bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Ecosystems as Food Webs
Authors: Hardy Catherine , Graedel Thomas E.
Published: January 2003

Colocated industries exchange products and by‐products in ways reminiscent of the exchange of resources in biological ecosystems. To better understand these “industrial ecosys‐tems”, we have applied food‐web theory to a set of 19 actual and hypothetical eco‐industrial parks and integrated biosys‐tems. We find a linear relationship between number of industrial tenants and number of linkages among them and connectance values of 0.5 to 0.6 (typical of biological ecosystems). The results may provide initial perspective on designing eco‐industrial parks to maximize the utilization of resources and minimize the generation of wastes. Increased connectance in industrial ecosystems, however, does not necessarily imply increased stability or improved environmental performance.
Input‐Output Analysis of Waste Management
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Kondo Yasushi
Published: January 2003

A new scheme of hybrid life‐cycle assessment (LCA) termed the waste input‐output (WIO) model is presented that ex‐plicitly takes into account the interdependence between the flow of goods and waste. The WIO model has two distin‐guishing features. First, it expands the Leontief environmental input‐output (EIO) model with respect to waste flows. It turns out that the EIO model is a special case of the WIO model in which there is a strict one‐to‐one correspondence between waste types and treatment methods. By relaxing this condition, the WIO model provides a general framework for LCA of waste management. Second, the WIO model takes into account the “dynamics of waste treatment”, which refers to the fact that the input‐output relationships of waste treatment are significantly affected by the level and composition of waste feedstock, by incorporating an engineering process model of waste treatment. Because waste treatment is expected to accept whatever waste is generated by industry and households, a proper consideration of this feature is vital for LCA of waste management. We estimated a WIO table for Japan and applied it to evaluating effects of alternative waste management poli‐cies with regard to regional concentration of incineration and the sorting of waste with regard to flammability. We found that concentrating treatment in a small number of large incin‐erators combined with an increased degree of sorting could decrease both landfill consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide.
Approaches for Quantifying the Metabolism of Physical Economies: A Comparative Survey: Part II: Review of Individual Approaches
Authors: Daniels Peter L.
Published: January 2003

This article is the second of a two‐part series that describes and compares the essential features of nine “physical economy” approaches for mapping and quantifying the material demands of the human economy upon the natural environ‐ment. These approaches are critical tools in the design and implementation of industrial ecology strategies for greater eco‐efficiency and reduced environmental impacts of human economic activity. Part I of the series provided an overview, meth‐odological classification, and comparison of a selected set of major materials flow analysis (MFA) and related techniques. This sequel includes a convenient reference and overview of the major metabolism measurement approaches in the form of a more detailed summary of the key specific analytical and other features of the approaches introduced in part I. The surveyed physical economy related environmental analysis ap‐proaches include total material requirement and output mod‐els, bulk MFA (IFF (Department of Social Ecology, Institute for Interdiscplinary Studies of Austrian Universities) material flow balance model variant), physical input‐output tables, substance flow analysis, ecological footprint analysis, environmental space, material intensity per unit service, life‐cycle assessment (LCA), the sustainable process index, and company‐level MFA.
Cement Manufacture and the Environment: Part I: Chemistry and Technology
Authors: van Oss Hendrik G. , Padovani Amy C.
Published: January 2003

Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high‐temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials per ton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which cal‐cination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each con‐tribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by‐products of other industries (industrial symbiosis).

In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion ar‐ticle (part II), some of the environmental challenges and op‐portunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.
Inspired by Rubbish
Authors: Andrews Clinton J.
Published: January 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Fat of the Land: The Garbage of New York—The Last Two Hundred Years, by Benjamin Miller.
REVIEWS
Authors: Steger Ulrich
Published: January 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Down to Earth: Applying Business Principles to Environmental Management, by Forest L. Reinhardt.
Business Strategy and International Environmental Governance: Toward a Neo-Gramscian Synthesis
Authors: Levy David L. , Newell Peter J.
Published: January 2003

This paper develops a political economy approach to explaining the role of business in international environmental governance. The framework bridges micro and macro-levels of analysis and combines theories of International Relations with perspectives from management and organization. The uneven and fragmented nature of international governance is viewed as the outcome of a process of bargaining, compromise, and alliance formation among a range of state and non-state actors. Negotiated regimes are constitutive of the broader structures of global governance, but are also constrained and shaped by these wider configurations of power. We apply Gramscian concepts to understand processes of contestation and accommodation, and to locate corporate political strategy within the wider system of states, civil society, and international institutions. The Gramscian approach suggests the dominant yet contingent position of business, and points to a strategic concept of power that highlights the dynamic and somewhat indeterminate path of regime evolution.
Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey D. , Bajpai Nirupam , Ramiah Ananthi
Published: January 2003

