bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimal residual disease before and after transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: is there any room for intervention?
Authors: Balduzzi Adriana , Di Maio Lucia , Silvestri Daniela , Songia Simona , Bonanomi Sonia , Rovelli Attilio , Conter Valentino , Biondi Andrea , Cazzaniga Giovanni , Valsecchi Maria G.
Published: January 2014

Eighty‐two children and adolescents who underwent allogeneic transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission (period 2001–2011, median follow‐up 4·9 years) had been assessed for minimal residual disease (MRD) by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction before and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after transplantation. Five‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of relapse were 77·7% [standard error (SE) 5·7] and 11·4% (SE 4·4), respectively, for patients with pre‐transplant MRD <1 × 10−4 (68%), versus 30·8% (SE 9·1; P < 0·001) and 61·5% (SE 9·5; P < 0·001), respectively, for those with MRD ≥1 × 10−4 (32%). Pre‐transplant MRD ≥1 × 10−4 was associated with a 9·2‐fold risk of relapse [95% confidence interval (CI) 3·54–23·88; P < 0·001] compared with patients with MRD <1 × 10−4. Patients who received additional chemotherapy pre‐transplant to reduce MRD had a fivefold reduction of risk of failure (hazard ratio 0·19, CI 0·05–0·70, P = 0·01). Patients who experienced MRD positivity post‐transplant did not necessarily relapse (5‐year EFS 40·3%, SE 9·3), but had a 2·5‐fold risk of failure (CI 1·05–5·75; P = 0·04) if any MRD was detected in the first 100 d, which increased to 7·8‐fold (CI 2·2–27·78; P = 0·002) if detected after 6 months. Anticipated immunosuppression‐tapering according to MRD may have improved outcome, nevertheless all patients with post‐transplant MRD ≥1 × 10−3 ultimately relapsed, regardless of immunosuppression discontinuation or donor‐lymphocyte‐infusion. In conclusion, MRD before transplantation had the strongest impact on relapse and MRD positivity after transplantation, mostly if detected early and at low levels, did not necessarily imply relapse. Additional intensified chemotherapy and modulation of immunosuppression may reduce relapse risk and improve ultimate outcome.
A Survey on Procedural Modelling for Virtual Worlds
Authors: Smelik Ruben M. , Tutenel Tim , Bidarra Rafael , Benes Bedrich
Published: January 2014

Procedural modelling deals with (semi‐)automatic content generation by means of a program or procedure. Among other advantages, its data compression and the potential to generate a large variety of detailed content with reduced human intervention, have made procedural modelling attractive for creating virtual environments increasingly used in movies, games and simulations. We survey procedural methods that are useful to generate features of virtual worlds, including terrains, vegetation, rivers, roads, buildings and entire cities. In this survey, we focus particularly on the degree of intuitive control and of interactivity offered by each procedural method, because these properties are instrumental for their typical users: designers and artists. We identify the most promising research results that have been recently achieved, but we also realize that there is far from widespread acceptance of procedural methods among non‐technical, creative professionals. We conclude by discussing some of the most important challenges of procedural modelling.
Differential Effect of Conditioning Sequences in Coupling Inhibitory/Facilitatory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for PostStroke Motor Recovery
Authors: Wang Chih‐Pin , Tsai Po‐Yi , Yang Tsui Fen , Yang Kuang‐Yao , Wang Chien‐Chih
Published: January 2014

Introduction

While neuromodulation through unihemispheric repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown promise for the motor recovery of stroke patients, the effectiveness of the coupling of different rTMS protocols remains unclear.

Aims

We aimed to test the long‐term efficacy of this strategy with different applying sequences and to identify the electrophysiological correlates of motor improvements to the paretic hand.

Results

In our sham‐controlled, double‐blinded parallel study, 48 stroke patients (2–6 months poststroke) were randomly allocated to three groups. Group A underwent 20‐session rTMS conditioning initiated with 10‐session 1 Hz rTMS over the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1), followed by 10‐session intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) consequently over the ipsilesional M1; Group B underwent the same two paradigms but in reverse; and Group C received sham stimulation that was identical to Group A. We tested cortical excitability and motor assessments at the baseline, postpriming rTMS, postconsequent rTMS, and at 3‐months follow‐up. Group A manifested greater improvement than Group B in Fugl‐Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function testing (WMFT) score, and muscle strength (P = 0.001–0.02) post the priming rTMS. After the consequent rTMS, Group A continued to present a superior outcome than Group B in FMA (P = 0.015) and WMFT score (P = 0.008) with significant behavior‐electrophysiological correlation.

Conclusions

Conditioning the contralesional M1 prior to ipsilesional iTBS was found to be optimal for enhancing hand function, and this effect persisted for at least 3 months. Early modulation within 6 months poststroke rebalances interhemispheric competition and appears to be a feasible time window for rTMS intervention.
The adequacy of the distal resection margin after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer
Authors: Kim T. G. , Park W. , Choi D. H. , Kim S.‐H. , Kim H. C. , Lee W. Y. , Park J. O. , Park Y. S.
Published: January 2014

Aim

The study aimed to determine the adequacy of the distal margin in patients having preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by restorative surgery for rectal cancer.

