bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oestrogen Synthesis in the Hippocampus: Role in Axon Outgrowth
Authors: Von Schassen C. , Fester L. , Prange‐Kiel J. , Lohse C. , Huber C. , Böttner M. , Rune G. M.
Published: September 2006

Ovarian oestrogens have been postulated to be neuroprotective. It has also been shown that considerable amounts of oestrogens are synthesised in hippocampal neurones. In the present study, we focused on a potential role of hippocampus‐derived oestradiol compared to gonad‐derived oestradiol on axon outgrowth of hippocampal neurones. To address the role of hippocampus‐derived oestradiol, we inhibited oestrogen synthesis by treatment of neonatal hippocampal cell cultures with letrozole, a specific aromatase inhibitor. As an alternative, we used siRNA against steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Axon outgrowth and GAP‐43 expression were significantly down‐regulated in response to letrozole and in siRNA‐StAR transfected cells. The effects after inhibition of oestrogen synthesis in response to letrozole and in siRNA‐StAR transfected cells were reversed by oestrogen supplementation. No difference was found between ovariectomised animals, cycling animals at pro‐oestrus and ovariectomised and subsequently oestradiol‐treated animals. However, high pharmacological doses of oestradiol promoted axon outgrowth, which was possible to abolish by the oestrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. Our results show that oestradiol‐induced neurite outgrowth is very likely mediated by genomic oestrogen receptors and requires higher doses of oestradiol than physiological serum concentrations derived from the gonads.
The effect of two root canal sealers on the retentive strength of glass fibre endodontic posts
Authors: DAVIS S. T. , O'CONNELL B. C.
Published: September 2006

summary  This study was undertaken to examine the effect of eugenol‐containing and non‐eugenol‐containing root canal sealers on the retention strength of glass fibre endodontic posts (ParaPost Fibre White) luted with a resin cement (ParaPost cement). We also examined the mode of failure that occurred visually by using scanning electron microscopy. Seventy‐two single rooted, recently extracted, premolar teeth were root canal treated and randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was obturated with gutta percha and a calcium hydroxide‐based sealer (Sealapex, Kerr). Group 2 was obturated with gutta percha and a eugenol‐based sealer (Tubli‐Seal Kerr). The teeth were stored for 1 week in distilled water at 37 °C and then prepared for 9 mm posts with a 1·40‐mm drill. The matching glass fibre post was luted with a resin cement following the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were stored for 1 week and thermocycled. The posts were removed from the root canals using a calibrated testing machine in tensile mode. The mean dislodging force for group 1 was 190·46 N and for group 2 was 183·8 N, with standard deviations of 54·9 and 56·0 N respectively. The t‐test indicated no significant difference between the two groups. Failure of the posts occurred mainly within the resin layer. This study showed that under experimental conditions there was no statistically significant difference between Sealapex sealer and Tubli‐Seal sealer on the retention of glass fibre posts using a resin cement.
A 5‐year follow‐up study on one‐stage implants inserted concomitantly with localized alveolar ridge augmentation
Authors: JUODZBALYS G. , RAUSTIA A. M. , KUBILIUS R.
Published: September 2006

summary  The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of one‐stage implants placed at the time of alveolar bone augmentation using simultaneous guided bone regeneration technique with a collagen barrier membrane in patients suffering from insufficient bone width. Seventeen patients were treated with 20 one‐stage OSTEOFIX (Oulu, Finland) implants using simultaneous guided bone regeneration technique. Dehiscence defects were filled by bovine bone mineral Bio‐Oss® and covered with collagen membrane. Clinical and radiographic parameters of the peri‐implant conditions were assessed at the moment of prosthesis placement and at 1‐ and 5‐year follow‐ups. Diagnostic dehiscence defect measurements after implant placement showed that the mean vertical defect varied from 3·8 mm to 10·0 mm. At the moment of prosthesis placement and at 1‐ and 5‐year follow‐ups all implants were stable, painless and without biological complications. Clinical and radiographic parameters of the peri‐implant conditions remained stable during follow‐up. The cumulative implant survival rate was 100% after the 5‐year observation period and the success rate for all pooled implants was 90%. The present study showed predictable treatment outcomes recorded after 5 years of function for one‐stage OSTEOFIX (Oulu, Finland) oral implants placed simultaneously with guided bone regeneration using collagen membrane and deproteinized bovine bone mineral.
Using knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) surveys on lymphatic filariasis to prepare a health promotion campaign for mass drug administration in Alor District, Indonesia
Authors: Krentel Alison , Fischer Peter , Manoempil Paul , Supali Taniawati , Servais Gérard , Rückert Paul
Published: October 2006

