bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF MILD STEEL CORROSION IN 1N HCL AND 1N H2SO4 BY LEAVES EXTRACT OF GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM
Authors: Mothilal K K , Perumal S , Kannan R Sayee , Muthumanickam S , Elangovan A , Muniyappan N
Published: May 2022

Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Gossypium herbaceum leaves on the corrosion of mild steel in 1N HCl and 1N H2SO4 has been investigated by burden Loss Method, FTIR, SEM, Potentiodynamic and Polarization measurements. The
experiment by Weight Loss Method has shown that the ethanol extract of Gossypium herbaceum inhibits mild steel
corrosion and the inhibition efficiency of the extract increases with increase in concentration and temperature. FTIR
spectra were used to examine the protective layer formed on the metal surface. The Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy result have revealed that variation in the impedance parameters, charge transfer resistance and double layer
capacitance, with the deviation in extract concentration are due to the adsorption of active molecules resulting in the
construction of a protective layer on the mild steel surface. The SEM method has provided the confirmatory evidence of
the safeguard of mild steel by the green inhibitor. The consequences of the study have shown that the leaf extract of
Gossypium herbaceum exhibits fine corrosion inhibition efficiency for mild steel in both acid media.
Keywords: Gossypium herbaceum, Green inhibitors, Impedance, Polarization, SEM.
IN-SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING OF DICHLOLOROFLAVAN FROM ZINGIER OFFICINALE AND ALLICIN FROM ALLIUM SATIVUM AGAINST MPRO A DRUG TARGET OF SARS COV-2
Authors: Ramakrishna Krishnaveni , Sairam Mantri , Syed Chandini S , John K Samuel , Audipudi Amrutha V
Published: May 2022

From decades, viral diseases including emerging and chronic viral infections are increasing worldwide health concern. Corona virus, SARS COV-2, is a new strain identified in 2019 caused Covid-19, in Wuhan, China has caused more than
5,304,772 infections and ~342,029 deaths worldwide over 203 countries, and the numbers are increasing exponentially
from time to time. Since no specific treatment and diagnosis are available for COVID-19, discovery of new antiviral
agents have become the most urgent need than in past, especially from natural sources. Hence, our present study is
aimed to investigate bioactive molecules from Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Allium sativum (garlic) as potential SARS
COV-2 main protease inhibitors, using a molecular docking by Auto dock 4.2, with the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm,
to analyze the probability of docking. SARS COV-2 main protease was docked with five selected compounds (zingerone,
gingerol, paradol, dichloro flavin (ginger), and allicin (garlic), and were analyzed by Auto dock 4.2, PyMol version
1.7.4.5. Chloroquine and hydroxy chloroquine were used as standards for comparison. The binding energies obtained
from the docking of Covid-19 main protease with biological ligand; zingerone, gingerol, paradol, dichloro flavin, and
allicin were -5.31, -4.73, -5.51, -6.05, -3.74 kcal/mol, while, standard drugs such as hydroxy chloroquine and
chloroquine possess binding energies of -4.88 and -5.25 kcal/mol respectively. It indicates that, zingerone, paradol and
dichloloroflavan show more binding energy than chloroquine and hydroxy chloroquine, whereas, gingerol and allicin
exhibited lesser binding energy. Comparing these five molecules, dichloroflavan and paradol from ginger shows highest
affinity and binding sites for target protein.
ZnO AND ALKALINE EARTH METAL (Mg) DOPED ZnO NANOPARTICLES FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL STUDIES
Authors: Cyril A , Senthamilselvan G , Palanimurugan A , Dhanalakshmi A
Published: May 2022

The chemical co-precipitation method was used to prepare zinc oxide and magnesium doped ZnO nanoparticles (MgZnO NPs), and their structural, optical, thermal, and antibacterial properties were investigated. XRD spectra revealed that all synthesized NPs are hexagonal wurtzite structure and the size of ZnO and Mg-ZnO NPs is 51 and 42 nm. The FTIR spectra of ZnO and Mg-ZnO NPs have peaks at 463 and 470 cm-1 respectively. Mg-ZnO NPs have increased the thermal stability region from (177-288°C) to (198-296°C). ZnO NPs have high antibacterial activity against E. coli, whereas Mg-ZnO NPs have antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeroginosa.
Technology in Action: Developing Gamification Handbook in English Teaching and Learning for the 21st Century Learners
Authors:   Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Santosa Made Hery , Harismayanti Intania ,   Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa, Putra I Nyoman Adi Jaya ,   Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Published: May 2022

