bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A linguistic stylistic study of Wole Soyinka’s Night and Death in the Dawn
Authors: Udeze Nneoma , Udeze Chinenye , Orji Dereck-M.A.
Published: February 2018

Linguistic stylistics explores the linguistic features of a text; it is primarily concerned with the use of language and its effect in a text. This study is aimed at analyzing the language structure/system of Wole Soyinka’s ‘Night’ and ‘Death in the Dawn’ to render a linguistic description, that is, identifying the linguistic deviant features of Soyinka’s poems and describing how they deviated from the known rules to create effect. Some aspects of Niazi & Gautam’s (2010) framework, as well as Onwukwe’s (2012) concept of foregrounded irregularities at the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels were adopted in the analysis of the data collected from a selection of deviant words and structures in the poems. Findings reveal that the syntactic level has the most deviant structures while the lexical level has the least deviant lexemes and that the language system of Wole Soyinka’s poems deviated in ways that make words: violate the class to which they originally belong, inflect words which do not require inflections, create compounds not seen in the lexicon of the language, make structures violate the selectional restriction and category rule and give rise to figurative language. In conclusion, the choice of words in a literary work is very important as it creates certain effects on the readers of that work which is what Soyinka accomplished by deviating from the known linguistic norms. This research hopes to contribute to the understanding of Soyinka’s poems and serve as a  reference point for scholars who wish to carry out a similar research.
Determinación de componentes conexas en el análisis de zonas homogéneas y de detalle en imágenes a color
Authors: Pérez-Benito Cristina , Morillas Samuel , Jordán Critina , Conejero J. Alberto
Published: February 2018

Presentamos un modelo basado en grafos locales para clasificar los píxeles atendiendo a si pertenecen a zonas homogéneas o a zonas de detalle de una imagen. Para cada píxel se define un grafo cuya estructura dependerá de la similitud entre los píxeles adyacentes. Sus características permiten clasificar cada píxel de la imagen como perteneciente a un tipo de zona u a otra. Esta clasificación constituye un pre-procesado de la imagen primordial para múltiples ramas de Visión Artificial, como puede ser el suavizado o el realce de imágenes digitales.
Aprendizaje orientado a la programación en economía, negocios y finanzas
Authors: Salas-Molina Francisco , Pla-Santamaria David
Published: February 2018

La evolución entre la relación entre los estudiantes (profesores) y la tecnología de la información, requiere nuevas herramientas para mejorar el aprendizaje (enseñanza) en las ciencias sociales. La economía, los negocios y las finanzas se basan principalmente en los datos y el tratamiento de los datos requiere habilidades y técnicas específicas, como la programación informática, para aprovechar al máximo el potencial de la mayoría de los modelos cuantitativos. En este documento, proponemos un método de aprendizaje orientado a la programación basado en Python Notebooks, que está diseñado específicamente para estudiantes de títulos en economía, negocios y finanzas. Nuestra estrategia de aprendizaje es eminentemente práctica motivando a los estudiantes a implementar modelos económicos como una forma adecuada de mejorar la comprensión de los conceptos fundamentales. Como ejemplo ilustrativo, también describimos un estudio de caso en el que Python Notebooks es la herramienta clave para enseñar gestión de efectivo en un programa de Máster en Administración de Empresas. Dado que los estudiantes de hoy son los que toman las decisiones del mañana, una ventaja adicional del uso de un lenguaje de programación como herramienta de enseñanza es la posibilidad de conectar la teoría con la práctica al permitir a los estudiantes implementar sus propias herramientas de apoyo a la decisión.
The protectionist’s progress: year 1
Authors: Dadush Uri
Published: February 2018