Method

A total of 368 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated for cure at our institution between July 1999 and March 2009 were included in the study. All underwent preoperative CRT and sphincter‐sparing surgery. The distal margin and other factors were examined for their effect on recurrence and survival. The median duration of follow‐up was 48 months.

Results

The length of distal margin ranged from 0 to 9.0 cm (median 1.5 cm). The pelvic control and disease‐free survival rates at 5 years for patients with a margin of ≤ 3 mm were no different from those in whom it was > 3 mm (P = 0.6 and 0.8). The 5‐year pelvic control rates between the ≤ 3 mm and > 3 mm groups were 66.7 and 86.2% in patients with a ypT3–4 tumour (P = 0.049) and 70.0 and 89.1% in patients who showed no response to CRT (P = 0.039).

Conclusion

The results suggest that a distal margin of < 3 mm in the surgical specimen after preoperative CRT is associated with a lower rate of pelvic tumour control at 5 years in patients with Stage ypT3–4 tumours or in those who do not respond to CRT.
Circular closure is associated with the lowest rate of surgical site infection following stoma reversal: a systematic review and multiple treatment meta‐analysis
Authors: Li L. T. , Hicks S. C. , Davila J. A. , Kao L. S. , Berger R. L. , Arita N. A. , Liang M. K.
Published: January 2014

Aim

Stoma reversal is frequently complicated by surgical site infection (SSI). To reduce SSI, several techniques for skin closure have been studied, with no agreement on which is best. The aim of this study was to identify the skin closure technique associated with the lowest rate of SSI following stoma reversal.

Method

We systematically searched MEDLINE (PubMed and OvidSP), Scopus and clinical registries from 1 January 1980 to 24 March 2012, and included original reports on adult patients following stoma reversal. A network of treatments was created to map the comparisons between skin closure techniques, including primary closure, primary closure with a drain, secondary closure, delayed primary closure, loose primary closure and circular closure. Pairwise meta‐analyses were performed for all available direct comparisons of closure types and heterogeneity was assessed. A multiple‐treatments meta‐analysis was conducted to estimate relative treatment effects between competing closure types (reported as an odds ratio with 95% credible interval, and a probability that each treatment is best). Several sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results

Fifteen studies were identified with a total of 2921 cases of stoma reversal. Overall, study quality was poor with observed low (one study), moderate (seven studies) and high (seven studies) risk of bias. Circular closure was associated with the lowest SSI risk (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.02–0.40) and was the best of six skin closure techniques (probability of being best = 68.9%). Circular closure remained the best after sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

This study showed that circular closure is the best skin closure technique after stoma reversal in terms of SSI rate, but the quality of supporting evidence is limited, precluding definite conclusions.
Borrowing Across Borders: Migration and Microcredit in Rural Cambodia
Authors: Bylander Maryann
Published: January 2014

This article explores an unexpected and overlooked consequence of the expansion of microcredit: how it interacts with migration patterns. Drawing on qualitative research in northwest Cambodia, this study explores the uses, meanings and implications of ‘migra‐loans’ — microcredit loans that are used in tandem with household strategies of international migration. Using microcredit in combination with migration allows households to immediately meet consumption goals and utilize the credit being actively promoted by microfinance institutions, while also retreating from insecure and less profitable local livelihood strategies. These strategies problematize expectations about the developmental potential of microcredit, and highlight the importance of local context in framing rural livelihood choices.
Sustainability Standards and the Water Question
Authors: Vos Jeroen , Boelens Rutgerd
Published: January 2014

Increased global trade in agricultural commodities has boosted fresh water consumption. This export of ‘virtual water’, embedded in products sold abroad, has increasingly affected local communities and ecosystems, especially in arid regions. Recent initiatives to certify agricultural production are showing a rapidly growing interest in considering water issues within schemes of quality assurance, sustainable production and fair trade. This article scrutinizes current water sustainability certification schemes, and how they affect local water user communities. The authors use three notions of governmentality to examine water sustainability standards and how they aim ‘to conduct the conduct’ of water users: (1) standards as ‘production of truth’ and ‘mentalities’ that constitute systems of collective rationalities, values, norms and knowledge; (2) standards as networks that prescribe roles and establish power relations between companies and producers; and (3) standards as ‘techniques of visibilization’ that control practices and discipline producers. Private standards in general reinforce the political and market power of private sector agro‐food chains in local water management, to the detriment of local water user communities and national governments. However, sustainability certification could also potentially enable local, regional, national and international organizations of user communities to stake claims and negotiate to protect their water sources and livelihoods.
18F‐FDG PET/CT as a predictor of hereditary head and neck paragangliomas
Authors: Blanchet Elise M. , Gabriel Sophie , Martucci Victoria , Fakhry Nicolas , Chen Clara C. , Deveze Arnaud , Millo Corina , Barlier Anne , Pertuit Morgane , Loundou Anderson , Pacak Karel , Taïeb David
Published: January 2014

Background

Hereditary head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) account for at least 35% of all HNPGLs, most commonly due to germline mutations in SDHx susceptibility genes. Several studies about sympathetic paragangliomas have shown that 18F‐FDG PET/CT was not only able to detect and localize tumours, but also to characterize tumours (18F‐FDG uptake being linked to SDHx mutations). However, the data concerning 18F‐FDG uptake specifically in HNPGLs have not been addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 18F‐FDG uptake and the SDHx mutation status in HNPGL patients.

