bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friction modeling for dynamic system simulation
Authors: Berger EJ
Published: October 2002

Friction is a very complicated phenomenon arising at the contact of surfaces. Experiments indicate a functional dependence upon a large variety of parameters, including sliding speed, acceleration, critical sliding distance, temperature, normal load, humidity, surface preparation, and, of course, material combination. In many engineering applications, the success of models in predicting experimental results remains strongly sensitive to the friction model. Furthermore, a broad cross section of engineering and science disciplines have developed interesting ways of representing friction, with models originating from the fundamental mechanics areas, the system dynamics and controls fields, as well as many others. A fundamental unresolved question in system simulation remains: what is the most appropriate way to include friction in an analytical or numerical model, and what are the implications of friction model choice? This review article draws upon the vast body of literature from many diverse engineering fields and critically examines the use of various friction models under different circumstances. Special focus is given to specific topics: lumped-parameter system models (usually of low order)—use of various types of parameter dependence of friction; continuum system models—continuous interface models and their discretization; self-excited system response—steady-sliding stability, stick/slip, and friction model requirements; and forced system response—stick/slip, partial slip, and friction model requirements. The conclusion from this broad survey is that the system model and friction model are fundamentally coupled, and they cannot be chosen independently. Furthermore, the usefulness of friction model and the success of the system dynamic model rely strongly on each other. Across disciplines, it is clear that multi-scale effects can dominate performance of friction contacts, and as a result more research is needed into computational tools and approaches capable of resolving the diverse length scales present in many practical problems. There are 196 references cited in this review-article.
"Stemness": Transcriptional Profiling of Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells
Authors: Ramalho-Santos Miguel , Yoon Soonsang , Matsuzaki Yumi , Mulligan Richard C. , Melton Douglas A.
Published: October 2002

The transcriptional profiles of mouse embryonic, neural, and hematopoietic stem cells were compared to define a genetic program for stem cells. A total of 216 genes are enriched in all three types of stem cells, and several of these genes are clustered in the genome. When compared to differentiated cell types, stem cells express a significantly higher number of genes (represented by expressed sequence tags) whose functions are unknown. Embryonic and neural stem cells have many similarities at the transcriptional level. These results provide a foundation for a more detailed understanding of stem cell biology.
A Stem Cell Molecular Signature
Authors: Ivanova Natalia B. , Dimos John T. , Schaniel Christoph , Hackney Jason A. , Moore Kateri A. , Lemischka Ihor R.
Published: October 2002

Mechanisms regulating self-renewal and cell fate decisions in mammalian stem cells are poorly understood. We determined global gene expression profiles for mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells and other stages of the hematopoietic hierarchy. Murine and human hematopoietic stem cells share a number of expressed gene products, which define key conserved regulatory pathways in this developmental system. Moreover, in the mouse, a portion of the genetic program of hematopoietic stem cells is shared with embryonic and neural stem cells. This overlapping set of gene products represents a molecular signature of stem cells.
JOSEPHSON-LIKE EFFECT IN A SPIN VALVE
Authors: SU GANG , SUZUKI MASUO
Published: October 2002

The possibility of the Josephson-like effect in a spin valve system is discussed. It is argued that in the absence of the bias voltage, the system can have dc currents flowing through the tunneling junction under certain conditions when alignments of spins in two ferromagnetic (FM) layers separated by an insulating layer, are parallel. The system may have ac currents flowing through the junction when spins in the two FM layers are tilting aligned or antialigned, this being a result quite different from the Josephson effect in superconducting junctions. In the presence of the bias voltage, the tunneling current is, in general, alternating, but for the case of antialigned spins, it contains a dc current component when the bias voltage takes a specific value (a resonant condition). The case with an ac bias voltage is also addressed.
US Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense 2023 Clinical Guideline for PTSD—Devolving Not Evolving
Authors: Hoge Charles W. , Chard Kathleen M. , Yehuda Rachel
Published: January 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the updated 2023 clinical practice guidelines issued by the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the US Department of Defense regarding treatment approaches for posttraumatic stress disorder.
A Magnet‐Driven Soft Bistable Actuator
Authors: Chen Zhou , Kong Shangcheng , He Yunhu , Chen Shiting , Wang Wanying , Jin Lihan , Zhang Shun , Hong Ying , Pan Lulu , Wu Haikun , Xie Youneng , Linghu Changhong , Mao Zhengyi , Yang Zhengbao , Chan Chi Hou , Song Jizhou , Lu Jian
Published: January 2024

Bistable morphing structures are widely used as actuation mechanisms in soft actuators, soft robotics, energy absorbers, mechanical computers, optical lenses, metamaterials, and flexible electronics. However, untethered actuators, repetitive actuators, and hybrid‐assembly (containing in‐plane‐assembly and out‐of‐plane‐assembly) actuators remain challenging to realize using existing bistable structures, which hinders the novel application of such actuators in research, engineering, and daily life. This problem is solved by fabricating a magnet‐driven soft bistable actuator (MSBA) unit. The self‐buckling of the circular polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet ensures the bistability of the actuator and allows it to operate as an independent unit, free of external constraints. The reorientation of neodymium‐iron‐boron (NdFeB) microparticles embedded in the PDMS sheet enables the dome‐shaped actuators to exhibit repetitive snapping under the stimulus of a direction‐switching magnetic field. The potential of this MSBA unit in bionics, electronics, and biomechanics applications is demonstrated in systematic studies involving modification of the buckling deflection and magnetic moment density. The MSBA unit exhibits excellent performance in hybrid designs and intelligent systems.
A Hybrid Photocatalytic System Splits Atmospheric Water to Produce Hydrogen
Authors: He Linglong , Zeng Xianghui , Chen Hui , Zhao Lei , Huang Zhaohui , Wang Daheng , He Xuan , Fang Wei , Du Xing , Li Weixin
Published: January 2024

