bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ligand‐to‐Ligand Charge‐Transfer Transitions of Platinum(II) Complexes with Arylacetylide Ligands with Different Chain Lengths: Spectroscopic Characterization, Effect of Molecular Conformations, and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Tong Glenna So Ming , Law Yuen‐Chi , Kui Steven C. F. , Zhu Nianyong , Leung King Hong , Phillips David Lee , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: April 2010

The complexes [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1R}]+ (n=1: R=alkyl and aryl (Ar); n=1–3: R=phenyl (Ph) or Ph‐N(CH3)2‐4; n=1 and 2, R=Ph‐NH2‐4; tBu3tpy=4,4’,4’’‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine) and [Pt(Cl3tpy)(CCR)]+ (R=tert‐butyl (tBu), Ph, 9,9’‐dibutylfluorene, 9,9’‐dibutyl‐7‐dimethyl‐amine‐fluorene; Cl3tpy=4,4’,4’’‐trichloro‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine) were prepared. The effects of substituent(s) on the terpyridine (tpy) and acetylide ligands and chain length of arylacetylide ligands on the absorption and emission spectra were examined. Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of [Pt(tBu3tpy)(CCR)]+ (R=n‐butyl, Ph, and C6H4‐OCH3‐4) obtained in acetonitrile at 298 K reveal that the structural distortion of the CC bond in the electronic excited state obtained by 502.9 nm excitation is substantially larger than that obtained by 416 nm excitation. Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations on [Pt(H3tpy)(CCR)]+ (R= n‐propyl (nPr), 2‐pyridyl (Py)), [Pt(H3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1Ph}]+ (n=1–3), and [Pt(H3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐N(CH3)2‐4}]+/+H+ (n=1–3; H3tpy=nonsubstituted terpyridine) at two different conformations were performed, namely, with the phenyl rings of the arylacetylide ligands coplanar (“cop”) with and perpendicular (“per”) to the H3tpy ligand. Combining the experimental data and calculated results, the two lowest energy absorption peak maxima, λ1 and λ2, of [Pt(Y3tpy)(CCR)]+ (Y=tBu or Cl, R=aryl) are attributed to 1[π(CCR)→π*(Y3tpy)] in the “cop” conformation and mixed 1[dπ(Pt)→π*(Y3tpy)]/1[π(CCR)→π*(Y3tpy)] transitions in the “per” conformation. The lowest energy absorption peak λ1 for [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐H‐4}]+ (n=1–3) shows a redshift with increasing chain length. However, for [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐N(CH3)2‐4}]+ (n=1–3), λ1 shows a blueshift with increasing chain length n, but shows a redshift after the addition of acid. The emissions of [Pt(Y3tpy)(CCR)]+ (Y=tBu or Cl) at 524–642 nm measured in dichloromethane at 298 K are assigned to the 3[π(CCAr)→π*(Y3tpy)] excited states and mixed 3[dπ(Pt)→π*(Y3tpy)]/3[π(CC)→π*(Y3tpy)] excited states for R=aryl and alkyl groups, respectively. [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐N(CH3)2‐4}]+ (n=1 and 2) are nonemissive, and this is attributed to the small energy gap between the singlet ground state (S0) and the lowest triplet excited state (T1).
A prospective evaluation of the durability of palliative interventions for patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Morrogh Mary , Miner Thomas J. , Park Anna , Jenckes Ann , Gonen Mithat , Seidman Andrew , Morrow Monica , Jaques David P. , King Tari A.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

Although systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) continues to evolve, there are scant data to guide physicians and patients when symptoms develop. In this article, the authors report the frequency and durability of palliative procedures performed in the setting of MBC.

METHODS:

From July 2002 to June 2003, 91 patients with MBC underwent 109 palliative procedures (operative, n = 76; IR n = 39, endoscopic n = 3). At study entry, patients had received a mean of 6 prior systemic therapies for metastatic disease. System‐specific symptoms included neurologic (33%), thoracic (23%), musculoskeletal (22%) and GI (14%). The most common procedures were thoracostomy with or without pleurodesis (27%), craniotomy with resection (19%) and orthopedic open reduction/internal fixation (19%).

RESULTS:

Symptom improvement at 30 days and 100 days was reported by 91% and 81% of patients, respectively, and 70% reported continued benefit for duration of life. At a median interval of 75 days from intervention (range, 8‐918 days), 23 patients (25%) underwent 61 additional procedures for recurrent symptoms. The durability of palliation varied with system‐specific symptoms. Patients with neurologic or musculoskeletal symptoms were least likely to require additional maintenance procedures (P < .0002). The 30‐day complication rate was 18% and there were no procedure‐related deaths. At a median survival of 37.4 mos from MBC diagnosis (range, 1.6‐164 months) and 8.4 months after intervention (range, 0.2‐73 months), 7 of 91 patients remained alive.

CONCLUSIONS:

Palliative interventions for symptoms of MBC are safe and provide symptom control for the duration of life in 70% of patients. Definitive surgical treatment of neurologic or musculoskeletal symptoms provided the most durable palliation; interventions for other symptoms frequently require subsequent procedures. The longer median survival for patients with MBC highlights the need to optimize symptom control to maintain quality of life. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Mediating effects of smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the relation between the CHRNA5‐A3 genetic locus and lung cancer risk
Authors: Wang Jian , Spitz Margaret R. , Amos Christopher I. , Wilkinson Anna V. , Wu Xifeng , Shete Sanjay
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

Recent genome‐wide association studies of lung cancer have shown that the CHRNA5‐A3 region on chromosome 15q24‐25.1 is strongly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and nicotine dependence, and is thought to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well. However, it has not been established whether the association between genetic variants and lung cancer risk is a direct one or one mediated by nicotine dependence.

