bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation of Founder Failure and Success by Hiring Firms: A Field Experiment
Authors: Botelho Tristan L. , Chang Melody
Published: May 2022

Organizations tout the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship. Yet, when hiring it remains unclear how they evaluate entrepreneurial human capital—namely, job candidates with founder experience. How hiring firms evaluate this experience—and especially how this evaluation varies by entrepreneurial success and failure—reveals insights into the structures and processes within organizations. Organizations research points to two perspectives related to the evaluation of founder experience: Former founders may be advantaged, due to founder experience signaling high-quality capabilities and human capital, or disadvantaged, due to concerns related to fit and commitment. To identify the dominant class of mechanisms driving the evaluation of founder experience, it is important to consider how these evaluations differ, depending on whether the founder’s venture failed or succeeded. To isolate demand-side mechanisms and hold supply-side factors constant, we conducted a field experiment. We sent applications varying the candidate’s founder experience to 2,400 software engineering positions in the United States at random. We find that former founders received 43% fewer callbacks than nonfounders and that this difference is driven by older hiring firms. Further, this founder penalty is greatest for former successful founders, who received 33% fewer callbacks than former failed founders. Our results highlight that mechanisms related to concerns about fit and commitment, rather than information asymmetry about quality, are most influential when hiring firms evaluate former founders in our context.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1592 .
Emergence, 1603–1650
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 of The Overseas Trade of British America depicts the birth pangs of long-distance trade in each of four regions where England struggled to gain a foothold in the New World: Newfoundland, the Chesapeake, the English Caribbees, and New England. Although England’s Newfoundland cod fishery was gaining strength, it was beset by international rivalry and political insecurity at home. Problems elsewhere were even more severe. Investors in the Virginia Company of London poured vast sums into the Jamestown project in the Chesapeake, the first permanent English colony in North America, but with little results. In the English Caribbees, the first settlers on Barbados, St. Christopher, Nevis, and Montserrat likewise struggled to establish a foothold. And the export economy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was undermined by reverse migration and the chaos of the English Civil War. Before the cultivation of tobacco in the Chesapeake, sugar in the English Caribbees, and the opening of the Atlantic islands of Spain and Portugal to Massachusetts cod, each of these American bridgeheads teetered on the edge of extinction. The Dutch, who introduced the labor of enslaved Africans to English America, opened European markets to American tobacco and sugar.
Testing the Limits of Empire, 1733–1763
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

In chapter 5 of The Overseas Trade of British America, American traders become adept at moving cargoes across porous international borders. But they did so in an increasingly unstable environment. British disregard for Spain’s rules governing trade on the Spanish Main led to the War of Jenkins’ Ear in 1739 and unleashed a vicious privateer war in the Atlantic. The conflict widened with British participation in the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748). The wars of the mid-18th century — culminating in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) — severely disrupted trade but did not end illicit exchanges. Smuggling had long been a feature of Atlantic trade on both sides of the water. Large quantities of tobacco and rum entered Great Britain and Ireland via Dunkirk and Ostend, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea. Tobacco smuggling in France reached huge proportions. And in British North America, markets were awash in smuggled Dutch tea and European manufactured goods. Most audacious, however, was British North America’s trade with the enemy during the Seven Years’ War, activity facilitated through neutral Spanish and Dutch ports in the Caribbean.
Trade and Revolution, 1773–1783
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 7 of The Overseas Trade of British America opens with a rescue plan for the East India Company that called for dumping vast quantities of tea in British North America and applying the infamous 1767 tax on tea. Resistance in New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston forced importing agents to back down. But not in Boston. There, toe-to-toe confrontation between political activists and the Massachusetts governor precipitated the Boston Tea Party. Britain’s punitive response ignited armed rebellion. In the War of Independence that followed, success on the American side hinged on acquisition of military supplies from abroad. Some came directly from Europe, but most arrived through Dutch, French, Danish, and Spanish intermediaries in the West Indies. By far the greatest sufferers from the breakdown of colonial trade were the thousands of enslaved Africans in the British West Indies dependent on food from North America. The revolutionaries succeeded in establishing the independence of the United States, but its commerce was in shambles. The economy of the young republic, having lost its privileged connection to the British Empire, slid into a deep depression. Optimism prevailed, however, as the United States prepared to step onto the world stage.
Conclusion
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