Diffusion of digital literacy and technological practices in 21st-century learning has become a constructive force in EFL classrooms in North Bali, Indonesia. To align this, the study aimed at developing a gamification handbook in English teaching and learning. The study was carried out with 15 secondary students and 10 English teachers in North Bali, Indonesia through the design and development design research (DDR). The obtained data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis and analyzed qualitatively through Interactive Model Analysis. The quality of the developed product was obtained through Interrater Agreement Model. The result of the study shows there is an urgent need to develop a gamification handbook aimed at effectively integrating 21st-century skills, digital literacy, and technological practices in English teaching and learning context. Based on the quality check on the product, the gamification handbook was classified as an excellent media, and therefore ready to be used. Further study needs to be conducted to explore the specific impact of the gamification handbook on students’ performance in learning.
Student Perceptions of Online Interpreting Teaching and Learning via the Zoom Platform
Authors:   Macao Polytechnic University, Han Lili , Wang Yuying ,   Macao Polytechnic University, Li Yumeng ,   Macao Polytechnic University
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to engage in the ubiquitous use of virtual interpreting teaching and learning. The sudden shift of teaching mode has resulted in unplanned challenges. The main concerns among teachers and students include teaching quality and learning effectiveness. To examine the effectiveness of interpreting teaching and learning online, we conducted a survey about students’ perceptions of satisfaction concerning online interpreting teaching and learning via an online platform. This survey is composed of questions to measure student satisfaction from six aspects, namely, instructor, technology, setup, interaction, outcomes, and overall. Results showed that the shift to abrupt online interpreting teaching and learning did not have any significant impact on teaching quality and learning effectiveness. Findings also highlighted the need for further investigation of self-regulation and self-directiveness in online interpreting teaching and learning. Essential pedagogical tasks can be conducted online (e.g., triangulation exercises, relays, handover, and channel switching). Implications are provided based on the findings.
SUKSESI KEPEMIMPINAN KRISTEN
Authors: PRAYITNO AGUS
Published: May 2022

Keterkaitan individu dengan individu yang lain tidak lepas, sebagai pribadi makluk sosial. Untuk itu dalam mencapai tujuannya maka masing-masing individu yang memiliki visi yang sama membentuk suatu koloni supaya tercapai tujuannya. Dalam organisasi atau koloni tersebut harus ada kepemimpinan yang akan mengarahkan anggota-anggota yang lain. Gaya kepemimpinan itupun berbeda-beda sesuai dengan karakter dan kebutuhan organisasi yang dipimpinnya. Gaya kepemimpinan ini tidak bisa dipaksakan jika tidak sesuai dengan pola yang dipimpinnya. Namun jika diperhatikan fungsi dari kepemimpinan itu memiliki tujuan yang sama yaitu bagaiman ia bisa memimimpin, merencanakan, mengorganisasi, menyusun staff dan mengendalikan organisasi dengan baik. Secara umum kepemimpinan yang baik haruslah bertanggungjawab, memberikan inspirasi kepada anggotanya, jujur dan berintegritas serta mudah berkomunikasi yang baik secara internal maupun eksternal. Adapun cara dalam memilih kepemimpinan bisa dilihat dari beberapa jalur berdasarkan kondisi yang ada. Misalnya jalur tradisional, kepribadian, pengangkatan atasan, situasional maupun pemilihan. Dari jalur kepemiminan masing-masing ada sisi positif dan negatifnya, tergantung kondisi organisasi yang dipimpinnya. Jika suksesi ditinjau dari sisi pemimpin kepemimpinan rohani dapat ditinjau dari sisi Alkitab. Maka dasar dari calon harus memiliki kriteria takut akan Tuhan, bijaksana dan peduli, serta adil jujur dan berintegritas.
Islam's Jesus
Authors: Zayied Iman
Published: May 2022

Islam’s Jesus, Zeki Sarıtoprak, Gainesville Florida, University Press of Florida, 2014, pp. 222, $19.95, 978-0-8130-6178-8
Halal Certification and Islamophobia
Authors: Etri Manal , Yucel Salih
Published: May 2022

In recent years, there has been growing concern regarding halal certification, which has resulted in targeted campaigns against halal food and products. On 13 May 2015, the Australian Senate commissioned a six month parliamentary inquiry into food certification processes in Australia, but given focus on the halal certification process. A central component of the investigation involved seeking public submissions, with 1,492 received in total. The Senate released a report of its findings on 1 December 2015. All public submissions and the Senate report are analysed in this paper. This article first argues there is an emerging link between targeted campaigns against halal certified products and related processes, and broader Islamophobic campaigns against Muslims living in Australia; demonstrating how Islamophobic discourse takes shape. Second, while the context may differ, the Islamophobic narrative remains effectively the same even as it pertains to halal certified foods. Finally, the article will demonstrate that a small segment of the Australian public used the commissioned Inquiry into the Third Party Certification of Food as an opportunity to whip up antiMuslim sentiment within the wider Australian community.
Fully Known Yet Wholly Unknowable
Authors: Cufurovic Mirela
Published: May 2022

The Balkan region has left scholars perplexed over its origin and definition, to which they have provided different answers. This challenge stems from the region’s long history; a history where civilisations met, collided, and even merged leading to a dynamic, multilayered region. However, one civilisation stuck with the Balkans centuries after its demise – the Ottoman Empire. This Ottoman legacy marked the Balkans as “the ‘other’ within” Europe at the turn of the nineteenth century when scholars and travel writers began to attach political connotations to the name. Being referred to as ‘Turkey-inEurope,’ the identity of the Balkans became premised on the dichotomy of East versus West, in which the Balkans represented the East – the Orient – purely because of its Ottoman history. It is for this reason that the Balkans, more than any other geographical appellation, conjure up pejorative connotations. So much so, that many tend to either avoid the term altogether – including the Balkan nation-states – or use an ostensibly neutral term like ‘South-east Europe’ to refer to the region. And so, the question remains: who are the Balkans?

