bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary fatty acids early in life affect lipid metabolism and adiposity in young rats
Authors: Silva Ana Paula S. , Guimarães Daniella E. D. , Mizurini Daniella M. , Maia Ingrid C. , Ortiz‐Costa Susana , Sardinha Fátima L. , Tavares do Carmo Maria G.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of four isoenergetic diets of differing fat composition on blood lipid profile and adiposity in young rats. Diets containing different lipid sources—partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), palm oil (PO), canola oil (CO), and soy oil (SO)—were fed to lactating rats during the 21 days of lactation, and then fed to young males following weaning until the 45th, day of life. In vivo lipogenesis rate (LR), lipid content (LC), relative level of FA, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme were measured in epididymal adipose tissue (EPI). Fasting blood lipoproteins and LC in the carcass were also appraised. Body weight of PO and PHVO groups was significantly higher than CO and SO groups from day 14 of lactation to day 45, despite the lower food intake in the PHVO group. PO and PHVO groups presented higher LR and LC in EPI than SO and CO groups. Carcass fat content was significantly higher in PHVO and PO groups than in CO and SO groups. The LPL activity in EPI was unaffected by dietary lipids. PHVO group had increased total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in comparison with the PO group, and significantly lower HDL level compared with the other groups. These results show that the kind of FA in the dietary lipid offered early in life can affect lipid metabolism and adiposity.
Control of wind strength and frequency in the Aral Sea basin during the late Holocene
Authors: Sorrel Philippe , Oberhänsli Hedi , Boroffka Nikolaus , Nourgaliev Danis , Dulski Peter , Röhl Ursula
Published: February 2007

Changing content of detrital input in laminated sediments traced by XRF scanning and microfacies analyses reflect prominent variations in sedimentation processes in the Aral Sea. A high-resolution record of titanium from a core retrieved in the northwestern Large Aral Sea allows a continuous reconstruction of wind strength and frequency in western Central Asia for the past 1500 yr. During AD 450–700, AD 1210–1265, AD 1350–1750 and AD 1800–1975, detrital inputs (bearing titanium) are high, documenting an enhanced early spring atmospheric circulation associated with an increase in intensity of the Siberian High pressure system over Central Asia. In contrast, lower titanium content during AD 1750–1800 and AD 1980–1985 reflects a diminished influence of the Siberian High during early spring with a reduced atmospheric circulation. A moderate circulation characterizes the time period AD 700–1150. Unprecedented weakened atmospheric circulation over western Central Asia are inferred during ca. AD 1180–1210 and AD 1265–1310 with a considerable decrease in dust storm frequency, sedimentation rates, lamination thickness and detrital inputs (screened at 40-μm resolution). Our results are concurrent with changes in the intensity of the Siberian High during the past 1400 yr as reported in the GISP2 Ice Core from Greenland.
CHAPTER 4 Clinical manifestations of HPV infection Section A: Benign manifestations of HPV infection
Authors: Hatch Kenneth D.
Published: February 2007

The clinical manifestation of infection with HPV is determined by multi‐ple factors which include the type of HPV, the type of skin infected, the status of host immunity and smoking. The incubation period for HPV is 3 weeks to 8 months. While there is no specific anti‐HPV therapy, local topical therapy, excision, cautery and laser vaporization have all been used with a range of success rates.
A4. Preinvasive lesions of the cervix
Authors: Ngan Hextan Y.S. , Trimble Cornelia Liu
Published: February 2007

Low‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can cause genital warts which, although benign, may provoke psychological distress because they are sexually transmitted. High‐risk HPVs can cause cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. Cytology‐based screening programs have significantly reduced cervical cancer morbidity and mortality where the programs have been successfully implemented. Womenwithabnormalcervicalsmearsare referred for colposcopic assessment, which may confirm the presence of a preinvasive lesion;allows the grade and extent of the lesion to be defined;and guides the colposcopist as to the most appropriate site for biopsy and histologic confirmation of the lesion. Excision of the transformation zone of the cervix in an outpatient setting using local anesthetic has greatly simplified the treatment of premalignant lesions, but long‐term follow‐up is essential to ensure that the lesions neither persist nor recur. Abnormal cytologic findings during adolescence and pregnancy need special management.
Who leads who astray? Causes of anti‐social behaviour in adolescence
Authors: Coleman John C.
Published: January 2007

