bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Fuel Characteristics and Heat Release Formulations in Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Simulation
Authors: Shamsaei Kasra , Juliano Timothy W. , Roberts Matthew , Ebrahimian Hamed , Lareau Neil P. , Rowell Eric , Kosovic Branko
Published: July 2023

In this study, we focus on the effects of fuel bed representation and fire heat and smoke distribution in a coupled fire-atmosphere simulation platform for two landscape-scale fires: the 2018 Camp Fire and the 2021 Caldor Fire. The fuel bed representation in the coupled fire-atmosphere simulation platform WRF-Fire currently includes only surface fuels. Thus, we enhance the model by adding canopy fuel characteristics and heat release, for which a method to calculate the heat generated from canopy fuel consumption is developed and implemented in WRF-Fire. Furthermore, the current WRF-Fire heat and smoke distribution in the atmosphere is replaced with a heat-conserving Truncated Gaussian (TG) function and its effects are evaluated. The simulated fire perimeters of case studies are validated against semi-continuous, high-resolution fire perimeters derived from NEXRAD radar observations. Furthermore, simulated plumes of the two fire cases are compared to NEXRAD radar reflectivity observations, followed by buoyancy analysis using simulated temperature and vertical velocity fields. The results show that while the improved fuel bed and the TG heat release scheme have small effects on the simulated fire perimeters of the wind-driven Camp Fire, they affect the propagation direction of the plume-driven Caldor Fire, leading to better-matching fire perimeters with the observations. However, the improved fuel bed representation, together with the TG heat smoke release scheme, leads to a more realistic plume structure in comparison to the observations in both fires. The buoyancy analysis also depicts more realistic fire-induced temperature anomalies and atmospheric circulation when the fuel bed is improved.
Novel Lipids to Regulate Obesity and Brain Function: Comparing Available Evidence and Insights from QSAR In Silico Models
Authors: Teixeira Francisca S. , Costa Paula T. , Soares Ana M. S. , Fontes Ana Luiza , Pintado Manuela E. , Vidigal Susana S. M. P. , Pimentel Lígia L. , Rodríguez-Alcalá Luís M.
Published: July 2023

Lipid molecules, such as policosanol, ergosterol, sphingomyelin, omega 3 rich phosphatidylcholine, α-tocopherol, and sodium butyrate, have emerged as novel additions to the portfolio of bioactive lipids. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss these lipids, and their activity against obesity and mental or neurological disorders, with a focus on their proposed cellular targets and the ways in which they produce their beneficial effects. Furthermore, this available information is compared with that provided by in silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) models in order to understand the usefulness of these tools for the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Accordingly, it was possible to highlight how these lipids interact with various cellular targets related to the molecule transportation and absorption (e.g., α-tocopherol transfer protein for α-Tocopherol, ATP-binding cassette ABC transporters or Apolipoprotein E for sphingomyelins and phospholipids) or other processes, such as the regulation of gene expression (involving Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins for ergosterol or Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the case of policosanol) and inflammation (the regulation of interleukins by sodium butyrate). When comparing the literature with in silico Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models, it was observed that although they are useful for selecting bioactive molecules when compared in batch, the information they provide does not coincide when assessed individually. Our review highlights the importance of considering a broad range of lipids as potential bioactives and the need for accurate prediction of ADMET parameters in the discovery of new biomolecules. The information presented here provides a useful resource for researchers interested in developing new strategies for the treatment of obesity and mental or neurological disorders.
Current Advances in Cheese Microbiology
Authors: Centeno Juan A. , Carballo Javier
Published: July 2023

Cheese is a complex microbial ecosystem containing microorganisms that are either deliberately added or that enter milk, curd or cheese as contaminants [...]
Identification of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) and Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
Authors: Wu Yuling , Li Zhanming , Zhu Hui , Zi Run , Xue Fang , Yu Yue
Published: July 2023

Tartary buckwheat has attracted more attention than common buckwheat due to its unique chemical composition and higher efficacy in the prevention of various diseases. The content of flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) is higher than that in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). However, the processing process of Tartary buckwheat is complex, and the cost is high, which leads to the frequent phenomenon of common buckwheat counterfeiting and adulteration in Tartary buckwheat, which seriously damages the interests of consumers and disrupts the market order. In order to explore a new and simple identification method for Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat, this article uses metabolomics technology based on GC-MS to identify Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat. The results show that the PLS-DA model can identify Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat, as well as Tartary buckwheat from different regions, without an over-fitting phenomenon. It was also found that ascorbate and aldarate metabolism was the main differential metabolic pathway between Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat, as well as the amino acids biosynthesis pathway. This study provides a new attempt for the identification of Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat for the quality control of related agricultural products.
Comparative Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Strongly Flavored Baijiu under Two Different Pit Cap Sealing Processes
Authors: Li Lingshan , Fan Mei , Xu Yan , Zhang Liang , Qian Yu , Tang Yongqing , Li Jinsong , Zhao Jinsong , Yuan Siqi , Liu Jun
Published: July 2023

