bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
looking about a bit more: other Christian sources for the historical jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

We have already begun to consider the reliability of the canonical gospels for reconstructing the life of jesus. despite a good deal of media hype in recent years, a lot of people still don’t realize that we have other Gospels that did not make it into the New Testament. Lots of other Gospels, in fact—over a couple of dozen of them. Many of these Gospels make for fascinating reading and can be of real significance for a scholar interested in knowing about how Jesus came to be understood in later times. But most of them are latecomers—the bulk of them date from the third to the eighth centuries, hundreds of years after Jesus himself. And nearly all of them are based on the New Testament Gospels themselves. For these reasons, they are not, as a rule, useful for the historian seeking independent verification of the things Jesus said and did.
from apocalyptic prophet to lord of all: the afterlife of jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

From the very beginning, christian theology has maintained that jesus truly died, was truly buried, and was truly raised from the dead. The earliest author of the New Testament already makes this confession in a fixed formula that he claims he inherited from those who were apostles before him: “For I gave to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas and then to the twelve” (i Cor. I5:3~5)’ Indeed, the reality of Jesus’ actual, physical resurrection is attested by all of our earliest narrative Gospels, including the Gospel of Peter.
Vita Bernardi
Authors: Evans G R
Published: November 2023

Bernard’s contemporary life-story was written by people who knew him well. It was a joint enterprise.1 Geoffrey of Auxerre began to prepare a Vita from the time Eugenius III was elected pope in 1145, for Eugenius had been a Cistercian monk and could be expected to look with favour in due course on a life history designed to win canonisation for Bernard. That was almost always the purpose of the writing of such a life story at this period. Indeed, it was possible to hire hagiographers who would devise an account for almost anyone according to the accepted canons of the genre.
Moral Theology, Law, and Justice
Authors: Evans G R
Published: November 2023

Bernard had read Anselm. He borrows Anselm’s image at the beginning of the Cur Deus Homo of a picture which has not been painted upon a solid base, but upon the air,1 although he uses it for a different purpose: to emphasize the difference between an empty, listless following of Christ, and a process of purposeful pursuit until the Christian is embraced by Christ himself with solemn joy and then ‘fed’ in a bliss of fullness of life.
Varieties of Eclectic Experience The Case of Colonial Bengal
Authors: Hatcher Brian A
Published: November 2023

While eclecticism, like Hinduism, makes for a handy working category, we must avoid treating it as if it were a monolithic phenomenon. Pierluigi Donini contends that one of the problems with Eduard Zeller’ s view of later Greek eclecticism was its “excessively generic character,” which prevented it from accounting for obvious differences, such as that be¬ tween the Stoicism of Panaetius and the Neoplatonism of Plotinus (Donini 1988: 27). Donini rightly attempts to correct some of the dam¬ age done by Zeller and to offer guidance in the best use of the term eclecticism in the future. However, I would question his categorical rejection of Zeller. Granted, we must seek more sophisticated models for capturing the complexity of the phenomenon of eclecticism, but perhaps we can enlist Zeller’s help in this cause. We might, for instance, use Zeller as but one tool alongside several others that we have at hand (to borrow Wendy Doniger’s useful metaphor).
God The Trinity
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2023

According to orthodox Christianity, God is a Trinity of persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Traditionally, the Father is in some sense the source of the other two persons; the Son and the Holy Spirit are said to proceed from him. Central to all understandings of this doctrine is that the claim that there are three divine persons does not entail the further claim that there are three Gods. Not surprisingly, this doctrine has caused theologians some difficulty. Eastern Christianity, taking its cue from the great Cappadocian fathers (Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus), has tended to emphasize what are sometimes known as ‘‘social’’ models of the Trinity. The divine persons on this view are something like three individuals living in indivisible community with each other. The West, following Augustine, has tended to see the three persons as something like three ways in which the one divine essence exists. On this admittedly rough analysis, the difficulty faced by those theologians who prefer social models of the Trinity is avoiding tritheism; the problem for the more ‘‘Augustinian’’ theologians is avoiding modalism, the belief that the three persons are just modes of divine self-presentation to us.
Jesus: Predestination And Merit
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2023

One of the most interesting hard cases for the communication of properties discussed by Scotus is the following: ‘‘Christ was predestined to be the Son of God.’’ Scotus claims that this statement is true, on the basis that Christ’s human nature was predestined to be united to the second person of the Trinity. Much of the question is taken up with a discussion of the motive for this predestination. Was Christ’s human nature predestined to be united to the Son of God because of the Fall of Adam and the consequent need for redemption? Or was it predestined irrespective of the Fall? Aquinas holds that the incarnation was a result of the Fall, and that speculation as to what might have happened had Adam not fallen is pointless, since ‘‘we can only know about those things which result merely from God’s will (beyond anything owed to a creature) if they are treated in scripture, through which the divine will makes them known.’’
Introduction
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles
Published: November 2023

