bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expectancy‐Value Models for the STEM Persistence Plans of Ninth‐Grade, High‐Ability Students: A Comparison Between Black, Hispanic, and White Students
Authors: ANDERSEN LORI , WARD THOMAS J.
Published: November 2013

Group differences in the effects of the expectancies and values that high‐ability students have for science and mathematics on plans to persist in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) were investigated. A nationally representative sample of ninth‐grade students, the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS: 2009;n= 21,444) was used. The analytic sample was 1,757 (48% female, 52% male) Black (13.8%), Hispanic (26.7%), and White (59.6%) students who scored in the top 10% of their race group on the mathematics achievement test. Hierarchical logistic regression models were developed for each race/ethnicity group to examine the relationships of demographic and expectancy‐value variables with STEM persistence status. Science attainment value, science intrinsic value, and STEM utility value were predictive of STEM persistence, but these variables operated differently in groups of Black, Hispanic, and White students. Implications for educators include the need for ways to improve perceptions of science identity and awareness of the utility of science and mathematics courses.
Modern water and its discontents: a history of hydrosocial renewal
Authors: Linton Jamie
Published: November 2013

Water planning and management in the 20th century were characterized by a particular way of understanding and relating to water that may be described in terms of ‘modern water’. Essentially, modern water is a way of knowing, accounting for, and representing water apart from its social context. Modern water replaced a wealth of different waters whose essence was defined by the social circumstances in which they occurred, rather than by the compound of oxygen and hydrogen to which all waters may be reduced. This paper traces the history of modern water and describes its current retreat in the face of circumstances that call for the resocialization of waters. Several examples of this resocialization are given, including a new way of representing hydrosocial relations known as the ‘hydrosocial cycle’, the campaign for the human right to water and emerging practices in water engineering and water management. WIREs Water 2014, 1:111–120. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1009

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Non‐cooperative game‐based packet ferry forwarding for sparse mobile wireless networks
Authors: Guan Xin , Chen Min , Ohtsuki Tomoaki
Published: November 2013

In sparse mobile wireless networks, normally, the mobile nodes are carried by people, and the moving activity of nodes always happens in a specific area, which corresponds to some specific community. Between the isolated communities, there is no stable communication link. Therefore, it is difficult to ensure the effective packet transmission among communities, which leads to the higher packet delivery delay and lower successful delivery ratio. Recently, an additional ferry node was introduced to forward packets between the isolated communities. However, most of the existing algorithms are working on how to control the trajectory of only one ferry work in the network. In this paper, we consider multiple ferries working in the network scenario and put our main focus on the optimal packet selection strategy, under the condition of mutual influence between the ferries and the buffer limitation. We introduce a non‐cooperative Bayesian game to achieve the optimal packet selection strategy. By maximizing the individual income of a ferry, we optimize the network performance on packet delivery delay and successful delivery ratio. Simulation results show that our proposed packet selection strategy improves the network performance on packet delivery delay and successful delivery ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on growth and physiological activity in Alnus sieboldiana at Miyakejima Island in Japan
Authors: Choi Dongsu , Toda Hiroto , Kim Yongsuk
Published: November 2013

We used a physiological approach to investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on Alnus sieboldiana Matsum. (A. sieboldiana) and symbiotic Frankia spp. in Miyakejima Island, which was devastated by volcanic action in July of 2000. In April of 2008, three study sites were chosen in the forest of Miyakejima Island, and were categorized as high, medium, or low in relation to their sulfur dioxide concentration (volcanic gas). Nine A. sieboldiana trees were selected from naturally regenerated forest at each site. The higher the SO2 concentration at the study site, the lower was the photosynthetic rate and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) of A. sieboldiana and its apparent quantum yield. The acetylene reduction rate of the Frankia spp. symbiotic with A. sieboldiana was significantly less at the high SO2 concentration (p<0.05). The nitrogen concentration in their leaves remained high, however. There was no significant difference in the chlorophyll concentration (Chl a + b) in leaves from the three sites. The photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly in sites with a high SO2 concentration, however. As a result, A. sieboldiana regenerated at the sites with high or medium SO2 concentration underwent approximately 50–70 % less growth than at the site with a low SO2 concentration.
Students as teachers: the value of peer-led teaching
Authors: Ologunde Rele , Rabiu Rasheed
Published: November 2013

None
Ties that count: explaining interest group access to policymakers
Authors: Beyers Jan , Braun Caelesta
Published: November 2013

The degree to which interest groups gain access to policymakers has often been explained by focusing on the exchange of resources in a dyadic relation between interest groups and policymakers. This article argues that the position an interest group occupies within a coalition and the relations it has outside its coalition substantially affect the likelihood of gaining access to policymakers. Our empirical focus is on the Dutch interest group system for which we examine how coalitions among groups and the network position of interest groups within and between such coalitions shape access. The analysis, based on data collected among 107 Dutch interest groups and 28 policymakers, leads to the conclusion that network positions count differently for elected and non-elected officials, and that network ties that bridge different coalitions add significant explanatory leverage to resource-based explanations of access.
REALIZED VOLATILITY WHEN SAMPLING TIMES ARE POSSIBLY ENDOGENOUS
Authors: Li Yingying , Mykland Per A. , Renault Eric , Zhang Lan , Zheng Xinghua
Published: November 2013

