bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient
Authors: Grothe Oliver , Kächele Fabian , Schmid Friedrich
Published: April 2022

We propose an extension of the univariate Lorenz curve and of the Gini coefficient to the multivariate case, i.e., to simultaneously measure inequality in more than one variable. Our extensions are based on copulas and measure inequality stemming from inequality in each single variable as well as inequality stemming from the dependence structure of the variables. We derive simple nonparametric estimators for both instruments and exemplary apply them to data of individual income and wealth for various countries.
High Performance of UiO-66 Metal–Organic Framework Modified with Melamine for Uptaking of Lead and Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Abdelmoaty Alaa S. , El-Wakeel Shaimaa T. , Fathy Nady , Hanna Adly A.
Published: April 2022

In this paper, UiO-66 metal–organic framework (MOF) was prepared by a hydrothermal method and modified consequently with melamine (MUiO-66), as so as enhance the adsorption properties of these materials in liquid-phase adsorption. With respect to this, the adsorption of lead and cadmium divalent ions was performed under varying conditions of pH, metal ion concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature. Morphology, texture properties, functional groups, crystallinity and thermal properties of both MOFs were examined. UiO-66 composed of sphere-like particles and covered by layers of melamine with enhancing in crystallinity and active sites as well as the total surface area increased from 1080 to 1160 m2/g. The modified UiO-66 with melamine (MUiO-66) showed a notable adsorption capacity of 177.5 and 146.6 mg/g for Pb and Cd(II) ions, respectively. Adsorption of both metals fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models and controlled by a physisorption mechanism at pH of 5. Also, adsorption process is an endothermic in nature and desorption is achieved well for three cycles by MUiO-66. Therefore, UiO-66 and MUiO-66 obtained in this work have a great promise in adsorption of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd(II) ions from wastewater.
SWprocess: a workflow for developing robust estimates of surface wave dispersion uncertainty
Authors: Vantassel Joseph P. , Cox Brady R.
Published: April 2022

Non-invasive surface wave methods are increasingly being used as the primary technique for estimating a site’s small-strain shear wave velocity (Vs). Yet, in comparison to invasive methods, non-invasive surface wave methods suffer from highly variable standards of practice, with each company/group/analyst estimating surface wave dispersion data, quantifying its uncertainty (or ignoring it in many cases), and performing inversions to obtain Vs profiles in their own unique manner. In response, this work presents a well-documented, production-tested, and easy-to-adopt workflow for developing estimates of experimental surface wave dispersion data with robust measures of uncertainty. This is a key step required for propagating dispersion uncertainty forward into the estimates of Vs derived from inversion. The paper focuses on the two most common applications of surface wave testing: the first, where only active-source testing has been performed, and the second, where both active-source and passive-wavefield testing has been performed. In both cases, clear guidance is provided on the steps to transform experimentally acquired waveforms into estimates of the site’s surface wave dispersion data and quantify its uncertainty. In particular, changes to surface wave data acquisition and processing are shown to affect the resulting experimental dispersion data, thereby highlighting their importance when quantifying uncertainty. In addition, this work is accompanied by an open-source Python package, swprocess, and associated Jupyter workflows to enable the reader to easily adopt the recommendations presented herein. It is hoped that these recommendations will lead to further discussions about developing standards of practice for surface wave data acquisition, processing, and inversion.
Microtremor array method using spatial autocorrelation analysis of Rayleigh-wave data
Authors: Hayashi Koichi , Asten Michael W. , Stephenson William J. , Cornou Cécile , Hobiger Manuel , Pilz Marco , Yamanaka Hiroaki
Published: April 2022

Microtremor array measurements, and passive surface wave methods in general, have been increasingly used to non-invasively estimate shear-wave velocity structures for various purposes. The methods estimate dispersion curves and invert them for retrieving S-wave velocity profiles. This paper summarizes principles, limitations, data collection, and processing methods. It intends to enable students and practitioners to understand the principles needed to plan a microtremor array investigation, record and process the data, and evaluate the quality of investigation result. The paper focuses on the spatial autocorrelation processing method among microtremor array processing methods because of its relatively simple calculation and stable applicability.

