bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mia Couto, Nelson Saúte e o conto moçambicano
Authors: Lérco Camila Cesário
Published: January 2019

Leitura comparada das narrativas “O cachimbo de Felizbento” e “O enterro da bicicleta” tendo em vista o conto moçambicano. Mia Couto e Nelson Saúte se valem do conto como um campo possível para retratar a conjuntura sócio-histórica e a pluralidade de Moçambique.
Editorial
Authors: Thomaz Nathalia Xavier , Da Cunha Maria Zilda
Published: January 2019

Editorial da Revista Literartes oitava edição.
Entre Imagem e Palavra
Authors: Barros Luzia
Published: January 2019

Analisamos neste artigo os contos "Galo cantou na baía”, de Manuel Lopes (1936), e “Um ladrão” (1939), de Graciliano Ramos. Considerando que naquele momento histórico a literatura era um ambiente privilegiado para promover debates urgentes em prol de populações que viviam em situação de extrema vulnerabilidade, abordamos, desde a perspectiva do foco narrativo, as estratégias discursivas empregadas pelos autores então política e claramente orientados e engajados.
Reversal of Aortic Enlargement Induced by Increased Biomechanical Forces Requires AT1R Inhibition in Conjunction With AT2R Activation
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Peters Andrew M. , Wang Shanzhi , Janda Alexandra , Chen Jiyuan , Zhou Ping , Arthur Erin , Kwartler Callie S. , Milewicz Dianna M.
Published: January 2019

Objective—

Pharmacological inhibition of the AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) with losartan can attenuate ascending aortic remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). In this study, we investigated the role of the AT2R (angiotensin II type 2 receptor) and MasR (Mas receptor) in TAC-induced ascending aortic dilation and remodeling.

Approach and Results—

Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham or TAC surgeries in the presence and absence of various drugs. Aortic diameters were assessed by echocardiography, central blood pressure was measured in the ascending aorta 2 weeks post-operation, and histology and gene expression analyses completed. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, decreased systolic blood pressure to the same level as losartan but did not attenuate aortic dilation, adventitial inflammation, medial collagen deposition, elastin breakage, or
Mmp9
(matrix metalloproteinase-9) expression when compared with TAC mice. In contrast, co-administration of captopril with an AT2R agonist, compound 21, attenuated aortic dilation, medial collagen content, elastin breaks, and
Mmp9
expression, whereas co-administration of captopril with a MasR agonist (AVE0991) did not reverse aortic dilation and led to aberrant aortic remodeling. An AT2R antagonist, PD123319, reversed the protective effects of losartan in TAC mice. Treatment with compound 21 alone showed no effect on TAC-induced aortic enlargement, blood pressure, elastin breakage, or
Mmp9
expression.

Conclusions—

Our data indicate that when AT1R signaling is blocked, AT2R activation is a key modulator to prevent aortic dilation that occurs with TAC. These data suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor may not be as effective as losartan for slowing aneurysm growth because losartan requires intact AT2R signaling to prevent aortic enlargement.
Reassessing the Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Libby Peter , Pasterkamp Gerard , Crea Filippo , Jang Ik-Kyung
Published: January 2019

The mechanisms that underlie superficial erosion, a cause of coronary thrombosis distinct from plaque rupture, have garnered recent interest. In an era of improved control of traditional risk factors, such as LDL (low-density lipoprotein), plaque erosion may assume greater clinical importance. Plaques complicated by erosion tend to be matrix-rich, lipid-poor, and usually lack prominent macrophage collections, unlike plaques that rupture, which characteristically have thin fibrous caps, large lipid pools, and abundant foam cells. Thrombi that complicate superficial erosion seem more platelet-rich than the fibrinous clots precipitated by plaque rupture. The pathogenesis of plaque rupture probably does not pertain to superficial erosion, a process heretofore little understood mechanistically. We review here data that support a substantial shift in the mechanisms of the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. We further consider pathophysiologic processes recently implicated in the mechanisms of erosion. Multiple processes likely predispose plaques to superficial erosion, including experiencing disturbed flow, basement membrane breakdown, endothelial cell death, and detachment potentiated by innate immune activation mediated through pattern-recognition receptors and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Monocytes/macrophages predominate in the pathogenesis of plaque rupture and consequent thrombosis, but polymorphonuclear leukocytes likely promote endothelial damage during superficial erosion. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps probably perpetuates and propagates intimal injury and potentiates thrombosis due to superficial erosion. These considerations have profound clinical implications. Acute coronary syndromes because of erosion may not require immediate invasive therapy. Understanding the biological bases of erosion points to novel therapies for acute coronary syndrome caused by erosion. Future research should probe further the mechanisms of superficial erosion, and develop point-of-care tests to distinguish acute coronary syndromes provoked by erosion versus rupture that may direct more precision management. Future clinical investigations should evaluate intervening on the targets that have emerged from experimental studies and the management strategies that they inform.
Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kenny Helena C. , Abel E. Dale
Published: January 2019

