bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocides in Soils of Urban Stormwater Infiltration Systems—Indications of Inputs from Point and Non-point Sources
Authors: Linke Felicia , Edun Omoyemi , Junginger Tobias , Payraudeau Sylvain , Preusser Frank , Imfeld Gwenaël , Lange Jens
Published: August 2023

Urban stormwater contains various micropollutants, such as biocides, which are washed off from facades during wind-driven rain events. Biocides can reach the groundwater via stormwater infiltration systems (SIS), although the soil layer acts as a reactive barrier preventing the leaching of biocides but producing transformation products (TPs). Little is known about the occurrence and concentration of biocides in SIS soils, their distribution and temporal behavior. Here, we present a first systematic screening of three commonly used biocides (diuron, octylisothiazolinone (OIT), terbutryn) and four TPs of terbutryn in 46 French and German SIS. Overall, biocide occurrence in SIS topsoils was ubiquitous but low, while point source inputs to specific SIS were high but rare. Low concentrations (< 2ng g-1) of terbutryn were detected in 78% of the SIS. Maximum concentrations occurred in recently constructed SIS, suggesting that this is due to higher biocide loads entering the SIS. The frequent detection of terbutryn supports the idea that it is a non-point source marker, as it is relatively stable in soil (t1/2 > 90 days) and widely used in renders and paints. In contrast, high concentrations of diuron (168 ng g-1) and OIT (58 ng g-1) were observed in only one sample, suggesting an urban point source contamination, possibly from a freshly repainted facade. The distinction between source types provides a basis for targeted measures to prevent biocide entry to groundwater. Altogether, this study opens the door to a more systematic consideration of micropollutant dissipation and ecotoxicological effects in SIS design and monitoring.
Effect of fruiting-related genes on the formation of volatile organic compounds in the mushroom Schizophyllum commune
Authors: Orban Axel , Schwab Lisa Janaina , Lugones Luis G. , Wösten Han A. B. , Rühl Martin
Published: August 2023

In fungi, little is known about connections between volatile organic compound (VOC) formation and developmental stages that are amongst others triggered by fruiting-related genes (FRGs). We analysed the volatilomes of Schizophyllum commune during different developmental stages in a variety of FRG-deletion strains and wild-type strains. The deletion strains Δtea1Δtea1, Δwc-2Δwc-2 and Δhom2Δhom2 were unable to develop fruiting bodies, and Δfst4Δfst4 formed only rudimentary fruiting body structures. Early developmental stages of these strains were dominated by esters, including methyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, isobutyl 2-methylpropionate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, of which the last three were not found in the headspace (HS) of the wild-type samples. Compared to the wild type, in the HS of hom2con samples, that are able to form fruiting bodies, methyl 2-methylbutanoate was the most abundant substance at early stages (68–81% of the total peak area). In contrast to fruiting body forming strains, Δtea1Δtea1, Δwc-2Δwc-2, Δhom2Δhom2 and Δfst4Δfst4 showed less sesquiterpenes in the HS. However, the sesquiterpenes found in the HS of FRG-deletion strains, namely, (E)-nerolidol, δ-cadinene, L-calamenene, α-bisabolol and β-bisabolene, were not present in hom2con or wild-type strains that mainly formed fruiting bodies and barely mycelium. Several sesquiterpenes, including α-guaiene, chamigrene and γ-gurjunene, were only found in presence of fruiting bodies. Our results show remarkable connections between FRGs, fruiting body development and VOC production in S. commune, especially counting for sesquiterpenes. Future studies are needed to reveal whether FRGs directly regulates VOC formation or indirectly by changing the phenotype.
Experimental Determination of the Dependence Between Spectral Response and Current–Voltage Characteristics for MWIR HgCdTe Detectors
Authors: Kowalewski A. , Madejczyk P. , Manyk T. , Rutkowski J. , Martyniuk P.
Published: August 2023

Experimental results are reported for a medium-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe photodetector designed in a joint laboratory run by VIGO Photonics S.A. and the Military University of Technology. The parameters of the MWIR detectors fabricated with HgCdTe heterostructures were studied. Advances in the metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique enable the growth of HgCdTe epilayers with a wide range of composition and doping, used for uncooled infrared detectors. Device-quality HgCdTe heterostructures were deposited on 2-inch-diameter, low-cost (100) GaAs substrates. The heterostructures obtained were examined measuring the spectral response and current–voltage characteristics in different temperatures. Our intention here was to determine the relationship between electrical and optical results, using thermal analysis of dark current properties and photocurrent and spectral characteristics. The appearance of an additional signal source in certain ranges of reverse voltages was examined. Comparative analysis of the electrical and electro-optical characterization enabled us to isolate the photocurrent originating from different layers of the detector structure. Automated measurement techniques make it possible to correlate current responsivity with current–voltage curves measured as a function of temperature in a range from 10 K to 300 K with ±0.05 K resolution without human exertion. LabVIEW-aided data acquisition enables the averaging of each characteristic several hundred times, eliminates random and human errors, and decreases measurement uncertainty.

