bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adição de exercício resistido durante treino aeróbio prolonga a duração da hipotensão pós-exercício
Authors: Costa Francisca Marajany Sousa , Sales Marcelo Magalhães , Neto João Bartholomeu , Olher Rafael Reis , Araujo Yasmim Santiago , Assumpção Claudio Oliveira , Souza Thiago Mattos Frota , Asano Ricardo Yukio
Published: June 2014

Objetivo: Analisar a adição de exercícios resistidos em treino aeróbio na hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE). Métodos: Nove normotensos, do sexo masculino, entre 20 e 35 anos de idade, participaram do estudo realizando duas sessões experimentais em cicloergômetro: (1) exercício aeróbio em cicloergômetro (62% e 68% da frequência cardíaca [FC] de reserva) (S1); (2) treino igual ao da S1, porém com incremento de flexão de cotovelo (S2). Ambas as sessões tiveram duração de 20 minutos. Resultados: A pressão arterial sistólica na S2 (repouso = 122,6 ± 2,7 – 30 recuperação = 108,8 ± 2,2 – 45 recuperação = 110,8 ± 2,4 mmHg e 60 recuperação = 107,3 ± 7,3) apresentou HPE por tempo mais prolongado que S1 (repouso = 121,7 ± 3,9 – 15 recuperação = 112,2 ± 2,8 – 30 recuperação = 108,1 ± 2,8 mmHg). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a duração da HPE parece ser dependente da quantidade de unidades motoras envolvidas.
Ação do ultrassom terapêutico e laser de baixa intensidade na regeneração nervosa em Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Pereira Thalita , Ferreira Bruna Ster De Oliveira , Alves Wellington Dos Santos , Maia Filho Antonio Luis Martins
Published: June 2014

Objetivos: Comparar os efeitos terapêuticos do ultrassom terapêutico e laser de baixa intensidade no tratamento de lesão do nervo ciático em Rattus norvegicus. Métodos: Utilizaram-se 15 ratos, divididos em três grupos: GC: não submetido à lesão e a nenhum tratamento; GU: submetidos à lesão do nervo ciático e tratado com UST e GL: submetidos à lesão do nervo ciático e tratado com laser 904 nm, durante 21 dias. Foram avaliados pelo IFC, mediante pegadas coletadas no período pré-operatório, 7º, 14º e 21º dias PO. Resultados: A comparação dos valores do IFC entre os três grupos apontou diferença significativa entre o GU e o GL, durante os 21 dias de tratamento, com p
Bottlenecks in Deriving Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A CIRM Mini-Symposium and Workshop Report
Authors: Shepard Kelly A. , Talib Sohel
Published: June 2014

On August 29, 2013, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) convened a small group of investigators in San Francisco, CA, to discuss a longstanding challenge in the stem cell field: the inability to derive fully functional, definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). To date, PSC-derived HSCs have been deficient in their developmental potential and their ability to self-renew and engraft upon transplantation. Tasked with identifying key challenges to overcoming this “HSC bottleneck”, workshop participants identified critical knowledge gaps in two key areas: (a) understanding the ontogeny of human HSCs, and (b) understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that govern HSC behavior and function. They agreed that development of new methods and tools is critical for addressing these knowledge gaps. These include molecular profiling of key HSC properties, development of new model systems/assays for predicting and assessing HSC function, and novel technological advancements for manipulating cell culture conditions and genetic programs. The workshop produced tangible advances, including providing a current definition of the nature and challenge of the HSC bottleneck and identifying key mechanistic studies of HSC biology that should be prioritized for future funding initiatives (e.g., including higher risk approaches that have potential for high gain).
Tank Modifications Require Careful Analysis
Authors: Henderson Erika
Published: June 2014

Predicting future needs and possible district consolidations can be difficult. Depending on estimates of future supply and demand, a water‐storage tank may need to be modified, relocated, or converted.
Saisir l’anorexie par le corps
Authors: Godin Laurence
Published: June 2014

L’anorexie mentale semble être un objet particulièrement résistant à l’analyse sociale. Au fil du temps, une variété de cadres conceptuels et théoriques a été mise au point, mais, au-delà du discours, aucun ne parvient à rendre compte vraiment de sa genèse sociale. En fait, il faudrait plutôt s’attacher à l’expérience incarnée du trouble et replacer le corps au premier plan pour mettre en évidence les processus sociaux en jeu dans le phénomène. En conséquence, l’anorexie invite à explorer l’expérience sensible, incarnée de la vie sociale, et représente un terrain de choix pour progresser dans l’élaboration d’un cadre conceptuel permettant d’en rendre compte.
Les mots-images de Nelly Arcan et Pascale Bourguignon
Authors: Rocca Anna
Published: June 2014

L’auteure se propose de circonscrire les modalités de représentations de l’enfance et de l’adolescence qui sont à l’oeuvre dans la version illustrée de L’enfant dans le miroir. Les mots-images qui découlent de la collaboration entre Nelly Arcan, écrivaine, et Pascale Bourguignon, illustratrice, mettent au jour le thème de la latence de l’abus parental et les risques des déviations incestueuses. Ils montrent aussi la manière dont le désir narcissique des parents transforme l’enfant en objet de convoitise. En outre, la perméabilité entre le texte et les images donne lieu à une esthétique de la transmutation, où les fantasmes et les fantômes qui peuplent à la fois le monde des adultes et celui de l’enfant parviennent à cohabiter dans un espace de non-collision.
Guerrières, chasseresses et corps éprouvé dans la science-fiction adolescente actuelle
Authors: Vartian Sylvie
Published: June 2014

