bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estructura de mercado del sistema bancario ecuatoriano: concentración y poder de mercado
Authors: Uzcátegui Sánchez Carolina , Camino Mogro Segundo , Moran Cruz Julio Cesar
Published: January 2021

Determinar el ambiente en el que compiten los bancos privados en Ecuador ayudaría a implementar políticas públicas de regulación bancaria, por lo que  el presente trabajo analiza la estructura y competencia en el sector bancario en Ecuador desde el año 2000 hasta el 2015, enfocándose específicamente en dos segmentos: cartera y depósitos. Por tanto los objetivos que plantea este estudio son dos: 1) analizar la evolución de la estructura de mercado y 2) determinar el nivel de competencia y de concentración del mercado. Para analizar la estructura del mercado y poder determinar el grado de competencia se utilizan el indicador de concentración 4 y el índice Herfindahl-Hirschman de 34 bancos privados por medio de la información pública de la Superintendencia de Bancos del Ecuador. Como principales conclusiones se puede mencionar las siguientes: i) existe evidencia de que el mercado bancario en Ecuador posee una estructura oligopolistica, ii) el sector bancario operaria como si existiesen 7 empresas en todo el mercado, y se las podría clasificar en bancos grandes y medianos y iii) Los resultados del índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman muestran una concentración moderada a lo largo del periodo analizado en cartera y en depósitos, lo que no descarta la opción que los 4 bancos más grandes puedan ejercer cierto poder de mercado.
Factores asociados al deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores de la parroquia El Salto – Babahoyo (Ecuador)
Authors: León Samaniego Guillermo Fernando , Leon Tumbaco Eleana Desire
Published: January 2021

El Deterioro Cognitivo (DC) es una patología crónica que aparece con el envejecimiento, y se asocia a ciertos factores tanto ambientales como personales. En la parroquia El Salto del Cantón Babahoyo, viven un gran número de adultos mayores, y hasta el momento no se han realizado estudios sobre prevalencia de DC ni de factores asociados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos, demográficos, condición laboral y enfermedades crónicas y el DC. El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, correlacional de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 55 adultos mayores que fueron escogidos de una población de 540 mediante un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se realizó una entrevista y se aplicó una encuesta que analizó los factores que se asocian al DC. Se utilizaron varios instrumentos para consolidar la información y disminuir el margen de error. La información obtenida se procesó en el programa estadístico SPSS utilizando la prueba exacta de Fisher. Los hallazgos indican que los factores que tienen asociación estadísticamente significativa con el DC en los adultos mayores de la parroquia El Salto son la hipertensión arterial, el nivel socioeconómico regular, el grado de instrucción básico y el ingreso mensual menor a $. 354,00 USD. Se concluye que el DC en los adultos mayores de la parroquia El Salto está asociado directamente con factores que pueden ser susceptibles de prevención y de intervención, para así contribuir a disminuir o retrasar su aparición. Palabras clave: Deterioro Cognitivo Leve, Adulto Mayor, Factores asociados, MoCA
Percepción de la seguridad vial en la Ciudad de Loja (Ecuador)
Authors: García-Ramírez Yasmany
Published: January 2021

El gobierno ecuatoriano ha llevado a cabo varias acciones para prevenir y reducir el número de muertes por accidentes de tránsito. Esas acciones se han realizado sin considerar la percepción que tienen los usuarios viales frente a la seguridad vial en general. Al conocerse, los recursos podrían administrarse de mejor manera. En consecuencia, esta investigación explora la percepción que tienen los usuarios viales en una ciudad del Ecuador, para ello, se aplicaron encuestas a 1197 personas (peatones y conductores) en varios sectores de la Ciudad de Loja. En esa encuesta se incluyeron preguntas relacionadas con las sensaciones, emociones y comportamientos de los usuarios en la vía, y su opinión con respecto a los accidentes de tránsito y a las leyes de tránsito vigentes. Los resultados muestran que a la mayoría de conductores les disgusta la forma de conducir de otros conductores, sin embargo, justifican sus maniobras arriesgadas. En cuanto a sensaciones, la mayoría de peatones sienten miedo cuando circulan por la calle, mientras que los acompañantes o copilotos sienten miedo y estrés. Por otro lado, la mayoría de la muestra analizada no está de acuerdo con las leyes de tránsito en general, especialmente con la de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y del exceso de velocidad. Asimismo, se detectaron dos grupos de mayor riesgo: menores a 30 años y los mayores a 55 años, en los cuales debiera enfocarse las campañas de seguridad vial.
Dimensões da importância da controladoria nas organizações: um estudo multivariado e multicritério
Authors: Tambosi Silvana Silva Vieira , Tambosi Junior Jandir , Hein Nelson , Kroenke Adriana
Published: January 2021

