bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic revision of the Euploea alcathoe complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from Australia and New Guinea
Authors: Lambkin Trevor A , Braby Michael F , Eastwood Rodney G , Zalucki Myron P
Published: November 2017

Euploea alcathoe (Godart, [1819]) (Danainae: Danaini) comprises a taxonomic complex, with recent authors recognising one or two species and numerous subspecies throughout its relatively small geographical range. We determined the taxonomic status of populations from northern Australia by integrating data from ecology, larval colour pattern and morphology, adult morphology (wing morphometrics, wing pattern elements and male genitalia) and molecules (mtDNA). We also investigated the broad distribution of phenotypes based on wing pattern maculation throughout mainland New Guinea and its adjacent islands. Available evidence indicates that Euploea eichhorni Staudinger, 1884, stat. rev. from northern Queensland is allopatric and phenotypically and genotypically distinct from E. alcathoe, with 11 phenotypic character state differences in larval pattern and morphology, adult wing pattern and male genitalia, as well as significant differences in wing shape and in frequency distribution of the number of white spots. Genetic data and divergence time estimates based on COI revealed that E. eichhorni and E. alcathoe are reciprocally monophyletic with a mean pairwise divergence of 0.9% and with E. eichhorni comprising only a single unique haplotype. Phylogeographic analysis suggests E. eichhorni diverged as a peripheral isolate from E. alcathoe, most likely during the Late Pleistocene. In the Wet Tropics of northern Queensland, larvae of E. eichhorni specialise on the vine Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm.f.) P.S. Green (Apocynaceae) growing in coastal, broadleaf paperbark swampland, a larval host plant also used by E. alcathoe. A lectotype male of E. eichhorni is designated, with Cooktown, Queensland as the type locality. Euploea alcathoe enastri Fenner, 1991, from the Northern Territory is maintained because it was found to be allopatric, phenotypically distinct, with at least one diagnosable character state (larger number of forewing subapical spots among males), and genetically divergent according to population genetic structure compared with Euploea alcathoe misenus from Torres Strait. Based on our review of E. alcathoe from New Guinea and Torres Strait, we found that populations from at least the southern coastline of New Guinea differed little phenotypically from E. alcathoe misenus; thus, we regard the subspecies Euploea aethiops monaeses Fruhstorfer, 1910, syn. nov. and E. alecto rothschildiana Hulstaert, 1923, syn. nov. as junior synonyms of E. alcathoe misenus Miskin, 1890.
INDUCTION OF SECOND TRIMESTER ABORTION BY INTRAAMNIOTIC ADMINISTRATION OF 15(S)15 METHYL PGF2α
Authors: RV Bhatt , PK Devi , Dhar G , SF Jalnawalla , Kochhar M , BG Kothwani , Kutty D , R Rajan , NN Roychowdhary , KS Raghavan
Published: November 2017

In a multicentre trial 139 women between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation were treated with 2.5 mg intraamniotic administration of 15(S)15 methyl PGF2α (Prostin 15M, Upjohn) for termination of pregnancy. Following treatment 97% of the primigravida and 94.5% of multigravida aborted. The induction abortion interval (Mean ± S.E.M.) in the primigravida was 22.8 ± 1.1 hours, while in the multigravida it was 18.3 ± 1.0 hours. The mean number of episodes of vomiting was 1.4 and 0.9 in primigravidae and multigravidae, respectively. The mean number of episodes of diarrhoea was 0.7 in both groups. Of the primigravidae 10.9% and of the multigravidae 21.7% had incomplete abortions. No injuries to the genital tract were reported.
STUDIES ON 15(S)15 METHYL PGF2α BY INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE FOR SECOND TRIMESTER ABORTION (TWO HOURLY SCHEDULE)
Authors: Banerjee SR , Das Gupta S , Devi PK , Krishna Usha R , Nair MS , Raghavan KS
Published: November 2017

A multicentre study was undertaken to study intramuscular 15(S)15 methyl PGF2α (Prostin 15M, Upjohn) for induction of second trimester abortion. The patients were premedicated with Imodium and Perinorm to control the gastrointestinal side effects. The dose of Prostin 15M was 250 µg every two hours and the progress of the abortion was assessed before each injection. If there was no progress at the end of 10 injections the case was classified as a failure. Ninety‐seven patients were recruited for the study, 39 were primigravidae and 58 multigravidae. Twenty‐four out of 39 primigravidae and 52 out of 58 multigravidae aborted with the treatment. The mean induction abortion interval was 17.8 hours in the primigravidae and 14.5 hours in the multigravidae patients. The mean number of episodes of vomiting was 2.9 and diarrhoea 4.2 per patient per trial. The primigravidae had slightly higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. The overall incidence of incomplete abortion was 17.1%.
15(S)15 METHYL PGF2α BY INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE AT TWO HOURLY INTERVAL FOLLOWED BY THREE HOURLY FOR INDUCTION OF SECOND TRIMESTER ABORTION
Authors: CM Alwani , PK Devi , MS Nair , Seetha T , Vijaya R , KS Raghavan
Published: November 2017

