bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed Exponentially Weighted Moving Average–Cumulative Sum Charts for Process Monitoring
Authors: Abbas Nasir , Riaz Muhammad , Does Ronald J. M. M.
Published: February 2012

The control chart is a very popular tool of statistical process control. It is used to determine the existence of special cause variation to remove it so that the process may be brought in statistical control. Shewhart‐type control charts are sensitive for large disturbances in the process, whereas cumulative sum (CUSUM)–type and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA)–type control charts are intended to spot small and moderate disturbances. In this article, we proposed a mixed EWMA–CUSUM control chart for detecting a shift in the process mean and evaluated its average run lengths. Comparisons of the proposed control chart were made with some representative control charts including the classical CUSUM, classical EWMA, fast initial response CUSUM, fast initial response EWMA, adaptive CUSUM with EWMA‐based shift estimator, weighted CUSUM and runs rules–based CUSUM and EWMA. The comparisons revealed that mixing the two charts makes the proposed scheme even more sensitive to the small shifts in the process mean than the other schemes designed for detecting small shifts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sparse random graphs: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Authors: Tran Linh V. , Vu Van H. , Wang Ke
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we prove the semi‐circular law for the eigenvalues of regular random graph Gn,d in the case d →∞, complementing a previous result of McKay for fixed d. We also obtain a upper bound on the infinity norm of eigenvectors of Erdős–Rényi random graph G(n,p), answering a question raised by Dekel–Lee–Linial. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012
Small‐Caliber Vascular Prosthesis Prototype Based on Controlled Release of Heparin from Mesochannels and Its Enhanced Biocompatibility
Authors: Zhou Yu , Li Kun , Yang Jia Yuan , Guan Chen Xi , Wang Ying , Liu Chang Jian , Zhu Jian Hua
Published: February 2012

A novel small‐caliber vascular prosthesis prototype is proposed on the basis of a new heparin release system, that is, the controlled delivery of heparin from mesochannels. Fabrication of mesochannels on artificial biomaterials is successfully achieved through epitaxial growth of mesoporous silica nanoparticles on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts, and thus heparin can be immobilized through a space limitation effect, thereby avoiding the loss of bioactivity and enabling long‐lasting release. The adsorption and release of heparin are controlled by adjusting the adsorbate–adsorbent interaction through tailoring the mesostructure. Owing to the continuous and sustained release of heparin, the performances of artificial vessels are greatly improved, thus paving a new way to prepare functional blood‐contacting biomaterials with high biocompatibility.
Plasmonic‐Coupling‐Based Sensing by the Assembly and Disassembly of Dipycolylamine‐Tagged Gold Nanoparticles Induced by Complexing with Cations and Anions
Authors: Li Dong Xiang , Zhang Jun Feng , Jang Yoon Hee , Jang Yu Jin , Kim Dong Ha , Kim Jong Seung
Published: February 2012

A surface‐plasmon‐coupling‐mediated sensor system is developed based on Au nanoparticles tagged with a coordinative dipycolylamine and lipoyl‐anchored naphthalimide derivative (AuNP@DPA). The AuNPs with tailored ligands exhibit distinct sensing activity via sequential assembly into nanoparticle aggregates induced by metal ion complexing, and disassembly in the presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) anions, which is accompanied by a swift, reversible color change due to a surface plasmon resonance coupling effect. It is found that divalent metal ions are more effective than mono‐ or tri‐valent ions in the aggregate formation process, Mn2+‐induced aggregates are more sensitive to the capture of PPi anions than other AuNP aggregates, and the disassembly upon anion complexation exhibits a highly selective response. The AuNP@DPA‐based molecular recognition system also demonstrates a viable performance for the detection of total selective metal ions present in different types of water analytes.
Photosynthetic accumulation of carbon storage compounds under CO2 enrichment by the thermophilic cyanobacteriumThermosynechococcus elongatus
Authors: Eberly Jed O , Ely Roger L
Published: February 2012

