bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meningoencefalitis causada por Mycobacterium bovis en un ternero. Reporte de caso
Authors: Favila-Humara Lucia del Carmen , Santillán-Flores Marco Antonio , Martínez-Serrano María Guadalupe , Morales-Álvarez José Francisco
Published: February 2021

Se describe un caso clínico de meningoencefalitis tuberculosa en un ternero Holstein de cinco meses de edad que presentaba signología nerviosa; además de pertenecer a un hato con 30% de prevalencia a tuberculosis. Se llevó a cabo la eutanasia del animal y se practicó la necropsia. No se encontraron lesiones en órganos de cavidad torácica ni abdominal. Se tomaron muestras de encéfalo para estudios de histopatología (tinción con hematoxilina-eosina y Zielh Nelsen), bacteriología y PCR-MRD1. En el encéfalo se observaron lesiones inflamatorias macroscópicas con congestión y aspecto granular en meninges, así como adherencias fibrosas en la zona ventral. Microscópicamente se observó infiltrado inflamatorio, linfocitos, macrófagos, células epitelioides, células plasmáticas y células gigantes multinucleadas, áreas de necrosis central, mineralización distrófica y bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes. La meningoencefalitis granulomatosa por Mycobacterium bovis se confirmó por aislamiento bacteriano y PCR-MRD1.
Determinación de residuos de antibióticos en músculo, hígado y riñón de cuyes comercializados en cuatro ciudades del Perú
Authors: Ampuero-Riega Juana , Morales-Cauti Siever
Published: February 2021

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia de antibióticos en hígado, riñón y músculo de cuyes de crianza intensiva en cuatro ciudades del Perú. Para ello, se evaluaron 410 muestras de carcasas, evaluando el hígado, riñón y músculo de cada carcasa. Las muestras fueron tomadas en la etapa de oreo en expendio y remitidas al laboratorio a 4 °C. La técnica utilizada fue la microbiológica de difusión en agar con la cepa Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 como cepa sensible; así mismo, se utilizó como control positivo un disco comercial de enrofloxacina de 5 µg de potencia. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37 °C durante 24 horas y luego se midió el diámetro de las zonas de inhibición de crecimiento bacteriana, con la regla de Kirby-Bauer. Se obtuvo frecuencias de halos de inhibición al crecimiento bacteriano de 28.54 + 4.37% (117/410) en muestras de riñón, de 27.07 + 4.3% (111/410) en músculo, y de 26.59 + 4.28% (109/410) en hígado. El estudio demuestra una elevada frecuencia de antibióticos en músculo, hígado y riñón de carcasa de cuy en expendio para el consumo humano en tres de cuatro ciudades del Perú.
Transferencia embrionaria de llamas superovuladas y de ovulación simple en dos épocas del año y bajo condiciones de campo
Authors: Pacheco Joel Iván , Vélez Víctor Manuel , Angulo-Tisoc José Manuel , García Wilber
Published: February 2021

Se evaluaron dos protocolos de producción de embriones: la super ovulación y la ovulación simple, determinándose la tasa de colección y calidad de los embriones, así como la fertilidad y natalidad durante la época reproductiva y no reproductiva, a 4200 msnm y bajo condiciones de campo. La tasa de colección de embriones en ovulación simple fue de 53% (44/83) embriones frente a 242.3% (63/26) en super ovulación. La calidad de los embriones colectados por ovulación simple fue: grado I (90.3 y 83.6 %) y grado II (9.4 y 16.7 %) y ninguno de grado III; mientras que en super ovulación fue: grado I (76.6 y 87.5 %), grado II (14.9 y 12.5 %) y grado III en 8.5 y 0% para las época reproductiva y no reproductiva, respectivamente. La fertilidad fue similar entre la ovulación simple (56.4%) y en super ovulación (56.0%). La natalidad fue de 41.0 y 30.0% para ovulación simple y super ovulación, respectivamente. Se concluye que ambas técnicas representan una alternativa factible para su aplicación en los sistemas de crianza altoandina de llamas.
Análisis exploratorio sobre conflictos fauna silvestre-gente en la Reserva Natural Tumbesia La Ceiba, área núcleo de la Reserva de Biosfera Binacional Ecuador-Perú "Bosques de Paz"
Authors: Iñiguez-Gallardo Verónica , Guerrero Alexander , Ordóñez-Delgado Leonardo
Published: February 2021

