bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatores associados à dor musculoesquelética em estudantes de enfermagem
Authors: Morais Bruna Xavier , Magnago Tânia Solange Bosi de Souza , Cauduro Graziela Maria Rosa , Dalmolin Graziele de Lima , Pedro Cecília Mariane Pinheiro , Gonçalves Naiane Glaciele da Costa
Published: September 2017

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência e fatores associados à dor musculoesquelética em estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em 2014, com 149 estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública no Sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se questionário com questões sociodemográficas, acadêmicas, de saúde e a versão brasileira do Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. A associação foi estimada pela Odds Ratio e seus intervalos de confiança. Resultados: nos últimos sete dias, predominou dor musculoesquelética na região lombar (61,1%) e pescoço (54,4%). Observou-se associação de dor na região do pescoço com o uso de bebida alcoólica (OR=2,84; IC95%=1,28-6,29), nas pernas com fazer vivências acadêmicas (OR=2,03; IC95%=1,05–4,00), e nos ombros com não realizar atividade física (OR=2,13; IC95%=1,01– 4,45) e não ter tempo para o lazer (OR= 2,08; IC95%= 1,03–4,22). Conclusões: devido ao elevado percentual de dor musculoesquelética, faz-se necessária adoção de medidas de prevenção desse agravo ainda na academia.
Nutritional Status among Children under Five Years in Amman, Jordan
Authors: El Azhari Mohammad , Slaih Ahmad Abu , S. Khader Yousef , Al-Musa Abdulhalim , Iblan Ibrahim
Published: September 2017

Objectives: There is scarcity of data on malnutrition among children in Jordan. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the nutritional status and estimate the prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, and wasting and their associated factors among children under five.
Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2017 among children under five years in Amman, Jordan. All Jordanian children under five years who visited the selected health centers for vaccination or accompanied their mothers during the study period were included in this study. Mothers or caregivers of children were interviewed face-to face using the study questionnaire. Weight in kilograms and height in centimeters were measured for all children. Anthropometric indices were calculated using reference medians recommended by the World Health Organization.
Results: This study included a total of 923 (463 boys and 460 girls) children. The prevalence rates of stunting, underweight, and wasting were 6.2%, 3.8%, and 2.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that low birth weight was significantly associated with stunting (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.4,6.0; p-value=0.003) and underweight (OR =5.6, 95% CI: 2.5,12.3, p-value <0.001). Compared to exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding was associated with increased odds of stunting (OR =2, 95% CI: 1.1-3.9, p-value =0.029) and underweight (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.002, 5.0; p = 0.049). None of the variables were significantly associated with wasting.
Conclusions: The prevalence rates of stunting, wasting and undernutrition among children under five years in Jordan are low. Low birth weight and mixed feeding were associated with higher rates of malnutrition.
The Impact of Maternal Employment on Infant Weight-, Length- and BMI-for-Age Based upon WHO Growth Chart Standards
Authors: A. Al-Zeidaneen Safaa , S. Al-Bayyari Nahla , A. Al-Zidaneen Marwa
Published: September 2017

Background: The infancy is a time of phenomenal growth and development. Infant of working mothers have a special concern as they have less time for their infant care.
Objective: The present study aims to assess length, weight and BMI of Jordanian infants in nursery in reference to WHO growth chart standard for age Z-score and to study the impact of mothers’ work on their infant’s growth.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 92 infants aged between 3-12 months randomly and recruited from nurseries in Amman, Jordan. All selected infants their mothers are employed and working for at least 8 hour per day. The participants were divided according to gender (male; female) and age group as the following: 3-6 months; 7-9 months; and 10-12 months.
Results: The prevalence of overweight or obesity was 15.2% in all studied infants. Overweight or obesity was more prevalent among female infants aged 3-6 months and among male infants aged 7-12 months. No infant (0.00%) regardless of gender or age group was underweight, stunting nor wasting per WHO standards of BMI for age z-score.
Conclusion: Most infants of Jordanian working mothers seemingly have normal growth in weight and length and few of them were overweight or obese according to WHO standard of BMI for age z-score. These indicated that Jordan work polices support working mothers and their infants to have better health and development.
Possibilidades do ensino de química envolvendo a industrialização de alimentos
Authors: Rigueto Cesar Vinicius Toniciolli , Guedes Sumaya Ferreira , Kochhann Maria Elisabete Rambo , Leal Izabella Fernanda Mendes , Carvalho José Wilson Pires
Published: September 2017

O processo de ensino-aprendizagem é dinâmico, devendo promover formação cidadã e proporcionar ao aluno vivencias que possam ser relacionadas com seu dia-a-dia. Nesse contexto, as oficinas realizadas com alunos de escolas públicas participantes do projeto Novos Talentos financiado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do pessoal do Nível Superior - Capes, buscou aproximar a teoria com a prática abordando a vida cotidiana e interação com os alimentos. Para tanto, foram intercaladas exposições teóricas sobre, soluções, coloides, processos indústrias e controle de qualidade de alimentos com atividades práticas. Essas atividades despertaram o interesse dos alunos pelos assuntos tratados, assim como, a curiosidade sobre os fenômenos observados, afastando o rótulo de difícil e enfadonho, geralmente associado aos conteúdos tratados pela disciplina de química.
Internal Deformation of Lithosphere Beneath Central Tibet
Authors: Zhang Heng , Zhao Dapeng , Zhao Junmeng , Hu Zhaoguo
Published: September 2017

