bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spiritual and Sensuous
Authors: Coolman Boyd Taylor
Published: March 2022

Drawing on Scripture, as well as early and medieval sources of various types (e.g. bishops, monks, and scholars), this chapter speculates on the possible place of spiritual perception in the experience of beatitude. More precisely, it asks what possible role there might be for the existence and activity in the next life of the human sensorium, that is, the capacity for perception that in this life most typically occurs through the five physical senses. It argues that there is a robust and venerable Christian tradition of speculation, as well as Christological and anthropological bases, that warrants the claim that beatitude may well be an experience that is, paradoxically, both spiritual and sensuous.
Spiritual Perception and Beauty
Authors: McInroy Mark
Published: March 2022

This chapter advances two distinct arguments for spiritual perception, the first of which builds from Hans Urs von Balthasar’s theological aesthetics in order to claim that beautiful phenomena expose the inadequacy of holding that the world exclusively consists of physically perceptible entities. Instead, the entrancing features of beautiful objects teach one to perceive in a newly attentive manner that ultimately goes beyond the physical register. The second argument draws from the aesthetically charged position Theodore the Studite articulates against Byzantine iconoclasts, whom Theodore resists by claiming that the divinity of Christ shows itself through Christ’s person and can indeed be seen. Whereas Theodore deploys his Christological argument primarily for a defence of the veneration of icons, this chapter maintains that the logic of his position can be extended to claim that spiritual perception is required of Christian theology.
Introduction
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

The Introduction presents the “river model” for territorial rights theory. On the river model, groups with rights of self-determination over territory are interdependent and overlapping. If we imagine human settlements and territorial rights as established in river catchment areas—not on isolated islands—the primary features of group life are not independence and distinctness. Instead, groups are vitally connected to each other. Essentially, many mobile and flowing resources and resource systems are shared between groups, not divided cleanly between them. The Introduction presents other key concepts in the book, such as “foundational titles” and “foundational territories”, and it provides a brief description of each chapter.
Social Relations
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 argues that individuals have natural rights to access certain social relations and places. The central role that relationships play in individual autonomy justifies natural rights for individuals to continue to access specific social spheres and places. Nine contends that individuals draw on a variety of small, overlapping social spheres to develop their capacity for autonomous moral agency. Family, religion, profession, education, friendships, and political community all matter in Nine’s view. What’s more, diversity, change, and conflict between social contexts contribute to our autonomous capacities to revise, to evaluate, and to choose between various life options. This view stands in contrast to identity-based accounts, like nationalism or cultural views like those defended by Will Kymlicka, where a significant group has the moral standing on its own to claim territorial rights. Instead, Nine’s view depends on diverse, multiple, overlapping, and conflicting social relations existing together.
Ethics Management and Informed Stakeholders
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the potential of professional oaths to foster epistemic culture in business. Examples of such oaths are the MBA Oath (Harvard Business School) and the Dutch Banker’s Oath, which senior executives in the financial services industry in the Netherlands have been obliged to swear since 2010. I first analyse the form and content of a variety of professional oaths and show that they have a public and ceremonial character, express a general commitment vis-à-vis specific beneficiaries resulting from the profession’s specific social function, and often also involve conditions on sanctioning. I then argue that the contributions oaths make to business ethics management are that they foster professionalism, facilitate moral deliberation, and enhance compliance. I consider relevant theoretical and empirical evidence for and against oaths and show how oaths may have a role to play in a well-functioning epistemic corporate culture.
Conclusion
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter summarizes the main conclusions of the book, discusses its limitations, and offers avenues for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

The afterlife of Oliver Cromwell and his deeds have been extensively studied, but this introductory chapter will argue that a key part of that afterlife—namely, the memory of him—can only be grasped in its entirety by stretching the boundaries of traditional historical study. This means that alternative sources must be utilized, including folklore and material culture, just as conventional adherence to an allegedly neutral, factual empiricism must give way to more fanciful and legendary narratives that accrued around social memories of Cromwell and by extension the Cromwellians who came to be associated with him. This chapter will also discuss the reasons for Cromwell’s distinction as Ireland’s national villain, and investigate how his iconic persona was forged in England during the 1640s, when it then migrated to Ireland. Finally, theories of social remembrance, forgetting, and reputation will also be explored, in addition to the approaches that will be engaged throughout the book.
Religious Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