This paper examines the ground between historical reality and Western imagination regarding the Balkans by focusing on Balkan identity as conflicted between East and West, and explores the extent to which Balkan scholarship has ‘Orientalised’ the region, whereupon the Balkan nation-states began to disassociate themselves from the Balkan label to appear more ‘European.’ The paper will argue it is because of this complexity – the divide between East and West – that the Balkan region is, paradoxically, fully known yet wholly unknowable: known to Europe, yet distant from it due to its Oriental past and tendencies.
Entanglement of Religion, Politics and ‘Asabiyah in Modern Afghanistan
Authors: Wardak Mohammad Omar
Published: May 2022

Religion and politics have always been entangled in Afghanistan. However, the relationship between ‘asabiyah (group feeling) and these two factors has not been analysed. The research described in this paper investigated the different levels of entanglement between religion, politics and ‘asabiyah throughout the modern history of Afghanistan. This article argues that successful leaders throughout Afghanistan’s history have established a delicate balance between religion, politics and ‘asabiyah. For political success, Afghan leaders have often needed to rely on strong ‘asabiyah, or support, from their tribe or ethnic group. Those who were born and bred in the country have had far more support than those imported from abroad or supported by foreign powers. Successful leaders have also often needed to display religious legitimacy. This is, however, a difficult task because public religious acts of devotion could outwardly be seen as pretentious and not genuine.
Wisdom, Prophecy, and the Guidance of Humanity
Authors: Lefebure Leo D
Published: May 2022

While there are major differences between their respective religious paths and personal lives, there are also important areas of convergence between the beliefs and practices of Pope John XXIII (formerly Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) and Said Nursi. Both saw a world of massive injustice, inequality and violence; both saw humans on their own as unable to meet these challenges; and both found resources to guide humanity in the wisdom of their respective religious traditions. Both worked tirelessly to actualise the promise of peace of their particular religious paths. Both believed in religious freedom. Roncalli knew and respected Muslims from his years serving as a papal envoy in Sofia, Bulgaria, and in Istanbul. As Pope John XXIII, he changed Catholic teaching by affirming for the first time in Catholic history the right of religious freedom. Nursi interpreted the Islamic heritage of prophecy and wisdom in relation to the challenges of his context. Pope John and Nursi drew lessons from the prophets of their traditions to guide contemporary believers. Both stand as beacons of hope for humanity in the 21st century. Nursi and Pope John appreciated the deep anxieties of their contemporaries over the many threats and uncertainties of modern life; both knew the havoc that can be brought by unchecked human passions. Submission to God as the one sure path to peace was at the very centre of Nursi’s understanding of Islam and human life. It was also central to Pope John’s understanding of Christian discipleship.
God’s Use of Prophethood for Creating the Universe
Authors: Clark Denny A
Published: May 2022

Said Nursi makes the exalted claim that prophethood, especially that of Prophet Muḥammad, has a crucial, even central, role in God’s activity of creating. The Christian New Testament and Nicene Creed make similar exalted claims about Christ’s role in God’s creating of the universe. These statements can occasion shock, offense and misunderstanding among people outside these respective religious traditions. Both statements underscore that God’s activity of creating is purposeful, with that purpose being definitively expressed in these respective prophets and/or their messages. Apart from considerations of purpose, there is no creating. In that sense, prophethood and God’s activity of creating are intimately connected. Nursi’s approach can help Muslims and Christians understand their own, and one another’s, respective theological languages about the relationship between prophethood and God’s creating activity.
Prophethood of Jesus and Religious Inclusivism in Nursi’s Risale-i Nur
Authors: Law David R
Published: May 2022

This article examines Said Nursi’s understanding of Jesus, his comparison of the prophethood of Jesus with that of Muḥammad, and his conception of Christianity and Islam as partners in the struggle against irreligion. Nursi’s views are then placed in the context of interreligious dialogue and the argument made that Nursi’s critical respect for Christianity can be read as an Islamic version of religious inclusivism, i.e. Nursi’s recognition and valuing of the truth, goodness and holiness of Christianity, while affirming that these qualities reach full expression only in Islam.
Muslim Memories in Victoria
Authors: Haveric Dzavid
Published: May 2022

There is no history of Islam in Australia without a history of Muslim communities; there is no history of these Muslim communities without the memories of Australian Muslims. Within Australia’s religiously pluralistic mosaic there is no history of the Muslim faith without sharing universal values with other faiths.

This paper is primarily based on empirical research undertaken in Victoria. It is a pioneering exploration of the building of multiethnic Muslim communities and interfaith relations from the 1950s to the 1980s. It is part of much broader research on the history of Islam in Australia. It is kaleidoscopic in its gathering of individual and family migrant memories from Muslims in all walks of life. It includes an older Muslim generation as well as those who came later, in subsequent waves. Muslim interviewees in the research were migrants of various ethnicities from Albania, Bosnia, Cyprus, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Pakistan, Palestine, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey, Tanzania and Kenya. Muslim men and women are represented, and also those born in Australia. This research was enhanced by consulting Islamic and Christian archival sources.
Toward ‘Sustainable Development’ Through Zakat-Infaq-Sadaqah Distributions – As Inclusive Activities – For the Development of Social Welfare and Micro and Small Enterprises
Authors: Triyowati Hermien , Masnita Yolanda , Dr Khomsiyah
Published: May 2022

