bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Chinook salmon consumption in Washington State inland waters by four marine mammal predators from 1970 to 2015
Authors: Chasco Brandon , Kaplan Isaac C. , Thomas Austen , Acevedo-Gutiérrez Alejandro , Noren Dawn , Ford Michael J. , Hanson M. Bradley , Scordino Jonathan , Jeffries Steve , Pearson Scott , Marshall Kristin N. , Ward Eric J.
Published: January 2017

Conflicts can arise when the recovery of one protected species limits the recovery of another through competition or predation. The recovery of many marine mammal populations on the west coast of the United States has been viewed as a success; however, within Puget Sound in Washington State, the increased abundance of three protected pinniped species may be adversely affecting the recovery of threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and endangered killer whales (Orcinus orca) within the region. Between 1970 and 2015, we estimate that the annual biomass of Chinook salmon consumed by pinnipeds has increased from 68 to 625 metric tons. Converting juvenile Chinook salmon into adult equivalents, we found that by 2015, pinnipeds consumed double that of resident killer whales and six times greater than the combined commercial and recreational catches. We demonstrate the importance of interspecific interactions when evaluating species recovery. As more protected species respond positively to recovery efforts, managers should attempt to evaluate tradeoffs between these recovery efforts and the unintended ecosystem consequences of predation and competition on other protected species.
Kinematics, Dynamics and Power Consumption Analysis of the Hexapod Robot During Walking with Tripod Gait
Authors: Grzelczyk Dariusz , Stanczyk Bartosz , Awrejcewicz Jan
Published: January 2017

The paper is focused on the kinematic, dynamic and power consumption analysis of the constructed prototype of the hexapod robot walking with tripod gait on a flat and hard ground. The movements of the robot legs are controlled by different well known oscillators working as central pattern generators (CPGs). The mentioned models, as well as those proposed in our previous paper, are employed and compared from the viewpoint of fluctuations of the robot gravity center both in vertical and movement direction, contact forces between the robot legs and the ground as well as energy demand of the whole robot during walking process. Time histories of the key kinematic and dynamic quantities describing locomotion of the robot are numerically studied and experimentally verified. Power consumption of the whole robot is experimentally investigated based on the current consumption in the applied servo motors which drive the robot legs. We show that the proposed CPG model is more efficient regarding acceleration/deceleration of the whole robot, contact forces and overload acting on the robot legs as well the energy demand during walking of the robot. The appropriate choice of the robot leg movements, depending on the actual situation, can have a positive influence on the investigated issues, i.e. avoid unnecessary acceleration/deceleration of the robot, decrease the contact forces between the legs and the ground and reduce energy demand of the whole robot. Consequently, it also allows to improve structural stability of the robot during walking process.
Ratchet Effects in Active Matter Systems
Authors: Reichhardt C.J. Olson , Reichhardt C.
Published: January 2017

Ratchet effects can arise for single or collectively interacting Brownian particles on an asymmetric substrate when a net dc transport is produced by an externally applied ac driving force or by periodically flashing the substrate. Recently, a new class of active ratchet systems that do not require the application of external driving has been realized through the use of active matter; they are self-propelled units that can be biological or nonbiological in nature. When active materials such as swimming bacteria interact with an asymmetric substrate, a net dc directed motion can arise even without external driving, opening a wealth of possibilities such as sorting, cargo transport, or micromachine construction. We review the current status of active matter ratchets for swimming bacteria, cells, active colloids, and swarming models, focusing on the role of particle-substrate interactions. We describe ratchet reversals produced by collective effects and the use of active ratchets to transport passive particles. We discuss future directions including deformable substrates or particles, the role of different swimming modes, varied particle–particle interactions, and nondissipative effects.
Enzyme-Based Strategies for Structuring Foods for Improved Functionality
Authors: Zeeb Benjamin , McClements David Julian , Weiss Jochen
Published: January 2017

Enzyme technologies can be used to create food dispersions with novel functional attributes using structural design principles. Enzymes that utilize food-grade proteins and/or polysaccharides as substrates have gained recent interest among food scientists. The utilization of enzymes for structuring foods is an ecologically and economically viable alternative to the utilization of chemical cross-linking and depolymerization agents. This review highlights recent progress in the use of enzymes to modify food structures, particularly the interfacial and/or bulk properties of food dispersions with special emphasis on commercially available enzymes. Cross-linking enzymes such as transglutaminase and laccase promote the formation of intra- and intermolecular bonds between biopolymers to improve stability and functionality, whereas various degrading enzymes such as proteases alter the native conformation of proteins, leading to self-assembly of hierarchically ordered colloids. Results of this bio-inspired approach show that rational use of structure-affecting enzymes may enable food manufacturers to produce food dispersions with improved physical, functional, textural, and optical properties.
Bioavailability of Nutrients and Micronutrients: Advances in Modeling and In Vitro Approaches
Authors: Marze Sébastien
Published: January 2017