The solid-state fermentation process of strongly flavored Baijiu is complicated by the co-fermentation of many different microorganisms in the fermentation pools. The traditional fermentation pools of strong flavor Baijiu are sealed with mud, and this sealed-pit mud is not easy to maintain; therefore, the pit cap is prone to cracks and to caving in. The destruction of the sealed-pit mud may lead to instability in the composition and an abundance of microorganisms in the fermentation process that results in fluctuations of product quality. Thus, the production method of replacing the mud cap with a new steel cap is gradually attracting the attention of scientific and technical workers in the industry. However, so far, there have been relatively few reports on the use of steel lids for sealing pits for fermentation and brewing. In this study, the volatile flavor components of 270 Baijiu samples from mud-sealing and steel-sealing pits of a Chinese Baijiu distillery were studied qualitatively and quantitatively using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Abbreviated as GC-MS). Our statistical methods included Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (Abbreviated as HCA), Principal Component Analysis (Abbreviated as PCA), and Discriminant Analysis (Abbreviated as DA). A statistical analysis was carried out on the yield of strongly flavored Baijiu, and we made a comprehensive evaluation of the Baijiu produced under the two pit-sealing modes with regard to flavor and economic efficiency. The yield of strong flavored Baijiu was 6.7% higher with steel-sealing pits compared with mud-sealing pits. Cluster analysis categorized the strongly flavored Baijiu samples into two categories initially: (1) samples produced using mud-sealing pits and (2) samples using steel-sealing pits. Our analysis also indicated that the 28 compounds used for quantification were selected correctly. Surprising to the experimental staff, the overall score for the steel-sealing pits was greater than that of the mud-sealing pits based on PCA. Using DA, the prediction results were 100% accurate. In summary, through a comparative analysis of the flavor and yield, which are the two main factors that affect the quality of Baijiu in a distillery, and systematic combination at both experimental and theoretical levels, the differences between the Baijiu production by steel-sealing and the traditional mud-sealing were clear. Regardless of the impact of age, the detectable flavor components of Baijiu from the mud-steeling pits were very consistent with those of the steel-sealing pits in terms of richness or concentration. However, steel-sealing pits were significantly superior to mud-sealing pits with respect to output, consistency in quality, and cost (human and economic) savings.
Chemical Fingerprinting, Aorta Endothelium Relaxation Effect, and Enzymatic Inhibition of Canelo (Drimys winteri J. R. Forst. & G. Forst, (D.C) A. Gray, Family Winteraceae) Fruits
Authors: Barrientos Ruth E. , Romero-Parra Javier , Cifuentes Fredi , Palacios Javier , Romero-Jola Néstor Jaime , Paredes Adrián , Vargas-Arana Gabriel , Simirgiotis Mario J.
Published: July 2023

Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst (D.C) G. Gray, var. chilensis (canelo) is an endemic tree from Chile. Since pre-Columbian times, it has produced a fruit known as the canelo pepper, (pimienta de canelo) or Foye pepper, which can be used as a spice. The chemical and biological analysis of canelo fruits is reported for the first time in this study, that is, its phenolic fingerprinting by UHPLC-PDA- Q-orbitrap MS, the antioxidant activity, the enzymatic inhibitory activity, and its relaxation effects on rat aorta. The proximal composition and the mineral content (Ca: 1.45 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Mg: 7.72 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Fe: 4.54 ± 0.21 mg/100 g; Zn: 2.99 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; Mn: 1.08 ± 0.03 mg/100 g; Cu: 0.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; K: 53.03 ± 0.20 mg/100 g; Na: 0.087 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) are also reported. The canelo fruits showed a total phenolic content of 57.33 ± 0.82 mg GAE/g dry weight. In addition, the total flavonoid content was 38.42 ± 1.32 mg equivalent of QE/g dry weight. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by employing DPPH and ABTS methods (IC50 of 6.65 ± 0.5 and 9.5 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively), ORAC (25.33 ± 1.2 μmol Trolox/g dry plant) and FRAP (45.56 ± 1.32 μmol Trolox/g dry plant). The enzymatic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase (IC50: 1.94 ± 0.07, 2.73 ± 0.05, and 9.92 ± 0.05 µg extract/mL, respectively) is also reported. Canelo extract led to an 89% relaxation of rat aorta. Our results confirm that D. winteri fruits are a rich source of secondary metabolites and can inhibit enzymes associated with neurodegenerative diseases; the results also suggest that canelo may induce a potentially hypotensive effect in rat aorta. The study demonstrates the medicinal properties of canelo fruit and spice.
Sunflower Honey—Evaluation of Quality and Stability during Storage
Authors: Živkov Baloš Milica , Popov Nenad , Jakšić Sandra , Mihaljev Željko , Pelić Miloš , Ratajac Radomir , Ljubojević Pelić Dragana
Published: July 2023

