bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INCIDENCE OF ADENOVIRUS AND ROTAVIRUS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH GASTROENTERITIS
Authors: Deliu Ionica , Georgescu Sînziana Cosmina
Published: September 2023

Symptomatic or asymptomatic pediatric diarrhea is a worldwide public health problem, one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in children 5 years and below. The main causes of viral acute gastroenteritis in the childhood are adenoviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses and caliciviruses, especially between six months and two years of age. The aim of this paper was to establish the incidence of gastroenteritis with adenovirus and rotavirus in pediatric patients in Curtea de Arges (Arges) in 17 months (between January 1st, 2021 and June 1st, 2022). The immunochromatographic assay was used with OnSite Rota/Adeno Ag Rapid Test for viral antigens simultaneous detection in stool samples. There were differences between number of infections with rotavirus or adenovirus, depend of children age and patients gender (the rotavirus infections were more frequent than those determined by adenoviruses, in male patients, between six and 18 months age), and the co-infections were occurred, too (10.75% from all cases).
Recreational male athletes’ single leg forward hop and crossover triple hop test kinetics, kinematics, peak frequency and magnitude alterations
Authors: Faruk İlicepınar Ömer , İmir Mehmet , Can Cengiz Berat , Gürses Senih , Menderes Yiğitcan , Turhan Egemen , Dönmez Gürhan , Korkusuz Feza
Published: September 2023

Objective: Single-leg forward and crossover triple hop tests are predictors of recovery and return-to-sports after lower extremity injury and treatment. The purpose of the study is to assess the kinematic and kinetic feasibility and repeatability of a motion analysis base for these hop tests in recreational male athletes.

Methods: Normal ranges of single- and crossover triple hop tests kinetics, kinematics, peak frequencies and magnitude alterations in spectral distributions were evaluated in 11 recreational male athletes. Ground reaction forces were measured using a force plate. A motion capture system was used to record peak knee flexion-extension angles. Peak frequency and magnitude characteristics in spectral distributions were calculated from these measurements.

Results: Ground reaction force normalized to body weight at landing was 2.9±0.1 (N/kg*10) in both legs during repetitions. Average flight over total time was 0.49±0.03 and 0.38±0.01 (s/s) for single and crossover triple hop tests, respectively. Flight, preparatory and total jump times were 0.301±0.020, 0.331±0.033 and 0.641±0.038 s for single, and 0.261±0.014, 0.453±0.024 and 0.701±0.046 s for crossover tests. Knee angle variations except for peak flexion angles were similar in both extremities. Main frequency spectral characteristic was about 2-4 Hz. First and second peak frequencies for the left and right leg were 3.19±0.17 and 7.16±0.17, and 3.15±0.16 and 7.18±0.19 Hz, respectively. Hop tests presented similar flight times during repetitions. This was however different during crossover jumps tests: flight times were shorter while preparatory times were longer. First characteristic frequency and magnitude were common in two tests.

Conclusions: Peak flexion and extension angles and second characteristic frequency in single tests were specific to each participant. Hop tests are responsive to different performance metrics and are repeatable and feasible, so these tests can be used to create a comparative database for athletes.
Availability of Facilities and Learning Materials for Implementation of Inclusive Education in Public Primary Schools in Dodoma Region-Tanzania
Authors: Mlolele Gaetan Mavanza , Muteti Sr. Dr. Catherine , Mandila Dr. Timothy
Published: September 2023

This study examined availability of facilities and learning materials for implementation of inclusive education in public primary schools in Dodoma Region. The study aimed on investigating availability of facilities and learning materials for the implementation of inclusive education in Public Primary schools in Dodoma region. The study was guided by theory of justice pioneered by John Rawls in 1971. The study employed convergent design under mixed approach. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used to sample respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to get the respondents. The target population involved 08 DEO’s, 13 head teachers, 280 teachers and 9,100 pupils. The study sampled of 12 schools, 07 DEO’s, 12 head teachers, 84 teachers and 144 pupils, making a total of 237 respondents. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussion guide and observation schedule. To obtain reliability for quantitative research instruments Cronbach Alpha of 0.819 was calculated while conformability of qualitative data was ensured by increasing transparency with regards to adherence to data collection procedures and ethics. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data were coded and analyzed through frequencies, percentages, and mean scores in tables and interpreted in relation to the research question. The qualitative data were analyzed by coding contents into themes, interpreting direct quotations and presented in a narrative form. The results from the findings revealed that there were inadequate facilities and learning materials at inclusive primary public primary schools in Dodoma Region. The study concluded that, poor infrastructure in inclusive public primary schools has affected the implementation of inclusive education in Dodoma region. The study recommends that adequate facilities and learning materials should be provided to ensure effective implementation of inclusive education and more funds to be allocated for procuring teaching and learning facilities for learners in inclusive public primary schools.
Media Educational Contents and Youths’ Knowledge in Nigeria Political Activities
Authors: AMEDU Anthony Apeh
Published: September 2023

