bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of design and operational parameters on the optimal performance of direct air capture units using solid sorbents
Authors: Ward Adam , Papathanasiou Maria M. , Pini Ronny
Published: August 2024

Direct capture of CO$$_2$$

2

from ambient air is technically feasible today, with commercial units already in operation. A demonstrated technology for achieving direct air capture (DAC) is chemical separation of CO$$_2$$

2

in a steam-assisted temperature-vacuum swing adsorption (S-TVSA) process. However, the potential to develop scalable solutions remains high, requiring a detailed understanding of the impact of both process design and operation on the performance of the DAC unit. Here, we address this knowledge gap by presenting a state-of-the-art process simulation tool for the purification of CO$$_2$$

2

from ambient air by a 5-step S-TVSA process. By considering the benchmark adsorbent APDES-NFC, we conduct multi-objective productivity/energy usage optimization of the DAC unit, subject to the requirement of producing a high purity CO$$_2$$

2

product ($$\ge 95$$

≥
95

%). For the base case scenario, we find a maximum productivity of Pr$$_{\max } = 6.20$$

max

=
6.20

 kg/m$$^3$$

3

/day and a minimum specific equivalent work of W$$_{\text {EQ},\min } = 1.66$$

EQ
,
min

=
1.66

 MJ/kg. While in reasonable agreement with published data, our results indicate that the description of both competitive adsorption and adsorption kinetics are key factors in introducing uncertainty in process model predictions. We also demonstrate that the application of formal optimization techniques, rather than design heuristics, is central to reliably assess the process performance limits. We identity that system designs employing moderate CO$$_2$$

2

sorption kinetics and contactors with low length-to-radius ratios yield the best performance in terms of system productivity. Finally, we find that moderate-high ambient relative humidities (50–75%) offer significantly favourable performance, and that a wide range of feed temperatures (5–30 $$^\circ$$

∘

C) can be accommodated via process optimization without a significant impact on performance.
Maternal serum PlGF associates with 3D power doppler ultrasound markers of utero-placental vascular development in the first trimester: the rotterdam periconception cohort
Authors: de Vos Eline S. , Danser A. H. Jan , Koning Anton H. J. , Willemsen Sten P. , van der Meeren Lotte E. , Steegers Eric. A. P. , Steegers-Theunissen Régine P. M. , Mulders Annemarie G. M. G. J.
Published: August 2024

Objective (s)

Circulating angiogenic factors are used for prediction of placenta-related complications, but their associations with first-trimester placental development is unknown. This study investigates associations between maternal angiogenic factors and utero-placental vascular volume (uPVV) and utero-placental vascular skeleton (uPVS) as novel imaging markers of volumetric and morphologic (branching) development of the first-trimester utero-placental vasculature.

Methods

In 185 ongoing pregnancies from the VIRTUAL Placenta study, a subcohort of the ongoing prospective Rotterdam Periconception cohort, three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasounds of the placenta were obtained at 7–9–11 weeks gestational age (GA). The uPVV was measured as a parameter of volumetric development and reported the vascular quantity in cm3. The uPVS was generated as a parameter of morphologic (branching) development and reported the number of end-, bifurcation- crossing- or vessel points and total vascular length. At 11 weeks GA, maternal serum biomarkers suggested to reflect placental (vascular) development were assessed: placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng). sFlt-1/PlGF and sEng/PlGF ratios were calculated. Multivariable linear regression with adjustments was used to estimate associations between serum biomarkers and uPVV and uPVS trajectories.

Results

Serum PlGF was positively associated with uPVV and uPVS development (uPVV: β = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.15;0.64; bifurcation points: β = 4.64, 95% CI = 0.04;9.25; crossing points: β = 4.01, 95% CI = 0.65;7.37; total vascular length: β = 13.33, 95% CI = 3.09;23.58, all p-values < 0.05). sEng/PlGF ratio was negatively associated with uPVV and uPVS development. We observed no associations between sFlt-1, sEng or sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and uPVV and uPVS development.

Conclusion(s)

Higher first-trimester maternal serum PlGF concentration is associated with increased first-trimester utero-placental vascular development as reflected by uPVV and uPVS.

Clinical trial registration number Dutch Trial Register NTR6854.
Radio continuum emission from planetary nebulae in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Asher A. D. , Filipović M. D. , Bojičić I. , Alsaberi R. Z. E. , Crawford E. J. , Leverenz H.
Published: August 2024

We report 11 new radio continuum measurements of established planetary nebulae (PNe) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) that we observed at 5.5 and 9 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). These new radio detections are PNe with catalogued names: SMP SMC 2, SMP SMC 3, SMP SMC 5, SMP SMC 8, SMP SMC 13, SMP SMC 14, SMP SMC 19, MGPN SMC 8, SMP SMC 22, SMP SMC 26 and SMP SMC 27. We supplement our data with available high-resolution radio observations from MeerKAT and construct the spectral energy distribution (SED) in the radio regime for each PN. We determine the angular diameters of four of the eleven PNe from radio flux density alone using SED modelling, which are compared to the corresponding Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical diameters. Our results are in good agreement with the optically-derived angular diameters from independent HST observations. We plot our new diameter estimates against a larger sample of Galactic PNe and compare diameters obtained via the SED method to those found in the literature. Our sample diameters, when compared to the Galactic PNe, suggest that the angular diameter measurement methods are comparable independent of the distance.
Achieving structural heterogeneity and high multi-taxon biodiversity in managed forest ecosystems: a European review
Authors: Uhl Britta , Schall Peter , Bässler Claus
Published: August 2024

