bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the use of Analogy in the Study and Treatment of Mental Disease
Authors: Gasquet J. R.
Published: August 2008

The disheartening aphorism, in which Hippocrates summed up the experience of his life—“Art is long and life is short, the occasion is fleeting, experiment is dangerous, and judgment is difficult”—is more true of the study of insanity than of any other department of medicine. Were any proof needed of this, it would be sufficient to point to the classification of mental diseases, the symptomatological plan adopted until recently corresponding to the earliest nosology of ordinary medicine, while the schemes which task the ingenuity of a Skae or a Bucknill have a great likeness to the “Phthisiologia” of Morton, or to the nosologies of Sauvages and Cullen.
A Visit to an Insane Colony
Authors: Deas P. Maury
Published: August 2008

In thinking over a subject on which to write a short paper for this meeting, it seemed to me that it would be better to select one connected with my own specialty, as more likely to possess elements of interest and novelty to the members, than if I chose one out of the ordinary domain of Medicine or Surgery, in which they have a much wider field of observation than I can have.
The Plea of Insanity in Cases of Murder—Cases of Macklin and Barr
Authors: Yellowlees D.
Published: August 2008

The two following cases, which were tried at the Glasgow Circuit Court, in May, 1876, seem of sufficient importance to deserve record and comment in the “Journal of Mental Science.” In both the facts were undisputed, and the interest centred in the mental condition of the prisoner.
On the Question of Getting, Training, and Retaining the Services of Good Asylum Attendants
Authors: Clouston T. S.
Published: August 2008

There were in Great Britain in the beginning of 1875 about 72,000 insane persons registered and under control. For the care and treatment of these there are at least 6000 paid officials, whose sole duty it is to act as their attendants and nurses. This is reckoning them as one to twelve patients over all, the usual proportion in County Asylums; the numbers less than this in Poorhouses being made up for by the extra number employed in the care of the wealthier classes.
The Alleged Increase of Insanity
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

Six years ago I endeavoured to show, in a paper read before a quarterly meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association,∗ that there were not sufficient reasons to warrant the popular opinion, shared by some who had done more than accept a common notion without inquiry, that insanity was steadily increasing upon us year by year in this country; that, in fact, the undoubted great and rapid increase in the registered insane population of England was in the main to be attributed to other causes than an actual steady increase in the production of insanity. As the result of the enquiries, it seemed very uncertain whether we manufactured more madness now than formerly, but very certain that we take more care of, and know a great deal more about, the madness which we do manufacture.
The Photochromatic Treatment of Insanity
Authors: Davies F. Pritchard
Published: August 2008

The term used above is, I believe, new to medicine, and I introduce it as convenient to denote the treatment of insanity, or, indeed, of nervous diseases generally, by the means of coloured light.
Morison Lectures on Insanity for 1877
Authors: Sibbald John
Published: August 2008

We have attempted in the previous lectures to obtain some idea of the way in which insanity was regarded, and the manner in which the insane were treated up to the beginning of the eighteenth century. We have found that a large number of those who would now be regarded as insane had been, up to this time, either disregarded altogether, or looked upon as exercising supernatural powers of evil, or as inspired with beliefs which were dangerous to the State. Three circumstances seem to have been the chief influences that tended to prevent persons labouring under mental disease from being treated with the consideration due to that affliction, or often with any feeling that they were worthy of sympathy or requiring to be cared for. These were pointed out to be (1) the character of the social system in ancient times—powerfully affected as it was in every detail by the existence of slavery; (2) the political exigencies of communities both in ancient and mediaeval times—so seldom in prolonged possession either of the external peace, or of the internal tranquility necessary for the development of philanthropy in a government or a sense of social duty in a people; and (3) the superstitious ideas arising from ignorance—under which abnormalities of mental condition were attributed to self-induced possession by the devil or to other criminal conduct or supernatural association. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, however, these conditions had either been abolished or had perceptibly diminished in power and importance. Slavery no longer existed in Western Europe; civil administration appeared to have developed into stronger and more stable forms; and owing to the diffusion of knowledge that followed the invention of printing, the grosser kinds of superstition were rapidly dying out.
The Varieties of General Paralysis of the Insane
Authors: Mickle W. Julius
Published: August 2008

