bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING NEWCOMERS’ ADAPTABILITY AND WORK‐RELATED OUTCOMES: TESTING THE MEDIATING ROLES OF PERCEIVED P–E FIT VARIABLES
Authors: WANG MO , ZHAN YUJIE , MCCUNE ELIZABETH , TRUXILLO DONALD
Published: February 2011

Using longitudinal data from a Chinese newcomer sample (N = 671), we investigated the predictive effects of adaptability on newcomers’ work‐related outcomes. Specifically, we tested 4 perceived P–E fit variables (i.e., P–O fit, needs–supplies fit, demands–abilities fit, and P–G fit) as mediators between adaptability variables and newcomers’ work‐related outcomes. Our results showed that after controlling for demographic effects and other personality variables (i.e., proactive personality and openness to experience), newcomers’ adaptability dimensions (i.e., cultural adaptability, work stress adaptability, interpersonal adaptability, and learning adaptability) were differentially associated with improvement in newcomers’ P–E fit perceptions over a 3‐month time period. In turn, the perceived P–E fit variables were related to the newcomers’ work‐related outcomes (i.e., job performance, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions), after controlling for the socialization process variables (i.e., institutionalized socialization experience, role clarity, and job‐related self‐efficacy). The mediating roles of perceived P–E fit variables were also confirmed. Both theoretical and practical implications in terms of adaptability, newcomer adaptation processes, and P‐E fit are discussed.
Preoperative circulating C‐reactive protein levels predict pathological aggressiveness in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective clinical study
Authors: Chen H.‐H. , Chen I.‐H. , Liao C.‐T. , Wei F.‐C. , Lee L.‐Y. , Huang S.‐F.
Published: February 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 147–153

Objectives:  Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between elevated serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels and shorter survival in cancer patients. Few studies, however, have investigated the role of serum CRP levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma. The present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between preoperative CRP levels, clinicopathologic factors, and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Design:  Retrospective clinical study.

Setting:  University teaching hospital.

Participants:  Eighteen oral cavity leukoplakia and 59 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients between November 2006 and November 2009 from the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Outcome measures:  Clinicopathologic parameters, disease‐free survival and overall survival were correlated with CRP levels.

Methods:  Serum CRP levels were measured preoperatively, and all oral cavity cancer patients underwent curative intent radical surgery with or without postoperative adjuvant therapy.

Results:  The CRP levels in leukoplakia patients were used to analyze if factors (including diabetes and liver cirrhosis, smoking, alcohol drinking and areca quid chewing) influence CRP levels, and the results demonstrated they were not associated with CRP elevation (> 5.0 mg/L) (P > 0.05). In oral cancer patients, elevated CRP levels were associated with tumor status (P = 0.005), tumor stage (P = 0.054), bone invasion (P = 0.033), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004) and lymph node extra‐capsular spread (P = 0.018). Patients with higher CRP levels showed poorer disease‐free survival (log rank test, P < 0.001) and overall survival (log rank test, P = 0.013).

Conclusions:  Preoperative serum CRP levels are associated with advanced tumor stage, bone invasion, lymph node metastasis, lymph node extra‐capsular spread and patients’ survival. CRP is thus potentially a prognostic indicator, but studies with longer follow‐up will be needed to confirm its reliability.
Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal
Authors: Epstein Paul R. , Buonocore Jonathan J. , Eckerle Kevin , Hendryx Michael , Stout III Benjamin M. , Heinberg Richard , Clapp Richard W. , May Beverly , Reinhart Nancy L. , Ahern Melissa M. , Doshi Samir K. , Glustrom Leslie
Published: February 2011

Each stage in the life cycle of coal—extraction, transport, processing, and combustion—generates a waste stream and carries multiple hazards for health and the environment. These costs are external to the coal industry and are thus often considered “externalities.” We estimate that the life cycle effects of coal and the waste stream generated are costing the U.S. public a third to over one‐half of a trillion dollars annually. Many of these so‐called externalities are, moreover, cumulative. Accounting for the damages conservatively doubles to triples the price of electricity from coal per kWh generated, making wind, solar, and other forms of nonfossil fuel power generation, along with investments in efficiency and electricity conservation methods, economically competitive. We focus on Appalachia, though coal is mined in other regions of the United States and is burned throughout the world.
Toward a synthetic economic systems modeling tool for sustainable exploitation of ecosystems
Authors: Richardson Colin , Courvisanos Jerry , Crawford John W.
Published: February 2011

Environmental resources that underpin the basic human needs of water, energy, and food are predicted to become in such short supply by 2050 that global security and the well‐being of millions will be under threat. These natural commodities have been allowed to reach crisis levels of supply because of a failure of economic systems to sustain them. This is largely because there have been no means of integrating their exploitation into any economic model that effectively addresses ecological systemic failures in a way that provides an integrated ecological‐economic tool that can monitor and evaluate market and policy targets. We review the reasons for this and recent attempts to address the problem while identifying outstanding issues. The key elements of a policy‐oriented economic model that integrates ecosystem processes are described and form the basis of a proposed new synthesis approach. The approach is illustrated by an indicative case study that develops a simple model for rainfed and irrigated food production in the Murray‐Darling basin of southeastern Australia.
Environmental protection, inequality, and institutional change
Authors: Magnani Elisabetta
Published: February 2011

