bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of gestation and deliveries of women with the first medicalabortion in anamnesis
Authors: Baksheev Serhii
Published: May 2022

The objective: study of obstetric and perinatal results of delivery of women with the first medical abortion in anamnesis.
Materials and methods. For the performance of the put goal 119 women are plugged in research. In a basic group 67 entered repeatedly pregnant primiparous of women which cut the first pregnancy short medical abortion in the first trimester. The group of comparison was made 52 primary pregnant women without the burdened obstetric anamnesis. A basic group is subdivided
into two sub-groups: The I sub-group is women (23) which had complication after breaking of the first pregnancy medical abortion; The II sub-group is women (44) which did not have complication after medical abortion. On every postpartum woman the specially developed questionnaire was filled with the results of clinical and functional and laboratory methods of researches.
Results. Most and groups of comparison patients of basic got up on an account in womanish consultation to 12 weeks of pregnancy (83,0% and 72,8%). The basic variants of gestational complications is a threat of breaking to pregnancy, gestational anaemia, preeclampsia and placenta disfunction. Pregnancy made off births through natural family ways in 80,7% patients basic and at a 92,2% group of comparison. Caesarian section it is done at 19,3% and 7,8% women respectively, including at prematurely born pregnancy – in 0,7% (35 weeks) and in 1,9% (32 and 35 weeks). Frequency of premature births made in a basic group – 5,2% and in the group of comparison – 2,9%. Most number of operations caesar sections in a basic group (53,9%) are done in the planned order, in the group of comparison (75,0%) – in a time-urgent order. Among certificates for an operation caesar sections in more than in a that and other group (57,7% and 75,0%) extragenital diseases and complications of pregnancy prevailed the half of supervisions. In a basic group for 67 women pregnancy made off birth 67 living new-born, in the group of comparison for 103 women gave birth 103 living new-born.
Conclusions. The results of the conducted researches testify to the substantial difference of features of flow of pregnancy and births for women, having medical abortion in anamnesis and not having the burdened anamnesis. It is possible to assert that row of complications, developing during pregnancy for the women of basic group related to the before carried operation of medical
abortion (threat of breaking to pregnancy, anomalies of childbirth, dense attachment of placenta, intrauterine infecting of fetus).
The got results specify on the necessity of improvement of algorithm of conduct of pregnancy and births for women with the first medical abortion in anamnesis.
A Novel Co-crystallization Technique to enhance the Physicochemical property of BCS Class-II drugs using Efavirenz as a model drug
Authors: Shinde Vikram R. , V. Pore Yogesh , Rao J. Venkateshwara
Published: May 2022

Pharmaceutical co-crystallization, a novel technique, provides for alteration and tailoring of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) notwithstanding maintaining the intrinsic activity of the drug molecule. In the present work, co-crystals of efavirenz (EFA) were prepared with selected conformers of GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status wise salicylic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA) using solution crystallization method to improve its dissolution. The assembly of crystal structure was evaluated by means of fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Saturation solubility and in vitro dissolution studies were further employed to investigate co-crystals. Equilibrium solubility profile of EFA-SA and EFA-BA exhibits an enhancement of 1.60 and 1.29 folds of solubility of efavirenz co-crystals as compared to the pure drug. Pharmacokinetic study performed in rats showed AUC0-∞ for co-crystals formulation was higher (13.15±0.02µg hmL−1) than the pure drug suspension formulation 7.85±0.03µg hmL−1. Statistically, AUC0-t of the co-crystal formulation was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to pure drug suspension formulation. Higher amount of drug concentration in blood indicated better systemic absorption of efavirenz from co-crystals formulation as compared to the pure drug suspension formulation.
Expression Level of HSP70 and COX-2 in Breast Cancer Proliferation in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors: Agustine Kristian Rebecca , Sandhika Willy , Heriyawati Heriyawati
Published: May 2022

Stress and inflammation have significant roles in tumor growth. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone under stress conditions, such as carcinogenesis and cancer managements. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme, regulated in response to variety of proinflammatory agents, like tumor promoters. The overexpression of HSP70 and COX-2 has been shown to be implicated in poor prognosis of cancer patients. There is a high degree of heterogeneity between tumours that can be seen from the different aggressiveness, such as tumor proliferation/growth (tumor size). All of the heterogeneity factors determine the risk of disease progression and therapeutic resistance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of HSP70 and COX-2 in tumour proliferation (T stage) of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST). Sixty samples were tested using an analytical observational design with cross sectional approach. We collected these samples from year 2016 to 2020 and divided them into 4 groups based on T stage (T1, T2, T3, T4). Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of HSP70 and COX-2. There were significant differences of HSP70 (p= 0.030) and COX-2 (p=0,000) expression in the four groups There was no significant correlation between HSP70 and COX-2 expression (p=0,181) in the four groups. HSP70 and COX-2 have an important role in tumour proliferation therefore can determine prognosis and targeted therapy in breast cancer patients.
In- vitro Antiurolithiatic potential of leaves of Anneslea fragrans wall. against Calcium oxalate kidney stones and its FT- IR analysis
Authors: Kumar Suresh
Published: May 2022

