bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mg[ZnPO4(H2O)]2·10H2O – a Layered Hydrous Zinc Phosphate Retrieved from an Industrial Filter Cake Residual
Authors: Kahlenberg V. , Tessadri R. , Többens D. M. , Wertl W. , Rössler A.
Published: May 2008

A phase analysis of an industrial filter cake residual based on X‐ray powder diffraction data gave evidence for the existence of a previously unknown hydrous magnesium zinc phosphate. An optical investigation of the sample indicated the presence of milky white crystals (intergrown with polycrystalline rutile) with a maximum diameter of about 150 μm. Aided by an EDX‐analysis, a single crystal diffraction study performed at −100 °C proofed that the material represents a phase with composition Mg[ZnPO4(H2O)]2·10H2O. Basic crystallographic data are as follows: monoclinic symmetry, space group P21/c, a = 10.702(1), b = 7.4740(9) Å, c = 11.444(1) Å, β = 104.09(1)°, V = 887.8(2) Å3, Z = 2, (R(|F|) = 0.048). From a structural point of view the new compound is based on [ZnPO4(H2O)]− layers containing ZnO3(H2O)‐ and PO4‐tetrahedra arranged at the vertices of a 4.82 net. The layers are parallel to (100) and alternate with sheets of isolated Mg(H2O)62+‐octahedra and additional interstitial water molecules. Linkage between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets is provided by hydrogen bonding. The topology and geometry of the tetrahedral layers are very similar to those observed in the minerals veszelyite, herderite and kipushite. According to the DTA‐measurements the present compound is stable up to 89 °C, where dehydration to an amorphous product occurs.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First 1‐D Borate Templated by Transition Metal Complex
Authors: Wang Guo‐Ming , Li Jin‐Hua , Li Zeng‐Xin , Wang Pei , Li Hui
Published: May 2008

A novel decaborate compound, [Ag(py)2]2[B10O14(OH)4] (py = pyridine) (1), has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, FTIR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 15.7115(7), b = 13.1477(6), c = 16.9463(8) Å, β = 105.2690(2)°, V = 3377.0(3) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure of the compound consists of infinite unusual wave‐like borate chains constructed from large [B10O14(OH)4]2− groups. It represents the first example of a one‐dimensional borate templated by a transition metal complex. Adjacent borate chains are further linked together by extensive hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network with regular cyclic‐ and ellipse‐like channels, in which the transition metal templates [Ag(py)2]+ reside.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Silver Nesosilicate, Ag4SiO4
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Jansen Martin
Published: May 2008

The new silver silicate Ag4SiO4 has been obtained by solid state reactions starting from stoichiometric amounts of the binary oxides at elevated temperatures and oxygen pressures. Ag4SiO4 crystallizes in space group P42/n (No. 86) with a = 7.3169(3), c = 4.9595(4) Å, V = 265.52(3) Å3, Z = 2; the structure refinement was based on 343 independent reflections and resulted in R1 = 2.70 %, wR2 = 5.85 %. The crystal structure consists of isolated SiO4 tetrahedra which are linked by Ag cations. The Ag atoms are almost linearly coordinated by two oxygen atoms. The AgO2 dumbbells form chains, and every two of these chains are wound around each other forming double helices running along [001]. This arrangement of Ag and O atoms corresponds to a section of the Ag2O structure. Ag4SiO4 is photosensitive and decomposes within a few weeks into silver, SiO2 and oxygen.
New Nitrosyl Bis‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinonato Complexes of M(ISQ)2(NO) Type
Authors: Poddel'sky Andrey I. , Bubnov Michail P. , Fukin Georgy K. , Cherkasov Vladimir K. , Abakumov Gleb A.
Published: May 2008

The tetracoordinate bis‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinonato cobalt and iron complexes, Co(ISQ‐Pri)2 (1), Co(ISQ‐Me)2 (2), Fe(ISQ‐Pri)2 (3), Fe(ISQ‐Me)2 (4), (ISQ‐Pri is 4,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl)‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinone and ISQ‐Me is 4,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐o‐iminobenzosemiquinone, respectively) react with nitrogen(II) oxide to form the pentacoordinate nitrosyl derivatives M(ISQ‐R)2(NO) 5–8 (M = Co, R = Pri (5), R = Me (6); M = Fe, R = Pri (7), R = Me (8)). NO binding is reversible. Complexes have been characterized by IR, UV‐vis spectroscopy, EPR and Mössbauer (for 7) spectroscopy. The molecular structure of cobalt nitrosyl complex 6 was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The spectroscopic and X‐ray structural features of the complexes are consistent with the {Co‐NO}8 and {Fe‐NO}7 formulations. The nitrosyl ligand in cobalt complexes 5 and 6 is coordinated in a bent fashion. In the case of iron complexes 7 and 8, neutral NO· ligand is coordinated to low‐spin iron(II).
Twenty‐five years of Zoo Biology: a publication analysis
Authors: Anderson Ursula S. , Kelling Angela S. , Maple Terry L.
Published: May 2008

