bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A genome-wide assessment of stages of elevational parapatry in Bornean passerine birds reveals no introgression: implications for processes and patterns of speciation
Authors: Moyle Robert G. , Manthey Joseph D. , Hosner Peter A. , Rahman Mustafa , Lakim Maklarin , Sheldon Frederick H.
Published: May 2017

Topographically complex regions often contain the close juxtaposition of closely related species along elevational gradients. The evolutionary causes of these elevational replacements, and thus the origin and maintenance of a large portion of species diversity along elevational gradients, are usually unclear because ecological differentiation along a gradient or secondary contact following allopatric diversification can produce the same pattern. We used reduced representation genomic sequencing to assess genetic relationships and gene flow between three parapatric pairs of closely related songbird taxa (Arachnotheraspiderhunters,Chloropsisleafbirds, andEnicurusforktails) along an elevational gradient in Borneo. Each taxon pair presents a different elevational range distribution across the island, yet results were uniform: little or no gene flow was detected in any pairwise comparisons. These results are congruent with an allopatric “species-pump” model for generation of species diversity and elevational parapatry of congeners on Borneo, rather than in situ generation of species by “ecological speciation” along an elevational gradient.
Mushrooms as Efficient Solar Steam‐Generation Devices
Authors: Xu Ning , Hu Xiaozhen , Xu Weichao , Li Xiuqiang , Zhou Lin , Zhu Shining , Zhu Jia
Published: May 2017

Solar steam generation is emerging as a promising technology, for its potential in harvesting solar energy for various applications such as desalination and sterilization. Recent studies have reported a variety of artificial structures that are designed and fabricated to improve energy conversion efficiencies by enhancing solar absorption, heat localization, water supply, and vapor transportation. Mushrooms, as a kind of living organism, are surprisingly found to be efficient solar steam‐generation devices for the first time. Natural and carbonized mushrooms can achieve ≈62% and ≈78% conversion efficiencies under 1 sun illumination, respectively. It is found that this capability of high solar steam generation is attributed to the unique natural structure of mushroom, umbrella‐shaped black pileus, porous context, and fibrous stipe with a small cross section. These features not only provide efficient light absorption, water supply, and vapor escape, but also suppress three components of heat losses at the same time. These findings not only reveal the hidden talent of mushrooms as low‐cost materials for solar steam generation, but also provide inspiration for the future development of high‐performance solar thermal conversion devices.
High‐Performance High‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Low Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Oxide on Nanophase S Cathodes
Authors: Meng Xiangbo , Liu Yuzi , Cao Yanqiang , Ren Yang , Lu Wenquan , Elam Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2017

This study examines the effects of nanophase S and surface coatings via atomic layer deposition (ALD) on high‐loading sulfur cathodes for developing high‐performance and high‐energy lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. It is first verified that ball milling is an effective and facile route for nanoengineering microsized S powders and the resultant nanoscale S particles exhibit better performance. Using these ball milled nanoscale S cathodes, it is found that ALD Al2O3 performed at 50 °C yields deposits that evolve with ALD cycles from dispersed nanoparticles, to porous, connected films, and finally to dense and continuous films. Moreover, this low temperature ALD process suppresses S loss by sublimation. The ALD Al2O3 greatly improves sulfur cathode sustainable capacity and Coulombic efficiency. This study postulates two different mechanisms underlying the effects of ALD Al2O3 surface coatings depending on their morphology. ALD Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed on the sulfur surface mainly function to adsorb polysulfides, thereby inhibiting S shuttling and improving sustainable capacity and Coulombic efficiency. By contrast, ALD Al2O3 films behave as a physical barrier to prevent polysulfides from contacting the liquid electrolyte and dissolving. The dispersed Al2O3 nanoparticles improve both sustainable capacity and Coulombic efficiency while the closed Al2O3 films improve Coulombic efficiency while decreasing the capacity.
Design Rules for Tailoring Antireflection Properties of Hierarchical Optical Structures
Authors: Leon Juan J. Diaz , Hiszpanski Anna M. , Bond Tiziana C. , Kuntz Joshua D.
Published: May 2017

Hierarchical structures consisting of small sub‐wavelength features stacked atop larger structures have been demonstrated as an effective means of reducing the reflectance of surfaces. However, optical devices require different antireflective properties depending on the application, and general unifying guidelines on hierarchical structures' design to attain a desired antireflection spectral response are still lacking. The type of reflectivity (diffuse, specular, or total/hemispherical) and its angular‐ and spectral‐dependence are all dictated by the structural parameters. Through computational and experimental studies, guidelines have been devised to modify these various aspects of reflectivity across the solar spectrum by proper selection of the features of hierarchical structures. In this wavelength regime, micrometer‐scale substructures dictate the long‐wavelength spectral response and effectively reduce specular reflectance, whereas nanometer‐scale substructures dictate primarily the visible wavelength spectral response and reduce diffuse reflectance. Coupling structures having these two length scales into hierarchical arrays impressively reduces surfaces' hemispherical reflectance across a broad spectrum of wavelengths and angles. Such hierarchical structures in silicon are demonstrated having an average total reflectance across the solar spectrum of 1.1% (average weighted reflectance of 1% in the 280–2500 nm range of the AM 1.5 G spectrum) and specular reflectance <1% even at angles of incidence as high as 67°.
How does the pattern of aeroallergen sensitization change over time across all ages?
Authors: Shin Ji‐Hyeon , Lee Dong‐Hee
Published: May 2017

Background

Identification of aeroallergen sensitization is important for diagnosis and management of allergic diseases. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization status is known to change over time. However, few studies have explored changes in sensitization patterns across all age groups. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changing patterns of in vitro IgE sensitization tests in allergic rhinitis patients across all age groups.