Anneslea fragrans Wall. is an evergreen shrub or small tree that belongs to family Theaceae and can be characteristically identify by its unique aroma. A. fragrans has collected from Manipur, India and its leaves were extracted in methanol using soxhlet method. In- vitro antiurolithiatic potential has determined by turbidity changes in artificial urine method, nucleation assay, and aggregation assay. FT-IR has been used to study the functional group characterization of the leaves of A. fragrans. A. fragrans has showed significant in- vitro antiurolithiatic activity through turbidity changes in artificial urine, nucleation, and aggregation assay with maximum % inhibition at 1000µg/ml i.e. 78.1%, 32.32%, and 57.11% respectively. FT-IR analysis reveals the major functional groups including hydroxyl, saturated aliphatic, quinone or conjugated ketone and aliphatic flouro group. A. fragrans have shown excellent in- vitro antiurolithiatic activity and hence, can be consider as an effective herbal alternative or constituent of herbal formulation for treatment of urolithiasis.
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Ropinirole Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Gummadi Sowjanya , S. Siyyadri Durga
Published: May 2022

A simple, precise, rapid and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Ropinirole hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method employed a Phenomenex C8 column (250 × 4.6mm, 5µm) and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (pH 2.61) and methanol in the ratio of 50:50 v/v. The flow rate was optimized at 1.2mL/min and the effluents were monitored at 248 nm over a run time of 10.0 min. where the analyte showed the retention at 2.91±0.26 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1-100µg/mL (y = 40236x – 10950). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.0007µg/mL and 0.0021µg/mL respectively. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and was found to be sensitive, accurate, precise and robust while satisfying all the system suitability. The method was also tested for its stability indicating capability by performing the forced degradation studies and the drug was almost stable in all the exposed conditions with very minor degradations observed. The developed method was used for the assay of the drug in marketed tablets and the percentage assay was found to be 99.32±0.83 %w/w. The results of the study depict that the proposed RP-HPLC method is specific and sensitive for the routine analysis of Ropinirole hydrochloride in bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical dosage form.
Physico-Chemical Studies of Ground Water Quality of Chirawa, Buhana and Surajgarh Tehsil of Jhunjhunu District. Rajasthan (With Special Reference to Fluoride)
Authors: Kumari Anita , Gupta Y.K.
Published: May 2022

In Present Paper the Physicochemical Studies of ground water of Chirawa, Buhana and Surajgarh tehsil of Jhunjhunu district have been studied. Water samples from the ground water of villages, colonies, school, hospitals and railway station were collected and analysed for physico- chemical parameters like ammonia, alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, TDS, Total hardness, and concentration of ions like chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, some heavy metal like as Mn and Fe. It has been observed that all parameters were found within desirable limit compared to BIS, but fluoride, potassium, and sodium values are higher compared to WHO. The interesting fact that phosphorus, iron and manganese were not found in any ground water samples. Only fluoride, potassium and sodium are making ground water unfit for drinking.
Análise da interação do contaminante metilmercúrio com hemoglobina do peixe matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Günther, 1869)
Authors: Medran Rangel Eduarda , Fernandes e Silva Estela , Kaster Garcez Daiana , Laste Macagnan Karine , Medran Rangel Adrize , Vargas Ribeiro Louise , Fernandes e Silva Paula , Figueiredo Cardoso Tainã
Published: May 2022

Os danos ambientais devido a um meio ambiente desequilibrado causam problemas muitas vezes irreversíveis à biota. O aumento da população desencadeia o aumento da produção industrial e do consumo, sendo que muitas vezes tanto as indústrias como os indivíduos não descartam de forma correta seus resíduos, causando contaminação no ar, solo e água. Na água os contaminantes podem sofrer o processo de bioacumulação e bimagnificação, chegando aos seres humanos através do consumo de peixes, por exemplo. O metilmercúrio é uma forma tóxica do mercúrio, sendo altamente poluente e contaminante quando em contato com os seres vivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de verificar o padrão de interação entre o metilmercúrio e a hemoglobina do peixe Brycon cephalus através de docking molecular. A energia livre de ligação obtida para o complexo hemoglobina-metilmercúrio foi de -2.0 kcal/mol. Seis aminoácidos da hemoglobina foram envolvidos na ligação com o metilmercúrio, sendo eles: Valina, Serina, Leucina Arginina e Fenialanina. O docking molecular indicou a tendência de ligação do mercúrio à hemoglobina Brycon cephalus que pode gerar danos ao metabolismo. Assim, novos experimentos complementares (in vitro e in vivo) devem ocorrer para avaliar o possível efeito tóxico do metilmercúrio sobre essa espécie.
Expectation vs Reality: A Dystopian Presentation of Bangladesh under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Neamat Imam’s The Black Coat
Authors: Rukunuddin Shaikh
Published: May 2022