In any large group of cases of general paralysis, there are such differences in the mental symptoms, the paretic signs, the mode of onset, the course, intercurrent affections, duration, variability and mobility of symptoms, and pathological anatomy of the several cases, that one must feel that there are varieties of the disease. This has led to subdivisions of the affection, or grouping of its cases, scarcely any of which have had a pathological basis. True it is that Bayle, who was the first to differentiate general paralysis, and who attributed its striking phenomena each to a special morbid change, was led to place his cases in five series, in the first of which were simply the lesions of chronic meningitis, and in the second abundant serous effusion was added to these; in the third consecutive inflammation of the grey cortex; in the fourth arachnoid false membranes (cysts); and in the fifth various cerebral affections, complicated the chronic inflammation of the soft membranes. Yet many of his explanations are obviously incorrect, although his work marks a marvellous advance in science. Again, Baillarger, Requin, Prus, Duhamel, Duchenne, Sandras and others, held that general paralysis occurred either with or without insanity, and the first-named of these denied that the insanity is anything more than secondary and accessory in general paralysis of the insane.∗ Further, he speaks, and in this is followed by Lunier, of the symptoms of general paralysis as being produced by (1) chronic meningo-encephalitis, and by (2) chronic hydrocephalus (Dance, Moulin), or serous effusion following apoplexy (Rochoux, Moulin), or symptomatic of organic lesions. But they do not in any way distinguish between the cases arising from the two kinds of lesion, further than that Lunier asserts an absence of trembling of the limbs in those from lesions of the second kind.
Physiology and Pathology of the Sympathetic System of Nerves
Authors: Eulenburg A. , Guttmann P.
Published: August 2008

Cervical Sympathetic Nerve. I. Experimental Observations on Animals with Results. A. Oculo-pupillary Branches.—The experimental investigation of the functions of the Cervical Sympathetic Nerve begins, as is well known, with Pour-four du Petit, who, in the year 1727, showed that it exercises considerable control over the movements of the pupil.
The Physiology of some Phases of the Poetic Mind
Authors: Treves Frederick
Published: August 2008

To take one other example as illustrating a somewhat different aspect of this question. An experienced physician arrives in a moment at the diagnosis of a case presented to his notice, but a well read and well informed student may ponder long before attaining a correct conclusion under exactly similar circumstances. In what does the difference between the mental processes in the two individuals consist? It will be said to be a matter of experience merely; but what does this statement imply? In the process of arriving at a diagnosis of the case many facts will have to be observed, many points criticised, and many arguments weighed and valued. Now in the case of the senior observer all these facts, these points, these arguments will perhaps have been passed through the mind some hundreds of times before, in reviewing similar cases; the various steps whereby his final opinion is attained will, by frequent exercise and repetition, have become separately organised in the brain, and, however rapidly his conclusion may have been arrived at, the various steps will have been undertaken. But inasmuch as their influence is exercised automatically, he remains unconscious of their agency, until he stops to analyse the various reasons that have—to a very great extent unconsciously—laid the foundations of his diagnosis and the various details on which his opinion has been founded. The process may involve no more consciousness than is displayed in the movements of the envelope folder; one is aware that the envelope is folded, and the other that he has arrived at a definite opinion; but neither may be awake to the separate steps of the process until they deliberately investigate the details of the preceding movements. In the case of the immature observer, frequent repetition has not as yet made certain processes necessary to the diagnosis of the case familiar to his mind, and in consequence they have attained no sound structural position in his nerve centres; so, like the novice in the mystery of envelope folding, he has to consider each step, and proceed with deliberation, and under the acute guardianship of consciousness.
Physiology and Pathology of the Sympathetic System of Nerves
Authors: Eulenburg A. , Guttmann P.
Published: August 2008

This connection may result—

1st. From the presence of symptoms which resemble, or are identical with, those which we recognise as expressions of the physiological function of the sympathetic, and which we have enumerated and explained in the former part of this essay.

2ndly. From pathological anatomical changes in the sym pathetic nerve.

Those conditions usually go together, but not invariably; thus, the pathological alterations may be completely wanting, or, on the other hand, they may be found in cases which were not before suspected to have any connection with the sympa thetic system.

We begin with the consideration of the affections of the cervical sympathetic, afterwards taking up those which pro bably have relation to some change in the thoracic and abdominal portions of that nerve.
Researches in Idiocy
Authors: Mierzejewski J.
Published: August 2008

The study of the anatomy of the brains of idiots is a vast field accessible to research, which may serve to throw light upon some questions of psychiatry, hitherto obscure, but which possess an undeniably practical value. It ought to enable us to comprehend better the questions which relate to hereditary insanity. It is undeniable that the vices of physical conformation of ancestors are transmitted to their descendants, and that this phenomenon is the point de depart of pathological varieties.
1.—German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland W. W.
Published: August 2008