Methods

We recruited all patients who were diagnosed as having rhinitis and who underwent in vitro IgE sensitization testing from 2007 to 2016. Of these, we included 138 who underwent repeat testing. We analyzed epidemiological data and allergen sensitization patterns.

Results

Of all patients, 56.5% of exhibited changes in allergen sensitization patterns. The allergens to which all age groups were sensitive were most commonly mites, with the exception of patients aged 40 to 59 years. The age group in which “new sensitization,” composed of those with “newly developed sensitization” and “sensitization to more allergens,” was most frequent was the 2 to 12 years old group, followed by the 20 to 39 years old group. The age group in which “desensitization,” composed of those with “negative conversion” and “desensitization to fewer allergens,” was most prevalent was the 20 to 39 years old group followed by the 13 to 19 years old group. Grass pollen was the most common newly‐sensitized allergen and also the most common desensitized allergen.

Conclusion

IgE sensitization to aeroallergens can change in individuals with allergy. These changes may be different according to the patient's age. If rhinitis symptoms or treatment efficacy changes, repeat IgE sensitization testing is needed to find changes in allergen sensitization patterns.
Asymmetrische Synthese sekundärer und tertiärer Boronsäureester
Authors: Collins Beatrice S. L. , Wilson Claire M. , Myers Eddie L. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: May 2017

Nicht‐racemische chirale Boronsäureester sind äußerst wertvolle Bausteine in der modernen organischen Synthese. Ihre stereospezifische Umwandlung in diverse funktionelle Gruppen – von Aminen und Halogeniden bis hin zu Arenen und Alkinen – zusammen mit ihrer Luft‐ und Feuchtigkeitsstabilität haben sie als wichtige Zielverbindungen für die asymmetrische Synthese etabliert. Die Bemühungen im Hinblick auf eine stereoselektive Synthese sekundärer und tertiärer Alkylboronsäureester erstrecken sich mittlerweise auf mehr als fünf Dekaden und werden von einer Fülle an Reaktivitätsplattformen untermauert, die sich der einzigartigen und mannigfaltigen Reaktivität von Bor bedienen. Dieser Aufsatz fasst Strategien für die asymmetrische Synthese von Alkylboronsäureestern zusammen, beginnend mit den wegweisenden Hydroborierungsmethoden von H. C. Brown bis hin zu den modernsten Herangehensweisen.
Hochdimensionale neuronale Netze für Potentialhyperflächen großer molekularer und kondensierter Systeme
Authors: Behler Jörg
Published: May 2017

Moderne Simulationstechniken haben heute ein Niveau erreicht, das es ermöglicht, ein breites Spektrum von Problemen in der Chemie und in den Materialwissenschaften zu untersuchen. Trotz der Entwicklung immer leistungsfähigerer Hardware ist die Anwendung von Elektronenstrukturmethoden, die Vorhersagen ohne Rückgriff auf experimentelle Daten ermöglichen, jedoch noch immer auf kleine Systeme begrenzt, und in absehbarer Zukunft ist keine Besserung dieser Situation zu erwarten. Um auch komplexe Systeme auf atomarer Ebene verstehen zu können, ist die Entwicklung von effizienteren und gleichzeitig zuverlässigen atomistischen Potentialen in den letzten Jahren immer mehr in den Fokus gerückt. Ein vielversprechender neuer Ansatz ist die Nutzung von maschinellem Lernen (ML) zur Beschreibung der atomaren Wechselwirkungen. Nach einem Trainingsprozess mit Elektronstrukturdaten können solche ML‐Potentiale Computersimulationen um mehrere Größenordnungen beschleunigen, während die quantenmechanische Genauigkeit erhalten bleibt. Anhand einer wichtigen Klasse von ML‐Potentialen, die auf künstlichen neuronalen Netzen basiert, werden in diesem Aufsatz die Grundideen, die Anwendbarkeit und die offenen Fragen dieses Ansatzes diskutiert.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Boronic Esters
Authors: Collins Beatrice S. L. , Wilson Claire M. , Myers Eddie L. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: May 2017

Non‐racemic chiral boronic esters are recognised as immensely valuable building blocks in modern organic synthesis. Their stereospecific transformation into a variety of functional groups—from amines and halides to arenes and alkynes—along with their air and moisture stability, has established them as an important target for asymmetric synthesis. Efforts towards the stereoselective synthesis of secondary and tertiary alkyl boronic esters have spanned over five decades and are underpinned by a wealth of reactivity platforms, drawing on the unique and varied reactivity of boron. This Review summarizes strategies for the asymmetric synthesis of alkyl boronic esters, from the seminal hydroboration methods of H. C. Brown to the current state of the art.
A Biomass‐Derived Non‐Noble Cobalt Catalyst for Selective Hydrodehalogenation of Alkyl and (Hetero)Aryl Halides
Authors: Sahoo Basudev , Surkus Annette‐Enrica , Pohl Marga‐Martina , Radnik Jörg , Schneider Matthias , Bachmann Stephan , Scalone Michelangelo , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: May 2017

