bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue plasminogen activator worsens experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by complementary actions on lymphoid and myeloid cell responses
Authors: Hélie Pauline , Camacho-Toledano Celia , Lesec Léonie , Seillier Célia , Miralles Antonio J. , Ortega Maria Cristina , Guérit Sylvaine , Lebas Héloïse , Bardou Isabelle , Vila-del Sol Virginia , Vivien Denis , Le Mauff Brigitte , Clemente Diego , Docagne Fabian , Toutirais Olivier
Published: February 2021

Background

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease involved in fibrinolysis. It is released by endothelial cells, but also expressed by neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, this enzyme also contributes to pathological processes in the CNS such as neuroinflammation by activating microglia and increasing blood–brain barrier permeability. Nevertheless, its role in the control of adaptive and innate immune response remains poorly understood.

Methods

tPA effects on myeloid and lymphoid cell response were studiedin vivoin the mouse model of multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis andin vitroin splenocytes.

Results

tPA-/-animals exhibited less severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than their wild-type counterparts. This was accompanied by a reduction in both lymphoid and myeloid cell populations in the spinal cord parenchyma. In parallel, tPA increased T cell activation and proliferation, as well as cytokine production by a protease-dependent mechanism andviaplasmin generation. In addition, tPA directly raised the expression of MHC-II and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 at the surface of dendritic cells and macrophages by a direct action dependent of the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor.

Conclusions

Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the harmful functions of tPA in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: tPA promotes the proliferation and activation of both lymphoid and myeloid populations by distinct, though complementary, mechanisms.
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis induced in mice by active immunization with a peptide from the amino-terminal domain of the GluN1 subunit
Authors: Ding Yuewen , Zhou Zheye , Chen Jinyu , Peng Yu , Wang Haitao , Qiu Wei , Xie Wei , Zhang Jun , Wang Honghao
Published: February 2021

Background

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a recently discovered autoimmune syndrome associated with psychosis, dyskinesia, and seizures. However, the underlying mechanisms of this disease remain unclear, in part because of a lack of suitable animal models.

Methods

This study describes a novel female C57BL/6 mouse model of anti-NMDAR encephalitis that was induced by active immunization against NMDARs using an amino terminal domain (ATD) peptide from the GluN1 subunit (GluN1356–385).

Results

Twelve weeks after immunization, the immunized mice showed significant memory loss. Furthermore, antibodies from the cerebrospinal fluid of immunized mice decreased the surface NMDAR cluster density in hippocampal neurons which was similar to the effect induced by the anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients’ antibodies. Immunization also impaired long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses and reduced NMDAR-induced calcium influx.

Conclusion

We established a novel anti-NMDAR encephalitis model using active immunization with peptide GluN1356–385 targeting the ATD of GluN1. This novel model may allow further research into the pathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and aid in the development of new therapies for this disease.
Moringa oleifera leaf extracts protect BMSC osteogenic induction following peroxidative damage by activating the PI3K/Akt/Foxo1 pathway
Authors: Liu Meiling , Ding Haifeng , Wang Hongzhi , Wang Manfeng , Wu Xiaowei , Gan Lu , Cheng Luyang , Li Xianglu
Published: February 2021

Objective

We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on osteogenic induction of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) following peroxidative damage and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Conditioned medium was used to induce osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which were treated with H2O2, Moringa oleifera leaf extracts-containing serum, or the phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, alone or in combination. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. Cell cycle was assayed using flow cytometry. Expression levels of Akt, phosphorylated (p)Akt, Foxo1, and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed using western blot analysis. The mRNA levels of osteogenesis-associated genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen І, osteopontin (OPN), and Runx2, were detected using qRT-PCR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and ALP activity were detected using commercially available kits. Osteogenic differentiation capability was determined using alizarin red staining.

Results

During osteogenic induction of rat BMSCs, H2O2 reduced cell viability and proliferation, inhibited osteogenesis, increased ROS and MDA levels, and decreased SOD and GSH-PX activity. H2O2 significantly reduced pAkt and Foxo1 expression, and increased cleaved caspase-3 levels in BMSCs. Additional treatments with Moringa oleifera leaf extracts partially reversed the H2O2-induced changes. Wortmannin partially attenuated the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on protein expression of Foxo1, pAkt, and cleaved caspase-3, as well as mRNA levels of osteogenesis-associated genes.

