bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arithmetic Concepts Possessed by the Preschool Child
Authors: Bjonerud Corwin E.
Published: October 2020

The first half of the twentieth century has seen many studies made by educators to determine the most desirable time to start a planned sequential instructional program in arithmetic for the young child. These studies have presented findings that vary from initial instruction starting in the first grade to a recommendation that beginning formalized instruction be delayed until the seventh grade. However, these studies indicate that, in general, the young child benefits when systematic instruction starts during his first-grade experiences.
About our editorial staff
Authors: Gibb E. Glenadine
Published: October 2020

This is the beginning of another yearthe eighth for The arithmetic teacher. Since no one person single-handedly composes a magazine, in this, the first issue of the Eighth Volume, I wish to introduce those persons who have not only helped With the last three issues, but who will play major roles in the preparation of forthcoming issues. We hope that you will become better acquainted with them through the pages of The arithmetic teacher.
Relationship between arithmetic achievement and item performance on the Revised Stanford-Binet Scale
Authors: Shine Aileen
Published: October 2020

Many studies have been made of the relationship between I.Q. and achievement in arithmetic. This study has sought to identify relationships between successful item performance on the Revised Stanford-Binet Scale and arithmetic achievement. The primary concern of this item analysis of the Binet Scale has been to determine if patterns of item respon associated with high achievement in arithmetic could be identified.
Teaching creativity in mathematics
Authors: Horn Franz E.
Published: October 2020

According to their own declaration, many—perhaps even most—children do not like mathematics. In the case of bright children, children with creative minds, this results in a tragic loss, not only to society in technical power, but also to the individual in ability to appreciate a subject of great interest and beauty.
Arithmetic instruction changes pupils' attitudes toward arithmetic
Authors: Lerch Harold H.
Published: October 2020

The fact that pupils in all arithmetic classes differ in such ways as understanding of number operations, rate of learning, background of experience, and interest in the subject indicates that arithmetic instruction should be adjusted to provide for the apparent variations in pupils. Authors of texts concerned with the teaching of arithmetic recognize that these pupil differences exist and suggest methods of teaching and classroom organization to provide for them. Classroom teachers are also aware of the extent of these differences and are concerned with methods of instruction which will meet the needs of all the pupils in their classrooms. The adjustment of arithmetic in truction to variations in pupils has become a major aspect of arithmetic in truction. Most of the proposals and methods for adjusting arithmetic instruction to pupil differences in arithmetical abilities and understandings are concerned with some organizational procedure and involve some type of ability grouping or some type of individualized program.
Those problem-solving perplexities
Authors: Thorpe Cleata B.
Published: October 2020

We teachers are in large measure responsible for problem-solving being the obstacle that it is to many a pupil in elementary schools. In the first place, we toss the terms “problem” and “problem-sol ving” about quite indiscriminately. We seem to have no clear and definite concepts for tho e terms in our own minds.
Why do pupils avoid mathematics in high school?
Authors: Wilson Guy M.
Published: October 2020

It must be pupils' unpleasant experiences with arithmetic in the grades that cause them to avoid mathematics in high school. Before failure of pupils was ruled out by “progressive” education, arithmetic caused more failures than any other subject in the elementary curriculum. Today a high percentage of pupils show no enthusiasm for arithmetic.
Let's take a look at division
Authors: Hilaire Paul A.
Published: October 2020

Children find division difficult to master. Teachers find it difficult to teach. “The teacher who feels insecure, who dreads and dislikes the subject, for whom arithmetic is largely rote manipulation, devoid of understanding, cannot avoid transmitting her feelings to the children. … Many more teachers who fail as arithmetic teachers do so because of their own inadequacy with the subject than from a lack of knowledge of and skill in methods of teaching or from inability to work successfully with children.”1
Understanding and the ability to solve problems
Authors: Pace Angela
Published: October 2020

Most teachers will concede that improving ability to solve verbal problems in arithmetic is a difficult task. Children seem to haYe all manner of difficulties when it comes to making a decision about the process to use to solve a given problem.
Arithmetic understandings needed by elementary-school teachers
Authors: Sparks Jack N.
Published: October 2020

The problem of an adequate background in mathematics for elementary teachers has received considerable attention in recent years with apparently little resulting change in the training actually received.
Attitudes toward a television program—patterns in arithmetic
Authors: Kaprelian George
Published: October 2020

The progress in arithmetic learning of elementary-school children has always been of concern to teachers, parents, and the lay public. The recent crash program in the sciences has led to even greater interest in children's arithmetic achievement. Our colleges and universities have also been demanding a science- and mathematics-orientated student.
Experimental projects and research: The School Mathematics Study Group Project on Elementary-School Mathematics: A Progress Report
Authors: Weaver J. Fred
Published: October 2020

An account of the School Mathematics Study Group's Project on Elementary School Mathematics appeared in the January, 19611 issue of The Arithmetic Teacher. Now it is appropriate to review that account and bring it up to date.
Experimental projects and research: Disparity in scores from standardized arithmetic tests
Authors: Fred Weaver J.
Published: October 2020

“How can such a thing be? Just what am I to believe when I see differences like these?”
Children's concept of scale and the subtraction of fractions
Authors: Scott Lloyd
Published: October 2020

