bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An SDN approach to route massive data flows of sensor networks
Authors: Flauzac Olivier , Javier Gonzalez Santamaria Carlos , Nolot Florent , Woungang Isaac
Published: January 2020

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), more and more devices can establish a connection with local area networks and use routing protocols to forward all information to the sink. But these devices may not have enough resources to execute a complex routing protocol or to memorize all information about the network. With proactive routing protocols, each node calculates the best path, and it needs enough resources to memorize the network topology. With reactive routing protocols, each node has to broadcast the message to learn the right path that the packets must follow. In all cases, in large networks such as IoT, this is not an appropriate mechanism. This paper presents a new software‐defined network (SDN)–based network architecture to optimize the resource consumption of each IoT object while securing the exchange of messages between the embedded devices. In this architecture, the controller is in charge of all decisions, and objects only exchange messages and forward packets among themselves. In the case of large networks, the network is organized into clusters. Our proposed network architectures are tested with 1000 things grouped in five clusters and managed by one SDN controller. The tests using OpenDayLight and IoT embedded applications have been implemented on several scenarios providing the ability and the scalability from dynamic reorganization of the end‐devices. This approach explores the network performance issues using a virtualized SDN‐clustered environment which contributes to a new model for future network architectures.
Effect of distance, area, and climate on the frequency of introduction and extinction events on islands and archipelagos
Authors: Li Xianping , Bellard Céline , Hu Feng , Li Huixin
Published: January 2020

Change in community similarity (e.g., biotic homogenization) is regulated by different types of introduction and extinction events. However, the spatial patterns and potential drivers of these event types have not yet been addressed to date. Here, we used bird species occurrences on 152 oceanic islands worldwide in both historical (~1500 CE) and current periods with the aim to (1) elucidate the variations of these events among islands and archipelagos and (2) disentangle the effects of biogeographical and environmental factors (e.g., spatial distance, island area, climatic conditions, and/or inter‐island distance). We found that community similarity increased at both island and archipelago scales after species introductions and extinctions. The introduction and extinction of one species to/from only one island (unique introduction and extinction) comprise most events (>94%). Island area has a positive effect on nearly all event types at both island and archipelago scales, while climate difference generally has a negative effect on these events. Conversely, responses to spatial distance and inter‐island distance on different events are more complex than expected. Overall, biogeographical variables (area and distance) seem to explain most of the events followed by climate variables. Yet extinction events at the archipelago level were also highly associated with inter‐island distance as an indicator of dispersal limitation. Our findings provide a solid foundation for understanding the event‐mediated processes of homogenization and present essential insights into how biogeographical and environmental factors affect different events on islands.
Impact of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: results from the REM‐HF trial
Authors: Zakeri Rosita , Morgan John M. , Phillips Patrick , Kitt Sue , Ng G. Andre , McComb Janet M. , Williams Simon , Wright David J. , Gill Jaswinder S. , Seed Alison , Witte Klaus K. , Cowie Martin R. ,   REM‐HF Investigators
Published: January 2020

Aims

Studies of remote monitoring (RM) in heart failure (HF) speculate that patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) derive the greatest benefit. We compared the impact of RM vs. usual care on clinical outcomes for patients with and without AF enrolled in the Remote Management of Heart Failure Using Implanted Electronic Devices (REM‐HF) trial.

Methods and results

Rhythm status was available for 1561 patients (94.6%). Three categories were defined based on total AF duration during the first year of follow‐up: (i) no AF (n = 1211, 77.6%), (ii) paroxysmal AF (≥6 min to ≤7 days; n = 92, 5.9%), and (iii) persistent/permanent AF (>7 days; n = 258, 16.5%). Clinical activity, mortality, and hospitalisation rates were compared between treatment strategies for each group. RM resulted in a greater volume of clinical activity in patients with any AF, vs. no AF, with the highest per‐patient intervention required for patients with persistent/permanent AF. During 2.8 ± 0.8 years of follow‐up, RM was not associated with a reduction in all‐cause or cardiovascular mortality for patients with AF. However, in patients with persistent/permanent AF, RM conferred an increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular [hazard ratio (HR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.85, P = 0.018] and HF‐related (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.14–3.69, P = 0.016) hospitalisations.

Conclusion

In patients with HF and a cardiac implanted electronic device, RM generated greater clinical activity for patients with AF, with no associated reduction in mortality, and conversely, greater risk of cardiovascular hospitalisation amongst patients with persistent/permanent AF. RM strategies may vary in their capability to guide HF management; modified approaches may be needed to improve outcomes for HF patients with AF.
Profiling nucleotides in low numbers of mammalian cells by sheathless CE–MS in positive ion mode: Circumventing corona discharge
Authors: Zhang Wei , Guled Faisa , Hankemeier Thomas , Ramautar Rawi
Published: January 2020

