bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unusual Midwinter Warming in the Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere 2002: A Comparison to Northern Hemisphere Phenomena
Authors: Krüger Kirstin , Naujokat Barbara , Labitzke Karin
Published: April 2005

A strong midwinter warming occurred in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere in September 2002. Based on experiences from the Northern Hemisphere (NH), this event can be defined as a major warming with a breakdown of the polar vortex in midwinter, which has never been detected so far in the SH since observations began at the earliest in the 1940s. Minor midwinter warmings occasionally occurred in the SH, but a strong interannual variability, as is present in winter and spring in the NH, has been explicitly associated with the spring reversals.

A detailed analysis of this winter reveals the dominant role of eastward-traveling waves and their interaction with quasi-stationary planetary waves forced in the troposphere. Such wave forcing, finally leading to the sudden breakdown of the vortex, is a familiar feature of the northern winter stratosphere. Therefore, the unusual development of this Antarctic winter is described in the context of more than 50 Arctic winters, concentrating on winters with similar wave perturbations. The relevance of preconditioning of major warmings by traveling and quasi-stationary planetary waves is discussed for both hemispheres.
Evidence against an Antarctic Stratospheric Vortex Split during the Periods of Pre-IGY Temperature Measurements
Authors: Naujokat Barbara , Roscoe Howard K.
Published: April 2005

Historic upper-air observations from Antarctica are inspected to investigate the uniqueness of the vortex split in the Antarctic spring of 2002. No comprehensive meteorological observations are available prior to the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957/58, but stratospheric temperature observations from single stations provide evidence of varying strengths against the possibility of a split vortex in 1940 and in the early and middle 1950s.
The Splitting of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex in the Southern Hemisphere, September 2002: Dynamical Evolution
Authors: Charlton Andrew J. , O’Neill Alan , Lahoz William A. , Berrisford Paul
Published: April 2005

The polar vortex of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) split dramatically during September 2002. The large-scale dynamical effects were manifest throughout the stratosphere and upper troposphere, corresponding to two distinct cyclonic centers in the upper troposphere–stratosphere system. High-resolution (T511) ECMWF analyses, supplemented by analyses from the Met Office, are used to present a detailed dynamical analysis of the event. First, the anomalous evolution of the SH polar vortex is placed in the context of the evolution that is usually witnessed during spring. Then high-resolution fields of potential vorticity (PV) from ECMWF are used to reveal several dynamical features of the split. Vortex fragments are rapidly sheared out into sheets of high (modulus) PV, which subsequently roll up into distinct synoptic-scale vortices. It is proposed that the stratospheric circulation becomes hydrodynamically unstable through a significant depth of the troposphere–stratosphere system as the polar vortex elongates.
Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Thompson David W. J. , Baldwin Mark P. , Solomon Susan
Published: April 2005

This study examines the temporal evolution of the tropospheric circulation following large-amplitude variations in the strength of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric polar vortex in data from 1979 to 2001 and following the SH sudden stratospheric warming of 2002. In both cases, anomalies in the strength of the SH stratospheric polar vortex precede similarly signed anomalies in the tropospheric circulation that persist for more than 2 months. The SH tropospheric circulation anomalies reflect a bias in the polarity of the SH annular mode (SAM), a large-scale pattern of climate variability characterized by fluctuations in the strength of the SH circumpolar flow. Consistent with the climate impacts of the SAM, variations in the stratospheric polar vortex are also followed by coherent changes in surface temperatures throughout much of Antarctica. The results add to a growing body of evidence that suggests that stratospheric variability plays an important role in driving climate variability at Earth’s surface on a range of time scales.
ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts of Stratospheric Winter Polar Vortex Breakup: September 2002 in the Southern Hemisphere and Related Events
Authors: Simmons Adrian , Hortal Mariano , Kelly Graeme , McNally Anthony , Untch Agathe , Uppala Sakari
Published: April 2005

Breakup of the polar stratospheric vortex in the Northern Hemisphere is an event that is known to be predictable for up to a week or so ahead. This is illustrated using data from the 45-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) for the sudden warmings of January 1958 and February 1979 and operational ECMWF data for February 2003. It is then shown that a similar level of skill was achieved in operational forecasts for the split of the southern stratospheric vortex in late September 2002. The highly unusual flow conditions nevertheless exposed a computational instability of the forecast model. Analyses and forecasts from reruns using improved versions of the forecasting system are presented. Isentropic maps of potential vorticity and specific humidity provide striking pictures of the advective processes at work. Forecasts as well as analyses are shown to be in good agreement with radiosonde measurements of the temperature changes associated with vortex movement, distortion, and breakup during August and September. Forecasts from 17 September onward capture the remarkable temperature rise of about 60°C recorded at 20 hPa by the Halley radiosonde station as the vortex split. Objective forecast verification and data denial experiments are used to characterize the performance of the observing and data assimilation systems and to infer overall forecast, analysis, and observation accuracy. The observations and analyses from 1957 onward in the ERA-40 archive confirm the extreme nature of the 2002 event. Secondary vortex development by barotropic instability is also discussed; in analyses for early October 2002, the process is active in the breakup of the weaker of the two vortices formed by the late-September split.
The Unusual Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere Winter of 2002
Authors: Newman Paul A. , Nash Eric R.
Published: April 2005

The Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric winter of 2002 was the most unusual winter yet observed in the SH climate record. Temperatures near the edge of the Antarctic polar vortex were considerably warmer than normal over the entire course of the winter. The polar night jet was considerably weaker than normal and was displaced more poleward than has been observed in previous winters. These record high temperatures and weak jet resulted from a series of wave events that took place over the course of the winter. The propagation of these wave events from the troposphere is diagnosed from time series of Eliassen–Palm flux vectors and autoregression time series. Strong levels of planetary waves were observed in the midlatitude lower troposphere. The combinations of strong tropospheric waves with a low index of refraction at the tropopause resulted in the large stratospheric wave forcing. The wave events tended to occur irregularly over the course of the winter, and the cumulative effect of these waves was to precondition the polar night jet for the extremely large wave event of 22 September. This large wave event resulted in the first ever observed major stratospheric warming in the SH and split the Antarctic ozone hole. The combined effect of all of the 2002 winter wave events resulted in the smallest ozone hole observed since 1988. The sequence of stratospheric wave events was also found to be strongly associated with unusually strong levels of wave 1 in the SH tropospheric subtropics.
Vertical Structure of the Anomalous 2002 Antarctic Ozone Hole
Authors: Kondragunta S. , Flynn L. E. , Neuendorffer A. , Miller A. J. , Long C. , Nagatani R. , Zhou S. , Beck T. , Beach E. , McPeters R. , Stolarski R. , Bhartia P. K. , DeLand M. T. , Huang L.-K.
Published: April 2005

Ozone estimates from observations by the NOAA-16 Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV/2) instrument and Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS-N) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) are used to describe the vertical structure of ozone in the anomalous 2002 polar vortex. The SBUV/2 total ozone maps show that the ozone hole was pushed off the Pole and split into two halves due to a split in the midstratospheric polar vortex in late September. The vortex split and the associated transport of high ozone from midlatitudes to the polar region reduced the ozone hole area from 18 × 106 km2 on 20 September to 3 × 106 km2 on 27 September 2002. A 23-yr time series of SBUV/2 daily zonal mean total ozone amounts between 70° and 80°S shows record high values [385 Dobson units (DU)] during the late-September 2002 warming event. The transport and descent of high ozone from low latitudes to high latitudes between 60 and 15 mb contributed to the unusual increase in total column ozone and a small ozone hole estimated using the standard criterion (area with total ozone < 220 DU). In contrast, TOVS observations show an ozone-depleted region between 0 and 24 km, indicating that ozone destruction was present in the elongated but unsplit vortex in the lower stratosphere. During the warming event, the low-ozone regions in the middle and upper stratosphere were not vertically aligned with the low-ozone regions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. This offset in the vertical distribution of ozone resulted in higher total column ozone masking the ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere and resulting in a smaller ozone hole size estimate from satellite total ozone data.
GOME Observations of Stratospheric Trace Gas Distributions during the Splitting Vortex Event in the Antarctic Winter of 2002. Part I: Measurements
Authors: Richter Andreas , Wittrock Folkard , Weber Mark , Beirle Steffen , Kühl Sven , Platt Ulrich , Wagner Thomas , Wilms-Grabe Walburga , Burrows John P.
Published: April 2005

Measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) are used to study the chemical evolution of the stratosphere during the unusual 2002 winter in the Southern Hemisphere. The results show that chlorine activation as indicated by OClO columns was similar to previous years in the vortex until the major warming on 26 September 2002 after which it decreased rapidly. Similarly, NO2 columns were only slightly larger than in previous years before the warming, indicating strong denoxification and probably also denitrification. After the warming, very large NO2 columns were observed for a few days, which then decreased again as the vortex reestablished itself until the final warming. Ozone columns were much larger than in any previous year from September onward, mainly as a result of the unusual dynamical situation. Analysis of the global long-term time series of GOME measurements since 1996 provides a unique opportunity to set the austral winter 2002 into perspective. The GOME data reveal the large difference in variability of chlorine activation between the two hemispheres, whereas denoxification shows surprisingly little variation from year to year in both hemispheres. However, NO2 depletion in the Southern Hemisphere is usually sustained for about one month longer in the Antarctic stratosphere as a result of the stable vortex. Compared to the observations in the Northern Hemisphere, the austral winter 2002 was still stable and cold and had a high potential for chemical ozone destruction.
Model Simulations of the Impact of the 2002 Antarctic Ozone Hole on the Midlatitudes
Authors: Marchand M. , Bekki S. , Pazmino A. , Lefèvre F. , Godin-Beekmann S. , Hauchecorne A.
Published: April 2005