Los conflictos entre fauna silvestre y seres humanos constituyen un problema complejo y creciente, principalmente para la conservación de especies involucradas en los mismos. Pese a la existencia de trabajos que analizan esta temática en el neotrópico, aún se evidencian vacíos de conocimiento geográficos y/o temáticos sobre esta disciplina. Ecuador, alberga un importante número de estudios enfocados principalmente en la identificación de las especies involucradas en conflictos. Sin embargo, la costa del país; particularmente los bosques secos del suroccidente han permanecido al margen sobre el tema. Este estudio se desarrolló en las comunidades circunscritas a la Reserva Natural Tumbesia La Ceiba, cantón Zapotillo, al sur de Ecuador. Con el uso de una entrevista semiestructurada, aplicada a los pobladores del sector se logró identificar, categorizar, definir la frecuencia, causas, y actitudes sobre los conflictos con la fauna silvestre del sector. Se identificaron seis tipos de conflictos: cacería, depredación de animales domésticos, destrucción de cultivos, usos medicinales, tráfico de especies y ofidiofobia. Dieciséis especies están involucradas en esta problemática. Puma concolor y Lycalopex sechurae se proponen como las especies más conflictivas. Además, se identificó una respuesta comunitaria organizada para enfrentar los problemas causados por las especies; así como se encontró que los costos causados por ataques de fauna silvestre son significativos, principalmente cuando involucran la pérdida de ganado caprino. Este trabajo provee la línea de base respecto al conocimiento de este campo investigativo para el sur occidente del país y evidencia que la única forma de enfrentar la problemática es establecer formas de colaboración público-privadas.
Data mining of DNA sequences submitted by Peruvian institutions to public genetic databases
Authors: Romero Pedro Eduardo , Castillo-Vilcahuaman Camila
Published: February 2021

Genetic diversity is an important component of biodiversity, and it is crucial for current efforts to protect and sustainably manage several organisms and habitats. As far as we know, there is only one work describing Peruvian genetic information stored in public databases. We aimed to update this previous work searching in four public databases that stored digital sequence information: Nucleotide, BioProject, PATRIC, BOLD. With this information, we comment on the contribution of Peruvian institutions during recent years. In Nucleotide, the largest database, Bacteria are the most sequenced organisms by Peruvian institutions (70.60%), pathogenic bacteria such as Pasteurella multocida, Neisseria meningitidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were the most abundant. We found no sequence records from the Archaea domain. In BioProject, the most common sequence belongs to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis. In PATRIC, a database of pathogenic agents, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Yersinia pestis had the highest number of entries. Finally, in BOLD, an exclusively Eukaryotic database, Chordata (Aves and Actinopterygii), Angiospermae, and Arthropoda (Insecta, and Arachnida) were the most frequent records. Our results would indicate research preferences of Peruvian institutions, focusing on infectious diseases and some Eukaryotic phyla. Although there has been a significant increase of DNA information submitted by Peruvian institutions since the last report, the genetic diversity reflected in these databases remains inconsistent with the diversity in the country. More efforts must be made to obtain genetic information from more underestimated taxonomic groups and to promote more genetic research in regional Peruvian institutions.
Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 (Teuthida: Thysanoteuthidae) calamar diamante, registro en la zona costera de Ica, Perú
Authors: Roque-Sánchez Máximo A. , Donayre Salazar Susan
Published: February 2021

En el presente trabajo a través de la pesca artesanal se registra por primera vez Thysanoteuthis rhombus en el litoral de Pisco y se amplía su rango de distribución en el pacífico oriental hasta Ica, Perú. Un ejemplar de 68 cm LM fue capturado entre los 13°50’00” S y 77°08’00” W a 50 metros de profundidad. Se realiza una breve descripción de la especie, con observaciones taxonómicas y comentarios sobre su distribución geográfica y pesquería.
Personajes colectivos e individuales en Los ríos profundos de José María Arguedas
Authors: Huamán Carlos
Published: February 2021

En la novela Los ríos profundos de José María Arguedas hay una singular configuración de los personajes vinculados con el universo cultural quechua-andino. Es así que tanto el personaje central, como los secundarios, suelen convertirse en voceros de colectivos o de individuos que, dependiendo del caso, se convierten en representaciones mítico-simbólicos.
Genesis of Spatiology •
Authors: Daragó László
Published: February 2021

We can find the sprouts of the architectural approach of space in ancient Greek Philosophy. The process lasts from the Pythagorean notion (kenon) – which is the emptiness between the numbers – to the definition of space by St Augustine, where he determines the forming of space as the main role of architecture. The enquiry regarding architectural approach of space intensified after the Second World War – Hajnóczi joined into this discourse with his works on the field of spatial theory in the 1960’s. He intended to create a unified framework for the different approaches of space from different fields of science. This common range of interpretation is deriving from the analytic understanding of space – that is Spatiology. Overviewing Hajnóczi’s theoretical works we will try to show the evolution of his thoughts and will try to identify the antecedents of his theoretical structures in the works of contemporary thinkers. In his academic doctorate dissertation in 1977 with the analytic approach he subdivided the architectural space into its elemental spatial relations generated by the constructional objects and then he has attempted to give the quantitative and also the qualitative understanding of them. In his Genesis – as the last accord of his oeuvre – he tried to understand the particular elements of this system and also build an intelligent whole of them again.