La science-fiction constitue un champ privilégié d’exploration des scénarios alternatifs de représentation du genre et d’épanouissement de personnages féminins hors normes. C’est le cas de l’héroïne des Hunger Games, de Suzanne Collins. Contrainte de participer à plusieurs mascarades s’inscrivant dans la dynamique de « performativité » du genre, Katniss est placée dans des situations extrêmes de survie. Elle touche aux limites du féminin et du vivant, alors que son corps est transformé par de multiples épreuves, ce qui offre ainsi une nouvelle représentation du corps féminin. Toutefois, si elle incarne un modèle féminin novateur pour la jeunesse, contribue-t-elle réellement au dépassement des stéréotypes liés au genre?
De l’extrême à l’agonal dans l’univers chorégraphique de Pina Bausch
Authors: Böhmisch Susanne
Published: June 2014

L’esthétique de l’excès dans la danse-théâtre de la chorégraphe allemande Pina Bausch, pionnière dans son genre, a eu un impact considérable sur la scène contemporaine en Europe. En partant de l’analyse de quelques pièces choisies, l’auteure met en évidence deux modalités majeures de cette esthétique : l’agonalité et la répétition. L’extrême s’y inscrit, d’une part, sous forme de surenchère – notamment dans les images de femmes enragées et révoltées – et, d’autre part, sous forme d’antagonismes entre deux forces. Cependant, le traitement de l’agonal chez Pina Bausch, loin de confirmer les stéréotypes du genre, révèle la fonction créatrice du conflit ainsi qu’une dimension féministe qui consiste à transformer la lutte des sexes en compétition et jeu à base d’égalité.
La tonadilla a la Barcelona del darrer terç del Set-cents més enllà de la Casa de Comèdies
Authors: Pessarrodona Pérez Aurèlia
Published: June 2014

Resum: Encara que el monopoli oficial dels espectacles teatrals a la Barcelona del Set-cents era en mans de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu, és sabut que l’afició dels barcelonins pel teatre anava més enllà de la Casa de Comèdies gestionada per aquesta entitat. En el present article es mostren diversos casos que manifesten l’interès del públic barceloní per la tonadilla, gènere lírico-escènic breu importat a la Ciutat Comtal per imitació dels teatres madrilenys. Aquest interès ultrapassava l’escenari de la Casa de Comèdies, amb un curiós comerç dels textos i la possibilitat d’una pràctica privada. D’aquesta manera s’observa com aquest gènere importat pogué arrelar entre el públic barceloní, especialmente afeccionat als espectacles lírics..Paraules clau: tonadilla, Barcelona, segle XVIII, teatre, música. Abstract: In eighteenth-century Barcelona the official monopoly of theatre was in the hands of the Hospital of the Holy Cross. But it is well know that the theatrical passion of the people of Barcelona went beyond the official theatre managed by this institution. The present article seeks to show the interest of the spectators of Barcelona in the tonadilla, a brief musical and theatral genre imported from Madrid. This interest went beyond the official theatre, with a significant trade of libretti and the possibility of a private practice. Therefore, we realize how this imported genre could become ingrained in the audience of Barcelona, touched deeply by lyric spectacles..  Keywords: tonadilla, Barcelona, eighteenth-century, theatre, music.
La Consueta de 1709 en escena: Orígen i models d'una realitat canviant
Authors: Massip Bonet Francesc
Published: June 2014

Resum: El present treball proposa una aproximació a la representació del conegut com Misteri d’Elx, a partir de la Consueta de 1709, un moment especialment particular en la història d’aquest drama sacre. Paraules clau: Misteri d’Elx, tesatre assumpcionista, teatre religiós, literatura catalana, Edat modernaAbstract: This paper proposes an approach to the Misteri d’Elx from the Consueta developed in 1709, a particular moment in this sacred drama history. Keywords: Misteri d’Elx, assumptionist theater, Catalan literature, religious teather, Modern Age
Pecat amagat és mitg perdonat.... La polèmica entre mossèn Gudiol i Antoni Bulbena a ran de les edicions bibliòfiles de llibres eròtics
Authors: Domènech Albert
Published: June 2014

