bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A construção do Direito Social à educação no Brasil: jesuítas, soberanos, liberais, conservadores, políticos e intelectuais
Authors: Ecker Daniel Dall'Igna , Guareschi Neuza Maria de Fátima , Lara Lutiane de , Zambillo Marciana
Published: October 2019

Este artigo analisa a construção do Direito Social à educação no Brasil, situando no campo de discussão a presença de determinados grupos sociais – jesuítas, representantes da Coroa Portuguesa, soberanos, liberais, conservadores, políticos e intelectuais – na naturalização de discursos sobre o educar ao longo da história do país. Com base na perspectiva histórica como exercício de desnaturalização do presente, analisaram-se as Constituições Federais Brasileiras de 1824, 1891, 1934, 1937, 1946, 1967 e 1988, e a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional de 2005, visando a compreender como se produziram discursos sobre o educar na esfera estatal. Esses discursos, por meio de práticas sociais diversas, serviram de justificativa para a criação de uma série de políticas e programas públicos, inserindo a prática do educar como importante estratégia do Estado brasileiro para desenvolvimento da nação e gestão da população.
A arte de civilizar-se por meio dos livros de leitura: um estudo das séries graduadas da escola primária paulista (1890- 1904)
Authors: Panizzolo Claudia
Published: October 2019

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar as operações de civilidade impressas e impostas nos livros de leitura produzidos para três Séries Graduadas, bem como os processos de formação do habitus social pela leitura. Para tal intento, toma como fonte as Séries Graduadas, de autoria de eminentes professores, como Felisberto de Carvalho, Romão Puiggari, Arnaldo de Oliveira Barreto e João Köpke. As três Séries que alcançaram circulação expressiva nas escolas paulistas entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX. Com base no corpus conceitual constituído por Norbert Elias é que os procedimentos, os instrumentos, as fontes e as direções de análise foram definidas, uma vez que interessa examinar práticas e processos de modelação dos sujeitos crianças que viviam o tempo social da infância, pelos quais se constituem como configurações mentais ou psíquicas, e nos quais cognição, sentimento, atitude, comportamento, valor, não são passíveis de abstração.
“Escola sem partido”: em torno de uma formação discursiva
Authors: Pereira Anderson Carvalho
Published: October 2019

Em Análise do Discurso (doravante, AD) existe o pressuposto de que uma Formação Discursiva (FD) estabelece o que pode e deve ser dito em uma dada conjuntura. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar o estabelecimento de uma FD a partir da análise do enunciado “escola sem partido”, em circulação no Brasil contemporâneo, em materialidades linguísticas tais como artigos da imprensa, de modo a analisar os efeitos de literalidade (a evidência de um sentido para “sem partido”) e os mecanismos ideológicos ali envolvidos. Como referencial teórico-metodológico é mobilizado o paradigma indiciário, que trata o “dado” como indício e a AD pecheutiana, que estabelece o dispositivo teórico-analítico a partir de questões formuladas pelo analista (pesquisador). Por meio da leitura de várias reportagens veiculadas na mídia online, foram definidos recortes, ou seja, unidades de sentido que permitem a análise de relações de sentido em torno do enunciado “escola sem partido”. Concluímos que o estabelecimento de uma FD deixa escapar indícios linguístico-discursivos filiados aos efeitos de literalidade, de slogan e de simulacro. E que a formação discursiva em torno do enunciado “escola sem partido” naturaliza uma evidência de sentido que requer um esforço interpretativo; esforço este aqui realizado para deslocar uma superficialidade linguístico-discursiva que aponta para seu modo de tentar consolidar ao nível do imaginário uma impossibilidade.
Sujeito-infantil-escolarizado: relações de poder-saber no gerenciamento de uma população
Authors: Silva Gisele Ruiz , Corrêa Henning Paula
Published: October 2019

O artigo tece problematizações a respeito da universalização e obrigatoriedade de escolarização das crianças brasileiras a partir dos quatro anos de idade. Utilizando-se da genealogia de Michel Foucault com a ferramenta analítica da problematização, o estudo dedica-se a entender como alguns acontecimentos históricos puderam ser condições de possibilidade para a constituição de uma infância escolarizada na Modernidade. Como elemento analítico, toma o aparato legal que normatiza a obrigatoriedade de matrícula e permanência das crianças na escola cada vez mais cedo. Junto a isso, há a presença de excertos dos ditos presentes na revista Pátio Educação Infantil, evidenciando as relações de poder e saber que se engendram e colocam em operação uma determinada lógica governamental, problematizando a forma como as assumimos verdadeiras na atualidade.
Constituição da Infância na Sociedade Ocidental
Authors: Magalhães Violante , Magalhães Justino
Published: October 2019