A tér építészeti értelmezésének megalapozását az európai kultúrában már a görög bölcseletben megleljük. A püthegóreusok számok közötti ürességétől (kenon) az építészeti tér Szt. Ágoston általi meghatározásáig tart a folyamat, melyben végül az építészet legfőbb feladataként a tér alakítását határozták meg. Ezen értelmezések körüli érdeklődés felizzott a második világháborút követő időben – ebbe a diskurzusba kapcsolódott be Hajnóczi Gyula térelméleti munkássága az 1960-as években. Azzal a szándékkal lépett fel, hogy egységes keretet adjon a sok tudományág felől érkező építészeti tér-értelmezéseknek. Ez a közös értelmezési tartomány a tér analitikus értelmezéséből sarjad – ezt a tértudományt nevezte el spaciológiának. Végigtekintve Hajnóczi Gyula térelméleti műveit igyekszünk bemutatni a gondolatok kifejlődésének folyamatát, valamint kísérletet teszünk arra, hogy felmutassuk a kortárs kutatók munkásságában Hajnóczi Gyula gondolati rendszerének előzményeit. Az 1977-ben megjelent akadémiai doktori értekezésében az építészeti tér analitikus értelmezésével szétbontotta az építészeti teret az azt meghatározó konstruktív közegek elemi térviszonylataira, és ezek mennyiségi és minőségi értelmezését kísérelte meg. Az életmű végső akkordjaként írt, Az építészeti tér genezise c. műve az analitikusan szétbontott és egyenként értelmezett térelemek rendszerének megértésére, az elemek újbóli összeépítésére tett kísérletet.
Sajátos nevelési igények és befogadó nevelés Európában
Authors: Kállai Gabriella , Mile Anikó
Published: February 2021

Összefoglaló. Az elmúlt évtizedekben a nemzetközi megközelítésben
használt sajátos nevelési igény fogalma átalakult, kiszélesedett. Ezzel együtt
az együttnevelés kezdetben a különböző fogyatékos tanulókra terjedt ki, ma már
több csoportot is magába foglal, és a vonatkozó szabályok az Európai Unió
tagországaiban is különbözőek. Az uniós célkitűzéseknek megfelelően több ország
oktatási rendszerében egyre nagyobb körben van jelen az inklúzió, ami sok
elemében hasonló, némely vonatkozásban pedig különböző lehet. A szemléletmód
változása hatással van a problémák azonosítására is. Írásunk az európai
adatgyűjtés kvalitatív és kvantitatív adatait, valamint a hazai folyamatokat
mutatja be.

Summary. In recent decades, the concept of special educational needs
used in the international literature has changed and expanded. Conceptual
approach to inclusion initially covered students with different disabilities,
now it includes several other groups, and the relevant regulations also differ
from one member state of the European Union to another. In line with EU
objectives, inclusion in the education systems of several countries is
increasing, which is similar in many aspects and may differ in some other
aspects. Changing conceptual approaches also have an impact on problem
identification. Our paper gives an overview of qualitative and quantitative data
of European data collection, as well as presents the proper Hungarian
processes.
Iskolák közötti egyenlőtlenségek alakulása 2010 után
Authors: Bazsalya Balázs , Hörich Balázs
Published: February 2021

Összefoglaló. A tanulmány az iskolai egyenlőtlenségek alakulását
vizsgálja a kétezres évek második évtizedében. A tanulói összetétel bizonyos
szociális háttérváltozói szerint nőttek az egyenlőtlenségek az elmúlt
évtizedben, az SNI, illetve a BTMN tanulók iskolarendszerben való eloszlása
viszont egyenletesebb lett az alsófokú iskolarendszerben. Országos szinten a
többiskolás települések közötti egyenlőtlenségek jobban nőttek, mint az
egyiskolás települések között. Az is bizonyítást nyert, hogy inkább a hátrányos
helyzetű tanulók elkülönülése jellemzőbb, mint a jobb helyzetben lévő tanulóké.
A relatíve jobb helyzetben lévő településeken nőttek jobban az egyenlőtlenségek.
Az egyenlőtlenségek alakulása mögött elsősorban az egyházi iskolák térnyerése,
illetve az iskolakörzeten kívülről történő beiskolázási gyakorlat játszik
főszerepet, míg a demográfiai folyamatok gyakorlatilag nincsenek hatással az
egyenlőtlenségek alakulására.

Summary. The study examines the development of school inequalities
in the second half of the 2000s. According to certain social background
variables of the student composition, inequalities have increased in the last
decade, while the distribution of SEN (special educational needs) and ALBD
(adaptation, learning and behavioral difficulties) students in the school system
has become more even in the primary school system. At the national level,
inequalities between multi-school settlements increased more than between
single-school settlements. It has also been shown that segregation of
disadvantaged students is more common than that of better students. Inequalities
increased more in relatively better settlements. The main factors behind the
development of inequalities are the rise of church schools and the practice of
enrollment outside the school district, while demographic processes have
practically no effect on the development of inequalities.
Diverzitás és inklúzió a felsőoktatásban
Authors: Varga Aranka , Vitéz Kitti , Orsós István , Fodor Bálint , Horváth Gergely
Published: February 2021

Összefoglaló. Tanulmányunk hazai és nemzetközi írásokra támaszkodva
tisztázza az inklúzió és a diverzitás fogalomkörét. Vizsgáljuk, hogy miként vált
a felsőoktatás jellemzőjévé a diverzitás, valamint az inkluzivitás fókuszba
kerülése mögött meghúzódó további okokat és következményeket. Kérdőíves
kutatásunk arra irányult, hogy a Pécsi Tudományegyetem diverz hallgatói köre (N:
809) mennyire részese az egyetemi közösségi és tudományos életnek, mutatnak-e
különbséget a társadalmi hátránnyal küzdők a bevonódásban. Az eredmények
rámutattak, hogy a nagy egyetemi programokon a társadalmi hátrányban levők
alulreprezentáltak, azonban a szakkollégiumok és egyéb mikroközösségek nagyobb
mértékben képesek a személyes megszólításra, az inkluzív közeg
biztosítására.

