bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalysis on Separator Modified by Molybdenum Trioxide Nanobelts for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Imtiaz Sumair , Ali Zafar Zahid , Razaq Rameez , Sun Dan , Xin Ying , Li Qian , Zhang Zhaoliang , Zheng Lei , Huang Yunhui , Anderson James A.
Published: June 2018

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have been regarded as the supreme feasible future generation energy storage system for high‐energy applications due to the exceptional‐specific energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1 and theoretical‐specific capacity of 1675 mAh g−1. Nevertheless, some key challenges which are linked with polysulfide shuttling and sluggish kinetics of polysulfide conversion are the main obstacles in the high electrochemical performance of LSBs. Here, a molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanobelt catalytic layer is fabricated on the separator to solve these issues. The MoO3 layer shows strong chemical interaction with polysulfides by successfully blocking the polysulfides on the separator from shuttling and significantly accelerates the redox reaction of polysulfide conversion. Furthermore, the randomly arranged layers of MoO3 nanobelts possess enough porous networks that provide effective space for electrolyte infiltration and facile pathway for fast ion transportation. The resultant LSBs exhibit a very high initial capacity of 1377 mAh g−1. After 200 cycles at 0.5 C, the capacity is 684.4 mAh g−1 with the fading rate of only 0.251% per cycle. Additionally, the MoO3 modification provides good surface protection of lithium anode and depresses the lithium anode degradation.
Single‐Step Selective Laser Writing of Flexible Photodetectors for Wearable Optoelectronics
Authors: An Jianing , Le Truong‐Son Dinh , Lim Chin Huat Joel , Tran Van Thai , Zhan Zhaoyao , Gao Yi , Zheng Lianxi , Sun Gengzhi , Kim Young‐Jin
Published: June 2018

The increasing demand for wearable optoelectronics in biomedicine, prosthetics, and soft robotics calls for innovative and transformative technologies that permit facile fabrication of compact and flexible photodetectors with high performance. Herein, by developing a single‐step selective laser writing strategy that can finely tailor material properties through incident photon density control and lead to the formation of hierarchical hybrid nanocomposites, e.g., reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–zinc oxide (ZnO), a highly flexible and all rGO–ZnO hybrid‐based photodetector is successfully constructed. The device features 3D ultraporous hybrid films with high photoresponsivity as the active detection layer, and hybrid nanoflakes with superior electrical conductivity as interdigitated electrodes. Benefitting from enhanced photocarrier generation because of the ultraporous film morphology, efficient separation of electron–hole pairs at rGO–ZnO heterojunctions, and fast electron transport by highly conductive rGO nanosheets, the photodetector exhibits high, linear, and reproducible responsivities to a wide range of ultraviolet (UV) intensities. Furthermore, the excellent mechanical flexibility and robustness enable the photodetector to be conformally attached to skin, thus intimately monitoring the exposure dosage of human body to UV light for skin disease prevention. This study advances the fabrication of flexible optoelectronic devices with reduced complexity, facilitating the integration of wearable optoelectronics and epidermal systems.
A Hybrid of Corannulene and Azacorannulene: Synthesis of a Highly Curved Nitrogen‐Containing Buckybowl
Authors: Tokimaru Yuki , Ito Shingo , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: June 2018

A highly curved nitrogen‐containing buckybowl, which can be considered as a corannulene/azacorannulene hybrid, was synthesized and characterized. This molecule has a polycyclic aromatic C40N core, corresponding to a partial azafullerene structure C80−xNx (x=1,2,3…), and exhibits interesting properties that arise from its large and highly curved π surface and the embedded nitrogen atom, which include association with C60, a lower LUMO level relative to azapentabenzocorannulene, and the formation of a radical cationic species upon oxidation.
Near‐Infrared Active Lead Chalcogenide Quantum Dots: Preparation, Post‐Synthesis Ligand Exchange, and Applications in Solar Cells
Authors: Shrestha Aabhash , Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Tricoli Antonio , Qiao Shi Zhang , Dai Sheng
Published: June 2018

Quantum dots (QDs) of lead chalcogenides (e.g. PbS, PbSe, and PbTe) are attractive near‐infrared (NIR) active materials that show great potential in a wide range of applications, such as, photovoltaics (PV), optoelectronics, sensors, and bio‐electronics. The surface ligand plays an essential role in the production of QDs, post‐synthesis modification, and their integration to practical applications. Therefore, it is critically important that the influence of surface ligands on the synthesis and properties of QDs is well understood for their applications in various devices. In this Review we elaborate the application of colloidal synthesis techniques for the preparation of lead chalcogenide based QDs. We specifically focus on the influence of surface ligands on the synthesis of QDs and their solution‐phase ligand exchange. Given the importance of lead chalcogenide QDs as potential light harvesters, we also pay particular attention to the current progress of these QDs in photovoltaic applications.
Synthesis of Extra‐Large‐Pore Zeolite ECNU‐9 with Intersecting 14*12‐Ring Channels
Authors: Yang Boting , Jiang Jin‐Gang , Xu Hao , Wu Haihong , He Mingyuan , Wu Peng
Published: June 2018