A multicentre trial of Prostin 15M in second trimester abortion in 322 patients of whom 115 were primigravidae was conducted during the period of six months. Intramuscular injection of Prostin 15M 250 µg was given two hourly till one centimeter dilatation of the cervix, followed by three hourly injections till abortion. The mean dose of Prostin 15M was 2.3 mg for primigravidae and 2.0 mg for the multigravidae. The mean induction abortion interval was 18.5 hours in primigravidae and 17 hours in multigravidae. Two hundred and seventy‐six patients (85.7%) aborted with the treatment. There were 26 failures in primigravidae (22.6%) and 20 failures in the multigravidae (9.6%). Side effects of vomiting and diarrhoea were 3.0 and 4.1 episodes, respectively. In 53 cases where prophylactic antidiarrhoeal drug loperamide and antiemetic emidoxyn were given, the incidence of diarrhoea and vomiting was reduced to 1.6 and 1.7, respectively. There were no serious complications. In 50 cases the blood loss, as measured by alkaline hematin method was 25.4 ml (mean).
INTRAMUSCULAR 15(S)15 METHYL PGF2α FOR MENSTRUAL REGULATION
Authors: Bhattacharya P , PK Devi , S Jain , MK Mapa , MS Nair , KS Raghavan
Published: November 2017

A multicentre trial was carried out to find out the safety and efficacy of 15(S)15 methyl PGF2α (Prostin 15M, Upjohn) for induction of menses in early pregnancy (up to 49 days). Two hundred and eighty‐four cases were recruited for the study. All patients received two doses of 0.5 mg (2.0 ml) Prostin 15M by the intramuscular route and antiemetic and antidiarrhoeal medication prior to the administration of the prostaglandin analogue. The overall success rate (complete abortion) at two weeks evaluation visit was 87.7%. The success rate was 92% up to 42 days and 100% up to 35 days of the last menstrual period. The side effects were mainly gastrointestinal and majority of the patients had less than three episodes of vomiting or diarrhoea. The duration of bleeding was prolonged (up to 7 days) with Prostin 15M treatment. Intramuscular Prostin 15M seems to be effective in inducing menses in early pregnancy especially if the duration of amenorrhea is up to 35 days.
INTRAMUSCULAR 15(S)15 METHYL PGF2α FOR PREOPERATIVE CERVICAL DILATATION DURING FIRST TRIMESTER
Authors: Devi PK , Jain S , CR Kanthamani , KS Raghavan
Published: November 2017

The effect of single intramuscular injection of 15(S)15 methyl PGF2α. (Prostin 15M, Upjohn) on cervical dilatation was tried in women during first trimester pregnancy. Prostin 15M was given at a dose of 250 µg. Three hours later the cervical dilatation and uterine consistency were assessed and recorded, prior to vacuum aspiration. The control group consisted of women who did not receive any drugs for cervical dilatation. The mean cervical dilatation in Prostin 15M group was 9.7 ± 2.3 (S.D.) mm compared to 3.4 ± 1.5 (S.D.) mm in the control group. This difference was statistically significant (p <0.01). Vomiting was experienced by 18.6% and diarrhea by 20.9% of the patients. There was no significant difference in the blood loss between the Prostin 15M group and the control group.
Uniform national guidelines do not prevent wide variations in the clinical application of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice
Authors: Mreihil Khalaf , Nakstad Britt , Stensvold Hans Jørgen , Benth Jūratė Šaltytė , Hansen Thor Willy Ruud ,   the Norwegian NICU Phototherapy Study Group,   the Norwegian Neonatal Network
Published: November 2017

Aim

This study compared the use of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in all 21 Norwegian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) from 2013‐2014 to improve practice.

Methods

Information on all types of phototherapy devices was collected, and irradiance was measured from random units at 20 cm and 50 cm from the light source. We gathered information on local practice rules, including the use of single, double or triple phototherapy, how infants were positioned, the frequency of blood sampling, rules for using reflective surfaces and interrupting phototherapy. In every NICU, we asked one nurse with more than five years of experience and one with less than one year to set up phototherapy equipment, then measured the irradiance and distance.

Results

Photodiodes were the most common of the eight types of phototherapy devices used. Rules for the distance from the device to the infant varied from 10 to 40 cm and in practice they varied from 15 to 48 cm, with irradiance ranging from 11.1–56.1 W/m2. There were significant variations between NICUs with regard to the overall treatment duration and duration in most birthweight categories.

