bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of species environment on host preference of Cuscuta campestris
Authors: Baráth Kornél
Published: July 2021

Cuscuta campestrisis one of the most widespread and most harmful parasitic plants in the world. It regularly infests economically important crops substantially reducing their yield. Its host preference has been frequently investigated in natural habitats, but studies have usually been performed at only one site. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that host-preference studies performed at a single site provide information only about local individuals of the host species and not about the species of hosts in general. The preferential status of host species was investigated in different geographical regions, in different species environments. Altogether 1847 relationships between parasite and plant species were examined and categorized at 171 places in Hungary. The used method took into account the frequency and intensity of infestations on the hosts, the proportion of resource use and availability, the resource distribution as well as the defence mechanisms of the hosts. The frequency and intensity of infestations greatly varied amongst the 174 detected host species. The results confirmed that frequently parasitized hosts ofC. campestrisare not necessarily preferred. Most host species have infestations of varying intensity in different species environments. Poaceae species were found to differ from each other in the extent to which they support the parasite’s growth. The study revealed also thatC. campestrisdoes not always develop haustoria on individuals of those species, which are unable to contribute significantly to its growth.
Assessing the potential of partial root zone drying and mulching for improving the productivity of cotton under arid climate
Authors: Iqbal Rashid , Habib-ur-Rahman Muhammad , Raza Muhammad Aown Sammar , Waqas Muhammad , Ikram Rao Muhammad , Ahmed Muhammad Zeshan , Toleikiene Monika , Ayaz Muhammad , Mustafa Farhan , Ahmad Salman , Aslam Muhammad Usman , Waqas Muhammad Mohsin , Khan Muhammad Tahir , Aslam Muhammad Mahran , Haider Imran
Published: July 2021

Water scarcity constrains global cotton production. However, partial root-zone drying (PRD) and mulching can be used as good techniques to save water and enhance crop production, especially in arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mulching for water conservation in an arid environment under PRD and to further assess the osmotic adjustment and enzymatic activities for sustainable cotton production. The study was carried out for 2 years in field conditions using mulches (NM = no mulch, BPM = black plastic mulch at 32 kg ha-1, WSM = wheat straw mulch at 3 tons ha-1, CSM = cotton sticks mulch at 10 tons ha-1) and two irrigation levels (FI = full irrigation and PRD (50% less water than FI). High seed cotton yield (SCY) achieved in FI+WSM (4457 and 4248 kg ha-1in 2017 and 2018, respectively) and even in PRD+WSM followed by BPM>CSM>NM under FI and PRD for both years. The higher SCY and traits observed in FI+WSM and PRD+WSM compared with the others were attributed to the improved water use efficiency and gaseous exchange traits, increased hormone production (ABA), osmolyte accumulation, and enhanced antioxidants to scavenge the excess reactive oxygen. Furthermore, better cotton quality traits were also observed under WSM either with FI or PRD irrigation regimes. Mulches applications found effective to control the weeds in the order as BPM>WSM>CSM. In general, PRD can be used as an effective stratagem to save moisture along with WSM, which ultimately can improve cotton yield in the water-scarce regions under arid climatic regions. It may prove as a good adaptation strategy under current and future water shortage scenarios of climate change.
CEO gender and SMEs innovativeness: evidence for Spanish businesses
Authors: Expósito Alfonso , Sanchis-Llopis Amparo , Sanchis-Llopis Juan A.
Published: July 2021

This paper analyses the role of gender of the chief executive officer (CEO) on the propensity to introduce innovations using a sample of 1405 Spanish small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We examine whether there are significant differences between female- and male-led businesses in terms of their propensity to innovate, and whether these differences may be explained by factors related to the attributes of the CEO concerning risk tolerance, self-confidence, education level and cooperative behaviour. In particular, this study tests if the linkages between these managerial attributes and the propensity to innovate are influenced by the gender of the CEO. Using a multivariate probit model (triprobit), we further investigate the role of gender on the CEO decision to simultaneously introduce product, process and organisational innovations. Our main results indicate that there are not significant differences in the propensity to introduce innovations between male- and female-run businesses when considering innovation at an aggregated level, that is, innovating in any of the three types of innovations considered. However, we obtain a higher propensity of male CEOs to introduce process innovations, as compared to their female counterparts. No significant differences by gender are found for product and organisational innovations. Additionally, results of the multivariate probit model indicate that the three innovation decisions are interdependent and should be jointly analysed. This study contributes to the scant literature regarding gender impact on firm’s innovativeness with novel empirical evidence for SMEs.
Bewegungsanleitung und Ernährungsberatung bei Krebspatienten – Ergebnisse eines 5-Jahres-Follow-up
Authors: Grabenbauer Andrea Juliane , Meissner Karin
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

Interventionen zur Verbesserung der körperlichen Aktivität und Ernährung erhöhen nachweislich die Lebensqualität von onkologischen Patienten. Langzeitergebnisse zu Interventionsstudien gibt es bisher wenige.

Ziele der Studie

Das Ziel dieser Studie war ein 5‑Jahres-Langzeit-Follow-up einer 3‑monatigen Interventionsstudie an onkologischen Patienten mit Bewegungstherapie und Ernährungsberatung.