The growth characteristics of Thermosynechococcus elongatus on elevated CO2 were studied in a photobioreactor. Cultures were able to grow on up to 20% CO2. The maximum productivity and CO2 fixation rates were 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.17 ± 0.01 mg ml−1 day−1, respectively, for cultures grown on 20% CO2. Three major carbon pools—lipids, polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), and glycogen—were measured. These carbon stores accounted for 50% of the total biomass carbon in cultures grown on atmospheric CO2 (no supplemental CO2), but only accounted for 30% of the total biomass carbon in cultures grown on 5–20% CO2. Lipid content was approximately 20% (w/w) under all experimental conditions, while PHB content reached 14.5% (w/w) in cultures grown on atmospheric CO2 and decreased to approximately 2.0% (w/w) at 5–20% CO2. Glycogen levels did not vary significantly and remained about 1.4% (w/w) under all test conditions. The maximum amount of CO2 sequestered over the course of the nine-day chemostat experiment was 1.15 g l−1 in cultures grown on 20% CO2.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his ground-breaking history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 3 contains the second volume of The French Revolution.
The Religious Aspect of Evolution
Authors: McCosh James
Published: March 2012

The Scottish scholar James McCosh (1811–94) was a champion of the Free church, a successful and much-published philosophy professor at Belfast for 16 years, and an energetic and innovative President of Princeton University from 1868 to 1888. The Religious Aspect of Evolution was published in 1888, and this second edition from 1890 took account of A. R. Wallace's latest work, Darwinism (1889, also reissued in this series). McCosh, who already in Ireland had developed a 'theory of the universe conditioned by Christian revelation' was one of very few clergymen in America who defended evolutionary theory. He impressed upon his students that while there seemed to be great truth in Darwin's theory, the work of the coming age must be to separate that truth from the error springing up around it. This would enable scholars to follow and even embrace science while also retaining their faith in the Bible.
History of Quadrupeds
Authors: Pennant Thomas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Pennant (1726–98) was a keen geologist, naturalist and antiquary. Linnaeus supported his election to the Royal Swedish Society of Sciences in 1757, and in 1767 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. His History of Quadrupeds (1793), aimed to promote natural history among a wider readership, originated in an informal index to John Ray's Synopsis of 1693. In his preface, Pennant acknowledges the monumental Histoire naturelle by the Comte de Buffon, as well as works by Klein (1751), Brisson (1756), and particularly the work of Linnaeus, though Pennant strongly disagreed with Linnaueus's classification of primates as including humans with apes. Pennant's two-volume book, beautifully illustrated with over 100 engravings, provides an overview of the state of zoological classification at the end of the eighteenth century. Charles Darwin owned a copy and had it sent to him in South America during the Beagle voyage.
The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages
Authors: Rashdall Hastings
Published: March 2012

Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924) first published The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages in 1895. It has remained one of the best-known studies of the great medieval universities for over a century. Volume 2 Part 1 covers the Italian universities from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries; the universities of Spain and Portugal from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries; the universities of France with detail on the universities of Montpellier, Orleans, Angers, Toulouse and Avignon; the universities of Germany, Bohemia and the Low Countries; the universities of Hungary; and the universities of Scotland. The origins and constitutions, institutional development, and curriculum of each university is analysed. Rashdall's study was one of the first comparative works on the subject. Its scope and breadth has ensured its place as a key work of intellectual history, and an indispensable tool for the study of the educational organisation of the Middle Ages.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas , Goethe Johann Wolfgang von
Published: March 2012

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 23 contains the first volume of his translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister.
The Natural History of Birds
Authors: Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de
Published: March 2012

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–88) was a French mathematician who was considered one of the leading naturalists of the Enlightenment. An acquaintance of Voltaire and other intellectuals, he worked as Keeper at the Jardin du Roi from 1739, and this inspired him to research and publish a vast encyclopaedia and survey of natural history, the ground-breaking Histoire Naturelle, which he published in forty-four volumes between 1749 and 1804. These volumes, first published between 1770 and 1783 and translated into English in 1793, contain Buffon's survey and descriptions of birds from the Histoire Naturelle. Based on recorded observations of birds both in France and in other countries, these volumes provide detailed descriptions of various bird species, their habitats and behaviours and were the first publications to present a comprehensive account of eighteenth-century ornithology. Volume 8 covers domestic and foreign marine birds.
A History of Java
Authors: Raffles Thomas Stamford
Published: March 2012

Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781–1826) was a British civil servant and statesman best known for his founding of the city (now Republic) of Singapore. After the capture of Java by the British in 1811, Raffles was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the island, a position he held until 1815. After a two-year interlude in England, he sailed back to the East, and established the city of Singapore in 1819. These volumes, written during his governorship and first published in 1817, contain his monumental survey and history of the island state. Raffles provides a comprehensive ethnographic description of the island's society, describing its economy, trade, languages and dialects, and religious and social customs, together with a detailed history of the island, including a discussion of the introduction of Islam. These volumes provide invaluable information of the study of contemporary Javanese society and history. Volume 1 contains Raffles's ethnographic study.
History of South Africa since September 1795
Authors: Theal George McCall
Published: March 2012

