bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Gear-Hone Teeth with Consideration of Elasticity, Correction, and Operational Wear
Authors: Bagaiskov Yu.
Published: February 2022

Gear hones are used as tools for gear honing. The efficiency of using gear hones mainly depends on the parameters of their compound material, first of all on the wear resistance and elasticity modulus. In terms of the elasticity modulus, gear hones can be hard and elastic, depending on the bonding agent type. Experience shows that gear-hone teeth distort during gear honing; they feature contact and flexural deformation and wear during metal removal, including along the tooth space. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the deformation and wear values for designing of gear hone geometry. An approach for calculation of variable engagement parameters, using a geometrical model in the form of sliding trapezoids to consider the dimensional wear of gear-hone teeth based on the positive correlation factor of the original profile. Such designing of gear-hone teeth provides sufficient thickness in the original section, which ensures high performance capacity of gear-honing tools and required workability.
Tribological Behavior of Titanium Alloys during Friction against Ceramics
Authors: Alisin Valeriy , Gutsev Dmitriy M.
Published: February 2022

The article considers the issues of tribological properties of a titanium alloy when sliding without lubrication on zirconium ceramics. The coefficients of friction and wear resistance of friction pairs are investigated in relation to conditions in which it is impossible to use liquid lubricants. The statement about the possibility of normal operation of a pair of titanium - zirconium ceramics at a temperature of 150 ° C and more is substantiated. It is shown that the working capacity of a friction pair can be ensured by alphanizing the friction surface. Taking into account that titanium alloys are widely used in aircraft engine technology, special attention is paid to the coefficient of friction, because a high value can lead to failure of the friction unit. On the basis of the study, the application perspectiveness of zirconium ceramic materials for increasing the reliability and service life of friction units operating without lubrication at elevated temperatures in contact with a titanium alloy have been established.ds.
Maximum Operability of Replaceable Hard Alloy Plates during Steel Turning EI867-VD
Authors: Artamonov E.V. , Tveryakov A.M. , Shtin Anton S. , Abuskaev Abdurahim I.
Published: February 2022

Today, under the conditions of sanctions, the Russian Federation needs more than ever the development of energy-saving technologies in various industries. The greatest impact on the life and operability of hard alloy cutting tools is exerted by the physical and mechanical properties of tool materials. Studies have shown that the physical and mechanical properties of tungsten hard alloys in the process of operation, namely in the process of cutting difficult-to-process materials under the influence of high temperatures, vary symmetrically. This study was based on the laws of physics of the division of electrodynamics, as well as well-known non-destructive testing techniques, scientific foundations of materials science, all studies were carried out in accredited laboratories of Tyumen Industrial University. Results of research on determination of temperature of maximum operability of replaceable cutting hard-alloy plates based on study of change of electromagnetic properties are obtained. On the basis of persistent tests in factory conditions, it was proved that the developed technique allows determining temperature intervals of maximum operability based on the study of changes in electromagnetic properties of hard alloys.
Engineering Quality Support of the Surface Layer and Operational Properties of Machine Parts during the Process of Electroerosion
Authors: Syanov S. Yu.
Published: February 2022

On the basis of the conducted theoretical and experimental studies, the dependences for determining geometric, physical and mechanical parameters of the surface layer quality, wear resistance and corrosion rate depending on the modes and conditions of electroerosion of machine parts are presented. They allow determining optimal modes and conditions of electroerosion to ensure the required parameters of the surface layer quality (with a two-stage approach it provides design and technological support of operational properties), wear resistance and corrosion rate (with a single-stage approach it makes direct technological support possible).
Increasing the Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Gazizov Asgat , Popova Elena , Abzalilov Vadim , Sagitova Aisylu
Published: February 2022

The disadvantage of reinforced concrete structures is their gradual destruction at high temperatures, above 250-300°C under the influence of fire, due to disturbance of cement binder structure. Therefore, the development of a fire-resistant composition for reinforced concrete is urgent. The article describes the study of tetraethoxysilane (TES) 6% and 10% as a fire retardant additive for sand-cement mortar, for building structures made of metal, the experimental study of sand-cement mortar using tetraethoxysilane 6% and 10%, with different methods of application to the metal is stated. An assessment of the effectiveness of TPP in interaction with sand-cement mortar is given.
Application of Software Tools for Simulation of Hot Isostatic Pressing
Authors: Eremin Alexey A. , Makarov Vladimir S. , Leushin Igor O. , Ryabtsev Anatoly D.
Published: February 2022

This paper is devoted to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). HIP capsule simulation software has been analysed. Abaqus has been proved the most appropriate simulation tool, which enables finite element analysis and allows users to define their own material properties via a special control program. Specific features of HIP simulation models have been evaluated. Powder densification model has been analysed and implemented. A control program has been developed to factor in elastic and plastic material behaviour. Preliminary simulations have been run for a one-element model and a capsule model.
Structural Transformations at the Interface of Explosively Welded Al and Ti: Experimental Research and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Emurlaeva Yulia Yu. , Aleksandrova Natalie S. , Emurlaev Kemal I.
Published: February 2022