The State of the Eye During Sleep.—Dr. W. Sander (“Archiv,” ix. Band, 1 Heft), observes that with some care and practice the eye may be opened during sleep, and its condition examined. The view commonly given in the text books is that during sleep the eyeballs are turned inwards and upwards. This, I think, was first taught by Sir Charles Bell. According to Sander's experiments, the eyes are in a middle position, the axes parallel to one another, as when looking at a far object. In falling asleep, the eyeballs are converged and turned upwards, and the same thing takes place when the sleep is disturbed through raising of the lids. We then can see the eyes slowly moving upwards and inwards, as if to avoid the light, and seek protection from the covering eyelids. It is this condition which has been mistaken for the permanent one during disturbed sleep. Divergent positions of the eyes were seldom observed, and Dr. Sander is inclined to regard them as the result of disease, or deep stupor.
Notes of a Visit to the Idiot School at the Hague
Authors: Beach Fletcher
Published: August 2008

While on a trip through Holland in the year 1877, I visited the well-known School for Idiots at the Hague, and, thinking that my observations might perhaps prove interesting to others as well as myself, I have put together the following notes:—
Two Visits to the Cairo Asylum, 1877 and 1878
Authors: Urquhart A. R.
Published: August 2008

It has been pointed out that, however potent Islam has proved in the history of civilisation, progress within its narrow boundaries is unknown—its development is at once full-blown. And especially is this true with regard to the treatment of its lunatics; for whatever credit may be due to the pioneers of Mohammedanism in originating the idea of the separation of the insane from the sane, it is sadly marred by the fact that in thus caring for the welfare of the community at large they have quite overlooked that of the luckless minority.
The Pathology of Tetanus and Hydrophobia
Authors: Coates Joseph
Published: August 2008

The following are extracts from a very interesting and important paper by Dr. Coates in Vol. lxi. of the “Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.” They certainly show that if microscopic investigation is so fruitful in such “functional” diseases, we need not despair of yet demonstrating under the microscope the lesions of convolutional structure in acute mania or melancholia.
Notes from the History of my Parrot, in reference to the Nature of Language
Authors: Wilks Samuel
Published: August 2008

Of all the attributes of man which have been considered sufficiently distinctive to separate him from the lower animals, that of speech has been regarded as of the first importance. It has been looked upon as so essentially dependent upon human intelligence as in itself to constitute a sufficient line of separation between man and all living creatures below him. By none has this position been more strongly upheld than by Max Müller, who maintains that speech is a faculty of man which distinguishes him from all other creatures. This, of course, is true in a general sense; but as every attribute of man is at the present time undergoing a more complete analysis than has ever before been attempted, the dictum may be found not to be so absolutely correct, as at first sight appears; for it may be remembered that the subject of language has hitherto been treated by scholars and men of letters, who have discussed its various forms in relation to a given basis, whereas, at the present time, an endeavour is being made to proceed a step further towards the origin of language by its investigation from a physiological or scientific standpoint. If this be done, and we study the nature of language, as observed in the savage or the infant, we may perhaps discover that it is not altogether so different from what we may call the language of the lower animals. There is so much in man which is common to the creatures below him, that it is impossible to discuss rightly many of his propensities, affections and passions, without considering the form or character which these take in similar organisations. It is not surprising, therefore, that the subject of language should have been made a debating ground for the discussion of the points of difference between man and animals.
On the Separate Care and Special Medical Treatment of the Acute and Curable Cases in Asylums; with Proposals and Suggestions for a Detached Hospital, for special purposes, in connection with every large Public Lunatic Asylum
Authors: Burman J. Wilkie
Published: August 2008

Throughout the length and breadth of the kingdom, from the “Dan” of Inverness to the “Beersheba” of Bodmin, if there is one universal wail, and one that is more continuously and persistently than any other given vent to in asylum reports, it is that which refers to the fact that our asylums are becoming, day by day, more and more transformed into receptacles for the care of the insane rather than hospitals for the cure of insanity, and that the more important and paramount object in view is being gradually swallowed up and thwarted under circumstances over which, at present, we seem to have but very insufficient control. Coincidently with this general lament, we find that the separate care and treatment of the chronic and harmless cases in asylums, in some less expensive manner, is urging itself into a prominent position—as a desirable object to be attained for certain economic and other reasons; and it is, to my mind, a matter for some considerable regret that, at the present time, our efforts seem, apparently, to be directed principally, if not entirely, in this channel, to the comparative neglect of the more important and paramount object to which I have referred. That is to say, of the two principal objects at present more particularly engaging our attention, such practical steps as are being taken are rather in the direction of securing a cheaper care of the incurable great majority than towards effecting the cure of the small minority, which I am sanguine enough to believe it is within our power to recall more largely to a state of health, if only more determined and special efforts be made in such a grand and worthy undertaking. Of course institutions for the insane must ever continue to fulfil their desirable function as asylums or safety-houses, and I certainly have no wish to underrate the importance of endeavouring to effect, as far as possible, such economical reforms as may be brought about by the separate and less expensive care and treatment of the chronic and incurable cases of insanity, which are of interest principally (and deservedly so) from a humane point of view; nor do I but consider that the care of the great majority must ever, very largely and very properly, engage attention in Public Asylums; but I do desire, at the present time, to lift up my humble voice in deprecation of the pre-eminence of the practical efforts that are now being made in this direction over those being made to secure a greater rescue of curable cases from life-long insanity, which, after all, should be the object most worthy of the special attention and best energies of the Asylum Physician. Indeed, the separate care of the chronic and incurable majority cannot but hasten the advent of a system, of separate and special treatment of the curable minority, which I am now desirous of advocating.
Cases of Hysteria, with Paralysis, treated by Metallotherapy. By Dr. Franz Müller, Second Physician to the General Hospital at Graz
Authors: Tuke William Samuel
Published: August 2008

