bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Small farmer large field”, a new model to developing and improving adoption of hybrid rice technology in Indonesia
Authors: Widyastuti Y , Satoto  , Rumanti I A , Wibowo B P , Ruskandar A , Widyantoro  , Rachmawati  , Zaini Z
Published: December 2019

At present, the international market prefers to rice with some specific characters such as long slender shape, soft with 22-24% amylose content, a high percentage of head rice, and also aromatic. To fulfill rice with export standard, the farmers who involve have to apply good agricultural practices (GAP). Therefore need a high yielding variety, one of those varieties is hybrid rice variety possessing long slender shape, soft, a high percentage of head rice, and aromatic. Small Farmers, Large Field (SFLF) scheme was assumed précised and local specific for low land rice cultivation. This concept was integrated for farmers with small land holding to increase benefit collectively. The concept also integrated all cultivation system starting from planting up to marketing which was done together by some stakes holders. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the hybrid rice productivity in large scale, (2) verify and validate the development of hybrid rice technology in small farmer large field’s model, and (3) analyze the preference of farmers to hybrid rice varieties. The research activities consisted of SFLF approach by using hybrid rice varieties with Jarwo Super system in large scale. Adoption survey and preference test for the farmer in term of rice plant performance, quality of grain paddy and rice which was done simultaneously in subak Tajen, Penebel sub-district, Tabanan district, Bali province. Dem-farm was conducted at 50 ha with hybrid rice varieties from ICRR and private company. Average hybrid rice yield is about 7.5 ton/ha to 13.5 ton/ha. The results of participatory varietal selection showed that the yield potential, performance of the plant, tolerance to pest and disease, and quality of grain from hybrid rice varieties had a positive influence on farmers’ preference.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology of Saanen goat (Capra hircus) during estrus cycle
Authors: Sitaresmi P I , Widyobroto B P , Bintara S , Widayati D T
Published: December 2019

The exfoliative cytology of the vaginal was evaluated in Saanen goat during the estrus cycle by vaginal smear method. Its a simple technique to determine of estrus cycle stages and a useful tool to determine or identify the estrus phase. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of exfoliative vaginal cell during the stages of estrus cycle using vaginal smear techniques in Saanen goat. Twenty Saanen goat with weigh 45-55 kg, 3-4 years and had a period of estrus 19-22 days in dry period were observed. All goats were in natural estrus cycle without synchronization. A vaginal smear and vaginal pH were collected from swabbed vaginal epithelium. The result showed the proportion of vaginal cell was significantly different in each phase of estrus cycle. The proportion of superficial cell was dominated in estrus phase. Also, the highest pH values were significantly higher in estrus phase rather than in the other phases. In conclusion, the dominant proportion of superficial cell and a high vaginal pH value which occurred in follicular phase might be used as a marker to determine the optimal time for goat insemination.
Multiplex PCR assay for animal species identification in meat bone meal
Authors: Cahyadi M , Wibowo T , Nugraheni Y P , Fadhila A , Pramono A , Hadi R F , Abdurrahman Z H
Published: December 2019

The authenticity of meat bone meal (MBM) in animal feed is needed to be considered due to inappropriate feed ingredients for certain types of livestock may cause various diseases. This work was aimed to identify animal species in MBM using multiplex PCR assay with 12S rRNA gene as a target region. Total of eight DNA samples were extracted from three species (chicken, bovine, and porcine) which are used as positive controls and three MBM samples. The MBM samples were collected from three different importers. Additionally, a multiplex PCR assay has been performed to identify animal species in MBM. Multiplex PCR of 12S rRNA gene was designed to detect bovine, chicken, and porcine in MBM samples. The PCR products was visualized using 2% agarose gels under the UV light. The results showed that multiplex-PCR of 12S rRNA gene was able to identify bovine which is indicated by 155 bp of DNA band. Chicken and porcine were not found in MBM samples. Meat bone meal samples used in this study might be used to be a feedstuff for poultry, porcine, and other non-ruminants. In conclusion, Multiplex-PCR using mt-DNA 12S rRNA was effective and accurate technique to identify species contained in MBM samples.
Heterosis on morphometric traits of crossbreds from Anglo Nubian and Etawah Grade goats
Authors: Praharani L , Anggraeni A , Hapsari A A R
Published: December 2019

Crossbreeding was applied to increase production performance of local goats. This study was conducted to evaluate the heterosis effect of morphometric traits in crossbred does produced from a mating between Anglo Nubian (AN) and Etawah Grade (PE) goats. A total of 34 does of AN, 66 F-1 ANxPE and 40 PE were used to analyze heterosis effect of morphometric traits. Data were analyzed using general linear model with age and genotype as fixed effects. Morphometric traits were affected significantly by genotype (P<0.05), but head with, body length and chest width were not. Heterosis of body weight, head length, head width, ear length, ear width, body length, heart girth, chest width, wither height, hip height, hip width, foreleg length, rear leg length, tail length, tail width were -2.75, -2.60, -2.09, -13.79, -3.90, 0.21, -3.82, 0.14, -3.1, -5.42, 6.06, -6.16, -5.88, -9.44 and 2.88%, respectively. Crossbreeding of Anglo Nubian and Etawah Grade resulted in low heterosis effects of morphometric traits. This study indicated crossbreeding of Anglo Nubian and Etawah grade need to be considered.
Morning temperature and humidity compatibility status of dairy cows using temperature humidity index: a case study in Jongbiru village, Kediri regency
Authors: Saputra F T , Surjowardojo P , Irdaf
Published: December 2019