METHODS:

The authors applied a rigorous statistical approach, mediation analysis, to examine the mediating effect of smoking behavior and self‐reported, physician‐diagnosed emphysema (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) on the relation between the CHRNA5‐A3 region genetic variant rs1051730 and the risk of lung cancer.

RESULTS:

Our results showed that rs1051730 is directly associated with lung cancer risk, but it is also associated with lung cancer risk through its effect on both smoking behavior and COPD. Furthermore, we showed that COPD is a mediating phenotype that explains part of the effect of smoking behavior on lung cancer. Our results also suggested that smoking behavior is a mediator of the relation between rs1051730 and COPD risk.

CONCLUSIONS:

Smoking behavior and COPD are mediators of the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1051730 and the risk of lung cancer. Also, COPD is a mediator of the association between smoking behavior and lung cancer. Finally, smoking behavior also has mediating effects on the association between the SNP and COPD. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A study of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and bortezomib in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma
Authors: Croghan Gary A. , Suman Vera J. , Maples William J. , Albertini Mark , Linette Gerald , Flaherty Lawrence , Eckardt John , Ma Cynthia , Markovic Svetomir N. , Erlichman Charles
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

Chemotherapy has not been reported to have a significant impact on survival for patients with metastatic melanoma. Bortezomib was shown to have additive/synergistic effects with several chemotherapeutic agents, including paclitaxel and platinum. A phase 1 trial of this 3‐drug combination reported that 6 of 28 patients treated with bortezomib followed by paclitaxel and carboplatin achieved a partial response (including 2 of 5 patients with metastatic melanoma).

METHODS:

A 2‐stage phase 2 clinical trial was conducted to assess the antitumor activity of this 3‐agent combination in patients with metastatic melanoma who had received at most 1 prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Treatment included bortezomib at a dose of 1.3 mg/m2 intravenously on Days 1, 4, and 8; paclitaxel at a dose of 175 mg/m2; and carboplatin at an area under the concentration (AUC) of 6 on Day 2 of a 21‐day cycle. The primary endpoint of this trial was tumor response rate (TRR).

RESULTS:

Seventeen eligible patients were enrolled. A median of 4 cycles were administered (range, 1‐7 cycles). Three patients discontinued treatment due to persistent grade 4 (based on National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 3.0]) neutropenia with grade 3 leukopenia (2 patients) or grade 4 pulmonary embolism (1 patient). Grade ≥3 toxicities included neutropenia (71%), leukopenia (41%), thrombocytopenia (29%), and arthralgia (12%). Two partial responses were observed (TRR, 11.8%). Four patients had stable disease at >12 weeks. The median progression‐free survival was 3.2 months, and the median overall survival was 7.0 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

Due to insufficient clinical efficacy, this trial did not proceed to second‐stage accrual. The combination of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and bortezomib demonstrated limited clinical benefit and was associated with significant toxicity. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Renewable H2 from Glycerol Steam Reforming: Effect of La2O3 and CeO2 Addition to Pt/Al2O3 catalysts.
Authors: Montini Tiziano , Singh Rakesh , Das Piyali , Lorenzut Barbara , Bertero Nicolás , Riello Pietro , Benedetti Alvise , Giambastiani Giuliano , Bianchini Claudio , Zinoviev Sergey , Miertus Stanislav , Fornasiero Paolo
Published: April 2010

Glycerol is the main byproduct of biodiesel production and its increased production volume derives from the increasing demand for biofuels. The conversion of glycerol to hydrogen‐rich mixtures presents an attractive route towards sustainable biodiesel production. Here we explored the use of Pt/Al2O3‐based catalysts for the catalytic steam reforming of glycerol, evidencing the influence of La2O3 and CeO2 doping on the catalyst activity and selectivity. The addition of the latter metal oxides to a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst is found to significantly improve the glycerol steam reforming, with high H2 and CO2 selectivities. A good catalytic stability is achieved for the Pt/La2O3/Al2O3 system working at 350 °C, while the Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst sharply deactivates after 20 h under similar conditions. Studies carried out on fresh and exhausted catalysts reveal that both systems maintain high surface areas and high Pt dispersions. Therefore, the observed catalyst deactivation can be attributed to coke deposition on the active sites throughout the catalytic process and only marginally to Pt nanoparticle sintering. This work suggests that an appropriate support composition is mandatory for preparing high‐performance Pt‐based catalysts for the sustainable conversion of glycerol into syngas.
Catalyst Deactivation by β‐Hydride Elimination: Olefin and Alkyne Insertion into Arenido–Nickel(II) Bonds
Authors: Lindner Monika M. , Beckmann Udo , Eichberger Eva , Reiß Guido J. , Kläui Wolfgang
Published: April 2010

