bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reporter‐based screening and selection of enzymes
Authors: van Rossum Teunke , Kengen Servé W. M. , van der Oost John
Published: April 2013

The biotech industry is continuously seeking for new or improved biocatalysts. The success of these efforts is often hampered by the lack of an efficient screening assay. Thus, to be able to extend the number of enzymes available for industrial applications, high‐throughput screening and selection methods are required. In the last few years an impressive range of screening and selection strategies has been developed. In this review, we will mainly focus on in vivo reporter systems in which the activity of a reporter is controlled by the activity of an enzyme of interest. Different mechanisms can be distinguished: (a) binding of the product of the enzymatic reaction to a transcriptional regulator and thereby turning on transcription of the reporter; (b) direct modification of a transcriptional regulator by the enzyme resulting in expression of the reporter; (c) binding of the product to a regulatory riboswitch or ribozyme, resulting in translation of the reporter; and (d) direct modification of the reporter by the enzyme, altering the reporter's activity. The choice for either a selection or a screening strategy depends on the type of reporter, e.g. providing antibiotic resistance (selection) or transmitting a fluorescent signal (screening). Although developing the specificity of each of these reporter‐based selection or screening systems towards a certain enzymatic reaction is not yet straightforward, their adjustable modular design appears to be a promise for general applicability in the near future.
Evolutionary and mechanistic insights into substrate and product accommodation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase from Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Nagy Gergely N. , Marton Lívia , Krámos Balázs , Oláh Julianna , Révész Ágnes , Vékey Károly , Delsuc Frédéric , Hunyadi‐Gulyás Éva , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Lavigne Marina , Vial Henri , Cerdan Rachel , Vértessy Beáta G.
Published: April 2013

The enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) is essential in the lipid biosynthesis of Plasmodia (Haemosporida), presenting a promising antimalarial target. Here, we identified two independent gene duplication events of CCT within Apicomplexa and characterized a truncated construct of Plasmodium falciparum CCT that forms a dimer resembling the molecular architecture of CCT enzymes from other sources. Based on biophysical and enzyme kinetics methods, our data show that the CDP‐choline product of the CCT enzymatic reaction binds to the enzyme considerably stronger than either substrate (CTP or choline phosphate). Interestingly, in the presence of Mg2+, considered to be a cofactor of the enzyme, the binding of the CTP substrate is attenuated by a factor of 5. The weaker binding of CTP:Mg2+, similarly to the related enzyme family of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, suggests that, with lack of Mg2+, positively charged side chain(s) of CCT may contribute to CTP accommodation. Thermodynamic investigations by isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescent spectroscopy studies indicate that accommodation of the choline phosphate moiety in the CCT active site is different when it appears on its own as one of the substrates or when it is linked to the CDP‐choline product. A tryptophan residue within the active site is identified as a useful internal fluorescence sensor of enzyme–ligand binding. Results indicate that the catalytic mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum CCT may involve conformational changes affecting the choline subsite of the enzyme.

Database

Model data are available in the Protein Model DataBase (PMDB) under the accession number PM0078718 (PfCCT(528–795)) and PM0078719 (PfCCT MΔK)

Structured digital abstract

PfCCT MΔK and PfCCT MΔK bind by mass spectrometry studies of complexes (View interaction)

PfCCT MΔK and PfCCT MΔK bind by comigration in gel electrophoresis (View interaction)

PfCCT MΔK and PfCCT MΔK bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Analysis of mechanical properties and its associated fracture surfaces in dual‐phase austempered ductile iron
Authors: Basso A. , Sikora J. , Martínez R.
Published: April 2013

This work aims at evaluating the fracture surfaces of tensile samples taken from a new kind of ductile iron referred to as ‘dual‐phase Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)’, a material composed of ausferrite (regular ADI microstructure) and free (or allotriomorphic) ferrite. The tensile fracture surface characteristics and tensile properties of eight dual‐phase ADI microstructures, containing different relative quantities of ferrite and ausferrite, were studied in an alloyed ductile cast iron. Additionally, samples with fully ferritic and fully ausferritic (ADI) matrices were produced to be used as reference. Ferritic–pearlitic ductile irons (DI) were evaluated as well. For dual‐phase ADI microstructures, when the amount of ausferrite increases, tensile strength, yield stress and hardness do so too. Interesting combinations of strength and elongation until failure were found. The mechanisms of fracture that characterise DI under static uniaxial loading at room temperature are nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. The fracture surface of fully ferritic DI exhibited an irregular topography with dimples and large deformation of the nodular cavities, characteristic of ductile fracture. Microstructures with small percentages of ausferrite (less than 20%) yielded better mechanical properties in relation to fully ferritic matrices. These microstructures presented regions of quasi‐cleavage fracture around last‐to‐freeze zones, related to the presence of ausferrite in those areas. As the amount of ausferrite increased, a decrease in nodular cavities deformation and a flatter fracture surface topography were noticed, which were ascribed to a higher amount of quasi‐cleavage zones. By means of a special thermal cycle, microstructures with pearlitic matrices containing a continuous and well‐defined net of allotriomorphic ferrite, located at the grain boundaries of recrystallised austenite, were obtained. The results of the mechanical tests leading to these microstructures revealed a significant enhancement of mechanical properties with respect to completely pearlitic matrices. The topographies of the fracture surfaces revealed a flat aspect and slightly or undeformed nodular cavities, as a result of high amount of pearlite. Still isolated dimple patterns associated to ferritic regions were observed.
Kinking of an interface crack in an orthotropic bimaterial
Authors: Cui C. B. , Beom H. G. , Jang H. S. , Fang Q.‐Z. , Li H. M.
Published: April 2013

