bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance prediction of InP/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistors for THz applications
Authors: Wen Xin , Arabhavi Akshay , Quan Wei , Ostinelli Olivier , Mukherjee Chhandak , Deng Marina , Frégonèse Sébastien , Zimmer Thomas , Maneux Cristell , Bolognesi Colombo R. , Luisier Mathieu
Published: July 2021

The intrinsic performance of “type-II” InP/GaAsSb double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) toward and beyond THz is predicted and analyzed based on a multi-scale technology computer aided design modeling platform calibrated against experimental measurements. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations are combined with 1D full-band, atomistic quantum transport calculations to shed light on future DHBT generations whose dimensions are decreased step-by-step, starting from the current device configuration. Simulations predict that a peak transit frequency fT,peak of around 1.6 THz could be reached in aggressively scaled type-II DHBTs with a total thickness of 256 nm and an emitter width WE of 37.5 nm. The corresponding breakdown voltage BVCEO is estimated to be 2.2 V. The investigations are put in perspective with two DHBT performance limiting factors, self-heating, and breakdown characteristics.
Scaling up electronic structure calculations on quantum computers: The frozen natural orbital based method of increments
Authors: Verma Prakash , Huntington Lee , Coons Marc P. , Kawashima Yukio , Yamazaki Takeshi , Zaribafiyan Arman
Published: July 2021

The method of increments and frozen natural orbital (MI-FNO) framework is introduced to help expedite the application of noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices for quantum chemistry simulations. The MI-FNO framework provides a systematic reduction of the occupied and virtual orbital spaces for quantum chemistry simulations. The correlation energies of the resulting increments from the MI-FNO reduction can then be solved by various algorithms, including quantum algorithms such as the phase estimation algorithm and the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). The unitary coupled-cluster singles and doubles VQE framework is used to obtain correlation energies for the case of small molecules (i.e., BeH2, CH4, NH3, H2O, and HF) using the cc-pVDZ basis set. The quantum resource requirements are estimated for a constrained geometry complex catalyst that is utilized in industrial settings for the polymerization of α-olefins. We show that the MI-FNO approach provides a significant reduction in the quantum bit (qubit) requirements relative to the full system simulations. We propose that the MI-FNO framework can create scalable examples of quantum chemistry problems that are appropriate for assessing the progress of NISQ devices.
Spectra and nature of the electronic states of [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT): Single crystal and the aggregates
Authors: Deperasińska Irena , Banasiewicz Marzena , Gawryś Paweł , Morawski Olaf , Olas Joanna , Kozankiewicz Boleslaw
Published: July 2021

Absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra of single crystals of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) and BTBT dispersed in frozen n-nonane, n-hexadecane, and dichloromethane matrices were studied at 5 K. Observation of a new absorption band and related changes in the fluorescence to phosphorescence intensity ratio, when the concentration of BTBT in the matrix increased above 10−4M, indicated the presence of BTBT aggregates. Quantum-chemistry calculations performed for the simplest aggregate, isolated dimer, showed that its structure is similar to the “herringbone” element in the BTBT crystal unit cell and the lowest electronic excited singlet state of the dimer has the intermolecular charge-transfer character. A qualitatively different nature of this state in dimers and in crystals, when compared with the situation in BTBT monomer [locally excited (LE) state], is associated with a decrease in the intersystem crossing yield. The structured vibronic structure of phosphorescence spectra in the studied systems indicated LE character of the triplet states.
Responses to controlled release potassium fertilisers in agriculture following phosphate mining
Authors: Ruthrof Katinka X. , Steel Emma , Yates Ron , Skinner Peter , Ballard Neil , De Prato Luca , Calmy Hervé , Misra Sunil , McComb Jen , O’Hara Graham , Hardy Giles E. St J. , Howieson John
Published: July 2021

The transition from mining to agriculture is hampered by a range of abiotic challenges to crop growth, including nutritional issues and heavy metal stress. Building on our previous work showing that potassium (K) limits legume growth in post-phosphate mining substrates on tropical Christmas Island, Australia, we undertook two field trials. The first compared the efficacy of controlled release K fertilisers (CRFs: KCl 2-month release, K2SO4 3-month and K2SO4 9-month) with immediately available potassium sulfate (K2SO4) fertiliser, on the legume Lablab purpureus. The second trial tested responses of L. purpureus to different rates of K2SO4 9-month CRF, and a combination treatment (CRF and K2SO4). Both trials were undertaken to determine how CRFs compare with immediately available K2SO4 in terms of increasing biomass, reducing cadmium (Cd) concentrations, maximising plant K concentrations and maintaining K soil retention. The first trial revealed that K2SO4 3-month and 9-month CRFs were similar to the 160 kg/ha K2SO4 treatment in significantly increasing L. purpureus biomass. Plant Cd and other heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower as plant biomass increased with increasing K, including with CRFs. The second trial showed no difference between various rates of K2SO4 9-month CRF and immediately available 160 kg/ha K2SO4 to increase biomass, reduce Cd or increase K concentrations. We have shown that although post-phosphate mining substrates can limit legume growth, high biomass can be attained with some CRFs, or K2SO4 at 160 kg/ha. Optimising nutrient input in post-mining agriculture is critical for developing safe, sustainable crops.
MK2 degradation as a sensor of signal intensity that controls stress-induced cell fate
Authors: Gutierrez-Prat Nuria , Cubillos-Rojas Monica , Cánovas Begoña , Kuzmanic Antonija , Gupta Jalaj , Igea Ana , Llonch Elisabet , Gaestel Matthias , Nebreda Angel R.
Published: July 2021

