bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resting electrocardiogram and blood pressure in young athletes and nonathletes: A 4‐year follow‐up
Authors: Pentikäinen Heikki , Toivo Kerttu , Kokko Sami , Alanko Lauri , Heinonen Olli J. , Nylander Tiina , Selänne Harri , Vasankari Tommi , Kujala Urho M. , Villberg Jari , Parkkari Jari , Savonen Kai
Published: February 2022

A follow‐up data on electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) changes in adolescent athletes are scarce. We compared ECG and BP between adolescent athletes and nonathletes in a 4‐year follow‐up. A total of 154 youth sports clubs (SC) in Finland and 100 secondary schools for comparison data participated in this observational follow‐up study. Those who maintained or adopted SC participation are referred to as ‘Always athletes’ (n = 137), those who never participated in SC as ‘Never athletes’ (n = 108) and those who dropped out ofSC during the follow‐up as ‘Changers’ (n = 116). The mean age of the participants was 15.5 (0.6) years in all study groups at baseline. Resting ECG including heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QRS axis, QRS amplitude, T axis and QT interval and BP were measured from all participants at baseline and after follow‐up. ‘Always athletes’ had lower resting heart rate, more negative T‐wave axis and higher QRS amplitude than ‘Never athletes’ at baseline and at 4 years (p < 0.05). ‘Changers’ had lower resting heart rate, more negative T‐wave axis and higher QRS amplitude, systolic BP and pulse pressure than ‘Never athletes’ at baseline (p < 0.05). None of the observed differences at baseline, were visible at 4 years (p > 0.05) except the difference in T‐wave axis (p = 0.028). The significant group × time interaction between ‘Changers’ and ‘Never athletes’ was found for QRS amplitude (p = 0.017). Adolescent athletes have several training‐induced cardiovascular adaptations, which return towards the levels of nonathletes after cessation of regular training.
Suppression of tumorigenicity‐2 (ST2) is a promising biomarker in heart transplantation
Authors: Galeone Antonella , Salem Joe‐Elie , Lebreton Guillaume , Coutance Guillaume , Nguyen Lee , Hulot Jean Sébastien , Atassi Fabrice , Bega Marco , Leprince Pascal , Varnous Shaida
Published: February 2022

Background

To evaluate the association between donors’ and recipients’ serum levels of soluble ST2 (sST2) and recipients’ outcome after heart transplantation (HT).

Methods

Blood samples were collected in 50 heart donors before organ procurement and in 50 recipients before HT (D0), a week after HT (D7) and at every first year's endomyocardial biopsy (EMB); sST2 levels were evaluated by ELISA.

Results

Donors who sustained a cardiac arrest, had significantly higher sST2 levels. Recipients on national high emergency waiting list had significantly higher preoperative sST2 levels compared to recipients who did not. Recipients with postoperative sepsis or continuous renal replacement therapy had significantly higher sST2 levels at D7. Recipients who needed a postoperative ECMO for allograft dysfunction had significantly higher sST2 levels in their corresponding donors. Recipients who died during the hospitalization after the transplantation had significantly higher sST2 levels at D7 compared to recipients who did not. No difference was observed in sST2 levels in recipients who had mild allograft rejection and recipient who did not.

Conclusions

Higher sST2 levels in donors are associated to allograft dysfunction requiring ECMO in recipients; higher postoperative sST2 levels in recipients are associated with in‐hospital mortality.
Baseline haemoglobin A1c and the risk of COVID‐19 hospitalization among patients with diabetes in the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network
Authors: Min Jea Young , Williams Nicholas , Simmons Will , Banerjee Samprit , Wang Fei , Zhang Yongkang , Reese April B. , Mushlin Alvin I. , Flory James H.
Published: February 2022

Aims

To examine the association between baseline glucose control and risk of COVID‐19 hospitalization and in‐hospital death among patients with diabetes.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult patients in the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network with a diabetes diagnosis and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement in the year prior to an index date of March 15, 2020. Patients were divided into four exposure groups based on their most recent HbA1c measurement (in mmol/mol): 39–46 (5.7%–6.4%), 48–57 (6.5%–7.4%), 58–85 (7.5%–9.9%), and ≥86 (10%). Time to COVID‐19 hospitalization was compared in the four groups in a propensity score‐weighted Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential confounders. Patients were followed until June 15, 2020. In‐hospital death was examined as a secondary outcome.

Results

Of 168,803 patients who met inclusion criteria; 50,016 patients had baseline HbA1c 39–46 (5.7%–6.4%); 54,729 had HbA1c 48–57 (6.5–7.4%); 47,640 had HbA1c 58–85 (7.5^%–9.9%) and 16,418 had HbA1c ≥86 (10%). Compared with patients with HbA1c 48–57 (6.5%–7.4%), the risk of hospitalization was incrementally greater for those with HbA1c 58–85 (7.5%–9.9%) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.34) and HbA1c ≥86 (10%) (aHR 1.40, 95% CI 1.19–1.64). The risk of COVID‐19 in‐hospital death was increased only in patients with HbA1c 58–85 (7.5%–9.9%) (aHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.06, 1.61).

