bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Azithromycin therapy of papillomatosis in dogs: a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Yaǧcı Buǧrahan Bekir , Ural Kerem , Öcal Naci , Haydardedeoǧlu Ali Evren
Published: May 2008

Azithromycin, an azalide subclass macrolide antibiotic, is an effective, well‐tolerated and safe therapeutic option for treatment of papillomatosis in humans. This study reports the clinical and histopathological results from a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial of 17 dogs of various breeds with diagnosis of oral (n= 12) and cutaneous papillomatosis (n= 5) treated with azithromycin. Papillomas appeared as whitish, verrucous, hyperkeratotic papules 1–2.7 mm in size. The cases were randomly assigned to azithromycin (n= 10) and placebo treatment groups (n= 7). Both owners and investigators were blinded to the allocation to the groups. Azithromycin (10 mg/kg) was administered per os every 24 h for 10 days. Clinical evaluations were done by the same investigator throughout the trial. Azithromycin treatment significantly decreased clinical scores (P < 0.001), whereas there was no change seen in the placebo group. In the azithromycin treatment group, skin lesions disappeared in 10–15 days. One case in the placebo had spontaneous regression of its papillomas by day 41, but lesions were still evident at day 50 in the remaining six cases. There was no recurrence of papillomatosis in the azithromycin treated dogs (follow up 8 months). No adverse effects were seen in either group. In conclusion, azithromycin appears to be a safe and effective treatment for canine papillomatosis.
Differential expression of ribosome‐inactivating protein genes during somatic embryogenesis in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Authors: Kawade Kensuke , Ishizaki Takuma , Masuda Kiyoshi
Published: May 2008

Root segments from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Jiromaru) seedlings form embryogenic callus (EC) that responded to exogenous GA3 by accumulating a 31‐kDa glycoprotein [BP31 or S. oleracea ribosome‐inactivating protein (EC 3.2.2.22) (SoRIP1)] in association with the expression of embryogenic potential. Microsequencing of this protein revealed significant similarity with type 1 RIPs. We identified cDNAs for SoRIP1 and S. oleracea RIP2 (SoRIP2), a novel RIP having a consensus shiga/ricin toxic domain and performed a comparative analysis of the expression of SoRIPs during somatic embryogenesis. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the expression of SoRIP1 in calli increased remarkably in association with the acquisition of embryogenic potential, although the expression in somatic embryos decreased moderately with their development. However, the expression of SoRIP2 in calli remained low and constant but increased markedly with the development of somatic embryos. Treatment of callus with GA3 and/or ABA for 24 h, or with ABA for a longer period, failed to stimulate the expression of either gene. Immunohistochemistry showed that SoRIP1 preferentially accumulated in the proembryos and peripheral meristem of somatic embryos early in development. Appreciable expression of SoRIP2 was not detected in the callus, but intense expression was found in the epidermis of somatic embryos. These results suggest that the expression of spinach RIP genes is differentially regulated in a development‐dependent fashion during somatic embryogenesis in spinach.
Effects of exogenous glucose on carotenoid accumulation in tomato leaves
Authors: Mortain‐Bertrand Anne , Stammitti Linda , Telef Nadège , Colardelle Patrice , Brouquisse Renaud , Rolin Dominique , Gallusci Philippe
Published: May 2008

To investigate the effect of carbohydrate on carotenoid accumulation in leaves, excised plants of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiformae, wva 106) were supplied with glucose through the transpiration stream for 48 h. We report here that sugar accumulation in leaves led to a decrease of carotenoid content, which was related to the reduction of Chl. The decrease in carotenoid amount correlated with a sugar‐induced repression of genes encoding enzymes of the carotenoid and of the Rohmer pathways. The lower 1‐deoxy‐d‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate synthase transcript level probably leads to a decreased metabolic flux through the methylerythritol pathway and subsequently to a lower amount of substrate available for plastidic isoprenoid synthesis. Differences between responses of young (sink) and mature (source) leaves to carbohydrate accumulation are discussed.
Newly developed hypertension as an early marker of recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma with high renin expression
Authors: Wen Min‐Jie , Lin Yu‐Feng , Chen Jin‐Shuen
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Adrenocortical carcinoma can recur frequently after successful surgery but no adequate markers can detect this recurrence. Here, we present a recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma with a high renin expression, after successful surgery, where hypertension has developed again. Tumor recurrence was observed via 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and coregistered computed tomography. Based on our findings, follow‐up blood pressure assessment may effectively predict the recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma.
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate: Report of a case and review of the published reports
Authors: Segawa Naoki , Tsuji Motomu , Nishida Takeshi , Takahara Kiyoshi , Azuma Haruhito , Katsuoka Yoji
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Prostatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC), a distinctive variant of adenocarcinoma, is rare. We report a patient with pure basaloid BCC showing an extraprostatic extension and lymph node metastases. A 67‐year‐old man with urinary outlet obstruction was referred to our hospital. Digital rectal examination disclosed a stony hard prostate. Serum prostate‐specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase were within the normal range. Transrectal needle biopsy of the prostate was followed by transurethral resection as symptomatic treatment. The lesion was diagnosed histopathologically as BCC. Despite antiandrogen therapy distant metastases developed, and the patient died 5 months postoperatively. We discuss the histological and immunohistochemical findings in this case.
Occurrence of a monophasic strain of Salmonella group B isolated from cetaceans in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002
Authors: Valderrama Vasquez Carlos A. , Macgregor Shaheed K. , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Jepson Paul D.
Published: May 2008

