bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method of NTL Detection in Smart Electricity Consumption
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Nian
Published: February 2014

Nontechnical loss has been a significant factor to influence the profits of electric power companies. In the smart electricity consumption environment, the population of smart metering is helpful to collect the load data directly and promptly. A method of nontechnical loss detection, including offline parameter optimization and online detection, is proposed in this paper. With the updating of history data, the detection accuracy gets higher till the optimal point. Extreme learning machine is adopted to detect the nontechnical loss and genetic algorithm is used to find out the optimal parameters for each user. Finally, in the case study the real-time detection system assesses the classification accuracy and fault detection accuracy, verifying the stability of this method and advantages in reducing the cost.
Experimental Analysis on the Performance of Regeneration of Solar Liquid Desiccant System under Different Operation Condition
Authors: Jian Sun
Published: February 2014

Liquid desiccant air-conditioning system is one kind of thermally driven open-cycle absorption air-conditioning systems which have been widely researched and applied because of its unique advantages in recent years.In this paper, an experimental equipment of liquid desiccant air-conditioning system was set up based on the mechanism of liquid desiccant dehumidification and regeneration. The dehumidifier and regenerator were all counter-flow towers and body of the tower were made of stainless steel to withstand the corrosive effect of the liquid desiccant. In experiments, mixture desiccant of calcium chloride and lithium chloride was applied.The performance of regeneration of the system was studied under different system operating condition. The effects of the inlet parameters on the efficiency of regeneration are discussed. The results show that the mass flow rate,humidity of the air,temperature and mass flow rate of the diluted solution can all affect the performance of regeneration of the system.
Reliability Management of the Power System in China: Present Status and Future Challenges
Authors: Liu Guo Zhong
Published: February 2014

With the developments of West-East power transmission projects, South-North power supply and the increased grid interconnections, in addition to the electricity market developments, the uncertain and stochastic characteristics of the power system operation are becoming more and more challenging and the risk of large scale blackout of the power system is increased remarkably. The electricity reliability management organization in China has been introduced. In this paper, present status of the power system reliability operation in China has been summarized and the new problems and challenges for the reliability management have been analyzed and discussed.
Power Grid Emergency Order Evaluation Index System and Analytical Model
Authors: Xu Hou Dong , He Pu Yu , Wang Shu Xiang , Deng Chuang , Zheng Wei Dong , Wang Sheng Wei
Published: February 2014

The demand of electricity is growing fast in recent years, the electricity supply situation was tense especially in summer and winter, power emergency brownouts as effective measures to ease power tensions, has become an important part of demand-side management. Grid Emergency-order arrangement affects the scheduling and reliability of electricity, but also directly affects the user's production and life. This article establishes a grid emergency order bit of evaluation index system from the angle of environment, resources, economy and user perspective, and uses the normalization and AHP analysis to empower indexes.
Investigation on AR Techniques of Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Xue Chun Rong , Gu Yu Qin , Deng Ming Liang
Published: February 2014

This work presents study of both the antireflection coatings on silicon solar cells and surface texture of silicon solar cell, with the aim to prepare high quality Si solar cells. Surface texturing, either in combination with an anti-reflection coating or by itself, can be used to minimize reflection, but the large reflection loss can be reduced significantly via a suitable anti-reflecting coatings. Significant improvement of the short circuit current after anti-reflecting coatings was observed. It is found that the currentvoltage characteristic with a double-layer anti-reflecting coatings is better than that with a single-layer anti-reflecting coatings. Depositing a multilayer on the textured surface reduces the large reflection loss significantly. The short circuit current of silicon solar cells has significant improvement after depositing anti-reflecting coatings on textured surface silicon, and it increases the efficiency of the Si solar cells.
Review of Materials and Environment Management for Solar Thermal Collectors
Authors: Zheng Da Yu , Zheng Juan , Guan Xiang Yi , Zheng Jia , Zhang Yi Ming
Published: February 2014

To cover the main contributions and developments in solar thermal collectors through focusing on materials, heat transfer characteristics and manufacturing challenges. A range of published papers and internet research including research work on various solar thermal collectors (flat plate, evacuated tubes, and heat pipe tube) were used. Evaluation of solar collectors performance is critiqued to aid solar technologies make the transition into a specific dominant solar collector. The sources are sorted into sections: finding an academic job, general advice, teaching, research and publishing, tenure and organizations. Provides information about types of solar thermal collectors, indicating what can be added by using evacuated tube collectors instead of flat plate collectors and what can be added by using heat pipe collectors instead of evacuated tubes. Focusing only on three types of solar thermal collectors (flat plate, evacuated tubes, and heat pipe tube). Useful source of information for consultancy and impartial advice for graduate students planning to do research in solar thermal technologies. This paper fulfils identified information about materials and heat transfer properties of materials and manufacturing challenges of these three solar thermal collectors. Describes some changes made to improve the environment which have had unforeseen and adverse effects on safety and the reasons why we need more case histories. Also discusses the reasons why there are no permanent solutions to safety problems and the reasons why senior managers should become more involved in safety problems.
Preparation, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of S, Sr-Codoped Nano-TiO2
Authors: Zhao Yu Liang , Qiu Fang Long , Liu Jie , Li Jia Chao
Published: February 2014