Methods

18F‐FDG PET/CT from sixty HNPGL patients were evaluated. For all lesions, we measured the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax), and the uptake ratio defined as HNPGL‐SUVmax over pulmonary artery trunk SUVmean (SUVratio). Tumour sizes were assessed on radiological studies.

Results

Sixty patients (53·3% with SDHx mutations) were evaluated for a total of 106 HNPGLs. HNPGLs‐SUVmax and SUVratio were highly dispersed (1·2–30·5 and 1·0–17·0, respectively). The HNPGL 18F‐FDG uptake was significantly higher in SDHx versus sporadic tumours on both univariate and multivariate analysis (P = 0·002). We developed two models for calculating the probability of a germline SDHx mutation. The first one, based on a per‐lesion analysis, had an accuracy of 75·5%. The second model, based on a per‐patient analysis, had an accuracy of 80·0%.

Conclusions

18F‐FDG uptake in HNPGL is strongly dependent on patient genotype. Thus, the degree of 18F‐FDG uptake in these tumours can be used clinically to help identify patients in whom SDHx mutations should be suspected.
Endodontic treatment of a mandibular premolar abscess in a horse: A case study
Authors: Facchini C. , Bono S. , Faughnan M. , Iacopetti I.
Published: January 2014

A pulpar abscess of cheek tooth 307 (according to the Triadan numerical system) was diagnosed in a 7‐year‐old female Quarter Horse. History included a painful response to palpation in the mandibular region for approximately 4 weeks. Symptoms included swelling of the mandibular bone with subsequent fistulisation. A complete intraoral examination was performed and no lesions or abnormalities were found. Digital radiographs of the mandibular arcade demonstrated a periapical lesion of cheek tooth 307. Various therapeutic options were considered, including standing oral extraction, retrograde repulsion and endodontic therapy. Together with the client, a decision was made to perform endodontic therapy, with the double aim of preserving the tooth and maintaining normal molar occlusion. This was done under general anaesthesia without apicectomy, and using materials commonly used in the field of human endodontics. Following surgery, radiographs were taken and confirmed the complete sealing of the pulp canals. Recovery was uneventful and no post operative complications were observed. A complete intraoral follow‐up examination was performed one year after surgery, and revealed normal eruption and occlusion of the tooth involved. Radiographic examination confirmed the correct position and integrity of the sealant material, as well as normal perialveolar bone structure. This case report indicates that endodontic therapy, following the above protocol, involving pulpectomy and sealing of the pulp cavity, represents a valid alternative to the more commonly used technique of tooth extraction.
Grassland yield response to knife/tine slurry injection equipment – benefit or crop damage?
Authors: Rodhe L. , Halling M. A.
Published: January 2014

Slurry injection into grassland has advantages as it decreases ammonia losses, but may harm grassland plants. In two field experiments, four different types of knife/tine equipment were tested on three different grassland species (monocultures of red clover, perennial ryegrass and red fescue), with or without added mineral nitrogen (N), but without slurry application. During 2 years, in two separate experiments, the injection treatments were applied in spring or in summer to different plots. Crop damage was assessed by a range of methods. It was concluded that both the timing and the design of the knife/injector equipment had a significant influence on yield when used in grassland, with the greatest decrease in yield after spring use. Mean total yield over 2 years (no treatment = 100) for timing and species, with N added, was 94 (vertical knife), 92 (vertical and horizontal knife), 96 (double disc tine) and 94 (tubulator tine). With no N added, the relative yield decrease caused by equipment was less. Red fescue seemed to be a little more sensitive than the other species at spring treatment in one of the 2 years. Leaf area index could be useful for measuring crop damage.
Re‐thinking Global Citizenship in Higher Education: from Cosmopolitanism and International Mobility to Cosmopolitanisation, Resilience and Resilient Thinking
Authors: Caruana Viv
Published: January 2014

Developing graduates as global citizens is a central aim of the internationalised university of the 21st century. International student mobility premised on notions of cosmopolitanism is regarded as a key component of the student learning experience. Yet there is little evidence to suggest the benefits of international mobility for intercultural understanding, which is an essential quality of the global citizen. This paper reports the findings of a Higher Education Academy‐funded project exploring how students draw on their diverse backgrounds in developing resilience within multicultural learning environments. The research findings suggest that student diversity provides a rich source of lived experience that can be harnessed as a resource in developing graduates as global citizens. The paper therefore suggests that institutions re‐conceptualise global citizenship as a concept embracing diversity, belonging, community and solidarity and support the development of pedagogies that embrace cultural biography and storytelling.
Learning Interconnectedness: Internationalisation through Engagement with One Another
Authors: Spiro Jane
Published: January 2014

