bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circles of learning in Mississippi: Community recovery and democracy building
Authors: Allen Bonnie , Tucker Estrus
Published: June 2012

This chapter explores how utilizing the principles and practices of the Circle of Trust® approach helped to lay a generative foundation for democratic education in service of community healing and transformation in Mississippi.
Innovative energy policy in a developing country context: experiences from UNEP's PROSOL initiative
Authors: Ölz Samantha , Agbemabiese Lawrence
Published: June 2012

As is the case in several other countries of the Middle East and North Africa region, fossil energy resources have long dominated Tunisiaŉs energy sector. However, concerns about depleting fossil fuels, rising prices, and growing demand have driven interest in the countryŉs substantial but largely untapped solar energy resources. In 2005, the Tunisian government, with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme, launched PROSOL, an innovative financing scheme to revitalize an anemic solar water heater (SWH) market. PROSOL has been a resounding success, which has spurred similar policy initiatives in neighboring countries. On the basis of in‐depth reviews of project progress reports, external evaluations, and stakeholder interviews, we analyze Tunisiaŉs experience with the PROSOL initiative with a view to extracting practical lessons that might inform replication in other developing countries. Drawing on the concept of a technological innovation system (TIS), we isolate and address key questions including: why and how public and private agents may either support or hamper a given technological innovation; and how, in the Tunisian case, new SWH interest groups and networks emerge around new technology initiatives such as PROSOL. Our findings highlight the central role of public policy in removing barriers to the market diffusion of proven renewable energy technologies. In the Tunisian case, the establishment by law of a substantial capital cost subsidy while exempting SWHs from value added tax and decreasing custom duties enabled SWH systems to compete effectively against conventional energy sources such as natural gas or liquid petroleum gas. The study also confirms the importance of capacity building, buttressed by an effective communication and outreach strategy, targeting key actors including government policy makers, the national utility, financial institutions, and SWH vendors.

This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Systems and Infrastructure
A Comparison of the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation and the CDC Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention's Research‐to‐Practice Model for Behavioral Interventions
Authors: Collins Charles B. , Edwards Arlene E. , Jones Patricia L. , Kay Linda , Cox Pamela J. , Puddy Richard W.
Published: June 2012

Translating evidence‐based HIV/STD prevention interventions and research findings into applicable HIV prevention practice has become an important challenge for the fields of community psychology and public health due to evidence‐based interventions and evidence‐based practice being given higher priority and endorsement by federal, state, and local health department funders. The Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation and the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Research‐to‐Practice model both address this challenge. The DHAP model and the ISF are each presented with a brief history and an introduction of their features from synthesis of research findings through translation into intervention materials to implementation by prevention providers. This paper describes why the ISF and the DHAP model were developed and the similarities and differences between them. Specific examples of the use of the models to translate research to practice and the subsequent implications for support of each model are provided. The paper concludes that the ISF and the DHAP model are truly complementary with some unique differences, while both contribute substantially to addressing the gap between identifying effective programs and ensuring their widespread adoption in the field.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
Trans Fatty Acids: Induction of a Pro‐inflammatory Phenotype in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Harvey Kevin A. , Walker Candace L. , Xu Zhidong , Whitley Phillip , Siddiqui Rafat A.
Published: June 2012

Epidemiological data have shown an association of the intake of industrial produced trans fatty acids (TFA) and sudden cardiac death. The present study examines the impact of elaidic acid (t18:1n‐9) and linoelaidic acid (t18:2n‐6) on the human aortic endothelial cell functional response. Trans fatty acids predominately incorporated into the phospholipid component while only a minute fraction of the total fatty acids (FA) incorporated into triacylglycerol. Trans fatty acids incorporated into the plasma membranes at the expense of the saturated‐FA, stearic, palmitic, and to a lesser extent, myristic acid. Both t18:1n‐9 and t18:2n‐6 induced a pro‐inflammatory response by elevating surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1). Neither oleic nor linoleic evoked a pro‐inflammatory phenotype under the maximal 50 µM treatments. Both TFA and stearic acid increased phosphorylation of the ICAM‐1 transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor‐κβ (NF‐κβ), while oleic and linoleic acids did not appear to alter the phosphorylation status. Elaidic acid minimally affected endothelial cell growth, whereas linoelaidic acid completely inhibited growth at 100 µM and imparted limited cytotoxicity up to 300 µM. Stearic acid induced cytotoxicity at concentrations above 75 µM, while oleic and linoleic acids evoked gradual dose‐dependent growth inhibition with cytotoxicity occurring only at linoleic acid concentrations greater than 200 µM. In conclusion, t18:1n‐9 and t18:2n‐6 fatty acids effectively incorporated into the phospholipid component of endothelial cells and subsequently induce a pro‐inflammatory phenotype.
Gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy
Authors: Sánchez-Lara Karla , Ugalde-Morales Emilio , Motola-Kuba Daniel , Green Dan
Published: June 2012

Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy have a high risk of malnutrition secondary to the disease and treatment, and 40–80 % of cancer patients suffer from different degrees of malnutrition, depending on tumour subtype, location, staging and treatment strategy. Malnutrition in cancer patients affects the patient's overall condition, and it increases the number of complications, the adverse effects of chemotherapy and reduces the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate weight-loss prevalence depending on the tumour site and the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. We included 191 cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Files of all patients were reviewed to identify symptoms that might potentially influence weight loss. The nutritional status of all patients was also determined. The cancer sites in the patients were as follows: breast (31·9 %); non-colorectal GI (18·3 %); colorectal (10·4 %); lung (5·8 %); haematological (13·1 %); others (20·5 %). Of these patients, 58 % experienced some degree of weight loss, and its prevalence was higher among the non-colorectal GI and lung cancer patients. Common symptoms included nausea (59·6 %), anorexia (46 %) and constipation (31·9 %). A higher proportion of patients with ≥ 5 % weight loss experienced anorexia, nausea and vomiting (OR 9·5, 2·15 and 6·1, respectively). In conclusion, these results indicate that GI symptoms can influence weight loss in cancer patients, and they should be included in early nutritional evaluations.
Weight sensitivity and syllable codas in Srinagar Koshur
Authors: MUNSHI SADAF , CROWHURST MEGAN J.
Published: June 2012

This paper describes and analyses the pattern of word stress found in the standard dialect of Koshur (Kashmiri) spoken in Srinagar. The significance of Koshur for studies of stress lies in that taken together, its pattern of stress assignment and a pervasive pattern of syncope conspire to produce a four-way syllable weight distinction that has sometimes been expressed as the scale CVːC>CVː>CVC>CV. The interesting feature of this type of scale is that closed syllables, CVːC and CVC are preferred as stress peaks over open syllables with vowels of the same length. Other researchers have noted that in languages with this scale, or the abbreviated ternary version CVː>CVC>CV, CVC syllables behave ambiguously with respect to stress. They seem to be heavy in relation to CV when CVː syllables are absent. In a stress clash context however, CVC defers to CVː. ‘Mora-only’ accounts of other languages with this scale have interpreted the ambiguous behaviour of CVC as evidence that CVC syllables are bimoraic where their behaviour seems to group them with CVː but monomoraic elsewhere (e.g. Rosenthall & van der Hulst 1999, Morén 2000). To account for the CVːC>CVː effect, mora-only accounts have been forced to assume that CVːC are trimoraic. We show that a mora-only analysis does not offer a satisfying account of the Koshur facts, and we argue instead that the origin of the CVC>CV and CVːC>CVː effects is the presence of a coda that branches from the final mora of a syllable, making the closed syllables more harmonic as prosodic heads. Under this view, branchingness emerges as another dimension of the mora, along with moraic quantity and the quality of segments linked to moras, which contributes to syllable prominence.
Plectocarpon stereocaulicola(Roccellaceae, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus from Bolivia
Authors: KUKWA Martin , ETAYO Javier , FLAKUS Adam
Published: June 2012

A new gall-inducing lichenicolous fungus,Plectocarpon stereocaulicolaKukwa, Etayo and Flakus, is described from Bolivia from the thalli ofStereocaulonsp. The new species is characterized by black, epruinose rounded ascomata with a carbonized surface and a thalline pseudo-margin, as well as a non-carbonized, light brown sterile stromatic tissue in the lower part and 3-septate ascospores becoming brown and ornamented when mature.
The Jerusalem Collection as Κοινωνία: Paul's Global Politics of Socio-Economic Equality and Solidarity
Authors: Ogereau Julien M.
Published: June 2012

This article endeavours to look at the Jerusalem collection from a fresh perspective by examining the language of κοινωνία Paul employs to describe the project in Romans 15.26 and in 2 Corinthians 8.4 and 9.13. After adducing oft-neglected literary and documentary evidence, this essay argues that Paul's audience must have understood κοινωνία to bear significant political and socio-economic implications. This article concludes that the collection was aimed at establishing a new order of socio-economic equality and solidarity among the emergent Christ-believing communities, at both a local and global level, and across socio-cultural and ethnic divides.
‘Peace and Security’ (1 Thess 5.3): Prophetic Warning or Political Propaganda?
Authors: Weima Jeffrey A. D.
Published: June 2012

The phrase ‘Peace and security’ in 1 Thess 5.3 has traditionally been understood as an echo of the OT prophetic warnings (Jer 6.14; Ezek 13.10; Mic 3.5) against false claims of peace. Stronger evidence exists, however, that the apostle is making use of a popular theme of the imperial Roman propaganda machine. The Romans vigorously promoted themselves through various public media as those who provided not only ‘peace’ but also ‘security’, thereby providing a closer parallel to Paul's statement in 5.3 than any OT text. This essay reviews four kinds of evidence—numismatic, monumental, inscriptional and literary—in order to demonstrate in a decisive fashion that the phrase ‘peace and security’ involves an allusion not to prophetic warning but to Roman political propaganda.
‘Vos pères’ ou ‘nos pères’: la question de l'appartenance ethnique dans le texte grec du livre des Actes du Codex Bezae (D 05)
Authors: Maertens Philip
Published: June 2012

