bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percept Maintenance: Six Papers on the Frame-Disappearance Task
Authors: Minard James G. , Mooney William , Vaughan Charles
Published: September 2011

This series of papers considers the causes and correlates of the clear-cut apparent disappearances reported when a luminous stimulus is viewed under natural fixation. Individual differences are prominent in this phenomenon. They raise the more general issue of individual differences in the maintenance of organized neuronal sequences (such as those presumed to provide a basis for perception and thought). Paper I interprets the basis for maintained perception of a stimulus (percept maintenance). It assumes percept maintenance consists of an interaction of central with peripheral (motor) variables. Measures are suggested. Papers II and III demonstrate several characteristics of luminous frame disappearances; they are markedly altered by changes in eye movement, show marked individual differences but do not change systematically from trial to trial under certain (neutral) instructions. In Papers IV and V an interpretation of individual differences in percept maintenance is used to predict 19% of the variance in measures of tolerance for sensory restriction. Paper VI summarizes work reported here and discusses tasks of future research.
Some Effects of Listening to One's Own Voice Systematically Distorted
Authors: Rousey Clyde , Holzman Philip S.
Published: September 2011

Male and female Ss listened to their own recorded voices, some of which had been distorted by filtering out selected frequencies. When women listened to their own voices, they experienced a consistent and reliable disruptive and discrepancy effect, as measured by semantic differential responses, regardless of the degree of distortion. Responses for men were unreliable. The results suggest that, at least for women, hearing one's own recorded voice produces a disruptive effect which is referrable not only to the physical differences between the recorded voice and the voice as one speaks, but to psychological, motivational factors as well.
Early Impressions and Later Confirmation of Interpersonal Judgments
Authors: Strickland Bonnie R. , Doster Joseph A. , Thorpe Joseph S.
Published: September 2011

Changes in early impressions over 4 mo. are reported for 27 fraternity members on trustworthiness, leadership, he-likes-me, I-like-him, and physical attractiveness.
Stress and Response Competition in Children's Color-Word Performance
Authors: Hochman Sidney H.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 60 fourth grade children under stress and nonstress conditions and 5 levels of response competition was investigated. Based on the Hullian proposition that habit and drive combine, it was predicted that stress would affect performance differentially, depending upon the nature of the incongruous stimuli. Significant main effects of stress and competition and their interaction were found.
Forensic Psychology: Perception of Guilt and Income
Authors: Gordon Robert I. , Jacobs Paul D.
Published: September 2011

Introductory psychology students ( N = 193) served as Ss in an investigation of the effect of a defendant's home address on the verdict returned after reading a contrived burglary case. Ss perceived the residence cue to financial status (72%), but awareness did not influence judgments of the defendant's guilt (χ3 = .80, p > .30). The findings support the position of judges and attorneys who contend that jurors resist the influence of cues to socioeconomic status when reaching a verdict.
Relative Effectiveness of Teaching Beginning Tumbling with and without an Instant Replay Videotape Recorder
Authors: Penman Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The problem was to examine the relative effects of teaching sports skills with and without an instant replay videotape recorder (VTR). Two random groups ( N = 24 and 25) of freshman students at Washington State University were taught a 12-wk. unit in beginning tumbling. The experimental group used the VTR. The posttest-only control group design was used. Evaluation of performance was made by a four-man jury. At the conclusion of the study, the group means were 87.68 and 87.38, clearly not significantly different ( p < .05).
Perception of Musical Intervals
Authors: Buttram Joe B.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the influence of interval quale, pitch distance, tonal context, and relative distinctiveness on identification of musical intervals (harmonically presented), a test was devised. Ss ( n = 2749) were required to make identifications under different conditions designed to assess the influence of the factors. The test consisted of five versions of the same material, one serving as a control. Tests for differences in mean accuracy of identification were significant ( P = .01) for all versions. Observation of the order of difficulty in recognition showed significant changes in position and the distribution of errors occurred in the five versions ( P = .01).
Perception of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion in Normal and Aphasic Adults
Authors: Barton Mel
Published: September 2011

12 aphasic and 12 normal adults were tested on an adjustable Mueller-Lyer Illusion and a comparison Line-match Test. While the aphasic Ss showed more illusory effect, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. The effects of starting position and side of presentation were significant. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Children's Use of Form and Color in a Problem-Solving Situation
Authors: Hoekstra Francis , McDaniel Ernest
Published: September 2011