Highlights

1. A summary of fundamental principles of calculating phase velocity from ambient noise

2. General recommendations for MAM data collection and processing using SPAC methods

3. A discussion of limitations and uncertainties in the methods
Magnesiothermic Reduction of Natural Quartz
Authors: Rasouli Azam , Herstad Karl Edvin , Safarian Jafar , Tranell Gabriella
Published: April 2022

In the current work, the metallothermic reduction of natural quartz by magnesium has been studied at 1373 K under different reaction conditions, i.e. quartz type, quartz particle size, Mg:SiO2 mole ratio and reaction time. The microstructure of reaction products was studied to illustrate the reaction progression through scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis with Rietveld phase quantification was used to calculate the change in the amount of phases at different reaction conditions. The results showed that the Mg:SiO2 mole ratio strongly affects reaction mechanism and product characteristics such as phase content and microstructure. At lower Mg:SiO2 mole ratios, the reaction rate is fast at the beginning and the formation of a product layer consisting of different phases such as MgO, Si, Mg2Si, Mg2SiO4 and MgSiO3 around quartz particles limits the Mg diffusion. This phenomenon is more noticeable for larger quartz particle sizes where Mg should diffuse longer distance towards the quartz core to react with it. At higher Mg:SiO2 mole ratios, a significant amount of Si–Mg liquid alloy is formed during reaction where the high mobility of Mg in this liquid phase and cracking of quartz particles result in significantly higher reaction rate. Here the formation of intermediate phases is not significant and the products would be the mixture of MgO, Mg2Si, and either Si or Mg phases.
Robotic Surgery in Rectal Cancer: Potential, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Liu Ge , Zhang Shoujia , Zhang Yan , Fu Xiaoqing , Liu Xinlu
Published: April 2022

Opinion statement

The current standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer is based on a multimodal comprehensive treatment combined with preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiation and complete surgical resection of the entire mesorectal cancer. For ultra-low cases and cases with lateral lymph node metastasis, due to limitations in laparoscopic technology, the difficulties of operation and incidence of intraoperative complications are always difficult to overcome. Robotic surgery for the treatment of rectal cancer is an emerging technique that can overcome some of the technical drawbacks posed by conventional laparoscopic approaches, improving the scope and effect of radical operations. However, evidence from the literature regarding its oncological safety and clinical outcomes is still lacking. This brief review summarized the current status of robotic technology in rectal cancer therapy from the perspective of several mainstream surgical methods, including robotic total mesorectal excision (TME), robotic transanal TME, robotic lateral lymph node dissection, and artificial intelligence, focusing on the developmental direction of robotic approach in the field of minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer in the future.
Start of a New Era: Management of Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in 2022
Authors: Maughan Benjamin L.
Published: April 2022

Purpose of Review

Historically, kidney cancer was diagnosed as either clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) or non-clear cell renal carcinoma (nccRCC). With further research into the pathophysiology of nccRCC, multiple distinct subtypes have emerged creating distinct diagnosis, such as papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (crRCC), or unclassified carcinoma (cRCC). Many other kidney cancer subtypes are now included in the WHO classification system.

Recent Findings

The prognosis for each of the more frequently diagnosed types is discussed here along with treatment recommendations. The available clinical trial results and salient retrospective studies of each subtype are reviewed here to guide clinicians on the optimal treatment selection for patients with these rare histologic types or RCC.

Many nccRCC types are now recognized and each has unique molecular drivers which are different than ccRCC. The optimal treatment strategy is different for each subtype. The prognosis also differs based on the histology.
Kerosene Supply Effect on Performance of Aluminum Nitride Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Kim Daenyoung , Kim Yoo-Seok , Song Ki Young , Ahn Sung Hoon , Chu Chong Nam
Published: April 2022

As interest in aluminum nitride (AlN), a high-performance ceramic, has been rapidly increasing, many researchers studied the possibilities of machining it. Since AlN is classified as a difficult-to-cut material, the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process using an assisting electrode is emerging as an effective machining method. Kerosene, as a dielectric fluid, plays an important role in forming a successive conductive carbon layer on the surface of the workpiece to induce and maintain discharge. Most previous methods used tubular electrodes to stably feed the dielectric fluids through their center hole. However, in the case of micro-EDM, the extremely small electrode diameter makes it difficult to fabricate a through-hole in the electrode, and a very narrow gap prevents the flow of dielectric fluid. In order to overcome dielectric fluid flow problems in micro-EDM, in this study, two kinds of flow-promoting methods are introduced: one is to use a D-shaped solid electrode to obtain a wider asymmetric flow channel, and the other is to use an O-shaped solid electrode with graphite-powder-mixed kerosene (GPMK) under a relatively wider discharge gap. Flow simulation results show that both methods promote kerosene flow, and the experimental results show similar results as well. When using the D-shaped section, the material removal rate increased, but increased tool wear was observed. In the case of GPMK, the metal removal rate increased 64%, and relative wear ratio decreased 73% compared to conventional methods. Through voltage scheduling, the problem of precision degradation that occurs during deep-hole drilling with the O-shaped solid electrode GPMK configuration was solved without sacrificing machinability.
Heteronormative Assumptions and Expectations of Sexual Violence: Language and Inclusivity Within Sexual Violence Policy in Australian Universities
Authors: Gretgrix Emma , Farmer Clare
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Sexual violence is often positioned as a heterosexual experience, perpetrated by men against women. Research from the USA has revealed university sexual violence policies are typically heteronormatively framed and ignore the sexual victimisation of men and sexuality and gender diverse people (DeLong et al. in Journal of Interpersonal Violence33:3315–3343, 2018; Enke in Journal of College Student Development59:479–485, 2016; Worthen & Wallace in Family Relations66:180–196, 2017). In Australia, there has been little examination of university sexual violence policies in terms of inclusivity and language used in relation to gender, sexuality or the framing of sexual violence. Positioned within a feminist perspective, which seeks to promote equitable consideration of all sexual and gender identities, the current study starts to fill this gap.

