bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty and Enterprise
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

Uncertainty and Enterprise examines the practical ways to deal with everyday uncertainties in the field of entrepreneurship. It presents an intuitive framework for coping with doubts about honest mistakes and sincere disagreements in correlation with the work of the economist Frank Knight and other great twentieth-century thinkers. Regardless of the perspectives of textbook economics, standard theories, and behavioralists, uncertainty is banished to the unmanageable world of unknown unknowns, and resolute action requires confidence in individual and collective choices. Uncertainty and Enterprise provides an overview of the interplay between startups and giants. It also discusses how seemingly bureaucratic procedures encourage giants to undertake complex high-stakes initiatives.
Imperfect Market Theories: Realism without Fallibility
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter covers the significance of oligopolistic competition and information economics. Both approaches questioned the Invisible Hand, and perfect-competition implications of the prevalent paradigm, and both were assimilated into mainstream economics. Moreover, both theories also exclude or neglect uncertainty. The chapter then provides an overview of the theories attributing profit to the market power of oligopolists that flourished after the 1950s. Meanwhile, information economics rejected the all-knowing actors of earlier microeconomics and could have analyzed uncertainty but focused on asymmetric information and misaligned incentives in practice. The chapter notes how economists Stephen LeRoy and Larry Singell reinterpreted Frank Knight’s thesis to fit an information asymmetry and moral hazard–based worldview.
Calculating Capitalists: VCs and Angel Investors
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the significance of professional VCs and angel investors. It explains that professional VCs and angel investors became prominent long-tail investors who aim for a few hits to make up for many misses. In the standard view, thorough evaluations allow VCs and angels to bridge the financing gap for new ventures that is largely due to information asymmetry. Investors rely on due diligence and ongoing oversight to control entrepreneurs’ honest mistakes and misjudgments. Moreover, stricter routines influence VCs’ investment choices, which references how strictness limits tolerances for irreducible uncertainty while encouraging specialization in larger, more complex initiatives.
The Aims of Discourse
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks into the work of psychologist Jerome Bruner on analyzing entrepreneurial discourse. Bruner’s distinction between narrative and logico-scientific modes of thought and verification specifies the aims and sub-aims of entrepreneurial discourse. The chapter then provides an overview of the differences and similarities of entrepreneurial, literary, and legal discourse that help crystallize ideas about entrepreneurial ends. Essentially, literary, legal, and entrepreneurial discourse all target states of mind. They seek to shape beliefs and feelings about some imagined future state. The chapter looks into the value of reducing doubts through cooperative interactions while not relying on intimidation to secure compliance without reducing doubts.
The Devices of Discourse
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on the devices of uncertainty-reducing discourse. It mentions how Frank Knight did not touch upon the notion of the specialization of entrepreneurial initiatives despite his analysis of situational uniqueness as a precondition for entrepreneurial profit. The devices help promoters reduce uncertainties about their initiatives by compensating for the incompleteness of their evidence. The chapter explains that evocative devices refer to the figurative language and metaphors promoters use to make imagined and hoped-for events seem real. It highlights the importance of performance, referencing the influence of careful staging before audiences and interactive conversations.
Spillovers from Popular Stories
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how past entrepreneurial stories can similarly help current entrepreneurs make confidence-producing arguments to themselves and to others. It cites the reinforcement of confidence in the indirect uncertainty-reducing effects of stories. Despite being more dynamic, popular business stories have shorter shelf lives than literary or legal stories and do not become canonical to the same degree. The chapter discusses how the spillovers of literary and legal storytelling in the business sphere influenced sensemaking, language, and attitudes. It then provides an overview of the changes in the kinds of initiatives businesses undertake and the subsequent knock-on effects on their discourse.
Towards Confucian Republicanism
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Towards Confucian Republicanism proposes that the future of Confucianism as a political philosophy rests with developing a Confucian republican democracy as its main institutional manifestation in the modern world. Diving deep into the Confucian classics, the book analyzes the main driving force behind Confucianism’s long-standing tendency toward authoritarian rule. While Confucianism’s political ideal demands the cultivation of an independent and virtuous people, the constraints of reality encourage Confucians to adopt authoritarian hierarchy as the main sociopolitical order, which allows a gradual transformation toward Confucianism’s moral and political ideal. However, this authoritarian hierarchy is self-defeating in the long run: rather than bringing about moral transformation, it systematically discourages virtuous development on a large scale. As such, Confucianism should reject authoritarianism not because of any external values or reasons, such as faith in equality or freedom, but for reasons internal to the tradition itself. This book proposes that Confucianism stands a much better chance of realizing its political and moral ideal by developing a partnership with republicanism, one that would enable not only good governance but also collective virtuous cultivation. In outlining this Confucian republican democracy, the book addresses pressing issues in contemporary political philosophy such as virtue politics, balance of power, civic education, public reason constraint, and the role of civil society. The synergy between Confucianism and republicanism can generate a hybrid political order that can reach the aspirations of these two old political traditions in face of the challenges of the modern world.
“Heaven and Earth Need Not Worry Like the Sage”
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 4 offers a brief transition from the ideal theory perspective to the non-ideal theory perspective. A long-standing tradition like Confucianism is constantly faced with the political reality that does not have ideally favorable conditions. Any attempt to materialize the moral and political ideal was seriously restricted not only by the limited productivity, but also by the people’s lack of motivation to become morally cultivated. Unless Confucians are to forgo their ideals, they need to provide a response that is possible in non-ideal reality. This chapter explains the ideal and non-ideal framework borrowed from Western tradition that helps reconstruct the Confucian responses into a coherent non-ideal perspective for virtuous cultivation.
Cultivation without Oppression
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 9 addresses the dangers of oppression due to the pursuit of virtuous cultivation of Confucian republican citizens. This chapter argues that Confucianism has an internal reason to accept public reason constraint that is drawn from the Rawlsian proviso of public reason. The crucial step is to distinguish the cultivation of general virtues as opposed to virtues that are strictly political. It argues that by limiting the use of state power to promoting Confucian virtues only as political virtues, Confucian republicanism can generate a favorable environment for virtuous cultivation without being objectionably oppressive. This favorable environment will in turn empower the civil society to promote general virtues without the use of coercive force.
China’s Anti-Covid Great Wall
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