We report the results of two surveys of people's knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Alor District, eastern Indonesia. The results of the surveys were used to prepare and evaluate the social mobilization component of a pilot mass drug administration (MDA) in five villages. In the study area, the filarial parasites Brugia timori and Wuchereria bancrofti are highly endemic. Frequent and severe adverse reactions after MDA may occur especially in areas endemic for B. timori and therefore, a special communication strategy was designed to inform and to educate communities about LF and its control. The first KAP survey was conducted as a baseline pre‐MDA with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole and the second as a post‐intervention evaluation in order to obtain information on the impact of the communication campaign. Before the information campaign and the subsequent MDA, 54% of the study population had heard of one of the three main terms for LF, whereas after health education and MDA, 89% had heard of at least one of the three terms. Similarly, pre‐MDA, 21% reported having had previously taken the treatment for filariasis, while post‐MDA, 88% reported having taken the treatment during the pilot treatment period. The historical fears and traumatic experiences associated with past LF treatment campaigns in Indonesia were averted since both the communication campaign and the MDA were designed appropriately for and together with the community. As a result, compliance was sufficient in the first round to successfully begin the elimination process.
Carotenoid and protein supplementation have differential effects on pheasant ornamentation and immunity
Authors: SMITH H. G. , RÅBERG L. , OHLSSON T. , GRANBOM M. , HASSELQUIST D.
Published: September 2006

A currently popular hypothesis states that the expression of carotenoid‐dependent sexual ornaments and immune function may be correlated because both traits are positively affected by carotenoids. However, such a correlation may arise for another reason: it is well known that immune function is dependent on nutritional condition. A recent study has suggested that the expression of ornaments may too depend on nutritional condition, as males in good nutritional condition are better at assimilating and/or modulating carotenoids. Thus, carotenoid‐dependent ornaments and immune function may be correlated because both are dependent on nutritional condition. To elucidate if, and how, ornamentation and immune function are linked, pheasant diets were supplemented with carotenoid and/or protein in a fully factorial experiment. Carotenoid treatment affected wattle coloration and tail growth, but not cellular or humoral immunity. Immunity was unrelated to males’ initial ornamentation including wattle colour. Males in better body condition, measured as residual mass, increased their wattle coloration more when carotenoid supplemented. Protein positively affected humoral but not cellular immunity, but had no effect on ornaments. Cellular, but not humoral, immunity increased with male body condition. Thus, there was no evidence that an immune‐stimulatory effect of carotenoids resulted in wattle coloration honestly signalling immune function, but wattle coloration may still signal male body condition.
When bigger is not better: selection against large size, high condition and fast growth in juvenile lemon sharks
Authors: DIBATTISTA J. D. , FELDHEIM K. A. , GRUBER S. H. , HENDRY A. P.
Published: September 2006

Selection acting on large marine vertebrates may be qualitatively different from that acting on terrestrial or freshwater organisms, but logistical constraints have thus far precluded selection estimates for the former. We overcame these constraints by exhaustively sampling and repeatedly recapturing individuals in six cohorts of juvenile lemon sharks (450 age‐0 and 255 age‐1 fish) at an enclosed nursery site (Bimini, Bahamas). Data on individual size, condition factor, growth rate and inter‐annual survival were used to test the ‘bigger is better’, ‘fatter is better’ and ‘faster is better’ hypotheses of life‐history theory. For age‐0 sharks, selection on all measured traits was weak, and generally acted against large size and high condition. For age‐1 sharks, selection was much stronger, and consistently acted against large size and fast growth. These results suggest that selective pressures at Bimini may be constraining the evolution of large size and fast growth, an observation that fits well with the observed small size and low growth rate of juveniles at this site. Our results support those of some other recent studies in suggesting that bigger/fatter/faster is not always better, and may often be worse.
Pupal period and adult size in Drosophila melanogaster: a cautionary tale of contrasting correlations between two sexually dimorphic traits
Authors: NUNNEY L.
Published: September 2006

Sexual dimorphism (SD) is widespread, reflecting a resolution of genetic conflicts arising from sex‐specific differences in selection. However, genetic correlations among traits may constrain the evolution of SD. Drosophila melanogaster exhibits SD for pupal period (males longer) and adult weight (females heavier). This negative inter‐sex covariance between the traits contrasts with a significant intra‐sex positive genetic correlation (rg = 0.95) estimated using lines selected for fast larval development. Path analysis indicated that within sexes the selection regime indirectly reduced adult weight which in turn reduced pupal period. A hypothesis is proposed for the evolution of SD whereby the trait ‘pupal period’ is divided into ‘intrinsic’ (correlated with body size) and ‘ecological’ (uncorrelated with body size) components, and (the larger) females eclose earlier than males size via a shortening of the ecological component, thus achieving the advantage of provisioning eggs prior to sexual maturity. This hypothesis avoids invoking successful ‘incompatible antagonistic selection’.
Environment and pollinator‐mediated selection on parapatric floral races of Mimulus aurantiacus
Authors: STREISFELD M. A. , KOHN J. R.
Published: September 2006

We tested whether selection by pollinators could explain the parapatric distribution of coastal red‐ and inland yellow‐flowered races of Mimulus aurantiacus (Phrymaceae) by examining visitation to natural and experimental populations. As a first step in evaluating whether indirect selection might explain floral divergence, we also tested for local adaptation in early life stages using a reciprocal transplant experiment. Hummingbirds visited flowers of each race at similar rates in natural populations but showed strong (>95%) preference for red flowers in all habitats in experimental arrays. Hawkmoths demonstrated nearly exclusive (>99% of visits) preference for yellow flowers and only visited in inland regions. Strong preferences for alternative floral forms support a direct role for pollinators in floral divergence. Despite these preferences, measures of plant performance across environments showed that red‐flowered plants consistently survived better, grew larger and received more overall pollinator visits than yellow‐flowered plants. Unmeasured components of fitness may favour the yellow race in inland habitats. Alternatively, we document a marked recent increase in inland hummingbird density that may have caused a change in the selective environment, favouring the eastward advance of red‐flowered plants.
Oestradiol Stimulates the Release of AVP and GnRH from the Ewe HypothalamusIn Vitro1
Authors: Ghuman SPS , Prabhakar S , Smith RF , Dobson H
Published: September 2006

