bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling of Protein‐Protein Interactions of Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 (BMP‐2) by 3D‐Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Laub M. , Chatzinikolaidou M. , Rumpf H. , Jennissen H. P.
Published: June 2004

Recently we were able to apply the technique of 3D‐Rapid Prototyping (3D‐RP) to the construction of highly accurate three‐dimensional plastic models of biomolecules [Laub, M. et al. (2001), Materialwiss. Werkstofftech. 32, 926]. These models are derived from x‐ray crystallographic data and therefore represent exact replicas of the depicted molecules. Due to their accuracy these models should be suitable for the modelling of protein‐protein‐interactions. In a first study using 3D‐Rapid Prototyping models of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) we were able to identify a novel structural motive on the concave side of this protein which we termed anthelix since a left‐handed helix (radius ca. 0.8–1 nm, pitch 8–9 nm) can be fitted into this groove. Based on these structural findings we identified a 15mer polypeptide (KNMTPYRSPPPYVPP) from the Brookhaven database as a potential physiological ligand. Molecular docking studies using a geometric recognition approach confirmed the anthelix as a possible binding site for this peptide. However in affinity chromatography experiments no binding between BMP‐2 and the immobilized peptide was observed.

As the question arose whether 3D‐Rapid Prototyping is in general suitable for modelling protein‐protein interaction we used dimeric BMP‐2 to study exemplary monomer‐dimer interaction. Molecular docking studies using the monomeric BMP‐2 subunits predicted a structure which is nearly identical to that found in dimeric BMP‐2 (root mean square deviation < 1 Å) proving the suitability of geometric docking. 3D‐RP‐BMP‐2‐monomers (size 140 mm × 75 mm × 65; magnification ca. 22 × 106 fold) constructed from dimeric BMP‐2 could be assembled by hand yielding a structure highly homologous to dimeric BMP‐2. Differences between the 3D‐Rapid Prototyping model of dimeric BMP‐2 and the assembled monomers arose in several gaps at the interface between the two monomers which are not visible in the dimeric structure. These gaps can be explained by the way the solvent‐accessible molecular surface is generated. During this process an exterior probe sphere is rolled over the spherical atoms of the molecule. Distances between the monomers smaller than the diameter of this sphere are bridged thus resulting in a coherent surface.

We conclude that 3D‐Rapid Prototyping is in general eligible for the modelling of protein‐protein‐interaction though there are further efforts needed to increase our understanding of this process.
Inorganic materials as drug delivery systems in coronary artery stenting
Authors: Karoussos I. A. , Wieneke H. , Sawitowski T. , Wnendt S. , Fischer A. , Dirsch O. , Dahmen U. , Erbel R.
Published: June 2004

Recent studies proved coronary stent implantation to be superior over conventional angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. However, restenosis remains one of the most crucial problems in interventional cardiology. Inflammatory infiltrates and foreign body reactions can be found in the tissue surrounding the struts in stenting. Thrombogenesis, proliferation of α‐actin expressing cells (smooth muscle cells) and hyperplasia of the intima occur. In order to improve the biocompatibility of the stents, new stent designs and stent coatings have been developed. One advantage of stent coating is the combination of mechanical stability of the stent with the biocompatibility of the coating. The coatings are divided into active and passive coatings. Passive coatings improve the biocompatibility of the stent, while active coatings may suppress neointima proliferation by releasing anti‐inflammatory or antiproliferative substances. Immunosuppressive drugs (tacrolimus, sirolimus) and cytostatic drugs (paclitaxel) have been tested in several studies and showed promising results. However, it could also be demonstrated that polymer‐coated stents used as a matrix for drug release reduced the hyperplasia of the intima. However, after dissipation of the immunosuppressants or cytostatics, the presence of the polymer itself lead to a delayed inflammation and proliferation causing restenosis. Thus, efforts have been made to develop inorganic coatings that are suitable for drug loading. One promising approach is a new nanoporous alumina coating. Preliminary tests with this coating revealed favourable loading characteristics and sustained drug release in vivo. The present article provides an overview on different approaches for stent coatings.
Multiple, distinct actions of metal ions on cellular signaling processes
Authors: Vijverberg H. P. M. , Leinders‐Zufall T. , Westerink R. H. S.
Published: June 2004

From a neurotoxicological perspective, we have investigated effects of Pb2+ and other divalent metal ions on membrane signaling by voltage‐, Ca2+‐ and ligand‐gated ion channels using voltage clamp and patch clamp techniques. The results from our and other studies of the effects of metal ions reported in the literature are summarized here and demonstrate that metal ions cause multiple, distinct effects on a variety of membrane signaling processes. A situation similar to that with membrane ion channels applies to the effects of metal ions on intracellular signaling. Effects on exocytosis, a resultant of highly integrated and complex intracellular signaling, indicate that Pb2+ is a substitute for intracellular Ca2+ in the triggering the fusion and release of exocytotic vesicles. Despite the relatively detailed knowledge of metal effects at the molecular level, few specific cellular targets associated with specific toxic effects of metals have been identified. Such knowledge is essential for the understanding of metal toxicity.
Homeostasis and Cellular Functions of Zinc
Authors: Beyersmann D.
Published: June 2004

