bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ready‐made chromatography columns for extracellular vesicle isolation from plasma
Authors: Welton Joanne Louise , Webber Jason Paul , Botos Laur‐Alexandru , Jones Michael , Clayton Aled
Published: March 2015

Proteomic studies of circulating vesicles are hampered by difficulties in purifying vesicles from plasma and serum. Isolations are contaminated with high‐abundance blood proteins that may mask genuine vesicular‐associated proteins and/or simply provide misleading data. In this brief report, we explored the potential utility of a commercially available size exclusion chromatography column for rapid vesicle purification. We evaluated the performance of the column, with cancer cell line conditioned medium or healthy donor plasma, in terms of removing non‐vesicular protein and enriching for vesicles exhibiting exosome characteristics. Serial fractions revealed a peak for typical exosomal proteins (CD9, CD81 etc.) that preceded the peak for highly abundant proteins, including albumin, for either sample type, and harvesting only this peak would represent elimination of >95% of protein from the sample. The columns showed good reproducibility, and streamlining the workflow would allow the exosome‐relevant material to be collected in less than 10 minutes. Surprisingly, however, subsequent post‐column vesicle concentration steps whilst resulting in some protein loss also lead to low vesicle recoveries, with a net effect of reducing sample purity (assessed by the particle‐to‐protein ratio). The columns provide a convenient, reproducible and highly effective means of eliminating >95% of non‐vesicular protein from biological fluid samples such as plasma.
First records of the jewel beetles Chrysobothris desmaresti (Laporte & Gory, 1836) and Hiperantha stempelmanni Berg, 1889 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Bolivia
Authors: Perger Robert , Guerra Fernando
Published: March 2015

The jewel beetle species Chrysobothris desmaresti (Laporte & Gory, 1836) and Hiperantha stempelmanni Berg, 1889, have been recorded in Bolivia for the first time. Both species were collected on xeric Acacia trees. As indicated by their presence on Acacia and previous records, both species may be endemic to the arid intermountain valleys of the Southern Bolivian and Northern Argentinean Andes as well as the Chaco lowland forests.
Bridging the distributional gap of Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) and new synonymy (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)
Authors: Kulkarni Siddharth , Yadav Swara
Published: March 2015

Although Tylorida striata has not been reported from India, observations on India Biodiversity Portal (IBP 2015), an open access repository for biodiversity information of Indian subcontinent, showed images resembling this species. The respective locality in Gujarat, India was explored and specimens were studied to confirm record of T. striata in India. Literature study showed some taxonomic lacunae which needed to be resolved.

The tetragnathid spider Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) is redescribed on examination of its long unknown syntypes from Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi deposited in the Natural History Museum of Giacomo Doria, Genoa, Italy and additional material from Kendari and other Indonesian regions. Description of Tylorida stellimicans (Simon, 1885) mentions its identity with T. striata, which however characterizes sub-adult of T. striata and is accordingly synonymized. Tylorida striata is newly recorded from India which links the distributional gap between China to Australia and Comoros Islands. Distributional and taxonomic records of Tylorida species with T. striata- like globose abdomen infer probable synonymy, which is subject to genus revision.
Le faciès du contrôle
Authors: Ahmadouchi Fatine , Jounin Nicolas , Kettal Yasmina , Krumnow Nina , Mimoun Alice , Mokrani Laëtitia , Mongongnon Jordan , Orsini Pierre , Otto Camilla , Rondou Lucie , Tamega Awa , Tilbourg Loïse , Bachiri Aurélie , Touré El Hadj , Tubeuf Ulysse , Bakhayokho Boubou , Bihet Julien , Bouali Requia , Cognasse Nedjma , El Mellah Sarah , Gicquel Camille , Josse Marie
Published: March 2015

Cet article interroge les modalités des contrôles d’identité menés par les forces de l’ordre et notamment la sélection qui y préside, à partir d’une enquête par questionnaire auprès d’étudiants. Le look et le sexe ont des liens significatifs avec la probabilité d’avoir été contrôlé au moins une fois. La race présente également un lien significatif lorsqu’on opère un contrôle par des variables indiquant des pratiques de transport et de loisir. Au-delà de cette disparité, on voit apparaître des écarts, voire la formation d’une « clientèle policière », à travers la répétition et la manière dont se déroulent les contrôles.
Pas de culture de cannabis sans les femmes. Le cas du Rif au Maroc
Authors: Afsahi Kenza
Published: March 2015

La culture de cannabis dans le Rif, activité agricole familiale, relève d’une organisation du travail complexe. Chaque membre de la famille y participe et obéit à des codes qui varient selon le sexe, l’âge et la place que chacun occupe au sein de la famille. Les femmes sont initiées par les hommes à certaines étapes de la culture de cannabis et effectuent un travail considérable, sans toujours profiter de reconnaissance sociale ou de revenus. En étudiant la part de visibilité et d’invisibilité de celles-ci dans la culture de cannabis, cet article analysera leur place, désormais incontournable, puisque leur participation permet d’abaisser les coûts de production du cannabis, tandis qu’elles adoptent certaines stratégies assurant le maintien de cette culture.
Actualités et réflexions sur les phobies
Authors: Moscoso Ana
Published: March 2015