Honey’s unique qualities should last for several years when properly stored. Therefore, it is up to manufacturers to choose the right shelf life for their product while also considering the product’s nature. Physicochemical parameters (water content, electrical conductivity, free acidity, pH, ash, water-insoluble matter, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), sugar content and composition, and diastase activity) were analyzed in 24 samples of sunflower honey collected from several localities in Vojvodina, Serbia. Crystallization indices were also calculated. Furthermore, the impact of eighteen months of room temperature storage (22 ± 2 °C) in a dark place on selected physicochemical parameters (water, HMF, diastase activity, pH value, and free acidity) was investigated. The results of the initial test indicated that the tested samples of sunflower honey from Vojvodina is of good quality because the parameters under examination revealed results that were within the legal bounds of both national and European legislations. Eighteen months of storage at room temperature reduced diastase activity by 2 times, increased HMF content by about 17 times, and decreased the pH value of honey from a mean value of 3.66 to 3.56. The water content was relatively stable at 17.01% before storage and 16.29% after storage. The storage of sunflower honey did not have an impact on the free acidity.
Gerty Cori, a Life Dedicated to Chemical and Medical Research
Authors: Núñez Valdés Juan
Published: July 2023

This article shows the life and work of Gerty Cori, a woman born in Czechoslovakia and who later became a naturalized American, who spent her whole life researching, together with her husband, in the laboratory to find the cause of some diseases, particularly those of a metabolic type, and to be able to find substances that alleviate their effects. The result of this joint work was the obtaining by both, together with the physiologist Bernardo Houssay, of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1947. The objective of this article is to complete the scarce existing biographies about this woman with new data that highlight the most outstanding events of her life, quite a few of which are still largely ignored. A relatively complete information on the presence of female chemists in the awarded Nobel Prizes is also shown.
A Predictor–Corrector Compact Difference Scheme for a Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equation
Authors: Jiang Xiaoxuan , Wang Jiawei , Wang Wan , Zhang Haixiang
Published: July 2023

In this work, a predictor–corrector compact difference scheme for a nonlinear fractional differential equation is presented. The MacCormack method is provided to deal with nonlinear terms, the Riemann–Liouville (R-L) fractional integral term is treated by means of the second-order convolution quadrature formula, and the Caputo derivative term is discretized by the L1 discrete formula. Through the first and second derivatives of the matrix under the compact difference, we improve the precision of this scheme. Then, the existence and uniqueness are proved, and the numerical experiments are presented.
Upper and Lower Solution Method for a Singular Tempered Fractional Equation with a p-Laplacian Operator
Authors: Zhang Xinguang , Chen Peng , Tian Hui , Wu Yonghong
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we consider the existence of positive solutions for a singular tempered fractional equation with a p-Laplacian operator. By constructing a pair of suitable upper and lower solutions of the problem, some new results on the existence of positive solutions for the equation including singular and nonsingular cases are established. The asymptotic behavior of the solution is also derived, which falls in between two known curves. The interesting points of this paper are that the nonlinearity of the equation may be singular in time and space variables and the corresponding operator can have a singular kernel.
The Analytical Solutions to the Fractional Kraenkel–Manna–Merle System in Ferromagnetic Materials
Authors: Alshammari Mohammad , Hamza Amjad E. , Cesarano Clemente , Aly Elkhateeb S. , Mohammed Wael W.
Published: July 2023

In this article, we examine the Kraenkel–Manna–Merle system (KMMS) with an M-truncated derivative (MTD). Our goal is to obtain rational, hyperbolic, and trigonometric solutions by using the F-expansion technique with the Riccati equation. To our knowledge, no one has studied the exact solutions to the KMMS in the presence/absence of a damping effect with an M-truncated derivative, using the F-expansion technique. The magnetic field propagation in a zero-conductivity ferromagnet is described by the KMMS; hence, solutions to this equation may provide light on several fascinating scientific phenomena. We use MATLAB to display figures in a variety of 3D and 2D formats to demonstrate the influence of the M-truncated derivative on the exact solutions to the KMMS.
An Operational Approach to Fractional Scale-Invariant Linear Systems
Authors: Bengochea Gabriel , Ortigueira Manuel Duarte
Published: July 2023

The fractional scale-invariant systems are introduced and studied, using an operational formalism. It is shown that the impulse and step responses of such systems belong to the vector space generated by some special functions here introduced. For these functions, the fractional scale derivative is a decremental index operator, allowing the construction of an algebraic framework that enables to compute the impulse and step responses of such systems. The effectiveness and accuracy of the method are demonstrated through various numerical simulations.
The Existence of Mild Solutions for Hilfer Fractional Stochastic Evolution Equations with Order μ∈(1,2)
Authors: Li Qien , Zhou Yong
Published: July 2023

In this study, we investigate the existence of mild solutions for a class of Hilfer fractional stochastic evolution equations with order μ∈(1,2) and type ν∈[0,1]. We prove the existence of mild solutions of Hilfer fractional stochastic evolution equations when the semigroup is compact as well as noncompact. Our approach is based on the Schauder fixed point theorem, the Ascoli–Arzelà theorem and the Kuratowski measure of noncompactness. An example is also provided, to demonstrate the efficacy of this method.
Dual pH- and Thermo-Sensitive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allylamine) Nanogels for Curcumin Delivery: Swelling–Deswelling Behavior and Phase Transition Mechanism
Authors: Santhamoorthy Madhappan , Kim Seong-Cheol
Published: July 2023

