bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indication criteria for cataract extraction and gender differences in waiting time
Authors: Smirthwaite Goldina , Lundström Mats , Albrecht Susanne , Swahnberg Katarina
Published: August 2013

Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to investigate national indication criteria tool for cataract extraction (NIKE), a clinical tool for establishing levels of indications for cataract surgery, in relation to gender differences in waiting times for cataract extraction (CE).

Methods:  Data were collected by The Swedish National Cataract Register (NCR). Eye clinics report to NCR voluntarily and on regular basis (98% coverage). Comparisons regarding gender difference in waiting times were performed between NIKE‐categorized and non‐NIKE‐categorized patients, as well as between different indication groups within the NIKE‐system. All calculations were performed in spss version 20. Multivariate analyses were carried out using logistic regression, and single variable analyses were carried out by Student’s t‐test or chi square as appropriate.

Results:  Gender, age, visual acuity and NIKE‐categorization were associated with waiting time. Female patients had a longer waiting time to CE than male, both within and outside the NIKE‐system. Gender difference in waiting time was somewhat larger among patients who had not been categorized by NIKE. In the non‐NIKE‐categorized group, women waited 0.20 months longer than men. In the group which was NIKE‐categorized, women waited 0.18 months longer than men.

Conclusions:  It is reasonable to assume that prioritizing patients by means of NIKE helps to reduce the gender differences in waiting time. Gender differences in waiting time have decreased as NIKE was introduced and there may be a variety of explanations for this. However, with the chosen study design, we could not distinguish between effects related to NIKE and those due to other factors which occurred during the study period.
Individual difference in serum oxytocin concentrations of calves and the correlation with those in dams
Authors: Chen Siyu , Tanaka Shigefumi , Oyakawa Chisako , Roh Sanggun , Sato Shusuke
Published: August 2013

We examined individual differences in serum oxytocin concentrations (OT) of calves, and assessed whether these differences were correlated with their dams’ milk and serum OT. Eight Holstein (H), nine Japanese Shorthorn (JS), and six Japanese Black (JB) calves were examined. Blood was collected three times during the first month in H calves, while their dams’ blood was collected three times prior to parturition. Milk was collected twice after parturition from H cows. Blood from JS and JB calves were collected at 1 and 4 months old, while of their dams only once before parturition. Serum OT in H calves at 7 days old was significantly correlated with that at 30 days. Serum OT of JS calves at 1 month old was significantly correlated to that at 4 months, while of JB calves was also positively correlated (r = 0.70). Serum OT of calves showed significant individual differences in each breed. Serum OT of calves was not correlated with the milk OT of dams, except for 3‐day‐old calves that fed on their dams’ milk. We concluded that although serum OT differed among individuals, this difference was stable within each individual and not affected by the serum OT of the dams.
The influence of crate height on selected biochemical indices in captive‐reared mallards
Authors: Bedanova Iveta , Voslarova Eva , Chloupek Jan , Pistekova Vladimira , Forejtek Pavel , Passantino Annamaria
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of crate type (particularly its height) on selected biochemical indices in captive‐reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). The physiological changes in response to 2‐h crating in crates of either 20 cm or 26 cm height were monitored in 6‐week‐old mallards. Plasma corticosterone concentrations showed an increase (P = 0.036) in mallards crated in crates of 26 cm height in comparison with control non‐crated birds, whereas no difference in plasma corticosterone levels was found between mallards crated in crates of 20 cm height and control non‐crated birds. Lower concentrations of plasma triglycerides (P < 0.05) and uric acid (P < 0.05) were found in crated mallards in comparison with control non‐crated birds; the height of the crates had no effect. Mallards crated in crates of 26 cm height also exhibited a higher (P = 0.032) plasma lactate dehydrogenase concentration in comparison with control non‐crated birds, whereas no difference (P > 0.05) was found in lactate dehydrogenase concentrations in mallards crated in crates of 20 cm height. Our results suggest that crating mallards in lower crates (20 cm) may be less stressful than keeping them in crates allowing vertical movements of the birds.
Increased Amoeboid Microglial Density in the Olfactory Bulb of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Patients
Authors: Doorn Karlijn J. , Goudriaan Andrea , Blits‐Huizinga Carla , Bol John G.J.M. , Rozemuller Annemieke J. , Hoogland Piet V.J.M. , Lucassen Paul J. , Drukarch Benjamin , van de Berg Wilma D.J. , van Dam Anne‐Marie
Published: August 2013

