bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bebé clínica de la Universidade estadual de Londrina: Un resumen Histórico
Authors: De Figueiredo Walter Luiz Reynaldo , Ferelle Antonio
Published: February 2021

Este artículo tiene por objetivo presentar una breve historia de la atención odontológica para los primeros años de vida y discutir los principios actuales preconizados por la Bebé-Clínica de la Universidad Estadual de Londrina (UEL). Aunque en la literatura se encuentran relatos de atención odontológica a los niños de poca edad desde el inicio del siglo XX, solamente en la década de 1980 esos conocimientos fueron sistematizados y adoptados en sistemas odontológicos públicos y privados brasileños. La experiencia de la Bebé-Clínica de la UEL permitió la formación de recursos humanos y la formulación de estrategias de atención odontológica al bebé, tanto a nivel local como internacional. A partir de los conceptos discutidos en ese artículo, se puede concluir que la atención odontológica debe iniciar alrededor de los 4 a 6 meses de edad. Tiene como objetivo mantener la salud del niño y dedica gran énfasis en la atención al riesgo de caries dental. Su actuación está fundamentada en la educación a través de la prevención en consonancia con el principio de coparticipación entre el país y sus profesionales.
Ergonomía en odontopediatría
Authors: Gonzáles-Mendoza Julio Cesar Isaías
Published: February 2021

La atención dental en odontopediatria requiere varias consideraciones, las cuales muchas veces son pasadas por alto durante la planificación del tratamiento. El concepto de ergonomía nos permite establecer cuáles son los parámetros y estrategias previas al tratamiento que nos permitirán disfrutar de una mejor calidad de atención a nuestros pacientes, altos niveles de calidad, eficiencia y productividad en la atención odontológica. En este artículo de revisión buscamos compartir estos conceptos para poder aplicarlos a la atención odontopediátrica, los cuales van desde la elección de la hora de la cita dental, hasta la forma de organizar el trabajo para que sea mucho más agradable.
Novedades en el uso del barniz de flúor. Reporte de caso
Authors: Perona Miguel de Priego Guido , Aguilar Gálvez Denisse , Torres Salinas Cecilia
Published: February 2021

Los barnices fluorados se utiliza en la odontologia desde hace mucho tiempo demostrando ser eficaz en la inhibición de la desmineralización del esmalte y promoción de la remineralización del mismo, una presentación tradicional es de color amarillo/naranja que siempre ha sido de cuestionar por los padres de familia si se está realizando una profilaxis dental porque aplicar uma sustancia de color sobre los dientes. Se presenta la técnica de um nuevo barniz transparente en un niño de 5 años de edad que presentaba lesiones de manchas blancas y su control a los 21 días.
İZMİR METRO SİSTEMİ’NİN ÇEVRESİNDE MEYDANA GELEN DEMOGRAFİK VE MEKÂNSAL ETKİLERİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: DEMİRDAĞ Gülsüm Ecem , AYHAN SELÇUK İrem
Published: February 2021

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı İzmir Metro sistemi çevresinde meydana gelen mekânsal değişim ve gelişimle birlikte demografik değişimlerin incelenmesi ve planlama pratiğinin yerinin irdelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda metro hattının 1000 metrelik etki alanı içinde gerçekleştirilen plan tadilatları ve kent bütününde yarattığı demografik ve çevresel etkiler incelenmiş, metro hattının inşasıyla aralarındaki ilişki analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz ve araştırma sonucunda metro hattının mahallelerdeki nüfus ve yoğunluk değişimleri üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı, Kazımdirik mahallesi haricinde anlamlı değişimlerin meydana gelmediği ve yapılan plan tadilatlarının tekil talepler üzerinden devam ederek kapsamlı değişimlerin meydana gelmediği bulunmuştur. Mahallelerin metro duraklarına erişilebilirliğiyle gerçekleştirilen plan tadilatları arasında istatistiksel açıdan 0,10 düzeyinde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Raylı sistemlerin mekânda anlamlı değişimlere sebep olabilmesi için planlama ve ulaşım pratiklerinin entegrasyonu ve eşgüdümlü çalışması son derece önemlidir. Planlama ve ulaşım pratiklerinin aralarındaki ilişkinin düzeyi yapılan ulaşım yatırımlarının mekânda yarattığı etkilerin anlamlı, gerçekleştirilebilir ve planlanabilir olmasıyla doğrudan ilişkili olduğu da çalışmanın önemli sonuçlarından biridir. Bu çalışma Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nde tamamlanan yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiş olup; aynı zamanda Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Bilimleri Sempozyumu’nda (USVES) bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.
Iterative Non-Rigid Image Registration in Brain MRI Images
Authors: Minallah Nasru , Ashfaq Muniba
Published: February 2021

Non-rigid image registration plays a significant role in the medical imaging domain. It involves deformations of moving image pixels according to fixed or reference image anatomy. Accurate image registration is required for accurate medical diagnosis and clinical applications. Non-rigid image registration uses optimization techniques to find the best possible solution. The solution obtained using a single run of non-rigid image registration may be optimal but not much accurate. In order to increase accuracy in non-rigid image registration, multiple runs are required to improve the performance. Here in our research methodology, we used the Demon algorithm as non-rigid image registration for brain MRI images of patients with tumors. There is significant improvement i.e., an average of 66.61% decrease in the error of the results of iterative Demon algorithm as compared to non-iterative Demon algorithm.
Smart Factory: A Primer
Authors: Sadiku Matthew N. O. , Ashaolu Tolulope J. , Ajayi-Majebi Abayomi , Musa Sarhan M.
Published: February 2021

