bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Information Quantity on Distinctive Accuracy and Normativity of Personality Trait Judgments
Authors: Krzyzaniak Sheherezade L. , Colman Douglas E. , Letzring Tera D. , McDonald Jennifer S. , Biesanz Jeremy C.
Published: March 2019

Information quantity is an important moderator of personality judgment accuracy. Some evidence suggests that the amount of available information is positively related to accuracy. The current study utilized the social accuracy model to investigate the effects of differences in thin slices of information quantity on the distinctive accuracy and normativity of personality trait judgments. It was hypothesized that distinctive accuracy and normativity would increase as information quantity increased. Participants were 431 individuals who participated in an online study that varied the length of stimulus target observations (30 seconds, 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes), after which judges rated targets using other–report measures of the Big Five personality traits. For all traits combined, significant levels of accuracy were found for all observation lengths, but distinctive accuracy and normativity did not increase as video length increased. Findings varied for individual traits. For distinctive accuracy, there was a linear increase with information quantity for Extraversion and a non–linear relationship for Conscientiousness, while there was a linear decrease for Openness. For normativity, there was a linear increase with information quantity for Agreeableness and a non–linear relationship for Conscientiousness. There are important differences in how observation length affects distinctive accuracy and normativity for different personality traits. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
Sensory Function, Measured as Active Discriminative Touch, is Associated With Dexterity after Stroke
Authors: Carlsson Håkan , Ekstrand Elisabeth , Brogårdh Christina
Published: March 2019

Background

Reduced dexterity is common after stroke, which can affect the ability to perform upper limb daily activities. To improve upper limb function after stroke, it is important to understand which factors are most associated with dexterity.

Objective

To evaluate how several factors are associated with dexterity after stroke.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

A university hospital.

Participants

A convenience sample of 75 persons (54 men and 21 women, mean age 66 years) with mild to moderate impairments of the upper limb after stroke.

Methods

Dexterity and potentially associated factors (age, gender, affected hand, social situation, vocational situation, grip strength, spasticity, sensory function, and pain) were evaluated by linear regression models.

Main Outcome Measurements

Dexterity was measured with the mini Sollerman Hand Function Test, sensory function with both the Fugl‐Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (to assess light touch and proprioception) and the Shape Texture Identification Test (to assess active discriminative touch), spasticity with the Modified Ashworth Scale, and grip strength with the Grippit dynamometer.

Results

Active discriminative touch had the strongest association with dexterity, explaining 46% of the variance. When spasticity and grip strength were added, the explained variance increased to 57% in the final multivariate model.

Conclusions

This study indicates that sensory function in terms of active discriminative touch is a major contributing factor to dexterity in persons with mild to moderate stroke, whereas spasticity and grip strength may be of lesser importance.

Level of Evidence

III
Differences in self‐assembly features of thermoresponsive anionic triblock copolymers synthesized via one‐pot or two‐pot by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Motlaq Vahid F. , Momtazi Leva , Zhu Kaizheng , Knudsen Kenneth D. , Nyström Bo
Published: March 2019

The self‐assembly process in aqueous solutions of the methoxyl‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic sodium)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAM) triblock copolymer, synthesized via two different atomic transfer radical polymerization methods, namely “one‐pot” (P3‐sample) and “two‐pot” (P2‐sample), was studied by various experimental techniques. The “one‐pot” procedure leads to a copolymer (P3) where the PNIPAAM block is contaminated with a minor quantity of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonate (AMPS) residuals and this sample does not form micelles over the considered temperature region, but unimers and temperature‐induced aggregates coexist in the presence of a small amount of salt. The P2 polymer forms micelles and intermicellar structures, but the former moieties disappear at high temperatures, whereas the latter species contract with increasing temperature. Small‐angle neutron scattering results revealed correlation peaks, both for P3 and P2, and no micelle formation for P3, but a pronounced upturn of the scattered intensity at low wavevector values at elevated temperatures for the P2 copolymer. The findings from this study clearly show that the spurious AMPS residuals have a drastic influence on the self‐assembly and micelle formation of the triblock copolymer. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 524–534
Parental hypoxic exposure influences performance of offspring in Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Sang Wen , Ji Rui , Lei Chaoliang , Zhu‐Salzman Keyan
Published: March 2019

Background

Modified atmosphere based on lack of O2 can protect stored grains from insect pest damage. Although population expansion of cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)) could be temporarily arrested when exposed to 2% O2, this insect could survive extended periods of hypoxia and continue its normal development if normoxic conditions resumed. It is not clear whether parental hypoxic treatment has any effects on offspring performance and response to hypoxia.

Results

Hypoxia postponed development of treated parental bruchids at all stages. Its negative effects on oviposition and hatch rate of these eggs were significant only when hypoxia was administered at the parental fourth instar larval stage or later. When the F1 generation was exposed to hypoxia at the fourth instar larval stage, they exhibited comparable developmental delay and reduction in adult emergence and fecundity whether the parents experienced hypoxia or not. Interestingly, eggs laid by hypoxia‐treated F1s had increased hatch rates if their parents had also been exposed to hypoxia. Stronger suppression of the digestive protease gene CatL and elevated basal expression of the stress responsive gene Hsp27 were observed in F1 larvae with parental hypoxic experience.