Conclusions

Diabetes patients with high baseline HbA1c had a greater risk of COVID‐19 hospitalization, although association between HbA1c and in‐hospital death was less consistent. Preventive efforts for COVID‐19 should be focused on diabetes patients with poor glucose control.
An Index Measuring State Capacity, 1789–2018
Authors: O'Reilly Colin , Murphy Ryan H.
Published: February 2022

This paper contributes to the literature on state capacity by developing a method that yields an index of state capacity with far more comprehensive data coverage across time and countries than has been possible previously. Unlike narrower measures of fiscal capacity or legal capacity, the index is more comprehensive, using data from the Varieties of Democracy dataset on fiscal capacity, a state's control over its territory, the rule of law, and the provision of public goods used to support markets. Like the previous literature, it demonstrates that the historical prevalence of warfare predicts state capacity. Several exercises are performed to demonstrate the validity of the index in measuring state capacity.
Automated synthesis of biodiversity knowledge requires better tools and standardised research output
Authors: Cornford Richard , Millard Joseph , González‐Suárez Manuela , Freeman Robin , Johnson Thomas Frederick
Published: February 2022

As the impact of anthropogenic activity on the environment has grown, research into biodiversity change and associated threats has also accelerated. Synthesising this vast literature is important for understanding the drivers of biodiversity change and identifying those actions that will mitigate further ecological losses. However, keeping pace with an ever‐increasing publication rate presents a substantial challenge to efficient syntheses, an issue which could be partly addressed by increasing levels of automation in the synthesis pipeline.

Here, we evaluate the potential for automated tools to extract ecologically important information from the abstracts of articles compiled in the Living Planet Database. Specifically, we focused on extracting key information on taxonomy (studied species names), geographic location and estimated population trend, assessing the accuracy of automated versus manual information extraction, the potential for automated tools to introduce biases into syntheses, and evaluating if synthesising abstracts was enough to capture the key information from the full article.

Taxonomic and geographic extraction tools performed reasonably well, although information on studied species was sometimes limited in the abstract (compared to the main text) preventing fast extraction. In contrast, extraction of trends was less successful, highlighting the challenges involved in automating information extraction from abstracts, such as deficiencies in the algorithms, linguistic complexity associated with ecological findings, and limited information when compared to the main text.

In light of these results, we cautiously advocate for a wider use of automated taxonomic and geographic parsing tools for ecological synthesis. Additionally, to further the use of automated synthesis within ecology, we recommend a dual approach: development of improved computational tools to reduce biases; and enhanced protocols for abstracts (and associated metadata) to ensure key information is included in a format that facilitates machine‐readability.
Examination of thermoforming techniques to secure mouthguard thickness of the labial and buccal sides with a single sheet: An in vitro study
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Bando Yogetsu
Published: February 2022

Background/Aim

Mouthguards must have an appropriate thickness to prevent oral trauma during sports. The aim of this study was to establish a thermoforming technique to secure the labial and buccal thicknesses of the mouthguard with a single sheet.

Materials and Methods

Mouthguards were thermoformed using 4.0‐mm thick sheets manufactured by extrusion molding, a plaster model, and a vacuum forming machine. Two sheet installation conditions were compared: the sheet extrusion direction was either parallel (P) or vertical (V) to the model's centerline. In each extrusion direction, two forming conditions were compared: (1) the sheet was formed when it sagged 15‐mm below the sheet frame at the top of the post (control group; C‐P, C‐V); and (2) the sheet frame was lowered 50‐mm below the ordinary level and heated, the frame was lowered when it sagged 15‐mm, and the model was moved forward 20‐mm before formation (experimental group; E‐P, E‐V). Difference in thickness (incisal edge, labial surface, cusp, and buccal surface) due to sheet extrusion direction and forming conditions were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and the Bonferroni method.

Results

At all measurement sites, a significant difference in thickness depending on the sheet extrusion direction was observed in the experimental group (p < .01), but not in the control group. Difference in thickness depending on the forming condition was observed at all measurement sites, and the thickness was in the order C‐P, C‐V < E‐P < E‐V. Thicknesses of E‐P and E‐V were 3.01 ± 0.03 mm and 3.25 ± 0.02 mm on the labial surface, and 2.81 ± 0.02 mm and 3.02 ± 0.02 mm on the buccal surface.