A smart factory is a highly digitized and connected production facility that relies on smart manufacturing. It can integrate data from system-wide physical, operational, and human assets to drive manufacturing, maintenance, and inventory tracking. This results in a more efficient, agile, responsive, proactive, and predictive system. This paper provides a brief introduction to smart factory.
Response of Different Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) Cultivars to Different Levels of NPK 15:15:15 in Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Okoli Evans E. , Nworji M.J.
Published: February 2021

A research study on the response of different sweet potato cultivars to different levels of NPK 15:15:15 in Igbariam Anambra State, Nigeria was was conducted between May and July 2018 at the teaching and research farm of the Department of Crop Science And Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU) Igbariam Anambra state.It was a factorial experiment laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Three varieties of Sweet Potato viz; TIS 87/0087, Umuspo 1 and Umuspo 3 were planted. Four fertilizer treatments NPK 15:15:15 at 200kg/ha 300kg/ha 400kg/ha 0kg/ha were applied four weeks after planting. Data was collected at 2 weeks’ interval on growth parameters and yield parameters. Analysis of variance was used to know the significant effect of blocking and treatment on various parameters evaluated and separation of treatment means was done using Fisher’s least significant difference. Sweet potato variety Umuspo 1 was found to produce significantly (P<0.05) large number of leaves and was well established compared to other varieties. Umuspo 3 and Tis87/0087 produced longer vine than Umusopo 1. Generally, increase in fertilizer rate resulted in increase in vegetative growth. TIS87/0087 was best in the overall yield performance when compared to other cultivars. Therefore, NPK 15:15:15 at the rate of 300kg/ha can be recommended for the production of TIS/87/0087 in the study area, further breeding work is also recommended.
Virtual supermarket shopping task for cognitive rehabilitation and assessment of psychiatric patients: Validation in chronic schizophrenia
Authors:   National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic, Plechatá Adéla , Hejtmánek Lukáš , Fajnerová Iveta
Published: February 2021

Objectives. Schizophrenia has a debilitating impact on a patient's cognitive functioning and everyday activities. As a part of the treatment, schizophrenia patients attend sessions of cognitive remediation to restore impaired cognitive abilities. To combine cognitive and real life training, this study presents a virtual task to use in cognitive rehabilitation and assessment. Virtual Supermarket Shopping Task (VSST) simulates a shopping activity, in which participants have to memorize and collect items from a virtual supermarket. The aim of this study is to establish its validity for use in clinical practice. Sample and setting. Twenty patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia and twenty healthy controls were tested. Each participant completed the task and a battery of standard neuropsychological tests. Statistical analyses. Groups’ results were compared by Student’s t-tests. Validity of VSST was examined using correlations with standard neuropsychological measures. Several VSST metrics, such as trial difficulty, distances and times, and the effect the extraneous variables have on VSST measures were investigated using analyses of variance and mixed effect models. Results. The analyses demonstrate that patients perform worse in VSST than healthy controls and their performance corresponds to their mnemonic abilities measured by standard neuropsychological tests. VSST performance relates to the level of executive functioning only in patients. There was no effect of gaming experience on VSST performance. While potential gender effect has to be addressed in future studies, age seems to play a role in the additional VSST measures (trial time and distance). Study limitations. Subjects were tested only once and therefore long term benefits of using VSST in rehabilitation could not be investigated. Only schizophrenia patients were included in the sample, which reduces generalizability of results to other psychiatric and neurologic conditions.
GROWTH AND SOME CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWING PIGS FED FULL-FAT SOYBEAN-BASED CONTAINING THREE PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: FANIMO A. O.
Published: February 2021

Thirty-six large White X landrace growing pigs were randomly in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. The two dietary variables were protein source (Fish meal FM Chicken offal meal-COM and full-fat soybean - FFSB) and processing time of FFSB (30, 60, 90 minutes). Pigs on 90 minutes processed FFSB performed slightly better than those on 60 and 30 minutes as regard growth rate and feed to gain ration. The diets had no significant effect on slaughtering performance. However, the general trend showed a numerical increase in estimated loin eye area, back fat and abdominal fat with increased processing time of FFSR. Chicken offal meal also slightly increased the backfat and abdominal fat
MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND SPERM RESERVES OF M'BORORO (Bos indicus) BULLS
Authors: Kwari H. D , Ogwuegbu S. O.
Published: February 2021

Morphometric data of the reproductive organs and the gonadal and extra-gonadal sperm reserves were determined in sexually mature M'bororo bulls. The mean body weight was 560±15.8kg and measured 175.8±4.3cm at the withers. The mean paired testes weight and scrotal circumference were 266.5±28.9g and 28.2±0.8cm, respectively. The body weight was significantly and positively corellated with the testicular sperm reserves (P<0.05). The paired testicular sperm reserves was 27.3±3.1 *109. The mean weights of the accessory gland were: Seminal Vesicles, 42.2±4g; ampullae, 12.4±2.0g;Prostate gland, 2.2±0.29g and 1.3±0.3g for the bulbourethral gland. The mean penis lenght was 80.9±2.9cm while the glans penis and the urethral process measured 3.1±0.1cm and 1.9±0.1cm, respectively
AGE AND BODY WEIGHT AT PUBERTY IN MUTURU HEIFERS UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES
Authors: EZEKWE A. G. , KAMALU T. M.
Published: February 2021

