bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy assessment of e-motorcycles as a clean transport mode for passenger mobility: A case of Ilala District, Dar es Salaam
Authors: Shirima John , Kiiza Respicius , Kusekwa Mashauri
Published: January 2023

Electric motorcycles or e-motorcycles is a clean mode of road transport that present a prominent solution toward decarbonizing cities. Despite of e-motorcycles being cleaner than gasoline ones, at the moment, there is missing information whether it is feasible to replace gasoline motorcycles with e-motorcycles used for business transport purposes. This paper, therefore, presents the results comparing energy usage when using e-motorcycles and when using the gasoline motorcycles. The energy demand for driving passengers using an e-motorcycle in the precarious routes originated from Gongo la Mboto bus stop to Segerea bus stop, Buguruni Malapa, Gerezani bus stop, Kivukoni bus stop, and Buza bus stop has been estimated. In each route, the energy has been estimated in one and four round-trips. The results reveal that the brushless direct current motor (BLDC) rated 2.5 kW is suitable for driving two passengers while consuming about 0.05 kWh/km at 50 km/h for the distance of 36 km. Increase in route length exhibit the uptrend in total energy required (Etotal). The maximum Etotal for one and four round-trips are 2.5 kWh and 10.0 kWh, respectively, for a route of 36 km length. Considering the energy demand of 2.5 kWh for one round-trip of 36 km, a battery pack of 45 Ah 60 V is found suitable to power the e-motorcycle per charge without compromising the design in terms of weight and size. Consequently, this yields to a saving of about 6.4 kWh, which is around 72 % of the energy that could be used by its gasoline counterpart. This means an e-motorcycle of this power rating could save 0.18 kWh/km, equivalent to 0.02 L/km. Moreover, e-motorcycle could cost 24.3 Tsh/km compared to 754.8 Tsh/km for its gasoline counterpart, and save around 97 % of the fuel cost. These results indicate that an e-motorcycle can outperform its gasoline counterpart. These findings play vital roles in designing energy storage systems and charging infrastructure that could offer a reliable service to end-users and assist to accelerate e-motorcycle adoption.
Review of the Imaging Performance and the Current Status of the Cascade Gamma-Rays Coincidence Imagers
Authors: Nkuba Leonid , Junior Innocent , Mohamed Salum , Lugendo Innocent , Mohammed Najat
Published: January 2023

Various studies that have investigated the detection of gamma coincidence events have revealed that design factors and image reconstruction approaches dictate the spatial resolution, coincidence efficiency, and levels of statistical noise of the detection system. In the case of imaging, cascade gamma-ray coincidence (CGC) imagers coupled with collimated detectors offer promising values for both spatial resolution and coincidence efficiency. However, to date, no CGC imager with single or multiple collimated detectors has reported a performance level beyond 6.7 mm spatial resolution (FWHM) and 6.0 ×1ncidence efficiency. Given the recent developments and the current interests in high resolution and localization of an individual decaying nucleus, there is a need for CGC imagers with higher performance in terms of spatial resolution and efficiency. Therefore, deploying a CGC imager coupled with multiple collimated detectors may prove to be of value in nuclear imaging and probably in clinical applications
Concrete Technology in a Rapidly Growing Urban Environment – The Case of Dar es Salaam City
Authors: Makunza John
Published: January 2023

Concrete is a building material that is used in great quantities second only to our use of water. The ingredient materials of concrete include cement, fine and coarse aggregates plus a reasonable amount of water, and sometimes additives. The construction of various structures like, residential buildings, commercial buildings, hospitals, schools, bridges, etc, needs good quality concrete. Good modern technologies are needed by the construction industry in order to effectively construct buildings which are durable. A study has been done with the main objective of assessing the concrete technologies existing in rapid growing cities in Sub-Sahara Africa like Dar es Salaam, and the challenges faced in attaining good quality constructions. The study was done through site visits, observations, sampling and testing. From the results, it has been found that traditional concrete technologies are still prevailing, while new technologies are starting to be adopted. Also there is a problem of conformance to the standards. It was therefore recommended that investment in Cement production industries is needed and that regulatory bodies must enforce builders to adhere to the standards in order to yield good quality constructions.
Assessing Morphological Changes of the Msimbazi River Using Satellite Images
Authors: Izdori Fides , Alexander Augustina , Mulungu Deogratias , Mugisha Lucius
Published: January 2023