The bioavailability of food nutrients and microconstituents is recognized as a determinant factor for optimal health status. However, human and animal studies are expensive and limited by the large amount of potential food bioactive compounds. The search for alternatives is very active and raises many questions. On one hand, in vitro digestion systems are good candidates, but to date only bioaccessibility has been correctly assessed. To go further, to what degree should natural processes be reproduced? What techniques can be used to measure the changes in food properties and structures in situ in a noninvasive way? On the other hand, modeling approaches have good potential, but their development is time-consuming. What compromises should be done between food and physiology realism and computational ease? This review addresses these questions by identifying highly resolved analytical methods, detailed computer models and simulations, and the most promising dynamic in vitro systems.
Billroth II with Braun Enteroenterostomy Is a Good Alternative Reconstruction to Roux-en-Y Gastrojejunostomy in Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy
Authors: Cui Long-Hai , Son Sang-Yong , Shin Ho-Jung , Byun Cheulsu , Hur Hoon , Han Sang-Uk , Cho Yong Kwan
Published: January 2017

Background. Although Billroth II (BII) reconstruction is simpler and faster than Billroth I or Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstruction in patients undergoing totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG), BII reconstruction is associated with several complications, including more severe bile reflux. BII Braun anastomosis may be a better alternative to RY reconstruction. Methods. This retrospective study included 56 consecutive patients who underwent TLDG for gastric cancer, followed by BII Braun or RY reconstruction, between January 2013 and December 2015. Surgical outcomes, including length of operation, quantity of blood lost, and postoperative complications, were compared in the two groups. Results. Clinicopathological characteristics did not differ between the BII Braun and RY groups. Mean length of operation was significantly longer in the RY than the BII Braun group (157.3 min versus 134.6 min, p < 0.010), but length of hospital stay, blood loss, and complication rate did not differ between the two groups. Ileus occurred in three patients (10.0%) in the RY group. Endoscopic findings 6 months after surgery showed bile reflux in seven (28%) patients in the BII Braun group and five (17.2%) in the RY group (p = 0.343), but no significant differences in rate of gastric residue or degree of gastritis in the remnant stomach in the two groups. Conclusions. B-II Braun anastomosis is a good alternative to RY reconstruction, reducing length of operation and ileus after TLDG.
Assessment of Iterative Closest Point Registration Accuracy for Different Phantom Surfaces Captured by an Optical 3D Sensor in Radiotherapy
Authors: Krell Gerald , Saeid Nezhad Nazila , Walke Mathias , Al-Hamadi Ayoub , Gademann Günther
Published: January 2017

An optical 3D sensor provides an additional tool for verification of correct patient settlement on a Tomotherapy treatment machine. The patient’s position in the actual treatment is compared with the intended position defined in treatment planning. A commercially available optical 3D sensor measures parts of the body surface and estimates the deviation from the desired position without markers. The registration precision of the in-built algorithm and of selected ICP (iterative closest point) algorithms is investigated on surface data of specially designed phantoms captured by the optical 3D sensor for predefined shifts of the treatment table. A rigid body transform is compared with the actual displacement to check registration reliability for predefined limits. The curvature type of investigated phantom bodies has a strong influence on registration result which is more critical for surfaces of low curvature. We investigated the registration accuracy of the optical 3D sensor for the chosen phantoms and compared the results with selected unconstrained ICP algorithms. Safe registration within the clinical limits is only possible for uniquely shaped surface regions, but error metrics based on surface normals improve translational registration. Large registration errors clearly hint at setup deviations, whereas small values do not guarantee correct positioning.
A Study on the Effectiveness of the Horizontal Shading Device Installation for Passive Control of Buildings in South Korea
Authors: Kim Seok-Hyun , Shin Kyung-Ju , Kim Hyo-Jun , Cho Young-Hum
Published: January 2017

In South Korea, the evaluation criteria for installing shading devices are defined by regulations, but the standards of design methods are not clearly established. The installation of shading devices has become mandatory for some public buildings due to revised regulations. Therefore, a design of horizontal shading device is required, and indoor environmental problems which may occur due to their installation should also be taken into consideration. This research aimed to propose a design which takes into account the energy consumption which may occur if the horizontal shading device is installed and suggests an improved design method of horizontal shading devices when they are installed. Consequently, it was confirmed that as the protrusion of the horizontal shading device becomes longer, the incoming daylight is reduced and the indoor intensity of illumination becomes lower, and thus more lighting energy may be consumed in a room where the shading device is installed than in the one where it is not. Therefore, annual energy consumption was calculated by applying the lighting control and it was found that the total energy consumption decreased by the reduction of air-conditioning and fans and lighting energy consumption.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: Opening Pandora’s Box
Authors: Meireles Mariana , Souto Moura Conceição , França Margarida
Published: January 2017

One of the purposes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to restore the immune system. However, it can sometimes lead to an aberrant inflammatory response and paradoxical clinical worsening known as the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We describe a 23-year-old male, HIV1 infected with a rapid progression phenotype, who started ART with TCD4+ of 53 cells/mm3 (3,3%) and HIV RNA = 890000 copies/mL (6 log). Four weeks later he was admitted to the intensive care unit with severe sepsis. The diagnostic pathway identified progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, digestive Kaposi sarcoma, and P. aeruginosa bacteraemia. Five weeks after starting ART, TCD4+ cell count was 259 cells/mm3 (15%) and HIV RNA = 3500 copies/mL (4 log). He developed respiratory failure and progressed to septic shock and death. Those complications might justify the outcome but its autopsy opened Pandora’s box: cerebral and cardiac toxoplasmosis was identified, as well as hemophagocytic syndrome, systemic candidiasis, and Mycobacterium avium complex infection. IRIS remains a concern and eventually a barrier to ART. Male gender, young age, low TCD4 cell count, and high viral load are risk factors. The high prevalence of subclinical opportunistic diseases highlights the need for new strategies to reduce IRIS incidence.
Fourteen-Month-Olds Adapt Their Imitative Behavior in Light of a Model’s Constraints
Authors: Gellén Kata , Buttelmann David
Published: January 2017