President Trump’s actions on trade have not quite matched his rhetoric, but the worst may be to come. Though the political opposition to his protectionism is formidable, so are his conviction and determination and he possesses a wide array of instruments to pursue his goals. The trade doctrine he has espoused makes for trade policy instability both at home and abroad. It may lead to a large deterioration in the operating environment of international business. America’s trade-dependent industries and her trading partners should not wait. They need to anticipate and deter the administration’s actions. Policies must be adjusted to minimize the damage to world trade.
Effects of NOx and SO2 on the secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of α-pinene and limonene
Authors: Zhao Defeng , Schmitt Sebastian H. , Wang Mingjin , Acir Ismail-Hakki , Tillmann Ralf , Tan Zhaofeng , Novelli Anna , Fuchs Hendrik , Pullinen Iida , Wegener Robert , Rohrer Franz , Wildt Jürgen , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Wahner Andreas , Mentel Thomas F.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions such as NOx and SO2 influence the biogenic
secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but detailed mechanisms and
effects are still elusive. We studied the effects of NOx and SO2 on
the SOA formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene and limonene at
ambient relevant NOx and SO2 concentrations (NOx: < 1to 20 ppb, SO2: < 0.05 to 15 ppb). In these experiments,
monoterpene oxidation was dominated by OH oxidation. We found that SO2
induced nucleation and enhanced SOA mass formation. NOx strongly
suppressed not only new particle formation but also SOA mass yield. However,
in the presence of SO2 which induced a high number concentration of
particles after oxidation to H2SO4, the suppression of the mass
yield of SOA by NOx was completely or partly compensated for. This indicates
that the suppression of SOA yield by NOx was largely due to the
suppressed new particle formation, leading to a lack of particle surface for
the organics to condense on and thus a significant influence of vapor wall
loss on SOA mass yield. By compensating for the suppressing effect on
nucleation of NOx, SO2 also compensated for the suppressing effect
on SOA yield. Aerosol mass spectrometer data show that increasing NOx
enhanced nitrate formation. The majority of the nitrate was organic nitrate
(57–77 %), even in low-NOx conditions (< ∼ 1 ppb). Organic nitrate contributed 7–26 % of total organics assuming a
molecular weight of 200 g mol−1. SOA from α-pinene photooxidation at
high NOx had a generally lower hydrogen to carbon ratio (H ∕ C), compared to
low NOx. The NOx dependence of the chemical composition can be
attributed to the NOx dependence of the branching ratio of the RO2
loss reactions, leading to a lower fraction of organic hydroperoxides and
higher fractions of organic nitrates at high NOx. While NOx
suppressed new particle formation and SOA mass formation, SO2 can
compensate for such effects, and the combining effect of SO2 and
NOx may have an important influence on SOA formation affected by
interactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with anthropogenic
emissions.
Maxwell–Stefan diffusion: a framework for predicting condensed phase diffusion and phase separation in atmospheric aerosol
Authors: Fowler Kathryn , Connolly Paul J. , Topping David O. , O'Meara Simon
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The composition of atmospheric aerosol particles has been found to influence
their micro-physical properties and their interaction with water vapour in
the atmosphere. Core–shell models have been used to investigate the
relationship between composition, viscosity and equilibration timescales.
These models have traditionally relied on the Fickian laws of diffusion with
no explicit account of non-ideal interactions. We introduce the
Maxwell–Stefan diffusion framework as an alternative method, which explicitly
accounts for non-ideal interactions through activity coefficients. e-folding
time is the time it takes for the difference in surface and bulk
concentration to change by an exponential factor and was used to investigate
the interplay between viscosity and solubility and the effect this has on
equilibration timescales within individual aerosol particles. The e-folding
time was estimated after instantaneous increases in relative humidity to
binary systems of water and an organic component. At low water mole
fractions, viscous effects were found to dominate mixing. However, at high
water mole fractions, equilibration times were more sensitive to a range in
solubility, shown through the greater variation in e-folding times. This is
the first time the Maxwell–Stefan framework has been applied to an
atmospheric aerosol core–shell model and shows that there is a complex
interplay between the viscous and solubility effects on aerosol composition
that requires further investigation.
The Arctic picoeukaryote Micromonas pusilla benefits
synergistically from warming and ocean acidification
Authors: Hoppe Clara J. M. , Flintrop Clara M. , Rost Björn
Published: February 2018