The contemporary world faces an unprecedented environmental challenge. Past international research has amply shown that we cannot afford to wait for a “development path” that automatically takes us on a sustainable future. Whether we look at global or local problems, the international debate increasingly points to the importance of popular support for environmental protection by a broad spectrum of stakeholders. Because environmental sustainability questions the way we produce, consume, and distribute the product of our work, an economic analysis that is limited to one market is insufficient. In addressing Bromley's question, “How do we wish the future to unfold for us?” this paper argues for the need to devote resources to understanding the spillovers between institutional settings and preferences toward the provision of global public goods. Here, this review focuses on labor‐market institutions, as labor markets are traditionally the context in which inequality is created at the local and global levels. Labor‐market institutional design, via its impact on risk and uncertainty and inequality, may have sizable implications on the provision of environmental care.
Energy return on investment, peak oil, and the end of economic growth
Authors: Murphy David J. , Hall Charles A. S.
Published: February 2011

Economic growth over the past 40 years has used increasing quantities of fossil energy, and most importantly oil. Yet, our ability to increase the global supply of conventional crude oil much beyond current levels is doubtful, which may pose a problem for continued economic growth. Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e., peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e., expensive), and thus could occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks that can be aptly described as an economic growth paradox: increasing the oil supply to support economic growth will require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. From this we conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue in the long term unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.
Animal Models of Acute Photodamage: Comparisons of Anatomic, Cellular and Molecular Responses in C57BL/6J, SKH1 and Balb/c Mice
Authors: Sharma Meena R. , Werth Benjamin , Werth Victoria P.
Published: February 2011

Human cutaneous photodamage is a major medical problem that includes premature aging and fragility of the skin. Nonxenografted animal models have not been comparatively evaluated for how well they resemble the changes seen in human skin. Here, we sought to identify a suitable mouse model that recapitulates key anatomic, cellular and molecular responses observed in human skin during acute UV exposure. Adult females from three strains of mice, C57BL/6J, SKH1 and Balb/c were exposed to UVB and then evaluated 3 or 20 h after the last irradiation. Skin from UVB‐exposed C57BL/6J mice showed features resembling human photodamage, including epidermal thickening, infiltration of the dermis with inflammatory cells, induction of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mRNA, accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, particularly hyaluronan in the epidermis and loss of collagen. Hairless SKH1 mouse skin responded similarly, but without any induction of TNF‐α mRNA or chondroitin sulfate. Irradiated Balb/c mice were the least similar to humans. Our results in C57BL/6J mice and to a lesser extent in SKH1 mice, show cutaneous responses to a course of UVB‐irradiation that mirror those seen in human skin. Proper choice of model is critical for investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms of photodamage and photoaging.
Genetic tool development underpins recent advances in thermophilic whole‐cell biocatalysts
Authors: Taylor M. P. , van Zyl L. , Tuffin I. M. , Leak D. J. , Cowan D. A.
Published: February 2011

The environmental value of sustainably producing bioproducts from biomass is now widely appreciated, with a primary target being the economic production of fuels such as bioethanol from lignocellulose. The application of thermophilic prokaryotes is a rapidly developing niche in this field, driven by their known catabolic versatility with lignocellulose‐derived carbohydrates. Fundamental to the success of this work has been the development of reliable genetic and molecular systems. These technical tools are now available to assist in the development of other (hyper)thermophilic strains with diverse phenotypes such as hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic properties, branched chain alcohol production and other ‘valuable bioproduct’ synthetic capabilities. Here we present an insight into the historical limitations, recent developments and current status of a number of genetic systems for thermophiles. We also highlight the value of reliable genetic methods for increasing our knowledge of thermophile physiology. We argue that the development of robust genetic systems is paramount in the evolution of future thermophilic based bioprocesses and make suggestions for future approaches and genetic targets that will facilitate this process.
Mapping evolutionary process: a multi‐taxa approach to conservation prioritization
Authors: Thomassen Henri A. , Fuller Trevon , Buermann Wolfgang , Milá Borja , Kieswetter Charles M. , Jarrín‐V. Pablo , Cameron Susan E. , Mason Eliza , Schweizer Rena , Schlunegger Jasmin , Chan Janice , Wang Ophelia , Peralvo Manuel , Schneider Christopher J. , Graham Catherine H. , Pollinger John P. , Saatchi Sassan , Wayne Robert K. , Smith Thomas B.
Published: February 2011