When estimating integrated volatilities based on high-frequency data, simplifying assumptions are usually imposed on the relationship between the observation times and the price process. In this paper, we establish a central limit theorem for the realized volatility in a general endogenous time setting. We also establish a central limit theorem for the tricity under the hypothesis that there is no endogeneity, based on which we propose a test and document that this endogeneity is present in financial data.
On the free time minimizers of the NewtonianN-body problem
Authors: DA LUZ ADRIANA , MADERNA EZEQUIEL
Published: November 2013

In this paper we study the existence and the dynamics of a very special class of motions, which satisfy a strong global minimization property. More precisely, we call a free time minimizer a curve which satisfies the least action principle between any pair of its points without the constraint of time for the variations. An example of a free time minimizer defined on an unbounded interval is a parabolic homothetic motion by a minimal central configuration. The existence of a large amount of free time minimizers can be deduced from the weak KAM theorem. In particular, for any choice ofx0, there should be at least one free time minimizerx(t)defined for allt≥ 0 and satisfyingx(0)=x0. We prove that such motions are completely parabolic. Using Marchal's theorem we deduce as a corollary that there are no entire free time minimizers, i.e. defined on$\mathbb{R}$. This means that the Mañé set of the NewtonianN-body problem is empty.
Mothers' depressive symptoms and infant negative emotionality in the prediction of child adjustment at age 3: Testing the maternal reactivity and child vulnerability hypotheses
Authors: Dix Theodore , Yan Ni
Published: November 2013

This study examined individual differences in how mothers' depressive symptoms affect children's early adjustment. It tested whether problematic development among children high in negative emotionality is accentuated by (a) maternal reactivity, the negative reactivity of mothers with depressive symptoms to difficult child characteristics; and (b) child vulnerability, the susceptibility of negatively emotional children to the negative parenting of mothers with depressive symptoms. Based on 1,364 participants from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, results showed that mothers' depressive symptoms predicted greater risk for adjustment problems at age 3 among children who as infants were high rather than low in negative emotionality. Increased risk was evident for behavior problems, low responsiveness, high separation distress, and low social competence. Mediational tests suggested that increased risk reflected maternal reactivity: the stronger mothers' depressive symptoms, the more they responded with negative parenting to children high in negative emotionality. The proposal that child vulnerability mediates the greater impact of mothers' depressive symptoms on negatively emotional children was verified only for separation distress. The results support the proposal that, when mothers are high in depressive symptoms, aversive characteristics of children and their behavior increasingly influence early adjustment and do so because they elicit negative parent behavior.
Grundlagen der medizinischen Genetik
Authors: Pajarola Sandra , Bachmann Ruxandra , Niedrist Dunja , Rauch Anita
Published: November 2013

Das menschliche Genom besteht aus 23 Chromosomenpaaren, die ca. 20000–25000 Gene enthalten. Genetische Erkrankungen können durch verschiedene Mechanismen verursacht werden, weshalb die Bestätigung einer Verdachtsdiagnose die Kenntnis des zugrundeliegenden Defektes voraussetzt, damit der richtige Test angewendet werden kann. Monogene Erkrankungen sind durch Störungen in einem einzigen Gen verursacht und aktuell sind nur gezielte Einzelgentests bei spezifischem klinischen Verdacht diagnostisch verfügbar. Chromosomale Störungen betreffen in der Regel mehrere Gene, sodass die Symptomatik oft weniger spezifisch ist. Fachärzte/innen für Medizinische Genetik FMH sind auf das Erstellen einer klinischen genetischen Differenzialdiagnostik mit Veranlassung der angebrachten Laboranalysen und Befundbeurteilung sowie auf die genetische Beratung bei präsymptomatischer und vorgeburtlicher Diagnostik spezialisiert. In der Schweiz sind im Rahmen genetischer Analysen spezifische gesetzliche Grundlagen und ethische Richtlinien zu beachten.
Evolutionary conservation of early mesoderm specification by mechanotransduction in Bilateria
Authors: Brunet Thibaut , Bouclet Adrien , Ahmadi Padra , Mitrossilis Démosthène , Driquez Benjamin , Brunet Anne-Christine , Henry Laurent , Serman Fanny , Béalle Gaëlle , Ménager Christine , Dumas-Bouchiat Frédéric , Givord Dominique , Yanicostas Constantin , Le-Roy Damien , Dempsey Nora M. , Plessis Anne , Farge Emmanuel
Published: November 2013

