bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cadaveric study of the structural anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint
Authors: van Tongel A. , MacDonald P. , Leiter J. , Pouliart N. , Peeler J.
Published: January 2012

Pathologies of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint are infrequent and effective management is often hindered by a limited understanding of the anatomy. In this study, we did macroscopic evaluations of the ligaments, the intra‐articular disc, and the articulating surfaces of 25 SC joints. After removal of the joint capsule, the articulating surfaces of the sternal end of clavicle and the sternum were evaluated and the intra‐articular disc was macroscopically examined. The anterior SC ligament covered the intra‐articular disc, which divided the joint into a clavicular and a sternal part. A thin capsule, relatively lateral and medial from the anterior SC ligament, covered the two intra‐articular parts. This means that the anterior SC ligament can be used as a landmark to enter into clavicular or sternal part of the SC joint. Posteriorly, there was a thick capsule without soft‐spot or clear posterior SC ligament. Only the antero‐inferior surface of the sternal end of every clavicle was covered by cartilage. Of the intra‐articular discs 56% were incomplete. All of these incomplete discs displayed a central hole with signs of degeneration and fraying. This was associated with increased cartilage degeneration at the clavicular side. By experimental design (past and present), it would seem reasonable to assume that the incomplete types are caused by degeneration and are not developmental. Clin. Anat. 25:903–910, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insight into the Interactions That Control the Phase Behaviour of New Aqueous Biphasic Systems Composed of Polyethylene Glycol Polymers and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Freire Mara G. , Pereira Jorge F. B. , Francisco María , Rodríguez Héctor , Rebelo Luís Paulo N. , Rogers Robin D. , Coutinho João A. P.
Published: January 2012

New polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ionic liquid aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) are presented. Distinct pairs of PEG polymers and ionic liquids can induce phase separation in aqueous media when dissolved at appropriate concentrations. Phase diagrams have been determined for a large array of systems at 298, 308 and 323 K. A comparison of the binodal curves allowed the analysis of the tunable structural features of the ionic liquid (i.e., anionic nature, cationic core, cationic alkyl side chain length and functionalisation, and number of alkyl substituents in the cation) and the influence of the molecular weight of the PEG polymer on the ability of these solutes to induce an ABS. It was observed that contrary to typical ABS based on ionic liquids and inorganic salts, in which the phase behaviour is dominated by the formation of the hydration complexes of the ions, the interactions between the PEG polymers and ionic liquids control the phase demixing in the polymer‐type ABS studied herein. It is shown that both the ionic liquids and PEG polymers can act as the salting‐out species; that is, it is an occurrence that is dependent on the structural features of the ionic liquid. For the first time, PEG/ionic liquid ABS are reported and insight into the major interactions that govern the polymer/ionic liquid phase behaviour in aqueous media are provided. The use of two different nonvolatile and tunable species (i.e., ionic liquids and PEG polymers) to form ABS allows the polarities of the phases to be tailored. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly separation processes that make use of these novel systems is envisaged.
Reaction of a 6‐Dimethylaminopentafulvene with the Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 Frustrated Lewis Pair
Authors: Xu Bao‐Hua , Mömming Cornelia M. , Fröhlich Roland , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard
Published: January 2012

The frustrated Lewis pair Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 reacts readily with 6‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylfulvene at room temperature to yield the trans‐1‐[B(C6F5)2]‐2‐[CH2CH2PMes2] disubstituted fulvene derivative 9 that features an internal N–B contact. Thermolysis (80 °C in toluene) results in a complete isomerization to the respective 1‐[B(C6F5)2]‐3‐[CH2CH2PMes2] isomer 10. Both compounds were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction. A reaction scheme is formulated to rationalize the specific formation of these compounds, involving a retro‐hydroboration/hydroboration sequence. The reaction of the 6‐dimethylaminofulvene with HB(C6F5)2 yielded the corresponding parent compound 13 that was also characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
Conversion of Methane into C1 Oxygenates by Deep‐UV Photolysis on Solid Surfaces: Influence of the Nature of the Solid and Optimization of Photolysis Conditions
Authors: Sastre Francesc , Fornés Vicente , Corma Avelino , García Hermenegildo
Published: January 2012