Indonesia’s national development, based on Pancasila as the official, foundational philosophical theory of the state, is similar to the concept of development based on an Islamic perspective, which includes economic, moral, social, material and spiritual aspects. One of the instruments used in Indonesia is the distribution of zakat (obligatory alms), infaq (donations) and sadaqah (alms) (ZIS), which eight groups of people are entitled to receive (asnaf). ZIS is a worship, which must be fulfilled by all Muslims. This article discusses ZIS distribution in Indonesia, as a national inclusive activity, and analyses its contribution to social welfare and micro and small enterprise development. The results prove zakat distribution affects both variables significantly, but the distribution of infaq and sadaqah is not significant. It also shows there is a strong correlation between all indicators for the two variables, together with human development, as well as trends for some variables that could achieve the four goals of sustainable development by 2030.
Reading Rashid Al-Ghannushi’s Debate on Human Rights
Authors: Sofi Mohammad Dawood
Published: May 2022

Human rights, a hotly debated issue in the 1970s Muslim world, engaged diverse groups like governments, political activists, civil society members, intellectuals, thinkers and even common people. Though not a novel development, the phenomenon represented renewed interest by individuals and groups regarding many issues, including democracy and secularism. Shaykh Rāshid al-Ghannūshi ̇̄ – the ‘most adroit and flexible’ Tunisian Islamic reformist leader and primary ideologue of Ḥizb al-Nahḍah – is a prominent voice who discussed widely the issue of human rights. In this regard, his famous book al-Ḥurri ̇̄yyāt al-‘Ᾱmah fi ̇̄ al-Dawlah al-Islāmiyyah represents a core strand of his thought.

In the contemporary era, Ghannūshi ̇̄, through his prolific writing and appealing intellectual discourse, especially on the issues of Islam–West relations, democracy, pluralism and human rights, engages the minds of intellectuals globally. Considering the global importance of this religio-political thinker, the current study, while exploring how the concept of human rights emerged in the West, will examine and explore objectively Ghannūshi ̇̄’s views on human rights. Moreover, this article will focus on understanding his vision about hotly debated issues such as apostasy, freedom in Islam and the West, and the rights of women.
De-coding Neo-jihadism
Authors: Cicek Sureyya Nur
Published: May 2022

The current jihad movement – “neo-jihadism” – seems to be more a product of modern conditions than Islamic traditions. This article focusses on the ideological and psychological factors to argue three points as to why the jihad concept has changed over time and adopted a military endeavour. First, the article discusses the ideological challenges – internal and external factors that contribute to this shift of conception. Second, the article explores the psychological factors that impact this shift of conception. It approaches the discourse around the definition of terrorism and its implications then looks at the aims for intervention. It also discusses the phases, stages and steps terrorism follows. Third, the article argues the issue of radicalisation needs to be tackled holistically to identify, apprehend and tackle the root cause of this phenomenon. Gülen’s holistic education approach, which is aimed at strengthening Muslims’ immune system (particularly the battle for youth hearts and minds), is needed to defeat the extremists in the battlefield of ideas.
The Role of the Qur’ānic Principle of Wasaṭiyyah in Guiding Islamic Movements
Authors: Mohamed Nabil Yasien
Published: May 2022

This paper discusses the Qur’ānic principle of wasaṭiyyah (moderation/middle-way) towards guiding the Islamic movement and building an applied Islamic ethics. It demonstrates the application of the principle of wasaṭiyyah in the spheres of politics, civic engagement, spirituality, jurisprudence and theology.  Wasaṭiyyah is an expression of the universal Qur’ānic principle of justice (adl).  In the primary Qur’ānic verse on wasaṭiyyah, it describes the Muslim community as a witness of moderation to other nations. Observing the principle of wasaṭiyyah may draw individuals, the community and Islamic movements towards a middle-way. The paper will focus on modernist and Islamist movements in the late nineteenth and twentieth century. To reverse extremist tendencies among fringe groups within these movements, a practical methodology on the foundations of a centrist-based approach is needed. Through embracing Islam’s teachings on moderation, truth and justice the consequences of extremism may be remedied. The Islamic movement as a collective endeavour to guide humanity to Islam and restore the message of tawḥīd in the hearts, minds and lives of Muslims will be studied through the prism of wasaṭiyyah. The paper attempts to develop an applied Islamic ethics on the theoretical framework of wasaṭiyyah and maqāsid al-Sharī’ah (Objectives of Islamic Law) towards guiding the Islamic movement to promote justice and moderation. Thus, through harmonising wasaṭiyyah and maqāsid al-Sharī‘ah we may develop a balanced legal model, synthesising the ethical and legal face of the Islamic tradition.
Early History of Micro and Meso Dialogue between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Australia
Authors: Sneddon David Ian
Published: May 2022