Human‐induced land use changes are causing extensive habitat fragmentation. As a result, many species are not able to shift their ranges in response to climate change and will likely need to adaptin situto changing climate conditions. Consequently, a prudent strategy to maintain the ability of populations to adapt is to focus conservation efforts on areas where levels of intraspecific variation are high. By doing so, the potential for an evolutionary response to environmental change is maximized. Here, we use modeling approaches in conjunction with environmental variables to model species distributions and patterns of genetic and morphological variation in seven Ecuadorian amphibian, bird, and mammal species. We then used reserve selection software to prioritize areas for conservation based on intraspecific variation or species‐level diversity. Reserves selected using species richness and complementarity showed little overlap with those based on genetic and morphological variation. Priority areas for intraspecific variation were mainly located along the slopes of the Andes and were largely concordant among species, but were not well represented in existing reserves. Our results imply that in order to maximize representation of intraspecific variation in reserves, genetic and morphological variation should be included in conservation prioritization.
Conciliation biology: the eco‐evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems
Authors: Carroll Scott P.
Published: February 2011

Biotic invaders and similar anthropogenic novelties such as domesticates, transgenics, and cancers can alter ecology and evolution in environmental, agricultural, natural resource, public health, and medical systems. The resulting biological changes may either hinder or serve management objectives. For example, biological control and eradication programs are often defeated by unanticipated resistance evolution and by irreversibility of invader impacts. Moreover, eradication may be ill‐advised when nonnatives introduce beneficial functions. Thus, contexts that appear to call for eradication may instead demand managed coexistence of natives with nonnatives, and yet applied biologists have not generally considered the need to manage the eco‐evolutionary dynamics that commonly result from interactions of natives with nonnatives. Here, I advocate a conciliatory approach to managing systems where novel organisms cannot or should not be eradicated. Conciliatory strategies incorporate benefits of nonnatives to address many practical needs including slowing rates of resistance evolution, promoting evolution of indigenous biological control, cultivating replacement services and novel functions, and managing native–nonnative coevolution. Evolutionary links across disciplines foster cohesion essential for managing the broad impacts of novel biotic systems. Rather than signaling defeat, conciliation biology thus utilizes the predictive power of evolutionary theory to offer diverse and flexible pathways to more sustainable outcomes.
Design and Analysis of Hospital Admission Control for Operational Effectiveness
Authors: Helm Jonathan E. , AhmadBeygi Shervin , Van Oyen Mark P.
Published: February 2011

Variability in hospital occupancy negatively impacts the cost and quality of patient care delivery through increased emergency department (ED) congestion, emergency blockages and diversions, elective cancelations, backlogs in ancillary services, overstaffing, and understaffing. Controlling inpatient admissions can effectively reduce variability in hospital occupancy to mitigate these problems. Currently there are two major gateways for admission to a hospital: the ED and scheduled elective admission. Unfortunately, in highly utilized hospitals, excessive wait times make the scheduled gateway undesirable or infeasible for a subset of patients and doctors. As a result, this group often uses the ED gateway as a means to gain admission to the hospital. To better serve these patients and improve overall hospital functioning, we propose creating a third gateway: an expedited patient care queue. We first characterize an optimal admission threshold policy using controls on the scheduled and expedited gateways for a new Markov decision process model. We then present a practical policy based on insight from the analytical model that yields reduced emergency blockages, cancelations, and off‐unit census via simulation based on historical hospital data.
Involvement in extreme violence and violence‐related trauma: A review with relevance to young people in custody
Authors: Welfare Heather , Hollin Clive R.
Published: February 2011

Purpose.  This review is concerned with the points of contact between two diverse literatures: first, the association between childhood abuse and the development of violent conduct; second, the effects of involvement in the perpetration of acts of violence.

Method.  The empirical literature in the two areas of concern is considered along with complementary explanations for the extant evidence.

Results.  There is a weight of evidence indicating that childhood abuse is associated with later violence alongside a literature that considers this association in terms of the traumatic effects of abuse. The perpetration of violent acts can have debilitating effects on the individual offender: these effects have also been considered in terms of trauma.

Conclusion.  It is suggested that there are potential advantages to adopting a trauma‐based framework to inform practice with violent young people. This suggestion raises several areas for research to inform the development of evidence‐based practice that are presented in outline form.
Effects of Rotating Inlet Distortion on Multistage Compressor Stability
Authors: Longley J. P. , Shin H. -W. , Plumley R. E. , Silkowski P. D. , Day I. J. , Greitzer E. M. , Tan C. S. , Wisler D. C.
Published: February 2011

In multispool engines, rotating stall in an upstream compressor will impose a rotating distortion on the downstream compressor, thereby affecting its stability margin. In this paper experiments are described in which this effect was simulated by a rotating screen upstream of several multistage low-speed compressors. The measurements are complemented by, and compared with, a theoretical model of multistage compressor response to speed and direction of rotation of an inlet distortion. For corotating distortions (i.e., distortions rotating in the same direction as rotor rotation), experiments show that the compressors exhibited significant loss in stability margin and that they could be divided into two groups according to their response. The first group exhibited a single peak in stall margin degradation when the distortion speed corresponded to roughly 50 percent of rotor speed. The second group showed two peaks in stall margin degradation corresponding to distortion speeds of approximately 25–35 percent and 70–75 percent of rotor speed. These new results demonstrate that multistage compressors can have more than a single resonant response. Detailed measurements suggest that the two types of behavior are linked to differences between the stall inception processes observed for the two groups of compressors and that a direct connection thus exists between the observed forced response and the unsteady flow phenomena at stall onset. For counterrotational distortions, all the compressors tested showed minimal loss of stability margin. The results imply that counterrotation of the fan and core compressor, or LP and HP compressors, could be a worthwhile design choice. Calculations based on the two-dimensional theoretical model show excellent agreement for the compressors, which had a single peak for stall margin degradation. We take this first-of-a-kind comparison as showing that the model, though simplified, captures the essential fluid dynamic features of the phenomena. Agreement is not good for compressors that had two peaks in the curve of stall margin shift versus distortion rotation speed. The discrepancy is attributed to the three-dimensional and short length scale nature of the stall inception process in these machines; this includes phenomena that have not yet been addressed in any model.
Off-Design Transition and Separation Behavior of a CDA Cascade
Authors: Steinert W. , Starken H.
Published: February 2011