This paper aims to explain the growth experiences of 14 major states of India between 1980 and 1998. Using two measures of convergence, σ-convergence and ß-convergence, we examine whether per capita incomes in the states have been converging or diverging. By both standards of convergence, India demonstrated overall divergence during 1980–;98, as well as during both the pre-reform and post-reform subperiods. Interestingly, the richer states experienced a degree of convergence during the post-reform period, whereas the poorer states did not. Divergence was most notable within the poorer group of states. A remarkable 82 percent of the cross-state variation in growth is explained by just the urbanization variable in India, with no hint of any conditional convergence after controlling for the degree of urbanization. The regression estimate shows that a 10 percentage point higher rate of urbanization is associated with 1.3 percentage points per year higher rate of annual growth.
Understanding North Korea's Economic Crisis
Authors: Yoon Deok Ryong , Babson Bradley O.
Published: January 2003

This paper provides an overview of the current economic situation in North Korea and suggests some possible strategies for recovery, including ways of mobilizing financing and implementing essential market reforms. Throughout the 1990s, North Korea suffered a severe economic downturn after the abrupt collapse of the cooperative network of socialist countries. Because the needs of the military had been given first priority and foreign trade was limited, infrastructure and capital stock deteriorated. At present North Korea is in a poverty trap, and the plans of the State Planning Commission no longer work. In addition to the “official” economy, North Korea's overall economic structure includes economies run by the Workers Party, the military, and ordinary citizens (the informal market). Efforts to promote foreign investment and trade, combined with only small changes in this inefficient economic structure, are unlikely to succeed. North Korea's economic rehabilitation should begin with more market-oriented policy reforms and capital formation, but because the country is unable to design and implement economic reforms or to accumulate capital stock on its own, assistance must be sought from outside.
THE RISE OF SECONDARY STATES IN THE IRON AGE LEVANT
Authors: Joffe Alexander
Published: January 2003

This paper examines the formation of states during the Iron Age of the eastern Mediterranean, with particular emphasis on the Levantine states of Israel, Judah, Ammon, and Moab. Using archaeology and texts it proposes that the formation of secondary states was fundamentally different from that of early states such as in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Secondary states in the Levant needed to create not new bureaucratic methods, but new social identities, novel ethnic categories and boundaries. New ideologies were disseminated through material culture which was saturated with symbols of identity, from royal architecture through personal emblems. Cet article examine la formation des états pendant l'âge de fer du méditerranéen oriental, avec l'emphase particulière sur des états de Levantine de l'Israel, du Judah, de l'Ammon, et du Moab. En utilisant l'archéologie et les textes il propose que la formation des états secondaires ait été fondamentalement différente de celle des états tôt comme dans Mesopotamia et l'Egypte. Les états secondaires dans le Levant ont dû ne pas créer des méthodes bureaucratiques nouvelles, mais de nouvelles identités sociales, des catégories de roman et des bornes ethniques. De nouvelles idéologies ont été diffusées par la culture matérielle qui a été saturée avec des symboles d'identité, de l'architecture royale par les emblèmes personnels.
IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE WORD: EXCAVATING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Trautmann Thomas , Sinopoli Carla
Published: January 2003

The study of the historic past, through material evidence and texts, was an integral component of colonial practice in India, and remains a highly visible governmental and public focus in contemporary South Asia. In this paper, we present an historic overview of the development of knowledge and research on ancient India, beginning with the formation of the Asiatic Society in 1784 and proceeding to the creation of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1861, when history and archaeology were formally differentiated. We trace this development through the post-colonial period, examining how archaeology and ancient history are practiced and conceptualized today. We conclude with four case studies that explore the existing state of, and the potential for, productive partnerships between historians and archaeologists. L'étude du passée historique, à travers l'evidence material et documentaire, faisait partie intégrante du pratique colonial a l'Inde, et reste encore un foyer du gouvernement et de la publique de la sud-Asie contemporaine. Dans cet essai, nous presentons un exposé historique du developpement de la connaissance et de la recherche sur l'Inde ancienne, a partir de la formation de la Asiatic Society in 1784, jusqu'a la creation du Archaeological Survey of India en 1861, du quel point on faisait la difference entre l'histoire et l'archeologie. Nous retraçons ce developpement au travers la periode post-coloniale, en examinant la pratique et la conception de l'archeologie et de l'histoire d'aujourdhui. Pour conclure, nous presentons quatre exemples qui considerent l'existence et le potentiel des associations fertiles entre les historiens et les archeologues.
"Modes of Knowing: Intellectual and Social Dimensions of Time in Africa"
Authors: Adjaye Joseph
Published: January 2003

Grounded against a background of a critique of Western characterizations of time in Africa in simple terms such as cyclical or devoid of a sense of the future, the essay analyzes the complex ways in which Africans experience time. Although no single time construct can be applied to all of Africa, since each culture experiences time dynamically in its own way, certain commonalities can be drawn. Today, as millions of Africans find themselves at the confluence of tradition and modernity, the way in which they experience time is multilevel. Conceptions of time are embedded in multiple institutions and practices: life cycles; occupational calendars observed by farmers, fishermen and other workers; ritual calendrical systems in which there are definite patterns of days set aside for performing specific rituals of state; annual festivals that mark the commencement of the local year rather than the arbitrary January 1; myths, legends and genealogies that embody temporal constructs; various indigenous mechanisms and strategies used to establish chronologies, etc.
NOTES ON PSEUDO-APSINES
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: January 2003