We investigated the asymptotic problem of a kinked interface crack in an orthotropic bimaterial under in‐plane loading conditions. The stress intensity factors at the tip of the kinked interface crack are described in terms of the stress intensity factors of the interface crack prior to the kink combined with a dimensionless matrix function. Using a modified Stroh formalism and an orthotropy rescaling technique, the matrix function was obtained from the solutions of the corresponding problem in transformed bimaterial. The effects of orthotropic and bimaterial parameters on the matrix function were examined. A reduction in the number of dependent material parameters on the matrix function was made using the modified Stroh formalism. Moreover, the explicit dependence of one orthotropic parameter on the matrix function was determined using an orthotropic rescaling technique. The effects of the other material parameters on the matrix function were numerically examined. The energy release rate was obtained for a kinked interface crack in an orthotropic bimaterial.
A simple method to analyse the notch sensitivity of specimens in fatigue tests
Authors: Hu X. A. , Yang X. G. , Wang J. K. , Shi D. Q. , Huang J.
Published: April 2013

A simple method to analyse the notch sensitivity of specimens in fatigue tests is presented. The parameter m, which can be used to measure the notch sensitivity, the nominal stress and the stress concentration factor (Kt) are used to establish the method. In order to verify the feasibility of the method, notch fatigue test results from our group and literatures were collected. The results reveal that an optimal value of parameter m does exist for each material. Life predictions indicated that the model is able to describe the life evolution for notched specimens under high cycle fatigue and low cycle fatigue tests. Because the geometry effect is accounted for Kt, the method is suitable for the conditions when the notch geometries and the absolute dimensions are similar to the tested specimens.
Crack tip stress distribution and stress intensity factor in shape memory alloys
Authors: Maletta Carmine , Sgambitterra Emanuele , Furgiuele Franco
Published: April 2013

The crack tip stress‐induced martensitic transformation and the resulting stress distribution in a nickel–titanium (NiTi)‐based shape memory alloy have been analysed. In particular, the effects of temperature, within the stress‐induced transformation regime, in single edge crack specimens have been studied by a recent analytical model, finite element simulations and experimental measurements. The results of the analytical model have been compared with those obtained from finite element simulations, carried out by using a special constitutive model for shape memory alloys, and good agreements have been observed. Furthermore, full field numerical results have been used to better understand the evolution of the volume fraction of martensite in the crack tip region. Finally, experimental measurements have been carried out, by using single edge crack specimens obtained from commercially available NiTi sheets by electro‐discharge machining. The results have been analysed by linear elastic fracture mechanics theory, and the analytical model has been used to calculate modified stress‐intensity factors for shape memory alloys. A slightly increase of the critical stress‐intensity factor has been observed with increasing the testing temperature, and this result is in accordance with the model calculations, which indicate a toughening effect, i.e. a reduction of the crack tip stress intensity factor.
Biotic interactions mediate the expansion of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) into salt marshes under climate change
Authors: Guo Hongyu , Zhang Yihui , Lan Zhenjiang , Pennings Steven C.
Published: April 2013

Many species are expanding their distributions to higher latitudes due to global warming. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these distribution shifts is critical for better understanding the impacts of climate changes. The climate envelope approach is widely used to model and predict species distribution shifts with changing climates. Biotic interactions between species, however, may also influence species distributions, and a better understanding of biotic interactions could improve predictions based solely on climate envelope models. Along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, USA, subtropical black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) at the northern limit of its distribution grows sympatrically with temperate salt marsh plants in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. In recent decades, freeze‐free winters have led to an expansion of black mangrove into salt marshes. We examined how biotic interactions between black mangrove and salt marsh vegetation along the Texas coast varied across (i) a latitudinal gradient (associated with a winter‐temperature gradient); (ii) the elevational gradient within each marsh (which creates different marsh habitats); and (iii) different life history stages of black mangroves (seedlings vs. juvenile trees). Each of these variables affected the strength or nature of biotic interactions between black mangrove and salt marsh vegetation: (i) Salt marsh vegetation facilitated black mangrove seedlings at their high‐latitude distribution limit, but inhibited black mangrove seedlings at lower latitudes; (ii) mangroves performed well at intermediate elevations, but grew and survived poorly in high‐ and low‐marsh habitats; and (iii) the effect of salt marsh vegetation on black mangroves switched from negative to neutral as black mangroves grew from seedlings into juvenile trees. These results indicate that the expansion of black mangroves is mediated by complex biotic interactions. A better understanding of the impacts of climate change on ecological communities requires incorporating context‐dependent biotic interactions into species range models.
Simple Scan Tests for Spatial Clustering on a Square Lattice
Authors: Rogerson Peter A. , Wang Le
Published: April 2013