Conclusion

Parental hypoxic experience appeared to better prepare the F1 progenies for further hypoxic challenge. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Management strategies against Drosophila suzukii: insights into Swiss grape growers choices
Authors: Knapp Ladina , Mazzi Dominique , Finger Robert
Published: March 2019

Background

In 2017, we investigated measures adopted by Swiss grape growers in response to Drosophila suzukii by conducting a survey presenting information obtained from 372 growers on 1708 vineyards.

Results

We found the strategies adopted to be heterogeneous and largely dependent on grape variety (table vs. wine grapes). We identified six clusters of control methods to combat D. suzukii, the most important of which involves using a combination of control methods such as insecticides, mass trapping and sanitation measures, especially pinching of foliage or mowing and mulching. Grape growers in our sample rely primarily on information from public institutions or other growers and the majority plan to continue taking sanitation measures to combat D. suzukii.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that strategies adopted in Switzerland differ widely, not only between growers, but also at a vineyard and regional level. Thus, policies and extension services should be targeted (e.g. to varieties and regions) and tailored to types of growers. We find that preventive measures are important when combatting D. suzukii and can reduce post‐infestation measures such as pesticide usage. In our sample, biological insecticides, such as kaolin, played a vital role in the control of D. suzukii and merit further support. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Groundwater monitoring for 1,3‐dichloropropene in high fumigant use areas of North America and Europe
Authors: van Wesenbeeck Ian J , Knowles Steve
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

1,3‐Dichloropropene (1,3‐D) is a soil fumigant used for the control of nematodes in high‐value fruit, nut and vegetable crops globally. Extensive water monitoring efforts have been undertaken over the past four decades by public and private institutions, given the widespread agricultural use of 1,3‐D, and environmental fate and metabolism data suggesting the potential for 1,3‐D to leach into groundwater. The aim of this study is to review the results of groundwater monitoring studies for 1,3‐D conducted in North America and the European Union (EU) since 1980.

RESULTS

Analysis of > 50 000 water samples by state and federal agencies in the USA resulted in 151 detections of 1,3‐D. An additional 4000 samples analyzed in groundwater studies specifically targeting high 1,3‐D use areas in Europe and the USA resulted in 74 detections of 1,3‐D or its primary metabolites. The combined detection rate of 1,3‐D and its primary metabolites in high‐use areas of the EU and North America was 0.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

The availability of extensive groundwater monitoring information developed through decades of study supports the conclusion that soil fumigation with 1,3‐D poses an inconsequential risk for drinking water exposure. The lack of significant detections of 1,3‐D from targeted monitoring studies is due to the high volatility of 1,3‐D, the rapid degradation of 1,3‐D in most agricultural soils, the rapid degradation of 1,3‐D and its metabolites in aerobic aquatic systems, and the rapid hydrolysis of 1,3‐D in water. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
An evaluation of tenuazonic acid, a potential biobased herbicide in cotton
Authors: Zhou Bing , Wang He , Meng Bin , Wei Ran , Wang Ling , An Chuanfu , Chen Shiguo , Yang Chunlong , Qiang Sheng
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Tenuazonic acid (TeA), a putative nonhost‐selective mycotoxin isolated from Alternaria alternata, is the main causative agent of brown leaf spot disease of crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) and some other crops. Previous studies revealed that it is a natural photosystem II inhibitor that binds the D1 protein to block electron transfer. Though the crude metabolite extract of A. alternata containing TeA has been bioassayed, the herbicidal activity of synthesized TeA has not been systematically evaluated yet.

RESULTS

TeA caused leaves of crofton weed to have brown spots that were more pronounced in older leaves than younger ones. It completely killed 92% of the four‐leaf seedlings at 600 g ai/ha but only 81% or less of six‐leaf seedlings or bigger. The bioassay of phytotoxicity of TeA to 67 plant species including 54 weeds and 13 crops, showed that TeA had a broad weed spectrum but low toxicity to Solanaceae and Malvaceae species. Further potted‐ plant experiments demonstrated that TeA had EC90 values that ranged from 119 to 795 μg/mL for 14 important weeds but was 2539 μg/mL for Acalypha australis. Nicotiana tabacum and Gossypium hirsutum had no injury symptoms at 1000 μg/mL. A field trial showed that TeA effectively controlled two important weeds, Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus retroflexus without affecting cotton in the field.

