований чешуекрылых (Lepidoptera), привлекаемых УФ-излучением, в горных условиях
Authors: Корб Станислав Константинович
Published: January 2022

Использование автоматических светоловушек на базе источников УФ-излучения для сбора материала в настоящее время является общепринятым трендом полевых исследований насекомых с ночной активностью. Несмотря на широкое применение светоловушек, методики их использования остаются слабо разработанными. Целью данного исследования является сравнение различных методов использования светоловушек с разными типами УФ-излучения в полевых условиях и выработка наиболее оптимального метода их использования. Исследование проводилось в трех локалитетах в Киргизии, каждая стадия эксперимента включала 4 наблюдения (использование одной мощной светоловушки, затем – одной мощной и двух слабых светоловушек с одинаковой длиной волны УФ-излучения, затем – одной мощной и двух слабых светоловушек с разной длиной волны УФ-излучения; в последнюю ночь использовалось до 5 разных светоловушек). Показано, что наиболее эффективным как в качественном, так и в количественном отношении методом сбора материала с помощью светоловушек является использование одной светоловушки с УФ-источником большой мощности и расположенными на границах ее светового пятна светоловушками с УФ-источниками малой мощности и разной длины волны (разного типа). Наименьшим эффективным числом мобильных автоматических светоловушек является три, одна из которых – большой мощности, две другие – малой мощности, разной длины волны. Полученные результаты позволяют планировать и производить более эффективное использование светоловушек в полевых исследованиях.
Concept of gH Differentiability in Solving Second Order Linear Homogeneous ODEs Based on the Relation between FLT and Its kth Derivative for the Case in Fuzzy Environment
Authors: H. Habib , A. Tahir , S. Musa , K.P. Yusuf
Published: January 2022

In this study, a fuzzy Laplace transform is used to solve second order linear homogeneous ordinary differential equations. The solution obtained is based on the concept of gH differentiability and the relation between the fuzzy Laplace transform and its derivative for is obtained. Examples are constructed for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of second order FODE.
Apports des images LANDSAT à la dynamique de l’occupation du sol et à l'analyse des conflits d’usage dans le département de Dianra au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Konan Kouadio Eugene , Amani Romaric
Published: January 2022

Localisé dans la zone d’extension pastorale au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire, le département de Dianra subit une recomposition des formes spatiales qui structurent son territoire. L’enjeu majeur de l’analyse des mutations socio-écologiques dans ce contexte est l’identification des différents types de conflits d’usage liés à la dynamique de l’occupation du sol obtenue à partir des techniques de la télédétection. L’étude s’est effectuée d’une part sur la base de l’analyse d’images satellite Landsat à 3 dates différentes 1986, 2001 et 2016 et d’autre part sur la mobilisation de données collectées à partir de la recherche bibliographique et d’enquêtes de terrain dans le cadre d’une approche visant à comprendre l’évolution des règles, des normes et des comportements liés à l’usage des ressources naturelles. Les données recueillies ont permis de séquencer cette évolution en deux périodes : la période de 1986 à 2001 qui est caractérisée par une abondance des ressources ligneuses : 70 % de savane (savane arbustive et savane arborée) en 1986 et 16 % de forêt dense sèche et de forêt-galerie. Cette phase est marquée par une gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles. Tandis que la deuxième période de 2001 à 2016 est caractérisée par la diminution des ressources ligneuses : 37 % de savane (savane arbustive et savane arborée) et 2 % de forêt dense sèche et de forêt- galerie. La dynamique de l’occupation du sol conduit au rétrécissement des pâtures naturelles et au morcellement de l’espace. Cela engendre des conflits d’usage, de plus en plus récurrents entre agriculteurs d’anacarde et éleveurs qui ont des visions antagonistes de l’usage de l’espace et des conflits hégémoniques entre des villages pour le contrôle des espaces.
Estimations, à partir de séries d’images LANDSAT, des évolutions de stocks de carbone de différentes formations en milieu équatorial côtier - cas de Libreville au Gabon
Authors: Messame Me Mba Benjamin , Pennober Gwenaëlle , Revillion Christophe , Rouet Philippe , David Gilbert
Published: January 2022