This study explores the view that student engagement with one another is critical in the internationalisation mission. Although universities make powerful claims regarding their international mission and goals, international and home students report isolation from one another. Whilst the literature is rich in its discussion of policy, institutional meanings and student voice, it offers us less insight into how internationalisation might be translated into classroom practice. The study shares examples of four small‐scale projects in which students engage with one another across cultural boundaries in practical and problem‐solving activities. What students value in the approach is explored through interview, focus groups, diary reflections and evaluations. The findings suggest that students who engage with one another across cultural boundaries in practical and pragmatic ways, experience significant change in their assumptions and feel more readily able to view themselves as members of an international learning community. The study arrives at the view that the evolution of communities of practice, based on principles of equality, shared goals and guided reciprocity can bring international and home students together in a process of effective mutual learning that meets some of the goals of the internationalisation.
From Internationalisation to Education for Global Citizenship: a Multi‐Layered History
Authors: Haigh Martin
Published: January 2014

The evolving narrative on internationalisation in higher education is complex and multi‐layered. This overview explores the evolution of thinking about internationalisation among different stakeholder groups in universities. It parses out eight coexisting layers that progress from concerns based largely upon institutional survival and competition to those based on community, citizenship and ways of being in the world. These are: (1) recruiting international students; (2) teaching international students; (3) growing the international enterprise university through the competitive recruitment of international staff and students; (4) compliance with standards set by international accreditation agencies; (5) ‘internationalisation at home’, which means internationalisation of the curriculum for local learners; (6) education for global citizenship; (7) connected e‐learning; and (8) education for planetary, whole‐Earth, consciousness. Problems of leadership and policy development arise from the necessity to engage with the whole structure as well to communicate with each layer in ways that resonate with its own priorities. The structure aligns closely with the ‘spiral dynamics’ model for the management of organisational change, which is commended.
Effect of Mechanical Constraints in Thin Ceramic LTCC/PZT Multilayers on the Polarization Behavior of the Embedded PZT
Authors: Neumeister Peter , Eßlinger Sophia , Gebhardt Sylvia , Schönecker Andreas , Flössel Markus
Published: January 2014

The effect of direct integration of PZT into LTCC by sintering on its polarization behavior is studied. Due to the typically small thermal expansion of PZT, compressive stresses are expected after cooling, which should promote poling. However, measurements show a strongly reduced remanent polarization compared to free PZT. Analysis of thermal expansion reveals that thermal shrinkage of the PZT is larger than that of LTCC. The impact of this finding on the poling behavior is simulated for the LTCC/PZT module, confirming the experimental observations and allowing for conclusions concerning the suitability of the PZT for integration into LTCC structures.
Cilia and the life of ctenophores
Authors: Tamm Sidney L.
Published: January 2014

Ctenophores, or comb jellies, are a distinct phylum of marine zooplankton with eight meridional rows of giant locomotory comb plates. Comb plates are the largest ciliary structures known, and provide unique experimental advantages for investigating the biology of cilia. Here, I review published and unpublished work on how ctenophores exploit both motile and sensory functions of cilia for much of their behavior. The long‐standing problem of ciliary coordination has been elucidated by experiments on a variety of ctenophores. The statocyst of ctenophores is an example of how mechanosensory properties of motile cilia orient animals to the direction of gravity. Excitation or inhibition of comb row beating provides adaptive locomotory responses, and global reversal of beat direction causes escape swimming. The diverse types of prey and feeding mechanisms of ctenophores are related to radiation in body form and morphology. The cydippid Pleurobrachia catches copepods on tentacles and undergoes unilateral ciliary reversal to sweep prey into its mouth. Mnemiopsis uses broad muscular lobes and ciliated auricles to capture and ingest prey. Beroë has giant smooth muscles and toothed macrocilia to rapidly engulf or bite through ctenophore prey, and uses reversible tissue adhesion to keep its mouth closed while swimming. Ciliary motor responses are calcium‐dependent, triggered by voltage‐activated calcium channels located along the length (reversed beating) or at the base (activation of beating) of ciliary membranes. Ciliary and muscular responses to stimuli are regulated by epithelial and mesogleal nerve nets with ultrastructurally identifiable synapses onto effector cells. Post‐embryonic patterns of comb row development in larval and adult stages are described and compared with regeneration of comb plates after surgical removal. Truly, cilia and ctenophores, like love and marriage, go together like a horse and carriage.
The problems of safety and compliance with conventional antidepressant drugs
Authors: Lader M.
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The incidence of unwanted effects with tricyclic antidepressants usually ranges between 15% and 30%. Adverse effects particularly involve the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system, and sedation is common. Tricyclics interact with many other drugs including antihypertensive agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), anticholinergic drugs, antihistamines and sedatives (especially alcohol). Overdoses of tricyclics are hazardous, producing respiratory and cardiac depression, fits and coma.