Patients with diabetes mellitus have >2× the risk for developing heart failure (HF; HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction). Cardiovascular outcomes, hospitalization, and prognosis are worse for patients with diabetes mellitus relative to those without. Beyond the structural and functional changes that characterize diabetic cardiomyopathy, a complex underlying, and interrelated pathophysiology exists. Despite the success of many commonly used antihyperglycemic therapies to lower hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus the high prevalence of HF persists. This, therefore, raises the possibility that additional factors beyond glycemia might contribute to the increased HF risk in diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes the state of knowledge about the impact of existing antihyperglycemic therapies on HF and discusses potential mechanisms for beneficial or deleterious effects. Second, we review currently approved pharmacological therapies for HF and review evidence that addresses their efficacy in the context of diabetes mellitus. Dysregulation of many cellular mechanisms in multiple models of diabetic cardiomyopathy and in human hearts have been described. These include oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, aberrant insulin signaling, accumulation of advanced glycated end-products, altered autophagy, changes in myocardial substrate metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics, lipotoxicity, and altered signal transduction such as GRK (g-protein receptor kinase) signaling, renin angiotensin aldosterone signaling and β-2 adrenergic receptor signaling. These pathophysiological pathways might be amenable to pharmacological therapy to reduce the risk of HF in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Successful targeting of these pathways could alter the prognosis and risk of HF beyond what is currently achieved using existing antihyperglycemic and HF therapeutics.
Getting to the Heart of Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Tublin Joshua M. , Adelstein Jeremy M. , del Monte Federica , Combs Colin K. , Wold Loren E.
Published: January 2019

In a somewhat narrow diagnostic lens, Alzheimer disease (AD) has been considered a brain-specific disease characterized by the presence of Aβ (β-amyloid) plaques and tau neural fibrillary tangles and neural inflammation; these pathologies lead to neuronal death and consequently clinical symptoms, such as memory loss, confusion, and impaired cognitive function. However, for decades, researchers have noticed a link between various cardiovascular abnormalities and AD—such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and vasculopathy. A considerable volume of work has pointed at this head to heart connection, focusing mainly on associations between cerebral hypoperfusion and neuronal degradation. However, new evidence of a possible systemic or metastatic profile to AD calls for further analysis of this connection. Aβ aggregations—biochemically and structurally akin to those found in the typical AD pathology—are now known to be present in the hearts of individuals with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as the hearts of patients with AD. These findings suggest a potential systemic profile of proteinopathies and a new hypothesis for the link between peripheral and central symptoms of heart failure and AD. Herein, we provide an overview of the cardiovascular links to Alzheimer disease.
NHLBI-Sponsored Randomized Trial of Postconditioning During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Traverse Jay H. , Swingen Cory M. , Henry Timothy D. , Fox Jane , Wang Yale L. , Chavez Ivan J. , Lips Daniel L. , Lesser John R. , Pedersen Wesley R. , Burke Nicholas M. , Pai Akila , Lindberg Jana L. , Garberich Ross F.
Published: January 2019

Rationale:

Postconditioning at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction may reduce infarct size and improve myocardial salvage. However, clinical trials have shown inconsistent benefit.

Objective:

We performed the first National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored trial of postconditioning in the United States using strict enrollment criteria to optimize the early benefits of postconditioning and assess its long-term effects on left ventricular (LV) function.

Methods and Results:

We randomized 122 ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients to postconditioning (4, 30 seconds PTCA [percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty] inflations/deflations)+PCI (n=65) versus routine PCI (n=57). All subjects had an occluded major epicardial artery (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction=0) with ischemic times between 1 and 6 hours with no evidence of preinfarction angina or collateral blood flow. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measured at 2 days post-PCI showed no difference between the postconditioning group and control in regards to infarct size (22.5±14.5 versus 24.0±18.5 g), myocardial salvage index (30.3±15.6% versus 31.5±23.6%), or mean LV ejection fraction. Magnetic resonance imaging at 12 months showed a significant recovery of LV ejection fraction in both groups (61.0±11.4% and 61.4±9.1%;
P
<0.01). Subjects randomized to postconditioning experienced more favorable remodeling over 1 year (LV end-diastolic volume =157±34 to 150±38 mL) compared with the control group (157±40 to 165±45 mL;
P
<0.03) and reduced microvascular obstruction (
P
=0.05) on baseline magnetic resonance imaging and significantly less adverse LV remodeling compared with control subjects with microvascular obstruction (
P
<0.05). No significant adverse events were associated with the postconditioning protocol and all patients but one (hemorrhagic stroke) survived through 1 year of follow-up.