Contents

Oestradiol (E2) sensitizes the stress and reproductive axesin vivo. Our current aim is to investigate whether E2directly influences hypothalamic AVP and GnRH releasein vitro. Within 10 min of ewe killing, saggital midline hypothalamic slices (from the anterior preoptic area to mediobasal hypothalamus, 2 mm thick, two per sheep) were dissected, placed in oxygenated MEM‐αat 4°C and within next 2 h were singly perifused at 37°C with oxygenated MEM‐α(pH 7.4; flow rate 150 μl/min) alone (vehicle; n = 15), with low (6 pg/ml; n = 14) or high E2(24 pg/ml; n = 13). After 5 h equilibration, 10 min fractions were collected for 3 h with exposure to 100 mmKCl for 10 min within the last hour. Concentrations of AVP and GnRH were measured by RIA. Baselines for AVP and GnRH were 7.0 ± 1.1 and 17.4 ± 0.8 pg/ml respectively. Basal values with low E2were similar to vehicle for AVP (7.5 ± 1.2 pg/ml) and GnRH (17.5 ± 1.1 pg/ml). However, high E2increased basal AVP (11.7 ± 1.4 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and GnRH (23.7 ± 1.4 pg/ml; p < 0.05). After KCl, AVP and GnRH respectively, increased (p < 0.05) to 25.6 ± 7.5 and 38.2 ± 5.6 (vehicle), 26.3 ± 7.5 and 23.6 ± 2.1 (low E2) and 24.1 ± 5.4 and 41.3 ± 6.6 pg/ml (high E2). After KCl, maximum values of AVP occurred at 20 and GnRH at 30 min. In conclusion, high E2concentration augments AVP and GnRH release by direct action on the ewe hypothalamus.
Successful Timing of Ovulation Using Deslorelin (Ovuplant®) is Labour‐saving in Mares Aimed for Single AI with Frozen Semen
Authors: Hemberg E. , Lundeheim N. , Einarsson S
Published: September 2006

Contents

To minimize the number of matings/inseminations, controlled ovulation has been practised since a long time ago. A potent short‐term implant, releasing the GnRH analogue deslorelin (Ovuplant®) has been used in Australia and North America for several years for hastening the ovulation time in mares, but the product is not registered on the European market. This study was aimed to investigate: (1) ovulation time in mares implanted with Ovuplant when the largest follicle was 42 mm or more in size, (2) repeatability of ovulation time in successive oestruses when treated with Ovuplant, (3) pregnancy rate after single insemination with frozen–thawed semen near ovulation. This study included 11 mares, and altogether 17 timed ovulations. Follicular growth and ovulation were determined by palpation per rectum and by ultrasonography in the morning (at 7:00 hours) every second day until observation of a follicle of at least 42 mm in diameter. Then the mares were re‐examined in the afternoon (at 19:00 hours), and an Ovuplant was inserted in the mucosa of the vulva. For detection of ovulation, the mares were palpated and ultrasounded repeatedly from 36–42 h after the insert. The mares were inseminated with frozen–thawed semen once at ovulation. All mares ovulated at 36–48 h after treatment and 94% at 38–42 h after treatment. The six mares that were treated at two oestruses ovulated at 39.9 and 39.7 h, respectively. Five of 11 mares (45.4%), inseminated with frozen–thawed semen at the first oestrous cycle were pregnant day 14–16 after ovulation. Using this protocol, there is no need of palpation/ultrasonography during night hours, and examination at 36 and 41 h after implantation might be enough for estimation of ovulation time.
Effects of Mating on Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone, Cortisol, Oestrone Sulphate and 15‐Ketodihydro‐PGF2α in Stallions
Authors: Villani M , Cairoli F , Kindahl H , Galeati G , Faustini M , Carluccio A , Veronesi MC
Published: September 2006

Contents

Very little information is available regarding the physiological mechanisms involved in the normal sexual activity in the stallion and, in particular, the endocrine control of reproduction is still not clearly understood. This experiment was designed to determine the short‐term effect of sexual stimulation on plasma concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, oestrone sulphate and 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α in stallions. Semen samples were collected from 10 lighthorse stallions of proven fertility using a Missouri model artificial vagina. At the same time, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein with heparinized tubes, 20 and 10 min before oestrous mare exposure, at exposure and 10, 20, 30 min after dismounting. Testosterone concentrations showed a sharp rise 10 min after mating (p < 0.001), reached a plateau, and then showed a further increase 30 min after mating (p < 0.001). Cortisol concentrations increased 10 min after mating (p < 0.001) and remained at high levels in the subsequent samples taken. A peak of oestrone sulphate was observed 10 min after mating (p < 0.001). 15‐Ketodihydro‐PGF2α concentrations decreased rapidly at the moment of the exposure of the stallions to an oestrous mare (p < 0.05), returned to pre‐mating concentrations and then decreased again 30 min after mating (p < 0.05).
Effects of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone Administration on the Pituitary‐Ovarian Axis in Anoestrous vs Ovariectomized Bitches
Authors: Buijtels JJCWM , Beijerink NJ , Kooistra HS , Dieleman SJ , Okkens AC
Published: September 2006

