bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gleichheit durch Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen?
Authors: Peters Eileen , Drobe Jil , Abendroth Anja
Published: July 2020

Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern Mentoringprogramme und betriebliche Frauenquoten als zwei zentrale Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen mit geringeren geschlechtsspezifischen Einkommensungleichheiten in deutschen Großbetrieben einhergehen. Zusätzlich wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern die Bedeutung dieser Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen zwischen Beschäftigtengruppen mit unterschiedlichem Qualifikationsniveau variiert und ob traditionelle Geschlechterideologien innerhalb der Belegschaft die Effektivität von Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen konterkarieren. Auf Grundlage von Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten, die sowohl administrative als auch Befragungsdaten für 5072 Beschäftigte in 93 Betrieben beinhalten, wurden Regressionsanalysen mit betriebsbezogenen Fixed Effects berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Einkommensbenachteiligungen von Frauen innerhalb von Betrieben nicht mit dem Angebot von Mentoringprogrammen variieren. Demgegenüber zeigen sich geringere Einkommensungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern in Betrieben mit Frauenquote. Dies gilt allerdings nur für Beschäftigte mit hohem Qualifikationsniveau und in Betrieben, in denen gleichzeitig eher egalitäre Geschlechterideologien in der Belegschaft vorherrschen. In traditionellen Betriebskontexten bestehen trotz Frauenquote geschlechtsspezifische Einkommensungleichheiten zwischen Beschäftigten mit höherem Qualifikationsniveau.
Detection of the intimal tear in aortic dissection and ulcer-like projection in intramural hematoma: usefulness of full-phase retrospective ECG-gated CT angiography
Authors: Yanagaki Satoru , Ueda Takuya , Masuda Atsuro , Ota Hideki , Onaka Yuta , Kojima Masatoshi , Hattori Takashi , Mihara Wahei , Takase Kei
Published: July 2020

Purpose

To compare the accuracy of non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated CT angiography (CTA), single-diastolic-phase ECG-gated CTA, and full-phase ECG-gated CTA in detecting the intimal tear (IT) in aortic dissection (AD) and ulcer-like projection (ULP) in intramural hematoma (IMH).

Materials and methods

A total of 81 consecutive patients with AD and IMH of the thoracic aorta were included in this single-center retrospective study. Non-ECG-gated CTA, single-diastolic-phase ECG-gated CTA, and full-phase ECG-gated CTA were used to detect the presence of the IT and ULP in thoracic aortic regions including the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and proximal and distal descending aorta.

Results

The accuracy of detecting the IT and ULP was significantly greater using full-phase ECG-gated CTA (88% [95% CI: 100%, 75%]) than non-ECG-gated CTA (72% [95% CI: 90%, 54%],P = 0.001) and single-diastolic-phase ECG-gated CTA (76% [95% CI: 93%, 60%],P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Full-phase ECG-gated CTA is more accurate in detecting the IT in AD and ULP in IMH, than non-ECG-gated CTA and single-diastolic-phase ECG-gated CTA.
Numerical Existence Property and Categories with an Internal Copy
Authors: Maschio Samuele
Published: July 2020

We define here a notion of internal copy and of weak internal copy of a category. We will then determine some families of categories having an internal copy or a weak internal copy. We will consider categories of definable classes of first-order theories and we will see that the notion of internal copy is related to the notion of numerical existence property.
Positive downstream indirect reciprocity scale (PoDIRS–6): Construction and psychometric characteristics
Authors: Szcześniak Małgorzata , Świątek Agata H. , Świątek Maria A. , Rodzeń Wojciech
Published: July 2020

Downstream indirect reciprocity (DIR) is a behavior taking the form of a reaction to an individual’s kindness or reluctance towards a third party. The literature shows that the concept of DIR may be understood in many different systems of assessing an individual’s social exchange, retributive justice, religious belief systems, rudimentary moral systems, and general philosophical treatment, as well as from a natural selection and evolutionary approach. Given the importance of an empirically based examination of DIR, the aim of the current research carried out through Studies 1–5 was fourfold: (a) develop a reliable and psychometrically sound Downstream Indirect Reciprocity Scale (DIRS); (b) establish and examine the factor structure of the DIRS and its statistical properties, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Study 1); (c) assess the relationship between the observed measures and latency factor of DIR through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Studies 2–5); (d) measure the internal consistency and nomological validity (Studies 2–5). Although the first assumption consisted in constructing a questionnaire that would measure both positive and negative aspects of downstream reciprocity, the outcomes of the EFA and CFA confirmed the final version of the scale that assesses only the positive dimension of DIR (Positive Downstream Indirect Reciprocity Scale; PoDIRS-6). In fact, the EFA showed the one factor structure of the new measure, and the findings of the CFAs indicated that it meets the criteria for good fit. All of the analyses conducted defined a preliminary nomological network of convergent constructs (gratitude, life satisfaction, religiosity, and moral concerns). The PoDIRS-6 is the first scale designed to assess a set of ideas that are expressed in the belief that an individual who has done something good might get help from other people in the future. It is encouraged that a questionnaire be developed which will measure the belief that human actions can be punished or reproved when they are negative and morally bad (Negative Downstream Indirect Reciprocity Scale; NeDIRS).
Novel user authentication method based on body composition analysis
Authors: Laka Pawel , Korzeb Zbigniew , Mazurczyk Wojciech
Published: July 2020