Age and body weight at puberty were studied in two groups of Mutun helfen aged 4 to 7 months and comprising 13 heifers in each group. Group 1 heifers received nutritional supplementation et lating of a mixture of dry brewer's spent porin and palm kernel cake in a ratio of 1:1 addition to normal grazing. Group 1 theifers were grazed without any supplementation. From the age of 10 months and tasting for a period of 6 months, blood samples were collected twice weekly from each heifer via the jugular vein into heparinized Vacutabner tubes. Samples were centrifuged within 30 minutes of collection and the plasma stored frozen until assayed for progesterone using coat-2-count solid phase 125, radioimmunoassay kits. Body weights of all heifers were also recorded bi-weekly during the experimental period. Puberty was assumed to have occurred in any heifer when plasma progesterone values reached/exceeded i mg/ml. Results showed that Group 1 heifers were significantly younger (P< 0.01) at puberty than Group II heifers (12.25 + 0.20 months vs. 14.60+1.67 months) but their body weights did not differ significantly (90.50+ 1.82 kg & 85.20+ 0.87 kg for Groups I and II heifers, respectively). These results show that under improved feeding, puberty in Muturu heifers could be attained relatively at an early age. the first oestrus in the young female, is due to ovarian changes which are in turn controlled by complex endocrinological events. In the Mutury bull, Ezekwe (1992) observed that under improved husbandry and nutritional conditions, puberty was attained at an early age of 11 months and a body weight of 87 kg. The study also revealed that Muturu bulls could be used for breeding from the age of 15 months. Studies on female reproduction of indigenous Nigerian Cattle breed have concentrated largely on zebu (Bos indicus) cattle (Johnson and Gambo, 1979, Zakari et al., 1981; Oyedipe et al., 1982; Dawuda et al., 1989). There is thus a dearth of inforination on the reproductive characteristics such as puberty of indigenous Nigerian non-zebu cattle like the Muturu. The Muturu, which is the most widely distributed indigenous non-zebu cattle in the southeastern states of Nigeria, has a population of 42,000 out of an estimated total national population of 177,000. The Mutunu is highly tolerant to trypanosomiasis and is also well adapted to the hot humid conditions prevalent in the southern rainforest areas. Despite these obvious advantages, the Muturu is considered an endangered breed because of its rapidly declining numbers (Adeniyi, 1984). The need to document important aspects of its reproductive characteristics is therefore impelling. This study was thus undertaken to determine the age and body weight at which Muturu heifers attain puberty under improved husbandry and management conditions.
REPLACEMENT OF SOYBEAN MEAL WITH FERMENTED THEVETIA CAKE IN LAYERS DIET: EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND NUTRIENT RETENTION
Authors: ADEYEMI O. A. , ADEYEMI A. A.
Published: February 2021

80, Olympic laying hens that had been in lay for 20 weeks were randomly allocated to 5 dietary  treatments and fed over a 10 week period. the birds were individually caged thus there were 16 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatment contained expeller pressed thevetia cake which had undergone anaerobiosis. The cake replaced soybean meal in the ratio of 0:1000, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 dietary treatments significantly decreased (P<0.05) feed intake, egg production, feed efficiency and egg weight. The treatment however had no effect (P>0.05) on weight gain, mortality and egg quality parameters. Egg production and average egg weight was however not affected by replacement up to 50:50 substitution ratio (P>0.05). Nitrogen and fat retention decreased (P<0.05) with increasing thevetia cake concentration, while fibre was not affected. It was concluded that fermented expeller pressed thevetia cake can replace up to 50% of the soybean in layers' diet
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF LAYERS' DIET WITH MIXTURES OF DIFFERENT PEPPER SPECIES ON EGG QUALITY
Authors: BROWN A. A. , AJAYI S. A. , FALA S. A.
Published: February 2021

Eighty-eight point of lay birds in 11 dietary groups were used to evaluate the effect of supplementation of commercial layer's mash(CLM) with various combinations of Capsicum annum 'atarodo' -RD) and C. frutescens (shombo-SH) at two levels on internal and external qualities of eggs. A feeding trial lasting 56 days was carried out at the end of which 88 intact newly laid eggs, 8 per treatment, were collected over 4 days and the physical characteristics determined. There was no advantage (P> 0.05) of supplemented diets over the solely commercial diet on mean egg weight (g), maximal equatorial diameter (cm) , surface area ( cm2), shell weight (g), albumen weight (g), albumen index, Haugh unit and yolk weight (g). With the exception of diet 3 in which 0.25% of the CLM was supplemented with 60% RD + 40%SH, all other supplemented diets had significantly higher yolk colour rating than the control diet. Eggs laid by birds that were fed diet 6, 0.5% 50%RD + 5 0 % SH, had significantly higher percent yolk and yolk colour than those from birds that were fed the control and some supplemented diet combination. The physical characteristics of the eggs that were laid by birds on diet 6 were also comparable with that of those in other experimental diets, with or without supplementation.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF RED SOKOTO AND WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED ON NATIVE PASTURES SUPPLEMENTED WITH CONCENTRATE RATION
Authors: OTUMA M.O. , OMEJE S. I. , ALAKU S. O. , OGAH F.
Published: February 2021