Zinc is an element that is essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. Zinc is a structural constituent of a great number of proteins including metabolic enzymes, cellular signaling proteins and transcription factors. The total intracellular concentration of zinc and the intracellular concentration of the available ion are carefully controlled. The homeostasis of zinc is maintained by regulation of zinc uptake and elimination but also on the level of intracellular sequestration in zinc storing vesicles, so‐called zincosomes, and by controlled nucleo‐cytoplasmic distribution. A major tool of these processes is the zinc binding protein metallothionein which serves as a zinc storing protein and a zinc transporter to the nucleus in the course of cell cycling and differentiation. There is increasing evidence for a direct signaling function of zinc at all levels of cellular signal transduction. Zinc has been found to modulate cellular signal reception, second messenger metabolism, protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities, and it may activate or inhibit the DNA binding of transcription factors. Zinc ions specifically activate the transcription factor MTF‐1 which controls the expression of the genes for metallothionein and the zinc transporter protein ZnT‐1. There is increasing evidence that zinc ions function as modulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Zinc becomes cytotoxic if its extracellular concentration exceeds the capacity of the zinc homeostatic system. Elevated extracellular zinc concentrations lead to a breakdown of the zinc transporting system of the plasma membrane. The resulting enhanced intracellular zinc concentration evokes the activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis), whereas at even more elevated zinc concentration, cell necrosis is the dominant form of cell death.
Endovascular Stent‐Grafts for Thoracic Aortic Disease
Authors: Eggebrecht H , Baumgart D , Herold U , Rasusch S , Naber Chr , Haude M , Barkhausen J , Jakob H , Erbel R
Published: June 2004

Diseases of the descending thoracic aorta pose a significant therapeutic challenge. The standard therapy for thoracic aneurysms or dissection is open surgical repair with prosthetic graft replacement of the diseased segment, requiring major thoracotomy. Despite important advances in surgical techniques, mortality and morbidity rates remain high. Endovascular stent‐graft placement which is performed via the femoral route provides an attractive treatment alternative for thoracic aortic diseases. Due to its minimal‐invasive approach, endovascular repair is also applicable for patients with contraindication to major surgery. Early results are encouraging, documenting low mortality and complication rates. However, long‐term results, particularly concerning the long‐term durability of the endoprostheses, are lacking, so far. Results of prospective randomized trials that compare the outcomes of endovascular repair with those of standard therapy are required before a widespread use of stent‐grafts can be recommended.
Reduction of multiple‐access interference for optical CDMA systems
Authors: Liu Maw‐Yang , Tsao Hen‐Wai
Published: June 2004

Interference reduction via a cancellation scheme for synchronous optical CDMA systems is discussed. Based on integrating over one bit duration of the received optical signal, the interfering signals can be estimated and cancelled by the desired correlator. Irrespective of high or low load, our proposed method can precisely estimate the interference. Furthermore, thermal noise, APD noise, and interference are included in the analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 1–3, 2001.
Miniaturized 20 GHz CPW quadrature coupler using capacitive loading
Authors: Singh R. Baliram , Weller T. M.
Published: June 2004

This paper describes coplanar waveguide (CPW) quadrature couplers that utilize metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors at each corner, eliminating the need for air bridges and significantly reducing the coupler footprint. A 20 GHz coupler on high‐resistivity silicon with branch lengths of 40° (660 μm) is presented—the area is 80% smaller than a conventional design. A measured insertion loss of ∼4.5±0.5 dB was achieved at 20 GHz. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 3–5, 2001.
Transmission line–periodic circuit representation of planar microwave photonic bandgap structures
Authors: Rahman M. , Stuchly M. A.
Published: June 2004

Planar photonic bandgap structures have been modeled using the theory of transmission lines and periodic circuits. The method allows for fast and accurate computation of the dispersion diagram, and thus prediction of the stopbands for two directions of propagation. Results obtained by the proposed analytic method are in agreement with previously published numerical data for two structures. Additional numerical evaluations of the reflection phase with the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method confirm the validity of the analytic model within the limits of its applicability. They also further confirm previous observations that wave propagation in directions other than two principal axes results in a narrower stopband. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 15–19, 2001.
A new harmonic‐suppressed tunable microstrip‐ring bandpass filter
Authors: Park Hyun‐Joo , Park Ji‐Yong , Lee Jong‐Chul , Kim Jong‐Heon , Lee Byungje , Kim Nam‐Young
Published: June 2004

A new bandpass filter that is composed of two‐stage microstrip‐ring resonators with a center frequency of 5.775 GHz and a bandwidth of 100 MHz is presented in this paper. For the suppression of unnecessary harmonics, low‐pass filters are integrated into a microstrip‐ring resonator. A harmonic suppression ratio of about 35 dB for this structure is obtained. Also, a varactor‐tuned microstrip‐ring bandpass filter with harmonic suppression is suggested, and an insertion loss of 6 dB and a tuning bandwidth of 450 MHz are obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 26–29, 2001.
Optical control of microstrip matching section
Authors: Hindy Moataza A.
Published: June 2004