One of the most interesting discoveries of recent times in the department of Neuropathology is indisputably Metalloscopy, of which, as is known, Burq† is the real founder. But Burq did not possess the needful scientific authority, and immediately on its first timid appearance, in 1851, Metalloscopy was banished to the region of the impossible and of fancy by scepticism on à priori grounds, and, hardly born, disappeared into complete oblivion after a very ephemeral existence. And thus it remained, till at length, two years ago, Charcot, the great French neuropathologist, resumed Burq's researches, and not only confirmed them, but gave them an important extension. The twice-repeated reports† to a commission appointed by the Société de Biologie, as well as the numerous publications of Charcot, Vigouroux, and Landolt on this topic, are already become the common property of the medical public.
1. German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

The Retrospect has been done from the following periodicals and papers; but is not yet finished in the following pages:—
On the Connection between the Mental State and Inequality of the Pupils in General Paralysis
Authors: Thurnam Francis Wyatt
Published: August 2008

Out of 946 cases admitted into the Bristol Asylum since January, 1870, symptoms of General Paralysis of the Insane have existed in 116; of which 83 occurred in males, and 33 in females, the admissions being respectively 440 males and 506 females.
1. German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

In addition to the works quoted in the Journal for January, 1880, p. 576. the following periodicals have been used in making the German Retrospect :—

“Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten,” ix. Band, 2 und 3 Heft, und x. Band, 1 Heft. Berlin, 1879.
Insanity in British Guiana
Authors: Grieve R.
Published: August 2008

From the short time at my disposal, and from not having beside me the complete records of the asylum, my remarks to-day must necessarily be more limited in their scope and desultory in their character than under other circumstances would have been the case. I must content myself with bringing before you, in a very general way, some facts relating to the proportion of insane amongst the different races and people which go to make up the much diversified population of British Guiana, and I may notice also a few of the more prominent forms of insanity seen in that colony. What I have to say may, I trust, possess sufficient novelty to be interesting, and may prove none the less suggestive, although its object be not to support any preconceived or pet theory. British Guiana, although a West Indian Colony, forms part of the mainland of the Continent of South America, and amongst its inhabitants is seen a diversity of races as great, if not greater, than in any other country of like extent. There are two large primary divisions into which the population may be separated, namely, those born in the colony—in local phraseology called creoles—and immigrants. In 1871, the date of the last census, the population of the country numbered 218,909, consisting of 103,775 creoles and 115,134 immigrants. Neither in these numbers nor in any subsequent calculations are the aboriginal Indians (bucks) included, who inhabit the interior of the Colony, and who do not supply any contingent to its known insane population. The first division or creoles comprises a very large population of blacks of fine negro blood, descendants of the local slaves of pre-liberation days and of black immigrants subsequently brought from Africa or the neighbouring West Indian islands. In this class are to be found the greatest number of the coloured people of mixed African and European extraction in various degrees of combination, with a few white creoles of pure European descent. Amongst the immigrants are included, firstly, the black and coloured people who have come from the other West Indian colonies, chiefly from Barbadoes; secondly, negroes born in Africa imported as free labourers, and who mostly belong to the West Coast tribes; thirdly, many East Indians (coolies) brought under indenture to work as labourers on the sugar estates; fourthly, a good number of Chinese, introduced for the most part under similar circumstances; fifthly, Portuguese who have come from Madeira and the Cape de Verde Islands; and, lastly, a comparatively small proportion of Europeans.
The Philosophy of Nonsense
Authors: Costelloe B. F. C.
Published: August 2008

To treat of Nonsense in any connection with the abnormal developments of the human mind may seem to some popular philosophers a solecism; but it is not. The connection is very real, and even, if one examines it, essential. The absurd in farce, or in dreams, or in insanity consists simply in the eccentricity of our association of ideas.
Illustrations of Heredity
Authors: Dunlop James R.
Published: August 2008

