bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Customers Communication Behaviour in the Implementation of 21cineplex Viral Marketing Using the Social Networking Site Facebook
Authors: - Meyliana , E.W. Henry Antonius , Santoso Stephen W.
Published: August 2016

Application of viral marketing through social networking sites will greatly help companies in saving high marketing costs since companies do not have to give financial incentive to internet users or customers who voluntarily forward the information about the companies. Good marketing communication strategy will increase the company's branding and enable good interaction between customers and companies. This research to look if the customer communication behavior has a relationship and a significant impact on forwarding online content and whether the curiosity variable has a relationship and a significant impact on the variable of consumption of online content in the application of Viral Marketing. The methodology used is interpersonal communication model adopted from FIRO theory, which consists of the following variables: inclusion-need to belong, inclusion-individuation, affection-altruism, control-personal growth, and consumption of online content, towardthe online content forwarding variable; and also the curiosity variable towards the consumption of online content variable, where the hypothesis was tested by the correlation and regression analysis. The test results based on correlation analysis show that all H1hypotheses (have relation) are received; and based on regression analysis, all H1hypotheses (effect) are received, although the value of r and the effect is less significant (small).
Digital Technology: the Effect of Connected World to Computer Ethic and Family
Authors: Soewito Benfano , Isa Sani Muhamad
Published: August 2016

The development of digital technology such as smartphones, tablets and other gadgets grows very rapidly in the last decade so does the development of mobile applications for those mobile systems or smartphones. Unfortunately, those applications often do not specify the age range for their users. This is actually a problem in the world of digital technology and software development. It is not yet known whether the applications is good be used for children or not. Nowadays, parents are faced with the dilemma of allowing their children to use these modern gadgets, which often lead to serious addiction or keeping them in the dark and risk raising ignorant kids. This research shows 80% of respondents agree or strongly agree that the gadget will affect to the development of children social skill. Therefore, in this research, the framework for ethical assessment is introduced and it can be applied to digital technology included gadget and its application in order to mitigate the negative effect of digital technology and gadgets.
Evaluating the uncertainty and reliability of standardized indices
Authors: Vergni L. , Todisco F. , Mannocchi F.
Published: August 2016

Standardized indices are widely used in the spatio-temporal monitoring of several hydrological variables. The estimation of these indices is affected by uncertainty which depends on the methods adopted for their quantification and on the characteristics (i.e., size and variability) of the available sample of observations. In this paper various uncertainty measures, applicable to any kind of standardized index, are proposed. These measures derive from bootstrap-based confidence intervals expressed in years of return period and are effective for assessing both the uncertainty and the reliability of the index estimate. In the illustrative case study the indices considered are the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Their time series have been quantified by both nonparametric and parametric approaches, using the weather data of a single station in central Italy. For the parametric approach, two possible types of distributions have been assumed for each index. The results are discussed in order to analyze the behavior of the proposed uncertainty measures in relation to: sample size, type of approach (parametric or nonparametric), time scale, type of standardized index, and type of anomaly (excess or deficit).
Exploration of sub-annual calibration schemes of hydrological models
Authors: Kim Kue Bum , Han Dawei
Published: August 2016

This study compared hydrological model performances under different sub-annual calibration schemes using two conceptual models, IHACRES and HYMOD. In several publications regarding sub-annual calibration, the authors showed that such an approach generally performed better than the conventional whole period method. Hence, there are advantages in dividing the data into sub-annual periods for calibration. However, little attention has been paid to the issue of how to calibrate the non-continuous sub-annual period. Unlike the conventional calibration which assumes time-invariant parameters for the calibration period, the model parameters vary in sub-annual calibration. We have explored two sub-annual calibration schemes, serial calibration scheme (SCS) and parallel calibration scheme (PCS). We assume that the relationships between the rainfall and runoff could be different for each sub-annual period and consider intra-annual variations of the system. The models are then evaluated for a different validation period to avoid over-fitting and the optimal sub-annual calibration period is explored. Overall, we have found that PCS performed slightly better than SCS and the optimal calibration periods are seasonal and bimonthly for IHACRES and biannual for HYMOD. Since there are pros and cons in both SCS and PCS, we recommend choosing the method depending on the purpose of the model usage.
Fiscalidad en Popayán, 1750-1821
Authors: Pinto Bernal José Joaquín , Díaz Martínez Carlos Alfonso
Published: August 2016

El artículo describe y analiza el impacto fiscal de las reformas borbónicas y del proceso de independencia en la Tesorería de Popayán, a través del estudio de las series de cargo y data de 1750 a 1821. Este ejercicio permite comprobar que las reformas administrativas implantadas por la Corona afectaron los ingresos, debido al incremento del rendimiento de los monopolios, de los impuestos sobre el comercio y a la minería; y los gastos, porque la mayor parte de los recursos se concentraron en erogaciones de orden administrativo. Además, constata que la guerra de independencia trajo como consecuencia la caída de los rubros que componen el cargo, expansión del crédito e ingresos eventuales, concentrando el gasto en el ámbito militar y provocando la ruptura de la red de circulación de situados, donde Popayán cumplía un papel central como intermediaria de las remisiones provenientes de la Audiencia de Quito con destino a Santafé y Cartagena.
Raúl Prebisch: historia, pensamiento y vigencia de la teoría de la transformación para el desarrollo de América Latina
Authors: Rapoport Mario , Guiñazú Sebastián
Published: August 2016