Authentication is the process of confirming one’s identity. There is a steadily growing need to protect confidential, especially financial, data, as banks provide their services online through their ubiquitous systems. This paper presents a novel authentication method based on the analysis of body composition. A trusted system that relies on the biometric authentication has been designed, implemented, and evaluated, showing a false accept rate (FAR) of 0%, while its false reject rate (FRR) is 2.65%. As the proposed solution requires virtually no special action from the user during the authentication process, it can be seen as suitable for incorporation into existing multifactor authentication solutions.
Microstructure Characteristics of ECAP Processed 1050 Aluminum After Deformation and 5 Years Later
Authors: Wroński M. , Wierzbanowski K. , Malik R. , Wroński S. , Wojtas D. , Baczmański A. , Tarasiuk J.
Published: July 2020

Modification of microstructure parameters of severely deformed 1050 aluminum after 5 years of recovery at ambient temperature was studied. The samples of 1050 aluminum were extruded using ECAP technique. The EBSD maps were recorded for the initial material and for the deformed samples. Next, the latter samples were left at ambient temperature during 5 years and a full EBSD study of the material was repeated. It was found that all microstructure parameters and textures have changed after this period. This is due to recovery and partial recrystallization, which took place in the samples during 5 years. The presented modifications of material microstructure are important, e.g., in the aspect of long time service of mechanical parts produced by severe plastic deformation techniques.

Graphic Abstract
The Impact of Personal Values, Gender Stereotypes, and School Climate on Homophobic Bullying: a Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Bacchini Dario , Esposito Concetta , Affuso Gaetana , Amodeo Anna Lisa
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Schools are among the most homophobic social contexts, where students who do not conform to gender norms are at high risk of stigma and discrimination.

Method

Using a multilevel approach, the aim of the current was to examine whether adolescents’ engagement in homophobic bullying behavior was associated with personal values and stereotyped victim-blaming attributions at individual level, and perceptions of school as a community and frequency of teachers’ reaction to bullying incidents at classroom level. Data were collected in 2010. The sample consisted of 2718 Italian middle and high school students (53.2% females; mean age = 15.36,SD = .85) from 144 classrooms.

Results

Results showed that self-transcendence values reduced the risk of engaging in homophobic bullying, whereas both self-enhancement values and stereotyped victim-blaming attributions were positively associated with homophobic bullying. At classroom level, only negative perceptions of school as a community had a unique positive contribution on homophobic bullying, over and above other individual and contextual factors. Two cross-level interactions were found, indicating that self-transcendence values had a significant effect in decreasing homophobic bullying in classrooms where teacher support was perceived as low, whereas stereotyped victim-blaming attributions had a significant effect in increasing homophobic bullying in classrooms where teacher support was perceived as high.

Conclusion

These findings provide further support to the social-ecological perspective as a useful guiding framework for understanding the complexity of factors predicting homophobic bullying.

Policy Implications

Efforts should be made to develop clear anti-bullying school policies explicitly dealing with the issue of homophobic bullying.
Comparative evaluation of multi-basin production performance and application of spatio-temporal models for unconventional oil and gas production prediction
Authors: Wigwe M. E. , Bougre E. S. , Watson M. C. , Giussani A.
Published: July 2020

Modern data analytic techniques, statistical and machine-learning algorithms have received widespread applications for solving oil and gas problems. As we face problems of parent–child well interactions, well spacing, and depletion concerns, it becomes necessary to model the effect of geology, completion design, and well parameters on production using models that can capture both spatial and temporal variability of the covariates on the response variable. We accomplish this using a well-formulated spatio-temporal (ST) model. In this paper, we present a multi-basin study of production performance evaluation and applications of ST models for oil and gas data. We analyzed dataset from 10,077 horizontal wells from 2008 to 2019 in five unconventional formations in the USA: Bakken, Marcellus, Eagleford, Wolfcamp, and Bone Spring formations. We evaluated well production performance and performance of new completions over time. Results show increased productivity of oil and gas since 2008. Also, the Bakken wells performed better for the counties evaluated. We present two methods for fitting spatio-temporal models: fixed rank kriging and ST generalized additive models using thin plate and cubic regression splines as basis functions in the spline-based smooths. Results show a significant effect on production by the smooth term, accounting for between 60 and 95% of the variability in the six-month production. Overall, we saw a better production response to completions for the gas formations compared to oil-rich plays. The results highlight the benefits of spatio-temporal models in production prediction as it implicitly accounts for geology and technological changes with time.
Error-Tolerance and Error Management in Lightweight Description Logics
Authors: Peñaloza Rafael
Published: July 2020

