bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering molecular properties of hypermutated gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Hu Wangxiong , Yang Yanmei , Ge Weiting , Zheng Shu
Published: November 2018

Great mutational heterogeneity is observed both across cancer types (>1000‐fold) and within a given cancer type, with a fraction harboring >10 mutations per million bases, thus termed hypermutation. We determined the genome‐wide effects of high mutation load on the transcriptome and methylome of two cancer types; namely, colorectal cancer (CRC) and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Briefly, hierarchical clustering of the expression and methylation profiles showed that the majority of CRC and STAD hypermutated samples were mixed and separated from their respective non‐hypermutated samples, exceeding the boundary of tissue specificity. Further in‐detailed exploration uncovered that the underlying molecular mechanism may be related to the perturbation of chromatin remodeling genes.
Impact of hurricane Harvey on the results of regional flood frequency analysis
Authors: McDonald Walter M. , Naughton Joseph B.
Published: November 2018

Hurricane Harvey was an unprecedented event that resulted in immense damage to life and property. As a result, it is important to determine how this event, as well as past and future events like it, will impact engineering design equations that are based upon historical data, such as flood frequency analysis equations. This study seeks to contribute to this discussion by evaluating the extent to which Harvey influenced estimations of instantaneous peak discharges in rural ungauged basins in southeast Texas. Results indicate that Harvey significantly increased the computations of design floods using Log‐Pearson Type III analysis (e.g., 3–55% for 2‐year flood and 3–80% for the 100‐year flood). This subsequently impacted the estimation of instantaneous peak discharges through regional flood frequency analysis by up to 28%. These results highlight the influence that recent and future hurricanes can have on engineering design equations that are used for managing floodplains, assessing flood risk, and designing infrastructure such as levees, bridges, and culverts.
Evaluation of flood risk reduction strategies through combinations of interventions
Authors: van Berchum Erik C. , Mobley William , Jonkman Sebastiaan N. , Timmermans Jos S. , Kwakkel Jan H. , Brody Samuel D.
Published: November 2018

Large, complex coastal regions often require a combination of interventions to lower the risk of flooding to an acceptable level. In practice, a limited number of strategies are considered and interdependencies between interventions are often simplified. This paper presents the Multiple Lines of Defence Optimization System (MODOS)‐model. This quick, probabilistic model simulates and evaluates the impact of many flood risk reduction strategies while accounting for interdependencies amongst measures. The simulation includes hydraulic calculations, damage calculations, and the effects of measures for various return periods. The application and potential of this model is shown with a conceptual and simplified case study, based on the Houston‐Galveston Bay area. The analyses demonstrate how the MODOS‐model identifies trade‐offs within the system and shows how flood risk, cost, and impact respond to flood management decisions. This improved understanding of the impact of design and planning choices can benefit the discussions in finding the optimal flood risk reduction strategy for coastal regions.
Protein Intake and Disability Trajectories in Very Old Adults: The Newcastle 85+ Study
Authors: Mendonça Nuno , Granic Antoneta , Hill Tom R. , Siervo Mario , Mathers John C. , Kingston Andrew , Jagger Carol
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To determine whether protein intake is associated with better disability trajectories in the oldest adults (≥85) and whether muscle mass and muscle strength would partially mediate this.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne and North Tyneside, United Kingdom.

Participants

Community‐dwelling older adults aged 85 at baseline (N=722).

Methods

Protein intake was estimated using two 24‐hour multiple‐pass recalls at baseline. Disability was measured as difficulty performing 17 activities of daily living at baseline and 18, 36, and 60 months. Trajectories were derived using mortality‐adjusted group‐based trajectory modelling. The effect of protein intake (g/kg of adjusted body weight (aBW)/d) on disability trajectories was examined using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Participants had 4 distinct disability trajectories (between the ages of 85 and 90: constant very low (AT1), mild (AT2), moderate (AT3), and severe (AT4). Each unit increase in protein (g) per kg of aBW/d was associated with greater odds of AT1 (odds ratio (OR=7.97, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.96–32.43, p = .004) and AT2 (OR=3.28, 95% CI=1.09–9.87, p = .03) than of AT4 over 5 years in models adjusted for selected covariates. Participants with protein intake of 1.0 g/kg aBW/d or more were more likely to belong to AT1 (OR=3.65, 95% CI=1.59–8.38, p = .009) and AT2 (OR=2.12, 95% CI=1.16–3.90, p = .01) than to AT4.