Dionysos is the god of Letting Go. One of his cult titles repeatedly alluded to in the Bakkhai is Lysios, the Releaser. He liberates from the constrictions and restraints of ordinary social life. He does this through his gifts of wine, his breakdown of inhibitions in group ecstasy and excited dancing and singing, and through the lesser intoxications of the illusion-inducing power of the mask and the theater. He offers a liberating surrender of self that, in the extreme and nightmarish form envisaged in the play, brings homicidal madness. In its more benign version however, it offers the restorative blessings of festivity, collective enjoyment, and the exhilarating release of barriers between oneself and others. Letting go, surrendering control, yielding to the intoxicating effects of wine or exciting music, total fusion with the group in emotional participation and exultation in our animal energies-these are the gifts that Dionysos holds out to Thebes and through Thebes to all of Greece, that is (in our terms), to the civilized world.
On The Translation
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles
Published: November 2023

I have based this translation on the editions of the Greek text by E. R. Dodds (1960) and Richard Seaford (1996), on reference to translations by classicists, including those by Seaford himself, Stephen Esposito, William Arrowsmith, and others, on the extensive scholarship in Dodds’s notes to his edition, and on Charles Segal’s Dionysiac Poetics and Euripides’ Bacchae (1997) and his specific suggestions for this new version of the play.
The Retail Revolution: Traditional Versus Lean Retailing
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

In 1911, John Wanamaker opened his flagship store in downtown Philadelphia. The twelve-story building, with its forty-five acres of floor space, was the largest of its time devoted to retail merchandising. Its central “Grand Court” had marble arches that rose 150 feet and was capped by a dome. Major physical innovations were hidden behind this visual wonder: sixty-eight state-of-the-art elevators; the latest in fire proofing; a large power plant devoted entirely to the store; and sophisticated heating, ventilating, and sanitation systems.
Inventory Management for the Manufacturer: Production Planning and Optimal Sourcing Decisions
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

Retailers’ calls to apparel manufacturers about late delivery are the basis for many a tall tale at retail conventions. In the past, the standard reply to a query about what had happened to an order was “It’s on the loading dock.” Information systems at apparel factories were primitive. If all the SKUs for an order were not in the warehouse, substitutions of the same style in a different size would be offered to the retailer. Or retailers might not even notice if an unplanned substitution had been made because their information systems were equally as primitive. If there were insufficient SKUs of the requested style, the order would be shorted or a phone call made to the retail buyer to negotiate a solution to the problem. If no SKUs of the order were in the finished goods warehouse, then the search of the factory floor-where there might be tens of thousands of partially completed items to look through-would begin.

Then along came lean retailing and the need for rapid replenishment-manufacturers are now expected to replenish products in less than a week. At first, only a few retailers required this, and apparel manufacturers tried to meet these needs with minimal changes in their internal practices. Often, this was done at the expense of a manufacturer’s non-lean retail customers. For example, the CEO of a men’s dress-shirt supplier reported to us in 1992 that its finished goods ware house was divided into two areas.
Getting Ready to Sew
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

The late Joseph Gerber, founder of Gerber Garment Technology Company in Tolland, Connecticut, invented automated fabric cutting and introduced it to the market in 1969. This innovative company went on to create a new industry in automatic-cutting equipment. By the late 1970s, Gerber Garment Technology was supplying the automotive and apparel industries with its GERBERcutter, allowing firms to cut cloth and nonwoven material more effectively. The Gerber system first made it possible for a computer to guide the cutting knife anywhere on the cutting table. Gerber’s automatic-cutting equipment, as well as that of several other international competitors, has continued to improve; cloth from a single ply to layers up to six inches thick can now be cut quickly and accurately.
Textile Operations: Spinning. Weaving. and Finishing Cloth
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

If Samuel Slater, the “father of American manufactures,” kicked off the textile industry in the United States through an act of industrial espionage, Francis Cabot Lowell also used his wits to bring the power loom to the new country. As we discussed in Chapter 2, Slater avoided British prohibitions on the export of technology and built the first U.S. water-powered carding and spinning mill in 1790. But as successful carding and spinning mills spread in New England, the absence of mechanical weaving became more limiting. Hand weavers could not fully absorb the growing spinning capacity, which set the stage for Lowell’s innovations. As historian Robert Dalzell writes, “The crowning glory of Britain’s textile technology-the ingenious power loom, which wove the yarn into finished cloth and which had earned the inventor, Edmund Cartwright, a £10,000 bonus from Parliament remained beyond the reach of American manufacturers.”
The Economic Viability of Textiles: A Tale of Multiple Channels
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