O objetivo que norteou este estudo foi analisar a variabilidade nas respostas dos graduandos do curso de Ciências Contábeis sobre a importância da função da controladoria nas organizações. Para isto, adotou-se uma abordagem quantitativa com base nas perspectivas teóricas dos estudos de Borinelli (2006), a análise descritiva, a técnica multivariada análise fatorial exploratória, e a multicriterial por meio da técnica de entropia da informação. Os principais resultados indicaram que os 234 discentes do curso de Ciências Contábeis apresentaram variabilidade na percepção das atividades da controladoria nas empresas. A dimensão que apresentou maior variação foi a Dimensão 3 “Atividades e Funções da Controladoria Relativas ao Processo de Gestão” (presente nos Fatores 4 e 5). Na percepção dos respondentes as funções da controladoria estão mais relacionadas aos processos operacionais do que aos estratégicos nas organizações.
Controle de Integridade e Administração Pública: sinergias necessárias
Authors: Leal Rogério Gesta
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar em que medida o controle de integridade, pensado a partir de modelos como o compliance, pode aprimorar os sistemas de controle interno da Administração Pública brasileira. O problema de pesquisa visa responder quais medidas podem ser adotadas para melhorar estes sistemas de controle, a hipótese é de que se faz necessário a adoção dos mecanismos de integridade como forma de qualificar os instrumentos de controle interno. Para isso serão demarcados elementos conceituais da integridade na gestão, constituindo o compliance como espaço de qualificação do controle interno e da ação administrativa governativa.
A interligação entre a Lei Anticorrupção e o Direito dos Desastres
Authors: Kokke Marcelo
Published: January 2021

O artigo propõe releitura da Lei Anticorrupção a partir da abordagem da corrupção privada. As corporações podem assumir práticas operacionais que se revelem como fonte de obstrução para a fiscalização dos órgãos reguladores. Essa vulnerabilidade jurídica contribui para ocorrência de desastres socioambientais, como se verifica no sistema de regulação de barragens de mineração. É possível a utilização de mecanismos como o programa de integridade para combate às suas causas institucionais. O artigo adota a metodologia crítico-propositiva para sustentar modelo de resposta normativo que propicie a redução de vulnerabilidades institucionais e expansão dos mecanismos institucionais de mitigação de riscos de desastres.
As soluções traçadas no Ordenamento Jurídico Português para o problema do lucro da intervenção
Authors: Silva Sabrina Jiukoski da , Silva Rafael Peteffi da
Published: January 2021

A problemática que envolve a aquisição de lucros a partir da intervenção nos direitos subjetivos alheios vem recebendo, nos últimos anos, especial atenção da doutrina nacional. Assim, visando de contribuir com possíveis soluções para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, objetiva-se, no presente artigo, retratar outra realidade jurídica, o ordenamento jurídico português, que há quase quatro décadas vem debatendo a problemática. Para tanto,utiliza-se do método dedutivo com consulta de fontes bibliográficas primárias e secundárias. Conclui-se, ao final, que o lucro da intervenção é reconhecido pela doutrina como um produto do enriquecimento sem causa em Portugal, mas existe divergência doutrinária sobre a possibilidade de sua restituição, e o legislador no âmbito dos direitos imateriais o inseriu como hipótese no cálculo das indenizações.
Increased cave use by butterflies and moths: a response to climate warming?
Authors:   University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Moog Otto , Christian Erhard ,   University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Eis Rudolf
Published: January 2021

Between 2015 and 2019, the list of Lepidoptera from “cave” habitats (i.e., proper caves, rock shelters and artificial subterranean structures) in Austria grew from 17 to 62 species, although the effort of data collection remained nearly constant from the late 1970s onwards. The newly recorded moths and butterflies were resting in caves during daytime in the the warm season, three species were also overwintering there. We observed Catocala elocata at 28 cave inspections, followed by Mormo maura (18), Catocala nupta (7), Peribatodes rhomboidaria, and Euplagia quadripunctaria (6). More than half of the species have been repeatedly observed in caves in Austria or abroad, so their relationship with such sites is apparently not completely random. Since the increase of records in Austria coincided with a considerable rise in the annual number of hot days (maximum temperatures ≥30°C) from 2015 onwards, we interpret the growing inclination of certain Lepidoptera towards daytime sheltering in caves as a behavioral reaction to climate warming.
The Impact of the Council of Europe and the Process of European Integration on Protection of Human Rights in Albania
Authors: Bregu Meljana
Published: January 2021

The European integration process of Albania is bound to fulfillment of the accession criteria, a political criteria related to stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, rule of law and protection of human rights. Protection of human rights is a core value for the EU as well as a pre- condition for candidate countries. The European Commission, through the annual progress reports, monitors protection of human rights and compliance of the domestic legislation with international human rights instruments; particularly the European Convention of Human Rights. Also, the Commission evaluates cooperation with the European Court of Human Rights and executions of the Court’s decisions. The paper aims to analyze implementation of the acquis and European standards on the abolishment of the death penalty and on prevention of torture and ill-treatment. The paper considers the progress reports and some of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on prevention of torture and ill-treatment. According to the progress reports, the main conclusion is that Albania has an adequate legal framework that guarantees human rights, but the main concern is still the implementation of legislation.
Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in managing the urinary anormalies in children at Viet Duc Hospital
Authors: Nguyễn Việt Hoa
Published: January 2021