This chapter will explore a distinctly religious memory of Cromwell in Ireland as it was articulated by Catholics, Church of Ireland clergy, and dissenters from the decades after the Cromwellian period through the nineteenth century. Different as each church was, all ended up deploying memories of Cromwell and his rule in Ireland to shape “sacred” narratives of a community under siege. Catholics remembered Cromwell through the relics of those killed during his campaign, or through martyrologies written by exiles on the continent. Clergy in the Church of Ireland, whose references to him during the Restoration years could be evasive, nevertheless alluded to him, if indirectly, through sermons. Dissenters too looked back to those years and the challenges they faced. What resulted was less a catalogue of grievances so much as an affirmation of a community’s unique relationship to God. The chapter will end with an examination of the massive ecclesiastical histories written in the nineteenth century by Catholic, Church of Ireland, and Presbyterian historians, and the manner in which they incorporated Cromwell into their grand narratives, shaping future memorializations of him in the process.
Propertied Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Most of the scholarly attention given to the legacy of Cromwell centers on the massacres committed at Drogheda and Wexford. But as this chapter will emphasize, it was the question of land which constituted his deepest legacy, persisting most strongly in social memories of possession and dispossession. All of this would feed into the land conflicts of the nineteenth century, in which Cromwell’s name would be amplified to unprecedented levels by figures such as Michael Davitt. It was not simply confiscation and dispossession that were remembered and attached to the name of Cromwell, however. A kind of “forgetting” was instilled as well on the part of Cromwellians themselves. This chapter, for example, will explore William Petty and his survey of Ireland as it enacted a kind of forgetting on territory and the landscape; it will also explore social memories of those who were dispossessed, and the uncomfortable remembrances—and silences—of those across the centuries who had benefitted by property gains in the Cromwellian regime.
Ruinous Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Ruins and material objects, including bells and buried treasures, will serve as the focus of this chapter, particularly as they were thought to carry with them the aura of Cromwell and his men. Engaging with the extensive theoretical literature about ruins, the chapter will begin by examining the different ways in which they were perceived by a variety of communities and interests, from antiquarians and sketch-artists to Edmund Burke and Swift, John O’Donovan and his fellow Ordnance Surveyors, popular folk tales and (in the Protestant case) Big House literature. Objects will also be investigated, deploying in this case the equally extensive and interdisciplinary literature on material culture, including church bells, buried treasures, or portraits. Finally, the chapter will briefly explore issues of memory, forgetting, and restoration, and how these intersect within a specifically Cromwellian frame.
Folkloric Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Relatively little attention has been paid to Cromwell in Irish folklore, even though he is ubiquitous in Ireland’s National Folklore Collection, many accounts of which can be traced back through centuries. This chapter will offer a deeper look into the manifestations of Cromwell’s social memory in vernacular culture, from mummers’ plays through animal lore through the famous “curse of Cromwell.” It will also examine the transmission of Cromwell from oral to print culture and back again, and discuss the ways in which folklorists from Thomas Crofton Croker through Yeats either evaded or omitted him in their great collections. The National Folklore Collection will be explored as well, including Irish-language folk narratives regarding Cromwell. Finally, Cromwell in devil lore and supernatural legends, or in popular traditions more generally, will be examined, particularly through the lens of social order and subversion.
Introduction
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides background information on the Barayin people and their sociolinguistic context. There are about 5000 people who speak Barayin living in the Geura region of Chad. Barayin is a Chadic language exhibiting many of the common typological features of its language family. The data sources for this study of Barayin are several extended field visits combining linguistic interviews and language documentation. The chapter ends by introducing the idea of Lexical-Functional Grammar as an architecture for syntactic analysis.
Lexical-Functional Grammar
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a detailed overview of Lexical-Functional Grammar, and explains the particular version of LFG assumed in the book. Three levels of representation are appealed to: c-structure, f-structure and s-structure. The c-structure analysis applies a recent proposal called “minimal c-structure” which updates the formal representation of phrase structure in LFG (Lowe and Lovestrand 2020). This complex system results in much simpler phrase structure representations. The level of a-structure is explicitly excluded from the architecture following the proposal of Asudeh & Giorgolo (2012). This view is motivated by the ability of glue semantics to account for argument selection, thereby removing the need for Completeness and Coherence in f-structure. This formal apparatus is what enables argument sharing to be modeled in a connected s-structure in Chapters 6 and 7.
Verb phrases, particles, and adjuncts
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an analysis of the c-structure and f-structure of the verb phrase in Barayin. Verb phrases are left-headed. The verb can be followed by a direct object and an indirect object. The only words that can occur between a verb and its direct object are three post-verbal enclitics. Adjuncts and locatives (including goal and source arguments) occur following the verb phrase in alternating order. This means that locative arguments cannot be analyzed as part of the verb phrase, resulting in non-standard structure-function association. At the end of the chapter, the XLE implementation of the verb phrase analysis is introduced.
Motion and complex predicates in LFG
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter extends the s-structure analysis of Deictic SVCs in Barayin to semantically similar constructions in Choctaw (Broadwell 2000) and Wambaya (Nordlinger 2010). Both languages have morphemes expressing directionality or associated motion that combine with a verb as a co-predicate. Previous LFG analyses have treated these as cases of predicate composition based on work of Alsina (1993) and Butt (1995), and both have used Lexical Conceptual Structures (Jackendoff 1990) to model the semantic composition. In this chapter, the constructions are reanalyzed as cases of argument sharing in a connected s-structure. The semantics of the Choctaw motion co-predicates suggests an alternate conceptualization of motion meaning in s-structure, and this alternate view is applied to Barayin and Wambaya.
Conclusion
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter concludes the book with a summary of the book and a consideration of its impact and the next steps for future research. The book gives an updated and holistic look at Lexical-Functional Grammar as applied broadly across the grammar of a particular language. The analysis shows significant continuity with past work, but also implements improvements that bring the formal model of LFG in line with the theories of grammar that have been assumed by LFG practitioners. Future research is needed to develop more well-defined and typologically-grounded theories of s-structure in LFG, and to expand on ongoing work to implement the glue-based view of argument selection in XLE.
The Legal Constitution: Common Law, Prerogative, and Privilege
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