The purpose of the study is to observe the status of morning temperature and humidity of the dairy cows’ living environment. The collected data were temperature and humidity measured with dry and wet bulb thermometers. These primary data were processed using THI equation which was specific for dairy cow and classified into six classes based on THI index: (1) comfort; (2) mild discomfort; (3) discomfort; (4) alert; (5) danger; and also (6) emergency. The data then analyzed and explained using descriptive analysis. As a result, the environment’s temperature and humidity were not suitable for the dairy cows. Out ofthirty-one observation days, dairy cow suffered 24 times discomfort, six times alert, and twice mild discomfort. The lowest temperature was 220C while the highest was 260C. Meanwhile, the minimum humidity value 80% and maximum of 95%. It can be concluded that morning temperature and humidity in the study area were not suitable for the dairy cows.
Effects of feed form on small intestine histomorphology of broilers
Authors: Ariyadi B , Sudaryati S , Harimurti S , Wihandoyo  , Sasongko H , Habibi M F , Rahayu D
Published: December 2019

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different feed forms on small intestine histomorphology of broiler chicken at 35 days of age. A total of 72 unsexed New-Lohman broiler chicks was placed into three treatments with three replications of 8 chicks. Feed treatments were given in two phases: 0-21 days and 22-35 days. The treatments group consisted of T1 (0-21 days: mash form, 22-35 days: mash form, defined as mash: mash), T2 and T3 were crumble:crumble and crumble: pellet form, respectively. Parameters evaluated were small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) histomorphology (villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and villus height to crypt depth ratio), as well as their weight (g) and length (cm). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Villus height, crypt depth, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum of T1 were lower than T2 and T3. The length and weight of duodenum and jejunum of T2 and T3 were higher than T1. It can be concluded that broilers fed by crumble: crumble and crumble: pellet form could improve the development of small intestine as well as its histomorphology.
Nutrient intake of lactating dairy cows during the wet and dry seasons in Sleman, Yogyakarta
Authors: Astuti A , Rochijan  , Widyobroto B P , Noviandi C T
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to determine the nutrient intake of lactating dairy cows in the wet and dry seasons in Wukirsari, Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The experiment was conducted using forty lactating Friesian Holstein cows selected from dairy group farms, with average body weight 421.77±28.60 kg, and in 1st to 3rd lactation, housed in permanent pen models stanchion barn with cement floors and rubber mat with feed and drink water. They were fed twice daily, morning and afternoon and drinking water was given ad libitum. Feed samples were taken and analyzed in the Laboratory of Dairy Science and Milk Industry, Faculty of Animal Science UGM. The observed variables were feed availability and nutrients intake. The comparison results between the two conditions (wet and dry seasons) were tested using independent t-test analysis. The result indicated that intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber and total digestible nutrient were not differ significantly. However, intake of crude protein (2.52±0.37 vs. 2.22±0.43 kg DM/head/day) was differ significantly (P<0.05) between wet and dry seasons. It was concluded that nutrient intake of lactating dairy cows in the wet season was better than the dry season, especially the intake of crude protein.
Communication network of buffalo farmers in lar Gili Rakit of Sumbawa Island West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Islamiah P J , Haryadi F T , Guntoro B
Published: December 2019

Transporting buffaloes to natural pasture (Lar) Gili Rakit by letting the buffaloes to swim in a bay locally called as “kebo nange”, is traditional management practiced by Sumbawa farmers. The information needs make individuals communicate with each other and form a communication network. This study determined the structure, cohesiveness, and centrality of actors of the Sumbawa farmers in the network of communication. 200 respondents from nine villages in Empang and Tarano Sub-districts were interviewed by using the snowball sampling method UCINET 6 was used to analyze their communication network and discussed descriptively. The results of the study show that the communication network of Sumbawa buffalo farmers in Gili Rakit the two villages are radial personal networks and seven villages are interlock personal network. The central network dominant and centered on the main actors namely actors 72, 190, 68, 132, and 104 in the network with the highest local centrality 191 ties, global centrality 96135 ties and the centrality of actors 18.382.875 ties.
Effects of water restriction on behaviour, feed and water intake of Ongole crossbred cows at various physiological conditions in the smallholder farmers
Authors: Astrini A L , Astuti A , Baliarti E
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to assess the behaviour, feed and water intake of Ongole Crossbred cows on various physiological conditions at the smallholder farmers with water restrict provided. Ten cows (3 non-pregnant, 4 pregnant and 3 lactations) were observed for their eating and drinking behaviour as well as feed and water intake for 8 consecutive days. The behaviour observed including eating time, frequencies of eating, drinking, defecation and urination. Behaviour and consumption were analysed using a one way ANOVA and continued with the DMRT test. The results showed that there were significant differences in the level of water intake for cows on different physiological status (P <0.05). The frequencies of feeding and urination of non-pregnant and pregnant cows were lower (P <0.05) than lactation cows. Non-pregnant cows spend less time eating than pregnant and lactation cows. The non-pregnant cows also less defecated (P <0.05) than the pregnant and lactating cows. It is concluded that raising of cows with restricted water providing shows that lactation cows have the most water intake, the longest eating time, and the frequency of eating the most frequency of defecation and urination.
Effect of blend of natural essential oils addition in the drinking water on productivity, carcass yield and meat quality of broiler
Authors: Agus A , Anas M A , Luthfiana R , Hidayat A A
Published: December 2019