Between September 1990 and December 2002, 511 cetacean carcasses stranded or caught in commercial fisheries in England and Wales were examined post mortem. Salmonella group B was isolated from 60 of 279 (21.51%) harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), predominantly from lung tissue. Forty‐three of the Salmonella group B isolates were subsequently serotyped and all found to have the antigenic structure O4,12:a:‐. The annual proportion of harbour porpoises testing positive for Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ increased significantly from 6% in the early 1990s to 27% after 1999. The cause(s) of the increasing prevalence of Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ are not known, but may reflect natural variation in the epidemiological cycle of Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ in harbour porpoises. The probability of isolating Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ from harbour porpoises increased with age, suggesting that the mode of transmission is principally horizontal. There appeared to be a weak degree of seasonality in the probability of isolating Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ with a low proportion of cases in the months of April and May. Based on pathological findings from infected carcasses, Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ may be part of the normal commensal flora of the lungs of cetaceans with the potential to act as an opportunistic pathogen.
Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization
Authors: Alibardi L.
Published: May 2008

The embryogenesis and cytology of the epidermis in different vertebrates is variable in relation to the formation of a stratum corneum of different complexity. The latter process was essential for land colonization during vertebrate evolution and produced an efficient barrier in amniotes. Keratinocytes are made of cross‐linked keratins associated with specific proteins and lipids that are produced at advanced stages of embryogenesis when the epidermis becomes stratified. In these stages the epidermis changes from an aquatic to a terrestrial type, preadapted in preparation for the impact with the dry terrestrial environment that occurs at hatching or parturition. The epidermal barrier against water‐loss, mechanical and chemical stress, and microbe penetration is completely formed shortly before birth. Beneath the outer periderm, variably stratified embryonic layers containing glycine‐rich alpha‐keratins are formed in preparation for adult life. The following layers of the epidermis produce proteins for the formation of the cornified cell membrane and of the cornified material present in keratinocytes of the adult epidermis in reptiles, birds and mammals. The general features of the process of soft cornification in the embryonic epidermis of vertebrates are presented. Cornification in developing scales in reptiles, avian feathers and mammalian hairs is mainly related to the evolution of keratin‐associated proteins. The latter proteins form the resistant matrix of hard skin derivatives such as claws, beaks, nails and horns.
Appendicular skeleton in Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): osteology, limb reduction and postnatal skeletal ontogeny
Authors: Jerez Adriana , Tarazona Oscar A.
Published: May 2008

The osteology of the appendicular skeleton and its postnatal development are described in Bachia bicolor, a serpentiform lizard with reduced limbs. The pectoral girdle is well developed and the forelimb consists of a humerus, ulna, radius, five carpal elements (ulnare, radiale, distal carpals 4–3, centrale), four metacarpals (II, III, IV, V) and phalanges (phalangeal formula X‐2‐2‐2‐2). In the hindlimb, the femur is small and slender, and articulates distally with a series of ossified amorphous and extremely reduced elements that correspond to a fibula, tibia and proximal and distal tarsals 4 and 3. The pelvic girdle consists of ischium, pubis and ilium, but its two halves are widely separated; the ilium is the least reduced element. We describe the ossification and development during postnatal skeletal ontogeny, especially of epiphyseal secondary centres, ossifications of carpal elements, apophyseal ossifications and sesamoids. Compared to other squamates, B. bicolor shows an overall reduction in limb size, an absence of skeletal elements, a fusion of carpal elements, an early differentiation of apophyseal centres, and a low number of sesamoids and apophyseal centres. These observations suggest that the reductions are produced by heterochronic changes during postnatal development and probably during embryonic development; therefore the appendicular skeleton exhibits a pattern of paedomorphic features.
Invasive T1 bladder cancer: indications and rationale for radical cystectomy
Authors: Stein John P. , Penson David F.
Published: May 2008

Invasive T1 bladder cancers are potentially lethal tumours with varying degrees of aggressiveness and progression. The management of invasive tumours can be very difficult and includes bladder‐sparing with transurethral resection and intravesical therapy, or a more aggressive approach with radical cystectomy. Certain clinical and pathological factors might provide some risk stratification for invasive T1 tumours, and might better direct the physician towards an earlier cystectomy for some patients. This review provides a rationale for a radical cystectomy in patients with high‐risk, invasive T1 bladder cancer.
MIXED MESSAGES IN A NEW ‘PUBLIC’ TRAVANCORE: BUILDING THE CAPITAL 1860–1880
Authors: HESTON MARY BETH
Published: May 2008