The analysis of the computational errors made by individual children or groups of children is highly regarded as a diagnostic tool. Programs of remedial arithmetic instruction are commonly based upon an instructor's analysis of the specific errors made by each student in his written work. In recent years, however, little attention has been given the possible use of error analyses as tools for devising new instructional approaches or for determining the relative effectiveness of existing approaches.
Remedial work with underachieving children
Authors: Callahan Leroy
Published: October 2020

There is an upsurge of interest at the present time in the “slum schools”—the schools situated in the deprived areas of our larger cities. Much of this interest has been generated by Dr. James B. Conant's book, Slums and Suburbs. 1 The problems in and around these schools a re increasing as the populations of these areas increase. Because of the unique and strategic position of the schools in these areas, people are calling for a closer look at the quality of education being offered to the children from these culturally deprived areas.
Experimental projects and research: The use of programed instruction in teaching an advanced mathematical topic
Authors: Kalin Robert
Published: October 2020

Considerable evidence bas been accumulating that intellectually superior fifth-and sixth-grade pupils have both the ability and the desire to learn important mathematical concepts normally not taught until secondary school. But elementary schools have generally been unable to include advanced mathematical content in their courses of study for their more capable intermediate-grade pupils.
Upper-elementary-school children use statistics
Authors: Cahen Leonard S.
Published: October 2020

This article will describe a teaching technique for enriching the arithmetic experiences of upper-elementary- (seventh and eighth grades) school children. While the technique is designed for the more talented student at this grade level, it can be adapted for use with all students. It could also be modified for students at lower grade levels.
Growth in mathematical ability among prospective teachers of arithmetic
Authors: Grossnickle Foster E.
Published: October 2020

It is difficult to prove that students in elementary education show growth in mathematics during their college career. This investigation was made to determine whether students at the completion of their senior year at the Jersey City State College had achieved more in mathematics, as measured by standard tests, than when these students had completed their high-school courses four years earlier. The students selected for this study had completed their senior year of the four-year curriculum for the preparation of elementary teachers. Each student had completed in college six semester hours of background mathematics plus four semester hours dealing with the teaching of arithmetic in the elementary school.
The wonderful mathemagicville
Authors: Wert Fay
Published: October 2020

NARRATOR: One dark gloomy night, two orphan children, Sherry and Sherman were lost in a forest. (CURTIANS OPEN. CHILDREN wander through the forest, scared.) They had been walking all night, so like any other ordinary children they decided to sit down on a nearby log. (CHILDREN sit together scared.)
Readers' reactions to “disparity in scores from standardized arithmetic tests”
Authors: Weaver J. Fred
Published: October 2020

Early in September a fifth-grade teacher administered a well-known and frequently used standardized achievement test in arithmetic to the twenty-nine pupils in her class. (Call this simply Test X.) One month later the same teacher had occasion to administer a different standardized achievement test in arithmetic, just as well known and as frequently used as the first, to the same pupils. (Call this Test Y.) Observations such as the following were made regarding the performance of the children in this class on the computation and reasoning subtests of Test X and Test Y.
A survey of teaching practices—arithmetic in Tennessee in the first through eighth grades
Authors: Johnston A. Montgomery
Published: October 2020

A state-wide survey of teaching practices in arithmetic in Tennessee1 was made primarily for the benefit of those concerned in that state. However, the following summary of the study is here reported with the thought that others might be interested in carrying on similar studies in their school systems. The greatest value of the Tennessee study may lie in providing a more objective base for planning pre-service and in-service education, certification, curriculum development, research, and materials programs. The questionnaire used in this study to gather data, and the sorts of data revealed by that questionnaire, will be of major interest to the reader.
Pensar a plasticidade na composição musical: esculpindo tempo, modelando escutas
Authors:   UFMS, Penha Gustavo Rodrigues
Published: October 2020

Este artigo trata de alguns problemas composicionais musicais que têm insistido em atuar na prática composicional do autor e que se destacam devido aos seus modos de funcionamento no escoar contínuo de um fluxo temporal. Os problemas abordados foram levantados a partir de observações e reflexões de um pesquisador acerca de sua própria prática como compositor, mas não deixaram de ser trabalhados e verificados em variados contextos e situações que apontam para singulares modos de resolução dos problemas. Assim, através da análise de peças de diferentes compositores em contraponto com as composições do próprio pesquisador, o artigo contribui para se pensar a abordagem de alguns problemas composicionais em função de transformações plásticas dos objetos e texturas musicais em suas relações com o tempo, tido tanto como escoamento de um fluxo quanto como acontecimento.
Poéticas composicionais em peças estreadas na 21a temporada do Grupo Prelúdio 21
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Schubert Alexandre , Gentil-Nunes Pauxy , Alves José Orlando ,   Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Lucas Marcos ,   Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)
Published: October 2020