Negative ion mode nano‐ESI–MS is often considered for the analysis of acidic compounds, including nucleotides. However, under high aqueous separation conditions, corona discharge is frequently observed at emitter tips, which may result in low ion abundances and reduced nano‐ESI needle emitter lifetimes. In this work, we introduce a sheathless CE‐MS method for the highly efficient and sensitive analysis of nucleotides employing ESI in positive ion mode, thereby fully circumventing corona discharge. By using a background electrolyte of 16 mM ammonium acetate (pH 9.7) a mixture of 12 nucleotides, composed of mono‐, di‐, and tri‐phosphates, could be efficiently analyzed with plate numbers per meter above 220 000 and with LODs in the range from 0.06 to 1.3 nM, corresponding to 0.4 to 8.6 attomole, when using an injection volume of about 6.5 nL only. The utility of the method was demonstrated for the profiling of nucleotides in low numbers of mammalian cells using HepG2 cells as a model system. Endogenous nucleotides could be efficiently analyzed in extracts from 50 000 down to 500 HepG2 cells only. Moreover, apart from nucleotides, also some nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotides and amino acids could be analyzed under these conditions, thereby clearly illustrating the utility of this approach for metabolic profiling of low amounts of biological material.
Short-Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Marine Waters
Authors: Batley Graeme E. , Simpson Stuart L.
Published: January 2020

Chlorination is commonly used to control biofouling organisms, but chlorine rapidly hydrolyzes in seawater to hypochlorite, which undergoes further reaction with bromide, and then with organic matter. These reaction products, collectively termed chlorine-produced oxidants (CPOs), can be toxic to marine biota. Because the lifetime of the most toxic forms is limited to several days, appropriate guideline values need to be based on short-term (acute) toxicity tests, rather than chronic tests. Flow-through toxicity tests that provide continuous CPO exposure are the most appropriate, whereas static-renewal tests generate variable exposure and effects depending on the renewal rate. There are literature data for acute CPO toxicity from flow-through tests, together with values from 2 sensitive 15-min static tests on 30 species from 9 taxonomic groups. These values were used in a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to derive guideline values that were protective of 99, 95, and 90% of species at 2.2, 7.2, and 13 µg CPO/L respectively. These are the first marine guideline values for chlorine to be derived using SSDs, with all other international guideline values based on the use of assessment factors applied to data for the most sensitive species. In applying these conservative guideline values in field situations, it would need to be demonstrated that concentrations of CPOs would be reduced to below the guideline value within an acceptable mixing zone through both dilution and dissociation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:754–764. © 2020 SETAC
Applying Machine Learning in Liver Disease and Transplantation: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Spann Ashley , Yasodhara Angeline , Kang Justin , Watt Kymberly , Wang Bo , Goldenberg Anna , Bhat Mamatha
Published: January 2020

Machine learning (ML) utilizes artificial intelligence to generate predictive models efficiently and more effectively than conventional methods through detection of hidden patterns within large data sets. With this in mind, there are several areas within hepatology where these methods can be applied. In this review, we examine the literature pertaining to machine learning in hepatology and liver transplant medicine. We provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of ML tools and their potential applications to both clinical and molecular data in hepatology. ML has been applied to various types of data in liver disease research, including clinical, demographic, molecular, radiological, and pathological data. We anticipate that use of ML tools to generate predictive algorithms will change the face of clinical practice in hepatology and transplantation. This review will provide readers with the opportunity to learn about the ML tools available and potential applications to questions of interest in hepatology.
Binary chemical reaction with activation energy in radiative rotating disk flow of Bingham plastic fluid
Authors: Khan Najeeb A. , Sultan Faqiha , Alshomrani Ali S.
Published: January 2020

This article presents flow, heat and mass transfer phenomena in Bingham plastic fluid. The flow channel is considered to be a rotating disk with a slip which is different in span and streamwise directions, and heat transfer is investigated using dissipation term of the fluid. Arrhenius activation energy and binary chemical reaction are the imperative features of the study of mass transfer. Bingham plastic fluid and anisotropic slip are the key factors of the study due to their numerous applications in manufacturing industries. On the other hand, the radiative heat transfer phenomenon is considered which is widely used in nuclear and power generating systems. The partial differential equations that govern the flow, and heat and mass transfer are converted into ordinary differential equations by utilizing von Kármán's similarity transformation for rotating disk flows. The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles and some important physical quantities are examined against important flow parameters. It is observed that the thermal radiation showed an increasing effect on temperature profile and the activation energy enhanced the mass transfer rate. The radial slip increased the volumetric flow rate and reduced the boundary layer thickness. The tangential slip reduced the volumetric flow rate and increased the boundary layer thickness.
Blockade of high mobility group box 1 involved in the protective of curcumin on myocardial injury in diabetes in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Yan Xueyun , Xu Peier , Zhou Le , Lu Jinyue , Tang Haihua , Zheng Yuting , Cao Huaming
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of curcumin (Cu) on myocardial injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro. Serum and myocardial glucose, inflammatory cytokines, and cardiac function indexes of type 2 diabetes db/db mice were measured. The mechanism of action was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blot experiments. H9C2 cells stimulated by glucose (Glu) were used as cell models in vitro. Cu treatment improved glucose tolerance and lipid profile and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, Cu decreased the serum biochemical indexes. Cu inhibits high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) signaling pathway in db/db mice. Cu treatment also significantly inhibited pa‐induced inflammatory signaling pathway in H9C2 cells. HMGB1 inhibitor or HMGB1 knockdown counteracted the effects of Cu on diabetic cardiomyopathy. The present study showed the protective effects of Cu on myocardial injury via HMGB1 pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro.
Autofluorescence imaging for recurrence detection in skin cancer postoperative scars
Authors: Tamošiūnas Mindaugas , Plorina Emilija V. , Lange Marta , Derjabo Aleksandrs , Kuzmina Ilona , Bļizņuks Dmitrijs , Spigulis Janis
Published: January 2020

