bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deformation of the moving magnetic skyrmion lattice in MnSi under electric current flow
Authors: Okuyama D. , Bleuel M. , White J. S. , Ye Q. , Krzywon J. , Nagy G. , Im Z. Q. , Živković I. , Bartkowiak M. , Rønnow H. M. , Hoshino S. , Iwasaki J. , Nagaosa N. , Kikkawa A. , Taguchi Y. , Tokura Y. , Higashi D. , Reim J. D. , Nambu Y. , Sato T. J.
Published: July 2019

Topological defects are found ubiquitously in various kinds of matter, such as vortices in type-II superconductors, and magnetic skyrmions in chiral ferromagnets. While knowledge on the static behavior of magnetic skyrmions is accumulating steadily, their dynamics under forced flow is still a widely open issue. Here, we report the deformation of the moving magnetic skyrmion lattice in MnSi under electric current flow observed using small-angle neutron scattering. A spatially inhomogeneous rotation of the skyrmion lattice, with an inverse rotation sense for opposite sample edges, is observed for current densities greater than a threshold value jt ~ 1 MA m−2 (106 A m−2). Our result show that skyrmion lattices under current flow experience significant friction near the sample edges due to pinning, this being a critical effect that must be considered for anticipated skyrmion-based applications at the nanoscale.
Introduction to Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
Authors: Pysz Ilona , Jackson Paul J. M. , Thurston David E.
Published: July 2019

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or antibody fragments attached to biologically active molecules through chemical linkers with labile bonds. Currently, four ADCs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA): gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®) and inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa®); along with two immunotoxins [moxetumomab pasudotox (Lumoxiti®) and tagraxofusp (Elzonris®)]. This chapter reviews the basis of ADCs as anticancer therapeutics and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. Although there has been extensive research in the area of ADCs over the past few decades, there is still much that can be done to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
Colchicine-, Vinblastine-, Taxol- and Eribulin-based Payloads for Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
Authors: Velani Arpita , Kay Syafiq , Albone Earl F. , Thurston David E.
Published: July 2019

Although payloads based on the auristatins and maytansines are the best-known tubulin inhibitors used in the preparation of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), other payloads such as the vinca alkaloids, taxol and its analogues and colchicine have also been utilised. More recently, the tubulin inhibitor eribulin, derived from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai has been developed as an ADC payload, and one ADC based on eribulin (MORAb-202) is presently being evaluated in clinical settings for the treatment of folate-receptor-positive solid tumours.
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimers as Antibody–Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads
Authors: Gregson Stephen J. , Tiberghien Arnaud C. , Masterson Luke A. , Howard Philip W.
Published: July 2019

The pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ring system was first discovered in the 1960s and is found in several naturally occurring potent anti-tumour antibiotics. The mode of action of PBDs involves sequence-selective [purine–guanine–purine (PuGPu)] alkylation in the minor groove of DNA through covalent binding from guanine N2 to the PBD C11-position. Dimerization of the PBD ring system gives molecules that can cross-link DNA, which leads to a substantial increase in potency and DNA binding affinity and an extension of sequence-selectivity compared with monomers. PBD dimers feature as the cytotoxic component of numerous ADCs being evaluated in clinical trials. PBD-ADC clinical candidates loncastuximab tesirine, camidanlumab tesirine and rovalpituzumab tesirine employ a PBD N10 linkage while vadastuximab talirine uses a C2-linkage. The PBD dimer scaffold is versatile and offers many opportunities to diversify the ADC platform, with extensive research being performed worldwide to develop the next generation of PBD payload–linker molecules. The search for new PBD payload–linker molecules has mainly focused on changes in payload structure (e.g. PBD C2 modification and macrocyclisation), alternative conjugation strategies (e.g. haloacetamides, ‘click’ approaches and pyridyl disulphides), non-peptide triggers in the linker (e.g. disulphides) and non-cleavable derivatives (i.e. payload release through antibody degradation).
Development of a mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe for the ratiometric visualization of sulfur dioxide in living cells and zebrafish
Authors: Yang Yunzhen , He Longwei , Xu Kaixin , Lin Weiying
Published: July 2019

A new mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe was engineered for the ratiometric visualization of sulfur dioxide in living cells and zebrafish.
Biomaterials and controlled release strategy for epithelial wound healing
Authors: Son Young Ju , Tse John W. , Zhou Yiran , Mao Wei , Yim Evelyn K. F. , Yoo Hyuk Sang
Published: July 2019

Skin and cornea tissues provide protective functions. Therapeutics to injuries aim to enhance wound healing efficiency and quality. Although the tissues share similar anatomic structures and wound healing process, therapeutic strategies differ.
Charge transfer liquid: a stable donor–acceptor interaction in the solvent-free liquid state
Authors: Wakchaure Vivek Chandrakant , Pillai Lekshmi V. , Goudappagouda Goudappagouda , Ranjeesh Kayaramkodath Chandran , Chakrabarty Suman , Ravindranathan Sapna , Rajamohanan Pattuparambil R. , Babu Sukumaran Santhosh
Published: July 2019