British America owed its existence to overseas trade. And it is not an exaggeration to assert that a dispute over trade gave rise to the American Revolution—and that trade allowed the successful conclusion of American independence. Trade was not, of course, the only element that shaped colonial life, and a quarrel over tea was not solely responsible for severing the bonds between Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies. To claim the centrality of trade in the history of early America is not to diminish the significance of religious controversy, local and provincial political struggles, the complexities of rural and urban society, or the fraught relations that subsisted between the Native Amerindian and settler populations....
Introduction
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the history and politics of George Washington's approach toward the slow and cumbersome process of creating a united Europe. It focuses on the decisive turning point in Washington's approach toward the European integration process during the Nixon–Kissinger era. The thoughts and attitudes toward Europe and the wider world as they took shape have had a decisive impact on the following decades. The chapter discusses the Europeans' increasing lack of trust in the US as a reliable ally and the resulting disengagement process that can be traced back to the early 1970s and the Nixon–Kissinger era. The Nixon and Kissinger years constituted a decisive turning point in US support for European unity.
Golden Age
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces Dean Acheson, President Truman's last secretary of state, who was as convinced that his country played a benign and constructive role in the world. It cites Acheson's words that the United States had an appointment with destiny from which there was no easy way out but for the nation to lead and bend its whole energies to ordering the world. From the 1950s to the 1960s, few politicians in Washington were inclined to dissent publicly from the deeply held belief in US exceptionalism and manifest destiny. The chapter talks about policy makers in the United States that were strongly convinced of their country's responsibilities and the unique role it played as global policeman in creating a peaceful and prosperous world. It highlights the necessity to maintain a well-functioning transatlantic alliance and bring about the unity of the European continent under firm but benign US leadership.
Agency in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Newsom Carol A.
Published: May 2022

Little attention has traditionally been given to the assumptions about human agency per se in Ancient Israel, although much can be learned by examining how agency is portrayed in the narrative literature. In addition to primary or individual agency, the texts show an interest in proxy agency, and co-agency, especially with God. Almost no attention is given to sub-individual agency. Divine influence on human agency is often framed in terms of the effect of a “spirit” from God, which can range from the basic life-constitutive spirit enjoyed by all humans and animals to sporadic charismatic empowerment to long-lasting endowment with divine spirit. The different conceptions are in some cases distinguishable by means of the prepositions that define the relation between the spirit from God and the person.
A Past of Possibilities
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravelou Pierre
Published: May 2022

What if history, as we know it, had run another course? Touching on alternate histories of the future and the past, or uchronias, this book encourages deeper consideration of watershed moments in the course of history. Wide-ranging in scope, it examines the Boxer Rebellion in China, the 1848 revolution in France, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, and integrates science fiction, history, historiography, sociology, anthropology, and film. In probing the genre of literature and history that is fascinated with hypotheticals surrounding key points in history, the book reaches beyond a mere reimagining of history, exploring the limits and potentials of the futures past. From the most bizarre fiction to serious scientific hypothesis, the book provides a survey of the uses of counterfactual histories, methodological issues on the possible in social sciences, and practical proposals for using alternate histories in research and the wider public.
The Test of the Social (and Natural) Sciences
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravélou Pierre
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores connections that there might be between relative deprivation theory in psychology, strategic deterrence theory, the economic theory of opportunity costs, and of the juridical theory of legal fiction. It describes the variety of uses of counterfactual reasoning in its broadest sense, whether they be discrete or, on the contrary, clearly demonstrated within the framework of subdisciplines. Embracing a vast body of work in the social sciences should help to measure their intensity and apprehend possible transfers of knowledge across disciplines. The chapter highlights the realm of the counterfactual and possible futures that poses in its own way the problem of disciplinary boundaries, especially the role of history within the milieu of the other human sciences. Psychologists and cognitive scientists study what they term “counterfactual thinking,” which they say is one form of reasoning among others.
The Historical Imagination and Counterfactual Approaches
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravélou Pierre
Published: May 2022