This study assessed historical morphology changes of the Msimbazi River in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania, following heavy rainfall events using historical Google earth images. The erosion and sedimentation processes that cause morphological changes of a river are also associated with flooding within the river catchments. In this study, the bank-line movement, erosion and sedimentation areas and changes in river section width were analyzed under three-time periods: 2005- 2012, 2012- 2018, and 2018- 2020. Data shows that, the timing for floods coincides with the historical records for heavy rains. It was found that, area in the upper reaches of the river such as Kinyerezi suffer from river bank erosion most, as indicated by the large increase in river width. This has resulted into washing away of infrastructure including houses and loss of land. The river channel width at Kinyerezi has widened a lot since 2005, with some sections having widths of more than 90 m. On the lower reaches for example around Kigogo and Jangwani areas, deposition of the soil materials prevails, resulting into raised river bed and reduced river widths. As the river section an hence carrying capacity is reduced, inundation of river banks occurs. This is among the causes of river bank flooding reported at these areas whenever there is a heavy storm event. It is therefore recommended that interventions to solve the flooding events in Dar es Salaam city should also include preventing catchment and river bank erosion on the upstream areas.
Characteristics of Extreme Precipitation and Their Effect on Bean Yield in Rwanda
Authors: Umutoni Marie , Limbu Paul
Published: January 2023

This study examines the characteristics of extreme precipitation and its effect on bean yield in Rwanda from 1981 to 2017. Over the study area, two rainy seasons, March to May (MAM) and September to December (SOND), account for approximately 80% of total rainfall. The spatial distribution of rainfall over Rwanda revealed that the first three EOF modes of MAM rainfall vary by 72.72 percent over the study period, while the first three EOF modes of SOND rainfall vary by 57.48 percent. The spatial analysis of extreme precipitation reveals that during wet years, the majority of the country's western regions receive significantly more precipitation than the rest. Throughout the study period, the analysis revealed an increasing trend in all extreme precipitation indices. After 2009, a significant increase in the number of wet days (R1mm) and consecutive dry days (CDD) was observed, as was an increase in the number of consecutive wet days (CWD) after 2005. From 1981 to 1989, bean yield increased; however, after 1990, the trend became stationary and began to decline after 2012. Except for R1mm, CDD, and CWD, which showed a negative correlation, the correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between extreme precipitation indices and bean yield. Despite the fact that there is a weak negative correlation between bean yield and CDD, CDD can be used as a predictor of bean yield due to the significant Granger causality test at the 95% confidence level. Farmers are advised to use alternative methods to increase soil moisture and water holding capacity during the CDD period to avoid yield loss.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Catalytic Evaluation of Castor Oil-Templated Mesoporous Sulfated Solid Acid Catalysts for Esterification Reaction
Authors: Nyandoro Stephen , Elimbinz Elianaso
Published: January 2023

In bio-refinery and other catalytic reactions, heterogeneous catalysts confer advantage over homogenous catalysts due to minimized recovery and separation costs. However, templating surfactant and solid support for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts ought to consider their cheap sources and environmentally friendliness for their sustainable use. Thus, with the vision to make the process significantly benign, in the present work, solid acids were synthesised from renewable sources (castor oil as surfactant and rice husk as the source of silica). The synthesised castor oil-templated mesoporous sulfonic acid modified catalysts (SO3H-MTS and SO3H-MT-RHS) were characterised and evaluated for catalytic esterification of acetic acid (C2), hexanoic acid (C6), lauric acid (C12), palmitic acid (C16), and ricinoleic acid (C18) with butanol at 110 °C. Physicochemical properties of the synthesised materials were characterised by nitrogen porosimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The porosimetric analysis of the synthesised materials revealed a type IV adsorption-desorption isotherm reminiscent of the mesoporous structures. The surface area of the synthesised materials decreased upon functionalisation by sulfonic group. The DRIFTS and XPS confirmed the attachment of sulfonic functional group on the synthesised materials. Evaluation of the catalytic performance of the synthesized materials was determined through analysis of carboxylic acid conversions using gas chromatographic technique. SO3H-MTS gave higher acid conversions compared to SO3H-MT-RHS. The sulfated solid acid catalysts showed good catalytic activity on the esterification with conversion ranging from 96-37% for C2-C18 with butanol at 110 °C within 6 h. Such castor oil-templated mesoporous sulphated solid acid catalysts can therefore be applied in biodiesel production upon process optimisation.
Garłacz łzawiący: The Polish AWGŁ-3 Crowd-control System
Authors: Jenzen-Jones N.R.
Published: January 2023

This article provides a short summary of the development history, technical characteristics, and operational parameters of the Polish AWGŁ-3 teargas launcher and its ammunition. Although developed in the 1970s and deployed in Poland and other European countries in recent years, very little information is available on this weapon in the English language. With reference to a wide range of Polish-language sources, including original technical and operational manuals, the author elucidates the development history and operating principles of the AWGŁ-3. A brief review of employment principles and use history is also made, with reference to the Communist-era Polish paramilitary forces for whom the weapon was originally developed.
Hansel & Gretel and the Cyclops: Early Infrared Weapon Sights in the Dutch Army, 1946-1951
Authors: Willemsen Mathieu
Published: January 2023