A new charge transfer solvent-free liquid having high stability even with donor–acceptor ratio of 1000 : 1 is demonstrated.
Bi-inorganic-ligand coordinated colloidal quantum dot ink
Authors: Jiang Xianyuan , Li Hansheng , Shang Yuequn , Wang Fei , Chen Hao , Xu Kaimin , Yin Ming , Liu Hefei , Zhou Wenjia , Ning Zhijun
Published: July 2019

The novel ligand-exchange strategy enhances electric double layers, stabilizing QDs in low polarity butylamine, which alleviates the ligand loss.
Intramolecular charge transfer and solvation dynamics of push–pull dyes with different π-conjugated linkers
Authors: Niu Xinmiao , Gautam Prabhat , Kuang Zhuoran , Yu Craig P. , Guo Yuanyuan , Song Hongwei , Guo Qianjin , Chan Julian M. W. , Xia Andong
Published: July 2019

The solvation-dependent excited state dynamics of two push–pull fluorophores with donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) structures were investigated using steady-state and ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy, backed by theoretical calculations.
Temperature effect on the electron–vibrational mode coupling of a fully conjugated polyfluorene derivative
Authors: de Fátima Curcino da Silva Silésia , Turchetti Denis Augusto , Therézio Eralci M. , Tozoni José Roberto , Akcelrud Leni , Marletta Alexandre
Published: July 2019

The electron–vibrational mode coupling, Huang–Rhys parameter and polymer relaxations were directly correlated and used to explain the differences in the EL and PL processes.
Synthesis and characterization of di-nuclear bis(benzotriazole iminophenolate) cobalt complexes: catalysis for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide with epoxides
Authors: Su Yu-Chia , Tsai Chen-Yen , Huang Li-Shin , Lin Chia-Her , Ko Bao-Tsan
Published: July 2019

New structurally well-defined di-nuclear Co(ii)/Co(ii) or Co(ii)/Co(iii) complexes containing a BiIBTP ligand and carboxylate coligands were synthesized for CO2/epoxide copolymerization.
Correction: On the energetic efficiency of producing polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from CO2 using electrical energy
Authors: Held Maximilian , Tönges Yannic , Pélerin Dominik , Härtl Martin , Wachtmeister Georg , Burger Jakob
Published: July 2019

Correction for ‘On the energetic efficiency of producing polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from CO2 using electrical energy’ by Maximilian Held et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 1019–1034.
Evaluation of non-invasive toxicological analysis of nano-polystyrene in relativein vivoconditions toD. magna
Authors: Reynolds A. , Giltrap M. , Chambers G.
Published: July 2019

In vivocondition OECD tested the exposure ofDaphnia magnato fluorescence-tagged polystyrene for a comparative study to bulk plastic toxicity.
Immuno-capture of extracellular vesicles for individual multi-modal characterization using AFM, SEM and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Beekman Pepijn , Enciso-Martinez Agustin , Rho Hoon Suk , Pujari Sidharam Pundlik , Lenferink Aufried , Zuilhof Han , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. , Otto Cees , Le Gac Séverine
Published: July 2019

Here, we report a platform for the specific capture of tdEVs, followed by their in situ characterization using SEM, Raman spectroscopy and AFM, at the single EV level, in terms of size, size distribution and chemical fingerprinting.
A high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor designed with a three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon framework and sphere-like nickel nitride nanosheets
Authors: Peng Hui , Dai Xiuwen , Sun Kanjun , Xie Xuan , Wang Fei , Ma Guofu , Lei Ziqiang
Published: July 2019

The novel asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled based on a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous carbon framework as the negative electrode and 3D sphere-like nickel nitride nanosheets as the positive electrode in aqueous electrolyte.
Properties of monoclinic wolframite structure InWO4 for efficient and sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Jian Qiyan , Hao Xuqiang , Jin Zhiliang
Published: July 2019

This is the first report on the application of InWO4 nanospheres in the field of photocatalysis.
Improvement of selectivity via the surface modification of carbon nanodots towards the quantitative detection of mercury ions
Authors: Omer Khalid M. , Hama Aziz Kosar H. , Mohammed Sewara J.
Published: July 2019

Highly fluorescent carbon nanodots are promising fluorophores for biochemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental analysis due to their facile preparation, biocompatibility, tunability, and low-cost precursors.
High-temperature stable plasmonic and cavity resonances in metal nanoparticle-decorated silicon nanopillars for strong broadband absorption in photothermal applications
Authors: Hou Guozhi , Wang Zhaoye , Ma Haiguang , Ji Yang , YU Linwei , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji
Published: July 2019

Hybrid metal nanoparticle-decorated Si nanopillars with proper Al2O3 encapsulation to accomplish high-temperature stable and highly efficient photothermal applications.
A rink-amide soluble support: high purity conotoxins and other peptides accessed with minimal reagents
Authors: Bisht Babita , Naganna Nimmashetti , Madhavan Nandita
Published: July 2019

The support reported here is used to synthesize difficult peptides and conotoxins using only 1.2–2 equiv. of coupling reagents.
Design of Mo-doped cobalt sulfide hollow nanocages from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as advanced electrodes for supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Zheng , Ma Qingxiang , Han Lei , Tao Kai
Published: July 2019