This study examines the building of three nineteenth‐century structures in the city of Trivandrum, capital of the erstwhile kingdom of Travancore, a ‘Native State’ of colonial India. Created in three distinct styles, all were erected during the reign of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal (1860–80), and were part of a process of transformative change in the capital and the kingdom at this time. The paper argues that a nascent public sphere first began to take shape in this kingdom during this period, facilitated in part by these projects and the processes they involved. In giving form for the first time to a capital designed not simply or solely for royal display but instead intended to provide for needs that would reshape both the kingdom and its subjects, these projects helped to develop the notion of a civil society in Travancore.
MuSK‐positive myasthenia gravis is rare in the Polish population
Authors: Kostera‐Pruszczyk A. , Kamińska A. , Dutkiewicz M. , Emeryk‐Szajewska B. , Strugalska‐Cynowska M. H. , Vincent A. , Kwieciński H.
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  MuSK‐positive myasthenia gravis (MG) is diagnosed in 0–48% of cases with generalized seronegative MG in different populations. The presence of anti‐MuSK antibodies generally relates to a severe course and lack of response to thymectomy. We analyzed for the first time the serology and clinical characteristics of MuSK‐positive MG in the Polish population.

Methods:  One hundred and fifty‐one patients were tested for the presence of anti‐AChR and anti‐MuSK antibodies: 62 with seronegative MG, including 14 with ocular seronegative MG, 48 age‐matched patients with seropositive MG and 41 controls.

Results: All patients with seropositive MG and the disease controls were MuSK‐negative. Anti‐MuSK antibodies were detected only in four patients with seronegative MG (8.7% of generalized seronegative cases): three women and one man. All four had predominantly bulbar involvement, and underwent thymectomy, with no apparent benefit. All of them improved clinically after immunosuppressive treatment with remissions lasting up to 7 years.

Conclusion: MuSK‐positive MG is rare in Polish population accounting for only 8.7% of seronegative cases with generalized MG. This is consistent with emerging evidence for lower MuSK antibodies at more northerly latitudes.
The ‘self’ in analytical psychology: the function of the ‘central archetype’ within Fordham's model
Authors: Urban Elizabeth
Published: May 2008

Abstract: This paper concerns the self as Fordham came to conceive it after a conceptual analysis of Jung's use of the term. Fordham identified a contradiction in Jung's usage, and resolved it by reserving ‘self’ for a definition of the psychosomatic entirety of the individual, and using a separate term for referring to expressions of the self in human experience (e.g. symbols). Fordham tentatively suggested that the latter be termed the ‘central archetype’, although this was neither developed nor dropped. I explore the value of this term from a developmental perspective and, more specifically in terms of the deintegration of psyche out of an early psychosomatic unity. This draws upon infant research and an observation of a 14‐month old boy. Finally, further developments are briefly described and illustrated, whereby pre‐symbolic expressions of the central archetype become symbolic and come to reflect what was for Jung, the ‘ultimate’, ‘Formation, Transformation, Eternal Mind's eternal recreation’.
On being, knowing and having a self
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  This paper1 takes the distinction between being conscious (‘core consciousness’) and knowing that one is conscious (self‐reflexive consciousness) as a starting point for differentiating between three different aspects of the self: 1) the overall process of psychosomatic being which we share with all living creatures and which expresses itself through action (self as totality), 2) the conscious awareness of knowing the self that is a peculiarly human phenomenon consequent on the development of symbolic imagination (sense of self including numinous experiences of the self) and 3) having a self (or soul) as an essential attribute of being human that can only be achieved through being endowed with a self in the mind of others (self‐identity leading to the self as the centre of the personality). Some clinical implications of these distinctions are considered including the role of interpretation as fostering integration through the provision of alternative self‐images, the loss of self‐reflexive consciousness in states of overwhelming affect and the attack on the spontaneous psychosomatic being of the self in states of self‐hatred and self‐division.
The narrow use of the term ego in analytical psychology: the ‘not‐I’ is also who I am
Authors: West Marcus
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  This paper1 explores some aspects of the narrowness of Jung's usage of the term ego and the consequences which are understood to follow there from. Jung is understood to see the ego as a surface phenomenon and, essentially, as the focal point of consciousness, not recognizing its potential to function more broadly, deeply, and unconsciously. Furthermore, although he does recognize the ego as ‘the total conscious personality’ his use of the term frequently does not reflect that definition. Whilst Jung's analysis of the narrowly functioning ego is enlightening and groundbreaking, he treats this narrow functioning as if it is characteristic of the ego itself, ascribing any ‘broad functioning’ primarily to the Self. This narrow use of the term ego, and the corresponding use of the term Self, are understood to have significant consequences for clinical practice, including leading the analyst into an over‐identification with the patient and a loss of the analyst's sense of self. It is also understood to lead to difficulties dealing with more disturbed individuals, to stuck and broken down analyses, to wear and tear on the analyst and, potentially, splits between the different schools of analytical psychology. These concerns all represent difficulties with working in the transference, and Jung's own experience of this is briefly explored.
Your Self: did you find it or did you make it?
Authors: Zinkin Louis
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  In this paper1, written in draft form in 1991 and now posthumously published, the late Louis Zinkin2 presents a constructivist view of the self. He considers some of the paradoxes in Jungian definitions of the self and compares these to Winnicott's ‘forbidden question’ regarding the transitional object: ‘Did you find it or did you make it?’. He argues that, for the purposes of a coherent scientific theory, these apparent paradoxes need to be formulated in an internally consistent way. Bemused by the many contradictions in Jung's thinking, he proposes making a fresh start by thinking in terms of people in social interaction with each other rather than as solitary subjects, as Jung did. This leads him to the view that the self comes into existence through continuing interaction with other people. Drawing on the work of Harré and Vygotsky, he suggests that the public self is prior to the private self and that one becomes real through recognition by other people in and through language and culture. The paper was discussed at a meeting held at the Society of Analytical Psychology in November 1991 and an edited version of the taped discussion follows.
The self in cyberspace
Authors: Roesler Christian
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Jung's concept of the Self is compared with current theories of identity formation in post‐modern society concerning the question: is the self constituted through experience and cultural influences—as it is argued by current theories in the social sciences—or is it already preformed inside the person, as Jung argues? The impact of communication media on the formation of identity in today's societies is discussed with a focus on internet communication and virtual realities. The resulting types of identities are conceptualized as polycentric which has surprising parallels to Jung's idea of the Self. The epistemology of constructivism and parallels in Jung's thought are demonstrated. Jung's work in this respect often appears contradictory in itself but this can be dealt with by a postmodern approach which accepts a plurality of truths.
Interpersonal psychotherapy with pregnant adolescents: two pilot studies
Authors: Miller Lisa , Gur Merav , Shanok Arielle , Weissman Myrna
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To test the feasibility, acceptability and helpfulness of group Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT‐PA) for depression in pregnant adolescents.

