bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure optimization of electrical power network using ant colony approach
Authors: Meziane Rachid , Hamdaoui Habib , Rahli Mustapha , Zeblah Abdelkader
Published: October 2011

This paper describes and uses an ant colony meta-heuristic optimization method to solve the redundancy optimization problem. This problem is known as total investment-cost minimization of series-parallel power system configuration. Redundant components are included to achieve a desired level of availability. System availability is represented by a multi-state availability function. The power systems components are characterized by their performance (capacity), availability and cost. These components are chosen among a list of products available on the market. The proposed meta-heuristic seeks to the best minimal cost power system configuration with desired availability. To estimate the series-parallel power system availability, a fast method based on universal moment generating function (UMGF) is suggested. The ant colony approach is used as an optimization technique. An example of electrical power system is presented.
Sensitivity optimization of direct form realization of active-RC all-pole filters
Authors: Matovic Ana , Matovic Marija
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a procedure for direct form realization of Active-RC all-pole filters is presented. The filters are based on the resistance-capacitance ladder structure combined with the single operational amplifier and multiple feedback for complex pole realization. Recursive formulas have been developed that determine transfer function coefficients and derivation of transfer function coefficient with respect to filter components. These design equations are developed without knowing filter coefficients in terms of filter components in closed form, and they are necessary and sufficient for the filter design. Performance of these filters base been compared with the classical cascade form realization.
Learning from data using support vector machines
Authors: Stankovic Srdjan , Stankovic Milos , Stankovic Maja , Milosavljevic Milan
Published: October 2011

Learning from data is discussed from the point of view of support vector machines. A specific algorithm solving the polychotomy problem is described. The methodology is illustrated on two complex examples taken from practice.
Adaptive filtering algorithms in target tracking applications
Authors: Jovandic Igor , Djurovic Zeljko , Kovacevic Branko
Published: October 2011

Comparison of several target tracking algorithms is presented. Namely discrete noise level adjustment (DNLA), variable state dimension (VSD) and interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithms are discussed. Target trajectory, target models, filtering algorithms and simulation results are given. The cumulative estimation error criterion is used in order to compare the algorithms.
Joint parameter estimation of multiuser asynchronous DS CDMA signals in unknown fading channel in DS CDMA system with multiple antennas at the base-station and single antenna at the mobile
Authors: Eric Milojko , Dukic Miroslav , Obradovic Milorad
Published: October 2011

We present MUSIC type algorithm for joint parameter estimation in asynchronous DS CDMA system with multiple antenna system at base station and single antenna system at the mobile users. The proposed algorithm is applied in downlink processing and it enables the joint estimation of time delay frequency shift as well as spatial parameters (direction of departure - DOD of transmitted signal) of asynchronous DS CDMA signals using single antenna system at the mobile. The proposed algorithm is well suited to unknown fading channel, frequency selective or dispersive, and it can be primarily used as a method of multipath channel identification. It seems to the authors that it can be used as a basis for the further improvement of process of detection at the mobile receiver. The proposed algorithm is near-far resistant, requires no preamble, and can be applied when the user sequences are not perfectly orthogonal.
Efficient decoding of digital DTMF and R2 tone signalization
Authors: Popovic Miodrag
Published: October 2011

In this paper the implementation aspects of decoding digital DTMF and R2 signalization tones are analyzed. First, a short review of specifications for DTMF and R2 signalization proposed by ITU-T is made, following by short review of decoding techniques applied in practice. Finally, a new computationally efficient method is proposed and experimentally verified. This method has distinct advantages in multichannel decoding systems and permits decoding in both signaling systems.
FFT and decision diagram methods for calculation of discrete spectral transforms
Authors: Stankovic Radomir
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we discuss FFT and Decision diagrams (DD) methods for calculation of discrete spectral transforms of signals represented by large sequences. It has been pointed out that DD-methods are performing of FFT-like algorithms over decision diagrams instead of vectors. Differences between these methods are discussed and it is explained where from DD-methods take the advantages in processing of large functions.
Perceptual, semantic and affective dimensions of experience of abstract and representational paintings
Authors: Markovic Slobodan
Published: October 2011

