bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the relationship people in their early adulthood have to small-town news and paywalls
Authors: Olsen Ragnhild Kristine
Published: January 2020

Within the context of a high-choice, digital media environment, this study explores how people in their early adulthood perceive the value of news from the small town where they reside and their attitude towards paying for it. Based on qualitative data from in-depth interviews and a media landscape sorting exercise, the study demonstrates how those willing and unwilling to pay differ in terms of lived and anticipated value experiences with small-town newspapers. The study posits that there is a misalignment, for them personally and for the local community, with regard to their perception of small-town news media’s value. What might not be important for them as individuals is nonetheless experienced as important for the society they live in. The study expands on studies of perceived worthwhileness of news media in a small-town context and introduces the concept of societal worthwhileness to encompass media users’ incorporation of collective interests in their value assessment of news media.
Rights and territories: A reply to Nine, Miller, and Stilz
Authors: Simmons A. J.
Published: January 2020

‘Rights and Territories: A Reply to Nine, Miller, and Stilz’ defends the Lockean theory of states’ territorial rights (as this theory was presented in Boundaries of Authority) against the critiques of Nine, Miller, and Stilz. In response to Nine’s concern that such a Lockean theory cannot justify the right of legitimate states to exclude aliens, it is argued that a consent-based theory like the Lockean one is flexible enough to justify a wide range of possible incidents of territorial rights – importantly including, though not necessarily including, the sort of right to exclude aliens that is familiar from actual political practice. Miller’s criticisms are more wide-ranging. In response, the article argues that Lockean labor-based property rights are both stronger and more enduring than Miller suggests and that nationalism’s resources for dealing with concerns about rights-supersession and trapped minorities are importantly overstated by Miller. Against Stilz’s Kantian, ‘presentist’ account of states’ authority over persons and territories, it is argued that the rectification of past (historical) wrongs remains morally crucial even in the context of otherwise-just societies and that Stilz’s Kantian/Rawlsian position unconvincingly privileges the rights to autonomy of territorially concentrated groups over those of dissenting individuals or wrongfully dispersed groups.
Fuzzytechie languaging and consilience: Dataphilosophy and transdisciplinary digital force for justice
Authors: Reinertsen Anne B
Published: January 2020

Digitalization of our educational systems is moving faster and deeper into our institutions. I applaud it because it has the potential to save time and effort, allowing me to spend more time on the most important part of my work as a scholar. But I am regularly sick to my stomach about what I applaud, because there is no potential and any news or justice in it unless I conquer it. Moreover, unless I do- conquer that is, it works as much against (non)knowledges as the opposite, and this is speeding up. Hence, I speculate with the concepts of speed and force. I ask, how is it possible to add or speed up and strengthen digital diversity for justice to highlight the entangled contours of knowledges, inequality, equality and quality in education? My gut feeling tells me that my subjective professionalism is under siege and that I need to take back the concept of objectivity to survive. It is paradoxically slow but fast, paradoxically objective but subjective, strong but weak. It implies a liberating loss of control to importance. Education becoming eventicized, professionals and teachers becoming transdisciplinary dataphilosophers.
Branched Endovascular Aortic Plug in Patients With Infrarenal Aortic Graft Infection and Hostile Anatomy
Authors: Gavali Hamid , Mani Kevin , Furebring Mia , Mogensen John , Wanhainen Anders
Published: January 2020

Purpose: To present a novel 4-branched endovascular aortic plug (BEVAP) for treatment of patients with infrarenal aortic graft infection. Case Reports: Two polymorbid male patients with aortic graft infections and an unsuturable diseased paravisceral aorta were treated under compassionate use with a custom-made stent-graft. The BEVAP is a factory-modified Zenith t-Branch thoracoabdominal endovascular graft with the distal tubular main graft portion removed, creating an aortic plug that excludes the abdominal aorta while maintaining perfusion to the visceral organs. The BEVAP device is deployed using a femoral approach, and the branches are accessed through an axillary approach. A standard axillobifemoral bypass is created to perfuse the lower body. One to 2 days later, the infected infrarenal graft is resected without the need of aortic clamping or closure of the aortic stump. The BEVAP device in these 2 cases resulted in thrombosis of the abdominal aorta and the infected graft prior to explantation. Conclusion: Using the BEVAP enables radical treatment of selected patients with hostile anatomy and infrarenal aortic graft infections who have an aneurysmal paravisceral aortic segment that prevents traditional radical surgical treatment with in situ reconstruction or extra-anatomical bypass.
Biohybrid nanofibers containing manganese oxide–forming fungi for heavy metal removal from water
Authors: Park Yaewon , Liu Shuang , Gardner Terrence , Johnson Drake , Keeler Aaron , Ortiz Nathalia , Rabah Ghada , Ford Ericka
Published: January 2020