Square planar arenido‐(triphenylphosphane)nickel(II) complexes (3) containing a N,O‐chelate ligand are catalysts for the carbon monoxide/ethene copolymerisation reaction. Pathways for catalyst deactivation have been elucidated by investigating the reactions of such complexes with aliphatic unsaturated compounds like olefins and alkynes. We have shown that the double or triple bond, respectively, inserts into the nickel–carbon bond followed by β‐hydride elimination resulting in aryl‐substituted olefins and allenes, which have been identified by means of GC/MS. The remaining nickel forms a bis(N,O‐chelate ligand)nickel complex, the crystal structure of which has been determined. The nickel atom is coordinated in a square‐planar manner by two ligands. Additional coordination of two neighbouring complexes via their nitrile groups completes the coordination of the nickel to a distorted octahedron and forms a two‐dimensional metal‐organic framework (MOF).
A DFT Study of Site‐Selectivity in Oxidative Addition Reactions with Pd0 Complexes: The Effect of an Azine Nitrogen and the Use of Different Types of Halogen Atoms in the Substrate
Authors: Herrebout Wouter A. , Nagels Nick , Verbeeck Stefan , van der Veken Benjamin J. , Maes Bert U. W.
Published: April 2010

The site‐selectivity of Pd‐catalyzed reactions of 2,3‐dihalopyridines [2,3‐dichloropyridine (1), 2,3‐dibromopyridine (3) and2‐chloro‐3‐iodopyridine (2)] has been studied by computing the oxidative addition process using DFT calculations. The activating effect of the azine nitrogen atom on C(2) and C(3) has been obtained by comparison with the corresponding dihalobenzene [1,2‐dichlorobenzene (4), 1,2‐dibromobenzene (5) and 1‐chloro‐2‐iodobenzene (6)]. The performed calculations involve the use of Pd(PPh3)2, Pd(BINAP) and Pd(XANTPHOS) as catalysts. The formation of pre‐reactive complexes proved to be a very important factor in the determination of the activation energy values. A comparison with the simplified systems Pd(PPH3)2, Pd(H‐BINAP) and Pd(H‐XANTPHOS) revealed that care has to be taken when simplified catalyst systems are used for the simulation of the oxidative addition process.
Field‐amplified sample injection‐micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for the analysis of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and their diglycidyl ethers and derivatives in canned soft drinks
Authors: Gallart‐Ayala Héctor , Núñez Oscar , Moyano Encarnación , Galceran Maria Teresa
Published: April 2010

Conditions were established for the separation and analysis of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and their diglycidyl ethers by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). Good resolution was obtained for all compounds, although in order to achieve the separation of ortho–ortho, ortho–para, and para–para isomers of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), BFDGE·2H2O and BFDGE·2HCl, it was necessary to use a 25 μm id fused silica capillary. To increase sensitivity, a field‐amplified sample injection (FASI)‐MECC method was developed using 10 mM SDS solution as injection matrix and a 75 μm id fused silica capillary. Instrumental quality parameters such as LODs (<55 μg/L with standards), linearity (r2>0.999), and run‐to‐run and day‐to‐day precisions (RSD values lower than 12.5%) were determined. Finally, the suitability of the FASI‐MECC method for the analysis of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and their diglycidyl ethers in canned soft drinks was evaluated. Quantitation was performed by matrix‐matched calibration using a plastic‐bottled isotonic drink as matrix. The results showed that FASI‐MECC is an economic method for the screening and quantitation of these kinds of compounds in soft drink beverages, with no loss of reproducibility, and effective at concentrations lower than the specific migration level values established by the European Union.
Recent progress of chiral monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC
Authors: Zhang Zhenbin , Wu Ren'an , Wu Minghuo , Zou Hanfa
Published: April 2010

As the development of monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC, the monoliths specifically related with the enantioseparations taking the advantages of monolithic stationary phases have attracted increased research interest in this field. This short review describes recent progress with emphasis on the preparation of the chiral monolithic stationary phases along with brief discussion and perspective on the future development of chiral monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC.
MicroRNA‐125b‐1 and BLID upregulation resulting from a novel IGH translocation in childhood B‐Cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tassano Elisa , Acquila Maura , Tavella Elisa , Micalizzi Concetta , Panarello Claudio , Morerio Cristina
Published: April 2010

Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus are common abnormalities in mature B‐cell neoplasms. Recent findings have also revealed their significant role in B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. As a rule, IGH translocations generate transcriptional activation of the oncogene localized in the proximity of the breakpoint. In this study, we describe a pediatric case of B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia showing microRNA‐125b‐1 (MIR125B1) and BLID gene overexpression, resulting from a novel t(11;14)(q24.1;q32) translocation involving IGH. This is the first report describing the upregulation of a microRNA due to its juxtaposition to protein‐coding gene regulatory elements and the overexpression of two neighboring genes as a consequence of transcriptional enhancers localized in the vicinity of the IGH gene. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpreting developmental changes in neuroimaging signals
Authors: Poldrack Russell A.
Published: April 2010

The imaging of developmental changes in brain function is challenging, but great strides have been made in addressing many of the conceptual issues that this work raises. I highlight a set of issues that remain to be addressed in this literature. First, I argue that the appeal to developmental neurobiology is often misplaced, as it focuses on neurodevelopmental processes that are mostly completed by the age at which neuroimaging studies can be performed. Second, I argue that the concept of “normative” development needs to be reexamined, as it reflects fundamental value judgments about brain development that seem inappropriate for scientific investigation. Third, I examine the ways in which developmental changes are often interpreted, arguing that common interpretations, including the concepts of “efficiency” and “focalization” may be less useful than commonly supposed. To put developmental neuroimaging on stronger footing, we need to develop stronger connections between computational and neurobiological accounts of developmental changes. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
c‐Met expression as an indicator of survival outcome in patients with oral tongue carcinoma
Authors: Kim Chul‐Ho , Koh Yoon Woo , Han Jae Ho , Kim Jae Wook , Lee Jin Seok , Baek Seung Jae , Hwang Hye Sook , Choi Eun Chang
Published: April 2010

Background

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) can promote proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis in various tumor cells. However, the prognosis according to expression of HGF/c‐Met has not been reported in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT).