Building on the research done by E. J. Epp, B. D. Ehrman situates the origin of the ancestor of the text of Codex Bezae in an anti-Semitic milieu, which would explain the anti-Judaic tendencies of that text. This localisation of the ideological discourse in a specific milieu characterized by a negative stance toward the Jewish people on ethnic grounds seems to rest on the assumption that the text was produced by a non-Jewish Christian. The goal of the present contribution is to test this assumption as it relates to the text of the Acts of the Apostles in the Codex Bezae. With the aid of the concept of ethnicity, and especially the idea of common ancestry, we aim to discover how this text, compared to the text of Codex Vaticanus, depicts the relation of ethnic identity with the Jewish people. Contrary to what might be expected from Ehrman's suggestion, the text of Acts in Codex Bezae emphasizes the indicators of Jewish ethnic identity.
NASH EQUILIBRIUMS IN TWO-PERSON RED-AND-BLACK GAMES
Authors: Chen May-Ru
Published: June 2012

In a two-person red-and-black game, each player wants to maximize the probability of winning the entire fortune of his opponent by gambling repeatedly with suitably chosen stakes. We find the multiplicativity (including submultiplicative and supermultiplicative) of the win probability function is important for the profiles (bold, timid) or (bold, bold) to be a Nash equilibrium. Surprisingly, a Nash equilibrium condition for the profile (bold, any strategy) is also given in terms of multiplicativity. Finally, we search for some suitable conditions such that the profile (timid, timid) is also a Nash equilibrium.
Soil seed banks in a mature coniferous forest landscape: dominance of native perennials and low spatial variability
Authors: Abella Scott R. , Springer Judith D.
Published: June 2012

Soil seed banks are important to vegetation recruitment, ecosystem functioning and land management. We evaluated composition of 0–5 cm soil seed banks and relationships of seed banks with forest community types (ranging from low-elevation pinyon–juniper to high-elevation bristlecone pine), vegetation cover and environmental variables within a 40,000-ha relatively undisturbed coniferous forest landscape in Nevada, USA. We collected samples from 36 sites and used the emergence method to assay seed banks. Seed density averaged 479 seeds m− 2across sites and a total of 39 taxa were detected. Most (79%) of these taxa were perennials and 35 of 39 (90%) were native. Moreover, 62% of seed-bank taxa were in the vegetation of mature forests, an uncommon finding in studies of forest soil seed banks. Seed-bank density, species richness and composition did not display strong relationships with forest community types, vegetation cover or environmental variables. Weak relationships likely arose from the relatively uniform seed-bank density among sites, where 50% of sites had seed densities in the range of 106–282 m− 2. Results suggest that while seed banks on this landscape are not large, they provide recruitment potential for some native perennial species of mature, relatively undisturbed communities.
Dose–response of germinating Rudbeckia mollis (Asteraceae) seeds exposed to various thermal scenarios
Authors: Kettner Keith , Pérez Hector Eduardo
Published: June 2012

Temperature is a key environmental signal regulating germination. A thorough understanding of how seed populations respond to various temperatures can inform end-users regarding effective establishment strategies and forms the basis for questions related to a taxon's thermo-biology. Although abundant information exists regarding germination responses of economically important crops to several temperature scenarios, much less is known concerning the seed biology of wild germplasm. To address this, we examined the germination response of non-dormant Rudbeckia mollis seeds to various doses of constant or simulated seasonal diel temperatures. Germination response was sigmoidal. Seeds of R. mollis were capable of germinating within a few days to high percentages (>95%) at relatively cool constant (15–25°C) or 12-hour alternating (22/11–33/24°C) temperatures, with optimum temperatures for germination occurring at 25°C or 29/19°C. Germination was inhibited as temperatures increased to 30°C or 33/24°C with early and late germinating phenotypes displaying differential responses at these temperatures. No germination occurred at 35°C. Results are discussed in terms of seedling establishment of R. mollis outside its natural range and implications of climate change on germination.
Monitoring of acetyl salicylic acid-induced platelet inhibition with impedance aggregometry in children with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts
Authors: Romlin Birgitta S. , Wåhlander Håkan , Strömvall-Larsson Eva , Synnergren Mats , Baghaei Fariba , Jeppsson Anders
Published: June 2012

Background

Shunt thrombosis after implantation of systemic-to-pulmonary shunts in paediatric patients is common. Acetyl salicylic acid is used for anti-thrombotic treatment; however, the effect is rarely monitored, although it is known that the response varies. The aim was to determine the effects of acetyl salicylic acid medication on platelet aggregation in children with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts.

Methods

A total of 14 children – median age 12 days; ranging from 3 to 100 days – were included in a prospective observational longitudinal study. All children were treated with oral acetyl salicylic acid (3–5 milligrams per kilogram once daily) after shunt implantation. Acetyl salicylic acid-dependent platelet aggregation in whole blood was analysed with impedance aggregometry (Multiplate®) after addition of arachidonic acid. Analyses were carried out before the primary operation, before and 5 and 24 hours after the first acetyl salicylic acid dose, and after 3–6 months of treatment. The therapeutic range for acetyl salicylic acid was defined as a test result less than 60 units.