The paper discusses problems of text and interpretation in the rhetorical treatise traditionally attributed to Apsines: (i) two declamation themes mentioned in 1.33 are clarified; (ii) in 1.44 emendation of πoιει to παιει is proposed; (iii) points of rhetorical theory in 4.15 and 5.10 are explained, leading to a defence of the transmitted text; (iv) an explanation is offered of the concepts of 'leading' and 'necessary' arguments in 10.3, and the implications of this passage for the composition of the treatise are briefly discussed; (v) at 10.14 deletion of συγκρισεως may be the best solution to the textual problem.
DIATONIC MUSIC IN GREECE: A REASSESSMENT OF ITS ANTIQUITY
Authors: Franklin John Curtis
Published: January 2003

This paper argues that diatonic music and the theory of its tunings were an important precursor to the musical developments of the fifth and fourth centuries. The cyclical principles of diatony were imported to Greece in the early Archaic period as a musical aspect of the Orientalizing movement, an event which is encrypted in the tradition that Terpander invented the seven-stringed lyre. The Terpandrian style of music persisted until the time of Phrynis in the mid-fifth century, after whom constant harmonic innovation began to obscure its important diatonic foundation. This phase of Greek musical history has left only oblique traces in the corpus of technical literature, since the earliest (mostly) extant treatise, the Elementa Harmonica of Aristoxenus, presents rather an account of the Perfect System, which was designed to accommodate the innovations of the later Classical period.
Activity and home range of Testudo hermanni in Northern Italy
Authors: Fasola Mauro , Mazzotti Stefano , Pisapia Anna
Published: January 2003

We describe the behavioral adaptations of a population of Hermann's tortoise to the climate of a northern sector of its range, and to a wooded biotope that is uncommon for the species. The activity, the home range, and the thermal relations along the daily and the yearly cycle are described. In contrast to other populations that have bimodal activity peaking in spring and in autumn, the tortoises in our study area had unimodal seasonal activity that can be related to lower summer temperatures. Home range size, 7.4 ha for females and 4.6 ha for males in our study area, was from three to seven times larger than that of all other populations. The large home range, and the low population density of the tortoises in our study area, may be due to food scarcity in the wooded habitat.
Natural history of two colubrid snakes, Elaphe quadrivirgata and Rhabdophis tigrinus, on Yakushima Island, southwestern Japan
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Ota Hidetoshi
Published: January 2003

Surveys on the natural history of two diurnal colubrid snakes, Elaphe quadrivirgata and Rhabdophis tigrinus, were made on Yakushima Island, Japan. Two color morphs, normal striped and melanistic, were observed in E. quadrivirgata, and the frequency of the latter morph was significantly greater in 1998 (83.3%) than in 1981 (56.4%). Regurgitated stomach contents of E. quadrivirgata consisted solely of reptilian prey, and the skink Eumeces latiscutatus was by far the most frequent prey item. This result makes a sharp contrast to those of previous studies dealing with populations of this species in central and northern Japan, where the snake preys mainly on anurans. On the other hand, examination of stomachs of R. tigrinus yielded only anuran prey. In Elaphe quadrivirgata, both snout-vent length and body mass in the Yakushima population were smaller than those in a population from central Japan, whereas the size variables for the Yakushima population appeared greater than those in the central Japanese population in R. tigrinus. Body temperature was significantly higher in E. quadrivirgata than in R. tigrinus.
Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) through feeding wounds by Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Jikumaru Shota
Published: January 2003

The transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus by its vector beetle, Monochamus saltuarius, was investigated. Fortythree beetles were reared individually under outdoor conditions and characteristics of their complete transmission curves of B. mucronatus were determined. The averaged nematode-transmission curves exhibited by beetles carrying more than 10 000, 1000 to 9999, and 100 to 999 nematodes at their emergence had a peak of 568, 146 and 12 nematodes per 5 days, respectively. The peaks appeared during a period from 20 to 30 days after beetle emergence. Backward stepwise regression analysis showed that the initial nematode load, the nematode departure efficiency and the nematode transmission efficiency had significantly positive influences on the number of nematodes transmitted into pine twigs. Other statistical analysis showed that the initial nematode load was most important among the three factors to account for the among-beetle difference in the number of nematodes transmitted, followed by the nematode transmission efficiency and nematode departure efficiency in that order. There were significant, positive correlations between the nematode departure efficiency, the nematode transmission efficiency and the number of nematodes transmitted from beetle into pine twigs.
PCR-based cloning of two Ξ-1,4-endoglucanases from the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Momota Yoji , Uehara Taketo , Kushida Atsuhiko
Published: January 2003