Methods

Tumors from 61 patients with SCCOT were evaluated for the expression of HGF and c‐Met by immunohistochemistry. For Western blot, we used fresh normal and cancer tissues from 3 patients with SCCOT.

Results

The positive rates of HGF and c‐Met immunostaining in SCCOT were 57.3% and 54.1%, respectively. The c‐Met staining was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = .005), tumor classification (p = .004), and recurrence (p = .018). Survival was significantly affected in patients with positive c‐Met expression (p = .003). HGF and c‐Met were strongly expressed in cancer tissues on Western blot.

Conclusion

The c‐Met expression may play an important role in the progression and the survival outcome of patients with SCCOT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
P‐cadherin in adhesion and invasion: Opposite roles in colon and bladder carcinoma
Authors: Van Marck Veerle , Stove Christophe , Jacobs Koen , Van den Eynden Gert , Bracke Marc
Published: April 2010

Neoexpression or upregulation of placental cadherin (P‐cadherin), a member of the classical cadherin family, has previously been described in several carcinomas, such as colorectal and bladder carcinomas. In this study, we combined two different approaches, immunohistochemistry of tumor samples and in vitro knockdown of P‐cadherin, to gain a better insight into the role of P‐cadherin in these types of cancer. First, we performed immunohistochemistry for P‐ and E‐cadherins in a series of 52 colorectal adenocarcinomas, including well, moderately and poorly differentiated (WD, MD, and PD) tumors. Decrease or loss of P‐cadherin neoexpression was significantly associated with a higher tumor grade and could discriminate WD from MD and/or PD tumors (p < 0.001). E‐cadherin, on the other hand, was strongly expressed at the membrane of most WD (18 of 19) and MD tumors (15 of 19). Downregulation correlated significantly with the PD phenotype (p ≤ 0.001). In a second approach, we transiently or stably knocked down P‐cadherin in HT‐29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. This led to decreased intercellular adhesion and to an increased migratory and long‐term invasive phenotype compared with control HT‐29 cells, suggesting that P‐cadherin acts as a proadhesive and anti‐invasive/antimigratory molecule in colon carcinoma cells. Contrasting with these results and illustrating the context‐specific function of P‐cadherin were our results obtained in RT‐112 bladder carcinoma cells. Stable knockdown of P‐cadherin in RT‐112 cells diminished invasion and migration, and promoted intercellular adhesion.
ASBMB and FAOBMB Inc.: Present status and future opportunities
Authors: de Jersey John
Published: April 2010

Past and present relationships of three biochemistry and molecular biology organizations: the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB); and the International Union for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are discussed. The future of these organizations, particularly FAOBMB, is then considered in the light of factors behind their current status and likely future effects of globalization, growth in Asia, changes in disciplinary focus and contribution to global issues. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life 62(7): 483–485, 2010
A splice‐site mutation leads to haploinsufficiency of EXT2 mRNA for a dominant trait in a large family with multiple osteochondromas
Authors: Yang Liu , Hui Wing Sum , Chan Wilson C. W. , Ng Vivian C. W. , Yam Teresa H. Y. , Leung Helen C. M. , Huang Jian‐Dong , Shum Daisy K. Y. , Jie Qiang , Cheung Kenneth M. C. , Cheah Kathryn S. E. , Luo Zhoujing , Chan Danny
Published: April 2010

Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is an autosomal‐dominant disorder and mutations in EXT1 and EXT2 account up to 78% of the cases studied, including missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splice‐site mutations. EXT1 and EXT2 encode glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) chains. The molecular pathogenesis underlying these mutations is still largely unknown. A heterozygous c.1173 + 1G > T (EXT2) mutation was identified in a three‐generation 34‐member MO family and is present in all 19 affected members. The consequence of this mutation is exon 7 being spliced out, and the result is a shift in the codon‐reading frame from position 360 (R360) of the amino acid sequence leading to a premature termination codon, and the mutant mRNA is degraded to an undetectable level. Interestingly, HS glycosaminoglycans were also undetectable in the cartilage cap of the tumors by immunostaining. Full penetrance of this mutation in all affected members ranging from 5 to 70 years of age suggests this primary defect in EXT2 mRNA level, in conjunction with other cellular changes such as enhanced heparanase expression, can produce profound effect on the synthesis of HS chains in cartilage, the consequence of which impacts on the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1522–1530, 2010
Differences in travel objectives between first‐time and repeat tourists: An empirical analysis for the Kansai area in Japan
Authors: Okamura Kaoru , Fukushige Mototsugu
Published: April 2010