Hydrodehalogenation is a straightforward approach for detoxifications of harmful anthropogenic organohalide‐based pollutants, as well as removal of halide protecting groups used in multistep syntheses. A novel sustainable catalytic material was prepared from biowaste (chitosan) in combination with an earth‐abundant cobalt salt. The heterogeneous catalyst was fully characterized by transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and successfully applied to hydrodehalogenation of alkyl and (hetero)aryl halides with broad scope (>40 examples) and excellent chemoselectivity using molecular hydrogen as a reductant. The general usefulness of this method is demonstrated by successful detoxification of non‐degradable pesticides and fire retardants. Moreover, the potential of the catalyst as a deprotection tool is demonstrated in a multistep synthesis of (±)‐peronatin B (alkaloid).
First Principles Neural Network Potentials for Reactive Simulations of Large Molecular and Condensed Systems
Authors: Behler Jörg
Published: May 2017

Modern simulation techniques have reached a level of maturity which allows a wide range of problems in chemistry and materials science to be addressed. Unfortunately, the application of first principles methods with predictive power is still limited to rather small systems, and despite the rapid evolution of computer hardware no fundamental change in this situation can be expected. Consequently, the development of more efficient but equally reliable atomistic potentials to reach an atomic level understanding of complex systems has received considerable attention in recent years. A promising new development has been the introduction of machine learning (ML) methods to describe the atomic interactions. Once trained with electronic structure data, ML potentials can accelerate computer simulations by several orders of magnitude, while preserving quantum mechanical accuracy. This Review considers the methodology of an important class of ML potentials that employs artificial neural networks.
Effect of centralization on long-term survival after resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ahola R , Siiki A , Vasama K , Vornanen M , Sand J , Laukkarinen J
Published: May 2017

Background

Centralization of pancreatic surgery has resulted in improved short-term outcomes in a number of healthcare systems. The aim of this study was to see whether hospital volume influenced long-term prognosis, use of adjuvant therapy or histopathological evaluation of patients undergoing surgical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Methods

Patients undergoing surgical resection of PDAC in Finland between 2002 and 2008 were identified from national registers. Demographic, histopathological, operative and oncological data were recorded, and the histopathological slides of patients who survived for more than 4 years were reviewed. Operative volume was defined according to the annual rate of pancreatoduodenectomy as: high-volume centres (HVCs; 20 or more resections per year), medium-volume centres (MVCs; 6–19 resection annually) and low-volume centres (LVCs; 5 or fewer resections annually).

Results

Some 467 patients who had undergone resectional surgery for PDAC at 22 centres were included. Patient demographics and resection types did not differ between centres. Thirty- and 90-day mortality rates were significantly lower in HVCs compared with LVCs: 0 versus 5·5 per cent (P = 0·001) and 2·5 versus 11·0 per cent (P = 0·003) respectively. Tumours in HVCs were generally at a more advanced stage than those in LVCs (stage IIB: 65·7 versus 40·6 per cent respectively; P < 0·001), but with no greater use of adjuvant therapy. Significantly more patients survived for 2 years (43·3 versus 29·7 per cent; P = 0·034) and 3 years (25·4 versus 14·1 per cent; P = 0·045) after surgery in HVCs than in LVCs. More information was missing in the histopathological reports from LVCs and MVCs than in those from HVCs (P ≤ 0·002).

Conclusion

Both short- and long-term survival was significantly better for patients operated on in HVCs. Histopathological analysis appears to be more comprehensive in HVCs.
Transition‐Metal Chalcogenide/Graphene Ensembles for Light‐Induced Energy Applications
Authors: Kagkoura Antonia , Skaltsas Theodosis , Tagmatarchis Nikos
Published: May 2017

Recently, nanomaterials that harvest solar energy and convert it to other forms of energy are of great interest. In this context, transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have recently been in the spotlight due to their optoelectronic properties that render them potential candidates mainly in energy conversion applications. Integration of TMCs onto a strong electron‐accepting material, such as graphene, yielding novel TMC/graphene ensembles is of high significance, since photoinduced charge‐transfer phenomena, leading to intra‐ensemble charge separation, may occur. In this review, we highlight the utility of TMC/graphene ensembles, with a specific focus on latest trends in applications, while their synthetic routes are also discussed. In fact, TMC/graphene ensembles are photocatalytically active and superior as compared to intact TMCs analogues, when examined toward photocatalytic H2 evolution, dye degradation and redox transformations of organic compounds. Moreover, TMC/graphene ensembles have shown excellent prospect when employed in photovoltaics and biosensing applications. Finally, the future prospects of such materials are outlined.
Inorganic Colloidal Perovskite Quantum Dots for Robust Solar CO2 Reduction
Authors: Hou Jungang , Cao Shuyan , Wu Yunzhen , Gao Zhanming , Liang Fei , Sun Yiqing , Lin Zheshuai , Sun Licheng
Published: May 2017