From the outset, we have emphasized that separate enterprises in the retail-apparel-textile channel, which traditionally maintained arm’s length relationships with one another, are now becoming increasingly integrated through information and inventory links. For that reason, channel operations must to be reported and analyzed as a whole. Still, there are a variety of separate connections between textile enterprises, retailers, and ultimate consumers and purchasers. The upshot is that a large and growing segment of the textile industry appears to be far less dependent on the apparel industry than it was in the classic retail apparel-textile channel.
Suppliers in a Lean World: Firm and Industry Performance in an Integrated Channel
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

Many of the popular accounts of quick response, rapid replenishment, and supply-chain management assume that all parties-consumers, retailers, and suppliers-win as a result of these policies. Consumers have definitely benefited because these practices afford them a greater choice of products at lower average prices.1 It is safe to say that lean retailers have also come out ahead, given their rapid growth in relation to, and at the expense of, traditional retailers in many different retail channels. But have suppliers benefited from entering into relations with lean retailers? Have such firms improved their competitive position along with the retailers they supply?

The short answer to these questions is “It depends.” Although it is certainly true that a supplier gains from successful customers, the degree to which such a company actually benefits has much to do with its internal manufacturing choices. A supplier that has done little to change its internal practices may end up simply “holding the bag” of a retailer’s inventory.
Lowering the Bar
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

It was the first day of my first undergraduate class. The lecture hall had a capacity of about 150 and was a bit like a movie theater with a sloping floor that rose gradually with distance from the lectern. Although old, the room was well designed. A three paneled chalkboard covered the front wall. Every seat was relatively close to the front of the room. There were ample windows that gave the room excellent lighting.
Covering All the Bases
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

There was evidently a great deal of shock and sadness at Coca Cola when CEO Roberto C. Goizueta—who had built a near fifty-year career at the company—died soon after being diagnosed with “treatable” lung cancer. But his death did nothing to disrupt the carefully orchestrated succession process, and an able and well-prepared successor was immediately available. There was no secrecy, no particular fanfare in connection with announcing the successor; it was merely the next and final logical step in the self-renewing management development process Goizueta himself had helped to implement.
Coronation of “King Truth”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

“A New Testament which Needs neither a Glossary nor a Commentary.” So proclaimed the New York Evening Post on 21 May 1881, in a frontpage story announcing the publication of the Revised Version of the Scriptures. The first major English translation since the King James Bible, the Revised New Testament was billed as the most accurate version ever, and the Post writer did not hesitate to hyperbolize: the printing of the Revision would probably “rank among the great events of the nineteenth century.”
Anti-Christian Cults? The Christian Sects, 1890-1930
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

The first literature to attack cults under that particular name was primarily aimed at fighting heresy, rather than suppressing any secular damage wrought by the fringe movements. With so many more eccentric groups around, it is surprising to find such continued dedication to fighting the supposed sectarian menace. But in the context of the time, the sects were espousing quite radical ideas, and some were arguably venturing into the realm of the occult.
Israeli Jews
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

On its face, the problem of Jewish survival in Israel seems a perverse one. In what sense can Jewish survival be threatened in the Jewish state, a Hebrew-speaking nation that celebrates Jewish holidays, ingathers Jewish “exiles,” names its streets after Jewish notables, teaches Bible in its secular school system, serves as a touchstone for Diaspora Jewish identity, and understands itself as the logical closure to two millennia of Jewish wanderings? With the Menorah emblazoned on all official documents, the flag recalling King David, and its anthem telling of awaiting the return to Zion for a “hundred generations,” Israel’s Jewishness seems both manifest and assured. Besides, with Jews comprising more than 80 percent of the population and with little cultural commerce between the Israeli Jewish majority and the Israeli Arab minority, into which groups are Israeli Jews about to intermarry and assimilate? Nevertheless, the question of Jewish survival has rarely been far from the center of Israeli public debate-perhaps never more than at present.
Israeli Jews
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter ended on such a note of finality-the Jewishness of Israel seemed so manifest and deep-seated-that to begin so soon with counterarguments seems contrived, almost mean-spirited. But even a cursory familiarity with Israel’s public life will have alerted the attentive reader to at least one conspicuous omission in our account, an omission that renders our conclusions more than a bit suspect. To put it in the coarsest of terms: If things are so good, why are they so bad? If there is such a wall-to-wall consensus on the Jewish character of Israel, if the vast majority of Israelis actively engage with the Jewish tradition in one way or another, why does the religious issue generate such rancor and enmity? On its face, the Guttman Report presents a portrait of a broadly observant people who, even though they differ in degree of practice and belief, are united by their common commitment to Jewish identity and Jewish life. A continuum of observance appears to provide visible evidence of underlying accord, of basic unity.
Islamic Revival and Reform Theological Approaches
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

