bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marathon of eponyms: 16 Paget disease of bone
Authors: Scully C , Langdon J , Evans J
Published: February 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 238–240

The use of eponyms has long been contentious, but many remain in common use, as discussed elsewhere (Editorial: Oral Diseases. 2009: 15; 185). The use of eponyms in diseases of the head and neck is found mainly in specialties dealing with medically compromised individuals (paediatric dentistry, special care dentistry, oral and maxillofacial medicine, oral and maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial radiology and oral and maxillofacial surgery) and particularly by hospital‐centred practitioners. This series has selected some of the more recognised relevant eponymous conditions and presents them alphabetically. The information is based largely on data available from MEDLINE and a number of internet websites as noted below: the authors would welcome any corrections. This document summarises data about Paget disease of bone.
Antimicrobial activity of disinfectant agents incorporated into type IV dental stone
Authors: de Paula Pereira Rodrigo , Lucas Matheus Guilherme , Spolidorio Denise Madalena Palomari , Filho João Neudenir Arioli
Published: February 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00462.x
 
Antimicrobial activity of disinfectant agents incorporated into type IV dental stone

Purpose:  This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of two disinfectant agents, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX) and 98% chlorhexidine hydrochloride powder (HYD), incorporated into type IV dental stone at the time of mixing.

Material and methods:  Agar diffusion test was used for the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The specimens were grouped in: (1) dental stone mixed with sterile distilled water; (2) paper disc soaked with CHX; (3) dental stone mixed with CHX; and (4) dental stone with incorporation of HYD, in 1% proportion of the dental stone mass and mixed with sterile distilled water. The culture medium was inoculated with microbial suspensions 1 and 24 h after pouring of the dental stone. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the average diameter of microbial growth inhibition zones. The data were analysed with a nested anova (p < 0.05) and Tukey test for specific comparisons.

Results:  The disinfectant agents demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms, with the exception of C. albicans, against which the CHX was ineffective in two periods of analysis. Significant differences between disinfectants were found with all microorganisms.

Conclusion:  The disinfectant agents analysed were effective against most of the microorganisms tested, except C. albicans.
Anion Responsive Dibenzoyl‐l‐Cystine and Luminescent Lanthanide Soft Material
Authors: Zheng Yuhui , Li Yan , Tan Chaoliang , Wang Qianming
Published: February 2011

A mild sol–gel technique was used to incorporate terbium dibenzoyl‐l‐cystine complex into silica and green luminescent hybrid material was fabricated. 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the hybrids can recognize F− anions through hydrogen bonding formation and had no sense in binding other halide or HSO4−. Furthermore, a luminescent hydrogel was successfully designed by immobilizing a terbium activated phosphor (Gd0.1Ce0.9PO4:Tb) into molecular hydrogelator (dibenzoyl‐l‐cystine). The Tb(III) emission in hydrogel media gave a distinguished enhancement based on temperature increase and the function conforms to exponential equation y = 1160.6 exp0.03x. The stability of the green luminescent gel was rather excellent and the reversibility of the gel can be recycled at least five times.
Receptor tyrosine kinases and their activation in melanoma
Authors: Easty David J. , Gray Steven G. , O’Byrne Kenneth J. , O’Donnell Dearbhaile , Bennett Dorothy C.
Published: February 2011

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their downstream signalling pathways have long been hypothesized to play key roles in melanoma development. A decade ago, evidence was derived largely from animal models, RTK expression studies and detection of activated RAS isoforms in a small fraction of melanomas. Predictions that overexpression of specific RTKs implied increased kinase activity and that some RTKs would show activating mutations in melanoma were largely untested. However, technological advances including rapid gene sequencing, siRNA methods and phospho‐RTK arrays now give a more complete picture. Mutated forms of RTK genes including KIT, ERBB4, the EPH and FGFR families and others are known in melanoma. Additional over‐ or underexpressed RTKs and also protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been reported, and activities measured. Complex interactions between RTKs and PTPs are implicated in the abnormal signalling driving aberrant growth and survival in malignant melanocytes, and indeed in normal melanocytic signalling including the response to ultraviolet radiation. Kinases are considered druggable targets, so characterization of global RTK activity in melanoma should assist the rational development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for clinical use.
Patent Foramen Ovale—Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Irwin Bruce , Ray Simon
Published: February 2011

A Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is detectable in 20–25% of the population. Some, but not all, case control studies have found an increased incidence of PFO in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Prospective cohort studies have failed to convincingly demonstrate a link between PFO and first stroke, and evidence linking PFO to recurrent stroke is far from compelling. The rate of recurrent stroke in medically treated patients is low, but the development of devices for PFO closure has lead to enthusiasm in some quarters to pursue a strategy of device closure. Nonrandomized studies have suggested a lower risk of recurrent events with device closure but the data are heterogeneous, and potentially prone to bias. Device implantation is associated with a risk of major adverse events of between 1.5% and 2.3%, and there is a significant rate of failure to close shunts. The results of randomized trials of device closure are keenly awaited. Migraine with aura has been linked with PFO. A recent metanalysis suggested an association, but the one prospective population study did not. The well‐publicized and controversial MIST Trial is the only randomized trial of device closure in migraineurs yet published, and failed to demonstrate a convincing benefit from device closure. Other conditions such as platypnea‐orthodeoxia syndrome and prevention of decompression sickness in divers, may justify device closure. Evidence for a role of PFO in the etiology of cryptogenic stroke and migraine is contradictory. It is possible that some patients might benefit from PFO closure but there is scant evidence of sufficient quality to justify routine PFO closure in either group. It is essential that ongoing randomized trials of device closure are completed.
Microembolic Signals and Aspirin Resistance in Patients with Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Dawson Jesse , Quinn Terry , Lees Kennedy R. , Walters Matthew R.
Published: February 2011

Introduction and Aims

Aspirin resistance may be linked to increased risk of cardiovascular events. We aimed to evaluate whether it was associated with presence of microembolic signals (MES), a readily measurable marker of increased stroke risk, in those with internal carotid artery (ICA) disease.

Methods

We studied patients with significant ICA disease who were compliant with aspirin therapy. We performed monitoring for MES and measured aspirin resistance status, using the platelet function analyzer (PFA)‐100 and Verify‐Now systems. We compared frequency of aspirin resistance between patients with and without MES and assessed agreement between the different platelet function tests.

Results

We recruited 62 patients. Most (53, 85.5%) had symptomatic carotid disease and 16 (25.8%) had MES. The rate of aspirin resistance on at least one test was 25.8% (16 patients), with 13 (21%) resistant on PFA‐100 testing, 8 (12.9%) using the Verify‐Now system and 5 (8.1%) resistant on both. Aspirin resistance was more common in patients with MES (50% compared to 17.4% without, P= 0.018 on Fisher's exact test). Agreement between the platelet function tests was moderate (к= 0.41).

Conclusion

Aspirin resistance appears more common in patients with carotid disease who have MES compared to those without. Further work should aim to establish whether screening for aspirin resistance and subsequent adjustment to antiplatelet therapy reduces the rate of MES and stroke risk in those with carotid disease.
Entry and pricing in a differentiated products industry: evidence from the ATM market
Authors: Gowrisankaran Gautam , Krainer John
Published: February 2011

We estimate a structural equilibrium model of the automatic teller machine market (ATM) to evaluate the implications of regulating ATM surcharges. We use data on bank characteristics, potential and actual ATM locations, and consumer locations; identify the model parameters with a regression discontinuity design; and develop methods to estimate the model without computing equilibria. A surcharge ban reduces ATM entry 12% and consumer welfare 24% but increases firm profits 27%. Total welfare under either regime is 4% lower than the surplus maximizing level. The article can help shed light on the implications of unregulated entry for differentiated products industries.
Directed matching with endogenous Markov probability: clients or competitors?
Authors: Ciapanna Emanuela
Published: February 2011

This article analyzes the practice of opportunistic poaching of consultants by clients, with particular reference to the business consulting industry. The strategic interaction of consulting groups, client firms, and consultants gives rise to a market equilibrium in a mixed economy. Under very general conditions, whenever a match client‐consultant is formed, a pure strategy equilibrium exists where the consulting group pleases the client's request and the consultant is poached by the client. Thus, the equilibrium quality of the consulting services market does not depend only on the consulting group's assignment strategy but also on the clients' poaching behavior (consumption externality).
Inventories and the automobile market
Authors: Copeland Adam , Dunn Wendy , Hall George
Published: February 2011

This article studies the within‐model‐year pricing, production, and inventory management of new automobiles. Using new monthly data on U.S. transaction prices, we document that, for the typical vehicle, prices fall over the model year at a 9.0% annual rate. Concurrently, both sales and inventories are hump shaped. To explain these time series, we formulate an industry model for new automobiles in which inventory and pricing decisions are made simultaneously. The model predicts that automakers' build‐to‐stock inventory management policy substantially influences the time series of prices and sales, accounting for four tenths of the price decline observed over the model year.
Bounds on revenue distributions in counterfactual auctions with reserve prices
Authors: Tang Xun
Published: February 2011

Measuring auction revenues under counterfactual reserve prices or formats requires knowledge of distributions of bidders' values and private signals. This poses a challenge when bids are observed from first‐price, common‐value auctions. I bound counterfactual revenue distributions without imposing parametric restrictions on the model structure. Using data from U.S. municipal bond auctions, I find first‐price and second‐price auctions under optimal reserve prices lead to little improvement in revenues over existing first‐price formats. The number of bidders has a more significant impact on revenues in optimal auctions. I also find invoking an incorrect assumption of private values in counterfactual analyses results in small errors in predicting revenues from optimal second‐price auctions.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Canine and Human Staphylococcus aureus Collected in Saskatoon, Canada
Authors: Rubin J. E. , Chirino‐Trejo M.
Published: February 2011