S, Sr-codoped TiO2 were prepared by sol-gel mothod, using titanium (IV) n-butoxide, strontium nitrate and thiourea as precursors. And the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the S, Sr-codoped TiO2 were single-phase anatase structure, and the particle growth and crystal phase transformation can be restrained by doping. The photocatalytic activity and reusability of the catalysts under UV light (365nm) was investigated with methyl orange as the model compound. The results showed that S, Sr-codoped TiO2 had the highest photocatalytic activity among all as-prepared samples. The kinetic study showed that this photocatalytic process coincided with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) pseudo first order reaction model.
Study on Combustion and Emission Performance of Oil Shale Mixed with Coal
Authors: Wang Hai Rong , Li Xin Xin , Yan Jian Bo
Published: February 2014

In this paper, Huadian oil shale from Jilin Province of China was selected as the object of study. Firstly, the ignition temperature, complete combustion temperature, maximum mass loss rate, flammability index C and comprehensive combustion characteristic index S during the separate combustion of oil shale was measured , as well as during the combustion of oil shale mixed with coal, by using the thermo-gravimetric analytical method. Then, the impact of blending ratio on the combustion characteristic parameter was discussed, and conducted modeling for the oil shale blending combustion system was established with the steady-state simulation software program Aspen Plus. Finally, we obtained the exhaust gas temperature, volume flow of gases such as CO, CO2 and SO2, as well as their impacts on the operating conditions of the boiler during the mixing combustion under different excess air coefficients.
Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Sui Jing , Cao Lei , Dong Li Feng
Published: February 2014

In this paper, Earth-abundant Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were successfully prepared onto FTO glasses by hydrothermal method and annealed at 550 °C under Ar+S atmosphere. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and photoelectrical measurements were used to characterize effects surface morphology, chemical compositions, and crystal structures of the thin films as well as photoelectrical properties, respectively. Experimental results show that all the thin films were smooth, compact and have the kesterite structure. Furthermore, the films demonstrate p-type semiconductor characteristics, which is desirable for their applications in thin films solar cells.
A Simple Nanocasting Route for Preparation of Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide/GCM Microsphere
Authors: Yang Hai Bin , Rao Wei
Published: February 2014

Mesoporous titanium dioxide/graphitic carbon microspheres were synthesized by a simple nanocasting route using monodisperse silicon dioxide microspheres as the template. The characterize and the morphology of the titanium dioxide/graphitic carbon microspheres have been analyzed by means of XRD, N2-sorption, SEM, TEM, TG-DTA and EDAX. Indicated by the experimental results and the theoretical analysis, the anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles of 8-14 nm in diameter were highly dispersed in the graphitic carbon microspheres. The obtained material can be used as catalyst or battery material. Key words: titanium dioxide/graphitic carbon; Microspheres; Nanocasting route;Mesoporous
Improvement of Thermal Stability of ZrB2/Si3N4 Coatings as High-Temperature Solar Selective Absorbers
Authors: Sun Yao Ming , Xiao Xiu Di , Chai Guan Qi , Xu Gang , Xiong Bin , Zhang Hua
Published: February 2014

ZrB2 thin films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering technique. The microstructure, thermal stability and optical properties of thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectrophotometer. The compactness of ZrB2 thin films was studied to improve the thermal stability by optimizing the deposition parameters. The compactness and thermal stability of the coatings were improved with the increase of substrate temperature. However, these properties of the coatings were enhanced firstly and then weakened with the increase of substrate bias voltage. The selectivity of sample deposited at high substrate temperature and suitable bias voltage degraded slightly after annealing at 500 °C/100 h in air. This provided a new way to improve the thermal stability of high-temperature solar selective absorber.
A Comparative Investigation of the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol on Pt Modified TiO2 Nanotube Electrodes with Two Methods
Authors: Luo Yong Ping , Xu Shun Jian , Xiao Zong Hu , Huang Yong , Zhong Wei , Ou Hui
Published: February 2014

In this work, it was investigated and compared that electro-catalytic oxidation of methanol in acidic medium at TiO2nanotube (TNT) electrode modified by platinum (Pt) with two methods. Pt modified TNT electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition (TD) and electrolytic deposition (ED). The so-prepared TD-Pt/TNT and ED-Pt/TNT electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical investigations indicate that ED-Pt/TNT has higher electro-catalytic activity and better tolerance to poisoning species in methanol oxidation than TD-Pt/TNT, which can be ascribed to the higher dispersion and stability of ED-Pt than TD-Pt on TNT electrode. The present work provides some basis for the design of high performance catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.
Influence Rules of Texture on the Stability of High Temperature Coal Gas Desulfurization Sorbent
Authors: Gao Yu Kun , Ju Shang Guan , Yang Lei , Hu Yan Hui
Published: February 2014