Tóm tắt
Đặt vấn đề: Đánh giá kết quả phẫu thuật nội soi sau phúc mạc điều trị bệnh lý thận, tiết niệu ở trẻ em
Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu hồi cứu người bệnh phẫu thuật nội soi sau phúc mạc điều trị bệnh lý thận, tiết niệu trong thời gian từ 1/1/2014 - 31/12/2017.
Kết quả: Phẫu thuật nội soi sau phúc mạc cho 110 người bệnh trong đó hẹp khúc nối bể thận - niệu quản là 49 người bệnh (44,54%), thận niệu quản đôi 23 người bệnh (20,91%), thận đa nang 21 người bệnh (19,1%), thận teo mất chức năng 17 người bệnh (15,43%). Tuổi phẫu thuật trung bình là 4,5 ± 3,72 tuổi (từ 1 tuổi- 15 tuổi), tỉ lệ nam/ nữ = 3,3/1. Phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thận cho 52 người bệnh (47,27%), nội soi tạo hình cho 11 người bệnh (10%), nội soi hỗ trợ tạo hình cho 47 người bệnh (42,73%). Thời gian phẫu thuật trung bình 100 ± 20 phút. Thời gian nằm viện sau mổ trung bình là 3 ± 2,3 ngày. Không có biến chứng nặng. Kết quả theo dõi sau mổ 3- 36 tháng cho kết quả tốt 88%, trung bình 10%, xấu 2%
Kết luận: Nội soi sau phúc mạc điều trị các bệnh lý thận, tiết niệu ở trẻ em là một phương pháp phẫu thuật an toàn, không có biến chứng, thẩm mỹ và cho kết quả tốt.

Abstract
Introduction: To evaluate the retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery in children having the urinary anomalies
Material and Methods: Retrospective study for children suffering from urinary anomalies underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery.
Results: 110 children were operated by retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach included: 49 patients (44.54%) with ureter pelvic junction obstruction, 23 patients (20.91%) with ureteral duplication, 21 patients (19.1%) with multicystic dysplastic kidney, 17 patients (15.45%) with atrophy kidney. Mean age was 4.5± 3.72 years old (from 1 year to 15 years old); Gender ratio: male/female = 3.3/1. Laparoscopic nephrectomy for 52 cases (47.27%), 58 cases including 11 cases (10%) retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty and 47 cases (42.27%) with assisted laparoscopic plastic surgery. Mean operative time was 100 ± 20 minutes, mean hospitalization length stay was 3 ± 2.3 days. No major complications occurred. Followed from 3 to 36 month are favorable with good outcome in 88%, average in 10%, poor in 2%.
Conclusion: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery is safe and feasible procedure in children with urinary anomalies.

Keyword: Laparoscopic surgery; Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery; Urinary anomalies in children.
CONSEQUENCES OF CONTINUOUS SANITARY LOGGING IN THE TOTEM FOREST AREA OF THE VOLOGDA REGION
Authors: САБУРОВА Е.В. , ГАВВА И.Н. , МАГАСУМОВА А.Г.
Published: January 2021

На основании материалов лесопатологических обследований и других ведомственных материалов То- темского лесничества Вологодской области были проанализированы объемы санитарно-оздоровительных мероприятий за период с 2008 по 2019 гг. Установлено, что повышенный отпад деревьев и даже гибель древостоев обусловлены целым рядом природных факторов, главными из которых являются штормовые ветры, лесные пожары и подъем уровня грунтовых вод. Так, в частности, в 2010 г. штормовыми ветрами было повреждено свыше 15 тыс. га лесных насаждений, в том числе на 447 га зафиксирован сплошной ветровал и бурелом. Поврежденные ветром еловые насаждения интенсивно заселяются насекомыми-вредителями, в частно- сти короедом-типографом (Ips typographus L.), что нередко приводит к гибели древостоев. Оперативное проведение лесопатологических обследований и санитарно-оздоровительных мероприя- тий (выборочные и сплошные санитарные рубки) позволило избежать экологической катастрофы и мини- мизировать нанесенный стихийными бедствиями ущерб. На участках сплошных санитарных рубок были проведены лесовосстановительные мероприятия. При этом за период с 2012 по 2019 гг. на 17 % площади сплошных санитарных рубок были созданы лесные культуры, а на 77 % проведены мероприятия по содей- ствию естественному лесовозобновлению.
Интенсивное зарастание вырубок мягколиственными породами вызывает необходимость проведения систематических рубок ухода с целью предотвращения нежелательной смены коренных еловых насажде- ний на производные мягколиственные.

Based on the materials of forest pathology surveys and other departmental materials of the totem forestry of the Vologda region, the volumes of sanitary and health measures for the period from 2008 to 2019 were analyzed. It is established that the increased loss of trees and even the death of stands are caused by a number of natural factors.The main ones are Gale-force winds, forest ﬁ res, and rising ground water levels. In particular, in 2010, storm winds damaged more than 15 thousand hectares of forest stands, including 447 hectares recorded continuous wind and windfall. Wind-damaged spruce stands are intensively populated by insect pests, in particular the bark beetle (Ips typographus L.), which often leads to the death of stands. Prompt forest pathology surveys and sanitary and health measures (selective and continuous sanitary logging) allowed avoiding environmental disasters and minimizing the damage caused by natural disasters. Reforestation activities were carried out on the areas of continuous sanitary logging. At the same time, 17 % of the area of continuous sanitary logging was created by forest crops, and 77 % of the activities were carried out to promote natural reforestation. Intensive overgrowth of cuttings with soft-leaved species makes it necessary to carry out systematic logging in order to prevent undesirable change of native spruce stands to soft-leaved derivatives.
Determination of Some Air Pollutants andMeteorological Parameters in Abattoir, NTAK INYANG in UYO L.G.A of AKWA IBOM State in Nigeria
Authors: A. E Jonah,
Published: January 2021