Conclusions:

We found no early benefit of postconditioning on infarct size, myocardial salvage index, and LV function compared with routine PCI. However, postconditioning was associated with improved LV remodeling at 1 year of follow-up, especially in subjects with microvascular obstruction.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01324453.
Taxonomy and distribution of irregular echinoids (Echinoidea: Irregularia) from Sri Lanka
Authors: ARACHCHIGE GAYASHAN M. , JAYAKODY SEVVANDI , MOOI RICH , KROH ANDREAS
Published: January 2019

The earliest information on Sri Lankan echinoid species belonging to the Irregularia dates back to Alexander Agassiz (1872). However, the current knowledge of diversity and distribution of irregular echinoids from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) remains sparse. In addition, there are no recent taxonomic studies or biodiversity surveys for irregular echinoids, and no illustrated field-guides or reference collections are available specifically for Sri Lanka. To address these gaps, left open for more than 100 years since the work of Clark (1915), this study was conducted as an island-wide systematic sampling survey. Over 200 echinoid specimens were collected from 24 localities in Sri Lankan coastal waters by snorkelling and SCUBA diving down to 33 m depth. The collected specimens were identified using existing keys and authenticated with specimens available at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria. The present study records 22 irregular echinoid species belonging to 15 genera and nine families in four orders. Among the identified irregular echinoids, six species, Echinocyamus megapetalus H.L. Clark, 1914, Fibularia ovulum Lamarck, 1816, Fibulariella angulipora Mortensen, 1948, Echinodiscus cf. truncatus L. Agassiz, 1841, Peronella oblonga Mortensen, 1948 and Brissus cf. agassizii Döderlein, 1885, are new records for Sri Lanka. Four unidentified, possibly new species belonging to the genera Fibularia, Jacksonaster and Metalia are reported, but kept in open nomenclature until more material becomes available. At present, the diversity of irregular echinoids from Sri Lanka now stands at 37 species representing 11 families in four orders. A dichotomous key is presented for all Sri Lankan irregular echinoids.
Rok 1919: pamięć Wilna – pamięć w Wilnie
Authors: Krupowies Walentyna
Published: January 2019

1919: Memory of Vilnius – memory in VilniusThis article applies the framework of three types of memory – individual, communicative and cultural – as an effective tool for describing the phenomenon of “circulation” of the content of memory in communities of memory. I approach the Polish community in Vilnius, especially the intelligentsia, as a community of memory, and show how the three forms of memory were activated at a particular historical time. I argue that the year 1919 and the time of reviving Vilnius University was crucial for the transfer of the content of communicative memory in general, and family memory in particular, to cultural memory. The effort to revive the university was directly related to the restoration of cultural memory in the urban landscape of Vilnius. The person who played the main role in this process was Ferdynand Ruszczyc, the artistic supervisor of revitalisation of university buildings, the author of toponyms and the key figure of cultural life of the city at the time. Rok 1919: pamięć Wilna – pamięć w WilnieW swoim artykule przywołuję wyodrębnione przez współczesnych badaczy trzy formy pamięci: indywidualną, komunikacyjną, kulturową – i traktuję je jako poręczne narzędzie do opisywania zjawiska „cyrkulacji” treści pamięci we wspólnotach pamiętających. Za taką pamiętającą wspólnotę uznaję polską społeczność Wilna, zwłaszcza inteligencję, i ukazuję, w jaki sposób aktywizowały się te trzy formy pamięci w konkretnym czasie historycznym. Stawiam tezę, iż rok 1919 i czas pracy nad wskrzeszeniem uniwersytetu był kluczowy dla przeniesienia treści pamięci komunikacyjnej, zwłaszcza jej postaci rodzinnej, do pamięci kulturowej. Prace nad wskrzeszeniem uniwersytetu łączyły się bezpośrednio z przywracaniem pamięci kulturowej w przestrzeni miasta. Zasadniczą rolę w tym procesie odegrał Ferdynand Ruszczyc jako artystyczny opiekun prac rewitalizacyjnych gmachów uniwersyteckich, autor toponimów i kluczowa postać ówczesnej kultury wileńskiej.
Na pograniczu pamięci współczesnych – (nie)pamięć o przeszłości słowackich Węgrów w słowackiej literaturze XXI wieku
Authors: Słowikowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2019