A set of acetate puzzles permitting use of form and color were administered to 36 children in nursery school through Grade 3. A progressive change with age in ability to use color concepts in construction of forms was observed. The testing materials and procedure appear to merit further attention.
Children's Adoption of Self-Reward Patterns: Verbalization and Modeling
Authors: McMains Michael J. , Liebert Robert M. , Hill Jae H. , Spiegler Michael D. , Baker Edward L.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 factorial design examined the relative influence of verbalization and modeling upon children's adoption of a self-reward standard when alone. The two treatments were found to be equally influential and additive in their effects. Further, Ss exposed to both verbalization and modeling exhibited almost perfect adherence to the standard despite a powerful incentive to deviate.
College Counselor Knowledge about and Attitudes toward Disabled Persons
Authors: Palmerton Keith E. , Frumkin R. M.
Published: September 2011

Of a random sample of 130 college counselors, 81 completed and returned the Yuker Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale and a modified version of the Haring General Information Inventory, a scale which measures knowledge about disabled persons. While the relationship between knowledge and attitudes was not significant ( p = .088), there was a tendency for attitudes and knowledge to be related. However, the attitudes are the reverse of those hypothesized, i.e., the greater the knowledge the more unfavorable the attitudes toward the disabled. Seeing disabled persons as different from normal persons may be a negative orientation. Present data raise some question about the validity of that assumption.
Eye-Blink Rate and Hypnosis: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Weitzenhoffer Andre M.
Published: September 2011

This is one of a series of studies oriented toward testing the validity and reliability of certain features of the outer appearance of hypnotized individuals which have long been popularly and clinically considered good indices of “hypnosis.” The present report focuses on eye-blink rate. 19 individuals were administered a slight modification of the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Samples of their blink rates were obtained prior to the induction of hypnosis and some time after the induction of hypnosis procedure had been terminated, but before the dehypnotization procedures began. The results support the popular and clinical belief that hypnotic-like behavior is accompanied by a decrement in blink rate to the extent that Ss scoring 6 or more points on the Stanford Scale showed a marked and statistically significant mean reduction in blink rate of over 60% following the induction procedure and some testing of their suggestibility. In contrast, Ss scoring 5 or less, and presumably not hypnotized but merely suggestible to non-suggestible, did not show a statistically significant decrement. As a possible index of “hypnosis,” such a decrease in rate was found to have a test-retest reliability of .86.
Application of Signal Detection Theory to Subliminal and Supraliminal Accessory Stimulation
Authors: Zwosta Marianne F. , Zenhausern Robert
Published: September 2011

The effect of subliminal and supraliminal accessory stimulation (white noise) on a visual detection task was determined through the use of the Theory of Signal Detection (SDT). Both the most extreme level of subliminal stimulation (–15 db) and the most extreme level of supraliminal stimulation (+15 db) resulted in the greatest increase in sensitivity ( d′) but neither had any effect on S's criteria (Beta).
Psychological Functions in Relation to Lesion Size and Site in Cryothalamectomy for Parkinsonism
Authors: Riklan Manuel , Levita Eric , Samra Khairy , Cooper Irving S.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of number or size and site of unilaterally and bilaterally induced thalamic lesions to psychological changes in parkinsonians was assessed by means of quantifiable tests of cognition, perception, and recent memory. In no instance was lesion size or site, within the confines of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, significantly or differentially related to cognitive or perceptual changes. These findings were discussed in terms of possible roles of thalamic nuclei in psychological functions. The “law of physiological safety,” the role of functional compensation, and the presence of relatively small lesions within a larger bilateral thalamic zone were considered in interpreting the results. Clinical implications were noted with regard to patient selection for placement of multiple lesions. The presence of wide individual differences in a brain's tolerance of lesion infliction was emphasized also.
Teaching Performance Criterion Development through Scaling: Teacher-Student Points-of-View Analysis
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G. , Rosbach Larry A.
Published: September 2011

30 operational tasks of psychology professors were scaled by the 14 students and 10 of the 14 faculty of the same department using an adaptation of the pair comparisons method. The stimuli, in the form of operational statements of classroom teacher activities, were compared two at a time by Ss who made judgments in terms of the amount of similarity between activities. These judgments were then transformed into correlation coefficients and factor analysed. Factorial congruence between faculty and student judgments was demonstrated. The classroom activities of the psychology professors at the urban college may be described in terms of 8 basic dimensions: “Knowledge Dissemination,” “Teacher Dynamism,” “Classroom Administration,” “Control of Student Behavior,” “Environmental Regulation,” “Advisory Guidance,” “Information Dissemination,” and “Teacher-Student Feedback.”
Covariate Matching: A Methodological Note
Authors: Drew Clifford J.
Published: September 2011

Inefficient use of data is noted as a difficulty with experimental matching of Ss in addition to those cited by previous authors. Analysis of covariance is shown to circumvent experimental matching problems with varying degrees of effectiveness depending on usage. Observation of experimental effects both with and without covariate adjustments is suggested as a maximally effective procedure.
Validity of the Purdue Pegboard as a Screening Test for Brain Damage in a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Mack James L.
Published: September 2011