Three of the legal sources of the UK constitution are examined: the common law, the royal prerogative, and parliamentary privilege. The constitutional position of the common law is examined, and the manner in which judges develop the common law is surveyed. The role of the courts in identifying, reviewing exercises of the prerogative and privilege is then explained, and the chapter traces the steady expansion of role of the court over a number of centuries. The differing levels of control courts can exercise over legal sources are considered, with jurisdictional review, substantive review, and scope review delineated. The courts’ control of these legal sources is established by, and regulated through, the common law.
Constructing State Sovereignty
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The diversity of legal orders, sources of law, and types of rule found within the UK constitution raises a question: how can we know these are distinct elements of a single state? States need to be able to articulate a claim to authority, but the diversities of the UK constitution make it difficult to see how this claim is articulated. This chapter examines the elements that unite these features, enabling the UK to exist as a unified, sovereign, state. It considers the roles played by unifying institutions, such as the Crown, unifying rules, such as parliamentary sovereignty, and unifying frameworks, such as the common law. It concludes that whilst none of these provide a complete answer to the unity question, all have a part to play in its resolution.
Northern Ireland
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

Northern Ireland’s constitutional position in the United Kingdom is examined. The process by which it became part of that state is surveyed, the devolution settlement is considered, and the chapter concludes by reflecting on the capacity of Northern Ireland to exit the Union. Northern Ireland’s constitutional settlement is the product of long negotiations between conflicting parties, and is an example of a consociational constitutional settlement, a form of constitutional ordering in which different groups are required to work together by the constitution. Northern Ireland’s experiences show both the strengths and weaknesses of constitutional structures of this form. Though the consociational settlement may be the best possible option for Northern Ireland, its operation presents significant challenges.
Realising Subsidiarity
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The structures of the devolution settlement are considered, in particular the roles of the courts and the legislatures in regulating and maintaining that settlement are examined. It is argued that the principles of subsidiarity and democracy are implicit in the judgments of the courts on devolution issues, and that the courts are, and should be, guided by these principles. The roles of the legislatures of the UK in maintaining the devolution balance are examined, with both national and devolved bodies given power to alter the legislation enacted by other institutions. Whilst the UK’s constitutional settlement remains unitary in legal form, the political reality of the settlement nevertheless contains federal elements, with the devolved assemblies enjoying significant constitutional protection.
Becoming Citizens
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

