bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique Substitution Effect at 5,5′‐Positions of Fused Azobenzene–Boron Complexes with a N=N π‐Conjugated System
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Wakabayashi Junko , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: January 2019

A recent report illustrated superior optical properties, such as near‐infrared emission, of polymers connected at the 4,4′‐positions to a fused azobenzene–boron complex (BAz). In this study, it is initially demonstrated that further narrowing of the band gap can be realized through the substituent effect with bromine groups at the 5,5′‐positions of BAz compared with those at the 4,4′‐positions. From a series of mechanistic studies, perturbation of the energy levels was rationally explained by the difference in contributions of the inductive effect and the variable resonance effect, which was correlated with the degree of electron distribution of molecular orbitals at the substituent positions. Moreover, it was found that unique electronic states, such as delocalized HOMOs and LUMOs, should appear on the main chains of the BAz‐containing copolymers with fluorene and bithiophene units, according to the optical and electrochemical data and theoretical calculations. By taking advantage of property tunability and the dramatically low LUMO energy level (near −4.0 eV) of the BAz unit, it can be said that BAz should be a conjugated building block favorable for building advanced optoelectronic devices.
Chiral Sensing Using Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Bis(phenanthroline dicarboxylic acid) EuIII Complex Induced by Allosteric‐type Interaction with Amino Acid Molecules
Authors: Iwamura Munetaka , Fujii Mai , Yamada Ayano , Koike Hikaru , Nozaki Koichi
Published: January 2019

[Eu(pda)2]− and [Eu(bda)2]− (pda=1,10‐phenanthroline‐2, 9‐dicarboxylic acid; bda=2,2′ bipyridine 5,5′‐dicarboxylic acid) have an achiral D2d structure in crystals. These complexes exhibit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in water containing chiral amino acids. In this work, induced CPL of [Eu(pda)2]− and [Eu(bda)2]− in water solutions containing a mixture of d‐ and l‐ amino acids were examined. Plots of glum values of the induced CPL as a function of mol‐fraction of l‐ and d‐ arginine reveal that [Eu(pda)2]− favors homo‐association ([Eu(pda)2]−‐(l‐arginine)2 or [Eu(pda)2]−‐(d‐arginine)2) over hetero‐association {[Eu(pda)2]−‐(l‐arginine)⋅(d‐arginine)}. This suggests that association of an arginine molecule induces a structural change in [Eu(pda)2]− to promote chiral selective association to another arginine, i.e., homo‐allosteric association. On the other hand, the system of [Eu(pda)2]− with histidine favors hetero‐allosteric association over homo‐association. No allosteric effect is recognized in CPL from [Eu(bda)2]−.
Does integrated reporting information influence internal decision making? An experimental study of investment behavior
Authors: Esch Martin , Schnellbächer Benedikt , Wald Andreas
Published: January 2019

Sustainable value creation has moved to the center of attention of many companies, leading to a shift in external corporate reporting. Sustainability information is provided within sustainability reports and CSR reports as well as integrated reports. Research has considered the motivations and different formats of integrated reports and how these reports provide a better information basis for investors. However, integrated reporting information may also affect internal decision making by providing decision makers with a more comprehensive picture of the impact of the firm's strategy. Here, we present the results of a scenario‐based experiment testing how financial, unlinked financial and nonfinancial, and integrated information affect the outcomes of investment decisions. We find that an integrated information basis leads to decisions with higher sustainable value creation. We thus show that information prepared for external reporting can also be used for internal purposes to help companies establish sustainable decision behavior.
Cervical cancer screening history prior to a diagnosis of cervical cancer in Danish women aged 60 years and older—A national cohort study
Authors: Hammer Anne , Soegaard Vibeke , Maimburg Rikke D. , Blaakaer Jan
Published: January 2019

The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer are high in Danish women aged 60 years and older who are about to exit the cervical cancer screening program. The present study aimed to describe the screening history in women ≥60 years old, diagnosed with cervical cancer in Denmark, 2009‐2013. We retrieved information on cases of cervical cancer and previous cervical cancer screening from national registries. During the study period, a total of 1907 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer, 574 (30.1%) of which were ≥60 years old. The majority of women were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (73.7%) and advanced‐stage disease (ASD, ie, ≥FIGO IIB; 63.1%). The proportion of ASD increased with age, from 51.9% in women aged 60‐64% to 76.7% in women aged 75‐79. Among screened women (n = 377), 22.8% had a cervical cytology within 5 years of diagnosis, 73.3% of which were normal, and 45.1% were diagnosed with ASD. Women who had been sufficiently screened prior to screening exit (≥2 normal cytology test in the age interval 50‐59) accounted for 18.1%. Of note, 53.8% of the sufficiently screened women were diagnosed with ASD. Sufficiently screened women were less likely to be diagnosed with ASD compared to never‐screened women (53.8% vs 67.5%, P < 0.020), but no difference was observed between sufficiently and insufficiently screened women (53.8% vs 63.4%, P = 0.091). Our findings suggest that cancer in older women may occur due to insufficient screening prior to screening exit, a low sensitivity of screening, and premature screening exit.
Novel Aminomethyl Derivatives of 4‐Methyl‐2‐prenylphenol: Synthesis and Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Buravlev Evgeny V. , Fedorova Irina V. , Shevchenko Oksana G. , Kutchin Aleksandr V.
Published: January 2019