A Mo-doped CoS HNC with enhanced electrochemical performance was designed by using ZIF-67 as a self-sacrificial template through a dissolution–regrowth process in the presence of NaMoO4with an additional sulfurization process.
The synthesis and properties of a new class of π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrrole analogs and conjugated polymers
Authors: Wang Yazhou , Xu Yuchun , Ravva Mahesh Kumar , Yu Yaping , Xiao Mingfei , Xue Xiang , Yang Xinru , Chen Yongming , Li Zhengke , Yue Wan
Published: July 2019

A new class of π-expanded diketopyrrolopyrrole analogs has been incorporated into novel alternating conjugated polymers with very low band gaps.
A generalized deep learning approach for local structure identification in molecular simulations
Authors: DeFever Ryan S. , Targonski Colin , Hall Steven W. , Smith Melissa C. , Sarupria Sapna
Published: July 2019

We demonstrate a PointNet-based deep learning approach to classify local structure in molecular simulations, learning features directly from atomic coordinates.
Development of an interactive tumor vascular suppression strategy to inhibit multidrug resistance and metastasis with pH/H2O2 responsive and oxygen-producing nanohybrids
Authors: Du Bin , Ding Xiaoyu , Wang Hui , Du Qian , Xu Tianguo , Huang Jingshu , Zhou Jie , Cheng Genyang
Published: July 2019

An ideal cancer therapeutic strategy should not only reverse multidrug resistance (MDR), but also prevent cancer metastasis. In this study, we address these cancer treatment challenges through an interactive vascular suppression strategy.
Double network hydrogels based on semi-rigid polyelectrolyte physical networks
Authors: Takahashi Riku , Ikai Takuma , Kurokawa Takayuki , King Daniel R. , Gong Jian Ping
Published: July 2019

Double network hydrogels are formulated from polyacrylamide hydrogels containing semi-rigid polyelectrolytes through post-polymerization immersion in multi-valent ion solutions.
Modularization design philosophy for multifunctional materials: a case study of a Janus film affording concurrent electrically conductive anisotropic-magnetic-fluorescent multifunctionality
Authors: Xie Yunrui , Ma Qianli , Qi Haina , Song Yan , Tian Jiao , Yu Wensheng , Dong Xiangting , Li Dan , Liu Guixia , Wang Jinxian
Published: July 2019

A modularization design philosophy inspired by Rubik's Cube for the construction of multifunctional materials is proposed with 4M-EMF Janus film as a case study.
Development of a new voltage stability index and its implementation considering voltage measurement uncertainty
Authors: Jean Philippe Wolf Peter , Eftekharnejad Sara , Ghosh Prasanta K.
Published: July 2019

In this study, a new method is proposed to analyse steady‐state voltage stability under load variations. This method combines a weighted sum of two voltage stability indices: one derived from power flow equations, and another from the decay of voltage magnitudes. The weight value of each index is updated using an algorithm based on a backwards Euler approximation. In addition, the impact of uncertainty related to voltage measurements on the prediction of voltage instability is mathematically quantified using this new index. The obtained formula shows a reduction in the capability of the proposed stability index in predicting voltage instability when the amplitude of measurement uncertainties increases. Thus, an appropriate filtering technique is added in parallel to the developed index, which proves to reduce the adverse impacts due to uncertain measurements. Simulation studies are performed using four test cases: 5‐bus, IEEE 14‐bus, IEEE 57‐bus, and IEEE 118‐bus systems. The obtained results show that the proposed index, named as global voltage stability index, is effective when compared to other voltage stability indices such as voltage collapse prediction index, voltage collapse index, and local Thévenin index.
Harmonic estimation in power systems using an optimised adaptive Kalman filter based on PSO‐GA
Authors: Xi Yanhui , Tang Xin , Li Zewen , Cui Yonglin , Zhao Ting , Zeng Xiangjun , Guo Jun , Duan Wei
Published: July 2019

A hybrid particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) aided Kalman filter (PSO‐GA‐KF) method for dynamic harmonic state estimation in the power system is investigated. The initial choice of states and KF's parameters, such as process and measurement error covariance matrices significantly affects the estimation precision. Aiming at this problem, a combination of PSO and GA (PSO‐GA) is proposed to optimise KF's parameters. In this hybrid algorithm, by replacing the gene mutation operator of GA, the PS algorithm mutation operator is constructed, which can adjust the evolution direction and range based on historical records and swarm records, leading to avoiding the blindness of GA mutation and reducing the probability of devious mutation and enhancing the velocity of evolution. Thus, the global search ability of the hybrid PSO‐GA can ensure KF has more accurate estimation of harmonics. To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, several time‐varying signals are simulated with harmonics and decaying DC components in the presence of amplitude drift and white noise. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm has more accurate estimation, faster convergence and better robustness against noise in comparison with the conventional Kalman filter (KF), KF based on the maximum likelihood and PSO aided KF (PSO‐KF).
Performance analysis of a multilevel inverter based shunt active filter with RT‐EMD control technique under ideal and non‐ideal supply voltage conditions
Authors: Dash Ashish Ranjan , Panda Anup Kumar , Lenka Rajesh Kumar , Patel Ranjeeta
Published: July 2019