Si la peur est une émotion précieuse pour protéger efficacement du danger, elle devient pathologique lorsqu’elle est irrationnelle, attachée à un objet ou à une situation qui ne devrait pas prendre un tel caractère effrayant. On ne parle plus alors de peur mais de phobies. Nous verrons que, depuis son origine, la conception de la phobie a évolué, cherchant à s’ancrer dans la névrose, puis revenant à un statut de symptôme parmi la catégorie des troubles anxieux, désarrimé d’un rattachement psychopathologique univoque. Nous évoquerons sa place dans le développement de l’enfant et ses modes d’expression à l’adolescence. Nous aborderons, enfin, les traitements possibles. Face aux traitements psychodynamiques classiques, l’évolution moderne apporte de nouvelles modalités de prise en charge grâce aux traitements psychotropes et aux thérapies cognitivo-comportementales.
Les phobies développementales du très jeune enfant
Authors: Le Nestour Annick
Published: March 2015

Il s’agit de distinguer les différentes formes d’angoisse au cours du passage de l’état de bébé à l’organisation psychique du jeune enfant. L’émergence de symptômes phobiques au cours des crises développementales est ordinaire et témoigne des mouvements maturatifs. Nous avons essayé de mieux faire la différence entre des phobies spécifiques ponctuelles et des phobies de situations ponctuelles. Nous avons tenté de montrer leur temporalité et de leur donner une valeur pronostique dans le devenir de l’enfant et de l’adulte.
Quand les adolescents ont peur
Authors: Votadoro Pablo , Piot Marie-Aude
Published: March 2015

La phobie à l’adolescence apparaît tantôt anecdotique, tantôt bruyante. Dans le premier cas, elle est négligée, dans le deuxième, elle passe au second plan par rapport à celui de ses effets, du handicap qu’elle représente. Cet escamotage rejoindrait celui de la difficulté à penser l’angoisse quand elle fait peur. Si bien que reprendre la notion de phobie à partir d’une expérience clinique doit poser les repères qui permettent de la penser. À partir de là, considérée comme résultant des transformations, l’angoisse apparaît incontournable pendant la période pubertaire. C’est en considérant le rapport entre les digues de la pensée et celle de la crue pulsionnelle que la phobie prend son sens. Réservoir de ce débord, la phobie apparaît comme moyen de soutenir la structure, que ce soit dans la décharge des forces en présence ou bien dans le renforcement psychique des digues de pensée. C’est en tant qu’expérience mise en scène par le symptôme qu’elle peut alors se penser.
Le syndrome de Hikikomori des jeunes Japonais : syndrome, posture, ou imposture ?
Authors: Benoit Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2015

Une forme de retrait social sévère des adolescents et des jeunes adultes a récemment été décrite au Japon et qualifiée de syndrome de Hikikomori . Le diagnostic et les déterminants socioculturels ont été discutés, entre syndrome psychiatrique et posture sociale, au point de penser qu’il pourrait s’agir d’un syndrome culturellement conforme. Néanmoins, il pourrait être considéré comme une étape développementale. Le retrait social semble de plus en plus fréquent en clinique et les équipes mobiles de psychiatrie pourraient avoir un rôle à jouer pour évaluer les difficultés des adolescents cloîtrés à leur domicile.
Regard anthropologique sur le diagnostic de phobie scolaire et sociale
Authors: Figueiredo Cristina
Published: March 2015

Cet article donne à voir des cas de jeunes désignés comme phobiques scolaires ou sociaux, ou agoraphobes. Le regard anthropologique sur leurs vécus révèle des relations particulières à soi et aux autres dans un monde où se confondent différents modes éducatifs et représentations culturelles. L’exemple de Chérif oblige à avoir une réflexion plus vaste sur l’école comme lieu de domination politique et culturelle entraînant des attitudes de rejet en pays touareg. Puis la question de jeunes en retrait scolaire et social en France est abordée dans une perspective révélant la manière dont se transmettent des peurs collectives et dont on se les approprie, à l’échelle d’une société ou d’une famille. Bien que différentes de par leur contexte, les histoires des uns et des autres convergent vers une théorie de la transmission des manières d’être affecté.
Le traitement des phobies spécifiques en thérapie cognitive et comportementale
Authors: Denis Hélène
Published: March 2015

La thérapie cognitive et comportementale ( tcc ) a démontré son efficacité dans la prise en charge des phobies spécifiques chez l’enfant. La technique de base en tcc est l’exposition : se confronter à la situation de façon progressive, en observant le phénomène d’habituation, jusqu’à ce que le niveau d’anxiété soit supportable puis disparaisse. Des techniques cognitives ou de renforcements positifs peuvent être nécessaires pour motiver l’enfant à réaliser ces expositions. Les cas cliniques illustreront l’application concrète de ces techniques.
« MP 3 » : un exemple de prise en charge psychologique en groupe à médiation d’adolescents atteints de drépanocytose hospitalisés en centre de soins-études
Authors: Gilormini Graziella , Cormont Marine
Published: March 2015

Les établissements soins-études permettent à des jeunes malades de bénéficier de soins médicaux tout en leur donnant la possibilité de poursuivre efficacement leur scolarité. Le service de Médecine de l’Adolescent du cmpa de Neufmoutiers-en-Brie accueille des adolescents atteints de pathologies chroniques dont l’adressage est réalisé par les centres hospitaliers qui les prennent en charge depuis la découverte de la maladie. L’indication est le plus souvent motivée par la non-compliance du patient au traitement mais recouvre généralement des difficultés psychologiques, sociales, familiales complexes. Quelle prise en charge psychologique en centre de soins-études pour ces adolescents ? Les entretiens individuels menés avec ces patients ont montré leurs limites et nous ont amené à penser une prise en charge en groupe avec médiation.
Le psychodrame psychanalytique de groupe à médiation en psychiatrie infanto-juvénile
Authors: Barrer Laurence
Published: March 2015