We use a large number of high‐quality P wave arrival time data recorded by the Hi‐CLIMB project to determine a 3‐D model of azimuthal anisotropy tomography beneath central Tibet. In the Himalayan block, variations of fast velocity orientation (FVO) are revealed from the crust to the upper mantle. In contrast, the FVO in the Lhasa block exhibits only a slight difference between the lower crust and upper mantle, reflecting a coherent deformation there. Different FVOs are revealed near the Bangong‐Nujiang suture, which may reflect anisotropies in different parts of the underthrusting Indian plate. In the upper mantle beneath the Qiangtang block, a strong anisotropy is revealed in the shallower part, whereas a weak anisotropy appears in the deeper part, suggesting that a two‐layer anisotropy model is applicable there. A layered lithosphere is detected in the eastern part of the Lhasa block, whereas a consistent FVO is revealed in its western part. Our results indicate that strong deformation has occurred in both the Indian and Eurasian lithospheres.
Spatiotemporal Variations of Mesoscale Eddies in the Sulu Sea
Authors: He Yinghui , Feng Ming , Xie Jieshuo , Liu Junliang , Chen Zhiwu , Xu Jiexin , Fang Wendong , Cai Shuqun
Published: September 2017

Mesoscale eddies have been observed in the Sulu Sea, but their characteristics have not been well described. This study investigates the eddy population in the Sulu Sea using 22 years of satellite altimeter data with high spatiotemporal resolution. On average, there are approximately 1.6 eddies observed in the Sulu Sea each day and 1.8 eddy tracks generated each month. Two of the main eddy genesis regions are west of Negros Island and the Zamboanga Peninsula. The mean radius, lifespan and propagation speed of the eddies are 76.6 km, 32 days and 4.5 cm/s, respectively. The eddy radius and amplitude are generally large in the central Sulu Sea but small on its margin. The mean eddy kinetic energy and vorticity generally monotonically decrease from south to north, consistent with the distributions of background current kinetic energy. Over the seasonal cycle, there are more cyclonic eddies during boreal winter, and they tend to have a larger amplitude and radius than the other 3 seasons, while there are more anti‐cyclonic eddies during boreal summer, and they tend to have a larger amplitude and radius than the other 3 seasons. The instability of the mean current and the island gap wind jets are the two key eddy genesis mechanisms in the Sulu Sea.
Influence of Solar and Lunar Tides on the Mesopause Region as Observed in Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes Characteristics
Authors: Dalin P. , Kirkwood S. , Pertsev N. , Perminov V.
Published: September 2017

Long‐term observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) from 2002 to 2012 are investigated with the aim to statistically study the effects of solar thermal migrating and lunar gravitational tides on aerosol layers and their environment at altitudes 80–90 km. The solar and lunar tidal periodicities are clearly present in PMSE data. For the first time, both amplitudes and phases of solar and lunar tides are estimated using PMSE data from the ESRAD radar located at Esrange (Sweden). The diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal solar migrating tides show pronounced periodicities in the PMSE strength and wind velocity components. Lunar tides demonstrate clear oscillations in the PMSE strength and wind velocities as well. “canonical” lunar gravitational tides, corresponding to the lunar gravitational potential, produce rather large amplitudes and are comparable to the solar thermal tides, whereas “noncanonical” lunar oscillations have minor effects on PMSE layers, but are still statistically significant. The influence of diurnal/semidiurnal tides and monthly/semimonthly tidal components is studied separately. Our estimations of solar thermal and lunar tidal amplitudes are in good agreement with those of previous model and experimental studies. A new mechanism of quadratic demodulation of the solar semidiurnal and lunar semidiurnal tides is shown to be valid at the summer mesopause and can explain periodical PMSE oscillations due to the lunar synodic semimonthly tide with period of 14.77 days. Two harmonics with periods of 27.0 and 13.5 days supposedly representing the solar rotation cycle are also clearly present in PMSE data.
The Impacts of Meteorology on the Seasonal and Interannual Variabilities of Ozone Transport From North America to East Asia
Authors: Zhu Ye , Liu Jane , Wang Tijian , Zhuang Bingliang , Han Han , Wang Hengmao , Chang Yi , Ding Ke
Published: September 2017

The transport of North American (NA) ozone to East Asia is investigated through the analysis of a 20 year simulation (1987–2006) using a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) and forward trajectories during the 1990s at three NA sites. NA ozone mainly influences northern East Asia (> 30°N), where NA ozone in the free troposphere peaks in spring and fall (~12 ppbv). At the surface, NA ozone ranges from 2 to 7 ppbv and peaks in winter, ~50% of which is from the NA boundary layer. The seasonality of the imported NA ozone reflects the combined effects of meteorology and chemistry. In summer, NA ozone can be diverted from reaching East Asia by strong downdrafts behind the European trough. In winter, the prevailing monsoon climate in East Asia can boost downdrafts of NA ozone to the surface. In spring and fall, the westerlies are stronger and shift farther south than in summer, bring more NA ozone to the East Asian (EA) free troposphere than in summer. The imported NA ozone at the EA surface also varies with interannual meteorology. This interannual variation is found to closely correlate to the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The stronger the EAWM in a winter is, the stronger are the downdrafts bringing more NA ozone to the EA surface in that winter and the subsequent spring. Because the anthropogenic NA emissions have decreased since 1999, the year an emission inventory was used in the simulation, the simulated NA influence may serve as an upper limit.
Impacts of Initial Soil Moisture and Vegetation on the Diurnal Temperature Range in Arid and Semiarid Regions in China
Authors: Yuan Guanghui , Zhang Lei , Liang Jiening , Cao Xianjie , Guo Qi , Yang Zhaohong
Published: September 2017

