bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALMA constraints on assembly of core accretion planets
Authors: Nayakshin Sergei , Elbakyan Vardan , Rosotti Giovanni
Published: March 2022

Resolved dust continuum and CO line ALMA imaging, and in some cases detection of H α emission, hint that young massive planets are abundant at wide separations in protoplanetary discs. Here we show how these observations can probe the runaway phase of planetary growth in the Core Accretion theory. Planets in this phase have the right range of masses to account for the predominantly moderate contrast gaps and rings seen in ALMA observations. However, we find that these planets gain mass and migrate inward very rapidly. As a result, the phase when they could produce gaps with properties similar to those observed is very short, i.e. tgap ≲ 0.1 Myr, independently of the disc viscosity parameter. This would require many tens to hundreds of gas giant planets to be born per ALMA system, violating the available mass budget of solids in realistic discs. This also predicts preponderance of discs with very wide gaps or complete inner disc holes, which is not observed. We show that suppression of both planet accretion and migration by a factor of at least ten is a possible solution to these serious problems. Future population synthesis models of planet formation should aim to address both exoplanetary data of older disc-less planetary systems and ALMA discs with embedded planets in one framework.
Paleozoic Protein Fossils Illuminate the Evolution of Vertebrate Genomes and Transposable Elements
Authors: Frith Martin C.
Published: March 2022

Genomes hold a treasure trove of protein fossils: Fragments of formerly protein-coding DNA, which mainly come from transposable elements (TEs) or host genes. These fossils reveal ancient evolution of TEs and genomes, and many fossils have been exapted to perform diverse functions important for the host’s fitness. However, old and highly degraded fossils are hard to identify, standard methods (e.g. BLAST) are not optimized for this task, and few Paleozoic protein fossils have been found. Here, a recently optimized method is used to find protein fossils in vertebrate genomes. It finds Paleozoic fossils predating the amphibian/amniote divergence from most major TE categories, including virus-related Polinton and Gypsy elements. It finds 10 fossils in the human genome (eight from TEs and two from host genes) that predate the last common ancestor of all jawed vertebrates, probably from the Ordovician period. It also finds types of transposon and retrotransposon not found in human before. These fossils have extreme sequence conservation, indicating exaptation: some have evidence of gene-regulatory function, and they tend to lie nearest to developmental genes. Some ancient fossils suggest “genome tectonics,” where two fragments of one TE have drifted apart by up to megabases, possibly explaining gene deserts and large introns. This paints a picture of great TE diversity in our aquatic ancestors, with patchy TE inheritance by later vertebrates, producing new genes and regulatory elements on the way. Host-gene fossils too have contributed anciently conserved DNA segments. This paves the way to further studies of ancient protein fossils.
Melodic Transformation in George Garzone’s Triadic Chromatic Approach; or, Jazz, Math, and Basket Weaving
Authors: De Souza Jonathan
Published: March 2022

The Triadic Chromatic Approach (TCA) is a melodic improvisation technique, created by the saxophonist and jazz educator George Garzone. With the TCA, successive triads are connected by a semitone and must have different inversions. The resulting lines mysteriously resolve to any underlying harmony. This article develops transformational and Markov-chain models of the TCA, showing how this melodic process approaches a probability distribution where every pitch class is equally likely to appear. Nonetheless, theorizing the TCA is different from performing it, and insights from Garzone’s students—and the anthropology of weaving—suggest that goals are less fundamental here than characteristic gestures.
Religious Nationalisms in Nigeria
Authors: Ojo Matthews A.
Published: March 2022

This article examines how religious consciousness arising from British colonialism’s legacies intersected with ethnicity and geopolitics to create long-lasting solidarity and reinforced individual and group identities among Nigerians from the early twentieth century. Manifestations of religious nationalisms included the controversies over the expansion of the jurisdiction of Sharia in the late 1970s, 1980s, and 1999, altering religious pluralism to become antagonistic, activating religious sentiments in agitations of minority ethnic groups for self-determination against their imposed Muslim rulers, and generating violent incidents in several religious and ethnic conflicts. Moreover, religious fundamentalism and revivalism among Christian and Muslim youths from the 1970s radicalized the leadership and introduced new dimensions to Christian–Muslim relations. Both fought each other to dominate the public space and create new religious cultures critical of the Nigerian state. Accordingly, religious nationalism clashed with the legitimate claims of other collectives and greatly undermined national integration.
Religion in Precolonial Nigeria
Authors: Shankar Shobana
Published: March 2022