This paper is concerned with the role of the peer group in the genesis of anti‐social behaviour in adolescence. Increasing age segregation has meant that teenagers spend more and more time with others of their own age, and it appears to be generally assumed that more harm than good is likely to stem from this. However, it is essential to distinguish between the assumption that the peer group exercises influence in some respects, and the assumption that it is sufficiently influential to lead young people into anti‐social activity. Four issues are discussed which are relevant: the different types of influence, factors associated with vulnerability to peer group pressure, differences between various forms of anti‐social behaviour, and the distinction between initiation into and maintenance of these behaviours. The major conclusion is that peer group pressure towards anti‐social behaviour cannot operate in isolation, and is highly unlikely to have any effect unless other factors are already present in the young person's background.
A social skills training group for early adolescents
Authors: Pease James J.
Published: January 2007

A programme of 15 weekly group sessions designed to teach social skills is described together with some theoretical justifications for the choice of methods used. The group members were early adolescents, age range 10·5 to 14 years, with a wide spectrum of psycho‐social problems, but having in common inadequate social skills to tackle their problems at an interpersonal level. Originally all had been referred to a hospital based Child Guidance Clinic. Two groups using the format described have been run, and clinical assessment suggests the groups have been effective in teaching social skills. The relative contribution made by the structured learning programme, direct feedback, and small group dynamics is discussed. Methods of objectively assessing outcome are discussed, and a pilot attempt to measure change is described.
Programmes and contracts: their uses and abuses in the treatment of adolescent disorders
Authors: Canever Nicholas , Walduck Janice
Published: January 2007

Programmes and contracts have been used as part of a behavioural approach to the treatment of adolescent disorders on the Adolescent Unit where we work. It became apparent to us that, seduced by the apparent simplicity and concreteness of programmes and contracts, enthusiastic therapists were beginning to use them indiscriminently and interchangeably. At times this led to such confusion and conflict between staff members and between staff and patients, that their use became counterproductive. We decided to attempt to clarify the features of programmes and contracts. The results of this exercise are presented in this paper. We intend to show that whilst programmes and contracts have similar features, their functions are not the same. An appreciation of the often subtle differences between them is essential if treatment goals are to be met and effective management of young people in crisis is to be achieved.
Discontinuity and adolescent stress in Zambia
Authors: Mwanalushi Muyunda
Published: January 2007

This paper attempts to sketch out some salient areas of conflict which confront young people in Zambia today, thereby making personal adjustment somewhat stressful for many of them. The three factors considered (rapid change, education, and puberty rites) are by no means the only ones which present adjustment problems for Zambian adolescents. There are other areas of concern, such as relationships with parents (as alluded to in the section on rapid social change) and unemployment; but it is the author's contention that those discussed here—particularly rapid social change and education—are more ubiquitous. Moreover, all three areas involve discontinuities and contradictions in the socialization of adolescents. In turn, these discontinuities produce ambiguity and uncertainty of status for the adolescent in Zambian society, with the consequent feeling of marginality and ultimately, anxiety and emotional stress.
Illustrations of the use of self‐identity plots to measure change with young offenders
Authors: Lockhart W.H.
Published: January 2007

After an introduction on how to derive a self‐identity plot from the element distances given in an Ingrid analysis of a repertory grid, an attempt is made to demonstrate the usefulness of the technique both as a diagnostic tools and as a way of monitoring changes due to therapeutic intervention. Two examples are given, in the first instance of a disturbed, withdrawn adolescent boy with verbal communication difficulties and in the second of a delinquent of below average intelligence and poor reading skills. Clinical and behavioural information is given in order to show how the interpretation of the self‐identity plots can be validated in terms of behavioural correlates.
The violent young offender: a small group study of a Borstal population
Authors: Hollin C.R. , Wheeler H.M.
Published: January 2007

A study is reported which seeks to compare violent and non‐violent offenders serving Borstal Training sentences. Inspection was made of a wide range of family variables, general and criminal background variables, and individual characteristics. Violent offenders were shown to be similar to non‐violent offenders on most of the variables investigated: exceptions were greater experience of parental violence; nature of previous criminal activity; significantly higher scores on tests of non‐verbal intelligence and literacy; and more external scores on the personality dimension of locus of control. The implications of this study for theories of violent delinquency and management of violent offenders are discussed.
Changing rates or changing roles—adolescentfemale delinquency re‐assessed
Authors: McClelland A.M.
Published: January 2007

The rising number of adolescent delinquents includes a disproportionatenumber of females. In dealing with these girls, those involved in their assessment or care must beware of the effects of sex stereotyping of behaviours and drawing conclusions from theories based upon the role of female sexuality. No single theory can account for female delinquency, but the changing role of females within society, differential handling according to gender, ethnicity and class all play their part. The view of the female delinquent as solitary and unsocialized needs revision and attention must be paid to the peer and group influences on young females today. Whether the previously reported high incidence of psychiatric disorder among female delinquents remains true is uncertain. Violent female delinquents in particular may differ qualitatively from non‐violent delinquents. Present day assessments as well as future studies of female delinquency must include not only personal and family factors but also wider peer and social group issues as is already done in the case of male delinquents.
Certificates of Unruly Character: a survey of a juvenile remand centre*
Authors: Barnes Carol
Published: January 2007