To assess the impacts of initial soil moisture (SMOIS) and the vegetation fraction (Fg) on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) in arid and semiarid regions in China, three simulations using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model are conducted by modifying the SMOIS, surface emissivity and Fg. SMOIS affects the daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and daily minimum temperature (Tmin) by altering the distribution of available energy between sensible and latent heat fluxes during the day and by altering the surface emissivity at night. Reduced soil wetness can increase both the Tmax and Tmin, but the effect on the DTR is determined by the relative strength of the effects on Tmax and Tmin. Observational data from the Semi‐Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) and the Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental Station (SPD) suggest that the magnitude of the SMOIS effect on the distribution of available energy during the day is larger than that on surface emissivity at night. In other words, SMOIS has a negative effect on the DTR. Changes in Fg modify the surface radiation and the energy budget. Due to the depth of the daytime convective boundary layer, the temperature in daytime is affected less than in nighttime by the radiation and energy budget. Increases in surface emissivity and decreases in soil heating resulting from increased Fg mainly decrease Tmin, thereby increasing the DTR. The effects of SMOIS and Fg on both Tmax and Tmin are the same, but the effects on DTR are the opposite.
Optical Properties of Aerosols and Implications for Radiative Effects in Beijing During the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2014
Authors: Zhou Yaqing , Wang Qiyuan , Huang Rujin , Liu Suixin , Tie Xuexi , Su Xiaoli , Niu Xinyi , Zhao Zhuzi , Ni Haiyan , Wang Meng , Zhang Yonggang , Cao Junji
Published: September 2017

An intensive measurement campaign was conducted in Beijing during the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit 2014 to investigate the effectiveness of stringent emission controls on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing (DRF). Average values of PM2.5, light scattering (bscat), and light absorption (babs) coefficients decreased by 40, 64, and 56%, respectively, during the APEC control period compared with noncontrol periods. For the APEC control period, the PM2.5 mass scattering and absorption efficiencies were both smaller than the noncontrol period by a factor of ~2. Calculations based on a revised IMPROVE method and linear regression showed that sulfate, nitrate, organic matter, elemental carbon, and fine soil contributed comparably to the light extinction coefficient (bext) in both periods, but the bext values were 27–64% lower during the APEC period. A positive matrix factorization receptor model showed that bext from two secondary aerosol sources, biomass burning, traffic‐related emissions, and coal burning decreased by 26–87% during the APEC control period. The average DRF calculated from the Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible radiation model was −11.9 and −4.6 W m−2 at the surface during the noncontrol and APEC control periods, respectively, suggesting an overall cooling effect. The reduction of DRF from each emission source ranged from ~30–80% during the APEC control period. The results suggest that the pollution control measures implemented for APEC substantially reduced air pollution and could help mitigate the cooling effects of aerosols at the surface in Beijing.
Application of a PCA‐Based Fast Radiative Transfer Model to XCO2 Retrievals in the Shortwave Infrared
Authors: Somkuti P. , Boesch H. , Natraj V. , Kopparla P.
Published: September 2017

In this work, we extend the principal component analysis (PCA)‐based approach to accelerate radiative transfer (RT) calculations by accounting for the spectral variation of aerosol properties. Using linear error analysis, the errors induced by this fast RT method are quantified for a large number of simulated Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) measurements (N≈ 30,000). The computational speedup of the approach is typically 2 orders of magnitude compared to a line‐by‐line discrete ordinates calculation with 16 streams, while the radiance residuals do not exceed 0.01% for the most part compared to the same baseline calculations. We find that the errors due to the PCA‐based approach tend to be less than ±0.06 ppm for both land and ocean scenes when two or more empirical orthogonal functions are used. One advantage of this method is that it maintains the high accuracy over a large range of aerosol optical depths. This technique shows great potential to be used in operational retrievals for GOSAT and other remote sensing missions.
Development of Algorithm for Discriminating Hydrometeor Particle Types With a Synergistic Use of CloudSat and CALIPSO
Authors: Kikuchi M. , Okamoto H. , Sato K. , Suzuki K. , Cesana G. , Hagihara Y. , Takahashi N. , Hayasaka T. , Oki R.
Published: September 2017