Summary. Our study clarifies the concepts of inclusion and diversity
based on domestic and international studies. We examine how diversity has become
a feature of higher education, and the additional causes and consequences behind
the focus of inclusivity. Our questionnaire study explored the extent to which
the diverse group of students of the University of Pecs (N: 809) is involved in
the university social and academic life, and whether those with social
disadvantages show a difference in involvement. The results revealed that
socially disadvantaged students are underrepresented in large university
programmes, however, student colleges and other micro-communities are more able
to address these students in a personal way and to provide an inclusive
environment.
The relationship between college athletes' health literacy and COVID-19 anxiety levels
Authors: Uğraş Sinan , Sağın Ahmet E. , Karabulut Ömer , Özen Gökmen
Published: February 2021

Background and Study Aim. Health literacy is the ability to access health information, understand, evaluate and apply health information. The health literacy of athletes may be determinant in the understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic process and in the level of the impact of this health-related anxiety factor. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine whether there is a relationship between college athletes' COVID-19 anxiety levels and their health literacy levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods. College athletes between the ages of 18 and 32 participated in the study and the average age was 24.2. A total of 234 elite collage athletes participated in the study. 133 of the participants were males and 101 were females. COVID-19 Anxiety Scale was used to determine the COVID-19 anxiety states and Health Literacy index was used to the level of health literacy of the participants in the COVID-19 pandemic process. Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were performed for statistical analyses. Significance level in analysis has been accepted as p. < 05. Results. Our findings revealed that there were significant relationships between elite athletes' health literacy sub-dimension scores and COVID-anxiety level. In addition, it was determined that access to information and understanding information sub-dimensions from health literacy sub-dimensions predicted elite college athletes’ the COVID-19 anxiety level at 21.2%. As a result, elite college athletes had low levels of anxiety against COVID-19, and this situation associated with their high level of health literacy. Conclusions. The increase of elite college athletes' the level of health literacy will decrease their anxiety levels. It will be beneficial to implement training programs that can increase their health literacy levels in order to reduce the impact of the unexpected health crisis due to COVID-19, especially the anxiety levels of college athletes.
Los estudiantes universitarios guatemaltecos y su proyección social: la Universidad Popular (1923-1932)
Authors: González Sandoval Leticia
Published: February 2021

El artículo tiene como propósito comprender la creación y funcionamiento de la Universidad Popular de Guatemala en su primera década de existencia. La caída del gobierno de Manuel Estrada Cabrera contribuyó a la consolidación de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios, que inspirados en los planteamientos de la Reforma Universitaria de Córdoba (Argentina) y el pensamiento de José Vasconcelos, propusieron una política de “educación de masas” que vinculaba a la universidad con el pueblo, en especial con sus núcleos obreros urbanos. La experiencia no fue totalmente exitosa porque el idealismo romántico de los estudiantes colisionó con las condiciones sociopolíticas imperantes.
Innovation in Fischer-Tropsch: A Sustainable Approach to Fuels Production
Authors: Pearson Richard , Coe Andrew , Paterson James
Published: February 2021

A sustained global effort is required over the next few decades to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to address global warming as society seeks to deliver the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The increasing availability of renewable electricity will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. However, some applications, such as long-haul aviation, are particularly challenging to decarbonise. The conversion of waste, biomass or existing CO2 emissions into sustainable fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis offers one solution to this problem. This paper describes some of the challenges associated with this route to these alternative fuels and how Johnson Matthey and bp have solved them.
When words and graphs move the eyes:The processing of multimodal causal relations
Authors: Parodi Giovanni , Julio Cristóbal , Recio Inés
Published: February 2021

Research on causal relations in multisemiotic texts constituted by words and graphs has been scarce with only a few exceptions. In the current study, eye movement behavior was studied in seventy-six Chilean high school students, who read a set of twelve causally-related economics texts in Spanish in four experimental conditions. The objective is twofold. We aimed, on the one hand, to observe the main effects of the causal discourse marker (DM) por tanto and the statistical causal graph (G), as well as the interaction effect of both variables on different eye tracking measures. On the other, we seek to observe the effects of the DM on the same eye tracking measures for the graph system (GS) area of interest (AOI). The findings showed that the conjoint presence of the DM and the G did not positively influence the processing of selected AOIs. Analyses also reveal no significant effects on the GS AOI. Thus, the results indicate that the DM tend to decrease processing times, while the G increases them. Additional analyses conducted on the integrative transitions between the verbal system and the graph system reveal that more transitions were identified between the consequence segment and the graph system, thereby confirming that the consequence segment is crucial for the integration of both semiotic systems.
The application of eye-tracking in music research
Authors: Fink Lauren K. , Lange Elke B. , Groner Rudolf
Published: February 2021