Conventional wisdom in the Netherlands holds that the Dutch military began developing night vision accessories for firearms in 1949. However, a discovery of technical drawings in the Dutch Nationaal Militair Museum (NMM) collection has recently revealed that a series of experiments were conducted with infrared viewers for firearms earlier in the 1940s. This discovery, as well as the Museum’s recent acquisition of a Dutch carbine fitted with a first-generation infrared telescopic sight, has spurred this author’s investigation into the history of infrared rifle sight development in the Netherlands. With evocative code names like ‘Hansel & Gretel’ and ‘Cyclops’, Dutch military development of infrared weapon sights included some novel approaches. A wealth of new material, recently rediscovered in Dutch archives, underpins the findings presented herein.
Front Matter
Authors: Jenzen-Jones N.R.
Published: January 2023

Table of Contents Editor's Preface
Cody Firearms Museum Object Acquisitions 2020 & 2021
Authors: Michael Danny
Published: January 2023

The following is an abridged list of object acquisitions made by the Cody Firearms Museum in the years 2020 and 2021. By regularly publishing lists such as these, the Museum hopes to increase transparency surrounding our ongoing collecting whilst keeping researchers informed as to what new material might be available for study. Wherever possible, the source of the artifact is listed, although is some cases a donor may have asked to remain anonymous or not be listed publicly. In such cases, we have used the language, “Gifted to the Cody Firearms Museum”. We have also omitted loans since they are not part of our core collection. Any long-term loans that are later donated will be included in the relevant list when the donation occurs. For this inaugural instalment, we have also decided to include a list of 2020 acquisitions. In future, we plan to publish the acquisition list for the preceding year in the spring/summer issue of each following year.
"One in the breech, five in the magazine": British Aircrew Armament of the First World War
Authors: Ferguson Jonathan S. , O'Hanlon Smith Terence
Published: January 2023

Prior to the successful adaptation of machine guns to military aircraft by means of fixed or flexible mounts, pilots and observers wishing to attack or defend themselves from enemy aircraft were obliged to make use of small arms—pistols, rifles, and shotguns. Whereas a body of research into those armaments integrated into aircraft exists, no dedicated study of aircrew weapons has thus far been published. In an effort to shed light on this little-understood aspect of firearms history, this article summarises the small arms, other than machine guns, known to have seen air service with the British Army’s Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) during the first two years of the First World War (1914–1918). It also addresses, as far as is practicable, their usage and effectiveness with reference to period examples.
The German Heckler & Koch P11 Underwater Pistol
Authors: Nagy Kristóf
Published: January 2023

Underwater firearms are niche small arms, with a very specific primary purpose and only limited alternative applications. Following significant development of the concept in the 1960s and 1970s, specialised underwater firearms largely vanished from the armouries of most military diving and special operations units. But that does not mean that these weapons are not used today. As recently as 2021, Russian underwater firearms have been exported to foreign nations. The Heckler & Koch P11 underwater pistol, first adopted by the Bundeswehr in 1976, remains in service in Germany today, and is believed to be held in the arsenals of other countries as well. The research underpinning this note was compiled by the author over the last four years, and includes interviews with a number of knowledgeable confidential sources. The author hopes to present the most comprehensive insight into the capabilities of the P11 and its ammunition thus far published in English.
Exploring Codeswitching Occurrences in an Online English Language Learning in a State College, Philippines
Authors: Agna Allaine , Molina Chabelita , Pontillas Marlon , Ignacio Jeremy
Published: January 2023

This study aimed to explore the code-switching in online English Language Learning (ELL) in Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. The researchers formulated two main questions in this study: (1) What types of code-switching are used by students in Online English Language Learning (ELL)? (2) What are the effects of code-switching on language learning in an Online ELL setting? To answer the research questions, the researchers utilized a qualitative research design. The researchers observed and recorded the Zoom classes in the five sections of the Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies of the said College for the data collection. Research ethics was properly observed in the process of data gathering. Additionally, the researchers interviewed students from each class to triangulate the study results. Moreover, the researchers used content and thematic analyses to analyze the collected data from the transcribed audio and interviews. Furthermore, the findings showed that among the three types of code-switching that Poplack (1980) has categorized. The most prevalent type of switching that English Language Studies students mostly use is tag switching; Second, intra-sentential code-switching; Then, the inter-sentential code-switching. The results also explained the various perceptions of English Language students about the employment of code-switching in their classes. The paper also presents code-switching's positive and negative effects on students' language learning.
Impact Assessment of Seaweeds Culture of the Inter-island Seaweeds Association in Cawayan-placer, Masbate
Authors: Ibañez Jr. Roger , Velza Jacob Frederick , Mahawan Alvin
Published: January 2023