The present survey sought to examine the factors involved in the issuing of Certificates of Unruly Character, and to comment on the effects of legislation to limit their issue. A large juvenile remand centre serving south‐east England was selected as the location for the survey. The results showed that despite firm Home Office guidance irregularities in the process by which juveniles were remanded in penal custody were apparent. It is suggested that such anomalies are due to pressures on the court and the shortage of alternative facilities which legislation can only partly hope to change.
The perception of poverty among adolescents
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: January 2007

Despite the fact that some work has been done on children's conception of economic relationships very little work has been done using adolescents as subjects or young people's understanding of more abstract economic ideas such as poverty. This study set out to review all the salient literature in this area and then look at specific differences between two groups of adolescents' explanations of poverty. Two groups of adolescent school‐boys—one from a comprehensive school, and the other from a public school—were asked to define what they thought was the annual income of a number of types of people if that income meant that they were poor. They were then asked to indicate how important they thought various explanations were to account for poverty in Britain. In both cases the predictions were confirmed: public schoolboys estimates of the approximate annual income of poor people were significantly higher than that of comprehensive schoolboys and secondly the public schoolboys found individualistic explanations for poverty more important than comprehensive schoolboys who in turn found societal explanations more important. The results are discussed in terms of the children's socialization and experience of money. Limitations of this research, and suggestions for further work in this field are noted.
Adolescent enmeshment: a case for brief strategic therapy
Authors: Framrose R.
Published: January 2007

With an adolescent as the symptomatic member, a case of short‐term (five sessions) strategic family therapy is described. After a full family assessment it was decided to limit treatment goals to simple symptom removal, while at the same time offering the system a gentle “nudge” towards more adaptive functioning. This was achieved by creating a powerful therapeutic triangle using the co‐therapy relationship and consultation with an observing team.

Most important in this approach is the delicate management of thetransactional relationship between family and therapists. This and other underlying principles are discussed.
Current trends in Finnish adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Pylkkänen Kari
Published: January 2007

Adolescent psychiatry in Finland is a subspeciality of both adult andchild psychiatry and has developed out of these fields.

Priority in developing mental health services for adolescents has been given to outpatient services in the form of a network of mental health centres. The need to understand more deeply the psychodynamics of adolescent development is indicated by great interest in psychotherapeutic training among professionals and by endeavours to pay more attention to developing psychotherapeutic services as an integral part of health care planning.
Families of adopted adolescents
Authors: Mackie Alastair J.
Published: January 2007

Adoption can bring undoubted happiness to both the childless couple andthe parentless child. However, it is the potential source of stresses for the adoptee and his adoptive parents. This paper seeks to show that such stresses particularly operate during the adolescence of the adoptee. The stresses on which attention will be focused derived from the conflicts over sexuality, controls and loss, which, although faced by all parents of adolescents, can be experienced to a much greater degree by adoptive parents, and from the struggles over the issue of identity, which can be particularly intense for the adopted adolescent.
The Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals' clinical data register for children and adolescents
Authors: Thorley Geoff
Published: January 2007

A computer‐based clinical data gathering, storage and retrieval system isdescribed which has been operated successfully at a children's psychiatric clinic for 13 years. The system could be usefully employed in similar settings to provide a valuable research and training resource.
Tadeusz Tomaszewski and His Theory of Action
Authors: Materska Maria
Published: February 2007

Tadeusz Tomaszewski, born in 1910, graduate of the Jan Kazimierz University, Lvov, doctor honoris causa of Marja Sklodowska-Curie University, Lublin, is an exceptional figure in the history of Polish psychology. His scientific accomplishments and organizational talents, multipled by the achievements of his students, had a decisive impact on the shape and prestige of Polish psychology among other scientific disciplines and determined the rank of Polish psychology in the international arena.
Ice‐core record of methyl chloride over the last glacial–Holocene climate change
Authors: Saito Takuya , Yokouchi Yoko , Aoki Shuji , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Fujii Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Okitsugu
Published: February 2007