The European Biodiversity Strategy has set the key goal to maintain and promote biodiversity. Managed forests here play a key role, as they are among the most diverse ecosystems. To create biodiversity rich managed forest landscapes, we need a deep understanding on how management affects forest structure and subsequently habitat quality on the local and landscape level. However, to date a confusingly large amount of different terms for various management systems exist and it remains unclear how forest structure and composition affected by specific management systems affect biodiversity. Here, we first aim to clarify forest management systems terminology. Second, we link existing management systems with forest structure and review at European level how these structures affect local α-, as well as landscape-scale β- and γ-biodiversity. We found that research and derived management guidelines have a strong focus on local forest stand heterogeneity and related α-diversity, while ignoring the importance of landscape-scale heterogeneity and therefore β- and γ-diversity. Instead of promoting one management system as an all-in-one-solution, a diversity of different forest management systems seems the most promising way to create biodiversity rich forest landscapes. We finally discuss how a combination of different management systems might help to create structurally rich forest habitats and landscapes, simulating different successional stages and promoting species rich communities.
Governing the Responsible Investment of Slack Resources in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Performance: How Beneficial are CSR Committees?
Authors: Heubeck Tim , Ahrens Annina
Published: August 2024

Possessing slack resources enables businesses to invest in innovative and stakeholder-focused initiatives. Therefore, we posit that higher slack resources encourage businesses to allocate these resources to improve their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. Moreover, as a central sustainability governance mechanism, we hypothesize that the corporate social responsibility (CSR) committee supports investing slack resources in ESG initiatives. Using data from Nasdaq-100 firms, we find initial support for a positive effect of slack resources for ESG. However, further analyses reveal that slack resources become detrimental to ESG after an economically relevant threshold, indicating an inverted U-shaped effect of slack resources. Additionally, despite their generally positive effect, we uncover that CSR committees cannot effectively enhance the benefits of low or moderate slack levels for ESG nor prevent the detriments of elevated slack levels for ESG. Therefore, our study significantly contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding slack resources, ESG, and the usefulness of CSR committees. These findings hold significant implications for ethical resource allocation, urging firms and their decision-makers to reconsider the dual-edged role of slack resources in the unique ESG context and support the CSR committee in realizing its potential for promoting sustainability and ethical practices within the organization.
Effect of ionic liquid [emim][OAc] on the set recovery behavior of densified wood
Authors: Zhang Shiying , Meinhard Halvar , Collins Steven , Lourencon Tainise V. , Rautkari Lauri
Published: August 2024

Wood modification techniques, like densification, can improve the mechanical performance of low-density and undervalued wood species, rendering them suitable for high-value engineering applications. Nevertheless, densified wood (DW) commonly manifests a set recovery (SR) phenomenon when exposed to water, negating the enhancements achieved through densification. Our method addresses the SR issue and the non-recyclability associated with conventionally produced DW using chemical techniques in wood densification. To mitigate SR in DW, an ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was impregnated as a cellulose plasticizing agent prior to wood densification. This method facilitated permanent deformation within the cellulose network, resulting in negligible SR. Moreover, the DW treated with IL (DW_1w) demonstrated an increase in both modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity after water washing and subsequent redrying, in comparison to the untreated control (UC). Notably, spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses indicated that the chemical structure of DW_1w remained akin to that of UC. Additionally, the IL leached out during the DW-water washing step can be recovered. This research contributes to advancing sustainable alternatives to less ecologically friendly (chemical) pretreatment methods to reduce SR related issues in DW.
The relationship between molecular weight of bacterial cellulose and the viscosity of its copper (II) ethylenediamine solutions
Authors: Yu Huayang , Lanot Alexandra , Mao Ningtao
Published: August 2024

There are difficulties in measuring the molecular weight (Mw) of bacterial cellulose (BC) using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis. Additionally, the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation cannot be used to predict the Mw of BC as no Mark-Houwink-Sakurada constant specific to BC is available. In this study, a systematic approach is developed to establish the relationship between the Mw of BC and the viscosity of its copper (II) ethylenediamine (CED) solutions. Impurities contained in the raw BC are examined and appropriate purification procedures are designed for their removal before the above two measurements are conducted. The Mw of BC is obtained by measuring the Degree of Polymerization of its corresponding cellulose acetate (CA), derived from degraded BC, using GPC analysis, and the viscosity of the CED solutions of the BC is measured using a BS/U Tube viscometer. In this paper, the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada constants (K=0.3752 mL/g and $$\alpha$$
α
=1.4532) specific for BC are determined to relate the Mw of BC with the intrinsic viscosity of its CED solutions. It is also found that the Mw of BC is proportional to the dynamic viscosity (i.e.,$$\eta _{BC} =0.0183Mw^{1.3069}$$