China was the only country with long land borders to pursue a zero-Covid policy. The consequence was the most far-reaching border controls in the world, coupled with the most intrusive regime of domestic lockdowns. China’s anti-Covid Great Wall included not just thousands of miles of fences and physical barriers on its southern borders, but rigid control of incoming trade shipments and the longest quarantine requirements for travelers of any country. The human consequences were the most severe in the world—for separated families, for those locked in apartments running short of food, and for truckers and ship workers running a gauntlet of restrictions to deliver goods. China showed that a government with sufficient authority and capacity—and one unconcerned with human rights and civil liberties—can control national borders with once unimaginable effectiveness.
Keeping the Doors Open
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

Covid marked the first time that governments took the same tools that have been used against less privileged migrants and asylum seekers and turned them on their own citizens and on citizens from countries that had long enjoyed relatively unfettered travel. During the pandemic, those citizens joined forces to fight for their right to live across borders. In doing so, they joined immigrant rights groups that for decades have been waging similar battles. This chapter outlines three broad sets of changes that could go a long way to strengthening protections for those living across borders—strengthened international cooperation, constraints around the use of emergency powers, and better risk management. Yet protecting the well-being of those who live across borders is going to require sustained engagement. Governments are unlikely to move toward greater international cooperation, more constrained emergency behavior, or more transparent risk management in the absence of steady pressure.
Borders and Belonging
Authors: 9780197743744  , Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Borders and Belonging is a pathbreaking, comprehensive, and compact analysis of responses to human migration. By answering questions that are rarely asked together, this book’s approach is unique. Borders and Belonging starts with an inquiry into how countries restrict movement, rights, and privileges based on citizenship and immigration status. The book next suggests ways to think about challenges to national borders. Sometimes, people make claims based on their humanity, objecting to national borders that inflict harm that no one human being should have to endure. At other times, people make claims of a different sort—based on belonging, or being part of communities in a given country. Borders and Belonging next applies these concepts to analyze who should be able to be enter a country, and how to think about someone entering for a temporary or indefinite stay. The book next looks at responses to people without lawful status, and at enforcement. The final three chapters delve deeper, starting with ways to respond genuinely to immigration skeptics or opponents, and then discussing what it means to address the root causes of migration. The last chapter of the book explores the injustices that national borders can enable, the best ways to make decisions about immigration, and the role of history in immigration policy. The unique contribution of Borders and Belonging is its unprecedented synthesis of many ways to think about national borders and migration.
Introduction
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