The Purdue Pegboard was administered to 184 consecutively admitted patients of a state mental hospital, 26 of whom were diagnosed as brain damaged. Patients were classified as brain-damaged or not with 57% accuracy, compared to a base-rate accuracy of 86% by calling all Ss non-brain damaged. Analysis of Ss in terms of IQ and psychiatric diagnosis revealed no factor that might have contributed to the high proportion of Ss falsely identified as brain-damaged. Modification of cutting scores increased the accuracy of identification to 76%, but this increase was not considered sufficiently high to justify cross-validation. It was concluded that only in psychiatric populations where the base-rate frequency of brain damage exceeds 30% is the Purdue likely to be useful as a screening instrument.
Effects of Age, Experience, and Malnourishment on Object Retention in Learning Set
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Repeated presentation of 100 6-trial problems produced significant retention of individual object discriminations in both 25-mo.-old and 6-mo.-old infant monkeys. The amount retained was a function of amount learned in any one sequence and was independent of age and experience. Deprivation in the form of malnutrition of 6-mo.-old monkeys produced superior performance in intraproblem learning and subsequent retention, but the retention loss remained constant. A 3-mo. retention interval produced a reduction in retention of individual items in the 25-mo.-old Ss but not in the younger animals. Return to a normal diet resulted in a decrease in performance, a return to performance normal for 6-mo.-olds after a 3-mo. interval. It appears that retention loss and the superior performance of the deprived group can be traced to changes in stimulus-preference error. The results are consistent with experiments using short memory intervals.
A Second-Order Model for Movement Time
Authors: Kuttan Appu
Published: September 2011

A second-order model which takes into account both the main and the interaction effects of the independent variables for movement time was developed using data of Fitts and Petersen (1964). The model shows that movement time is significantly affected by the index of movement difficulty and nonsignificantly affected by stimulus information. In addition, the interaction effect is negligible.
Further Data on Standardized Interview Performance of Southern Elementary School Children
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Newmark Charles , Butler Pamela
Published: September 2011

Responses for 40 children in Grades 1, 3, and 6 were obtained in a standardized interview. Analysis of durations of responses showed no developmental trends. Extension of the age range is recommended.
Spiral Aftereffect: Rate, Duration, and Amount
Authors: Milligan W. Lloyd , Scott Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Use of the terms “intensity” or “amount” to describe variously “rate” and “persistence” of the spiral aftereffect has led to some confusion. This article presents more precise definitions of these terms and examines some of their implications.
Pattern Recognition by Audition and Vision
Authors: Baker E. Jo , Payne M. Carr
Published: September 2011

Metric figures, presented sequentially, are used to study form perception across two modalities, visual and auditory. Under the conditions of this study, visual perception is superior.
Recognition of Alphabetical Arrays Presented in the Right and Left Visual Fields
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

Six-letter nonsense arrays were tachistoscopically presented successively in the right visual field (RVF) and left visual field (LVF) at four different displacements from a central fixation point (FP) to 20 Ss. Recognition scores were significantly greater for material exposed in the RVF at each of the first three displacements and for the average of all displacements. In each case the higher recognition score for stimuli in the RVF was limited to letters located in the left-array half (letters 1, 2 and 3). An investigation into the dynamics of scanning indicated that these three letters are more advantageously situated when presented in the RVF. This methodological inconsistency brings into question the use of the results obtained from the successive mode of stimulus presentation as evidence for Hebb's notion of a cell assembly. Several ideas concerning the dynamics of scanning which emerged from the experimental findings were discussed.
Imagery and Sensory Modality
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Because research on imagery has used materials lacking sensory content, a prime characteristic of imagery, the sensory values of auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactual, and visual words were established in Study I. Imagery for such sensory material, in terms of both ease of evocation and vividness, was then measured in Study II. Combining both judgments into an imagery index, high imagery values were found for tactual and gustatory words, visual and olfactory words were intermediate, and auditory words were low in imagery. Since most investigations of imagery have incorporated, at best, but two sensory modalities, vision and audition, it was argued that the existence and degree of imagery in previous studies must therefore have been relatively low, limited, and divergent. It was suggested that inconsistencies and contradictions in the literature on the extent and effectiveness of imagery may therefore have been due to the use of materials which did not fully or effectively maximize the occurrence of imagery. A table of imagery values for 228 sensory words is included.
Reanalysis and Critique of “Sensory Discrimination” as an Ability Component of the Blind
Authors: Tillman M. H. , Bashaw W. L. , Bradley Michael
Published: September 2011