η

BC

=
0.0183
M

w

1.3069

) and the flow time (i.e., $$t_{BC} =1.3809$$

t

BC

=
1.3809

Mw$$^{1.3062}$$

1.3062

) of its CED solutions. These BC-specific relationships can help determine the Mw of BC from the rheological properties of its CED solutions.
Reconciling Tracking Error Volatility and Value-at-Risk in Active Portfolio Management: A New Frontier
Authors: Lucchetti Riccardo , Nicolau Mihaela , Palomba Giulio , Riccetti Luca
Published: August 2024

This article introduces the Risk Balancing Frontier (RBF), a new portfolio boundary in the absolute risk-total return space: the RBF arises when two risk indicators, the Tracking Error Volatility (TEV) and the Value-at-Risk (VaR), are both constrained not to exceed pre-set maximum values. By focusing on the trade-off between the joint restrictions on the two risk indicators, this frontier is the set of all portfolios characterized by the minimum VaR attainable for each TEV level. First, the RBF is defined analytically and its mathematical properties are discussed: we show its connection with the Constrained Tracking Error Volatility Frontier (Jorion in Financ Anal J, 59(5):70–82, 2003. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v59.n5.2565) and the Constrained Value-at-Risk Frontier (Alexander and Baptista in J Econ Dyn Control, 32(3):779–820, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2007.03.005) frontiers. Next, we explore computational issues implied with its construction, and we develop a fast and accurate algorithm to this aim. Finally, we perform an empirical example and consider its relevance in the context of applied finance: we show that the RBF provides a useful tool to investigate and solve potential agency problems.
New distance bounds for quasi-cyclic codes
Authors: Özbudak Ferruh , Özkaya Buket
Published: August 2024

We consider the minimum weight of codewords in a quasi-cyclic code and characterize the estimate in its most general setup using their concatenated structure. The new bound we derive generalizes the Jensen and Güneri–Özbudak bounds and it holds for the more general class of multilevel concatenated codes.
Ambient lighting alters pattern electroretinogram P50 peak time and spatial sensitivity
Authors: Tucker Lisa , Marmoy Oliver R. , Handley Siân E. , Thompson Dorothy A.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Our aim was to explore the effect of ambient lighting on the pattern ERG (PERG).

Methods

We compared PERGs recorded in two conditions; room lights on and room lights off. PERGs from 21 adult participants were recorded from each eye to high contrast checks of 50’ side width, reversing 3rps in a large (30°) and then standard (15°) field. This was performed first in lights-ON conditions, then 2 min after the room lights were switched off. A minimum of 2 averages of 300 trials were acquired for each condition. A subset of 10 participants had PERGs recorded to a 50’ check width with a range of stimulus contrasts (96–18%), also to a range of different check widths (100’–12’) at high contrast in both ambient lighting conditions in a 30° field.

Results

The lights-ON P50 median peak time (PT) was 3 ms earlier than the lights-OFF P50 from the 30° field (range 0–5 ms) and 15° field (range 0–6 ms). The earlier lights-ON P50 PT was evident at different stimulus contrasts, even after accounting for stimulus contrast reductions associated with stray ambient lighting in lights-ON conditions. Lights-OFF and lights-ON P50 PT were similar to different check widths; the lights-OFF P50 PT to a 50’ check width matched the lights-ON P50 PT to a 25’ check width.

Conclusion

PERG P50 PT in lights-ON ambient light conditions can be earlier than in lights-OFF ambient light conditions. The difference in P50 PT with ambient light may reflect alterations in spatial sensitivity associated with retinal adaptation. These results emphasise the clinical importance of consistent ambient lighting for PERG recording and calibration.
Analyzing spatiotemporal variations and dynamics of vegetation over Amathole district municipality in South Africa
Authors: Afuye Gbenga Abayomi , Kalumba Ahmed Mukalazi , Owolabi Solomon Temidayo , Thamaga Kgabo Humphrey , Ndou Naledzani , Sibandze Phila , Orimoloye Israel Ropo
Published: August 2024