Contents

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on the plasma concentrations of reproductive hormones in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) bitches. Therefore, blood samples were collected at multiple times before and after the administration of 10 μg/kg GnRH (Fertagyl®) for the determination of the plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone in six anoestrus and in six OVX bitches. The mean plasma LH concentrations before and 60 min after GnRH administration were significantly lower in the anoestrous bitches than in the OVX bitches. In both groups GnRH administration resulted in a significant increase in the plasma LH concentration. The highest plasma LH concentrations were found at 10 min after GnRH administration and these values did not differ significantly between the two groups. Only in the anoestrous bitches a significant increase in plasma oestradiol concentrations was found after GnRH administration and these values were significantly higher than those in the OVX bitches. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and testosterone were low (close to or below the limit of quantitation) both before and after GnRH administration and the differences between anoestrous and OVX bitches were not significant. It can be concluded that (i) basal plasma LH concentration is significantly higher in OVX bitches than in anoestrous bitches, (ii) plasma LH concentration increases after GnRH administration in both anoestrous and OVX bitches, (iii) GnRH administration causes a significant rise in plasma oestradiol concentration only if ovarian tissue is present and (iv) measurement of plasma progesterone and testosterone concentrations before and after GnRH administration does not aid in distinguishing between anoestrous and OVX bitches. The results of this study may provide a basis for the diagnosis of remnant ovarian tissue and verification of neuter status in the bitch.
Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor α in Stimulation of Prostaglandins F2α and E2 Release by Cultured Porcine Endometrial Cells
Authors: Blitek A , Ziecik AJ
Published: September 2006

Contents

The present studies were undertaken to examine the effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α on prostaglandins (PGs) F2α and E2 release by cultured porcine endometrial cells harvested on days 13–16 after oestrus in comparison to stimulation with oxytocin (OT) and luteinizing hormone (LH). A time‐dependent effect of TNFα (10 ng/ml) on PGF2α release was observed in stromal and luminal epithelial cells. Moreover, TNFα increased PGF2α secretion from both endometrial cell types with effective concentrations of 1 (p < 0.05), 10 and 50 ng/ml (p < 0.01). The effect of TNFα (10 ng/ml) on endometrial PGF2α and PGE2 release was compared with OT (100 nmol/l) and LH (100 ng/ml). All factors affected PGF2α secretion from stromal cells, however, the stimulation tended to be more potent after OT and LH (p < 0.01) than after TNFα (p < 0.05) treatment. In epithelial cells, only TNFα was able to stimulate PGF2α release (p < 0.001). PGE2 secretion from stromal cells increased after incubation with TNFα and OT (p < 0.05). Only LH stimulated PGE2 release from epithelium (p < 0.001), and its action was very effective when compared with TNFα or OT (p < 0.01). Summarizing, TNFα induces both PGs secretion from cultured porcine endometrium, but preferentially stimulates PGF2α release from luminal epithelial cells. Therefore, similarly to OT and LH, TNFα may be considered as a potential modulator of endometrial PGF2α production during luteolysis in the pig.
Effects of Breed on Follicular Dynamics and Oestradiol Secretion during the Follicular Phase in Sheep
Authors: Gonzalez‐Añover P , Encinas T , Veiga‐Lopez A , Ammoun I , Contreras I , Ros JM , Ariznavarreta C , Tresguerres JAF , Gonzalez‐Bulnes A
Published: September 2006

Contents

Current study evaluates effects from breed and management background on follicular dynamics and endocrine output during the follicular phase of sheep oestrous cycle. Follicular phases were synchronized with three cloprostenol doses, 10 days apart, in three groups of 10 females of different non‐prolific Spanish breeds (Manchega, Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar). Development of all follicles reaching antral diameters ≥2 mm was assessed by daily transrectal ultrasonographies, whereas follicular function was evaluated by measurement of plasma oestradiol concentrations. All the ovulatory follicles were present at induced luteolysis in Manchega sheep, while a 93.7% were detected in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar ewes. The mean size of these ovulatory follicles was similar between breeds at 0 h, but their growth rates were higher in Manchega ewes, reaching a larger size at oestrous detection than in Negra de Colmenar and Rubia del Molar sheep (p < 0.05). Conversely, the oestradiol levels increased with time in Rubia del Molar and Negra de Colmenar (p < 0.05); whilst remained stable in Manchega females. However, the patterns of follicular turnover were similar between breeds. These results indicate that, though differences in follicular size and size distribution, patterns of follicular turnover in sheep are affected neither by the breed nor by the background of management and selection.
Acyl Ghrelin and Metabolic Hormones in Pregnant and Lactating Sows
Authors: Govoni N , Parmeggiani A , Galeati G , Penazzi P , De Iasio R , Pagotto U , Pasquali R , Tamanini C , Seren E
Published: September 2006