Methods

A summative content analysis of 17 sexual violence policies, collected in December 2020 from ten Australian universities, identified and explored the extent of assumptive concepts in language related to gender, sexuality and inclusivity.

Results

This preliminary study found that sexual violence policies within Australian universities typically reject traditional gendered narratives of sexual violence and use gender-neutral language that is inclusive of all genders and sexualities.

Conclusions

This finding provides the foundation for further research which expands the sample and examines the actual experiences of sexuality and gender diverse victim-survivors when navigating university sexual violence policies.

Policy Implications

University policymakers may draw from this sample of policies when developing or revising their sexual violence policies.
Optimization of the color masking and coating unit operations for microencapsulating ferrous fumarate for double fortification of salt
Authors: Modupe Oluwasegun , Li Yao Olive , Diosady Levente L.
Published: April 2022

A new coating formulation was developed to eliminate the factor that caused black spots on the iron premix surface, used for making Double Fortified Salt. The formulation is a suspension of titanium dioxide in soy stearin, prepared with ethanol and dichloromethane and applied with a glass sprayer and pan coater. 0–20%w/wtitanium dioxide was suspended in 10%w/wsoy stearin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Coating with a suspension of 15%w/wTiO2in 10%w/wsoy stearin ensured that all the TiO2adheres to the premix surface, giving no chance for the recycling of iron contaminated TiO2, which caused the black spot. The new coating formulation ensured that over 90% iodine in Double Fortified Salt was retained after 6 months at 45 °C, 60–70% RH. The whiteness of the premix (L* = 86.4) matched the Double Fortified Salt whiteness (L* = 86.8). Thus, making the new coating method as effective as the previous in desirable characteristics. More so, the new coating method simplifies the existing method by merging the previous color masking, and double coating steps into one step.
Connecting past and present: single-cell lineage tracing
Authors: Chen Cheng , Liao Yuanxin , Peng Guangdun
Published: April 2022

Central to the core principle of cell theory, depicting cells’ history, state and fate is a fundamental goal in modern biology. By leveraging clonal analysis and single-cell RNA-seq technologies, single-cell lineage tracing provides new opportunities to interrogate both cell states and lineage histories. During the past few years, many strategies to achieve lineage tracing at single-cell resolution have been developed, and three of them (integration barcodes, polylox barcodes, and CRISPR barcodes) are noteworthy as they are amenable in experimentally tractable systems. Although the above strategies have been demonstrated in animal development and stem cell research, much care and effort are still required to implement these methods. Here we review the development of single-cell lineage tracing, major characteristics of the cell barcoding strategies, applications, as well as technical considerations and limitations, providing a guide to choose or improve the single-cell barcoding lineage tracing.
Ultralight Magnetic and Dielectric Aerogels Achieved by Metal–Organic Framework Initiated Gelation of Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Microwave Absorption
Authors: Huang Xiaogu , Wei Jiawen , Zhang Yunke , Qian BinBin , Jia Qi , Liu Jun , Zhao Xiaojia , Shao Gaofeng
Published: April 2022

Highlights

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are used to directly initiate the gelation of graphene oxide (GO), producing MOF/rGO aerogels.

The ultralight magnetic and dielectric aerogels show remarkable microwave absorption performance with ultralow filling contents.

The development of a convenient methodology for synthesizing the hierarchically porous aerogels comprising metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene oxide (GO) building blocks that exhibit an ultralow density and uniformly distributed MOFs on GO sheets is important for various applications. Herein, we report a facile route for synthesizing MOF/reduced GO (rGO) aerogels based on the gelation of GO, which is directly initiated using MOF crystals. Free metal ions exposed on the surface of MIL-88A nanorods act as linkers that bind GO nanosheets to a three-dimensional porous network via metal–oxygen covalent or electrostatic interactions. The MOF/rGO-derived magnetic and dielectric aerogels Fe3O4@C/rGO and Ni-doped Fe3O4@C/rGO show notable microwave absorption (MA) performance, simultaneously achieving strong absorption and broad bandwidth at low thickness of 2.5 (− 58.1 dB and 6.48 GHz) and 2.8 mm (− 46.2 dB and 7.92 GHz) with ultralow filling contents of 0.7 and 0.6 wt%, respectively. The microwave attenuation ability of the prepared aerogels is further confirmed via a radar cross-sectional simulation, which is attributed to the synergistic effects of their hierarchically porous structures and heterointerface engineering. This work provides an effective pathway for fabricating hierarchically porous MOF/rGO hybrid aerogels and offers magnetic and dielectric aerogels for ultralight MA.
Culturally Relevant Parenting Approaches Among African American and Latinx Children and Families: Toward Resilient, Strengths-Based, Trauma-Informed Practices
Authors: Smith Emilie Phillips , Yzaguirre Melissa Marie , Dwanyen Lekie , Wieling Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