Essential oils is known as feed additives to increase poultry production. They have antibacterial properties against parasites that effect the modulation of gut microflora and health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of essential oils blend from nine plant extracts on meat quality and carcass yield of broiler. The essential oils blend was given in the drinking water from day 10 to 35 (1 ml/liter). In total, 60 male day-old broiler chicks were randomly aloted in two treatments, six replicates and 5 birds per replicate. Supplementation of essential oils blend has no effect on the body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and slaughter weight. Birds supplemented with essential oils blend had significant effect in carcass yield (1652 vs 1490 g). The slaughter weight and carcass percentage showed no difference between treatments. Cooking loss (22.60 vs 16.14%), tenderness (5.40 vs 3.93%), and water holding capacity (33.27 vs 26.60 mg H2O) increased (p<0.05) when birds supplemented with essential oils blend compared with control. Moisture (77.74 vs 79.54%) and pH of carcass (6.20 vs 6.18) were not significantly different. Essential oils blend supplementation increased carcass yield, cooking loss, tenderness, and water holding capacity.
Physicochemical properties of honey produced by the Indonesian stingless bee: Tetragonula laeviceps
Authors: Agussalim  , Agus A , Nurliyani  , Umami N , Budisatria I G S
Published: December 2019

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical properties of honey produced by the Indonesian stingless bee: Tetragonula laeviceps. Sample of honey was obtained from three meliponiculture origins: Faculty of Animal Science Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Gunungkidul (Yogyakarta) and Klaten (Central Java) and analysed for physical (flavour) and chemical properties including water content, dry matter (DM), ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and organic matter. The electrical conductivity (EC) was determined by the equation of EC = 0.14 + 1.74 A (A = ash content). Data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance followed by honestly significant difference test. The results showed that the flavour of honey from the Faculty of Animal Science UGM and Klaten were sweet and those from Gunungkidul were bitter. The results showed that the geographical origins had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on water content, protein, DM and carbohydrate. Furthermore, geographical origins had a significant difference (P<0.05) on ash, organic matter, and EC, but not on fat (P>0.05). There was great variability in the composition of honey across different geographical origins. Thus, the chemical properties of honey from the Faculty of Animal Science UGM and Klaten were higher than honey from Gunungkidul.
Response of Bali cattle compared to Bali crossed Angus on concentrate feeding
Authors: Putra B W , Noviandi C T , Rusman  , Widi T S M , Baliarti E
Published: December 2019

Bali cattle is one of Indonesian native cattle that has potential as a premium beef. Unfortunately, they have a small frame size. Crossing with Angus breed is expected improve the growth, frame size, and meat quality but it needs better feed quality, for example by adding feed concentrate. Fourteen Bali crossed Angus and fourteen Bali cattle at 9-15-month-old were used in this research. Trial was conducted for 30 days in an individual cages. Diet was consisted of roughage (80%) and concentrate (20%) (dry matter based) and contained 11% crude protein (CP) and 56.2% total digestible nutrients (TDN). The concentrate composition was rice bran (55.31%) and copra cake (44.69%). Results showed that total dry matter intake of Bali cross Angus cattle (5.19 kg/head/day or 2.92% body weight) was higher than Bali cattle (3.39 kg or 2.83% body weight). Crude protein intake was no significant difference (0.26 kg vs. 0.26 kg), but TDN intake was lower (1.43 kg vs. 1.90 kg). Feed intake had a positive correlation with average daily gain (0,52 vs. 0.12 kg/head/day). Bali crossed Angus cattle was more adaptive concentrate feed introduction.
Nutrients intake and fiber fraction digestibility of Kacang goats supplemented with different proportions of soybean meal and Calliandra calothyrsus in the diet
Authors: Atmojo F A , Indarto E , Kustantinah
Published: December 2019

This study evaluated the use of Calliandra leaves (Calliandra calothyrsus) as a protein source in substituting soybean meal (SBM) in goat’s diet. Twenty female Kacang goats were used in the study.. Goats were randomly plotted into three diets treatments those were T1 = odot grass + 100% SBM; T2 = odot grass + 25% Calliandra + 75% SBM; T3 = odot grass + 50% Calliandra + 50% SBM; T4 = odot grass + 75% Calliandra + 25% SBM; and T5 = odot grass + 100% Calliandra. Grass was offerred ad libitum, whereas protein sources supplementation was based on daily protein requirements of animal. Data were collected at last 10 days of experiment, including feed intake, feed refusal, and feces. Sampels were analyzed for crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose contents. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and furtherly analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Results showed that substituting of SBM with Calliandra did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on the intakes of fiber fraction, but fiber digestibility was significantly affected (P<0.05) by treatment. The highest digestibilities of CF, NDF, and ADF were found in T1 and T2.
The effect of aerated storage system and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) addition on the quality of lactic acid bacteria fermented feed
Authors: Hardiansyah D , Bachruddin Z , Yusiati L M , Hanim C , Astuti A
Published: December 2019

