bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS LEACHING FROM (BIO)CHAR OBTAINED FROM INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE SLUDGE / IŠ GAMYBINIO NUOTEKŲ DUMBLO PAGAMINTOS BIOANGLIES SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ IŠPLOVIMO ĮVERTINIMAS
Authors: Pečkytė Julija , Baltrėnaitė Edita
Published: October 2015

Biochar can be produced from many various feedstock including biomass residues such as straw, branches, sawdust and other agricultural and forestry waste. One of the alternatives is to obtain biochar from industrial sewage sludge, however, the use of such a product could be limited due to high quantities of heavy metals in the biochar as a product. Total concentration of heavy metals provides only limited information on the behavior of heavy metals, therefore, batch leaching and up-flow percolation leaching tests were applied to study the leaching of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) from (bio)char produced from two types of sewage sludge: from paper mill and leather industries.
Bioanglis gali būti gaminama iš daugelio įvairių pramonės žaliavų, įskaitant biomasės liekanas, pavyzdžiui, šiaudus, šakas, pjuvenas ir kitas žemės ūkio ir miškininkystės atliekas. Viena iš alternatyvų – bioanglį gaminti iš pramonės nuotekų dumblo, tačiau tokį produktą galima naudoti ribotai dėl jame esančio didelio sunkiųjų metalų kiekio. Iš bendrosios sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos tyrimų galima tik ribotai spręsti apie sunkiųjų metalų pasiskirstymą, todėl buvo taikomi du tyrimai: tyrimas, perkoliuojant atliekas vienakrypte srove, bei dvipakopis partijos (tyrinio) tyrimas siekiant išanalizuoti sunkiųjų metalų (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu) išplovimą iš bioanglies, pagamintos iš dviejų rūšių nuotekų dumblo: popieriaus gamybos ir odos pramonės.
TECHNICAL MEASURES TO DECREASE HEAT ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF FINAL CUSTOMER IN MULTI-APARTMENT BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY DIRECTIVE / TECHNINĖS PRIEMONĖS, SKIRTOS MAŽINTI GALUTINIO VARTOTOJO ŠILUMINĖS ENERGIJOS VARTOJIMĄ DAUGIABUČIUOSE GYVENAMU
Authors: Savickas Romanas , Savickienė Lauryna , Bielskus Juozas
Published: October 2015

Energy consumption in the world increases, so the measures in order to improve energy efficiency must be found. The aim of 2012/27/EU Energy Efficiency Directive targets is to decrease energy consumption for a final energy consumer by 1.5% every year, but there is no definition how these targets could be achieved by an individual member state. This article presents the analysis how these targets could be achieved by the means of individual heat metering by heat cost allocators for every flat thus decreasing an energy consumption for a final consumer. Statistical analysis of identical buildings with individual metering by heat cost allocators and without them is presented. Heat cost allocators do not decrease energy consumption by themselves, so this article presents a technical solution and a set of additional equipment, i.e. thermostatic valves, balance valves, hot water meters and remote data collection system that must be installed. The final results show that the targets of 2012/27/EU Energy Efficiency Directive in Lithuania can be reached, because the buildings with individual heat cost allocators consume about 20–30% less of heat energy.
Pasaulyje energijos vartojimas auga, todėl turi būti rastos energetinio efektyvumo pagerinimo priemonės. 2012/27/ES Energijos Efektyvumo Direktyvos tikslas yra sumažinti galutinio energijos vartotojo energijos suvartojimą kasmet po 1,5 %, tačiau nėra nurodyta, kaip kiekviena valstybė narė šiuos tikslus galėtų įgyvendinti. Šis straipsnis pristato analizę, kaip šie tikslai galėtų būti pasiekti, kiekviename bute įrengiant individualios šilumos apskaitos šilumos daliklius, kad sumažėtų energijos vartojimas atskiruose butuose. Pateikta statistinė identiškų pastatų su šilumos dalikliais ir be jų analizė. Šiluminei energijai taupyti neužtenka vien tik šilumos daliklių, todėl straipsnyje pateiktas techninis sprendimas – būtinų įdiegti techninių priemonių paketas, kurį sudaro tokios priemonės: termostatiniai ventiliai, balansiniai ventiliai, karšto vandens skaitikliai, belaidė reguliaraus duomenų nuskaitymo sistema. Galutiniai analizės rezultatai rodo, kad 2012/27/ES Energijos Efektyvumo Direktyvos tikslai Lietuvoje gali būti pasiekti, nes pastatai su individualia šilumos apskaita ir įrengtais šilumos dalikliais vartoja apie 20–30 % mažiau šiluminės energijos nei pastatai be tokios apskaitos.
WATER HAMMER RESEARCH IN NETWORKS / HIDRAULINIO SMŪGIO TYRIMAI TINKLUOSE
Authors: Jurkienė Anželika , Rimeika Mindaugas
Published: October 2015

