bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Conditions for Extraction of Oil from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum - graecum L.) by Supercritical CO2 Fluids (SFE-CO2)
Authors: Ren Xiao Feng , Zhu Wen Jing
Published: May 2011

The optimal conditions for extracting of fenugreek oil from material with supercritical CO2 fluids：extraction temperature 40°C,extraction pressure 25MPa，separation temperature 60°C, separation pressure one atmosphere pressure. Adding 50%(V/W) absolute alcohol as modifier, the highest extraction ratio is 8.95mg/g dry fenugreek seeds.
Effect of Pre-Treatment Palm Oil Mill Effluent POME on Biohydrogen Production by Local Isolate Clostridium Butyricum
Authors: Ahmad Kamal Syafawati , Mansor Mariatul Fadzillah , Mohd Jahim Jamaliah , Anuar Nurina
Published: May 2011

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains approximately 6% fiber. The effectiveness of pre-treatment on POME can serve a very good feedstock for hydrogen production in fermentation process. In this research, the effectiveness of pre-treatment methods on POME treated using acid and base were analysed based total carbohydrate and reducing sugar content. By using 1M NaOH with heat treatment, 26.12% carbon source converted to reducing sugar while by using 1M H2SO4 with heat treatment, over 32.09% carbon source converted to reducing sugar. The highest increment of total carbohydrate where from acid-heat treatment with 26.1% increment from initial concentration. At the initial pH (5.5) with fermentation temperature 37°C, the highest hydrogen production rate given by acid-heat treatment was 0.5mL H2/mL POME. Different for initial pH 7.0 with the same temperature, the highest hydrogen produced rate was given by base-heat treatment with 0.59 mL H2/mL POME. The production of hydrogen in 2L bioreactor given much higher hydrogen production compare to production in serum bottle. This fermentation was run in batch mode with initial pH 7 and control at 5.5. The maximum hydrogen produce was 4304 mL H2/ L POME from acid-heat treatment.
Viscosity of Three Biodiesel Fuels: Experimental Data vs. Prediction Models
Authors: Blangino Eugenia , Romano Silvia Daniela
Published: May 2011

In this paper we study the predictive capacity of three methods to compute biodiesel viscosity and their behavior in different ranges of temperature (those able to be measured in laboratory and those of interest in the study of atomization and combustion) and we compare the results with the viscosity data obtained in our laboratory for three biodiesel from different feedstock. We also compare our experimental viscosity values with literature data in the same range of temperature to analyze differences in the tendency of evolution of this property with temperature.
Promoting Effect of Metal Promoters on Fe(II)-Zn-Based Double Metal Cyanide Complex Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis
Authors: Yang Ling Mei , Lv Peng Mei , Yuan Zhen Hong , Luo Wen , Wang Zhong Ming , Li Hui Wen
Published: May 2011

Fe(II)-Zn-based double metal cyanide complex catalysts modified with rare earth metal or transition metal promoters(lanthanum, cerium, zirconium, manganese) for the production of biodiesel were prepared, and the effect of the addition of different metal promoters on the characteristics of the catalyst was studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, ICP and Infrared techniques .The experiment results show that the Fe(II)-Zn-based catalyst promoted with 1 wt.% of La(NO3)3·nH2O exhibits the highest catalytic activity for the reaction, being as high as 99.3% of the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Fe(II)-Zn-based catalysts have a tentative molecular formula: K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2·xH2O· (t-BuOH), where x=3-9 determined by using elemental analysis and ICP. It has been shown that the molecular formula of Fe(II)-Zn-based double metal cyanide complex catalysts did not change by adding 1 wt.% of rare earth metal or transition metal promoters. X-ray diffraction and BET results showed that Fe(II)-Zn-based catalysts with 1 wt.% of metal promoters salts exhibit smaller particle size, higher surface area than the Fe(II)-Zn catalyst ,which may be related to the higher activity of the catalysts.
The Chemical Composition and Ensiling Characteristics of Sweet Corn Processing by-Products
Authors: Zhang Jian Guo , Liu Qin Hua , Yang Fu Yu
Published: May 2011

To investigate the nutritive and ensiling characteristics of sweet corn processing by-products, the chemical compositions of corn bracts and cobs were analyzed and the effects of wilting and additives on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were measured. The research results showed: Corn bracts and cobs had low fiber content and high nitrogen free extract content (> 61% DM)，with high nutritive value; Corn bracts and cobs were of high water soluble carbohydrate contents (> 10% DM), low buffering capacity (< 150 mE/kg DM), more lactic acid bacteria (> 107cfu/g FM), they might be well preserved without any treatments, but their aerobic stability was poor; Barn and lactic acid bacteria addition had few effect on the fermentation except for reducing butyric acid content, wilting tended to increase lactic acid content and reduce the contents of volatile fatty acids.
The Controllable Preparation of Aluminum Borate Nano-Materials
Authors: Wang Guo Sheng , Wang Kang Jun , Hou Jia , Xu Yu Feng
Published: May 2011

Aluminum borate (Al4B2O9) nanomaterials were synthesized via a sol-gel process using Na2B4O7·10H2O and Al (NO3)3·9H2O. The effect of reaction volume concentration, calcination temperature and feeding modes on the morphology of Aluminum borate was investigated. The material was characterized with SEM and XRD. Results reveal that Al4B2O9 nanowires, nanorods could be synthesized, and its morphology also can be tailored by controlling calcination temperature and feeding modes.
Study on Anodizing Processes for Formation of Nano Porous Aluminum Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Thein Kyaw Thein , Myo Naing Kyaw , Win Nyunt
Published: May 2011