In this work, the features of plastic deformation of titanium and aluminum plates under high-speed impact conditions were studied. The structure and phase composition of the explosively welded bimetal were analyzed using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The deformation and heating of titanium and aluminum under high-velocity impact were simulated using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. The features of shockwave and deformation-thermal processes during the collision of plates were described. The phase composition of the weld and heat-affected zone have been studied. The contribution of the welded plates to the jet formation is estimated.
Modernization of Electrode Composite Material Based on Copper Powder for Electrical Discharge Machining of High-Strength Alloys
Authors: Terentyev Evgeny A. , Vladimirova Julia O. , Shalunov Evgeny P. , Plotnikov Vladimir V.
Published: February 2022

As a result of implemented modernization of known electrode composite material based on Cu-3% wt BN copper powder successfully used for electrical discharge machining of high-strength alloys, composite material (Cu - 3% wt BN) – 0.5 % wt Al – 0.25 % wt in the form of high-density long thin-wall plates for operations of electrical discharge cutting and piercing of hard-to-machine materials was obtained. The new material was obtained with the use of the method of reactionary mechanical alloying of initial powder components in the attritor. Tool electrodes made of the new material during electrical discharge piercing of rectangular holes in titanium alloy sheets ensure a 1.6 times higher machining rate comparing to tool electrodes made of the Cu-3% wt BN prototype material. After replacement of rolled copper in tool electrodes with the new composite material the machining rate will increase 4.1 times. The tool electrodes made of this material have significantly lower electrical discharge wear comparing to the wear of tool electrodes made of the prototype material and rolled copper.
Influence of Biodegradable Component Nature on Biodegradation of Composites Based on Polyethylene
Authors: Varyan Ivetta A. , Podzorova Maria , Tertyshnaya Yulia , Kolesnikova Nataliya
Published: February 2022

The combination of natural additives with synthetic polymers allows the development of environmentally friendly materials with increased biodegradability. In this article, we investigated composite films based on low density polyethylene (PE) with different content (10-30 wt %) of natural rubber (NR). A mycological test with fungi and a full-scale soil test revealed that the composite with 30 wt% NR was the most biodegradable (weight loss was 7.2 wt % over 90 days). In the experiment on biodegradation in soil, the most intensive development of filamentous fungi was recorded in field tests. However, the rate of weight loss by samples of PLA-LDPE compositions when exposed in natural conditions is significantly lower than the rate of weight loss in laboratory tests. Thus, the present study was carried out to analyse the effect of various additives of biodegradable polymers on biodegradation in soil.
The Effect of Hydrogen on the Crack Resistance in the Laser Treatment Area of Structural Steels Used for the Manufacture of Sealed Capsules during Hot Isostatic Pressing
Authors: Gavrilov G.N. , Ryabtsev Anatoly D. , Galkin Vladimir V. , Marinin Evgeny A. , Razheva Kseniya V.
Published: February 2022

This article is devoted to establishing the relationship between the state of the material, phase transformations, and the formation of the microstructure of structural steels widely used in mechanical engineering, as well as for the manufacture of welded sealed bulk structures including capsules for hot isostatic pressing.
Composite Nanomaterials for Implementation of Promising Memristive Structures
Authors: Vlasov Andrey I. , Zhalnin Vladimir P. , Rasuk Alexander A. , Kosyanov Oleg V.
Published: February 2022

The paper considers principles of creating promising memristive structures based on composite oxides with agglomerates of nanoparticles. The proposed functional nanomaterial is promising for the formation of a composite structure of a memristor, consisting of two electrodes based on one or more nanoscale layers of metal oxides, which are separated by an active medium so that an insulating layer is applied between the electrodes at the periphery of the active medium region. A conductive layer is formed on top of the insulating layer, which is connected to the negative rail, which prevents leakage of negative oxygen ions through the insulating layer. The authors considered in detail technological process of integral production, which forms the necessary vertical profile of the memristive structure ensuring its greatest stability and repeatability of parameters. The implementation of a hardware-software complex for monitoring and diagnosing a memristive structure is proposed. As a result of the research, an original technical solution was created, which ensures formation of memristive structures with a high efficiency of impact on negative oxygen ions, which are charge carriers in this structure, which ensures their high productivity and stability of parameters.
Influence of Surface Tension of the Intrapore Liquid on Structural-Surface Properties of Hydrated Aluminum Oxide Obtained by Interaction of Aluminum Salts with Ammonia Gas
Authors: Maiorov Dmitry , Velyaev Yuriy , Yakovlev Kirill , Gavrish V.M.
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the results of the studies on the effect of the surface tension of the intrapore liquid on the specific surface (SBET) and pore volume (VBJH) of hydrated aluminium oxide (HAO) obtained by treating aluminum potassium alum with ammonia. It has been found that replacing of water, the surface tension of which at the drying temperature is 57.87 mN/m, to acetone (13.19 mN/m) allows to increase both SBET and VBJH nearly 4 times. There are obtained equations, which connect specific surface area and specific pore volume of synthesized samples HAO with surface tension of intrapore area. It is found that in the initial presence of water in the aluminum hydroxide pores, the average pore diameter of the dried product is 3÷4 nm. Treatment of the synthesized sample with acetone increases the average pore diameter of the dried product to 5÷10 nm.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure of Austenitic Steels Fabricated by Laser Synthesis
Authors: Shakirov Ivan V. , Kuznetsov Pavel A. , Zhukov Anton Z. , Bobyr Vitaliy V. , Bogdanov Sergey P. , Khristiuk Nikolay A.
Published: February 2022