There are various constitutional relationships a person can have with the state. This chapter examines the constitutional relationships created by the UK, in particular, those of citizen and monarch. The first part of the chapter examines citizenship, and argues that the current law is problematic, creating a hierarchy of forms of citizenship which undercut the constitutional equality which should be at the heart of this institution. The second part examines the role of the monarch, and reflects on the implications of monarchy for the UK constitution. The chapter concludes by arguing the institutions of monarchy and citizenship are in tension.
Host defences of invertebrates to pathogens and parasites
Authors: Coates Christopher J. , Rowley Andrew F. , Smith L. Courtney , Whitten Miranda M.A.
Published: March 2022

Textbooks on immunology rarely spend more than a few pages describing the principles of invertebrate immunology. Coming away from these often gives the reader the impression that this immune system is simple and non-specific in nature yet with over 1.3 million extant species of invertebrates, there is inevitably a great diversity of strategies to defend against disease. Furthermore, invertebrates have unique mechanisms of defence including the prophenoloxidase system only found in arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and tunicates and some forms of ‘acquired’ immunity where the host has an apparent specific heightened response on second exposure to a parasite or pathogen. This chapter aims to provide a concise overview of the broad invertebrate defence mechanisms to parasites and pathogens, and how such agents can overcome and/or circumvent these defences to cause disease.
Diagnostic approaches in invertebrate pathology
Authors: Bass David , Rowley Andrew F. , Coates Christopher J.
Published: March 2022

The study of diseased invertebrates dates back to ancient times. Aristotle in his Historia Animalium used his observational ability to describe a disease of bees; presumably those used by the ancient Greeks to produce honey. Observation, be it with the naked eye or with the assistance of microscopes, still remains a fundamental part of any disease diagnosis even over 2000 years after Aristotle died in 322 BC. The last 50 years have seen a renaissance in the study of invertebrate diseases aided by advances in microscopy, microbiology, biochemistry and the advent of molecular biology. Most recently, the development of so-called high throughput sequencing has resulted in fundamental changes in our understanding of disease states including their polymicrobial aetiology and pathobiomes. There are two aims to this chapter: (1) to provide an overview of the techniques available and (2) review recent developments in high throughput sequencing (HTS) and how this is influencing our understanding of disease processes.
Diseases of platyhelminths, acanthocephalans, and nematodes
Authors: Longshaw Matt , Shinn Andrew P.
Published: March 2022

The phylum Nematoda and the class Turbellaria contain a number of parasitic and free-living species, whilst the classes Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda and Acanthocephala contain wholly parasitic forms that occur in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Each of these taxa are themselves further infected with a range of pathogenic and benign agents. This chapter aims to describe and list the range of infections in the Nematoda, platyhelminths and other parasitic metazoans across their aquatic and terrestrial range. The bulk of these infections are typically benign and consist of viruses, bacteria, protistans as well as metazoans. Further consideration is given to those infections considered to be detrimental to their invertebrate hosts and covers examples of hyperparasites, mutualism, and commensals where appropriate. However, although recognised, it does not cover details of those organisms that act as vectors for disease.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

This Introduction describes Metaphysical Foundationalism, the view that chains of ontological dependence and grounding never go in a circle, and always terminate in a realm of absolutely fundamental entities or facts. It further describes two rival views: Metaphysical Infinitism, which allows for an infinite regress of grounding or ontological dependence, and Metaphysical Holism, which allows for those relations to go in a circle. This introduction details the plan for the book, which will be an extended argument against Metaphysical Foundationalism, in favor of both Infinitism and Holism, and it describes how this project involves abandoning the orthodox view on how grounding and ontological dependence connect to the notion of metaphysical explanation.
Set Theory, Infinite Regress, and Circularity
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 is an investigation of non-well-founded set theories. The standard set theory, Zermelo–Fraenkel (ZFC), and the associated iterative conception of sets, is well suited for Metaphysical Foundationalism: there is a base class of basic entities (the empty set and individuals) from which all other sets are built. Various non-well-founded set theories are examined, and a particular non-well-founded set theory, Boffa set theory, is argued for. This set theory allows for both infinite regress and circularity in chains of set membership. Such a theory, it is argued, results in infinite regresses and circles of ontological dependence, and thus this set theory motivates Metaphysical Infinitism and Holism.
Grounding, Circularity, and Regress
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 argues that there can be both infinite regress and circularity in chains of grounding. Drawing on the connection between grounding and truthmaking, it is argued that semantic paradoxes like the Liar paradox, the truth-teller, and the no-no paradox yield circles of grounding (including cases of self-grounding), and infinitely descending chains of grounding, but that each are acceptable once we pull apart grounding from metaphysical explanation. Dialetheism—the view that there are true contradictions—is defended as the solution for the Liar paradox, and the non-classical logic First Degree Entailment (FDE)—that allows sentences to be true, false, both, or neither—is defended. A distinctive account of how true contradictions arise and where they occur is defended: the world as is given to us may be consistent, but the socially constructed world is inconsistent.
Introduction: Reality as One Sees It
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