This essay explores the history and historiography of religion in Nigeria before the twentieth century, focusing on interconnectivity across different communities and across periods divided into the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial eras. The richness of Nigerian sources, studied with a critical eye to historical power dynamics and the subjectivities of those who produced religious narratives, reveals many insights about precolonial Nigerian cultural heterogeneity. In recent centuries across different cultural traditions, it is possible to trace tendencies towards narrowing conceptualizations divinity, piety, and other aspects of religious thought and practice, giving rise to the increased presence in the public life of religious reformers and revolutionaries. The essay argues that religion has long been an important sphere for the negotiation and management of difference and diversity outside state power, giving some hint as to why the modern Nigerian state has faced challenges in its efforts to control sectarian splinters and interreligious conflicts.
Political Revolutions in Nineteenth-Century Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: March 2022

The 19th century proved to be a watershed period not across the world. In 1804, the vast land of what later came to be known as Northern Nigeria was overwhelmed by the Sokoto Jihad championed by Uthman dan Fodio. In 1807, Britain called an end to slavery, considering the act illegal and against the law while in 1851, the British Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in other to enforce and abolish totally the Atlantic Slave Trade in that territory. Before then, the vast Oyo Empire that had reigned from the 16th century was in a state of decline by 1825. The scramble for Africa commenced after the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. All these events created large movements of people displaced either by war or territorial expansion. This chapter explores the continuous occurrence of migrations, conquests, and new settlements in Nigeria during the nineteenth century. Projects of power acquisition and accumulation and territorial expansionism and consolidation, pursued at varying degrees by several ambitious leaders and states, upturned the previous centuries’ gains and were completed by the British colonial power. The events of the nineteenth century created the foundation of the modern Nigerian state.
Colonial Economies of Nigeria
Authors: Pierce Steven
Published: March 2022

The history of Nigeria’s colonial economy is intertwined with its political history. Colonization brought to power a government determined to “develop” the country by making it an exporter of crops attractive to global markets, on terms that favored Britain and western countries. A vast expansion of cash cropping, other opportunities for wage labor, and the end of slavery not only created a new kind of economy but also touched off radical social change and altered the most intimate of family and gendered relationships. Ongoing government attempts to foster and facilitate exports then contributed to inter-regional competition that ultimately undermined Nigerian democracy and led to the Nigerian Civil War.
Dictatorship and Democracy in Nigeria, 1966–1999
Authors: Osaghae Eghosa E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter analyses the alternation and contestations of dictatorship and democracy in Nigeria in the period 1966–1999. The period was dominated by military dictatorial rule that was vigorously challenged by civil society. The major plank for this was the abiding norm of military subordination to civil authority that made military rule an aberration, even when it could be justified. The main points of the struggles to restore democracy in the period under review are analyzed within the framework of democratic transition plans that provided the middle grounds for satisfying the democratic imperative. The triumph of democratic forces over those of military dictatorship are attributed to the resilience of civil society, the deconstruction of the myth of superior morality and attendant precipitate loss of legitimacy and social capital, and, finally, the intervening but supportive variables of economic decline and adjustment and the global democratic revolution that attracted tremendous support for the democratic struggles in Nigeria.
Psychophysiological Approaches in Cultural Neuroscience and Global Mental Health
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Sadato Norihiro
Published: March 2022

Advances in cultural neuroscience demonstrate that culture affects how neural systems maintain and regulate social and emotional information. Understanding how neural representations dynamically interact with environmental and cultural factors provides novel insight into how psychophysiological and neural mechanisms encode culture. Research on psychophysiological approaches in cultural neuroscience provide novel ways to observe and measure dynamic cultural influences on the nervous system with temporal precision. Theory and methods on psychophysiological approaches in cultural neuroscience may provide foundational ways of understanding how cultural dynamics shape neural and physiological response and its relation to behavior. Challenges and opportunities for psychophysiological approaches in cultural neuroscience to address issues of population health disparities and global mental health are discussed.
How Awe Works in Humanitarian Setting in East Asia: Cultural Differences in Describing the Experience of Awe
Authors: Nomura Michio , Tsuda Ayano , Rappleye Jeremy
Published: March 2022

Whether an individual copes with loss in a positive and constructive manner or a negative one depends on cultural values, individual differences, and the quality of support they receive. For example, the experience of awe has been shown to diminish the sense of self, which in turn increases generosity, helping behavior, or healthy mental conditions. To date, however, few studies have examined awe in non-Western contexts. This chapter contributes an empirical study with behavioral methods as well as a theoretical literature review on culture and positive emotion, specifically the awe-related experiences among individuals from East Asia, providing novel insights into how awe experiences work in the face of loss. We found that interpersonal situations and natural disasters (e.g., the earthquake of March 2011) were the most common awe-inspiring events described by the participants, which mostly elicited negative emotions indicating that awe-related experiences may motivate people to connect with others in interdependent contexts and may serve to alleviate negative emotions in the face of natural disasters. The findings from these studies highlight the how culture serves as a protective factor in mental health, particularly for interdependent cultures, and the importance of awe in humanitarian settings, such as natural disasters, were among the most awe-inspiring emotional events.
Cultural Neuroscience
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Li Zhang , Bebko Genna M. , Blizinsky Katherine D. , Turner Robert
Published: March 2022