Though eye-tracking is typically a methodology applied in the visual research domain, recent studies suggest its relevance in the context of music research. There exists a community of researchers interested in this kind of research from varied disciplinary backgrounds scattered across the globe. Therefore, in August 2017, an international conference was held at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics in Frankfurt, Germany, to bring this research community together. The conference was dedicated to the topic of music and eye-tracking, asking the question: what do eye movements, pupil dilation, and blinking activity tell us about musical processing? This special issue is constituted of top-scoring research from the conference and spans a range of music-related topics. From tracking the gaze of performers in musical trios to basic research on how eye movements are affected by background music, the contents of this special issue highlight a variety of experimental approaches and possible applications of eye-tracking in music research.
The impact of music and stretched time on pupillary responses and eye movements in slow-motion film scenes
Authors: Hammerschmidt David , Wöllner Clemens
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the effects of music and playback speed on arousal and visual perception in slow-motion scenes taken from commercial films. Slow-motion scenes are a ubiquitous film technique and highly popular. Yet the psychological effects of mediated time-stretching compared to real-time motion have not been empirically investigated. We hypothesised that music affects arousal and attentional processes. Furthermore, we assumed that playback speed influences viewers’ visual perception, resulting in a higher number of eye movements and larger gaze dispersion. Thirty-nine participants watched three film excerpts in a repeated-measures design in conditions with or without music and in slow motion vs. adapted real-time motion (both visual-only). Results show that music in slow-motion film scenes leads to higher arousal compared to no music as indicated by larger pupil diameters in the former. There was no systematic effect of music on visual perception in terms of eye movements. Playback speed influenced visual perception in eye movement parameters such that slow motion resulted in more and shorter fixations as well as more saccades compared to adapted real-time motion. Furthermore, in slow motion there was a higher gaze dispersion and a smaller centre bias, indicating that individuals attended to more detail in slow motion scenes.
A linear oscillator model predicts dynamic temporal attention and pupillary entrainment to rhythmic patterns
Authors: Fink Lauren K. , Hurley Brian K. , Geng Joy J. , Janata Petr
Published: February 2021

Rhythm is a ubiquitous feature of music that induces specific neural modes of processing. In this paper, we assess the potential of a stimulus-driven linear oscillator model (Tomic & Janata, 2008) to predict dynamic attention to complex musical rhythms on an instant-by-instant basis. We use perceptual thresholds and pupillometry as attentional indices against which to test our model pre- dictions. During a deviance detection task, participants listened to continuously looping, multi- instrument, rhythmic patterns, while being eye-tracked. Their task was to respond anytime they heard an increase in intensity (dB SPL). An adaptive thresholding algorithm adjusted deviant in- tensity at multiple probed temporal locations throughout each rhythmic stimulus. The oscillator model predicted participants’ perceptual thresholds for detecting deviants at probed locations, with a low temporal salience prediction corresponding to a high perceptual threshold and vice versa. A pupil dilation response was observed for all deviants. Notably, the pupil dilated even when partic- ipants did not report hearing a deviant. Maximum pupil size and resonator model output were sig- nificant predictors of whether a deviant was detected or missed on any given trial. Besides the evoked pupillary response to deviants, we also assessed the continuous pupillary signal to the rhythmic patterns. The pupil exhibited entrainment at prominent periodicities present in the stimuli and followed each of the different rhythmic patterns in a unique way. Overall, these results repli- cate previous studies using the linear oscillator model to predict dynamic attention to complex auditory scenes and extend the utility of the model to the prediction of neurophysiological signals, in this case the pupillary time course; however, we note that the amplitude envelope of the acoustic patterns may serve as a similarly useful predictor. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to show entrainment of pupil dynamics by demonstrating a phase relationship between musical stimuli and the pupillary signal.
Cross-modal music integration in expert memory: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Drai-Zerbib Véronique , Baccino Thierry
Published: February 2021

The study investigated the cross-modal integration hypothesis for expert musicians using eye tracking. Twenty randomized excerpts of classical music were presented in two modes (auditory and visual), at the same time (simultaneously) or successively (sequentially). Musicians (N = 53, 26 experts and 27 non-experts) were asked to detect a note modified between the auditory and visual versions, either in the same major/minor key or violating the key. Experts carried out the task faster and with greater accuracy than non-experts. Sequential presentation was more difficult than simultaneous (longer fixations and higher error rates) and the modified notes were more easily detected when violating the key (fewer errors), but with longer fixations (speed/accuracy trade-off strategy). Experts detected the modified note faster, especially in the simultaneous condition in which cross-modal integration may be applied. These results support the hypothesis that the main difference between experts and non-experts derives from the difference in knowledge structures in memory built over time with practice. They also suggest that these high-level knowledge structures in memory contain harmony and tonal rules, arguing in favour of cross-modal integration capacities for experts, which are related to and can be explained by the long-term working memory (LTWM) model of expert memory (e.g. Drai-Zerbib & Baccino, 2014; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995).
Line breaks in subtitling: An eye tracking study on viewer preferences
Authors: Gerber-Morón Olivia , Szarkowska Agnieszka
Published: February 2021