Le rôle des forêts dans la séquestration du carbone est important dans un contexte de changement climatique. Dans cet article, il est question d’effectuer une évaluation du stock de carbone dans la région de Libreville à partir des données de télédétection sur une période allant de 2001 à 2018. Cette évaluation des stocks de carbone végétal est basée essentiellement sur l’imagerie optique Landsat. En amont, une première analyse visant à produire une cartographie d’occupation du sol entre 2001 et 2018 a été effectuée. Ces résultats préliminaires ont par la suite été utilisés en tant que proxy pour l’évaluation des stocks de carbone en utilisant comme base les classes végétales de forêts terrestres et forêts de mangroves. La valeur moyenne de stock de carbone contenue dans chaque classe est issue des travaux bibliographiques réalisés majoritairement dans la même zone d’étude. La valeur totale du stock de carbone a été estimée à 70 913 018 ± 896 et à 68 340 383 ± 927 tonnes respectivement en 2001 et en 2018.
Analyse diachronique grâce aux images LANDSAT de la dynamique spatiale des forêts sacrées du haut bassin du Niger en république de Guinée
Authors: Soumah Fodé Salifou , Kokou Kouami , Diakité Mohamed , Camara Youssouf , Kourouma Sidiki , Kourama Souleymane
Published: January 2022

La présente étude porte sur l’analyse diachronique, entre 1986 et 2017, de la dynamique spatiale de 20 forêts sacrées du bassin du Haut Niger en république de Guinée. L’interprétation des images satellites Landsat TM (1986, Landsat OLI/TIRS (2017), ainsi que les relevés de terrain, ont été utilisés. L’étude a révélé que malgré leur caractère sacré, la surveillance des sites forestiers étudiés pose problème. L’analyse diachronique de l’évolution spatiale de chacune des 20 forêts étudiées montre, à l’exception d’un seul site, une tendance régressive de l’ensemble des superficies initiales qui, sont passées de 2 581,10 ha en 1986, à 1 206,6 ha en 2017. Durant les trois décennies, la superficie initiale totale des 20 forêts a diminué de 57,5 % en moyenne, avec un taux annuel moyen de 3,8 %. Cette réduction considérable de la superficie est principalement liée à l’agriculture (63%). La pression démographique, la proximité des villages, l’affaiblissement des systèmes traditionnels de gestion et l’influence de l’islam, sont à l’origine de cette déforestation. La gestion foncière des terres dans les terroirs villageois du bassin est nécessaire pour la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine écologique.
Similarity measures for Fermatean fuzzy sets and its applications in group decision-making
Authors: Sahoo Laxminarayan
Published: January 2022

The intention of this paper is to propose some similarity measures between Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFSs). Firstly, we propose some score based similarity measures for finding similarity measures of FFSs and also propose score based cosine similarity measures between FFSs. Furthermore, we introduce three newly scored functions for effective uses of Fermatean fuzzy sets and discuss some relevant properties of cosine similarity measure. Fermatean fuzzy sets introduced by Senapati and Yager can manipulate uncertain information more easily in the process of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and group decision making. Here, we investigate score based similarity measures of Fermatean fuzzy sets and scout the uses of FFSs in pattern recognition. Based on different types of similarity measures a pattern recognition problem viz. personnel appointment is presented to describe the use of FFSs and its similarity measure as well as scores. The counterfeit results show that the proposed method is more malleable than the existing method(s). Finally, concluding remarks and the scope of future research of the proposed approach are given.
Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Lisinopril in Combined Dose Tablet Formulation
Authors: B. Wankhede Sagar , S. Khobragade Deepak , B. Lote Sukeshini , Patil S.
Published: January 2022

A combined dose tablet formulation containing Amlodipine besylate and Lisinopril is used for the treatment of essential hypertension. The present study reports development and validation of stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of these drugs in combined dose tablet formulation. The two drugs were satisfactorily resolved on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 using n-butanol : methanol: ammonia (4:4:1 v/v/v) as mobile phase. The Rf value for lisinopril and amlodipine besylate were 0.27±0.02 and 0.62±0.02, respectively. Densitometric evaluation of the separated bands was performed at 215nm. The calibration curves for lisinopril and amlodipine besylate were found to be linear in the concentration range of 1000-6000ng/band. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Statistical analysis proves that the method is suitable for simultaneous analysis of Lisinopril and Amlodipine besylate in pharmaceutical formulation without any interference from the excipients/degradant. The developed method offers several advantages such as sensitive, rapid, cost effective and less time consuming as compared to the reported methods. As the method could effectively separate the drugs from its degradation products, it can be employed as a stability indicating method.
Screening of secondary metabolites, bioactive compounds, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.)
Authors: Banu. A Saffiya , John Sheila , Jane Monica Sarah , K Saraswathi. , P Arumugam.
Published: January 2022