Conclusion

Moringa oleifera leaf extracts ameliorate peroxidative damage and enhance osteogenic induction of rat BMSCs by activating the PI3K/Akt/Foxo1 pathway.
Single-stage total knee arthroplasty and femoral osteotomy for osteoarthritis with severe supracondylar deformity
Authors: Sun Jing-yang , Zhang Guo-qiang , Shen Jun-min , Du Yin-qiao , Li Tie-jian , Geng Zong-jie , Zhou Yong-gang , Wang Yan
Published: February 2021

Background

Knee osteoarthritis associated with extra-articular deformity (EAD) can confront the arthroplasty surgeons with challenges of bone resection and soft tissue balancing. The aim of this study was to describe a single-stage procedure associating corrective osteotomy with total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to determine the outcome at mid- to long-term follow-up.

Methods

A total of seven patients (seven knees) with knee osteoarthritis and supracondylar deformity were included in this study. Six patients were female, and one was male, with the median age of 62 years (range, 37-76 years). All patients were treated with single-stage TKA and femoral osteotomy. Osteotomy was fixed with long cemented stem. Hospital of Special Surgery (HSS) scores, collateral ligament laxity, and range of motion (ROM) were clinically evaluated preoperatively and at each follow-up. Radiographic parameters including the mechanical axis deviation (MAD), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), mechanical proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), and joint line congruence angle (JLCA) were also measured. The occurrence of perioperative complications was recorded.

Results

The median follow-up time was 91 months (range, 38-104 months). At the last follow-up, all components were stable and no patients required revision. Nonunion of the osteotomy occurred in one patient. In all patients, the lower limb mechanical alignment improved greatly. The mean angle of MAD was restored from 10.49±6.05 cm preoperatively to 1.11±4.97 cm postoperatively. The 90° mLDFA was almost acquired in all cases, with the postoperative value of 90.79±2.40°. After operation, the mMPTA improved from 84.18±6.13° to 91.33±3.13°. The JLCA changed from 2.94±1.61° to −0.71±3.50°. The median HSS score improved from 45 (range, 34-56) preoperatively to 90 (range, 82-97) postoperatively, with the outcome of all patients rated good to excellent. The median ROM improved from 70° (range 0–110°) preoperatively to 105° (range 90–125°) postoperatively. No instability of knee joint was observed. Complications included an intraoperative split fracture of distal femur and one case of wound exudation resulting from fat liquefaction.

Conclusions

For knee osteoarthritis with femoral supracondylar deformity, single-stage TKA and corrective osteotomy was feasible but technically demanding. The use of long cemented stem for osteotomy fixation can provide reliable rotational control of the bone segments.
One-year outcome of manualised behavior therapy of chronic tic disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Nissen J. B. , Carlsen A. H. , Thomsen P. H.
Published: February 2021

Background

Chronic tic disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders that can be treated with Habit Reversal Training (HRT) and Exposure Response Prevention (ERP). Intermediate and long-term effects have been examined after individual treatment with HRT, whereas evaluation of long-term outcome after an initial treatment with ERP, or a combination of HRT and ERP is lacking.

The present study examines the long-term effect after a combined treatment with HRT and ERP delivered in an individual or a group setting

Methods

Fifty-nine children and adolescents diagnosed with a chronic tic disorder were randomised to manualised treatment combining HRT and ERP as individual or group training. Forty-seven were re-examined 1 year after acute outcome. Outcome measures included Total Tic Severity score (TTS) measured by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and Beliefs About Tics Scale (BATS)

Results

In a mixed model, it was shown that the initial improvement with both individual and group treatment was maintained throughout the follow-up period. There were no significant differences between the two methods of treatment delivery. Of all participants completing the 12 months evaluation, 74.4% were considered responders. There was a significant positive association between the reduction of TTS and the reduction in BATS. In a latent class post-treatment trajectory analysis, two classes were identified, where high baseline severity increased the likelihood of being in the lesser responder class. Similar, but only as a trend, having ADHD, planning difficulties or hypersensitivity increased the risk of a lesser response.

Conclusions

The present study compares the efficacy in individualised and group treatment of providing manualised therapy for child and adolescent tic disorders using two behavioural methods (combined HRT and ERP) both of which have been shown to have acute benefits but only one of which has been validated for longer term effectiveness. In the present study, both individualised and group treatments showed benefit throughout a 1-year follow-up period with several potential confounds affecting outcomes, while the relative benefits of either HRT and ERP were not addressed.

Trial registration NCT04594044, 1-10-72-216-15, registered 19th October 2020, retrospectively registered, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/template/Home.vm?uid=U0005BW2&ts=9&sid=S000ABEY&cx=-wlx7vb

The study is approved by the National Ethical Committee (1-10-72-216-15) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (1–16-02-490-15), registered 12 October 2015.
The risk of postoperative deterioration of non-cardiac surgery patients with ICU referral status who are admitted to the regular ward: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Moore David , Durie Matthew L. , Bampoe Sohail , Buizen Luke , Darvall Jai N.
Published: February 2021

Background

Higher-risk surgical patients may not be admitted to the intensive care unit due to stable immediate post-operative status on review. The outcomes of this cohort are not well described. Our aim was to examine the subsequent inpatient course of intensive care unit -referred but not admitted surgical patients.