The determination of air pollutants in Abattoir, Ntak Inyang in Uyo L.G.A was carried out using standard analytical techniques. The pollutants monitored were NO2, SO2, H2S, CO, NH3, Cl2, TVOC, CH2O, PM2.5, PM10, Temp, Relative humidity (RH), Pressure and Wind Speed (WS). The results for the concentration of air pollutant and their Air Quality Index (AQI) reveals as follows NO2(1.36 ± 0.32(ppm), AQ1=1360). SO2(2.44 ± 1.98(ppm), AQ1=488). H2S (3.38 ± 1940(ppm), AQ1=19450). CO (1.79±1.61(ppm), AQ1=334). NH3(7.8±2.26(ppm), AQ1=156). Cl2(1.47± 1.29(ppm), AQ1= 147). HCN (11.56±7.93(mg/m3), AQ1=115,600). TVOC (164±0.46(mg/m3), AQ1=328). CH2O (0.23±0.12(mg/m3), AQ1=0.276). PM2.5(43.2±0.95(μg/m3), AQ1=172.8). PM10(74.8±1.15(μg/m3), AQ1=149.6). Temp (27.5±4.6oC). Relative humidity (RH) (74.6 ± 4.6%), Press (1006.7±0.84(kpa). W.S (1.56±0(m/s)). The result showed that NO2, SO2, H2S, CO, NH3, Cl2, HCN, TVOC, PM2.5and PM10were higher than that of FEPA standard limit. The correlation analysis revealed that NO2shows positive relationship with H2S, and W.S at 0.05 significant level and negatively with Cl2and Press at 0.01 significant level, and negatively with PM2.5and PM10 at 0.05 significant level. SO2correlated positively with CO at 0.01 significant level, TVOC and CH2O at 0.05 significant level. SO2-NH3at 0.05 significant level but negatively. H2S shows a relationship with Temp but positively at 0.01 significant leveland 0.05 significant level with HCN, H2S also correlated negatively with NH3and Press at 0.01 significant level. While CO shows a correlation with NH3at 0.05 significant level but negatively. NH3-RH positively at 0.01 significant, NH3-Press at 0.05 significant level. Also, NH3shows a negative relationship with TVOC, CH2O and Temp at 0.05 significant level. Cl2correlated strongly but positively with Press at 0.01significant level, Cl2-PM2.5and PM10at 0.05 significant level and a negative relationship with W.S at 0.05 significant level. HCN-WS negatively at a 0.05 significant level. TVOC correlated positively with CH2O and negatively with RH at 0.01 significant level, and a positive relationship with PM2.5and PM10at 0.05 significant level. CH2O correlated negatively with RH at 0.01 significant level and positively with PM2.5and PM10at 0.05 significant level. PM2.5 shows a positively relationship with PM10at 0.01 significant level. This result in an indication of the presence of possible air pollutants in the of the study area which may results in many health problems.
Mathematics as an Assessment Tool for the Development of Students’ Entrepreneurial Skills in Senior Secondary Schools in Benue State
Authors: Jacob. Tertsea Akaazua, , Grace Wandoo Akuto,
Published: January 2021

This paperexamined the level of Mathematics as an assessment tool for thedevelopmentof students’ entrepreneurial skillsinSenior Secondary Schools in Benue Sate. The populationof the study consisted of all Senior Secondary School two students in Benue State.The total sample of this study was 208 students drawn using Krejcie & Morgan (1970) table for determining sample size. The instrument used for data collection was a structuredquestionnaire which contains 22items. A survey research design was used for the study. Tworesearch questions were asked and two hypotheses were formulated to guidethe study. The research questions were answered usingmeanand standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using chi-squarestatistical tool. The findings of this study indicated that Mathematics has really been the brain behind every entrepreneurial skillin Nigeria. One of the recommendations made wasthat, students’should imbibe the spirit of doing-it-yourself which will in turn produce the needed skills for entrepreneurships.
Strengthening the U.S. AI Workforce
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Zwetsloot Remco , Heston Roxanne , Arnold Zachary
Published: January 2021

A sustained talent shortage could undermine U.S. strength in artificial intelligence; current immigration policies would make it worse. Read our recommendations for bolstering U.S. leadership in AI research and practice.
China AI-Brain Research: Brain-Inspired AI, Connectomics, Brain-Computer Interfaces
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Hannas William , Chang Huey-Meei , Aiken Catherine , Chou Daniel , Wang Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Since 2016, China has engaged in a nationwide effort to "merge" AI and neuroscience research as a major part of its next-generation AI development program. This report explores China’s AI-brain program — identifying key players and organizations and recommending the creation of an open source S&T monitoring capability within the U.S. government.
The Chipmakers: U.S. Strengths and Priorities for the High-End Semiconductor Workforce
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Hunt Will , Zwetsloot Remco
Published: January 2021

Technical leadership in the semiconductor industry has been a cornerstone of U.S. military and economic power for decades, but continued competitiveness is not guaranteed. This issue brief exploring the composition of the workforce bolstering U.S. leadership in the semiconductor industry concludes that immigration restrictions are directly at odds with U.S. efforts to secure its supply chains.
China’s Access to Foreign AI Technology
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Hannas William , Chang Huey-Meei
Published: January 2021