Formation of water hammer, its consequences and possible protection measures are rarely topics, however the problem is significant. Water hammer can form in water supply and pressurized sewage networks, for various reasons. The article presents short theory of water hammer and methodology for calculation of specific parameters. Research of water hammer was performed in real water supply and sewer networks of country. Simulation of water hammer was carried out by turning on and off water pumps in pumping station. Successful measurement of water hammer depends on accuracy of the measurement equipment, therefore during the research surge wave fluctuations were measured with especially high resolution pressure meters. Detailed analysis of water hammer and selection of protecting equipment hydraulic model of water supply network was created. Protection against water hammer helps to avoid breaking of the water network and extend operation time.
Hidraulinio smūgio susidarymas, jo padariniai ir galimos apsaugos priemonės yra retai nagrinėjama tema, tačiau ši problema yra labai aktuali. Hidraulinis smūgis gali susidaryti tiek vandentiekio, tiek slėginiuose nuotekų tinkluose. Straipsnyje pateikiami hidraulinio smūgio teoriniai pagrindai bei būdingų parametrų apskaičiavimo metodika. Hidraulinio smūgio tyrimai buvo atliekami šalies vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinkluose, įjungiant ir išjungiant siurblius. Hidraulinis smūgis buvo matuotas ypač aukštos rezoliucijos slėgio matuokliais. Didžiausi slėgio bangos svyravimai užfiksuoti siurblinėse, išjungiant siurblius. Detalesnei hidraulinio smūgio analizei bei apsauginei įrangai parinkti buvo sudarytas hidraulinis vandentiekio tinklo modelis. Parinktos optimalios tinklo apsaugos priemonės, užtikrinančios efektyvų slėgio bangos slopinimą. Apsauga nuo hidraulinio smūgio padeda išvengti tinklo ardymo bei prailgina tinklo tarnavimo laiką.
The Use of Military Police in Combat Operations
Authors: Bis Roman , Kubeša Milan
Published: October 2015

The article deals with the use of military police in combat operations during dominance phase.Itdescribes the place androleofmilitarypoliceas combat support units, analyzes experience from previous and ongoing operations and specifies the possible activities of military police during this phase. In conclusion it gives recommendations for the development of capabilities in terms of the activities performed and possible changes in organizational structures. The content of the article is based on thesis prepared by the participant of the 27th General Staff Course at the University of Defence.
Military Police Needs its own Concept
Authors: Stejskal Lukáš
Published: October 2015

The article is related to the building process of Capabilities Development Concept of Military Police (MP) in Ministry of Defence environment. With regards to the specific status of MP within Ministry of defence and with regards to diversity of assigned tasks Capabilities Development Concept of MP is finally hybrid document, containing elements of concept, strategy and long-term development intent. This is positive fact based on unique status of this branch of arms. The author who is actively influencing the proces of concept building is describing his recommendations and observations which might be convenient also for those readers who are not Military Police workers.
L’illusion d’informer. Étude de l’information comptable dans les revues internes (1954-1982)
Authors: Floquet Mathieu , Nikitin Marc
Published: October 2015

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’information comptable entre 1954 et 1982 dans les revues internes distribuées au personnel de trois entreprises sidérurgiques françaises : Schneider et Cie, De Wendel et Cie et Usinor. Notre dépouillement montre qu’au fil des années l’information comptable apparaît, disparaît puis réapparaît. Il n’est pas possible d’attribuer un caractère évolutionniste à cette diffusion, il s’agit plutôt d’une décision de l’entreprise relevant d’enjeux managériaux. Ainsi, dans les périodes de grandes restructurations, les mauvaises nouvelles financières sont largement diffusées, alors même qu’au cours des périodes de prospérité, les revues internes se concentrent sur la vie des usines et n’abordent pas le sujet comptable. Finalement, notre étude propose une synthèse des situations dans lesquelles l’information comptable apparaît et celles où elle disparaît. Cette pratique peut s’expliquer, à la suite des travaux en relations industrielles, par une tentative de modification du jeu des relations professionnelles par les dirigeants de l’entreprise Au final, cette diffusion irrégulière donne seulement l’illusion d’informer.
Le 5 de chanel, numéro gagnant de la parfumerie française (1973-2012)
Authors: Briot Eugénie
Published: October 2015

Le N˚ 5 de la maison chanel fait figure à bien des égards de parfum mythique de la parfumerie française. Plus de 90 ans après sa création, il reste l’un des parfums les plus vendus au monde. Cet article s’interroge sur les fondements d’une réussite aussi durable, en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à la communication dont ce parfum fait l’objet, et à la façon dont elle remodèle au fil du temps une image particulièrement malléable. L’analyse de douze films publicitaires pour le N˚ 5 réalisés entre 1973 et 2012 aide à mettre en évidence les discours et les motifs privilégiés par la marque. Après avoir déconstruit des explications apportées par la maison chanel elle-même au succès de son numéro 5, nous avons dégagé les facteurs de la réussite durable de ce parfum, au premier rang desquels intervient le choix d’un nom abstrait – un simple numéro – porteur d’un symbolisme fort. Ce dernier permit au parfum de traverser le temps et d’évoluer avec son époque tout en se forgeant une image composite, où tous les motifs puissent s’agréger, mais où ne se déposent durablement que les éléments les plus pertinents.
La bataille des chiffres des réparations ou les étranges calculs de Monsieur Keynes
Authors: Verheyde Philippe
Published: October 2015

Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont les chiffres des réparations ont été pensés et construits. A partir notamment d’une lecture critique de l’ouvrage fondateur de John Maynard Keynes, Les conséquences économiques de la paix , immense succès dont la postérité se maintient de nos jours, il tente d’appréhender les modes de calculs de l’économiste britannique pour mieux en souligner les limites et les erreurs.
Héritages coloniaux ou innovations révolutionnaires ? Nouvelles recherches sur la race, l’esclavage et la citoyenneté dans les indépendances d’Amérique latine
Authors: Schmidt-Nowara Christopher
Published: October 2015

Le mouvement d’indépendance du début du XIX e  siècle en Amérique latine, jadis considéré comme très conservateur, apparaît aujourd’hui comme profondément démocratique et radical, en particulier dans les sociétés où l’esclavage occupait une place importante. La démocratie politique, la suppression de la discrimination raciale officielle et l’abolition de l’esclavage font partie des avancées dont les historiens parlent aujourd’hui lorsqu’ils traitent des changements révolutionnaires de cette période. Cet article examine comment se sont construites ces toutes nouvelles relectures et la manière dont les historiens ont étudié le rôle des structures coloniales à partir des aspirations révolutionnaires.
La politique abolitionniste dans l’État d’Antioquia, Colombie (1812-1816)
Authors: Gutiérrez Ardila Daniel
Published: October 2015

Les indépendantistes du Royaume de Nouvelle-Grenade, séparé de fait de la couronne de Castille entre 1810 et 1816, étaient pleinement conscients de la contradiction que représentait le maintien de l’esclavage dans le régime de libertés qu’ils tentaient de bâtir. Dans la région d’Antioquia, ce paradoxe fut partiellement corrigé par l’adoption de plusieurs lois cherchant à abolir la servitude, de manière progressive mais sans délai excessif. Il s’agit donc d’analyser les circonstances qui permirent à la question abolitionniste d’être abordée, les actions concrètes menées dans ce sens par les autorités locales, mais également de mettre en lumière un aspect nettement moins connu, l’application de ces mesures et leurs conséquences sociales et politiques.
New Features for Damage Detection and Their Temperature Stability
Authors: Gharibnezhad Fahit , Delgado Luis Eduardo Mujica , Rodellar Jose
Published: October 2015

This chapter is devoted to present novel techniques in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). These techniques are based on different statistical and signal processing methods that are used in other fields but their performance and capability in SHM is presented and tested for the first time in this work. This work is dedicated to the first level of SHM, which might be considered the main and most important level. Piezoceramic (PZT) devices are chosen in this work to capture the signals due to their special characteristics such as high performance, low energy consumption and reasonable price. Suggested techniques are tested on different laboratory and real scale test benchmarks. Moreover, this work considers the effect of environmental changes on performance of the presented techniques. This work shows that although those techniques have a significant result in normal conditions, their performance can be affected by any environmental discrepancy such as temperature change. As such, there is a vital need to consider their effect. In this work, temperature change is chosen, as it is one of the main environmental fluctuation factors.
Development of a System for Detecting Weld Failures
Authors: Rodríguez Jairo Alejandro , Forero Edwin F.
Published: October 2015

Considering the possibility that from the area of electronics can be provided feasible solutions in the field of non-destructive testing, this chapter present a prototype and methodology that allows energize an ultrasound transducer. This system is used to evaluate for detecting weld failures at the junctions of metallic parts. Subsequently, in order to validate the design quality of that source, a computer system that allows control of a card developed ultrasound. Finally, it is implemented the ultrasonic imaging by time of flight diffraction technique, in order to obtain an objective comparison methodology to both systems.
Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis and Damage Prognosis in Structures
Authors: Sankararaman Shankar , Ling You , Mahadevan Sankaran
Published: October 2015

This chapter describes a computational methodology for fatigue crack growth analysis and damage prognosis in structures. This methodology is applicable to a variety structural components and systems with complicated geometry and subjected to variable amplitude multi-axial loading. Finite element analysis is used to address complicated geometry and calculate the stress intensity factors. Multi-modal stress intensity factors due to multi-axial loading conditions are combined to calculate an equivalent stress intensity factor using a characteristic plane approach. Crack growth under variable amplitude loading is modeled using a modified Paris law that includes retardation effects. During cycle-by-cycle integration of the crack growth law, a Gaussian process surrogate model is used to replace the expensive finite element analysis, thereby significantly improving computational effort. The effect of different types of uncertainty – physical variability, data uncertainty and modeling errors – on crack growth prediction is investigated. The various sources of uncertainty include, but not limited to, variability in loading conditions, material parameters, experimental data, model uncertainty, etc. Three different types of modeling errors – crack growth model error, discretization error and surrogate model error – are included in analysis. The different types of uncertainty are incorporated into the framework for calibration and crack growth prediction, and their combined effect on crack growth prediction is computed. Finally, damage prognosis is achieved by predicting the probability distribution of crack size as a function of number of load cycles, and this methodology is illustrated using a numerical example of surface cracking in a cylindrical component.
Design Approach for Roll Forming of Profiles with Integrated Electrical Conductors
Authors: Duschka Alexander , Groche Peter
Published: October 2015