Lack of political knowledge can lead to an incomplete comprehension of public policy, prejudice against members of underrepresented groups, and mistrust of political institutions. Whereas a high level of political awareness results in citizens who are politically educated, vigilant, vocal, competent and who have the necessary expertise for political involvement in order to maintain a viable and stable democratic system. To this end, this study examined media educational contents as correlate of Nigerian Youths’ Knowledge in Political Activities Nigeria. The study adopted the correlation survey research design. The study was anchored on Cognitive Engagement Theory. The population considered were Nigerian Youths between the ages of 18-35 years. The population consisted of youths across the six (6) geo-political zones in Nigeria. Stratified and convenience sampling techniques were used in selecting the respondents for the study. A self-designed questionnaire, called Media Political Education Contents and Youths’ Knowledge, Questionnaire (MpEcYkQ) was adopted for the study. Copies of the questionnaire were electronically administered using goggle form with the link: https//docs.gooogle.com. Findings showed that 435 (80.2%) of the respondents accessed political education contents on social media and 74.14% (400) accessed via electronics/broadcast. Nigerian youths are very knowledgeable about political activities (83.3%). Media education contents correlates with knowledge of political activities among Nigerian youths at 0.972) which is a high and positive which shows that the relationship is high. This implies that a unit rise in media education contents will lead to an increase in knowledge of political activities among Nigerian youths by 0.972. The study recommended that Government agencies and Non-Government Organisations should invest more in media education as it will keep and equip the youths with political knowledge which will enhance political consciousness likewise the youths should use their knowledge about politics for positive participation in politics rather than negative vices like thuggery and electoral malpractices.
Gender Effect on Motion Sickness Susceptibility
Authors: KOCAOĞLU Yağmur , BAYRAKTAR Yasemin , ERKMEN Nurtekin
Published: September 2023

The study aimed was to determine whether there was a gender difference in sensitivity to visual stimulation-induced motion sickness (MS). Forty-nine participants (Female: 24, Male: 25) volunteered to join in the study. Participants were exposed to a visual video-recording stimulus to evoke the MS. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) was administered before, after, and 30 min after the MS stimulation to determine MS symptoms. Participants' self-report was used to identify motion sickness. Postural sway (PS) was measured before and immediately after MS stimulation. 58.3% of the female and 48.0% of the male reported that they had MS, while 41.7% of the female and 52.0% of the male reported that they did not have MS. Gender and MS distributions were not significant (p=0.469). Participants with MS before the stimulation had higher PS than those who declared no MS (p=0.008), but PS was not different after the stimulation (p=0.102). Although there was no difference in the pre-test (p=0.231), men with MS had higher PS than women with MS at the post-test (p=0.013). There was a significant increase in PS of men who declared that they had MS after the stimulation (p=0.012). The pre-test (p=0.899) and post-test (p=0.434) SSQ scores of men and women with MS were not different, while women had higher SSQ scores than men at the post-test 30 (p=0.020). Finally, there was no correlation between gender and rates of MS. In terms of symptom severity, females appear to be more susceptible to MS. PS may be a precursor to MS.
Formación técnica: realidad, demandas y expectativas de las instituciones educativas del nivel secundaria de Tacna-Perú
Authors: Mazuelos Soldevilla Percy Dario , Jimenez de Espinoza Lola Daysi , Yucra Roque Clara Hilaria , Mamani Catunta Walter
Published: September 2023

En los últimos años, el Ministerio de Educación ha venido implementando estrategias sectoriales con el fin de impulsar la formación técnica en los ciclos VI y VII de la Educación Básica Regular y lograr, así, que los/las estudiantes de secundaria desarrollen competencias y capacidades de emprendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio se propuso conocer el estado situacional del uso de herramientas digitales y su acompañamiento docente, en instituciones educativas pertenecientes a la Dirección Regional Sectorial de Educación de Tacna (Perú), que ofrecen la formación técnica en el área curricular de Educación para el Trabajo. Se utilizó, un diseño de investigación básico, de nivel exploratorio-descriptivo, y se adoptó un enfoque mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo). Entre los hallazgos, es importante evidenciar que existe una relación significativa entre el uso de programas de diseño y las competencias de emprendimiento de los estudiantes, siendo un elemento relevante para el desarrollo de futuras investigaciones relacionadas a la formación técnica en las instituciones educativas de nivel secundario.
Optimisation of Bioflocculation Using Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. for Harvesting of Glagah Microalgae Consortium
Authors: Lawijaya Erik , Siswanti Dwi Umi , Suyono Eko Agus
Published: September 2023