Patienten und Methoden

Nach 5 Jahren wurden 36 Patienten der Interventionsstudie erneut befragt. Die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität wurde mittels des EORTC-QLQ-C30-Fragebogens erfasst. Des Weiteren wurden Fragen zum Bewegungsverhalten, zur Ernährung sowie zu soziodemographischen Faktoren gestellt.

Ergebnisse

Nach einer medianen Nachbeobachtungszeit von 61,5 (Spanne 41–80) Monaten gaben 35 von 36 teilnehmenden Patienten (94 %) positive Langzeiteffekte der Intervention auf ihre Einstellung zur körperlichen Aktivität und 26 Patienten (72 %) auf ihre Einstellung zu einer ausgewogenen Ernährungsweise an. 33 von 36 (92 %) Patienten waren mindestens einmal pro Woche körperlich aktiv, im Mittel 4,5-mal (Spannweite, 1–9) pro Woche über durchschnittlich 64 min. Im Vergleich zum Ausgangswert war die Lebensqualität signifikant verbessert (p < 0,001), jedoch nur bei Patienten mit mindestens 3 Bewegungseinheiten pro Woche.

Schlussfolgerungen

Onkologische Patienten zeigten 5 Jahre nach einer 3‑monatigen Bewegungsintervention mit Ernährungsberatung ein hohes Ausmaß an körperlicher Aktivität sowie eine anhaltende Sensibilisierung für gesunde Ernährung. Auch die Lebensqualität war nachhaltig verbessert, sofern mindestens 3‑mal pro Woche eine körperliche Betätigung von 60 min erfolgte.
Non-additive activity modulation during a decision making task involving tactic selection
Authors: Braun Wilhelm , Matsuzaka Yoshiya , Mushiake Hajime , Northoff Georg , Longtin André
Published: July 2021

Human brain imaging has revealed that stimulus-induced activity does generally not simply add to the pre-stimulus activity, but rather builds in a non-additive way on this activity. Here we investigate this subject at the single neuron level and address the question whether and to what extent a strong form of non-additivity where activity drops post-cue is present in different areas of monkey cortex, including prefrontal and agranular frontal areas, during a perceptual decision making task involving action and tactic selection. Specifically we analyze spike train data recorded in vivo from the posterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (pmPFC), the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA). For each neuron, we compute the ratio of the trial-averaged pre-stimulus spike count to the trial-averaged post-stimulus count. We also perform the ratio and averaging procedures in reverse order. We find that the statistics of these quantities behave differently across areas. pmPFC involved in tactic selection shows stronger non-additivity compared to the two other areas which more generically just increase their firing rate pos-stimulus. pmPFC behaved more similarly to pre-SMA, a likely consequence of the reciprocal connections between these areas. The trial-averaged ratio statistic was reproduced by a surrogate inhomogeneous Poisson process in which the measured trial-averaged firing rate for a given neuron is used as its time-dependent rate. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the trial-averaged firing rates of neuronal ensembles further reveals area-specific time courses of response to the stimulus, including latency to peak neural response, for the typical population activity. Our work demonstrates subtle forms of area-specific non-additivity based on the fine variability structure of pre- and post-stimulus spiking activity on the single neuron level. It also reveals significant differences between areas for PCA and surrogate analysis, complementing previous observations of regional differences based solely on post-stimulus responses. Moreover, we observe regional differences in non-additivity which are related to the monkey’s successful tactic selection and decision making.
Defensive Liability: A Matter of Rights Enforcement, not Distributive Justice
Authors: Burri Susanne
Published: July 2021

The Moral Responsibility Account of Liability to Defensive Harm (MRA) states that an agent becomes liable to defensive harm if, and only if, she engages in a foreseeably risk-imposing activity that subsequently threatens objectively unjustified harm. Advocates of the account contend that liability to defensive harm is best understood as an aspect of distributive justice. Individuals who are liable to some harm are not wronged if the harm is imposed on them, and liability to defensive harm thus helps ensure that harm is borne by whoever has least of an objection of justice against being burdened with it—or so advocates of the MRA insist. In this paper, I argue that liability to defensive harm is not grounded in considerations of distributive justice. While it depends on the wider societal context what allocation of a burden is distributively most just, liability to defensive harm is a distinctly localised affair. I propose that liability to defensive harm is best understood as part of the enforcement dimension of our rights to non-interference. Framing liability in this way does not invalidate the MRA. It does, however, render subjective impermissibility accounts of liability particularly promising.
Left egocentric neglect in early subacute right-stroke patients is related to damage of the superior longitudinal fasciculus
Authors: Spanò Barbara , Nardo Davide , Giulietti Giovanni , Matano Alessandro , Salsano Ilenia , Briani Chiara , Vadalà Rita , Marzi Claudia , De Luca Maria , Caltagirone Carlo , Santangelo Valerio
Published: July 2021