A Infância na História veio a constituir-se, como tema e objecto epistémico, desde inícios do período moderno, ainda que a História da Infância, como conhecimento e narrativa, seja mais recente. A constituição histórica da Infância inclui distintos modos de representar e de significar, assinalando tempos de convergência e tempos de divergência ou mesmo contradições e rupturas. Na religião, na civilidade, na arte, na literatura, na pedagogia, a Infância resulta de uma constelação, que congrega dimensões demográficas, económicas, afectivas, socioculturais. A Infância teve infâncias que se traduzem em novos espaços, novas manifestações de afectividade e de relação nos quadros público, privado e doméstico, e a que foram sendo destinados espaços, tempos e meios de ser ensinada e de aprender. A Infância emergiu e foi constituída como campo de ciência e de educação. De motivo e tema, a Infância e particularmente a criança tornaram-se objecto de investigação, cruzando diferentes domínios científicos, designadamente a psicologia, a medicina, a pediatria, a pedagogia e mais recentemente a sociologia e a história. A escola surgiu como lugar e tempo da infância. Desde o século XVIII que a historiografia regista aspectos estruturais de duração longa e conjunturas onde a evolução sofreu acelerações e rupturas. A Infância congrega e representa crianças, consignando homogeneidade e admitindo a diversidade e a especificidade. Assim, a escola surgiu como lugar e tempo da infância, mas não foi cumprida de modo uniforme.Neste artigo procurar-se-á problematizar, documentar e entender a Infância como conceito e como categoria epistémica, com um passado recente, mas nem por isso isento de controvérsia, denso, cumulativo, muito particularmente no Mundo Ocidental. Tomando como principal referência a Europa, dar-se-á particular atenção aos aspectos de natureza conceptual e à sistematização das principais linhas histórico-pedagógicas de constituição da Infância. No fundamental, o método utilizado é o historiográfico, combinando diacronia e sincronia e recorrendo a um exercício hermenêutico dos principais textos e teses sobre o tema. É, no entanto, uma abordagem aberta à interdisciplinaridade que procura abranger a constelação de vectores de natureza substantiva, teórica e metodológica, constitutivos da Infância na Sociedade Ocidental.
Film Bodies
Authors: Lindner Katharina
Published: October 2019

The representation of gender and sexuality is well-explored territory in film studies. In Film Bodies, Katharina Lindner takes existing debates into a new direction and integrates queer and feminist theory with film phenomenology. Film Bodies explores the female body's presence in a range of genres including the dance film, the sports film and queer cinema. Moving across mainstream and independent cinema, Lindner provides detailed 'textural' analyses of Black Swan, The Tango Lesson, 2 Seconds, Offside, Tomboy and Girlhood and discusses the queer feminist encounters these films can give rise to. This provocative book is of vital interest to students and researchers of queer cinema, queer/feminist theory, embodiment and affect and offers a unique new way of understanding the relationship between queerness, feminism, the body and cinema.
Gay Pornography
Authors: Mercer John
Published: October 2019

Gay pornography, online and onscreen, is a controversial and significantly under-researched area of cultural production. In the first book of its kind, Gay Pornography: Representations of Sexuality and Masculinity explores the iconography, themes and ideals that the genre presents. Indeed, John Mercer argues that gay pornography cannot be regarded as one-dimensional, but that it offers its audience a vision of plural masculinities that are more nuanced and ambiguous than they might seem. Mercer examines how the internet has generated an exponential growth in the sheer volume and variety of this material, and facilitated far greater access to it. He uses both professional and amateur examples to explore how gay pornography has become part of a wider cultural context in which modern masculinities have become 'saturated' by their constantly evolving status and function in popular culture.
Pompeii
Authors: Wilkinson Paul
Published: October 2019

The resonant ruins of Pompeii are perhaps the most direct route back to the living, breathing world of the ancient Romans. Two million visitors annually now walk the paved streets which re-emerged, miraculously preserved, from their layers of volcanic ash. Yet for all the fame and unique importance of the site, there is a surprising lack of a handy archaeological guide in English to reveal and explain its public spaces and private residences. This compact and user-friendly handbook, written by an expert in the field, helpfully fills that gap. Illustrated throughout with maps, plans, diagrams and other images, Pompeii: An Archaeological Guide offers a general introduction to the doomed city followed by an authoritative summary and survey of the buildings, artefacts and paintings themselves. The result is an unrivalled picture, derived from an intimate knowledge of Roman archaeology around the Bay of Naples, of the forum, temples, brothels, bath-houses, bakeries, gymnasia, amphitheatre, necropolis and other site buildings - including perennial favourites like the House of the Faun, named after its celebrated dancing satyr.
Screening Soviet Nationalities
Authors: Sarkisova Oksana
Published: October 2019