Methods

All patients aged ≥18 years who were referred but not admitted for post-operative management in a tertiary metropolitan intensive care unit following non-cardiac surgery between 1/7/2017 and 30/6/2018 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective observational cohort study. Primary outcome was Medical Emergency Team activation. Secondary outcomes included unplanned intensive care unit admission; length of stay; and 30-day mortality. Risk of serious complications and predicted length of stay were calculated using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program scoring tool.

Results

Fifteen of 60 patients (25%) had a MET-call following surgery, eight (13%) patients required unplanned intensive care unit admission, with median (IQR) time to Medical Emergency Team call 9 (6–13) hours. No patients died within 30-days. There was no significant difference between mean National Surgical Quality Improvement Program predicted and actual length of stay; after adjustment, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program predicted risk of serious complications was associated with unplanned intensive care unit admission (OR [95% CI] = 1.08 [1.00–1.16], p = 0.04), although not Medical Emergency Team calls.

Conclusions

Post-operative deterioration occurs frequently, and early, in a cohort of high-risk surgical patients initially assessed as being safe for ward care. Changes to current triage models for post-operative intensive care unit admission may reduce the impact of complications in this high-risk group.
Genomic properties of variably methylated retrotransposons in mouse
Authors: Elmer Jessica L. , Hay Amir D. , Kessler Noah J. , Bertozzi Tessa M. , Ainscough Eve A. C. , Ferguson-Smith Anne C.
Published: February 2021

Background

Transposable elements (TEs) are enriched in cytosine methylation, preventing their mobility within the genome. We previously identified a genome-wide repertoire of candidate intracisternal A particle (IAP) TEs in mice that exhibit inter-individual variability in this methylation (VM-IAPs) with implications for genome function.

Results

Here we validate these metastable epialleles and discover a novel class that exhibit tissue specificity (tsVM-IAPs) in addition to those with uniform methylation in all tissues (constitutive- or cVM-IAPs); both types have the potential to regulate genes incis. Screening for variable methylation at other TEs shows that this phenomenon is largely limited to IAPs, which are amongst the youngest and most active endogenous retroviruses. We identify sequences enriched within cVM-IAPs, but determine that these are not sufficient to confer epigenetic variability. CTCF is enriched at VM-IAPs with binding inversely correlated with DNA methylation. We uncover dynamic physical interactions between cVM-IAPs with low methylation ranges and other genomic loci, suggesting that VM-IAPs have the potential for long-range regulation.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that a recently evolved interplay between genetic sequence, CTCF binding, and DNA methylation at young TEs can result in inter-individual variability in transcriptional outcomes with implications for phenotypic variation.
Breast tuberculosis: a case series
Authors: Ghalleb M. , Seghaier S. , Adouni O. , Bouaziz H. , Bouida A. , Hassouna J. Ben , Chargui R. , Rahal K.
Published: February 2021

Background and aim

Breast tuberculosis is a rare disease, even in endemic areas. The diagnosis can be challenging, as it can mimic breast cancer. We aim to report our experience and discuss diagnoses and management modalities.

Results

We encountered twelve cases of breast tuberculosis in our institution from 2004 to 2019. The average age of our Caucasian North African patients was 42 years old (22–63). The classic presentation was a breast lump found in half of the cases. On physical examination, we suspected breast carcinoma in seven patients. The average size of the tumors was 39 mm (15–80 mm). Nine patients had a mammogram. In five cases, there was a suspicious breast mass mimicking a malignant tumor with an average size of 33 mm (25–60 mm). A ultrasonography was performed in 6 cases and revealed a suspicious ill-circumscribed nodule in four patients with an average size of 37.5 mm (10–60 mm). Five patients had a lumpectomy, and seven women underwent drainage of the abscess and the biopsy of its hull. The association of epithelioid cell granulomas and caseous necrosis was mandatory for the histological diagnosis of tuberculosis. All of them had an antitubercular therapy. The median period of follow-up was of 43 months (3–156 months). One patient presented with a recurrent abscess of the breast.

Conclusion

Our study found that clinical examination and radiological imaging were not specific. Positive cultures for Koch bacillus or histological confirmation are mandatory for the diagnosis. A meta-analysis of the existing cases is needed.
Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Wylezich Claudia , Calvelage Sten , Schlottau Kore , Ziegler Ute , Pohlmann Anne , Höper Dirk , Beer Martin
Published: February 2021

Background

The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples.