Este artigo apresenta aspectos das diferentes poéticas composicionais adotadas em peças estreadas durante a temporada 2019 do Grupo Prelúdio 21. O objetivo é demonstrar a pluralidade de procedimentos, técnicas e recursos utilizados nas composições de quatro dentre seus seis membros, além de descrever, em linhas gerais, aspectos da sua criação e da 21ª temporada de concertos realizada em 2019. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, os quatro compositores selecionaram uma das peças estreadas em 2019 para comentar e retratar características relevantes da poética composicional, a partir de uma metodologia descritiva específica para cada composição. Dentre os diferenciados procedimentos presentes nas peças comentadas, podemos citar o dodecafonismo, a melodia de timbres, a textura pontilhística, o modalismo, aspectos do teatro musical (music theatre), a utilização de intervalos característicos, a auto-intertextualidade, o uso de recursos eletrônicos e de remissão a culturas tradicionais de povos originários. Concluímos que, além da ampla produção composicional e da participação de intérpretes renomados durante seus 21 anos de existência, o trabalho em conjunto dos compositores membros atuando também como produtores musicais foi decisivo para a existência e manutenção das temporadas de concertos do grupo. Assim, esperamos que a experiência coletiva de 21 anos de trabalho composicional em conjunto, talvez inédita no panorama mundial da música contemporânea de concerto contemporânea, irá encorajar o surgimento de novos grupos.
Villa-Lobos Vindicated (at last) - a Pan American prescription
Authors:   Emeritus faculty, Univ. of California Santa Barbara, Haladyna Jeremy John
Published: October 2020

This is an author's revision, with a single word substitution (in paragraph 1) from the file previously sent.
Kronik
Authors: Leergaard Joan
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Bøger og Bibliotek; Jyske Lov "vender " tilbage til Danmark fra Sverige; Fuzzys KATALOG - 'Musik i skåret' i Diamanten på Det Kongelige Bibliotek - nu på cd; Latinske klassikerhåndskrifter på nettet; Inkakrøniken på cd; Ny adgang til samling af elektroniske tidsskrifter; Udvikling af kulturatlas.dk; Udenlandske Ældre Samling på nettet; Nye e-noder og ny oversigt; Komponistarkiverne på nettet; Dansk Musikbiblioteks Forenings arkiv er registreret; Det Kongelige Teaters orkestermateriale på nettet; Operabase i Center for Musik og Teater; Kulturnatten; Eksperimenterende skulptur på Søren Kierkegaards Plads; BogForum 2003; Udstillinger; Erhvervelser;
Kronik og Publikationer
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Bøger og bibliotek; Rift om læsepladserne; Københavns Universitetsbibliotek, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, satser i de kommende år på at øge antallet af læsepladser med mere end 50 procent;  Mord på Det Kongelige Bibliotek; Af boet efter afdøde redaktør Harald Mogensen (1912-2002) modtog Det Kongelige Bibliotek fra fru Kirsten Mogensen sidste år en større samling kriminallitteratur som gave; Det Kongelige Bibliotek på nettet;  150.000 e-bøger tilgængelige fra Københavns Universitetsbibliotek og Københavns Universitet; ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collection Online) er købt; Udstillinger; Foredrag; Musikarrangementer; Erhvervelser; Udlån til udstillinger; Publikationer
Kronik og publikationer
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Jydske Lov, I artiklen ””Jyske Lov” vender tilbage”, af Erland Kolding Nielsen, (Magasin, 2011: 1, side 19-31) var en del af afsnittet side 28: "Hvad fik Sverige?" desværre faldet ud. Her følger afsnittet uden udfald: Hvad fik Sverige; Bøger og bibliotek; De Vises Sten til Det Kongelige Bibliotek; Det Kongelige Bibliotek på nettet; Udstillinger; Foredrag; Musik; Erhvervelser; Publikationer
Kronik
Authors: Meile Jakob Kyril
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Bøger og bibliotek; International ‘hackathon’ om sikring af digitalt materiale – En praktisk tilgangtil Disk Images & Digital Forensics; Open Planets Foundation; “Danmark set fra luften – før Google”; Karen Brahes unika digitaliseret; Melodi Grand Prix-sejren gemt for eftertiden; Netarkivet; Dansk Kammermusik Online; Udstillinger; Den originale Kierkegaard; Foredrag; Foredragsrække: Besættelsen; International Forfatterscene; Kofi Annan; Michael Palin; Fyraftenskoncerter; Erhvervelser;
Fly-ash from a pulp and paper mill: A potential liming material for agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland.
Authors:   1School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Maheswaran Gnanakaran , Krishnapillai Manokararajah ,   1School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Churchill Doreen ,   2Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Corner Brook, NL A2H 6J3, Galagedera Lakshman ,   1School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4
Published: October 2020

Most agricultural soils in Western Newfoundland are acidic and need lime to raise soil pH to be productive. Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Ltd produces a substantial amount of fly-ash, disposed of at a local landfill. This study was conducted to assess the potential for using fly-ash as a liming material for agricultural soil (pH 5.5) in Western Newfoundland. Heavy metal concentration in the soil and fly-ash were analysed and compared with soil and compost guidelines. As per quality guidelines, only part of the lime requirement can be substituted by fly-ash. The percentage may vary depending on initial soil pH and the desired pH for the crop to be grown. The total lime requirement can be met when fly-ash is applied combined with other soil amendments low in trace element concentration.
A broadly neutralizing macaque monoclonal antibody against the HIV-1 V3-Glycan patch
Authors: Wang Zijun , Barnes Christopher O , Gautam Rajeev , Cetrulo Lorenzi Julio C , Mayer Christian T , Oliveira Thiago Y , Ramos Victor , Cipolla Melissa , Gordon Kristie M , Gristick Harry B , West Anthony P , Nishimura Yoshiaki , Raina Henna , Seaman Michael S , Gazumyan Anna , Martin Malcolm , Bjorkman Pamela J , Nussenzweig Michel C , Escolano Amelia
Published: October 2020

