bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This epilogue describes the transition of mainstream religious publishing from the millennial high of general supplies conducted by great ecumenical societies to the more steady, yet fragmented, world of the denominational publisher. By the early 1860s, the largest religious publisher in America was no longer the American Bible Society (ABS) or the American Tract Society (ATS) but the Methodist Book Concern. Both the ABS and the ATS lives on; they continue to live on today, in an age of multimedia CD-ROMs and e-tracts. But after 1860, they learned to live within an enormously diverse constellation of denominations and religious publishing enterprises.
Fundamentalists in the City
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Surveying the social, geographical, and political context of late 19th and early 20th century Boston, Bendroth offers a new perspective on the rise of American fundamentalism. Her approach emphasizes the importance of local events in dividing Protestant liberals from conservative evangelicals, particularly the energizing force of anti-Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s. Her analysis emphasizes the interaction of leaders and laypeople, with particular attention to the role of women in generating a militant response to perceived Catholic encroachment. Bendroth also looks at urban fundamentalism within its church context, providing demographic and institutional background on the growth of two very different downtown churches. The first, Tremont Temple, was a revivalist Baptist preaching center that steered clear of militant fundamentalism. The second, Park Street Congregational, aimed at preserving Protestant orthodoxy and, in the 1930s and 1940s, became the nucleus of a conservative evangelical movement that eventually encompassed all of New England. Bendroth tracks the gradual disengagement of conservative Protestants from their urban environment by comparing the strategies of three major city-wide revivals, beginning with J. Wilbur Chapman and Billy Sunday in the World War I era, and ending with Billy Graham’s crusade in 1950. Her book depicts fundamentalists not as militant anti-modernists, but as ordinary people struggling to find a consistent rallying point in a city that was both too liberal to accommodate their beliefs and too conservative to contain their entrepreneurial zeal for change.
A Protestant on Foot
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

In the late 19th century, Boston was divided into three main sections: the “old downtown,” the newly created and elegant Back Bay, and the transient neighborhoods of the South End. This chapter provides a tour of these three areas, paying attention to the relative age and physical location of churches, as they competed for space in a geographically cramped environment. Overlapping Boston’s religious history with its urban geography demonstrates the essential stability of Congregational, Baptist, and Methodist religions in Boston, and the difficulty that their priority of place posed to denominational newcomers.
The Fight for Boston Common
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

In the spring of 1885, Boston police arrested three clergymen for preaching on Boston Common. Two of the men, H. L. Hastings and W. H. Davis, were fairly obscure evangelists; the third was A. J. Gordon, well-known pastor of the Clarendon Baptist Church in the South End. The event’s heavily publicized unfolding fueled conspiratorial speculation among Protestants, bringing them into direct confrontation with Hugh O’Brien, Boston’s newly elected Irish-Catholic mayor, and the Catholic-dominated city government.
Institute for Physical Chemistry: 1923–1933
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

After establishing his credentials as a scientist, Polanyi was transferred to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry and was allowed to focus on reaction rates and transition state theory; the group employed gas-flame experiments to measure reaction rates and calculate the activation energies in them. Polanyi's interest in economics was stimulated by inflation, unemployment and social upheavals in Germany, debates with his brother, Karl Polanyi, who advocated a form of Christian socialism, economic conditions in the Soviet Union, and the rise of nihilism. Polanyi's second son, John Charles Polanyi, was born on January 23, 1929. Developments in quantum theory and dipole-dipole interactions confirmed Polanyi's theory of adsorption potential.
Personal Knowledge: 1948–1959
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

In view of his work in the humanities, Polanyi was transferred from the Chemistry Department at the University of Manchester to a chair in the Faculty of Economics and Social Studies in 1948. Thanks to his work on the Gifford Lectures (1951–1952) and after ten years of research and writing, Polanyi was able to consolidate his fiduciary program in Personal Knowledge. In this work, he argued that impersonal, objectivist interpretations of science destroy fabric of the scientific community and society as a whole; he proposed that all knowledge is "either tacit or rooted in tacit knowing," so that objectivity is understood as the accomplishment of responsible subjects who strive to serve transcendent ideals of truth.
Dreamers and Madmen
Authors: Mercer Janet
Published: August 2005

In the First Meditation, Descartes prefaces the dream argument with a paragraph in which he raises the possibility that he is like a lunatic. The lunacy triggered a disagreement between Foucault and Derrida, and in the 1960s and 1970s this made it famous in some circles; but it has not yet received all the attention it deserves. This chapter takes up a perspective that accepts how remote the fundamental concerns of previous philosophers may be from our own (and how historically conditioned both their concerns and ours may be); that aims nonetheless to articulate how previous philosophers saw their projects; and that hopes this kind of engagement with the past may prove to be useful. Passages are introduced and several interpretative options are considered. It is argued that Descartes did not put lunatics beyond the pale; he intended us to take “lunacy skepticism” seriously, as seriously as we do “dream skepticism”.
“A Free Man Thinks of Nothing Less Than of Death”
Authors: Garber Daniel
Published: August 2005