Inorganic perovskite quantum dots as optoelectronic materials have attracted enormous attention in light‐harvesting and emitting devices. However, photocatalytic conversion based on inorganic perovskite halides has not been reported. Here, we have synthesized colloidal quantum dots (QDs, 3–12 nm) of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbBr3) as a new type of photocatalytic material. The band gap energies and photoluminescence (PL) spectra are tunable over the visible spectral region according to quantum size effects on an atomic scale. The increased carrier lifetime revealed by time‐resolved PL spectra, indicates the efficient electron‐hole separation and transfer. As expected, the CsPbBr3 QDs with high selectivity of greater than 99 % achieve an efficient yield of 20.9 μmol g−1 towards solar CO2 reduction. This work has opened a new avenue for inorganic colloidal perovskite materials as efficient photocatalysts to convert CO2 into valuable fuels.
Geographic variation and risk factors for systemic and limb ischemic events in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: Insights from the REACH Registry
Authors: Abtan Jérémie , Bhatt Deepak L. , Elbez Yedid , Sorbets Emmanuel , Eagle Kim , Reid Christopher M. , Baumgartner Iris , Wu David , Hanson Mary E. , Hannachi Hakima , Singhal Puneet K. , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Ducrocq Gregory ,   for the REACH Registry Investigators
Published: May 2017

Background

Patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at high risk of ischemic events. However, data about predictors of this risk are limited.

Hypothesis

We analyzed baseline characteristics and 4‐year follow‐up of patients enrolled in the international REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry with symptomatic PAD and no history of stroke/transient ischemic attack to describe annual rates of recurrent ischemic events globally and geographically.

Methods

The primary outcome was systemic ischemic events (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) at 4 years. The secondary outcome was limb ischemic events (composite of lower limb amputation, peripheral bypass graft, and percutaneous intervention for PAD) at 2 years. Multivariate analysis identified risk factors associated with recurrent ischemic events.

Results

The primary endpoint rate reached 4.7% during the first year and increased continuously (by 4%–5% each year) to 17.6% by year 4, driven mainly by cardiovascular mortality (11.1% at year 4). Japan experienced lower adjusted ischemic rates (P < 0.01) vs North America. Renal impairment (P < 0.01), congestive heart failure (P < 0.01), history of diabetes (P < 0.01), history of myocardial infarction (P = 0.01), vascular disease (single or poly, P < 0.01), and older age (P < 0.01) were associated with increased risk of systemic ischemic events, whereas statin use was associated with lower risk (P = 0.03). The limb ischemic event rate was 5.7% at 2 years.

Conclusions

Four‐year systemic ischemic risk in patients with PAD and no history of stroke or transient ischemic attack remains high, and was mainly driven by cardiovascular mortality.
Comparison of the Human A2A Adenosine Receptor Recognition by Adenosine and Inosine: New Insight from Supervised Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Deganutti Giuseppe , Welihinda Ajith , Moro Stefano
Published: May 2017

Adenosine deaminase converts adenosine into inosine. In contrast to adenosine, relatively little attention has been paid to the physiological roles of inosine. Nevertheless, recent studies have demonstrated that inosine has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, and antidepressive effects. Inosine was recently shown to be a less potent agonist than adenosine at the A2A adenosine receptor. To better depict the differences in the mechanisms of receptor recognition between adenosine and inosine, we carried out supervised molecular dynamics (SuMD) simulations, and the results are analyzed herein.
Color characteristic of Castle District built on the hill
Authors: Nemcsics Antal , Takács Jenő
Published: May 2017

In this article the used of the colordynamic planning method is described and applied as an example to the façade of a building in Buda. The method of colordynamic planning consists of 3 essential parts. In the first part we decide on the limits of the color range to be used, based upon the requirements of the subject of planning. The decision on these limits is closely linked to the coordinates of the Coloroid system. In the second part the planner creates harmonic color scales from the previously selected color range. In this work he is helped by rules of the Coloroid system, based on harmony thresholds. In the third part the planner selects the color harmony combinations considered suitable by him. Following that, he finalizes the Coloroid coordinates of the proposed colors most suitable for the project. For the presentation of the colordynamic planning method, based on the Coloroid system, we use a real database of a colordynamic plan, which was awarded the first prize in an international competition.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance: Information Disclosure in Multinational Corporations
Authors: Kaymak Turhan , Bektas Eralp
Published: May 2017

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are facing increasing pressure on two fronts – the demand for more transparency and disclosure and the need to implement good corporate governance practices. This paper develops several testable hypotheses that address these issues based on agency theory and stakeholder management approach arguments. As such, the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and firm‐level governance structures are discussed. CSR is measured using Transparency International's study on the disclosure practices of the world's largest MNCs. Links between board size, board independence, and duality are explored. The results indicate that board independence and board size are strongly and positively related to several CSR practices. In addition, extractive industries have a significant and positive impact on the level of CSR activities. Policy and managerial implications related to these findings are also discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Rates and relations of mitochondrial genome evolution across the Echinoidea, with special focus on the superfamily Odontophora
Authors: Láruson Áki Jarl
Published: May 2017