The Introduction explains the book’s purposes and overall approach in several dimensions. One dimension puts the book in the context of personal and professional background, by acknowledging the significance of personal history and by identifying migration as a foundation for dealing with many complex issues that a society faces. The Introduction next explains its goal of addressing ten questions about migration. These questions are interwoven and all essential for decision-making, and yet these questions are rarely discussed together. The Introduction then previews some of the key themes and disruptive ideas in the book. It explains the book’s intended audiences, and it provides a roadmap of the chapters. The Introduction closes by explaining that the book reflects an approach grounded in realistic utopia. This means identifying the ideal, but also identifying steps toward that goal that are realistic in political context.
Why National Borders, and Why Not?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 1 starts by exploring the many boundaries that are usually taken for granted in modern life, including university admissions, families, state lines in federal systems, and Native Nations. It then explains how national borders are troubling when they enable and conceal injustices by making those injustices seem normal. The chapter then considers what sorts of challenges against national borders might be persuasive. It explains that some persuasive challenges are based on humanity claims. These are challenges against borders when they inflict harms that no human being should have to endure. Other persuasive challenges to national borders are based on belonging claims. These are claims that someone has because they are part of communities in a country. The chapter closes by discussing the importance of immigrant integration as an aspect of being part of a community in a country, and thus as an aspect of belonging claims.
Who Should Get In, or Be Kept Out?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 4 applies the concepts of humanity claims and belonging claims to assess challenges to national borders. It focuses on decisions about admission and exclusion. These are decisions about who should be let into countries and who should be kept out. The chapter first explores how to think about admissions for family members, workers, and investors. It then looks at deciding who is kept out, and it assesses the relevance of a noncitizen’s country of origin. The chapter poses the general question of when these sorts of decisions might respect or disrespect humanity claims or belonging claims. Of particular concern are decisions that may seem neutral but in fact disrespect the belonging claims of some insiders. The chapter closes by applying this analytical framework to questions about the number of immigrants, how to decide capacity to take in newcomers, and the relationship between lawful admissions and the undocumented population.
Colonial Forgettings
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a deeper consideration of how the empire has come to be forgotten, erased, and euphemized in present-day Britain. The chapter argues that historical teachings of colonialism in the UK have allowed for a deep and broad ‘sanctioned ignorance’ of the empire which fails to include ethnic minority British citizens in the narrative and leads to misunderstandings and misrecognitions in present-day society. An initial section explains how textbooks are a key site of knowledge production and nation building, while further sections provide an overview of English History textbooks and their content. To show how the empire has come to be euphemized, the analytical section zooms in on the representation in History textbooks of two events from the twentieth century: the Indian Rebellion and the abolition of enslavement. In light of the findings a final section discusses how these gaps in teaching are only now being addressed.
Myths, Absences, and Emergences
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

This final analytical chapter tells the tale of the fourth myth of immigration, a teleological story of values and belonging. In contrast to the other myths, which were subjective narratives of Britain’s past and present, this story points to the future, that is, how migrants can become part of the ‘inside’ through accepting ‘British’ values. Values are used as a technology of assimilation that is packaged as migrant integration. A theoretical section presents the role of values as markers of national identity and their use within strategies of discursive legitimation. Subsequent sections trace the institutionalization and dissemination of British values in integration discourse. The site for the empirical analysis is strategy documents from three migrant NGOs. It also shows how ‘British’ values of giving assistance, and of individual contribution and self-sufficiency, indicate the dominance of neoliberal ideology.
Conclusion
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