Conclusion

Higher protein intake, especially 1.0 g/kg aBW/d or more, was associated with better disability trajectories in the oldest adults. These findings will inform new dietary strategies to support active, healthy ageing. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:50–56, 2019.
Healthy Aging: American Geriatrics Society White Paper Executive Summary
Authors: Friedman Susan M. , Mulhausen Paul , Cleveland Maryjo L. , Coll Patrick P. , Daniel Kathryn M. , Hayward Arthur D. , Shah Krupa , Skudlarska Beata , White Heidi K.
Published: November 2018

In July 2015, the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society published a manuscript titled, “Failing to Focus on Healthy Aging: A Frailty of Our Discipline?” In response, the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Clinical Practice and Models of Care Committee and Public Education Committee developed a white paper calling on the AGS and its members to play a more active role in promoting healthy aging. The executive summary presented here summarizes the recommendations from that white paper. The full version is published online at GeriatricsCareOnline.org. Life expectancy has increased dramatically over the last century. Longer life provides opportunity for personal fulfillment and contributions to community but is often associated with illness, discomfort, disability, and dependency at the end of life. Geriatrics has focused on optimizing function and quality of life as we age and reducing morbidity and frailty, but there is evidence of earlier onset of chronic disease that is likely to affect the health of future generations of older adults. The AGS is committed to promoting the health, independence, and engagement of all older adults as they age. Geriatrics as an interprofessional specialty is well positioned to promote healthy aging. We draw from decades of accumulated knowledge, skills, and experience in areas that are central to geriatric medicine, including expertise in complexity and the biopsychosocial model; attention to function and quality of life; the ability to provide culturally competent, person‐centered care; the ability to assess people's preferences and values; and understanding the importance of systems in optimizing outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:17–20, 2019.
Immunisation status of children presenting to the emergency department: Linkage of a longitudinal birth cohort with national immunisation data
Authors: Keijzers Gerben , Sweeny Amy , Crilly Julia , Good Norm , Cameron Cate M , Mihala Gabor , Thone Jae , Scuffham Paul A
Published: November 2018

Aim

To describe the relationship between emergency department (ED) diagnosis of infectious disease and immunisation status in children ≤5 years. We also aimed to demonstrate feasibility of proof‐of‐concept linkage between disparate databases.

Methods

Data from a cohort of 3404 children born in Southeast Queensland/Far North New South Wales between 2006 and 2011 were linked to Australian Childhood Immunisation Registry data and Emergency Department Information System data for presentations between 2006 and 2014. Immunisation status was assigned using the 2009 National Immunisation Program schedule.

Results

Of 1490 children (79% of those consented) with data on immunisation status, 87.2 and 84.6% were fully immunised by 12 and 24 months, respectively. Adding partially immunised children increased this to 93.2 and 91.4% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Nearly two‐thirds of all children made at least one ED presentation. Children presenting to ED with an infectious disease did not differ in immunisation status compared to children with other (non‐infectious disease type) presentations but were younger, more likely to live with other children and had a longer ED stay and higher admission rate. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was more frequently diagnosed in unimmunised children.

Conclusions

In an existing birth cohort, immunisation rates were lower than the national average. RSV was more prevalent in unimmunised children presenting to ED, but immunisation status was not significantly associated with other infectious disease presentations. Linkage between national immunisation data and Australian ED data is feasible and has the potential to identify previously unrecognised factors related to child immunisation status and health‐care utilisation.
Epidemiology of road traffic accidents in cats attending emergency‐care practices in the UK
Authors: Conroy M. , O'Neill D. , Boag A. , Church D. , Brodbelt D.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To estimate the incidence proportion of road traffic accidents in cats attending emergency out‐of‐hours clinics in the UK, identify major risk factors for road traffic accident occurrence and for survival to discharge.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study of a cohort of 33,053 cats in the VetCompass database attending emergency‐care practice between January 1, 2012 and February 15, 2014. Incidence proportion was calculated and logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for road traffic accident and survival to discharge following road traffic accident.

Results

Incidence proportion was estimated at 4∙2% (95% confidence interval: 4∙0 to 4∙4%). Cats aged 6 months to 2 years were at increased odds of road traffic accident, as were male cats and crossbred cats. Odds of road traffic accident were highest in the autumn. Spinal injury, abdominal injury and increasing count of injuries were associated with increased odds of death.

Clinical Significance

Road traffic accident is a frequent presentation in emergency‐care practice. Identification of risk factors for death within the first 24 hours following a road traffic accident can aid veterinarian and owner decision‐making for treatment of cats involved in a road traffic accident.
Women's views about a free breast pump service: Online survey informing intervention development
Authors: McInnes Rhona J. , Gillespie Nicola , Crossland Nicola , Hall Moran Victoria , Hoddinott Pat
Published: November 2018