Part of the FishCORAL project is the roll out of the livelihood projects which would respond to the objective of reducing poverty incidence of fishing communities. One of these livelihood projects was inter-island seaweeds culture of Cawayan and Placer in Masbate. Descriptive research design and purposive sampling were used in the study. Structured survey-questionnaire was utilized and employed interview and focus group discussion as means of collecting information from the target respondents. Data revealed that the majority of the respondents’ dwell in a single house with five members and have a monthly income of P10,252.00 which is not enough to finance household expenditures due to a large number of dependents. They don’t have possession of the lot where their houses are situated. Many are challenged for sources of safe and affordable drinking water. Women empowerment in the area is fair, although disempowerment is high at 51%.  Seaweeds project in inter-island barangays does not have significant impacts on the lives of the beneficiaries because poverty incidence is higher than the set poverty threshold. Its effectiveness and efficiency could not be fully assessed although there are glaring pieces of evidence of the major challenges along with these criteria. Putting suitable intervention on the target coastal communities with close coordination on concerned agencies and proper monitoring of the project should be considered by the implementing agency to address the findings in this study. Insurance coverage is  recommended to alleviate impacts to the livelihood during inclement weather conditions. Capability development of livelihood beneficiary association along with financial literacy, basic business management, and record keeping shall be carried out.
An experimental investigation on metallurgical and corrosion behavior of atmospheric plasma sprayed Stellite 6 powder on AISI 304 stainless steel
Authors: Sarangi Sangita , Mishra Ajit Kumar , Sahoo Seshadev
Published: January 2023

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the Cobalt-based Stellite 6, powder deposited on SS 304 stainless steel substrate without any intermittent layer using an atmospheric plasma spray deposition process by varying the thickness of coating in the range of 74 µm, 128 µm, and 215 µm. The effect of coating thickness on metallurgical properties and corrosion resistance behavior was investigated. Optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to study the morphology of Stellite 6 coating. X-Ray Diffraction was used for structural analysis and to identify the phase formation. It was observed that the sample with 128 µm coating thickness provides the best result concerning microhardness and microstructure characteristics whereas the sample with 215 µm coating thickness provides the best corrosion resistance property. The reasons for the deviation were investigated and the factors responsible for the deviation were assigned in this investigation.
Studies of kinetic models and adsorption isotherms: application on the interaction of insulin with synthetic hydroxyapatite
Authors: Rhilassi Abdelhadi El , Ziatni Mounia Bennani
Published: January 2023

The non-stoichiometric, calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite was prepared through a low-temperature from aqueous solutions method and characterized using Physico-chemical methods. The potential of this hydroxyapatite to adsorb and release insulin from aqueous solutions was evaluated under physiological conditions. The effect of contact time and initial concentration were studied in batch experiments. The adsorption rate reached up to 81±5% in the first half-hour of contact, while the release rate of insulin incubation was about 41 ± 5% after 1 hour. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich equation, Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model and Bangham’s pore diffusion model were applied to study the kinetics of the adsorption process. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation R2(0.998) of the used experimental data compared to the other models. The adsorption of insulin onto hydroxyapatite was correlated well R2(0.998) with the Langmuir model as compared to Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (D-K-R) models, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 24.46 mg/g. The isotherms parameters values of ΔG0, b_t and E show that the adsorption process is favorable, spontaneous, exothermic, and controlled by physisorption. The point of zero charge (pHZPC) of hydroxyapatite and the isoelectric point (pI) of insulin indicate that the interaction of insulin molecules with prepared apatite can be well described as an ions exchange reaction.
Toxicity assessment of certain insecticides on the red soft scale insect, Pulvinaria tenuivalvata (Newstead) infesting sugarcane plants
Authors: Bakry Moustafa M.S. , Badawy Amr M. M. , Mohamed Lamiaa H.Y.
Published: January 2023

Pulvinaria tenuivalvata (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) red soft scale insect is one of the most prevalent insect pests that attacks sugarcane plants. Insecticidal efficiency of six selected insecticides (Malatox, Sulfar, Admiral, Nomolt, Tafaban and Biover) was evaluated for their impact against nymphs and adult females of P. tenuivalvata on sugarcane leaves using leave dipping methods. This investigation was carried out for two successive seasons (July 2021-2022) at the laboratory of the Plant Protection Research Department at the El-Mattana Agricultural Research Station, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Obtained results showed that the tested insecticides varied in efficacy on the different stages of pest (nymphs and adult females). Moreover, the nymphal stage of P.tenuivalvata was more susceptible to the tested pesticides compared to the adult stage. Admiral and nomolt were the most toxic against the nymphal and adult female stages of P. tenuivalvata on sugarcane leaves, sulfar, however, was the least successful in controlling this pest.
The global and local Reactivity of C,N-diarylnitryle imines in [3+2] cycloaddition processes with trans-β-nitrostyrene according to Molecular Electron Density Theory: A computational study
Authors: Sadowski Mikołaj , Utnicka Jolanta , Wójtowicz Adrianna , Kula Karolina
Published: January 2023