The 2002 Antarctic winter was characterized by unusually strong wave activity. The frequency and intensity of the anomalies increased in August and early September with a series of minor stratospheric warmings and culminated in a major stratospheric warming in late September. A three-dimensional high-resolution chemical transport model is used to estimate the effect of the exceptional 2002 Antarctic winter on chemical ozone loss in the midlatitudes and in polar regions. An ozone budget analysis is performed using a range of geographical and chemical ozone tracers. To highlight the unusual behavior of the 2002 winter, the same analysis is performed for the more typical 2001 winter. The ability of the model to reproduce the evolution of polar and midlatitude ozone during these two contrasted winters is first evaluated against ozonesonde measurements at middle and high latitudes. The evolution of the model-calculated 2002 ozone loss within the deep vortex core is found to be somewhat similar to that seen in the 2001 simulation until November, which is consistent with a lower-stratospheric vortex core remaining more or less isolated even during the major warming. However, the simulations suggest that the wave activity anomalies in 2002 enhanced mixing well before the major warming within the usually weakly mixed vortex edge region and, to a lesser extent, within the surrounding extravortex region. As a result of the increased permeability of the vortex edge, the export of chemically activated vortex air is more efficient during the winter in 2002 than in 2001. This has a very noticeable impact on the model-calculated midlatitude ozone loss, with destruction rates being about 2 times higher during August and September in 2002 compared to 2001. If the meteorological conditions of 2002 were to become more prevalent in the future, Antarctic polar ozone depletion would certainly be reduced, especially in the vortex edge region. However, it is also likely that polar chemical activation would affect midlatitude ozone earlier in the winter.
Wave Reflection and Focusing prior to the Major Stratospheric Warming of September 2002*
Authors: Harnik Nili , Scott Richard K. , Perlwitz Judith
Published: April 2005

Observations of the Southern Hemispheric winter conditions indicate that the major warming of September 2002 resulted from a combination of stationary wave-1 and traveling wave-2 forcing events and suggest that wave and mean-flow anomalies present earlier that winter may have also played a role. Quantities such as the location of the zero wind line, the strength and wave geometry of the vortex, and the horizontal and vertical wave fluxes all differed significantly from climatological values throughout much of the 2002 winter. An analysis of the anomalous features suggests the hypothesis that the persistence of a traveling wave 2 may have increased the likelihood of the combination with stationary wave 1, leading to the observed unprecedented increase in upward Eliassen–Palm flux preceding the warming.

The anomalous conditions of the 2002 winter began as early as mid-May of that year and consisted of a large burst of wave flux into the stratosphere and a strong deceleration of the vortex during its early stage of development. The low-latitude easterly anomaly that resulted from this (unprecedented) event appears to have enhanced the poleward focusing of wave activity in the mid- and upper stratosphere during the rest of the winter. The altered wave geometry of the 2002 vortex allowed internal reflection of traveling wave 2, which helps to explain its unusual persistence during the rest of the winter.
The Ozone Hole Breakup in September 2002 as Seen by SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT
Authors: von Savigny C. , Rozanov A. , Bovensmann H. , Eichmann K.-U. , Noël S. , Rozanov V. , Sinnhuber B.-M. , Weber M. , Burrows J. P. , Kaiser J. W.
Published: April 2005

An unprecedented stratospheric warming in the Southern Hemisphere in September 2002 led to the breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole into two parts. The Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) on the European Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) performed continuous observations of limb-scattered solar radiance spectra throughout the stratospheric warming. Thereby, global measurements of vertical profiles of several important minor constituents are provided with a vertical resolution of about 3 km. In this study, stratospheric profiles of O3, NO2, and BrO retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb-scattering observations together with polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) observations for selected days prior to (12 September), during (27 September), and after (2 October) the ozone hole split are employed to provide a picture of the temporal evolution of the Antarctic stratosphere’s three-dimensional structure.
Mixing and Chemical Ozone Loss during and after the Antarctic Polar Vortex Major Warming in September 2002
Authors: Konopka Paul , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Hoppel Karl W. , Steinhorst Hildegard-Maria , Müller Rolf
Published: April 2005

The 3D version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLAMS) is used to study the transport of CH4 and O3 in the Antarctic stratosphere between 1 September and 30 November 2002, that is, over the time period when unprecedented major stratospheric warming in late September split the polar vortex into two parts. The isentropic and cross-isentropic velocities in CLAMS are derived from ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates calculated with a radiation module. The irreversible part of transport, that is, mixing, is driven by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates with mixing parameters deduced from in situ observations.