To expand on earlier publication analyses of the journal Zoo Biology, information from 991 articles published within the journal's first 25 years was compiled and evaluated. Most articles were applied, descriptive accounts that included inferential statistics and/or biological analyses. In addition, most articles focused on captive animals and concentrated on the behavior and reproduction of mammals, with particular emphasis on primates. With respect to authors, the majority of first authors were affiliated with zoos or universities within the United States and collaborated with co‐authors at different institutions. Nearly two‐fifths of articles acknowledged receiving external funding and external funding increased over the years, however, collaboration did not significantly change receipt of external funding. In addition, first authors with zoo affiliations published more descriptive, applied science articles and acknowledged receipt of external funding significantly less often than first authors with university affiliations. Publication latency was comparable to other scientific journals and increased significantly over the 25‐year publication period. Longitudinal trends indicated that experimental, applied science, diet and nutrition, and collaborative articles also increased significantly, whereas descriptive, basic science, behavior, and population biology articles decreased significantly. By describing historical trends in zoo research through an analysis of papers published in Zoo Biology, this article may help to bridge gaps and identify new opportunities. Zoo Biol 27:444–457, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Near IR spectra of long chain vinyl derivatives
Authors: McManis George E. , Gast Lyle E.
Published: May 2008

The near IR spectra of a series of compounds derived from long chain fatty acids and containing the vinyl structure were examined. These included 1‐alkenes; acrylic, allyl and vinyl esters; and allyl and vinyl ethers. The bands caused by the vinyl structure were observed clearly and usually without interference. These bands consist of overtones of the fundamental C‐H stretching vitrations found in the normal IR region and of combination bands. Interactions between the vinyl group and the rest of the molecule were observed by changes in location, shape and intensity of the near IR bands. Quantitative analysis for vinyl derivatives based on near IR bands is usually convenient.
The use of surface active agents in tanning of leather
Authors: Filachione Edward M.
Published: May 2008

There are about 25 operations in the process of converting hides and skins into leather. Surface active agents are important in a number of these and find wide use in the leather‐making industry. Both anionic and nonionic types are widely used while cationics have more specialized use. Sulfated oils (especially cod, sperm and neatsfoot), soaps, sulfated higher alcohols and alkylbenzene sulfonates are the main anionic surfactants used. The nonionics are principally condensation products of ethylene oxide with a secondary alcohol of 11–15 carbons or with octyl and nonyl phenol, introducing 7–10 oxyethylene units. Examples of the cationic type are the quaternary ammonium salts, i.e., lauryl, cetyl and stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Surface active agents are used at various stages of the leather‐making process. They are used in soaking, unhairing, bating, pickling, tanning and coloring, where they serve principally as processing aids. They find more important use in fatliquoring, impregnation and finishing, where they become a part of the leather composition. Certain surfactants, namely, chrome complexes of fatty acids and perfluoro acids, and long chain alkenyl succinic acid have been used to impart water repellent properties to leather. Recent research shows promise of developing new uses for surfactants in the tanning industry. Long chain quarternary ammonium salts have shown promise as a short term preservative for freshly flayed hides and skins. An amphoteric surfactant, i.e., a long chain fatty amino acid of the structure RNHCH2CH2CO2H, has shown promise as leather lubricant with improved resistance to drycleaning solvents.
Emulsifier choice in design of spin finishes for man‐made fibers
Authors: Redston J. P. , Bernholz W. F. , Nahta R. C.
Published: May 2008

Spin finishes for diverse, polymeric textiles are necessary for efficient processability and maximum conversion to functional fiber. Such finishes should provide lubricity, cohesion and increased resistance to static development on the fiber. The emulsifiers, lubricants and antistats used in fiber processing differ in reactivity with such polymers. Finish components rely extensively upon derivatives of fats and oils, particularly the numerous emulsifiers used. Certain deficiencies of these finish components, with particular emphasis upon their reactivity with process equipment having polyurethane surfacing, are discussed. Susceptibility of polypropylene to degradation in the presence of conventional finish components is examined. Unique properties of polyglycerol esters and glycerido‐ester ethoxylates, which overcome these processing difficulties, are considered. The relationship of chemical structure to plasticising activity appears as the key to polymeric fiber resistance to loss of breaking strength.
Fatty acid composition of corn endosperm and germ oils as influenced by different extraction procedures
Authors: Jellum M. D.
Published: May 2008

Gas liquid chromatography was used to determine fatty acid composition of oil obtained from corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines by different extraction procedures. Kernels were separated into endosperm and germ fractions for nine inbreds which had a considerable range in fatty acid composition of oil. Oil obtained from the endosperm by different extraction procedures was significantly different in composition for all fatty acids. Oil obtained from the germ by different extraction procedures was similar in fatty acid composition. The differences in response of endosperm and germ oils to extraction procedures were attributed to the type of lipid found in each fraction. It was concluded that choice of extraction procedures was of little importance in studies of oil from the corn germ, but that specific extraction procedures must be recognized as a factor when studying oil composition of the endosperm.
Fatty acid composition of capsicum oils by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tsatsaronis G. C. , Kehayoglou A. H.
Published: May 2008