In this work, the evolution of the microstructure, phase composition and crystal structure of 3D products before and after heat treatment, obtained from the original steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti by various metallurgical methods of melting, was studied. The obtained 3D steel samples were subjected to heat treatment, then structural changes were investigated by metallography, X-ray phase (XRD) and X-ray structure (XRD) analyzes. The analysis showed that heat treatment did not increase the grain size of austenite in additive steels, but could lead to an increase in the proportion of ferrite.
Welding Mode Justification for a T-Joint
Authors: Erofeev V.V. , Troyanovskaya Irina , Ignatiev A.G. , Sharafiev Robert , Gilmanshin Rustem
Published: February 2022

The paper proposes a method for calculating the mode of single-pass arc welding depending on the geometric parameters of the T-fillet weld. The authors reveal the dependence of the residual welding stress level on the welding mode, taking into account the stress concentration due to uneven heating and transverse weld shrinkage. Resulting from the comparison of three modes of single-pass arc welding (manual, mechanized, and automatic), the optimal modes that ensure the maximum lifetime of welded structures are determined.
Gypsum Composite Reinforced with Polymer Fibers
Authors: Potapova Ekaterina , Dmitrieva Ekaterina , Nian Aung Kyaw , Tsvetkova Elena
Published: February 2022

Composite gypsum binders harden quickly, gain strength quickly and have positive environmental properties. Moreover, they are characterized by increased moisture resistance, which significantly expands the field of application of such gypsum materials. Dispersed reinforcement of composite gypsum binders with polypropylene fibers makes it possible to obtain composites characterized by high performance properties. On basis of developed compositions of gypsum-cement-pozzolanic and composite gypsum binders with polymer fibers, gypsum composites have been created, characterized by increased strength, water resistance, frost and corrosion resistance.
Technological Characteristics of Production of Implants from Titanium and Alloys Based on it
Authors: Nikolaeva Elena , Chapyshev Alexander , Spitsyn Alexey
Published: February 2022

The design of the screw for osteosynthesis of the spine was developed. The requirements that apply to medical devices of this type were taken into account. The 3D model of the screw was developed in the Siemens NX CAD system. Route technological process of processing and technology for manufacturing a polyaxial pedicle screw using high-performance equipment was developed. Progressive cutting tools providing high processing productivity, specified dimensional accuracy and quality of the processed surface, were selected. The geometry of the tool cutting part was optimized, the material of the tool was selected. Geometric parameters and quality control were carried out using modern measuring equipment. The developed technology for the manufacture of a screw for osteosynthesis made it possible to minimize the labor intensity of production.
The Use of Additive Technologies in the Study of the Process of Cross Wedge Rolling Workpiece for the Stamping of the Crankshaft
Authors: Allenov Maksim G. , Allenov Dmitrii Gennadievich , Belokurov Oleg A. , Hasanov Bahtiyor D.
Published: February 2022

This paper describes the experimental study and modeling of the process of cross wedge rolling workpiece for the stamping of the crankshaft using a tool printed on a 3D printer. The study shows the design and printing features of the tool for cross wedge rolling. A comparison of the experiment and simulation in Qform program.
Research of Wear Resistance of Medical Materials during Friction with High-Molecular Polyethylene
Authors: Skvortsova Svetlana V. , Orlov Aleksei A. , Neiman Alyona V. , Sopelnik Dmitriy O.
Published: February 2022

The results of experimental modeling of the wear characteristics of medical materials during friction with high molecular weight polyethylene under conditions close to the operation of a tribological pair of a hip joint prosthesis are presented.
Effect of Hot Machining on the Surface Quality of Cylindrical Parts
Authors: Fisenko Konstantin S. , Volokhov Alexander S.
Published: February 2022

The article describes studies of the quality of the surface layer of the deposited metal of a cylindrical part when combining the processes of surfacing and milling, as well as subsequent grinding of the deposited metal in hot and cold states. Photos of the surface of the deposited and processed parts are presented, showing the effect of the processing method on the metal structure and data on the distribution of residual stresses in the surface layer of the metal.
Methods of Titanium Carbide-Based Coatings Laser Synthesis
Authors: Chkalov Ruslan V. , Chkalova Darya G.
Published: February 2022