The modulation of developmental biochemical pathways by mechanical cues is an emerging feature of animal development, but its evolutionary origins have not been explored. Here we show that a common mechanosensitive pathway involving β-catenin specifies early mesodermal identity at gastrulation in zebrafish and Drosophila. Mechanical strains developed by zebrafish epiboly and Drosophila mesoderm invagination trigger the phosphorylation of β-catenin–tyrosine-667. This leads to the release of β-catenin into the cytoplasm and nucleus, where it triggers and maintains, respectively, the expression of zebrafish brachyury orthologue notail and of Drosophila Twist, both crucial transcription factors for early mesoderm identity. The role of the β-catenin mechanosensitive pathway in mesoderm identity has been conserved over the large evolutionary distance separating zebrafish and Drosophila. This suggests mesoderm mechanical induction dating back to at least the last bilaterian common ancestor more than 570 million years ago, the period during which mesoderm is thought to have emerged.
Novel palladium-catalyzed cascade carboxylative annulation to construct functionalized γ-lactones in ionic liquids
Authors: Li Jianxiao , Yang Shaorong , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: November 2013

A novel cascade method for the synthesis of functionalized γ-lactonesviacarbonylation of the C(sp3)–palladium bond in ionic liquids is developed.
Solution-phase-peptide synthesis via the group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry without using chromatography and recrystallization
Authors: Wu Jianbin , An Guanghui , Lin Siqi , Xie Jianbo , Zhou Wei , Sun Hao , Pan Yi , Li Guigen
Published: November 2013

The solution phase synthesis ofN-protected amino acids and peptides has been achieved through GAP chemistry by avoiding disadvantages of the solid-phase-peptide synthesis (SPPS) and liquid-phase-peptide synthesis. The environmentally friendly GAP synthesis can substantially reduce the use of solvents, silica gels, energy and manpower.
Phase formation, morphology evolution and tunable bandgap of Sn1−xSbxSe nanocrystals
Authors: Hu Che-Hsu , Chiang Ming-Hung , Hsieh Ming-Shiun , Lin Wen-Tai , Fu Yaw-Shyan , Guo Tzung-Fang
Published: November 2013

The phase formation, morphology evolution and bandgap of Sn1−xSbxSe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) nanocrystals synthesized at 230–275 °C for 5–36 h in a one-pot system were studied.
Freedom: a copper-free, oxidant-free and solvent-free palladium catalysed homocoupling reaction
Authors: Chen Longrui , Lemma Betsegaw E. , Rich Jenna S. , Mack James
Published: November 2013

Herein, we describe a copper-free, oxidant-free, solvent-free homocoupling reaction using a palladium catalyst under mechanochemical conditions. We extended the methodology to palladium catalyst on solid support which showed a different reactivity and different product ratios from the non-supported catalyst.
Hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate over sulfided Mo/Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Deliy Irina V. , Vlasova Evgenia N. , Nuzhdin Alexey L. , Gerasimov Evgeny Yu. , Bukhtiyarova Galina A.
Published: November 2013

The paper demonstrates the solvent composition influence on the activity of sulfide catalysts in the methyl palmitate hydroconversion and on selectivity of C16/C15 hydrocarbons formation.
The composite electrode of LiFePO4 cathode materials modified with exfoliated graphene from expanded graphite for high power Li-ion batteries
Authors: Liu Tiefeng , Zhao Li , Zhu Junsheng , Wang Bo , Guo Chenfeng , Wang Dianlong
Published: November 2013

In recent years, copious papers have reported the fruitful modifications for LiFePO4-based composites and exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in term of rate capability and cycling stability.
Tuneable multicoloured patterns from photonic cross-communication between cholesteric liquid crystal droplets
Authors: Noh JungHyun , Liang Hsin-Ling , Drevensek-Olenik Irena , Lagerwall Jan P. F.
Published: November 2013

Cholesteric liquid crystal droplets are self-assembled spherical photonic crystals. Multiple droplets in the same plane communicate optically, giving rise to unique patterns of circularly polarised and strongly coloured spots. We explain the phenomenon and outline routes to application.
The “How to” Guide to Spelling Assessment
Authors: Brimo Danielle
Published: November 2013

A spelling assessment is used to determine a student’s baseline spelling percentage,potential intervention goals, and, ultimately, the student’s spelling progress. Additionally,a spelling assessment can provide information about a student’s linguistic awarenessabilities such as phonemic awareness, orthographic pattern awareness, mentalgraphemic representations, and morphological awareness. In this paper, a case exampleis presented to describe the spelling assessment and analysis of spelling errors toultimately determine baseline spelling percentage and spelling intervention goals, basedon a multilinguistic approach.
Monitoring Progress in Spelling Improvement
Authors: Masterson Julie , Apel Kenn
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we discuss the Spelling Sensitivity System (SSS), an accuracy metric basedon the level of linguistic knowledge evidenced by student spellings. The procedure can beused by SLPs to baseline and monitor their students' progress associated with word-levelliteracy instruction. The SSS has the relative speed of a binary scoring system yetincorporates facets of the multilinguistic theory of spelling development. Use of the SSSsystem to represent baseline performance and monitor progress of the clinical case isillustrated.
Efficient prediction of stochastic eye patterns via Lagrange interpolation
Authors: Manfredi P. , Stievano I.S. , Canavero F.G.
Published: November 2013