Discourse on religious revival is neither a [heretical] innovation nor a novelty;2 nor is it an exclusive aspect of the Islamic outreach mission [da’vah]. The idea of religious reformation has a long history. Still, there is an obvious difference between the reformers of yesterday and those of today.
What the University Expects from the Hawzeh
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

In this distinguished gathering of the university community, I would like to open my discussion of the relationships between the university and the Hawzeh, delineate the distinctive characteristics of each, and out­ line the expectations of the university from the Hawzeh.
Work and Travel
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

Having Described The Basic elements of Converted religion, I want now to turn to the contextualization of the religion, showing how it is an essential part of Vincentian culture and how it is built from Vincentian life expe-riences as well as from general human life experience. I consider the work of the Converted and their spiritual travel, and I compare the practices of the Converted to shamanic practice around the world. I begin with a brief discussion of shamanism, then present a typically shamanistic Converted event, and later give explanations for common shamanic experiences.
Going to Brooklyn
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

Rooklyn Is A Long w Ay From St. Vincent. But it appears in the con¬ versation of Vincentians almost daily. Not only because their relatives may live there, but it is the source of fashion, and music, and money. “I thought the streets were paved with gold,” more than one Vincentian told me in Brooklyn. Hardship was found at the end of those streets for most of my respondents. But money too, and so they stayed. Migrants to the United States from many countries have the same story. Vincentians, like the others, continue to be attracted to Brooklyn, and they continue to go.
What Happens in Evolution?
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

The Santa Fe style is “faux adobe.” The parking garage where we leave our car, for example, is held together by steel girders, but they emerge to the exterior transformed, as if by the glare of the New Mexico sun, into oaken roof beams. In the central plaza, whose every building has been retrofitted with a mud-colored facade, tourists pore over “Indian” blankets—blankets that are hot off the truck from a factory in Mexico. The city, in short, is a Disneyfied pueblo, but without a hint of Disney’s self-mockery.
Exotica
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

The Field and Mobile Robotics Building on the campus of Pittsburgh’s Carnegie-Mellon University is hard to find and even harder to get into. Built on steeply sloping ground, hemmed in by construction sites, and partially embedded within other buildings with confusingly similar names and functions, it offers such a challenge to our navigational skills that we end up, io minutes late, on the roof of an adjacent building from which we clamber by a kind of iron skywalk to the office of roboticist, futurologist, and general out- of-the-box thinker Hans Moravec.
Introduction
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

The toll of work-related illness and injury is enormous. Each year in the United States, there are:

6500 fatal job injuries

60,000 deaths from work-related chronic diseases

14 million nonfatal job injuries and illnesses

The annual cost is at least $171 billion. On a global scale, 120 million work injuries, 200,000 fatalities, and 68-157 million new cases of occupational disease are believed to occur annually. In most regions of the world, work outranks tobacco, air pollution, illicit drugs, hypertension, and physical activity as a leading cause of premature death and disability.
Comparing Rates of Injury and Disease
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

It is natural to ask whether the frequency of health events is changing over time or whether one particular group of workers has a higher or lower frequency compared to other workplaces, industries, or the general population. Typical questions are:
Feedback
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

The product of surveillance is information for action. Those who need the information include the individuals directly involved—workers, their health care providers and their employers—and organizations with an interest in surveillance findings. The actions themselves may be part of the responsibilities of the surveillance organization or of a different organization. The actions may be introduced at many points in the prevention pathway (Fig. 1.1) and are based on education, engineering, research, and enforcement.
Evaluation and Planning
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

Surveillance must be evaluated to identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. Much has been written about program evaluation. The purpose of this chapter is not to review the extensive literature, but to offer a few practical tools.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Maizlish Neil A , Rudolph Linda A , Dervin Kathy A
Published: November 2023

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disorder of the median nerve as it crosses an anatomical tunnel in the wrist formed from bone, ligament, and tendon. Forceful and repetitive motions over time, especially when done in an awkward hand posture, damage soft tissues that swell and entrap the median nerve. The severity of illness ranges from reversible mild symptoms of pain, cramping, numbness and tingling in the thumb and adjacent fingers to irreversible nerve damage, atrophy of the fleshy thumb muscle, and permanent disability.
Poison Control Centers
Authors: Blanc Paul D
Published: November 2023