In this paper aluminum oxide thin film was prepared by anodic oxidation in various acid baths such as sulphuric acid, chromic acid and phosphoric acid with different concentrations. The thickness and appearance of the anodized films formed has been compared. The thicknesses of anodic oxide film, coating weight per unit area and coating ratio of anodic oxide film variation were determined with respect to the different electrolyte concentrations by using the thickness determination formula. Sulphuric acid gives the highest thickness aluminum oxide films, in the operation condition of 15% H2SO4solution composition, 15V, 30±2°C, 100 mA, 60 mins.
Liquefaction of Cornstalk in the Presence of Polyhydric Alcohols
Authors: Yang Xin Hui , Huang Yuan Bo , Zheng Zhi Feng , Zhang Ya Dong
Published: May 2011

The liquefaction of cornstalk in the presence of polyhydric alcohols with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. Effects of various liquefaction condition parameters on the liquefaction and its liquefied products were mainly investigated. Results showed that the liquefaction parameters had an obvious effect on the residue percent and the viscosity, acid and hydroxyl number of its liquefied products. The efficient liquefaction of cornstalk with low residue percent of 9.4% was obtained under the mild condition of a PEG #400/glycerin ratio of 7/3, a cornstalk/liquefaction reagent ratio of 1/5, a reaction temperature of 150°C, a reaction time of 30 min and a sulfuric acid amount of 4%, respectively. Under this condition, the viscosity, acid number and hydroxyl number of its liquefied products was 1430 cP, 18.5 mg KOH/g and 362.1 mg KOH/g, respectively.
Analysis on Cellulose Crystalline and FTIR Spectra of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Wood and Its Main Chemical Compositions
Authors: Chen Cong Jin , Luo Jian Ju , Huang Xiu Ping , Zhao Shu Kai
Published: May 2011

Cellulose crystalline and FTIR spectra ofArtocarpus heterophyllusLam wood and its main chemical compositions were analyzed.The result showed that the FTIR spectra of original wood samples fromArtocarpus heterophyllusLam wood present the same basic structure of all wood samples, the FTIR spectra of extracted wood samples were compared with the original wood sample, some of their absorption peaks of the band shifted to long or short wave, the wood and the solvent had little chemical reaction in the extracting process. FTIR spectra crystalline index of nitric acid-ethanol cellulose fromArtocarpus heterophyllusLam wood is NO′KI10.984, O′KI21.59, X-ray diffraction crystalline index of nitric acid-ethanol cellulose fromArtocarpus heterophyllusLam wood is 0.794.
Characterization of Rice Husks of Pyrolysed at 320°C and Adsorption Ni2+ Ions
Authors: Jia Su Qiu , Tong Jin , Ma Yun Hai
Published: May 2011

Characterization of rice husks (RHs) of pyrolysed partly at 320°C and adsorption Ni2+ions in the NiSO4solution and the wastewater of electroless nickel plating on magnesium alloys were investigated. The morphology of partly carbonized rice husks（PCRHs）was porous and particles and it consisted of amorphous carbon and silica. Thermogravimetric（TG） curve showed that rice husks mass decreased sharply at 280°C until 360°C. Raw RHs and PCRHs had good adsorption of Ni2+in the NiSO4solution or wastewater of electroless nickel plating on magnesium alloys. Removal capacity of Ni2+was higher for PCRHs than that of RHs due to PCRHs were mainly microporous with narrow pore size distribution.
Research on Visible Light Photocatalytic Performance of Tungsten Doped TiO2
Authors: Wu Dao Xin , Yin Zhou Lan , Chen Qi Yuan , Li Jie , Huang Ke Long
Published: May 2011

In this paper, W-doped rutile titania was prepared by low temperature hydrolysis using Tetrabutyl titanate. Powers were characterized by XRD、DRS、PL. At 1073K, Doped concentration have been in a certain range, Tungsten could be doped into the lattice of rutile TiO2in the way of replacement, which would cause no change in rutile TiO2crystalline state with sunlight as the light source, pH=2.0, catalyst concentration was 1.0g.L-1, concentration of methyl orange was 5.0mg.L-1. It has been shown that Tungsten doped TiO2powders(1.0%,1073K) has been the most photodegradation efficiency, and the degradation efficiency was 96.8% after 12h.
The Study of Enzymolysis and Saccharification Process of Bagasse Pith
Authors: Qin Cheng Rong , Wang Qing , Fu Xi Yao , Jiang Lei , He Cong , Deng Zhong Bin
Published: May 2011

The effects of the dosage of enzyme, liquid/solid ratio, reaction temperature, PH value and reaction time on enzymolysis and saccharification of bagasse pith were studied. The results showed that the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase were PH 5.0,the dosage of enzyme 0.005g/g (oven dry pulp), liquid/solid ratio 35:1, 50°C and s 60h. The changes of bagasse pith during reacting were analyzed through HPLC and FIRT, it were found that the content of xylose increased and improve the yield of reducing sugar in hyrolysis by double-enzymatic(cellulase and lxyanase). The results of FTIR analysis showed that new chemical construction and functional groups were not generated.
Study on Saccharification and Hydrolysis in Cellulose of Bagasse
Authors: Mu Ying Xiao , Zhu Hong Xiang , He Hui , Song Hai Nong , Wang Shuang Fei , Wang Ying Hui
Published: May 2011