This chapter cites the Carlos M. N. Eire's counterfactual history on the death of Jesus after escaping crucifixion, which reveals the important links between counterfactual history and imagination. The counterfactual detour allows one to disentangle the interrelationship between a nascent belief, a dogma, events, a religious institution and a geopolitical situation. It points out how the process may produce extravagances or useless fantasies, which may even be prejudicial to historical understanding. The chapter considers the imagination as a key element of historical analysis and not an enemy of the examination of the past. It explores the type of imagination proposed by counterfactual history, including what difficulties it poses and under what conditions it might be useful.
Testing Empire
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravélou Pierre
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights the uchronic portrayal entitled The Scripture Read Backwards by the Bengali satirist Rajshekhar Basu, which staged a role inversion that revealed the very essence of forms of colonial domination. It outlines the symbolic violence through toponymy, production and diffusion of the great imperial narrative, circulation of new cultural practices, and the emergence of new social and political identities. Imperial and global historiographies have explicitly mobilized the tools of counterfactualism in order to study the causes and the forms of Western domination over the rest of the world. The chapter discusses how counterfactualism examines the net results of colonization in the metropoles and the former overseas possession, deconstructs the categories of the grand narratives of European expansion, rediscovers the capacities for action, and apprehends the future fears and hopes envisaged through the counterfactuals formulated by contemporaries. It uses counterfactualism to bring to light implicit categories of historical understanding.
“Today, Only the Language of Dreams Can Translate History”
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravélou Pierre
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights the revolutionary moment from February to June 1848 and the difficulty of establishing the Second Republic in France that offers a particularly rich area of investigation. It describes 1848, which was the year of the third revolution since 1789 and has generated ample scholarship. It also mobilizes the most promising and the less convincing forms of counterfactual reasoning: causal or interpretative analysis, futures that were imagined or possible, paths not followed, and evaluation of changes, counterfactuals on the part of researchers and actors, and unique and multiple bifurcations. The chapter looks at the clusters of potentiality that constitute the 1848 movement. It begins with a banquet campaign that had been taking place for the last seven months across all of France, demanding that the king Louis-Philippe expand suffrage under the July Monarchy.
Global Calvinism
Authors: Parker Charles H.
Published: May 2022

Calvinism went global in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as close to a thousand Dutch Reformed ministers, along with hundreds of lay chaplains, attached themselves to the Dutch East India and West India companies. Across Asia, Africa, and the Americas where the trading companies set up operation, Dutch ministers sought to convert “pagans,” “Moors,” Jews, and Catholics and to spread the cultural influence of Protestant Christianity. As Dutch ministers labored under the auspices of the trading companies, the missionary project coalesced, sometimes grudgingly but often readily, with empire building and mercantile capitalism. Simultaneously, Calvinism became entangled with societies around the world as encounters with indigenous societies shaped the development of European religious and intellectual history. Though historians have traditionally treated the Protestant and European expansion as unrelated developments, the global reach of Dutch Calvinism offers a unique opportunity to understand the intermingling of a Protestant faith, commerce, and empire.
Introduction
Authors: Hickman Clare
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the rural retreat of Dr. John Coakley Lettsom at Grove Hill in Camberwell, which commanded a panoramic view of the bustling and rapidly expanding city of London on the opposite side of the river Thames. Unlike larger and more rural estates, its situation in Camberwell connected Lettsom visually to the city, where his town house and successful medical practice were located. Lettsom's professional metropolitan career that began in 1770 when he became licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and began practicing in Basinghall Street in the City of London. The chapter mentions that the purchase of the estate at Camberwell in 1779 represented a statement of personal and professional success and a suitable retreat for a late Georgian medico-gentleman. This visual relationship to London also denoted Grove Hill's links to a world beyond the garden gate.
Creating a Perpetual Spring
Authors: Hickman Clare
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the role of domestic gardens developed by doctors in Britain as nodes within local, national, and global networks and the interrelationships between science, sociability, pleasure, and the senses. It mentions Dr. John Coakley Lettsom, who portrayed his domestic garden as a place full of trees and plants that he considered to be both ornamental and productive, as well as a section organized scientifically using the Linnaean system of classification. It also suggests that any person might acquire a tolerably correct idea of valuable science by a due attention to the arrangements of the garden at Grove Hill. The chapter highlights the arranging and labeling of plants, which establishes that scientifically arranged botanic collections that were not only confined to university-owned spaces. It considers the design of the garden as an educational and experimental space and as a place for personal leisure.
For “Curiosity and Instruction”
Authors: Hickman Clare
Published: May 2022

This chapter refers to a garden visitor arriving at Grove Hill in the 1800s that would have been given access to Dr. John Coakley Lettsom's rural estate via the local Camberwell postman, who opened the gates in return for free accommodation in the garden lodge. It talks about this innovative arrangement, which was established by Lettsom because his busy medical practice kept him in the city and prevented him from greeting visitors himself. Once inside the gates, visitors would have been able to wander paths that wound through the extensive shrubberies and orchards, admiring the botanical specimens and newly imported American shrubs and trees. The chapter highlights the craze for the English style of garden design, which meant that touring estates was not limited to a domestic visiting public. From the middle of the eighteenth century, many foreign visitors also included a tour of British gardens on their itinerary.
“Hints or Directions”
Authors: Hickman Clare
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains how visitors at Grove Hill in Camberwell could navigate their way around the garden using Dr. John Coakley Lettsom's Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch and the plant labels that marked individual specimens. It suggests that the sensory experience of moving through the garden was likely to be supplemented with other written texts, such as guidebooks, manuals, and labels. The chapter highlights the use of paper technologies that has been widely discussed in relation to early modern science and botanic knowledge creation. It discusses the relationship between the physical materiality of the landscape and the written word, which is of particular interest when considering the use made by visitors of a variety of botanic collections. This didactic approach to encourage gardeners to make the most of their plots required a range of materials, from labels identifying new and exotic plants to guidebooks explaining the designer's approach.
The “Wheel of Unfathomable Commerce”
Authors: Richardson David
Published: May 2022