Conclusion

There were considerable variations in phototherapy practices among Norwegian NICUs. In particular, the significant variations in duration need to be addressed.
One Health, veterinarians and the nexus between disease and food security
Authors: Alders R , de Bruyn J , Wingett K , Wong J
Published: November 2017

Achieving ecologically sustainable food systems for people and animals is one of the greatest challenges facing our world today. Four interdisciplinary approaches that promote a holistic, systems approach to disease prevention and food security are introduced. Current domestic and international initiatives that link disease prevention with food and nutrition security are presented, with an emphasis on animal‐source food and examples from Australia, Tanzania and Timor‐Leste. Veterinarians are uniquely placed to use their training in comparative physiology in support of the production of sustainable, nutritious, ethical and safe food delivered with minimal waste to promote human, animal and environmental health.
Policy Change and the National Essential Medicines List Development Process in Brazil between 2000 and 2014: Has the Essential Medicine Concept been Abandoned?
Authors: Osorio‐de‐Castro Claudia G. S. , Azeredo Thiago B. , Pepe Vera L. E. , Lopes Luciane C. , Yamauti Sueli , Godman Brian , Gustafsson Lars L.
Published: November 2017

Brazil has had a National Essential Medicines List (EML) since 1964. From 2000 to 2010, five consecutive evidence‐based editions were produced, building on the essential medicine concept. In 2012, the government changed course to establish a new paradigm, introducing adoption of new medicines as the main aim within the recommendation process. The objective of the article was to report efforts to develop Brazil's national EML, policy changes from 2000 to 2014, discussing results, challenges and perspectives. Brazilian EML history and development process were collected from legislation, minutes, reports and legal ordinances, from 2000 to 2014. The Brazilian EML and the WHO Model Lists were compared using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system. Overlap between lists was verified, and linear trends were produced. Type of membership, inclusion criteria, procedures, flow and listed medicines varied greatly between the selection committees acting before and after 2012. Paradigm‐changing legislation aiming at linking list compliance to public financing in 2012 produced (i) greater importance given to political and administrative stakeholders, (ii) increasing trends in number of medicines over the years, (iii) decrease in use of WHO Model List as a reference and (iv) substitution of an essential medicines list review and update process by an adoption decision output. Other issues remained unchanged. Insufficient efforts for list implementation, such as lack of physician education, presented consequences to the health system. Substantial efforts were made to produce and update the list from 2000 to 2014. However, continuous and intense health litigation disproves process outcome effectiveness.
Neurocognitive functioning, clinical course and functional outcome in first‐treatment bipolar I disorder patients with and without clinical relapse: A 1‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Demmo Christine , Lagerberg Trine V , Kvitland Levi R , Aminoff Sofie R , Hellvin Tone , Simonsen Carmen , Haatveit Beathe , Andreassen Ole A , Melle Ingrid , Ueland Torill
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Due to limited research on the association between recurrence of mood episodes and the longitudinal course of neurocognitive functioning in early phase bipolar I disorder (BD I), the impact of recurrence on neurocognition remains unclear. Further, a strong correlation between neurocognitive impairment and functional impairment has been demonstrated. The longitudinal relationship between neurocognitive impairment and functional outcome in relation to recurrence is, however, not established.

Methods

The current study investigated the longitudinal relationship between neurocognition, recurrence of mood episodes and functional outcome in a sample of first‐treatment (FT) BD I patients (N = 42), with and without relapse, during a 1‐year follow‐up period. The longitudinal course of neurocognitive functioning in the patients was also compared to that of a group of healthy controls (N = 143).

Results

Compared to both patients with relapse and healthy controls, no‐relapse patients showed neurocognitive improvements. The polarity of the relapse episodes was mostly depressive, and for the no‐relapse patients, reduction of symptoms was associated with neurocognitive improvement. No‐relapse patients showed better global and occupational functioning.

Conclusions

The current study found different neurocognitive and functional trajectories in FT BD I patients with and without relapse, with differences at follow‐up to some degree being mediated by current symptoms. The current findings highlight the importance of treatment focusing on neurocognition and symptom states with the aim of improving functional recovery.
Balancing the Scales: Negotiating Father's Parental Leave Use
Authors: Beglaubter Judy
Published: November 2017

Studying couples who shared parental leave presents the opportunity to explore decision‐making processes that may challenge conventional care arrangement typical of early parenthood. Interviews with 33 Canadian heterosexual couples indicate gendered sticking points in the division of official leave time. Whether fathers took leave because of their personal desires or material circumstances, this study finds that men and women did not enter negotiations on a level playing field. Strong cultural support for mothers'–but not fathers'–time with baby tipped the scales toward maternal care giving, even when couples wanted to share parental leave. Nevertheless, financial considerations such as a man's topped‐up pay or woman's career could lessen the weight of mothers’ moral entitlement to the leave time by presenting couples with an alternative logic on which to base their decision making.
Enhancing human aspects of care with young people with muscular dystrophy: Results from a participatory qualitative study with clinicians
Authors: Setchell J. , Thille P. , Abrams T. , McAdam L. C. , Mistry B. , Gibson B. E.
Published: November 2017

Background

Most research into clinical care of Duchenne or Becker dystrophinopathies (MD) has focused on slowing progressive muscular weakness and extending lifespan. Scarce attention has been paid to the “human” aspects of care such as psychosocial health, living a fulfilling life, or dealing with disability stigma. This study partnered with clinicians to identify and address local and systemic barriers to these human aspects of care.