The regioselectivity of the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between trans-β-nitrostyrene and C,N-diarylnitryle imine analogues as three atom components (TACs) has been studied with the use of Conceptual Density Functional Theory in the framework of Molecular Electron density Theory. Global and local reactivity indices were determined. Presented quantum-chemical computations showed that, for the reaction of nitroalkene with diphenylnitryle imine, the most favourable reaction path is determined by the nucleophilic attack of C3 carbon atom of TAC on an electrophilic Cα carbon atom of nitroalkene. Therefore, the creation of 1,3,4-triphenyl-5-nitro-Δ2-pyrazoline, according to channel B, is more probable. Similarly, to presented conclusion, for reactions of nitroalkene with nitryle imines containing ED group at para position of the phenyl ring also the most favourable reaction paths run through channel B leading to 1,3,4-triphenyl-5-nitro-Δ2-pyrazolines. In turn, reactions of nitroalkene with nitryle imines containing EW group at para position of the phenyl ring have the opposite preference and the most favourable reaction paths is channel A leading to 1,3,5-triphenyl-4-nitro-Δ2-pyrazolines.
Synthesis of novel 2, 5-disubstituted tetrazole derivatives as potent biological agents
Authors: Megha G.V. , Bodke Yadav. D. , Shanavaz H.
Published: January 2023

In the present work, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of 1-((2'-(2-(2-(substitutedphenyl))-2-oxoethyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives by the reaction of 1-((2'-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with phenacyl bromides using potassium carbonate. The structures of synthesized derivatives have been characterized using different spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and anti-TB activities all the compounds have found better activity against selected pathogenic strains. In addition, in silco molecular docking studies were carried out on targeted enzymes DNA gyrase and 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase with ADME-toxicology studies.
Experimental modeling design to study the effect of different soil treatments on the dissipation of metribuzin herbicide with effect on dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Fouad Mohamed Riad , Badawy Mohamed E. I. , El-Aswad Ahmed F. , Aly Maher I.
Published: January 2023

The dissipation and side-effect of metribuzin (MBZ) were studied with various factors; two soil types (clay loam and sandy loam), soil amendment (wheat straw and without amendment), two temperature levels (25 and 50°C), sterilization (sterilized and unsterilized soil) and time of incubation (15 and 30 days) and designed by Windows version of MINITAB software package to reduce the time and the cost as well as increased the precision. Determination of MBZ by HPLC with recoveries ranged from 50.85 to 108.09%. The MBZ residues were detected in all samples up to 60 days of storage, respectively with decline in their concentrations with the time of incubation. The clay loam soil showed higher dissipation than the sandy loam soil. The different factors in the present study confirmed that the wheat straw amendment, non-sterilization and incubation at 50°C caused higher dissipation of MBZ than without wheat straw, sterilization and incubation at 25°C. The dissipation was described mathematically by a first order equation with t0.5 was ranged from 9.62 to 16.82 days in clay loam soil and from 10.01 to 16.04 days in sandy loam soil. The side-effect of MBZ was tested on soil dehydrogenase activity that can be considered as an indicator of the biological activity and microbial degradation. The result proved that the enzyme activity was significantly decreased in all treatments compared with the controls at 1 and 3 days of incubation then it was gradually increased at 7, 10, 15 and 30 days of incubation. Treatments of wheat straw, non-sterilized and incubated at 25°C or 50°C showed the lowest enzyme inhibition among all treatments.
Pyrrole Based Schiff Base as a Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Sensor for Fe3+ and Sn2+ Ions
Authors: Udhayakumari Duraisamy
Published: January 2023

Condensation product of o-aminophenol and pyrrole-2-carboxylaldehyde behaves as a fluorescent sensor for Fe3+ and Sn2+ ions in aqueous medium over the other metal ions like Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Mn2+ and Cr3+. In aqueous solution, Fe3+ and Sn2+ ions coordinate to the receptor through a NON binding site which induces a strong fluorescence enhancement. Receptor can be applied as fluorescence enhanced probes for transition metal ions due to the inhibition of photo induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism.
In vitro biological assessment of 1,3,4-oxadiazole sandwiched by azinane and acetamides supported by molecular docking and BSA binding studies
Authors: Virk Naeem A. , Iqbal Javed , Aziz-ur-Rehman Aziz-ur-Rehman , Abbasi Muhammad A. , Siddiqui Sabahat Z. , Rasool Shahid , Mehr-un-Nisa Mehr-un-Nisa , Abid Muhammad Amin , Khalid Hira , Zafar Fatiqa , Javaid Huraiza
Published: January 2023

The 1,3,4-Oxadiazole is an aromatic heterocyclic moiety recognized in drug research for its low lipophilicity. The multiple functionalities, heterocyclic azinane, sulfonamide, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and acetamide, are combined collectively to enhance the bioactivity potential of synthesized molecules. All the compounds were acquired by following microwave assisted and conventional techniques in a comparative way. The synthesized derivatives were screened for their antibacterial and enzyme inhibition potential. Furthermore, BSA binding analysis was executed to infer about the interaction with serum albumin. The spectral data of IR, EI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used to elucidate the final structures of compounds. The synthesized compounds had a modest antibacterial potential. Compound 8f bearing 2-methyl-4,5-dinitrophenyl group was the most active one against all the bacterial strains taken into account and α-glucosidase enzyme. Compound 8d bearing 4-nitrophenyl group was the best acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor and 8i bearing phenylethyl group was the best urease inhibitor.
Screening of 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives as multifunctional biological agents
Authors: Pangal Anees , Tambe Pranav , Ahmed Khursheed
Published: January 2023