Credit was fundamental to growth of British slaving activity, whether to outfit voyages, to support transactions in Africa, or to facilitate Caribbean planter slave purchases, but so too was trust by investors in slave voyages in the agents—shipmasters and colonial factors—who acted abroad on their behalf. Failures to manage principal-agent (or agency dilemma) issues implicit in slaving undermined financially the English Royal African Company by 1700 but institutional innovation allowed eighteenth-century investors in British slave voyages to address them more successfully, thereby redefining the relationship between principals (or investors) and their agents and facilitating sustainable growth of investment in slaving through 1807. The chapter examines the development, nature, and outcome of such innovations and discusses how, in particular, they helped to identify Liverpool’s rise to prominence in Atlantic slaving with its close financial and commercial ties to London, Manchester, and Birmingham in 1750–1807.
“Tumults of Imagination”
Authors: Richardson David
Published: May 2022

Philosophers recognized the power of imaginative literature to shape peoples’ experiences and collective opinions, a point recently underscored by scholars Lynn Hunt and Steven Pinker in their writings on human rights and the humanitarian revolution. This chapter explores this theme in relation to shifts in public sentiment in Britain toward the slave trade from the early eighteenth century as an integral part of that revolution. It reviews how issues relating to slavery increasingly surfaced in poetry, novels, and theatrical works and how such writings underlined the personality and humanity of victims of enslavement, thereby endorsing and reinforcing the emerging ideas of benevolence and sentimentalism embodied in major philosophical works of the period. Recognizing the limited market for published works of poetry and fiction, the chapter also points to the printing of antislavery poetry, letters, and reviews in newspapers and journals, the output growth of which signaled a major expansion of publishing and knowledge dissemination that transcended class boundaries during the century, a subject developed further in chapter 7.
The Education of Harry White
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews how Harry White had learned to run a business, served in the army in France, had married, and had embarked on a career that was modest but was emotionally satisfying. It notes Harry's lack of a proper education, beyond the one term that he had spent at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. In Harry's first year at Columbia University in New York City, he studied government, social science, English, and two courses each in French and contemporary civilization. The chapter details how Harry continued to pursue a variety of subjects, such as a course dealing with the nurture and education of children, suggesting that he might still have been considering going back to his earlier career ambition. After two years at Columbia, Harry decided to transfer to Stanford University.
Afterlife
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter refers to Harry White's fatal heart attack in August 1948, which did not end the assault on his character, instead his departure from the stage provided an open forum for his accusers. Harry was never without his defenders, but their voices were drowned out by the rise of McCarthyism in the five years after his death. The chapter cites how the New York Times declared accurately in an editorial on August 18, 1948, that Harry's death was due to a heart condition brought about by years of arduous government service and aggravated by the committee hearings. The chapter talks about Harry's critics who started spreading a rumor that he had committed suicide. The most egregious repetition of the disproved suicide story came in December 1967, when the Internal Security subcommittee of the U.S. asserted falsely that Harry had died as a victim of suicide by sleeping pills.
The King's Harvest
Authors: Lander Brian
Published: May 2022

This book is a multidisciplinary study of the ecology of China's early political systems up to the fall of the first empire in 207 BCE. The book traces the formation of lowland North China's agricultural systems and the transformation of its plains from diverse forestland and steppes to farmland. The book argues that the growth of states in ancient China, and elsewhere, was based on their ability to exploit the labor and resources of those who harnessed photosynthetic energy from domesticated plants and animals. Focusing on the state of Qin, the book amalgamates abundant new scientific, archaeological, and excavated documentary sources to argue that the human domination of the central Yellow River region, and the rest of the planet, was made possible by the development of complex political structures that managed and expanded agroecosystems.
Epilogue
Authors: Richards Joan L.
Published: May 2022

Brief summary recap that interprets the De Morgans’ life of reason as complementary to the Darwins’ life of material insight.
The metabolic equivalent of task score
Authors: Edwards Thomas C. , Guest Brogan , Garner Amy , Logishetty Kartik , Liddle Alexander D. , Cobb Justin P.
Published: May 2022

Aims

This study investigates the use of the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score in a young hip arthroplasty population, and its ability to capture additional benefit beyond the ceiling effect of conventional patient-reported outcome measures.