Large‐scale photocatalytic water‐splitting panel reactor system is developed and demonstrated its commercial feasibility. However, water scarcity is one of the leading challenges for the sustainable development of photocatalytic hydrogen generation in a well‐lit area. Here, a water harvesting form air‐photothermal water evaporation‐photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (AWPH) system is devised. The hybrid system comprising carbonized wood (CWx) combined with the hygroscopic salt ZnCl2 and Pt‐modified g‐C3N4 nanosheets (Pt‐CN) as a photocatalyst is developed, in which the carbonized wood has a vertical pore structure that can provide attachment sites for the hygroscopic salt. The water adsorbed by ZnCl2 is driven along the vertical pore channels to the photocatalyst due to the photothermal conversion effect. The bi‐phase interfaces of vapor/photocatalyst/hydrogen produced by the photothermal‐photocatalytic system significantly reduce the interface barrier and substantially lower the resistance to hydrogen transport. CW550 exhibited a water uptake of 0.56 g g−1 and hydrogen yield of 21.99 µmol cm−2 under 100 mW cm−2 illumination at a flow rate of 2 mL min−1 for 5 h and a half at atmospheric pressure.
Sub‐Stoichiometric Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Qian Cheng , Li Xing , Teo Wei Liang , Gao Qiang , Wei Wei
Published: January 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered significant attention for nearly two decades due to their exceptional structural designs, tunable properties, and wide‐ranging applications. Recently, a novel subclass of COFs known as partially condensed, sub‐stoichiometric COFs (ss‐COFs) has emerged. This presents a promising new avenue for constructing distinct COF structures in contrast to fully condensed, stoichiometric COFs (fc‐COFs). ss‐COFs are deliberately designed with periodic unreacted functional groups, thereby giving rise to intriguing electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. The deviation from conventional stoichiometric approach opens up new prospects to tailor material properties for unexplored applications. Here, this review focuses on the latest advancements and breakthroughs in ss‐COFs, including topological design, structure characterization, synthetic method, and practical applications. From their basic designing principles to cutting‐edge properties, it will be explored how ss‐COFs are paving the way for COFs research and pushing the boundaries toward new scientific and technological possibilities.
Electro‐induced Crystallization Over Amorphous Indium Hydroxide Gels Toward Ampere‐Level Current Density Formate Electrosynthesis
Authors: Zhao Jia Yue , Huang Kai , Liu Changwei , Wu Xuefeng , Xu Yi Ning , Li Jiayu , Zhu Minghui , Dai Sheng , Lian Cheng , Liu Peng Fei , Yang Hua Gui
Published: January 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a promising way for producing value‐added fuels and chemicals via renewable electricity. However, the dynamic reconstruction of electrocatalysts of atomic active sites hinders in‐depth understanding of catalytic mechanism and further industrial application, especially under ampere‐level current density conditions. In this work, electro‐induced crystallization is reported over an amorphous Indium hydroxide gel (In gel) catalyst, which generates active sites for efficient and selective CO2RR. Molecular dynamic calculation reveals the crystallization process can maintain amorphous In‐OH species on the surface while generating crystallized metallic In under electroreduction condition; structural characterizations prove that the derived partially crystallized In gel is stable consisting of amorphous/crystalline interface, even biased at a high polarization potential of −4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The resultant partially crystalized In gel exhibits a highly selective CO2RR performance toward formate under an ampere‐level current density up to 1200 mA cm−2 simultaneously with 91.89% Faradaic efficiency, which can motivate a high formate generation rate of 20.55 mmol h−1 cm−2. The operando Raman spectroscopic and density functional theoretic results demonstrate the optimized adsorption of *HCOO intermediate for the enhanced formate activity and selectivity over the partially crystallized In gel.
Self‐Mixed Biphasic Liquid Metal Composite with Ultra‐High Stretchability and Strain‐Insensitivity for Neuromorphic Circuits
Authors: Lee Do Hoon , Lim Taesu , Pyeon Jeongsu , Park Hyunmin , Lee Sang‐Won , Lee Seungkyu , Kim Wonsik , Kim Min , Lee Jeong‐Chan , Kim Do‐Wan , Han Seungmin , Kim Hyoungsoo , Park Steve , Choi Yang‐Kyu
Published: January 2024