Rather than reenacting every action they observe, preverbal infants adapt their imitative behavior. Although previous studies have revealed the capability of preverbal infants to imitate selectively, the question about the adaptability of this behavior on an individual level did not attract considerable scientific attention until now. In the current study, we investigated whether 14-month-old infants flexibly alternate their imitative response in accordance with a model’s changing physical constraints in a body-part imitation paradigm. Participants were presented with two novel actions whereby a model illuminated a light-box and turned on a sound-box, either by using her forehead (head touch) or by sitting on the apparatus (sit-touch). Each participant observed these tasks in two conditions: once where the model’s hands were occupied and once where her hands were free while executing the head or sit-touch. Participants were more likely to reenact the observed novel behavior when the model had freely chosen to perform it than when she had to do so due to physical constraints. Not only did we replicate a number of previous findings, we show here that preverbal infants adapt their imitative behavior across conditions based on the physical constraints of the model. These results point towards the adaptable nature of imitative behavior also on an individual level. This ability might be one of the building blocks for children for learning their social group’s specific action repertoire.
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children Treated with Growth Hormone: A Follow-Up Study over Three Years
Authors: Rothermel Juliane , Knop Caroline , Lass Nina , Toschke Christina , Wunsch Rainer , Reinehr Thomas
Published: January 2017

Background: There is an ongoing discussion whether high doses of growth hormone (GH) may lead to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we studied the longitudinal relationships between GH treatment and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), which is predictive of the development of atherosclerosis. Methods: We measured blood pressure, lipids, hemoglobin HbA1c, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and cIMT in 28 children treated with supraphysiological doses of GH (mean age 9.8 ± 2.2 years, 39% males) and 36 children suffering from GH deficiency (GHD) and treated with physiological doses of GH (mean age 9.7 ± 2.2 years, 72% males) in a longitudinal study over 3 years. Results: The cIMT values did not change significantly in the observation period in children with GHD (Δmaximum and Δmean cIMT 0.0 ± 0.1 mm). The mean (+0.1 ± 0.1 mm) but not the maximum cIMT (0.0 ± 0.1 mm) increased significantly (p = 0.049) in the children treated with supraphysiological doses of GH. Blood pressure, lipids, and HbA1c were not related to cIMT, while IGF-1, IGFBP-3, body mass index expressed as a standard deviation score, and treatment duration correlated significantly with cIMT. Conclusions: We did not find any robust evidence that GH treatment is associated with changes in cIMT. Further studies are necessary to analyze the impact of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations on cIMT.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Adiponectin Gene Are Not Directly Associated with Increased Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in a Chinese Han Population
Authors: Wu Wenjuan , Li Zhijun , Tang Tingyu , Gu Liang , Du Jianzong , Zhao Tian , Zhou Xiaoxi , Huang Qingdong
Published: January 2017

Purpose: This study aims to test the possible correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene and increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in a Chinese Han population. Materials and Methods: A total of 266 subjects were enrolled into the study to detect 9 SNPs in the adiponectin gene. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for gender and age, was used to estimate the associations of these SNPs with OSAS risk. Results: No evidence of a direct association was observed between these SNPs and the risk of OSAS in the Chinese Han population. However, the stratified analysis also revealed a remarkable genotype difference for SNP rs6773957 between cases and controls in the overweight subgroup (p < 0.05). In addition, the allele or genotype distributions of rs12495941, rs182052, and rs16861205 had significant differences with regard to the severity of OSAS (p < 0.05). No differences were identified in the other subgroups. Conclusion: The current research demonstrated that the SNPs in the adiponectin gene did not represent susceptibility loci for OSAS in Chinese Han individuals overall. However, variants of rs6773957 have an association with OSAS in overweight individuals. In addition, polymorphisms of rs12495941, rs182052, and rs16861205 are associated with the severity of OSAS.
Consumo de energia, emissões de co2 e a geração de renda e emprego no agronegócio brasileiro: uma análise insumo–produto
Authors: Montoya Marco Antonio , Pasqual Cássia Aparecida , Lopes Ricardo Luis , Guilhoto Joaquim José Martins
Published: January 2017

O artigo avalia, na estrutura do agronegócio brasileiro, a renda, o emprego, o consumo setorial de energia e as emissões de CO2. Para isso, estima uma matriz energética com 56 setores consumidores compatíveis com os 56 setores apresentados pela MIP do Brasil para 2009, o que permite mensurar o agronegócio em unidades econômicas e físicas. Verificouse que o agronegócio brasileiro responde por 21,26% do PIB, por 31,93% dos empregos, por 34,72% do consumo de energia e, por 40,96% das emissões de CO2. Os indicadores físico-econômicos assinalam que a intensidade do consumo de energia e as emissões de CO2 no agronegócio são maiores que a média nacional, em particular, destaca a agroindústria como o agregado que proporcionalmente emite mais CO2 no país por unidade monetária, por trabalhador e por consumo de energia. Contudo, verificou-se que a Agroindústria utiliza energia “limpa” (eletricidade com 11,14%) e majoritariamente renovável (Produtos da cana, Outras fontes primárias e Lenha com 80,53%)
Brazilian’s structural change and economic performance: structuralist comments on macroeconomics policies
Authors: Morrone Henrique
Published: January 2017

