bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Law in the Civil Rights Movement: The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1957
Authors: Glennon Robert Jerome
Published: April 2006

Accompanying the national move to create a holiday honoring Martin Luther King, Jr., and the commemoration of anniversaries of important episodes in the modern civil rights movement, has come a welcome literature by historians, political scientists, sociologists, journalists, and movement participants analyzing and interpreting the movement. Considerable attention has naturally focused on the Montgomery bus boycott that signaled the start of the modern civil rights movement in December, 1955, when Rosa Parks refused to go to the back of the bus. These recent works have reaffirmed the traditional interpretation of the boycott: Led by Martin Luther King, Jr., and sustained by the sacrifices of the thousands who refrained from using public buses, the boycott proved that, by acting collectively, an African-American community could demand and obtain an end to segregation. The technique of nonviolent resistance to oppression, it is said, successfully integrated Montgomery buses.
Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Clark Elizabeth B.
Published: April 2006

As early as 1848, in the first public meeting on woman's rights, feminists raised the touchy issues of women's marital subjugation and divorce. They complained that the laws of marriage and divorce were framed for the benefit of men and to entrap women within the oppressive institution of marriage. Another controversial claim made at Seneca Falls—that to the ballot—went on to become the great organizing principle for women's campaigns for legal and political reform. But despite the bold beginning, divorce remained a complex and divisive issue for feminists throughout the century. Although legislatures in most states in the mid-nineteenth century were systematically liberalizing divorce laws, they could not lift the social stigma attached to it. Fearful of being branded as anti-marriage or anti-family, or believing in the permanency of marriage, many feminists spoke of divorce reluctantly, and never used their formidable organizing skills to launch a full-scale assault on laws restricting the dissolution of marriage.
Who Was the Author ofGlanvill?Reflections on the Education of Henry II's Common Lawyers
Authors: Turner Ralph V.
Published: April 2006

The legal treatise calledGlanvillis proof that by the end of Henry II's reign men capable of shaping the custom of the Englishcuria regisinto a systematic law book were present at Westminster.Glanvillis “the first textbook of the English common law.” This treatise was written near the end of Henry II's reign and since the thirteenth century, it has borne the name of his justiciar, Ranulf de Glanvill, although not many scholars today accept his authorship. Why, then, should we raise once more the question: Who was the author ofGlanvill?It remains a valid question because it affords an opportunity for reflection on questions concerning schools, learning, and twelfth-century English society. It forces us to consider the connections among the emerging English common law, the schools, the Scholastic method, and the study of Roman and canon law. It requires us to consider the contributions of Roman and eccesiastical law to Henry II's legal reforms.
Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century Canada
Authors: Backhouse Constance B.
Published: April 2006

English common-law rules that transferred the property of women to their husbands upon marriage were part of the larger package of laws emigrants from England brought to Canada. These harsh rules left Canadian women in a most unenviable position—the equitable precedents that had evolved in England to prevent the most glaring instances of abuse had less impact in Canada where courts of equity developed slowly and sporadically, and many individuals had no practical access to their jurisdiction. The need for reform of married women's property law was made even more pressing because of an apparently high rate of wife abandonment, which left women without the benefit of matrimonial support, yet still subject to the disabilities of coverture.
Split Income and Separate Spheres: Tax Law and Gender Roles in the 1940s
Authors: Jones Carolyn C.
Published: April 2006

Before the income-splitting joint tax return for husbands and wives became a part of the Internal Revenue Code in 1948, the federal income tax was assessed essentially on an individual basis. The progressive rate structure of the income tax meant that a husband and wife would, as a couple, pay the least tax if their income were divided equally between them. This became a substantial consideration as maximum marginal rates of tax exceeded 90 percent during the 1940s.
A Search For Seizure: Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon In Context
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: April 2006

No term of the United States Supreme Court, in this century, has gone by without significant or dramatic cases. October Term, 1922 was no exception. The court was in transition. A new Chief Justice, William Howard Taft, had taken office in 1921; three justices retired in 1922. Late in the term, the court decided Adkins v. Children's Hospital. This was one of the cases which earned the Court a reputation for dark reaction; the Court voided a law which allowed the District of Columbia to fix minimum wages for women and children. In October Term, the Court also had one of its rare encounters with the constitutional aspects of eminent domain. The case was Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., wrote the opinion. This case too disappointed the left, and gave comfort to conservative interests.
From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture
Authors: Romney Paul
Published: April 2006

The influence on the Canadian political culture of two conflicting tendencies in common-law constitutional thought,constitutionalismandlegalism, merits attention. By constitutionalism, I mean a particular response to the apprehended infringement of civil rights and liberties by the state: an appeal to standards of state conduct that are supposedly sanctified by long usage, implied contract, or both. By legalism, I mean the justification of alleged infringements by invoking the lawfulness of the authority by which such actions are taken. These definitions deviate from common usage, but they serve to represent a dichotomy within common-law constitutional thought that has been crucial to the development of the English political culture and of cultures derived from the English.
Explaining the Fight over the Attractive Nuisance Doctrine: A Kinder, Gentler Instrumentalism in the “Age of Formalism”
Authors: Karsten Peter
Published: April 2006