4‐Methyl‐2‐prenylphenol (1) was synthesized from para‐cresol and prenol, natural alcohol under the conditions of heterogeneous catalysis. A series of nine new aminomethyl derivatives with secondary and tertiary amino groups were obtained on the basis of compound 1. A comparative evaluation of their antioxidant properties was carried out using in vitro models. It was established that Mannich base with octylaminomethyl group has radical‐scavenging activity, high Fe2+‐chelation ability as well as the ability to inhibit oxidative hemolysis of red blood cells.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls Catalyzed by Biomass‐Derived Cobalt Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Song Tao , Ma Zhiming , Yang Yong
Published: January 2019

Herein, we report highly chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyls to saturated carbonyls catalyzed by cobalt nanoparticles supported on the biomass‐derived carbon from bamboo shoots with molecular hydrogen in water, which is the first prototype using a heterogeneous non‐noble metal catalyst for such organic transformation as far as we know. The optimal cobalt nanocatalyst, CoOx@NC‐800, manifested remarkable activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of C=C in α,β‐unsaturated carbonyls under mild conditions. A broad set of α,β‐aromatic and aliphatic unsaturated carbonyls were selectively reduced to their corresponding saturated carbonyls in up to 99 % yields with good tolerance of various functional groups. Meanwhile, a new straightforward one‐pot cascade synthesis of saturated carbonyls was realized with high activity and selectivity via the cross‐aldol condensation of ketones with aldehydes followed by selective hydrogenation. More importantly, this one‐pot strategy is applicable for the expedient synthesis of Loureirin A, a versatile bioactive and medicinal molecule, from readily available starting materials, further highlighting the practical utility of the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst can be easily separated for successive reuses without significant loss in both activity and selectivity.
Monocrystal Cu3Mo2O9 Confined in Polyaniline Protective Layer: an Effective Strategy for Promoting Lithium Storage Stability
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhao Ganggang , Jiang Yunling , Hong Wanwan , Zhang Yu , Deng Mingxiang , Shuai Honglei , Xu Wei , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: January 2019

Attributed to the high theoretical capacity and abundant reserve, Cu3Mo2O9 has been considered as a potential anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Nevertheless, the severe capacity fading caused by structure collapse and particle aggregation seriously hinders its practical application. In this work, Cu3Mo2O9 coated with homogeneous polyaniline layer is obtained through oxidative polymerization of aniline on the surface of Cu3Mo2O9. The lithium storage performance is investigated systematically. As a result, a high reversible specific capacity of 800.2 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 is delivered in Cu3Mo2O9@PANI anode even after 200 cycles, which is much higher than that of pristine Cu3Mo2O9 anode (373.8 mA h g−1). Furthermore, a high capacity of 675 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 1 A g−1 is achieved even after 700 cycles. This result evidences that the introduction of a polyaniline protective layer is an effective way to improve the structural stability of the Cu3Mo2O9 anode and further enhance cycling durability. This strategy is a starting point for the preparation and stabilization of other binary metal oxide composite materials for applications in lithium‐ion batteries.
Detailed Analysis of the Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of a Dysprosium(III) Phthalocyaninato Sextuple‐Decker Complex: Weak f–f Interactions Suppress Magnetic Relaxation
Authors: Horii Yoji , Katoh Keiichi , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Nakanishi Ryo , Breedlove Brian K. , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: January 2019

In the research field of single‐molecule magnets (SMMs), lanthanoid–lanthanoid interactions, so‐called f–f interactions, are known to affect the SMM properties, although their magnitudes are small. In this article, an SMM with very weak f–f interactions is reported, and the effects of the interactions on the SMM properties are discussed. X‐ray structural analysis of the DyIII‐CdII‐phthalocyaninato sextuple‐decker complex (Dy2Cd3) reveals that the intramolecular Dy−Dy length in Dy2Cd3 is more than 13 Å, which is longer than the intermolecular Dy−Dy length. Even though the two DyIII ions are far apart, intermolecular ferromagnetic dipole–dipole interactions are observed in Dy2Cd3. From detailed analysis of ac magnetic susceptibilities, quantum tunneling of the magnetization (QTM) in Dy2Cd3 is partially suppressed owing to the existence of very weak Dy−Dy interactions. Our results show that even very weak Dy−Dy interactions act as a dipolar bias, suppressing QTM.
Ligand Exchange Strategy for Tuning of Helicity Inversion Speeds of Dynamic Helical Tri(saloph) Metallocryptands
Authors: Sakata Yoko , Chiba Shunsuke , Miyashita Masato , Nabeshima Tatsuya , Akine Shigehisa
Published: January 2019

We developed a new strategy, ligand exchange strategy, for tuning the response speeds of helicity inversion of a metal‐containing helical structure. This is based on the exchange of the two axial amine ligands of the octahedral Co3+ centers in the metallocryptands [LCo3X6] (X=axial amine ligand). The response speeds of the helicity induction were controlled by using different combinations of achiral and chiral amines as the starting and entering ligands, respectively. The response speeds of the helicity inversion from P to M were also tuned by using different combinations of chiral amines.
Mass Spectrometric Identification of [4Fe–4S](NO)x Intermediates of Nitric Oxide Sensing by Regulatory Iron–Sulfur Cluster Proteins
Authors: Crack Jason C. , Le Brun Nick E.
Published: January 2019

