bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advertising framed
Authors: van der Lee Angela , Smit Edith G.
Published: June 2012

The advertising frameworks developed by Hall and Maclay (1991) and Franzen (1994) can be seen as capturing the strategies used most frequently by today’s advertisers. Although based on extensive practical experience, their empirical basis has hardly been touched upon in academic research. To answer the question to what extent the advertising frameworks exist in practice, the authors conducted an exploratory study signifying the presence of such models. Based on an analysis of 16 commercials from the four largest Dutch banks (N = 1101), some frameworks proved to be more ’popular’ than others were. While for each bank a dominant framework could be identied, different banks employed different models. Within Financial Service Advertising, characteristics of the frameworks were found to affect the effectiveness of a campaign in different ways, sometimes facilitating one effect while impeding another. Also, more general content characteristics with regard to brand name and type of endorsement were found to signicantly influence advertising effectiveness.
Consumers iews on text characteristics of product recall notices
Authors: Gerritsen Marinel , van Meurs Frank , Diepstraten Wendy
Published: June 2012

Consumers who have suffered as a result of a product defect can claim compensation from the producer. By placing a product recall notice, producers can reduce their liability. Ideally, such a notice should protect the image of the company as well as warn consumers. The problem is that a clear warning may damage the image of the company that placed the notice. This study reports on experiments carried out among 128 female shoppers to gain insight into how a recall notice should be worded in order to protect the company’s image and, yet to be clear. Split-run tests were carried out to determine whether Minimisation (minimising the danger of the defect) and Bolstering (stressing the company’s good traits) contributed positively to the image of the company and whether inclusion of pictures, a list format, a reader-oriented approach, Minimisation, and Bolstering contrib- uted positively to the clarity of the notice. Likert scales were used to determine which heading drew most attention and through which channels consumers prefered to be informed about a product recall. According to our respondents, a recall notice including Minimisation strategies protects the company’s image more than one without such strategies. A recall notice is consid- ered clearer when it includes a picture, when it contains elements to highlight the structure of the information, and when it does not include Bolstering. According to our respondents, the most attention-grabbing heading is ‘Waarschuwing’ warning), and they prefer to be informed about product recalls through newspapers and television.
If documents could talk
Authors: Wright Patricia
Published: June 2012

Conventional electronic documents present their content visually on screen but the information could be spoken, or the two modalities might be combined — e.g. when mixing text and graphics. If the relative benefits of aural and visual language depend on characteristics of the target audience (e.g. age and sensory impairments, language fluency, etc), parallel versions of documents may sometimes be desirable. The advantages of different modalities will also vary with a document’s communication goals — such as informing, persuading, answering questions or giving directions. Conceptual explanations may be better if read because readers can pause and re-read but procedural explanations may be better when listened to, especially if the document provides animated demonstrations accompanied by a spoken commentary. This paper overviews empirical studies suggesting that information modality can influence the document user’s three main clusters of activities, namely finding, understanding and applying the author’s message. This raises questions such as: Would it help if electronic documents let users customise the synthetic speech, perhaps selecting the sex of the speaker? When might a modality change imply changes to other linguistic features? If we do not write as we speak, will enhanced text-to-speech technology be sufficient for creating appropriate talking documents?
Bantu Spirantization
Authors: Bostoen Koen
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the irregular application of the sound change commonly known as ‘Bantu Spirantization (BS)’ — a particular type of assibilation — in front of certain common Bantu morphemes. This irregularity can to a large extent be explained as the result of the progressive morphologization (through ‘dephonologization’) and lexicalization to which the sound shift was exposed across Bantu. The interaction with another common Bantu sound change, i.e. the 7-to-5-vowel merger, created the conditions necessary for the morphologization of BS, while analogy played an important role in its blocking and retraction from certain morphological domains. Differing morpho-prosodic constraints are at the origin of the varying heteromorphemic conditioning of BS. These uneven morphologization patterns, especially before the agentive suffix -i, were entrenched in the lexicon thanks to the lexicalization of agent nouns. The typology of Agent Noun Spirantization (ans) developed in this paper not only contributes to a better understanding of the historical processes underlying the varying patterns of BS morphologization and lexicalization, but also to internal Bantu classification. The different ANS types are geographically distributed in such a way that they allow to distinguish major Bantu subgroups. From a methodological point of view, this article thus shows how differential morphologization and lexicalization patterns can be used as tools for historical classification.
Passive vocabulary size and speed of meaning recognition
Authors: Laufer Batia , Nation Paul
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the relationship between fluency and vocabulary size, and also between fluency and word frequency level. Fluency was operationalised as the time learners need to recognize meanings of words sampled from different frequency levels. It was measured by a computerised vocabulary recognition speed test (VORST). The test was given to 488 native and non-native speakers who were divided by vocabulary size into four groups. The four groups were compared on speed of response to the 3000 level and University Word List (UWL) words. Speed was also correlated with vocabulary size. Additionally, response times to different frequency levels were compared for each subject. Results suggest that speed of retrieval is moderately related to vocabulary size and word frequency. Non-native speakers’ increase in speed lags behind increase in vocabulary size. Non-native speakers also respond more slowly to less frequent words. Responses of native speakers, on the other hand, are more homogeneous across subjects and across vocabulary frequencies. Speed of retrieval cannot be fully predicted from vocabulary knowledge and therefore speed tests should supplement tests of vocabulary size and depth.
The acquisition of word meanings while reading in English as a foreign language
Authors: Chodkiewicz Halina
Published: June 2012