One sunny summer Sunday, on August 17, 1873, an Irish-born day laborer named Fitzsimmons, “of very limited circumstances,” living in a shack in Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, sent his twelve-year-old son, Jerry, to fetch the family's cow. The animal had been left on an “open common” grazing area near the local sheds and yards of the Kansas Central Railroad. Fitzsimmons had warned his son to stay away from the railroad company's trains, but he had never mentioned, and may never have known of, a curious device that stood near the commons. For the past three years, a large iron turntable had served to reverse the direction of the company's locomotives (see figure 1). The Fitzsimmons family cow had wandered to a spot close to this turntable, and Jerry Fitzsimmons climbed onto this device as two or three other, older children began to turn it around. The Fitzsimmons boy sat on the end of the table with his legs hanging over its rails. Before he realized what was happening, the rails of the turntable came into alignment with those of the adjacent track, and his left leg was caught between the two rails and badly mangled, requiring its amputation. His father sued the company for negligence, and a jury awarded him three thousand dollars and court costs; the company appealed the decision, and the Kansas Supreme Court ordered a new trial, but in 1879 it upheld that second jury's award and finding of the company's liability. The high court cited decisions of the United States Supreme Court and of the Minnesota Supreme Court in its opinion.
The Supra-Constitution, the Courts, and the Federal Common Law of Crimes: Some Comments on Palmer and Preyer
Authors: Presser Stephen B.
Published: April 2006

In his excellent piece in this symposium, Robert Palmer essentially makes the argument that the general federal common law of crimes was an illegitimate creation of beleaguered Federalist judges, an arbitrary exercise of a constitutionally impermissible jurisdiction, and a novel usurpation by the courts of the American legislature's prerogatives.
Choosing the Avenger: Some Aspects of the Bloodfeud in Medieval Iceland and England
Authors: Miller William Ian
Published: April 2006

The late King Hamlet's ghost and þorgerð have similar problems. Both want to oblige someone to take action on behalf of a corpse. And both enlist the aid of part of that corpse or its facsimile in their efforts. Old Hamlet's ghost must busy himself about this matter because he was murdered, and in such a fashion that his body showed no sign of foul play. Clearly, before he can charge someone to avenge him he must announce that there is something to avenge.
The Development of the Nineteenth-Century Consensus Theory of Contract
Authors: Hamburger Philip A.
Published: April 2006

The consensus theory is well known. According to consensus theory, contract is the product of the consensus or “meeting of the minds” of contracting parties; if there is no consensus, there is no contract. Today, even after repeated challenges, consensus theory continues to be important and even essential in many approaches to contract.
The Processing of Felonies in the Superior Court of Alameda County 1880–1974
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. , Percival Robert V.
Published: April 2006

It hardly needs to be said that public opinion is much agitated by the problem of crime. Polls show that people rank crime as one of the most serious issues facing society. A constantly growing amount of effort and research has gone into the question of what to do about crime. It is only natural that the interest in crime should spill over into many disciplines, including history, though, until recently, very few studies focussed on this chapter of social history and only a handful of these were quantitative. The number of such studies is now starting to grow.
Regulation of Judicial Misconduct from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Hoeflich M.H.
Published: April 2006

In a well-known chapter in the book known as theMirror of Justices, the anonymous author recounts King Alfred's drastic solution to the problem of misbehaving judges:

It is an abuse that justices and their officers who slay folk by false judgments are not destroyed like other homicides. And King Alfred in one year had forty-four judges hanged as homicides for their false judgments.

Unfortunately, as Maitland has conclusively demonstrated, we cannot rely on this passage as historical evidence of Alfred's reign. Nevertheless, the passage illustrates both a problem and a solution common in the Roman and medieval periods. The problem was judicial misconduct and corruption. The solution was to impose personal liability upon miscreant judges for their behavior.
Judicial Corruption and Legal Reform in Early Seventeenth-Century France
Authors: Sawyer Jeffrey K.
Published: April 2006

In 1614, an angry pamphleteer writing in the name of six peasants described for his French readers how the country was being taken over by lawyers. Legal officials had swelled their purses, bellies, and heads by gobbling up the rest of France; they were like a growing infestation of “leeches,” he exclaimed passionately, “that suck our blood right to the bone.” These judicial parasites were so disgusting that one should not even consider them a part of society; they were a foreign substance “born of putrefaction and living off putrescence.”
The Paradox of Paternalism and Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism: United States Supreme Court, 1888–1921
Authors: Soifer Aviam
Published: April 2006

In 1898, the year Americans first sailed forth to fight in other countries to protect purported victims of imperialism, A. V. Dicey steamed into Harvard University to deliver his lectures on Law and Public Opinion in England. Like William Blackstone, Vinerian Professor before him, Dicey deployed a number of memorable epigrams to capture what seemed basic truths of his day. Dicey's assertion that ‘protection invariably involves disability’ appeared to state the obvious to Americans at the turn of the century.