Raúl Prebisch fue sin duda uno de los economistas más reconocidos e influyentes de América Latina, tanto por sus aportes teóricos para el desarrollo de la región como por su participación en la creación institucional. En este trabajo nos proponemos repasar en forma paralela su vida y pensamiento, destacando los principales debates en los que se vio involucrado. Nos interesa, en particular, resaltar el legado de sus últimas obras, donde completó su teoría sobre el desarrollo latinoamericano a la luz de la vasta experiencia obtenida en su larga trayectoria académica y profesional.
Evaluación in vitro de la actividad fungistática del aceite esencial de mandarina sobre el crecimiento de Penicillium sp.
Authors: Velásquez María , Álvarez Rafael , Tamayo Pablo , Carvalho Catarina
Published: August 2016

Los hongos Penicillium digitatum y P. italicum representan mundialmente la principal pérdida conómica para el sector citrícola durante la etapa de poscosecha. El uso de fungicidas es cada vez más restringido debido a sus efectos carcinogénicos, teratogénicos, alta residualidad, período largo de degradación, contaminación ambiental y aumento de la resistencia por parte de los patógenos, entre otros. Los compuestos antimicrobianos de origen natural pueden ser una alternativa viable y segura para minimizar las pérdidas por enfermedades que enfrenta el sector. En este trabajo se evaluó y comparó in vitro la actividad antifúngica del aceite comercial de mandarina, timol y carvacrol, a concentraciones de 40 y 50 ppm, usando el método de difusión en agar y pruebas microbiológicas. Todos los compuestos y aceites evaluados presentaron un porcentaje de inhibición entre 50% y 100%, para ambos hongos, siendo mayor la inhibición en dosis de 50 ppm. Carvacrol presentó mayor actividad antifúngica sobre ambos hongos. P. digitatum mostró mayor sensibilidad que P. italicum al efecto de los aceites esenciales evaluados. El aceite esencial comercial de mandarina puede ser una alternativa para el control de enfermedades poscosecha causadas por Penicillium sp., en productos vegetales.
Huella de carbono del sistema de producción de arroz (Oryza sativa) en el municipio de Campoalegre, Huila, Colombia
Authors: Andrade Hernán , Campo Oswald , Segura Milena
Published: August 2016

La huella de carbono es un medio útil para estimar el impacto de cualquier sistema de producción en el cambio climático, específicamente en la emisión o fijación neta de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). El cultivo de arroz tiene enorme importancia alimentaria, social y económica en el mundo; sin embargo, es un sistema productivo netamente emisor de GEI. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la huella de carbono en el proceso de producción de arroz en Campoalegre, Huila, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 21 unidades productivas de arroz, con riego por gravedad, localizadas a menos de 15 km del centro del municipio. Se indagaron, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, todas las actividades que emiten GEI desde la preparación del terreno hasta la cosecha del grano. Se consultó a los productores o administradores agrícolas sobre el uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados y combustibles, y el rendimiento del grano en cada unidad de producción. Se emplearon los factores de emisión y de equivalencia de calentamiento entre GEI propuestos por el Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático. Se emplearon tasas de fijación de carbono de sistemas de producción en el Tolima para estimar potenciales acciones de mitigación para esas emisiones. Se encontró una emisión total de 998,1 ± 365,3 kg CO2e/ha por ciclo (163,3 ± 55,8 kg CO2e/t), y la fertilización nitrogenada de mayor contribución (65%). La mitigación de esta emisión de GEI implicaría el establecimiento y manejo de 0,5 ha de cacaotales sin árboles o de cafetales con árboles, o 1,4 ha de café en monocultivo.
México y la autosuficiencia alimentaria (sexenio 2006 -2012)
Authors: Rivera de la Rosa Alba Rosa , Ortiz Pech Rafael , Araújo Andrade Luis Alberto , Amílcar Heredia Jesús
Published: August 2016

México se enfrenta en la actualidad a tendencias globales en que los países ricos exportan productos básicos hacia los países en desarrollo, las cuales han afectado a los medianos y pequeños productores generando una crisis productiva agrícola. Por ese motivo, es importante estudiar el comportamiento del mercado de alimentos (exportaciones e importaciones), pues el modelo de desarrollo mexicano vigente no consigue que la seguridad alimentaria sea una política nacional que garantice la provisión de alimentos para toda la población. Específicamente, este artículo analiza la situación alimentaria durante el sexenio 2006-2012, tomando tres alimentos básicos para los mexicanos: maíz, fríjol, trigo; y otros, estratégicos como el azúcar, sorgo y soya. Estudia su comportamiento desde el punto de vista de superficie sembrada y cosechada, así como exportaciones e importaciones; los resultados indican que los tres alimentos presentan altas tasas de crecimiento en importaciones con afectación a la superficie sembrada y cosechada nacional provocando que la balanza agropecuaria sea deficitaria. La conclusión es que será necesario un cambio en la dinámica productiva donde los productores locales tomen un papel estratégico en la producción de alimentos, con nuevas alternativas productivas sostenibles.
Citogenética de genotipos de uchuva, Physalis peruviana L., y Physalis floridana Rydb., con respuesta diferencial a Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Liberato Sara , Sánchez-Betancourt Erika , Argüelles Cárdenas Jorge Humberto , Gonzólez Carolina , Núñez Víctor
Published: August 2016