Filmmakers in the early decades of the Soviet Union sought to create a cinematic map of the new state by portraying its land and peoples on screen. Such films created blueprints of the Soviet domain's scenic, cultural and ethnographic perimeters and brought together - in many ways disparate - nations under one umbrella. Categorised as kulturfilms, they served as experimental grounds for developing the cinematic formulae of a multiethnic, multinational Soviet identity. Screening Soviet Nationalities examines the non-fictional representations of Soviet borderlands from the Far North to the Northern Caucasus and Central Asia between 1925-1940. Beginning with Dziga Vertov and his vision of the Soviet space as a unified, multinational mosaic, Oksana Sarkisova rediscovers films by Vladimir Erofeev, Vladimir Shneiderov, Alexander Litvinov, Mikhail Slutskii, Amo Bek-Nazarov, Mikhail Kalatozov, Roman Karmen and other filmmakers who helped construct an image of Soviet ethnic diversity and left behind a lasting visual legacy. The book contributes to our understanding of changing ethnographic conventions of representation, looks at studies of diversity despite the homogenising ambitions of the Soviet project, and reexamines methods of blending reality and fiction as part of both ideological and educational agendas.

Using a wealth of unexplored archival evidence from the Russian State Documentary Film and Photo Archive (RGAKFD) as well as the Gosfilmofond state film archive, Sarkisova examines constructions of exoticism, backwardness and Soviet-driven modernity through these remarkable and underexplored historical travelogues.
Homosexuality on the Small Screen
Authors: Buckle Sebastian
Published: October 2019

Television provides a unique account of the development of a homosexual identity across the western world, emerging as it did when ideas around sex and sexuality were themselves only just beginning to be publicly discussed. From the very earliest surviving drama featuring homosexuality in 1959, Homosexuality on the Small Screen explores each decade's programming in turn, looking at homosexual themes, storylines, and characters, situating them historically, and relating them to the broader events in British history. By doing so it examines the interactions between the medium and the reality of gay lives, showing how television mirrored the changes taking place in British society. For those with a homosexual – or emerging homosexual – sexual orientation, they were seminal in early personal and social development. For heterosexual viewers, these images were equally important in exploring a sexual other which otherwise remained hidden from them. They included positive storylines which helped improve public ideas about homosexuality, but also stereotypical images which propagated negative attitudes in the public consciousness.

Homosexuality on the Small Screen charts this fascinating journey and television's role in the construction of a gay identity.
Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the International Monetary Fund, Fortieth Issue
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.
Published: October 2019

Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the International Monetary Fund, Fortieth Issue
SME Financial Inclusion for Sustained Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia
Authors: Ghassibe Mishel , Appendino Maximiliano , Mahmoudi Samir Elsadek
Published: October 2019

This paper offers empirical evidence that greater financial inclusion of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can promote higher economic growth and employment, especially in the Middle East and Central Asia regions. First, we show that countries with higher SME financial inclusion exhibit more effective monetary policy transmission and tax collection. Second, we find substantial employment and labor productivity growth gains at the firm level from access to credit, gains that are higher for SMEs. We also obtain evidence of a substantial positive impact on SME employment and labor productivity growth from improved credit bureau coverage and insolvency regimes. Finally, cross-country aggregate evidence confirms the employment and growth gains from SME financial inclusion, which appear larger in the Middle East and Central Asia than in other regions.
Multiple Dimensions of Human Development Index and Public Social Spending for Sustainable Development
Authors: Paliova Iana , McNown Robert , Nülle Grant
Published: October 2019

Multidimensional assessment of human development is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in assessing well-being. The focus of analysis is on the indicators measuring the three dimensions of Human Development Index (HDI) — standard of living, education and health, and their relationship with public social spending for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The study estimates the effects of public social spending on gross national income (GNI) per capita (in PPP in $), expected years of schooling and life expectancy for a sample of 68 countries. The relationship is robust to controlling for a variety of factors and the estimated magnitudes suggest a positive long-run effect of public educational spending on GNI per capita, public educational spending on expected years of schooling, and public health expenditures on life expectancy.
What Happens if Central Banks Misdiagnose a Slowdown in Potential Output
Authors: Bakker Bas
Published: October 2019

In the last few decades, real GDP growth and investment in advanced countries have declined in tandem. This slowdown was not the result of weak demand (there has been no shift along the Okun curve), but of a decline in potential output growth (which has shifted the Okun curve to the left). We analyze what happens if central banks mistakenly diagnose the problem as insufficient demand, when it is actually a supply problem. We do this in a real model, in which inflation is not an issue. We show that aggressive central bank action may revive gross investment, but it will not revive net investment or growth. Moreover, low interest rates will lead to an increase in the capital output ratio, a low return on capital and high leverage. We show that these forecasts are in line with what has happened in major advanced countries.
New Zealand
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: October 2019

New Zealand’s expansion lost momentum in 2017-18, as some key drivers started to weaken. Despite the long expansion, inflation remains weak, reflecting imported disinflation as well as strong net inward migration, which has boosted labor supply. Macrofinancial vulnerabilities have increased with a housing boom but have been contained through macroprudential policy intervention. After recent declines, growth picked up in early 2019 and is expected to remain close to trend in 2019-20 on the back of increased policy support, despite external headwinds. Inflation should pick up gradually. Downside risks to the growth outlook have increased, reflecting: higher global risks; prospects for a weaker fiscal impulse given recent implementation lags; and the housing market cooling morphing into an actual downturn.
Thailand
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: October 2019