Graphical Abstract
Effects of Selected Plant Extracts on the Quality and Functional Properties of Gelatin and Furcellaran-Based Double-Layer Films
Authors: Nowak Nikola , Grzebieniarz Wiktoria , Cholewa-Wójcik Agnieszka , Juszczak Lesław , Konieczna-Molenda Anna , Dryzek Ewa , Sarnek Maciej , Szuwarzyński Michał , Mazur Tomasz , Jamróz Ewelina
Published: August 2023

In this study, for the first time, double-layer films based on furcellaran and gelatin were obtained, in which the 1st layer of furcellaran was enriched with various plant extracts. The aim of this work was to improve the composition of the developed innovative packaging material by using two layers of biopolymer complexes and analysing the composites to determine the effect of different model plant extracts on the physicochemical properties of the double-layered materials. Furthermore, the hypothesis that positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) could be correlated with gas barrier properties was verified. The addition of plant extracts significantly influenced the physicochemical parameters of the obtained double-layered materials. The lowest solubility was noted in films with the addition of garlic extract (58.40%) and black pepper extract (59.26%) which also had the lowest water content (8.88%). The film with garlic extract also had the lowest oxygen transfer rate (OTR) value after 6 months of storage which is consistent with PALS. The presented data suggest the possibility of correlating PALS results with the gas barrier properties. Tests carried out using this method will facilitate the selection of new potential ingredients when designing packaging materials based on biopolymers, thus, making it possible to obtain new-generation matrices.
The Individual Victim. Hypogeneralization within a New Social Type
Authors: Mazur Lucas B
Published: August 2023

Over the past several decades we have seen increased attention paid to victimhood. However, many of these dialogues are only tangentially related to actual experiences of victimization. They are better understood as reflections of a new Simmelian social type, that is, a new pattern emerging within psycho-social interaction—namely, the Victim. The current reflections focus on the meaning making processes within these broader discussions of victimhood. We first briefly review Georg Simmel’s understanding of social types and explore the Victim as a new social type. We then examine how the process of hypogeneralization appears within social types, including the Victim, whereby the patterned social interactions that constitute a social type are seen as a single individual or collective. Finally, we examine a recent example from popular discourse of the hypogeneralized Victim.
Fitting work? Students speak about campus employment
Authors: Taylor Alison , Bobadilla Sandoval Catalina
Published: August 2023

Balancing part-time work and studies has become commonplace for university students in Canada and other countries where the costs of education have risen over time. While there is a substantial literature on the impacts of term-time work on studies, little has been written about campus employment programs, which are becoming more commonplace in North American universities. This paper addresses this gap by considering students’ experiences in such a program at a western Canadian university. Focusing primarily on qualitative data from a longitudinal study, we examine the various reasons for the attractiveness of this program, which go beyond the promise of professional, career-related work experience. Our analysis draws on the academic literature on work-study roles, which examines whether term-time work has a more positive or negative effect on student outcomes as well as sociocultural literature that is more attentive to different contextual features of the work-study relationship. We find that university-sponsored jobs are highly valued by students for their workplace relationships, regulation, and flexibility. Positive relationships at work are facilitated by supervisors’ recognition of students’ academic priorities and opportunities to develop peer-support networks on campus. Other important features for students include the convenience of working where one studies, and the ability to build work schedules around academic schedules. However, the limited access to ‘good’ campus jobs raises concerns about equity.
Review on spatial downscaling of satellite derived precipitation estimates
Authors: Kofidou Maria , Stathopoulos Stavros , Gemitzi Alexandra
Published: August 2023

The present work aims at reviewing and identifying gaps in knowledge and future perspectives of satellite-derived precipitation downscaling algorithms. Here, various aspects related to statistical and dynamical downscaling approaches of the precipitation data sets from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and its successor Intergraded Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG–GPM) mission are reviewed and the existing downscaling methods are categorized and analysed, to highlight the usefulness and applicability of the produced downscaled precipitation data sets. In addition, a critical comparison of the various statistical and dynamical methods for spatial or spatiotemporal downscaling of GPM and TRMM precipitation estimates was conducted, in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, simplicity of application and their suitability at different regional and temporal scales and hydroclimatic conditions. Finally, the adequacy of downscaling remotely sensed precipitation estimates as an effective way to obtain precipitation with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution is discussed and future challenges are highlighted.
Cooperative Dilemmas with Binary Actions and Multiple Players
Authors: Peña Jorge , Nöldeke Georg
Published: August 2023

The prisoner’s dilemma, the snowdrift game, and the stag hunt are two-player symmetric games that are often considered as prototypical examples of cooperative dilemmas across disciplines. However, surprisingly little consensus exists about the precise mathematical meaning of the words “cooperation” and “cooperative dilemma” for these and other binary-action symmetric games, in particular when considering interactions among more than two players. Here, we propose definitions of these terms and explore their evolutionary consequences on the equilibrium structure of cooperative dilemmas in relation to social optimality. We show that our definition of cooperative dilemma encompasses a large class of collective action games often discussed in the literature, including congestion games, games with participation synergies, and public goods games. One of our main results is that regardless of the number of players, all cooperative dilemmas—including multi-player generalizations of the prisoner’s dilemma, the snowdrift game, and the stag hunt—feature inefficient equilibria where cooperation is underprovided, but cannot have equilibria in which cooperation is overprovided. We also find simple conditions for full cooperation to be socially optimal in a cooperative dilemma. Our framework and results unify, simplify, and extend previous work on the structure and properties of cooperative dilemmas with binary actions and two or more players.
Experimental and numerical analysis of the aerodynamics and vortex interactions on multi-swept delta wings
Authors: Werner M. , Rein M. , Richter K. , Weiss S.
Published: August 2023