This work presents a wideband millimeter‐wave matching technique between active devices with very small impedances and conventionally used antennas. The matching section is an optically controlled microstrip‐taper line. Impedance transformation from 75 to 6.5 Ω is gradually obtained with minimum reflections and losses. The average transmitted power is more than 80%. The terminal impedance can be controlled by the power of the laser source, optical wavelength, or by changing the lifetime of the semiconductor substrate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 29–33, 2001.
A Bayesian network (BN) decoder for direct‐conversion microwave and millimeter‐wave six‐port receivers (SPRs)
Authors: Mireux Olivier , Brault Jean‐Jules , Bosisio Renato G.
Published: June 2004

In this paper, learning algorithms are used to decode QPSK data in a direct‐conversion hardware (QPSK‐unimode) microwave/millimeter‐wave receiver using an application‐specific six‐port module. Two different algorithms, theK‐means and Bayesian network, are considered for operation of the decoder to recoverIQdata from QPSK modulated signals. Bit‐error‐rate (BER) results versus noise level (Eb/N0) are presented after a brief data‐collecting period involving fewer than 500 data points. Results of the Bayesian network forEb/N0=−3 dB andEb/N0=−9 dB are presented, using the same data‐gathering period. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 33–38, 2001.
High‐directivity patch antenna with both photonic bandgap substrate and photonic bandgap cover
Authors: Qiu Min , He Sailing
Published: June 2004

A new patch antenna system, which has both a photonic bandgap (PBG) substrate and a PBG cover, is proposed in the present paper. The impedance, radiation pattern, and directivity of such an antenna are studied by the finite‐different time‐domain method. The results show that the directivity of the PBG antenna is significantly improved. The dependence of the directivity on the frequency and other parameters is also studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 41–44, 2001.
Theoretical analysis of distortion effects in analog externally modulated lightwave systems
Authors: Betti S. , Giaconi M.
Published: June 2004

A theoretical model is presented for the performance evaluation of multichannel systems based on an electro‐optic external modulator. It is able to explain the asymptotic behavior of the signal‐to‐intermodulation ratio against modulating signal power. In particular, it is verified that, above a given threshold value, the useful signal is deeply stifled, while the distortions maintain constant. The model provides a simple method to calculate such a threshold value, above which the system performance is fully degraded. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 46–48, 2001.
Loss inclusion via dyadic Green's function modifications for microstrip structures with complex media: Interfacial exponential field behavior within conductor *
Authors: Krowne Clifford M.
Published: June 2004

2‐D field behavior within a metal strip is used to correct the dyadic Green's function for a microstrip structure containing complex‐layered media so that the attenuation constant can be determined. In thex‐direction, the field is built to display exponential dependence. The strip width is explicitly taken into account, along with the metal thickness and conductivity. New Green's function expressions of the structure are found consistent with a full‐wave electromagnetic code employing zero thickness extent conductors for the guiding metal. Implications for numerical implementation are covered. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 54–60, 2001.
Monitoring of OSNR by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Tao Zhenning , Chen Zhangyuan , Fu Libin , Wu Deming , Xu Anshi
Published: June 2004

We introduce a novel technique to monitor the optical signal‐to‐noise ratio (OSNR) using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The error of the novel method is less than 0.5 dB when the OSNR is between 10 and 40 dB in the best working case. In practice, the dynamic range reduces to 10–30 dB because of the influence of polarization, crosstalk, and signal bit rate. The key advantage of this method is its low cost. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 63–65, 2001.
The All‐America City and Youth
Authors: Hanson Karmen
Published: June 2004

Summaries of youth‐oriented community projects undertaken by 1998 All‐America City winners and finalists make useful reading everywhere.
Communities at Risk: A Community Perspective on Urban Social Problems
Authors: Denhardt Robert B. , Glaser Mark A.
Published: June 2004

Urban social problems might be better approached with the understanding that each individual community at risk has its own peculiar mix of social, economic, and cultural attributes that define its problems and potential solutions. Paramount among these problems are issues of leadership and social cohesion. Community intervention strategies need to take such differences into account and provide specific rather than generic solutions.
Celebrating Ten Years of Leadership: The Promise of the Program for Community Problem Solving
Authors: Fee Tom
Published: June 2004

PCPS is now known to many thousands of people and hundreds of communities across the nation because of its quality publications, engaging programs, and dedicated staff and board. Even the smallest successes should be celebrated as we measure the increase in social capital resulting from the expanded awareness of collaboration and conflict resolution in communities.
The Transformative Power of Governance
Authors: Potapchuk William R. , Crocker Jr. Jarle P. , Schechter William H.
Published: June 2004