CONCLUSION

TeA has potential as a biobased herbicide for controlling important dicotyledon and monocotyledon weeds in cotton and tobacco fields. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Firm strategic behavior and the measurement of knowledge flows with patent citations
Authors: Corsino Marco , Mariani Myriam , Torrisi Salvatore
Published: March 2019

Research Summary

This research addresses firms' use of external knowledge sources to develop patented inventions and explores the validity of patent citations as an indicator of interfirm knowledge flows. By comparing patent citations with primary data reported by the inventors, we uncover systematic measurement errors in patent citations and show that they depend on the firms' patent strategies (e.g., to reduce the risk of imitation or litigation), the source of knowledge employed (e.g., competitors, users), the technology of the underlying invention, and the institutional characteristics of the patent system. Our findings about the role of these factors in external knowledge sourcing and citing propensity highlight the importance of firms' strategic behavior and offer novel insights for the use of patent citations as an indicator of knowledge flows.

Managerial Summary

Firms' open innovation strategies rely on the sourcing of knowledge from other organizations. Tracing these knowledge flows is difficult, such that the empirical research on this matter typically uses citations that patents make to prior art in order to track them. However, patent citations might be added also for reasons other than the actual transfer of knowledge. We use primary information from a large survey of inventors to assess the accuracy of patent citations to measure knowledge flows, and we find evidence of measurement errors that depend on the applicants' patent strategies, the type of knowledge sources used, the filing jurisdiction, and the technology of the underlying invention. We offer insights to evaluate the settings in which patent citations are a reliable measure of knowledge flows.
A novel sorbent Ulva lactuca‐derived biochar for remediation of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R in packed column
Authors: Gokulan R. , Ganesh Prabhu G. , Jegan J.
Published: March 2019

An up‐flow fixed column study was conducted to remediate Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R (RBO3R) from contaminated solutions using biochar derived from Ulva lactuca biomass. The influences of column parameters on dye sorption were studied in detail, which include initial RBO3R concentration, bed depth, and flow rate. Optimization experiments indicated that maximum RBO3R column uptake of 0.114 mmol/g was observed at 0.25 mmol/L (initial RBO3R concentration), 0.3 L/hr (flow rate), and 25 cm (U. lactuca bed depth). Modeling of column sorption data was performed using the Yoon–Nelson, modified dose–response and Thomas models. The spent biochar was desorbed and rejuvenated using 0.01 M NaOH. The elutant (0.01 M NaOH) exhibited 99.7% efficiency, and the process was completed in 115 min with high overall concentration factor of 8.4.

Practitioner points

This study explores the impact of column parameters on the dye removal potential of U. lactuca‐derived biochar.

At optimized condition, the biochar bed exhibited highest Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R uptake capacity of 0.114 mmol/g.

The regeneration and desorption of U. lactuca‐derived biochar bed was possible with NaOH (0.01 M) as elutant.
Testing unmanned aerial systems for monitoring wildlife at night
Authors: Ireland Alex W. , Palandro David A. , Garas Victor Y. , Woods Richard W. , Davi Richard A. , Butler Josh D. , Gibbens Dyan M. , Gibbens Jeffrey S
Published: March 2019

Monitoring wildlife populations in proximity to industrial activities, including oil and gas operations, is critical to mitigating potential risk to both animals and workers, especially at night. We report on tests of mobile and power‐tethered unmanned aerial systems (UASs) equipped with thermal cameras, comparing between these systems as well as to more conventional ground‐based camera traps. Our overall objective was to develop suggestions for potential utility of UASs by industry to monitor wildlife populations. We focused on straightforward counts of animals, qualitative comparisons of system operations and detection capabilities, and a simple spatial interpolation of observed animals to illustrate how these data could potentially be used in operational decision‐making. Results suggested that wide fields‐of‐view and extended operational periods offered by power‐tethered UASs could be advantageous for spatially extensive and temporally continuous monitoring needs, but that mobile UASs more easily generated mapped data products for integration into existing Geographic Information Systems. In either case, system redundancy would be critical to ensuring effective deployment in real‐world monitoring for risk mitigation. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
In-medium charmonium production in proton-nucleus collisions
Authors: Du Xiaojian , Rapp Ralf
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We study charmonium production in proton-nucleus (p-A) collisions focusing on final-state effects caused by the formation of an expanding medium. Toward this end we utilize a rate equation approach within a fireball model as previously employed for a wide range of heavy-ion collisions, adapted to the small systems in p-A collisions. The initial geometry of the fireball is taken from a Monte-Carlo event generator where initial anisotropies are caused by fluctuations. We calculate the centrality and transverse-momentum dependent nuclear modification factor (R

pA) as well as elliptic flow (v

2
) for both J/ψ and ψ(2S) and compare them to experimental data from RHIC and the LHC. While the R

pAs show an overall fair agreement with most of the data, the large v

2
values observed in p-Pb collisions at the LHC cannot be accounted for in our approach. While the former finding generally supports the formation of a near thermalized QCD medium in small systems, the discrepancy in the v