There is a discrepancy between professional subtitling guidelines and how they are implemented in real life. One example of such discrepancy are line breaks: the way the text is divided between the two lines in a subtitle. Although we know from the guidelines how subtitles should look like and from watching subtitled materials how they really look like, little is known about what line breaks viewers would prefer. We examined individual differences in syntactic processing and viewers’ preferences regarding line breaks in various linguistic units, including noun, verb and adjective phrases. We studied people’s eye movements while they were reading pictures with subtitles. We also investigated whether these preferences are affected by hearing status and previous experience with subtitling. Viewers were shown 30 pairs of screenshots with syntactically segmented and non-syntactically segmented subtitles and they were asked to choose which subtitle in each pair was better. We tested 21 English, 26 Spanish and 21 Polish hearing people, and 19 hard of hearing and deaf people from the UK. Our results show that viewers prefer syntactically segmented line breaks. Eye tracking results indicate that linguistic units are processed differently depending on the linguistic category and the viewers’ profile.
Visualisation and interpretation of student strategies in solving natural science-based tasks using the eye-tracker
Authors: Škrabánková Jana , Laš Lukáš , Bujok Petr
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a research on students using the Gazepoint device to visualise the practices and strategies that students used in order to solve assignments in the disciplines of natural science. The analysis of visual perception of students is complemented by a questionnaire survey for a group of respondents aged 15-16. The essence of the study was to find out how the students proceeded in monitoring assignments displayed on the screen, how they continued working with the assignments, and whether the layout of the schematics, tables and applied images affected students ‘correctness for the solution. The main aim of the research was to find some similar segments in the experimental data and obtained clusters that would suggest a similar approach of problem solving by students – respondents, and to find out if, and possibly how, some strategies in the assignments differ for the talented students from the standard pupil population and compare the outcomes with students’ characteristics. The other aim of study was to confirm the presence of gifted students in natural sciences in a given sample of respondents on the basis of eye-tracking technology. Also on the basis of similarities in assigned task solving the aim was to find other students who can be seen similarly to the gifted ones from a view of e.g. physiological dynamics of eyes of the students in the context of the given selected seven tasks in the area of the chemical elements identification. For both groups of students, some basic measures are proposed to increase the efficiency of students‘ work with an assignment displayed on a computer screen. Our results show that in the task solving, one gifted student was identified next to a cluster of four similarly performing students on the basis of eye-movements parameters.
Evaluating age-related variations of gaze behavior for a novel digitized-digit symbol substitution test
Authors: Chatterjee Debatri , Gavas Rahul Dasharath , Chakravarty Kingshuk , Sinha Aniruddha , Lahiri Uttama
Published: February 2021

Analysis of cognitive functioning from gaze behavior might serve as an early indicator of age related decline of cognitive functions. Standard psychological tests like the digit-symbol substitution test or the symbol-digit modalities test is used exclusively in this regard. In this paper, we have designed and developed a digitized version of the digit symbol substitution test. Three different versions have been designed in order to derive deeper insights of the user behavior. The test-retest validation of the versions reveals good correlation across sessions. Fur-ther, the difference in gaze behavior which might be used as an indicator of cognitive functions is tested for two different age groups (13 participants<30 years and 11 participants >40 years). It is seen that the designed digitized version along with the usage of physiological markers like eye tracking bestows additional information and is sensitive to age related factors which might be used for the assessment as well as for the training purpose in rehabilitation systems. Results show that the performance can be analyzed using gaze and pupillometric features in addition to the conventional test performance metrics. We derived an index to measure the performance related to visuo-spatial functioning on one of the de-signed versions of the test. Results of this index on the number of fixations for two age groups are found to be separated in a statistically significant (p<0.05) manner. The age related difference (p<0.05) is also evident in the pupillometric responses obtained.
Effects of individuality, education, and image on visual attention: Analyzing eye-tracking data using machine learning
Authors: Lee Sangwon , Hwang Yongha , Jin Yan , Ahn Sihyeong , Park Jaewan
Published: February 2021