In the United States, poison control centers (PCC) comprise a national network of consulting services to promote the prevention and treatment of poisoning and drug overdose. Similar centers exist worldwide, functioning in both industrialized nations, and, to a lesser extent, in countries with developing economies.
Closing the Loop: Impact of a Lead Poisoning Prevention Project
Authors: Bellows Jim , Rudolph Linda A , Maizlish, Neil A , Dervin Kathy A
Published: November 2023

During the 1990’s, state-based occupational health surveillance was revitalized in the United States. State public health agencies started playing a stronger and complementary role to that of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for surveillance and enforcement.
Verbal Odysseus: Narrative Strategy in the Odyssey and in The Usual Suspects
Authors: Roisman Hanna M
Published: November 2023

In 1905 the American anthropologist Matilda Stevenson reported the following case, which had occurred among the Zufii Indians of New Mexico: A teen-age boy was accused of witchcraft when a twelve-year-old girl was stricken with a nervous seizure right after he had taken her by the hands. At his trial before a court of priests, the boy initially pleaded his innocence and denied having any occult powers, but his truthful defense was of no avail. Sorcery was a crime punishable by death, and, despite his youth, the boy was in great danger. So he changed his strategy. He admitted to having inherited magic powers, which even enabled him to assume the shapes of animals. When asked to demonstrate these powers, he gave a sad speech in which he regretted their loss after the incident with the girl. Relieved that he was no longer a sorcerer, the priests set him free.1
Distal Focussing of Perception: Size Constancy in a Representative Sample of Situations [1944]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

This is the most important methodological paper that Brunswik ever wrote. It did not contain any new theoretical ideas of importance, but without it, there never would have been a clear-cut, obvious demonstration of what he meant by “representative design” and how it should be carried out. Up to this point, he had never provided a full-scale explication and empirical application of representative design, at least in his papers in English. Despite the lack of such a demonstration, he had made much of this idea, the formation of which was evident in his days in Vienna, and he made much of it in the 1941 symposium with Hull and Lewin. So, one might say, this was Brunswik’s answer to “put up or shut up,” as the American vernacular would have it. And in this publication he certainly “put up,” for he laid out the concept of representative design and its operational meaning in full detail.
Probability Learning of Perceptual Cues in the Establishment of a Weight Illusion [1951]
Authors: Bjorkman Mats
Published: November 2023

The study by Brunswik and Herma (B and H in the following) was an “early systematic effort” to investigate probability learning of perceptual cues in “an artificial miniature environment” that is representative of natural conditions (p. 170). Representativeness, implies that cues should be given validities similar to those obtaining in the natural environment. How low are the ecological validities that can be discriminated by the organism? How rapidly does the organism adapt to the probabilistic structure of the environment? Does probability learning reach a final level at which it stabilizes? These were questions of primary interest to B and H, as in Brunswik’s (1939c) early study of probability learning of instrumental acts.
Ecological Cue-Validity of JI Proximity” and of Other Gestalt Factors [1953]
Authors: Brunswik Egon , Kamiya Joe
Published: November 2023

One searches in vain in Brunswik and Kamiya’s 1953 “Ecological Cue-Validity of’ Proximity’ and of Other Gestalt Factors” for a description of the subjects. There were none. The reason is simple: A fundamental feature of Brunswik’s thinking was that in order to understand the sys tem we call the organism, we must first under stand the system in which that organism has evolved and in which the organism is functioning. He regarded a study of the environment as a necessary antecedent-his word was “propaedeuticic” (Brunswik, 19566, p. 119)-to the under standing of the organism, and the paper by Bruns wik and Kamiya illustrates beautifully an analysis of a particular environmental system. It is psychology without a subject.
Representative Design: Cognitive Science from a Brunswikian Perspective
Authors: Juslin Peter
Published: November 2023