A typical consequence of stroke in the right hemisphere is unilateral spatial neglect. Distinct forms of neglect have been described, such as space-based (egocentric) and object-based (allocentric) neglect. However, the relationship between these two forms of neglect is still far from being understood, as well as their neural substrates. Here, we further explore this issue by using voxel lesion symptoms mapping (VLSM) analyses on a large sample of early subacute right-stroke patients assessed with the Apples Cancellation Test. This is a sensitive test that simultaneously measures both egocentric and allocentric neglect. Behaviourally, we found no correlation between egocentric and allocentric performance, indicating independent mechanisms supporting the two forms of neglect. This was confirmed by the VLSM analysis that pointed out a link between a damage in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and left egocentric neglect. By contrast, no association was found between brain damage and left allocentric neglect. These results indicate a higher probability to observe egocentric neglect as a consequence of white matter damages in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, while allocentric neglect appears more “globally” related to the whole lesion map. Overall, these findings on early subacute right-stroke patients highlight the role played by white matter integrity in sustaining attention-related operations within an egocentric frame of reference.
Spectra and ergodic properties of multiplication and convolution operators on the space $${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$$
Authors: Albanese Angela A. , Mele Claudio
Published: July 2021

In this paper we investigate the spectra and the ergodic properties of the multiplication operators and the convolution operators acting on the Schwartz space $${\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$$

S
(
R
)

of rapidly decreasing functions, i.e., operators of the form $$M_h: {\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})\rightarrow {\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$$

M
h

:
S

(
R
)

→
S

(
R
)

, $$f \mapsto h f $$

f
↦
h
f

, and $$C_T:{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})\rightarrow {\mathcal S}({\mathbb R})$$

C
T

:
S

(
R
)

→
S

(
R
)

, $$f\mapsto T\star f$$

f
↦
T
⋆
f

. Precisely, we determine their spectra and characterize when those operators are power bounded and mean ergodic.
Analyses of depositional environments of the Marcellus formation in New York using biomarker and trace metal proxies
Authors: Blocho Reilly M. , Smith Richard W. , Noll Mark R.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to observe how the composition of organic matter (OM) and the extent of anoxia during deposition within the Marcellus Formation in New York varied by distance from the sediment source in eastern New York. Lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) in the extractable organic component (bitumen) of the shale samples were analyzed, and proxies such as the average chain length (ACL), aquatic to terrestrial ratio (ATR) and carbon preference index (CPI) of n-alkanes were calculated. Fatty acids were relatively non-abundant due to the age of the shale bed, but n-alkane distributions revealed that the primary component of the OM was terrigenous plants. The presence of shorter n-alkane chain lengths in the samples indicated that there was also a minor component of phytoplankton and algal (marine) sourced OM. Whole rock analyses were also conducted, and cerium anomalies were calculated as a proxy for anoxia. All samples had a negative anomaly value, indicating anoxic conditions during deposition. Two samples, however, contained values close to zero and thus were determined to have suboxic conditions. Anoxia and total organic matter (TOM) did not show any spatial trends across the basin, which may be caused by varying depths within the basin during deposition. A correlation between nickel concentrations and TOM was observed and indicates that algae was the primary source of the marine OM, which supports the lipid biomarker analysis. It was determined that the kerogen type of the Marcellus Formation in New York State is type III, consistent with a methane-forming shale bed.
Post-COVID-19 acute sarcopenia: physiopathology and management
Authors: Piotrowicz Karolina , Gąsowski Jerzy , Michel Jean-Pierre , Veronese Nicola
Published: July 2021

In this review, we discuss the pathophysiologic and management aspects of acute sarcopenia in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 is as a multi-organ infectious disease characterized by a severe inflammatory and highly catabolic status, influencing the deep changes in the body build, especially the amount, structure, and function of skeletal muscles which would amount to acutely developed sarcopenia. Acute sarcopenia may largely impact patients’ in-hospital prognosis as well as the vulnerability to the post-COVID-19 functional and physical deterioration. The individual outcome of the COVID-19 and the degree of muscle mass and functional loss may be influenced by multiple factors, including the patient’s general pre-infection medical and functional condition, especially in older adults. This paper gathers the information about how the SARS-CoV-2 hyper-inflammatory involvement exacerbates the immunosenescence process, enhances the endothelial damage, and due to mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy, induces myofibrillar breakdown and muscle degradation. The aftermath of these acute and complex immunological SARS-CoV-2-related phenomena, augmented by anosmia, ageusia and altered microbiota may lead to decreased food intake and exacerbated catabolism. Moreover, the imposed physical inactivity, lock-down, quarantine or acute hospitalization with bedrest would intensify the acute sarcopenia process. All these deleterious mechanisms must be swiftly put to a check by a multidisciplinary approach including nutritional support, early physical as well cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation, and psychological support and cognitive training. The proposed holistic and early management of COVID-19 patients appears essential to minimize the disastrous functional outcomes of this disease and allow avoiding the long COVID-19 syndrome.
A multidimensional generalized many-facet Rasch model for rubric-based performance assessment
Authors: Uto Masaki
Published: July 2021