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) concentration was measured in air trapped in a deep ice core from Dome Fuji, Antarctica covering the last glacial–present interglacial (Holocene) change. The record shows that the CH3Cl concentration was relatively constant, being similar to the present levels, during the pre‐industrial Holocene. In contrast, the CH3Cl concentration was significantly high and variable in the last glacial period, possibly due to impurity‐related production of CH3Cl in ice sheet. Under the assumption that the production was the sole cause of the excess CH3Cl, the atmospheric CH3Cl concentration during the last glacial was estimated using simultaneously measured calcium data for the ice core to have been enhanced by 30% compared with the pre‐industrial Holocene concentration. Because the major sink of CH3Cl was stronger during the last glacial than during the Holocene, the enhancement of CH3Cl during the last glacial was likely due to the glacial period source being enhanced.
National and International Differences in the Prices of Branded and Unbranded Medicines
Authors: Tafuri Giovanni , Creese Andrew , Reggi Valerio
Published: February 2007

This study examined retail prices of products containing 22 off-patent active substances, in branded (both original product and branded generics) and unbranded forms, in nine countries. Defined daily doses (DDDs) were used to calculate unit prices (price/DDD) in order to ensure standardised comparisons. Median unit prices for each substance in each country were computed. Brand premiums (price of branded/price of unbranded product) were calculated. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken on key variables to test the robustness of the conclusions reached. Median prices and brand premiums varied considerably across the countries surveyed. Few general trends could be identified, but Germany was the country with the highest prices, both for branded and unbranded products. Branded products are generally more expensive than their unbranded equivalents. Brand premiums were found to be much higher in Eastern European than in Western European countries. The availability of cheaper unbranded products is the most frequent reason for greater brand premiums. A number of local factors — related health policy, market structure and tax policy — contribute to the determination of the prices of medicines. Comparison of retail prices within each country, and national and international price variations between branded and unbranded forms of comparable products, led to the conclusion that medicine pricing at the national level may benefit from the improved availability of price information from other countries. The originality of this study lies in the comparison of retail prices between branded and unbranded products, which, for consumers, is the most visible difference between pharmaceutical products. The methodology used in this study may be a useful tool for consumer organisations and policy makers when addressing pricing and reimbursement issues.
The Generics R&D Challenge: Seeking the Elusive Profit Margin
Authors: Hansen Neal , Tunnah Paul
Published: February 2007

Low profit margins and limited innovation characterise the outsider's opinion of the generics industry. This paper compares the profitability of the major generics players with the R&D-based pharmaceutical companies, demonstrating how differentiation in generic drug portfolio management strategies is closing the gap. By focusing on the optimum company attributes associated with each strategy and case study analysis, this paper identifies how best to align top-line portfolio management strategies with sustainable profitability.
The Pursuit of Distinction: The Method of Developing the Non-Proprietary Name
Authors: Fidelino R. John
Published: February 2007

The meaning and purpose behind a generic, or non-proprietary, name is elusive, even to those well entrenched in the medical profession and pharmaceutical industry. This paper intends to define generic names, explain their purpose and the global challenges they pose to manufacturers, provide some insight to their development – citing the US development process — and identify how the non-proprietary name can support marketing opportunities.
Comment on “Analytical integrability and physical solutions of d-KdV equation” [J. Math. Phys. 47, 032901 (2006)]
Authors: Yan Zhenya
Published: February 2007

In a recent paper [J. Math. Phys. 47, 032901 (2006)] Karmakar and Dwivedi investigated analytical integrability and exact solutions of the d-KdV equation. In this Comment, it is shown that the obtained solution (28) in the above paper is incorrect. Moreover, we further show that the d-KdV equation does not possibly possess this kind of shock wave solutions.
Relevance of hydrogen bond definitions in liquid water
Authors: Matsumoto Masakazu
Published: February 2007

To evaluate the relevance of treating the hydrogen bonds in liquid water as a digital (discrete) network and applying topological analyses, a framework to optimize the fitting parameters in various hydrogen bond definitions of liquid water is proposed. Performance of the definitions is quantitatively evaluated according to the reproducibility of hydrogen bonding in the inherent structure. Parameters of five popular hydrogen bond definitions are optimized, for example. The optimal choice of parameters for the hydrogen bond definitions accentuates the binary nature of the hydrogen bonding and the intrinsic network topology of liquid water, especially at the low temperature region. The framework provides a solid basis for network analyses, which have been utilized for water, and is also useful for designing new hydrogen bond definitions.
Determination of carbon release mechanisms in the DIII-D divertors from analysis of C I line profiles
Authors: Isler R. C. , Brooks N. H. , West W. P. , McLean A. G.
Published: February 2007

