bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequent Calculi for Beginners and Professionals
Authors: Klonowski Mateusz
Published: February 2018

Book Reviews: Andrzej Indrzejczak, Rachunki sekwentowe w logice klasycznej (Sequent calculi for classical logic), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź, 2013, 299 pages, ISBN 978-83-7525-812-7
Improvements and Generalizations of Stochastic Knapsack and Markovian Bandits Approximation Algorithms
Authors: Ma Will
Published: February 2018

We study the multi-armed bandit problem with arms which are Markov chains with rewards. In the finite-horizon setting, the celebrated Gittins indices do not apply, and the exact solution is intractable. We provide approximation algorithms for the general model of Markov decision processes with nonunit transition times. When preemption isn’t allowed, we provide a (1/2 − ε)-approximation, along with an example showing this is tight. When preemption is allowed, we provide a 1/12-approximation, which improves to a 4/27-approximation when transition times are unity. Our model captures the Markovian Bandits model of Gupta et al., the Stochastic Knapsack model of Dean et al., and the Budgeted Learning model of Guha and Munagala. Our algorithms improve existing results in all three areas. In our analysis, we encounter and overcome to our knowledge a new obstacle: an algorithm that provably exists via analytical arguments, but cannot be found in polynomial time.
The relevance of tacit knowledge to healthcare assistant practice
Authors: Hayes Catherine , Fox Ann , Scott-Thomas Jeanette , Graham Yitka
Published: February 2018

Person-centred care and the diverse array of contexts within which healthcare assistants work necessitate a commitment to being conscientious, self-aware and willing to raise issues of concern about vulnerable and sick patients and their families and carers.

For the purposes of the article, tacit knowledge is defined as the intuitive knowledge that is not easy to articulate through dialogue or rational justification in the context of healthcare provision. It depends on a level of sensory awareness or feeling that transcends the need for formalised knowledge in terms of its potential impact on practice.

Person-centred care and the diverse array of care contexts within which HCAs work necessitate a commitment to being conscientious, self-aware and willing to raise issues of concern about vulnerable and sick patients and their families and carers. The transferable skillset needed to undertake this role extends beyond the functional training that HCAs receive.

Tacit knowledge cannot be readily articulated, but its implementation in practice lies at the heart of every human interaction. The article raises awareness of tacit knowledge and its implications for the context of healthcare provision.
Exposure to drugs of abuse
Authors: Bates Nicola
Published: February 2018

People use a wide variety of substances recreationally for their hallucinogenic, stimulant or sedative effects. These include amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis, opiates and opioids and new psychoactive substances (previously called ‘legal highs’). Companion animals may be exposed to these substances when they are stored inadequately, smoked in close proximity to pets, or sometimes given intentionally. Information on the clinical effects and toxic doses of the new psychoactive substances is limited in humans and almost absent in animals. Clinical signs after exposure to recreational drugs are often rapid in onset and gastric decontamination may not be appropriate. The mainstay of treatment is supportive care, managing stimulant effects and supporting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Benzodiazepines are recommended in the management of stimulant effects. Naloxone is a specific antidote recommended for rapid reversal of opiate/opioid central nervous system or respiratory depression.
Ureteral obstruction secondary to an extraluminal myxoma in a cat
Authors: Rubin Jacob A
Published: February 2018

A 13-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat presented for evaluation of haematuria of one-month duration. Abdominal ultrasound identified a partially obstructed right kidney with mild pylectesia secondary to ureteroliths, as well as a discretely marginated hyperechoic and hyperattenuating mass along the proximal third of the right ureter. An abdominal exploration identified two ureteroliths that were treated with ureterotomy, and an extraluminal ureteral mass. Biopsy of the mass followed by histopathological examination confirmed the presence of an extraluminal myxoma. A telephone conversation 2 months postoperatively revealed that the cat showed resolution of clinical signs, and blood work showed no signs of obstruction. This is the first report of feline ureteral neoplasia, and the first extraluminal ureteral myxoma in the veterinary literature.
Updates on prescribing standards and regional group meetings
Authors: Bennett Sharon
Published: February 2018

The new year brings fresh opportunities for making changes to standards of practice and networking with regional practitioner groups. Sharon Bennett updates aesthetic nurses on the Nursing and Midwifery Council's plans to modify prescribing practice in nursing and midwifery. She also highlights the benefits of regional meetings, reflecting specifically on the successful group in North Yorkshire and Humber
Looking to the future: events, meetings and membership benefits
Authors: Senior Amy
Published: February 2018

The year 2018 is set to be a successful one for the Private Independent Aesthetic Practices Association (PIAPA), with several events and meetings taking place over the next 12 months. Amy Senior introduces two new aesthetic nurse board members, and shares PIAPA's plans for the next annual Step Ahead in Aesthetics and Filler Forum conferences
Planning ahead for the end of the tax year could reap huge dividends
Authors: Bernstein Adam
Published: February 2018

Battling competition and expense to make a business work and be profitable can be difficult, and so it galls accountants that so many people fail to take legitimate steps to minimise their tax liabilities. With a little forethought, taxpayers can make large savings. Adam Bernstein explores some of the steps you can take to minimise your tax liabilities and increase your profits
Defibrillation: standard vs. double sequential in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Stevenson Laura
Published: February 2018

Background:

Refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) poses a significant challenge to paramedic teams and is further confounded by an absence of specific guidance on the management of this patient category.