Highly crystalline and (hydro)thermally stable zeolites with extra‐large pores [≥14‐ring (14‐R)] are desirable as catalysts. A novel zeolite, ECNU‐9, with an intersecting 14*12‐R channel system was rationally designed and synthesized by a building block strategy, in which the interlayer expansion of a two‐dimensional silicate structure was realized by combining organic amine assisted layer‐stacking reorganization and subsequent silylation with a square‐shaped single 4‐ring (S4R) silane, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCS). The PLS‐3 precursor was disassembled into building blocks and then intercalated with flexible and removable organic amine pillars to offer enough interlayer spacing for accommodating TMCS molecules. The additionally introduced building blocks interconnected the neighboring layers to construct new 14‐R and 12‐R pores. ECNU‐9 possesses a well‐ordered structure with a novel topology. The corresponding Ti‐ECNU‐9, with tetrahedral Ti ions in the framework, showed superior catalytic performance in the selective epoxidation of bulky alkenes.
A Lead Iodide Perovskite Based on a Large Organic Cation for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Ma Chunqing , Shen Dong , Lo Ming‐Fai , Lee Chun‐Sing
Published: June 2018

Methylammonium (CH3NH3+) and formamidinium ((NH2)2CH+) based lead iodide perovskites are currently the two commonly used organic–inorganic lead iodide perovskites. There are still no alternative organic cations that can produce perovskites with band gaps spanning the visible spectrum (that is, <1.7 eV) for solar cell applications. Now, a new perovskite using large propane‐1,3‐diammonium cation (1,3‐Pr(NH3)22+) with a chemical structure of (1,3‐Pr(NH3)2)0.5PbI3 is demonstrated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the new perovskite exhibits a three‐dimensional tetragonal phase. The band gap of the new perovskite is about 1.6 eV, which is desirable for photovoltaic applications. A (1,3‐Pr(NH3)2)0.5PbI3 perovskite solar cell (PSC) yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.1 %. More importantly, this perovskite is composed of a large hydrophobic cation that provides better moisture resistance compared to CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite.
Sensory and Technological Evaluation of Margarines With Reduced Saturated Fatty Acid Contents Using Oleogel Technology
Authors: da Silva Thais L. T. , Chaves Kamila F. , Fernandes Gabriel D. , Rodrigues Juliana B. , Bolini Helena M. A. , Arellano Daniel B.
Published: June 2018

Margarines and spreads contribute greatly to the intake of saturated and trans fats in the diet. Therefore, the objective of this work was to produce margarines using the oleogel technology and to verify the physical, thermal, oxidative, and sensorial properties of this product during six months of shelf life, comparing it with commercial margarine. When compared with commercial margarine, the oleogel margarine showed similar color results. Due to the different structural shape, the results of microstructure and the melting curve were differentiated, but this indicated a structure more resistant to temperature oscillations and an overall softer product. However, the sensorial difference between the samples was easily detected by the consumers, mainly with respect to the parameters of taste, texture, and overall impression. It was concluded that it is possible to produce margarines using the oleogel technology, which display good physical properties, similar shelf life, and improved nutritional characteristics.
Emergence of promising novel DPP‐4 inhibitory heterocycles as anti‐diabetic agents: A review
Authors: Rohilla Ankit , Gupta Tanya , Pathak Ankita , Akhtar Md J. , Haider Md R. , Haider Kashif , Shahar Yar Mohammad
Published: June 2018

Diabetes has turned out to be an epidemic in the recent years all over the world, and today it has become a burden on the healthcare system. Over the years, with technological advancements, different classes of antidiabetic medications have emerged, like sulfonylureas, biguanides, alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones, but these are often loaded with serious aftermaths like hypoglycemia, weight gain, cardiovascular and renal issues. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibition is an exciting and new approach in the treatment of type‐2 diabetes. DPP‐4 inhibitors or “gliptins” are weight neutral, pose lesser risk of hypoglycemia, and provide a long‐term post‐meal glycemic control. In this review, an attempt has been made to investigate novel potential compounds that can be added to the existing list of anti‐diabetic drugs.
The experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual students and staff at a Further Education college in South East England
Authors: White Adam J. , Magrath Rory , Thomas Bryan
Published: June 2018

Research exploring the educational experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) students and staff members has traditionally been characterised by homophobia, hostility, victimisation and marginalisation. Recent research has evidenced a shift in the experiences of LGB young people, to somewhat more accepting and positive narratives, including within post‐compulsory schooling. Yet, there is limited research exploring the lived experiences of LGB staff members in the Further Education context. Utilising inclusive masculinity as a sociological paradigm, this research explores the qualitative data from the narratives of 26 LGB staff and students at one Further Education college in the south of England. The results find a distinct lack of homophobia within this college, a nuanced understanding of homosexually themed language, and an organisational culture of inclusivity and widespread symbolic visibility of the LGB community. Overall, our research aligns with broader social patterns that the experiences for LGB persons is improving.
Hybrids of the Romantic: Frankenstein, Olimpia, and Artificial Life
Authors: Micheletti Silvia
Published: June 2018