Este estudo avalia o impacto das políticas macroeconômicas sobre o lado real da economia brasileira. Apresentamos um modelo estruturalista de crescimento com base em Rada (2007) para investigar o recente desempenho econômico do Brasil. A matriz de contabilidade social para o Brasil em 2006 serve de base para o modelo. Nós investigamos os efeitos de curto / médio prazo de quatro exercícios de simulação: um aumento no investimento autônomo (espíritos animais), um aumento nos salários formais, uma depreciação da taxa de câmbio, e um aumento do crescimento da produtividade do trabalho. Os resultados sugerem que a economia brasileira segue um regime de crescimento fracamente puxado pelos lucros. Nesse sentido, apenas políticas macroeconômicas que aumentam o investimento autônomo e a produtividade do trabalho podem estimular a economia
The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean
Authors: REID DAVID G.
Published: January 2017

The phylogeny of the genus Echinolittorina, and phylogeography of some of its members, have previously been examined using molecular data, so that species can now be defined by a combination of phylogenetic, morphological and geographical criteria. The 26 species recognized in the Indo-West Pacific biogeographical region form a monophyletic group, here defined as the subgenus Granulilittorina Habe & Kosuge, 1966. Morphological descriptions are provided for these 26 species, including details of shell, pigmentation of headfoot, reproductive anatomy, spermatozoa, egg capsules and radulae. Diagnoses include reference to mitochondrial gene sequences (COI). A key is based on shells, tentacle pigmentation, penial shape and geographical distribution. Seven new species are described: E. marisrubri, E. omanensis, E. austrotrochoides, E. marquesensis, E. wallaceana, E. tricincta, E. philippinensis. Three name changes are proposed: E. malaccana (Philippi, 1847) and E. cecillei (Philippi, 1851) are valid names for two members of the former ‘E. trochoides’ group; E. biangulata (von Martens, 1897) replaces ‘E. quadricincta’. Full synonymies are given for all taxa, and the taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological literature reviewed. Distribution maps are based on examination of 1701 samples and reliable literature records. The contrast between continental and oceanic distribution patterns is emphasized; one clade of five species and two additional species are shown to have an association with upwelling areas. All species are known (or predicted from protoconch size and oviduct anatomy) to have planktotrophic development, and rare extralimital records suggest a maximum open-water dispersal distance of 1000–2100 km. The most useful morphological characters for identification are the shell, penial shape and copulatory bursa in the pallial oviduct. Sister species can be morphologically similar, but are almost always entirely allopatric, so that distributional information is important for identification. Substantial intraspecific variation is present in the shell shape and sculpture of most species; where there is a pronounced geographical pattern this may have a genetic basis, but ecophenotypic effects are also implicated, e.g. by predictable associations in some species of strongly nodulose sculpture with limestone substrates and with dry habitats where growth rate may be slow. Morphological characters are superimposed on a molecular phylogeny to demonstrate the synapomorphies of clades. This is essentially a morphostatic radiation of largely allopatric species with little morphological differentiation; ecological divergence is limited to specialization to oceanic, continental or upwelling areas and to small differences in zonation level.
A new species of snapper (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) from Brazil, with comments on the distribution of Lutjanus griseus and L. apodus
Authors: MOURA RODRIGO L. , LINDEMAN KENYON C.
Published: January 2017

Snappers of the family Lutjanidae contain several of the most important reef-fishery species in the tropical western Atlantic. Despite their importance, substantial gaps exist for both systematic and ecological information, especially for the southwestern Atlantic. Recent collecting efforts along the coast of Brazil have resulted in the discovery of many new reef-fish species, including commercially important parrotfishes (Scaridae) and grunts (Haemulidae). Based on field collecting, museum specimens, and literature records, we describe a new species of snapper, Lutjanus alexandrei, which is apparently endemic to the Brazilian coast. The newly settled and early juvenile life stages are also described. This species is common in many Brazilian reef and coastal estuarine systems where it has been often misidentified as the gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus, or the schoolmaster, L. apodus. Identification of the new species cast doubt on prior distributional assumptions about the southern ranges of L. griseus and L. apodus, and subsequent field and museum work confirmed that those species are not reliably recorded in Brazil. The taxonomic status of two Brazilian species previously referred to Lutjanus, Bodianus aya and Genyoroge canina, is reviewed to determine the number of valid Lutjanus species occurring in Brazil. Twelve species of Lutjanus are now recognized in the western Atlantic, eight of which occur in Brazil (one endemic). A key for the identification of all western Atlantic Lutjanus species and their known distributional ranges is also provided.
Ulnar Styloid Base Fractures Cause Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability in a Cadaveric Model
Authors: Pidgeon Tyler S. , Crisco Joseph J. , Waryasz Gregory R. , Moore Douglas C. , DaSilva Manuel F.
Published: January 2017