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of infection in people and is increasingly recognized in dogs. The increasing prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is complicating the treatment of these infections. Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a toxin involved in the pathogenesis of necrotic syndromes in people may be partially responsible for the rise of MRSA. Canine and human S. aureus from the same geographic area are genetically similar, indicating a common population and likely transmission. The implications of increasing antimicrobial resistance complicated by interspecies transmission, necessitates including both dogs and humans in S. aureus resistance surveillance studies. A collection of 126 S. aureus isolates from people (n = 99) and dogs (n = 27) were included, minimum inhibitor concentrations to a panel of 33 antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine were determined. No resistance to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin or nitrofurantoin was found. A wide range of antibiograms were found; including resistance to 0–12 drugs (0–6 drug classes). Outstanding antibiograms included a canine MRSA resistant to rifampin and a human MRSA resistant to chloramphenicol. Inducible clindamycin resistance was found among 78% and 4% of canine and human MRSA and 17% and 25% of canine colonizing and human methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively. Resistance to mupirocin was only found among human isolates including 20% of MRSA and 4% of MSSA. While no canine isolates were PVL positive, 39% of human MRSA and 2% of MSSA carried the gene. The bidirectional transmission of S. aureus between people and dogs necessitates the inclusion of isolates from both species in future studies.
Patterns of Rabies Occurrence in Bhutan between 1996 and 2009
Authors: Tenzin  , Dhand N. K. , Ward M. P.
Published: February 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate incidence and seasonal trends of rabies in dogs and other domestic animals in Bhutan from 1996 to 2009. Time series analysis approach was used to determine the seasonal trend and temporal association between species‐specific rabies cases in animals. A total of 814 rabies cases were reported during the 14‐year period, of which cattle and domestic dogs accounted for 55% (447/814) and 39% (317/814) of the cases, respectively. The remaining 6% of the cases (50/814) were reported in horses (2%), cats (2%), pigs (1%) and goats (1%). Rabies cases were reported throughout the year with more reports during spring and summer months. The annual patterns of cases were stable from 1996 to 2005, but the incidence increased during 2006 and 2008. Fifty‐nine of the 205 sub‐districts reported rabies in animals from 1996 to 2009 with increased incidences in the four districts in southern Bhutan, an area located close to the border towns of India. A significant (P < 0.05) positive cross‐correlation was observed between the number of cases in dogs and other domestic animals at time lags (months) 1–3 with the highest correlation (r = 0.94,P < 0.05) observed at time lag 0 (same month) indicating that the peak in rabies incidences occur in the same month when both dogs and other domestic animal cases are reported. Regression analysis predicted rabies in other domestic animal when there are reports of rabies in dogs during the previous months. This study provides useful information about the epidemiology of rabies that can be used to plan a rabies control programme in Bhutan.
Scriptwriting as a Tool for Learning Stylistic Variation
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: February 2011

Abstract:A film script is a useful tool for allowing students to experiment with language variation. Scripts of love stories comprise a range of language contexts, each triggering a different style on a formal‐neutral‐informal linguistic continuum: (1) technical cinematographic language in camera directions; (2) narrative language in exposition of scenes, sets, and characters; and (3) quasi‐spoken intimate language in dialogue between fictional lovers. The project presented in this article required students in a French writing and translation course to make short films à la Paris, je t'aime (Benbihy & Ossard, 2006) by collaborating on a sequence of tasks: writing a screenplay, shooting a short film, subtitling a peer group's film, and writing reviews. The sequence was designed as an introduction to stylistic variation through reflection and experimentation of pluristylistic (idiomatic) writing.
First and Second Language Pragmatics in Third Language Oral and Written Modalities
Authors: Koike Dale A. , Palmiere Denise T. L.
Published: February 2011

Abstract:This study examines the transfer of first language (L1) and second language (L2) pragmatic expression—realized in the request speech act—in oral and written modalities by Spanish‐speaking third language (L3) Portuguese learners (bilingual Spanish heritage speakers, native English speakers who are proficient in L2 Spanish, and native Spanish speakers). Research questions ask if learners differ in the transfer of pragmatic knowledge from the L1 or L2 in an oral versus written modality, and if the three learner groups differ in pragmatic expression in the two modalities. Results indicate that the groups respond differently in the two modalities, showing sensitivity to contextual constraints. Few instances of clear transfer are seen, mostly from Spanish at the single‐word level. A picture more complex than Kellerman's hypothesis emerges, addressing creative L3 pragmatic and lexical construction.
Does acupuncture relieve acne?
Authors: Stener‐Victorin E , Choi I
Published: February 2011

Son BK, Yun Y, Choi I.

Efficacy of ah shi point acupuncture on acne vulgaris.

Acupunct Med 2010; 28: 126–9.
Does music therapy reduce pain and anxiety in children with cancer undergoing lumbar puncture?
Authors: Vohra S , Nilsson S
Published: February 2011

Nguyen TN, Nilsson S, Hellstrom A, Bengtson A.

Music therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in children with cancer undergoing lumbar puncture: a randomized clinical trial.