George McCall Theal (1837–1919) was a prolific South African historian and civil servant. After working as a missionary between 1875–1880 he was appointed magistrate of Tamacha before taking a position as a clerk in the government and became Keeper of the Cape Colony Archives. He was appointed Colonial Historiographer in 1891. These volumes, first published in 1908, contain Theal's detailed history of South Africa between 1795–1894. Focusing on the political history of the country, Theal explores the British control of Cape Colony and the reactions of the Dutch setters to increasing British immigration, discussing the political consequences of the establishment of the various Boer Republics and the growth of Zulu power in South Africa. These volumes provide valuable details on the political history of South Africa, and reveal contemporary attitudes towards the history and ideas of colonisation. Volume 2 covers Natal and Cape Colony between 1828–1846.
English Bible Versions
Authors: Barker Henry
Published: March 2012

This volume was published in 1911 for the New York Bible and Common Prayer Book Society to celebrate the three hundredth anniversary of the King James Bible. The Rev. Henry Barker, described in the preface as 'a late presbyter of this church' but about whom little is known, gives a full historical account of the manuscript origins of the Bible, the development of the biblical canon and the early efforts, made by reformers such as Wyclif in the fourteenth century and Tyndale in the sixteenth, to translate the Bible into the vernacular and thus make its content more accessible to the laity. Barker provides a clear and factual account not only of the evolution of the Bible in English but also of the background of social and political change that fostered the various early translations.
The Book of the Farm
Authors: Stephens Henry
Published: March 2012

Henry Stephens (1795–1874) was a farmer and later a writer on agriculture. After attending lectures on chemistry and agriculture at the University of Edinburgh he boarded with a Berwickshire farmer, George Brown, and gained experience of agricultural work. In 1820 Stephens acquired his own farm, on which he used modern and experimental farming methods. In 1837 he sold the farm, and devoted the rest of his life to writing guides to farming for the use of inexperienced farmers. These influential volumes, first published in 1842, contain Stephens' detailed descriptions of contemporary farming practices. He describes in meticulous detail all aspects of farming, including livestock care and slaughter, dairying, irrigation practices and crop culture. Arranged by season and including copious high-quality illustrations of farming equipment, these extremely popular and fascinating volumes were considered the standard work on practical Victorian agriculture. Volume 1 describes farming tasks performed in winter.
The Land and its People
Authors: Prothero Rowland Edmund
Published: March 2012

Rowland Prothero, Baron Ernle (1851–1937) was an author, land agent and politician, whose public career was particularly concerned with agricultural matters. During the First World War he served as President of the Board of Agriculture, organising a significant increase in agricultural production by bringing more land into cultivation and mobilising the labour of the Women's Land Army and prisoners of war. As food shipping from overseas was increasingly interrupted by enemy submarines, this was vital to the national food supply, and many of his reforms were reinstated in 1939–1945. The Land and its People was published in 1925, and examines the rural economy at a time of great change. He outlines the social and economic history of agriculture in the nineteenth century, before discussing the recent wartime policies, and how state control of agriculture and the application of scientific methods were changing British farming.
The History of Magic
Authors: Ennemoser Joseph
Published: March 2012

Joseph Ennemoser (1787–1854) was an Tyrolean doctor and scientist, noted for his use of magnetism and hypnosis. He was a forerunner of Freud in his belief in the connection between the mind and physical health, and his interest in psychology led to investigations into the paranormal. He became well known for his presentations about magic, delusions and apparently supernatural occurrences. He suggested that most of these phenomena appeared miraculous only because of a lack of understanding of the laws of nature. The History of Magic was published in Leipzig in 1844, and translated into English in 1854 by William Howitt, a leading Spiritualist writer. Volume 2 examines Germanic and medieval magic. Ennemoser attempts to show how animal magnetism has been partially understood throughout history, and relates it to scientific knowledge. The editor, Mary Howitt, has added a collection of accounts of supernatural events which illustrate the topics discussed.
Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España
Authors: Sahagûn Bernardino de
Published: March 2012

Friar Bernardino Sahagûn was in 1529 one of the first Catholic missionaries to the Aztecs. During his sojourn in Mexico he came to speak Nahuatl (the native language) fluently and to understand the Aztec culture, customs, religion and infrastructure intimately. He compiled the largest and most richly detailed record of the Aztecs and their history before the civilisation was wiped out by the Spanish conquest, and Sahagûn is sometimes considered 'the father of ethnology', as his study was the first to derive from the subjects' own point of view, through using native informants in his research. The work, written in 1540, was originally an illustrated manuscript of twelve books in a combination of Nahuatl and Spanish; this version, in Spanish only, was first published in 1829. Volume 1 covers the gods, their origins, the calendar of festivals and sacrificial events, and art and astrology relating to the Aztec religion.
Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812
Authors: Mahan Alfred Thayer
Published: March 2012