Manganese-oxidizing fungi support bioremediation through the conversion of manganese ions into manganese oxide deposits that in turn adsorb manganese and other heavy metal ions from the environment. Manganese-oxidizing fungi were immobilized onto nanofiber surfaces to assist remediation of heavy metal–contaminated water. Two fungal isolates, Coniothyrium sp. and Coprinellus sp., from a Superfund site (Lot 86, Farm Unit #1) water treatment system were incubated in the presence of nanofibers. Fungal hyphae had strong association with nanofiber surfaces. Upon fungal attachment to manganese chloride–seeded nanofibers, Coniothyrium sp. catalyzed the conformal deposition of manganese oxide along hyphae and nanofibers, but Coprinellus sp. catalyzed manganese oxide only along its hyphae. Fungi–nanofiber hybrids removed various heavy metals from the water. Heavy metal ions were adsorbed into manganese oxide crystalline structure, possibly by ion exchange with manganese within the manganese oxide. Hybrid materials of fungal hyphae and manganese oxides confined to nanofiber-adsorbed heavy metal ions from water.
Sonography of musculoskeletal infection in children
Authors: Shahid Monique , Holton Colin , O’Riordan Sean , Kraft Jeannette K
Published: January 2020

Musculoskeletal infection, especially in young children, often presents with non-specific clinical signs and symptoms necessitating early imaging to identify the source of infection. While MRI is the investigation of choice to demonstrate bone infection, it is expensive and often requires a general anaesthetic in the young child. Ultrasound can be a useful tool in the initial assessment due to its easy availability and portable equipment. It does not involve ionising radiation and is used to guide aspiration and drainage procedures. This review explains sonographic features of septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pyomyositis and soft tissue infection in children and highlights advantages and limitations of sonography when assessing the child with suspected musculoskeletal infection.
The unequal variance signal-detection model of recognition memory: Investigating the encoding variability hypothesis
Authors: Spanton Rory W , Berry Christopher J
Published: January 2020

Despite the unequal variance signal-detection (UVSD) model’s prominence as a model of recognition memory, a psychological explanation for the unequal variance assumption has yet to be verified. According to the encoding variability hypothesis, old item memory strength variance (σo) is greater than that of new items because items are incremented by variable, rather than fixed, amounts of strength at encoding. Conditions that increase encoding variability should therefore result in greater estimates of σo. We conducted three experiments to test this prediction. In Experiment 1, encoding variability was manipulated by presenting items for a fixed or variable (normally distributed) duration at study. In Experiment 2, we used an attentional manipulation whereby participants studied items while performing an auditory one-back task in which distractors were presented at fixed or variable intervals. In Experiment 3, participants studied stimuli with either high or low variance in word frequency. Across experiments, estimates of σo were unaffected by our attempts to manipulate encoding variability, even though the manipulations weakly affected subsequent recognition. Instead, estimates of σo tended to be positively correlated with estimates of the mean difference in strength between new and studied items ( d), as might be expected if σo generally scales with d. Our results show that it is surprisingly hard to successfully manipulate encoding variability, and they provide a signpost for others seeking to test the encoding variability hypothesis.
Contingency learning as binding? Testing an exemplar view of the colour-word contingency learning effect
Authors: Schmidt James R , Giesen Carina G , Rothermund Klaus
Published: January 2020

The learning of contingent regularities between events is fundamental for interacting with our world. We are also heavily influenced by recent experiences, as frequently studied in the stimulus-response binding literature. According to one view (“unitary view”), the learning of regularities across many events and the influence of recent events on current performance can coherently be explained with one high-learning rate memory mechanism. That is, contingency learning effects and binding effects are essentially the same thing, only studied at different timescales. On the other hand, there may be more to a contingency effect than just the summation of the influence of past events (e.g., an additional impact of learned regularities). To test these possibilities, the current report reanalyses a number of datasets from the colour-word contingency learning paradigm. It is shown that the weighted sum of binding effects accumulated across many previous trials (with especially strong influence of very recent events) does explain a large chunk of the contingency effect, but not all of it. In particular, the asymptote towards which the contingency effect decreases by accounting for an increasing number of previous-trial binding effects is robustly above zero. On the other hand, we also observe evidence for higher-order interactions between binding effects at differing lags, suggesting that a mere linear accumulation of binding episodes might underestimate their influence on contingency learning. Accordingly, focusing only on episodic stimulus-response binding effects that are due to the last occurrence of a stimulus rendered contingency learning effects non-significant. Implications for memory models are discussed.
Introduction to the Special Issue “Parliamentary formations and diversities in (post-)imperial Eurasia”
Authors: Sablin Ivan
Published: January 2020