Neuromorphic circuits that can function under extreme deformations are important for various data‐driven wearable and robotic applications. Herein, biphasic liquid metal particle (BMP) with unprecedented stretchability and strain‐insensitivity (ΔR/R0 = 1.4@ 1200% strain) is developed to realize a stretchable neuromorphic circuit that mimics a spike‐based biologic sensory system. The BMP consists of liquid metal particles (LMPs) and rigid liquid metal particles (RLMPs), which are homogeneously mixed via spontaneous solutal‐Marangoni mixing flow during coating. This permits facile single step patterning directly on various substrates at room temperature. BMP is highly conductive (2.3 × 106 S/m) without any post activation steps. BMP interconnects are utilized for a sensory system, which is capable of distinguishing variations of biaxial strains with a spiking neural network, thus demonstrating their potential for various sensing and signal processing applications.
High‐Performance Organic Narrow Dual‐Band Circular Polarized Light Detection for Encrypted Communications and Color Imaging
Authors: Wang Qingkai , Bao Jinying , Zhang Yajie , Wang Yuheng , Qiu Dingding , Yang Jiaxin , Zhang Jianqi , Gao Hanfei , Wu Yuchen , Dong Huanli , Yang Huai , Wei Zhixiang
Published: January 2024

Conventional circularly polarized light (CPL) detectors necessitate several optical elements, posing difficulties in achieving miniature and integrated devices. Recently developed organic CPL detectors require no additional optical elements but usually suffer from low detectivity or low asymmetry factor (g‐factor). Here, an organic CPL detector with excellent detectivity and a high g‐factor is fabricated. By employing an inverted quasi‐planar heterojunction (IPHJ) structure and incorporating an additional liquid crystal film, a CPL detector with an outstanding g‐factor of 1.62 is developed. Unfavorable charge injection is effectively suppressed by the IPHJ structure, which reduces the dark current of the organic photodetector. Consequently, a left CPL detectivity of 6.16 × 1014 Jones at 640 nm is realized, surpassing all of the latest photodiode‐type CPL detectors. Adopting a liquid crystal film with adjustable wavelengths of selectively reflected light, the hybrid device achieves narrow dual‐band CPL detection, varying from 530 to 640 nm, with a half‐maximum full width below 90 nm. Notably, the device achieves excellent stability of 260 000 on/off cycles without attenuation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, all these features have rarely been reported in previous work. The CPL detector arrays are also demonstrated for encrypted communications and color imaging.
UV‐Light Generation in Micelles via Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion – Towards Synthetic Applications
Authors: Jeyaseelan R. , Utikal M. , Næsborg L.
Published: January 2024

Over the last century UV‐light mediated processes gave access to synthetically valuable products. Some of the disadvantages encountered when performing such UV‐light triggered synthetic reactions are the necessity for special glassware (quartz), the environmentally unfriendly irradiation sources and the need for oxygen removal, often via time consuming freeze‐pump‐thaw cycles. In addition, the penetration of UV‐light into the reaction mixture is a challenge due to absorption effects and scattering. A solution to these disadvantages could be triplet‐triplet annihilation upconversion performed under micellar reaction conditions. Hereby, UV‐light can be generated in the reaction mixture using visible light irradiation. In addition, the aqueous micellar medium can allow for the process to occur without the need for oxygen removal. This concept has been sporadically demonstrated and holds a great promise for the development of UV‐light promoted photochemical reactions under milder and more benign reaction conditions that may eventually allow for the development of scale up protocols.
Generation of a Hydrophobic Protrusion on Nanoparticles to Improve the Membrane‐Anchoring Ability and Cellular Internalization
Authors: Xia He , Zhou Wenjuan , Li Dezheng , Peng Fan , Yu Liyang , Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Hao Aijun , Qiu Jichuan
Published: January 2024

Controlling the nanoparticle‐cell membrane interaction to achieve easy and fast membrane anchoring and cellular internalization is of great importance in a variety of biomedical applications. Here we report a simple and versatile strategy to maneuver the nanoparticle‐cell membrane interaction by creating a tunable hydrophobic protrusion on Janus particles through swelling‐induced symmetry breaking. When the Janus particle contacts cell membrane, the protrusion will induce membrane wrapping, leading the particles to docking to the membrane, followed by drawing the whole particles into the cell. The efficiencies of both membrane anchoring and cellular internalization can be promoted by optimizing the size of the protrusion. In vitro, the Janus particles can quickly anchor to the cell membrane in 1 h and be internalized within 24 h, regardless of the types of cells involved. In vivo, the Janus particles can effectively anchor to the brain and skin tissues to provide a high retention in these tissues after intracerebroventricular, intrahippocampal, or subcutaneous injection. This strategy involving the creation of a hydrophobic protrusion on Janus particles to tune the cell‐membrane interaction holds great potential in nanoparticle‐based biomedical applications.
Synthesis of phosphaphenanthrene derivatives as flame retardants and their properties in epoxy resin composites
Authors: Qi Yuzhao , Huan Xuanying , Xu Qiu , Bao Dongmei , Zhang Daohai , Zhou Guoyong , Zhang Yupeng , Du Haijun
Published: January 2024