Contents

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor, is considered a pleiotropic regulator involved in a large array of functions, including control of energy balance, regulation of food intake and, more recently, modulation of the reproductive axis. The present study was aimed at determining the changes in plasma concentrations of acyl‐ghrelin in pregnant and lactating sows, with special emphasis on the relationship with the levels of GH, leptin, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1). Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture from 22 multiparous sow 30, 60 and 90 days after artificial insemination, 7 and 21 days after farrowing and at first oestrus post‐weaning. Plasma concentrations of acyl‐ghrelin, leptin, GH and IGF‐1 were quantified by validated radioimmunoassay; NEFA were determined using a colorimetric procedure. Plasma acyl ghrelin levels were highest at 30 days of pregnancy and decreased thereafter and during lactation. At the beginning of lactation, GH, IGF‐1 and NEFA concentrations significantly increased, while a significant reduction occurred in leptin. In conclusion, ghrelin concentrations in sow maternal circulation does not seem to play an important role in maintaining circulating GH levels during lactation; moreover, ghrelin is not associated with leptin, NEFA and IGF‐1 levels.
Cryopreservation of Sheep Primordial Follicles
Authors: Amorim CA , Rondina D , Lucci CM , Giorgetti A , De Figueiredo JR , Gonçalves PBD
Published: September 2006

Contents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of 1 M dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PROH) and glycerol (GLY) to cryopreserve primordial follicles. The first evaluation was performed soon after cryopreservation and the second evaluation after 4 days of in vitro culture, using the cryoprotectants that allowed the higher results (higher follicular survival rate) after cryopreservation. The results after follicular isolation (control) and cryopreservation using 1 M DMSO, EG, PROH and GLY showed that the mean number (± SEM) of live follicles per millilitre was 3204 (100%) ± 319.27, 2798 (87%) ± 239.14, 2492 (78%) ± 345.8, 448 (14%) ± 46.3 and 208 (7%) ± 75.26, respectively. Higher follicular survival was reported when DMSO and EG were used. Control follicles and follicles cryopreserved with these two cryoprotectants were cultured and the percentage of follicular survival was 55% (control), 42% (EG) and 34% (DMSO). Similar results were found between control and follicles cryopreserved with EG. In conclusion, 1 M EG is the most effective cryoprotectant to preserve primordial follicles isolated from ovaries of sheep.
Microglial cells from psychologically stressed mice as an accelerator of cerebral cryptococcosis
Authors: Shimoda Masae , Jones Vickie C , Kobayashi Makiko , Suzuki Fujio
Published: September 2006

Severe stress decreases the resistance of hosts exposed to microbial infections. As compared with two groups of control mice (normal mice, food‐and‐water‐deprived mice [FWD mice]), restraint‐stressed mice (RST mice) were shown to be greatly susceptible to intracerebral growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. The susceptibility of FWD mice to cerebral cryptococcosis increased to the level shown in RST mice, when these groups of mice were inoculated with microglial cells from the brains of RST mice. However, the susceptibility of FWD mice to cerebral cryptococcosis was not influenced by the adoptive transfer of microglial cells from normal mice or FWD mice. Microglial cells from RST mice produced CC‐chemokine ligand‐2 (CCL‐2/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), but not microglial cells from FWD mice. The resistance of RST mice to cerebral cryptococcosis was improved to the extent shown in FWD mice, when they were treated with anti‐CCL‐2 antibody. However, the susceptibility of normal mice and FWD mice to cerebral cryptococcosis increased to that shown in RST mice, when they were treated with rCCL‐2. Microglial cells from RST mice were discriminated from the same cell preparations derived from FWD mice by their abilities to produce CCL‐2, to phagocytize C. neoformans cells and to express Toll‐like receptor 2. These results indicate that the resistance of RST mice to cerebral cryptococcosis is diminished by CCL‐2 produced by microglial cells that are influenced by restraint stress.
Cell surface markers of regulatory T cells are not associated with increased forkhead box p3 expression in blood CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients responding to antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Lim Andrew Y‐F , Price Patricia , Beilharz Manfred W , French Martyn A
Published: September 2006

Regulatory T (Treg) cells may attenuate host immune responses to pathogens, including HIV and opportunistic pathogens in HIV‐infected patients. Treated and untreated progressive HIV disease represent a range of immunological scenarios with potentially different roles for Treg cells. A cell surface marker to determine Treg cell numbers would assist in identifying situations where Treg cells are important. Here we show that levels of Foxp3 mRNA are increased in CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients responding to antiretroviral therapy. However, the proportion of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD25, neuropilin‐1, glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor and lymphocyte activation gene‐3 did not differ as a result of treated or untreated HIV infection when compared with HIV‐seronegative controls. Hence, none of the putative Treg cell surface markers identified T‐cell populations in peripheral blood that mirrored the effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on Foxp3 expression.
CTL response compensation for the loss of an immunodominant class I‐restricted HSV‐1 determinant
Authors: Stock Angus T , Jones Claerwen M , Heath William R , Carbone Francis R
Published: September 2006