This paper represents an exploration into the effectiveness and nature of vocabulary acquisition through reading in English as a foreign language. The subjects, Polish learners of English, were instructed to read three newspaper articles for comprehension while performing three reading tasks: ‘read only’, read for the main ideas, and read for selected information. Their gains in the knowledge of 60 potentially least known words were then measured. It was found that although all the students showed some vocabulary gains, the medium- and high-proficiency students profited more than the low-proficiency students. The while-reading tasks had a modest effect on learning unfamiliar lexical items, with the ‘read only’ task proving slightly more efficient than the other two tasks. The data did not support the hypothesis that increasing text comprehensibility promotes a proportional increase in vocabulary acquisition.
Factors affecting the success of corrective feedback
Authors: Havranek Gertraud , Cesnik Hermann
Published: June 2012

The findings from a comprehensive study on oral corrective feedback show that the success of such feedback as measured in a subsequent test is affected by its format, the type of error corrected, and certain learner characteristics. The most successful format of correction, both for the learners receiving the feedback and for their peers, is feedback successfully eliciting self-correction in practice situations. Among the least successful formats for both groups are recasts without further comments or repetition by the corrected learner. The type of error corrected most successfully differs for the two groups. Those corrected learn most from the correction of their grammatical errors and least from correction of pronunciation errors. Peers score best on pronunciation items and gain least from correction of lexical errors. Of the learner characteristics taken into consideration, verbal intelligence, relative proficiency (within levels at school or university), and the learners’ attitude towards correction proved to be most influential.
Constructing social identitites and discourse through repair activities
Authors: Masats Dolors , Unamuno Virginia
Published: June 2012

Traditionally, repairs have been defined as the traces of metalinguistic activities present in oral exchanges that reveal that the speaker(s) are trying to solve language problems which might affect the normal flow of communication (Duranti 1977, Griggs 1997, Levelt 1983, van Lier 1988). However, while most of these studies have highlighted the importance of repairs as tools to gain, expand or reinforce knowledge about the target language, they have not reflected how social identities determine its nature and shape the learners’ discourse. We will examine conversational interactions between pairs of adult learners of Spanish as a second language engaged in a role-play activity, acted out for the class. Such activities require learners to determine who they will be, where they will be and who they will be talking to from the perspective of the role-play, but at the same time they must continue to deal with who they are, where they are and who their audience is in the real world. We use conversational analysis and interactional sociolinguistics to analyse their repairs in these two simultaneous conversational contexts.
Interpretation of English tense morphophonology by advanced L2 speakers
Authors: Al-Hamad M. , Al-Malki E. , Casillas G. , Franceschina Florencia , Hawkins Roger , Hawthorne J. , Karadzovska D. , Kato K. , Liszka Sarah Ann , Lozano Cristóbal , Ojima S. , Okuwaki Natsumi , Thomas Emma
Published: June 2012

This study tests the assumption in much of the literature on the second language acquisition of English tense and aspect morphophonology (e.g. bare verbs, V-ing, V-ed) that once speakers are beyond intermediate levels of proficiency, both distribution and interpretation of these forms are represented in a target-like way in their mental grammars. Three groups of advanced non-native speakers (whose L1s were Chinese, Japanese and the verb-raising languages Arabic, French, German and Spanish) were compared with native speakers on an acceptability judgement task requiring informants to judge the appropriateness of sentences involving different verb forms to contexts which privileged specific interpretations. The results suggest an effect of the persistent influence of parametric differences between languages such that where parametrised grammatical properties are not activated in the L1, they are not available for the construction of representations in the L2.
Prototypical and non-prototypical marking in the advanced learner’s aspectuo-temporal system
Authors: Howard Martin
Published: June 2012

This paper investigates the effect of verb semantics on the variable use of aspectuo-temporal morphology by the advanced learner of French. Using the Aspect Hypothesis as a heuristic to test the extent to which the advanced learner overrides the effect of verb semantics in aspectual contexts where the verb assumes a non-prototypical value, the study examines the interaction between lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in order to identify which factor exerts a stronger influence on the learner’s aspectuo-temporal choice. Results suggest that lexical aspect continues to constrain the advanced learner’s aspectuo-temporal system, such that non-prototypical marking poses greater difficulty than prototypical marking.
Crosslinguistic influence in early child bilingualism
Authors: Müller Natascha
Published: June 2012