One of the problems in microalgae is harvesting. Currently, many chemical methods are used that impact the environment. Not all of them can be used as a filter, so bioflocculation is used because there is no need to change the medium. This method is an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative to chemical flocculants that usually cause contamination of biomass and health. Previous studies have shown that different ratios of auto-flocculated microalgae in cocultures affect the flocculation rate. This research was carried out by the Glagah Consortium bioflocculation using Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp., which had never been done before. The study aims to study the effect of the mixing ratio on the flocculation rate, carbohydrates, and lipid content of the Glagah Consortium. The consortium uses Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. as bioflocculants. Glagah and Anabaena sp. consortium was cultured in Bold Basal Medium, while Navicula sp. was cultured in F/2 medium. Cell density was measured every 24 hr for 8 days with a hemocytometer. The cultures were harvested in the stationary phase, then mixed between non-flocculated microalgae (Glagah Consortium) and flocculated microalgae (Anabaena sp., Navicula sp.) in a ratio of 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25 for 24 hr. Bioflocculation was measured by spectrophotometer at 750 nm 0 and 24 hr after mixing. Carbohydrate levels were measured using the phenol sulfuric acid method, while lipid measurements were performed using the Bligh and Dyer method. The addition of Anabaena sp. and Navicula sp. as bioflocculant in Glagah Consortium culture results in an increase in flocculation rate with an effective ratio of 1:0.25 for Anabaena sp. (81%) and 1:1 for Navicula sp. (95%). Mixing of Anabaena sp. and Glagah Consortium results in carbon source competition, reducing carbohydrate content at higher mixing ratios (0.172, 0.364, and 0.500 mg/ml on 1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25) while increasing lipid content as a result of lipid production in stationary phase (highest on ratio 1:1 = 0.011 mg/ml). Navicula sp. and Glagah Consortium mixture caused no significant changes to carbohydrate content but showed an increased amount of lipid at all ratios as a result of osmotic stress on Glagah Consortium from saline F/2 medium (highest on ratio 1:1 = 0.162 mg/ml).
The Effect of Zinc and Iron Applications from Different Sources to Growth, Dry Matter, and Its Uptake by Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Authors: Nayan Dayang Safinah , Fouzi Suhaila
Published: September 2023

Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are among the micronutrients humans need. However, the main food sources in developing countries such as Malaysia have low micronutrients, making it insufficient to supply the minimum daily requirement. Foliar fertilization is one of the most effective and safe ways to enrich important micronutrients in plants. This study investigated variations in Zn and Fe sources to evaluate the effects of individual Zn and Fe foliar applications on growth, dry matter, and nutrient uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Based on the result, the application of Zn and Fe in the form of sulfate salt showed a lower toxicity effect in terms of growth and dry matter of plants than Fe and Zn in the form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In terms of Zn uptake, it was found that there was a significant difference observed compared to the control, especially when 3 kg/ha Zn was applied, regardless of whether it was in the form of sulfate or EDTA. Furthermore, there was an increase in Fe uptake observed with increased Zn application. In contrast, the Fe application showed no difference in Fe intake compared to the control. It was found that there is a decrease in Zn uptake observed with increasing application of Fe rate. Sufficient Fe content is already available in the soil, and plants only take up what is needed for growth.
Acil Ünitelerine Başvuran Hastaların İnvaziv Girişimlerde Algıladıkları Ağrı ile Şiddet Eğilimleri Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: Yılmaz Karabulutlu Elanur , Karasu Şeyda , Akay Gamze
Published: September 2023

Giriş: Acil servislerde yaşanan şiddetin pek çok sebebi bulunmaktadır ve bu sebeplerden biri de hastanın deneyimlediği ağrıdır.
Amaç: Çalışma acil servise başvuran hastaların invaziv girişimlerde algıladıkları ağrı ile şiddet eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirildi.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı-ilişki arayıcı olan bu çalışma Mart - Nisan 2022 tarihleri arasında bir araştırma hastanesinin acil servisinde çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 352 birey ile yapıldı. Araştırma verileri Demografik Bilgi Formu, Şiddet Eğilim Ölçeği ve Vizüel Analog Skala ile toplandı.
Bulgular: Katılımcılar Vizüel Analog Skala ortalaması 4,63 ± 2,46 puan, Şiddet Eğilim Ölçeği ortalaması 40,84 ± 10,47’dir. Şiddet Eğilim Ölçeği toplam puanları erkeklerin kadınlara ve geliri giderinden az olanların geliri giderine denk olanlara göre istatistiksel olarak yüksek bulundu (p < 0,05). Katılımcıların Vizüel Analog Skala puanları ile Şiddet Eğilim Ölçeği puanları arasında pozitif yönlü, zayıf korelasyon belirlendi (r = 0,138, p < 0,05).
Sonuç: Çalışmada hastaların algıladıkları ağrı düzeyi arttıkça şiddet eğilimlerinin arttığı belirlendi. Acil ünitelerine başvuran hastaların invaziv işlemler uygulanırken ağrı ve şiddet eğilimlerinin değerlendirilmesi ve ağrıyı azaltacak girişimlerin uygulanması önerilmektedir
Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Problem Çözme Becerileri ve Kanıta Dayalı Uygulamaya İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi
Authors: PAZAR Berrin , DEMİR Kadriye
Published: September 2023