Methods

A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted.

Results

The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples.

Conclusions

The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2.
A gene co-association network regulating gut microbial communities in a Duroc pig population
Authors: Reverter Antonio , Ballester Maria , Alexandre Pamela A. , Mármol-Sánchez Emilio , Dalmau Antoni , Quintanilla Raquel , Ramayo-Caldas Yuliaxis
Published: February 2021

Background

Analyses of gut microbiome composition in livestock species have shown its potential to contribute to the regulation of complex phenotypes. However, little is known about the host genetic control over the gut microbial communities. In pigs, previous studies are based on classical “single-gene-single-trait” approaches and have evaluated the role of host genome controlling gut prokaryote and eukaryote communities separately.

Results

In order to determine the ability of the host genome to control the diversity and composition of microbial communities in healthy pigs, we undertook genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 39 microbial phenotypes that included 2 diversity indexes, and the relative abundance of 31 bacterial and six commensal protist genera in 390 pigs genotyped for 70 K SNPs. The GWAS results were processed through a 3-step analytical pipeline comprised of (1) association weight matrix; (2) regulatory impact factor; and (3) partial correlation and information theory. The inferred gene regulatory network comprised 3561 genes (within a 5 kb distance from a relevant SNP–P < 0.05) and 738,913 connections (SNP-to-SNP co-associations). Our findings highlight the complexity and polygenic nature of the pig gut microbial ecosystem. Prominent within the network were 5 regulators, PRDM15, STAT1, ssc-mir-371, SOX9 and RUNX2 which gathered 942, 607, 588, 284 and 273 connections, respectively. PRDM15 modulates the transcription of upstream regulators of WNT and MAPK-ERK signaling to safeguard naive pluripotency and regulates the production of Th1- and Th2-type immune response. The signal transducer STAT1 has long been associated with immune processes and was recently identified as a potential regulator of vaccine response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. The list of regulators was enriched for immune-related pathways, and the list of predicted targets includes candidate genes previously reported as associated with microbiota profile in pigs, mice and human, such as SLIT3, SLC39A8, NOS1, IL1R2, DAB1, TOX3, SPP1, THSD7B, ELF2, PIANP, A2ML1, and IFNAR1. Moreover, we show the existence of host-genetic variants jointly associated with the relative abundance of butyrate producer bacteria and host performance.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results identified regulators, candidate genes, and mechanisms linked with microbiome modulation by the host. They further highlight the value of the proposed analytical pipeline to exploit pleiotropy and the crosstalk between bacteria and protists as significant contributors to host-microbiome interactions and identify genetic markers and candidate genes that can be incorporated in breeding program to improve host-performance and microbial traits.
A flexible univariate moving average time-series model for dispersed count data
Authors: Sellers Kimberly F. , Arab Ali , Melville Sean , Cui Fanyu
Published: February 2021

Al-Osh and Alzaid (1988) consider a Poisson moving average (PMA) model to describe the relation among integer-valued time series data; this model, however, is constrained by the underlying equi-dispersion assumption for count data (i.e., that the variance and the mean equal). This work instead introduces a flexible integer-valued moving average model for count data that contain over- or under-dispersion via the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (CMP) distribution and related distributions. This first-order sum-of-Conway-Maxwell-Poissons moving average (SCMPMA(1)) model offers a generalizable construct that includes the PMA (among others) as a special case. We highlight the SCMPMA model properties and illustrate its flexibility via simulated data examples.
Correction to: Transcranial magnetic stimulation therapeutic applications on sleep and insomnia: a review
Authors: Oroz Ricardo , Kung Simon , Croarkin Paul E. , Cheung Joseph
Published: February 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Cancer metabolism and intervention therapy
Authors: Zhao Huakan , Li Yongsheng
Published: February 2021

Metabolic reprogramming with heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and is at the basis of malignant behaviors. It supports the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells according to the low nutrition and hypoxic microenvironment. Tumor cells frantically grab energy sources (such as glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine) from different pathways to produce a variety of biomass to meet their material needs via enhanced synthetic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid synthesis (FAS), and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). To survive from stress conditions (e.g., metastasis, irradiation, or chemotherapy), tumor cells have to reprogram their metabolism from biomass production towards the generation of abundant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and antioxidants. In addition, cancer cells remodel the microenvironment through metabolites, promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, we discuss how the metabolism is reprogrammed in cancer cells and how the tumor microenvironment is educated via the metabolic products. We also highlight potential metabolic targets for cancer therapies.
Design and Implementation of an Innovative, Longitudinal Wellness Curriculum in an Anesthesiology Residency Program
Authors: Thornton Kevin C. , Sinskey Jina L. , Boscardin Christy K. , Sullivan Kristina R.
Published: February 2021