The chapter starts with a summary and synthesis of the analytical chapters and then moves on to argue that the book’s findings illustrate how the UK’s immigration history has been, and continues to be, whitewashed through sanctioned ignorances and myths. The result is that the exclusionary and racist nature of immigration policy, and of previous colonial actions become ‘sanitized’. A subsequent section returns to mythopoesis and considers the power of myths as a form of legitimation. The chapter then moves to a critique of critical discourse studies and argues that researchers should consider engaging much more with decolonial thought to move the field forwards. A final section reflects on the role of the author and whether, how, and when academics should speak.
Anti-Oppressive Practice (with Lisa Werkmeister-Rozas)
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Written by Lisa Werkmeister-Rozas, this chapter helps readers to identify how they can orient their practice to be an anti-oppressive one by homing in on how factors such as positionality and critical consciousness can play a role in the social worker’s interactions with clients. Race is the dominant paradigm of life in the United States. Racism is embedded into the fabric of US social systems. One of the most important aspects of racism is the oppression that it engenders. The chapter provides concrete ideas for how to raise the worker’s own awareness and orient their practices to be anti-oppressive.
The First Session
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Starting new relationships of any kind can be difficult. This is certainly true of professional relationships that have a lot riding on the practitioner’s ability to connect with clients and engage them in the process of setting goals and achieving the change they desire. Many social workers find the first session with a client to be unnerving. This chapter provides a set of concrete and user-friendly guidelines to help students and new practitioners address some of the common concerns that may arise in these initial meetings. Although agency and organizational guidelines and parameters may influence different aspects of these encounters, some general steps can be followed to ensure a successful first meeting. The chapter also provides the reader with some legal and practice guidelines for how to address these concerns, such as issues around confidentiality.
Planning for Change and Setting Goals
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Unfortunately, many social workers rarely establish a treatment plan that includes setting clear and measurable goals with their clients. But a critical part of working with clients is creating goals and working out together the road map for how you will help them reach those goals. This chapter walks through the goal-making process and explores how to create a treatment plan with clients. The most successful plans are built on the best available evidence, use an informed theoretical approach, and take into consideration the client’s input and wishes. Plans must be realistic and achievable and must be developed within the context of a collaborative relationship.
Supervision
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Supervision is an essential part of the learning process for new practitioners. A supportive and educational supervisory relationship forms the core of learning how to be a professional and successful social worker. It is also an important aspect of ethically sound practice. This chapter explores how new practitioners can use supervision as part of their learning experience, how to use supervisor feedback in the learning process, and the nuts and bolts of supervision. There is also a discussion about the differences between supervision and one’s own psychotherapy and how they can complement each other. Some concrete guidelines are offered to help practitioners enhance their learning experiences through their supervision.
Technology Use in the Helping Professions
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