The CH4 distribution after the vortex split shows a completely different behavior above and below 600 K. Above this potential temperature level, until the beginning of November, a significant part of vortex air is transported into the midlatitudes up to 40°S. The lifetime of the vortex remnants formed after the vortex split decreases with the altitude with values of about 3 and 6 weeks at 900 and 700 K, respectively.

Despite this enormous dynamical disturbance of the vortex, the intact part between 400 and 600 K that “survived” the major warming was strongly isolated from the extravortex air until the end of November. According to CLAMS simulations, the air masses within this part of the vortex did not experience any significant dilution with the midlatitude air.

By transporting ozone in CLAMS as a passive tracer, the chemical ozone loss was estimated from the difference between the observed [Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III) and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)] and simulated ozone profiles. Starting from 1 September, up to 2.0 ppmv O3 around 480 K and about 70 Dobson units between 450 and 550 K were destroyed until the vortex was split. After the major warming, no additional ozone loss can be derived, but in the intact vortex part between 450 and 550 K, the accumulated ozone loss was “frozen in” until the end of November.
Ozone Chemistry during the 2002 Antarctic Vortex Split
Authors: Grooß Jens-Uwe , Konopka Paul , Müller Rolf
Published: April 2005

In September 2002, the Antarctic polar vortex was disturbed, and it split into two parts caused by an unusually early stratospheric major warming. This study discusses the chemical consequences of this event using the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The chemical initialization of the simulation is based on Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) measurements. Because of its Lagrangian nature, CLaMS is well suited for simulating the small-scale filaments that evolve during this period. Filaments of vortex origin in the midlatitudes were observed by HALOE several times in October 2002. The results of the simulation agree well with these HALOE observations. The simulation further indicates a very rapid chlorine deactivation that is triggered by the warming associated with the split of the vortex. Correspondingly, the ozone depletion rates in the polar vortex parts rapidly decrease to zero. Outside the polar vortex, where air masses of midlatitude origin were transported to the polar region, the simulation shows high ozone depletion rates at the 700-K level caused mainly by NOx chemistry. Owing to the major warming in September 2002, ozone-poor air masses were transported into the midlatitudes and caused a decrease of midlatitude ozone by 5%–15%, depending on altitude. Besides this dilution effect, there was no significant additional chemical effect. The net chemical ozone depletion in air masses of vortex origin was low and did not differ significantly from that of midlatitude air, in spite of the different chemical composition of the two types of air masses.
Mixing Processes during the Antarctic Vortex Split in September–October 2002 as Inferred from Source Gas and Ozone Distributions from ENVISAT–MIPAS
Authors: Glatthor N. , von Clarmann T. , Fischer H. , Funke B. , Grabowski U. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Kiefer M. , Linden A. , Milz M. , Steck T. , Stiller G. P. , Tsidu G. Mengistu , Wang D-Y.
Published: April 2005

In late September 2002, an Antarctic major stratospheric warming occurred, which led to a strong distortion of the southern polar vortex and to a split of its mid- and upper-stratospheric parts. Such an event had never before been observed since the beginning of regular Antarctic stratospheric temperature observations in the 1950s. The split is studied by means of nonoperational level-2 CH4, N2O, CFC-11, and O3 data, retrieved at the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research Karlsruhe (IMK) from high-resolution atmospheric limb emission spectra from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board the European research satellite, Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT). Retrieved horizontal and vertical distributions of CH4 and N2O show good consistency with potential vorticity fields of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis for the entire period under investigation, even for fine structures such as vortex filaments. Tracer correlation analysis suggests that mixing into the vortex had already occurred before the major warming and that vortex fragments were transported into the surrounding air masses on potential temperature levels above 400 K during the split. Correlation analysis of ozone with the source gases indicates slight ongoing ozone destruction in the lower-stratospheric vortex (below ∼500 K) after the beginning of the warming event.
Effect of a Variable Eddy Transfer Coefficient in an Eddy-Permitting Model of the Subpolar North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Deacu Daniel , Myers Paul G.
Published: April 2005

The effect of using a variable eddy transfer coefficient for the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization in a (1/3)°-resolution ocean model of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean is investigated. Results from four experiments with different implementations of this coefficient are compared among themselves as well as with two control experiments. A series of improvements have been obtained in all of the experiments that use a low level of explicit horizontal tracer diffusion. These include a better representation of the overflow waters originating from the Nordic seas, leading to a more realistic deep western boundary current and to increased eddy activity in the deep ocean in the eastern North Atlantic. In the same experiments, the GM velocities “help” the Labrador Sea Water to spread from the deep convection region to the currents that surround it without incurring significant spurious diapycnal mixing. Thus, two classical pathways for the spreading of this water are established. Moreover, the simulated Labrador Current and the near-surface circulation in the eastern North Atlantic are in better agreement with flow patterns inferred from observations. The increased release of available potential energy obtained in the experiments with variable eddy transfer coefficients is responsible for the simulation of a flow that varies less in time. An overly strong countercurrent still occurs in the Labrador Sea in these experiments, and it has a negative impact on the pathway of the North Atlantic Current in the “Northwest Corner” and on the hydrography of the Labrador Sea. Nonetheless and overall, the use of the variable eddy transfer coefficient has led to better representations of the general circulation and hydrography in the subpolar North Atlantic.
On the Accuracy of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Analysis for Estimating Heat Budgets of the Near-Surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal*
Authors: Shenoi S S C. , Shankar D. , Shetye S. R.
Published: April 2005