In this study, a real‐time empirical mode decomposition (RT‐EMD) based control technique is adopted for effective mitigation of system harmonics under ideal and non‐ideal supply voltage conditions. The proposed control algorithm takes the active component of load current samples and the positive sequence voltage component for generating the desired reference. The fundamental component of load current is found by employing RT‐EMD, which decomposes the distorted non‐linear sample into a finite number of fine‐scale signals termed as intrinsic mode function (IMF). Each IMF is extracted adopting continuous calculation of upper and lower envelopes using a series pipeline structure which decreases the computational complexity. The proposed control algorithm takes the positive sequence voltage component for generating the desired reference so that the system can operate in non‐sinusoidal grid voltage conditions. The proposed control algorithm adopts carrier‐based modulation scheme for switching of the inverter module. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach is investigated in MATLAB‐Simulink environment with balanced and unbalanced loading condition and its experimental validation is carried out by a hardware prototype model using a Spartan 6 FPGA controller.
Load frequency regulation for multi‐area power system using integral reinforcement learning
Authors: Abouheaf Mohammed , Gueaieb Wail , Sharaf Adel
Published: July 2019

Active load variations in uncertain dynamical power system environments affect the energy exchange and efficiency in multi‐area power systems, which could compromise the stability of power grids. Hence, model‐free load frequency control mechanisms are needed in order to sustain proper performances under such conditions. An online model‐free adaptive control scheme based on integral reinforcement learning is proposed to regulate load frequency deviations in multi‐area power systems. This scheme takes into account the generation rate constraints of the power generation units and the optimal control decisions do not employ any knowledge about the dynamical model of the power system. This approach reformulates Bellman equation and approximates the associated solving value functions and model‐free control strategies using neural networks. The adaption mechanism uses value iteration processes to evaluate the underlying modified‐Bellman equation and model‐free control strategy in real time. The performance of the adaptive learning scheme is compared with other control methodologies using challenging validation scenarios.
Dynamic characteristics of water-lubricated journal bearings
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhang Shuo , Wang Yujun , Xu Weiwei , Wang Zengli , Wang Zhenbo
Published: July 2019

The increasing ecological awareness and stringent requirements for environmental protection have led to the development of water lubricated journal bearings. For the investigation of water-lubricated journal bearings, a new structured mesh movement algorithm for the CFD model is developed and based on this method, the nonlinear transient hydrodynamic force model is established. Then, with consideration of velocity perturbation, a method to determine dynamic coefficients and linear hydrodynamic forces is promoted. After validation of static equilibrium position and stiffness coefficients, a comparative linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic force analysis of multiple grooves water-lubricated journal bearings (MGWJBs) is conducted. The calculation results indicate that the structured mesh movement algorithm is suitable for the dynamic characteristics investigation of water-lubricated journal bearings. And the comparative study shows that there is a considerable difference between the linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic forces of MGWJBs. Further investigation should be carried to evaluate the dynamic responses of rotor supported by MGWJBs under difference force models.
Fine-needle biopsy is superior to fine-needle aspiration of suspected gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a large multicenter study
Authors: Trindade Arvind J. , Benias Petros C. , Alshelleh Mohammed , Bazarbashi Ahmad N. , Tharian Benjamin , Inamdar Sumant , Sharma Neil , Zelt Christina , Korrapati Praneet , Barakat Mohamed , Sejpal Divyesh V. , Ryou Marvin
Published: July 2019

Background and study aims There are numerous studies published on the diagnostic yield of the new fine-needle biopsy (FNB) needles in pancreas masses. However, there are limited studies in suspected gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST lesions). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of a new fork-tip FNB needle.

Patients and methods This was a multicenter retrospective study of consecutive patients from prospectively maintained databases comparing endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) versus endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNB (EUS-FNB) using the fork-tip needle. Outcomes measured were cytopathology yield (ability to obtain tissue for analysis of cytology), ability to analyze the tissue for immunohistochemistry (IHC yield), and diagnostic yield (ability to provide a definitive diagnosis).

Results A total of 147 patients were included in the study of which 101 underwent EUS-FNB and 46 patients underwent EUS-FNA. Median lesion size in each group was similar (21 mm vs 25 mm, P = 0.25). Cytopathology yield, IHC yield, and diagnostic yield were 92 % vs 46 % (P = 0.001), 89 % vs 41 % (P = 0.001), and 89 % vs 37 % (P = 0.001) between the FNB and FNA groups, respectively. Median number of passes was the same between the two groups at 3.5.