The flow field around a generic multi-swept delta wing configuration is investigated under transonic flow conditions, both experimentally and numerically. A special focus is on the analysis of vortex/vortex and vortex/shock interactions at moderate angles of attack. In the present study, the Mach number is varied between $$\textrm{Ma} = {0.50}$$

Ma
=

0.50

and $$\textrm{Ma} = {1.41}$$

Ma
=

1.41

and the angle of attack is varied between $$\alpha = 8^\circ$$

α
=

8
∘

and $$\alpha = 28^\circ$$

α
=

28
∘

. Numerical results are validated using experimental surface pressure data from pressure taps, as well as forces and moments based on strain gauge measurements. For selected cases, velocity field data from particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are available as well. Over a broad range of angle of attack and Mach number, strong vortex/vortex interactions, including vortex braiding and vortex merging, occur. The location of vortex merging is moving downstream with increasing angle of attack and increasing Mach number. Additionally, at $$\textrm{Ma} = {0.85}$$

Ma
=

0.85

, vortex/shock interaction occurs above the wing. For moderate angles of attack, shock-induced vortex breakdown is observed.
Appraising the Methodological Quality of Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies: The QA-SIVAS Scale
Authors: Hoenig Tim , Rahlf Lina , Wilke Jan , Krauß Inga , Dalos Dimitris , Willwacher Steffen , Mai Patrick , Hollander Karsten , Fohrmann Dominik , Krosshaug Tron , Gronwald Thomas
Published: August 2023

Background

Video analysis (VA) is commonly used in the assessment of sports injuries and has received considerable research interest. Until now, no tool has been available for the assessment of study quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a valid instrument that reliably assesses the methodological quality of VA studies.

Methods

The Quality Appraisal for Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies (QA-SIVAS) scale was developed using a modified Delphi approach including expert consensus and pilot testing. Reliability was examined through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and free-marginal kappa statistics by three independent raters. Construct validity was investigated by comparing QA-SIVAS with expert ratings by using Kendall’s tau analysis. Rating time was studied by applying the scale to 21 studies and computing the mean time for rating per study article.

Results

The QA-SIVAS scale consists of an 18-item checklist addressing the study design, data source, conduct, report, and discussion of VA studies in sports injury research. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were excellent with ICCs > 0.97. Expert ratings revealed a high construct validity (0.71; p < 0.001). Mean rating time was 10 ± 2 min per article.

Conclusion

QA-SIVAS is a reliable and valid instrument that can be easily applied to sports injury research. Future studies in the field of VA should adhere to standardized methodological criteria and strict quality guidelines.
Higher education students’ learning perception in the blended learning community of inquiry
Authors: ElSayad Ghada
Published: August 2023

Scholars have asserted that the community of inquiry framework is a robust framework in which teaching presence, social presence, and cognitive presence integrate to attain successful learning experiences. Therefore, researchers have shown a growing interest in extending it by adding learning presence to reflect students’ self-regulation practices in online and blended learning environments, which is important in such learning environments. Despite this, there is an ongoing debate about whether the additional presence is structurally related to the existing community of inquiry counterparts. Furthermore, empirical evidence is required to investigate the contribution of the extended community of inquiry framework to fostering students’ learning experiences. Attempting to fill these gaps, this study examines the structural relationships among the extended community of inquiry components and investigates their impacts on students’ learning perceptions (as an outcome). This study’s data were collected from 198 students enrolled in courses taught using the blended learning approach. The results of structural equation modelling revealed that students’ learning presence is significantly influenced by teaching presence and social presence. Moreover, students’ cognitive presence is significantly influenced by the social presence and learning presence. Learning presence was found to be the most important driver of students’ learning perceptions. Furthermore, many significant mediation roles of social presence, learning presence, and cognitive presence were statistically proven. This study provides the literature with deep insights into the extended community of inquiry framework. Moreover, its findings provide practitioners with a better understanding of how to conduct a well-designed blended learning community of inquiry that fosters students’ learning perceptions.
Political Manipulation Behind the COVID-19 ‘Color Code’ in Italy?
Authors: Busetta Giovanni , Fiorillo Fabio
Published: August 2023