Compliance is poor with tricyclic antidepressants, mainly due to the side‐effects, particularly sedation and dry mouth, and to a failure in doctor‐patient communication. The range of pharmacological effects, wanted and unwanted, reflects the relative lack of selectivity of these drugs: More selective drugs should be advantageous in the treatment of depression.
Zimeldine tolerability in comparison to amitriptyline and placebo: findings from a multicentre trial
Authors: Claghorn J. , Gershon S. , Goldstein B. J.
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— Zimeldine tolerability was compared to amitriptyline and placebo in a large multicentre study performed at three clinical research units in the U.S.A. Prior to a placebo washout period of 3–7 days, patients were randomly assigned to zimeldine, a potent and selective 5‐HT reuptake blocker, amitriptyline or placebo. Dosage range was 75–300 mg/day for active medications, and the scheduled treatment period was 4 weeks.

The side‐effects were recorded by using a Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS). Vital signs were monitored and laboratory investigations, including chemistry and drug plasma levels, were performed.

Two hundred and sixty‐three patients were included in the safety evaluation. Side‐effects, particularly anticholinergic effects but also drowsiness and cardiovascular effects, were much less pronounced in the zimeldine group compared to the amitriptyline group. Only marginal differences in side‐effects were reported between zimeldine and placebo. Significantly more patients receiving amitriptyline were withdrawn from treatment as a result of adverse effects.

Thus, zimeldine appears to be an effective antidepressant with marked advantages with regard to tolerability. It is therefore an important new contribution to the treatment of depressive disorders.
The efficacy of zimeldine in preventing depressive episodes in recurrent major depressive disorders — a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Björk K.
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT—The efficacy of zimeldine in preventing depressive episodes in recurrent major depressive disorders was evaluated in a randomized, placebo‐controlled study involving 40 patients. The intended study period was 18 months. The results showed zimeldine to be significantly more effective than placebo, both in terms of preventing recurrence (t‐test:P< 0.001) and the withdrawal rate (Cox's test:P< 0.01). Adverse symptoms for zimeldine did not differ from placebo. There were no noteworthy changes in clinical chemistry, blood pressure, ECG and pulse rate.
Nail Psoriasis, the unknown burden of disease
Authors: Klaassen K.M.G. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Pasch M.C.
Published: January 2014

Background

Psoriasis can be found at several different localizations which may be of various impact on patients' quality of life (QoL). One of the easy visible, and difficult to conceal localizations are the nails.

Objective

To achieve more insight into the QoL of psoriatic patients with nail psoriasis, and to characterize the patients with nail involvement which are more prone to the impact of the nail alterations caused by psoriasis.

Method

A self‐administered questionnaire was distributed to all members (n = 5400) of the Dutch Psoriasis Association. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the Nail Psoriasis Quality of life 10 (NPQ10) score were included as QoL measures. Severity of cutaneous lesions was determined using the self‐administered psoriasis area and severity index (SAPASI).

Results

Patients with nail psoriasis scored significantly higher mean scores on the DLQI (4.9 vs. 3.7, P = <0.001) and showed more severe psoriasis (SAPASI, 6.6 vs. 5.3, P = <0.001). Patients with coexistence of nail bed and nail matrix features showed higher DLQI scores compared with patients with involvement of one of the two localizations exclusively (5.3 vs. 4.2 vs. 4.3, P = 0.003). Patients with only nail bed alterations scored significant higher NPQ10 scores when compared with patients with only nail matrix features. Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and nail psoriasis experiences more impairments compared with nail psoriasis patients without PsA (DLQI 5.5 vs. 4.3, NPQ10 13.3 vs. 7.0). Females scored higher mean scores on all QoL scores.

Conclusion

Greater attention should be paid to the possible impact nail abnormalities have on patients with nail psoriasis, which can be identified by nail psoriasis specific questionnaires such as the NPQ10. As improving the severity of disease may have a positive influence on QoL, the outcome of QoL measurements should be taken into account when deciding on treatment strategies.
Low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite affect population dynamics in Gyrodactylus salaris (Malmberg, 1957): practical guidelines for the treatment of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parasite
Authors: Hagen A G , Hytterød S , Olstad K
Published: January 2014