A small fraction of HIV-1- infected humans develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 that protect macaques from simian immunodeficiency HIV chimeric virus (SHIV). Similarly, a small number of macaques infected with SHIVs develop broadly neutralizing serologic activity, but less is known about the nature of simian antibodies. Here, we report on a monoclonal antibody, Ab1485, isolated from a macaque infected with SHIVAD8 that developed broadly neutralizing serologic activity targeting the V3-glycan region of HIV-1 Env. Ab1485 neutralizes 38.1% of HIV-1 isolates in a 42-pseudovirus panel with a geometric mean IC50 of 0.055 µg/mLl and SHIVAD8 with an IC50 of 0.028 µg/mLl. Ab1485 binds the V3-glycan epitope in a glycan-dependent manner. A 3.5 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of Ab1485 in complex with a native-like SOSIP Env trimer showed conserved contacts with the N332gp120 glycan and gp120 GDIR peptide motif, but in a distinct Env-binding orientation relative to human V3/N332gp120 glycan-targeting bNAbs. Intravenous infusion of Ab1485 protected macaques from a high dose challenge with SHIVAD8. We conclude that macaques can develop bNAbs against the V3-glycan patch that resemble human V3-glycan bNAbs.
De novo species identification using 16S rRNA gene nanopore sequencing
Authors: Angell Inga Leena , Nilsen Morten , Carlsen Karin C. Lødrup , Carlsen Kai-Håkon , Hedlin Gunilla , Jonassen Christine M. , Marsland Benjamin , Nordlund Björn , Rehbinder Eva Maria , Saunders Carina , Skjerven Håvard Ove , Staff Anne Cathrine , Söderhäll Cilla , Vettukattil Riyas , Rudi Knut
Published: October 2020

Nanopore sequencing is rapidly becoming more popular for use in various microbiota-based applications. Major limitations of current approaches are that they do not enable de novo species identification and that they cannot be used to verify species assignments. This severely limits applicability of the nanopore sequencing technology in taxonomic applications. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of de novo species identification and verification using hexamer frequencies in combination with k-means clustering for nanopore sequencing data. The approach was tested on the human infant gut microbiota of 3-month-old infants. Using the hexamer k-means approach we identified two new low abundant species associated with vaginal delivery. In addition, we confirmed both the vaginal delivery association for two previously identified species and the overall high levels of bifidobacteria. Taxonomic assignments were further verified by mock community analyses. Therefore, we believe our de novo species identification approach will have widespread application in analyzing microbial communities in the future.
Morphological and molecular systematic review ofMarphysaQuatrefages, 1865 (Annelida: Eunicidae) species from South Africa
Authors: Kara Jyothi , Molina-Acevedo Isabel C. , Zanol Joana , Simon Carol , Idris Izwandy
Published: October 2020

A vast polychaete fauna is hidden behind complexes of cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species, which has greatly hindered our understanding of species diversity in several regions worldwide. Among the eunicids,Marphysa sanguineaMontagu, 1813 is a typical example, recorded in three oceans and with various species considered its junior synonyms. In South Africa, specimens previously misidentified asM. sanguineaare now known asMarphysa elityeniLewis & Karageorgopoulos, 2008. Of the sixMarphysaQuatrefages, 1865a species recorded from the same region, three have their distributions restricted to South Africa while the others are considered to have worldwide distributions. Here, we evaluated the taxonomic status of the indigenousM. elityeniand investigated the presence of the widespread speciesMarphysa macintoshiCrossland, 1903 andMarphysa depressaSchmarda, 1861 in South Africa using morphological and molecular data. Our results reveal thatM. elityeniis a junior synonym ofMarphysa haemasoma, a species previously described from South Africa which is herein reinstated as a valid species. BothM. macintoshiandM. depressaare not present in South Africa and their status as being distributed worldwide deserves further investigation.Marphysa durbanensisDay, 1934 and the new species described here,M. sherlockaen. sp., had been misidentified asM. macintoshiandM. depressarespectively. Thus, the number ofMarphysaspecies with distributions restricted to South Africa increased from three to five. This study reiterates the importance of implementing an integrated taxonomic framework to unravel local biodiversity.
DNA barcoding for identification of anuran species in the central region of South America
Authors: Koroiva Ricardo , Rodrigues Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro , Santana Diego José
Published: October 2020

The use of COI barcodes for specimen identification and species discovery has been a useful molecular approach for the study of Anura. Here, we establish a comprehensive amphibian barcode reference database in a central area of South America, in particular for specimens collected in Mato Grosso do Sul state (Brazil), and to evaluate the applicability of the COI gene for species-level identification. Both distance- and tree-based methods were applied for assessing species boundaries and the accuracy of specimen identification was evaluated. A total of 204 mitochondrial COI barcode sequences were evaluated from 22 genera and 59 species (19 newly barcoded species). Our results indicate that morphological and molecular identifications converge for most species, however, some species may present cryptic species due to high intraspecific variation, and there is a high efficiency of specimen identification. Thus, we show that COI sequencing can be used to identify anuran species present in this region.
Use of two green algae Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis as bio-fertilizers
Authors: Sekhouna D. , Kies Fatima , Elegbede Isa , Matemilola Saheed , Zorriehzahra Jalil , Hussein Emad Kamil
Published: October 2020