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914) was an American naval officer, considered one of the most important naval strategists of the nineteenth century. In 1885 he was appointed Lecturer in Naval History and Tactics at the US Naval War College, and served as President of the institution between 1886 and 1889. His series of books examining the role of sea power in history influenced the rapid growth of international navies in the period before World War I. This two-volume study of the Anglo-American war of 1812 was first published in 1905. Mahan examines the causes of the conflict, arguing that its roots went back to the seventeenth century. Although naval battles in the war of 1812 were small-scale rather than large fleet actions, Mahan shows that they were nevertheless crucial to the outcome. Volume 1 covers the background to the war - commercial relations, and Britain's war with France.
A Treatise on the Stability of Ships
Authors: Reed Edward James
Published: March 2012

Sir Edward James Reed (1830–1906) was appointed chief constructor of the Navy in 1863, and later founded his own ship design consultancy. He pioneered the methodical use of scientific calculations to determine a ship's weight, strength and stability, and was responsible for a number of revolutionary designs at a crucial period, when ships began to be armoured or rebuilt in iron in response to more powerful weaponry. This book, first published in 1885, sets out his approach to the problem of ensuring stability in iron-built ships. Reed discusses scientific theories of flotation, buoyancy and stability and applies them to contemporary ship design and shipbuilding techniques. Reed also describes the experiments of French naval architects in this area, providing the first English translations of their research. It is an important record of the Victorian naval and scientific understanding of iron-built ship stability, corrective design and building methods.
Network Morphology
Authors: Brown Dunstan , Hippisley Andrew
Published: March 2012

Morphology is particularly challenging, because it is pervaded by irregularity and idiosyncrasy. This book is a study of word structure using a specific theoretical framework known as 'Network Morphology'. It describes the systems of rules which determine the structure of words by construing irregularity as a matter of degree, using examples from a diverse range of languages and phenomena to illustrate. Many languages share common word building strategies and many diverge in interesting ways. These strategies can be understood by distinguishing different notions of 'default'. The Network Morphology philosophy promotes the use of computational implementation to check theories. The accompanying website provides the computer coded version of the Network Morphology model of word structure for readers to test, customize and develop. This book will be a valuable contribution to the fields of linguistic typology and morphology and will be welcomed by researchers and graduate students in these areas.
Dynamo-Electricity Machinery
Authors: Thompson Silvanus Phillips
Published: March 2012

Silvanus P. Thompson (1851–1916) was a physicist and electrical engineer. A professor by the age of 27, he taught at University College, Bristol, and the City and Guilds Finsbury Technical College in London, and was a leading expert on the newly emerging subject of electrical lighting. This work, first published in 1884, is considered a classic in the field. In this third edition (1888), Thompson explains that he has updated much of the work, and made an important amendment in Chapter XIV about the introduction of magnetic circuits into theoretical arguments about energy production. The book begins with an explanation of how dynamos turn mechanical power into electricity, and moves on to discuss some historical background and theoretical aspects before giving detailed descriptions and illustrations of the many types of dynamo. It is an important source document for the field of electrical engineering at the end of the nineteenth century.
Astronomicon
Authors: Manilius Marcus
Published: March 2012

Both the author and the date of this five-volume poem, the first Western document to link the houses of the zodiac with the course of human affairs, are uncertain. The author's name may be Marcus Manilius, or Manlius, or Mallius, and the latest datable event mentioned in the books themselves is the disastrous defeat of Varus' Roman legions by the German tribes in 9 CE. The writing shows knowledge of the work of Lucretius, but the work is not referred to by any subsequent writer, suggesting that it was never widely disseminated. A manuscript was rediscovered by Poggio Bracciolini in 1416 or 1417, and editions were produced by Scaliger and Bentley, but this immensely erudite edition of 1903–1930 by the scholar and poet A. E. Housman (1859–1936) is regarded as authoritative. Volume 4 describes the influence of the zodiacal signs on the people born under them.
The Life and Works of Goethe
Authors: Lewes George Henry
Published: March 2012