The Liberation War of Bangladesh is groundbreaking event in the history of South Asia. Under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman the people of the then East Pakistan went into an uneven war against Pakistan. The aim was to build Bangladesh on the principles of equality and justice. Bangladesh would be a free corruption-less democratic country. But after independence all these principles were vanished and the leaders of the country became corrupted from head to the toe. They kept themselves busy to make their own fortune instead of providing a good governance to the citizen. The famine of 1974 is the worst manifestation of terrible administration of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Millions of people died during that time due to the lack of responsibility of the government. But Sheikh Mujib never held him responsible, instead he admitted only 26000 deaths from starvation. Neamat Imam brings this sad truth of Sheikh Mujib’s administration through his artistic representation of the famine of 1974 in his novel The Black Coat. Rich with political statements this novel unfolds the rather darker side of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his sense of irresponsibly during the tough period of 1974 famine.
Mancata diagnosi di ingestione di corpo estraneo
Authors: Acampora Emma , D'Arco Marialuisa , Fedi Ludovica , Cerchione Raffaele , Cozzolino Tommaso
Published: May 2022

The case of an 18-month-old infant presenting with respiratory failure is described. The authors discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic management of foreign body aspiration.
Non ti scordar del tubulo: la malattia di Dent
Authors: Benvenuto Simone , Bossini Benedetta
Published: May 2022

The case of a 12-year-old boy with proteinuria, microhaematuria and nephrocalcinosis with normal glomerular function is described. A diagnosis of Dent disease was eventually made and confirmed by the genetic test.
A caval donato... guarda anche in bocca!
Authors: Gustuti Violante
Published: May 2022

A 15-year-old girl with vulvar ulcers previously attributed to recurrent herpetic infection is presented. Aphthous oral ulcers were also present and the diagnosis of Behçet disease was eventually made.
IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE NOVOS INIBIDORES DA ENZIMA NUCLEOSÍDEO HIDROLASE DE Leishmania donovani A PARTIR DE EXTRATOS DA FLORA FLUMINENSE
Authors: Rangel Gregório Torres , Tinoco Luzineide Wanderley
Published: May 2022

A leishmaniose é uma doença produzida por parasitos protozoários do gênero Leishmania sp e é transmitida ao homem e a outras espécies de mamíferos por insetos vetores denominados flebotomíneos. Apresenta diferentes manifestações clínicas, sendo a Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) a forma mortal se não for tratada. Até hoje, nenhum tratamento foi desenvolvido para esta doença, as alternativas terapêuticas utilizadas são altamente tóxicas e diversos parasitos vem apresentando resistência ao longo dos anos. Por isso, é necessário que se desenvolvam fármacos contra alvos específicos das vias biosintéticas da Leishmania. Este capítulo relata um estudo realizado com 214 extratos de plantas da Mata Atlântica Fluminense para a busca de inibidores da enzima nucleosídeo hidrolase da Leishmania donovani (LdNH). Do extrato das folhas da Urvillea rufescens Cambess (Sapindaceae) foi isolada a tricetina-4´-metoxi-flavona e do extrato das flores de Leandra amplexicaulis DC (Melastomataceae) foram isolados o kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosido e o kaempferol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-rhamnopyranosido. Todos os compostos foram caracterizados estruturalmente por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e espectrometria de massas (EM). No ensaio de inibição da LdNH a tricetina-4´-metoxiflavona apresentou uma concentração inibitória média (CI50) de 1,19 ± 0,26 µM, sendo considerada um bom inibidor desta enzima. Pelo que sabemos, esta é a primeira vez que um flavonoide é descrito como inibidor de NH.
Potential of carbon credits generation from organic waste composting of large generators: an alternative to the final disposal in sanitary landfills
Authors: Catorza Carlos Felipe , Van Elk Ana Ghislane Henriques Pereira , Passos Luiz Henrique Soares
Published: May 2022