Addressing the entangled histories of deliberative decision making, political representation, and constitutionalism in several geographic and temporal contexts, this Special Issue offers nuanced political and intellectual histories and anthropologies of parliamentarism in Eurasia. It explores parliaments and quasi-parliamentary formations and the designs of such in the Qing and Russian Empires, the late Soviet Union, Ukraine, the Russian Far East, and the Russian-Mongolian borderlands (from Buryat and Mongolian perspectives) in seven contributions. Apart from the regional interconnections, the Special Issue foregrounds the concepts of diversity and empire to enable an interdisciplinary discussion. Understanding empires as composite spaces, where the ambivalent and situational difference is central for the governing repertoires, the articles discuss social (ethnic, religious, regional, etc.) diversity in particular contexts and the ways it affected the parliamentary designs. The multitude of the latter is understood as institutional diversity and is discussed in relation to different levels of administration, as well as the positions of respective parliamentary formations within political systems and their performance within regimes. The contributions also investigate different forms of deliberative decision-making, including the soviet, the Congress of People’s Deputies, and the national congress, which allows to include conceptual diversity of Eurasian parliamentarisms into the discussions in area and global studies. The Special Issue highlights the role of (quasi-)parliaments in dissembling and reassembling imperial formations and the ways in which parliaments were eclipsed by other institutions of power, both political and economic.
Reaction of Aminomalononitrile and Benzylic Compounds as a Plausible Route to Phenylalanine
Authors: Kuroda Chiaki , Kobayashi Reiri , Kurebayashi Saeka , Tazawa Kanako , Masuda Arisa , Takeuchi Ryo , Washio Ayako , Onuki Hiroyuki
Published: January 2020

As a possible route to phenylalanine, reaction of aminomalononitrile with benzylic compounds was studied. 2-Benzyl-2-aminomalononitrile (3) was obtained in a good yield when aminomalononitrile p-toluenesulfonate (1) was treated with benzyl bromide (2) in THF using triethylamine as a base. The reaction proceeded in the presence of water. Compound 3 was hydrolyzed to afford phenylalanine. The aminomalononitrile route can explain the presence of not only 1 methylene in aromatic amino acids, but also α-hydrogen in all 20 proteinogenic amino acids.
Inhibition of Knee Osteoarthritis Progression in Mice by Administering SRT2014, an Activator of Silent Information Regulator 2 Ortholog 1
Authors: Miyaji Nobuaki , Nishida Kyohei , Tanaka Toshikazu , Araki Daisuke , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Hoshino Yuichi , Kuroda Ryosuke , Matsushita Takehiko
Published: January 2020

Objective

Previous findings suggest that silent information regulator 2 ortholog 1 (SIRT1) plays essential roles in chondrocytes and prevents osteoarthritis (OA) development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intra-articular (i.a.) administration of the SIRT1 activator SRT2104, which has been approved for use in humans.

Design

OA was induced by destabilizing the medial meniscus in the knee joint of 12-week-old CL57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into 3 groups, that is, the control group, SRT2104 i.p.-injection group, and SRT2104 i.a.-injection group. Tissues were harvested at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks postsurgery. OA progression was evaluated using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score. The production of OA-related proteins in cartilage and synovium was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

OARSI scores in the control group were significantly higher at 8 and 12 weeks compared with other 2 groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Sirt1 and type-2 collagen significantly increased, whereas MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, IL-1β, IL-6, cleaved caspase 3, PARP p85, acetylated NF-κB p65, and iNOS decreased significantly in cartilage tissues from the i.p. and i.a, SRT2104 groups. In the synovium, more iNOS-positive M1-like macrophages were observed in the control group than in the i.p. and i.a, SRT2104 groups, whereas more CD206-positive M2-like macrophages were detected in the i.p. and i.a. SRT2104 groups.

Conclusions

Both i.p. and i.a. SRT2104 injection reduced OA progression in the mouse OA model, suggesting that SRT2104 can serve as a new treatment for OA.
Role of Sfrps in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Huang Anqing , Huang Yuli
Published: January 2020

Secreted frizzled-related proteins (Sfrps) are a family of secreted proteins that bind extracellularly to Wnt ligands and frizzled receptors. This binding modulates the Wnt signaling cascade, and Sfrps interact with their corresponding receptors. Sfrps are thought to play an important role in the pathological mechanism of cardiac disease such as myocardial infarction, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. However, the overall role of Sfrps in cardiac disease is unknown. Some members of the Sfrps family modulate cellular apoptosis, angiogenesis, differentiation, the inflammatory process, and cardiac remodeling. In this review, we summarize the evidence of Sfrps association with cardiac disease. We also discuss how multiple mechanisms may underlie Sfrps being involved in such diverse pathologies.
Damage evaluation and protection method of resin pipe for gas conduit subjected to impact load
Authors: Tamai Hiroki , Jinkawa Sota , Sonoda Yoshimi
Published: January 2020