This study determined the effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in preventing the rancidity process of concentrate feed based on lactic acids bacteria fermentation (CFLAB) in aerated aerobic storage conditions. The treatments were the addition of pure turmeric, extract turmeric, and vitamin E in feed with the level of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2%, with three replications. Aeration was done every morning and evening for 40 days. Rancidity observation was carried out after 40 days. The parameters observed were pH values, numbers of free fatty acids (FFA), and physical quality. The addition of antioxidant sources during aerated aerobic storage affected the FFA content. The addition of three sources and five levels of antioxidant sources maintain a pH value in the neutral range during storage. Based on the FFA analysis, the addition of turmeric and turmeric extract was suppressed increasing of FFA value better than control and vitamin E. This research concludes that the provision of antioxidant sources inhibit the increasing levels of FFA during storage. The results of the organoleptic test showed that the quality of CFLAB persisted quite well in all treatments with aerated aerobic on 40 days storage.
Determinants of household beef consumption in Indonesia: a binary logistic analysis
Authors: Muzayyanah M A U , Dewi N H U
Published: December 2019

Consumption of high-value food such as beef tends to be responsive to the changes of price, income, and consumer’s characteristics. Household expenditure data were used in this study. Binary logistic regression model analysis was used to investigate the selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of consumer/household regarding beef consumption. Household size, working participation of wives, region, level of education, income, and price factors are influencing the household’s decision on beef consumption. This study reveals households in Indonesia sensitive to the change of beef price. Marginal effect value from binary logistic regression analysis showed that households tend to increase consuming beef varies from 0.5 to 1.6 times associated to socioeconomic factors of the households. Furthermore, potential increasing of beef consumption require availability of its foods by enhancing its production. Price intervention should be introduced in order to stabilize the fluctuation in beef prices
In vitro digestibility of ruminant diet in response to protected feed substitution
Authors: Wulandari  , Widyobroto B P , Noviandi C T , Agus A
Published: December 2019

Excessive degradation high protein feed in the rumen can reduce nutrient utilization efficiency of feed in post rumen. Protected feed is expected to increase the undegraded proteins that enter and absorbed in the intestine. In vitro study was conducted to determine whether the protected feed can reduce rumen degradability as well as improving post-rumen degradability of feed. The protected feed used in this study was soybean meal and crude palm oil mixture (4: 1), added with 0.3% Agromix. Independent sample t-test was used to compare 2 treatments (T1/control = commercial ration; T2 = commercial ration with 4.4% protected feed substitution). Each dietary treatment was done in 6 replications. Both dietary treatments were tested for their digestibility using a 2-stage in vitro technique. Results showed that pH of rumen did not change. Compared to the T1, T2 showed lower (P<0.05) digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), and crude protein (CPD) in the rumen. In the post rumen, T2 showed greater (P<0.05) DMD, OMD and CPD than T1. It concluded that protected feed substitution effectively decreases digestibility in the rumen and increases post-rumen digestibility, imply that protected feed substitution can improve the nutrient utilization in the post rumen.
Effect of different types of acid solvent on functional and microbiological properties of chicken leg skin gelatin
Authors: Sompie M , Siswosubroto S E , Rembet G D , Ponto J W
Published: December 2019