The olfactory bulb (OB) is affected early in both Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), evidenced by the presence of disease‐specific protein aggregates and an early loss of olfaction. Whereas previous studies showed amoeboid microglia in the classically affected brain regions of PD and AD patients, little was known about such changes in the OB. Using a morphometric approach, a significant increase in amoeboid microglia density within the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) of AD and PD patients was observed. These amoeboid microglia cells were in close apposition to β‐amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau or α‐synuclein deposits, but no uptake of pathological proteins by microglia could be visualized. Subsequent analysis showed (i) no correlation between microglia and α‐synuclein (PD), (ii) a positive correlation with β‐amyloid (AD), and (iii) a negative correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau (AD). Furthermore, despite the observed pathological alterations in neurite morphology, neuronal loss was not apparent in the AON of both patient groups. Thus, we hypothesize that, in contrast to the classically affected brain regions of AD and PD patients, within the AON rather than neuronal loss, the increased density in amoeboid microglial cells, possibly in combination with neurite pathology, may contribute to functional deficits.
Chronic inhibition of cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase 5 suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress in heart failure
Authors: Gong Wei , Duan Quanlu , Cai Zhejun , Chen Chen , Ni Li , Yan Mengwen , Wang Xingxu , Cianflone Katherine , Wang Dao Wen
Published: August 2013

Background and Purpose

Inhibition of the cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) exerts profound beneficial effects on failing hearts. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PDE5 inhibition on heart failure are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PDE5 inhibition decreases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a key event in heart failure.

Experimental Approach

Heart failure was induced by isoprenaline s.c. injection in Sprague–Dawley rats and transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. PDE5 was inhibited with sildenafil. Heart function was detected by invasive pressure–volume analysis and echocardiography. ER stress markers were analysed by Western blotting. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometric analysis.

Key Results

PDE5 inhibition markedly attenuated isoprenaline‐induced and TAC‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, and reduced ER stress and apoptosis. Further, PDE5 inhibition with sildenafil largely prevented ER stress and reduced apoptosis in isoprenaline‐ or thapsigargin‐treated cardiomyocytes. PKG inhibition markedly prevented the protective effects of sildenafil in vivo and in vitro. To further understand the mechanism of the effect of PDE5 inhibition on ER stress, we demonstrated that PDE5 inhibitor increased sarco‐(endo)‐plasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase activity via phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser16. This may contribute to the attenuation of ER stress induced by PDE5 inhibition.

Conclusion and Implications

These results suggest that PDE5 inhibition can attenuate ER stress and improve cardiac function in vivo and in vitro. Suppression of ER stress by inhibiting PDE5 may contribute to the therapeutic effects on heart failure.
An Exploratory Study of Entrepreneurial Creativity: Its Antecedents and Mediators in the Context of UAE Firms
Authors: Dayan Mumin , Zacca Robert , Di Benedetto Anthony
Published: August 2013

In this study, we attempt to advance our understanding of the role of entrepreneurial creativity in the context of firms in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Through field research accompanied by a review of the related literature, this study identifies crucial antecedents of entrepreneurial creativity. The proposed model combines variables belonging to different contextual factors such as external factors (resource access, resource possession, and alertness to opportunity) and individual factors (creative self‐efficacy, expertise and intrinsic motivation). The model is tested using data from a large‐scale survey of firms in the UAE. We find that expertise and creative self‐efficacy is significantly related to entrepreneurial creativity. The results also reveal that intrinsic motivation and alertness to opportunity are the key mediators between contextual factors and entrepreneurial creativity. The findings of this study present some interesting practical implications to entrepreneurs in order to improve their creative skills.
Improving the Thrombin Inhibitory Activity of Glycyrrhizin, a Triterpenic Saponin, Through a Molecular Simplification of the Carbohydrate Moiety
Authors: de Paula Fernando T. , Frauches Petrina Q. , Pedebos Conrado , Berger Markus , Gnoatto Simone C. B. , Gossmann Grace , Verli Hugo , Guimarães Jorge A. , Graebin Cedric S.
Published: August 2013

Glycyrrhizin, a saponin, and its aglycone glycyrrhetinic acid are natural products found in the Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) root extract. This saponin is known for its in vitro and in vivo thrombin inhibitory activity. The design and synthesis of five glycyrrhizin derivatives were carried out to improve the natural product activity. Compound 3b, a phthalic ester derivative of glycyrrhizin, presented a more pronounced thrombin inhibition (IC50 = 114.4 ± 1.3 μm) than the saponin (IC50 = 235.7 ± 1.4 μm). Molecular docking simulations performed to investigate the molecular interaction between compound 3b and the enzyme indicate that this product is, as previously determined for glycyrrhizin, an allosteric thrombin inhibitor.
Motivated by Meaning: Testing the Effect of Knowledge‐Infused Rewards on Preschoolers' Persistence
Authors: Alvarez Aubry L. , Booth Amy E.
Published: August 2013