Interfaith dialogue has been touted as a means to solve many of the religious divisions that have arisen in an increasingly global and multi-faith society. In Australia, now a multi-cultural and multi faith society, a range of organisations exist to facilitate this dialogue, most coming in to existence after the 1960’s This paper will review the early dialogue between Muslims and non-Muslims as portrayed in the public record. It covers pre and post-Colonial Australia, up until the 1950’s. As inter-faith dialogue becomes more important in an increasingly global society, it will examine the effect that micro and meso level dialogue has influenced social harmony at some levels. By examining the public record and the narratives surrounding the Macassans, Afghans and other early Muslims, this paper will firstly argue that micro and meso dialogue prior to the 1950s’ between Muslims immigrants and non-Muslims made a contribution to the social harmony in Australia. Secondly, despite many attempts by Muslims, meso level dialogue was often ineffective and sometimes failed for a variety of reasons. Additionally, it will point to the need for further research in order to paint a complete picture of the levels of dialogue between Muslims and others throughout Australian history.
Tasawwuf ‘Usturaliya
Authors: Cook Abu Bakr Sirajuddin
Published: May 2022

Tracing the history of Sufism in Australia is a challenging task. The reasons for this are varied and include, but not limited to, the wide dispersal of source materials, the primarily oral transmission of Sufism, and diversity of the manifestation of Sufism. Detailing a history of Sufism in Australia is not possible in a short article. Rather than attempting to do so, this paper will emphasise that it is a neglected area that deserves significant scholarly attention. This paper will show that Australia has a rich and diverse heritage of Sufism. This is not without some challenges and raising these will support any study that attempts to engage Australia’s Sufi heritage, especially those that attempt to detail the earlier emergences of Sufism within Australia. Some solutions to the challenges of studying the history of Sufism in Australia will be proposed. In this light, Sufism in Australia can be seen to make an important contribution to the development of Australia generally and Australian Islam specifically.
Mahomet Allum
Authors: Batchelor Daud Abdul-Fattah
Published: May 2022

Mahomet Allum, an Afghan herbalist whose family practised medicine over centuries, arrived in 1891,and spent most of his life in Australia, eventually settling in Adelaide. He endeared himself especially to the poor and labour class, in treating their illnesses efficaciously without payment. He donated effusively to charities, and disseminated Islamic knowledge.

Allum criticised contemporary Australian medical practices – he pioneered campaigning in Australia against inhumane use of live animals for vivisection and pathological testing, and injecting animal serums into humans. He stood on his principles in the ensuing challenge between tradition and modernity, which ended in court with him being convicted for claiming to be a ‘physician’, which witnesses denied. The accounts reviewed suggest Mahomet Allum’s herbalist skill was likely superior to many Western medical outcomes in the 1930s, implying that healing capabilities of traditional Afghan cum Islamic medicine were only equalled in the past century. Allum was a rarity in challenging the prevailing view of European racial superiority. His reported shortcomings were that he lost no opportunity to promote himself, and his critique of ‘Western’ medicine, including vaccinations. Sadly, his wife died from smallpox for which effective vaccination had been discovered and used in Ottoman Turkey before 1700.
ANZAC Muslims
Authors: Haveric Dzavid
Published: May 2022

When the Commonwealth of Australia became immersed in two World Wars, Australian Muslims accepted the national call – they shed their blood and gave their lives for Australia’s freedom and democracy. With their Australian brothers-in-arms and allies they fought courageously with honour against their common enemies in different battlefields – but this is an almost forgotten history.

Muslims in Australia were challenged by Britain’s imperial might and by their status as British subjects and ‘aliens’ to take part in ANZAC showing their commitment to their adopted country. The virtue of justice, sense of responsibility and loyalty are peculiar qualities that find their full justification in the organised welfare of Australian society.

This pioneering article, based on ongoing research on ANZAC Muslims, makes known their unique contribution. It reveals historic facts about ANZAC Muslims who were members of what has come to be known as the Heroic Generation. Although their names have not appeared in history books, they achieved the glory of victory for a better future for new generations to come. Their contribution is part of Australian National Heritage – Lest we forget.
Revulsion and Reflection
Authors: Nebhan Katy
Published: May 2022

Since the 1980s, much has been made about the lives of Australia’s first Muslim settlers, the ‘Afghan cameleers’, their pioneering achievements and the suffering they endured through Australia’s discriminatory policies and immigration laws. However, little, if any, academic attention has been given to the converts to Islam during this same period, many of whom were striving to rid the Australian public of misconceptions surrounding their new faith to end this discrimination and ignorance.

This article briefly looks at the way Australia’s news media presented and perceived Australian Muslims from the arrival of the first cameleer settlers in the 1860s to the first few decades of the twentieth century when ‘White’ converts were increasing and unwittingly propelling Islam onto the public stage. While protectionist policies, particularly leading up to Federation, saw numerous unfavourable images of ‘coloured’ Muslims in the Australian print media, there was a subtle but significant change at the turn of the twentieth century. While the White Australia Policy stood in the face of Australia’s Asiatic Muslims, it was largely irrelevant to the growing number of European and Australian converts who sought to subvert it in order to lift the Australian Muslim community of which they were part.
Qur’anic Surahs’ Names
Authors: Aldahesh Ali Yunis
Published: May 2022