Significance

In response to stress, cells can activate several mechanisms that support functionality and survival. However, strong or persistent stresses usually trigger a deleterious answer that leads to cell death. The protein kinases p38α and MK2 are implicated in a stress-signaling pathway. Here, we characterize a molecular mechanism that helps to translate the stress-induced activation of the p38α–MK2 pathway into appropriate biological responses. We show that MK2-expression levels are regulated by the stress intensity and that degradation of MK2 triggered by ubiquitination is linked to cell death. This mechanism will be valuable to better understand the implication of this signaling pathway in pathologies such as inflammatory diseases and cancer.
Sorting of cadherin–catenin-associated proteins into individual clusters
Authors: Troyanovsky Regina B. , Sergeeva Alina P. , Indra Indrajyoti , Chen Chi-Shuo , Kato Rei , Shapiro Lawrence , Honig Barry , Troyanovsky Sergey M.
Published: July 2021

Significance

Cadherin–catenin complexes (CCCs) are a central component of adherens junctions. To produce an adhesive cell–cell contact, the CCC forms clusters, “E clusters,” driven by cooperative
cis
and
trans
interactions in the cadherin ectodomain and by α-catenin–actin interactions inside cells. We analyze whether E clustering is compatible with CCC-associated proteins (CAPs) and show that space constraints preclude the integration of many CAPs into E clusters. Using natural (scribble and erbin) and “artificial” (cadherin ectodomain antibodies) CAPs, we provide evidence that CAPs form separate “C clusters,” which are unable to intermix with E clusters. Our results thus suggest that CAP-dependent CCC clustering serves as a mechanism for sorting cellular proteins into distinct domains within cell–cell contacts.
On translating Emily Brontë’s style in Wuthering Heights into Arabic
Authors: Muhaidat Fatima
Published: July 2021

Translating Emily Brontë’s (1818–1848) Wuthering Heights (1847) into Arabic is a complex and
multifaceted task. This paper explores the challenges involved in this task by discussing distinctive features of Brontë’s style
and their counterparts in Mamdouh Haqqi’s Arabic translation of the novel. Stylistic features under focus include lexis,
figurative language, and structure. As for Brontë’s lexis, it intricately knits elements like characters, setting, and themes. To
take their readers to the unpredictable world of Wuthering Heights, translators try to find Arabic equivalents
suggesting the associations and connotations of the Source Text (ST) style. Among the obstacles translators need to overcome are
lexical gaps, as some lexicalized thoughts and experiences in English have no lexicalized equivalents in Arabic. Resorting to
paraphrases may result in sacrificing the compactness of the source text (ST) and losing some shades of meaning. Further
complications result from dealing with figurative language. Conveying Brontë’s imagery, personifications, and references to
abstract notions in terms of material objects requires thoughtful consideration. Furthermore, the structure of Brontë’s language
significantly expresses characters’ attitudes and other subtle traits. Less vivacious translations are expected when the function
of expressions in the ST eludes translators’ attention. Throughout the discussion, suggestions are made to provide readers of the
text in Arabic with better access to the ST. At the same time, the researcher acclaims Haqqi’s translation which reflects a
considerable effort to make a landmark of English/world literature accessible to Arab readers.
Collaborative construction of turn constructional units in responsive positions of question-answer sequences in Mandarin conversation
Authors: Song Zixuan , Vukadinovich Stefana
Published: July 2021

This paper explores the features and interactional functions of collaboratively constructed TCUs (CCTs) in responsive positions of question-answer sequences in Mandarin daily conversations. Adopting the methodologies of Conversation Analysis, Interactional Linguistics and Multimodal Analysis, the study explores the sequential features of the CCTs and bodily-visual resources co-occurring with the CCTs, such as gaze orientations and gestures. Two categories have been identified based on the participants’ roles in the question-answer sequences. First, the answerer initiates the response to the question, and the questioner collaboratively completes the response. The analysis shows that the questioners are not conveying the action of answering the question but assuming the answer to the question. Second, one answerer initiates the response to the question, and another one collaboratively completes the response. The data demonstrates that this type of CCTs usually involves the two question-recipients with more or less equal epistemic access to the referent.
Recursion theory and the ‘death tax’
Authors: Carson Andrea , Gibbons Andrew , Phillips Justin B.
Published: July 2021

Since the 2016 US federal election, political actors have weaponized online fake news as a means of gaining
electoral advantage (Egelhofer and Lecheler 2019). To advance understandings of the actors and methods involved in perpetuating fake news,
this article focuses on an Australian story that circulated on and offline through different discourses during the 2019 federal election.
We use content analyses of 100,000 media articles and eight million Facebook posts to trace false claims that the centre-left Labor party
would introduce an inheritance tax dubbed a ‘death tax’ if it won office. To understand this evolution of ‘death tax’ discourse on and
offline – and its weaponization by various actors – we draw from existing theorems of agenda setting, backfire effects, and propose our
own recursion theory.
‘Fake news’ discourses
Authors: Dehghan Ehsan , Glazunova Sofya
Published: July 2021