Cultural neuroscience is a field of study that examines the bidirectional influences of cultural and biological factors on the brain and behavior, including mental processes. Research in cultural neuroscience comprises theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding how cultural and biological factors affect the etiology of behavior. Empirical programs in cultural neuroscience seek to determine the root causes and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the etiology of complex behavior across cultures, including mental, neurological, and substance abuse (MNS) disorders. This chapter reviews theoretical, methodological, and empirical advances in cultural neuroscience and its implications for the discovery of cures and development of effective interventions for MNS disorders in global mental health.
Culture and Genomics
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Li Zhang , Sadato Norihiro
Published: March 2022

Cultural and genomic systems maintain and regulate neural systems and behavior underlying mental health. Cultural and genomic systems affect the functional organization of the nervous system. Cultural processes influence the behavioral and genetic expression of functional neural circuitry. Cultural and genetic systems contribute to the neurodevelopmental trajectory of behavioral adaptation. The interaction of genes and environment affects behavioral expression within a cultural context. The goal of this chapter is to provide a review of pathways of interaction in cultural and genomic systems and their influence on the functional organization of the nervous system and behavioral phenotypes of mental health.
Interdisciplinary Experiential Learning
Authors: Clark Terry , Williamon Aaron
Published: March 2022

Identifying optimal strategies for developing expertise is a topic of considerable interest and debate within music performance. The key knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors underpinning musical expertise, as in so many other performance domains, are complex and often idiosyncratic. They can be obscured from view due to their tacit, embodied nature. Imparting expertise from the musical “master” to the “apprentice,” meanwhile, can be fraught with challenges due to the limitations inherent within the transmission of such information. Furthermore, it is clear that attaining musical expertise requires more than just engaging with a sufficient quantity of practice, whether 10,000 hours or some other figure. In this chapter, we propose experiential learning involving interdisciplinary engagement as an innovative pedagogical strategy that can address these challenges. We present simulation-based experiential learning as a forum for engagement and exchange between learners and practitioners from different domains who would typically not have access or insight into one another’s worlds. We then discuss what has been termed reciprocal illumination, whereby learners have the opportunity to see another’s response to or understanding of their own field. Finally, this chapter discusses a series of recent interdisciplinary experiential learning initiatives to help demonstrate the potential opportunities and practical implications arising from such approaches.
Enhancing Music Performance Appraisal
Authors: McPherson Gary E. , Schubert Emery
Published: March 2022

In this chapter we deconstruct some of the (often unwritten) assumptions of assessment so that readers are aware of the flaws and limitations that are inherent in any form of evaluation made by humans. A section on assessing musical performance covers aspects of norm-referenced and criterion-based assessment issues, and the lack of standardized criteria for assessing music performance. Discussion of measurement error, extra-musical factors, and performance-related aspects including self-efficacy, expressive variations, attractiveness and flair, and the influence of modalities other than music (movement and vision), leads into a section dealing with aspects of performance assessment such as communication within the ensemble, acoustics, social factors, and audience support. Evaluator characteristics are explained according to the influence of memory, first impressions, mood of the assessor, familiarity with the repertoire, and the halo effect. Non-musical factors include stereotyping and order of the performance. Our focus is on the performance traditions of classical music, and we use the Johari window to summarize a number of practical implications and to frame the central purpose of the chapter, which is to explain what musicians can do to maximize their ability to focus on their playing and ensure that their performance is well received and appreciated by others.
Judgmental Biases in the Perception of Competitive Advantage: On Choosing the Right Race to Run
Authors: Dunning David
Published: March 2022

Competing successfully often means choosing the right competitions to enter, preparing for them adequately, and knowing when to quit. Many psychological phenomena, however, lead people to misjudge how their skills, talents, and prospects compare to peers they are competing against. Typically, these psychological tendencies lead people to a sense of illusory superiority, in which people overestimate their chances in competition. Example phenomena include relying on self-flattering conceptions of skill, focusing on optimistic scenarios while neglecting pessimistic ones, emphasizing one’s intentions and agency in producing outcomes while neglecting the impact of external forces, failing to have the competence to fully recognize competence in others, and quizzically not considering the skills of others when making decisions about whether to compete with them. Some specific circumstances, however, lead to underestimation of self. Those with negative self-views may discount their performances unduly. Top performers may not know how distinctive their skills are. In short, mistaken or biased views of the self may lead people to make decisions about competition that undermine their potential success in them.
Disability in the Transition from K–12 to Higher
Education
Authors: Shifrer Dara
Published: March 2022