China is broadening its deeply rooted technology transfer practices to include artificial intelligence. As these efforts bear fruit, we discuss how the United States can and should respond.
Diagnóstico ambiental de las áreas degradadas por la actividad minera en el municipio de Atrato, Chocó
Authors: Vargas Porras Lady , Quesada Zoraida , Ramirez Giovanny , Valoyes Zulmary
Published: January 2021

El municipio de Atrato cuenta con numerosas áreas de explotación minera activas y abandonadas, siendo esta actividad practicada habitualmente por foráneos en condiciones de ilegalidad. Esta situación ha generado que en la actualidad muchas de las minas activas no reciban seguimiento por parte de las autoridades competentes, lo que impide un manejo ambiental adecuado dentro del proceso productivo, causando el deterioro total de paisajes, ecosistemas y fuentes hídricas. Este estudio pretendió realizar un diagnóstico ambiental en las áreas degradadas producto de esta actividad, para lo cual se priorizó un área mediante ponderación de criterios como ubicación, extensión, cobertura vegetal y disponibilidad de agua. En esta área se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos en muestras de agua y suelo, así como muestreos de vegetación y fauna. El diagnóstico ambiental generalizado permitió concluir que la minería genera grandes áreas deforestadas que traen consigo la emigración de especies de fauna y extinción de especies florísticas, así como la sedimentación y desviación de los cuerpos de agua utilizados en la actividad. El estudio permitió además consolidar información que sirve como base para el diseño posterior de soluciones que se ajusten a las condi- ciones medioambientales actuales de las áreas degradadas en éste y otros puntos de la región.
Concepciones socioculturales y económicas de las ciénagas de Beté (Chocó, Colombia)
Authors: Lozano Luz América
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo es un esfuerzo que incluye un análisis socio-cultural de las comunidades negras asentadas en la zona media del río Atrato, con el que se pretende mostrar una de las grandes riquezas que posee el Chocó biogeográfico: las ciénagas, en cuyo entorno los habitantes del municipio del Medio Atrato aprovechan los recursos invaluables que poseen y desarrollan procesos culturales que permiten sustentar su historia y proyectar su futuro. Mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas se determinaron los modelos socio-culturales de quienes desarrollan distintas actividades alrededor de estos nichos ecológicos y soportan también un proceso de convivencia equilibrada con su entorno. Se presenta información que analiza las vivencias, costumbres, cultura y econo- mía de la población asentada en Beté y se hace una aproximación a la cosmovisión de su entorno, para lograr una base estructural que sirva como un punto de partida en el inventario de recursos que posee este Departamento y en la relación con sus habitantes.
Editorial
Authors: Braham William Klinger
Published: January 2021

El conocimiento tradicional constituye el saber culturalmente compartido y común a todos los miembros que pertenecen a una misma comunidad, este no sólo define la formade aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales para la satisfacción de sus necesidades, sino que también contribuye a la conservación de los mis- mos. De ahí que sea de gran importancia en la actualidad el estudio y la documentación de los patrones de uso tradicional desarrollados por las etnias que habitan el Chocó Biogeográfico.

Por esta razón, la revista Bioetnia aborda en esta ocasión el conocimiento tradicional desde diferentes perspectivas, inicialmente analizando la forma de aprovechamiento de especies de fauna como el perico blanco, el perico colorado yloscerdosdemonteenelChocóyasuvez determinando cómo este uso tradicional afecta las características generales y la abundancia de dichas especies en los ecosistemas.
Diversidad de las algas y los macroinvertebrados y su relación con la productividad trófica de la ciénaga Grande de Beté, Medio Atrato, Chocó
Authors: Cuesta Londoño Yairton , Hurtado Arelys , Ramirez Moreno Giovanny
Published: January 2021

La Grande de Beté se concibe, como flujos energéticos representados en interacciones de organismos acuáticos que habitan diferentes estratos de la columna de agua. Pese a la importancia que tienen las algas como productores de primer orden y los macroinvertebrados como descomponedores y transfor- madores de materia orgánica, existen vacíos de información alrededor del conocimiento etológico, ecológico y productivo. Con esta contribución, se pretende aportar al conocimiento de la dinámica trófica de la Grande, tomando como base los indicadores ecológicos, la diversidad y composición de las algas y macroinvertebrados, y su relación con la calidad del agua para la vida silvestre, usando los índices de Margalef, Shonnon, Simpson y BMWP. La comunidad de algas de la zona limnética y el espejo de agua de la Grande, estuvo representada por cuatro divisiones y 31 especies, siendo la Chlorophyta la de mayor abundancia con 11 especies. Los macroinvertebrados acuáticos presentes en las macrófitas se representaron por nueve órdenes, 15 familias y 17 géneros, para un total de 381 individuos, donde el orden más representativo en número de individuos fue el Glossiphoniformes con 131 individuos. A nivel trófico las algas y los macroinvertebrados juegan un papel importante en la producción primaria de la ciénaga Grande de Beté, que se ve soportado por las altas abundancias y la gran diversidad, que permite a este ecosistema tener una oferta de recursos permanentes, y define el establecimiento de una gran variedad de vida, clave para el mantenimiento y subsistencia de peces, aves y demás grupos que ocurren allí.
Linking rain into ice microphysics across the melting layer in stratiform rain: a closure study
Authors: Mróz Kamil , Battaglia Alessandro , Kneifel Stefan , von Terzi Leonie , Karrer Markus , Ori Davide
Published: January 2021