At the peripheries of memory: (Non-)memory about the past of Slovak Hungarians in twenty-first-century Slovak literatureThe aim of this article is to analyse the portrayal of Hungarians in the context of the Second World War in twenty-first-century Slovak literature on the example of the novels Stalo sa prveho septembra (alebo inokedy) (It happened on the first of September (or whenever)) by Pavol Rankov (2008) and Nedeľne šachy s Tisom (Sunday chess with Tiso) by Silvester Lavrík (2016). The article argues that the two novels demonstrate two types of forgetting described by Paul Connerton: “repressive erasure” and “forgetting that is constitutive in the formation of a new identity”. I analyse how these types of forgetting functioned in Slovak society, and conclude that the question of the Hungarian minority is becoming less of a taboo in contemporary Slovak literature, even if it still remains at the peripheries of Slovak memory about the Second World War. Na pograniczu pamięci współczesnych – (nie)pamięć o przeszłości słowackich Węgrów w słowackiej literaturze XXI wiekuCelem niniejszego artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie miejsce zajmuje pamięć o Węgrach w kontekście II wojny światowej w słowackiej literaturze XXI wieku na przykładzie powieści Stalo sa prveho septembra (alebo inokedy) Pavla Rankova (2008) oraz Nedeľne šachy s Tisom Silvestra Lavríka (2016). W wybranych przeze mnie powieściach można zaobserwować dwa typy zapomnienia wyróżnione przez Paula Connertona: „represyjne wymazywanie z pamięci” oraz „zapomnienie konstruktywne dla tworzenia nowej tożsamości”. Tym samym w tekstach widoczne są dwa główne sposoby zapomnienia o wydarzeniach II wojny światowej, które istniały w słowackim społeczeństwie. Wynikiem analizy jest stwierdzenie, że kwestia mniejszości węgierskiej we współczesnej literaturze słowackiej przestaje być kwestią tabu, chociaż nadal znajduje się na pograniczach słowackiej pamięci dotyczącej II wojny światowej.
The patterns of recording the names of German residents in Kėdainiai in the nineteenth century: Introductory remarks
Authors: Ragauskaitė Alma
Published: January 2019

The patterns of recording the names of German residents in Kėdainiai in the nineteenth century: Introductory remarksThe article analyses the patterns of recording German surnames in the town of Kėdainiai in the nineteenth century on the basis of about 350 names extracted from archival records; all of them refer to different individuals. Although the settlers of German origin who arrived in Kėdainiai from 1629 already had their surnames, the patterns of their recording varied. This is particularly obvious in cases where members of the same family (e.g. husband and wife) were recorded side by side. In some instances, the woman’s given and maiden names were omitted. Furthermore, some record files of the magistrate indicate only the surname of the litigating spouses. Also, a person (plaintiff, defendant, etc.) mentioned in one document could be referred to in a shorter, simpler or just different form in another record of the trial. More diversity can be observed in the case of the names of female members of the German community in Kėdainiai. On the 1840 list of persons who fulfilled religious rites (received communion) in Kėdainiai (in Keydan), as well as in other parish registers, the surnames of women of German ancestry appear in the same form as those of their husbands or fathers, i.e. without Slavic suffixes (unlike in the book of acts of Kėdainiai of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). The surnames were recorded in German by persons who were ethnic Germans or had a good command of the language. Formy zapisu nazwisk mieszkańców Kiejdan pochodzenia niemieckiego w XIX wieku. Uwagi wstępneArtykuł analizuje formy zapisu niemieckich nazwisk mieszkańców Kiejdan w XIX wieku na podstawie materiału obejmującego około 350 nazw osobowych wyselekcjonowanych z zapisów archiwalnych. Pomimo tego, że osoby pochodzenia niemieckiego, które osiedlały się w Kiejdanach od 1629 roku, miały już uformowane nazwiska, sposób ich zapisu był niejednorodny. Jest to wyraźnie widoczne zwłaszcza w przypadkach, gdy członkowie jednej rodziny (np. mąż i żona) figurują w księgach obok siebie. Imię kobiety i jej nazwisko panieńskie niejednokrotnie pomijano. Niektóre zapisy ksiąg magistrackich podają jedynie nazwisko małżonków będących stroną procesu. Zdarza się również, że osoba występująca w procesie cywilnym (powód, pozwany itd.) jest określana różnie w rozmaitych zapisach odnoszących do tej samej sprawy: forma może być krótsza, prostsza lub po prostu inna. W kiejdańskich źródłach archiwalnych zaobserwowano większą rozbieżność form zapisu w przypadku niemieckich nazwisk osób płci żeńskiej. Na pochodzącej z roku 1840 liście osób, które przystąpiły do sakramentu komunii, jak również w innych księgach parafialnych nazwiska pojawiają się w identycznej formie bez względu na płeć, tzn. bez słowiańskich przyrostków żeńskich (czyli odmiennie niż w księgach kiejdańskich z XVII i XVIII wieku). Nazwiska zapisywane były przez osoby pochodzenia niemieckiego lub dobrze posługujące się niemczyzną.
In memoriam: Aina Blinkena (5.09.1929 – 22.11.2017)
Authors: Jansone Ilga
Published: January 2019