Gelatin is a denaturalized protein that is derived from collagen by acidic or alkaline hydrolysis and is an important functional biopolymer that has a very broad application in many industrial fields. This study was aimed to determine the effect of different types of acid solvent on functional and microbiological properties of chicken leg gelatin. This experiment used Completely Randomized Design 2x3 factorial pattern. The first factor is two types of curing acid (HCL and CH3COOH), the second factor is curing concentration (1%, 3% and 5%) with three replications. This research materials used chicken leg. The variable studies were yield, gel strength, viscosity and total bacteria of gelatin. The results showed that the difference solvent and concentrations had no significant effect (P>0.01) to the functional and microbiological properties of chicken leg skin gelatin. It was concluded that chicken leg that were processed using 1%, 3% and 5% acetic acid (CH3COOH) solvent produces the optimal functional properties of gelatin and can be applied to food products.
Efficacy of rice husks compost and Trichoderma harzianum on Rhizoctonia solani and its effect on seeds germination and seedling health
Authors: Al-Sharmani Hisham R. , Al-Kalabi Haidar H. , AL-Abedy Aqeel N.
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to isolate and identify Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Rhizoctonia solani by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with the presence of the ITS1 and ITS4 primer pair. The study was also carried out to investigate the efficacy of rice husk compost fortified with the bio-control agent, T. harzianum for the resistance of wheat seeds to the pathogenic fungus, R. solani, and to evaluate the effect of the compost on wheat germination and seedling, and irrigation water usage. The results showed that the highest germination rate which was found to be 100% was achieved with the T.h.+S treatment while the lowest germination was 93.3% with both the T.h.+RHC+S and R.s.+RHC+S treatments compared to germination of 96.6% with the control treatment. The RHC+S treatment resulted in the highest percentage of rotting seeds which was 10% while the lowest percentage of rotting seeds which reached 0% was achieved with the T.h.+S treatment. The results also showed that with R.s.+RHC+S and T.h.+RHC+S treatments, the highest shoot length at 21 post-planting days was achieved which was found to be 1.3 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively compared to other treatments including the control. Regarding fresh and dry weights, treatments with RHC had significantly much higher fresh and dry weights than all other treatments. It was clear from the experimental results that the highest number of branches/plant was recorded in the treatment of T.h.+RHC+S that was 5.3 followed by RHC+S treatment with 4.6 while the lowest number of branches/plant was recorded in the control treatment which was only 1.8. Amount of water used for irrigation in treatments of T.h.+RHC+S and R.s.+RHC+S was reduced to be 233.33 compared to 600.00 in the control treatments. The highest chlorophyll content was 2.4 and was recorded in the treatment of R.s.+RHC+S with a significant difference from all other treatments. The T.h.+S treatment gave the lowest chlorophyll content. In fact, treatments that incorporated RHC had always higher values of plant total chlorophyll contents. Earliest flowering was achieved with the RHC+S treatment while the R.s.+S treatment resulted in the latest flowering.
Evaluating the performance of rope-wick herbicides applicator to control common reed
Authors: Al-Wagaa Adnan Hussein , Hadi Al-Obadui Ibraheem Ahmed , Alfarttoosi Hameed A. K. , AL-Gburi Omar Abdulrazzaq
Published: December 2019

This study was carried out in an ordinarily field of common reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin, one of invasive perennial weed in Iraq. originally focused on investigating the feasibilityof an applied herbicide treatment by using systematic herbicides of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl glycine) and fluazifop-butyl to control the common reed. Doses of glyphosate and fluazifop-butyl were used and experiments were set using complete randomize block design (CRBD) with three repetitions. Seven treatment methods of herbicides (T1–T7) were involved. Results indicated the superiority of T7 to control common reed compared to other treatment methods and showed highest control rate of 61.74% using T7. More specifically, T7, T6, and T5 presented the lowest average regrowth rates of Phragmites australis that reached up to 61.74%, 57.94%, and 52.47%, respectively. The positive contribution of herbicides was continued around 180 days after the treatment. Moreover, T7 has accomplished a significant difference in the reduction of the plant height compared to other treatments. Also, the application of rope-wick of T7 has depicted the lowest total dry weight of vegetative (480.67 g/m2) compared to T1, T5, and T6. In the contrast, insignificant differences of the total dry weight of vegetative were noticed for T3, T4, and T5. The lowest rhizomes dry weight was observed for T2, T5, and T3 221.33 g/m2, 248.33 g/m2, and 270.67 g/m2, respectively. Glyphosate presented a prosperous controlling of common reed compared to fluazifop-butyl., The application of rope-wick has also gave a promising controlling of common reed compared to sprayers, which in turn reduced the usage of herbicides concentration that would be in line with mitigating the environmental pollution.
The effect of Neem oil in controlling Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium (Dermestidae : Coleoptera) and reducing its associated fungal isolates in wheat grains
Authors: Kteo Battol Qasem , Mohammed Akram Ali
Published: December 2019

The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium is an important pest of stored wheat worldwide. The current study was carried out to evaluate the lethal and the sublethal three concentrations of neem oil on T. granarium. We also assessed the effect of neem oil on the growth of fungal species associated with T. granarium infected wheat grains. The results demonstrate that treating of wheat grains with 5% neem caused the highest mortality of T. granarium (82.3%). The results were also shown that application of neem oil decreased the percentage of weight loss of wheat grains and the percentage of egg hatching. In addition, the total number of fungal isolates associated with T. granarium infecting neem-treated wheat grains were 4 fungal isolates, compared to 13 fungal isolates from untreated wheat grains. The results demonstrate that neem oil has potential use as a biological control agents of T. granarium; however, further studies under commercial storage conditions are required.
Some carcass traits and meat chemical characteristics of karadi lambs injected with testosterone enanthate
Authors: Mahmood Ayad B. , Al-Obaidi Ahmed S.A. , Omar Chowman A.
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different injection doses of testosterone enanthate (TE) on some carcass traits and meat chemical characteristics of karadi lambs. Twenty-seven male lambs in weaning age and average live weight 28.5±3.4 kg of Karadi breed were allocated randomly by weight into three treatments (six lambs for each treatment), T1 (control) treatment, T2 was treated with 200 mg of TE injection (IM/week) and T3 was treated with 400 mg (IM/week) of it. All animals were feed with unified concentrate diet (table1) once a day (3% of lamb’s weight), ad libitum barley straw was provided and the water for all lambs was free. Each lamb was isolated in a separate pin. Three lambs of each treatment were chosen randomly and weighted then slaughtered humanly at the last of three different rearing periods (60, 90 and 120 days) from the study beginning. Several measurements have been taken such as hot, cold carcass weight, carcass length, carcass thorax circumference, thickness of fat, rib eye area, carcass cuts weight, offal weight, carcass and offal fat weight, longissimus dorsi approximate analysis. Results showed an increase in each: live, carcass, carcass cuts weights, rib eye area, carcass and offal fat, kidney, liver and lunge weight. Also there was a decrease in each: fat thickness, fat tail and testis weight with increased TE injection dose (between 200-400 mg).
The role of low concentrations of some sulfuric antioxidants on the semen characteristics of rams
Authors: Saieed A Y , Mahmood F A , Abd-Alkareem HA
Published: December 2019