Abstract. In the Arctic Ocean, climate change effects such as warming and ocean acidification (OA) are manifesting faster than in other regions. Yet, we are lacking a mechanistic understanding of the interactive effects of these drivers on Arctic primary producers. In the current study, one of the most abundant species of the Arctic Ocean, the prasinophyte Micromonas pusilla, was exposed to a range of different pCO2 levels at two temperatures representing realistic scenarios for current and future conditions. We observed that warming and OA synergistically increased growth rates at intermediate to high pCO2 levels. Furthermore, elevated temperatures shifted the pCO2-optimum of biomass production to higher levels. Based on changes in cellular composition and photophysiology, we hypothesise that the observed synergies can be explained by beneficial effects of warming on carbon fixation in combination with facilitated carbon acquisition under OA. Our findings help to understand the higher abundances of picoeukaryotes such as M. pusilla under OA, as has been observed in many mesocosm studies.
ORCHIDEE-PEAT (revision 4596), a model for northern peatland CO2, water, and energy fluxes on daily to annual scales
Authors: Qiu Chunjing , Zhu Dan , Ciais Philippe , Guenet Bertrand , Krinner Gerhard , Peng Shushi , Aurela Mika , Bernhofer Christian , Brümmer Christian , Bret-Harte Syndonia , Chu Housen , Chen Jiquan , Desai Ankur R. , Dušek Jiří , Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Fortuniak Krzysztof , Flanagan Lawrence B. , Friborg Thomas , Grygoruk Mateusz , Gogo Sébastien , Grünwald Thomas , Hansen Birger U. , Holl David , Humphreys Elyn , Hurkuck Miriam , Kiely Gerard , Klatt Janina , Kutzbach Lars , Largeron Chloé , Laggoun-Défarge Fatima , Lund Magnus , Lafleur Peter M. , Li Xuefei , Mammarella Ivan , Merbold Lutz , Nilsson Mats B. , Olejnik Janusz , Ottosson-Löfvenius Mikaell , Oechel Walter , Parmentier Frans-Jan W. , Peichl Matthias , Pirk Norbert , Peltola Olli , Pawlak Włodzimierz , Rasse Daniel , Rinne Janne , Shaver Gaius , Schmid Hans Peter , Sottocornola Matteo , Steinbrecher Rainer , Sachs Torsten , Urbaniak Marek , Zona Donatella , Ziemblinska Klaudia
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Peatlands store substantial amounts of carbon and are vulnerable to climate change. We present a modified version of the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model for simulating the hydrology, surface energy, and CO2 fluxes of peatlands on daily to annual timescales. The model includes a separate soil tile in each 0.5° grid cell, defined from a global peatland map and identified with peat-specific soil hydraulic properties. Runoff from non-peat vegetation within a grid cell containing a fraction of peat is routed to this peat soil tile, which maintains shallow water tables. The water table position separates oxic from anoxic decomposition. The model was evaluated against eddy-covariance (EC) observations from 30 northern peatland sites, with the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) being optimized at each site. Regarding short-term day-to-day variations, the model performance was good for gross primary production (GPP) (r2 =  0.76; Nash–Sutcliffe modeling efficiency, MEF  =  0.76) and ecosystem respiration (ER, r2 =  0.78, MEF  =  0.75), with lesser accuracy for latent heat fluxes (LE, r2 =  0.42, MEF  =  0.14) and and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE, r2 =  0.38, MEF  =  0.26). Seasonal variations in GPP, ER, NEE, and energy fluxes on monthly scales showed moderate to high r2 values (0.57–0.86). For spatial across-site gradients of annual mean GPP, ER, NEE, and LE, r2 values of 0.93, 0.89, 0.27, and 0.71 were achieved, respectively. Water table (WT) variation was not well predicted (r2 < 0.1), likely due to the uncertain water input to the peat from surrounding areas. However, the poor performance of WT simulation did not greatly affect predictions of ER and NEE. We found a significant relationship between optimized Vcmax and latitude (temperature), which better reflects the spatial gradients of annual NEE than using an average Vcmax value.
Bayesian inference of earthquake rupture models using polynomial
chaos expansion
Authors: Cruz-Jiménez Hugo , Li Guotu , Mai Paul Martin , Hoteit Ibrahim , Knio Omar M.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. In this paper we employed polynomial chaos (PC) expansions to understand earthquake rupture model responses to random fault plane properties. A sensitivity analysis based on our PC surrogate model suggests that the hypocenter location plays a dominant role in peak ground velocity (PGV) responses, while elliptical patch properties only show secondary impact. In addition, the PC surrogate model is utilized for Bayesian inference of the most likely underlying fault plane configuration in light of a set of PGV observations from a ground motion prediction equation (GMPE). A restricted sampling approach is also developed to incorporate additional physical constraints on the fault plane configuration, and to increase the sampling efficiency.
An inversion of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentrations based on the air quality index (AQI) during dust prone periods in Hotan oasis, Sinkiang
Authors: Chunyan Ju , Zili Zhang , Xu Zhou , Qing He
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Ambient air pollution has been implicated as a major environmental problem in Urban development process. The objective of this publication is to analyse deeply the correlation coefficient of PM2.5 and AOD and aerosol optical depth (AOD). Surface PM2.5 observation data and AOD were investigated from March to June in 2015 and 2016. Hourly PM2.5 data are sampled from air quality monitoring stations in Hotan oasis. The AOD data are derived from Terra and Aqua at 10 km resolution. The satellite passed the area at about 13:30 AM and 15:30 PM，respectively．By using the matched PM2.5 and AOD data，the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics are discussed, and the correlation coefficient of PM2.5 versus AOD are estimated. The results show that PM2.5 mass concentration and AOD vary greatly in different pollution weather. This phenomenon may be associated with data collection time, and other meteorological factors. Regression analysis based on typical air pollution show subsection fitting effect is relatively good choice, and regression is relatively well in Hazardous and serious pollution weather. Fitting analysis is good for PM2.5 in different level of air pollution, and sources and pollutants transmission have difference.
How serious a problem is subsoil compaction in the Netherlands? A survey based on probability sampling
Authors: Brus Dick J. , van den Akker Jan J. H.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Although soil compaction is widely recognized as a soil threat to soil
resources, reliable estimates of the acreage of overcompacted soil and
of the level of soil compaction parameters are not available. In the
Netherlands data on subsoil compaction were collected at 128 locations
selected by stratified random sampling. A map showing the risk of
subsoil compaction in five classes was used for
stratification. Measurements of bulk density, porosity, clay content
and organic matter content were used to compute the relative bulk
density and relative porosity, both expressed as a fraction of
a threshold value. A subsoil was classified as overcompacted if either
the relative bulk density exceeded 1 or the relative porosity was below
1. The sample data were used to estimate the means of the two subsoil
compaction parameters and the overcompacted areal fraction. The
estimated global means of relative bulk density and relative porosity
were 0.946 and 1.090, respectively. The estimated areal fraction of
the Netherlands with overcompacted subsoils was 43 %. The
estimates per risk map unit showed two groups of map units: a “low-risk ” group (units 1 and 2, covering only 4.6 % of the total
area) and a “high-risk” group (units 3, 4 and 5). The estimated areal
fraction of overcompacted subsoil was 0 % in the low-risk
unit and 47 % in the high-risk unit. The map contains no
information about where overcompacted subsoils occur. This was caused
by the poor association of the risk map units 3, 4 and 5 with the
subsoil compaction parameters and subsoil overcompaction. This can be
explained by the lack of time for recuperation.
Comparative Analysis of Underdeveloped Tourism Destinations' Choice of Cooperation Modes: A Tourism Supply-Chain Model
Authors: Dong Junfeng , Shi Ye , Liang Liang , Wu Huaqing
Published: February 2018