Previous approaches to early bilingualism have argued either that children exposed to two languages from birth are not able to separate their two languages and experience massive cross-linguistic influence or that they do separate their languages from birth and lack crosslinguistic influence. The present paper assumes that both early language separation and crosslinguistic influence coexist in one bilingual individual during the same developmental stage for different grammatical phenomena. The goal of the present paper is to show that how crosslinguistic influence manifests itself depends on particular grammatical properties and is independent of language dominance. The direction of the influence is related to computational complexity (in the sense of Jakubowicz 2000). Data from a bilingual Italian/German child are discussed with respect to argument omissions, V2, and finite verb placement in subordinate clauses. For argument omissions, the Germanic language influences the Romance language and has a delaying effect. For V2 and finite verb placement in subordinate clauses, the Romance language has an accelerating effect on the Germanic language in the case of V2 and a delaying effect in the case of finite verb placement in subordinate clauses.
Context and idiom understanding in second languages
Authors: Liontas John
Published: June 2012

This article describes the results of a study conducted with fifty-three adult third-year learners of Spanish, French, and German in order to investigate (a) the degree to which idiom type affects the speed and ease of idiom comprehension and interpretation, (b) the effect that context exerts on idiom understanding, (c) the strategies second language learners employ in computing the idiomatic meaning of multiword phrasal units during contextualized and acontextualized reading of texts containing such idioms, and (d) the cognitive processes that are likely to constrain the construction of the right idiomatic mappings between target and domain idioms. Findings indicate that (a) there were significant main effects for lexical and post-lexical level idioms in both the context and the non-context treatment; (b) translation, guessing, and the use of context are highly important in the construction of idiomatic meaning; and (c) the degree of opacity between target and domain idiom, knowledge of vocabulary, graphophonics and syntactic arrangement, and literal meaning of an idiom influence and affect transfer of idiomatic knowledge in significant ways.
Using sociostylistic variants in advanced French interlanguage
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc
Published: June 2012

This study investigates the use of pronouns nous and a subgroup of on in a corpus of advanced oral and written French interlanguage produced by 32 Dutch L1 speakers. The subject nous + first person plural verb is characteristic of formal styles while on + third person singular verb is typical of informal styles. A quantitative analysis of the oral corpus revealed that the amount of authentic interaction, but not the amount of formal instruction, in the target language is significantly related to the choice of on. Its use correlated with morpholexical accuracy rates, fluency, omission of ne in negations and use of colloquial vocabulary. A similar analysis of the written corpus revealed equal proportions of on, which suggests that as a group, the learners had not yet completely acquired the constraints on this variable.
When activity shapes the repertoire of second language learners
Authors: Masats Dolors , Nussbaum Luci , Unamuno Virginia
Published: June 2012

Interactionists interested in second language acquisition postulate that learners’ competences are sensitive to the context in which they are put into play. Here we explore the language practices displayed, in a bilingual socio-educational milieu, by three dyads of English learners while carrying out oral communicative pair-work. In particular, we examine the role language choice plays in each task.

 A first analysis of our data indicates that the learners’ language choices seem to reveal the linguistic norms operating in the community of practice they belong to. A second analysis reveals that they exploited their linguistic repertoires according to their interpretation of the task and to their willingness to complete it in English. Thus, in the first two tasks students relied on code-switching as a mechanism to solve communication failures, whereas the third task generated the use of a mixed repertoire as a means to complete the task in the target language.
FGFR1 cleavage and nuclear translocation regulates breast cancer cell behavior
Authors: Chioni Athina-Myrto , Grose Richard
Published: June 2012

FGF-10 and its receptors, FGFR1 and FGFR2, have been implicated in breast cancer susceptibility and progression, suggesting that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling may be co-opted by breast cancer cells. We identify a novel pathway downstream of FGFR1 activation, whereby the receptor is cleaved and traffics to the nucleus, where it can regulate specific target genes. We confirm Granzyme B (GrB) as the protease responsible for cleavage and show that blocking GrB activity stopped FGFR1 trafficking to the nucleus and abrogates the promigratory effect of FGF stimulation. We confirm the in vivo relevance of our findings, showing that FGFR1 localized to the nucleus specifically in invading cells in both clinical material and a three-dimensional model of breast cancer. We identify target genes for FGFR1, which exert significant effects on cell migration and may represent an invasive signature. Our experiments identify a novel mechanism by which FGF signaling can regulate cancer cell behavior and provide a novel therapeutic target for treatment of invasive breast cancer.
Smooth muscle–endothelial cell communication activates Reelin signaling and regulates lymphatic vessel formation
Authors: Lutter Sophie , Xie Sherry , Tatin Florence , Makinen Taija
Published: June 2012