Medium-density polyethylene pipe has been widely introduced to low-pressure gas pipes because of its high flexibility and corrosion resistance. However, many third-party damages due to the impact of heavy equipment have been reported during the construction every year, thus, to prevent the third-party damage, materials such as high-density polyethylene and polyamide have been considered as the new gas pipe candidates. However, their impact resistance capacity under the third-party attack has not been clarified. In this study, static and impact loading experiments were conducted to compare load resistance capacities. As a result, it was revealed that the high-density polyethylene pipe and the polyamide pipe had higher static load capacity and impact resistance than the medium-density polyethylene pipe. By comparing the absorbed energy of the static test and the impact test and calculating the pseudo absorbed energy of the impact test, the evaluation formula judging the safer side of whether the penetration occurred was proposed. Furthermore, as one of the methods to protect the gas pipe, the protective effect of winding a sheet made of reinforced fiber and non-woven fabric was clarified.
Elevated admission urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase level is associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Funabashi Sayaka , Omote Kazunori , Nagai Toshiyuki , Honda Yasuyuki , Nakano Hiroki , Honda Satoshi , Iwakami Naotsugu , Hamatani Yasuhiro , Nakai Michikazu , Nishimura Kunihiro , Asaumi Yasuhide , Aiba Takeshi , Noguchi Teruo , Kusano Kengo , Yokoyama Hiroyuki , Yasuda Satoshi , Ogawa Hisao , Anzai Toshihisa
Published: January 2020

Background:

The prognostic significance of urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase in acute heart failure has not been fully elucidated. Accordingly, this study investigated whether urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase could be associated with subsequent adverse events in acute heart failure patients.

Methods:

We studied 708 consecutive acute heart failure patients who had accessible N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase data on admission from the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Acute Decompensated Heart Failure registry. We assessed the relationship between the admission N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase level and the combined endpoint of all-cause death and worsening heart failure. Worsening heart failure was defined as worsening symptoms and signs of heart failure requiring intensification of intravenous therapy such as diuretics, vasodilators and inotropes or initiation of mechanical support after stabilisation with initial treatment during hospitalisation, or readmission due to heart failure after discharge.

Results:

During a median follow-up period of 763 (interquartile range 431–1028) days, higher urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase was significantly related to increased events of all-cause death and worsening heart failure. In addition, patients with higher urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate on admission had the worst clinical outcomes. In multivariable Cox regression, urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase on admission was independently associated with adverse events (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.35) even after adjustment by covariates including the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusions:

Higher urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase level on admission was independently associated with worse clinical outcomes. Our findings indicate the potential value of assessing urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamidase on admission for further risk stratification in patients with acute heart failure.
Lichen planopilaris induced by infliximab: A case report
Authors: McPhie Meghan L , Wang Ami , Molin Sonja , Herzinger Thomas
Published: January 2020

Infliximab is a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor used to treat a range of inflammatory diseases. Most reports of cutaneous eruptions from tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors have described the paradoxical development of psoriasis or psoriasiform drug reaction. In our report, we present a 31-year-old female with inflammatory bowel disease who developed an unusual lichenoid drug reaction to infliximab involving the hair follicles, resulting in progressive global alopecia. Clinical features and histopathological findings were consistent with drug-induced lichen planopilaris with eosinophils and lichenoid dermatitis.
Duration of natalizumab therapy and reasons for discontinuation in a multiple sclerosis population
Authors: Conway Devon S , Hersh Carrie M , Harris Haleigh C , Hua Le H
Published: January 2020

Objective

To determine multiple sclerosis patient characteristics that predict a shorter duration of natalizumab treatment.

Methods

The Tysabri Outreach: Unified Commitment to Health database was reviewed to identify patients treated with natalizumab at our centers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate patient characteristics associated with shorter treatment durations on natalizumab. Associations were also assessed with respect to specific reasons for stopping natalizumab.

Results

We identified 554 patients who began and stopped natalizumab treatment during the observation period. The average disease duration at natalizumab initiation was 7.6 years, and the average number of infusions was 30. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model identified greater age ( P = 0.035), longer disease duration ( P < 0.001), progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis phenotype ( P = 0.003), current smoking ( P = 0.031), and greater depression ( P = 0.026) as significant predictors for natalizumab discontinuation. Greater disability levels ( P = 0.022) and gadolinium-enhancing lesions on baseline magnetic resonance imaging ( P < 0.001) were significantly associated with longer natalizumab treatment. Individuals with progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis had a 14-fold increased hazard of discontinuing natalizumab due to inflammatory events ( P < 0.001) than those with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Smokers had an 80% increased hazard of discontinuation due to intolerance ( P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that smoking, depression, and a progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis phenotype are associated with shorter natalizumab treatment durations.
Rhetorical Loss in Translating Prepositional Phrases of the Holy Qur’an
Authors: Hummadi Ali Salman , Mat Said Seriaznita Binti , Hussein Rafi’ M. , Sabti Ahmed Abdulateef , Hattab Huda Abed Ali
Published: January 2020