In metal forming a trend is observed towards increasing the performance of products by means of functional integration. One approach being pursued is the integration of electronic components. Multifunctional profiles with electrical conductors can transmit data and energy in addition to the mechanical function. They can be produced efficiently by roll forming. During the roll forming of multifunctional profiles wrinkles and cracks in the conductors may occur in the area of the contact of the rollers due to the contact normal stresses. In this paper, a design approach for multifunctional profiles preventing these failures in the tool contact area is presented and discussed on the basis of experimental and numerical investigations.
New Process Strategies to Manufacture Tailored Blanks out of DP600 by Orbital Forming
Authors: Hildenbrand Philipp , Schulte Robert , Merklein Marion
Published: October 2015

The application of bulk forming operations on sheet metal enables the manufacture of functional components with local wall thickness variations. Using process adapted semi-finished parts with a local material pre-distribution and strain hardening in these processes leads to an increased forming of the functional components. In addition material efficiency is improved. Transferring the positive results acquired with mild deep-drawing steel to high-strength steel tailored blanks enables new possibilities for lightweight design. Given challenges in the manufacture of tailored blanks out of DP600 that reach the same geometry as the ones made of mild deep-drawing steel will be presented in this paper. Furthermore possible ways to overcome them by means of adjusted orbital forming will be presented.
Severe Plastic Deformation and Incremental Forming for Magnetic Hardening
Authors: Wießner Lennart , Gröb Thorsten , Bruder Enrico , Groche Peter , Müller Clemens
Published: October 2015

The magnetic hardening of ARMCO® and FeCo17 in a severe plastic deformation and an incremental forming process is presented. The enhancement of the coercivity, which depends on the strain induced by the forming process, is investigated. Strain induced during the incremental forming process are analysed in FE-simulations.
2D-CFD Analysis of the Fluid Pressure and Velocity Distribution of Experimentally Machine Hammer Peened Surface Structures in Hydrodynamic Applications
Authors: Trauth Daniel , Terhorst Michael , Mattfeld Patrick , Klocke Fritz
Published: October 2015

Machine hammer peening is an incremental forming process for high frequency surface finishing of technical components. Recently, machine hammer peening has attracted automotive industry’s attention for the surface finishing and structuring of deep drawing tools. Deep drawing tools surface structured by machine hammer peening are characterized by beneficial friction and wear characteristics in lubricated sliding contacts. However, the physics of hydrodynamic effects in machine hammer peened structures is yet insufficiently researched. Therefore, this work investigates the hydrodynamic effects in surface structures generated by machine hammer peening using a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic analysis. The effects of structure geometry, structure arrangement and selected sliding parameters on the hydrodynamic fluid pressure and velocity distribution within the structures are analysed. It was observed, that the sliding direction and the structure arrangement have a significant influence on the hydrodynamic fluid pressure maximum.
Determination of Forming Limit Diagrams for Thin Foil Materials Based on Scaled Nakajima Test
Authors: Veenaas Stefan , Behrens Gerrit , Kröger Konstantin , Vollertsen Frank
Published: October 2015

For a better process understanding of micro deep drawing processes and reliable prediction of component failure in FE simulations, it requires the most accurate knowledge of actual material behaviour. However, it is not sufficient to describe material failure for a multi axial stress state in deep drawing using a mechanical parameter as the elongation from tensile test. A forming limit diagram and a forming limit curve are more suited to describe the limit of formability under deep drawing stress state conditions. Methods like hydraulic or pneumatic bulge tests are available to determine forming limit curves even for thin metal foil materials. Nevertheless, using these methods only positive minor strains can be achieved. Especially for a deep drawing process negative minor strains and the left side of a forming limit diagram are more important. Therefore, in this study, experiments based on scaled Nakazima tests were performed to determine complete forming limit diagrams for different foil materials with a thickness range of 20 µm to 25 µm. Scaling the test setup improves the handling of thin specimens. Results with a higher local resolution and the specimens’ size is much closer to the actual size of a micro deep drawn component. Using this testing method forming limit diagrams for the materials Al99.5, E-Cu58, stainless austenitic nickel-chromium steel X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301 / AISI 304), all produced by rolling, and an Al-Zr-foil, produced by a PVD sputtering process, were determined for the micro range.
Process Forces and Groove Development in Single Grain Scratch Tests of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Kansteiner Michael , Kipp Monika , Herbrandt Swetlana , Ferreira Manuel , Biermann Dirk
Published: October 2015