Many data sets collected for study areas consist of data values collected on a square lattice or for a set of pixels. Remotely sensed data provide perhaps the most common example. Frequently, we wish to know whether there are subregions of the study area that exhibit spatial clustering. In this article, we suggest how an approach for finding spatial clusters may be combined with the common practice of using 3‐by‐3 and 5‐by‐5 smoothing filters or kernels to construct two simple and easy‐to‐implement scan‐type tests. A simulation experiment shows that the power of these tests to find clusters compares favorably with an alternative test that is more complicated. The tests use simulated data, changes in a remotely sensed image for a study region in Texas, and data about wheat yields.

Muchas bases de datos que se recopilan para una zona de estudio, consisten en valores recopilados en una retícula cuadrada o en un conjunto de pixeles. Los datos obtenidos por sensores remotos son quizá el ejemplo más común. Frecuentemente deseamos saber si existen subregiones de la zona de estudio que exhiban agrupamiento espacial. En este artículo, sugerimos cómo una aproximación para ubicar agrupamientos espaciales se puede combinar con la práctica común de usar filtros de suavizado (kernels) de 3‐por‐3 y 5‐por‐5 filtros, para construir dos test tipo scan, sencillos y fáciles de implementar. Un experimento de simulación demuestra que el poder de estas pruebas para ubicar agrupamientos, se compara favorablemente frente a otra prueba alternativa, que resulta más complicada. Las pruebas usan datos simulados, cambios en una imagen de satélite para un área de estudio en Texas, y con data acerca de los rendimientos de cultivos de trigo.

研究区收集的许多数据集是由基于方格网和像素采集的数据值组成的，遥感数据可能提供了最常见的范例。通常，我们希望了解研究区的子区域是否呈现空间集聚特征。本文提出了一种如何发现空间集聚的方法，可以与采用3*3和5*5平滑滤波或核函数的普通试验相结合，构造两个简单且易于操作的扫描试验。模拟实验结果显示，这些试验在寻找聚集特征的性能上优于更复杂的可替换性试验。文中所用的仿真模拟数据来源于德克萨斯州小麦产量的多时相遥感影像。
The sources and formation processes of brines from the Lunnan Ordovician paleokarst reservoir, Tarim Basin, northwest China
Authors: Chen J. , Liu D. , Peng P. , Yu C. , Zhang B. , Xiao Z.
Published: April 2013

The most important petroleum exploration target in the Tarim Basin, northwest China, is the paleokarst reservoir. To understand the source and evolution of brine in this type of reservoir, a total of 37 formation‐water samples were collected from the Middle‐Lower Ordovician paleokarst reservoir in the Lunnan oilfield. The δD‐δ18O correlation and Cl/Br ratios reflect the mixture of two fluids: meteoric water and evaporated seawater. The different degree of mixture divided samples into two groups. Group 1 samples, from deep strata (5150–6667 m.b.s.l.) in the east of the field, with elevated δD (−53.5 to −38.0‰), δ18O values (0.66–5.99‰), and lower Cl/Br ratios (336–478 for Cl/Br, except LN634‐1 and LN631‐1) were formed by evaporation of seawater plus a small contribution from meteoric water. Group 2 samples, from shallow strata (5038–6067 m.b.s.l.), in the west of the field, have contrasting features (−59.6 to −48.5‰ for δD, −0.47 to 2.17‰ for δ18O, and 501 to 871 for Cl/Br), which reflect a mixture of evaporated seawater with a high proportion of meteoric water. Both of the fluid types exchanged oxygen isotope with minerals. The investigation into cation composition reveals that, before entering into the current reservoir, waters suffered albitization of plagioclase; moreover, meteoric water dissolved evaporites and seawater experienced dolomitization. A mixing trend showed by strontium isotopes (0.709801–0.711628) gave further evidence for the mixture of two fluid types. Based on the correlation of geological history with our data, two infiltration models of meteoric waters can be constructed. According to the chemical and isotopic compositions of the waters, an east fluid regime (Group 1) and a west fluid regime (Group 2) have thus been defined. Better understanding of the subsurface fluid movement patterns may be helpful for the local exploration.
Workforce Development: Challenges and Opportunities for Ceramic Science and Engineering
Authors: Madsen Lynnette D.
Published: April 2013