Method:  Two open clinical trials were conducted of IPT‐PA delivered in group format in a New York City public school for pregnant girls. Study 1 tests IPT‐PA for management of depressive symptoms by delivery during health class to pregnant girls with varying levels of depressive symptoms (N = 14; 10 Hispanic, 3 African‐American and 1 bi‐racial). Study 2 tests IPT‐PA for treatment of depression by delivery after school for self‐nominating pregnant girls with DSM‐IVR diagnoses of depressive disorder or an adjustment disorder (N = 11; 8 African‐American, 1 girl Hispanic and 2 bi‐racial). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Edinburgh Depression Scale (for its sensitivity to severe symptoms, the Hamilton Depression Scale was added in Study 2). Clinical diagnosis was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children (K‐SADS).

Study 1 Results:  At 12‐week termination, level of depressive symptoms had decreased by 50%; 13/14 girls showed a decrease in level of symptoms.

Study 2 Results:  At 12‐week termination, level of depressive symptoms had decreased by 40%; 10/11 girls showed decrease in level of symptoms and in DSM‐IVR clinical diagnosis; treatment gains were maintained at 20‐week post‐partum follow‐up.

Conclusion:  IPT‐PA appears feasible and helpful in managing and treating depression in pregnant girls.
In‐Field Measurement of Forces and Deformations at the Rear End of a Motorcycle and Structural Optimisation: Experimental–Numerical Approach Aimed at Structural Optimisation
Authors: Olmi G. , Freddi A. , Croccolo D.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The present study concerns the analysis of the asymmetric displacement behaviour of the rear part of a motorcycle. Stylistic reasons led to the design of a vehicle with only one suspension located on the left‐hand side. Experimental tests performed on a circuit with seven obstacles along a straight line confirmed that the bending displacement is higher on the right‐hand side than on the left. This study aimed to perform a structural optimisation of the components involved at the rear end of the motorcycle, to find a solution to the problem. A hybrid approach is applied: the force acting on the suspension and bending displacements at the rear end were simultaneously measured in working conditions; a finite‐element method model was then set up, validated and applied for design optimisation purposes. Both methodological aspects and applicative results are presented and discussed. Finally, a solution in accordance with design specifics is proposed.
In situ Identification of Viscoelastic Material Parameters
Authors: Laermann K.‐H.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Experimental methods have proved to be useful tools in structural health monitoring, enabling in situ measurements of structural deformations. By proper mathematical/numerical evaluation of the measured data it is possible to identify the characteristic internal parameters and to observe their degradation at any time during the lifetime of the structures. Especially in case of the viscoelastic response of material it is quite important to have reliable information on the material parameters to assess the actual state of structures. In this concern it is described in the following, how to proceed in monitoring the time‐dependent response of plates‐in‐bending consisting of viscoelastic material. Based on the theory of linear viscoelasticity the fundamental relationships between the displacements on the plate surface and the material parameters are presented. To perform measurements electronic speckle interferometry is applied. The application of the described process will be demonstrated by the example of a clamped plate.
STOCK MARKET REACTION TO GOOD AND BAD INFLATION NEWS
Authors: Knif Johan , Kolari James , Pynnönen Seppo
Published: May 2008