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers was performed on cDNA from Pratylenchus penetrans to amplify a conserved region in β-1,4-endoglucanase genes. Two distinct genomic DNA fragments that encoded partial β-1,4-endoglucanase sequences were isolated. Two corresponding full-length cDNAs, designated Pp-eng-1 and Pp-eng-2, were obtained by 3′ and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Pp-eng-1 and Pp-eng-2 consisted of 1521 nucleotides encoding 455 amino acids and 1179 nucleotides encoding 328 amino acids, respectively. The two cloned genes encoded family 5 β-1,4-endoglucanases. The predicted protein PP-ENG-1 contained a cellulose-binding domain (CBD), and the predicted protein PP-ENG-2 lacked a CBD.
Acromoldavicus mojavicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Cephaloboidea) from the Mojave Desert, California
Authors: De Ley Irma , Baldwin James , De Ley Paul , Mundo-Ocampo Manuel , Nadler Steven , Gebre Michael
Published: January 2003

Acromoldavicus (Cephalobina, Cephaloboidea) with its highly distinctive lip region has only a single species, Acromoldavicus skrjabini Nesterov & Lisetskaya, originally described from Moldova and subsequently also detected at sites in the Middle East and near the Mediterranean. Herein, Acromoldavicus mojavicus n. sp. is described from sandy soil surrounding a Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) in a remote area of the Mojave Desert, California, USA. The lip region of A. mojavicus n. sp. is bilaterally symmetrical with three triangular probolae surrounded by three pairs of plate-like lips. The lip region is organised along similar lines as that of A. skrjabini, but differs in several respects, such as its larger size, presence of elongate posterior processes on each lip and division of the lateral lips into two lobes (excluding the dorso-sublateral guard processes). In addition, phylogenetic interpretation of sequence data from the large-subunit of ribosomal DNA provides further evidence for autapomorphies and separate species status for A. skrjabini and A. mojavicus n. sp. Characteristics shared with Cephaloboidea include the offset spermatheca and males with eight pairs of genital papillae. Both species of Acromoldavicus have a buccal capsule with a reduced gymnostom, a character that seems to be shared with the cephalobid Elaphonema and in part is a basis for placement of both genera in Elaphonematidae. The species A. mojavicus n. sp. exhibits additional similarities with Elaphonema spp. that further support this placement.
Cuticular disruption and mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to culture filtrate of Byssochlamys nivea Westling
Authors: Park Ja-On , Sivasithamparam Krishnapillai , Ghisalberti Emile , Hargreaves Jaih , Gams Walter , Cole Anthony L.J.
Published: January 2003

A strain of a Byssochlamys nivea, isolated from saline mud in Western Australia as a part of statewide survey of soil fungi for nematophagous activity, was evaluated for its effect on nematodes. Culture filtrate of the fungus grown on potato dextrose broth for 7 days caused structural changes in the cuticle, aggregation of individuals, and mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, the culture filtrate completely inhibited hatching of C. elegans eggs. Exudates from agar colonies also caused cuticular disruption and mortality of C. elegans. The cuticular disruption observed, not reported in nematodes before, was initiated in the labial region and spread towards the posterior region of the nematode within 10 min of application. This reaction occurred only in live nematodes. Cuticular disruption and mortality caused by the culture filtrate varied according to growth conditions. The active compound(s) in the culture filtrate were thermostable (100°C for 1 h); however freezing the culture filtrate (-20°C for 2 days) eliminated the activities, as did dialysis (<14 000 molecular weight). Cuticular disruption and mortality were also observed when the nematode was exposed to culture filtrates of two other strains of B. nivea supplied by CBS, The Netherlands. The culture filtrate also inhibited in vitro growth of the plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani.
A rapid method for the identification of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines using duplex PCR
Authors: Subbotin Sergei , Moens Maurice , Peng Deliang
Published: January 2003

A method for rapid identification of juveniles and cysts of the soybean cyst nematode based on PCR with species specific primers is described. The PCR assay was tested on 53 populations originating from China, Russia, USA and Brazil. A single cyst or second stage juvenile of Heterodera glycines alone or in a mixture with other soil inhabiting nematodes was detectable.
Description of Longidorus hangzhouensis sp. n. (Nemata: Longidoridae) from Zhejiang province, new geographical records of L. henanus Xu & Cheng, 1992, and an identification key for Longidorus species occurring in China
Authors: Zheng Jingwu , Robbins Robert , Peng Deliang , Brown Derek
Published: January 2003

Specimens of a Longidorus species, here described as L. hangzhouensis sp. n., were recovered from the rhizosphere of sweet-scented Osmanthus growing in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China, and a second population was collected from Camellia japonica, Fuyang, Zhejiang province. The species is characterised by medium-sized body length (3.1-4.9 mm), head region narrow (8-12 μm), anteriorly rounded, with continuous, funnel-shaped amphidial pouches, a relatively long odontostyle (97-126 μm) and a short, almost hemispherical tail. Three juvenile development stages were identified, J2, J3 and J4. A second Longidorus species, identified as L. henanus Xu & Cheng, 1990, previously known only from the type locality in Henan province, was recovered from the rhizosphere of bamboo from Beijing and of poplar from Yuanqu county, Shanxi province. A dichotomous key is provided for the Longidorus species reported from China.
Genetic structure and diversity within local populations of Meloidogyne (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae)
Authors:   Esparrago, Navas Alfonso ,   Blazquez, Castagnone-Sereno Philippe
Published: January 2003