In this study the difference between representational and abstract paintings
in judgments on perceptual, semantic and affective dimensions was
investigated. Two groups of participants judged the sets of representational
and abstract paintings on three groups of dimensions: perceptual (Form,
Color, Space and Complexity), semantic (Illusion-Construction of Reality,
Expression, Ideology and Decoration), and affective (Hedonic Tone, Arousal,
Relaxation and Regularity). The results have shown that representational
paintings have higher judgments on the perceptual dimensions of Form and
Complexity, the semantic dimension of the Illusion of Reality (the opposite
pole of the Construction of Reality), and the affective dimension of
Regularity. On the other hand, abstract paintings have higher judgments on
the perceptual dimension of Color, the semantic dimensions of Construction of
Reality (the opposite pole of the Illusion of Reality) and Expression, and
the affective dimension Arousal. A discriminant analysis indicated that all
three sets of dimensions are relatively good predictors of the classification
of representational and abstract paintings (61-100%). The results suggest
that the subjective categorization of paintings is generally based on the
recognizability of pictorial content (representational vs. abstract), but
some formal or stylistic properties play a role in the categorization, as
well: some expressionistic representational paintings were classified in an
abstract category, and some geometrically abstract paintings were classified
as representational.
The Research of Transformational Education Processes: Exemplary Considerations on the Relation of the Philosophy of Education and Educational Research
Authors: Koller Hans-Christoph
Published: October 2011

Confronted with the choice of either insisting on the inevitability of philosophic reflection and thus risking being neglected by research funding and the policy of offering chairs or of giving up on its philosophical orientation and also becoming committed to empirical research, this article suggests a third option for the Philosophy of Education, consisting of a combination of philosophic reflection and empirical research. By the example of the concept of transformational processes of Bildung it will be demonstrated that philosophical reflection is indeed indispensible but may be productively combined with empirical research. As this concept takes up the classical idea of Bildung, as it was developed by Wilhelm von Humboldt, first the relation of this suggestion to this tradition will be sketched. In working out the concept of transformational processes of Bildung the article will then refer to Bernhard Waldenfels' concept of the foreign. As a conclusion the article will indicat what a kind of empirical educational research might look like which aims at researching transformational processes of Bildung.
Computational Design of Molecular Properties: Spotlight on Accuracy and Tuning
Authors: Corminboeuf Clémence
Published: October 2011

The Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design at ISIC devises original and accurate methodologies to establish, in silico, key structure–property relationships of large chemical systems with particular emphasis on those associated with ?-conjugated framework. Herein,
we discuss two specific focuses of our activities: i) the development of accurate formalisms based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory to achieve quantitative results for the energies and geometries of extended systems featuring weak interactions and ii) the introduction of schemes to probe
and tune the effect of intra- and intermolecular charge transfer on molecular properties. The proposed methodologies are ideally designed to tackle and resolve some of today's relevant aspects associated with the properties of ?-conjugated molecules, such as identifying relationships resulting
in high stacking capacities, proposing more stable alternative topologies to large acenes, and analyzing the course of reaction involving assemblies of ?-conjugated molecules.
Hydrogen Storage and Delivery: The Carbon Dioxide – Formic Acid Couple
Authors: Laurenczy Gábor
Published: October 2011

Carbon dioxide and the carbonates, the available natural C1 sources, can be easily hydrogenated into formic acid and formates in water; the rate of this reduction strongly depends on the pH of the solution. This reaction is catalysed by ruthenium(ii) pre-catalyst complexes
with a large variety of water-soluble phosphine ligands; high conversions and turnover numbers have been realised. Although ruthenium(ii) is predominant in these reactions, the iron(ii) – tris[(2-diphenylphosphino)-ethyl]phosphine (PP3) complex is also active, showing a new
perspective to use abundant and inexpensive iron-based compounds in the CO2 reduction. In the catalytic hydrogenation cycles the in situ formed metal hydride complexes play a key role, their structures with several other intermediates have been proven by multinuclear NMR
spectroscopy. In the other hand safe and convenient hydrogen storage and supply is the fundamental question for the further development of the hydrogen economy; and carbon dioxide has been recognised to be a viable H2 vector. Formic acid - containing 4.4 weight % of H2,
that is 53 g hydrogen per litre - is suitable for H2 storage; we have shown that in aqueous solutions it can be selectively decomposed into CO-free (CO < 10 ppm) CO2 and H2. The reaction takes place under mild experimental conditions and it is able to generate
high pressure H2 (up to 600 bar). The cleavage of HCOOH is catalysed by several hydrophilic Ru(ii) phosphine complexes (meta-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine, mTPPTS, being the most efficient one), either in homogeneous systems or as immobilised catalysts. We have also shown
that the iron(ii) – hydrido tris[(2-diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine complex catalyses with an exceptionally high rate and efficiency (turnover frequency, TOF=9425 h?1mol?1; turnover number, TON=92400) the formic acid cleavage, in environmentally friendly
propylene carbonate solution, opening the way to use cheap, non-noble metal based catalysts for this reaction, too.
Ultrafast (Bio)physical and (Bio)chemical Dynamics
Authors: Consani Cristina , Braem Olivier , Oskouei Ahmad Ajdarzadeh , Van der Veen Renske M. , Elnahhas Amal , Cannizzo Andrea , Auböck Gerald , Van Mourik Frank , Chergui Majed
Published: October 2011