Burnout is a serious problem that anesthesiologists face during training and in practice. To mitigate it, experts advocate for strategies focused on enhancing individual resilience in addition to organizational change in health care systems. To catalyze this change, wellness-focused education must incorporate foundational knowledge about the science of well-being and impart skills to empower trainees to lead change in the future. We developed and implemented a longitudinal, developmental 3-year curriculum in a large anesthesiology residency program that included strategies to strengthen community-building, enhance meaning from a career in medicine, and incorporated topics focused on career and leadership development.
Carotid Blood Flow–Guided Fluid Therapy in Cytoreductive Surgery With Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: More Shikhar , Sarma Riniki , Ratre Brajesh , Bharati Sachidanand Jee
Published: February 2021

Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy is associated with significant volume shifts and requires meticulous hemodynamic management. The conventional and arbitrary “liberal” and “restrictive” fluid regimens are now being challenged. With increasing recognition of the need to individualize perioperative fluid therapy, dynamic assessment of fluid status and hemodynamic response to administration of fluids have become vital. Herein, we describe a case in which point of care ultrasound of the carotid artery and derived parameters were used to guide intraoperative fluid management. We discuss the reliability of this technique and the potential advantages it could offer.
Indigenous Slavery's Archive in Seventeenth-Century Chile
Authors: van Deusen Nancy E.
Published: February 2021

This article considers the creation and activation of certification documents codifying the capture-event and moment of enslavement of Reche-Mapuche people during the Araucanian wars with Spanish settlers in seventeenth-century Chile. Certification documents were normalized by the military bureaucracy and activated by slave owners who subjected and maintained Reche-Mapuche men, women, and children in bondage. These documents were foundational because they could reproduce what purportedly happened in other documentary and oral forms and facilitated the circulation of essentialized truths about the enslavement of individuals and about slavery writ large. In their legal petitions for freedom, Reche-Mapuche slaves had to speak against the grain of these legal instrumenta, which expressed a legally enforceable act or action as well as evidence of that action. Certification documents also had an archival afterlife following enactment of the abolition of Indigenous slavery in 1679.
A Party of Ex-convicts: Bolívar Ochart, Carceral Logics, and the Socialist Party in Early Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico
Authors: Meléndez-Badillo Jorell
Published: February 2021

This article uses the case of Bolívar Ochart, a midlevel member of the Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, to explore the ways that labor leaders navigated the Puerto Rican polity after the 1898 US occupation of the archipelago. The Socialist Party radically challenged the new carceral logics through its prison reform stance. Since it was the only political party in which most of its leadership had all been imprisoned, it also offered a space for formerly incarcerated, self-educated workers to become career politicians. Ultimately, this essay tells the story of how Ochart went from being a convict to receiving an executive pardon, publishing a groundbreaking book, and later becoming an elected official.
The Bandeirantes of Freedom: The Prestes Column and the Myth of Brazil's Interior
Authors: Blanc Jacob
Published: February 2021

The Prestes Column rebellion is among the most mythologized events in modern Brazil: from 1924 to 1927, a group of junior army officers marched nearly 15,000 miles through Brazil's vast interior regions. This Homeric epic into the so-called backlands launched the careers of some of Brazil's most important figures, and for nearly a century it has attained a mythic status in folklore and political history. Seeking to both explain and intervene in this legend, I argue that the myth of the Prestes Column emerged from and remained tethered to the stigmatized image of the interior. As a corrective to the column's dominant narrative and intervening in scholarship on myths more generally, this article reimagines the interior as both a place and an idea. The enduring symbolism of the backlands shows that exclusion, rather than a byproduct of national mythologies, is the pillar on which the ideas of inclusionary myths are based.
The Philological Thesis
Authors: Sacks Jeffrey
Published: February 2021

This essay addresses the principal form and practice for linguistic domination, philology, to draw out a sense in which philology discombobulates the stabilizing terms it privileges and sends out at the world. This essay traces several moments in a history of the disorganization of linguistic and social form—in the poetic writing of Paul Celan and the Arabic-language translations of Celan offered by the Iraqi poet Khālid al-Ma‘ālī; in Walter Benjamin’s essayistic writing on language and the law; in the tenth-century Arabic-language philosopher Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī; and in Aristotle’s Metaphysics—to suggest the ways in which philology becomes a practice for linguistic indistinction and indefinition. Because language, as philology, ceases to be subordinated to its ends (history, sense, the subject), it becomes a discordant social form; because it disorders the terms privileged in the modern institutions for reading, it speaks to us of a form of life that is obscured in the privileging of the ends to which language is, repeatedly, constrained to be understood.
The Fate of Philology
Authors: Eiland Howard
Published: February 2021