2
suggests that its large observed values are unlikely to be due to the final-state collectivity of the fireball alone.
Type-II 2HDM under the precision measurements at the Z-pole and a Higgs factory
Authors: Chen Ning , Han Tao , Su Shufang , Su Wei , Wu Yongcheng
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Future precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM) parameters at the proposed Z-factories and Higgs factories may have significant impacts on new physics beyond the Standard Model in the electroweak sector. We illustrate this by focusing on the Type-II two Higgs doublet model (Type-II 2HDM). The contributions from the heavy Higgs bosons at the tree-level and at the one-loop level are included in a full model parameter space. We perform a multiple variable global fit and study the extent to which the parameters of non-alignment and non-degenerate masses can be probed by the precision measurements. We find that the allowed parameter ranges are tightly constrained by the future Higgs precision measurements, especially for small and large values of tan β. Indirect limits on the masses of heavy Higgs can be obtained, which can be complementary to the direct searches of the heavy Higgs bosons at hadron colliders. We also find that the expected accuracies at the Z-pole and at a Higgs factory are quite complementary in constraining mass splittings of heavy Higgs bosons. The typical results are | cos(β − α)| < 0.008, |Δm
Φ| < 200 GeV, and tan β ∼ 0.2 − 5. The reaches from CEPC, FCC-ee and ILC are also compared, for both Higgs and Z-pole precision measurements.
Rationalizing CFTs and anyonic imprints on Higgs branches
Authors: Buican Matthew , Laczko Zoltan
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We continue our program of mapping data of 4D

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

superconformal field theories (SCFTs) onto observables of 2D chiral rational conformal field theories (RCFTs) by revisiting an infinite set of strongly coupled Argyres-Douglas (AD) SCFTs and their associated logarithmic 2D chiral algebras. First, we turn on discrete flavor fugacities (for continuous flavor symmetries) in a known correspondence between certain unrefined characters of these logarithmic theories and unrefined characters of a set of unitary 2D chiral RCFTs. Motivated by this discussion, we then study 4D Higgs branch renormalization group flows (i.e., flows activated by vevs for which only su(2)
R
⊂ su(2)
R
× u(1)
R
is spontaneously broken) emanating from our AD theories from the point of view of the unitary 2D theories and find some surprises. In particular, we argue that certain universal pieces of the topological data underlying the 2D chiral algebra representations associated with the 4D infrared (IR) theory can be computed, via Galois conjugation, in the topological quantum field theory (TQFT) underlying the unitary ultraviolet (UV) chiral RCFT. The mapping of this topological data from UV to IR agrees with the fact that, in our theories, the moduli spaces we study consist of free hypermultiplets at generic points if and only if the UV TQFT is a theory of abelian anyons.
Landscaping the strong CP problem
Authors: Kaloper Nemanja , Terning John
Published: March 2019

Abstract

One often hears that the strongCPproblem istheone problem which cannot be solved by anthropic reasoning. We argue that this is not so. Due to nonperturbative dynamics, states with a differentCPviolating paramenterθacquire different vacuum energies after the QCD phase transition. These add to the total variation of the cosmological constant in the putative landscape of Universes. An interesting possibility arises when the cosmological constant is mostly cancelled by the membrane nucleation mechanism. If the step size in the resulting discretuum of cosmological constants, ΔΛ, is in the interval (meV)4<ΔΛ<(100 MeV)4, the cancellation of vacuum energy can be assisted by the scanning of θ. For (meV)4<ΔΛ<(keV)4this may yieldθ <10−10, meeting the observational limits. This scenario opens up 24 orders of magnitude of acceptable parameter space for ΔΛ compared to membrane nucleation acting alone. In such a Universe one may not need a light axion to solve the strongCPproblem.
Holographic duals of 6d RG flows
Authors: De Luca G. Bruno , Gnecchi Alessandra , Monaco Gabriele Lo , Tomasiello Alessandro
Published: March 2019

Abstract

A notable class of superconformal theories (SCFTs) in six dimensions is parameterized by an integer N , an ADE group G, and two nilpotent elements μ
L,R in G. Nilpotent elements have a natural partial ordering, which has been conjectured to coincide with the hierarchy of renormalization-group flows among the SCFTs. In this paper we test this conjecture for G = SU(k), where AdS7 duals exist in IIA. We work with a seven-dimensional gauged supergravity, consisting of the gravity multiplet and two SU(k) non-Abelian vector multiplets. We show that this theory has many supersymmetric AdS7 vacua, determined by two nilpotent elements, which are naturally interpreted as IIA AdS7 solutions. The BPS equations for domain walls connecting two such vacua can be solved analytically, up to a Nahm equation with certain boundary conditions. The latter admit a solution connecting two vacua if and only if the corresponding nilpotent elements are related by the natural partial ordering, in agreement with the field theory conjecture.
Size Effect in Single Crystal Copper Examined with Spherical Indenters
Authors: Kucharski Stanisław , Woźniacka Stefania
Published: March 2019

