bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lying and Self-Deception
Authors: Beier Kathi
Published: December 2018

Given the definitions of lying and self-deception, it would be wrong to understand self-deception as lying to oneself. It seems, however, that any definition of self-deception gives rise to two paradoxes. According to the ‘static paradox’, self-deception involves believing ‘p and not-p’ at the same time. According to the ‘dynamic paradox’, self-deception involves the intention to deceive oneself. If both claims were true, self-deception would seem to be impossible. ‘Divisionists’ try to solve the first paradox by arguing that the human mind is divided into several subsystems such that the self-deceiver consciously believes that p while unconsciously believing that not-p. ‘Non-intentionalists’ try to solve the second paradox by arguing that self-deception is based on a ‘motivational bias’. Since both explanations fall short of accounting for the blameworthiness of self-deception, a third approach examines the phenomenon from the perspective of virtue theory, claiming that self-deceivers have not yet succeeded in developing the virtue of accuracy.
Knowledge Lies and Group Lies
Authors: Staffel Julia
Published: December 2018

This chapter is about two kinds of lies, knowledge lies and group lies, which are considered to be interestingly different from typical lies. Typically, lies are told by an individual, and they are intended to convince their addressee of a false claim. By contrast, in telling a knowledge lie, the liar does not intend to deceive the addressee into believing a false claim. Instead, the liar intends to prevent the addressees from knowing, but not necessarily from believing, some true claim. Group lies are lies that are told by a group, such as a company, a government, or your knitting circle. Group lies are unlike typical lies, because they are not straightforwardly related to lies told by individuals who are members of the lying group. For each type of lie, I give a more rigorous characterization, then discuss why this kind of lie deserves special philosophical attention, and lastly provide some critical discussion of the accounts of each type of lie that have been proposed in the philosophical literature.
Bullshitting
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an overview of reactions to Harry Frankfurt’s influential theory of bullshitting, addressing the four main features he ascribes to it, and considers some alternatives to Frankfurt’s account. Among others, issues raised by Thomas Carson and G. A. Cohen are examined in the discussion. A proposal to characterize bullshitting in terms of Gricean maxims is discussed, and it is argued that these views fail to capture the full range of cases. Here, works by Stokke and Don Fallis are cited. An alternative view that analyzes bullshitting in terms of the speaker’s attitudes toward the communal project of inquiry is canvassed, and the chapter ends by discussing the relation between bullshitting and lying.
Lying and Quotation
Authors: McGlone Matthew , Baryshevtsev Max
Published: December 2018

Deception is usually conceived in terms of false statements, but it can also occur when someone’s words are accurately, albeit selectively, quoted out of context. Our chapter discusses the phenomenon of “contextomy” and its effect on impression formation and attitude change. Quotations can be altered, usually by the removal of certain phrases from their original verbal context, to prompt interpretations that contrast with what the source intended. Those exposed to the altered quote may form erroneous impressions that are resistant to change, even when the original context is restored. Cases of contextomy in various communication contexts are described and analyzed.
Lying, Irony, and Default Interpretation
Authors: Giora Rachel
Published: December 2018