In order to better characterize the placement of genus Tripneustes, as a representative of the Toxopneustidae family within the broader sea urchin mitochondrial (MT) phylogeny, the complete MT genome of Tripneustes gratilla was generated and compared with all published echinoid MT genomes currently available on NCBI GenBank. The MT genome phylogeny supports the existence of the superfamily Odontophora (consisting of the families Strongylocentrotidae, Echinometridae, and Toxopneustidae). A relaxed molecular‐clock time calibration suggests a split between the three key Odontophore MT lineages occurred during the late Eocene/Oligocene. Major global oceanographic changes have been inferred during this time frame, potentially driving species diversification through environmental selection pressures. To test for signatures of selection acting on the mitochondria, the historical rate of gene evolution of individual MT genes was assessed through a branch‐site comparison of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratios (ω). Models of positive selection and neutral evolution, as compared via a likelihood ratio test, show no evidence of strong historical positive selection on mitochondrial genes at the genesis of the Odontophora. However, while pairwise ω comparison revealed signatures of strong negative selection, relatively elevated ω values were observed within the Strongylocentrotus genus.
Estimation of large wood budgets in a watershed and river corridor at interdecadal to interannual scales in a cold‐temperate fluvial system
Authors: Boivin Maxime , Buffin‐Bélanger Thomas , Piégay Hervé
Published: May 2017

Large wood (LW) is a ubiquitous feature in rivers of forested watersheds worldwide, and its importance for river diversity has been recognized for several decades. Although the role of LW in fluvial dynamics has been extensively documented, there is a need to better quantify the most significant components of LW budgets at the river scale. The purpose of our study was to quantify each component (input, accumulation, and output) of a LW budget at the reach and watershed scales for different time periods (i.e. a 50‐year period, decadal cycle, and interannual cycle). The LW budget was quantified by measuring the volumes of LW inputs, accumulations, and outputs within river sections that were finally evacuated from the watershed. The study site included three unusually large but natural wood rafts in the delta of the Saint‐Jean River (SJR; Québec, Canada) that have accumulated all LW exported from the watershed for the last 50 years. We observed an increase in fluvial dynamics since 2004, which led to larger LW recruitment and a greater LW volume trapped in the river corridor, suggesting that the system is not in equilibrium in terms of the wood budget but is rather recovering from previous human pressures as well as adjusting to hydroclimatic changes. The results reveal the large variability in the LW budget dynamics during the 50‐year period and allow us to examine the eco‐hydromorphological trajectory that highlights key variables (discharge, erosion rates, bar surface area, sinuosity, wood mobility, and wood retention). Knowledge on the dynamics of these variables improves our understanding of the historical and future trajectories of LW dynamics and fluvial dynamics in gravel‐bed rivers. Extreme events (flood and ice‐melt) significantly contribute to LW dynamics in the SJR river system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of soil microbial activity by nitrogen-based energetic materials
Authors: Kuperman Roman G. , Minyard Morgan L. , Checkai Ronald T. , Sunahara Geoffrey I. , Rocheleau Sylvie , Dodard Sabine G. , Paquet Louise , Hawari Jalal
Published: May 2017

We investigated individual toxicities of the nitrogen-based energetic materials (EMs) 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT); 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT); 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT); and nitroglycerin (NG) on microbial activity in Sassafras sandy loam (SSL) soil, which has physicochemical characteristics that support very high qualitative relative bioavailability for organic chemicals. Batches of SSL soil for basal respiration (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) assays were separately amended with individual EMs or acetone carrier control. Total microbial biomass carbon (biomass C) was determined from CO2 production increases after addition of 2500 mg/kg of glucose–water slurry to the soil. Exposure concentrations of each EM in soil were determined using US Environmental Protection Agency method 8330A. Basal respiration was the most sensitive endpoint for assessing the effects of nitroaromatic EMs on microbial activity in SSL, whereas SIR and biomass C were more sensitive endpoints for assessing the effects of NG in soil. The orders of toxicity (from greatest to least) were 4-ADNT > 2,4-DNT = 2-ADNT > NG for BR; but for SIR and biomass C, the order of toxicity was NG > 2,4-DNT > 2-ADNT = 4-ADNT. No inhibition of SIR was found up to and including the greatest concentration of each ADNT tested in SSL. These ecotoxicological data will be helpful in identifying concentrations of contaminant EMs in soil that present acceptable ecological risks for biologically mediated processes in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2981–2990. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Type I interferon pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurological disorders
Authors: Blank Thomas , Prinz Marco
Published: May 2017