Conclusions

It was possible to obtain 3 mm or more thickness on the labial and buccal sides with a single sheet by adjusting the sheet extrusion direction and the heating method of the sheet, and by applying the thermoforming method where the model is moved forward just before formation.
Inhibition of TRPC3 channels by a novel pyrazole compound confers antiseizure effects
Authors: Nagib Marwa M. , Zhang Sicheng , Yasmen Nelufar , Li Lexiao , Hou Ruida , Yu Ying , Boda Vijay K. , Wu Zhongzhi , Li Wei , Jiang Jianxiong
Published: February 2022

Objective

As a key member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily, TRP canonical 3 (TRPC3) regulates calcium homeostasis and contributes to neuronal excitability. Ablation of TRPC3 lessens pilocarpine‐induced seizures in mice, suggesting that TRPC3 inhibition might represent a novel antiseizure strategy. Among current TRPC3 inhibitors, pyrazole 3 (Pyr3) is most selective and potent. However, Pyr3 only provides limited benefits in pilocarpine‐treated mice, likely due to its low metabolic stability and potential toxicity. We recently reported a modified pyrazole compound 20 (or JW‐65) that has improved stability and safety. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of TRPC3 inhibition by our current lead compound JW‐65 on seizure susceptibility.

Methods

We first examined the pharmacokinetic properties including plasma half‐life and brain to plasma ratio of JW‐65 after systemic administration in mice. We then investigated the effects of TRPC3 inhibition by JW‐65 on behavioral and electrographic seizures in mice treated with pilocarpine. To ensure our findings are not model specific, we assessed the susceptibility of JW‐65‐treated mice to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizures with phenytoin as a comparator.

Results

JW‐65 showed adequate half‐life and brain penetration in mice, justifying its use for central nervous system conditions. Systemic treatment with JW‐65 before pilocarpine injection in mice markedly impaired the initiation of behavioral seizures. This antiseizure action was recapitulated when JW‐65 was administered after pilocarpine‐induced behavioral seizures were well established and was confirmed by time‐locked electroencephalographic monitoring and synchronized video. Moreover, JW‐65‐treated mice showed substantially decreased susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizures in a dose‐dependent manner.

Significance

These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of the TRPC3 channels by our novel compound JW‐65 might represent a new antiseizure strategy engaging a previously undrugged mechanism of action. Hence, this proof‐of‐concept study establishes TRPC3 as a novel feasible therapeutic target for the treatment of some forms of epilepsy.
FOXD3 and GAB2 as a pair of rivals antagonistically control hepatocellular carcinogenesis
Authors: Liu Ruimin , Sun Yan , Chen Shuai , Hong Yun , Lu Zhongxian
Published: February 2022

Our previous study demonstrated that GAB2 promoted tumorigenesis in liver tissue and was a potential target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we identified that the tumour suppressor protein Forkhead box D3 (Foxd3) is a transcriptional repressor of the Gab2 gene. In human HCC cells, FOXD3 expression is low, but GAB2 expression is abundant. Increased Foxd3 expression inhibited the expression of Gab2 in a dose‐dependent manner. Ectopic expression of Foxd3 in HCC cells reduced Gab2‐mediated promotion of cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Foxd3 also inhibited Gab2‐stimulated phosphorylation of Jak2 and Stat3. Furthermore, the protein levels of Foxd3 and Gab2 had a clear negative correlation: Gab2 expression was induced, whereas Foxd3 expression was suppressed in most tumour tissues in mice with diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma. These results suggest that the tumour suppressor Foxd3 and tumour enhancer Gab2 mutually inhibit each other to synergistically control the occurrence of HCC, providing a novel mechanism for treating this disease.
A Corning perspective on the future of technical glass in our evolving world
Authors: Kohli Jeffrey T. , Hubert Mathieu , Youngman Randall E. , Morse David L.
Published: February 2022

Glass is a material with a rich history and a bright future. Due to its outstanding properties and its versatility, it is a key material in many applications. In this paper, we present a variety of these applications in which glass is playing, and will continue to play, a significant role, including communication technologies, the semiconductor industry, advanced displays, mobile consumer electronics, healthcare, and automotive. Other critical considerations enabling continuous progress in glass science and engineering, such as improved modeling tools and characterization techniques, increased sustainability of the glass‐making process, and talent development, are also discussed.
Prediction of the rheological properties of wheat dough by starch‐gluten model dough systems: effect of gluten fraction and starch variety
Authors: Xu Fen , Liu Wei , Zhang Liang , Liu Qiannan , Hu Xiaojia , Wang Feng , Zhang Hong , Hu Honghai , Blecker Christophe
Published: February 2022

The present study sought to investigate the rheological properties of wheat starch‐gluten (WS‐G) and potato starch‐gluten (PS‐G) model doughs with different gluten fractions to elucidate the effectiveness of using model dough to predict wheat dough properties. The highest linear viscoelastic region, frequency dependence, maximum creep compliance and the lowest viscoelastic modulus and zero shear viscosity were observed in the wheat dough, followed by WS‐G and PS‐G model doughs. PS exerted a more significant damage effect on the gluten network while WS shared a tight integration with gluten protein, forming a more stable dough structure. The viscoelasticity of the model doughs shared a close association with the wheat dough under increased gluten fraction, while the frequency dependence of the model doughs showed no trend towards wheat dough. Therefore, starch‐gluten model dough could not fully stimulate the functionality of wheat dough irrespective of its gluten fraction.
Drosophila suzukii population dynamics and control efficiency of mineral dusts with a focus on grape protection
Authors: Dam Doriane , Molitor Daniel , Schultz Mareike , Beyer Marco
Published: February 2022