In memoriam: Aina Blinkena (5.09.1929 – 22.11.2017)Professor Aina Blinkena passed away on 22 November 2017. Upon her graduation from the Latvian State University in 1953, she began working for the Institute of Language and Literature of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences (today: the Institute of the Latvian Language of the University of Latvia), which became her only permanent workplace. Starting her work as a junior research associate and later – a deputy director and a full member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, Aina Blinkena shaped the linguistic thought in Latvia for almost fifty years. Aina Blinkena pursued broad interests in the history of language and linguistics, as well as morphology and syntax. She also devoted attention to the aspects of language culture and terminology. Her most important monographs are Latviešu interpunkcija (Latvian punctuation) and Latviešu rakstības attīstība (The development of written Latvian, co-authored by Anna Bergmane). The output of her lifelong work was collected in two volumes of her studies entitled Caur vārdu birzi (Through the forest of words, 2014, 2017). In recognition of her scholarly work and social activity, Aina Blinkena was awarded the highest Latvian distinction – the Order of the Three Stars. Aina Blinkena (5.09.1929 – 22.11.2017). WspomnienieProfesor Aina Blinkena zmarła 22 listopada 2017 roku. Po ukończeniu studiów na Łotewskim Uniwersytecie Państwowym w 1953 roku, rozpoczęła pracę w Instytucie Literatury i Językoznawstwa Akademii Nauk Łotewskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej (obecnie Instytut Języka Łotewskiego Łotewskiej Akademii Nauk), z którym pozostała związana przez cały czas pracy naukowej, najpierw na stanowisku asystenta, a później – jako jego wicedyrektor i członek rzeczywisty Łotewskiej Akademii Nauk. Aina Blinkena miała ogromny wpływ na rozwój łotewskiej myśli językoznawczej w ciągu ostatniego półwiecza. Jej szerokie zainteresowania naukowe obejmowały zarówno historię języka i językoznawstwa, jak i morfologię i składnię. Zajmowała się także kwestiami kultury języka oraz terminologią. Najważniejsze monografie Profesor Blinkeny to Latviešu interpunkcija (Interpunkcja łotewska) i Latviešu rakstības attīstība (Rozwój łotewskiego języka pisanego; współautorka: Anna Bergmane). Jej najważniejsze prace ukazały się w dwutomowym wydaniu dzieł zebranych, zatytułowanym Caur vārdu birzi (Przez las słów). W uznaniu jej osiągnięć w pracy naukowej i zaangażowania w działalność społeczną Aina Blinkena została uhonorowana Orderem Trzech Gwiazd, najwyższym łotewskim odznaczeniem państwowym.
Scattering of Low-Mode Internal Tides at a Continental Shelf
Authors: Wang Shuya , Chen Xu , Wang Jinhu , Li Qun , Meng Jing , Xu Yang
Published: January 2019

A series of laboratory experiments are performed to investigate the scattering of low-mode internal tides at a continental shelf by varying the criticality parameter and normalized topographic height independently. A wide-range synchronized particle image velocimetery (PIV) measures the velocity fields of the internal tides. Beams radiate from both the shelf break and the bottom of the slope, indicating that energy transfers from low modes to higher modes, which is verified by the modal decomposition. Energy is also transferred to higher harmonics, whose amplitude is less than a quarter of that of the first harmonic. The fraction of energy transmitted onshore and dissipated on the topography is determined by both the criticality parameter and the normalized topographic height, while the fraction of energy reflected offshore is dependent only on the criticality parameter. Mean flow with a shear structure induced by internal tides is observed along the continental slope, with horizontal velocity generally half of the amplitude of the incident waves. A net onshore transport along the slope is caused by the onshore current with larger thickness. The strength of the mean flow is dependent on both the criticality parameter and the normalized topographic height, and a linear relationship between the energy of the mean flow and the vertical shear of internal tides is revealed.
Facial Paralysis Following Core Needle Biopsy of a Deep Lobe Parotid Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Moss William J. , Qualliotine Jesse R. , Finegersh Andrey , Brumund Kevin T. , Coffey Charles S.
Published: January 2019

Objectives:

To report a case of total facial paralysis as the result of a core needle biopsy.

Methods:

Case report and literature review.

Results:

A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with a deep lobe parotid tumor on computed tomography. During a core needle biopsy, he developed complete facial paralysis. The cause was discovered to be a direct stab injury to the main trunk of the facial nerve.

Conclusions:

When biopsying parotid lesions adjacent to the main trunk of the facial nerve, the use of smaller-gauge needles and additional patient counseling should be considered.
Reading into Riding Culture: Messages and Sayings on Daladala Vehicles in Usa River, Tanzania
Authors: Spier Troy E.
Published: January 2019

In countries with limited state-supported public transportation, privately owned vehicles—regularly exceeding a safe speed and a safe number of passengers—have oftentimes arisen to fill this void, and some scholars have considered in different ways the numerous slogans on these vehicles of the African continent. In Eastern Africa these vehicles arrive in a variety of forms, including the pikipiki (motorcycles), bajaji (three-wheeled cars), and daladala (minibuses). While most studies result in the amalgamation and analysis of such messages, others consider the historical transition from messages on material culture to a variety of vehicles, resulting not only in semantic categories but also in a demarcation among the archaic, modified, and innovated. Nonetheless, this study qualitatively identifies 140 unique tokens—collected over a period of three weeks—listed on the typically brightly colored daladala vehicles in Usa River, Tanzania and attempts to provide a taxonomy of larger discursive categories that delineate these messages and sayings, which are believed to present a metalinguistic commentary on relevant, salient topics of everyday conversations.
Social Information Processing Among Children With ASD, SLD, and Typical Development: The Mediational Role of Language Capacities
Authors: Bauminger-Zviely Nirit , Alon Mor , Brill Alit , Schorr-Edelsztein Hani , David Tzuriel , Tubul Gila , Al-Yagon Michal
Published: January 2019