Improving breastfeeding outcomes is a global priority; however, in the United Kingdom, continuation of breastfeeding remains low. Growing empirical evidence suggests a free breast pump service might be an acceptable and feasible incentive intervention to improve breastfeeding outcomes and reduce heath inequalities. To inform intervention development, we conducted an online survey with women recruited via social media using snowball sampling. Data were analysed descriptively (closed questions) with qualitative thematic analysis (free text). The survey was completed by 666 women, most of whom had recently breastfed and used a breast pump. Participants agreed that free pump hire (rental/loan; 567 women; 85.1%) or a free pump to keep (408; 61.3%) should be provided. Free text comments provided by 408 women (free pump) and 309 women (free hire) highlighted potential benefits: helping women to continue breastfeeding; express milk; overcome difficulties; and pump choice. Concerns are possible effect on breast milk supply, reduced breastfeeding, pumps replacing good support for breastfeeding, and pump hire hygiene. Personal and societal costs are important issues. Some suggested a pump service should be for low‐income mothers, those with feeding difficulties or sick/preterm infants. A one‐size service would not suit all and vouchers were proposed. Some suggested fees and deposits to prevent waste. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting views about the acceptability of providing a free breast pump hire service. Mothers support and wish to have a say in breast pump service development. Future evaluations should address impact on feeding outcomes, professional support, hygiene for hired pumps, and costs.
High protein diet promotes body weight loss among Brazilian postpartum women
Authors: de Castro Maria Beatriz Trindade , Cunha Diana Barbosa , Araujo Marina Campos , Bezerra Ilana Nogueira , Adegboye Amanda Rodrigues Amorim , Kac Gilberto , Sichieri Rosely
Published: November 2018

There is evidence in the general population that adhering to a high protein and low carbohydrate diet may help in losing weight. However, there is little evidence among postpartum women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a high protein diet on weight loss among postpartum women. A parallel‐randomized controlled trial with 94 postpartum women was conducted in a maternity ward in Mesquita county (recruitment from February 2009 to December 2010) and in a polyclinic in Rio de Janeiro city (recruitment from December 2010 to December 2011). Women were randomized to the intervention group (IG) or control group (CG), and both groups received an isocaloric diet (1,800 kcal). Additionally, the IG received approximately 25 g of protein obtained from 125 g per week of sardine to increase daily dietary protein content and was advised to restrict carbohydrate intake. The CG received nutritional counselling to follow the national nutrition guidelines (15% protein, 60% carbohydrates, and 25% lipids). A linear mixed‐effects model was used to test the effect of high protein intake and macronutrient intake on weight loss during the postpartum period. Body weight decreased in the IG compared with the CG (ß = −0.325; p = 0.049) among overweight and obese postpartum women. The percentage of energy intake from lipid (ß = −0.023; p = 0.050) was negatively associated with body weight, and carbohydrate intake (ß = 0.020; p = 0.026) was positively associated with body weight over time among all women. Protein intake and lower carbohydrate intake may be used as a dietary strategy to improve body weight loss during the postpartum period.
The role of α2‐adrenergic receptors in hypertensive preeclampsia: A hypothesis
Authors: Maaliki Dina , Issa Khodr , Al Shehabi Tuqa , El‐Yazbi Ahmed , Eid Ali H.
Published: November 2018

Preeclampsia, a major disorder of human pregnancy, manifests as persistent hypertension and proteinuria presenting after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Multiple systemic symptoms might be associated with preeclampsia including thrombocytopenia, liver impairment, pulmonary edema, and cerebral disturbances. However, vascular dysfunction remains the core pathological driver of preeclampsia. Defective placental implantation followed by dysfunctional placental spiral artery development promotes a hypoxic environment. Massive endothelial dysfunction characterized by reduced vasodilation, augmented vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability and inflammation ensues. Interestingly, the same signaling and inflammatory pathways implicated in preeclampsia appear to be shared with other vascular disorders involving alteration of α2‐AR function. The role of α2‐ARs in the regulation of microcirculatory function has long been recognized, thus raising the question of whether they are involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Here, we review possible interplay between signaling and inflammatory pathways common to preeclampsia and α2‐AR function/regulation. We speculate on the potential contribution of these receptors to the observed phenotype and the potential role for their pharmacological modulators as therapeutic interventions with preeclampsia.
In vitro model reveals a role for mechanical stretch in the remodeling response of lymphatic muscle cells
Authors: Hooks Joshua S. T. , Clement Cristina C. , Nguyen Hoang‐Dung , Santambrogio Laura , Dixon J. Brandon
Published: November 2018

Objective

Using primary LMCs in vitro, we sought to characterize the impact of LMC remodeling on their functional and molecular response to mechanical loading and culture conditions.

Methods

Primary “wounded leg” LMCs were derived from the hindlimb of three sheep who underwent lymphatic injury 6 weeks prior, while “control leg” LMCs were derived from the contralateral, unwounded, limb. Function of the LMCs was characterized in response to media of variable levels of serum (10% vs 0.2%) and glucose (4.5 vs 1 g/L). Functional and proteomic data were evaluated in LMCs exposed to cyclic stretch (0.1 Hz, 7.5% elongation) for 1 week.

Results

LMCs were sensitive to changes in serum levels, significantly reducing overall activity and collagen synthesis under low serum conditions. LMCs from the remodeled vessel had higher baseline levels of metabolic activity but not collagen synthesis. Cyclic loading induced cellular alignment perpendicular to the axis of stretch and alterations in signaling pathways associated with metabolism. Remodeled LMCs had consistently higher levels of metabolic activity and were more resistant to strain‐induced apoptosis.

