bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Specific‐Energy Self‐Supporting Cathodes for Flexible Energy Storage Devices: Progress and Perspective
Authors: Zhang Long , Zhou Kaixuan , Dai Xinke , Lu Changjun , Li Jun , Yang Yue , Huang Guoyong , Xu Shengming
Published: August 2024

The development of flexible electronics technology has led to the creation of flexible energy storage devices (FESDs). In recent years, flexible self‐supporting cathodes have gained significant attention due to their high energy density, excellent mechanical performance, and strong structural plasticity among various cathode materials. Flexible self‐supporting cathodes enable larger active material loading capacity and conductive networks for electrodes, thereby perfectly meeting the mechanical and electrochemical performance requirements of FESDs. Currently, the focus of flexible self‐supporting cathodes lies in exploring flexible substrates or novel binders to enhance the flexibility of conventional cathode materials. However, the flexibility of cathode poses challenges as they are primarily composed of transition metal oxides, resulting in limited research on their flexibility. A comprehensive review and prospective analysis are of utmost importance to effectively advance the progress of flexible self‐supporting cathodes and propel their development forward. Herein, the present discourse delves into the latest advancements concerning flexible self‐supporting cathode, focusing on synthesis methodologies, structural design approaches, and characterization parameters. Examining the current progress, the inherent advantages, existing challenges, and potential prospects of these materials are comprehensively elucidated and emphasized.
Size Confinement Strategy Effect Enables Advanced Aqueous Zinc–Iodine Batteries
Authors: Li Nana , Yang Zhangbin , Li Yong , Yu Dianheng , Pan Tao , Chen Yihao , Li Wenting , Xu Hengyue , Guo Xiaotian , Pang Huan
Published: August 2024

Aqueous Zn–I2 batteries have considerable potential owing to their environmental friendliness and high safety. However, the slow iodine conversion kinetics and shuttle effect prevent their practical applicability. In this study, a series of Zn‐MOF‐74 rods with controllable diameters of 40–500 nm are facilely prepared, denoted as P1–P5. A size confinement strategy effect of Zn‐MOF‐74 derived porous carbon as iodine hosts is proposed to suppress the formation of undesirable iodine species, such as I3− and I5−. Moreover, the graphitization degree of porous carbon samples, including P2‐900, P2‐1000, and P2‐1100, play a critical effect on the iodine conversion kinetics. The P2‐1000 sample possesses a high conductive skeleton and abundant mesopores, which improve the adsorption ability toward iodine species. The electrochemical tests and the in situ technology reveal the size confinement strategy effect and the conversion mechanism of iodine. As a result, the I2@P2‐1000 cathode exhibits a superior discharge capacity of 179.9 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and exceptional long‐term cycle ability after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the soft batteries and the flexible quasi‐solid‐state batteries are capable of powering devices, promising to exhibit tremendous adaptability and realize flexible electronic devices in various scenarios.
Occupational inequalities in mortality from cardiovascular disease, 2020–2021
Authors: Hawkins Devan , Thomas Karina , Landsbergis Paul
Published: August 2024

Background

In recent years previous declines in cardiovascular disease (CVD) have stalled. There are occupational risk factors for CVD mortality. This study seeks to examine inequalities in CVD mortality for working‐age adults in the United States by occupation.

Methods

Death certificate data for CVD deaths were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Occupation data from these death certificates were coded to major occupation groups. Using information about the number of workers employed in these occupations obtained from the American Community Survey, we calculated mortality rates and rate ratios (RRs), adjusted for covariates associated with CVD mortality.

Results

After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment, workers in 11 occupations had significantly elevated RRs: food preparation and serving; construction and extraction; arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media; life, physical, and social science; farming, fishing, and forestry; legal; protective services; building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; healthcare practitioners and technical; personal care and service; and community and social services.

Conclusions

Occupation appears to be a significant predictor of CVD mortality. Further research is needed to assess how occupational risk factors contribute to changing trends for CVD mortality. Interventions are needed to address workplace risk factors for CVD.
Multimodal, Longitudinal Profiling of SCA1 Identifies Predictors of Disease Severity and Progression
Authors: van Prooije Teije H. , Kapteijns Kirsten C.J. , van Asten Jack J.A. , IntHout Joanna , Verbeek Marcel M. , Scheenen Tom W.J. , van de Warrenburg Bart P.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Objective surrogate markers sensitive to detect changes in disease severity are needed to reduce sample sizes in interventional trials and identification of predictors of faster disease progression would facilitate patient selection, enrichment, or stratification in such trials.

Methods

We performed a prospective 1‐year longitudinal, multimodal study in 34 ataxic SCA1 individuals and 21 healthy controls. We collected clinical, patient‐reported outcomes, biochemical and magnetic resonance (MR) biomarkers at baseline and after 1 year. We determined 1‐year progression and evaluated the potential predictive value of several baseline markers on 1‐year disease progression.