El marchitamiento vascular ocasionado por el hongo Fusarium oxysporum se considera el principal limitante en la producción de uchuva (Physalis peruviana) en Colombia. Se han identificado genotipos de P. peruviana y la especie relacionada P. floridana con diferentes niveles de reacción a F. oxysporum. En el presente estudio, se evaluaron los genotipos con el fin de complementar el conocimiento de la diversidad citogenética en Physalis y el diseño de estrategias de hibridación como apoyo al mejoramiento del cultivo de la uchuva. Se determinó el número de cromosomas en células en división mitótica de ápices radicales de plantas cultivadas in vitro, para lo cual se estimó como hora mitótica promedio las 12:00 para P. peruviana, y las 10:00 para P. floridana. Se encontraron dotaciones cromosómicas de 2n = 4x = 48 y 2n = 2x = 24 para cada una de las dos especies. Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis por citometría de flujo, en el cual se detectó variación en el contenido de ADN nuclear en P. peruviana con 2,33 pg para el genotipo 2n = 24 y entre 5,77 y 8,12 pg para los genotipos 2n = 48. En P. floridana el contenido de ADN fue 2,29 pg para el genotipo con número cromosómico 2n = 24 y 4,03 pg para el genotipo 2n = 48. Se encontró un efecto significativo (α = 0,01) del número de cromosomas sobre el contenido de ADN nuclear para las dos especies.
Distribución y niveles de infestación de Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo y Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) en la isla de San Andrés
Authors: Kondo Takumasa Kondo , Becerra Clever Gustavo , Quintero Edgar Mauricio , Manrique Marilyn Belline
Published: August 2016

La cochinilla acanalada Crypticerya multicicatrices (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) es un insecto invasor que se convirtió en la principal plaga fitófaga en la isla de San Andrés. Para generar estrategias de control, durante el período 14–18 de enero, 2013, se determinaron su distribución y niveles de infestación sobre palmas, frutales, árboles leguminosos y otras especies de plantas. Se muestreó un total de 96 puntos para determinar la distribución del insecto en la isla. En el período de estudio, la cochinilla acanalada se encontró distribuida en toda la isla de San Andrés, incluyendo los cayos de Haynes Cay y Johnny Cay. Entre los grupos muestreados, las plantas más afectadas fueron las palmas, de la cuales 70,8% tenía algún grado de afectación, presentando una infestación alta de 37,5%; seguidas por frutales que registraron un 65,6% de plantas con algún grado de infestación (30,2% infestación alta); leguminosas con 59,6% con algún grado de infestación (13,5% infestación alta) y por último “otros hospedantes” con 51,1% con algún nivel de afectación presentando una alta infestación de 11,5%. Este es el primer estudio de mapeo detallado de C. multicicatrices en la isla de San Andrés y será la base para trabajos futuros sobre la dinámica poblacional de la cochinilla acanalada y su distribución en la isla.
Requerimientos hídricos de cuatro gramíneas de corte para uso eficiente del agua en el Caribe seco colombiano
Authors: Solano José Murillo , Barros Henríquez Justo , Roncallo Fandiño Belisario , Arrieta Pico Guillermo
Published: August 2016

En la región Caribe colombiana la baja precipitación (600 a 1500 mm) e irregular distribución conllevan a una drástica reducción de la disponibilidad de forrajes y de la producción animal. El objetivo del proyecto fue determinar los requerimientos hídricos de cuatro gramíneas de corte, encontrar las funciones aguaproducción y evaluar el efecto del déficit hídrico sobre el rendimiento. Se utilizó la metodología del gradiente en riego por aspersión y diseño de parcelas divididas con 4 repeticiones y 6 tratamientos correspondientes a 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% y 0% de la lámina de agotamiento. En época de mínima precipitación (febrero - abril), el promedio de consumo diario de agua de las gramíneas king grass morado, king grass verde, elefante y maralfalfa fue en su orden de 4,7; 4,6; 4,6 y 4,9 mm/día, con factores K promedios de 0,70; 0,69; 0,69 y 0,75, respectivamente. Los rendimientos en materia seca con los consumos de agua señalados fueron mayores en 301%, 317%, 166%, 415% respectivamente, en relación con los tratamientos sin riego. En época de máxima precipitación (abril - junio) el promedio de requerimiento hídrico de las gramíneas mencionadas fue de 4,25; 4,23; 4,22; 4,54 mm/día, con factores K promedios de 0,75; 0,75; 0,74 y 0,81. Los rendimientos en materia seca con los consumos anteriores superaron en 146%, 178%, 141% y 204% respectivamente a los tratamientos sin riego. En condiciones de riego es recomendable sembrar maralfalfa y en condiciones de secano, pasto elefante.
SISTEM KEKERABATAN DALAM KEBUDAYAAN MINANGKABAU: PERSPEKTIF ALIRAN FILSAFAT STRUKTURALISME JEAN CLAUDE LEVI-STRAUSS
Authors: Munir Misnal
Published: August 2016