Methods

We employed a participatory qualitative design at a multidisciplinary MD clinic using 2 methods: (a) ethnographic observations over a 6‐month period of clinic visits of children with MD and families, involving 12 clinicians, and (b) 3 “dialogues” (2‐way discussions) with these clinicians to collaboratively analyze practices and co‐produce recommendations for change.

Results

Our methods produced rich data that, when coanalyzed with clinicians and in consultation with a family advisor, provided deep insights into the practices and underlying assumptions of a neuromuscular clinic. Staff recognized the importance of the human aspects of care but, in reviewing the observational data, identified that it was given insufficient attention in (a) routine clinical processes, (b) clinician‐family patterns of interaction, and (c) staffing allocations.

Conclusion

Although the human aspects of care were important to clinicians in the MD clinic, the routines and nature of the clinic meant these were frequently sidelined for biomedical objectives. We present collaboratively produced practical recommendations toward addressing this disjunction between ideals and practice including developing flexibility to tailor appointment frequency, composition, and length; providing time and physical space for psychosocial aspects of care; and clinician skill building to support child/family expression of “negative” emotions; and discussion of sociopolitical aspects of MD such as living with disability stigma. The study offers a set of considerations that, taking into account individual differences, offer insights for similar clinics elsewhere.
Common Ground and Development
Authors: Bohn Manuel , Köymen Bahar
Published: November 2017

Language and other forms of communication are inherently ambiguous and therefore require some form of common ground to specify the intended meanings of utterances. Theoretical accounts usually focus on interactions between adults and consider recursive mindreading a prerequisite to establishing common ground. Contrasting these accounts, in this article, we offer a developmental perspective on common ground. We propose that instead of using recursive mindreading, infants rely initially on the expectation that communicative partners act rationally in light of previous interactions, which serves as a starting point for common ground to develop. We describe the changing role of common ground across development. Initially, common ground constrains the meaning of ambiguous communicative acts and facilitates children's acquisition of language. Later in development, common ground makes communication efficient by helping speakers coordinate their actions and intentions, and eventually arrive at recursive mindreading.
Diagnosis and genetics of alacrima
Authors: Adams J. , Schaaf C.P.
Published: November 2017

Alacrima, the lack of tears, is a rare clinical finding that has been reported as a feature of multiple genetic disorders and can serve as a diagnostic clue to some rare conditions. Causes of alacrima range from absence/hyposecretion of tears to agenesis or improper development of lacrimal gland ducts and associated structures. There are 13 known heritable disorders featuring varying degrees and causes of alacrima. Some manifest only the congenital absence of tears, while others affect multiple organ systems and may involve severe developmental delay, intellectual disability, and potentially life‐threatening autonomic dysregulation. To aid in the diagnosis for patients manifesting alacrima, we review the major causes and the various genetic disorders associated with alacrima and provide a differential template for diagnosis.
Assessing appearance and emotional attributes of coloured metallic paints
Authors: Huang Ming‐Jiu , Chen Hung‐Shing , Luo Ronnier , Sun Pei‐Li
Published: November 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the agreement between multiangle appearance data obtained from multiangle measurements and the rating scores given by observers in terms of sparkle and coarseness. The metallic emotional equation for coloured metallic paints was developed on the basis of two experimental results. Experiment 1 involved measuring metallic paint appearance, and a multiangle spectrophotometer was used for measuring the appearance parameters of metallic coating samples under multiple measuring angles. In Experiment 2, observers were asked to visually assess coloured metallic samples under directional and diffuse light conditions. The observers assessed the test samples, illuminated from the top, from three observation angles. Principal component analysis was performed to analyse the observers’ emotional responses. Finally, the metallic emotional models consisting of the expensiveness model and fashion model were constructed.
Pharmacokinetics of RP5063 Following Single Doses to Normal Healthy Volunteers and Multiple Doses Over 10 Days to Stable Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Cantillon Marc , Ings Robert , Bhat Laxminarayan
Published: November 2017

RP5063, a multimodal dopamine (D)–serotonin (5‐HT) stabilizer, possesses high affinity for D2/3/4 and 5‐HT1A/2A/2B/2C/6/7 receptors and moderate affinity for the serotonin transporter. Two phase I studies characterized the pharmacokinetics of a single dose (10 and 15 mg fasting, 15 mg fed/fasting) in healthy volunteers and multiple doses (10, 20, 50, and 100 mg fed) over 10 days in patients with stable schizophrenia. RP5063 displayed a dose‐dependent Cmax at 4 to 6 h, linear dose proportionality for both Cmax and AUC, and a half‐life between 40 and 71 h. In the single‐dose study, food slightly increased the extent of drug absorption. In the multiple‐dose study, steady‐state was approached after 120 h of daily dosing. Pooled data in the single‐dose study indicate that the pharmacokinetic profile appears to be comparable between Japanese and Caucasians. RP5063 appears to have a straightforward pharmacokinetic profile that supports for phase II and III evaluation as a once‐daily oral administered agent.
Identification of oestrogen, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression in mediastinal metastases of breast cancer obtained by endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: Serra P. , Sanz‐Santos J. , Castellà E. , Cirauqui B. , Andreo F. , Llatjós M. , Avila M. , Margelí M. , Serrano L. , Centeno C. , Quiroga V. , Torky M. , Ruiz‐Manzano J.
Published: November 2017

Background

In breast cancer patients, the expression statuses of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are crucial in the choice of treatment. Receptor expression in metastatic lesions can differ from the primary tumour. The aim of our study was to analyse the utility of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) to obtain samples allowing the identification of ER, PR and HER2 expression in patients with mediastinal metastases of breast cancer.