Type I interferons (IFNs), IFN‐α and IFN‐β, represent the major effector cytokines of the host immune response against viruses and other intracellular pathogens. These cytokines are produced via activation of numerous pattern recognition receptors, including the Toll‐like receptor signaling network, retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐1 (RIG‐1), melanoma differentiation‐associated protein‐5 (MDA‐5) and interferon gamma‐inducible protein‐16 (IFI‐16). Whilst the contribution of type I IFNs to peripheral immunity is well documented, they can also be produced by almost every cell in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, IFNs can reach the CNS from the periphery to modulate the function of not only microglia and astrocytes, but also neurons and oligodendrocytes, with major consequences for cognition and behavior. Given the pleiotropic nature of type I IFNs, it is critical to determine their exact cellular impact. Inappropriate upregulation of type I IFN signaling and interferon‐stimulated gene expression have been linked to several CNS diseases termed “interferonopathies” including Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome and ubiquitin specific peptidase 18 (USP18)‐deficiency. In contrast, in the CNS of mice with virus‐induced neuroinflammation, type I IFNs can limit production of other cytokines to prevent potential damage associated with chronic cytokine expression. This capacity of type I IFNs could also explain the therapeutic benefits of exogenous type I IFN in chronic CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this review we will highlight the importance of a well‐balanced level of type I IFNs for healthy brain physiology, and to what extent dysregulation of this cytokine system can result in brain ‘interferonopathies’.
Circular RNA circMTO1 acts as the sponge of microRNA‐9 to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression
Authors: Han Dan , Li Jiangxue , Wang Huamin , Su Xiaoping , Hou Jin , Gu Yan , Qian Cheng , Lin Yun , Liu Xiang , Huang Mingyan , Li Nan , Zhou Weiping , Yu Yizhi , Cao Xuetao
Published: May 2017

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in cancer biology, providing potential targets for cancer intervention. As a new class of endogenous noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been recently identified in cell development and function, and certain types of pathological responses, generally acting as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge to regulate gene expression. Identifying the deregulated circRNAs and their roles in cancer has attracted much attention. However, the expression profile and function of circRNAs in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain to be investigated. Here, we analyzed the expression profile of human circRNAs in HCC tissues and identified circMTO1 (mitochondrial translation optimization 1 homologue; hsa_circRNA_0007874/hsa_circRNA_104135) as one circRNA significantly down‐regulated in HCC tissues. HCC patients with low circMTO1 expression had shortened survival. By using a biotin‐labeled circMTO1 probe to perform RNA in vivo precipitation in HCC cells, we identified miR‐9 as the circMTO1‐associated miRNA. Furthermore, silencing of circMTO1 in HCC could down‐regulate p21, the target of oncogenic miR‐9, resulting in the promotion of HCC cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, the tumor‐promoting effect of circMTO1 silencing was blocked by miR9 inhibitor. Intratumoral administration of cholesterol‐conjugated circMTO1 small interfering RNA promoted tumor growth in HCC‐bearing mice in vivo. Conclusion: circMTO1 suppresses HCC progression by acting as the sponge of oncogenic miR‐9 to promote p21 expression, suggesting that circMTO1 is a potential target in HCC treatment. The decrease of circMTO1 in HCC tissues may serve as a prognosis predictor for poor survival of patients. (Hepatology 2017;66:1151‐1164).
Intermittent hypoxia is a proinflammatory stimulus resulting in IL‐6 expression and M1 macrophage polarization
Authors: Schaefer Esperance , Wu Winona , Mark Christina , Yang Andrew , DiGiacomo Erik , Carlton‐Smith Charles , Salloum Shadi , Brisac Cynthia , Lin Wenyu , Corey Kathleen E. , Chung Raymond T.
Published: May 2017

The biological factors that promote inflammation or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the setting of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remain incompletely understood. Clinical studies have demonstrated an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and both inflammation and fibrosis in NASH, but the mechanism has not been identified. In this study, we use in vitro modeling to examine the impact of intermittent hypoxia on the liver. Hepatocyte, stellate cell, and macrophage cell lines were exposed to intermittent or sustained hypoxia. Candidate genes associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and lipogenesis were analyzed. Circulating cytokines were assessed in human serum of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Intermittent hypoxia results in significant induction of interleukin (IL)‐6 expression in both hepatocytes and macrophages. The increase in IL‐6 expression was independent of hypoxia inducible factor 1 induction but appeared to be in part related to antioxidant response element and nuclear factor kappa B activation. Mature microRNA 365 (miR‐365) has been demonstrated to regulate IL‐6 expression, and we found that miR‐365 expression was decreased in the setting of intermittent hypoxia. Furthermore, macrophage cell lines showed polarization to an M1 but not M2 phenotype. Finally, we found a trend toward higher circulating levels of IL‐6 in patients with OSA and NASH. Conclusion: Intermittent hypoxia acts as a potent proinflammatory stimulus, resulting in IL‐6 induction and M1 macrophage polarization. Increased IL‐6 expression may be due to both induction of antioxidant response element and nuclear factor kappa B as well as inhibition of miR‐365 expression. Higher levels of IL‐6 were observed in human samples of patients with OSA and NASH. These findings provide biological insight into mechanisms by which obstructive sleep apnea potentiates inflammation and fibrosis in patients with fatty liver disease. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:326–337)
Effects of tissue and gender on macromolecule suppressed gamma‐aminobutyric acid
Authors: Saleh Muhammad G. , Near Jamie , Alhamud Alqadafi , van der Kouwe André J. W. , Meintjes Ernesta M.
Published: May 2017