Research and theory suggest that young children are highly attuned to causality. This study explores whether this drive can motivate task engagement. Fifty‐six 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds completed a motor task as many times as desired, viewing a picture of a novel item upon each completion. Forty‐two randomly assigned children then received either: (a) causally rich information regarding the item, (b) causally weak information regarding the item, or (c) a tangible reward. The remaining 14 children participated in a baseline condition featuring no rewards. Preschoolers completed more trials when rewarded with causally rich than causally weak information, or when given no reward. Children also trended toward lengthier persistence in the causally rich than the tangible reward condition. Implications for theory and educational practice are discussed.
Evaluating and Approaching a Strange Animal: Children's Trust in Informant Testimony
Authors: Boseovski Janet J. , Thurman Sabrina L.
Published: August 2013

This study examined 3‐ to 7‐year‐old children's reliance on informant testimony to learn about a novel animal. Sixty participants were given positive or negative information about an Australian marsupial from an informant described as a maternal figure or a zookeeper. Children were asked which informant was correct and were invited to touch the animal, which was a stuffed toy hidden in a crate. Overall, younger children endorsed the zookeeper's testimony about the animal, but touched the animal more readily when the maternal figure provided positive information. Older children endorsed the informant who provided positive information, but showed some sensitivity to zookeeper expertise. Age differences were obtained in the association between participant characteristics and informant selection and animal approach behavior.
Public attitudes to organ donation among a sample of urban‐dwelling South African adults: a 2012 study
Authors: Etheredge H. R. , Turner R.E. , Kahn D.
Published: August 2013

Background

Published literature suggests that attitudes toward organ donation in South Africa are generally positive. However, there has been a decline in the actual number of transplants taking place annually, which is not consistent with expressed positive attitudes.

Objectives

Assess the attitudes of a representative sample of the urban‐dwelling South African population toward organ donation and how these might affect transplant numbers.

Methods

A structured questionnaire was utilized to measure attitudes among a study population of 1048 adults in five major metropolitan areas of South Africa. Field work was undertaken by supervised field workers. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Results

Eighty‐nine percent (89%) of respondents had heard of organ donation, and 77% indicated that they would accept an organ transplant if necessary. Seventy percent (70%) of respondents specified they would be willing to donate their own organs after death, while 67% expressed willingness to donate a relative's organs after death. Participants were more positive about kidney donation than any other organ.

Conclusion

Public attitudes toward organ donation among this population are generally positive. Recommendations include cultural and linguistic sensitivity in educational and advertising campaigns, as well as extensive research into other possible causes of organ shortage.
The effect of bariatric surgery on echocardiographic indices: a review of the literature
Authors: Grapsa Julia , Tan Timothy C. , Paschou Stavroula A. , Kalogeropoulos Andreas S. , Shimony Avi , Kaier Thomas , Demir Ozan M. , Mikhail Sameh , Hakky Sherif , Purkayastha Sanjay , Ahmed Ahmed R. , Cousins Jonathan , Nihoyannopoulos Petros
Published: August 2013

Obesity is the new epidemic and is associated with an increased risk of diastolic and systolic heart failure. Effective treatment options with drastic results such as bariatric surgery have raised interest in the possible reversal of some of the cardiovascular sequelae. Many studies have assessed individually the effect of weight loss on specific echocardiographic indices, mostly employing nonhomogeneous groups. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarise the effect of bariatric surgery on echocardiographic indices of biventricular function and to help in the understanding of the expected echocardiographic changes in bariatric patients after weight‐loss surgery
Metabolic changes in first‐episode early‐onset schizophrenia with second‐generation antipsychotics
Authors: O'Donoghue Brian , Schäfer Miriam R. , Becker Jana , Papageorgiou Konstantinos , Amminger G. Paul
Published: August 2013

Aim

Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia have a reduced life expectancy compared with the general population and cardiovascular disease is the major contributor to this early mortality. The use of second‐generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications is associated with significant weight gain and metabolic side effects; however, there is limited knowledge in certain diagnostic groups, specifically early‐onset schizophrenia (EOS). This study aimed to investigate the metabolic side effects of SGAs, specifically olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine, in a cohort of drug‐naïve children and adolescents with first‐episode EOS.

Method

Body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol and triglycerides were measured at baseline and a median of 7 months of follow up in drug‐naïve children and adolescents with EOS.

Results

A total of 49 children and adolescents received a diagnosis of first‐episode EOS and we had complete follow‐up data for 74% (N = 36). A significant increase in BMI, serum triglycerides and cholesterol was observed in the unselected cohort after commencement of SGAs. One‐third of children and adolescents had abnormal serum triglycerides and cholesterol; however, a dose–response was not demonstrated. Olanzapine and quetiapine had a greater increase in serum triglycerides.

