bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimal Invasive Calf Augmentation
Authors: Blugerman Guillermo , Schavelzon Diego , Chomyszyn Anastasia , Galfrascoli Andres , D'Angelo Jorge , Markowsky Andrea , Soto Javier Augusto
Published: July 2017

Introduction:

The calf has become an important aesthetic area since the beginning of the 20th century, when women began to shorten their skirts and when there was more emphasis on the activity of bodybuilding. We believe defects of this area deserve their own classification, and suggest a classification based on defects due to loss of volume or increase of volume. The surgical technique was inspired and adapted from the fasciotomy used during the war for compartment syndrome treatment. In this case report we present our experience in using the minimal invasive vertical fasciotomy technique to treat muscular constitutional hypotrophy.

Materials and Methods:

The surgical technique is performed in an outpatient setting with tumescent local anesthesia. It is based on the longitudinal section, by a percutaneous approach with minimal access, of the fascia that involves the gastrocnemius muscles.

Results:

In our group of 82 patients, the results have been satisfactory. Complications were minimal. Results can always be improved with exercise.

Conclusions:

Fasciotomy at the calf is a simple procedure with minor complications and short operating time that can be done instead of using an implant.
Sentencing Juvenile Offenders: Comparing Public Preferences and Judicial Practice
Authors: Tufts Jennifer , Roberts Julian V.
Published: July 2017

The juvenile justice systems of most Western nations have been under considerable pressure to impose harsher penalties on juvenile offenders. Much of this pressure has come from politicians who argue that the public and juvenile courts are out of step, with the latter being more lenient than the public desire. This article reports findings from a representative national survey of the public, which permitted comparisons between the sentencing preferences of the public and the actual practice of youth courts. Respondents were asked to sentence offenders described in vignettes. The sentencing component employed a 2 × 2 × 2 design. The variables manipulated were age of offender (juvenile or adult), criminal history (first offender or recidivist), and nature of offence (burglary or assault). Results indicated concordance between the incarceration rates favored by members of the public and the practice of the courts. In addition, respondents were also asked questions about criminal victimization within the previous 12 months. Consistent with the findings of previous research, crime victims were no more punitive than respondents who did not report having been victimized.
Gender and Sentencing of Drug Offenders: Is Chivalry Dead?
Authors: Spohn Cassia
Published: July 2017

Citing figures showing dramatic increases in the number of women imprisoned for drug offenses since 1980, Chesney-Lind (1995: 111) concludes that the ‘war on drugs' has translated into a war on women“ and Durham (1994: 111) suggests that female drug offenders ”… are now being treated like their male counterparts, or even more harshly.“ The purpose of this study is to test the validity of these assertations. We compare the likelihood of incarceration for males and females convicted of drug offenses in Chicago. The results of our analysis reveal that females are significantly less likely than males to be sentenced to prison. Our tests for interaction reveal that preferential treatment is confined to offenders without dependent children and to offenders without a prior conviction for a drug offense. We conclude that chivalry is not dead in Cook County. We also conclude that judges' calculation of the social costs of punishment are not invariant, but reflect the combined effects of the offender's gender, child care responsibilities, prior criminal record, and type of crime.
Standardizing Donation Education for Nursing Students: One Organ Procurement Organization's Approach
Authors: Walker Scott G. Van Da
Published: July 2017

Nurses are often the primary source of donor referrals to an organ procurement organization. Early exposure to donation information during nursing school may enhance nurses' ability to identify and refer potential donors once they are in nursing practice. Although organ procurement organizations strive to provide donation education to nursing students, this process can drain an organization's resources. Therefore, to facilitate the educational process with a minimum of disruption to the function of the organ procurement organization, a standardized approach to donation was developed. After the program had been in place for more than a year, students and organ procurement organization staff alike reported great satisfaction with this standardized approach.
Incidence and Treatment of Cancer in Transplant Recipients
Authors: Flattery Maureen P.
Published: July 2017

Solid organ transplantation has been an accepted mode of therapy for the treatment of end-stage organ diseases for many years. Recipients' survival, however, has been hindered by organ rejection and the comorbid diseases that develop as a result of immunosuppressive therapy. In particular, organ transplant recipients have an increased risk of developing cancer de novo after transplantation. Prevalence ranges from 4 to 18% with an average incidence of 6%. Data submitted to the Cincinnati transplant tumor registry have revealed that cancers prevalent in the general population exhibited no increase in rate and may even show a slight decline in the transplant population. Length of survival after transplantation is associated with the likelihood of having cancer; the longer the recipient survives, the greater the chance. The actuarial risk among 124 cardiac transplant recipients was 2.7+/-1.9% at 1 year and 25.6+/-11% at 5 years. This article will review the current literature on the incidence and treatment of cancer in solid organ transplant recipients.
Principal-Agent Modelling and Learning
Authors: Dunlop Claire A. , James Oliver
Published: July 2017