During the autumn of last year I had occasion to visit the parish of Minto, in Roxburghshire, and on making enquiries as to the history of a certain patient, W. N., who was about to be sent to the asylum at Melrose, where I held the position of assistant medical officer, I was told that he was one of seven children who were imbecile, out of a family of eleven, and that the father of this family was popularly supposed to be not altogether right in mind. Thinking that if I followed up this case it might prove to be of some interest, I determined to investigate it.
On the Occurrence of Fat-emboli in the Acutely Excited
Authors: Jolly F.
Published: August 2008

There occasionally occurs in lunatics who are labouring under acute maniacal excitement a more or less rapid loss of power. This may be followed by no further consequences; sometimes it marks the beginning of recovery, but it may rapidly end in death.
Some Observations on the State of Society, Past and Present, in Relation to Criminal Psychology
Authors: Nicolson David
Published: August 2008

Four centuries ago, by his celebrated Bull proclaiming death without mercy against witches, sorcerers, and all dealers with Satan, Pope Innocent VIII. plunged Europe into a state of social distraction and delirium. One half of the people were said to be bewitching or bewitched. The crime of witchcraft or devil-dealing—a token of heresy—was held to be the precursor of antichrist, and there was no lack of propitiatory sacrifice. “The seats destined for criminals in our courts of justice are blackened with persons accused of this guilt. There are not judges enough to try them. Our dungeons are gorged with them. No day passes that we do not render our tribunals bloody by the dooms which we pronounce, or in which we do not return to our house discountenanced and terrified at the horrible words we have heard. And the devil is accounted so good a master that we cannot commit so great a number of his slaves to the flames but what there shall arise from their ashes a sufficient number to supply their place.” So says Florimond, the historical mouthpiece of the time. In Germany they burned them at the rate of 500 a year, bringing the total for the whole period of persecution for witchcraft up to more than 100,000 human beings. It is said that in France, about the year 1520, fires for the execution of witches blazed in every town. People had to be busy smelling Satan in others lest they themselves should be suspected and taken in hand.
On the Seat of Consciousness
Authors: Cleland John
Published: August 2008

In accepting the invitation kindly given me in this Journal last October to explain more fully my views on the relations of the nervous system to the operations of consciousness, I feel that I labour under more than one difficulty. The questions raised are not to be solved in the main by experiment, though the biologist of the present day is too liable to take for granted that his science can be forwarded by observation and experiment alone, and that there is no art required to draw just conclusions from these. Then for the most part my statements remain unassailed, and the rôle left for me seems to be principally one of reiteration and re-attack. On one point I cannot too much insist, namely, that to prove one theory false it is not necessary to be prepared with another which is true to replace it. The question whether the prevalent theory is correct must not be confused with any other; and I submit that the objections against the current doctrine of sensation, to which I gave publicity at the Liverpool meeting of the British Association in 1870, remain unanswered, not because they are unknown, but because, as I have found physiologists are ready to own, they are incapable of refutation.
Case of General Paralysis in a Young Woman, Commencing at the Age of Fifteen
Authors: Wigleswoeth Joseph
Published: August 2008

I am indebted to Dr. Rogers for permission to publish the notes of the following case:—
Two Cases of Rapid Death with Maniacal Symptoms
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: August 2008

The two cases can only be linked on account of the rapidly fatal issue associated with actively violent mania. The first was a case of acute general paralysis, and the second of mania due to injury to the head.
Symmetrical Tumours at Base of Brain
Authors: Strahan
Published: August 2008

T. P., an unmarried man, 28 years of age, was admitted a patient of this asylum in October, 1880, suffering from a first attack of insanity.
Definitions of Insanity
Authors: Huggard William R.
Published: August 2008

An old teacher of mine, in days gone by, used frequently to remark in his lectures on Logic that the test of accurate knowledge is the ability to give an exact and comprehensive definition. Now, if this criterion were applied to us, alienists, in regard to the subject we are supposed to know most about, the result would, I fear, be somewhat disastrous, and not at all likely to shed lustre on our speciality.
2. French Retrospect
Authors: McDowall T. W.
Published: August 2008

This short paper essentially consists in the record of two cases of acute delirium.
Constant Watching of Suicidal Cases
Authors: Savage G. H.
Published: August 2008

The feeling of the sacredness of human life, which springs from the selfish feeling of the sacredness of the life of each person to himself, has extended in many directions, so that the murderer's life is often spared, and the suicide is considered as not responsible for his acts.
Case of Moral Insanity or Congenital Moral Defect, with Commentary
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: August 2008

When I was at the Kingston Asylum, Ontario, last August, a male patient had just escaped from the institution, and made a criminal assault upon a little girl in the neighbourhood. From the inquiries I made, I found that the case was one of much interest in its bearing on moral insanity (or imbecility), and I was allowed to read the notes in the well-kept case-book of the asylum. Dr. Metcalf, the medical superintendent, has very kindly permitted me to make use of them, and the farther particulars of this patient's history and acts, which he has given me. A photograph was subsequently taken, which I have had reproduced by the London Autotype Company. (See Plate.).
Cases Contributed
Authors: Smith Percy
Published: August 2008