The increasing hardness with decreasing penetration depth, referred to as indentation size effect (ISE) was previously investigated experimentally and theoretically by many researchers, however the mechanisms responsible for ISE are still being discussed. Generally, ISE is related to the density of geometrically necessary dislocation stored within a small volume beneath the indenter tip. In this study ISE is investigated experimentally in a single crystal copper using spherical indenter tips of different radii. Some new aspects of ISE are shown: a qualitative change of shape of residual impression (pile-up/sink-in pattern) when tip radius or load is modified, an increase of maximum pop-in load with decrease of tip radius as well as the well-known increase of hardness when tip radius decreases are analyzed. As we observe a difference of the residual imprint morphology which depends on tip radius and load, we apply two methods of hardness estimation: true hardness and nominal hardness. The former is determined on the basis of direct measurement of the contact area while accounting for a specific pile-up pattern, while the latter is determined by measuring the contact area using residual penetration depth. We show that hardness–tip radius relationship has a linear form for the nominal hardness and bilinear form for the true hardness.
Examining patterns of cognitive impairment among homeless and precariously housed urban youth
Authors: Barone Carmelina , Yamamoto Aiko , Richardson Chris G. , Zivanovic Rebecca , Lin Daniel , Mathias Steve
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Homeless and precariously housed young people are a complex, vulnerable population frequently perceived as being difficult to engage in health and social services. Although unrecognized deficits in cognitive functioning may adversely affect their ability to access assistance and meaningfully participate in programming, few researchers have examined these deficits. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of global and domain‐specific cognitive impairment of street involved young people.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted using intake data from 494 clients (64% male; average age of 21 years) enrolled in a community‐based inner city mental health program in Vancouver, Canada. Descriptive statistics were used to examine performance on six cognitive domains for a subsample (N = 44) referred for neuropsychological evaluation and bivariate statistics were used to compare youth who were and were not referred.

Results

Cognitive impairment was evident in 80% of referred clients, with the most frequent difficulties involving attention and processing speed. Approximately 51% of clients referred for testing did not have more than a grade ten education and only 5% received government support for those with significant disabilities. Apart from alcohol use disorder, no significant differences were identified on sociodemographic and mental health variables between groups of referred and non‐referred clients.

Conclusions

Significant cognitive impairment was found in 80% of the young people referred for neuropsychological evaluation. This level of impairment combined with high levels of early school exiting and low levels of government support highlight the need for targeted screening to facilitate early identification and intervention.
Investigating the Associations Of Adult ADHD Symptoms, Hypersexuality, and Problematic Pornography Use Among Men and Women on a Largescale, Non-Clinical Sample
Authors: Bőthe Beáta , Koós Mónika , Tóth-Király István , Orosz Gábor , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent comorbid disorders in hypersexuality; however, previous studies only examined the associations of ADHD and hypersexuality among men seeking treatment. Although problematic pornography use (PPU) might be considered the most frequent manifestation of hypersexuality, no previous research examined its association with ADHD symptoms.

Aim

To (i) examine ADHD symptoms in relation to hypersexuality and PPU and (ii) identify possible similarities and differences in relationship with hypersexuality and PPU in a large, non-clinical sample between both sexes.

Methods

Multi-group structural equation modeling was conducted to investigate the hypothesized associations among adult ADHD symptoms, hypersexuality, and PPU between men and women (N = 14,043 participants; women = 4,237; mean age = 33.5 years, SD = 10.9).

Main Outcome Measures

Adult ADHD symptoms were assessed in relation to hypersexuality and PPU via self-reported measures.

Results

Results indicated that hypersexuality had positive and moderate association with problematic pornography use among women (r[14041] = .50, P < .01) and positive and strong association among men (r[14041] = .70, P < .01). ADHD symptoms had positive and moderate associations with hypersexuality in both men and women (β = .50, P < .01; β = .43; P < .01; respectively). Regarding men, ADHD symptoms had a positive, moderate association with PPU (β = .45, P < .01), whereas ADHD symptoms had a positive, but weak, association with PPU in the case of women (β = .26, P < .01).

Clinical Implications

When men have high levels of hypersexuality or PPU, ADHD should be assessed as a potential comorbid disorder. With regard to women, ADHD should be assessed as a potential comorbid disorder only in the case of hypersexuality.

Strength & Limitations

Applying self-report methods have possible biases that should be taken into account when interpreting the present findings. However, the present study was conducted on a large community sample and examined the differentiated role of ADHD symptoms in hypersexuality and PPU, not only in men but also in women, that has never been addressed in the literature.

