bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State-of-the-Science on Postacute Rehabilitation: Setting a Research Agenda and Developing an Evidence Base for Practice and Public Policy—An Introduction
Authors: Heinemann Allen W
Published: September 2010

The Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Measuring Rehabilitation Outcomes and Effectiveness, along with academic, professional, provider, accreditor, and other organizations, sponsored a 2-day State-of-the-Science of Post-Acute Rehabilitation Symposium in February 2007. The aim of this symposium was to serve as a catalyst for expanded research on postacute care (PAC) rehabilitation so that health policy is founded on a solid evidence base. The goals were: (1) to describe the state of our knowledge regarding utilization, organization, and outcomes of postacute rehabilitation settings, (2) to identify methodologic and measurement challenges to conducting research, (3) to foster the exchange of ideas among researchers, policymakers, industry representatives, funding agency staff, consumers, and advocacy groups, and (4) to identify critical issues related to setting, delivery, payment, and effectiveness of rehabilitation services. Plenary presentation and state-of-the-science summaries were organized around 4 themes: (1) the need for improved measurement of key rehabilitation variables and methods to collect and analyze this information, (2) factors that influence access to postacute rehabilitation care, (3) similarities and differences in quality and quantity of services across PAC settings, and (4) effectiveness of postacute rehabilitation services. The full set of symposium articles, including recommendations for future research, appear in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

Key Words

Health policy, Outcome and process assessment (health care), Outcomes research, Rehabilitation.

© 2007 American Physical Therapy Association and the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. By prior agreement, this document also appears in American Journal of Occupational Therapy, American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Assistive Technology, Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, and Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation.
On the Symmetry of $b$-Functions of Linear Free Divisors
Authors: Granger Michel , Schulze Mathias
Published: September 2010

We introduce the concept of a prehomogeneous determinant as a possibly nonreduced version of a linear free divisor. Both are special cases of prehomogeneous vector spaces. We show that the roots of the

b

-function are symmetric about

–1

for reductive prehomogeneous determinants and for regular special linear free divisors. For general prehomogeneous determinants, we describe conditions under which this symmetry persists.

Combined with Kashiwara's theorem on the roots of

b

-functions, our symmetry result shows that

–1

is the only integer root of the

b

-function. This gives a positive answer to a problem posed by Castro-Jimenez and Ucha-Enríquez in the above cases.

We study the condition of strong Euler homogeneity in terms of the action of the stabilizers on the normal spaces. As an application of our results, we show that the logarithmic comparison theorem holds for reductive linear Koszul free divisors exactly when they are strongly Euler homogeneous.
Non-negativity of the Fourier Coefficients of Eta Products Associated to Regular Systems of Weights
Authors: Yasuda Seidai
Published: September 2010

We prove Saito's conjecture [9, Conjecture 13.5] about the non-negativity of the Fourier coefficients of the eta products associated to regular systems of weights.
Low Energy Asymptotics of the Spectral Shift Function for Pauli Operators with Nonconstant Magnetic Fields
Authors: Raikov Georgi
Published: September 2010

We consider the 3D Pauli operator with nonconstant magnetic field

\mathbf B

of constant direction, perturbed by a symmetric matrix-valued electric potential

V

whose coefficients decay fast enough at infinity. We investigate the low-energy asymptotics of the corresponding spectral shift function. As a corollary, for generic negative

V

, we obtain a generalized Levinson formula, relating the low-energy asymptotics of the eigenvalue counting function and of the scattering phase of the perturbed operator.
An Overdetermined Problem for an Elliptic Equation
Authors: Dalmasso Robert
Published: September 2010

We consider the following overdetermined boundary value problem:

Δu + λu + μ = 0

in

Ω

,

u = 0

on

∂Ω

and

∂u/∂n = c

on

∂Ω

, where

c ≠ 0

,

λ

and

μ

are real constants and

Ω ⊂ ℝ^2

is a smooth bounded convex open set. We first show that it may happen that the problem has no solution. Then we study the existence of solutions for a wide class of domains.
Hecke von Neumann Algebra of Ergodic Discrete Measured Equivalence Relations
Authors: Aoi Hisashi , Yamanouchi Takehiko
Published: September 2010

We generalize the notion of a Hecke pair of groups to the case of an inclusion of ergodic discrete measured equivalence relations. A key ingredient in defining this new concept is a commensurability subrelation introduced and discussed in [3]. As in the group case, with each such Hecke pair, we associate a von Neumann algebra which we call the Hecke von Neumann algebra of the pair. It is shown that the Hecke von Neumann algebra thus defined is realized as one of the relative commutants of the tower of the corresponding inclusion of factors.
Penalization of a Positively Recurrent Diffusion by an Exponential Function of its Local Time
Authors: Profeta Christophe
Published: September 2010

Using Krein's theory of strings, we penalize here a large class of positively recurrent diffusions by an exponential function of their local time. After a brief study of the processes so penalized, we show that on this example the principle of penalization can be iterated, and that the family of probabilities we get forms a group. We conclude by an application to Bessel processes of dimension