J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2010; 27:146–55.
Hochu‐ekki‐to reduces demand for topical steroids and tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis patients with Kikyo (delicate constitution)
Authors: Clement Y
Published: February 2011

Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Takeuchi S, Tanaka Y, Shintani T, Yamatodani A, Kusunoki T, Furue M.

Efficacy and safety of a traditional herbal medicine, Hochu‐ekki‐to, in the long‐term management of Kikyo (delicate constitution) patients with atopic dermatitis: a 6‐month, multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2010; 7: 367–73. doi:10.1093/ecam/nen003
Designing an RCT to assess the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention after hip surgery
Authors: Rannou F
Published: February 2011

Wyers CE, Breedveld‐Peters JJL, Reijven PLM, van Helden S, Guldemond NA, Severens JL, Verburg AD, Meesters B, van Rhijn LW, Dagnelie PC.

Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of nutritional intervention in elderly after hip fracture: design of a randomized controlled trial.

BMC Public Health 2010; 10: 212.
The success of acupuncture depends on the communication style
Authors: Ernst E
Published: February 2011

Suarez‐Almazor ME, Looney C, Liu Y, Cox V, Pietz K, Marcus DM, Street RL Jr.

A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: effects of patient‐provider communication.

Arthritis Care Res 2010; 62: 1229–36.
Laser acupuncture trial shows no effect on menopausal symptoms
Authors: Huntley Alyson
Published: February 2011

O'Brien KA, Varigos E, Black C, Komesaroff PA.

Laser acupuncture does not improve menopausal symptoms.

Menopause 2010; 17: 636–41.
What works for morning sickness?
Authors: Ernst E , Matthews A
Published: February 2011

Matthews A, Dowswell T, Haas DM, Doyle M, O'Mathúna DP.

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 9: CD 007575.
Green’s conjecture for curves on arbitrary K3 surfaces
Authors: Aprodu Marian , Farkas Gavril
Published: February 2011

Green’s conjecture predicts than one can read off special linear series on an algebraic curve, by looking at the syzygies of its canonical embedding. We extend Voisin’s results on syzygies of K3 sections, to the case of K3 surfaces with arbitrary Picard lattice. This, coupled with results of Voisin and Hirschowitz–Ramanan, provides a complete solution to Green’s conjecture for smooth curves on arbitrary K3 surfaces.
Base change for semiorthogonal decompositions
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander
Published: February 2011

Let X be an algebraic variety over a base scheme S and ϕ:T→S a base change. Given an admissible subcategory 𝒜 in 𝒟b(X), the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves on X, we construct under some technical conditions an admissible subcategory 𝒜T in 𝒟b(X×ST), called the base change of 𝒜, in such a way that the following base change theorem holds: if a semiorthogonal decomposition of 𝒟b (X) is given, then the base changes of its components form a semiorthogonal decomposition of 𝒟b (X×ST) . As an intermediate step, we construct a compatible system of semiorthogonal decompositions of the unbounded derived category of quasicoherent sheaves on X and of the category of perfect complexes on X. As an application, we prove that the projection functors of a semiorthogonal decomposition are kernel functors.
Cohomology of quiver moduli, functional equations, and integrality of Donaldson–Thomas type invariants
Authors: Reineke Markus
Published: February 2011

A system of functional equations relating the Euler characteristics of moduli spaces of stable representations of quivers and the Euler characteristics of (Hilbert-scheme-type) framed versions of quiver moduli is derived. This is applied to wall-crossing formulas for the Donaldson–Thomas type invariants of M. Kontsevich and Y. Soibelman, in particular confirming their integrality.
Loss of visceral pain following colorectal distension in an endothelin‐3 deficient mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease
Authors: Zagorodnyuk Vladimir P. , Kyloh Melinda , Nicholas Sarah , Peiris Heshan , Brookes Simon J. , Chen Bao Nan , Spencer Nick J.
Published: February 2011

Non‐technical summary  The endothelin‐3 (ET‐3) gene is essential for the development of the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, including humans and mice. Loss of the ET‐3 gene leads to the formation of an aganglionic colorectum and impaired bowel function. Endogenous endothelin peptides and their receptors also play a major role in nociception in a variety of organs and species, including humans. However, whether nociception is altered in the aganglionic region of the colorectum is unknown. We show that in ET‐3 deficient mice, there is a loss of nociception from the aganglionic rectum, but not other visceral organs. This loss of nociception is due to a reduction in spinal afferent innervation and a selective deficiency in specific classes of rectal afferent nerve fibres, which are necessary for detection of noxious stimuli from this region.
HTR-TN Achievements and Prospects for Future Developments
Authors: Hittner Dominique , Angulo Carmen , Basini Virginie , Bogusch Edgar , Breuil Eric , Buckthorpe Derek , Chauvet Vincent , Fütterer Michael A. , van Heek Aliki , von Lensa Werner , Verrier Denis , Yvon Pascal
Published: February 2011