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) was one of Germany's greatest intellectuals. He exerted enormous influence in many fields, through works ranging from literature, linguistics and philosophy to the theory of colours and the biological sciences. Goethe's poetry and plays inspired music and opera as well as later writers, and his thought influenced philosophers including Nietzsche and Jung. Darwin himself referred to Goethe's botanical studies. The British philosopher and literary critic G. H. Lewes (1817–1878) carried out research for this hugely successful two-volume biography during a trip to Berlin and Weimar in 1854. First published in 1855, and reissued here in the second, 1858 edition, it draws on personal letters and recollections provided by Goethe's closest friends, family and colleagues to construct a portrait of this polymath, and assess how his personal relationships shaped his legacy to the world. Volume 2 covers the period from 1779 until Goethe's death.
Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, and Political Life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh
Authors: Prinsep Henry Thoby
Published: March 2012

Henry T. Prinsep (1792–1878) began his career in India with the East India Company in 1807 and worked in various posts, finally being appointed Persian secretary before retiring in 1843. Throughout his career, and into his retirement, he wrote a number of books about India. The present work, however, published in 1834, is a report taken from information gathered by the late political agent at Umbala, Captain William Murray, whose death made it necessary for other officials to ready the work for publication. The report looks at the history of the Sikh people and the rise of Runjeet (Ranjit) Singh (1780–1839). After Singh died, his empire began to weaken, and by 1845 the British were at war with the Sikhs. This work provides a view of the Punjab during a critical point in its history.
The Commentary of Origen on S. John's Gospel
Authors: Origen
Published: March 2012

Origen (c. 186–255 CE) was one of the great thinkers and writers of the third-century Church. His Commentary on John, written between 226 and 229, represents the height of his biblical scholarship. In it, he combated rising Gnostic interpretations of the Johannine gospel that asserted doctrines such as the existence of two gods. Unfortunately, only nine books of the original work are extant. In this 1896 publication, biblical scholar Alan England Brooke (1863–1939) of Cambridge University provides the revised Greek text. Volume 2 includes Books 19, 20, 28 and 32 together with various fragments and two indices. Origen's efforts in this work are an important reminder of the contested role of the Bible in Christian theological debate, and the Commentary will be useful to scholars of both patristic studies and the history of Christian biblical interpretation.
Electronic Signatures in Law
Authors: Mason Stephen
Published: March 2012

Electronic signatures are ubiquitous. Anyone sending an e-mail or using a credit card uses one. They can have a bearing on all areas of law, and no lawyer is immune from having to advise clients about their legal consequences. This third edition provides an exhaustive discussion of what constitutes an electronic signature, the forms an electronic signature can take and the issues relating to evidence, formation of contract and negligence in respect of electronic signatures. Case law from a wide range of common law and civil law jurisdictions is analysed to illustrate how judges have dealt with changes in technology in the past and how the law has adapted in response.
A Treatise on Harmony
Authors: Ouseley Frederick Arthur Gore
Published: March 2012

Sir Frederick Arthur Gore Ouseley (1825–1889), English church musician, composer, Professor of Music at Oxford and Precentor of Hereford Cathedral, is best remembered for the foundation of St Michael's College, Tenbury, and its extensive music library in 1856. Here he was concerned to maintain the tradition of sung daily offices and to provide a model for others to follow. This book, first published in 1868, is the first of Ouseley's three works on music theory, and offers a structured approach to the subject, beginning with an explanation of musical notation and the harmonic series, then moving through the rules of harmony from tonic and dominant triads, to chord inversions, augmentation, diminution, modulation, the use of suspensions, pivot notes and cadence sequences. Of interest to music students and historians, the book contains exercises for the student and an appendix giving a number of musical examples.
The Mind of the Criminal
Authors: Fontaine Reid Griffith
Published: March 2012

In American criminal law, if a defendant demonstrates that they lack certain psychological capabilities, they may be excused of blame and punishment for wrongdoing. However, criminal defense law often fails to consider the developmental science of individual differences in ability and functioning that may inform jurisprudential issues of rational capacity and responsibility in criminal law. This book discusses the excusing nature of a range of both traditional and non-traditional criminal law defenses and questions the structure of these defenses based on scientific findings from social and developmental psychology. This book explores how research on individual differences in the development of social perception, judgment and decision making explain why some youths and adults develop psychological tendencies that favor criminal behavior, and considers how developmental science can guide the understanding of criminal excuses and affirmative defense law.
To the Gold Coast for Gold
Authors: Burton Richard Francis , Cameron Verney Lovett
Published: March 2012