In order to further improve the flame‐retardant properties of epoxy resins (EPs), two hydroxyl‐containing phospha‐phenanthrene derivatives, DOPO‐PHBA and DOPS‐PHBA, were prepared from the molecular structure design by using 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phospha‐phenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐sulfide (DOPS), and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA) as the raw materials. These composites of DOPO‐PHBA/EP and DOPS‐PHBA/EP were prepared by melt blending. The results showed that UL‐94 V‐0 was achieved with an LOI of 31.9% when just 7.5% DOPS‐PHBA was added to EP, while a limited oxygen index of 35.2% was achieved with 10% DOPO‐PHBA/EP. Moreover, in comparison with 7.5% DOPO‐PHBA/EP, 7.5% DOPS‐PHBA/EP has the lower peak of heat release rates, total heat release values, and fire growth rate, demonstrating that the flame‐retardant DOPS‐PHBA is more effective at reducing heat release, enhancing the material's flame retardancy, and lessening the intensity of EP burning. The Thermogravimetric‐infraredspectrometry (TG‐IR) results showed that the phosphorus‐containing radicals generated by DOPS‐PHBA/EP pyrolysis trapped the free radicals, such as H˙, O˙, or HO˙, thus providing free radical quenching. Furthermore, combining the macro and micro Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test results, DOPS‐PHBA/EP has a better char formation ability and a denser char layer, which can play a better role in heat and oxygen insulation.
Novel large‐scale mapping highlights poor state of sea trout populations
Authors: Fiske Peder , Forseth Torbjørn , Thorstad Eva B. , Bakkestuen Vegar , Einum Sigurd , Falkegård Morten , Garmo Øyvind A. , Garseth Åse Helen , Skoglund Helge , Solberg Monica , Utne Kjell Rong , Vollset Knut Wiik , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn , Wennevik Vidar
Published: January 2024

The state of sea trout in 1251 Norwegian watercourses was assessed based on a scoring system for human pressures, abundance data, and local knowledge.

Over 16,000 km of rivers and lakes were available to sea trout in these watercourses, spanning from the temperate to Arctic regions.

Sea trout were classified to be in a good or very good state in fewer than 25% of the watercourses and in a poor or very poor state in almost 40%. Twenty‐nine watercourses had lost their sea trout populations.

Salmon lice from aquaculture salmon farms had by far the largest adverse effect on sea trout among the human impact factors, both in the number of watercourses (83%) and river area affected (60%), and the total effect on sea trout abundance.

Agriculture and hydropower production also had strong adverse impacts (35% and 19% of watercourses), but substantially lower than that caused by salmon lice. Culverts related to road crossings and other habitat alterations also had impacts on sea trout in many watercourses (27%).

Exploitation of sea trout has been reduced in Norway in recent years, both in the marine and freshwater fisheries. Yet, the exploitation pressure was moderate or high in almost 14% of the watercourses where the state of sea trout was poor or very poor, suggesting a high potential for overexploitation in these.

The state of sea trout was best in the northern sparsely populated areas. However, distribution of watercourses with sea trout in a poor or very poor state was more linked to aquaculture, agriculture, and hydropower production than human population density.

The developed approach for large‐scale mapping of state and pressures, which is vital for prioritizing management measures, may inspire other nations in their conservation effort for this important species.
Honoring human body donors: Five core themes to consider regarding ethical treatment and memorialization
Authors: Leeper Bobbie J. , Grachan Jeremy J. , Robinson Rhiannon , Doll Julie , Stevens Kelsey
Published: January 2024

Dissection of human body donors is a common component of anatomy curricula, as it provides opportunities for tactile and intellectual engagement unmatched otherwise. Additionally, interaction with human body donors contributes to the “hidden curriculum” of allowing students to begin to ethically practice patient care with empathy, respect, and compassion. With this, there have been various proposed guidelines for the ethical treatment of human body donors, with most focusing on student reflections and a final ceremony for honoring the donors, but there are numerous other ways throughout the course to incorporate ethical values and to guide students to consider the humanity of the donor. This article proposes that institutions consider the incorporation of five easily implemented formalized ethical themes for working with human body donations into daily practices: (1) reflect the donor as possessing human dignity, (2) recognize the donor's role of the “First Patient” or “Silent Teacher,” (3) honor the gift of human body donation, (4) recognize the decedent's family, and (5) consider inclusivity in memorialization practices. Multiple recommendations for integrating these five themes throughout the course are provided. The incorporation of these five core themes can assist in alleviating the psychological stress that some students struggle with in dissection courses, foster the feelings and attributes that comprise the hidden curriculum and are the desired characteristics of a caring medical provider, and discourage misuse and mistreatment of donors.
A Comprehensive Workflow towards More Equant‐Shaped Crystals of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Ramos Ojeda Nicolás Antonio , Kind Matthias
Published: January 2024

The morphology of crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can significantly affect their product properties, so that its control during manufacturing is crucial. To address this, a newly augmented commercial milliliter‐scale facility and knowledge‐based workflow were developed with the aim of identifying optimal process conditions for producing more equant‐shaped crystals. The design includes minimal material usage, inline imaging, and independent temperature and supersaturation control through evaporative crystallization. The methodology enables the identification of process conditions for equant‐shaped crystals across diverse APIs. These findings contribute to advancing pharmaceutical research and development by providing a reliable approach to optimize crystal morphology.
Switching Product Selectivity in Immobilized Tungstate Catalysts by Control of Hydrophobicity of Mesoporous Silicate Supports
Authors: Kuwamoto Ko , Okamura Masaya , Hikichi Shiro
Published: January 2024