The construction and maintenance of ontologies is an error-prone task. As such, it is not uncommon to detect unwanted or erroneous consequences in large-scale ontologies which are already deployed in production. While waiting for a corrected version, these ontologies should still be available for use in a “safe” manner, which avoids the known errors. At the same time, the knowledge engineer in charge of producing the new version requires support to explore only the potentially problematic axioms, and reduce the number of exploration steps. In this paper, we explore the problem of deriving meaningful consequences from ontologies which contain known errors. Our work extends the ideas from inconsistency-tolerant reasoning to allow for arbitrary entailments as errors, and allows for any part of the ontology (be it the terminological elements or the facts) to be the causes of the error. Our study shows that, with a few exceptions, tasks related to this kind of reasoning are intractable in general, even for very inexpressive description logics.
Tribological response of waste tire rubber as micro-fillers in automotive brake lining materials
Authors: Pai Anand , Subramanian Sayikumar , Sood Tribhuvan
Published: July 2020

Elastomeric materials show promise as potential micro-fillers in brake linings. They can provide vibration damping and acoustic advantages in intermittent and abrupt impact applications such as braking. The elastomeric material can be salvaged from non-biodegradable automotive tires, thereby providing an opportunity to reuse materials that will otherwise be discarded in landfills. Both tribological and thermomechanical performances of the waste tire rubber were assessed to determine their potential for use as micro-fillers in the brake linings of commercial vehicles with a gross weight less than 16 tons. Accordingly, the brake lining materials were fabricated with fine waste tire rubber particulates (WTRPs) as the micro-fillers, phenolic-R resin as the binder, graphite as the dry lubricant, laterite as the co-filler, and coconut coir for natural fiber reinforcement. The effects of increasing the WTRP weight fraction on the brake response of the linings were analyzed, and the different compositions were benchmarked against a commercial brake lining. Mechanical characterization comprising compressive strength, hardness, density, and porosity studies were carried out. Frictional and wear characteristics of the linings were analyzed using a rotary tribometer with simultaneous thermal monitoring. The manufactured lining with 15 wt% WTRPs exhibited a mean friction coefficient of ~0.38, a specific volumetric loss rate of 1,662 µm3/(N·m), and improved thermal response. Using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wear surface morphology studies compared the relative development of primary and secondary plateaus and revealed the redistribution of wear debris, leading to the stability of the coefficient of friction.
Correction to: Network cartography of university students’ knowledge landscapes about the history of science: landmarks and thematic communities
Authors: Lommi Henri , Koponen Ismo T.
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Lessons and tips for designing a machine learning study using EHR data
Authors: Arbet Jaron , Brokamp Cole , Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Trinkley Katy E. , Spratt Heidi M.
Published: July 2020

Machine learning (ML) provides the ability to examine massive datasets and uncover patterns within data without relying ona prioriassumptions such as specific variable associations, linearity in relationships, or prespecified statistical interactions. However, the application of ML to healthcare data has been met with mixed results, especially when using administrative datasets such as the electronic health record. The black box nature of many ML algorithms contributes to an erroneous assumption that these algorithms can overcome major data issues inherent in large administrative healthcare data. As with other research endeavors, good data and analytic design is crucial to ML-based studies. In this paper, we will provide an overview of common misconceptions for ML, the corresponding truths, and suggestions for incorporating these methods into healthcare research while maintaining a sound study design.
Antimicrobial prescribing practices at a tertiary-care center in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 across the continuum of care
Authors: Stevens Ryan W. , Jensen Kelsey , O’Horo John C. , Shah Aditya
Published: July 2020

In a single-center review of antibiotic prescribing in COVID-19 patients, 10% of patients received antimicrobials, and inpatients encounters had the highest rate and spectrum of prescribing. Prescribing rate, spectrum, and duration appeared to increase with disease severity in inpatients. Antimicrobial prescribing in patients managed in ambulatory encounters was less common.
The Scottish East India Company of 1617: Patronage, Commercial Rivalry, and the Union of the Crowns
Authors: Wagner Joseph
Published: July 2020