It remains both a challenge and an opportunity to attract and nurture the best talent in ceramic science and engineering. Success stories in other areas provide examples of how to do it. Research findings reveal behaviors and specific actions that encourage excellence in all individuals, for example, showing support, creating structures that promote interaction, and establishing clear expectations. In developing countries, where the education and research infrastructure are often not as strong and English is not otherwise the language of choice, additional factors come into play. Involving students in research and exchanges—both domestically and internationally—within academe and with other sectors are keys to maintaining a high level of engagement. Students need to identify with the benefits and goals of their career paths. It is imperative that the education curriculum be nimble and incorporate skill development in important and emerging areas such as entrepreneurship and integrated computation and modeling.
Controls on seed production and seed germinability inEriophorum vaginatum
Authors: MOLAU U. , SHAVER G.R.
Published: April 2013

Controls on seed production in Eriophorum vagina tum were studied at two Low Arctic sites, Latnjajaure in Sweden and Toolik Lake in Alaska. At Latnjajaure, seed production was monitored for 3 years (1993‐1995) in control plants and in plants that were experimentally warmed using ITEX open‐topped chambers (OTCs). At Toolik Lake, experimental treatments included a factorial greenhouse x NP fertilizer experiment and artificial shading; data collection occurred in 1995, after eight seasons of treatment. Temperature differences between sites, years, and treatments all had significant effects on components of Eriophorum seed production. Pre‐flo ration and post‐floration times were decreased in warmer treatments and years. Ovule number per inflorescence was greater in warm years and at the warmer site, Toolik Lake. Although seed set was reduced in the OTCs at Latnjajaure, probably due to low pollination rates, in the larger greenhouses at Toolik Lake seed set was increased. The most consistent responses to temperature were in seed weight, where treatment effects were greatest at lower temperatures, such that, for example, at Latnjajaure the increases in seed weight in the OTCs were greatest in the coldest year. Fertilizer treatment had no significant effect on seed number or weight at Toolik Lake, and in the fertilizer + greenhouse treatment there were no inflorescences because Eriophorum had been nearly eliminated from the treated plots. In the shade treatment at Toolik Lake, inflorescences were fertilized but only a single mature seed was collected. Overall, the results indicate that seed production by E. vagina tum is strongly responsive to environmental variation and that only a small increase in mean summer temperatures would result in a much larger and more stable seed production.
Towards a Free Market in Religion
Authors: Bonney Norman
Published: April 2013

While most nationalised enterprises have been privatised and made subject to the market, the Church of England, with considerable but not complete autonomy, remains ultimately a state controlled and governed organisation. The growth of secularism and religious diversity has demonstrated that the Church has failed in its mission to be the Church of all the people of England. Its share of the marriage market has shrunk to one in four and most weddings are now secular. It retains a monopoly of UK state religious ceremonial but in attempting to adjust to contemporary forms of religiosity it has become, in contradiction of its founding 16th century articles, the leader of official state interfaith activities and the arbiter and broker for the participation of a restricted range of other religious denominations in state activities. Releasing the Church from state control and creating a more open market for religion and belief will create a level playing field for all denominations and a better correspondence between citizen attitudes and public actions.
Delinquency, aggression, and attention‐related problem behaviors differentially predict adolescent substance use in individuals diagnosed with ADHD
Authors: Harty Seth C. , Galanopoulos Stavroula , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To measure the degree to which childhood and adolescent ratings of aggression, attention, and delinquency are related to adolescent substance use outcomes in youth diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Background

Childhood externalizing disorders have been shown to predict adolescent maladaptive substance use, but few studies have examined the differential predictive utility of two distinct dimensions of externalizing behavior: aggression and delinquency.

Methods

Ninety‐seven clinically referred children with ADHD initially took part in this research protocol when they were on average 9.05 years of age, and were seen again on average 9.30 years later. Participants' parents were administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at baseline and follow‐up, and youth completed the Youth Self Report (YSR) in adolescence. At follow‐up, substance use severity and diagnosis were assessed using semi‐structured psychiatric interviews administered separately to parents and adolescents. Linear and binary logistic regressions were used to determine the association of CBCL‐ and YSR‐rated attention problems, aggression, and delinquency to adolescent substance use.

Results

Childhood and adolescent delinquency, but not aggression, as rated by parents and youths, predicted adolescent substance use disorders and substance use severity (all p < .05). After accounting for the associations of delinquency and aggression with adolescent substance use, ratings of attention problems in childhood and adolescence were negatively associated with substance use outcome.

Conclusions

Children with ADHD who exhibit high rates of delinquency are at risk for later substance use and may require targeted prevention, intervention, and follow‐up services. (Am J Addict 2013;22:543–550)
Metabolic response to changes in temperature in northern wheatears from an arctic and a temperate populations
Authors: Maggini Ivan , Bairlein Franz
Published: April 2013