Novel mesoporous silicates modified with imidazolium cation were applied as the support for peroxotungstate. Stepwise introduction of multiple functional groups to SBA‐15 was achieved by the combination of the direct and post‐synthesis procedures. The co‐condensation of tetraethoxysilane and 3‐(imidazolyl‐1‐yl)‐propyltriethoxysilane in the presence of the micelles of an amphiphilic surfactant yields the hydrophilic SBA‐15 type silicate support with the imidazole modifier locating into the mesopores. The hydrophobic environment of the supports was imparted by capping the residual silanols on the silicate surface with trimethylsilyl groups. The fluoroalkyl‐ or alkyl‐imidazolium cation‐anchored supports were derived from the corresponding imidazole‐functionalized precursors. The anion‐exchanging reaction between peroxytungstate and the imidazolium cation‐anchored supports yielded the corresponding tungstate‐immobilized catalysts. The hydrophilic catalyst with the fluoroalkyl‐imidazolium mediated alkene epoxidation with H2O2 in less polar solvents. The hydrophobic one, in contrast, produced diol through the epoxidation and following hydration in an aqueous solvent by the action of the highly Lewis acidic tungsten. The hydrophobic catalysts had the advantage of being more tolerant than hydrophilic catalysts, as evidenced by reusability tests. The activities of the alkyl‐imidazolium catalysts were lower than those of the corresponding fluoroalkyl‐imidazolium catalysts, indicating that the local structures surrounding the tungstate site affected the catalytic performance.
Central Ring Puckering Enhances the Stokes Shift of Xanthene Dyes
Authors: Dunlop David , Horváth Peter , Klán Petr , Slanina Tomáš , Šebej Peter
Published: January 2024

Small‐molecule dyes are generally designed based on well‐understood electronic effects. However, steric hindrance can promote excited‐state geometric relaxation, increasing the difference between the positions of absorption and emission bands (the Stokes shift). Accordingly, we hypothesized that sterically induced central ring puckering in xanthene dyes could be used to systematically increase their Stokes shift. Through a combined experimental/quantum‐chemical approach, we screened a group of (9‐acylimino)‐pyronin dyes with a perturbed central ring geometry. Our results showed that an atom with sp3 hybridization in position 10 of (9‐acylimino)‐pyronins induces central ring puckering and facilitates excited‐state geometric relaxation, thereby markedly enhancing their Stokes shifts (by up to ~2000 cm−1). Thus, we prepared fluorescent (9‐acylimino)‐pyronin pH sensors, which showed a Stokes shift disparity between acid and base forms of up to ~8700 cm−1. Moreover, the concept of ring puckering‐enhanced Stokes shift can be applied to a wide range of xanthene analogues found in the literature. Therefore, central ring puckering may be reliably used as a strategy for enhancing Stokes shifts in the rational design of dyes.
Nomogram predicts survival and surgical benefits for patients with breast cancer with initial bone metastasis: A population‐based study
Authors: Zhou Xingtong , Liu Mohan , Zheng Zhibo , Cao Xi , Lin Yan , Xu Ying , Li Yan , Wang Hayson Chenyu , Sun Qiang
Published: January 2024

Background

Primary stage IV breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. At present, the value of local surgical treatment for patients with stage IV breast cancer remains uncertain; therefore, treatment principles remain controversial. Because of the high heterogeneity of these patients, it is often difficult to evaluate their prognoses. As a result, this study aimed to establish a prognostic nomogram to evaluate the prognosis of patients with breast cancer experiencing primary bone metastasis.

Methods

The clinical characteristics and follow‐up data of patients with primary breast cancer and bone metastasis from 2010 to 2018 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and from 2013 to 2021 at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Patients were divided into training and validation groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify the independent prognostic variables for predicting cancer‐specific survival (CSS). On the basis of these independent risk factors, a nomogram was developed and used calibration curves to evaluate its accuracy. Patients were divided into three risk groups according to their scores and surgery‐related survival curves plotted using the log‐rank test.

Results

Overall, 6372 patients were included, with 6319 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and 53 from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital Breast Surgery Department. Multivariate analysis showed that age, race, marital status, grade, tumor stage, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, and burden of other metastatic lesions were all associated with CSS. Based on these results, a nomogram that predicted the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year CSS rates in patients with primary breast cancer and bone metastasis (concordance index > 0.69) was developed. After dividing patients into low‐risk, high‐risk, or super‐high‐risk groups based on nomogram scoring criteria, survival analysis revealed that patients in the low‐ and high‐risk groups had significant survival benefits from primary focal surgery.