The effect of the reaction time, the amount of enzyme, the reaction temperature and the pH value system, also the substrate size on bagasse pulp cellulose hydrolysis in the rate of reducing sugar was studied. And the optimum conditions response was researched. Under these conditions, we also studied the percent conversion of reducing sugar, and analyzed the changes of crystallinity after the bagasse pulp cellulose hydrolysis.
Combustion Characteristics of Coal and Biomass Blends with Adding Absorbing Sulfur Agent
Authors: Jin Hui Xin , Wu Fu Zhong , Li Shui E
Published: May 2011

The combustion characteristics of coal and biomass blends with adding adsorbing sulfur agent was investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer. The results indicated that the combustion process of the blends were similar to that of pure coal and biomass, which there were two apparent weight-loss peaks--one for volatile burning and another for char burning. The combustion stages could be divided into the dewatering period, volatilization and burning, char burning and burnout. Nevertheless, the combustion characteristics of blends varied with the biomass blending ratio and Ca/S ratio. Due to the increase of biomass blending ratio, the volatile matter content of blends increased, which leaded to the increase of peak value for volatile burning stage. In this stage, due to the lower reaction temperature, less SO2was produced and the reaction to CaO was slower. With the progress proceeding, char began to be burned and large heat was released and the adsorbing sulfur reactions were becoming stronger. Although the mass of blends reduced fastly, the mass of CaSO3and CaSO4increased compared to CaO, Which leaded to a wider temperature range of weight-loss for the char burning period. At the same linear temperature gradient, an increase of Ca/S decreased the temperature of volatilization and char burning, and the residue was increased due to more CaO additive. Therefore, the appropriate ratio of Ca/S was necessary to improve the combustion and adsorbing sulfur efficiency. In this study, a basic kinetics analysis for coal and biomass blends is provided. The kinetics parameters reveal that the combustion process of coal and biomass blends with adding absorbing sulfur agent can be described by a first order reaction equation.
Research on Combustion Characteristics of Cooking Oil Tar in Pipe by TG-FTIR Analysis
Authors: Xie Zheng Wen , Fang Qu
Published: May 2011

The pyrolysis characteristics of the cooking oil tar in an ambient air were investigated using a thermogravimetric apparatus with infrared-spectrum analyzer. Experimental results showed that the combustion process of cooking oil tar can be divided into five stages. The first step of mass loss is due to water evaporation. The second stage is the volatilization and combustion of the low boiling point compound，the third stage is the combustion of instauration hydrocarbon，the fourth stage is the combustion of ester and the last stage is the combustion of saturation hydrocarbon. A simple kinetic description, named in this work as ‘First Order Reaction and Three-dimensional Diffusion Separate-stage Model (O1+D3)’ model, was developed based on the experimental results and integral analysis method.
Experimental Research on Self-Compacting Concrete with Different Mixture Ratio of Fly Ash
Authors: Sun Zhong Jian , Duan Wei Wei , Tian Mei Ling , Fang Yan Feng
Published: May 2011

Study the affection of work performance and mechanical properties with different contents of fly in the self-compacting concrete. The mixture content of fly ash is respectively 16%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Carry on the experiment of slump, rate of spread, cube compressive strength, cube split tensile strength, prism axial compressive strength as well as the elasticity modulus of self-compacting concrete. Simultaneously obtain the corresponding stress-strain curve, and make the data fitting to it. The experiment and the analysis result show that there is a reasonable rang of mixture content of fly ash. When mixture proportion was suitable, the work performance of self-compacting concrete can be effectively improved, but the strength is also influenced. The early strength reduces much. This experiment provides the theoretical basis for reasonable application of fly ash in practical projects.
Single Zone Simulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in n-Heptane HCCI Combustion
Authors: Zeng Wen
Published: May 2011

A computational study was performed for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the n-heptane laminar premixed flame and the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. A detailed reaction mechanism describing fuel pyrolysis and oxidation, benzene formation, and PAHs mass growth and oxidation including 107 species and 542 elementary reactions was adopted. The species concentration distributions were analyzed numerically in the laminar premixed n-heptane flame. The computational results compared well with experimental data show that this reaction mechanism can be used to predict reaction products in premixed n-heptane combustion. A single zone model which can numerical simulate the combustion process and emissions of HCCI engine were built. The formation and evolvement mechanisms of PAHs in n-heptane HCCI combustion were simulated.
Vaporization Kinetics and Vapor Pressures for Petroleum Fractions Using Thermogravimetry Analysis
Authors: Li Dan
Published: May 2011

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was extended to the measurements of vaporization kinetics and vapor pressures for three oil samples. The energies of activation for the vaporization process and the enthalpies of vaporization were obtained through the vaporization rates and the vapor pressure data. The experimental data from TGA and comparative ebulliometry are distributed in the same linear trends and are in reasonable agreement. The TGA method is a rapid and practical one for constructing vapor pressure curves, especially at low pressure range, for petroleum fractions. Combination of the TGA and the embulliometry, the vapor pressures in a wide temperature range can be obtained.
GC/MS and FTIR Analyses of the Extracts from an Indonesia Natural Asphalt
Authors: Yao Ting , Zong Zhi Min , Wang Yu Gao , Han Xiang En , Wen Zhe , Mukasa Robert , Liu Fang Jing , Gong Gui Zhen , Wei Yan Bin , Wei Xian Yong
Published: May 2011