Conclusions

In addition to highlighting the need for routine screening for metabolic side effects in EOS, interventions to prevent and treat obesity and the metabolic syndrome are indicated.
Self‐reported quality of life in a Scottish first‐episode psychosis cohort: associations with symptomatology and premorbid adjustment
Authors: MacBeth Angus , Gumley Andrew , Schwannauer Matthias , Fisher Rebecca
Published: August 2013

Background

There is increased interest in quality of life (QoL) as a clinically relevant factor in adjustment to, and recovery from, first‐episode psychosis (FEP). Given the subjective nature of QoL, it is proposed that this variable may be associated with compromised functioning prior to the onset of psychosis, and may also have an impact on an individual's adjustment to psychosis after treatment is initiated.

Aim

The current study aims to explore associations between subjective QoL, symptomatology, premorbid adjustment, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and engagement with services after onset of treatment.

Method

A cross‐sectional cohort of Scottish individuals undergoing treatment for FEP were characterized in terms of psychotic symptomatology, premorbid adjustment, DUP and service engagement. Self‐reported QoL was measured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale, allowing for the measurement of physical, psychological, social relational and environmental aspects of QoL.

Results

Higher scores for subjective QoL components were associated with better premorbid adjustment, lower positive psychotic symptoms, lower negative symptoms and less cognitive disorganization. Childhood premorbid adjustment predicted both physical and social relationship QoL.

Discussion

Subjective QoL domains differ in their associations with clinical and premorbid factors. The relationship between premorbid adjustment and QoL requires further exploration in FEP.
Traits of fear resistance and susceptibility in an advanced intercross line
Authors: McGuire Jennifer L. , Bergstrom Hadley C. , Parker Clarissa C. , Le Thien , Morgan Maria , Tang Haiying , Selwyn Reed G. , Silva Afonso C. , Choi Kwang , Ursano Robert J. , Palmer Abraham A. , Johnson Luke R.
Published: August 2013

Genetic variability in the strength and precision of fear memory is hypothesised to contribute to the etiology of anxiety disorders, including post‐traumatic stress disorder. We generated fear‐susceptible (F‐S) or fear‐resistant (F‐R) phenotypes from an F8 advanced intercross line (AIL) of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred mice by selective breeding. We identified specific traits underlying individual variability in Pavlovian conditioned fear learning and memory. Offspring of selected lines differed in the acquisition of conditioned fear. Furthermore, F‐S mice showed greater cued fear memory and generalised fear in response to a novel context than F‐R mice. F‐S mice showed greater basal corticosterone levels and hypothalamic corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA levels than F‐R mice, consistent with higher hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis drive. Hypothalamic mineralocorticoid receptor and CRH receptor 1 mRNA levels were decreased in F‐S mice as compared with F‐R mice. Manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) was used to investigate basal levels of brain activity. MEMRI identified a pattern of increased brain activity in F‐S mice that was driven primarily by the hippocampus and amygdala, indicating excessive limbic circuit activity in F‐S mice as compared with F‐R mice. Thus, selection pressure applied to the AIL population leads to the accumulation of heritable trait‐relevant characteristics within each line, whereas non‐behaviorally relevant traits remain distributed. Selected lines therefore minimise false‐positive associations between behavioral phenotypes and physiology. We demonstrate that intrinsic differences in HPA axis function and limbic excitability contribute to phenotypic differences in the acquisition and consolidation of associative fear memory. Identification of system‐wide traits predisposing to variability in fear memory may help in the direction of more targeted and efficacious treatments for fear‐related pathology.
The influence of dopamine‐related genes on perceptual stability
Authors: Schmack Katharina , Sekutowicz Maria , Rössler Hannes , Brandl Eva J. , Müller Daniel J. , Sterzer Philipp
Published: August 2013

Bistable perception is the spontaneous and automatic alternation between two different perceptual states that occurs when sensory information is ambiguous. Perceptual alternation rates are robust within individuals but vary substantially between individuals. Slowed perceptual switching has been consistently reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) and has been suggested as a trait marker for this disease. Although genetic factors have been implicated in both BPD and bistable perception, the underlying biological mechanisms that mediate the observed perceptual stability in BPD remain elusive. Here, we tested the effect of two variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in DRD4 and DAT1 (SLC6A3), both candidate genes for BPD with functional impact on dopaminergic neurotransmission, on bistable perception in a cohort of 108 healthy human subjects. The BPD risk allele DRD4‐2R was significantly associated with slow perceptual switching. There was no effect of DAT1 genotype on bistable perception. Our findings indicate that genetic differences in dopaminergic neurotransmission linked to BPD also account for interindividual variability in bistable perception, thus providing a genetic basis for perceptual stability as a trait marker of BPD.
Best practice in alien species risk assessment: a comment on Leung et al. ()
Authors: Barry Simon C
Published: August 2013

The TEASI model is presented in Leung et al. (2012; TEASIng apart alien species risk assessments: a framework for best practices. Ecol. Lett., 15, 1475) as a framework for best practice in alien species risk assessment. This is not supported by the paper's review as it does not define good, bad or best practice and therefore cannot logically make this claim.
Biodiversity ensures plant–pollinator phenological synchrony against climate change
Authors: Bartomeus Ignasi , Park Mia G. , Gibbs Jason , Danforth Bryan N. , Lakso Alan N. , Winfree Rachael
Published: August 2013