This study investigates the differences in travel objectives between first‐time and repeat tourists. We conduct a questionnaire survey of travel agencies, which asked about specific tour plan for target tourists, their experiences and travel objectives in the Kansai area in Japan. We estimate a logit model for the relationship between travel objectives and visiting experiences. The results indicate that the first‐time tourists' main objective is to enjoy looking around sightseeing spots, while the repeat tourists' objective is simply to enjoy the stay, including the hotel visit and participating in events. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourists' perceptions of heritage tourism development in Danish‐Osu, Ghana
Authors: Yankholmes Aaron K. B. , Akyeampong Oheneba A.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the tourist perceptions at Danish, Osu‐Ghana within the dark tourism or slavery heritage contexts. Using Cohen's (1979) typology of tourist experience, we differentiate between tourist knowledge of a heritage site relative to socio‐demographic indices. The results indicate that tourists' perception of Danish‐Osu reflect their knowledge of the site in relation to its cultural heritage attributes. In addition, it was found that tourists have dual experiences of the site: those that relate to recreational pursuits of heritage sites and those that ascribe meanings based on their background. The contemporary nature and use of Transatlantic Slave Trade relics for tourism development makes the case of the Danish‐Osu more delicate considering the ethical implications of interpreting the community's past to tourists as the borderlines are unclear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flaxseed oil reduces the growth of human breast tumors (MCF‐7) at high levels of circulating estrogen
Authors: Truan Jennifer S. , Chen Jian‐Min , Thompson Lilian U.
Published: April 2010

Flaxseed (FS) has been shown to attenuate mammary tumorigenesis, possibly due to its high α‐linolenic acid (ALA)‐rich oil (FSO) content. This study determined the effect of FSO on the growth of estrogen receptor‐positive human breast tumors (MCF‐7) in ovariectomized athymic mice at high premenopausal‐like estrogen (E2) levels. Mice with established MCF‐7 tumors were fed basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with FSO (40 g/kg) for 8 wks. Compared with control, FSO reduced tumor size (33%, p<0.05) and tumor cell proliferation (38%, p<0.05) and increased apoptosis (110%, p<0.001). FSO also reduced human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (79%, p<0.05) and epidermal growth factor receptor (57%, p=0.057) expression, which then may have led to a reduction in Akt (54%, p<0.05) and phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) to phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK, 28%, p<0.05). Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, MAPK and phosphorylated Akt were not affected. FSO increased (p<0.001) serum ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and, in vitro, ALA reduced MCF‐7 cell proliferation (33%, p<0.001). Thus, FSO regressed estrogen receptor‐positive human breast tumorigenesis at high E2 levels via downregulation of the growth factor mediated pathway, likely through its ALA content, and may explain the anti‐tumorigenicity of FS.
International development management: A Northern perspective
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. , Brinkerhoff Derick W.
Published: April 2010

This article reviews international development management (DM) from a Northern (primarily though not exclusively US‐based) perspective, identifies lessons learned from experience, and discusses new challenges. The primary data sources are an on‐line survey of DM scholars and practitioners, and the results of a focus group discussion. Survey respondents expressed dismay that the lessons from theory and experience have failed to penetrate the world of practice (largely due to political and bureaucratic constraints). They were generally pessimistic about DM's relevance and effectiveness in the face of new challenges. Our analysis points to implications for DM as a discipline, and examines the development manager as activist, the evolution of politics within DM, and DM as an art. Identified lessons related predominantly to DM's process and values dimensions, suggesting these may best define DM's unique contours. In response to the perceived absence of learning and to new challenges, research participants issued a call for development manager activism to speak truth to power, promote DM values, educate new actors and the public, and mentor and train newcomers to the field. This study underscores Northern‐based development managers' commitment to the profession, including affirmation of the ongoing utility and relevance of DM's knowledge and lessons, and its underlying values of self‐determination, social equity, and empowerment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From global paradigms to grounded policies: Local socio‐cognitive constructions of international development policies and implications for development management
Authors: Morrison Jenny Knowles
Published: April 2010

Understandings of participatory development require grounding—both in the sense that understandings of the principles must be held by local and international staff working on the ground, and also grounded in the local culture. This article provides documentation of a 10 month ethnographic study of an administrative decentralization support program in Cambodia (Seila), funded through multi‐donor support, in order to examine the agency of local mid‐level staff, asking:How do multiple environments interact to create local understandings of participation in international development environments? Five ‘socio‐cognitive environments’ (SCE) surrounding the program environment were developed to disentangle the factors that influence how one group of local staff negotiates complex cultural and historical realities in juxtaposition to donor conceptualizations of development, providing new understanding of structural factors and other resources employed by embedded agents which promote local staff internalization of democratic governance principles. This study suggests that even in program environments with high degrees of cognitive dissonance due to macro‐historical factors, and where international development mandates tend to create additional cultural and organizational blockages, micro‐programmatic interactions can significantly influence the ability of local staff to surmount strong cognitive obstacles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The future of development management: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: McCourt Willy , Gulrajani Nilima
Published: April 2010

This article introducing the Special Issue begins with a review of development administration and management's post‐independence history, outlining the new challenges posed by the rise of the governance model and critical development management. The seven articles, which follow, are then summarised. We extrapolate from them to suggest new directions for development management: a better understanding of the relationship between politics and management; using a more nuanced view of policy to inform development management specialists' ethical choices between policies; understanding policy capture by hostile interests; taking the ‘view from below’, studying local sensemaking and the way it affects programme outcomes, and the interaction of power and knowledge. Suggested new directions include a focus on the practice of development agencies and on developing appropriate research methodologies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International development management through a Southern lens
Authors: AbouAssi Khaldoun
Published: April 2010