We give an overview of our recent work on ultrafast dynamics of chemical (organic dyes, metal-complexes, colloidal quantum dots), and biological (retinal and haem proteins) systems in the liquid phase, studied with a variety of ultrafast optical techniques from the infrared to the ultraviolet.
The Challenge of T1 Contrast Agents for High-Magnetic Field MRI
Authors: Helm Lothar
Published: October 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful diagnostic techniques used in clinics. The need for higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity led to the development of imagers working at high magnetic fields. The routine clinical use of 3 T MR systems raised the
demand for MRI contrast agents working at this field or above. In the following we summarize the research in our research group on such high-field contrast agents.
Searching for the Protein Targets of Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Chidley Christopher , Haruki Hirohito , Pedersen Miriam Grønlund , Fellay Cindy , Moser Simone , Johnsson Kai
Published: October 2011

The identification of all protein targets of a given drug or bioactive molecule within the human body is a prerequisite for an understanding of its beneficial and deleterious activities. Current approaches to reveal protein targets often fail to reveal physiologically relevant interactions.
Here we review a recently introduced yeast-based approach for the identification of the binding partners of small molecules. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the approach using the clinically approved drug sulfasalazine as an example.
Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices Based on Mesoscopic Thin Films
Authors: Kalyanasundaram Kuppuswamy , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael
Published: October 2011

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are one of the most promising environmental friendly and low material costs photovoltaic devices. DSCs accomplish the separation of the optical absorption and charge separation processes by the association of a sensitizer as light absorbing material
with a wide band gap semiconductor. The mesoscopic morphology of the semiconductor produces an interface with a huge area endowing these systems with intriguing optoelectronic properties. In recent years the DSC has made excellent progress. Conversion efficiencies over 12% and excellent stability
have been reached rendering it a credible alternative to conventional p-n junction photovoltaic devices. Commercial exploitation of DSCs started in 2009. In addition to the DSC, Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces performs research in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting and
materials design for organic light emitting diodes.
Calibration of Distress Models from the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide for Rigid Pavement Design in Argentina
Authors: Bustos Marcelo , Cordo Oscar , Girardi Pablo , Pereyra Miguel
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the main results of a calibration of distress models from the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) to local conditions in Argentina to be used in rigid pavement structural design. Test sections with rigid pavements were selected to cover a wide range of climatic conditions in the central region of the country. Local road agencies provided information about pavement structure, traffic volume, and load spectra. Field distress data and international roughness index (IRI) values were collected and processed with MEPDG software; calibration factors were determined for the different distress models of rigid pavements. The accuracy of distress prediction was significantly improved if calibration factors that considered additional influence of climatic conditions, soil and base type, slab length, and pavement age were incorporated into the transverse joint-faulting and transverse-cracking models. Through the use of calibrated factors instead of default values provided in MEPDG models, the errors in distress predictions were reduced by more than one-half in all cases. Construction procedures seemed to influence the IRI roughness prediction. Better calibration results were obtained if different after-construction IRI values were considered for pavements constructed before and after the 1990s to reflect the difference between older and newer constructive techniques.
Even governmentality begins as an image
Authors: Baxstrom Richard
Published: October 2011

This article considers the complexity of contemporary urban life in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, through an analysis of planning and the plan itself as a thing in this environment of multiplicity. It argues that the plan functions as a vehicle for action in the present that does not require a singular vision of the future in order to succeed. Plans in the context of governance and urban development gesture to “the future,” but this gesture does not require “a future” in order to function in a highly effective manner. The evidence presented indicates that the primary effectiveness of the plan largely relates to its status as a virtual object in the present. Such virtual objects (plans) bind subjects to the conditions of the present within the desires and limits asserted by the institutions seeking to dominate contemporary life in the city, but this domination is never absolute, singular, or complete.
The incinerator and the beach
Authors: Harrison Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

This article interrogates the complex ways in which “community” is constructed in a Sussex town. It contributes to long-standing debates in anthropology about the meaning of community, considering the relevance of these to current policy agendas of localism and “Big Society.” The article opens with an account of apparently strong community resistance to changes induced from outside. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research, it goes on to argue that the ways in which people relate to this community are complex. The extent to which individuals engage in more or less formalized group activity and how this intersects with class, education, and mobility are important aspects of this complexity. The article finds that as some groups become more professionalized, processes of exclusion are consolidated: those who become most able to effect change ironically become distanced from the community they seek to represent.
States, hinterlands, and governance in Southeast Asia
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: October 2011

James Scott, The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009, pp. 464, ISBN 0300152280.
Cosmopolitanism and the Study of German Politics
Authors: Sutherland Claire
Published: October 2011