Until recently it had been widely accepted that birds are energetically adapted to the latitude they inhabit, having an increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) at higher latitudes. Latterly, this general view has been questioned and the influence of phenotypic flexibility, due to factors such as habitat, life‐history or acclimatization has received increased attention. In particular, focus has been directed towards comparing species from arid and mesic habitats, but less attention has been given to species which breed in cold climates. We chose to study northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe from two populations at different latitudes (southern Norway, Iceland), but with similar life‐histories and habitat requirements throughout the year, in a common‐garden experiment. In order to assess true latitudinal trends in metabolic rate, we estimated the nocturnal resting metabolic rate (RMR) of northern wheatears from southern Norway and Iceland at different temperatures from 0° to 30°C. We found that Norwegian birds had overall lower metabolic rates than Icelandic birds, which were also slightly larger. This difference was not observed at 0°C, which might indicate that Icelandic birds might rely on better feather insulation reducing metabolic costs at very low temperatures. At temperatures above 10°C birds of both populations had constant metabolic values, indicating that their thermoneutral range almost completely covered the temperatures experienced during the breeding period. This study shows that the northern wheatear, which is one of only a few insectivorous long‐distance migratory songbirds occurring at such high latitudes, has evolved metabolic adaptations to life at cold temperatures which are endogenously determined.
Spatial and ecometric analyses of the Plio‐Pleistocene large mammal communities of the Italian peninsula
Authors: Meloro Carlo , Kovarovic Kris
Published: April 2013

Aim

Knowledge of mammal community composition across large areas is critical to the reconstruction of biogeographical trends in past ecosystems where mammalian fossils serve as palaeoecological proxies. We employed ‘ecometrics’ (taxon‐free trait analysis) to compare fossil communities of the Italian Plio‐Pleistocene across space and time. We tested the hypotheses that ecometric traits characterizing fossil mammal communities differ between time bins, and that they exhibit geographical correlations.

Location

Peninsular Italy, excluding islands (Sardinia and Sicily).

Methods

We explored selected ecometric traits (body weight, biomass, hypsodonty and brachial index) in 69 local fossil assemblages at the scale of nine palaeocommunities (PCOMs), and at the broader scale of ‘mammal age’, or biochronological unit, to which they belong: Villafranchian, Galerian or Aurelian. Principal components analysis, MANOVA and linear discriminant analysis were used to describe differences in the PCOM and mammal age ecospaces. We also tested for the effects of latitude and longitude on the ecometric variables and mapped their distributions during individual mammal ages.

Results

Spatial analysis suggested that neither latitude nor longitude relate meaningfully to any of the ecological parameters under consideration. However, PCOMs in each biochronological interval were successfully discriminated using ecometric traits, with the exception of the localities from Triversa and Pirro, which bore more resemblance to the younger Aurelian localities. The mammal ages were more clearly distinct.

Main conclusions

Communities differ from one another particularly in relation to both the average body weight of herbivores and the entire mammalian fauna and the biomass of prey species. This is probably related to a climatic cooling trend that occurred between the Pliocene and Pleistocene and resulted in the evolution of larger forms. Hypsodonty trends are identified and we support hypsodonty as a valuable ecometric trait, but only at larger temporal scales.
Rationale for Establishing a Mechanism to Increase Reimbursement to Hypertension Specialists
Authors: Elliott William J. , Egan Brent , Giles Thomas D. , Bakris George L. , White William B. , Sansone Torry M.
Published: April 2013

Hypertension is an important public health problem both in the United States and worldwide, contributing to many forms of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Although great strides have been made in the proportion of the US population that achieves recommended blood pressure targets, many Americans still have undertreated and uncontrolled blood pressure that increases the risk of expensive strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and dialysis. Because hypertension is a common but heterogeneous and sometimes complex condition, the American Society of Hypertension (ASH) has, since 1999, designated physicians as “ASH Hypertension Specialists.” Such Hypertension Specialists (as defined by ASH's Specialist Program) are fully licensed physicians with a primary board certification who are competent in all aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, as evidenced by passing a specific examination on these topics offered by ASH's Specialist Program. These physicians have a proven track record of controlling blood pressure in “resistant hypertensive” patients, the general population whom they serve, and educating other physicians to help them achieve higher blood pressure control rates among their patient populations. This report sets out a rationale for increased reimbursement for care of hypertensive patients by ASH‐Designated Hypertension Specialists.
Impact of 5‐Year Weight Change on Blood Pressure: Results From the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial
Authors: Tyson Crystal C. , Appel Lawrence J. , Vollmer William M. , Jerome Gerald J. , Brantley Phillip J. , Hollis Jack F. , Stevens Victor J. , Ard Jamy D. , Patel Uptal D. , Svetkey Laura P.
Published: April 2013

In this secondary analysis of the Weight Loss Maintenance trial, the authors assessed the relationship between blood pressure (BP) change and weight change in overweight and obese adults with hypertension and/or dyslipidemia who were randomized to 1 of 3 weight loss maintenance strategies for 5 years. The participants were grouped (N=741) based on weight change from randomization to 60 months as: (1) weight loss, (2) weight stable, or (3) weight gain. A significant positive correlation between weight change and systolic BP (SBP) change at 12, 30, and 60 months and between weight change and diastolic BP (DBP) change at 30 months was observed. From randomization to 60 months, mean SBP increased to a similar degree for the weight gain group (4.2±standard error=0.6 mm Hg; P<.001) and weight stable group (4.6±1.1 mm Hg; P<.001), but SBP did not rise in the weight loss group (1.0±1.7 mm Hg, P=.53). DBP was unchanged for all groups at 60 months. Although aging may have contributed to rise in BP at 60 months, it does not appear to fully account for observed BP changes. These results suggest that continued modest weight loss may be sufficient for long‐term BP lowering.
Transcranial Doppler Identifies a Malfunctioning Extraventricular Drain
Authors: Mayans David R. , Meads Dana B. , Reynolds Patrick S.
Published: April 2013