δ \in ]0; 2[

which are reflected at

1

.
Segal–Bargmann Transform and Paley–Wiener Theorems on Motion Groups
Authors: Sen Suparna
Published: September 2010

We study the Segal–Bargmann transform on a motion group

ℝ^n ⋉ K

, where

K

is a compact subgroup of

\mathit{SO}(n)

. A characterization of the Poisson integrals associated to the Laplacian on

ℝ^n ⋉ K

is given. We also establish a Paley–Wiener type theorem using complexified representations.
The Effect of Transparency on Insider Trading Disclosure
Authors: McNally William J. , Smith Brian F.
Published: September 2010

This paper documents the extent of errors in insider trading reports over the period 1988–2006. The proportion of reports with errors is over 40 percent in 1988 and falls to just over 10 percent in 2006. The improvement is largely attributable to regulatory changes that improved transparency: the shortening of disclosure deadlines and the implementation of an Internet-based reporting system. The authors offer some policy prescriptions for further reducing errors in insider trading disclosure.
Current Practice of Pre-emptive Analgesic and its Effects on Postoperative Pain Control
Authors: Alam Shoheli , Waliullah Abu Seleh Md , Samsuddin AKM
Published: September 2010

Pre-emptive analgesic is regularly practiced as a part of well defined protocol in most of the tertiary hospitals in developed countries. In our country most of the hospitals do not practice this. But few centers practice it irregularly without following any defined protocol. Keeping this in mind our present study was carried out to find the current practice of pre-emptive analgesic and its effects on postoperative pain control. It was a cross-sectional study for 2 years. Sample size was 90; with a mean age of 8.7 years. Patients were selected from the department of paediatric surgery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Observation were made on pre-emptive analgesic practice regarding the agents used for analgesia, route of administration and time of administration in relation to surgery. Postoperative pain was measured on the first postoperative day by Visual Analogue Scale and was graded. Only 17 (18.9%) patients received pre-emptive analgesic and others 73 (81.1%) did not receive any pre-emptive analgesic. Among them 12 patients received local infiltration and 5 patients received caudal block. Mean value of pain score who received pre-emptive analgesic was 49.7mm on the first postoperative day and which was "moderate" grade of pain. Mean value of pain score who did not receive pre-emptive analgesic was 67.0 mm on the first postoperative day and which was "moderate" grade of pain. Postoperative pain control was relatively better in those patients who received pre-emptive analgesic. But further study should be carried out with large number of patients in different centers by using different drugs to develop a protocol for effective postoperative analgesia. Key words: Present; Pre-emptive analgesic; Postoperative pain control.   DOI: 10.3329/bjch.v31i1.6067 Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 2007; Vol.31(1-3): 8-11
Excavations on the Leven, Loudoun Hill, Ayrshire, 1993
Authors: ATKINSON JOHN A. , ALDRITT DIANE , BANKS IAIN , DONNELLY MIKE , HUNTER FRASER , JONES ANDY , MacGREGOR GAVIN
Published: September 2010

Rescue excavations at Loudoun Hill Quarry revealed the remains of timber structures, defined as pits and postholes in the subsoil. A primary phase of activity was represented by two pits which are tentatively dated to the early Neolithic period by association with artefactual and botanical evidence. The second phase of occupation at the site was represented by the construction of a double palisaded enclosure. A third phase of activity is postulated by the construction of a second and larger double palisaded enclosure which contained internal structures. Phase 3 is dated by association with artefactual material to the Iron Age. The fourth phase of activity at the site was represented by an enclosure defined by a fence slot which overlay the phase 2 enclosure. The most remarkable small find was a pair of decorated bronze tweezers.
The Bishop's Palace, Dunblane: Excavation and Survey
Authors: HALL DEREK W.
Published: September 2010

Recent fieldwork at the site of the bishop's palace in Dunblane has revealed evidence which allows the full extent of the medieval complex to be appreciated for the first time.
Pick-Dressing on the Neolithic Monuments of Orkney
Authors: PHILLIPS TIM , BRADLEY RICHARD
Published: September 2010

This paper reports on the results of a survey of the treatment of the stone surfaces at a selection of monuments. In discussing the observations comparisons are made with the treatment seen at monuments in the Boyne valley, Ireland. These comparisons lead to the suggestion that these 'pick-dressed' areas may have served as keying to hold 'plaster', which may have been painted.
Excavation of sub-peat agricultural features on Machrie Moor, Arran
Authors: TAYLOR KEVIN J , HUNTER TARA
Published: September 2010

Excavations near two upstanding hut circles overlooking Machrie Moor revealed traces of early agriculture in the form of narrow, or 'cord' rig associated with a small cairn. Sealed beneath this were traces of earlier agricultural activity in the form of ard marks. A radiocarbon date from a basal sample of the overlying peat spanned the fifth to seventh centuries AD.
A Mesolithic Scatter from Littlehill Bridge, Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: MACGREGOR GAVIN , DONNELLY MICHAEL , MILLER J. , RAMSAY S. , ALLDRITT D.
Published: September 2010