Climate change has the potential to alter the phenological synchrony between interacting mutualists, such as plants and their pollinators. However, high levels of biodiversity might buffer the negative effects of species‐specific phenological shifts and maintain synchrony at the community level, as predicted by the biodiversity insurance hypothesis. Here, we explore how biodiversity might enhance and stabilise phenological synchrony between a valuable crop, apple and its native pollinators. We combine 46 years of data on apple flowering phenology with historical records of bee pollinators over the same period. When the key apple pollinators are considered altogether, we found extensive synchrony between bee activity and apple peak bloom due to complementarity among bee species’ activity periods, and also a stable trend over time due to differential responses to warming climate among bee species. A simulation model confirms that high biodiversity levels can ensure plant–pollinator phenological synchrony and thus pollination function.
Clinical application and evaluation of the Bien diagnostic criteria for Rasmussen encephalitis
Authors: Olson Heather E. , Lechpammer Mirna , Prabhu Sanjay P. , Ciarlini Pedro D.S.C. , Poduri Annapurna , Gooty Vasu D. , Anjum Muhammad W. , Gorman Mark P. , Loddenkemper Tobias
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The 2005 diagnostic criteria for Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) are based on seizures, clinical deficits, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging, and pathology (Brain, 128, 2005, 451). We applied these criteria to patients evaluated for RE and epilepsy surgery controls to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPVs, NPVs) using pathology as the gold standard.

Methods

We identified patients evaluated for RE based on medical records from 1993 to 2011. Fifty‐two control patients with refractory epilepsy, unilateral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes, and biopsies were selected from an epilepsy surgery database from matching years. Patients meeting all three of group A and/or two of three group B criteria were classified as meeting full criteria (positive). Patients not meeting full criteria were classified as negative. When available, pathology findings were re‐reviewed with neuropathologists, and MRI imaging was re‐reviewed with a neuroradiologist.

Key Findings

RE was considered in the differential diagnosis for 82 patients, of whom 35 had biopsies. Twenty patients met full criteria (positive) without another explanation, including seven for whom biopsy was required to meet criteria and one in whom another etiology was identified. Two patients met full criteria but had another explanation. Thirty‐five met partial criteria (negative), of whom 14 had another etiology identified. Twenty‐five met no criteria (negative). The diagnostic criteria had a sensitivity of 81% with four false negatives (criteria‐negative, biopsy‐positive) when compared to pathology as a gold standard. Five false positives (criteria positive, biopsy negative) had identifiable alternate diagnoses.

Significance

The 2005 Bien clinical diagnostic criteria for RE have reasonably high sensitivity and specificity and good clinical‐pathologic correlation in most cases. We suggest modification of the criteria to allow inclusion of cases with well‐described but less common features. Specifically we suggest making the diagnosis in the absence of epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) or clear progression of focal cortical deficits or MRI findings if biopsy is positive and two of the A criteria are met (B3 plus two of three A criteria). This would improve the sensitivity of the criteria.
Low prevalence but high specificity of material‐specific memory impairment in epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Castro Luiz H. , Silva Liliane C. A. M. , Adda Carla C. , Banaskiwitz Natalie H. C. , Xavier Alana B. , Jorge Carmen L. , Valerio Rosa M. , Nitrini Ricardo
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Material‐specific memory impairment is used as a lateralizing tool in the evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy. Lateralizing ability of material‐specific memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy remains controversial.

Methods

We studied memory impairment profiles of verbal and nonverbal memory deficits with eight memory subtests of four neuropsychological instruments (two verbal and two nonverbal) in 87 right‐handed patients with epilepsy associated with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS; 44 right – R, 43 left – L) and 42 controls, with an IQ >70, at least 8 years of education, and without comorbidities.

Key Findings

Selective verbal memory impairment was noted in 11 of 43 or 25.6% of left MTS cases, with 82.2% specificity, whereas selective nonverbal memory impairment was noted in 11 of 42 or 26.2% of right MTS cases, with 92% specificity. Nonlateralizing profiles of memory performance were seen in the remaining 65 of 87 patients. Approximately half (46/87 or 52.9%) of the patients had intact memory function in both modalities, equally distributed between patients with right MTS (23/44) and left MTS (23/43). Global impairment of both memory types was seen in 12 of 87 or 13.8% of patients, equally distributed between the two groups (7/43 left and 5/44 right).