Conclusion EUS-FNB is superior to EUS-FNA for diagnostic yield of suspected GIST lesions. This should be confirmed with a prospective study.
Selective Functionalization of Aliphatic Amines via Myoglobin-Catalyzed Carbene N–H Insertion
Authors: Steck Viktoria , Sreenilayam Gopeekrishnan , Fasan Rudi
Published: July 2019

Engineered myoglobins have recently gained attention for their ability to catalyze a variety of abiological carbene transfer reactions including the functionalization of amines via carbene insertion into N–H bonds. However, the scope of myoglobin and other hemoprotein-based biocatalysts in the context of this transformation has been largely limited to aniline derivatives as the amine substrates and ethyl diazoacetate as the carbene donor reagent. In this report, we describe the development of an engineered myoglobin-based catalyst that is useful for promoting carbene N–H insertion reactions across a broad range of substituted benzylamines and α-diazo acetates with high efficiency (82–99% conversion), elevated catalytic turnovers (up to 7,000), and excellent chemoselectivity for the desired single insertion product (up to 99%). The scope of this transformation could be extended to cyclic aliphatic amines. These studies expand the biocatalytic toolbox available for the selective formation of C–N bonds, which are ubiquitous in many natural and synthetic bioactive compounds.
Association of Bacterial Vaginosis with Vitamin D in Pregnancy: Secondary Analysis from the Kellogg Pregnancy Study
Authors: Powell Anna Maya , Shary Judy R. , Louden Christopher , Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan , Eckard Allison Ross , Wagner Carol L.
Published: July 2019

Objective Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with vitamin D deficiency and poor pregnancy outcomes. We studied a nested cohort from a randomized controlled trial to investigate the association between BV and vitamin D concentration in pregnancy.

Study Design Subjects with randomly assigned 400 versus 4,400 IU of daily cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) had vaginal swabs collected for Gram staining and Nugent score calculation, as well as plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) measurement at three pregnancy time points.

Results Fifty-two (21.2%) of the 245 women included in the analysis were diagnosed with BV at study entry. Women with BV were also more likely to be African American (p < 0.0001) and have lower 25(OH)D concentrations at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation (p = 0.03). There were no differences in pregnancy outcomes of interest within this group compared with the remaining study subjects. In mixed regression modeling, while race (p = 0.001) and age (p = 0.03) were significant predictors of BV prevalence independently, 25(OH)D concentration (p = 0.81), gestational age (p = 0.06), and body mass index (p = 0.87) were not.

Conclusion Neither vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy nor supplementation decreased BV incidence during pregnancy. Pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy) were similar among women with and without BV.
Fickian and thermal diffusion coefficients of binary mixtures of isobutylbenzene and n-alkanes at different concentrations from the optical beam deflection technique
Authors: Furtado Filipe Arantes , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: July 2019

We report the Fickian diffusion (D12), thermal diffusion (DT), and Soret (ST) coefficients of 4 binary mixtures of isobutylbenzene (IBB) and n-alkanes (n-hexane, n-octane, n-decane, and n-dodecane) at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The concentration is varied in the whole range. The Optical Beam Deflection technique is used in the measurements. We first verify our measurements with published data. The concepts of molecular similarity and mobility are invoked to investigate D12 and DT dependency on molecular weight and concentration. Our analysis reveals a combined effect of molecular mobility and similarity dependency of DT on concentration and molecular weight of the n-alkanes. The mobility of individual molecules describes the D12 dependency on concentration and molecular weight of alkanes. The dependency of D12 on concentration weakens as the n-alkane molecular weight increases. DT increases with IBB concentration for nC6 and nC8 and decreases with IBB concentration for nC10 and nC12. In this work, we demonstrate that the temperature contrast factors can be accurately estimated without the use of an interferometer.
Experimental and numerical studies on the flow characteristics and separation properties of dispersed liquid-liquid flows
Authors: Voulgaropoulos Victor , Jamshidi Rashid , Mazzei Luca , Angeli Panagiota
Published: July 2019

The local dynamics of spatially developing liquid-liquid dispersed flows at low superficial velocities, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 m s−1, are investigated. The dispersions are generated with an in-line static mixer. Detailed measurements with laser-based diagnostic tools are conducted at two axial pipe locations downstream of the mixer, namely, at 15 and 135 equivalent pipe diameters. Different flow patterns are recorded, and their development along the streamwise direction is shown to depend on the initial size and concentration of the drops as well as the mixture velocity. The drop size is accurately predicted by an empirical formula. The variations in drop concentration over the pipe cross-section along the pipe result in local changes of the physical properties of the mixture and consequently in asymmetrical velocity profiles, with the maxima of the velocity located in the drop-free region. Computational fluid dynamics simulations based on a mixture approach predict the experimental results close to the experimental uncertainties for the majority of the cases. The simulation results reveal that gravity and lift forces, as well as shear-induced diffusion are the most important mechanisms affecting the drop migration. It is found that the drops behave as suspensions of rigid spheres for the conditions investigated, despite the deformation effects, which are found experimentally to be stronger at the densely packed region.
A multihertz, kiloelectronvolt pulsed proton source from a laser irradiated continuous hydrogen cluster target
Authors: Aurand B. , Grieser S. , Toncian T. , Aktan E. , Cerchez M. , Lessmann L. , Prasad R. , Khoukaz A. , Willi O.
Published: July 2019

A high-repetition rate laser-driven proton source from a continuously operating cryogenic hydrogen cluster target is presented. We demonstrate a debris-free, Coulomb-explosion based acceleration in the 10s of kilo-electron-volt range with a stability of about 10% in a 5 Hz operation. This acceleration mechanism, delivering short pulse proton bursts, represents an ideal acceleration scheme for various applications, for example, in materials science or as an injector source in conventional accelerators. Furthermore, the proton energy can be tuned by varying the laser and/or cluster parameters. 3D numerical particle-in-cell simulations and an analytical model support the experimental results and reveal great potential for further studies, scaling up the proton energies, which can be realized with a simple modification of the target.
Generalized early warning signals in multivariate and gridded data with an application to tropical cyclones
Authors: Prettyman J. , Kuna T. , Livina V.
Published: July 2019