In this essay I will consider how the United States Supreme Court embraced Dicey's epigram and translated it into decisions during the tenures of Chief Justices Fuller and White about the capacity of the individual in the United States to contract and care for himself.
Toward a Theory of Medieval Manorial Adjudication: The Nature of Communal Judgments in a System of Customary Law
Authors: Beckerman John S.
Published: April 2006

Historical inquiry into the character of local dispute resolution and the operation of customary law in medieval England begins in manorial courts, since it is from those local courts that the most abundant documentation survives. Were the judgments of these courts “principled” in the sense of being rooted in substantive legal rules that courts ordinarily followed, or were they ad hoc determinations based on factual circumstances invisible to the modern reader? Can historians extrapolate behavioral norms and shared cultural values from the manor court records that survive in increasing profusion from the second quarter of the thirteenth century?
Slave Codes and Judicial Practice in New Orleans, 1718–1807
Authors: Ingersoll Thomas N.
Published: April 2006

Slave law in early Louisiana is of great interest because it was shaped by three major European legal traditions under the rule of France (1699 to 1769), Spain (1769 to 1803), and the United States (after 1803). In this article, the types and origins of slave laws in early Louisiana and their application in the slave society of New Orleans is examined. Several different imperial, local, and mixed codes were ordained in the colony to govern relations between masters and slaves, and these laws reveal either the political strategies of imperial policymakers or the social tactics of slaveowners, but very little about actual slave treatment. The administration of justice in New Orleans was mostly determined by the planters: local needs and ideals prevailed when they conflicted with those represented by the crown's laws, and the courts rarely interfered with the authority of indivdual slaveowners over their chattels.
De Manneville v. De Manneville:Rethinking the Birth of Custody Law under Patriarchy
Authors: Wright Danaya C.
Published: April 2006

In 1804 Leonard De Manneville, a poor French emigrant to England, forcibly entered his wealthy but estranged wife's house, wrenched his eight-month-old daughter from her mother's breast, and absconded with the naked child in an open carriage in inclement weather. When Mrs. De Manneville applied to King's Bench for a writ of habeas corpus, Lord Ellenborough affirmed what he claimed was the well-known rule—that a father was entitled by law to complete custody and control over the children of a marriage and could even prohibit all access by a mother to her children. Frustrated by the law courts, Mrs. De Manneville turned to the self-proclaimed champion of the oppressed, the equity courts, only to find that equity would not interfere with a father's right to custody unless the child had property and was in immediate danger of life and limb. Lord Eldon agreed that “the law is clear that the custody of a child, of whatever age, belongs to the father.” Because Mrs. De Manneville refused to sign over property in her separate estate or execute a will in his favor, her angry husband threatened to prohibit his wife from ever seeing the child again and even to remove the child to France. The law supported his right to carry out his threats.
Racial Constructions: The Legal Regulation of Miscegenation in Alabama, 1890–1934
Authors: Novkov Julie
Published: April 2006

For over one hundred years—from the post–Civil War era to the post–Civil Rights era—the state of Alabama maintained a legal and social commitment to keeping blacks and whites from engaging in long-term sexual relationships with each other. Recent studies addressing the laws that barred miscegenation have shown that investigating governmental reactions to intimate interracial connections reveals much about the interplay between legal and social definitions of race as well as about the development of whiteness as a proxy for superior social, political, and legal status.
Where Hannah Arendt Went Wrong
Authors: Abraham David
Published: April 2006

There has been a great deal of confusion in recent years in regard to what we mean by “truth.” Although confusion and debate over determining the truth is hardly novel for either philosophers or common folks, the issue of “truth” and how we might know it (or produce it) has been quite the rage these last twenty years among historians, legal scholars, and postmodern would-be theorists. Plausibility, coherence, elegance, and consistency over time and within a community are just a few among the current yardsticks. These have, in both their rule-bound and unfettered forms, nudged aside inherited liberal (and marxist) conceptions of “correspondence theory,” which held that there is something really true out there—our task being to get as close to it as we can.
Remaking Constitutional Tradition at the Margin of the Empire: The Creation of Legislative Adjudication in Colonial New York
Authors: Desan Christine A.
Published: April 2006

In 1750, Archibald Kennedy condemned New York's legislators for their radical constitutional innovation. “They take upon themselves to be the sole judges,” he stormed, and “‘insist… that no order for publick money shall issue, till their judgment has been obtained for it.’” Kennedy meant the charge literally. For almost half a century, New York legislators had preserved their power over the purse by determining claims made against the colony for money. In an arrangement sharply at odds with later legal doctrine on the separation of powers, the legislature—not the courts—had since 1706 settled contract claims for services and materials, demands for military pay and salaries, calls for compensation for the impressment of property, petitions for disability pensions, and a range of other claims.
“What Is the Law If Not the Expression of the Rights of Man and Reason?” The Champ de Mars Massacre and the Language of Law
Authors: Lanza Janine M.
Published: April 2006