Performance assessment, in which human raters assess examinee performance in a practical task, often involves the use of a scoring rubric consisting of multiple evaluation items to increase the objectivity of evaluation. However, even when using a rubric, assigned scores are known to depend on characteristics of the rubric’s evaluation items and the raters, thus decreasing ability measurement accuracy. To resolve this problem, item response theory (IRT) models that can estimate examinee ability while considering the effects of these characteristics have been proposed. These IRT models assume unidimensionality, meaning that a rubric measures one latent ability. In practice, however, this assumption might not be satisfied because a rubric’s evaluation items are often designed to measure multiple sub-abilities that constitute a targeted ability. To address this issue, this study proposes a multidimensional IRT model for rubric-based performance assessment. Specifically, the proposed model is formulated as a multidimensional extension of a generalized many-facet Rasch model. Moreover, a No-U-Turn variant of the Hamiltonian Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is adopted as a parameter estimation method for the proposed model. The proposed model is useful not only for improving the ability measurement accuracy, but also for detailed analysis of rubric quality and rubric construct validity. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model through simulation experiments and application to real data.
Arab Constitutionalism
Authors: Al-Ali Zaid
Published: July 2021

After the 2011 uprisings started in Tunisia and swept across the Arab region, more than a dozen countries amended their constitutions, the greatest concentration of constitutional reform processes since the end of the Cold War. This book provides a detailed account and analysis of all of these developments. Individual accounts are provided of eight different reform processes (including Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Sudan), with particular focus on the historical context, the political dynamics, the particular process that each country followed and the substantive outcome. Zaid Al-Ali deconstructs the popular demands that were made in 2011 and translates them into a series of specific actions that would have led to freer societies and a better functioning state. A revolution did not take place in 2011, but it is inevitably part of the region's future and Arab Constitutionalism explores what that revolution could look like.
Walter Scott and the Greening of Scotland
Authors: Oliver Susan
Published: July 2021

The work of Walter Scott, one of the most globally influential authors of the nineteenth century, provides us with a unique narrative of the changing ecologies of Scotland over several centuries and writes this narrative into the history of environmental literature. Farmed environments, mountains, moors and forests along with rivers, shorelines, islands and oceans are explored, situating Scott's writing about shared human and nonhuman environments in the context of the emerging Anthropocene. Susan Oliver attends to changes and losses acting in counterpoint to the narratives of 'improvement' that underpin modernization in land management. She investigates the imaginative ecologies of folklore and local culture. Each chapter establishes a dialogue between ecocritical theory and Scott as storyteller of social history. This is a book that shows how Scott challenged conventional assumptions about the permanency of stone and the evanescence of air; it begins with the land and ends by looking at the stars.
Provenance and tectonic setting of the Triassic clastic deposits in the Napo basin, South China: evidence from petrography, whole-rock geochemistry and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology
Authors: Xia Lei , Yan Quan-Ren , Xiang Zhong-Jin , Zheng Hong-Bo , Hou Quan-Lin , Wei Wei , Xia Wen-Jing
Published: July 2021

The provenance and tectonic setting of the Lower–Middle Triassic clastic sediments from the Napo basin, South China, have been examined here using detrital modes, whole-rock geochemistry and detrital zircon U–Pb ages. Field investigations indicate that these sediments consist of fan delta, slope and turbidity fan facies with dominantly southward palaeocurrent directions. Detrital modes and geochemical characteristics of the clastic rocks indicate that they were derived from mixed magmatic arc and Palaeozoic successions in a continental island arc setting, with no significant sediment recycling. The U–Pb age spectra of sandstone detrital zircons from different stratigraphic positions are similar, with one major group (300–230 Ma), two subordinate groups (400–320 Ma and 480–420 Ma, respectively) and two scattered groups (1200–800 Ma and 2000–1700 Ma, respectively). Thus, we consider that the north late Permian – Middle Triassic volcanic rocks and the uplifted Palaeozoic sedimentary/volcanic sequences constituted the predominant sources. The detritus derived from the late Permian Emeishan mafic rocks is subordinate and limited. The pre-Devonian zircons are likely sedimentary-recycled or magmatic-captured instead of directly derived from the early Palaeozoic orogen (e.g. Yunkai massif) and Neoproterozoic Jiangnan orogen because of the topographic barrier of a magmatic arc and carbonate platform. Considering the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the volcanic arc and ophiolite, we suggest that the Triassic Napo basin was a fore-arc basin within a continental island arc setting, which developed in response to the northward subduction of the Babu–Cao Bang branch ocean beneath the South China Block.
Governing Nonconformity: Gender Presentation, Public Space, and the City in New Order Indonesia
Authors: Hegarty Benjamin
Published: July 2021

The regulation of public space is generative of new approaches to gender nonconformity. In 1968 in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, a group of people who identified aswadam—a new term made by combining parts of Indonesian words denoting “femininity” and “masculinity”—made a claim to the city's governor that they had the right to appear in public space. This article illustrates the paradoxical achievement of obtaining recognition on terms constituted through public nuisance regulations governing access to and movement through space. The origins and diffuse effects of recognition achieved by those who identified aswadamand, a decade later,wariafacilitated the partial recognition of a status that was legal but nonconforming. This possibility emerged out of city-level innovations and historical conceptualizations of the body in Indonesia. Attending to the way that gender nonconformity was folded into existing methods of codifying space at the scale of the city reflects a broader anxiety over who can enter public space and on what basis. Considering a concern for struggles to contend with nonconformity on spatial grounds at the level of the city encourages an alternative perspective on the emergence of gender and sexual morality as a definitive feature of national belonging in Indonesia and elsewhere.
Religion Subdued: The Political Figure of Christ in the Work of Giovanni Battista Comazzi (1654–1711)
Authors: AL KALAK MATTEO
Published: July 2021