Spinoza's doctrine of the eternal existence of the mind has given rise to an enormous amount of speculation, both as to what he meant by the doctrine and why he included it in the Ethics. This chapter presents an account of what exactly Spinoza means by eternity, and what he means when he claims that the mind exists eternally. Understanding what exactly Spinoza is claiming when he claims that the mind has eternal existence, the question as to the role that claim plays in Spinoza's philosophy can be addressed.
Occasionalism and Strict Mechanism
Authors: Downing Lisa
Published: August 2005

This chapter examines a connection between metaphysics and philosophy, namely, the relation between occasionalist metaphysics and strict mechanism. It focuses on the work of Nicholas Malebranche, the most influential Cartesian philosopher after Descartes himself. It is argued that Malebranche is in a poor position to resist attractionism, that is, his combination of occasionalism and strict mechanism is an unstable one. Two, more stable alternatives adjoining Malebranche's position are identified, both of which are genuinely Cartesian: Berkeley's occasionalist openness to Newtonian attractionism (properly understood), and Fontenelle's essentialist Cartesian mechanism. By examining the alternative positions available around the nexus of occasionalism and mechanism, as those positions were occupied by actual philosophers, we gain a better understanding of the logic of the debate over attraction, as well as of the systems of Malebranche, Berkeley, and Fontenelle.
A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay argues that in linguistic communication, nothing corresponds to a linguistic competence as summarized by the three principles of first meaning in language: that first meaning is systematic, first meanings are shared, and first meanings are governed by learned conventions or regularities. There is no such a thing as a language, not if a language is anything like what many philosophers and linguists have supposed. We must give up the idea of a clearly defined shared structure which language users acquire and then apply to cases, as well as the attempt to illuminate how we communicate by appeal to conventions.
The Socratic Concept of Truth
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay explores the question of why Socrates practiced the elenctic method. It argues that the elenchus is a method that generally leads to truth, and suggests that Socrates was convinced that he himself would gain in wisdom and clarity from elenctic exchanges with others, even if they were not as wise as he. People mean what others can take them to mean; to learn what we mean is to learn what others we talk with mean. The understanding of others, agreeing with them on basic concepts, clarity about what we mean, come — to the extent that they do — together. The elenchus is a model of our only method for promoting these ends.
Nicaea and its Legacy
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

The first part of the book offers a new narrative of the fourth-century Trinitarian controversies. It takes forward modern revisionary scholarship, showing the slow emergence of the theologies that came to constitute pro-Nicene orthodoxy. Ancient heresiological categories, such as ‘Arian’ and ‘Neo-Arian’, are avoided while the unity of ‘Nicene’ theologies is not assumed. The second part offers a new account of the unity in diversity of late fourth-century pro-Nicene theologies. In particular it is argued that the Nicene-Constantinopolitan creed and the statements of unity and plurality in the Trinity, to be found in all pro-Nicene theologians and in Theodosius’ anti-heretical legislation, were intended to be understood in the context of a broad set of theological practices and assumptions. An account of the basic strategies that ground pro-Nicene theology is offered, focusing on common epistemological concerns, a common notion of purification and sanctification, and a common aesthetics of faith. Instructions are provided detailing the Trinitarian theology of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo. Throughout the first two parts of the book, a constant concern is to show that the common acceptance of a basic division between Eastern and Western Trinitarian theologies is unsustainable. Finally, the failure of modern Trinitarian theology to engage pro-Nicene theology in a substantial manner is considered.
Points of Departure
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Identifies a number of possible points of departure for considering the fourth century Trinitarian controversies and discusses three of them: the story of controversy in Alexandria between Arius and Alexander; the legacy of Origen’s theology; and a common culture of scriptural interpretation that shaped the controversies.
DEDUCTIVE CONSTRAINTS: PROBLEM CASES, POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Christensen David
Published: August 2005

Develops an extended version of the Preface Paradox to show how the counter-intuitive binary beliefs mandated by deductive consistency and deductive closure can cascade into massive irrationality. This highlights the Preface Paradox's severity and illuminates what is absurd about the beliefs required by deductive cogency Then shows that situations with Preface Paradox structure occur commonly in ordinary life. Finally, examines and rejects attempts to defend deductive constraints by explaining away our troublesome intuitions in Preface cases and in related cases involving the Lottery Paradox.
MULTI-PERIOD ASSET PRICING
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard
Published: August 2005