Background: The deep portion of the distal radioulnar ligaments (DRUL) inserts on the ulnar fovea and is the most important stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). Ulnar styloid base fractures that include the ulnar fovea may cause DRUJ instability. Methods: DRUJ stability in pronosupination was evaluated in 12 fresh-frozen upper extremities (4 female) aged 52 to 68 years (mean: 58.8 years) using a custom fixture, which allowed free rotation of the radius around the fixed ulna. Optical motion capture was used to record rotation of the radius with respect to the ulna. Each specimen was subjected to 3 N m of torque in both supination and pronation under 4 conditions: intact, ulnar styloid osteotomy with disruption of the foveal insertion of the DRUL, ulnar styloid fixation, and DRUL transection. Group differences were compared using a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparison post hoc tests. Results: When compared with the intact condition, both ulnar styloid osteotomy and DRUL transection significantly increased mean pronation (by 9.40° and 15.21°, respectively) and supination (by 9.05° and 17.42°, respectively) of the forearm. Screw fixation only significantly reduced pronation compared with osteotomy (by 2.62°). Screw fixation did not significantly affect supination. Conclusions: Ulnar styloid fractures that disrupt the fovea cause instability of the DRUJ in pronation and supination under 3 N m of torque in a cadaveric model. Screw fixation of ulnar styloid base fractures achieves anatomic reduction; however, it only partially returns rotational stability acutely to the DRUJ and only during pronation.
Raise our voices on high
Authors: Allingham Sue
Published: January 2017

If recent news has told us anything, it is that uncertainty stalks policy, with the need to fight top-down pressure from badly researched, but very public, reports and their adherents, even greater than ever.
The problem with school readiness
Authors: Moylett Helen
Published: January 2017

School readiness as a concept has been around for a long time but has gained momentum in the last few years. Government ministers of all political persuasions like the sound of it. And why wouldn't they?
Powder paint is fantastic
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: January 2017

There seems to be a prevalence for ready mixed paints in today's nurseries and schools, and while there are good reasons, there are so many more learning opportunities if children need to mix them first.
Ploughing a daily furrow
Authors: Hammond Paula
Published: January 2017

Each family of the children in our settings will come from a culture with its own traditions and festivals, which can be interesting to explore, such as Plough Monday, a once popular UK celebration.
Current concepts in the management of irreparable rotator cuff tears
Authors: Javed Mustafa , Robertson Angus , Evans Richard
Published: January 2017

Irreparable rotator cuff tears can be painful and cause significant limitation of shoulder function. Treatment protocols have been proposed but there is no current gold standard for their management. This article summarizes the evidence for current practice in their treatment.
Basic concepts in kidney transplant immunology
Authors: Callus Roberta , Buttigieg Jesmar , Anastasi Andrei Agius , Halawa Ahmed
Published: January 2017

Advances in the field of immunohistocompatibility and immunogenetics have been crucial for improvements in kidney transplant outcomes. This review provides a practical outline of these important breakthroughs for the general physician, at a time when demand for kidney transplants is increasing.
Utopia and censorship: Iranian cinema at the crossroads of love, sex and tradition
Authors: Ganjavie Amir
Published: January 2017

Iranian censorship forbids depictions of unrelated men and women touching one another. Given this, western scholars generally view Iranian cinema as poor territory for exploring love, sex and desire, with some even suggesting that pornography and Iranian cinema are two contrasting entities. Granted, it is difficult to find a direct representation of love and sex in Iranian movies but this limitation does not mean that Iranian cinema is devoid of such topics. In fact, as Hamid Naficy and Shahla Haeri both argue, Iranian directors have proposed very sophisticated, complex and ingenious methods for discussing eroticism, love and passion in their movies. When faced with strict censorship and social and moral barriers, what methods have Iranian directors developed in order to address love, desire and passion? In what ways do these methods emancipate or emasculate Iranian artists in their quest to express love and eroticism? This article attempts to answer these questions, arguing that it makes little sense to say that any authoritative system with a system of hegemony could prevent its citizens from expressing this impulse in their works since the sexual instinct is life’s drive and only at the moment of death can humans deny its existence. What is essential, radical and utopian is to read the meaning of eroticism in Iranian cinema through the specific culture in which the drive has been developed and shaped.
Socially peripheral, symbolically central: Sima in Behrouz Afkhami’s Shokaran
Authors: Yaghoobi Claudia
Published: January 2017

Behrouz Afkhami’s Shokaran (Hemlock) (2000), produced by Howzeh Honari, set in 1995, depicts Mahmoud, a happily married man who finds himself stuck on the junction of religiosity and modernity. Mahmoud, who is religious-minded, becomes attracted to Sima, a widowed head nurse, and suggests that they contract sigheh. Mahmoud keeps his sigheh marriage a secret, and soon decides to end it, but Sima is pregnant. Sima threatens to ruin Mahmoud’s life, but realizes that she cannot do it. At the end of the film, Mahmoud is driving home with his wife when he realizes the road is blocked because of an accident. In Shokaran, Afkhami exposes a number of social problems, including sigheh marriage, and how religious regulations are used as a facade to justify social injustice. He sheds light on the double standards dominant in sigheh marriages. He dramatizes how the political becomes personal as individuals strive for morality. Through the character of Sima, Afkhami’s Shokaran reflects how the social and moral corruption of the time is mapped onto a woman’s body and how in order to eradicate social and moral corruption, a woman’s body has to be eradicated. Sima, who was desired and lusted after at the beginning, suddenly becomes despised and stigmatized. In this way, the socially peripheral Sima becomes symbolically central for she poses a serious threat to Mahmoud’s nekah marriage. Afkhami portrays a realistic treatment of love, sexuality and women through Sima’s body, which becomes the catalyst for a symbolic struggle between the social, religious and sexual forces.
Exhibition Review
Authors: Öztürk Onur
Published: January 2017