Is sarcasm associable with lying? It could be, if we were considering only nondefault, context-based affirmative sarcasm (e.g., he is the smartest person around, said of a person who is an idiot). Indeed, there is plenty of evidence showing that affirmative sarcasm involves a two-stage process, whereby the first phase is initially misleading, involving its default, often literal interpretation in the process (‘he is very smart’). In this sense, affirmative sarcasm resembles lying. However, default negative sarcasm (He is not the smartest person around), whether in or out of context, is interpreted sarcastically directly (Giora, Drucker, Fein, and Mendelson 2015), and hence dissociable from lying. Experimental and corpus-based evidence is provided (Giora, Drucker, and Fein 2014; Giora, Raphaely, Fein, and Livnat 2014), attesting to the indirect processing of affirmative sarcasm and the direct processing of negative sarcasm.
Lying and Politeness
Authors: Terkourafi Marina
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents a brief overview of different types of lying behavior in relation to politeness and face-threat/face-enhancement. Although white (or prosocial) lies are most frequently discussed in this respect, a variety of behaviors, ranging from withholding information to outright malicious stating of falsehood, are also discussed. An important distinction is drawn between white lies and real lies, whereby the former’s politeness lies in one’s willingness to say something untrue even though it may (but need not) be transparent to all that one does not mean it. This paves the way for analyzing white lies as a socially constituted type of speech act, unlike real lies, which cannot be so analyzed. A crucial claim made in this chapter is that the same behavior can have contrary connotations for different participants or in different contexts, making the association between lying and im/politeness context-dependent through and through.
Contemporary Approaches to the Philosophy of Lying
Authors: Mahon James Edwin
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the work of philosophers on the subject of lying over the last fifty years. In particular, it deals with the work of Roderick Chisholm and Thomas Feehan, Charles Fried, David Simpson, Bernard Williams, Thomas Carson, Roy Sorensen, Don Fallis, Andreas Stokke, and Terence Cuneo. It focuses on their answers to, first, the analytical questions of how lying is to be defined and whether lying involves an intent to deceive, and second, the moral questions of why lying is morally wrong and whether lying is morally worse than other forms of deception. Although their answers to these questions are closely related, it treats them separately. The overall conclusion is that there is much disagreement about the correct answers.
Lying in Economics
Authors: Serra-Garcia Marta
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a review of the literature on deception in the field of economics. Until recently, the standard assumption in economics was that individuals would lie whenever there was a material incentive to do so. Recent work in behavioral economics and psychology has shown that this assumption is wrong. In fact, many will not lie, even if there is a large monetary incentive to do so. This chapter begins with a review of studies that measure individuals’ aversion to lying, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different methodologies. Thereafter, there is an overview of studies examining factors that influence lying, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of future potential venues of research on deception.
Lying and Education
Authors: Kelly Anita E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses a number of issues related to the relation between lying and education. It argues that there is a historical shift from education being seen as the pursuit of truth for its own sake, to a mere means of obtaining status, influence, and/or employment. The latter development seems to be connected with an increase in student lying and academic dishonesty. The chapter describes this historical shift, efforts in higher education to contain the academic dishonesty, and developmental changes in children that allow them to become effective liars. Moreover, the chapter reviews education theories, practices, and definitions of lying, and concludes with a brief proposal for a new didactic solution to lying.
Lying and Deception in Politics
Authors: Robinson Piers , Miller David , Herring Eric , Bakir Vian
Published: December 2018

The arts of lying and deception are perennials of politics, having been used and debated throughout history and in the contemporary era. Indeed, for those sceptical of democracy, deception is understood as a necessary and justifiable part of politics. For example, elitists argue that people need to sometimes be deceived by an enlightened elite whilst, for realists, the circumstances of international politics frequently demand deception by leaders. In contrast, democrats argue that political deception is corrosive to good, democratic governance other than in exceptional circumstances. Locating strategies of deception within an understanding of organized political communication (OPC) including propaganda extends our grasp and understanding of how lying and deception have become central to the exercise of power, even within contemporary liberal democracies. Today, enormous resources are devoted towards shaping the ‘information environment’ and OPC frequently employs deception, whether by lying, omission, distortion, or misdirection. Further research and theorizing are necessary in order to better understand the reach of various forms of deceptive OPC such as propaganda and their role in the exercise of power, when these strategies might or might not be justified, and the consequences for the health of democracy.
Psycholinguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception
Authors: Bott Lewis , Williams Emma
Published: December 2018

Lying involves producing an utterance, just like telling the truth, but there are differences between how people produce a lie and how they produce a truth. Here we discuss those differences from a psycholinguistic perspective. We start by introducing a psycholinguistic model of language production. We then discuss the evidence that the production process is altered when people lie, and identify areas that have not yet been tested but hold promise. The topics we discuss include the suppression process, lie construction, perspective taking, and how lying taps central resources. We conclude by highlighting the benefits to deception researchers of understanding the truthful production process and the benefits to psycholinguists of understanding how people lie.
Magic
Authors: Czachesz István
Published: December 2018

This chapter outlines an analytical concept of magic and considers how it contributes to our understanding of early Christian rituals. The first section addresses the problematic history of the academic study of magic. The second section proposes a heuristic definition of magic in the context of a cognitive and behavioural approach to religion. The chapter then discusses the role of associative learning in magic, particularly in so-called superstitious conditioning. The fourth section deals with explanatory strategies, arguing that implicit, cognitive mechanisms that support magic (such as moral contagion and confirmation bias) tend to be cross-culturally consistent. Explicit theorizing about magic (such as the ancient concept of magical helpers) is more varied across cultures. Finally, the chapter turns to the relationship between magical practices and miracle stories and addresses the role of magic and miracle in the success of the early Christian movement.
Purification
Authors: Kazen Thomas
Published: December 2018