Objective:

To conduct a systematic literature review to determine whether double sequential defibrillation (DSD) improves patient outcomes in adult OHCA.

Methods:

Electronic searches of CINAHL, MEDLINE and AMED databases were carried out, using EBSCOhost (2017) and a subsequent filtering process.

Results:

Three case series and two cohort studies provided the highest category of evidence to evaluate. DSD is offered as a potentially feasible RVF treatment strategy throughout. However, results are consistently limited by varying protocol and small study groups and DSD success is likely multifactorial.

Conclusion:

The current systematic literature review indicated that no confirmed association existed between DSD and improved OHCA outcomes. More robust research is required to eliminate profound limitations and consider contributing factors to DSD.
Sharp fall in Apprenticeship take-up sparks Levy debate
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: February 2018

Industry and education clash over the impact of the Apprenticeship Levy after the number of new apprentices continues to decline
Children missing from education
Authors: Feuchtwang Anna
Published: February 2018

Too little is known about the thousands of children who are missing education. Anna Feuchtwang explains
Written feedback: Changing the culture in our schools
Authors: Sherwood Jemma
Published: February 2018

As schools realise that forcing teachers to produce reams of written feedback for students is often counterproductive, assessment strategies are starting to change. Jemma Sherwood looks at the research and discusses how her approach has shifted
The feedback conundrum
Authors: Trafford Bernard
Published: February 2018

Achieving a whole-school marking policy that satisfies students, parents and teachers might just be impossible. Dr Bernard Trafford instead urges a focus on some simple tenets of good feedback…
Three schools, three strategies
Authors: Denton Phil
Published: February 2018

Three of the schools where Phil Denton has worked have had innovative and effective approaches to supporting good student attitudes, wellbeing and mental health. He explains more
Am I making a difference yet?
Authors: Cunningham Maria
Published: February 2018

What are the key questions that you should be asking yourself when it comes to designing and evaluating CPD with measurable impact? Maria Cunningham advises
Ossification of the phalanges of the foot and its relationship to peak height velocity and the calcaneal system
Authors: Garcia M. R. , Nicholson A. D. , Nduaguba A. M. , Sanders J. O. , Liu R. W. , Cooperman D. R.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

There are multiple skeletal maturity grading systems, but none of them utilizes the phalanges of the foot. To minimize radiation, it would be ideal if one could assess the skeletal maturity of a foot based on bones seen on routine foot radiographs, if guided growth is being considered as a treatment option. We developed a system that correlates changes of the appearance of the foot phalanges to peak height velocity (PHV) and the recently described calcaneal apophyseal ossification grading system.

Methods

We selected 94 children from the Bolton-Brush study, each with consecutive radiographs from age ten to 15 years old. Using the anteroposterior view, we analyzed the ossification patterns of the phalanges and developed a six-stage system. We then determined the PHV for each subject and defined its relationship with our system. Our system was then compared with the previously established calcaneal system.

Results

We calculated an Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) range of 0.957 to 0.985 with a mean of 0.975 and interclass reliability coefficient of 0.993 indicating that this method is reliable and consistent. Our system showed no significant difference between gender with respect to PHV, which makes it a reliable surrogate for determining bone age in paediatric and adolescent patients.

Conclusions

Our system has a strong association with the calcaneal system. It is a simple six-stage system that is reliable and correlated more strongly with PHV than chronological age. The system requires knowledge of the ossification markers used for each stage but is easily used in a clinical setting.
Estimating the Cost of Agricultural Morbidity in Maine and New Hampshire
Authors: Jones Nathan M. , Scott Erika E. , Krupa Nicole , Jenkins Paul L.
Published: February 2018

Abstract.