Six Red Sokoto (RS) and six West African Dwarf goats (WAD) aged 12 months and housed individually were reared for five months at the Small Ruminants Improvement and Multiplication Research Unit of ESUT, Abakaliki Campus. The animals were allowed to graze in the University Paddocks containing both native and introduced pastures, browse plants and leguminous herbage. The grazing period lasted from 0800 - 1200 hours in the morning and 1500 - 1700 in afternoon daily and between these two periods they were fed supplemental diets. The results showed that there were highly significant difference amongst the members of the genotypes whose mean body weights were ranged from 24.71 $ 0.083 - 40.750 0.55 (RS) and from 14,98+ 0.47 - 27.52 0.73kg (WAD). The heights at the withers and body length measurements also showed a highly significant increase (P< 0.01) in the genotype during the period. The two genotypes differed remarkably (P< 0.01) from each other with RS being superior in body weight and height at the withers, and body length. However, the measurements taken of the thigh size and hearth girth circumference revealed no real difference between the RS and WAD (P >0.05). The findings indicate anthropometric areas requiring genetic improvement among the WAD, and at the same time serve as a pointer to the amount of response shown by the Maradi goats to management in the wet humid tropical environment to which it was being exposed.
EFFECT OF ONION AND GINGER JUICE EXTRACT ON THE QUALITY OF HOT. SMOKED MEAT
Authors: IKEME A. L.
Published: February 2021

A experiment who conducted to determine the 

activeness of extracts from ginger rhizome and onion bulbs, in retarding lipid oxidation On the organoleptic quality of smoked meat. Brine solution consisting of potassium sorbate, sodium chloride with or without butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), onion juice ainst and ginger Juice extract respectively were used us dips for curing Samples dipped la 10% brine served as control. Meat samples nere trimmed of visible fats, cut lato 1kg sizes, pen broiled at 80°C for 30 minutes, and then recut into 100 - 130g pieces. Samples were divided randomly into four batches and dipped for 5 minutes in different solutions, drined, revoked at • temperature of 70 - 80Cfor 6 hours and cooked to room temperature. Products were individually packaged in polythene bags, stored at room temperature (25 30°C) and used for sensory evaluation, chemical and microbial analysis. Results of chemical, and sensory analyses indicated that upid oxidation was not a problem in smoked beef. Samples dipped in solution containing ginger juice and BHT were noted better than others. Six per cent potassium sorbate did not offer adequate antimycotic activity. Samples dipped in solution without potassium sorbate were unacceptable by the fourth day of storage as these were covered by visible mouldy mass. of mycelia.
INFLUENCE OF GRADED LEVELS OF TOASTED BAMBARA GROUNDNUT MEAL ON RABBIT CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: JOSEPH J. K. , AWOSANYA B. , ADEOYE P. C. , ROKEKUNLE M.
Published: February 2021

The effect of feeding graded levels of toasted banban ground out meal on rabbit weaners was investigated. A total of fifty white rabbit weaners of 6 - 8 weeks with an average weight of 366,7 gwere fed the graded level of tested bambara nut meal at 0. 5, 15, 25 or 35% inclusion level in a complete randomized design experiment for a period of six week. The final live weight, daily feed intake were not influcticed (P>0.05) by the level of bambara nut meal in the diet. However, positive influence of the graded level of bambara nut meal was observed on the rabbit daily weight gain, feed efficiency dressed carcass, dressing percentage and ment: bone ratjo. Rabbits on the 25 and 15% bambara nut inclusion levels were found to have similar (P>0.05) daily weight gain and dressing percentage with the control ration. Rabbit on the 5% bambara nut level diet had the least feed efficiency (0.22) and meat: bone ratio (3.6), while the dressed weights of rabbit fed the diet containing 25% bambara nut meal had the highest dressed carcass weight (501.6g). Rabbits' carcass cut-up parts as well as internal organs (liver, heart, kidneys and lungs) were not influenced by the dietary levels of bambara nut meal. But the pelt weight, empty gut weight, lipid and moisture contents were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the levels of bambara nut meal in the diet.
TREATMENT EFFECT OF LEUCAENA LEAF MEAL ON THE CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF RABBITS.
Authors: AWOSANYA B. A . , AKINYODE M. A.
Published: February 2021

A total of forty five white rabbit weaners were fed for 8 weeks on a control diet and four other diets containing 20% Leucaena leucocephala leaves that have been subjected to sun drying, ensilage, heat treatment or soaking in water. The rabbits fed the diet containing ensilled leucaena leaves had the least feed intake, daily weight gain and in general performed worse than rabbits on any other diet in most of the parameters evaluated. The rabbits fed the heat treated leaf meal diet ranked next to those fed the control diet which performed best in most of the parameters evaluated. The rabbits fed the diet containing sun dried leaves experienced alopecia. In general, the results obtained indicate that heat treated leucaena leaves could serve as a dry season feed ingredient for rabbits in the tropics.
EFFECT OF AFLATOXIN B-CONTAMINATED FEED ON GOAT ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE CALCIUM ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN VITRO
Authors: EZEOKONKWO C. A.
Published: February 2021

Aflatoxin B1 (AFBI) 2, a food/feed contaminant in the tropics, stimulated the activity of gout erythrocyte membrane ion motive calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase). The stimulatory action was concentration-dependent, typical of a saturation kinetic effect. The degree of stimulation varied from 20% to more than 90% between the lowest (0.1 M) and highest (1000 M) contentrations. AFB1 induced changes in the apparent kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, of the erythrocyte membrane-bound enzyme. This could affect erythrocyte structure, and thus, the erythrocyte function in oxygen and delivery to the cells.
PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION OF BROILER STARTERS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW, BOILED OR DEHULLED PIGEONPEA SEEDS (Cajanus cajann)
Authors: AMAEFULE K. U. , OBIOHA F. C.
Published: February 2021