In recent years,  development have been witnessed in the market expansion of agricultural inputs and products including substances and materials that improve the functioning of soil, plants and the interactions between soil and plant. This is a very broad category of products and substances that often bring innovative solutions in the field of fertilization and crop protection.The objective of this study is to improve the production of market garden where tomato plants in nurseries from powders of two green algae Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis, harvested as bio-fertilizers in the west coast of Mostaganem province. They have minimal effects on the environment, including soil, subterranean water, River and Estuary ecosystems such as Cheliff River, biodiversity and global warming.The experimental part was carried out following the method of extraction of algae and used as a bio-fertilizer on tomato to its simplicity and accuracy, which is the subject of the study of the germination, growth and the development of young plants.The results of this study showed that algal powder of Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis exhibit a remarkable stimulatory effect on the cultivation of tomato, which aims to improve their production, and evident when compared to controls setup. Keywords: seaweed, Mostaganem, River Ecosystem, eco-agriculture, smart agriculture, bio-fertilizers, tomato.
Associating Unemployment with Panic Attack Using Deep Learning during COVID-19
Authors: Dutta Shawni , Bandyopadhyay Samir Kumar
Published: October 2020

Corona Virus Infectious Disease (COVID-19) is newly emerging infectious disease. It is known to the world in late 2019. Due to this, the mental health of employees is disturbed. There is always a fear of unemployment amongst employees due to the present scenario of lockdown. This may even create a panic attack. It has been happening rapidly during COVID-19. It has a great effect on human health. This paper analyses multiple factors that have an impact on causing panic attacks. Deep Learning techniques are explored which detects panic disorders on people. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based deep learning framework is utilized in this paper that assembles multiple RNN layers along with other hyper-parameters into a single model. This method is implemented by capturing interfering factors and predicts the panic attack tendency of people during COVID-19. Early prediction of panic attacks may assist in saving life from unwanted circumstances. It is also observed that comparative study between MLP and stacked-RNN classifier indicates significantly better results of proposed model over MLP classifier in terms of evaluating metrics.
Rapid Fabrication of Sterile Medical Nasopharyngeal Swabs by Stereolithography for Widespread Testing in a Pandemic
Authors: van der Elst Louis A. , Gokce Kurtoglu Merve , Leffel Troy , Zheng Mengxin , Gumennik Alexander
Published: October 2020

The 3D printing of nasopharyngeal swabs during the COVID‐19 pandemic presents a central case of how to efficiently address a break in the global supply chain of medical equipment. Herein a comprehensive study of swab design considerations for mass production by stereolithography is presented. The retention and comfort performance of a range of novel designs of 3D‐printed swabs are compared with the standard flocked‐head swab used in clinical environments. Sample retention of the 3D swab is governed by the volume, porosity density, and void fraction of the head as well as by the pore geometry. 3D‐printed swabs outperform conventional flock‐head swabs in terms of sample retention. It is argued that mechanically functional designs of the swab head, such as corkscrew‐shaped heads and negative Poisson ratio heads, maximize sample retention and improve patient comfort. In addition, available designs of swab shafts for an optimized sample collection procedure are characterized. The study is conducted in vitro, using artificial mucus, covering the full range of human mucus viscosities in a 3D‐printed model of a nasal cavity. The work sets the path for the resilient supply of widespread sterile testing equipment as a rapid response to the current and future pandemics.
Carbon‐Assisted Stable Silver Nanostructures
Authors: Abdollahi S. Narjes , Ochoa Martínez Efraín , Kilchoer Cédric , Kremer Geoffroy , Jaouen Thomas , Aebi Philipp , Hellmann Tim , Mayer Thomas , Gu Yibei , Wiesner Ulrich B. , Steiner Ullrich , Wilts Bodo D. , Gunkel Ilja
Published: October 2020

Nanostructured silver stands out among other plasmonic materials because its optical losses are the lowest of all metals. However, nanostructured silver rapidly degrades under ambient conditions, preventing its direct use in most plasmonic applications. Here, a facile and robust method for the preparation of highly stable nanostructured silver morphologies is introduced. 3D nanostructured gyroid networks are fabricated through electrodeposition into voided, self‐assembled triblock terpolymer scaffolds. Exposure to an argon plasma degraded the polymer and stabilized the silver nanostructure for many weeks, even in high humidity and under high‐dose UV irradiation. This stabilization protocol enables the robust manufacture of low‐loss silver nanostructures for a wide range of plasmonic applications.
Two‐Dimensional Electromechanically Transformable Metasurface with Beam Scanning Capability Using Four Independently Controllable Shape Memory Alloy Axes
Authors: Shah Syed Imran Hussain , Sarkar Anirban , Phon Ratanak , Lim Sungjoon
Published: October 2020