Whether under the banner of reinventing government, systems reform, community building, or comprehensive community initiatives, these forces of civic renewal are beginning to alter fundamentally the political, economic, and social face of America's cities and counties. Public‐private partnerships are cleaving through old boundaries, redefining who has responsibility for the public good. Collaboration and consensus building are transforming relationships among diverse stakeholders who were rarely found at the same table even a few years ago.
Questions to Ask: Components of the Civic Index
Authors: Okubo Derek , Gates Christopher T. , Rubio‐Cortes Gloria
Published: June 2004

The Civic Index provides a method and a process for identifying community strengths and weaknesses and then structuring collaborative solutions to problems. It offers communities a means of undertaking a self‐evaluation of their civic infrastructures. Creating civic infrastructure is not an end in itself. Rather, it is a community's first step toward building its capacity to deal with critical issues. Citizens can use the Civic Index to analyze their community's civic infrastructure by asking a series of questions about the community. During the initial steps of a stakeholder process, citizens can assess their community's components and later come to agreement on the desired condition of the twelve components of the new Civic Index.
Exploring Community Change: Causes, Effects, and Motivation
Authors: Bloom David A.
Published: June 2004

The National Civic League has begun a two‐year exploration of communities across the United States to discover answers to one simple question: How do communities change? Drawing on the Civic Index and other models of community process, this project will explore change by identifying the factors that influence communities to adopt new and different ways of doing, perceiving, and discussing. In this article, project coordinator David A. Bloom poses questions and presents models that clarify the processes of change and that examine closely the variables influencing and shaping those processes.
A variational r‐adaption and shape‐optimization method for finite‐deformation elasticity
Authors: Thoutireddy P. , Ortiz M.
Published: June 2004

This paper is concerned with the formulation of a variational r‐adaption method for finite‐deformation elastostatic problems. The distinguishing characteristic of the method is that the variational principle simultaneously supplies the solution, the optimal mesh and, in problems of shape optimization, the equilibrium shapes of the system. This is accomplished by minimizing the energy functional with respect to the nodal field values as well as with respect to the triangulation of the domain of analysis. Energy minimization with respect to the referential nodal positions has the effect of equilibrating the energetic or configurational forces acting on the nodes. We derive general expressions for the configurational forces for isoparametric elements and non‐linear, possibly anisotropic, materials under general loading. We illustrate the versatility and convergence characteristics of the method by way of selected numerical tests and applications, including the problem of a semi‐infinite crack in linear and non‐linear elastic bodies; and the optimization of the shape of elastic inclusions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element modelling of fibre reinforced polymer sandwich panels exposed to heat
Authors: Krysl P. , Ramroth W. T. , Stewart L. K. , Asaro R. J.
Published: June 2004

A finite element model that predicts temperature distribution in a composite panel exposed to a heat source, such as fire, is described. The panel is assumed to be composed of skins consisting of polymer matrix reinforced with fibres and a lightweight core (the paper concentrates on the crucial aspect of the problem, i.e. the behaviour of the ‘hot’ skin of the panel. The core is assumed not to decompose, and the ‘cold’ skin is treated exactly as the ‘hot’ skin.) It is assumed that the polymer matrix undergoes chemical decomposition. Such a model results in a set of coupled non‐linear transient partial differential equations. A Galerkin finite element framework is formulated to yield a fully implicit time stepping scheme. The crucial input parameters for the model are carefully identified for subsequent experimental determination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 20‐node hexahedron element with enhanced distortion tolerance
Authors: Ooi E. T. , Rajendran S. , Yeo J. H.
Published: June 2004

This paper presents a distortion resistant 20‐node hexahedron element that employs two different sets of shape functions for the trial and test functions. The formulation seeks to satisfy the continuity and completeness requirements by exploiting the intrinsic properties of these two sets of shape functions. Several test problems are used to assess the performance of the element under various mesh distortions. The ability of the proposed as well as the classical 20‐node element to maintain solution accuracy under severe mesh distortions has been studied. The proposed element exhibits a very high tolerance to mesh distortions. In particular, for problems involving linear and quadratic displacement fields, the element is capable of reproducing exact solution under all admissible geometrical distortions of the mesh. For test problems involving higher‐order displacement fields, the performance of the present element is in general better than that of the classical element. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein neuer Stern am Antibiotikahimmel — Daptomycin
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: June 2004

In den letzten Jahren hat bei nosokomonialen Infektionen eine Verschiebung zu gram‐positiven Bakterien stattgefunden. Außerdem wird im Krankenhaus zunehmend eine Resistenz gegen Penicilline, z. B. Methicillin‐ resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), festgestellt.
Neues Asthmaassoziiertes Gen identifiziert
Authors: Winckler Thomas
Published: June 2004

Ein finnisches Forscherteam hat durch die genetischen Analysen verschiedener geographisch isolierter Populationen zwei neue Gene identifiziert, deren Verlust oder Inaktivierung das Risiko erhöhen, eine asthmatische Erkrankung zu entwickeln. Eines dieser Gene kodiert für einen bislang nicht charakterisierten G‐Proteingekoppelten Rezeptor.
Curcumin als Mittel der Wahl bei Cystischer Fibrose?
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse
Published: June 2004