Giriş: Problem çözme becerisine sahip ve kanıta dayalı uygulamalara ilişkin olumlu tutum sağlayan hemşirelerin hastalara verilen bakımın kalitesini artırdığı bilinmektedir.
Amaç: Bu çalışma, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerileri ve kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ile ilgili tutumlarını belirlemek amacıyla planlandı.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı olarak yapılan çalışma, Kasım 2021 - Şubat 2022 tarihinde Ankara’daki bir vakıf üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 132 öğrencinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirildi. Veriler, Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Problem Çözme Envanteri ve Kanıta Dayalı Hemşireliğe Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği ile toplandı. İki bağımsız grup arasındaki fark bağımsız örneklem t testi, ikiden fazla bağımsız grup arasındaki fark ise tek yönlü varyans analizi ile değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların %88,6’sı kadın olup, yaş ortalaması 21,74 ± 1,58 yıldır. Öğrencilerin Problem Çözme Envanteri puan ortalaması 101,19 ± 18,12 iken Kanıta Dayalı Hemşireliğe Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği puanlarının ortalaması ise 50,04 ± 7,80’dir. Problem Çözme Envanteri puanları ile Kanıta Dayalı Hemşireliğe Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı zayıf düzeyde pozitif yönlü ilişki bulundu (r = 0,315, p < 0,05).
Sonuç: Bu çalışmada hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kanıta dayalı hemşireliğe yönelik tutumlarının ve problem çözme becerilerinin iyi düzeyde olduğu görüldü. Kanıta dayalı uygulamalara yönelik olumlu tutum içerisinde olanların problem çözme becerisi açısından kendilerini yetersiz hissettikleri tespit edildi. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda eğitim kurumlarının öğrencilerin problem çözme becerilerini ve kanıta dayalı hemşireliğe yönelik tutumlarını geliştiren stratejileri uygulaması önerilmektedir.
Hemşirelik Öğrencileri İçin Yaşam Sonu ve Ölüm Sonrası Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeğinin Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: Kovancı Mustafa Sabri , Bilgin Aylin , Öcalan Sinem
Published: September 2023

Giriş: Öğrenci hemşireler klinik uygulamaları sırasında yaşam sonu ve ölüm sonrası bakım gereksinimi olan hasta ve aile üyeleri ile karşı karşıya kalmakta ve bu süreci yönetmede çoğunlukla kendilerini hazır hissetmemektedir. Ancak, Türkiye’de yaşam sonu ve ölüm sonrası öz-yeterlilik düzeyini değerlendiren bir ölçek bulunmamaktadır.
Amaç: Bu araştırma Yaşam Sonu ve Ölüm Sonrası Öz-Yeterlilik Ölçeği’nin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirliğini gerçekleştirmek amacıyla yapıldı.
Yöntem: Bu araştırma 207 öğrenci hemşireyle metodolojik tipte yapıldı. Veriler, kişisel bilgi formu ve Yaşam Sonu ve Ölüm Sonrası Öz-Yeterlilik Ölçeği ile toplandı. Bu ölçek için geçerliğin belirlenmesinde sırasıyla, dil eşdeğerliği, kapsam geçerliği ve yapı geçerliği uygulandı. Güvenirlik analizleri kapsamında Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplandı. Tutarlığı değerlendirmede ise split-half güvenirlik analizlerinden yararlanıldı.
Bulgular: Bu ölçeğin, kapsam geçerlik indeksi puanı 1,0 olarak belirlendi. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin değeri 0,89 ve Barlett Küresellik Testleri değeri ise 1775,54 (p < 0,001) olarak belirlenen ölçeğin veri setinin faktör analizine uygun olduğu bulundu. Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı 0,90 olarak bulundu. Spearman-Brown Korelasyon katsayısı 0,95 ve Guttman Eş Değer Yarılar Katsayısı 0,95 olarak hesaplandı ve ölçeğin güvenirliğinin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu sonucuna ulaşıldı.
Sonuç: Ölçeğin orijinal ölçekle paralel olarak tek boyutta olduğu belirlendi. Ölçeğin Türkçe formu hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşam sonu ve ölüm sonrası öz-yeterliliği değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu sonucuna ulaşıldı.
Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Algıladıkları Sosyal Desteğin Profesyonel Benlik Gelişimine Etkisi
Authors: Çiriş Yıldız Cennet , Kahveci Ceylan Berna
Published: September 2023

Giriş: Öğrenci hemşirelerin sosyal destek algıları yükseltilerek profesyonel benlik gelişimi sağlanabilir. Böylece geleceğin iş gücünü oluşturan öğrenci hemşirelerin mesleğe bağlılıkları teşvik edilerek, sunulan bakımın kalitesi artırılabilir.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı hemşirelik öğrencilerinin algıladıkları sosyal desteğin profesyonel benlik gelişimine etkisini belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma Türkiye’de bir üniversitede tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak gerçekleştirildi. Araştırmada veriler 21 - 25 Kasım 2022 tarihleri arasında toplandı. Araştırmanın örneklemini 194 hemşirelik bölümü öğrencisi oluşturdu. Veriler betimsel ve ilişkisel istatistikler kullanılarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması 20,63 ± 1,57 yıl olan öğrencilerin %83,51’i kadın olup, %68,04’ü ailesi ile birlikte yaşamaktadır. Öğrenciler, Öğrenci Hemşirelerde Profesyonel Benlik Kavramı Ölçeği’nde ortalama 141,46 ± 19,96 puan ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nde ortalama 64,73 ± 13,25 puan aldı. Öğrencilerin algıladıkları sosyal destek ile profesyonel benlik kavramı arasında zayıf pozitif ilişki belirlendi (r = 0,188; p < 0,05). Regresyon analizi sonucuna göre öğrencilerin algıladıkları sosyal destek, profesyonel benlik kavramı gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilemektedir (R2 = 0,035; p < 0,05).
Sonuç: Öğrencilerin algıladıkları sosyal desteğin profesyonel benlik kavramı gelişimlerini olumlu yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin algıladıkları sosyal destekler artırılarak profesyonel benlik gelişimleri artırılabilir. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde profesyonel benliğini etkileyen diğer faktörlerin belirlenmesine ihtiyaç vardır.
Comprender la interdependencia – el interser – de la vida desde el budismo
Authors: Eschenhagen María Luisa
Published: September 2023