Conclusions

LMCs exist on a functional spectrum, becoming more active in response to stretching and maintaining phenotypic remodeling in response to local lymphatic/tissue damage.
Targeting LOX‐1 in atherosclerosis and vasculopathy: current knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Tian Kunming , Ogura Sayoko , Little Peter J. , Xu Suo‐wen , Sawamura Tatsuya
Published: November 2018

LOX‐1 (lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1; also known as OLR1) is the dominant receptor that recognizes and internalizes oxidized low‐density lipoproteins (ox‐LDLs) in endothelial cells. Several genetic variants of LOX‐1 are associated with the risk and severity of coronary artery disease. The LOX‐1–ox‐LDL interaction induces endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte adhesion, macrophage‐derived foam cell formation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and platelet activation. LOX‐1 activation eventually leads to the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and acute cardiovascular events. In addition, LOX‐1 can be cleaved to generate soluble LOX‐1 (sLOX‐1), which is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for atherosclerosis‐related diseases in human patients. Of therapeutic relevance, several natural products and clinically used drugs have emerged as LOX‐1 inhibitors that have antiatherosclerotic actions. We hereby provide an updated overview of role of LOX‐1 in atherosclerosis and associated vascular diseases, with an aim to highlighting the potential of LOX‐1 as a novel theranostic tool for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
Evaluation of the quality of acute pain management in a pediatric surgical setting: Validation of a parent proxy modified version of the revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire
Authors: Chaw SookHui , Lo YokeLin , Shariffuddin Ina I. , Wong JiaWing , Lee JiaYin , Leong David WeiJie , Ng Kevin WeiShan , Chan Lucy
Published: November 2018

Background

Effective pain management involves a cycle of continual pain assessment, good pain control strategies, and assessment of a standard quality improvement measures. A validated questionnaire that focuses on the quality of postoperative pain management in pediatric surgical patients and parental satisfaction on pain treatment is lacking. We, therefore, modified the revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire to evaluate the quality of postoperative pain management in a pediatric surgical setting. The primary aim of this study was to validate the modified version of revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire.

Methods

Parents whose children aged below 12 years and were scheduled for elective surgery in a teaching hospital, were approached to participate in this survey. The reliability of the modified version of revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha test, while the construct validity was assessed with a principal component analysis using a varimax rotation. The parental satisfaction with pain treatment received was measured.

Results

A total of 108 parents completed the questionnaire. The internal consistency of the questionnaire shows a Cronbach's alpha of 0.798. Principal component analysis revealed a four‐factor structure of the 12 items which explained 69.7% of the total variance. The factors are “Interference of sleep and activity,” “Pain severity and drowsiness,” “Perception of care,” and “Adverse effects,” respectively. Our study showed that this questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure for “Interference of sleep and activity” and “Pain severity and drowsiness” factors, but not for “Perception of care” and “Adverse effects.” The results for “Perception of care” and “Adverse effects,” therefore, should be reported as individual items instead of total score. The parental satisfaction with pain treatment given was good (median 8.0; IQR 3.0).

Conclusion

The modified version of revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire is a feasible and easy instrument to administer. The questionnaire can be used to obtain feedback from parents about the outcomes and experiences of pain management and is helpful in continuous quality evaluation and improvement in the postoperative care in a pediatric setting.
A retrospective cohort study of melanoma prevalence stratified by body site in a Regional Australian Population 1994‐2017: Site‐specific protective mechanisms
Authors: Slape Dana , Tang Johnson , Lawless Ruth , McCrossin Ian , Frew John W.
Published: November 2018

Background

Australia has the highest incidence of cutaneous melanoma worldwide. Previous studies have identified some body areas (forearms and dorsal hands) have lower rates of melanoma than expected when compared with other similarly exposed areas, leading to the suggestion that endogenous immunological protective mechanisms in certain body sites may exist.

Aims and Methods

We hypothesise that examination of melanoma by body site in a regional Australian setting would demonstrate no significant variation in the incidence of melanoma across highly sun exposed areas including the head and neck and upper limbs. Results were stratified by body site and further examined by univariate correlation analysis by gender, age, body site, Breslow thickness and subtype. Polytomous logistic regression was used to test the difference in risk factors by location of melanoma.

Results

A total of 772 melanomas were included in the analysis. Melanomas of the upper limb were more likely to affect females (OR = 2.415 95%CI: 1.433‐4.072) and more likely to be thinner than other body sites. Compared to other international studies, statistically significant decreased rates of melanoma were seen on the upper limb compared to other areas of the body (X2 = 16.29, P < 0.001). Examination of sites of melanoma on the upper limb showed significantly decreased rate on the distal upper limb given relative body surface areas (X2 = 6.30 P = 0.04).