The fatty acid composition of oils extracted from various parts (pericarp, seeds and stem) of the fruit ofCapsicum and from samples of Greek red pepper itself were obtained by gas liquid chromatography. Samples from three different varieties ofCapsicum annuum, cultivated in the region of Almopia, Greece, were taken from two crops (1967, 1968) and examined. The results are discussed. No characteristic differences in fatty acid composition of the corresponding samples of the parts ofCapsicum fruit of the three Greek varieties were noticed and there was no difference between the two crops. However, considerable differences in fatty acid composition between Greek and American varieties were observed, probably due to climatic conditions.
NMR chemical shift reagents. Application to structural determination of lipid derivatives
Authors: Swern Daniel , Wineburg John P.
Published: May 2008

Chemical shift reagents (csr) markedly expand the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of lipid derivatives thus providing considerably more structural information than it has hitherto been possible to obtain. Preferred csr are rare earth complexes of europium (III) and praseodymium (III) with certain anionic ligands. The use of csr with methyl oleate is described here.
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid byMortierella fungi
Authors: Shimiziu Sakayu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Akimoto Kengo , Yamada Hideaki
Published: May 2008

Mycelia of arachidonic acid‐producing fungi belonging to the genusMortierella were found to be rich sources of 5,8,11,14,17‐cis‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Production of EPA by these fungi was observed only when they were grown at low temperature (6–16 C). EPA comprised 5–20% of the total extractable mycelial fatty acids in most strains tested. No significant accumulation of EPA was observed on incubation at high temperature (20–28 C), at which the other major mycelial C‐20 fatty acid, arachidonic acid, was still efficiently produced. In a study on the optimization of the culture conditions for EPA production by a selected fungiM. alpina 20–17, a medium containing glucose and yeast extract as major carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, was found to be suitable. Periodic feeding of glucose during growth of the fungus and cultivation at high temperature (20 C) during the early growth phase followed by temperature shift to 12 C were found to be effective at increasing mycelial yield and reducing cultural period, respectively. Under the optimal culture conditions, the EPA production reached 0.49 mg/ml of culture broth (29 mg/g dry mycelia). This value accounted for 13.5% of the total fatty acids in the extracted lipids. Other major fatty acids in the lipids were palmitic acid (6.0%, by weight), stearic acid (5.3), oleic acid (6.2), linoleic acid (3.0), γ‐linolenic acid (3.5) and arachidonic acid (60.0).
Microbial production, structure elucidation and bioconversion of sophorose lipids
Authors: Asmer Hans‐Joachim , Lang Siegmund , Wagner Fritz , Wray Victor
Published: May 2008

Cultivation of Torulopsis bombicola ATCC 22214 on a mixture of glucose and oleic acid (A) or oleic acid alone (B) produced large amounts of sophorose lipids. In the case of A, 38 g/1 of crude product were finally isolated; fermentation B led to 77 g/1. After separation by MPLC and TLC, six glycolipids were obtained and identified by NMR and fast atom bombardment‐mass spectrometry (FAB‐MS). In general, a 17‐hydroxyocta‐decanoic acid at the C‐1’ ‐position and acetate groups at the C‐6’ ‐and C‐6’ ‐positions of sophorose were found as substituents in the lactone and acidic forms of these lipids.

The composition of product from A was as follows: 62% of sophorolipid 1’,4’ ‐lactone 6’ ,6’ ‐diacetate (SL‐1), 4% of sophorolipid 1’,4’‐lactone 6’‐monoacetate (SL‐2), 4% of sophorolipid 1’,4 ’‐lactone (SL‐3), 4% of sophorolipid 1’,6’‐and l’,6’‐lactones (SL‐4a,b), 4% of sophorolipid 6’‐monoacetate acid (SL‐5), 4% of sophorolipid acid (SL‐6) and finally 17% of other lipids.

In B, the principal lactone (40%) had a double bond in the fatty acid moiety; the other components were identical with the above products. Yields of 13% SL‐2 and of 35% lipids containing no carbohydrate were significant. SL‐1 was deacetylated to SL‐3 (yield: 25‐307c) using acetyl‐esterase in a two‐phase system (cyclohexane/water).
Comparison of FTIR and capillary gas chromatographic methods for quantitation oftrans unsaturation in fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Lanser A. C. , Emken E. A.
Published: May 2008

A computer‐assisted method has been developed for estimation of isolatedtrans unsaturation using the peak area of thetrans absorbance band at 966 cm‐1from FTIR spectra of fatty acid methyl esters. Peak areas were used to determine thetrans content of weighed standards containing from 0 to 100% methyl elaidate and of hydrogenated soybean oil samples containing up to 36%trans unsaturation. These data for percenttrans by FTIR were compared to corresponding data obtained by capillary gas chromatography and the AOCS Official Method 14‐61. Determination of isolatedtrans composition in oils using peak areas gave values with the smallest standard deviation for weighed standards and values within 4% of those obtained by capillary gas chromatography and the AOCS Official Method for hydrogenated samples.
Analysis of dimerized fatty acids by TLC/FID
Authors: Fritz David W. , Amore Francis , Rashmawi Ken
Published: May 2008