An assemblage of 366 lithics was recovered during the characterisation of archaeological deposits, from deposits which appear to represent a scooped occupation. Analysis of the assemblage and a radiocarbon date range of 6355-6012 cal BC indicate that it belongs to the Mesolithic. The site is significant because it is the first Mesolithic material to have been recovered by excavation in the Girvan area. It also provides additional evidence for a class of semipermanent Mesolithic sites consisting of shallow scoops surrounded by turf or earthen banks.
Human Remains from the Gardens of Colonsay House
Authors: JOHNSTONE LORNA H. , ROBERTS JULIE A.
Published: September 2010

In 1997 human remains were unearthed in the southern facing gardens of Colonsay House during excavations for a sunken patio. Although the majority of remains were disturbed without archaeological supervision, sufficient evidence survived to confirm the presence of a medieval cemetery in the grounds of Colonsay House.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE VICINITY OF OPEN CAST MINES (DS WMVOC) / RIZIKOS APLINKAI VERTINIMAS NAUDOJANT NETOLI ATVIRŲJŲ KASYKLŲ ESANČIŲ VANDENS IŠTEKLIŲ VALDYMO SPRENDIMŲ PARAMOS SISTEMĄ
Authors: Kochanek Krzysztof , Tynan Suzanne
Published: September 2010

The paper presents risk assessment methodology used within a Decision Support System for Water Management in the Vicinity of Open Cast Mines (DS WMVOC). The DSS was designed to aid in decision making regarding ground and surface water resources, by two potentially conflicting stake holders in Konin county (Central Poland) that is, the County Administration and the open pit mine industry. Estimates of potential changes in groundwater head are achieved by numerical modelling of the groundwater system in which the open cast mines and receptors are located. The evaluation of spatially and time‐distributed environmental risk is obtained by means of GIS supported Monte Carlo methodology. Calculations can be run in the DS WMVOC resulting maps of the risk to different receptor types, and maps of relative risk for different abstraction or dewatering scenarios, as well as an overall risk value for the region. Estimation of the magnitude of any adverse impact is related to the element (type of receptor) being impacted and a sensitivity rating has been devised for each receptor type. The risk estimation methodology implemented in the DS WMVOC was illustrated by analysis of two hypothetical groundwater management scenarios. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiama rizikos vertinimo metodika, naudojama netoli atvirųjų kasyklų esančių vandens išteklių valdymo sprendimų paramos sistemoje. Sprendimų paramos sistema (SPS) buvo sukurta siekiant priimti naudingus sprendimus, priešingus interesų turinčioms šalims, dėl požeminio ir paviršinio vandens išteklių. Konino regione (Vidurio Lenkija) konfliktuojančios pusės yra apskrities administracija ir atvirų kasyklų pramonės įmonė. Galimi požeminio vandens lygio pokyčiai įvertinami atliekant skaitmeninį požeminio vandens sistemos modeliavimą. Rizika aplinkai erdvės ir laiko požiūriu vertinama taikant GIS ir Monte Karlo metodologiją. Skaičiuojant sprendimų paramos sistema sudaro specialius rizikos žemelapius, atlieka bendra rizikos įvertinimą regione. Sprendimų paramos sistemoje įdiegta rizikos vertinimo metodologija pritaikyta analizuoti du hipotetinius požeminio vandens valdymo scenarijus.
En Coup de Sabre Scleroderma and Parry-Romberg Syndrome in Adolescents: Surgical Options and Patient-related Outcomes
Authors: PALMERO MARIA LOURDES H. , UZIEL YOSEF , LAXER RONALD M. , FORREST CHRISTOPHER R. , POPE ELENA
Published: September 2010

Objective.

There is little information regarding surgical options and outcomes in patients with facial localized scleroderma. We evaluated the surgical outcomes of procedures performed for linear scleroderma of the face in the pediatric age group; and assessed psychosocial effects of surgical interventions on the affected children.

Methods.

A retrospective chart review was performed of children with en coup de sabre scleroderma (ECDS) and Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) who underwent surgical intervention; this included demographic data, clinical features, and type of surgical interventions. A questionnaire of 13 questions covering 4 domains (physical, emotional, social, and symptoms) was sent to patients who consented to take part in the survey. Surgical treatments and outcomes were analyzed retrospectively.

Results.

Seventeen patients underwent surgical intervention (autologous fat injections, Medpor implants, bone paste cranioplasty, and free groin flap) to correct facial asymmetry. Ten patients answered the questionnaire (58.8% response rate). Unhappiness with their appearance, loss of confidence, and bullying were cited as reasons for surgery. The appearance subscale of the survey demonstrated the lowest standardized scores and greatest negative effect on the patients’ quality of life compared to the 3 other subscales. All subjects would consider another surgery and would recommend surgery to other patients with ECDS and PRS.

Conclusion.