The aims of this study are to determine the ratio of concentration of GABA in grey matter to concentration of GABA in white matter (GABAGM/GABAWM) and compare with literature values, and to investigate gender‐related differences in GABA in healthy subjects. Twenty healthy subjects were scanned using a motion and shim navigated MEGA‐SPECIAL MRS sequence. For every subject, two acquisitions were performed for each of two regions, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial‐parietal cortex (PAR), with the order interleaved. Absolute GABA (GABAH2O) and GABA/Cr concentrations were measured using LCModel. LCModel fitting revealed an overall average Cramer–Rao Lower Bounds ≈10%. The GABAGM/GABAWM for both GABAH2O and GABA/Cr are 3 and 1.5, respectively, and in agreement with the literature. The ACC revealed no gender‐related differences in GABA. The PAR revealed time‐related changes in concentrations of GABA in male participants and thus gender‐related differences. The higher concentration of GABA in GM than in WM found in this study and literature might be reflective of heterogeneous distribution of GABA around the brain. The gender‐ and time‐related differences in the PAR emphasize that gender‐ and time‐matching are critical for GABA scans.
Rap1b Is an Effector of Axin2 Regulating Crosstalk of Signaling Pathways During Skeletal Development
Authors: Maruyama Takamitsu , Jiang Ming , Abbott Alycia , Yu H-M Ivy , Huang Qirong , Chrzanowska-Wodnicka Magdalena , Chen Emily I , Hsu Wei
Published: May 2017

Recent identification and isolation of suture stem cells capable of long-term self-renewal, clonal expanding, and differentiating demonstrate their essential role in calvarial bone development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These bona fide stem cells express a high level of Axin2 and are able to mediate bone regeneration and repair in a cell autonomous fashion. The importance of Axin2 is further demonstrated by its genetic inactivation in mice causing skeletal deformities resembling craniosynostosis in humans. The fate determination and subsequent differentiation of Axin2+ stem cells are highly orchestrated by a variety of evolutionary conserved signaling pathways including Wnt, FGF, and BMP. These signals are often antagonistic of each other and possess differential effects on osteogenic and chondrogenic cell types. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay of these signaling transductions remain largely elusive. Here we identify Rap1b acting downstream of Axin2 as a signaling interrogator for FGF and BMP. Genetic analysis reveals that Rap1b is essential for development of craniofacial and body skeletons. Axin2 regulates Rap1b through modulation of canonical BMP signaling. The BMP-mediated activation of Rap1b promotes chondrogenic fate and chondrogenesis. Furthermore, by inhibiting MAPK signaling, Rap1b mediates the antagonizing effect of BMP on FGF to repress osteoblast differentiation. Disruption of Rap1b in mice not only enhances osteoblast differentiation but also impairs chondrocyte differentiation during intramembranous and endochondral ossifications, respectively, leading to severe defects in craniofacial and body skeletons. Our findings reveal a dual role of Rap1b in development of the skeletogenic cell types. Rap1b is critical for balancing the signaling effects of BMP and FGF during skeletal development and disease. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
PP2A deactivation is a common event in oral cancer and reactivation by FTY720 shows promising therapeutic potential
Authors: Velmurugan Bharath K. , Lee Chien‐Hung , Chiang Shang‐Lun , Hua Chun‐Hung , Chen Mei‐Chung , Lin Shu‐Hui , Yeh Kun‐Tu , Ko Ying‐Chin
Published: May 2017

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a tumor suppressor gene, that has been frequently deactivated in many types of cancer. However, its molecular and clinical relevance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. Here we show that, PP2A deactivation is a common event in oral cancer cells and hyperphosphorylation in its tyrosine‐307 (Y307) residue contributes to PP2A deactivation. PP2A restoration by FTY720 treatment reduced cell growth and decreased GSK‐3β phosphorylation without significantly altering other PP2A targets. We further detected PP2A phosphorylation in 262 OSCC tissues. Increased expression of p‐PP2A in the tumor tissues was significantly correlated with higher N2/N3‐stage (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.2–3.8). Patients with high p‐PP2A expression had lower overall survival rates than those with low expression. Hazard ratio analysis showed that, high p‐PP2A expression was significantly associated with mortality density (aOR = 2.2, 95%CI: 1.2–4.0) and lower 10‐year overall survival (p = 0.027) in lymph node metastasis. However, no interaction was observed between p‐PP2A expression and lymph node metastasis. All our results suggest that PP2A is frequently deactivated in oral cancer and determines poor outcome, restoring its expression by FTY720 can be an alternative therapeutic approach in OSCC.
Comparative musculoskeletal anatomy of chameleon limbs, with implications for the evolution of arboreal locomotion in lizards and for teratology
Authors: Molnar Julia L. , Diaz Raul E. , Skorka Tautis , Dagliyan Grant , Diogo Rui
Published: May 2017