The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii is threatening berry production. It is mainly managed via chemical control, which is associated with consumer and environmental concerns. Here, we tested the efficacy of mineral dusts under field and laboratory conditions in 2019 and 2020. Furthermore, population dynamics were studied in a vineyard and its surroundings. The kaolin products Cutisan and Surround®, as well as the CaCO3 product Carboliq, had neither insecticidal nor repellent effects on Drosophila suzukii adults in laboratory choice tests with grapes at concentrations of up to 2% (w/v). Cutisan and Surround® significantly reduced the number of deposited eggs (−41.9% and −49.3% respectively) while Carboliq had no effect on the oviposition under laboratory conditions. The Surround® treatment significantly reduced the number of flies trapped on 09 September 2020 at a test vineyard. Depending on the assessment date and treatment, between 59% and 84% of the flies in the bait traps were females. The number of eggs found in fruit treated with Carboliq in the field was higher at each assessment date than in the control but this difference was not statistically significant. Fruit treated with Cutisan or Surround® in the field showed an equivalent or lower average number of eggs compared with the control, but this difference was only significant on 24 September 2020. Between May 2015 and October 2020, the highest number of D. suzukii adults was observed around September in the field and a decline of the population occurred in the winter months until July. In epidemic years, temperature – humidity – combinations prior to population peaks were quite stable with low humidity being associated with a high temperature and vice versa. In non‐epidemic years, humidity fluctuated more than in epidemic years and temperatures were lower before population peaks. The effect of global radiation on population maxima seemed to be minor.
Reducing potential errors associated with insulin administration: An integrative review
Authors: Alqahtani Naji
Published: February 2022

Rationale, Aims, Objectives

Around one‐third of medication errors resulting in death within 48 h involve insulin therapy. Despite a growing number of interventional strategies that have been published over the past decade, it remains unclear which of these interventions is effective in reducing insulin errors. Therefore, the study aimed to synthesize interventions to reduce the frequency of insulin errors in either home or health care settings.

Methods

This integrative review was conducted based on Whittemore and Knafl's four steps, which includes problem identification, literature search, data analysis and presentation. Six databases including Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, PubMed, Scopus, PsychInfo and Cochrane were searched from January 2010 through July 2021. The level of evidence quality was assessed according to the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence‐Based Practice grading scale.

Results

Sixteen studies meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed. The results provide strong support for teaching patients how to use automated bolus calculators and educating patients to self‐administer insulin to prevent insulin errors in the home setting. Computerized protocols, education and double‐checking procedures were also found to be effective strategies for minimizing insulin errors in healthcare settings.

Conclusion

While the strategies might be effective in reducing insulin administration errors in the home settings, computerized protocols, continuing education and the manual validation of insulin products appear to be the most effective strategies for reducing such insulin errors in healthcare settings. Understanding these findings may help clinicians and patients to decrease the number of insulin errors administration.
Macronuclear development in ciliates, with a focus on nuclear architecture
Authors: Ahsan Ragib , Blanche Wumei , Katz Laura A.
Published: February 2022

Ciliates are defined by the presence of dimorphic nuclei as they have both a somatic macronucleus and germline micronucleus within each individual cell. The size and structure of both germline micronuclei and somatic macronuclei vary tremendously among ciliates. Except just after conjugation (i.e. the nuclear exchange in their life cycle), the germline micronucleus is transcriptionally inactive and contains canonical chromosomes that will be inherited between generations. In contrast, the transcriptionally active macronucleus contains chromosomes that vary in size in different classes of ciliates, with some lineages having extensively fragmented gene‐sized somatic chromosomes while others contain longer multigene chromosomes. Here, we describe the variation in somatic macronuclear architecture in lineages sampled across the ciliate tree of life, specifically focusing on lineages with extensively fragmented chromosomes (e.g. the classes Phyllopharyngea and Spirotrichea). Further, we synthesize information from the literature on the development of ciliate macronuclei, focusing on changes in nuclear architecture throughout life cycles. These data highlight the tremendous diversity among ciliate nuclear cycles, extend our understanding of patterns of genome evolution, and provide insight into different germline and somatic nuclear features (e.g. nuclear structure and development) among eukaryotes.
Analytical political economy: Complexity, growth, international trade
Authors: Veneziani Roberto , Zamparelli Luca
Published: February 2022

This is the Introduction to the special issue on “Analytical Political Economy: complexity, growth, international trade.”
Paragangliomas of the head and neck
Authors: Valero Cristina , Ganly Ian
Published: February 2022

Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that can be found from the skull base to the pelvis. Head and neck paragangliomas have been historically treated with surgery. However, surgical resection adds risk of injury to vascular structures and cranial nerves that can lead to morbidity such as hoarseness, dysarthria, dysphagia, or aspiration. Recently, improved understanding of the behavior of these tumors and increasing experience in non‐surgical treatments, such as observation and radiation therapy, have changed the paradigms of management of this entity. Multiple series now show a trend toward a more conservative management, with a higher percentage of patients being observed or treated with radiotherapy. Several factors should be taken into consideration when deciding the most appropriate treatment for head and neck paragangliomas, starting by differentiating carotid body tumors from non‐carotid body tumors. In general, surgical resection is normally recommended for carotid body tumors as the complications from treatment are usually minimal. In contrast, for non‐carotid body tumors, surgery is often associated with significant functional impairment due to cranial nerve paralysis. As such, non‐surgical treatment is now usually recommended for this subset of head and neck paragangliomas. In young patients with no comorbidities and a small to medium carotid body tumors, surgery should be considered. Moreover, surgery should be offered for secreting tumors, malignant tumors, tumors with rapid growth or increase in symptomatology, and when radiotherapy cannot be performed. Conversely, conservative management with active surveillance or radiotherapy can be offered in the remaining cases in order to avoid unnecessary morbidity while still providing acceptable tumor control.
Process and Product in ISLA Research: Courage, Commitment, and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Authors: Ranta Leila
Published: February 2022

Stern (1983) reminds us of the ethical reasons for doing second language (L2) research. That is, given the considerable human and financial investments that go into language education, the practical activities of teaching “should not exclusively rely on tradition, opinion, or trial‐and‐error but should be able to draw on rational enquiry, systematic investigation, and, if possible, controlled experiment” (p. 57). Elsewhere Stern argues for the use of interdisciplinary teams to carry out such research. The studies in this special issue illustrate the aptness of Stern's advice. These articles present findings from a large‐scale classroom research project that compared a deductive approach to teaching Spanish grammar to guided induction using the PACE model. The multidisciplinary team made use of different types of data, which were examined through different theoretical lenses. This discussion article considers the implications of these studies for L2 research, educational practice, teacher education, and the relationship between theory and practice.
Sperm competition intensity affects sperm precedence patterns in a polyandrous gift‐giving spider
Authors: Matzke Magdalena , Toft Søren , Bechsgaard Jesper , Pold Vilstrup Astrid , Uhl Gabriele , Künzel Sven , Tuni Cristina , Bilde Trine
Published: February 2022

Sperm competition drives traits that enhance fertilization success. The amount of sperm transferred relative to competitors is key for attaining paternity. Female reproductive morphology and male mating order may also influence fertilization, however the outcome for sperm precedence under intense sperm competition remains poorly understood. In the polyandrous spider Pisaura mirabilis, males offer nuptial gifts which prolong copulation and increase sperm transfer, factors proposed to alter sperm precedence patterns under strong sperm competition. First, we assessed the degree of female polyandry by genotyping wild broods. A conservative analysis identified up to four sires, with a mean of two sires per brood, consistent with an optimal mating female rate. Then we asked whether intense sperm competition shifts sperm precedence patterns from first male priority, as expected from female morphology, to last male advantage. We varied sexual selection intensity experimentally and determined competitive fertilization outcome by genotyping broods. In double matings, one male monopolised paternity regardless of mating order. A mating order effect with first male priority was revealed when females were mated to four males, however this effect disappeared when females were mated to six males, probably due to increased sperm mixing. The proportion of males that successfully sired offspring drastically decreased with the number of competitors. Longer copulations translated into higher paternity shares independently of mating order, reinforcing the advantage of traits that prolong copulation duration under intense competition, such as the nuptial gift. Sperm competition intensity enhances the impact of competitive sexual traits and imposes multiple effects on paternity.
Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and child atopic dermatitis up to 2 years of age: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study
Authors: Siziba Linda P. , Mank Marko , Stahl Bernd , Kurz Deborah , Gonsalves John , Blijenberg Bernadet , Rothenbacher Dietrich , Genuneit Jon
Published: February 2022

Background

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have several biological functions. Yet, very few studies have investigated the effect of HMOs on the development of allergies and even fewer on their specific associations with atopic dermatitis (AD) during early childhood.

Objective

This study investigated whether individual HMO concentrations, measured at two time points of lactation, were associated with reported diagnosis of AD in children up to two years of age.

Method

Outcome data were available for HMOs measured in human milk samples collected at 6 weeks (n = 534) and 6 months (n = 356) of lactation. Associations of HMOs with AD, ascertained from parents and pediatricians at ages one and two years, were assessed in crude and adjusted logistic regression models.