Patients and methods

The clinical files of all patients with a final diagnosis of breast cancer mediastinal metastases diagnosed by EBUS‐TBNA in our institution were retrospectively analysed. The ability of EBUS‐TBNA to obtain samples that allowed hormone receptor and HER2 expression analysis was calculated.

Results

Twenty‐four patients were included. ER, PR and HER2 assessments could be performed in 22, 20 and 22 patients, respectively. In 20 of the 24 patients it was possible to investigate all three types of receptor expression. In the remaining four cases, where ER, PR or HER2 expression tests could not be performed, it was due to a lack of tissue. In cases with adequate results for EBUS‐TBNA and the primary tumour agreement was greater for ER (16/19) and HER2 (12/14) than PR (8/17). Based on receptor status, there was a change in the choice of treatment for five patients.

Conclusion

In patients with breast cancer mediastinal metastases, ER, PR and HER2 expression can be assessed in samples obtained by EBUS‐TBNA whenever a sufficient tissue sample is collected.
Cytological identification of Schaumann bodies within granulomas clinches the diagnosis of sarcoidosis
Authors: Bandyopadhyay A. , Roy S. , Boler A. K. , Bose K. , Nag S.
Published: November 2017

The authors share their experience in which they found that the finding of Schaumann bodies on cytological preparation helped make a definitive diagnosis of sarcoidosis lesions.
Enough space in a warmer world? Microhabitat diversity and small‐scale distribution of alpine plants on mountain summits
Authors: Kulonen Aino , Imboden Rachel A. , Rixen Christian , Maier Sheila B. , Wipf Sonja
Published: November 2017

Aim

Global warming is predicted to shift distributions of mountain species upwards, driven by a release from climatic restrictions at their upper distribution limit and increased biotic pressure at their lower distribution limit. In alpine ecosystems, which are characterized by large microclimatic diversity and sparse vegetation cover, the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers for species distribution is poorly understood. To disentangle abiotic and biotic mechanisms affecting distributions of alpine species, we investigated how alpine plant species with differing elevational ranges and frequency trends over the past century differ in their microhabitat distribution, and how they respond to neighbouring vegetation.

Location

A total of 11 summits (2635—3410 m a.s.l.) in SE‐Switzerland.

Methods

We quantified the microscale abundance of 12 species in relation to biogeographic (frequency trend, i.e., change in occurrences over the past century, and elevational range on summits) and local microhabitat characteristics (temperature, substrate type). We assessed species size traits in relation to neighbouring vegetation characteristics to investigate possible neighbour interactions.

Results

Species with increasing frequency on summits over the past century were most abundant on scree and warmer slopes. Species with negative or stable frequency trends on summits were more abundant on organic soil and colder slopes. The preferred microhabitats of the latter were rarest overall, decreased with increasing elevation, and had the most competitive neighbours. Size of one high‐alpine specialist, Ranunculus glacialis was negatively related to cover of neighbouring vegetation, whereas other species showed no response to neighbours.

Main conclusions

Long‐term frequency trends of species correlate with their microhabitat association. Species with most negative frequency trends show preferences for the rarest microhabitat conditions, where they likely experience higher competitive pressure in a warming climate. This finding emphasizes the importance of characterizing microhabitat associations and microclimatic diversity to assess present and future distributions of alpine plant species.
Prevalence and risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Strasser Lauren , Downes Michelle , Kung Jane , Cross J Helen , De Haan Michelle
Published: November 2017

Aim

To assess the prevalence and risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in epilepsy, and to better understand the relationship and comorbidity between these disorders.

Method

PsychINFO and PubMed were searched for articles published in the past 15 years that examined the prevalence of ASD in individuals with epilepsy.

Results

A total of 19 studies were found with a pooled ASD prevalence of 6.3% in epilepsy. When divided by type, the risks of ASD for general epilepsy, infantile spasms, focal seizures, and Dravet syndrome were 4.7%, 19.9%, 41.9%, and 47.4% respectively. Studies with populations under 18 years showed a 13.2 times greater risk of ASD than study populations over 18 years, and samples with most (>50%) individuals with intellectual disability showed a greater risk 4.9 times higher than study populations with a minority of individuals with intellectual disability. The main risk factors for ASD reported in the 19 studies included presence of intellectual disability, sex, age, and symptomatic aetiology of epilepsy.

Interpretation

Current research supports a high prevalence of ASD in epilepsy. This study helps to define the clinical profile of patients with epilepsy who are at risk for ASD, which may help clinicians in early screening and diagnosis of ASD in this population.

What this paper adds

Critical evaluation of previous studies examining the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with epilepsy.