Surgical treatment is a potential useful intervention in children with facial disfigurement. Prospective data are needed.
Integrated techniques for analysis and monitoring of historical monuments: the case of San Giovanni al Sepolcro in Brindisi, southern Italy
Authors: Masini Nicola , Persico Raffaele , Rizzo Enzo , Calia Angela , Teresa Giannotta Maria , Quarta Giovanni , Pagliuca Antonello
Published: September 2010

In this paper, an integrated prospecting performed in the atypical Romanesque church of San Giovanni al Sepolcro in Brindisi, southern Italy is presented. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and ultrasonic data have been gathered on the circular load‐bearing colonnade of the monument. Here the results achieved on two of the columns are shown. The GPR data have been processed and have allowed to identify and focus the medieval internal metallic hinges joining the stone trunks in one of the columns and some reinforcement rebars in the other (and probably also the residual track of a restored fracture). The ultrasonic data have allowed to monitor the state of compactness and to assess the effectiveness of reinforcement interventions on the columns.
Accuracy of 3-Dimensional Transoesophageal Echocardiography in Assessment of Prosthetic Mitral Valve Dehiscence with Comparison to Anatomical Specimens
Authors: Brown Martin R. , Javorsky George , Platts David G.
Published: September 2010

The evolution of echocardiography from 2-Dimensional Transthoracic Echo through to real time 3-Dimensional Transoesophageal Echo has enabled more accurate visualisation and quantification of valvular disorders especially prosthetic mitral valve paravalvular regurgitation. However, validation of accuracy is rarely confirmed by surgical or post-mortem specimens. We present a case directly comparing different echocardiographic modality images to post mortem specimens in a patient with prosthetic mitral valve paravalvular regurgitation.
The damage repair role of He-Ne laser on wheat exposed to osmotic stress
Authors: Qiu Z. -B. , Li J. -T. , Yue M.
Published: September 2010

In order to determine the damage repair role of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to osmotic stress, 12-d-old seedlings (with two fully expanded leaves) were treated with osmotic stress using 5% (wt/vol), 10% (wt/vol) and 15% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) treatment for 9 d. After 9 d of osmotic stress, a He-Ne laser was employed to irradiate seedlings of spring wheat for 0 min, 1 min and 3 min. Changes in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione (GSH), ascorbate (AsA), the production rate of superoxide radical (O2), the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured to test the effects of laser radiation. The results showed that laser radiation for 3 min conferred tolerance to osmotic stress in wheat seedlings by decreasing the concentration of MDA and the production rate of O2, and increasing the activities of SOD and APX and GSH concentration. It was suggested that those changes in MDA, O2, antioxidative enzymes and antioxidative compounds were responsible for the increase in osmotic stress tolerance observed in the experiments. Therefore, antioxidative enzymes and antioxidative compounds may participate in the repair effect of laser on seedlings under osmotic stress. This is the first investigation reporting the damage repair role of He-Ne laser on plants exposed to osmotic stress.Key words: Helium-neon laser, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), osmotic stress, antioxidative system
Response of soybean cultivars to root rot caused by Fusarium species
Authors: Zhang J X , Xue A G , Zhang H J , Nagasawa A E , Tambong J T
Published: September 2010

Fusarium root rot complex is a major soybean disease in Canada and the United States. Since 2006, four Fusarium species, F. oxysporum Schlechtendahl emend. Snyder & Hansen, F. graminearum Schwabe, F. avenaceum (Corda: Fr.) Sacc., and F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc., have frequently been isolated from soybean roots in eastern Ontario, Canada. The objective of the current study was to screen 57 soybean cultivars that are commercially available in Canada for resistance to these four Fusarium root rot pathogens under greenhouse conditions. Based on root rot severity and reductions in seedling emergence, plant height and root dry weight, F. avenaceum was the most pathogenic species, followed by F. graminearum. The pathogenicity of F. oxysporum on soybean cultivars was not significantly different from that of F. tricinctum, but was significantly lower than that of F. graminearum. In replicated experiments, six, nine, eleven and seven cultivars were consistently rated as the most resistant to F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. tricinctum, respectively. Cultivar Maple Amber was resistant to all four Fusarium species based on root rot severity, while cultivar Altona was resistant to F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum and F. tricinctum. Four cultivars, 9004, AC Harmony, Lanark and Maple Arrow, each showed resistance to two different Fusarium species.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max, Fusarium root rot, Fusarium oxysporum, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum
Processed cranberry bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) seed flour for the African diet
Authors: Aremu M. O. , Olaofe O. , Basu S. K. , Abdulazeez G. , Acharya S. N.
Published: September 2010