The statistical assessment of system performance is addressed via the efficient estimation of eye diagram parameters under process variability. Statistical information pertaining to eye parameters is reconstructed by interpolation of a reduced set of simulations. The proposed strategy shows a remarkable efficiency improvement with respect to classical blind and brute‐force sampling‐based methods.
Improving LiDAR compression efficiency on small packets
Authors: Kuder M. , Žalik B.
Published: November 2013

Several high‐quality methods for compressing LiDAR data stored in the LAS format have evolved in recent years. They offer good compression for large datasets, but are less efficient on small data packets, which are needed in web applications. This problem is focused on by analysing two state‐of‐the‐art implementations for large LAS datasets and then proposing improvements suitable for small data packets.
Quantitative exploration of the molecular origin of the activation of GTPase
Authors: B Ram Prasad , Plotnikov Nikolay V. , Lameira Jeronimo , Warshel Arieh
Published: November 2013

Significance

The origin of the activation of GTPases is explored considering the evidence that the transition state for the reference solution reaction involves a proton transfer between two water molecules. Ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical–based calibration of empirical valence bond surfaces of the solution reaction is used to simulate the GTPase activation process. The activation is found to reflect the same type of electrostatic stabilization obtained previously for the single water mechanism. The transition state proton transfer step does not appear to be rate limiting and thus is irrelevant to the catalytic effect. The calculated activation of RasGAP and EF-Tu reproduce the observed trend quantitatively and establishes its allosteric origin. We believe that our finding is general to all GTPases.
Nfatc1
orchestrates aging in hair follicle stem cells
Authors: Keyes Brice E. , Segal Jeremy P. , Heller Evan , Lien Wen-Hui , Chang Chiung-Ying , Guo Xingyi , Oristian Dan S. , Zheng Deyou , Fuchs Elaine
Published: November 2013

Significance

Signs of aging often first appear in our skin and hair. As animals age, hair follicles spend more time resting instead of generating hair. Here we show that this decline is rooted in age-related changes in systemic, local, and intrinsic factors, which collaborate to reduce hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) activity. We uncover a unique and hitherto-undescribed age-related role for bone morphogenic protein signaling and a downstream effector, nuclear factor of activated T-cell c1 (NFATc1). In young stem cells, NFATc1 is on when they are quiescent and wanes when they make hair. In aging follicles, NFATc1 and its target genes remain high too long. Importantly, NFATc1 inhibitors restore youthful behavior to aging HFSCs, providing unique insights into age-related changes in skin physiology.
Children’s Memory and Event Reports: The Current State of Knowledge and Best Practice
Authors: Malloy Lindsay , Johnson Jonni L. , Goodman Gail S.
Published: November 2013

Decades of research on children’s eyewitness reports highlight a multitude of influences on the accuracy of children’s memory. Given the significance of children’s eyewitness testimony in criminal and social service investigations of maltreatment, as well as of other crimes, the task of eliciting accurate reports while still considering children’s needs can be quite daunting for interviewers. Researchers stress the importance of taking into account children’s abilities and limitations as well as external influences, including from the interview context. In this article, the authors review scientific research within the study of children’s eyewitness memory and suggestibility, examining both cognitive and sociomotivational influences on children’s reports. They also review studies of child forensic interview protocols and describe current best practices for interviewers who have the crucial task of questioning child witnesses.
Facilitating Maltreated Children’s Use of Emotional Language
Authors: AHERN ELIZABETH C. , Lyon Thomas D.
Published: November 2013

This study examined the effects of rapport (emotional, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD]) and prompt type (what-next, cued-action, cued-emotion, what-think) on one hundred forty-two 4–9-year-old maltreated children’s spontaneous and prompted emotional language. Children in the emotional-rapport condition narrated the last time they felt good and the last time they felt bad on the playground. Children in the NICHD-rapport condition narrated their last birthday party and what happened yesterday. Following rapport, all children were presented a series of story stems about positive and negative situations. Emotional-rapport minimally affected children’s use of emotional language. Cued-emotion prompts were most productive in eliciting emotional language. Overall, there were few effects because of age. Children often produced less emotional language when describing negative events, particularly with respect to their spontaneous utterances, suggesting reluctance. These differences largely disappeared when children were asked additional questions, particularly cued-emotion questions. The results offer support for cued-emotion prompts as a means of increasing maltreated children’s use of emotional language.
Vouchers versus Lotteries: What Works Best in Promoting Chlamydia Screening? A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Niza Claudia , Rudisill Caroline , Dolan Paul
Published: November 2013

In this cluster randomized trial (N = 1060), we tested the impact of financial incentives (£5 voucher vs. £200 lottery) framed as a gain or loss to promote Chlamydia screening in students aged 18–24 years, mimicking the standard outreach approach to student in halls of residence. Compared to the control group (1.5%), the lottery increased screening to 2.8% and the voucher increased screening to 22.8%. Incentives framed as gains were marginally more effective (10.5%) than loss‐framed incentives (7.1%). This work contributes to the literature by testing the predictive validity of Prospect Theory to change health behavior in the field.
Trichoderma asperelloides Suppresses Nitric Oxide Generation Elicited by Fusarium oxysporum in Arabidopsis Roots
Authors: Gupta Kapuganti J. , Mur Luis A. J. , Brotman Yariv
Published: November 2013