A meta‐analysis of 19 studies showed a pooled ASD prevalence of 6.3% in individuals with epilepsy.

Studies that included a majority of individuals with intellectual disability or younger population age had a higher prevalence of autism.

Risk factors reported in studies included presence of intellectual disability, sex, age, and symptomatic epilepsy origin.
Is epilepsy the cause of comorbidities in Dravet syndrome?
Authors: Gataullina Svetlana , Dulac Olivier
Published: November 2017

This commentary is on the original article by Lagae et al. (Editor's Choice) on pages 63–72.
Quantifying the climatic niche of symbiont partners in a lichen symbiosis indicates mutualist‐mediated niche expansions
Authors: Rolshausen Gregor , Dal Grande Francesco , Sadowska‐Deś Anna D. , Otte Jürgen , Schmitt Imke
Published: November 2017

The large distributional areas and ecological niches of many lichenized fungi may in part be due to the plasticity in interactions between the fungus (mycobiont) and its algal or cyanobacterial partners (photobionts). On the one hand, broad‐scale phylogenetic analyses show that partner compatibility in lichens is rather constrained and shaped by reciprocal selection pressures and codiversification independent of ecological drivers. On the other hand, sub‐species‐level associations among lichen symbionts appear to be environmentally structured rather than phylogenetically constrained. In particular, switching between photobiont ecotypes with distinct environmental preferences has been hypothesized as an adaptive strategy for lichen‐forming fungi to broaden their ecological niche. The extent and direction of photobiont‐mediated range expansions in lichens, however, have not been examined comprehensively at a broad geographic scale. Here we investigate the population genetic structure of Lasallia pustulata symbionts at sub‐species‐level resolution across the mycobiont's Europe‐wide range, using fungal MCM7 and algal ITS rDNA sequence markers. We show that variance in occurrence probabilities in the geographic distribution of genetic diversity in mycobiont‐photobiont interactions is closely related to changes in climatic niches. Quantification of niche extent and overlap based on species distribution modeling and construction of Hutchinsonian climatic hypervolumes revealed that combinations of fungal–algal interactions change at the sub‐species level along latitudinal temperature gradients and in Mediterranean climate zones. Our study provides evidence for symbiont‐mediated niche expansion in lichens. We discuss our results in the light of symbiont polymorphism and partner switching as potential mechanisms of environmental adaptation and niche evolution in mutualisms.
Simulation training for medical emergencies in the dental setting using an inexpensive software application
Authors: Kishimoto N. , Mukai N. , Honda Y. , Hirata Y. , Tanaka M. , Momota Y.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Every dental provider needs to be educated about medical emergencies to provide safe dental care. Simulation training is available with simulators such as advanced life support manikins and robot patients. However, the purchase and development costs of these simulators are high. We have developed a simulation training course on medical emergencies using an inexpensive software application. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the educational effectiveness of this course.

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐one dental providers participated in this study from December 2014 to March 2015. Medical simulation software was used to simulate a patient's vital signs. We evaluated participants' ability to diagnose and treat vasovagal syncope or anaphylaxis with an evaluation sheet and conducted a questionnaire before and after the scenario‐based simulation training.

Results

The median evaluation sheet score for vasovagal syncope increased significantly from 7/9 before to 9/9 after simulation training. The median score for anaphylaxis also increased significantly from 8/12 to 12/12 (P < .01). For the item “I can treat vasovagal syncope/anaphylaxis adequately,” the percentage responding “Strongly agree” or “Agree” increased from 14% to 56% for vasovagal syncope and from 6% to 42% for anaphylaxis with simulation training.

Conclusions

This simulation course improved participants' ability to diagnose and treat medical emergencies and improved their confidence. This course can be offered inexpensively using a software application.
Training Translational Scholars within Family Science Programs
Authors: Sabatelli Ronald M.
Published: November 2017

This article addresses issues related to the training of translational scholars in family science (FS) graduate programs. The article advances the view that (a) FS students need more direct socialization on how to message about and market the brand of their programs and (b) the FS brand should be organized around the centrality of translational expertise as one of the core goals of the training mission of FS programs. The article goes on to suggest that the training of translational scholars in FS programs should be organized around two interrelated initiatives. The first involves introducing coursework that balances the focus on the production of scholarship with a focus on the translation of this scholarship into policy and practice. The second is for FS programs to build their capacity to train translational scholars by creating “learning laboratories” in partnership with other health and social service programs, with the explicit goal of advancing collaborative practice and promoting interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and translational scholarship.
Copepod dynamics across warm and cold periods in the eastern Bering Sea: Implications for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and the Oscillating Control Hypothesis
Authors: Kimmel David G. , Eisner Lisa B. , Wilson Matthew T. , Duffy‐Anderson Janet T.
Published: November 2017