This study aims to measure the potential for reducing Greenhouse Gases by surveying the amount of methane avoided by a company that collects and processes organic waste from large generators through composting. The applied methodology was the avoidance of methane emissions through composting, from the Clean Development Mechanism, considering as a baseline the emissions of the Santa Rosa sanitary landfill, located in the city of Seropédica, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With data on the amount of organic waste composted by the company, the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) were calculated, considering the standard emission factors established in the methodological instrument. The data show that the emission of 22,062 tons of CO2eq was avoided, which corresponds to a reduction of 83.5% of CH4 emissions, if the waste composted by the company were deposited in the Santa Rosa sanitary landfill. In terms of carbon credit, according to the calculation, this value would correspond to approximately 17 thousand euros annually (considering current values). Thus, the applicability of this study contributes as a scientific basis to assist decision-making and effectiveness of other composting projects, enabling greater reductions in emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the long term and adequacy to the future perspectives of carbon market development. At the same time, it contributes to the construction of alternative scenarios for mitigation and reduction of Greenhouse Gases emissions in Brazil and promotes sustainable waste management, as determined by the National Solid Waste Policy.
Antibacterial properties of new calcium based cement prepared from egg shell
Authors: F. Alkhalidi Emad , H. Alsalman Talal , A. Taqa Amer
Published: May 2022

Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate the pH and antimicrobial properties of newly prepared calcium based cement, polycarboxylate cement and biodentine material. Methods: The new cement was prepared from egg shell, for pH measurements, 9 standard discs (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) were prepared for each material, The antibacterial effects of set specimens against Streptococcus mutans, oral Lactobacillus and Enterococcus faecalis were assessed by agar diffusion tests, 90 discs shaped specimens (30 of each type of materials; 6 mm in diameter x 2 mm in thickness) were prepared. Three discs, one for each material was placed on each agar plate, and the plates incubated for 24 hours. After incubation, the diameter of inhibition zone was measured at three different points and the mean value was used as the result of the specimen. Results: Statistically significant differences were identified between cements, calcium based cement and biodentine exhibited higher mean values of pH than polycarboxylate cement, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were done to evaluate the effect of materials against each type of bacteria, it showed that the inhibition zones produced by experimental cement were statistically significantly larger than those produced by the other materials. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this research, it was concluded that new calcium based cement has a better antimicrobial properties than biodentine and polycarboxylate cement.
Vertical removal force and torsional resistance of a screwless Morse taper implant connection
Authors: Ozdiler Arda , Ozcan Enishan , Kutay Omer , ISIK-OZKOL Gulbahar
Published: May 2022

Aims: The aim of this study was to measure the removal force and vertical tensile strength of a screwless Morse taper connection and compare it with screw retained connections. Methods: n order to measure the vertical tensile and torsional strength of the connection, a total of 12 Octo Implants (Tasarimmed, Istanbul, Turkey) 4 mm wide and 10 mm in length were used with a screwless Morse taper connection. Six repeated shots were applied to abutments for each standardized force: 300 grF, 500 grF, 800 grF, 1000 grF, 1400 grF, and 2500 grF. Measurements of vertical tensile strength and torsional strength were obtained four times for each group with a dynamometer and torque meter. Results: The results were analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA test. The intercept was found to be significantly different among the various strike forces for both vertical tensile strength and torsional strength (p lessthan .0001). A greater increase in the torsional and vertical strength was seen for 1400 grF strikes and was consequently entitled as a break point. Conclusion: Screwless Morse taper connection is predicted to be an adequate resistant to vertical removal and torsional forces.
Modification of heat cured acrylic resin by using additives to make a flexible acrylic resin denture base material: A pilot study
Authors: A. Hatim Nadira , A. Taqa Amer , A. Yassin Sufian
Published: May 2022

Aims: The study was conducted to modify heat cured acrylic resin denture base material with additives [flavoring agents (caramel, banana)], and plasticizer into a flexible heat cured acrylic resin as a Flexite thermoplastic material. Methods: One hundred ninety-five samples of heat cured acrylic resin (HCAR) that consist of control group and three types of additives with two concentrations 15%, and 20% [flavoring agents (caramel, banana)], and plasticizer di-butyl phthalate (DBP) addition to (HCAR) 20% group, plasticizer (DBP) addition to (HCAR) group, flavoring (caramel) addition to (HCAR) group, flavoring (banana) addition to (HCAR) group and flexite thermoplastic material group were prepared to examine tensile strength, water sorption, solubility, color change and dimensional accuracy. Results: Statistically significant differences were identified between groups with and without additives exhibited higher mean value of tensile strength of flexite thermoplastic group. Duncan's multiple range test, and ANOVA were done to evaluate the effect of additives against each additive, concentration and storage time of samples. The result showed that the dimensional accuracy, water sorption and solubility tests of the groups (caramel + plasticizer + heat cured acrylic resin) had statistically lower changes than other groups with additives but were still higher than control group and Flexite thermoplastic during seven days. They also showed color change between groups. The first group (caramel + plasticizer + heat cured acrylic resin) with the concentration of 20% showed lowest change in their properties when compared with the plasticizer group and the other groups of flavors additions (caramel and banana) after seven days and six months. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this research, it was concluded that all prepared samples with additives (caramel, banana, and plasticizer) have better properties than the control group except the Flexite thermoplastic group which showed to have a higher tensile strength than control group during the periods of two and seven days.
The identity dimension of higher economic education: competences versus knowledge
Authors: Ioan-Franc Valeriu , Diamescu Andrei-Marius
Published: May 2022