The design of modern axial flow compressor blade sections as well as the code validation require experimental information about the transition and separation behavior of blade surface boundary layers. The experience has shown in the past that such information has to be obtained on the whole surface and not only by point measurements because both transition and separation may be of a three-dimensional nature even in a straight cascade. Therefore, a new visualization technique based on Liquid Crystals (LC), showing the adiabatic wall temperature, has been developed. With this method, transition, local separation, and complete separation can be detected. Design and off-design data of a subsonic (M1 = 0.62) Controlled Diffusion Airfoil (CDA) compressor cascade measured in a wind tunnel are presented. The LC results are supplemented by ink-injection tests and overall performance data.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Tip Clearance Flow in a Transonic Axial Compressor Rotor
Authors: Suder K. L. , Celestina M. L.
Published: February 2011

Experimental and computational techniques are used to investigate tip clearance flows in a transonic axial compressor rotor at design and part-speed conditions. Laser anemometer data acquired in the endwall region are presented for operating conditions near peak efficiency and near stall at 100 percent design speed and at near peak efficiency at 60 percent design speed. The role of the passage shock/leakage vortex interaction in generating endwall blockage is discussed. As a result of the shock/vortex interaction at design speed, the radial influence of the tip clearance flow extends to 20 times the physical tip clearance height. At part speed, in the absence of the shock, the radial extent is only five times the tip clearance height. Both measurements and analysis indicate that under part-speed operating conditions a second vortex, which does not originate from the tip leakage flow, forms in the end-wall region within the blade passage and exits the passage near midpitch. Mixing of the leakage vortex with the primary flow downstream of the rotor at both design and part-speed conditions is also discussed.
The Effect of Tip Clearance on a Swept Transonic Compressor Rotor
Authors: Copenhaver W. W. , Mayhew E. R. , Hah C. , Wadia A. R.
Published: February 2011

An experimental and numerical investigation of detailed tip clearance flow structures and their effects on the aerodynamic performance of a modern low-aspect-ratio, high-throughflow, axial transonic fan is presented. Rotor flow fields were investigated at two clearance levels experimentally, at tip clearance to tip blade chord ratios of 0.27 and 1.87 percent, and at four clearance levels numerically, at ratios of zero, 0.27, 1.0, and 1.87 percent. The numerical method seems to calculate the rotor aerodynamics well, with some disagreement in loss calculation, which might be improved with improved turbulence modeling and a further refined grid. Both the experimental and the numerical results indicate that the performance of this class of rotors is dominated by the tip clearance flows. Rotor efficiency drops six points when the tip clearance is increased from 0.27 to 1.87 percent, and flow range decreases about 30 percent. No optimum clearance size for the present rotor was indicated. Most of the efficiency change occurs near the tip section, with the interaction between the tip clearance flow and the passage shock becoming much stronger when the tip clearance is increased. In all cases, the shock structure was three dimensional and swept, with the shock becoming normal to the endwall near the shroud.
Detailed Measurements of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Entrance to Normal and Inclined Film Cooling Holes
Authors: Gillespie D. R. H. , Byerley A. R. , Ireland P. T. , Wang Z. , Jones T. V. , Kohler S. T.
Published: February 2011

The local heat transfer inside the entrance to large-scale models of film cooling holes has been measured using the transient heat transfer technique. The method employs temperature-sensitive liquid crystals to measure the surface temperature of large-scale perspex models. Full distributions of local Nusselt number were calculated based on the cooling passage centerline gas temperature ahead of the cooling hole. The circumferentially averaged Nusselt number was also calculated based on the local mixed bulk driving gas temperature to aid interpretation of the results, and to broaden the potential application of the data. Data are presented for a single film cooling hole inclined at 90 and 150 deg to the coolant duct wall. Both holes exhibited entry length heat transfer levels that were significantly lower than those predicted by entry length data in the presence of crossflow. The reasons for the comparative reduction are discussed in terms of the interpreted flow field.
Inverse Design of Centrifugal Compressor Vaned Diffusers in Inlet Shear Flows
Authors: Zangeneh M.
Published: February 2011