Development Management (DM) has always been seen through the lens of the Global North. Taking its cue from Brinkerhoff and Brinkerhoff's (2010) study on the state of international DM from a Northern perspective, this article provides a complementary perspective from Lebanon in order to spark a North–South debate on the state of DM in terms of its values and institutional agendas and the role of government. The article concludes with a discussion on some implications for policy and practice in Lebanon and the DM more generally, suggesting that the Southern perspective is cautiously more tolerant of politics in development and that the role of government in development should be that of an active partner and facilitator. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entwicklung von Histon‐Desacetylaseinhibitoren. Potente Wirkstoffe vor allem bei Krebserkrankungen
Authors: Heinke Ralf , Sippl Wolfgang
Published: April 2010

Die epigenetische Regulation verläuft unter anderem über posttranslationale kovalente Modifikationen an Histonproteinen. Sowohl bei der Entstehung bestimmter Krebsarten als auch in verschiedenen anderen Krankheitsgeschehen wie neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen konnte eine Fehlregulation dieser Modifikationen, insbesondere des Acetylierungsgleichgewichts, nachgewiesen werden. Daher befinden sich viele Hemmstoffe von Histon‐Desacetylasen in der präklinischen Entwicklungsphase und einige bereits in der klinischen Erprobung und der Therapie.
Valproinsäure als Histon‐Desacetylase‐Hemmstoff. Neues Einsatzgebiet für einen altbekannten Arzneistoff
Authors: Wagner Julia Mareike , Bug Gesine , Jung Manfred
Published: April 2010

Valproinsäure wird bereits seit den 60er Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts mit gutem Erfolg als Antikonvulsivum in der Therapie der Epilepsie eingesetzt. Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts fand man heraus, dass die Substanz die Aktivität der Histon‐Desacetylasen (HDAC) hemmt. Aufgrund ihres guten Sicherheitsprofils wird Valproinsäure nun in klinischen Studien zur Anwendung als Krebsmedikament geprüft.
HIV‐1‐Eradikation durch “shock & kill”‐Strategie
Authors: Schiedel Matthias
Published: April 2010

Die Persistenz von HIV‐1 könnte durch den Einsatz von Histondesacetylase‐Inhibitoren in der HIV‐1‐Therapie überwunden werden.
Die ersten Sterne im Universum. Kosmologie
Authors: Bromm Volker , Greif Thomas
Published: April 2010

Nach dem Urknall enthielt die Materie fast ausschließlich Wasserstoff und Helium. Erst die ersten Sterne erzeugten im Innern schwere Elemente und reicherten das Urgas damit an. Computersimulationen belegen, dass die erste Sterngeneration (Population III) wesentlich massereicher (um 100 Sonnenmassen) war als die heutige. Einige von ihnen explodierten möglicherweise als Paarinstabiliäts‐Supernovae und reicherten das Urgas besonders effizient mit schweren Elementen an. Während die ersten Sterne auch mit kommenden Observatorien wie dem James Webb Space Telescope unbeobachtbar bleiben werden, werden sich Paarinstabiliäts‐Supernovae möglicherweise nachweisen lassen.
Der Magnus‐Effekt
Authors: Heering Peter , Rieß Falk
Published: April 2010

Einer der klassischen Effekte, die in der Alltagsphysik eine Rolle spielen, ist der Magnus‐Effekt. Schon Newton hat ihn beschrieben, doch eine konsistente Erklärung lieferte erst der Berliner Experimentalphysiker Gustav Magnus (1802–1870).
Das Lied des Wasserglases
Authors: Tillmanns Andrea
Published: April 2010

Kann man sich im Dunkeln ein Glas Wasser eingießen, ohne dass es überläuft? Nicht nur mit Hilfe eines tastenden Fingers ist das möglich – mit etwas Übung kann man auch hören, wie voll das Glas bereits ist und wann sich der Flüssigkeitspegel dem oberen Rand nähert.
Polyvinylamine at last
Authors: Pinschmidt Robert K.
Published: April 2010