The way that behavioral, health, and mental health services are being delivered has changed dramatically in the world following the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital and other forms of electronic technology have fundamentally changed the nature of how professionals help clients. More practitioners are providing services virtually than ever before. It is critical that new practitioners be aware of the strengths and limitations, as well as the ethical challenges, that can emerge through such delivery services. This chapter, written by Frederick Reamer, helps the reader to identify and navigate these challenges using concrete guidelines to consider as they enter this new era of practice.
What Is Multiple Sclerosis?
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, lifelong disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is considered to be autoimmune. In MS, the immune system causes inflammation and damage in the CNS to myelin (the protective coating on nerves) and to the underlying nerves. This damage interferes with messages between the CNS and the rest of the body, and it produces symptoms such as numbness, weakness, imbalance, vision problems, thinking problems, and others. Over time, MS will take on a disease course—relapsing–remitting, secondary progressive, or primary progressive. Disease-modifying therapies are used to limit new inflammation and damage and to slow progression of the disease.
Diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging and requires the neurologist to carefully consider the neurological examination, the person’s history of symptoms, the magnetic resonance imaging scans, the lumbar puncture, and other tests to exclude other conditions that may be causing the person’s symptoms. Diagnostic criteria, called the McDonald criteria, help neurologists make a more timely and accurate diagnosis. However, because there is not a specific “MS test” and many medical conditions can cause symptoms similar to those seen in MS, diagnosis is more of a process, putting puzzle pieces together to arrive at a diagnosis. This chapter describes the elements used to make an accurate diagnosis.
Multiple Sclerosis–Related Fatigue
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Multiple sclerosis (MS) fatigue is one of the most common symptoms associated with MS and one that can be quite disabling. It is often described as “swimming through quicksand,” “wearing weights on my legs,” or “running out of gas.” Although everyone gets fatigued, MS fatigue is unique—worsened by heat, worse at the end of the day, and not improved with rest. It can affect people both physically and cognitively, and it is very difficult for others to understand. Fatigue from the disease process is known as primary MS fatigue, and fatigue caused by other MS symptoms, such as deconditioning, is known as secondary MS fatigue. This chapter describes MS fatigue and the treatments and management strategies available that can improve energy and enhance function.
Sensory Symptoms
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Changes in sensation, particularly touch sensation, and vision, can occur in multiple sclerosis (MS). Numbness and tingling, known as paresthesias, or painful sensations, known as dysethesias, can be disruptive to daily function. Various types of neuropathic pain, such as trigeminal neuralgia (facial pain), occipital neuralgia (scalp pain), and Lhermitte’s sign (pain down the back and legs with forward neck flexion), are possible in MS. Although other sensory changes can occur, including problems with hearing, taste, or smell, they are more likely to be caused by conditions other than MS. Treatment is highly individualized and can include talk therapy such as cognitive–behavioral therapy, medications to reduce pain, and assistive devices that can compensate for altered sensation.
Your Overall Health and Wellness
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Managing the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease process is an important—but not the only—part of taking care of one’s MS. Maintaining a lifestyle that includes preventive health screening and vaccinations, healthy nutrition, restful sleep, structured exercise and physical activity, attention to mood and emotional well-being, a spiritual connection to the world around oneself, satisfying employment or hobbies, and meaningful connections with others is equally important. Comorbid conditions can delay an accurate MS diagnosis and lead to greater MS disability. A healthy lifestyle helps one feel better, reduces the risk of other health conditions that can speed MS progression and shorten the life span, reduce fatigue, and improves mood and cognition.
Exercise and Physical Activity
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Staying active is important for everyone’s physical, emotional, cognitive, and social wellness. Physical activity that is geared to a person’s abilities and limitations is essential for overall wellness. It improves immune function; has a positive impact on the gut microbiota; reduces fatigue; may facilitate thinking and memory; improves mood, strength, balance, and coordination; and helps reduce or prevent comorbid health conditions that can speed disease progression and shorten life. Performing the recommended 150 minutes per week of exercise and lifestyle physical activity is possible for everyone. Activities can be spread throughout the day, and every activity counts toward the total—taking a shower, getting dressed, preparing a meal, doing the laundry, taking a walk, stretching, or making arm circles while waiting for the microwave to beep. A physical or occupational therapist can offer tips on how to build exercise and physical activity into daily life.
Relationships and Communication
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, unpredictable illness that can affect relationships with spouses and partners, parents, children, and friends. It can seem like an unwelcome and frightening intrusion into even the strongest relationships. It has been called a “we disease” because everyone in the family is impacted by the challenges it brings to daily life. Effective communication forms the basis for shared grieving over changes and losses; joint problem-solving; sound planning for the unpredictable future; and healthy, balanced relationships in which each person is able to give and receive in satisfying and meaningful ways. Every relationship is different, but attentive listening and thoughtful speaking are beneficial for all of them.
Reproductive and Parenting Issues
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Pregnancy and childbirth are safe for women with multiple sclerosis (MS), and both women and men with MS can be loving, effective parents for happy and healthy children. Family planning, conception, pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding are essentially the same as for the general population. Both women and men with MS are urged to share their plans for children with their MS care providers because the choice and timing of a disease-modifying therapy will need to be planned prior to conception since none of the therapies are approved for use during pregnancy. The choice to breastfeed—or how long to breastfeed—will depend on the level of MS disease activity a woman experienced in the year prior to conception. For a woman whose disease was active, it may be important to restart the disease-modifying therapy immediately after delivery. The child of a parent with MS has a slightly increased risk of developing MS.
Introduction
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

Long ago, on a spring morning in Jerusalem, Pontius Pilate passed judgment on a mysterious preacher. Jesus of Nazareth was disfigured by scourges and nailed to a cross shortly after. He died in agony. The effects of this verdict have reverberated throughout the world. They have shaped two millennia of history. Yet the trial of Jesus remains shrouded in mystery even today. The New Testament Gospels are unclear about what charges Pilate judged. They also portray Pontius Pilate as embracing Jesus’ innocence before having him killed anyway. We are left with more questions than answers. Why did Pontius Pilate condemn a man he believed innocent? What was Jesus’ crime? How should we understand Pilate’s role in Jesus’ execution? What was Pilate’s path to crucifixion? This introduction outlines the range of viewpoints and why they differ so dramatically.
The New Testament Gospels and Jesus
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

Was Jesus a seditionist? The Gospels say no. In their accounts, Pontius Pilate believes Jesus’ is innocent. But he puts him to death anyway, to placate the chief priests and attending crowd. But the Gospels have the obvious goal of shifting responsibility for Jesus’ death from Roman authorities to the chief priests. Could Jesus’ activity have met Pilate’s criteria for sedition, even if he was not an armed insurrectionist or planning social disturbance? Could Pilate have thought that Jesus’ preaching at the Temple precinct was criminal behavior that warranted execution? To address these questions, we must understand the New Testament Gospels as historical sources. But to do that, we must understand them as literary and theological texts. What are the New Testament Gospels? What is their historical value? How do we read them to understand Jesus’ message? Do they contain traces of a seditionist Jesus?
Jesus’ Arrest
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