This chapter outlines the structural underpinnings of the educational experiences of young adults with disability in the United States, drawing connections and distinctions along the trajectory from kindergarten through grade 12 and then into higher education. With relatively little sociological engagement with educational disabilities, the chapter contributes a theoretical framing for understanding disability in higher-education settings by integrating ideas from disability studies and classic sociology-of-education literature, particularly documenting tensions between disability ideology and dominant US educational ideals of merit, individual accountability, and standardization. This chapter demonstrates how complete understandings of educational inequality depend on sociologists’ more frequent engagement with disability and the integration of ideas from disability studies. Finally, the chapter concludes with tangible ways that practitioners, parents, and youth can disrupt the reproduction of disability as a category of inequality.
On Saariaho’s Microsonology
Authors: Lochhead Judith
Published: March 2022

This chapter demonstrates some of the motivating aesthetic interests that Kaija Saariaho articulates early in her career and specifically in the 1987 article “Timbre and Harmony: Interpolations of Timbral Structures.” It also shows how these concerns are manifest in two works of the twenty-first century: Terrestre (2002, for flute, harp, percussion, violin, and cello) and D'om le vrai sens (2010, concerto for clarinet). Through these analyses, the chapter develops a broader understanding of Saariaho's aesthetic through what can be called “microsonology.” More than simply attending to detail, Saariaho approaches overall form through microscopic details, or in other words, her microsonology enacts a formal design saturated by minute details. Finally, the chapter links Saariaho's microsonology to a concept of “intimate immensity” developed by the twentieth-century French philosopher Gaston Bachelard and then considers how the “intimate immensity” of Saariaho's microsonology intersects with Spectralism.
Drugs in Early South Asia
Authors: McHugh James
Published: March 2022

Contrary to myth, little evidence exists for extensive drug use in ancient India and South Asia. In the earliest texts, the Vedas, a plant beverage called soma was prepared for offerings to the gods and ritual consumption. The source of soma is now forgotten and the quest to identify it, from alcohol to mushrooms, best reflects modern theories of drugs and religion. Soma was a singular ritual drug yet with early substitutes. Research identifies alcohol as the sole ancient intoxicant consistently consumed and regulated in India. Betel arrived in the early first millennium and unlike alcohol was universally acceptable, if often classified as a perfume rather than intoxicant. Evidence for cannabis and opium use comes much later in the early second millennium CE. Yet once established, these drugs thrived, rapidly assimilated into traditional theories and practices. Notably newer drugs became incorporated into the ancient origin myth of alcohol, the prototypical intoxicant.
Latin American and Caribbean Drug Trafficking Groups
Authors: Arias Enrique Desmond
Published: March 2022

For two generations, key countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have suffered from high levels of criminal activity and violence driven by the drug trade. At the heart of this market are complex organizations that produce, process, ship, and sell drugs throughout the region and around the world. The criminal organizations behind the drug trade are not the centralized transnational structures—so-called cartels—usually depicted in the journalistic and policy literature. Rather, these groups tend to operate in their home country and connect to other criminal organizations as they work to bring drugs to market. Criminal organizations, as most institutions, emerge from and exist in a particular local context. This chapter focuses on the recent histories of Brazil, Colombia, and Jamaica, three extensively researched cases, analyzing and comparing how national political and social dynamics shaped criminal organizations, how these groups operate, and their distinctive roles in the global drug trade.
Psychoactive Drugs in European Prehistory
Authors: Guerra-Doce Elisa
Published: March 2022

The relationship between humans and mind-altering substances can be traced back over millennia. However, as many of them presently fall under the category of illicit or illegal “drug” products, there is a tendency to view use of these substances as largely a modern phenomenon. Archaeological evidence shows that the need and desire to temporarily alter states of consciousness through the use of drug plants, fungi, and many kinds of fermented beverages goes back to prehistoric times, in multiple regions of the world, and across most cultures. This chapter explores the deepest origins of these practices in Europe, where growing archaeological research demonstrates that psychoactive substances were already long in use, prior to the well-known cultural influence of wine in ancient Greece and Rome and the probable use of drug plants in ancient religious rituals such as the Eleusinian mysteries.
West Africa and the Global Illegal Drug Trade
Authors: Klantschnig Gernot
Published: March 2022