A brief review of the history of the science of consciousness suggests that since the 1990s, important studies from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience have been sidelined, to make room for rather speculative metaphysical and physics-centric theorizing. Some arguments are given in favor of restoring this balance. These include some considerations about the longevity and growth for the field, for meaningful scientific progress in the longer term. From a philosophy of science perspective, it is also unclear if foundational principles can be derived without a solid grasp of the basic empirical facts. This justifies why the book will be mostly focused on empirical studies, and the resulting theory should be compatible with the language of cognitive neuroscience.
Game Plan and Definitions
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

This book will focus on subjective experience, also known as phenomenal consciousness. But this may also relate to other notions of consciousness such as wakefulness and volitional control (contra automaticity). An important distinction has been made between subjective experience and informational access. However, just because two concepts are distinct does not mean that they are empirically unrelated. We must resist defining subjective experience as decidedly independent from cognition from the outset; this is in part an empirical question. Current theories on subjective experience fall into two broad camps: global and local views. These two theoretical extremes differ on five main issues: Does consciousness critically depend on activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortices? Is subjective experience sparse rather than rich? Is consciousness important for higher cognitive functions? Is consciousness somewhat limited in young children and primitive animals? Is machine consciousness ever possible? Global theories say yes to these five questions. Local theories say no to all of them.
The Gender of Critical Theory
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

Frankfurt School Critical Theory describes itself as an unmasking critique of power, but it has surprisingly little to say about major structural oppressions, including gender. In diagnosing what is wrong with the world, it claims to be guided by the experiences of oppressed groups. Yet, in practice, it pays little heed to these experiences. This book shows how these oversights and tensions stem from the preoccupation with normative foundations that has dominated Frankfurt School theory since Habermas and has given rise to a mode of paradigm-led inquiry that undermines an effective critique of oppression. The assumption of paradigm-led inquiry that too strong a focus on lived experience has parochializing effects on theory stands in tension with the idea that emancipatory critique ought to be primarily concerned with exposing the situation of oppressed groups. This book offers a reconfigured account of context transcendence as the critical insight afforded not by a monist interpretative paradigm but by reasoning dialogically across experiential and theoretical perspectives. By bringing feminist work on gender to bear on Frankfurt School critical theory, it argues that, far from stymying emancipatory critique, attentiveness to the experiences of oppressed groups is one of its enabling conditions. Combining feminist ideas with inherent but underutilized resources in the Frankfurt School tradition, this book proposes the idea of critique as theorizing from experience.
The Incompatibility of Formalism and Negativism
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores Rahel Jaeggi’s work on ethical forms of life and the central place it affords to criticism of regressive constellations of experience or blocked social relations. Her pragmatist emphasis on problem-solving and learning suggests that normatively efficacious critique consists in devising situationally specific strategies of empowerment rather than a single, all-encompassing theory of emancipation. The promise of Jaeggi’s negativist ethics is not fully realized, however, because of the way context transcendence is thematized through a ‘formal’ account of progress as rational continuity derived from Hegel. Jaeggi justifies this formalist approach on the grounds that it brings an acute sense of historicity back into critique and represents an idea of progress that is deflated, open and multifactorial. In fact, it has dehistoricizing effects in so far as the evaluative criteria of rational continuity undermine the attentiveness to experiential particularity that ostensibly drives the critique of lebensform. In principle, it would be possible for Jaeggi to mitigate tension between negativism and formalism by conceiving of context transcendence in dialogical terms that align more closely than her chosen formalist stance with the declared pragmatist and negativist orientation of her thought. On this alternative view, insight comes not come from measuring life-worlds against the abstract yardstick of progress, but rather is enabled by the way actors utilize the various resources—norms, meanings, and practices—that are present within a given form of life to expand their immanent perspective. Jaeggi forecloses such an option, however, by tendentiously dismissing experientially grounded critique as parochial standpoint theory.
The ICN’s influence in the national systems
Authors: Townley Christopher , Guidi Mattia , Tavares Mariana
Published: March 2022