A rapid method is described for the analysis of the monomer, dimer and trimer components of polymerized fatty acids by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detection (FID) on the Iatroscan. The short‐ and long‐term precisions of the method are discussed, as is the correlation of TLC/FID data with the gas‐liquid Chromatographic (GLC) data for dimerized fatty acids. The TLC/FID method is shown to be the superior technique for process control applications.
The acid‐catalyzed addition of alkoxyl groups to the olefinic double bonds of soybean oil
Authors: Madrigal R. V. , Bagby M. O. , Pryde E. H.
Published: May 2008

The acid‐catalyzed reaction of soybean oil with the homologous series of straight‐chain alcohols: methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, n‐butyl and n‐hexyl in a pressurized system yielded completely transesterified products and 18‐31% substituted alkyl ethers. Mass spectrometry of the hydrogenated methyl ester derivatives showed that the addition reaction occurred at one of three double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids. The reaction with three secondary alcohols yielded only 0.1‐2.5% substituted alkyl ethers.
The effect of heat treatment on fatty acids of rapeseed oils
Authors: Leszkiewicz B. , Kasperek M.
Published: May 2008

Changes were followed in raw, refined and hydrogenated rapeseed oils subjected to an eight‐hr heating under isothermal conditions within 110–200 C. The oils underwent oxidation, polymerization and changes in unsaturation, the extent of the above changes depending essentially on the kind of oil and the temperature applied.
Quantitative proton NMR determination of linoleic acid mono‐and diesters of polyethyleneglycols via reaction with trichloroacetyl isocyanate
Authors: Stefanova R. , Rankoff D. , Panayotova S. , Spassov S. L.
Published: May 2008

A method has been developed for qualitative identification and quantitative determination of linoleic acid mono‐ and diesters of polyethyleneglycols with various molecular masses. The method is based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of the product obtained after in situ reaction of the ester mixture with trichloroacetyl isocyanate.
Determination of sulfur contents of vegetable and marine oils by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet photometry of their combustion products
Authors: Wijesundera R. C. , Ackman R. G. , Abraham V. , deMan J. M.
Published: May 2008

A simple method for the determination of total sulfur content in vegetable and marine oils is described. The method involves combustion of the oil sample in an oxygen bomb to convert all forms of sulfur to sulfate ions with subsequent determination of the sulfate by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet detection. The ultraviolet system described is more sensitive than conductivity detection and enables the method to be applied more widely.

Application of the method to a variety of vegetable and marine oils showed the general occurrence of sulfur in fats and oils, albeit often at a low level. Among the samples examined, crude Canola oil had the highest sulfur content (25.0 mg/kg) followed by the marine oils (5.8‐15.2 mg/kg) and the non‐Cruciferae vegetable oils (2.0‐6.1 mg/kg).
Isolation of methyl 5c, 13c‐docosadienoate fromLimnanthes alba benth. (Meadowfoam) seed oil methyl esters by silver resin chromatography
Authors: Adlof R. O.
Published: May 2008

Multigram quantities of methyl 5c,13c‐docosadienoate were isolated from Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) oil methyl esters by silver resin chromatography. The fractionation was accomplished on a 4.7 × 45 cm Michel‐Miller column packed with silver ion‐saturated XN1010 resin. Meadowfoam esters (ca. 14 g) were fractionated (acetone as eluent) to yield 2.3‐2.6 g batches (98% pure) of the 5c,13c‐22:2 isomer (>95% recovery).
Recent trends in usage of fats and oils as functional ingredients in the baking industry
Authors: Chung Okkyung Kim , Pomeranz Yeshajahu
Published: May 2008

Throughout the history of the human race, cereal grains have been a source of staple food throughout this Earth. Except for the rice‐eating countries, bread is the principal food and provides more nutrients than any other single food source. In over half of the countries around the world, bread supplies more than 50% of the total caloric intake. Even in one of the wealthiest nations, the United States, cereal grain products supply over 25% of the food energy, ca. 20% of the proteins, 14‐18% of fats, and over 40% of carbohydrates.
Interpenetrating polymer networks from triglyceride oils containing special functional groups: A brief review1
Authors: Sperling L. H. , Manson J. A.
Published: May 2008

Although most triglyceride oils contain only double bond functionality, a few oils such as castor oil, vernonia oil, lesquerella oil, etc., contain other functional groups. These functional groups include hydroxy and epoxy groups, permitting the easy formation of polyesters and/or polyurethanes. In addition to the natural formation of epoxy‐bearing oils, the double bond functionality in ordinary triglyceride oils can be epoxidized. When these oils are polymerized to form polyesters or polyurethanes in the presence of polystyrene to synthesize interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN), a new class of tough plastics is formed.
The lipid composition of karaka seeds (corynocapus laevigatus)
Authors: Body Denis R.
Published: May 2008

The kernels of karaka seeds(Corynocapus laevigatus) contained 9.6% oil by wt. The lipid constituents were characterized by silicic acid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, and their individual fatty acid compositions by gas liquid chromatography. Of the seed oil, triacylglycerol was the major component which contained high proportions of linoleic (45%) and oleic (26%) acids. The major component of husk oil (0.9% of husk by wt) was polar lipid (glycolipids and pigments).
A novel way for ethoxylation with basic catalysts
Authors: Morgós JenŐ , Sallay Péter , Farkas László , Rusznák István
Published: May 2008

Ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol catalyzed by alkali hydroxides are accelerated by adding complexing agents for the alkali ions. The rate of ethoxylation could be increased by crown ether and dodecyl alcohols of a higher degree of ethoxylation. The effect is more pronounced with the crown ether; thus, reactions not taking place under other circumstances could also be carried out. The complexing additives have no significant effect on the molar mass distribution, The reaction could also be accelerated by using more bulky organic cations (e.g., triethylbenzylammonium ion) instead of the alkali cation.
Report of the Oil Color Committee—1948
Authors: Thomson Procter , Stillman R. C.
Published: May 2008

Conclusions

The data completed on oils and on nickel sulfate solutions indicate that there is a standard deviation of up to 2% transmittance between measurements made by different laboratories on different instruments. This standard deviation is decreased by one‐half when measurements are made by a single laboratory on a single instrument. The data indicate that nickel sulfate may be a satisfactory solution to use in standardizing the instruments in use in the various laboratories.

The results obtained on the 12 oils submitted for readings indicate that about the same degree of reliability is obtained spectrophotometrically as with the Lovibond system at low color levels. At high color levels the spectrophotometer shows considerably more reproducibility.

It is impossible to tell from the data obtained whether a single number system, such as a density measurement of 550 mμ., or a color index value, consisting of some function of measurements at two or more wavelengths, would be the most suitable for general measurements.
Metabolic Implications of Severe Burn Injuries and Their Management: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Atiyeh Bishara S. , Gunn S. William A. , Dibo Saad A.
Published: May 2008

Background

Severe burn patients are some of the most challenging critically ill patients, with an extreme state of physiologic stress and an overwhelming systemic metabolic response. A major component of severe burn injury is a hypermetabolic state associated with protein losses and a significant reduction of lean body mass. The second prominent component is hyperglycemia. Reversal of the hypermetabolic response by manipulating the patient’s physiologic and biochemical environment through the administration of specific nutrients, growth factors, or other agents, often in pharmacologic doses, is emerging as an essential component of the state of the art in severe burn management. The present review aims at summarizing the new treatment modalities established to reduce the catabolic burden of severe burn injuries, for which there is some evidence‐based support.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Search tools included Elsevier ScienceDirect, EMBASE.com, Medline (OVID), MedlinePlus, and PubMed. Topics searched were Nutrition and Burns, Metabolic Response and Burns, Hypermetabolism and Burns, Hyperglycemia and Burns, and several more specific topics when indicated. With a focus on the most recently published articles, abstracts were reviewed and, when found relevant, were included as references. Full text articles, whenever available, were retrieved.

Results

Many issues remain unanswered. Unfortunately, the present state of our knowledge does not allow the formulation of clear‐cut guidelines. Only general trends can be outlined, and these will certainly have some practical applications but above all will dictate future research in the field.
Side-effects of cidofovir in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Broekema Ferdinand I. , Dikkers Frederik G.
Published: May 2008

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic and difficult to treat disease of the larynx. In 1998, the first article was published that described the use of the antiviral substance cidofovir to treat this disease. Although the results are promising, there remains some concern about the potential carcinogenicity of cidofovir. There is a demand for a qualitative review of the side-effects of this medicine. In this review, the side-effects of cidofovir are investigated. Special attention was given to the potential carcinogenicity of cidofovir. For this review a search is performed in PubMed and EMBASE for relevant articles in which the use of intralesional cidofovir for patients with RRP is described. Eventually, 31 articles could be included for this review. In these articles a total of 188 patients with RRP were described who underwent therapy with intralesional cidofovir. Five of these patients have developed dysplasia of the larynx during the treatment with cidofovir. This is a percentage of 2.7. This percentage is concurrent with the incidence of spontaneous malignant degeneration of RRP (2–3%). Based on this review, it can be concluded that the use of intralesional cidofovir does not increase the risk of laryngeal dysplasia. Apart from the articles that describe the intralesional administration of cidofovir, some articles have been published in which the use of intravenous cidofovir is described as a therapy for RRP. Therefore, a summary is given on the side-effects of intralesional cidofovir as well as a summary on the reported side-effects of the intravenous administration of cidofovir. Based on the outcomes of this review, recommendations are given for a safe use of cidofovir for treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in the future.
Fluorescence Anisotropy, FT‐IR Spectroscopy and 31‐P NMR Studies on the Interaction of Paclitaxel with Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Dhanikula Anand Babu , Panchagnula Ramesh
Published: May 2008