Two hundred and sixteen 7-day old brothers were used to compare three types of pigeon pea seed meal, namely raw, boiled and dehulled at two levels, 20 and 30% of the diet in a 3x2 factorially designed experiment lasting four weeks Measurements recorded included weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), nutrient retention and live weight of the broilers at the end of the fourth week. Better results were obtained when pigeon pea seed meal (PPSM) was included at 30% level than at 20% in all performance criteria. The interaction between processing method and level of inclusion was significant (P < 0.001) with dehulled PPSM included at 30% (D30) producing best results; while at 20%, dehulled PPSM was not superior to boiled PPSM. In all measurements, broilers fed boiled and dehulled PPSM performed significantly better (P<0.01) than those fed run seed meal. Results of this experiment indicated that broilers fed dehulled pigeon pea seed meal at 30% inclusion level produced best results.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF RAW AND UREA/TOASTED VELVET BEAN (Mucuna pruriens) FOR BROILER CHICKS
Authors: ESONU B. O.
Published: February 2021

Feeding trials lasting 28 days were conducted to investigate the nutritive value of raw and urea treated/toasted mucuna bean for broiler chicks. Raw mucuna bean contains 30.33& crude protein, 7.20% crude fibre, 6.9% ether extract and 5.0% ash. Mucuna bean seeds were divided into two batches. One batch was ground raw and the other batch was ground raw, treated with 3% of its weight of urea and toasted. Mucuna bean meals so produced were then used to formulate broiler chick diets incorporfating these meals at 5% and 10% respectively. One hundred and fifty (150), 7-day-old Anak broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) and each treatment group was further sub-divided into three replicates.

Feed intake of the birds was inconsistent with the treatments, increasing at 5% inclusion level and decreasing at 10% inclusion level (P<0.05). Body weight gain of the birds followed the same pattern as feed intake, decreasing at a higher dietary level of mucuna bean meal at all levels reduced cost of feed and meat production.

The results of this trial suggest that broiler chicks could not tolerate raw mucuna bean meal beyond 5% dietary level. Urea treatment at this level (3% of the weight of mucuna bean) and toasting did not improve the nutritive value of mucuna been beyond 5% dietary level.
APPARENT NITROGEN CORRECTED AND TRUE METABOLISABLE ENERGY OF PROCESSED THEVETIA OIL FOR BROILER FINISHER BIRDS
Authors: ADEYEMI O. A. , ATTEH J. O. , IBIYEMI S. A.
Published: February 2021

Sixty, finishing broilers aged 35 days were used to determine the Apparent, Nitrogen corrected and True metabolisable energy value of thevetia oil. The oil was subjected to heat treatment of 110oC for 25 minutes. Four experimental diets consisting of a basal diet  and three other diets in which thevetia oil was substituted for 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% of the basal diet. The experiment lasted for 10 days, made up of a 7-day adjustment period and a 3-day total collection period. Protein and fibre retention were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by dietary thevetia oil level. Three regression equations were derived for estimating the metabolisable energy value of thevetia oil viz: y = 2990 + 61.9x (AME), y = 3076 + 59.8x (TME) and y = 2848 + 57.2x (AMEn). The Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of thevetia oil was determined to be 9180 kcal/kg and 9056 kcal/kg respectively.
EFFECTS OF Albizia saman PODS SUPPLEMENTATION ON FEED INTAKE AND LIVE WEIGHT CHANGES OF WHITE FULANI CALVES
Authors: ADEBIYI B. A. , ADENEYE J. A.
Published: February 2021

Nine weaned White Fulani Calves aged between 3 - 13 months, weighing between 28 - 71kg werte fed on ratios consisting of basal Guinea grass hay and 0, 15, 30% Albizia saman replacement for cassava waste in a concentrate ration and each period lasting 28 days feed intake and live weight changes of White Fulani Calves were determined. The DM intake increased with increased level of Albizia saman in the ration, the highest liveweight changes was recorded when the animals were fed 30% Albizia saman whole pod. The result showed that Albizia saman whole pod promotes intake and live weight changes of White Fulani calves, thus can be fed without any adverse effect on calves.
EGG PRODUCTION CURVE OF RHODE ISLAND RED CHICKENS
Authors: ONI O. O. , DIM N. I. , ABUBAKAR B. Y. , ASIRIBO O. E.
Published: February 2021

Data on the monthly egg production of a strain of Rhode Island chickens (500 breeder hens) were used to test the goodness of fit of six mathematical models, viz; Exponential, Parabolic exponential, Wood's Gamma type and modified Gamma type by McNally, Inverse polynomial and Linear regression. Egg production was summarized for each hen into 28-d periods, starting from the day of firts egg. The hens were classified into different production cycle length based on the number of 28-d periods. The models were fitted to the mean results obtained for periods within groups of hens. The effect of cycle length on goodness of fit was also examined separately for the 'best' three models with highest R2 values. The egg production cycle (i.e. number of 28-d periods) varied from 9 to 15 periods. Similarly, the coefficients of determination (R2) varied from 0.16 to 0.95 from fitting the models to mean egg production data for groups of hens. The results suggest that thye 'best' three models that were chosen fitted 52 week laying records quite well, judging from their respective R2, which were higherf for McNally (0.95) and Parabolic exponential (0.93) than for wood (0.75). Based on the goodness of fit to 52-week production record, the McNally model gave the best results. However, its suitability in predicting full year production from part year record needs to be further investigated.
PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF EGG PRODUCTION MODELS
Authors: ONI O. O. , ABUBAKAR B. Y. , DIM N. I. , ASIRIBO O. E. , ADEYINKA I. A.
Published: February 2021