Diamond impregnated tools are commonly used for the machining of concrete and rocks, e.g. sawblades or core drills. These tools consist of a metal bond and randomly distributed diamonds. The grinding of inhomogeneous materials like concrete is a complex system which is interfered by a large number of influencing factors. Although simple models exist describing the material removal processes, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the fundamental mechanisms during grinding. Thus, the optimisation and development of diamond tools are mainly based on experience and empirical methods. Concrete is described as a compound material which exhibits different phases of minerals like cement and aggregate phases. In reinforced concrete, steel is a further phase which has got highly different properties in comparison to the mineral phases. The detailed analysis of the material removal mechanisms is difficult because of the random phase composition of concrete and the random diamond distribution within the tools as well. But, the knowledge of the material removal mechanisms are of vital interest for the development of efficient tools. A fundamental understanding of material removal processes and wear mechanisms can be drawn from single grain scratch tests. Recent developments in diamond tool manufacturing provide the defined positioning of diamond grains in the tool body. This offers new possibilities based on scratch tests regarding tool development. Thus, scratch tests on concrete and reinforced concrete were conducted using single grain diamond tools. First basic understanding was achieved by scratch tests with diamond indenters by varying feed speed and analysing the resulting forces. Detailed investigations were accomplished by installing a tribometer within a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This setup allowed the analysis of the development of the resulting scratch groove.
Analysis of the Influence of Superfinishing on the Surface Topography of Ground Cemented Carbide Rods
Authors: Bathe Timo , Biermann Dirk
Published: October 2015

The industrial relevance of high quality bore holes for parts of the automotive industry rises due to the growing requirements to limit CO2 emissions and therefore the tendency of using elevated pressures for the fuel injection. To fulfil these requirements the bores must have a very high surface quality. If large length-to-diameter (l/d) ratios are necessary, e.g. in machining of fuel injectors, deep hole drilling with single-lip drills (SLD) is mostly used to reach good surface qualities. Due to their asymmetric shape one component force acts as a normal force on the circumferential guiding pads of SLDs. For difficult to machine materials the mechanical loads increase as well. This results in a higher wear of the circumferential guiding pads of SLDs, which leads to reduced surface qualities. Many investigations have dealt with the influences of a cutting edge preparation to increase tool life and process parameters to optimise the productivity. Up to now no research work has dealt with the influences of the surface topography of the circumferential guiding pads on the produced bore quality. Thus, in this paper a superfinishing process is applied on cemented carbide rods as model workpieces with the circumferential shape G of SLDs to examine the influences of e.g. the grain size of the finishing film and the pulley hardness on the surface topography and the material removal at the circumferential surfaces.
Analysis of the System Handling Using Methods of Structural Complexity Management
Authors: Schmalz Johannes , Kiefer Lucas , Behncke Florian
Published: October 2015

The use of industrial grippers induces to deal with the system grippers are embedded in. Besides the gripper this includes the environment, the handling device the gripper is attached to, the task the gripper should perform and the part to be handled. All this domains form the system handling. The paper analyses this system using different methods of the field of structural complexity management. Objective is to identify the most important and most influential factors governing the system.
Force Controlled Grinding of Ceramic Materials
Authors: Dörgeloh Timo , Schönemann Lars , Flosky Carla , Brinksmeier Ekkard
Published: October 2015

Brittle materials like ceramics or glass can be machined by cutting with negative rake angles and by abrasive machining processes. Especially grinding allows for low surface roughness and high shape accuracy. Conventional path-controlled grinding processes may damage functional surfaces if brittle fracture occurs and may thus lead to lateral, radial and axial cracks. High grinding forces can be a reason for brittle fracture when grinding ceramic materials. A solution for this effect may be the application of force controlled grinding processes. In this paper adapted control algorithms were implemented for force controlled grinding and verified in grinding experiments. As an example, cylindrical grooves were ground with an injection moulded spherical grinding tool in alumina and zirconia ceramics. After grinding surface roughness, shape accuracy and process forces are analysed and discussed.
FE-Based Study of the Cutting Operation within Joining by Forming of Dissimilar Materials Using Shear-Clinching Technology
Authors: Müller Martin , Hörhold Réjane , Meschut Gerson , Merklein Marion
Published: October 2015

Lightweight design and modern production technologies are key factors for the success of today’s car manufacturing industry. Resulting challenges, like the usage of new materials in the production chain and the joining of dissimilar material combinations for composite constructions, require the constant improvement and innovative development of production and joining processes. One promising joining technology which allows single stage joining of modern hot formed steels is shear-clinching. For ensuring process reliability and improving strength of shear-clinching joints fundamental studies are required. A possible approach is the numerical analysis of the material flow. To guarantee high quality simulation results it is important to develop a possibility to simulate the material separation during the shear-clinching process. This paper presents an evaluation of possible methods to simulate the indirectly induced cutting of the die-sided material. The numerically gained results are validated by experimental data.
Analysis of Chatter Vibration and Tool Deflection in Milling with a Novel Active Machine Tool Guide
Authors: Flöter Felix , Denkena Berend
Published: October 2015