A three-dimensional inverse design method in which the blade (or vane) geometry is designed for specified distributions of circulation and blade thickness is applied to the design of centrifugal compressor vaned diffusers. Two generic diffusers are designed, one with uniform inlet flow (equivalent to a conventional design) and the other with a sheared inlet flow. The inlet shear flow effects are modeled in the design method by using the so-called “Secondary Flow Approximation” in which the Bernoulli surfaces are convected by the tangentially mean inviscid flow field. The difference between the vane geometry of the uniform inlet flow and nonuniform inlet flow diffusers is found to be most significant from 50 percent chord to the trailing edge region. The flows through both diffusers are computed by using Denton’s three-dimensional inviscid Euler solver and Dawes’ three-dimensional Navier–Stokes solver under sheared in-flow conditions. The predictions indicate improved pressure recovery and internal flow field for the diffuser designed for shear inlet flow conditions.
Turbulent Flow Between Two Disks Contrarotating at Different Speeds
Authors: Kilic M. , Gan X. , Owen J. M.
Published: February 2011

This paper describes a combined computational and experimental study of the turbulent flow between two contrarotating disks for −1 ≤ Γ ≤ 0 and Reφ ≈ 1.2 × 106, where Γ is the ratio of the speed of the slower disk to that of the faster one and Reφ is the rotational Reynolds number. The computations were conducted using an axisymmetric elliptic multigrid solver and a low-Reynolds-number k–ε turbulence model. Velocity measurements were made using LDA at nondimensional radius ratios of 0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.85. For Γ = 0, the rotor–stator case, Batchelor-type flow occurs: There is radial outflow and inflow in boundary layers on the rotor and stator, respectively, between which is an inviscid rotating core of fluid where the radial component of velocity is zero and there is an axial flow from stator to rotor. For Γ = −1, antisymmetric contrarotating disks, Stewartson-type flow occurs with radial outflow in boundary layers on both disks and inflow in the viscid nonrotating core. At intermediate values of Γ, two cells separated by a streamline that stagnates on the slower disk are formed: Batchelor-type flow and Stewartson-type flow occur radially outward and inward, respectively, of the stagnation streamline. Agreement between the computed and measured velocities is mainly very good, and no evidence was found of nonaxisymmetric or unsteady flow.
Fully Two-Dimensional Discrete Inverse Eigenstrain Analysis of Residual Stresses in a Railway Rail Head
Authors: Song Xu , Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: February 2011

The aim of the present study was to introduce a new algorithm for reconstructing the eigenstrain fields in engineering components. A 2D discrete inverse eigenstrain study of residual stresses was carried out on a worn railhead sample. Its residual elastic strain distribution was obtained by neutron diffraction measurement in Stress-Spec, FRMII and used as the input for eigenstrain reconstruction. A new eigenstrain base function-tent was introduced to capture the fully two-dimensional variation of eigenstrain distribution. An automated sequential tent generation scheme was programed in ABAQUS™ with its preprocessor to load the experimental data and postprocessor to carry out the optimization to obtain the eigenstrain coefficients. The reconstructed eigenstrain field incurs residual stress distribution in the railhead simulation, which showed good agreement with the experimental data.
On Approximately Realizing and Characterizing Pure Mode-I Interface Fracture Between Bonded Dissimilar Materials
Authors: Ouyang Zhenyu , Ji Gefu , Li Guoqiang
Published: February 2011

Bimaterial systems in which two dissimilar materials are adhesively joined by a thin adhesive interlayer have been widely used in a variety of modern industries and engineering structures. It is well known that interfacial fracture is the most common failure mode for these bimaterial systems. Particularly, the interface fracture is a mixed mode in nature mode-I (pure peel) and mode-II (pure shear) due to the disrupted symmetry by the bimaterial configuration. Obviously, characterizing individual fracture modes, especially mode-I fracture, is essential in understanding and modeling the complex mixed mode fracture problems. Meanwhile, the J-integral is a highly preferred means to characterize the interfacial fracture behaviors of a bimaterial system because it cannot only capture more accurate toughness value, but also facilitate an experimental characterization of interfacial traction-separation laws (cohesive laws). Motivated by these important issues, a novel idea is proposed in the present work to realize and characterize the pure mode-I nonlinear interface fracture between bonded dissimilar materials. First, a nearly pure mode-I fracture test can be simply realized for a wide range of bimaterial systems by almost eliminating the mode-II component based on a special and simple configuration obtained in this work. Then, the concise forms of the J-integral are derived and used to characterize the interfacial fracture behaviors associated with classical and shear deformation beam theories. The proposed approach may be considered as a promising candidate for the future standard mode-I test method of bimaterial systems due to its obvious accuracy, simplicity, and applicability, as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results.
Synergy of Resistance Reduction Effects for a Ship With Bottom Air Cavity
Authors: Amromin E. L. , Metcalf B. , Karafiath G.
Published: February 2011