In the end the greatness of a scientist is measured foremost not in terms of well-designed experiments or the elegant fitting of models, but in the deliverance of a profoundly important message. Egon Brunswik had such a message. Several of the issues he raised in his 1955 Psychological Review article appear noncontroversial in present day cognitive science (although seldom, it seems, because of the direct impact of Brunswik’s writings). For example, models with probabilistic notions, which stress the purposive, “distal-over proximal” nature of cognitive processing, are commonplace in cognitive science. Nonetheless, it seems fair to conclude that the most important part of the story told by Brunswik remains largely unappreciated by mainstream psychology: that the proper object of study for a scientific psychology is the organism-environment system as a whole, where the behavior of the organism is molded by the forces of adaptation and inter twined with the properties of the environment.
The Dissuasive (1.16—4.25): Against Dependence on Anything save the Justice and Mercy of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Why must Paul preach to all in Rome, barbarian or Greek? For, he says-the conjunction clearly linking what he will now say to what has gone before—just as a true philosopher was “not ashamed to confess poverty” (Lucian, Nigrinus 14), so Paul is not ashamed of the gospel (1.16). Yet with Paul this is something more than the paradox of boldness in confessing something that others might think ridiculous or humiliating—in fact, he is very proud of the gospel (compare I Cor. 1.30). It is also something more than an example of that rhetorical understatement whereby, “when saying that we ... possess some exceptional advantage, so as to avoid the impression of arrogance, we moderate and soften the expression of it” (Ad Herrenium 4.38).
Exhortation ( 12.1—15.13): An Invitation to the Christian Life
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Paul has presented a dissuasive, arguing against dependence on anything save God’s grace and God’s justice, manifested in the cross of Jesus Christ, and witnessed to in the Law. In particular, he has argued against dependence on the Law itself. He has then presented a demonstration, arguing for what he has called “my gospel,” and in so doing he has defended it at length against two suggestions that have been raised—first, that his gospel militated against the moral life, and second, that it implied God was no longer faithful to the promises.
Millerism and the Schematic Imagination
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

ntebellum religious life in the United States was strongly colored by the early republic’s radical evangelical egalitarians, who were steeped in revival and a fiery rhetoric attacking traditional church polity. By contrast, the ATS’s accentuation of union and cooperation was a move to avoid evangelical factionalism and to focus energies on a clear, even single-minded agenda. The ATS, which rooted itself in the middle class and filled its executive committees with judges, lawyers, and divines, sought to forge an evangelical consensus from unity that was a safer bet than the radicalism of figures like Elias Smith or Lorenzo Dow. But the leaders of Millerism and Seventh-Day Adventism, impelled by a deep sense of urgency, threw caution to the wind and indulged in the heady experience of liberty and egalitarianism that celebrated the disestablishment of religion, fired the Second Great Awakening, and led to a flurry of upstart preachers and popular religious movements.1 Millerite and Seventh-Day Adventism were premised on the revolutionary notion that the individual possessed the inherent right and capacity to decide for him or herself in what spiritual truth consisted. The evangelical belief in access to the Bible assumed that the Bible could be successfully interpreted by anyone who genuinely tried to understand it.
Education
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

In the modern western world, schooling is mandatory and the curriculum prescribed by state authorities who verify its effectiveness by examinations of students, teachers, and textbooks. In antiquity, parents alone were usually responsible for their children’s upbringing. At Athens there was a little outside supervision: a boy was scrutinized at successive stages of life by his father’s tribe. In contrast, there was no outside surveillance of girls’ upbringing, because a modest, well-brought-up young woman was hidden from the public eye. At home with her mother and other women in the household, a girl learned the skills that she would need to use as an adult. Wearing long dresses, and playing indoors with dolls and small animals, she learned to be nurturant and to perform household tasks.
Growing Up in Las Vegas
Authors: Sanchez Marie
Published: November 2023

The new Green Valley neighborhood offers “a sense of community pride and traditional family values along with the cultural awareness and conveniences often found in larger cities.” The developers strive to “make sure their communities thrive for decades to come [since] many home buyers want to feel a sense of community and belonging to the area in which they live.” Scenes of happy family life illustrate the brochure.
Why They’re Mad :Southern Nevada Versus The United States
Authors: Court Randolph
Published: November 2023

Few regions of the United States arc at the same time so dependent on, so suspicious of: and so hostile to the federal government as the extensive, largely barren counties of sou them Nevada. The more one talks to southern Nevadans-whether natives, residents of long standing, or relative newcomers-the more one hears of a proud, defiant seuimage: to be a Nevadan is, even today, to be a kind of freelance homesteader, a don’t-tread-on-me entrepreneur. The long legacy of liberal codes unlike those of other states-relaxed requirements for marriage and divorce, legalized prostitution and gambling, freedom from taxes and speed limits-has become a part of the state’s self-definition and claim to uniqueness. Ry now corporate, environmentalist, and other pressures have just about killed the actuality of the truly independent pioneer. Rut the gambling mentality, the hostility to regulation and taxation, and the remaining wide-open spaces of southern Nevada foster its perpetuation as an ideal.
Introduction
Authors: Sleigh Tom , Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