An Indonesia natural asphalt was ultrasonically extracted with acetone and carbon disulfide to afford acetone-soluble fraction (F1), carbon disulfide-soluble fraction (F2) and residue (i.e., carbon disulfide-insoluble fraction, R2). F1 was analyzed with GC/MS and all the fractions were analyzed with FTIR. The results show that F1 is rich in hetero atomic compounds (HACs), 2-methyl alkanes (2-MAs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The 2-MAs are a class of important biomarkers, in which the main peak carbons are C24 and C18. According to the proximate analyse, there is a sharply high content of ash (42.62%), which could be responsible for the increase in the yields of R2 in the natural asphalt. By FTIR analysis, the nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds, branched alkanes and esters (or lactones, etc.) are important components for the Indonesia natural asphalt.
Active Carbon for Coal Mine Methane Separation by Pressure Swing Adsorption
Authors: Tang Ping , Yang Xiong , Liu Ying Shu
Published: May 2011

Five types of active carbon’s adsorption isotherm of nitrogen at 77K were measured, and their adsorption characteristic were analysed. The results show AC1, AC2 and AC3 have a lot of micropores for they have high nitrogen adsorbance in low pressure at 77K. The HK model was employed to analysis the pore size distribution of the adsorbance. AC1 has most developed microspore structure, its surface area reached 1706㎡/g, and its pore size mainly concentrated at 4.6 angstroms. Then the five adsorbents’ adsorption isotherm on methane, oxygen and nitrogen at 298K, 308K and 318K were measured. Methane’s adsorption capacity on active carbon is much higher than nitrogen and oxygen, and the adsorbance of nitrogen and oxygen have little difference, so the coal mine methane could be regarded as the binary of methane and nitrogen on methane separation by adsorption method. AC1 has the highest methane adsorbance and equilibrium selectivity factor of methane to nitrogen. Then the adsorption heat was studied, the results show that the isosteric heat of methane on AC1 decreased from 20.6kJ/mol to 19.55kJ/mol when the adsorbance of methane increases from 0.4 mol/kg to 1.2mol/kg, and methane’s adsorption heat is higher than nitrogen.
CO2 Reforming of CH4 via Cold Plasma Jet Combined with Catalyst
Authors: Yang Yun Gui , Shang Shu Yong , Lin Na , Yin Yong Xiang , Dai Xiao Yan
Published: May 2011

CO2Reforming of CH4 to syngas by Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst combined with cold plasma jet was investigated. The higher selectivity of H2 and CO, and higher energy efficiency were obtained compared with other kinds of plasmas. Under the experimental conditions of flow rate at CH4=200 NL/h, CO2=300 NL/h, N2=500 NL/h, the input power at 0.77 kW, for the operation of plasma only, the conversions of CH4 and CO2 were 45.68% and 34.03%, the selectivity of CO and H2 were 85.41% and 78.11%, the energy efficiency was 2.94 mmol/kJ, respectively. Keeping the same conditions, the catalysts of 12%Ni/γ-Al2O3 were put following the plasma discharge zone. Without accessorial calefaction to catalysts, the conversions of CH4 and CO2 were increased by 14.38% and 6.32%, the yield of H2 and CO increased by 18.76% and 11.38%, the energy efficiency reached at 3.67 mmol/kJ, respectively. It was strongly verified that the cooperation action of clod plasma jet with catalysts at reforming of CH4/CO2.
Numerical Simulation and Experiment on the Electrolyte Flow Distribution for All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Chen Jin Qing , Wang Bao Guo , Lv Hong Ling
Published: May 2011

The electrolyte flow states of all vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) have a direct effect on the battery performance and life. To reveal the electrolyte distribution in the battery, the computation fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to simulate a parallel flow field. A hydraulics experiment and a battery performance experiment were carried out to confirm the simulated results. The results show that the predicted information agreed well with the experimental results. The electrolyte has a concentrated distribution in the central region of the parallel flow field and the disturbed flow and then vortex flow areas mainly appear in the inlet and outlet regions. The higher flux of electrolyte is helpful to uniform the distributions and to reduce the impact of flow irregularity on the battery performance. The battery with the flow field generates a power density of 15.9 mW∙cm-2, and the coulombic, voltage and energy efficiency is up to 90.5%, 74.0% and 67.2% at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2.
Synthesis of Large-Scale Heat Exchanger Network Based on Sub-Networks
Authors: Guan Xin , Guo Zhi Bo , Tu Wen Jing
Published: May 2011

The optimization of heat exchanger networks (HEN) is a typical MINLP problem. For large-scale HEN, it is difficult to solve this problem globally. After optimization, the large-scale HEN is divided into several independent sub-networks automatically. The sub-network is defined as a part of the HEN in which the streams have no heat transfer with the streams outside the sub-network. If a HEN can be divided into two or more sub-networks, then, these sub-networks are independent from each other. Based on optimization of sub-networks, a new method which can solve large-scale HEN problem efficiently is proposed.
The Influence of Structure Control Techniques on the Electrochemical Performance of PANI Electrode Materials
Authors: Li Jing , Huang Ke Long , Lai Yan Qing , Zhao Xiao Dong
Published: May 2011

According to the poor performance about conductivity and cycle properties of conductive polyaniline (PANI) electrode material. The structure control techniques were used and the C/PANI compound electrod materials and fibrous PANI electrod materials were prepared.The electrochemical performance of PANI with different structure was examined .The examination results indicated: The structure control methods have obvious influnce on the electrochemical performance of PANI. The improvement of PANI structure may enhance the penetration of electrolyte and the intercalation of electrolyte ion. At the 2mA discharge current , the max capacitance of PANI-C and PANC-S is 435F/g and 387F/g, respectively .The capacitance retention rate of PANI-C and PANC-S after 500th cycle is 77% and 96%. The ion diffusion impedance of PANI-S material was lowest and show best capacitance and cycle performance.
Coal Particles Combustion Model and Micro Feeding Technology in Drop Tube Furnace
Authors: Ma Zheng Zhong , Xu Xiang , Xiao Yun Han
Published: May 2011