Abstract. This study investigates the link between rain and ice microphysics across the melting layer in stratiform rain systems using measurements from vertically pointing multi-frequency Doppler radars.
A novel methodology to examine the variability of the precipitation rate and the mass-weighted melted diameter (Dm) across the melting region is proposed and applied to a 6 h long case study, observed during the TRIPEx-pol field campaign at the Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution Core Facility and covering a gamut of ice microphysical processes.
The methodology is based on an optimal estimation (OE) retrieval of particle size distributions (PSDs) and dynamics (turbulence and vertical motions) from observed multi-frequency radar Doppler spectra applied both above and below the melting layer.
First, the retrieval is applied in the rain region; based on a one-to-one conversion of raindrops into snowflakes, the retrieved drop size distributions (DSDs) are propagated upward to provide the mass-flux-preserving PSDs of snow. These ice PSDs are used to simulate radar reflectivities above the melting layer for different snow models and they are evaluated for a consistency with the actual radar measurements.
Second, the OE snow retrieval where Doppler spectra are simulated based on different snow models, which consistently compute fall speeds and electromagnetic properties, is performed. The results corresponding to the best-matching models are then used to estimate snow fluxes and Dm, which are directly compared to the corresponding rain quantities.
For the case study, the total accumulation of rain (2.30 mm) and the melted equivalent accumulation of snow (1.93 mm) show a 19 % difference. The analysis suggests that the mass flux through the melting zone is well preserved except the periods of intense riming where the precipitation rates were higher in rain than in the ice above. This is potentially due to additional condensation within the melting zone in correspondence to high relative humidity and collision and coalescence with the cloud droplets whose occurrence is ubiquitous with riming.
It is shown that the mean mass-weighted diameter of ice is strongly related to the characteristic size of the underlying rain except the period of extreme aggregation where breakup of melting snowflakes significantly reduces Dm.
The proposed methodology can be applied to long-term observations to advance our knowledge of the processes occurring across the melting region; this can then be used to improve assumptions underpinning spaceborne radar precipitation retrievals.
Performance of BDS B1 frequency standard point positioning
during the main phase of different classes of geomagnetic storms in
China and its surrounding area
Authors: Xue Junchen , Veettil Sreeja Vadakke , Aquino Marcio , Hu Xiaogong , Quan Lin , Liu Dun
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Geomagnetic storms are one of the space weather events. The radio signals transmitted by modern navigation systems suffer from the effects of storms which can degrade the performance of the whole system. In this study, the performance of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) B1 frequency standard point positioning in China and its surrounding area during different classes of storms is investigated for the first time. The analysis of the results revealed that BDS B1 frequency standard point positioning accuracy was deteriorated during the storms. The probability of the extrema in the statistics of positioning errors during strong storms is the largest, followed by moderate and weak storms. The positioning accuracy for storms of a similar class is found not to be at the same level. The root mean square error (RMSE) in position for the different classes of storms could be at least tens of centimeters in the East, North and Up directions.
FALL3D-8.0: a computational model for atmospheric transport and deposition of particles, aerosols and radionuclides – Part 2: Model validation
Authors: Prata Andrew T. , Mingari Leonardo , Folch Arnau , Macedonio Giovanni , Costa Antonio
Published: January 2021