Conștientizând imperativul reconsiderării şi restructurării programelor naţionale de educaţie, ca urmare a rezultatele nesatisfăcătoare obținute atât de România cât şi de Republica Moldova la testele realizate în cadrul PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), autorii răspund în cadrul studiului la întrebarea fundamentală privind rolul academiilor: de a tezauriza cunoaşterea şi de a transmite mai departe cunoştinţele acumulate de-a lungul veacurilor sau de a ,,echipa” viitorii absolvenţi cu acele competenţe necesare satisfacerii exigenţelor locurilor de muncă pe care aceştia le vor ocupa? Având în vedere, în primul rând, „perisabilitatea”, atât a cunoştinţelor, cât şi a deprinderilor, într-un cuvânt, a „competenţelor” pe care un absolvent le dobândeşte pe timpul studiilor, opţiune autorilor privind rolul academiilor este fără echivoc în favoarea transmiterii cunoaşterii fundamentale pe baza careia absolvenţii vor fi capabili de a se adapta permanent la provocările economiei bazate pe cunoaştere. Totodată, studiul relevă faptul că aşezarea accentului pe formarea de „trăsături” a viitorului absolvent ne indică preeminenţa procesului educaţional, fără însă a înţelege prin aceasta că orice preocupare pentru formarea de competențe trebuie exclusă. Dimpotrivă, formarea ,,competenţelor” trebuie să fie, în primul rând, consecinţa întregului proces de învățământ parcurs de student până la intrarea pe porţile academiei, acesteia revenindu-i misiunea de a compatibiliza/adapta aceste competenţe, atât din perspectiva nivelului, cât şi al complexităţii, la domeniul stiinţific/de activitate specific. În aceasta abordare, concluzia autorilor este aceea că rolul universităţilor trebuie să rămână acela de a transmite cunoaşterea acumulată şi a genera noi orizonturi ale cunoaşterii, şi nu doar de a forma competenţele necesare absolventului pentru a ocupa primul său loc de muncă.
OncomicroARNs and their future pharmacological applications
Authors: Medina Vico Pedro Pablo
Published: May 2022

Since the discovery of the central dogma of Molecular Biology, ribonucleic acid (RNA) was postulated as a messenger molecule, which transmitted the information of protein synthesis from DNA, in the cell nucleus, to the cytoplasm. However, research work has shown that RNA also performs functions beyond that of acting as a messenger. Thus, today it is known that there is a large number of non-protein coding RNA molecules that play a fundamental role in the cell. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to this non-protein-coding RNA and their study has revolutionized our knowledge about the functionality of RNAs.
MicroRNAs are gene expression regulatory molecules that help determine when or where genes are translated into protein. As their name indicates, these molecules are composed of nucleic acids (RNA) and not protein, in contrast to previously known regulators of gene expression. Due to their small size (human genes are encoded by thousands of nucleotides and microRNAs by only twenty) and their peculiar nature, microRNAs were discovered in the human genome once it was sequenced.
MicroRNAs play a fundamental role in establishing cell identity. Components of the microRNA synthesis machinery, or microRNAs per se, have been associated with human pathologies. MicroRNAs have been found to play an important role in many cellular processes that are altered in cancer, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Thus, genes that code for microRNAs have been found in chromosomal regions frequently gained or lost in cancer. Some microRNAs have altered expression levels in cancer and have demonstrated their ability to affect cell transformation, carcinogenesis, and metastasis by acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. These microRNAs that are involved in tumor development have been called onco-microRNAs, and their name gives the title to this work.
We are only at the beginning of understanding the functional implications of the gain or loss of a particular microRNA in cancer, and early pharmacological applications for cancer treatment are still being tested. Despite everything, this field is providing a series of promising medical applications in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer that could provide new tools for the medicine of the future.
The retina, a window of cerebrovascular disease in diabetes
Authors: Benedito Castellote Sara
Published: May 2022