This article explores the strategic use of ‘fake news’ discourses in non-democratic contexts using a mixed-methods
approach grounded in social network analysis and discourse theory. In contexts such as Russia and Iran, where the opposition
generally does not have unrestricted access to the political public sphere, social media platforms serve to influence discourses.
Given the prevalence of fake news discourses, previous studies have already focused extensively on the political elite and their
use of this discourse within Western or Anglo-American contexts, and on the typologies of ‘fake news’. Our findings address this
research gap and suggest that ordinary users in non-Western and non-democratic settings do not differentiate between ‘fake news’
types. Rather, they employ the discourse as a means to strategically delegitimise and discredit their opponents.
Promoting adaptive bone formation to prevent stress fractures in military personnel
Authors: Hughes Julie M. , O'Leary Thomas J. , Koltun Kristen J. , Greeves Julie P.
Published: July 2021

Mechanical loading leads to adaptive bone formation – the formation of new bone on existing skeletal surfaces – which increases bone strength and fatigue resistance. The same mechanical loading can also cause microdamage to bone and development of a stress fracture through targeted remodelling. Stress fractures are common in military recruits and cause significant morbidity, lost training time, and discharge from military service. This narrative review proposes strategies to promote adaptive bone formation as a novel approach to mitigate the risk of stress fracture injuries during arduous military training. Exercise that is unaccustomed, dynamic, high‐impact, multidirectional, intermittent, and includes extended rest periods to restore bone mechanosensitivity, is most osteogenic. New bone formation can take up to one year to mineralize, and so new exercise training programmes should be initiated well in advance of military activities with high risk of stress fracture. Bone mechanosensitivity is highest in adolescence, before puberty, and so increasing physical activity in youth is likely to protect skeletal health in later life, including for those in the military. Recent data show that adaptive bone formation takes place during initial military training. Adaptive bone formation can also be supported with adequate sleep, vitamin D, calcium, and energy availability. Further evidence on how strategies to promote adaptive bone formation affect stress fracture risk are required. Adaptive bone formation can be optimized with a range of training and nutritional strategies to help create a resilient skeleton, which may protect against stress fracture throughout military service.
Genetic models of latent tuberculosis in mice reveal differential influence of adaptive immunity
Authors: Su Hongwei , Lin Kan , Tiwari Divya , Healy Claire , Trujillo Carolina , Liu Yao , Ioerger Thomas R. , Schnappinger Dirk , Ehrt Sabine
Published: July 2021

Studying latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been limited by the lack of a suitable mouse model. We discovered that transient depletion of biotin protein ligase (BPL) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxB2) results in latent infections during which Mtb cannot be detected but that relapse in a subset of mice. The immune requirements for Mtb control during latency, and the frequency of relapse, were strikingly different depending on how latency was established. TrxB2 depletion resulted in a latent infection that required adaptive immunity for control and reactivated with high frequency, whereas latent infection after BPL depletion was independent of adaptive immunity and rarely reactivated. We identified immune signatures of T cells indicative of relapse and demonstrated that BCG vaccination failed to protect mice from TB relapse. These reproducible genetic latency models allow investigation of the host immunological determinants that control the latent state and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic strategies in settings that mimic aspects of latency and TB relapse in humans.
Rule 54: exactly solvable model of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics
Authors: Buča Berislav , Klobas Katja , Prosen Tomaž
Published: July 2021

We review recent results on an exactly solvable model of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, specifically the classical rule 54 reversible cellular automaton and some of its quantum extensions. We discuss the exact microscopic description of nonequilibrium dynamics as well as the equilibrium and nonequilibrium stationary states. This allows us to obtain a rigorous handle on the corresponding emergent hydrodynamic description, which is treated as well. Specifically, we focus on two different paradigms of rule 54 dynamics. Firstly, we consider a finite chain driven by stochastic boundaries, where we provide exact matrix product descriptions of the nonequilibrium steady state, most relevant decay modes, as well as the eigenvector of the tilted Markov chain yielding exact large deviations for a broad class of local and extensive observables. Secondly, we treat the explicit dynamics of macro-states on an infinite lattice and discuss exact closed form results for dynamical structure factor, multi-time-correlation functions and inhomogeneous quenches. Remarkably, these results prove that the model, despite its simplicity, behaves like a regular fluid with coexistence of ballistic (sound) and diffusive (heat) transport. Finally, we briefly discuss quantum interpretation of rule 54 dynamics and explicit results on dynamical spreading of local operators and operator entanglement.
Linking global land surface temperature projections to radiative effects of hydrometeors under a global warming scenario
Authors: Li J-L F , Xu Kuan-Man , Lee Wei-Liang , Jiang J H , Fetzer Eric , Yu Jia-Yuh , Wang Yi-Hui , Stephens Graeme , Wang Li-Chaio
Published: July 2021