Many underdeveloped tourism destinations have to cooperate with other enterprises in the tourism industry to expand their tourism development. In practice, the choice of proper cooperation modes is a common issue for decision makers of underdeveloped destinations. To provide some insights into this issue, the authors propose a tourism supply-chain model consisting of one tour operator and two tourism destinations, one underdeveloped and one more mature. Unlike previous studies, in this model the mature tourism destination instead of the tour operator takes central place. Under different cooperation modes, the authors first analyse the equilibrium solutions and profits of all members of the decentralized decision-making situation. Then the quantity discount contract is used to coordinate the tourism supply chain and achieve reasonable profit allocation. Based on one numerical example, a comparison of the different cooperation modes is presented and recommendations are provided for the development of underdeveloped tourism destinations.
Contingent valuation of scenic lakes
Authors: Kumakawa Takehisa
Published: February 2018

This note aims to demonstrate an effect of environmental concerns and other-regarding preferences on individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental goods. We investigate the hypothesis that these important attributes are closely related to WTP. The results show that both pro-social behavior and trust, as represented by psychological scale measurements, have significant positive impacts on WTP: the more pro-social and trusting people are, the more willing they are to support the preservation of scenic lake landscapes. In contrast, environmental awareness, represented by an environmental issues test score, has little influence on WTP.
The Global Single and Regulated Market Framework of Financial Products and the International Economic Policies: Mathematical Approach of the Model
Authors: Panagopoulos Athanasios G. , Chatzigagios Thomas , Dokas Ioannis
Published: February 2018

This research paper examines whether and how much the regulations through the Community Directives and Regulations at European level as well as the laws which govern Money and Capital Markets in the United States helped, strengthened, protected the international financial system, if other markets were developed by moving transactions and if they contributed to the change of the world economic circles. The investigation of the impact on investors and national jurisdictions, namely, whether they are protected and whether all the factors in the system are affected, has concluded that the realization of a actually international single regulatory framework for all financial products is far away from reaching its ultimate and realistic achievement. However, the theoretical existence of a unified regulated market framework and model of organized markets, as long as, with a set of regulatory, organizational and economic policies that will shield it up to the point of a balanced regulation, offering equal information to the participants, with less transaction costs and thus increased transparency, liquidity and reducing market abuse cases and manipulation, is proved as feasible and can be implemented.
Metacognitive Scaffolding in Reading Comprehension: Classroom Observations Reveal Strategies to Overcome Reading Obstacles of Engineering Students at QUEST, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Channa Mansoor Ahmed , Nordin Zaimuariffudin Shukri , Abassi Abdul Malik
Published: February 2018

This study aimed at investigating the development of reading comprehension of engineering students through metacognitive strategies and scaffolding. This study used 12 classroom observations in four engineering departments of one public university in Pakistan. The researcher observed 3 classes in each department at the time of read-aloud sessions. The class in each department was comprised on minimum 55 students and maximum 75 students. The researcher himself conducted all the 12 observations to maintain reliability without interfere of the complete teaching method. Teacher in each class was introduced by the observer and his aim to come in the first observation session. The observer sat at the back of every classroom and noted all instructional practices carefully on the field-notes based on teachers using metacognitive strategies to support students in terms of reading comprehension instructions. This study revealed the promising results based on metacognitive scaffolding and strategies as the most important tools for engineering students and language teachers to use for the development of reading and comprehension.
Arab EFL Learners’ Identification of English Sentence Patterns
Authors: Alhussain Aisha M.
Published: February 2018

The article investigated if a significant relationship existed between Arab EFL learners’ and the English sentence pattern identified. The participants were 64 third-year college students studying in the Department of Linguistics at Princess Nourah University, Saudi Arabia. They were assigned 28 literary texts and asked to derive examples for each of the nine sentence patterns listed in Stageberg (1981). An ANOVA test at alpha level P  0.05 and a post hoc test were used to analyze data. The findings of the study showed a highly significant result at p  between participants’ performance and the pattern identified. Seven levels of difficulty were identified, where Pattern 1 was the easiest and Pattern 8 was the most difficult. The main components of each English sentence pattern were also investigated to find possible sources of difficulty, such as the use of the copula; transitive, intransitive, and ditransitive verbs; dative case; and double object structure. The denoting of referents, dative case, and double object structures were found to be the main sources of difficulty.
Precedent Onyms in Religious Phraseological Units in the Spanish Language (On the Transition from the Phraseological Units with Precedent Onyms to the Precedent Phenomenon)
Authors: Mirzababa Aliyeva Rena
Published: February 2018