Results

At baseline, multiple structural and spectroscopic MR markers in pons and cerebellum differentiated SCA1 from healthy controls and correlated with disease severity. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light (NfL) chain and CSF glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were elevated in SCA1. In longitudinal analysis, total brainstem and pontine volume change, inventory of non‐ataxia signs (INAS) count, and SCA functional index (SCAFI) showed larger responsiveness compared to the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA).

Longer disease duration, longer non‐expanded CAG repeat length, and higher disease burden were associated with faster SARA increase after 1‐year in the SCA1 group. Similarly, lower baseline brainstem, pontine, and cerebellar volumes, as well as lower levels of N‐acetylaspartate and glutamate in the cerebellar white matter, were also associated with faster SARA increase.

Interpretation

Our results guide the selection of the most sensitive measures of disease progression in SCA1 and have identified features associated with accelerated progression that could inform the design of clinical trials. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:774–787
African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) masticatory apparatus and oral cavity morphology
Authors: Smith Heather F. , Rocco Felicia A. , Felix Mia A. , Valdez Dominik , Lynch Leigha M.
Published: August 2024

African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are unique among canids in their specialized hunting strategies and social organization. Unlike other, more omnivorous canids, L. pictus is a hypercarnivore that consumes almost exclusively meat, particularly prey larger than its body size, which it hunts through cooperative, exhaustive predation tactics. Its bite force is also among the highest reported for carnivorans. Here, we dissected an adult male L. pictus specimen and conducted diffusion iodine contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) scans to evaluate and describe its masticatory and oral cavity musculature. Muscles of mastication in L. pictus are separated by deep layers of thick intermuscular fascia and deep insertions. The superficial surface of m. masseter is entirely covered by an extremely thick masseteric fascia. Deep to m. masseter pars reflexa and superficialis are additional bellies, m. masseter pars profunda and zygomaticomandibularis. Musculus temporalis in L. pictus, divides into suprazygomatic, superficial, and deep bellies separated by a deep layer of thick intermuscular fascia, and it inserts along the entire rostral margin of the mandibular ramus. Musculus digastricus appears to comprise a single, large fusiform belly which appears to receive its innervation exclusively from CN V3 (nervus mandibularis, division of nervus trigeminus). Musculus pterygoideus medialis and lateralis are each composed of a single, deep belly. However, despite its great bite force, the jaw adductor muscle mass in L. pictus is not increased for its body size over other canid taxa. This finding suggests there are other architectural adaptations to hypercarnivory beyond increased muscle volume (e.g., pennation angle, greater strength, optimization of lever arms for mechanical advantage).
An in‐depth analysis of COVID‐19 treatment: Present situation and prospects
Authors: Islam Md Ariful , Pathak Kalyani , Saikia Riya , Pramanik Pallab , Das Aparoop , Talukdar Prasenjit , Shakya Anshul , Ghosh Surajit Kumar , Singh Udaya Pratap , Bhat Hans Raj
Published: August 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) the most contagious infection caused by the unique type of coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), produced a global pandemic that wreaked havoc on the health‐care system, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Several methods were implemented to tackle the virus, including the repurposing of existing medications and the development of vaccinations. The purpose of this article is to provide a complete summary of the current state and future possibilities for COVID‐19 therapies. We describe the many treatment classes, such as antivirals, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies, that have been repurposed or developed to treat COVID‐19. We also looked at the clinical evidence for these treatments, including findings from observational studies and randomized‐controlled clinical trials, and highlighted the problems and limitations of the available evidence. Furthermore, we reviewed existing clinical trials and prospective COVID‐19 therapeutic options, such as novel medication candidates and combination therapies. Finally, we discussed the long‐term consequences of COVID‐19 and the importance of ongoing research into the development of viable treatments. This review will help physicians, researchers, and policymakers to understand the prevention and mitigation of COVID‐19.
The Effect of a Default Nudge on Experienced and Expected Autonomy: A Field Study on Food Donation
Authors: Weijers Robert J. , Wachner Jonas , de Koning Björn B.
Published: August 2024

Default nudges—making the desired option the standard option—are often criticized for hampering autonomy. However, laboratory research suggests this expectation of autonomy loss is not reflected in nudgees' experienced autonomy. In this study, we investigated whether this finding translates to a real‐world setting by implementing a default nudge to increase food donations in the supermarket (Experiment 1). Upon entering the supermarket, customers were asked to donate a food item for charity and were handed a shopping cart/basket that was empty (control) or contained a food item meant for donation (default nudge). Donations were collected after checkout, and customers rated their experienced autonomy of their choice to donate. We replicated this study and added a vignette condition portraying the default nudge to measure expected autonomy for the same situation (Experiment 2). The results show the default nudge reduced participants' expected autonomy but not their experienced autonomy, shedding new light on the relation between nudging and autonomy. Furthermore, this novel form of the default nudge was found to be successful in increasing food donations in the supermarket, further expanding the field where this nudge has been successful.
Orofacial clefts in Costa Rica, 1996–2021: Analysis of surveillance data
Authors: de la Paz Barboza‐Argüello María , Benavides‐Lara Adriana
Published: August 2024

Background

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common birth defects (BD). In 2008, a series of improvements began in the Costa Rican Birth Defect Register Center (CREC). We aim to explore trends between 1996 and 2021.