Active lymph transport relies on smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractions around collecting lymphatic vessels, yet regulation of lymphatic vessel wall assembly and lymphatic pumping are poorly understood. Here, we identify Reelin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein previously implicated in central nervous system development, as an important regulator of lymphatic vascular development. Reelin-deficient mice showed abnormal collecting lymphatic vessels, characterized by a reduced number of SMCs, abnormal expression of lymphatic capillary marker lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), and impaired function. Furthermore, we show that SMC recruitment to lymphatic vessels stimulated release and proteolytic processing of endothelium-derived Reelin. Lymphatic endothelial cells in turn responded to Reelin by up-regulating monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) expression, which suggests an autocrine mechanism for Reelin-mediated control of endothelial factor expression upstream of SMC recruitment. These results uncover a mechanism by which Reelin signaling is activated by communication between the two cell types of the collecting lymphatic vessels—smooth muscle and endothelial cells—and highlight a hitherto unrecognized and important function for SMCs in lymphatic vessel morphogenesis and function.
Unstressing intemperate models: how cold stress undermines mouse modeling
Authors: Karp Christopher L.
Published: June 2012

Mus musculus enjoys pride of place at the center of contemporary biomedical research. Despite being the current model system of choice for in vivo mechanistic analysis, mice have clear limitations. The literature is littered with examples of therapeutic approaches that showed promise in mouse models but failed in clinical trials. More generally, mice often provide poor mimics of the human diseases being modeled. Available data suggest that the cold stress to which laboratory mice are ubiquitously subjected profoundly affects mouse physiology in ways that impair the modeling of human homeostasis and disease. Experimental attention to this key, albeit largely ignored, environmental variable is likely to have a broad transformative effect on biomedical research.
National Survey of Practices to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections in Thailand: The Role of Safely Culture and Collaboratives
Authors: Apisarnthanarak Anucha , Greene M. Todd , Kennedy Edward H. , Khawcharoenporn Thana , Krein Sarah , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2012

Objective.

To evaluate hospital characteristics and practices used by Thai hospitals to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the 3 most common types of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in Thailand.

Design.

Survey.

Setting.

Thai hospitals with an intensive care unit and 250 or more hospital beds

Methods.

Between January 1, 2010, and October 31, 2010, research nurses collected data from all eligible hospitals. The survey assessed hospital characteristics and practices to prevent CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess relationships between hospital characteristics and use of prevention practices.

Results.

A total of 204 (80%) of 256 hospitals responded. Most hospitals (93%) reported regularly using alcohol-based hand rub. The most frequently reported prevention practice by infection was as follows: for CAUTI, condom catheters in men (47%); for CLABSI, avoiding routine central venous catheter changes (85%); and for VAP, semirecumbent positioning (84%). Hospitals with peripherally inserted central catheter insertion teams were more likely to regularly use elements of the CLABSI prevention bundle. Greater safety scores were associated with regular use of several VAP prevention practices. The only hospital characteristic associated with increased use of at least 1 prevention practice for each infection was membership in an HAI collaborative.

Conclusions.

While reported adherence to hand hygiene was high, many of the prevention practices for CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP were used infrequently in Thailand. Policies and interventions emphasizing specific infection prevention practices, establishing a strong institutional safety culture, and participating in collaboratives to prevent HAI may be beneficial.
Prospective Approach to Managing Antimicrobial Drug Shortages
Authors: Griffith Milena M. , Patel Jean A. , Sutton Sarah H. , Bolon Maureen K. , Esterly John S. , Gross Alan E. , Postelnick Michael J. , Zembower Teresa R. , Scheetz Marc H.
Published: June 2012

Antimicrobial drug shortages continue to increase, with few new therapeutic options available. Nationally, proposals have been offered to alleviate drug shortages; however, these recommendations are unlikely to effect change in the near future. Thus, antimicrobial stewardship leaders in acute care hospitals must develop a prospective management strategy to lessen the impact of these shortages on patient care. Herein, we describe several resources available to aid professionals in antimicrobial stewardship and healthcare epidemiology to manage drug shortages. An effective approach should include prospectively tracking shortages and maximizing inventory by appropriately managing usage. Several tenets should underpin this management. Alternative agents should be rationally chosen before the inventory of the primary agent has reached zero, ethical considerations should be taken into account, and timely notification and communication with key stakeholders should occur throughout the prescribing and dispensing process.
Adequate Disinfection of a Split-Septum Needleless Intravascular Connector with a 5-Second Alcohol Scrub
Authors: Rupp Mark E. , Yu Stephanie , Huerta Tomas , Cavalieri R. Jennifer , Alter Roxanne , Fey Paul D. , Van Schooneveld Trevor , Anderson James R.
Published: June 2012

Objective.

Define optimum vascular catheter connector valve disinfection practices under laboratory and clinical conditions.

Design.

Prospective observational clinical survey and laboratory assessment of disinfection procedures.

Setting.

All adult inpatients at an academic healthcare center.

Methods.