Principal-agent modelling has become a very influential way of thinking about bureaucratic politics in a wide range of settings. Simple agency models have recently been extended and bureaucratic relationships placed in their wider temporal and socio-political contexts. By developing a conceptualization of principal-agent learning this article offers a nuanced account of the extent to which principals can learn to develop institutions that enhance their political control of bureaucratic agents and predispose those agents toward the principal's preferences, limiting adverse selection and moral hazard problems. The revised model is applied to the context of the European Commission's selection and management of scientific committees in the case of agricultural hormone growth promoters. The findings not only confirm the usefulness of more dynamic accounts of principal-agent relationships that eschew ahistoricism and acontextualism, they also suggest that extended principal-agent models should include constraints on learning by principals. In this case the principal's learning was reactive — relying heavily upon external actors and venues to do their thinking for them.
Correlational theology in the pulpit
Authors: Pembroke Neil
Published: July 2017

A case is made for the efficacy of a correlational homiletic method. The cornerstone of this approach is the conviction that a mutually critical conversation needs to be set up between the ideas and propositions in the biblical text and matching ones from the contemporary world of thought. The major advantage is that the preacher is able to address some of the pressing questions that people are wrestling with today. Opponents claim that far from illuminating the text, the correlational exercise actually bends it out of shape. Alien concepts are imported and the internal logic of the text is hijacked. It is argued that as long as the preacher, first, keeps their gaze firmly on the text and its logic and frame of reference and, second, chooses the non-theological dialogue partner(s) well, it is possible to avoid the potential pitfalls. Extracts from a sermon are included by way of demonstrating the method in action.
Success and Failure at Self-Separation in Simulated Free Flight
Authors: Smith Kip , Briggs Amy , Knecht William , Hancock Peter
Published: July 2017

Pilots in free flight will assume responsibility for self-separation. This paper discusses research that identifies constraints on a pilot's ability to maintain self-separation in a free-flight. It documents a principled approach to scoring the concurrent verbal reports of pilots engaged in simulated en-route traffic scenarios. One such protocol is used to identify a mismatch between the tacit criteria for self-separation invoked by professional airline pilots and the separation criterion currently mandated by the FAA: five miles laterally and 1,000 feet vertically.
Human Factors in Design—Suggestions for Effective Communication in Multi-Disciplinary Teams
Authors: Suri Jane Fulton , Marsh Matthew
Published: July 2017

Human factors practitioners frequently find themselves working with individuals from other disciplines, often in teams. In this context, human factors practitioners need ways to influence the thinking and behavior of people with very different priorities from their own. This paper presents practical insights and techniques developed in the course of work with multi-disciplinary development teams for many different products. Suggestions are based upon three simple principles: creating shared experience, making information visual, and offering constructive direction. Drawing upon illustrated examples taken from real design projects, we discuss the value and limitations of live observation, photography, video, model-making and sketching as data gathering and presentation tools. Techniques for creating shared experience include character development, scenario-building, and role-playing walkthroughs. Finally we discuss ways of communicating design direction and suggestions—in writing, presentations and conversation—which are stimulating rather than restricting to other team members.
Measuring “Fit” between Individual and Environment
Authors: Steinfeld Edward , Danford Gary S.
Published: July 2017

Three new instruments were developed that measure the degree to which an environment supports or hinders use by people with disabilities. Reliability and validity of these measures was tested through a series of experiments. The three measures proved to be reliable and valid in terms of both construct validity and cross validity with an established measures of human performance. They can be used to study usability of both environments and products.
Factors Influencing Comprehension of Informed Consent: Appearance, Time Stress and Voice Presentation
Authors: Wogalter Michael S. , Sifuentes Alla H. , Luginbuhl James
Published: July 2017

People are commonly asked to sign forms intended to serve as contracts or formalized agreements. Although it is prudent to read these forms carefully before signing, people sometimes do not do so. Failure to read an agreement would presumably be reflected in lack of subsequent comprehension of its content. This experiment examined three factors that might influence comprehension of one type of formal agreement: an informed consent form for research participation. Three factors were examined: (a) appearance, (b) time pressure, and (c) oral presentation. A subsequent comprehension test showed that knowledge of the consent form was greater when: (a) the form appeared more informal as compared to more official-looking, (b) there was less time pressure compared to greater time stress, and (c) the consent form was accompanied by an oral presentation of its contents. The results have implications for the validity of informed consent and other kinds of contract agreements
Transforming Incompatible Stimulus-Response Pairs into Compatible Ones
Authors: Tlauka Michael , McKenna Frank P.
Published: July 2017