Drawing on writings of the German Romantic tradition, Werner Hamacher’s aphoristic Minima Philologica develops a philosophy of philology, one operating without the control mechanisms of instrumentalized thought but not without internal rigor. Hamacher conceives philology as an art of (slow) reading bound to the spirit of experiment and linguistic play. Versed in the conventions and operations of literature in order to do it justice, philology nevertheless speaks in another voice, one more ascetic and conjectural. Having broken with the positivism of the Alexandrian tradition of philologia, this other philology plays the trickster in humanistic disciplines. Its task today is twofold: to unmask the industrial manufacture of language, complicit as it is with hostility to the word; and, as remedy for reification, to reawaken the philia in philology by cultivating—with historically informed critical vigilance—the power of affect, the mimetic power, in language and discourse.
To Become What One Is
Authors: Waters Lindsay
Published: February 2021

In the twentieth century, criticism flourished in the academy in the English language from the 1930s to the 1960s, but gradually a hyperprofessionalized discourse purporting to be criticism took its place. The problem was exacerbated because people misunderstand literary theory thinking it superior to criticism. Big mistake. Theory proper begins its life as criticism, criticism that has staying power. Central to criticism as Kant argued is judgment. Judgment is based on feeling provoked by the artwork in our encounters with artworks. This essay talks about the author’s encounter with Mary Gaitskill’s novel Veronica. The critical judgment puts the artwork into a milieu. This essay argues the case for the holism of critical judgments versus what the author calls Bitsiness as Usual, the fragmentation of our understanding of our encounters with artworks. The author subjects both Paul de Man and the New Historicists to severe attacks.
Infectious Dermatoses in Sport: A Review of Diagnosis, Management, and Return-to-Play Recommendations
Authors: Paradise Scott L. , Hu Yao-Wen Eliot
Published: February 2021

Infectious dermatoses represent a significant source of morbidity and missed athletic participation among athletes. Close quarters and skin trauma from contact sports can lead to outbreaks among teams and athletic staff. The National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Federation of State High School Associations have published guidance with recommended management and return-to-play criteria for common fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic rashes. In addition to rapidly diagnosing and treating infectious dermatoses, team physicians should counsel athletes and athletic staff on proper equipment care and personal hygiene to reduce infection transmission. Clinicians should always consult sport and athlete governing bodies for sport-specific recommendations.
The Effect of Consumer-based Activity Tracker Intervention on Physical Activity among Recent Retirees—An RCT Study
Authors: LESKINEN TUIJA , SUORSA KRISTIN , TUOMINEN MIIKA , PULAKKA ANNA , PENTTI JAANA , LÖYTTYNIEMI ELIISA , HEINONEN ILKKA , VAHTERA JUSSI , STENHOLM SARI
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The randomized controlled trial REACT (NCT03320746) examined the effect of a 12-month consumer-based activity tracker intervention on accelerometer-measured physical activity among recent retirees.

Methods

Altogether 231 recently retired Finnish adults (age, 65.2 ± 1.1 yr, mean ± SD; 83% women) were randomized to intervention and control groups. Intervention participants were requested to wear a commercial wrist-worn activity tracker (Polar Loop 2; Polar, Kempele, Finland) for 12 months, to try to reach the daily activity goals shown on the tracker display, and to upload their activity data to a Web-based program every week. The control group received no intervention. Accelerometer-based outcome measurements of daily total, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous (MVPA) physical activity were conducted at baseline and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month time points. Hierarchical linear mixed models were used to examine the differences between the groups over time. All analyses were performed by intention-to-treat principle and adjusted for wake wear time.

Results

The use of a commercial activity tracker did not increase daily total activity, LPA, or MVPA over the 12-months period when compared with nonuser controls (group–time interaction, P = 0.39, 0.23, and 0.77, respectively). There was an increase in LPA over the first 6 months in both the intervention (26 min·d−1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13 to 39) and the control (14 min·d−1, 95% CI = 1 to 27) groups, but the difference between the groups was not significant (12 min·d−1, 95% CI = −6 to 30). In both groups, LPA decreased from 6 to 12 months.

Conclusion

The 12-month use of a commercial activity tracker does not appear to elicit significant changes in the daily total activity among a general population sample of recent retirees, thus highlighting the need to explore other alternatives to increase physical activity in this target group.
Sex Dimorphism in Muscle Damage–induced Inflammation
Authors: LUK HUI-YING , LEVITT DANIELLE E. , APPELL CASEY , VINGREN JAKOB L.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance exercise (RE)–induced hormonal changes on intramuscular cytokine gene expression after muscle damage in untrained men and women.