Methods

A trend analysis of OFCs from 1996 to 2021 and a descriptive analysis of OFCs from 2010 to 2021 were performed based on data from the CREC, the national BD surveillance system. Prevalence at birth was calculated according to the type: cleft palate (CP), cleft lip with or without CP (CL ± P), and presentation (isolated, multiple non‐syndromic, or syndromes). We used joinpoint regression to identify if a significant change in trend occurred; the average annual percent change (AAPC) was determined. Marginal means and prevalence ratios by subperiod (1996–2009 as referent and 2010–2021) were estimated using Poisson regression and compared using Wald's chi‐square tests (α ≤.05).

Results

We found a significant AAPC for OFCs prevalence of +1.4: +0.6 for isolated, +2.9 for multiple non‐syndromic, and +7.7 for syndromes (p < .05). When comparing the OFC's prevalence of the subperiod 2010–2021 (11.86 per 10,000) with 1996–2009 (9.36 per 10,000) the prevalence ratio was 1.3 (p < .01): 1.1 (p < .05) for isolated, 1.6 (p < .01) for multiple non‐syndromic, and 3.3 (p < .01) for syndromes. The prevalence of OFCs from 2010 to 2021 was 9.1 for CL ± P and 2.8 for CP. Seventy‐one percent of the OFCs were isolated, 22% multiple non‐syndromic, and 7% syndromes.

Conclusion

The trend in OFCs' prevalence is toward increasing, mainly due to improvements in the surveillance system.
Analysis of Nonconcurrent Controls in Adaptive Platform Trials: Separating Randomized and Nonrandomized Information
Authors: Marschner Ian C. , Schou I. Manjula
Published: August 2024

Adaptive platform trials allow treatments to be added or dropped during the study, meaning that the control arm may be active for longer than the experimental arms. This leads to nonconcurrent controls, which provide nonrandomized information that may increase efficiency but may introduce bias from temporal confounding and other factors. Various methods have been proposed to control confounding from nonconcurrent controls, based on adjusting for time period. We demonstrate that time adjustment is insufficient to prevent bias in some circumstances where nonconcurrent controls are present in adaptive platform trials, and we propose a more general analytical framework that accounts for nonconcurrent controls in such circumstances. We begin by defining nonconcurrent controls using the concept of a concurrently randomized cohort, which is a subgroup of participants all subject to the same randomized design. We then use cohort adjustment rather than time adjustment. Due to flexibilities in platform trials, more than one randomized design may be in force at any time, meaning that cohort‐adjusted and time‐adjusted analyses may be quite different. Using simulation studies, we demonstrate that time‐adjusted analyses may be biased while cohort‐adjusted analyses remove this bias. We also demonstrate that the cohort‐adjusted analysis may be interpreted as a synthesis of randomized and indirect comparisons analogous to mixed treatment comparisons in network meta‐analysis. This allows the use of network meta‐analysis methodology to separate the randomized and nonrandomized components and to assess their consistency. Whenever nonconcurrent controls are used in platform trials, the separate randomized and indirect contributions to the treatment effect should be presented.
Efficient application of Pyrosin B for nano‐gram level assay of antiparkinsonian medication, rasagiline: Evaluation of tablets and content uniformity
Authors: Abu‐hassan Ahmed A. , Mahdi Wael A. , Alshehri Sultan , El Hamd Mohamed A.
Published: August 2024

Rasagiline (RAS) is a medication for Parkinson's disease that increases dopamine levels in the brain by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, helping to alleviate symptoms. The proposed study aims to develop an efficient, feasible, and sensitive method for RAS assay, utilizing Pyrosin B dye, a convenient fluorescent ligand. Combining the RAS analyte with Pyrosin B ligand in a mildly acidic buffered solution rapidly quenches the native fluorescence of the ligand. This quenching results from the formation of a specific ion‐dipole association complex between the lone pair‐bearing atoms of the ligand and the protonated amine moiety of RAS, highlighting their interactive chemistry under these conditions. The degree of this interaction demonstrated superior sensitivity compared with reported alternatives, exhibiting a linear range of 50.0 to 1000.0 ng/mL. The method is characterized by a limit of detection (LOD) of 16.0 ng/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 48.0 ng/mL. By optimizing the RAS‐Pyrosin B system, the variable parameters were finely tuned, ensuring the assay method's reliability. The method's accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness were validated according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, enabling precise and efficient analysis of RAS in the nanogram range. This method streamlines the analysis procedure and reduces environmental impact, making it a promising approach for the quality control of ParkintreatR tablets (1 mg) and other analytical applications.
Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of Salvia hispanica L. callus extracts using LC–MS/MS
Authors: Çelik Şenol , Dervişoğlu Gökhan , İzol Ebubekir , Sęczyk Łukasz , Özdemir Fethi Ahmet , Yilmaz Muhammed Enes , Yilmaz Mustafa Abdullah , Gülçin İlhami , Al‐Anazi Khalid Mashay , Farah Mohammad Abul , Zafar Muhammad , Makhkamov Trobjon , Khan Mueen Alam
Published: August 2024