The article deals with the matter of precedent onyms in religios phraseological units in the Spanish language. The task of the given article is to look through the samples on the given phenomenon.Religious phraseological units in the Spanish language are analyzed from lexical and componential points of view.The linguistic or the semantic aspect of cognitivism, i.e. the mental identity of a native speaker can be distinctly observed in the phraseological units of the Spanish language. So, the evaluation of religious phraseological units of the Spanish language from the prism of new analysis of cognitive semantics suggests that native speakers enjoy the privilege of transmitting information through certain word-codes and very often there is a certain parallelism, more precisely, commonness with cognate languages, particularly, with the languages of peoples of the same religion.The religious phraseological units have meanings different from their initial semantic capacity due to the semantic extension in the succeeding phrases, and these meanings are consistent with linguo-pragmatic condition of the media discourse in which a religious phraseological unit is practiced.In the Spanish political, economic and media discourse, the religious phraseological units such as El Festín de Baltasar have gained additional connotations through semantic reassessment, and it is possible to conclude that this connotation has not only situational and contextual essence but also has acquired wide and general usage rather than occasional.
Politics of Immigration and Language: The Case of Pakistani Residents in Spain
Authors: García María Isabel Maldonado
Published: February 2018

The new Spanish nationality law requires a certain level of Spanish language proficiency for the application of Spanish nationality. The law, which is on the Official State Bulletin (BOE-Boletin Oficial del Estado) N. 167, Section I, Page 58, 149 and which was drafted on the 14th of July, 2015, came in effect on the 15th of October, 2015. The new regulation outlined the new requirements for the immigrants to be able to become Spanish citizens. The law was mainly targeted towards the descendants of those Jewish people who were thrown out of Spain in 1492 in an effort of the Spanish government to normalize relations. Nevertheless, all new applicants are somehow affected by it since a minimum knowledge of Spanish language is required, (level DELE A2 according to the Common European Framework of Reference for languages (CEF; Council of Europe, 2001 & Little (2005)) and a certain cultural and constitutional knowledge as well, to be measured by additionally passing the CCSE exam. These exams, according to the law, are to be administered by Instituto Cervantes, the official Institute of Spanish language of the Government of Spain. This paper aims to study the repercussions and new effects the law is having on the Pakistan Instituto Cervantes Examination Center in terms of enrollments as well as the effects on a specific group of immigrants themselves; the immigrants from Pakistan.
Improving Reading Comprehension of First Year Engineering Students: A Quantitative Study at QUEST, Nawabshah, Pakistan
Authors: Channa Mansoor Ahmed , Nordin Zaimuariffudin Shukri , Abassi Abdul Malik
Published: February 2018

This paper reports the results of the research conducted to explore whether students learn reading comprehension more successfully using the different approaches based on strategies in reading texts. The study was conducted at QUEST, in Pakistan and the respondents were selected from four engineering departments. Data was collected through a set of questionnaire used as the qualitative instrument among 311 respondents. However, Questionnaire data was analyzed by using SPSS 17. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze research variables for producing the Percentages, Mean and Standard Deviation of the data. The findings of this study reported that this research investigated 18 categories of reading comprehension. The highest mean score in reading comprehension was for “read aloud practices” category (=2.40) rated by all respondents; while the mean score for “asking questions before, during, and after reading” (= 1.48) was the lowest. However, no category of reading comprehension fell into low level of usage. In short, results, discussion and recommendations are presented for developing effective reading strategies to design syllabus for the engineering students to improve their reading proficiency.
The Impact of Structured Input and Consciousness Raising Tasks on the Acquisition of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge of EFL Learners
Authors: Zereshki Forouzan , Rezaie Ghafour
Published: February 2018

During the past decades, the distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge and how they could be developed through instruction have always been controversial issues for cognitive psychologists and second language acquisition (SLA) researchers. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of two different input-based tasks (Structured Input and Consciousness Raising) on the acquisition of implicit and explicit knowledge of English active causative structure by EFL learners. Seventy three female English language learners participated in this study. Participants were divided into two experimental groups, one was provided with structured input activities and the other with consciousness raising activities. The participants’ implicit and explicit knowledge of the target structure was assessed through Timed Grammaticality Judgment and Untimed Grammaticality Judgment respectively before and after the treatment. The results of Paired and Independent Samples t-test analyses revealed that both C-R tasks and SI tasks resulted in the acquisition of both implicit and explicit knowledge, with C-R having more significant impact on the explicit knowledge. The findings provided indirect positive support for the interface hypothesis.
The Sociolinguistic Significance of the Attitudes towards Code-Switching in Saudi Arabia Academia
Authors: Omar Abdulfattah , Ilyas Mohammed
Published: February 2018