Curcumin (Cur) is a beneficial ingredient with numerous bioactivities. However, due to its low solubility and poor bioavailability, its therapeutic application is limited. In this work, we prepared poly-N-isopropylacrylamide p(NIPAm) and polyallylamine p(Am)-based nanogel (p(NIPAm-co-Am)) NG for a dual pH- and temperature-sensitive copolymer system for drug delivery application. In this copolymer system, the p(NIPAm) segment was incorporated to introduce thermoresponsive behavior and the p(Am) segment was incorporated to introduce drug binding sites (amine groups) in the resulting (p(NIPAm-co-Am)) NG system. Various instrumental characterizations including 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, and particle size analysis were performed to confirm the copolymer synthesis. Curcumin (Cur), an anticancer bioactive substance, was employed to assess the in vitro drug loading and release performance of the resulting copolymer nanogels system at varied pH levels (pH 7.2, 6.5, and 4.0) and temperatures (25 °C, 37 °C, and 42 °C). The cytocompatibility of the p(NIPAm-co-Am) NG sample was also tested on MDA-MB-231 cells at various sample concentrations. All the study results indicate that the p(NIPAm-co-Am) NG produced might be effective for drug loading and release under pH and temperature dual-stimuli conditions. As a result, the p(NIPAm-co-Am) NG system has the potential to be beneficial in the use of drug delivery applications in cancer therapy.
Single-Entity Electrochemistry in the Agarose Hydrogel: Observation of Enhanced Signal Uniformity and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Authors: Na Jaedo , Park Kyungsoon , Kwon Seong Jung
Published: July 2023

For the first time, single-entity electrochemistry (SEE) was demonstrated in a hydrogel matrix. SEE involves the investigation of the electrochemical characteristics of individual nanoparticles (NPs) by observing the signal generated when a single NP, suspended in an aqueous solution, collides with an electrode and triggers catalytic reactions. Challenges associated with SEE in electrolyte-containing solutions such as signal variation due to NP aggregation and noise fluctuation caused by convection phenomena can be addressed by employing a hydrogel matrix. The polymeric hydrogel matrix acts as a molecular sieve, effectively filtering out unexpected signals generated by aggregated NPs, resulting in more uniform signal observations compared to the case in a solution. Additionally, the hydrogel environment can reduce the background current fluctuations caused by natural convection and other factors such as impurities, facilitating easier signal analysis. Specifically, we performed SEE of platinum (Pt) NPs for hydrazine oxidation within the agarose hydrogel to observe the electrocatalytic reaction at a single NP level. The consistent porous structure of the agarose hydrogel leads to differential diffusion rates between individual NPs and reactants, resulting in variations in signal magnitude, shape, and frequency. The changes in the signal were analyzed in response to gel concentration variations.
Molecular Cloning of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4 (SpTLR2, 4) and Expression of TLR-Related Genes from Schizothorax prenanti after Poly (I:C) Stimulation
Authors: Zhang Jianlu , Huang Jiqin , Zhao Haitao
Published: July 2023

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is conserved between fish and mammals, except for TLR4, which is absent in most fish. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether TLR4 is expressed in Schizothorax prenanti (SpTLR4). The SpTLR2 and SpTLR4 were cloned and identified, and their tissue distribution was examined. The cDNA encoding SpTLR4 and SpTLR2 complete coding sequences (CDS) were identified and cloned. Additionally, we examined the expression levels of seven SpTLRs (SpTLR2, 3, 4, 18, 22-1, 22-2, and 22-3), as well as SpMyD88 and SpIRF3 in the liver, head kidney, hindgut, and spleen of S. prenanti, after intraperitoneal injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)). The SpTLR2 and SpTLR4 shared amino acid sequence identity of 42.15–96.21% and 36.21–93.58%, respectively, with sequences from other vertebrates. SpTLR2 and SpTLR4 were expressed in all S. prenanti tissues examined, particularly in immune-related tissues. Poly (I:C) significantly upregulated most of the genes evaluated in the four immune organs compared with the PBS-control (p < 0.05); expression of these different genes was tissue-specific. Our findings demonstrate that TLR2 and TLR4 are expressed in S. prenanti and that poly (I:C) affects the expression of nine TLR-related genes, which are potentially involved in S. prenanti antiviral immunity or mediating pathological processes with differential kinetics. This will contribute to a better understanding of the roles of these TLR-related genes in antiviral immunity.
Cell Type-Specific Promoters of Volvox carteri for Molecular Cell Biology Studies
Authors: von der Heyde Benjamin , von der Heyde Eva Laura , Hallmann Armin
Published: July 2023