Ritual purity was a major goal of cultic activities in the Mediterranean world, but in a number of contexts, purity was also considered a desirable condition regardless of cultic participation. This chapter discusses the concept of purity and purification from phenomenological, linguistic, and ritual perspectives. Attention is given to the variegated use of purity terminology and to the use of cognitive metaphor and conceptual blending theories to understand and explain the broad and common usage of purity-related language in various domains. The chapter surveys and analyses a limited selection of purification rites from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Israel, Greece, and Rome. This is done both with a view to historical development, influence, and interaction, and with the help of theorizing on ritual efficacy and social effects of purity codes. Particular attention is given to purifications with water, especially in Second Temple Judaism, as these are crucial to the further development of water rites in emerging Christianity.
Pilgrimage and Festivals
Authors: Feldt Laura
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses key theoretical approaches to pilgrimage and festivals and surveys the most prominent types in the ancient Mediterranean ritual world. The first section discusses the cross-disciplinary, definitional problems and argues in favour of broad concepts as a sine qua non for cross-cultural discussion and comparison. It outlines key approaches from the 1970s until today, reflects on comparable cultural practices, and suggests directions for theoretical development from the aesthetics of religion, spatiality theory, cognitive theory, and theories of fantastic narratives. The second section surveys key forms of pilgrimage and festivals from the ancient Near East and the Graeco-Roman world, and turns to Hebrew Bible and Jewish forms of pilgrimage and festivals. Finally, the chapter discusses early Christian types of pilgrimage from travel to places associated with the life of Christ, to travel to living saints and ascetics, and to relics, icons and images. For each area, the chapter touches upon categorization and the types of sources available.
Water Ritual
Authors: DeMaris Richard E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on obvious, tangible, and social features of baptism and places them in the context of culturally important water rites, namely, Roman bathing practices and the use of miqva’ot or stepped water installations in Hellenistic and Roman Palestine. In this context, the prominence of a water rite in emergent Christianity signalled accommodation to Roman culture. At the same time, restricting baptism to a one-time event (versus daily Roman bathing) expressed resistance to Roman hegemony. The rite inverted Roman practice. Besides employing water, two other obvious features of baptism are these: baptism marked the crossing of a boundary, and it was administered. Baptism enabled both entry into the circle of Christ-followers and entry into the spirit world or an alternate state of conscious (ASC), described in the sources as receipt of the Holy Spirit. The baptizand’s place in the community was established by who conducted the baptism; the administrator and recipient formed a parent-child kinship tie.
Meal Practices
Authors: Kaše Vojtěch
Published: December 2018

During the first two centuries of their history, Christians experimented extensively with what they called their meals, what they did during them, and where, when, how often, and with whom they conducted them. As a result of this process, these meals became significantly ritualized. Despite the scarcity of evidence regarding these meals, the chapter shows that adopting recent cognitive theories of ritualized behaviour, ritual efficacy, and ritual competence allows us to identify certain developmental trajectories in this process. The chapter presents a theoretically grounded overview of the most relevant sources. Since the focus is specifically on the ritualization of these meals from a cognitive perspective, their social function is not considered.
Ritual and Early Christian Art
Authors: Jensen Robin M.
Published: December 2018

Extant examples of early Christian art allow scholars to evaluate the relationship between ceremonial actions and the decor of the physical environment in which they transpired. Wall paintings in tomb chambers, relief carvings on sarcophagi, floor and wall mosaics, and other embellished objects were not simply didactic or indiscriminate decorative schemes, they depicted, enhanced, and interpreted the activities that were enacted in their presence. In such places, viewers were also participants, and thus the images they saw contributed a core part of their sensory perception of as well as a reflection upon the ritual’s purpose and meaning. This chapter considers the different ways that visual art in ritual spaces sometimes represents elements of certain early Christian practices as well as other instances in which the design and decoration of the spatial context provide a kind of commentary on the activity taking place within it. In some cases, the imagery in ritual environments may even serve as the continuing performance of the ritual itself, even after the living actors have departed.
Ritual and Cooperation
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph A.
Published: December 2018

Supernatural beliefs and ritual activities co-occur, suggesting that the evolutionary functions of beliefs and rituals might be linked. However, this link has not received sufficient attention in the evolutionary literatures on religion. This chapter reviews how ‘commitment signalling’ theory explains the co-evolution of religious beliefs and rituals, focusing on religion’s role in cultural evolution of cities and states. Religious rituals and religious beliefs conspired to support the evolution of cooperative trade networks, as well as the evolution of normative, intergenerational social inequality.
Wittgenstein and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Levy Donald
Published: December 2018

Wittgenstein proposes an Aesthetic Model for psychoanalytic interpretation to replace Freud’s Causal Model. When we assent to such interpretations of our dreams, for example, he claimed that we are not making inferences based on evidence about the causes of our dreams; instead, our assent is comparable to more dreaming, or ‘redreaming’ our dreams, as Wittgenstein called it. That assent is part of Freud’s criterion of interpretive correctness, which would not be possible if recognizing causal laws were involved, Wittgenstein claims. For causal inferences need to be based on inductive evidence, which, with dreams, is non-existent or unavailable. Since for Freud, interpreting dreams shows how neurotic symptoms, jokes, slips, and much else can be interpreted, i.e. by free association, this non-causal character distinguishes Wittgenstein’s Aesthetic Model for psychoanalytic interpretation quite generally—in which dreams and symptoms cannot be assumed to cause the associations we ascribe to them—from Freud’s Causal Model.
Clinical Theory: Introduction
Authors: Gipps Richard G.T. , Lacewing Michael
Published: December 2018