Abstract. This paper presents model validation results for the latest version release of the FALL3D atmospheric transport model. The code has been redesigned from scratch to incorporate different categories of species and to overcome legacy issues that precluded its preparation towards extreme-scale computing. The model validation is based on the new FALL3D-8.0 test suite, which comprises a set of four real case studies that encapsulate the major features of the model; namely, the simulation of long-range fine volcanic ash dispersal, volcanic SO2 dispersal, tephra fallout deposits and the dispersal and deposition of radionuclides. The first two test suite cases (i.e. the June 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle ash cloud and the June 2019 Raikoke SO2 cloud) are validated against geostationary satellite retrievals and demonstrate the new FALL3D data insertion scheme. The metrics used to validate the volcanic ash and SO2 simulations are the structure, amplitude and location (SAL) metric and the figure of merit in space (FMS). The other two test suite cases (i.e. the February 2013 Mt. Etna ash cloud and associated tephra fallout deposit, and the dispersal of radionuclides resulting from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident) are validated with scattered ground-based observations of deposit load and local particle grain size distributions and with measurements from the Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring database. For validation of tephra deposit loads and radionuclides, we use two variants of the normalised root-mean-square error metric. We find that FALL3D-8.0 simulations initialised with data insertion consistently improve agreement with satellite retrievals at all lead times up to 48 h for both volcanic ash and SO2 simulations. In general, SAL scores lower than 1.5 and FMS scores greater than 0.40 indicate acceptable agreement with satellite retrievals of volcanic ash and SO2. In addition, we show very good agreement, across several orders of magnitude, between the model and observations for the 2013 Mt. Etna and 1986 Chernobyl case studies. Our results, along with the validation datasets provided in the publicly available test suite, form the basis for future improvements to FALL3D (version 8 or later) and also allow for model intercomparison studies.
Implementation of sequential cropping into JULESvn5.2 land-surface model
Authors: Mathison Camilla , Challinor Andrew J. , Deva Chetan , Falloon Pete , Garrigues Sébastien , Moulin Sophie , Williams Karina , Wiltshire Andy
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Land-surface models (LSMs) typically simulate a single crop per year in a field or location. However, actual cropping systems are characterized by a succession of distinct crop cycles that are sometimes interspersed with long periods of bare soil. Sequential cropping (also known as multiple or double cropping) is particularly common in tropical regions, where the crop seasons are largely dictated by the main wet season. In this paper, we implement sequential cropping in a branch of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) and demonstrate its use at sites in France and India. We simulate all the crops grown within a year in a field or location in a seamless way to understand how sequential cropping influences the surface fluxes of a land-surface model. We evaluate JULES with sequential cropping in Avignon, France, providing over 15 years of continuous flux observations (a point simulation). We apply JULES with sequential cropping to simulate the rice–wheat rotation in a regional 25 km resolution gridded simulation for the northern Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and four single-grid-box simulations across these states, where each simulation is a 25 km grid box. The inclusion of a secondary crop in JULES using the sequential cropping method presented does not change the crop growth or development of the primary crop. During the secondary crop growing period, the carbon and energy fluxes for Avignon and India are modified; they are largely unchanged for the primary crop growing period. For India, the inclusion of a secondary crop using this sequential cropping method affects the available soil moisture in the top 1.0 m throughout the year, with larger fluctuations in sequential crops compared with single-crop simulations even outside the secondary crop growing period. JULES simulates sequential cropping in Avignon, the four India locations and the regional run, representing both crops within one growing season in each of the crop rotations presented. This development is a step forward in the ability of JULES to simulate crops in tropical regions where this cropping system is already prevalent. It also provides the opportunity to assess the potential for other regions to implement sequential cropping as an adaptation to climate change.
Improving dust simulations in WRF-Chem v4.1.3 coupled with the GOCART aerosol module
Authors: Ukhov Alexander , Ahmadov Ravan , Grell Georg , Stenchikov Georgiy
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In this paper, we rectify inconsistencies that emerge in the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) v3.2 code when using the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module. These inconsistencies have been reported, and corrections have been implemented in WRF-Chem v4.1.3. Here, we use a WRF-Chem experimental setup configured over the Middle East (ME) to estimate the effects of these inconsistencies. Firstly, we show that the old version underestimates the PM2.5 diagnostic output by 7 % and overestimates PM10 by 5 % in comparison with the corrected one. Secondly, we demonstrate that submicron dust particles' contribution was incorrectly accounted for in the calculation of optical properties. Therefore, aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the old version was 25 %–30 % less than in the corrected one. Thirdly, we show that the gravitational settling procedure, in comparison with the corrected version, caused higher dust column loadings by 4 %–6 %, PM10 surface concentrations by 2 %–4 %, and mass of the gravitationally settled dust by 5 %–10 %. The cumulative effect of the found inconsistencies led to the significantly higher dust content in the atmosphere in comparison with the corrected WRF-Chem version. Our results explain why in many WRF-Chem simulations PM10 concentrations were exaggerated. We present the methodology for calculating diagnostics we used to estimate the impacts of introduced code modifications. We share the developed Merra2BC interpolator, which allows processing Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) output for constructing initial and boundary conditions for chemical species and aerosols.
Structural polymorphism and substrate promiscuity of a ribosome-associated molecular chaperone
Authors: Huang Chih-Ting , Lai Yei-Chen , Chen Szu-Yun , Ho Meng-Ru , Chiang Yun-Wei , Hsu Shang-Te Danny
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Trigger factor (TF) is a highly conserved multi-domain molecular chaperone that exerts its chaperone activity at the ribosomal tunnel exit from which newly synthesized nascent chains emerge. TF also displays promiscuous substrate binding for a large number of cytosolic proteins independent of ribosome binding. We asked how TF recognizes a variety of substrates while existing in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. Paramagnetic NMR, electron spin resonance spectroscopy and chemical crosslink show that dimeric TF displays a high degree of structural polymorphism in solution. A series of peptides has been generated to quantify their TF binding affinities in relation with their sequence compositions. The results confirmed a previous predication that TF preferentially binds to peptide fragments that are rich in aromatic and positively charged amino acids. NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement analysis showed that TF utilizes multiple binding sites, located in the chaperone domain and part of the prolyl trans/cis isomerisation domain, to interact with these peptides. Dimerization of TF effectively sequesters most of substrate binding sites, which are expected to become accessible upon binding to the ribosome as a monomer. As TF lacks ATPase activity, which is commonly used to trigger conformational changes within molecular chaperones in action, the ribosome-binding-associated disassembly and conformational rearrangements may be the underlying regulatory mechanism of its chaperone activity.