This clinical study is a first attempt to use autofluorescence for recurrence diagnosis of skin cancer in postoperative scars. The proposed diagnostic parameter is based on a reduction in scar autofluorescence, evaluated in the green spectral channel. The validity of the method has been tested on 110 postoperative scars from 56 patients suspected of non‐melanoma skin cancer, with eight patients (13 scars) available for the repeated examination. The recurrence diagnosis within a scar has been made after two subsequent autofluorescence check‐ups, representing the temporal difference between the scar autofluorescence amplitudes as a vector. The recognition of recurrence has been discussed to represent the significant deviations from the value of vector angle θ. This new autofluorescence‐based method can be easily integrated into the postoperative monitoring of surgical scars and can help diagnose the recurrence of skin cancer from the early stage of scar development.
Apoptotic Osteocytes Induce RANKL Production in Bystanders via Purinergic Signaling and Activation of Pannexin Channels
Authors: McCutcheon Sean , Majeska Robert J , Spray David C , Schaffler Mitchell B , Vazquez Maribel
Published: January 2020

Localized apoptosis of osteocytes, the tissue-resident cells within bone, occurs with fatigue microdamage and activates bone resorption. Osteoclasts appear to target and remove dying osteocytes, resorbing damaged bone matrix as well. Osteocyte apoptosis similarly activates bone resorption with estrogen loss and in disuse. Apoptotic osteocytes trigger viable neighbor (ie, bystander) osteocytes to produce RANKL, the cytokine required for osteoclast activation. Signals from apoptotic osteocytes that trigger this bystander RANKL expression remain obscure. Studying signaling among osteocytes has been hampered by lack of in vitro systems that model the limited communication among osteocytes in vivo (ie, via gap junctions on cell processes and/or paracrine signals through thin pericellular fluid spaces around osteocytes). Here, we used a novel multiscale fluidic device (the Macro-micro-nano, or Mμn) that reproduces these key anatomical features. Osteocytes in discrete compartments of the device communicate only via these limited pathways, which allows assessment of their roles in triggering osteocytes RANKL expression. Apoptosis of MLOY-4 osteocytes in the Mμn device caused increased osteocyte RANKL expression in the neighboring compartment, consistent with in vivo findings. This RANKL upregulation in bystander osteocytes was prevented by blocking Pannexin 1 channels as well as its ATP receptor. ATP alone caused comparable RANKL upregulation in bystander osteocytes. Finally, blocking Connexin 43 gap junctions did not abolish osteocyte RANKL upregulation, but did alter the distribution of RANKL expressing bystander osteocytes. These findings point to extracellular ATP, released from apoptotic osteocytes via Panx1 channels, as a major signal for triggering bystander osteocyte RANKL expression and activating bone remodeling. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
High‐yield synthesis of pure ZnO nanoparticles by one‐step solid‐state reaction approach for enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Shad Naveed Akhtar , Sajid Muhammad Munir , Javed Yasir , Amin Nasir , Ikram Muhammad , Akhtar Kanwal , Ahmad Gulzar , Ali Faisal , Razaq Aamir
Published: January 2020

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures were synthesized via a one‐step solid‐state reaction approach in ammonia (NH3) gas environment with different temperature ramp rates. The so‐formed nanostructures were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, where the typical wurtzite hexagonal structure was observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the particle size to be in the range 45–50 nm, the same as calculated by the XRD pattern for the ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the chemical purity of the samples. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum indicated multiple near‐band‐edge emissions and energy‐band emissions. Then, these ZnO nanomaterials were used for the degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye under UV light irradiation. The CV solution was completely degraded in 2 hr. The initial photocatalyst and dye amounts of 0.2 g/100 ml and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, were found to be the optimum values for maximum degradation efficiency. The ZnO‐based photocatalyst was stable up to three cycles of reuse. These results indicate that the high surface area and porosity of the nanomaterials are responsible for the high efficiency, which was confirmed by specific surface area analysis.
Assessment of serum sialic acid correlated with C3 in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: Mi Yu‐Mei , Qi Qi , Zhang Li , Wang Xiao‐Fang , Chen Zhi‐Min , Hua Chun‐Zhen
Published: January 2020

Background

Different from the diagnosis of bacterial infections, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is still lacking of convenient non‐specific laboratory parameters.