‘Multi-period Asset Pricing’ expands the analysis of asset prices to a multi-period economy, where an investor has to make consumption decisions in each period which may lead to consumption and wealth being different in the interim periods. The authors consider two distinct approaches to multi-period valuation; the time-state preference approach, where consumptions at different times and in different states were treated as separate assets, and the rational expectations approach that derives a period-by-period equilibrium in which investors form expectations of the price of securities. Here, they value assets relative to the value of bonds. While risk-free interest rate is given exogenously, the prices of these bonds at future points in time can be stochastic.
Principles
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

The slow growth of the European Union has been attributed to a series of long-lasting shocks: the information technology revolution, German reunification, opening up to the new market economics of central and Eastern Europe, and globalisation. The EU economic system must be reformed to ensure higher growth. This process should be based on three basic principles: giving priority to growth, reshaping of policy instruments and governance methods to fit the objectives, and adapting to a changing environment. New policy designs are described.
Modes of delivery: Governance methods and the budget
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M.
Published: August 2005

Economic governance in the European Union is hampered by a mix of methods and approaches that combine both strengths and weaknesses. This chapter discusses the need to clarify and reform economic governance in the European Union. It focuses on seven major issues and proposes ways to make governance more effective.
Value, Reality, and Desire
Authors: Oddie Graham
Published: August 2005

This book presents an extended argument for a robust realism about value. The robust realist affirms the following distinctive theses. There are genuine claims about value which are true or false — there are facts about value. These value-facts are mind-independent — they are not reducible to desires or other mental states, or indeed to any non-mental facts of a non-evaluative kind. And these genuine, mind-independent, irreducible value-facts are causally efficacious. Values, quite literally, affect us. These are not particularly fashionable theses, and taken as a whole they go somewhat against the grain of quite a lot of recent work in the metaphysics of value. Further, against the received view, this book argues that we can have knowledge of values by experiential acquaintance, that there are experiences of value which can be both veridical and appropriately responsive to the values themselves. Finally, these value-experiences are not the products of some exotic and implausible faculty of ‘intuition’. Rather, they are perfectly mundane and familiar mental states — namely, desires. This view explains how values can be ‘intrinsically motivating’, without falling foul of the widely accepted ‘queerness’ objection. There are, of course, other objections to each of the realist's claims. In showing how and why these objections fail, the book introduces a wealth of interesting and original insights about issues of wider interest — including the nature of properties, reduction, supervenience, and causation.
Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: August 2005

Wight saw the philosophy of International Politics—his ‘International Theory’—as the interaction and interweaving of three traditions—Realism, Rationalism, and Revolutionism. Here, he takes the archetypal thinkers of these traditions—Machiavelli, Grotius, and Kant—to whom he adds Mazzini, the father of all revolutionary nationalism, and subjects their writings and careers to a masterly analysis and commentary. Wight thus not only throws further light upon his magisterial earlier study, International Theory: The Three Traditions, but explores the thought of four key figures in the history of Western philosophy. In useful appendices he places these figures in a ‘philosophical genealogy’ of political theorists and practitioners, shows Christian thought in terms of these traditions, and indicates where to find in De Jure Belli ac Pacis what Grotius had to say on a variety of issues. Throughout, Wight is sensitive to the moral subtleties and dilemmas to be found in International Relations, a dimension he considered of supreme importance. Both the Foreword by Sir Michael Howard, and the Introduction by Professor David Yost, stress the value and uniqueness of Wight’s approach. The work concludes with a lecture in which the author, in considering the nature of international society, summarized his leading ideas.
Conflict: Mixed Emotions and the Indivisible Heart
Authors: Pugmire David
Published: August 2005

Emotional ambivalence is necessarily rather common, but it is actually hard to sustain whilst experiencing any of the emotions involved to the fullest extent. There are at least nine ways in which emotions can strain against one another. Where the concerns of the motions have weight, it is hard to avoid either withdrawing from one of them with defensive violence or attenuating one’s engagement with the concerns animating them. Because ambivalent emotion is unstable in these ways, it cannot easily sustain depth (though it could inspire deep consternation at second order).
The Philosophical Partnership
Authors: Small Robin
Published: August 2005

A crucial period of five months spent together in Sorrento in the winter of 1876–77, in a shared household organized by Nietzsche’s friend Malwida von Meysenbug, gave rise to two important works, Rée’s Origin of the Moral Sensations and Nietzsche’s Human, All-Too-Human. Daily discussions and readings enabled the philosophical program to be elaborated, despite the idealistic Malwida’s objections to its naturalistic tendency. Reactions by those about Nietzsche were mixed. Some friends approved, but those who had defended him in the controversy over The Birth of Tragedy were taken aback by his change of direction and, in Wagner’s case, angry and openly hostile.
Darwinism Rejected
Authors: Small Robin
Published: August 2005