The history of the Scottish East India Company of 1617 is a history of partnerships and rivalries within and between Scotland and England. The company was opposed by the merchants of the royal burghs in Scotland and by the East India Company, Muscovy Company, and Privy Council in England. At the same time, it was supported by the Scottish Privy Council and was able to recruit Dutch, English, and Scottish investors. The interactions between these groups were largely shaped by the union of the crowns, which saw James VI accede to the thrones of England and Ireland and move his court to London. Scotland was thus left with an absentee monarch, decreasing the access of Scottish merchants to the king while increasing the importance of court connections in acquiring that access. Regal union also created opportunities for Scots to become part of the London business world, which, in turn, could lead to backlash from English interests. Having developed in this context, the Scottish East India Company speaks to how James VI and I approached patronage and policy in his multiple kingdoms, how commercial rivalries developed in England and Scotland, and how trading companies played a role in constitutional developments in Stuart Britain.
Catholic Power and the Irish City: Modernity, Religion, and Planning in Galway, 1944–1949
Authors: Butler Richard J.
Published: July 2020

A major town planning dispute between church and state in Galway in the 1940s over the location for a new school provides a lens for rethinking Ireland's distinctive engagement with modernity. Using town planning and urban governance lenses, this article argues that existing scholarship on the postwar Irish Catholic Church overstates its hegemonic power. In analyzing the dispute, it critiques the undue focus within European town-planning studies on the state and on the supposedly “rational” agendas of mid-century planners, showing instead how religious entities forged parallel paths of urban modernity and urban governance. It thus adds an Irish and an urban-planning dimension to existing debates within religious history about urbanization and secularization, showing how adaptive the Irish Catholic Church was to high modernity. Finally, with its focus on a school building, it brings a built environment angle into studies of education policy in Ireland. In seeking to revisit major historiographical debates within town planning, religious history, and studies of urban modernity, the article makes extensive use of the recently opened papers of Bishop Michael Browne of Galway, a noted public intellectual within the Irish Catholic Church and a European expert on canon law.
The rationale for a multi-step therapeutic approach based on antivirals, drugs and nutrients with immunomodulatory activity in patients with coronavirus-SARS2-induced disease of different severities
Authors: Fiorino Sirio , Zippi Maddalena , Gallo Claudio , Sifo Debora , Sabbatani Sergio , Manfredi Roberto , Rasciti Edoardo , Rasciti Leonardo , Giampieri Enrico , Corazza Ivan , Leandri Paolo , de Biase Dario
Published: July 2020

In December 2019, a novel human-infecting coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was recognised to cause a pneumonia epidemic outbreak with different degrees of severity in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China. Since then, this epidemic has spread worldwide; in Europe, Italy has been involved. Effective preventive and therapeutic strategies are absolutely required to block this serious public health concern. Unfortunately, few studies about SARS-CoV-2 concerning its immunopathogenesis and treatment are available. On the basis of the assumption that the SARS-CoV-2 is genetically related to SARS-CoV (about 82 % of genome homology) and that its characteristics, like the modality of transmission or the type of the immune response it may stimulate, are still poorly known, a literature search was performed to identify the reports assessing these elements in patients with SARS-CoV-induced infection. Therefore, we have analysed: (1) the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV; (2) the clinical signs and symptoms and pathogenic mechanisms observed during the development of acute respiratory syndrome and the cytokine release syndrome; (3) the modification of the cell microRNome and of the immune response in patients with SARS infection; and (4) the possible role of some fat-soluble compounds (such as vitamins A, D and E) in modulating directly or indirectly the replication ability of SARS-CoV-2 and host immune response.
Risk-Neutral Skewness, Informed Trading, and the Cross Section of Stock Returns
Authors: Chordia Tarun , Lin Tse-Chun , Xiang Vincent
Published: July 2020

In this article, we use volatility surface data from options contracts to document a strong, robust, and positive cross-sectional relation between risk-neutral skewness (RNS) and subsequent stock returns. The differential return between high- and low-RNS stocks amounts to 0.17% per week. Preannouncement RNS is positively related to earnings announcement returns, and the positive RNS–return relation is more pronounced for other nonscheduled news releases. This suggests that it is informed trading that drives the positive relation between RNS and subsequent stock returns. We also find that RNS contains incremental information beyond trading signals captured by option-implied volatility and volume.
New diagnostic characters forAmphiodiaandOphiophragmus(Amphiuridae, Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata)
Authors: Chagas Gisella C.S. , Alitto Renata A.S. , Serrano Helena , Granadier Gabriela , Guilherme Pablo D.B. , Borges Michela
Published: July 2020

The generaOphiophragmusandAmphiodiaare amphiurids that are considered taxonomically difficult due to their great resemblance, few diagnostic characters and synonymy problems. Our aim is to redescribe the species using scanning electron microscopy and morphometry of diagnostic structures, and to provide new information for the identification of these Ophiuroidea. FiveAmphiodiaspp. and sixOphiophragmusspp. recorded in Brazil were rigorously redescribed. The descriptions include new diagnostic characters derived from external morphology, arm microstructures and morphometry. We also provided comparative analyses of species with shared characters such asAmphiodia riiseiandAmphiodia trychna. The geographic and bathymetric distributions of the studied species were updated, and new records are provided. All the information presented may be used in taxonomic, ecological and phylogenetic studies, helping to fill gaps in the knowledge of the biodiversity, ecology and evolution of these Ophiuroidea. Conclusively, all the tools applied here assisted in the identification of genera and species and could be useful in other taxonomic studies of Echinodermata.
Transcendentality and Nothingness in Sartre's Atheistic Ontology
Authors: Leung King-Ho
Published: July 2020