The work is devoted to the problem of synthesis of coatings based on titanium carbide. Methods for obtaining coatings using femtosecond laser radiation and a CO2 laser are considered. The differences in mechanisms of titanium carbide synthesis, as well as the areas of application of technologies, are described. The Raman spectra of the obtained coatings are presented and analyzed. It can be judged that as a result of laser treatment, titanium carbide was formed.
Manufacture of Molding Tooling Based on TEIS-53 Heat-Resistant Resin
Authors: Mosiyuk Victoriya , Bukharov Sergei , Baranov Aleksey
Published: February 2022

The present paper considers the manufacturability of polymer composite material tooling intended for molding and bonding of complex curvature honeycomb sandwich structures. The tooling structure consists of inner and outer shells and glass-fiber-reinforced honeycomb core placed between them. The inner shell is glass-fiber-reinforced plastic based on TEIS-53 molten heat-resistant epoxy-bismaleimide resin and Т-10-14 structural fiberglass.
Stability of a Rectangular Shape Memory Alloy Plate during the Forward Phase Transition for Thermomechanically Coupled Statement
Authors: Dumanskiy Stanislav A.
Published: February 2022

The stability of rectangular thin plates of Shape Memory Alloys during the forward martensitic phase transition induced by uniform cooling under constant stresses was studied. A model of the constitutive equations of Shape Memory Alloys describing phase structural deformation and taking into account thermomechanical coupling and resistance asymmetry was used. It was shown within the limits of this model that the structural deformation during the loss of stability could not occur. Analytical solutions obtained for different statements of the stability problem were compared. For some statements the curves separating the areas of stability and instability in the plane of stresses had concave parts were obtained. It was shown that increase of the plate thickness brought about rising the influence of the phase deformation on the stability loss process.
Reference Data and Multi-Factorial Methods for Development of Modern Materials
Authors: Kodess Boris , Kodess Pavel
Published: February 2022

3D-models describe the basic factors used in the recognition and classification of data necessary for the understanding of the structure and for development of cutting-edge materials, and also for choosing the optimal methods to process them. A multi-factorial approach is used to describe the states of multi-component materials and the principle of inheritance of properties of elements connected with empirical relationships specific for the choice of alloying elements for each industry sector. Examples are given of test measurements of the characteristics of the structure and properties of elements used in key materials of modern technologies, as well as some compounds based on them. High accuracy data ensure the evaluation and consistency of results from various sources and, consequently, reliability of data in the tables, attested as the Standard Reference Data, which can be used during the development of materials and as normative documents to accelerate the transfer of knowledge directly into technology. Along with the empirical relationships and scientific principles, these SRD tables also support the development of modern integrated databases. The recommended values of characteristics derived from high-precision databases with enhanced reliability of information enables more efficient transfer of knowledge into technological processes. They help realize this much quicker by reducing the volume and time for the testing of advanced materials and products used in innovative technologies.
Development and Implementation of the Technology for Obtaining Channels in the Turbopump Units Bodies
Authors: Ryazantsev Alexander , Yukhnevich Sergey , Lomakin Igor
Published: February 2022

The article describes the design and purpose of a turbopump unit, in particular, the pump body of the liquid rocket engine turbopump unit. The technology and technological equipment for obtaining complex profile holes in the turbopump units body are presented. The design features of technological process and equipment for electrochemical processing are considered. The proposed technology and devices allows to process parts of the liquid rocket engine turbopump unit with special holes.
Neonatal Sepsis – Microbiological Spectrum, Antimicrobial Sensitivity, and Risk Factors for Mortality in Newborn Unit of Rural Teaching Hospital
Authors: Poyekar Subhash Shankar
Published: February 2022

Background:

Neonatal sepsis (NS) is one of the leading cause of neonatal mortality. In order to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal sepsis, treating pediatrician/neonatologist should have a keen knowledge of the existing microbiological flora and their drug-susceptibility pattern. Hence, the present study was conducted with the objective to investigate the etiological agents, pattern of antimicribial sensitivity, and risk factors for mortality in neonates with culture-proven neonatal sepsis.

Methods:

A retrospective/cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 24 months in teaching Rural Hospital, Maharashtra, India. Demographic data, type of isolates, and its sensitivity pattern were recorded.

Results:

Of the 343 blood samples sent during the study period from neonatal intensive care unit, 84 (24.5%) samples grew organisms. Early-onset sepsis (EOS) occurred in 58.1% of cases. Of the 74 bacterial isolates, 55.4% were Gram-positive organisms and 44.6% were Gram-negative pathogen. Candida species were identified in 11.9% neonates. Staphylococcus aureus (21.6%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CONS) (21.6%) were predominant Gram-positive pathogen. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the main Gram-negative pathogen (29.7%) followed by pseudomonas (6.76%). Gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus and CONS) showed maximum sensitivity to vancomycin and linezolid. Survival rate among neonates with culture-positive sepsis was 78.6%.