‘A COSMOPOLITAN CITY: MUSLIMS, CHRISTIANS, AND JEWS IN OLD CAIRO’, THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE, CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 17–SEPTEMBER 13, 2015
Professional perceptions among male and female journalists on the Horn of Africa: A quantitative study
Authors: Skjerdal Terje
Published: January 2017

The article discusses differences in professional perceptions among male and female journalists in Ethiopia, which is a country known for low scores on gender equality and limited women representation in the media. The approach is quantitative, involving a survey of 350 local journalists. The study observes gender differences in the monitoring and scrutinizing functions of the media, which are found to be more important for the male journalists, and in the entertainment and nation-building functions of the media, which are emphasized more by the women. Female journalists exhibit stricter ethical viewpoints than their male counterparts, whereas male journalists are somewhat more supportive of situational ethics and ethical risk-taking. However, the overall differences in professional perceptions are relatively minor, and a series of indicators did not detect any significant difference between the male and female journalists.
Reporting the Oscar Pistorius trial: A critical political economy reading of the mediation of the ‘trial of the century’
Authors: Chuma Wallace
Published: January 2017

The relationship between mainstream media and celebrities is intricate, mutually beneficial and sometimes mutually destructive. The essence of ‘celebrity culture’ is itself deeply rooted in the media. This article discusses the mediation of the Oscar Pistorius trial using the lens of critical political economy of media. A first in South Africa in many ways – including the live televization of court proceedings, the creation of a special dedicated TV channel for the coverage, the stratospheric viewership figures and the attendant commercial benefits for media houses, among other ‘firsts’ – the trial came to be characterized in some media as a ‘trial of the century’, or that South Africa itself was on trial. And yet, it could be argued that this was just another South African trial, whose coverage by the media, however, mirrored trends in the West, thanks in part to the country’s reintegration into the global political economy post-Apartheid, and in part to the developments in new media and communication technologies. What perhaps sets the trial apart, and therefore quite interesting for this article, is that the spotlight on this case did not pay sufficient attention to the overall context of violence in South Africa, especially violence among ordinary black people who do not make the headlines and especially violence that involves spousal killings. The trial presented both local and global media with a fleeting moment to hit it big in the context of declining media economics, and while its live televization may have played the pedagogical role of educating citizens about the intricacies of the Court system, the overall focus on the sensational, the drama and the individual outside of the broader context negated the media’s role.
Book Review
Authors: Dube Bevelyn
Published: January 2017

GENDER TERRAINS IN AFRICAN CINEMA, DOMINICA DIPIO (2014) Pretoria: Pretoria, 242 pp., ISBN: 9781868887354, p/bk, R320
Film Review
Authors: Solhjell Randi
Published: January 2017

CULTURAL HEALING FILMS, TAGHREED ELSANHOURI (2014) Khartoum/Sudan: Concordis International
Ethics, fan studies and Institutional Review Boards
Authors: Reid Robin Anne
Published: January 2017

This article relates the personal experiences of changes required when a scholar trained in text-based literary studies began engaging in scholarship on fanfiction after a return to active online fandom. The changes required considering ethical issues in scholarship and self-education in the requirements of American Institutional Review Boards. The importance of the work done by the Association of Internet Research (AOIR) and the discussions in fandom are cited as valuable resources in the process.
Materialist fantasies: The voice as objet petit a in digital games
Authors: Voorhees Gerald
Published: January 2017

This article takes its starting point from the materialist turn in game studies and, through an examination of the cultural implications of the movement from textual to aural dialogue in digital games, offers as supplement to psychoanalytic approaches already employed in game studies that turn on the embodied experience of gameplay and the materialization of bodies. The embodied practice of subvocalization that accompanies the act of reading is discussed, and several vital tenants of Lacanian psychoanalysis are introduced: the split subject; the Real, Imaginary and Symbolic registers; the mirror stage and its acoustic counterpart; imaginary and symbolic identification; fantasy; and the object voice. Lacanian psychoanalysis provides a critical frame revealing that aural representation of dialogue enables players to better identify as game characters, a narcissistic investment in the ideal subject of the game. Textual representation, reading and subvocalization of dialogue, on the other hand, better enable identification with the game itself, the very system that demands a certain subject. While no guarantee, this is a condition of possibility of confronting the underlying structure of fantasy that organizes all digital games, regardless of their thematic, mechanic and narrative particularities, and thus a condition of possibility for players to recognize how their gameplay is implicated in consumer capitalism. The article not only argues for the importance of games criticism considering this oft-overlooked aspect, but it also points to material experiences that are generalizable across populations of players.
Tribes: The Walk
Authors: Lotker Sodja Zupanc
Published: January 2017