This introduction provides an overview of some of the central issues in clinical psychoanalytic theory explored in this section, such as those relating to drives and symbolism, the distinction between the conscious and the unconscious, and the intentionality of defences. The chapters in this section deal with topics ranging from transference and ‘transference neurosis’ to Sigmund Freud’s contributions to psychoanalysis, with particular emphasis on the shifts in the psychoanalytic theory of symbolism since Freud, his drive theory, his core concept of wish fulfilment, and his understanding of mourning, repetition, and the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis. Also discussed are therapeutic transformation and making the unconscious conscious, along with the meaning of inner integration.
Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience
Authors: Hopkins Jim
Published: December 2018

Core concepts of psychoanalysis admit integration with recent work in neuroscience and developmental psychology. Karl Friston’s free energy neuroscience embodies analogues of Freud’s primary and secondary processes, and despite conceptual differences assigns the same causal role as Freud to the minimization of free energy. This supports parallel psychoanalytic and neuroscientific accounts of development, dreams, and symptoms, with the latter expressible as a complexity theory of dreaming and mental disorder. Overall the generative model that performs predictive processing discharges the functions—including the regulation of waking and dreaming consciousness—that Freud assigned the ego, while the prototype emotions systems delineated by Jaak Panksepp and other affective neuroscientists discharge those of the drives or id. Together with the emerging role of REM dreaming in memory consolidation, this provides neuroscientific underpinning for psychoanalytic conceptions of the role of memory, emotion, and phantasy in dreams, as illustrated by Freud’s dream of Irma’s Injection.
Complexities in the Evaluation of the Scientific Status of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Eagle Morris N.
Published: December 2018

This chapter is primarily concerned with the scientific status of psychoanalysis as a theory of psychological functioning rather than as a form of treatment. It argues that certain characteristics of psychoanalysis, including theoretical formulations that are often obscure and untethered to observation, the proliferation of psychoanalytic ‘schools’, and habits of mind inculcated in psychoanalytic training and education count against according scientific status to psychoanalysis. The chapter also notes that psychoanalytic formulations have generated a good deal of research on psychological functioning and have yielded important insights into the nature of mind. It suggests that psychoanalytic education and training needs to change in ways that succeed in attenuating loyalty to particular psychoanalytic ‘schools’ and that encourage openness to empirical evidence and research and the operation of other self-corrective processes.
How Should We Understand the Psychoanalytic Unconscious?
Authors: Lacewing Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews the debate between ‘realist’ and ‘constructivist’ understandings of the psychoanalytic unconscious. To oversimplify, realists hold that unconscious mental states exist in the analysand’s mind fully formed and with determinate intentional content, independent of consciousness, and these are discovered in analysis. Constructivists (including relationalists and intersubjectivists) hold that the unconscious meaning of clinical material does not exist ‘preorganized’ in the analysand’s mind, but is constructed, not discovered, through the analytic relationship. The chapter argues that the debate is multiply confused. For example, different meanings of ‘psychoanalysis’ and ‘constructivism’ are at play, and a number of central arguments rest on misunderstandings of complex philosophical positions concerning the status of science and the nature of human knowledge. Once these confusions are removed, an understanding of the psychoanalytic unconscious that retains the strengths of both realism and constructivism presents itself.
On Richard Wollheim’s Psychoanalytically Informed Philosophy of Art
Authors: Freeman Damien
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the way in which Wollheim recruits the insights of psychoanalysis to develop a distinctive approach to philosophy of art in particular, and other branches of philosophy more generally, such as philosophy of mind and ethics. Wollheim develops an original approach to artistic expression and expressive perception of emotion by drawing on psychoanalysts’ treatment of projection. He also develops an original approach to art criticism which he dubs criticism as retrieval, and which involves what he dubs the ‘repsychologization’ of pictorial meaning.
Psychoanalytic Theory: A Historical Reconstruction
Authors: Gardner Sebastian
Published: December 2018

This chapter sketches a reconstruction of the basic psychoanalytic conception of the mind in terms of two historical resources: the conception of the subject developed in post-Kantian idealism, and Spinoza’s laws of the affects in Part Three of the Ethics. The former supplies the conceptual basis for the psychoanalytic notion of the unconscious, while the latter defines the type of psychological causality of psychoanalytic explanations. The imperfect fit between these two elements, it is argued, is reflected in familiar conceptual difficulties surrounding psychoanalytic theory and explanation.
Religion: Introduction
Authors: Lacewing Michael , Gipps Richard G.T.
Published: December 2018