Methods

From our electronic database of 751 hip arthroplasty procedures, 221 patients were included. Patients were excluded if they had revision surgery, an alternative hip procedure, or incomplete data either preoperatively or at one-year follow-up. Included patients had a mean age of 59.4 years (SD 11.3) and 54.3% were male, incorporating 117 primary total hip and 104 hip resurfacing arthroplasty operations. Oxford Hip Score (OHS), EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D), and the MET were recorded preoperatively and at one-year follow-up. The distribution was examined reporting the presence of ceiling and floor effects. Validity was assessed correlating the MET with the other scores using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and determining responsiveness. A subgroup of 92 patients scoring 48/48 on the OHS were analyzed by age, sex, BMI, and preoperative MET using the other metrics to determine if differences could be established despite scoring identically on the OHS.

Results

Postoperatively the OHS and EQ-5D demonstrate considerable negatively skewed distributions with ceiling effects of 41.6% and 53.8%, respectively. The MET was normally distributed postoperatively with no relevant ceiling effect. Weak-to-moderate significant correlations were found between the MET and the other two metrics. In the 48/48 subgroup, no differences were found comparing groups with the EQ-5D, however significantly higher mean MET scores were demonstrated for patients aged < 60 years (12.7 (SD 4.7) vs 10.6 (SD 2.4), p = 0.008), male patients (12.5 (SD 4.5) vs 10.8 (SD 2.8), p = 0.024), and those with preoperative MET scores > 6 (12.6 (SD 4.2) vs 11.0 (SD 3.3), p = 0.040).

Conclusion

The MET is normally distributed in patients following hip arthroplasty, recording levels of activity which are undetectable using the OHS. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):317–326.
‘Alongside but not in front’
Authors: Wolfson Todd , Huws Ursula , Farrar James , Aslam Yaseen
Published: May 2022

This article starts by summarising the history of socially-engaged research on disadvantaged groups, pointing out that many of the social research methods currently in use in the field originated outside the academy, carried out by protagonists with a mission to draw attention to injustices and bring about social change. It then discusses the often-problematic relationship between researchers and the people whose working lives they research, especially in situations where the researchers are actively engaged in the struggles of their research subjects, for example when using methods such as workers’ inquiries or forms of action research. Two experienced researchers who have also themselves been active in workers’ organisations reflect on these issues in the form of a dialogue, a dialogue to which some workers who have been on the receiving end of such research respond. The article concludes by raising some further questions for future debate.
Supporting men in low-income contexts: practitioner observations
Authors: Tarrant Anna
Published: May 2022

This chapter is the first of the empirical chapters of the book. It reports on ethnographic conversations, semi-structured interviews and a knowledge exchange workshop held with professionals with a remit to support fathers and men with complex needs in the city where the study was conducted. This chapter demonstrates how current practice approaches are gendered and render men’s needs invisible. The findings confirm existing evidence about the dependencies of low-income families on a variety of services across their family trajectories and evidence the value of a compassionate rather than risk-based ethos.
Conclusion: Men’s family participation in low-income contexts
Authors: Tarrant Anna
Published: May 2022

The key findings of ‘Men, Poverty and Lifetimes of Care’ (MPLC) are summarised in this final chapter to draw conclusions about the dynamic, relational, intersectional and context-specific character of men’s experiences of low-income family life across the life course. This chapter argues that in a context of social ambivalence about men as carers, men with caring responsibilities remain highly isolated and welfare and market provision for ‘caring masculinities’ is neither being produced nor sustained. The overall implications of the findings and interpretations generated by the study and presented in each chapter, are considered by bringing them into a more explicit and cohesive whole. Also elaborated are what an empirical focus on men’s care responsibilities and active family participation in low-income contexts both contributes to, and connects, existing policy debates and interdisciplinary scholarship concerning men and masculinities, gender and care and lived experiences of family poverty.
Failing health and social care in the UK: austerity, neoliberal ideology and precarity
Authors: Simmonds Bethany
Published: May 2022

This chapter continues with national-level analysis, discussing the impact of globalisation and neoliberalism on health and social care policy in the UK. It starts with a discussion of austerity policy and the ensuing erosion of social protections in relation to employment and working rights of health and social care staff. This is followed by an analysis of the effects of large private shareholding organisations entering the (low-risk and high-yield) social care market. The conglomerates Southern Cross and Four Seasons are used as case studies, illustrating how asset-stripping, reductions in labour costs, and the weakening of employment law has led to greater precarity for both health and social care workers and older people.
Moving house with dementia
Authors: Batty Jill
Published: May 2022