Pulverizing problem, low mechanical strength and poor wear resistance of desulfurization sorbent limit the further development and industrialization of hot coal gas desulfurization technology. The present paper highlighted on the recent progress of hot gas desulfurization researches and gave a fully detailed introduction on physical parameters that reflect the texture of desulfurizer: specific surface area, pore volume, pore size and its distribution, porosity, fractal dimension and so on. Different from the traditional physical parameters, fractal dimension, as a comprehensive physical parameter describing a fractal structure, reflects the regularity degree of a porous structure. With the increase of sorbent fractal dimension, the complexity of pore spatial geometrical features increases, and the porosity and average diameter for pore decrease. The specific surface area also increased consequentially with the increase of micro-pore. Besides, this paper also investigated the proper texture of desulfurization sorbent that is favorable for desulfurization process on the basis of desulfurization mechanism for fuel gas.
Experimental Study on Emission Characteristics of the PCCI-Di Combustion with DME and Methanol
Authors: Li Wei , Xu Yun Kun , Wang Wen
Published: February 2014

The compound combustion of DME and methanol was realized in a four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine by introducing a certain amount of DME into the manifold and injecting methanol into the cylinder using the injection system of the original engine. The effects of methanol injection timing and equivalence ratios of methanol and DME on the emissions characteristics of the compound combustion mode were experimental studied. The results showed that: methanol injection timing has greater impact on the emissions of compound combustion mode. When methanol is injected before 65oCABTDC, the engine shows HCCI combustion characteristics, the range of DME equivalence ratio is narrowed and the emission of HC is higher. When methanol is injected at 25oCABTDC, NOxemission amount is larger, while the HC and CO emission are lower. As Methanol injection timing is delayed to 5oCABTDC, CO emission increases sharply, but NOxand HC emissions are very low and not susceptible to the equivalence ratio of DME and methanol. Therefore, reasonable selection of methanol injection timing is the key to reducing the emissions of compound combustion mode.
Experimental Research of the Fast Pyrolysis Characteristics for Lignite at Medium Temperature
Authors: Wang Kai , Jiang Jian Guo , Sun Rong Feng
Published: February 2014

The lignite fast pyrolysis characteristics at medium temperature was tested ranging from 400°C to 700°C, and the pyrolysis product component was on-line analyzed by using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer computer and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Besides, two different algorithms were used to evaluate the test error. The results show that the maximum experimental error is no more than 6.2%. In addition, the optimum pyrolysis temperature is about 550°C which causes the maximum tar yield with an obvious increases of heat value. The gas component concentration shows divergences because of the tar decomposition at higher temperature. Finally, the proximate analysis of char was tested, which shows that the ash and fixed carbon of char increase with the temperature addition.
Study on Distribution Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coals of Different Coalification Degree
Authors: Jiang Nan , Meng Yan Ru , Yang Feng Jie , Zhang Li Ping , Liu Juan
Published: February 2014

Distribution characteristics of content of total PAHs, single PAH and PAHs of various rings in meager coal, coking coal, gas-fat coal, gas coal and lignite were comprehensively analyzed in this paper. The study showed that PAHs were detected in all coal samples. The content gas-fat coal was the highest, while that in lignite was the lowest. Content of total PAHs increased in turn from meager to coking coal and to gas coal. Content of Pyr was higher in lignite, content of BghiP, BbFA and Phe was higher in gas coal and content of Phe was higher in gas-fat coal, coking coal and meager coal. Except for gas coal, PAHs content of 3 rings and 4 rings was higher than that of 5 rings and 6 rings in the rest coal samples.
Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of the Oil Shale in Daqing Exploratory Area
Authors: Bian Yun Xia , He De Min , Kuang Guo Zhu , Zhang Qiu Min
Published: February 2014

Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and CO2of carbonate were determinated for the aboveground oil shale in Daqing exploratory area. The experiments of pyrolysis of Daqing oil shale were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor in order to study the influence of the pyrolysis temperature and the constant temperature time on oil shale pyrolysis characteristics. The results show that the effect of the pyrolysis is optimal under the conditions of 500°C and the constant temperature time for 20 min, with the yield of shale oil for 28.78% (the yield based on kerogen, similarly hereinafter). The mechanism of the oil shale pyrolysis was discussed. The pyrolysis reaction kinetics of oil shale was studied combining the experimental results of fixed-bed pyrolysis. The reaction activation energy is 28.92 kJ/mol during generating the shale oil process, while the reaction activation energy is 11.21 kJ/mol during generating char process. The yield curve of shale oil changing with the temperature was fitted to compare with the measured value with the constant temperature time for 20 min according to the pyrolysis kinetic parameters.
Transformation Behaviors of Mineral Matter in Lignite Ashes under Reducing Atmosphere
Authors: Li Feng Hai , Huang Jie Jie , Fang Yi Tian
Published: February 2014