During typical operation of the DIII-D tokamak, physical and chemical sputtering are the most important mechanisms for release of carbon at the divertor targets [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)]. Modeling of C I spectral line profiles is discussed as a technique for evaluating the relative contribution of each process and is applied to several types of discharges. The line shapes are symmetric and have shifts of about −0.03Å if they are produced solely from molecular dissociation, but they exhibit distinct asymmetries and shifts approaching −0.20Å if generated by physical sputtering. Modeled profiles must, in general, take account of both mechanisms in order to match experimental data. An alternate approach to distinguishing between the two processes, which relies on the relative intensities of C I, CD, and C2 emissions, is examined in light of conclusions drawn from the line-shape analysis.
Origins of switching field distributions in perpendicular magnetic nanodot arrays
Authors: Shaw Justin M. , Rippard William H. , Russek Stephen E. , Reith Timothy , Falco Charles M.
Published: February 2007

We studied the reversal properties of perpendicularly magnetized Co∕Pd nanodots from 100to50nm in diameter fabricated using electron beam lithography. Polycrystalline Co∕Pd multilayers show considerable differences in the switching field distribution (SFD) depending on the seed layer used. With a Ta seed layer, we reduced the SFD to approximately 5% of the average switching field. To rule out effects of grain boundaries, we also fabricated nanodot arrays from epitaxial Co∕Pd superlattices. Although significant improvement in SFDs are obtained using epitaxial superlattices, our results indicate that grain boundary variation within nanodots is not the primary origin of SFD broadening that occurs with nanopatterning.
Finite size effects in bistable ϕ4 models
Authors: Zoli Marco
Published: February 2007

The work proposes a finite temperature theory of the quantum tunneling in a bistable quartic potential. In semiclassical approximation, the imaginary time path integral method identifies the classical background which interpolates between the potential minima and, at any T, consistently fulfills antiperiodic boundary conditions. Solving the boundary problem I find that the change between the low T quantum regime and the high T activated regime exhibits the signatures of a first order phase transition. This is confirmed by the discontinuity in the first temperature derivative of the instantonic action. The quantum fluctuation contribution around the (anti)instantons is evaluated by the functional determinant method. The computation of the tunneling energy shows (i) a remarkable reduction at low T with respect to the predictions of the infinite size canonical instantonic approach, and (ii) a steplike increase at the transition point.
Pressure controlled self-assembly of high quality three-dimensional colloidal photonic crystals
Authors: Zheng Zhongyu , Liu Xizhe , Luo Yanhong , Cheng Bingying , Zhang Daozhong , Meng Qingbo , Wang Yuren
Published: February 2007

A concise pressure controlled isothermal heating vertical deposition (PCIHVD) method is developed, which provides an optimal growing condition with better stability and reproducibility for fabricating photonic crystals (PCs) without the limitation of colloidal sphere materials and sizes. High quality PCs are fabricated with PCIHVD from polystyrene spheres with diameters ranging from 200nmto1μm. The deep photonic band gap and steep photonic band edge of the samples are most favorable for realizing ultrafast optical devices, photonic chips, and communications. This method makes a meaningful advance in the quality and diversity of PCs and greatly promotes their wide applications.
Extending the fluctuation theorem to describe reaction coordinates
Authors: Paramore Sterling , Ayton Gary S. , Voth Gregory A.
Published: February 2007

The fluctuation theorem describes the distribution of work done on small systems which have been pushed out of equilibrium in response to an external field. The theorem has recently been a subject of much interest for describing single-molecule experiments and simulations. In this communication, it is shown how the fluctuation theorem can be extended to describe fluctuations not only in the work done on a system, but also in a reaction coordinate. The extension explored in this work allows for a generalized derivation of Hummer and Szabo’s expression (G. Hummer and A. Szabo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 3658 (2001)) for reconstructing the potential of mean force from nonequilibrium trajectories. The derivation demonstrates how implementation of this expression can be more easily facilitated. Atomistic simulations of a biomolecular system are presented which support these results.
Synthesis of Casein-Related Peptides and Phosphopeptides. II. The Solid-Phase Synthesis of the Nonphosphorylated Octapeptide Corresponding to Region-14-21 of Bovine β-Casein-A2
Authors: Perich JW , Langford NJ , Johns RB
Published: February 2007

The octapeptide CF3C02-. + H2-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ser-Ser-Ser-Glu-Glu-OH (1) was synthesized by the Boc-mode of solid-phase peptide synthesis and hydrogenolytic cleavage of the assembled peptide from the resin support. The 13C n.m.r. spectrum of the octapeptide is presented along with its structural analysis by fast-atom bombardment (f.a.b.) mass spectrometry.
ActivatedN-Formyl Peptide Receptor and High-Affinity IgE Receptor Occupy Common Domains for Signaling and Internalization
Authors: Xue Mei , Hsieh Genie , Raymond-Stintz Mary Ann , Pfeiffer Janet , Roberts Diana , Steinberg Stanly L. , Oliver Janet M. , Prossnitz Eric R. , Lidke Diane S. , Wilson Bridget S.
Published: February 2007