This chapter covers the narrative experience of Jill Batty who was moving house with her husband who had dementia. It notes the importance of preparation and upholding normality such as activities with services or support groups when moving houses with a person with dementia. Jill and her husband joined Link-Age and Alzheimer's Society to ease both of them through the condition. The couple also incited the help of a companionship carer. As the decline began with her husband, Jill had been quick to understand she should take care of herself alongside the care of her husband. Jill's role as a wife slowly deteriorated to simply a carer in line with her husband's declining memory. Additionally, the husband's lack of awareness of the move helped diminish the stress of moving houses.
How do people with dementia manage problematic situations in public spaces?
Authors: Brorsson Anna
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the problematic situations handled by people with dementia in public spaces. The transactional perspective helps understand the complex relationship between the person, activity, and environment. The chapter notes the less accessibility of public spaces when informants experienced vulnerability and feelings of being exposed, clutter, crowding, layout variation, and unpredictable changes. Moreover, research participants with dementia used different actions to maintain daily activities such as the use of familiar activities in familiar spaces and places, avoiding situations leading to new problematic situations, use of time, and getting help from people. The findings emphasise the complexity of creating accessible and usable public spaces. The chapter notes the importance of using lived experiences of people with dementia to create inclusive neighbourhoods.
Dementia, tourism and leisure: making the visitor economy dementia friendly
Authors: Connell Joanne , Page Stephen
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of the visitor economy as an underpinning feature of many neighbourhoods that receive, host and contain both leisure and tourism activity. Using the example of dementia, the chapter illustrates how leisure and tourism activity is integral to most neighbourhoods from both a resident and visitor perspective and how the businesses located within the visitor economy can develop more dementia-friendly approaches to leisure and tourism provision. The wider benefits of creating more accessible dementia-friendly businesses propositions will result in wider civil society obligations and ambitions at neighbourhood and broader societal levels. Since dementia-friendly debates are inherently spatial and place-specific, the neighbourhood is an ideal microgeographical scale to understand progress towards becoming dementia-friendly, with specific businesses adapting their propositions to enrich the lived experiences of people with dementia in a neighbourhood setting more inclusively.
Dignifying the ruins: a former Jewish girls’ school in Berlin
Authors: Till Karen E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the Hannah Arendt Denkraum (2006) exhibition in Berlin that was displayed in former Jewish Girls School, which at the time was an ‘empty’ building located in former East Berlin. Through the exhibition, this building – which was violently made into a ruin under National Socialism – was again reanimated as a historical place of Jewish life and culture in Berlin. While legal restitution by the Jewish Claims Conference prevented the building from being quickly redeveloped following reunification, creative practices and later renovation resulted in ‘dignity restoration’ (Atuahene, 2014). As a form of repair, dignity restoration enhances spatial justice in ways that are often ignored by urban managers who prioritise economic development. The chapter discusses how the exhibition reclaimed a historical place from a ruin of spatial injustice in the wounded city of Berlin by calling attention to the loss of Jewish life and political thought in the city.
Conflicting rationalities and messy actualities of dealing with vacant housing in Halle/Saale, East Germany
Authors: Gribat Nina
Published: May 2022

Between 1990 and 2010 the city of Halle/Saale underwent a period of urban decline, loss of jobs and population. This chapter examines how different rationalities and practices of governing vacant housing have formed in the context of intersecting local, regional and national policies and projects in Halle/Saale. It draws attention to the conflicting rationalities and messy actualities of devaluing certain types of housing while reclaiming and promoting others. The chapter focuses on two districts, one centrally located with mainly early 20th century buildings and the other one peripherally located with pre-fabricated and standardized GDR housing from the 1960s. Different problematisations of vacancy are explored: while vacancy was mobilised as an opportunity for creative re-use and investment in the central district, it was seen as a sign for a lack of demand and excess in the peripheral district. Even though the existence of a large share of publicly- and municipally-owned rent-controlled housing has cushioned processes of social segregation, the social geography of Halle/Saale is changing as a result of these messy actualities of abandonment.
Post-disaster ruins: the old, the new and the temporary
Authors: Caramaschi Sara , Coppola Alessandro
Published: May 2022