To optimize operational parameters of fluidized-bed lignite gasification technology. Experiments have been conducted with Huolinhe (HLH) and Xiaolongtan (XLT) lignite ashes to investigate the mineral transformation behaviors under reducing atmosphere by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the initial melted parts are primarily result from wustite interacted other minerals under reducing atmosphere. Wustite can react with aluminosilicate minerals to form some low-melting eutectic compounds, and lead to its initial melting temperature 200 °C below the deformation temperature. Mullite is formed at 1000 °C or so, and its content increases and then decreases with the temperature increase, and reaches maximum at 1200 °C. Gehlenite and anorthite come from the reaction between calcium oxide and mullite. Owing to the generation of some gases during mineral transformation under weak reducing atmosphere, many holes are formed on the surface of molten ash.
Influences of Exterior Windows on Heating and Air-Conditioning System Energy Consumption in Residential Building
Authors: Li Chun E , Wang Ya Jun , Cai Ying
Published: February 2014

The energy consumption of a typical design of a building in Lanzhou was simulated by the software DeST-h to gain the changing regulation of rooms load index with different window-wall ratio, shading coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient. Research shows that the optimal window-wall ratio is 0.5 in the south orientation. In the other orientations, the smaller radio of window-wall could assure less energy consumption.
A Kind of Natural Ice Storage Technology
Authors: Li Gao Feng , Luo Qing Hai , Xiao Sheng Hao
Published: February 2014

The status and development of the seasonal natural ice storage technology was introduced, and its technical feasibility was explored. It has not only advantages of energy saving and environmental protection, but also some limiting factors. The seasonal natural ice storage technology has a good prospect in some cold area and hot summer and cold winter area by calculation of cool energy balance in typical buildings.
A Novel Refrigeration Cycle for Waste Rubber Cryogenic Pulverization by Utilizing Natural Gas Pipeline Pressure Exergy
Authors: Qian Jun , Xiong Yong Qiang , Wu Ji Liu
Published: February 2014

A novel refrigeration cycle for waste rubber cryogenic pulverization is designed and presented. The novel refrigeration cycle can provide cold exergy below 173K to waste rubber cryogenic pulverization device by recovering the pressure exergy of natural gas pipeline. Water is a common undesirable component of natural gas. In order to gas transmission security, the temperature of natural gas must be above its water dew point temperature in the process of using natural gas pressure exergy. In the refrigeration cycle, the preheated high-pressure natural gas is depressurized to 0.50MPa by two turbo expander. Nitrogen gas is used as refrigerant to recovering the mechanical work and cold exergy that is generated in natural gas isentropic expansion. Then the compressed and cooled nitrogen gas is transported to waste rubber cryogenic pulverization device for producing cold exergy below 173K through expansion refrigeration. Example analysis shows that using the proposed refrigeration cycle not only can effectively recover the pressure exergy of natural gas pipeline, but also can greatly reduce the cooling cost for tire cryogenic pulverization.
The Catastrophe Mechanism of Flashover in Biomass Boiler
Authors: Wu Si Ke , Lou Bo , Wang Xiao Cong , Ma Kuo
Published: February 2014

The flashover phenomenon in biomass boiler causes serious damages to the equipments performance as well as security of people due to people are not clear about biomass boiler running, and thus preventing flashover from happening has a positive significance on boiler running. The characteristics of biomass fuel particles have been analyzed at first, and then simplifying the structure of boiler in order to model conveniently. This essay focus on justifying the stability of combustion system of biomass boiler with catastrophe theory in combination with the measured and calculated data, it demonstrates that swallowtail catastrophe conforms to the flashover mechanism. By building energy equation, conducting dimensionless treatment and carrying out the swallowtail catastrophe research method, the instability point is obtained. The gained critical flashover temperature of hot smoke layer is 686.71°C which is similar to predecessors studies, Then changing the parameters values for the sake of calculating different hot gas layer temperatures. The higher the hot gas layer temperature is, more hazardous the flashover tends to be. The research reveals that increasing the initial temperature of air or aggrandizing area of fire grate (larger than 3.36m2) contribute to increase flashover temperatures. However, augment of vapor heat and heat transfer area have the opposite effects.
Conceptual Design of Mini Cost-Saving Water Treatment Plant for River Inlets
Authors: bin Din Abdul Talib , Kher V. K , Tan Chee Fai
Published: February 2014

This product is specially designed to solve the current typical river pollution by tackling the pollution at the river inlets' stage. It is equipped with all conventional water treatment technologies with innovative energy cost-saving technique using gravity and buoyancy forces. The product is functional in term of saving the environment, particularly river and its flora and fauna and in saving the energy that normally used in operating the motorized processing equipment as normally used in current product in the market. The free and readily available gravity and buoyancy forces of water are manipulated efficiently to save the energy cost.
Analysis on Electricity-Coal Quality Problems Based on Trust Game Model
Authors: Yang Shu Xia , Li Ruo Yang , Liu Yi Lin , Cao Yuan
Published: February 2014