In this research, the study utilized the root, leaf, and petiole parts of in vitro grown Salvia hispanica plants as explants. Following UV‐C treatment applied to developing callus, methanol extracts were obtained and analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate their anticancer properties. First, the seeds of S. hispanica were soaked in commercial bleach for 6 min to ensure surface sterilization. The most effective antimicrobial activity on Gram‐negative bacteria, with a zone diameter (11 ± 0.82 mm), was noticed in callus extracts obtained from the petiole explant in the second protocol against Klebsiella pneumoniae EMCS bacteria. Anticancer activities on SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were investigated by using 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, and 78.12 μg/mL doses of the extracts, and the most effective cytotoxic activity was determined at the 1000 μg/mL dose of the extracts obtained from both protocols. The extracts were determined to inhibit hCAI, hCAII, AChE, and BChE enzymes. The content of 53 different phytochemical components of the extracts was analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Rosmarinic acid, quinic acid, and caffeic acid were found in the highest concentration. The comprehensive LC–MS/MS analysis of S. hispanica extracts revealed a diverse array of phytochemical compounds, highlighting its potential for therapeutic applications.
Process Optimization and Characterization of Polysaccharides with Potential Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity from Cissus repens
Authors: Fu Yanfang , Hong Yajiao , Zhang Shaojie , Chen Jiaheng , Wu Guorong , Wang Guixiang , Zhang Qian
Published: August 2024

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of Cissus repens polysaccharides (CRPs) was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box–Behnken design (BBD). The maximum CRPs yield (16.18 %) was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extraction time 72 min, extraction temperature 74 °C, extraction power 240 W. Then three‐phase partitioning (TPP) method combined with gradient alcohol precipitation was used to obtained CRP20, CRP40, CRP60 and CRP80 from CRPs, and CRP80 has a higher purity than others. The primary chemical and structural characteristics of CRP80 were investigated by UV, FT‐IR, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high‐performance gel‐permeation chromatography (HPGPC). CRP80 is mainly composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose, with a molecular weights of approximately 2.95 kDa. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and hypoglyceamic activity of CRP80 in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that CRP80 had strong scavenging activities on ABTS, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, as well as high scavenging activities on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. Our research provided an efficient method for the extraction of polysaccharides from C. repens and CRP80 has potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agent for the functional food and medicinal industries.
Serosal overturning assisted endoscopic full‐thickness mucosal resection of extraneous giant mass at the esophagogastric junction
Authors: Qin Shumin , Lin Xiaofeng , Wen Shuting , Liu Tianwen
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Serosal overturning assisted endoscopic full‐thickness mucosal resection was performed on the extraneous giant masses at the esophagogastric junction without complications.

It is difficult to perform endoscopic resection of masses at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). In particular, the extraneous giant masses surrounding the extraneous giant masses is infrequent. As one of the technologies of endoscopic resection, endoscopic full‐thickness resection (EFTR) is generally applicable to the submucosal tumor of stomach, duodenum and colorectal that originate from the musculus propria and protrude to subserous or partial growth outside the luminal layer. Successful endoscopic repair of perforation is crucial in avoiding the need for surgical repair and preventing postoperative peritonitis, making it a key aspect of EFTR treatment. We report a 56‐year‐old woman who was admitted to our department complaining of 5‐year history of masses of esophagogastric junction and 2‐month history of feeling of gastric distension. Gastroscopy showed a 4 cm submucosal mass near the fundus of the stomach from the cardia. Computed tomography scan revealed submucosal lesions in esophagogastric junction, which was exogenous. We successfully performed Serosal overturning assisted endoscopic full‐thickness mucosal resection on the extraneous giant masses at the esophagogastric junction without complications. The clinical symptoms were significantly improved within postoperative 1 month. There was no recurrence 8 months after the operation. Serosal overturning assisted EFTR is possibly an effective and minimally invasive method of extraneous giant masses at the esophagogastric junction.
A case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with limb‐shaking TIA
Authors: Yoshimichi Go
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Limb‐shaking transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a rare manifestation of carotid‐occlusive damage. This case report highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and treatment of bilateral ballism as limb‐shaking TIA. Superficial cephalic artery and mid‐large artery anastomosis was performed after the initial acute treatment, and involuntary limb shaking disappeared.
Cryoballoon ablation using the sheath‐in‐sheath technique in a patient with a tortuous common iliac vein
Authors: Kasai Yuhei , Kitai Takayuki , Morita Junji , Iitsuka Kizuku , Haraguchi Takuya , Tsujimoto Masanaga , Okada Takuya , Munakata Yumetsugu , Kasai Jungo , Fujita Tsutomu
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

The sheath‐in‐sheath technique, utilizing a 15Fr cryoballoon delivery sheath inserted into a 25 cm 16Fr sheath, effectively navigates tortuous iliac veins during cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation, ensuring safe delivery and maintaining essential device performance without complications.
Whole‐exome sequencing and copy number alterations analysis in a case of expansive florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia
Authors: Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri , Bastos Victor Coutinho , El Mouatani Ahmed , Duarte‐Andrade Filipe Fideles , Jabado Nada , de Castro Wagner Henriques , Gomez Ricardo Santiago
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) analysis of an expansive case florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia were reported for the first time. Also, the new potential candidate genes were reported to expand our knowledge about their molecular pathogenesis.