Hybride der Romantik: Frankenstein, Olimpia und das künstliche Leben. Dieser Beitrag untersucht Vorstellungen über die Möglichkeit der Erzeugung künstlicher Lebewesen in der Zeit der Romantik und die damit verbundenen Ängste am Beispiel zweier fiktionaler Texte: Mary Shelleys Frankenstein und Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmanns Sandmann. Dr. Franksteins Monster und Dr. Spalanzanis Automat verkörpern – auf unterschiedliche Weise – die Möglichkeit einer Wendung wissenschaftlicher Produkte und insbesondere künstlicher Hybride ins Monströse. Ihre Geschichten thematisieren das Grauen, das vom drohenden Kontrollverlust ausgeht und als der modernen Wissenschaft innewohnende Gefahr selbst nach der Zerstörung der monströsen Kreaturen bestehen bleibt. Der Begriff des Unheimlichen, von Ernst Jentsch und Sigmund Freud mit Bezug auf Hoffmanns Sandmann formuliert und 1970 von dem japanischen Robotiker Masahiro Mori als Phänomen „des unheimlichen Tals“ (Uncanny Valley) weiterentwickelt, erlaubt weitere Einblicke in die Frage nach künstlichen Lebewesen und ihre Interaktion mit Menschen. Summary: Hybrids of the Romantic: Frankenstein, Olimpia, and Artificial Life. This essay analyzes fantasies and fears related to the possible creation of artificial humans in two influential pieces of Romantic literature, namely E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Both the automaton Olimpia and Dr. Frankenstein's monster are hybrid creatures. These dystopian figures represent the Romantic fear of the loss of control over the outcome of human endeavour, they symbolize the dangers immanent in modern science and technology. As hybrids, Olimpia and Frankenstein's monster are capable of breaking apparently unpenetrable boundaries, such as those between human and non‐human, and between life and death. As such, these creatures become “unheimlich” (uncanny), a critical term developed by Ernst Jentsch and Sigmund Freud, who directly referred to Hoffmann's Sandman. The term “uncanny” was further developed by the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in the 1970s. Mori's investigation of human responses to androids (“Uncanny Valley”), shows the persistence of doubts and fears surrounding artificial humans far beyond the Romantic times, and opens new questions related to the issues of creation, reproduction, hybrids, hubris and gender.
Wissenschaftsreflexionen bei Justinus Kerner
Authors: Saatz Julia
Published: June 2018

Justinus Kerner's Reflections on Science. Justinus Kerner (1786–1862) was a physician as well as a poet. In his research, as well as his profession, he tried to reconcile empirical observation with dreams, mesmerism, and the unconscious. Like the romantic naturalists of his time, Kerner rejected the exclusive preoccupation with rational science as a restriction to epistemology, which he wanted to complement by considering the “nocturnal sides of nature” (“Nachtseiten der Natur”) as well. This article wants to show how Kerner reflected on science, medicine, and nature, and how it became possible for a physician who became famous for the discovery of food poisoning by botulism to be ridiculed at the same time, or at least to be frowned upon, for writing about seeing ghosts and having visions. How could he combine empiric case studies and exact, detailed observation with his belief in the supernatural? And how could he, not only harmonize these apparently contradictory concepts in his writings, but also turn them into paradigms that are based on one another? To answer these questions, this article will refer to Kerner's works on “sausage poisonings” (1817–1842) in the early nineteenth century, as well as his case study of The Seeress of Prevorst (Die Seherin von Prevorst, 1829), in which he described the case of a female patient who was supposed to be a clairvoyant, and finally his literary writings, like The Homeless (“Die Heimatlosen”, 1816) and his autobiographic work Sketches from My Boyhood (Das Bilderbuch aus meiner Knabenzeit, 1849). His personal observations and experiences were the reason that Kerner did not simply deny positivist medicine, but expanded his concept of healing by adding dreams, mesmerism, and visions. For, in the end, the unconscious, as well as the “sausage poison”, evades determination by scientific empiricism alone.
Aqueous Two‐Phase Systems at Large Scale: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Torres‐Acosta Mario A. , Mayolo‐Deloisa Karla , González‐Valdez José , Rito‐Palomares Marco
Published: June 2018

Aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) have proved to be an efficient and integrative operation to enhance recovery of industrially relevant bioproducts. After ATPS discovery, a variety of works have been published regarding their scaling from 10 to 1000 L. Although ATPS have achieved high recovery and purity yields, there is still a gap between their bench‐scale use and potential industrial applications. In this context, this review paper critically analyzes ATPS scale‐up strategies to enhance the potential industrial adoption. In particular, large‐scale operation considerations, different phase separation procedures, the available optimization techniques (univariate, response surface methodology, and genetic algorithms) to maximize recovery and purity and economic modeling to predict large‐scale costs, are discussed. ATPS intensification to increase the amount of sample to process at each system, developing recycling strategies and creating highly efficient predictive models, are still areas of great significance that can be further exploited with the use of high‐throughput techniques. Moreover, the development of novel ATPS can maximize their specificity increasing the possibilities for the future industry adoption of ATPS. This review work attempts to present the areas of opportunity to increase ATPS attractiveness at industrial levels.
Tue Gutes und Rede darüber: Ab auf's Podest!
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: June 2018

Es wird viel diskutiert über die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Andrea Hauk – BIUZ‐Lesern bekannt als Autorin der Laborseite – hat den Praxistest gemacht und berichtet nun im neunten Teil unserer Reihe von ihren Erfahrungen als Mutter eines Krabbelkindes, die wieder in den Beruf einsteigt.
Die (Haus‐)Gans: mythisch verklärtes Federvieh
Authors: Eitner Pascal
Published: June 2018

Der Mensch hat der Gans im Laufe der Jahrhunderte viele Denkmäler in Religion, Kunst und Literatur gesetzt. Das Federvieh ist ein Symbol für Wohlstand und Glück, ihr Federkleid ein Vorbild für Wärmedämmung und Schreibgeräte. Auch als Alternative zum Wachhund wird sie gesehen. Der Wissenschaft – vornehmlich der Verhaltensforschung – hat sie viel gegeben.
Effects of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on cognitive deficits in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ge Meiling , Zhang Yunxia , Hao Qiukui , Zhao Yunli , Dong Birong
Published: June 2018

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a globally prevalent neurodegenerative disease, clinically characterized by progressive memory loss and gradual impairment of cognitive functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has been considered a possible therapeutic method for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, no quantitative data synthesis of MSC therapy for AD exists. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to study the effects of MSCs on cognitive deficits in animal models of AD.