The monthly egg production data of a strain of Rhode Island chickens were used to compare three mathematical models (the Parabolic exponential, Wood's Gamma and modified Gamma by McNally) on their ability to predict 52 week total egg production from part-production at 16, 20, and 24 weeks, on a hen-housed basis. The results suggest that the three models fitted 52 week laying records quite well, judging from their respective R values, which were higher for McNally (0.95) and Parabolic exponential (0.93) than for Wood (0.75). however, their ability to predict 52 week egg production from part-records of 16, 20 24 wks varied. The prediction of total production based on fit to 24 week of data was more accurate for the McNally. The latter consistently predicted less than the actual 52 week (-1.13% deviation), but the other 2 models tended to over estimate production (i.e. 12.26 and 13% deviations for Parabolic exponential andf Wood models, respectively). It was concluded that based on the goodness of fit to 52 week production record and accuracy to predict full record egg productioon from part record, the McNally model gave the best results, and could therfefore be said to have theoretical advantages over the other models. It may thus be found useful in decision making concerening replacemet of layer flocks.
FORTIFICATION OF CASSAVA PEEL MEALS IN BALANCED DIETS FOR RABBITS
Authors: AGUNBIADE J. A. , ADEYEMI A. O. , FASINA O. E. , BAGBE S. A.
Published: February 2021

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted with twenty-four individually caged growing rabbits weighing initially 300--380g. Six experimental diets were formulated such that diet 1 was a maize-soyabean based control while in diets 2,3,4, 5 and 6, cassava peel meal totally replaced maize. There was also a stepwise reduction in the quantity of soyabean meal utilised in diets 3, 4 and S while the quantity of palm kernel cake was increased. Diet 6 was an extruded version of diet 4. The diets were fortified with palm oil for energy and soyabean and palm kernel cake for protein. Each diet was fed to four replicates of rabbits consisting of one rabbit per replicate and water was supplied ad ibitum. Feed intake, weight-gain and feed cost/unit weight-gain were significantly affected by dietary treatments (P<0.05) while treatments had no effect on water intake and Feed: Gain ratio (P>0.05). The feed cost was reduced to N13.8/kg in diet 5 compared with N17.8 in the control diet. 'The extrusion process was not efficient in all indices of measurement as rabbits on the diet showed poor performance. A major finding of the study is that up to 50% of the protein supplied by soyabean meal when fed in conjunction with cassava peel meal can be replaced with palm kernel cake without adverse effects. It is recommended that future studies look into alternatives to palm oil as energy booster in diets containing cassava peel meal so as to further improve the economy of feed utilization.
DRY MATTER DEGRADATION CHA RACTERISTICS OF RICE STOVER WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF Ficus capensis OR Alchornea cordifolia IN RUMEN FISTULATED SHEEP, GOATS OR CATTLE
Authors: AKINLADE J. , OLANITE J. A. , BAMIKOLE M. A.
Published: February 2021

Rumen  dry  matter  degradation characteristics (soluble fraction, degradable fraction, rate of degradation and effective degradability) of leaves of two browse species (Alchornea cordifolia, Ficus capensis) and rice stover and their varying proportions (10, 20 or 30% of each browse: crop residue mixture) were evaluated in rumen fistulated West African Dwarf sheep and goats and Bunaji cattle. The forages differed (P<0.05) in soluble fraction (a) rate of degradation (c) and effective degradability (ED) but did not differ in the degradable fraction (b). Rice stover bad the highest rate of degradation and F. capensis the least. Effective degradability (ED) was highest in cattle followed by sheep and goats with a high degree of correlation among them. The inclusion of the different proportions of browse in the mixtures show some significance in a, b and ED (P<0.05). Mixture had a depressive effect on the soluble fraction of the feeds in rice stover: A. cordifolia mixtures. Degradable fraction differed mainly in F. capensis mixtures. The rate of degradation was affected mainly in sheep and cattle among the feeds in rice stover: F. capensis mixtures. The different mixtures influenced effective degradability. As with the sole feeds, ED was highest in cattle, followed by sheep and goats.
THE EFFECT OF COOKING METHODS ON YIELD AND ACCEPTABILITY OF BATTERED SPENT FOWLS
Authors: AWOSANYA B. , FASEYI O. O.
Published: February 2021

Sixteen culled layer fowls were slaughtered, dressed and dismembered into parts after a four week period of frozen storage. The breast, thigh and drumsticks were subjected to either of the following prefrying treatments: Microwave, steaming and pressurizing. The treated and the control chicken parts were battered and dusted with baking flour before they were deep fat fried for 14 minutes. The breast portions steamed and pressurized gave the highest cooked yield and least cooking loss while microwave precooked parts had the least final product yield as well as the highest cooking loss. The shear force values were least for pressurized and steamed samples and highest for the control and microwave samples. The sensory scores for juiciness and tenderness were best for steamed samples followed by pressurized parts.
PREVALENCE AND SEASONALITY OF COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS IN SOKOTO GUDALI CATTLE AT A BEEF RESEARCH STATION IN THE SUDAN ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF NIGERIA
Authors: ALAWA C. B. I. , MOHAMMED A. K. , ONI O. O. , ADEYJNKA I. A. , LAMIDI O. S. , ADAMU A. M.
Published: February 2021