Method

A total of 125 children with MPP were included in the MPP group and 89 children with Mycoplasma‐negative pneumonia were included in the control group, and the sera were collected from the children at both the acute and recovery stages in the two groups.

Results

The sialic acid and C3 in the MPP group were significantly higher than those in the control group both at the acute and at the recovery stage. On the other hand, the sialic acid and C3 at the acute stage were significantly higher than those at the recovery stage in the MPP group. However, in the control group, the sialic acid and C3 demonstrated IgG exhibited no significant change between the acute stage and the recovery stage. Lastly, positive correlations between sialic acid level and C3 level were identified in the MPP group at both acute and recovery stages.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that the serum sialic acid correlated with C3 specifically increased in children with MPP, indicating that it might be the important non‐specific parameters in the diagnosis of MPP.
Lnc‐MEG3 acts as a potential biomarker for predicting increased disease risk, systemic inflammation, disease severity, and poor prognosis of sepsis via interacting with miR‐21
Authors: Na Lei , Ding Huajie , Xing Enhong , Gao Jun , Liu Bin , Wang Huarong , Yu Jian , Yu Changyu
Published: January 2020

Background

This study aimed to investigate the correlations of long non‐coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (lnc‐MEG3), microRNA (miR)‐21, and lnc‐MEG3/miR‐21 axis with disease risk, inflammation, disease severity, and 28‐day mortality of sepsis.

Methods

Totally, 219 sepsis patients and 219 health controls (HCs) were enrolled. Plasma samples were obtained from sepsis patients within 24 hours after admission and from HCs on enrollment to detect lnc‐MEG3 and miR‐21 expressions by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The lnc‐MEG3 expression and lnc‐MEG3/miR‐21 axis were increased, while miR‐21 expression was decreased in sepsis patients compared with HCs. Lnc‐MEG3 (area under the curve (AUC): 0.887, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.856‐0.917) and lnc‐MEG3/miR‐21 axis (AUC: 0.934, 95% CI: 0.909‐0.958) had good values for predicting elevated sepsis risk, while miR‐21 (AUC: 0.801, 95% CI: 0.758‐0.844) presented a good predictive value for reduced sepsis risk. Furthermore, lnc‐MEG3 expression and lnc‐MEG3/miR‐21 axis positively correlated with, whereas miR‐21 expression negatively correlated with acute pathologic and chronic health evaluation II, sequential organ failure assessment score, serum creatinine, C‐reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐17 in sepsis patients. Additionally, lnc‐MEG3 (AUC: 0.704, 95% CI: 0.626‐0.783) and lnc‐MEG3/miR‐21 axis (AUC: 0.669, 95% CI: 0.589‐0.750) exhibited acceptable values in predicting higher 28‐day mortality risk, while miR‐21 (AUC: 0.588, 95% CI: 0.505‐0.672) presented a poor predictive value for lower 28‐day mortality risk in sepsis patients.

Conclusion

Lnc‐MEG3 might serve as a potential biomarker for the development, progression, and prognosis prediction of sepsis via interacting with miR‐21.
MicroRNA‐146b overexpression associates with deteriorated clinical characteristics, increased International Staging System stage, cacoethic chromosome abnormality, and unfavorable prognosis in multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Bao Ying , Wei Mingqin , Ji Xiaohong
Published: January 2020

Background

MicroRNA‐146b (miR‐146b) is a critical regulator and prognosis biomarker in several hematological malignancies, whereas its role in multiple myeloma (MM) was unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the significance of miR‐146b in MM patients.

Methods

The plasma cells were separated from bone marrow samples of 180 symptomatic MM patients (before treatment) and 50 healthy controls (HCs), and subsequently detected by reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction for miR‐146b expression.

Results

MiR‐146b was increased in MM patients compared with HCs (P < .001), and it predicted increased MM risk (area under curve (AUC): 0.879, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.822‐0.936). For clinical parameters, miR‐146b was positively correlated with serum creatinine (P = .047), beta‐2‐microglobulin (P < .001), lactate dehydrogenase (P < .001), bone lesion (P = .027), International Staging System (ISS) stage (P < .001), and t (4; 14; P = .006), while negatively correlated with albumin (P = .004) in MM patients. For prognosis, miR‐146b was decreased in complete response (CR) patients compared with non‐CR patients (P = .025), as well as in overall response rate (ORR) patients compared with non‐ORR patients (P = .036), and it discriminated CR patients from non‐CR patients (AUC: 0.610, 95% CI: 0.523‐0.698) and distinguished ORR patients from non‐ORR patients (AUC: 0.602, 95% CI: 0.501‐0.703) in MM patients. Moreover, miR‐146b was correlated with worse progression‐free survival (P = .007) and overall survival (P = .014) in MM patients.