Translators of the Holy Quran confront many quandaries in their attempt to transfer the Qur’anic verses from Arabic into English. One of these quandaries is how to rhetorically communicate the intended meanings (implicatures) of the prepositional phrases in the Holy Qur’an. The translation of Arabic prepositional phrases in the Holy Qur’an as a source text (ST) may lead, in some Qur’anic verses, to a rhetorical loss in communicating their implicature in the target text (TT). That implicature or implicitly communicated meaning other than the explicature is the one intended to be expressed and required to be faithfully translated. In rendering the preposition into the target language (TL), translators bring into home only the explicitly stated meaning unaware of the implicitly stated meaning created as a result of the application of this specific rhetorical device. This study investigates the problem of the rhetorical loss encountered in the translation of prepositional phrases of the Qur’anic verses and identifies the cause of this problem. It also attempts to suggest a mechanism that is, to some extent, helpful and insightful in coping with the difficulties of translating Arabic prepositional phrases in Qur’anic verses. This research adopts a descriptive qualitative content analysis of the Qur’anic verses and their English translations that are relevant to the focus of the research. The source of failure of the English translations of the verses in conveying the rhetorical meanings of prepositional phrases has been identified in terms of the Relevance Theory and the distinction between explicature and implicature of these phrases. The study concludes that meaning equivalence in translation requires translators to be aware of not only the explicitly stated meanings of prepositions but the implicitly communicated ones as well which are recoverable through referring to Arabic heritage resources and interpretation books dedicated to exploring the rhetorical purposes of prepositions alternation in Qur’anic verses. The results of the analysis and the new suggested mechanism have been verified by an Arabic language and Qur’anic sciences expert who is a proficient speaker of English as well.
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
Authors: Sandal Candace
Published: January 2020

An estimated 11 million women in the United States have been raped while drunk or drugged. Occupational health nurses can offer education and sound advice to workers and international business travelers on how to protect themselves.
Does the Number of Levels Fused Affect Spinopelvic Parameters and Clinical Outcomes Following Posterolateral Lumbar Fusion for Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis?
Authors: Harada Garrett K. , Khan Jannat M. , Vetter Christian , Basques Bryce A. , Sayari Arash J. , Hayani Zayd , Tchalukov Konstantin , Louie Philip K. , Colman Matthew , An Howard S.
Published: January 2020

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort.

Objectives:

To determine how the number of fused intervertebral levels affects radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing open posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) for low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Methods:

This was a retrospective cohort study on patients who underwent open PLF for low-grade spondylolisthesis at a single institution from 2011 to 2018. Patients were divided into groups based on number of levels fused during their procedure (1, 2, or 3 or more). Preoperative and postoperative spinopelvic radiographic parameters, patient-reported outcomes (Visual Analog Scale [VAS]-back, VAS-leg, Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]), and postoperative complications were compared.

Results:

Of the 316 patients eligible (203 one-level, 95 two-level, 18 three or more levels), change in initial postoperative to final pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis was greatest in 2-level fusions ( P = .039), while 3 or more level fusions had worse final pelvic tilt measures ( P = .021). In addition, multilevel fusions had worse final VAS-back scores (2-level: P = .015; 3 or more levels: P = .011), higher rates of dural tears (2-level: P = .001), reoperation (2-level: P = .039), and discharge to facility (3 or more levels: P = .047) when compared with 1-level fusions.

Conclusions:

Patients in multilevel fusions experienced less improvement in back pain, had more complications, and were more commonly discharged to a facility compared with single-level PLF patients. These findings are important for operative planning, for setting appropriate preoperative expectations, and for risk stratification in patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion for low-grade spondylolisthesis.
Spinal Navigation for Cervical Pedicle Screws: Surgical Pearls and Pitfalls
Authors: Gan Gerrard , Kaliya-Perumal Arun-Kumar , Yu Chun Sing , Nolan Colum Patrick , Oh Jacob Yoong-Leong
Published: January 2020

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:

We intend to evaluate the accuracy and safety of cervical pedicle screw (CPS) insertion under O-arm-based 3-dimensional (3D) navigation guidance.

Methods:

This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent CPS insertion under intraoperative O-arm-based 3D navigation during the years 2009 to 2018. The radiological accuracy of CPS placement was evaluated using their intraoperative scans.