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parr (age 1+), infected by the monogenean ectoparasite Gyrodactylus salaris (Malmberg, 1957), were exposed to chlorine (Cl)‐enriched water at three different concentrations: Cllow (0–5 μg Cl L−1), Clmedium (18 μg Cl L−1) and Clhigh (50 μg Cl L−1). There was a negative correlation between G. salaris infections and the hypochlorite concentrations added. The parasite infection was eliminated by day 6–8 and day 2–4 in the groups Clmedium and Clhigh, respectively, while inhibition of G. salaris population growth was observed in the Cllow group. An important note to this matter, however, is that the G. salaris specimens observed at day 6 in Clmedium and at day 2 in Clhigh were all considered dead by subjective judgement. No mortality in the salmon parr was observed during the first 8 days of the experiment, demonstrating that Cl has a stronger effect on G. salaris than on the salmonid host. The differences in sensitivity between the parasite and the Atlantic salmon indicate that hypochlorite has a potential use as a parasiticide with a therapeutic margin. The low‐dose sensitivity may imply that Cl pollution in urban areas may pose a greater risk towards biodiversity than previously assumed.
Rapid induction of the Growth Hormone Gene Transcription by Glucocorticoids In Vitro: Possible Involvement of Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptors and Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase Activation
Authors: Nogami H. , Yamamoto N. , Hiraoka Y. , Aiso S. , Sugimoto K. , Yoshida S. , Shutoh F. , Hisano S.
Published: January 2014

The regulation of transcription of the growth hormone (GH) gene by glucocorticoids was studied in MtT/S cells, a cell line derived from an oestrogen‐induced mammotrophic tumour in the rat, and in the primary culture of the anterior pituitary gland of adult mice. The levels of the GH heteronuclear RNA (GH hnRNA), which are mainly determined by the transcription rate, increased by 25‐fold during 24 h in response to dexamethasone (DEX; 1 μm) in MtT/S cells that were cultured in the medium containing charcoal‐stripped serum for 7 days. The stimulatory effect of DEX on the GH hnRNA levels was detectable as early as 30 min. This rapid effect of DEX did not require on‐going protein synthesis, whereas it was considered that DEX requires the presence of unknown cellular proteins produced independently of DEX stimulation. By contrast, on‐going protein synthesis was required for DEX action when incubated for 6 h, as has been observed in the previous studies. The specific inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor, RU486, inhibited both rapid (30 min) and delayed (6 h) the effects of glucocorticoids on GH hnRNA levels. Membrane impermeable glucocorticoid, corticosterone‐bovine serum albumin conjugate (CSBSA), was found to have effects similar to those of DEX and free corticosterone (CS), suggesting that glucocorticoids regulate GH gene transcription at least in part through the membrane bound receptors. From pharmacological studies, it was suggested that phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) activation is involved in the rapid effects but not in the delayed effects of glucocorticoids. This also suggests that the delayed effects of glucocorticoids depend on mechanisms other than the activation of PI3‐kinase. Finally, both rapid and delayed effects of CS and CSBSA were observed not only in MtT/S cells, but also in the mouse pituitary cells in primary culture. Therefore, it is possible that the membrane initiated action of glucocorticoids is involved in the regulation of GH transcription in normal pituitary cells, as well as in pituitary tumour cells.
Calculating averted caries attributable to school‐based sealant programs with a minimal data set
Authors: Griffin Susan O. , Jones Kari , Crespin Matthew
Published: January 2014

Objectives

We describe a methodology for school‐based sealant programs (SBSP) to estimate averted cavities, (i.e., difference in cavities without and with SBSP) over 9 years using a minimal data set.

Methods

A Markov model was used to estimate averted cavities. SBSP would input estimates of their annual attack rate (AR) and 1‐year retention rate. The model estimated retention 2+ years after placement with a functional form obtained from the literature. Assuming a constant AR, SBSP can estimate their AR with child‐level data collected prior to sealant placement on sealant presence, number of decayed/filled first molars, and age. We demonstrate the methodology with data from the Wisconsin SBSP. Finally, we examine how sensitive averted cavities obtained with this methodology is if an SBSP were to over or underestimate their AR or 1‐year retention.

Results

Demonstrating the methodology with estimated AR (= 7 percent) and 1‐year retention (= 92 percent) from the Wisconsin SBSP data, we found that placing 31,324 sealants averted 10,718 cavities. Sensitivity analysis indicated that for any AR, the magnitude of the error (percent) in estimating averted cavities was always less than the magnitude of the error in specifying the AR and equal to the error in specifying the 1‐year retention rate. We also found that estimates of averted cavities were more robust to misspecifications of AR for higher‐ versus lower‐risk children.

Conclusions

With Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheets available upon request, SBSP can use this methodology to generate reasonable estimates of their impact with a minimal data set.
Effect of genotype on chemical composition, ruminal degradability and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize residual plants
Authors: Zeller F. M. E. , Edmunds B. L. , Schwarz F. J.
Published: January 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the changes to residual plant feeding value of early‐ and late‐maturing maize varieties. The influence of the cell wall carbohydrate composition, in terms of neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF) content, NDF and dry matter (DM) degradability, and in vitro organic matter digestibility and gas production on the feeding value of a range of maize genotypes, was measured. The different genotypes were allotted into two maturity groups (MG I – early to mid‐early: S210‐S240; MG II – mid‐late to late: S 250‐S280) and harvested at four different harvest dates (depending on the DM content of the kernels). The maize varieties of MG I had lower NDF and ADF contents and higher ruminal DM degradability, in vitro digestibility and gas production and thus a higher feeding value than MG II at the same stage of physiological maturity. A strong negative relationship between NDF content and the ruminal DM degradability (r = −0.81) was observed. The data indicate that the early‐maturing varieties permit a larger flexibility in harvesting due to a longer period of starch inclusion into the kernel whilst simultaneously maintaining a good supply of rumen‐available fibre. Conclusively, the higher feeding value of the early‐maturing varieties, based on lower NDF and high DM digestibility, permits more flexibility in the harvesting period over the later‐maturing varieties.
Characteristics of canine nasal discharge related to intranasal diseases: a retrospective study of 105 cases
Authors: Plickert H. D. , Tichy A. , Hirt R. A.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVES

To compare characteristics of nasal discharge caused by different intranasal aetiologies in dogs.