El mundo moderno se distanció de la vida, fragmentó su relación y comprensión de la misma. Por lo tanto, en un contexto de crisis civilizatoria moderna, que ha olvidado su conexión con la vida lo cual se manifiesta a través del problema ambiental cada vez más imperante, el objetivo del presente texto es revisar cómo en el budismo entiende la mutua dependencia, o causación mutua de la vida. Para ello se presentan primero algunas reflexiones previas de contextualización del propio budismo y cómo éste llegó a occidente. Luego se presentan las enseñanzas y conceptos centrales del budismo y la causación mutua. Sigue un capítulo sobre la propuesta muy concreta de poner en práctica las enseñanzas a través de la meditación/contemplación, para luego entender mejor cómo el budismo comprende la vida, haciendo énfasis en la el inter-ser. Para finalmente, presentar algunas reflexiones e incentivos para cómo poner en práctica las enseñanzas en el mundo actual, porque desde una perspectiva budista queda claro que los múltiples problemas socioambientales que se observan por doquier son una señal de alarma que algo está andando muy mal en lo más profundo, por lo cual se requiere de cambios colectivos respecto a perspectivas colectivas, actitudes y estilos de vida, que en últimas es posible concretarlos en términos de rescatar valores mínimos de convivencia.
Road Safety Criteria for Mid-Block Pedestrian Crossing Facility and Application of ITS Technologies
Authors: Prakash Sathya
Published: September 2023

This paper describes an attempt made to evaluate the pedestrian's road crossing facility at midblock to relate with pedestrian road crossing behaviour and identify the variables influencing pedestrian road crossing decisions. The decision of pedestrians on road crossing depends on many other elements like yielding behaviour of a driver, vehicle speed, roadway width, traffic volume etc. Pedestrians road crossing data collected through videographic survey at Kozhikode city, Kerala, India were used to evaluate the pedestrian crossing facility. Regression model has been developed considering the pedestrian waiting time as dependent variable and vehicle speed and volume as independent variable. Further, a computational tool is developed to derive suitable criteria for regulating the number of pedestrian phases based on the percentage of vehicles in the queue formation for varying levels of interruptions and vehicle arrival rate. The criteria has been derived such that the negative force exerted by vehicles and drivers during pedestrian road crossing to a minimum level, through the implementation of signal control using Intelligent Transport System (ITS) technologies. Further, the queuing analysis results helps to identify the criteria for proposing grade-separated crossing based on the threshold value of the percentage of vehicles in the queue formation. From the queuing analysis, it was found that, the percentage of vehicle in queue has been increased from 19.44% to 38.89% for the arrival rate of 1200v/h when the number of pedestrian interruptions per hour is increased from 20 to 40. Also, it is observed that when the arrival rate increases from 1200 to 1800 v/h the percentage of vehicle in queue increases 19.44% to 77.78% for 20 number of pedestrian interruptions. The prediction tool developed may help the transportation policymakers and highway officials to evaluate the field conditions and to identify suitable control measures for the pedestrian facility with improved pedestrian safety and vehicular traffic efficiency.
POLA ASUH ORANG TUA PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN
Authors: Andayani Sri
Published: September 2023

Salah satu hal yang penting dalam perkembangan anak adalah pola asuh orang tua. Pola asuh tersebut sangat menentukan kepribadian dan perkembangan anak. Pengasuhan memerlukan sejumlah kemampuan interpersonal dan mempunyai tuntutan emosional yang besar, tetapi sangat sedikit pendidikan formal mengenai tugas ini. Kebanyakan orang tua mempelajari praktik mengasuh dari orang tua mereka sendiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pola asuh orang tua pada anak usia 4-6 tahun. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah korelasi yang dilakukan secara crosssectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu yang memiliki anak usia 4 -6 tahun, sampeln sebanyak 50 responden yang diambil dengan menggunakan tekhnik total sampling. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi, sedangkan analisa data dilakukan dengan uji koefisien analisis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pola asuh orang tua adalah overprotektif yaitu sebesar 29 responden (58%). Penerapan pola asuh overprotektif dapat berdampak pada tugas perkembangan anak. Untuk meminimalkan efek negatif pola asuh ini, orang tua dapat menggunakan pola asuh autoritatif untuk meningkatkan tugas perkembangan anak sesuai dengan usianya.