Immune cells display multiple cell surface receptors that integrate signals for survival, proliferation, migration, and degranulation. Here, immunogold labeling is used to map the plasma membrane distributions of two separate receptors, the N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and the high-affinity IgE receptor (FεRI). We show that the FPR forms signaling clusters in response to monovalent ligand. These domains recruit Gi, followed by the negative regulatory molecule arrestin2. There are low levels of colocalization of FPR with FcεRI in unstimulated cells, shown by computer simulation to be a consequence of receptor density. Remarkably, there is a large increase in receptor coclustering when cells are simultaneously treated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and IgE plus polyvalent antigen. The proximity of two active receptors may promote localized cross-talk, leading to enhanced inositol-(3,4,5)-trisphosphate production and secretion. Some cointernalization and trafficking of the two receptors can be detected by live cell imaging, but the bulk of FPR and FcεRI segregates over time. This segregation is associated with more efficient internalization of cross-linked FcεRI than of arrestin-desensitized FPR. The observation of receptors in lightly coated membrane invaginations suggests that, despite the lack of caveolin, hematopoietic cells harbor caveolae-like structures that are candidates for nonclathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Junction Protein Shrew-1 Influences Cell Invasion and Interacts with Invasion-promoting Protein CD147
Authors: Schreiner Alexander , Ruonala Mika , Jakob Viktor , Suthaus Jan , Boles Eckhard , Wouters Fred , Starzinski-Powitz Anna
Published: February 2007

Shrew-1 was previously isolated from an endometriotic cell line in our search for invasion-associated genes. It proved to be a membrane protein that targets to the basolateral membrane of polarized epithelial cells, interacting with E-cadherin–catenin complexes of adherens junctions. Paradoxically, the existence of adherens junctions is incompatible with invasion. To investigate whether shrew-1 can indeed influence cellular invasion, we overexpressed it in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. This resulted in enhanced invasiveness, accompanied by an increased matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 level in the supernatant, raising the question about the role of shrew-1 in this process. Logic suggested we looked for an interaction with CD147, a known promoter of invasiveness and MMP activity. Indeed, genetics-based, biochemical, and microscopy experiments revealed shrew-1– and CD147-containing complexes in invasive endometriotic cells and an interaction in epithelial cells, which was stronger in MCF7 tumor cells, but weaker in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In contrast to the effect mediated by overexpression, small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of either shrew-1 or CD147 in HeLa cells decreased invasiveness without affecting the proliferation behavior of HeLa cells, but the knockdown cells displayed decreased motility. Altogether, our results imply that shrew-1 has a function in the regulation of cellular invasion, which may involve its interaction with CD147.
The Triune God
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

Bonaventure frequently identifies theology with sacred scripture, using the term “scripture” as a synonym for theology to the extent that he refers to the whole of what God has revealed for the salvation of the human race. The best place to begin to understand Bonaventure's view of sacred scripture is with the conviction that he held with other medieval believers, that God has written three books: one within, one without, and one for sinners to return home. In Bonaventure's eyes, scripture is not merely the literal meaning of the text. When he speaks of scripture, he means scripture as revealed in the fullness of its meanings, above all, in its allegorical interpretation.
The Last Things
Authors: Cullen Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

The question of time and history (as the order of events through time), took on tremendous urgency in Bonaventure's day. Bonaventure found himself enmeshed in debates about time and history both in the university and in the Franciscan order. Bonaventure believed that creation necessarily involves having a beginning in time, i.e., having being at some point after not having being. Time is thus necessarily lineal, not cyclical. So as Bonaventure considers the question in the light of philosophy he concludes that creation has a beginning in time, and in the light of scripture he concludes that it will have an end.
Conclusion/s
Authors: Waghorne Joanne Punzo
Published: February 2007

Three general reconfigurations of sacred space — sometimes interlocking, sometimes in tension — emerge from the new style and sensibilities of contemporary global Hindu temples with implications for the general history of religions. The first is the emergence of a new sense of the sacred sphere, of temple space within an urban environment dominated by the ownership of houses and not land or even natural phenomenon. Second, even the architecture of both space and the polity of new temples reflects democratic models of civic organizations, which leads to new space for lectures and education. Third, complex middle-class religious sensibilities emerge within the temples, which affect the style and polity of the temple and even the faces of the deities, often creating a new visual theology. How will these living sacred spaces of the temple matter for historians of religions? Will this kind of public, and in many ways empirical, sacrality once again challenge the field to reconsider material sacrality?
Others as Ends
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