This article offers a reading of Sartre's phenomenological ontology in light of the pre-modern understanding of ‘transcendentals’ as universal properties and predicates of all determinate beings. Drawing on Sartre's transcendental account of nothingness in his early critique of Husserl as well as his discussion of ‘determination as negation’ inBeing and Nothingness, this article argues that Sartre's universal predicate of ‘thenot’ (lenon) could be understood in a similar light to the medieval scholastic conception of transcendentals. But whereas the scholastics saw the transcendental properties of oneness, truth, and goodness as reflections of God's divine perfections, Sartre's predicate of the ‘not’ operates as an atheistic transcendental which signifies thenon-being of God – that God isnot. By comparing Sartre's phenomenological ontology to medieval theological metaphysics, this article not only highlights the atheist underpinnings of Sartre's entire ontological schema inBeing and Nothingnessbut also offers a new way of interpreting Sartre as a systematic transcendental metaphysician.
Jalapeno or jalapeño: Do diacritics in consonant letters modulate visual similarity effects during word recognition?
Authors: Marcet Ana , Ghukasyan Hnazand , Fernández-López María , Perea Manuel
Published: July 2020

Prior research has shown that word identification times to DENTIST are faster when briefly preceded by a visually similar prime (dentjst; i↔j) than when preceded by a visually dissimilar prime (dentgst). However, these effects of visual similarity do not occur in the Arabic alphabet when the critical letter differs in the diacritical signs: for the target the visually similar one-letter replaced prime (compare and is no more effective than the visually dissimilar one-letter replaced prime Here we examined whether this dissociative pattern is due to the special role of diacritics during word processing. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment in Spanish using target words containing one of two consonants that only differed in the presence/absence of a diacritical sign: n and ñ. The prime-target conditions were identity, visually similar, and visually dissimilar. Results showed an advantage of the visually similar over the visually dissimilar condition for muñeca-type words (muneca-MUÑECA < museca-MUÑECA), but not for moneda-type words (moñeda-MONEDA = moseda-MONEDA). Thus, diacritical signs are salient elements that play a special role during the first moments of processing, thus constraining the interplay between the “feature” and “letter” levels in models of visual word recognition.
Rapid shift in naming efficiency on a rapid automatic naming task by young Spanish-speaking English language learners
Authors: McMillen Stephanie , Jarmulowicz Linda , Mackay Michael M. , Oller D. Kimbrough
Published: July 2020

The present study analyzed lexical processing efficiency in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs) and their monolingual English-speaking peers from kindergarten through second grade. Specifically, changes in the patterns of speed and accuracy on a rapid object-naming task were evaluated across languages for the ELL children and across the groups of children. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that ELL children have a rapid shift in language processing efficiency from Spanish to English by the end of kindergarten. Results also showed that by the end of kindergarten ELL children were slightly faster and more accurate in English compared with their monolingual peers. This work provides perspective on how lexical processing is impacted by the development of a dual lexical system. We discuss how lexical density, strength of lexical connections, and environmental constraints may influence this rapid shift in lexical processing efficiency for young Spanish-speaking ELL children.
The role of word reading and oral language skills in reading comprehension in Syrian refugee children
Authors: Al Janaideh Redab , Gottardo Alexandra , Tibi Sana , Paradis Johanne , Chen Xi
Published: July 2020

Canada has resettled more than 57,000 Syrian refugees since 2015 (Government of Canada, 2017). However, little is known about refugee children’s language and literacy development. The present study evaluated Syrian refugee children’s performance on language and literacy measures in English and Arabic, and examined whether the simple view of reading model is applicable in both of their languages. Participants consisted of 115 Syrian refugee children 6–13 years of age. They received a battery of language and literacy measures including word reading, vocabulary, oral narratives, and reading comprehension in both English and Arabic. Compared to the normative samples, refugee children performed poorly on English standardized measures. They also demonstrated difficulties in Arabic, as more than half of the children were not able to read in the language. Despite the relatively low performance, there was evidence to support the simple view of reading model in both languages. In addition, oral language skills played a larger role in English reading comprehension in the older group than the younger group. This age-group comparison was not carried out in Arabic due to reduced sample size. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Evolution of magnetic field in a weakly relativistic counterstreaming inhomogeneous e−/e+ plasmas
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Kim Y. K. , Kang T. , Hur Min Sup , Chung Moses
Published: July 2020