With a view to supplementing protein-calorie in a developing country such as Nigeria, a study was conducted to determine the suitability of a little known crop, cranberry bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). For this purpose, proximate analyses were done on mineral and amino acid composition of raw and processed seeds (roasted, sprouted, boiled and cooked) using standard analytical techniques. The processing methods showed deviations in nutrients from the raw seeds. Crude fat was found to be reduced by different processing methods, while crude protein was enhanced by roasting and sprouting. Processing significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the content of some minerals in P. coccineus seed flour. Roasting and sprouting reduced potassium content by 67.4 and 47.2%, respectively, while boiling and cooking increased the same mineral by 35.0 and 24.9%, respectively. All the processing methods reduced calcium content. Generally, processed cranberry bean seed flour was found to be a good source of essential minerals, and harmful heavy metals such as lead and cadmium were not detected. The amino acid profile revealed that roasting and sprouting enhanced total amino acid (TAA), total essential amino acid (TEAA) and total sulphur-containing amino acid (TSAA), while boiling and cooking reduced TAA, TEAA and TSAA. The limiting amino acid for raw and cooked seeds was Val, whereas TSAA were limiting in roasted, sprouted and boiled seeds. Sufficient proportions of the essential amino acids were retained after processing of the cranberry bean seed to meet FAO dietary requirement, so this crop is considered to be a valuable protein source for the African diet. Key words: African, chemical composition, cranberry bean, domestic processing, flour, Phaseolus coccineus L. seed
CO446 corn inbred line
Authors: Reid L. M. , Zhu X.
Published: September 2010

CO446 is a short-season corn (Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability and lodging resistance in hybrids. This inbred performed well as a parent with both stiff and non-stiff stalk inbreds. Excellent yields were achieved with the non-stiff stalk commercial inbred LH295 and the stiff-stalk commercial tester inbred TR2040. Key words: Corn, maize, Zea mays, cultivar description
Evaluation of biodegradable mulches for production of warm-season vegetable crops
Authors: Waterer D.
Published: September 2010

While plastic soil mulches are widely used in vegetable crop production, removal and disposal of these plastics at the end of the growing season is costly and environmentally unsound. This trial assessed the field performance of several colors of corn-starch-based biodegradable mulches for the production of warm season vegetable crops (sweet corn, zucchini, cantaloupe, pepper and eggplant) over three cropping seasons in Saskatchewan. The clear and wavelength selective types of mulch most commonly produced beneficial effects on the rate of crop development and yields. This may be attributed to these mulch types enhancing soil temperatures, especially early in the growing season. There were no appreciable differences in the soil temperatures or crop growth and yield responses on the biodegradable mulches as compared with the same color of standard low-density polyethylene mulch. The biodegradable mulches were easy to apply and were readily incorporated into the soil at the end of the growing season. Although the clear and to a lesser extent the wavelength selective forms of biodegradable mulch tended to break down well before the end of the growing season, this early failure did not negatively impact the performance of any of the crops tested, as long as supplemental weed control was provided. Supplemental weed control would be more important for slow-growing, erect crops like peppers and eggplants than for the more robust and sprawling crops like corn and melons. Although the biodegradable mulches are more expensive than the corresponding standard polyethylene-based plastics, this added cost is more than offset by the costs to remove and dispose of the standard plastic mulches. Key words: Sweet corn, pepper, zucchini, eggplant, cantaloupe, Biotelo
Towards understanding and use of mixed-model analysis of agricultural experiments
Authors: Yang R -C.
Published: September 2010

Despite the presence of both fixed and random effects in most agricultural experiments, many crop researchers have continued use of the conventional analysis of variance (ANOVA) model or general linear model (GLM) that provides a correct analysis only if all the effects are fixed. Ignoring or mistreating random effects may have inadvertently led to inappropriate analyses and thus to dubious conclusions appearing in the scientific literature. The objective of this paper is to provide a tutorial account of the mixed-model methodology and its applications to the analysis of agricultural experiments. The description and discussion on ANOVA vs. mixed-effect models center on the use of PROC GLM vs. PROC MIXED of the SAS® System. This paper points out the need for mixed-model analysis, describes and discusses key new features and properties of mixed-model analysis that would facilitate the understanding and use of PROC MIXED. Additionally, it analyzes and interprets three examples: comparison between two samples, and analyses of randomized complete design and split-plot design. Appendices include SAS code and theory underlying mixed-model analysis which will help gain hands-on experiences and ensure correct interpretation of SAS outputs by PROC MIXED. Such a comparative assessment of GLM vs. MIXED procedures will help to underscore the key advantages of PROC MIXED and to convince GLM users to make a true transition towards the increased and appropriate use of PROC MIXED in agricultural experiments.Key words: Analysis of variance, fixed vs. random effects, general linear models, inference spaces, mixed models, randomized complete block design, split-plot design
Red River 1997 Roundup ReadyTM high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape
Authors: McVetty P. B. E. , Fernando W. G. D. , Li G. , Tahir M. , Zelmer C. D.
Published: September 2010