Differences in zooplankton populations in relation to climate have been explored extensively on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, specifically in relation to recruitment of the commercially important species walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus). We addressed two research questions in this study: (i) Does the relative abundance of individual copepod species life history stages differ across warm and cold periods and (ii) Do estimated secondary production rates for copepods differ across warm and cold periods? For most copepod species, warmer conditions resulted in increased abundances in May, the opposite was observed in colder conditions. Abundances of smaller‐sized copepod species did not differ significantly between the warm and cold periods, whereas abundances of larger‐sized Calanus spp. increased during the cold period during July and September. Estimated secondary production rates in the warm period were highest in May for smaller‐sized copepods; production in the cold period was dominated by the larger‐sized Calanus spp. in July and September. We hypothesize that these observed patterns are a function of temperature‐driven changes in phenology combined with shifts in size‐based trophic relationships with primary producers. Based on this hypothesis, we present a conceptual model that builds upon the Oscillating Control Hypothesis to explain how variability in copepod production links to pollock variability. Specifically, fluctuations in spring sea‐ice drive regime‐dependent copepod production over the southeastern Bering Sea, but greatest impacts to upper trophic levels are driven by cascading July/September differences in copepod production.
Carbon cycle confidence and uncertainty: Exploring variation among soil biogeochemical models
Authors: Wieder William R. , Hartman Melannie D. , Sulman Benjamin N. , Wang Ying‐Ping , Koven Charles D. , Bonan Gordon B.
Published: November 2017

Emerging insights into factors responsible for soil organic matter stabilization and decomposition are being applied in a variety of contexts, but new tools are needed to facilitate the understanding, evaluation, and improvement of soil biogeochemical theory and models at regional to global scales. To isolate the effects of model structural uncertainty on the global distribution of soil carbon stocks and turnover times we developed a soil biogeochemical testbed that forces three different soil models with consistent climate and plant productivity inputs. The models tested here include a first‐order, microbial implicit approach (CASA‐CNP), and two recently developed microbially explicit models that can be run at global scales (MIMICS and CORPSE). When forced with common environmental drivers, the soil models generated similar estimates of initial soil carbon stocks (roughly 1,400 Pg C globally, 0–100 cm), but each model shows a different functional relationship between mean annual temperature and inferred turnover times. Subsequently, the models made divergent projections about the fate of these soil carbon stocks over the 20th century, with models either gaining or losing over 20 Pg C globally between 1901 and 2010. Single‐forcing experiments with changed inputs, temperature, and moisture suggest that uncertainty associated with freeze‐thaw processes as well as soil textural effects on soil carbon stabilization were larger than direct temperature uncertainties among models. Finally, the models generated distinct projections about the timing and magnitude of seasonal heterotrophic respiration rates, again reflecting structural uncertainties that were related to environmental sensitivities and assumptions about physicochemical stabilization of soil organic matter. By providing a computationally tractable and numerically consistent framework to evaluate models we aim to better understand uncertainties among models and generate insights about factors regulating the turnover of soil organic matter.
User experience and care for older people transitioning from hospital to home: Patients’ and carers’ perspectives
Authors: Allen Jacqueline , Hutchinson Alison M. , Brown Rhonda , Livingston Patricia M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Transitioning from hospital to home is challenging for many older people living with chronic health conditions. Transitional care facilitates safe and timely transfer of patients between levels of care and across care settings and includes communication between practitioners, assessment and planning, preparation, medication reconciliation, follow‐up care and self‐management education. To date, there is limited understanding of how to actively involve care recipient service users in transitional care.

Objective

This study was part of a larger research project. The objective of this article was to report the first study phase, in which we aimed to describe user experience pertaining to patients and carers.

Design, setting and participants

The study design was qualitative descriptive using interviews. Patients (n = 19) and carers (n = 7) participated in semi‐structured interviews about their experience of transition from hospital to home in an urban Australian health‐care setting. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

All participants reported that they needed to become independent in transition. Participants perceived a range of social processes supported their independence at home: supportive relationships with carers, caring relationships with health‐care practitioners, seeking information, discussing and negotiating the transitional care plan and learning to self‐care.

Discussion

Findings contribute to our understanding that quality transitional care should focus on patients’ need to regain independence. Social processes supporting the capacities of patients and carers should be emphasized in future initiatives.

Conclusion

Future transitional care interventions should emphasize strategies to enable negotiation for suitable supports and assist care recipients to overcome barriers identified in this study.
Divergent demographic patterns and perspectives for conservation of endemic species in extreme environments: a case study of the springsnail Melanopsis etrusca (Gastropoda: Melanopsidae)
Authors: Bartolini Fabrizio , Aquiloni Laura , Nisi Barbara , Nuccio Caterina , Vaselli Orlando , Cianfanelli Simone
Published: November 2017