L’Aquila, a mid-size Italian city was hit by a devastating earthquake in 2009. The disaster displaced 65,000 people and shut down large areas of its sprawling urban system. The physical and psychological impacts of the quake were magnified by the high levels of damage to both the historical centre and other suburban towns. Now that most of the physical reconstruction appears to be completed and that some life is returning to the historical centres, or at least to the main-one, urban ruins may finally appear to be consigned to the past. However, on the ground ten years after the disaster, the reality is very different. In this context, this chapter aims to show the spatial and temporal ubiquity of processes of emptiness in post-disaster cities. More specifically, it will do so by documenting two main processes characterising the post-reconstruction city. Firstly, the unalignment between reconstruction and the demographic reality that has rapidly turned much of the recently restored and delivered physical capital into a widely under-used building stock and, possibly, into an unexpected liability for a community that is still recovering. Secondly, the transition of the post-quake temporary emergency housing solutions into longer-term policies and its progressive evacuation and disinvestment that has turned this process into one more driver of ruination.
The post-crisis properties of demolishing Detroit, Michigan
Authors: Koscielniak Michael R.J.
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, I argue for a critical approach to demolition beyond the preparation of land for future use. Within that conceptualization, demolition serves to seal off a recent past of decline while signalling a new phase of redevelopment. In Detroit, MI, the Detroit Demolition Programme (DDP) aims to reboot the city’s neighbourhoods. I argue post-industrial ruins are not synonymous with the past neglects of austerity nor the appeal of coming renewal. They are neither fallow nor failure. By recasting the practice of demolition as a process of demolishing, land in declining cities takes on analytical weight as an asset within regional geographies of capital and white supremacy sustained by homebuilders, contractors, haulers, and excavators. Rather than a technical intervention to restore accumulation in post-crisis American cities, the process of demolishing can extract the remaining value from Detroit’s built environment without ruins serving as the prelude to gentrification and growth.
Politicising vacancy and commoning housing in municipalist Barcelona
Authors: Ferreri Mara
Published: May 2022

The politicization of urban vacancy through a collective right of use can be a powerful counterclaim to the ‘right to exclude’ of private property rights. Commonly, vacancy is understood as the static result of prolonged period of dilapidation and inactivity; such an imaginary, however, is complicated by the rapid intensification of real estate financialisation in cities across the globe. In the current conjuncture of extended urban and housing precarization, understanding how housing vacancy is mobilized, symbolically and materially, can offer a critical entry point to practices of reclaiming the city. The chapter examines the politicisation of vacant housing in post-2008 Barcelona, Catalonia, at the intersection of official censuses, social movement organising, third sector lobbying and municipal policy-making. Controversies around data availability and direct actions by neighbourhood-based housing assemblies challenge official definitions, pointing to the need for a wider politicization of (temporary) vacancy in rapid processes of dispossession and revalorisation.
(Im)Material infrastructures and the reproduction of alternative social projects in urban vacant spaces
Authors: Feliciantonio Cesare Di , O’Callaghan Cian
Published: May 2022

In recent years the ‘taking back’ of vacant spaces by urban social movements has been the focus of a growing body of scholarship. While most analyses have focused on the emergence (and failure) of these initiatives, the chapter focuses on what sustains the reproduction of these initiatives over time. It does so through a comparative analysis of initiatives emerged in two European capitals, Rome and Dublin, with very different legacies of autonomous politics. The analysis shows the political work involved in making vacant property into a resource for (im)material infrastructure. This work involves the articulation of a claim made in relation to specific properties; a vision for putting lives and infrastructure in common; and an apparatus for sustaining alternative social projects over vacant spaces.
Comparing health systems
Authors: Greener Ian
Published: May 2022

This chapter takes the most important causal factors (inequality, government spending, voluntary health insurance, long-term health expenditure, overall health expenditure) and explores them in relation to both 10 countries from the previous chapters, as well as for an extended dataset of 31 countries, in relation to health outcomes. It finds that these factors do seem to capture differences in health systems and their relation to health outcomes performance.
Introduction
Authors: Wilding Jo
Published: May 2022

The chapter introduces the core argument of the book, that the marketisation of asylum and immigration legal aid provision in England and Wales has created a dysfunctional system and caused legal aid deserts in which advice is not available. It explains the concept of ‘monopsony’, a situation where there are multiple sellers and only one buyer – the converse of a monopoly, where there is one seller for multiple buyers. Each of these creates an imperfectly competitive market and this section sets up the argument that it is this which creates much of the dysfunction in the legal aid system. The chapter also introduces key features of the legal and asylum systems in England and Wales relevant to understanding how legal aid works.
Evolution of immigration law, legal aid and lawyers
Authors: Wilding Jo
Published: May 2022