L’adaptation de la technique psychodramatique psychanalytique ( ppdg ) pour les états autistiques et psychotiques chez l’enfant, permet de développer l’intersubjectivité en différenciant les espaces primaire et secondaire et de créer l’espace transitionnel à l’origine du jeu, confrontant le patient à la séparation d’avec l’objet. L’ajout de deux règles et d’un médiateur, le déguisement, contient les processus archaïques et les transforme en processus primaires, voire secondaires.
Les déchets et l’aménagement des territoires de Buenos Aires et Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Carré Marie-Noëlle , Pires Negrão Marcelo
Published: March 2015

Buenos Aires et Rio de Janeiro sont deux métropoles latino-américaines de plus de 10 millions d’habitants ; la gestion des déchets pèse sur l’aménagement de leurs territoires. Cette gestion était souvent prise en charge par le gouvernement central, au nom des enjeux de sécurité sanitaire et de maîtrise d’espaces stratégiques. Ces décisions, prises par des dictatures militaires répressives, ont été remises en cause au cours des années 1990, avec la redistribution des cartes de la gestion par les gouvernements locaux. Les municipalités tentent de tirer leur épingle du jeu, en associant les acteurs publics, privés et associatifs à leurs politiques de durabilité. Les dispositifs de participation démocratique laissent entrevoir le début d’une gouvernance métropolitaine des déchets.
Les politiques transfrontalières France-Italie et les nouveaux enjeux territoriaux
Authors: Darnis Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2015

La frontière a longtemps été le symbole d’une césure. Avec l’intégration européenne, une politique qui inverse le cap se met en place : elle fait de la frontière un lieu privilégié de l’intégration. La coopération transfrontalière entre la France et l’Italie illustre ces dynamiques, permettant d’observer le jeu et le nouveau positionnement des acteurs territoriaux. C’est un exemple de la croissance des politiques infranationales. En Italie, l’expression sistema paese (mot-à-mot : système-pays) explicite l’évolution de cette architecture institutionnelle qui s’adapte aux mutations des territoires à l’échelle internationale, les effets d’aubaine devenant des effets d’entrainement.
Construction, reconstruction territoriale et décentralisation en Côte d’Ivoire (2002-2009)
Authors: Soumahoro Moustapha
Published: March 2015

Depuis une décennie, la Côte d’Ivoire mène une décentralisation effrénée, créant des régions, des départements, des sous-préfectures et des communes. Ce processus de déconstruction et de reconstruction (à la fois territoriale, administrative et politique) transfère des compétences du pouvoir central vers les acteurs locaux, pour leur donner plus d’autonomie dans leurs stratégies de développement. Les résultats obtenus sont encore difficiles à évaluer. En se fondant sur les réalisations de six conseils généraux, ce texte présente un bilan succinct du processus de décentralisation; il fait ressortir les perspectives et les facteurs potentiels de blocage. Il conclut à la nécessité d’un véritable transfert de compétences aux collectivités locales.
La construction par consensus d’une politique foncière en faveur de l’habitat en Pays Voironnais
Authors: Persyn Nicolas
Published: March 2015

Le foncier est indispensable à la production de logements. En raison de leur échelle et de leurs moyens, les intercommunalités sont pertinentes pour mettre en place une politique foncière. Mais les communes considèrent l’action foncière comme leur domaine réservé. Cet article montre comment la communauté d’agglomération du Pays Voironnais (Isère) a progressivement pris position dans le jeu foncier local, d’abord à travers des interventions indirectes, puis en s’engageant dans la définition d’une véritable politique intercommunale. Ce changement d’échelle dans l’élaboration des politiques locales modifie le partage des rôles et le contenu des politiques elles-mêmes.
Quand l’histoire orale s’invite dans la gestion de l’eau. L’espace irrigué de Kerma (Tunisie)
Authors: Riaux Jeanne , Giraldi Marie , Nouri Habiba
Published: March 2015

Les expériences de transfert de la gestion de l’eau, de l’État vers les usagers, rencontrent des difficultés qui échappent aux analyses techniques et agro-économiques. À travers le cas de la région de Kairouan en Tunisie, cet article mobilise l’histoire racontée localement, pour réinterpréter les dysfonctionnements contemporains d’un périmètre irrigué. Relatant une succession de dépossessions, l’histoire orale explique une partie des revendications actuelles des populations, notamment celle d’avoir accès à plus d’eau. Les prises d’eau illicites qui perturbent le partage de l’eau sont vues comme une adaptation des populations à des évolutions imposées de l’extérieur et compensant des droits perdus au cours de l’histoire. Dans le contexte politique actuel, favorable à la (re)construction du dialogue entre administration et populations rurales, l’histoire orale peut jouer un rôle important.
L’action métropolitaine, version française
Authors: Bourdin Alain
Published: March 2015