In the clinical setting, contamination of needleless connectors was assessed in 6 weekly prevalence surveys in which the connector valves from central venous catheters (CVCs) in situ were cultured by pressing the connector diaphragm to an agar plate. Before culture, valves were disinfected by scrubbing the diaphragm with a 70% isopropyl alcohol pledget for 0, 5, 10, 15, or 30 seconds. In the laboratory, the diaphragms on 150 unused sterile connector valves were inoculated with 103, 105, or 108colony-forming units ofStaphylococcus epidermidisand allowed to dry. After disinfection of the diaphragms by scrubbing with a 70% isopropyl alcohol pledget for 0, 5, 10, 15, or 30 seconds, the valves were sampled by pressing the diaphragm to an agar plate.

Results.

In the clinical setting, 363 connector valves from patients with CVCs were sampled, and 66.7% of nondisinfected valves revealed bacterial contamination. After 5-second disinfection with an alcohol pledget, only 1 (1.4%) of 71 yielded microbial growth (P< .005). In the laboratory, at the 103and 105inoculum, all connector valves yielded sterile cultures when scrubbed for 5 or more seconds (P< .001). At the 108inoculum, 2 (20%) of 10 connector valves yielded minimal growth ofS. epidermidis.

Conclusions.

A 5-second scrub with a 70% isopropyl alcohol pledget yields adequate disinfection of a split-septum intravascular catheter connector valve under clinical and laboratory conditions.
The 𝐻² corona problem and \overline∂_{𝑏} in weakly pseudoconvex domains
Authors: Andersson Mats
Published: June 2012

We derive a Bochner-Kodaira-Nakano-Morrey-Kohn-Hörmander type equality in holomorphic vector bundles and obtain

L
2

{L^2}

-estimates for

∂
¯

b

{\bar \partial _b}

in a pseudoconvex domain that admits a plurisubharmonic

C
2

{C^2}

defining function. We combine these with the trick in Wolff’s proof of the corona theorem and obtain a

H
2

{H^2}

-corona theorem in such a domain.
Harmonic diffeomorphisms of the hyperbolic plane
Authors: Akutagawa Kazuo
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we consider the Dirichlet problem at infinity for harmonic maps between the Poincaré model D of the hyperbolic plane

H

2

{\mathbb {H}^2}

, and solve this when given boundary data are

C
4

{C^4}

immersions of

D
(
∞
)

D(\infty )

, the boundary at infinity of D, to

D
(
∞
)

D(\infty )

. Also, we present a construction of nonconformal harmonic diffeomorphisms of D, and give a complete description of the boundary behavior, including their first derivatives.
Homology and cohomology of Π-algebras
Authors: Dwyer W. G. , Kan D. M.
Published: June 2012

We study a type of homological algebra associated to the collection of all homotopy groups of a space (just as the theory of group homology is associated to the fundamental group).
A Cameron-Martin type quasi-invariance theorem for pinned Brownian motion on a compact Riemannian manifold
Authors: Driver Bruce K.
Published: June 2012

The results in Driver [13] for quasi-invariance of Wiener measure on the path space of a compact Riemannian manifold (M) are extended to the case of pinned Wiener measure. To be more explicit, let

h
:
[
0
,
1
]
→

T
0

M

h:[0,1] \to {T_0}M

be a

C
1

{C^1}

function where M is a compact Riemannian manifold,

o
∈
M

o \in M

is a base point, and

T
o

M

{T_o}M

is the tangent space to M at

o
∈
M

o \in M

. Let

W
(
M
)

W(M)

be the space of continuous paths from [0,1] into M,

ν
\nu

be Wiener measure on

W
(
M
)

W(M)

concentrated on paths starting at

o
∈
M

o \in M

, and

H
s

(
ω
)

{H_s}(\omega )

denote the stochastic-parallel translation operator along a path

ω
∈
W
(
M
)

\omega \in W(M)

up to "time" s. (Note:

H
s

(
ω
)

{H_s}(\omega )

is only well defined up to

ν
\nu

-equivalence.) For

ω
∈
W
(
M
)

\omega \in W(M)

let

X
h

(
ω
)

{X^h}(\omega )

denote the vector field along

ω
\omega

given by

X
s
h

(
ω
)
≡

H
s

(
ω
)
h
(
s
)

X_s^h(\omega ) \equiv {H_s}(\omega )h(s)

for each

s
∈
[
0
,
1
]

s \in [0,1]

. One should interpret

X
h

{X^h}

as a vector field on

W
(
M
)

W(M)

. The vector field

X
h

{X^h}

induces a flow

S
h

(
t
,
∙
)
:
W
(
M
)
→
W
(
M
)

{S^h}(t, \bullet ):W(M) \to W(M)

which leaves Wiener measure

(
ν
)

(\nu )

quasi-invariant, see Driver [13]. It is shown in this paper that the same result is valid if

h
(
1
)
=
0

h(1) = 0

and the Wiener measure

(
ν
)

(\nu )

is replaced by a pinned Wiener measure

(

ν
e

)

({\nu _e})

. (The measure

ν
e

{\nu _e}

is proportional to the measure

ν
\nu

conditioned on the set of paths which start at

o
∈
M

o \in M

and end at a fixed end point

e
∈
M

e \in M

.) Also as in [13], one gets an integration by parts formula for the vector-fields