Conclusion

ADHD symptoms might play an important role in the severity of hypersexuality between both sexes, whereas ADHD symptoms might only play a stronger role in PPU among men but not women. The findings corroborate previous results that PPU may not be unambiguously considered as a subcategory of hypersexuality. In addition, potential background mechanisms behind problematic pornography use should be examined separately between men and women.
Comparing the Application of CEA and BCA to Tuberculosis Control Interventions in South Africa
Authors: Wilkinson Thomas , Bozzani Fiammetta , Vassall Anna , Remme Michelle , Sinanovic Edina
Published: March 2019

Achieving ambitious targets to address the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic requires consideration of the impact of competing interventions for improved identification of patients with TB. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and benefit-cost analysis (BCA) are two approaches to economic evaluation that assess the costs and effects of competing alternatives. However, the differing theoretical basis and methodological approach to CEA and BCA is likely to result in alternative analytical outputs and potentially different policy interpretations. A BCA was conducted by converting an existing CEA on various combinations of TB control interventions in South Africa using a benefits transfer approach to estimate the value of statistical life (VSL) and value of statistical life year (VSLY). All combinations of interventions reduced untreated active disease compared to current TB control, reducing deaths by between 5,000 and 75,000 and resulting in net benefits of Int$3.2–Int$137 billion (ZAR18.1 billion to ZAR764 billion) over a 20-year period. This analysis contributes to development and application of BCA methods for health interventions and demonstrates that further investment in TB control in South Africa is expected to yield significant benefits. Further work is required to guide the appropriate analytical approach, interpretation and policy recommendations in the South African policy perspective and context.
Disaster-Related Surveillance Among US Virgin Islands (USVI) Shelters During the Hurricanes Irma and Maria Response
Authors: Schnall Amy Helene , Roth Joseph (Jay) , Ekpo Lisa LaPlace , Guendel Irene , Davis Michelle , Ellis Esther M.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Two Category 5 storms, Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria, hit the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) within 13 days of each other in September 2017. These storms caused catastrophic damage across the territory, including widespread loss of power, destruction of homes, and devastation of critical infrastructure. During large scale disasters such as Hurricanes Irma and Maria, public health surveillance is an important tool to track emerging illnesses and injuries, identify at-risk populations, and assess the effectiveness of response efforts. The USVI Department of Health (DoH) partnered with shelter staff volunteers to monitor the health of the sheltered population and help guide response efforts.

Methods

Shelter volunteers collect data on the American Red Cross Aggregate Morbidity Report form that tallies the number of client visits at a shelter’s health services every 24 hours. Morbidity data were collected at all 5 shelters on St. Thomas and St. Croix between September and October 2017. This article describes the health surveillance data collected in response to Hurricanes Irma and Maria.

Results

Following Hurricanes Irma and Maria, 1130 health-related client visits were reported, accounting for 1655 reasons for the visits (each client may have more than 1 reason for a single visit). Only 1 shelter reported data daily. Over half of visits (51.2%) were for health care management; 17.7% for acute illnesses, which include respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal symptoms, and pain; 14.6% for exacerbation of chronic disease; 9.8% for mental health; and 6.7% for injury. Shelter volunteers treated many clients within the shelters; however, reporting of the disposition (eg, referred to physician, pharmacist) was often missed (78.1%).

Conclusion

Shelter surveillance is an efficient means of quickly identifying and characterizing health issues and concerns in sheltered populations following disasters, allowing for the development of evidence-based strategies to address identified needs. When incorporated into broader surveillance strategies using multiple data sources, shelter data can enable disaster epidemiologists to paint a more comprehensive picture of community health, thereby planning and responding to health issues both within and outside of shelters. The findings from this report illustrated that managing chronic conditions presented a more notable resource demand than acute injuries and illnesses. Although there remains room for improvement because reporting was inconsistent throughout the response, the capacity of shelter staff to address the health needs of shelter residents and the ability to monitor the health needs in the sheltered population were critical resources for the USVI DoH overwhelmed by the disaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:38-43)
Influenza A (H3) Outbreak at a Hurricane Harvey Megashelter in Harris County, Texas: Successes and Challenges in Disease Identification and Control Measure Implementation
Authors: Liu Leann , Haynie Aisha , Jin Sherry , Zangeneh Ana , Bakota Eric , Hornstein Benjamin D. , Beckham Dana , Reed Brian C. , Kiger Jennifer , McClendon Michael , Perez Elizabeth , Schaffer Michael , Becker Les , Shah Umair A.
Published: March 2019

When Hurricane Harvey landed along the Texas coast on August 25, 2017, it caused massive flooding and damage and displaced tens of thousands of residents of Harris County, Texas. Between August 29 and September 23, Harris County, along with community partners, operated a megashelter at NRG Center, which housed 3365 residents at its peak. Harris County Public Health conducted comprehensive public health surveillance and response at NRG, which comprised disease identification through daily medical record reviews, nightly “cot-to-cot” resident health surveys, and epidemiological consultations; messaging and communications; and implementation of control measures including stringent isolation and hygiene practices, vaccinations, and treatment. Despite the lengthy operation at the densely populated shelter, an early seasonal influenza A (H3) outbreak of 20 cases was quickly identified and confined. Influenza outbreaks in large evacuation shelters after a disaster pose a significant threat to populations already experiencing severe stressors. A holistic surveillance and response model, which consists of coordinated partnerships with onsite agencies, in-time epidemiological consultations, predesigned survey tools, trained staff, enhanced isolation and hygiene practices, and sufficient vaccines, is essential for effective disease identification and control. The lessons learned and successes achieved from this outbreak may serve for future disaster response settings. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:97-101)
Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inpatients: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Anjewierden Scott , Han Zheyi , Foster Charles B. , Pant Chaitanya , Deshpande Abhishek
Published: March 2019

Objective:

To summarize risk factors for Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized pediatric patients as determined by previous observational studies.