It is already 10 years since the (European) High Temperature Reactor Technology Network (HTR-TN) launched a program for development of HTR technology, which expanded through three successive Euratom framework programs, with many projects in line with the network strategy. Widely relying in the beginning on the legacy of the former European HTR developments (DRAGON, AVR, THTR, etc.) that it contributed to safeguard, this program led to advances in HTR/VHTR technologies and produced significant results, which can contribute to the international cooperation through Euratom involvement in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). the main achievements of the European program, performed in complement to efforts made in several European countries and other GIF partners, are presented: they concern the validation of computer codes (reactor physics, as well as system transient analysis from normal operation to air ingress accident and fuel performance in normal and accident conditions), materials (metallic materials for vessel, direct cycle turbines and intermediate heat exchanger, graphite, etc.), component development, fuel manufacturing and irradiation behavior, and specific HTR waste management (fuel and graphite). Key experiments have been performed or are still ongoing, like irradiation of graphite and of fuel material (PYCASSO experiment), high burn-up fuel PIE, safety test and isotopic analysis, IHX mock-up thermohydraulic test in helium atmosphere, air ingress experiment for a block type core, etc. Now HTR-TN partners consider that it is time for Europe to go a step forward toward industrial demonstration. In line with the orientations of the “Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan)” recently issued by the European Commission that promotes a strategy for development of low-carbon energy technologies and mentions Generation IV nuclear systems as part of key technologies, HTR-TN proposes to launch a program for extending the contribution of nuclear energy to industrial process heat applications addressing (1) the development of a flexible HTR that can be coupled to many different process heat and cogeneration applications with very versatile requirements, (2) the development of coupling technologies for such coupling, (3) the possible adaptations of process heat applications required for nuclear coupling, and (4) the integration and optimization of the whole coupled system. As a preliminary step for this ambitious program, HTR-TN endeavors to create a strategic partnership between nuclear industry and R&D and process heat user industries.
Real-Time IMEP Estimation and Control Using an In-Cylinder Pressure Sensor for a Common-Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine
Authors: Oh Seungsuk , Kim Junsoo , Oh Byounggul , Lee Kangyoon , Sunwoo Myoungho
Published: February 2011

An in-cylinder pressure-based control method is capable of improving engine performance, as well as reducing harmful emissions. However, this method is difficult to be implemented in a conventional engine management system due to the excessive data acquisition and long computation time. In this study, we propose a real-time indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) estimation method using cylinder pressure in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine. In this method, difference pressure integral (DPI) was applied to the estimation. The DPI requires only 180 pressure data points during one engine cycle from top dead center to bottom dead center when pressure data are captured at every crank angle. Therefore, the IMEP can be estimated in real time. To further reduce the computational load, the IMEP was also estimated using DPI at 2 deg, 3 deg, and 4 deg crank angle resolutions. Furthermore, based on the estimated IMEP, we controlled IMEP using a radial basis function network and linear feedback controller. As a result of the study, successful estimation and control were demonstrated through engine experiments.
Thermodynamic Optimization of Advanced Steam Power Plants Retrofitted for Oxy-Coal Combustion
Authors: Suresh M. V. J. J. , Reddy K. S. , Kolar Ajit Kumar
Published: February 2011

Thermodynamic optimization of power plants based on supercritical (SupC) and ultrasupercritical (USC) steam parameters is reported in this article. The objective is to compute the maximum attainable power plant efficiency in Indian climatic conditions using high ash (HA) indigenous coal. A unit size of 800 MWe presently under development in India is considered for energy and exergy analysis of power plants. Commercially established steam turbine parameters are used for the optimization of SupC power plant, whereas advanced steam turbine parameters currently under research and development are used for the optimization of USC power plant. The plant energy efficiency of the optimized SupC and USC power plant based on air-coal combustion (ACC) show considerable increases of 2.8 and 5.2% points, respectively compared with the current SupC ACC power plant (reference plant) being commissioned in India. The increases in plant exergy efficiency for the same power plants are 2.6 and 4.8% points and the corresponding CO2 reductions are about 6 and 11%, respectively. The maximum possible plant energy efficiency in Indian climatic conditions using HA Indian coal is about 42.7% (USC power plant). The effect of low ash coal on plant energy and exergy efficiencies compared with HA coal is also presented. Further, the effect of oxy-coal combustion (OCC) on the plant energy and exergy efficiencies compared with the ACC is studied for the double reheat SupC and USC power plants to account for the impact of CO2 capture. A significant reduction of 8.8 and 6.6% points in plant energy efficiency is observed for SupC and USC OCC power plants, respectively compared with the reference SupC ACC power plant.
The Study on Abrasive Water Jet for Predicting the Cutting Performance and Monitoring the Cutting Situation in the Water
Authors: Nakamura Yasuyuki , Sano Kazuya , Morishita Yoshitugu , Maruyama Shinichiro , Tezuka Shinichi , Ogane Daisuke , Takashima Yuji
Published: February 2011