Red River 1997 summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the world’s third Roundup ReadyTM high erucic acid, low glucosinolate cultivar. On average, Red River 1997 yielded 13% more seed and 22 g kg–1 more seed oil, but 4 g kg–1 less meal protein than MillenniUM 03 high erucic acid, low glucosinolate summer rape. Red River 1997 has an erucic acid content of 51.4% in isolated field trials of HEAR lines and is adapted to the southern B. napus growing regions of western Canada. Key words: Rape, Roundup ReadyTM high erucic acid, low glucosinolate, cultivar description
Assessing the trends and effects of environmental parameters on the behaviour of mercury in the lower atmosphere over cropped land over four seasons
Authors: Baya A. P. , Van Heyst B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Mercury is released to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources. Due to its persistence in the atmosphere, mercury is subject to long range transport and is thus a pollutant of global concern. Mercury emitted to the atmosphere enters terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems which act as sinks but also as sources of previously emitted and deposited mercury when the accumulated mercury is emitted back to the atmosphere. Studying the factors and processes that influence the behaviour of mercury from terrestrial sources is thus important for a better understanding of the role of natural ecosystems in the mercury cycling and emission budget. A study was conducted over ten months (November 2006 to August 2007) at Elora, Ontario, Canada to measure gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate bound mercury (HgP) as well as GEM fluxes over different ground cover spanning the four seasons typical of a temperate climate zone. GEM concentrations were measured using a mercury vapour analyzer (Tekran 2537A) while RGM and HgP were measured with the Tekran 1130/1135 speciation unit coupled to another mercury vapour analyzer. A micrometeorological approach was used for GEM flux determination using a continuous two-level sampling system for GEM concentration gradient measurement above the soil surface and crop canopy. The turbulent transfer coefficients were derived from meteorological parameters measured on site. A net GEM volatilization (6.31 ± 33.98 ng mM−2 hr−1, study average) to the atmosphere was observed. Average GEM concentrations and GEM fluxes showed significant seasonal differences and distinct diurnal patterns while no trends were observed for HgP or RGM. Highest GEM concentrations, recorded in late spring and fall, were due to meteorological changes such as increases in net radiation and air temperature in spring and lower atmospheric mixing height in fall. Highest GEM fluxes (18.1 ng m−2 hr−1, monthly average) were recorded in late spring but also during specific events in winter and fall. The main factors influencing the GEM flux were soil moisture content, soil temperature, precipitation events and ground cover. These trends indicate that the soil surface could be a significant mercury source in spring and summer seasons but also under specific meteorological conditions during the winter and fall.
Instrumentational operation and analytical methodology for the reconciliation of aerosol water uptake under sub- and supersaturated conditions
Authors: Good N. , Coe H. , McFiggans G.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The methodology for the operation and calibration of a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser (HTDMA) and cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNc) for size-resolved measurements of aerosol water uptake are presented. A state of the science aerosol thermodynamic model is used to benchmark the performance of the instruments. The performance, calibration and operation of the instruments is then demonstrated in the field.
Greenhouse gas balances of managed peatlands in the Nordic countries – present knowledge and gaps
Authors: Maljanen M. , Sigurdsson B. D. , Guðmundsson J. , Óskarsson H. , Huttunen J. T. , Martikainen P. J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. This article provides an overview of the effects of land-use on the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and from peatlands in the Nordic countries based on the field data from about 100 studies. In addition, this review aims to identify the gaps in the present knowledge on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balances associated with the land-use of these northern ecosystems. Northern peatlands have accumulated, as peat, a vast amount of carbon from the atmosphere since the last glaciation. However, the past land-use and present climate have evidently changed their GHG balance. Unmanaged boreal peatlands may act as net sources or sinks for CO2 and CH4 depending on the weather conditions. Drainage for agriculture has turned peatlands to significant sources of GHGs (mainly N2O and CO2). Annual mean GHG balances including net CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions are 2260, 2280 and 3140 g CO2 eq. m−2 (calculated using 100 year time horizon) for areas drained for grass swards, cereals or those left fallow, respectively. Even after cessetion of the cultivation practices, N2O and CO2 emissions remain high. The mean net GHG emissions in abandoned and afforested agricultural peatlands have been 1580 and 500 g CO2 eq. m−2, respectively. Peat extraction sites are net sources of GHGs with an average emission rate of 770 g CO2 eq. m−2. Cultivation of a perennial grass (e.g., reed canary grass) on an abandoned peat extraction site has been shown to convert such a site into a net sink of GHGs (−330 g CO2 eq. m−2). In contrast, despite restoration, such sites are known to emit GHGs (mean source of 480 g CO2 eq. m−2, mostly from high CH4 emissions). Peatland forests, originally drained for forestry, may act as net sinks (mean −780 g CO2 eq. m−2). However, the studies where all three GHGs have been measured at an ecosystem level in the forested peatlands are lacking. The data for restored peatland forests (clear cut and rewetted) indicate that such sites are on average a net sink (190 g CO2 eq. m−2). The mean emissions from drained peatlands presented here do not include emissions from ditches which form a part of the drainage network and can contribute significantly to the total GHG budget. Peat soils submerged under water reservoirs have acted as sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O (mean annual emission 240 g CO2 eq. m−2). However, we cannot yet predict accurately the overall greenhouse gas fluxes of organic soils based on the site characteristics and land-use practices alone because the data on many land-use options and our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling associated with the gas fluxes are limited.
Controls on winter ecosystem respiration at mid- and high-latitudes
Authors: Wang T. , Ciais P. , Piao S. , Ottle C. , Brender P. , Maignan F. , Arain A. , Gianelle D. , Gu L. , Lafleur P. , Laurila T. , Margolis H. , Montagnani L. , Moors E. , Nobuko S. , Vesala T. , Wohlfahrt G. , Reichstein M. , Migliavacca M. , Ammann C. , Aubinet M. , Barr A. , Bernacchi C. , Bernhofer C. , Black T. , Davis K. , Dellwik E. , Dragoni D. , Don A. , Flanagan L. , Foken T. , Granier A. , Hadley J. , Hirata R. , Hollinger D. , Kato T. , Kutsch W. , Marek M. , Matamala R. , Matteucci G. , Meyers T. , Monson R. , Munger J. , Oechel W. , Paw U K. T. , Rebmann C. , Tuba Z. , Valentini R. , Varlagin A. , Verma S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Winter CO2 fluxes represent an important component of the annual carbon budget in northern ecosystems. Understanding winter respiration processes and their responses to climate change is also central to our ability to assess terrestrial carbon cycle and climate feedbacks in the future. The factors influencing the spatial and temporal pattern of winter respiration (RECO) of northern ecosystems are poorly understood. For this reason, we analyzed eddy covariance flux data sets from 57 ecosystem sites ranging from ~35° N to ~70° N. Deciduous forests carry the highest winter RECO ratios (9.7–10.5 g C m−2 d−1), when winter is defined as the period during which air temperature remained below 0 °C. By contrast, wetland ecosystems had the lowest winter RECO (2.1–2.3 g C m−2 d−1). Evergreen needle-leaved forests, grasslands and croplands were characterized by intermediate winter RECO values of 7.4–7.9 g C m−2 d−1, 5.8–6.0 g C m−2 d−1, and 5.2–5.3 g C m−2 d−1, respectively. Cross site analysis showed that winter air or soil temperature, and the seasonal amplitude of the leaf area index inferred from satellite observation, which is a proxy for the amount of litter available for RECO in the subsequent winter, are the two main factors determining spatial pattern of daily mean winter RECO. Together, these two factors can explain 71% (Tair, ΔLAI) or 69% (Tsoil, ΔLAI) of the spatial variance of winter RECO across the 57 sites. The spatial temperature sensitivity of daily winter RECO was determined empirically by fitting an Arrhenius relationship to the data. The activation energy parameter of this relationship was found to decrease at increasing soil temperature at a rate of 83.1 KJ ° C-1 (r = −0.32, p < 0.05), which implies a possible dampening of the increase in winter RECO due to global warming. The interannual variability of winter RECO is better explained by soil temperature than by air temperature, likely due to the insulating effects of snow cover. The increase in winter RECO with a 1 °C warming based calculated from the spatial analysis was almost that double that calculated from the temporal analysis. Thus, models that calculate the effects of warming on RECO based only on spatial analyses could be over-estimating the impact.
Estimating maximum global land surface wind power extractability and associated climatic consequences
Authors: Miller L. M. , Gans F. , Kleidon A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The availability of wind power for renewable energy extraction is ultimately limited by how much kinetic energy is generated by natural processes within the Earth system and by fundamental limits of how much of the wind power can be extracted. Here we use these considerations to provide a maximum estimate of wind power availability over land. We use three different methods. First, we use simple, established estimates of the energetics of the atmospheric circulation, which yield about 38 TW of wind power available for extraction. Second, we set up a simple momentum balance model to estimate maximum extractability which we then apply to reanalysis climate data, yielding an estimate of 17 TW. Finally, we perform climate model simulations in which we extract different amounts of momentum from the atmospheric boundary layer to obtain a maximum estimate of how much power can be extracted, yielding 36 TW. These three methods consistently yield maximum estimates in the range of 17–38 TW and are notably less than recent estimates that claim abundant wind power availability. Furthermore, we show with the climate model simulations that the climatic effects at maximum wind power extraction are similar in magnitude to those associated with a doubling of atmospheric CO2. We conclude that in order to understand fundamental limits to renewable energy resources, as well as the impacts of their utilization, it is imperative to use a thermodynamic, Earth system perspective, rather than engineering specifications of the latest technology.
Vertical profiles of the specific surface area of the snow at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Gallet J.-C. , Domine F. , Arnaud L. , Picard G. , Savarino J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The specific surface area (SSA) of snow determines in Part the albedo of snow surfaces and the capacity of the snow to adsorb chemical species and catalyze reactions. Despite these crucial roles, almost no value of snow SSA are available for the largest permanent snow expanse on Earth, the Antarctic. We have measured the first vertical profiles of snow SSA near Dome C (DC: 75°06´ S, 123°20´ E, 3233 m a.s.l.) on the Antarctic plateau, and at seven sites during the logistical traverse between Dome C and the French coastal base Dumont D'Urville (DDU: 66°40´ S, 140°01´ E) during the Austral summer 2008–2009. We used the DUFISSS system, which measures the IR reflectance of snow at 1310 nm with an integrating sphere. At DC, the mean SSA of the snow in the top 1 cm is 38 m2 kg−1, decreasing monotonically to 14 m2 kg−1 at a depth of 15 cm. Along the traverse, the snow SSA profile is similar to that at DC in the first 600 km from DC. Closer to DDU, the SSA of the top 5 cm is 23 m2 kg−1, decreasing to 19 m2 kg−1 at 50 cm depth. This is attributed to wind, which causes a rapid decrease of surface snow SSA, but forms hard windpacks whose SSA decrease more slowly with time. Since light-absorbing impurities are not concentrated enough to affect albedo, the vertical profiles of SSA and density were used to calculate the spectral albedo of the snow for several realistic illumination conditions, using the DISORT radiative transfer model. A preliminary comparison with MODIS data is presented for use in energy balance calculations and for comparison with other satellite retrievals. These calculated albedos are compared to the few existing measurements on the Antarctic plateau. The interest of postulating a submillimetric, high-SSA layer at the snow surface to explain measured albedos is discussed.
[2
Fe
–2
S
] Oxidative‐Stress Sensor
Sox
R
Bound to
DNA
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Miki Kunio
Published: September 2010