Resum: El desembre de 1911 aparegué a la premsa local de Vic un article que va aixecar molta polseguera entre els bibliòfils de tot Catalunya. Un mossèn –historiador de l’art i gran moralista- acusava un conegut editor de llibres de bibliofília –sense dir-ne el nom-, d’editar llibres luxosos de contingut priàpic (pornogràfic). Aquest fet anecdòtic ens serveix per saber qui era l’editor esmentat, què hi havia de cert en l’»acusació» i com va encaixar el vituperat veure’s exposat a la vergonya pública. La correspondència creuada entre els dos protagonistes, exclusivament per mitjà d’un amic comú, ens facilita l’anàlisi de l’argumentari de l’un i de l’altre. Això ens permet copsar com s’entenia, des de la moral més conservadora a la d’un moderat lliurepensament, l’ampli arc que va de la literatura de temàtica amorosa a les obres clarament pornogràfiques. Paraules clau: Bibliofília, literatura eròtica, Bulbena, Mossèn Gudiol, pornografia, relació epistolar,      CensuraAbstract: In December 1911 appeared in the local press in Vic (a town near Barcelona) an article that raised an uproar in the bibliophile circles all over Catalonia. A priest (an Art historian and great moralist) accused a well-known editor of fine books, without naming him, of editing luxury books of pornographic content. This anecdote serves us to find out who this editor was, how much truth there was in the «accusation» and how the censored editor took the fact of being exposed to public shame. The correspondence between the priest and the editor, facilitated by a common friend, helps us analyze the arguments of both parties. We can grasp how the vast frame that embraces love literature to clearly pornographic works was perceived, both from the most conservative moral to a moderate free-thinking perspective. Keywords: Bibliophilism, erotic literature, Bulbena, Reverend Gudiol,  pornography, correspondence, censorship
L’amor antiromàntic: exemples valencians de paròdies del Tenorio.
Authors: Hernàndez Caballer Raül
Published: June 2014

Resum: Resum: L’article comenta dos exemples valencians en català de les nombroses paròdies de Don Juan Tenorio de José Zorrilla que es van redactar durant el segle XIX. Especialment, se centra en les relacions que L’agüelo Pollastre, de Josep Bernat i Baldoví,  i Don Juan Treneta¸ de Vicent Peydró, mantenen amb la literatura popular i amb les idees romàntiques sobre l’amor i la condició femenina contingudes a l’obra mestra de Zorrilla.Paraules clau: Romanticisme, literatura popular, paròdia, literatura valenciana, Bernat i BaldovíAbstract: This article is a brief commentary on two Valencian examples –both written in Catalan-  of  the many parodies composed on José Zorilla’s Don Juan Tenorio  during the 19th century in Spain. It specially focuses on the relationship between Josep Bernat i Baldovi’s L’agüelo Pollastre and Vicent Peydró’s Don Juan Treneta and the Romantic notions  of Love and Womanhood included in Zorrilla’s masterpiece.Keywords: Romanticism, popular literature, parody, Valencian literature, Bernat i Baldoví.
Association Between Cervical and Thoracic Somatic Dysfunction Among Second-Year Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Brindise Joseph P. , Nelson Kenneth E. , Kappler Robert E.
Published: June 2014

Context: The ubiquitous nature of cervical and thoracic somatic dysfunction requires osteopathic physicians to have a strong working knowledge of regional spinal mechanics and their functional and dysfunctional interrelationships.

Objective: To determine whether cervical and thoracic somatic dysfunction occur concomitantly, particularly somatic dysfunction of the occipitoatlantal (OA) and upper thoracic (T1-T4) region of the spine.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of cervical and thoracic somatic dysfunction prevalence diagnosed by faculty in second-year osteopathic medical students was conducted. Somatic dysfunction was defined as a vertebral unit possessing any of the following palpatory characteristics: tissue texture changes, asymmetry of motion and relative position, restriction of motion, or tenderness (ie, TART criteria). For each instance of somatic dysfunction diagnosed, the segmental level identifying the superior segment of the involved vertebral unit was recorded, as well as the spinal region (ie, cervical [OA, atlantoaxial (AA), and C2-C7] or thoracic [T1-T12]). Descriptive analyses, a Pearson χ2 test, and a regression model using an analysis of variance were performed on the data.

Results: Among 338 students included in the study, the following 5 vertebral segments were found to have the highest prevalence of somatic dysfunction: OA (257 [76.0%]), C3 (257 [76.0%]), T3 (247 [73.1%]), T5 (226 [66.9%]), and T4 (223 [66.0%]). A Pearson χ2 test of association between the OA vertebral segment and the following segments were found to be statistically significant: AA (P=.024), C2 (P=.032), and T4 (P=.045). An analysis of variance revealed statistical significance between the prevalence of upper cervical (OA, AA, C2) somatic dysfunction and the prevalence of upper thoracic (P<.001) and midthoracic (T5-T8) (P<.001) somatic dysfunction; the prevalence of lower cervical (C3-C7) (P=.74) and lower thoracic (T9-T12) (P=.085) somatic dysfunction was not found to be significant.

Conclusion: A statistically significant association between cervical somatic dysfunction and thoracic somatic dysfunction was confirmed. In addition, there was a statistically significant association between dysfunction of the OA and the AA, C2, and T4 vertebral segments. These results suggest that the number of dysfunctional vertebral segments in the upper thoracic and midthoracic spinal regions is directly proportional to the number of dysfunctional segments found in the upper cervical spinal region.
Management of Ionizing Radiation Injuries and Illnesses, Part 3: Radiobiology and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Christensen Doran M. , Livingston Gordon K. , Sugarman Stephen L. , Parillo Steven J. , Glassman Erik S.
Published: June 2014