A sustained effort to develop and commercialize a practical radical addition route to amine functional polymers (AFPs) resulted, after almost 20 years, in the successful completion of a world scale monomer plant to produce N‐vinylformamide (NVF). NVF is readily polymerized and its polymers are easily hydrolyzed to reactive and atom economical polyvinylamine (PVAm) or its salts. This highlight touches on work by many companies, but focuses on efforts at Air Products and Chemicals, tracing the origins, rational, challenges, technical and commercial advances, and failures. Practical routes to new AFPs, copolymers, and derivatives across the entire molecular weight range (MW < 103 to >106) were achieved. NVF offers access to multiple water soluble, water dispersible, and nonwater soluble polymer markets, including papermaking additives and coatings, water treatment polymers, enhanced oil recovery polymers, radiation cure monomers, stabilizers, dispersing agents, surfactants, and crosslinkers. Lessons learned along the road to commercializing major new chemical technologies are also highlighted. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2257–2283, 2010
A Simulation Study of Laboratory Scale Ball and Vertical Stirred Mills
Authors: Samanli Selcuk , Cuhadaroglu Dilek , Kizgut Sait
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the grindability of solid fossil fuels from a thermal power plant by using a vertical stirred mill and conventional ball mill. The solid fossil fuel sample was obtained from the Zonguldak Catalagzi thermal power plant in Turkey. The sample below 3350 μm (d80 = 2100 μm) was ground in the laboratory scale stirred mill and ball mill. The d80 sizes of the products at the end of grinding periods of 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 4 min in the stirred mill were determined as 190, 102, 78 and 28 μm, respectively. For this purpose, the stirred mill was used at a stirring speed of 360 rpm and with a 6 mm diameter ball. In the ball mill, the d80 sizes of product after 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 min of grinding were determined as 1802, 1130, 324, 167 and 81 μm, respectively. The results indicated that grinding by means of a stirred mill was much more efficient than grinding with a ball mill in terms of size distribution of the products. The energy consumption of the product with d80 = 78 μm was obtained as 10.53 kWh/t after 1 min of grinding time in the laboratory scale stirred mill. In the same manner, the energy consumption of product with d80 = 81 μm by using the laboratory scale ball mill was 72.73 kWh/t after 24 min of grinding. It can be clearly seen that the d80 size of the fossil fuel reduced from 2100 μm to 1130 μm after a 4 min grinding period in the ball mill grinding tests. However, the d80 size of the solid fossil fuel reduced to 28 μm after the same grinding time in the stirred mill and it was also possible to efficiently obtain size reduction below 100 μm. However, the ball mill grinding process cannot provide this efficient size reduction for longer grinding times. The ball mill grinding experimental results and simulation results showed that they were fairly consistent with each other. The simulation of higher speed mills such as pin type stirrers has been extensively investigated for relatively small‐scale applications by JKSimMet. In this study, the JKSimMet software package was adapted for a stirred mill with the help of the base model of ball milling.
Sequence and structure continuity of evolutionary importance improves protein functional site discovery and annotation
Authors: Wilkins A. D. , Lua R. , Erdin S. , Ward R. M. , Lichtarge O.
Published: April 2010

Protein functional sites control most biological processes and are important targets for drug design and protein engineering. To characterize them, the evolutionary trace (ET) ranks the relative importance of residues according to their evolutionary variations. Generally, top‐ranked residues cluster spatially to define evolutionary hotspots that predict functional sites in structures. Here, various functions that measure the physical continuity of ET ranks among neighboring residues in the structure, or in the sequence, are shown to inform sequence selection and to improve functional site resolution. This is shown first, in 110 proteins, for which the overlap between top‐ranked residues and actual functional sites rose by 8% in significance. Then, on a structural proteomic scale, optimized ET led to better 3D structure‐function motifs (3D templates) and, in turn, to enzyme function prediction by the Evolutionary Trace Annotation (ETA) method with better sensitivity of (40% to 53%) and positive predictive value (93% to 94%). This suggests that the similarity of evolutionary importance among neighboring residues in the sequence and in the structure is a universal feature of protein evolution. In practice, this yields a tool for optimizing sequence selections for comparative analysis and, via ET, for better predictions of functional site and function. This should prove useful for the efficient mutational redesign of protein function and for pharmaceutical targeting.
Four case studies, six years later: Developing system thinking skills in junior high school and sustaining them over time
Authors: Ben‐Zvi‐Assaraf Orit , Orion Nir
Published: April 2010

This study examines the process by which system thinking perceptions develop within the context of a water cycle curriculum. Four junior high school students undergoing an especially designed inquiry‐based intervention were closely observed before, during, immediately after, and 6 years after completing a year long systems‐based learning program. The employed research tools included observations, semi‐structured interviews, and a number of “concept viewing” tools (drawings, concept maps, and repertory grids). Out of the data, four distinct “stories,” each presenting a different way of constructing hydro system mental models, are described. The paper's main conclusion is that students develop their systems mental models and remember the learned material based on learning patterns that tend to remain unchanged over time. Consequently, in order to facilitate efficient and lasting construction of students' system models, learning experiences should harness these, and especially the meta‐cognitive learning pattern, which holds special significance for constructing systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 1253–1280, 2010
A New Method of Synthesis of Monomeric Aryloxide Complexes of Manganese(II): Structures of Manganese Phenoxides
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Goh Lai Yoong , Jackson W. Roy , Skelton Brian W. , Chen Wei , White Allan H.
Published: April 2010

Monomeric manganese(II) complexes of bulky alkyl/ aryl‐substituted phenoxides, [Mn{C6HnRmO}2(DME)] [1: R = C6H5, n = 3, m = 2 (2,6); 2: R = Me3C, n = 3, m = 2 (2,6); 3: R = Me3C, n = 2, m = 3 (2,4,6)] were prepared in yields of 37, 44 and 72 %, respectively, from the reaction of manganese powder, Hg(C6F5)2 and the corresponding phenol in the presence of a little mercury in dimethoxyethane (DME). The compounds were characterized spectroscopically and by magnetic measurements. The single crystal structures of 1 and 3 and also of the mixed phenoxide complex [Mn{(C6H3(C6H5)2‐2,6‐O}{C6H3(Me3C)2‐2,6‐O}(DME)] 4 are reported.
Polyether Adducts of d‐Block Metal Compounds as Starting Materials for New Cluster Compounds
Authors: Crochet Aurélien , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: April 2010