During the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Italian government implemented stringent containment measures (lockdown) to curb the spread of the virus. However, in the subsequent wave, a regional approach was adopted, categorizing areas into different colored zones with varying restrictions based on local risk levels. This study aims at investigating whether, in addition to health considerations, political factors such as the facilitation of mobility flows influenced the imposition of regional restrictions. The underlying premise is that if restrictions are solely driven by public health factors as mandated by law, the probability of assigning a particular color to a region should be determined solely by these health-related factors. Using probit and logit models on a regional panel dataset, our findings suggest potential indications of political manipulation.
Developmental dyslexia and culture: the impact of writing system and orthography
Authors: Lachmann Thomas , Bergström Kirstin
Published: August 2023

Developmental dyslexia is recognized worldwide. However, there are cultural differences between countries in dyslexia-related issues, including assessment practices and intervention. Language and orthography are essential cultural factors that influence both literacy acquisition and the possible manifestation of developmental dyslexia. These differences in orthographies impose different culturally specific demands on cognitive processes involved in reading acquisition and performance. This special issue focuses on the current research on different writing systems and orthographies and on the theoretical perspectives arising from findings from different orthographies. Thereby, the impact of writing systems and orthographies (e.g., English, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese, Bahasa Melayu/Malaysian and braille script) on unimpaired and impaired reading acquisition is considered with regard to the following literacy-relevant issues: (1) the assessment of reading skills and reading-relevant cognitive functions, (2) neurobiological findings and (3) intervention. The findings and theoretical perspectives are discussed within the Multiple-level Framework of Developmental Dyslexia, which is described in detail in a contribution of the special issue.
Earth’s “Third Pole” and Its Role in Global Climate
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: August 2023

The Tibetan Plateau is a major force in the global climate system and a hot spot for climate change. A new review summarizes the state of knowledge and identifies research needs related to the region.
Assessing Methane Emissions From Tropical Wetlands: Uncertainties From Natural Variability and Drivers at the Global Scale
Authors: Murguia‐Flores F. , Jaramillo V. J. , Gallego‐Sala A.
Published: August 2023

Methane (CH4) emissions from tropical wetlands represent half of the global wetland emissions, but uncertainties remain concerning the extent of tropical methane sources. One limitation is to conceive tropical wetlands as a single ecosystem, especially in global land surface models. We estimate CH4 emissions and assess their environmental and anthropogenic drivers. We created a data set with 101 studies involving 328‐point measurements, classified the sites into four wetland types, and included relevant biological and environmental information. We estimate the global CH4 emission rate from tropical wetlands as 35 (5–160) mg CH4 m−2 d−1 (median, first and third quartile) and an annual global rate of 94 (56, 158) Tg y−1. Fluxes differed among the wetland types, but except for anthropogenic factors, significant environmental drivers at the global scale could not be quantitatively identified because of high flux variability, even within wetland types. Coastal wetlands generate median emissions of 12 (5–23) Tg y−1. Inland deep‐water wetlands emit 53 (32–114) Tg y−1, with highly variable areal extent. Emissions from inland shallow‐water wetlands are 52 (33–78) Tg y−1 with variation due to seasonal changes in water table level. Human‐made wetlands emit 17 (10–24) Tg y−1. Pollution and N inputs from agriculture are significant anthropogenic drivers of emissions from tropical wetlands. Specific drivers of change need to be considered according to wetland type when estimating global emissions as well as their specific vulnerability to global change. Additionally, these differences should be considered when implementing wetland management practices aimed at decreasing methane emissions.
Lower Atmospheric Sources of Observed Thermosphere Medium Scale Traveling Atmospheric Disturbances Over Alaska During the 2012–2013 Winter Months
Authors: Kumari Komal , Bossert Katrina , Conde Mark , Frissell Nathaniel
Published: August 2023

This paper investigates the lower‐to‐upper atmosphere coupling at high latitudes (>60°N) during the northern winter months of 2012–2013 years, which includes a period of major Sudden “Stratospheric” Warming (SSW). We perform statistical analysis of thermosphere wind disturbances with periods of 30–70 min, known as the medium scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (MSTADs) in atomic oxygen green line (557.7 nm) near ∼120 km and red line (630.0 nm) emissions near ∼250 km observed from Scanning Doppler Imagers (SDIs) over Alaska. The SDI MSTADs observations (60°–75°N) are interpreted in conjunction with the previous daytime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) observations by SuperDARN midlatitudes (35°–65°N) radars in the F‐region ionosphere and western hemisphere, which confirm findings from the SDI instruments. Increases in MSTAD activity from SDIs show correlations with the increasing meridional planetary wave (PW) amplitudes in the stratosphere derived from MERRA2 winds. Furthermore, a detailed study of the lower atmospheric conditions from MERRA2 winds indicates that the lower atmospheric sources of MSTADs are likely due to the stratospheric generated Gravity Waves (GWs) and not orographic GWs. Favorable stratospheric propagation conditions and polar vortex disturbances resulting from the increased PW activity in the stratospheric region both appear to contribute to increased MSTAD activity in the thermosphere. Additionally, the results show that the MSTID activity from SuperDARN HF radars at mid latitudes during the January 2013 SSW is lower than the MSTAD activity in SDI winds at high latitudes.
Evaluating Shallow Convection Parameterization Assumptions With a qt–w Quadrant Analysis
Authors: Xiao Heng , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Berg Larry K. , Mülmenstädt Johannes
Published: August 2023