In this work, the multifunctional potential of four 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives was studied. The derivatives were significantly active against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeoginosa and fungal strain Candida albicans. The results of antioxidant activity assays were promising when compared to ascorbic acid. The in vitro anticancer activity was carried out using MTT assay on human cancer cell line COLO-205 and 3ACDT showed commendable antiproliferative activity along with appreciable tumor selectivity with distinct selectivity index. Moreover, ADMET properties of the compounds were determined using the pKCSM and SwissADME online tools and all compounds were found with good pharmacokinetic profile. Hence, from the obtained results from all the 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives, 3ACDT exhibited good therapeutical potential and can be optimized for lead development.
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of S-oxides of pyridinyloxy substituted imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazines
Authors: Slyvka Nataliia , Saliyeva Lesya , Holota Serhii , Litvinchuk Mariia , Shishkina Svitlana , Vovk Mykhailo
Published: January 2023

Here derivatives of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazines are attractive objects for organic and medicinal chemists. In the present work chemoselective conditions for oxidation of the sulfur atom in the 6-(2-pyridinyloxy)substituted (benzo)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazines to the corresponding sulfoxides were proposed and their synthesis was performed. Synthesized sulfoxides exist in the diastereomeric mixture and individual diastereomers 2a-e and 3a-e were obtained using a chromatographic technique. The structure of compounds 2a-e and 3a-e were characterized using 1H, 13C NMR, LC-MS spectra, and X-ray analysis for derivative 2b. The anti-inflammatory activity screening in vivo was performed using the carrageenan model of inflammatory paw edema in white rats for all the diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. Diastereomer 2c possessed an anti-inflammatory effect with an inflammation inhibition index of 46.1% which was equal to the activity of the reference drug diclofenac sodium.
Novel metal chelates with thiourea and nicotinic acid: Synthesis, structural characterization, and biological properties
Authors: Emama Sanaa M. , AbouEl-Enein Saeyda A. , Othman Sanaa A. , El-Mahdey Eman M.
Published: January 2023

The interaction of nicotinic acid and thiourea with the chloride salts of Ca(II), Mg(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) ions led to the synthesis of a unique series of metal chelates. All formed metal complexes were clarified using a variety of analytical and spectral techniques, besides magnetic moment and thermal tests. The electronic and magnetic measurements indicated that the paramagnetic chelates (3) and (4), as well as the diamagnetic complexes (1) and (2), were responsible for the tetrahedral geometrical structure. The outcomes also led to the production of square-planar, and high-spin octahedral structures for chelates (5) and (6). Thermodynamic studies using activation energy values revealed that complex (1) is more thermally stable than complex (2) and complex (3) is more stable than complex (4). Fe(III) complex exhibits higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than other metal complexes. Chelate (6) exhibits the highest rate of germination in wheat.
Cationic surfactant influence on ternary complexes of CoII, NiII, CuII and ZnII ions with aspartic and citric acids
Authors: Pedada Srinivasa Rao , Gollapalli Nageswara Rao
Published: January 2023

A potentiometric titration study has been undertaken to determine the cationic surfactant influence on mixed ligand complexes in ternary systems consisting of cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), and zinc (II) with aspartic and citric acids at various concentrations (0.0–2.5% w/v) of the CTAB (Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide)-surfactant solution while maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 mol L-1 (NaCl) at 30 °C. Titrations were performed in the presence of different ratios (M:L:X = 1:2:2, 1:4:2, and 1:2:4) of metal (M) and aspartic acid (L) to citric acid (X) using sodium hydroxide. Model systems were developed based on statistical parameters and residual analysis. For Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), the species detected were MLXH2, MLX2H5, and MLX3. The electrostatic relationship of the ligands' side chains, charge neutralization, chelate effect, stacking interactions, and hydrogen bonding are used to explain the trend in the variation of logarithm of stability constants (log β) values with changing dielectric constant and mole fraction of the surfactant. The variation in species distribution as a function of pH and surfactant composition is also presented and discussed, as are plausible equilibria for the formation of the species and structures of the ternary complexes are also presented and discussed.
New thiosemicarbazone derivatives and their Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and in-vitro biological screening
Authors: Nandaniya Bansuri , Das Siva Prasad , Jani Darshan
Published: January 2023

In the present work, we synthesized new thiosemicarbazone based Schiff base ligands and their Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. The synthesized compounds were characterized and their antimicrobial activities were studied. Elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry were done to fully characterize all the compounds. The ligands and their complexes were screened for in-vitro biological study against Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria for the Zone of Inhibition method. The thiosemicarbazone based complexes showed better activity than the ligands.
Direct extraction of chitosan from snail shells by natural deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Kimi Melody , Hamdi Mohd Hazwan
Published: January 2023