We studied the distribution, size structure, growth, and diet of the freshwater prosobranch Melanopsis etrusca in experimental and natural population samples. This snail is endemic to isolated headwaters of thermal springs in central Italy. In recent times, several anthropogenic pressures such as water extraction and stream contamination have caused population declines and local extinctions of M. etrusca. Consequently, this species was included on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The streams inhabited by M. etrusca had oligohaline waters; however, some physicochemical variability existed among sites. We found that the two variables most directly related to the patterns of distribution and life history of M. etrusca were water pH and temperature. In particular, individual growth was faster in streams with water temperatures constantly >30°C, which was reflected by a shorter life cycle than in cooler streams (13°–26°C), where snails showed a seasonal pattern of growth. Finally, we observed that individuals in a population that is exposed to extreme temperatures (>35°C) performed a peculiar behavior, spending long periods outside the water. We also found that the diet of M. etrusca reflected the local composition of the periphytic community and was dominated by macrophyte fragments. Our data suggest that heat‐adapted populations of M. etrusca hold the greatest potential for recolonization after collapse events. From a conservation perspective, reintroduction programs could be useful to avoid local extinction or bottleneck effects but at the risk of the loss of evolutionary innovations that may have emerged at the population level.
MgO nanoparticles synthesized starting from an innovative one‐step process
Authors: Taglieri Giuliana , Daniele Valeria , Mondelli Claudia
Published: November 2017

Nanosized MgO is a functional material showing a great promise as destructive adsorbent for toxic chemical agents, unique optical electronic, magnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as in good bactericidal performance in aqueous environments and in the cancer therapy. In this study, MgO nanoparticles are obtained by thermal decomposition of nanosized Mg(OH)2, which are synthesized by means of an innovative, time and cost‐effective, scalable, and patented method. The nanoparticles are characterized by means of several techniques such as thermal analyses, X‐ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and surface area measurements (BET). After a pseudomorphic decomposition of the hydroxide precursor, pure and crystalline MgO nanoparticles are obtained. These nanoparticles are roughly spherical, monodispersed, and monocrystalline, having size ≤10 nm. Moreover, they exhibited a surface area up to 178 m2/g, revealing a bimodal mesoporous distribution with the important part of the pores with dimensions peaked at 4.87 nm.
Paper‐based microfluidic aptasensor for food safety
Authors: Weng Xuan , Neethirajan Suresh
Published: November 2017

Food analysis is requiring rapid, accurate, sensitive, and cost‐effective methods to monitor and guarantee the safety and quality to fulfill the strict food legislation and consumer demands. In this study, a nano‐materials enhanced multipurpose paper‐based microfluidic aptasensor was developed as a sensing tool for accurate detection of food allergens and food toxins. graphene oxide (GO) and specific aptamer‐functionalized quantum dots (QDs) were employed as probes, the fluorescence quenching, and recovering of the QDs caused by the interaction among GO, aptamer‐functionalized QDs, and the target protein were investigated to quantitatively analyze the target concentration. The homogenous assay was performed on the paper‐based microfluidic chip, which significantly decreased the sample and reagent consumption and reduced the assay time. Egg white lysozyme, ß‐conglutin lupine and food toxins, okadaic acid and brevetoxin standard solutions, and spiked food samples were successfully assayed by the presented aptasensor. Dual‐target assay was completed within 5 min, and superior sensitivities were achieved when testing the samples with commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits side by side.

Practical applications

The present aptasensor provides a simple, accurate method for rapid quantitative analysis of allergens or toxins in food. This method is able to achieved rapid on‐site detection of potential allergen/toxin contaminations, which is a critical necessity for individuals with food allergies and other types of food sensitivities. In addition, the present method can be easily implemented into routine analysis to help food producers and regulations secure the safety and compliance of food products.
Suicide amongst people with intellectual disability: An Australian online study of disability support staff experiences and perceptions
Authors: Wark S. , McKay K. , Ryan P. , Müller A.
Published: November 2017

Background

Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) have a higher likelihood of exposure to identified risk factors for suicide when compared with the general community and have been recognised as being both capable of forming intent for suicide and acting on this intent. However, in spite of research outlining these concerns from the 1970s, there remains a dearth of studies that examine suicide amongst the population of people with ID.

Method

An online cross‐sectional survey was purposively developed, with questions aimed at identifying both the experiences and current practices of support staff who assist people with ID in relation to suicide, suicidal behaviour and suicide assessment. It was undertaken across both rural and metropolitan areas in Australia. The survey was open for a period of 12 months. A total of 139 respondents (109 female/30 male), with a mean age of 41 and an average 12 years of experience in supporting people with ID, completed the tool.

Results

A total of nine suicides by people with ID were reported. Seventy‐seven per cent of the respondents reported that they had individuals with ID display suicidal behaviours, and 76% noted that a person had specifically talked about wishing to end their life. Only four participants (3%) noted that they did not support individuals with a dual diagnosis of ID and mental health concern. Sixty per cent of participants reported that no one in their organisation had ever completed a suicide risk assessment, and only 28% reported that they would do a suicide risk assessment if an individual that they supported was diagnosed with a mental health issue.

Conclusions

The current findings indicate that support staff recognise the capacity of people with ID to conceptualise suicide, note the existence of suicidal discussions and behaviours and report on actual suicides. This represents one of the few Australian studies that has specifically considered suicide amongst this cohort of people and reinforces the fact that suicide is not unknown in this population. The data indicate a possible divide between the reports of people with ID actively talking about and acting on suicidal thoughts and the lack of any proactive use of any tools to assess for this risk.