Significance

Lateralizing profiles of selective verbal and nonverbal memory deficits are highly specific for left and right MTS, although infrequently encountered in our patients. Nonlateralizing profiles predominated in this population. These findings suggest hemispheric asymmetry memory function, with complex functional interaction of the hippocampi, and possible compensatory mechanisms in the setting of a unilateral lesion.
Effects of sphingoid bases on the sphingolipidome in early keratinocyte differentiation
Authors: Sigruener Alexander , Tarabin Victoria , Paragh György , Liebisch Gerhard , Koehler Tim , Farwick Mike , Schmitz Gerd
Published: August 2013

Keratinocyte sphingolipids are structural elements of epidermal permeability barrier and potential regulators of epidermal functions. We tested the influence of sphingoid bases sphinganine, sphingosine and phytosphingosine on in vitro keratinocyte differentiation. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis after treatment emphasizes sphinganine and phytosphingosine as potent modulators of keratinocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. Sphinganine treatment regulated differentiation and sphingolipid metabolism‐related genes, and also increased all major ceramide species. Sphingosine treatment increased ceramide and phytoceramide pools without changes in dihydroceramides. Phytosphingosine treatment markedly increased phytoceramide pools without raising ceramide or dihydroceramide levels. Sphinganine treatment increased specifically very long chain ceramides essential for intact barrier function. In summary, sphingoid bases, especially sphinganine, promote differentiation and ceramide production in keratinocytes. Free sphinganine may serve as a dermatological and cosmetic agent by enhancing formation and maintenance of an intact epidermal lipid barrier, with beneficial effects for skin and hair care applications.
Discipline Policies, Successful Schools, Racial Justice, and the Law
Authors: Losen Daniel J.
Published: August 2013

Research has found that, in 2006, over 28 per cent of Black male middle school students had been suspended at least once, nearly three times the rate for White males. Other research has revealed racial disparities in discipline, including disproportionately high numbers of Black students being removed from class on discretionary discipline grounds, while Whites had higher rates of punishment for nondiscretionary offenses. Several studies have shown that being suspended significantly increased the risk of dropping out and future contact with the juvenile justice system. This article examines what we know about racial disparities in out‐of‐school suspensions in light of research on school discipline policy. The article explores the implications of this knowledge for civil rights enforcement and making improvements.

Keypoints

Argument that sound educational practice can replace excessive suspensions with alternatives that address misbehavior but keeps students in school.

Unpacks common misconceptions in defense of frequent use of suspensions with research on the harm of this common practice.

Analyzes the national data that should raise serious concerns about the use of out‐of‐school suspensions.

Makes clear recommendations for federal and state policymakers, educators and civil rights enforcement.
Preventing Disciplinary Exclusions of Students from American Indian/Alaska Native Backgrounds
Authors: Sprague Jeffrey R. , Vincent Claudia G. , Tobin Tary J. , CHiXapkaid
Published: August 2013

We present 2009–2010 data on disciplinary exclusions in schools and juvenile incarcerations from one state in the United States to demonstrate that American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) students: (a) are disproportionately overrepresented in disciplinary exclusions from the classroom, (b) lose 4.5 times as many student days as White students due to disciplinary exclusions, and (c) are removed to alternative education for relatively minor offenses. We then present an overview of the literature on culturally responsive school environments, the Native community's recommendations to improve outcomes for AI/AN students and approaches to educational systems changes that might alleviate disciplinary exclusions of AI/AN students.

Keypoints

high drop‐out rates

low graduation rates

low academic achievement

disproportionate representation in exclusionary discipline
Comparison of complexes formed by a crustacean and a vertebrate trypsin with bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor – the key to achieving extreme stability?
Authors: Molnár Tamás , Vörös Judit , Szeder Bálint , Takáts Kornél , Kardos József , Katona Gergely , Gráf László
Published: August 2013

This paper provides evidence for the extremely high resistance of a complex of crayfish trypsin (CFT) and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) against heating and chemical denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and urea. To dissociate this complex, 15 min boiling in SDS was necessary, compared to a complex of bovine trypsin (BT) (EC 3.4.21.4) and BPTI, which dissociates in SDS without boiling. The CFT–BPTI complex remained stable even in 9 m urea, while the BT–BPTI complex started to dissociate at concentrations of approximately 4 m urea. The melting temperatures of the BT–BPTI and CFT–BPTI complexes, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, were found to be 79.6 and 100.1 °C, respectively. The behaviour of the apo‐enzymes ‐ CFT was found to have a less stable structure compared to BT ‐ did not provide a definite indication regarding the differential effects on their stabilities. To explore the structural features responsible for this extreme stability, we crystallized CFT in complex with BPTI, and identified extended contacts compared to the BT‐BPTI complex. Comparison of the B‐factors of similar trypsin–trypsin inhibitor complexes suggests that molecular flexibility of the components is also required for the strong protein–protein interaction. Although the structural reason for the extreme stability of the CFT–BPTI complex is not yet fully understood, our study may be a starting point for the development of new protein complexes with enhanced stability.