The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri has emerged as a valuable model organism for investigating various aspects of multicellularity and cellular differentiation, photoreception and phototaxis, cell division, biogenesis of the extracellular matrix and morphogenetic movements. While a range of molecular tools and bioinformatics resources have been made available for exploring these topics, the establishment of cell type-specific promoters in V. carteri has not been achieved so far. Therefore, here, we conducted a thorough screening of transcriptome data from RNA sequencing analyses of V. carteri in order to identify potential cell type-specific promoters. Eventually, we chose two putative strong and cell type-specific promoters, with one exhibiting specific expression in reproductive cells (gonidia), the PCY1 promoter, and the other in somatic cells, the PFP promoter. After cloning both promoter regions, they were introduced upstream of a luciferase reporter gene. By using particle bombardment, the DNA constructs were stably integrated into the genome of V. carteri. The results of the expression analyses, which were conducted at both the transcript and protein levels, demonstrated that the two promoters drive cell type-specific expression in their respective target cell types. Transformants with considerably diverse expression levels of the chimeric genes were identifiable. In conclusion, the screening and analysis of transcriptome data from RNA sequencing allowed for the identification of potential cell type-specific promoters in V. carteri. Reporter gene constructs demonstrated the actual usability of two promoters. The investigated PCY1 and PFP promoters were proven to be potent molecular tools for genetic engineering in V. carteri.
Comparative Genome-Wide Analysis of MicroRNAs and Their Target Genes in Roots of Contrasting Indica Rice Cultivars under Reproductive-Stage Drought
Authors: Kaur Simardeep , Seem Karishma , Kumar Suresh , Kaundal Rakesh , Mohapatra Trilochan
Published: July 2023

Recurrent occurrence of drought stress in varying intensity has become a common phenomenon in the present era of global climate change, which not only causes severe yield losses but also challenges the cultivation of rice. This raises serious concerns for sustainable food production and global food security. The root of a plant is primarily responsible to perceive drought stress and acquire sufficient water for the survival/optimal growth of the plant under extreme climatic conditions. Earlier studies reported the involvement/important roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants’ responses to environmental/abiotic stresses. A number (738) of miRNAs is known to be expressed in different tissues under varying environmental conditions in rice, but our understanding of the role, mode of action, and target genes of the miRNAs are still elusive. Using contrasting rice [IR-64 (reproductive-stage drought sensitive) and N-22 (drought-tolerant)] cultivars, imposed with terminal (reproductive-stage) drought stress, we demonstrate differential expression of 270 known and 91 novel miRNAs in roots of the contrasting rice cultivars in response to the stress. Among the known miRNAs, osamiR812, osamiR166, osamiR156, osamiR167, and osamiR396 were the most differentially expressed miRNAs between the rice cultivars. In the root of N-22, 18 known and 12 novel miRNAs were observed to be exclusively expressed, while only two known (zero novels) miRNAs were exclusively expressed in the roots of IR-64. The majority of the target gene(s) of the miRNAs were drought-responsive transcription factors playing important roles in flower, grain development, auxin signaling, root development, and phytohormone-crosstalk. The novel miRNAs identified in this study may serve as good candidates for the genetic improvement of rice for terminal drought stress towards developing climate-smart rice for sustainable food production.
Natural History of Stargardt Disease: The Longest Follow-Up Cohort Study
Authors: Sajovic Jana , Meglič Andrej , Fakin Ana , Brecelj Jelka , Šuštar Habjan Maja , Hawlina Marko , Jarc Vidmar Martina
Published: July 2023

Long-term natural history studies are important in rare disease research. This study aimed to assess electrophysiological and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) progression rate in 18 genetically confirmed Stargardt disease (STGD1) patients with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Age at the first and last exams, age at onset, Snellen decimal visual acuity (VA), electroretinography (ERG), and FAF images were evaluated. Patients were classified into four Fishman stages and three electroretinography groups, and areas of definitely decreased autofluorescence (DDAF) were measured. Patients were further substratified based on genotype, and phenotype-genotype correlations were performed. The median follow-up was 18 (range 10–26) years. The median yearly VA loss was 0.009 (range 0.002–0.071), while the median progression rate of the DDAF area was 0.354 (range 0.002–4.359) mm2 per year. Patients harbouring p.(Gly1961Glu) or p.(Asn1868Ile) allele had significantly slower DDAF area progression when compared to patients with other genotypes (0.07 mm2 vs. 1.03 mm2, respectively), as well as significantly later age at onset (20 years vs. 13 years, respectively). Results showed that structural and functional parameters, together with genotype, should be considered when counselling patients regarding prognosis and monitoring disease progression. Patients harbouring hypomorphic variants p.(Gly1961Glu) or p.(Asn1868Ile) presented with overall milder disease than patients with other genotypes.
Electromagnetic Waves’ Impact on Hydraulic Conductivity of Granular Soils
Authors: Farid Arvin , Gunderson Holly , Acharya Rakesh , Browning Jim
Published: July 2023

Electromagnetic (EM) waves, traditionally used for purposes such as geophysical characterization, impact properties to be measured. This paper describes the effects of radio frequency (RF) waves on the hydraulic conductivity of glass beads and natural sand. A series of tests was conducted using a customized, rigid-wall, cylindrical permeameter inside a resonant cavity made of Plexiglas covered with electrically conductive transparent films. Constant-head ASTM-D2434 tests were performed to measure the samples’ hydraulic conductivity. RF stimulation was performed using a magnetically coupled loop antenna at various frequencies and input RF-power levels. The hydraulic conductivity of both natural sand and glass-bead samples increased with RF stimulation. Furthermore, the measurement of the electric field component of RF waves was also performed to illustrate the pattern of the electric field, as well as evaluate RF’s impact on the hydraulic conductivity tests. The electric field was numerically simulated and validated against experimentally measured electric fields. A finite-difference numerical model was developed in MATLAB to analyze the seepage flow, which was then validated against the experimental results. An optimization scheme was then used to develop a governing equation for RF’s impact on hydraulic conductivity.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Fragility Fractures of the Hip: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Lockdown Periods in Western Greece and Review of the Literature
Authors: Iliopoulos Ilias D. , Lianou Ioanna , Kaspiris Angelos , Ntourantonis Dimitrios , Arachoviti Christine , Zafeiris Christos P. , Lambrou George I. , Chronopoulos Efstathios
Published: July 2023

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on healthcare systems worldwide, prompting policymakers to implement measures of isolation and eventually adopt strict national lockdowns, which affected mobility, healthcare-seeking behavior, and services, in an unprecedented manner. This study aimed to analyze the effects of these lockdowns on hip-fracture epidemiology and care services, compared to nonpandemic periods in previous years. We retrospectively collected data from electronic patient records of two major hospitals in Western Greece and included patients who suffered a fragility hip fracture and were admitted during the two 5-week lockdown periods in 2020, compared to time-matched patients from 2017–2019. The results showed a drop in hip-fracture incidence, which varied among hospitals and lockdown periods, and conflicting impacts on time to surgery, time to discharge after surgery, and total hospitalization time. The study also found that differences between the two differently organized units were exaggerated during the COVID-19 lockdown periods, highlighting the impact of compliance with social-distancing measures and the reallocation of resources on the quality of healthcare services. Further research is needed to fully understand the specific variations and patterns of geriatric hip-fracture care during emergency health crises characterized by limited resources and behavioral changes.
Ut sophistes pictor: An Introduction to the Sophistic Contribution to Aesthetics
Authors: Guest Clare Lapraik
Published: July 2023

This essay provides an introduction to the question of the contribution of the ancient sophists to aesthetics in Western art. It commences by examining the persistent analogies to visual arts in negative and positive discussions of sophistry, both philosophical and rhetorical, and proceeds to examine sophistic rhetoric in Gorgias, Aristides, Lucian, Philostratus and Byzantine ekphrasis, culminating with Philostratus’ discussions of mimesis and phantasia in Apollonius of Tyana. The discussions of the relation of being and nonbeing in Gorgias’ On Nonbeing and in Plato’s Sophist form the ontological core of sophistic claims about imaginative invention and the sophistic advancement of voluntary illusion (apatē) as a means to poetic “justice” or “truth”. Such claims should be considered in the light of the epistemological and ontological skepticism propounded by Gorgias. Although the opprobrium attached to sophistry obscures its later influence, we can nevertheless discern a sophistic aesthetic tradition focused on the reflective reception of artworks that re-emerges in the Renaissance. In the last section, I adumbrate the lines of study for examining a sophistic Renaissance in the visual arts, with attention to antiquarianism as an area where the significance of the beholder’s imaginative projection suggests the endurance—or revitalization—of sophistic aesthetics.
Unravelling Vaccine Scepticism in South Tyrol, Italy: A Qualitative Analysis of Personal, Relational, and Structural Factors Influencing Vaccination Decisions
Authors: Wiedermann Christian J. , Koler Peter , Tauber Sara , Plagg Barbara , Psaier Vera , Barbieri Verena , Piccoliori Giuliano , Engl Adolf
Published: July 2023

Low vaccine uptake in South Tyrol, particularly for non-coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, poses a significant public health challenge in the northernmost province of Italy. This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of vaccine-sceptical parents to examine the factors that contribute to their vaccination decisions. The ten participants’ children had varied vaccination statuses, ranging from unvaccinated to partially vaccinated or vaccinated as late as possible. Only one adult participant received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Using Grounded Theory analysis, the emergent meta-category of ‘self-relatedness’ was identified, highlighting the importance of individual experiences and the social context. The study found that participants’ social circles consisted of individuals with similar vaccination attitudes, often characterized by a shared affinity for nature. Although they accepted individuals with different views, they remained uninfluenced. Participants perceived healthcare professionals as one-sided and uncritical, expressing distrust toward state orders. They believed that parents should be responsible for their children’s well-being rather than the state. Distrust in the state and healthcare system, exacerbated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, was rooted in negative experiences. In contrast, the participants had positive experiences with natural healing, homeopathy, and trusting the natural course of events. They perceived themselves as tolerant, non-radical, curious, health-conscious, yet critical and questioning. Participants resisted coercion, fear-mongering, and state sanctions and sought alternatives to mandatory vaccination. To address the complex social and behavioural factors underlying vaccination refusal, this study suggests that vaccination advocates, policymakers, and information providers should engage in appreciative, personal, and well-founded information exchanges with vaccine-hesitant individuals. Broad and comprehensible information dissemination, flexibility, and freedom of decision are essential for increasing informed decision making. Further research is required to better understand the epistemic basis of vaccine hesitancy.
Association between Syncope and the 6-Month Incidence of Ischemic Stroke, Arrhythmia, Brain Tumor, Epilepsy, and Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Gümbel Danilo Christian , Tanislav Christian , Konrad Marcel , Jacob Louis , Koyanagi Ai , Smith Lee , Kostev Karel
Published: July 2023