On July 17, 1791, a crowd of Parisians gathered at the Champ de Mars, in the western part of the city, for the third time in as many days to make clear to the National Assembly their position on the question of the king's constitutional standing. They carried with them a petition that demanded, in unequivocal terms, the suspension of the king, pending his trial on charges of betraying the French nation and the Revolution. According to the testimony of several witnesses, the day began on a tumultuous note when two men were found hiding in some bushes. Members of the crowd attacked the two men and killed them. Condemned as spies by the crowd, they were defended as innocent bystanders by the National Assembly. As soon as the Assembly heard about the killings, they dispatched the National Guard, under the command of General Lafayette, to disperse the petitioners and restore order. When the troops arrived at the Champ de Mars, a number of those present threw stones at them. The tense troops reacted by firing on the crowd, and Bailly, the mayor of Paris, took the opportunity to declare martial law in an attempt to restore order in an increasingly volatile city.
Judicial Reform and the Role of Medical Expertise in Late Imperial Russian Courts
Authors: Becker Elisa M.
Published: April 2006

In both the United States and Western Europe in the mid-nineteenth century, forensic physicians engaged in bitter jurisdictional disputes with members of well-established legal professions, within the context of long-standing judicial institutions. In Russia, by contrast, the emergent medical and legal professions—both critical of the autocracy and state institutions in which they worked—joined forces in their attempts to fundamentally transform the autocratic system and its judicial institutions, based on claims of technical and professional expertise. As such, the development of forensic-medical expertise took a path that differed from the Western model. In Russia, forensic physicians reacted to and influenced the evolution of bureaucratic state structures. Consequently, medical professionals sought to increase—rather than minimize—their role within the state's legal system in order to transform an otherwise arbitrary judicial process along the lines of “scientific rationality” and “objectivity.”
The “Science” of Legal Science: The Model of the Natural Sciences in Nineteenth-Century American Legal Education
Authors: Schweber Howard
Published: April 2006

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a model of legal education called “legal science” became prominent in American universities. The idea of teaching law as a science was not new in American education. In 1823 Timothy Dwight wrote that Tapping Reeve, at Litchfield, taught law “as a science, and not merely nor principally as a mechanical business; nor as a collection of loose independent fragments, but as a regular well-compacted system.” Dwight, however, used “science” in its older sense of an organized body of knowledge rather than in its emergent sense as a method characteristic of the study of nature. Similarly, James Kent and Joseph Story, Francis Hilliard, and Silas Jones all thought of themselves as approaching law as a science, but what they meant was that law was an outgrowth of the moral sciences.
The American Law Institute and the Triumph of Modernist Jurisprudence
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: April 2006

In most studies of the early twentieth-century emergence of a modern conception of law in America, the formation of the American Law Institute in 1923 is not highlighted. One might point to academic literature advocating a “sociological” approach to judicial decision making, or a behavioralist approach to the work of judges, or the reorganization of law school casebooks to include “functional” legal categories or social science materials. One might unpack the work of an early twentieth-century lawyer, or even a judge, and find a jurisprudential perspective that could be labeled modernist. Finally, one might note the appearance of litigation strategies—encapsulated in the term “Brandeis brief”—designed to incorporate into case decisions arguments that legal rules should reflect their social context. But one would not associate the arrival of modernist jurisprudence in America with the early history of an organization of elite lawyers and judges whose stated purpose was to commission “restatements” of black-letter common law rules.
Childhood sexual abuse and later psychological problems: neither necessary, sufficient nor acting alone
Authors: Romans Sarah , Martin Judy , Mullen Paul
Published: April 2006

This study aimed to examine the relationships between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and other adverse development factors and a range of adverse adult psychological and socioeconomic outcomes. Postal questionnaires were sent to a random community sample of women with a screen included for CSA. Two hundred and fifty‐four women who reported CSA were interviewed as well as an equal‐sized control group with no CSA. A range of negative outcomes in adulthood were more likely to occur in women reporting CSA compared with controls. These outcomes included psychiatric disorder, lowered self‐esteem, deliberate self‐harm, increased sexual problems, adolescent pregnancy, difficulties in intimate relationships, decline in socioeconomic status and increased likelihood of separation or divorce. The results after logistic regression modelling demonstrated that a variety of childhood risk factors such as poor parental mental health, relationship to parents and being physically punished as well as CSA contributed to negative adult outcomes. The precise patterns varied for each negative outcome. It was concluded that CSA is best conceptualised as a non‐specific risk factor for a wide range of adverse psychological and social adult outcomes. It is frequently found in families which have other risk factors for adverse outcomes. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of (9Z,9′Z)‐Lutein (Neolutein C)
Authors: Molnár Péter , Ősz Erzsébet , Tóth Gyula , Zsila Ferenc , Deli József
Published: April 2006