Ionizing radiation exposure can induce profound changes in intracellular components, potentially leading to diverse health effects in exposed individuals. Any cellular component can be damaged by radiation, but some components affect cellular viability more profoundly than others. The ionization caused by radiation lasts longer than the initial inciting incident, continuing as 1 ionization incident causes another. In some cases, damage to DNA can lead to cellular death at mitosis. In other cases, activation of the genetic machinery can lead to a genetic cascade potentially leading to mutations or cell death by apoptosis. In the third of 5 articles on the management of injuries and illnesses caused by ionizing radiation, the authors provide a clinically relevant overview of the pathophysiologic process associated with potential exposure to ionizing radiation.
Osteopathic Musculoskeletal Examination and Subarachnoid Anesthetic Administration in a Patient With Severe Scoliosis
Authors: Lamberg James J. , Adhikary Sanjib D. , McFadden Andrew T.
Published: June 2014

Physicians primarily use palpation of anatomical landmarks to guide the placement of needles when administering neuraxial anesthetics. For patients with anatomical abnormalities such as scoliosis, it is also important for physicians to understand Fryette mechanics and spinal curvature anatomy, as well as preprocedural radiography and ultrasonography, to ensure accuracy in neuraxial anesthetic procedures. The authors report the case of a patient with severe scoliosis who required neuraxial anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty. Using palpation and imaging, his physicians were able to successfully administer a subarachnoid anesthetic injection on the first attempt. The authors discuss considerations for improving success rates of neuraxial anesthetic administration in these patients.
Disrupting the habit of interviewing
Authors: Honan Eileen
Published: June 2014

This paper contributes to the growing domain of ‘post-qualitative’ research and experiments with a new (re)presentational form to move away from traditional and clichéd descriptions of research methods. In this paper, I want to interrogate the category of interview, and the habit of interviewing, to disrupt the clichés, so as to allow thinking of different ways of writing/speaking/representing the interactions between researcher and researched that will breathe new life into qualitative inquiries. I will attempt to flatten and shred, destabilise and disrupt our common-sense ideas about interview, including those held most sacred to the qualitative community, that of anonymity and confidentiality, as well as the privilege of the ‘transcript’ in re-presenting interview data.
Participation, Civics and Your Next Coffee Maker
Authors: Howard Philip N.
Published: June 2014

This is a response to the article by Ethan Zuckerman “New Media, New Civics?” published in this issue of Policy & Internet (2014: vol. 6, issue 2). Dissatisfaction with existing governments, a broad shift to “post‐representative democracy” and the rise of participatory media are leading toward the visibility of different forms of civic participation. Zuckerman's article offers a framework to describe participatory civics in terms of theories of change used and demands places on the participant, and examines some of the implications of the rise of participatory civics, including the challenges of deliberation in a diverse and competitive digital public sphere. Philip Howard responds.
Something Old and Something New: A Comment on “New Media, New Civics”
Authors: Earl Jennifer
Published: June 2014

This is a response to the article by Ethan Zuckerman “New Media, New Civics?” published in this issue of Policy & Internet (2014: vol. 6, issue 2). Dissatisfaction with existing governments, a broad shift to “post‐representative democracy” and the rise of participatory media are leading toward the visibility of different forms of civic participation. Zuckerman's article offers a framework to describe participatory civics in terms of theories of change used and demands places on the participant, and examines some of the implications of the rise of participatory civics, including the challenges of deliberation in a diverse and competitive digital public sphere. Jennifer Earl responds.
New Media, New Civics?
Authors: Zuckerman Ethan
Published: June 2014

Dissatisfaction with existing governments, a broad shift to “post‐representative democracy” and the rise of participatory media are leading toward the visibility of different forms of civic participation. “Participatory civics” uses tools of participatory media and relies on theories of change beyond influencing representative governments to seek change. This article offers a framework to describe participatory civics in terms of theories of change used and demands places on the participant, and examines some of the implications of the rise of participatory civics, including the challenges of deliberation in a diverse and competitive digital public sphere.
The Medium and the Movement: Digital Tools, Social Movement Politics, and the End of the Free Rider Problem
Authors: Tufekci Zeynep
Published: June 2014

This is a response to the article by Ethan Zuckerman “New Media, New Civics?” published in this issue of Policy & Internet (2014: vol. 6, issue 2). Dissatisfaction with existing governments, a broad shift to “post‐representative democracy” and the rise of participatory media are leading toward the visibility of different forms of civic participation. Zuckerman's article offers a framework to describe participatory civics in terms of theories of change used and demands places on the participant, and examines some of the implications of the rise of participatory civics, including the challenges of deliberation in a diverse and competitive digital public sphere. Zeynep Tufekci responds.
Shear wave seismic interferometry for lithospheric imaging: Application to southern Mexico
Authors: Frank J. G. , Ruigrok E. N. , Wapenaar K.
Published: June 2014