Deep‐UV photolysis (either 165 or 185 nm) of surface hydroxy groups leads to homolytic OH bond‐cleavage with the generation of oxyl radicals that can initiate the room‐temperature radical‐chain methane activation. Whilst in the absence of oxygen, radical coupling reactions to give low‐molecular‐weight alkanes are observed in the gas phase, the presence of some oxygen quenches these radicals and increases the selectivity towards C1 oxygenates (methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid species). The nature of the solid influences the efficiency of the photochemical process and the distribution between products in the gas and solid phases. Using Beta‐, delaminated ITQ2 and ITQ6, and medium‐pore ZSM5 zeolites, mesoporous MCM41 silicates, and non‐porous TiO2, we observed that confinement and porosity increased the proportion of C1 oxygenates adsorbed onto the solid and reduced the contribution of the gas‐phase products. In addition, the presence of aluminum in the zeolite framework, which is responsible for the generation of acid sites, increased overoxidation of methanol and methoxy groups into formaldehyde and formic acids. For a given amount of methane and unchanged photolysis conditions, the conversion increased with the amount of the solid used as photocatalyst. In this way, methane conversions of up to 7 % were achieved for the 185 nm photolysis of methane for 1 h with a 76 MJ mol−1 energy consumption.
Identification of novel germline polymorphisms governing capecitabine sensitivity
Authors: O'Donnell Peter H. , Stark Amy L. , Gamazon Eric R. , Wheeler Heather E. , McIlwee Bridget E. , Gorsic Lidija , Im Hae Kyung , Huang R. Stephanie , Cox Nancy J. , Dolan M. Eileen
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

Capecitabine, an oral 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) prodrug, is widely used in the treatment of breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. To guide the selection of patients with potentially the greatest benefit of experiencing antitumor efficacy, or, alternatively, of developing toxicities, identifying genomic predictors of capecitabine sensitivity could permit its more informed use.

METHODS:

The objective of this study was to perform capecitabine sensitivity genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) using 503 well genotyped human cell lines from individuals representing multiple different world populations. A meta‐analysis that included all ethnic populations then enabled the identification of novel germline determinants (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) of capecitabine susceptibility.

RESULTS:

First, an intrapopulation GWAS of Caucasian individuals identified reference SNP 4702484 (rs4702484) (within adenylate cyclase 2 [ADCY2]) at a level reaching genome‐wide significance (P = 5.2 × 10−8). This SNP is located upstream of the 5 methyltetrahydrofolate‐homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) gene, and it is known that the enzyme for MTRR is involved in the methionine‐folate biosynthesis and metabolism pathway, which is the primary target of 5‐FU‐related compounds, although the authors were unable to identify a direct relation between rs4702484 and MTRR expression in a tested subset of cells. In the meta‐analysis, 4 SNPs comprised the top hits, which, again, included rs4702484 and 3 additional SNPs (rs8101143, rs576523, and rs361433) that approached genome‐wide significance (P values from 1.9 × 10−7 to 8.8 × 10−7). The meta‐analysis also identified 1 missense variant (rs11722476; serine to asparagine) within switch/sucrose nonfermentable‐related, matrix‐associated, actin‐dependent regulator of chromatin (SMARCAD1), a novel gene for association with capecitabine/5‐FU susceptibility.

CONCLUSIONS:

Toward the goal of individualizing cancer chemotherapy, the current study identified novel SNPs and genes associated with capecitabine sensitivity that are potentially informative and testable in any patient regardless of ethnicity. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Descriptive epidemiology of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors, United States, 2004‐2007
Authors: Duong Linh M. , McCarthy Bridget J. , McLendon Roger E. , Dolecek Therese A. , Kruchko Carol , Douglas Lynda L. , Ajani Umed A.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

Primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina are relatively rare, and a paucity of population‐based data exist on tumors in these sites. This study intends to augment the current literature by examining incidence of these tumors on a national level.

METHODS:

Data from central cancer registries in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) programs for 2004‐2007 (covering 99.2% of US population) and 1999‐2007 (covering 89.4% of US population) were analyzed. Analyses for diagnosis years 2004‐2007 included cases of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors. Descriptive statistics including estimated age‐adjusted incidence rates standardized to the 2000 US standard population were conducted for both malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal tumors from cases diagnosed during 2004‐2007 as well as trend analyses on malignant cases of primary spinal tumors (n = 5103) for cases diagnosed during 1999‐2007 using SEER*Stat 6.6.2 software.

RESULTS:

There were 2576 cases of malignant primary spinal tumors and 9136 cases of nonmalignant primary spinal tumors in 2004‐2007. The incidence of malignant and nonmalignant primary spinal tumors combined differed by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Results of trend analyses indicated that malignant primary spinal tumors have been stable throughout the 1999‐2007 period.

CONCLUSIONS:

This large population‐based study adds new insights into the descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord, spinal meninges, and cauda equina tumors by providing in‐depth analyses of the incidence of these tumors on a national level. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Focal salvage therapy for localized prostate cancer recurrence after external beam radiotherapy
Authors: Ahmed Hashim Uddin , Cathcart Paul , McCartan Neil , Kirkham Alex , Allen Clare , Freeman Alex , Emberton Mark
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, feasibility, side‐effect profile, and proof of concept for focal salvage therapy using high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).