This special issue sets out to examine aspects of German politics, philosophy,

and society through the multifaceted lens of cosmopolitanism. A complex

and contested concept, cosmopolitanism has particularly important

implications for the study of contemporary nation-states, as conventional

understandings of bounded territory and sovereignty are reassessed in the

context of globalization, migration and transnationalism. Accordingly, this

introduction aims to outline several key strands of cosmopolitan thought

with reference both to contemporary Germany and the wider global conjuncture,

in order to provide a conceptual framework for the articles that

follow. It begins by briefly placing cosmopolitanism in the context of the

evolving concepts of German Heimat (homeland) and nation, because contemporary

cosmopolitanism can only be fully understood in relation to

nationalism. It then looks at the relevance of methodological, political and

ethical cosmopolitanism for the study of nation-states today, before introducing

the five articles in the special issue.
Cosmopolitanism and Globality: Kant, Arendt, and Beck on the Global Condition
Authors: Axtmann Roland
Published: October 2011

The notion of cultural plurality and the idea of intercultural dialogue have been central to the discussion of cosmopolitanism in both political philosophy and social theory. This point is developed in an exposition of the arguments put forward by Immanuel Kant and Hannah Arendt and through a critical engagement with Ulrich Beck's social theory of cosmopolitanism as a “social reality.“ It is argued that Beck's analysis fails to convince as a sociological extension of a long philosophical tradition and that instead of Beck's macrostructural analysis it is more promising to formulate an actor-centred sociological theory on the transnationalization of social spaces and the formation of a “cosmopolitan“ consciousness or awareness of transnational actors.
Early careers of recent U.S. Social Science PhDs
Authors: Morrison Emory , Rudd Elizabeth , Nerad Maresi
Published: October 2011

In this article, we analyse findings of the largest, most comprehensive survey of the career paths of social science PhD graduates to date, Social Science PhDs - Five+Years Out (SS5). SS5 surveyed more than 3,000 graduates of U.S. PhD programmes in six social science fields six to ten years after earning their PhD. The survey collected data on family, career and graduate school experiences. Like previous studies in Australia, the U.K., the U.S.A. and Germany, SS5 found that graduates several years after completing their education had mostly positive labour market experiences, but only after undergoing a transitional period of insecurity and uncertainty. Most SS5 doctoral students wanted to become professors, despite the difficult academic job market and the existence of a non-academic market for PhD labour. Many respondents' career pathways included a delayed move into a faculty tenure-track position, but exceptionally few moved from a faculty tenure-track position into another labour market sector. Respondents reported that their PhD programmes had not trained them well in several skills important for academic and non-academic jobs. Men's and women's career paths were remarkably similar, but, we argue, women 'subsidised' gender equality in careers by paying higher personal costs than men. We conclude with recommendations.
Supporting international students in higher education: a comparative examination of approaches in the U.K. and U.S.A.
Authors: Bartram Brendan , Terano Mayumi
Published: October 2011

This discussion paper offers a critical examination of the ways in which international students are supported by the variety of systems commonly in place at universities in the U.K. and U.S.A. - two countries that attract large numbers of students from overseas. While acknowledging the difficultly of defining the term 'support', the article describes, compares and critiques the approaches deployed in both nations. Though certain broad, structural similarities are identified, the authors discuss how a shared neoliberal instrumentality guiding student support leads to differently inflected institutional responses in both countries. Consideration is also given to the extent to which differences in 'national' values and beliefs about higher education might be implicated in these diverse approaches and, finally, to what lessons might be learned from these comparisons.
The Hsana's Revenge: Syrian Tribes and Politics in Their Shaykh's Story
Authors: Schoel Thorsten
Published: October 2011

In early 1979 one of the sons of the shaykh of the Ósana, a Syrian Bedouin tribe, was killed by members of another tribe. The story of why and how the Ósana took revenge on the perpetrators' tribe was told to the author by their current shaykh. The article uses this story and its specifi cities when compared to other tribes and their oral histories as a reference for illustrating and explaining the present, special situation of the Ósana in Syria.
Synthesis of 7-Aryl-9-Methyl-3h- Pyrazolo[4,3-f]Quinoline Derivatives Catalysed by Iodine
Authors: Yin Ming-Yue , Wang Wei , Zhang Mei-Mei , Wang Xiang-Shan
Published: October 2011

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of 7-aryl-9-methyl-3H- pyrazolo[4,3-f]quinoline derivatives via a three-component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, 1H-indazol-5-amine and acetone catalysed by iodine is described. This new procedure has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high yields and a metal-free catalyst.
An Efficient, One-Pot Synthesis of Spiro[Dihydropyridine-Oxindole] Compounds under Catalyst-Free Conditions
Authors: Lu Guo-ping , Cai Chun
Published: October 2011