Conclusion

MiR‐146b was overexpressed in MM patients and predicted increased MM risk; meanwhile, it correlated with deteriorated clinical properties, increased ISS stage, cacoethic chromosome abnormality, and worse prognosis in MM patients.
Expression patterns of CD28 and CTLA‐4 in early, chronic, and untreated rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: García‐Chagollán Mariel , Ledezma‐Lozano Iris Yolanda , Hernández‐Bello Jorge , Sánchez‐Hernández Pedro Ernesto , Gutiérrez‐Ureña Sergio Ramón , Muñoz‐Valle José Francisco
Published: January 2020

Background

T‐cell activation pathways have been proposed as trigger mechanisms in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CD28 and CTLA‐4 play major roles in regulating the stimulatory and inhibitory co‐signals in T cells.

Objective

To analyze the association between soluble and surface expression of CD28 and CTLA‐4 with the clinical parameters of RA patients.

Methods

A total of 35 RA patients classified as early RA (n = 14), chronic RA (n = 14), and untreated RA (n = 7), as well as 7 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects (CS) were included. Surface expression of CD28 and CTLA‐4 on T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Soluble levels of CD28 (sCD28), CTLA‐4 (sCTLA‐4), and anti‐CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA.

Results

A significant lower percentage of CD8 + T cells positive to CD28 (CS = 64.9% vs RA = 42.7%, P = .04), and diminished surface expression of CD28 (CS: MFI = 122.9 vs RA: MFI = 33.1, P = .006), were found in chronic RA patients compared to CS. Higher sCD28 were observed in early RA patients compared with chronic RA patients (P < .05). sCTLA‐4 was found increased in untreated RA patients compared to early RA patients (P < .05). sCD28 concentration correlated with anti‐CCP levels (rho = −0.12; P = .032). The soluble and surface expressions of CTLA‐4 were not associated with RA clinical parameters.

Conclusions

In RA, the percentage of CD8 + CD28+ T cells decreases and expresses fewer membrane CD28 than CS. sCD28 levels are lower in chronic RA and are associated negatively with anti‐CCP levels. sCTLA 4 levels are lower in early RA patients than in untreated RA patients.
Training for a new environment: Using military operational concepts in counseling veterans
Authors: Morse Christopher
Published: January 2020

Since September 11, 2001, the United States has engaged in an extended period of military conflict, resulting in 4.1 million men and women serving in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn. Whereas not all servicemembers experience mental health issues, many have experienced difficulties with readjusting to the civilian world, often requiring mental health services both inside and outside of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Issues related to stigma and military culture contribute to barriers not only for veterans seeking treatment but for clinicians providing services who may lack experience with military culture. This article provides a framework to use military concepts in clinical sessions to further therapeutic engagement with the military/veteran client.
Electronic and other new media technology interventions for HIV care and prevention: a systematic review
Authors: Maloney Kevin M , Bratcher Anna , Wilkerson Ryan , Sullivan Patrick S
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Electronic and other new media technologies (eHealth) can facilitate large‐scale dissemination of information and effective delivery of interventions for HIV care and prevention. There is a need to both monitor a rapidly changing pipeline of technology‐based care and prevention methods and to assess whether the interventions are appropriately diversified. We systematically review and critically appraise the research pipeline of eHealth interventions for HIV care and prevention, including published studies and other funded projects.

Methods

Two peer‐reviewed literature databases were searched for studies describing the development, trial testing or implementation of new technology interventions, published from September 2014 to September 2018. The National Institutes of Health database of grants was searched for interventions still in development. Interventions were included if eHealth was utilized and an outcome directly related to HIV treatment or prevention was targeted. We summarized each intervention including the stage of development, eHealth mode of delivery, target population and stage of the HIV care and prevention continua targeted.

Results and discussion

Of 2178 articles in the published literature, 113 were included with 84 unique interventions described. The interventions utilize a variety of eHealth technologies and target various points on the prevention and care continua, with greater emphasis on education, behaviour change and testing than linkage to medical care. There were a variety of interventions for HIV care support but none for PrEP care. Most interventions were developed for populations in high income countries. An additional 62 interventions with funding were found in the development pipeline, with greater emphasis on managing HIV and PrEP care.

Conclusions

Our systematic review found a robust collection of eHealth interventions in the published literature as well as unpublished interventions still in development. In the published literature, there is an imbalance of interventions favouring education and behaviour change over linkage to care, retention in care, and adherence, especially for PrEP. The next generation of interventions already in the pipeline might address these neglected areas of care and prevention, but the development process is slow. Researchers need new methods for more efficient and expedited intervention development so that current and future needs are addressed.
A third dimension in the mirror? How senior managers design products and organizations
Authors: Bach Norbert , Galvin Peter
Published: January 2020

Individual CEO characteristics may affect architectural choices through the application of managerial discretion. Systems such as organizations and their products are not purely driven toward modularity because of external forces. Individual CEO characteristics may constitute an additional dimension to established mirroring considerations that impacts both the choice of architecture and the correspondence between product and organization architectures.
HPLC semi‐preparative separation of diclazuril enantiomers and racemization in solution
Authors: Huang Zhan , Guo Dong , Fan Jun , Zhong Yujing , Zhang Meiyu , He Limin , Zhang Weiguang
Published: January 2020