Land skin temperature (Ts) is directly influenced by surface energy balance, in particular, radiative energy, which can be linked to model’s representation of radiative effects of hydrometeors in the atmosphere. This link is inferred by examining the changes of geographical distribution and seasonal cycle of surface radiation, surface turbulent fluxes and Ts between a pair of 140 years sensitivity experiments under 1% per year increase of atmospheric CO2. One is with radiative effects of falling ice (snow) hydrometeors on (SON) and the other off (NOS) using CESM1-CAM5 and the results are compared with CMIP5 models without these effects. For boreal winter, NOS relative to SON simulates less surface downward longwave and net flux (∼10–15 W m−2), resulting in colder Ts (∼2–3 K colder), over mid- and high latitudes, but more solar radiative flux, resulting in warmer Ts (∼1–3 K), over subtropical and tropical land. These differences between NOS and SON are amplified as the surface and the atmosphere become warmer. The results from CMIP5 ensemble generally match with those of NOS. Temporal correlation analysis indicates that the linkage between Ts and falling ice hydrometeor changes is through one between Ts and downward longwave and net fluxes at high latitudes, but strongly weakened by shortwave changes at low latitudes (and boreal summer). Relative to SON, land skin temperatures in NOS and CMIP5 are underestimated throughout the seasonal cycle but only slightly in summer.
Fractional partitions and conjectures of Chern–Fu–Tang and Heim–Neuhauser
Authors: Bringmann Kathrin , Kane Ben , Rolen Larry , Tripp Zack
Published: July 2021

Many papers have studied inequalities for partition functions. Recently, a number of papers have considered mixtures between additive and multiplicative behavior in such inequalities. In particular, Chern–Fu–Tang and Heim–Neuhauser gave conjectures on inequalities for coefficients of powers of the generating partition function. These conjectures were posed in the context of colored partitions and the Nekrasov–Okounkov formula. Here, we study the precise size of differences of products of two such coefficients. This allows us to prove the Chern–Fu–Tang conjecture and to show the Heim–Neuhauser conjecture in a certain range. The explicit error terms provided will also be useful in the future study of partition inequalities. These are laid out in a user-friendly way for the researcher in combinatorics interested in such analytic questions.
Autologous Lipofilling Improves Clinical Outcome in Patients With Symptomatic Dermal Scars Through Induction of a Pro-Regenerative Immune Response
Authors: Spiekman Maroesjka , Francia Delia L , Mossel Dieuwertje M , Brouwer Linda A , Diercks Gilles F H , Vermeulen Karin M , Folkertsma Mark , Ghods Mojtaba , Kzhyshkowska Julia , Klüter Harald , Krenning Guido , van der Lei Berend , Harmsen Martin C
Published: July 2021

Background

Autologous lipofilling is an emerging procedure to treat and possibly reverse dermal scars and to reduce scar-related pain, but its efficacy and mechanisms are poorly understood.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that repeated lipografts reverse dermal scars by reinitiation of wound healing.

Methods

In a prospective, non-placebo-controlled clinical study, 27 adult patients with symptomatic scars were given 2 lipofilling treatments at 3-month intervals. As primary outcome, clinical effects were measured with the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Scar biopsies were taken before and after treatments to assess scar remodeling at a cellular level.

Results

Twenty patients completed the study. Patients’ scars improved after lipofilling. The total POSAS scores (combined patient and observer scores) decreased from 73.2  [14.7] points (mean [standard deviation]) pretreatment to 46.1 [14.0] and 32.3 [13.2] points after the first and second lipofilling treatment, respectively. Patient POSAS scores decreased from 37.3 [8.8] points to 27.2 [11.3] and 21.1 [11.4] points, whereas observer POSAS scores decreased from 35.9 [9.5] points to 18.9 [6.0] and 11.3 [4.5] points after the first and second treatment, respectively. After each lipofilling treatment, T lymphocytes, mast cells, and M2 macrophages had invaded scar tissue and were associated with increased vascularization. In addition, the scar-associated epidermis showed an increase in epidermal cell proliferation to levels similar to that normal in skin. Moreover, lipofilling treatment caused normalization of the extracellular matrix organization towards that of normal skin.

Conclusions

Autologous lipofilling improves the clinical outcome of dermal scars through the induction of a pro-regenerative immune response, increased vascularization, and epidermal proliferation and remodeling of scar tissue extracellular matrix.

Level of Evidence: 4
Patterns of morphological differentiation withinManacus manacus(Aves: Pipridae) in Colombia: revisiting hypotheses of isolation and secondary contact
Authors: Morales Christian C , Gómez Juan P , Parra Juan L
Published: July 2021