An efficient one-pot synthesis of the biologically important spiro[dihydropyridine-oxindole] scaffolds from isatins, 2-naphthylamine and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in poly (ethylene glycol) 400/H2O under catalyst-free conditions is described. The reaction is free of catalysts and toxic solvents, operates under neutral conditions and allows for ease of product isolation, making it more environmentally friendly and suitable for large-scale operations.
The Stimulation of IGF-1R Expression by Lewis(y) Antigen Provides a Powerful Development Mechanism of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Dawo , Liu Juanjuan , Wang Changzhi , Lin Bei , Liu Qing , Hao Yingying , Zhang Shulan , Iwamori Masao
Published: October 2011

Objective: This study aimed to measure and correlate the expression of insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) and the Lewis(y) antigen in ovarian cancer cell lines and tissue samples. Methods: Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence double-labeling techniques were applied to detect and measure the expression of Lewis(y) and IGF-1R. Results: In α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FT)-transfected cells, IGF-1R expression was significantly upregulated compared with cells that do not overexpress α1,2-FT (P < 0.05). The amount of Lewis(y) expressed on IGF-1R increased 1.81-fold in α1,2-FT-overexpressing cells (P < 0.05), but the ratio of Lewis(y) expressed on IGF-1R to total IGF-1R was unaltered between two cells (P > 0.05). In malignant epithelial ovarian tumors, the positivity rates of Lewis(y) and IGF-1R detection were 88.3% and 93.33%, respectively, which is higher than the positivity rates in marginal (60.00% and 63.33%, all P < 0.05), benign (33.00% and 53.33%, all P < 0.01), and normal (0% and 40%, all P 0.05). Both IGF-1R and Lewis(y) were highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues, and their expression levels were positively correlated (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overexpression of Lewis(y) results in overexpression of IGF-1R. Both IGF-1R and Lewis(y) are associated with the occurrence and development of ovarian cancers.
Nuclear Markers of Danube Sturgeons Hybridization
Authors: Dudu Andreea , Suciu Radu , Paraschiv Marian , Georgescu Sergiu Emil , Costache Marieta , Berrebi Patrick
Published: October 2011

Acipenseriformes are composed of 25 sturgeon species and two paddlefish species distributed exclusively in the northern hemisphere. The Danube River and the Black Sea were originally inhabited by six sturgeon species but two are extinct and only four are still reproducing currently in the Lower Danube: Huso huso, Acipenser stellatus, A. gueldenstaedtii and A. ruthenus. Sturgeon species hybridize more easily than other fish and the determination of pure species or hybrid status is important for conservation and for breeding in fish farms. This survey demonstrated that morphological determination of this status is not reliable and a molecular tool, based on eight microsatellites genotypes is proposed. This method, based on three successive statistical analyses including Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), Structure assignation and NewHybrids status determination, showed a high efficiency in discriminating pure species specimens from F1, F2 and two kinds of backcross individuals involving three of the four reproducing Lower Danube sturgeon species.
Mechanistic Studies of the Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Dichlorido-Copper(II)-4-(2-5-Bromo-benzylideneamino)ethyl) Piperazin-1-ium Phenolate Complex against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats
Authors: Salga Muhammad Saleh , Ali Hapipah Mohd , Abdullah Mahmood Ameen , Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim , Hussain Pouya Davish , Hadi A. Hamid A.
Published: October 2011

The compound dichlorido-copper(II)-4-(2-5-bromobenzylideneamino)ethyl) piperazin-1-ium phenolate (CuLBS) was synthesized, characterized and screened for acute toxicity and protective activity against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Gross microscopic lesions, biochemical and immunological parameters and histochemcial staining of glycogen storage were taken into consideration. Oral administration of CuLBS (30 and 60 mg/Kg) for two weeks dose-dependently flattened gastric mucosa, significantly increased gastric mucus and total acidity, compared with control group (P < 0.01). Serum levels of liver enzymes aspartate (AST) and alanine transaminases (ALT), pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the rats exposed to ethanol induced ulceration have been altered. Administration of CuLBS showed considerable (P < 0.05) protection against ulceration by modulating the acute alterations of cytokines AST, ALT and stomach glycogen. Interestingly, CuLBS did not interfere with the natural release of nitric oxide. CuLBS alone (60 mg/Kg) did not exhibit any ulcerogenic effect as assessed using Adami’s scoring scale. An acute toxicity study showed that rats treated with CuLBS (1,000 and 2,000 mg/Kg) manifested no abnormal signs. These findings therefore, suggested that the gastroprotective activity of CuLBS might contribute in modulating the inflammatory cytokine-mediated oxidative damage to gastric mucosa.
Regulation of Inflammation by Short Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Vinolo Marco A.R. , Rodrigues Hosana G. , Nachbar Renato T. , Curi Rui
Published: October 2011