Code-switching between Arabic and English marks a significant linguistic change in the history and use of Arabic in Saudi Arabia. Any kind of language change, which is an inevitable process in almost every world language, has always been resisted in Saudi Arabia mostly due to a national identity and religious factors. The current study investigated the attitude of the Saudi academia comprising English language instructors and English major students towards code-switching between Arabic and English. The study examined the perceptions of the academia towards the use of varying languages and the attitude that resulted from a perception. A sample size of 10 instructors and 40 students from four universities in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia was taken for the purpose of carrying out this qualitative study. Focus Group and interview methods were used to collect data and a content analysis technique was adopted to analyze their transcripts. Findings and Results indicated that there was a close relationship between education and age on one side and the acceptability of code-switching on the other. Positive attitudes towards code-switching were found among the younger participants in their tertiary level of education. The results also revealed that such an attitude affected learners' academic performance since the learners attitude towards each language contributed to their learning and knowledge acquisition.
TRAIN (Transcription of Repeats Activates INterferon) in response to chromatin destabilization induced by small molecules in mammalian cells
Authors: Leonova Katerina , Safina Alfiya , Nesher Elimelech , Sandlesh Poorva , Pratt Rachel , Burkhart Catherine , Lipchick Brittany , Gitlin Ilya , Frangou Costakis , Koman Igor , Wang Jianmin , Kirsanov Kirill , Yakubovskaya Marianna G , Gudkov Andrei V , Gurova Katerina
Published: February 2018

Cellular responses to the loss of genomic stability are well-established, while how mammalian cells respond to chromatin destabilization is largely unknown. We previously found that DNA demethylation on p53-deficient background leads to transcription of repetitive heterochromatin elements, followed by an interferon response, a phenomenon we named TRAIN (Transcription of Repeats Activates INterferon). Here, we report that curaxin, an anticancer small molecule, destabilizing nucleosomes via disruption of histone/DNA interactions, also induces TRAIN. Furthermore, curaxin inhibits oncogene-induced transformation and tumor growth in mice in an interferon-dependent manner, suggesting that anticancer activity of curaxin, previously attributed to p53-activation and NF-kappaB-inhibition, may also involve induction of interferon response to epigenetic derepression of the cellular ‘repeatome’. Moreover, we observed that another type of drugs decondensing chromatin, HDAC inhibitor, also induces TRAIN. Thus, we proposed that TRAIN may be one of the mechanisms ensuring epigenetic integrity of mammalian cells via elimination of cells with desilenced chromatin.
Relative evolutionary rate inference in HyPhy with LEISR
Authors: Spielman Stephanie J. , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L.
Published: February 2018

We introduce LEISR (Likehood Estimation of Individual Site Rates, pronounced “laser”), a tool to infer relative evolutionary rates from protein and nucleotide data, implemented in HyPhy. LEISR is based on the popular Rate4Site (Pupko et al., 2002) approach for inferring relative site-wise evolutionary rates, primarily from protein data. We extend the original method for more general use in several key ways: (i) we increase the support for nucleotide data with additional models, (ii) we allow for datasets of arbitrary size, (iii) we support analysis of site-partitioned datasets to correct for the presence of recombination breakpoints, (iv) we produce rate estimates at all sites rather than at just a subset of sites, and (v) we implemented LEISR as MPI-enabled to support rapid, high-throughput analysis. LEISR is available in HyPhy starting with version 2.3.8, and it is accessible as an option in the HyPhy analysis menu (“Relative evolutionary rate inference”), which calls the HyPhy batchfile LEISR.bf.
Complex versus simple models: ion-channel cardiac toxicity prediction
Authors: Mistry Hitesh B.
Published: February 2018

There is growing interest in applying detailed mathematical models of the heart for ion-channel related cardiac toxicity prediction. However, a debate as to whether such complex models are required exists. Here an assessment in the predictive performance between two established large-scale biophysical cardiac models and a simple linear modelBnetwas conducted. Three ion-channel data-sets were extracted from literature. Each compound was designated a cardiac risk category using two different classification schemes based on information within CredibleMeds. The predictive performance of each model within each data-set for each classification scheme was assessed via a leave-one-out cross validation. Overall theBnetmodel performed equally as well as the leading cardiac models in two of the data-sets and outperformed both cardiac models on the latest. These results highlight the importance of benchmarking complex versus simple models but also encourage the development of simple models.
Near‐Bed Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budget Under a Large‐Scale Plunging Breaking Wave Over a Fixed Bar
Authors: van der Zanden Joep , van der A Dominic A. , Cáceres Iván , Hurther David , McLelland Stuart J. , Ribberink Jan S. , O'Donoghue Tom
Published: February 2018