This article shows that differentiating between good and bad inflation news is important to understanding how inflation affects stock market returns. Summing positive and negative inflation shocks as in previous studies tends to wash out or mute the effects of inflation news on stock returns. More specifically, we find that, depending on the economic state, positive and negative inflation shocks can produce a variety of stock market reactions. We conclude that the effect of inflation on stock returns is conditional on whether investors perceive inflation shocks as good or bad news in different economic states.
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT, INTERNALIZATION, AND U.S. ACQUIRER GAINS IN FOREIGN TAKEOVERS
Authors: Pantzalis Christos , Park Jung Chul , Sutton Ninon K.
Published: May 2008

In examining takeovers of foreign targets by U.S. firms, we investigate the effect of the target country's legal environment on acquiring firm value. Our results indicate that acquirers of target firms located in civil law countries experience significant positive abnormal returns, especially when the acquirer possesses a high level of intangibles. Furthermore, we find that acquirers with high levels of intangibles are more likely to acquire target firms in civil law countries. These findings suggest that the transfer of intangibles overseas provides relatively larger efficiency benefits for multinational corporations in cases where the alternative, contracting in external markets, is more difficult.
Parasocial relationships and self‐discrepancies: Faux relationships have benefits for low self‐esteem individuals
Authors: DERRICK JAYE L. , GABRIEL SHIRA , TIPPIN BROOKE
Published: May 2008

The current research proposes that low self‐esteem people can use parasocial relationships to experience movement toward the ideal self, a benefit they may miss in real relationships. In Study 1, low self‐esteem undergraduate psychology students at a public university in the United States felt closest to celebrities who were similar to their ideal self. In Study 2, low self‐esteem college students primed with their favorite celebrity became more similar to their ideal selves. In Study 3, low self‐esteem college students primed with their favorite celebrity, but not a close relationship partner, became more similar to their ideal selves. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for parasocial relationships, self‐esteem, and the flexibility of the need to belong.
The Russian Revolution: Broadening Understandings of 1917
Authors: Badcock Sarah
Published: May 2008

The rich historiography of the revolution has tended to focus around urban and political elites, labour history and events in Petrograd and to a lesser extent Moscow. The collapse of the Soviet Union opened previously inaccessible archives and shifted the ideological battlegrounds ranged over by scholars of the Russian revolution. New archivally based research is shifting its focus away from the capitals and political elites, and draws together social and political approaches to the revolution. By investigating revolutionary events outside the capitals, and lived experiences of revolution for Russia's ordinary people, most of whom were rural, not urban dwellers, current research draws a complex and multifaceted picture of revolutionary events. Explanations for the failure of democratic politics in Russia can now be found not only in the ineptitudes of Nicholas II, the failings of Kerensky, or the machinations of Lenin and his cohort. Instead, ordinary people, outside the capitals and in the countryside, defined and determined revolutionary events.
Practice of Historical Linguistics and Language Codification in Africa
Authors: Agwuele Augustine
Published: May 2008

The sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contributed to the codification, documentation, classification, and description of African languages. It discusses the ideology and methods underlying the practice of historical linguistics in Africa prior to the 1960s when modern scientific linguistics began. It contrasts the methods and works of the early practitioners of historical linguistics with the works of modern language scholars. It provides a sample of contemporary linguistic works implicated in language description and codification.
Victorian Museums and Victorian Society
Authors: Woodson‐Boulton Amy
Published: May 2008

This article explores how the study of museums intersects with key aspects of Victorian historiography. A large scholarship on museums has developed as part of the larger, multidisciplinary effort to understand modernity in general, and Victorian society in particular, in terms of power, culture, and imperialism. Deeply influenced by the works of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu, Museum Studies has tended to emphasize the cultural and social power of ‘the museum’. However, more recent works have shown that when viewed in their particular historical contexts, museums seem far less powerful, and the class whose interests they apparently serve seems far less unified, than scholars originally imagined. Proliferating during a period of intense social transformation, Victorian museums ultimately both celebrated the new dogma of progress and hoped to mitigate the worst effects of urbanization, industrialization, and capitalism. A close study of the interconnections between Victorian museums and Victorian society thus illuminates two essential Victorian contradictions: the optimistic, imperial, industrial, capitalist society that contained its own critique, and the search for the transcendent in the material.
Botany Bay Cargo: Church, State and the Shaping of European Australia1
Authors: Gascoigne John
Published: May 2008