Detailed discussion of Nietzsche’s later thought continues in a further chapter. His often-expressed hostility towards Darwinism is consistent with a preoccupation with themes that are central to the Darwinian tradition, such as the struggle for existence, adaptation, selection and ‘fitness’. Nietzsche’s idea of the ‘will to power’ signals a dramatic shift away from the hedonistic psychology he had championed throughout his partnership with Rée, and is also intended to provide the basis for a kind of natural selection, but one which is for individual exceptionality rather than for survival or reproduction.
Introduction
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

Two main questions are raised: Does coherence imply truth? Does more coherence imply higher likelihood of truth? Probability theory is chosen as the framework within which these issues will be addressed. The works of C. I. Lewis, Laurence BonJour, C. A. J. Coady are described as pivotal to the study. The book’s content is outlined.
Coherence, Truth, and Testimony
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

The notion of a testimonial system is defined. It is argued that coherence pertains to testimonial systems. Various definitions of coherence in the literature are criticized for being either too vague or plainly inadequate. Reasons are given for thinking of full agreement among testimonies as a paradigm case of coherence. L. Jonathan Cohen’s convergence conditions are discussed. This Shows that agreement can guarantee a high likelihood of truth only if the circumstances are favourable as regards independence, prior probability, and individual credibility. This is seen to be problematic for the coherence theorist.
Laurence BonJour's Radical Justification of Belief
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

According to Laurence BonJour, agreement between independently acquired cognitively spontaneous beliefs raises the likelihood of truth even if those beliefs have no credibility in themselves. A general proof is given showing this thesis to be false. The effect on likelihood of truth of admitting lying as a serious possibility is investigated. A distinction is made between independent and coordinated lying. Negative consequences are drawn for BonJour’s anti-skeptical theory.
C. A. J. Coady's Radical Justification of Natural Testimony
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

C. A. J. Coady’s justification of natural testimony is examined. It is seen to consist in a Davidsonian argument for individual credibility combined with a Lewis-style coherence argument. It is argued that Coady misconstrues the role of what he calls cohesion (dependence) between information sources and that his invocation of coherence fares no better than Lewis’s own. Finally, an ambiguity is pointed out that is no less fatal than the equivocation that which Coady finds in David Hume.
Making the Question Precise
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

The comparative question is raised as to whether more coherence implies a higher likelihood of truth. The chapter is devoted to making the question precise. Coherence measures are defined and compared. The relation between coherence and logical closure is scrutinized. A notion of testimonial truth conduciveness is proposed, and it is argued that it corresponds to our intuitive notion. Peter Klein and Ted A. Warfield’s counter example to the truth conduciveness of coherence is refuted. The chapter ends with a brief comparison of testimonial and explanatory coherence.
How not to Regain the Truth Connection: A Reply to Bovens and Hartmann
Authors: Olsson Erik J.
Published: August 2005

Competing ways of modelling Lewis-style witness scenarios are investigated. Luc Bovens and Stephan Hartmann’s proposal to use the principle of indifference to represent our initial ignorance as to the reliability of individual witnesses is found to be severely problematic. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of Bovens and Hartmann’s more recent work. The question as to the exact relation between their impossibility theorem and mine is left open. Their treatment of Tversky and Kahnemann’s Linda problem is found unconvincing.
Implementation: Complete and Incomplete Information
Authors: Bergin James
Published: August 2005

Considers complete and incomplete information implementation in both strategic and extensive form games. A variety of solution concepts are used—Nash, undominated Nash, virtual implementation, and subgame perfection. The key ideas on monotonicity and Bayesian monotonicity are explained and highlight the essential role of preference reversals in designing implementing mechanisms. Also frames the discussion for mechanisms based on other solution concepts or games forms.
Repeated Games
Authors: Bergin James
Published: August 2005

Repeated games are considered. The discussion explains issues surrounding randomization, observability, feasibility, and convexity. Games with pay-off averaging and discounting are examined, along with finitely repeated games. The ‘no-gain-from-one-shot-deviation’ property of games with continuous pay-offs is discussed and the proof sketched. Finally, games of incomplete information are introduced.
Anonymous Games
Authors: Bergin James
Published: August 2005

Games with a continuum of players are described. Both one-shot and dynamic games are considered. The focus is on anonymous games where only the distribution of players and actions affect any given player. A section discusses the social planner formulation of equilibrium. No aggregate uncertainty is briefly described.
The Credibility of Agricultural Land Tenure, or Why Intentional Institutional Ambiguity Might Work
Authors: Ho Peter
Published: August 2005

Seeks to explore the institutional arrangements that have enabled the establishment of a credible and socially accepted cropland tenure system in China. For this purpose, the chapter starts with a broad review of the national policy and law-making process that dictates property rights for agricultural land. In addition, the chapter analyses China’s land property rights structure. It is argued that the restraint which the central government exercised in leaving land ownership ambiguous—the creation of ‘intentional institutional ambiguity’—offers the greater part of the explanation of why the cropland tenure system functions
Between Nationalization and Privatization: Common Property as the Third Way?
Authors: Ho Peter
Published: August 2005