This article provides an estimate for the economic costs of agricultural injuries sustained in the states of Maine and New Hampshire between the years 2008 and 2010. The authors used a novel dataset of 562 agriculturally related occupational injuries, and cost estimates were generated using the CDC’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Individual cases from the dataset that did not match the query options for WISQARS were excluded. Of the 562 agricultural injuries identified in the dataset, 361 met the WISQARS criteria. The remaining 201 cases were judged to be incompatible with the WISQARS query criteria. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found between the median costs of eight types of injury. Amputations (median = $70,077) and fractures (median = $13,365) were found to be the most expensive types of injury. The total cost of the 361 injuries for which estimates were available was $6,342,270. Injuries that reportedly involved machinery were found to be more expensive than injuries caused by animals. This article highlights the difference in the total cost of injury between types of injuries and demonstrates that agricultural injuries were a significant economic burden for Maine and New Hampshire for the years 2008-2010. These data can be used to direct future preventive efforts. Finally, this article suggests that WISQARS is a powerful tool for estimating injury costs without requiring access to treatment or billing records. Keywords: Agriculture, Economic burden, Maine, New Hampshire, Passive surveillance.
Design and Evaluation of Individual Elements of the Interface for an Agricultural Machine
Authors: Rakhra Aadesh K. , Mann Danny D.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. If a user-centered approach is not used to design information displays, the quantity and quality of information presented to the user may not match the needs of the user, or it may exceed the capability of the human operator for processing and using that information. The result may be an excessive mental workload and reduced situation awareness of the operator, which can negatively affect the machine performance and operational outcomes. The increasing use of technology in agricultural machines may expose the human operator to excessive and undesirable information if the operator’s information needs and information processing capabilities are ignored. In this study, a user-centered approach was used to design specific interface elements for an agricultural air seeder. Designs of the interface elements were evaluated in a laboratory environment by developing high-fidelity prototypes. Evaluations of the user interface elements yielded significant improvement in situation awareness (up to 11%; overall mean difference = 5.0 (4.8%), 95% CI (6.4728, 3.5939), p < 0.0001). Mental workload was reduced by up to 19.7% (overall mean difference = -5.2 (-7.9%), n = 30, a = 0.05). Study participants rated the overall performance of the newly designed user-centered interface elements higher in comparison to the previous designs (overall mean difference = 27.3 (189.8%), 99% CI (35.150, 19.384), p < 0.0001). Keywords: Agricultural machines, Interface design principles, Situation awareness, User-centered design, User interface design, User experience.
A Desinstitucionalização do Parto: Uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura
Authors: Sousa Rozane Pereira de , Assis Anna Mikaelly De Sousa Tavares , Bezerra Yuri Charllub Pereira , Neves Fernanda Pereira de Brito , Oliveira Gislene Farias de
Published: February 2018

analisar a produção científica publicada sobre a desinstitucionalização do parto. Metodo: foi realizada uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura. Para efetivá-la, foi feito levantamento bibliográfico a partir de pesquisas indexadas na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), sendo o Descritor Controlado (DeCS) em Ciências da Saúde utilizado “Parto domiciliar”, identificando-se fontes de informação de inúmeras bases de literaturas científicas e técnicas. Também, foi feito agrupamento dos DeSC: Enfermagem obstétrica, parto domiciliar e tocologia. Foram identificados 116 artigos, contudo, apenas 15 deles contemplaram aos critérios de inclusão delineados. Resultados: 100% da amostra foi publicada em periódicos nacionais, sendo na sua totalidade na área da saúde. Quanto ao período de publicação evidencia-se que a maioria concentrou-se no ano de 2013 correspondendo a 40% da amostra, seguidos por aqueles publicados em 2016 com 27%. Os publicados nos anos de 2014 e 2015 obtiveram 20% e 13%, respectivamente cada. Referindo-se ao tipo de delineamento metodológico, evidenciou-se na amostra: nove estudos qualitativos (60%); uma pesquisa bibliográfica (6,6%); um relato de experiência (6,6%); um estudo teórico-reflexivo (6,6%); um estudo quantiqualitativo (6,6%); um estudo etnográfico (6,6%) e um estudo quantitativo (6,6%). Em sequência, quatro artigos representando 27% da amostra, seguiram enfocando os profissionais, identificando o conhecimento e práticas do parto domiciliar; as estratégias e planejamentos utilizados para implementação e promoção do método. No mais, pela literatura apresentada, é verídico afirmar que a desinstitucionalização do parto não deve ser tratada como prática secundária, mas como um direito e uma real possibilidade de escolha da mulher e sua família por uma experiência segura e singular. Conclusão: alerta-se para a urgente necessidade da disseminação de informações acerca do parto domiciliar planejado, pois este constitui além de uma prática baseada em evidências científicas, uma possibilidade de fortalecimento da autonomia feminina e de seu protagonismo no processo de parir, baseado no direito do usuário.
New distribution record of a rare taxa Gottschelia schizopleura (Spruce) Grolle, of Jungermanniales occurring in Anamudi shola National Park in the Western Ghats of Kerala
Authors: Mufeed B , Nair Manju C
Published: February 2018

A rare liverwort Gottschelia schizopleura (Spruce) Grolle, of Jungermanniales is discovered from the Western Ghats of Kerala. A brief description with colour plate is provided.
Keeping Momentum up and Looking Forward
Authors: Zhou Qifeng
Published: February 2018

At the beginning of a new biennium, the first thing is always to have a look at what we have accomplished, where we are, and to think about what to do next. I thank the volunteers and the staff of the Union for their excellent work over the last two years. Highlights include the naming of four new elements, progress on the revision of IUPAC’s “color books,” the release of several IUPAC Recommendations, the granting of many awards, the establishment of the Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development, and strengthened cooperation with other international organizations, including the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the International Younger Chemists Network.
Impact of NMDA Receptor Overexpression on Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Activity and Motor Learning
Authors: Galliano Elisa , Schonewille Martijn , Peter Saša , Rutteman Mandy , Houtman Simone , Jaarsma Dick , Hoebeek Freek E. , De Zeeuw Chris I.
Published: February 2018

In many brain regions involved in learning NMDA receptors (NMDARs) act as coincidence detectors of pre- and postsynaptic activity, mediating Hebbian plasticity. Intriguingly, the parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell (PC) input in the cerebellar cortex, which is critical for procedural learning, shows virtually no postsynaptic NMDARs. Why is this? Here, we address this question by generating and testing independent transgenic lines that overexpress NMDAR containing the type 2B subunit (NR2B) specifically in PCs. PCs of the mice that show larger NMDA-mediated currents than controls at their PF input suffer from a blockage of long-term potentiation (LTP) at their PF-PC synapses, while long-term depression (LTD) and baseline transmission are unaffected. Moreover, introducing NMDA-mediated currents affects cerebellar learning in that phase-reversal of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is impaired. Our results suggest that under physiological circumstances PC spines lack NMDARs postsynaptically at their PF input so as to allow LTP to contribute to motor learning.
Sleep Deprivation Distinctly Alters Glutamate Transporter 1 Apposition and Excitatory Transmission to Orexin and MCH Neurons
Authors: Briggs Chantalle , Hirasawa Michiru , Semba Kazue
Published: February 2018

Glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is the main astrocytic transporter that shapes glutamatergic transmission in the brain. However, whether this transporter modulates sleep–wake regulatory neurons is unknown. Using quantitative immunohistochemical analysis, we assessed perisomatic GLT1 apposition with sleep–wake neurons in the male rat following 6 h sleep deprivation (SD) or following 6 h undisturbed conditions when animals were mostly asleep (Rest). We found that SD decreased perisomatic GLT1 apposition with wake-promoting orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus compared with Rest. Reduced GLT1 apposition was associated with tonic presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmission to these neurons due to the activation of Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors, an effect mimicked by a GLT1 inhibitor in the Rest condition. In contrast, SD resulted in increased GLT1 apposition with sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Functionally, this decreased the postsynaptic response of MCH neurons to high-frequency synaptic activation without changing presynaptic glutamate release. The changes in GLT1 apposition with orexin and MCH neurons were reversed after 3 h of sleep opportunity following 6 h SD. These SD effects were specific to orexin and MCH neurons, as no change in GLT1 apposition was seen in basal forebrain cholinergic or parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons. Thus, within a single hypothalamic area, GLT1 differentially regulates excitatory transmission to wake- and sleep-promoting neurons depending on sleep history. These processes may constitute novel astrocyte-mediated homeostatic mechanisms controlling sleep–wake behavior.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSleep–wake cycles are regulated by the alternate activation of sleep- and wake-promoting neurons. Whether and how astrocytes can regulate this reciprocal neuronal activity are unclear. Here we report that, within the lateral hypothalamus, where functionally opposite wake-promoting orexin neurons and sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone neurons codistribute, the glutamate transporter GLT1, mainly present on astrocytes, distinctly modulates excitatory transmission in a cell-type-specific manner and according to sleep history. Specifically, GLT1 is reduced around the somata of orexin neurons while increased around melanin-concentrating hormone neurons following sleep deprivation, resulting in different forms of synaptic plasticity. Thus, astrocytes can fine-tune the excitability of functionally discrete neurons via glutamate transport, which may represent novel regulatory mechanisms for sleep.
Protein Translation in the Nucleus Accumbens Is Dysregulated during Cocaine Withdrawal and Required for Expression of Incubation of Cocaine Craving
Authors: Werner Craig T. , Stefanik Michael T. , Milovanovic Mike , Caccamise Aaron , Wolf Marina E.
Published: February 2018

Exposure to drug-associated cues can induce drug craving and relapse in abstinent addicts. Cue-induced craving that progressively intensifies (“incubates”) during withdrawal from cocaine has been observed in both rats and humans. Building on recent evidence that aberrant protein translation underlies incubation-related adaptations in the NAc, we used male rats to test the hypothesis that translation is dysregulated during cocaine withdrawal and/or when rats express incubated cocaine craving. We found that intra-NAc infusion of anisomycin, a general protein translation inhibitor, or rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, reduced the expression of incubated cocaine craving, consistent with previous results showing that inhibition of translation in slices normalized the adaptations that maintain incubation. We then examined signaling pathways involved in protein translation using NAc synaptoneurosomes prepared after >47 d of withdrawal from cocaine or saline self-administration, or after withdrawal plus a cue-induced seeking test. The most robust changes were observed following seeking tests. Most notably, we found that eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) are dephosphorylated when cocaine rats undergo a cue-induced seeking test; both effects are consistent with increased translation during the test. Blocking eIF2α dephosphorylation and thereby restoring its inhibitory influence on translation, via intra-NAc injection of Sal003 just before the test, substantially reduced cocaine seeking. These results are consistent with dysregulation of protein translation in the NAc during cocaine withdrawal, enabling cocaine cues to elicit an aberrant increase in translation that is required for the expression of incubated cocaine craving.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCue-induced cocaine craving progressively intensifies (incubates) during withdrawal in both humans and rats. This may contribute to persistent vulnerability to relapse. We previously demonstrated a role for protein translation in synaptic adaptations in the NAc closely linked to incubation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that translation is dysregulated during cocaine withdrawal, and this contributes to incubated craving. Analysis of signaling pathways regulating translation suggested that translation is enhanced when “incubated” rats undergo a cue-induced seeking test. Furthermore, intra-NAc infusions of drugs that inhibit protein translation through different mechanisms reduced expression of incubated cue-induced cocaine seeking. These results demonstrate that the expression of incubation depends on an acute increase in translation that may result from dysregulation of several pathways.
Enhanced Operant Extinction and Prefrontal Excitability in a Mouse Model of Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Sidorov Michael S. , Judson Matthew C. , Kim Hyojin , Rougie Marie , Ferrer Alejandra I. , Nikolova Viktoriya D. , Riddick Natallia V. , Moy Sheryl S. , Philpot Benjamin D.
Published: February 2018

Angelman syndrome (AS), a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability, is caused by loss of maternal allele expression ofUBE3Ain neurons. Mouse models of AS faithfully recapitulate disease phenotypes across multiple domains, including behavior. Yet in AS, there has been only limited study of behaviors encoded by the prefrontal cortex, a region broadly involved in executive function and cognition. Because cognitive impairment is a core feature of AS, it is critical to develop behavioral readouts of prefrontal circuit function in AS mouse models. One such readout is behavioral extinction, which has been well described mechanistically and relies upon prefrontal circuits in rodents. Here we report exaggerated operant extinction in male AS model mice, concomitant with enhanced excitability in medial prefrontal neurons from male and female AS model mice. Abnormal behavior was specific to operant extinction, as two other prefrontally dependent tasks (cued fear extinction and visuospatial discrimination) were largely normal in AS model mice. Inducible deletion ofUbe3aduring adulthood was not sufficient to drive abnormal extinction, supporting the hypothesis that there is an early critical period for development of cognitive phenotypes in AS. This work represents the first formal experimental analysis of prefrontal circuit function in AS, and identifies operant extinction as a useful experimental paradigm for modeling cognitive aspects of AS in mice.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrefrontal cortex encodes “high-level” cognitive processes. Thus, understanding prefrontal function is critical in neurodevelopmental disorders where cognitive impairment is highly penetrant. Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with speech and motor impairments, an outwardly happy demeanor, and intellectual disability. We describe a behavioral phenotype in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome and related abnormalities in prefrontal cortex function. We hypothesize that robust and reliable prefrontally encoded behavior may be used to model cognitive impairments in Angelman syndrome.
Development of Cross-Orientation Suppression and Size Tuning and the Role of Experience
Authors: Popović Marjena , Stacy Andrea K. , Kang Mihwa , Nanu Roshan , Oettgen Charlotte E. , Wise Derek L. , Fiser József , Van Hooser Stephen D.
Published: February 2018

Many sensory neural circuits exhibit response normalization, which occurs when the response of a neuron to a combination of multiple stimuli is less than the sum of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. In the visual cortex, normalization takes the forms of cross-orientation suppression and surround suppression. At the onset of visual experience, visual circuits are partially developed and exhibit some mature features such as orientation selectivity, but it is unknown whether cross-orientation suppression is present at the onset of visual experience or requires visual experience for its emergence. We characterized the development of normalization and its dependence on visual experience in female ferrets. Visual experience was varied across the following three conditions: typical rearing, dark rearing, and dark rearing with daily exposure to simple sinusoidal gratings (14–16 h total). Cross-orientation suppression and surround suppression were noted in the earliest observations, and did not vary considerably with experience. We also observed evidence of continued maturation of receptive field properties in the second month of visual experience: substantial length summation was observed only in the oldest animals (postnatal day 90); evoked firing rates were greatly increased in older animals; and direction selectivity required experience, but declined slightly in older animals. These results constrain the space of possible circuit implementations of these features.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe development of the brain depends on both nature—factors that are independent of the experience of an individual animal—and nurture—factors that depend on experience. While orientation selectivity, one of the major response properties of neurons in visual cortex, is already present at the onset of visual experience, it is unknown whether response properties that depend on interactions among multiple stimuli develop without experience. We find that the properties of cross-orientation suppression and surround suppression are present at eye opening, and do not depend on visual experience. Our results are consistent with the idea that a majority of the basic properties of sensory neurons in primary visual cortex are derived independent of the experience of an individual animal.
Fentanyl Induces Rapid Onset Hyperalgesic Priming: Type I at Peripheral and Type II at Central Nociceptor Terminals
Authors: Araldi Dioneia , Khomula Eugen V. , Ferrari Luiz F. , Levine Jon D.
Published: February 2018

Systemic fentanyl induces hyperalgesic priming, long-lasting neuroplasticity in nociceptor function characterized by prolongation of inflammatory mediator hyperalgesia. To evaluate priming at both nociceptor terminals, we studied, in male Sprague Dawley rats, the effect of local administration of agents that reverse type I (protein translation) or type II [combination of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] priming. At the central terminal, priming induced by systemic, intradermal, or intrathecal fentanyl was reversed by the combination of Src and MAPK inhibitors, but at the peripheral terminal, it was reversed by the protein translation inhibitor. Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antisense prevented fentanyl hyperalgesia and priming. To determine whether type I and II priming occur in the same population of neurons, we used isolectin B4–saporin or [Sar9, Met(O2)11]-substance P–saporin to deplete nonpeptidergic or peptidergic nociceptors, respectively. Following intrathecal fentanyl, central terminal priming was prevented by both saporins, whereas that in peripheral terminal was not attenuated even by their combination. However, after intradermal fentanyl, priming in the peripheral terminal requires both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors, whereas that in the central terminal is dependent only on peptidergic nociceptors. Pretreatment with dantrolene at either terminal prevented fentanyl-induced priming in both terminals, suggesting communication between central and peripheral terminals mediated by intracellular Ca2+signaling.In vitroapplication of fentanyl increased cytoplasmic Ca2+concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons, which was prevented by pretreatment with dantrolene and naloxone. Therefore, acting at MOR in the nociceptor, fentanyl induces hyperalgesia and priming rapidly at both the central (type II) and peripheral (type I) terminal and this is mediated by Ca2+signaling.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFentanyl, acting at the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), induces hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming at both the central and peripheral terminal of nociceptors and this is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+signaling. Priming in the central terminal is type II, whereas that in the peripheral terminal is type I. Our findings may provide useful information for the design of drugs with improved therapeutic profiles, selectively disrupting individual MOR signaling pathways, to maintain an adequate long-lasting control of pain.
Sensibilidade gustativa em idosos: uma revisão narrativa
Authors: Ceolin Jamile , Pinheiro Thais Da Luz Fontoura
Published: February 2018

Objective: This study is a narrative review about the palate and the various aspects related to taste alterations in aging, as well as nutritional management. Data sources: A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed database from March to July 2017. For the purpose of the search, the terms "taste perception", "taste disorders", "taste threshold", "taste" bud", "elderly" with the help of Boolean operators (AND and OR). Summary: One of the earliest recipients involved in food identification and evaluation is the taste receptor. With aging, a loss of taste occurs due to changes in the membranes of taste cellsinvolving altered function of ion channels and sensory receptors in addition to reducing the number of taste pores. These disorders may be associated withseveral conditions, including polypharmacy, smoking, alcohol, inadequate oral hygiene and debilitating diseases such as kidney and liver disease, cancer,respiratory infections, AIDS and diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease and cognitive disorders. Simple measures such as the use of natural condiments andseasonings, increased water intake, proper chewing and proper oral hygiene can bring great benefits by avoiding or circumventing gustatory changes in the elderly, being essential the performance of the nutritionist. Conclusions: It is essential to understand the changes in gustatory function that permeate the aging process in order to detect these changes early and contribute to a better quality of life for the elderly.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM BALANCE EFFICIENCY PROVIDED WITH THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF GENERATING PLANTS
Authors: Maksymovа O. , Maksymov M. , Silina V. , Orischenko A.
Published: February 2018

Currently methods of efficiency analysis are being developed and applied, based on optimization tasks for various types and modes. Usually, the optimization criterion for these objectives is efficiency that can be calculated in various ways, for which there is no concurrent views. The target function based on minimization of given cost that allows comparing options with the same useful effect is used to search for the best indicators of power plants operated within the system. Marginal costs on the amount of difference in the useful effect are introduced to the target function in case of various useful effects. The criterion of selecting the best power plant from an economic point of view is the difference between the reduced costs of the considered and the basic options, but this approach does not allow using the results for long-term projections. Such approach depends on the situation and does not reflect the real costs. The value of the target function to optimize the effectiveness of the technical-economic method is not "marginal" and does not allow assessing the impact of various processes on the overall option efficiency. Therefore, the development of the efficiency criterion that considers the changing needs of the energy system is relevant for analyzing the power plant.
INCREASING OF ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF WORN EQUIPMENT BY PARTIAL UPDATES. ANALYTICAL AND CONTROL ASPECT
Authors: Voinova S.
Published: February 2018

The current state of worn industrial equipment and the resulting low performance indicators of its functioning, in particular, low environmental friendliness, are considered. It is shown that the normalization of the complex situation that has developed in production is an acute problem, the solution of which should begin with the implementation of a program for the partial renewal of worn equipment. It is pointed out that there is a high potential for improving the technological, including ecological, efficiency of functioning of the upgraded equipment. It is pointed out that the partial renewal is highly efficient, because of the small specific investments in it. The significant influence of the quality of control of the setting and implementation of the renewal program on its effectiveness was noted. It is shown that the process of renewal of worn-out equipment, ultimately, has an environmental focus, increases the environmental friendliness of the updated technical facility.
РАЗРАБОТКА АЛГОРИТМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СИСТЕМОЙ ОТОПЛЕНИЯ И ГОРЯЧЕГО ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ
Authors: Процишен А. А. , Улицкая Е. О.
Published: February 2018

The study analyzed the heating system and hot water supply with  using renewable energy sources. To design an automatic control system for heating and hot water supply, which includes a solar collector, a heat pump and a centralized heating source, the following tasks were set: - study of scientific literature on the operation of renewable energy sources; - design of a structural diagram of the automation section; - design of an algorithm for controlling the heating system and hot water supply. The relevance of designing a control system for an object with a variable structure is shown. As an automation object, the system of heat supply and hot water supply with the use of renewable energy sources is considered. The possibility of sharing a heat pump, solar collectors and a centralized source of thermal energy for heating and hot water supply was explored. The technological scheme, the automation scheme, the control algorithm, the software of the complex are designed. The proposed algorithm for controlling the heating system and hot water supply realizes the cascading operation of equipment with the priority of switching on renewable sources of thermal energy to solve the problem of reducing energy consumption. The software of the developed control system and simulation of the heating and hot water supply system was implemented in the programming environment of the controller ОВЕН ПЛК160. For technical implementation, modern automatic control system devices and renewable sources of thermal energy have been selected. The management of automation tools, data collection and visualization is carried out with the help of SCADA-system WebHMI, operating in the real-time operating system. The obtained results of simulation are confirmed by the introduction and successful operation of the designed automatic control system at the municipal enterprise of the town of Yuzhniy. The joint work of renewable sources of thermal energy and boiler equipment under the management of the developed management system has proved its energy efficiency both during and outside the heating season, and it makes it possible to achieve 30% savings on heating and hot water.
СИСТЕМА АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ БЕСПИЛОТНОГО ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА
Authors: Габуев К. О. , Гонгало В. О. , Кучеренко Н. А. , Шипко А. И.
Published: February 2018

The article deals with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as in industry in general and as in individual branches. The operation of unmanned aerial vehicles in the agricultural sector is described in more detail. The problems existing for today in this sector, as well as the methods of solving these problems with the help of unmanned technologies are given. The important interrelation between the automatic control system and its integration into unmanned aerial vehicles is explained. Detailed description of the technical component of the drone, as well as the relationship between each link of the technical means of automation. An example of the software through which the unmanned aerial vehicle is controlled is given
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ АСОЗ ПТЛ НА МОРСКОМ ЗЕРНОВОМ ТЕРМИНАЛЕ В Г. НИКОЛАЕВЕ
Authors: Кирьязов И. Н. , Шестопалов С. В. , Степанов М. Т. , Хобин В. А.
Published: February 2018

In the article the results of functioning in the production conditions of the automated loading optimization system (ALOS) grain of the elevator are considered. The system is designed to generate grain flow simultaneously from several sources, increase productivity, reduce energy consumption for reloading, prevent emergency situations associated with grain debris in the boots of norias and the overhead scales of the scales due to overload. The software of the system is integrated into the software of the automated process control system of the elevator and allows the operator to specify the components of the grain flow and the initial productivity of the flow-transport lines (FTL), select the FTL load control mode and select the FTL productivity setting mode in the current process situation, control the functioning of the ALOS. The results of a comparative analysis of the efficiency of load management during the loading of vessels by the operator "manually" and using an automated loading optimization system, conducted in 2016/17, showed the following: - the average time of shipment to the ship, including idle time, decreased by 27%; - the average shipping performance without any downtime increased by 10%.
РОЗРОБКА ТА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МУЛЬТИАГЕНТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ДЛЯ ОХОРОНИ ОБ’ЄКТА
Authors: Тишин П. М. , Гончаров А. В. , Куширець К. О.
Published: February 2018

The article describes a multi-agent system based on the OWL ontology, taking into account the FIPA standards for the object security system. The given data on the work of intellectual agents and communication between them, as well as proposals for solving the tasks assigned. The proposed concept allows to significantly reduce the amount of electricity consumed during the operation of the object tracking system at a certain perimeter for the purpose of object protection. The range of tasks to be solved is not limited only to the implementation of the multi-agent system, among other things, such algorithms as constructing the proposed route of the object's movement, selecting a camera for tracking the object, diagnosing the system for errors are realized. Due to the peculiarities of the interaction of intelligent agents, this system is subject to simple expansion in the event of an increase in the surveillance area or an increase in the number of sensors in a certain territory. Structurally, the security system consists of a control center with a control system, where an operator sits observing the perimeter around the protected object; a set of microcomputers monitoring a certain sector of the protected area using sensors (main and auxiliary); two rotary cameras providing a visual inspection of the surroundings of the facility. An effective communication algorithm and a set of rules for agents allows you to capture the maximum number of objects using the shared resources of agents of two cameras. To prevent the failure of the elements of the security system, a monitoring system is provided, which in turn is controlled by an intelligent agent that interacts with the sensor agents and the decision support agent. In the future, the results of the study can be used to improve the protection of objects.
ІМІТАЦІЙНА МАТЕМАТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ КОНВЕЄРНИХ ВАГОВИМІРЮВАЧІВ ДОЗАТОРІВ БЕЗПЕРЕРВНОЇ ДІЇ
Authors: Дец Д. В. , Шейда-Голбад К. , Хобін В. А.
Published: February 2018

In the article simulation modeling of conveyor weight meters of continuous batchers in MATLAB \ Simulink environment is considered. Such batchers are certified by metrological services as measuring devices. It requires an accurate reflection of the simulated properties of the weight meters. The obtained complex of imitation digital models of the processes of movement and weighing of the batchered bulk material, which the conveyor weighing meters are realized, allows to conduct correct machine experiments for the development and testing of effective control algorithms by autonomous batchers and their complexes.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ НАЛАШТУВАННЯ CFD-ПРОГРАМ ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВИТРАТОМІРІВ
Authors: Матіко Ф. Д. , Роман В. І. , Масняк О. Я.
Published: February 2018

In this paper, the authors conducted study of a number of parameters configuring the CFD-program Flow Simulations of the CAD SolidWorks for increasing the efficiency of modelling of ultrasonic flowmeters and orifice flowmeters. According to the results of the work, the authors proposed criterion for the accuracy of mass flow reproduction by means of CFD simulation and the ranges of CFD-program Flow Simulations parameters setup of the CAD SolidWorks: the optimal type of boundary conditions at the inlet and outlet of the three-dimensional layout of the measuring section of the pipeline with a flow meter of a certain type is selected; location of the inlet section of the flowmeter; minimum-sufficient value of the level of fragmentation of the basic simulation grid; the distance between the creator modified grid of a three-dimensional layout. The recommendations suggested by the authors provide an opportunity to provide a reproduction of mass flow during the modelling of gas-dynamic phenomena in the considered flow meters with an error of not more than 1%, with the minimum possible duration of the model's solution. This allows you to improve the efficiency of simulations of flowmeters using the CFD-program Flow Simulations of the CAD SolidWorks. The results of the work are especially relevant when using computational fluid dynamics for conducting time-limited training courses for students of technical specialties, in particular in the field of automation and computer-integrated technologies. The recommendations given by the authors of the work on the software settings of CFD-program Flow Simulations of the CAD SolidWorks can be interpreted for both the considered and other CFD-programs that are used to solve scientific applications of ultrasonic flowmeters and orifice flowmeters.
Five Genes: Key Qualities for Selecting Residents with High Potential
Authors: Rajput Vijay
Published: February 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. During my time as program director, I have reviewed hundreds of residency applications, familiarized myself with the application process, and discovered five characteristics or "genes" that contribute to the success of a future resident. With the advent of an online residency application system, filters tend to focus on more quantitative data like test scores, which may not capture an applicant's true ability to be a successful resident. Applicants' letters of recommendation from both deans and physicians are also increasingly becoming harder to interpret due to diction that is either too hard to understand and/or has the potential to come off negatively. Personal statements, while attempting to capture an applicant's valuable experiences and beliefs, tend to fall short because most applicants either share too strong of political or religious views or do not share enough substance to make a statement truly "personal." Beyond these typical application materials, how a student communicates with others outside of an interview is key for determining a student's true professional behavior. This communication could be in the form of scheduling, rescheduling, or cancelling interviews or how the student interacts with the residents at the informal dinner the night before the interview. Along with professional communication, five "genes" that make for a successful resident, as mentioned above, are passion for the profession, intellectual curiosity and investment, work ethic, ability to be a team player, and empathy. If armed with these qualities, an applicant can turn into a successful resident in no time.