Drawing on the work of Hartz on the character of settler societies the article demonstrates the continuing impact on Australian political culture and the relations between church and state of the circumstances of the nation's foundation. For, while the tradition of an Established Church was discarded, there remained, as in Britain, a residue of an acceptance of a partnership between the state and religious bodies. This pragmatism in the relations between church and state is contrasted with the different heritage of the United States and the way in which there a much sharper divide is maintained between church and state than applies in Australia.
The Historiography and Source Materials in the Study of Internal Security in Modern Britain (1885–1956)
Authors: Thurlow Richard Colin
Published: May 2008

The passing of the Freedom of Information Act, and the decision to declassify selected historical documents from the MI5 archive in 1997, has significantly increased the documentary evidence for historians about the evolution and operation of the Security Service during the first half of the twentieth century. Although the MI6 archive remains closed, and Special Branch have released little material, historical briefings and the declassification of some intelligence files by the Foreign Office have provided important material which helps to illuminate some of the gaps in the documentary record. Historians have still to assimilate much of the new information, but already there are important debates developing and significant differences appearing about the value of such censored sources. At the very least, however, they provide intriguing information about state policies over the development of political surveillance of the Communist Party of Great Britain and the British Union of Fascists, internal security, counter espionage against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, the evolution of public order policies, and counter subversion in British society, and the debate among the state authorities about national security and civil liberties particularly during the first and second world wars.
The Products of Consumption: Housework in Latin American Political Economies and Cultures
Authors: Francois Marie Eileen
Published: May 2008

Exploring links between housework and larger political economies and cultures, this article surveys discussions of paid and unpaid domestic labor in mostly urban settings in Latin American historiography. The focus is on inter‐related questions: Who does housekeeping work? What is the nature of the work? What do those who do housework produce? Age, class, ethnicity, and gender intersect in housework, as it constructs identities drawn on specific cultural landscapes in diverse colonial and postcolonial settings. Bridging literature on unpaid work done in the home by wives, other female family members, and male and female slaves and literature on the paid work of domestic male and female servants of multiple ethnicities, this article argues that housework is not ‘naturally’ women's work, but has been constructed as such unevenly over time. The simultaneous legal, economic, and cultural subordination of women and non‐whites under patriarchal colonial and liberal regimes that devalued housework – despite depending on it – left arduous, labor‐intensive, skilled, and creative consumption work to these subordinated groups. This article also argues that while housework is part of social reproduction, it must also be understood as a productive process in multiple ways. While who did paid housework changed over time, wives and mothers did unpaid work continuously. The nature of the work changed with different contexts. Consumption work produced tangibles such as tortillas, clean clothes, elegantly served tables, and well‐turned‐out individuals, as well as intangibles such as status, prejudice, gendered labor markets, and gendered politics.
Sustained (rh)VEGF165release from a sprayed fibrin biomatrix induces angiogenesis, up‐regulation of endogenous VEGF‐R2, and reduces ischemic flap necrosis
Authors: Mittermayr Rainer , Morton Tatjana , Hofmann Martina , Helgerson Sam , Van Griensven Martijn , Redl Heinz
Published: May 2008

This study investigated (1) the release of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor ([rh]VEGF165) from an in vitro fibrin matrix, (2) the effects of (rh)VEGF165released from an in vivo fibrin matrix on ischemic flap necrosis in the rat dorsal skin flap model, and (3) the effects of (rh)VEGF165released from an in vivo fibrin matrix on VEGF‐R2 expression in transgenic VEGF‐R2/luc mice. In vitro fibrin matrices were spiked with (rh)VEGF165and demonstrated (rh)VEGF165release over 88 hours with 66% recovery. Ischemic dorsal flaps were treated with a fibrin sealant (FS), FS spiked with (rh)VEGF165, or left untreated. Flaps treated with FS spiked with (rh)VEGF165showed greater viability than controls as measured by planimetric analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed stronger neovascularization than that exhibited by controls. Transgenic mice implanted with FS spiked with (rh)VEGF165had significant increases in VEGF‐R2 expression relative to controls at days 5–13 after implantation. Conclusions drawn from this work are that (1) (rh)VEGF165is released from an in vitro fibrin matrix at clinically appropriate times, (2) (rh)VEGF165increases the viability of tissue flaps in vivo, and (3) (rh)VEGF165induces the expression of VEGF‐R2 expression. This work demonstrates the clinical ability of sprayed FS to locally deliver growth factors to ischemic tissue of patients.
Practical Considerations in Acne Treatment and the Clinical Impact of Topical Combination Therapy
Authors: Krakowski Andrew C. , Stendardo Stefanie , Eichenfield Lawrence F.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent, multifactorial disease process affecting the pilosebaceous units of the dermis. The effects of acne are profound both physically and psychosocially across all age groups and ethnicities; therefore, prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are critical. Pharmacotherapeutic approaches range from simple monotherapy to multimodal treatments with a variety of topical and systemic agents. Optimal patient outcomes in acne management, however, are based both on treatment efficacy as well as overall patient satisfaction. In an effort to comprehensively address these key clinical considerations in acne management, we examine the diverse nature of acne patients, the factors in optimizing treatment outcomes, and the clinical impact of current medications, particularly topical combination therapy.
Insights into the sequence of structural consequences  of convulsive status epilepticus: A longitudinal MRI study
Authors: Gong Gaolang , Shi Feng , Concha Luis , Beaulieu Christian , Gross Donald W.
Published: May 2008