Nitric oxide (NO) can function as both a cytotoxin and a signalling molecule. In both cases, reaction with iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster proteins plays an important role because Fe–S clusters are reactive towards NO and so are a primary site of general NO‐induced damage (toxicity). This sensitivity to nitrosylation is harnessed in the growing group of regulatory proteins that function in sensing of NO via an Fe–S cluster. Although information about the products of cluster nitrosylation is now emerging, detection and identification of intermediates remains a major challenge, due to their transient nature and the difficulty in distinguishing spectroscopically similar iron‐NO species. Here we report studies of the NO‐sensing Fe–S cluster regulators NsrR and WhiD using non‐denaturing mass spectrometry, in which non‐covalent interactions between the protein and Fe/S/NO species are preserved. The data provide remarkable insight into the nitrosylation reactions, permitting identification, for the first time, of protein‐bound mono‐, di‐ and tetranitrosyl [4Fe–4S] cluster complexes ([4Fe–4S](NO), [4Fe–4S])(NO)2 and [4Fe–4S](NO)4) as intermediates along pathways to formation of product Roussin's red ester (RRE) and Roussin's black salt (RBS)‐like species. The data allow the nitrosylation mechanisms of NsrR and WhiD to be elucidated and clearly distinguished.
B, N Co‐Doped Three‐Dimensional Carbon Aerogels with Excellent Electrochemical Performance for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yu Jie , Wang Congliang , Yuan Wenjing , Shen Yuhua , Xie Anjian
Published: January 2019

Herein, an ordinary and mass‐production approach is reported to synthesize boron (B) and nitrogen (N) co‐doped three‐dimensional (3D) carbon aerogels (CA) by using glucose and borax as the raw materials by a simple hydrothermal method and then carbonization in NH3 atmosphere. The porous material (BN‐CA‐900) possesses a large specific surface area (1032 m2 g−1) and high contents of doped pyridinic N and graphitic N. The onset potential (0.91 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), half‐wave potential (0.77 V vs. RHE), and current density (5.70 mA cm−2 at 0.2 V vs. RHE) of BN‐CA‐900 for ORR are similar to those of commercial Pt/C, indicating that BN‐CA‐900 has a comparable catalytic activity with Pt/C in alkaline media. The number of electron transfer is 3.86–3.99 and the yield of hydrogen peroxide is less than 6.8 %. BN‐CA‐900 also presents decent catalytic performance in acidic medium. Moreover, the stability and methanol tolerance of BN‐CA‐900 are superior to commercial Pt/C in both alkaline and acidic media. The prepared BN‐CA‐900 is a promising candidate that may be applied in other areas, such as the adsorption of pollution, porous conductive electrodes, and lithium‐ion batteries.
Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of α‐Ketoesters with 2‐Nitrovinylindoles and 2‐Nitrovinylpyrroles
Authors: Yang Wu‐Lin , Sun Zhong‐Tao , Sun Hao , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: January 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of α‐ketoesters with 2‐nitrovinylindoles and 2‐nitrovinyl‐ pyrroles has been established. This strategy allowed the construction of structurally diverse pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indoles bearing three contiguous stereocenters in generally high yields and good to excellent stereoselectivities (up to 98% yield, > 98 : 2 dr, 99% ee). The efficient synthesis of tetracyclic psychotropic compound analogue via the derivatization of cycloadduct showed the great synthetic potential of this strategy.
Design and Synthesis of Ionic Liquid‐Based Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors (MMPIs): A Simple Approach to Increase Hydrophilicity and to Develop MMPI‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: D'Andrea Felicia , Nuti Elisa , Becherini Stefano , Cuffaro Doretta , Husanu Elena , Camodeca Caterina , De Vita Elena , Zocchi Maria Raffaella , Poggi Alessandro , D'Arrigo Cristina , Cappello Valentina , Gemmi Mauro , Nencetti Susanna , Chiappe Cinzia , Rossello Armando
Published: January 2019

Selective and potent matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP‐12) inhibitors endowed with improved hydrophilicity are highly sought for potential use in the treatment of lung and cardiovascular diseases. In the present paper, we modified the structure of a nanomolar MMP‐12 inhibitor by incorporating an ionic liquid (IL) moiety to improve aqueous solubility. Four biologically active salts were obtained by linking the sulfonamide moiety of the MMP‐12 inhibitor to imidazolium‐, pyrrolidinium‐, piperidinium‐, and DABCO‐based ILs. The imidazolium‐based bioactive salt was tested on human recombinant MMPs and on monocyte‐derived dendritic cells, showing activity similar to that of the parent compound, but improved water solubility. The imidazolium‐based bioactive salt was then used to prepare electrostatically stabilized MMP inhibitor‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) able to selectively bind MMP‐12. These AuNPs were used to study subcellular localization of MMP‐12 in monocyte‐derived dendritic cells by transmission electron microscopy analysis.
Large‐scale profiling of serum metabolites in African American and European American patients with bladder cancer reveals metabolic pathways associated with patient survival
Authors: Vantaku Venkatrao , Donepudi Sri Ramya , Piyarathna Danthasinghe Waduge Badrajee , Amara Chandra Sekhar , Ambati Chandrashekar R. , Tang Wei , Putluri Vasanta , Chandrashekar Darshan S. , Varambally Sooryanarayana , Terris Martha K. , Davies Kimberly , Ambs Stefan , Bollag Roni , Apolo Andrea B. , Sreekumar Arun , Putluri Nagireddy
Published: January 2019

Background

African Americans (AAs) experience a disproportionally high rate of bladder cancer (BLCA) deaths even though their incidence rates are lower than those of other patient groups. Using a metabolomics approach, this study investigated how AA BLCA may differ molecularly from European Americans (EAs) BLCA, and it examined serum samples from patients with BLCA with the aim of identifying druggable metabolic pathways in AA patients.