Children and families of color in the United States (U.S.) have long had to battle to develop a positive identity in the face of discrimination based upon race, ethnicity, immigration status, and gender. Historically, racial-ethnic minorities have experienced various types of trauma exposures in the U.S., including enslavement, family separation, deportation, colonization, discrimination, ridicule, and stereotyping that permeate U.S. society. Yet, they still have managed within their families to advance some sense of shared within-group identities, values, beliefs, and practices that have fostered child and family development. This paper focuses on the experiences of African American and Latinx families who, though distinct in historical and cultural experiences, have some similarities in social disparities that should inform parenting programs. Prevention and intervention that seeks to engage families of color should be sensitive to centuries of racism and structural inequalities that have contributed to their unique socio-cultural contexts (Bernal et al., 2009; Spencer et al., 1997).

We first explore the historical context of racial-ethnic trauma among children of color in the U.S. Second, we build upon the work in traumatic stress as a rationale for examining culturally relevant and responsive adaptations that address linguistics, worldviews, and contexts, describing the ways in which these concepts are evidenced in programming and effects upon family processes, and youth socio-emotional development. We discuss the implications for multi-group intervention, homogenous and heterogeneous group composition, underscoring the value of critical frameworks attuned to psychological trauma that draw upon a strengths-based perspective of culture for African American and Latinx children and families.
Advances, challenges, and perspectives for CCUS source-sink matching models under carbon neutrality target
Authors: Zhang Xian , Li Kai , Wei Ning , Li Zheng , Fan Jing-Li
Published: April 2022

With the widespread popularity of carbon neutrality, the decarbonization approach using carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) has grown from a low-carbon utilization technology to an indispensable technology for the entire global carbon-neutral technology system. As a primary method to support CCUS research, source-sink matching models face several new demand-oriented challenges. Comprehensive research and in-depth insights are needed to guide targeted capability upgrades. This review evaluates the advances, challenges, and perspectives of various CCUS source-sink matching models developed in the past 10 years. We provide an integrated conceptual framework from six key attributes relating to mitigation targets, carbon sources, carbon sinks, transportation networks, utilization, and integration (synergy). The results indicate that previous models have effectively deepened our understanding of the matching process by targeting various CCUS-related issues and provided a solid foundation for more robust models to be developed. Six perspectives are put forward to outline research and development prospects for future models, which may have meaningful effects for advancement under emerging carbon neutrality targets.
Technological innovations on direct carbon mitigation by ordered energy conversion and full resource utilization
Authors: Guo Liejin , Ou Zhisong , Liu Ya , Ge Zhiwei , Jin Hui , Ou Guobiao , Song Mengmeng , Jiao Zihao , Jing Wenhao
Published: April 2022

Coal consumption leads to over 15 billion tons of global CO2 emissions annually, which will continue at a considerable intensity in the foreseeable future. To remove the huge amount of CO2, a practically feasible way of direct carbon mitigation, instead of capturing that from dilute tail gases, should be developed; as intended, we developed two innovative supporting technologies, of which the status, strengths, applications, and perspective are discussed in this paper. One is supercritical water gasification-based coal/biomass utilization technology, which orderly converts chemical energy of coal and low-grade heat into hydrogen energy, and can achieve poly-generation of steam, heat, hydrogen, power, pure CO2, and minerals. The other one is the renewables-powered CO2 reduction techniques, which uses CO2 as the resource for carbon-based fuel production. When combining the above two technical loops, one can achieve a full resource utilization and zero CO2 emission, making it a practically feasible way for China and global countries to achieve carbon neutrality while creating substantial domestic benefits of economic growth, competitiveness, well-beings, and new industries.
Facilitating full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement for carbon neutrality vision
Authors: XU Huaqing
Published: April 2022