The accuracy of data from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) model for estimating the heat budget of the upper ocean is tested in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. SODA is able to reproduce the changes in heat content when they are forced more by the winds, as in wind-forced mixing, upwelling, and advection, but not when they are forced exclusively by surface heat fluxes, as in the warming before the summer monsoon.
The Dok Cold Eddy
Authors: Mitchell D. A. , Teague W. J. , Wimbush M. , Watts D. R. , Sutyrin G. G.
Published: April 2005

Current and temperature patterns in the Ulleung Basin of the Japan/East Sea are examined using acoustic travel-time measurements from an array of pressure-gauge-equipped inverted echo sounders moored between June 1999 and July 2001. The focus here is the formation and behavior of a persistent cold eddy observed south of Dok Island, referred to as the Dok Cold Eddy (DCE), and meandering of the Subpolar Front. The DCE is typically about 60 km in diameter and originates from the pinching off of a Subpolar Front meander between Ulleung and Dok Islands. After formation, the DCE dwells southwest of Dok Island for 1–6 months before propagating westward toward Korea, where it deflects the path of the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC). Four such DCE propagation events between January and June 2000 each deflected the EKWC, and after the fourth deflection the EKWC changed paths and flowed westward along the Japanese shelf as the “Offshore Branch” from June through November 2000. Beginning in March 2001, a deep, persistent meander of the Subpolar Front developed and oscillated with a period near 60 days, resulting in the deformation and northwestward displacement of the Ulleung Eddy. Satellite-altimeter data suggest that the Ulleung Eddy may have entered the northern Japan/East Sea. The evolution of this meander is compared with thin-jet nonlinear dynamics described by the modified Korteweg–deVries equation.
Transports through the Straits of Florida
Authors: Hamilton Peter , Larsen Jimmy C. , Leaman Kevin D. , Lee Thomas N. , Waddell Evans
Published: April 2005

Transports were calculated for four sections of the Florida Current from Key West to Jupiter, Florida, using a moored current-meter array and voltages from cross-channel telephone cables at the western and northern ends of the Straits of Florida. In addition, moored arrays were used to estimate transport through the Northwest Providence, Santaren, and Old Bahama Channels that connect the Florida Current to the southwestern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Transport measurements were obtained for an 11-month period from December 1990 to November 1991. Mean transports of ∼25 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) for the flow across the western ends of the straits, which agree quite well with recent estimates of 23.8 ± 1 Sv entering the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel, were obtained from both the Key West to Havana cable and the moored array. This estimate is about 5 Sv less than the generally accepted transport through the northern end of the straits at 27°N. This difference was partially accounted for by inflows through the side channels with more transport from the Old Bahama than the Northwest Providence Channel. The variability in the southern part of the straits was larger than at 27°N and included large diversions of the Florida Current south of the Cay Sal Bank and into the Santaren Channel that were caused by large meanders of the flow. The variability of transport in the side channels contributed to the variability of the Florida Current and reduces the correlations of the transports at the ends of the straits. Therefore, the well-measured transport at 27°N is not an accurate indicator of the transport of the Loop Current out of the Gulf of Mexico.
Reflection and Transmission of Equatorial Rossby Waves*
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pedlosky Joseph
Published: April 2005

The interaction of equatorial Rossby waves with a western boundary perforated with one or more narrow gaps is investigated using a shallow-water numerical model and supporting theory. It is found that very little of the incident energy flux is reflected into eastward-propagating equatorial Kelvin waves provided that at least one gap is located within approximately a deformation radius of the equator. Because of the circulation theorem around an island, the existence of a second gap off the equator reduces the reflection of short Rossby waves and enhances the transmission of the incident energy into the western basin. The westward energy transmitted past the easternmost island is further reduced upon encountering islands to the west, even if these islands are located entirely within the “shadow” of the easternmost island. A localized patch of wind forcing was also used to generate low-frequency Rossby waves for cases with island configurations representative of the western equatorial Pacific. For both idealized islands and a coastline based on the 200-m isobath, the amount of incident energy reflected into Kelvin waves depends on both the duration of the wind event and the meridional decay scale of the anomalous winds. For wind events of 2-yr duration with a meridional decay scale of 700 km, the reflected energy is 37% of the incident flux, and the energy transmitted into the Indian Ocean is approximately 10% of the incident flux, very close to that predicted by previous theories. For shorter wind events or winds confined more closely to the equator the reflected energy is significantly less.
Hydraulic Control of a Highly Stratified Estuarine Front*
Authors: MacDonald Daniel G. , Geyer W. Rockwell
Published: April 2005