To understand the bilayer interaction with paclitaxel, fluorescence polarization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and 31‐phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR) studies were performed on paclitaxel bearing liposomes. Fluorescence anisotropy of three probes namely, 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene (DPH), 12‐(9‐anthroyloxy) stearic acid (12AS) and 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) were monitored as a function of paclitaxel concentration in the unsaturated bilayers. The incorporation of paclitaxel decreased anisotropy of 12AS and ANS probes, while slightly increased anisotropy of DPH. Paclitaxel has a fluidizing effect in the upper region of the bilayer whereas the hydrophobic core is slightly rigidized. FT‐IR spectroscopy showed an increase in the asymmetric and symmetric methylene stretching frequencies, splitting of methylene scissoring band and broadening of carbonyl stretching mode. These studies collectively ascertained that paclitaxel mainly occupies the cooperativity region and interact with the interfacial region of unsaturated bilayers and induces fluidity in the headgroup region of bilayer. At higher loadings (>3 mol%), paclitaxel might gradually tend to accumulate at the interface and eventually partition out of bilayer as a result of solute exclusion phenomenon, resulting in crystallization; seed non‐bilayer phases, as revealed by 31P‐NMR, thereby destabilizing liposomal formulations. In general, any membrane component which has a rigidization effect will decrease, while that with a fluidizing effect will increase, with a bearing on headgroup interactions, partitioning of paclitaxel into bilayers and stability of the liposomes.
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Synthesis over Fe3+‐Vanadyl Phosphate Catalysts
Authors: Li Hui , Xie Wenlei
Published: May 2008

A heterogeneous acid catalyst, Fe3+‐vanadyl phosphate, prepared by the isomorphous substitution of some VO3+ groups in vanadyl phosphate with trivalent metal Fe3+, was found to be active for the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. When the transesterification reaction was carried out with a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 30:1, a reaction temperature of 473 K, a reaction time of 3 h and a catalyst amount of 5 wt%, the maximum conversion of soybean oil was 61.3%. Moreover, the catalytic activity of this catalyst was not significantly affected by the presence of free fatty acids and water in the reactants, and it also exhibits catalytic activity towards the esterification of free fatty acids with methanol. Further, it was shown that the spent catalyst could be easily reactivated by calcination at 773 K in air. There was very little change in the catalytic activity of the regenerated catalyst, even after five cycles.
Comment on “Weekly precipitation cycles? Lack of evidence from United States surface stations” by D. M. Schultz et al.
Authors: Bell Thomas L. , Rosenfeld Daniel
Published: May 2008

Schultz et al. (2007) (hereinafter referred to as S07) recently published the results of their search for a weekly cycle in U.S. rain‐gauge measurements, claiming that their null results contradict those of a study (unpublished at the time) by Bell et al. (2008) (hereinafter referred to as B08) of satellite and rain‐gauge data. S07 failed to note 1) that the satellite results described by B08 were for the years 1998 and after, whereas their data ended in 1992, and 2) that the analysis by B08 of rain‐gauge data for the years studied by S07 were consistent with their conclusions. B08 in fact show that the weekly cycle in rainfall over the SE U.S. becomes detectable after about 1990. We discuss the methods used by S07. We suggest that a more focused approach—if guided by physical theory—can extract far more useful information from a dataset than generic statistical searches such as described by S07.
Electromagnetic waves generated by ionospheric feedback instability
Authors: Lu J. Y. , Wang W. , Rankin R. , Marchand R. , Lei J. , Solomon S. C. , Rae I. J. , Wang J.‐S. , Le G.‐M.
Published: May 2008

A new interactive M‐I coupling model that describes the dynamic interaction between magnetospheric dispersive waves, compressional modes, and auroral electron precipitations is applied to investigate the geomagnetic electromagnetic pulsations observed in Earth's magnetosphere in terms of magnetospheric waves triggered by ionospheric feedback instability. Two new aspects of this work are that (1) we treat the full nonlinear MHD equations, i.e., include the full compressional modes and their coupling with shear Alfvén waves in the magnetosphere; and (2) the height‐integrated Pedersen conductivity is treated as a dynamic parameter by electrodynamically coupling the 2D finite element wave model “TOPO” to the ionospheric ionization model “GLOW”. It is shown that the feedback instability can be triggered by a very small‐scale, small amplitude density perturbation; and the small‐scale electromagnetic oscillations and their associated density fluctuations observed in magnetosphere can be attributed to the feedback instability. We demonstrate that, unlike in a field line resonance where the ponderomotive force causes the plasma to move mainly along the field line, the plasma in the feedback instability is distributed either as a bump or a cavity along a field line and leads to a multibanded structure in the radial direction. The nonlinear feedback instability model can successfully explain the formation of plasma density and electromagnetic perturbations with the same frequency, which disagree with current FLR scenario.
Three‐dimensional tomography of ionospheric variability using a dense GPS receiver array
Authors: Lee Jeffrey K. , Kamalabadi Farzad , Makela Jonathan J.
Published: May 2008

This paper investigates the localized 3D imaging of equatorial ionospheric depletions and mesoscale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MS‐TIDs) with a dense ground‐based GPS receiver array. A tomographic forward model is presented using dual‐frequency GPS measurements from receivers in the Japanese GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET). The application of inversion techniques to the discrete observation matrix allows a 3D electron density volume to be reconstructed from the GPS total electron content (TEC) measurements. Because the inverse problem is ill‐posed and ill‐conditioned, regularization functionals are used to constrain the solution in the presence of noise. To capture the abrupt height and density variations of the structures, a technique using nonconvex penalty constraints is proposed. The reconstructions have 40 to 50‐km horizontal and 30‐km vertical resolution. Time series of reconstructed images show the evolution and movement of ionospheric structures through the reconstruction region. The results are analyzed and compared with independent ionosonde measurements and vertical TEC (VTEC) maps constructed from the observed GPS data.
Transport of conservative solutes in simulated fracture networks: 1. Synthetic data generation
Authors: Reeves Donald M. , Benson David A. , Meerschaert Mark M.
Published: May 2008