The Paris Agreement, a landmark in the multilateral process of global climate governance, not only demonstrates the greatest inclusiveness and feasibility based on science and principles, but also points out the general direction of the global green and low-carbon transition. The Agreement has set a global goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. To achieve this long-term objective, developed countries should take the lead in reducing emissions as soon as possible, which is fundamental to the achievement of net-zero global emissions at an early date. China’s goal of striving to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060 shows its great ambition, strength, and responsibility as a major country, indicating that China is committed to realizing carbon neutrality from carbon peaking in the shortest time in global history, and will make greater efforts and contributions to achieve the goals set out in the Paris Agreement.
Excavating the Archive / Archiving the Excavation: Archival Processes and Contexts in Archaeology
Authors: Ward Chloë
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the production of archaeological knowledge within the fieldwork archive. Archaeological archives do not always reflect the reality of evidence uncovered during fieldwork processes or even the fieldwork processes themselves. This includes the many different agents and agencies, which are crucial to the construction of archaeological knowledge and their representation—or lack of representation—in the archive. Archaeological archives impose restrictions on how knowledge is included in a collection, the way it is recorded, and the fieldwork processes used. Therefore, this article considers the way in which the processes of archival documentation produce, transform, and construct archaeological knowledge. The main examples are from the British School of Archaeology in Egypt's excavations at Abydos between 1921 and 1922, often referred to as the Tombs of the Courtiers and directed by Flinders Petrie. Looking at the different contexts of an excavation archive, from before its creation to its ongoing curation and use, can reveal significant aspects not just of the history of archaeology but also on many of the ongoing recording methods and processes still used in the field today.
Garden Offerings in the Kona Field System, Hawai'i Island: A Fine-Grained Chronology and Its Implications
Authors: McCoy Mark D. , Cheng Hai , Mulrooney Mara A. , Ladefoged Thegn N.
Published: April 2022