We report a case of expansive florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia in a 32‐year‐old female patient who presented an expansive tumoral lesion in the anterior mandible. As florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia have only been molecularly investigated using targeted‐sequencing, fragments of the lesion were collected and subjected to molecular investigation using WES to assess somatic mutations as well as copy number alterations. No gains and losses of chromosomal arms or segments longer than 1 Mb were detected. Our findings revealed a pathogenic stopgain variant at the KIF5C gene, a stoploss variant at MAPK10, and missense SNV at COL6A2 at DCDC1, suggesting potential candidate genes associated with florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia.
A rare case of cicatricial pemphigoid confined to the scalp with associated photodamage
Authors: Niknezhad Nasim , Golchin Nushin , Hasanzadeh Saba , Ghalamkarpour Fariba
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

We present a case of Brunsting‐Perry characterized as an erythematous erosive plaque on photodamaged scalp skin, flaring after a recent prolonged sun exposure. Subsequent progression with blister formation led to the correct diagnosis, highlighting the need to consider cicatricial pemphigoid in eroded lesions without blisters, particularly on photodamaged skin.
Adjusted Pareto Scaling for Multivariate Calibration Models
Authors: Varmuza Kurt , Filzmoser Peter
Published: August 2024

The performance of multivariate calibration models ŷ = f(x) for the prediction of a numerical property y from a set of x‐variables depends on the type of scaling of the x‐variables. Common scaling methods are autoscaling (dividing the centered x by its standard deviation s) and Pareto scaling (dividing the centered x by sP with P = 0.5). The adjusted Pareto scaling presented here varies the exponent P between 0 (no scaling) and 1 (autoscaling) with the aim of obtaining an optimum prediction performance for ŷ. Related scaling methods based on the variable spread are range scaling and vast scaling; while level scaling is based on the location (central value) of the variable. These scaling methods and robust versions are compared for models created by partial least‐squares (PLS) regression. The applied strategy repeated double cross validation (rdCV) evaluates the model performance for test set objects and considers its variability. Results with three data sets from chemistry show: (a) the efficacy of the different scaling methods depends on the data structure; (b) optimization of the Pareto exponent P is recommended; (c) range scaling or vast scaling may be better than adjusted Pareto scaling; (d) in general a heuristic search for the best scaling method is advisable. Overall, the consideration of different variants of scaling allow for a flexible adjustment of the variable contributions to the calibration model.
What are the methodological characteristics of evidence and gap maps? A systematic review and evidence and gap map
Authors: Fredlund Mary , Rogers Morwenna , Orr Noreen , Kneale Dylan , Allen Kate , Thompson Coon Jo
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Clarity on the characteristics of methods used to produce evidence and gap maps (EGMs) will highlight areas where method development is needed to ensure these increasingly produced tools are made following best practice to assure their quality and utility. This paper aims to describe the range, nature and variability of key methodological characteristics of studies publishing EGMs.

Methods

We followed a protocol, written a‐prior and informed by PRISMA and MECCIR guidelines for undertaking systematic reviews. We searched nine data bases, from 2010, for studies across any discipline that included details of their methods used to produce an EGM. Search results were screened by two reviewers independently and the subsequent data was extracted and managed according to predefined criteria. We mapped these together with the year of publication and the area of research as the two primary dimensions. We followed established methods for mapping the evidence, including the process of developing the map framework and the filters for our interactive map. We sought input and involvement from stakeholders during this process.

Results

We found 145 studies from nine distinct research areas, with health research accounting for 67%. There were 11 map designs found, of these bubble plots were the most common design, before 2019, since then it has been a matrix map design. Stakeholders were involved in 47.7% of studies, 48.35% of studies stated finding gaps was an aim of their work, 42% reported publishing or registering a protocol and only 9.39% of studies mentioned a plan to update their evidence maps/EGMs.