Methods

Targeted metabolomics was applied to measure more than 300 metabolites in serum samples from 2 independent cohorts of EA and AA patients with BLCA and healthy EA and AA controls via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and this was followed by the identification of altered metabolic pathways with a focus on AA BLCA. A subset of the differential metabolites was validated via absolute quantification with the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. The clinical significance of the findings was further examined in The Cancer Genomic Atlas BLCA data set.

Results

Fifty‐three metabolites, mainly related to amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism, were identified that showed significant differences in abundance between AA and EA BLCA. For example, the levels of taurine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and serine were elevated in serum samples from AA patients versus EA patients. By mapping these metabolites to genes, this study identified significant relations with regulators of metabolism such as malic enzyme 3, prolyl 3‐hydroxylase 2, and lysine demethylase 2A that predicted patient survival exclusively in AA patients with BLCA.

Conclusions

This metabolic profile of serum samples might be used to assess risk progression in AA BLCA. These first‐in‐field findings describe metabolic alterations in AA BLCA and emphasize a potential biological basis for BLCA health disparities.
Radiotherapy for retroperitoneal liposarcoma: A report from the Transatlantic Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Working Group
Authors: Haas Rick L. M. , Bonvalot Sylvie , Miceli Rosalba , Strauss Dirk C. , Swallow Carol J. , Hohenberger Peter , van Coevorden Frits , Rutkowski Piotr , Callegaro Dario , Hayes Andrew J. , Honoré Charles , Fairweather Mark , Gladdy Rebecca , Jakob Jens , Szacht Milena , Fiore Marco , Chung Peter W. , van Houdt Winan J. , Raut Chandrajit P. , Gronchi Alessandro
Published: January 2019

Background

The current study investigated the role of radiotherapy (RT) in patients with primary nonmetastatic retroperitoneal liposarcomas.

Methods

A total of 607 patients with localized retroperitoneal well‐differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS) underwent surgical resection with or without RT at 8 high‐volume sarcoma centers (234 patients with WDLPS, 242 patients with grade 1 to 2 DDLPS, and 131 patients with grade 3 DDLPS; grading was performed according to the National Federation of Centers for the Fight Against Cancer [Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer; FNCLCC]). RT was administered in 19.7%, 34.7%, and 35.1%, respectively, of these 3 cohorts. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method, and the incidences of local recurrence and distant metastasis (DM) were estimated in a competing risk framework. To account for bias consistent with nonrandom RT assignment, propensity scores were estimated. Cox univariable analysis of the association between RT and oncological endpoints was performed by applying inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using propensity scores.

Results

Age, tumor size, and the administration of chemotherapy were found to be significantly imbalanced between patients who did and did not undergo RT in all cohorts. IPTW largely removed imbalances in key prognostic variables. Although the 8‐year local recurrence incidences in patients treated with surgery plus RT versus surgery only were 11.8% and 39.2%, respectively, for patients with WDLPS (P = .011;); 29.0% and 56.7%, respectively, for patients with grade 1 to 2 DDLPS (P = .008); and 29.8% and 43.7%, respectively, for patients with grade 3 DDLPS (P = .025), this significant benefit was lost after IPTW analyses. There were no significant differences noted with regard to DM and OS between irradiated and unirradiated patients across all 3 cohorts.

Conclusions

Perioperative RT was found to be associated with better local control in univariable unadjusted analysis in all 3 cohorts, but not after accounting for imbalances in prognostic variables. RT did not impact on DM or OS. The appropriate selection of RT in this disease remains challenging. The results of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)–Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (STBSG) 62092‐22092 prospective randomized trial are awaited.
Serendipitous Rediscovery of the Facile Cyclization of Z,Z‐3,5‐Octadiene‐1,7‐diyne Derivatives to Afford Stable, Substituted Naphthocyclobutadienes
Authors: Barker Joshua E. , Kodama Takuya , Song Min K. , Frederickson Conerd K. , Jousselin‐Oba Tanguy , Zakharov Lev N. , Marrot Jérôme , Frigoli Michel , Johnson Richard P. , Haley Michael M.
Published: January 2019

The serendipitous isolation of very small amounts of two naphthocyclobutadiene (NCB) derivatives has led to the computational re‐examination of the electrocyclization of Z,Z‐3,5‐octadiene‐1,7‐diyne as well as the experimental and computational study of diethynylindeno[2,1‐a]fluorene derivatives that contain the 3,5‐octadiene‐1,7‐diyne motif as part of a larger π‐framework. In both cases the calculated potential energy surface strongly implicates two successive electrocyclic reactions to afford the antiaromatic products. With the octadienediyne fragment locked in the reactive conformation, the postulated diethynylindeno[2,1‐a]fluorene intermediates afford the NCBs in modest to good yields. X‐ray crystallography of four NCBs as well as NICS‐XY scan calculations show that the paratropic motif is located primarily in the benzocyclobutadiene fragment within the larger π‐scaffold.
A description of nesting behaviors, including factors impacting nest site selection, in black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Baden Andrea L.
Published: January 2019