X
h

{X^h}

defined above.
Turán inequalities and zeros of Dirichlet series associated with certain cusp forms
Authors: Conrey J. B. , Ghosh A.
Published: June 2012

The "Turan inequalities" are a countably infinite set of conditions about the power series coefficients of certain entire functions which are necessary in order for the function to have only real zeros. We give a one-parameter family of generalized Dirichlet series, each with functional equation, for which the Turan inequalities hold for the associated

ξ
\xi

-function (normalized so that the critical line is the real axis). For a discrete set of values of the parameter the Dirichlet series has an Euler product and is the L-series associated to a modular form. For these we expect the analogue of the Riemann Hypothesis to hold. For the rest of the values of the parameter we do not expect an analogue of the Riemann Hypothesis. We show for one particular value of the parameter that the Dirichlet series in fact has zeros within the region of absolute convergence.
Adaptation and maladaptation: factors that influence the resilience of four Alaskan fisheries governed by durable entitlements
Authors: Criddle Keith R.
Published: June 2012

Criddle, K. R. 2012. Adaptation and maladaptation: factors that influence the resilience of four Alaskan fisheries governed by durable entitlements. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Sustainability of fisheries and fishery-dependent communities depends largely on the intrinsic characteristics of social, economic, and legal systems that determine who is allowed to fish and how fishing takes place. That is, fisheries sustainability is not a biological problem, it is a social problem. Social factors that contribute to or detract from sustainability are illustrated in four Alaskan fisheries as they have evolved over time. Each fishery has come to be managed under durable entitlements (DEs) in terms of their participation. DE programmes, such as limited entry permits and individual or community fishing quotas, can increase profitability and help fishers adapt to modest adverse changes in stock abundance, ex-vessel prices, or input costs, but the design characteristics of some DE programmes makes them vulnerable to larger perturbations. Moreover, although DE programmes increase choice and therefore resilience from the perspective of individuals, they can increase or decrease the resilience of fishery-dependent communities.
Extension Plant Pathology: Strengthening Resources to Continue Serving the Public Interest
Authors: Everts K. L. , Osborne L. , Gevens A. J. , Vasquez S. J. , Gugino B. K. , Ivors K. , Harmon C.
Published: June 2012

Extension plant pathologists deliver science-based information that protects the economic value of agricultural and horticultural crops in the United States by educating growers and the general public about plant diseases. Extension plant pathologists diagnose plant diseases and disorders, provide advice, and conduct applied research on local and regional plant disease problems. During the last century, extension plant pathology programs have adjusted to demographic shifts in the U.S. population and to changes in program funding. Extension programs are now more collaborative and more specialized in response to a highly educated clientele. Changes in federal and state budgets and policies have also reduced funding and shifted the source of funding of extension plant pathologists from formula funds towards specialized competitive grants. These competitive grants often favor national over local and regional plant disease issues and typically require a long lead time to secure funding. These changes coupled with a reduction in personnel pose a threat to extension plant pathology programs. Increasing demand for high-quality, unbiased information and the continued reduction in local, state, and federal funds is unsustainable and, if not abated, will lead to a delay in response to emerging diseases, reduce crop yields, increase economic losses, and place U.S. agriculture at a global competitive disadvantage. In this letter, we outline four recommendations to strengthen the role and resources of extension plant pathologists as they guide our nation's food, feed, fuel, fiber, and ornamental producers into an era of increasing technological complexity and global competitiveness.
Derxia lacustris sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a freshwater lake
Authors: Chen Wen-Ming , Huang Wei-Cheng , Sheu Shih-Yi
Published: June 2012

A novel nitrogen-fixing strain, designated HL-12T, was isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan. Cells of strain HL-12T were aerobic, Gram-negative, motile rods that were surrounded by a thick capsule, contained poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules, and formed light-yellow to brownish-red colonies. Growth occurred at 15–40 °C (optimum 25–35 °C), at pH 6.0–7.0 (optimum pH 6.0) and with 0–4 % NaCl (optimum 0–1 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HL-12T belonged to the genus

Derxia

and exhibited 99.1 and 98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively, with

Derxia gummosa

IAM 14990 and

D. gummosa

IAM 13946T. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain HL-12T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The cellular hydroxy fatty acids were C12 : 0 3-OH, C14 : 0 2-OH and C14 : 0 3-OH. The isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 72.0 mol%. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several unknown aminophospholipids and phospholipids. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain HL-12T and LMG 3975 and LMG 3977T was <70 %. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain HL-12T represents a novel species in the genus

Derxia

, for which the name Derxia lacustris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HL-12T ( = BCRC 80208T  = KCTC 23311T).
Natronoarchaeum philippinense sp. nov., a haloarchaeon isolated from commercial solar salt
Authors: Shimane Yasuhiro , Nagaoka Shuhei , Minegishi Hiroaki , Kamekura Masahiro , Echigo Akinobu , Hatada Yuji , Ito Takashi , Usami Ron
Published: June 2012