The titles given to the 114 surahs that constitute the Qur’an have been the spark of a heated debate among stakeholders. There is no unanimous agreement amongst Qur’anic scholars, exegetes and translators with regard to a number of issues pertinent to such a thorny topic. They are, in particular, of varying opinions as to the origin and multiplicity of surahs’ names. This study concerns itself with investigating those opinions. The main objective here is to come up with a number of fruitful insights that may help enhance our understanding of this vital aspect of the Muslims’ Scripture. The study argues that the term ‘surah’ is very Qur’an-specific, which may overlap, in a number of its features, with the scholastic term of ‘chapter’. Yet, it is not necessarily to be considered or translated as such. The article also argues that, traditionally speaking, most Qur’anic surahs have multiple names. However, not all of these names are tawqifī ‘revelational’ nor are all of them ijtihādī ‘derived through reasoning’. That is to say, at least one of the titles given to the surahs with multiple names is tawqifī while the other titles are ijtihādī. The study ends with a comprehensive table showing the names allocated to the 114 Qur’anic surahs along with detailed notes on the origin of their naming. It is hoped that the insights provided in this study will help illuminate the confusion and be of benefit to scholars studying the Qur’an and, by extension, to the Qur’an translators into other languages.
Qur'ānic Exegesis of Muhammad Asad
Authors: Hassan Murie Ahamed
Published: May 2022

This article critically investigates the Qur’ānic exegesis and the methodology of Leopold Weiss aka Muhammad Asad (d. 1992), a prominent Muslim scholar of the last century. The exegesis addressing the Western intellectual audience is considered by many to be among the best in the English Language. The work inculcates traditional exegesis as well as traditional hermeneutics producing a contemporary interpretation. His work is controversial – well received by the academia attributed to ingenious scholarship, criticised by conservative Muslims for alleged neo-rationalistic tendencies. The work was labelled ‘unorthodox’ by neo-conservatives while banned by the Saudi Government as ‘heretical’, which led the work to become unpopular. The article examines the criticisms and his produce against mainstream sources. It argues that the exegesis in examination is able to withstand its criticisms, and further, rank among the best of its kind.
Indigenous Australians and Muslims
Authors: Sneddon David
Published: May 2022

For many years, Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples had a long history of contact with the regions to the north of Australia. This preceded European contact by many years and led to fruitful dialogue and levels of social cohesion between Muslims from the Macassan and Malay region and the Indigenous people of Arnhem Land and beyond. The area of contact was widespread, encompassing around 3,000 km of Australia’s northern coastline. Initial contact was most likely with the people known as the Baijini, referred to as “followers of Allah”, followed by the Macassans. This article has two fundamental arguments concerning the nature and level of dialogue between Muslims and Indigenous Australians prior to the 20th Century. Firstly, there are established links that dialogue occurred in this era, as is evident by the linguistic traces, syncretic absorption of rituals and beliefs and the transference of technology. Secondly, whilst the primary objective of the interaction and dialogue was trade focussed, some of the Baijini and Macassans used this contact and trade as a vehicle for the purpose of da’wah (proselytizing or invitation to Islam, The syncretic nature of this dialogue has left a lasting legacy with many Indigenous peoples in Arnhem Land, including ceremonies and rituals reflecting certain concepts or ideas from Islam and other Macassan beliefs. Ultimately, this long term dialogue declined following the banning of the Macassan trepang fleets in 1906, however, the legacy remains to this day.
Disguised Commentary on the Qur'an
Authors: Fahm AbdulGafar Olawale
Published: May 2022

Mathnawī, Jalāluddīn Rūmī’s magnum opus, is among the most quoted mystico-didactic epic poems in the Islamic world. The purpose of this research is to provide an assessment of the 13th-century scholar’s work as exegetical commentary on the Qur’an. A theological approach has been adopted to identify the major teachings in the work. In this study, after a brief introduction of Rūmī and his vision of the Qur’an, the research evaluated the Mathnawī from historical, mystical, exegetical and literary perspectives. It identifies the stories of Prophets and their people in his poetic lines and provides a holistic categorization of issues about them found also in various verses of the Qur’an as a possibility of commentary on the Qur’an. In order to establish a meaningful relationship in terms of the form and content in the work, stories of prophets mentioned in the Qur’an are analyzed to facilitate comprehensive assessment. This also serves as a guide to Rūmī’s interpretation of the Qur’an. It was discovered that Jalāluddīn Rūmī in his work pays particular attention to the spiritual attributes of each prophet. An overall evaluation of the Mathnawī shows that Rūmī did not only use Qur’an verses or words but also rational arguments, stories, and anecdotes to drive home his commentary on the Qur’an.
Conversion to Islam
Authors: Martinot Bonne , Ozalp Mehmet
Published: May 2022

This article is a systematic literature review of research conducted in the last two decades (2000-2020) on conversion and converts to Islam in western societies and Australia. The review highlights findings of this body of literature in six key points: there are important nuances of difference of conversions to Islam from country to country, conversion to Islam is a gradual process, converts to Islam do not entirely replace their existing identity with an Islamic one, converts are alienated by their friends and family leading to deep loneliness and isolation, converts to Islam feel denied meaningful roles in the Muslim community and converts to Islam experience a subtle form of Islamophobia. These findings and insights at the same time reveal gaps in knowledge and offer a road map in charting new research. This review highlights six important areas of research and gaps in knowledge: research need to include equally men and women converts, interplay between Islam influencing converts’ identity and converts influencing the way Islam is understood in western societies, there is a lack of the Muslim converts’ voice in research involving Muslims in the west, there is no study that investigates how converts successfully integrate within their respective Muslim community, the theory of conversion to Islam is not fully developed, research on Aboriginal converts to Islam needs to be investigated without the constraints of a security lens.
Iftar at the Train Station
Authors: Sahib Rizwan
Published: May 2022