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is an invaluable tool allowing real‐time monitoring of physiologic blood flow velocity changes. We present a case where TCD monitoring for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage identified blood flow velocity changes consistent with sudden increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to a malfunctioning extraventricular drain. The primary team was alerted to these findings, and immediately revised her shunt with normalization of ICP and TCD. Serial TCD monitoring allowed identification of an imminently fatal complication in time to allow a life saving intervention. TCD is a portable, inexpensive, real‐time tool providing important physiologic data regarding blood flow velocities and intracranial pressure that is crucial to the care of critically ill patients.
Child obesity prevention in primary health care: Investigating practice nurse roles, attitudes and current practices
Authors: Robinson Alison , Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth , Laws Rachel , Harris Mark
Published: April 2013

Aim

Overweight and obesity affects approximately 20% of Australian pre‐schoolers. The general practice nurse (PN) workforce has increased in recent years; however, little is known of PN capacity and potential to provide routine advice for the prevention of child obesity. This mixed methods pilot study aims to explore the current practices, attitudes, confidence and training needs of Australian PNs surrounding child obesity prevention in the general practice setting.

Methods

PNs from three Divisions of General Practice in New South Wales were invited to complete a questionnaire investigating PN roles, attitudes and practices in preventive care with a focus on child obesity. A total of 59 questionnaires were returned (response rate 22%). Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were also conducted with a subsample of PNs (n = 10).

Results

Questionnaire respondent demographics were similar to that of national PN data. PNs described preventive work as enjoyable despite some perceived barriers including lack of confidence. Number of years working in general practice did not appear to strongly influence nurses' perceived barriers. Seventy per cent of PNs were interested in being more involved in conducting child health checks in practice, and 85% expressed an interest in taking part in child obesity prevention training.

Conclusions

Findings from this pilot study suggest that PNs are interested in prevention of child obesity despite barriers to practice and low confidence levels. More research is needed to determine the effect of training on PN confidence and behaviours in providing routine healthy life‐style messages for the prevention of child obesity.
Standard Operating Procedures for Neurophysiologic Assessment of Male Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Giuliano Francois , Rowland David L.
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Can neurophysiological testing in male patients with sexual dysfunction benefit the decision-making process? The answer remains unclear.

Aim

To provide standard operating procedures for the neurophysiologic assessment of male sexual dysfunction.

Methods

Medical literature was reviewed and combined with expert opinion of the authors.

Results

Bulbocavernosus reflex latency time, pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials, and sympathetic skin responses have been considered as potential candidates for the diagnosis and assessment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Currently, there is no consensus on a standardized methodology for these neurophysiological investigations in the overall assessment of ED. These procedures are unable to assess the integrity of the efferent parasympathetic proerectile penile innervation; accordingly, none of these assessment procedures is recommended for ED patients. Corpus cavernosum electromyography (CC-EMG) can detect abnormalities in cavernous smooth muscle although these alterations can be attributed both to damage to autonomic penile innervation and to degenerative processes of the cavernous smooth muscle. CC-EMG is still considered experimental. Evidence does not support that men with premature ejaculation (PE) are consistently characterized by penile hypersensitivity; accordingly, penile threshold determination is not recommended to in the diagnosis of PE. Neurophysiological investigation of other components of the penile sensory pathways in PE patients has not provided any definitive contribution to the diagnosis.

Conclusion

No neurophysiological assessment procedures yield additional information that consistently aids in the assessment of PE and ED.
The role of wind in the dispersal of floating seeds in slow‐flowing or stagnant water bodies
Authors: Sarneel Judith M. , Beltman Boudewijn , Buijze Anneke , Groen Roderick , Soons Merel B.
Published: April 2013

Question

What is the role of wind in the dispersal of waterborne seeds in slow‐flowing and stagnant water bodies at different temporal and spatial scales? (i) Is there a direct effect of wind on seed dispersal speed and distance? (ii) Are prevailing wind conditions reflected in the seed deposition patterns during a year? (iii) What are the long‐term (multiple year) effects of prevailing wind conditions on the pattern and composition of shoreline seed banks?

Location

The Westbroekse Zodden (52˚10N; 5˚07E) and De Weerribben (52°46N; 5°55E) fen reserves in The Netherlands.

Methods

Real‐time seed movement tracking experiments were conducted at different wind speeds. Additionally, we performed a seed trap experiment using artificial grass mats and carried out seed bank analyses using a seedling emergence test.