The preparation of pure, crystalline (9Z,9′Z)‐lutein (neolutein C; 2) by I2‐catalyzed photoisomerization of (all‐E)‐lutein (1) is described. The structure of 2 was unambiguously determined by UV/VIS, CD, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as by mass spectrometry, and the complete assignment of the 13C‐NMR spectrum of this carotenoid is presented for the first time.
A New Route to Vitamin E Key‐Intermediates by Olefin Cross‐Metathesis
Authors: Malaisé Grégory , Bonrath Werner , Breuninger Manfred , Netscher Thomas
Published: April 2006

Ru‐Catalyzed olefin cross‐metathesis (CM) has been successfully applied to the synthesis of several phytyl derivatives (2b, 2d–f, 3b) with a trisubstituted CC bond, as useful intermediates for an alternative route to α‐tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate; 1b) (Scheme 1). Using the second‐generation Grubbs catalyst RuCl2(C21H26N2)(CHPh)PCy3 (Cy = cyclohexyl; 4a) and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst RuCl2(C21H26N2){CH‐C6H4(O‐iPr)‐2} (4b), the reactions were performed with various C‐allyl (5a–f, 7a,b) and O‐allyl (8a–d) derivatives of trimethylhydroquinone‐1‐acetate as substrates. 2,6,10,14‐Tetramethylpentadec‐1‐ene (6a) and derivatives 6c–e of phytol (6b) as well as phytal (6f) were employed as olefin partners for the CM reactions (Schemes 2 and 5). The vitamin E precursors could be prepared in up to 83% isolated yield as (E/Z)‐mixtures.
DPPH (= 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl = 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) Radical‐Scavenging Reaction of Protocatechuic Acid Esters (= 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzoates) in Alcohols: Formation of Bis‐alcohol Adduct
Authors: Saito Shizuka , Gao Hong , Kawabata Jun
Published: April 2006

Protocatechuic acid esters (= 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoates) scavenge ca. 5 equiv. of radical in alcoholic solvents, whereas they consume only 2 equiv. of radical in nonalcoholic solvents. While the high radical‐scavenging activity of protocatechuic acid esters in alcoholic solvents as compared to that in nonalcoholic solvents is due to a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol molecule at C(2) of an intermediate o‐quinone structure, thus regenerating a catechol (= benzene‐1,2‐diol) structure, it is still unclear why protocatechuic acid esters scavenge more than 4 equiv. of radical (C(2) refers to the protocatechuic acid numbering). Therefore, to elucidate the oxidation mechanism beyond the formation of the C(2) alcohol adduct, 3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (4), the C(2) MeOH adduct, which is an oxidation product of methyl protocatechuate (1) in MeOH, was oxidized by the DPPH radical (= 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) or o‐chloranil (= 3,4,5,6‐tetrachlorocyclohexa‐3,5‐diene‐1,2‐dione) in CD3OD/(D6)acetone 3 : 1). The oxidation mixtures were directly analyzed by NMR. Oxidation with both the DPPH radical and o‐chloranil produced a C(2),C(6) bis‐methanol adduct (7), which could scavenge additional 2 equiv. of radical. Calculations of LUMO electron densities of o‐quinones corroborated the regioselective nucleophilic addition of alcohol molecules with o‐quinones. Our results strongly suggest that the regeneration of a catechol structure via a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol molecule with a o‐quinone is a key reaction for the high radical‐scavenging activity of protocatechuic acid esters in alcoholic solvents.
Therapeutic factors in occupational group therapy identified by patients discharged from a psychiatric day centre and their significant others
Authors: Eklund Mona
Published: April 2006

Therapeutic factors in occupational group therapy have only been subjected to minimal investigation [AUTHOR –I'VE REWRITTEN THE FIRST SENTENCE AS THE ORIGINAL SOUNDED ODD IN ENGLISH. IS THIS OK?]. Previous research (Howe & Schwartzberg, 1986) indicated that these factors accord with factors recognized in group psychotherapy, but additional specific occupational therapy factors were distinguished as well. The aim of the present study was to examine factors in treatment identified by patients and their significant others as therapeutic. Interviews with 20 mentally ill individuals and 12 significant others were conducted when the patients were discharged from a psychiatric day‐care unit. Four therapeutic dimensions emerged from an inductive analysis of statements from the interviews: the group, the occupational, the treatment milieu, and the individual therapy. The majority of the statements were categorized in the group or occupational dimension. Important factors of the group dimension were group interaction, talking in a group, and the therapist's attitude and behaviour. The group factors were consistent with factors previously identified in group psychotherapy research studies. Being occupied, being engaged in certain activities, and developing new skills were significant within the occupational dimension. Since knowledge of which factors are perceived as helping the patients is important a) future replication studies are needed to determine how the occupational dimension should be specified into therapeutic factors, and b) research is required that makes clear how interventions can be improved by such factors. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A congruent model for health promotion in occupational therapy
Authors: Thibeault Rachel , Hébert Michèle
Published: April 2006

The past two decades have seen the rise of new approaches, such as health promotion and managed care, and their gradual supplanting and reshaping of traditional health care delivery. To survive within the emerging system, occupational therapists must shift perspectives and adapt to the prevailing philosophies. But are the currently proposed strategies compatible with occupational therapy foundations? Contrasting health promotion, managed care and occupational therapy on their respective principles, paradigms, values, and applications, the authors discuss the congruence, or lack thereof, amongst the three.