Cystische Fibrose ist mit einer Inzidenz von 1/2.500 bis 1/1.600 die häufigste autosomal‐rezessive Erbkrankheit in Mittel‐ und Nord‐Europa. Ungefähr jeder Zwanzigste ist Träger eines defekten Allels. Jetzt ist ein Naturstoff gefunden worden, der den Defekt bei Cystischer Fibrose (CF) korrigieren könnte.
Altes und Neues von den RA‐Biologicals
Authors: Zündorf Ilse
Published: June 2004

Auf der 5. Jahrestagung der European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) wurden im ICC in Berlin vom 9. bis 12. Juni 2004 die neuesten Fakten in der Rheumatologie mit insgesamt 2.037 eingereichten Abstracts zusammengetragen.
Antidepressiva für Kinder?
Authors: Zündorf Ilse
Published: June 2004

Kinder profitieren kaum von einer Therapie mit Antidepressiva. Das behaupten zumindest australische Forscher.
Prenatal diagnosis of a rhodopsin mutation using chemical cleavage of the mismatch
Authors: Tessitore Alessandra , Toniato Elena , Gulino Alberto , Frati Luigi , Ricevuto Enrico , Vadalà Maria , Vingolo Enzo , Martinotti Stefano
Published: June 2004

Objective

Mutations of the rhodopsin gene are responsible for autosomal dominant or recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The present study reports the first prenatal diagnosis performed on chorionic villi biopsy of a pregnant woman affected by a severe form of autosomal dominant transmitted RP, due to the Arg135Trp substitution.

Methods

The rhodopsin gene was analysed by automated direct sequencing and, for the first time, by fluorescence‐assisted mismatch analysis (FAMA). The latter is an inexpensive, rapid and particularly sensitive method, based on the chemical cleavage of the mismatch in heteroduplex DNA molecules marked with strand‐specific fluorophores.

Results

FAMA is a feasible procedure for prenatal molecular diagnosis of rhodopsin mutations. The redundancy of signals obtained by FAMA and its sensitivity make it suitable for identifying exactly the position of the mutation and the nucleotide substitution.

Conclusions

An association is proposed between FAMA and automated direct sequencing procedures, in order to achieve optimal results in terms of reliability for prenatal diagnosis of rhodopsin mutations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of frontonasal dysplasia
Authors: Martinelli Pasquale , Russo Rosa , Agangi Annalisa , Paladini Dario
Published: June 2004

We report a case of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of frontonasal dysplasia. This represents a very rare disorder involving the face (hypertelorism, median cleft lip, absence of the nasal tip) and often the central nervous system (CNS) (cranium bifidum occultum, ethmoidal cephalocele, agenesis of the corpus callosum). Although several of the typical anomalies are diagnosable by ultrasound in utero (hypertelorism, median cleft lip, anterior cephalocele), very few cases have been reported prenatally, the present being only the third. In the present case, hemimegalencephaly is first reported among the anomalies possibly associated with frontonasal dysplasia. The diagnosis was made at 22 weeks' gestation and was confirmed by necropsy following termination of pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The variation of risk estimates through pregnancy in second trimester maternal serum screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Christiansen Michael , Høgdall Estrid V. , Larsen Severin O. , Høgdall Claus
Published: June 2004

The variation of risk estimates in second trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome has been shown to be considerable in quality control schemes, i.e. UKNEQAS. We studied the biological variation of risk estimates in 16 women through pregnancy. The maternal serum markers alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3) and β‐hCG were determined six times during late first to late second trimester, and the associated likelihood ratios for Down syndrome were calculated. The interpersonal variation of markers, as well as that of the likelihood ratio, was much greater than the intrapersonal variation. The average intrapersonal standard deviation (SD) of the triple test log likelihood ratio was 0.2291, corresponding to a central 95‐percentile interval 0.36–2.81 of the likelihood ratio. The interpersonal SD of the log likelihood ratio was 0.5482, corresponding to a central 95‐percentile interval 0.08–11.87 of the likelihood ratio. The large difference between the intra‐ and interpersonal variation makes it unlikely that biological variation through pregnancy is a major contributor to the variation of risk estimates obtained several times in the same pregnancy. Rather, improvements in analytical quality and laboratory management must be expected to result in reduced variation and, in consequence, better performance of screening. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of brain abnormalities in Wolf–Hirschhorn (4p‐) syndrome
Authors: De Keersmaecker B. , Albert M. , Hillion Y. , Ville Y.
Published: June 2004

Objectives

Although there have been occasional reports of prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome, most cases are diagnosed postnatally. The objective was to evaluate the presence of brain abnormalities in the prenatal diagnosis of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome.

Methods

Prenatal ultrasound and MRI examination of the fetal brain were performed in a case of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome. A comprehensive review of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome reported between 1960 and 2000 in the literature was carried out.