The processes involved to extract chitosan biopolymers from natural resources often employ hazardous chemicals and long processing time. This work provides a sustainable direct extraction method of chitosan from snail shells. Previous attempts using acetogenin in graviola extracts succeeded in the extraction of chitosan from marine shells. However, the slow reaction has prompted the addition of hydrogen bond acceptor solution into the graviola extract. Choline chloride is an excellent hydrogen bond acceptor mixed with acetogenin as hydrogen bond donor to form natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) for the direct extraction of chitosan. Chitosan obtained from this method has a degree of deacetylation of 91% and a molecular weight of 481 kDa with fiber-like morphology. The direct extraction of chitosan from NADES consisting of choline chloride and acetogenin has proven to extract chitosan with comparable properties to commercial chitosan.
Quantification of Alectinib in spiked rabbit plasma using liquid chromatography- electro spray ionization-tandem mass spectrophotometry: An application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kumar H. K. Sundeep , Acharyya Suman , Mondal Prasenjit , Patra Pratap Kumar , Sahu Satyabrata
Published: January 2023

The current technique was developed to estimate the amount of alectinib present in spiked rabbit plasma using liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry. The liquid-liquid extraction method was used, and chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 (4.6mm id x 50mm) analytical column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid at a volume ratio of 75:25. Alectinib's product m/z +483.2 (parent) 396.1 (product) and the internal standard m/z +447.5 (parent) 380.3 (product) were both obtained using positive ion mode. The calibration curve was linear from 0.5 to 600 ng/ml. The percentage extraction recovery (98.15% → 98.86%), demonstrated excellent matrix and analyte selectivity (% interference = 0), and satisfactory stability study results in all types (% nominal 94.94% → 99.63%). The intra and interday accuracy with % nominal 97 → 98.8%, precision % CV ≤ 2% in all quality control levels. The rabbit model's pharmacokinetic parameters were examined, and alectinib's area under the curve (AUC 0—∞) was 4269 ± 8.13 hr.ng/ml. The half-life of elimination (t1/2) is 8.52 ± 6.66 hours. The currently established approach was used in rabbit blood samples for pharmacokinetic investigations of commercial formulations since it was thought to be a novel, verified bioanalytical method based on experimental results.
Effect of different concentrations and combinations of some plant growth regulators on Punica granatum anther culture
Authors: Ewes Hassan K. M. , Abdel-Raheem A. T. , Salha A. E. Abu , Rayan A. O.
Published: January 2023

Plant growth regulators (PGR), also known as plant hormones, are a variety of chemical compounds that have a significant impact on the development and differentiation of plant cells. This work aimed to study the effect of various combinations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) for example [6-Benzyladenine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticg acid (2,4-D), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indol-3-ylbutyric acid (IBA)] on callus induction and shoot regeneration from anther culture of S1 progenies resulted from Manfalouty cultivar open pollinated. The results showed that highest value of percentage of callus induction was 10.6% on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg / l of NAA and 2 mg / l of BA also highest value of percentage of shoot formation 60 % on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/ l of NAA and 2 mg /l of BA.
Synthesis of phthalimide and naphthalimide derived Biginelli compounds and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities
Authors: Totawar Pradeep Rameshrao , Varala Ravi , Kotra Vijay , Pulle Jitendra S.
Published: January 2023

In the present work, synthesis of phthalimide and naphthalimide derived Biginelli compounds was performed. Allylation of phthalic & naphthalic anhydride, followed by ozonolysis resulted in the formation of N-phathalimido/naphpthalimido acetaldehyde (2 and 7). These aldehydes were subjected to Biginelli reaction using urea/thiourea and divergent β-keto esters in the presence of sulfated tin oxide (5 mol%) as catalyst in ethanol reflux to produce the corresponding dihydropyrimidinone compounds (5a-j and 8a-h). Additionally, both their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions were carried out. Compounds 5e, 5f, 5i, and 5j have shown potent to moderate potent activity for both antioxidant and anti-inflamamtory activities when compared to standard. Compounds 8c and 8g have shown potent antioxidant and anti-inflamamtory activities when compared to other compounds.
DE QUEM É ESSE CORPO? A REAPROPRIAÇÃO DO CORPO HISTERICIZADO A PARTIR DO DISCURSO FEMINISTA E PSICANALÍTICO FREUDIANO
Authors: Sypniewski Fernanda
Published: January 2023

This article aims to present some criticisms of Foucault and post-structuralist feminists to the psychoanalytic device, mainly about the hysterization of the woman’s body and the ‘hysterical woman’, constructed in the 18Th century trough scientific discourses. And also, bringing feminism closer to Freudian psychoanalysis, through the reappropiation of woman’s body by feminists and through the psychoanalytic discourse of the subject being the author of their own speech.
Financial Evaluation of Sugar Cane Production Experince in Diyala Province
Authors: A.Almubarak Nadir. H. , M. Al-Mayahi Mhana. A. , Zadain Ali.G.
Published: January 2023