Diclazuril has been widely used in poultry feed for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis, and its chiral separation is rarely reported. Herein, semi‐preparative separation method of diclazuril enantiomers has been developed through normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Effects of chiral stationary phases, alcoholic modifiers, and column temperature on separation of diclazuril were discussed in detail. Both the single‐urea‐bound 4‐chlorophenylcarbamoylated β‐cyclodextrin and amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐coated chiral stationary phases showed strong ability in separation of diclazuril by using n‐hexane–trifluoroacetic acid–ethanol. Then, semi‐preparative separation of diclazuril was carried out through stacked injection, and the "enantiomeric excess" purities of two fractions were over 98%. Next, the electronic circular dichroism profiles of these two fractions in ethanol solution displayed the mirror image of each other in the range 360–200 nm. Moreover, effects of acidic/basic additive, time, and temperature on racemization of diclazuril enantiomers in ethanol solution have been studied in detail through normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Racemization of diclazuril enantiomers was remarkably accelerated through adding triethylamine at high temperature. We envision that this systematic investigation of diclazuril at an enantiomeric level would provide valuable information in future studies involving enantioselective bioactive, metabolic, and toxicological activities.
Clinical application of the ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration for thyroglobulin measurement to diagnose lymph node metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma‐literature review
Authors: Jiang He‐Jiun , Hsiao Pi‐Jung
Published: January 2020

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) generally has a good prognosis, but disease recurs in 25% to 30% of PTC patients and significantly reduces the survival rate. Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is reported in 20% to 50% of PTC patients, mainly in the neck, and 20% originates from recurrence. LNM of papillary thyroid carcinoma are a plausible prognostic factor to determine disease recurrence. Currently, fine needle lymph node aspiration for cytology (LN‐FN‐cytology) is the best modality to diagnose LNM but is limited by diagnostic sensitivity and sample error. Fine needle lymph node aspiration for thyroglobulin measurement (LN‐FNA‐Tg) could offer a reliable and quantitative diagnostic method for LNM. The combination of LN‐FNA‐cytology and LN‐FNA‐Tg could achieve almost 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for LNM. Both treatment guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and European Thyroid Association recommend LN‐FNA‐Tg to diagnose LNM after total thyroidectomy. Diagnostic accuracy of the LN‐FNA‐Tg depends on optimal equipment, scanning protocol, skill, and experience of operators. Normal saline is mainly used for aspiration needle wash‐out and buffer solution. And radioimmunoassay or immunoradiometric assay are widely used for the LN‐FNA‐Tg measurement. So far, there is no consensus about the diagnostic threshold of LN‐FNA‐Tg for positive LNM, but high LN‐FNA‐Tg, especially higher than 10 ng/mL, strongly favors LNM.
On the jerk in motion along a space curve
Authors: Güner Mehmet
Published: January 2020

The jerk vector of a moving particle is the third time derivative of the position vector and thus the time derivative of the acceleration vector. A useful resolution of the acceleration vector of a particle traveling along a space curve is well known in the literature due to Siacci's study in 1879. A similar resolution of the jerk vector was given as a new contribution to field by Özen and Tosun in 2019. In the present article, we take into account a particle moving on a space curve which is equipped with the Bishop frame and study the aforesaid resolution of the jerk vector for this particle. Furthermore, we have given an illustrative example to explain how the our result works.
Global weak solutions and eventual smoothness in a 3D two‐competing‐species chemotaxis‐Navier‐Stokes system with two consumed signals
Authors: Zheng Pan , Willie Robert
Published: January 2020

This paper deals with a two‐competition‐species chemotaxis‐Navier‐Stokes system with two different consumed signals

in a smooth bounded domain
under zero Neumann boundary conditions for
, and homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition for
, where the parameters
(
) and
(
) are positive. This system describes the evolution of two‐competing species which react on two different chemical signals in a liquid surrounding environment. Recently, the boundedness and stabilization of classical solutions to the above system under two‐dimensional case have been derived in the previous works. However, to the best of our knowledge, the well‐posedness problem of solutions for the above system is still open in the three dimensional setting, because of the difficulties in the Navier‐Stokes system. The aim of this paper is to construct global weak solutions and show that after some waiting time, these weak solutions become eventually smooth.
Multidimensional correlation spectroscopic imaging of exponential decays: From theoretical principles to in vivo human applications
Authors: Kim Daeun , Wisnowski Jessica L. , Nguyen Christopher T. , Haldar Justin P.
Published: January 2020

Multiexponential modeling of relaxation or diffusion MR signal decays is a popular approach for estimating and spatially mapping different microstructural tissue compartments. While this approach can be quite powerful, it is also limited by the fact that one‐dimensional multiexponential modeling is an ill‐posed inverse problem with substantial ambiguities. In this article, we present an overview of a recent multidimensional correlation spectroscopic imaging approach to this problem. This approach helps to alleviate ill‐posedness by making advantageous use of multidimensional contrast encoding (e.g., 2D diffusion–relaxation encoding or 2D relaxation–relaxation encoding) combined with a regularized spatial–spectral estimation procedure. Theoretical calculations, simulations, and experimental results are used to illustrate the benefits of this approach relative to classical methods. In addition, we demonstrate an initial proof‐of‐principle application of this kind of approach to in vivo human MRI experiments.
Patients' and radiographers' experiences of dose reducing abdominal compression in radiographic examinations—A qualitative study
Authors: Piippo‐Huotari Oili , Funk Eva , Geijer Håkan , Anderzén‐Carlsson Agneta
Published: January 2020

Aim

To describe patients' and radiographers' experiences of abdominal compression using conventional and patient‐controlled compression methods.