At a fateful moment of his final pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Jesus was arrested. The Gospels claim the chief priests and allied scribes sent followers to arrest Jesus. The Gospels are at odds in various ways, and the nature of the arresting party is a case in point. At one extreme, Mark and Matthew portray an arrest party the chief priests organized, consisting largely of their clients and enslaved. At the other, John apparently places a military tribune and soldiers from a Roman cohort at Jesus’ arrest site. What explains these discrepancies? Are the Gospels accurate in their portrayal at all? Who arrested Jesus?
Jesus and “the Sanhedrin”
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

The Gospels claim that distinct legal machineries cooperated to kill Jesus. He is first interrogated by a synhedrion (council) at Jerusalem, often misleadingly labeled “the Sanhedrin.” It condemns his preaching as blasphemous and worthy of a capital charge. But the council cannot put him to death. Its members have to petition Pilate and bring the case before him. The Gospel narratives for the council’s treatment of Jesus raise many questions. Its competencies remain under debate, and the Gospels often inspire doubts. What sort of courts existed in greater Judaea? What were their competencies? How were they related? Who were their judges? What happened when a council assembled to confront Jesus? Did one even assemble at all?
Epilogue
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

Long ago, on a spring morning in Jerusalem, a Roman governor passed judgment on a mysterious preacher. The preacher was brutally affixed to a cross shortly after. The effects of this verdict have reverberated throughout the world. They have shaped two millennia of history. Was Jesus a seditionist? He was, in Pilate’s eyes. Through his words and deeds he had ostensibly incited violence at the Temple precinct during Passover week. His preaching and activity suggested Messianic or regal aspirations. At Jesus’ trial, the chief priests claimed Jesus had endangered pilgrims at the Temple precinct. Pilate concluded they were right. When he had Jesus crucified, he did it because he believed that Jesus committed a grotesque crime that warranted a grotesque death.
Molecular Symmetry
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

Molecular symmetry operations are defined geometrically and algebraically in this chapter. Operator algebra is presented, and mathematical groups based on symmetry operators are defined. Point groups of molecules are defined and examples for common groups are given. A method of determining the point group of a molecule is presented.
Quantum Mechanics and Group Theory
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the matrix representation of the Schrödinger equation, and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation that separates electronic from nuclear motion. The symmetry of the Hamiltonian operator is discussed. Direct product representations are introduced and used to derive selection rules for dipole transitions.
Atmospheric Spectroscopy
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

The layers of the Earth atmosphere are introduced. A selection of atmospheric spectra is provided in the microwave, infrared, near infrared, and visible spectral regions. Photochemistry and spectra of the key atmospheric molecules, O2, O3, and NO2 are discussed. The equations for atmospheric radiative transfer are presented and used for remote sensing.
Astronomical Spectroscopy
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

The chapter begins with a discussion of star formation from dark interstellar clouds illustrated with radio telescope spectra. The classification of stars and brown dwarfs from their spectra is presented. The chapter concludes with spectra of planets and their moons, and exoplanets.
Cloud and Aerosol Spectroscopy
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

The chapter begins with discussion of the importance of clouds and aerosols in the chemistry and climate of the Earth atmosphere. The spectra of clouds and aerosols are modelled with complex optical constants. The physical properties of aerosols are presented including composition, size, and size distributions illustrated with sulfate aerosol spectra. Spectra of polar mesospheric clouds (small ice particles) and several types of polar stratospheric clouds are presented. Spectra of volcanic ash showing a strong silicate feature conclude the chapter.
Scope
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