The quality of the electricity-coal affected the economic benefit of the thermal power plant and brought hidden risks to the safe operation of unit. Firstly, we analyze the impacts of thermal power plants test accuracy on electricity-coal suppliers decision-making. Secondly, we present the trust game model and studied the long-term cooperative relationship in electricity-coal suppliers decision-making. Finally, we make a calculation example about the game between the electricity-coal suppliers and the thermal power plant, and it shows that if both sides cooperate to establish a reasonable benefit-sharing mechanism, information asymmetry will be made up, and the quality of the electricity-coal can be ensured fundamentally.
Research on the Disputes Resolution in State-Owned Coal Enterprises
Authors: Yuan Wen Han , Qian Qing Gao
Published: February 2014

In recent years, with the establishment and perfection of legal system, the building of the legal system has attained considerable achievements, but the actual operational results of law enforcement show out ineffective, various related disputes resolution mechanism needs to be established and perfected. Disputes between the state-owned coal enterprises and farmers are interests disputes between specific bodies, as there are typical performance and character in the litigation resolution mechanism of disputes between the state-owned coal enterprises and farmers, therefore its necessary to analyze and elaborates the motivators, operation mechanism and outcomes consideration of litigation which is contained in the process of litigation resolution.
Research on the Disputes Respond Strategy of State-Owned Coal Enterprises
Authors: Yuan Wen Han , Qian Qing Gao
Published: February 2014

The disputes between the state-owned coal enterprises and mine surrounding farmers are gradually highlighted social problems which affect social stability and local economic development. This paper mainly analyze these disputes based on the perspective of the state-owned coal mine enterprises, by means of elaborating the interests expression, action orientation and behavioral pattern of farmers in the disputes, try to explain the pattern, skills and method taken by the enterprises in the dispose of disputes, and then analyze the three logics including mollification patter, disintegration skills and cooperation method in the disputes which the enterprises followed with to solve problems. Finally, conclusion is the logics in the dispose of disputes which the enterprises taken are determined by the characteristic of disputes practice.
Generation Efficiency Analysis of Different Energy of China
Authors: Chen Shou Jun , Tan Qing Kun , Liu Ji Cheng , Wei Qiu Shuang
Published: February 2014

With the social development of China, new energy power generation industry keeps developing with the strong support of the government. Compared with traditional coal power, new energy power generation has more advantages in environment, energy saving and so on. China's increasingly serious pressure on energy and increasing attention to energy saving and environmental pollution reduction make the economic study of new energy power generation necessary. Under the background of global financial crisis and climate change, new energy industry development has aroused general concern, which promotes the development of new energy industry and makes it a new growth point of global economy. China's new energy industry has stepped in fast developing stage, meanwhile, new energy technology keeps developing, industry scale is rapidly increasing, new energy equipment manufacturing level and industrial technology research and development level are promoting.
Empirical Research on the Structure Efficiency of Energy Terminal Consumption in Regions of China
Authors: Lu Ming Xiang , Zheng Jing Ji , Xie He Ming , Zhu Guang Cai
Published: February 2014

The paper develops an evaluation model using Data Envelopment Analysis to measure structure efficiency of energy terminal consumption - based on input-orientated measures in input structure (IIS Model). Specifically, the input structure efficiency (ISE) defined as the ratio of technical efficiency scores of ISS model over IMS model will be used to evaluate efficiency in terms of the structure of energy terminal consumption. The empirical data are used in the proposed analysis on the structure efficiency of energy terminal consumption in regions of China from 2000 to 2011. The results show that the overall level of the structure efficiency is lower and the structure of energy terminal consumption does not reach the optimization. There is a huge room for future improvement in terms of energy efficiency by optimizing the structure of energy terminal consumption. In addition, the results of correlations in regions show that there are several important managerial decisions which need being further explored.
Analysis of Difference of Water Use Efficiency in China
Authors: Che Liang Liang , Han Xue
Published: February 2014

Water consumption per ten thousand yuan GDP (WG) is an internationally comparative indicator of water use efficiency (WE), but it cannot further reveal the causes of the differences of WE. The shift-share analysis method is introduced, and the WG-shift-share analysis model (WG-SSM) is built combined with the regression model. According to the model, WE is decomposed and analyzed from the three levels of the country, the region and the industry from 1997 to 2011. The results show that: WG of the country, the region and the industry shows a significant downward trend, but WE is greatly different of inter-region and inter-industry; total shift of each region relative to the national average level is shrinking year by year, and inter-regional differences are mainly due to the competitive effect; the influence of the industrial mix effect is determined by the WE of the primary industry;the allocation effect least impacts on the differences of regional WE, but it can test the interaction between the competitive effect and the industrial mix effect, which can provide objective reference for drafting the water-saving policies and measures.
Influences and Countermeasures of the Shale Gas Exploitation on Water Environment
Authors: Guo Qiu Lei , Tang Shu Heng , Wan Yi , Fan Er Ping
Published: February 2014