We developed a method for classifying hydrometeor particle types, including cloud and precipitation phase and ice crystal habit, by a synergistic use of CloudSat/Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)/Cloud‐Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). We investigated how the cloud phase and ice crystal habit characterized by CALIOP globally relate with radar reflectivity and temperature. The global relationship thus identified was employed to develop an algorithm for hydrometeor type classification with CPR alone. The CPR‐based type classification was then combined with CALIPSO‐based type characterization to give CPR‐CALIOP synergy classification. A unique aspect of this algorithm is to exploit and combine the lidar's sensitivity to thin ice clouds and the radar's ability to penetrate light precipitation to offer more complete picture of vertically resolved hydrometeor type classification than has been provided by previous studies. Given the complementary nature of radar and lidar detections of hydrometeors, our algorithm delivers 13 hydrometeor types: warm water, supercooled water, randomly oriented ice crystal (3D‐ice), horizontally oriented plate (2D‐plate), 3D‐ice + 2D‐plate, liquid drizzle, mixed‐phase drizzle, rain, snow, mixed‐phase cloud, water + liquid drizzle, water + rain, and unknown. The global statistics of three‐dimensional occurrence frequency of each hydrometeor type revealed that 3D‐ice contributes the most to the total cloud occurrence frequency (53.8%), followed by supercooled water (14.3%), 2D‐plate (9.2%), rain (5.9%), warm water (5.7%), snow (4.8%), mixed‐phase drizzle (2.3%), and the remaining types (4.0%). This hydrometeor type classification provides observation‐based insight for climate model diagnostics in representation of cloud phase and their microphysical characteristics.
Late Spring Nitrate Distributions Beneath the Ice‐Covered Northeastern Chukchi Shelf
Authors: Arrigo Kevin R. , Mills Matthew M. , van Dijken Gert L. , Lowry Kate E. , Pickart Robert S. , Schlitzer Reiner
Published: September 2017

Measurements of late springtime nutrient concentrations in Arctic waters are relatively rare due to the extensive sea ice cover that makes sampling difficult. During the SUBICE (Study of Under‐ice Blooms In the Chukchi Ecosystem) cruise in May–June 2014, an extensive survey of hydrography and prebloom concentrations of inorganic macronutrients, oxygen, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and chlorophyll a was conducted in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Cold (<−1.5°C) winter water was prevalent throughout the study area, and the water column was weakly stratified. Nitrate (NO3−) concentration averaged 12.6 ± 1.92 μM in surface waters and 14.0 ± 1.91 μM near the bottom and was significantly correlated with salinity. The highest NO3− concentrations were associated with winter water within the Central Channel flow path. NO3− concentrations were much reduced near the northern shelf break within the upper halocline waters of the Canada Basin and along the eastern side of the shelf near the Alaskan coast. Net community production (NCP), estimated as the difference in depth‐integrated NO3− content between spring (this study) and summer (historical), varied from 28 to 38 g C m−2 a−1. This is much lower than previous NCP estimates that used NO3− concentrations from the southeastern Bering Sea as a baseline. These results demonstrate the importance of using profiles of NO3− measured as close to the beginning of the spring bloom as possible when estimating local NCP. They also show that once the snow melts in spring, increased light transmission through the sea ice to the waters below the ice could fuel large phytoplankton blooms over a much wider area than previously known.
Estimation and Uncertainty of Recent Carbon Accumulation and Vertical Accretion in Drained and Undrained Forested Peatlands of the Southeastern USA
Authors: Drexler Judith Z. , Fuller Christopher C. , Orlando James , Salas Antonia , Wurster Frederic C. , Duberstein Jamie A.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine how drainage impacts carbon densities and recent rates (past 50 years) of vertical accretion and carbon accumulation in southeastern forested peatlands. We compared these parameters in drained maple‐gum (MAPL), Atlantic white cedar (CDR), and pocosin (POC) communities in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GDS) of Virginia/North Carolina and in an intact (undrained) CDR swamp in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge (AR) of North Carolina. Peat cores were analyzed for bulk density, percent organic carbon, and 137Cs and 210Pb. An uncertainty analysis of both 137Cs and 210Pb approaches was used to constrain error at least partially related to mobility of both radioisotopes. GDS peats had lower porosities (89.6% (SD = 1.71) versus 95.3% (0.18)) and higher carbon densities (0.082 (0.021) versus 0.037 (0.009) g C cm−3) than AR. Vertical accretion rates (0.10–0.56 cm yr−1) were used to estimate a time period of ~84–362 years for reestablishment of peat lost during the 2011 Lateral West fire at the GDS. Carbon accumulation rates ranged from 51 to 389 g C m−2 yr−1 for all sites. In the drained (GDS) versus intact (AR) CDR sites, carbon accumulation rates were similar with 137Cs (87GDS versus 92AR g C m−2 yr−1) and somewhat less at the GDS than AR as determined with 210Pb (111GDS versus 159AR g C m−2 yr−1). Heightened productivity and high polyphenol content of peat may be responsible for similar rates of carbon accumulation in both drained and intact CDR peatlands.
Expansion of the Plant Cell Wall
Authors: Cosgrove Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Wall Stress Relaxation, Water Uptake and Cell Enlargement

Alternative Models of the Plant Cell Wall

The Meaning of Wall Loosening and Wall Extensibility

Time Scales for Changes in Cell Growth

Candidates for Wall‐Loosening Agents

Expansins

Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolases (XTHs)

Endo‐1,4‐β‐D‐Glucanases

Non‐Enzymatic Scission of Wall Polysaccharides by Hydroxyl Radicals

Yieldin
Cell Wall Disassembly
Authors: Rose Jocelyn K.C. , Catalá Carmen , Gonzalez‐Carranza Zinnia H. , Roberts Jeremy A.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fruit Softening

Abscission and Dehiscence

Other Examples of Cell Wall Disassembly

Conclusions, Questions and Future Directions

Acknowledgements
To Stack or not to Stack: The Yeast
G
olgi Apparatus
Authors: Glick Benjamin S.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Golgi Organization in Budding Yeasts

G
olgi Apparatus Organization in Fission Yeasts

Comparison of Yeast and Plant
G
olgi Structures

Acknowledgements
Intra‐Golgi Transport: Escalator or Bucket Brigade?
Authors: Nebenführ Andreas
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

The Problem

The Models

The Data

The Solution?