Methods

We identified eligible studies published from January 1980 to January 2017 by searching four electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI). The endpoint was the effects of MSCs on cognitive performance evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test including escape latency, and/or number of platform crossing, and/or time in the target quadrant.

Results

Nine preclinical studies incorporating 225 animals with AD were included for the meta‐analysis. The studies indicated that MSC‐based treatment significantly improved the learning function through measurements of the escape latency (SMD = −0.99, 95% CI = −1.33 to −0.64, p < .00001). Additionally, we observed that transplantation of MSCs significantly increased the number of platform crossing in six experiments (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.43 to 1.13, p < .0001). What’s more, the times in the target quadrant were increased in five studies indicated that transplantation of MSCs could ameliorate the cognitive impairments (SMD = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.46 to 1.67, p = .0005).

Conclusions

This study showed that MSC transplantation could reduce cognitive deficits in AD models. These findings support the further studies to translate MSCs in the treatment of AD in humans
The role of ionic liquid [C4C1im]Br as an adjuvant on the two‐phase formation and the extraction of l‐phenylalanine in ABS composed of PEG400 and potassium citrate at different temperatures
Authors: Hamzehzadeh Sholeh , Touri Samira
Published: June 2018

The potential of {polyethylene glycol 400 + potassium citrate} aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([C4C1im]Br) as an adjuvant is examined for the extraction of l‐phenylalanine (Phe), as a model biomolecule, at different temperatures and system compositions. The binodal curves and liquid–liquid equilibrium data were determined by the addition of 5 wt% IL to investigate its effect on phase diagrams and Phe partition coefficients. The results indicate that binodal curves of systems with and without IL are more deviated from each other with decreasing temperature. Moreover, IL has a high tendency to partition into the PEG‐rich phase. This tendency increases with increasing temperature and system compositions. For Phe, the partition coefficients obtained in this work (KPhe ≈ 5.5–81.2) are significantly higher than those observed in other conventional PEG‐inorganic salt ABS (KPhe ≈ 0.5–2.5), water‐immiscible ILs two‐phase extraction systems (KPhe ≈ 0.02–1.2), or even, in the IL‐based ABS with the same IL as the main phase‐forming component (KPhe ≈ 3.2). The phase hydrophobicity, salting‐out and π⋯π stacking seem to be the main driving forces to affect the extraction aptitude of the studied ABS for Phe. Furthermore, the performance of using [C4C1im]Br as adjuvant to improve the partition of Phe in the studied ABS at different temperatures seems to be ruled by the differences in the phases hydrophobicities. Finally, the experimental tie lines and partition coefficients are accurately correlated using the NRTL model. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2018 © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1149–1166, 2018
Multicultural Personality and Multicultural Counseling Competency in Counselor Trainees
Authors: Fietzer Alexander W. , Mitchell Evelyn , Ponterotto Joseph G.
Published: June 2018

The authors hypothesized that multicultural personality and ethnic identity would significantly predict variance in multicultural counseling competencies in counselor trainees, beyond the variance predicted by demographics, multicultural training, openness, and cognitive racial attitudes. Results showed multicultural personality predicted multicultural counseling competency, but ethnic identity did not. Results and implications are discussed.
Influence of Alkali Metal Cations on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity of Pt, Ir, Au, and Ag Electrodes in Alkaline Electrolytes
Authors: Xue Song , Garlyyev Batyr , Watzele Sebastian , Liang Yunchang , Fichtner Johannes , Pohl Marcus D. , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S.
Published: June 2018

Fundamental understanding of the influence of so‐called spectator electrolyte species on the catalytic activity of electrodes is considered as a relatively novel direction in electrocatalysis. Numerous recent examples show that seemingly inert electrolyte components drastically influence the performance of catalytic centers. Even alkali metal cations in aqueous electrolytes at high pH values can change the reaction turnover frequency by orders of magnitude, depending on their nature, from Li+ to Cs+. Here, we use several electrodes, namely Pt(polycrystalline), Pt(111), Pt(221), Ir(111), Au(111), and Ag(polycrystalline), in different alkali metal cation‐containing electrolytes to reveal their role in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The HER activity trends of various Pt electrodes, irrespective of their surface structure, correlate with the hydration energy of the corresponding alkali metal cations present in the electrolyte (Li+>Na+>K+>Rb+>Cs+). The trend remains the same for the Ir(111), however, it is reversed for Au(111) and Ag(pc) electrocatalysts.
Rhenium‐Promoted C−C Bond‐Cleavage Reactions of Internal Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Lee Kui Fun , Bai Wei , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Lin Zhenyang , Jia Guochen
Published: June 2018