Cerebrovascular disease is one of the complications of long-term diabetes mellitus. While the structure and function of the great cerebral vessels may be more easily studied, the cerebral microcirculation is difficult to assess. However, a simple eye fundus examination with an ophthalmoscope enables to visualize the microvascular abnormalities that characterize diabetic retinopathy, which isth e most common microvascular complication of diabetes. The anatomical and functional similarity between retinal and cerebral microcirculation supports the hypothesis that alterations in retinal vascular reactivity could be considered as an early marker of cerebral microvascular dysfunction in diabetes.
The initiating factor of diabetic angiopathies is endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction results in a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), as a consequence of decreased NO synthesis and/or increased production of free oxygen radicals that are NO scavengers. Diabetes also stimulates the production of endothelial-derived contractile factors such as superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, endothelin and certain cyclooxygenase (COX) derivatives. COX activation is related to a high level of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress participates in the inflammatory response involved in the diabetic vascular dysfunction. These pathogenic mechanisms have been shown in both cerebral and retinal arteries, mainly through in vitro vascular reactivity studies, suggesting that diabetes induces a profound change in microvascular regulatory mechanisms. The association between the degree of retinal perfusion, brain injuries and altered cognitive function indicates a certain parallelism in the degree of impairment of both retinal and brain circulations. In addition, prospective studies conclude that diabetic retinopathy predicts ischemic cerebrovascular disease independently of other risk factors, supporting the importance of cerebral microvascular disease in diabetics.
Further research on the vascular abnormalities is needed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying retinopathies and cerebrovascular disease in diabetes. In the near future, the use of fully automated methods to detect signs of retinopathy will not only facilitate the efficient evaluation of vascular changes in the retina but will also help to reduce cerebral vascular morbidity and mortality.
Comparative legal framework for the dispensing of medicinal products in pharmacies in the different member states of the European Union
Authors: Enríquez Fernández Silvia
Published: May 2022

Dispensing is the act carried out by a pharmacist or under his supervision, aimed at ensuring that patients receive the medicines in the precise doses according to their individual requirements, for the appropriate period, with the information for their correct use, and in accordance with current regulations. To understand this act, the concept of medicine, the studies that a pharmacist must take, the regulation of the concepts of pharmaceutical management, as well as the pharmacy offices in the European Union have been previously analyzed. Finally, compare the act of dispensing in each of the countries of the European Union.
To make that comparison, each of the rules directly affecting the act of dispensing medicinal products in each Member State has been translated, analysed and interpreted. The aspects that have been investigated have been: the obligatory presence of a pharmacist in the pharmacy office; the sale of medicinal products in establishments other than pharmacies; the ability to replace those medicinal products subject to medical prescription by the pharmacist; and, the regulation of the online sale of medicines subject to medical prescription. Although it is true that it has been concluded that the presence of the pharmacist is mandatory in 99% of the countries, no total harmony has been found in the regulations of the rest of the parameters subject to comparison in this research work.
Afghanistan in the Snare of External Power Struggle
Authors: Samra Naz and Zafar Nawaz Jaspal
Published: May 2022

The new Afghanistan policy of the US President, Donald Trump, has once again manifested the problems of country for all domestic, regional and international players in Afghanistan. A few American’s partners and allies supported it, including India and UK, while many seem uncomfortable with it, particularly, Pakistan. Indeed, lack of consensus among the major powers not only undermines the peace process in Afghanistan, but also could very well lead to a new power struggle in Afghanistan. Unfortunately, both the neighbouring states and great powers have competing interests in Afghanistan and all desires to maximize their influence in Afghanistan affairs to pursue their objectives. This article will elaborate the US Afghan strategy announced by President Trump and the interests of major powers and regional states including the US, Russia, China, India, Iran and Pakistan in Afghanistan by examining the complexities of conflict within Afghanistan induced by the convoluted power politics among regional and international actors.
Quality Assessment of Educational Services in the College of Education, University of Dammam, Using (SERVQUAL) Scale
Authors: Al-shughibi Khalid H. , Al-mekhlafie Mohammed S.
Published: May 2022

The study aimed at measuring educational services quality at the College of Education in Damam as perceived by students. For this purpose a sample of 286 students was selected randomly. The findings revealed overall negative statistical significant gap between students perception and expectation and the different service levels/dimensions. The study also showed negative statistical significant gap attributed to gender in their overall perceptions towards the areas: reliability, responsiveness, safety, empathy, in favor of males. The study also showed no significant differences attributed to gender in the students overall expectation of the educational services and in the areas reliability, responsiveness, safety and empathy. In addition, there were significant differences among the students expectations of the services in overall the moral aspects in favor of those enrolled at the post B. Ed program and no significant differences among them in the degree of importance in the tangible aspects such as responsiveness and empathy attributed to their educational level; whereas there were significant differences in the overall and in the moral aspects between the views of the expected and the perceived services in the overall and the areas tangible aspects, reliability, responsiveness, safety and empathy, in favor of the expected services.
Achievement Responsibility and Its Relation to Self-determination Motivation of Foundation Program Students
Authors: Al-Syabi Najah S. , Al-Zubaidi Abulqawi S. , Al-Harthy Ibrahim , Kazem Ali Mahdi
Published: May 2022