Global biodiversity loss and ecosystem services are significantly impacted by vegetation stress and environmental degradation. The study evaluates vegetation dynamics and long-term meteorological variables in Amathole District Municipality, South Africa, using satellite-derived vegetation indices from 2001 to 2022. The study utilised Terra MODIS and Landsat time series data to evaluate vegetation cover variation using the seasonal Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A MODIS-specific compositing algorithm was used to acquire and extract data from the Application for Extracting and Exploring Analysis Ready Samples (AppEEARS) using the study area extent. Pearson correlation and non-parametric trend analysis were used to assess the long-term vegetation cover characteristics and the influence of temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration (ETo) on vegetation cover. The results reveal a significant decline (<10%) in the quality of green vegetation condition index from moderate to low due to prolonged dryness in autumn and winter, affecting seasonal VCI trends. In certain years, the western region has experienced browning trends and increased vegetation. Spring and summer months experienced high vegetation greenness (50-100%), with inter-annual and decadal NDVI trends shifting, causing high drought sensitivity in the east. The study found a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) between precipitation and simulated evapotranspiration anomalies with vegetation dynamics, contrasting with inter-annual and decadal changes in NDVI trends. The changes were primarily observed in small areas, with a greening trend resulting from an increased rate of ETo, which in turn affects temperature change. The approach is suitable for semi-arid environments and can be adopted by stakeholders due to its geospatial implications for vegetation monitoring and evaluation.
Those Lucky Enough to Transcend Gender: Travis Alabanza, Radical Transfeminism, and the Law
Authors: Duffy Sandra
Published: August 2024

Travis Alabanza is a Black British transfeminine author and playwright, best known for their play Burgerz and their memoir None of the Above. This article places these works in conversation with the politics of radical transfeminism, a community-centred ethos which places above all the needs of marginalised transfeminine people, as they pertain to law and society. It engages themes of identity, violence, and legal regulation, and argues for a liberatory approach to trans life which does not depend on legal recognition for its legitimacy. It also discusses how radical transfeminism approaches intersectional forms of discrimination such as transmisogynoir by positing a different approach to legal and social structures.
Guldborgsund Arson House Fire Experiment and Numerical Investigation
Authors: Husted Bjarne Paulsen , Livkiss Karlis , Sauca Ana
Published: August 2024

This paper describes the Guldborgsund arson house fire experiment performed in Denmark and the subsequent numerical investigation. Gas temperatures were measured with four thermocouple trees, and smoke detector activation times were recorded in all rooms. A two-step approach was used to perform the numerical modelling for reproduction of the fire scene. The measured temperatures in the room of fire origin were used as an input for back calculating the Heat Release Rate (HRR) with the two-zone model Argos. As a next step, this HRR was used in the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) to predict the temperatures and the smoke detectors’ activation times in other rooms. The FDS model was partly build using output files from the laser scanning. A sensitivity analysis is presented, where the effect of nine input parameters was investigated, including HRR, the material properties, the height of the fuel bed, the fire area, level of geometrical detail of the first item ignited etc. This study showed that the measured soot deposition heights on the walls differed from the heights of measured sharp temperature gradients used to indicate the hot smoke layer. The numerical simulations resulted in less than 50% error for most of the temperature measurement points during the fuel-controlled stage of the fire and results were the most sensitive to the input HRR. Material properties in FDS had a significant influence on the computed upper-layer gas temperatures at late stages of the fire.
Causal sets and an emerging continuum
Authors: Carlip S.
Published: August 2024

Causal set theory offers a simple and elegant picture of discrete physics. But the vast majority of causal sets look nothing at all like continuum spacetimes, and must be excluded in some way to obtain a realistic theory. I describe recent results showing that almost all non-manifoldlike causal sets are, in fact, very strongly suppressed in the gravitational path integral. This does not quite demonstrate the emergence of a continuum—we do not yet understand the remaining unsuppressed causal sets well enough—but it is a significant step in that direction.
Using Critical Race Mixed Methodology to Explore African American College Students’ Experiences with Racial Microaggressions
Authors: DeCuir-Gunby Jessica T. , McCoy Whitney N. , Gibson Stephen M. , Modaressi Saba L. , Macias Andrea J.
Published: August 2024

There is a dearth of social justice or critical mixed methods research approaches, particularly in higher education. Critical Race Mixed Methodology (CRMM) is a type of critical mixed methods research that combines Critical Race Theory (CRT) and mixed methods research (DeCuir-Gunby in Educational Psychologist 55, 244-255, 2020). However, there are limited examples of CRMM within higher education research (Johnson & Strayhorn in Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 16, 539-553, 2023). Our study further operationalizes CRMM through the explication of an explanatory sequential mixed methods exploration of African American college students’ experiences with racial microaggressions, where the qualitative findings are used to expand upon the quantitative findings (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2017). The study uses Critical Race Theory (Bell, 1992; Ladson-Billings & Tate in Teachers College Record 97, 47-68, 1995; Solórzano & Huber, 2020) to focus on how African American college students’ experiencing of racial microaggressions influences their racial identity and feelings of belonging in historically white institutions (HWIs). The quantitative findings (n = 97) indicated that private regard (racial identity) protected students’ sense of belonging when experiencing racial microaggressions. The qualitative findings (n = 15) explored students’ stories regarding their experiences with racial microaggressions, focusing on their feelings of belonging. Through our discussion, we advance the use of mixed methods in higher education research to better understand the racialized experiences of African American college students and demonstrate how CRMM can be used to integrate quantitative and qualitative findings.
Comparison of two cultivation methods for domesticating wild red algal eucheumatoids for use in the seaweed industry
Authors: Yahya Nurulafifah , Poong Sze-Wan , Brodie Juliet , Cottier-Cook Elizabeth J. , Wilbraham Joanna , Mallinson Saul , Kassim Azhar , Mansor Ku Nor Afiza Asnida Ku , Lim Phaik-Eem
Published: August 2024