The abrasive water jet (AWJ), is to shoot the abrasive mixed with high-pressure water to the material for cutting, can cut most materials, such as metals and concretes in water with long stand-off means the length from the cutting head to the material for cutting. On the other hand, AWJ is required to reduce an amount of the abrasive because it becomes the waste. It is also difficult to monitor the cutting condition by any visual methods such as a TV camera in the water becoming cloudy by both used abrasive and cut metal grit. For solving these issues, some cutting tests were conducted and (1) it was possible to predict an optimal supply rate of abrasive by considering the conservation of momentum between the water jet and the abrasive. (2) It was also possible to judge whether the material could be cut successfully or not by detecting the change in the frequency characteristics of vibration or sound caused during the cutting process.
The Impact of Density Ratio on the Liquid Core Dynamics of a Turbulent Liquid Jet Injected Into a Crossflow
Authors: Herrmann Marcus , Arienti Marco , Soteriou Marios
Published: February 2011

Atomizing liquids by injecting them into crossflows is a common approach in gas turbines and augmentors. Much of our current understanding of the processes resulting in atomization of the jets, the resulting jet penetration and spray drop size distribution have been obtained by performing laboratory experiments at ambient conditions. Yet, operating conditions under which jets in crossflows atomize can be far different from ambient. Hence, several dimensionless groups have been identified that are believed to determine jet penetration and resulting drop size distribution. These are usually the jet and crossflow Weber and Reynolds numbers and the momentum flux ratio. In this paper, we aim to answer the question of whether an additional dimensionless group, the liquid to gas density ratio must be matched. We perform detailed simulations of the primary atomization region using the refined level set grid (RLSG) method to track the motion of the liquid/gas phase interface. We employ a balanced force, interface projected curvature method to ensure high accuracy of the surface tension forces, use a multiscale approach to transfer broken off, small scale nearly spherical drops into a Lagrangian point particle description allowing for full two-way coupling and continued secondary atomization, and employ a dynamic Smagorinsky large eddy simulation (LES) approach in the single phase regions of the flow to describe turbulence. We present simulation results for a turbulent liquid jet (q=6.6, We=330, and Re=14,000) injected into a gaseous crossflow (Re=740,000) analyzed under ambient conditions (density ratio 816) experimentally by Brown and McDonnell [2006, “Near Field Behavior of a Liquid Jet in a Crossflow,” Proceedings of the ILASS Americas, 19th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems]. We compare simulation results obtained using a liquid to gas density ratio of 10 and 100. The results show that the increase in density ratio causes a noticeable increase in liquid core penetration with reduced bending and spreading in the transverse directions. The post-primary atomization spray penetrates further in both the jet and transverse direction. Results further show that the penetration correlations for the windward side trajectory commonly reported in the literature strongly depend on the value of threshold probability used to identify the leading edge. Correlations based on penetration of the jet’s liquid core center of mass, on the other hand, can provide a less ambiguous measure of jet penetration. Finally, the increase in density ratio results in a decrease in wavelength of the most dominant feature associated with a traveling wave along the jet as determined by proper orthogonal decomposition.
Modeling Beams With Various Boundary Conditions Using Fully Intrinsic Equations
Authors: Sotoudeh Zahra , Hodges Dewey H.
Published: February 2011

The fully intrinsic equations for beams comprise a relatively new set of equations for nonlinear modeling of structures comprised of beams. These equations are geometrically exact and constitute a closed set of equations even though they include neither displacement nor rotation variables. They do not suffer from the singularities and infinite-degree nonlinearities normally associated with finite rotation variables. In fact, they have a maximum degree of nonlinearity equal to 2. In spite of these and other advantages of these equations, using them for problems with certain boundary conditions may not be straightforward. This paper will examine the challenges of modeling various boundary conditions using fully intrinsic equations, thus helping future researchers to decide whether or not the fully intrinsic equations are suitable for solving a specific problem and elucidating pathways for their application to more general problems.
Air-Heating Solar Collectors for Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Systems
Authors: Summers Edward K. , Lienhard John H. , Zubair Syed M.
Published: February 2011

Relative to solar water heaters, solar air heaters have received relatively little investigation and have resulted in few commercial products. However, in the context of a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination cycle, air heating accounts for advantages in cycle performance. Solar collectors can be over 40% of an air-heated HDH system’s cost; thus, design optimization is crucial. Best design practices and sensitivity to material properties for solar air heaters are investigated, and absorber solar absorptivity and glazing transmissivity are found to have the strongest effect on performance. Wind speed is also found to have an impact on performance. Additionally a well designed, and likely low cost, collector includes a double glazing and roughened absorber plates for superior heat transfer to the airstream. A collector in this configuration performs better than current collectors with an efficiency of 58% at a normalized gain of 0.06 K m2/W.
Design and Performance of a Solar Photobioreactor Utilizing Spatial Light Dilution
Authors: Dye Dan , Muhs Jeff , Wood Byard , Sims Ron
Published: February 2011