The authors describe the relationship between basic health promotion principles, the constructivist paradigm, occupational therapy values, and community‐based practice in a conceptually congruent sequence leading to more coherent interventions. They will also highlight the discrepancies between managed care and occupational therapy. Finally, they explore the use of participant‐action research as a means for providing innovative outcome measures. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The effect of nitrogen fertilization and cutting age on dry matter yield and protein content of Rhodes grass at Awassa, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Tolera Adugna , Kidane Alemayehu , Tesfamariam Woldegebriel
Published: April 2006

The crude protein content of Rhodes grass was highest when 69 kg N/ha was applied. The dry matter content of the fresh forage increased with increasing age of regrowth. The crude protein yield did not vary between the different ages of regrowth as the increasing yield offset the decreasing protein content. Overall, the application of 69 kg N/ha appears to be the optimum level of nitrogen fertilizer in terms of dry matter yield and nutritive value of the grass. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Caffeine modulates potassium currents in Drosophila neurons
Authors: Alshuaib Waleed B. , Mathew Mini V.
Published: April 2006

We investigated the effects of caffeine on the delayed‐rectifier potassium current (IKDR) which is important in repolarizing the membrane potential, and the transient A‐type potassium current (IKA) which regulates neuronal firing threshold and the rate of repetitive action potentials. The whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was used to measure the currents from cultured Drosophila neurons derived from embryonic neuroblasts. The currents were measured from neurons before and after the application of 1 mM caffeine to the external saline of the same neuron. IKDR measured in the caffeine‐containing solution (470 ± 36 pA, n = 18), was smaller than that measured in the control 6K/0Ca Tris solution (745 ± 51 pA, n = 18). IKA measured in the caffeine‐containing solution (17 ± 2 pA, n = 16) was smaller than that measured in the control 6K/0Ca Tris solution (35 ± 4 pA, n = 16).

These results indicate that caffeine reduces IKDR and IKA amplitudes and possibly leads to increased action potential frequency and enhanced neuronal excitability.
REGULATING GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: Yeung Karen
Published: April 2006

It is widely accepted that the British intelligence dossier of September 2002 claiming that Iraq possessed “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) which could be deployed “within 45 minutes” was critical to the British Government’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003. Given that no such weapons have materialized despite careful, comprehensive and labour-intensive searching, the dossier is now seen by many as a self-serving attempt by the Blair administration to “spin” the country into war.
Focusing of weak shock waves at an arête
Authors: Cramer M. S. , Seebass A. R.
Published: April 2006

The focusing of very weak and slightly concave symmetrical shock waves is examined. The equation that describes this focusing is derived and the resulting similitude discussed. The initial conditions come from a formal matching of this nonlinear description with the linear solution. The maximum value of the pressure coefficient is shown to be proportional to the two-thirds power of both the initial strength of the wave front and a parameter characterizing its rate of convergence.
Numerical study of the return of axisymmetric turbulence to isotropy
Authors: Schumann U. , Patterson G. S.
Published: April 2006

The spectral method of Orszag & Patterson (1972a, b) is used here to study pressure and velocity fluctuations in axisymmetric, homogeneous, incompressible, decaying turbulence at Reynolds numbers Reλ [lsim ] 40. In real space 323 points are treated. The return to isotropy is simulated for several different sets of anisotropic Gaussian initial conditions. All contributions to the spectral energy balance for the different velocity components are shown as a function of time and wavenumber. The return to isotropy is effected by the pressure-strain correlation. The rate of return is larger at high than at low wavenumbers. The inertial energy transfer tends to create anisotropy at high wavenumbers. This explains the overrelaxation found by Herring (1974). The pressure and the inertial energy transfer are zero initially as the triple correlations are zero for the Gaussian initial values. The two transfer terms are independent of each other but vary with the same characteristic time scale. The pressure-strain correlation becomes small for extremely large anisotropies. This can be explained kinematically. Rotta's (1951) model is approximately valid if the anisotropy is small and if the time scale of the mean flow is much larger than 0·2 Lf/v, which is the time scale of the triple correlations (Lf = integral length scale, v = root-mean-square velocity). The value of Rotta's constant is less dependent upon the Reynolds number if the pressure-strain correlation is scaled by v3/Lf rather than by the dissipation. Lumley & Khajeh-Nouri's (1974) model can be used to account for the influence of large anisotropies. The effect of strain is studied by splitting the total flow field into large- and fine-scale motion. The empirical model of Naot, Shavit & Wolfshtein (1970) has been confirmed in this respect.
A stereoscopic visual study of coherent structures in turbulent shear flow
Authors: Praturi Ananda K. , Brodkey Robert S.
Published: April 2006

A visual study of a turbulent boundary-layer flow was conducted by photographing the motions of small tracer particles using a stereoscopic medium-speed camera system moving with the flow. In some experiments, dye injection at the leading edge of the flat plate helped to delineate the outer edge of the boundary layer. The technique allowed the three-dimensional aspects of the flow to be studied in some detail, and in particular allowed axial vortex motions in the wall region to be identified.