Objectives: the aim of the present study is to investigate the associations between syncope and subsequent diagnoses of brain tumor, cardiac arrhythmia, stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), epilepsy, and anxiety disorder in a large outpatient population in Germany. Methods: This retrospective cohort study uses data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). Adults who received syncope diagnosis from one of 1284 general practices between January 2005 and December 2021 (index date) were included and matched (1:1) to individuals without syncope diagnosis using a propensity score based on age, sex, the number of consultations during the follow-up period (up to 6 months), and defined co-diagnoses documented within 12 months prior to and on the index date. Finally, associations between syncope and subsequent outcome diagnoses were investigated using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Data related to 64,016 patients with and 64,016 patients without syncope (mean age 54.5 years, 56.5% female) were available. In total, 6.43% of syncope patients and 2.14% of non-syncope patients were diagnosed with one of the five outcome diagnoses within 6 months of the index date. There was a positive and significant association between syncope and incidences of ischemic stroke/TIA (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 2.41–3.32), arrhythmia (OR = 3.81, 95% CI = 3.44–4.18), brain tumor (OR = 4.24, 95% CI = 2.50–7.19), epilepsy (OR = 5.52, 95% CI = 4.27–7.14), and anxiety disorder (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.79–2.21). Conclusions: Syncope is significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent ischemic stroke/TIA, cardiac arrhythmia, brain tumor, epilepsy, and anxiety disorder. Nevertheless, the cumulative incidences for all five diagnoses are very low.
Characterization of New Grapevine Varieties Cross-Bred from Monastrell, Authorized for Winemaking in the Warm Region of Murcia (South-Eastern Spain)
Authors: Ruiz-García Leonor , Fernández-Fernández José Ignacio , Martínez-Mora Celia , Moreno-Olivares Juan Daniel , Giménez-Bañón María José , Fernández-López Diego José , Bleda-Sánchez Juan Antonio , Gil-Muñoz Rocío
Published: July 2023

Crossbreeding programs allow the selection of new genotypes with better agronomic and oenological properties for the production of quality wine, and allow the development of a more sustainable form of viticulture. This paper describes the white genotype ‘Calblanque’, and the red genotypes ‘Calnegre’, ‘Gebas’ and ‘Myrtia’, the first wine grape varieties registered by the Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA) as commercial varieties after confirming the winemaking quality of their grapes in a semi-arid climate with high temperatures. These new varieties have recently been authorized for winemaking in the Region of Murcia. ‘Calblanque’, ‘Calnegre’ and ‘Gebas’ were obtained from crosses between ‘Monastrell’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Myrtia’ from crosses between ‘Monastrell’ and ‘Syrah’. The red genotypes were selected for their phenolic quality—which was very superior to that of the parentals—and for their different harvest dates that allow a staggered harvest and their cultivation in different areas. ‘Calblanque’ was selected for its good balance of acidity and aromatic profile. The attributes of these new varieties could allow their better adaptation to the effects of climate change on grape and wine quality in warm areas.
Residual Effects of Phosphorus and Micronutrients in Vegetable Growing Areas under Different Organomineral Fertilizer Doses
Authors: Vieira Dinamar Márcia da Silva , Torres José Luiz Rodrigues , Camargo Reginaldo de , Silva Adriane de Andrade , Lana Regina Maria Quintão , Charlo Hamilton César de Oliveira , Lemes Ernane Miranda , Carvalho Érica Reis
Published: July 2023