This chapter reconstructs the history of the drug trade and control in West Africa. Debates in drug histories of West Africa help connect and contextualize the region with the field of global drug history. The chapter starts by sketching the rise of cannabis, opiates, and cocaine trades, whose origins remain contested in academic and policy circles for methodological and political reasons. The chapter next explores sometimes unconnected policy responses to the evolving trades in West Africa. Policy research raises questions about the impact and limits of foreign, particularly colonial and US influences on domestic West African drug control, much like debates in other “developing regions.” Finally, the chapter assesses two particularities of the West African trade: its novel modes of smuggling and the role of the “weak” state. These alleged features of drug trades underscore the need for genuine research on drug smuggling and drugs in West Africa.
Ancient American Civilizations, States, and Drugs
Authors: Schwartzkopf Stacey
Published: March 2022

Early states in the Americas integrated drugs and alcohol into their strategies of rule in diverse ways and to varying degrees. This chapter evaluates current scholarship on the relationships between rulers and drugs in the two main areas of primary state formation: Mesoamerica and the Andes, with a particular focus on the Maya, Aztec, and Incan states as they emerged and developed in the centuries before European contact. Key issues considered are the variable incorporation of shamanic ritual and hallucinogenic drugs into state cults centered on rulers, the effects of such integration on early state attempts to control consumption through sumptuary laws and other such “drug policies,” and the material and cultural dynamics of drug trade and use among the populations of these regions. The chapter ends on the historical legacies: the degree to which such politics and dynamics affected options of later colonial and national states in the Americas.
The Involvement of Corporations in Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Huisman Wim , Karstedt Susanne , van Baar Annika
Published: March 2022

While political and military leaders are generally seen as the most responsible perpetrators, corporations often also have an important role to play in the commission of atrocity crimes. This chapter broadly explores the involvement of corporations in atrocity crimes, where links between the company and its activities and the commission of such types of crimes can be identified. It is based on data from a set of cases collected by the authors, which includes 105 cases since World War II. The chapter starts by defining features of corporate involvement in such crimes, and then provides an overview of types of crimes, corporations, industries, and involvement in atrocity crimes since 1945. It then proceeds to detail the processes, mechanisms, and gains of such involvement or the “crime scripts.” An in-depth analysis of two historical cases, one from the Holocaust and one from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, complements this overview.
Victimology of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Pemberton Antony , Letschert Rianne
Published: March 2022

Recent years have seen a flourishing interest in victimology—the social science of the experience of suffering wrongdoing—of atrocity crimes. However, like victimology more generally, supranational victimology is still in its infancy. This chapter draws upon the phenomenology of Susan Brison to develop ethical experience of victimization of victims of atrocity crimes. In this perspective a key ethical quality of victimization is its nature as an ontological assault, an attack on being that reveals features of being in precisely what it damages/diminishes/destroys. This has implications for the reactions to atrocity crimes, such as various initiatives to deliver justice to victims. The chapter develops the differences between countering injustice and doing justice, and sketches how processes of justice given their inherent limitations can contribute to counter injustice.
Reparations and the Role of Apologies
Authors: Wolfe Stephanie
Published: March 2022

Reparations and apologies have become deeply intertwined over the years and form two key components of transitional justice after mass atrocity crimes. Reparations without an apology has been derogatorily referred to as “blood money,” a payout for lives lost, but no true responsibility taken or sorrow acknowledged. Apologies without reparation have likewise been flawed, often seen by the victims as hollow words utilized to deflect true responsibility. In isolation, these measures can be used by the state to avoid coming to terms with past injustices. Utilized together, however, apologies and reparations can form the beginning of an apologetic stance in which the state truly engages with those that it victimized and politically atones for past abuses. This chapter will explore the normative trend of coming to terms with past state abuses, with an emphasis on reparations and the role that apologies play within these movements.
Crimes against Humanity in Indonesia (1965–1966)
Authors: Melvin Jess , Pohlman Annie
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a case study of crimes against humanity committed in Indonesia in 1965–1966. In October 1965, the Indonesian military took over the government and mobilized national and religious militias to assist in wiping out the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Up to one million people were killed, and a further one-and-a-half million were rounded up and held in detention camps for their alleged Communist affiliations. The military-led government fell in 1998, and in the two decades since, there has been little political will to investigate or redress the crimes committed in 1965–66, or the other cases of state-led atrocities by Indonesia’s military. In 2012, the Indonesian National Commission for Human Rights released a landmark report into atrocity crimes perpetrated during the 1965–66 period, finding strong evidence of crimes against humanity, the results of which are outlined in this chapter. This report has been buried, just as Indonesia’s government is determined to bury the past.
Origins of Predicting Genocide and Politicide
Authors: Harff Barbara
Published: March 2022