Seismic interferometry allows for the creation of new seismic traces by cross correlating existing ones. With sufficient sampling of remote‐source positions, it is possible to create a virtual source record by transforming a receiver location into a virtual source. The imaging technique developed here directly retrieves reflectivity information from the subsurface. Other techniques, namely receiver‐function and tomography, rely on mode‐converted energy and perturbations in a velocity field, respectively, to make inferences regarding structure. We select shear phases as an imaging source because of their lower propagation velocity, sensitivity to melt, and ability to treat vertical shear and horizontal shear wavefields independently. Teleseismic shear phases approximate a plane wave due to the extent of wavefront spread compared to a finite receiver array located on the free surface. The teleseismic shear phase transmission responses are used as input to the seismic interferometry technique. We create virtual shear source records by converting each receiver in the array into a virtual source. By cross correlating the received signals, the complex source character of distant earthquakes is imprinted on the virtual source records as the average autocorrelation of individual source‐time functions. We demonstrate a technique that largely removes this imprint by filtering in the common‐offset domain. A field data set was selected from the Meso‐America Subduction Experiment. Despite the suboptimal remote‐source sampling, an image of the lithosphere was produced that confirms features of the subduction zone that were previously found with the receiver‐function technique.
A mascon approach to assess ice sheet and glacier mass balances and their uncertainties from GRACE data
Authors: Schrama Ernst J. O. , Wouters Bert , Rietbroek Roelof
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this paper is to assess the mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), Ice Sheets over Antarctica, and Land glaciers and Ice Caps with a global mascon method that yields monthly mass variations at 10,242 mascons. Input for this method are level 2 data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) system collected between February 2003 and June 2013 to which a number of corrections are made. With glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) corrections from an ensemble of models based on different ice histories and rheologic Earth model parameters, we find for Greenland a mass loss of −278 ± 19 Gt/yr. Whereas the mass balances for the GrIS appear to be less sensitive to GIA modeling uncertainties, this is not the case with the mass balance of Antarctica. Ice history models for Antarctica were recently improved, and updated historic ice height data sets and GPS time series have been used to generate new GIA models. We investigated the effect of two new GIA models for Antarctica and found −92 ± 26 Gt/yr which is half of what is obtained with ICE‐5G‐based GIA models, where the largest GIA model differences occur on East Antarctica. The mass balance of land glaciers and ice caps currently stands at −162 ± 10 Gt/yr. With the help of new GIA models for Antarctica, we assess the mass contribution to the mean sea level at 1.47 ± 0.09 mm/yr or 532 ± 34Gt/yr which is roughly half of the global sea level rise signal obtained from tide gauges and satellite altimetry.
Extreme swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone and the different types of El Niño events
Authors: Borlace Simon , Santoso Agus , Cai Wenju , Collins Matt
Published: June 2014

There have been three extreme equatorward swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) during the satellite era. These zonal SPCZ (zSPCZ) events coincided with an El Niño of different magnitude and spatial pattern, in which strong anomalous warming reduced the off‐equatorial‐to‐equatorial meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient near the dateline, enabling convection to shift equatorward. It is not known, given the short observational record, how and whether different types of El Niño are associated with zSPCZ events. Using perturbed physics ensembles experiments in which SST biases are reduced, we find that zSPCZ events are concurrent with notable eastern Pacific (EP) warming. Central Pacific warming alone is rarely able to produce a swing, even as the climate warms under a CO2 increase scenario. Only El Niño events with strong EP warming can shift the convective zone. Such co‐occurring events are found to increase in frequency under greenhouse warming.
Generation of unusually low frequency plasmaspheric hiss
Authors: Chen Lunjin , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Li Wen , Horne Richard B. , Reeves G. D. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F.
Published: June 2014

It has been reported from Van Allen Probe observations that plasmaspheric hiss intensification in the outer plasmasphere, associated with a substorm injection on 30 September 2012, occurred with a peak frequency near 100 Hz, well below the typical plasmaspheric hiss frequency range, extending down to ∼20 Hz. We examine this event of unusually low frequency plasmaspheric hiss to understand its generation mechanism. Quantitative analysis is performed by simulating wave raypaths via the HOTRAY ray tracing code with measured plasma density and calculating raypath‐integrated wave gain evaluated using the measured energetic electron distribution. We demonstrate that the growth rate due to substorm‐injected electrons is positive but rather weak, leading to small wave gain (∼10 dB) during a single equatorial crossing. Propagation characteristics aided by the sharp density gradient associated with the plasmapause, however, can enable these low‐frequency waves to undergo cyclic raypaths, which return to the unstable region leading to repeated amplification to yield sufficient net wave gain (>40 dB) to allow waves to grow from the thermal noise.
A top to bottom evaluation of IRI 2007 within the polar cap
Authors: Themens David R. , Jayachandran P. Thayyil , Nicolls Michael J. , MacDougall John W.
Published: June 2014

Monthly median values of ionospheric peak height (hmF2) and density (NmF2), derived from ionosonde measurements at four Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) stations situated within the polar cap and Auroral Oval, are used to evaluate the performance of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2007 empirical ionospheric model during the recent solar minimum between 2008 and 2010. This analysis demonstrates notable differences between IRI and ionosonde NmF2 diurnal and seasonal behavior over the entire period studied, where good agreement is found during summer periods but otherwise errors in excess of 50% were prevalent, particularly during equinox periods. hmF2 is found to be marginally overestimated during winter and equinox nighttime, while also being underestimated during summer and equinox daytime by in excess of 25%. These errors are shown to be related to significant mismodeling of the M(3000)F2 propagation factor. The ionospheric bottomside thickness parameter (B0) is also evaluated using ionosonde measurements. It is found that both of the IRI's internal B0 models significantly misrepresent both seasonal and diurnal variations in bottomside thickness when compared to ionosonde observations, where errors at times exceed 40%. A comparison is also presented between IRI and Resolute (74.75N, 265.00E) Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (AMISR)‐derived topside thickness. It is found in this comparison that the IRI is capable of modeling ionospheric topside thickness exceptionally well during winter and summer periods but fails to represent significant diurnal variability during the equinoxes and seasonal variations.
Crystal Structure of the ZrO Phase at Zirconium/Zirconium Oxide Interfaces
Authors: Nicholls Rebecca J. , Ni Na , Lozano‐Perez Sergio , London Andrew , McComb David W. , Nellist Peter D. , Grovenor Chris R.M. , Pickard Chris J. , Yates Jonathan R.
Published: June 2014