The present study examined the role of language capacities in explaining differences in social information processing (SIP) among three school-age groups: high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, IQ > 75), children with specific learning disorder (SLD), and children with typical development (TD). Participants were 96 boys in Grades 3 to 6, comprising 25 boys with ASD, 38 with SLD, and 33 with TD. SIP measures included two peer vignettes (group entry, ambiguous provocation) to highlight influences of social context. Both clinical groups (SLD, ASD) differed significantly from the nonclinical (TD) group in total language capacities and in five of six SIP measures. As hypothesized, language capacities also significantly mediated the two disorders’ associations with children’s deficits along SIP stages. Findings from this novel comparative study call for consideration of semantic-pragmatic language’s role when planning interventions that target social cognition in both clinical populations as well as further empirical exploration.
Association of Combined Estrogen–Progestogen and Progestogen-Only Contraceptives with the Development of Cancer
Authors: Williams William V. , Mitchell Louise A. , Carlson S. Kathleen , Raviele Kathleen M.
Published: January 2019

Combined estrogen–progestogen contraceptives (oral contraceptives or OCs) and progestogen-only contraceptives (POCs) are synthetic steroids that bind to steroid hormone receptors, which are widespread throughout the body. They have a profound effect on cellular physiology. Combined OCs have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 carcinogens, but their findings have not been updated recently. In order to update the information and better understand the impact that OCs and POCs have on the risk of development of cancers, a comprehensive literature search was undertaken, focusing on more recently published papers. In agreement with the IARC, the recent literature confirms an increased risk of breast cancer and cervical cancer with the use of OCs. The recent literature also confirms the IARC conclusion that OCs decrease the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, there is little support from recent studies for the IARC conclusion that OCs decrease the risk of colorectal cancer or increase the risk of liver cancer. For liver cancer, this may be due to the recent studies having been performed in areas where hepatitis is endemic. In one large observational study, POCs also appear to increase the overall risk of developing cancer. OCs and POCs appear to increase the overall risk of cancer when carefully performed studies with the least intrinsic bias are considered.

OCs have been classified as cancer-causing agents, especially leading to increases in breast cancer and cervical cancer. A review of the recent scientific literature was performed to see whether this still appears to be the case. The recent literature supports the cancer-causing role of OCs especially for breast cancer and cervical cancer. Studies also indicate that progesterone-only contraceptives (such as implants and vaginal rings) also can cause cancer. This is especially true for breast cancer and cervical cancer.
Non-water dyeing process of reactive dyes in two organic solvents with temperature-dependent miscibility
Authors: Deng Yong , Xu Man , Zhang Yugao , Zhou Guofu , Li Nan , Qiu Xiaoqun
Published: January 2019

In this paper, a non-water dyeing process using two organic solvents with temperature-dependent miscibility was developed. Fixation of three conventional reactive dyes on cotton yarn could reach 97% using one dyeing bath consisting of two solvents. Only one washing step at room temperature was needed to get satisfactory fastness after the fixation process. In particular, the two selected organic solvents could interconvert from immiscible to miscible when the temperature interchanged from 30 to 90℃. This unique physical property makes the separation and recycling processes of organic solvents extremely easy and energy saving. A 1 kg yarn package was dyed using this dyeing process: the color deviation (△E) of the inner and outer yarns was less than 1.0 and the tensile strength decreased by 8.5–18.0%. The results show that this dyeing process is extremely promising.
Neurologic Medical Device Overview for Pathologists
Authors: Cramer Sarah D. , Lee Juliana S. , Butt Mark T. , Paulin Jaime , Stoffregen William C.
Published: January 2019

Thorough morphologic evaluations of medical devices placed in or near the nervous system depend on many factors. Pathologists interpreting a neurologic device study must be familiar with the regulatory framework affecting device development, biocompatibility and safety determinants impacting nervous tissue responses, and appropriate study design, including the use of appropriate animal models, group design, device localization, euthanasia time points, tissue examination, sampling and processing, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, and reporting. This overview contextualizes these features of neurologic medical devices for pathologists engaged in device evaluations.
Access to Information on Family Planning and Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Married Igbo Women in Southeast, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwasanu Mojisola M. , John-Akinola Yetunde O. , Desmennu Adeyimika T. , Oladunni Opeyemi , Adebowale Ayo S.
Published: January 2019