Uncertainties associated with the response of shallow clouds to global warming remain a great challenge for climate projection. Due to the small size of these clouds, parameterizations are required to represent them in both current‐ and next‐generation climate models. We present a quantitative evaluation of several important assumptions used in both mass‐flux and Assumed‐PDF Higher‐Order Closure parameterizations of shallow convection. We use large‐eddy simulations (LESs) of four different shallow convection regimes as benchmarks and apply a qt (total moisture)–w (vertical velocity) quadrant analysis technique to identify the “coherent structures” of moist and dry up/down‐drafts. The statistics of these coherent structures and the environment are then used to evaluate commonly used assumptions in mass‐flux parameterizations related to (a) the convective downdrafts and (b) the subplume variability of convective updrafts. For quantitative evaluation of the PDF closure used in AP‐HOCs, we perform offline calculations with the PDF closure used in the Cloud Layers Unified By Bi‐normals and the Simplified Higher‐Order Closure schemes by supplying the closure with statistical quantities directly calculated from the LESs. Then, the impact of parameterization assumptions embedded in the PDF closure in the same two categories is analyzed and understood through comparisons of the output from the closure with the statistics of the moist and dry up/down‐drafts from the LESs.
A Nonlinear Recession Model for Horizontal Aquifers
Authors: Basha H. A.
Published: August 2023

Recession analysis is a powerful tool for determining the hydraulic characteristics of a riparian aquifer. The basis of the method relies on two analytical solutions of the nonlinear Boussinesq equation: one applies to a uniform water table profile in a semi‐infinite aquifer while the other pertains to a hypothetical initial profile in a finite aquifer. Both solutions assume that the water depth in the adjoining stream is negligible. In the present work, a nonlinear solution of the one‐dimensional Boussinesq equation is derived using the traveling wave approximation. The solution better represents the field conditions as it pertains to a uniform water table profile in a finite aquifer that is adjoining a stream with a non‐zero water level. It allows the derivation of simple algebraic expressions for the recession of the water table, the flow rate, and the associated drainage volume. Approximations relating the discharge rate to the outflow volume were also obtained for practical implementation in the estimation of the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer. A comparison of the proposed methodology of parameter estimation with the standard method of recession analysis showed that the present approach is superior as it avoids the pitfalls associated with the classical method, especially when daily discharge values with inherent observational errors are used. Application of the recession model to real‐world cases demonstrates its effectiveness in the estimation of the catchment‐scale hydraulic conductivity and drainable porosity.
Up in Smoke: Most Aerosolized Fe From Biomass Burning Does Not Derive From Foliage
Authors: Tegler Logan A. , Sherry Alyssa M. , Herckes Pierre , Romaniello Stephen J. , Anbar Ariel D.
Published: August 2023

Iron (Fe) is a limiting micronutrient in many marine ecosystems. The lack of sufficient Fe can stunt marine productivity and limit carbon sequestration from the atmosphere to the ocean. Recent studies suggest that biomass burning represents an important Fe source to the marine environment because pyrogenic particles have enhanced solubility after atmospheric processing. We examined foliage representative of four distinct biomes subject to frequent burning events, including boreal/temporal forests, humid tropical, arid tropical, and grassland. We burned these samples in the absence of soil to isolate the Fe from the fine particle (PM2.5) fraction that is derived directly from the burning foliage. We find that <1.5% of the Fe in plant matter is aerosolized throughout the burn in the fine fraction. We estimate that between 2% and 9% of the Fe released from biomass burning can be attributed to the fine fraction of the foliage itself, and <50% from the foliage overall. Most of the Fe aerosolized during biomass burning is accounted for by soil‐suspended particles.
Quantifying the Geomorphic Effect of Floods Using Satellite Observations of River Mobility
Authors: Leenman A. S. , Slater L. J. , Dadson S. J. , Wortmann M. , Boothroyd R.
Published: August 2023

Geomorphologists have long debated the relative importance of disturbance magnitude, duration, and frequency in shaping landscapes. For river‐channel adjustment by floods, some argue that the cumulative hydrograph, rather than magnitude or duration, matters most. However, studies of flood‐induced river‐channel change often draw upon small data sets. Here, we combine Sentinel‐2 imagery with flow data from laterally active rivers to address this question using a larger data set. We apply automated algorithms in Google Earth Engine to map rivers and detect their lateral shifting; we generate a large data set to quantify planform erosion during 175 floods at 34 selected sites. Erosion during these floods is best explained by their duration and then their cumulative hydrograph. We use a random forest regression model to predict flood‐induced erosion, with potential applications for hazard management. Ultimately, better global data on sediment supply and caliber would help us to understand flood‐driven change to river planforms.
Does Magnetic Reconnection Occur in the Near Lunar Surface Environment?
Authors: Sawyer R. P. , Halekas J. S. , Bonnell J. W. , Chen L. J. , McFadden J. , Glassmeier K. H. , Harada Y. , Stanier A.
Published: August 2023