The culture of Minangkabau is one culture that embraces the matrilineal kinship system until now. This article aims to comprehend a kinship relation in the culture of Minangkabau based on the anthropological structuralism theory of Levi-Strauss. The kinship system of the culture of Minangkabau, according to the structuralism perspective of Levi-Strauss, places a man as a medium in communicating among clans or tribes. The matrilineal system of the culture of Minangkabau places a woman as a remaining side, while a man as a visiting side to woman house. The matrilineal system places a woman as a heritant of wealth and a man as a person who move to woman house.
NILAI FILOSOFIS BUDAYA MATRILINEAL DI MINANGKABAU (RELEVANSINYA BAGI PENGEMBANGAN HAK-HAK PEREMPUAN DI INDONESIA)
Authors: Ariani Iva
Published: August 2016

This research is a qualitative research to find an essence of matrilineal culture in Minangkabau tradition from the philosophical perspective of Feminism. Method of data collection is dividing research areas in West Sumatra into two big groups that are Minang Pesisir and Minang Bukit. Then, collecting data through direct interview and observation to get data about matrilineal system in West Sumatra. Data which has collected then be analyzed using interpretation and hermeneutics method and described as a concept to develop the rights of enforcer process of woman in Indonesia. This research is to develop the woman movements and law concerning femininity in Indonesia that is more suitable with the personality and cultural of Indonesia because it lifted from local and cultural wisdom in Indonesia. The expectation is that it will be able to more suitable to the agenda of offering values of feminist appropriate for public of Indonesia.
FILSAFAT PENDIDIKAN KI HADJAR DEWANTARA DAN SUMBANGANNYA BAGI PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
Authors: Suparlan Henricus
Published: August 2016

Globalization is influenced by fundamentalist spirit of the market has resulted in education is not fully regarded as an effort to educate the nation and the liberation of man, but began to shift toward education as a commodity. To counteract this kind of educational model, the concepts of Ki Hadjar Dewantara education is offered as a solution to the distortions implementation of education in Indonesia today. According to Ki Hadjar Dewantara, the essence of education is to incorporate culture in the child, and put the child into the culture so that children become human beings. Educational philosophy Ki Hadjar Dewantara Among these so-called philosophy of education in which the convergence of the philosophy of progressivism about the child's natural ability to resolve the problems faced by giving the widest freedom of thought, but it also uses culture that has stood the test of time, according to essentialism, as the basic education of the child to achieve his goal. In this case Ki Hadjar Dewantara using native Indonesian culture while the values of the West are taken in accordance with the theory of selective adaptative Trikon (continuity, convergent and concentric). Three contributions of Ki Hadjar Dewantara’s educational philosophy for the Indonesian education are the application of a trilogy of leadership in education, three centers of education and the paguron system.
BEKSAN GOLEK AYUN-AYUN GAYA YOGYAKARTA DALAM PERSPEKTIF AKSIOLOGI
Authors: Widayanti Sri
Published: August 2016

The Golek Ayun-ayun dance of Yogyakarta's style is a sacred Golek dance style in Javanese tradition that has come down through generations as a national heritage. This dance is a classical Javanese dance comes from the court of Yogyakarta. It depicts a young woman's desire to always look her best.The Golek Ayun-ayun dance celebrates feminine beauty and appeal, including the coquettish dance because this dance portrays a woman who was dressed up. Many varieties of these dances that depict women being dressed up, like for example stole (sondher/sampur) games movement, or pairs of the ring (ali-ali), there is also look in the mirror (ngilo) and so forth. For Golek Ayun-ayun dance which the source comes from Ngayogyakarta court has standard rules or provisions, so it will not change the principle meaning.The principles of classical Javanese dance/Joged Mataram are Sawiji (concentration of mind), Greged (enthusiasm, consciousness), Sengguh (self-confidence), Ora Mingkuh (no surrender). Library research is done by collecting data and completed by interview. The material object of the research is Golek Ayun-ayun dance, and the formal object is axiology. Data analysis by descriptive, Verstehen, interpretation, hermeneutics, comparison, and heuristics method. The result showed that the elements used to organize the dancer makeup and fashion, also the beautiful movement of Golek Ayun-ayun dance is the content /meaning of makeup, fashion, and beautiful movement of Golek Ayun-ayun dance style, while the whole is external form. It contains the aesthetic value as an element of art or the art of dance. The art values in the movement, rhythm, makeup and fashion of Klana Raja dance are sensuous value, formal value, cognitive value, and life value.
KEBENARAN ILMIAH DALAM PEMIKIRAN THOMAS S. KUHN DAN KARL R. POPPER: SUATU KAJIAN HERMENEUTIKA DAN KONTRIBUSINYA BAGI MASA DEPAN ILMU
Authors: Fuad Fuad , Wibisono S. Koento , Hadi P. Hardono
Published: August 2016