For investigation of wide use of drop tube furnace (DTF), the design and characterization of DTF and shaftless screw microfeeder are presented. With a developed group combustion model, a introduced non-dimensional number is to characterize the combustion zone of coal particles in DTF. Calculated relation is proposed to be operation criteria of DTF and design principle of feeder. It is found that the test results of coal feeder show good performance for micro feeding.
Cobalt Carbonyl Cluster as Catalyst Precursor for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Bai Feng Hua , Zhang Yin Xia , Su Hai Quan , Li Xue Fen , Pan Hui , Yang Xu Zhuang
Published: May 2011

The effect of precursors of Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts prepared from Co(NO3)2 and (CO)6Co2CC(COOH)2 on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalytic performance were investigated. All catalysts were characterised by TGA, BET, pore size distribution analysis and TEM techniques. For Aluminium-supported catalyst, the use of cobalt carbonyl cluster as cobalt precursor resulted in a higher activity and C5+ selectivities compared with the reference catalyst prepared from nitrate at low reaction temperature. The activities can be correlated with the zero valent cobalt metal exist on the support. The chain growth attribute to well dispersed smaller metallic cobalt particles resulted from the partial removal of terminal carbonyls at 150°C.
Synthesis and Characteristics of NiS for Cathode of Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Ling Zhi , Han En Shan , Cao Ji Lin
Published: May 2011

NiS was synthesized were prepared by hydrothermal and mechanical alloying routes, respectively, and their microstructures as well as physical and electrochemical properties have been characterized and compared. Based on XRD and SEM analyses, the NiS crystallites with nanoplate structure formed directly during a hydrothermal process. Compared with the mechanical alloying route, the hydrothermal route led to better dispersed nanoparticles with a narrower size distribution. And the electrochemical properties of the materials were characterized by charge-discharge testing and Cyclic-voltammetry. NiS were prepared by hydrothermal show proper cycling properties, its first discharge specific capacity was 584.6mAh/g.
Preparation of n-Alkylacrylate and Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Its Influence on Low-Temperature Fluidity of Diesel Fuel
Authors: An Hong , Gao Shu Gang , Li Shuang , Xie Yan Xin
Published: May 2011

The n-tetradecylacrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer (PPV) was prepared from n-tetradecylacrylate and vinyl acetate. The PPV was employed as pour point depressant to improve the low-temperature fluidity of the -20# diesel from Daqing Petrochemical Company. The result indicated that the solidification (SP) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were affected largely by PPV. And when mass fraction of PPV -14(copolymerization conditions: 80 °C,w（benzoyl peroxide）1％（total weight of raw materials）, n（vinyl acetate）∶n（n- tetradecanolacrylate） = 4∶1 ) in diesel fuel was 0.1%wt, the SP reduced by 15.0 °C, the CFPP reduced by 6.0 °C simultaneously; We analysise the different molecular weight of PPV-14, and discover that the molecular weight of PPV-14 is ralated to the the low-temperature fluidity of the -20# diesel from Daqing Petrochemical Company. When mass fraction of PPV -14(molecular weight is 15000, distribution coefficient is 3.11) in diesel fuel was 0.1% wt, the SP reduced by 18.0 °C, the CFPP reduced by 7.0 °C, simultaneously.
Solid Base CaO Catalyzed Methanolysis of Lignite
Authors: Peng Yao Li , Lv Jie , Lu Hai Yun , Xie Guang Yuan , Wei Xian Yong
Published: May 2011

Solid base CaO was prepared and characterized, which was used to catalyze depolymerization of lignite in supercritical methanol. Methanolysis products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the solubility of methanolysis products in organic solvent increased, the majority species of methanolysis products were aliphatic hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds such as alkyl substitution phenol. CaO can catalyze selective depolymerization of lignite with the reaction of cleavage of ether bond under given condition.
Preparation of Maleic Rosin-Based Macromonomer and Copolymerization with Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: Yu Cai Li , Zhang Fa Ai , Gong Qin Hai
Published: May 2011

Renewable products have received much attention. Maleic rosin (MR) was reacted with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to form a macromonomer (MRH) containing double bond which could polymerize with styrene (St) or methyl methacrylate (MMA) through radical polymerization in the toluene. The copolymers MRH-St and MRH-MMA were characterized with infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic hydrogen resonance (1HNMR). The results showed that both of the copolymers were prepared successfully. As the increase of MRH content in the copolymer, the thermal stability of the copolymer was increased, in additional, it become dissolved in the toluene but swelled in it when more level of the MRH was incorporated.
Stability and Corrosiveness of M30 Methanol Gasoline
Authors: Yu San San , Xu Can , Li Shuang Ming , Li Wen Xiu
Published: May 2011