The advancements in wireless technology, especially in radar detection, where accurate target information is critically needed, have set new standards for antenna subsystems that demand higher gain and full scanning coverage in both the azimuth and elevation planes while maintaining lower cost and design simplicity. The conventional phased array usually requires complex feeding circuitry with large spatial occupancy that renders the system bulky and expensive; therefore, a reconfigurable metasurface may be a suitable alternative. Earlier research outcomes have shown different kinds of reconfigurability in designing metasurfaces for beam steering. Designing electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces using PIN diodes, varactor diodes, etc., is a well‐known approach; however, these methods suffer from poor isolation of switches, limited power handling due to nonlinearities, high cost, and complicated biasing networks. This work proposes a novel electromechanically transformable metasurface working as a beam‐steering surface with a wider tuning range in the azimuth plane and a simplified independent switching mechanism. The incorporation of four shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator springs allows swift movements in eight different directions. The electrical control of the pitches of the four springs oriented along the four different SMA axes enables adequate mechanical transformation of the 2D metasurface to obtain beam coverage capability.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines through Double Oxidative Annulation Reaction of Phenyl Isocyanates with Di(hetero)aryl Alkynes
Authors: Kumar Amrendra , Kant Ruchir , Tadigoppula Narender
Published: October 2020

Indole‐containing polycyclic hetero aromatic compounds are synthesized by multistep process, which have wide application in biological activities and organic semi‐conductor materials. Herein we report the one‐pot method for the synthesis of polysubstituted indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines by Ru(II) catalyzed double aryl/hetero aryl C(sp2)−H activation through in‐situ installed carbamide of phenyl isocyanate and di(hetero)aryl substituted alkynes in the presence of Cu(OAc)2.H2O as an oxidant and CsOAc as an additive at 120 °C for 3 h in good to excellent yields.

magnified image
Visible‐Light‐Initiated Cascade Reaction of 2‐Isothiocyanatonaphthalenes and Amines under Additive‐ and External Photocatalyst‐Free and Mild Conditions
Authors: Bao Wen‐Hu , Wang Zheng , Cao Zhong , Wang Xin‐Chang , Ma Xin‐Ran , Yu Xian‐Yong , He Wei‐Min
Published: October 2020

A simple and efficient visible‐light‐initiated cascade reaction of 2‐isothiocyanatonaphthalenes and amines with ambient dioxygen as the sole oxidant under additive‐, external photocatalyst‐free and ambient conditions was developed. 38 Examples of N‐substituted naphtho[2,1‐d]thiazol‐2‐amines were regioselectively constructed in good to excellent yields.

magnified image
Multi‐Dimensional Organic Mass Cytometry: Simultaneous Analysis of Proteins and Metabolites on Single Cells
Authors: Xu Shuting , Liu Mingxia , Bai Yu , Liu Huwei
Published: October 2020

Mass cytometry is attracting significant attention for enabling spatiotemporal high‐throughput single‐cell analysis. As the first demonstration of the simultaneous detection of single‐cell proteins and untargeted metabolites, a multi‐dimensional organic mass‐cytometry system was established by a simple microfluidic chip connected to a nanoelectrospray mass spectrometer, providing useful heterogeneous information about the cells. A series of mass probes with online‐dissociated mass tags were developed, ensuring the semi‐quantification of cell‐surface proteins and the compatibility of endogenous metabolite detection at the single‐cell level. Six cell surface antigens and ≈100 metabolites from three ovarian‐cancer cell types and two breast‐cancer cell types were successfully monitored and contributed to highly sensitive and specific cell typing. Doxorubicin‐resistant cancer‐cell analysis confirmed the applications in distinguishing rare cell phenotypes. The proposed system is simple, extensible, and promising for cell typing, drug‐resistance analysis of tumor cells, and clinical diagnosis and therapy at the single‐cell level.
Lead‐Free Double Perovskite Cs2AgInCl6
Authors: Liu Ying , Nag Angshuman , Manna Liberato , Xia Zhiguo
Published: October 2020

Lead‐free halide perovskites have drawn wide attention as alternatives to their toxic and poorly stable lead‐based counterparts. Among them, double perovskites with Cs2AgInCl6 composition, often doped with various elements, have been in the spotlight owing to their intriguing optical properties, namely, self‐trapped exciton (STEs) emission and dopant‐induced photoluminescence. This interest has sparked different synthesis approaches towards both crystals and nanocrystals, and the exploration of many alloy compositions with mono‐ and trivalent cations other than Ag+ and In3+. In this Minireview we describe the recent developments on Cs2AgInCl6 bulk crystals and nanocrystals, their synthesis strategies, intrinsic optical properties, and tunable photoluminescence originating from different alloying and doping effects. We also discuss progress on computational studies aimed at understanding the thermodynamic stability, the role of defects, and the origin of photoluminescence in relation to the STEs and the direct band gap character.
Enantioselective, Visible Light Mediated Aza Paternò–Büchi Reactions of Quinoxalinones
Authors: Li Xinyao , Großkopf Johannes , Jandl Christian , Bach Thorsten
Published: October 2020

3‐Substituted quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones and various aryl‐substituted or tethered olefins underwent an enantioselective, inter‐ or intramolecular aza Paternò–Büchi reaction upon irradiation at λ=420 nm in the presence of a chiral sensitizer (10 mol %). For the intermolecular reaction with 1‐arylethenes as olefin components, the scope of the reaction was studied (14 examples, 50–99 % yield, 86–98 % ee). The absolute and relative configuration of the products were elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The reaction is suggested to occur by triplet energy transfer in a hydrogen‐bonded 1:1 complex between the imine substrate and the catalyst. The intramolecular cycloaddition, consecutive reactions of the product azetidines, and an alternative reaction mode of quinoxalinones were investigated in preliminary experiments.
Synthesis of β‐myrcene‐based macroporous nanocomposite foams: Altering the morphological and mechanical properties by using organo‐modified nanoclay
Authors: Kekevi Burcu , Mert Emine Hilal
Published: October 2020