Results

Acetyl salicylic acid reduced the arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in all but one patient. Of the patients, 93% were in the therapeutic range 5 hours after acetyl salicylic acid intake, 86% were in the range after 24 hours, and 64% after 3–6 months.

Conclusions

Acetyl salicylic acid reduces platelet aggregation after shunt implantation in paediatric patients, but a considerable percentage of the children are outside the therapeutic range. Monitoring of platelet aggregation has the potential to improve anti-platelet treatment after shunt implantation by identifying children with impaired acetyl salicylic acid response.
Association between Cognitive Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Hispanics
Authors: Marquine María J. , Segawa Eisuke , Wilson Robert S. , Bennett David A. , Barnes Lisa L.
Published: June 2012

There is limited research on the association between participation in cognitively stimulating activity and cognitive function in older Hispanics. The main purpose of the present study was to explore whether frequency of cognitive activity and its association with cognitive function in Hispanics is comparable to that of non-Hispanics. In a multiethnic cohort of 1571 non-demented older adults, we assessed past and current cognitive activity, availability of cognitive resources in the home in childhood and middle age, and five domains of cognitive function. The measures of cognitive activity and cognitive resources had adequate reliability and validity in our subset of Hispanic participants (n = 81). Hispanics reported lower levels of education, lower frequency of cognitive activity and less cognitive resources than non-Hispanic White (n = 1102) and non-Hispanic Black (n = 388) participants. Despite these differences the strength of the association between cognitive activity and cognitive function was comparable across ethnic groups. Because Hispanics have lower frequency of cognitive activity, the benefit of cognitive activity to late life cognitive function may be potentially larger in this segment of the population. Thus, interventions aimed at increasing frequency of participation in cognitively stimulating activity may offer a potential target to reduce cognitive impairment in Hispanics. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–11)
Family support and weight-loss strategies among adolescents reporting sustained weight loss
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Denny Simon , Dixon Robyn , Ameratunga Shanthi , Teevale Tasileta
Published: June 2012

Objective

The current research aims to describe the weight-control strategies and family support for young people reporting sustained weight loss in a large, population-based sample.

Design

Data were collected as part of Youth'07, a nationally representative survey of the health and well-being of New Zealand youth.

Setting

New Zealand secondary schools, 2007.

Subjects

Secondary-school students (n 9107).

Results

Among young people who attempted weight loss in the previous year, 51 % reported long-term weight loss (lost weight and maintained weight loss for 6 months). Students reporting long-term weight loss were more likely to be male, but did not differ by age, ethnicity, socio-economic deprivation or measured weight status from students who reported temporary/recent weight loss or no weight loss. Students with long-term weight loss also reported healthier weight-control strategies (e.g. exercising, eating fewer fatty foods, eating fewer sweets), high parental support for healthy eating/activity and were less likely to report being teased about their weight by their family and having junk food available at home than students with temporary/recent weight loss or no weight loss.

Conclusions

Approximately 50 % of young people attempting weight loss reported sustained weight loss. Young people who reported sustained weight loss appeared to have more family support than those who did not achieve this, suggesting the importance for weight-control services and interventions in adolescents of actively engaging the family.
A MODIFIED PÓLYA URN PROCESS AND AN INDEX FOR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS WITH VOLUME EXCLUSION
Authors: BINDER BENJAMIN J. , HACKETT-JONES EMILY J. , TUKE JONATHAN , LANDMAN KERRY A.
Published: June 2012

Spatial data sets can be analysed by counting the number of objects in equally sized bins. The bin counts are related to the Pólya urn process, where coloured balls (for example, white or black) are removed from the urn at random. If there are insufficient white or black balls for the prescribed number of trials, the Pólya urn process becomes untenable. In this case, we modify the Pólya urn process so that it continues to describe the removal of volume within a spatial distribution of objects. We determine when the standard formula for the variance of the standard Pólya distribution gives a good approximation to the true variance. The variance quantifies an index for assessing whether a spatial point data set is at its most randomly distributed state, called the complete spatial randomness (CSR) state. If the bin size is an order of magnitude larger than the size of the objects, then the standard formula for the CSR limit is indicative of when the CSR state has been attained. For the special case when the object size divides the bin size, the standard formula is in fact exact.
Sports Law in an Olympic Year: Citius, Altius, Fortius?
Authors: Anderson Jack
Published: June 2012

In 2012 London becomes the first city to host an Olympics for the third time. The contrast between the Games of 2012 and those of 1908 and 1948 could not be starker and form a background to some of the matters discussed in this short piece. Central to the discussion is the contention that the development of the body of law now known as sports law is related to the accelerated commercialisation of sport during the past century. In short, the business of modern sport is exactly that – a business; indeed, sport is now a global industry and the commodification of sport will be seen to an exaggerated effect in London throughout the summer of 2012. Accordingly, this article by Jack Anderson begins by giving an outline of the financial robustness of modern sport, epitomised by the Olympics, before presenting a brief history of the evolution of sports law. Thereafter various issues in contemporary sports law are identified and discussed. The conclusion attempts to bring all of these themes together in order to give an overview of the area as a discrete, vibrant, if still emerging, discipline of law.
Testing polar spots of water‐rich permafrost on the Moon: LEND observations onboard LRO
Authors: Mitrofanov I. , Litvak M. , Sanin A. , Malakhov A. , Golovin D. , Boynton W. , Droege G. , Chin G. , Evans L. , Harshman K. , Fedosov F. , Garvin J. , Kozyrev A. , McClanahan T. , Milikh G. , Mokrousov M. , Starr R. , Sagdeev R. , Shevchenko V. , Shvetsov V. , Tret'yakov V. , Trombka J. , Varenikov A. , Vostrukhin A.
Published: June 2012