Conclusions:

This study highlights growing resistance to commonly used antibiotics/antifungal agents posing a great threat to neonatal survival and thereby warrants the modification of existing empirical therapy. Implementation of effective preventive strategies to combat the emergence of antibiotic resistance is urgently needed.
Effect of home-based structured functional training on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Patil Ekta N. , Jiandani Mariya Prakash , Nabar Ashish
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND:

Heart failure (HF) is associated with increased hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an important approach to improve quality of life (QOL); however, postdischarge enrolment becomes difficult for supervised exercise programs because of related barriers of travel resulting in poor long-term adherence and participation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of home-based structured functional training program on the functional capacity and QOL in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction.

METHODOLOGY:

A prospective blinded randomized clinical trial enrolling 27 patients with HF planned for discharge from hospital. They were randomly allocated using lottery table to either control group (usual care) or interventional group (home-based structured functional training). Both groups received patient education on self-care for HF and Phase I CR as standard of care. Functional capacity using six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and QOL using WHOQOL BREF were evaluated post 6 weeks of intervention.

RESULTS:

Functional capacity improved by 25.91 ± 12.04 m in control and 70.79 ± 17.69 m in interventional group, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in 6MWD between the groups following 6 weeks of HBsFT. The pre-post comparison of QOL in both the groups was found to be statistically significant for physical health (P < 0.05) and psychological health domain (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Home-based structured functional training program (HBsFT) improves functional capacity and QOL in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction.
Gender differences in pain perception during experimentally induced pain
Authors: Joy Anoop , Rashid Muhammed , Baby Ludhiya , Mathew Jerin
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND:

There are multiple biopsychosocial mechanisms which influence the pain responses between genders. Even though there are enough literature that describe the perception of pain, no consensus has made which gender is more sensitive or tolerance to pain. The study evaluates the difference in pain threshold (PThr), pain tolerance (PTol), and intensity of pain between individuals of both genders and to find which gender is more sensitive to pain.

METHODOLOGY:

The study was conducted on 106 participants (53 males and 53 females) with age 18–25 years. The participants had undergone cold-induced test (CIT) and tourniquet pressure test (TPT). The PThr, PTol, and pain intensity were recorded and the data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney test.

RESULTS:

The results also found a significant difference in PThr between both genders (P= 0.001). However, males have taken longer time to perceive PThr in both TPT and CIT as compared to females. In the case of PTol, females had a less tolerable level of both TP and CIT as compared to males.

CONCLUSION:

The differences in the pain perception between genders can vary greatly because of different factors, thus we can say that males have higher PThr and PTol than females.
Sagittal plane gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy spastic diplegia with crouch gait
Authors: Saravanakumar Sneha , Kumaravelan Anitha , Ravindran R.
Published: February 2022

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study was to understand the pathomechanics of crouch gait by analyzing sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of gait in children with spastic diplegia.

RELEVANCE:

This study would be instrumental in planning treatment strategy considering kinematics and kinetics.

PARTICIPANTS:

Twenty-six children with cerebral palsy spastic diplegia (Gross motor function classification system [GMFCS] level 2) with crouch had undergone gait analysis during the period January 2015–December 2016, of which 14 children were included in the study after excluding 12 children due to noncompliance of inclusion/exclusion criteria and missing technical data. The mean age of the population was 12.29 ± 1.94 years.

METHODOLOGY:

This study being a retrospective study, waiver of consent was obtained from the ethics committee. Sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic data of bilateral hip, knee, and ankle were extracted from the gait laboratory. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for cadence, stance, and swing period percentage of the gait cycle of each limb. Graphical representation of mean was done to describe the phases of the gait cycle. A normative gait cycle graph was used as a reference, and deviations were analyzed.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

Ankle, knee, and hip remained in excessive flexion throughout the gait cycle. Excursion at all joints was reduced, especially at the knee joint throughout the gait cycle. Extension moment and abnormal power generation and absorption were observed at all joints throughout the stance phase to prevent collapse and sustain erect posture. Hence, the functional objectives of limb stability in the sagittal plane were fulfilled. This further helped in accomplishing the task of weight acceptance and single stance in the stance phase. In the swing phase, all joints were in excessive flexion, however, the task of limb advancement was accomplished
ONLINE FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE AS AN ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISM: EVIDENCE FROM THE WORLD´S TOP 100 NGOS
Authors: Good Kevin Joseph , Maragno Lucas Martins Dias , Borba José Alonso
Published: February 2022