Inoculations with saprophytic fungus Trichoderma spp. are now extensively used both to promote plant growth and to suppress disease development. The underlying mechanisms for both roles have yet to be fully described so that the use of Trichoderma spp. could be optimized. Here, we show that Trichoderma asperelloides effects include the manipulation of host nitric oxide (NO) production. NO was rapidly formed in Arabidopsis roots in response to the soil-borne necrotrophic pathogen Fusarium oxysporum and persisted for about 1 h but is only transiently produced (approximately 10 min) when roots interact with T. asperelloides (T203). However, inoculation of F. oxysporum–infected roots with T. asperelloides suppressed F. oxysporum–initiated NO production. A transcriptional study of 78 NO-modulated genes indicated most genes were suppressed by single and combinational challenge with F. oxysporum or T. asperelloides. Only two F. oxysporum–induced genes were suppressed by T. asperelloides inoculation undertaken either 10 min prior to or after pathogen infection: a concanavlin A-like lectin protein kinase (At4g28350) and the receptor-like protein RLP30. Thus, T. asperelloides can actively suppress NO production elicited by F. oxysporum and impacts on the expression of some genes reported to be NO-responsive. Of particular interest was the reduced expression of receptor-like genes that may be required for F. oxysporum–dependent necrotrophic disease development.
Enhanced Nodulation and Nodule Development by nolR Mutants of Sinorhizobium medicae on Specific Medicago Host Genotypes
Authors: Sugawara Masayuki , Sadowsky Michael J.
Published: November 2013

The nolR gene encodes a negatively acting, transcriptional regulatory protein of core Nod-factor biosynthetic genes in the sinorhizobia. Although previous reports showed that nolR modulates Nod-factor production and enhances nodulation speed of Sinorhizobium meliloti on alfalfa, there have been no reports for the symbiotic function of this gene in the S. medicae–Medicago truncatula symbiosis. Here, we constructed an nolR mutant of S. medicae WSM419 and evaluated mutant and wild-type strains for their nodulation ability, competitiveness, host specificity, and density-dependent nodulation phenotypes. When the mutant was inoculated at low and medium population densities, it showed enhanced nodule formation during the initial stages of nodulation. Results of quantitative competitive nodulation assays indicated that an nolR mutant had 2.3-fold greater competitiveness for nodulation on M. truncatula ‘A17’ than did the wild-type strain. Moreover, the nodulation phenotype of the nolR mutant differed among Medicago genotypes and showed significantly enhanced nodule development on M. tricycla. Taken together, these results indicated that mutation of nolR in S. medicae positively influenced nodule initiation, competitive nodulation, and nodule development at later nodulation stages. This may allow nolR mutants of S. medicae to have a selective advantage under field conditions.
Triazole Sensitivity in a Contemporary Population of Fusarium graminearum from New York Wheat and Competitiveness of a Tebuconazole-Resistant Isolate
Authors: Spolti Pierri , Del Ponte Emerson M. , Dong Yanhong , Cummings Jaime A. , Bergstrom Gary C.
Published: November 2013

A sample of 50 isolates, including 25 each of the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol trichothecene genotype, from a contemporary collection of Fusarium graminearum associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat in New York varied in sensitivity to tebuconazole (effective concentration leading to a 50% reduction of mycelial growth [EC50] of 0.28 to 8.09 mg/liter; μ = 1.12 mg/liter) and metconazole (0.05 to 0.86 mg/liter; μ = 0.33). Mean sensitivity did not differ between the trichothecene genotype groups. Isolate Gz448NY11 from Steuben County is the first tebuconazole-resistant field isolate of F. graminearum reported in the Americas and has the lowest sensitivity to tebuconazole (EC50 = 8.09 mg/liter) documented for this species. Suppression of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) following application of a commercial rate of tebuconazole was significantly diminished in plants inoculated with the tebuconazole-resistant isolate compared with those inoculated with a tebuconazole-sensitive isolate well documented for its aggressiveness and toxigenicity on wheat. There was no diminution of FHB and DON suppression with either isolate following application of metconazole. Significantly more individuals of the tebuconazole-resistant isolate were recovered from spikes inoculated with an equal mixture of the two isolates and sprayed with tebuconazole. Future studies are needed on the epidemiology and monitoring of triazole-resistant isolates to understand the risk that fungicide resistance poses to disease management and food security.
A simple explanation for the evolution of complex song syntax in Bengalese finches
Authors: Katahira Kentaro , Suzuki Kenta , Kagawa Hiroko , Okanoya Kazuo
Published: November 2013