Case I—B., æt. 53, son of a highly-respected and well-to-do city merchant. One paternal uncle was insane for a short time after business losses; another uncle married a servant, and among his children was a “ne'er-do-well.” Other members of the family have decided musical and artistic genius.
Design for a Public Asylum for 310 Patients, allowing for extension of Accommodation up to 450 Beds
Authors: Cobbold C. S. W.
Published: August 2008

The accompanying designs have been prepared by Messrs. Berry and Burmester, architects, London, in consultation with myself. We do not claim that it is in all respects a model asylum, great economy both in construction and in subsequent administration having been carefully studied throughout. It is believed, however, that it provides at a reasonable cost all the requirements of a modern asylum for the pauper class, that its arrangements comprise everything which is essential to the most approved methods of treatment of insanity, and that it presents novel points and advantageous combinations which render it specially worthy of attention. The design is suited to the requirements of either a small county or a borough, for it contains, in due proportions, accommodation for all the classes of the insane found in our public asylums.
Clinical Notes on Haemorrhages in General Paralysis
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: August 2008

In so-called nervous disorders it is common to find changes occur in other of the bodily systems than the nervous. The pathology of nervous disease should be looked upon as a general pathology, and it is certain that we cannot look to the one system alone for causes of all the nervous disorders without greatly misunderstanding the whole subject. The more exact we become in limiting the causes, the more liable are we to error. We are all prepared to consider general paralysis of the insane as essentially a disease of the nervous system, a disease in which nearly every part of the nervous system may suffer sooner or later. But beside the essentially nervous symptoms which occur in the disease, we are constantly struck by the regular series of nutritional changes which occur in general paralysis, and this is so much the case that we are quite prepared to recognise as general paralysis a disorder in which any mental symptoms have been present, but have after a brief period of acuteness been followed by a state of fatness and weak-mindedness which again has been followed by a period of wasting and further mental weakness. We have here nervous symptoms related very directly with nutritional changes.
Three Cases of Choking
Authors: Welsh David
Published: August 2008

Case I.—J. W., aged 38, a shoemaker, was admitted Oct. 7th, 1876, in a state of acute mania. He was noisy, restless, full of delusions, dirty in his habits, and very destructive. Physically, he was in poor health, and had harsh breathing at the apices of the lungs. The mania, after about 18 months, passed into secondary dementia.
Presidential Address, delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held at the London Medical Society's Rooms, Chandos Street, W., August 9th, 1886
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: August 2008

Before proceeding with my Address I have a painful duty to perform. Instead of receiving the presidency from my predecessor, I have to join with you in lamenting his death. In full, vigorous manhood, energetic, sympathetic and kind, yet firm and full of purpose, he has passed from the active stage.
Remarks on the use and Abuse of Seclusion
Authors: Campbell J. A.
Published: August 2008

As I take it, seclusion means the isolation of a patient from his fellows effected against his will and in spite of his remonstrances.
Observations with the Sphygmograph on Asylum Patients
Authors: Greenlees T. Duncan
Published: August 2008

It has been said by some astute critic that “insanity has no pathology,” but it would be a nearer approach to scientific truth if he had said that, with our present imperfect means of investigation, there are many cases of insanity in which no pathological changes can be discovered as the cause of the mental phenomena. The microscope, for example, has as yet failed to differentiate the delicate alterations in the protoplasm of the cerebral cells which result in an outburst of maniacal excitement; nevertheless, the ophthalmoscope shows changes in the vascular supply of the brain in many such cases, and, with the aid of the sphygmograph, light has been thrown on many hitherto obscure conditions of the circulation.
The True Theory of Induction
Authors: Davies W. G.
Published: August 2008

It has been said that recognition will come sooner or later to the man who can wait. With the gratifying exception of his long connection with this Journal, the writer cannot say that this has been his experience. In a work named “The Alphabet of Thought,” &c., published twenty-five years ago, was contained what he fully believes, after painstaking subsequent research, to have been the foreshadowing, at least, of one of the most important Laws of Thought. The late Dr. Mansel, Dean of St. Paul's, was acquainted with the writer's views, the work mentioned and the chief contents of this essay having been submitted to him, and the writer would here record his gratitude to the late Dean for the unusual courtesy with which he examined their contents. Since, however, the writer's views were strongly opposed to the Dean's, he never expected from that gentleman anything but adverse criticism. This fact has, however, completely failed to shake the author's confidence in conclusions which for nearly forty years he has submitted in vain to the most pitiless scepticism he could bring to bear upon them. Most of Mansel's strictures, together with the passages to which they refer, are here presented to the reader, and also extracts from letters received from the same gentleman bearing on the chief point herein discussed. Replies to both are given, combined with the later views at which the author has arrived.
A Case of Epilepsy
Authors: Dodds W. J.
Published: August 2008