This study aims to investigate the effect of low concentrations of sulfuric antioxidants on sperm of rams. This study was conducted in the field of sheep and goats of the Department of Livestock in the collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. The semen was collected using the artificial vagina at weekly rate (Pooled semen) and was subjected to different tests and then was divided into seven treatments but different concentrations of cysteine (0.5, 1mM) and glutathione (0.5, 1mM) and taurine (0.5, 1mM).The sample of the semen was diluted with Tris dilution (10: 1). The results showed that the low concentrations of glutathione, cysteine and taurine resulted in an improvement in the motility and integrity of the plasma membrane, dead sperm, DNA damage and survival sperm during the conservation period (0, 24, 48 hours).
Effect of Flaxseed on some hormonal profile and genomic DNA concentration in Karadi lambs
Authors: Yousif A N
Published: December 2019

The aims of the current study were to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of flaxseed powder on some hormonal profile and genomic DNA concentration of Karadi male lambs. Twelve healthy Karadi ram lambs, 6 months old, were randomly divided into 3 equal groups (4 lambs/group); and the treatments were as follow for two months; 0% considered as control group, 4% as a low level (T1), and 8% of flaxseed as a high level (T2) in their feed. Blood samples were collected from each ram lambs every two weeks, serum was separated immediately after sampling, testosterone, estradiol, growth hormone (GH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), and Thyroxine (T4) were measured. Genomic DNA was extracted from each samples. The results showed that testosterone hormone concentration decreased significantly in T2 group (1.575±0.004 n.mol / l) in comparison to control group (6.95±1.992 n.mol / l). Estradiol hormone level significantly increased in T1 (293±4.2 P.mol/l) in comparison to control and T2 (128.5±5.485 and 139±8.083 P.mol/l) respectively. A positive significant effect of flaxseed recorded on growth hormone, which its level increased in T2 group (120±2 ng/ul) in comparison to T1 group (81.5±1 ng/ul). TSH concentration increased significantly in T1 and T2 groups (13.5±2 and 14.5±1 U/ml, respectively) in comparison to control group (7±1.5 U/ml), while T4 hormone was not affected. Flaxseed supplementation caused a significant decrease in Genomic DNA concentration in T2 group (56.2 ng) in comparison to control (28.7 ng). In conclusion, adding flaxseed in lamb rations caused a significant decrease of testosterone, increased estradiol concentration, also each of growth hormone and TSH hormones increased significantly, T4 not affected. This decrease in genomic DNA concentration with flaxseed supplementation may due to one of the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens may influence reproductive physiology that involve in inhibition of enzymes essential for DNA replication.
Molecular discrimination of maize CMS type and genetic relationship using RAMs markers
Authors: Alfalahi A O , Theer R M , Mohammed M A , Abdullah M H , Dhannoon O M , Hussein Z T , Drej M M
Published: December 2019

Molecular characterization of CMS is an environmentally-independent tool and represents an alternative way to consider genetic variation within and between the different maize populations. The current study which consisted of six cms lines of maize in the 8th generation (S8) revealed that all of these lines were C-type. The adopted six specific markers (forward and reverse) in detecting the three cms types produced a fragment with a molecular size of ∼350 bp. The used RAMs markers (UBC-810, UBC-812, UBC-821, UBC-848, UBC-854 and UBC-855) produced a total of 36 fragments across the lines genomes, 25 out of them were polymorphic scoring a polymorphism percentage of 69.4%. The PIC values indicated that UBC-821 was the most discriminative primer with a PIC value of 0.40 compared to UBC-854, and UBC-855 primers which had the humble capability to distinguish between the studied inbreds with a PIC value of 0.33. The results of cluster analysis based on the molecular discrimination confirmed that A1 has the lowest values of genetic similarity, hence it was the most genetically divergent against the other cms inbred lines, especially A6 (0.42). On the other hand, A2 and A3 lines found to be genetically related by scoring the maximum genetic similarity (0.92). Molecular investigations have several advantages over the traditional methods and will be helpful in the real evaluation of any genotype.
Seed priming of sorghum cultivars to tolerate salt stress
Authors: Shihab M O , Hamza J H
Published: December 2019