This chapter shows how the outputs of the International Competition Network (ICN) provide a focus for those seeking to influence national competition policies. It explains how the ICN uses its outputs to push the implementation of its work products. It also illustrates how some states face considerable pressure to implement the ICN’s recommended practices. The chapter deals with first-order and second-order effects, which principally happens in countries that are not advanced industrialised economies. It clarifies that first-order effects include instances where the ICN helps non-governmental actors (NGAs) to lobby their own states to make legislative changes, while second-order effects take into consideration time and politics and focuses on the mechanisms that allow political actors to shift the balance of authority among competing regulatory factions.
Measuring interests and influence in the ICN (and of the ICN)
Authors: Townley Christopher , Guidi Mattia , Tavares Mariana
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an analysis of data from an anonymous survey that was administered to members of national competition authorities (NCAs) and non-governmental actors (NGAs) that participated in the International Competition Network (ICN) in 2018. It identifies benefits that ICN participants obtain from membership and confirm whether they are useful or how their influence varies. It also shows several factors, such as geographical location, staff size, institutionalization, and length of ICN membership, that explains the variation of NCAs’ level of influence within the ICN and their implementation of ICN work products. The chapter describes the two groups of ICN members: rule-makers and rule-takers. It elaborates that rule-makers are the most experienced and staffed NCAs, which greatly shape the content of the ICN recommended practices, while rule-takers are agencies that lack the resources, the connections, and the expertise to effectively shape the ICN’s outcomes.
The Politics of Informal Transport
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the role of the informal urban transport (“paratransit”) sector in Africa, as a groundwork for the rest of the book’s focus on the micropolitics of privately owned public transportation and exploitation on Lagos roads. The chapter argues that an analysis of the organization and politics of informal transport provisions afford a unique window onto the precarious unfolding of everyday, urban life in contemporary Africa, including issues of transport poverty, the stigmatized identity of transport operators, the extortionate and violent powers of politicized transport unions in cahoots with the state, and how plans to modernize public transit systems across Africa generally ignore the motley array of unregulated carriers who have become the fulcrum of Africa’s urban fabric. The paradox in this chapter is not lost: while Africa’s informal transport operators are often regarded as criminals, they are actually daily victims of corruption and crime themselves.
Nigeria’s Transport Mafia
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on the origins and changing dynamics of the dreaded National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) tax collectors—the mafia-like motor park touts (agberos)—and the intimidating and violent tactics and strategies they deploy to extort illegal fees of all sorts from informal transport operators in Lagos. Situating the emergence and reach of agberos within the widespread crisis of the structural adjustment program (SAP) introduced in 1986 in Nigeria, this chapter directly relates the transformation of agberos (from callers of passengers to violent extortionists) to their adverse incorporation into the NURTW as tax collectors and political thugs, which altered their initial role in the road transport sector. The chapter argues that efforts by the Lagos State Government to rid the roads of agberos since 1999 is inspired by its contested neoliberal urban reform project which responds to the logic of the market rather than the needs of the poor. Yet the role of “big politics” (in form of the unholy alliance between the NURTW and the state) helps explain the botched attempts to remove agberos from the roads.
The Paradox of Urban Reform
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the impact of the Lagos State Road Traffic Law of 2012 on the spaces of maneuvre and survival of informal transport operators in Lagos, with particular attention to motorbike-taxi (okada) drivers and their associations. On the one hand, the chapter explores the corrupt and brutal manner in which law enforcement agents in Lagos have enforced the Road Traffic Law. On the other hand, the chapter examines how and why the largest association of motorbike-taxi (okada) drivers in Lagos—the All Nigerian Autobike Commercial Owners and Workers Association (ANACOWA)—is appealing to state laws as a weapon of combat against the Lagos State Government and its law enforcement agents. The chapter sheds new light on how informal transport operators and their associations exercise agency and the right to the city in a collective attempt to intervene in the corrupt and unequal processes of neoliberal urban legislature and planning. Furthermore, the chapter demonstrates how urban reform in Africa can reproduce rather than address corruption and precarity in everyday life in the city.
Sustainability: The conceptual space
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