Organo‐modified nanoclay incorporated high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were successfully used for the preparation of macroporous nanocomposite foams. Due to the aim of obtaining mechanically improved foams, HIPEs were prepared by using a monomer mixture composed of β‐myrcene and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Accordingly, two groups of macroporous nanocomposite foams were synthesized depending on the nanoclay type. The morphological analysis demonstrated that the pore openness of the resulting nanocomposites were significantly improved due to the decrease in the average cavity size and increase in the interconnected pore size. In terms of mechanical properties, it was found that filling 1 wt% of nanoclay which is surface modified by hydrogenated tallow lead to a 33% of increment in the compression modulus, as compared to the neat foam. However, loading 5 wt% of nanoclay having octadecylamine and aminopropyltriethoxysilane surface groups caused only 11% of increment in the compression modulus, as compared to the neat foam.
Towards Dissecting the Mechanism of Protein Phosphatase‐1 Inhibition by Its C‐Terminal Phosphorylation
Authors: Salvi Francesca , Hoermann Bernhard , del Pino García Javier , Fontanillo Miriam , Derua Rita , Beullens Monique , Bollen Mathieu , Barabas Orsolya , Köhn Maja
Published: October 2020

Phosphoprotein phosphatase‐1 (PP1) is a key player in the regulation of phospho‐serine (pSer) and phospho‐threonine (pThr) dephosphorylation and is involved in a large fraction of cellular signaling pathways. Aberrant activity of PP1 has been linked to many diseases, including cancer and heart failure. Besides a well‐established activity control by regulatory proteins, an inhibitory function for phosphorylation (p) of a Thr residue in the C‐terminal intrinsically disordered tail of PP1 has been demonstrated. The associated phenotype of cell‐cycle arrest was repeatedly proposed to be due to autoinhibition of PP1 through either conformational changes or substrate competition. Here, we use PP1 variants created by mutations and protein semisynthesis to differentiate between these hypotheses. Our data support the hypothesis that pThr exerts its inhibitory function by mediating protein complex formation rather than by a direct mechanism of structural changes or substrate competition.
Revision of the Cyclisation Mechanism for the Diterpene Spiroviolene and Investigations of Its Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation
Authors: Xu Houchao , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: October 2020

The diterpene spiroviolene, its diterpene synthase from Streptomyces violens and the experimentally determined terpene cyclisation mechanism were reported in 2017. Recently, the structure of spiroviolene was revised based on a total synthesis, with consequences for the cyclisation mechanism. Herein, a reinvestigation of the terpene cyclisation to spiroviolene and the mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanism investigated by 13C‐labelling experiments are presented.
Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reactions of 2‐Pyrones: Bridged Lactones and Beyond
Authors: Huang Guanghao , Kouklovsky Cyrille , de la Torre Aurélien
Published: October 2020

Inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reactions of electron‐poor 2‐pyrones as electrophilic dienes have been extensively studied in the past fifty years. These reactions provide an efficient access to bridged bicyclic lactones and their derivatives, such as densely functionalized 1,3‐cyclohexadienes after CO2 extrusion and polysubstituted aromatic compounds through elimination. This reaction has been used for the synthesis of many biologically active natural products and drug candidates. In this review, the developments of these IEDDA reactions including non‐catalytic, Lewis acid‐catalyzed and organocatalytic IEDDA reactions, and their applications in total synthesis are discussed in detail.
A mathematical approach of the entropic index applied to chemical systems
Authors: Góes Paulo , Rosa David , Manzi João
Published: October 2020

This article deals with the mathematical efforts for developing an entropic performance index, taking into account both the different entropy concepts for establishing it, including Communication Theory, and its practical application. To illustrate the performance of the index developed, two different approaches were applied to a reactive system that consists of multiple generic reactions. The reactive system was optimized using the strategy of generating the minimum entropy rate and then the index was applied to check the progress of the process. The index increased from 0.2146 to 0.549, thus indicating a better result and, consequently, more favourable operating conditions. Additionally, a more refined procedure was carried out, which generated a maximum value for the index of 0.6174. To reveal the efficiency of this index, classic indicators based on trade‐offs between conversion and yield were also used to optimize the reactive system, which resulted in an index value of 0.6129. A detailed comparative analysis showed a convergence of the optimal regions, given by the classical method and that established by the entropy index. However, the optimal operating points are different, which can be explained by the interactions between the components considered by the entropic index. The conclusion to be drawn is that the results based on the entropy index describe the real system more appropriately, and therefore its performance is superior.
Salamander‐Eci: An optical clearing protocol for the three‐dimensional exploration of regeneration
Authors: Subiran Adrados Cristina , Yu Qinghao , Bolaños Castro Lizbeth Airais , Rodriguez Cabrera Luis Alberto , Yun Maximina Hee
Published: October 2020

Background

Salamander limb regeneration is a complex biological process that entails the orchestration of multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms in a three‐dimensional space. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of this process requires whole‐structure level explorations. Recent advances in imaging and optical clearing methods have transformed the study of regenerative phenomena, allowing the three‐dimensional visualization of structures and entire organisms.