Results

Few associations were statistically significant at the conventional level (p < .05), for example, 6‐week Lacto‐N‐neotetraose with 2‐year AD [OR 95%CI: 0.82 (0.66, 1.00)] and 6‐month 3'‐sialyllactose among non‐secretor mothers with 1‐year AD [2.59 (1.53, 6.81)]. Importantly, accounting for multiple testing, these and all further associations were not statistically significant (all p > .0031, which is the threshold for statistical significance after correction for multiple testing).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the intake of different levels (or even absence) of the individual HMOs measured at 6 weeks and 6 months of lactation, in the current study, is not significantly associated with the development of AD in early childhood. Given the exploratory nature of our study and the limited sample size, these results should be interpreted with caution. The specific HMOs for which we show plausible associations at conventional level may warrant further research and investigation.
A novel pathogenic RHOA variant in a patient with patterned cutaneous hypopigmentation associated with extracutaneous findings
Authors: Cai Zhuo Ran , McCuaig Catherine , Hatami Afshin , Rivière Jean‐Baptiste , Marcoux Danielle
Published: February 2022

RHOA‐related neuroectodermal syndrome is characterised by linear skin hypopigmentation along Blaschko's lines associated with alopecia, leukoencephalopathy, facial and limb hypoplasia, and ocular, dental, and acral anomalies. Herein, we report a patient with patterned cutaneous hypopigmentation with a similar phenotype due to a novel postzygotic RHOA variant (c.210G>T; p.Arg70Ser). This illustrates that the complexity of the orchestration of morphogenesis and organogenesis can be affected by different variants in the same gene.
Treatment of scarring alopecia in children using follicular unit hair transplantation
Authors: Jin Fei , Wang Yanni , Wang Yining , Qi Hongyan , Wang Jiping
Published: February 2022

Background

Scarring alopecia can significantly affect children emotionally. Follicular unit excision (FUE) and follicular unit transplantation (FUT) have been applied for scar treatment.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of follicular unit hair transplantation in treating scarring alopecia in children.

Patients and Methods

A total of nine children (seven males and two females) with cicatricial alopecia, ranging in age from 5 years, 2 months to 12 years, 10 months were included in this study. Scar formation time ranged from 7 months to 5 years. Sites were vertex (2), eyebrow (3), frontal hairline (3), and temporal regions (2).

Results

Nine children in this group were followed up for 6–34 months with the following treatment options: FUE (5 cases), FUT (3 cases), and FUT combined with FUE (1 case). No significant complications were observed during the treatment. The transplanted hair grew well, the direction and shape were satisfactory, and the survival rate was >90%.

Conclusion

For children with burn trauma and cicatricial alopecia after surgery, hair transplantation can significantly improve their appearance with low surgical risk and high patient satisfaction rate.
Early‐onset juvenile dermatomyositis: A report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Barrón‐Calvillo Elsa Eduwiges , García‐Romero María Teresa
Published: February 2022

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an uncommon disease in children younger than 3 years of age. The clinical manifestations may be different than in older children, often delaying the diagnosis. We present two patients with early‐onset JDM and review the literature describing the unique clinical characteristics in this age group.
Management of pericatheter dialysate leaks using hemostatic agents
Authors: Eray İsmail Cem , Topal Ugur , Balal Mustafa , Paydas Saime
Published: February 2022

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is one of the treatment modalities used in end‐stage renal disease. The most common cause of failure is catheter‐related complications. Dialysate leak represents a major noninfectious complication of PD. Here, we aimed to present the results of patients who had pericatheter dialysate leak following PD catheterization and who were administered a hemostatic agent (HaemoCer Plus, BioCer, Germany) around the catheter and the tunneled segment under the subcutaneous tissue under local anesthesia. We performed a local procedure on six patients in total. No major complications developed in any of the patients at postoperative follow‐up. Five patients started to receive PD uneventfully within postoperative 3 days with no dialysate leak. We believe that this practice is effective in the management of peritoneal dialysate leak. The hemostatic agents administered in the present study can manage dialysate leak and ensure safe use of the catheter.
Effect of childhood developmental coordination disorder on adulthood physical activity; Arvo Ylppö longitudinal study
Authors: Tan Jocelyn L. K. , Ylä‐Kojola Anna‐Mari , Eriksson Johan G. , Salonen Minna K. , Wasenius Niko , Hart Nicolas H. , Chivers Paola , Rantalainen Timo , Lano Aulikki , Piitulainen Harri
Published: February 2022

Individuals at risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have low levels of physical activity in childhood due to impaired motor competence; however, physical activity levels in adulthood have not been established. This study sought to determine the impact of DCD risk on physical activity levels in adults using accelerometry measurement. Participants (n = 656) from the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study cohort had their motor competence assessed at the age of five years, and their physical activity quantified via device assessment at the age of 25 years. Between group differences were assessed to differentiate physical activity measures for individuals based on DCD risk status, with general linear modeling performed to control for the effects of sex, body mass index (BMI), and maternal education. Participants at risk of DCD were found to have a lower total number of steps (d = 0.3, p = 0.022) than those not at risk. Statistical modeling indicated that DCD risk status increased time spent in sedentary light activity (β = 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.3, p = 0.026) and decreased time spent in vigorous physical activity via interaction with BMI (β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.1, p = 0.025). Sensitivity analysis found that visuomotor impairment did not significantly impact physical activity but did increase the role of DCD risk status in some models. This 20‐year‐longitudinal study indicated that DCD risk status continues to negatively impact on levels of physical activity into early adulthood.
Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat: Type 2 diabetes translational research model
Authors: Wang Andrea N. , Carlos Joselia , Fraser Graham M. , McGuire John J.
Published: February 2022

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is in the early adoption phase of use by researchers in the fields of diabetes, including prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. It is essential that physiology researchers choose preclinical models that model human type 2 diabetes appropriately and are aware of the limitations on experimental design.