Despite the economic and nutritional importance of the sugar cane crop as a strategic crop، its cultivation and production in Iraq is still below the required level of self-sufficiency due to the growing demand for its uses، Hence the motivation of researchers to cultivate this important strategic crop for the first time in Diyala province located in the eastern part of central Iraq to contribute to improve the local production، therefore the research aimed at assessing the efficiency of the performance of these projects in the province A year of productivity 2018، through the study of indicators and economic efficiency criteria. The results of the study of the economic criteria used for the total projects considered that all the projects studied were of technical feasibility، with economic profit amounted to about 26410.5 thousand dinars، but net cash income amounted to 34145 thousand dinars، and The investor has reached 1.755 dinars and a productivity of 75.5%، which means that the single dinar generates a profit of 755 fils، and a simple rate of return of 75.5%، which reflects the efficiency of the projects to achieve economic profits during the productive year، as for the period of capital recovery was 1.280 years ، That is، the period when the product recovers good and short، the parity point standard as a ratio of 0.23% which low and this reflects the high production safety ، As for the employment rate، it was about 0.569، which is low، and finally the productivity of the changing capital is about 2.23 dinars. We conclude from the study of sugar cane projects that it has achieved economic and technical feasibility and the investment opportunities that are meaningful and have good economic returns and therefore the study recommends the need to invest in these projects because of the revenues and profits and the contribution to the supply of the national product in quantities of production.
EFFECTIVENESS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF Zizyphus vulgaris AND Nerium oleander LEAVES AGAINST Aspergillus ochraceus
Authors: Alwan Saba Hassan
Published: January 2023

A laboratory experiment was conducted at Plant Pathology Lab. in Directorate of Diyala Agriculture during November 2017, to study the effect of the Aqueous extracts of Zizyphus vulgaris and Nerium oleander leaves at four concentrations to each extraction 10, 20, 30 and 40 % against Aspergillus ochraceus. The results showed that all the concentration of the Aqueous extracts of Zizyphus vulgaris and Nerium oleander leaves led to inhibition of the fungi compared to the control treatment. Zizyphus vulgaris extract conc.40% was the most efficiency in inhibition of fungus growth which reached 75.68 % with the growth rate 0.9 cm compared to control 3.7 cm, While Nerium oleander extract conc.40% was efficiency in inhibition of fungus growth which reached 40.54 % with the growth rate 2.2 cm.
A STUDY OF THE REALITY OF HONEY PRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF OBSTACLES FACING PRODUCERS IN DIYALA GOVERNORATE FOR YEAR 2017
Authors: Al-Tamimi Abbas Abed , Falih Shaima Tariq , Abuod Asmaa Manahi
Published: January 2023

In this study, a study was conducted on the status of the production of honey in Diyala governorate and the obstacles faced by the producers through the use of a questionnaire questionnaire prepared for the purpose. A random sample of honey producers was interviewed in Diyala Governorate, The sample was 42 products and to know the most important obstacles faced by producers during the 2017 season and have been classified there obstacles in a tabular manner , where it became clear that the most important problems suffered by the bee sector is the weakness of marketing performance and control of the imported product on the market and not enable the functions of marketing in terms of sorting and gradualization and promotion of the local product where the proportion of those affected by these obstacles 82% of the sample studied, tollowed by the constraints of government subsidies on production inputs and the weakness of agricultural extension services in the transfer of new innovations to producers. These obstacles constituted 79.5% of the studied sample, followed by the obstacles of pests and diseases, rainfall, temperature and coldness, bee enemies and lack of labor experience respectively, the study pointed out that there is a gap between production and consumption and the shortage is being imported to meet the demand for the honey commodity. It was recommended that more arable land be used for the establishment of honey production estates, as well as reducing the use of agricultural pesticides that affect the spread bees .The study also recommends activating the extension aspect of the delivery of new innovation to agricultural producers.
SOME PROPERTIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND RELATIONSHIP WEIGHT – LENGTH WITH CONDITION FACTOR OF THE Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) IN THE TIGRIS RIVER , BAGHDAD, IRAQ
Authors: Khalifa Salam Zidane , Attee Raaed Sami , Hamad Sabah Mahmood
Published: January 2023

The study was conducted in the Tigris River south of Baghdad for the period from July 2016 to June 2017. The environmental and morphological properties of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) were recorded and the age, growth and value of the condition factor were determined as far as the fish could reach. Fish were collected by a sample each month with total lengths ranging from 6.1 to 24.4 cm and total weights from 4.48 to 295.32 g. The average temperature was 20-24 C ° and the dissolved oxygen rate was 8.46 mg / L. The pH was 7.6 and the salinity of the tigris was 0.59 ppm. The total condition factor of the two sexes was 1.165. and reached an expected length of 25.68 cm. The value of (b) 3.124 which indicates the increase in the cube weight at the expense of length. The number of gil reckers was 10-16, the fin spine (Dorsal fin) was 14-15, and the soft rays Dorsal fin 11-13 and fin spin anal fin ranged from 3 to 3 and the number of anal fin rays from 8-10. The average body depth was 36.18, while the average head length was 30.43 and its height was 41.78.