The current trend of property rights reform in China is towards nationalization or privatization through the lease system. Exactly for this reason, experimentation with alternative tenure arrangements is essential. Such experimentation is particularly important when considering the high costs of supervising vast, nationalized nature reserves. Drawing on detailed case studies, Discusses the possibilities and limitations of community-based or common property arrangements for natural resource management with particular reference to grassland. It is shown that common property regimes are not a panacea for natural resource management. At times, regional conflicts over natural resources exceed the power of the village community to manage the resource in a sustainable manner. This becomes painfully clear through the eruption of fierce battles over medicinal herbs.
TEACHER LOCATION CHOICE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM NEW YORK CITY
Authors: BARR JASON
Published: August 2005

This article studies the distribution of teacher quality measures across the New York City school system. Because teachers are paid along a fixed salary schedule and they have the option to transfer schools, this analysis measures the degree to which environmental factors affect teacher location choice. Both school‐based and neighborhood‐based effects are measured, and both types are significant. Furthermore, this article finds that the location of the school in relation to the suburban borders is an important determinant of teacher location choice. (JEL I29, J24, J61)
The basic and clinical implications of ABC transporters, Y‐box‐binding protein‐1 (YB‐1) and angiogenesis‐related factors in human malignancies
Authors: Kuwano Michihiko , Uchiumi Takeshi , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Ono Mayumi , Wada Morimasa , Izumi Hiroto , Kohno Kimitoshi
Published: August 2005

In our laboratories, we have been studying molecular targets which might be advantageous for novel cancer therapeutics. In this review, we focus on how ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily genes, Y‐box‐binding protein‐1 (YB‐1), and tumor angiogenesis‐associated factors could contribute to the development of novel strategies for molecular cancer therapeutics. ABC transporters such as P‐glycoprotein/MDR1 and several MRP family proteins function to protect cells from xenobiotics, drugs and poisons, suggesting that ABC transporters are a double‐edged sword. In this regard, P‐glycoprotein/MDR1 is a representative ABC transporter which plays a critical role in the efflux of a wide range of drugs. We have reported that gene amplification, gene rearrangements, transcription factor YB‐1 and CpG methylation on the promoter are involved in MDR1 gene overexpression in cultured cancer cells. Among them, two mechanisms appear to be relevant to the up‐regulation of MDR1 gene in human malignancies. We first reported that MDR1 gene promoter is activated in response to environmental stimuli, and is modulated by methylation/demethylation of CpG sites on the MDR1 promoter. We also demonstrated that YB‐1 modulates not only transcription of various genes associated with cell growth, drug resistance and DNA synthesis, but also translation, mRNA stabilization and DNA repair/self‐defense processes. Angiogene‐sis is also involved in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis of various malignancies, and so angiogenesis‐related molecules also offer novel molecular targets for anticancer therapeutics. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 9–14)
Helicobacter pylori risk associated with childhood home environment
Authors: Ueda Mitsue , Kikuchi Shogo , Kasugai Tatsuzo , Shunichi Tuuki , Miyake Chieko
Published: August 2005

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered to be a cause of gastric ulcer, gastric cancer and other diseases. The relationship between infection and the hygiene or housing circumstances of such patients in their childhood was explored. The study subjects were those who applied for a H. pylori antibody test, and were asked to fill out a questionnaire enclosed with a test kit, inquiring as to their hygiene and housing conditions when they were 10 years old. Of 5971 applicants, 5854 agreed to participate in the study. Associations between the six factors in the questionnaire and infection were calculated, and adjusted for sex, age and district. Drinking water, type of toilet, residential area, number of people in the house, and birth order showed significant correlations with H. pylori infection. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.73 (0.55–0.96) for tap water, 0.72 (0.63–0.84) for flush toilets, 0.74 (0.66–0.83) for urban location, 1.34 (1.09–1.64) for 7 or more people in the household, 1.19 (1.00–1.41) for 4th or 5th in birth order, and 1.47 (1.17–1.85) for 6th or more in birth order. No significant association with breast feeding was observed. These results suggest that infection with H. pylori may be associated with water‐related sanitary factors in childhood, and that the bacillus may be transmitted within a family.
Projection of lung cancer mortality in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Satoshi , Ishikawa Koichi B. , Yoshimi Itsuro , Marugame Tomomi , Hamashima Chisato , Kamo Ken‐ichi , Mizuno Shoichi , Sobue Tomotaka
Published: August 2005