Juurmaa (1967) carried out the first comprehensive study to assess the ability domain of totally blind males. Using Thurstone's centroid method and graphic orthogonal rotation, 9 factors were extracted from a 23 × 23 intercorrelation matrix. Abilities measured included verbal comprehension, arithmetic reasoning, spatial ability, memory, dexterity, kinesthetic memory, tactual discrimination, and auditory sensitivity. One factor, “sensory discrimination,” was obtained from the blind group which had no corresponding factor in a sighted male comparison group. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the interpretation of this unique factor and to raise major methodological issues about Juurmaa's analyses, namely, the make-up of the blind sample, the choice of factor analytic tools, and the arbitrariness of the decision concerning dimensionality. Consideration of these issues in conjunction with a reanalysis of Juurmaa's data, led the authors to conclude that the ability structure of the blind needs considerably more research before any conclusions can be drawn without extreme caution.
Social Compliance as a Function of Field Dependence
Authors: Solar Diana , Davenport Gerald , Bruehl Dieter
Published: September 2011

To test Witkin's hypothesis that field-dependent individuals are socially compliant, 10 field-dependent and 10 field-independent Ss were selected on the basis of their performance on the Thurstone Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT). Each field-dependent S was then paired with a field-independent S and asked to cooperate in setting the rod to true vertical in the RFT. The obtained mean displacement from true vertical of the pair working together was in every case in the direction of greater field independence than the mean of the scores for the two individuals working alone ( p < .001, sign test). However, a posttest indicated that the RFT conformity of field-dependent Ss was confined to the paired situation. The Barron Independence of Judgment Scale significantly differentiated between field-dependent and field-independent Ss. The findings support Witkin's hypothesis that field-dependent Ss are socially compliant.
Tabular and Diagrammatic Presentation of Verbal Materials
Authors: Frase Lawrence T.
Published: September 2011

Diagrammatic presentations of verbal materials might be superior to tables because they emphasize contiguity among the items to be learned. In this study, diagrams were superior learning devices, although Ss preferred tables. As in prose research, a horizontal arrangement of the associates was superior but only if the concept label was left-most. The important factor seems to be whether dominant oculomotor habits correspond to the conceptual processing strategy employed by Ss.
Note on the Visual Recognition of Words
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Landy Frank
Published: September 2011

Gibson, Pick, Osser, and Hammond (1962) found that a spelling-to-sound correlation increased the probability of visually perceiving wordlike over nonword-like strings of letters. Their words were scaled for effort of sub-vocalization to test the hypotheses that: (a) more work is required in the vocalization of nonword-like strings, and (b) the number of correct reproductions found by Gibson, et al. would correlate significantly with mean scale values of effort ratings of both types of words. Both hypotheses remain tenable, with scale values of effort accounting for 52% of the variance of the reproduction scores.
Determinants of the Magnitude of the Moon Illusion
Authors: Solhkhah Nariman , Orbach J.
Published: September 2011

The apparent size of the horizon moon depends, in part, upon the distance from the observer of intervening familiar objects. The hypothesis of apparent distance to horizon and zenith espoused by Rock and Kaufman (1962) is examined critically.
Individual Differences in Color-Name Connotations as Related to Measures of Racial Attitude
Authors: Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

Caucasian college students made semantic differential ratings of color names concurrent with their participation in studies of racial attitudes. The evaluative meanings assigned to the color names Black and Brown were positively correlated with four measures of attitude toward Negro persons, a result consistent with the hypothesis that the designation of racial groups by color names is one determinant of attitudes toward the racial groups.
Eye-Movement Consistency and Relationship to the Process-Reactive Dimension in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hustmyer Frank E.
Published: September 2011

Horizontal eye movements of schizophrenics were recorded while they viewed 3 different stimuli in succession and they were administered the Ullmann-Giovannoni process-reactive scale. The schizophrenics' eye movements were consistent across stimulus conditions ( rho = .63, .88, .81) and the eye movements in each condition were related to the process-reactive measure ( rho = .64, .72, .64), reactives having more eye movements.
Pupillary Changes during a Decision-Making Task
Authors: Simpson H. M. , Hale Shirley M.
Published: September 2011

The effects on pupil size of a simple decision-making task were examined. Ss were assigned to either an experimental group ( n = 7) or a yoked control group ( n = 7). Ss in the experimental group were given a 2-choice decision task and on each trial S was presented 2 alternative directions in which a lever could be moved. S had to decide the direction to move the lever and, subsequently, make the response. Ss in the control group received essentially the same task conditions except no decision was required, since S was told which direction to move the lever. Results showed significantly greater pupillary dilation during the decision period in the experimental group than in the control group and these findings were discussed in terms of cognitive load.
Depth Cues and Apparent Oscillatory Motion
Authors: Canestrari R. , Farne M.
Published: September 2011