The design of human-machine systems requires the consideration of a wealth of factors affecting human performance. One important factor concerns stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects. S-R compatibility refers to the finding that people respond faster when the relative spatial locations of stimuli and responses correspond (compatible S-R mappings) than when there is no correspondence (incompatible S-R mappings). For example, a visual stimulus that is presented to the right of a central fixation point is responded to more quickly by pressing a right key rather than a left key. In two experiments participants responded to compatible and incompatible S-R mappings. In Experiment 1 the stimuli were perceptually grouped while in Experiment 2 they were arbitrarily associated. Both perceptual grouping and arbitrary associations were found to result in the transformation of incompatible S-R pairs into compatible ones. The results are of practical use for tasks requiring human-machine interactions.
Hourly Trends in Occupational Low Back and Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Authors: Fathallah Fadi A. , Brogmus George E.
Published: July 2017

Very few studies have investigated the variations in occupational injuries throughout the day. The main objective of this study was to examine hourly trends in reported claims of occupational injuries with special emphasis on low back disorders (LBDs) and cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). The data were obtained from the records of a major insurance carrier. The results showed that the number of claims per hour exhibited a Gaussian-like distribution with highest reported numbers occurring between 7:00 am and 11:00 am. There was an observed increase in LBD claims during the morning hours when compared to the afternoon. In addition, there was a pronounced increase in the number of CTD claims at 9 a.m. indicating a possible carry over effect from nocturnal and early morning pain commonly experienced in CTD sufferers. More revealing, normalized claims (per number of people working at a given hour) showed a dramatic increase during the evening and early morning hours when compared to normal working hours. For both the overall and LBD claims, the rates during the night and early morning periods were up to three times higher than during the typical day-time working hours. However, this trend was not as pronounced for the CTD claims. The findings of the study indicate that special attention should be paid to activities and work processes performed during night and early morning hours of the day.
The Effect of Task Asymmetry and Number of Hands on Spinal Loading
Authors: Davis Kermit G. , Marras William S. , Granata Kevin P.
Published: July 2017

This study documented three-dimensional spine loading associated with asymmetric lifting while using either one or two hands to perform the task. Lift asymmetry was defined as a function of the load origin relative to the sagittal plane of the body. Lifts occurred at 0, 30, or 60 degrees off the sagittal plane on both sides of the body (lifting from the right and from the left relative to the sagittal plane). Ten subjects lifted a 13.7 kg box from one of these origins to a sagittally symmetric destination. Spinal loads were estimated through the use of a validated EMG-assisted model. Spine compression and lateral shear forces increased as the lift origin became more asymmetric. However, spine compression and lateral shear increased by about twice the rate when lifting from origins to the left of the sagittal plane compared to lifting from origins to the right of the sagittal plane. Anterior-posterior spinal shear decreased as asymmetry increased with larger decreases occurring when lift origins occurred to the right of the sagittal plane. One-hand lifting changed the compression and shear profiles significantly. One-hand lifts using the hand on the same side of the body as the load resulted in compression forces that were approximately equal to those observed when lifting with two hands in a sagittally symmetric position. Anterior -posterior shear decreased and lateral shear increased under these conditions. These results reflect the trade-offs that must be considered among spinal forces during asymmetric lifting while using one or two hands.
Effects of Pacing on Spinal Loads When Using Material Handling Systems
Authors: Nussbaum Maury A. , Chaffin Don B. , Baker Gerri
Published: July 2017

Material Handling Systems (MHSs) are a potentially simple approach toward alleviating physical loads and injuries associated with manual material handling. There are, however, relatively few empirical guidelines or evaluations of MHSs that support effective design and implementation. A particular problem with MHSs is the substantial dynamic loading that can result when tasks are attempted at rates comparable to those in manual operations. To investigate such speed effects, a laboratory study was performed in which several biomechanical indices were obtained while volunteer subjects performed a variety of elemental MHS transfer operations. Results indicated that moderate increases in execution speed, on the order of 20%, will be associated with ∼10% increase in spine forces, and also increases in torso muscle antagonism.
Spine Loading and Trunk Kinematic Changes during Team Lifting
Authors: Marras William S. , Davis Kermit G. , Kirking Bryan C. , Granata Kevin P.
Published: July 2017