Organomineral fertilizers (OFs) can provide the macro- and micronutrients contained in organic matter slowly and gradually throughout the crop cycle. However, the residual effect of this slow release is still unclear and needs to be better evaluated. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of different doses of OF in the cultivation of vegetables and to quantify the residual effects of P, B, and Zn in the soil. A randomized block design was applied, using different doses of fertilizer as a P source, with four replications. In the randomized block design, different doses of OF were evaluated as a source of P (all with four repetitions): T1 = no P supplied (zero dose); T2 = 200 mg dm−3 of P2O5; T3 = 400 mg dm−3 of P2O5; T4 = 800 mg dm−3 of P2O5; and T5 = 1200 mg dm−3 of P2O5 plus an additional treatment with mineral fertilizer (MF) (200 mg dm−3 of P2O5). The fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) and the nutritional status of the lettuce and cabbage were determined through leaf analysis at harvest. Soil analysis was also conducted before planting and immediately after harvest in order to assess soil P, B, and Zn content. The FW and DW cabbage production was higher when fertilization was used for the crop (either OF or MF). No differences were observed in the effects of the OF and MF doses in cabbage production, which ranged from 281.2 g plant−1 to 341.8 g plant−1, while lettuce production was highest in MF (45.1 g plant−1), followed by OF doses of 800 mg dm−3 (37.1 g plant−1) and 1200 mg dm−3 (36.8 g plant−1) of P2O5. OF fertilization had a beneficial residual effect on lettuce production, the FW and DW production of which increased as the OF doses increased (from 18.8 g plant−1 to 36.8 g plant−1 for FW and from 2.4 g plant−1 to 4.0 g plant−1 for DW). The highest doses of OF increased the availability of P and Zn in the soil and facilitated the absorption of nutrients by the cabbage and lettuce crops. In the cultivation of cabbage and lettuce, the residual effects of the P, B and Zn in the soil were higher under the highest doses of OF. An antagonistic effect between the P and Zn in the soil was evidenced in this study, and this needs to be confirmed in other subsequent studies.
La Crosse Virus Circulation in Virginia, Assessed via Serosurveillance in Wildlife Species
Authors: Faw Lindsey R. , Riley Jennifer , Eastwood Gillian
Published: July 2023

Mosquito-borne La Crosse virus (LACV; family: Peribunyaviridae) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, with clinical cases generally centered in the Midwest and Appalachian regions. Incidence of LACV cases in Appalachian states has increased, such that the region currently represents the majority of reported LACV cases in the USA. The amount of reported LACV cases from Virginia, however, is minimal compared to neighboring states such as North Carolina, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and non-Appalachian regions of Virginia are understudied. Here we examine the hypothesis that LACV is circulating widely in Virginia, despite a low clinical case report rate, and that the virus is circulating in areas not associated with LACV disease. In this study, we screened local mammalian wildlife in northwestern counties of Virginia using passive surveillance via patients submitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers. Blood sera (527 samples; 9 species, 8 genera) collected between October 2019 and December 2022 were screened for neutralizing antibodies against LACV, indicating prior exposure to the virus. We found an overall LACV seroprevalence of 1.90% among all wild mammals examined and reveal evidence of LACV exposure in several wild species not generally associated with LACV, including eastern cottontails and red foxes, along with established reservoirs, eastern gray squirrels, although there was no serological evidence in chipmunks. These data indicate the circulation of LACV in Virginia outside of Appalachian counties, however, at a lower rate than reported for endemic areas within the state and in other states.
Changes in Salivary Oxytocin Level of Term Pregnant Women after Aromatherapy Footbath for Spontaneous Labor Onset: A Non-Randomized Experimental Study
Authors: Tadokoro Yuriko , Takahata Kaori , Shuo Takuya , Shinohara Kazuyuki , Horiuchi Shigeko
Published: July 2023

Background: Aromatherapy is usually used to stimulate labor. However, its specific physiological effects have been scarcely examined. We evaluated whether an aromatherapy footbath increases oxytocin levels in term pregnant women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, low-risk term pregnant women in Japan underwent aromatherapy using a footbath (1) infused with clary sage and lavender essential oils, (2) infused with jasmine oil, or (3) with no infused oils (control group). The primary outcome was the salivary oxytocin level. The secondary outcomes were uterine contractions and cortisol levels. Results: In the clary sage and lavender group (n = 28), the oxytocin level increased significantly after the footbath (p = 0.035). The jasmine group (n = 27) and control group (n = 27) exhibited trends toward a respective increase and decrease in the oxytocin level; however, the changes in the oxytocin levels between the clary sage and lavender group and the control group showed no significance difference. There were no significant differences in the changes in the uterine contractions and cortisol levels between the experiment and control groups. Conclusions: The changes in the oxytocin levels in the clary sage and lavender group did not differ significantly with those in the control group, possibly because of the small sample size. Further studies are required to examine the effects of repeated aromatherapy footbaths to stimulate labor.
Formulation and Processing Strategies to Reduce Acrylamide in Thermally Processed Cereal-Based Foods
Authors: Boyaci Gunduz Cennet Pelin
Published: July 2023

Acrylamide, a thermal process contaminant, is generated in carbohydrate-rich foods processed at high temperatures (above 120 °C). Since acrylamide indicates a human health concern, the acrylamide contents of various foods and the dietary exposure of the population to acrylamide are very well investigated. Commonly consumed foods in the daily diet of individuals such as bakery products, potato products and coffee are major dietary sources of acrylamide. In recent years, dietary exposure levels of the population and mitigation measures for reducing acrylamide in different food products have gained importance to decrease the public’s exposure to acrylamide. Since the complete elimination of acrylamide in foods is not possible, various mitigation measures to reduce acrylamide to levels as low as reasonably achievable have been developed and applied in the food industry. Mitigation strategies should be applied according to the different product categories during agricultural production, formulation, processing and final consumer preparation stages. The aim of this review is to evaluate formulation and processing strategies to reduce acrylamide in various cereal-based food products and to discuss the applicability of mitigation measures in the food industry by taking into consideration the organoleptic properties, nutritional value, cost and regulations in the light of current knowledge.