The Implications
Sorting of Storage Proteins in the PlantGolgi Apparatus
Authors: Hinz Giselbert , Herman Eliot M.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Seed Storage Proteins and Ancillary Proteins are Stored in Two Different Types of Storage Organelles, Protein Bodies and Protein Storage Vacuoles

Origin ofPSVsand Relationship to Lytic Vacuole

Golgi‐Mediated Sorting of Storage Proteins into thePSVs

Vacuolar Sorting Signals are Recognized by aGolgi‐Localized Sorting Machinery

Golgi Apparatus Transport Vesicles in Seeds

Putative Sorting Mechanisms

Vacuolar Sorting Pathways are not Exclusive for a Certain Cell Type

Autophagy Constitutes an Alternative, Novel Route Bypassing Progression through theGolgi Apparatus for the Vacuolar Accumulation of Storage Proteins during Seed Maturation

Perspectives of Future Research
Rab Proteins and theGolgi Apparatus
Authors: Rutherford Stephen , Moore Ian
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Molecular Basis of Vesicle Targeting at the PlantGolgi

TheRabDGroup (Related toRab1)

TheRabBGroup (Related toRab2)

TheRabEGroup (Related toRab8)

TheRabHGroup (Related to MammalianRab6)

TheRabAGroup (Related to MammalianRab11)

Conclusions
Glycosyltransferases in the Plant
G
olgi
Authors: Steinkellner Herta , Strasser Richard
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

β1,2‐
N
‐Acetylglucosaminyltransferase
I

β1,2‐
N
‐Acetylglucosaminyltransferase
II

β1,2‐Xylosyltransferase

Core α1,3‐Fucosyltransferase

Lewis a Type
GTs
: α1,4‐Fucosyltransferase and β1,3‐Galactosyltransferase

Conclusion and Future Perspective

Acknowledgements
SNAREComponents and Mechanisms of Exocytosis in Plants
Authors: Blatt M.R. , Thiel G.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Integration and Regulation of Secretion in Plants

Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Vesicle Fusion

SNAREGenomics

Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgements
The Role of Post‐Translational Enzyme Modifications in the Metabolic Adaptations of Phosphorus‐Deprived Plants
Authors: Plaxton William C. , Shane Michael W.
Published: September 2017

Post‐translational modification (PTM) is the covalent alteration of a functional group of a specific amino acid residue within a particular protein. Diverse proteinPTMsrepresent pivotal regulatory mechanisms that integrate signalling, development, gene expression, metabolism, and stress responses in plant and animal cells. ThesePTMs: (i) are often genetically predetermined, rapid, interconnected, and reversible; and (ii) can not only dramatically alter an enzyme's activity but may also generate specificPTM‐dependent docking sites that influence its interactions with other proteins. The aim of this chapter is to highlight three crucialPTMs(phosphorylation, monoubiquitination, and glycosylation) and to provide examples of their participation in thein‐vivofunction and control of several key enzymes that facilitate plant acclimatisation to soluble phosphate (Pi) ‐deficient soils. Pinpointing the impact of altered Pi supply on the prevalence, mechanisms and functions of enzymePTMswill make an important contribution to the implementation of effective biotechnological strategies for engineering crops having enhanced P‐acquisition and P‐use efficiency.
Acculturation Processes and Communication
Authors: Kim Young Yun
Published: September 2017

Millions of people cross cultural boundaries each year (→ Migration and Immigration). Immigrants and refugees seek a new life away from their familiar grounds, along with various groups of temporary sojourners – from employees of multinational corporations, missionaries, diplomats, and military personnel, to professors, researchers, high school and college students, musicians and artists, and doctors and nurses. Although individual circumstances may differ widely, all strangers in a new environment embark on the common project ofacculturation.
Advertising Strategies
Authors: van den Putte Bas
Published: September 2017

Advertising strategy is the set of decisions an organization takes with respect to the employment of → advertising to reach one or more objectives among a specific target group. Each advertising strategy is based on the → marketing strategy that encompasses the strategic decisions regarding all marketing activities, such as packaging, price, distribution, and promotion. Within this set of marketing activities, advertising is part of the promotion strategy. Besides defining target group and communication objectives, main parts of the advertising strategy are message strategy and → media planning strategy (→ Advertising Frequency and Timing).
Exposure to Radio
Authors: Schramm Holger
Published: September 2017

Radio is the medium with the highest relevance for media users in daily life – at least with respect to the amount of exposure time (→ Radio; Radio: Social History). People in Western industrialized countries listen to radio for about three hours each day, with up to 80 percent of weekly reach (Table 1).
Femininity and Feminine Values
Authors: Macdonald Myra
Published: September 2017