Cet article de synthèse participe au débat sur la théorie des métropoles. Il analyse l’action qui vise à créer, développer ou faire fonctionner des entités que les acteurs identifient comme des métropoles. Il étudie successivement les objets de l’action métropolitaine, ses acteurs et leurs coopérations, puis les régulations qui maintiennent le système en équilibre. Il montre que des acteurs nombreux et peu homogènes coopèrent au sein de jeux instables et toujours plus nombreux. Ils produisent des objets composites. La régulation repose sur le benchmarking , les contraintes extérieures et la capacité mobilisatrice des entrepreneurs de métropole. Il met en évidence un paradoxe de la métropole, forte par la concentration des opportunités et des ressources et la capacité de développement, faible car elle reconstruit sans cesse son équilibre, et dépend fortement de la contrainte extérieure. L’enjeu est alors de fédérer un grand nombre d’acteurs autour d’un récit ou d’un projet collectif.
L’inter-institutionnalité technique au cœur de la construction métropolitaine
Authors: Arab Nadia , Idt Joël , Lefeuvre Marie-Pierre
Published: March 2015

Cet article part du constat selon lequel la gestion des territoires métropolitains est inter-organisationnelle. Dans la lignée de la sociologie de l’action organisée, il développe une approche systémique de l’action publique dans le cas d’un projet de réseau de transport métropolitain. Celui-ci implique une coopération entre le syndicat des transports, le conseil régional, plusieurs départements, une communauté urbaine et plusieurs communautés d’agglomération. En nous intéressant aux acteurs qui, concrètement, assurent le déploiement de ce projet, nous explorons les mécanismes qui rendent possible cette action collective entre des administrations autonomes liées par des interdépendances stratégiques fondées sur la distribution territoriale et sectorielle des compétences en matière de transport public et d’aménagement. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence l’inter-institutionnalité technique qui, à l’occasion d’actions opérationnelles, contribue à la construction métropolitaine.
Plantaricin IIA-1A5 from Lactobacillus plantarum IIA-1A5 displays bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Arief I. Isnafia , Budiman C. , Jenie B. Sri Laksmi , Andreas E. , Yuneni A.
Published: March 2015

Plantaricin IIA-1A5 is a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum IIA-1A5 isolated from Indonesian beef. This research aimed to identify the genes involved in plantaricin IIA-1A5 production and examine its mode of action against Staphylococcus aureus. It has been reported that a bacteriocin structural gene, plnW, is present in genome of L. plantarum IIA-1A5. Here, we reported the presence of additional genes responsible for plantaricin precursor (plnA and plnEF) and a gene encoding the quorum sensor of histidine kinase (plnB). It indicates that genes involved in production of plantaricin IIA-1A5 are organized in at least two bacteriocin operons (plnABCD, plnEFI) and a structural plnW gene. Purified plantaricin IIA-1A5 yielded a single band in SDS-PAGE with apparent size of 6.4 kDa. Amino acid composition of purified plantaricin IIA-1A5 was mainly composed of cationic glutamic acid and cysteine that allowed the formation of disulphide bonds, suggesting plantaricin IIA-1A5 belongs to the pediocin-subclass of class II bacteriocins. Plantaricin IIA-1A5 displayed remarkable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, which was initiated by the adsorption of plantaricin IIA-1A5 onto the cell membrane of S. aureus. The adsorption is hypothesised to be facilitated by non-ionic interactions as it is reduced by the presence of organic solvents or detergents. This adsorption promoted leakage of cellular metabolites through the cell membrane of S. aureus, as indicated by the release of genetic and proteinaceous material of S. aureus observed at 260 and 280 nm, respectively. The leakage also promoted the release of divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+) and monovalent (K+) cations. The release of these intracellular components might be due to pores formed in the cell membrane of S. aureus by plantaricin IIA-1A5 as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Altogether, the mode of action of plantaricin IIA-1A5 against S. aureus seems to be bactericidal as indicated by lysis of the cell membrane.
Involvement of the ornithine decarboxylase gene in acid stress response in probiotic Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20
Authors: Ferreira A.B. , de Oliveira M.N.V. , Freitas F.S. , Paiva A.D. , Alfenas-Zerbini P. , da Silva D.F. , de Queiroz M.V. , Borges A.C. , de Moraes C.A.
Published: March 2015

Amino acid decarboxylation is important for the maintenance of intracellular pH under acid stress. This study aims to carry out phylogenetic and expression analysis by real-time PCR of two genes that encode proteins involved in ornithine decarboxylation in Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20 exposed to acid stress. Sequencing and phylogeny analysis of genes encoding ornithine decarboxylase and amino acid permease in L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 showed their high sequence identity (99%) and grouping with those of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842. Exposure of L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 cells in MRS pH 3.5 for 30 and 60 min caused a significant increase in expression of the gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase (up to 8.1 times higher when compared to the control treatment). Increased expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene demonstrates its involvement in acid stress response in L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20, evidencing that the protein encoded by that gene could be involved in intracellular pH regulation. The results obtained show ornithine decarboxylation as a possible mechanism of adaptation to an acidic environmental condition, a desirable and necessary characteristic for probiotic cultures and certainly important to the survival and persistence of the L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 in the human gastrointestinal tract.
Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in mice
Authors: Satoh T. , Murata M. , Iwabuchi N. , Odamaki T. , Wakabayashi H. , Yamauchi K. , Abe F. , Xiao J.Z.
Published: March 2015