Eucheumatoid cultivation is an important alternative livelihood for small-scale farmers in coastal areas in east Malaysia. Over the last 50 years, the same clones of the red eucheumatoid Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatus have been vegetatively propagated for cultivation resulting in low genetic diversity. This has made the cultivars more vulnerable to pests and diseases, which has been further exacerbated by climate change. There is an urgent need, therefore, to develop new cultivars that are resilient to pests and diseases, as well as environmental change. In this study, wild eucheumatoids were collected from four regions in Semporna, East Malaysia: Kerindingan, Sibuhun, Sebangkat and Omadal. These eucheumatoids were then grown at a commercial seaweed farm in Silungun, Semporna using two methods: i) tie-tie and ii) basket net for 60 days and their performance was evaluated based on growth and survival rates. A higher mean specific growth rate (SGR) was recorded by wild-collected Kappaphycus spp. (2.15 ± 1.90% day−1) and Eucheuma denticulatum (2.83 ± 3.27% day−1) when tie-tie was used. However, survival of the wild-collected eucheumatoids was better with the basket net, which led to a reduction in grazing and prevented detachment from culture lines. Of 212 original individuals, 72 survived throughout the study, despite the prevalence of pests and ice-ice disease. Of these, 46.15% Kappaphycus spp. and 50.75% E. denticulatum survived when cultivated using the basket net and 17.20% Kappaphycus spp. and 30.77% E. denticulatum survived when cultivated using tie-tie. The mean SGR and survival rate were significantly correlated with temperature, salinity, pH, current velocity and rainfall (p < 0.05). The surviving wild-collected Kappaphycus spp. and E. denticulatum have the potential to be developed into new cultivars for possible commercial use.
Botryococcus braunii reduces algal grazing losses to Daphnia and Poterioochromonas through both chemical and physical interference
Authors: Thomas Patrick K. , Arn Finn J. , Freiermuth Micha , Narwani Anita
Published: August 2024

Crop protection from algal grazers is a key area of concern, as grazing zooplankton and flagellates can decimate microalgae crops and impede economic viability of cultivation for biofuels and bioproducts. Inhibition of grazing by chemical and physical interference is one promising solution; however, there have been few empirical tests of this approach that use defense traits innate to algal crop species. Botryococcus braunii is of particular interest because a) it excretes high levels of hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides and b) forms colonies and possesses chemical defenses. Here we conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test whether B. braunii can mitigate losses to grazing by two distinct grazers, Daphnia magna and Poterioochromonas malhamensis, due to both chemical inhibition and physical interference linked to large/inedible colonies. We show that chemical and physical defenses interactively reduce the total effect of grazing, thus significantly increasing the biomass and growth rates of cultures of B. braunii and Nannochloropsis limnetica when either grazer is present. We also find that B. braunii medium enhances the growth of N. limnetica. Our study demonstrates how community engineering can identify synergies arising from algal co-cultivation (e.g., by using industrially relevant strains for crop protection). While our lab study serves as a proof-of-concept, future research should test this strategy at pilot scale; if successful, such ecological discoveries may help to reduce the costs of large-scale deployment of algal cultivation for sustainable foods, fuels, bioproducts (e.g., bioplastics), and carbon capture.
High-temperature exposure of the high-strength 18Ni-300 maraging steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion: oxidation, structure and mechanical changes
Authors: Strakosova Angelina , Průša Filip , Jiříček Petr , Houdková Jana , Michalcová Alena , Vojtěch Dalibor
Published: August 2024

The present work describes the effect of long-term (8 weeks) high-temperature oxidation (500 °C) on the formation of an oxide layer as well as on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed 18Ni-300 maraging steel. For this purpose, samples produced by additive manufacturing in the as-built and the as-built + solution annealed and aging treated states were used. The as-built + solution annealed and aging treated material was found to be more prone to oxide layer formation due to a homogeneously distributed Ni3Mo intermetallic phase in the material matrix compared to the as-built material. The 8 weeks long exposure to a temperature of 500 °C has caused the formation of a thick oxide layer that exhibited a very bad adhesion with the metal matrix/oxide. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a layer with a complex phase composition: martensite, austenite, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4. Moreover, the presence of CoFe2O4 was determined on the thin outer oxide layer using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The phenomenon of over-aging was found to be the most significant after the first week of high-temperature oxidation. Then, a negligible change in the microhardness was observed throughout the entire experiment. X-ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the phase composition of the alloy corresponding to 75% of martensite + 25% of austenite as well as the change of Ni3Mo precipitate to Ni3(Mo, Ti) type after the long-term oxidation.
Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Medical Decision-Making for Ostomy Surgery in Pediatric IBD: Themes from Focus Groups
Authors: David Jennie G. , Dotson Jennifer L. , Mackner Laura
Published: August 2024

Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic illness where patients may undergo ostomy surgery. Medical decision-making (MDM) for ostomy surgery is complex for patients/families and multidisciplinary healthcare professionals (HCPs) alike, with current uncertainty about how multidisciplinary HCPs think about ostomy care to inform future interventions to facilitate equitable multidisciplinary care for patients. This study sought to understand pediatric IBD multidisciplinary HCPs’ perceptions regarding ostomy-related MDM and education. Multidisciplinary HCPs (e.g., gastroenterology medical providers, social workers, surgeons, and ostomy nurses) participated in semi-structured focus groups. Focus group data underwent qualitative analysis to identify themes. Three multidisciplinary focus groups were conducted, with n = 12 participants across all groups. Qualitative analysis identified three main themes, including (1) HCP perceptions of ostomies, (2) Patient/family-related factors, and (3) Professional roles and collaboration challenges. Ostomy surgery in pediatric IBD requires complex multidisciplinary MDM and education. Perspectives of multidisciplinary HCPs identified patient, HCP, and systems factors that may impact MDM for ostomy surgery. This work highlights nuances in MDM and education in IBD, and the critical role of ongoing research and improved standardized processes to coordinate multidisciplinary ostomy-related MDM and education in this population.
Applying General Strain Theory to the Relationship Between Strain from Another Person’s Gambling Behavior and Gambling Disorder
Authors: Malkin Michelle L.
Published: August 2024

Prior research has identified a host of factors that increase the likelihood that an individual will develop problem gambling, clinically diagnosed as Gambling Disorder (GD), most of which would be identified by criminologists as “strains” under the framework of General Strain Theory (GST). This study utilizes propositions from GST to determine whether strain from another person’s gambling may be related to why people develop GD and whether gender is a moderating factor in this relationship. Secondary data is analyzed to assess levels of strain individuals experience from another person’s gambling behavior, its relationship to the individual’s risk of Gambling Disorder, and the role gender plays in this relationship. Findings demonstrate a relationship between the strain from the perceived problem gambling of someone with a close relationship and having a gambling disorder. Experiencing strain from a spouse/partner who is perceived as a problem gambler has the strongest correlation with an individual also having Gambling Disorder. Considering gender as a moderating factor, this effect was stronger on men than women, calling into question the strong belief that it is primarily women who gamble to escape problems.
Financial investment by non-financial firms: does it affect audit quality?
Authors: Wang Litan , You Kefei , Chen Hui
Published: August 2024

In the context of the global trend of increasing financial investment by non-financial firms, this study investigates how this process affects the audit quality of these firms. Employing data of Chinese listed non-financial firms from 2011 to 2020, we first examine whether the increasing proportion of financial assets in the total assets has an adverse impact on the audit quality of these firms. We then analyze the mediation effect of operational volatility on such impact by adopting the mediation test of the modified Sobel’s z and the bootstrap test. We find that a higher proportion of financial assets to total assets lowers the audit quality, confirming that the financialization of non-financial firms deteriorates their audit quality. Furthermore, the mediation tests show that operational volatility is an important channel for this negative effect.
Application of gas sensor technology to locate victims in mass disasters – a review
Authors: Karami Hamed , Thurn Bridget , de Boer Nanne K. , Ramos Jose , Covington James A. , Lozano Jesús , Liu Taoping , Zhang Wentian , Su Steven , Ueland Maiken
Published: August 2024

The occurrence of mass disasters are increasing as a result of changing climates and the growing threat of terrorist activities/conflicts. When these tragedies strike, it is critical to locate victims. While search and rescue dogs are trained to locate the living, cadaver detection dogs are trained to locate the deceased. These dogs rely on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the victims to do so. Knowing which dog unit to deploy can be challenging, and the victims’ makeup is likely to change following disasters in densely inhabited places, where commingling is likely to occur. The use of electronic nose technologies in forensic science is a recent breakthrough. Due to their ability to detect differing VOCs, this technology can be used to assist in the recovery of victims in disaster events. The most popular types of accessible gas sensor technologies are briefly introduced and compared in this article for their potential use to locate missing persons, both living and deceased. The current and future market needs are articulated, and the lack of enrichment of these needs is examined in relation to the capabilities of existing gas sensors. This will inform further research areas of preference to increase victim detection capabilities.
Seismic variations before Eastern Anatolian catastrophic events in February 2023
Authors: Trifonova Petya , Oynakov Emil , Popova Mariya , Aleksandrova Irena
Published: August 2024