First published in 1883, this travel memoir describes the journey into West Africa undertaken by explorers Richard Burton (1821–90) and Verney Lovett Cameron (1844–94) in 1881. The mission for the two men was to assess the mining potential of the west coast, first observed by Burton in a publication that had appeared twenty years earlier. The first few chapters of Volume 1 cover Burton's journey from Trieste to Lisbon, Madeira and Tenerife and on to Africa during the winter of 1881, including descriptions of Mount Atlas and the Canary Islands. The volume finishes with their arrival in Sierra Leone. The expedition was cut short by the Foreign Office, who feared for the safety of the two explorers. Burton returned to Europe with a large collection of plant and animal specimens, and the pair sent 151 plant species, lists of which are included in the appendices, to Kew Gardens.
To the Gold Coast for Gold
Authors: Burton Richard Francis , Cameron Verney Lovett
Published: March 2012

First published in 1883, this travel memoir chronicles the journey into West Africa undertaken by explorers Richard Burton (1821–90) and Verney Lovett Cameron (1844–94) in 1881. The mission for the two men was to assess the mining potential of the west coast, first observed by Burton in a publication that had appeared twenty years earlier. Volume 2 starts with the men in Sierra Leone and describes the journey to Axim, 'the gold port of the past and the future' in Ghana. The subsequent chapters describe various expeditions made out of Axim and the examination of some mines. The journey was cut short by the Foreign Office, who feared for the safety of the two explorers. Burton returned to Europe with a large collection of plant and animal specimens, and the pair sent 151 plant species, lists of which are included in the appendices, to Kew Gardens.
Zanzibar
Authors: Burton Richard Francis
Published: March 2012

First published in 1872, this two-volume memoir by explorer, ethnographer and diplomat Sir Richard Burton (1821–90) was written while Burton and John Hanning Speke were making preparations for their expedition to solve one of the major geographical mysteries of the nineteenth century - the location of the source of the Nile. Volume 2 concerns the two journeys to the interior of West Africa, a 'tentative expedition' in early 1857, and the nineteen-month exploration, which began in June 1857, into the East African highlands. Burton was in poor health, and Speke travelled further north without him; he discovered Lake Victoria, and (rightly) concluded that it was the source of the Nile. This led to the notorious dispute between the two explorers, and in his final chapter, written after Speke's tragic death, Burton gives the history of the argument, and vehemently denies any jealousy or personal enmity on his part.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: March 2012

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 6 contains the final part of Defence of the Constitutions, together with essays and correspondence on theories of government, including Discourses on Davila, written while Adams was Vice-President to George Washington. Adams proposes that a hereditary monarchy could act as a suitable balance in some societies. However, such 'reactionary' theories contributed to the breakdown of his friendship with Jefferson.
A Voyage round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe
Authors: La Pérouse Jean-François de Galaup, comte de
Published: March 2012

Jean François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse (1741–88) was a French explorer appointed by Louis XVI to lead an expedition to explore the Pacific Ocean, which ended in disaster when in 1788 the ships left Botany Bay in Australia on course for the islands of Oceania, and were never heard from again. However, La Pérouse had sent back via a British ship letters, journals and charts which form the basis of these detailed volumes (first published in English translation in 1799), providing a fascinating account of the journey and the discoveries of the expedition. They provide valuable insights into the social and political context of contemporary scientific naval expeditions. Volume 1 contains a short biography of La Pérouse, copies of documents concerning the planning and provision of the expedition and a description of the voyage across the Pacific Ocean as far as Korea.
The Life of John William Colenso, D.D.
Authors: Cox George William
Published: March 2012

The prolific nineteenth-century historian and liberal churchman George William Cox (1827–1902) published this biography of the controversial bishop John William Colenso (1814–83) in 1888. Colenso was appointed the first Bishop of Natal in 1853, and in the next few years he oversaw the completion of the cathedral in Pietermaritzburg and the building of churches in Durban and Richmond, established mission stations and learned Zulu. He was heavily criticised for his tolerance of Zulu practices and for his view that the Old Testament was not literally true. Eventually he was excommunicated, though he retained a loyal following. Cox had accompanied Colenso on his first visit to South Africa in 1853, and remained a fervent supporter of the bishop's work, eventually being nominated (unsuccessfully) as his successor. Volume 2 covers the period from 1865 to Colenso's death, focusing on his support for indigenous rights in the face of colonialist injustice.
William Cotton Oswell, Hunter and Explorer
Authors: Oswell William Edward
Published: March 2012