Nest site selection is at once fundamental to reproduction and a poorly understood component of many organisms’ reproductive investment. This study investigates the nesting behaviors of black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs,Varecia variegata, a litter‐bearing primate from the southeastern rainforests of Madagascar. Using a combination of behavioral, geospatial, and demographic data, I test the hypotheses that environmental and social cues influence nest site selection and that these decisions ultimately impact maternal reproductive success. Gestating females built multiple large nests throughout their territories. Of these, females used only a fraction of the originally constructed nests, as well as several parking locations as infants aged. Nest construction was best predicted by environmental cues, including the size of the nesting tree and density of feeding trees within a 75 m radius of the nest, whereas nest use depended largely on the size and average distance to feeding trees within that same area. Microhabitat characteristics were unrelated to whether females built or used nests. Although unrelated to nest site selection, social cues, specifically the average distance to conspecifics’ nest and park sites, were related to maternal reproductive success; mothers whose litters were parked in closer proximity to others’ nests experienced higher infant survival than those whose nests were more isolated. This is likely because nesting proximity facilitated communal crèche use by neighboring females. Together, these results suggest a complex pattern of nesting behaviors that involves females strategically building nests in areas with high potential resource abundance, using nests in areas according to their realized productivity, and communally rearing infants within a network of nests distributed throughout the larger communal territory.
Characterizing Autostereoscopic 3‐D Displays
Authors: Salmimaa Marja , Järvenpää Toni
Published: January 2019

Image rendering and display parameters of autostereoscopic 3‐D displays differ from that of ordinary 2‐D displays. Therefore, a separate methodology for verification of the optical characteristics is required. The industry is currently lacking standardized measurement methods for 3‐D displays, thus the reported results from the measurements may not always be comparable. Standardized methodology is needed, and the metrology and the metrics have to be defined without bias with regards to any particular stereo technology. This article explores several ways of characterizing autostereoscopic displays.
Correction of instrument measurement data for improving the visual color match between monitor and hardcopy
Authors: Sugiyama Tohru , Kudo Yoshiaki , Takayama Youichi
Published: January 2019

Soft proofing, which can confirm the color reproduction of printed matter on a monitor, is coming into wide use in the field of graphic arts. However, there is a problem in that the color on the monitor looks different from that of printed matter, even though the L*a*b* value of the monitor's white point has been adjusted to that of the paper by using a spectroradiometer. After the color rendition of an LCD is visually adjusted to that of the paper, the measured color of the LCD shows color with L*a*b* values corresponding to a more greenish‐blue white than that of paper. For CRTs, this corresponds to a more bluish‐white. In this paper, it was assumed that bright lines in the measured spectrums of the monitors and the illuminations spread to the next wavelength band by the optical systems of the spectroradiometer. To solve the problem, a method is proposed to enhance the bright line by using a three‐tap digital filter. The effect of this method on two types of monitors under three types of illumination is also reported. After enhancing the bright lines, ΔE between the monitor and paper becomes smaller than that for the original one.
Factors Affecting Efficiency and Output of LEDs Used in Display‐Backlighting Applications for Aircraft Cockpits
Authors: Nguyen Francis
Published: January 2019

LEDs bring a new dimension to LCD screens in cockpit applications.
Thin is In: LED Backlight Units Are Becoming Thinner and Brighter to Meet Consumer‐Product Requirements
Authors: DeAgazio David
Published: January 2019

From mobile phones to LCD TVs, consumer products with LED‐backlit displays are demanding ever‐smaller form factors with thinner displays, putting the onus on LED‐backlight‐unit manufacturers to produce slimmer backlights that do more with fewer LEDs. This article explores how to achieve a thinner backlight without sacrificing brightness or uniformity while minimizing the number of LEDs required by the backlight unit.
Issues in High‐Volume Manufacturing of Large‐Screen LED‐Backlit LCDs
Authors: O'Sullivan Evan , Pantalone Bob
Published: January 2019

Environmental concerns, including initiatives for the reduction of hazardous materials and requirements for reduced energy consumption and longer product life, are driving the need for non‐CCFL‐based backlight technologies. Cost and technology barriers have historically kept the volumes of LED‐based solutions low, although that situation is now changing.
San Antonio to Host Display Week 2009
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

Display Week gets done Texas‐style this year in San Antonio, Texas, with one of the oldest cities in the American West hosting some of the latest display technology in the world. Here's what to see and do when you're not attending Display Week 2009.
An 82‐in. ultra‐definition 120‐Hz LCD TV using new driving scheme and advanced Super PVA technology
Authors: Kim Sang Soo , You Bong Hyun , Cho Jung Hwan , Kim Dong Gyu , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Nam Deog
Published: January 2019

An ultra‐definition (UD or 3840 × 2160) resolution 82‐in. product with 120‐Hz high‐frame‐rate driving has been developed for LCD‐TV applications. The resolution increase from full HD to UD greatly reduces the available charging time. This problem has been overcome by employing a half‐gate two‐data‐line design (hG‐2D) for Super PVA pixels. Additionally, cost‐effective single‐bank driving has been achieved by adopting a vertical‐quarter‐partitioned (VQP) driving scheme. A viewing angle of 180°, contrast ratio of 2200:1, and brightness of 550 nits have been achieved while maintaining all of the other advantages of the Super‐PVA structure.
Dual‐plate OLED display (DOD) based on amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si) TFT backplane
Authors: Han Chang‐Wook , Tak Yoon‐ Heung , Kang In Byeong , Ahn Byung‐Chul , Chung In Jae
Published: January 2019