Chapters 2 and 3 clarify the difference between republican and pure negative freedom by placing them along two dimensions: scope and robustness. This positioning within a two-dimensional picture enables us to see how the two concepts pick out different aspects of social relations as sources of unfreedom. Chapter 2 focuses on the scope dimension. It shows how republican freedom has a lesser scope than does pure negative freedom. However, this difference need not imply a difference in the measurement of freedom, since the republican scope restriction might allow for only the interference that is necessary for promoting overall pure negative freedom. This analysis demonstrates how republican freedom is a “moralized” conception of freedom. It also discusses problems with moralizing freedom.
Ethos
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter considers whether the two freedom concepts’ different positions on the robustness dimension imply different institutional requirements. The chapter distinguishes between two understandings of institutional protection against interference: formal and comprehensive. Formal institutions include legal and coercive bodies, such as courts and legislatures. These institutions form a subset of all comprehensive institutions, which also include informal institutions, particularly social norms. The chapter shows how on either understanding of institutional protection, republican freedom with Pettit’s scope restriction can require no more robust protection than is compatible with the promotion of pure negative freedom. Demanding robustness beyond this level would involve institutions that constrain people’s behavior contrary to their common interests. We thus see how the scope of republican freedom blocks a level of robustness sufficient for a conflict with liberal institutions promoting citizens’ pure negative freedom.
Conclusion
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the conceptual analysis in the preceding chapters. It also reflects on the analytical tools employed in the book that enabled these discoveries. The chapter illuminates how the book demonstrates the important role of conceptual analysis in clarifying the liberal–republican debate and in making progress in this debate. It considers how republicans might be wise to conceptualize freedom as non-domination for rhetorical purposes, but re-emphasizes that promoting moderate republican freedom will not differ from the promotion of pure negative freedom. Ignoring this insight may result in meaningless disagreement over how to promote freedom in a modern society.
Navigating Dialogic Methodology
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we explore a variety of starting places for engaging with Bakhtin and some influential concepts that we can potentially draw on. These will lead us to an understanding of ‘interpretation as the discovery of a path to seeing (contemplating) and supplementing through creative thinking’. We will look at different points of departure at our disposal and explore corresponding interanimations and contradictions that we must wrestle with along the way. The chapter ends with some key messages concerning the application of dialogic methodology in research design, with a few cautionary notes to keep us on the path.
In Search of Dialogic Methodology In Practice
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we invite readers to engage closely and critically with several papers from practice-based research scholarship across disciplines which embraced dialogic method(ologies) in one or another way. We examine the various topics, questions, methods, and analysis the authors of these papers applied and reported on in contemporary scholarship. In essence, we show how and to what extent these paper discerned their dialogic methodology in practice, what kind of confession they might have regarding their used methodology and how it led to their analysis and (un)finalised insights. We bring the ‘so what’ of their studies to the fore as a means of exploring the possibilities that dialogic methodology has for addressing some of the most pressing practice issues of our times across disciplines and thus legitimising dialogic methodises for transdisciplinary practice-based research.
The Lords’ Masque (with Thomas Campion)
Authors: Duffin Ross W.
Published: January 2025

With dialogue and lyrics by Thomas Campion and designs by Inigo Jones, The Lords’ Masque was presented on the night of the Palatine wedding, Valentine’s Day, 1613, in the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace. It was printed in quarto in 1613 without music, but one of Campion’s songs for the event was printed the following year. One other song can be reconstructed because of its lyric’s close similarity to an existing Campion song, also published in 1613. With that clue, the rest of the songs have been reconstructed as contrafacta of other existing songs by Campion and Robert Jones. The dances for the masque, probably by John Coprario, can be identified from the Inns of Court dance manuscript (British Library, Add. MSS 10444/5) and reconstructed from their appearance in a 1617 ensemble print by the expatriate violinist William Brade. The complete masque text is included along with the reconstructed songs and dances.
The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln’s Inn (with George Chapman)
Authors: Duffin Ross W.
Published: January 2025

With dialogue and songs by George Chapman, The Memorable Masque was presented in the Hall at Whitehall Palace on 15 February 1613, the night following the Palatine wedding. It was printed in quarto in 1613, but no music survives for its song lyrics. Based on the clue of Campion’s contrafact song for The Lords’ Masque, the songs in Chapman’s masque have been reconstructed as contrafacta of existing songs, mostly by composers who were involved in the production, like John Dowland and Thomas Ford. The dances for the masque can be identified from the Inns of Court dance manuscript (BL 10444/5) and reconstructed from their appearance in a 1617 ensemble print by the expatriate violinist William Brade, and a 1621 publication by wind player and London city musician, John Adson. The complete masque text is included along with the reconstructed songs and dances.
Time and the World
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