This introduction provides an overview of the chapters in this section, which explores some of the important contributions of psychoanalysis to our understanding of religion, with particular emphasis on Sigmund Freud’s views. In The Future of an Illusion (1927), Freud argues that religion—or more specifically, beliefs in the Judaeo-Christian tradition and its prehistory—is an ‘illusion’, an idea that is not necessarily false, but one that is produced by the wish for it to be true. Each of the chapters agrees with the notion that there is a close connection between religious belief and desire, and addresses Freud’s account of the origin of religion in structures of subjectivity. Topics include Jacques Lacan’s theory of religion, the implications of psychoanalytic theories of subjectivity for philosophy of religion, the epistemology of religious belief in relation to the epistemology of psychoanalysis itself, and Freud’s supposed view that religion expresses a ‘historical truth’.
Psychoanalytic Thinking on Religious Truth and Conviction
Authors: Blass Rachel B.
Published: December 2018

While Freudian psychoanalysis is famous for its negative evaluation of religion, many contemporary analytic schools reject this view, regarding religion positively. Interestingly, both critical and positive psychoanalytic approaches to religion are based on the idea that religious belief is an illusion. This chapter explores these approaches, their development, and the thinking that underlies them especially in relation to the notion of truth and the personal quest for it. It sheds light on the complexity of Freud’s thinking on truth and conviction and draws attention to a neglected dimension that is crucial to his understanding of religion. The chapter points to the fact that despite fundamental differences, the Freudian world view has more affinity with that of the religious believer than commonly thought. In turn, the world views of the psychoanalytic schools which have regarded religion positively are actually opposed to those of most believers.
Evolution, Childhood, and the Moral Self
Authors: Narvaez Darcia F.
Published: December 2018

What has gone wrong with humanity that it is the only species that is destroying its habitat and justifying it as good or inevitable? The quality of a child’s early nest, including experience with mother and others, co-construct the nature of the child, shaping a highly intertwined biology and sociality. The species-typical nest that humans inherited for their young facilitates the development of a self that is relationally attuned and communal and receptively intelligent. Neurobiological studies today support the general insight from psychoanalytic theory that early experiences with caregivers initialize the formation of the self. But civilization typically does not provide the evolved nest, promoting a species-atypical pathway for social and moral development, one of self-focused protectionism. Cultures that adults build and perpetuate are founded on the human dispositions brought about by early experience.
From Recognition to Intersubjectivity: Hegel and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Macdonald Molly
Published: December 2018

This chapter engages in a conversation between two seemingly disparate discourses of Hegelian philosophy and psychoanalytic theory. In the work of Jean Hyppolite, the chapter locates the first use of the term intersubjectivity in relation to Hegel’s theory of recognition as found in Phenomenology of Spirit (1977) and argues that Hyppolite pioneered a mode of thinking about Hegel and psychoanalysis. The chapter traces the transmutation initiated by Hyppolite through the work of Paul Ricouer, Jacques Lacan, Judith Butler, Jessica Benjamin, and others to locate the influence of Hegel’s philosophy on a particular line of psychoanalytic thinking. The author’s reading of Hegel incorporated here argues that the majority of attention paid to the concept of recognition, and its translation into terms of intersubjective relating, has confined it to the episode of the Lord and Bondsman and that further attention should be paid to the drama of the Unhappy Consciousness which follows.
Psychoanalysis, Politics, and Society: What Remains Radical in Psychoanalysis?
Authors: Frosh Stephen
Published: December 2018

This chapter is concerned with the contribution that psychoanalysis has made to progressive political thought. It argues that despite, alongside, or in tension with the more conservative, psychologically ‘reductive’ side of psychoanalytic politics, there is a very challenging radical strand. On the whole, once the Berlin Institute of Psychoanalysis was destroyed by Nazism, it found its strongholds outside the main psychoanalytic movement, for example in the works of philosophers and social theorists from Herbert Marcuse to Judith Butler; and this is one of the issues that needs to be addressed as part of the question of whether this radicalism is truly ‘psychoanalytic’. Starting with Freud, and taking seriously the contribution of social theorists influenced by Klein and Lacan, the chapter suggests that psychoanalysis offers a vocabulary for, and orientation towards, subjectivity that is not otherwise highly developed in political thought.
Politics and Society: Introduction
Authors: Lacewing Michael , Gipps Richard G.T.
Published: December 2018