The scientific truth can be identified on the Kuhn's normal science as a period of scientific progress, and on the Popper's verisimilitude (the truthlikeness). The Kuhn's thought is a phenomenological hermeneutics due to his understanding of the scientific truth according to the phenomenon of scientific progress, and otherwise, the Popper's is an ontological hermeneutics which acknowledges the absolute truth beyond the scientific explanation. The essential similarity of Kuhn and Popper's hermeneutics is justifying the scientific truth as a relative ideal one (never be the absolute one), and the fundamental difference of both of them caused by Kuhn's hermeneutics based on a descriptive approach and Popper's by the normative one. The Kuhn and Popper's hermeneutics can be contributed to be a philosophical foundation of science, namely: the scientific investigation area (ontological foundation), the dialectic of scientific progress (epistemological foundation), and toward the absolute-transcendental truth (axiological foundation). The hermeneutics can also be contributed to reintegrate science and philosophy, as a correlation and interconnection entity of empirical and metaphysical dimension, and can spontaneously be an understanding frame of the demarcation of science (a system of empirical knowledge) and philosophy (a system of metaphysical one). The hermeneutics can be contributed to implement the integration of Natural Sciences and Humanities (and Social Sciences) in Indonesia, as an IPTEK development strategy which is relevant to the ethical values of the Pancasila's.
JATIDIRI MANUSIA BERDASARKAN FILSAFAT TINDAKAN HANNAH ARENDT PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT MANUSIA: RELEVANSI DENGAN PELANGGARAN HAM TAHUN 1965-1966 DI INDONESIA
Authors: Indah Astrid Veranita
Published: August 2016

The essential problem of human rights violation is a matter of human life. The issue raises many new problems, including the trauma suffered by victims and guilty feelings experienced by perpetrators. Some cases of human rights violation, can often be resolved by the constitutional court. Other cases cannot be solved by laws and regulations that have been established. In such cases, it requires an accomplishment by using another point of view, for example, by understanding the basic structure of human person, based on Hannah Arendt's philosophy of action. This research is a qualitative research with emphasises library research in obtaining datas. Methods used in this study are: hermeneutics, and heuristics. The formal object is human person that is part of philosophy of human. Theory of human person which is categorized into three parts, namely: the personality of human, self identity of human, and the uniqueness in the sociality of human. The result of this research is an exposure of the philosophy of human action, as an ultimate activity in the vita activa. Human beings as individuals, are body and soul; soul and mind. Self identity is understood not only as the present, but also the past and the projections of the future. Human beings develop continuously in the historicity of the time, so that each individual is unique from the others. This uniqueness colors the difference in plurality of life which is expected to keep the friendship in a community. Arendt's philosophy has been successfully answered the problem for human rights violation during the under Nazi rule. Arendt's analysis of the problem for the emphasis on the human personality-conscious thinking in a situation that tends to be authoritarian. Another analysis is the human ability to forgive, promise and build friendship. It is inspire to answer the problem for human rights violation at Indonesia upon 1965-1966. Understanding based on consciousness thinking, forgiveness, promise and friendship will break the cycle of revenge, restore social memory, and ensure the creation of rights of every citizen.
Preoperative Vascular Medial Fibrosis and Arteriovenous Fistula Development
Authors: Shiu Yan-Ting , Litovsky Silvio H. , Cheung Alfred K. , Pike Daniel B. , Tey Jason Chieh Sheng , Zhang Yingying , Young Carlton J. , Robbin Michelle , Hoyt Kenneth , Allon Michael
Published: August 2016

Background and objectives

Arteriovenous fistula maturation requires an increase in the diameter and blood flow of the feeding artery and the draining vein after its creation. The structural properties of the native vessels may affect the magnitude of these changes. We hypothesized that an increase in the collagen content of the vascular media (medial fibrosis) preoperatively would impair vascular dilation and thereby, limit the postoperative increase in arteriovenous fistula diameter and blood flow and clinical arteriovenous fistula maturation.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We enrolled 125 patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula creation between October of 2008 and April of 2012 and followed them prospectively. Any consenting subject was eligible. Arterial and venous specimens were sampled during arteriovenous fistula surgery. Masson's trichrome–stained samples were used to quantify medial fibrosis. Arteriovenous fistula diameter and blood flow were quantified using 6-week postoperative ultrasound. Clinical arteriovenous fistula maturation was assessed using a predefined protocol. The association of preexisting vascular medial fibrosis with arteriovenous fistula outcomes was evaluated after controlling for baseline demographics, comorbidities, and the preoperative venous diameter.

Results

The mean medial fibrosis was 69%±14% in the arteries and 63%±12% in the veins. Arterial medial fibrosis was associated with greater increases in arteriovenous fistula diameter (Δdiameter =0.58 mm; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.27 to 0.89 mm; P<0.001) and arteriovenous fistula blood flow (Δblood flow =85 ml/min; 95% CI, 19 to 150 ml/min; P=0.01) and a lower risk of clinical arteriovenous fistula nonmaturation (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.99; P=0.04), all per 10% absolute difference in medial fibrosis. In contrast, venous medial fibrosis was not associated with the postoperative arteriovenous fistula diameter, blood flow, or clinical maturation.