Results:

A total of 297 CPSs were inserted under navigation. According to Gertzbein classification, 229 screws (77.1%) were placed without any pedicle breach (grade 0). Of the screws that did breach the pedicle, 51 screws (17.2%) had a minor breach of less than 2 mm (grade 1), 13 screws (4.4%) had a breach of between 2 and 4 mm (grade 2), and 4 screws (1.3%) had a complete breach of 4 mm or more (grade 3). Six screws were revised intraoperatively. There was no incidence of neurovascular injury in this series of patients. 59 of the 68 breaches (86.8%) were found to perforate laterally, and the remaining 9 (13.2%) medially. It was noted that the C5 cervical level had the highest breach rate of 33.3%.

Conclusions:

O-arm-based 3D navigation can improve the accuracy and safety of CPS insertion. The overall breach rate in this study was 22.9%. Despite these breaches, there was no incidence of neurovascular injury or need for revision surgery for screw malposition.
Founder Leaders and Organization Culture: A Comparative Study on Indian and American Founder Leaders Based on Schein’s Model of Organizational Culture
Authors: Mamatha S.V.  , Geetanjali P.
Published: January 2020

Organizational culture is created gradually by founder leaders on the basis of their values, assumptions and beliefs. Organizational culture is tangible in terms of the architecture of the company, office layout and exhibits and intangible in terms of behaviour of employees, decisions, policies and procedures. This article aims to perform a comparative analysis of some of the founder leaders of Indian and American businesses and their influence on the culture of the organization.

The study adopts the case method research design where the focus is on the specific interesting cases, articles and interviews of the founder(s) in their formational years and cases when the company had a stable organizational culture. The unit of analysis is the founder leader. The company’s culture is evaluated using Schein’s Model of Organizational Culture while that of the founder leader is evaluated using Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions. This study does not equate national culture to individual’s culture to avoid ecological fallacy of interpreting country-level relationships being applied to individuals.

The study shows that there exist layers of subcultures in each individual. The article discusses an interesting paradigm, that is, the culture in which they are born/trained and the culture they adopt intentionally. When founders adopt other cultures, some traces of adopted cultures are reflected in the organization. The article concludes that founder leaders’ culture needs a better framework in order to see its effects on the organization. Hofstede’s model does not show the relationship between different layers of the culture. Hence, the model seems inadequate to be applied to analyse founder leaders.
Relation between grip and pinch strength and pitch type in high school pitchers with and without elbow symptoms
Authors: Tajika Tsuyoshi , Oya Noboru , Ichinose Tsuyoshi , Shimoyama Daisuke , Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Hamano Takanori , Shitara Hitoshi , Yamamoto Atsushi , Sakamoto Masaaki , Takagishi Kenji , Chikuda Hirotaka
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Gripping and pinching a ball is a fundamentally important part of the kinetic chain for throwing baseball pitches of various types. This study of high school pitchers was conducted to assess the association between grip and pinch strength, the pitch type, and the history of elbow symptoms.

Methods:

We examined 133 high school baseball pitchers, all of whom had completed a self-administered questionnaire including items related to pitch type throwing ratios, the age at starting each pitch type, and throwing-related elbow joint pain sustained during the prior 3 years. We measured grip strength and the bilateral side tip, key, and palmar pinch strengths. Comparisons were made between the participants with and without an elbow symptom history to assess the grip and each pinch strength, throwing ratio of pitch type, and the age at starting to throw each pitch type.

Results:

Pitchers with an elbow symptom history exhibited less difference between the grip strength on the throwing side than those with no elbow symptom history ( p = 0.04). No difference was found between participants with and without an elbow symptom history in terms of pinch strength, the throwing ratios of pitch types, or the age at starting to throw pitches of each type. Positive significant association was found between pinch strength on the pitching side and the forkball and screwball throwing ratio ( r = 0.27, p = 0.002).

Conclusion:

Grip strength might influence high school baseball pitcher elbow conditions. The frequency of certain pitch types might develop pinch strength in high school baseball pitchers.
Bridging the Gap: Understanding the Trends in Indian Legal Education from Recent Developments
Authors: Sarker Shuvro Prosun , Sharma Prakash
Published: January 2020

The constitutional mandate of legal aid provides Indian law schools a unique opportunity to achieve the social justice mission of legal education. Taking cue from such holistic vision, Indian legal education aims to provide a fair, effective and accessible legal system to its citizens. Having said this, the euphoria of ideal legal education remains a distant dream with continuous declining standards in legal education impartation. There appear efforts to correct such decline, which led to the introduction of clinical legal education (CLE) as a mandatory component in the law school curriculum by way of mandatory practical papers. Also, the modern approach to legal education demands adoption of local circumstances while implementing ‘broadly shared aspirations’ and ‘goals of global level’. In this regard, this article covers three recent activities, which if clubbed together present wider scenes pertaining to the state of legal education and reforms in India. On a collective reading of all three events, this article argues for introducing continuing legal education (CLE) in India.
Ethical Dilemmas in the Lawyer–Client Relation: Concerns and Solutions
Authors: Chakraborty Anirban
Published: January 2020