Harry S., a boy of 15, a baker by trade, was admitted into the Birmingham Asylum under the care of Dr. Whitcombe, on May 24, 1883. He was unconscious, and during the quarter of an hour he was in the reception-room he had four epileptic fits.
The Distribution of Lead in the Brains of two Lead Factory Operatives dying suddenly
Authors: Blyth A. Wynter
Published: August 2008

Five cases of fatal lead poisoning occurred between 1884-6 among the employés of a certain white lead factory in the East of London. The cases presented the following common characters. They were all adult women, aged from 18 to 33. They had all worked at the factory for short periods from three to twelve months. They all exhibited mild symptoms of plumbism, such as a blue line round the gums and more or less ill-defined indisposition; paralyses were absent. They were all in their usual state of health within a few days or hours preceding death. Death was unexpected—mostly sudden. In four cases it was preceded by epileptic fits and coma, but in the fifth case no convulsions were noted, although they may have occurred during the night.
On Hæmorrhages and False Membranes within the Cerebral Subdural Space, occurring in the Insane (including the so-called Pachymeningitis)
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: August 2008

The title of this paper implies the assumption that the current doctrine with reference to the condition known as pachymeningitis is not the true one; obviously the use of this term signifies that the pathological process underlying the morbid changes met with is one of inflammation, and that without the operation of this agency they would not occur. Now, without denying the possible occurrence of a condition to which the name of cerebral pachymeningitis might with appropriateness be applied, my endeavour will be to bring forward arguments and proofs to show that the condition which usually passes under that term is not the result of inflammation at all, but that all the phenomena met with may be explained as the simple result of effusion of blood into the subdural space (arachnoid cavity).
On Post-Epileptic States: A Contribution to the Comparative Study of Insanities
Authors: Jackson J. Hughlings
Published: August 2008

Section I. Difficulties of the Subject.—I find that I have not made my opinions as to the nature of Post-Epileptic States clear to many of my medical brethren. I may plead in extenuation that, as the subject involves consideration of Psychology, the Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System, and Clinical Medicine, it is not easily presented in a simple way. It would be an absurdity to attempt to simplify it by ignoring its difficulties, and, before such an audience as this, it would be impertinent to deal with it in a popular way.∗ In the investigation of so large a subject, having the several very different aspects mentioned, we ought to take into very particular account many things which are, I think, commonly little regarded in connection with it, or which are passed over as being irrelevant to it. As I deal with post-epileptic states as they form part of the subject, Comparative Study of Insanities, I must consider the three topics recently mentioned; and, as one of my aims is to show that the same general principles apply to diseases of all parts of the nervous system, I shall frequently take cases of non-mental diseases for illustration.
Cases of Incendiarism with Commentary
Authors: Baker John
Published: August 2008

This subject is probably more frequently alluded to and more fully treated in foreign than in English psychological literature. It may therefore be not unprofitable to review the details of some of the more interesting cases which have from time to time occurred in this country, and to discuss briefly their mental peculiarities.
Notes on the use of Sulphonal
Authors: Watson W. R.
Published: August 2008

Judging by the numerous reports that have already appeared, this drug seems to be attracting considerable attention, and to us who are engaged in the treatment of insanity it has a special interest. During the past three months I have made a number of experiments, with results confirmatory of the favourable notices which have hitherto been published.
Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, July 25, 1889
Authors: Newington H. Hayes
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—I have chosen as the subject of this address a question which, though it is almost as old as the present system of treating the insane, has been revivified with so much vigour as to demand at our hands the close attention which we should feel bound to give to it had it been entirely new. I am about to offer you some remarks on what is called “Hospital treatment for recent and curable cases of insanity.” The reintroduction of this question is undoubtedly due to the necessity for the consideration of the great increase of the insane population; and it is appropriate in point of time; indeed, the time has been determined by the change in the composition of those bodies whose sanction and help are required for any new departure in this direction.
A Study of Stupor
Authors: Whitwell James R.
Published: August 2008

The manifestation of vital activity demands the consumption of material, and the diminution or absence of this material, of a necessity, and proportionately, compels the diminution of absence of the power of manifestation of vital activity. Take, for instance, the comparatively crude example of starvation.
Fifty Years in Bethlem Hospital—The Case of “Mo.”
Authors: Smith R. Percy
Published: August 2008