Conclusions

Preoperative arterial medial fibrosis was associated with greater arteriovenous fistula diameter and blood flow and a lower risk of clinical arteriovenous fistula nonmaturation. This unexpected observation suggests that medial fibrosis promotes arteriovenous fistula development by yet undefined mechanisms or alternatively, that a third factor promotes both medial fibrosis and arteriovenous fistula maturation.
Transmitting Stereotype-relevant Information In Conversation: Evidence from Chinese Undergraduates
Authors: Zhao Yongping , Zhao Yufang , Zhang Jinfu
Published: August 2016

In the field of communication, previous researchers who employed the serial reproduction method have mainly used written communication and fictional story assessment techniques. To extend the literature, we conducted 2 studies to explore the communication of stereotyperelevant information
using the face-to-face oral serial reproduction method. A research report containing stereotypical information about Tchambuli men (Study 1, N = 40), and a fictional story containing stereotypical information about a football player (Study 2, N = 40), were transmitted through
10 separate chains involving 4 people each. Results in both studies showed that people transmitted more stereotype-consistent than stereotype-inconsistent information, regardless of whether they were retelling a research report or a fictional story. Thus, face-to-face oral serial communication
contributes to the maintenance of shared stereotypes.
Cultural Orientation Affects Consumer Responses to Charity Advertising
Authors: Kim Yoojung
Published: August 2016

I examined the different effects that source cues (in-group vs. out-group membership) and message approaches (rational vs. emotional appeals) have on the attitudes of consumers with individualistic and collectivistic cultural orientations toward charity advertising and donation intention.
Participants (105 and 99 college students from Korea and the US, respectively) viewed a charity donation appeal advertisement, then rated their attitude toward the advertisement and donation intention. Results showed that compared with the individualistic U.S. students, collectivistic Korean
students had a more positive attitude toward the advertisement and a higher donation intention when the in-group source cue and emotional message approach were used. In contrast, rational message appeals were more effective for U.S. students, and no significant differences were observed among
this group regarding the in-group and out-group source cue types. My findings implied that charity advertising campaigners may need to use different approaches in terms of group membership and message approaches depending on cultural orientation, thereby motivating people to have a positive
attitude toward charity advertising and donation intention.
Reciprocal Norms Moderate the Influence of Guanxi on Feelings and Behavior of Closeness
Authors: Chen Na , Rau Pei-Luen Patrick
Published: August 2016

Guanxi is a trait of Chinese culture that reveals and underlies the cognition of Chinese individuals regarding their interpersonal connections. We designed an experiment with 36 participants to develop guanxi under laboratory conditions within a short time period. Reciprocal norms moderated
the predictive effects of guanxi on feeling closeness. We verified that both behaving generously and guanxi predict feeling closeness and closeness behavior. On a practical level, we found that behaving generously enhanced feeling closeness and closeness behavior in general; behaving fairly
provided equivalent outcomes when participants interacted with others with whom they had indirect ties; behaving selfishly enhanced feelings of closeness with strangers. Theoretical, experimental, and practical contributions are discussed.
Negative Effects of Brand Familiarity and Brand Relevance on Effectiveness of Viral Advertisements
Authors: Huang Jin-Song , Zhou Liuning
Published: August 2016

We investigated the impact of brand familiarity and brand relevance on forwarding of viral advertisements, which is an issue that has rarely been addressed before. An experiment and a field study with 3,749 participants were conducted to test the research hypotheses. Results revealed
that in the context of viral advertising, brand familiarity and brand relevance act as negative factors for forwarding, and only under the condition of low brand familiarity and low brand relevance are people more willing to forward viral advertisements. These results are different from those
in the traditional advertising literature, in which it is held that brand familiarity and brand relevance will generate positive effects on the effectiveness of advertisements. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.
Mood Affects Consumer Inferences of Marketers' Scarcity Claim As a Sales Tactic
Authors: Lee Seung Yun , Oh Sangdo , Jung Sunho
Published: August 2016

Participants were 130 undergraduate students at a large university, who made product evaluation ratings (i.e., attitude toward a brand) and rated their perceptions of scarcity claims as a sales tactic, after we had manipulated their mood. Results showed that when individuals were in
a negative mood, their preference for mood repair led them to rely on the heuristic of scarcity = value inference to improve their mood. Therefore, scarcity had a positive effect on consumers' product evaluation when they were in a negative mood. In contrast, when individuals were in a positive
mood, they were motivated to retain their mood by avoiding negative events. Thus, consumers in a positive mood were more sensitive to the possibility of a scarcity claim being a sales tactic used by marketers to artificially increase demand. Further, their increased inference of scarcity claims
being a sales tactic attenuated the positive effect of scarcity on their product evaluation.
Effects of Compassion on Employees' Self-regulation
Authors: Choi Hyung Jin , Lee Sangmin , No Se-Ri , Kim Eung Il
Published: August 2016