Hydrodynamics under regular plunging breaking waves over a fixed breaker bar were studied in a large‐scale wave flume. A previous paper reported on the outer flow hydrodynamics; the present paper focuses on the turbulence dynamics near the bed (up to 0.10 m from the bed). Velocities were measured with high spatial and temporal resolution using a two component laser Doppler anemometer. The results show that even at close distance from the bed (1 mm), the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) increases by a factor five between the shoaling, and breaking regions because of invasion of wave breaking turbulence. The sign and phase behavior of the time‐dependent Reynolds shear stresses at elevations up to approximately 0.02 m from the bed (roughly twice the elevation of the boundary layer overshoot) are mainly controlled by local bed‐shear‐generated turbulence, but at higher elevations Reynolds stresses are controlled by wave breaking turbulence. The measurements are subsequently analyzed to investigate the TKE budget at wave‐averaged and intrawave time scales. Horizontal and vertical turbulence advection, production, and dissipation are the major terms. A two‐dimensional wave‐averaged circulation drives advection of wave breaking turbulence through the near‐bed layer, resulting in a net downward influx in the bar trough region, followed by seaward advection along the bar's shoreward slope, and an upward outflux above the bar crest. The strongly nonuniform flow across the bar combined with the presence of anisotropic turbulence enhances turbulent production rates near the bed.
Lasting Impact of a Tsunami Event on Sediment‐Organism Interactions in the Ocean
Authors: Seike Koji , Sassa Shinji , Shirai Kotaro , Kubota Kaoru
Published: February 2018

Although tsunami sedimentation is a short‐term phenomenon, it may control the long‐term benthic environment by altering seafloor surface characteristics such as topography and grain‐size composition. By analyzing sediment cores, we investigated the long‐term effect of the 2011 tsunami generated by the Tohoku Earthquake off the Pacific coast of Japan on sediment mixing (bioturbation) by an important ecosystem engineer, the heart urchin Echinocardium cordatum. Recent tsunami deposits allow accurate estimation of the depth of current bioturbation by E. cordatum, because there are no preexisting burrows in the sediments. The in situ hardness of the substrate decreased significantly with increasing abundance of E. cordatum, suggesting that echinoid bioturbation softens the seafloor sediment. Sediment‐core analysis revealed that this echinoid rarely burrows into the coarser‐grained (medium‐grained to coarse‐grained) sandy layer deposited by the 2011 tsunami; thus, the vertical grain‐size distribution resulting from tsunami sedimentation controls the depth of E. cordatum bioturbation. As sandy tsunami layers are preserved in the seafloor substrate, their restriction on bioturbation continues for an extended period. The results demonstrate that understanding the effects on seafloor processes of extreme natural events that occur on geological timescales, including tsunami events, is important in revealing continuing interactions between seafloor sediments and marine benthic invertebrates.
Noise Characteristics of High‐Rate Multi‐GNSS for Subdaily Crustal Deformation Monitoring
Authors: Geng Jianghui , Pan Yuanxin , Li Xiaotao , Guo Jiang , Liu Jingnan , Chen Xianchun , Zhang Yong
Published: February 2018

High‐rate GPS (Global Positioning System) has the potential to record crustal motions on a wide subdaily timescale from seconds to hours but usually fails to capture subtle deformations which are often overwhelmed by the centimeter noise of epoch‐wise GPS displacements. We hence investigated high‐rate multi‐GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) by processing 1 Hz GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou data at 15 static stations over 24 days and also those from the 8 August 2017 Jiuzhaigou Mw 6.5 earthquake. In contrast to high‐rate GPS, its further integration with GLONASS/BeiDou reduces near uniformly the power spectral densities (PSDs) of 1 Hz displacement noise by 4–6 dB over the periods from a few seconds to half of a day, and orbital repeat time (ORT) filtering on all GNSS further again leads to a 2 more decibel decline of the PSDs over the periods of a few tens of seconds to minutes. BeiDou ORT filtering, however, takes effect mainly on the periods of over 2,000 s due to the high altitudes of Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbiters/Geosynchronous Earth Orbiters. Multi‐GNSS integration is on average as effective as GPS ORT filtering in reducing PSDs for the periods of a few tens of seconds to minutes while desirably can further decrease the PSDs on almost all other periods by 3–4 dB thanks to the enhanced satellite geometry. We conclude that the introduction of more GNSS into high‐rate solutions and its augmentation by ORT filtering benefit the discrimination of slight deformations over a broad subdaily frequency band.
A Review of Metal Fabricated with Laser‐ and Powder‐Bed Based Additive Manufacturing Techniques: Process, Nomenclature, Materials, Achievable Properties, and its Utilization in the Medical Sector
Authors: Hitzler Leonhard , Merkel Markus , Hall Wayne , Öchsner Andreas
Published: February 2018