Zirconium‐based alloys are used in water‐cooled nuclear reactors for both nuclear fuel cladding and structural components. Under this harsh environment, the main factor limiting the service life of zirconium cladding, and hence fuel burn‐up efficiency, is water corrosion. This oxidation process has recently been linked to the presence of a sub‐oxide phase with well‐defined composition but unknown structure at the metal–oxide interface. In this paper, the combination of first‐principles materials modeling and high‐resolution electron microscopy is used to identify the structure of this sub‐oxide phase, bringing us a step closer to developing strategies to mitigate aqueous oxidation in Zr alloys and prolong the operational lifetime of commercial fuel cladding alloys.
Magnetization Reversal in CsNiIICrIII(CN)6 Coordination Nanoparticles: Unravelling Surface Anisotropy and Dipolar Interaction Effects
Authors: Prado Yoann , Mazerat Sandra , Rivière Eric , Rogez Guillaume , Gloter Alexandre , Stéphan Odile , Catala Laure , Mallah Talal
Published: June 2014

CsNiCr(CN)6 coordination nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 6 to 30 nm are highly diluted in an organic polymer matrix. Their static and dynamic magnetic behaviour allows unravelling of surface anisotropy and interparticle dipolar interaction effects. The single magnetic domain critical size is thus evaluated to be around 22 nm with a blocking temperature of 21 K (at ν = 1 Hz) and an effective energy barrier for the reversal of the magnetization of 426 K.
Toward Smart and Ultra‐efficient Solid‐State Lighting
Authors: Tsao Jeffrey Y. , Crawford Mary H. , Coltrin Michael E. , Fischer Arthur J. , Koleske Daniel D. , Subramania Ganapathi S. , Wang G. T. , Wierer Jonathan J. , Karlicek Robert F.
Published: June 2014

Solid‐state lighting has made tremendous progress this past decade, with the potential to make much more progress over the coming decade. In this article, the current status of solid‐state lighting relative to its ultimate potential to be “smart” and ultra‐efficient is reviewed. Smart, ultra‐efficient solid‐state lighting would enable both very high “effective” efficiencies and potentially large increases in human performance. To achieve ultra‐efficiency, phosphors must give way to multi‐color semiconductor electroluminescence: some of the technological challenges associated with such electroluminescence at the semiconductor level are reviewed. To achieve smartness, additional characteristics such as control of light flux and spectra in time and space will be important: some of the technological challenges associated with achieving these characteristics at the lamp level are also reviewed. It is important to emphasise that smart and ultra‐efficient are not either/or, and few compromises need to be made between them. The ultimate route to ultra‐efficiency brings with it the potential for smartness, the ultimate route to smartness brings with it the potential for ultra‐efficiency, and the long‐term ultimate route to both might well be color‐mixed RYGB lasers.
Facile Synthesis of Phosphaamidines and Phosphaamidinates using Nitrilium Ions as an Imine Synthon
Authors: van Dijk Tom , Burck Sebastian , Rong Mark K. , Rosenthal Amos J. , Nieger Martin , Slootweg J. Chris , Lammertsma Koop
Published: June 2014

Readily accessible nitrilium triflates are convenient imine building blocks for the expedient synthesis of a novel class of 1,3‐P,N ligands as demonstrated for the reaction with primary phosphanes. This procedure allows variation of all substituents. X‐ray crystal structures are reported for nitrilium ions, phosphaamidines, and three phosphaamidinate complexes. The lithium phosphaamidinate is N coordinated and its reaction with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene) gives a unique P‐bridged gold trimer, while a P,N‐bidentate complex results from [{RhCl(cod)}2]. The nitrilium ion methodology allows extension of the 1,3‐P,N motive to bis(imino)phosphanes, which are the neutral phosphorus analogues of the valuable β‐diketiminate ligand.
Design, synthesis, and application of amphoteric macromolecular dyes with controllable solubility
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Tang Bingtao , Zhang Shufen
Published: June 2014

A series of amphoteric macromolecular dyes were designed and synthesized from poly(acrylamide‐co‐vinylamine) oligomer and reactive dyes. The structure of the synthesized dyes was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectra, mass spectra, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis. The solubility of the dyes was also investigated. The results showed that the solubility of the dyes can be controlled by tuning the ratio of amino to sulfonate groups in amphoteric macromolecular dyes. Based on the results of controllable solubility conducted by visible light transmittance measurements, amphoteric macromolecular dyes were used to dye cotton fiber; the fixation of the dye on cotton was more than 95% when crosslinking agent was added. The dyed samples exhibited good fastness to washing and rubbing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41120.
Anatomy of curriculum: Digging to the core
Authors: Berman Anthony C.
Published: June 2014