Observations at the mouth of the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) indicate an abrupt frontal transition between unstratified river outflow and a highly stratified river plume with differences in salinity greater than 25 psu across a few meters in the vertical direction and several hundred meters in the horizontal direction. The front roughly follows a natural break in the bathymetry, crossing the channel at an angle of approximately 45°, and is essentially stationary for a period of approximately 3.5 h centered on the low tide following the larger of two daily ebbs. The location of the front is coincident with observations of significantly supercritical internal Froude numbers at the front, based on velocities in the along-flow direction. This observation contradicts the one-dimensional theory, which indicates that the Froude number should be 1. However, because the front is oriented obliquely to the outflow, a coordinate system can be selected that is normal to the front and for which a critical Froude number of 1 is obtained. This indicates that a Froude angle, similar in application to a Mach angle for transonic flows, can be used to determine critical conditions when the front is oblique to the principal flow direction.
Meridional Extent and Interannual Variability of the Pacific Ocean Tropical–Subtropical Warm Water Exchange
Authors: Meinen Christopher S.
Published: April 2005

Altimetric observations of sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) from the TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS satellites, hydrography, and the ECMWF and Florida State University wind products are used to track warm water (≥20°C) as it is exchanged between the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the higher latitudes during 1993–2003. The large El Niño event of 1997–98 resulted in a significant discharge of warm water toward the higher latitudes within the interior of the Pacific Ocean. The exchange of anomalous warm water volume with the Northern Hemisphere appears to be blocked under the intertropical convergence zone, consistent with most current ideas on the time-mean tropical–subtropical exchange. Little of the warm water discharged northward across 5° and 8°N during the 1997–98 El Niño event could be traced as far as 10°N. To the south, however, these anomalous volumes of warm water were visible at least as far as 20°S, primarily in the longitudes around 130°–160°W. In both hemispheres most of the warm water appeared to flow westward before returning to the Tropics during the recharge phase of the El Niño–La Niña cycle. The buildup of warm water in the Tropics before the 1997–98 El Niño is shown to be fed primarily by warm water drawn from the region in the western Pacific within 5°S–15°N. The exchange cycle between the equatorial band and the higher latitudes north of the equator leads the cycle in the south by 6–8 months. These results are found in all three datasets used herein, hydrography, altimetric observations of SSHA, and Sverdrup transports calculated from multiple wind products, which demonstrates the robustness of the results.
Bottom Temperature Fluctuations on the Continental Slope of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Broek Howard W.
Published: April 2005

Temperature fluctuations on the western continental slopes of the Atlantic Ocean have been measured at three stations on the ocean bottom at depths from 1400 to 2100 m and from 17° to 35°N. All three stations were in or near the deep western boundary current. Daily readings were taken for four to six years. Maximum-to-minimum fluctuations of the isotherms were 800 m off Cape Hatteras, with average temperature of 3.80°C. Temperature appeared episode-driven, with minima consistently near 3.60°C and maxima near 4.10°C. Large swings in temperature had a duration of 10–30 days. Data from Antigua also appeared episode-driven but showed fewer large shifts in temperature, but the maximum-to-minimum fluctuations of the isotherms were 400 m. Hence interesting motions may exist in the seldom-studied region near the bend in the Antilles Islands chain. These two stations are vastly different from previously reported data from the Blake Plateau in which temperature increases are consistently more rapid than decreases and suggest frequent overflow currents. Annual oscillations were seen at the Antigua and Blake Plateau stations, but no semiannual effect was seen.
The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to the Marital Attitudes and Readiness for Marriage of Single Young Adult Women
Authors: Larson Jeffry H. , LaMont Craig
Published: April 2005

This study investigated the relationship of childhood sexual abuse to marital attitudes and perceived readiness for marriage in single young adult women. A total of 622 women from three universities in the United States completed questionnaires on sexual abuse, attitudes and feelings about marriage, and readiness for marriage. After controlling for age, childhood sexual abuse was found to be related to more negative attitudes about marriage, more negative feelings about marriage, less readiness for marriage, and a longer perceived waiting period before marriage. Implications for premarital counseling and education for victims of childhood sexual abuse are discussed.
Marital Quality in Black and White Marriages
Authors: Broman Clifford L.
Published: April 2005