The near lunar surface contains small‐scale magnetic field structures that provide a natural test bed for observing plasmas with a non‐zero Hall electric field, as well as potentially facilitating electron‐only reconnection. This study presents observational evidence of magnetized electrons as well as demagnetized ions when THEMIS‐ARTEMIS probe B reached an altitude of ∼15 km above the lunar surface. Additionally, observations suggest the presence of a field line topology change and traversal of a closed magnetic field structure containing solar wind electrons, suggestive of magnetic reconnection having occurred at some point between the solar wind interplanetary magnetic field and a lunar crustal magnetic field. Thus, the observations presented here are consistent with previous studies that predict prominent Hall electric fields near lunar crustal magnetic fields and further suggest that the solar wind interplanetary magnetic field may reconnect with lunar crustal magnetic fields, most likely via electron‐only reconnection.
A Conjunction of Pc5 ULF Waves From Spaceborne and Ground‐Based Observations
Authors: Zhao X. X. , Zong Q.‐G. , Liu J. J. , Yue Chao , Zhou X.‐Z. , Hu Z. J. , Hu H. Q. , Liu Z.‐Y.
Published: August 2023

Large scale (low wavenumber m) ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves observed in the inner magnetosphere can propagate into the ionosphere and to the ground, which are recognized as magnetic pulsations by ground‐based magnetometers. We present the conjunctive observations of Pc5 ULF waves from Van Allen Probes (at ∼6MLT, earlier), GOES13 (at ∼1MLT, later), SuperDARN radar (at ∼6MLT), and ground magnetometers. The phase shifts of the waves observed by satellites at different MLTs indicate westward propagation from the noon sector. The traveling Alfven waves are thought to propagate along the field line and reflect mostly at the ionosphere, while a few wave energy leak from the ionosphere to the ground. Thus, we suppose that standing waves are observed by the spacecraft while traveling signals are observed by the ground‐based magnetometers in the form of electromagnetic waves. By mapping the ground magnetic pulsations to the magnetic equatorial plane (which depends on the total ionosphere conductivity from IRI and MSIS model), the expected ULF waves match well with the satellite observations. Besides, it suggests that the ionosphere conductivity can be estimated from the conjunctive ULF waves observed on the ground and in the magnetosphere. The calculated total conductivity is 15–30% higher than the model.
Probing the Foreshock Wave Boundary With Single Spacecraft Techniques
Authors: Dorfman S. , Zhang K. , Turc L. , Ganse U. , Palmroth M.
Published: August 2023

In space physics, wave measurements typically use a small number of datapoints due to limited available spacecraft. Common single‐spacecraft wave vector analysis techniques built around these limitations are widely used, even in regions where the wave amplitude profile may have a strong spatial dependence. We show that in these gradient regions, the divergence‐free condition of the magnetic field requires a local modification to the plane of polarization that is incorrectly interpreted by single‐spacecraft techniques. We explore the consequences of this result in the Earth's ion foreshock using both Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun spacecraft data and a 2.5‐D hybrid Vlasov simulation conducted using the Vlasiator code. The observed foreshock ultralow frequency waves have a finite extent in the direction perpendicular to the Interplanetary Magnetic Field, and incorrect application of standard minimum variance techniques at the boundary yields a false wave vector orientation that may be used as a novel edge detection method. This method may be particularly useful for analysis of the ion foreshock at other planets where only a single spacecraft is available. More broadly, our results stand as a cautionary tale for wave analysis in other space physics contexts where the wave geometry is less clear.
Rapid Source Characterization of the Maule Earthquake Using Prompt Elasto‐Gravity Signals
Authors: Arias G. , Bletery Q. , Licciardi A. , Juhel K. , Ampuero J. P. , Rouet‐Leduc B.
Published: August 2023

The recently identified Prompt Elasto‐Gravity Signals (PEGS), generated by large earthquakes, propagate at the speed of light and are sensitive to the earthquake magnitude and focal mechanism. These characteristics make PEGS potentially very advantageous for tsunami early warning, which relies on fast and accurate estimation of the magnitude of large offshore earthquakes. PEGS‐based early warning does not suffer from the problem of magnitude estimation saturation, that P‐wave based early warning algorithms have, and could be faster than Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)‐based systems while not requiring a priori assumptions on slip distribution. We use a deep learning model called PEGSNet to evaluate the possibility to estimate in real time the evolution of the magnitude of big earthquakes in the tsunamigenic zone of Chile. The model is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained on a database of synthetic PEGS—simulated for an exhaustive set of possible earthquakes distributed along the Chilean subduction zone—augmented with empirical noise. The approach is multi‐station and leverages the information recorded by the seismic network to estimate as fast as possible the magnitude and location of an ongoing earthquake. Our results indicate that PEGSNet could have estimated that the magnitude of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake was above 8.7, 90 s after origin time. Our offline simulations using real data and noise recordings further support the instantaneous tracking of the source time function of the earthquake and show that deploying seismic stations in optimal locations could improve the performance of the algorithm.
Acoustical Power of Lightning Flashes
Authors: Bestard Damien , Coulouvrat François , Farges Thomas , Mlynarczyk Janusz
Published: August 2023