There died recently in Bethlem Hospital an old man, commonly known as “Mo,” for many years a familiar figure, well-known to all resident, and to most of those who have frequented the institution as visitors. Though there is nothing very noteworthy of late about his mental condition, yet the fact of his long residence (50 years) in Bethlem and ten years in other asylums, and in his early life his forcing himself into public notice by stopping the Queen's horse in the Park, render him interesting. Further, he left behind him a memoir headed, “The Political Fool, or the life and delusions of ‘Mo,’” which shows the growth of his insanity from its commencement.
A Case of Status Convulsivus vel Epilepticus
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

George R., aged 7 years, was brought to the Royal Free Hospital on May 27th, 1889, in a state of unconsciousness, which had followed one or two convulsive seizures.
Note on Optic Nerve Atrophy preceding the Mental Symptoms of General Paralysis of the Insane
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: August 2008

In a communication on the subject of the condition of the fundus oculi in insane individuals,* undertaken in conjunction with my friend Mr. Bickerton, we described the optic disc changes met with in a series of 66 cases of general paralysis. We showed that whilst in the majority of cases of this disease the fundus oculi presented a normal appearance, in a considerable minority changes in the direction of neuritis or atrophy were to be found, and that whilst optic atrophy was noted as a sequel of neuritis, it was also not unfrequently primary at the disc. In all the cases observed by us, however, the changes in the optic discs had developed after the mental symptoms had become apparent, although we quoted from Nettleship† a case in which optic nerve atrophy preceded the symptoms of this disease. Such cases as this latter are, in my experience, decidedly rare, and hence the following appears worthy of being placed on record:—
Paraldehyde as a Hypnotic, with Notes of a few Cases
Authors: Finucane Morgan
Published: August 2008

The further experience of the efficacy of the above drug as a remedy with the insane, impresses itself on one the more it is used, as I think the following cases will show.
4. Austrian Retrospect
Authors: Urquhart A. R.
Published: August 2008

I have sub-divided mankind into the following classes according to his moral condition, in order to understand the relations of the abnormal:—
1. American Retrospect
Authors: Beach Fletcher
Published: August 2008

“American Journal of Insanity,” January and April, 1889. “Alienist and Neurologist,” January, 1889. “Medico-Legal Journal,” December, 1888. “The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,” February, 1889.
Description of the New Hospital Wings at James Murray's Royal Asylum, Perth
Authors: Urquhart A. R.
Published: August 2008

It is now sixty-two years since James Murray's Royal Asylum was opened for the reception of patients; and, in the course of its history, many changes have been made in the architectural arrangements. The original directors were actuated by motives of the purest philanthropy, and laid down, in their first annual report, principles of action from which their successors have never deviated. These principles of action, however, were not and could not be carried out in practice in those days, when modern ideas were but nascent; and the most eminent Scottish architect of his day, guided by the most mature medical experience of the times, could not design such buildings as are now held as requisite for the treatment of mental diseases. The alterations and improvements found to be necessary, in order to maintain this institution in the front rank, were inaugurated some five-and-twenty years ago by the conversion of the dark and winding central staircase into a cheerful galleried hall. The light and air thus admitted, and the feeling of freedom thus installed, proved the keynote to the successive changes that have been wrought from year to year since that time. Hardly any part of the establishment has escaped the modernizing and re-arranging deemed necessary for effective care and treatment. The year 1887, however, found existing wards well-adapted for the chronic and quiet classes, but unsuitable for acute and infirm cases. It was, therefore, decided to add such accommodation as was found necessary, and this paper is intended to describe the leading features of the buildings designed for that purpose.
1. French Retrospect
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

The second International Congress of Criminal Anthropology was held last August at Paris, in the large amphitheatre of the Faculty of Medicine. A very considerable audience, including a fair proportion of ladies, assembled here during the week over which the Congress extended. Many distinguished representatives of science, law, medicine, and the administrative world came from very various countries, and official representatives were present from France, Italy, Russia, Holland, Belgium, the United States, Denmark, Sweden, Roumania, Servia, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Hawaii. Great Britain, it will be observed, was only conspicuous by its absence. Among those who took part in the proceedings of the Congress may be mentioned M. Thévenet, the Minister of Justice, Dr. Brouardel, the Dean of the Medical Faculty of Paris, and President of the Congress, MM. Théophile Roussel, Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo, Moleschott, Lacassagne, Demange, Van Hamel, Semal, Ladame, Benedikt, Tarde, Wilson, Tenchini, Motet, Manouvrier, Alphonse Bertillon, Bournet, Féré, Coutagne, Letourneau, Mme. Clémence Royer, Drill, Clark Bell, Magnan, Topinard, Delasiauve, and the General Secretary of the Congress, Dr. Magitot.
2. Australian Retrospect
Authors: Tuke D. Hack , Manning F. Norton
Published: August 2008

These reprints from the “Intercolonial Medical Congress of Australasia Transactions” are of much interest, and if our space allowed we should transfer them entire to our pages.