Two-person or team lifting is a popular method for handling materials under certain conditions. While many guidelines and standards address safe lifting limits for individuals, there are no such limits for team lifting and these lifts are poorly understood. The literature associated with team lifting offers some interesting paradoxes. Many studies have indicated that people lift less under team conditions compared to one-person lifting. Yet at least one study has reported an increase in team lifting capacity when subjects were height matched. This study explored the spine loading characteristics of one-person and two-person lifting teams when subjects lifted under several sagittally symmetric and asymmetric conditions. Spine compression was lower for two person lifts while lifting in sagittally symmetric conditions, whereas, lateral shear became much greater for two-person lifts under asymmetric lifting conditions. This study has linked these changes to differences in trunk kinematic patterns adopted during one verse two-person lifting.
A Transverse Contour Model of Distributed Muscle Forces and Spinal Loads during Lifting and Twisting
Authors: Davis Joseph R. , Mirka Gary A.
Published: July 2017

This study has developed a realistic three-dimensional transverse contour model of distributed muscle forces and spinal consequences (compression, torsion, and shear) that occur during dynamic lifting, static holding, and dynamic twisting. The model utilizes multiple force vectors to represent broad flat muscles along with traditional single vector modeling of other trunk muscles. Instead of a two-dimensional transverse cutting plane, this model introduces a system analysis boundary in the form of a three-dimensional transverse cutting contour that was created by in vivo digitization of human subjects in symmetric and asymmetric postures. This transverse contour more realistically illustrates the complex nature of the human biomechanical system during the performance of industrial work in three-dimensional space. To investigate this model, surface electromyography data were collected from seven subjects. Also, to confirm the findings from surface data and to alleviate muscle signal crosstalk concerns, fine-wire electromyography data were collected from one additional subject. Both the surface and fine-wire data showed that differential muscle forces existed within each of the external obliques, internal obliques, and latissimus dorsi. Moreover, the data were used for validation which confirmed the viability of the model. This multi-vector distributed-force transverse contour model was found to be particularly useful for describing shear and compression during three-dimensional twisting.
A Methodology for Identifying Ergonomics Risk Factors and Measuring the Results of Implementation of Corrective Actions
Authors: Joyce Marilyn , Marcotte Andrew J. , Barker Richard , Klinenberg Edward J.
Published: July 2017

A methodology for identifying ergonomics risk factors and control strategies in office environments has been developed and pilot tested. Developed as part of an overall ergonomics program being implemented by the United States Air Force, the employees impacted include both civilian and military personnel performing a wide range of administrative tasks typically performed in offices. The research design included: a focused literature review; strategic site visits; and review of criteria established by the Air Force; an iterative developmental process of a Screening Survey and an Ergonomics Assessment Methodology Guide; and testing. The results indicate that the process can be used as an effective means for identifying and controlling ergonomics hazards in administrative work areas.
Automation in General Aviation Part II: Four ways to Reach Zero Feet AGL Unintentionally—Autopilot and Pitch Trim Malfunctions
Authors: Beringer Dennis B. , Harris Howard C.
Published: July 2017

Part I of this study examined four automation-related malfunctions and subsequent pilot responses. The present study examined four additional malfunctions; two more obvious (runaway pitch-trim down, runaway roll servo) and two more subtle (failed attitude indicator, pitch sensor drift down) than those in Part I, and the effect of an auditory warning. Data collection again was performed in the Civil Aeromedical Institute's Advanced General Aviation Research Simulator, configured as a Piper Malibu. Results suggest that the first three of these failures may, in a significant percentage of cases (13 of 24 in the sample), lead to significant altitude loss, overstress of the airframe, disorientation of the pilot, or destruction of the aircraft. Percentages of successful recoveries, detection/correction times, and related indices of performance are discussed in the context of malfunction type, flight profile, and auditory alerts.
A Full Mission Simulation Success Story: RPA Simulation at CSRDF Yields Promising Results
Authors: Casper Patricia A.
Published: July 2017

In support of the US Army's Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate Advanced Technology Demonstration Program, the Crew Station Research and Development Branch (CSRDB) at NASA's Ames Research Center has recently completed a full mission simulation (FMS) experiment testing two alternative mission equipment packages (MEPs). Four crews of Army helicopter pilots flew 64 trials, performing representative combat helicopter tasks. Objective and subjective performance metrics provided statistically significant data supporting a priori hypotheses about performance differences between the two systems. Crews flying the advanced MEP killed more targets more efficiently, and were killed fewer times than when flying the baseline MEP. In addition, their workload was lower, and subjectively assessed situation awareness was higher with the advanced system. These results are encouraging for full mission simulation research, and suggest that a standard empirical model may in fact be applicable to full mission simulation.
Age-Related Differences in the Acquisition and Transfer of Perceptual Decision-Making Skills
Authors: Spaulding Victoria A. , Phipps Donita A.
Published: July 2017