Results

The late diagnosis of a growth‐retarded fetus with normal amniotic fluid volume, normal Doppler and negative infection screen calls for a detailed examination of the fetal brain and heart. Multifocal white matter lesions and periventricular cystic changes, which are often attributed to perinatal distress, are possible prenatal features causing suspicion of 4p‐ syndrome in an IUGR fetus.

Conclusion

Subtle abnormalities on ultrasound may suggest a chromosomal problem. Standard cytogenetics cannot always demonstrate a microdeletion. High‐resolution banding and molecular analysis can help to confirm the diagnosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of apparently isolated unilateral multicystic kidney: implications for counselling and management
Authors: Aubertin G. , Cripps S. , Coleman G. , McGillivray B. , Yong S.L. , Van Allen M. , Shaw D. , Arbour L.
Published: June 2004

Cases where initial prenatal diagnosis was made of isolated unilateral multicystic kidney (UMCK) were reviewed to determine appropriate counselling and management strategies. For the 73 cases, chromosome abnormalities, pregnancy complications and family histories were reviewed. In addition, subsequently diagnosed birth defects, and pediatric medical and surgical outcomes were available for 54 cases. Of those with outcome information available renal/genital–urinary tract abnormalities were diagnosed subsequently in 33% and non‐renal abnormalities in 16% of cases. Of the non‐renal abnormalities, congenital heart defects were most frequent (7%). One chromosome abnormality, a trisomy 21, was present among 32 cases where karyotypes were known (3%). Amniotic fluid volume abnormalities were present in 11 cases but not predictive of associated anomalies, with the exception of one case where polyhydramnios accompanied multiple malformations consistent with VATER association. A family history of structural renal anomalies was reported in 11 cases (20%). There were 14 cases of partial or complete involution (25%), including two cases of complete prenatal involution of the cystic kidneys. No long‐term associated morbidity such as hypertension or malignancy was present in our cohort. Based on our study and corroborating literature, amniocentesis should be offered to women when a seemingly isolated UMCK is detected on routine prenatal ultrasound. Furthermore, a detailed ultrasound with careful assessment of the fetal heart and contralateral kidney is indicated at diagnosis and during the third trimester to assess for further evidence of structural abnormalities, as well as amniotic fluid volume abnormalities. Careful assessment of the newborn is indicated with appropriate speciality referral as required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereological quantification of placental villus vascularization and its relation to umbilical artery Doppler flow in intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Sağol Sermet , Sağol Özgül , Özdemir Necmettin
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the number of vessels within tertiary stem villi and intermediate/terminal villi which may be responsible for the abnormalities in placental vascular resistance and Doppler velocity index values in growth‐restricted fetuses. The placentas of 20 cases with intrauterine growth restriction and 30 cases which were appropriate for gestational age were studied. The umbilical artery resistance index, pulsatility index and systolic to diastolic ratio were measured in each case. The vessels were quantified by a stereological method described previously and vascular surface density and the volume portion of the villi were calculated. The placentas of preterm and term cases with intrauterine growth restriction displayed significant reductions in the vascular surface density of stem and intermediate/terminal villi and volume portion of intermediate/terminal villi stroma when compared with gestation‐matched normally grown cases (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between Doppler index values of the umbilical artery and the stereological parameters of the intermediate/terminal and stem villi in the intrauterine growth restriction group (p>0.05). Some of the pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction (six patients) with normal Doppler flow velocity waveforms had reduced vascularization in the placentas, and these pregnancies were found to have no perinatal complications. We conclude that,although the placental villi show reduced vascularization in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction, the Doppler indices may be normal and this normal flow pattern is related to reduced complication rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester sonographic diagnosis of distal urethral atresia with megalourethra in VACTERL association
Authors: Krapp Martin , Geipel Annegret , Germer Ute , Krokowski Manuela , Gembruch Ulrich
Published: June 2004

Congenital megalourethra is a rare disorder. We present an early case diagnosed in the first trimester. Prenatal ultrasound showed a megalourethra with a normal fetal bladder, hyperechogenic cystic right kidney and single umbilical artery. After termination of pregnancy, necropsy confirmed all sonographic findings and revealed other malformations (spina bifida occulta, anal atresia, tracheo‐oesophageal fistula, brachydactylia) resulting in the diagnosis of VACTERL association. The prenatal diagnostician should seek histological examination firstly to confirm his findings and secondly to avoid missing associations and inherited malformations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal findings in a monozygotic twin pregnancy with Costello syndrome
Authors: Van den Bosch T. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Fryns J. P. , Naulaers G. , Inion A. M. , Devriendt K.
Published: June 2004

This report describes the prenatal findings in monozygotic twins with Costello syndrome. At 16 weeks one twin had 9 mm of nuchal oedema: coarctation of the aorta was diagnosed after birth. At 225/7 weeks relative macrocephaly, mild pyelectasia and moderate polyhydramnios were noted in both twins. In the following 4 weeks the polyhydramnios increased significantly without visualisation of filling of the stomach. Between 275/7 and 302/7 weeks a total of 9 l amniotic fluid was drained and at 304/7 weeks prelabor premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) occurred followed by premature labor and delivery. The neonatal period was complicated by growth retardation, deglutition problems, hypotonia, cardiac and respiratory problems. Both twins died on Day 57 because of respiratory insufficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women development officers: Finding success and satisfaction in a career of service
Authors: Taylor Martha A.
Published: June 2004