Banks represent a sizable share of the financial sector in Thailand, but other deposit-taking institutions and NBFIs have grown significantly in the last decade. While assets of banks represented 46 percent of total financial assets at end-2018, the government-owned SFIs and TCCs now play a key role in providing credit to households. Assets of the insurance and mutual fund sectors have doubled as a share of GDP over the last decade, and capital markets are largely on par with regional peers.
Financial vulnerabilities appear to be contained, but household indebtedness is relatively high and there are signs of weaknesses in some corporates and SMEs. Weaker-than-expected growth in China and advanced economies, sharp rise in risk premia, and entrenched low inflation would adversely impact the financial system. Despite these risks, the banking sector is resilient to severe shocks. Stress tests results and sensitivity analysis indicate that the largest banks can withstand a shock broadly as severe as the Asian financial crisis. While data is limited, deposit-taking SFIs appear to be vulnerable to asset concentration and interest rate risk. Systemic and contagion risks stemming from interlinkages across banks and nonbanks are limited. Risk analysis could benefit from data improvements, including on liquidity and SFIs, and from the development of tools to assess concentration risk at an entity level.
Thailand
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: October 2019

Thailand’s robust policy framework and ample buffers continue to underpin its resilience to external headwinds. The authorities have taken measures to strengthen medium-term fiscal management and financial stability. The recent Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) concluded that financial vulnerabilities appear to be contained and that the banking sector is resilient to severe shocks. At the same time, long-standing domestic and external imbalances persist, leaving the economy vulnerable to the global slowdown and trade tensions.
Brunei Darussalam
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: October 2019