Femininity and feminine values refer to the qualities of appearance, behavior and practices conventionally attributed to women. Feminist thinking strongly endorses the view that these qualities are not innate, but exist as ideological constructs, defined in opposition to masculinity and masculine values (→ Masculinity and the Media; News Ideologies). The superiority ascribed to masculinity in patriarchal thinking devalues the “feminine,” despite assigning it some positive characteristics. As ideological constructs, femininity and feminine values are differently inflected in diverse cultures. White Anglo American definitions and perspectives have predominated in western writing but are being increasingly challenged by postcolonial feminist thinking (→ Feminist Media Studies, Transnational).
Illustrated Newspapers
Authors: Martin Michèle , Bacot Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2017

The
first illustrated
→ magazine to be published in the world, according to Jackson (1885), was the
Penny Magazine
of Charles Knight, launched in London in 1832. This publication was promoted by the Society for the Development of Useful Knowledge, of which Knight was a founder. Inspired by encyclopedism, its content mainly concerned “useful knowledge,” namely, information that aimed at educating the public (→ Magazine, History of). Each issue of the magazine comprised dozens of wood engravings that contributed to the explosion of the market for papers, which, until then, had not been illustrated. The engravings also immediately boosted the publishing industry and the occupation of wood engravers. Engravers trained by Thomas Bewick were responsible for the prevalence of the English model in other countries. The French
Magasin pittoresque
and the German
Pfennig Magazin
had to hire English engravers for years before they could train their own. Consequently, they often published illustrations with English topics, which intensely annoyed their readers!
International Communication Agencies
Authors: Raboy Marc , Mawani Aysha
Published: September 2017

Several emerging and existing international communication agencies spearhead the governance of the global media and communications environment. International communication agencies have both specialized and collective responsibilities to advance multilateral and multi‐stakeholder cooperation and collaboration on the broad issues of global media governance, including the development of regulation instruments and guidelines for intellectual property, media concentration and ownership, communication and network infrastructure, as well as promoting communication in the interests of human rights and economic, social and cultural development objectives (→ Copyright; Concentration in Media Systems; Ownership in the Media; Development Communication; Development Support Communication). International communication agencies either fall under the aegis of the United Nations, or emerge as independent, international authorities, entities in and of themselves (→ United Nations, Communication Policies of).
K
wangju Student Uprising
Authors: Young‐su Won
Published: September 2017

Though the Yushin regime (1972–9) came to an end with the assassination of President Park Chung‐hee on October 26, 1979, the military conspirators had no intention of giving up power. The military coup d'etat of December 12, 1979 led by Chun Doo‐hwan paved the way for a new military regime. But in the following spring there was a massive upsurge for democratization in universities, factories, and mines, and an overwhelming majority of people demanded the immediate end of military rule and the realization of democratic politics. May 15, 1980 was the culmination of this Spring of Democratization. On that day, over 100,000 students and citizens gathered in a mass rally in front of Seoul Station, demanding the full‐scale democratization of Korean society through the abolition of martial law and the elimination of the remnants of the Yushin regime. In response, the military imposed martial law upon the entire country on May 17 and swiftly arrested most student activists and prominent opposition leaders, including Kim Dae‐jung. In response, the students and people of the city of Kwangju, a strong political base for Dae‐jung, rose up.
L
a
M
atanza

1932 Peasant Revolt
Authors: Brett Edward T.
Published: September 2017

Matanza
, which in Spanish simply means massacre, is the name commonly used by Salva‐dorans for the peasant uprising of January 1932 in El Salvador and the slaughter of between 15,000 and 30,000 mostly Pipil Indians that followed.
Labor Revolutionary Currents,
U
nited
S
tates, 20th Century
Authors: Le Blanc Paul
Published: September 2017

Revolutionary challenges to capitalism are inherent in the nature of the labor movement, which sometimes finds reflection even in some of the more conservative elements of organized labor. At the same time, however, self‐consciously revolutionary currents – led by various socialist, communist, and anarchist elements – have at times led key struggles to advance the interests of the working class in the United States.
L
ame,
M
anuel
Q
uintín (1880–1967),
I
ndian/Peasant Organization, and the Struggle for Land in
C
olombia, 1920s–1930s
Authors: Burkert Olga
Published: September 2017

Manuel Quintín Lame was the most important indigenous leader in Colombia in the twentieth century. Born October 31, 1880 on the Hacienda San Isidro in the northwest of Colombia, Lame grew up illiterate with five brothers and sisters in a poor peasant family that belonged to the indigenous Paez people. At this time in the Colombian region of Cauca, it was common practice for indigenous people not to own land; instead, they lived as tenants on the land of large landholders whom they had to pay in hours of work. Through his uncle, Lame's interest in reading grew and he learned how to read and write. In 1901 he entered the army of the Conservative Party, where he stayed until 1903 after the conclusion of the Thousand Days' War. On leaving, he asked for a piece of land near his father's house.
L
andau,
K
urt (1903–1937)
Authors: Briel Holger
Published: September 2017