Younger and older participants were trained to perform a computerized football task. Half of the participants received rule-based training and the remainder received color enhancements in alternating blocks. Both younger and older adults improved RT performance, with the younger participants performing about twice as fast as the older participants. The participants transferred to Novel, Cluttered and Time-Stress conditions. The effect of training type (rules better than enhancements) failed to persist during transfer. Age-related impairments of RT and overall accuracy persisted during transfer, although older participants maintained a higher primary accuracy (except for Time-Stress). Their performance plummeted during the Time-Stress, but improved across the blocks. During the subsequent baseline block, primary accuracy returned to the pre-Cluttered level and RT slightly declined. These results suggest that the older participants changed strategies under time stress, and with more practice, their performance on this complex perceptual task may increase dramatically.
Effects of Age and Training on World Wide Web Navigation Strategies
Authors: Mead Sherry E. , Spaulding Victoria A. , Sit Richard A. , Meyer Beth , Walker Neff
Published: July 2017

The present study examined the effects of age and type of training on efficiency and preferences in a World Wide Web search activity. Older and younger participants received a hands-on Web navigation tutorial or a verbal description of available navigation tools. Participants then searched a 19-page Web site for the answers to nine questions. Older participants were able to complete most of the nine search tasks, but followed more links and scrolled more pages to find the required information than did younger adults. Factors in this inefficiency were patterns of returning to the home page while searching and revisiting previously viewed pages during a single task. Hands-on training was associated with increased use of the more efficient navigation tools. Older adults, especially those who received hands-on training, were more likely to use the “site map” and “index tabs” than were younger adults. Implications for training and Web site design are discussed.
Automation and Decision Making—Lessons from the Cali Accident
Authors: Strauch Barry
Published: July 2017

The accident involving an American Airlines Boeing 757 that crashed on approach to Cali. Colombia, in December 1995, was examined to better understand the errors that the pilots committed. Their loss of situation awareness about their proximity to terrain resulted from several factors involving their use of the flight management system under high workload conditions. The implications of FMS use on our understanding of situation awareness and decision making are explored.
Broadening the Measurement of Situation Awareness through Cognitive Engineering Methods
Authors: Cooke Nancy J. , Stout Renée , Salas Eduardo
Published: July 2017

Situation awareness (SA) and team SA are popular concepts, yet vaguely defined and inadequately measured. They involve representations of the current situation, performance resulting from those representations, and cognitive structures and processes leading to those representations. Current measures of individual and team SA focus on the assessment of performance or the accuracy of the resulting situation model at the expense of other aspects of SA, such as situation assessment, mental models, and team process behaviors. As a result, these measures fail to capture the richness of the constructs of individual and team SA, critical for applications involving training and team SA. We propose that a cognitive engineering approach to measuring SA which focuses on the elicitation of the cognition underlying SA, can extend measurement by overcoming many of the current limits. As an illustration, the measurement of situation models using this approach is presented.
Aircrew Response Procedures to Inflight Mechanical Emergencies
Authors: Deaton John E. , Glenn Floyd A. , Federman Philip J. , Nickerson G. William , Nickerson G. William , Malone Robert , Stout Rene'e , Oser Randall , Tyler Robert R.
Published: July 2017

The central goal of this investigation was to study crew response procedures to inflight mechanical system emergencies. This study assessed those cognitive activities found to be important when responding to mechanical emergencies, and attention that is devoted to each of these activities. Participants were required to fly a predetermined mission scenario in which mechanical system failures were introduced. Aircrew were asked to identify the procedures that were triggered by each problem condition, and how their attention was allocated to various cognitive activities. The usefulness of a preliminary taxonomic structure that was developed to characterize the cognitive activities of aircrew engaged in a simulated flight scenario will become apparent during actual interface development. These activities will be translated into interface design and functionality requirements to support new sensor/diagnostic technologies currently being developed.
Communication of Intent in Distributed Supervisory Control Systems
Authors: Shattuck Lawrence G. , Woods David D.
Published: July 2017