The book argues for a whole system approach, and this chapter develops a picture of the interwoven historical developments of legal aid, immigration law and policy, and the immigration legal profession. It draws on public services and marketisation and behavioural economics literature to understand the market phases in legal aid, from 1948 to 2020. Four key themes are set out for the book, around hostility as a driver of immigration and legal aid policy; the distinction between ‘humans’ and ‘econs’ (Thaler and Sunstein) in their responses to economic incentives; the need for a whole-system approach; and the existence of policy debris from abandoned policy directions.
Droughts and deserts
Authors: Wilding Jo
Published: May 2022

Even when there appear, on the map, to be legal aid providers within an area, advice may still be unavailable in practice. Some providers with contracts are not in fact doing any legal aid work, referred to as ‘dormant contracts’ while others have limited their capacity for legal aid work as a survival strategy, despite being unable to meet demand. High-quality practitioners and organisations cross-subsidise their legal aid work from other income sources and limit their capacity to the amount they can subsidise. This reduces client access, creating advice droughts – shortages of supply in areas which appear to have provision. Advice droughts may centre on a geographical place or on a particular case type or funding type. The chapter argues that the existence of advice deserts and droughts is a market failure.
Austerity and the social innovation agenda
Authors: Joy Meghan , Shields John , Broughton Sharon , Cheng Siu Mee
Published: May 2022

Social innovation (SI) has been widely embraced as a pragmatic problem-solving approach to social policy challenges. While framed as apolitical, this chapter demonstrates that the dominant SI agenda, which became prominent in the wake of the 2008 recession, is anything but. Instead, SI is illustrative of the ways in which the neoliberal project has adapted to its own crises, embracing policy ideas and processes needed to drive forward its agenda. This chapter explores the lineage of SI, including its amorphous definition, seemingly conflicting idea-sets, and associated tools and techniques to understand how it has been used to extend the neoliberal project through austerity and to identify conflicts that might be exploited to challenge austerity politics. We warn against the dominant version of SI as a solution to social policy challenges in a post-pandemic era and encourage academics, activists, and practitioners to explore and harness more radical orientations of SI.
Politics as an alternative to constitutionalization
Authors: McBride Stephen , Schnittker Joy
Published: May 2022

Political authority has been increasingly transferred from national to supra-national or international levels, resulting in the depoliticization of certain economic issues by substituting application of neo-liberal rules for normal politics. Such “constitutionalization” is often associated with international integration which could be understood as either a framework for building cooperation and regulation (positive integration) or as a strategy of institution building and market enlargement (negative integration). Notwithstanding efforts to achieve positive integration, such as the European Social Model, the chapter concludes that the overall crisis-driven trajectory has been one of negative integration. Responses to the GFC reinforced neoliberalism and though many hope that the EU’s response to the pandemic will bring a change, the authors cast doubt on this optimism, arguing that the international road to replacing constitutionalism with democratic politics is unpromising. The road to more democracy may instead be through a less integrated international system with more autonomy at the national level.
Conclusion
Authors: McBride Stephen , Plehwe Dieter , Evans Bryan
Published: May 2022

Concluding remarks.
Real corporate responsibility
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik , Prainsack Barbara
Published: May 2022

Using the popular concept of corporate social responsibility as its point of departure, this chapter discusses the role of businesses in the economic order. It documents the rise of the giant transnational corporation and describes how these have more or less abrogated their obligations to the communities and countries that make their functioning possible. It argues that the rise of the doctrine of shareholder value maximisation and the emergence of hyperglobalisation are to a large extent responsible for this development. The chapter describes how, often influenced by the very corporations they are meant to regulate, national and supranational laws and policies have come to favour the large transnational corporation. The demise of anti-trust legislation is a stark example of this. Finally, the chapter describes how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are often more efficient, create more jobs and generate more public value for their communities than large businesses. However, thanks to the aforementioned bias in law and regulation they rapidly lose ground to large businesses in many countries. We argue for support of SMEs and, foreshadowing an argument we make in the final chapter, the importance of civil society to pressure large corporations to acknowledge their social responsibility.
Introduction
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

This book is about the world of prisons and prisons of the world. It describes and analyses the way that imprisonment is used around the world through the lens of the author’s personal experiences both as governor of what at the time were two of the most problematic prisons in the United Kingdom, as an adviser on prisons to many governments and intergovernmental bodies and as an expert witness in several high profile court cases about solitary confinement in North America and elsewhere. Through reference to many examples of prison systems in different continents and cultures it poses questions about how governments and societies use imprisonment as an inappropriate method of responding to a variety of underlying and fundamental social challenges. The book concludes by proposing an alternative use for many of the resources which are currently invested in the demand led imprisonment industry.