Results

Wind speed and direction strongly determined the dispersal process and the resulting deposition patterns of floating seeds in shallow lakes or ponds. Wind speed directly influenced dispersal speed and distance. Increasing wind speed increased dispersal speed but decreased dispersal distance. Over multiple seasons, more seeds were deposited at downwind shorelines than at upwind shorelines, showing that wind‐driven hydrochory resulted in directional transport according to the prevailing wind direction. The species composition of deposited seeds was also affected, with proportionally more water‐dispersed seeds being deposited at down‐wind shorelines. These effects of wind speed and directionality will have consequences for the colonization of riparian zones in lentic systems and, therefore, also influence management and restoration. In the long term, local seed banks in riparian zones reflected the prevailing wind conditions poorly, showing that additional processes, such as differential germination and predation, also play important roles at longer time scales.

Conclusions

Wind plays an important role in the dispersal of waterborne seeds in lentic systems and (prevailing) wind speed and direction are reflected in seed dispersal trajectories and deposition patterns.
Germination of phytoplankton resting cells from surface sediments in two areas of the Southern Chinese coastal waters
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Hui , Fu Yong‐Hu , Kang Wei , Liang Ju‐Fang , Gu Yang‐Guang , Jiang Xiao‐Liang
Published: April 2013

To understand the role of phytoplankton resting cells in the outbreak of algal blooms, particularly harmful algal blooms, surface sediments were collected monthly from April 2007 to March 2008 from two bays near the international ports in the Southern Chinese coastal waters. Sieved sediments were incubated for 20 and 40 days, and germinated vegetative cells were observed. Altogether, 97 taxa were recorded, of which 50 were diatoms and 35 dinoflagellates. Vegetative cells of cyanobacteria, chlorophytes, dictyophytes, euglenophytes, haptophytes, and raphidophytes were also observed. Centric diatoms such as Chaetoceros, Melosira, Skeletonema, and Thalassiosira dominated. Scrippsiella, Gymnodinium, and Alexandrium were common dinoflagellate taxa. Diatom spores germinated in samples from all seasons but were abundant in the autumn and winter samples. Low numbers of dinoflagellate cells germinated in the winter samples. The nanophytoplankton taxa, Gymnodinium corii and Chrysochromulina sp., which have not been recorded in the previous phytoplankton surveys, were abundant, suggesting either their new appearance in the water column or perhaps that they were overlooked in routine phytoplankton monitoring due to their small sizes. Vegetative cells of harmful or potentially harmful taxa were germinated, and some of them such as Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Coolia have not previously been reported in the study area. Based on the results of the incubation of sediments from the two bays near the international ports, it is suggested that international shipping increases the risk of the introduction of new phytoplankton species and thus promotes the incidence of harmful algal blooms.
Population dynamics of cryptogenic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Cavalcanti Fernanda F. , Skinner Luís Felipe , Klautau Michelle
Published: April 2013

The calcarean sponge Paraleucilla magna is classified as being an invasive species on the Mediterranean Sea, where it causes economic damages to mollusc farms. On the Brazilian coast, this species is considered to be cryptogenic, and information on its ecology is scarce. The same is true for Sycettusa hastifera, another calcarean sponge with a worldwide distribution. Data on the ecology of these species could help in elucidating their potential to become a threat if they are found to be exotic species in Brazil. In the present work, we studied habitat selection, growth and mortality of early juveniles of P. magna and habitat selection of S. hastifera in a Marine Reserve from Southeastern Brazil, where these species are abundant in the benthic community. Granite plates were used for habitat selection analysis, varying in substrate inclination (vertical and horizontal) and exposure to light and hydrodynamism (exposed and sheltered). To analyse the growth and mortality rates, sponges were mapped and then measured once a week for 10 weeks. If a monitored sponge was not found in the following week, it was considered to be dead. Our results showed that, although P. magna and S. hastifera are capable of inhabiting substrates exposed to different environmental conditions, they showed habitat preferences. Growth of the juveniles of P. magna seemed not to have damaged any neighbouring invertebrates. The mortality of juveniles of this species was higher during the first 2 weeks of life but its causes could not be elucidated.
Efficacy of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide digit number for screening of cardiac disease in new haemodialysis patients
Authors: Iwasaki Masaki , Joki Nobuhiko , Tanaka Yuri , Ikeda Nobutaka , Hayashi Toshihide , Kubo Shun , Asakawa Takasuke , Takahashi Yasunori , Hirahata Koichi , Imamura Yoshihiko , Hase Hiroki
Published: April 2013

Aim

The usefulness of the absolute N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐ProBNP) concentration and its digit number for screening for cardiac disease was explored in new haemodialysis patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study involving 71 (68 ± 14 years, 83% male) new dialysis patients was conducted. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify the cutoff level of NT‐proBNP for identifying cardiac disease at the start of dialysis.