Design

Qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

Forty‐five patients who had used both a conventional and a patient‐controlled compression device answered questionnaires. Five radiographers were interviewed. The data‐collection took place between September 2015 and February 2017. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis.

Results

Patient‐controlled compression was preferred by slightly more patients because of fear of pain due to excessively hard pressure, maintaining control over the pressure and shorter duration. It was more comfortable, and patients felt they could participate in the examinations. Conventional compression was preferred by some because of more stable pressure and uncertainty of own capacity to provide the optimal compression. Discomfort was more often mentioned concerning the conventional compression method. The radiographers experienced the patient‐controlled method as less time‐consuming and more comfortable, but uncertainty about correct compression technique and its effect on radiation dose and image quality was reported.
Characterisation of hederacoside C metabolites using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry based on automatic fragment ion search
Authors: Jiang Honghong , Yang Jianxi , Zhang Wendan , Wang Qiao , Du Yingfeng , Sun Qian , Li Cheng , Xu Huijun
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Hederacoside C (HDC) is a bioactive natural triterpenoid saponins constituent originating from traditional Chinese medicines, playing an important role in the treatment of acute respiratory infections and chronic inflammatory bronchitis. Meanwhile, it is recognised by Korea as a botanical drug.

Objectives

In order to develop an integrated template approach to analysing screening and identification of the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines. This study will provide available information for further pharmaceutical studies of HDC and other triterpene saponins.

Methodology

An analysis strategy based on ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS) technique combined with automatic fragment ion search (FISh) was firstly exploited for the characterisation metabolites of HDC in vivo and in vitro. Accurate full mass scan combined with an on‐line FISh annotations approach was developed to rapidly identify all the potential metabolites of HDC. Furthermore, FISh accurately located the structure of the target compound in a large number of mass spectral data.

Results

A total of 34 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified by analysing comprehensive biological samples. The results clearly demonstrated that HDC underwent general metabolic reactions including dealkylation, reduction, oxidation, desaturation, dehydration, cysteine conjugation, GSH conjugation, taurine conjugation, and glycine conjugation to produce 26 phase I and eight phase II metabolites.

Conclusion

In the present study, UHPLC‐Q‐Exactive Orbitrap MS technique combined with FISh provided a rapid and efficient platform to characterise metabolites of HDC in vivo and in vitro. The proposed method could develop an integrated template approach to screen and identify the constituents and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines.
Evolution of polypharmacy in a spanish population (2005‐2015): A database study
Authors: Hernández‐Rodríguez Miguel Ángel , Sempere‐Verdú Ermengol , Vicens‐Caldentey Caterina , González‐Rubio Francisca , Miguel‐García Félix , Palop‐Larrea Vicente , Orueta‐Sánchez Ramón , Esteban‐Jiménez Óscar , Sempere‐Manuel Mara , Arroyo‐Aniés María Pilar , Fernández‐San José Buenaventura
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To analyze the evolution of the prevalence of polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy in a Spanish population, and to improve the identification of patients with polypharmacy.

Methods

A descriptive, annual cross‐sectional observational study was carried out. Patients: individuals over 14 years of age included in a multiregional primary care database of the Spanish population (BIFAP). Analysis: prescription data. Period 2005‐2015. Variables: proportion of patients with polypharmacy (simultaneous prescription of ≥5 drugs) and excessive polypharmacy (≥10 drugs) for at least 6 months, according to sex and age groups. A trend analysis of the studied period was performed (overall, and by sex and age groups).

Results

The data are reported on a comparative basis (2005 vs 2015). Number of patients analyzed: 2664743 vs 4 002 877. The prevalence of polypharmacy increased significantly (2.5% vs 8.9%, P‐value for trend <0.001), being greater in females throughout the study period and in the group aged ≥80 years (P‐value for trends <0.001). The prevalence of excessive polypharmacy also increased significantly (0.1% vs 1%, P‐value for trend <0.001), being higher in the group aged ≥80 years (P‐value for trend <0.001). The proportion of patients with no chronic treatment decreased (80.2% vs 63.1%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of polypharmacy in this Spanish population has tripled in the period 2005‐2015, while excessive polypharmacy has increased 10‐fold. These increments are seen in both sexes and in all age groups, particularly in individuals over 80 years of age. The proportion of patients without chronic treatments has decreased.
Bis‐β‐(diketonates) Zn(II) complexes substituted with thiophene: Electropolymerization, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for ring opening polymerization of lactide
Authors: González Darío M. , Cruz Nicole B. , Hernández Loreto A. , Oyarce Jocelyn , Benavente Rosario , Manzur Carolina
Published: January 2020