Structured digital abstract

BT and BPTI bind by comigration in sds page (View interaction)

BPTI and BT bind by comigration in gel electrophoresis (View interaction)

CFT and BPTI bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)

CFT and BPTI bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction)

BPTI and CFT bind by comigration in gel electrophoresis (View interaction)

BPTI and CFT bind by comigration in gel electrophoresis (View interaction)

CFT and BPTI bind by comigration in sds page (View interaction)

BT and BPTI bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)

BT and BPTI bind by differential scanning calorimetry (View interaction)
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting agricultural management for climate change in developing countries: providing the basis for action
Authors: Ogle Stephen M. , Olander Lydia , Wollenberg Lini , Rosenstock Todd , Tubiello Francesco , Paustian Keith , Buendia Leandro , Nihart Alison , Smith Pete
Published: August 2013

Agriculture in developing countries has attracted increasing attention in international negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for both adaptation to climate change and greenhouse gas mitigation. However, there is limited understanding about potential complementarity between management practices that promote adaptation and mitigation, and limited basis to account for greenhouse gas emission reductions in this sector. The good news is that the global research community could provide the support needed to address these issues through further research linking adaptation and mitigation. In addition, a small shift in strategy by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and ongoing assistance from agricultural organizations could produce a framework to move the research and development from concept to reality. In turn, significant progress is possible in the near term providing the basis for UNFCCC negotiations to move beyond discussion to action for the agricultural sector in developing countries.
Consistent response of vegetation dynamics to recent climate change in tropical mountain regions
Authors: Krishnaswamy Jagdish , John Robert , Joseph Shijo
Published: August 2013

Global climate change has emerged as a major driver of ecosystem change. Here, we present evidence for globally consistent responses in vegetation dynamics to recent climate change in the world's mountain ecosystems located in the pan‐tropical belt (30°N–30°S). We analyzed decadal‐scale trends and seasonal cycles of vegetation greenness using monthly time series of satellite greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and climate data for the period 1982–2006 for 47 mountain protected areas in five biodiversity hotspots. The time series of annual maximum NDVI for each of five continental regions shows mild greening trends followed by reversal to stronger browning trends around the mid‐1990s. During the same period we found increasing trends in temperature but only marginal change in precipitation. The amplitude of the annual greenness cycle increased with time, and was strongly associated with the observed increase in temperature amplitude. We applied dynamic models with time‐dependent regression parameters to study the time evolution of NDVI–climate relationships. We found that the relationship between vegetation greenness and temperature weakened over time or was negative. Such loss of positive temperature sensitivity has been documented in other regions as a response to temperature‐induced moisture stress. We also used dynamic models to extract the trends in vegetation greenness that remain after accounting for the effects of temperature and precipitation. We found residual browning and greening trends in all regions, which indicate that factors other than temperature and precipitation also influence vegetation dynamics. Browning rates became progressively weaker with increase in elevation as indicated by quantile regression models. Tropical mountain vegetation is considered sensitive to climatic changes, so these consistent vegetation responses across widespread regions indicate persistent global‐scale effects of climate warming and associated moisture stresses.
Effects of ocean warming and acidification on the energy budget of an excavating sponge
Authors: Fang James K. H. , Schönberg Christine H. L. , Mello‐Athayde Matheus A. , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove , Dove Sophie
Published: August 2013

Recent research efforts have demonstrated increased bioerosion rates under experimentally elevated partial pressures of seawater carbon dioxide (pCO2) with or without increased temperatures, which may lead to net erosion on coral reefs in the future. However, this conclusion clearly depends on the ability of the investigated bioeroding organisms to survive and grow in the warmer and more acidic future environments, which remains unexplored. The excavating sponge Cliona orientalis Thiele, is a widely distributed bioeroding organism and symbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. Using C. orientalis, an energy budget model was developed to calculate amounts of carbon directed into metabolic maintenance and growth. This model was tested under a range of CO2 emission scenarios (temperature + pCO2) appropriate to an Austral early summer. Under a pre‐industrial scenario, present day (control) scenario, or B1 future scenario (associated with reducing the rate of CO2 emissions over the next few decades), C. orientalis maintained a positive energy budget, where metabolic demand was likely satisfied by autotrophic carbon provided by Symbiodinium and heterotrophic carbon via filter‐feeding, suggesting sustainability. Under B1, C. orientalis likely benefited by a greater supply of photosynthetic products from its symbionts, which increased by up to 56% per unit area, and displayed an improved condition with up to 52% increased surplus carbon available for growth. Under an A1FI future scenario (associated with ‘business‐as‐usual’ CO2 emissions) bleached C. orientalis experienced the highest metabolic demand, but carbon acquired was insufficient to maintain the sponge, as indicated by a negative energy budget. These metabolic considerations suggest that previous observations of increased bioerosion under A1FI by C. orientalis may not last through the height of future A1FI summers, and survival of individual sponges may be dependent on the energy reserves (biomass) they have accumulated through the rest of the year.
The Growing Economic Specialization of Cities: Disentangling Industrial and Functional Dimensions in the Canadian Urban System, 1971–2006
Authors: Brunelle Cédric
Published: August 2013