Results are presented for the LEND instrument onboard LRO for the detection of local spots of suppression and excess of epithermal neutron emission at the lunar poles. Twelve local Neutron Suppression Regions (NSRs) and Neutron Excess Regions (NERs) are detected. It is shown using the data from the LOLA and Diviner instruments that six NSRs have the empirical property “less local irradiation and lower temperature – fewer local neutrons.” These NSRs may be identified with spots of water‐ice rich permafrost on the Moon. It is shown that detected NSRs are include in both permanently shadowed and illuminated areas, and they are not coincident with Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) at the bottom of polar craters, as has been commonly expected before LEND presented neutron data with high spatial resolution.
Longitudinal to transverse drainage network evolution in the High Atlas (Morocco): The role of tectonics
Authors: Babault Julien , Van Den Driessche Jean , Teixell Antonio
Published: June 2012

The High Atlas of Morocco is a still‐active, linear intracontinental mountain chain in the NW African plate, which results from weak crustal thickening associated with rift inversion during the Cenozoic and from uplift related to mantle thermal doming. A striking morphological feature of the High Atlas is the occurrence of both transverse and longitudinal (i.e., strike‐parallel) drainage characterized by deep fluvial incision of more than 1000 m in low‐relief topography of the axial zone of the chain. Most of the transverse component of the drainage appears to postdate the longitudinal component as indicated by recent or incipient captures and wind gaps. The longitudinal drainage is inherited from an early stage of fluvial organization controlled by the tectonic structures developed during upper crustal folding and thrusting in the post‐Paleozoic cover. Amplification of N‐S regional slope in the western High Atlas by continued crustal shortening and thickening triggered: (i) higher erosion rates in transverse than in longitudinal catchments and (ii) captures of longitudinal streams by transverse ones, creating a new organization of the drainage system toward the regional slope. Such evolution from a longitudinal to a transverse‐dominated drainage may represent a common mechanism of fluvial network development in mountain belts where the amplification of the regional slope results from long‐lived lithospheric convergence.
Controls on the tropospheric oxidizing capacity during an idealized Dansgaard‐Oeschger event, and their implications for the rapid rises in atmospheric methane during the last glacial period
Authors: Levine J. G. , Wolff E. W. , Hopcroft P. O. , Valdes P. J.
Published: June 2012

The ice core record reveals large variations in the concentration of atmospheric methane, [CH4], over the last 800 kyr. Amongst the most striking natural features are the large, rapid rises in [CH4], of 100–200 ppbv, on timescales of less than 100 years, at the beginning of Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events during the last glacial period (21–110 kyr before present). Despite the potential insight they could offer into the likelihood of future rapid rises in [CH4], the relative roles of changes in methane sources and sinks during D‐O events have been little explored. Here, we use a global atmospheric chemistry‐transport model to explore—for the first time, in a process‐based fashion—controls on the oxidizing capacity during an idealized D‐O event that features a characteristically rapid rise in [CH4]. We find that the two controls previously identified in the literature as having had significant (though opposing) influences on the oxidizing capacity between glacial and interglacial periods—changes in air temperature and emissions of non‐methane volatile organic compounds from vegetation—offset one another between idealized Heinrich stadial and Greenland interstadial states. The result is, the net change in oxidizing capacity is very small, implying the rapid rises in [CH4] at the beginning of D‐O events were almost entirely source‐driven. This poses a challenge to earth‐system models—to generate a sufficiently large increase in methane emissions in response to a simulated D‐O event, via a more realistic freshwater forcing impacting the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation or, possibly, other climate‐change mechanisms.
The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 3.0
Authors: Jakobsson Martin , Mayer Larry , Coakley Bernard , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Forbes Steve , Fridman Boris , Hodnesdal Hanne , Noormets Riko , Pedersen Richard , Rebesco Michele , Schenke Hans Werner , Zarayskaya Yulia , Accettella Daniela , Armstrong Andrew , Anderson Robert M. , Bienhoff Paul , Camerlenghi Angelo , Church Ian , Edwards Margo , Gardner James V. , Hall John K. , Hell Benjamin , Hestvik Ole , Kristoffersen Yngve , Marcussen Christian , Mohammad Rezwan , Mosher David , Nghiem Son V. , Pedrosa Maria Teresa , Travaglini Paola G. , Weatherall Pauline
Published: June 2012