Kurt Landau was born on January 29, 1903 in Vienna, the son of a wealthy Jewish wine merchant, and was an eminent non‐aligned Austrian Marxist. He was elected leader of the Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (Austrian Communist Party) (KPÖ) in Vienna‐Wahring, but became disillusioned with the Stalinist grip on power and the persecution of Leon Trotsky. As cultural editor of the communist newspaper
Rote Fahne
(Red Flag), Landau defended Trotskyist positions, including the notion of permanent revolution with democratic elements. Together with other rebels, Landau was expelled from the KPÖ during 1926 and 1927. In 1929, on Trotsky's suggestion, Landau moved to Germany to unify communist factions. He set up in the Berlin area of Wedding, traditionally a leftist workers' quarter, and organized the
Roter Wedding
(Red Wedding) movement. He was elected onto the Provisional National Leadership Board of the Linke Opposition der KPD (Bolschewiki‐Leninisten) as the liaison to the International Bureau and wrote for the newspaper
Der Kommunist
.
Landauer,Gustav (1870–1919)
Authors: Cohn Jesse
Published: September 2017

Gustav Landauer was an anarchist organizer, theorist, and writer whose importance to a history of revolution is twofold: first, in terms of his own revolutionary practice, and second, in terms of his contribution to a radical revision of theories of revolution.
L
ehr‐und‐
W
ehr
V
ereine
Authors: Goyens Tom
Published: September 2017

Lehr‐und‐Wehr Vereine (Education and Defense Societies) emerged in the 1870s in the United States and became a controversial component of the German radical movement, although similar working‐class self‐defense groups existed among radical Irish and Czech immigrants. Lehr‐und‐Wehr Vereine trace their origin to the Turner (gymnastics) associations, the Swiss military organization Hilf Dir (Help Yourself), and the various ethnic battle units during the American Civil War.
Li Lisan (1899–1967)
Authors: Pantsov Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

Li Lisan, whose real name was Li Longzhi, was among the most important leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in its early years. Li was born in Liling County, Hunan, to the family of an intellectual. After completing his secondary education, in 1919 he sailed from China to France to participate in a work‐study program. He was arrested in France in 1920 and deported to China. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and in 1922 was a leader of the famous Anyuan miners' strike. In 1923 he was appointed secretary of the Wuhan Regional CCP Committee. The following year he became secretary of the Labor Commission of the Shanghai Regional CCP Committee, and in 1925 he headed the Shanghai Trade Union Council.
Liu Shaoqi (1898–1969)
Authors: Pantsov Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

Liu Shaoqi was among the best known of the Chinese revolutionary leaders, perhaps second only to Mao Zedong. At the height of his career, in the 1950s and into the 1960s, Liu was designated by Mao to be his successor as China's undisputed leader. But during the Cultural Revolution that began in 1966 Liu fell from grace and, as Mao's chief factional opponent, became the target of one of history's greatest campaigns of vilification. Reviled as a morally corrupt counterrevolutionary traitor, Liu was stripped of power, imprisoned, and died in disgrace.
Locke, John (1632–1704)
Authors: Hatmaker Amy
Published: September 2017

John Locke challenged prevailing perceptions about government, human reasoning, religious toleration, and education. His influence can be seen in the theories of the Enlightenment and in the American Revolution.
Lorenzo, Anselmo (1841–1914)
Authors: Roldan‐Figueroa Rady
Published: September 2017

Anselmo Lorenzo played an important role in the creation of the Spanish Regional Federation (FRE), the Spanish section of the International Working Men's Association (IWMA). He was born in Toledo (central Spain) to a family of modest means. His parents sent him away to live with an uncle in Madrid, where he eventually became a typographer. He attended the activities at the civic club
Fomento de las Artes. Fomento
served as a hub for progressive ideas and it had the ongoing support of federalists under the influence of Francisco Pi y Margall. Juan Serrano y Oteiza was a frequent speaker at these meetings. Giuseppe Fanelli, after his arrival in the Spanish capital in November 1868, also relied on the social networks behind
Fomento de las Artes.
Fanelli was the emissary of Bakunin in Spain. His mission was to facilitate the creation of a Spanish affiliate of the IWMA and of the Bakuninist International Alliance of Socialist Democracy. Lorenzo was deeply impressed by Fanelli. He even left a vivid account of his encounter with Fanelli in his autobiographical work,
The Militant Proletariat
(1902).
Luxembourg, Protest and Revolution
Authors: Reinherz Adam
Published: September 2017

The long tradition of revolt and protest in Luxembourg extends from the country's domination by the Spanish Hapsburgs (1556–1684), France (1684–97), Spain (1697–1714), Austria (1714–95), and France again in 1795 during the French revolutionary wars. Under French rule Luxembourg was divided and a Constitution of the Directory was imposed, in addition to a modern state bureaucracy. Finally in 1798, after conscription laws required Luxembourgers to enter the French army, they revolted. Because the rebellion was led by Luxembourg's lower class, it was referred to as “the peasants war,” or “the war of the cudgels”
(Klppelkrieg)
. Luxembourgian peasants courageously resisted their adversaries, but, without sufficient arms, military expertise, or the support of the upper class and noble Luxembourgers, they were easily defeated. In response, France executed all those peasants who had participated in the revolt.
Luxemburg, Rosa (1870–1919)
Authors: Le Blanc Paul
Published: September 2017