Friction on a surface covered by an air cavity is much less than friction in water but there is a resistance penalty caused by the cavity tail oscillations. Nevertheless, there is a method for designing the ship bottom form for suppressing these oscillations. This study describes the design method and calm water towing tank tests for a ship with a bottom ventilated air cavity operating at Froude range 0.45<Fr<0.65, where both Fr and cavitation number influence the cavity shape. At this Fr range, wave resistance significantly contributes to the total ship resistance. Model experiments were conducted in the NSWCCD linear tow tank at three diverse drafts. The attained resistance reduction ratio was up to 25%, which is significantly greater than the calculated water friction resistance of the unwetted area of the air cavity. This is a result of the increased ship elevation over the water level due to cavity buoyancy. This contributes to the resistance reduction by decreasing the side wetted surface area and by reducing the submerged volume; thus, there is a synergy of resistance reduction effects. The power spent on air supply is under 2% of the propulsion power.
Technical Issues in Using Robots to Reproduce Joint Specific Gait
Authors: Rosvold J. M. , Darcy S. P. , Peterson R. C. , Achari Y. , Corr D. T. , Marchuk L. L. , Frank C. B. , Shrive N. G. , Rosvold Joshua M. , Darcy Shon P. , Peterson Robert C. , Achari Yamini , Corr David T. , Marchuk Linda L. , Frank Cyril B. , Shrive Nigel G.
Published: February 2011

Reproduction of the in vivo motions of joints has become possible with improvements in robot technology and in vivo measuring techniques. A motion analysis system has been used to measure the motions of the tibia and femur of the ovine stifle joint during normal gait. These in vivo motions are then reproduced with a parallel robot. To ensure that the motion of the joint is accurately reproduced and that the resulting data are reliable, the testing frame, the data acquisition system, and the effects of limitations of the testing platform need to be considered. Of the latter, the stiffness of the robot and the ability of the control system to process sequential points on the path of motion in a timely fashion for repeatable path accuracy are of particular importance. Use of the system developed will lead to a better understanding of the mechanical environment of joints and ligaments in vivo.
A different introduction to the guiding of electromagnetic waves
Authors: Smith Glenn S.
Published: February 2011

An introductory treatment of guided waves is presented which differs from the traditional one based on an eigenvalue problem. The emphasis is on a description in terms of plane waves. A simple source is described in free space, and the electromagnetic field of this source is shown to be a continuous spectrum of plane waves, some propagating and some evanescent. The parallel-plate transmission line/waveguide is introduced, and the source is placed between the plates. The electromagnetic field within the waveguide is obtained by the repeated use of the method of images. This field is a discrete set of plane waves; the presence of the waveguide converts the continuous spectrum of the source into a discrete spectrum. Pairs of these plane waves form a mode, and the set of modes is equivalent to those obtained from the traditional eigenvalue problem. An example is presented in which the source introduces a signal into the waveguide that is a simple pulse in time. Pulses of different widths are used to show how the presence of dispersive waveguide modes, in addition to the transverse electromagnetic mode, can alter the shape of the pulse as it travels down the waveguide.
A simple transmission-based approach for determining the thickness of transparent films
Authors: Jena Kailash C. , Hore Dennis K.
Published: February 2011

We demonstrate that the thickness of a polymer film may be determined by a simple analysis of the interference fringes observed in a transparent region of its transmission spectrum. By measuring the transmission spectrum of the uncoated substrate in the same wavelength region, we can determine the dispersion of the refractive index for the substrate and film and the thickness of the film, without prior knowledge of the optical constants of any of the materials. The results of our approach agree with measurements obtained by a direct contact method. This analysis provides a fast, simple, and nondestructive method of thickness measurement using equipment available in many teaching laboratories. The method enables students to make routine thickness measurements while introducing them to refractive index dispersion, Fresnel coefficients, thin film interference, and regression analysis.
Uncertainty relations for angular momentum eigenstates in two and three spatial dimensions
Authors: Bracher Christian
Published: February 2011

I reexamine Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation for two- and three-dimensional wave packets with fixed angular momentum quantum numbers m or ℓ. A simple proof shows that the product of the average extent Δr and Δp of a two-dimensional wave packet in position and momentum space is bounded from below by ΔrΔp≥ℏ(|m|+1). The minimum uncertainty is attained by modified Gaussian wave packets that are special eigenstates of the two-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator, which include the ground states of electrons in a uniform magnetic field. Similarly, the inequality ΔrΔp≥ℏ(ℓ+3/2) holds for three-dimensional wave packets with fixed total angular momentum ℓ and the equality holds for a Gaussian radial profile. I also discuss some applications of these uncertainty relations.
Using particle tracking to measure flow instabilities in an undergraduate laboratory experiment
Authors: Kelley Douglas H. , Ouellette Nicholas T.
Published: February 2011

Much of the drama and complexity of fluid flow occurs because its governing equations lack unique solutions. The observed behavior depends on the stability of the multitude of solutions, which can change with the experimental parameters. Instabilities cause sudden global shifts in behavior. We have developed a low-cost experiment to study a classical fluid instability. By using an electromagnetic technique, students drive Kolmogorov flow in a thin fluid layer and measure it quantitatively with a webcam. They extract positions and velocities from movies of the flow using Lagrangian particle tracking and compare their measurements to several theoretical predictions, including the effect of the drive current, the spatial structure of the flow, and the parameters at which instability occurs. The experiment can be tailored to undergraduates at any level or to graduate students by appropriate emphasis on the physical phenomena and the sophisticated mathematics that govern them.
Early Tagging of Cortical Networks Is Required for the Formation of Enduring Associative Memory
Authors: Lesburguères Edith , Gobbo Oliviero L. , Alaux-Cantin Stéphanie , Hambucken Anne , Trifilieff Pierre , Bontempi Bruno
Published: February 2011