Discussion and Conclusions

Our study was limited by its retrospective nature, and the findings require validation in a larger prospective cohort. Further exploration of such mechanisms may lead to new insights into the immunological mechanisms surrounding cutaneous melanoma.
Cytogenetic relationships, polyploid origin and taxonomic issues in Paspalum species: inter‐ and intraspecific hybrids between a sexual synthetic autotetraploid and five wild apomictic tetraploid species
Authors: Novo P. E. , Galdeano F. , Espinoza F. , Quarin C. L.
Published: November 2018

Paspalum is a noteworthy grass genus due to the forage quality of most species, with approximately 330 species, and the high proportion of those that reproduce via apomixis. Harnessing apomictic reproduction and widening knowledge about the cytogenetic relationships among species are essential tools for plant breeding.

We conducted cytogenetic analyses of inter‐ and intraspecific hybridisations involving a sexual, colchicine‐induced autotetraploid plant of P. plicatulum Michx. and five indigenous apomictic tetraploid (2n = 40) species: P. compressifolium Swallen, P. lenticulare Kunth, two accessions of P. nicorae Parodi, P. rojasii Hack. and two accessions of P. plicatulum. Fertility of the hybrids was investigated and their reproductive system was analysed considering the relative embryo:endosperm DNA content from flow cytometry. Morphological, nomenclatural and taxonomic issues were also analysed.

Cytogenetic analysis suggested that all indigenous tetraploid accessions of five apomictic species are autotetraploid or segmental allotetraploid. If segmental allotetraploids, they probably originated through autoploidy followed by diploidisation processes. Autosyndetic male chromosome pairing observed in all hybrid families supported this assertion. Allosyndetic chromosome associations were also observed in all hybrid families. In the hybrids, the proportion of male parent chromosomes involved in allosyndesis per pollen mother cell varied from 5.5% to 35.0% and the maximum was between 25% and 60%. The apomictic condition of the indigenous male parents segregated in the hybrids.

These results confirm a strong association between autoploidy and apomixis in Paspalum, and the existence of cytogenetic relationships between different species of the Plicatula group. Allosyndetic chromosome pairing and seed fertility of the hybrids suggest the feasibility of gene transfer among species.
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells genetically engineered to produce vascular endothelial growth factor for revascularization in wound healing and ischemic conditions
Authors: Fierro Fernando A. , Magner Nataly , Beegle Julie , Dahlenburg Heather , Logan White Jeannine , Zhou Ping , Pepper Karen , Fury Brian , Coleal‐Bergum Dane Philip , Bauer Gerhard , Gruenloh William , Annett Geralyn , Pifer Christy , Nolta Jan A.
Published: November 2018

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) may be able to improve ischemic conditions as they can actively seek out areas of low oxygen and secrete proangiogenic factors. In more severe trauma and chronic cases, however, cells alone may not be enough. Therefore, we have combined the stem cell and angiogenic factor approaches to make a more potent therapy. We developed an engineered stem cell therapy product designed to treat critical limb ischemia that could also be used in trauma‐induced scarring and fibrosis where additional collateral blood flow is needed following damage to and blockage of the primary vessels. We used MSCs from normal human donor marrow and engineered them to produce high levels of the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The MSC/VEGF product has been successfully developed and characterized using good manufacturing practice (GMP)‐compliant methods, and we have completed experiments showing that MSC/VEGF significantly increased blood flow in the ischemic limb of immune deficient mice, compared to the saline controls in each study. We also performed safety studies demonstrating that the injected product does not cause harm and that the cells remain around the injection site for more than 1 month after hypoxic preconditioning. An on‐demand formulation system for delivery of the product to clinical sites that lack cell processing facilities is in development.
The iron status of South African blood donors: balancing donor safety and blood demand
Authors: van den Berg Karin , Swanevelder Ronel , Ingram Charlotte , Lawrie Denise , Glencross Deborah Kim , Hilton Caroline , Nieuwoudt Martin
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

Several studies in developed countries have demonstrated high levels of iron deficiency (ID) among blood donors. There is a paucity of data for developing countries where blood shortages remain a major concern.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 4412 donors were enrolled in the study. Specimens were collected for full blood count, iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin assessment. Donor demographics were recorded. ID was indicated by a ferritin level of less than 20 ng/mL for men and less than 12 ng/mL for women. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin levels less than 12.5 g/dL. Regression models for predictors of ID were developed.

RESULTS

A total of 17.5% of all donors had ID, with 16.3% prevalence in women and 18.6% in men. Low hemoglobin had the highest association with ID (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 11.078; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.915–15.505); male donors had twice the odds of ID compared to female donors (AOR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.964–3.185), while increasing age was associated with lower odds (AOD, 0.965; 95% CI, 0.956–0.975). Among male donors, an interdonation interval of less than 3 months (AOR, 2.679; 95% CI, 1.929–3.720) was associated with ID. Compared to other females combined, colored female donors (AOR, 2.335; 95% CI, 1.310–4.160) had higher odds and black female donors (AOR, 0.559; 95% CI, 0.369–0.845) lower odds of ID.