The life of English explorer William Cotton Oswell (1818–93) was marked by adventures and discoveries. At nineteen, he left Essex for Madras, where he worked for the East India Company and became a renowned elephant catcher. Due to poor health, he was sent to South Africa, the 'empire of wild sport', where he specialised in hunting and exploration. He discovered the River Zouga and Lake Ngami during an expedition across the Kalahari desert, and travelled to the Zambezi River with Scottish missionary David Livingstone. Originally published in 1900, this two-volume biography was written by Oswell's eldest son. Since Oswell kept no diary, his life is here reconstructed through the many letters he sent to his family and friends. Volume 2 opens with Oswell's return to England in 1852, and includes an account of his journey to the Crimean front, where he worked in hospitals between 1854 and 1855.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 11 Part I, which appeared in 1927, supplements volumes 5 to 7 with additional material on physics (particularly magnetism) and both theoretical and practical astronomy. It also contains a substantial amount of scientific correspondence with scholars including Schumacher, Olbers and Bessel.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 12, which appeared in 1929, contains a great variety of posthumous notes and fragments, scientific correspondence and even proposals for problems to be set at scientific competitions. The volume also includes a reproduction of Gauss' 1840 atlas of geomagnetism.
Letters from the Mountains
Authors: Grant Anne MacVicar
Published: March 2012

First published in 1806, and revised and edited by her son for this 1845 sixth edition, this collection of letters by Anne Grant (1755–1838) tells her story of thirty years' residence in the Scottish Highlands. Described by the author as 'sketches of a life spent in the most remote obscurity', it was one of the first works to acquaint the public with the romantic scenery of the Highlands. Her lyrical descriptions of the landscape and characters of the rural parish of Laggan caught the imagination of a generation captivated by the poetry of Scott and Burns. Volume 1 begins with Anne McVicar's arrival in the Highlands, describes her marriage, and offers frank revelations of personal tragedies. The work is an important example of a woman's literary contribution to the Romantic movement. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/protected/svPeople?formname=r&person_id=granan.
Studies of Plant Life in Canada
Authors: Traill Catherine Parr Strickland , Chamberlin Agnes Fitzgibbon
Published: March 2012

Catharine Parr Traill (1802–99) was a writer, botanist and settler who emigrated from England to Canada with her husband in 1832. Both she and her sister, Susanna Moodie, became well known for their writing on settler life: Traill is also the author of The Backwoods of Canada and The Canadian Settler's Guide. This 1885 publication is the most comprehensive of her botanical works. Plants are grouped together by family and the book is divided into four sections: native flowers, flowering shrubs, forest trees and native ferns. Written to inspire the Canadian public to share her passion for the plant life of their country, the book has an engaging style where anecdotes and literary quotations appear alongside detailed descriptions and classification information. Traill's niece, Agnes Chamberlin, is the book's illustrator. A beautiful example of nineteenth-century popular botany, this book will appeal to anyone interested in the history of the subject.
The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson
Authors: Nelson Horatio
Published: March 2012

First published between 1844 and 1846, this seven-volume collection of the letters of Lord Nelson (1758–1805) was assembled and edited by antiquarian, historian and former naval lieutenant Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas (1799–1848), using letters supplied to him by many of Nelson's correspondents. Nicolas was better known for his many works on genealogy and heraldry, but his own naval background drew him to this work. In Volume 1 he asserts that 'the life of a man is best described by himself' and Nelson is subsequently revealed to be a skilled and engaging correspondent. The books document Nelson's long and celebrated career in the Royal Navy, from his appointment as a lieutenant in 1777 to his death at Trafalgar in 1805. Published in 1845, Volume 2 covers Nelson's career from 1795 to 1797, when he was serving in the Mediterranean, and includes the battles of Genoa and Cape St Vincent.
Is There Ever a ‘Right to One's Own Law’? An Exploration of Possible Rights Foundations for Legal Pluralism
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: March 2012