We examined how compassion can alleviate employees' negative emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. On the basis of self-regulatory resources theory, we hypothesized that there would be relationships between the 2 mediating variables of self-esteem and self-efficacy, and the dependent variables
of anxiety, burnout, workplace deviance, and intention to quit. We collected data on these variables from 284 nurses, who work in a stressful job that necessitates compassion from colleagues, to test our theoretical model. The results revealed that compassion alleviated negative emotions (anxiety
and burnout), behavior (workplace deviance), and thoughts (intention to quit), with both self-esteem and self-efficacy having mediating effects. Thus, we demonstrated the specific path through which compassion can have positive effects on an organization's employees. We discuss the observed
relationship between compassion and self-regulation, and theoretical contributions regarding differences between self-esteem and self-efficacy, as well as between anxiety and burnout.
Effects of Context on Processing Emotionally Neutral Abstract and Concrete Concepts
Authors: Wang Liusheng , Qiu Hongmei , Yin Jianjun
Published: August 2016

The abstractness effect describes the phenomenon of individuals processing abstract concepts faster and more accurately than they process concrete concepts. In this study, we explored the effects of context on how 43 college students processed words, controlling for the emotional valence
of the words. The participants performed a lexical decision task in which they were shown individual abstract and concrete words, or abstract and concrete words embedded in sentences. The results showed that in the word-context condition the participants' processing of concrete concepts improved,
whereas in the sentence-context condition their processing of abstract concepts improved. These findings support the embodied cognition theory of concept processing.
An analysis of the macroeconomic conditions required for SME lending: Evidence from Turkey and other emerging market countries
Authors: Jenkins Hatice , Hossain Monir
Published: August 2016

Providing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with access to external finance
has been a major concern for many governments and international
organizations for three decades. In recent years the experiences of emerging
market countries suggest that a paradigm shift is taking place in SME
finance. Particularly in fast-growing emerging market countries such as
Turkey, banks are increasingly targeting SMEs as a new line of banking
business. This research analyzes how macroeconomic factors have contributed
to increased commercial bank lending to SMEs in six emerging market
countries: Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Poland. Based on
time series and panel data analysis, we find that a high GDP growth rate and
increased competition in the banking sector have contributed to increased
banking sector credit to SMEs. The findings also reveal that curbing the
high inflation rate and reducing government domestic borrowing have
significantly encouraged bank lending to the SME segment.
Is there an environmental Kuznets inverted-U shaped curve?
Authors: Kiliç Cüneyt , Balan Feyza
Published: August 2016

This study examines the relationship among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, income, energy consumption, trade openness, financial development and institutional quality based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in 151 countries for the period 1996-2010, using the pooled ordinary least squares methods. The results support cubic specification of the EKC hypothesis, which assumes a cubic polynomial inverted-U shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. Other empirical results indicate that energy consumption, trade openness, financial development and institutional quality are significant variables in explaining CO2 emissions.
Goniometrie evaluation of standing extension and maximum flexion joint angles of llamas and alpacas
Authors: Walters Amy L. , Semevolos Stacy A. , Baker Rose E.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine and compare mean standing extension and maximum flexion angles of various joints in healthy adult alpacas and llamas, and determine the reliability of goniometric data within and between 2 observers for each joint of interest.

SAMPLE 6 healthy adult llamas and 6 healthy adult alpacas.

PROCEDURES The shoulder joint, elbow joint, carpal, and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the forelimbs and the hip joint, stifle joint, tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints of the hind limbs were investigated. Each articulation was measured with a universal goniometer by 2 observers, who each obtained 2 measurements when each joint was maintained in standing extension and in maximal passive flexion. Two sample (unpaired) t tests were performed for comparisons of mean standing extension and maximum passive flexion angles between alpacas and llamas. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for each articulation to assess interobserver and intra-observer reliability of measurements.

RESULTS Llamas had larger mean standing extension angles than alpacas for the tarsal and elbow joint, but there were no significant differences between species for all other joints. For all joints, flexion measurements did not differ significantly between the 2 species. For most joints, the reliability of goniometric data between observers was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.6 to 0.95)

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Except for the elbow joint and tarsus in extension, the angle of limb articulations during flexion and extension can be considered similar for alpacas and llamas. These measurements have relevance for veterinary surgeons when assessing joint mobility and conformation and determining appropriate angles for arthrodesis.
Evaluation of the effects of anatomic location, histologic processing, and sample size on shrinkage of skin samples obtained from canine cadavers
Authors: Reagan Jennifer K. , Selmic Laura E. , Garrett Laura D. , Singh Kuldeep
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of anatomic location, histologic processing, and sample size on shrinkage of excised canine skin samples.

SAMPLE Skin samples from 15 canine cadavers.

PROCEDURES Elliptical samples of the skin, underlying subcutaneous fat, and muscle fascia were collected from the head, hind limb, and lumbar region of each cadaver. Two samples (10 mm and 30 mm) were collected at each anatomic location of each cadaver (one from the left side and the other from the right side). Measurements of length, width, depth, and surface area were collected prior to excision (P1) and after fixation in neutral-buffered 10% formalin for 24 to 48 hours (P2). Length and width were also measured after histologic processing (P3).