Brunei Darussalam’s economy has been adjusting to the lower oil and gas
(O&G) prices since 2014, with the authorities undertaking wide-ranging reforms. The
reforms aim to ensure long-term fiscal sustainability and intergenerational equity, and
to foster economic diversification. Growth is expected to pick up in 2019, with the outlook improving further over the medium term, driven by expansion in the O&G sector and large investment projects. Nonetheless, lower-than-expected O&G prices or production
would reduce fiscal revenues and exports, with significant spillovers to the non-O&G
sector.
The mechanisms and meteorological drivers of the summertime ozone–temperature relationship
Authors: Porter William C. , Heald Colette L.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Surface ozone (O3) pollution levels are strongly
correlated with daytime surface temperatures, especially in highly polluted
regions. This correlation is nonlinear and occurs through a variety of
temperature-dependent mechanisms related to O3 precursor emissions,
lifetimes, and reaction rates, making the reproduction of temperature
sensitivities – and the projection of associated human health risks – a
complex problem. Here we explore the summertime O3–temperature
relationship in the United States and Europe using the chemical transport
model GEOS-Chem. We remove the temperature dependence of several mechanisms
most frequently cited as causes of the O3–temperature “climate
penalty”, including PAN decomposition, soil NOx emissions, biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions, and dry deposition. We quantify the contribution of each
mechanism to the overall correlation between O3 and temperature both
individually and collectively. Through this analysis we find that the
thermal decomposition of PAN can explain, on average, 20 % of the overall
O3–temperature correlation in the United States. The effect is weaker
in Europe, explaining 9 % of the overall O3–temperature relationship.
The temperature dependence of biogenic emissions contributes 3 % and 9 %
of the total O3–temperature correlation in the United States and Europe
on average, while temperature-dependent deposition (6 % and 1 %) and
soil NOx emissions (10 % and 7 %) also contribute. Even considered
collectively these mechanisms explain less than 46 % of the modeled
O3–temperature correlation in the United States and 36 % in Europe.
We use commonality analysis to demonstrate that covariance with other
meteorological phenomena such as stagnancy and humidity can explain the bulk
of the remainder of the O3–temperature correlation. Thus, we
demonstrate that the statistical correlation between O3 and temperature
alone may greatly overestimate the direct impacts of temperature on O3,
with implications for the interpretation of policy-relevant metrics such as
climate penalty.
Temporal and spatial analysis of ozone concentrations in Europe
based on time scale decomposition and a multi-clustering approach
Authors: Boleti Eirini , Hueglin Christoph , Grange Stuart K. , Prévôt André S. H. , Takahama Satoshi
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Air quality measures that were implemented in Europe in the 1990s resulted in reductions of ozone precursors concentrations. In this study, the effect of these reductions on ozone is investigated by analyzing surface measurements of ozone for the time period between 2000 and 2015. Using a non-parametric time scale decomposition methodology, the long-term, seasonal and short-term variation of ozone observations were extracted. A clustering algorithm was applied to the different time scale variations, leading to a classification of sites across Europe based on the temporal characteristics of ozone. The clustering based on the long-term variation resulted in a site type classification, while a regional classification was obtained based on the seasonal and short-term variations. Long-term trends of de-seasonalized mean and meteo-adjusted peak ozone concentrations were calculated across large parts of Europe for the time period 2000–2015. A multi-dimensional scheme was used for a detailed trend analysis, based on the identified clusters, which reflect precursor emissions and meteorological influence either on the inter-annual or the short-term time scale. Decreasing mean ozone concentrations at rural sites and increasing or stabilizing at urban sites were observed. At the same time downward trends for peak ozone concentrations were detected for all site types. The effect of hemispheric transport of ozone can be seen either in regions affected by synoptic patterns in the northern Atlantic or at sites located at remote high altitude locations. In addition, a reduction of the amplitude in the seasonal cycle of ozone was observed, and a shift in the occurrence of the seasonal maximum towards earlier time of the year. Finally, a reduced sensitivity of ozone to temperature was identified. It was concluded that long-term trends of mean and peak ozone concentrations are mostly controlled by precursors emissions changes, while seasonal cycle trends and changes in the sensitivity of ozone to temperature are driven by regional climatic conditions.
Accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane mole fractions at the Siberian coastal site Ambarchik
Authors: Reum Friedemann , Göckede Mathias , Lavric Jost V. , Kolle Olaf , Zimov Sergey , Zimov Nikita , Pallandt Martijn , Heimann Martin
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Sparse data coverage in the Arctic hampers our
understanding of its carbon cycle dynamics and our predictions of the fate
of its vast carbon reservoirs in a changing climate. In this paper, we
present accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) dry air
mole fractions at the new atmospheric carbon observation station Ambarchik,
which closes a large gap in the atmospheric trace gas monitoring network in
northeastern Siberia. The site, which has been operational since August 2014, is located
near the delta of the Kolyma River at the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Data
quality control of CO2 and CH4 measurements includes frequent
calibrations traced to World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) scales, employment of a novel water vapor
correction, an algorithm to detect the influence of local polluters, and
meteorological measurements that enable data selection. The available
CO2 and CH4 record was characterized in comparison with in situ
data from Barrow, Alaska. A footprint analysis reveals that the station is
sensitive to signals from the East Siberian Sea, as well as the northeast
Siberian tundra and taiga regions. This makes data from Ambarchik highly
valuable for inverse modeling studies aimed at constraining carbon budgets
within the pan-Arctic domain, as well as for regional studies focusing on
Siberia and the adjacent shelf areas of the Arctic Ocean.
Characterisation of the filter inlet system on the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft and its use for size-resolved aerosol composition measurements
Authors: Sanchez-Marroquin Alberto , Hedges Duncan H. P. , Hiscock Matthew , Parker Simon T. , Rosenberg Philip D. , Trembath Jamie , Walshaw Richard , Burke Ian T. , McQuaid James B. , Murray Benjamin J.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles are important for our planet's climate because
they interact with radiation and clouds. Hence, having characterised methods
to collect aerosol from aircraft for detailed offline analysis are valuable.
However, collecting aerosol, particularly coarse-mode aerosol, onto
substrates from a fast-moving aircraft is challenging and can result in both
losses and enhancement in particles. Here we present the characterisation of
an inlet system designed for collection of aerosol onto filters on board the
Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research
Aircraft. We also present an offline scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
technique for quantifying both the size distribution and size-resolved
composition of the collected aerosol. We use this SEM technique in parallel
with online underwing optical probes in order to experimentally characterise
the efficiency of the inlet system. We find that the coarse-mode aerosol is
sub-isokinetically enhanced, with a peak enhancement at around 10 µm up
to a factor of 2 under recommended operating conditions. Calculations show
that the efficiency of collection then decreases rapidly at larger sizes. In
order to minimise the isokinetic enhancement of coarse-mode aerosol, we
recommend sampling with total flow rates above 50 L min−1; operating
the inlet with the bypass fully open helps achieve this by increasing the
flow rate through the inlet nozzle. With the inlet characterised, we also
present single-particle chemical information obtained from X-ray
spectroscopy analysis, which allows us to group the particles into
composition categories.
Simulated wild boar bioturbation increases the stability of forest soil carbon
Authors: Don Axel , Hagen Christina , Grüneberg Erik , Vos Cora
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Most forest soils are characterised by a steep carbon gradient
from the forest floor to the mineral soil, indicating that carbon is
prevented from entry into the soil. Bioturbation can facilitate the
incorporation of litter-derived carbon into the mineral soil. Wild boar are
effective at mixing and grubbing in the soil and wild boar populations are
increasing in many parts of the world. In a 6-year field study, we
investigated the effect of simulated wild boar bioturbation on the stocks
and stability of soil organic carbon in two forest areas. Regular
bioturbation mimicking grubbing by wild boar was performed artificially in
23 plots, and the organic layer and mineral soil down to 15 cm depth were
then sampled. No significant changes in soil organic carbon stocks were
detected in the bioturbation plots compared with non-disturbed reference
plots. However, around 50 % of forest floor carbon was transferred with
bioturbation to mineral soil carbon, and the stock of stabilised
mineral-associated carbon increased by 28 %. Thus, a large proportion of
the labile carbon in the forest floor was transformed into more stable
carbon. Carbon saturation of mineral surfaces was not detected, but carbon
loading per unit mineral surface increased by on average 66 % in the
forest floor due to bioturbation. This indicates that mineral forest soils
have non-used capacity to stabilise and store carbon. Transfer of
aboveground litter into the mineral soil is the only rate-limiting process.
Wild boar may speed up this process with their grubbing activity.
How deep do we dig for surface soil? A comparison of patterns of microbial C : N : P stoichiometry between topsoil and subsoil along an aridity gradient
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Ma Wenhong , Kou Dan , Niu Xiaxia , Wang Tian , Chen Yongliang , Chen Dima , Zhu Xiaoqin , Zhao Mengying , Hao Baihui , Zhang Jinbo , Yang Yuanhe , Hu Huifeng
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Microbial stoichiometry and its driving factors play crucial roles in understanding the balance of chemical elements in ecological interactions and nutrient limitations along aridity gradients. However, little is known about the variation in these features along aridity gradients due to the lack of comprehensive field investigations. Additionally, previous studies focused on the surface soil (0–10 or 0–20 cm); however, the minimum sampling depth for surface soil could impact the results of the vertical distribution of microbial stoichiometry. In the present study, we measured the variation in microbial stoichiometry, examined the major influential factors (climatic, edaphic and biotic factors) along an aridity gradient and determined whether the sampling depth affected microbial C : N : P stoichiometry. We found that the microbial C : N (topsoil: 6.59; subsoil: 6.83), C : P (topsoil: 60.2; subsoil: 60.5) and N : P ratios (topsoil: 9.29; subsoil: 8.91) varied with soil depth and that the microbial C : N ratio significantly increased with soil depth. The microbial C : N ratio significantly increased with increasing aridity for both topsoil and subsoil, while the microbial N : P ratio decreased along the aridity gradient only for the topsoil), which implied that drought-stimulated microbes tend to be more N conservative, especially for the topsoil. Among all the factors, the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and fungi to bacteria ratio exerted the largest influence on the microbial C : N, C : P and N : P ratios at both soil depths, implying that the substrate supply and microbial structure together controlled the microbial stoichiometry. The results also revealed that the aridity index (AI) and plant aboveground biomass (AGB) influenced the C : N ratio in microbial biomass at both soil depths, and the effects of those factors decreased in the subsoil. The results of this study suggested that the flexibility of the microbial N : P ratio should be considered when establishing the minimum sampling depth in a vertical study. The present study also represented the first attempt to examine the patterns of soil microbial stoichiometry for different soil depth along an aridity gradient.
Maximum power of saline and fresh water mixing in estuaries
Authors: Zhang Zhilin , Savenije Hubert
Published: October 2019