Discussion/Conclusion

Key areas of methodological development relate to: the involvement of stakeholders, the conceptualization of gaps and the practices for updating maps. The issues of ambiguity in terminology, the flexibility of visualizations of the data and the lack of reporting detail were other aspects that needs further consideration in studies producing an EGM.
Adaptation of the BaAl4 Type to Small Cations: The Case of NaGa4
Authors: Yu Chia‐Chi , Prots Yurii , Koželj Primož , Wagner Frank R. , Baitinger Michael , Grin Yuri
Published: August 2024

Single‐phase NaGa4 samples were prepared by annealing stoichiometric element mixtures at 200 °C, 300 °C, and 450 °C in closed tantalum ampoules. No compositional homogeneity range was detected. While single crystals annealed at 200 °C feature a fully ordered crystal structure, a crystal annealed at 300 °C reveals a defect with mutual exchange of Na atoms and Ga2 dumbbells. The structure motif caused by the violation of translational symmetry resembles the CeMg2Si2 type of structure. The NaGa4 structure constitutes a branch of the BaAl4 type distinguished by a notably high c/a ratio (space group I4/mmm; a=4.2261(1) Å, c=11.2633(6) Å, c/a=2.67). This distortion enables the adaption of the BaAl4‐type to small cations, when the further shortening of the apical–apical distance d(Ga–Ga) is not possible any more. Therefore, NaGa4 offers an adaption alternative to the monoclinic distortion observed in CaGa4 and YbGa4. Conductivity measurements validate the metallic behavior anticipated by NMR measurements in earlier studies.
Emerging strategies for the improvement of modifications in aqueous rechargeable zinc–iodine batteries: Cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte
Authors: Zhao Yuwei , Chen Xinyu , Guo Weina , Zha Chenyang
Published: August 2024

Aqueous rechargeable zinc–iodine batteries have gained traction as a promising solution due to their suitable theoretical energy density, cost‐effectiveness, eco‐friendliness, and safety features. However, challenges such as the polyiodide shuttle effect, low iodine cathode conductivity, zinc anode dendritic growth, and the requirement for efficient separators and electrolytes hinder their commercial prospects. Hence, this review highlights recent progress in refining the core optimization strategies of zinc–iodine batteries, focusing on enhancements to the cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte. Cathode improvements involve the addition of inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials to counteract the shuttle effect and boost redox kinetics, where these functional materials also are applied in anode modifications to curb dendritic growth and enhance cycling stability. Meanwhile, cell separator design approaches that effectively block polyiodide shuttle while promoting uniform zinc deposition are also discussed, while electrolyte innovations target zinc corrosion and polyiodide dissolution. Ultimately, the review aims to map out a strategy for developing zinc–iodine batteries that are efficient, safe, and economical, aligning with the demands of contemporary energy storage.
Response of Foldable Protein Conformations to Non‐Physiological Perturbations: Interplay of Thermal Factors and Confinement
Authors: Layek Sarbajit , Sengupta Neelanjana
Published: August 2024

Technological advances frequently interface biomolecules with nanomaterials at non‐physiological conditions, necessitating response characterization of key processes. Similar encounters are expected in cellular contexts. We report in silico investigations of the response of diverse protein conformational states to lowering of temperature and imposition of spatial constraints. Conformational states are represented by folded form of the Albumin binding domain (ABD) protein, its compact denatured form, and structurally disordered nascent folding elements. Data from extensive simulations are evaluated to elicit structural, thermodynamic and dynamic responses of the states and their associated environment. Analyses reveal alterations to folding propensity with reduced thermal energy and confinement, with signatures of trend reversal in highly disordered states. Across temperatures, confinement has restrictive effects on volume and energetic fluctuations, leading to narrowing of differences in isothermal compressibility (κ) and heat capacities (Cp). While excess (over ideal gas) entropy of the hydration layer marks dependence on the conformational state at bulk, confinement triggers erasure of differences. These observations are largely consistent with timescales of protein‐water hydrogen bonding dynamics. The results implicate multi‐factorial associations within a simple bio‐nano complex. We expect the current study to motivate investigations of more biologically relevant interfaces towards mechanistic understanding and potential applications.
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hexyl Laurate Using Immobilized Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase from Residual Babassu Mesocarp
Authors: de S. Lira Regiane K. , do Nascimento Marcelo A. , Lima Marcelo T. , Georgii Ana Débora N. P. , Leão Raquel A. C. , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A. , Wojcieszak Robert , Leite Selma G. F. , Ivaldo Itabaiana Jr
Published: August 2024