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratories of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad in 2017. Three factors were studied; Sorghum bicolor L. cultivars (Inqath, Rabeh and Buhoth70), primed and unprimed seed, and salt stress (0, 6, 9 and 12 dS.m−1). The aim was to improve germination and seedling growth under salt stress. The results showed significant superiority of Buhoth70 cultivar compared to others, significantly superiority of primed seed compared to the unprimed and significant negative impact as long as increasing levels of salt stress at germination ratio, plumule length, dry seedling weight and seedling vigor index. The interaction between cultivars, priming and salt stress showed that primed cultivars seed were better than unprimed to tolerate the salt stress at the same level of stress. A significant positive correlation found between all traits studied. It can conclude there was a role to the genotype and seed priming could enhance seed performance to tolerate salt stress. It can recommend priming sorghum seeds before planting under salt stress.
Evaluation the efficacy of nano-fertilization and Disper osmotic in treating salinity of irrigation water in quality and productivity properties of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.
Authors: Altemimy H M A , Altemimy I H H , Abed A M
Published: December 2019

The study was conducted during two growth seasons (2018 and 2019) at the Al Husseiniya date palm station/Horticulture and Forestry Department/Karbala Governorate. The experiment included 54 with two cultivars date palm trees (27 trees of Khastawi cultivar and 27 of Zahdi cultivar). Three concentrations of nano-fertilizer (IQ Combi) which included (0, 0.5 and 1 g. L−1) were tested. In addition, three concentrations of bio-nutritious Disper Osmotic GS (0, 1 and 2 g. L−1) were used.. The results showed that there were significant differences between Khastawi and Zahdi cultivars in the percentage of fruits holding, with the highest percentage of hold fruits recorded in Zahdi cultivar (73.07%). In case of nano-fertilizer concentration of (1 g. L−1) was superior in producing the highest percentage of hold fruits (77.46%), compared with other concentrations. Moreover, Disper Osmotic gave the highest percentage of fruit holding at 2 g. L−1(76.09%). Zahdi cultivar was superior in the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits (6.346 g, 3.207 cm, 7.514 g). Application of nano-fertizer showed a significant effect in increasing the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits with a concentration of 1 g. L−1. Disper Osmotic was also increased the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits, where concentration of 2 g. L−1 gave the highest rates (6.779 g, 3.167 cm, 7.786 g), respectively, compared with control treatment.. The results were also showed that the percentage of fruit falling of Zahdi cultivar was 27.38% which significantly lower than Khastawi cultivar (35.28%). Treatment with nano-fertizer at 1g L−1 was significantly decreased the rate of fruit falling (28.09%). Also, Disper Osmotic at 2 g. L−1 was decreased the rate of fruit falling (30.94%), compared with control treatment. The results showed that date palm cultivar was not significantly affected the maturity ratio. There was a significant difference in the fruit Bunch Weight, where Zahdi cultivar was superior in giving the highest mean of fruit Bunch Weight (11.664 kg, palm−1). The results also showed superiority of nano-fertizer by giving the highest fruit Bunch Weight (11.329 kg) at 1 g. L-1 palm−1. While, Disper Osmotic has exceeded at concentration of 2 g. L−1.palm−1 significantly which gave giving the highest the highest fruit Bunch Weight (11.142 kg. palm−1). Bilateral and trilateral interactions were also showed significant effects in all studied traits.
Response of eggplant Solanum melongena L. To soil mulching, organic and inorganic fertilizers on vegetative growth traits and yield grown under unheated plastic house
Authors: AL-Bayati H J Muharam , Hamdoon D N
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted in one of the unheated plastic house at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape design, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul during the agricultural season 2013-2014 to study the impact of two factors, the first: Soil mulching with black plastic and without mulching, the second: Foliar application of Liquid organic fertilizers (Azomin, Vit Org) and chemical fertilizer (Rosa Sol) at a concentration of 3 cm3. L−1 on growth and yield of eggplant plants Belen variety grown under the unheated plastic house, the experiment was designed in the Split Plot system within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)with three replicates. The treatment of the soil mulching was laid in the main plots and the fertilizers in the sub plots. The results could be summarized as:The soil mulching and organic fertilizers spraying increased plant height, leavesnumber, branches number per plant, leaf area, fruits number, plant yield and total yield.
Roots growth of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) as influenced by iron and copper foliar application
Authors: Al-Rubaei S M , Ali A A , Hasan M A , Rhif M M , Al-Ghazali N A
Published: December 2019

This experiment was conducted in the plant canopy of the Department of Horticulture and landscape / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala for the period from mid-March to end of June 2019 to study the effect of spraying with different concentrations of iron and copper on the growth of apricot seedlings local variety.

The experiment carried out using Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) as a factorial experiment with two factors: iron with three concentrations 0, 30 and 60 mg. l−1and copper with three concentrations 0, 20 and 40 mg.l−1with three replicates for each treatment. Seedlings sprayed twice, duration from one spray to another one week starting from 15/3/2019. Irrigation done before spraying date for all treatments, at the end of June 2019, measurements taken and the results analyzed according to the statistical design used and the averages compared according to the least significant difference test with 0.05 probability. The most important results were:

- Treatment with an iron concentration of 60 mg.l−1was the highest rates significantly compared to other concentrations in all growth traits.

- Treatment achieved with copper at concentration of 40 mg.l−1significant superiority in most growth characteristics (root length, root size and dry weight of the root ), while 20 mg. l−1significantly superior in the root diameter.