The first examples of C−C bond cleavage reactions of internal propargyl alcohols to give vinylidene complexes are described. Treatment of [Re(dppm)3]I with RC≡CC(OH)R′R′′ (R=aryl, alkyl; C(OH)R′R′′=C(OH)Ph2, C(OH)Me2, C(OH)HPh, C(OH)H2) produced the vinylidene complexes ReI(=C=CHR)(dppm)2 with the elimination of C(O)R′R′′. Computational studies support that the reactions proceed through a β‐alkynyl elimination of alkoxide intermediates Re{OC(R′)(R′′)C≡CR}(dppm)2.
Controlling Crystal Structures and Multiple Thermo‐ and Vapochromic Behaviors of Benzimidazole‐Based Squaraine Dyes by Molecular Design and Solvent Adjustment
Authors: Xia Guomin , Shen Shen , Hu Xin‐Ming , Jiang Zhengjun , Xu Kaikai , Wang Mingda , Wang Hongming
Published: June 2018

Organic micro‐ and nanostructures are expected to be promising candidates for micro‐ and nanophotonic materials with desirable properties owing to their low cost, flexible molecular design, and tunable self‐assembly. Among these candidates, well‐known squaraine dyes (SQs) have rarely been investigated because of their nonfluorescent properties in the solid state and because their optical behavior varies with changes in morphology. In this contribution, two novel 1,2‐SQs, SQM and SQB, with strong bright‐yellow to red fluorescence emission in the crystalline state, were designed and structured at the molecular level and by solvent adjustment. Their self‐assembly behavior was studied, and it was revealed that the SQM assembly provided 1D microrods, whereas 1D microrods (Z‐SQB⋅CH2Cl2) and 2D microplates (E‐SQB⋅2 CH3OH) could be obtained from SQB assemblies through a solution‐based self‐assembly method. The varied assembly behaviors of these SQs were attributed to different π–π stacking interactions that resulted in different molecular conformations and packing modes. These assemblies exhibited distinct optical properties, and in particular, SQB⋅solvent assemblies showed multiple thermo‐ and vapochromic effects. Thus, the SQB assemblies are potential fluorescent sensors for organic solvent vapors. More importantly, favorable optical‐waveguide properties were observed in these SQ‐based microstructures.
Novel Bismuth‐Based Nanomaterials Used for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Cheng Yan , Zhang Haiyuan
Published: June 2018

Theranostic nanomaterials (NMs) have gained increasing attention for their simultaneous performance of diagnosis and therapy. Bi‐based NMs hold great potential as theranostic platforms based on their X‐ray sensitive capability, near‐infrared driven semiconductor properties, and distinctive structures, which facilitate the computed tomography (CT) imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, radiation therapy, and phototherapy. The sophisticated design in composition, structure, and surface fabrication of Bi‐based NMs can endow these NMs with more modalities in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent advances in Bi‐based theranostic NMs. A series of unique structures and functions as well as the underlying property–activity relationship of Bi‐based NMs are showcased to highlight their promising imaging and therapeutic performance. At the end, we propose some challenges for the design and preparation of Bi‐based NMs to improve their cancer diagnostic and therapeutic performance.
A Natural Triterpene Saponin‐Based Pickering Emulsion
Authors: Ma Yue , Gao Yuxia , Zhao Xin , Zhu Yanqiu , Du Fengpei , Hu Jun
Published: June 2018

The abuse of chemical surfactants in pesticide formulations is a potential threat to agricultural development and environmental safety. Thereby, developing an efficient eco‐friendly pesticide formulation is of great significance. In this research, a biocompatible and ultrastable pesticide formulation has been developed in which merely 1 wt % natural glycyrrhizic acid (GA) was used to emulsify and stabilize 80 wt % agricultural oils. During the preparation process, amphiphilic GA molecules initially self‐assembled into 1D nanofibers with a favorable surfactivity, and then afforded GA‐based Pickering emulsions with fine droplets. Consequently, the Pickering emulsions transformed into gel‐like Pickering emulsions as a result of the formation of a 3D network of nanofibers. On account of the unique chemical structure and admirable assembly behavior of GA, the gel‐like Pickering emulsions exhibit ultrastability, thixotropy, and broad pH resistance. In addition, this formulation was investigated for its potential application to pesticides by using pure carbosulfan as the oil phase; up to 60 wt % carbosulfan could be coated, which is more than in the current commercial formulations. This work not only provides new insights into the application of natural biosurfactants to pesticides, but also proposes a biocompatible and eco‐friendly pesticide formulation for use in ecological agriculture.
Mechanochemically Processed Nd−Fe−Co−Cr−B Nanoparticles with High Coercivity and Reduced Spin Reorientation Transition Temperature
Authors: Chaudhary Varun , Zhong Yaoying , Parmar Harshida , Tan Xiao , Ramanujan Raju V.
Published: June 2018