Chatter vibrations and tool deflection are common challenges in metal cutting processes. In roughing operations, it is often the occurrence of chatter vibrations which limits the productivity. While finishing, when tolerances are small, the tool deflection can lead to violating tolerances and thus producing scrap parts. Beside the tool and tool holder, it is also the guidance system, especially in the z-axis, which influences the aforementioned phenomena. In this paper the influence of an electromagnetic guided z-axis is presented. It is focused on the influence of the high damping and the high static stiffness of the guide. Further benefits of this technology are outlined.
CNC Tool Path Generation on Multi-Core Processors
Authors: Kaiser Benjamin , Keinert Matthias , Lechler Armin , Verl Alexander
Published: October 2015

Tool path generation for CNC machine tools is mainly responsible for quality, accuracy and productivity of the manufacturing process and therefore in the focus of research activities. Many approaches regarding this topic yield to complex algorithms and thus, demand for the availability of sufficient processing performance realizing this algorithms in a CNC real-time environment. For that reason this paper presents an approach on how to use multi-core processors for CNC tool path generation functions. A partitioning concept is presented allowing to concurrently execute multiple threads realizing interpolation and arc length calculation algorithms. At the example of B-spline interpolation the execution time of the tool path generation function could be reduced significantly using the presented approach.
Intelligent Configuration of Condition Monitoring Algorithms
Authors: Laghmouchi Abdelhakim , Hohwieler Eckhard , Geisert Claudio , Uhlmann Eckart
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is to present the design of a condition monitoring tool, its use for the intelligent configuration of pattern recognition algorithms, for fault detection, and for diagnosis applications. The modular design and functionality of the tool will be introduced. The tool, developed and implemented by Fraunhofer IPK, can be used, in particular, to support the development process of algorithms for condition monitoring of wear-susceptible components in production systems. An example of the industrial application of the tool will be presented. This will include the implementation of configured algorithms using the tool on an embedded system using Raspberry Pi 2 and MEMS sensor. Finally, the evaluation of these algorithms on an axis test rig at different operating parameters will be presented.
Innovative Simulation Technology for Real-Time Calculation of the Thermo-Elastic Behaviour of Machine Tools in Motion
Authors: Beitelschmidt Michael , Galant Alexander , Großmann Knut , Kauschinger Bernd
Published: October 2015

Heat resulting from motors, moved contacts as well as cutting processes, causes time-dependent deformation of machine structures that reduces the precision of machine tools. For design optimization and especially for correction of thermal induced displacements, it is necessary to have compact models, which allow fast simulation of the thermo-elastic behaviour of the entire moving machine tool during the process. This paper presents an innovative simulation technology that permits, starting from CAD geometry through FE modelling, to come to a time-saving thermo-elastic calculation model of entire moved machine tools. Thereby, calculated temperature and deformation fields are of high geometrical resolution. Results and potentials of the new approach are demonstrated on example of a Hexapod machine tool.
Uncertain Parameters in Thermal Machine-Tool Models and Methods to Design their Metrological Adjustment Process
Authors: Kauschinger Bernd , Schroeder Steffen
Published: October 2015

The measures taken to improve the thermal behaviour of machine tools are based on thermal models. The models are applied to support the design process and to correct the machine tool operation in a control-based way. Especially the models for correction purposes include uncertain parameters that cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Thus these parameters have to be adjusted by means of measurements. During the adjustment process, a broad diversity of machine behaviour and model characteristics has to be taken in to account. Therefore, substantial time, effort and expert knowledge are required. To identify the key expenses, a generalized and systematic analysis of the adjustment process was carried out. First, the typical design of the models, the parameters of the sub models and the current adjustment procedure were investigated. Based on the results of the analysis, support requirements were identified. Afterwards first methods and software tools for efficient support were developed. This strategy is demonstrated using the example of a hexapod strut model.
Challenges in the Development of a Generalized Approach for the Structure Model Based Correction
Authors: Thiem Xaver , Kauschinger Bernd , Mühl Andreas , Großmann Knut
Published: October 2015

This paper gives a description of the challenges in the development of a generalized approach for the structure model based correction of thermoelastic errors of machine tools. The correction approach can be divided in modules. The challenges are described on the requirements of the modules.
Compensation of Geometric Errors Using a Highly Integrated Hydraulic Feed Axis
Authors: Klee Benedikt , Bauer Joerg , Graule David , Brenner David , Fleischer Juergen
Published: October 2015