The phenomenon of illusory motion described by Ames as the “rotating trapezoidal window,” the writers interpret as being given by the (monocular “pictorial”) depth cues inherent in the stimulus. In this paper three cues are separately examined: (i) aerial perspective, (ii) interposition, and (iii) gradient of texture density. The stimulus that is seen nearer is also seen moving in a nearer position than the other, and the real rotary motion is thus interpreted as an oscillatory motion or as a vertical motion in the frontal plane.
Scaling of Numerical Dimensions Important to Clinical and Educational Psychologists
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert
Published: September 2011

Expert judges see intervals of intelligence from different parts of the scale as unequal in an individually consistent manner and there is also some consistency among judges. There are considerable differences among judges as a function of amount of experience in dealing with the mentally retarded. Highly experienced judges are not influenced in comparing intervals by the traditional categories of intelligence, e.g., Normal, Dull Normal. They also judge intervals from the lower end of the scale as being the largest, whereas other judges see intervals from the upper end of the scale as largest. The implications of the findings for the clinical assessment of change are discussed.
Development of Iconic and Symbolic Representation
Authors: Staffieri J. Robert , Razavieh A.
Published: September 2011

85 children were administered a conservation proportion task in which they were to judge the relative fullness of a series of glasses in order to determine functioning at the symbolic level of representation. The results indicate that: (a) as age increases (7 to 9 yr.) the number of children functioning at the symbolic level increases, (b) a majority of 9-yr.-old children did not function at the symbolic level and, (c) the percentage of contradictory errors decreased as age increased.
Note on Psychological Screening of Preschool Children
Authors: Vingoe Frank J. , Birney S. Daryl , Kordinak S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

There is a critical need for the psychological screening of preschool children, particularly those who are bilingual and culturally deprived. Data obtained from a group of Head Start children are presented, and a screening battery for preschoolers incorporating the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and a parent interview is suggested.
The Health Ideation Pictures (HIP): Reliability and Internal Consistency
Authors: Gochman David S.
Published: September 2011

A series of 11 pictures was developed to provide a method of measuring health ideation and adaptive health behavior. Responses were obtained from 31 Cub Scouts aged 8 to 10 yr. Coding procedures established for 3 dimensions, general perceptual awareness, health ideation and adaptive health behavior, proved to be highly reliable, and the pictures were found to provide internally consistent measures within each dimension.
Perception of Simple Figures Drawn upon the Body Surface
Authors: Allen D. B. , Rudy K. P.
Published: September 2011

The study examined 103 Ss' perceptions of finger drawings on the forehead and back of the head. The purpose was to test a hypothesized sex difference and the effect of locus in the degree of congruence with the Frontal Plane Hypothesis (FPH): “Symbols drawn upon anterior or posterior surfaces of the body are perceived as if they were drawn and viewed by S upon one common, transparent two-dimensional surface projected out in front of S” (Duke, 1966, p. 305). Four symbols (⌈,⌉, ⊂, ⊃) were traced on the foreheads and backs of heads of 103 Ss. The results indicate that the FPH does account for a majority of perceptions of finger drawings. No significant sex difference was obtained, but there was significantly greater congruence in the posterior locus.
Flicker Fusion Bibliography, 1953–1968
Authors: Ginsburg Norman
Published: September 2011

A list of 1293 references brings up to date Landis' bibliography on flicker fusion. CODEN abbreviations, periodical titles and subject index are included.
An Application of the Maitland Graves Design Judgment Test to Professional Artists
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

The Maitland Graves Design Judgment Test purports to distinguish successful students in schools of visual arts, and non-successful students and the general population. A previous study had thrown doubt on these claims, and in the present experiment 50 well qualified students at the Royal College of Art, including professors teaching at the College, were administered the test. Their mean score was slightly inferior to that of a student population, none of whom had received any art teaching. It is concluded that the test does not succeed in measuring what it purports to measure.
Pupillary Responses of Repressers and Sensitizers to Sexual and Aversive Stimuli
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Levin Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The pupillary responses of repressers, neutrals and sensitizers were compared across neutral, aversive, male sexual and female sexual pictorial stimuli. The a priori hypothesis that sensitizers would evidence a greater magnitude of pupillary dilation (or perceptual vigilance) than repressers to the sexual and aversive stimuli was not confirmed. The possibility that variability in pupillary responses rather than directionality might provide a more meaningful index of threat reaction was also contraindicated insofar as all assumptions regarding homogeneity of variance were found to be tenable. A significant effect did obtain, however, for the stimulus-content variable corroborating previous research findings that pupillary dilation is related to the affective arousal value of visual stimulation independent of brightness contrast.
Perceptual Structuring: Cognitive Style Differences in the Perception of Ambiguous Stimuli
Authors: Nebelkopf Edwin B. , Dreyer Albert S.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to investigate the relationship between analysis and structuring as stylistic modes of perceptual functioning. 37 boys, ranging in age from 66 to 75 mo., were administered the Children's Embedded-figures Test (CEFT) as a traditional measure of perceptual style. The Elkind Ambiguous Pictures Test (APT) was used to assess level of structuring under an unstructured search condition, a condition which was considered more conducive to a study of individual preferences in perceptual structuring. The strong correlation between scores on the CEFT and APT was interpreted as an indication of perceptual structuring as an additional attribute of the field-independent dimension of perceptual style.
Postural Set and Overt Movement: A Force-Platform Analysis
Authors: Jones Frank P. , Hanson John A.
Published: September 2011