Determining the factors responsible for phenotypic variation within species is a fundamental task in evolutionary ecology. Isolation by distance, isolation by environment and clines along secondary contact zones between formerly isolated populations are common patterns of morphological variation. In this study, we evaluated whether patterns of morphological variation exhibit association with isolation by distance, isolation by environment or secondary contact in populations of Manacus manacus with contrasting plumage colour. We used field and museum measurements of five morphological characters from 311 individuals from 88 localities distributed across a highly heterogeneous environmental range within Colombia. Climatic variables explained a higher proportion of the variation than geographic distance among localities. We found differences in wing and culmen length between white and yellow phenotypes of M. manacus in Colombia. Overall morphology did not change in a clinal fashion in relation to the contact zone and the few traits that exhibit clinal variation suggest a distant locality for the contact zone, not in line with our expectations by secondary contact between differentiated populations, suggesting alternative mechanisms for differentiation between subspecies. Our results suggest that this species exhibits marked morphological variation associated with changes in temperature and precipitation. These associations are consistent throughout the geographic range analysed, leading us to postulate that dispersal and local adaptation jointly shape the distribution of phenotypic variation.
Extrapolated supervirtual refraction interferometry
Authors: Xu Zhuo , Zhang Fengjiao , Juhlin Christopher , Lund Björn , Ask Maria , Han Liguo
Published: July 2021

Accurate picking of head-wave arrival times is an important component of first-arrival traveltime tomography. Far-offset traces in particular have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but picking on these traces is necessary in order to obtain velocity information at depth. Furthermore, there is often an insufficient number of far-offset traces for obtaining reliable models at depth. We present here an extrapolation method for increasing the number of first arrivals beyond the maximum recorded offset, thereby extending the supervirtual refraction interferometry (SVI) method. We refer to the method as extrapolated SVI (ESVI). It is a novel attempt to extrapolate first arrivals using a fully data-driven method. We first test the methodology on synthetic data sets, and we then apply ESVI to two published real data sets over the Pärvie fault system in northern Sweden. These data sets were acquired along the same profile at different times with different acquisition parameters and noise levels. The results show that ESVI enhances the SNR of head waves when the noise level is high. That is the same as the conventional SVI. ESVI also increases the number of pickable first arrivals by extrapolating head waves past the original maximum offset of each shot. We also show that the significant increase in first-arrival traveltime picks is beneficial for improving resolution and penetration depth in the tomographic imaging and, consequently, better revealing the subsurface velocity distribution. The tomographic images show higher velocities in the hanging walls of the main Pärvie fault and another subsidiary fault, as interpreted relative to migrated images from previous seismic reflection processing.
La Suiza de América: Direct democracy, anti-presidentialism, and constitutional entrenchment in Uruguay’s Constitution of 1918
Authors: Katz Andrea Scoseria
Published: July 2021

In Latin America, the drafters of early nineteenth-century constitutions were skeptical of implementing republican forms of government. At the turn of the twentieth century, Uruguay became an exception by bucking this legacy. Under the Swiss-educated reformist José Batlle y Ordóñez (1856–1929), the groundwork was laid for a new constitution that would bring about a secular democratic republic. Indeed, the 1918 Constitution replaced a conservative and centralist constitutional system with a plural executive and a regime of participatory democracy. This article advances a new interpretation of Batllista Uruguay’s distinctive institutions and argues that, despite the 1918 Constitution’s brief endurance, Uruguay’s distinctly republican form of democracy has proven to be an effective mechanism for constitutional entrenchment by virtue of its having helped to create popular support for the rule of law and institutional stability.
Phoenix Rising:The Book of Phoenixand Black Feminist Resistance
Authors: Mafe Diana Adesola
Published: July 2021

This essay focuses on Nnedi Okorafor’s 2015 novel The Book of Phoenix and reads the black female protagonist and narrator, Phoenix Okore, as a powerful metaphor for a radical twenty-first-century black feminist politics and a signifier of the contemporary social movement Say Her Name. Phoenix is the product of experimentation, “a slurry of African DNA and cells” (146) who is birthed by an African American surrogate mother and then raised in a laboratory prison. She herself identifies as “SpeciMen, Beacon, Slave, Rogue, Fugitive, Rebel, Saeed’s Love, Mmuo’s Sister, Villain” (224). Okorafor thus imagines a multilayered metaphor that speaks to the complexities of black female identities in the new millennium. True to her name, Phoenix is repeatedly reborn from her own ashes after dying at the hands of a white supremacist organization called the Big Eye. Hers is, by turns, neo-slave narrative, cautionary tale, and social critique. As a revolutionary black woman who is never meant to be a simplistic paragon, Phoenix ultimately uses her superhuman abilities and her rage to change the world, albeit in a cataclysmic way. Although the novel predates our current historical moment—namely, international protests, calls for police reform in the wake of George Floyd’s murder, and the dismantling of racist iconography—it serves as an uncanny reflection, if not a harbinger, of this moment. Furthermore, it models the ways in which fiction channels our most desperate desires, especially the need for justice.
Place-Based Learning in Three Bildungsromane: To Kill a Mockingbird; Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry; and Under the Feet of Jesus
Authors: Horwitz Jennifer
Published: July 2021