METHODS

Medical records of 105 dogs with nasal discharge due to intranasal disease were retrospectively reviewed with special focus on composition, severity, duration and localisation of discharge. On the basis of diagnostic findings, cases were classified into different disease groups and characteristics of discharge were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Cases were classified as having non‐specific rhinitis (n=42), nasal neoplasia (n=23), foreign bodies (n=21), nasal mycosis (n=7) and miscellaneous disorders (n=13). Dogs with foreign bodies or nasal mycosis were significantly younger. Mucous components of discharge occurred more often in non‐specific rhinitis and nasal neoplasia, although haemorrhagic components predominated in nasal neoplasia when discharge lasted ê14 days. Pure or mixed haemorrhagic discharge was significantly more common with nasal neoplasia, foreign bodies and nasal mycosis. Purulent components were associated with longer duration of discharge and predominantly seen in non‐specific rhinitis and foreign bodies. Dogs with foreign bodies were presented earlier and sneezing was more frequent. Nasal stridor was significantly more often observed in dogs with nasal neoplasia.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Characteristics of nasal discharge and associated clinical signs might aid in planning the diagnostic approach, but a combination of diagnostic techniques is still required to confirm a diagnosis.
Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes P3 transcript expression of the insulin‐like growth factor 2 gene via inducing hypomethylation of P3 promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tang Shaohui , Hu Wei , Hu Jianjun , Wu Shenglan , Li Junfeng , Luo Yuhong , Cao Mingrong , Zhou Hongke , Jiang Xiangwu
Published: January 2014

Background & Aims

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis. The overexpression of transcripts from P3 and P4 promoters of the insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene is observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aimed to explore the involvement of HBx in P3‐driven mRNA overexpression and underlying epigenetic mechanism.

Methods

P3 mRNA, P3 methylation status, HBx mRNA and HBx protein were analysed in human HCC samples with and without HBV infection using quantitative RT‐PCR, bisulphite sequencing and Western blotting. The effects of HBx on P3 mRNA expression, and P3 transcriptional activity and methylation were further evaluated in HCC cell lines.

Results

P3 mRNA level was higher and P3 methylation level was lower in HBV‐positive HCC specimens compared with those of HBV‐negative HCC specimens. P3 transcript abundance was positively correlated with HBx expression and negatively correlated with P3 methylation in HCC specimens. The stable expression of HBx upregulated P3 mRNA expression and reduced P3 methylation level in HepG2‐HBx cells. The transient expression of HBx stimulated P3 promoter activity and decreased P3 methylation level of P3 promoter‐luciferase construct in a dose‐dependent manner in HepG2 and Huh‐7 cells. Furthermore, HBx mRNA expression was found to be independent predictive factors for both shorter disease‐free survival time and shorter overall survival time of HCC patients.

Conclusion

HBx may promote IGF2‐P3 transcript expression by inducing hypomethylation of P3 promoter and may be associated with an inferior clinical outcome of HBV‐related HCC patients. This study provides useful information for understanding the mechanism of HBx‐mediated HCC.
Burden of liver disease in Brazil
Authors: Nader Lysandro A. , de Mattos Angelo A. , Bastos Gisele A. N.
Published: January 2014

Background & Aims

The burden of liver diseases in the Brazilian population is still unknown. To assess the impact of liver diseases on hospital admissions and mortality within the framework of the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Methods

An analytical ecological observational study was carried out. Secondary data on hospital admissions and deaths because of liver disease were collected from the Unified Health System Information Technology Department (DATASUS) database, between 2001 and 2010. All liver diseases included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) were reviewed.

Results

Liver diseases were the eighth leading cause of death in Brazil. The prevalence of hospital admission because of liver disease during the period of analysis was 0.72% (853 571 hospitalizations), and the mortality rate was 3.34% (308 290 deaths). The mean age at hospital admission and death because of liver disease was 48.05 and 58.10 years respectively. Both hospitalization and death because of liver disease were more common among men, and followed an upward trend over the years. Cirrhosis was the main cause of hospital admissions and death by liver disease in Brazil. The South region of the country had the highest hospital admission rates because of liver disease in Brazil, whereas the Southeast region had the highest mortality rate.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence of the relevance of liver diseases within the framework of the Brazilian Unified Health System, and shows that the burden of these diseases is not only significant but progressive, at least in terms of hospital admissions and mortality rate.
Advanced Visualization and Accessibility to Heterogeneous Monitoring Data
Authors: Glisic Branko , Yarnold Matthew T. , Moon Franklin L. , Aktan A. Emin
Published: January 2014