This viewpoint commentary, written from the perspective of a teacher who has helped to educate students in a wide variety of educational environments, is a reaction to the article published in Anatomical Sciences Education on developing of core syllabuses for the anatomical sciences. After reflecting on the definitions of both curriculum and syllabus and their importance as roadmaps for effective instruction, the value of core knowledge and core syllabuses in anatomical sciences was explored. Encouragement for the pursuit of the project proposed in the original article was provided; however, the reminder to not allow any curriculum or syllabus to prevent instructional flexibility was emphasized. Several constructive questions (regarding democracy in curriculum development, the proposed rating scale, and the desirability of reaching local or national consensus before seeking global agreement) were advanced for consideration. Anat Sci Educ 7 326–328. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Influence of the Substitution and Conformation of CH‐Bond‐Based Bis‐Triazole Acceptors in Anion‐Binding Catalysis
Authors: Asmus Sören , Beckendorf Stephan , Zurro Mercedes , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Fröhlich Roland , García Mancheño Olga
Published: June 2014

A study on the key parameters involved in the anion‐binding process and catalytic activity of the new family of CH‐bond‐based, anion‐binding bis‐triazole catalysts BisTri was carried out. The effects of substitution at the side arms and the central backbone structure of the catalyst were investigated. Electron‐deficient 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at the side arms led to the most strongly bound structures. The evaluation of differently shaped anions showed remarkable binding selectivity of the BisTri derivatives for the chloride anion. Examination of various nucleophiles in a model catalytic alkylation reaction suggested a more complex mechanism than the expected SN1, in which the nucleophiles also participate partially in activation of the electrophile. DFT calculations were performed to investigate the relationship between the catalyst conformation and the binding affinity. Finally, in silico design and identification of a new, more efficient BisTri catalyst was accomplished.
Seed‐Mediated Synthesis of Gold Tetrahedra in High Purity and with Tunable, Well‐Controlled Sizes
Authors: Zheng Yiqun , Liu Wenying , Lv Tian , Luo Ming , Hu Hefei , Lu Ping , Choi Sang‐Il , Zhang Chao , Tao Jing , Zhu Yimei , Li Zhi‐Yuan , Xia Younan
Published: June 2014

We report a facile synthesis of Au tetrahedra in high purity and with tunable, well‐controlled sizes via seed‐mediated growth. The success of this synthesis relies on the use of single‐crystal, spherical Au nanocrystals as the seeds and manipulation of the reaction kinetics to induce an unsymmetrical growth pattern for the seeds. In particular, the dropwise addition of a precursor solution with a syringe pump, assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and bromide at appropriate concentrations, was found to be critical to the formation of Au tetrahedra in high purity. Their sizes could be readily tuned in the range of 30–60 nm by simply varying the amount of precursor added to the reaction solution. The current strategy not only enables the synthesis of Au tetrahedra with tunable and controlled sizes but also provides a facile and versatile approach to reducing the symmetry of nanocrystals made of a face‐centered cubic lattice.
Pediatric inpatient hospital resource use for congenital heart defects
Authors: Simeone Regina M. , Oster Matthew E. , Cassell Cynthia H. , Armour Brian S. , Gray Darryl T. , Honein Margaret A.
Published: June 2014

Background: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in approximately 8 per 1000 live births. Improvements in detection and treatment have increased survival. Few national estimates of the healthcare costs for infants, children and adolescents with CHDs are available. Methods: We estimated hospital costs for hospitalizations using pediatric (0–20 years) hospital discharge data from the 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) for hospitalizations with CHD diagnoses. Estimates were up‐weighted to be nationally representative. Mean costs were compared by demographic factors and presence of critical CHDs (CCHDs). Results: Up‐weighting of the KID generated an estimated 4,461,615 pediatric hospitalizations nationwide, excluding normal newborn births. The 163,980 (3.7%) pediatric hospitalizations with CHDs accounted for approximately $5.6 billion in hospital costs, representing 15.1% of costs for all pediatric hospitalizations in 2009. Approximately 17% of CHD hospitalizations had a CCHD, but it varied by age: approximately 14% of hospitalizations of infants, 30% of hospitalizations of patients aged 1 to 10 years, and 25% of hospitalizations of patients aged 11 to 20 years. Mean costs of CHD hospitalizations were higher in infancy ($36,601) than at older ages and were higher for hospitalizations with a CCHD diagnosis ($52,899). Hospitalizations with CCHDs accounted for 26.7% of all costs for CHD hospitalizations, with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation of the aorta, and tetralogy of Fallot having the highest total costs. Conclusion: Hospitalizations for children with CHDs have disproportionately high hospital costs compared with other pediatric hospitalizations, and the 17% of hospitalizations with CCHD diagnoses accounted for 27% of CHD hospital costs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:934–943, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limb‐body wall defect: Experience of a reference service of fetal medicine from Southern Brazil
Authors: Gazolla Ana C. , da Cunha André C. , Telles Jorge A.B. , Betat Rosilene da S. , Romano Mayara A. , Marshall Isabel , Gobatto Amanda M. , de H. Bicca Anna M. , Arcolini Camila P. , Dal Pai Thaís K.V. , Vieira Luciane R. , Targa Luciano V. , Betineli Ildo , Zen Paulo R.G. , Rosa Rafael F.M.
Published: June 2014