This paper investigates whether particle ensembles in a fractured rock domain may be adequately modeled as an operator‐stable plume. If this statistical model applies to transport in fractured media, then an ensemble plume in a fractured rock domain may be modeled using the novel Fokker‐Planck evolution equation of the operator‐stable plume. These plumes (which include the classical multi‐Gaussian as a subset) are typically characterized by power law leading‐edge concentration profiles and super‐Fickian growth rates. To investigate the possible correspondence of ensemble plumes to operator‐stable densities, we use numerical simulations of fluid flow and solute transport through large‐scale (2.5 km by 2.5 km), randomly generated fracture networks. These two‐dimensional networks are generated according to fracture statistics obtained from field studies that describe fracture length, transmissivity, density, and orientation. A fracture continuum approach using MODFLOW is developed for the solution of fluid flow within the fracture network and low‐permeability rock matrix, while a particle‐tracking code, random walk particle method for simulating transport in heterogeneous permeable media (RWHet), is used to simulate the advective motion of conservative solutes through the model domain. By deterministically mapping individual fractures onto a highly discretized finite difference grid (1 m × 1 m × 1 m here), the MODFLOW “continuum” simulations can faithfully preserve details of the generated network and can approximate fluid flow in a discrete fracture network model. An advantage of the MODFLOW approach is that matrix permeability can be made nonzero to account for any degree of matrix flow and/or transport.
Primary oil migration through buoyancy‐driven multiple fracture propagation: Oil velocity and flux
Authors: Jin Z.‐H. , Johnson S. E.
Published: May 2008

We present a fracture‐mechanics‐based formulation to investigate primary oil migration through the propagation of an array of periodic, parallel fractures in a sedimentary rock with elevated pore fluid pressure. The rock is assumed to be a linearly elastic medium. The fracture propagation and hence oil migration velocity are determined using a fracture mechanics criterion together with the lubrication theory of fluid mechanics. We find that fracture interactions have profound effects on the primary oil migration behavior. For a given fracture length, the mass flux of oil migration decreases dramatically with an increase in fracture density. The reduced oil flux is due to the decreased fracture propagation velocity as well as the narrowed fracture opening that result from the fracture interactions.
Negative regulation of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases: physiological and pharmacological significance of protein phosphatases
Authors: Ishida A , Sueyoshi N , Shigeri Y , Kameshita I
Published: May 2008

Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) play pivotal roles in intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways. There is growing evidence that CaMKs are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying various human diseases. In this review, we begin by briefly summarizing our knowledge of the involvement of CaMKs in the pathogenesis of various diseases suggested to be caused by the dysfunction/dysregulation or aberrant expression of CaMKs. It is widely known that the activities of CaMKs are strictly regulated by protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of specific phosphorylation sites. Since phosphorylation status is balanced by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, the mechanism of dephosphorylation/deactivation of CaMKs, corresponding to their ‘switching off’, is extremely important, as is the mechanism of phosphorylation/activation corresponding to their ‘switching on’. Therefore, we focus on the regulation of multifunctional CaMKs by protein phosphatases. We summarize the current understanding of negative regulation of CaMKs by protein phosphatases. We also discuss the biochemical properties and physiological significance of a protein phosphatase that we designated as Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP), and those of its homologue CaMKP‐N. Pharmacological applications of CaMKP inhibitors are also discussed. These compounds may be useful not only for exploring the physiological functions of CaMKP/CaMKP‐N, but also as novel chemotherapies for various diseases.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 729–740; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.127; published online 5 May 2008
Src kinase‐targeted anti‐inflammatory activity of davallialactone from Inonotus xeranticus in lipopolysaccharide‐activated RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Lee Y G , Lee W M , Kim J Y , Lee J Y , Lee I‐K , Yun B‐S , Rhee M H , Cho J Y
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:

Mushrooms are popular both as food and as a source of natural compounds of biopharmaceutical interest. Some mushroom‐derived compounds such as β‐glucan have been shown to be immunostimulatory; this study explores the anti‐inflammatory properties of hispidin analogues derived from the mushroom, Inonotus xeranticus. We sought to identify the molecular mechanism of action of these hispidin analogues by determining their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐mediated inflammatory responses in a macrophage cell line.

Experimental approach:

The production of inflammatory mediators was determined by Griess assay, reverse transcription‐PCR and ELISA. The inhibitory effect of davalliactone on LPS‐induced activation of signalling cascades was assessed by western blotting, immunoprecipitation and direct kinase assay.