Abstract. According to Kleidon (2016), natural systems evolve towards a state of maximum power, leading to higher levels of entropy production by different mechanisms, including gravitational circulation in alluvial estuaries. Gravitational circulation is driven by the potential energy of fresh water. Due to the density difference between seawater and river water, the water level on the riverside is higher. The hydrostatic forces on both sides are equal but have different lines of action. This triggers an angular moment, providing rotational kinetic energy to the system, part of which drives mixing by gravitational circulation, lifting up heavier saline water from the bottom and pushing down relatively fresh water from the surface against gravity; the remainder is dissipated by friction while mixing. With a constant freshwater discharge over a tidal cycle, it is assumed that the gravitational circulation in the estuarine system performs work at maximum power. This rotational flow causes the spread of salinity inland, which is mathematically represented by the dispersion coefficient. In this paper, a new equation is derived for the dispersion coefficient related to density-driven mixing, also called gravitational circulation. Together with the steady-state advection–dispersion equation, this results in a new analytical model for density-driven salinity intrusion. The simulated longitudinal salinity profiles have been confronted with observations in a myriad of estuaries worldwide. It shows that the performance is promising in 18 out of 23 estuaries that have relatively large convergence length. Finally, a predictive equation is presented to estimate the dispersion coefficient at the downstream boundary.
Overall, the maximum power concept has provided a new physically based alternative for existing empirical descriptions of the dispersion coefficient for gravitational circulation in alluvial estuaries.
Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes
Authors: Magnin Florence , Etzelmüller Bernd , Westermann Sebastian , Isaksen Ketil , Hilger Paula , Hermanns Reginald L.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Permafrost in steep rock slopes has been increasingly studied
since the early 2000s in conjunction with a growing number of rock slope
failures, which likely resulted from permafrost degradation. In Norway, rock
slope destabilization is a widespread phenomenon and a major source of risk
for the population and infrastructure. However, a lack of precise
knowledge of the permafrost distribution in steep slopes hinders the
assessment of its role in these destabilizations. This study proposes the
first nationwide permafrost probability map for the steep slopes of Norway
(CryoWall map). It is based on a multiple linear regression model fitted
with multi-annual rock surface temperature (RST) measurements, collected at
25 rock slope sites, spread across a latitudinal transect (59–69∘ N) over mainland Norway. The CryoWall map suggests that discontinuous
permafrost widely occurs above 1300–1400 and 1600–1700 m a.s.l. in the north
and south rock faces of southern Norway (59∘ N), respectively.
This lower altitudinal limit decreases in northern Norway (70∘ N)
by about 500±50 m, with a more pronounced decrease for south faces, as
a result of the insolation patterns largely driven by midnight sun in summer
and polar night in winter. Similarly, the mean annual RST differences
between north and south faces of similar elevation range around
1.5 ∘C in northern Norway and 3.5 ∘C in southern Norway.
The CryoWall map is evaluated against direct ice observations in steep
slopes and discussed in the context of former permafrost studies in various
types of terrain in Norway. We show that permafrost can occur at much lower
elevations in steep rock slopes than in other terrains, especially in north
faces. We demonstrate that the CryoWall map is a valuable basis for further
investigations related to permafrost in steep slopes in terms of both practical
concerns and fundamental science.
A universal and multi-dimensional model for analytical data on geological samples
Authors: He Yutong , Tian Di , Wang Hongxia , Yao Li , Yu Miao , Chen Pengfei
Published: October 2019