The nonlinear evolution of electron Weibel instability in a symmetric, counterstream, unmagnetized electron–positron e−/e+ plasmas is studied by a 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The magnetic field is produced and amplified by the Weibel instability, which extracts energy from the plasma anisotropy. A weakly relativistic drift velocity of 0.5c is considered for two counterstreaming e−/e+ plasma flows. Simulations show that in a homogeneous e−/e+ plasma distribution, the magnetic field amplifies exponentially in the linear regime and rapidly decays after saturation. However, in the case of inhomogeneous e−/e+ plasma distribution, the magnetic field re-amplifies at post-saturation. We also find that the amount of magnetic field amplification at post-saturation depends on the strength of the density inhomogeneity of the upstream plasma distribution. The temperature calculation shows that the finite thermal anisotropy exists in the case of an inhomogeneous plasma distribution which leads to the second-stage magnetic field amplification after the first saturation. Such density inhomogeneities are present in a variety of astrophysical sources: for example, in supernova remnants and gamma-ray bursts. Therefore, the present analysis is very useful in understanding these astrophysical sources, where anisotropic density fluctuations are very common in the downstream region of the relativistic shocks and the widely distributed magnetic field.
Futility in the paediatric cardiac ICU
Authors: Fundora Michael P. , Rodriguez Zahidee , Mahle William T.
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Studies have suggested 5–20% of paediatric ICU patients may receive care felt to be futile. No data exists on the prevalence and impact of futile care in the Paediatric Cardiac ICU. The aim is to determine the prevalence and economic impact of futile care.

Materials and method:

Retrospective cohort of patients with congenital cardiac disease 0–21 years old, with length of stay >30 days and died (2015–2018). Documentation of futility by the medical team was retrospectively and independently reviewed.

Results:

Of the 127 deaths during the study period, 51 (40%) had hospitalisation >30 days, 13 (25%) had received futile care and 26 (51%) withdrew life-sustaining treatment. Futile care comprised 0.69% of total patient days with no difference in charges from patients not receiving futile care. There was no difference in insurance, single motherhood, education, income, poverty, or unemployment in families continuing futile care or electing withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Black families were less likely than White families to elect for withdrawal (p = 0.01), and Hispanic families were more likely to continue futile care than non-Hispanics (p = 0.044).

Conclusions:

This is the first study to examine the impact of futile care and characteristics in the paediatric cardiac ICU. Black families were less likely to elect for withdrawal, while Hispanic families more likely to continue futile care. Futile care comprised 0.69% of bed days and little burden on resources. Cultural factors should be investigated to better support families through end-of-life decisions.
Prevalence and predictors of hypocalcaemia in severe acute malnutrition
Authors: Smilie Chabungbam , Shah Dheeraj , Batra Prerna , Ahmed Rafat S , Gupta Piyush
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To determine the prevalence and predictors of hypocalcaemia in under-five children (1–59 months) hospitalised with severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Design:

A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of hypocalcaemia among children hospitalised with SAM. Serum Ca and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-(OH)D) were estimated. Hypocalcaemia was defined as serum Ca (albumin-adjusted) <2·12 mmol/l. To identify the clinical predictors of hypocalcaemia, a logistic regression model was constructed taking hypocalcaemia as a dependent variable, and sociodemographic and clinical variables as independent variables.

Setting:

A tertiary care hospital in Delhi, between November 2017 and April 2019.

Participants:

One-hundred and fifty children (1–59 months) hospitalised with SAM were enrolled.

Results:

Hypocalcaemia was documented in thirty-nine (26 %) children hospitalised with SAM, the prevalence being comparable between children aged <6 months (11/41, 26·8 %) and those between 6 and 59 months (28/109, 25·7 %) (P = 0·887). Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-(OH)D <30 nmol/l) and clinical rickets were observed in ninety-eight (65·3 %) and sixty-three (42 %) children, respectively. Hypocalcaemia occurred more frequently in severely malnourished children with clinical rickets (OR 6·6, 95 % CI 2·54, 17·15, P < 0·001), abdominal distension (OR 4·5, 95 % CI 1·39, 14·54, P = 0·012) and sepsis (OR 2·6, 95 % CI 1·00, 6·57, P = 0·050).

Conclusion:

Rickets and hypocalcaemia are common in children with SAM. Routine supplementation of vitamin D should be considered for severely malnourished children. Ca may be empirically prescribed to severely malnourished children with clinical rickets, abdominal distension and/or sepsis.
2-LOCAL DERIVATIONS ON SEMISIMPLE BANACH ALGEBRAS WITH MINIMAL LEFT IDEALS
Authors: HUANG WENBO , LI JIANKUI
Published: July 2020