Methods

Men (n = 8, 22 ± 3 yr) and women (n = 8, 19 ± 1 yr) completed two sessions of 80 unilateral maximal eccentric knee extensions followed by either an upper body RE bout (EX) or a time-matched period (CON). Muscle samples (vastus laterals) were analyzed for mRNA expression of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10, IL-15, TNFA, TGFB, CCL2, and CD68 at PRE, 12 h, and 24 h after the session.

Results

A significant time–sex–condition interaction was found for TGFB with an increase for EX in men at 12 h from PRE. For EX, TGFB was also greater in men than in women at 12 and 24 h. Significant time–sex and condition–sex interactions were found for IL-10 with an increase for men that was greater than for women at 12 and 24 h. IL-10 was lower in EX than CON for men. A significant time–sex interaction was found for TNFA with an increase for men that was greater than for women at 24 h. A significant time–condition interaction was found for CD68 with an increase at 12 h and decrease at 24 h for EX and CON. CD68 was lower in EX than CON at 12 h. A significant time effect was found for IL6 and CCL2 with an increase at 12 and 24 h.

Conclusions

Results suggest that women seem to have a muted intramuscular cytokine (i.e., IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β) response to muscle damage compared with men.
Running Footstrike Patterns and Footwear in Habitually Shod Preschool Children
Authors: Plesek Jan , Freedman Silvernail Julia , Hamill Joseph , Jandacka Daniel
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Running skill develops during the preschool age. There is little research evidence as to how footstrike patterns are affected by footwear during this important developmental period.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare footstrike patterns among different age groups of preschool children running in different footwear conditions.

Methods

Three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics were collected while 48 typically developing children age 3 to 6 yr ran overground at self-selected speed in a barefoot condition and in minimalist and standard running shoes. Children were divided into four age groups (n = 12 per group). The key dependent variables for this study included strike index and sagittal plane ankle angle at footstrike. A two-way mixed ANOVA (3 × 4) was performed to determine possible footwear and age differences in footstrike patterns.

Results

An interaction between footwear condition and age group was found in the ankle angle at footstrike (P = 0.030, η2 = 0.145). There was a main effect within the footwear condition across all age groups for strike index (P = 0.001, η2 = 0.337). The ankle was more plantar flexed in the barefoot and minimalist conditions compared with standard running shoes only in 6-yr-old children (P < 0.05, d > 0.8). In addition, 6-yr-old children had a more plantar flexed ankle than did 3-yr-old children when they ran barefoot (P = 0.008, d = 1.24).

Conclusions

Footstrike pattern is affected by footwear in preschool children. As children get older, their footstrike pattern becomes more non-rearfoot with a more plantar flexed ankle in barefoot and minimalist shoes. On the contrary, the rearfoot–midfoot strike pattern did not change over preschool age when they wore standard running shoes.
The reasons and countermeasures of Bladder Rupture caused by Transurethral Clot Evacuation
Authors: Liu Kai-long , Wang Xin , Qu Chang-bao , Qi Jin-Chun
Published: February 2021

Objective: Bladder rupture caused by transurethral clot evacuation is rare in clinic, but an emergency operation is indeed needed in the patient with bladder rupture. We analyzed the reasons of bladder rupture caused by transurethral clot evacuation and provided the countermeasures to guide clinical surgeon to prevent the iatrogenic damage of bladder.

Method: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 287 patients in our hospital, who had bladder tamponade resulting from clots of blood for various reasons and underwent transurethral clot evacuation from January 2007 to January 2019. Six male cases, aged from 28 to 76 years (mean 56.67±17.76) had bladder rupture. Four patients whose bladder ruptured intraperitoneally were changed to open surgery to repair bladder and clear the remanent blood clots. Two patients with extraperitoneal bladder rupture and a small bladder crevasse underwent a conservative therapy.

Results: We observed that the incidence rate of bladder rupture was not associated with bladder tamponade and the age, but may be associated with gender, bladder paracentesis preoperative and urinary retention preoperative. All six cases were male.. They had different period of urinary retention before operation. No supra-pubis bladder paracentesis was made before operation. The bladder crevasses located in the triangle zone and posterior wall of bladder entirely, and the length of the bladder crevasses ranged from 3 to 7cm (mean 4.83cm). The bladder crevasses were all lengthways, and four cases were of’ bladders ruptured intraperitoneally while another two presented an extraperitoneal bladder rupture.