A photobioreactor with an optical system that spatially dilutes solar photosynthetic active radiation has been designed, built, and tested at the Utah State University Biofuels Center. This photobioreactor could be used to produce microalgal biomass for a number of purposes, such as feedstock for an energy conversion process, or high-value products, such as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. In addition, the reactor could be used to perform services such as removing nitrates, phosphates, and other contaminants from waste water, as well as scrubbing toxic gases and carbon dioxide from flue gas. Preliminary tests were performed that compared growth and productivity kinetics of this reactor with that of a control reactor without spatial light-dilution. Tests indicated higher specific growth rates and higher areal and volumetric yields compared with the control reactor. The maximum specific growth rate, volumetric yield, and areal yield were 0.21 day−1, 0.059 gm l−1 day−1, and 15 gm m−2 day−1, respectively. Over 10 days of sequential-batch operation, the prototype photobioreactor converted direct-normal solar energy to energy stored in biomass at an average efficiency of 1%. The areal productivity, as mass per aperture per time, was three times higher than that of the control reactor, indicating the photobioreactor design investigated holds promise.
Deposition of ultrathin AlN films for high frequency electroacoustic devices
Authors: Felmetsger Valery V. , Laptev Pavel N. , Graham Roger J.
Published: February 2011

The authors investigate the microstructure, crystal orientation, and residual stress of reactively sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) films having thicknesses as low as 200 down to 25 nm. A two-step deposition process by the dual cathode ac (40 kHz) powered S-gun magnetron enabling better conditions for AlN nucleation on the surface of the molybdenum (Mo) bottom electrode was developed to enhance crystallinity of ultrathin AlN films. Using the two-step process, the residual in-plane stress as well as the stress gradient through the film thickness can be effectively controlled. X-ray rocking curve measurements have shown that ultrathin films grown on Mo using this technology are highly c-axis oriented with full widths at half maximum of 1.8° and 3.1° for 200- and 25-nm-thick films, respectively, which are equal to or even better than the results previously reported for relatively thick AlN films. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transform analyses have confirmed strong grain orientation in 25–100-nm-thick films. A fine columnar texture and a continuous lattice microstructure within a single grain from the interface with the Mo substrate through to the AlN surface have been elicited even in the 25-nm-thick film.
Substrate wobble compensation for in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements
Authors: Johs Blaine , He Ping
Published: February 2011

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is an optical characterization technique that has been implemented on molecular beam epitaxy chambers for in situ characterization and growth control. SE measurements require collecting light reflected obliquely from the substrate. As the substrate is usually rotating during growth (to promote uniformity), acquiring accurate in situ SE data typically requires a substrate manipulator with low wobble (preferably <0.1°). To overcome the low wobble manipulator requirement, the authors have designed and tested a return path SE configuration that compensates for the effects of substrate wobble. The prototype wobble compensation system demonstrated the near elimination of beam precession in the outgoing ellipsometer beam. The accuracy of the SE data acquired in the return path configuration during substrate rotation was also studied.
Loss of Mitochondrial Functions Associated with Azole Resistance in Candida glabrata Results in Enhanced Virulence in Mice
Authors: Ferrari Sélène , Sanguinetti Maurizio , De Bernardis Flavia , Torelli Riccardo , Posteraro Brunella , Vandeputte Patrick , Sanglard Dominique
Published: February 2011

Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the possible mechanisms by which azole resistance can occur in
Candida glabrata
. Cells with mitochondrial DNA deficiency (so-called “petite mutants”) upregulate ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes and thus display increased resistance to azoles. Isolation of such
C. glabrata
mutants from patients receiving antifungal therapy or prophylaxis has been rarely reported. In this study, we characterized two sequential and related
C. glabrata
isolates recovered from the same patient undergoing azole therapy. The first isolate (BPY40) was azole susceptible (fluconazole MIC, 4 μg/ml), and the second (BPY41) was azole resistant (fluconazole MIC, >256 μg/ml). BPY41 exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulation of the ABC transporter genes
C. glabrata CDR1
(
CgCDR1
),
CgCDR2
, and
CgSNQ2
. We next assessed whether mitochondrial dysfunction conferred a selective advantage during host infection by testing the virulence of BPY40 and BPY41 in mice. Surprisingly, even with
in vitro
growth deficiency compared to BPY40, BPY41 was more virulent (as judged by mortality and fungal tissue burden) than BPY40 in both systemic and vaginal murine infection models. The increased virulence of the petite mutant correlated with a drastic gain of fitness in mice compared to that of its parental isolate. To understand this unexpected feature, genome-wide changes in gene expression driven by the petite mutation were analyzed by use of microarrays during
in vitro
growth. Enrichment of specific biological processes (oxido-reductive metabolism and the stress response) was observed in BPY41, all of which was consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, some genes involved in cell wall remodelling were upregulated in BPY41 compared to BPY40, which may partially explain the enhanced virulence of BPY41. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that mitochondrial dysfunction selected
in vivo
under azole therapy, even if strongly affecting
in vitro
growth characteristics, can confer a selective advantage under host conditions, allowing the
C. glabrata
mutant to be more virulent than wild-type isolates.
Synergism between Outer Membrane Proteins and Antimicrobials
Authors: Veiga-Crespo P. , Fusté E. , Vinuesa T. , Viñas M. , Villa T. G.
Published: February 2011