According to the National Vital Statistics data, age‐standardized mortality rates (ASRs) of lung cancer have shown slightly declining trends in Japan for both men and women. In order to evaluate whether this tendency will continue, a Bayesian age‐period‐cohort (APC) model was applied using the National Vital Statistics data from 1952 to 2001. In the projection, a Gaussian autoregressive prior model was applied to smooth age, period, and cohort effects from its 2 immediate predecessors by extrapolation. Posterior distributions from which we drew inferences on mortality rates were derived from 15,000 iterations using 5000 burn‐in iterations. We defined the median of the iterated values as the overall summary mortality rate of the iterated results. Our results suggest that the number of deaths due to lung cancer will double for men and women during the next 3 decades due to the aging of the baby‐boomer generation (individuals who were born between 1947 and 1951). Currently declining trends in some age groups will reverse and start to increase again in the next decades. However, for recent birth cohorts, the results of the projection varied according to whether the data set included early age group mortality or not. Lung cancer mortality in the future depends on the risk factors engaged in by today's young people, especially smoking. Strong promotion of anti‐smoking measures and careful surveillance for lung cancer are needed.
Nuclear receptor DAX‐1 in human common epithelial ovarian carcinoma: An independent prognostic factor of clinical outcome
Authors: Abd‐Elaziz Manar , Akahira Jun‐ichi , Moriya Takuya , Suzuki Takashi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Sasano Hironobu
Published: August 2005

DAX‐1 is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is thought to be involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis. Its expression has been detected primarily in endocrine neoplasms such as adrenocortical as well as pituitary tumors in human, but its biological roles have not been examined well in sex steroid‐dependent neoplasms. The aim of this study is to detect the expression of DAX‐1 in common epithelial ovarian carcinomas in order to evaluate its possible biological significance. DAX‐1 immunoreactivity was examined using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the status of DAX‐1 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters and disease‐free survival of the patients in a series of 60 cases of common epithelial ovarian carcinoma was examined. The status of DAX‐1 immunoreactivity was evaluated using H score. DAX‐1 immunoreactivity was widely detected in the nuclei of common epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells. There was a significant positive correlation between DAX‐1 immunoreactivity and clinical staging (P=0.0241), tumor grade (P=0.0115), the residual size of the tumor (P=0.0014) and Ki‐67 labeling index (P=<0.0001). In univariate survival analysis, a significant association was detected between DAX‐1 immunoreactivity and shortened patient survival (P=0.0157). Other significant prognostic parameters were clinical stage, residual size of tumor and Ki‐67. In multivariate analysis, DAX‐1 immunoreactivity, clinical stage, residual size of tumor and Ki‐67 all turned out to be independent prognostic factors for shortened survival. In conclusion, DAX‐1 immunoreactivity is considered to be a new independent marker of poor prognosis or adverse clinical outcome in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma, possibly through altering in situ steroids production.
Tumor response to chemotherapy: The validity and reproducibility of RECIST guidelines in NSCLC patients1
Authors: Watanabe Hirokazu , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Kunitoh Hideo , Sekine Ikuo , Yamamoto Noboru , Ohe Yuichiro , Tamura Tomohide , Kodama Tetsuro , Sugimura Kazuro , Saijo Nagahiro
Published: August 2005

We investigated the validity and inter‐criteria reproducibility between RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) guidelines and WHO (World Health Organization) criteria, considering the decrease in patient numbers resulting from inclusion of the minimum lesion size criterion introduced in RECIST guidelines. RECIST guidelines are based on unidimensional measurement and exclusion of small lesions from measurement. The aims of the study were to examine: (1) the effect of the minimum lesion size criterion, (2) the validity of unidimensional and bidimensional measurements, i.e., their relationship with tumor volume, (3) the inter‐criteria reproducibility between current RECIST guidelines and previous WHO criteria. One hundred and twenty patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in clinical trials were evaluated. By applying the minimum lesion size criterion, six cases became ineligible without any influence on precision of tumor volume measurement. In the validity study, actual tumor volume was regarded as the gold standard. Although the unidimensional measurement had a lower correlation with tumor volume value than the bidimensional measurement, both the unidimensional measurement and bidimensional measurement correlated sufficiently well with tumor volume changes and the assessed tumor volume response. In the inter‐criteria reproducibility study between RECIST guidelines and WHO criteria, the response rate assessed by RECIST guidelines (19.3%) was almost the same as that assessed by WHO criteria (20.0%). In conclusion, RECIST guidelines are adequate for evaluating tumor response to chemotherapy in terms of both validity in relation to tumor volume and inter‐criteria reproducibility with the WHO criteria.
Hematological aspects of a novel 9‐aminoanthracycline, amrubicin
Authors: Obara Naoshi , Imagawa Shigehiko , Nakano Yoko , Yamamoto Masayuki , Noguchi Toshihiro , Nagasawa Toshiro
Published: August 2005