Machine learning, particularly classification algorithms, constructs mathematical models from labeled data that can predict labels for new data. Using its capability to identify distinguishing patterns among multi-dimensional data, we investigated the impact of three factors on the observation of architectural scenes: Individuality, education, and image stimuli. An analysis of the eye-tracking data revealed that (1) a velocity histogram was unique to individuals, (2) students of architecture and other disciplines could be distinguished via endogenous parameters, but (3) they were more distinct in terms of seeking structural versus symbolic elements. Because of the reverse nature of the classification algorithms that automatically learn from data, we could identify relevant parameters and distinguishing eye-tracking patterns that have not been reported in previous studies.
Analysis and evaluation of eye behavior for marine operation training - A pilot study
Authors: Mao Runze , Li Guoyuan , Hildre Hans Petter , Zhang Houxiang
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a new analysis approach for evaluating situation awareness in marine operation training. Taking advantage of eye tracking technology, the situation awareness reflected by visual attention can be visualized and analyzed. A scanpath similarity comparison method that allows group-wise comparisons is proposed. The term ‘Expert zone’ is introduced to evaluate the performance of novice operator based on expert operators’ eye movement. It is used to evaluate performance of novice operators in groups in certain segment of marine operation. A pilot study of crane lifting experiment was carried out. Two target stages of operation for the load descending until total immersion to the seabed were selected and analyzed for both novice and expert operators. The group-wise evaluation method is proven to be able to access the performance of the operator. Besides that, from data analysis of fixation-related source and scanpath, the similarities and dissimilarities of eye behavior between novice and expert is concluded with the scanpath mode in target segment.
Eye tracking for assessment of situational awareness in bridge resource management training
Authors: Atik Oguz
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to experiment eye tracking in situational awareness assessment in Bridge Resource Management training of ship officers who play a critical role in maritime accidents. The maritime industry focuses on human factor developing and improving regulations including training requirements to prevent marine casualties. The mandatory Bridge Resource Management training as per international regulations includes assessment of situational awareness of trainees in full mission ship bridge simulators. The study involves capturing and analyzing eye movement data from maritime cadets and ship officers with sea experience in a simulation exercise. An eye tracking analysis software and eye tracking glasses are used for the study. Inferential and descriptive analyses were both used to validate the results. Significant differences were found between fixation duration measurements of novice cadets and experienced officers. Heat map visualizations also revealed differences in focuses of attention among participants. The evaluations of the certified simulator assessors are considered as the ground truth, and the results were compared to and discussed accordingly. The results show that the eye tracking technology is a valuable complementary tool for assessment of situational awareness in a simulator environment, utilized with the existing conventional observation and performance measurement methods. The study reveals that eye tracking provides the assessor with novel data in simulator based maritime training, such as focus of attention, which contributes to the evaluation of the situational awareness. The study, therefore, contributes to maritime education aiming to improve the effectiveness of Bridge Resource Management training. It also contributes to scientific research on eye movement in maritime field by proposing the integration of eye tracking in the Bridge Resource Management training.
Can microsaccade rate predict drug response?
Authors: Stafford Tom , Overton Paul G. , Hampsey Elliot
Published: February 2021

In 22 human subjects we measured microsaccade count across 60 brief fixation trials both pre- and post- administration of 300mg of caffeine. There was a statistically significant reduction in average microsaccade count post-caffeine administration, with a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d of 0.42). Microsaccade count was stable within individuals across time points (Pearson’s r of 0.89). Sensitivity analysis suggests that the pre/post caffeine effect size is robust to choice of parameters used to identify microsaccades. Bootstrap resampling suggests that both the pre/post-caffeine difference and the across-time stability within individuals could be reliably assessed with far fewer trials. The results support the use of microsaccade count as both a trait measure of individual differences and a state measure of caffeine response. We discuss the results in the context of the theory that the superior colliculus is central to the generation of microsaccades and hence that microsaccade rate may be a useful assay for at least some drug-induced changes at the level of the colliculus: a potentially useful tool in the development of therapies for disorders that may involve collicular dysfunction such as ADHD.
On the 'Where' and 'When' of Eye Guidance in Real-World Scenes
Authors: Nuthmann Antje
Published: February 2021

Keynote at the 20th European Conference on Eye Movement Research (ECEM) in Alicante, 22.8.2019
Video stream: https://vimeo.com/361729502
VR/AR head-mounted display system based measurement and evaluation of dynamic visual acuity
Authors: Kim Jung-Ho , Son Ho-Jun , Lee Seung-Hyun , Kwon Soon-Chul
Published: February 2021

This study evaluated the dynamic visual acuity of candidates by implementing a King–Devick (K-D) test chart in a virtual reality head-mounted display (VR HMD) and an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR HMD). Hard-copy KD (HCKD), VR HMD KD (VHKD), and AR HMD KD (AHKD) tests were conducted in 30 male and female candidates in the age of 10S and 20S and subjective symptom surveys were conducted.
In the subjective symptom surveys, all except one of the VHKD questionnaire items showed subjective symptoms of less than 1 point. In the comparison between HCKD and VHKD, HCKD was measured more rapidly than VHKD in all tests. In the comparison between HCKD and AHKD, HCKD was measured more rapidly than AHKD in Tests 1, 2, and 3. In the comparison between VHKD and AHKD, AHKD was measured more rapidly than VHKD in Tests 1, 2, and 3. In the correlation analyses of test platforms, all platforms were correlated with each other, except for the correlation between HCKD and VHKD in Tests 1 and 2. There was no significant difference in the frequency of errors among Tests 1, 2, and 3 across test platforms.
VHKD and AHKD, which require the body to be moved to read the chart, required longer measurement time than HCKD. In the measurements of each platform, AHKD was measured closer to HCKD than VHKD, which may be because the AHKD environment is closer to the actual environment than the VHKD environment. The effectiveness of VHKD and AHKD proposed in this research was evaluated experimentally. The results suggest that treatment and training could be performed concurrently through the use of clinical test and content development of VHKD and AHKD.
Fixation disparity during reading: Fusion, not suppression
Authors: Liversedge Simon P.
Published: February 2021