Identifying and explaining the end of long-lived practices is a major challenge for anthropological archaeology. We present a high-precision uranium series dating (230Th/U) chronology of an undocumented aspect of Hawaiian religion: the use of corals as offerings in gardens. Our results from the upland gardens of Kealakekua (Kona District, Hawai`i Island) document the onset of religious offerings at the same time as farming in the area at around AD 1400, with no samples dating to after around AD 1635. There are similar conspicuous endings to coral offerings in temple sites on the small, isolated island of Nihoa and in the uplands of Maui. On Nihoa, the lack of coral offerings after AD 1606 can be reasonably linked to the abandonment of permanent settlement on the island. In upland Maui temple sites, as is the case in the upland gardens of Kealakekua, the end of coral offerings around AD 1600–1700 suggests a disruption to a long-lived ritual tradition at a time when other metrics point to the rise of state authority over religion.
201 Effects of GLP-1 on Glucose and Islet-Cell Secretory Responses to Protein Ingestion After Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Rayas Maria S. , Honka Henri , DeFronzo Ralph A , Gastaldelli Amalia , Salehi Marzieh
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In this study we sought to determine the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), one of the main gut hormones in regulating glucose metabolism, after protein ingestion in patients with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We examined the glucose and islet-cell secretory responses to 50 g protein ingestion with and without a potent GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin-(9-39) [Ex-9], in 10 GB-treated subjects, 9 SG-treated, and 7 non-operated controls (CN). The groups were matched for age, BMI, fat-free mass, fasting glucose and insulin, and HbA1c. The surgical groups also were matched for weight loss and time post-surgery. No subjects had diabetes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Protein ingestion resulted in an early rise in glycemia (AUCGlucose1hr) in GB and SG, whereas CN had minimal change in glucose (p<0.05). Protein ingestion enhanced C-peptide responses in all groups, but to a larger extent in GB and SG when compared to CN (p<0.05). Early glucagon response to protein ingestion (AUCGlucagon1hr) tended to be larger in GB and SG subjects when compared to CN (p=0.07). Ex-9 increased premeal and prandial glycemia in all groups (p<0.05), but increase in early glycemia (AUCGlucose1hr) was most notable in GB (p=0.1, interaction). This glycemic effect of Ex-9 was associated with a ~25% reduction in prandial C-peptide secretion in GB and SG and ~8% increase in CN (p<0.05, interaction). Early prandial glucagon responses were larger during studies with Ex-9 compared to those without (p<0.05). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings indicate that glucose metabolism after protein ingestion is altered after GB and SG. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that endogenous GLP-1 contributes to glucose and islet-cell secretory response to protein ingestion, and that GB and SG exaggerate GLP-1 contribution to insulin secretion after protein ingestion.
202 A CTS Team Approach to Immune Signatures of PTSD Susceptibility
Authors: Wilkinson Courtney S. , Gopinath Adithya , Koshbouei Habibeh , Schwednt Marek , Knackstedt Lori A.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in a subset of individuals (15-25%) exposed to trauma. We report our preliminary findings investigating underlying peripheral immune responses related to risk and resilience to PTSD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Sprague-Dawley rats (half male) were exposed to predator scent stress in the form of the fox pheromone 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT) once for 10 minutes. Seven days later, rats were assessed for persistent anxiety-like behavior using the acoustic startle response task (ASR) and elevated plus maze (EPM). Tail blood was collected for later inflammation analysis at three time points: 1) prior to experiment start, 2) after TMT exposure, and 3) after ASR and EPM. Using a with-in subjects design, our experiment elucidates the connection between PTSD-like symptoms and baseline immune function, inflammatory stress responses, and chronic inflammatory state after stress exposure. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In comparison to healthy controls, humans with PTSD show elevated blood levels of inflammatory markers. Human studies also show a relationship between baseline immune dysfunction and later PTSD development. In agreement with this literature, we anticipate PTSD-like rats will have increased blood levels of inflammation markers at all three time points compared to resilient and control rats. These findings will back-translate human findings in support of the predator scent stress preclinical model of PTSD. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings will elucidate the temporal aspects of proinflammatory markers and PTSD development. This study will indicate if baseline peripheral immune dysfunction, inflammatory response immediately after stress exposure, and/or chronic inflammatory state predicts ptsd-like behavior in rats.
210 Antibody function, antigenic target and glycans determine the transfer of herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibodies (Abs) from mothers to newborns and transfer is altered by SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Mahant Mahant Aakash , Estrada Trejo Fatima A. , Aguilan Jennifer T , Sidoli Simone , Herold Betsy C.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Murine and clinical data suggest that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is associated with greater protection against disseminated neonatal HSV disease. To quantify the relative transfer of Abs with different functions and targets, we conducted a prospective study of mother-infant term and preterm dyads pre and during COVID-19 METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Total and HSV lysate, glycoprotein D (gD) and glycoprotein B (gB)-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 as well as HSV neutralizing Abs (nAbs) and ADCC were quantified in paired 3rd-trimester pregnant women and their newborns (cord) blood. Transfer ratios (TR) were defined as cord:maternal Ab levels. IgG1 and IgG3 subclass and gD or gB-specific Abs were isolated by column purification and glycan profiles were assessed by mass spectrometry. The study population included 21 term and 15 preterm dyads who were HSV-1 (+/- HSV-2) seropositive enrolled between 2018-2019 (pre-COVID) and 25 additional HSV-1 (+/- HSV-2) seropositive term dyads whose mothers were SARS-CoV-2 PCR and COVID Ab+ at delivery; 14 were asymptomatic and 11 had mild-moderate COVID disease. None of the mothers had active genital HSV lesions during delivery RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Anti-HSV IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 TR were higher in term vs. preterm dyads (p<0.05). The nAb TR was 2.4 in term vs. 0.8 in preterm (p<0.001) but the ADCC TR was < 1.0 for both. To determine if the latter reflected antigenic target, subclass or glycans, we enriched for gD and gB specific and IgG1 and IgG3 Abs. The gD Abs were IgG1 and had only neutralizing activity. In contrast, gB Abs were polyfunctional and included IgG1 and IgG3 but only the IgG1 Abs had ADCC activity. The gD Abs were enriched for glycans associated with an affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn); gB Abs expressed glycans associated with both FcRn and FcÎ³RIIIa binding. There was no significant difference in total HSV-specific IgG TR in pre-COVID vs post-COVID dyads but the nAb TR was lower (p=0.018) and ADCC TR higher (p<0.001) in the COVID compared to pre-COVID cohort DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: HSV ADCC Abs, which may provide greater protection than nAbs against neonatal disease, transfer poorly particularly to preterm newborns. However, in the setting of SARS-CoV-2, the TR of HSV ADCC is significantly higher. This may reflect alterations in the placental architecture and/or glycan composition which is currently being investigated.