This article focuses on the workPolitica e religione nella persona, parole ed azioni di Giesù Cristo(1706–7) by Giovanni Battista Comazzi, an emissary of the last duke of Mantua at the court of Vienna. Comazzi examined the actions and teachings of Christ described in the Gospel of John as a source for political guidance. The research reveals an attempt to establish an exegetical basis for challenging ecclesiastical interference, asserting the primacy of politics and advocating a poor and exemplary Church. Censored by the Holy Office, the work was ultimately framed within the clash between the papacy and the Empire.
Nematodes from the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii(Boitard)), with the description ofSarcophiloxyuris longusn. gen. and n. sp. (Oxyuridae)
Authors: Barton D.P. , Smales L. , Lee V. , Zhu X. , Shamsi S.
Published: July 2021

The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii(Boitard)) is an endangered carnivorous marsupial, limited to the islands of Tasmania in southern Australia. The parasites of the Tasmanian devil are understudied. This study aimed to increase the knowledge of the nematode fauna of Tasmanian devils. Ten Tasmanian devils were examined for parasites from northern and southern Tasmania. Nematodes that were collected were morphologically characterized as two separate species. Molecular sequencing was undertaken to verify the identity of these species. A new genus and species of oxyurid nematode was collected from a single Tasmanian devil from the northern part of Tasmania. The nematode is differentiated from oxyurids described from other Australian amphibians, reptiles and marsupials by the characters of the male posterior end – that is, in having three pairs of caudal papillae, two pairs peri-cloacal, one large pair post-cloacal, a long tapering tail, a stout spicule and a gubernaculum and accessory piece, as well as its much larger overall size. Molecular sequencing was unsuccessful. The remaining nematodes collected from the Tasmanian devil in this study were all identified asBaylisascaris tasmaniensisSprent, 1970, through morphology and molecular sequencing. This paper presents the first description of a new genus and species of oxyurid nematode from the Tasmanian devil,Sarcophiloxyuris longusn. gen., n. sp. The need to undertake more sampling of the parasites of endangered hosts, such as the Tasmanian devil, to assist with a better understanding of their conservation management, is discussed.
Polycauliona comandorica, a new fruticulose species in the family Teloschistaceae from the Commander Islands, Russia
Authors: Frolov Ivan V. , Himelbrant Dmitry E. , Stepanchikova Irina S. , Prokopiev Ilya A.
Published: July 2021

A new fruticulose species, Polycauliona comandorica, is described from the supralittoral zone of the Commander Islands in the Russian Far East. This growth form is very rare in the family Teloschistaceae where the new species belongs. It is the only fruticulose species of the family that forms vegetative propagules (soredia and blastidia). Polycauliona comandorica is similar to the North American P. thamnodes but differs in having a lighter yellow to grey thallus, longer and thicker branches with a rough surface, soredia and blastidia, and in lacking apothecia. Two fruticulose-lobate pairs of species in Polycauliona are briefly discussed: P. comandorica-P. verruculifera and P. thamnodes-P. brattiae.
Gibbosporina cyanea (Pannariaceae), a new bipartite cyanolichen from Sri Lanka with comparisons to related palaeotropical cyanogenera
Authors: Elvebakk Arve
Published: July 2021

Gibbosporina cyanea is described here as new to science, based on its holotype collected in Sri Lanka in the 1860s. The species is a bipartite cyanolichen in contrast to all other known Gibbosporina species, which are tripartites. The species appears to have evolved through cephalodia emancipation followed by divergence. Phyllidia indicate a cephalodiate evolutionary origin with a continued function similar to vegetative propagules. The species is considered to represent a relatively young speciation within an evolutionary old genus and G. sphaerospora is discussed as a possible candidate for being its closest known relative based on spore morphology. As the species appears to be so different from the remaining Gibbosporina species, it is compared here to representatives of other related palaeotropical cyanogenera, such as Leightoniella, Lepidocollema, Pannaria and Physma. Perispore structure is shown to be a useful character in separating these genera, including distinct clades of the non-monophyletic genera Physma and Lepidocollema. Leightoniella zeylanensis is reported here as new to Japan, and it is concluded that Pannaria lurida needs to be restudied in India and Sri Lanka.
Food insecurity in Detroit: exploring the relationship between patient-reported food insecurity and proximity to healthful grocery stores
Authors: Santarossa Sara , Hill Alex B , Sitarik Alexandra R , Taylor Mackenzie , Hawkins Susan , Scher Katherine , Sohaski Aaron , Baseer Mohammed , Dombrowski Rachael , Plum Alexander , Joseph Christine LM
Published: July 2021

Objective:

The objective of the current study was to determine if patients of a large health care system in Detroit who self-identify as food insecure live further away from healthy grocery stores compared with food secure patients. Second, we explored whether food insecurity and distance to healthy grocery stores are related to ecological measures of vehicle availability in the area of residence.

Design:

A secondary data analysis that uses baseline data from a pilot intervention/feasibility study.