CONCLUSION

ID is common among South African donors; low hemoglobin, gender, ethnicity, and past donation history is independently associated with ID. Recommendations aimed at protecting donor health may increase blood shortages in South Africa.
Optimal control analysis of deterministic and stochastic epidemic model with media awareness programs
Authors: Gani Shrishail Ramappa , Halawar Shreedevi Veerabhadrappa
Published: November 2018

The present study considered the optimal control analysis of  both deterministic differential equation modeling and stochastic differential equation modeling of infectious disease by taking effects of media awareness programs  and treatment of infectives on the epidemic into account. Optimal media awareness strategy under the quadratic cost functional using Pontrygin's Maximum Principle  and Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Bellman equation are derived for both deterministic and stochastic optimal problem respectively. The Hamiltonian-Jacobi-Bellman equation is used to solve stochastic system, which is fully non-linear equation, however it ought to be pointed out that for stochastic optimality system it may be difficult to obtain the numerical results. For the analysis of the stochastic optimality system, the results of deterministic control problem are used to find an approximate numerical solution for the stochastic control problem.  Outputs of the simulations shows that media awareness programs place important role in the minimization of infectious population with minimum cost.
Un tercer espacio crítico-reflexivo: sobre la identidad académica activista
Authors: Hernández-Santibañez Ivette
Published: November 2018

Este artículo explora la construcción de una identidad académica activista como un tercer espacio crítico-reflexivo. Un tercer espacio resulta clave para reimaginar una identidad académica activista más allá de una relación asimétrica con lo subalterno. Políticas de afinidad y solidaridades situadas reorientan esta relación, que desdibuja la división entre el conocimiento teórico y el conocimiento empírico con y sobre los movimientos sociales. Este artículo reflexiona sobre la producción de una identidad académica activista como tercer espacio, a partir del estudio sobre el movimiento estudiantil chileno, y considera las potencialidades, límites y desafíos de esta identidad como práctica de transformación colectiva.
Multiphase Scouting Control of an Agricultural Field Robot With Reachability Analyses
Authors: Freese Douglas J. , Xu Yunjun
Published: November 2018

Accurate path scouting control of an autonomous agricultural robot is substantially influenced by terrain variability, field patterns, and uncertainties in sensed information. Based on conventional farming techniques, the targeted test crop of strawberries grows in semi-structured environments. Thus in this study, the proposed scouting control architecture comprises of three distinct portions and in each portion different sensors are used. Based on range finder (RF) information, the first region uses a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with logic steps to account for undesirable pop-up events. In the other two portions, vision-based robust controllers are developed, in which a new bound is derived for the focal length uncertainty in vision. Stabilities of the controllers are proven and the reachabilities are analyzed to guarantee that the final state of each portion is within a desired initial region of the next portion controller. The proposed multiphase scouting control is successfully validated for our custom-designed robot in a commercial strawberry farm.
Multi-Objective Design of Optimal Sliding Mode Control for Trajectory Tracking of SCARA Robot Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Boukadida Wafa , Benamor Anouar , Messaoud Hassani
Published: November 2018

This paper focuses on robust optimal sliding mode control (SMC) law for uncertain discrete robotic systems, which are known by their highly nonlinearities, unmodeled dynamics, and uncertainties. The main results of this paper are divided into three phases. In the first phase, in order to design an optimal control law, based on the linear quadratic regulator (LQR), the robotic system is described as a linear time-varying (LTV) model. In the second phase, as the performances of the SMC greatly depend on the choice of the sliding surface, a novel method based on the resolution of a Sylvester equation is proposed. The compensation of both disturbances and uncertainties is ensured by the integral sliding mode control. Finally, to solve the problem accompanying the LQR synthesis, genetic algorithm (GA) is used as an offline tool to search the two weighting matrices. The main contribution of this paper is to consider a multi-objective optimization problem, which aims to minimize not only the chattering phenomenon but also other control performances. A novel dynamically aggregated objective function is proposed in such a way that the designer is provided, once the optimization is achieved, by a set of nondominated solutions and then he selects the most preferable alternative. To show the performance of the new controller, a selective compliance assembly robot arm robot (SCARA) is considered. The results show that the manipulator tracing performance is considerably improved with the proposed control scheme.
Investigation of Oil Adsorption Performance of Polypropylene Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabric
Authors: Wu Wei , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ikegaya Morihiko , Sota Hiroyoshi
Published: November 2018

Nanofibers can be used in fields/applications such as medical care, environment protection, apparel, and agriculture. In addition, we believe that this field would continue to show substantial growth in the future. In this study, we focused on its application to oil adsorption. Oil adsorbing performances achieved polymeric nanofiber mass production by a melt-blowing method. We first tested the oil adsorption performance of fiber experimentally under different bulk densities and thicknesses. We also conducted the suction experiment with different bulk densities. Based on experimental result, we considered contact angle, capillarity, and surface tension to be the causes of oil adsorption. We also proposed a three-direction physical model for oil adsorption and used it to calculate the theoretical oil adsorption rate by different free volumes. As a result, we confirmed that the proposed three-direction model could accurately estimate the oil adsorption rate. Moreover, nanofiber has exceptional oil adsorption performance. Further, the fiber with average diameter of 1500 nm exceeds 60 times its self-weight. Therefore, we believe that the proposed nanofiber nonwoven fabric oil adsorption pad could adequately be used as oil adsorption material.
Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Structural Performance of Fused Deposition Modeling Samples With Variable Infill Values
Authors: Cerda-Avila Steffany N. , Medellín-Castillo Hugo I. , de Lange Dirk F.
Published: November 2018