This introduction provides an overview of the four chapters in this section, which explores the link between psychoanalysis and social and political theory. Each chapter examines or advocates radical change; the first appeals to psychoanalytic ideas to support radicalism concerning the basis of war and pacifism; the second deals with the organization of education; the third argues for change in psychoanalytic theory and practice by emphasizing socially radical ideas on gender; and the fourth traces the origins of radical thinking in psychoanalysis to ‘Jewish modernity’. Also discussed are Sigmund Freud’s Civilization, which addresses the nature of social oppression and its internalization in the superego; how society imposes normative social categories in the formation of human individuals; the role of anxiety and of defences against anxiety; contemporary populism in relation to the role of a leader and changing social expressions of inegalitarianism; and how best to contain human destructiveness.
A Better Self: Freud and Nietzsche on the Nature and Value of Sublimation
Authors: Gemes Ken
Published: December 2018

The notion of sublimation is essential to Nietzsche and Freud. However, Freud’s writings fail to provide a persuasive notion of sublimation. In particular, Freud’s writings are confused on the distinction between pathological symptoms and sublimations, and on the relation between sublimation and repression. After rehearsing these problems in some detail it is proposed that a return to Nietzsche allows for a more coherent account of sublimation, its difference from pathological symptoms and its relation to repression. In summary, on Nietzsche’s account, while repression and pathological symptoms involve a disintegration (of the self), sublimation involves integration. The chapter provides a brief consideration of some post-Freudian accounts of sublimation that, arguably, represent a return to a more Nietzschean approach. In closing, the chapter contrasts the different bases of Nietzsche’s and Freud’s valorization of sublimation.
Taboo words and language
Authors: Allan Keith
Published: December 2018

Taboo refers to a proscription of behaviour for a specifiable community of one or more persons at a specifiable time in specifiable contexts. For behaviour to be proscribed it must be perceived as in some way harmful to an individual or their community but the degree of harm can fall anywhere on a scale from a breach of etiquette to out-and-out fatality. All tabooed behaviours are deprecated and they lead to social if not legal sanction. Shared taboos are a sign of social cohesion. This chapter surveys the history of taboo, fatal taboos, uncleanliness taboos, exploitation of taboos, swearing, censoring, taboo as a source of language change, and finally reviews the content of this handbook.
Linguistic taboos in a second or foreign language
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates the issues that arise when second and foreign language (LX) users include swearwords and taboo words in their speech. Knowing how to use these words appropriately requires considerable pragmatic competence. The difficulties that LX users face can arise from gaps in the semantic and conceptual representations of the LX swearwords and taboo words which leave them unsure about their exact meaning, their emotional force, their offensiveness, and their perlocutionary effects. Paradoxically, perfect knowledge of the LX is no guarantee for successful use of swearwords and taboo words because interlocutors might judge that LX users (identifiable though a foreign accent for example) do not have the right to use their swearwords and taboo words because they do not belong to the ‘in-group’. LX users are generally aware that LX swearing is a linguistic minefield that requires extra caution.
Taboo language in books, films, and the media
Authors: Azzaro Gabriele
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers a brief history of taboo language in printed and broadcasted form. Starting from 2000 bc Mesopotamia, it reports the constant surfacing of bad language in printed form despite the many efforts to censor it, with examples from the Bible, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Sanskrit texts, Greek and Latin literature, graffiti, and more recent writers. By analysing pre-Christian accounts of taboo language from the canons of several cultures, we realize that a varied panoply of linguistic expressions referring to sexual and scatological elements runs as a constant under the intermittent success of censorship. The language of films and mainstream TV series is also described, with concluding remarks about the reluctant presence of strong language in the press from the three main English-speaking countries.
Taboos and bad language in the mouths of politicians and in advertising
Authors: Ralph Toby , Ralph Barnaby
Published: December 2018

The more that image matters, the more that profanities and taboos can affect the standing of an individual or brand. Profanity is able to make the individual who employs it seem dominant, amusing, or companionable. While there may be situations where it has a positive effect, however, there are others where it can be negative. It can make someone seem thoughtless, rude, out of control, or even threatening. Similarly, the breaking of cultural taboos can assist an individual in forming bonds, or cause them to be excluded, depending on the situation. The more that image is foregrounded as a concept in a given forum, the more that this becomes a danger. This chapter will look at the use and abuse of profanity and taboos in both advertising and politics, considering why it is so often avoided, as well as looking at what happens when it is not. There are numerous examples drawn from real life and these are framed within the discussion.
Taboo language used as banter
Authors: Wald Elijah
Published: December 2018