A Gram-staining-negative, pleomorphic, aerobic, halophilic archaeon, designated strain 294-194-5T, was isolated in Japan from commercial solar salt imported from the Philippines. Colonies of strain 294-194-5T were translucent and red. Strain 294-194-5T was able to grow at 20–50 °C (optimum, 37–45 °C), with 14–30 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 18 %), and at pH 6.5–8.5 (optimum, pH 8.0). MgCl2 was not required for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that strain 294-194-5T was most closely related to

Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum

YSM-123T (96.8–97.1 % sequence similarities). The major polar lipids of the novel strain were the C20C20 and C20C25 derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and the same glycolipids (disulfated diglycosyl diether and one unidentified glycolipid) as detected in

N. mannanilyticum

YSM-123T. The DNA G+C content of strain 294-194-5T was 63.0 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between the novel strain and

N. mannanilyticum

YSM-123Twere 46.5 % and 48.5 % (reciprocal). Based on these data, strain 294-194-5T represents a novel species of the genus

Natronoarchaeum

, for which the name Natronoarchaeum philippinense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 294-194-5T ( = JCM 16593T = CECT 7630T).
Luteivirga sdotyamensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella polypoides
Authors: Haber Markus , Shefer Sigal , Giordano Assunta , Orlando Pierangelo , Gambacorta Agata , Ilan Micha
Published: June 2012

A novel aerobic bacterium, designated strain PIII.02T, was isolated from a Mediterranean sponge (Axinella polypoides) collected off the Israeli coast near Sdot Yam. The non-motile cells were Gram-staining-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. The orange pigment of colonies growing on marine agar was neither diffusible nor flexirubin-like. Strain PIII.02T grew at 15–35 °C, at pH 6.0–9.0, with 2.0–7.0 % (w/v) NaCl, and with 1.0-8.0 % (w/v) sea salts. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 1 H, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 38.1 mol%. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain PIII.02T was distantly related to established members of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

. The established species found to be most closely related to the novel strain was

Persicobacter diffluens

NCIMB 1402T (87.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Based on the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data and the results of the phylogenetic analyses, strain PIII.02T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Luteivirga sdotyamensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PIII.02T ( = ATCC BAA-2393T  = LMG 26723T).
Sphingobacterium psychroaquaticum sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Lake Michigan water
Authors: Albert Richard A. , Waas Nancy E. , Pavlons Shawn C. , Pearson Jamie L. , Ketelboeter Laura , Rosselló-Móra Ramon , Busse Hans-Jürgen
Published: June 2012

A psychrophilic, Gram-negative bacterium, designated MOL-1T, was isolated from water of Lake Michigan. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the sequence of strain MOL-1T has sequence similarity of 95.6, 94.8, 94.3, 94.3, 94.2 and 93.9 %, respectively, to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of

Sphingobacterium shayense

HS39T,

S. lactis

WCC 4512T,

S. composti

T5-12T,

S. daejeonense

TR6-04T,

S. bambusae

IBFC2009T and

S. alimentarium

WCC 4521T. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Menaquinone MK-7 is the predominant respiratory quinone, while sym-homospermidine is the predominant polyamine. The polar lipid profile is composed of the predominant lipids phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified polar lipid L2, with moderate amounts of unidentified polar lipids L1, L5 and L6 and unidentified aminophospholipids APL1 and APL2 and minor to trace amounts of unidentified polar lipids L3, L4, L7, L8, L9 and L10, unidentified phospholipid PL4 and unidentified aminophospholipid APL3. After molecular and phenotypic studies, including chemotaxonomic analyses, it was concluded that strain MOL-1T represents a novel

Sphingobacterium

species, for which the name Sphingobacterium psychroaquaticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MOL-1T ( = NRRL B-59232T  = DSM 22418T).
Determination of the Proportion of Total Soil Extracellular Acid Phosphomonoesterase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) Activity Represented by Roots in the Soil of Different Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Rejsek Klement , Vranova Valerie , Formanek Pavel
Published: June 2012

The aim of this study is to present a new method for determining the root-derived extracellular acid phosphomonoesterase (EAPM) activity fraction within the total EAPM activity of soil. EAPM activity was determined for roots, organic and mineral soil. Samples were collected using paired PVC cylinders, inserted to a depth of 15 cm, within seven selected forest stands. Root-derived EAPM formed between 4 and18% of the total EAPM activity of soil from forests of differing maturity. A new approach, presented in this work, enables separation of root-derived EAPM activity from total soil EAPM. Separation of root-derived EAPM from soil provides a better understanding of its role in P-cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. The method presented in this work is a first step towards the separation of root- and microbe-derived EAPM in soils, which are thought to possess different kinetic properties and different sensitivity to environmental change.
The Impact of Root Temperature on Photosynthesis and Isoprene Emission in Three Different Plant Species
Authors: Medori Mauro , Michelini Lucia , Nogues Isabel , Loreto Francesco , Calfapietra Carlo
Published: June 2012