New crystalline cobalt, nickel, zinc, and mercury halide adducts with polyethers as ligands have been isolated, characterized, and identified as [Co(μ‐Cl)2CoCl2(glyme)2] (glyme = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane), cis‐[CoI2(H2O)2(glyme)2]2+[CoI4]2–, [NiI2(glyme)2], [ZnI2(glyme)], [HgCl2(glyme)], [CoI2(diglyme)] (diglyme = bis(2‐methoxyethyl)ether), [ZnI2(diglyme)], [HgI2(diglyme)], [CoCl(μ‐Cl)(diglyme)]2, [NiI(μ‐I)(diglyme)]2, [Co(μ‐Cl)(triglyme)]22+[CoCl2(μ‐Cl)]22–, and cis‐[(NiI2)(triglyme)]n. These compounds were obtained from the metal halide salts in solution of glyme or diglyme, and some of them show unusual coordination numbers and arrangements.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of K2SnAs2 and a New Modification of NaAs
Authors: Burtzlaff Susanne , Hołyńska Małgorzata , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: April 2010

Solid state reactions of potassium or sodium with tin and arsenic resulted in the formation of a new ternary Zintl phase, K2SnAs2 (1) and a new modification of the binary Zintl phase NaAs (2), the syntheses and structures we report herein. Compound 1 is described in the orthorhombic space group Cccm with the unit cell dimensions a = 14.653(5), b = 25.415(6), c = 6.953(4) Å, V = 2589(2) Å3 at 203 K, R(int) = 0.1686 and final R values R1 = 0.0780 [I > 2σ(I)); wR2 = 0.1810 (all data)). Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c and accords to the LiAs structure type with the unit cell dimensions a = 6.242(9), b = 5.849(7), c = 11.55(2) Å, β = 117.1(2)°, V = 375(1) Å3 at 173 K, R(int) = 0.0812 and final R values R1 = 0.0677 [I > 2σ(I)); wR2 = 0.1541 (all data).
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Series of Cationic Fumaric Polymerizable Emulsifiers
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Cao Cui , Sun Yingli , Liu Hongzhu , Zhao Xingshun , Fu Xinmei
Published: April 2010

A series of novel cationic fumaric polymerizable emulsifiers (named as F series emulsifiers) were synthesized. The chemical structures of these emulsifiers were confirmed by 1H NMR and MS and their minimal inhibitory concentrations to Escherichia coli were determined. Antibacterial tests of latex films showed that [2‐(N‐benzyl‐N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl]dodecyl fumaric ammonium bromide, [2‐(N‐benzyl‐N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl]decyl fumaric ammonium chloride and [2‐(N‐benzyl‐N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl]dodecyl fumaric ammonium chloride can possibly be used as a polymerizable bactericides.
Occurrence of the cis‐4,7,10, trans‐13‐22:4 Fatty Acid in the Family Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Kraffe Edouard , Grall Jacques , Palacios Elena , Guerra Citlali , Soudant Philippe , Marty Yanic
Published: April 2010

The present study aimed to elucidate the effective phylogenetic specificity of distribution of a cis‐4,7,10, trans‐13‐22:4 (22:4(n‐9)Δ13trans) among pectinids. For this purpose, we extended the analysis of membrane glycerophospholipids FA composition to 13 species of scallops, covering 11 genera and 7 tribes representatives of the three subfamilies Chlamydinae, Palliolinae and Pectininae and the subgroup Aequipecten. In species belonging to the subfamily Pectininae and the Aequipecten subgroup, 22:4(n‐9)Δ13trans was found in substantial amounts, but it was absent in other species belonging to the subfamilies Chlamydinae and Palliolinae. Homologous non‐methylene‐interrupted (NMI) FA, also hypothesized to differ along phylogenetic lines in bivalves, were totally absent or present only in trace amounts in representatives of the Aequipecten subgroup but ranged from 0.3 to 4.5% of the total FA in Pectinidae, Chlamydinae, and Palliolinae subfamilies. The species‐specific occurrence of NMI and 22:4(n‐9)Δ13trans FA in membrane lipids of pectinids agrees with the most recent phylogenies based on shell morphology and molecular characteristics. We examined the potential timing of the appearance of 22:4(n‐9)Δ13trans in pectinids on a geologic time scale.
Tic disorders: Administrative prevalence and co-occurrence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a German community sample
Authors: Schlander M. , Schwarz O. , Rothenberger A. , Roessner V.
Published: April 2010

Coexistence of tics and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has important clinical and scientific implications. Existing data on the co-occurrence of tic disorders, Tourette Syndrome (TS), and ADHD are largely derived from small-scale studies in selected samples and therefore heterogeneous. The Nordbaden project captures the complete outpatient claims data of more than 2.2 million persons, representing 82% of the regional population in 2003. Based upon the number of diagnosed cases of tic disorders, TS, and ADHD, we determined 12-months administrative prevalence rates as well as rates of co-occurrence. Both tic disorders and ADHD were diagnosed most often in the age group 7–12 years (any tic disorder: 0.8%; ADHD: 5.0%). With increasing age, the administrative prevalence difference in favor of males disappeared, with tic disorders being somewhat more frequently reported in females than males in the age groups above 30 years. The highest rate of ADHD co-occurring with tic disorders was found in adolescents (age 13–18 years, 15.1%). Tic disorders were observed in 2.3% of patients with ADHD. Administrative prevalence rates of tic disorders and TS were substantially lower compared to rates found in community-based epidemiological studies, suggesting that a large number of cases remain undetected and untreated under present conditions of routine outpatient care.