 Kata Kunci : Pola Asuh, Orang tua, anak 4-6 tahun.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO HOW UNIVERSITY-LEVEL TEACHERS PERCEIVE CHAT-GPT IMPACT UPON STUDENT LEARNING
Authors: Kanwal Ayesha , Hassan Syeda Khadija , Iqbal Iffaf
Published: September 2023

This research explores Chat -GPT inclusion into Pakistani higher education, addressing the issue of understanding teacher perspectives. To examine the relevance of this problem, an extensive survey involving 600 university teachers was undertaken using a positivist research paradigm. The findings show that teachers believe Chat-GPT has the ability to improve learning experiences by offering quick access to information and accommodating varied student demands. Concerns are raised, however about overreliance, ethical consequences, and possible impediments to critical thinking. These trends in data were revealed through statistical analysis, which included mean, standard deviation, correlation, and ANOVA. Concerns were raised, however, concerning the overreliance, ethical consequences, and possible barriers to critical thinking. Thus, longitudinal studies, qualitative research, thorough guidelines, and joint efforts are among the recommendations to enable the appropriate incorporation of AI technologies in education. This research adds to our understanding of the challenges of AI integration in education by highlighting need of balanced and well-informed educational methods.
Democracia brasileira, desafios e avanços: uma leitura na filosofia política de Aristóteles
Authors: Santos Ricson Macedo dos
Published: September 2023

O presente artigo possui como tema “Democracia brasileira, desafios e avanços: uma leitura na filosofia política de Aristóteles”. Têm-se como objetivo geral analisar: Analisar os avanços da democracia brasileira a luz da filosofia de Aristóteles. Tenciona-se ainda responder a seguinte problemática: De que forma a filosofia política aristotélica pode contribuir para uma análise sobre os desafios e avanços enfrentados da democracia brasileira? O referido tema foi escolhido pela sua importância no contexto atual da sociedade brasileira, além do fato de que a temática por si só, já denota uma notória justifi cativa para a iniciação da presente pesquisa. O método utilizado para a pesquisa foi o levantamento bibliográfi co e análise de dados e informações colhidas na lei, doutrina, teorias, princípios, jurisprudência e demais estudos científi cos atinentes ao tema, bem como o estudo de materiais disponíveis diversos materiais. Com o intuito, portanto, de reunir diversos posicionamentos acerca do tema.
Becoming Qazi in British Bombay
Authors: Lhost Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Focusing on the exemplary figures of Nur-ud-Din Husain of Bharuch, Yusuf Moorghay of Bombay, and Shaikh Ahmad of Pune, this chapter introduces three characters who occupied the office of qazi in western India during the first half of the nineteenth century. It highlights their family origins, professional backgrounds, and prolonged engagement with judicial department officials. After briefly describing government regulations relating to qazis from late-eighteenth century Bengal (and demonstrating how those regulations approached, employed, and redefined the qazi’s office), the chapter turns to the Bombay Presidency to understand why Company officials and local qazis remained invested in the qazi’s office and how that investment extended and complicated East India Company rule in western India. Qazis were not the only officeholders to complicate the trajectory of colonial rule, to expose the hypocrisies of colonial governance and its rule-of-law discourse, or to draw attention to the inconsistencies of religious difference and secular universality, but they were unique in their ubiquity from the eighteenth, through the nineteenth, and into the twentieth century. The chapter provides an unrivaled perspective on the experience of colonial legal change not from the vantage of law makers and legislators but from that of ordinary individuals.
Creating a Qazi Class
Authors: Lhost Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Who could be a qazi in British India? Could an untrained, illiterate landholder occupy the office? Could a Hindu? Could a woman? Looking at administrative correspondence surrounding the appointment of over three hundred individuals to the office of qazi in the Bombay Presidency in western India, this chapter considers how Muslim elites, hereditary qazis, East India Company officials working in the judicial department of the Bombay Presidency, and villagers living in the presidency’s hinterlands decided who could be qazi and what work the qazi should perform. While some of these appointments reflected the smooth operation of the East India Company’s bureaucracy, others erupted into fierce contests between rival factions and competing contenders. During these negotiations, Company officials strove to make appointments more regular, to make the number of officeholders proportional to the populations they served, and to detach these appointments from hereditary perquisites and entitlements. Desirous of Company appointment—and the prestige that accompanied it— aspiring officeholders did not sit by idly as the Company whittled down their rights and responsibilities. They fought back fiercely and vociferously.
Interlude II
Authors: Lhost Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Many histories of British rule in South Asia treat the dissolution of the East India Company and the transition to Crown rule as a rupture, yet in many ways Crown rule reaffirmed attitudes and approaches to the management of local populations under the Company. Using Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 as the framework for the second part of the book, this interlude explores the Crown’s recommitment to noninterference in religious affairs and legal pluralism as a moment of continuity and change. As the interlude explains, many of the legal reforms that followed the Uprising of 1857 were planned and drafted in the 1830s and 1840s, though these experiments in legal codification were not introduced until after Company rule ended. This framing chapter thus examines the twin impulses of legal codification and administrative uniformity following the Queen’s affirmation of the principle of religious non-interference.
Accounting for Qazis
Authors: Lhost Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