The flow was found to exhibit three characteristic regions which can be roughly divided into the wall and outer regions of the boundary layer and an irrotational region, unmarked by dye, outside the instantaneous edge of the boundary layer. Briefly, the outer region of the boundary layer was dominated by transverse vortex motions that formed as a result of an interaction between low-speed and high-speed (sweep) fluid elements in that region. The present results clearly show that bulges in the edge of the boundary layer are associated with transverse vortex motions. In addition, the transverse vortex motions appear to induce massive inflows of fluid from the irrotational region deep into the outer region of the boundary layer. The outer edge of the boundary layer thus becomes further contorted, contributing to the intermittency of the region. Furthermore, the outer-region motions give rise to the conditions necessary for the dominant wall-region activity of ejections and axial vortex motions. It is not the energetic wall-region ejections that move to the outer region and give rise to the contorted edge of the boundary layer as has been suggested by others.

The wall-region axial vortex motions were intense and lasted for a time short compared with the lifetime of outer-region transverse vortex motions. The present results strongly suggest that wall-region vortex motions are a result of interaction between the incoming higher-speed fluid from the outer region of the boundary layer and the outflowing low-speed wall-region fluid. This is in direct contrast to all models that suggest that axial vortex pairs in the wall region are the factor that gives rise to the outflow of low-speed fluid trapped between.

Although all the elements necessary to make up a horseshoe vortex structure riding along the wall were present, such a composite was not observed. However, this could be visualized as a possible model to represent the ensemble average of the flow.

Finally, the massive inflows from the irrotational region were observed to precede the appearance of low- and high-speed fluid elements in the boundary layer, thus completing the deterministic cycle of individual coherent events.
The linearized treatment of general forced gas oscillations in tubes
Authors: Monkewitz Peter A.
Published: April 2006

A general linear theory is presented to describe oscillatory flows of gases and liquids in a tube of circular cross-section, including the effects of radial and tangential pressure gradients as well as the temperature. The basic equations are solved by separation of variables. The resulting eigenvalue equation is extensively discussed whereby the splitting of the eigenvalues into ‘bands’ is obtained in a natural way. A systematic analysis of a number of simplified cases leads to analytic approximations for the eigenvalues over an extended domain of parameter variation (frequency, friction) so that a complete survey of all the eigenvalues is established. Then the problem of satisfying simultaneously arbitrary end-conditions for all flow variables with the obtained bands of eigenfunctions is formulated in a way to allow the application of Galerkin's method. Finally the theory is applied to a few examples of ‘end-layers’ and radial resonance, which cannot be treated by previous theories.
Three-dimensional numerical integrations of the Navier-Stokes equations for flow over surface-mounted obstacles
Authors: Mason P. J. , Sykes R. I.
Published: April 2006

Numerical integrations of the Navier-Stokes equations for flow past a smooth, three-dimensional, surface-mounted obstacle are presented. The variation of the flow with Reynolds number, and with geometric ratios such as the maximum slope of the obstacle, are investigated. The separated flow is investigated using visualizations of the surface-stress patterns, and also particle trajectories through the flow.
Convective instabilities in a closed vertical cylinder heated from below. Part 2. Binary gas mixtures
Authors: Olson J. M. , Rosenberger F.
Published: April 2006

Non-reactive binary gas mixtures (Xe + He, SiCl4+ H2) have been investigated for convective instabilities in closed vertical cylinders with conductive walls heated from below. Critical Rayleigh numbersNiRafor the onset of various convective modes (including the onset of marginally stable and periodic flow) have been determined with a high resolution differential temperature sensing method. It is found that the second component can significantly alter the hydrodynamic state of the fluid compared to the monocomponent behaviour. Considerably lower criticalthermalRayleigh numbers for steady and time dependent convective modes are observed. The Xe : He system shows stable oscillatory modes similar to those observed in monocomponent gases (periodic disturbances of the mean flow,T0≈ 5 s) fromNRa= 713 to 780, where a new mode withT0= 15 s sets in. The frequency of these slower temperature oscillations can be fitted by an equation of the formf2=k’(NRa−N0Ra) wherek’ andN0Raare constants, which supports the contention that these oscillations are the result of vertical vorticity. For SiCl4: H2the high frequency oscillations occur only as a transient mode eventually evolving into the low frequency mode characteristic of binary gas mixtures. This low frequency state is degenerate with a stable time-independent state over a considerable range ofNRα.Finite amplitude perturbations can lead to (1) transient oscillatory phenomena accompanied by reorientations of the roll cells with mean periods of 3–5 min; and (2) stable oscillatory flow atNRa's considerably belowNoscRα.The unique behaviour of these binary fluids is tentatively assigned to thermal diffusion.
Nonlinear water waves generated by an accelerated circular cylinder
Authors: Haussling H. J. , Coleman R. M.
Published: April 2006