This autoethnographic study explores how I am a citizen culturally speaking; that is, my Muslim identity and religious customs are positively recognised by my non-Muslim Australian work-colleague. In our interactions at my workplace—a train station—my colleague’s actions towards me made me feel included within Australian society. I also claimed recognition of my cultural identity and custom by including my work colleague in my Eid celebration. I interpret my colleague’s actions and my own as examples of cultural citizenship. This finding lends weight to the results of previous research that illustrate a positive trend vis-à-vis Muslims and Australian citizenship.
Religions and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Sayem Md. Abu
Published: May 2022

John B. Cobb Jr. and Seyyed Hossein Nasr attempt to bring religious moral foundation into the discourse on environmental sustainability. The present study focuses how Cobb and Nasr address the ecological crisis in connection with their respective faith traditions. It investigates whether their eco-theological thoughts are complementary in contextualising religious moral foundations with the present environmental problems. By making a comparative analysis of their eco-religious understanding and suggestions, this paper shows why their eco-theological thoughts seem significant for addressing environmental issues and how their suggestions can motivate humans to protect the natural environment.
Some Critical Reflections on al-Jāḥiẓ’s Notions of Ṭabʿ and Ṭibāʿ (Innate Dispositions)
Authors: Alamiri Zaid
Published: May 2022

This study sheds some light on how the philosophical and theological beliefs of al-Jāḥiẓ (d. 868), as a Muʿtazilite, influenced his literary views and opinions. Among these are the concepts of Ṭabʿ and Ṭibāʿ, which are frequently mentioned in his writings. The concepts of Ṭabʿ and Ṭibāʿ originally address philosophically related theological questions, which were extended to cover literary points. On the theological level, these concepts were used to support the Muʿtazilah’s interpretation of human free will viewed in light of their belief in the unicity and justice of God. The notions of Ṭabʿ and Ṭibāʿ arose out of the Muʿtazilah’s discussion of ‘generated acts’. Regarding the literary domain, al-Jāḥiẓ applied the concepts of Ṭabʿ and Ṭibāʿ to the interpretation of littérateur creativity and his literary production. The way al-Jāḥiẓ interpreted the notions of Ṭabʿ and Ṭibāʿ displays natural determinism disguised under Divine determinism.
Why an Interest-Free Economy was Instituted from Early Religious Zeal?
Authors: Setiawan Romi Adetio
Published: May 2022

At the end of 19th century, the Muslim scholars realized that the current banking system and economy was interest-based (riba) in all forms of transactions whether commercial or non-commercial. After the 20th century, proponents of Islamic economics put forward the establishment of a modern banking system that adhered to sharia principles and banned all forms of riba. It is important to note that the restriction on interest (riba) was also prevailed even among the non-Muslims and the origins of interest prohibition can be traced back to the Jewish and Christian faiths. However, the issue of prohibiting interest in modern financial system is still a matter of debate among Islamic jurists and this often cause confusion and inconsistency as to which the case of riba can be applied.  This article argues that, whereas riba is expressly prohibited in all aspects of religion in the classical religious context, the modern practice of the interest system in Islamic finance is still debated in the context of contemporary society.
Eco-Religious Teachings and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Sayem Md. Abu
Published: May 2022

The present research project aims to make Bangladeshi people more aware of human-nature relationship so that they can work from their own levels for the environmental sustainability. This study focuses why eco-religious understanding is necessary to work for environmental sustainability and how it can contribute as an alternative approach to reducing the present ecological crisis. Here Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s eco-spiritual approach is used as a tool to do so. This research investigates why Nasr’s eco-Islamic understanding and prescription seem significant for Bangladeshi people and how these can be implemented to reduce the environmental issues in Bangladesh. In terms of methodology, it is an analytical study based on reviewing Nasr’s eco-religious vision and examining its applicability in Bangladesh. As a result of this study, readers can instill a deeper awareness of human-nature inseparable relationship in their mind, which convince them to manifest its essentiality in their practical behaviors with the natural world. As the project connects Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s eco-religious teaching with the present environmental problems of Bangladesh, its prime result will be motivating Bangladeshi people from grassroots levels to maintain ecological equilibrium by diverting their attention from the mechanistical and materialistic view to an organic view of the environment. Alongside these, the project will enrich the current discussions on the role of religions in environmental sustainability from a Bangladeshi perspective.
Pope Francis’ Dialogue Initiatives with Muslims
Authors: Yucel Salih , Tahir Muhammed
Published: May 2022