METHODS:

A registry‐based analysis was conducted between 2004 and 2009 of 430 patients who underwent HIFU. Thirty‐nine patients received focal salvage therapy for localized recurrence after external beam radiotherapy. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging studies combined with transperineal template prostate mapping biopsies or transrectal biopsies were used to localize disease. Validated questionnaires were used to assess functional outcomes. Biochemical failure was defined by using both Phoenix criteria (prostate‐specific antigen [PSA] nadir plus 2 ng/mL) and Stuttgart criteria (PSA nadir plus 1.2 ng/mL).

RESULTS:

The mean pre‐HIFU PSA level was 4.6 ng/mL. The median follow‐up was 17 months (interquartile range, 10‐29 months). International Index of Erectile Function‐5 scores decreased from a median ± standard deviation (SD) of 18 ± 16 to 13 ± 21 at 6 months, demonstrating worsening function. Scores on the University of California Los Angeles‐Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Urinary domain indicate that pad‐free, leak‐free continence status was 64%, and the pad‐free rate was 87.2% at last follow‐up. One rectourethral fistula occurred and spontaneously resolved with urinary and bowel diversion. The actuarial progression‐free survival rate (including PSA nonresponders) was 69% at 1 year and 49% at 2 years according to Phoenix criteria. Excluding PSA nonresponders, these rates were 74% and 58%, respectively (Phoenix criteria).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results from this study indicated that focal salvage therapy is a potential strategy for localized recurrence after radiotherapy that may reduce the harms resulting from whole‐gland salvage therapies. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Strong roaming authentication technique for wireless and mobile networks
Authors: He Daojing , Chen Chun , Chan Sammy , Bu Jiajun
Published: January 2012

When one considers the broad range of wirelessly connected mobile devices used today, it is clear that integrating such network‐enabled devices into secure roaming over wireless networks is of essential importance. Over the years, many authentication protocols have been suggested to address this issue. Among these protocols, the recently proposed privacy‐preserving universal authentication protocol, Priauth, exceeds the security and efficiency of other authentication techniques. This paper studies the existing roaming authentication protocols and shows that they are not strong enough to provide secure roaming services in three aspects. Further, using Priauth as an example, we propose efficient remedies that fix the weaknesses. The experimental results show that the proposed approaches are feasible in practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xenopus: An ideal system for chemical genetics
Authors: Wheeler Grant N. , Liu Karen J.
Published: January 2012

Chemical genetics, or chemical biology, has become an increasingly powerful method for studying biological processes. The main objective of chemical genetics is the identification and use of small molecules that act directly on proteins, allowing rapid and reversible control of activity. These compounds are extremely powerful tools for researchers, particularly in biological systems that are not amenable to genetic methods. In addition, identification of small molecule interactions is an important step in the drug discovery process. Increasingly, the African frog Xenopus is being used for chemical genetic approaches. Here, we highlight the advantages of Xenopus as a first‐line in vivo model for chemical screening as well as for testing reverse engineering approaches. genesis 50:207–218, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blood‐Pool and Targeting MRI Contrast Agents: From Gd‐Chelates to Gd‐Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Gang Ho , Chang Yongmin , Kim Tae‐Jeong
Published: January 2012

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful and noninvasive diagnostic technique of the human anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology on the basis of superior spatial resolution and contrast. MRI is useful in providing anatomical and functional images of the human body. A large number of MRI techniques are performed employing gadolinium III [GdIII] complexes to enhance image contrast by increasing the water proton relaxation rate in the body. Despite their wide and successful application in clinic, however, conventional GdIII‐based low‐molecular weight contrast agents (CAs) are mostly extracellular contrast agents (ECCAs) exhibiting rapid extravasation from the vascular space. As a result, the time window for imaging is considerably reduced, thus limiting acquisition of high‐resolution images. To overcome such limitations inherent to ECCAs, the necessity and the demand for the development of a new class of MRI CAs with functions including blood‐pool and organ (or tumor)‐targeting have risen recently. This microreview deals with our recent efforts on the design and the synthesis of new Gd‐chelates and Gd nanoparticles (GdNPs) for use as blood‐pool and organ/tumor‐targeting MRI CAs. We also consider properties such as high r1 relaxivity and high thermodynamic, kinetic, and biostabilities.
Genotoxicity of pesticide mixtures present in the diet of the French population
Authors: Graillot Vanessa , Takakura Natsuko , Hegarat Ludovic Le , Fessard Valerie , Audebert Marc , Cravedi Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2012