Tipping events in dynamical systems have been studied across many applications, often by measuring changes in variance or autocorrelation in a one-dimensional time series. In this paper, methods for detecting early warning signals of tipping events in multidimensional systems are reviewed and expanded. An analytical justification of the use of dimension-reduction by empirical orthogonal functions, in the context of early warning signals, is provided and the one-dimensional techniques are also extended to spatially separated time series over a 2D field. The challenge of predicting an approaching tropical cyclone by a tipping-point analysis of the sea-level pressure series is used as the primary example, and an analytical model of a moving cyclone is also developed in order to test predictions. We show that the one-dimensional power spectrum indicator may be used following dimension-reduction or over a 2D field. We also show the validity of our moving cyclone model with respect to tipping-point indicators.
Combined plasmon-resonance and photonic-jet effect in the THz wave scattering by dielectric rod decorated with graphene strip
Authors: Dukhopelnykov Sergii V. , Sauleau Ronan , Garcia-Vigueras Maria , Nosich Alexander I.
Published: July 2019

We consider the scattering of an H-polarized plane wave by an infinite dielectric rod with a conformal graphene strip of arbitrary angular width, placed at the rod rear side. Our analysis is based on the hypersingular integral equation for the current induced on the strip. Discretization of this equation is carried out by the Nystrom-type method, which has a guaranteed convergence. This meshless trusted computational instrument enables us to plot the dependences of the absorption cross section and the total scattering cross section on the strip angular width and the frequency, in a wide range from 1 GHz to 6 THz. We concentrate our analysis on studying the interplay between the broadband photonic-jet effect of the dielectric rod and the reasonably high-Q resonances on the plasmon modes of the graphene strip. It is found that as the photonic jet becomes brighter with higher frequencies, the plasmon-mode resonances become more intensive as well.
On-chip immuno-agglutination assay based on a dynamic magnetic bead clump and a sheath-less flow cytometry
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Ma Zengshuai , Zhang Yushu , Wang Yue , Cheng Yinuo , Wang Wenhui , Ye Xiongying
Published: July 2019

Immunoagglutination assay is a promising approach for the detection of waterborne analytes like virus, cells, proteins with its advantages such as a smaller amount of reagents and easier operation. This paper presents a microfluidic agglutination assay on which all the assay processes including analyte capture, agglutination, and detection are performed. The chip integrates an on-chip pump for sample loading, a dynamic magnetic bead (MB) clump for analyte capture and agglutination, and a sheath-less flow cytometry for particle detection, sizing, and counting. The chip is tested with streptavidin-coated MBs and biotinylated bovine serum albumin as a model assay, which realizes a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pM. Then, an antigen/antibody assay using rabbit IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG coated MBs is tested and a LOD of 5.5 pM is achieved. At last, human ferritin in 10% fetal bovine serum is tested with Ab-functionalized MBs and the detection achieves a LOD of 8.5 pM. The whole procedure takes only 10 min in total.
Inhomogeneity of a harmonically confined Yukawa system
Authors: Nikolaev V. S. , Timofeev A. V.
Published: July 2019

A crystalline system of strongly screened Yukawa particles in a harmonic trap is under consideration. We show that structural and dynamic properties of confined Yukawa crystals are fundamentally nonuniform. The average interparticle distance, thermal oscillation amplitude, and Lindemann and inverse coupling parameters are found to increase with the radial distance from the center of a structure. We verify the inhomogeneity of these parameters by molecular dynamics simulations and the analytical approach. Analytical formulas are in good agreement with a dusty plasma experiment. The obtained results might be important for the theory of crystal formation and phase transitions in dusty plasmas, colloidal suspensions, and Coulomb crystals.
Understanding the effects of iodine doping on the thermoelectric performance of n-type PbTe ingot materials
Authors: Cui Juan , Wang Meimei , Xu Xiao , Chen Yue , He Jiaqing
Published: July 2019

The superior performance of p-type PbTe has generated excitement toward discovering an n-type PbTe recipe to meet the manufacturing requirements for thermoelectric devices. PbI2 is a well-known dopant for n-type PbTe alloys fabrication. For the halogen family, the sintering process involves a common densifying strategy used to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, which unfortunately causes strong deviations from nominal composition. Thus, to precisely determine the effects of iodine on PbTe’s electrical properties, PbI2-doped ingots were fabricated and characterized in this work. We found that the ingot samples exhibited high electrical conductivity, high power factors, and low lattice thermal conductivity when x equaled 0.004 and 0.005, especially at low temperatures, which was comparable with previous reports.
Inertial instabilities in a microfluidic mixing-separating device
Authors: Domingues Allysson F. , Poole Robert J. , Dennis David J. C.
Published: July 2019