The prevalence and seasonality of animal health problems encountered in Sokoto Gudali cattle over a 10 year period (1988-1998) is reported. Out of a total of 304 cases observed, Streptothricosis accounted for (15.1%), Gastroenteritis, 37 (14.5%), Pinkeye 14 (13.5%), Helminthosis 37 (12.2%) traumatic injury 37 (12.2%) Recumbeney 21 (6.9%), Retained placenta 14 (4.6%) Footrot 8 (2.6%) and Abscesses 7 (2.3%). Notable among the conditions that showed remarkable seasonality in prevalence are streptothricosis, footrot, pinkeye, heartwater, helminthosis and trpanosomosis which occurred during the rainy season, while cases of gastroenteritis, foot and mouth disease, pneumonia, abscesses and recumbency occurred during the dry season. This study gives an indication of some of the common animal health problems usually encountered under a semi-intensive cattle production system and the need for effective animal health care.
Nutrient intake, digestibility and growth rate of rabbits fed varying levels of cassava leaf meal
Authors: Adegbola T. A. , Okonkwo J. C.
Published: February 2021

Forty young rabbits were fed on five diets varying in cassava leaf meal (CLM) levels from 0% to 60%. Dry matter and nutrient intake and digestibility, weight gain and economics of CLM inclusion were determined. The DMI (g/d) ranged from 44.24 (60% CLM) to 66.85 (15% CLM); daily live weight gain (LWG, g/d) from 8.43 (60% CLM) to 21.36 (15% CLM); feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 3.13 (15% CLM) 10 5.27 (45% CLM). Differences between treatments in these production criteria were significant (P<0.01). Water consumption (l/kg) increased with inc levels of CLM inclusion (P<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and other nutrients decreased with increasing level of CLM inclusion (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that diet 1 (0% CLM) was the least economical. Feed cost (N/kg gain) was similar for diets 2 to 5 (P>0.05). It may be concluded that CLM included at between 15 to 30% of the diet is adequate for growing rabbits.
Antimicrobial drug usage for poultry production within a local government area in Ogun State
Authors: Oyekunle M. A. , Owonikoko M. O.
Published: February 2021

A survey was carried out to determine the use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in the poultry industry within Ijebu North Local Government, Ogun State. A questionnaire to adequately cover all relevant information needed for the study was designed, and depending on the literary level of the respondents an interview schedule or structured method was used. Information was collected on socio-economic characteristics of the farm, type of antimicrobial drug used, regime and purpose of antimicrobial drug administration and the effects. The results revealed large-scale misuse of antimicrobial drugs by poultry farmers in the local government. It is suggested that the only solution to the problem at present is to rear healthy birds so that fewer diseases would be experienced so as to reduce the use of antimicrobial drugs.
Reproductive indices and performance of captive reared grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck)
Authors: Onadeko S. A. , Amubode F. O.
Published: February 2021

Two male and 8 female grasscutters were severally observed and paired to characterize certain indices of reproduction as important requirements for successful propagation of the animal in captivity. Observations on some of the reproductive indices are reported. Grasscutter possesses some specialized stages of courtship and coitus that were not readily available for observation. Females openly showed no receptivity to all courtship moves by male. 71% of the mating exercises were however successful, resulting in 36 youngs from 9 litters, comprising 20 females and 16 males. Mean gestation length was 163.11 + 1.58 days (Range 152-170 days). Litter size ranged from 2 to 7 (X -4.00 + 0.52, n=9). Baby grasscutters were born with eyes opened, body fully haired and teeth well developed and capable of inflicting painful bites. Mean birth weight of litters was 117.70 + 34.08g. Male birth weighis were generally heavier (X = 118.10 +27.70g) than females (x= 100.90 + 27.50g). Litter size and weight at birth were negatively correlated (r = . 0.42) and not significant (P> 0.05). Breeding occurred in January, March, April, June, July, November and December. About 67% of the parturition occurred at night. Breeding success among other things affirmed the feasibility of commercial rearing of the grasscutter to supplement the prevailing inadequate animal protein supply in the country.
Evaluation of different combinations of palm kernel cake - and cotton seed cake - based diets on the performance of West African Dwarf goats
Authors: Aina A. B. J. , Yusuf A. O. , Sogbade L. A. , Sowande O. S.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was carried out using 15 West African Dwarf goats (8 - 10kg body weight) to investigate the comparative performance of the animals when different combinations of palm kernel cake and cotton seed cake were contained in their diets. Results indicated that 40% palm kernel cake (zero cotton seed cake) in the diets significantly induced better feed utilization for gain (100g/d) and feed conversion ratio (3.70), least total dry matter intake (4.8% body weight) and leasi water consumption (40ml/ ww. kg; P>0.05) than other combinations. The least crude protein (15.5%) and the highest metabolizable energy (8.37 MJ/kg) diet (40% PKC) provoked the fastest growth rate (100g/d) in the animals. Concentrate intake was higher in all the treatments than grass intake. The blood glucose, total blood protein, blood urea nitrogen and cost per kg body weight (18.3, 13.3, 31.Omg/dl and N33.8 (0.4 US dollar), respectively) were significantly lower in goats fed sole palm kernel cake based diets than those fed combinations of palm kernel cake and cottonseed cake. It is concluded that palm kernel cake alone (without any combination with cottonseed cake) is adequate as protein source in compounding protein supplements for West African Dwarf goats for profitable performance.
Prevalence of selected viral infections in various age groups of village chickens in Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: El-Yuguda A. D. , Baba S. S.
Published: February 2021