Tagging of cortical networks at the time of encoding is crucial for long-lasting associative memories.
Extended Nucleation of the 1999
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7.6 Izmit Earthquake
Authors: Bouchon Michel , Karabulut Hayrullah , Aktar Mustafa , Özalaybey Serdar , Schmittbuhl Jean , Bouin Marie-Paule
Published: February 2011

Low-frequency seismic events may have been part of slip accumulation before a large earthquake.
The Antiproliferative Action of Progesterone in Uterine Epithelium Is Mediated by Hand2
Authors: Li Quanxi , Kannan Athilakshmi , DeMayo Francesco J. , Lydon John P. , Cooke Paul S. , Yamagishi Hiroyuki , Srivastava Deepak , Bagchi Milan K. , Bagchi Indrani C.
Published: February 2011

A progesterone-regulated transcription factor regulates stromal-epithelial communication in early pregnancy.
Metallic and Insulating Oxide Interfaces Controlled by Electronic Correlations
Authors: Jang H. W. , Felker D. A. , Bark C. W. , Wang Y. , Niranjan M. K. , Nelson C. T. , Zhang Y. , Su D. , Folkman C. M. , Baek S. H. , Lee S. , Janicka K. , Zhu Y. , Pan X. Q. , Fong D. D. , Tsymbal E. Y. , Rzchowski M. S. , Eom C. B.
Published: February 2011

The strength of electronic correlations dictates the transport properties of oxide interfaces.
A New Twist on Spintronics
Authors: Rikken Geert L. J. A.
Published: February 2011

A thin layer of ordered DNA acts as an efficient spin filter for photoemitted electrons from a gold surface.
What Does a “Normal” Human Genome Look Like?
Authors: Olson Maynard V.
Published: February 2011

There are no “wild-type“ humans.
Famine in the Presence of the Genomic Data Feast
Authors: Hoal Eileen
Published: February 2011

While human genome analysis has extraordinary potential, it will not be realized in Africa without development of human resources and increased North-South collaboration.
When Artists Enter the Laboratory
Visceral
The Living Art Experiment

Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr, Curators

Science Gallery, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Through 25 February 2011. http://sciencegallery.com/visceral
Authors: Dixon Deborah , Straughan Elizabeth , Hawkins Harriet
Published: February 2011

This Dublin exhibition offers a retrospective of bio-art from SymbioticA, a laboratory at the University of Western Australia that draws resident scientists and artists from around the globe.
Obama's 2012 Vision Clashes With House Cuts in 2011
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: February 2011

The president's 2012 budget request and the spending plan by House Republicans for the rest of this fiscal year paint starkly contrasting visions of where the country should be headed—and the role of research in helping it to get there.
Torque Teno Virus Viremia Load Size in Patients with Selected Congenital Defects of Innate Immunity
Authors: Maggi Fabrizio , Pifferi Massimo , Michelucci Angela , Albani Melania , Sbranti Selenia , Lanini Letizia , Simi Paolo , Macchia Pierantonio , Pistello Mauro , Bendinelli Mauro
Published: February 2011

Plasma loads of torque teno virus (TTV) among individuals differ extensively beginning early in life, suggesting a role for innate immunity. Here, congenital mannose-binding lectin deficiencies, but not deficiencies in respiratory ciliary function, correlated with increased TTV loads. Notably, however, the presence of either disorder was associated with particularly high TTV loads.
New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase (NDM-1)-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Case Report and Laboratory Detection Strategies
Authors: Mochon A. Brian , Garner Omai B. , Hindler Janet A. , Krogstad Paul , Ward Kevin W. , Lewinski Michael A. , Rasheed James K. , Anderson Karen F. , Limbago Brandi M. , Humphries Romney M.
Published: February 2011

The spread of antimicrobial resistance among
Enterobacteriaceae
is a significant clinical threat. We report the first case of an
Enterobacteriaceae
strain harboring the NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase in a pediatric patient in the United States. We describe strategies for the detection of this novel resistance mechanism encountered in an isolate of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Yersinia enterocolitica “Old World” (3/O:9) Strain and Comparison with the “New World” (1B/O:8) Strain
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Yang , Jing Huaiqi , Ren Yan , Zhou Zhemin , Wang Shaojing , Kan Biao , Xu Jianguo , Wang Lei
Published: February 2011

Yersinia enterocolitica
is a heterogeneous bacterial species with a wide range of animal reservoirs through which human intestinal illness can be facilitated. In contrast to the epidemiological pattern observed in the United States, infections in China present a pattern similar to those in European countries and Japan, wherein “Old World” strains (biotypes 2 to 5) are prevalent. To gain insights into the evolution of
Y. enterocolitica
and pathogenic properties toward human hosts, we sequenced the genome of a biotype 3 strain, 105.5R(r) (O:9), obtained from a Chinese patient. Comparative genome sequence analysis with strain 8081 (1B/O:8) revealed new insights into
Y. enterocolitica
. Both strains have more than 14% specific genes. In strain 105.5R(r), putative virulence factors were found in strain-specific genomic pathogenicity islands that comprised a novel type III secretion system and
rtx
-like genes. Many of the loci representing ancestral clusters, which are believed to contribute to enteric survival and pathogenesis, are present in strain 105.5R(r) but lost in strain 8081. Insertion elements in 105.5R(r) have a pattern distinct from those in strain 8081 and were exclusively located in a strain-specific region. In summary, our comparative genome analysis indicates that these two strains may have attained their pathogenicity by completely separate evolutionary events, and the 105.5R(r) strain, a representative of the Old World biogroup, lies in a branch of
Y. enterocolitica
that is distinct from the “New World” 8081 strain.
Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Aspergillus and Mucorales Species in Tissues Collected from Patients with Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Zhao Zuotao , Li Lili , Wan Zhe , Chen Wei , Liu Honggang , Li Ruoyu
Published: February 2011

Rapid detection and differentiation of
Aspergillus
and Mucorales species in fungal rhinosinusitis diagnosis are desirable, since the clinical management and prognosis associated with the two taxa are fundamentally different. We describe an assay based on a combination of broad-range PCR amplification and reverse line blot hybridization (PCR/RLB) to detect and differentiate the pathogens causing fungal rhinosinusitis, which include five
Aspergillus
species (
A. fumigatus
,
A. flavus
,
A. niger
,
A. terreus
, and
A. nidulans
) and seven Mucorales species (
Mucor heimalis
,
Mucor racemosus
,
Mucor cercinelloidea
,
Rhizopus arrhizus
,
Rhizopus microsporus
,
Rhizomucor pusillus
, and
Absidia corymbifera
). The assay was validated with 98 well-characterized clinical isolates and 41 clinical tissue specimens. PCR/RLB showed high sensitivity and specificity, with 100% correct identifications of 98 clinical isolates and no cross-hybridization between the species-specific probes. Results for five control isolates,
Candida albicans
,
Fusarium solani
,
Scedosporium apiospermum
,
Penicillium marneffei
, and
Exophiala verrucosa
, were negative as judged by PCR/RLB. The analytical sensitivity of PCR/RLB was found to be 1.8 × 10
−3
ng/μl by 10-fold serial dilution of
Aspergillus
genomic DNA. The assay identified 35 of 41 (85.4%) clinical specimens, exhibiting a higher sensitivity than fungal culture (22 of 41; 53.7%) and direct sequencing (18 of 41; 43.9%). PCR/RLB similarly showed high specificity, with correct identification 16 of 18 specimens detected by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and 16 of 22 detected by fungal culture, but it also has the additional advantage of being able to detect mixed infection in a single clinical specimen. The PCR/RLB assay thus provides a rapid and reliable option for laboratory diagnosis of fungal rhinosinusitis.
International External Quality Assurance for Laboratory Identification and Typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci)
Authors: Afshar Baharak , Broughton Karen , Creti Roberta , Decheva Antoaneta , Hufnagel Markus , Kriz Paula , Lambertsen Lotte , Lovgren Marguerite , Melin Pierrette , Orefici Graziella , Poyart Claire , Radtke Andreas , Rodriguez-Granger Javier , Sørensen Uffe B. Skov , Telford John , Valinsky Lea , Zachariadou Levantia ,   members of the DEVANI Study Group, Efstratiou Androulla
Published: February 2011

We report the results from the first international multicenter external quality assessment (EQA) studies for molecular and serological typing of group B streptococcus (GBS) strains as part of DEVANI (
De
sign of a
V
accine
a
gainst
N
eonatal
I
nfections), a pan-European program. A questionnaire-based surveillance was undertaken among eight laboratories participating in DEVANI and six laboratories not participating in DEVANI from 13 countries in order to assess their current microbiological procedures for GBS screening, diagnosis, and typing. GBS strains from three EQA distributions were characterized using molecular and serological methods based on GBS capsular polysaccharide typing. Participants were asked to test the first distribution using their current serotyping and genotyping methods. The Strep-B-Latex agglutination method was the most widely used method, with a typeability value of >90%. A multiplex PCR assay for GBS capsular gene typing was also used by 2 of 14 centers, which achieved a typeability value of 93%; this assay detected only 9 of 10 GBS capsular polysaccharide genes. From the second and third EQA studies, standardized protocols were prepared for serological and molecular typing of GBS strains based on the Strep-B-Latex agglutination method and a novel multiplex PCR assay that detected all 10 GBS capsular types (Ia to IX). These standardized protocols are being used by many European laboratories, and as the use of these methods increases, it is imperative to continuously improve and assess laboratory performance and offer training to any laboratories that have technical difficulties.
Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus between Human and Hamster
Authors: Ferreira Jorge Pinto , Fowler Vance G. , Correa Maria T. , Lyman Roberta , Ruffin Felicia , Anderson Kevin L.
Published: February 2011

Transmission of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) between humans and animals is increasingly recognized. We newly document that the transmission of MRSA between human and hamster is possible.