Our previous study showed that the myelosuppression induced by a single‐bolus intravenous injection of amrubicin into mice was more severe, even at half the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), than that induced by adriamycin (ADR) at the MTD, but that the recovery was more rapid than that after ADR. The present study shows that the administration of amrubicin significantly decreased the number of colony‐forming units of granulocytes and monocytes (CFU‐GM) from day 1, but that the CFU‐GM numbers recovered by day 3. In contrast, the administration of ADR induced a continuous decrease in the numbers of CFU‐GM until day 10. The early myelosuppression and rapid recovery of white blood cells (WBC) induced by amrubicin may depend upon the early decrease in the number of CFU‐GM and the rapid recovery of CFU‐GM. These data suggest that the toxic effects on the peripheral blood and bone marrow induced by amrubicin are more reversible and more controllable than those induced by ADR.
Polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1) is overexpressed in primary colorectal cancers
Authors: Takahashi Takao , Sano Bun , Nagata Takayasu , Kato Hiroki , Sugiyama Yasuyuki , Kunieda Katsuyuki , Kimura Masashi , Okano Yukio , Saji Shigetoyo
Published: August 2005

PLK (polo‐like kinase), the human counterpart of polo in Drosophila melanogaster and of CDC5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, belongs to a family of serine/threonine kinases. It is intimately involved in spindle formation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PLK1 is overexpressed in primary colorectal cancer specimens as compared with normal colon mucosa and to assess its relation to other kinases as a potential new tumor marker. In the present study, immunohistochemical analyses were performed of PLK1 expression in 78 primary colorectal cancers as well as 15 normal colorectal specimens. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between other kinases, Aurora‐A and Aurora‐C, and PLK1 expression. In normal colon mucosa, some crypt cells showed weakly positive staining for PLK1 in 13 out of 15 cases, the remaining cases being negative. Elevated expression of PLK1 was observed in 57 (73.1%) of the colorectal cancers, statistically significant associations being evident with pT (primary tumor invasion) (P=0.0006, Mann‐Whitney U test), pN (regional lymph nodes) (P=0.008, χ2 test) and the Dukes' classification (P=0.0005, Mann‐Whitney U test). Mean proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐labeling index was 52.3%, with a range of 24.1% to 77.3%. Values for lesions with high and low PLK1 expression were 54.7±10.3% (mean$MpSD) and 45.9$Mp11.9% (P=0.002, Student's t test). PLK1 was significantly associated with Aurora‐A, but PLK1 staining was more diffuse and extensive than for Aurora‐A or Aurora‐C. Interestingly, PLK1 overexpression was significantly associated with p53 accumulation in colorectal cancers. Our results suggest over‐expression of PLK1 might be of pathogenic, prognostic and proliferative importance, so that this kinase might have potential as a new tumor marker for colorectal cancers. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 148–152)
Screening of genes specifically activated in the pancreatic juice ductal cells from the patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma
Authors: Yoshida Koji , Ueno Shuichi , Iwao Toshiyasu , Yamasaki Souichirou , Tsuchida Akira , Ohmine Ken , Ohki Ruri , Choi Young Lim , Koinuma Koji , Wada Tomoaki , Ota Jun , Yamashita Yoshihiro , Chayama Kazuaki , Sato Kazuhiro , Mano Hiroyuki
Published: August 2005

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) is one of the most intractable human malignancies. Surgical resection of PDC at curable stages is hampered by a lack of sensitive and reliable detection methods. Given that DNA microarray analysis allows the expression of thousands of genes to be monitored simultaneously, it offers a potentially suitable approach to the identification of molecular markers for the clinical diagnosis of PDC. However, a simple comparison between the transcriptomes of normal and cancerous pancreatic tissue is likely to yield misleading pseudopositive data that reflect mainly the different cellular compositions of the specimens. Indeed, a microarray comparison of normal and cancerous tissue identified the INSULIN gene as one of the genes whose expression was most specific to normal tissue. To eliminate such a “population‐shift” effect, the pancreatic ductal epithelial cells were purified by MUC1‐based affinity chromatography from pancreatic juice isolated from both healthy individuals and PDC patients. Analysis of these background‐matched samples with DNA microarrays representing 3456 human genes resulted in the identification of candidate genes for PDC‐specific markers, including those for AC133 and carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 7 (CEACAM7). Specific expression of these genes in the ductal cells of the patients with PDC was confirmed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Microarray analysis with purified pancreatic ductal cells has thus provided a basis for the development of a sensitive method for the detection of PDC that relies on pancreatic juice, which is routinely obtained in the clinical setting. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 263–270)
Ovarian cancer incidence and survival by histologic type in Osaka, Japan
Authors: Loka Akiko , Tsukuma Hideaki , Ajiki Wakiko , Oshima Akira
Published: August 2005