Abstract. To promote the sharing and reutilization of geoanalytical
data, various geoanalytical databases have been
established over the last 30 years. Data models, which form the core of a
database, are themselves the subjects of intensive
studies. Data models determine the contents stored in the databases and
applications of the databases. However, most
geoanalytical data models have been designed for specific geological
applications, which has led to strong heterogeneity
between databases. It is therefore difficult for researchers to communicate
and integrate geoanalytical data between
databases. In particular, every time a new database is constructed, the
time-consuming process of redesigning a data model
significantly increases the development cycle. This study introduces a new
data model that is universally applicable and
highly efficient. The data model is applied to various geoanalytical methods
and corresponding applications, and
comprehensive analytical data contents together with associated background
metadata are summarized and catalogued.
Universal data attributes are then designed based on these metadata, which
means that the model can be used for any
geoanalytical database. Additionally, a multi-dimensional data mode is
adopted, providing geological researchers with the
ability to analyze geoanalytical data from six or more dimensions with high
efficiency. Part of the model is implemented
with the typical database system (MySQL) and comprehensive comparison
experiments with existing geoanalytical data
model are presented. The result unambiguously proves that the data model
developed in this paper exceeds existing models
in efficiency.
tobac 1.2: towards a flexible framework for tracking and analysis of clouds in diverse datasets
Authors: Heikenfeld Max , Marinescu Peter J. , Christensen Matthew , Watson-Parris Duncan , Senf Fabian , van den Heever Susan C. , Stier Philip
Published: October 2019

Abstract. We introduce tobac (Tracking and Object-Based Analysis of Clouds), a newly developed framework for tracking and analysing individual clouds in different types of datasets, such as cloud-resolving model simulations and geostationary satellite retrievals. The software has been designed to be used flexibly with any two- or three-dimensional time-varying input. The application of high-level data formats, such as Iris cubes or xarray arrays, for input and output allows for convenient use of metadata in the tracking analysis and visualisation. Comprehensive analysis routines are provided to derive properties like cloud lifetimes or statistics of cloud properties along with tools to visualise the results in a convenient way. The application of tobac is presented in two examples. We first track and analyse scattered deep convective cells based on maximum vertical velocity and the three-dimensional condensate mixing ratio field in cloud-resolving model simulations. We also investigate the performance of the tracking algorithm for different choices of time resolution of the model output. In the second application, we show how the framework can be used to effectively combine information from two different types of datasets by simultaneously tracking convective clouds in model simulations and in geostationary satellite images based on outgoing longwave radiation. The tobac framework provides a flexible new way to include the evolution of the characteristics of individual clouds in a range of important analyses like model intercomparison studies or model assessment based on observational data.
A multi-isotope model for simulating soil organic carbon
cycling on an eroding landscape (WATEM_C v1.0)
Authors: Wang Zhengang , Van Oost Kristof
Published: October 2019

Abstract. There is increasing recognition that lateral soil organic carbon (SOC) fluxes due to erosion have imposed an important impact on the global C cycling. Field and experimental studies have been conducted to investigate this topic. It is useful to have a modelling tool that takes into account various soil properties and has flexible resolution and scale options, so that it can be widely used to study relevant processes and evaluate the effect of soil erosion on SOC cycling. This study presents a model that is capable of simulating SOC cycling on a dynamic landscape. It considers all the three C isotopes (12C, 13C and 14C) with flexible time step and vertical solution of the soil profile. The model gives a 3D representation of soil properties such as 137Cs activity, SOC stock, and δ13C and Δ14C values. Using the same C cycling processes in stable, eroding and depositional areas, our model is able to reproduce the observed spatial and vertical patterns of C, δ13C values and Δ14C values. This indicates that physical soil redistribution is the main cause of the spatial variability of these C metrics.
Evaluation and Treatment of Tandem Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Baker Joseph F.
Published: October 2019