The East Anatolian Fault System has been intensively studied over the years due to its potential to generate strong earthquakes and the high exposure of the economy and population in the region. This interest intensified even more after the strong earthquakes in the area at the beginning of February 2023, leading to a focused search for features and precursors that might suggest such an upcoming event. We analyze certain characteristics of seismicity within the East Anatolian Fault System before the earthquakes of February 6, 2023, with magnitudes Mw = 7.8 and Mw = 7.5, over the time period between 1983 and 2022. The earthquake catalog from January 1983 to September 2023, created by Turkish Bogazici University KOERI, is used. Processing of the data is performed by the ZMAP 7.1 software used in the MATLAB environment. Events with a magnitude greater than 2.5 are considered in four time periods: 1983–1992, 1993–2002, 2003–2012, and 2013–2022, totaling 29,346 events. The b-value of the magnitude-frequency distribution of earthquakes (slope of the recurrence graph) is determined; the parameter β, indicative of the increase or decrease in the rate of anomalous seismicity, and parameter Z, associated with anomalous seismic quiescence, is evaluated. A significant decrease in the value of b (from 1.07 to 0.84) is observed when comparing the two periods (2013–2017/2018–2022), indicating accumulated stress in the Earth’s crust. Furthermore, the Z parameter analysis for the period July 2021 to December 2022 shows evidence of relative seismic quiet in the examined area compared to the period from January 2020 to the end of June 2021. Those results suggest that the spatiotemporal variations of the studied seismic parameters could serve as predictors of the two very strong seismic events in the southern part of the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey.
The importance of on-request reports for the correct assessment of low macroseismic intensities: the experience of “Hai Sentito Il Terremoto”
Authors: Sbarra Paola , Tosi Patrizia , De Rubeis Valerio , Sorrentino Diego
Published: August 2024

The lower degrees of the macroseismic scales are estimated mainly using the diagnostic related to the percentage of people who felt the earthquake (“felt” percentage). However, estimating this percentage by examining only a sub-sample of people may be biased, as those who complete the questionnaires are predominantly those who have felt the earthquake. One way to solve this problem is to send a specific request to them when an earthquake occurs. The ‘Hai Sentito il Terremoto’ (HSIT) site began implementing this strategy in December 2008 by allowing users to register on the website. Thanks to contributions from registered users, the HSIT database has been populated with “not felt” reports, which since 2009 have outnumbered the “felt” ones. The diagnostics of registered and unregistered users were analyzed separately in a sample of municipalities, showing no difference between the two types of users with the exception of “not felt” reports number. Despite the availability of the “not felt” reports, the experimental “felt” percentage is still overestimated when compared to those indicated in the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale. To refine the intensity calculation, the number of ‘not felt’ reports was multiplied by a correction factor, estimated at 6, to correctly use the ‘felt’ percentage. The macroseismic intensity and event magnitude do not affect this correction factor. By using both on-request reports and a correction factor it is possible to overcome the problem of underreporting “not felt” reports, more accurately estimate low intensities, and better define the “felt”-“not felt” boundary.
Determining sensitivity and specificity of risk scores for QTc interval prolongation in hemato-oncology patients prescribed systemic antifungal therapy: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Steinbrech Julian , Klein Till , Kirschke Stephanie , Mannell Hanna , Clauß Sebastian , Bertsche Thilo , Strobach Dorothea
Published: August 2024

Background

QTc interval prolongation can result in potentially lethal arrhythmias. One risk factor is QTc-prolonging drugs, including some antifungals often used in hemato-oncology patients. Screening tools for patients at risk have not yet been investigated in this patient population.

Aim

Our aim was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of five QTc risk scores in hemato-oncology patients receiving systemic antifungal therapy.

Method

Data were retrieved from an internal study database including adult hemato-oncology patients prescribed systemic antifungal therapy. Data on QTc-prolonging medication, risk factors for QTc prolongation, and electrocardiograms (ECG) were collected retrospectively for a period of 12 months. The QTc risk scores according to Tisdale, Vandael, Berger, Bindraban, and Aboujaoude as well as their sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Results

During the evaluated period, 77 patients were prescribed systemic antifungals resulting in 187 therapy episodes. Regarding therapy episodes, median age was 56 years (IQR 44–68), 41% (77) were female, and a median of 3 QTc-prolonging drugs were prescribed (range 0–6). ECGs were available for 45 (24%) of the therapy episodes 3–11 days after initiation of the antifungal therapy, 22 of which showed QTc prolongation. Regarding these 45 therapy episodes, sensitivity and specificity of the risk scores were calculated as follows: Tisdale 86%/22%, Vandael 91%/35%, Berger 32%/83%, Bindraban 50%/78%, Aboujaoude 14%/87%.

Conclusion

The QTc risk scores according to Tisdale and Vandael showed sufficient sensitivity for risk stratification in the studied patient population. In contrast, risk scores according to Berger, Bindraban, and Aboujaoude cannot be considered suitable due to poor sensitivity.
“Intrasellar tumor-to-tumor metastasis: A single center experience with a systematic review”
Authors: Mansur Guilherme , Alsavaf Mohammad Bilal , Pasquini Ludovica , Abouammo Moataz D. , Biswas Chandrima , Kumar Pavnesh , Raval Raju R. , Kobalka Peter , Carrau Ricardo L. , Prevedello Daniel M.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study investigates the rare occurrence of tumor-to-tumor metastasis in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNETs), also known as pituitary adenomas, aiming to enhance understanding of its diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We report two cases from our institution of tumor-to-tumor metastasis involving PitNETs, followed by a systematic literature review.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. This review provides insights into patient demographics, clinical presentations, primary tumor origin, management approaches and outcomes.