What advances does it highlight?

Our review of the scientific literature finds that although sex, age and diets contribute to variability, the ZDSD phenotype and disease progression model the characteristics of humans who have prediabetes and diabetes, including co‐morbidities.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease and a significant concern for global population health. For persons with T2D, clinical treatments target not only the characteristics of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, but also co‐morbidities, such as obesity, cardiovascular and renal disease, neuropathies and skeletal bone conditions. The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is a rodent model developed for experimental studies of T2D. We reviewed the scientific literature to highlight the characteristics of T2D development and the associated phenotypes, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular complications and bone and skeletal pathologies in ZDSD rats. We found that ZDSD phenotype characteristics are independent of leptin receptor signalling. The ZDSD rat develops prediabetes, then progresses to overt diabetes that is accelerated by introduction of a timed high‐fat diet. In male ZDSD rats, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) increases at a constant rate from 7 to >30 weeks of age. Diabetic ZDSD rats are moderately hypertensive compared with other rat strains. Diabetes in ZDSD rats leads to endothelial dysfunction in specific vasculatures, impaired wound healing, decreased systolic and diastolic cardiac function, neuropathy and nephropathy. Changes to bone composition and the skeleton increase the risk of bone fractures. Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley rats have not yet achieved widespread use by researchers. We highlight sex‐related differences in the ZDSD phenotype and gaps in knowledge for future studies. Overall, scientific data support the premise that the phenotype and disease progression in ZDSD rats models the characteristics in humans. We conclude that ZDSD rats are an advantageous model to advance understanding and discovery of treatments for T2D through preclinical research.
Discharge Measurements at Low Reynolds Numbers—Special Devices
Authors: Jorissen A. L.
Published: February 2022

Numerous investigators have attempted to develop a new type of differential fluid meter in which, by compensation of the effects of contraction and friction, a constant value of the coefficient of discharge can be maintained at low Reynolds numbers. As a result of the author’s study of this problem, it is concluded that a number of devices offer distinct possibilities of maintaining a constant coefficient of discharge down to low values of Reynolds number. Particularly noteworthy, in the author’s opinion, are the quadrant-edge orifice and the cylindrical nozzle with or without conical diffuser. For both, experimental evidence is available as proof of their satisfactory operation.
Laminar Free Convection from a Vertical Plate With Uniform Surface Heat Flux
Authors: Sparrow E. M. , Gregg J. L.
Published: February 2022

An exact solution of the laminar boundary-layer equations for free convection from a vertical plate having uniform surface heat flux has been obtained. Heat-transfer parameters have been calculated for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.1 to 100. The results have been extrapolated to a Prandtl number of 0.01.

Experimental results are compared with the theory and the agreement is found to be good. Heat-transfer results obtained from the von Kárm n-Pohlhausen method also are shown to be in good agreement with those from the exact solution. It is demonstrated that when average Nusselt numbers are calculated for a plate with uniform surface heat flux using the temperature difference halfway along the height, the results are very close to those for a uniform temperature plate.
Determination of Mach Number From Pressure Measurements
Authors: Barry F. W.
Published: February 2022

This paper contains a discussion of the errors introduced by using various combinations of measured pressures to compute Mach number, especially in supersonic flow. Pressures measured with total, static, conical, and two-dimensional wedge probes are considered. A procedure is developed for estimating the effect on computed Mach number of errors in the measured pressures, or in the assumed values of the ratio of specific heats and of probe-deflection angle. The results of the error analysis for 10 pressure-ratio combinations from total, static, and wedge probes are presented analytically and in graphical form. In general, a Mach number computed from a pressure ratio involving the isentropic stagnation pressure is least sensitive to errors, and one computed from the ratio of static pressure on the wedge surface to free-stream static pressure is most sensitive. A brief review of some other considerations in choosing pressure instrumentation is included.
The Combustion of Liquid-Fuel Spray
Authors: Bolt J. A. , Boyle T. A.
Published: February 2022

This paper is concerned with the evaporation and combustion of liquid-fuel spray in the range of sizes predominantly used in aircraft gas-turbine combustors. Spray of uniform-size fuel drops of 70 to 130 microns diameter was produced by means of a spinning disk. Photographic techniques were developed to obtain an indication of the rate of change of diameter and the velocity of the burning drops, while moving freely in air. Rates of burning for several pure hydrocarbon fuels were determined. The experimental work emphasizes the complexity of the combustion of a fuel spray and the need for much additional work.
Selective Silica Carry-Over in Steam
Authors: Coulter E. E. , Pirsh E. A. , Wagner E. J.
Published: February 2022