211 Using team science to support outbreak management in a large urban region during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kuo Tony , Inkelas Moira , Manuel Vladimir , Nianogo Roch A. , Morrison Douglas E. , Arah Onyebuchi A.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To describe how the UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) assembled and deployed a science team in support of a local jurisdictions effort to manage and control COVID-19 outbreaks in one of the nations largest metropolitan regions, Los Angeles County (LAC). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-21), building an efficient data infrastructure to support outbreak management became a priority for the local health department. In response, the UCLA CTSI assembled a science team with expertise across the translational continuum: epidemiology, laboratory and microbiology, machine learning, health policy, medicine and clinical care, and community engagement. The team partnered with a new LAC Data Science Team to foster a collaborative learning environment for scientists and public health personnel, employing improvement and implementation science to help mitigate COVID-19 outbreaks in sectors including healthcare, skilled nursing facilities, and K-12 education. The goal was a public health workforce that is prepared to problem-solve complex, evolving outbreaks. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The science team created a learning environment with data modeling and visualization, problem-based learning, and active knowledge and skills acquisition. First, control charts and time series methods were used to visualize COVID-19 data and find signals for action. Second, a series of 16 Grand Rounds offered interactive sessions on problem-solving of outbreak challenges in different sectors. Third, a biweekly Public Health Digest provided fieldworkers with the latest scientific studies on COVID-19. All three elements guided and empowered the workforce to implement timelier, efficient outbreak mitigation strategies in the field. The partnered team also identified barriers to adoption of selected new data and management techniques, revealing areas for further skill-building and data-driven leadership. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The UCLA CTSI science team offered a backbone science infrastructure for helping public health and other sector agencies manage COVID-19 outbreaks and mitigation. It showed promise in bringing and translating science into public health practice. It revealed future priorities for CTSI innovation and scientific support of public agencies.
216 An Example for Establishing a Clinically Translational Innovation Lab at a University Setting
Authors: Kerensky Max , Doloff Joshua C , Thakor Nitish , Theodore Nicholas , Manbachi Amir
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This poster shares a case study on how a group at The Johns Hopkins University formed a translational lab missioned to reinvent currently existing treatments for acute spinal cord injuries, implanting in humans within a five-year window. The poster showcases how a project funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has been implemented. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The translational team; Holistic Electrical; ultrasonic and Physiological Interventions Unburdening those with Spinal cord injury• (HEPIUS) Lab is composed of many parts as listed below: neurosurgeons; engineers; radiologists; public health specialists; statisticians; patient advocates; ethicists; sonographers; researchers; academic collaborators; and specialized industry partners. Sometimes physically separated; the team has videoconferencing carts across locations to stay connected at every step in the process. The lab facilities were organized with several key facets in mind: research and development (R&D); prototyping; fabrication; verification; and validation (V&V); animal model testing; cadaveric testing accessibility; mock operating room for simulations; and collaboration hubs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Due to communications with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), DARPA, patient advocates, ethicists, internal review boards, and other bodies, the team has a clear path towards clinical translation. The team has the following stages in progress or scheduled: manufacturing devices, benchtop testing, rat and pig models, biocompatibility testing, cadaveric testing, and clinical use. The lab space was designed to achieve these core functions. For rapid, in-house manufacturing, the lab has unique capabilities including 3D metal printing. For experiments, industry collaborations and equipment acquisitions enable the highest quality research. These technologies are assembled into diagnostic, therapeutic, testing, and manufacturing hubs to drive real change in the lives of many; the patient comes first. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This laboratory, team, and system of operation is aimed to enable novel practices for the clinical translation of spinal cord medical solutions. For researchers interested in launching their own translational work, this poster may serve as a reference, example, and inspiration for similar hopeful university-centered hubs.
237 Studies of epilepsy surgery outcomes are statistically underpowered.
Authors: Dickey Adam , Krafty Robert T. , Pedersen Nigel P.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Low statistical power is a problem is many fields. We performed a systematic review to determine the median statistical power of studies of epilepsy surgery outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed a PubMed search for studies reporting epilepsy surgery outcomes for the years 1980-2000, focusing on studies using stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG). We extracted patient count data for comparisons of surgical outcome between groups, based on a prognostic factor. We defined a clinically meaningful difference the surgical outcome for MRI positive (66.9%) compared to MRI negative (45.5%) in the largest study in the series. The statistical power of a Chi-square test was computed as the percentage of simulated runs (10,000 repetitions) assuming this difference with a p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on 69 studies, the median sample size was 38 patients, and the median statistical power was 24%. This implies at least a 17% (0.5/[0.24+0.05)) chance a study with a significant result in false, assuming 1:1 pre-test odds. A 'typical’ SEEG study with 33 patients and 2:1 allocation had a median significant odds ratio of 6.5, which over-estimates the true odds ratio of 2.4. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Studies of epilepsy surgery outcomes using SEEG are statistically underpowered. This means true effects will be missed, the chance a study with a significant result is false will be inflated, and significant effects found will be over-estimated. Studies of surgery outcome need better statistical rigor if they are to reliably guide treatment.