Nd−Fe−B magnets, possessing the highest energy product, are extensively used in cutting‐edge applications, including electrical machines and electrical vehicles. An environmentally benign and cost effective synthesis method of Cr alloyed Nd2(Fe,Co)14B magnetic nanoparticles using a dry mechanochemical process is reported. The method is solvent free, facile, energy efficient and scalable. The reduction of mixed oxides of Nd, Fe, Co, B and Cr is performed by using Ca. The coercivity (HC) of the nanoparticles is found to depend on the dispersant content, with the highest value obtained for Nd2(Fe11.25Co2Cr0.75)B with 40 % CaO dispersant. The HC of isolated Nd2(Fe11.25Co2Cr0.75)B nanoparticles and nanoparticles embedded in a CaO matrix is found to be 11.5 kOe and 14.4 kOe, respectively, largest values for heavy rare earth free Nd−Fe−B nanoparticles with reasonable saturation and remanent magnetization, regardless of synthesis route. Considering the density of Nd2Fe14B, an energy product of 14.2 MGOe is obtained for the nanoparticles. The thermal coefficient of remanence and thermal coefficient of coercivity for aligned samples are −0.06 % and −0.29 %, respectively, in the temperature range between 100 K and 400 K. The spin reorientation temperature is found to be ∼30 K less than that of bulk Nd2Fe14B magnets.
Time‐Resolved Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting of RNA with X‐Rays
Authors: Hao Yumeng , Bohon Jen , Hulscher Ryan , Rappé Mollie C. , Gupta Sayan , Adilakshmi Tadepalli , Woodson Sarah A.
Published: June 2018

RNA footprinting by hydroxyl radical cleavage provides ‘snapshots’ of RNA tertiary structure or protein interactions that bury the RNA backbone. Generation of hydroxyl radicals with a high‐flux synchrotron X‐ray beam provides analysis on a short timescale (5–100 msec), which enables the structures of folding intermediates or other transient conformational states to be determined in biochemical solutions or cells. This article provides protocols for using synchrotron beamlines for hydroxyl radical footprinting. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of a Three‐Dimensional Bioengineering Technology to Generate Lung Tissue for Personalized Disease Modeling
Authors: Wilkinson Dan C. , Mellody Michael , Meneses Luisa K. , Hope Ashley C. , Dunn Bruce , Gomperts Brigitte N.
Published: June 2018

This unit describes a protocol for generation of lung organoids. A lung organoid is a 3D cell/hydrogel composite that resembles the morphology and cellular composition of the human distal lung. These tissue‐engineered constructs provide an in vitro model of human lung and are best suited for disease modeling applications. The organoid generation methodology is flexible, allowing for easy scalability in the number of organoids produced and in the ability to accommodate a wide range of cell types. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of N,N‐dimethylamphetamine in wastewater – a pyrolysis marker and synthesis impurity of methamphetamine
Authors: Been Frederic , O'Brien Jake , Lai Foon Yin , Morelato Marie , Vallely Peter , McGowan Jenny , van Nuijs Alexander L. N. , Covaci Adrian , Mueller Jochen F.
Published: June 2018

The increased availability of high purity crystalline methamphetamine (MA) in Australia raised concerns because of high dosages and its potential consumption through inhalation. The present work investigates the possibility of using wastewater levels of N,N‐dimethylamphetamine (DMA), a pyrolysis by‐product, as an indirect indicator of MA smoking. A dedicated liquid chromatography quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC–QToF–MS) method was set up to detect and quantify DMA in wastewater samples. Wastewater samples were collected from 8 locations across Australia during the period 2011–2016. Data about the abundance of DMA in MA seizures as well as in residues from drug paraphernalia were obtained from forensic laboratories in Australia. DMA/MA ratios measured in wastewater ranged from 0.0001 to 0.09 (median 0.007). DMA/MA ratios in bulk seizures are generally below 0.0025, with a median value of 0.0004, whilst residues in paraphernalia ranged from 0.031 to 3.37. DMA/MA ratios in wastewater decreased between 2011 and 2016, in parallel to an increase in MA loads. Furthermore, wastewater analyses highlighted a strong positive correlation between DMA/MA ratios and per capita MA use (Pearson's correlation ρ= 0.61, p‐value <0.001). Nonetheless, geographical specificities could be highlighted between the investigated locations. The obtained data could help authorities detect hot spots of drug use as well as to plan specific intervention campaigns to tackle the issue. In future, simultaneous analysis of DMA and MA in both wastewater and seizures could improve our understanding about MA use and its consumption patterns.
Environmental policy impacts of trade with China and the moderating effect of governance
Authors: Gamso Jonas
Published: June 2018

Over the past decade, China has become one of the largest trading partners to countries of Latin America and Sub‐Saharan Africa. A major concern is environmental degradation: much of this trade is composed of pollution‐intensive raw materials and Chinese traders do not promote the adoption of stringent environmental policies among trade partners, as the United States and the European Union do. The probable outcome for China's trade partners is a race to the bottom, whereby trade‐based competitive pressures lead governments to systematically weaken environmental regulations. However, this outcome may be moderated by good governance, as willing and able governments react to heightened pollution‐intensive trade with China by strengthening policies. This study considers whether sound governing institutions offset the harmful effects of trade with China on environmental policy outcomes, using a dataset covering 58 Latin American and Sub‐Saharan African countries over 10 years (2001–2010). Tests focus on the moderating effects of two facets of good governance: representativeness and bureaucratic capacity. The results demonstrate that trade with China does generate a race to the bottom in the environmental policies of partner countries. This effect is moderated by bureaucratic capacity, but not by representativeness.
Synthesis of Azido‐Glycans for Chemical Glycomodification of Proteins
Authors: Wawryszyn Mirella , Sauter Paul F. , Nieger Martin , Koos Martin R. M. , Koehler Christine , Luy Burkhard , Lemke Edward A. , Bräse Stefan
Published: June 2018