Brazil has one of the greatest biodiversities on the planet, where various crops play a strategic role in the country's economy. Among the highly appreciated biomasses is babassu, whose oil extraction generates residual babassu mesocarp (BM), which still needs new strategies for valorization. This work aimed to use BM as a support for the immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) in an 8.83 mL packed‐bed reactor, followed by its application as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of hexyl laurate in an integrated process. Initially, the percolation of a solution containing 5 mg of TLL at 25 °C and flows ranging from 1.767 to 0.074 mL min−1 was investigated, where at the lowest flow rate tested (residence time of 2 h), it was possible to obtain an immobilized derivative with hydrolytic activity of 504.7 U g−1 and 31.7 % of recovered activity. Subsequent studies of treatment with n‐hexane, as well as the effect of temperature on the immobilization process, were able to improve the activities of the final biocatalyst BM‐TLLF, achieving a final hydrolysis activity of 7023 U g−1 and esterification activity of 430 U ⋅ g−1 against 142 U g−1 and 113.5 U g−1 respectively presented by the commercial TLIM biocatalyst. Desorption studies showed that the TL IM has 18 mg of protein per gram of support, compared to 4.92 mg presented by BM‐TLL. Both biocatalysts were applied to synthesize hexyl laurate, achieving 98 % conversion at 40 °C within 2 h. Notably, BM‐TLLF displayed exceptional recyclability, maintaining catalytic efficiency over 12 cycles. This reflects a productivity of 180 mg of product ⋅ h−1 U−1 of the enzyme, surpassing 46 mg h−1 U−1 obtained for TLIM. These results demonstrate the efficacy of continuous flow technology in creating a competitive and integrated process offering an exciting alternative for the valorization of residual lignocellulosic biomass.
Evaluating the Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Heated Tobacco Products on Hard Dental Tissues: A Comparative Histological and Colorimetric Analysis
Authors: Al Ankily Mahmoud , Makkeyah Fatma , Bakr Mahmoud M. , Shamel Mohamed
Published: August 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of cigarette smoking (CS) and heated tobacco (HT) on the alteration of color and ultrastructural characteristics of human enamel and cementum.

Background

According to tobacco companies, a less harmful substitute for CS is HT products. Nevertheless, comprehensive research on the effects of HT on tooth structures has been lacking. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of CS and HT on the alteration of color and ultrastructural characteristics of human enamel and cementum.

Materials and Methods

Thirty intact and noncarious human maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment purposes, previously disinfected, were used in the study. The specimens were randomly separated into six groups (n = 10), as follows: Group 1: enamel without smoking exposure; Group 2: enamel exposed to CS; Group 3: enamel exposed to HT; Group 4: cementum without smoking exposure; Group 5: cementum exposed to CS; and Group 6: cementum exposed to HT. The measurement of color change was conducted using a spectrophotometer. The surface alterations and mineral composition of enamel and cementum were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine significant differences between groups.

Results

Results showed that CS had a more pronounced effect on enamel and cementum color changes than HT. The impact of CS and HT on color changes was more evident in cementum than in enamel. Surface morphology of enamel and cementum showed alterations in histology following exposure to both smoking types. Moreover, the mineral content experienced a significant reduction after using CS and HT. The reduction in calcium content after CS and HT exposure was similar. However, HT led to a significant decrease in the phosphorus content of enamel when compared with CS. At the same time, CS exposure in cementum resulted in a more significant reduction in Ca/P ratio than HT.

Conclusions

Although HT may appear to present a lower danger to hard dental tissues than CS, it is not entirely harmless. CS results in more color changes on the enamel and cementum of teeth. Both smoking methods affected the mineral content of teeth, with CS having a significant effect on the roots, while HT significantly affected the crowns' mineral composition.
Sustainability of athletic field turf comparing organic and synthetic practices under two heights of cut
Authors: Dest William M. , Ebdon J. Scott
Published: August 2024

Long‐term comparisons over several years between organic and synthetic management are lacking in sports turf research. Our objective was to investigate playing surface qualities and soil properties over an 8‐year period. For this trial, Kentucky bluegrass (KBG, Poa pratensis L.) sod was established and annually inter‐seeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and KBG. Factors included height of cut (3.2 and 6.4 cm) and management systems (MSs; synthetic and organic) with three replicates. Synthetic practices included chemical fertilizers and pesticides, while the organic system used hand‐weeding and biological fertilizers (leaf compost and naturally derived organics) with biological controls. In all years, wear was simulated in the fall using a slip‐wear machine and evaluated for playing qualities including visual wear tolerance, ball bounce (BB), surface hardness, and traction. Soil properties were evaluated in some years including pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil bulk density, soil aggregate stability (SAG), and soil available P. Both MS received the same total N of 196 kg ha−1 year−1 but P applied varied with the MS (synthetic, 7.6 kg ha−1 year−1; organic, 23.2 kg ha−1 year−1). Synthetic practices provided acceptable visual wear tolerance (1–9, ≥6 acceptable) in 4 of 8 years compared to only 1 year for organic practices. Shorter cut grass (3.2 cm) consistently provided better visual wear tolerance (average = 5.6), harder surfaces (average = 51 g), and higher BB (average = 35.8%) consistent with accepted player standards. Synthetic practices afforded better tolerance to wear compared to organic practices in 5 of 8 years but little difference was observed in the other surface properties. Organic practices were consistently above 6.0 in soil pH (higher by 12%), 20% higher in soil available P, 25% higher in SOM, and with lower soil bulk density. SAG was higher following 8 years of simulated traffic by the last year of the test under organic practices. Results suggest competing benefits with synthetic practices affording better wear tolerance while organic practices promote better soil health.
Anlotinib potentiates anti‐PD1 immunotherapy via transferrin receptor‐dependent CD8+ T‐cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Song Fei , Hu Bo , Liang Xiao‐Liang , Cheng Jian‐Wen , Wang Cheng‐Gui , Wang Peng‐Xiang , Wang Tian‐Lun , Tang Peng‐Ju , Sun Hai‐Xiang , Guo Wei , Zhou Jian , Fan Jia , Chen Zhong , Yang Xin‐Rong
Published: August 2024

Background

The therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) extends across various cancers; however, its effectiveness in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently curtailed by both inherent and developed resistance.