240 Neurologic complications in children with seizures and respiratory illness: A comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses
Authors: Gombolay Grace , Anderson Monique , Xiang Yijin , Bai Shasha , Rostad Christina A. , Tyor William
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To compare rates and types of neurological symptoms in children hospitalized with seizures and respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and endemic coronaviruses. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Retrospective cohort study of children between 0-21 years of age admitted to a single pediatric free-standing quaternary referral center from January 1, 2014 to June 1, 2021 for seizures who had positive respiratory infection PCR for SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses (Coronavirus NL63 and Coronavirus OC34), influenza (A and B), adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and parainfluenza 3 or 4 infections. Patient characteristics including age, race, sex, ethnicity, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit admission, intubation, chest x-ray, and MRI results were included. The primary outcomes were rates of neurological diagnoses and mortality. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 883 children were included: 68 SARS-CoV-2, 232 influenza, and 187 with other coronaviruses (OC), 214 adenovirus, 20 M. pneumoniae, 121 parainfluenza 3, and 41 parainfluenza 4. Mortality rates were 0% M pneumoniae to 4.9% in parainfluenza 4, with 2.9% in SARS-CoV-2. Encephalopathy was noted in 5-15.6% and strokes were seen in all infections except for coronavirus OC43 and M. pneumoniae, with 4.9% in parainfluenza 4 and 5.9% in SARS-CoV-2. The most common brain MRI abnormality was diffusion restriction. Differences between SARS-CoV-2 and OC were observed in stroke (5.9% vs. 0.5%, p-value=0.019), ICU admission (50% vs. 69%, p-value=0.008), and intubation (19.1% vs. 34.8%, p-value=0.021, respectively). However, the rates of neurological symptoms were similar between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found higher rates of stroke, but lower rates of ICU admission and intubation in SARS-CoV-2 versus OC. Strokes were observed in many infections. Rates of neurological symptoms were similar in SARS-CoV-2 versus influenza patients. Vigilance should be undertaken in treatment of children presenting with all respiratory illnesses.
257 Factors Associated with Primary Care Provider (PCP) Use Among Home Dialysis Patients
Authors: Singh Rohanit , Ahn JiYoon , Demarco Mara McAdams , Jaar Bernard
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Patients utilizing dialysis receive fewer primary care services, especially during the time of initiation of dialysis. This project aims to identify clinical or demographic factors that are associated with either initiation or continuity of PCP use after initiating home dialysis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using Medicare claims data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), we analyzed PCP use for patients aged 67 years or older. We included patients who initiated either peritoneal or home-hemodialysis between 2008-2014. Patients were followed for 2 years: 1 year before and after home dialysis initiation. We used a multivariable logistic model to control for various demographic and clinical factors believed to be confounders and to ascertain factors (i.e. age, race/ethnicity, area of residence, comorbidities, frailty scores) associated with initiation of PCP use or continuity of PCP use. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among the 9,854 patients analyzed, 68% of patients used PCP after dialysis initiation. 85% of patients who used PCP before dialysis continued PCP use after home dialysis initiation. Only 29% of patients who had not used PCP before dialysis initiated PCP use after. Employment (vs. unemployment) and use of home-hemodialysis (vs peritoneal) were associated with lower odds of PCP continuity of care. Diabetes and pre-dialysis nephrology care were associated with greater odds of PCP continuity of care. Black race (vs White) and high frailty scores were associated with lower odds of PCP initiation. Those with cardiovascular disease, residence in the South (vs the Northeast), and residence in more urban areas (vs low urban) were associated with greater odds of PCP initiation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights the prevalence of PCP use, as well as the factors and subgroups that are associated with lower PCP use among patients receiving home dialysis. These findings will guide future research, interventions and policies in order to improve our understanding of the barriers to PCP use in that population.
265 The design of a virtual museum to address social disconnection and pain among individuals with chronic pain (IWCP)
Authors: Koebner Ian , Pena Jorge
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Engagement with art may reduce the social disconnection that accompanies chronic pain. Disaggregating specific from non-specific effects of arts-based programs is challenging. This study creates an experimental virtual museum to identify the separate and joint effects of art and social connection. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Two x two factorial experiment with repeated measures: (1) Artwork present condition is a virtual exhibition featuring paintings from the Google Arts & Culture collection; (2) Artwork absent condition is the same exhibition space but with the paintings removed; (3) Social connection condition asks participants to write about a situation in which they felt more socially connected to others; (4) Social disconnection conditions asks participants to write about a situation in which they felt more socially disconnected from others. Participants: (1) English language proficiency; (2) â‰¥18 years; (3) Chronic moderate to severe pain; (4) Lonely; (5) Has electronic device with internet connection. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants will be recruited through a 3-month social media campaign conducted by StudyPages, a clinical trial recruitment and management platform. This study will evaluate the effects of virtual art exposure and social connectivity priming on pain and social disconnection reduction among lonely IWCP. Pre-intervention scores for pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and perceived social disconnection will be compared to post-intervention scores. Secondary outcome measures include (a) Museum visit data (e.g., user movement, click, object interaction, open comments) and (b) perceptions about artwork. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Psychosocial support for IWCP may improve pain-related outcomes. This studys data will help to optimize virtual museum interventions and provides the first data we are aware of to evaluate the specific effects of art in virtual museum engagement to reduce pain and social disconnection among IWCP.