This chapter returns to the history of British-appointed qazis and follows one family of qazis as they recorded marriages and other legal transactions in their dar-ul-qaza (dār al-qaḍāʾ) in the north Indian town of Meerut. Using extant registers and notebooks produced and preserved by the family and their assistants between 1881 and 1980, this chapter places government-appointed qazis at the nexus between state law and everyday legal life to examine how Islamic legal practice and the expanded reach of the colonial legal system came together in the qazi’s marriage registers. The chapter examines how qazis were constrained and enabled by the Kazis’ Act (Act XII) of 1880 and outlines how marriage—and marriage registration—intersected with other areas of everyday life and law. It brings the history of legislative debates from chapter 3 and the discussion of alternative legal bureaucracies in chapter 5 together to offer a detailed picture of everyday Islamic law in this town.
From Belief to Blame
Authors: Moak Daniel S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter outlines the punitive turn in federal education policies. The faith that education policy could address poverty, unemployment, and racial inequality helped justify federal resources for K-12 education, but it also meant that federal policy makers quickly began to demand evidence of effectiveness. As early reports suggested that increased federal funding had done little to improve student test scores or reduce racial inequality, policymakers began to embrace increasingly punitive consequences for schools and teachers. By the late 1960s and early1970s, liberal federal policymakers proposed expanded use of standardized testing, vouchers, merit-based teacher pay, and privatized alternatives to public schools as policy tools to discipline schools and teachers for their perceived failures.
Introduction
Authors: Little Douglas
Published: September 2023

The introduction begins with some remarks about ethno-religious conflict, “othering,” and negative reference group theory. Then comes a brief history of Islam from the age of Mohammed and the Sunni-Shia split through the Crusades and the Turkish siege of Vienna to the fall of the Ottoman Empire and Western penetration of the Muslim world early in the 20th century. Next up is a synopsis of the substantive chapters, summarizing the disappearance of “the red threat” and the emergence of “the green threat” during the final years of the Cold War before taking a deep dive into the administrations of George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. Then the introduction pivots to the impact of “Islamophobia” on contemporary American political life and popular culture, reaffirming the persistence of the “us versus them paradigm.”
Genesis
Authors: Little Douglas
Published: September 2023

The Soviet-American confrontation after 1945 reflected the intersection of two trends in US history, one long-term—a fear of the “demonic other” dating from Age of Discovery—and the other more recent—a hatred of communism dating from the Bolshevik Revolution. Harry Truman established a new national security state designed to “contain” the Kremlin. After briefly considering “rolling back” the red threat, Dwight Eisenhower also pursued containment. In the Middle East, this produced a series of doctrines—Truman’s, Eisenhower’s, and Nixon’s—which utilized friendly Muslim tyrants like the Shah of Iran to combat alleged communist subversion. When political turmoil enveloped the Muslim world—Arab nationalism directed against Israel, anti-Western revolution in Iran, and left-wing radicalism in Afghanistan—Washington blamed Moscow and eventually turned to Muslim guerrillas to contain the Kremlin. The Carter and Reagan administrations, however, failed to realize that Islamic extremism might pose a threat to American security as grave as international communism. As a result, when the Cold War ended, US officials were ill prepared to deal with the radical ideologies coursing through the Muslim world.
Supplying the Spirit Ration in the Union and Confederate Armies
Authors: Bever Megan L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores how Federal and Confederate armies used liquor, which they regarded medically as a stimulant. Although supply varied from place to place (especially in the Confederacy), both militaries used liquor rations medicinally – to treat illnesses and wounds and prevent malaria (along with quinine) – and to mitigate exposure and fatigue duty. Despite relying on liquor as an essential component of their medical departments, both Confederate and Federal officials knew that physicians, stewards, and convalescing soldiers had a propensity to overuse liquor and they took steps to limit drinking.
Mishaps, Morality, Masculinity, and Military Discipline
Authors: Bever Megan L.
Published: September 2023

The drinking – both of the official rations and of the extra liquor men procured for themselves – led to mishaps. Noisy nights and straggling gave way to brawls and accidental deaths. Soldiers debated how much drinking was acceptable in the ranks, with men arguing that those who drank excessively enough that they became violent or abusive were unmasculine and unpatriotic. Temperance reformers and military officials tried to curtail drunkenness. Reformers offered pledges and camp temperance clubs. The militaries were punitive, punishing intoxication with public humiliation, hard labor, or fines. It is unclear the extent to which reformers or the military justice system were successful. Men balked at attempts from above to control their behavior.
Drinking, Duty, and Disloyalty
Authors: Bever Megan L.
Published: September 2023

During the war, conversations around drinking intersected with ideas of duty and disloyalty. Men who drank to excess --especially high-ranking officers – and distillers had their reputations tarnished, and they found their conduct compared to that of deserters, conscripts, extortionists, and others who shirked their duty in a time of national crisis. Some civilians even went so far as to public accuse drunkards, distillers, and liquor dealers of disloyalty. German and Irish immigrants had their social activities and livelihoods attacked and found themselves defending their patriotism and wartime service. Black Americans as well knew that temperance was associated with patriotic duty and often adopted sober masculinity as a part of their fight for citizenship.
The Physician and the Corpse
Authors: Turner Felicity M.
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyzes the role of the physician in investigations into infanticide in the early republic and antebellum United States. Juxtaposing the role of the white, male medical professional to that of the midwife, the chapter demonstrates that physicians attended infanticide inquests at the request of coroners in order to investigate the corpse of the newborn infant, not the body of the woman accused of the crime. The chapter details how physicians approached the task of examining the corpse to assess, for instance, if abortion rather than infanticide had occurred. Once the physician concluded that infanticide was more likely, the physician then employed a series of tests on the corpse to assess if the child had been stillborn or had breathed before being killed by its mother. The chapter argues that the involvement of physicians in infanticide investigations in the first half of the nineteenth century paved the way to the professionalization of medicine, particularly obstetrics, and the growth of medical jurisprudence.
From Bodies to Minds
Authors: Turner Felicity M.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines how racial and gendered expectations of motherhood and women’s appropriate social conduct and behavior influenced the ways in which courts addressed infanticide across the United States during Reconstruction. While Black women’s civil rights undoubtedly expanded during Reconstruction, infanticide cases demonstrate that those expanded rights did not necessarily translate into favorable outcomes in relation to criminal law. Cases of infanticide show that prevailing attitudes about race and gender encouraged the view that biology shaped one’s mental abilities, sanity, and morality. Although African American women successfully exploited those racist and gendered assumptions to reduce jail terms or receive pardons from death sentences, they did not fare as well in the criminal justice system as white women in similar situations.
Epilogue
Authors: Goode Abby L.
Published: September 2023