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the most important problems in health care because of the number of resistant strains and the paucity of new effective antimicrobials. Since antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to increase, it is necessary to look for new alternative strategies to fight against them. It is generally accepted that Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically less susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobials. The main reason is that Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a permeability barrier known as the outer membrane (OM). Hydrophilic solutes most often cross the OM through water-filled channels formed by a particular family of proteins known as porins. This work explores the possibility of using exogenous porins to lower the required amounts of antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline). Porins had a bactericidal effect on
Escherichia coli
cultures, mainly in the logarithmic phase of growth, when combined with low antibiotic concentrations. The use of different antibiotic-porin mixtures showed a bactericidal effect greater than those of antibiotics and porins when used separately. It was possible to observe different behaviors according to the antibiotic type used.
Immunoregulatory Cytokines Are Associated with Protection from Immunopathology following Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection in Red Deer
Authors: Robinson M. W. , O'Brien R. , Mackintosh C. G. , Clark R. G. , Griffin J. F. T.
Published: February 2011

Although the causative agent of Johne's disease,Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis, is well known, the etiology of disease and the immune responses generated in response to infection are still poorly understood. Knowledge of definitive markers of protective immunity, infection, and the establishment of chronic granulomatous Johne's disease is necessary to advance vaccine and diagnostic development. We sought to profile the immune responses occurring within jejunal lymph nodes of experimentally challenged red deer (Cervus elaphus). Quantitative PCR was utilized to measure a range of cytokines, signaling molecules, and transcription factors involved in Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 immune responses. Significant differences in gene expression were observed between control, minimally diseased, and severely diseased animals, with severely diseased animals showing elevated proinflammatory transcripts and reduced anti-inflammatory transcripts. We identified a proinflammatory cytokine milieu of gamma interferon, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and IL-17, which may contribute to the immunopathology observed during clinical Johne's disease and suggest that Th2 and Treg immune responses may play an important role in controlling the development of immunopathology in infected animals.
Protein Kinase LegK2 Is a Type IV Secretion System Effector Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum Recruitment and Intracellular Replication of Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Hervet Eva , Charpentier Xavier , Vianney Anne , Lazzaroni Jean-Claude , Gilbert Christophe , Atlan Danièle , Doublet Patricia
Published: February 2011

Legionella pneumophila
is the etiological agent of Legionnaires' disease. Crucial to the pathogenesis of this intracellular pathogen is its ability to subvert host cell defenses, permitting intracellular replication in specialized vacuoles within host cells. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS), which translocates a large number of bacterial effectors into host cell, is absolutely required for rerouting the
Legionella
phagosome. Many
Legionella
effectors display distinctive eukaryotic domains, among which are protein kinase domains.
In silico
analysis and
in vitro
phosphorylation assays identified five functional protein kinases, LegK1 to LegK5, encoded by the epidemic
L. pneumophila
Lens strain. Except for LegK5, the
Legionella
protein kinases are all T4SS effectors. LegK2 plays a key role in bacterial virulence, as demonstrated by gene inactivation. The
legK2
mutant containing vacuoles displays less-efficient recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum markers, which results in delayed intracellular replication. Considering that a kinase-dead substitution mutant of
legK2
exhibits the same virulence defects, we highlight here a new molecular mechanism, namely, protein phosphorylation, developed by
L. pneumophila
to establish a replicative niche and evade host cell defenses.
A high-density genetic linkage map of a black spruce (Picea mariana) × red spruce (Picea rubens) interspecific hybrid
Authors: Kang Bum-Yong , Major John E. , Rajora Om P.
Published: February 2011

Genetic maps provide an important genomic resource of basic and applied significance. Spruce ( Picea ) has a very large genome size (between 0.85 × 1010and 2.4 × 1010bp; 8.5–24.0 pg/1C, a mean of 17.7 pg/1C ). We have constructed a near-saturated genetic linkage map for an interspecific backcross (BC1) hybrid of black spruce (BS; Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and red spruce (RS; Picea rubens Sarg.), using selectively amplified microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) markers. A total of 2284 SAMPL markers were resolved using 31 SAMPL–MseI selective nucleotide primer combinations. Of these, 1216 SAMPL markers showing Mendelian segregation were mapped, whereas 1068 (46.8%) SAMPL fragments showed segregation distortion at α = 0.05. Maternal, paternal, and consensus maps consistently coalesced into 12 linkage groups, corresponding to the haploid chromosome number (1n = 1x = 12) of 12 in the genus Picea. The maternal BS map consisted of 814 markers distributed over 12 linkage groups, covering 1670 cM, with a mean map distance of 2.1 cM between adjacent markers. The paternal BS × RS map consisted of 773 markers distributed over 12 linkage groups, covering 1563 cM, with a mean map distance of 2.0 cM between adjacent markers. The consensus interspecific hybrid BC1map consisted of 1216 markers distributed over 12 linkage groups, covering 1865 cM (98% genome coverage), with a mean map distance of 1.5 cM between adjacent markers. The genetic map reported here provides an important genomic resource in Picea, Pinaceae, and conifers.