The T‐cell response to even complex pathogens is often focused on only a handful of immunodominant determinants. Such narrow responses provoke a selective pressure that can drive the emergence of CTL escape variants, raising the question of whether a broader response, targeting multiple non‐dominant peptides may be more beneficial. To examine the ability of the T‐cell repertoire to respond to non‐dominant determinants, we have investigated how mutating the dominant peptide in HSV affects the magnitude of the CD8+T‐cell response. We found that the CTL response to HSV lacking the dominant peptide was only modestly reduced compared with the wild‐type virus and, surprisingly, this compensation occurred without any enhancement in the response to an established minor epitope. These findings are supportive of a malleable T‐cell repertoire that can elicit strong responses to alternate, unknown determinants in the absence of the dominant response.
Guarding the immune system: Suppression of autoimmunity by CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells
Authors: Zwar Tricia D , Van Driel Ian R , Gleeson Paul A
Published: September 2006

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (CD25+ T regulatory [Treg] cells) are a naturally occurring suppressor T‐cell population that regulates a wide variety of immune responses. A major function of CD25+ Treg cells is to inhibit the activity of self‐reactive T cells that can potentially cause autoimmune disease. This review examines the recent advances in CD25+ Treg cell biology, with particular focus on the thymic and peripheral development of CD25+ Treg cells, the signals that promote their expansion and maintenance in the periphery and the mechanism by which they mediate their suppressor activity in peripheral lymphoid tissues. An understanding of these issues is likely to facilitate the development of CD25+ Treg‐cell‐based therapies for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Ehsani Mohammad J , Maleki Iradj , Mohammadzadeh Fatemeh , Mashayekh Ameneh
Published: September 2006

Background and Aim:  Epidemiological studies have indicated an increase in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Western countries; however, there is a lack of information about its prevalence in Iran. The aim of this study was to measure gastroesophageal reflux disease prevalence in a representative sample of the Tehran population in 1999.

Methods:  In a cross‐sectional study, 700 people, with a male : female ratio of 1:1, were selected by stratified randomization based on the probability of 20% prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and 3% error. They were divided equally into seven age groups. Heartburn and acid regurgitation were considered as the most common symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The severity and frequency of heartburn and the role of personal habits in the appearance of this symptom were determined. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in samples was measured, and its actual prevalence in society was estimated.

Results:  Of 700 people, 350 were male and 350 were female. The major symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease were observed in 278 (39.7%) people. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease of smokers was twice that of non‐smokers.

Conclusions:  Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a serious and unresolved problem in Western countries, and its increasing prevalence correlates with an increasing prevalence of adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease appears to be increasing in Iran also; therefore, it is recommended that major attention be paid to this disease.
Clinical outcome of rumination syndrome in adults without psychiatric illness: A prospective study
Authors: Lee Hyuk , Rhee Poong‐Lyul , Park Eun‐Ha , Kim Jeong Hwan , Son Hee Jung , Kim Jae J , Rhee Jong Chul
Published: September 2006

Background and Aim:  This prospective study was conducted to characterize the clinical features of adult rumination syndrome, in the absence of psychiatric illness, by applying newly modified clinical criteria, and to elucidate factors influencing outcomes after treatment.

Methods:  Twenty‐one adult patients diagnosed with rumination syndrome at a tertiary referral center over a 2‐year period were enrolled in the study. All patients received supportive psychotherapy and medical treatment. Changes in symptom parameters were analyzed using a pretreatment and a post‐treatment questionnaire. Patients were classified into three groups according to symptomatic outcome: improved group, sustained group and aggravated group.

Results:  The duration of treatment was longer in the improved group than in the sustained or aggravated groups (P = 0.018). Esophageal manometry testing demonstrated non‐transmitted contractions of the esophageal body in 10 patients (47.6%) and low amplitude contractions in eight patients (38.1%). Mean lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was 9.8 ± 2.6 mmHg. Baseline LES pressure in the improved group was higher than in the other groups (P = 0.001). Ambulatory 24‐h esophageal pH monitoring showed pathological acid reflux in six patients (28.6%). All pathological acid reflux occurred in post‐rumination periods. Scintigraphic testing of gastric emptying revealed that the mean retention rate at 120 min was 34.2 ± 2.5% of initial contents, and delayed emptying was noted in three patients (14.3%).

Conclusions:  Rumination syndrome is often accompanied by heterogeneous conditions such as postprandial gastroesophageal reflux, various abnormalities in esophageal manometric tests and delayed gastric emptying. Medical treatment and supportive psychotherapy can be effective in otherwise normal adult patients, especially in patients who comply with long durations of treatment and who demonstrate higher baseline LES pressures.
Role of meal carbohydrate content for the imbalance of plasma amino acids in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Schulte‐Frohlinde Ewert , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Willis Johanna , Lersch Christian , Eckel Florian , Schmid Roland , Schusdziarra Volker
Published: September 2006

Background and Aim:  Imbalance of circulating branched chain amino acids (BCAA) versus aromatic amino acids (AAA) and hyperinsulinemia are common metabolic alterations in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of the carbohydrate component of a protein‐rich mixed meal on postprandial plasma concentrations of 21 amino acids, insulin and C‐peptide in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, the effect of a dietary intervention on the metabolic alterations in cirrhotic patients was examined.