Based on the research literature, the chapter introduces a conceptual space for understanding how to achieve IT-based solutions that are sustainable in practice in a practice-based research project. It conceives of sustainability research as something that happens in a multidimensional space with attention to a number of ‘sensitizing concepts’, the most important of which are appropriation work and learning, technological flexibility and maintainability, as well as concepts that describe the contextual conditions under which practice-based projects take place. It also introduces the notion of forms of sustainability to help explain the conditions under which sustainability can be a feasible goal and what the specific impediments to realizing a future perspective may be.
Beyond individual projects: University spin-offs
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

The creation of university spin-offs (USOs) is a much-discussed strategy regarding future-proofing a technology or design idea. Ximes started from a series of projects supporting time scheduling of operations in a large company and, in close cooperation with the trade unions over a period of years, developed a portfolio of services based on participatory practices (and the associated software). The more recent formation of OpenDash is based on an IT artifact that from the start had been conceived with a view to transferability and evolvability and has been integrated in multiple projects and contexts.
Temporal Asymmetries in Philosophy and Psychology
Authors: Hoerl Christoph , McCormack Teresa , Fernandes Alison
Published: March 2022

This introduction seeks to draw together some themes that cut across different contributions to this volume. It focuses in particular on the kinds of explanations that have been given for the existence of psychological past/future asymmetries, the diversity of such asymmetries, conceptions of temporal neutrality and their normative status, and the role of the self in thinking about the past and the future, respectively.
Temporally Asymmetric Psychology
Authors: Ramos Jairo , Caruso Eugene M. , Boven Leaf Van
Published: March 2022

People transcend the present through retrospection and prospection. These forms of mental time travel entail different psychological processes and outcomes. Three axiomatic differences between the past and the future characterize the psychology of mental time travel: (1) time has an apparent direction from the past to the future (Direction); (2) people are more uncertain about the future than the past (Uncertainty); and (3) people have more control over the future than the past (Control). These axiomatic differences orient people towards the future, in service of functional strategies for attention allocation. In a large, diverse sample in the United States, most people attended more to the future than the past, represented the future as closer than the past, and reported stronger emotional reactions to the future than the past. These asymmetries contribute to a tendency for those who attend more to the future versus the past to experience greater subjective well-being.
Look Back, Not Ahead? Time Use and the Value of Revisiting Past Experiences
Authors: O’Brien Ed
Published: March 2022

People fill their time by choosing between old versus new activities. This chapter highlights the unforeseen value of the former choice. First, it summarizes traditional perspectives that highlight the value of the new and exciting (‘variety is the spice of life’). Second, it summarizes recent discoveries that instead highlight the value of the old and familiar. It organizes these discoveries around three primary benefits: Mastery, Mood, and Meaning. Repeating past experiences involves a great deal of (i) learning and rediscovery, thus promoting mastery; (ii) pleasure and positive emotion, thus promoting mood; and (iii) connection to others and to other points in time, thus promoting meaning. These benefits sometimes even outweigh those gleaned from novelty-seeking. People often overlook such benefits, to their own detriment. Finally, the chapter discusses theoretical insights, practical implications, and pressing questions for future research.
Why Are People So Darn Past Biased?
Authors: Greene Preston , Latham Andrew James , Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: March 2022

Many philosophers have assumed that our preferences regarding hedonic events exhibit a bias towards the future: we prefer positive experiences to be in our future and negative experiences to be in our past. Recent experimental work by Greene et al. (2020) confirmed this assumption. The authors of this chapter aimed to replicate that study using an alternative methodology that more accurately allows us to distinguish time neutrality from future bias. Instead of finding more time neutrality than Greene et al., however, they found vastly more past bias. Their explanation for this surprising finding helps to reveal the rationale behind both future and past-biased preferences, and undermines the generalisability of one of the most influential motivations for the rationality of hedonic future bias: Parfit’s My Past or Future Operations.
A Developmental Perspective on Temporal Asymmetries
Authors: Lee Ruth , McCormack Teresa
Published: March 2022