A preliminary survey for antibodies against some selected viruses in village chickens of various age groups was carried out in Borno State, Nigeria. Three hundred and twenty samples consisting of 160 sera from adult chickens, 60 sera from chicks and 100 yolk samples from embryonated en eggs were tested against Newcastle disease (ND), influenza (FLU) A and B viruses, and egg drop syndrome (EDS) - 76 viruses using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test; and infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus using the agar gel diffusion test (AGDT). Eighty-five percent of the samples tested positive to one or more viruses, with IBD having the highest percentage prevalence (45.7%) followed by FLU A (26.5%), ND (22.4%), EDS-76 (19.3%) and FLU B (0%). The percentage of mixed infectious among different age groups was highest among chicks. The importance of village chickens in the spread and maintenance of viral diseases of poultry are discussed from an epidemiological point of view.
A review of serological tests used in the diagnosis of Brucellosis: Usefulness and limitations
Authors: Bale J. O. O.
Published: February 2021

Brucellosis is of serious economic importance in livestock and in humans. There are batteries of serological tests developed and in use for the diagnosis of brucellosis in human and livestock. Brief history, merits and demerits of some of these test are enumerated in this review. The purpose of the review is to bring together in one place different brucella tests from monographs, text books, occasional and conference papers and scientific journals to serve as a quick reference point for students and researchers.
Nutritional qualities of corn cob and waste paper incubated with edible mushroom
Authors: Belewu M.A.
Published: February 2021

Studies were conducted to evaluate corn cob and waste paper cultured with edible mushroom (Pleurotus sajor) as a means of improving their nutritive value for livestock animals. Waste paper and corn cob were 14.2 and 47.7% DM respectively. Crude fibre degradation was 25.0% for corn cob and 7.21% for waste paper which was intermediate to 34.0 and 10.30% of the untreated samples. Digestibility of the fungus treated paper and corn cob were assessed using 24 Wistar Albino rats. Dry matter digestibility of the paper and the corn cob were improved by incubating with the mushroom with an increase of 30 and 40% waste paper and corn cob respectively. The crude protein digestibility and crude fibre digestibility were improved by incubation with mushroom compared with untreated samples. It was concluded that such biodegradation and the concurrent 30.2 and 27.8 percentage unit increases in crude protein digestibility of corn cob and waste paper may in fact improve the nutritive value for livestock with no detriment to the health (organ and blood) of the animals.
Producer response to retail egg price in Ogun State Nigeria: implications for increased egg production
Authors: Afolami C. A , Oladimeji O.
Published: February 2021

Much has been said about farmers’ responsiveness to price incentive with the inference that increasing producer price would be an effective incentive for increasing production. Against the backdrop that the nation’s animal protein consumption is 5 grams / caput / day which is a far cry from the recommended level of 35 grams / caput / day of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), this paper examined producer response to retail egg price which has been rising geometrically. This is to check whether there is price incentive for increased egg production to meet the nation’s animal protein need through increased egg production.

The study location is AdoOdo/ Ota LGA in Ogun State, an area with many commercial poultry farms. The exact study locations were Obasanjo, Oginni, Okegbenro, Kanmi and Evergreen farms, where the egg prices of five producers, five wholesalers and five retailers were collected weekly for a period of eight months and the average retail egg price. From the model, the producer average egg price elasticity with respect to the average retail egg price was estimated. Results showed that the only 33 per cent of the increase in retail egg price is passed to consumers. Producers are thus likely to run into financial difficulties in expanding their output particularly in the post SAP period when the costs of inputs for the poultry production have increased tremendously.

An attractive and adequate credit scheme with good moratorium period and concessionary interest rate than hither to available is suggested. In addition an overhaul of the marketing strategy to favour the producers is necessary.
Quantification of the Ovarian follicles of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Smith O. F
Published: February 2021

Ovarian samples were collected either through ovariectomy or slaughtering of Phillipine water buffaloes at the Phillipine Carabao Research and development Centre (now Phillipine Carabao Centre), Central Luzon State University, Philippines. From the young buffalo (6-7months, 2 pairs of ovaries); pubertal (2 year; n=1 pair); adults (7-8 year; n=3 Pairs) and old (12-14 years; n=3 pairs) were used for the study. The ovaries were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in the paraffin wax and were serially sectioned at 10 microns. The sectioned ovaries were then stained with periodic acid/schiff's-Hematoxylin (PAS-H). Ovarian follicles of the following categories (primary, growing, secondary, tertiary, and atretic) were quantified in the  young, puberial, adults and old water buffaloes. In the young and pubertal buffaloes, the average follicular population of 75,604 and 85, 358 primary follicles were counted, respectively. The number of primary follicles decreased as age of the animal increased, meaning the follicles are either ovulated or became atretic during the course of the estrous cycle. The growing follicles were highest in the pubertal animals with an average follicle of 7, 317 which is 8. 75 percent of the primordial follicles. The young and adult buffaloes had an average count of 71 and 18 growing follicles respectively. The tremendous increase in the number of the growing follicles during the pubertal stage may indicate that follicle are continually being recruited and they grow from stage to stage and end life by becoming atritic or ovulated. The number of secondary follicles found in the pubertal revealed that there was a transition of the growing follicles to the secondary stage. Further decline in the number of tertiary follicles occurred, while the average number for the tertiary follicles in the young, adult and old were 3, 9, 7, respectively which is quite low. Data showed that there was a high incidence of atresia occurring in the ovarian follicles of buffaloes ranging from 127 in the young to 142 in the pubertal.