The expansion of the Third Sector in terms of size, scope, and its role in society has brought on a greater need for accountability and legitimacy. The disclosure of reports on financial and operating performance is a powerful tool for NGOs, allowing for a dialogue with their stakeholders as well as a resource in and of itself, given the vital part it plays in the acquisition of financial support. Parallel to this, the evolution and ever-expanding use of information technology facilitates the disclosure and diffusion of information to stakeholders around the world. The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of financial disclosure carried out by the world´s top 100 NGOs as per the Global Journal´s 2013 Ranking, employing a checklist based on related literature and collecting data from the reports made available online that concern the 2013 year. Correspondence and Homogeneity analysis showed that the total of contributions is associated with higher online financial disclosure, which suggests that organization size is associated with the capacity to respond to stakeholder demands for financial disclosure. Finally, the checklist created in this study stands to assist NGOs faced with the need for increased disclosure levels but limited by financial and human resource considerations.
A OPINIÃO DE ESPECIALISTAS SOBRE AS VARIÁVEIS RELACIONADAS AO RISCO DE FRAUDE CONTÁBIL NO SETOR BANCÁRIO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Borges Sabrina Rafaela Pereira , Andrade Maria Elisabeth Moreira Carvalho
Published: February 2022

A maioria dos casos divulgados no Brasil sobre fraudes contábeis está associada às instituições financeiras bancárias. Contudo, não existe um consenso sobre quais variáveis contábeis e não contábeis possuem relação com os antecedentes e características do risco de fraudes contábeis em bancos, cujo setor, geralmente, é excluído quando da análise de diversos setores em conjunto. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a opinião de especialistas (professores, analistas financeiros e auditores) sobre quais dessas variáveis podem estar associadas ao risco de fraudes contábeis em instituições financeiras bancárias. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi utilizada a técnica Delphi com a aplicação de questionários a 21 especialistas. Pode-se inferir, após as análises dos resultados, que, na visão dos especialistas, a existência de poucos mecanismos de controle da fraude, a fraca governança corporativa, a não existência de um comitê de auditoria, a existência de muitas transações entre organizações de um mesmo grupo empresarial, a baixa proporção de diretores externos no conselho de administração, a existência de planos de ações e bonificações para os gestores, a existência de um ambiente de alta pressão por desempenho, a influência do ambiente econômico e a existência de infrações contábeis na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) estão mais relacionadas ao risco de fraude contábil em bancos do que a natureza das contas contábeis e os indicadores econômico-financeiros. Espera-se que os resultados da pesquisa possam auxiliar aos diversos usuários das demonstrações contábeis no desenvolvimento de uma avaliação crítica quanto ao risco de relatórios financeiros de bancos.
Conversational thinking as a method of conceptual decolonization
Authors: Shabane Lindokuhle
Published: February 2022

In this paper I seek to reinvigorate the theory of conceptual decolonization within African philosophy that has, over the years, succumbed to inertia. I argue that Wiredu’s conceptual decolonization must be grounded on conversational thinking to avoid becoming obsolete. Conceptual decolonization is a double-pronged project with a negative and positive aspect. On the negative, it means using one’s native language as a tool for a critical appraisal of the philosophical concepts one uses in order to dislodge any colonial concepts they may have been uncritically assimilated into our thought systems. On the positive side, it means an engagement with concepts, ideas and theories from other philosophical traditions to ascertain whether they can, if necessary, be supplemented to one’s tradition. The project has to contend with two important challenges. First, when one investigates a foreign concept in one’s native language and finds it to be wanting, how does one know to whom the fault lies? Secondly, what happens when two cultures have two opposing theories about the same concept? Kwasi Wiredu’s solution to the challenges was what he termed ‘independent grounds’. In this paper I seek to offer a solution to the two challenges above. I agree that a part of the solution is ‘independent grounds’ as Kwasi Wiredu maintains. However, ‘independent’ grounds will truly be independent if grounded on the conversational concept of relationship called Arumaristics. I show how adopting the conversational theoretic framework avoids the pitfalls that previously made conceptual decolonization untenable and thus obsolete.
Applying conversational thinking to the problem of xenophobia in multicultural societies
Authors: Ogbonnaya L. Uchenna
Published: February 2022

Multicultural societies are faced with the problem of xenophobia – the fear, dislike, and discrimination against strangers. Xenophobia has its root in the ontology of ‘the self’ and ‘the other’, where ‘the self’” is ‘the indigenes’ and ‘the other,’ ‘the strangers’, who must be denied the privileges and rights of the indigenes and the opportunity to contribute towards the development of their societies. In this paper, I employ conversational thinking – a method and philosophy grounded in the sub-Saharan African notion of ‘relationship’ as a viable theoretical option that can help us live beyond the problem of xenophobia. In conversational thinking, there are two ontological and epistemic agents, nwa-nsa and nwa-nju, involved in an arumaristic relationship at an ontological point, nwa-izugbe. I ground my argument in this ‘arumaristic relationship’ which allows for nwa-nsa taken as ‘the self’ (indigenes) and nwa-nju, ‘the other’ (strangers) to come to the realm of nwa-izugbe, and exhibit nmeko (complementarity and solidarity). I contend that the notion ‘nmeko’, emphasized in conversational thinking, is key to putting xenophobia in the past since it stresses ‘arumaristic complementary relationship’ irrespective of socio-cultural and racial differences among people.
Applications of conversational thinking: the role of collective action in merging contexts
Authors: Tavernaro-Haidarian Leyla
Published: February 2022