Results

The median NT‐proBNP concentration was 6576 pg/mL just before the first dialysis session and its mean digit number was 4.3 ± 0.6. Overall, 67%, 52%, 9% and 35% of patients had left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, LV dilatation, systolic dysfunction and significant coronary artery disease, respectively. NT‐proBNP levels of about 6000, 10 000 and 14 000 pg/mL were the best cutoff levels for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (AUC, 0.754; P < 0.001), LV systolic dysfunction (area under the curve (AUC), 0.765, P = 0.001) and LV dilatation (AUC, 0.685, P = 0.008), respectively. Interestingly, 4.5 was the best digit number cutoff for all cardiac abnormalities. These findings suggest that a digit number of 5 or more means a potentially high risk for cardiovascular disease and a digit number of 3 or less means a relatively low risk.

Conclusions

The NT‐proBNP concentration just before the first dialysis session is a useful tool for screening for cardiac abnormalities. Considering the wide variation of the NT‐proBNP cutoff levels depending on each cardiac abnormality, the digit number could be potentially easier to use for initial risk stratification for cardiac disease in new dialysis patients.
Le Fort I osteotomy for non‐orthognathic surgery indications: a review
Authors: Pingarron Martin L. , Arias‐Gallo J. , Chamorro‐Pons M. , Demaria‐Martinez G. , Cebrian‐Carretero J.L.
Published: April 2013

The authors review the historical evolution of the Le Fort I osteotomy, compiling the whole current indications and utilities of the maxillary mobilisation through this technique, the potential risks and sequelae of this surgical procedure and the evolution and improvement of this osteotomy to obtain higher stability and reliability with greater long‐term outcomes.
Periodontal disease and systemic illness: will the evidence ever be enough?
Authors: Cullinan Mary P. , Seymour Gregory J.
Published: April 2013

The concept of focal infection or systemic disease arising from infection of the teeth was generally accepted until the mid‐20th century when it was dismissed because of lack of evidence. Subsequently, a largely silo approach was taken by the dental and medical professions. Over the past 20 years, however, a plethora of epidemiological, mechanistic and treatment studies have highlighted that this silo approach to oral and systemic diseases can no longer be sustained. While a number of systemic diseases have been linked to oral diseases, the weight of evidence from numerous studies conducted over this period, together with several systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, supports an association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, and between periodontitis and diabetes. The association has also been supported by a number of biologically plausible mechanisms, including direct infection, systemic inflammation and molecular mimicry. Treatment studies have shown that periodontal treatment may have a small, but significant, systemic effect both on endothelial function and on glycemic control. Despite this, however, there is no direct evidence that periodontal treatment affects either cardiovascular or diabetic events. Nevertheless, over the past 20 years we have learnt that the mouth is an integral part of the body and that the medical and dental professions need to work more closely together in the provision of overall health care for all patients.
Surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Learned and unlearned concepts
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: April 2013

This review aims to highlight concepts relating to nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy, which have been learned and unlearned over the past few decades. A number of treatment procedures, such as gingival curettage and aggressive removal of contaminated root cementum, have been unlearned. Advances in technology have resulted in the introduction of a range of new methods for use in nonsurgical periodontal therapy, including machine‐driven instruments, lasers, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and local antimicrobial‐delivery devices. However, these methods have not been shown to offer significant benefits over and above nonsurgical debridement using hand instruments. The method of debridement is therefore largely dependent on the preferences of the operator and the patient. Recent evidence indicates that specific systemic antimicrobials may be indicated for use as adjuncts to nonsurgical debridement in patients with advanced disease. Full‐mouth disinfection protocols have been proven to be a relevant treatment option. We have learned that while nonsurgical and surgical methods result in similar long‐term treatment outcomes, surgical therapy results in greater probing‐depth reduction and clinical attachment gain in initially deep pockets. The surgical technique chosen seems to have limited influence upon changes in clinical attachment gain. What has not changed is the importance of thorough mechanical debridement and optimal plaque control for successful nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy.
Restoration Potential of Sedge Meadows in Hand‐Cultivated Soybean Fields in Northeastern China
Authors: Wang Guodong , Middleton Beth , Jiang Ming
Published: April 2013

Sedge meadows can be difficult to restore from farmed fields if key structural dominants are missing from propagule banks. In hand‐cultivated soybean fields in northeastern China, we asked if tussock‐forming Carex and other wetland species were present as seed or asexual propagules. In the Sanjiang Plain, China, we compared the seed banks, vegetative propagules (below‐ground) and standing vegetation of natural and restored sedge meadows, and hand‐cultivated soybean fields in drained and flooded conditions. We found that important wetland species survived cultivation as seeds for some time (e.g. Calamogrostis angustifolia and Potamogeton crispus) and as field weeds (e.g. C. angustifolia and Phragmites australis). Key structural species were missing in these fields, for example, Carex meyeriana. We also observed that sedge meadows restored without planting or seeding lacked tussock‐forming sedges. The structure of the seed bank was related to experimental water regime, and field environments of tussock height, thatch depth, and presence of burning as based on Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis. To re‐establish the structure imposed by tussock sedges, specific technologies might be developed to encourage the development of tussocks in restored sedge meadows.