Decreasing spatial transaction and trade costs have given rise to growing economic specialization of cities. While most studies focus on industries as the primary manifestation of urban specialization, a growing body of literature examines occupational functions, i.e., activities and tasks performed within a given industry or firm. This paper explores how the two dimensions (industries and functions) interact across the urban system and their relative importance over time. Is there a trend toward increasing functional specialization in the Canadian urban system? How much of this phenomenon is attributable to spatial shifts in regional industrial structures as opposed to spatial divisions within industries? The paper uses a unique data set drawn from Statistics Canada Census microdata files between 1971 and 2006. Based on the employed population, the data are spatially organized and cross‐tabulated over industries and occupational groups. A decomposition methodology is used to compare the relative weights of industry and regional (functional) effects in accounting for the changing spatial division of functions across Canadian urban areas. Clear patterns of increasing functional specialization are found within the Canadian urban system. Regional effects are generally greater than industry effects, suggesting that spatial divisions of functions (spatial shifts within industries) are progressing more rapidly than regional shifts in industrial structure.
The Innovativeness and Heterogeneity of Foreign‐Invested High‐Tech Companies inShanghai
Authors: Liefner Ingo , Wei Yehua Dennis , Zeng Gang
Published: August 2013

China has taken a foreign direct investment‐based approach toward increasing its capital and knowledge base, and developing into an innovative economy. However, little quantitative evidence exists about the factors that drive innovations of foreign‐invested enterprises (FIEs) there. This paper uses survey data from high‐technology firms inShanghai to discuss factors affecting their innovativeness. It takes the concepts of absorptive capacity, export orientation, and innovation‐related cooperation as a starting point. It highlights how the interplay of strategies and resources affects innovativeness and heterogeneity ofFIEs. The most innovativeFIEs are endowed with a strong human capital base andR&Dactivities, which at the same time target export markets and whose cooperative partners involve firms other than their parent company. The results underline the necessity to differentiate between the different types ofFIEs when examining their innovativeness.
Genetic algorithm‐based partial least squares regression for estimating legume content in a grass‐legume mixture using field hyperspectral measurements
Authors: Kawamura Kensuke , Watanabe Nariyasu , Sakanoue Seiichi , Lee Hyo‐Jin , Lim Jihyun , Yoshitoshi Rena
Published: August 2013

This study investigated the ability of a field hyperspectral radiometer (400–2350 nm) and genetic algorithm‐based partial least squares (GA‐PLS) regression to estimate legume content in a mixed sown pasture in Hokkaido, Japan. Canopy reflectance data and plant samples were obtained from 50 selected sites in the spring (May) and summer (July) of 2007 (n = 100). The predictive accuracy of GA‐PLS was compared with that of multiple linear regression (MLR) and of standard full‐spectrum PLS (FS‐PLS) for the spring and summer datasets. Overall, the highest coefficient of determination (R2) and the lowest root mean squared error of cross validation (RMSECV) values were obtained in the GA‐PLS models for both datasets (R2 = 0.72–0.86, RMSECV = 4.10–5.73%). Selected hyperspectral wavebands in the GA‐PLS models did not perfectly match wavelengths identified previously using MLR, but in most cases, they were within 20 nm of previously known wavelength regions.
Perceptions and trends related to the consumption of honey: A case study of North‐West Romania
Authors: Pocol Cristina B. , Bolboacă Sorana D.
Published: August 2013

The present research investigated tendencies related to the purchasing and consumption of honey and to how it is perceived by consumers. Although Romania is a traditional honey‐producing area, paradoxically, there is not a culture of consumption for this product, honey consumption being lower than in other European countries. The research objectives were achieved by investigating a representative sample of subjects from the North‐West region of Romania. The research instrument used was a questionnaire, which included questions about honey consumption, questions related to perceptions of honey, together with socio‐demographic questions. Honey is perceived to be a delicious product, delightful to consume and is considered beneficial for health by most of the respondents. A number of factors (education, occupation and age) significantly influence the perception that the respondent had of the value of honey. The most popular types of honey were acacia honey, polyfloral honey and linden honey. Respondents preferred to buy honey from a local producer, and had more confidence in domestic honey than in imported honey. Although the frequency of consumption is quite high, the quantity consumed per capita is low (on average 3 kg/year). Local honey producers should be aware that the revival of the beekeeping sector in Romania could be promoted by stimulating domestic consumption. Educating consumers to adopt a healthy lifestyle could significantly contribute to an increase in honey consumption. The paper emphasizes the need to conduct research that provides useful information about the quantitative and quality indicators of honey consumption, in order to improve marketing strategies.