If the postural set is altered by changing the habitual balance of the head during a movement performed against gravity, the subjective feeling of weight can be markedly reduced. For the movement from sitting-to-standing an objective record of force distribution corresponding to the differences in feeling tone reported by S has been obtained with a strain-gauge force platform. The force platform appears well adapted for studying the relation between postural set and overt movement.
Effects of Rule Structure, Sensitivity Distribution, and Number of Trials on Threshold Estimation by Method of Limits: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Blake R. Randolph , Wales Richard , Ray William J.
Published: September 2011

Computer simulation of hypothetical observers demonstrates that threshold estimations obtained by the method of limits are influenced by assumptions about the underlying threshold distribution, the direction of approach to the threshold, and the trial termination rule. Furthermore, it appears that a reliable estimate of the threshold can be obtained with 100 trials.
Pictures and Competing Pictures as Mediators in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Morelli George
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effect of imagery as a mediator in paired-associate learning. 45 Ss were equally divided into a Picture, Competing-picture and Word-alone group. The inclusion of the Competing-picture group enabled control of imagery in this condition. The hypothesis that Real-picture aroused image would facilitate paired-associate learning over Competing-picture aroused image was supported.
Table of Cos ψij, Scalar Products Derived Using Ekman's Formula 5
Authors: Stone Le Roy A. , Coles Gary J.
Published: September 2011

A table of cos ψijs was computed from 100 sij values ranging from 0.01 to 1.00 using the equation developed by Ekman for this purpose. These derived cos ψijs may be treated as the scalar products in Ekman's revised method of similarity analysis.
Differences in Perception of Concept of Ideal-Self and Ideal-Person between American and German Samples
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Clarke Walter V. , Schulz Hartmut , Strehse Wolfgang , Winneke Gerhard
Published: September 2011

The AVA was administered to 2 comparable samples of university students, one German and one American. Both groups of Ss were asked to respond to instructions which were designed to elicit, separately, a measure of the ideal self-concept and a measure of the ideal-person perception. The data yielded 2 correlated clusters of profiles, one for each of the two concepts, for both samples. Differences, however, existed between the congruence and compatibility values of the American and German samples. These differences suggest that in conducting cross-cultural studies, careful attention should be given to the wording of the instructions when measuring the ideal self-concept.
Scaling of Block Design Items According to Point Complexity
Authors: Blasi E. R. , Modrick John , Benson Gerald
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine if the number of points on the perimeter of block designs affects the difficulty level of the designs. A block-design test was constructed, using four designs each in 4 complexity groupings. Variables commonly used to increase the difficulty of block designs—such as number of blocks, color, and use of the diagonal—were controlled throughout the 16 designs. Differences between complexity groups were significant, and there were no significant sex differences. The results indicate that difficulty is a function of point complexity, although use of the diagonal is also an important factor.
Effect of Pattern Configuration on the Relation between Pattern Area and Pattern Discrimination
Authors: Elias Merrill F. , Warner Laurel
Published: September 2011

To explore the possibility that brightness-area disparity in sub-portions of correct and incorrect patterns contributes to improved learning with increasing pattern area, hooded rats were tested with two discrimination problems: high disparity (triangle apex-up versus triangle apex-down) and low disparity (triangle apex-left versus triangle apex-right). Increasing pattern area resulted in improved learning for the high-disparity but not for the low-disparity condition. It was concluded that brightness-area disparity does contribute to improved learning with larger patterns and might provide a useful dimension for classification of patterns in experiments designed to explore the interaction of pattern size and pattern configuration.
Extraversion, Intelligence, and Ability to Draw a Person
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Russell T. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Drawings of a person made by 50 girls and 54 boys were rated on the Harris Qualitative Scale by four independent raters; reliabilities were in the neighbourhood of .8. Ratings were correlated with the Extraversion scores on the Junior E.P.I.; extraverted children produced better drawings. Intelligence was correlated both with quality of drawing and with E, but even with intelligence partialled out positive but insignificant correlations between E and quality of drawing remained. The results tentatively support the hypothesis that in young children extraversion is related to drawing ability.
Verbal Ability, Quantitative Ability, and the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Highley Frank S.
Published: September 2011