Conclusion

Independent risk factors for primary breast cancer in patients with bone metastasis were analyzed and a nomogram established to predict CSS. The prognostic tool derived in this study can assist clinicians in predicting the survival and surgical benefits of these patients through scoring, thereby providing further guidance for treatment strategies.
Histodenz Separation of Lysosomal Subpopulations for Analysis of Chaperone‐mediated Autophagy
Authors: Burns Calvin M. , Miller Richard A. , Endicott S. Joseph
Published: January 2024

Chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) is the most selective form of lysosomal proteolysis, in which proteins are individually selected for lysosomal degradation. CMA degradation targets bear a pentapeptide consensus motif that is recognized by the cytosolic chaperone HSPA8 (Hsc70), which participates in the trafficking of the target to the lysosomal surface. From there, it is translocated into the lysosomal lumen, independent of vesicle fusion, in a process dependent upon the lysosomal transmembrane protein LAMP2A. There are limited tools for studying CMA in whole cells and tissues, and many of the best techniques for studying CMA rely on the preparation of lysosome enriched fractions. Such experiments include (1) the in vitro evaluation of CMA substrate uptake activity, (2) the characterization of changes to lysosomal resident and CMA regulatory proteins, and (3) lysosomal targetomics, i.e., the use of quantitative proteomics to characterize lysosomal degradation targets. Previous studies using discontinuous metrizamide gradients have shown that a subpopulation of liver lysosomes is responsible for the majority of CMA activity (“CMA+”). These CMA+ lysosomes are low density and have higher levels of MTORC2 relative to the “CMA–” lysosomes, which are high density and have higher levels of MTORC1. Because of safety concerns surrounding metrizamide, however, this compound is difficult to obtain, and it is impractically expensive. Here, we have provided protocols for isolation of lysosomal subpopulations for CMA‐related analyses from mouse liver using Histodenz, a safe and affordable alternative to metrizamide. Supplementary protocols show how to perform CMA activity assays with appropriate statistical analysis, and how to analyze for lysosomal breakage/membrane integrity. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Isolation of lysosomal subpopulations from mouse liver using discontinuous Histodenz gradients

Alternate Protocol: Isolation of lysosomes from cultured cells using discontinuous Histodenz gradients

Support Protocol 1: Verifying enrichment of lysosomal markers in lysosome‐enriched fractions

Support Protocol 2: Measuring in vitro uptake of CMA substrates

Support Protocol 3: Measuring lysosomal membrane integrity by hexosaminidase assay
A modified modular multilevel converter to reduce the second order ripples in the submodule capacitor voltage: Design and analysis
Authors: Ganji Ramudu , Singh Jiwanjot
Published: January 2024

The modular‐multilevel converter (MMC) faces the problem of second order ripples in the sub‐module DC capacitor voltage during the low frequency operation at the load side. To sort out this problem, this paper demonstrates a three‐phase modified MMC that includes a novel circuit placed between upper and lower arms of each phase, where load is connected through proposed circuit. The aim of the proposed circuit is to reduce the magnitude of the ripples in each sub‐module's DC capacitor voltage; moreover, it also uses a less number of components compared with the conventional circuits. In order to keep the capacitor voltage at its rated value and to prevent the development of common mode voltage, the proposed circuit uses the high frequency‐based power transfer control channel for balancing power between the upper or top and lower or bottom arms. Furthermore, the mathematical analysis, operating principle, and proposed control is explained in detail for the conventional MMC and modified MMC. The simulation results have been obtained for the modified MMC with resistive load by using MATLAB and Simulink. An experimental test results have been verified with simulation results for the modified MMC topology.
Elucidating the Potential Strategies for Performance Improvement of CBTSSe‐Based Solar Cells: A Pathway Toward 20% Efficiency
Authors: Patel Hitarth N. , Sharma Rajesh K. , Joshi Deepak , Garg Vivek
Published: January 2024

Cu2BaSnS4−xSex (CBTSSe) has recently attracted substantial attention as an emerging chalcogenide material due to its abundant constituent elements and reduced antisite disorders compared to the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe). In this work, recently reported Mo/CBTSSe/Cd:ZnS Zn1−xCdxS/i‐Mg:ZnO (ZMO)/Al:ZnO (AZO) cell structure with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.17% is used to develop the baseline model. Afterwards, device performance parameters are fine‐tuned by investigating the effect of (a) absorber thickness and defect density, (b) absorber/buffer conduction band offset, (c) absorber/buffer interface defect density, (d) anti‐reflection coating at the front layer, and (e) back contact optimization. The device with the optimized parameter values of absorber thickness: 1.2 μm, absorber defect density: 1015 cm−3, and alternate buffer layer of WS2, interface defect density:1010 cm−2, resulting in the PCE of 12.94%. Introducing an anti‐reflective coating (ARC) at the front contact further improves the PCE to 17.87%. Finally, introducing Ni as a back contact instead of Mo enhances the PCE to 20.70%. These results provide insight into possible techniques to improve the performance of CBTSSe‐based solar cells.
Ammonia emissions from livestock facilities around an international airport, Tehran, Iran: An experimental and mathematical study
Authors: Asadollahfardi Gholamreza , Khoormehr Danial , Sarmadi Mohammad Sina , Mirmohammadi Mohsen
Published: January 2024