Lawyer–client relationship is the most important aspect of professional life of lawyers. When lawyers enter into professional relation with their clients they become bound by several ethical and professional duties. These duties are a mixture of status and contract emerging out of the nature of the relationship governing lawyer and client. Observing these duties is indispensable under the rules governing standards of professional conduct for lawyers. Lot has been written about these duties and the need to observe them, but the untraded area in the literature remains some of the challenges that arise in course of observing these duties due to some equally competing issues. The lawyers often face these challenges in their professional life, but little guidance is available to address them effectively. In this context, the aim of this article is to trace some of these competing issues and challenges and discuss the legal and regulatory framework that help to address them. The article begins by exploring the issues that arise at the very formation of the lawyer–client relationship. In the second part, the article examines the issue of lawyer’s scope and authority to make decisions in legal transactions for their clients. Also it covers the issues involving extent of lawyer’s authority to take decisions on behalf of mentally impaired or minor clients. Finally, the article looks into the issues that come up during the discharge of the lawyer–client relationship. The article concludes on the note that to ensure an effective and satisfactory lawyer–client relation it is an imperative that lawyers are sensitized with these issues and the principles they can look at for their resolution.
Justice Education: A Desired Destination of The Menon Model
Authors: Poddar Debasis
Published: January 2020

Since inception of the new-generation experiment in legal education with the National Law School of India University Bangalore (NLSIU), contemporary history of professional education rolls on toward excellence and the ordeal is on with the proliferation of similar institutional entrepreneurship. In the anxiety of competitive edge, few—too few—follow legacy of a model school in Bangalore; invented by N.R. Madhava Menon: the legacy vis-a-vis experiments with discipline, leadership, pedagogy, and the like. Minute prospect and consequence of (t)his model apart, Menon redefined the philosophy of professional education at NLSIU. What went spread over far and wide as trendsetter for the contemporary legal education is the letters of institutionalism, more so for ‘National’. Spirit of the NLSIU legacy but lies elsewhere.

A practising lawyer-turned-educator, Madhava Menon has introduced a model to prepare well-baked product for the bench and the bar alike. At the same time, however, he brought in sense of social responsibility otherwise getting dwindled in the contemporary professional lifeworld. Not without reason that there is emphasis upon clinical legal education and legal aid clinic alike. In its essence, the author advances arguendo with the reasoning of his own, that pedagogy thereby initiated has had a teleological end to offer legal education en route to justice education; thereby spearhead progressive social transformation. The Menon Model is meant to raise human resource for professional service to the court and the people; instead of tertiary service to the market. After his model, the market ought to approach qualified professionals; not vice versa. The sooner such internal legacy of the (Menon) model earns appreciation is the better for prospect of professional education.
Treatment of Acute Proximal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears—Part 2: The Role of Internal Bracing on Gap Formation and Stabilization of Repair Techniques
Authors: Bachmaier Samuel , DiFelice Gregory S. , Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , Douoguih Wiemi A. , Smith Patrick A. , Pace Lee J. , Ritter Daniel , Wijdicks Coen A.
Published: January 2020

Background:

The latest biomechanical studies on some form of internal bracing have shown improved stabilization for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair, but gap formation and load-sharing function have not yet been reported.

Hypothesis:

Internal bracing of an adjustable ACL repair construct provides improved stabilization with reduced gap formation and higher residual loading on the ACL.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Internally braced ACL repair constructs with single– and double–cinch loop (CL) cortical buttons, a knotless suture anchor, and a single-CL cortical button with adjustable loop fixation (CLS-ALD) were tested (n = 20 each) in a porcine model at 4 different loads (n = 5 each) over 4000 cycles at 0.75 Hz (n = 80 total). The CLS-ALD technique allowed for additional preconditioning (10 cycles at 0.5 Hz). Test results of the isolated internal brace groups served as a baseline for comparison. Lastly, specimens were pulled to failure (50 mm/min) with a cut internal brace. Final loading and gap formation on the ACL repair construct as well as ultimate strength were analyzed.

Results:

A statistical significance for peak loads over peak elongation was found between the CLS-ALD and all other reinforced groups (analysis of covariance, P < .001). Accordingly, the adjustable repair technique showed improved load-bearing capability with the internal brace compared with all other fixed repair groups and revealed significantly higher loads than the knotted single-CL group. Also, significantly reduced gap formation was found for the CLS-ALD compared with all other groups ( P < .001), with no gap formation up to 150 N with a final gap of 0.85 ± 0.31 mm at 350 N. A significantly higher ultimate failure load (866.2 ± 104.0 N; P < .001) was found for the button-fixed internal brace group compared with all other groups.