Probiotics have been shown to have a preventative effect on skin photoaging induced by short term UV irradiation, however, the underlying mechanisms and the effect of probiotics on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in hairless mice. Mice were irradiated with UVB three times weekly and orally administered B. breve B-3 (2×109 cfu/mouse /day) for 7 weeks. Nonirradiated mice and UVB-irradiated mice without probiotic treatment were used as controls. B. breve B-3 significantly suppressed the changes of transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, epidermal thickening and attenuated the damage to the tight junction structure and basement membrane induced by chronic UVB irradiation. Administration of B. breve B-3 tended to suppress the UV-induced interleukin-1β production in skin (P=0.09). These results suggest that B. breve B-3 could potentially be used to prevent photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation.
Effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1647 on different parameters of honeybee colonies and bacterial populations of the bee gut
Authors: Audisio M.C. , Sabaté D.C. , Benítez-Ahrendts M.R.
Published: March 2015

Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1647, isolated from the intestinal tract of a worker-bee in Salta, Argentina, was delivered to Apis mellifera L. honey bee colonies according to two different administration schedules: 1×105 cfu/ml every 15 days (2011) or monthly (2012). The effect of each treatment on the bee-colony performance was monitored by measuring honey production, and the prevalence of varroasis and nosemosis. Worker bees from each assay were randomly captured 3 days after administration and assayed for the following intestinal culturable and defined bacterial populations: total aerobic microorganisms, Bacillus spp. spores, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp. and enterobacteria. Interestingly, both treatments generated a similar increase in honey production in treated colonies compared to controls: 36.8% (every 15 days) and 36.3% (monthly). Nosema index always exhibited a reduction when lactobacilli were administered; in turn, Varroa incidence was lower when the lactobacilli were administered once a month. Moreover, the administration of L. johnsonii CRL1647 every 15 days produced an increase in the total number of aerobic microorganisms and in bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Enterococcus; at the same time, a decrease was observed in the number of total spores at the end of the treatment. The number of enterobacteria was constant and remained below that of control hives at the end of the assay. On the other hand, the delivery of lactobacilli once a month only showed an increase in the number of bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus; meanwhile, viable counts of the remaining microorganisms assayed were reduced. Even though it seems that both treatments were similar, those bee colonies that received L. johnsonii CRL1647 every 15 days became so strong that they swarmed.
Safety of probiotics and synbiotics in children under 18 years of age
Authors: van den Nieuwboer M. , Brummer R.J. , Guarner F. , Morelli L. , Cabana M. , Claassen E.
Published: March 2015

This study aimed to systematically evaluate safety of probiotics and synbiotics in children ageing 0-18 years. This study is the third and final part in a safety trilogy and an update is provided using the most recent available clinical data (2008-2013) by means of the Common Terminology Clinical Adverse Events (CTCAE version 4.0) classification. Safety aspects are represented and related to number of participants per probiotic strain/culture, study duration, dosage, clinical condition and selected afflictions. Analysis of 74 clinical studies indicated that probiotic and/or synbiotic administration in children is safe with regard to the specific evaluated strains, dosages and duration. The population of children include healthy, immune compromised and obese subjects, as well as subjects with intestinal disorders, infections and inflammatory disorders. This study revealed no major safety concerns, as the adverse events (AEs) were unrelated, or not suspected to be related, to the probiotic or synbiotic product. In general the study products were well tolerated. Overall, AEs occurred more frequent in the control arm compared to children receiving probiotics and/or synbiotics. Furthermore, the results indicate inadequate reporting and classification of AEs in the majority of the studies. In addition, generalizability of conclusions are greatly limited by the inconsistent, imprecise and potentially incomplete reporting as well as the variation in probiotic strains, dosages, administration regimes, study populations and reported outcomes.
A snapshot of the training schedule for 8 professional riders riding dressage
Authors: Eisersiö M. , Roepstorff L. , Rhodin M. , Egenvall A.
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to document and categorise riding sessions, carried out by professional riders, by describing the riding sessions according to gait, ridden track, lateral movements, rider position in the saddle and rein length. These data were then analysed relative to horse and rider characteristics, e.g. educational level of horse and rider, time in training and laterality of the horse. Eight professional riders riding 3 familiar horses each participated in the study and the riders were asked to demonstrate their normal routine for flatwork/dressage with each horse. The whole training session was video recorded. Video recordings were scrutinised and data were categorised and analysed. Mixed models were used for the statistical analysis, including rider as random effect. The median length of the riding sessions were 31 min. The riders spent 38% of the riding session at the walk, 39% at the trot, 8% at left lead canter and 9% at the right lead canter. The riders devoted 28-29% of the riding session to riding straight, turning left and turning right and 8% to riding lateral movements. The ridden exercises performed and the duration of the exercises was to a large extent connected to the educational level of the horse and its time in training with the rider. More work at the canter and lateral movements at the trot were included for upper level horses compared to lower level horses. Horses in training for more than one year, compared to less than one year, were ridden for longer durations at the canter and shorter durations at the trot. The disposition of riding sessions needs further investigation. In particular, large scale epidemiological studies of orthopaedic injuries need to consider the daily riding sessions in detail.
Variability and distribution among sample test results when sampling unprocessed oat lots for ochratoxin A
Authors: Whitaker T.B. , Slate A.B. , Nowicki T.W. , Giesbrecht F.G.
Published: March 2015