Taboo is used in many cultures to cement familial and other relationships, not only by observing taboos but by selectively breaking them. Probably the most common form of societally sanctioned taboo-breaking is within what anthropologists call joking relationships—close relationships in which people are expected to show their affinity by behaving to each other in mocking or insulting ways that would be unacceptable outside the relationship. Such relationships have been found among many Native American groups and throughout Africa, typically involving people who are joined by particular kinship or ceremonial links. In the African diaspora these traditions are maintained in less formal ways, most famously in the dozens, an African American tradition of insult play that most typically involves sexualized or otherwise taboo-skirting insults directed at a companion’s or acquaintance’s mother.
Taboo language and impoliteness
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the use of taboo language as—or, what is more often the case, as part of—a strategy to offend somebody or some group of people, that is, as part of impoliteness. Having briefly discussed the meanings of taboo language and impoliteness, the chapter commences with an examination of how taboo language figures in work on linguistic politeness and impoliteness. It considers its status as an impoliteness strategy, how taboo and impolite expressions come about, and the frequent role of taboo in calibrating the degree of offensiveness of an impoliteness strategy rather than constituting an impoliteness strategy per se. The chapter concludes with a brief case study involving the language of hate crime.
Speaking of disease and death
Authors: Benczes Réka , Burridge Kate
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates the euphemistic language use associated with disease—in particular, HIV/AIDS, cancer, and mental illness—and death. Fear and superstition have enjoyed a long attachment to our beliefs surrounding disease and death; the challenge of confronting the biological limits of our own bodies have brought forth a vast repository of euphemistic language in connection with both subjects. This euphemistic language heavily relies on metaphorical conceptualizations in order to best achieve the displacement effect. By examining the figurative language related to disease and death, the chapter also explores whether the metaphorical conceptualizations merely reflect our ways of thinking about illnesses and death, or whether they can change or control our attitudes to possible health risks and what choices we can make to avert them.
sticky: Taboo topics in deaf communities
Authors: Fisher Jami N. , Mirus Gene , Napoli Donna Jo
Published: December 2018

This chapter offers an overview of taboo topics within deaf communities to bring forward issues not obvious to those outside deaf communities. We look at taboo behaviors of hearing people as they interact with deaf communities, considering linguistic and cultural appropriation, exploitation, and hearing privilege. We also look at taboo topics regarding social hierarchies within deaf communities, those based on gender and race, as well as those based on cognitive abilities, particularly language. These topics present a nuanced and diverse representation of deaf people, which is intended to sensitize those aiming to work with deaf communities or, in fact, with any oppressed group. Scholars need to behave responsibly. Linguists, unwittingly, may well have had a negative effect on deaf communities by exalting the language of those who were privileged enough to acquire a firm foundation in signing during the sensitive period for language development and discounting the language of others.
Prolotherapy vs Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Short-term Treatment of Lateral Epicondylosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ahadi Tannaz , Esmaeili Jamkarani Maryam , Raissi Gholam Reza , Mansoori Korosh , Emami Razavi Seyede Zahra , Sajadi Simin
Published: December 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of prolotherapy with hypertonic dextrose and radial shock wave therapy in chronic lateral epicondilosis.

Design

Prospective single-blind randomized clinical trial.

Setting

Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic.

Subjects

Thirty-three patients with at least three months of signs and symptoms of lateral epicondilosis, as well as failure of at least one of the conservative treatments, randomly allocated into two groups.

Methods

Sixteen patients received three sessions of shock wave therapy, and 17 received one session prolotherapy. Severity of pain via visual analog scale (VAS), grip strength via Baseline Pneumatic Dynamometer, pressure pain threshold (PPT) by algometer and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand quick questionnaire (Quick DASH) were assessed at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks after the intervention.

Results

Within-group analysis showed that in both groups, differences between all of the outcome measures were significant after four and also eight weeks. Between-group analysis after four and eight weeks showed that the VAS and Quick DASH had significantly more improvement in the shock wave group. However, the two groups were similar regarding grip strength and PPT. No complication was observed in the two groups.

Conclusions

Based on the results of this study, a regiment of three sessions (weekly) of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy is significantly more effective than one session of prolotherapy with 20% dextrose regarding pain and function in the management of chronic lateral epicondylosis in short-term follow-up.
Impact of Fentanyl Use on Buprenorphine Treatment Retention and Opioid Abstinence
Authors: Wakeman Sarah E. , Chang Yuchiao , Regan Susan , Yu Liyang , Flood James , Metlay Joshua , Rigotti Nancy
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

There has been a rapid increase in the presence of illicitly manufactured fentanyl in the heroin drug supply. Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for heroin and prescription opioid use disorder; however, little is known about treatment outcomes among people using fentanyl. We compared 6-month treatment retention and opioid abstinence among people initiating buprenorphine treatment who had toxicology positive for heroin compared to fentanyl at baseline.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of 251 adult patients initiating office-based buprenorphine treatment who had available toxicology testing across an academic health system between August 2016 and July 2017. Exposure was assessed at baseline before initiating buprenorphine and was categorized as negative toxicology (n = 184) versus fentanyl positive toxicology (n = 48) versus heroin positive toxicology (n = 19).