SoxR, a member of the MerR (mercury resistance regulator) family, is a transcriptional activator that contains a [2Fe‐2S] cluster. In entric bacteria, SoxR functions as an oxidative‐stress sensor. However, in other nonentric bacteria, its physiological role appears to be different. SoxR is activated by reversible one‐electron oxidation of the [2Fe‐2S] cluster. In the active state, SoxR and other MerR family proteins activate transcription from unique promoters, which have a long 19 or 20 bp spacer between the −35 and −10 operator elements, by untwisting the promoter DNA. The crystal structures of SoxR and its complex with the target promoter in the oxidized (active) state have been reported. The structure of SoxR monomer consists of a winged helix‐turn helix DNA‐binding domain, a dimerization helix, and a Fe‐S cluster‐binding domain. The SoxR dimer is formed by an antiparallel long coiled coil. The [2Fe‐2S] cluster of SoxR is completely solvent‐exposed and surrounded by an asymmetric environment stabilized by interaction with the other subunit. The asymmetrically charged environment of the [2Fe‐2S] cluster probably causes redox‐dependent conformational changes of SoxR. The structure of the SoxR‐DNA complex provides a structural framework of the transcriptional activation by DNA distortion in the MerR family.
Metal Trafficking Via Siderophores in Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Cobessi David , Schalk Isabelle J
Published: September 2010