In 2008, Health Canada announced it was considering the establishment of maximum levels for ochratoxin A (OTA) in a number of foods, including unprocessed wheat and oats and their products. The Canada Grains Council and Canadian National Millers Association initiated a study to measure the variability and distribution among sample test results so that scientifically based sampling plans could be designed to meet regulatory and industry requirements. Twenty lots of oats naturally contaminated with OTA were identified and sampled according to a nested experimental protocol where 16-two kg laboratory samples were taken from each lot, two 100 g test portions were taken from each comminuted laboratory sample, and two aliquots of the extract from each test portion were analysed for OTA by LC. The variance associated with each step of the OTA test procedure were found to be a function of OTA concentration and regression equations were developed to predict the functional relationship. When using the above OTA test procedure on an oat lot at 5 μg/kg, the sampling, sample preparation, analytical, and total variances were 11.26, 0.10, 0.13 and 11.49, respectively. The 2 kg sampling step accounted for 98.0% (11.26/11.49) of the total variability. The observed OTA distribution among the 16 OTA sample results was found to be positively skewed and the negative binomial distribution was selected to model the OTA distribution among sample test results. The sampling statistics were incorporated into the FAO Mycotoxin Sampling Tool where operating characteristic curves were calculated to predict the chances of rejecting good lots (seller’s risk) and accepting bad lots (buyer’s risk) for various sampling plan designs.
Los católicos secretos en La española inglesa
Authors: Galvan Fernando
Published: March 2015

Este artículo aborda las principales cuestiones de controversia e influencias que se hallan en la recepción de esta novela ejemplar cervantina, analizando algunos de los motivos subyacentes en los estereotipos desarrollados sobre los personajes principales y los hechos narrados en esta obra. Así, la imagen de la reina Isabel, los hechos históricos relacionados con la trama, los elementos supuestamente «románticos» o «fantásticos» del relato, y especialmente el conflicto religioso entre anglicanos y católicos predominante en la Inglaterra de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. A este respecto, se presta particular atención a las cuestiones doctrinales, históricas y políticas vinculadas al grupo de los «católicos secretos», que compartían, y combinaban, convicciones privadas católicas con comportamientos públicos anglicanos, a fin de ilustrar y explicar la posición erasmista y neo-platónica de Cervantes.
Cervantes retórico: genera oratoria y compositio en La gitanilla
Authors: Pineda Victoria
Published: March 2015

Partiendo de las conclusiones de la crítica acerca del conocimiento por parte de Cervantes de las teorías retóricas y poéticas antiguas y renacentistas, este artículo propone una lectura retórica detallada de tres discursos de la protagonista de La gitanilla y su adscripción a los géneros oratorios descritos por Aristóteles en su tratado de Retórica, el deliberativo, el demostrativo y el judicial. Desde ese marco general, la última parte del trabajo se centra en un detalle elocutivo, para mostrar la filiación teórica de la compositio con que Cervantes construye el que podría considerarse el momento crucial en la elocuencia de Preciosa.
El Phantasiocratumenos siue Homo Vitreus de Gaspar Ens, versión latina de El Licenciado Vidriera: nueva aproximación filológica
Authors: Ramos Maldonado Sandra I.
Published: March 2015

El objetivo del presente artículo es examinar la versión latina de El Licenciado Vidriera realizada por Gaspar Ens (Coloniae 1631), titulada Phantasiocratumenos siue Homo Vitreus y desconocida en España hasta finales del siglo XIX. Se analiza para ello en primer lugar el epistolario de Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo, que contiene información precisa sobre la génesis, desarrollo y desenlace de tan importante hallazgo. En la segunda parte se propone una nueva aproximación filológica a esta traducción latina según los actuales planteamientos de los estudios de Humanismo y de Tradición Clásica.
«…fuese y no hubo nada». Cervantes frente a la manipulación y la dilapidación simbólica
Authors: D’Onofrio Julia
Published: March 2015

El soneto de Cervantes «¡Voto a Dios que me espanta esta grandeza!» retrata, antes que nada, un juego de reacciones frente a un artefacto simbólico construido con el claro fin de exaltar el poder monárquico en la España de fines del siglo XVI. Resulta entonces un objeto de análisis muy interesante para sondear el diálogo de Cervantes con las prácticas manipuladoras que eran inherentes a la cultura simbólica de su época.
Cervantes y la preceptiva literaria
Authors: Garrido Gallardo Miguel Ángel
Published: March 2015

La historiografía de la cultura literaria relaciona frecuentemente El Quijote y, por extensión, la obra de Cervantes con la Preceptiva, materia que aparece perseverantemente en los planes de estudio desde finales del siglo XVII hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX. No siendo la Preceptiva literaria más que una versión normativa de la Poética y la Retórica, en este trabajo se analiza la posible relación de la obra cervantina con el aspecto normativo de ambas disciplinas tal y como florecían en el siglo XVI y comienzos del siglo XVII. Acudimos al ejemplo sintomático de El Ejemplar poético de Juan de la Cueva (1606). Se sigue el itinerario de tres relaciones posibles: la aceptación o rechazo, por parte del autor, de la preceptiva vigente, la presumible adopción de la preceptiva como conjunto de reglas generativas de su creación y la utilización de la producción cervantina como ejemplo y lección de la preceptiva posterior.
Cervantes: estatua en Madrid, monumento de la nación
Authors: Pérez-Magallón Jesús
Published: March 2015