Conversationalism is based on the idea that the truth of our propositions depends on the context in which they are asserted and describes a process of relational yet critical exchange between epistemic agents. However, experiences in applying the conversational method in a micro intercultural setting show that when individuals who are engaged in this creative struggle take collective action together their contexts may in fact converge, thereby frustrating a continuous collision of theses. As a point of departure for this submission, I take an auto-ethnographic approach and share my reflections on a series of conversational encounters between proponents of two traditions who were faced with the challenge of practically collaborating on an educational policy. I then draw on discourse theory to discuss the role of this joint action in producing contextual overlap and theoretical nearness without thwarting the goal of epistemic sophistication, detailing some theoretical as well as practical implications.
Antioxidant Properties and In-Vitro Radical Scavenging Activities of Tannin-Rich and Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Annona senegelensis and Vernonia amygdalina leaves
Authors: Ajah O. , Unegbu C.C. , Alaebo P.O. , Odo C.E.
Published: February 2022

Medicinal Plants have demonstrated history of managing some ailments caused by free radicals as a result of some chemical constituents they possess. This study was aimed at assessing antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of Tannin-rich and Flavoniod-rich fraction of Annona senegelensis and Vernonia amygdalina leaves via in vitro assays such as; reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and Lipid peroxidation scavenging activity. The results obtained indicated that both medicinal plants are antioxidant reservoir. The values for Tannin rich fraction of Annona senegelensis (TRFAS) and Tannin rich fraction of Vernonia amygdalina (TRFVA) are Reducing power absorbance TRFAS (0.077-0.187), TRFVA (0.168-0239). % Nitric oxide scavenging: TRFAS (4.46-30.40), TRFVA (5.23-42.24). % H2O2 scavenging: TRFAS (7.30-20.35), TRFVA (8.12-22.32). % Lipid Perioxidation: TRFAS (6.81-32.76), TRFVA (5.16-26.16). Also the values for Flavonoid rich fraction of Annona senegelensis (FRFAS) and Flavonoid rich fraction of Vernonia amygdalina (FRFVA) are reducing power absorbance: FRFAS (0.109-0.342), FRFVA (0.124-0.388). % Nitric oxide scavenging: FRFAS (33.55-43.57), FRFVA (21.10-47.46). % H2O2 scavenging: FRFAS (39.01-74.96), FRFVA (45.80-75.20). % Lipid Perioxidation: FRFAS (24.81-59.69), FRFVA (41.43-59.98). The Tannin-rich and Flavonoid-rich fraction of both plants exhibited good antioxidant activity on all models employed at increasing concentrations but Flavoniod-rich fraction of Vernonia amygdalina had the highest inhibitory effect than the Tannin fraction. The findings from this study validated the pharmacological potency of the two plants and their potential use in combating free radical-related diseases, which are often triggered by oxidative stress.
Bioremediation of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil using Compost as Bio-Stimulant
Authors: Edekor P.E. , Uwadiae S.E.
Published: February 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the usability of compost as a stimulant for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil. 2kg of porous sandy soil was measured into six different equal-sized cells and contaminated with 250 ml of sample crude oil. Masses of solid waste comprising of compost and sawdust were measured in varying amounts of 900g, 750g, 600g, 450g, 300g, and a control sample that had no compost and sawdust. The set-up was left to stand for eight weeks and the residual hydrocarbon content (RHC), pH, and total microbial count (TMC)of these samples were monitored and recorded. The percentage of hydrocarbon degradation that occurred in the treatment cells were; 33.11, 32.2, 31.2, 29.46 and 28.05 respectively, for the individual cells in the order above, while the control had a degradation rate of (0.44%) of the total hydrocarbon content after 8 weeks. pH values varied slightly within the ranges of 6.5-7.5. The TMC average values were 21, 188, 17,125, 15,000, 14,250, 13,125 and 0.1, with the highest count occurring in the sample having 900g of solid waste; followed by the other samples having lesser quantities of solid waste with the least value in the control. The resultant descent in TMC across each of the samples was due to the distribution of waste material in the samples, and the pH of the resulting mixtures remained at optimum, thereby favouring microbial growth across the samples.
The Prescription of Medicines for Childhood Acute Diarrhoea: A Retrospective Study at Four Secondary Healthcare Facilities in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbo P.U. , Ainaf B.A. , Owoborode O.E.
Published: February 2022