The songs of Bengalese finches (
Lonchura striata var. domestica
) have complex syntax and provide an opportunity to investigate how complex sequential behaviour emerges via the evolutionary process. In this study, we suggest that a simple mechanism, i.e. many-to-one mapping from internal states onto syllables, may underlie the emergence of apparent complex syllable sequences that have higher order history dependencies. We analysed the songs of Bengalese finches and of their wild ancestor, the white-rumped munia (
L. striata
), whose songs are more stereotypical and simpler compared with those of Bengalese finches. The many-to-one mapping mechanism sufficiently accounted for the differences in the complexity of song syllable sequences of these two strains.
Non-lithographic patterning of phage-displayed peptides with wrinkled elastomers
Authors: Swaminathan Swathi , Bullough Mitchell , Li Qifei , Zhou Anhong , Cui Yue
Published: November 2013

The development of controlled patterning of phage (viruses) could expand opportunities for both fundamental studies and creating various materials platforms. Inducing the elastomeric instability of PDMS film provides a non-lithographic, tuneable, controlled method for generating micro/nanoscale wrinkle patterns. Phage display has emerged as a powerful method for selecting peptides that possess enhanced selectivity and binding affinity toward a variety of targets. In this report, we demonstrate the non-lithographic patterning of phage-displayed peptides with wrinkled elastomers. Our results show that the phage-displayed peptides can be patterned on specific locations in controlled and tuneable ways, be transferred to other substrates and induce the self-assembly of hybrid materials. We anticipate that these results could open up exciting opportunities in fundamental studies and in applications ranging from sensors, hybrid materials, self-assembly, surface and interface, to micro/nanoelectronics.
Mechanically driven accumulation of microscale material at coupled solid–fluid interfaces in biological channels
Authors: Zohdi T. I.
Published: November 2013

The accumulation of microscale materials at solid–fluid interfaces in biological channels is often the initial stage of certain growth processes, which are present in some forms of atherosclerosis. The objective of this work is to develop a relatively simple model for such accumulation, which researchers can use to qualitatively guide their analyses. Specifically, the approach is to construct rate equations for the accumulation at the solid–fluid interface as a function of the intensity of the shear stress. The accumulation of material subsequently reduces the cross-sectional area of the channel until the fluid-induced shear stress at the solid–fluid interface reaches a critical value, which terminates the accumulation rate. Characteristics of the model are explored analytically and numerically.
John Lubbock, caves, and the development of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic archaeology
Authors: Pettitt Paul , White Mark
Published: November 2013

John Lubbock's
Pre-Historic Times
(1865) was the first publication to use the terms ‘Palaeolithic’ and ‘Neolithic’ to define major periods of early prehistory. Because of this he has come to be seen as one of the most influential figures in the history of prehistoric archaeology. We examine this image here, in terms of his influence on contemporaries both in Britain and in France, where early excavations were providing materials that came to form the basic periodization of the Palaeolithic that is still in use today. We show how Lubbock contributed to this emergence of a professional Palaeolithic archaeology, and what he did and did not achieve in the critical decades of the 1850s and 1860s before his interests moved elsewhere.
John Lubbock's early contribution to the understanding of river terraces and their importance to Geography, Archaeology and Earth Science
Authors: Bridgland David R.
Published: November 2013

In his writings John Lubbock expounded views on the understanding of past climates, prehistoric faunas, early humans, and the evolution of landscape and river systems. His contributions on some of these related topics are scarcely remembered, despite comparison with modern thinking showing them frequently to have been prescient. He visited the Somme valley, observing river terrace gravels and Palaeolithic artefacts in the company of the leading geologists and archaeologists of his day, visits that furnished knowledge of the early archaeological record and were also formative in terms of his understanding of river-valley and landscape evolution. He noted that terraces represented former valley-floor levels and that rivers had deepened their valleys in response to uplift of the land, something that is often not fully grasped at the present time. He was also an early believer in interglacial–glacial climatic fluctuation, an idea not widely accepted in Britain until after his death.
The fields and self-force of a constantly accelerating spherical shell
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: November 2013

We present a partial differential equation describing the electromagnetic potentials around a charge distribution undergoing rigid motion at constant proper acceleration, and obtain a set of solutions to this equation. These solutions are used to find the self-force exactly in a chosen case. The electromagnetic self-force for a spherical shell of charge of proper radius
R
undergoing rigid motion at constant proper acceleration
a
0
is, to high-order approximation,

, and this is conjectured to be exact.
A living fossil tale of Pangaean biogeography
Authors: Murienne Jerome , Daniels Savel R. , Buckley Thomas R. , Mayer Georg , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: November 2013