Setting:

Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Participants:

Patients of Henry Ford Health System were screened for food insecurity to determine eligibility for a pilot intervention/feasibility study (i.e. Henry’s Groceries for Health), conducted through a collaboration with Gleaners Community Foodbank of Southeastern Michigan. Only patients residing in Detroit city limits (including Highland Park and Hamtramck) were included in the secondary analysis. Of the 1,100 patients included in the analysis, 336 (31 %) were food insecure.

Results:

After accounting for socio-demographic factors associated with food insecurity, we did not find evidence that food insecure patients lived further away from healthier grocery stores, nor was this modified by ecological measures of vehicle access. However, some neighbourhoods were identified as having a significantly higher risk of food insecurity.

Conclusions:

Food insecure patients in Detroit are perhaps limited by social and political determinants and not their immediate neighbourhood geography or physical access to healthy grocery stores. Future research should explore the complexity in linkages between household socio-economic factors, socio-cultural dynamics and the neighbourhood food environment.
Inlaws, Outlaws, and State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Oklahoma
Authors: Obert Jonathan
Published: July 2021

While much of the federal Department of Justice’s policing bureaucracy was in retrenchment from the 1880s and 1890s, the Indian Territories was the site of some of the most aggressive policing in the nation’s history. Specifically, a series of reforms in US-Indian relations permitted a high level of federal involvement in policing and the management of local order. Using original demographic data on US deputy marshals and criminal gangs active in the Indian Territories, as well as an analysis of media coverage of Oklahoma crime, this article shows that this explosion of state-building was due, in part, to the ways in which kinship rules in Oklahoma allowed racially ambiguous inhabitants to be castigated as “outlaws.” This, in turn, opened up space for the federal marshal apparatus—which was primarily white—to expand its role as the purveyors of local law and order in a manner that had never been possible in the South.
Reconstructing Jurassic‐Cretaceous Intra‐Oceanic Subduction Evolution in the Northwestern Panthalassa Ocean Using Ocean Plate Stratigraphy From Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Boschman Lydian M. , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Spakman Wim
Published: July 2021

Plate reconstructions of the Panthalassa Ocean typically portray a simple system of diverging plates surrounded by active margins, yet geological and seismic tomographic records demonstrate that intra‐oceanic subduction existed. Here, we reconstruct the plate tectonic evolution of the pre‐Cretaceous intra‐oceanic Oku‐Niikappu island arc, remnants of which are exposed on Hokkaido, Japan. This arc formed at a Jurassic subduction zone separating two oceanic plates: the Izanagi Plate and the here proposed ‘Izanami’ Plate. The Oku‐Niikappu arc was previously shown to have gone extinct in an intra‐oceanic setting, was subsequently (hyper)extended, and overlain by Berriasian cherts. The extinct arc remained on the Panthalassa ocean floor for ∼45 Myr until its ∼100 Ma accretion to Hokkaido, revealing an original position far from the continental margin and likely above the previously identified Telkhinia slabs. We show that arc extinction coincided with a northwestern Panthalassa plate reorganization recorded by a ∼30° change in spreading direction, and that extinction and subsequent extension of the arc is straightforwardly explained by subduction of the Izanami‐Pacific ridge followed by continued divergence between the Izanagi and Pacific plates. From our reconstruction, it follows that the outer zone of Japan, to which the accretionary complex in which the Oku‐Niikappu Complex resides belongs, was separated from the inner zone by a back‐arc basin during the Early to mid‐Cretaceous. This study illustrates the value of accretionary orogens in the development of plate reconstructions of lost oceanic plates and ancient continental margins, particularly when combined with seismic tomographic and marine geophysical data sets.
Ion Gyro‐Harmonic Structures in Stimulated Emission Excited by X‐Mode High Power HF Radio Waves at EISCAT
Authors: Kalishin A. S. , Blagoveshchenskaya N. F. , Borisova T. D. , Yeoman T. K.
Published: July 2021

The distinctive features of the ion gyro‐harmonic discrete structures in the narrowband stimulated electromagnetic emission (NSEE) spectra (within ±1 kHz of the heater frequency), excited by an extraordinary (X‐mode) polarized high frequency (HF) pump wave in the F‐region of the high latitude ionosphere, are reported. Results were obtained from three sets of experiments at the EISCAT (European incoherent Scatter) HF Heating facility at pump frequencies of 5.423, 6.77 and 7.953 MHz, which are below the fourth, fifth, and sixth electron gyro‐harmonics. High power HF radio waves were radiated in the magnetic field‐aligned direction with an effective radiated power of 238–740 MW. Discrete spectral features, ordered by the ion gyro frequency (for O+ ions), were recorded at a large distance (1,200 km) away from the Heating facility. Up to 10 downshifted discrete ion gyro‐harmonic structures paired with the upshifted spectral components (Stokes and anti‐Stokes modes) in the NSEE spectra have been excited in the course of these experiments. It was found that preconditioning effects have a significant impact on the temporal evolution of the discrete spectral structures. The ion gyro‐harmonic structures coexisted with field‐aligned artificial irregularities (FAIs). Comparing the NSEE and EISCAT incoherent scatter radar observational results, it was concluded that the electron accelerations along and across the geomagnetic field coexist during X‐mode heating. The magnetized stimulated Brillouin scatter and stimulated ion Bernstein scatter are discussed as relevant processes for the observed multiple down‐ and upshifted ion gyro‐harmonic structures in the NSEE spectra.
Large Eddy Simulations of the Dusty Martian Convective Boundary Layer With MarsWRF
Authors: Wu Zhaopeng , Richardson Mark I. , Zhang Xi , Cui Jun , Heavens Nicholas G. , Lee Christopher , Li Tao , Lian Yuan , Newman Claire E. , Soto Alejandro , Temel Orkun , Toigo Anthony D. , Witek Marcin
Published: July 2021