Iron is essential for life for practically all living organisms and plays a number of key roles in biology. However, under physiological conditions, iron forms highly insoluble ferric hydroxide complexes, which severely limits its bioavailability. To overcome the problem of iron inaccessibility, bacteria excrete high‐affinity iron‐chelators termedsiderophoresthat are able to solubilize iron and deliver it into the cells. In gram‐negative bacteria, the uptake of ferrisiderophores always involves, at the level of the outer membrane, specific transporters of the family of the TonB‐dependent receptors. The energy required for this uptake is provided by the proton‐motive force of the inner membrane by means of an inner membrane complex comprising three proteins, TonB, ExbB, and ExbD. Structures of TonB‐dependent receptors have been solved in different conformations. They are all composed of a β‐barrel occluded by a globular domain. The binding site is highly specific for a single siderophore and is located in the lumen on the extracellular side of the barrel. Some TonB‐dependent receptors have an additional N‐terminal domain located in the periplasm. These receptors, in parallel to transport ferrisiderophores across the outer membrane, are involved in a signaling cascade regulating expression of genes involved in iron acquisition.
Hemophore
Has
A
Authors: Izadi‐Pruneyre Nadia , Wolff Nicolas , Delepierre Muriel , Lecroisey Anne
Published: September 2010

To satisfy their iron needs, several gram‐negative bacteria use a heme uptake system that relies on the secretion in the extracellular medium of heme‐binding proteins called
HasA hemophores
. These proteins scavenge heme from the host, either free or hemoprotein‐bound, and shuttle it to a specific outer membrane transporter, HasR, whereby it is internalized by a TonB‐dependent process and then used as an iron source. HasA hemophores form a family of highly conserved 19–20 kDa proteins without either sequential or structural similarities to other known proteins.

The HasA hemophore from

Serratia marcescens

, the most deeply studied, is described here with a special focus on its heme binding site and its unusual pair of axial ligands, a histidine and a tyrosine. The spectroscopic properties and the structures of the heme loaded and unloaded hemophore, free or complexed to the HasR transporter are presented. The mechanisms of heme capture by the hemophore and heme transfer to HasR are discussed.
SR
‐Like Protein
ZRANB
2
Authors: Mansfield Robyn E , Mackay Joel P
Published: September 2010

ZRANB2 is an SR‐like pre‐mRNA splicing factor that is conserved across vertebrates. It contains two RNA‐binding zinc finger domains at the N‐terminus, each of which includes a tetrahedrally coordinated zinc ion which is essential for the 3D fold of the domain, and an arginine/serine‐rich (RS) domain near the C‐terminus. The 3D structures of each zinc finger domain have been solved by NMR spectroscopy, and a crystal structure of the second zinc finger in complex with RNA is also available. Similar zinc finger domains, known collectively as RanBP2‐type zinc fingers, have been observed in other proteins and display a range of substrate‐binding abilities.