The incidence of ovarian cancer among Japanese has increased since the 1970s. Histologic diversity is a characteristic of this cancer. However, there has been no population‐based study made on the incidence and survival by histologic type. Osaka Cancer Registry's data was used for incidence and survival analyses of ovarian cancer by histologic type in this study. Seven thousand one hundred sixty‐seven incident cases were registered during the period 1975 to 1998. According to the IARC's histologic classi‐fication, types of ovarian cancer were classified into five categories. Survival analysis was restricted to the reported 2431 cases who lived in Osaka Prefecture (except for Osaka City) and were diagnosed in 1975–1994, since active follow‐up data on vital status 5 years after the diagnosis were available. The age‐standardized incidence rate of ovarian cancer increased from 4.0 to 5.4 per 100 000 women (standard: world population) in Osaka during the period 1975–1998. Carcinoma, the major histologic category, also increased (from 3.4 to 4.8 per 100 000 women), while sex cordstromal tumors decreased after 1980 and germ cell tumors remained stable. The 5‐year relative survival was 36.4% for ovarian cancer patients diagnosed in 1975–1994. The survival for carcinoma was 38.3%, which was lower than that in sex cord‐stromal tumors or germ cell tumors (55.3% and 58.6%, respectively). The increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer was caused by the increase in carcinoma. The relative 5‐year survival of ovarian cancer improved over the period, but was different by histologic type. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 292–296)
Inhibitory effects of troglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ ligand, in rat tongue carcinogenesis initiated with 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide
Authors: Yoshida Koujiro , Hirose Yoshinobu , Tanaka Takuji , Yamada Yasuhiro , Kuno Toshiya , Kohno Hiroyuki , Katayama Masaki , Qiao Zheng , Sakata Keiko , Sugie Shigeyuki , Shibata Toshiyuki , Mori Hideki
Published: August 2005

Ligands for peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) γ have been implicated in growth inhibition and cell differentiation in certain malignancies. In this study, the effects of troglitazone, a PPARy ligand, given during the postinitiation phase of oral carcinogenesis initiated with 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4‐NQO) were investigated in male F344 rats. Rats aged 6 weeks were given 4‐NQO at 20 ppm for 8 weeks to induce tongue neoplasms. Starting 1 week after the cessation of 4‐NQO exposure, animals were fed diets containing 0, 30 or 100 ppm troglitazone for 22 weeks. At the end of the study (week 32), the incidences of 4‐NQO‐induced tongue neoplasms and preneoplasms were determined histo‐pathologically and cell proliferation activity was estimated by counting bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐labeling indices and cyclin D1‐positive cell ratios. In addition, immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and PPARγ was assessed in the tongue lesions. Feeding with 100 ppm troglitazone significantly decreased the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma when compared to the group without troglitazone treatment (5.0% vs. 45.8%, P<0.005). Interestingly, the BrdU‐labeling index and cyclin D1‐positive cell ratio assessed in the non‐lesional tongue squamous epithelium were reduced by dietary administration of troglitazone (P<0.0001–0.005). Additionally, the immunoreactivity of COX‐2 in the tongue lesions was also decreased by the treatment (P<0.01–0.05). These results clearly showed that dietary troglitazone inhibits 4‐NQO‐induced tongue carcinogenesis and such inhibition is related to suppression of increased cell proliferation and/or COX‐2 expression. This study warrants further investigation on the use of PPARy ligands as a novel preventive approach for oral malignancy. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 365–371)
The prognosis in spindle‐cell sarcoma depends on the expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and cyclin E
Authors: Goto Yoshinari , Kawauchi Shigeto , Lhara Koichiro , Ikemoto Kenzo , Ohi Ritsuko , Kawai Shinya , Sasaki Kohsuke
Published: August 2005

The aim of the present study was to examine the prognostic significance of p27Kip1 and cyclin E expression in patients with spindle‐cell soft tissue sarcomas. In 46 cases of spindle‐cell sarcoma including 17 pre‐operative biopsy materials, the expression of p27Kip1 and cyclin e was immunohistochemically examined. The expression of p27Kip1 decreased in the nuclei of metastatic primary tumor cells (stage IV), whereas the expression of cyclin E increased in those lesions. On univariate analysis, when the expression of p27Kip1 and cyclin E was analyzed together, patients with spindle‐cell sarcoma exhibiting low expression of p27Kip1 and high expression of cyclin E showed lower distant‐metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) than those with other combinations of the two parameters (both P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with low p27Kip1 and high cyclin E expression also showed a decrease in DMFS (P=0.0007, relative risk=21.3) and OS (P=0.005, relative risk=20.8). These results suggest that the combination analysis of p27Kip1 and cyclin E expression even in biopsy specimens allows the prediction of the clinical behavior of spindle‐cell sarcoma. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 412–417)