An improved AMOLED with an a‐Si TFT backplane based on a unique structure is reported. The new structure is refered to as a dual‐plate OLED display (DOD). While a topemission OLED array is directly fabricated on a TFT backplane, the DOD consists of an upper OLED substrate and a lower TFT substrate, which are independently fabricated. Because the OLED substrate, which is fabricated through the process flow of bottom emission, is attached to the TFT substrate, the light is emitted in the opposite direction to the TFT backplane. The DOD enables the design of large‐sized TFTs and a complicated pixel circuit. It can also not only achieve higher uniformity in luminance in large‐sized displays due to the low electrical resistance of the common electrode, but also wider viewing angles.
Improved discharge characteristics using MgO single‐crystal particles and advanced CEL structure
Authors: Naoi Taro , Lin Hai , Hirota Atsushi , Otani Eishiro , Amemiya Kimio
Published: January 2019

Pioneer Corporation introduced plasma‐display‐panel (PDP) TVs in 2005, which achieved the highest dark‐room contrast ratio of 4000:1 at the time. These PDPs had a novel discharge cell structure consisting of a crystal emissive layer (CEL) on a MgO protective thin film. This cell structure is refered to as a CEL structure. Magnesium‐oxide single‐crystal particles, which have a unique luminance peak around 230–250 nm and a good exo‐electron‐emission property, were found to be an excellent material for CEL and were utilized in CEL panels. In 2007, newly developed PDP TVs in which CEL was formed on a phosphor layer, in addition to the previous CEL structure, were introduced, and this discharge cell structure is refered to as advanced CEL structure. By using the new cell structure, the opposed discharge characteristics have been drastically improved, and a stable reset discharge has been realized with only a weak opposed discharge. As a result, black luminance has been drastically reduced, and a dark‐room contrast ratio of over 20,000:1, the highest ever reported, has been achieved.
Discharge analysis of high‐efficacy PDP with a luminous efficacy of 5 lm/W
Authors: Akiyama Toshiyuki , Yamada Takashi , Kitagawa Masatoshi , Fellow) Tsutae Shinoda (SID
Published: January 2019

The discharge mechanism concerning the width of the display electrodes in high‐Xe‐content gas mixtures to improve the luminous efficacy of PDPs has been researched. It was found that a luminous efficacy of 5 lm/W was realized for a high‐Xe‐content gas mixture and narrower display electrodes. For a high‐Xe‐content gas mixture, the luminous efficacy increases as the display electrode becomes narrower. This phenomenon was analyzed by observing the emission from a discharge cell. The observation data indicate that a high electron heating efficiency contributes to increased luminous efficacy along with narrow electrodes for a high‐Xe‐content gas mixture as well as high excitation efficiency.
Measurement of exo‐electron emission from MgO thin film of ACPDPs
Authors: Yoon Sang‐Hoon , Hong Cho‐Rong , Ko Jae Jun , Yang Hee‐Sun , Kim Yong‐Seog
Published: January 2019

Exo‐electron emission from MgO thin film was measured by attaching a high‐precision current sensor to the address electrode of the rear plate of an ACPDP test panel. The measured results revealed that the exo‐electron emission currents can vary very sensitively with the type of doping elements used in MgO film and the measuring temperature. The activation energy of the exo‐electron emission estimated from the emission curves indicated that the trap levels are between 0.05 and 0.32 eV below the bottom of its conduction band. This suggests that shallow electron‐trap levels within MgO film are mainly responsible for the exo‐electron emission.
Micro‐cavity design of bottom‐emitting AMOLED with white OLED and RGBW color filters for 100% color gamut
Authors: Lee Baek‐woon , Ju Young‐gu , Hwang Young In , Lee Hae‐yeon , Kim Chi Woo , Lee Jin Seok , Souk Jun Hyung
Published: January 2019

Two optical structures used for a bottom‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) is reported. An RGBW color system was employed because of its high efficiency. For red, green, and blue (RGB) subpixels, the cavity resonance was enhanced by the use of a dielectric mirror, and for the white (W) subpixel, the mirror was removed. The optical length of the cavities was controlled by two different ways: by the thickness of the dielectric filter on top of the mirror or by the angle of oblique emission. With both methods, active‐matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs) that reproduced a color gamut exceeding 100% of the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard were fabricated. More importantly, the transmission of a white OLED through R/G/B color filters was significantly higher (up to 50%) than that of a conventional structure not employing a mirror, while at the same time as the color gamut increased from ~75 to ~100% NTSC.
Printable phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices
Authors: Xia Sean , Cheon Kwang‐Ohk , Brooks Jason J. , Rothman Mark , Ngo Tan , Hett Patrick , Kwong Raymond C. , Inbasekaran Mike , Brown Julie J. , Sonoyama Takuya , Ito Masaki , Seki Shunichi , Miyashita Satoru
Published: January 2019

A new approach to full‐color printable phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices (P2OLEDs) is reported. Unlike conventional solution‐processed OLEDs that contain conjugated polymers in the emissive layer, the P2OLED's emissive layer consists of small‐molecule materials. A red P2OLED that exhibits a luminous efficiency of 11.6 cd/A and a projected lifetime of 100,000 hours from an initial luminance of 500 cd/m2, a green P2OLED with a luminous efficiency of 34 cd/A and a projected lifetime of 63,000 hours from an initial luminance of 1000 cd/m2, a light‐blue P2OLED with a luminous efficiency of 19 cd/A and a projected lifetime 6000 hours from an initial luminance of 500 cd/m2, and a blue P2OLED with a luminous efficiency of 6.2 cd/A and a projected lifetime of 1000 hours from an initial luminance of 500 cd/m2 is presented.
Approaching the “Zenith”: Bistable LCDs in a Retail Environment
Authors: Jones Cliff
Published: January 2019