RESULTS Length and width decreased significantly at all anatomic locations and for both sample sizes at each processing stage. Hind limb samples had the greatest decrease in length, compared with results for samples obtained from other locations, across all processing stages for both sample sizes. The 30-mm samples had a greater percentage change in length and width between P1 and P2 than did the 10-mm samples. Histologic processing (P2 to P3) had a greater effect on the percentage shrinkage of 10-mm samples. For all locations and both sample sizes, percentage change between P1 and P3 ranged from 24.0% to 37.7% for length and 18.0% to 22.8% for width.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Histologic processing, anatomic location, and sample size affected the degree of shrinkage of a canine skin sample from excision to histologic assessment.
Concentrations of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions of dairy cows following subcutaneous administration of one or two doses of an experimental preparation of tilmicosin and its efficacy against intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mendoza Jesus , Martínez-Cortés Ismael , López-Ordaz Reyes , Gutiérrez Lilia , Sumano Hector
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine the concentration of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions of dairy cows following administration of an experimental preparation once or twice during the dry period (45-day period immediately prior to calving during which cows are not milked) and to evaluate its efficacy for the treatment of cows with intramammary infections (IMIs) caused by Staphylococcus aureus at dry off (cessation of milking; first day of dry period), compared with that of an intramammary infusion of ceftiofur.

ANIMALS 172 cows.

PROCEDURES Milk samples were collected for microbiological culture 5 days before dry off and at calving and 15 and 30 days after calving. Cows with Staphylococcus IMIs were randomly assigned to receive an experimental preparation of tilmicosin (20 mg/kg, SC) once at dry off (n = 58) or at dry off and again 20 days later (56) or receive a long-acting intramammary preparation of ceftiofur (500 mg/mammary gland; 56) at dry off. Mammary gland secretions were collected from 5 cows in the tilmicosin-treated groups every 5 days after dry off until calving for determination of tilmicosin concentration.

RESULTS Mean maximum concentration of tilmicosin in mammary gland secretions ranged from 14.4 to 20.9 μg/mL after the first dose and was 17.1 μg/mL after the second dose. The bacteriologic cure rate was 100% for all 3 treatments. Tilmicosin was detectable for 0 and 18 days after calving in the milk of cows treated with 1 and 2 doses of tilmicosin, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of an experimental preparation of tilmicosin (20 mg/kg, SC) once to dairy cows at dry off might be useful for the treatment of S aureus IMIs.
Effects of administration of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction and platelet-rich plasma to dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints
Authors: Upchurch David A. , Renberg Walter C. , Roush James K. , Milliken George A. , Weiss Mark L.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of simultaneous intra-articular and IV injection of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints.

ANIMALS 22 client-owned dogs (12 placebo-treated [control] dogs and 10 treated dogs).

PROCEDURES Dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints that caused signs of lameness or discomfort were characterized on the basis of results of orthopedic examination, goniometry, lameness score, the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), a visual analogue scale, and results obtained by use of a pressure-sensing walkway at week 0 (baseline). Dogs received a simultaneous intraarticular and IV injection of SVF and PRP or a placebo. Dogs were examined again 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after injection.

RESULTS CBPI scores were significantly lower for the treatment group at week 24, compared with scores for the control group. Mean visual analogue scale score for the treatment group was significantly higher at week 0 than at weeks 4, 8, or 24. Dogs with baseline peak vertical force (PVF) in the lowest 25th percentile were compared, and the treatment group had a significantly higher PVF than did the control group. After the SVF-PRP injection, fewer dogs in the treated group than in the control group had lameness confirmed during examination.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints treated with SVF and PRP, improvements in CBPI and PVF were evident at some time points, compared with results for the control group.
Effects of experimental cardiac volume loading on left atrial phasic function in healthy dogs
Authors: Osuga Tatsuyuki , Nakamura Kensuke , Morita Tomoya , Nisa Khoirun , Yokoyama Nozomu , Sasaki Noboru , Morishita Keitaro , Ohta Hiroshi , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the relationship between acute volume overload and left atrial phasic function in healthy dogs.

ANIMALS 6 healthy Beagles.

PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized. A Swan-Ganz catheter was placed to measure mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Cardiac preload was increased by IV infusion with lactated Ringer solution at 150 mL/kg/h for 90 minutes. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before (baseline) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes after volume loading began. At each echocardiographic assessment point, apical 4-chamber images were recorded and analyzed to derive time–left atrial area curves. Left atrial total (for reservoir function), passive (for conduit function), and active (for booster-pump function) fractional area changes were calculated from the curves.

RESULTS Volume overload resulted in a significant increase from baseline in PCWP from 15 to 90 minutes after volume loading began. All fractional area changes at 15 to 90 minutes were significantly increased from baseline. In multiple regression analysis, quadratic regression models were better fitted to the relationships between PCWP and each of the total and active fractional area changes than were linear regression models. A linear regression model was better fitted to the relationship between PCWP and passive fractional area change.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that left atrial phasic function assessed on the basis of left atrial phasic areas was enhanced during experimental cardiac volume loading in healthy dogs. The effect of volume load should be considered when evaluating left atrial phasic function by indices derived from left atrial phasic sizes.