Additive manufacturing has multiple advantages over conventional fabrication techniques, such as the geometrical freedom and, to a great extent, the omission of tooling equipment. Hence, futuristic designs and non‐standard topology‐optimized structures can be fabricated without causing noteworthy extra cost, since the geometrical complexity is, exaggeratedly spoken, for free. The manufacturing time and the amount of required raw material are the key criteria, which determine the expenses. What at first glance appears as an engineer's dream, introduces its complexity in the description of the material's characteristics and their volatility to the manufacturing conditions. Within this study, the main properties (i.e., surface hardness, tensile, and compression strength, as well as fracture toughness) and their anisotropic and inhomogeneous nature are addressed. Detailed overviews of the progress to date for aluminum, iron, titanium, cobalt, and nickel based raw materials are provided. Furthermore, an overview about the state‐of‐the‐art in the medical sector is included, comprising the areas of utilization and several trail studies.
3D Local Manipulation of the Metal–Insulator Transition Behavior in VO2 Thin Film by Defect‐Induced Lattice Engineering
Authors: Jia Qi , Grenzer Jörg , He Huabing , Anwand Wolfgang , Ji Yanda , Yuan Ye , Huang Kai , You Tiangui , Yu Wenjie , Ren Wei , Chen Xinzhong , Liu Mengkun , Facsko Stefan , Wang Xi , Ou Xin
Published: February 2018

The ability to manipulate the metal–insulator transition (MIT) of metal oxides is of critical importance for fundamental investigations of electron correlations and practical implementations of power efficient tunable electrical and optical devices. Most of the existing techniques including chemical doping and epitaxial strain modification can only modify the global transition temperature, while the capability to locally manipulate MIT is still lacking for developing highly integrated functional devices. Here, lattice engineering induced by the energetic noble gas ion allowing a 3D local manipulation of the MIT in VO2 films is demonstrated and a spatial resolution laterally within the micrometer scale is reached. Ion‐induced open volume defects efficiently modify the lattice constants of VO2 and consequently reduce the MIT temperature continuously from 341 to 275 K. According to a density functional theory calculation, the effect of lattice constant variation reduces the phase change energy barrier and therefore triggers the MIT at a much lower temperature. VO2 films with multiple transitions in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane dimensions can be achieved by implantation through a shadow mask or multienergy implantation. Based on this method, temperature‐controlled VO2 metasurface structure is demonstrated by tuning only locally the MIT behavior on the VO2 surfaces.
Bubble‐separation dynamics in a planar cyclone: Experiments and CFD simulations
Authors: Xu Xiao , Ge Xiao‐Ling , Qian Yun‐Dong , Wang Hua‐Lin , Yang Qiang
Published: February 2018

A planar cyclone is designed for visualizing bubbles in the cross‐section of a degassing hydrocyclone. The pressure distribution is studied through a series of experiments and Reynolds stress model simulations. The velocity distribution of the planar cyclone mostly exhibits the quasi‐forced vortex zone and boundary layer zone. The bubble dynamics are simulated using both Euler‐Euler and Euler‐Lagrange approaches, and the output is compared with the imaging results. The Euler‐Euler simulation provides more accurate predictions of the bubble trajectory. The histograms of residence time and traveling distance given by the Euler‐Lagrange approach exhibit a reasonably regular pattern. With higher values of the inlet Reynolds number, stronger forces acting on the bubbles lead to a decreased but more uniform residence time. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2689–2701, 2018
Universal correlation for gas hydrates suppression temperature of inhibited systems: II. Mixed salts and structure type
Authors: Hu Yue , Lee Bo Ram , Sum Amadeu K.
Published: February 2018

The first paper of this study discussed the development of the Hu‐Lee‐Sum (HLS) correlation and demonstrated the generality and universality of the correlation to predict structure I hydrates suppression temperature for any single salt system. However, natural gas commonly forms structure II hydrates, and mixed salts naturally occur in oil and gas production. Therefore, reliable prediction of structure II hydrates suppression temperature in presence of mixed salts over a wide range of pressure is considerably important. The contribution for each salt in salt mixtures is accounted for in the effective mole fraction to extend the HLS correlation for mixed salts systems. Moreover, a parameter (α) is introduced to account for the effect of hydrate structure on the hydrate suppression temperature. Herein, the HLS correlation is further shown to be universal and reliable to predict the hydrate suppression temperature for more complicated systems for mixed gases and mixed salts. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2240–2250, 2018
Predicting NRTL binary interaction parameters from molecular simulations
Authors: Ravichandran Ashwin , Khare Rajesh , Chen Chau‐Chyun
Published: February 2018

A predictive approach for calculating the binary interaction parameters (
) of the nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) local composition model is developed, combining molecular simulations with the two‐fluid theory. The binary interaction parameters are determined for the following three sets of model binary mixtures: water + methanol, methanol + methyl acrylate, and water + methyl acrylate. For each binary mixture, the interaction parameters are expressed in terms of molecular size and strength of interactions, which are in turn, calculated from molecular simulations. We show that the binary interaction parameters determined from simulations are in qualitative agreement with those estimated from regressing experimental data. The major factors that determine the binary interaction parameters are outlined based on simple thermodynamic arguments for each mixture. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2758–2769, 2018