Ammonia emissions from livestock farms are a major problem for staff and residents near these centers. Anaerobic decomposition of livestock waste and the collection and stacking of waste are the main sources of ammonia gas on livestock farms. This article examined ammonia emissions from livestock facilities near Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport. First, field measurements were made in the summer (30°C), and collected samples were examined using the indophenol technique. AERMOD, based on Gaussian fluctuating plume theory, was constructed to model ammonia emissions. According to AERMOD, the maximum periodic‐seasonal 2‐hourly and 8‐hourly ammonia concentrations were 15.9, 229, and 63.7 OU (odor unit per unit volume)/m3, respectively. The hourly ammonia emission rate from livestock sources is also 0.0168 gm−2 h−1. AERMOD results mathematical model indicated reasonable agreement with the field measurement, which the coefficient of determination (R2), index of agreement (d), and efficiency coefficient (E) were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.91, respectively. Moreover, Statistical indices, including geometric mean bias (MG), geometric variance (VG), fraction of predictions within a factor of two of observations (FAC2), and normalized mean square error (NMSE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are also indicated by 1.36 and 0.67, respectively, were used to assess the reliability of the model results showed that AERMOD had a good agreement with the field measurement.
Infringements of European Union law at the local and regional level across Member States
Authors: Clinton Peter , Arregui Javier
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates variations in infringements of EU rules by substate authorities. The paper tests the effect of structure and actor level variables. First, we test structural factors in terms of the autonomy that substate authorities hold. Second, we test some actor level factors that may also increase transaction costs: autonomy of substate actors, public opinion on the EU and administrative capacity. The results indicate that there is a relationship between the increased autonomy of substate authorities and higher number of infringements. The results also provide support that preference to exercise this autonomy correlates with higher infringements. In addition, the results show that negative public opinion on the EU is strongly correlated to higher numbers of infringements. This suggests that transaction costs associated with multilevel policy implementation and attitudes to the EU are determinants of substate infringements.
Study on the new layout pattern about the gob‐side entry under dynamic pressure and its surrounding rock stability control
Authors: Wang Meng , Wang Wenyu , Xu Yalong , Xie Guoliang , Qin Jianyun , Liu Honglin , Wei Sijiang , Xu Qingyun
Published: January 2024

Though the recovery rate of coal resources can be effectively improved by adopting the gob‐side entry longwall face, which is also easy to cause tension between mining and excavation. Therefore, a new type of roadway layout, narrow coal pillar entry retained (NCPER), was invented in the study. The NCPER is excavated together with the tailgate of next longwall face before the mining of prior longwall face, which is retained and reused during the mining of the next longwall face. The layout is based on the advantages and successful experience of the double roadways excavation, the gob‐side entry retained, and the roadway driven along gob‐side and heading for adjacent advancing coal face; moreover, the NCPER significantly shortens the preparation time of the longwall face while improving the recovery rate. Taking the production geological conditions of Yushuling Mine as the engineering background, the influence of factors such as roof‐cutting pressure relief and coal pillar width on the stability of the narrow coal pillar from the perspective of improving the stress environment of the roadway and strengthening the weak structure support of the surrounding rock was studied, and reasonable suggestions for selecting parameters of roof cutting and coal pillar width were given. Furthermore, the bidirectional grouting cable and its joist were used to strengthen the narrow coal pillar and the roadway roof, respectively, and a good effect of roadway control has been obtained. The invention and application of NCPER provided a new approach for the longwall face roadway layout and effectively eased the strained relationship between mining and excavating, which has a strong popularization and application value.
Oscillating body wave energy conversion efficiency based on Simulink simulation training
Authors: Yin Yue , Lu Zhicheng , Li Yutao , Huang Weinuo , Huang Hongyi , Zhang Chi , Wu Qi‐Hui , Wu Minfeng
Published: January 2024

With the development of the economy and society, we are faced with the dual challenges of energy demands and environmental pollution. As one of the important marine renewable energies, wave energy is widely distributed and abundant, and has considerable applications in various fields. Oscillating body wave energy converter (WEC) is most popular among WECs; its energy conversion efficiency is thus one of the key issues for practical large‐scale applications. This article establishes a new model of the float and vibrator under different motion conditions, conducts simulation training,  and then solves the displacement and velocity at different times, and finally optimizes the maximum output power and optimal damping coefficient. Simulink calculation is one of the most effective tools including neural networks, which allows us to achieve intelligent training and simulation. The obtained data imply that the maximum output power could be 8.102 W when the corresponding linear damping is 21,000 N s/m and the rotation damping is 95,000 N s/m. The article takes into account the pitching motion of the float, providing a more realistic model and obtaining optimal power absorbing efficiency. The obtained results could be the potential reference data in practically setting up the wave energy conversion systems.
High risk of biological invasion from prayer animal release in China
Authors: Du Yuanbao , Xi Yonghong , Yang Zhixu , Gu Dangen , Zhang Zhixin , Tu Weishan , Zeng Yan , Cui Ruina , Yan Zhuo , Xin Yusi , Jin Wenjia , Zhang Yan , Yang Le , Guo Baocheng , Ke Zunwei , Rohr Jason R , Liu Xuan
Published: January 2024