Methods:  Eighteen patients with cirrhosis and 12 healthy volunteers received a protein‐rich meal (pork filet 200 g) with or without carbohydrates (bread 50 g, glucose 20 g). A subgroup of four cirrhotic patients received an isoenergetic (117 kJ/kg bw) carbohydrate‐enriched (60%) and ‐restricted (20%) diet for 7 days each.

Results:  In the cirrhotic patients, basal plasma insulin and C‐peptide concentrations were significantly elevated. The ingestion of a protein‐rich meal without additional carbohydrates led to a significantly greater increase of insulin and C‐peptide in the cirrhotic patients compared to controls. Postprandial increases of leucine and isoleucine were reduced, whereas those of phenylalanine were higher in cirrhotic patients. The addition of carbohydrates led to higher insulin and C‐peptide plasma concentrations in cirrhotic patients. Postprandial BCAA increases were more impaired in the cirrhotic group after additional carbohydrate ingestion (46%vs 82%). After the carbohydrate‐restricted diet for 7 days BCAA plasma levels increased but the BCAA/AAA ratio remained unaltered.

Conclusions:  The carbohydrate content of a meal enhances reduction of BCAA plasma concentrations in clinically stable cirrhotic patients. An imbalanced BCAA/AAA ratio cannot be avoided by a carbohydrate‐reduced diet alone, supporting mandatory BCAA supplementation.
Utility of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of aberrant right subclavian artery
Authors: Yusuf Tony E , Levy Michael J , Wiersema Maurits J , Clain Jonathan E , Harewood Gavin C , Rajan Elizabeth , Topazian Mark D , Wang Kenneth K
Published: September 2006

Background and Aims:  Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is the most common congenital anomaly of the aortic arch occurring in 0.4–2.0% of the general population. Instead of arising from the brachiocephalic artery, the ARSA arises as the last branch from the aortic arch. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ARSA in patients undergoing upper endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and to describe the EUS characteristics of ARSA.

Methods:  A retrospective review was conducted of 7513 upper EUS exams performed from 1 July 2000 to 1 February 2005.

Results:  In total, 27 (0.36%, 95% CI 0.22–0.50%) of 7513 patients undergoing upper EUS were found to have an ARSA (10 male, 17 female; mean age 58 years, range 23–81 years). Of the 27 patients, 16 had only radial EUS, 10 had radial and linear EUS, and one had only linear EUS. In all 26 patients who underwent radial imaging, a well‐defined, anechoic tubular structure was seen originating from the aortic arch and passing between the esophagus and spine. In all 11 patients undergoing linear imaging, the abnormal anatomy was detected and the vascular nature confirmed by Doppler. In one patient, both radial and linear imaging identified unsuspected aneurismal dilatation of the ARSA; a rare condition referred to as Kommerell’s diverticulum (KD). None of the other 26 patients had symptoms to suggest an ARSA. Of the 14 patients who had computed tomography (CT) prior to EUS, only four were initially reported to have ARSA. However, later review of the CT scans verified an ARSA in all 14 patients. Of the two patients who underwent a barium swallow, only one had findings suggestive of ARSA.

Conclusions:  This report highlights the utility of both radial and linear EUS imaging in identifying previously unsuspected ARSA and associated anomalies. This report also suggests the need for careful review of the CT in patients suspected of having ARSA due to the frequent failure of radiologists to identify, or report, this anomaly when particular focus is not given.
No mutation was found in the alpha‐subunit of the mitochondrial tri‐functional protein in one patient with severe acute fatty liver of pregnancy and her relatives
Authors: Kong Xiao‐Fei , Zhang Xin‐Xin , Yu Ying‐Yan , Shi Qing , La Duan‐Duan , Zhu‐Ge Chuan‐De , Deng Lin , Gong Qi‐Ming , Shen Bai‐Yong , Peng Cheng‐Hong , Li Hong‐Wei
Published: September 2006

Background and Aim:  Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a serious hepatic disorder and a devastating late gestational complication associated with substantial maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated a strong association between AFLP in the mother and fetal deficiency of the enzyme long‐chain L‐3 hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD). LCHAD resides in the α‐subunit of the mitochondrial tri‐functional protein and catalyzes the third step in the β‐oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria. The aim of this study was to determine in one patient with severe AFLP who survived liver transplantation, if the infant or her parents would bear the common or rare mutation of the LCHAD gene.

Methods:  Genomic DNA was extracted from the patient with severe AFLP and her daughter and parents. Exon 15 of LCHAD was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyzed by restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with Pst‐I. The whole coding region of LCHAD cDNA of all subjects was amplified and sequenced for the potential rare mutation.

Results:  None of the subjects had the G1528C mutation in the LCHAD gene. None of the subjects had mutation in the whole coding region of LCHAD or rare polymorphisms.