Key results:

In activated RAW264.7 cells, davallialactone strongly downregulated LPS‐mediated inflammatory responses, including NO production, prostaglandin E2 release, expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes and cell surface expression of co‐stimulatory molecules. Davallialactone treatment did not alter cell viability or morphology. Davallialactone was found to exert its anti‐inflammatory effects by inhibiting a signalling cascade that activates nuclear factor kappa B via PI3K, Akt and IKK, but not mitogen‐activated protein kinases. Treatment with davallialactone affected the phosphorylation of these signalling proteins, but not their level of expression. These inhibitory effects were not due to the interruption of toll‐like receptor 4 binding to CD14. In particular, davallialactone strongly inhibited the LPS‐induced phosphorylation and kinase activity of Src, implying that Src may be a potential pharmacological target of davallialactone.

Conclusions and implications:

Our data suggest that davallialactone, a small molecule found in edible mushrooms, has anti‐inflammatory activity. Davallialactone can be developed as a pharmaceutically valuable anti‐Src kinase agent.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 852–863; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.136; published online 5 May 2008
Rapamycin affects early fracture healing in mice
Authors: Holstein J H , Klein M , Garcia P , Histing T , Culemann U , Pizanis A , Laschke M W , Scheuer C , Meier C , Schorr H , Pohlemann T , Menger M D
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:

The immunosuppressive drug rapamycin (RAPA) prevents rejection in organ transplantation by inhibiting interleukin‐2‐stimulated T‐cell division. Rapamycin has also been suggested to possess strong anti‐angiogenic activities linked to a decrease in production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Angiogenesis and VEGF are thought to play a crucial role in fracture healing and as osteoporotic and traumatic fractures are common complications in immunosuppressed, organ transplantation patients, we conducted this study to analyze the effect of rapamycin treatment on bone repair.

Experimental approach:

We investigated the effect of rapamycin treatment on bone repair in a murine closed femur fracture model using radiological, histomorphometric, immunohistochemical, biomechanical and protein biochemical analyses.

Key results:

X‐ray analyses demonstrated that rapamycin treatment inhibits callus formation after two weeks of fracture healing. The radiologically observed lack of callus formation was confirmed by histomorphometric analyses, which revealed a significantly diminished callus size and a reduced amount of bone formation when compared with vehicle‐treated controls. Biomechanical testing further demonstrated that rapamycin significantly reduces torsional stiffness of the callus. Interestingly, this effect was associated with decreased vessel formation; a diminished proliferation of osteoblasts, endothelial cells and periosteal cells; and a reduced VEGF expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes. After five weeks treatment, however, the negative impact of rapamycin on fracture healing was overcome.

Conclusions and implications:

Thus, rapamycin initially delays fracture healing, most probably by inhibiting cell proliferation and neovascularization in the callus. These undesirable effects should be considered when rapamycin is administered to patients sustaining bone fractures.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1055–1062; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.167; published online 5 May 2008
Rimonabant in rats with a metabolic syndrome: good news after the depression
Authors: Di Marzo V , Szallasi A
Published: May 2008

The synthetic cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (sold in the United Kingdom under the brand name Acomplia) was reported to improve the profile of cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders that often precedes the onset of type II diabetes. Rimonabant is shown in the current issue of British Journal of Pharmacology to attenuate weight gain in Zucker rats, an experimental model of insulin resistance. Neutrophil and monocyte counts were lowered by rimonabant administration. Both platelet activation (by ADP) and aggregation (in response to thrombin) were inhibited. Circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels (monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MCP1 and Regulated upon Activation, Normal T‐cell Expressed and Secreted, RANTES) were also reduced. Furthermore, fibrinogen levels returned to normal. These favourable anti‐inflammatory and anti‐thrombotic actions imply for rimonabant a peripheral, direct action on some cardiovascular risk factors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 915–917; doi:fn1; published online 5 May 2008
Relationship between edge localized mode severity and electron transport in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Tritz K. , Kaye S. , Maingi R. , Sabbagh S. , Stutman D. , Bell R. , Delgado-Aparicio L. , Domier C. W. , Finkenthal M. , LeBlanc B. , Lee W. , Luhmann N. C. , Mazzucato E. , Park H. , Smith D. R.
Published: May 2008

In the National Spherical Torus Experiment [J. Menard et al., Nucl. Fusion 47, S645 (2007)], “giant” edge localized modes (ELMs) can occur resulting in a loss of plasma stored energy of up to 30%. These events are distinct from type I ELMs, whose energy loss is typically 4–10%, and they are accompanied by a cold pulse that causes a global decrease in the electron temperature profile. Estimates of the electron thermal transport during the cold pulses show a large enhancement over the underlying cross-field thermal diffusivity, χe, of up to several tens of m2∕s. Following the ELM, short-wavelength fluctuations increase in the plasma edge and core, corresponding to an increase in the electron temperature gradient from the propagating cold pulse. Fast electron temperature measurements indicate that the normalized electron temperature scale length, R∕LTe, reaches the threshold value for instability predicted by a fit to linear stability calculations. This is observed on time scales that match the growth of the high-k fluctuations in the plasma core, indicating that the enhanced χe and energy loss from the “giant” ELM appears to be related to critical gradient physics and the destabilization of electron temperature gradient modes.