A survey of Meloidogyne in La Vera (Spain) was carried out during October 1995 and 1997. Isozyme electrophoresis (A-EST, MDH, CAT, GPI, DIA, GOT and SOD) was performed for each nematode isolate, each of which was cultured from an egg mass. In 1995 seven isolates of M. incognita, two of M. javanica and 75 of M. arenaria were found, while in 1997 one isolate of M. javanica and 72 of M. arenaria were found. Taxonomic relationships were established among 151 isolates using enzyme phenotypes by means of Multiple Correspondence and UPGM analysis. Twenty-six Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) phenotype variants were detected in ten significant taxonomic units: M. arenaria (seven units), M. incognita (two) and M. javanica (one). A total of 13 loci were identified and allelic frequencies for MLEE phenotype variants were estimated. Genetic distances among them suggested that M. arenaria is a poly- or paraphyletic group formed by at least two or three monophyletic lines of different origins. The evolutionary and epidemiological implications are discussed.
On five species of the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) recently described from India
Authors: Luc Michel , Baujard Pierre , Coomans August , Loof Pieter
Published: January 2003

Examination of paratypes of five species of Xiphinema from India described by Singh and Khan (1998) led to the following conclusions: X. larliani Khan & Singh, 1998 appears a valid species close to X. simillimum Loof & Yassin, 1971. The other four species are considered junior synonyms, X. digicaudatum of X. brasiliense Lordello, 1951; X. gracilicaudatum of X. radicicola Goodey, 1936; X. arunachalense of X. brevicollum Lordello & Da Costa, 1961; X. pruni of X. basiri Siddiqi, 1959. Complementary morphological data, measurements and illustrations based on the paratypes are given for the five species.
The African Carnoyidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 2. Martadamsonius aculeatus sp. n. and Waerebekeia debbiae sp. n., with additional data on Gilsonema venardi (Van Waerebeke, 1984)
Authors: Hunt David
Published: January 2003

Martadamsonius aculeatus sp. n. is described from the gut of Spirostreptus timotheus from Zaire. It differs from M.duponti Van Waerebeke, 1987 in having virtually straight spicules as opposed to distinctly arcuate, eight vs four rows of cervical spines in the female; lateral alae extending to the tail region in the female (terminating prior to the vulva in M. duponti) and the development of a predominantly smooth, cuticular field located laterally on the male tail. From M. moramangiensis Van Waerebeke, 1987, it differs in lacking a small ventral notch on the straight edge of the gubernaculum, having fewer and less well developed cervical spines in the male, lateral alae extending to the tail region in the female (terminating prior to the vulva in M. moramangiensis), development of a predominantly smooth, cuticular field located laterally on the male tail and in having longer spicules (285 vs 227 μm). M. gubgibbosus (Dollfus, 1964) comb. n. is proposed and regarded as a species inquirenda. Waerebekeia debbiae sp. n., from the gut of a spirostreptid diplopod from Ivory Coast, is described and illustrated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The new species is characterised by: female lacking cuticularised pieces around the oral aperture, presence of minute spinelets on the somatic striae, male oral aperture laterally elongate, presence of subrectangular blocks of cuticle on the male striae, long, adpressed spicules with fine cuticular striae, shallowly keel-shaped gubernaculum with a dorsal hole, fifteen pairs of copulatory papillae with two pairs subdorsal in position, one being adcloacal and the other near the caudal appendage. The species is distinguished from the type and only other nominal species in the genus by the gubernaculum having a different shape and shallower keel, the longer male tail and longer spicules. Additional data from two Ivory Coast populations of Gilsonema venardi, together with SEM studies, supplement the original description.
Effect of the clover root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne trifoliophila) on growth of white clover
Authors: Zahid Mohammad , Hodda Michael , Gurr Geoff , Fulkerson William , Nobbs Jackie , Nikandrow Alexander , Nicol Helen
Published: January 2003

Root-infecting nematodes are common on white clover (Trifolium repens) in dairy pastures on the north coast of New South Wales and southeastern Queensland, Australia, where they are thought to contribute to poor growth and persistence. The nematode responsible for causing root-knot symptoms on white clover was identified as Meloidogyne trifoliophila, a species not previously recorded from Australia. M. trifoliophila failed to reproduce on any of the standard North Carolina hosts used to identify M. javanica, M. hapla, M. arenaria and M. incognita , but caused severe galling and exhibited a high rate of reproduction on white clover. PCR primers for these Meloidogyne species also failed to amplify DNA of M. trifoliophila. Identity was confirmed by morphological measurements and plant symptoms. In a glasshouse test, increasing initial nematode density within the range 0 to 10 000 per 500 ml pot led to reduced shoot and root growth, fewer nodules and more severe root-knot symptoms. A second pot test screened weed species as potential alternative hosts of M. trifoliophila. None of the eight grass species was galled but M. trifoliophila reproduced on two of the eight dicotyledon weeds, spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and pigweed (Portulaca oleraceae).
Factors affecting the number of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) carried by several species of beetles
Authors: Maehara Noritoshi , Futai Kazuyoshi
Published: January 2003