RFT and SAT Quantitative scores correlated –.39, and RFT-SAT Verbal scores, –.30 for a sample of 81 college women. The direction of the difference between these 2 coefficients was consistent with past findings.
Speed of Muscular Contraction
Authors: Smith Leon E.
Published: September 2011

Individual differences between concentric forearm strength of 27 college men and concentric MT, eccentric MT and strength contraction MT were found to be low. The speed to contract skeletal muscle is influenced by muscle length and the degree and type of contraction. Concentric forearm speed was more rapid than eccentric speed of movement.
Students' Perceptions of Liked and Disliked Teachers
Authors: Soucar Emil
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate 50 high school seniors' perceptions of liked and disliked teachers, using a variation of Kelly's Repertory Test. It was predicted that disliked teachers would be differentiated more than liked teachers and that female Ss would differentiate more among disliked teachers than would male students. For the total sample, negatively valued persons were differentiated more than positively valued persons, but there were no significant sex differences with regard to negatively valued persons. Male Ss differentiated all teachers, irrespective of value, significantly more than female Ss did. The significant difference between liked and disliked teachers supports the “vigilance hypothesis” suggested by Miller and Bieri (1965). There was no readily apparent explanation why male Ss were more cognitively complex than female Ss. That male Ss designated more male than female teachers as both liked and disliked was discussed. Further avenues of research were indicated.
Systematic Identification of Perceptual Disabilities in Autistic Children
Authors: Bryson Carolyn Q.
Published: September 2011

Matching-to-sample tasks were used to test the ability of six autistic children to make visual, vocal, and fine motor responses in response to visual and auditory stimuli. The results indicated that: the testing method was appropriate for low-functioning children; the group was heterogeneous with respect to perceptual deficits; and fine motor performance was poor. The data suggest that a basic difficulty in infantile autism may not be an avoidance of auditory and visual stimuli per se but rather a deficit in ability to make cross-modal associations. It is further suggested that the testing method would be useful for constructing profiles of perceptual disabilities with many types of low-functioning children.
Association Value and Label Relevance in Shape Recognition
Authors: Price Richard H. , Slive Arnold B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of association value and label relevance on Ss' recognition accuracy and criterion for reporting a shape as “seen before” were examined. Results indicated that association value affected both recognition performance and Ss' criterion for reporting a shape as “seen before.” Label relevance improved recognition performance but did not affect Ss criterion. The roles of association value and label relevance were discussed in terms of their effects on the production of labels during both learning and recognition phases of the experiment.
Reliability of Time Estimation: Effect of a Preceding Reproduction Series on the Reliability of Subsequent Verbal Estimates of the Same Standard Stimuli
Authors: McConchie Richard Duane , Rutschmann Jacques
Published: September 2011

32 Ss, 16 in an experimental group and 16 in a control group, gave two verbal estimates of each of 8 standard intervals ranging from 300 to 1000 msec. in 100-msec. steps. The experimental group reproduced each standard 12 times before verbally estimating it, while the control group had no prior experience with the standards to be verbally estimated. The mean reliability of the verbal estimates of the experimental group was significantly higher ( p < .02) than that of the control group. This finding was held to account for the high reliability coefficients reported for the method of verbal estimation by a number of comparative studies employing several methods on the same group of Ss. The result suggests that serial position of the measuring methods may spuriously inflate the reliability coefficients of the method of verbal estimation when that method is used subsequent to the method of reproduction.
Effects of Differential Spatial Orientation on Tactual Pattern Recognition
Authors: Warm Joel S. , Clark Jeffrey L. , Foulke Emerson
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the effects of variation in the relative spatial orientation of figures on tactual pattern recognition. Metric figures at two levels of complexity, 4 × 4 and 6 × 6, were used. Ss were required to determine which of two choice figures was identical to a previously presented target (identity indicator response) or, if neither of the two choice figures was identical to the target (non-identity indicator response). Two orientation conditions were employed: (1) all figures were oriented in the same direction and (2) choice figures were oriented in different directions relative to the target and to each other. In general, differential orientation degraded both the accuracy and speed of recognition. The negative effects of differential orientation were dependent upon figure complexity and the type of indicator response when perceptual performance was measured in terms of accuracy but not when a speed index was used. Patterns at the low level of complexity were recognized more rapidly than high complexity patterns when a non-identity indicator response was required; no differences between complexity levels were noted with the identity indicator response.
Note on the Calibration of Inter-Species Successive Discrimination Reversal (SDR) Performance Differences: Qualitative vs Quantitative Scaling
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Two different approaches to the calibration of inter-species SDR performance differences that have emerged over the past decade are discussed. One, the discontinuity hypothesis, proposes a qualitative dimensional shift across vertebrates, with a two-category scale based upon the presence or absence of error reduction on SDR tasks. The other approach, the continuity hypothesis, argues for a quantitative dimensional shift across species, with a scaling of inter-species performance differences in terms of absolute scores. Important directions for future research are suggested.
Field Independence and the Free-Recall of Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Kazelskis Richard
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were classified as either field independent or field dependent and then randomly assigned to one of four free-recall learning situations which were varied in terms of mode of item presentation and item meaningfulness. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was carried out. The hypothesized Field Independence × Meaningfulness and Field Independence × Mode of Presentation interactions were not significant, but significant main effects were found for Field Independence ( p < .05), Meaningfulness ( p < .01) and Mode of Presentation ( p < .05). It was concluded that lists of nonsense syllables high in intra-list similarity form embedding contexts analogous to the contexts presented in the Embedded Figures Test.
Effects of Physical Exertion on Mental Performance of College Males of Different Physical Fitness Level
Authors: Weingarten Gilad , Alexander John F.
Published: September 2011