This article, which focuses on Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960); Mildred Taylor’s Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1976); and Helena María Viramontes’s Under the Feet of Jesus (1995), argues that the American bildungsroman is a genre that is uniquely situated to challenge and recast dominant assumptions about education in the United States. Although mainstream forms of education are often presented as neutral and inevitable, or what education scholar Kevin Kumashiro deplores as “commonsensical,” the three young protagonists positioned on the margins of dominant society in Lee’s, Taylor’s, and Viramontes’s texts know otherwise. Drawing on the work of bell hooks and Edward Soja, this article analyzes the educational geographies that the protagonists must move through to show that these geographies are structured through choices that center the white, ruling class and disadvantage poor white children and children of color. While formal schooling in the novels conceptually and materially reinforce a power structure of marginalization and domination—the same power structure that has led to the current climate crisis—the three novels also offer a corrective. It is only when the three protagonists stand outside institutional sites of education and center themselves in the local community that they are able to counter their oppressive schooling with place-based knowledge. The transformative educations across these bildungsromane demonstrate relational, or, in environmental terms, ecological, ways of thinking as the means to combat a status quo that obscures our material connection to each other and to the earth.
Which AGN jets quench star formation in massive galaxies?
Authors: Su Kung-Yi , Hopkins Philip F , Bryan Greg L , Somerville Rachel S , Hayward Christopher C , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Wellons Sarah , Stern Jonathan , Terrazas Bryan A , Chan T K , Orr Matthew E , Hummels Cameron , Feldmann Robert , Kereš Dušan
Published: July 2021

Without additional heating, radiative cooling of the halo gas of massive galaxies (Milky Way-mass and above) produces cold gas or stars exceeding that observed. Heating from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets is likely required, but the jet properties remain unclear. This is particularly challenging for galaxy simulations, where the resolution is orders-of-magnitude insufficient to resolve jet formation and evolution. On such scales, the uncertain parameters include the jet energy form [kinetic, thermal, cosmic ray (CR)]; energy, momentum, and mass flux; magnetic fields; opening angle; precession; and duty cycle. We investigate these parameters in a $10^{14}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ halo using high-resolution non-cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulations with the FIRE-2 (Feedback In Realistic Environments) stellar feedback model, conduction, and viscosity. We explore which scenarios qualitatively meet observational constraints on the halo gas and show that CR-dominated jets most efficiently quench the galaxy by providing CR pressure support and modifying the thermal instability. Mildly relativistic (∼MeV or ∼1010K) thermal plasma jets work but require ∼10 times larger energy input. For fixed energy flux, jets with higher specific energy (longer cooling times) quench more effectively. For this halo mass, kinetic jets are inefficient at quenching unless they have wide opening or precession angles. Magnetic fields also matter less except when the magnetic energy flux reaches ≳ 1044 erg s−1 in a kinetic jet model, which significantly widens the jet cocoon. The criteria for a successful jet model are an optimal energy flux and a sufficiently wide jet cocoon with a long enough cooling time at the cooling radius.
Electromagnetic field and complexity of relativistic fluids in f (G) gravity
Authors: Bhatti M Z , Khlopov Maxim Yu , Yousaf Z , Khan S
Published: July 2021

The principal idea behind this manuscript is to inspect the complexity of dissipating as well as non-dissipating self-gravitating sources which are coupled with locally anisotropic charged matter. The gravitational equations in the regime of $f(\mathbb {G})$ ($\mathbb {G}$ is the Gauss–Bonnet invariant) theory have elaborated for the imperfectly charged stellar configuration to scrutinize the charged object in the presence of $f(\mathbb {G})$ corrections. The impact of charge distribution on the connection between density inhomogeneity, Weyl tensor, and pressure anisotropy is investigated. By incorporating the constraints of QH (i.e. the quasi-homologous) evolution and CF = 0, (where CF denotes the complexity factor) multiple analytical solutions to the $f(\mathbb {G})$ equations of gravity are developed defining the imperfectly charged compact spherical matter. Some of these stellar models (exact solutions) portray a spherical collapsing configuration of a charged fluid in which there arise a cavity about the fluid centre, while other models exhibit a fluid configuration wherein the sphere is totally filled by the fluid. These interior solutions to $f(\mathbb {G})$ gravitational equations may exhibit some appealing astrophysical phenomenons.
Resistance to Charcoal Rot Identified Within Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistant Accessions
Authors: Mengistu Alemu , Bellaloui Nacer , Arelli Prakash
Published: July 2021

Two infectious root diseases that cause significant yield losses worldwide in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) are charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. and the soybean cyst nematode, caused by Heterodera glycines Ichinohe. The objective of this research was to evaluate resistance to charcoal rot in a set of 120 soybean accessions reported to have resistance to one or more races of soybean cyst nematode so that lines with combined resistance could be identified. These accessions were screened in an infested field in 2006 and 2007. Charcoal rot severity ranged from 1 to 5, where 1 is resistant and 5 susceptible. The results showed that out of the 120 soybean accessions tested for charcoal rot resistance 12 were identified to have moderate levels of resistance, 51 had moderate susceptibility, and 60 were susceptible. Furthermore, the accessions with moderate resistance to charcoal rot had resistance for one to two races of soybean cyst nematode. Within the lines identified with moderate resistance to charcoal rot, nine had a yellow seed coat, a desirable agronomic trait. These lines can be used as parents in soybean breeding programs for developing soybean cultivars with combined resistance to both charcoal rot and soybean cyst nematode.
A Survey of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Illinois Corn Fields, 2018 and 2020
Authors: Han Jaeyeong , Colgrove Alison L. , Bowman N. Dennis , Schroeder Nathan E. , Kleczewski Nathan M.
Published: July 2021