Results

We identified 38 documented cases of tumor-to-tumor metastasis involving the pituitary gland in the literature. This revealed a diverse range of primary tumor origins, with lung, breast, and renal carcinomas being the most prevalent. Clinical presentations varied, with visual disturbances emerging as the most frequently reported symptom. Surgical interventions predominantly resulted in subtotal resection. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated that endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA) are associated with longer median survival times compared to other surgical methods.

Conclusion

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis to PitNETs must be considered in differential diagnoses of sellar masses. Prompt and accurate diagnosis, coupled with a multidisciplinary treatment strategy, is essential. Our study contributes to the scarce literature on such metastases, providing a foundation for further understanding of this complex pathological entity.
Measuring the Diurnal Variation of Root Conductance in Olive Trees Using Microtensiometers and Sap Flow Sensors
Authors: Villalobos Francisco J. , Testi Luca , García-Tejera Omar , López-Bernal Álvaro , Tejado Inés , Vinagre Blas M.
Published: August 2024

Background and aims

Understanding the variation of root hydraulic conductance (Lp) is critical for the simulation of the soil–plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC), but its monitoring remains challenging. In this study, we introduce a new non-destructive method for characterizing Lp dynamics in woody species through the combination of simultaneous determinations of sap flow and xylem water potential. Recent studies indicate that modern microtensiometers provide robust estimates of xylem water potential, but it is unknown whether they allow tracking rapid changes in water potential without significant time lags, which may have implications for the proposed methodology.

Methods

The impulse response of microtensiometers was measured in the lab, developing a procedure for correcting sensor data by deconvolution. Then, microtensiometers and compensation heat pulse sensors were used to evaluate the variations in Lp in two well-watered olive trees during the summer of 2022 in Cordoba, Spain.

Results

Correcting microtensiometer outputs was critical to analyze our field data as strong stomatal oscillations occurred, with microtensiometers damping xylem water potential variations. By contrast, our results suggest that correction procedures may not be required for many practical applications like irrigation scheduling. The daytime values of Lp were close to those obtained in previous studies, while nighttime values were extremely low. Therefore, a proportionality between Lp and sap flow rate was observed, which agrees with previous studies, although it does not prove a causal relationship.

Conclusions

The methods proposed here could be applied to studying the temporal dynamics of root hydraulic conductance in other tree species.
The influence of plant traits on soil microbial communities varies between arid and mesic grasslands
Authors: Egidi Eleonora , Bristol Dylan , Hassan Kamrul , Tissue David , Wright Ian J. , Nielsen Uffe N.
Published: August 2024

Background and aims

Both soil properties and plant traits shape the diversity, composition and functions of plant-associated soil microbial communities. However, the relative influence of these factors is poorly understood, as are interactive effects between factors and the degree to which their influence varies among climate zones.

Methods

To address this gap, we compared the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities associated with co-occurring C3 and C4 grasses from arid and mesic environments, and plant traits influencing them.

Results

Climate emerged as the main determinant of plant traits and microbial community properties. Within each climatic region, above- and below-ground traits and soil properties differentially affected microbial community composition, and their relative influence varied among communities. In both mesic and arid environments aboveground traits related to quantity and quality of leaf litter (e.g., specific leaf area, leaf C content) and nutrient availability were the most influential variables for community composition. However, in arid regions, belowground traits (i.e., root tissue density and specific root area) significantly contributed to structure the eukaryotic community, supporting the role of roots as important driver of eukaryotic differentiation in constrained environments. Further, the presence of C4 plants in the arid region resulted in higher relative abundance of ciliate protists and higher recruitment of potentially beneficial microbial community members from green algae mediated by drought adaptation traits (e.g. decreased abundance of fine roots).

Conclusions

Overall, our study revealed a differential response of microbial communities to environmental conditions, suggesting that soil microbial community composition is influenced by trade-offs between host adaptive traits across distinct climatic regions.
Promoting 21st Century Health and Wellness Skills in Elementary School Children: a Group Randomized Trial
Authors: Tolan Patrick H. , Harris Alexis R. , Burchinal Margaret , Jennings Patricia A.
Published: August 2024

In a group randomized trial of 45 elementary schools, a whole-child health and wellness curriculum introduced as a regular part of the educational programming was compared to education as usual over 2 years with a 2-year follow-up. The curriculum focused on integrating multiple SEL skills—mindfulness, compassion, and physical awareness—with the intent to advantage developmental patterns for these skills, academic engagement, personal well-being, and student behavior. The program design and trial implementation were launched with end-use delivery and long-term sustainability as integral considerations. Effects were shown for several SEL skills and behavioral indicators previously robustly correlated to long-term outcomes. Effects were demonstrated more broadly in schools serving high-poverty communities, suggesting the impact was stronger where the need was greater. Results are interpreted regarding supporting school-based SEL, the potential of applying group randomized trials with end-use conditions of implementation, and the value of fitting innovation efforts to school system operations, mandates, and priorities for promoting sustainability.