Numerical solutions for the irrotational flow of an incompressible fluid about a circular cylinder accelerated from rest below a free surface are presented. The usual restriction to linearized free-surface boundary conditions has been avoided. The transient period from the start to a local steady state or to the development of a very steep wave slope is investigated in terms of free-surface profiles and body-surface pressure distributions. Linear and nonlinear results are used to illustrate the transition from deep submergence when nonlinear effects are small to shallow submergence when linearized analysis is inaccurate.
Measurements of concentration fluctuations in relative turbulent diffusion
Authors: Chatwin P. C. , Sullivan Paul J.
Published: April 2006

In 1965 Sullivan made many measurements of concentration in dye plumes in the surface layer of Lake Huron with the primary purpose of estimating the distance–neighbour function (Sullivan 1965, 1971). This paper presents the results of a recent analysis of the concentration fluctuations in these experiments for, despite their great practical and theoretical importance, there are very few published reports of such measurements from natural environments. One reason for this apparent neglect has undoubtedly been the anticipated high noise level, and the present results confirm this expectation. The experimental analysis uses the framework of relative diffusion since this has great advantages compared with that of absolute diffusion. Despite the noise, the results are consistent, to the degree of spatial resolution attained, with the self-similar structure anticipated for relative, but not absolute, diffusion. Further interesting features of the results are that changes in the form of the statistical properties across the plume indicate an unexpectedly strong influence of the central regions, and that certain statistical properties have much less noisy profiles than that of the mean square fluctuations. The influence of molecular diffusion is shown to be strong. Interpretation of the results is based partly on the extension of the theory recently developed by Chatwin & Sullivan (1979a) for a cloud, although the limited spatial resolution attained did not allow direct critical examination of this work.
On the generation of viscous toroidal eddies in a cylinder
Authors: Blake J. R.
Published: April 2006

The streamlines due to a stokeslet on the axis in a finite, semi-infinite and infinite cylinder are obtained together with the case of a Stokes-doublet and source-doublet in an infinite cylinder. In the infinite and semi-infinite cylinder examples an infinite set of toroidal eddies are obtained. The eddies alternate in sign and the magnitude of the stream function decays exponentially with distance from the driving singularity. In the finite cylinder a primary interior eddy adjacent to the singularity is always obtained and, depending on location of the singularity within the cylinder and the ratio of cylinder length to radius, a finite number of secondary interior eddies. In the case of long cylinders, the eddies are generated along the axis, whereas, for squat cylinders, secondary eddies occur in the radial direction. The interior eddies emerge from the corner as the length of the cylinder is increased. Moffatt corner eddies exist but they are very much smaller than the interior eddies.
An experimental and numerical study of the secular spin-up of a thermally stratified rotating fluid
Authors: Beardsley Robert C. , Saunders Kim D. , Warn-Varnas Alex C. , Harding John M.
Published: April 2006

Laboratory and numerical experiments have been conducted to study the secular spin-up of both a homogeneous and a thermally stratified rotating fluid in a right cylinder. In these experiments, the angular velocity of the container increases linearly in time from some initial rotation rate at t = 0. A simple quasi-geostrophic model is developed to describe the adjustment of the fluid over the characteristic spin-up time scale to the constant angular acceleration of the basin. Good agreement is found between the observed interior temperature and azimuthal velocity fields and the theory in both the homogeneous and stratified secular experiments. This result is in contrast to the much faster adjustment observed in stratified instantaneous spin-up experiments reported earlier. The main difference between these experimental cases is the inability of secular forcing to excite energetic inertial–gravity-wave transients during the initial phases of secular spin-up. Thus, the asymptotic theory which has filtered out these initial higher-frequency transients is accurate even though the inertial period is not much smaller than the characteristic spin-up time scale.
On the application of successive plane strains to grid-generated turbulence
Authors: Gence J. N. , Mathieu J.
Published: April 2006

A grid-generated turbulence is subjected to a pure plane strain and the principal axes of the Reynolds stress tensor become those of the strain. This ‘oriented’ homogeneous turbulence is then submitted to a new strain the principal axes of which have a different orientation. We show that in such a situation it is possible to observe a transfer of energy from the fluctuating motion to the mean one. Such transfer is necessarily associated with a forced decay of the anisotropy of the motion. A detailed analysis of the reorientation of the principal axes of the Reynolds stress tensor in the frame of those of the second strain gives an explanation of the evolution of the principal axes of the Reynolds stress tensor in a shear flow.