A developmental perspective on temporal asymmetries can contribute to debates on their adaptiveness and cultural specificity, and reveal differences in the way that children think about time compared to the way that adults do so. Evidence is reviewed for the existence and causal interdependence of several types of temporal asymmetries in judgements and past-future preference in children aged 4–10, adolescents, and adults. Asymmetries displayed distinct developmental profiles in younger children, suggesting that not all patterns of temporally asymmetric judgments and preferences have the same basis. There was also some evidence that past-future hedonic preferences are not absolute, despite becoming more entrenched with age in older children and adults. Taken together, these findings suggest that further research on children’s thinking about and attitudes to time may allow us to begin to distinguish separate cognitive or motivational pre-requisites for temporal asymmetries.
On Metaphysical Explanations of Psychological Asymmetries
Authors: Deng Natalja
Published: March 2022

What is the relation between metaphysical and psychological insights into temporal asymmetries? This chapter examines that question on the basis of a case study concerning the temporal Doppler effect. It argues for the following claims: (1) Caruso et al.’s talk of a subjective movement through time seems best interpreted as concerning our longer term cognitive relationship to time; (2) both A- and B-theoretic interpretations of their discussion are viable as interpretations; (3) if combined with Priorean arguments for the A-theory, it takes some work to ensure the A-theoretic interpretation respects the constraint that objective temporal distance cannot directly influence psychological outcomes; and (4) a third, less metaphysically loaded interpretation may be preferable to both the A- and the B-theoretic ones.
A historical overview of music therapy for adults in mental health settings
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

There has been a shift in the perception of psychological interventions in the treatment of adults with mental health conditions. These interventions are now recognized as a crucial component of a comprehensive treatment approach. Music therapy is a healthcare profession with tremendous breadth. As defined by the American Music Therapy Association, music therapy is the clinical use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. This chapter first provides readers with a brief overview of the music therapy profession for non–music therapist readers by focusing on the breadth of the field, as well as the education and clinical training for those in the profession. The chapter then describes of the development of the music therapy profession and different types of mental health settings so readers will have context for the following chapters. Designed for both administrators and music therapists, the chapter also includes ways to fund music therapy in adult mental health settings.
Therapeutic mechanisms within music therapy for adults with mental health conditions
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes factors that influence therapeutic outcome related to attendance and participation, as well as characteristics of both the service user and therapist. While researchers and clinicians have developed numerous taxonomies to describe mechanisms responsible for therapeutic change, understanding mechanisms of therapeutic change can allow the therapist to program for, implement, and identify and use these factors to enhance therapeutic outcome. This chapter describes how music therapist can use cognitive factors (universalization, insight, and modeling), affective factors (acceptance, altruism, and transference), and behavioral factors (reality testing, ventilation, and interaction) to facilitate an environment conducive to service user change. These subfactors are described in detail and can lead to therapeutic growth, change, stronger therapeutic relationships, and better outcomes.
The therapeutic relationship and alliance
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

New to the second edition of this book, this chapter describes the therapeutic relationship and alliance, as well as ways to facilitate them. The therapeutic relationship and alliance represent integral components of successful therapy and often lead to augmented therapeutic outcomes. Because of the use of music as a medium for initiating therapeutic change, music therapists can efficiently and effectively establish a positive alliance with their service users. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical and empirical literature related to alliance in therapy, and it concludes with specific suggestions music therapists can implement to augment the likelihood of a positive alliance and ensuing therapeutic outcome.
Music therapy interventions in adult mental health settings
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

There are numerous potential interventions available for music therapists to help adults with mental health conditions reach their clinical objectives. This chapter describes different music therapy interventions that can be used in adult mental health settings and how to deliver them using an illness management and recovery approach. Focusing on lyric analysis and songwriting, the chapter describes how aspects of the music and structure can be used to ensure service users have a successful experience. It is essential for the music therapist to make educational and therapeutic material explicit so people with mental health conditions are able to generalize knowledge and skills learned in music therapy to other aspects of their lives.
Introduction
Authors: Hayton Jeff
Published: March 2022

Culture from the Slums opens with an overview of punk and a detailed explanation of the divided German context. In the process, it makes three main claims. First, that punk has substantially influenced politics, society, and culture in divided Germany during the 1970s and 1980s and helps explain the success of democracy in West Germany and the failure of socialism in East Germany. Second, that alternative culture and authenticity are crucial for understanding the subculture and these decades, and explains why and how they drove the cultural experimentation that defines this era. And third, there were considerable similarities between East and West Germany in popular music production and consumption, parallels suggesting a certain subcultural convergence across the Iron Curtain in the last decades of the Cold War. Along with discussions of methodology and definitions, the introduction outlines the study’s historiographical interventions and punk’s importance for understanding postwar German history.