Numerous pinewood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) aggregated around pupal chambers of Monochamus alternatus in pine wilt-killed trees and the beetle carried many nematodes. However, few nematodes aggregated around pupal chambers of the other beetles, i.e., Acanthocinus griseus, Pissodes obscurus and Trogossita japonica, and these beetles carried few or no nematodes. The higher percentage of M. alternatus pupal chambers with intense blue-stain of wood would cause more nematodes to aggregate around such chambers, as blue-stain fungi are suitable for B. xylophilus propagation.
A review of the genus Arctidorylaimus Mulvey & Anderson, 1979 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with descriptions of Arctidorylaimus gigas sp. n. and A. kurenkovi sp. n. from Russia
Authors: Gagarin Vladimir
Published: January 2003

Arctidorylaimus gigas sp. n. and Arctidorylaimus kurenkovi sp. n. from the Kuriljskoe Lake (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia) are described from numerous mature females and males. The diagnosis of the genus Arctidorylaimus Mulvey & Anderson, 1979 is emended. The species Arctidorylaimus fluviatilis (Altherr, 1958) comb. n. is transferred from the genus Labronema. A key is given to the species of the genus Arctidorylaimus.
Stunning Bodies: Animal Slaughter, Judaism, and the Meaning of Humanity in Imperial Germany
Authors: Brantz Dorothee
Published: January 2003

In 1886, the National Association of Animal Protection Societies petitioned the German Reichstag to protest “the deplorable state of affairs surrounding the method of slaughtering, the role of the butcher, and finally the demoralizing effect that the sight of this albeit necessary killing of livestock must have, particularly on the youth.” Calling for a nationwide law to prohibit the killing of livestock without prior stunning, animal protectionists insisted that only nationwide state intervention could alleviate the widespread problems with slaughter, which, by extension, would guarantee the advancement of humanity. Yet, butchers and Jewish communities vehemently disagreed and in more than two thousand counterpetitions, they appealed to the Reichstag to refrain from proposing such a law. Why did a relatively minor issue like the slaughter of livestock spark so much controversy, and, more importantly, why did it become such a politicized agenda when it was deliberated in the Reichstag in 1887 and again in 1899?
Cigarette Butts and the Building of Socialism in East Germany
Authors: Hong Young-sun
Published: January 2003

Since the nineteenth century, cleanliness and hygiene have played an integral role in the construction of bourgeois subjectivity and notions of self-governance in Europe. Drawing on this reservoir of potential signification, the spread of a mass consumer society in the twentieth century has capitalized on commodified images of health, hygiene, and cleanliness, while the maintenance and representation of clean bodies for modern men and women became virtually inseparable from consumption. The Nazis both accelerated and gave a racial spin to the idea of a clean, healthy body as the symbol of racially superior, socially productive, and sexually virile Aryans. Whether commodified and sexualized under consumerism or channeled into a murderous project under the Nazis, hygienic and healthy bodies became the object of pleasure and a signifier of superior social and racial identity. When these considerations are taken into account, it is important to inquire into the problems faced by the founding fathers of the GDR with regard to questions of health and consumption. The vision of the socialist “New Man” and the ideal of pure and healthy living that were so frequently invoked in the early years of the GDR must be seen as attempts to forge a positive identity for the new socialist state while avoiding the twin ideological dangers posed by the memory of Nazi racial policies and the implicit connections made between health, consumption, and freedom in the pluralistic consumer society to the west.
Intentionality, Identity, and Delusions of Control in Schizophrenia: A Husserlian Perspective
Authors: Davidson Larry
Published: January 2003

In response to criticisms of phenomenology as being a solipsistic approach to psychological research and theory, this paper examines the interplay of both the creative/active and receptive/passive constituents of subjective experience identified in Husserl's exposition of intentional analysis. By delineating the ways in which intentional constitution requires passive as well as active processes, we come to see in the first part of this paper how experience and personal identity are as much formed and informed by the social and historical world as they are created by individual subjects. Once we have established the non-solipsistic nature of phenomenology, we then apply it in the second part of this paper to open a window onto the disorder of self long considered to be integral to schizophrenia. Through an exploration of the constitution of sense of self in the experiences of two people with schizophrenia, we see how cognitive disruptions, auditory hallucinations, and delusional ideation may be related to fundamental peculiarities in a person's experiences of intentionality and his/her resulting sense of agency and identity. In conclusion, we suggest that while phenomenology may not be able to provide a complete account of psychosis, it may be used to shed valuable, descriptive light on subjective aspects that provide a conceptual base for the consideration of other factors.
Modes of Religiosity: Towards a Cognitive Explanation of the Sociopolitical Dynamics of Religion
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: January 2003