Chemically produced, accurately linkable oligosaccharides are of importance for the synthesis of neo‐glycoproteins. On the route to high‐mannose type N‐glycans, we present a convenient synthesis of several glycans bearing an azide moiety at the reducing end. An azido‐glycan core structure as valuable precursor was modified into the protected N‐glycan pentasaccharide core structure and the possibility of modular attachment of different antenna was demonstrated through synthesis of a pentamannose donor and glycosylation with the core structure. The azido function allows for chemical ligation with recombinantly modified proteins featuring noncanonical cyclooctyne amino acids, providing access to customized glycopatterns of glycoproteins, e.g., of antibodies that are of high interest for biopharmaceutical applications.
Synthesis of Euchrestifoline Using Iron‐ and Palladium‐Catalyzed C–H Bond Activations
Authors: Puls Florian , Kataeva Olga , Knölker Hans‐Joachim
Published: June 2018

We describe a short and efficient synthetic route to euchrestifoline. Key steps of our approach are the iron(III)‐catalyzed Wacker‐type oxidation of a chromene derivative with hexadecafluorophthalocyanine‐iron (FePcF16) as catalyst, a palladium(0)‐catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig amination, and the final palladium(II)‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of the resulting diarylamine to the natural product.
Electrocatalytic Acitivity of rGO/PEDOT : PSS Nanocomposite towards Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Baruah Bhagyalakhi , Kumar Ashok
Published: June 2018

Increasing demand of alternative energy sources leads to the development of new electrocatalytic materials for fuel cells. In present work, we report the synthesis of rGO/PEDOT : PSS (reduced graphene oxide/ Poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) : Polystyrene sulfonate) nanocomposite by in‐situ polymerization method using EDOT as precursor and the nanocomposite is used as anode catalyst for methanol oxidation. Structural and chemical characterizations such as XRD, FTIR and Micro‐Raman confirm the formation of the nanocomposite. From TEM image, growth of nanofibrous PEDOT : PSS on rGO nanosheets is observed. Electrochemical characterizations of rGO/PEDOT : PSS/ITO electrode are performed by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Chronoamperometry (CA) measurements. Methanol oxidation reactions are performed in 0.5 M NaOH solution. The anodic current of the nanocomposite coated ITO is found be 37.5 mA at 0.59 V due to methanol electro‐oxidation and retentivity of the electrode is 92 % of initial scan after 800 cycles. The chronoamperometric results reveal that the nanocomposite modified electrode exhibits better stability with retention factor of 42.4 % up to 3000 seconds. The rGO/PEDOT : PSS/ITO electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation reaction due to larger surface area and excellent conductivity of rGO nanosheet.
High‐performance Flexible Complementary Electrochromic Device Based on Plasma Modified WO3Nano Hybrids and V2O5Nanofilm with Low Operation Voltages
Authors: Eren Esin , Alver Ceyda , Karaca Gozde Yurdabak , Uygun Emre , Oksuz Lutfi , Oksuz Aysegul Uygun
Published: June 2018

Tungsten trioxide‐poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (WO3‐PEDOT) and tungsten trioxide‐polyfuran (WO3‐PFu) were prepared by rf rotating plasma polymerization. Electrochromic hybrid thin films were fabricated onto flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/ indium tin oxide (ITO) film using electron beam evaporation method. In order to deeply characterize all films, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used. The counter electrode effect on plasma modified WO3nano hybrids‐based electrochromic devices (ECDs) was evaluated. By incorporating flexible vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) film as counter electrode, complementary ECDs were constructed through combining the hybrid flexible films (WO3‐PEDOT, WO3‐PFu) as working electrodes, which exhibit highly efficient electrochromic performance with low voltage operation. Especially, WO3‐PEDOT/V2O5‐based ECD owns a high optical modulation of 61.5 % at 750 nm driven by −1.0 V (coloration) and +1 V (bleaching) with fast response times (coloration time: 13.58 s, bleaching time: 8.07 s) and a high coloration efficiency of 527 cm2 C−1. This study can supply useful and efficient avenue for designing flexible complementary electrochromic device for energy‐saving flexible electronics.
Facile Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Zirconia for Electrochemical Enrichment and Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides
Authors: Huo Shijie , Zhao Hongbin , Dong Junping , Xu Jiaqiang
Published: June 2018

Highly crystallized mesoporous ZrO2 nanomaterials were synthesized by solvent evaporation induced self‐assembly approach. Ordered mesoporous ZrO2 nanomaterials were characterized by TEM, SEM, BET, XRD and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The obtained nanomaterials exhibit the close‐packing mesopores with average pore size of 7 nm and a highly crystallized framework with tetragonal phase. A non‐enzyme electrochemical sensor based on ordered mesoporous ZrO2 is established for selective detection of methyl parathion (MP). The online extraction of MP is firstly achieved by ZrO2 modified electrode at open‐circuit potential for 5 min., and the sensitive detection of MP is performed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. By comparison, DPV responses of mesoporous ZrO2 are 40 times and 25 times larger than that of mesoporous silica and mesoporous carbon with the similar pore structure, implying the specific affinity advantage of zirconia to phosphoric group. The quantitative analysis result shows that the voltammetric currents are linear with concentrations of MP ranging from 1 ng/ml to 2 μg/ml with a detection limit of 0.53 ng/ml. The sensor also exhibits good stability and high selectivity against interfering species. The excellent analytical performances are owed to the accessible and uniform mesoporous structures, highly crystallized frameworks of ZrO2 and its specific affinity to phosphate groups.
Determination of antibiotics in feedstuff samples by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography using fullerene as additive
Authors: Nieto Nancy K. , Rodriguez Jose A. , Ibarra Israel S. , Cruz‐Borbolla Julian , Vasquez‐Perez Jose M.
Published: June 2018

A microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline in feedstuff samples. The BGE composition was optimized by applying a Taguchi parameter design and consisted of phosphate 30 mmol/L, Tween‐80 0.01 mmol/L, and fullerene 3 μmol/L, and adjusted to pH 8.0; the addition of surfactant and fullerene modifies the mobility of the analytes improving their resolution. Theoretical studies showed π‐π and van der Waals interactions between antibiotic molecules and fullerene used as a pseudostationary phase. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 μg/g; the analytes were separated in less than 6 min. The methodology proposed is useful for controlling and monitoring antibiotic residues in feedstuff samples.
Nanocomposite All‐Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte for High‐Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Shi , Xu Hao , Wang Ailian , Liu Xu , Chen Jie , Wang Zhinan , Feng Di , Zeng Qinghui , Zhang Liaoyun
Published: June 2018

An inorganic‐polymeric hybrid all‐solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) composed of chemically modified nano‐silica, linear poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate)‐co‐poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate copolymer (PTFEMA‐co‐PPEGMA or LCP) and lithium salt is prepared and used in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time. Nano‐silica is transformed to SiO2‐SH via esterification reaction. Then, SiO2‐PEGMA is synthesized through click chemistry of SiO2‐SH and PEGMA. The compatibility of the nano‐SiO2 and the LCP can be effectively improved due to the excellent dispersibility of the chemically modified nano‐SiO2 in the polymer matrix. As a result, the hybrid SSE has good thermal stability, excellent film‐forming ability. Furthermore, the hybrid SSE shows superior comprehensive electrochemical properties, which makes the corresponding LiFePO4/Li cells have good cycling performance (the discharge capacity reaches 144 mAh g−1 at 0.3 C) and rate capability (90 mAh g−1 is reached at 1 C). Thus, the hybrid electrolyte can be a powerful SSE for high‐safety and high‐performance LIBs.
Performances and Limitations of Metal Supported Cells with Strontium Titanate based Fuel Electrode
Authors: Costa R. , Han F. , Szabo P. , Yurkiv V. , Semerad R. , Cheah S. K. , Dessemond L.
Published: June 2018

In this contribution, we report investigation of metal supported cells with a La0.1Sr0.9TiO3–α (LST) based fuel electrode. The cells are prepared on a substrate made of a porous NiCrAl metal foam infiltrated with NiO and LST materials. The functional anode layer, consisting of LST mixed with a Gd0.1Ce0.9O2–α (GDC), is produced by screen printing. Nickel metal is infiltrated in the backbone to enhance electronic and catalytic properties. The electrolyte made of an 1 μm + 0.5µm thick Zr0.84Y0.16O2–α (YSZ) layer followed by a 2 μm thick GDC layer, is fabricated by wet ceramic processing and electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB‐PVD), respectively. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3–α (LSCF) is employed as a cathode material. All cells are electrochemically characterized. At 750 °C and at a cell voltage of 0.7 V, the typically achieved power density value is up to 0.40 W cm−2. With less than 2% variation for 50 cycles, the OCV showed an excellent stability as a function of redox cycles, demonstrating that an electrolyte as thin as 3 µm maintains its integrity, despite the harsh operating conditions. This highlights the potential of perovskite based fuel electrodes in metal supported cells, and paves the way to the next generation of cells' design.
Behind the curtain of international diversification: An agency theory perspective
Authors: Dagnino Giovanni Battista , Giachetti Claudio , La Rocca Maurizio , Picone Pasquale Massimo
Published: June 2018

Research Summary: This article dissects the antecedents of international diversification through the lens of the agency cost of free cash flow arguments. It explores whether the partial convergence of interests among managers, majority shareholders, and minority shareholders affects a firm's choice to diversify internationally. Using a sample panel of 60 Italian firms evaluated longitudinally from 2004 to 2014, the study tests whether a firm's international diversification is affected by its free cash flow (as the ultimate source of managerial discretion) and debt (as the main constraint to managerial discretion), especially in firm contexts that exacerbate agency problems. We find that the effects on international diversification of free cash flow and debt are contingent on ownership concentration, family control, and growth opportunities.

Managerial Summary: This article studies the antecedents of international diversification by considering the conflicts of interest among managers, majority shareholders, and minority shareholders. First, it shows that the available cash flow (as the fundamental wellspring of managerial discretion) and level of indebtedness (as a key limitation to managerial discretion) have, respectively, a positive and a negative effect on firms' international diversification. Second, it shows that the effects of cash flow and debt are particularly relevant when considering three factors: (a) the concentration of firm ownership, leading to conflicts of interest between majority and minority shareholders; (b) family control, leading to conflicts of interest between family members and other shareholders; and (c) the potential to exploit growth opportunities, leading to conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders.