bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water surface temperature and salinity estimation from EO satellites for estuarine dynamics assessment in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
Authors: Faelga Regine Anne , Verri Giogia , Silvestri Sonia
Published: March 2024

Estuaries are known as transition zones which modulate the freshwater inputs into the sea, with ocean salt water entering the river mouth and merging with the zero-salinity river streamflow. Understanding their dynamics is important for several purposes including the estimate of the salinization of inland waters and the effects in the thermohaline variability of the shelf to the open sea. The Copernicus Service Evolution Project EstuarIO proposes a low-to-high complexity modeling of the estuaries by  merging 1D box and 3D unstructured modeling approaches. The final aim is to better represent the river release (in terms of runoff, temperature and salinity) within the Copernicus forecasting Centres over the Southern European Seas. A source of uncertainty is that most estuaries are poorly monitored, river discharge measurements are taken far from river outlets, and salinity and temperature at the river mouths are mostly unknown. One of the EstuarIO objectives is to strengthen the calibration and validation of the estuarine models applied to target sites (Rhone, Po, Ebre and Danube deltas), using water temperature and salinity data derived from EO satellites. Landsat 8 and 9, along with other data sources such as MODIS are used as preliminary data sources for the riverine and coastal surface temperature (ST). The Landsat scenes used in the study were the L1TP (calibrated top-of-atmosphere reflectance and brightness temperature) data, with a combined repeat coverage of 8 days and spatial resolution of 30 m for the Operational Land Imager (OLI) multispectral bands and 100 m resampled to 30 m for the Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS) bands. Atmospheric correction and cloud masking were applied before retrieving the ST values. Current results suggest that the Landsat 8 and 9 imageries can be utilized to obtain high-resolution riverine and coastal ST data. A multilayer perceptron neural network based (MPNN) model is under testing in the target estuaries to estimate SSS values with in situ observations as benchmark to judge this innovative approach. Preliminary results on SSS extraction will be presented as well.
Utilizing Deep Learning to Simulate Transient Fluid Pathways: Integrating 4D Synchrotron Tomography Experiments with Natural Observations
Authors: Amiri Hamed , Vasconcelos Ivan , Dialeismas Evangelos , Freitas Damien , Rizzo Roberto , Fusseis Florian , Plümper Oliver
Published: March 2024

Determining the dynamics of fluid-rock interactions is key to deciphering processes in the lithosphere and their importance in industrial applications, including the storage of CO2 and hydrogen, as well as in the development of geothermal energy technologies. Many geological occurrences show that when fluids interact with rocks, they can form their own pathways by developing a temporary network of connected pores as a result of mineral replacement reactions. Nonetheless, following the reaction's cessation, most pores become isolated retarding fluid flow. Here, we investigate transient porosity generation phenomena by conducting 4D (3D plus time) synchrotron tomography experiments using a salt analogue system. To capture the rapid evolution of reaction-induced pore networks, we acquire a full tomography volume every minute. After segmenting this extensive dataset using a deep convolutional neural network, the dynamics of the reaction are quantified by spatiotemporal correlation functions. These high-order statistics enable us to evaluate the evolution of the structural and morphological properties of the induced pore network during the salt replacement reaction. Inspired by image editing techniques in computer vision, we then train a leading-edge generative model, StyleGAN2-ADA (Karras et al., 2020[P(1] ), utilizing the 4D tomography dataset. Our results demonstrate that these advanced generative models can accurately simulate the microstructural evolution observed in the experiment. Next, we delve into the potential of deploying the trained model to reconnect isolated pores observed in data sets of natural mineral replacement reactions. We finally apply a voxel-based finite element method to simulate fluid flow in the salt and natural system. Our deep-learning method not only pioneers in determining transient fluid-rock interaction phenomena, but also, for the first time, enables a direct estimation of reaction-induced permeabilities.Putnis, A. Mineral replacement reactions. Rev. mineralogy geochemistry 70, 87–124 (2009).Karras, T. et al. Training generative adversarial networks with limited data. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 33, 12104–12114 (2020).
Preliminary results of paleomagnetism, rock magnetism and AMS in a soot-layered speleothem from Cueva Mayor (Atapuerca, Spain)
Authors: Sánchez-Moreno Elisa María , Iriarte Eneko , Calvo-Rathert Manuel , Font Eric , Bógalo Maria-Felicidad , Carrancho Ángel
Published: March 2024

Speleothem are excellent recorders of the Earth’s magnetic field and climate variation. The nature and origin of the magnetic minerals trapped into the calcite laminae are controlled by climate and environmental processes acting on the surface soils and inside the cave.In this work, we analysed samples from a stalagmite from Cueva Mayor in the archaeological site of Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Cueva Mayor site hosts a very important record of Pleistocene human occupation. Finding speleothems that record signs of human activity is unusual. However, in the karst system of the Sierra de Atapuerca, different works on speleothems revealed a significant human fossil record. The stalagmite studied has a small size, the sampled section measures 10 cm from base to top and is not oriented. It shows a calcite laminae alternation with darker micritic and/or ash-rich laminae, composed of aggregates of soot/smoke in the last 2.7 cm to the top. These black soot laminae are interpreted as derived from anthropogenic fires. The remaining part the stalagmite is a sequence of whitish and brownish laminae. A high detrital fraction is inferred from the brown layers. Available U-Th age data on a nearby stalagmite indicate that they grew during the last 14 kyr approximately.In order to characterize the magnetic properties in a stalagmite of special interest considering its record of human activity, we have carried out experiments on paleomagnetism, rock magnetism, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. We obtained paleomagnetic directions for most samples of calcite laminae with high detrital content and laminae with soot by alternating field demagnetization. Isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves of and hysteresis cycles show the presence of low coercivity ferromagnetic minerals in the soot-bearing samples, while the magnetization intensity in the rest of the samples is too weak to show clear results. The thermomagnetic curves reveal magnetite in both brownish-white and soot-containing samples. Other very low Curie temperature magnetic phases also appear in the soot samples. Finally, AMS shows a triaxial magnetic fabric with magnetic foliation pseudo-parallel to the calcite lamellae and horizontal lineation.Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España) (PID2019-105796GB-100), the postdoctoral program María Zambrano 2021 (España), the Junta de Castilla y León (España) (project BU037P23) and the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) (PTDC/CTA-GEO/0125/2021).
Discrimination of  geomagnetic quasi-periodic signals by using SSA Transform
Authors: Paolo Giovanni Palangio , Lucia Santarelli
Published: March 2024

Discrimination of  geomagnetic quasi-periodic signals by using SSA Transform

Palangio1, L. Santarelli 1

1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia L’Aquila
3Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Roma
 
Correspondence to:  lucia.santarelli@ingv.it
 
Abstract
In this paper we present an application of  the SSA Transform to the detection and reconstruction of  very weak geomagnetic signals hidden in noise. In the SSA Transform  multiple subspaces are used for representing and reconstructing   signals and noise.  This analysis allows us to reconstruct, in the time domain, the different harmonic components contained in the original signal by using  ortogonal functions. The objective is to identificate the dominant  subspaces that can be attributed to the  signals and the subspaces that can be attributed to the noise,  assuming that all these  subspaces are orthogonal to each other, which implies that the  signals and noise  are independent of one another. The subspace of the signals is mapped simultaneously on several spaces with a lower dimension, favoring the dimensions that best discriminate the patterns. Each subspace of the signal space is used to encode different subsets of functions having common characteristics, such as  the same periodicities. The subspaces  identification was performed by using singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques,  known as  SVD-based identification methods  classified in a subspace-oriented scheme.The  quasi-periodic variations of geomagnetic field  has been investigated in the range of scale which span from 22 years to 8.9 days such as the  Sun’s polarity reversal cycle (22 years), sun-spot cycle (11 years), equinoctial effect (6 months), synodic rotation of the Sun (27 days) and its harmonics. The strength of these signals vary from fractions of a nT to tens of nT. Phase and frequency variability of these cycles has been evaluated from the range of variations in the geomagnetic field recorded at middle latitude place (covering roughly 4.5 sunspot cycles). Magnetic data recorded at L'Aquila Geomagnetic observatory (geographic coordinates: 42° 23’ N, 13° 19’E, geomagnetic coordinates: 36.3° N,87°.2 E, L-shell=1.6) are used from 1960 to 2009.
 
 
Influence of soil moisture content on water repellency after a forest burnt
Authors: Garcia-Santos Glenda , Puff Manjana , Kogler Christian , Fernandez Angel , Eckmeier Eileen
Published: March 2024

A wildfire occurred in 2012 in one of the protected relic laurel forests of Europe (the National Park of Garajonay, Canary Islands). Soils from unburnt and burnt areas were studied and compared on its water repellence level at different soil moisture content from 2004 till 2023. 32 study sites and more than 100 soils were prepared under saturation conditions (sprayed of distilled water on the surface of each sample). Starting from saturation till oven-dried conditions, lower soil moisture contents were established in successive increments after the end of the WDPT test. The petri dishes were weighted at each step to determine the gravimetric soil water content (g g -1) by the thermogravimetric method at the end of the sequence. To describe the influence of soil moisture content on water repellency, three phases were distinguished. Phases I and II corresponded with the air-drying phase and phase III to the oven-drying phase.Results of the study highlight that the water repellency of in both unburned and burnt sites strongly depended on the soil moisture content. After 11 years from the fire, the infiltration capacity of the soils showed improved levels of water repellency and in some cases total recovery. In order to reproduce the soil hydrophobic behavior under naturally occurring drying conditions (phases I and II), the time required for infiltration was modelled as a function of gravimetric moisture content during air-drying. Variability (standard deviation) increased with increasing times to infiltration (i.e. decreasing moisture content), which can be attributed to evaporation and soil hydraulic effects influencing the results during longer tests. 
The spatiotemporal variability of planetary ions in Mercury
Authors: tang canhui
Published: March 2024

Based on the plasma and magnetic field data of Messenger from 2011 to 2015, we distinguished different regions spatially such as solar wind, magnetic sheath, cusp and magnetic tail.And the following three aspects are studied to obtain an understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of Mercury space planet ions.we found that even before extreme solar activity, there are some changes in the formation mechanism of planetary ions, which can activate high photon ionization in extreme solar wind environments especially in the cusp zone.We analyzed the sodium ions data during 60+ flares eruption, and found that the sodium ion density in the cusp region and the magnetic sheath region increased significantly during this period.During extreme solar activity,we found sodium ions at the magnetic tail decrease significantly and recover after a few days, which is presumed to be due to the convective effect of the magnetic tail excited by the high-energy solar wind.
Eddy covariance, scintillometer, and cosmic ray 1 km scale measurements at three sites (grassland, forest, and vineyard) in North-West Italy compared with CLM simulations
Authors: Ferraris Stefano , Gentile Alessio , Gisolo Davide , Canone Davide , Bechis Stefano , Heery Brendan , Marcella Biddoccu , Capello Giorgio , Maaschwitz Gerrit , Myagkov Alexander , Gazzola Enrico , Stevanato Luca
Published: March 2024

Water and energy balances have been monitored at a scale which is comparable with remote sensing one in three North-West Italy sites. One step has been to evaluate the performance of a land surface model, in this work the Community Land Model. The measurements taken at the horizontal hundreds meters scale are also compared with vertical profiles of local sensors of soil moisture.At the grassland mountain site (2600 m asl) the eddy covariance data are taken from 6 years, while the 25 m high mast eddy covariance in the forest from 3 years. The scintillometer and cosmic ray in the vineyard have been installed from one year.The main result is to have different land cover monitored at about 1 km scale, and to see that the uncalibrated simulations with CLM are following quite well the data in most cases. Also the comparison of cosmic ray and point soil moisture time series will be discussed. The future work will be the comparison with satellite data.This work is a part of the project NODES which has received unding from the MUR-M4C2 1.5 of PNRR grant agreement no. ECS0000003
Quarry dust an essential component in the pyrometallurgical recovery of valuable materials from mixed fine-grained waste
Authors: Renno Axel D. , Hossain MD Naziat , Baecke Anna Magdalena , Kabir Abrar , Dirlich Stefan
Published: March 2024

Within the FINEST project (https://finest-project.de/) we tackle the use and management of finest particulate anthropogenic material flows in a sustainable circular economy. Subproject 3 "FINEST Disperse Metals" has set itself the goal of safely mixing various fine and ultra-fine-grained material flows that accumulate as waste during various industrial processes and extracting metallic raw materials from them in a subsequent multi-stage pyrometallurgical process, as well as generating a safe slag that can be disposed of without monitoring.The idea of mixing different fine-grained waste streams arose from the experience that the search for economically and ecologically sustainable forms of recycling for the individual types of waste often failed despite promising approaches. This is usually due to individual parameters of the chemical or phase composition. The mixing we are aiming for allows us to select the technological parameters much more freely and to react to the rapid changes that are typical of waste streams.We will implement this concept using three different material streams:So-called shredder fines from plastics, car and WEEE recycling
Metallurgical fly ash from non-ferrous metallurgy
Quarry dust and dust from concrete recycling.
 The experimental work is preceded by a comprehensive characterization of the material flows in terms of chemical and phase composition, general physical parameters such as particle size distribution, particle shapes and flowability as well as any potential hazards. Based on this, both the mixing behavior and the pyrometallurgical parameters are modeled.We use quarry dust for two main purposes. Their main contribution is to act as slag formers in the pyrometallurgical processing of the mixtures in the plasma furnace. This should be combined with the lowest possible liquidus temperatures and viscosities of the slag system. We are currently using four different quarry dusts from active quarries in the Free State of Saxony for our investigations (1 granite, 2 granodiorites and 1 amphibolite) as well as material from the concrete recycling of an extensive demolition project in Dresden.Optimized mixing ratios between the individual quarry dusts and various metallurgical flue dusts were determined as part of the modeling using FactSageTM.  The behavior during mixing of the material flows was initially investigated theoretically using model materials. The mixing steps were visualized using X-ray computed tomography.
Fostering Cultural Ecosystem Services: The Impact of Social Media and Online Intermediaries in Promoting Payment for Ecosystem Services 
Authors: nazari mona , Bilot Nicolas , Ramsauer Julia , Vacik Harald
Published: March 2024

Cultural ecosystem services, encompassing intangible benefits like spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, and aesthetic experiences, play a crucial role in enhancing individual well-being. Despite their profound impact, these services often face limited economic recognition and marketability, highlighting the importance of improved acknowledgment in future ecosystem assessments. The emergence of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) as a market-based mechanism offers compensation to landowners for managing their land to deliver various ecosystem services.While PES provides incentives for conservation, challenges such as the lack of market information, participation avoidance, and mistrust hinder its widespread adoption, especially concerning the physical, emotional, and mental benefits derived from ecosystem services. Bridging this gap requires a focus on education and outreach, emphasizing not only the provisioning and regulating ecosystem services but also the cultural ones. PES programs, being information-intensive, demand a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem services and their management impacts.To address these challenges, we propose leveraging social media, specifically through local social media influencers (LSMIs), as online intermediaries in PES initiatives. In the modern world, social media has proven to be a potent solution for boosting awareness, trust, and promotion for various businesses, making it a viable avenue for PES. Unlike traditional offline intermediaries, LSMIs on social media platforms can effectively engage with local communities, fostering awareness and trust-building.Our research focuses on the European context, exploring the role of LSMIs in the preparatory phase of PES programs. Through a literature review, we identified a framework of potential key indicators of social media (SM) and LSMIs. To gain comprehensive perspectives from PES buyers and sellers in online social networks, we conducted a survey involving three PES case studies in Spain, France, and Austria.The findings underscore YouTube and Instagram's popularity as the preferred social media platforms among both buyers and sellers of ecosystem services within the cultural context. Photos and videos emerged as captivating mediums, with more than 50% expressing the affirmative impact of this contemporary tool in advancing cultural ecosystem services. Geographically, Spain led in leveraging social media for the promotion of cultural ecosystem services, followed by France and Austria.By understanding the dynamics between LSMIs, social media platforms, and PES initiation, our research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of social media's role in promoting ecosystem services and sustainable environmental practices.
Dynamical evolution of forearc subsidence controlled by slab geometry
Authors: Bolrão Francisco , Schellart Wouter
Published: March 2024

The forearc is the region of the overriding plate (OP) that physically interacts with the subducting plate (SP) and is expected to record critical information about subduction dynamics. A way to access such information is through its topography, which presents a wide variability across the natural prototypes. Some forearcs show a peculiar topography characterised by a forearc high next to the trench and a forearc basin in between this high and the magmatic arc (e.g. Alaska, Java, Central Chile). Previous studies have proposed that such topographic signature is a consequence of the gradient of the vertical component of the suction force along the plate interface (e.g., Hassani et al. 1997, Chen et al. 2017). Our study focuses on the role of several subduction parameters in shaping the topography of the forearc, namely the OP and SP thicknesses, OP viscosity, and slab dip angle. To carry out this investigation, we developed a series of buoyancy-driven and isoviscous models using analogue techniques, where we applied a stereoscopic particle image velocimetry technique to monitor the topography of the forearc.So far, we have analysed the impact of the OP thickness, which shows a negative correlation with the magnitude of the forearc basin. Thicker OPs constrain trench retreat, which forces the SP to move trenchward,with subduction occurring mostly through down-dip slab sinking. Consequently, the suction force created at the plate interface by hinge retreat will decrease, resulting in shallower forearc basins. Moreover, the wavelength of the forearc basin is also affect, with thicker OP producing wider basins. Such observation suggests that the previously proposed mechanism that shapes the forearc topography is correlated with the subduction partitioning so that the magnitude of the forearc basin increases as the subduction is increasingly accommodated by slab retreat.
Climate-resilient management of Dutch sandy landscapes as a multi-objective optimization problem 
Authors: Farzanegan Emad , Wallinga Jakob , Candel Jasper , Pedde Simona
Published: March 2024

In the Netherlands, sandy soil landscapes are vital for food production, drinking water supply, biodiversity maintenance, and human habitation. However, they face increasing risks due to frequent droughts and unsustainable agricultural land management practices that deplete both water and soil resources. Projected climatic extremes and higher demographic and food production trends further intensify these challenges. The necessity for a more climate-resilient management of these landscapes has been emphasized in Dutch government directives, such as the Deltaprogramma. To achieve such management pathways, it is essential to identify states and synergies that facilitate multifunctional use of these landscapes while maintaining or transforming their desirable attributes. While quantitative approaches exist to assess the ecological or economic resilience of landscapes, they currently fall short in sufficiently addressing both anthropogenic influences and hydrological and pedological responses within the landscape system. Our study aims to address this gap, by developing a modeling framework that dynamically couples existing regional biophysical and bioeconomic models, such as hydrological meta-SWAP and VFLOW models, with sorting algorithms, namely NSGA-II, to realize the resilient states and trade-offs in system functioning resulting from different land use strategies within the landscape during future climate change scenarios. The results yielded from this modeling framework can be presented as a Pareto-optimal front of functionalities, and it can be used to assess the subjective resilience of each function for each actor that is involved in the system, further facilitating new policy pathways in the region. 
Tide of change: understanding hydrodynamic responses to sea level rise in intertidal environments. Case Study of the Sylt-Rømø Bight, the Wadden Sea
Authors: Konyssova Gaziza , Sidorenko Vera , Androsov Alexey , Rubinetti Sara , Sander Lasse , Wiltshire Karen Helen
Published: March 2024

Sea-level rise (SLR) significantly modifies the hydro- and morphodynamics of the tidal flat systems, such as the Wadden Sea (south-eastern North Sea). The current research aims to investigate changes in intertidal dynamics in response to future sea level rise scenarios and their implications for local Wadden Sea habitats, with a focus on the Sylt-Rømø Bight as a case study.With the help of the coastal hydrodynamic model FESOM-C, we simulated a series of SLR scenarios based on the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC and morphodynamical projections and analyzed the resulting changes in tidal inundation, local circulation patterns and tidal asymmetry. The simulations were performed on the unstructured mesh with a resolution of up to 2 m in the wetting-drying zone. The results reveal that the intertidal flat areas remain rather resilient to the projected scenarios by 2050. Despite an increasing wetting probability, only 2.2% and 3.4% (13 and 21 km2) of their area are expected to submerge for low and high emissions scenarios (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5), respectively. By the end of the century, these percentages increase two and four times, reaching 4.8% and 13.9% (29 and 84 km2) for low and high-emission scenarios. Although an evolution of the peak current velocities is also rather negligible by 2050, a shift in the tidal asymmetry is apparent which points to a gradual transition from a tidal to a lagoon-like system in the future as sea-level rise accelerates. As the projected changes are spatially very diverse, we provide maps of tidal asymmetry in terms of flood/ebb duration, mean and max velocities and discuss the implications for the local habitats.
Influence of surface inhomogeneity on the formation of turbulent fluxes above the swamp surface
Authors: Drozd Ilya , Artamonov Arseny , Chechin Dmitriy , Pashkin Artem , Repina Irina , Stepanenko Victor , Varentsov Alexander , Varentsov Michael
Published: March 2024

The ability to take into account the thermal inhomogeneity of the surface in atmospheric models is an important task, since a difference in the surface temperature significantly affects the formation of turbulent fluxes. In this paper, an assessment is made of the influence of the thermal inhomogeneity of a wetlands surface on the accuracy of calculating heat fluxes, and a methodology is proposed for taking it into account for the classical Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST).
The basis of the work was the data collected during the IAP RAS expedition to the Mukhrino field station from June 11 to June 23, 2022. As part of the expedition, three pulsation measuring complexes were deployed on eddy covariance tower located above wetland micro-landscapes, which differ in the degree of watering: ryam, ridges and swamp. Regular aerial IR surveys of two polygons with a homogeneous and heterogeneous surface were carried out used the DJI Mavic 2 Pro copter and the Flir TAU 2R IR camera.
In the course of processing the collected data, a detailed temperature map of the surface of the studied polygons was obtained, footprints for each tower were calculated, and the contribution of the allocated micro-landscapes to the formation of the measured heat flux was estimated. The heat fluxes calculated by the MOST with and without thermal inhomogeneity of the surface. Results were compared with the fluxes obtained by the eddy covariance method. Finally, the estimate was obtained of the effectiveness of the method proposed by the authors for taking into account the thermal inhomogeneity of the surface for modeling turbulent fluxes.
This work was supported in part by the Russian Science Foundation grant no. 22-47-04408.
Optimization of shallowest-depth geothermal heat collectors for sustainable energy production under variable saturation conditions and seasonal temperature fluctuations
Authors: Meneses Rioseco Ernesto , Ravidà Domenico C. G. , Dussel Michael , Moeck Inga S.
Published: March 2024

The increasing energy prices and technological progress in ground source heat pumps (GSHP) in recent years has substantially propelled the use of shallow geothermal energy in Germany. With the swiftly growing numbers of installed GSHP in urban areas, the optimal and sustainable use of shallow geothermal resources requires a thorough analysis and understanding of the key components and physical processes involved in the underground at different spatial and time scales. In particular, the question of possible thermal and/or thermo-hydraulic interaction of neighboring small-power (
Joint Knowledge Production in the Water-Soil-Carbon-Nexus – stakeholders in ex-ante modelling on drought resilience
Authors: Lansu Angelique , Bogatinoska Borjana , van Lamoen Frank , Stoorvogel Jetse
Published: March 2024

Practitioners in water boards in NW-Europe are mostly focused on the prevention of flooding and inundation issues, due to their legal obligations and historical responsibilities. In order to spatially plan the necessary transitions, water board practitioners consult with their stakeholders (municipalities, land managers, farmers). Global and climate change are causing disruptions in the hydrological cycle. More and more of the tasks of water board practitioners are focused on drought mitigation, water distribution and water quality. This focus on water-related issues indicate that water boards are very strong in monitoring and managing hydrological data and hydrological models. Hence, in an optimally functioning soil-water system, carbon management is directly correlated to these hydrological tasks. Since water management requires soil carbon management (infiltration and water holding capacity), carbon sequestration can facilitate water management. So if we invest in carbon sequestration, it will also have a positive impact on water management. Therefore we need joint knowledge production among practitioners involved in water and in carbon management to understand the water-soil-carbon nexus. In recent years, water boards have been tasked with countering these effects of drought and flooding by implementing nature-based solution in their catchments – in co-design with spatial governance bodies, residents and land users . Often, these solutions have a clear spatial component and depend on their land users by changes in land use, in land management and in the soil-water system. For these land users, arguments other than hydrology may play a role in this process of co-design. In this study, we show the importance of interactions (using ex-ante modelling in a catchment) and how understanding these insights in a water-soil-carbon nexus scaffolds stakeholders in joint knowledge production. We investigated this research question based on the field expertise of about 40 water and land use professionals involved in the co-creation and implementation of NbS in headwater catchments in Brabant (Nl/B). We collected and evaluated arguments from these meetings in order to better facilitate water & carbon management in these spatially relevant transitions towards nature-based solutions.
How anthropogenic modification of riverscapes reduce the resilience of floodplain waters to drought
Authors: Coder Luisa , Büttner Olaf , Knöller Kay , Kronsbein Pia Marie , Musollf Andreas , Tittel Jörg
Published: March 2024

Central Europe has experienced an extreme drought over the last five summers, which has led to a deficit in precipitation and discharge unlikely to be replenished quickly. Due to climate change, extreme weather events and accompanying droughts are likely to occur more frequently in the future putting pressure on aquatic ecosystems. In addition, rivers have been significantly modified over the years, with channelization and the construction of dams drastically altering the natural flow of the river. Floodplains have been cut off and natural habitats have been lost. This underlines the need to investigate the interactions of climate change and antropogenic alterations to rivers and to establish a safe operating space for floodplain areas to ensure their ecological function. To achieve this, we investigated 36 floodplain lakes near the Elbe River in Magdeburg, Germany, with varying connectivity to the main river and different characteristics of each lake. Water samples were taken from the lakes, the main river and the groundwater. Major ions and isotopes to determine the origin of the water. Further, chlorophyll a was sampled and parameters such as oxygen and hydrogen sulfide were taken. Along with recorded fish kills and measured water level, a scoring system was established to determine the degree of impairment and habitat loss of each lake. Connectivity, defined here as the frequency of an existing surface connection of the lake to the main river, was determined to provide a measure of the impact of anthropogenic modification and channelization of the river bed. The difference in deuterium excess between fall and spring served as a measure of evaporation and thus of the influence of climate change during the sampling campaign. Critical chlorophyll a concentrations were measured in surface waters in lakes with less than 50 % connectivity, critical oxygen concentrations in lakes with less than 10 % connectivity. Fish kills, hydrogen sulfide, siltation and dry-out occurred predominantly in lakes with a low connectivity. Finally, lakes with a small perimeter by area were found to exhibit fewer signs of degradation and habitat loss. Our results suggest that lakes that are connected to the main river are better able to respond to drought stress caused by climate change. Therefore, better connectivity to the main river may help to reduce habitat degradation or loss in the floodplain ecosystem.
Dynamic Lake Modelling for Coupled Climate Model Simulations of the Last Glacial Cycle
Authors: Riddick Thomas , Kleinen Thomas
Published: March 2024

The continually evolving large ice sheets present in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial cycle caused significant changes to drainage pathways both through directly blocking rivers and through glacial isostatic adjustment. These changing drainage pathways drove the formation, evolution and (sometimes catastrophic) drainage of large glacial lakes such as Lake Agassiz. Studies have shown this changing hydrology had a significant impact on the ocean circulation through changing the pattern of freshwater discharge into the oceans. A coupled Earth system model simulation of the last glacial cycle thus requires a lake model that uses a set of river pathways and lakes that evolve with Earth's changing orography. Here, we present a method for dynamically modelling lakes (building on previous work on dynamically modelling rivers) by applying predefined corrections to an evolving fine-scale orography (accounting for the changing ice sheets and isostatic rebound) each time the river directions and lakes basins are recalculated. The lakes are delineated from this corrected fine scale orography and water level within each lake is modelled within the JSBACH land surface model. Lake inflow and outflow are linked to the existing river flow model within JSBACH while evaporation from the lake surface is linked to the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model.
How effective is social media for waterlogging disaster detection by twitter users?
Authors: Soomro Shan-e-hyder , Shi Xiaotao , Guo Jiali , Boota Muhammad Waseem , Soomro Mairaj Hyder Alias , Soomro Gul-e-Zehra , Li Yinghai , Hu Caihong , Liu Chengshuai , Wang Yuanyang , Li Tongqing , Wahid Junaid
Published: March 2024

The prompt and efficient delivery of data pertaining to the havoc wrought by calamities is crucial for the expeditious process of decision-making. The utilization of social media platforms has facilitated the distribution of crucial emergency information, which has been extensively examined as an indispensable instrument for obtaining and evaluating information pertaining to devastation. In this study, a framework is proposed for the swift categorization of damage and the monitoring of restoration efforts in the context of rainstorm and urban waterlogging. The framework leverages the potential of big data derived from social media, particularly Twitter.  Karachi cosmopolitan city witnessed a real-life instance of urban waterlogging between the months of June and October in the year 2022, the proposed framework is effectively demonstrated through the use of an illustrative case study. This research utilizes a novel approach that utilizes the integration of social media data, land use data, and other relevant data sources to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of public responses to urban rainstorm and waterlogging in a specified urban region from June 14 to October 2022. Spatially discernible clusters of elevated public concern with respect to urban waterlogging were observed within regions characterized by relatively low elevation, a significant proportion of water bodies, and a marked surge in urban development in recent years. Temporal fluctuations reveal that public reactions typically culminate during the rainstorm phase as opposed to preceding it. Notably, alterations in behavior and emotional states are most conspicuous during the morning rush hour within a 24-hour period, in connection with the rainstorm. The revelation of discrepancies in the response among individuals from different backgrounds and the impact of urban waterlogging on various aspects of individuals' daily lives have become evident. The framework proposed in this study offers a viable approach for acquiring on-site damage data prior to carrying out thorough assessments in regions impacted by calamities. This methodology facilitates the formulation of real-time management tactics for local flood prevention and the advancement of sustainable growth in areas susceptible to damaged areas caused by rainstorms.
Integrating Remotely Sensed and Field-monitored Soil Moisture Data for High Resolution Agricultural Drought Monitoring
Authors: Atnurkar Akash , Ramadas Meenu
Published: March 2024

Agricultural drought monitoring using high resolution soil moisture information is particularly useful for management of precision agriculture and drought early warning studies. The soil moisture products obtained from different active microwave remote sensing satellites may not be appropriate for local-level drought studies due to their limited spatial resolution. This study aims to accurately estimate surface soil moisture (SSM) by utilizing high-resolution multispectral imagery available from the Landsat 8 OLI (Optical Land Imager) mission for monitoring agricultural droughts using soil water deficit index (SWDI). The study demonstrates that using the Landsat-derived SWDI at a spatial resolution  of 30 m, and at bimonthly scale, can provide drought information for use in precision irrigation especially at watershed-scale. The red, green, near infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands of Landsat 8 after atmospheric and geometric correction, are utilized for estimating SSM in this study, by considering popular vegetation indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), and normalized difference water index (NDWI), as inputs. Field-monitored soil moisture data available for an agricultural watershed in eastern India during 2016-2017 are utilized for SSM model development. The SSM estimation model is developed using conventional linear regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) models. The conventional linear regression algorithm gave correlation coefficient (R) of 0.60 and mean square error (MSE) of 0.012 cm3/cm3. Whereas, the machine learning-based ANN model has performed SSM estimation with R and MSE of 0.67 and 0.011 cm3/cm3 respectively. Further, the study utilized SSM based on the ANN technique for estimation of SWDI at 30 m resolution for long-term drought monitoring over the study watershed. Based on the computed SWDI, seasonal variations in agricultural drought patterns are also evaluated for the study area.Keywords: Agricultural Drought Monitoring, Surface Soil Moisture, Remote Sensing, Landsat-8, Vegetation Indices, Machine Learning
A continuum mechanics perspective on the rheology of firn in the context of firn densification
Authors: Schultz Timm , Humbert Angelika , Müller Ralf
Published: March 2024

While the complex nonlinear rheology of ice is well known and often discussed, for example in the context of large-scale ice sheet modeling, calving, and isotropy occurring at shear margins, the rheology of firn is often considered to be rather simple. According to Truesdell’s first metaphysical principle, which states that ”all properties of a mixture must be mathematical consequences of properties of the constituents” (Truesdell, C. (1984), Rational Thermodynamics, Springer-Verlag, p. 221), the material behavior of firn should be related to that of ice, since firn is primarily a mixture of ice and air. What distinguishes firn from ice is its microstructure. The field of continuum mechanics provides methods to relate the microstructural properties of a material to its macroscopic material behavior.Here we review a homogenization method developed for the densification of nonlinear creeping metallic powders and first applied to the simulation of firn densification by Gagliardini and Meyssonnier (1997, Annals of Glaciology, 24, pp. 242–248). The method links the rheology of ice to that of firn by describing firn as a porous medium with an ice matrix. The advantage of this approach is that it is formulated in all three spatial dimensions, allowing the inclusion of horizontal divergence due to ice flow without additional parameterization. A large database of dated firn cores allows the determination of the governing model parameters using an optimization approach. We discuss the results, advantages, and limitations of this approach, as well as validation strategies.
Establishment of Virtual Station based on Multi-mission Satellites for Near-daily River Discharge Observation
Authors: Sahoo Debi Prasad , Filippucci Paolo , Barbetta Silvia , Biancamaria Sylvain , Andral Alice , Gal Laetitia , Tarpanelli Angelica
Published: March 2024

The implementation of action plans for sustainable water resources management requires daily river discharge time series at gauging stations, which are already decreasing in number worldwide. Although the development of remote sensing-based methods for river discharge estimation has proven its effectiveness worldwide, the temporal frequency especially at the daily scale for river discharge estimation is the most important research question to be explored. In this context, the study proposed a methodological framework to establish a virtual station (VS) where the information retrieved from the multi-mission satellites was merged using the non-parametric copula function for river discharge estimation. Here, in the first step, both passive (C/M) and active (altimeter) remote sensing signals can be integrated by deriving the joint probability distribution using the copula functions of the Archimedean family. Subsequently, the Frank copula was evaluated as the best-fit copula function as measured by the goodness-of-fit-test and subsequently selected for establishing the VS by merging the information. The proposed framework was tested on more than 10 rivers around the world. Here, MODIS from Aqua and Terra, Landsat series, and MSI from Sentinel-2 images were used for the C/M approach, whereas SARAL AltiKa, Sentinel-3 A and B, and Cryosat-2 mission altimeters were considered for water level retrieval. The established VSs along the river can be able to derive long near daily discharge time series while evaluating against the in situ discharge with reasonable accuracy measured by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, Root Mean Square Error, and Kling-Gupta efficiency. Conclusively, the establishment of this kind of VSs along the river can be able to derive missing discharge data records and long near-daily discharge time series along any world river which is one of the key variables for hydro climatological studies.  Keywords: Remote Sensing, Virtual Station, Copula, Satellite merging, River Discharge, Altimeters
The influence of penguin activity on the Nitrogen-Phosphorus cycle in the Ross Sea region
Authors: Zheng Zhangqin , Wang Xueying , Hao Jihua , Liu Xiaodong
Published: March 2024

As the limiting nutrient elements, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) play important roles in forming biological organisms, promoting primary productivity, and changing ecological community structures. Until now, the research on the N and P cycle and the mechanisms in eutrophic lakes under human influence have been in-depth. However, in Antarctica, the research is still scarce. Adélie penguin, as the most important advanced predator in Antarctica, feeds mainly on krill in the ocean, while rearing and colonizing on land, which has important impacts on the N and P cycle in the fragile Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem.In this study, soils and lacustrine sediments in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, which were heavily influenced or uninfluenced by penguin activities, were analyzed for N and P forms, N isotopes of NH4+ and NO3-, and O isotope of NO3-. Combined with the basic physicochemical properties, elements, and mineralogical analysis results of XRD, SEM/EDS, the mineralogical and morphological characteristics in sediments were discussed for the influence of penguin activities. The results show that penguin bio-transport inputs a large amount of N and P into soils and lacustrine sediments, Especially Ca-P, Mg-P, and NH4+. Mineralogical results such as XRD and SEM/EDS showed that the surface morphology of mineral particles heavily influenced by penguin activities was different from that in the natural environment. Phosphorus input from penguin guano forms a large amount of struvite (MgNH4PO4 6H2O) and other relatively stable minerals in aquatic environments. The results of TN and NH4+-N isotopes showed that the sediments influenced by penguin activities were more positive (about +30~40‰) than uninfluenced soils and sediments, which would be affected by the form of struvite. The N and O isotopes of NO3- were more complicated in the sediments, which may be related to the nitrification and denitrification processes in soils and sediments. The results of this study provide an important scientific basis for further understanding of the N and P cycle in the Antarctic affected by penguin activities under climate change.
Magnetic core field anomalies in the non-axial field: approach with a monopole.
Authors: Rivera Pablo , Pavón-Carrasco F. Javier , De Santis Angelo , Osete Maria Luisa , Campuzano Saioa A. , Cianchini Gianfranco
Published: March 2024

The continuous update of the archaeomagnetic database spanning the last 3000 years has facilitated the refinement of geomagnetic models, unveiling the presence of non-dipolar anomalies previous to instrumental measurements. Within the Holocene epoch, two anomalies have become notably well-defined. The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), characterized by low geomagnetic intensities in the South Atlantic, stands out as the most significant present-day anomaly. Its origin and evolution before instrumental records is still under debate and has been suggested as a possible persistent or recurrent feature of the field. In addition, the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly (LIAA) has been defined as a geomagnetic spike characterized by abnormally high intensities affecting Levant and Europe during the first half of the first millennium BCE.We approach to the analysis of these anomalies with a simple model, using a monopolar source to locally fit the non-axial field around these anomalies. The movement of the monopoles associated with SAA and LIAA seems to align with regions of the mantle characterized by low shear velocity, particularly the edges of the African Large Low Shear Velocity Province (LLSVP), suggesting a correlation with lower mantle heterogeneities. 