This chapter gives a brief overview of the evolution of genocide studies, focusing on empirical contributions. Barbara Harff’s contributions on developing risk assessments and early warning models are discussed in detail. As with most genocide scholars, her work focuses on prevention of mass atrocities via risk assessment and early warning.
Public Intellectuals
Authors: Lee Namhee
Published: March 2022

The defining characteristics and roles of the public intellectuals in Korea have evolved closely following the vicissitudes of the country’s history. During the post-1945 authoritarian period, the public intellectuals’ pursuit of truth and universal good organically linked them to the democratization movement, leading them to re-evaluate and contest the most foundational and normative ideological underpinnings of the state. The post-1987 institutionalization of liberal democracy, the simultaneous path of neoliberal restructuring, the advent of the internet and the information revolution, as well as the high rate of university graduates transformed the intellectual landscape and consequently the concept and ideals of the public intellectual. While some of the socially conscious celebrity figures emerged to play the role of the public intellectual in the early 2000s, there also emerged a new type of public intellectual who engages with social issues based on and utilizing their professional expertise.
I, You, We
Authors: Schwadron Hannah , Marks Victoria
Published: March 2022

This duet recalls a movement workshop exploring the potential of “dancing interconnections” as a practice of betweenness. Inspired by Vic Marks’ Action Conversations and Schwadron’s choreographic improvisation, the workshop and its reflection draw on Martin Buber’s 1923 text I and Thou and its encouraged spontaneous mutuality “bodied forth” in the zone of relation. As the co-authors share what happened from their own views, tender affect blurs with agitation and felt evidence of empathy slides easily into frustration. Projections abound in the narration of events, as the authors trade all that the subject shores up, kibitzing on what cultural baggage may be best to revise and avoid. What emerges is an ethos of care built between authors as a hope for the broader subfield; to notice through action and discussion of what is happening as it continues to change.
The Godseeker
Authors: Bing-Heidecker Liora
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the Russian intellectual and dance critic Akim Volynsky’s views on classical ballet from a Jewish perspective, as elucidated in his seminal text The Book of Exaltation (1925). It analyzes Volynsky’s aesthetic conceptualization of dance as an attempt to forge an ideological bond between ballet and Judaism, emanating from his belief in the affinity between Apollonian and Jehovist notions. The study argues that Volynsky’s reevaluation of classical ballet is framed in terms of Jewish rabbinic polemic and hermeneutic strategies, and that Volynsky attributed Jewish values to ballet praxis, especially in the application of ethical content and moral intent to features such as turn-out, elevation, and verticality. It further argues that Volynsky depicted Jewish liturgical movement patterns as demonstrating dance qualities. Finally, it delineates Volynsky’s apocalyptic vision in which classical ballet at its purest state shares Judaism’s ancient mission of leading mankind to enlightenment.
The Nearness of Judaism
Authors: Chazin-Bennahum Judith
Published: March 2022

The chapter narrates Judith Chazin-Bennahum’s memories and experiences as a dancer from her beginnings at the High School of Performing Arts where she was a ballet major and studied with Selma Jeanne Cohen and danced with Bob Joffrey, to Brandeis University, an institution where may of her professors were refugees from the Holocaust, to her brief time in a show, Goldilocks on Broadway with Agnes de Mille and as a Soloist with the Metropolitan Opera Ballet when Antony Tudor was Director of Ballet, and soon after, her discovery of her Jewishness and Zionism, as well as her scholarly and historical interests in dance. Her books have focused on eighteenth-century ballet in France, fashion and ballet costumes during the nineteenth century in France, the ballets of Antony Tudor, and the lives of René Blum and Ida Rubinstein.
Forbidden Movements and Degenerate Bodies
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents a highly personal meditation from a Jewish lindy hop dancer on their relationship with whiteness, Jewishness, their grandmother, their practice of dances that belong to Black American culture, the broad whitewashing of Black dance in popular culture, and intergenerational blood memories. Using the 1993 film Swing Kids as an anchor, the author weaves through personal and familial memories as well as moments in jazz history and representations of Black social dance on film, including instances with all-white casts and other manifestations of Black erasure, to make sense of particular Jewish manifestations of desire for close connections with Blackness and Black culture.
It Was There All Along
Authors: Rosenberg Douglas
Published: March 2022