Distributed supervisory control systems are characterized by remote supervisors who work through multiple local actors to control a dynamic process. Coordination normally occurs through the use of predetermined plans and procedures. However, these plans and procedures can be underspecified and brittle when an actor is confronted with an unanticipated situation. In these instances, the local actor must adapt the plan in a manner consistent with the intent of the remote supervisor. This research investigated the communication of intent in military C2 systems by using a mixed-fidelity simulation. US army battalion commanders and subordinate company commanders developed operations orders using their standard planning procedures. Anomalies were introduced that forced them to rely on the senior commander's intent rather than the written plan. In spite of an embedded procedure for communicating intent in the military domain, in most instances, company commanders failed to follow their battalion commander's intent. Explanations for the poor performance and methods for imparting presence and communicating intent are discussed. Implications of the study extend to other types of distributed supervisory control systems in which machine agents can function as either remote supervisor or local actor.
Using Self-Explanation to Exploit Ecological Interface Design
Authors: Howie Dianne E. , Vicente Kim J.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the role of self-generated explanations on performance in a process control microworld, extending previous cognitive science research into a new, applied domain. The experiment was conducted using DURESS II, an interactive, thermal-hydraulic process control simulation. During this one-month experiment, participants controlled the system under normal and fault conditions on a quasi-daily basis. Participants in the self-explanation (SE) group occasionally watched a replay of their own performance immediately after completing a trial, while the control group did not. In addition, the SE group was instructed to explain aloud the reasons for their control actions while watching the replay. The SE participants were divided post-hoc into “good” and “poor” groups according to several performance criteria. An analysis of the protocols produced during self-explanation revealed that “good” SE participants included considerably more words suggesting self-explanations in their protocols than did the “poor” SE participants. Thus, self-explanation was correlated with performance within the SE group.
Visual Metaphors and Mental Models in Display Design—A Method for Comparing Intangibles
Authors: MacMillan Jean , Getty David J. , Tatum B. Charles , Ropp Gary A.
Published: July 2017

Visual metaphors are often used in designing human-computer interfaces for complex systems. In order to be useful, such metaphors must be congruent with users' underlying mental models of system organization or system function. When metaphors fail to be useful in interface design, it is difficult to know whether a better metaphor would improve performance or whether the use of a visual metaphor is, in general, inappropriate for the application. A method is needed to assess the congruence between users' conceptual models of a complex process and the visual metaphor used to represent that process, independent of users' performance with the interface. We developed and applied such a method as part of an evaluation of a user coach for a manpower planning application. The results indicate a high degree of congruence between the visual metaphor implemented in the interface and the conceptual features of the manpower planning process.
Effects of Scene-Linked Symbology on Flight Performance
Authors: Shelden Stephen G. , Foyle David C. , McCann Robert S.
Published: July 2017

Previous research has shown that the presence of aircraft head-up display (HUD) symbology indicating altitude improves maintenance of altitude, but at a cost to (ground) path-following ability. We term this the altitude/path performance trade-off. Differential motion between HUD symbology and the world has been posited as leading to attentional tunneling on the symbology at the expense of flight information in the world. In the first of two flight simulation studies, scene-linked symbology was tested to see if the absence of differential motion cues between the symbology and the world would negate attentional tunneling and the resulting performance trade-off. This not only proved to be the case, but relative to a control condition with no explicit altitude display, scene-linked symbology yielded improved altitude and path performance. In the second study, an attempt was made to discern the source of improvement in path performance found with the use of scene-linked symbology. The result suggests that flight task integration and fusion of the symbology with the world permits object-based parallel processing benefits that are evidenced by improved path-following performance.
Measuring Human Detection Performance in Aircraft Visual Inspection
Authors: Drury Colin G. , Spencer Floyd W. , Schurman Donald L.
Published: July 2017

In airworthiness assurance, while there is a long tradition of measuring inspection reliability for machine-aided Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI), the more common visual inspection has received little attention. Yet inspection reliability measurements are needed if we are to set appropriate inspection intervals for airframe components. Visual inspection of aircraft is characterized as using multiple senses (despite its name) and having to inspect for multiple fault types, in contrast to NDI which is used for single specific fault types. The study here used 12 professional inspectors to perform nine visual inspection tasks on a long-service Boeing 737 aircraft. Each inspector worked over two days. Measures were taken of performance, strategy and individual differences. Only a fraction of the results are presented here, with a major finding that aircraft visual inspection has approximately the same reliability as industrial inspection. Individual differences were found, as well as correlations between certain aspects of performance and individual characteristics such as Field Independence and Peripheral Visual Acuity. However, there was little correlation between an individual inspector's performance on the different tasks, showing the difficulty of designing selection and placement procedures for such a wide-ranging job.
To Animate or Not to Animate, that is the Question
Authors: Hutcheson Tracy D. , Dillon Richard F. , Herdman Chris M. , Wood Jo
Published: July 2017

Animation presented together with voice narration in a computer presented tutorial did not facilitate learning when compared with a text and static graphics tutorial. The tutorials were the same except for the addition of simple animations and voice narration. Although there were no statistically significant differences there was a difference of 5 percent correct on quiz questions in favor of the animation group. Beyond statistical significance, is this 5 percent increase good justification for animations in computer-based training? The questions of how, when, and if, we should use animations becomes more important when we consider the resources that go into creating animations vs. traditional graphics. This 5 percent difference may be important when we consider that this difference was realized under a 20 minute computer tutorial There has been a lot of focus on animation in software development and training over the last decade and this study raises more questions for further research about animation in training.
Allocation of Responsibility for Injuries Sustained from the Use of Technologically-Mediated Consumer Products
Authors: Phoenix Gregory M. , Kalsher Michael J. , Champagne Matthew V.
Published: July 2017