Design:

Meta-analysis and systematic review.

Patients:

Studies evaluating risk factors for CDI in pediatric inpatients were eligible for inclusion.

Method:

We systematically searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE for subject headings and text words related to CDI and pediatrics from 1975 to 2017. Two of the investigators independently screened studies, extracted and compiled data, assessed study quality, and performed the meta-analysis.

Results:

Of the 2,033 articles screened, 14 studies reporting 10,531,669 children met the inclusion criteria. Prior antibiotic exposure (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31–3.52) and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.07–1.64) were associated with an increased risk of CDI in children. Subgroup analyses using studies reporting only adjusted results suggested that prior antibiotic exposure is not a significant risk factor for CDI. H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) use (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.31–5.98) and that female gender (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.74–1.03) did not play a significant role as a risk factor for developing CDI.

Conclusion:

Prior antibiotic exposure appears to be an important risk factor for CDI based on the combined analysis but not significant using adjusted studies. PPI use was associated with an increased risk of CDI. Judicious and appropriate use of antibiotics and PPIs may help reduce the risk of CDI in this vulnerable population.
Tracking icebergs with time-lapse photography and sparse optical flow, LeConte Bay, Alaska, 2016–2017
Authors: KIENHOLZ CHRISTIAN , AMUNDSON JASON M. , MOTYKA ROMAN J. , JACKSON REBECCA H. , MICKETT JOHN B. , SUTHERLAND DAVID A. , NASH JONATHAN D. , WINTERS DYLAN S. , DRYER WILLIAM P. , TRUFFER MARTIN
Published: March 2019

We present a workflow to track icebergs in proglacial fjords using oblique time-lapse photos and the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm. We employ the workflow at LeConte Bay, Alaska, where we ran five time-lapse cameras between April 2016 and September 2017, capturing more than 400 000 photos at frame rates of 0.5–4.0 min−1. Hourly to daily average velocity fields in map coordinates illustrate dynamic currents in the bay, with dominant downfjord velocities (exceeding 0.5 m s−1 intermittently) and several eddies. Comparisons with simultaneous Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements yield best agreement for the uppermost ADCP levels (~ 12 m and above), in line with prevalent small icebergs that trace near-surface currents. Tracking results from multiple cameras compare favorably, although cameras with lower frame rates (0.5 min−1) tend to underestimate high flow speeds. Tests to determine requisite temporal and spatial image resolution confirm the importance of high image frame rates, while spatial resolution is of secondary importance. Application of our procedure to other fjords will be successful if iceberg concentrations are high enough and if the camera frame rates are sufficiently rapid (at least 1 min−1 for conditions similar to LeConte Bay).
Figure and Ground in spatial language: evidence from German and Korean
Authors: CHOI SOONJA , GOLLER FLORIAN , HONG UPYONG , ANSORGE ULRICH , YUN HONGOAK
Published: March 2019

abstract

We investigate how German and Korean speakers describe everyday spatial/motion events, such as putting a cup on the table. In these motion events, themoving object(e.g., cup) and thenon-moving reference object(e.g., table) take on the roles of Figure and Ground, respectively. Figure(F) and Ground(G) thus have distinct perceptual properties and assume conceptually asymmetric roles (entity moving along a trajectory vs. stationary reference frame). We examine the degrees to which speakers distinguish between F and G semantically (spatial/Path terms, e.g.,on,in) and syntactically (grammatical roles, e.g., subject, object). Participants described events involving two objects that switched their F-G roles (put cup(F)on board(G) andput board(F)under cup(G)). German speakers use distinct Path terms (e.g.,auf,in) for differential F-G relations, thus encoding the F-G asymmetry. In contrast, Korean speakers use the same terms (e.g.,kkita‘fit.tightly’) and the same syntactic constructions regardless of switches in F-G roles. These cross-linguistic differences are evident for Non-typical events (Put board(F)under cup(G)), showing that the encoding of the asymmetry interacts with speakers’ everyday experiences of motion events. We argue that the differences reflect the interactions between the Path lexicon and spatial syntax, and language-specific viewpoints of the F-G relation.
Reconstructing the Ottoman Greek World: Early Modern Ethnography in the Household of Martin Crusius
Authors: Calis Richard
Published: March 2019