To be successful and satisfied as a woman in development, you first must determine your philosophical base, discover your passion for your cause, and define your philanthropic values.
Women in Development of Greater Boston: The evolution of an organization
Authors: Fanger Phyllis S.
Published: June 2004

Through a structure that stressed volunteer inclusiveness, Women in Development of Greater Boston evolved from a grassroots effort to one of this country's largest professional associations for women in fundraising careers.
Gender and pay equity in the fundraising workforce: Implications for practice and policy
Authors: Conry Julie C.
Published: June 2004

As efforts to advance fundraising's professionalism gain momentum and attention from practitioners and theorists, equity issues in compensation and position are key aspects of developing practice and policy guidelines in the future.
Reclaiming a heritage and tradition: Women as fundraisers and leaders in religious philanthropy
Authors: Goins Jennifer M. , McDonald Janette E.
Published: June 2004

The opportunity to reclaim the valuable voice and presence of women in the religious philanthropic arena has never been greater.
Why diversity matters
Authors: Hendricks Margaret A.
Published: June 2004

In fields such as philanthropy, fundraising, and volunteerism, being aware and respectful of differences is essential, but it means that we as individuals take risks with our identities while opening our minds and our hearts to change.
The board of directors: Foundation for success
Authors: Martinelli Frank
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores barriers to effective boards and provides basictools and techniques to help them address these barriers. This processis critical for small nonprofits that rely heavily on committed boardleadership.
Lessons from a professional volunteer
Authors: Stein Barbara A.
Published: June 2004

This account of a seasoned volunteer's view of working with not‐forprofitorganizations provides valuable lessons for staff and board members.This volunteer with forty years of experience recounts the highsand lows of working with nonprofits and offers strategies for improvingvolunteer relations.
Putting the benefit back into fundraising benefits
Authors: Wayson Tracy
Published: June 2004

Almost all small nonprofit organizations use events as a part of theirannual fundraising activities. This chapter looks at event planning witha goal of converting the special event ticket buyer into an annual funddonor. The process increases the value of an event and the effortsinvolved in putting benefits together.
Small is beautiful—but is it always viable?
Authors: Miller Michael Page
Published: June 2004

A significant challenge facing smaller nonprofits concerns developingeffective, mission‐based fundraising programs. Technical assistanceproviders, consultants, trainers, and others dedicated to supportingsmall nonprofits need to understand the strengths and weaknesses inorganizations and their fundraising programs. This final chapterprovides an overview of strategies to support small organizations.
Thinking beyond the dollar goal: A campaign as organizational transformation
Authors: O'Brien Carol L.
Published: June 2004

Campaigns are not primarily about raising money. They are catalysts for organizational change and transformation, providing opportunities for sustained focus on vision and values.
Dynamics of the challenge grant
Authors: Marshall III John E. , Tempel Eugene R.
Published: June 2004

Challenge grants add to the call for action in a capital campaign, but they can have a more significant impact on long‐term organizational development than on the immediate capital campaign.
Achieving leadership gifts: The investment returns of lasting relationships
Authors: Kirsh Rodney P. , Shell Martin W.
Published: June 2004

Leadership gifts are often the result of meaningful, long‐term relationships with important donors. During a capital campaign, organizations can create the right conditions for leadership gifts to be made.
Campaign goals: Taking aim at a moving target
Authors: Pierpont Robert , Wilkerson G. Steven
Published: June 2004

Setting realistic and challenging goals requires a link between fundraising potential and serious institutional planning, assessment of the institution's maturity and that of its fundraising efforts (not always the same thing), and hard‐nosed analysis of the sources of support.
Working from strength: How small organizations succeed with big campaigns
Authors: Graham Christine P.
Published: June 2004

Although small and grassroots organizations often face serious development challenges, combining their special strengths with traditional techniques can carry them through a successful campaign.
Language use in grant proposals by nonprofits: Spanish and English
Authors: Connor Ulla , Wagner Lilya
Published: June 2004

This chapter presents a study of how six Latino nonprofits that had been taught about generic strategies and prototypical proposal forms formulated their proposals and adapted to the funders' expectations.
Into print, into Webs: The consideration of visual rhetoric for print and on‐line philanthropic documents
Authors: Sullivan Patricia
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines the ways in which visual rhetoric operates in printed documents and in Web documents.
Generic patterns in fundraising discourse
Authors: Bhatia Vijay K.
Published: June 2004

This chapter investigates the relationship between the discourse of fundraising and corporate advertising and theorizes about the implications of the appropriation of rhetorical and linguistic devices to achieve fundraising objectives.
The importance of focus in effective philanthropy
Authors: Harvey Hal
Published: June 2004