Results

Here we introduce Salamander‐Eci, a rapid and robust optical clearing protocol optimized for the widely used axolotl model, which allows simultaneous immunohistochemistry and Click‐chemistry detection with minimal volume disruption. We provide examples of its application, from whole larva to adult limbs and organs, and complement it with an image analysis pipeline for volumetric cell quantification. Further, we offer a detailed 3D quantitation of cell proliferation throughout axolotl limb regeneration.

Conclusions

Salamander‐Eci enables the comprehensive volumetric analysis of regenerative phenomena at both local and systemic levels.
Glycaemic control and outcomes in children with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at or before 10 years of age
Authors: Greenup Erin , Sunil Bhuvana , Barr Mary Margaret , Ashraf Ambika P.
Published: October 2020

Background

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children is considered rare before puberty.

Objective

Describe the characteristics and outcomes of children with T2DM diagnosed at or before 10 years of age.

Methods

Retrospective electronic medical record review of children diagnosed with T2DM at a University Children's Hospital over 12 years was conducted. Patient characteristics at diagnosis, 2‐3‐year follow‐up, and 4‐5‐year follow‐up were analysed as a whole and by age groups, 5‐8 and 9‐10 years.

Results

There were 42 children ≤ 10 years with T2DM (5‐8‐year age group, n = 8 and 9‐10‐year age group, n = 34). There were 88.1% African American, 11.9% Caucasian, and 88.1% females. Body mass index (BMI) was ≥95th percentile in 95.2%. Average BMI z score was 2.5 ± 0.4 and higher in the 5‐8‐year age group (2.7 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.4, P = .02). Average haemoglobin A1C at diagnosis was 10.5 ± 2.4%, and improvement was seen at 2‐3 years, but subsequent worsening was noted at 4‐5 years in both age groups. At 4‐5 years after diagnosis, 93.9% required insulin for management of their hyperglycaemia, 21.2% had hypertension requiring treatment, 28.6% had low‐density lipoprotein ≥130 mg/dL, and 28.6% had high‐density lipoprotein <40 mg/dL.

Conclusions

T2DM at or below 10 years of age disproportionately affected females and ethnic minorities and was associated with morbid obesity. The majority of these children did not achieve glycaemic control and required insulin for management of their hyperglycaemia after 4‐5 years, indicating the need for increased awareness of T2DM and intensive treatment in this special group.
Pulmonary artery pressures and outcomes after MitraClip
Authors: Rashi Yonatan , Haberman Dan , Tonchev Ivaylo , Peretz Alona , Medvedovsky Anna Turyan , Gotsman Israel , Minha Saar , Poles Lion , Shimoni Sara , Goland Sorel , Perlman Gidon Y. , Danenberg Haim D. , Beeri Ronen , Shuvy Mony
Published: October 2020

Aims

We evaluated the impact of MitraClip on systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and the effects of baseline sPAP on outcomes.

Methods and results

In a cohort of patients who underwent MitraClip implantation, three groups were defined according to pre‐procedure sPAP levels. Clinical and echocardiographic data were compared. The study included 177 patients: 59 had severe pulmonary hypertension (PHT), 96 had mild to moderate PHT, and 22 had no PHT. In patients with pre‐existing severe PHT, sPAP was reduced from 70.8 ± 9.2 to 56.8 ± 13.7 mmHg (P < 0.001), sPAP remained unchanged in patients with mild to moderate PHT but was significantly increased from 30.8 ± 4.3 to 38.6 ± 8.3 mmHg in the no‐PHT group (P < 0.001). Improvement of sPAP was observed in 77% of severe PHT group, while worsening of sPAP was more common among patients with no‐PHT [57% compared with 33% among the mild to moderate PHT and 7% in the severe PHT group, respectively, (P < 0.001)]. One year survival was similar among the study groups.

Conclusions

MitraClip decreases PHT among patients with severe PHT. A concerning finding is that most patients with no‐PHT increase their sPAP.
An intelligent ensemble of long‐short‐term memory with genetic algorithm for network anomaly identification
Authors: Thaseen I. Sumaiya , Chitturi Arun Krishna , Al‐Turjman Fadi , Shankar Achyut , Ghalib Muhammad Rukunuddin , Abhishek Kumar
Published: October 2020

Cyberattacks are increasing rapidly with rapid Internet advancement and, the cybersecurity situation is not optimistic. Anomaly detection is one of the challenging sectors of network security, which shows a significant role in any organization. Many anomaly detection systems identify malicious activities by deploying machine learning and deep learning techniques. The major contribution of this research is to develop an anomaly detection model for networks using a homogenous ensemble of Long‐Short‐Term‐Memory integrated with Genetic Algorithm (GA) utilized for feature extraction. An extensive literature on anomaly detection, which utilizes deep learning algorithms, is studied. NSL‐KDD and UNSW‐NB datasets are deployed for evaluating the proposed network anomaly model. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed ensemble is superior to other ensembles with a maximum accuracy of 99.9% and a minimum false alarm rate of 1.56% on NSL‐KDD dataset and a maximum accuracy of 99.3% is obtained on UNSW‐NB15 dataset with false alarm rate of 1.7%. Hence, the proposed model performs fair on both the datasets.