Herakles is a figure rarely found in Athenian drama playing a tragic role. Darker aspects of his life appear briefly in Homer. In the Iliad Achilles evokes .him as prototypical of a hero’s tragic mortality (18.117–18). Odysseus, visiting the world of the dead, meets Herakles’ ghostly double who is haunted by his former life of misery (Odyssey 11.601–26). More commonly Herakles is characterized by his fantastic exploits, by his geniality and by an immense capacity for endurance capped by final successes. This most famous and ubiquitous hero appears in the worlds of fairy tale and legend, close to the gods in the ancient time of the heroes, but also in the aristocratic world of the wellborn who achieve successes in their competitive life; and, as one can see in religious cult and dramatic comedy, he can be found to be a comfortably familiar figure of everyday life. Euripides’ play brings something of all these facets of the hero together to tragic effect, which may well be something like a dramatic experiment, bold and risky. This introduction will look at the play’s structure; how the hero is characterized by his deeds and by his family relations, human and divine; at the role of the gods and the place of religious practice in the play’s action; and, emerging out of all these, the role of poetic performance as the play itself draws our attention to it.
The Scandal of Revelation
Authors: Steiner George
Published: November 2023

Two deaths have, very largely, determined the fabric of Western sensibility. Two cases of capital punishment, of judicial murder, lie at the foundations of our religious, philosophic and political reflexes. One wonders: How different, how qualified in respect of tragic context, would Western history have been if it had at its source two acts of birth, if auroral celebration were its root instead of mourning and an eclipse of the sun? But it is two deaths that preside over our metaphysical and civic sense of self: that of Socrates and that of Jesus. We remain, to this day, children of those deaths.
Anecdote as the Essence of Historical Understanding
Authors: Frykenberg Robert E
Published: November 2023

No element in history, I would argue, is more basic than narrative. Indeed, it is the basic and essential element. History is “story.” And, as such, “anecdote” is its very essence: its life, its blood, and its breath. The very word “story,” in its now somewhat more obsolete and obscure meaning, is directly descended from the original Greek word “istoria” and the subsequent Latin word “historia.” Exactly how, when, or why, the word “story” became partially separated from its ancient ancestral root is a “story” in itself.2 Yet, the fact remains that the term has never ceased to convey some of the original meaning found in its parental root; and “history” has never ceased to be and to mean “story.” The original noun form “story,” meaning “history,” almost any standard dictionary informs us, is the more original, even if it is now more obscure and obsolete. In simple terms, a story is “a narrative, true or presumed to be true, of important events and celebrated persons”;3 “a narrative of events in their sequence.” The word, moreover, pertains to that particular kind of “action” that is found in the very “relating” or “telling” or “writing” or “describing of things historically” -that action which adorns the present with “scenes from the past.”4
The Limits of Narrative Theology
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: November 2023

I assume in this essay the truth of the following claims. First, that religious communities typically either explicitly claim or implicitly assume the truth of some descriptive statements about the nature of the world and of human persons. Second, similarly, that such communities typically do the same in regard to the truth of some broadly axiological statements, statements as to what is of value. And third, that such communities typically regard doing these things as both proper and essential to their function as religious communities. I shall call a community’s descriptive and axiological claims its doctrines.1 These are often, though not always and not necessarily, preserved and displayed in authoritatively binding collections of natural language sentences that I shall call creeds. Though both doctrine and creed are terms used by Christians for their artifacts, and therefore have a specific cultural and conceptual history, they can usefully be used to pick out artifacts used by nonChristian religious communities; in fact, I would argue that religious communities necessarily have doctrines (though the degree and manner of their articulation varies), and that many of them have creeds. I shall not argue these claims; instead, they will inform and be ingredient to the argument I do make.
Killing One’s Closest Philos: Self-Slaughter in Sophokles’ Aias
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S
Published: November 2023

The last play analyzed in detail here is another tragedy, one that is exceptional in its apparent lack of emphasis on harm to blood kin or to those in formal reciprocal relationships. A minor act of suppliancy takes place at Aias’s corpse, but the play is certainly not a suppliant drama. Aias tries to harm his unrelated companions in the Greek army, but his attempt fails ludicrously, and the only person he actually kills is himself. The suicide itself, however, is best interpreted as an instance of harm to philos. Just as the philos is another self, in Greek thought, so the self is a person’s closest philos. This view of Aias’s selfkilling is supported by evidence in the text, and it helps to illuminate a paradox connected with the suicide.
Indian Missions and the Puritan Legacy
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