Pope Francis’ dialogue activities with the Muslim world have been welcomed by the majority of Muslims and covered extensively in media. His visits to Muslim countries, meeting with the heads of state and official religious authorities, and his encouraging Catholics for dialogue activities can contribute to world peace. This article will first elaborate on how the terms “Ahl al-Kitab” and “Ummah Muqtasidah” (Moderate Nation) are interpreted by Quranic exegetes. These two terms of the Qur’an are the key for the theology of Islam regarding dialogue. Secondly, the article will focus on Nostra Aetate which is considered one of the most critical turning points in the history of Catholic-Muslim relations. This study has two arguments. The first is that the statements of Pope Francis about the practice of dialogue can contribute to world peace if applied both within institutions and at the grassroots. The second is that if Pope Francis’ dialogue activities involve only religious leaders officially appointed by governments in the Muslim world and exclude independent religious leaders, the impact will be significantly lessened. This paper also proposes that for fruitful dialogue activities, both Catholics and Muslims should focus on moral qualities rather than theological differences.
Tafsir in the Non-Arab Muslim World – I
Authors: Riddell Peter G. , Coruh Hakan
Published: May 2022

The six articles in this issue of AJIS demonstrate the richness of resources in tafsīr al- Qur’ān produced outside the Arabic-speaking world. These articles provide a snapshot of the rapidly developing interest in this field of studies in Southeast Asia and Africa. Further exciting glimpses into non-Arab world research into Qur’ānic exegesis will be on display in the next issue of AJIS, focusing on scholarship from India, Iran, Turkey and central Caucasus.
Risk factors for TB in Australia and their association with delayed treatment completion
Authors: Coorey N. J. , Kensitt L. , Davies J. , Keller E. , Sheel M. , Chani K. , Barry S. , Boyd R. , Denholm J. , Watts K. , Fox G. , Lowbridge C. , Perera R. , Waring J. , Marais B. , Viney K.
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND: Australia has a low incidence of TB and has committed to eliminating the disease. Identification of risk factors associated with TB is critical to achieving this goal.METHODS: We undertook a prospective cohort study involving persons receiving TB treatment
in four Australian jurisdictions. Risk factors and their association with delayed treatment completion (treatment delayed by at least 1 month) were analysed using univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS: Baseline surveys were completed for 402 persons with
TB. Most (86.1%) were born overseas. Exposure to a person with TB was reported by 19.4%. Diabetes mellitus (10.2%), homelessness (9.2%), cigarette smoking (8.7%), excess alcohol consumption (6.0%) and mental illness (6.2%) were other common risk factors. At follow-up, 24.8% of patients had
delayed treatment completion, which was associated with adverse events (34.1%, aOR 6.67, 95% CI 3.36–13.27), excess alcohol consumption (6.0%, aOR 21.94, 95% CI 6.03–79.85) and HIV co-infection (2.7%, aOR 8.10, 95% CI 1.16–56.60).CONCLUSIONS: We identified risk
factors for TB and their association with delayed treatment completion, not all of which are routinely collected for surveillance purposes. Recognition of these risk factors should facilitate patient-centred care and assist Australia in reaching TB elimination.
Cost of TB prevention and treatment in the Philippines in 2017
Authors: Capeding T. P. J. , Rosa J. D. , Lam H. , Gaviola D. G. , Garfin A. M. C. , Hontiveros C. , Cunnama L. , Laurence Y. V. , Kitson N. , Vassall A. , Sweeney S. , Garcia-Baena I.
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND: The Philippines aims to accelerate TB reduction through the provision of universally accessible and affordable services. The objectives of this paper are to estimate the costs of TB services and interventions using a health systems´ perspective, and to explore
cost differences in service delivery via primary care facilities or hospitals.METHODS: Data were collected from a multi-stage stratified random sampling of 28 facilities in accordance with Global Health Cost Consortium costing standards and analysis tools. Unit costs (in US$)
estimated using top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) approaches, are summarised following Value TB reporting standards and by broad facility type.RESULTS: Cost of delivering 32 TB services and eight interventions varied by costing method and delivery platform. Average BU costs ranged
from US$0.38 for treatment support visits, US$2.5 for BCG vaccination, US$19.48 for the Xpert® MTB/RIF test to US$3,677 for MDR-TB treatment using the long regimen. Delivering TB care in hospitals was generally more costly than in primary care facilities,
except for TB prevention in children and MDR-TB treatment using the long regimen.CONCLUSION: Comprehensive costing data for TB care in the Philippines are now available to aid in the design, planning, and prioritisation of delivery models to End TB.
TRÒ MA - MỘT LOẠI HÌNH NGHỆ THUẬT ĐẶC SẮC CẦN ĐƯỢC BẢO TỒN VÀ PHÁT HUY
Authors: Đỗ Thị Thanh Nhàn
Published: May 2022

Trò Ma là một loại hình diễn xướng trong đám tang của người Mường ở Thanh Hóa. Trò Ma ra đời từ câu chuyện đền ơn đáp nghĩa, nhưng cũng bắt đầu từ đó, trong khắp các bản Mường ở Thanh Hóa, trò Ma trở thành tục lệ tiễn đưa linh hồn người chết về với tổ tiên. Bài viết nghiên cứu trò Ma nhằm làm sáng tỏ giá trị nhân văn sâu sắc trong “chữ hiếu” của con cái đối với cha mẹ, khi cha mẹ qua đời, đồng thời nghiên cứu loại hình nghệ thuật diễn xướng độc đáo này để thấy được sự khác lạ trong trò Ma của người Mường Thanh Hóa, từ đó gợi mở cho các cấp, các nhà quản lý có giải pháp bảo tồn và phát huy loại hình nghệ thuật đang bị mai một này.