When energy crisis is somewhat relieved by the shale gas production, serious negative impacts are simultaneously created to the environment e.g. the regional underground water system will be seriously damaged. Currently, the shale gas production, which is blossoming in China at present, centralizes primarily in the South-west area, where the hydrological environment is quite complicated and pretty weak. In this paper, three threatens caused during the shale gas exploitation is summarized and the crisis source is also outlined. Furthermore, the probable solutions aiming at these problems are discussed, thereby the concept of ‘Water resources tolerance ability evaluation model in SouthWest China’ being proposed. This paper emphasizes that the further enhancement of environment monitoring, improvement of legislation in the related areas as well as domestic adjustment of production technologies are critical to balance the industrializing production and sustainable development.
Development of Plant Genetic Diversity by Biotechnology and Genomics
Authors: Wu He Qi , Li Zheng Hong , Zhou Xuan , Zhang Hong Dao , Li Ji Lin , Li Yu Xin , Zhang Yan Ming
Published: February 2014

Interactions between civilizations and ethnic groups have generated a fusion of customs and lifestyles, with an important effect on plant genetic diversity. The loss of local species and varieties usually results in irreversible loss of the genetic diversity they contain, this has dangerously shrunk the genetic pool that is available for natural selection and art selection, and has consequently increased the vulnerability of agricultural crops to sudden changes in climate, and to the appearance of new pests. Currently, biotechnology and genomic selection have enabled the genetic alteration of crops, improved soil productivity, and enhanced weed and pest control, and benefit to the development of plant genetic diversity. For example, next generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics, as the gold standard, they provide a powerful tool for discovery of domestication genes in crop plants and their wild relatives.The objectives of this article are to review the development of plant genetic diversity and summarize the research of biotechnology and genomics for plant. Then, we look forward and consider the significant of development of plant genetic diversity by biotechnology and genomics.
A Structure Model of Urban Forest Recreation Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Tang Shu , Tang Hao , Zhou Lu
Published: February 2014

This paper explores the behavior model of urban forest recreationists and provides an analysis on the relationships between the constructs of destination image, recreation benefits, perceived value and behavioral intentions. Statistic materials suggest that the four principal components of destination image construct are accessibility, attractiveness, brand and amenities, while the major factors of recreation benefits include functional, social and emotional benefits. Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique being applied, the results indicate that destination image has both direct and indirect effects on the behavioral intentions, and the recreation benefits influences the behavioral intentions through perceived value as a moderating variable. In addition, the relationship path of destination image recreation benefits perceived value behavioral intentions has been proved evident in this study.
A Study on the Development of Liquid Cell Smear Device Used in the Early Detection of Cancer Cells
Authors: Oh Han Yeong , Kim Seong Hyun , Kim Dong Wook
Published: February 2014

This study was conducted to develop a liquid cell smear device for the early detection of cancer cells. Liquid based cytology (LBC) diagnosis cancer using epithelial cells in the early diagnosis of cancer. LBC has advantages of repeated testing using cells collected once, and of producing a slide with the transparent background compared to the manually prepared slide. In this study, a liquid cell smear device that automatically prepares the slide for LBC was developed. For the efficient separation of alcohol, which is a main component of cell preserving solution used for the preservation of liquid cells, from cells, the cylinder and solenoid valve with high durability against alcohol were used. For the control of the moving distance of the suction cylinder and smear-mover, a stepping motor was used to implement the mode corresponding to the cells. The implemented mode was comprised of five modes (uterine cervical, sputum, urine, body fluids, and the thyroid cells) for LBC. In addition, the manual mode and the cleaning mode to filter impurities deposited in the hose, cylinder, and solenoid valve were implemented. The slide was prepared according to each mode, and the smear condition of the prepared slide was examined by a cytopathologist in order to determine the optimal smear condition. As a result, the optimal slide was prepared in the condition of 3 for uterine cervical cells, 8 for sputum cells, 10 for urine cells, 1 for body fluid, and 6 for thyroid cells.
A Study on Heat Island Effect of Coastal Zone in Qingdao Based on RS and GIS
Authors: Dou Yong , Chen Rui Nan , Zhou Wen Li
Published: February 2014

Heat island effect has been a prominent environmental problem that impacted the urban sustainable development at present, and then Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) were served as the powerful tools for the research of urban heat island effect. In this paper, Landsat imagery of coastal zone in Qingdao served as data source was collected, and the Land Surface Temperature map in 1995, 2000, 2003, 2009 was obtained through GIS software. The results indicated that (1) heat island of study area distributed in the rapid urbanization and industrialization regions with high population density while low plant cover degree; (2) the distribution of heat island changed largely among different years; (3) human activities were the dominant driver to the urban heat island.
Digital Drainage Network Model of Ebinur Lake Basin of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Based on DEM Data
Authors: Liu Xiao Li , Li Jing Gang , Li Xue , Wang Qiu Liang , Zhang Li Fen , Liao Wu Lin
Published: February 2014

In order to study steam network of Ebinur Lake Basin of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, SRTM-4 DEM data and ASTER-2 GDEM data were used as the basic topographic data and ArcGIS HydroTools was utilized for extension module so as to study on extracting digital drainage network of watershed based on surface runoff model, as well as to compare the two extraction results. The result showed that ASTER-2 GDEM data is more suitable for stream network extraction with large and medium scales than SRTM-4 DEM data. Simulate digital network method by correlation analysis of choosing an appropriate flow accumulation threshold will make the generated network match up to the factual drainage network on 1:250000 scale topographic map much better. Meanwhile, the veracity of simulation results has also been ensured for further hydrological analysis.
Assessment of Spatial Distribution of Algal Biomass in a Subtropical Lake in China by Modeling of Landsat ETM+ Data Coupled with Field Data
Authors: Ni Wan Min , Zhang Jiang Ying , Ding Teng Da , Qi Jia Guo
Published: February 2014

The objective of this research is to construct an efficient way of monitoring water quality and assessing trophic state using remote sensing techniques in Qinshan Lake of Hangzhou, China. Two Landsat ETM+ images were acquired and simultaneous in situ measurements, sampling and analysis were conducted. Results of the study indicated that the ratio of ETM+1/ETM+3 was the most effective single band in estimating chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), followed by normalized ratio vegetation index (NRVI). Two multiple regression models with determination coefficients were further constructed between logarithmically transformed Chl-a and the combination of ETM+1/ETM+3, ETM+2/ETM+3, and ETM+3/ETM+4 of ten sample sites. The resulting models, Log (Chl-a)=1.65 + 0.87*(ETM+1 / ETM+3) 3.39*(ETM+2 / ETM+3) + 0.89*(ETM+3 / ETM+4), and Log (Chl-a)=2.94 1.37*(ETM+1 / ETM+3) + 0.40*(ETM+2 / ETM+3) 0.20*(ETM+3 / ETM+4), both showed strong ability to evaluate the distribution of Chl-a, with R2 of 0.72 and 0.92, respectively. Then two trophic state maps generated for Qinshan Lake using this model could identify zones with a higher potential for eutrophication, which turned out to be an appropriate method for synoptic monitoring of water quality in lakes. Similar modeling can be made for any given subtropical lake, to provide rapid and long term assessment of water quality and also useful information for decision making.
Influencing of Coordinate Transformation on Based CGCS2000 on Topographic Map with Large Scales
Authors: Meng Qing Wu , Meng Lu
Published: February 2014

Using three dimensional coordinate transformation model with 7 parameters the coordinate transformation parameters are solved. Comparing the coordinates of the kilometer grid point on topographic maps in Beijing54, Xian80 and Urban Independent Coordinate System with the observation coordinates of same point inCGCS2000, Through watching their coordinate changes the moving changes regularity on topographic maps are discovered between Beijing54 and CGCS2000, between Xian 80 and CGCS2000, Urban Independent Coordinate System and CGCS2000
The Modeling and Simulation of Constellation Availability Based on Satellite Reliability
Authors: Zhou Shan Shan , Jiao Jian , Sun Qiang
Published: February 2014

In aerospace, the design principles have transformed from the pursuit of performance to a balance among performance, costs, reliability and other aspects, and how to meet the system performance requirements under the premise of minimizing costs has become a serious problem. In this paper, the relationships between the constellation availability and the satellite reliability were modeled considering the replacement mode of the back-up satellite. A case study was presented to show the effects of the satellite reliability on constellation availability.
Comprehensive Fuzzy Assessment on the Life-Cycle Environment Impact of Bridges
Authors: Han Li Zhong , Zhang Jin Quan , Yang Yun
Published: February 2014

A life cycle assessment (LCA) framework using fuzzy mathematics was developed to evaluate the environmental impact of bridges. The bridge life was divided into 5 stages: bridge design, raw materials processing, construction, operation, and demolition. An evaluation index system was established by analyzing the environmental impact of a bridge. Bridge life-cycle environmental impact was categorized into 5 grades: great negative influence, little negative influence, no influence, little positive influence, and great positive influence. Based on the improved AHP method, a fuzzy method was introduced to evaluate comprehensive environmental impact of bridges. The Highway Yangtze River Bridge in TaiZhou City in JiangSu Province was analyzed as a representative case study. Results show that major environmental impact appears during raw materials processing and construction. The method can be used to assess the life-cycle environmental impact of construction projects and help the stakeholders make decisions.
Coalfield Structures and Occurrence Tectonic Unit of Coal in Hunan Province, China
Authors: Tan Jie Qing , Cao Dai Yong , Zheng Zhi Hong , Chen Li Min
Published: February 2014

This paper based on the previous researcher's work, studied the regional structure pattern and tectonic evolution history of Hunan. It combined the coalfield structure research method and Hunans actual situation showed that coal occurrence in Hunan controlled by the regional tectonic framework and tectonic evolution history. The coal occurrence has the conspicuous characteristics of partition, zoning and Classification. Synthesize the plans of geotectonic unit division and coal occurrence unit division, we proposed the new concept of occurrence tectonic unit of coal, divided Hunan into two secondary and five third occurrence tectonic units of coal and studied the characteristics of each unit. We also divided three types of the styles of structure control of coal.
Most Extreme Curvature and its Application to Seismic Structural Interpretation
Authors: Zheng Zhi Hong , Tan Jie Qing , Liu Kang
Published: February 2014