America was a field for foreign missions long before the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M) sent the first American missionaries overseas. Missions to North America were predominantly, though by no means exclusively, aimed at the conversion of Native Americans, and Indian missions continued long after foreign operations commenced. The A.B.C.F.M. itself maintained extensive missions to the North American Indians throughout the period of this study. Foreign missions and Indian missions were organized into separate departments in 1832, but that does not mean they were regarded as distinctly different types of mission work. In the eyes of the missionaries, ‘‘heathenism’’ possessed an essential unity. All heathens were similarly possessed by mental stagnation and moral degradation—to different degrees, perhaps, but always owing to their ignorance of gospel truth. That was one indispensable justification for missions in the first place.
The Abolitionist Attack
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) was created in part to foster unity among New England evangelicals and to forge a sense of common purpose. During the years of the Second Great Awakening, that effort succeeded remarkably well and helped to give rise to a feeling of millennial optimism. Rufus Anderson shared fully in evangelical expectations that the dawning of the Kingdom of Christ might well be imminent. Yet the militant millennialism spawned by the Second Great Awakening also contributed to its disintegration, as forces largely of its own creation helped to pull it apart. The Presbyterian schism of 1837 both climaxed and epitomized that process for the evangelical constituency of the American Board.
The Powers That Be
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

Rufus Anderson still enjoys a reputation as a leader who sought to make the missionary enterprise less imperialistic than it had been and would be again. His emphasis on preaching the gospel without attempting to reform other societies seems relatively untainted by cultural imperialism. His promotion of efforts to raise up indigenous churches was intended to free converts from a kind of colonial dependence on their American patrons. His educational policy, whatever its other shortcomings, avoided collaboration with Western imperialists by aiming to train natives solely for missionary service and not for economic or political posts. Although there is certainly much truth in all this, it is equally important to understand that the missionary enterprise under Anderson’s direction was inextricably tied to the expanding reach of Western political influence during the midnineteenth century.
Introduction to Volumes 1 and 2
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

‘How differently the clouds move across that lofty, limitless sky!’ Tolstoy’s words, said by the wounded Prince Andrei Bolkonsky as he drifts into consciousness on the battlefield of Austerlitz, express the spirit of this book. It is about how concepts of motion have changed in the past and could change in the future. It is a subject with a never-ending fascination; for every change in our conception of motion amounts to a change in our deepest conceptions of things. Each change in our concept of motion opens the door into a new world.
Preliminaries
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

We begin at the end- by recalling Newton’s laws and the concepts used to express them. For the modern reader, the most illuminating approach to the history of the discovery of dynamics is probably to start with a clear understanding of what we now know and then trace the gradual clarification and emergence of the key concepts and results from their earliest beginnings.
Hellenistic astronomy: the foundations are laid
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

In the second half of the period dominated by Greek culture the most important centre of learning was Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great in 332 BC near the Nile estuary. Through the encouragement of the rulers, the Ptolemies, the city acquired superb library facilities, and most scientists of any note went there at some time. The two books most influential for the subsequent development of science in Western Europe were written in Alexandria: The Elements of Euclid (fl. around 300 BC) and the Almagest by Ptolemy (circa AD 100-circa AD 170) (the name is common and does not imply a royal connection).
The Middle Ages: first stirrings of the scientific revolution
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

In histories of dynamics written in the nineteenth century, the period between antiquity and Galileo was treated as an almost complete blank. It was believed that nothing significant had occurred during the ‘Dark Ages’. This attitude was changed almost single-handed by the French physicist Pierre Duhem, who became an historian of science almost by accident. In his monumental Le Systeme du Monde he argued that several basic principles of Galileo’s physics were in essence already worked out in the fourteenth century, and that Galileo’s work consisted more of explication and further development rather than genuine revolution.
Copernicus: the flimsy arch
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

It would be a nice party game for historians of science to compile lists of worthy scientists born too early to receive that ultimate of accolades, the Nobel Prize. Who, one asks, should be awarded the first of these posthumous Nobel Prizes in the field of physics? Given the subject of this chapter, the reader will no doubt expect the nomination of Copernicus. In fact, the case will be argued for Ptolemy. The reasons for this will become clearer as the book proceeds, but we can already anticipate them in this imagined citation: ‘For the discovery of the equant and the important stimulus which this gave to the correct solution of the planetary problem by Copernicus and Kepler and to the development of the dynamical conception of motion by Kepler and Newton.’
Galileo: the geometrization of motion
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

‘In the history of science there are few instances of coeval and complementary works as striking as in the case of Johann Kepler and Galileo Galilei.’ These words of Stillman Drake, the well-known authority on Galileo and translator of many of his works, are an apt introduction to this chapter. Kepler brought an ancient science to maturity, but completely lacked certain ideas essential for its interpretation; Galileo more or less created a new science and in the process introduced most of the seminal ideas and results which eventually did make possible the dynamical interpretation of the astronomy which Kepler so remarkably anticipated.