Results:

Six-month treatment retention rates were not different between the fentanyl positive and heroin positive groups [38% (n = 18) vs 47% (n = 9); P = 0.58], or between the fentanyl positive and the negative toxicology group [38% (n = 18) vs 51% (n = 93); P = 0.14]. Opioid abstinence at 6 months among those who had testing did not differ between the fentanyl positive and the heroin positive group [55% (n = 6) vs 60% (n = 6); P = 0.99]. The fentanyl positive group had a lower abstinence rate at 6 months compared to those with negative toxicology at baseline [55% (n = 6) vs 93% (n = 63); P = 0.004]. Mean initial buprenophine dosage did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:

Buprenorphine treatment retention and abstinence among those retained in treatment is not worse between people using fentanyl compared to heroin at treatment initiation. Both groups have lower abstinence rates at 6 months compared to individuals with negative toxicology at baseline. These findings suggest that people exposed to fentanyl still benefit from buprenorphine treatment.
Use of Buprenorphine-Naloxone in the Treatment of Tianeptine Use Disorder
Authors: Trowbridge Paul , Walley Alexander Y.
Published: December 2018

Tianeptine is an atypical antidepressant which exerts an opioid-like effect on the μ-opioid receptor. There is well documented intentional misuse and addiction to tianeptine in Europe, and this is increasingly being seen in the United States. We presented a case of buprenorphine/naloxone successfully being used to aid in cessation and subsequent abstinence from tianeptine after years of use. An additional consideration with tianeptine use is the potential for the development or re-emergence of depression and anxiety on cessation. Chronic daily use of tianeptine may represent tianeptine use disorder, which can have a clinical course consistent with opioid use disorder, including the development of impaired control, functional impairment, tolerance, and withdrawal. It is appropriate to consider medications for opioid use disorder for the management of tianeptine use disorder.
The popliteal angle tests in patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Manikowska Faustyna , Chen Brian Po-Jung , Jóźwiak Marek , Lebiedowska Maria K.
Published: December 2018

The aims were to determine during the popliteal angle (PA) tests whether particular knee muscles are activated and whether the position of pelvis affects the level of muscles activation. Twenty-two patients with cerebral palsy were recruited (age: 14±4.94 years). Knee muscle activities and range of motion were measured during PA. Knee flexors were active during tests, with fivefold increase of activation of ipsilateral hamstring. Higher and more frequent activation of muscles only in the contralateral limb was seen. Muscles activation should be considered as a confounding factor during tests. PA should not be relied upon as a major criterion for the treatment selection in cerebral palsy.
A model for trauma-informed primary care
Authors: Roberts Susan Jo , Chandler Genevieve E. , Kalmakis Karen
Published: December 2018

Childhood trauma has been associated with negative health behaviors and conditions in adulthood. However, few primary care providers screen for trauma or alter their care to accommodate the multiple effects of trauma on patient health. The purposes of this article were to discuss the health consequences of childhood trauma and to offer a model for trauma-informed primary care (TIPC). The TIPC model provides a guide for primary care providers to screen for adverse childhood experiences and personalize the care of patients with a history of childhood trauma. The model, based on the trauma-informed care model used in mental health, has five components: (a) screening and trauma recognition, (b) understanding the health effects of trauma, (c) patient-centered communication and care, (d) emphasis on emotional safety and avoiding triggers, and (e) knowledge of helpful treatment for trauma patients. The TIPC model offers a theoretical underpinning for improving the care, health care experiences, and health outcomes for patients with a history of childhood trauma.
Analysis of nurse practitioner scope of practice in Taiwan using the Longest policy cycle model
Authors: Tsay Shiow-Luan , Tsay Shwu-Feng , Ke Chia-Yen , Chen Ching-Mei , Tung Heng-Hsin
Published: December 2018

Background and purpose:

To date, there has been no policy analysis or review of the effectiveness of the current nurse practitioner (NP) scope of practice regulations in Taiwan. The purpose is of this article was to provide a policy analysis of NP scope of practice regulations in Taiwan.

Methods:

The Longest policy cycle model was used to analyze the NP scope of practice regulations. Policy formation, policy implementation, and policy modification are three steps in this model. Policy formation and policy implementation are described in the first two sections. Regarding policy modification, we used the data collected from a research grant to evaluate the implementation of the NP scope of practice regulations to present the effectiveness of the policy endorsement in Taiwan.

Conclusions:

The impact of health care services provided by NPs was positive from the viewpoint of the hospital. The top-ranking impact was reducing physicians' workload and increasing the effectiveness of communication and coordination among the team.

Implications for practice:

The economic value of advanced practice nurses needs to be identified, as it can result in optimal professional growth. The Taiwan Association of Nurse Practitioners can design the metrics to measure NPs' contribution and to analyze the financial benefits bestowed by the NP profession based on the study results.