The current study investigated the relation between achievement responsibility and selfdetermination motivation among foundation program students. It also aimed at identifying the differences in achievement responsibility and the self-determination motivation according to gender and the foundation level. The data was collected from 432 students. The results of the study showed that the students attributed their achievement to internal and unstable factors. Secondly, the students showed a quiet high level of selfdetermination motivation. Thirdly, the results showed no differences due to gender in both achievement responsibility and self-determination motivation. In regards to achievement responsibility, there were statistically significant differences in external and unstable factors according to the level variable for the second and third level. Regarding self-determination motivation, the results revealed statistically significant differences in external regulation and a motivation according to the level in favor of level two and three. The findings also suggested that the external factors seem to be the better predictor factor of self-determination motivation followed by the stable and finally the internal factors.
Omani Students’ Attitudes towards EFL Reading between School and University Foundation Programs: A bridge or a gap?
Authors: Al Seyabi Fawzia A. , Al Amri Kamla S.
Published: May 2022

Using questionnaires administered to 1114 school students and 317 university foundation program students, the study aims to investigate students’ attitudes towards English as a foreign language (EFL) reading in the two educational contexts: post-basic schools and university foundation programs. The study also explores the extent to which students feel school has prepared them to the reading requirements of their university foundation programs. The study revealed that there were significant differences between school students and university foundation program students in the cognitive and affective dimensions of reading attitude but there were no significant differences in behavioural attitudes. Students also believed that they could not transfer the reading skills they acquired at post-basic education to the English classes at the foundation program because reading is different in the two educational contexts. The study makes a number of pedagogic and administrative recommendations to help bridge the gap between EFL reading in schools and universities.
Clinical Significance of Psychological and Educational Experimental Studies ”Analytical Study"
Authors: Nassar Yahya H.
Published: May 2022

The main aim of this study was to confirm the importance of the concept of clinical significance. Also this study aimed at discriminating among the concepts of statistical, practical and clinical significance. In addition, this study attempted to present the most known methods to estimate the clinical significance of psychological and educational studies. These methods were Iacobson-Truax method (IT), GulliksenLord-Novick method (GLN), Edwards-Nunnally method (EN), Hageman-Arrindell method (HA), and Hierarchical Linear Method (HLM). The current study constraints on the Iacobson-Truax method (IT) and via using hypothetical data, psychological and educational examples were presented to explain how to implement IT method. Moreover, via applying IT method this study attempted to introduce a suggested model to investigate the clinical significance of the treatment on the differences among the groups of the experimental designs. Finally, the results of this study confirmed the value of investigating the clinical significance of the psychological and educational studies because the results could be statistically and practically significant although could not indicate to clinical significance either on the individual or group level.
Use of Electronic Media to Publish the Culture of Quality and Academic Accreditation in Yemeni Universities
Authors: Al-hariry Khaled H.
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to determine the electronic media that can be used in publishing the culture of quality and academic accreditation, and the degree of importance of the use of media to disseminate the culture of quality and academic accreditation in the Yemeni universities. Obstacles to the use of these media have also been identified. The sample consisted of (164) individuals from administrative leaders and specialists in quality and academic accreditation. Data were collected from the sample by questionnaire. The study results showed a high degree of importance of the use of electronic media to disseminate the culture of quality and academic accreditation. There were no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the perceptions of the study sample about the degree of importance of the use of electronic media due to demographic and functional variables such as: sex, university ownership, academic rank and previous experience. The results showed a weakness in the adoption of the electronic media to disseminate quality and accreditation culture. There were many obstacles facing the effectiveness of the use of media. The study provided some recommendations to activate the use of electronic media to disseminate of the quality and academic accreditation culture by the Yemeni universities in the light of the study results.
The Effect of Using WebQuests in the Development of the Skills of Statistical Thinking for the Tenth Grade Students in Oman
Authors: AL-Rawahi Mansoor Y.
Published: May 2022

The study sought to investigate the effect of WebQuest in the development of the skills of statistical thinking for the tenth grade students in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve this objective, the study was applied to two groups: one is experimental and the other is control and regulator. The two groups consisted of (30) students from the tenth grade. Both groups sat for test of statistical thinking about the content of the statistical approach of the tenth grade before and after the experiment. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in favor of the experimental group that was using the WebQuest. The study recommended the WebQuest be used in the development of the mathematical thinking skills in general, and statistical thinking, in particular, based on its effectiveness. Training courses and workshops are recommended for those in charge of teaching math statistics.
The Effectiveness of a Proposed Enrichment Program Based on Problem-Solving and Problem Posing in Developing the Ability of Mathematical Reasoning and Sense-Making among Grade Ten High Achievers
Authors: Al Badri Salama S. , Al Sayed Reda A.
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to reveal the effectiveness of a proposed enrichment program based on problem-solving and problem posing in developing the ability of the mathematical reasoning and sense making among students of high achievement. To achieve this goal, an enrichment training program was designed to focus on a set of mathematical ideas and skills in mathematics using problem-solving and problem- posing strategies to solve and pose non-routine mathematical problems for students of high achievement to develop their mathematical reasoning and sense making ability. The researcher designed a test to measure the mathematical reasoning and sense making. In addition, the Test of Mathematical Abilities (TOMA-3) was used to measure the students' mathematical abilities before the experiment. The sample of the study consisted of 63 grade ten high achievers randomly selected from South Batinah governorate, which was divided into control and experimental groups. For testing the study hypothesis, data was analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in which eta squared was obtained. The results showed that the proposed program was effective and the mathematical reasoning and sense making skills were highly achieved.
Differential Item Functioning in Students Rating of Teaching Effectiveness Surveys in Higher Education According to Academic Disciplines: Data from a Saudi University
Authors: AlQuraan Mahmoud , AL Kuwaiti Ahmed
Published: May 2022