Consumers may be simultaneously exposed to several pesticide residues in their diet. A previous study identified the seven most common pesticide mixtures to which the French population was exposed through food consumption in 2006. The aim of this study was to investigate if the seven mixtures are potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic and if so, whether compounds in a same mixture have a combined effect. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the seven mixtures were investigated with a new assay (γ‐H2AX) using four human cell lines (ACHN, SH‐SY5Y, LS‐174T, and HepG2). Mixtures were tested at equimolar concentrations and also at concentrations reflecting their actual proportion in the diet. Irrespective of the cell line tested, parallel cytotoxicity of the seven mixtures was observed. Only one mixture was genotoxic for the HepG2 cells at concentrations = 3 μM in equimolar proportion and at 30 μM in actual proportion. Caspase 3/7 activity, the comet assay, and reactive oxygen species production were also investigated using the same mixture and HepG2 cells. Our results suggest that pesticide metabolites from the mixture generated by HepG2 cells were responsible for the observed damage to DNA. Among the five compounds in the genotoxic mixture, only fludioxonil and cyprodinil were genotoxic for HepG2 cells alone at concentrations = 4 and 20 μM, respectively. Our data suggest a combined genotoxic effect of the mixture at low concentrations with a significantly higher effect of the mixture of pesticides than would be expected from the response to the individual compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunotherapy for treatment of advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Hall Simon J
Published: January 2012

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. Up to 30% of affected men will experience disease recurrence at some point, most of whom will be treated with hormone ablative therapy, which is effective for up to 90%. However, the effect is transient with the emergence of the castration‐resistant phenotype. While secondary hormonal manipulations may result in temporary inhibition of disease progression, ultimately this is a fatal phenotype. This article looks at the emergence of two therapies that immunise against tissue‐specific antigens in metastatic castrationresistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to enhance survival. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the kabachnik‐‐fields reaction of benzaldehyde, cyclohexylamine, and dialkyl phosphites
Authors: Keglevich György , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa , Menyhárd Dóra K. , Fehérvári András , Csontos István
Published: January 2012

The Kabachnik–Fields reaction of benzaldehyde, cyclohexylamine, and dimethyl phosphite carried out at 80°C in acetonitrile takes place via an imine (PhCNcHex) intermediate, as the monitoring by in situ Fourier transform IR spectroscopy suggested. The corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphonate was also formed in a quantity of 13% that was not converted to α‐aminophosphonate under the conditions applied. The outcome was similar to the Kabachnik–Fields reaction with diethyl phosphite as the P‐component. Molecular modeling and subsequent DFT calculations carried out under solventless conditions supported the experimental results and indicated the formation of a high number of ideally positioned H bonds as the key determinant for the conformation of the starting, intermediate, and product states. The relative energies of the possible intermediates were in accord with the observation that the formation of the α‐hydroxyphosphonate is a “dead‐end” route. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:171–178, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20767
15‐deoxyspergualin hinders physical interaction between basic residues of transit peptide in PfENR and Hsp70‐1
Authors: Banerjee Tanushree , Singh Rajiv Ranjan , Gupta Sarika , Surolia Avadhesha , Surolia Namita
Published: January 2012

The apicoplast of Plasmodium harbors several metabolic pathways. The enzymes required to perform these reactions are all nuclearly encoded and apicoplast targeted (NEAT) proteins. Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl‐ACP Reductase (PfENR) is one such NEAT protein. The NEAT proteins have a transit peptide which is required for crossing the membranes of apicoplast. We studied the importance of basic residues like Arginine and Lysine within the transit peptide. Previous studies have suggested that all basic residues are essential for apicoplast trafficking. In this study, we demonstrate that only some of these residues are essential (K44, R48, K51, and R52), whereas others are dispensable (R40, K42, and K49). On mutating these specific residues, PfENR is not imported into the apicoplast and is mislocalized to the cytoplasm. We also demonstrate that these residues are also crucial for interaction with Hsp70‐1, implying that interactions of Lysine 44, Arginine 48, Lysine 51, and Arginine 52 of the transit peptide with PfHsp70‐1 are required for apicoplast trafficking. 15‐Deoxyspergualin, which has earlier been proposed to interact with EEVD motif of PfHsp70‐1 hinders the physical interaction between these cationic residues of PfENR and Hsp70‐1. Hence, we propose that in the transport competent state of NEAT proteins some specific positively charged amino acids in the transit peptide interact with PfHsp70‐1, and this interaction is essential for apicoplast targeting.
Group Supervision: Still Widely Practiced But Poorly Understood
Authors: PRIETO LORETO R.
Published: January 2012

This article updates Holloway and Johnston's (1985) review concerning the group supervision of trainees learning individual psychotherapy. Suggestions for future research and implications for training are discussed.
Parental Emotional Support, Science Self‐Efficacy, and Choice of Science Major in Undergraduate Women
Authors: Scott Anne B. , Mallinckrodt Brent
Published: January 2012

Former participants in a high school enrichment program for girls interested in science careers were surveyed 1 to 2 years after high school graduation. After reporting their college major, they completed measures of science self‐efficacy and quality of emotional bonds with parents. Of the 41 women, 5 were not enrolled in college. Those actually majoring in science (n = 23) reported significantly higher science self‐efficacy than those who were undecided or had chosen nonscicnce majors (n = 13). Science self‐efficacy was significantly negatively associated with recollections of fathers as having been highly controlling and likely to use a “love withdrawal” parenting style.
Supervision Needs of Correctional Mental Health Counselors
Authors: NORTON STEVEN C.
Published: January 2012

Supervision of mental health counselors and psychologists is a developing field within psychology. Supervision models and needs are being researched and defined. Supervision for correctional mental health counselors and psychologists is an important part of correctional psychology, but has received very little research attention. There are many aspects of correctional psychology that are unique from the field of psychology as a whole; this is certainly true for supervision of correctional mental health staff. This article examines the supervision needs of correctional mental health counselors and psychologists. An application of one supervision model to correctional psychology is presented.
Personality Characteristics of Ineffective, Effective, and Efficient Readers
Authors: Brunkan B. J. , Shen F.
Published: January 2012

The scores of 321 college freshmen on the Reading Versatility Test and the Adjective Check List were analyzed in an attempt to identify personality characteristics that are related to quality and/or rate of reading. The results of the study indicate that such relationships exist. High‐rate efficient and effective readers characterize themselves as possessing a high degree of personality characteristics considered desirable for good adjustment and achievement in college and the world of work, and a low degree of those characteristics considered undesirable for adjustment and achievement; low‐rate ineffective readers characterize themselves as possessing the opposite degree of these characteristics. The other subgroups considered tended to be more like the low‐rate ineffective readers than like the high‐rate effective and efficient readers. Suggestions for research investigating possible cause‐effect relationships were made.
Philosophic Aspects of Counseling Communication
Authors: Stroup Herbert
Published: January 2012

The continuing engagement between counseling and philosophy leads to the examination of three basic aspects of counseling communication from the perspective of philosophic understanding. These are: private versus public; present versus past; and content versus structure. An examination of these three aspects indicates that counselors may well benefit from increased knowledge of the manner in which philosophers are currently dealing with matters that relate to counseling communication.
Motivation‐Hygiene Aspects of Vocational Indecision and College Achievement
Authors: Kahoe Richard D.
Published: January 2012

Subjective and objective scales designed to assess Herzberg and Hamlin's (1961) motivation and hygiene constructs were given to 133 male university freshmen. On the basis of ACT scores and responses to a university admission form, they were classified into groups having no vocational preferences (NP), non‐realistic preferences (NRP), and realistic preferences (RP). NRP and RP groups were more motivation oriented than NP group, and on one scale NRP group was more hygiene oriented than RP group. A group of 34 male clients was more motivation oriented than NP group. With ACT scores partialled out, grade‐point average was correlated positively with endorsement of certain “motivator” job incentives and negatively with endorsement of some “hygiene” incentives. The findings and theory are suggested as relevant to vocational and educational counseling.
Differential Predictability: Selection of Handicapped and Non‐handicapped
Authors: Banas Paul A. , Nash Allan N.
Published: January 2012

This research is concerned with the question of differential predictability of handicapped and non‐handicapped subgroups. The specific question posed was: Is the performance of non‐handicapped subgroups of skilled, clerical, and non‐skilled workers more predictable than that of handicapped subgroups when aptitude measures are used as predictors? Correlations between scores on selected scales of the GATB and a composite performance criterion were obtained for each of the subgroups. Results showed a pattern of consistently lower validities for the handicapped which suggests that aptitude measures typically used in selection may not be appropriate for the handicapped, and that validity coefficients may be diluted by the inclusion of this subgroup with the non‐handicapped in validity studies.
Counselor, Social Worker, Psychologist: Let's “Ecumenicalize”
Authors: Abbuckle Dugald S.
Published: January 2012

This paper examines the possibility of a closer relationship between the school counselor, the school psychologist, and the school social worker. It describes the background of each of the trio, then describes the various functions and the professional education of counselors, psychologists, and social workers. The various steps that might be taken to inaugurate an “ecumenical movement” between the three professional groups are then discussed. School counselors are described as being the logical individuals to take the initial steps in such a proposed movement, and the new functional title suggested for each of the three is “school counseling psychologist.”
The Social Impact of Testing
Authors: Goslin David A.
Published: January 2012

The “second generation” of testing problems are discussed and research data relevant to them are reported. Counselor and teacher behavior with regard to tests does not seem congruent with expressed opinions about tests. The social effect of reporting scores is considered by noting the variables to be used in estimating the impact of such information.
Regional Differences in Junior Colleges
Authors: Richards James M. , Rand Leonard P. , Rand Lorraine M.
Published: January 2012

This study examines the geographical distribution of various junior college characteristics. Scores for 6 factors or categories of college characteristics, identified in earlier ACT research, were computed for each of 581 accredited junior colleges. When these junior colleges were classified and analyzed by geographical region, significant differences were found among regions on all 6 factors—Cultural Affluence (or Private Control), Technological Specialization, Size, Age (or Conventionalism), Transfer Emphasis, and Business Orientation (or High Cost). The regional differences are discussed and implications are suggested for research and counseling as well as for junior college planning.
Counseling for power
Authors: CHARNOFSKY STANLEY
Published: January 2012

Being different in America has nurtured a catastrophic sense of despair and powerlessness among the different. Counselors, hoping to be in some way helpful to the powerless, need to send out a message that shows a completely new kind of acceptance—an acceptance of a totally different life style and pace than most institutions accept. Counselors need to function in such a way that formerly degraded and powerless youngsters feel safe and free enough to find and express a personal, human, and uplifting sense of their own worth and power.
The Hill Interaction Matrix
Authors: HILL WM. FAWCETT
Published: January 2012

The Hill Interaction Matrix represents a system of classifying group process and group progress, which has been empirically derived and systematically researched. Leadership style, group composition, and group development are simultaneously quantified through the use of this matrix. It represents an attempt to objectify the art of group therapy.
Problems in privileged communication
Authors: BOYD ROBERT E. , HEINSEN RICHARD D.
Published: January 2012

Although most counselors offer their clients confidentiality as a condition of the counseling relationship, they are unable to guarantee the protection of privileged communication. Even when protected by statutory provision, counselors do not have total immunity from appearance in court and disclosure of confidential information. There are exceptions to privileged communications statutes that could produce severe conflicts between a counselor's ethical and legal duties, and similar problems can occur if the counselor is faced with a defamation or malpractice suit.
Ethical standards for group leaders
Authors: OLSEN LEROY C.
Published: January 2012

A group leader is one who assumes the responsibility for a group dealing with interpersonal relationships. The leader is committed to a belief in the dignity and personal worth of each member of a group with whom he works. While demanding the freedom to function as a professional, he also accepts the responsibilities this freedom implies and defends the rights and freedom of his group members. He maintains integrity in his relationships with other professionals and the public. He does not use his specialized knowledge to take personal advantage of group members, nor does he permit himself to be used by others for purposes inconsistent with his own ethical standards. The group leader is expected to abide by and practice the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association and the American Personnel and Guidance Association. He is also expected to practice the following ethical standards that were developed for, and are more directly applicable to, working with groups.
Ethical practice: foundations and emerging issues
Authors: BECK CARLTON E.
Published: January 2012

Ethical practice in counseling should mean more than remedying past mistakes. Counselors must look to the future and develop ways to stay in contact with the realities of a changing world. They must give certain philosophical and procedural questions constant attention to check on the validity for the present of long held ideas. In this way emerging issues can be identified before impossible situations are created.
Etcetera
Authors: Sinick Daniel
Published: January 2012

Integrating the Desegregated School by Mark Chesler, Carl Jorgensen, and Phyllis Erenberg.

Evaluation in the Inner City edited by Thomas J. Fitzgibbon.

Group Processes: An Introduction to Group Dynamics by Joseph Luft.

New Voices in Education

Report of the Commission on Tests: I. Righting the Balance

The Guide to Simulation Games for Education and Training by David W. Zuckerman and Robert E. Horn.

Basic Studies on Reading edited by Harry Levin and Joanna P. Williams.

Compensatory Education: A National Debate edited by Jerome Hellmuth.
MY BEST LEARNING EXPERIENCE WAS …
Authors: Salter Simon A.
Published: January 2012

These selections are responses from recent enrollees of one Employability Development Team of the Concentrated Employment Program to the question: “What is your best or most important learning experience, and under what circumstances did it come about?” The words are theirs, the format is the writer's.
Humanism: a new bag of virtues for guidance?
Authors: SPRINTHALL NORMAN A.
Published: January 2012

The recent national concern over the failures of education has created a demand for new programs that will promote healthy psychological and personal growth. This article examines the present status of guidance theory and practice vis‐à‐vis humanistic education and suggests that the movement deliberately begs the question of values under the guise of promoting a new bag of virtues as educational objectives. It also discusses the need for a guidance theory based on a framework from developmental psychology rather than from theories of humanistic education.
Transpersonal approaches to counseling
Authors: ASTOR MARTIN H.
Published: January 2012

The transpersonal movement is concerned with expanding the personal boundaries of individuals to facilitate mind and body self‐control through various unusual modes, such as autogenic feedback, hypnosis, yoga, and meditation. This article discusses transpersonal approaches to counseling with emphasis on the possibilities of using suggestion, relaxation, hypnosis, imagery, and dreams. The author offers a concept of transpersonal counseling in which children would be trained to control their own mental, emotional, and physiological processes.
Systematic desensitization: a technique worth trying
Authors: BUGG CHARLES A.
Published: January 2012

Systematic desensitization is a limited form of behavior therapy used in the treatment of anxiety attached to specific objects or situations. The principles underlying the technique as developed by Wolpe and others are described briefly in this article. The author also relates his experiences in using a modified form of systematic desensitization in a public school setting with counselees whose success and development are hampered by test anxiety and fear of public speaking.
Feedback and accountability
Authors: PULVINO CHARLES J. , SANBORN MARSHALL P.
Published: January 2012

This article describes a communications system for planning and carrying out guidance and counseling activities. In the proposed model not only professional team members but also consumers of professional services are regarded as active participants in all phases of guidance, from goal identification through outcome evaluation. The article stresses the importance of an adequate feedback system used by all participants and describes its relationship to counselor accountability.
Is the gray mare only a workhorse?
Authors: GUTTMAN MARY A. JULIUS
Published: January 2012

A study by the Women's Commission at the University of Wisconsin pointed out that only 3 percent of the tenured faculty of the college of education were female.“
Academia and career development: toward integration
Authors: CONYNE ROBERT K. , COCHRAN DONALD J.
Published: January 2012

Traditional career development theories typically stress those aspects of the environment that are directly related to occupational performance. In this article the authors expand the traditional concept of the environment so that it includes the institutional press in which the individual functions. They explore a specific dimension of the institutional press, that of the relationship between the academic departments of a university and the career development of its students. They develop and illustrate a counseling intervention aimed at modifying the press of a university's academic department to make its orientation more consonant with the career development needs of its students, and they define the function of a career development consultant in this process.
Counseling: the reactionary profession
Authors: BANKS WILLIAM , MARTENS KATHRYN
Published: January 2012

Traditionally counselors have functioned as agents and apologists for the established system. Current counseling theory and practice place the onus for change on the individual. The existing social order is absolved of responsibility for individual and group problems that exist within the structure of its institutions, and persons and groups who express attitudes or who demonstrate behavior inconsistent with the prevailing norms are labeled “deviant” or “abnormal.” If counselors are to become more responsive to their clients' needs, they must acknowledge the negative effects that society and its institutions can have on individuals and begin to effect changes at the institutional level.
Black students/white university: different expectations
Authors: GIBBS JEWELLE TAYLOR
Published: January 2012

This article identifies the kinds of problems that are experienced by black students who attend a predominantly white university. There are explicit and implicit assumptions and expectations that the students and the university staff have about each other, but these assumptions and expectations are often incompatible. The black students have many problems of adjustment in academic, social, and personal areas. The author proposes some suggestions on how to minimize the adjustment process and foster improved communication between the black students and the university officials. Also examined is the role of high school counselors in aiding black students in making the transition from high school to college.
Preventing drug abuse: where are we now?
Authors: WARNER RICHARD W.
Published: January 2012

Counselors in many settings are involved in the development and implementation of drug abuse prevention programs. It is therefore essential that counselors be as informed as possible about the characteristics of drug abusers and about the drug abuse prevention programs that seem to hold some promise of being effective. This article provides some of this information by examining the research literature and extracting from it the common themes that have meaning for counselors in almost any population.
The progressive heritage of guidance: a view from the left
Authors: ADAMS HAROLD J.
Published: January 2012

As one part of a larger progressive movement, the guidance and counseling movement has typically supported progressive programs in the schools and in society as a whole. While most counselors point with pride to such a progressive heritage, a case can be made that the effect of progressivism is to prop up existing structures and resist fundamental change in societal institutions. In this article the author discusses four ideals that are commonly held by the progressive and the counseling movements, pointing out some of the destructive effects these ideals have on societal change efforts. The four ideals discussed are: (a) an emphasis on access to opportunity (pluralism), (b) an emphasis on pragmatism, (c) an emphasis on adjustment, and (d) an emphasis on individualism.
An accountability model for counselors
Authors: KRUMBOLTZ JOHN D.
Published: January 2012

A sound counselor accountability system would collate counselor accomplishments with costs. Better decisions could then be made about effective methods, staffing, student needs, and training. The system would define the domain of counselor responsibilities, use student behavior changes as evidence of counselor accomplishments, state counselor activities as costs, promote self‐improvement, permit reports of failures and unknown outcomes, be designed by users, and be subject to revision. An illustrative accountability report shows how the cost, but not the value, of an outcome can be estimated. Experimentation is needed in order to answer the practical implementation problems of the system.
Counseling centers and the issue of accountability
Authors: TREMBLEY EDWARD L , BISHOP JOHN B.
Published: January 2012

The authors discuss responses that college and university counseling centers have made to the budgetary attacks now occurring. They stress the importance of accountability and suggest types of data that counseling center personnel might use in developing effective justifications for the expenditure of funds on the services that they provide.
Dimensions of counselor functioning
Authors: MORRILL WESTON H. , OETTING EUGENE R. , HURST JAMES C.
Published: January 2012

In 1957 the editor of the Journal of Counseling Psychology rejected an article on group counseling because, by definition, “Counseling is a process in which two persons….” Since then the functions of a counselor have broadened to include working with groups in many ways. Some will maintain that we have expanded far beyond our domain into that of the organizational psychologist. The authors of this article assume that the counselor's functions should include a wide range of interventions and have organized them within a “Cube.” This model provided the structure for this Special Issue. The three dimensions of the Cube are: (a) the target of the intervention, (b) the purpose of the intervention, and(c) the method of intervention. We think this model has great heuristic potential as a tool for both research and practice.
Implementing a program in developmental guidance and counseling
Authors: TUMA MARGARET R.
Published: January 2012

This is a “how to” article. Too often in the past 10 years we have heard the term “change agent” applied to the counselor without the necessary filing in of how one goes about making major changes in a school or other social system. Tuma describes her early frustrations, her exposure to a “theory” of change, and the step‐by‐step application of the same—including how her plans had to change to meet the changing reality. And with a successful ending!
Training for institutional change
Authors: DUSTIN RICHARD
Published: January 2012

If counselors are going to perform functions different from dyadic therapeutic counseling, institutions preparing counselors must change the context and processes of their programs. Assisting an individual to change is difficult; intervention for institutional change is infinitely complex. Yet many of the concepts and skills are the same for both. Dustin describes the procedures he has used to equip counselors to utilize the basic principles of change with an organization as a target. Other trainers may use other methods in this relatively new extension of counselor functioning; what is clear, however, is the need for new training models if our goals of creating humane environments is to be reached.
Counselors and the noncollege‐bound student
Authors: COCHRAN LESLIE H.
Published: January 2012

Students in vocational curriculums, along with other noncollege‐bound students, have long been the stepchildren of the American educational system. There are numerous factors that suggest why this pattern has developed and why it has generally been accepted by educators. Contemporary forces and movements, such as the career education thrust, reveal major shifts for all educational personnel in this respect. The focus of this article is on the obligations and roles of guidance personnel in this process of change. Stress is placed on four major types of changes: structural changes, preparation changes, programmatic changes, and directional changes.
black concern with behavior modification
Authors: BARDO HAROLD R. , BRYSON SEYMOUR L. , CODY JOHN J.
Published: January 2012

In this article two black psychologists and a white educator explain why the black community should be concerned with and actively involved in behavior modification practices. It is pointed out by use of the Tuskegee study how blacks were used as subjects in a behavior modification study long before these practices became popularized. The concerns specified were that (a) blacks have been and are being used as subjects in behavior modification studies with and without their consent and (b) social value judgments are being made concerning behaviors of blacks without their input. Alternatives are offered for increasing the number of black professionals in the field of behavior modification to help preserve the integrity of the black community.
the counselor and armed forces recruitment
Authors: LEWIS MICHAEL D. , WARREN PHYLLIS
Published: January 2012

Young people considering enlistment in the armed forces often need objective assistance in the decision‐making process. Recruiters themselves are under too much pressure to be able to provide that objectivity. The authors discuss how counselors are in a unique position to help: by increasing the scope of information available, by safeguarding the rights of potential enlistees, and by working to eliminate recruitment abuses.
Consulting with faculty: necessary and possible
Authors: KOPPLIN DAVID A. , RICE LOUIS C.
Published: January 2012

Through case and program consultation with counselors, faculty can become more effective in helping troubled students. In this article the authors offer examples of counseling agency consultation with faculty individuals and groups. They identify and evaluate conditions that inhibit consultation as well as circumstances that facilitate it, with the view that effective use of consultation may affect the future development of university counseling services.
Timeout: guidelines for its selection and use
Authors: BENOIT ROBERT B. , MAYER G. ROY
Published: January 2012

This article focuses on the use of “timeout” as a classroom behavior modification technique, examining whether or not the counselor should suggest its use in a given situation and how to insure its maximal effectiveness once it has been chosen as an appropriate procedure. The authors present some questions to be considered when deciding whether or not to use timeout and give guidelines for its best use. The questions and guidelines are presented in a flow chart format in order to facilitate easy and quick use by practitioners.
a bill of client rights and responsibilities
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G. , MORGAN LEWIS B.
Published: January 2012

Little has been written about client rights except on the issue of confidentiality. The authors of this article propose a bill of rights for the client in the counseling relationship. With each right there is a corresponding responsibility. The authors suggest that if clients wish to exercise their rights, they must also be prepared to assume a greater degree of responsibility. Such a change in the counseling relationship may bring about greater involvement on the part of both client and counselor.