In this article is summarized the theory of "modes of religiosity", the doctrinal mode and the imagistic mode. It seeks to contribute to a growing body of research, by explaining, in terms of underlying cognitive mechanisms, some of the varied ways in which religious commitments are experienced, organized, transmitted, and politicized.
A Theory of Ideology: Implications for Religion and Science
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka
Published: January 2003

Both religion and science often have been regarded as forms of ideology. This has created interesting problems for the scientific study of religion. This paper presents a new theory of "ideology" that is based on Dan Sperber's distinction between intuitive and reflective beliefs as well as on his idea of metarepresentation. In ideological thinking it is presumed that decoupling any given beliefs from a given metarepresentational context a priori leads to their misunderstanding. Only intuitive beliefs are free from ideology; they are based on direct perception or very simple inference. All reflective beliefs, scientific and religious alike, are potentially ideological. Ideology thus is contrasted with everyday common sense, not with science. The study of ideologies is not necessarily itself ideological in the same sense as its varying objects. "Ideology" is a graded category; beliefs and arguments are more or less ideological, not either ideological or non-ideological.
Excess, Time, and the Pure Gift: Postmodern Transformations of Marcel Mauss' Theory
Authors: Olson Carl
Published: January 2003

Marcel Mauss' study of the gift is generally considered a classic work in the field of religious studies and in the discipline of anthropology. This exemplary paradigm of scholarship, however, is not given the same respect and acceptance by some postmodern thinkers because it fails to address in part the significance of difference. After reviewing the major highlights of Mauss' theory and the insights of Jacques Derrida and George Bataille on the phenomenon of the gift, these theories will be placed within the context of theoretical work on the Hindu notion of the gift in order to test their reflections about the nature of the gift within the context of a particular tradition. Finally, some aspects of the work of Bataille and Derrida will be compared with Mauss in order to demonstrate some of the problems with the respective positions of each side and briefly to compare some aspects of their respective positions on such issues as time, presence, and rationality.
El conocimiento espacial y la estructura del espacio: Un estudio realizado en dos barrios de Madrid
Authors: Ochaíta Esperanza , Espinosa M.a Angeles
Published: January 2003

Esta investigación estudia la influencia de la estructura del espacio sobre el conocimiento espacial desde una perspectiva transaccional. Los sujetos tenían que aprender una ruta urbana, larga y compleja, en dos espacio diferentes—uno regular y otro irregular—durante cuatro sesiones de entrenamiento. Al finalizar la primera y cuarta sesión, los sujetos tenían que estimar la distancia existente entre los ocho puntos que formaban la ruta. Durante la segunda y cuarta sesión—y siempre desde el mismo punto, 4° y 8°—se pedía a los sujetos que estimaran las direcciones en que se situaban los restantes puntos de la ruta. También se filmaba la conducta real de los sujetos en el espacio. Nuestros resultados no revelan diferencias significativas sobre el aprendizaje de ambos tipos de espacios. Estos datos nos permiten afirmar que la estructura del espacio mantiene complejas transacciones con otros factores—la forma en que se aprende el espacio, la cantidad de aprendizaje que se recibe, el procedimiento de objetivación de dicho conocimiento, etc.—y son éstas interacciones las que influyen en el conocimiento espacial elaborado por los sujetos. Finalmente, se discute el concepto de «representación espacial» entendida ésta como un producto permanente que mantiene una analogía con el espacio real, y se propone la existencia de «esquemas espaciales» que se modifican y se amplían con el uso.
Identidad social de género: su distribución social e influencia en el juicio
Authors: Echebarría Agustín , Pinedo José Antonio
Published: January 2003

Se presentan dos estudios sobre las relaciones entre la distribución social de roles y las identidades sociales de género. La tesis de partida es que los estereotipos tradicionales de la masculinidad y la feminidad y, a través de procesos de hetero y auto- categorización, las identidades de género, tienen su origen en la división de roles impuesta sobre la base de la pertenencia sexual. Tradicionalmente, la mujer ha sido “empujada” a asumir las responsabilidadesdel cuidado de los suyos en el ámbito de la familia (incluso las actividades extra-familiares tipificadas como femeninas pueden verse como prolongaciones de dichas responsabilidades fuera de la familia), mientras que los varones han sido “inducidos” a centrarse en actividades profesionales “oriendatas-al-logro”. La correlación existente entre pertenencia de género y desempeño de un tipo de actividadha conducido a la inferencia de la existencia de una relación entre “rasgos de personalidad” y las conductas adecuadas al rol desempeñado. El primer estudio correlacional que compara las identidades de género en diversos grupos de edad pone de manifiesto cómo la tipificación tradicional de género se va diluyendo en los grupos más jóvenes. El segundo estudio experimental analiza cómo se ve afectada la percepción de un actor y la explicación del éxito o fracaso en el desempeño de su actividad según el actor sea etiquetado como varón o mujer, y según la actividad desarrollada de forma exitosa o fallida sea una actividad tradicionalmente tipificada como masculina o femenina.
El efecto tercera persona en la campaña electoral. Análisis desde la perspectiva de la conformidad superior del yo
Authors: López-Sáez Mercedes , Martínez-Rubio José Luis , Arias Ana V.
Published: January 2003