Previous electronic shelf‐edge labels based on standard twisted‐nematic segmented LCDs have allowed updates of price only. Limiting the information shown meant ultra‐low‐power requirements for the battery‐operated displays in constant use, which in turn supported the need for low cost on the part of retailers. Bistable passive‐matrix displays allow retailers to supply more information while also enabling battery options that last for years. This article discusses a bistable LCD and RF protocol designed to provide both functionality and ease of use for retailers.
Low‐Power Large‐Area Cholesteric Displays
Authors: Coates David
Published: January 2019

Compared to an emissive or transmissive display, a reflective display can offer low power consumption, especially if it is also capable of utilizing low‐power supporting systems. Such often forgotten systems can consume more power than the display itself.
Bi‐directional OLED microdisplay for interactive see‐through HMDs: Study toward integration of eye‐tracking and informational facilities
Authors: Vogel Uwe , Kreye Daniel , Richter Bernd , Bunk Gerd , Reckziegel Sven , Herold Rigo , Scholles Michael , Törker Michael , Grillberger Christiane , Amelung Jörg , Graupner Sven‐Thomas , Pannasch Sebastian , Heubner Michael , Velichkovsky Boris
Published: January 2019

First prototypes of bi‐directional OLED microdisplay devices that combine both display and camera functionality on a single CMOS chip (OLED‐on‐CMOS) have been designed. The major goal of this integration is to provide capabilities for eye‐tracking in see‐through HMDs to achieve gaze‐based human–display interaction, e.g., in augmented‐reality applications. The development of the prototype was accompanied by user studies with a simulated bi‐directional microdisplay consisting of a commercially available eye‐tracker and a see‐through HMD. These tests were aimed at providing basic minimum requirements in terms of temporal and spatial resolution of an eye‐tracker to be implemented within the prototype, as well as to evaluate ergonomics of an appropriate user‐interface design. A description of the current state of the hardware architecture and design aspects for bi‐directional OLED microdisplays are also presented.
A full‐color eyewear display using planar waveguides with reflection volume holograms
Authors: Mukawa Hiroshi , Akutsu Katsuyuki , Matsumura Ikuo , Nakano Satoshi , Yoshida Takuji , Kuwahara Mieko , Aiki Kazuma
Published: January 2019

A full‐color eyewear display with over 85% see‐through transmittance with a 16° horizontal field of view was developed. Very low color crosstalk, less than 0.008 Δu′v′ uniformity, and 120% NTSC color gamut were achieved. Waveguides with two in‐ and out‐coupling reflection volume hologram elements enabled a simple configuration that has an optical engine beside the user's temples. The reflection volume hologram elements used on the waveguides realized a small thickness of 1.4 mm for each waveguide, and an out‐coupling reflection volume hologram used as an optical combiner contributed a high see‐through transmittance of 85% due to its wavelength selectivity. However, there are technical challenges in achieving a reasonable screen size and quality color images with optics that utilize holographic waveguides because holograms have large chromatic dispersions compared to conventional optical elements such as lenses and mirrors. Approaches to overcome these issues are described.
RGB‐to‐RGBW conversion with current limiting for OLED displays
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Murdoch Michael J.
Published: January 2019

Organic‐light‐emitting‐diode (OLED) displays employing white‐light‐emitting OLEDs in combination with RGBW color filters can demand high peak currents to present images with bright, highly saturated colors. Image‐processing methods that take advantage of a very highly efficient white subpixel in addition to filtered RGB subpixels to reduce the peak current and power of these displays are described. The image‐quality impact of these algorithms are explored to develop a final image‐processing algorithm.
A 12‐bit segmented resistor–capacitor digital‐to‐analog converter for a display driver IC of a large TFT‐LCD panel system
Authors: Yoo Seongjong , Song Yongjoo , Jung Jiwoon , Lee Myunghee
Published: January 2019

A 12‐bit segmented R–C DAC to support a linear gamma curve has been proposed and fabricated in a 720‐channel LCD source driver with a 16‐V 1‐poly 3‐metal highvoltage CMOS process. The proposed DAC has a global resistor string and sample‐and‐hold buffers. A MSB voltage selected by the upper 6 bits of input data and a LSB voltage selected by the lower 6 bits of input data are summed by using a sample‐and‐hold operation with offset cancellation in the proposed DAC. The measured DNL was less than 0.3 LSB, and the output voltage deviation was less than 3 mV in all gray levels. Although two sample‐and‐hold buffers were adopted to operate alternatively, the die size was as small as 24.9 mm2, which was only an 8.3% increase compared to that of a conventional 8‐bit 720‐channel source driver. Because of its good performance with small area, the proposed DAC can be a good low‐cost solution for a 10‐bit TV system.
High‐pixel‐rate grating‐light‐valve laser projector
Authors: Kikuchi Hiroki , Hashimoto Shigeki , Tajiri Shinichiro , Hayashi Tsuneo , Sugawara Yutaka , Oka Michio , Akiyama Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Akira , Eguchi Naoya
Published: January 2019