This visual essay illustrates some of the curator’s basic ideas behind the Tribes project at the Prague Quadrennial of Performance Design and Space 2015. This project presented over 80 costume and mask projects over the course of 11 days in June 2015. Costumes were ‘exhibited’ on live performers in the centre of Prague, where the city performed the gallery of this exhibition. The Tribes was conceived mainly through an open call that invited professionals and students to propose their ‘tribes’. The tribe was to be defined as a minimum of three people, having the same or similar ‘dress code’ (costume, or fully body mask) and similar behaviour code.
Demographic transition and diversity: assuming Portuguese diversity
Authors: Leão Anabela Costa , Lourenço Diogo , Cadavez Pedro , Alberto Nádia
Published: January 2017

https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_15-1_3
Diffusion of power in Portugal: Limits to centralization in a context of decline of state power
Authors: Campos Manuel Fontaine , Ribeiro João Sérgio
Published: January 2017

https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_15-1_4
Insidens dan Faktor Risiko Hipotermia Akibat Memandikan pada Bayi Baru Lahir Cukup Bulan
Authors: Puspita Irma Rochima , Suradi Rulina , Munasir Zakiudin
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Mandi merupakan salah satu paparan dingin pada bayi baru lahiryang dapat menyebabkan hipotermia. Data mengenai insidens dan faktor risikohipotermia akibat memandikan bayi baru lahir di Puskesmas atau di rumah bersalinsampai saat ini belum ada. Hasil pengamatan awal yang dilakukan di sebuah Puskesmasdan sebuah rumah bersalin swasta didapatkan sebesar 50% bayi baru lahir mengalamihipotermia sesudah mandi.Tujuan Penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui insidens dan faktorrisiko hipotermia akibat memandikan pada bayi baru lahir cukup bulan setelahmendapatkan penyuluhan tentang hipotermia.Metoda. Penelitian ini adalah studi kohort prospektif pada bayi baru lahir cukup bulandan sehat yang dimandikan saat usia lebih dari 6 jam. Bayi dimandikan dengan caraseluruh tubuh bayi dibasahi dengan air hangat dan dibersihkan dengan sabun bayi,kemudian seluruh tubuh bayi dimasukkan ke dalam bak mandi. Suhu aksila tubuh diukurdengan termometer digital. Suhu ruangan diukur dengan termometer digital, suhu airmandi diukur dengan termometer air raksa dan lama mandi diukur dengan stopwatch.Sebelum penelitian berlangsung, kepada petugas kesehatan setempat telah diberikanpenyuluhan mengenai hipotermia dan persiapan mandi yang baik.Hasil. Subyek penelitian adalah 100 bayi terdiri dari 53 bayi lahir di Puskesmas dan 47 bayilahir di RB swasta. Insidens hipotermia di Puskesmas lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 49%dibandingkan dengan insidens di RB swasta sebesar 25,5% (RR 1,79; IK 95% 1,07; 3,00, p= 0,016). Insidens hipotermia pada bayi yang dimandikan pagi hari lebih sering (44%)dibandingkan dengan yang dimandikan sore hari (28%), namun secara statistik tidakbermakna (RR = 1,57; IK 95% = 0,88;2,79, p = 0,107). Faktor risiko hipotermia adalahsuhu aksila segera sebelum mandi (r = 0,73, p = 0,000) dan suhu air mandi (r = 0,73, p =0,008). Suhu aksila segera sebelum mandi dan suhu air mandi yang aman untuk memandikanbayi baru lahir berusia lebih dari 6 jam adalah berturut-turut 37,25°C dan 35°C.Kesimpulan. Terjadi penurunan insidens hipotermia setelah mendapatkan penyuluhan tentangpersiapan mandi yang baik, dari 50% pada awal pengamatan menjadi sebesar 49% di Puskesmasdan 25,5% di rumah bersalin swasta. Faktor risiko yang berkorelasi dengan hipotermia akibatmemandikan bayi cukup bulan lebih dari 6 jam sesudah lahir adalah suhu aksila segera sebelummandi dan suhu air mandi. Suhu aksila segera sebelum mandi dan suhu air mandi yang amanuntuk mencegah hipotermia adalah berturut-turut masing-masing 37,25°C dan 35°C.
Pemberian Bubur Formula Protein Hidrolisat dan Bubur Soya dalam Pencegahan Alergi Susu Sapi
Authors: Munasir Zakiudin , Siregar Sjawitri P , Nasar Sri S , Kurniati Nia
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Alergi susu sapi (ASS) sering merupakan penyakit alergi pertama padaseorang bayi. Upaya pencegahan terhadap alergi protein susu sapi berupa pencegahanprimer, sekunder atau tersier.Tujuan. Untuk membandingkan bubur yang mengandung protein susu sapi hidrolisisparsial dengan bubur yang mengandung isolat protein soya sebagai makanan pendampingpada bayi berisiko alergi tinggi terjadinya ASS.Metoda. Penelitian uji klinik acak buta ganda ini dilakukan pada bayi usia 4-6 bulanyang mempunyai bakat atopik dengan pemberian dua jenis bubur yaitu buburhipoalergenik dan bubur soya.Hasil. Didapatkan 84 bayi yang dapat dievaluasi sampai akhir penelitian, terdiri dari47 (56%) bayi laki-laki dan 37 (44%) bayi perempuan. Subyek dibagi menjadi kelompokbubur hipoalergenik (HA) 47 bayi (56%) dan kelompok bubur bubur soya 37 bayi(44%). Sebagian besar evaluasi skor gejala alergi menunjukkan hasil skor yang tidaktimbul atau skor yang menurun, yaitu masing-masing 39 bayi (46,4%) dan 36 bayi(42,9%). Pengukuran kadar IgE spesifik protein susu sapi pada awal dan akhir penelitiansebagian besar menunjukkan hasil negatif, yaitu masing-masing 62 bayi (86,1%) dan 43bayi (70,5%). Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara evaluasi skor gejala alergiantara kedua kelompok bubur, ataupun antara kadar IgE spesifik protein susu sapi padaakhir penelitian pada kedua kelompok bubur yang hanya menggunakan susuhipoalergenik atau ASI.Kesimpulan. Bubur protein soya yang dikombinasi dengan susu hipoalergenik atauASI mempunyai manfaat yang sama dengan bubur hipoalergenik dalam mencegahtimbulnya ASS. Kedua kelompok bubur juga dapat menghasilkan kenaikan berat badandan panjang badan yang sama.
Gambaran Darah Lengkap dan Profil Lipid pada Anak Sekolah Dasar dengan Obesitas di Denpasar
Authors: Mudita Ida Bagus
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Prevalensi obesitas meningkat baik di negara maju maupun negaraberkembang. Di Indonesia, prevalensi obesitas menunjukkan peningkatan baik diperkotaan maupun di pedesaan. Keadaan obesitas ini merupakan kondisi tubuh yangakan berdampak buruk pada kesehatan selanjutnya dan keadaan ini meningkatkan risikopenyakit kardiovaskular. Dislipidemi adalah kondisi yang mengikuti keadaan obesitasdengan terjadinya gangguan metabolisme lipid yang ditandai dengan perubahan absorbsilipid plasma.Tujuan. Mengetahui gambaran darah tepi dan profil lipid pada anak sekolah dasardengan obesitas di Denpasar, Bali.Metoda. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potong lintang. Pemilihan sampeldengan menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling yang dilakukan di 6 SekolahDasar yang dipilih secara random di Denpasar mulai Agustus sampai dengan Desember2004. Pengukuran darah dan profil lipid dilakukan satu kali pada anak sekolah dasardengan obesitas. Dikatakan obesitas bila indeks masa tubuh ³ persentil ke-95, dislipidemiabila kadar total kolesterol ³170 mg.dl dan/atau kadar LDL kolesterol ³110 mg/dl dan/atau kadar HDL kolesterol ³200 mg/dl, dan anemia bila kadar haemoglobin < 12 g/dlHasil. Didapatkan 140 (11,7%) anak obes, dari 1200 anak sekolah dasar. Prevalensidislipidemia berdasarkan salah satu dan/atau lebih indikator lipid serum didapatkan84,7%. Dislipidemi oleh karena peningkatan kolesterol total 60,6%, trigliserida 24,5%,LDL-kolesterol 47,9% dan HDL-kolesterol 73,4%. Tidak didapat adanya anemia padasemua subyek.Kesimpulan. Didapatkan prevalensi obesitas 11,7%, dislipidemia 84,7%, dan tidakdidapatkan anemia.
Storied Maps
Authors: Denil Mark
Published: January 2017