Recent research studies indicate the role of functional foods in preventing the development of complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chia seeds are an excellent source of dietary fibre, essential fatty acids, micronutrients and non-nutritive components. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of chia seeds. TPC and TFC were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent and Alumininum Chloride method. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH● radical, ABTS●+ radical, Superoxide (O2-) radical, Fe3+ reducing and phosphomolybdenum reduction assay. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella flexneri, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using alpha amylase inhibition assay and heat induced haemolysis method. Volatile functional compounds were identified using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Upon quantification, TPC and TFC were found to be 850.67±14.14µg/mg GAE and 171.21±12.86µg/mg QE. Free radical scavenging activity of chia seeds was ranked in the order of DPPH● radical >ABTS●+ radical > Superoxide (O2-) radical. The capability of chia seeds to function as electron donors was evident through its strong reducing power. With regard to antibacterial activity, maximum inhibition was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 31mm at 500µg/mL. Results of antidiabetic assay highlighted the alpha amylase inhibitory action of chia seeds with an IC50 value of 121.46µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of chia seeds increased linearly in a dose dependent manner. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of functionally active compounds such as coumarine, napthoquinone, phytol, fatty acids, flavone and flavone derivatives. Findings of the study highlight that chia seeds have several essential therapeutic properties. Furthermore, clinical studies are required to validate the role of chia seeds in preventing the development of complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
In vitro analysis of synergistic effect of honey against chemically induced hepatic insult in Balb/c mice.
Authors: Kumar Gupta Prashant , Narayan Chandradeo , Shah Kamal , Kumar Arvind , Singh Brij Mohan
Published: January 2022

Human being knows honey since thousands of years for its nutritional and medicinal values. Traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda have elaborated honey as boon for health and patient care. Synergistic effect of honey was research but to a limited extend. Honey is advised with Picrorhiza kurroa for hepatic disorders or hepato-protection in Ayurveda. Here we have examined in vitro synergistic effect of honey when given with Picrorhiza kurroa in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in Balb/c mice model. We obtained Serum and liver lysate to check levels of hepatic markers, Alkaline phosphatase and Glutathione. The level of alkaline phosphatase raised while glutathione level is reduced during hepatic offence. We observed a compensation of above markers when P. Kurrua, honey and its combination were used in acetaminophen induced hepatic toxicity. We observed a better mice weight gain in combination group (Group IV) compared to control group. This study can pave a way for future research on honey as a better adjuvant for hepatotoxic drugs and other herb-drug interactions researches.
Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of Tenofovir in pharmaceutical formulation
Authors: Chhabra Gurmeet S. , Rajora Aayushi , Mishra Dinesh K.
Published: January 2022

Stability indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of Tenofovir in bulk and solid dose formulation. The HPLC separation was achieved on kromasil C18 (100mm × 4.6mm, 5 μm) column using a mobile phase of Methanol: Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (30:70,v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1 and UV detection at 260 nm. Peak elutes at 7.33 appropriate. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The accuracy was between 99.14 - 99.97%. The highest R.S.D. amongst interday and Intraday precision was found 0.808 and 0.473 respectively.The assay was linear over the concentration range of 10-50 μg/ml (R≈0. 999). The method was robust as no significant change in chromatographic parameters. LOD and LOQ was found to be 0.90 and 2.71 respectively. The stress studies were performed per ICH guidelines to confirm its Stress testing was carried out in presence of acid, base, hydrogen peroxide, heat and light to demonstrate speciﬁcity of the method as per ICH guidelines. The developed method could separate the potential degradation products from the Tenofovir peak. It was concluded that highest degradation occurs in basic condition. This proposed method was suitable and practical for analysis the content of Tenofovir in pharmaceutical products and could be of beneﬁt for the prediction shelf life of Tenofovir in marketed formulations.
Effect of soft beverages on the in vitro dissolution of gastro-resistant tablets containing low dose Acetylsalicylic acid
Authors: Slavkova Marta , Popova Teodora , Voycheva Christina , Bozhanov Stanislav , Maslarska Vania , Dimitrov Milen
Published: January 2022