Large eddy simulation (LES) of the Martian convective boundary layer (CBL) with a Mars‐adapted version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to examine the impact of aerosol dust radiative‐dynamical feedbacks on turbulent mixing. The LES is validated against spacecraft observations and prior modeling. To study dust redistribution by coherent dynamical structures within the CBL, two radiatively active dust distribution scenarios are used: one in which the dust distribution remains fixed and another in which dust is freely transported by CBL motions. In the fixed dust scenario, increasing atmospheric dust loading shades the surface from sunlight and weakens convection. However, a competing effect emerges in the free dust scenario, resulting from the lateral concentration of dust in updrafts. The resulting enhancement of dust radiative heating in upwelling plumes both generates horizontal thermal contrasts in the CBL and increases buoyancy production, jointly enhancing CBL convection. We define a dust inhomogeneity index (DII) to quantify how much dust is concentrated in upwelling plumes. If the DII is large enough, the destabilizing effect of lateral heating contrasts can exceed the stabilizing effect of surface shading such that the CBL depth increases with increasing dust optical depth. Thus, under certain combinations of total dust optical depth and the lateral inhomogeneity of dust, a positive feedback exists between dust optical depth, the vigor and depth of CBL mixing, and—to the extent that dust lifting is controlled by the depth and vigor of CBL mixing—the further lifting of dust from the surface.
Impact of Vegetation on Lateral Exchanges in a Salt Marsh‐Tidal Creek System
Authors: Ge Jianzhong , Yi Jinxu , Zhang Jingting , Wang Xianye , Chen Changsheng , Yuan Lin , Tian Bo , Ding Pingxing
Published: July 2021

Salt marshes are ecologically and physically essential habitats in coastal intertidal flats. In addition to providing nursery grounds for various wildlife, vegetation in marshes acts as a buffer zone that slows flooding waters. Extensive marsh platforms can also attenuate wave energy to protect coastal communities. Complex geometries make it challenging for models to capture the spatiotemporal variabilities in the transport of lateral water and sediment over tidal creek‐marsh complexes. To study water exchange processes between tidal creeks and marshes, field observations were conducted within tidal creeks in the Chongming Dongtan Shoal of the Changjiang Estuary, an area dominated by Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter, and Spartina alterniflora. A coupled wave‐current‐sediment‐vegetation model that parameterized the three vegetation species was developed and applied to the tidal creek complex of Chongming Dongtan. Validated with the observational data, the modeling results were used to examine the influence of vegetation on flooding/draining processes within tidal creeks and mudflats. The model showed that vegetation not only modified the flow pattern at high tide in the high‐elevation marsh but also significantly intensified the tidal flows in tidal creeks in the low‐elevation regions. Both the observations and model detected significant transport of water and sediment from the marsh to tidal creeks, seaward sediment export over tidal cycles. The simulated salinity exhibited a considerable spatial gradient, matching well with the salt tolerances of the major vegetation types. This model can be potentially used to determine how future scenarios of hydrodynamics could affect vegetation zonation.
Irtysh River Drove Arctic Sea Ice Expansion 3 Million Years Ago
Authors: Shultz David
Published: July 2021

The Siberian river’s creation caused a massive influx of fresh water into the Kara Sea and radically changed the Arctic Ocean and Earth’s climate.
Spatial Distribution of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the Great Barrier Reef Revealed Through High Resolution Sampling and Isotopic Analysis
Authors: Reading Michael J. , Maher Damien T. , Santos Isaac R. , Jeffrey Luke C. , Cyronak Tyler J. , McMahon Ashly , Tait Douglas R.
Published: July 2021

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) dynamics in coastal coral reef areas are poorly understood. We measured dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 (with δ13C‐CO2 and δ13C‐CH4 isotope fractions) and N2O in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to determine spatial distributions and emissions. CO2 (379–589 μatm) was oversaturated due to calcification and riverine sources, as indicated by depleted δ13C‐CO2 values. CH4 (1.5–13.5 nM) was also oversaturated from nearshore biogenic sources indicated by depleted δ13C‐CH4 and probable offshore aerobic production. N2O (5.5–6.6 nM) was generally undersaturated, with uptake highest near the coast. Daily CO2 emissions were 5826 ± 1191 tonnes, with CO2 equivalent (eq) N2O uptake (191 ± 44 tonnes) offsetting 3.3% of CO2 or 89% of CH4eq (214 ± 45 tonnes) emissions based on 20‐year global warming potentials. The GBR was a slight CO2 and CH4 source and N2O sink during our study. However, further work is required to constrain diurnal, seasonal, and spatial dynamics.
Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions Changes in an Urban Area of Tokyo, Japan, Due to the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Case Study During the State of Emergency in April–May 2020
Authors: Sugawara H. , Ishidoya S. , Terao Y. , Takane Y. , Kikegawa Y. , Nakajima K.
Published: July 2021