Este trabajo vuelve a visitar la erección de la estatua de Cervantes en Madrid y 1835. Y, siguiendo las sugerencias de Rachel Schmidt y Joaquín Álvarez Barrientos, vincula esa estatua con el proceso –político y cultural– de monumentalización simbólica de Cervantes. Ese proceso, iniciado durante la fase tardía de la Ilustración, fomentado por Godoy y los afrancesados, se encarnaría, tras la Ominosa Década, en la crisis del reinado de Fernando VII y los primeros gobiernos «democráticos» bajo la regencia de María Cristina. Cervantes se convirtió así en símbolo cultural de la unidad nacional.
Regional Development Disparities in Romanian Agriculture and Rural Development
Authors: Popescu Gabriel , Bara Simona
Published: March 2015

Initially, the Romanian development regions created in 1998 had as a main objective the insurance, from the statistic point of view a relatively territorial equilibrated development; they where set up in accordance with the level NUTS-II from the EU. According to the Romanian legislation on force, the regions do not have an administrative status and they do not have legal personality. The analysis of the rural space highlights significant regional disparities, phenomena that have influence to the spending of the EU funds and their degree of absorption. This chapter proposes a method for multi-criteria analysis in order to identify the agricultural and rural territorial disparities and to establish the regional disparities in implementing the National Plan of Rural Development (NPRD) during 2007-2013. The NPRD was put under multi-criteria analysis: the main 13 measures implemented by Romania during 2007-2013 periods.
New Genetic Operator (Jump Crossover) for the Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: El Hassani Hicham , Benkachcha Said , Benhra Jamal
Published: March 2015

Inspired by nature, genetic algorithms (GA) are among the greatest meta-heuristics optimization methods that have proved their effectiveness to conventional NP-hard problems, especially the traveling salesman problem (TSP) which is one of the most studied supply chain management problems. This paper proposes a new crossover operator called Jump Crossover (JMPX) for solving the travelling salesmen problem using a genetic algorithm (GA) for near-optimal solutions, to conclude on its efficiency compared to solutions quality given by other conventional operators to the same problem, namely, Partially matched crossover (PMX), Edge recombination Crossover (ERX) and r-opt heuristic with consideration of computational overload. The authors adopt a low mutation rate to isolate the search space exploration ability of each crossover. The experimental results show that in most cases JMPX can remarkably improve the solution quality of the GA compared to the two existing classic crossover approaches and the r-opt heuristic.
Secured Communication Key Establishment for Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Mamun Quazi , Islam Rafiqul , Kaosar Mohammed
Published: March 2015

The resource-constraint nature of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has caused the security one of biggest challenges. An efficient key management scheme is the pre-requisite to ensure security in WSN. In this paper the authors present two versions of a secured key management scheme adopted on cluster-based topology of sensor network. The proposed schemes use partial key pre-distribution and symmetric cryptography techniques, and shows high resilience to different security attacks. Whereas one version of the proposed protocol uses shared partial keys in a cluster, the other version uses private partial keys. Both versions of the proposed key management scheme outperform other random key pre- distribution protocols in the sense that it requires lower space, lower communication overhead and offers very high session key candidates.
KIR and HLA Genotypes Predictive of Low-Affinity Interactions Are Associated with Lower Relapse in Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Marra John , Greene Justin , Hwang Jimmy , Du Juan , Damon Lloyd , Martin Tom , Venstrom Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2015

Killer cell Ig–like receptors (KIRs) bind cognate HLA class I ligands with distinct affinities, affecting NK cell licensing and inhibition. We hypothesized that differences in KIR and HLA class I genotypes predictive of varying degrees of receptor–ligand binding affinities influence clinical outcomes in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using genomic DNA from a homogeneous cohort of 125 AML patients treated with AHCT, we performed KIR and HLA class I genotyping and found that patients with a compound KIR3DL1+ and HLA-Bw4-80Thr+, HLA-Bw4-80Ile– genotype, predictive of low-affinity interactions, had a low incidence of relapse, compared with patients with a KIR3DL1+ and HLA-Bw4-80Ile+ genotype, predictive of high-affinity interactions (hazard ratio [HR], 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06–0.78; p = 0.02). This effect was influenced by HLA-Bw4 copy number, such that relapse progressively increased with one copy of HLA-Bw4-80Ile (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.84–3.1; p = 0.15) to two to three copies (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4–6.5; p = 0.005) and progressively decreased with one to two copies of HLA-Bw4-80Thr (p = 0.13). Among KIR3DL1+ and HLA-Bw4-80Ile+ patients, a predicted low-affinity KIR2DL2/3+ and HLA-C1/C1 genotype was associated with lower relapse than a predicted high-affinity KIR2DL1+ and HLA-C2/C2 genotype (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09–0.73; p = 0.01). Similarly, a KIR3DL1+ and HLA-Bw4-80Thr+, HLA-Bw4-80Ile– genotype, or lack of KIR3DL1+ and HLA-Bw4-80Ile+ genotype, rescued KIR2DL1+ and HLA-C2/C2 patients from high relapse (p = 0.007). These findings support a role for NK cell graft-versus-leukemia activity modulated by NK cell receptor–ligand affinities in AHCT for AML.
NF-κB Regulates PD-1 Expression in Macrophages
Authors: Bally Alexander P. R. , Lu Peiyuan , Tang Yan , Austin James W. , Scharer Christopher D. , Ahmed Rafi , Boss Jeremy M.
Published: March 2015