This study explored academic discipline as a source of differential item functioning(DIF) in students’ rating of teaching quality and effectiveness at higher education institutions. Data utilized in this study was collected by Imam Abudalruman Bin Faisal University - KSA. The total number of surveys analyzed for the purpose of this study is 36459 from three colleges: Education, Health, and Engineering. Using Extended Rasch model (Rating Scale Model), the results show that the instrument contains four DIF items. The content of these four items confirm the possibility of considering discipline as a source of DIF items in students evaluation of teaching in higher education. Moreover, the results of the current study show that removing DIF items from the instrument increases construct validity.
Relationship between Dimensions of International Culture and the Five-Factor Model of Personality for Kuwaitis and Non-Kuwaiti Teachers
Authors: Alanzi Adnan M. , Alansari Bader M.
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to examine the relationshipbetween the dimensions of international culture and the five factors of personality in a sample of 1080 Kuwaiti and Egyptian teachers which was selected randomly from secondary schools in Kuwait, measured by Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions and five-factor model; gender and nationality were also considered. The results indicated significant positive correlations between agreeableness and power distance, conscientiousness and both individuality and masculinity. There are also significant negative correlations between agreeableness and each individuality and masculinity and uncertainty avoidance, conscientiousness and the variable of power distance, uncertainty avoidance and long-term trend. Also, the results showed that males differed from females on four out of the five cultural dimensions. However, Kuwaitis differ from Egyptians on four out of the five cultural dimensions. Except in the long-termtrend, there were no significant differences between the Kuwaitis and Egyptians.
FORMATION OF THE STATE WINE REGALITY (MONOPOLY) IN THE 16TH - 18TH CENTURIES
Authors: Хайретдинова Ольга Айбулатовна
Published: May 2022

Статья является частью исследования, посвященного изучению правового статуса и норм государственного регулирования питейного промысла в России. В статье приведен анализ формирования государственной регалии на пития с XVI в. и до начала реформ Екатерины II в XVIII в. Целью ретроспективного анализа является выявление изменений в государственно-правовом регулировании питейного промысла и определение эффективности мероприятий, осуществляемых российским государством. Начиная с правления Ивана IV торговля алкоголем рассматривалась государством как источник пополнения казны. Но на разных этапах истории России винная монополия сталкивалась с различными проблемами: тайным корчемством, вольным обращением с казенными доходами, распространением пьянства и беспорядков из-за чрезмерной активности откупщиков в попытках собрать прибыль на питейный налог, конкуренцией между целовальниками и откупщиками за сбыт алкоголя, конкуренцией дворянства и купечества за право производства хмельных напитков, проблемами со сбором доходов от продажи питей в казну и др. Перечисленный перечень проблем стал причиной того, что Екатерина II решила радикально изменить порядок регулирования винокурения, а также винной торговли.

This paper is part of a research devoted to the study of the law status and rules of state regulation of the drinking industry in Russia. The author analyzes the formation of the state alcohol monopoly from the 16th century until the beginning of the reforms of Catherine II in the 18th century. The purpose of the retrospective analysis is to characterize changes in the state-legal regulation of drinking trade and to analyze the effectiveness of measures carried out by the Russian state. Since the reign of Ivan IV, the alcohol trade was considered by the state as a source of replenishment of the treasury. But at different stages of Russian history, the alcohol monopoly faced various problems. Among them are the secret sale of alcoholic beverages, unfair treatment of state revenues, the spread of drunkenness and riots due to excessive activity of tax farmers in attempts to collect profits for the drinking tax, competition between "loyal people" and tax farmers for the sale of alcohol, competition of the nobility and merchants for the right to produce alcoholic beverages, problems with collecting income from the sale of alcohol drinks to the treasury, etc. The enumerated list of problems was the reason that Catherine II decided to radically change the procedure for regulating distilling industry, as well as wine trade.