The influence of the COVID‐19 pandemic on urban CO2 emissions was investigated using atmospheric observations in the residential area (approximately 4 × 105 m2) in Tokyo, Japan. The measured CO2 flux decreased by 20% ± 3% in April–May 2020 compared to the same period during the past few years. The exchange ratio of O2 and CO2 revealed the breakdown of emission sources; the decrease of flux was due to the decrease in liquid fuel consumption, while household gas fuel consumption was slightly increased; this was also supported by the simultaneously measured CO:CO2 concentration ratio. A human‐activity analysis in the flux footprint area supported the results of the observation; car traffic decreased and household gas consumption increased.
Chondrule Flattening by Shock Recovery Experiments on Unequilibrated Chondrites
Authors: Miyahara Masaaki , Edanaga Junnosuke , Yamaguchi Akira , Kobayashi Takamichi , Sekine Toshimori , Nakamura Ayaka
Published: July 2021

Shock recovery experiments were conducted using ALH‐78084 H3 and Y‐793375 L3 chondrites in the shock pressure range of 11–43 GPa to reproduce shock‐induced melting and chondrule flattening. Shock‐induced melt and chondrule flattening in 15 H3, 23 L3, and 23 LL3 ordinary chondrites were also investigated for comparisons. The shock experiments proved that, at least in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, shock‐induced melting occurred beyond 11 GPa. The melting occurs at the boundary between chondrule and matrix. The melts included fine‐grained silicate minerals, glasses, and ameba or spherical metallic Fe–Ni or metallic Fe–Ni–iron sulfide with a eutectic texture that coincided with shock‐induced melts in the investigated H/L/LL3 ordinary chondrites. Shock experiments also proved that shock‐induced flattening of chondrules occurs and the flattening degree increases with increasing shock pressure. Considering the shock experiments not only of ordinary chondrites but also of carbonaceous chondrites, the flattening degree is not significantly affected by the density, porosity, and chondrule/matrix ratio of chondrites. The long axes of chondrules in shocked ALH‐78084 H3 and Y‐793375 L3 chondrites have preferred orientations and the degree increases with increasing shock pressure. It is difficult to estimate quantitatively the shock pressure recorded in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites using the empirical formula between the aspect ratio of chondrules and shock pressure. Nevertheless, the investigated L/LL3 ordinary chondrites with shock‐induced melts had higher aspect ratios (median, 1.36) and more strongly preferred orientations than those without shock‐induced melts (median, 1.25).
Autoantibodies against NMDA receptor 1 modify rather than cause encephalitis
Authors: Wilke Justus B. H. , Hindermann Martin , Berghoff Stefan A. , Zihsler Svenja , Arinrad Sahab , Ronnenberg Anja , Barnkothe Nadine , Steixner-Kumar Agnes A. , Röglin Stefan , Stöcker Winfried , Hollmann Michael , Nave Klaus-Armin , Lühder Fred , Ehrenreich Hannelore
Published: July 2021

The etiology and pathogenesis of “anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis” and the role of autoantibodies (AB) in this condition are still obscure. While NMDAR1-AB exert NMDAR-antagonistic properties by receptor internalization, no firm evidence exists to date that NMDAR1-AB by themselves induce brain inflammation/encephalitis. NMDAR1-AB of all immunoglobulin classes are highly frequent across mammals with multiple possible inducers and boosters. We hypothesized that “NMDAR encephalitis” results from any primary brain inflammation coinciding with the presence of NMDAR1-AB, which may shape the encephalitis phenotype. Thus, we tested whether following immunization with a “cocktail” of 4 NMDAR1 peptides, induction of a spatially and temporally defined sterile encephalitis bydiphtheriatoxin-mediated ablation of pyramidal neurons (“DTA” mice) would modify/aggravate the ensuing phenotype. In addition, we tried to replicate a recent report claiming that immunizing just against the NMDAR1-N368/G369 region induced brain inflammation. Mice after DTA induction revealed a syndrome comprising hyperactivity, hippocampal learning/memory deficits, prefrontal cortical network dysfunction, lasting blood brain-barrier impairment, brain inflammation, mainly in hippocampal and cortical regions with pyramidal neuronal death, microgliosis, astrogliosis, modest immune cell infiltration, regional atrophy, and relative increases in parvalbumin-positive interneurons. The presence of NMDAR1-AB enhanced the hyperactivity (psychosis-like) phenotype, whereas all other readouts were identical to control-immunized DTA mice. Non-DTA mice with or without NMDAR1-AB were free of any encephalitic signs. Replication of the reported NMDAR1-N368/G369-immunizing protocol in two large independent cohorts of wild-type mice completely failed. To conclude, while NMDAR1-AB can contribute to the behavioral phenotype of an underlying encephalitis, induction of an encephalitis by NMDAR1-AB themselves remains to be proven.