Two Bis‐β‐diketonate zinc (II) complexes were synthesized using 1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)butane‐1,3‐dione and 1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐3‐(thiophen‐3‐yl)propane‐1,3‐dione as ligands. By electropolymerization of their thiophenyl groups, the metallopolymers deposited on FTO electrodes were obtained. The main objective was to study the reactivity of these compounds as ROP catalysts for PLA synthesis, using directly the zinc complexes (homogeneous catalysis) and also the modified electrodes with metallopolymers (heterogeneous catalysis). The homogeneous catalysis studies allowed the optimization of the polymerization conditions, such as reaction time, catalyst concentration, and the use of benzyl alcohol as cocatalyst, as well as their influence on the conversion rate, average molecular weight and polydispersity of PLA, using rac‐LA and L‐LA as monomers. Also, the effect on tacticity and thermal properties were discussed. Finally, the ROP studies using immersed modified electrodes in the polymerization medium were carried out under optimized experimental conditions. These tests were positive for one of the studied compounds, reaching conversions of up to 67%. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 557–567
Semicrystalline poly(vinyl ether)s with high and phototunable glass transition temperature: application for thermally stable and reworkable adhesives
Authors: Ito Shotaro , Akiyama Haruhisa , Mori Miyuki , Yoshida Masaru , Kihara Hideyuki
Published: January 2020

The photoinduced solid–liquid phase transition of azobenzene‐based polymers is an attractive method to synthesize stimuli‐responsive functional materials. As the structure–property relationships of such materials are not fully understood, a new class of polymer backbone, that is, poly(vinyl ether) (PVE), was studied for the development of azobenzene‐based polymers with high thermal stability. For this purpose, a series of azobenzene‐based PVEs with different monomer structures were synthesized using a Lewis acid catalyst‐based cationic polymerization method. Typical PVEs are viscous polymers with low glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's). The flexibility of the polymer backbone improves with the use of alkylene spacers, changing the order of alignment of the mesogenic azobenzene moieties attached to the backbone, leading to high Tg's of the azobenzene‐based PVEs. One of the synthesized PVEs shows a high glass‐transition temperature of 94 °C, which is 14 °C higher compared to that of the corresponding polymethacrylate. Furthermore, the PVE exhibits photoinduced solid–liquid phase transition from the semicrystalline state. This phase transition material, with its high thermal stability, has the potential for broader applications, such as for the phototuning of adhesion. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 568–577
Plasma‐activated water to improve the stress tolerance of barley
Authors: Gierczik Krisztián , Vukušić Tomislava , Kovács László , Székely András , Szalai Gabriella , Milošević Slobodan , Kocsy Gábor , Kutasi Kinga , Galiba Gábor
Published: January 2020

It is shown that plasma‐activated water (PAW) improves tolerance against combined low temperature and hypoxia stresses during germination. Due to PAW's effect on the antioxidant system, PAW pretreatment mitigates the reducing effect on plant growth of the hydroponically applied NaCl. PAW pretreatment reduces the salt‐stress‐induced decrease of the cysteine and γ‐glutamylcysteine content and improves the plant's recovery after NaCl stress. PAW pretreatment also modifies the NaCl‐induced changes in carotenoid content, especially, β‐carotenes and xanthophylls. These compounds, together with glutathione can reduce salt‐induced damage through the removal of excess reactive oxygen species, which could be the basis of the protective effect of PAW.
Broadband Optoelectronic Synaptic Thin‐Film Transistors Based on Oxide Semiconductors
Authors: Duan Hongxiao , Javaid Kashif , Liang Lingyan , Huang Lu , Yu Jiahuan , Zhang Hongliang , Gao Junhua , Zhuge Fei , Chang Ting-Chang , Cao Hongtao
Published: January 2020

Optoelectronic synapse, well coupling the optical and electrical signals in one device, is an important building block in neuromorphic hardware library. Herein, optoelectronic synaptic devices are demonstrated based on a unique amorphous oxide semiconductor (InGaCdO [IGCO]) that can be spiked by broadband light signals from ultraviolet to near‐infrared region, approaching the wavelength of 1000 nm. These optically stimulated synaptic devices are based on the conventional bottom‐gate thin‐film transistor (TFT) configuration, providing the beneficial process/structural compatibility with the flat‐panel display industry. The IGCO TFTs, showing an ultrahigh field‐effect mobility up to 106 cm2 V−1 s−1, can well simulate a series of basic synaptic functionalities via changing the pulse intensity, number, and frequency. The device plasticity originates from the dynamic ionization and neutralization of oxygen vacancy‐related defects. Also, the mechanism underlying this dynamic process is discussed in detail, verifying that oxygen vacancy can turn to its ionized state by directly absorbing a photon having enough energy or with the aid of holes. The relatively higher carrier mobility, smaller bandgap, and larger activation energy of oxygen vacancy for the IGCO together facilitate the achievement of broadband optoelectronic synaptic devices.