This article investigates differences in marital quality in Black and White marriages. The specific focus is the role of spousal behavior and how this differs by race. Using national sample data, the author found several things. First, there are significant differences in marital quality across race. This is a general finding that has been reported in previous research. Second, Blacks and Whites differentially characterize their spouses. Blacks are significantly more likely to report that the spouse has affairs, hits or pushes, wastes money, or does not make them feel loved. Therefore, an important reason for race differences in marital quality is that Blacks and Whites experience different levels of positive and negative behavior from their spouses. These factors completely explain the association of race and marital quality. The author concludes with a discussion of implications for future research.
A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Family Functioning and Adolescent Adjustment in Chinese Adolescents With Economic Disadvantage
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: April 2005

This longitudinal study examines the relationships between perceived family functioning and adolescent psychological well-being and problem behavior in Chinese adolescents with economic disadvantage ( N = 199). Results showed that perceived family functioning was concurrently related to measures of adolescent psychological well-being (existential well-being, mastery, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and general psychiatric morbidity) and problem behavior (substance abuse and delinquency) at Time 1 and Time 2. Longitudinal and prospective analyses (Time 1 predictors predicting Time 2 criterion variables) suggest that the relations between perceived family functioning and adolescent psychological well-being and problem behavior were bidirectional in nature. The longitudinal linkages between family functioning and adolescent adjustment were found to be stronger in Chinese adolescent girls than in Chinese adolescent boys with economic disadvantage.
“Generational Deserters” and “Black Sheep”
Authors: Pyke Karen
Published: April 2005

This study examines the impact of sibling acculturative differences on immigrant family dynamics. An analysis of 32 interviews with grown children of Korean and Vietnamese immigrants with siblings on different acculturative trajectories finds that traditional siblings are more likely to be elder children whose higher status and obligations as first-born children bind them more closely to their ethnicity than younger children. Elder siblings’ role as disciplinarians to younger siblings bolstered their family power and enhanced their solidarity with parents but created tension with younger, more assimilated siblings. Although assimilated siblings regard their traditional siblings as “generational traitors” for aligning with parents, traditional siblings viewed assimilated siblings, who challenge traditional ethnic practices and parental rules, as so-called “black sheep.” Several benefits of sibling acculturative variance in immigrant families are also discussed.
The notion of ‘the West’ in the Serbian national imaginary
Authors: Volčič Zala
Published: April 2005

This article deals with the imagery of ‘the West’ in contemporary Serbia. In an analysis of interviews with young Serbian intellectuals, it evaluates how they use the metaphor of the West to construct their self-image. Furthermore, it discusses how Serbian responses to European stereotyping and ‘Othering’ of the Balkans can function as a form of celebratory appropriation, acceptance and exploitation of these stereotypes. It explores the ‘self-exoticization’ process as a reaction to the real or imagined western stereotyping that is detected in Serbian narratives, with the overall objective of demonstrating the urgency of critically rethinking the notion that the identity of European remote areas mirrors western interests and stereotypes. Serbian narratives echo the ongoing struggle over the definition and purpose of belonging to Europe in relation to a global economy. Memories, traditions and stereotypes of belonging are not just invented, but also actively encouraged and negotiated within Serbian society.
‘Home’ and ethnicity in the context of warHesitant diasporas of Bosnian refugees
Authors: Huttunen Laura
Published: April 2005

This article examines the meanings of ‘home’ in the lives of Bosnian refugees living in diaspora after the extremely destructive war in Bosnia. Through careful reading of life stories written by two refugees living in Finland, it highlights the dynamic process of negotiating belonging in diasporic situations. It pays special attention to the ambivalent role of ethnicity in the memories of these writers and their understanding of ‘good homes’. The reading does not support the popular ‘ancient hatred’ explanation of war in Bosnia; the violence of the war does not grow organically from the lives of ethnically mixed communities. Rather, it is brought to the communities by politicized discourses interpreting the language of ethnicity in extremely violent and exclusive ways. This article’s orientation is towards ‘hesitant diasporas’ because of refugees’ hesitation between their country of origin and their new country of settlement as their ‘homes’ in a changing situation.
Hegemonic struggle, the state and popular culture The case of football in Turkey
Authors: Yarar Betül
Published: April 2005

It is generally acknowledged that the 1980s, which was marked by the rise of the New Right, was a turning point in the history of Turkey. Turkish football fans and supporters also witnessed the beginning of a process of radical transformation in football within the same period. This article seeks to shed light on the new hegemonic politics of the New Right via a critical analysis of the mechanisms through which the New Right’s politics and football were articulated in Turkey in the 1980s. Having been inspired by Grossberg’s theory of politics of popular culture, the article argues that the success of the New Right includes not only its ideological ability to mobilize the masses around its hegemonic project, but also its capacity to reconstruct popular practices and popular formations such as football.
Freedom calling
Authors: Keller Margit
Published: April 2005