Highly focused foundations and programs can offer great philanthropic leverage—but only if they are built to demanding standards.
Regional foundations: Boundaries and opportunities
Authors: Thorpe Neal O.
Published: June 2004

Regional foundations face both special challenges and opportunities in the philanthropic world. If they take the requisite steps in coming to know their regions, they can offer their constituencies much more than signed checks.
Community foundations: Linking donors to communities
Authors: Philipp Alicia A.
Published: June 2004

In recent years, community foundations have quietly taken their place as the fastest‐growing sector of American philanthropy. Eighty‐five years after the first community foundation was established, every major metropolitan area of the United States now has at least one and some cities have several, and gifts, grants, and assets are growing at unprecedented rates.
Building alliances for institutional support
Authors: Narum Jeanne L.
Published: June 2004

A commitment to cooperative partnerships among private foundations, federal agencies, and universities can help bring about significant institutional change. Scenarios from academic organizations can also apply to other agencies.
From personal charity to organized giving: Hispanic institutions and values of stewardship and philanthropy
Authors: Royce Anya Peterson , Rodriguez Ricardo
Published: June 2004

The authors show how to design and implement philanthropic efforts that will engage Hispanic communities and attract the support of non‐Hispanics as well.
Education and Hispanic philanthropy: Family, sacrifice, and community
Authors: Rodriguez Charles G.
Published: June 2004

The Hispanic community is stalemated in its progress toward school retention and graduation. For too many years academic dropout rates have hovered close to 50 percent, even as the total Hispanic population continues to grow rapidly. From the perspective of dollars contributed, philanthropy among Hispanics is modest and not increasing relative to the community's demographic growth. This chapter offers a more comprehensive definition of philanthropy and, with it, the hope that Hispanics might reassess their strengths and forfeit debilitating attitudes. Hispanic philanthropy in dollar terms may well depend on working out sacrifice philanthropy in their hearts and minds.
Religion, philanthropy, and the Hispanic people in North America
Authors: Miranda Jesse
Published: June 2004

Historical, cultural, and religious factors have combined to serve as disincentives for the philanthropic participation of the Hispanic community in North America. Why should Hispanics give to the good of the church when the church has not been good to them? An integrated view of religion in the form of discipleship and spiritual vitality provides an incentive for the action necessary to correct the attitude and offset the historical spiritual neglect and cultural insensitivity of the Christian church toward Hispanics.
Buy versus build: Picking fundraising software for your organization
Authors: Mills‐Groninger Tim
Published: June 2004

Multiple options exist for fundraising and institutional advancement software. This chapter provides a context for evaluating the benefits and pitfalls of building a system, buying existing specialized software, or working with a consultant to create a custom solution.
Philanthropy and trust
Authors: Payton Robert L.
Published: June 2004

Two international incidents a decade apart—the wars in Iraq and Kossovo—illustrate how a sense of solidarity of action and unity of purpose has been lost. The study of philanthropy may help us recover what we have lost and thereby infuse trust into the public policy of the future.
Trust and fundraising as a profession
Authors: Tempel Eugene R.
Published: June 2004

Fundraising professionals face public skepticism about the cause they serve and the roles they play in nonprofit organizations. How does the transformation of the work of philanthropic fundraising help to build and sustain public trust?
Nonprofit accountability in the Information Age
Authors: Greenlee Janet S.
Published: June 2004

With the increasing availability of data about nonprofit organizations, researchers and the wider public have access to information that raises important questions about accountability. Are nonprofit leaders ready to answer those questions?
Public accountability
Authors: Greenfield James M. , Larkin Richard F.
Published: June 2004

The claim of public accountability—the documentation of performance and sharing of results—is a matter of good stewardship for nonprofit organizations. A variety of strategies for pursuing accountability are available to nonprofit leaders.
Foundation fundraising for new organizations
Authors: Murphy James C.
Published: June 2004

New nonprofit organizations often address specific needs but lack a clear strategy for securing funding from foundations and other important sources in a highly competitive funding environment. By engaging in a process to build organizational strength and set priorities, new organizations can position themselves to meet the rigorous challenge of foundation fundraising.
Family foundations: A case study approach
Authors: Weiss Charles S.
Published: June 2004

The economic boom of the 1990s resulted in the establishment of many new family foundations with a local focus and a strong interest in social services. Trustees discuss why they created their foundations and speak frankly about how best to approach them in these times of growing demand for foundation dollars.
Securing foundation support for medical programs
Authors: Zielenski Teresa Kemp , Hohman Mary Anne
Published: June 2004

Raising money for medicine is both exciting and challenging. The key to success is smart thinking.
Raising money internationally: Foundations and beyond
Authors: O'Heffernan Patrick
Published: June 2004

For organizations that have the resources and the reasons to explore international funders, the monetary and nonmonetary rewards can be considerable and surprising.
Writing the proposal of the future
Authors: Roche Meredith
Published: June 2004

As donors and technology bring change to foundation relations offices, what is it that we will be doing differently? Where should we be investing our time and talents to be ready to meet the proposal expectations of the coming decade?