This is a book about everything and how anything whatsoever happens. By answering the question what is a thing?, the book reveals what it is to exist, what any being at all is. Such profound matters require a special method of inquiry. The method employed herein—original inquiry—begins with no assumptions about reality. It is, then, a method independent of any figure, trend, or tradition in the history of philosophy. Via this method, one simply confronts all this, the world, an all-encompassing diverse array of whatnot, and on this basis can come to a secure account of what it is to be. In simply confronting the world, however, one’s experience shifts, is transient: all this goes from one way—with, say, a cat here—to some other way—the cat being over there. This manifest inconstancy must be accounted for in any comprehensive account of the world. Yet so must a manifest constancy. If the cat is now, at this moment, over there, that the cat is now, at this moment, over there is forever true. These seemingly contradictory phenomena, inconstancy and constancy, demonstrate the importance of time to understanding the world. Since any legitimate inquiry is directed at something or other and since many objects of inquiry (including inquiry itself) occur over time, correct accounts of temporal reality and of being—of time and the world—provide insight into all inquiry. These accounts provide constraints on and, hence, guidelines for investigating any subject matter in any field.
The Metaphysics of Time
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

Time is the ultimate basis of whatever accounts for temporal differentiation, the world going from one way (at one moment) to a different way (at a distinct moment). A main purpose of this work is to propound an account of the metaphysics of time, a critical account of what time is and its role in structuring reality. The phenomenon of change is key to an account of the metaphysics of time, so the chapter elucidates this phenomenon. Although time and moments are essentially related, they are distinct things. The chapter presents an account of time per se and moments per se, discussing some of their significant qualities, and proposes a theoretical framework for the metaphysics of time. The genuine controversies in the metaphysics of time are not about time itself; rather, they are about temporal reality, the structure of things in the world given the existence of time.
Atemporal Reality and Constancy
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

The basis of the constancy in the world is not to be found among anything significantly related to time. This conclusion reveals the importance of atemporal reality to the metaphysics of time. This chapter examines timelessness, existence outside of—without—time. The account of time per se developed in preceding chapters enables a straightforward and non-metaphorical account of timelessness. There are indeed things that exist without, that is, outside of time. Although some of these atemporal entities exist without origin and, as such, did not come into existence, not all lack an origin. Thus, some things come into existence, but outside of time. This phenomenon of atemporal becoming might initially seem incoherent, but it is not. The chapter concludes with an account of the constancy in the world. The ontological basis of this constancy is simple facts, static entities that come into existence outside of time and exist permanently atemporally.
Claiming Citizenship
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

Claiming Citizenship focuses on Indian American civic and political activism in the U.S. public sphere around U.S.-based and India-based issues. Indian Americans are a group of interest to study immigrant and diasporic politics since they are a rising political force whose patterns of activism do not follow the unified model of mobilization of other powerful American ethnic groups. They have multiple types of advocacy organizations: those mobilizing around an Indian American identity; those mobilizing around a South Asian American identity; organizations for Indian Americans of Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, Christian, and Buddhist backgrounds; organizations representing Indian American Democrats and Republicans; and even combinations of these such as the Republican Hindu Coalition that mobilized around Donald Trump’s candidacy in 2016. There are also generational differences between second-generation members and the immigrant generation. Unified ethnic mobilization is rare and does not take place through a single professional advocacy organization, or even through well-coordinated campaigns. The book examines the dialectical process through which immigrants conform to the structures and cultures of the society they have immigrated to but also work to transform it to accommodate their unique needs. It shows the relative roles played by domestic and international influences on the political mobilization of immigrant groups in the United States as well as the importance of social media in shaping these mobilizations. Claiming Citizenship presents an excellent template to understand how religion, national identity, race, and pan-ethnicity interact in ethnic politics, in addition to examining the role that generational status plays in determining some of these patterns.
Race, Transnationalism, and Mobilization
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a wide swath of Indian American history, between 1900, when the first Indians started arriving in the United States, and 1995. It focuses on the formation of Indian American advocacy organizations of various types around racial discrimination. The first half focuses on the activism of early immigrants from the Indian subcontinent (1900–1946). Facing racism and exclusion in North America, which they attributed to the fact that India was a colony of the British, they mobilized for citizenship rights and for Indian independence. The activism of post-1965 Indian immigrants is discussed in the second half of the chapter. Indian American organizations were able to create a new census category, “Asian Indian,” for the census of 1980 and obtain minority status for Indian Americans as “Asians.” They challenged discriminatory laws impacting their employment and obtained White House recognition for themselves as “Indian Americans” from President Ronald Reagan.