Lightning is a ubiquitous source of infrasound. To study lightning flashes, thunder measurement efficiently complements electromagnetic observation. Using acoustical arrays, time delays between sensors inform on the direction of sound arrival, while the difference between emission time and sound arrival provides the source distance. Combining the two allows a geometrical reconstruction of individual lightning flashes, each viewed as a set of sound point sources. The measured sound amplitude can also be back‐propagated, compensating for absorption and density stratification. This allows to evaluate the acoustical power of each detected source, and the total power of an individual flash. This methodology is carried out to analyze data from two campaigns in Southern continental France (HyMeX‐SOP1, 2012) and in Corsica (EXAEDRE, 2018). Acoustic reconstruction is compared with ground and altitude localizations provided respectively by electromagnetic low frequency range Lightning Location Systems (LLS), and very high frequency range Lightning Mapping Array (LMA). In Corsica, power from reconstructed sources is also forward‐propagated toward several isolated microphones, and compared to measured signal, giving an additional validation of the power evaluation. Seventy eight events from the two campaigns are analyzed, including negative and positive cloud‐to‐ground discharges and intracloud ones. The analysis outlines the method efficiency and the strong variability of lightning as sound sources in terms of both power spatial distribution and overall value. Lastly, the correlation of this later with electrical parameters is investigated, either peak current (provided by LLS) or Charge Moment Change, resulting from broadband Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) measurements.
Characterization of Thunderstorm Cells Producing Observable Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Husbjerg Lasse Skaaning , Neubert Torsten , Chanrion Olivier , Marisaldi Martino , Stendel Martin , Kaas Eigil , Østgaard Nikolai , Reglero Victor
Published: August 2023

The meteorological conditions required for the production of Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) are not well understood. Particularly, the link between TGF production, meteorology, and weather severity is poorly characterized with most works focusing on only a small set of TGF events or isolated storms. This work is a further step toward understanding the general context of the meteorological conditions required for TGF production and if it differs from regular lightning production. We use TGFs observed from AGILE, ASIM, Fermi, and RHESSI to generate the largest catalog of TGFs with associated lightning sferics from either the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) or Global Lightning Detection (GLD) combined with geostationary satellite images and meteorological conditions derived from ERA5 reanalysis data. In total we analyze 1582 TGF events and contextualize them in comparison to lightning flashes as characterized by ASIM. In our analysis we consider the proportion of TGFs and lightning coming from systems with overshooting tops as well as the Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) and the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE). Our results are consistent with previous studies, finding that TGFs observed from space come from primarily higher cloud tops than regular lightning flashes do. We find that CAPE and the proportion of cells with overshooting tops is similar for both TGF and lightning producing cells. It suggests that TGF observations from space are biased toward systems with higher cloud tops because the attenuation of the gamma‐rays from lower altitude TGFs reduce their intensity below the detection level of LEO instruments.
Combining Daily Sensor Observations and Spatial LiDAR Data for Mapping Snow Water Equivalent in a Sub‐Alpine Forest
Authors: Geissler Joschka , Rathmann Lars , Weiler Markus
Published: August 2023

Snow interacts with its environment in many ways and thus has a highly heterogeneous spatial and temporal variability. Therefore, modeling snow variability is difficult, especially in forested environments. To increase the understanding of the spatio‐temporal variability of snow and to validate snow models, reliable observation data at similar spatial and temporal scales is needed. For these purposes, airborne LiDAR surveys or time series derived from ground‐based snow sensors are commonly used. However, these are limited either to one point in space or in time. A new, extensive data set of daily snow variability in a sub‐alpine forest in the Alptal valley, Switzerland is presented. The core data set consists of a dense sensor network, repeated high‐resolution LiDAR data acquired using a fixed‐wing UAV, and manual snow depth and snow density measurements. Using machine learning algorithms, four distinct spatial clusters of similar snow depth dynamics are determined. By combining these spatial clusters with the observed snow depth time series, daily high‐resolution maps of snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) are derived. These products are the first to our knowledge that provide spatio‐temporally continuous snow depth and SWE based almost exclusively on field data. The presented workflow is transferrable to different regions, climates and scales. Moreover, the results allow future field campaigns to find representative sensor locations and target their LiDAR surveys to derive similar continuous products with less involved effort.
Genomics of deletion 7 and 7q in myeloid neoplasm: from pathogenic culprits to potential synthetic lethal therapeutic targets
Authors: Mori Minako , Kubota Yasuo , Durmaz Arda , Gurnari Carmelo , Goodings Charnise , Adema Vera , Ponvilawan Ben , Bahaj Waled S. , Kewan Tariq , LaFramboise Thomas , Meggendorfer Manja , Haferlach Claudia , Barnard John , Wlodarski Marcin , Visconte Valeria , Haferlach Torsten , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P.
Published: August 2023