The current distributions of widespread groups of terrestrial animals and plants are supposedly the result of a mixture of either vicariance owing to continental split or more recent trans-oceanic dispersal. For organisms exhibiting a vicariant biogeographic pattern—achieving their current distribution by riding on the plates of former supercontinents—this view is largely inspired by the belief that Pangaea lacked geographical or ecological barriers, or that extinctions and dispersal would have erased any biogeographic signal since the early Mesozoic. We here present a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Onychophora (velvet worms), an ancient and exclusively terrestrial panarthropod group distributed throughout former Pangaean landmasses. Our data not only demonstrate that trans-oceanic dispersal does not need be invoked to explain contemporary distributions, but also reveal that the early diversification of the group pre-dates the break-up of Pangaea, maintaining regionalization even in landmasses that have remained contiguous throughout the history of the group. These results corroborate a growing body of evidence from palaeontology, palaeogeography and palaeoclimatic modelling depicting ancient biogeographic regionalization over the continuous landmass of Pangaea.
Manipulating the appearance of a badge of status causes changes in true badge expression
Authors: Dey Cody J. , Dale James , Quinn James S.
Published: November 2013

Signals of dominance and fighting ability (i.e. status signals) are found in a wide range of taxa and are used to settle disputes between competitive rivals. Most previous research has considered status-signal phenotype as an attribute of the individual; however, it is more likely that signal expression is an emergent property that also incorporates aspects of the social environment. Furthermore, because an individual's signal phenotype is likely to influence its social interactions, the relationships between status signals, social environment and individual quality are probably much more complex than previously appreciated. Here, we explore the dynamic relationship between social interactions and signal expression in a previously undescribed status signal, the frontal shield of the pukeko (
Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus
: Aves). We demonstrate that frontal shield size is a strong predictor of dominance status within social groups, even after controlling for potentially confounding variables. Then, we evaluate the relationship between social interactions and signal expression by testing whether manipulating apparent shield size influences (i) dominance interactions and (ii) future signal expression. By showing that decreasing apparent shield size causes both an increase in the amount of aggression received and a decrease in an individual's true shield size, we provide the first evidence of dynamic feedback between signal expression and social interactions. Our study provides important insight into the role of receiver-dependent (i.e. social) costs in maintaining signal honesty and demonstrates a unique approach to studying status signalling applicable to future studies on dynamic morphological signals.
Nutrition affects survival in African honeybees exposed to interacting stressors
Authors: Archer C. Ruth , Pirk Christian W. W. , Wright Geraldine A. , Nicolson Sue W.
Published: November 2013

Nutrition plays an important role in physiological stress resistance and by adjusting their intake of key nutrients, such as protein and carbohydrate, many animals can better resist stress.

Poor nutrition may contribute to the widespread and on‐going declines of honeybee populations by increasing their vulnerability to abiotic (e.g. pesticides) and biotic (e.g. diseases) stressors. However, we do not know how nutrition affects stress resistance in social insects such as honeybees.

Here, we examined how exposure to the toxic secondary metabolite nicotine, a neurotoxin that shares structural similarities with the neonicotinoid pesticides, and low temperatures affected nutrient regulation in honeybees using the Geometric Framework of nutrition.

Groups of queenless, newly emerged worker bees were given diets containing specific ratios of protein and carbohydrate to determine, first, how toxin exposure and ambient temperature affected their nutrient intake and, secondly, how nutrition affected survival under stress.

We find that low temperatures and nicotine interacted to reduce survival in African honeybees that ate low protein, high carbohydrate diets. However, bees fed a high protein diet were better able to survive insult with these interacting stressors.

Although protein conferred a survival benefit in honeybees exposed to these dual stressors, when allowed to self‐select their diet, caged workers did not shift their intake towards a higher protein food to improve their survival under these stressful conditions.

We discuss the possible constraints on nutrient regulation in honeybees and the role that diet could play in their decline.
Hexanedioic acid from Hermetia illucens larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) protects mice against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection
Authors: Chu Ki‐Back , Jeon Gye‐Chang , Quan Fu‐Shi
Published: November 2013

The antibacterial effects of larval extract from Hermetia illucens, commonly known as the black soldier fly, have been demonstrated in vitro. In this study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified the active compound within this larval extract as hexanedioic acid. The antibacterial effects of hexanedioic acid were investigated in mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae. After administration of hexanedioic acid, infected mice showed decreased lung bacterial loads and lower rates of body weight loss compared to those in the infection‐only control group. Based on lung bacterial loads, oral hexanedioic acid treatment showed better protection than intraperitoneal treatment. Histopathology confirmed that daily administration of hexanedioic acid for 10 days showed zero toxicity to the kidneys or livers of mice. Therefore, hexanedioic acid may be a novel antibacterial agent.
The Effects of Aging on Apoptosis Following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Boyle Andrew J. , Hwang Joy , Ye Jianqin , Shih Henry , Jun Kristine , Zhang Yan , Fang Qizhi , Sievers Richard , Yeghiazarians Yerem , Lee Randall J.
Published: November 2013

Background

Aging is associated with higher incidence of heart failure and death following myocardial infarction (MI). The molecular and cellular changes that lead to these worse outcomes are not known.