One hundred forty-seven soil samples were collected from corn fields located within 63 Illinois counties during the 2018 and 2020 corn growing seasons. The soil samples were analyzed for frequency and population density of plant-parasitic nematodes. A total of 10 plant-parasitic nematode taxa were identified. Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.) was the most frequently observed nematode (frequency: 98.6%), followed by lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp., 85.7%). Other taxa identified included cyst (Heteroderidae, 66.7%), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus spp., 33.3%), lance (Hoplolaimus spp., 29.9%), dagger (Xiphinema spp., 12.9%), pin (Paratylenchus spp., 12.2%), needle (Longidorus spp., 1.4%), stubby-root (Trichodoridae, 1.4%), and ring nematodes (Criconematidae, 0.7%). Nematodes with the greatest population densities included spiral (89 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil), pin (36), and cyst nematodes (26). Among the 10 nematode taxa, 4.1, 7.1, and 2.3% of spiral, lesion, and lance nematode-positive samples exceeded estimated damage thresholds for corn for Illinois, respectively. Results from this survey will help the agricultural community with understanding pathogenic corn nematode populations in the state and prioritize research in this understudied area.
Strawberry Green Petal Disease: A Diagnostic Guide
Authors: Brochu Anne-Sophie , Rodríguez-Martínez Douglas , Goulet Charles , Pérez-López Edel
Published: July 2021

Strawberry green petal disease is a serious disease affecting strawberry plants in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Strawberry green petal disease is caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’-related strains, ‘Ca. P. hispanicum’-related strains, and ‘Ca. P. australiense’-related strains. This diagnostic guide provides details about the symptomatology, distribution, and molecular diagnosis of strawberry green petal disease that will help with detection and identification of the disease in fields and in the laboratory.
Anesthetic management during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery
Authors: Esfahani Kamilla , Dunn Lauren K.
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review

Pituitary adenoma resections comprise a large proportion of intracranial tumor surgeries. This patient population is medically and physiologically complex and requires careful perioperative planning and management on the part of the anesthesiologist. This review will summarize anesthetic considerations for pre, intra, and postoperative management of patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

Recent findings

An endoscopic approach is favored for patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Hemodynamic monitoring is important to maintain cerebral perfusion and avoid risk of bleeding; however, ‘controlled’ hypotension may have adverse effects. Multimodal analgesia is effective for the management of postoperative pain and may reduce the risk of postoperative complications, including respiratory depression and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is a preferred approach for the surgical management of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas with symptoms of mass effect and functioning adenomas that cannot be otherwise managed medically. Understanding tumor pathologies and systemic effects are essential for preoperative planning and providing safe anesthetic care during the perioperative period.
Comparison of Equiosmolar Doses of 7.5% Hypertonic Saline and 20% Mannitol on Cerebral Oxygenation Status and Release of Brain Injury Markers During Supratentorial Craniotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tsaousi Georgia G. , Pezikoglou Ioakeim , Nikopoulou Anastasia , Foroglou Nicolaos G. , Poulopoulou Aikaterina , Vyzantiadis Timoleon-Achilleas , Vasilakos Dimitrios
Published: July 2021

Background:

Hyperosmolar therapy is the mainstay of treatment to reduce brain bulk and optimize surgical exposure during craniotomy. This study investigated the effect of equiosmolar doses of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HTS) and 20% mannitol on intraoperative cerebral oxygenation and metabolic status, systemic hemodynamics, brain relaxation, markers of cerebral injury, and perioperative craniotomy outcomes.

Methods:

A total of 51 patients undergoing elective supratentorial craniotomy were randomly assigned to receive 7.5% HTS (2 mL/kg) or 20% mannitol (4.6 mL/kg) at scalp incision. Intraoperative arterial and jugular bulb blood samples were collected at predefined time intervals for assessment of various indices of cerebral oxygenation; multiple hemodynamic variables were concomitantly recorded. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase levels were determined at baseline, and at 6 and 12 hours after surgery for assessment of neuronal injury. Brain relaxation and perioperative outcomes were also assessed.

Results:

Demographic and intraoperative data, brain relaxation score, and perioperative outcomes were comparable between groups. Jugular bulb oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen, arterial-jugular oxygen and carbon dioxide differences, and brain oxygen extraction ratio were favorably affected by 7.5% HTS up to 240 minutes postinfusion (P<0.05), whereas mannitol was associated with only a short-lived (up to 15 min) improvement of these indices (P<0.05). The changes in cerebral oxygenation corresponded to transient expansion of intravascular volume and improvements of cardiovascular performance. Increases in S100B and neuron-specific enolase levels at 6 and 12 hours after surgery (P<0.0001) were comparable between groups.