Curvature, as a newly developing structural attribute, closely related to the bending of geologic body and received extensive attention of the researchers in recent years. Most positive curvature and most negative curvature in particular are widely used in fault detection and fracture prediction. In this paper, most extreme curvature was introduced into structural interpretation. Compared with the conventional curvature attributes, the advantage of most extreme curvature in fault detection was highlighted in this study. It not only clearly shown the property of fault, but also precisely indicated the location of fault plane and its variation along the strike by the dramatic change in curvature values. These findings contribute to better structural interpretation of 3D seismic data and are of great significance to hydrocarbon exploration.
Study on Gold Metallogenic Series in Zhejiang Segment of Qinhang Metallogenic Belt, China
Authors: Jia Bao Jian , Zhou Le Yao , Chen Zhi Guo , Jin Chong , Qian Jun Feng , Ma Yu Gao , Zhou Wen Da , Zhu Xiao Ya
Published: February 2014

Qinhang Metallogenic Belt is an important metallogenic zone of copper, iron, and precious metals deposits, in China. On the basis of absorbing and summarizing the achievements in the previous researches, 5 kinds of gold metallogenic series are summed up. One of the most important series is Gold Metallogenic Series Related to Dynamic Metamorphism, of which the deposits are mainly distributed around Shaoxing-Jiangshan deep fault belt and have the characters of large amount and big reserve. The gold ores of other metallogenic series types are mainly associated with Pb, Zn and Cu deposits.
The Geological Characteristics and Potential Evaluation of Yunnan Zhenkang Luziyuan Mining Area
Authors: Xiao Bin , Li Jun , Fan Yu Hua
Published: February 2014

Luziyuan lead zinc iron metal mining area is located in the south of Baoshan-Zhenkang lead, zinc, mercury, rare metal mineralization belt of the southwest Sanjiang metallogenic belt.According to the mine tunnel drilling and logging data, that the ore bodies are controlled by strata and faults, symbiosis and Dali rock, limestone, near ore wall rock skarnization strongly, the research shows that the deposit belongs to sedimentary transformation - skarn Pb Zn Fe polymetallic deposit. [ Mining area within the range of 1:50000, 1:50000 gravity measurements of soil geochemical survey, combined with the large scale mapping of data discovery lead zinc iron copper resources are expected to find in the eastern Luziyuan area Mangxi - Head Mountain Luojiazhai resource replacement area.
Geologic and Geochemical Conditions of Shale Oil of Paleogene in NanPu Sag of Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: Luo Rui , Zha Ming , Gao Chang Hai , He Hao
Published: February 2014

The exploration practice in NanPu Sag suggests that shale oil&gas as an unconventional natural gas resource,is a kind of current alternative energy resource. According to measured data of geochemistry,mineral,logging and drilling on the Palaeogene strata in NanPu Sag,the shale in palaeogene characterised by large thickness,high abundance of organic matter, favorable types and wide range of thermal maturity, shows that it has the material basis for the formation of shale oil. In addition,the shale of palaeogene in NanPu Sag generally developed fractures,which has fine reservoir property. The shale in this area has high content of brittle minerals which are useful to later fracturing reformation. It is thought after comprehensive analysis that shale oil&gas of paleogene in NanPu Sag has a bright prospect in exploration and development.
Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method for the Determination of Dimethomorph and Tebuconazole Residue in Soil
Authors: Lv Dai Zhu , Zhu Zhu , Yuan Hong Qiu , Luo Jin Hui
Published: February 2014

A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification and identification of dimethomorph and tebuconazole in soil has been developed and validated. The samples were pre-concentrated and purified using QuEChERS method extraction,which provided satisfactory results. The separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC C18 column with a linear gradient of acetonitrile - water containing 5 mM ammonium acetate. The optimised method offered a good linear correlation (r2> 0.99), excellent precision (RSD < 4.0%) and preferable recovery (from 82% to 102%). The limits of detection (LOD) of dimethomorph and tebuconazole were 0.004mg/kg and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the rapid screening for the two pesticides in soil..
Research on Volcanic Rock Types and Characteristics in Ou Area
Authors: Yi Wei Hong , Zhang Jing Jun , Liu Cheng Zhi , Yang Yong Liang
Published: February 2014

Through core observation and description, whole rock chemical analysis, thin section identification and logging identification method, The volcanic rock of this area is mainly basalt, trachyte and tuff, three major categories, further divided into 10 subclasses. Basalt intergranular-intersertal structure, the main minerals are plagioclase , sodium feldspar and mafic pyroxene , belong to alkaline series,infrasonic wave, low natural gamma, high resistance, high density; Trachyte ,typical rough structure, high content of feldspar, the negative anomaly of naturalelectric potential, high resistance, high natural gamma measurement, infrasonic wave;Tuff, tuffaceous texture, massive structure, rock is composed of lithic, vitric, crystal and volcanic ash, ingredients to alkali feldspar, biotite, plagioclase etc, low natural gamma, low resistivity , low density.