The stability of M30 Methanol Gasoline (30% methanol, 70% gasoline, v/v) under low temperature and metal corrosion were studied in this paper. Kinds of co-solvents were added into M30 for enhancing its stability at different low temperature and the influence of co-solvents on the stability was also investigated. Results showed that the more the content of co-solvent was, the lower temperature of phase disengagement was. When the content of co-solvent was 3%, the n-hexanol added has the lowest phase separation temperature (-27 °C) of any straight chain alcohols studied. Obvious corrosion happened with the copper samples in pure methanol, FCC gasoline and M30. For M30, the biggest copper’s corrosion appears in the first 3 h (weight loss rate 0.67 mg/h). In addition, the separation mechanism of methanol from gasoline was also discussed.
Study on Solidification Mechanism of Chloride Salt in Base Course Material of Cement-Fly-ash-Flushed-by-Seawater
Authors: Bao Long Sheng , Zhang Xiao Fang , Yu Ling , Zhu Guang Shan
Published: May 2011

Through analyzing the influence of different slat content on the microstructure of cement and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater binder, the solidification mechanism of salt added cement and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater binder is investigated. The Scanning Electron Microscope test, X-Ray diffraction and theoretical analysis method are adopted to study the performance and the microstructure of cement and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater, and to analyze the solidification mechanism of chloride in the mixture. When content of the chloride ions is added to the cement and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater binder, a new kind of crystal-Friedel can be generated in the age of 7d and 28d. According to the unconfined strength test on the specimens which contain 0.5% chloride ions, the strength is high in 7d, highest in 28d. The chloride ions of the fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater can be solidified in the cement and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater binder, which can increase the strength of the binder.
B-Mode Grey Relational Analysis of Surface Functional Groups Change Rules in Coal Spontaneous Combustion
Authors: Zhang Wei Qing , Jiang Shu Guang , Wang Lan Yun , Wu Zheng Yan , Shao Hao , Wang Kai
Published: May 2011

Based on the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test of surface functional groups of different coal samples in low-temperature oxidation, the quantitative variation between functional groups and temperature was analyzed by B-mode grey relational analysis. According to the grey B-mode degrees and orders, a summary is given that: 1)the aromatic ketone and aldehyde carbonyl groups are mostly produced during the process of coal oxidation and the oxygen-containing functional groups existed mainly in the form of stable ether bond; 2)the methylene groups make major contribution to coal spontaneous combustion, so that the methylene structures should be disposed firstly in order to suppress coal spontaneous combustion effectively; 3)the degree range of gas coal is the largest, which shows that the process of gas coal spontaneous combustion is mostly affected by active groups to some extent. These quantitative results will be helpful to find the functional groups affecting deeply the process of low-temperature oxidation of coal.
Synthesis of Pure Zeolite X from Palygorskite Clay Using a Two-Stage Method
Authors: Jiang Jin Long , Gu Xu , Duan Mu Chuan Song , Du Wei Gang , Wu Jie
Published: May 2011

A natural mineral, palygorskite clay, was used to synthesize pure zeolite X via a two-stage method. The synthetic parameters, such as calcination, crystallization time, and SiO2/Al2O3molar ratio, were investigated. The results indicated that calcination enhanced the extraction of silica from palygorskite clay and was beneficial for the formation of zeolite X. Micro-sized pure zeolite X with the particle size of 1-4 μm was obtained in the gel with the SiO2/Al2O3molar ratio range of 1.93 to 3 after hydrothermal treatment at 80 °C for 5 h. The synthetic zeolite X showed high specific surface area (487 m2/g) and low Si/Al ratio (1.17).
Substitution of Biomass for Coal and Coke in Ironmaking Process
Authors: Hu Zheng Wen , Zhang Jian Liang , Zuo Hai Bin , Tian Mi , Liu Zheng Jian , Yang Tian Jun
Published: May 2011

Biomass is renewable and carbon neutral. Biochar, derived from the carbonization of biomass, is a kind of solid fuel with excellent properties. Utilization of biomass in ironmaking process as heating agent and reducing agent contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and can partially replace for coal and coke. Research status of the utilization of biomass in ironmaking process is discussed. Application prospects of biomass energy in ironmaking process are analyzed, and a novel bioenergy auxiliary ironmaking system is suggested, which is meaningful for the effective use of biomass and for decreasing the consumption of fossil fuels, namely metallurgical coal and coke.
Strength Prediction of Bonded T-Peel Joint with Single Overlap Support
Authors: Al Samhan Ali M.
Published: May 2011

Bonded structure are commonly three types, purely adhesive bonded, weld-bonded and adhesive/mechanical structures. Generally, peel and overlapped joints are commonly used in the development of bonded structures. T-Peel bonded joint has week tensile loading strength compare to double-overlap bonded joint. The present work aimed to predicting the strength of bonded T-peel joint with single overlap support using finite-element method. For comparison purposes, normal bonded T-peel joint is included in this study. It was found the introduction of a single overlap support for bonded T-peel joint strengthening the joint by 300%. Furthermore, it was reported that the proposed joint strength increased further with increase of the overlap support plate length and thickness.
Research into the Effects of Pour-Point Depressant on Different Wax-Contents Crude Oils
Authors: Zhao Xiao Fei , Liu Su Min , She Qing Long , Wen Hai Fei , Ma Jing , Zhu Wei
Published: May 2011

The oils studied in this work were three typical oils, sampled from Daqing, Jilin, Liaohe Oil Fields and marked with 1#, 2#, 3# respectively, with wax contents 20.06%, 26.2%, 32.9% separately. The effects of PPD on WATs, abnormal points, pour points, rheological properties and wax-crystal morphology were studied in detail in this paper. The results of experiments indicated that PPD lowers WATs and abnormal points, and decreases the viscosities of crude oils when they are non-Newtonian fluids. In wax-crystallization peak area, both high shear rate and increase of cooling rate make the effects of PPD decrease and the viscosity of oil increase. When 1# sample is reheated to some temperature below 50°C (for 2#, below 70°C), the effects of PPD reduce. With the increase of PPD’s dosage, the crystal size gets smaller and the dispersibility becomes better.
Intensified Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Oil by Using Reservoir Minerals and Chemical Agents in Aquathermolysis
Authors: Chen Qiu Yue , Liu Yong Jian , Zhao Jie
Published: May 2011