This article uses the life and writings of Martin Crusius (1526–1607), professor of Latin and Greek at the university of Tübingen, to explore the methods and tools of early modern ethnographers. For decades Crusius recorded contemporary Greek life under Ottoman rule by investigating a broad array of visual, material, textual, and oral evidence and by mustering various scholarly methods. The documentary record that Crusius compiled demonstrates that early modern ethnography was one among many period forms of knowledge making in which tropes and techniques from several fields and disciplines came together fruitfully.
Bramante'scoro finto, Ex-Votos, and Cult Practice in Sforza Milan
Authors: McCall Timothy
Published: March 2019

Bramante's illusionistic apse for Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan has long been understood as a triumph of Renaissance rationality. This essay shifts attention to the votive and cult contexts of the space and the miraculous image it enshrines. Thecoro fintoefficaciously enhanced the authority of the Madonna and her sponsors—the Sforza dynasty and a confraternity dedicated to the Virgin—by dramatically framing and amplifying the image's potency. Santa Maria presso San Satiro thus flourished as one of Milan's most intensely contested ecclesiastical arenas, in which devotees and institutions maneuvered for access to the potent cult image.
Forms of belief-less religion: why non-doxasticism makes fictionalism redundant for the pro-religious agnostic
Authors: PALMQVIST CARL-JOHAN
Published: March 2019

Which form of belief-less religion should the agnostic prefer: non-doxasticism which substitutes belief with some weaker cognitive attitude, or fictionalism which standardly treats religious life as a game of make-believe? I argue for non-doxasticism due to its ability to handle the problems associated with fictionalism. However, in an argument for exclusive availability I go further, denying even that the agnostic has a choice: if she has a religious pro-attitude only non-doxasticism is rationally available to her. I also address and reject a recent argument by Finlay Malcolm to the effect that non-doxasticism cannot be properly distinguished from fictionalism.
Does anything we do matter forever?
Authors: MAWSON T. J.
Published: March 2019

In this article, I consider the question of whether or not any action we perform matters forever. I distinguish two senses of mattering, which I call ‘relative’ and ‘non-relative’ mattering; and I argue that the answers one should give to the questions of whether or not anything we do matters forever in these senses depend on one's world-view. I thus consider the questions from an atheistic naturalistic world-view and from two variants of the theistic world-view. Finally, I argue that on any plausible variants of these world-views, we either are already in or will end up in a state where nothing we do matters forever in the non-relative sense. And I consider whether or not it matters now that this is where we are or will end up. I conclude that on atheistic naturalism and on one variant of theism, it doesn't non-relatively matter now and on another variant of theism it does non-relatively matter now. I conclude that, on both variants of theism, it relatively and non-relatively matters at the time it obtains.
Truth-triggered religious commitments
Authors: SCHELLENBERG J. L.
Published: March 2019

This article describes a new type of religious commitment that is activated only if the associated religious propositions are true. The notion of a conditional intention provides the mechanism for understanding how it works, and the justification for forming such an intention in the religious case comes from an awareness of human immaturity combined with a more fundamental and unconditional commitment to truth, goodness, and beauty. The article's argument promises to contribute widely and to supersede certain older arguments, including Pascal's Wager.
Pelagic species diversity, biogeography, and evolution
Authors: Norris Richard D.
Published: March 2019

Pelagic (open-ocean) species have enormous population sizes and broad, even global, distributions. These characteristics should damp rates of speciation in allopatric and vicariant evolutionary models since dispersal should swamp diverging populations and prevent divergence. Yet the fossil record suggests that rates of evolutionary turnover in pelagic organisms are often quite rapid, comparable to rates observed in much more highly fragmented terrestrial and shallow-marine environments. Furthermore, genetic and ecological studies increasingly suggest that species diversity is considerably higher in the pelagic realm than inferred from many morphological taxonomies.

Zoogeographic evidence suggests that ranges of many pelagic groups are much more limited by their ability to maintain viable populations than by any inability to disperse past tectonic and hydrographic barriers to population exchange. Freely dispersing pelagic taxa resemble airborne spores or wind-dispersed seeds that can drift almost anywhere but complete the entire life cycle only in favorable habitats. It seems likely that vicariant and allopatric models for speciation are far less important in pelagic evolution than sympatric or parapatric speciation in which dispersal is not limiting. Nevertheless, speciation can be quite rapid and involve cladogenesis even in cases where morphological data suggest gradual species transitions. Indeed, recent paleoecological and molecular studies increasingly suggest that classic examples of “phyletic gradualism” involve multiple, cryptic speciation events.

Paleoceanographic and climatic change seem to influence rates of turnover by modifying surface water masses and environmental gradients between them to create new habitats rather than by preventing dispersal. Changes in the vertical structure and seasonality of water masses may be particularly important since these can lead to changes in the depth and timing of reproduction. Long-distance dispersal may actually promote evolution by regularly carrying variants of a species across major oceanic fronts and exposing them to very different selection pressures than occur in their home range. High dispersal in pelagic taxa also implies that extinction should be difficult to achieve except though global perturbations that prevent populations from reestablishing themselves following local extinction. High rates of extinction in some pelagic groups suggests either that global perturbations are common, or that the species are much more narrowly adapted than we would infer from current taxonomies.