Let${\mathcal{A}}$be a semisimple Banach algebra with minimal left ideals and$\text{soc}({\mathcal{A}})$be the socle of${\mathcal{A}}$. We prove that if$\text{soc}({\mathcal{A}})$is an essential ideal of${\mathcal{A}}$, then every 2-local derivation on${\mathcal{A}}$is a derivation. As applications of this result, we can easily show that every 2-local derivation on some algebras, such as semisimple modular annihilator Banach algebras, strongly double triangle subspace lattice algebras and${\mathcal{J}}$-subspace lattice algebras, is a derivation.
‘Felt security’ as a means of facilitating imagery rescripting in psychosis: a clinical protocol and illustrative case study
Authors: Newman-Taylor Katherine
Published: July 2020

People with psychosis do not have routine access to trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions such as imagery rescripting (IR), partly due to clinical caution. This case study describes the use of a simple imagery task designed to engender ‘felt security’, as a means of facilitating IR with a woman struggling with distressing memory intrusions, linked to her voices and paranoia. We assessed the impact of the felt security task, which was used before IR to enable Kip to engage in reprocessing of her trauma memories, and again after IR so that she would leave sessions feeling safe. The brief imagery task was effective in improving felt security before IR sessions. Felt security then reduced during IR, when distressing material was recalled and reprocessed, and increased again when the task was repeated. It is not yet clear whether trauma-focused interventions such as IR need to be routinely adapted for people with psychosis. In the event that individuals express concerns about IR, if the person’s formulation indicates that high levels of arousal may trigger an exacerbation of voices, paranoia or risk, or where clinicians are otherwise concerned about interventions likely to increase emotional arousal in the short term, the felt security task may facilitate safe and effective reprocessing of trauma memories. This in turn may increase access to trauma-focused CBT for people with psychosis.

Key learning aims

(1)

To understand that people with psychosis need access to trauma-focused CBT.

(2)

To be familiar with a simple attachment-based imagery task designed to foster ‘felt security’.

(3)

To learn that this task may facilitate imagery rescripting in people with psychosis.
A novel approach of high-resolution UWB microwave imaging system based on an improved 3D back-projection method for early-stage breast cancer detection applications
Authors: Mehranpour M. , Jarchi S. , Ghorbani A. , Keshtkar A.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a novel approach of high-accuracy calibration (HAC) method is employed to improve the resolution of tumor detection within a fibro-glandular breast model, and also an improved 3D back-projection approach to scan each focal point inside of the breast is presented. For these purposes, a simulated hemispherical setup of a multi-static array with a modified UWB bowtie antenna is applied around the breast. The superiority of the proposed HAC method is that all-time delays of multi-static channel paths are taken into account at preprocessing of reflected signals, and therefore the time location of tumor response can be estimated accurately in the late stage of recorded signals. As a result, stronger signals are obtained to detect the location of the tumor with higher spatial accuracy. By using the improved 3D back-projection method, a better approximation of transmission channel paths based on Fermat's principle is achieved. A realistic breast model is proposed with two cases of single and twin spherical tumors. Then, to validate the efficiency of the proposed HAC method to detect the time-dependent tumor location, several scenarios are studied in the mentioned model. Quantitative metrics of successfully reconstructed tumor (with a small radius of 7 mm) images prove the ability of the proposed imaging method for early-stage breast cancer detection.
The newborn sheep translational model for pulmonary arterial hypertension of the neonate at high altitude
Authors: Gonzaléz-Candia Alejandro , Candia Alejandro A. , Ebensperger Germán , Reyes Roberto V. , Llanos Aníbal J. , Herrera Emilio A.
Published: July 2020

Chronic hypoxia during gestation induces greater occurrence of perinatal complications such as intrauterine growth restriction, fetal hypoxia, newborn asphyxia, and respiratory distress, among others. This condition may also cause a failure in the transition of the fetal to neonatal circulation, inducing pulmonary arterial hypertension of the neonate (PAHN), a syndrome that involves pulmonary vascular dysfunction, increased vasoconstrictor tone and pathological remodeling. As this syndrome has a relatively low prevalence in lowlands (~7 per 1000 live births) and very little is known about its prevalence and clinical evolution in highlands (above 2500 meters), our understanding is very limited. Therefore, studies on appropriate animal models have been crucial to comprehend the mechanisms underlying this pathology. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of any animal model of human disease is fundamental to achieve an effective and meaningful translation to clinical practice. The sheep model has been used to study the normal and abnormal cardiovascular development of the fetus and the neonate for almost a century. The aim of this review is to highlight the advances in our knowledge on the programming of cardiopulmonary function with the use of high-altitude newborn sheep as a translational model of PAHN.
The Dual Isotopic Composition of Nitrate in the Gulf of Mexico and Florida Straits
Authors: Howe Samantha , Miranda Carlos , Hayes Christopher T. , Letscher Robert T. , Knapp Angela N.
Published: July 2020