Conclusions:  Although this study was limited to one proband and her relatives, our observations suggest that there might be diverse etiological factors in China contributing to AFLP other than the frequently reported mutation in the LCHAD, and the metabolic basis for AFLP may be more heterogeneous than previously believed.
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in children with recurrent abdominal pain: 5‐year follow‐up after endoscopic sphincterotomy
Authors: Misra Sudipta , Treanor Michael R , Vegunta Ravindra K , Chen Charles C
Published: September 2006

Background:   Sphincter of Oddi (SO) dysfunction has not been reported as a cause of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children. We present a 5‐year follow‐up of a group of children with RAP and manometry proven SO dysfunction.

Methods:  Retrospective chart review of children who underwent SO manometry and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for recurrent abdominal pain. Long‐term follow‐up was obtained by telephone survey.

Results:  Eleven of the 12 children had abdominal pain; one had reproducible postprandial discomfort. Five children localized the pain to the upper abdomen. The same number of children had associated nausea or vomiting. On hepatobiliary scintigraphy study, three children had SO dysfunction type curve, four had low ejection fraction and nine had reproduction of symptoms on cholecystokinin (CCK) infusion. SO manometry revealed elevated pressure in 11 children. The remaining child had paradoxical contraction of the SO. On short‐term follow‐up, eight children had resolution of symptoms after ES, three did not respond and one had recurrence of symptom in 6 months. Children symptomatic for less than 1 year were more likely to respond to ES (P < 0.01). All children with upper abdominal pain with nausea and/or vomiting, postprandial pain and SO type scintiscan curve responded to ES. On long‐term follow‐up, seven of the eight responders to ES remained symptom free, one recurred with irritable bowel syndrome‐like symptoms. One child with recurrent symptoms had resolution after cholecystectomy and another non‐responder improved after an appendectomy.

Conclusion:  SO dysfunction is an uncommon but treatable cause of RAP in children. Awareness of this condition may help a segment of children with RAP.
Protective effect of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on primary culture of rat hepatocytes
Authors: Sohma Ryoichi , Takahashi Morio , Takada Hiroshi , Takada Hironobu , Kuwayama Hajime
Published: September 2006

Background and Aim:  Recently, we reported on the beneficial clinical effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) who were unresponsive to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). In this study we examined the effect of EPA on rat hepatocytes in primary culture.

Methods:  Hepatocytes were isolated from rat liver by perfusion of collagenase and cultured with or without EPA. Cell damage induced by chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) was assessed by WST‐8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. PGE2 and LTB4 concentrations in the culture medium were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). cDNA was made from total RNA that was extracted from hepatocytes, and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to assess the expression of CuZn and Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNA.

Results:  When rat hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of EPA, the damage caused by CDCA was significantly decreased compared with cells cultured without EPA. Cytotoxicity significantly decreased in the presence of EPA. Furthermore, SOD mRNA expression was increased by adding EPA. These findings indicated that EPA protects cells by scavenging superoxide radicals (•O2–) mediated by SOD production.

Conclusion:  EPA has a direct protective effect on rat hepatocytes, which is in agreement with the clinical efficacy of EPA in PBC patients.
Unveiling fungal zooflagellates as members of freshwater picoeukaryotes: evidence from a molecular diversity study in a deep meromictic lake
Authors: Lefèvre Emilie , Bardot Corinne , Noël Christophe , Carrias Jean‐François , Viscogliosi Eric , Amblard Christian , Sime‐Ngando Télesphore
Published: September 2006

This study presents an original 18S rRNA PCR survey of the freshwater picoeukaryote community, and was designed to detect unidentified heterotrophic picoflagellates (size range 0.6–5 μm) which are prevalent throughout the year within the heterotrophic flagellate assemblage in Lake Pavin. Four clone libraries were constructed from samples collected in two contrasting zones in the lake. Computerized statistic tools have suggested that sequence retrieval was representative of the in situ picoplankton diversity. The two sampling zones exhibited similar diversity patterns but shared only about 5% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Phylogenetic analysis clustered our sequences into three taxonomic groups: Alveolates (30% of OTUs), Fungi (23%) and Cercozoa (19%). Fungi thus substantially contributed to the detected diversity, as was additionally supported by direct microscopic observations of fungal zoospores and sporangia. A large fraction of the sequences belonged to parasites, including Alveolate sequences affiliated to the genus Perkinsus known as zooparasites, and chytrids that include host‐specific parasitic fungi of various freshwater phytoplankton species, primarily diatoms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five novel clades that probably include typical freshwater environmental sequences. Overall, from the unsuspected fungal diversity unveiled, we think that fungal zooflagellates have been misidentified as phagotrophic nanoflagellates in previous studies. This is in agreement with a recent experimental demonstration that zoospore‐producing fungi and parasitic activity may play an important role in aquatic food webs.
Comparison of the phylogenetic performance of neodermatan mitochondrial protein‐coding genes
Authors: Hardman Michael , Hardman Lotta M.
Published: September 2006

We examined the ability of all protein‐coding genes of 11 neodermatan mitochondrial genomes to recover the phylogeny of their combination. We subsampled randomly selected lengths (1–6000 bp) of contiguous sequence to consider the effect of length (100–6000 bp) on performance. All genes performed as well as randomly selected regions except ND2 (better) and ND5 (worse). All expected nodes were recovered (> 90% bootstrap) when 4.0 Kb had been sampled; 40 samples of 100 performed as well as four samples of 1000.