Are Kenya Meteorological Department heavy rainfall advisories useful for forecast-based early action and early preparedness for flooding?
Authors: MacLeod David , Kilavi Mary , Mwangi Emmah , Ambani Maurine , Osunga Michael , Robbins Joanne , Graham Richard , Rowhani Pedram , Todd Martin C.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Preparedness saves lives. Forecasts can help improve preparedness by
triggering early actions as part of pre-defined protocols under the
Forecast-based Financing (FbF) approach; however it is essential to
understand the skill of a forecast before using it as a trigger. In order to support the development of early-action protocols over Kenya, we evaluate the 33 heavy rainfall advisories (HRAs) issued by the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) during 2015–2019. The majority of HRAs warn counties which subsequently receive heavy rainfall within the forecast window. We also find a significant improvement in the advisory ability to anticipate flood events over time, with particularly high levels of skill in recent years. For instance actions with a 2-week lifetime based on advisories issued in 2015 and 2016 would have failed to anticipate nearly all recorded flood events in that period, whilst actions in 2019 would have anticipated over 70 % of the instances of flooding at the county level. When compared against the most significant flood events over the period which led to significant loss of life, all three such periods during 2018 and 2019 were preceded by HRAs, and in these cases the advisories accurately warned the specific counties for which significant impacts were recorded. By contrast none of the four significant flooding events in 2015–2017 were preceded by advisories. This step change in skill may be due to developing forecaster experience with synoptic patterns associated with extremes as well as access to new dynamical prediction tools that specifically address extreme event probability; for example, KMD access to the UK Met Office Global Hazard Map
was introduced at the end of 2017. Overall we find that KMD HRAs effectively warn of heavy rainfall and flooding and can be a vital source of information for early preparedness. However a lack of spatial detail on flood impacts and broad probability ranges limit their utility for systematic FbF approaches. We conclude with suggestions for making the HRAs more useful for FbF and outline the developing approach to flood forecasting in Kenya.
Distribution, microphysical properties, and tectonic controls of deformation bands in the Miocene subduction wedge (Whakataki Formation) of the Hikurangi subduction zone
Authors: Elphick Kathryn E. , Sloss Craig R. , Regenauer-Lieb Klaus , Schrank Christoph E.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We analyse deformation bands related to horizontal contraction with an
intermittent period of horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the
Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New
Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, three sets of cataclastic deformation
bands are identified: (1) normal-sense compactional shear bands (CSBs), (2) reverse-sense CSBs, and (3) reverse-sense shear-enhanced compaction bands
(SECBs). During extension, CSBs are associated with normal faults. When
propagating through clay-rich interbeds, extensional bands are characterised
by clay smear and grain size reduction. During contraction,
sandstone-dominated sequences host SECBs, and rare CSBs, that are generally
distributed in pervasive patterns. A quantitative spacing analysis shows
that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of
deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to
progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation
bands from different deformation phases. As many deformation bands are
parallel to adjacent juvenile normal faults and reverse faults, bands are likely
precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of
distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form
through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-,
tip-, and interaction-damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting
in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively
distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that
all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing
with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 %
and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers.
Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of 9 m on
the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas
characterised by higher mudstone-to-sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive
clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of
faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to
progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of 9 m down to
about 10 cm – the typical spacing of distributed, regularly spaced
deformation bands.
High-resolution inventory to capture glacier disintegration in the
Austrian Silvretta
Authors: Fischer Andrea , Seiser Bernd , Helfricht Kay , Stocker-Waldhuber Martin
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Eastern Alpine glaciers have been receding since the LIA maximum, but the majority of glacier margins could be delineated unambiguously for the last Austrian glacier inventories. Even debris-covered termini, changes in slope, colour or the position of englacial streams enabled at least an in situ survey of glacier outlines. Today the outlines of totally debris-covered glacier ice are fuzzy and raise the theoretical discussion if these glaciogenic features are still glaciers and should be part of the respective inventory – or part of an inventory of transient cryogenic landforms. A new high-resolution glacier inventory (area and surface elevation) was compiled for the years 2017 and 2018 to quantify glacier changes for the Austrian Silvretta region in full. Glacier outlines were mapped manually, based on orthophotos and elevation models and patterns of volume change of 1 to 0.5 m spatial resolution. The vertical accuracy of the DEMs generated from 6 to 8 LiDAR points per m2 is in the order of centimetres. calculated in relation to the previous inventories dating from 2004/2006 (LiDAR), 2002, 1969 (photogrammetry) and to the Little Ice Age maximum extent (moraines). Between 2004/06 and 2017/2018, the 46 glaciers of the Austrian Silvretta lost −29 ± 4 % of their area and now cover 13.1 ± 0.4 km2. This is only 32 ± 2 % of their LIA extent of 40.9 ± 4.1 km2. The area change rate increased from −0.6 %/year (1969–2002) to −2.4 %/year (2004/06–2017/18). The annual geodetic mass balance showed a loss increasing from −0.2 ± 0.1 m w.e./year (1969–2002) to –0.8 m ±0.1 w.e./year (2004/06–2017/18) with an interim peak in 2002–2004/06 at −1.5 ± 0.7 m w.e./year. Identifying the glacier outlines offers a wide range of possible interpretations of former glaciers that have evolved into small and now totally debris-covered cryogenic geomorphological structures. Only the patterns and amounts of volume changes allow us to estimate the area of the buried glacier remnants. To keep track of the buried ice and its fate, and to distinguish increasing debris cover from ice loss, we recommend inventory repeat frequencies of three to five years and surface elevation data with a spatial resolution of one metre.