Two mental tests were given to physically “fit” ( N = 13) and “less fit” ( N = 9) male students. Test 1 consisted of the 30 odd-numbered matrices from the Standard Progressive Matrices (1960) and test 2 of the 30 even-numbered ones. Throughout test 1 Ss performed a physiologically “moderate” work level on a treadmill and throughout test 2 a physiologically “unduly heavy” work level. The cardiovascular responses indicated a significantly higher exertion level in the “less fit” group during test 2. Between group differences on test scores and time taken for test completion were insignificant on test 1 but significant on test 2, the “fit” Ss scoring higher and taking longer time. Within-group comparisons indicated that the “fit” Ss scored the same on both mental tests but took longer time for test 2, whereas the “less fit” scored significantly lower on test 2, taking shorter time for its completion.
Effects of Knowledge of the ITI on Time Estimates
Authors: Hoyer William J. , Jones Elvis C. , White Roland S. , Maconachy William V.
Published: September 2011

Exp. I investigated the effect of knowledge (K) of a 10-sec. ITI on estimates of four different durations (8, 12, 20, and 32 sec.). The main effect of K was significant ( p < .005). Exp. II examined the effect of K over trials using a single interval (27 sec.). The main effect of K was significant ( p < .005), but the K × trials interaction was not significant. The effect of K was immediate, and in both experiments, facilitated time estimation.
Reinforcement in Figure-Ground Perception
Authors: Farland Richard A. Mc
Published: September 2011

Two parts (faces) of a reversible figure were differentially reinforced by giving S money whenever he was shown one of the faces and taking money from him whenever he was shown the other face. After these reinforcement trials, the 24 Ss were able to locate the face previously associated with reward reliably more rapidly than the other face. The results were interpreted as indicating that changes in figure perception may be influenced by past histories of reward and punishment associated with the figures.
Personality-Impression Formation as a Function of Visual Cues and Set
Authors: Rinella Salvatore , Ferguson Leonard W. , Sager Eric B.
Published: September 2011

In 2-person simulated employment interviews, blindfolded interviewers ( N = 119) perceived interviewees in general in the same ways as did seeing interviewers ( N = 256). In accord with Asch's hypothesis on the centrality of the cold-warm construct, the effect of the advance set warm is to enhance the frequency with which interviewers select warm-related words as descriptive of interviewees; the effect of the advance set cold is to lower that frequency.
Effects of Discriminability and Choice-Figure Rotation on Visual Perception of Form
Authors: Thurmond John B.
Published: September 2011

The effects on form perception of two conditions of rotation (provided by rotated and nonrotated choice figures) were measured at different levels of discrimination difficulty. The stimuli were 6-by-6 constrained or “Redundancy-I” metric histoforms. Five levels of discriminability were provided by use of different degrees of similarity between target and choice figures. In each of the 5 difficulty conditions, 24 Ss responded in a paper-and-pencil figure-cancellation task in both conditions of choice-figure rotation, or, 120 Ss in all. Separate analyses of errors and response times indicated that perceptual performance with nonrotated choice figures was better than with rotated and that performance decreased as discrimination difficulty increased. In terms of the number of correct identifications per minute, performance was proportional to discrimination difficulty and the detrimental effect of choice-figure rotation was constant over the levels of difficulty employed.
An Automated One-Way Avoidance Apparatus
Authors: Stewart Daniel J. , Anisman Hymie
Published: September 2011

An easily constructed, automated avoidance appararus permitted both one-way and shuttle-avoidance learning. A comparison between one-way and shuttle avoidance indicated that the former was more rapidly acquired.
Vigilance before and after Sleep
Authors: Baekeland Frederick , Hoy Patrick
Published: September 2011

In an auditory vigilance (signal detection) task, 13 Ss missed more signals and made more false reports 10 min. after awakening in the morning than at night before bed. Higher confidence levels were associated with correct signal detections made before bed than with those made in the morning, and Ss were more confident when they responded to signals than when they made false reports.