While acute hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes have been demonstrated, the long‐term structural consequence of status epilepticus remains unclear. Also the timing of previously reported fornix abnormalities in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is unknown. We report longitudinal volumetic MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings of the hippocampus and fornix in a patient following status epilepticus. Left hippocampal atrophy demonstrated progression beyond 6 months poststatus epilepticus while the right hippocampus and bilateral fornices demonstrated stable volumetric and diffusion abnormalities throughout the study. Our findings provide evidence that status epilepticus can induce permanent hippocampal damage with the delayed timing of the structural changes being consistent with programmed cell death.
Parenting Behavior as Mediator and Moderator of the Association Between Marital Problems and Adolescent Maladjustment
Authors: Cui Ming , Conger Rand D.
Published: May 2008

The present study examines the mediating and moderating effects of parenting behavior on the relation between marital problems and adolescent maladjustment. Extending earlier studies by using a prospective, longitudinal research design and multi‐informant methods, this study of 451 adolescents and their families from the Iowa Youth and Families Project demonstrates that parenting behavior mediates the relation between marital problems and adolescent outcomes. The results also suggest that both marital conflict and distress are harmful for adolescents. Furthermore, not just one aspect, but a broad range of parenting behaviors links marital problems to adolescent maladjustment. Finally, there was limited evidence that parenting behavior moderates the influence of marital problems on adolescent adjustment by intensifying the adverse impact of marital difficulties.
Socialization Influences on Early Adolescents' Cognitive Susceptibility and Transition to Sexual Intercourse
Authors: L'Engle Kelly Ladin , Jackson Christine
Published: May 2008

This study examined the relationship between perceived socialization from parents, school, peers, and media and adolescents' cognitive susceptibility to initiating sexual intercourse and transition to intercourse 2 years later. Baseline and follow‐up in‐home Audio‐Computer Assisted Self Interview surveys were completed by 854 Black and White male and female adolescents who, at baseline, were 12–14 years old and had not engaged in sexual intercourse. Results showed that stronger connections to parents and schools and less exposure to permissive sexual norms from peers and media were associated with less susceptibility and sexual behavior, especially among White adolescents. Susceptibility mediated 38–64% of the relations between parent and school socialization and sexual intercourse behavior, and mediated 28–53% of the peer and media socialization links to behavior. Findings provide support for social cognitive models of adolescents' behavior and suggest potential strategies for successful interventions to delay initiation of sexual intercourse.
Relative Deprivation and Intergroup Prejudice
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F , Christ Oliver , Wagner Ulrich , Meertens Roel W. , Van Dick Rolf , Zick Andreas
Published: May 2008

Using three diverse European surveys, we test the relationship between relative deprivation (RD) and anti‐immigrant prejudice. We find that both group relative deprivation (GRD) and individual relative deprivation (IRD) are found primarily among working‐class respondents who are politically alienated. We also find that GRD, but not IRD, serves as a proximal correlate of prejudice. IRD's effects on prejudice are largely mediated through GRD. In addition, GRD partially mediates the effects of such distal predictors of prejudice as education and family income. Finally, blaming the victim mediates in part the GRD link with prejudice. These results lead to a socially situated path model of RD's effects on prejudice with public policy implications.
Extending Lead‐User Theory: Antecedents and Consequences of Consumers' Lead Userness*
Authors: Schreier Martin , Prügl Reinhard
Published: May 2008

Lead users are found to come up with commercially attractive user innovations and have been shown to be a highly promising source of innovation for new product development tasks. According to lead‐user theory, these users are defined as being ahead of an important market trend and experiencing high benefits from innovating. The present article extends lead‐user theory by exploring the antecedents and consequences of consumers' lead userness in the course of three studies on extreme sports communities. Regarding antecedents, it uncovers that field‐related variables (consumer knowledge and use experience) as well as field‐independent personality variables (locus of control and innovativeness) help explain an individual's lead userness. These variables might therefore be used as a proxy to identify the rare species of lead users. With regard to consequences, it uncovers that lead users demonstrate innovative behavior not only by creating new product ideas but also by adopting new commercial products more heavily and faster than ordinary users. This highlights the idea that lead users might not only be valuable to idea‐generation processes for radically new concepts; instead, they might also be relevant to more general issues in the marketing of new products.
Elections as Focusing Events: Explaining Attitudes Toward the Police and the Government in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Walker Lee Demetrius , Waterman Richard W.
Published: May 2008