The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate (C2), propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) are the main metabolic products of anaerobic bacteria fermentation in the intestine. In addition to their important role as fuel for intestinal epithelial cells, SCFAs modulate different processes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as electrolyte and water absorption. These fatty acids have been recognized as potential mediators involved in the effects of gut microbiota on intestinal immune function. SCFAs act on leukocytes and endothelial cells through at least two mechanisms: activation of GPCRs (GPR41 and GPR43) and inhibiton of histone deacetylase (HDAC). SCFAs regulate several leukocyte functions including production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10), eicosanoids and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1 and CINC-2). The ability of leukocytes to migrate to the foci of inflammation and to destroy microbial pathogens also seems to be affected by the SCFAs. In this review, the latest research that describes how SCFAs regulate the inflammatory process is presented. The effects of these fatty acids on isolated cells (leukocytes, endothelial and intestinal epithelial cells) and, particularly, on the recruitment and activation of leukocytes are discussed. Therapeutic application of these fatty acids for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies is also highlighted.
Ocular Toxicity in Children Exposedin Uteroto Antimalarial Drugs: Review of the Literature
Authors: OSADCHY ALLA , RATNAPALAN THIRUKUMARAN , KOREN GIDEON
Published: October 2011

Objective.

The antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used for decades to treat rheumatic diseases. CQ is still beneficial for the management of malaria during pregnancy. A growing body of research suggests that antimalarials are safe during pregnancy. There have been concerns about adverse longterm effects, mainly retinal toxicity, in offspring of women exposed to antimalarials during pregnancy. Our objective was to review the published evidence on safety of antimalarials during pregnancy, focusing on ocular toxicity in the offspring.

Methods.

Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for the period from their inception to May 2010 inclusive with no restrictions on language or year of publication. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies examining the safety of CQ or HCQ during pregnancy and reporting on visual function or ocular toxicity in the offspring of exposed women at any point of the followup were eligible for inclusion. The quality of evidence was assessed according to established criteria (the GRADE approach).

Results.

Twelve studies with a total of 588 offspring born to mothers treated with CQ or HCQ during pregnancy met the inclusion criteria. Five studies with a total of 251 exposed children reported no clinical visual abnormalities in any case. In an RCT on malaria prophylaxis, visual acuity in 251 infants exposed to CQin uterodid not differ from the placebo group. Detailed ophthalmological examination was performed in 4 studies and normal results were reported in all children (n = 59). Electro-physiological testing using electroretinogram was performed in 3 small cohorts and results were normal in all but 6 infants aged 3–7 months. All 6 children had normal fundoscopy before 4 years of age. Heterogeneity in comparison groups and in outcome measures precluded formal metaanalysis.

Conclusion.

Current evidence suggests no fetal ocular toxicity of antimalarial medications during pregnancy. The clinical significance of early electroretinogram anomalies reported in a small subset of infants remains to be established. Larger followup studies are warranted to confirm low risk of ocular toxicity in children following antenatal exposure to antimalarial medications.
Bacterial Superantigens Enhance the In Vitro Proinflammatory Response and In Vivo Lethality of the TLR2 Agonist Bacterial Lipoprotein
Authors: Kearney David E. , Wang Wei , Redmond H. Paul , Wang Jiang Huai
Published: October 2011

Bacterial superantigens are Gram-positive exotoxins that induce proinflammatory cytokine release in vitro, cause lethal shock in vivo, and can be detected in the bloodstream of critically ill patients. They also have a powerful priming effect on the TLR4 agonist LPS. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between superantigens and the TLR2 agonist bacterial lipoprotein (BLP). Priming of human monocytes or PBMCs with superantigens significantly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 release in response to BLP stimulation. The priming effect of superantigens could be blocked by inhibiting p38 MAPK during the priming phase as opposed to NF-κB or ERK inhibition. This was consistent with higher expression of the phosphorylated p38 after superantigen priming and BLP or LPS stimulation. C57BL/6 mice with superantigen priming (10 μg/mouse) when challenged with BLP (600 μg/mouse) exhibited substantially higher mortality (100%) compared with mice without superantigen priming (zero). Mice given superantigen alone did not demonstrate any signs of illness. Mice challenged with both superantigen and BLP had significantly higher levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 compared with those of mice challenged with either agent alone. Depletion of the monocyte/macrophage subpopulation significantly reduced the mortality rate from 100 to 20% in superantigen-primed, BLP-challenged C57BL/6 mice, with a 5- to 10-fold decrease in serum TNF-α and IL-6. Our results demonstrate that bacterial superantigens enhance the in vitro proinflammatory cytokine release and in vivo lethality of BLP. This novel finding may help to explain the massive proinflammatory cytokine release seen in superantigen-mediated septic shock.
The NLRP3 Inflammasome Contributes to Brain Injury in Pneumococcal Meningitis and Is Activated through ATP-Dependent Lysosomal Cathepsin B Release
Authors: Hoegen Tobias , Tremel Nadin , Klein Matthias , Angele Barbara , Wagner Hermann , Kirschning Carsten , Pfister Hans-Walter , Fontana Adriano , Hammerschmidt Sven , Koedel Uwe
Published: October 2011

Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis causes brain damage through inflammation-related pathways whose identity and mechanisms of action are yet unclear. We previously identified caspase-1, which activates precursor IL-1 type cytokines, as a central mediator of inflammation in pneumococcal meningitis. In this study, we demonstrate that lack of the inflammasome components ASC or NLRP3 that are centrally involved in caspase-1 activation decreases scores of clinical and histological disease severity as well as brain inflammation in murine pneumococcal meningitis. Using specific inhibitors (anakinra and rIL-18–binding protein), we further show that ASC- and NLRP3-dependent pathologic alterations are solely related to secretion of both IL-1β and IL-18. Moreover, using differentiated human THP-1 cells, we demonstrate that the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin pneumolysin is a key inducer of IL-1β expression and inflammasome activation upon pneumococcal challenge. The latter depends on the release of ATP, lysosomal destabilization (but not disruption), and cathepsin B activation. The in vivo importance of this pathway is supported by our observation that the lack of pneumolysin and cathepsin B inhibition is associated with a better clinical course and less brain inflammation in murine pneumococcal meningitis. Collectively, our study indicates a central role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathology of pneumococcal meningitis. Thus, interference with inflammasome activation might be a promising target for adjunctive therapy of this disease.
MicroRNA-125b Potentiates Macrophage Activation
Authors: Chaudhuri Aadel A. , So Alex Yick-Lun , Sinha Nikita , Gibson William S. J. , Taganov Konstantin D. , O’Connell Ryan M. , Baltimore David
Published: October 2011

MicroRNA (miR)-125b expression is modulated in macrophages in response to stimulatory cues. In this study, we report a functional role of miR-125b in macrophages. We found that miR-125b is enriched in macrophages compared with lymphoid cells and whole immune tissues. Enforced expression of miR-125b drives macrophages to adapt an activated morphology that is accompanied by increased costimulatory factor expression and elevated responsiveness to IFN-γ, whereas anti–miR-125b treatment decreases CD80 surface expression. To determine whether these alterations in cell signaling, gene expression, and morphology have functional consequences, we examined the ability of macrophages with enhanced miR-125b expression to present Ags and found that they better stimulate T cell activation than control macrophages. Further indicating increased function, these macrophages were more effective at killing EL4 tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR-125b repressed IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and IRF4 knockdown in macrophages mimicked the miR-125b overexpression phenotype. In summary, our evidence suggests that miR-125b is at least partly responsible for generating the activated nature of macrophages, at least partially by reducing IRF4 levels, and potentiates the functional role of macrophages in inducing immune responses.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Longevity in the United States: Age Differences between the Old and Oldest-Old in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Ailshire Jennifer A. , Crimmins Eileen M.
Published: October 2011