La tendencia de los individuos a creer que los medios de comunicación influyen menos en sí mismo que en otros (efecto tercera persona) se ha explicado como un ejemplo de sesgo de atribución autodefensivo, opuesto al sesgo de falso consenso. En este estudio se analiza este efecto desde la óptica de la superior conformidad del propio comportamiento, o efecto “primus inter pares”. Partiendo de los seis principios de persuasión tipificados por Cialdini (1985) se elaboró un cuestionario relacionado con los mensajes de la campaña electoral al que respondieron 419 jóvenes primeros votantes en elecciones generales. Los sujetos estimaban la influencia de cada tipo de mensaje en sí mismo y en otros jóvenes, comparación que variaba en función de la condición experimental: joven que vota al mismo partido, joven medio, joven que vota al partido al que nunca votaría. Los resultados confirman un efecto de “primus inter pares”. Existe una relación directa entre la influencia percibida en sí mismos y la percibida en otros. Se da efecto tercera persona en todos los tipos de mensaje excepto en el basado en la consistencia. Este efecto es más pronunciado cuando el tipo de mensaje es menos normativo. El grupo de comparación afecta a las diferencias sí mismo-otro.
El prejuicio presenta un nuevo rostro: puntos de vista teóricos y líneas de investigación recientes sobre un problema familiar
Authors: Navas M.a Soledad
Published: January 2003

Se pretende ofrecer una visión general de algunas de las contribuciones psicosociales más importantes a uno de los asuntos más antiguos y debatidos dentro de la disciplina: el prejuicio. Después de algunas definiciones y una breve revisión histórica de su estudio, se presentan dos de los enfoques teóricos que han aglutinado la mayor parte de la investigación: el prejuicio como actitud negativa y el prejuicio como conflicto intergrupal. Finalmente, se revisan algunas líneas de investigación recientes que tratan de explicar las expresiones más sutiles del prejuicio en nuestros días.
Eteroattribuzioni di gioia: Antecedenti tipici, ed emozioni provate e condivise
Authors: Zammuner Vanda Lucia , Massai Veronica
Published: January 2003

Por medio de un cuestionario estructuradose estudiaron las discrepancias potenciales entre emociones sentidas y comunicadas verbalmente que habían sido elicitadas por dos acontecimientos típicos de alegría (“ganar una gran cantidad de dinero en las quinielas futbolísticas” y “pasar un día en la playa con los amigos”). Los dos acontecimientos habían sido seleccionadossobre la base de los resultados obtenidos en un estudioprevio en el que estudiantes universitarios (N = 30 hombres, 30 mujeres) juzgaban la intensidad de cada una de las 10 emociones para cada uno de los siete antecedentes de la alegría (por ejemplo, enamorarse, aprobar un examen). Estudiantes universitarios italianos, tanto hombres (N = 120) como mujeres (N = 120) atribuían las emociones sentidas y comunicadas al protagonista (P) del acontecimiento, eligiendo entre las 14 emociones de una lista. Las comunicaciones tenían lugar con Ps que eran un compañero, un amigo o un conocido. Los análisis estadísticos de las atribuciones de los sujetos confirmaron la hipótesis principal, a saber, que a menos que se consideren inapropiadasen el contexto (por ejemplo, cuando son demasiado intensas), las emociones positivas sentidas no necesitan ser reguladas en la comunicación verbal con los demás. Se interpreta que los resultados demuestran que la comunicación de la emoción está modulada por normas y creencias sociales relacionadas con la emoción.
¿Cómo valoran los consumidores las extensiones de marca?
Authors: Varela Jesús , Rial Antonio , Braña Teresa
Published: January 2003

La extensión de marca resulta una estrategia muy atractiva en el lanzamiento de un producto, por el ahorro que supone en publicidady el aprovechamiento que se saca del posicionamiento de la marca. No obstante, una mala planificación de la extensión puede acarrear serias consecuencias. Se ha demostrado que la percepción que los consumidores tienen de una marca puede afectar a la aceptación de sus extensiones. En este trabajo pretendenos ofrecer evidencias en torno al papel desempeñado por variables como el estatus, el carácter abierto o dinámico de la marca, así como el tipo de de extensión. El principalresultado gira en torno a la importancia que tiene, precisamente, el tipo de extensión. Sólo si ésta es percibida como continua o aparentemente lógica, se tendrán en cuenta otros criterios como estatus o dimamismo de la marca.