Traditional views hold that citizens' attitudes toward the police are driven by local concerns. We contend that public attitudes toward the police are responsive to systematic and periodic national-level political factors. In particular, we show that national elections as a focusing event alter periodically the determinants of attitudes toward the police. Using a logistic regression model and diachronic data from Costa Rica, Mexico, and the United States, we find that attitudes toward the police and the national government are linked, and this linkage is responsive to the influence of national election campaigns in varying degrees. In addition, we find that attitudes toward the Mexican police are sensitive to partisan changes in the composition of the national political government. We find no such sensitivity in the police attitudes of Costa Rican and U.S. citizens. This suggests that police attitudes are not only affected by the performance of the national political government but also by the character (consolidated versus unconsolidated) of the national political government. In short, police attitudes in new democracies are an indication of the unconsolidated nature of the state apparatus.
Shared Ancestry, Evolving Stories: Similar and Contrasting Life Experiences Described by Foreign Born and U.S. Born Latino Parents
Authors: PARRA‐CARDONA JOSÉ RUBÉN , CÓRDOVA DAVID , HOLTROP KENDAL , VILLARRUEL FRANCISCO A. , WIELING ELIZABETH
Published: May 2008

As the Latino population in the United States continues to increase, so does the necessity for in‐depth knowledge about their life experiences. This qualitative study sought to privilege the voices of Latino parents by utilizing focus group discussions. Specifically, participants described the life experiences that have the greatest influence on their parenting efforts. Similar and contrasting themes were identified based on participant country of origin (i.e., foreign born vs. U.S. born). Findings described the participants' commitment to being good parents, as well as the ways in which their parenting efforts are influenced by experiences of adversity and discrimination, Latino cultural values, gender roles, and resilience. The results of this investigation can inform researchers and mental health professionals working with Latino families.
The Multi‐level Approach: A Road Map for Couples Therapy
Authors: SCHEINKMAN MICHELE
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a multi‐level framework and road map to guide the therapeutic process. Starting with the couple's reactive pattern, the multi‐level approach first orients the therapist on how to create a “holding environment.” It then suggests how the therapist, in collaboration with the couple, can proceed to explore interactional, sociocultural/organizational, intrapsychic, and intergenerational processes that might be fueling the couple's dynamics. Central to this approach is the construct of the vulnerability cycle, a nexus of integration that helps the therapist stay anchored while moving through the many layers of therapeutic work. The overall goal is to help the partners move from reactivity to responsibility for their own feelings and behavior; from impasse to a greater ability to reflect, express feelings, listen, negotiate, and make choices about how to be in the relationship. This paper describes a range of concepts and interventions from basic to complex; it is intended as an organizational tool for practice and clinical training.
Premarital Precursors of Marital Infidelity
Authors: ALLEN ELIZABETH S. , RHOADES GALENA KLINE , STANLEY SCOTT M. , MARKMAN HOWARD J. , WILLIAMS TAMARA , MELTON JESSICA , CLEMENTS MARI L.
Published: May 2008

Premarital precursors of infidelity were evaluated in a sample of 72 couples (N=144) who were taking part in a longitudinal study of marriage. Premarital self‐report and observational data were compared for couples who experienced infidelity and those who did not experience infidelity in the first years of marriage. Couples in which the male engaged in marital infidelity were characterized, premaritally, by significantly lower male sexual satisfaction, lower male positive communication, and higher female invalidation, whereas couples in which the female went on to engage in infidelity were characterized, premaritally, by significantly lower levels of female positive communication, higher levels of male and female negative communication, and higher levels of male and female invalidation. Implications of the findings for future research on the prediction and prevention of infidelity are discussed.
Transforming Possession: Josephine and the Work of Culture
Authors: Chapin Bambi L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This article presents the case of a Sri Lankan woman who tells of an early life fraught with suffering and problematic dissociation. After a 30‐year career as a priestess during which she became renowned for deep possession trances, firewalking, and blood sacrifices, she no longer participates in these activities. The analysis of this case argues that problematic dissociation outside a ritual context can be used in and transformed by involvement in culturally available possession rituals to promote healing. This counters Melford Spiro and others who have viewed possession experiences as necessarily abnormal, psychotic, and symptomatic of mental disorder. It supports Gananath Obeyesekere's assertion that engagement with these symbolic systems can lead to “progressive transformations.” Parallels between this priestess' lifestory and Western psychotherapy extend Obeyesekere's conception of “the work of culture” beyond the domain of meaning and symbol to include roles for embodied practice and interpersonal relationships. [spirit possession, Sri Lanka, dissociation, healing, mental health]