Conclusion:

Internal bracing had a crucial role in improving the stabilization potential of ACL repair at loads occurring during normal daily activity. The added strength of the internal brace allowed for reducing peak loads on the ACL repair construct as well as restricting gap formation to below 3 mm at loads up to 350 N.

Clinical Relevance:

Improvements in the mechanical characteristics of current ACL repair techniques that enable reduced gap formation and allow for early range of motion and accelerated rehabilitation may strengthen the self-healing response with the formation of stable scar tissue.
Characteristics of Diabetes Self-Care Agency in Japan Based on Statistical Cluster Analysis
Authors: Umeda Eiko , Shimizu Yasuko , Uchiumi Kyoko , Murakado Naoko , Kuroda Kumiko , Masaki Harue , Seto Natsuko , Ishii Hidetoki
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Considering the situation where the number of people with diabetes is increasing, we need to find ways to support more efficient and effective outpatient clinics. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective support methods and to elaborate a strategy as a system for support after grasping the characteristics of the entire population of people with diabetes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the diabetes population in outpatient settings by differences in self-care agency and to examine how to support them based on the recognized characteristics.

Methods

Participants were 261 people with diabetes under outpatient care in Japanese institutions from whom demographic data on age, gender, HbA1c, and treatment method were collected as well as self-care agency data based on the Instrument of Diabetes Self-Care Agency consisting of 40 items. The data were analyzed using cluster analysis to compare age, gender, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, type of diabetes, and insulin therapy between clusters.

Results

The analysis identified six clusters, including a group with favorable HbA1c but low total self-care agency scores that were likely to affect their blood glucose control in the future, although accounting for as small a portion as 3% of the total. In addition, a cluster with poor HbA1c and generally low self-care agency was also identified accounting for about a quarter of the total population. These clusters were considered to require further support. Clusters having markedly low self-care agency items, stress-coping ability, or the ability to make the most of the support available were also identified.

Conclusion

The six clusters need to be assisted in focusing on mental or social support. Accordingly, consideration of the support system for people with diabetes based on an understanding of the cluster characteristics seemed to enable more efficient and effective support.
Predicting Postsecondary Pathways: The Effect of Social Background and Academic Factors on Routes through School
Authors: Boylan Rebecca L.
Published: January 2020

Access to institutions of higher education has increased in recent decades; however, increased access has not led to parallel increases in degree completion among all types of students. In this article, I examine the associations between individual-level factors and the particular paths through educational institutions that students follow as they navigate their educational careers. Research on educational pathways has typically examined individual educational “transitions” but failed to examine the full “trajectories” that students experience. Applying optimal matching sequence analysis techniques to the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, I capture the long-term postsecondary educational experiences of respondents across 107 months in early adulthood. Examining how social background factors affect the extent and ordering of postsecondary experiences over this extended period of the life course contributes to our understanding of the ways these factors may influence whole educational careers and provides a holistic counterpart to the more traditional transitions-focused literature.
Improving economic evaluations in stroke: A report from the ESO Health Economics Working Group
Authors: Cadilhac Dominique A , Kim Joosup , Wilson Alastair , Berge Eivind , Patel Anita , Ali Myzoon , Saver Jeffrey , Christensen Hanne , Cuche Matthieu , Crews Sean , Wu Olivia , Provoyeur Marine , McMeekin Peter , Durand-Zaleski Isabelle , Ford Gary A , Muhlemann Natalia , Bath Philip M , Abdul-Rahim Azmil H , Sunnerhagen Katharina , Meretoja Atte , Thijs Vincent , Weimar Christian , Massaro Ayrton , Ranta Annemarei , Lees Kennedy R ,   on behalf of the ESO Health Economics Working group
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Approaches to economic evaluations of stroke therapies are varied and inconsistently described. An objective of the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Health Economics Working Group is to standardise and improve the economic evaluations of interventions for stroke.

Methods

The ESO Health Economics Working Group and additional experts were contacted to develop a protocol and a guidance document for data collection for economic evaluations of stroke therapies. A modified Delphi approach, including a survey and consensus processes, was used to agree on content. We also asked the participants about resources that could be shared to improve economic evaluations of interventions for stroke.

Results

Of 28 experts invited, 16 (57%) completed the initial survey, with representation from universities, government, and industry. More than half of the survey respondents endorsed 13 specific items to include in a standard resource use questionnaire. Preferred functional/quality of life outcome measures to use for economic evaluations were the modified Rankin Scale (14 respondents, 88%) and the EQ-5D instrument (11 respondents, 69%). Of the 12 respondents who had access to data used in economic evaluations, 10 (83%) indicated a willingness to share data. A protocol template and a guidance document for data collection were developed and are presented in this article.

Conclusion

The protocol template and guidance document for data collection will support a more standardised and transparent approach for economic evaluations of stroke care.