Through laboratory experiments with samples from Daqing and Liaohe oilfields, the effects of reservoir mineral,NiSO4 and tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) were investigated in the aquathermolysis (AT) of heavy oi1. The results indicate that, in contrast with simple AT, the addition of reservoir minerals leads to lower average molecular weight, higher contents of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon and lower contents of resin and asphalting, and the viscosity reduction ratio of the two oi1 samples increases from 7.41% and 12.95% to 16.05% and 25.29% respectively, which means that reservoir minerals can catalyze the AT of heavy oi1.With the addition of NiSO4 and THN into the reaction system, the average molecular weight of the reaction products decreases further, the contents of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon increase and the contents of resin and asphalting decrease further, the viscosity decreases greatly with a reduction ratio as high as 84.39%.
Organosulfur Compounds in CS2 Extractable-Fractions from Four Chinese Coals Oxidized with NaOCl
Authors: Gong Gui Zhen , Wei Xian Yong , Wang Shang Li , Yao Ting , Liu Shao Peng , Zong Zhi Min
Published: May 2011

Four Chinese coals were oxidized with NaOCl aqueous solution under mild conditions. The reaction mixture was extracted with diethyl ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, acetic ester and benzene sequentially. A series of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) were identified in the carbon disulfide fraction from the oxidized coals by GC/MS analysis but no OSCs were detected from other fractions except for 3 thiophene polycarboxylic acids found in ether-extraction. Some new types of sulfur function groups were also detected in the coal oxidation products which were not previously reported from coals. The results revealed that macromolecule OSCs in coals can be effectively degraded to water soluble small molecules with NaOCl aqueous solution, which can be enriched by carbon disulfide. Understanding the distribution of OSCs forms in coals matrix is useful in high value-added utilization of coals and coal desulphurization technologies.
Comparison of Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclopentadecanolide from Malana Oleifera Chum under Organic System and Biphasic System
Authors: Shen Fang , Liu Xiong Min
Published: May 2011

Methyl 15-hydroxy-pentadecanate,which was made from malana oleifera chum oil, was an ideal material to synthesize cyclopentadecanolide-an important macrocycle musk with wide applications in fields of perfume, cosmetic, food, medical and etc..One kind of screened lipase from Candida sp.GXU08 strain was used to catalyze the synthesis of cyclopentadecanolide from methyl 15-hydroxy-pentadecanate. Traditionally, the catalytic reaction went on under organic system, while an ultrasonic technology was innovatively used in water/organic biphasic system to systhesize cyclopentadecanolide and received good catalytic effect. Both organic and biphasic systems had the same optimal conditions as: substrate concentration 8 mmol/L, T=40 °C, ω=180 r/min,pH=6.0-6.5,and using lipase and reaction system twice would greatly increase the production of cyclopentadecanolide. It showed that the maximum production of cyclopentadecanolide was 47.77×10-3mg/U in biphasic system under the optimal conditions,which was 3.285 times of that in organic system. It would save the process of freeze drying and improve the production of cyclopentadecanolide. It verified that methyl 15-hydroxy-pentadecanate would directly cyclize into cyclopentadecanolide in organic system. While in biphasic system,it would hydrolysis into 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid firstly, and then cyclized into cyclopentadecanolide.
Changes of Cell Membrane Permeability Induced by DMSO and Ethanol in Suspension Cultures of Taxus Cuspidata
Authors: Wang Xue Qing , Yuan Yin Jin , Li Jin Chuan , Chen Chen
Published: May 2011

The changes of cell membrane permeability caused by dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and ethanol, two commonly used solvents in study of water-insoluble elicitors, were investigated in suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata. The extracellular medium became alkalinized in the case of DMSO while the medium pH fluctuated upon the addition of ethanol. When the content of DMSO or ethanol was larger than 2% (v/v), the concentration of intracellular malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) increased remarkably at day 5 compared to that of the control, while that of the extracellular MDA less changed at a DMSO content of below 2% (v/v) and increased rapidly within 15 min at a DMSO content of 4% (v/v). The electrical conductivity (EC) decreased slightly when DMSO content was below 2% (v/v) but increased markedly at day 5 when DMSO content reached 4% (v/v). EC less varied when the content of ethanol was below 0.4% (v/v) but changed obviously when the ethanol content was larger than 1% (v/v). The cell membrane integrity hardly broke in the case of small concentration of DMSO (below 1%, v/v), but the presence of even small amount of ethanol (0.4%, v/v) caused cell membrane integrity lost partly, especially long time contact. It is thus concluded that DMSO is a more suitable solvent for water-insoluble elicitors compared to ethanol especially at low concentration levels.
Synergistic Nitrogen Removal by Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation-Denitrification Integrated Reactor of Immobilized Microbe
Authors: Huang Zheng Wen , Zeng Yong Gang , Yu Bo
Published: May 2011