Objective

This research explored the effectiveness of integrating anlotinib (a broad‐spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor) with programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) blockade and offers mechanistic insights into more effective strategies for treating HCC.

Methods

Using patient‐derived organotypic tissue spheroids and orthotopic HCC mouse models, we assessed the effectiveness of anlotinib combined with PD‐1 blockade. The impact on the tumour immune microenvironment and underlying mechanisms were assessed using time‐of‐flight mass cytometry, RNA sequencing, and proteomics across cell lines, mouse models, and HCC patient samples.

Results

The combination of anlotinib with an anti‐PD‐1 antibody enhanced the immune response against HCC in preclinical models. Anlotinib remarkably suppressed the expression of transferrin receptor (TFRC) via the VEGFR2/AKT/HIF‐1α signaling axis. CD8+ T‐cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment correlated with low expression of TFRC. Anlotinib additionally increased the levels of the chemokine CXCL14, crucial for attracting CD8+ T cells. CXCL14 emerged as a downstream effector of TFRC, exhibiting elevated expression following the silencing of TFRC. Importantly, low TFRC expression was also associated with a better prognosis, enhanced sensitivity to combination therapy, and a favourable response to anti‐PD‐1 therapy in patients with HCC.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight anlotinib's potential to augment the efficacy of anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy in HCC by targeting TFRC and enhancing CXCL14‐mediated CD8+ T‐cell infiltration. This study contributes to developing novel therapeutic strategies for HCC, emphasizing the role of precision medicine in oncology.

Highlights

Synergistic effects of anlotinib and anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy demonstrated in HCC preclinical models.

Anlotinib inhibits TFRC expression via the VEGFR2/AKT/HIF‐1α pathway.

CXCL14 upregulation via TFRC suppression boosts CD8+ T‐cell recruitment.

TFRC emerges as a potential biomarker for evaluating prognosis and predicting response to anti‐PD‐1‐based therapies in advanced HCC patients.
Modulation of mechanosensitive genes during embryonic aortic arch development
Authors: Siddiqui Hummaira Banu , Golcez Tansu , Çelik Merve , Sevgin Börteçine , Çoban Mervenur , Süder İlke , Kaya Özen , Özören Nesrin , Pekkan Kerem
Published: August 2024

Background

Early embryonic aortic arches (AA) are a dynamic vascular structures that are in the process of shaping into the great arteries of cardiovascular system. Previously, a time‐lapsed mechanosensitive gene expression map was established for AA subject to altered mechanical loads in the avian embryo. To validate this map, we investigated effects on vascular microstructure and material properties following the perturbation of key genes using an in‐house microvascular gene knockdown system.

Results

All siRNA vectors show a decrease in the expression intensity of desired genes with no significant differences between vectors. In TGFβ3 knockdowns, we found a reduction in expression intensities of TGFβ3 (≤76%) and its downstream targets such as ELN (≤99.6%), Fbn1 (≤60%), COL1 (≤52%) and COL3 (≤86%) and an increase of diameter in the left AA (23%). MMP2 knockdown also reduced expression levels in MMP2 (≤30%) and a 6‐fold increase in its downstream target COL3 with a decrease in stiffness of the AA wall and an increase in the diameter of the AA (55%). These in vivo measurements were confirmed using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and a computational growth model of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM).

Conclusions

Localized spatial genetic modification of the aortic arch region governs the vascular phenotype and ECM composition of the embryo and can be integrated with mechanically‐induced congenital heart disease models.
Fabrication of self‐supported catalysts via electrodeposition for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Emphasizing on the porous transport layers
Authors: Jang Jin Uk , Gaur Ashish , Mhin Sungwook , Han HyukSu
Published: August 2024

The potential of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is enormous in tackling worldwide environmental and energy issues in the face of increasing risks associated with climate change and energy scarcity. Nevertheless, the economic competitiveness of hydrogen production is hindered by the challenging operating conditions in acidic environments, resulting in a lower unit cost compared to alternative energy sources. Hence, numerous global research endeavors persist in enhancing the efficiency of essential components in PEMWE systems, specifically the porous transport layer (PTL). Additionally, investigating the interface between catalyst layer (CL) and PTL, which is directly associated with system performance, is imperative for future sustainability and cost reduction. This review focuses on the analysis of fabrication techniques, materials, and structural configurations to enhance the performance of PTLs. Additionally, we suggest the use of self‐supported catalysts as potential solutions to enhance mass and charge transfer at the interface between CLs and PTLs, hence facilitating the production of hydrogen on a wide scale. In the last section we provide an overview of the future trajectory and potential of next‐generation PEMWE in the context of efficient hydrogen production.