Error compensation is a key to reach the geometric accuracies required for high precision machine tools. To prevent errors from affecting the machining process, compensation values for the feed axes can be used. However, conventional feed axes can only compensate deviations in their feed directions. By controlling its integrated hydraulic guiding system, the feed axis presented in this paper is capable of compensating errors in all other degrees of freedom as well. Using a specifically developed program, ideal parameters for the compensation of errors in a realistic 3D-axis-system were calculated. The axis’ characteristics were examined on a test rig for different types of controllers and compared to those parameters. It could be shown that the presented highly integrated hydraulic feed axis is capable of compensating typical errors resulting from such a 3D-setup.
Designing a High-Speed Press with a Six-Bar Linkage Mechanism
Authors: Benkert Tim , Krinner Andreas , Thümmel Thomas , Volk Wolfram
Published: October 2015

This paper describes the design process of a high-speed cutting press with a linkage mechanism in its drive train. The whole process is carried out for a virtual prototype. The kinematic and dynamic properties of the six-bar linkage mechanism are optimised regarding boundary conditions coming from the production process and kinematic requirements. Using a rigid body model, the geometric dimensions and inertia parameters of the links of the mechanism can be determined. A finite-element (FE) model is build up to check the parts’ durability during work load. A verification of main results is realised on an experimental prototype made from rapid prototyping material.
Tool System for Ultrasonic-Assisted Forming and Material Characterisation with 15 kHz Oscillation Frequency
Authors: Michalski Markus , Leicht Uwe , Engler Sebastian , Merklein Marion
Published: October 2015

It is well-known that superimposed ultrasonic tool vibrations are capable of decreasing the forming force and the interfacial friction during the deformation of metal. The complex causes of this phenomenon were mainly investigated by focusing on oscillation frequencies above 20 kHz. Due to limitations of the load capacity and the power of the oscillating systems, mostly soft materials, such as aluminium and copper, were analysed. The present study is concerned with the development of a tool system for ultrasonic-assisted compression tests with a 15 kHz oscillation system. The advantages of this type of oscillating system are an increased power and robustness, which allow the testing of high strength materials. In preliminary ultrasonic-assisted compression tests with a S235JR steel a force reduction of up to 63 % was measured. The major challenges identified during the preliminary investigations are a transversal drift of the specimen, a periodic separation between the die and the specimen, a high sound emission and a high demand on the measuring and signal processing technology. Based on the technical challenges and the determined requirements a tool system is introduced.
Power-Split Press Drive for Economic Production
Authors: Nitschke Thomas , Krimm Richard , Behrens Bernd-Arno
Published: October 2015

The servo press technology is used in industrial production for innovative and economic metal forming. The path-time-characteristic of the ram of servo presses can be adapted to individual requirements of various forming processes. To achieve a high dynamic, the rotary inertia of the drive train should be as low as possible. Thus, a flywheel is not suitable to provide the energy required for both, the forming process as well as the ram kinematic. Hence the eccentric shaft is driven by the electric motor only. As a consequence, the press force has to be provided completely via the torque of the servomotor. High investment costs resulting from the required size of the drive components is a challenge to be conquered. This pushes the costs for the drive components.Another challenge is the unbalanced power consumption of the servomotor. Energy-converting and energy-storing systems are essential to compensate the power peaks resulting from the forming process and inertia forces. Nevertheless, these systems are expensive and reduce the energy efficiency of the press. Facing these challenges, a novel and innovative drive concept for eccentric presses is being developed at the Institute of Forming Technology and Machines (IFUM). These drive concept base on mechanical and electrical power split and can possibly eliminate any disadvantages of conventionally servo presses. The function, the control concept and first steps of the realization of the power-split press drive are presented in this paper.
Production Planning and Control in Complex, Autonomous Systems – Acceptance by the Planner as Factor of Success for the Cooperation with such Systems
Authors: Vernim Susanne , Reinhart Gunther
Published: October 2015

The manufacturing of so called customer innovated products leads to changes in production planning and control. In order to master the complexity inherent to a production with batch size one, the use of autonomous systems is a possible solution. The implementation of such systems may involve problems concerning the acceptance of users, for example production planners, as they are complex to understand and to work with. The following article analyses this problem and points out the importance of a defined process and an appropriate interface between human and system to realise a successful interaction. In addition to that, an approach for the definition of requirements for this cooperation is introduced.
OpenLabs - Collaborative Industrialization with Distributed and Open Source Microfactories
Authors: Redlich Tobias , Moritz Manuel , Buxbaum-Conradi Sonja , Krenz Pascal , Heubischl Susanne , Basmer-Birkenfeld Sissy Ve
Published: October 2015

Technical progress in production technology, the advancement of ICTs as well as increasing social and economic imbalances and ever-scarce resources ask for new means of value creation. . With the spill over of the highly efficient and innovative open source principles to the world of physical goods and products new modes of value creation appear that put traditional economic strategies and assumptions into question by stressing collaboration instead of competition, knowledge sharing engineering and fostering the empowerment of the people to participate and get engaged.The here presented multidisciplinary OpenLabs concept takes into account these new patterns of value creation based on open source principles and is a suitable approach to increase the overall empowerment and participation in local communities in developing, but also in developed countries.
Process Planning and Decentralised Process Control for Cybertronic Production Systems
Authors: Weidig Christian , Sinnwell Chantal , Aurich Jan Christian
Published: October 2015