Conclusions:

The conclusion is that 7.5% HTS has a more beneficial effect on cerebral oxygenation than an equiosmolar dose of 20% mannitol during supratentorial craniotomy, yet no clear-cut clinical superiority of either solution could be demonstrated.
“Human as an Embodied Spirit”
Authors: Nikfarid Lida
Published: July 2021

Most nursing models are developed based on Western philosophy. The conceptual model of “human as an embodied spirit” based on Iranian mysticism and wisdom is presented in this article. This conceptual model was developed in 2 phases: first, using a derivation process, the concepts of the model were developed. Next, in a synthesis process, the conceptual model was constructed. Definitions and descriptions of each of the concepts of the model—the constitution of the physical body, the composition of graded soul, knowledge-based interventions, love-based interventions, balance, and harmony—and the relations between these concepts are presented in the article. This model gives equal value to the art and the science of nursing and integrates all dimensions of human being and related health problems in such a way that they can be explained and approached as a continuum. The next step is the testing of this model followed by the development of guidelines for education and practice.
Timing of Flap Coverage With Respect to Definitive Fixation in Open Tibia Fractures
Authors: Kuripla Casey , Tornetta Paul , Foote Clary J. , Koh Justin , Sems Andrew , Shamaa Tayseer , Vallier Heather , Sorg Debra , Mir Hassan R. , Streufert Benjamin , Spitler Clay , Mullis Brian , McGowan Brian , Weinlein John , Cannada Lisa , Charlu Jonathan , Wagstrom Emily , Westberg Jerald , Morshed Saam , Cortez Abigail , Krause Peter , Marcantonio Andrew , Soles Gillian , Lipof Jason
Published: July 2021

Objectives:

We conducted a large, U.S wide, observational study of type III tibial fractures, with the hypothesis that delays between definitive fixation and flap coverage might be a substantial modifiable risk factor associated with nosocomial wound infection.

Design:

A retrospective analysis of a multicenter database of open tibial fractures requiring flap coverage.

Setting:

Fourteen level-1 trauma centers across the United States.

Patients:

Two hundred ninety-six (n = 296) consecutive patients with Gustilo III open tibial fractures requiring flap coverage at 14 trauma centers were retrospectively analyzed from a large orthopaedic trauma registry. We collected demographics and the details of surgical care. We investigated the patient, and treatment factors leading to infection, including the time from various points in care to the time of soft-tissue coverage.

Intervention:

Delay definitive fixation and flap coverage in tibial type III fractures.

Main Outcome Measurements:

(1) Results of multivariate regression with time from injury to coverage, debridement to coverage, and definitive fixation to coverage in the model, to determine which delay measurement was most associated with infection. (2) A second multivariate model, including other factors in addition to measures of flap delay, to provide the estimate between delay and infection after adjustment for confounding.

Results:

Of 296 adults (227 M: 69 F) with open Gustilo type III tibial fractures requiring flap coverage, 96 (32.4%) became infected. In the multivariate regression, the time from definitive fixation to flap coverage was most predictive of subsequent wound infection (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.08, n = 260, P = 0.02) among the time measurements. Temporary internal fixation was not associated with an increased risk of infection in both univariate (P = 0.59) or multivariate analyses (P = 0.60). Flap failure was associated with the highest odds of infection (odds ratio 6.83, 95% confidence interval 3.26 to 14.27, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Orthoplastic teams that are dedicated to severe musculoskeletal trauma, that facilitate coordination of definitive fixation and flap coverage, will reduce the infection rates in Gustilo type III tibial fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Among Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: An International Multicenter Coronavirus Disease 2019 Critical Care Consortium Study*
Authors: Cho Sung-Min , Premraj Lavienraj , Fanning Jonathon , Huth Samuel , Barnett Adrian , Whitman Glenn , Arora Rakesh C. , Battaglini Denise , Porto Diego Bastos , Choi HuiMahn , Suen Jacky , Bassi Gianluigi Li , Fraser John F. , Robba Chiara , Griffee Matthew
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:

Stroke has been reported in observational series as a frequent complication of coronavirus disease 2019, but more information is needed regarding stroke prevalence and outcomes. We explored the prevalence and outcomes of acute stroke in an international cohort of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who required ICU admission.

DESIGN:

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected database.

SETTING:

A registry of coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to ICUs at over 370 international sites was reviewed for patients diagnosed with acute stroke during their stay.

PATIENTS:

Patients older than 18 years old with acute coronavirus disease 2019 infection in ICU.

INTERVENTIONS:

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

Of 2,699 patients identified (median age 59 yr; male 65%), 59 (2.2%) experienced acute stroke: 0.7% ischemic, 1.0% hemorrhagic, and 0.5% unspecified type. Systemic anticoagulant use was not associated with any stroke type. The frequency of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking was higher in patients with ischemic stroke than in stroke-free and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was more common among patients with hemorrhagic (56%) and ischemic stroke (16%) than in those without stroke (10%). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients had higher cumulative 90-day probabilities of hemorrhagic (relative risk = 10.5) and ischemic stroke (relative risk = 1.7) versus nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Hemorrhagic stroke increased the hazard of death (hazard ratio = 2.74), but ischemic stroke did not—similar to the effects of these stroke types seen in noncoronavirus disease 2019 ICU patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

In an international registry of ICU patients with coronavirus disease 2019, stroke was infrequent. Hemorrhagic stroke, but not ischemic stroke, was associated with increased mortality. Further, both hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke were associated with traditional vascular risk factors. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use was strongly associated with both stroke and death.