The dance world and its histories has exhibited, from the twentieth century forward, a fundamental Jewish logic. Indeed, such a logic has permeated all of the contemporary arts, from the plastic arts to dance. This foundational logic has been written into existence by Jewish scholars, practitioners, and theorists, whose work has been both subversive and formative. It has only recently come into focus beyond the central shared ethnicity of these architects of both modernism and postmodernism. Such foundational logic (a kind of Jewishness) supports a unique kind of interdisciplinarity and particularity. It is particular to the narratives of diasporic American Jews who actively participated in the aspirational project of modernism across all genres of self-expression. As this chapter discusses, in such territory as described by twentieth-century critics associated with modern art theories (including Clement Greenberg, Susan Sontag, and others), there is a merging of Jewish orthodoxy with a nascent formal critical orthodoxy. Taken together with the work of scholars such as those just named, we arrive at a multigenerational conversation in which Jewishness in dance is no longer veiled.
Anna Halprin’s Radical Body
Authors: Bennahum Ninotchka D.
Published: March 2022

Guided by an unwavering belief in the moral capacity of dance to transform human society and effect social change, Anna Schuman Halprin (b. 1920) shaped the radical, Jewish nature of postmodern dance. With her invention of task-based improvisation as a method of devising dance—a clandestine, communitarian agent of change—Halprin espoused dance making as a basic human right. This chapter essays how Halprin envisioned postwar dance as environmental study rather than merely physical practice. Through her visionary work Halprin reconceived movement as engendering climate activism and social justice, radical beliefs that emerged out of her Talmudic pedagogy. Dancing bodies were retrained, away from technique, narrative, and desire, toward a reinvention out of one’s relationship to and study of the natural world.
Choreographing Livability after Oslo
Authors: Melpignano Melissa
Published: March 2022

This chapter theorizes how Israeli women choreographers Anat Danieli, Yasmeen Godder, and May Zarhy differently articulate methods for the enhancement of what the author calls kinesthetic collective responsibility in Israel/Palestine, after the failure of the peace accords in the early 1990s. The starting point of inquiry is what the author names livability platform, a theoretical framework that examines the life stakes of dancing and choreographing in a specific context. The article argues that, by questioning the patriarchal foundations of Israeli governmentality (Danieli), by exposing the corporeal consequences of docility and aggression as systemic social and political dynamics (Godder), and by re-envisioning how it is possible to move together through multi-sensorial listening (Zarhy), certain experiences within the larger system of production of choreography in Israel can contribute to a redefinition of how to achieve a more livable life in Israel/Palestine.
The Cultural Politics of Practicing Israeli-ness in Gaga
Authors: Quinlan Meghan
Published: March 2022

Tel Aviv is the home of Gaga, a dance practice developed by Israeli choreographer Ohad Naharin. Over the past two decades, dancers from around the world have traveled to Israel to practice with Naharin, and regular classes and sporadic workshops have also been established internationally. This chapter questions whether or not there is anything inherently Israeli, or Jewish, about the practice of Gaga in order to consider its relationship to Zionist ideologies and politics. This reading is offered not to definitively label Gaga as either for or against the State and its associated politics, but rather to complicate its role in both cultural and national politics as it continues to grow in popularity internationally.
Arkadi Zaides
Authors: Shalev Dana
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on Arkadi Zaides, one of Israel’s foremost choreographers, whose work has positioned him as an important opposing voice to the state’s dominant political regime, both in terms of its investment in the Occupation, and in terms of its suppression of aberrant artistic expressions. In this context the chapter attempts to narrativize Zaides’s biography as one caught in the throes of movement between countries, and in effect as one constantly reflecting a state of placement and displacement, which is transformed into choreography on stage. Accordingly, the chapter traces a certain development within Zaides’s choreographic language, which resonates shifts in Israel’s political landscape as well as in the artist’s personal one, and may be divided into two intertwined gestures: on the one hand, a transition from metaphoric-poetic meanings to painfully literal ones; and on the other hand, a transition from a-political to political, and indeed politically activist discourse.
Jane Addams’s Education, Hull House, and Current-Day Civic-Engagement Practices in Higher Education
Authors: Wholeben Belinda M. , Weaks-Baxter Mary
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines how Jane Addams’s education at Rockford Female Seminary (now Rockford University) foreshadowed her later work, especially as related to Hull House initiatives, and influenced the development of civic-engagement practices in higher education. Looking contextually to parental and 19th-century societal attitudes about charity and benevolence, the chapter details the impact of her studies on her attitudes about a woman’s active participation in society and the evolution of Addams’s public, civic voice. At Rockford, Addams met Hull House cofounder Ellen Gates Starr and was influenced by principal Anna Peck Sill, who charged students with using their education to serve their communities. Addams and her fellow Hull House residents served their community by creating experiential, democratic, educational, and social opportunities for neighboring immigrants. Community needs were assessed and addressed through the lens of feminist pragmatism. The chapter shows how Addams’s approach to civic engagement, developed at Hull House and Rockford Female Seminary, is relevant to contemporary civic-engagement practices at institutions of higher education. These practices include campus-community partnerships, service learning, and participatory action research. Addams’s ideas on the importance of experience, sympathetic understanding, and reciprocity are woven throughout the chapter, and a description of the Jane Addams Center for Civic Engagement at Rockford University brings the legacy of Jane Addams full circle.
Moral Grounds for Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Nickel James
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers possible moral grounds for recognizing and realizing economic and social rights (ESRs) as human rights. It begins by suggesting that ESRs fall into three families: (1) welfare-oriented ESRs, which protect adequate income, education, health, and safe and healthful working conditions; (2) freedom-oriented ESRs, which prohibit slavery, ensure free choice of employment, and protect workers’ freedoms to organize and strike: and (3) fairness-oriented ESRs, which require nondiscrimination and equal opportunity in the workplace along with fair remuneration for one’s work. To accommodate the normative diversity found in these three families, the chapter suggests a pluralistic justificatory framework that appeals to three kinds of moral reasons: human welfare, freedom, and fairness. A final section considers the possibility of subsuming all three of these approaches to justification under the idea of human dignity or the associated idea of equal respect for persons.
Social Minimums and Democracy
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: March 2022