Complete or partial deletions of chromosome 7 (-7/del7q) belong to the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in myeloid neoplasm (MN) and are associated with a poor prognosis. The disease biology of -7/del7q and the genes responsible for the leukemogenic properties have not been completely elucidated. Chromosomal deletions may create clonal vulnerabilities due to haploinsufficient (HI) genes contained in the deleted regions. Therefore, HI genes are potential targets of synthetic lethal strategies. Through the most comprehensive multimodal analysis of more than 600 -7/del7q MN samples, we elucidated the disease biology and qualified a list of most consistently deleted and HI genes. Among them, 27 potentially synthetic lethal target genes were identified with the following properties: (i) unaffected genes by hemizygous/homozygous LOF mutations; (ii) prenatal lethality in knockout mice; and (iii) vulnerability of leukemia cells by CRISPR and shRNA knockout screens. In -7/del7q cells, we also identified 26 up or down-regulated genes mapping on other chromosomes as downstream pathways or compensation mechanisms. Our findings shed light on the pathogenesis of -7/del7q MNs, while 27 potential synthetic lethal target genes and 26 differential expressed genes allow for a therapeutic window of -7/del7q.
Preclinical development of 1B7/CD3, a novel anti-TSLPR bispecific antibody that targets CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like B-ALL
Authors: Tian Ze , Shi Chunhua , Yang Guojun , Allen Jason K. , Shi Qing , AL-Shami Amin , Olson Jill Wardell , Smith Melinda G. , Chang Qing , Kaur Jasbir , You Junping , Lofton Timothy E. , Gonzalez Michelle A. , Zhang Qi , Zha DongXing , Tasian Sarah K. , Jain Nitin , Konopleva Marina Y. , Heffernan Timothy , Molldrem Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2023

Patients harboring CRLF2-rearranged B-lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) face a 5-year survival rate as low as 20%. While significant gains have been made to position targeted therapies for B-ALL treatment, continued efforts are needed to develop therapeutic options with improved duration of response. Here, first we have demonstrated that patients with CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like ALL harbor elevated thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) expression, which is comparable with CD19. Then we present and evaluate the anti-tumor characteristics of 1B7/CD3, a novel CD3-redirecting bispecific antibody (BsAb) that co-targets TSLPR. In vitro, 1B7/CD3 exhibits optimal binding to both human and cynomolgus CD3 and TSLPR. Further, 1B7/CD3 was shown to induce potent T cell activation and tumor lytic activity in both cell lines and primary B-ALL patient samples. Using humanized cell- or patient-derived xenograft models, 1B7/CD3 treatment was shown to trigger dose-dependent tumor remission or growth inhibition across donors as well as induce T cell activation and expansion. Pharmacokinetic studies in murine models revealed 1B7/CD3 to exhibit a prolonged half-life. Finally, toxicology studies using cynomolgus monkeys found that the maximum tolerated dose of 1B7/CD3 was ≤1 mg/kg. Overall, our preclinical data provide the framework for the clinical evaluation of 1B7/CD3 in patients with CRLF2-rearranged B-ALL.
Comparative proteome and serum analysis identified FSCN1 as a marker of abiraterone resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Csizmarik Anita , Nagy Nikolett , Keresztes Dávid , Váradi Melinda , Bracht Thilo , Sitek Barbara , Witzke Kathrin , Puhr Martin , Tornyi Ilona , Lázár József , Takács László , Kramer Gero , Sevcenco Sabina , Maj-Hes Agnieszka , Hadaschik Boris , Nyirády Péter , Szarvas Tibor
Published: August 2023

Background

Abiraterone (Abi) is an androgen receptor signaling inhibitor that significantly improves patients’ life expectancy in metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Despite its beneficial effects, many patients have baseline or acquired resistance against Abi. The aim of this study was to identify predictive serum biomarkers for Abi treatment.

Methods

We performed a comparative proteome analysis on three Abi sensitive (LNCaPabl, LAPC4, DuCaP) and resistant (LNCaPabl-Abi, LAPC4-Abi, DuCaP-Abi) PCa cell lines using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Two bioinformatic selection workflows were applied to select the most promising candidate serum markers. Serum levels of selected proteins were assessed in samples of 100 Abi-treated patients with metastatic castration-resistant disease (mCRPC) using ELISA. Moreover, FSCN1 serum concentrations were measured in samples of 69 Docetaxel (Doc) treated mCRPC patients.

Results

Our proteome analysis identified 68 significantly, at least two-fold upregulated proteins in Abi resistant cells. Using two filtering workflows four proteins (AMACR, KLK2, FSCN1 and CTAG1A) were selected for ELISA analyses. We found high baseline FSCN1 serum levels to be significantly associated with poor survival in Abi-treated mCRPC patients. Moreover, the multivariable analysis revealed that higher ECOG status (>1) and high baseline FSCN1 serum levels (>10.22 ng/ml by ROC cut-off) were independently associated with worse survival in Abi-treated patients (p < 0.001 and p = 0.021, respectively). In contrast, no association was found between serum FSCN1 concentrations and overall survival in Doc-treated patients.

Conclusions

Our analysis identified baseline FSCN1 serum levels to be independently associated with poor survival of Abi-treated, but not Doc-treated mCRPC patients, suggesting a therapy specific prognostic value for FSCN1.