Kelly's (1972) theory of causal attribution was used as a basis for assessing how participants allocated responsibility for injuries sustained in four fictitious product-use scenarios. Each scenario described an injury (mild or severe) that occurred during the use of a consumer product that was mediated by a computerized device. Different versions of each product-use scenario were created to account for manipulations of consensus, consistency, distinctiveness, and injury type. Results showed that participants' overall scores of attribution allocations were consistent with Kelly's attributional model and McArthur's (1972) findings. In situations of low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness, participants made internal causal attributions; and for situations of high consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness, participants made external attributions. The manipulation of accident severity (mild or severe) had no significant effect on attributional tendencies. The availability of a product-use warning was associated with a greater tendency to attribute responsibility for the injury to the consumer. Implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.
Retail Scanning Systems: A Quarter Century Perspective
Authors: Antonelli Douglas C.
Published: July 2017

Scanning systems have enabled a great deal of change in modern supermarket operations, if not actually causing it. Because of this, cashier and shopper behavior is different in many respects than it was in the days before scanning. The panel will discuss many of the changes observed since the introduction of optical bar code scanning systems and will speculate on future direction. A three factored framework will be used for these discussions; physical design, functional design, and usability design.
Do Design Tradeoffs Exist between Usability Features for Consumer Products?
Authors: Eberts Ray E.
Published: July 2017

The existence of design trade-offs between usability features for consumer products has been discussed in textbooks and other publications for many years (e.g., Norman, 1986). Tradeoffs occur because optimizing one feature will mean that another feature will suffer. A single product cannot be best across all dimensions of usability. In this study, NGOMSL (Natural Goals Operators Methods and Selection Rules Language) was used to model the usability of several consumer products (telephone answering machines, VCRs, calculators, and electronic organizers). In each product category, at least four different products from different manufacturers were modeled. The results showed that some product categories exhibited distinctive tradeoffs among usability features and other product categories did not. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
Beyond Utility: A Framework for Designing User Experience
Authors: Hudspith Sydney
Published: July 2017

Few designed artifacts succeed by giving the user a purely ‘Utilitarian’ experience. Outstanding designs succeed not only because of their Utility, but because they also arouse in the user gratifying experiences far beyond Utility. Much design research and human factors emphasize utility rather than the psychological “experience needs” of the user, the artifact, the interface: also present methods for teaching and understanding non-physical interactions with designed artifacts are rudimentary.
Multiple Resource Contributions to Training
Authors: Boles David B.
Published: July 2017

Can training of a task be achieved using a different task drawing on the same mental resources? Subjects performed 5 successive blocks of trials, with bargraph recognition required in Blocks 1, 4, and 5. Blocks 2 and 3 either involved bargraph recognition (Group 1, n = 13), dot cluster recognition (Group 2, n = 14), or word number recognition (Group 3, n= 14). The majority of the practice effect across blocks was found to be due to practice within a previously identified “spatial quantitative” perceptual resource, regardless of whether the resource was instantiated in bargraph or dot cluster recognition. These results suggest that (a) training should focus on the target task's perceptual resources, and (b) training can use tasks different from the target task as long as the same resources are used. If these findings generalize, substantial savings in training costs may be achievable by using different, simplified tasks during training.
The Evaluation of an Auditory Alarm for a New Medical Device
Authors: Simons David , Fredericks Tycho K.
Published: July 2017

As new products for the operating room and intensive care unit come to market, it is imperative that auditory warning for such devices observe suggested taxonomies for sound level and frequency. Unfortunately, there are many low priority alarms in the operating room and intensive care unit which mask high priority alarms. The objective of this study was to evaluate an alarm for a new medical device and redesign it for use in operating rooms and intensive care units. The sound level and spectrum were evaluated. In addition, the sound levels and spectrums of 8 alarms at a large Midwest hospital were recorded for comparison with research data. Results indicated that the auditory alarms in operating rooms were indistinguishable from each other. This problem was further compounded when it was determined that similar equipment, manufactured by different companies, produced alarms of different sound levels and spectrums. Nonetheless, recommendations for the new device were made to be in accordance with proposed standards.
Factors Influencing Spatial Awareness and Orientation in Desktop Virtual Environments
Authors: Neale Dennis C.
Published: July 2017