The distribution ratios of the concentrations of silica in steam to those in boiler water were determined over a range of pressures from 300 to 3140 psi, of silica concentrations in the water from 12 to 1000 ppm, and of pH values of the water from 7.8 to 12.1. Mechanical carry-over, determined by using a radioactive tracer, was insufficient to necessitate corrections to the vaporous silica carry-over data at pressures above 500 psi.
An Electrolytic Analog Applied to Heat Conduction Within a Transistor
Authors: McNall P. E. , Janssen J. E.
Published: February 2022

A description of an electrolytic-tray analog used in the determination of the temperature field within a transistor is presented. Special features which made possible the simulation of heat flow through several different materials connected at nonisothermal interfaces, controlled distribution of heat generation at a boundary, and interface thermal resistance are discussed. A treatment of the inherent errors is also presented.
High-Speed Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus for Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulation
Authors: Somers E. V.
Published: February 2022

A thermal-conductivity apparatus has been developed which can determine accurately the k-factors of thermal insulation in approximately 10 to 15 min. This apparatus combines the use of a heater plate of very low thermal capacity with separate automatic control of the power to the central and guard-ring heaters, obtainable with commercially available power-control apparatus.
Surge-Wave Velocity—Concrete Pressure Pipe
Authors: Kennison H. F.
Published: February 2022

The velocity of the surge wave is fundamental in the solution of water-hammer problems. To date little, if any, information has been published on this subject relating to reinforced and prestressed concrete pressure pipe. Unlike steel and cast-iron pipe, the surge-wave velocity for concrete pressure pipe is not a constant but varies with the maximum water-hammer pressure. This relationship is outlined together with test results from several existing concrete pressure-pipelines.
Factors Influencing the Dynamic Behavior of Tall Stacks Under the Action of Wind
Authors: Ozker M. S. , Smith J. O.
Published: February 2022

This paper sets forth what is believed to be a new concept of the dynamic response of tall stacks to wind action, in that the wind-induced vibrations of a stack are classified as “self-excited” rather than “forced.” Information presented is pertinent to the design of structurally sound steel stacks, and includes experimentally determined structural damping characteristics of welded, gunite-lined and riveted, brick-lined steel stacks. Also presented is a realistic value of the often disputed “lateral force coefficient CL,” as determined from observations on actual stacks.
Design of a Large Coal-Fired Steam Generator for 200 F Exit-Gas Temperature and Operating Experience With Pilot Plant
Authors: Wingert W. L. , Stanley R. J.
Published: February 2022

In this paper, studies leading to the decision to design River Rouge No. 3 steam generator for an exit-gas temperature approaching 200 F are discussed. The design features of the unit are described and predicted performance is presented. Preliminary results of a pilot plant which has been in service since late in February, 1955, with operating conditions in the range of the predicted No. 3 unit performance, also are discussed.
An Analysis of the Orthogonal Boring Operation
Authors: Shaffer Bernard W.
Published: February 2022

The shear line, during the orthogonal boring operation, was found to be a circular are extending from the tip of the tool and separating the uncut workpiece from the newly formed chip. Its orientation with respect to the cutting tool was prescribed in this paper, by the condition that the element within the chip, at the base of the tool, did not exceed the yield point of the material as the cutting force was transferred from the tool to the shear line. Under these conditions, a shear-angle relationship, an expression for machining force, and an expression for the chip-thickness ratio were derived for orthogonal boring. It was found, by examining these equations, that as the internal radius of the workpiece increases, the shear angle increases and the machining force decreases, whenever a given depth of cut is taken under identical machining conditions. At the same time, the chip-thickness ratio increases for small friction angles, and decreases for large friction angles. As the internal radius of the workpiece increases, the analytical expressions approach the corresponding equations found for the orthogonal planing operation.
Turbulence and Boundary-Layer Effects on Cavitation Inception From Gas Nuclei
Authors: Daily J. W. , Johnson V. E.
Published: February 2022

The inception of cavitation in a liquid medium is dependent on a variety of hydrodynamic and nonhydrodynamic effects which complicate the problem of scaling. Cavitation occurs in zones of low pressure hydrodynamically produced by flow relative to the boundaries. It is well known that changes in flow rate and size will modify the local hydrodynamic conditions, although the exact role of boundary-layer growth and associated turbulence on local pressures is not understood completely. In addition, it has been observed that cavitation inception is not always reproduced at the same hydrodynamic conditions, but seems to depend in some way on the physical properties and states of the liquid, the solid boundaries, and the entrained solid and gaseous matter. The investigation in progress at the M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory is directed at the general problem of scale effects in cavitation inception. The initial experiments have been concerned with the influence of boundary layers and turbulence on the pressure of cavitation inception and the location of inception relative to the solid boundary. The study necessarily has involved the role of gas bubbles as nuclei for cavitation and the interrelation of the stability of small gas bubbles, their size and space distribution, and the velocity and pressure variations in the turbulent boundary layer. This paper is a discussion of this combination of factors.