This study was conducted among married Igbo women in Nigeria who have the lowest median birth interval coupled with a culture of sex preference and low use of modern contraceptives. We examined the relationship between access to information on family planning and sex preference on the use of modern contraceptive (MC). The 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data were used. The data of 1,661 women of reproductive age were analyzed in this study. Access to information on family planning was low, and almost half (48.6%) of the women had a score of zero. Controlling for possible confounding variables, the data show that women who have good (odds ratio [ OR]= 3.92; CI [2.28, 6.75], p < .001) and poor ( OR = 2.56; CI [1.85, 3.56], p < .001) access to information on family planning were more likely to use MC than those with no access to information on family planning. Sex preference showed no relationship with the use of MC. Families where husbands want more children than their wives inhibit ( OR = 0.62, CI [0.42, 0.90], p < .05) the use of MC compared with those families where husbands and wives fertility desire is the same. Public health programs by government and donors should intensify interventions to increase access to family planning information to promote the use of MC among married Igbo women.
Batting an in-flight object to the target
Authors: Jia Yan-Bin , Gardner Matthew , Mu Xiaoqian
Published: January 2019

Striking a flying object such as a ball to some target location is a highly skillful maneuver that a human being has to learn through a great deal of practice. In robotic manipulation, precision batting remains one of the most challenging tasks in which computer vision, modeling, planning, control, and action must be tightly coordinated in a split second. This paper investigates the problem of a two-degree-of-freedom robotic arm intercepting an object in free flight and redirecting it to some target with a single strike, assuming all the movements take place in one vertical plane. Two-dimensional impact is solved under Coulomb friction and energy-based restitution with a proof of termination. Planning combines impact dynamics and projectile flight mechanics with manipulator kinematics and image-based motion estimation. As the object is on the incoming flight, the post-impact task constraint of reaching the target is propagated backward in time, while the arm’s kinematic constraints are propagated forward (via joint trajectory interpolation), all to the pre-impact instant when they will meet constraints that allow batting to happen. All the constraints (16 in total) are then exerted on the arm’s pre-impact joint angles and velocities, which are repeatedly planned based on updated estimates of the object’s motion captured by a high-speed camera. The arm keeps adjusting its motion in sync with planning until batting takes place. Experiments have demonstrated a better batting performance by a Barrett Technology WAM Arm than by a human being without training.
Security Practices and the Production of Center–Periphery Figurations in Statebuilding
Authors: Bonacker Thorsten
Published: January 2019

In this article, I examine the role security plays in creating a socioterritorial order in statebuilding policies. I argue that security contributes to the creation of center–periphery asymmetries, for example, through the portrayal of the center as threatened by a dangerous periphery or the periphery as disloyal and untrustworthy. In particular, I explore how security practices work in two distinct center–periphery figurations: in internal colonization, where a specific population, located within a dominant power, is subordinated; and in international intervention, where a society is internationally ruled. The article incorporates the literature on internal colonialism and international intervention from a critical security studies perspective to show how security functions as a mode of governing by creating specific center–periphery figurations in statebuilding. The overall aim is to provide a new theoretical perspective by intertwining critical security and postcolonial studies and to stimulate empirical research on the function of security as a principle of socioterritorial ordering.
Musicians’ use of harmonic cognitive strategies when playing by ear
Authors: Woody Robert H
Published: January 2019

Past research has shown that musicians who are skilled at playing by ear use harmonically oriented integrated cognitive strategies, whereas beginning ear players tend to use more simplistic and fragmented approaches. In this study, I explored whether developing ear players can be moved toward more advanced cognition by directing their attention to the underlying harmonic properties of a melody they are learning. In this mixed-methods study, 28 university music majors participated in an experiment in which they learned a melody in two conditions: (1) exclusively by ear, unaided by any visual stimuli, and (2) by ear but with a chord chart representation of the melody’s phrase structure and chord progression. Upon completion of the experimental task, I interviewed each participant, prompting them to report their thought processes while learning the melodies. Transcripts of participants’ verbally reported thoughts were analyzed qualitatively for emergent themes. Quantitative results showed that the presence of the printed chord changes led to greater facility in ear playing among participants who measured in the middle range of vernacular musicianship, but not those in the low or high ranges. Qualitative analysis indicated that greater facility in ear playing came as musicians incorporated clues from the printed changes into their goal image of the melody they were learning to make their mental representation more harmonically substantive and instrumentally useful.
“There’s More to It Than Just a Box Check”: Measuring Prison Climate in Three Correctional Facilities
Authors: Williams L. Susan , Green Edward L.W. , Chernoff William A.
Published: January 2019

The imperative to heed social environment and power of the situation, particularly as applied to prison settings, dates to the 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment; the widely cited study concluded that situational factors, not personality, created the damaging conditions observed. Despite critical need for research on prison climate, measurement has met stiff challenges, and little research on prison culture exists in the United States. This study applies a 17-item scale, primarily based on Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES), an instrument validated in Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It was administered to inmates and staff in three correctional facilities in the U.S. Midwest, one medium security and two maximum security. Survey results demonstrate higher levels of cohesion at the medium-security facility, but multivariate analysis suggests a much more complex relationship between facility and environment, varying particularly in response to perceived inmate threat. Qualitative data suggest that understanding these associations is vital to building socially adaptive conditions and prosocial change.
Long-term Sequelae of Pediatric Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis Includes Autonomic and Sleep Dysregulation
Authors: Santoro Jonathan D.
Published: January 2019

Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare, immune-mediated disorder of the brainstem and peripheral nervous system. Published knowledge of pediatric Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis focuses on the acute phase of the disease process. This study evaluated long-term neurologic and immune sequelae of Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis in children. A single-center retrospective chart review was performed. Clinical data, neuroimaging, polysomnograms, and serum data were reviewed. Five patients were included in this study. Four patients had no neurologic residua, and 1 patient continued to have mild bulbar dysfunction. There was neither recurrence of symptoms nor development of other neurologic or immunologic disorders at a median of 3 years after diagnosis. Review of systems was largely negative, although 2 patients endorsed symptoms consistent with mild orthostatic hypotension for 1 year after diagnosis, but these findings were not sustained. Four of 5 patients endorsed sleep dysregulation. Three patients met criteria for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Prognosis following pediatric Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is excellent although posttreatment autonomic and sleep dysregulation may reflect residua from acute phase inflammation in the peripheral nervous system and connections of the reticular activating formation of the brainstem, although this was time limited. Further prospective, multicenter, analysis is warranted.
Toward a Theory of Black Deaf Feminism: The Quiet Invisibility of a Population
Authors: Chapple Reshawna L.
Published: January 2019

This article considers ways to enhance the conceptualization of Black deaf women’s lived experiences through an intersectional lens. An intersectional framework places emphasis on how social constructions of blackness, gender, and deafness shape the identity and experiences of Black deaf women. To outline the need for such a theory, this article first examines social constructions of Black deaf women in the intersections of race, gender, and deafness in comparison to current research. Second, I discuss the relevancy of social theories (i.e., critical race feminism, feminist disability theory, and theoretical approaches prominent in critical deaf studies) in providing a conceptual framework for an analysis of identity in relation to race, gender, and disability. Finally, I introduce the tenants of Black Deaf feminism and discuss the ways Black Deaf feminism enhances intersectionality by centering the lived experience from the standpoint of Black deaf women.
The Effect of Multiple Types of Intimate Partner Violence on Maternal Criminal Justice Involvement
Authors: Gottlieb Aaron , Mahabir Melissa
Published: January 2019

Although men make up a large majority of the U.S. incarcerated population, in recent years, incarceration rates have increased faster for women. As a result, scholarship has increasingly sought to hone in on the causes and correlates of women’s criminal behavior and criminal justice involvement. One factor that has been consistently found to be associated with criminal behavior and criminal justice involvement is exposure to intimate partner violence. This existing scholarship has largely focused on physical and sexual abuse and has not examined whether exposure to multiple types of abuse places women at a particularly great risk for criminal justice involvement. In this study, we begin to address these gaps by examining two questions: (a) is there an independent association between different types of intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, emotional, and economic) and a mother’s risk of experiencing criminal justice involvement; and (b) is the exposure to multiple types of intimate partner violence particularly detrimental to mothers? To address these questions, we use longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and logistic regression models. First, we find evidence that mothers who have experienced any abuse type are at greater risk of criminal justice involvement. Second, once co-occurrence of abuse types is accounted for, only physical and economic abuse are independently associated with a greater risk of criminal justice involvement. Third, we find that being exposed to multiple types of intimate partner violence places women at particularly great risk for criminal justice involvement. These findings point to the need for criminal justice actors to take intimate partner violence into account when they are making decisions that impact women. These results also highlight the importance of legal advocacy for domestic violence counselors in their work with women.
Adolescent Perceptions of an Interactive Mobile Application to Respond to Teen Dating Violence
Authors: Debnam Katrina J. , Kumodzi Trina
Published: January 2019

Although research and intervention efforts in the United States have aimed to reduce teen dating violence (TDV), 10-year prevalence estimates suggest that TDV persists. Safety planning is an advocated intervention to reduce intimate partner abuse; yet, safety planning services for adolescents have not been systematically developed or tested. Personalized safety planning interventions that reflect teens’ immediate risk, priorities, and resources may be a key prevention and empowerment tool. Thus, the current study examined adolescent perceptions of an existing safety planning app, myPlan. A small convenience sample of adolescents participated in focus groups. Focus groups investigated the feasibility of an app for TDV intervention and elicited feedback on how apps can better assist adolescents experiencing dating violence. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify themes and patterns in the data. The following themes emerged: (a) careful and thoughtful inclusion of diverse adolescents, (b) capturing unique safety dilemmas encountered by adolescents, (c) clarifying the signs of an unhealthy and abusive relationship, and (d) resources for immediate help. Adolescents were thoughtful in their consideration of the myPlan app and articulated specific ways in which future applications could be more responsive to their lived experiences and challenges. Mobile app or electronic interventions that are developed with an eye toward empowering adolescents to understand how abusive behaviors may manifest in their relationships, weigh the risk and benefits of intervening, and are informed about local resources available to them for help may be most successful in reducing TDV.