This epilogue explores agrotopian legacies in twentieth- and twenty-first-century discourses of population control, wilderness preservation, and neo-agrarianism. First, it examines Nancy Newhall’s and Ansel Adams’s This Is the American Earth (1960), a coffee-table book published by the Sierra Club, which adapts nineteenth-century agrotopian narratives to twentieth-century preservationism and neo-Malthusianism. Next, it turns to Michelle Obama’s White House Kitchen Garden, as depicted in American Grown (2012). While This Is the American Earth exemplifies overpopulation anxieties, American Grown focuses on revitalizing agrarian ideals, appreciating Jeffersonian wisdom, and encouraging Americans to reconnect with the soil. Separated by over half a century, these texts exemplify the far-reaching influence of agrotopian thinking in modern US environmentalism and sustainability rhetoric.
Introduction
Authors: Garcia Maria Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter gives a overview of US and international responses to environmental migration and the lack of legal protections for the so-called “climate refugees.” The chapter introduces readers to the case studies in this book. The Caribbean and Central American countries and territories discussed in this book—Montserrat, Nicaragua, Honduras, the US Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico—are responsible for only a tiny fraction of the world’s carbon emissions, but climate change has already affected their agricultural production, urban and rural infrastructure, public health, and local and state economies. Geography has made these places particularly vulnerable to sudden-onset disasters like hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, but so, too, has coloniality, weak governance, indebtedness, short-sighted development policies, and a wide range of non-state actors. Governmental responses have layered disaster upon disaster that have created multiple forms of vulnerability that have led to internal and cross-border migration. The case studies illustrate why Temporary Protected Status (TPS)—and other ad hoc immigration policies—are not appropriate responses to migration in a world of accelerating climate change.
What a Volcano Revealed about the Vulnerability of Small Island States
Authors: Garcia Maria Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by small island states in the Caribbean by focusing on environmental disasters in the British territory of Montserrat. From 1995 to 2010, a series of volcanic eruptions left Montserrat uninhabitable, destroying homes and livelihoods and driving an estimated two-thirds of Montserratians into exile. Though residents of a dependent territory in the British Commonwealth, the 11,000 Montserratians struggled to receive the humanitarian relief and post-disaster economic assistance. The crisis made evident the lack of sustainable development and culturally sensitive remediation in this small island state, but also Montserratians’ social and political vulnerability, ruled by dual governments that often worked at cross purposes. Montserratians who sought refuge in the United States became the first foreign nationals to qualify for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for environmental reasons, but this status created new forms of vulnerability. Though only a few hundred Montserratians received TPS and their chances for reintegration back home were limited, the George W. Bush administration revoked their protected status after eight years, prompting a public outcry and a legislative battle. The chapter demonstrates the limitations of TPS as a response to environmental or climate-driven migration.
What Protections and Benefits?
Authors: Garcia Maria Cristina
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the back-to-back hurricanes of 2017 that devastated the American territories of the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Virgin Islanders and Puerto Ricans should have qualified for the same economic assistance as other Americans, but they competed with other hard-hit areas of the United States for the limited resources of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The islands’ political status as “unincorporated territories” also proved to be a liability, barring them not only from full economic assistance from the federal government because of statutory caps placed on assistance to US territories but also from certain types of international assistance. The policies of Washington and Wall Street in the decades leading to—and in the wake of—2017 made recovery difficult and forced tens of thousands to consider an internal migration to the fifty states their only option. Hurricanes Irma and Maria revealed that the American citizens of US territories occupy a liminal and unequal political status in the American empire that makes economic growth difficult and their recovery from environmental disaster less of a priority for federal policy makers.
Fraternity Party Population Control
Authors: Mathews Jana
Published: September 2023

This chapter shows fraternities have a long tradition of controlling the campus dating script by artificially manipulating sex ratios to create an even more pronounced hookup culture. In the early twentieth century, when men were the numeric majorities on college campuses, fraternity chapters created artificial male scarcity by prohibiting some of their members from attending their own parties. Today’s campus demographics combine with current NIC policy—which does not establish a minimum membership size of fraternity chapters—to do the same thing. The uneven size of many campus fraternity and sorority chapters means that every time a sorority engages socially with a fraternity at a sorority or fraternity mixer, formal, or event, there are upwards of three times the number of women at the event than men.