The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) released its first gridded bathymetric compilation in 1999. The IBCAO bathymetric portrayals have since supported a wide range of Arctic science activities, for example, by providing constraint for ocean circulation models and the means to define and formulate hypotheses about the geologic origin of Arctic undersea features. IBCAO Version 3.0 represents the largest improvement since 1999 taking advantage of new data sets collected by the circum‐Arctic nations, opportunistic data collected from fishing vessels, data acquired from US Navy submarines and from research ships of various nations. Built using an improved gridding algorithm, this new grid is on a 500 meter spacing, revealing much greater details of the Arctic seafloor than IBCAO Version 1.0 (2.5 km) and Version 2.0 (2.0 km). The area covered by multibeam surveys has increased from ∼6% in Version 2.0 to ∼11% in Version 3.0.
Nongyrotropic electron velocity distribution functions near the lunar surface
Authors: Harada Yuki , Machida Shinobu , Saito Yoshifumi , Yokota Shoichiro , Asamura Kazushi , Nishino Masaki N. , Tsunakawa Hideo , Shibuya Hidetoshi , Takahashi Futoshi , Matsushima Masaki , Shimizu Hisayoshi
Published: June 2012

We have analyzed nongyrotropic electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) obtained near the lunar surface. Electron VDFs, measured at ∼10–100 km altitude by Kaguya in both the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere, exhibit nongyrotropic empty regions associated with the ‘gyroloss’ effect; i.e., electron absorption by the lunar surface combined with electron gyromotion. Particle‐trace calculations allow us to derive theoretical forbidden regions in the electron VDFs, thereby taking into account the modifications due to nonuniform magnetic fields caused by diamagnetic‐current systems, lunar‐surface charging, and electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field. Comparison between the observed empty regions with the theoretically derived forbidden regions suggests that various components modify the characteristics of the nongyrotropic electron VDFs depending on the ambient‐plasma conditions. On the lunar nightside in the magnetotail lobes, negative surface potentials slightly reduce the size of the forbidden regions, but there are no distinct effects of either the diamagnetic current or perpendicular electric fields. On the dayside in the solar wind, the observations suggest the presence of either the diamagnetic‐current or solar wind convection electric field effects, or both. In the terrestrial plasma sheet, all three mechanisms can substantially modify the characteristics of the forbidden regions. The observations imply the presence of a local electric field of at least 5 mV/m although the mechanism responsible for production of such a strong electric field is unknown. Analysis of nongyrotropic VDFs associated with the gyroloss effect near solid surfaces can promote a better understanding of the near‐surface plasma environment and of plasma–solid‐surface interactions.
Characterizing the limitations to the coupling between Saturn's ionosphere and middle magnetosphere
Authors: Ray L. C. , Galand M. , Moore L. E. , Fleshman B.
Published: June 2012

Observations of Saturn's ultraviolet and infrared aurora show structures that, when traced along the planetary magnetic field, map to the inner, middle, and outer magnetosphere. From low to high latitudes the structures seen in the UV are the Enceladus footprint, which maps to an equatorial radius of 4 RS (Saturn radii); a diffuse emission that maps to a broad equatorial region from 4–11 RS on the nightside; and a bright ring of emission that maps to ∼15 RS. With the exception of the Enceladus spot, the magnetospheric drivers for these auroral emissions are not yet fully understood. We apply a 1D spatial, 2D velocity space Vlasov solver to flux tubes mapping from equatorial radii of 4, 6, 9, and 13 RS to Saturn's southern atmosphere. The aim is to globally characterize the field‐aligned potential structure and plasma density profiles. The ionospheric properties ‐ the field‐aligned current densities at the ionospheric boundary, energy intensity profiles and fluxes of the electrons precipitating into the ionosphere ‐ are also determined. We then couple our results to an ionospheric model to calculate the Pedersen conductances at the foot of the relevant flux tubes. We find that for a zero net potential drop between the ionosphere and magnetosphere, there exists a sharp potential drop at ∼1.5 RS along the magnetic field line as measured from the planetary center. The strength of this potential drop is approximately equal to that of the ambipolar potential resulting from the centrifugal confinement of the heavy, cold magnetospheric ion population. We also find that the ionospheric properties respond to changes in the magnetospheric plasma population, which are reflected in the nature of the precipitating electron population. For the flux tube mapping to 9 RS (−70°), the incident electron energy flux into the ionosphere resulting from a magnetospheric plasma population with a small fraction of hot electrons is an order of magnitude less than that inferred from observations, implying that significant high‐latitude field‐aligned potentials (up to 1.5 keV) may exist in the saturnian magnetosphere. Calculated ionospheric Pedersen conductances range from 3.0–18.9 mho, and are thus not expected to limit the currents flowing between the ionosphere and magnetosphere.
The wintertime South Pole tropospheric water vapor column: Comparisons of radiosonde and recent terahertz radiometry, use of the saturated column as a proxy measurement, and inference of decadal trends
Authors: Chamberlin R. A. , Grossman E. N.
Published: June 2012