In this paper I present a brief review of some recent studies my colleagues and I have carried out to investigate binocular coordination during reading. These studies demonstrate that the eyes are often not perfectly aligned during reading, with fixation disparities of approximately one character on average. Both crossed and uncrossed disparities are common and vergence movements during fixations serve to reduce, but not eliminate disparity. Fixation disparity results in different retinal inputs from each eye, yet a single non diplopic visual representation of the text is perceived when we read. A further experiment, with dichoptically presented target words in normally presented sentence frames, showed that a mechanism of fusion rather than suppression operates at an early stage during visual processing. Saccade metrics appear to be computed according to a unified visual representation based on input from both eyes. based on input from both eyes.
Effects of Processing Difficulty on Eye Movements in Reading: A Review of Behavioral and Neural Observations
Authors: Yang Shun-nan
Published: February 2021

In reading, text difficulties increase the duration of eye fixation and the frequency of refixation and regression. The present article reviews previous attempts to quantify these effects based on the frequency of effect theory (FET), and links these effects to results from microstimulation of primate supple-mentary eye fields. Observed stimulation effects on the latency and frequency of visually-guided saccades depend on the onset time of electric current relative to target onset, and the strength of applied current. Resultant saccade delay was only observed for those made towards a highly predictive location ipsilateral to stimulated SEF sites. These findings are inter-preted in the context of reading, where the detection of processing difficulty allows a suppression signal to supersede a forward saccade signal in a time race. This in turn permits a cognitively-based refixation/regression to be initiated in place of the suppressed forward saccade.
Entering PIN codes by smooth pursuit eye movements
Authors: Cymek Dietlind Helene , Venjakob Antje Christine , Ruff Stefan , Lutz Otto Hans-Martin , Hofmann Simon , Roetting Matthias
Published: February 2021

Despite its potential gaze interaction is still not a widely-used interaction concept. Major drawbacks as the calibration, strain of the eyes and the high number of false alarms are associated with gaze based interaction and limit its practicability for every-day human computer interaction. In this paper two experiments are described which use smooth pursuit eye movements on moving display buttons. The first experiment was conducted to extract an easy and fast interaction concept and at the same time to collect data to develop a specific but robust algorithm. In a follow-up experiment, twelve conventionally calibrated participants interacted successfully with the system. For another group of twelve people the eye tracker was not calibrated individually, but on a third person. Results show that for both groups interaction was possible without false alarms. Both groups rated the user experience of the system as positive.
Effect of target type on near point of convergence in a healthy, active, young adult population
Authors: Phillips Jacqueline , Tierney Ryan
Published: February 2021

Purpose: Measuring near point of convergence (NPC) has recently emerged as a concussion assessment tool. Differences in administration of the test can be seen within the literature, which may affect results and normative values. There has been little investigation examining if clinically accessible target types affects NPC and no examination of NPC in a healthy, active young adult population. Methods: NPC was measured in 39 subjects using 5 different targets two times each with an accommodative ruler. Results: NPC ranged from 1.5-10cm in this population with an overall mean of 5.9+-1.6 cm. There were significant differences between the middle sized font and the line (p = .024) and pen (p = .047), and also between the largest sized font and the line (p = .026). Conclusion: For physically active young adults, the measurement of NPC is affected by target type.
ScanGraph: A Novel Scanpath Comparison Method Using Visualisation of Graph Cliques
Authors: Dolezalova Jitka , Popelka Stanislav
Published: February 2021

The article describes a new tool for analyses of eye-movement data. Many different approaches to scanpath comparison exist. One of the most frequently used approaches is String Edit Distance, where the gaze trajectories are replaced by the sequences of visited Areas of Interest. In cartographic literature, the most commonly used software for scanpath comparison is eyePatterns. During the analysis of eyePatterns functionality, we have found that tree-graph visualization of its results is not reliable. Thus, we decided to develop a new tool called ScanGraph. Its computational algorithms are modified to work better with the sequences with different lengths. The output is visualized as a simple graph, and similar groups of sequences are displayed as cliques of this graph. The article describes ScanGraph’s functionality on the example of a simple cartographic eye-tracking study. Differences of the reading strategy of a simple map between cartographic experts and novices were investigated. The paper should serve to the researchers who would like to analyze differences between groups of participants, and who would like to use our tool - ScanGraph, available at www.eyetracking.upol.cz/scangraph.
Graduate Student-Athletes: An Examination of Identity Roles and Transition
Authors: Pascale Amanda Blakewood , Gregg Elizabeth , Buenano Andrea
Published: February 2021

Increasingly, student athletes are enrolling in graduate programs with remaining athletic eligibility. From identity role conflict and transition theory approaches, this study examines how graduate student athletes develop by negotiating their identities as both graduate students and as athletes. Implications for collegiate administrators, coaches, and faculty who seek to support graduate student success and transition out of sport are discussed.