Combining and separating fluid streams at the microscale has many scientific, industrial, and medical applications. This numerical and experimental study explores inertial instabilities in so-called mixing-separating micro-geometries. The geometry consists of two straight square parallel channels with flow from opposite directions and a central gap that allows the streams to interact, mix, or remain separate (often also referred to as the H-geometry). Under creeping-flow conditions (the Reynolds number tending to zero), the flow is steady, two-dimensional, and produces a sharp interface between fluid streams entering the geometry from opposite directions. When Re exceeds a critical value, one of two different supercritical, inertial instabilities appears which leads to significant changes in the flow pattern and an increased level of interaction between the two streams, although the flow remains steady. The exact form of the instability is dependent on the gap size and the Reynolds number, and we identify two distinct instabilities, one of which appears in devices with large gaps and another which appears in devices with small gaps. At intermediate gap sizes, both instabilities can occur in the same device (at different onset Re). The experimental results for one gap size are used to validate our numerical method, which is then applied to a wider range of gap sizes. The results suggest that the gap size is of primary importance in determining the type of instability that occurs. With a judicious choice of gap size, the instabilities can be exploited (or avoided) in scientific, medical, or other microfluidic applications.
Low-temperature hydrogen-graphite system revisited: Experimental study and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Ustinov Eugene , Tanaka Hideki , Miyahara Minoru
Published: July 2019

Hydrogen adsorption by microporous carbon materials attracts much attention for the past few decades, which has been stimulated by growing interest in hydrogen storage. Numerous studies of this topic based on molecular simulation technique have been reported. However, in many cases, the reliability of the results obtained with numerical methods is insufficient, which is a consequence of poor reference data used for fitting parameters of the fluid-fluid and fluid-solid potentials. This study is devoted to a detailed experimental investigation of the hydrogen-graphite system and its modeling with a kinetic Monte Carlo method at temperatures from 20 to 77 K and the bulk pressure from 0.1 Pa to 100 kPa. We found that the best fit of the bulk hydrogen equation of state corresponds to the 10-6 Lennard-Jones potential with the temperature dependent parameters to account for the quantum effects. The experimental hydrogen adsorption isotherms on the graphite surface were fitted with a high accuracy, which constitutes a firm basis of subsequent simulation of hydrogen adsorption in various nanoporous carbons and their pore size distribution analysis using a kernel generated with the developed approach.
Preferential heating of aqueous amine solutions using infrared radiation at selected vibrational frequencies: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Afify N. D. , Sweatman M. B.
Published: July 2019

A recent CO2 capture experiment suggests that microwaves might be beneficial for regeneration of aqueous amine solutions due to both thermal and nonthermal effects [S. J. McGurk et al., Appl. Energy 192, 126 (2017)]. We use classical molecular dynamics to simulate heating of aqueous amine solutions using electromagnetic radiation with different frequencies in both microwave and infrared regions. The infrared frequencies were selected based on the partial vibrational density of states of water and amine. Unlike the microwave case, we found that preferential heating of water or amine can be achieved using their relevant vibrational frequencies in the infrared region, suggesting that microwave heating is not an optimal choice for an efficient amine regeneration reported in a recent carbon capture experiment. Interestingly, only flexible water models augmented with an anharmonic O–H bond stretching potential were able to quantitatively predict the expected differential heating profiles of systems involving water.
Defoliation dynamics, pasture intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing lucerne pastures in a partial mixed-ration system
Authors: Ison K. A. D. , Barber D. G. , Benvenutti M. A. , Kleinitz N. , Mayer D. , Poppi D. P.
Published: July 2019

The effect of lucerne pasture allocation on defoliation dynamics, pasture intake and animal production was investigated in a subtropical partial mixed-ration dairy system. The study took place at the Gatton Research Dairy, south-eastern Queensland, with a 28-day adaptation period followed by an 8-day treatment period during November and December 2016. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein Friesian dairy cows were offered 11 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow.day as partial mixed-ration dairy system, and four levels of daily pasture allocation measured to 5-cm residual pasture height (averaging 30.6, 20.5, 15.1 and 10.9 kg DM/cow.day). Cows with lower allocations were forced to graze further down the vertical plane and pasture intake and milk yield significantly (P < 0.001) declined. Cows grazed the top grazing stratum (TGS) across 80% of the pasture area before re-grazing another area of the paddock, regardless of the allocation level. Pasture intake (kg DM/ha) of the TGS was at least 2.9 times higher than that of the lower strata, regardless of allocation level. Therefore, the decline in pasture intake is explained by the transition from grazing the TGS to grazing lower strata. When the horizontal utilisation of the TGS approached 100%, the proportion of ungrazed, uncontaminated pasture approached 0% of the area, and intake and milk production declined. Grazing management strategies for lucerne should allocate pasture to lactating dairy cows to achieve horizontal utilisations approaching 0% for proportion of ungrazed, uncontaminated pasture to maximise intake and production. Secondary grazing herds or mechanical methods should be used to remove residual pasture to the ideal height for pasture regrowth.
Effects of traumatic events on sex workers' mental health and suicide intentions in Burkina Faso: a trauma-informed approach
Authors: Cange Charles W. , Wirtz Andrea L. , Ky-Zerbo Odette , Lougue Marcel , Kouanda Seni , Baral Stefan
Published: July 2019