The upflow anaerobic immobilized microbe reactor of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation process (ANAMMOX) was used in treatment of high nitrogen concentration organic wastewater, which was made to study the effect of synergistic nitrogen removal by ANAMMOX–denitrification. The experimental results showed that the mass concentrations of NH4+-N and NO － 2-N in the influent had no obvious influence on the synergistic nitrogen removal in opportune range. When the mass concentrations of NH4+-N and NO－2-N in the influent were kept at 301-800 mg/L, the removal rates of NH4+-N, NO－2-N and TN were 93.3 %, 98.6 % and 90.3 % respectively. When the influent COD was kept at 800-850 mg/L, COD had almost no influence on the synergistic nitrogen removal, and the removal rate kept at 95.7％. Meanwhile, the characteristic changes of NO－3-N, N2, pH value and organism proved that the synergism was in a good state. Introduction
In Situ FTIR Study of Methanol to Hydrocarbons Conversion Process on HZSM-5 Zeolite
Authors: Wang Bin , Zhang Ying , Guo Guang Sheng
Published: May 2011

The reaction process of methanol to hydrocarbons was studied by means of in situ FTIR spectroscopic technique. The interaction between methanol and HZSM-5 surface was determined under different reaction conditions. It was found that the Lewis acid sites on the HZSM-5 surface played an important role in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons. During the catalysis process, methanol was adsorbed on the Lewis acid sites through chemical bond which was stronger than the interaction between methanol and the Brønsted acid sites. The dehydration of methanol took place on the Lewis acid sites to form the intermediate, dimethyl ether. According to the experimental results, the elaborate mechanism of methanol to hydrocarbons conversion was discussed.
Supported Manganese Dioxide Catalyst for Seawater Flue Gas Desulfurization Application
Authors: Bian Jun Jie , Min Xin , Zhang Shu , Li Chun Hu
Published: May 2011

Ceramic-supported manganese dioxide catalyst, MnO2-ceramic, prepared by impregnation- precipitation method and calcined at 350 degree C, was exposed to flue gases to investigate the catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide in flue gas at seawater buffering system. The results showed that compared with acid treated ceramic, MnO2-ceramic gained 2%-46% higher Desulfurization efficiency in temperature range of 15-75 degree C. MnO2-ceramic exhibited 57% desulfurization efficiency at its favorable temperature (60 degree C) while ceramic showed 11% Desulfurization efficiency at 60 degree C. MnO2-ceramic was found to catalyze S(IV)oxidation even at low pH (pH<4) while the reaction rate of noncatalytic S(IV) oxidation is negligible under the identical conditions. No catalytic activity decay was observed after 40 hours’ run. XPS reveals that the Mn was in the oxidation state of +4 for the MnOx-ceramic. SEM-EDS and XRD indicated that the good catalytic activity of MnO2-ceramic at low temperature could be attributed to high dispersion of MnO2 on ceramic support. The high performance of MnO2-ceramic on the SO2 removal appeared to be promising in the seawater flue gas desulfurization industrial application when high sulfur coals were burned.
Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol by Biocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Zuo Hui , Liu Xiong Min , Ma Li
Published: May 2011

A strain CG08 was isolated which could selectively hydrogenate cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol. The strain was idetified asCitrobacter freundii. The yield of cinnamyl alcohol was determined by UV spectroscopy. The optimized degradation conditions were found as 30 g/L glucose,16 g/L peptone with the initial cinnamaldehyde addition amount of 2 mL/L at pH 6.0, 30 °C for 40 hours of reaction. The secondary addition amount was 1 mL/L for 32 hours. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of cinnamaldehyde was 100 %, the selectivity for cinnamyl alcohol was 90.1 %. And the yield of cinnamyl alcohol was up to 2.88 g/L, which was 26.3 % higher than the previously reported one.
Study on Enzymatic Characteristics of Chitin Deacetylase
Authors: Liu Jun Ang , He Yuan Hao
Published: May 2011

Chitin deacetylase (CDA) catalyzes the conversion of chitin to chitosan by the deacetylation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. The results of the fundamental enzymatic properties of chitin deacetylase producing from the high productivity chitin deacetylase strain Z7 show that, the optimum temperature of strain Z7 was 40°C, the optimum pH was 6.5, under the concentration of 1mmol/L, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+and Fe2+had activation effect, of which the strongest activation effect was Mg2+. Pb2+, Cu2+and Mn2+had inhibitory effect, of which the strongest inhibitory effect was Mn2+.
Improvement on Oxygen Vacancies Effect of High Dielectric Constant (Ba0.7Sr0.3)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 Thin Films Using by Plasma Treatment
Authors: Chen Kai Huang , Wu Chia Lin , Lin Jian Yang , Cheng Chien Min
Published: May 2011

To improve the electrical and physical properties of as-deposited BSTZ thin films, the oxygen plasma treatment process were used by a low temperature treatment. In this study, the BSTZ thin films were post-treated under 150°C and 25 mTorr in the inductively coupled plasma. After oxygen plasma process treatment, the capacitance of thin films increased from 150 to 300pF in C-V curves, and the passivation of oxygen vacancy and defect in leakage current density curves were found. The influence of oxygen plasma on the chemical bonding state and crystalline structure was investigated by using XPS and XRD measurement.
Study on the Properties of Ni-Cu-P Plated Polyester Fabric
Authors: Zhan Jian Chao , Gou You Nan
Published: May 2011

The Ni-Cu-P coating fabric was obtained by electroless plating. The surface morphology, crystal structure, composition, surface resistance and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of Ni-Cu-P plated PET fabric were investigated. The result shown that under the same amount of plating, the EMI shielding performance of the copper plated fabric is better than that of the copper - nickel plated fabric which is better than that of nickel plated fabric. After copper tinted, the nickel plated fabric shows obviously imp roved in its shielding performance.