This study investigated influences on human spatial orientation and representation resulting from manipulations in the geometric field of view (GFOV) of a perspective display. Also examined was the impact of incorporating symbolic virtual environment enhancements in the interface based on visual momentum (VM) techniques. Sixty participants, pretested for spatial ability, were required to navigate through a virtual office building while performing a variety of spatial orientation tasks. A 3 × 2 × 2 mixed-subjects design compared three levels of GFOV, two levels of VM, and two levels of Difficulty. The findings indicate that decreases in GFOV produce spatial orientation and representation errors, and as task difficulty increases, errors are more pronounced. Furthermore, VM was shown to alleviate errors in spatial orientation and representation, especially when task difficulty was increased. Design recommendations are discussed based on the implications of the results.
Computer Assisted 3D Measurements for Micro-Surgery
Authors: Kim Miriam , Milgram Paul , Drake James M.
Published: July 2017

A unique measuring tool, the Virtual Tape Measure (VTM), was developed in prototype form to minimize the inaccuracy surgeons encounter when trying to estimate the measurement of structures seen under the operating microscope. Superimposed on a stereo-video image of the surgical field taken through an operating microscope, the VTM is a three-dimensional measuring tool comprising a stereo-computer graphic pointer and a tethering line. The human operator simply places the VTM pointer adjacent two points he wishes to measure on the stereo-video image by controlling a three degrees of freedom (x, y, z-axes) input device. Active liquid shutter glasses must be worn to visualize the pointer and video images in stereo. To test the accuracy of the system, seven subjects used the VTM to measure distances between two dot models placed under the operating microscope. The absolute distance between the two dots ranged from 4 mm to 27 mm in a field of view measuring 20 mm × 30 mm. The distance in depth between the two dots ranged from 0 mm to 19 mm. Overall bias was an overestimation of 0.3 mm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The overall precision, as defined by variance of the error was 0.4 mm with a 95% confidence interval of 0.3 to 0.6 mm. Testing shows the VTM prototype system to be an accurate and reliable tool for measuring small objects with size scales typically encountered under the operating microscope during surgical procedures.
Discrimination between Functions in Tables and Graphs
Authors: Meyer Joachim , Gopher Daniel , Levy Jonathan
Published: July 2017

An experiment assessed the relative efficiency of tables and graphs for the discrimination between two system states, indicated by different frequencies of sine functions, in a simulated process. Graphic displays allowed significantly better discrimination than tables. The interval between the feed back for one trial and the beginning of the next trial affected performance for both displays. In graphs rapid learning occurred for all durations of the interval, but when the interval was 0 seconds the initial performance was lower than when the interval was 2 or 6 seconds. For tables only the 6 seconds interval showed faster learning than the other conditions, but performance was still much lower than for graphs. The results lend support to the claim that graphic displays are of advantage when the displayed data has structure and when the task relies on this structure.
Nighttime Conspicuity of Highway Signs as a Function of Sign Brightness, Background Complexity and Age of Observer
Authors: Schieber Frank , Goodspeed Charles H.
Published: July 2017

The introduction of ultrabright retroreflective materials may provide the opportunity to develop highway signs with improved conspicuity — especially when viewed in highly complex (i.e., “cluttered”) driving environments. In order to investigate this possibility, the glance conspicuity of briefly presented highway signs was examined as a function of sign brightness (bright vs. ultrabright), background scene complexity (low, moderate, high) and age of observer (young vs. old). Glance conspicuity — measured in terms of both reaction time and accuracy — was found to improve as a function of increased sign brightness when viewed against high complexity (but not low complexity) backgrounds. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for improved design of traffic control devices.
The Comprehensibility of Airline Safety Card Pictorials
Authors: Caird J. K. , Wheat B. , McIntosh K. R. , Dewar R. E.
Published: July 2017

Airline safety cards are an integral component of passenger safety information. Brochures depict compulsory safety and emergency information such as how to adjust a seatbelt and how to exit a plane in an emergency. Few cards, however, have been developed that consider whether or not passengers actually understand the information contained on the cards. A study is reported that examined the efficacy of airline safety cards to convey the meanings of safety and emergency information. One-hundred and thirteen participants were given a questionnaire that tested the comprehension of 36 airline pictorials selected from 50 airline safety cards. Comprehension for most of the pictorial information was uniformly low. Twelve met the International Organisation of Standards (ISO) comprehension standard. An analysis of ‘emergency floor lighting’ and ‘do not use electronics’ is given.
A PC-Based Driving Simulator for Assessing Situation Awareness
Authors: Gugerty Leo , Tirre William
Published: July 2017

We plan to demonstrate a PC-based driving simulator developed by the US Air Force for assessing situation awareness (SA). This simulator is a flexible tool that allows researchers to assess drivers' SA using a variety of different probes. The simulator allows assessment of explicit knowledge used in driving, as is done in a number of SA assessment tools. However, unlike other SA assessment tools, the simulator also allows assessment of implicit, automatized knowledge.