This article explores the possibility of elaborating a strong rights foundation for ‘weak’ legal pluralist arrangements, consisting of the recognition by the state of a degree of autonomy for the legal practices of minorities. It finds unhelpful and reductionist those arguments based merely on whether certain aspects of minority law are in violation of human rights or are more effective at protecting rights than state law. Instead, the article seeks to tackle the central issue of whether there is more generally a human rights case for legal pluralism, despite the modern rights movement's strong historical association with state monism and egalitarian universalism. Traditional rights bases for minority protection, both group and individual based, are envisaged specifically from the point of view of recognition of minority legal traditions. Both are found to raise difficulties that are magnified by the entry into play of legal considerations. When it comes to collective rights, there is a fear that endowing certain communities with legal autonomy will increase their ability to oppress the minority within; when it comes to individual rights, the idea of a ‘right to one's law’ misses the degree to which law is an institutional construct which requires a new division of power within the state that goes far beyond what are generally understood as basic freedoms. Rather than assessing the problem merely from an individual or group point of view, the rights validity of legal pluralist arrangements is seen as dependent on how they relate to society at large. Specifically, a case is made that legal pluralism can be part of a beneficial coming to terms by societies with their diversity, a reinforcement of democratic forms and, in some cases, a type of transitional justice that recognises the extent to which the deprivation of law has been a traditional means of subjugation of minorities. The article concludes with an effort to recast the entire debate from the point of view of international human rights law and to critique its somewhat arbitrary focus on the state as the only locus of significant legal diversity.
Forms of Predation: Tiger and Markhor Hunting in Colonial Governance
Authors: HUSSAIN SHAFQAT
Published: February 2012

In this paper I compare late nineteenth and early twentieth-century sport hunting of markhor, a mountain goat, by British civil and military officials in the mountainous northern frontier region of Kashmir State, with their hunting of tigers, particularly man-eating tigers in the hilly and plains regions of India. Using these two instances, this paper elucidates and compares two competing visions of colonial governance. The British sportsman hunted man-eating tigers in order to protect Indian society from wild nature. Hunting them was also symbolic of their welfare-oriented governance ideology. They also hunted markhor in the northern mountainous region usingbegar, or forced labour, which they justified by falling back on the wider colonial representation of the northern mountainous region as a civilization-less area, where a more coercive form of governance was needed. So, rather than protecting society from nature, as in the case of man-eating tiger hunting in the plains, what was needed in the mountains was the ability of the British to introduce civilization into unruly nature via a strong disciplinary force. I argue that colonial governance entailed not simply a struggle to civilize India and its population, but a more profound struggle for control over nature.
Preferences, perceptions, and veto players: explaining devolution negotiation outcomes in the Canadian territorial north
Authors: Alcantara Christopher
Published: February 2012

Since the early part of the 20th century, the federal government has engaged in a long and slow process of devolution in the Canadian Arctic. Although the range of powers devolved to the territorial governments has been substantial over the years, the federal government still maintains control over the single most important jurisdiction in the region, territorial lands and resources, which it controls in two of the three territories, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. This fact is significant for territorial governments because gaining jurisdiction over their lands and resources is seen as necessary for dramatically improving the lives of residents and governments in the Canadian north. Relying on archival materials, secondary sources, and 33 elite interviews, this paper uses a rational choice framework to explain why the Yukon territorial government was able to complete a final devolution agreement relating to lands and resources in 2001 and why the governments of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have not. It finds that the nature and distance of federal-territorial preferences, combined with government perceptions of aboriginal consent and federal perceptions of territorial capacity and maturity, explain the divergent outcomes experienced by the three territorial governments in the Canadian arctic.

The following acronyms are employed: AIP: Agreement-in-Principle; DTA: Devolution Transfer Agreement; GEB: gross expenditure base; GN: Government of Nunavut; GNWT: Government of Northwest Territories; NCLA: Nunavut Land Claims Agreement; NTI: Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated; NWT; Northwest Territories; ON: Ontario; TFF: Territorial Formula Financing; UFA: Umbrella Final Agreement; YDTA: Yukon Devolution Transfer Agreement; YTG: Yukon Territorial Government; YK: Yukon;
Goethe's “Delicate Empiricism”: Assessing its Value for Australian Ecologists
Authors: Bradley Melanie
Published: March 2012

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, recognised as a seminal German polymath, developed a unique approach for investigating nature, termed “delicate empiricism”. Goethe's approach uses empathy, imagination and intuition to promote a participatory engagement with the world. It goes beyond the dualistic-rationalism that defines “conventional” ecological research and can lead to novel insights. “Delicate empiricism” was applied in an ecologically-degraded agricultural landscape in the Brigalow Belt, Queensland, Australia, and its potential for increasing landscape understanding and providing a basis for land-use design was assessed. It was found that Goethe's approach led to holistic, qualitative landscape awareness, not ordinarily accessible via “conventional science”. Application of “delicate empiricism” also gave rise to a land-use design that refected the Australian-nessof the Brigalow Belt landscape, particularly the potential for recovery of native biodiversity values through retention of regrowth vegetation. Overall, the study suggested that there is merit in educating Australian ecologists about “delicate empiricism” to encourage more creative and sensitive landscape management, that is in sync with the environment.