The need for additional fluids for easy absorption is typical for elderly patients and those with dysphagia. Most often, these patients take their medication with a glass of orange juice or another liquid instead of a glass of water. We conducted a dissolution test with gastro-resistant tablets acetylsalicylic acid where different kind of orange juice or soft drink wеre added to the release medium. As a control, release medium - buffers 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8 were used. The released aspirin was determined after HPLC analysis. The obtained data were fitted to different kinetic models. The results of the dissolution test in medium buffers with added different beverage showed results similar to those obtained in pure buffer, where it is used an artificial sweetener and different, when sugar or glucose-fructose syrup was used to sweeten the beverage. The most significant change was observed in the release kinetics of the active substance.To exclude the possibility that the other beverage ingredients or excipients used to make the tablets affect the release profile of acetylsalicylic acid, we conducted a beverage-like dissolution test. Instead of a original beverage, we used water and sugar syrup, in a concentration that is declared on the label of the original beverages. The results obtained confirm that different sugar concentrations alter the release profile of acetylsalicylic acid from gastro resistant tablets when they are taken with a glass of sugar-containing beverage instead of a glass of water.
Synthesis and pesticidal activity of some 4-Azolylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, based on cyclic ketones
Authors: Talismanov V.S. , Popkov S.V. , Zykova S.S. , Karmanova О.G.
Published: January 2022

In vitro tests of substituted 1,3-dioxolanes, based on cyclic ketones and substituted with 1H-1,2,4-triazole and 1H-imidazole showed a fungicidal activity lower than the activity of the triadimefon, and spiroxamine. Studied compounds in the entire concentration range: from 0.001 to 10 mg/L showed noticeable retardant properties. The target compounds were derived by cyclization of substituted cyclohexanones with epichlorohydrin followed by alkylation of the derived 2 chloromethyl-1,3 dioxolanes of sodium salts of imidazole or 1,2,4-triazole.
Stability of Curcumin Improved in Hydrophobic Based Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Sekharan T. Raja , Chandira R. Margret , Rajesh S.C. , Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal , Vijayakumar C.T. , Venkateswarlu B.S.
Published: January 2022

Turmeric is a commonly known natural spice that contains many phytoconstituents. Among which Curcumin is a polyphenol present in turmeric responsible for many pharmacological actions. Curcumin is still used as a traditional medicine in fields such as Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani. Though Curcumin has a large number of activities, it has disadvantages, such as small shelf life due to poor chemical stability, poor absorption results in less bioavailability, less water solubility, rapid metabolism results in quick elimination from the systemic circulation. A Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a new class of solvents. Hydrophobic DES can be used for dissolving water-insoluble compounds. DES can be prepared when two solid components mixed in a particular proportion are converted into liquid. DES can be used as a solvent for dissolving water-insoluble compounds and to increase the stability. In this work initially, curcumin linearity studies were conducted in different buffers. A buffer showing maximum absorbance was selected from the linearity studies. Then, DES was prepared by combining Camphor:Menthol (1:1) (CM-DES), Camphor:Thymol (1:1) (CT-DES) and, Menthol:Thymol (1:1) (MT-DES). The stability of curcumin in different DES was determined from the stock and working solutions in benchtop condition (room temperature) and, refrigerator condition (5±3°C). Only working solution stability was determined in the in vitro media temperature (37±2°C). From this study, it was concluded that 50 mM Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate with 0.5% SLS at pH 5.5 showed maximum absorbance value compared with other buffers, so it was selected for further studies. From stability studies, it was found that curcumin in CM-DES was found to be stable in both stock and working solutions compared to the other two CT-DES and MT-DES.
Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of substituted-n-((1, 3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl) benzenamine
Authors: Hanumantappa Havale Shrikant , Singh Bhavani , Dwivedi Jaya , kishore Dharma , Rao S. Venkat
Published: January 2022

A new derivative synthesis of Substituted-N-((1, 3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl) benzenamine has attempted by using commonly available key starting materials Acetophenone (1) and substituted phenyl hydrazine in presence of sulfuric acid catalyst and alcohol solvent to afford potential antiviral active analogues. The synthesis proceeds through Vilsmeier-Haack reaction followed by reductive amination by using sodium borohydride.