Much of what we want, such as food and entertainment and good company, we want for our own consumption or enjoyment; but we can also want those same sorts of things for other people. Indeed, if we love other people, we must want certain kinds of things not only for them, but for their sake. This raises the question of whether we, as egoists hold, rationally want something for others only so far as it will lead to something we want for ourselves? Another question is whether given an ordinary knowledge of how others are like us, a kind of altruism is rationally demanded of us. If it is, then practical reason provides at least a limited foundation for ethics, in the sense that a rational person will, under certain conditions, have adequate reason to treat others in accordance with some basic moral principles. This chapter examines this issue and presents the general account of rationality.
Relativity, Plurality, and Culture
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: February 2007

Rational persons disagree about some important matters and that even a high degree of rationality in people is consistent with great diversity among them. This chapter addresses the question: is there a kind of relativity built into the notion of rationality, or at least consistent with it, say, relativity to one's own experience or culture? If many kinds of grounds may sustain rational elements in persons, there should be a plurality of rational ideals. But there are also constant elements that play a prominent role in the make-up of rational persons, least controversially a measure of simple logicality. It is argued that an adequate theory of rationality must do justice both to the variability that marks different ranges of experience and diverse cultural settings and to the constancies that, because of important elements in our humanity, can be expected as recurring elements, at least in any civilized society.
Maimonides
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter focuses on discerning what Maimonides says about Job. In some passages, every line will have to be carefully scrutinized to get to Maimonides’ true intention. Only toward the end of the chapter will it be possible to analyze Maimonides’ reading with respect to the three interfaces that are the focus of this study. It is shown that Maimonides’ reading of Job greatly influenced other medieval Jewish philosophers. In fact, there is no reading of Job in medieval Jewish philosophy after Maimonides that does not bear his imprint.
Gersonides
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter begins with a synopsis of Gersonides’ views on providence in his systematic work for the purpose of getting acquainted with the basic philosophical concepts that underlie his commentary on Job. It then proceeds with an analysis of the commentary on Job in accordance with the three interfaces. The discussion of the third interface returns the to treatment of providence in Gersonides’ The Wars of the Lord and gives an evaluation of its relationship to the commentary on Job. It is shown that Gersonides’ reading of Job represents an important transition in the interpretation of this text in medieval Jewish philosophy. With this reading, Aristotelianism still reigns supreme as the thought system for interpreting Job; yet, a conservative step has been taken away from the most radical type of Aristotelian reading found in Ibn Tibbon.
Job Medieval, Job Modern
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: February 2007

This chapter explores whether there is any commonality between the medieval readings of Job examined and the readings of Job in the modern period. It is shown that the medieval Jewish philosophers were sophisticated biblical interpreters who were sensitive to the exegetical challenges presented by the Book of Job, and they proposed original solutions to those challenges. That sophistication is now more readily apparent. Not only did these thinkers confront the difficulties in Job in an original manner, but sometimes their responses to those difficulties bear striking resemblance to those proposed by modern thinkers.
The Golden Rule
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

This chapter reviews the relevant anthropology, starting with the apparent universality of the golden rule — do as you would be done by — in hunter-gatherer societies. It points out that all pure foraging societies have two properties: they do not tolerate bosses, and they share very fairly. A putative explanation of the first property is offered that appeals to the game theory discipline of mechanism design. The second property is explained as an evolutionary consequence of the implicit insurance contracts that are common in animals as ahedge against hunger and starvation. If so, then we have an argument in support of the contention that Rawls' original position captures the deep structure of fairness norms wired into our brains. The analogy with Chomsky's deep structure of language is close.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

If some external enforcement agency compels us to honor deals reached in the original position, then Harsanyi has shown that the outcome will be utilitarian. Under the same hypotheses, Rawls claims that the outcome will be egalitarian. This chapter confirms that Harsanyi is correct. It goes on to use the concept of an empathy equilibrium to predict the standard of interpersonal comparison needed to operate a utilitarian norm that will evolve in the medium run.
Egalitarianism
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: February 2007

This chapter explores the consequence of taking Rawls' concerns about the strains of commitment to their logical extreme. If there is no external enforcement at all, so that all agreements must be self-policing, it is shown that deals reached in the original position will generate an egalitarian outcome, as Rawls would wish. The conclusions are broadly consistent with the class of laboratory results that psychologists refer to as “modern equity theory”. The concept of an empathy equilibrium is used to predict the standard of interpersonal comparison needed to operate an egalitarian norm that will evolve in the medium run. The manner in which this standard should be expected to respond to need, effort, ability, and status is then explored.
The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E.
Published: February 2007