Most of the perennial plant species, particularly trees, emit volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) such as isoprene and monoterpenes, which in several cases have been demonstrated to protect against thermal shock and more generally against oxidative stress. In this paper, we show the response of three strong isoprene emitter species, namely,Phragmites australis, Populus x euramericana, andSalix phylicifoliaexposed to artificial or natural warming of the root system in different conditions. This aspect has not been investigated so far while it is well known that warming the air around a plant stimulates considerably isoprene emission, as also shown in this paper. In the green house experiments where the warming corresponded with high stress conditions, as confirmed by higher activities of the main antioxidant enzymes, we found that isoprene uncoupled from photosynthesis at a certain stage of the warming treatment and that even when photosynthesis approached to zero isoprene emission was still ongoing. In the field experiment, in a typical cold-limited environment, warming did not affect isoprene emission whereas it increased significantly CO2assimilation. Our findings suggest that the increase of isoprene could be a good marker of heat stress, whereas the decrease of isoprene a good marker of accelerated foliar senescence, two hypotheses that should be better investigated in the future.
Analyzing Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Low CAC Scores by 64-Slice MDCT
Authors: Lu Nan-Han , Yeh Lee-Ren , Chen Tai-Been , Huang Yung-Hui , Kuo Chung-Ming , Ding Hueisch-Jy
Published: June 2012

Purpose. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores are widely used to determine risk for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). A CAC score does not have the diagnostic accuracy needed for CAD. This work uses a novel efficient approach to predict CAD in patients with low CAC scores.Materials and Methods. The study group comprised 86 subjects who underwent a screening health examination, including laboratory testing, CAC scanning, and cardiac angiography by 64-slice multidetector computed tomographic angiography. Eleven physiological variables and three personal parameters were investigated in proposed model. Logistic regression was applied to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of when using individual variables and CAC score. Meta-analysis combined physiological and personal parameters by logistic regression.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity of the CAC score was 14.3% when the CAC score was ≤30. Sensitivity increased to 57.13% using the proposed model. The statistically significant variables, based on beta values andPvalues, were family history, LDL-c, blood pressure, HDL-c, age, triglyceride, and cholesterol.Conclusions. The CAC score has low negative predictive value for CAD. This work applied a novel prediction method that uses patient information, including physiological and society parameters. The proposed method increases the accuracy of CAC score for predicting CAD.
Durum Wheat in Conventional and Organic Farming: Yield Amount and Pasta Quality in Southern Italy
Authors: Fagnano Massimo , Fiorentino Nunzio , D'Egidio Maria Grazia , Quaranta Fabrizio , Ritieni Alberto , Ferracane Rosalia , Raimondi Giampaolo
Published: June 2012

Five durum wheat cultivars were grown in a Mediterranean area (Southern Italy) under conventional and organic farming with the aim to evaluate agronomic, technological, sensory, and sanitary quality of grains and pasta. The cultivar Matt produced the best pasta quality under conventional cropping system, while the quality parameters evaluated were unsatisfactory under organic farming. The cultivar Saragolla showed the best yield amount and pasta quality in all the experimental conditions, thus proving to be the cultivar more adapt to organic farming. In all the tested experimental conditions, nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) occurrence was very low and the other mycotoxins evaluated were completely absent. These data confirm the low risk of mycotoxin contamination in the Mediterranean climate conditions. Finally, it has been possible to produce high-quality pasta in Southern Italy from durum wheat grown both in conventional and organic farming.
Identifying genomic and metabolic features that can underlie early successional and opportunistic lifestyles of human gut symbionts
Authors: Lozupone Catherine , Faust Karoline , Raes Jeroen , Faith Jeremiah J. , Frank Daniel N. , Zaneveld Jesse , Gordon Jeffrey I. , Knight Rob
Published: June 2012

We lack a deep understanding of genetic and metabolic attributes specializing in microbial consortia for initial and subsequent waves of colonization of our body habitats. Here we show that phylogenetically interspersed bacteria in Clostridium cluster XIVa, an abundant group of bacteria in the adult human gut also known as theClostridium coccoidesorEubacterium rectalegroup, contains species that have evolved distribution patterns consistent with either early successional or stable gut communities. The species that specialize to the infant gut are more likely to associate with systemic infections and can reach high abundances in individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), indicating that a subset of the microbiota that have adapted to pioneer/opportunistic lifestyles may do well in both early development and with disease. We identified genes likely selected during adaptation to pioneer/opportunistic lifestyles as those for which early succession association and not phylogenetic relationships explain genomic abundance. These genes reveal potential mechanisms by which opportunistic gut bacteria tolerate osmotic and oxidative stress and potentially important aspects of their metabolism. These genes may not only be biomarkers of properties associated with adaptation to early succession and disturbance, but also leads for developing therapies aimed at promoting reestablishment of stable gut communities following physiologic or pathologic disturbances.