Background: Limb‐body wall defect is a rare condition characterized by a combination of large and complex defects of the ventral thorax and abdominal wall with craniofacial and limb anomalies. Methods: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of our fetal medicine service, a reference from Southern Brazil, with prenatally diagnosed patients with a limb‐body wall defect in a 3 years period. Only patients who fulfilled the criteria suggested by Hunter et al. (2011) were included in the study. Clinical data and results of radiological and cytogenetic evaluation were collected from their medical records. Results: Our sample was composed of 8 patients. Many of their mothers were younger than 25 years (50%) and in their first pregnancy (62.5%). It is noteworthy that one patient was referred due to suspected anencephaly and another due to a twin pregnancy with an embryonic sac. Craniofacial defects were verified in three patients (37.5%), thoracic/abdominal abnormalities in 6 (75%) and limb defects in eight (100%). Congenital heart defects were observed in five patients (62.5%). One of them presented a previously undescribed complex heart defect. Conclusion: The results disclosed that complementary exams, such as MRI and echocardiography, are important to better define the observed defects. Some of them, such as congenital heart defects, may be more common than previously reported. This definition is essential for the proper management of the pregnancy and genetic counseling of the family. The birth of these children must be planned with caution and for the prognosis a long survival possibility, despite unlikely and rare, must be considered. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:739–749, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A framework for the systematic design of fed‐batch strategies in mammalian cell culture
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Sarantos , Kontoravdi Cleo
Published: June 2014

A methodology to calculate the required amount of amino acids (a.a.) and glucose in feeds for animal cell culture from monitoring their levels in batch experiments is presented herein. Experiments with the designed feeds on an antibody‐producing Chinese hamster ovary cell line resulted in a 3‐fold increase in titer compared to batch culture. Adding 40% more nutrients to the same feed further increases the yield to 3.5 higher than in batch culture. Our results show that above a certain threshold there is no linear correlation between nutrient addition and the integral of viable cell concentration. In addition, although high ammonia levels hinder cell growth, they do not appear to affect specific antibody productivity, while we hypothesize that high extracellular lactate concentration is the cause for the metabolic shift towards lactate consumption for the cell line used. Overall, the performance of the designed feeds is comparable to that of a commercial feed that was tested in parallel. Expanding this approach to more nutrients, as well as changing the ratio of certain amino acids as informed by flux balance analysis, could achieve even higher yields. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2466–2476. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multilevel correlations in the biological phosphorus removal process: From bacterial enrichment to conductivity‐based metabolic batch tests and polyphosphatase assays
Authors: Weissbrodt David G. , Maillard Julien , Brovelli Alessandro , Chabrelie Alexandre , May Jonathan , Holliger Christof
Published: June 2014

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) from wastewater relies on the preferential selection of active polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAO) in the underlying bacterial community continuum. Efficient management of the bacterial resource requires understanding of population dynamics as well as availability of bioanalytical methods for rapid and regular assessment of relative abundances of active PAOs and their glycogen‐accumulating competitors (GAO). A systems approach was adopted here toward the investigation of multilevel correlations from the EBPR bioprocess to the bacterial community, metabolic, and enzymatic levels. Two anaerobic‐aerobic sequencing‐batch reactors were operated to enrich activated sludge in PAOs and GAOs affiliating with “Candidati Accumulibacter and Competibacter phosphates”, respectively. Bacterial selection was optimized by dynamic control of the organic loading rate and the anaerobic contact time. The distinct core bacteriomes mainly comprised populations related to the classes Betaproteobacteria, Cytophagia, and Chloroflexi in the PAO enrichment and of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Sphingobacteria in the GAO enrichment. An anaerobic metabolic batch test based on electrical conductivity evolution and a polyphosphatase enzymatic assay were developed for rapid and low‐cost assessment of the active PAO fraction and dephosphatation potential of activated sludge. Linear correlations were obtained between the PAO fraction, biomass specific rate of conductivity increase under anaerobic conditions, and polyphosphate‐hydrolyzing activity of PAO/GAO mixtures. The correlations between PAO/GAO ratios, metabolic activities, and conductivity profiles were confirmed by simulations with a mathematical model developed in the aqueous geochemistry software PHREEQC. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2421–2435. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational Library Design for Increasing Haloalkane Dehalogenase Stability
Authors: Floor Robert J. , Wijma Hein J. , Colpa Dana I. , Ramos‐Silva Aline , Jekel Peter A. , Szymański Wiktor , Feringa Ben L. , Marrink Siewert J. , Janssen Dick B.
Published: June 2014

We explored the use of a computational design framework for the stabilization of the haloalkane dehalogenase LinB. Energy calculations, disulfide bond design, molecular dynamics simulations, and rational inspection of mutant structures predicted many stabilizing mutations. Screening of these in small mutant libraries led to the discovery of seventeen point mutations and one disulfide bond that enhanced thermostability. Mutations located in or contacting flexible regions of the protein had a larger stabilizing effect than mutations outside such regions. The combined introduction of twelve stabilizing mutations resulted in a LinB mutant with a 23 °C increase in apparent melting temperature (Tm,app, 72.5 °C) and an over 200‐fold longer half‐life at 60 °C. The most stable LinB variants also displayed increased compatibility with co‐solvents, thus allowing substrate conversion and kinetic resolution at much higher concentrations than with the wild‐type enzyme.