The prediction of the structural performance of additive manufacturing (AM) parts has become one of the main challenges to boost the use of AM in industry. The structural properties of AM are very important in order to design and fabricate parts not only of any geometrical shape but also with variable or customized mechanical properties. While AM experimental studies are common in the literature, a limited number of investigations have focused on the analysis and prediction of the mechanical properties of AM parts using theoretical and numerical approaches, such as the finite element method (FEM); however, their results have been not accurate yet. Thus, more research work is needed in order to develop reliable prediction models able to estimate the mechanical performance of AM parts before fabrication. In this paper, the analysis and numerical simulation of the structural performance of fused deposition modeling (FDM) samples with variable infill values is presented. The aim is to predict the mechanical performance of FDM components using numerical models. Thus, several standard tensile test specimens were fabricated in an FDM system using different infill values, a constant layer thickness, one shell perimeter, and polylactic acid (PLA) material. These samples were measured and modeled in a computer-aided design (CAD) system before performing the experimental tensile tests. Numerical models and simulations based on the FEM method were then developed and carried out in order to predict the structural performance of the specimens. Finally, the experimental and numerical results were compared and conclusions drawn.
Design of a Test Platform for the Determination of Lithium-Ion Batteries State of Health
Authors: Capitaine Jules-Adrien , Wang Qing
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a novel design for a test platform to determine the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The SOH is a key parameter of a battery energy storage system and its estimation remains a challenging issue. The batteries that have been tested are 18,650 Li-ion cells as they are the most commonly used batteries on the market. The test platform design is detailed from the building of the charging and discharging circuitry to the software. Data acquired from the testing circuitry are stored and displayed in LabVIEW to obtain the charging and discharging curves. The resulting graphs are compared to the outcome predicted by the battery datasheets, to verify that the platform delivers coherent values. The SOH of the battery is then calculated using a Coulomb counting method in LabVIEW. The batteries will be discharged through various types of resistive circuits, and the differences in the resulting curves will be discussed. A single battery cell will also be tested over 30 cycles and the decrease in the SOH will be clearly identified.
Exploring Biases Between Human and Machine Generated Designs
Authors: Lopez Christian E. , Miller Scarlett R. , Tucker Conrad S.
Published: November 2018

The objective of this work is to explore the possible biases that individuals may have toward the perceived functionality of machine generated designs, compared to human created designs. Toward this end, 1187 participants were recruited via Amazon mechanical Turk (AMT) to analyze the perceived functional characteristics of both human created two-dimensional (2D) sketches and sketches generated by a deep learning generative model. In addition, a computer simulation was used to test the capability of the sketched ideas to perform their intended function and explore the validity of participants' responses. The results reveal that both participants and computer simulation evaluations were in agreement, indicating that sketches generated via the deep generative design model were more likely to perform their intended function, compared to human created sketches used to train the model. The results also reveal that participants were subject to biases while evaluating the sketches, and their age and domain knowledge were positively correlated with their perceived functionality of sketches. The results provide evidence that supports the capabilities of deep learning generative design tools to generate functional ideas and their potential to assist designers in creative tasks such as ideation.
Generating Technology Evolution Prediction Intervals Using a Bootstrap Method
Authors: Zhang Guanglu , Allaire Douglas , McAdams Daniel A. , Shankar Venkatesh
Published: November 2018

Technology evolution prediction is critical for designers, business managers, and entrepreneurs to make important decisions during product development planning such as R&D investment and outsourcing. In practice, designers want to supplement point forecasts with prediction intervals to assess future uncertainty and make contingency plans accordingly. However, prediction intervals generation for technology evolution has received scant attention in the literature. In this paper, we develop a generic method that uses bootstrapping to generate prediction intervals for technology evolution. The method we develop can be applied to any model that describes technology performance incremental change. We consider parameter uncertainty and data uncertainty and establish their empirical probability distributions. We determine an appropriate confidence level to generate prediction intervals through a holdout sample analysis rather than specify that the confidence level equals 0.05 as is typically done in the literature. In addition, our method provides the probability distribution of each parameter in a prediction model. The probability distribution is valuable when parameter values are associated with the impact factors of technology evolution. We validate our method to generate prediction intervals through two case studies of central processing units (CPU) and passenger airplanes. These case studies show that the prediction intervals generated by our method cover every actual data point in the holdout sample tests. We outline four steps to generate prediction intervals for technology evolution prediction in practice.
Flow Statistics and Visualization of Multirow Film Cooling Boundary Layers Emanating From Cylindrical and Diffuser Shaped Holes
Authors: Hodges Justin , Fernandes Craig P. , Fernandez Erik , Kapat Jayanta S.
Published: November 2018