Recent growth in the number of adults surviving to advanced ages raises questions about the quality of life associated with increased longevity. Psychosocial factors have received relatively little attention in research on quality of life among the oldest-old. This study uses nationally representative data on older US adults to examine how social relationships, feelings of loneliness, and satisfaction with life and the aging experience differ between the oldest-old, those who have survived to age 90 or older, and older adults in their 70s. We find that the oldest-old are able to maintain social relationships with family and friends and receive more social support than younger elderly adults. Yet, the oldest-old are more likely to feel lonely due to their greater rates of widowhood. Satisfaction with life was higher among the oldest-old, but the oldest-old had more negative perceptions of the aging experience. Psychosocial dimensions of longevity should be considered in research on quality of life among the oldest-old.
Phosphorus transformations as a function of pedogenesis: A synthesis of soil phosphorus data using Hedley fractionation method
Authors: Yang X. , Post W. M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In spite of the importance of phosphorus (P) as a limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems, our understanding of terrestrial P dynamics and our ability to model P cycling are hampered by the lack of consistent measurements of soil P. The Hedley fractionation method provides a comprehensive assessment of soil P and has been widely used in recent decades. Here we expand an earlier study that summarized Hedley P data from the literature to create a larger Hedley P database and further investigate the relationships between distributions of different forms of P and the stages of soil development. Our expanded Hedley P database generally supports what the Walker and Syers (1976) conceptual model predicts: the gradual decrease and eventual depletion of primary mineral P (mainly apatite P); the continual increase and eventual dominance of occluded P; and the overall decrease of total P during soil development. However the analysis disagrees with Walker and Syers (1976) in that we found labile inorganic P(Pi) and secondary mineral Pi (non-occluded P in Walker and Syers' model) to be a significant fraction of total P throughout all soil orders with different weathering stages. By analyzing the Hedley-labile P and vegetation P demand, we found that the amount of labile P is much greater than vegetation demand, even in highly weathered soils commonly considered P limited. We conclude that labile P measured by Hedley fractionation method should not be defined as plant available P since most of this labile P likely ends up as immobilized by microbes. Our analysis of the database also shows that carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil organic matter are closely linked in all soil orders, but P is decoupled from C and N in highly weathered soils with larger variations of nitrogen:organic P (N:Po) ratio and higher mean values of N:Po ratio, compared to slightly and intermediately weathered soils.
Dynamical changes of the polar cap potential structure: an information theory approach
Authors: Coco I. , Consolini G. , Amata E. , Marcucci M. F. , Ambrosino D.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Some features, such as vortex structures often observed through a wide spread of spatial scales, suggest that ionospheric convection is turbulent and complex in nature. Here, applying concepts from information theory and complex system physics, we firstly evaluate a pseudo Shannon entropy, H, associated with the polar cap potential obtained from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) and, then, estimate the degree of disorder and the degree of complexity of ionospheric convection under different Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions. The aforementioned quantities are computed starting from time series of the coefficients of the 4th order spherical harmonics expansion of the polar cap potential for three periods, characterised by: (i) steady IMF Bz > 0, (ii) steady IMF Bz < 0 and (iii) a double rotation from negative to positive and then positive to negative Bz. A neat dynamical topological transition is observed when the IMF Bz turns from negative to positive and vice versa, pointing toward the possible occurrence of an order/disorder phase transition, which is the counterpart of the large scale convection rearrangement and of the increase of the global coherence. This result has been confirmed by applying the same analysis to a larger data base of about twenty days of SuperDARN data, allowing to investigate the role of IMF By too.
Inflammation, Oxidation and Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia Precede Vascular Injury from AVF Creation in CKD Patients
Authors: Wasse Haimanot , Huang Rong , Naqvi Nawazish , Smith Eileen , Wang Dezhi , Husain Ahsan
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Intimal hyperplasia (IH), a well-recognized cause of dialysis vascular access failure, is generally believed to be an acquired pathologic lesion. Recent data suggests that IH is present prior to AVF creation. We sought to determine whether pre-existing inflammation and oxidation co-exist with IH prior to their incorporation into an AVF conduit, as their presence may predispose the AVF to further IH following AVF creation.

Methods

At the time of first AV access surgery, vein segments were collected from ten Stage 4 and 5 CKD patients undergoing AVF creation 6–12 months prior to anticipated dialysis initiation. Morphometry and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect inflammatory markers IL-6, TGF-β1, and TNFa, and markers of DNA oxidative damage (8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [HNE]) and lipid peroxidation (4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal [8OHdG]).

Results

The degree of IH severity was variable. IL-6, TGF-β1, and TNFa co-localized with a-smooth muscle actin prominently within the venous intima and media. Although more diffuse, HNE and 8OHdG were intensely expressed in parallel with the inflammatory markers. In spite of these findings, however, neither extant IH nor the intensity of inflammatory or oxidative markers were associated with primary or secondary AVF failure at 12 month follow-up.

Conclusions

Not only does venous IH pre-exist, but inflammation and oxidation markers are present within veins used for the AVF conduit prior to its creation in CKD patients as early as one year before dialysis is commenced. Nevertheless, short and long-term AVF outcomes were not associated with the inflammatory or oxidative burden, suggesting the complexity of AVF dysfunction in humans with CKD.
Venous Thromboembolism: Classification, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Moheimani Fatemeh , Jackson Denise E.
Published: October 2011

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorised as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). VTE is associated with high morbidity and causes a huge financial burden on patients, hospitals, and governments. Both acquired and hereditary risks factors contribute to VTE. To diagnose VTE, noninvasive cost-effective diagnostic algorithms including clinical probability assessment and D-dimer measurement may be employed followup by compression ultrasonography for suspected DVT patients and multidetector computed tomography angiography for suspected PE patients. There are pharmacological and mechanical interventions to manage and prevent VTE. The pharmacological approaches mainly target pathways in coagulation cascade nonspecifically: conventional anticoagulants or specifically: new generation of anticoagulants. Excess bleeding is one of the major risk factors for pharmacological interventions. Hence, nonpharmacological or mechanical approaches such as inferior vena cava filters, graduated compression stockings, and intermittent pneumatic compression devices in combination with pharmacological interventions or alone may be a good approach to manage VTE.
On Removable Sets of the First Boundary-Value Problem for Degenerated Elliptic Equations
Authors: Gadjiev Tair S. , Shariffar Asghar I. , Rasulov Rafig A.
Published: October 2011

In the paper, the necessary and sufficient condition of compact removability is obtained.