If provision for democracy is a requisite feature for the basic structure of any justly ordered political society, and if democracy signifies a social state of relative absence of hierarchies of class, status, or command linked to differentials of wealth, it would seem that a democratic country’s constitution would quite compatibly include provision for a social minimum. If democracy at the same time signifies a political regime of control by current majorities over major directions of government policy, apparent tensions then arise between the social and political significations of democracy. This chapter aims to unpack these tensions and to describe some modes of accommodation of them—conceptual, doctrinal, and institutional—disclosed by current practice and debates.
Twentieth-Century Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Jensen Steven L. B.
Published: March 2022

Human rights history has been a rapidly expanding field of study over the last decade. Despite this expansion, an actual historiography of economic and social rights has still not emerged. It is problematic for our overall understanding of the evolution of international human rights that this is lagging so much behind. The chapter attempts to lay out how such a historiography could be imagined by focusing on a recentering of decolonization and the period from 1945 to around 1970. Scholarship must become more attentive to the rich intersections between the domestic and the international and between the normative and the experiential in the shaping of human rights after 1945. This will require a greater appreciation of postwar social internationalism and how this worldview made economic and social rights central to the larger human rights project. It will also require rethinking the temporal dimensions of human rights as more paradigmatic and less linear than generally understood. The 1970s represents less a human rights revolution than a human rights contraction where a narrowing of human rights thinking sidelined economic and social rights. Understanding better these historical dynamics may help us rethink how we view the substance of human rights today and how we position economic and social rights in contemporary human rights work.
International Relations and Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Hertel Shareen
Published: March 2022

Economic and social rights violations have pushed international relations and corresponding state practices in significant new directions. Stylized theories of realism, institutionalism, and constructivism are rivaled by emerging paradigms that interrogate the nature of power, identity, and progress. Scholars and social movement-based actors are pushing for more complex explanations of why poverty persists and how vulnerabilities deepen despite unparalleled levels of capital accumulation and technological innovation. A geographic focus on state-to-state relations that heretofore left subnational actors, processes and institutions outside the scope of international relations theorists has given way to multilevel understandings of how key actors and groups advance their interests. Research that combines quantitative, qualitative, and experimental data-gathering and analysis has expanded the understanding of threats and potential solutions to longstanding problems of inequality. But the political challenge of altering underlying norms/rules that reinforce marginalization remains—especially given growing environmental constraints and systemwide financial vulnerabilities.
Standing Up a Regulatory Ecosystem for Governing AI Decision-making
Authors: Hudson Valerie M.
Published: March 2022

The governance of artificial intelligence (AI) decision-making is in its infancy. If a human being holds the foundational rights to know they are interacting with such a system, the right to appeal any decision made by such a system, and the right to litigate harm resulting from a decision undertaken by such a system, then a governance regime must be constructed. Such a regime would not only involve the creation of new governmental institutions to meet that challenge, but would also involve a whole host of ancillary entities and functions which would have to exist for governance to be possible. Such ancillary functions would include standard setting, training, insurance, procurement, identification, archiving, testing, and many others. In this chapter, a holistic overview of what it would take to stand up a functioning, effective, and sustainable regulatory ecosystem for governing AI decision-making is sketched. The roles of system developer, system vendor, system deployer, system regulator, and individuals subject to the system’s decision-making must be fully described, with rights and responsibilities enumerated for each role. While a daunting task, it is not wholly without precedent, as there are interesting parallels to fields such as medical technology. Governments must set in motion the initial legal framework under which this ecosystem can begin to be coherently built, and the time for that to happen is now.