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a promising tool for better management of infrastructure. However, failure to manage large amounts of SHM data properly is a big barrier for its widespread application. Data management is especially challenging when heterogeneous data are involved and combined with camera images. Various sensors based on different technologies can measure many parameters such as strain, tilt, weather, etc., whereas live cameras can visualize traffic response. In addition, all the data streams can be registered both statically and dynamically. Data management is even more complex if multiple users access the data and have diverse backgrounds and interests (e.g., the owner/manager of the structure, operator, responsible engineer, and academic). In this article, general principles for SHM data management are researched, established, and proposed by the authors, and an original solution for data management based on these principles is presented. For validation purposes, the proposed principles were implemented in novel data management software and applied to a signature bridge. Feedback from interested groups including the managers, operators, engineers of record, and academics is used for validation. Thus, this article details the researched and proposed accessibility and visualization principles, and conceptual development of novel solution for data management, which combines computer science, internet omnipresence, and structural engineering.
Reappraisal of TLE‐1 immunohistochemical staining and molecular detection of SS18‐SSX fusion transcripts for synovial sarcoma
Authors: Chuang Huei‐Chieh , Hsu Sheng‐Chi , Huang Chung‐Guei , Hsueh Swei , Ng Kwai‐Fong , Chen Tse‐Ching
Published: January 2014

The aim of the present study was to re‐evaluate TLE‐1 staining and the molecular detection methods of SS18‐SSX transcripts for synovial sarcoma. We analyzed TLE‐1 expression in 50 molecularly confirmed synovial sarcomas and 85 other soft tissue tumors with three previously published scoring systems. In the present study, 39 to 43 synovial sarcomas showed TLE‐1 nuclear staining, whereas 9–15 of 85 other soft tissue tumors showed TLE‐1 staining (P < 0.0001). The specificities of strong TLE‐1 staining were 100%, 97.6% and 98.8%. The positive likelihood ratio of moderate and strong TLE‐1 nuclear expression was >10 in all three scoring systems. There was no difference in TLE‐1 staining between different subtypes of synovial sarcoma (P > 0.05). Based on a comparison between conventional reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative RT‐PCR is a more sensitive method than conventional RT‐PCR and FISH to detect t(X;18). A positive correlation between TLE‐1 staining and SS18‐SSX translocation was detected by conventional PCR (P < 0.05). In conclusion, although all three scoring systems could differentiate synovial sarcoma from other soft tissue tumors, diffuse moderate to severe intensity tumors showed the highest specificity in the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma.
Case of solitary pulmonary capillary hemangioma: Pathological features based on frozen section analysis
Authors: Isaka Tetsuya , Yokose Tomoyuki , Ito Hiroyuki , Washimi Kota , Imamura Naoko , Watanabe Masato , Imai Kentaro , Nishii Teppei , Yamada Kouzo , Nakayama Haruhiko , Masuda Munetaka
Published: January 2014

Solitary pulmonary capillary hemangioma (SPCH) is a rare benign lung tumor that must be distinguished from small and early lung cancers. Here, we report a case of SPCH for which we performed frozen section diagnosis. The patient was a 55‐year‐old Japanese woman. Five years before the operation, mixed ground‐glass opacity was detected by computed tomography in the left posterior basal segment of the lower lobe (S10). Because the interior tumor density of the ground‐glass opacity increased slightly, video‐assisted thoracic surgery wedge resection was performed. Frozen section diagnosis revealed a benign tumor without proliferation of atypical epithelial cells. The tumor had narrow alveolar lumens, thickened alveolar septa and a clear boundary separating it from normal lung tissue. The proliferated lumens varied in size and were lined with single layers of flat cells. After the operation, immunohistochemical staining of a paraffin section revealed that the thickened alveolar septa resulted from the proliferation of capillary vessels, the flat cells of which were positive for CD31 and CD34 and negative for podoplanin; the tumor was diagnosed as SPCH. Here, we discuss the pathological features of SPCH on frozen sections with reference to this case and review previous related reports.
Crisis Pregnancy Centers, Poverty, and the Expanding Frontiers ofAmerican Abortion Politics
Authors: Hussey Laura S.
Published: January 2014

Pro‐life “crisis pregnancy centers” are an increasingly important venue for theAmerican abortion conflict, yet scholars know little about them. The increasing concentration of abortion among the poor also potentially heightens their relevance since they aim to reduce abortion through offers of practical support. This article describes this branch of the pro‐life movement, focusing on its approach to poverty and the political factors that may shape it. My national, mixed‐method study of pro‐life pregnancy centers finds that they devote substantial attention to poverty, frequently collaborate with social welfare agencies, and claim that a compassionate, “woman‐centered” approach differentiates them from other pro‐life groups. Despite this, there is little evidence that the development of such centers is related to conflict in the pro‐life movement over poverty.

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