Background: Diarrhoea remains the second leading cause of mortality in children, with an estimated 205 children under the age of 5 dying daily in Nigeria. Combination therapy of ORS with zinc tablets is the cornerstone for its management. Secondary healthcare facilities (SHFs) represent the second level of contact for patients requiring professional care; hence an appropriate prescription for diarrhoea is crucial for the survival of under-fives. Objectives: To evaluate the prescription of medicines in the management of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in under-fives at SHFs, and determine the appropriateness of the prescriptions. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done at four randomly selected SHFs in Lagos State. A retrospective review of prescriptions for diarrhoea cases totaling 480, was done using records from the General Out-Patient Department from September 2018 to August 2019. A descriptive analysis was performed.Results: All cases reviewed were diagnosed as AWD occurring either alone (352; 73.3%) or in combination with malaria/fever (55; 11.5%), cough/URTI (23; 4.8%), and other conditions (50; 10.4%). Of the 352 AWD only cases, there were 121 (34.4%) prescriptions for ORS/Zinc as combined therapy without addition of antibiotics, 120 (34.1%) for antibiotics, and 134 (38.1%) for probiotics. Other prescriptions include analgesics (18.2%), injectables (9.7%) and antimalarials (8.8%). Conclusion: The study revealed suboptimal prescriptions of ORS/Zinc with the appropriateness of prescription at 34.4%. The prescription of antibiotics and other medicines which have no rehydration benefits was high.
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts and Fractions of Ficus vogelii and Ficus mucuso on Urinary Tract Isolates
Authors: Cokera M.E. , Adeniyi-Aogo T.E.
Published: February 2022

Background: The increase in the worldwide prevalence and resistance of organisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) to the conventional antibiotics used in treatment has led to sub-therapeutic outcome, hence, the need to discover novel antibiotics from natural products. Ficus mucuso Welw. and Ficus vogelii Miq. have been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of diseases of microbial origin.

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Ficus vogelii and Ficus mucuso leaf extracts and fractions against UTI clinical isolates.

Materials and Method: The pulverized leaves of plants were screened for secondary metabolites. Crude extracts were obtained by maceration with methanol and partitioned into methanol, ethyl acetate and n- Hexane. Antibiogram profile of clinical isolates; Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella Typhi , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia stuartii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was determined using disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts and fractions of both plants were screened by agar-well diffusion. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by micro-dilution broth assay.

Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponin. The antibiogram profile showed that 87.5% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. Extracts and fractions showed appreciable inhibitory zones on most of the test organisms. MIC ranged from 6.25 -25 mg/mL while MBC ranged from 50 - >100 mg/mL with ethyl acetate fraction of Ficus mucuso having the highest bactericidal activity against the isolates.

Conclusions: Extracts of Ficus mucuso and Ficus vogelii possess antimicrobial constituents which could be useful in the treatment of UTIs.
Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) leaf fractions protect against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsion in mice
Authors: Njoku Ugochi O. , Ogugofor Martins O.
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To investigate the anticonvulsant effect of Glyphaea brevis leaf fractions using a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice.

Methods: Glyphaea brevis leaf methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane and hydro-methanol (8:2). Seizure was assessed in terms of onset of myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizure, duration of seizure and frequency of seizure. The concentrations of glutathione of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in the brain of the mice were also determined.

Results: The administration of the different fractions of Glyphaea brevis leaf prior to induction of seizure with PTZ prolonged the latency of convulsion in mice as well as a significant (p < 0.05) decline in the intensity of convulsion was observed. In relation to the untreated mice, there was a rise in the levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the brain, but a decrease in malondialdehyde levels.

Conclusion: The study results show that the fractions of Glyphaea brevis leaf have anticonvulsive properties, proving that the plant’s use in folklore medicine for treating convulsion.
Identification of the anti-COVID-19 mechanism of action of Han-Shi Blocking Lung using network pharmacology-integrated molecular docking
Authors: Yuan Chong , Wang Fei , Chen Peng-Yu , Hong Zong-Chao , Yang Yan-Fang , Wu He-Zhen
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To investigate the bio-active components and the potential mechanism of the prescription remedy, Han-Shi blocking lung, with network pharmacology with a view to expanding its application.

Methods: Chemical components were first collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Pharmmapper database and GeneCards were used to predict the targets related to active components and COVID-19. Using DAVIDE and KOBAS 3.0 databases, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were enriched. A “components-targets-pathways” (C-T-P) network was conducted by Cytoscape 3.7.1 software. With the aid of Discovery Studio 2016 software, bio-active components were selected to dock with SARS-COV-2 3CL and ACE2.

Results: From the prescription, 47 bio-active components, 83 targets and 103 signaling pathways were obtained in total (p < 0.05). 126 GO entries (p < 0.05) were screened by GO enrichment analysis. Molecular docking results showed that procyanidin B1 eriodictyol, (4E, 6E)-1, 7-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)hepta-4, 6-dien-3-one, and quercetin had higher docking scores with SARS-COV-2 3CL and ACE2.

Conclusion: With network pharmacology and molecular docking, the bio-active components and targets of this prescription, Han-Shi blocking lung, against COVID-19 were identified. Taken together, this study provided a basis for the treatment of COVID-19 and further promotion of this prescription.