The research presented in this paper strives to exploit the benefits of near-wall measurement capabilities using hotwire anemometry and flowfield measurement capabilities using particle image velocimetry (PIV) for analysis of the injection of a staggered array of film cooling jets into a turbulent cross-flow. It also serves to give insight into the turbulence generation, jet structure, and flow physics pertaining to film cooling for various flow conditions. Such information and analysis will be applied to both cylindrical and diffuser shaped holes, to further understand the impacts manifesting from hole geometry. Spatially resolved PIV measurements were taken at the array centerline of the holes and detailed temporally resolved hotwire velocity and turbulence measurements were taken at the trailing edge of each row of jets in the array centerline corresponding to the PIV measurement plane. Flowfields of jets emanating from eight staggered rows, of both cylindrical and diffuser shaped holes inclined at 20 deg to the main-flow, are studied over blowing ratios in the range of 0.3–1.5. To allow for deeper interpretation, companion local adiabatic film cooling effectiveness results will also be presented for the geometric test specimen from related in-house work. Results show “rising” shear layers for lower blowing ratios, inferring boundary layer growth for low blowing ratio cases. Detachment of film cooling jets is seen from a concavity shift in the u′rms line plots at the trailing edge of film cooling holes. Former rows of jets are observed to disrupt the approaching boundary layer and enhance the spreading and propagation of subsequent downstream jets. Behavior of the film boundary layer in the near-field region directly following the first row of injection, as compared to the near-field behavior after the final row of injection (recovery region), is also measured and discussed. The impact of the hole geometry on the resulting film boundary layer, as in this case of cylindrical verses diffuser shaped holes, is ascertained in the form of mean axial velocity, turbulence level (u′rms), and length scales profiles.
Effect of Prior Creep Strain on High Cycle Fatigue Life of TI 834
Authors: Wu Xijia , Seo Dongyi , Head Marc , Chan Stephen
Published: November 2018

Room-temperature fatigue tests were conducted on Ti 834 with prior creep strains accumulated under constant load at 550 °C and 600 °C, respectively. Microstructural and fractographic examinations on specimens with prior creep strain > 3% revealed the failure process consisting of multiple surface crack nucleation and internal void generation by creep, followed by fatigue crack propagation in coalescence with the internally distributed damage, leading to the final fracture. The amount of prior creep damage increased with creep strain. The fatigue life of Ti 834 was significantly reduced by prior creep straining. The behavior is rationalized with the integrated creep-fatigue theory.
Computational Analysis for Mixed Convective Flows of Viscous Fluids With Nanoparticles
Authors: Farooq Umer , Lu DianChen , Ahmed Salim , Ramzan Muhammad , Chung Jae Dong , Ali Chandio Farman
Published: November 2018

In this article, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection in an exponentially stretchable surface saturated with viscous fluid has been studied. BVPh 2.0 is employed which is mathematica-based algorithm created on the basis of optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). Adequate transformations are utilized for the conversion of governing system into nonlinear ordinary differential system. Convergence of BVPh 2.0 results is demonstrated through tabular values of squared residual errors. Graphical analysis is executed for broad range of governing parameters. It has been revealed an increase in buoyancy leads to the growth of boundary layer width. Further results predict the heat infiltration into the fluid increases as Brownian motion and Biot number enlarges. Mathematically this work exhibits the potential of BVPh 2.0 for nonlinear differential systems.
Influence of Guide Ring on Energy Loss in a Multistage Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Yun Ren , Zuchao Zhu , Denghao Wu , Xiaojun Li
Published: November 2018

Multistage centrifugal pumps are highly efficient and compact in structure. Pump efficiency can be improved by an effective understanding of hydraulic behavior and energy loss, however, the traditional hydraulic loss evaluation method does not readily reveal the specific locations of energy loss in the pump. In this study, a guide ring was imposed in multistage pumps, and an entropy production theory was applied to investigate irreversible energy loss of a multistage pump with and without guide ring. Detailed distributions of energy losses in the pumps were calculated to determine the respective entropy production rates (EPRs). The EPR values as calculated are in close accordance with actual hydraulic loss values in the pumps. EPR values were higher in the multistage pump with the guide ring than the pump without a guide ring under part-load flow conditions (0.2Qd). However, the vortex flow in the pump was weakened (or eliminated) by the guide ring as flow rate increased; this reduced energy loss in the chambers. Flow passing the chamber was stabilized by the guide ring, which decreased shock and vortex loss in the chamber and guide vane. Under both designed flow condition and overload conditions, the EPR values of the guide ring-equipped multistage pump were lower than those without the guide ring. Furthermore, minimum efficiency index (MEI) values were also calculated for the two chamber structures; it was found that overall efficiency of pump with guide ring is better than that without.