Cybertronic systems which augment mechatronic basis systems by means of communication, collaboration and intelligence are proposed to be utilised to develop next generation production systems. A model-based development process is proposed to enable integrated design and development of the product and the production system. This paper will highlight the importance of process planning as collaborative activity within the integrated design and development process. A concept will be introduced how process planning can be conducted for cybertronic production systems, considering decentralised production planning and control already during the design phase.
Integrated Product and Tool Development
Authors: Kantelberg Jan , Aryobsei Abassin , Rudolf Stefan , Schuh Günther
Published: October 2015

Rising cost pressure and the trend of extensive product customization lead to a situation in which the management of interfaces between different areas of process chains is a substantial strategic success factor. Since tooling is commonly placed as an element on the critical path between product development and serial production, the design and management of this interface has a significant impact on the key factors time-to-market, quality and costs. Based on the presented motivation, this paper provides a methodology to estimate the effects of product design decisions on the necessary tools regarding time, quality and costs. It is based on a systematic approach for the interaction of product and tool parameters and focuses on the effect and handling of external restrictions on product features.
Evaluation of Different Influencing Factors in Dry Sheet Metal Forming with Vaporizing CO2 Used as Lubricant
Authors: Singer Markus , Liewald Mathias
Published: October 2015

Lubricants in sheet metal forming have to meet increasing demands resulting from political aims and ecological requirements. For that reason, industry aspires the reduction of lubrication with the long term goal of replacing conventional mineral oil based lubricants entirely. Dry metal forming to a certain limit can be achieved by using liquid CO2 during the forming process. This lubricant vaporizes after deep drawing process and leaves a clean work piece that can be used in coating or joining processes without any subsequent cleaning. In this contribution, further development and resulting effects of numerous process parameters are evaluated and presented. Investigations of restraining forces in strip draw tests when lubricated with liquid CO2 include different tool parameters like drilling diameters (120 and 140 µm), different numbers of drillings (25 and 49) as well as different process parameters like surface pressure (2,5 and 6,5 MPa) or drawing speed (50 and 100 mm/s). Amount of restraining forces in this paper also are compared to two different conventional mineral oil based lubricants (Wisura AK 3080 and Wisura ZO 3368). The results presented in this contribution may provide a better understanding of tribological mechanisms emerging within this new lubrication system.
Discovering Product Innovation Potential within Existing Product Architectures
Authors: Rudolf Stefan , Ortlieb Casimir , Tönnes Christian , Schuh Günther
Published: October 2015

New and innovative products are drivers for successful and sustainable growth of companies. Only a continuous stream of innovations can defend established market segments and create new markets for the company. Especially for European companies, innovations offer the opportunity for differentiation against competitors and therewith help to consist the present cost pressure mainly coming from Asian countries. Thereby, innovation inherent risks regarding limited product success, longer development times and quality lacks threaten the success of the innovation process. With this paper, a new approach is introduced, which aims at the reduction of the risks in the innovation processes. This is realized by shifting the focus from a customer requirement driven innovation screening to a product portfolio based innovation approach. The idea is to identify innovation opportunities within existing portfolios to maximize the use of existing company capabilities.
Improvement of Formability in Single Point Incremental Forming of DP 1000 Steel by Induction Heating
Authors: Al-Obaidi Amar , Kräusel Verena , Landgrebe Dirk
Published: October 2015

This paper provides results from experiments to improve formability of DP 1000 steel in forming a complex profiles in single point incremental forming with induction heating. High attention is rewarded to the straight effect of induction power and tool settings, in order to determine if the heating temperature is sufficient for raising the formability. The steel sheet is formed by a punch in the upper side and synchronized by induction heating for the sheet on the lower side. Investigations show a maximum achievable wall angle of 70°, which was accomplished at 20 kW induction power for the two formed shapes pyramid and cone. The operational efficiency improved by reducing both the forming time and the induction power required obtaining an optimum heating temperature for the sheet blank. The presented method can be used to increase the formability of difficult-to-form metals by using a simple setup.
Information and Communication Technology and Organizations’ Cooperation at the Dynamic Market
Authors: Lis Tomasz , Bajdor Paula
Published: October 2015

Modern companies operate in conditions of high competition and rapidly changing customer needs and expectations. In such a reality, one of the solutions to achieve success, is to establish cooperation with selected market participants. The partners’ choice determine the needs of the company and market’s expectations. The cooperation focuses on the optimal use of available resources and creating relational resource, takes place in virtual space. Access to this space and effective in its functioning, are associated with the use of information and communication. Thanks to ICT, companies can be found, as well as establish and maintain a collaboration between them.