The Gulf of Mexico receives considerable riverine nutrient inputs that contribute to eutrophication of northern shelf waters. However, it is unclear whether a significant fraction of these riverine nutrients delivered to the Gulf of Mexico are subsequently exported from the Gulf, potentially influencing the chemistry of the North Atlantic. Here, we report the first dual isotopic composition (“δ15N” and “δ18O”) measurements of nitrate (NO3−) from three profiles collected in different years in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as a new profile from the Florida Straits. We compare these new measurements with prior measurements from the North and South Atlantic, as well as with the magnitude of riverine and other nitrogen fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico. We find that in the upper thermocline, NO3− δ15N measurements from the Gulf of Mexico are intermediate between prior measurements in the Sargasso Sea (lower in NO3− δ15N), and those from the South Atlantic (higher in NO3− δ15N), but are indistinguishable from Florida Straits and Sargasso Sea profiles on deeper isopycnal surfaces. There is little evidence for riverine NO3− influencing the isotopic composition of NO3− exported from the Gulf of Mexico, which, based on its δ15N, would be expected to raise the δ15N of shallow NO3−. Lesser nitrogen fluxes are too small to significantly influence the isotopic composition of water column NO3− in the Gulf of Mexico. These results are consistent with recent modeling work suggesting that the majority of riverine nutrients are retained in the nearshore region.
The Impact of Wettability and Surface Roughness on Fluid Displacement and Capillary Trapping in 2‐D and 3‐D Porous Media: 2. Combined Effect of Wettability, Surface Roughness, and Pore Space Structure on Trapping Efficiency in Sand Packs and Micromodels
Authors: Zulfiqar Bilal , Vogel Hannes , Ding Yi , Golmohammadi Saeed , Küchler Matthias , Reuter Danny , Geistlinger Helmut
Published: July 2020

A comprehensive understanding of the combined effects of surface roughness and wettability on the dynamics of the trapping process is lacking. This can be primarily attributed to the contradictory experimental and numerical results regarding the impact of wettability on the capillary trapping efficiency. The discrepancy is presumably caused by the surface roughness of the inner pore‐solid interface. Herein, we present a comparative μ‐CT study of the static fluid‐fluid pattern in porous media with smooth (glass beads) and rough surfaces (natural sands). For the first time, a global optimization method was applied to map the characteristic geometrical and morphological properties of natural sands to 2‐D micromodels that exhibit different degrees of surface roughness. A realistic wetting model that describes the apparent contact angle of the rough surface as a function surface morphology and the intrinsic contact angle was also proposed. The dynamics of the trapping processes were studied via visualization micromodel experiments. Our results revealed that sand and glass beads displayed opposite trends in terms of the contact angle dependence between 5° and 115°. Sand depicted a nonmonotonous functional contact angle dependency, that is, a transition from maximal trapping to no trapping, followed by an increase to medium trapping. In contrast, glass beads showed a sharp transition from no trapping to maximal trapping. Since both porous media exhibit similar morphological properties (similar Minkowski functions: porosity, surface density, mean curvature density, Euler number density), we deduce that this difference in behavior is caused by the difference in surface roughness that allows complete wetting and hence precursor thick‐film flow for natural sands. Experimental results on micromodels verified this hypothesis.
Cyclin D1 targets hexokinase 2 to control aerobic glycolysis in myeloma cells
Authors: Caillot M. , Bourgeais J. , Dakik H. , Costé É. , Mazure N. M. , Lelièvre É. , Coqueret O. , Hérault O. , Mazurier F. , Sola B.
Published: July 2020

Cancer cells are characterized by the Warburg effect, a shift from mitochondrial respiration to oxidative glycolysis. We report here the crucial role of cyclin D1 in promoting this effect in a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6-independent manner in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We show that the cyclin D1 oncoprotein targets hexokinase 2 (HK2), a major glycolysis regulator, through two original molecular mechanisms in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. In the cytoplasm, cyclin D1 binds HK2 at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and in the nucleus, it binds hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), which regulates HK2 gene transcription. We also show that high levels of HK2 expression are correlated with shorter event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in MM patients. HK2 may therefore be considered as a possible target for antimyeloma therapy.
Understanding rat emotional responses to CO2
Authors: Améndola Lucía , Weary Daniel. M.
Published: July 2020

The aim of this review is to summarize evidence regarding rat emotional experiences during carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure. The studies reviewed show that CO2exposure is aversive to rats, and that rats respond to CO2exposure with active and passive defense behaviors. Plasma corticosterone and bradycardia increased in rats exposed to CO2. As with anxiogenic drugs, responses to CO2are counteracted by the administration of anxiolytics, SRIs, and SSRI’s. Human studies reviewed indicate that, when inhaling CO2, humans experience feelings of anxiety fear and panic, and that administration of benzodiazepines, serotonin precursors, and SSRIs ameliorate these feelings. In vivo and in vitro rat studies reviewed show that brain regions, ion channels, and neurotransmitters involved in negative emotional responses are activated by hypercapnia and acidosis associated with CO2exposure. On the basis of the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological evidence reviewed, we conclude that CO2elicits negative emotions in rats.