We use a fifty‐year record of wintertime radiosonde observations at the South Pole to estimate the precipitable water vapor column (PWV) over the entire period. Humidity data from older radiosondes is of limited reliability; however, we think an estimation of PWV is possible using temperature data because the wintertime lower troposphere is very close to saturated. From temperature data we derived PWVSAT which is the PWV if the troposphere was saturated over the entire column. Comparisons to recent radiosonde humidity data indicate that PWV ≃ 0.88PWVSAT. Since 1998 a CMU/NRAO 860 GHz atmospheric radiometer has been operating at the South Pole producing zenith opacity data, τo. It is expected that τo ∝ PWV, and also τo ∝ PWVSAT, since the lower atmospheric column is near to saturation. We compare trends in τo, PWVSAT, and PWV. PWV and PWVSAT showed little trend in the last fifty years, 1961 to 2010, except perhaps in the last two decades, when PWVSAT was below average, followed by an increasing trend to above average. This increasing trend in the last decade was also observed in τo, except for the final two years when it appears that something changed in the instrument response. PWVSAT is a useful metric for estimating PWV in the earlier years of wintertime South Pole radiosonde, and it is generally useful for evaluating the wintertime performance of radiosonde humidity and atmospheric opacity instrumentation.
Structural basis for the protective effect of the human prion protein carrying the dominant-negative E219K polymorphism
Authors: Biljan Ivana , Giachin Gabriele , Ilc Gregor , Zhukov Igor , Plavec Janez , Legname Giuseppe
Published: June 2012

The most common form of prion disease in humans is sCJD (sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease). The naturally occurring E219K polymorphism in the HuPrP (human prion protein) is considered to protect against sCJD. To gain insight into the structural basis of its protective influence we have determined the NMR structure of recombinant HuPrP (residues 90–231) carrying the E219K polymorphism. The structure of the HuPrP(E219K) protein consists of a disordered N-terminal tail (residues 90–124) and a well-structured C-terminal segment (residues 125–231) containing three α-helices and two short antiparallel β-strands. Comparison of NMR structures of the wild-type and HuPrPs with pathological mutations under identical experimental conditions revealed that, although the global architecture of the protein remains intact, replacement of Glu219 with a lysine residue introduces significant local structural changes. The structural findings of the present study suggest that the protective influence of the E219K polymorphism is due to the alteration of surface charge distribution, in addition to subtle structural rearrangements localized within the epitopes critical for prion conversion.
All solutions of the n = 5 Lane–Emden equation
Authors: Mach Patryk
Published: June 2012

All real solutions of the Lane–Emden equation for n = 5 are obtained in terms of Jacobian and Weierstrass elliptic functions. A new family of solutions is found. It is expressed by remarkably simple formulae involving Jacobian elliptic functions only. The general properties and discrete scaling symmetries of these new solutions are discussed. We also comment on their possible applications.
Identifying passivated dynamic force microscopy tips on H:Si(100)
Authors: Sharp Peter , Jarvis Sam , Woolley Richard , Sweetman Adam , Kantorovich Lev , Pakes Chris , Moriarty Philip
Published: June 2012

The chemical reactivity of the tip plays a central role in image formation in dynamic force microscopy, but in very many cases the state of the probe is a key experimental unknown. We show here that an H-terminated and thus chemically unreactive tip can be readily identified via characteristic imaging and spectroscopic (F(z)) signatures, including, in particular, contrast inversion, on hydrogen-passivated Si(100). We determine the tip apex termination by comparing site-specific difference force curves with the results of density functional theory, providing a clear protocol for the identification of chemically unreactive tips on silicon surfaces.
Single photon source using confined Tamm plasmon modes
Authors: Gazzano O. , Michaelis de Vasconcellos S. , Gauthron K. , Symonds C. , Voisin P. , Bellessa J. , Lemaître A. , Senellart P.
Published: June 2012

We evaluate the potential of confined Tamm plasmon structures for single photon extraction. A single quantum dot is inserted in a structure consisting of a gold microdisk deposited on a distributed Bragg reflector. The quantum dot exciton line experiences acceleration of spontaneous emission while the biexciton line experiences inhibition. This property leads to non-linearities in the emission dynamics and the photon statistics as a function of the excitation rate. We show that the device operates as a single photon source with a measured brightness of 0.20 ± 0.02 collected photons per pulse. By modeling the extraction efficiency, we show that efficiencies around 60% can be reached in optimized structures.
Canonical transformations and Hamiltonian evolutionary systems
Authors: Al-Ashhab Samer
Published: June 2012

In many Lagrangian field theories, one has a Poisson bracket defined on the space of local functionals. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for a transformation on the space of local functionals to be canonical in three different cases. These three cases depend on the specific dimensions of the vector bundle of the theory and the associated Hamiltonian differential operator. We also show how a canonical transformation transforms a Hamiltonian evolutionary system and its conservation laws. Finally, we illustrate these ideas with three examples.
Electric modulation of magnetization at the BaTiO3/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 interfaces
Authors: Lu H. , George T. A. , Wang Y. , Ketsman I. , Burton J. D. , Bark C.-W. , Ryu S. , Kim D. J. , Wang J. , Binek C. , Dowben P. A. , Sokolov A. , Eom C.-B. , Tsymbal E. Y. , Gruverman A.
Published: June 2012