This chapter analyzes how the cognitive process inducing the entrepreneurial decision is influenced by placing that same individual in different contexts. In particular, it compares high knowledge contexts with impoverished knowledge contexts, leading to a different view of entrepreneurship. It is shown that entrepreneurship can be an endogenous response to investments in new knowledge when commercialization of that knowledge is constrained by a formidable knowledge filter.
Endogenous Entrepreneurship
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E.
Published: February 2007

This chapter considers how the knowledge context influences the cognitive process underlying the entrepreneurial choice model. The result is a theory of endogenous entrepreneurship, where (knowledge) workers respond to opportunities generated by investments in new knowledge by starting a new firm. In this view, entrepreneurship is a rational choice made by economic agents to appropriate the expected value of their endowment of knowledge. Thus, the creation of a new firm is the endogenous response to investments in knowledge that have not been entirely or exhaustively appropriated by the incumbent firm.
Entrepreneurial Performance
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E.
Published: February 2007

This chapter tests the Entrepreneurial Performance Hypothesis, which suggests that the performance of knowledge-based startups should be superior when they are able to access knowledge spillovers through geographic proximity to universities as a source of knowledge. It is shown that the exact relationship between location and entrepreneurial performance is complex. The impact of geographic proximity on entrepreneurial performance is shaped by the amount and type of knowledge produced at a university. If the research output of a university is meagre, close proximity to a university will not bestow significant performance benefits. However, close proximity to a university with strong research output and spillover mechanisms enhances entrepreneurial performance.
Property and Sacred Ordering in Global Civil Society
Authors: Gunnemann Jon P.
Published: February 2007

This essay is a critical interpretation of the institution of property as one element in the ordering of conflict in civil society. Property is significant in that (i) property arrangements were at the heart of every aspect of the social crisis in Europe that gave rise to the idea of civil society; (ii) property orders the human habitat, creating spaces and boundaries in the individual’s self-understanding and identity, social relationships, and the human relationship to the world of nature; and (iii) because property orders the entire human habitat — understanding of self (identity), social relations, and relations to the natural environment — property also has a religious dimension. The essay concludes that a new civitas requires more than the identification of injustice and resistance to either threat or oppression, it requires constructing new property relations.
Religious Rejections of Globalization
Authors: Lechner Frank J.
Published: February 2007

Religious responses to globalization seem to contribute little to the overall globalization critique put forth in venues such as the World Social Forum. This essay suggests that in the struggle about globalization, religious actors are more important and religious voices more articulate than many have realized. Empirically, this analysis yields a more detailed picture of the directions that “religious rejections of globalization” take. Analytically, it sheds light on the relative significance of religion in the formation of global civil society or at least one sector thereof.
Market‐Based Environmental Policies: What Can We Learn from U.S. Experience (and Related Research)?
Authors: Stavins Robert
Published: February 2007

This essay traces the history of market mechanisms and describes their theoretical advantages over prescriptive regulation. It gives an overview of the lessons learned about market instruments thus far, among them that there is an ongoing need for both flexibility and simplicity and for more effective monitoring and enforcement. It argues that there remain important limitations to the success of market instruments, including that firms are not yet well equipped to fully utilize them. The chapter concludes with predictions about the conditions under which such instruments are most likely to succeed.
International Experience with Competing Approaches to Environmental Policy: Results from Six Paired Cases
Authors: Harrington Winston , Morgenstern Richard D.
Published: February 2007

This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or “command and control” (CAC). For six environmental problems, the policies used by the federal government in the United States are compared with the policies of one or more Western European countries. To the extent possible the problems and the policies were chosen so that a CAC policy on one side of the Atlantic is paired with an EI policy on the other. The six problems are: (1) SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (2) NOx emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (3) point source industrial water pollution, (4) phase out of leaded gasoline, (5) phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and (6) chlorinated solvents.
Subsidies! The Other Incentive‐Based Instrument: The Case of the Conservation Reserve Program
Authors: Feng Hongli , Kling Catherine , Kurkalova Lyubov , Secchi Silvia
Published: February 2007

This essay studies a very large and important example of an environmental subsidy program — the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP was introduced in 1985. It investigates how much less efficient, if any, a command-and-control (CAC) form of regulation would have been. That is, it seeks to assess the policy as implemented relative to a fundamentally different form of regulation — CAC. It then studies the ex post performance of this incentive-based instrument. In so doing, it provides information on the degree to which market-based incentive programs, as they have actually been implemented, have or have not lived up to the original optimism with which economists viewed such instruments.