Tandem spinal stenosis (TSS) refers to simultaneous narrowing of noncontiguous regions of the spinal canal, typically the cervical and lumbar region. Symptomatic TSS may be present in more than 10% of patients presenting with spinal symptoms secondary to stenosis in any one region. Clinical presentation may present challenges because of a mixture of upper and lower motor neuron lesions that can confuse and mislead the clinician. Stenosis at another level may only be detected late, when there is failure to improve after treatment, and, if not detected, can result in either poor treatment outcomes or catastrophic complications. There is no uniform agreement in the management of TSS, and the reported surgical strategies include both simultaneous and staged approaches with each having positive and negative features. This article aims to provide the reader with details on the prevalence, evaluation, and guidance in treatment strategy for TSS.
Patients With a History of a Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Have a Higher Likelihood of 90-Day Cardiac Events After Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Prentice Heather A. , Wang Wei , Gupta Nigel , Khatod Monti , Paxton Elizabeth W.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

We sought to identify the incidence of new 90-day cardiac events, 90-day mortality, 90-day unplanned readmissions, and 30-day emergency department (ED) visits after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in patients with a history of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) and compare these outcomes in TJA patients without a CIED.

Methods:

Kaiser Permanente's Cardiac Device and Total Joint Replacement Registries were used to identify elective primary TJA performed for osteoarthritis. TJA with a CIED was matched with TJA without a CIED (n = 365 pairs) on patient characteristics, demographics, and procedure type. A McNemar test was used to evaluate categorical outcomes.

Results:

Of the TJA with a CIED, there were 24 cardiac events (6.6%), 1 mortality (0.3%), 30 readmissions (8.2%), and 39 ED visits (10.7%). TJA patients with a CIED had a higher likelihood of cardiac events (odds ratio [OR] = 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28 to 8.08). No difference was observed in mortality (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.02 to 6.98), readmissions (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.71 to 2.25), or ED visits (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.71 to 1.88).

Conclusion:

In our matched cohort study, TJA patients with a history of a CIED had a higher likelihood of incident 90-day cardiac events when compared with patients without a CIED without a difference observed for 90-day mortality, unplanned readmission, and 30-day ED visit.

Level of Evidence:

Level III
Salvage Treatment Options for Painful Hip Dislocations in Nonambulatory Cerebral Palsy Patients
Authors: Shaw K. Aaron , Hire Justin M. , Cearley David M.
Published: October 2019

Hip dislocation is a common occurrence in nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy, occurring in up to 70% of patients. However, only 15% to 57% of chronic dislocations progress to become painful. In these patients, several salvage treatment options are available, including proximal femoral resection, subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy, hip arthrodesis, and prosthetic arthroplasty. Of the options, proximal femoral resection, subtrochanteric osteotomy, and prosthetic arthroplasty have been shown to provide reliable pain relief with improved sitting balance, with no evidence of one technique being superior to another. However, each technique has unique aspects to its postoperative care and potential complication profile that requires thorough understanding and communication with parents/caregivers when considering surgical intervention.
A Novel Machine Learning Model Developed to Assist in Patient Selection for Outpatient Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Biron Dustin R. , Sinha Ishan , Kleiner Justin E. , Aluthge Dilum P. , Goodman Avi D. , Sarkar I. Neil , Cohen Eric , Daniels Alan H.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Patient selection for outpatient total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is important to optimizing patient outcomes. This study aims to develop a machine learning tool that may aid in patient selection for outpatient total should arthroplasty based on medical comorbidities and demographic factors.

Methods:

Patients undergoing elective TSA from 2011 to 2016 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were queried. A random forest machine learning model was used to predict which patients had a length of stay of 1 day or less (short stay). A multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify which variables were significantly correlated with a short or long stay.

Results:

From 2011 to 2016, 4,500 patients were identified as having undergone elective TSA and having the necessary predictive features and outcomes recorded. The machine learning model was able to successfully identify short stay patients, producing an area under the receiver operator curve of 0.77. The multivariate logistic regression identified numerous variables associated with a short stay including age less than 70 years and male sex as well as variables associated with a longer stay including diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and American Society of Anesthesiologists class greater than 2.

Conclusions:

Machine learning may be used to predict which patients are suitable candidates for short stay or outpatient TSA based on their medical comorbidities and demographic profile.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Engineering Management Research, Vol. 8, No. 2
Authors: Taylor Cathy
Published: October 2019

Reviewer acknowledgements for Engineering Management Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2019