Conclusions: The reasons of bladder rupture caused by transurethral clot evacuation may be related to gender, bladder paracentesis preoperative and urinary retention preoperative. We should decide to use expectant treatment or open surgery immediately according to the extent of the rupture when bladder rupture occurs.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3911

How to cite this:Liu KL, Wang X, Qu CB, Qi JC. The reasons and countermeasures of Bladder Rupture caused by Transurethral Clot Evacuation. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(3):903-907. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3911

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Mental health of medical workers during COVID-19 pandemic - literature review.
Authors: Gawrych Magdalena
Published: February 2021

Niedawno odkryta choroba COVID-19 jest spowodowana przez koronawirusa ostrej niewydolności oddechowej 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia ogłosiła globalną pandemię 11 marca 2020 r., a sam COVID-19 stał się klinicznym zagrożeniem dla populacji ogólnej i pracowników służby zdrowia na całym świecie. Niniejszy przegląd literatury opisuje wpływ COVID-19 na zdrowie psychiczne personelu medycznego. Dotychczasowe badania są nieliczne, w większości koncentrują się na depresji, lęku i bezsenności. Według doniesień problemy ze zdrowiem psychicznym są częstą reakcją na pandemię COVID-19. Istnieje wyraźna potrzeba zarówno szkoleń, jak i programów wsparcia koncentrujących się na zdrowiu psychicznym i odporności psychicznej. W czasie pandemii pracownicy służby zdrowia są najcenniejszym zasobem każdego kraju. W związku z tym istnieje ogromna potrzeba budowania odpowiednich strategii prewencyjnych, w celu zminimalizowania psychologicznego wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na pracowników służby zdrowia. Niezwykle istotne jest szerokie zidentyfikowanie czynników ryzyka, w celu identyfikacji grup podwyższonego ryzyka oraz opracowania adekwatnych interwencji. Oceny wymaga w dalszej kolejności długoterminowy wpływ psychospołeczny epidemii na zdrowie psychiczne pracowników medycznych.
China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion
Authors: Bitzinger Richard A.
Published: February 2021

executive summary: This essay examines how China has come to value Military-Civil Fusion (MCF) as a critical strategy for next-generation military-technological innovation and how the country is attempting to apply MCF to its weapons development process. main argumentMCF is part of a long-term and broad-based strategic effort by Beijing to develop China into a technological superpower by pursuing both guns and butter and using them to mutually support each other. Chinese leaders, particularly Xi Jinping, are using MCF to position the country to compete militarily and economically in an emerging technological and strategic competition with the U.S. In this respect, current efforts are far more ambitious and far-reaching than previous initiatives, particularly in their determination to fuse China's defense and commercial economies. At the same time, China is only at the beginning of an arduous, multiyear process to leverage advanced commercial technologies for military modernization, and there is no certainty that MCF will work any better than earlier efforts. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that Xi, the Chinese Communist Party, or the People's Liberation Army will abandon MCF anytime soon. policy implications • Despite the availability of advanced technologies in the commercial sector, MCF is a gamble, and it will require considerable effort and resources to adapt and apply these technologies to military innovation. Legal, regulatory, and cultural hurdles could impede the pace and intensity of MCF. • Nevertheless, should China successfully implement MCF and achieve significant results, the resulting "world-class" military could pose a worrying challenge to the U.S. and its allies in the Indo-Pacific.
China's Military-Civil Fusion and Military Procurement
Authors: Evron Yoram
Published: February 2021

executive summary: This essay examines the impact of China's Military-Civil Fusion (MCF) strategy on the country's military procurement and argues that its main contribution lies in increasing China's access to advanced military-related foreign know-how and technologies. main argumentAdopted in 2015, the MCF strategy is the last phase of a prolonged national effort to overcome the embedded hindrances of China's military procurement system by harnessing the civilian sector to that end. The strategy is designed to inject new technologies and R&D into China's military-industrial complex, increase its efficiency, and improve the bargaining position of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) vis-à-vis its suppliers throughout the various phases of procurement. A close examination of the expressed objectives of the MCF, its policy tools, and implementation reveals that (1) the strategy concentrates more on R&D than all other procurement phases, (2) efforts to reduce bureaucratic and functional barriers between the defense and civilian industry sectors face many obstacles, and (3) MCF's greatest achievements lie in transferring advanced military-related expertise from foreign sources to China's military establishment. policy implications • Although the MCF strategy narrows China's military-technology gap with other leading world powers, it does not address the embedded inefficiencies of the country's military procurement system. Hence, its overall effect on the PLA's readiness and warfighting capability is limited. • China's MCF has drawn negative attention from other countries—particularly the U.S.—for the tight relations between the military, civilian industry, and academia. Such criticism affects China's political, technological, and economic relationships with these countries and may have detrimental consequences for relevant Chinese sectors. • MCF's record may provide another demonstration of China's difficulty in injecting market forces into its state-owned sector as well as in addressing problems of inefficiency through measures other than economic liberalization.