Background
Data from other settings suggest that female sex workers (FSWs) are regularly exposed to violence and risks of psychological and physical trauma, although less is known about the effects of this violence. The objective of this study was to understand the experiences of violence and relationships with mental health symptomatology among FSWs. Methods: A mixed-methods design was used to explore the contexts and social perceptions of violence and mental health effects among FSW in Burkina Faso in 2013. Results: In all, 696 FSWs were recruited via respondent-driven sampling and enrolled in the study in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Seventy participants were also recruited into qualitative research. Nearly two-thirds of quantitative respondents (61.7%) reported experiencing lifetime physical violence, of whom 77.4% reported experiencing violence after initiating sex work. Further, 40.9% of participants reported forced non-consensual sex, most of which occurred after they had started sex work (73.0%). In some cases, the male perpetrator used physical force to force non-consensual sex. Forced non-consensual sex was often without condoms. Among quantitative participants, 41.8% reported ever having feelings of depression; there was also a high prevalence of suicide ideation in this group. Qualitative participants also described feelings of depression, alienation, and suicide ideation. Some qualitative participants described using protective methods to avoid violence and to promote social protection among FSWs. Conclusions: The findings suggest that stigma and physical and sexual abuse are prevalent among FSWs. Within this context of sex work, lifetime experiences of physical and sexual violence were highly correlated with self-reported mental health symptoms.
Management of gonorrhoea in a hospital network: are we following best practice?
Authors: Loo Leong Shuen , Cisera Kathryn , Korman Tony M. , Woolley Ian
Published: July 2019

Background
Gonorrhoea is usually managed in community sexual health or general practice, but a proportion of cases present to hospital settings. In this study, we examined how gonorrhoea was managed through a large hospital network and what the implications may be for public health management. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of the management of patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection diagnosed at a large Australian healthcare network from January 2015 to May 2018. Documentation rates of five parameters of care were assessed: (1) the presence (or absence) of previous sexually transmissible infections (STIs); (2) recent travel; (3) discussion of HIV testing; (4) contact tracing; and (5) public health notification. Results: In all, 110 cases (48 male, 62 female) were analysed. Most cases were in the 15–39 years age group; 98 cases (89%) were symptomatic, and 12 (11%) were screening tests. The most common presenting syndromes were pelvic inflammatory disease (32%; 31/98 symptomatic cases), urethritis (26%; 25/98) and epididymo-orchitis (13%; 13/98). None of the five parameters assessed were documented in most cases. Documentation was most likely to occur in patients admitted to hospital. When HIV testing was performed, no new cases of HIV were identified. Conclusion: Infections with gonorrhoea present on a regular basis to hospital practice, but overall management is suboptimal. Automated prompts for other recommended tests, including HIV testing when testing for other sexually transmissible diseases is ordered, may improve management. Better awareness of best practice is needed, which can be facilitated with ongoing education. However, the greatest benefit is likely achieved by linking patients back to community-based services, which are best placed to provide ongoing long-term care.
The plastidial pentose phosphate pathway is essential for postglobular embryo development in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Andriotis Vasilios M. E. , Smith Alison M.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Many mutations that affect plastidial metabolism are embryo-lethal, as expected if the disrupted genes encode enzymes with essential housekeeping functions. However, some mutations that disrupt the plastidial oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) cause developmental defects, as well as embryo arrest at the globular stage of development. We show that the OPPP provides the substrate for the pathway of purine synthesis, ribose-5-phosphate, and is thus essential for the generation of nucleic acids during the very early stages of embryo development. Inadequate purine synthesis leads to abnormal patterns of cell division in the embryo and blocks development beyond the globular stage. Therefore, defects in primary metabolic pathways can have profound consequences for development as well as simply reducing growth.
The electrolyte materials for SOFCs of low-intermediate temperature: Review
Authors: Wang Fangfang , Lyu Yiming , Chu Di , Jin Zunlong , Zhang Guojie , Wang Dingbiao
Published: July 2019

The low-temperature trend of solid oxide fuel cells is necessary for its commercialisation, and the electrolyte materials with excellent properties at low and intermediate temperatures, which have become the focus of research. In this paper, the conduction mechanism, performance and research status of each kind of electrolyte are reviewed, and their advantages, disadvantages and applications are discussed. Finally, the development direction of low-intermediate temperature electrolyte materials and the problems to be solved are pointed out.
Hydrogen molecule-antihydrogen atom potential energy surface and scattering calculations
Authors: Mant B P , Law M M , Strasburger K
Published: July 2019

We have calculated ground state interaction energies for an antihydrogen atom and a hydrogen molecule within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Leptonic energies were calculated using a large basis set of explicitly correlated Gaussian functions. Energies were calculated at over 2800 geometries including different proton–proton distances. The energies have been fit to functional forms using a neural network for the short-range interaction which is combined with asymptotic formulas at long range. A two-dimensional rigid rotor and a three-dimensional atom–molecule potential energy surface (PES) have been determined. Rigid-rotor scattering calculations on these surfaces have been carried out using the S-matrix Kohn variational method with a two-dimensional Gaussian basis set. We have calculated cross sections for elastic, rotationally inelastic and annihilation collisions on the two-dimensional PES. This includes the first calculation of leptonic annihilation for this system.