Methods and Results

Young and aging mice underwent induction of MI by LAD ligation. There was a significant increase in mortality in the aging mice. Neither the young nor aging hearts after MI had inducible ventricular tachycardia. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis increases early after MI in young and aging mice, but to a much greater degree in the aging mice. Caspase inhibition with Ac‐DEVD‐CHO resulted in a 61% reduction in activated caspase‐3 and an 84% reduction in apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in young mice (P < 0.05), but not in aging mice. Gene pathway profiling demonstrated activation of both the caspase and Map3k1/Mapk10 pathways in aging mice following MI, which may contribute to their resistance to caspase inhibition.

Conclusions

Aging hearts activate distinct apoptotic pathways have more cardiomyocyte apoptosis and are resistant to antiapoptotic therapies following MI. Novel or combination approaches may be required to improve outcomes in aging patients following MI.
Evaluation of rhizobacterial indicators of tobacco black root rot suppressiveness in farmers' fields
Authors: Kyselková Martina , Almario Juliana , Kopecký Jan , Ságová‐Marečková Markéta , Haurat Jacqueline , Muller Daniel , Grundmann Geneviève L. , Moënne‐Loccoz Yvan
Published: November 2013

Very few soil quality indicators include disease‐suppressiveness criteria. We assessed whether 64 16S rRNA microarray probes whose signals correlated with tobacco black root rot suppressiveness in greenhouse analysis could also discriminate suppressive from conducive soils under field conditions. Rhizobacterial communities of tobacco and wheat sampled in 2 years from four farmers' fields of contrasted suppressiveness status were compared. The 64 previously identified indicator probes correctly classified 72% of 29 field samples, with nine probes for Azospirillum, Gluconacetobacter, Sphingomonadaceae, Planctomycetes, Mycoplasma, Lactobacillus crispatus and Thermodesulforhabdus providing the best prediction. The whole probe set (1033 probes) revealed strong effects of plant, field location and year on rhizobacterial community composition, and a smaller (7% variance) but significant effect of soil suppressiveness status. Seventeen additional probes correlating with suppressiveness status in the field (noticeably for Agrobacterium, Methylobacterium, Ochrobactrum) were selected, and combined with the nine others, they improved correct sample classification from 72% to 79% (100% tobacco and 63% wheat samples). Pseudomonas probes were not informative in the field, even those targeting biocontrol pseudomonads producing 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol, nor was quantitative polymerase chain reaction for 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol‐synthesis gene phlD. This study shows that a subset of 16S rRNA probes targeting diverse rhizobacteria can be useful as suppressiveness indicators under field conditions.
Maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias: A population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Mavrogenis Stelios , Urban Róbert , Czeizel Andrew E. , Ács Nándor
Published: November 2013

The birth prevalence of hypospadias increased in Hungary during the last decades, thus the aim of this study was to analyze the possible role of maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias (IHS). The incidence/prevalence of acute and chronic maternal diseases with related drug treatments were compared in the mothers of cases with IHS, population controls without defect and malformed controls affected with other isolated abnormalities in the population‐based Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities including 3038 cases with IHS, 24 814 population male controls without any defects and 11 096 malformed male controls with other isolated defect. Among exposures, prospective medically recorded chronic diseases and medically recorded or retrospective maternal information regarding acute diseases and drug treatments were evaluated in the study groups. Maternal epilepsy due to the treatment of valproate (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.97, 1.07–3.61) and cervical erosion (4.09, 1.84–9.12) were associated with a higher risk of IHS. In addition, there was an association of oral nystatin (1.94, 1.22–3.09), lynestrenol (26.66, 8.69–81.80) and ethynilestradiol (3.51, 1.61–7.67) treatments in the mothers of cases with a higher risk for IHS. In conclusion, maternal cervical erosion, valproate, nystatin, lynestrenol and ethynilestradiol associated with a higher risk for IHS.
Does increased prescribed exercise alter non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults? A systematic review
Authors: Washburn R. A. , Lambourne K. , Szabo A. N. , Herrmann S. D. , Honas J. J. , Donnelly J. E.
Published: November 2013

Prescribed physical activity/exercise training may reduce non‐exercise physical activity resulting in no change in total daily energy expenditure and no or minimal exercise‐induced weight loss. This systematic review evaluated cross‐sectional, short‐term (2–14 d), randomized and non‐randomized trials which reported on the effect of prescribed physical activity/exercise on non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults. PubMed and Embase were searched (from January 1990 to March 2013) for articles that presented data on the change in non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in response to prescribed physical activity/exercise training. Thirty‐one articles were included in this review. One‐hundred per cent of cross‐sectional studies (n = 4), 90% of short‐term studies (n = 10), 50% of non‐randomized trials (n = 10) and 100% of randomized trials (n = 7) reported no reductions in non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in response to prescribed physical activity/exercise training. We found minimal evidence to support the hypothesis that prescribed physical activity/exercise training results in decreased non‐exercise physical activity/energy expenditure in healthy adults. However, this literature is limited by the lack of adequately powered trials designed specifically to evaluate this hypothesis which have included assessments of both the energy expenditure of prescribed exercise and non‐exercise energy expenditure using state‐of‐the‐art techniques, i.e. indirect calorimetry and doubly labelled water, respectively.