This paper will explore the relation between maps and stories by looking at how meaning is construed from informational artifacts, and, in particular, from maps. A formal interpretation model, derived from the work of Erwin Panofsky, is applied to examine how meaning is brought to the map. The core issue is whether maps really do tell stories, or if that glib platitude hides a more complex relationship that would be advantageous to understand.
Influence of FFL-13 Oil on PSA Staple Fiber Properties
Authors: Peng Haokai , Zheng Guo , Sun Yu , Wang Rui
Published: January 2017

With the aim of enabling the easy spinning of polysulfonamide (PSA) fibers, FFL-13 oil was successfully prepared. Specific resistance, the coefficient of friction, carding machine, electrostatic, cohesion, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analyses were conducted in this study. Results showed that increase in oil concentration, ambient temperature, and humidity induces decrease in PSA fiber-specific resistance and gradual increase in the antistatic property. Relatively high oil concentration and ambient humidity may cause fibers to become sticky and show increased roller winding. As oil concentration increased, fiber cohesion increased and fiber gliding properties showed an initial increase and subsequent decrease. The ideal oil concentration was determined to be 0.6%. This study proves that STM may effectively be used to determine the optimal oil concentration.
Equilibrium modeling of mono and binary sorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto chitosan gel beads
Authors: Nastaj Józef , Tuligłowicz Małgorzata , Witkiewicz Konrad
Published: January 2017

The objective of the work are in-depth experimental studies of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ion removal on chitosan gel beads from both one- and two-component water solutions at the temperature of 303 K. The optimal process conditions such as: pH value, dose of sorbent and contact time were determined. Based on the optimal process conditions, equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out. The maximum sorption capacities equaled: 191.25 mg/g and 142.88 mg/g for Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions respectively, when the sorbent dose was 10 g/L and the pH of a solution was 5.0 for both heavy metal ions. One-component sorption equilibrium data were successfully presented for six of the most useful three-parameter equilibrium models: Langmuir-Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Koble-Corrigan, Hill and Toth. Extended forms of Langmuir-Freundlich, Koble-Corrigan and Sips models were also well fitted to the two-component equilibrium data obtained for different ratios of concentrations of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). Experimental sorption data were described by two kinetic models of the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, an attempt to explain the mechanisms of the divalent metal ion sorption process on chitosan gel beads was undertaken.