We report large (>10%) magnetization modulation by ferroelectric polarization reversal in the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic BaTiO3/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (BTO/LSMO) heterostructures. We find that the electrically induced change in magnetization is limited to the BTO/LSMO interface but extends about 3 nm deep into the LSMO layer—far beyond the expected screening length of metallic LSMO. It is suggested that this effect is due to a metal-insulator transition occurring at the BTO/LSMO interface as a result of electrostatic doping.
Probing the buried C60/Au(111) interface with atoms
Authors: Tang Lin , Xie Yangchun , Guo Quanmin
Published: June 2012

To characterize the C60/Au(111) interface, we send Au atoms “diving” through the C60 layer and observe their behavior at the interface. Our observations show that the interfacial diffusion of gold atoms and the nucleation of small Au islands at the interface are strongly dependent on the local C60-Au(111) bonding which varies from one domain to another. The contrast-disordered domain consisting of a large fraction of molecules bonded to Au vacancies has a special structure at the interface allowing Au atoms to be inserted beneath the bright-looking molecules while the dim molecules present a much stronger resistance to the diffusing Au atoms. This leads to the formation of isolated Au islands with discrete sizes, with the smallest island just about 1 nm across.
Simultaneous determination of the constituent azimuthal and radial mode indices for light fields possessing orbital angular momentum
Authors: Mazilu Michael , Mourka Areti , Vettenburg Tom , Wright Ewan M. , Dholakia Kishan
Published: June 2012

A wide array of diffractive structures such as arrays of pinholes, triangular apertures, slits, and holograms have all recently been used to measure the azimuthal index of individual Laguerre-Gaussian beams. Here, we demonstrate a powerful approach to simultaneously measure both the radial and azimuthal indices of pure Laguerre-Gaussian light fields using the method of principal component analysis. We find that the shape of the diffracting element used to measure the mode indices is in fact of little importance and the crucial step is training any diffracting optical system and transforming the observed pattern into uncorrelated variables. The method is generic and may be extended to other families of light fields such as Bessel or Hermite-Gaussian beams.
Photoluminescence recovery by in-situ exposure of plasma-damaged n-GaN to atomic hydrogen at room temperature
Authors: Chen Shang , Lu Yi , Kometani Ryosuke , Ishikawa Kenji , Kondo Hiroki , Tokuda Yutaka , Sekine Makoto , Hori Masaru
Published: June 2012

The effect of in-situ exposure of n-GaN damaged by Cl2 plasma to atomic hydrogen (H radicals) at room temperature was investigated. We found that the PL intensities of the band-edge emission, which had been drastically reduced by plasma-beam irradiation at a Cl ion dose of 5 × 1016 cm−2, recovered to values close to those of as-grown samples after H radical exposure at a dose of 3.8 × 1017 cm−2. XPS revealed the appearance of a peak at a binding energy of 18.3 eV, which is tentatively assigned to Ga-H, and confirmed the removal of Cl after H radical exposure.
Documenting the birth of a financial economy
Authors: Suri Tavneet , Jack William , Stoker Thomas M.
Published: June 2012

The birth and explosive growth of mobile money in Kenya has provided economists with an opportunity to study the evolution and impact of a new financial system. Mobile money is an innovation that allows individuals to store, send, and receive money on their mobile phone via text message. This system has opened up basic financial services to many who were previously excluded, and has had real and measurable impacts on the ability of households to protect themselves against health risks. Using a unique survey instrument covering nearly 2,300 households over 2008–2010, we first document the lightning-fast adoption of mobile money in Kenya, which was faster than most documented modern technologies in the United States. We then present evidence on how this innovation allows households to respond better to unexpected adverse health events. We find that in the face of these events, users of mobile money are better able to tap into remittances to finance additional health care costs without having to forego necessary expenditures on education, food, and other consumption needs.
Strategy for directing combinatorial genome engineering in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Sandoval Nicholas R. , Kim Jaoon Y. H. , Glebes Tirzah Y. , Reeder Philippa J. , Aucoin Hanna R. , Warner Joseph R. , Gill Ryan T.
Published: June 2012

We describe a directed genome-engineering approach that combines genome-wide methods for mapping genes to traits [Warner JR, Reeder PJ, Karimpour-Fard A, Woodruff LBA, Gill RT (2010)
Nat Biotechnol
28:856–862] with strategies for rapidly creating combinatorial ribosomal binding site (RBS) mutation libraries containing billions of targeted modifications [Wang HH, et al. (2009)
Nature
460:894–898]. This approach should prove broadly applicable to various efforts focused on improving production of fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, among other products. We used barcoded promoter mutation libraries to map the effect of increased or decreased expression of nearly every gene in
Escherichia coli
onto growth in several model environments (cellulosic hydrolysate, low pH, and high acetate). Based on these data, we created and evaluated RBS mutant libraries (containing greater than 100,000,000 targeted mutations), targeting the genes identified to most affect growth. On laboratory timescales, we successfully identified a broad range of mutations (>25 growth-enhancing mutations confirmed), which improved growth rate 10–200% for several different conditions. Although successful, our efforts to identify superior combinations of growth-enhancing genes emphasized the importance of epistatic interactions among the targeted genes (synergistic, antagonistic) for taking full advantage of this approach to directed genome engineering.