- The interaction between two factors had a significant effect on the majority of growth traits (root length, root size and dry weight of the root) respectively, while the interaction did not have a significant effect on the character of the root diameter.
The Role of Sewage Irrigation Management in Water Productivity, Growth and Yield Parameters of Broccoli in Al-Sulaimani government/Kurdistan region
Authors: Ati A S , Rahim B R , Neima H A , Muhamad R H
Published: December 2019

The objective of the present work was to estimate water requirements and water use efficiency for Broccoli under normal irrigation conditions and sewage irrigation. Field experiment was carried out during the season 2018 at station/Sulaimni agricultural station/Bakrajo –College of Agricultural Sciences. The experiment included three treatments: River water irrigation in all season growth (I1), Sewage water irrigation in all season growth (I2), Alternate irrigation (one river irrigation followed by two sewage water irrigation) in all season growth (I3). The experimental Design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Broccoli planted under surface irrigation system. Mean irrigation requirement for irrigation management scheduling gave water consumptive use values 442, 432 and 427 mm for river water, sewage water and alternate irrigation, respectively. Average yield Broccoli plant was 32.67, 40.25 and 46.73 Ton ha−1 for river water irrigation, sewage water irrigation and alternate irrigation, respectively. High performance of Alternate irrigation application was mentioned by plant height which record 39, 42 and 46 cm; head diameter 21, 25 and 28 cm; leaf area 306, 329 and 349 cm2 and number of leaves 18, 21 and 22 for river water irrigation, sewage water irrigation and alternate irrigation, respectively. WUEc were 7.39, 9.32 and 10.94 kg m−3 for river, sewage and alternate treatments, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of these elements did not reach the critical limits in the fruits for all irrigation treatments. This is a positive and good result due to the increase in rainfall rates in this season led to weak accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and poor absorption by the plant.
Role of nano-particles fertilizers on growth of corn (Zea mays L.) c.v. 5018
Authors: Alyasari J W , Safi M Q , Alamery A A , Abudahi Y M , Jawad N N , Almosawy H M , Almosawy A N , Alkinani L Q , Al-Ghazali N A
Published: December 2019

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of Ibn al-Bitar vocational prep school in Husseiniya district in Kerbala governorate during the spring season 2018 to study the role of nonopartical fertilizers on the growth of corn (5018). cwtival(R.C.B.D) was done in three replicates and in one factor, Control B1 protikculbor with 1 mL.L-1 concentrationP2 protikcalbor with 2 ml.L-1 concentration andoptimus plus B3 protikculbor with 3 mL.L-1concentrationoptimus plus and B4 Nonotubes with 4 mL.L-1 concentration O1 protikcalbor with1mL.L-1 concentration O2 with 2 mL.L-1, O3 optimus plus with 3 mL.L-1 and O4 optimus plus with 4 mL.L-1. The results showed that the protikcalbor with 3mL.L-1treatmnt was superiorinthe plant height (152.2 cm) chlorophyll content (33.57). Spadprotikcalbor with 4mL.L-1 treatmnt was superior in the number of leaves (13.47) compared with the contrel which gave the lowest rates for all the traits.
Modeling of process of regulating production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products
Authors: Chernyakov M K , Chernyakova M M
Published: December 2019

The article is devoted to the investigation of problems of regulating processes in dairy industry. One of such problems is the absence of effective informative technological technology of simulating these processes. To achieve the goal set, it has been supposed to apply the simulation based on the theory of Petri nets. Methodological base of the investigation includes the formal theory of Petri nets as well as the theory of its practical application. The work has demonstrated main stages of evolution of Petri nets from simple to innodiversification ones, the latter being suggested for simulating technological processes and systems of organizations of dairy industry. Specific feature of innodiversification Peri nets is the conjunction of combinations of all known kinds of Petri nets and the application of their advantages to solve particular tasks. It has been found that the instruments of innodiversification Petri nets may be effectively applied to simulate organizations of dairy industry of any level.
Research of the process of hogging of crankshafts with a single crank neck when stamping fillets
Authors: Emelyanov V N , Mirzakhamdamov O M
Published: December 2019

The article describes the results of the research of the process of hogging of crankshafts (CS) with a single crank neck when stamping fillets and a computer program with the help of which it is possible to calculate the expected magnitude and direction of hogging of CS and also to select a combination of stamping modes at which the amount of hogging that needs to be done is minimal.
Development of a convolution algorithm for the content of a Web resource for processing by a neural network
Authors: Gorshkov S N , Solomonov D V , Dvoryaninova I V , Mihaylichenko R M
Published: December 2019

The article aim to develop a convolution algorithm for the content of Web resources for processing by a neural network. The content of a web resource is represented in a vector form based on a co-occurrence matrix. A convolutional neural network, where the most significant features stand out from them, processes the content vectors of Web resources. The result is a collapsed content of Web resources in the form of a vector of significant features, which is the result.
Optimal experimental design for multi-response modeling of technological processes
Authors: Popov S A
Published: December 2019

The problem of optimal experimental design for the construction of multi-response models of the technological process is considered. Optimal experimental design can significantly improve the accuracy of model building and their predictive ability.