Chameleon species have recently been adopted as models for evo‐devo and macroevolutionary processes. However, most anatomical and developmental studies of chameleons focus on the skeleton, and information about their soft tissues is scarce. Here, we provide a detailed morphological description based on contrast enhanced micro‐CT scans and dissections of the adult phenotype of all the forelimb and hindlimb muscles of the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and compare these muscles with those of other chameleons and lizards. We found the appendicular muscle anatomy of chameleons to be surprisingly conservative considering the remarkable structural and functional modifications of the limb skeleton, particularly the distal limb regions. For instance, the zygodactyl autopodia of chameleons are unique among tetrapods, and the carpals and tarsals are highly modified in shape and number. However, most of the muscles usually present in the manus and pes of other lizards are present in the same configuration in chameleons. The most obvious muscular features related to the peculiar opposable autopodia of chameleons are: (1) presence of broad, V‐shaped plantar and palmar aponeuroses, and absence of intermetacarpales and intermetatarsales, between the digits separated by the cleft in each autopod; (2) oblique orientation of the superficial short flexors originating from these aponeuroses, which may allow these muscles to act as powerful adductors of the “super‐digits”; and (3) well‐developed abductor digiti minimi muscles and abductor pollicis/hallucis brevis muscles, which may act as powerful abductors of the “super‐digits.”
Lymph Vessel Thrombus Detection in Cervical Lymphedema: A Case Series
Authors: Kunze Georg , Staritz Martin
Published: May 2017

Although thrombosis in the terminal part of thoracic duct has been described in patients with head and neck cancer and upper vein thrombosis, normally medical imaging is not successful in depicting such lymphatic thrombosis. This case series is about three patients with acute onset of cervical lymphedema following minor trauma or exceptional physical strain. Using high‐resolution ultrasound, it was possible to detect a thrombus formation in the terminal parts of the thoracic duct or the lymph duct. Within a few weeks all patients recovered without relapse for several years.
Effect of electroosmotic flow of aqueous suspension of nanosilica on the properties of carbonated concrete
Authors: Redaelli E. , Torabian Isfahani F. , Lollini F. , Wu H. T. , Bertolini L.
Published: May 2017

The paper investigates the possibility to use electroosmosis to transport nanosilica (NS) particles inside carbonated concrete, in order to exert a filler effect and enhance its durability performance. This method aims to extending possible beneficial effects of NS to existing reinforced concrete structures, where the presence of a carbonated layer of concrete is very likely. Injection tests were performed with electrochemical cells on carbonated concrete discs with water/cement (w/c) ratios of 0.50, 0.55 and 0.65, using a NS aqueous suspension at the anode. The results indicated that a flow did occur through the concrete disc and it was directed from the anode towards the cathode. A linear relationship between flux and applied voltage gradient was obtained, which is typical of electroosmotic phenomena. The bulk properties of concrete, such as density, water absorption and sorptivity, were not affected by the injection tests, whilst electrical resistivity increased indicating a mild ‘sealing’ effect on the surface. Also microstructural analyses highlighted the local presence of NS that decreased the local porosity close to the surface.
Aging and Parkinson's disease: Different sides of the same coin?
Authors: Collier Timothy J. , Kanaan Nicholas M. , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: May 2017

Despite abundant epidemiological evidence in support of aging as the primary risk factor for PD, biological correlates of a connection have been elusive. In this article, we address the following question: does aging represent biology accurately characterized as pre‐PD? We present evidence from our work on midbrain dopamine neurons of aging nonhuman primates that demonstrates that markers of known correlates of dopamine neuron degeneration in PD, including impaired proteasome/lysosome function, oxidative/nitrative damage, and inflammation, all increase with advancing age and are exaggerated in the ventral tier substantia nigra dopamine neurons most vulnerable to degeneration in PD. Our findings support the view that aging‐related changes in the dopamine system approach the biological threshold for parkinsonism, actively producing a vulnerable pre‐parkinsonian state. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Extension of MITC to higher‐order beam models and shear locking analysis for compact, thin‐walled, and composite structures
Authors: Carrera E. , de Miguel A. G. , Pagani A.
Published: May 2017

A class of mixed interpolated beam elements is introduced in this paper under the framework of the Carrera Unified Formulation to eliminate the detrimental effects due to shear locking. The Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial Components (MITC) method is adopted to generate locking‐free displacement‐based beam models using general 1D finite elements. An assumed distribution of the transverse shear strains is used for the derivation of the virtual work, and the full Gauss‐Legendre quadrature is used for the numerical computation of all the components of the stiffness matrix. Linear, quadratic, and cubic beam elements are developed using the unified formulation and applied to linear static problems including compact, laminated, and thin‐walled structures. A comprehensive study of how shear locking affects general beam elements when different classical integration schemes are used is presented, evidencing the outstanding capabilities of the MITC method to overcome this numerical issue. Refined beam theories based on the expansion of pure and generalized displacement variables are implemented making use of Lagrange and Legendre polynomials over the cross‐sectional domain, allowing one to capture complex states of stress with a 3D‐like accuracy. The numerical examples are compared to analytic, numerical solutions from the literature, and commercial software solutions, whenever it is possible. The efficiency and robustness of the proposed method demonstrated throughout all the assessments, illustrating that MITC elements are the natural choice to avoid shear locking and showing an unprecedent accuracy in the computation of transverse shear stresses for beam formulations.