Rosa Luxemburg was born in a Poland divided under German and Russian domination, and she played a role in the revolutionary movement of each country. Her influence has been global, however, since her contributions place her within the very heart of the Marxist tradition.
Madagascar, Protests and Revolts, 19th and 20th Centuries
Authors: Freeman Luke
Published: September 2017

Popular resistance to state authority in Madagascar during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had two primary causes. First, the majority rural population had frequently been exploited by successive regimes whilst receiving few benefits in return. Second, the significant political and cultural influence of Europeans had fueled a recurrent nationalist sentiment calling for independence and a reassertion of “traditional” Malagasy authority and values.
Mafia, Organized Crime, and Social Protest
Authors: Pezzino Paolo
Published: September 2017

Some social scientists and historians who have studied the activity of the Mafia have shown it to be not simply organized crime, but rather a collective social behavior that, while deviant to state laws, nonetheless responds to cultural honor and community social codes. Indeed, historian Eric Hobsbawm has depicted the Mafia as a primitive form of social protest. This image of the Mafia, widely reflected in the mass media, has no foundation in reality. Historical research has demonstrated, on the contrary, that the role of the code of honor has been, and still is, that of a compact among a violent elite against the external world. In the context of Mafia action, the honor of the
Mafioso
and
omertà
(conspiracy of silence) appears not as widespread subculture, but rather as a set of behaviors forcefully commanded by the violent elite, in a game in which
Mafiosi
and ruling classes both manipulate cultural codes to gain social and political dominance.
Malawi National Liberation
Authors: Sibanda Eliakim
Published: September 2017

Historically, Malawi's population was centered in the fertile southern highlands and a thin belt along the shores of Lake Nyasa in Africa. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a smaller number and percentage of Europeans colonized the land than in nearby colonies. The 1945 census found that 99.7 percent of the 2 million residents of Malawi were African.
Mandel, Ernest (1923–1995)
Authors: Smith David Michael
Published: September 2017

Born in Belgium, Ernest Mandel became a revolutionary Marxist as a teenager during World War II and participated in the resistance to the Nazi occupation. In the decades following the end of the war Mandel became one of the most prominent intellectual and political leaders of contemporary Trotskyism. The publication of
Marxist Economic Theory
(1968),
Late Capitalism
(1975), and
Long Waves of Capitalist Development
(1980) established his reputation as one of the world's foremost Marxist economists. In addition, Mandel developed a powerful critique of reformist strategies for socialism and defended the revolutionary Marxist political aims of smashing the capitalist state and creating a dictatorship of the proletariat in
From Stalinism to Eurocommunism
(1978),
Revolutionary Marxism Today
(1979), and
Power and Money
(1992). Mandel's theoretical contributions and polemics on the question of socialist transformation in the advanced capitalist societies arguably constitute the most compelling defense of the Marxist case for revolution to appear in the past half‐century.
Manifesto, Il
Authors: Parlato Valentino
Published: September 2017

Il Manifesto
is a daily newspaper published in Rome. Defining itself as a “communist daily,” it is an independent left‐wing newspaper. This makes it an anomaly, in the sense that it is neither the organ of any political organization nor does it have any strict political affiliation.
Mann, Tom (1856–1941)
Authors: Bekken Jon
Published: September 2017

Tom Mann was a leading organizer of unions and socialist organizations in Australia and Great Britain, where he helped lead the 1889 London dock strike and became a leading syndicalist in the country, advocating a strategy of working within the existing trade unions to reorient them along syndicalist lines.
Maori Indigenous Resistance
Authors: O'Malley Vincent
Published: September 2017

The indigenous people of New Zealand had no collective term to describe themselves prior to the colonization of their country. “Maori” at first meant simply “human,” but later came to refer to “normal” or “ordinary” people, as opposed to the altogether different European peoples encountered from the seventeenth century onwards. Although many Maori communities welcomed contact with the outside world, significant land loss, combined with their own political marginalization in the wake of formal British annexation in 1840, gave rise to a number of significant resistance movements. Some of these movements remain in existence today in different forms and continue to provide leadership in response to ongoing challenges.
Marks, J. B. (1903–1972)
Authors: Ulrich Nicole
Published: September 2017

John Beaver Marks was born on March 21, 1903 in Ventersdorp, a small town in Western Transvaal, South Africa. He was the seventh child of an interracial family, his father an African worker on the South African Railways, his mother a white laundress and midwife. In 1919, Marks studied at the Kilnerton Teachers' Training College in Pretoria, becoming part of the small, educated, black elite. His affinities lay, however, with the working class, and in the 1920s he was involved in the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union (ICU) and the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA). Largely due to his father's influence, Marks also joined the African National Congress (ANC), the main African nationalist grouping.
Martí, José (1853–1895) and the Parti do Revolucionario Cubano
Authors: Brett Edward T.
Published: September 2017

José Julián Martí y Pérez is considered the father of Cuban independence, but he was much more. He was a philosopher, statesman, poet, essayist, orator, journalist, advocate of racial and class equality, and revolutionary. Martí was born in Havana, Cuba, on January 28, 1853. His father, Mariano Martí Navarro, was a native of Spain and his mother, Leonor Pérez Cabrera, was from the Canary Islands. He was the oldest of eight children and the only boy. The family was poor, and Martí was only able to attend high school due to the support of Rafael María Mendive, an enlightened thinker and school teacher whose views did much to influence Martí's early political and moral development.