This article focuses on the development of consumer culture and specifically the notion of consumer freedom in the transitional society of Estonia. Drawing on the work of Zygmunt Bauman and Don Slater as well as the notion of ‘transition culture’ proposed by Michael Kennedy, it investigates the importance of western goods and western notions of consumer choice in anchoring emerging conceptions of individual freedom in post-socialist countries. This theme is explored through an analysis of a consumer item with a particularly high sign value in Estonia: the mobile phone. The analysis details the transformation discourses around freedom in print advertisements for mobile telephony from 1991-2001, demonstrating how over this period the meaning of freedom as a value shifted from political and economic conceptions to an individualized discourse of consumer choice emphasizing hedonism, self-expression and leisure.
The globalization of gender
Authors: Vidmar-Horvat Ksenija
Published: April 2005

This article looks at the American TV series Ally McBeal and the meaning of the lead character for young college audiences in post-socialist Slovenia. Critical examinations of the series have pointed to the problematic construction of the character’s gender identity based on the notion of liberated femininity. This notion has been seen as especially problematic with reference to feminist politics. When discussing the character and its social portrait with sociology undergraduate students in Slovenia, however, the series’ construction of the post-feminist character attracts a different set of meanings. Rather than engaging in the debate with western feminism, the analysis suggests, Ally’s popularity in Slovenia may be understood from the way in which the character and the series allow local audiences, and women’s audiences in particular, to come to terms with their own social biographies in the period of transition.
Distinctive gene expression pattern in VH3-21 utilizing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Fält Susann , Merup Mats , Tobin Gerard , Thunberg Ulf , Gahrton Gösta , Rosenquist Richard , Wennborg Anders
Published: April 2005

The usage of the immunoglobulin (Ig) VH3-21 gene is associated with poor prognosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) despite VH gene mutation status. Many VH3-21+ patients also display restricted heavy- and light-chain Ig gene rearrangements, implying a role of antigen selection in disease development. To explore the specific phenotypic/genotypic features among VH3-21+ B-CLLs, we compared gene expression patterns in 15 VH3-21+ and 24 non-VH3-21 patients (11 with unmutated and 13 with mutated VH genes) using Affymetrix microarray analysis (∼12 500 genes). A distinct expression profile was identified for VH3-21+ patients in contrast to the Ig-unmutated and -mutated groups. By applying different algorithms, the data enabled an efficient class discrimination of the VH3-21+ subset based on 27 or 57 genes. A set of genes was sorted out which, using different analytical methods, consistently gave a distinction between VH3-21+ and non-VH3-21 samples. Several of these genes are involved in regulation of DNA replication/cell-cycle control, transcription and protein kinase activity, which may render the VH3-21+ cells with a higher proliferative drive. However, no clear evidence of increased B-cell receptor signaling was found in the VH3-21+ group. Altogether, our identification of a specific VH3-21 profile may provide insights into the pathogenesis of the VH3-21+ subgroup. (Blood. 2005;106:681-689)
Selective depletion of alloreactive donor lymphocytes: a novel method to reduce the severity of graft-versus-host disease in older patients undergoing matched sibling donor stem cell transplantation
Authors: Solomon Scott R. , Mielke Stephan , Savani Bipin N. , Montero Aldemar , Wisch Laura , Childs Richard , Hensel Nancy , Schindler John , Ghetie Victor , Leitman Susan F. , Mai Thao , Carter Charles S. , Kurlander Roger , Read Elizabeth J. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Barrett A. John
Published: April 2005

We have selectively depleted host-reactive donor T cells from peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant allografts ex vivo using an anti-CD25 immunotoxin. We report a clinical trial to decrease graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in elderly patients receiving selectively depleted PBSC transplants from HLA-identical sibling donors. Sixteen patients (median age, 65 years [range, 51-73 years]), with advanced hematologic malignancies underwent transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning with fludarabine and either cyclophosphamide (n = 5), melphalan (n = 5), or busulfan (n = 6). Cyclosporine was used as sole GVHD prophylaxis. The allograft contained a median of 4.5 × 106 CD34 cells/kg (range, 3.4-7.3 × 106 CD34 cells/kg) and 1.0 × 108/kg (range, 0.2-1.5 × 108/kg) selectively depleted T cells. Fifteen patients achieved sustained engraftment. The helper T-lymphocyte precursor (HTLp) frequency assay demonstrated successful (mean, 5-fold) depletion of host-reactive donor T cells, with conservation of third-party response in 9 of 11 cases tested. Actuarial rates of acute GVHD were 46% ± 13% for grades II to IV and 12% ± 8% for grades III to IV. These results suggest that allodepletion of donor cells ex vivo is clinically feasible in older patients and may reduce the rate of severe acute GVHD. Further studies with selectively depleted transplants to evaluate graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) and survival are warranted.