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is responsible for T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infections and is expressed on a variety of immune cells following activation. Despite its importance, the mechanisms that regulate PD-1 in cell types other than CD8 T cells are poorly defined. In this study, the molecular mechanisms for inducing PD-1 expression in CD4 T cells, macrophages, and B cells were explored. In CD4 T cells, PD-1 induction following TCR stimulation required NFAT, as the calcineurin/NFAT pathway inhibitor cyclosporin A was able to block PD-1 induction in a manner similar to that seen in CD8 T cells. In contrast, LPS but not PMA and ionomycin stimulation was able to induce PD-1 expression in macrophages in a manner insensitive to cyclosporin A–mediated inhibition. B cells could use both pathways, although the levels of PD-1 expression were highest with PMA and ionomycin. An NF-κB binding site located upstream of the gene in conserved region C was required for NF-κB–dependent PD-1 gene activation in macrophages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed NF-κB p65 binding to this region following stimulation of macrophages with LPS. PD-1 induction was associated with histone modifications characteristic of accessible chromatin; however, in contrast to CD8 T cells, conserved region B in macrophages did not lose CpG methylation upon stimulation and PD-1 expression. The linkage of TLR/NF-κB signaling to the induction of PD-1 suggests the possibility of an opportunistic advantage to microbial infections in manipulating immune inhibitory responses.
A Ceramide Analogue Stimulates Dendritic Cells To Promote T Cell Responses upon Virus Infections
Authors: Pritzl Curtis J. , Seo Young-Jin , Xia Chuan , Vijayan Madhuvanthi , Stokes Zachary D. , Hahm Bumsuk
Published: March 2015

The ceramide family of lipids plays important roles in both cell structure and signaling in a diverse array of cell types, including immune cells. However, very little is known regarding how ceramide affects the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) in response to viral infection. In this study, we demonstrate that a synthetic ceramide analog (C8) stimulates DCs to increase the expansion of virus-specific T cells upon virus infection. Exogenously supplied C8 ceramide elevated the expression of DC maturation markers such as MHC class I and costimulatory molecules following infection with the clone 13 strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or influenza virus. Importantly, ceramide-conditioned, LCMV-infected DCs displayed an increased ability to promote expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells when compared with virus-infected DCs. Furthermore, a locally instilled ceramide analog significantly increased virus-reactive T cell responses in vivo to both LCMV and influenza virus infections. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into ceramide-mediated regulation of DC responses against virus infection and help us establish a foundation for novel immune-stimulatory therapeutics.
The Adaptor 3BP2 Is Required for KIT Receptor Expression and Human Mast Cell Survival
Authors: Ainsua-Enrich Erola , Serrano-Candelas Eva , Álvarez-Errico Damiana , Picado César , Sayós Joan , Rivera Juan , Martín Margarita
Published: March 2015

SH3-binding protein 2 (3BP2) is a cytoplasmic adaptor protein that acts as a positive regulator in mast cell FcεRI–dependent signaling. The KIT receptor whose ligand is the stem cell factor is necessary for mast cell development, proliferation, and survival as well as for optimal IgE-dependent signal. Activating mutations in KIT have been associated with several diseases including mastocytosis. In the present work, we found that 3BP2 silencing impairs KIT signaling pathways, thus affecting phosphoinositide 3-kinase and MAPK pathways in human mast cells (huMCs) from HMC-1, LAD2 (huMC lines), and CD34+-derived mast cells. Unexpectedly, silencing of 3BP2 reduces KIT expression in normal huMCs as well as in HMC-1 cells where KIT is mutated, thus increasing cellular apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activity. 3BP2 silencing reduces KIT transcription expression levels. Interestingly, 3BP2 silencing decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, a transcription factor involved in KIT expression. Reconstitution of 3BP2 in knockdown cells leads to reversal of KIT expression as well as survival phenotype. Accordingly MITF reconstitution enhances KIT expression levels in 3BP2-silenced cells. Moreover, downregulation of KIT expression by miRNA-221 overexpression or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib also reduced 3BP2 and MITF expression. Furthermore, KIT tyrosine activity inhibition reduced 3BP2 and MITF expression, demonstrating again a tight and reciprocal relationship between these molecules. Taken together, our results show that 3BP2 regulates huMC survival and participates in KIT-mediated signal transduction by directly controlling KIT receptor expression, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target in mast cell–mediated inflammatory diseases and deregulated KIT disorders.
Interferon α Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: Quality of Life and Depression
Authors: Conversano Ciro , Carmassi Claudia , Carlini Marina , Casu Giulia , Gremigni Paola , Dell’Osso Liliana
Published: March 2015

Health-related quality of life was examined in 49 patients with hepatitis C virus with no psychiatric history who received interferon (IFN)-α treatment. Quality of life was assessed at baseline, at 3-time points during IFN-α therapy and at 1-6 month follow-up, using SF-36. Hepatitis C virus patients showed poorer physical functioning and better social and mental functioning than a normal population. Significant decreases from baseline SF-36 scores were observed at an early phase of treatment. Six patients developed major depression during IFN-α treatment. At baseline, they had reported more bodily pain than patients who did not develop depression during treatment. Planned contrasts revealed that worsening in some dimensions of quality of life at 2 months was greater in depressed than in non-depressed patients. Results suggest that depressive symptoms should be accurately monitored during IFN-α therapy even in patients with no psychiatric history, especially if they present with bodily pain.