Prayer animal release (PAR)—a traditional “compassion‐based” religious practice of releasing captive animals into the wild to improve the karma of the releaser—has been regarded as a major anthropogenic pathway facilitating species invasions worldwide. However, comprehensive, quantitative assessments of PAR‐related invasion risks, crucial for the development of mitigation strategies, are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a literature review of the prevalence of PAR events and examined the overlap between PAR intensity across China and habitat suitability for non‐native vertebrates released in these events. Our results revealed that 63% of the areas with high PAR intensity in China were also suitable for non‐native vertebrate establishment, a degree of overlap that was greater than expected by chance. In addition, field surveys in China detected higher richness of non‐native fishes at PAR sites than at non‐PAR sites. These findings imply an overall high risk of biological invasions associated with PARs. We recommend interdisciplinary cooperation among scientists, religious groups, and government agencies to effectively manage PARs and reduce the associated bioinvasion risk.
Origin traceability and adulteration detection of soybean using near infrared hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Li Xue , Wang Du , Yu Li , Ma Fei , Wang Xuefang , Pérez‐Marín Dolores , Li Peiwu , Zhang Liangxiao
Published: January 2024

Stable isotopes, multi‐elements, metabolic profiles, and integrated spectroscopic fingerprints are priority options for food geographical origin traceability. However, til now, it is still hard to detect adteration with the same one from other geographic origins, which is harder than geographical origin traceability. In this study, partial least square discriminant analysis was employed to build a classification model to discriminate the domestic and imported soybeans after variable selection by uninformative variable elimination using near infrared hyperspectral imaging. As a result, this model could completely discriminate domestic and imported soybeans. Moreover, the developed model was used to detect the adulterated domestic soybean was adulterated with 13.3%, 20.0%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of imported soybean. When the skewness value was less than 0.76 and kurtosis value was less than 1.57 of a sample, the sample was considered as the adulterated. The results indicated that the domestic soybeans adulterated with 20.0%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of imported soybeans were successfully identified. This method could not only identify origin traceability but also detect adulteration of soybeans, which will be beneficial to guarantee the quality and safety of soybean.
The effects of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujube) on physicochemical, functional, and sensorial properties, and probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilusDSM 20079) viability of probiotic ice cream
Authors: Şentürk Gülsüm , Akın Nihat , Konak Göktepe Çiğdem , Denktaş Begüm
Published: January 2024

The effects of blueberry (BB) and jujube fruit (JF) on the quality parameters, functional, probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 20079) viability, and sensorial properties of probiotic ice cream were investigated. No statistical differences were discovered regarding titratable acidity and L. acidophilus DSM 20079 counts between all samples. However, the ice creams preserved the survivability of probiotic bacteria during the storage period. The probiotic ice creams had counts of viable L. acidophilus DSM 20079 ranging from 8.42 to 8.80 log CFU/g which met the minimum required to achieve probiotic effects after 60 days of storage. Probiotic ice cream with BB or JF had significantly lower L* values than the control, and the BB addition caused the greatest decrease. The addition of both fruits clearly enhanced the total phenolic content and antioxidative activity in ice cream. The incorporation of BB or JF into the ice creams did not statistically affect the overrun value, while the addition of both fruits dramatically affected the first dripping time and increased hardness. Overall, sensory attributes were not significantly altered by the fortification of either fruit relative to the control, so these fruits can be added at higher concentrations to ice cream formulations for further studies.
Prognostic value of preoperative inflammatory ratios in early glottic cancer treated with transoral laser surgery
Authors: Juesas Iglesias Luis , Sánchez‐Canteli Mario , Pedregal Mallo Daniel , Otero‐Rosales María , López Fernando , García‐Pedrero Juana M. , Rodrigo Juan P.
Published: January 2024

Background

There is growing evidence regarding the prognostic utility of ratios such as neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune‐inflammatory index (SIII) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, most studies to date include heterogeneous series with different treatments or tumor subsites.

Methods

We collected data from 201 patients with stage I–II glottic squamous cell carcinoma treated with transoral laser surgery. NLR, PLR, and SIII were calculated from preoperative cell blood count, cut‐off points were obtained by ROC curve analysis, and survival rates were calculated.

Results

High NLR (p = 0.012) and SIII (p = 0.037), but not PLR (p = 0.48), were associated with worse disease‐specific survival (DSS). A similar trend was observed with overall survival (OS), although it did not reach statistical significance. On multivariable analyses, both high NLR (HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.5–9.9, p = 0.006) and high SIII (HR = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.1–6.9, p = 0.03) were significantly associated with shortened DSS.

Conclusions

Preoperative NLR and SIII emerge as independent prognostic biomarkers for early‐stage surgically treated glottic tumors and could guide individualized follow‐up.
Risk spillover measurement of carbon trading market considering susceptible factors: A network perspective
Authors: Dong Qingli , Lian Lanlan , Jiang Qichuan
Published: January 2024

An objective and robust network‐based data‐driven strategy is proposed to analyze risk spillovers in carbon markets. First, we characterize the causality network between the carbon market and potential associated markets using a data‐driven fuzzy cognitive map approach. Second, network‐based community detection is conducted to explore community structures that include carbon trading markets, and five market factors belonging to the same community as EU Allowances (EUA) are identified. Next, we conduct downside and upside‐tail measurements of EUA risk spillover levels within the community based on estimates and fits of marginal and joint distributions for different market pairs. Finally, we point out that the market factor having the most significant upper‐tail spillover effects on EUA is OILFUTURE, besides, EURUSD asset is found to be the best hedge for EUA futures among the detected market factors.