A high‐pixel‐rate high‐contrast (30,000:1) wide‐color‐gamut grating‐light‐valve laser projector is reported. A new optical engine enabling high‐frame‐rate (240 Hz) scan projection is employed. Panoramic wide‐angle‐scan projection with a 64:9 aspect ratio was also developed. Speckle noise is eliminated using a simple but highly efficient technique. The optical throughput efficiency of the grating‐light‐valve laser projector is reviewed.
Charge carriers and triplets in OLED devices studied by electrically detected electron paramagnetic resonance
Authors: Pawlik Thomas D. , Kondakova Marina E. , Giesen David J. , Deaton Joseph C. , Kondakov Denis Y.
Published: January 2019

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) were investigated by an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique that uses the effective device conductance as the detection channel. This technique enables us to identify and study charge carriers and triplet excitons with high sensitivity. By using a series of model devices, it was demonstrated that this type of spectroscopy provides information regarding triplet energy transfer and the location of the recombination zone. The fundamental understanding about the extent of the recombination zone in various OLED architectures helps in the design of devices with improved performance.
Display Week 2009 Symposium Preview
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

Plan your visit to Display Week 2009 with an advance look at the key trends and issues that will be highlighted in the symposium's far‐ranging collection of display‐technology sessions.
2009 Display of the Year Award Winners
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

The SID Display of the Year Awards Committee selected six winners – in the categories of display of the year, display component of the year, and display application of the year – that advanced the state of the art of electronic‐display technology in 2008.
The Plasmaco Story
Authors: Birk Jane D.
Published: January 2019

Display Week was the scene of many Plasmaco milestones over the years, and so the show issue of Information Display seems an appropriate place to look back at the tumultuous history of the little company with a disproportionately big place in overall display history.
Enabling Small‐Format Electronic Paper in Smart Surfaces
Authors: Aprea Matthew
Published: January 2019

A new, simplified approach to drive electronics could make electronic‐paper displays viable for a wide range of smaller, less‐expensive devices.
Display Week 2009 Review: Flexible Displays
Authors: Zehner Robert
Published: January 2019

The technology moves closer to “product” status.
Display Week 2009 Review: E‐Paper and Reflective Displays
Authors: Drzaic Paul
Published: January 2019

Momentum builds for electrophoretic and other reflective technologies.
Display Week 2009 Review: Projection
Authors: Poor Alfred
Published: January 2019

Pico projectors begin to come of age, and new projection technologies appear as well.
High‐Power Projectors Illuminate Opening Ceremonies at 2008 Beijing Summer Games
Authors: Schmidt Terry
Published: January 2019

In August of 2008, the world took in an amazing spectacle as the opening ceremonies of the summer Olympic Games unfolded. Display technology, including projectors, played a major role in enabling this event.
The Approach of 4G
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

The next‐generation mobile network will offer bigger, better, faster bandwidth and is being promoted as enabling “anytime, anywhere, anything” in terms of content. How will this type of connectivity actually come to pass and what does it mean for mobile‐device displays?
Flexible e‐Book Displays Produced in Standard TFT and Module Factories
Authors: French Ian
Published: January 2019

Thin, light, and robust flexible e‐book displays are being prepared for mass production with most of the same equipment and processes used for glass displays.
High‐Volume Manufacturing of Photonic Components on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Charters Robbie
Published: January 2019

The penetration of photonic technologies into the low‐cost consumer‐electronics marketplace has so far been limited. This article details several flexible‐substrate‐based manufacturing processes that have been developed for the high‐volume low‐cost production of optical waveguides ‐ key components of a specific optical touch‐screen system.
Better Transmission: TFT‐LCD Manufacturing Advances Reduce Cost and Energy Consumption
Authors: Annis Charles , Semenza Paul
Published: January 2019

Much attention has focused on advances in TFT‐LCD panel technology such as LED backlights, 120/240‐Hz frame rates, wide viewing angle, and other technologies leading to performance improvements. But behind the scenes, TFT‐LCD manufacturing continues to evolve, leading to increased manufacturing productivity, lower costs, and improved power efficiency. Recent developments include color filters, liquid‐crystal alignment, and TFT design.
Next‐Generation Solid‐State‐Lighting Technology
Authors: Spindler Jeffrey , Hatwar Tukaram K. , Van Slyke Steven
Published: January 2019

Inorganic light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have the potential to revolutionize the lighting industry due to high efficiency, long lifetime, and unique form factors that will enable creative lighting designs not possible with conventional light sources. This article will provide an overview of inorganic and organic light‐emitting‐diode technology as it applies to solid‐state lighting, with an emphasis on OLEDs.
Solid‐State Lighting for the General‐Illumination Market
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

Both LEDs and OLEDs show promise in various residential, industrial, and institutional applications.
Flexible AMOLEDs for Low‐Power, Rugged Applications
Authors: Ma Ruiqing , Hack Mike , Brown Julie J.
Published: January 2019

Flexible AMOLEDs equipped with phosphorescent OLEDs are well‐positioned for low‐power, rugged, full‐color video applications. Replacing glass with flexible substrates and thin‐film encapsulation makes displays thinner, lighter, and non‐breakable – all attractive features for portable applications. With enhanced flexibility and low power consumption, a range of revolutionary opportunities are being created.
What's Next for e‐Readers?
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

E‐readers are not yet commodity items, although they are selling briskly. This year's unit sales are predicted to be twice those of last year. And, in many ways, e‐book technology is still in its early stages. E‐book file compatibility is still being sorted out, and future versions of e‐readers will offer many features not widely seen today, including color displays, video capability, ruggedness, and flexibility.