bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roseivivax
Authors: Rathgeber Christopher , Yurkov Vladimir V.
Published: August 2015

Ro
.
se
.
i
.
vi
'
vax
. M.L. adj.
roseus
rose colored, pink; L. adj.
vivax
living; M.L. masc. n.
Roseivivax
pink living organism.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Roseivivax

Cells are Gram‐negative
,
slender rods 0
.
5–1
.
0
×
1
.
0–5
.
0 µm
.
Motile by means of subpolar flagella
. Form pink colonies when grown on agar media due to the presence of carotenoid pigments.
Grow heterotrophically and produce bacteriochlorophyll
(
Bchl
)

a
under aerobic conditions

.
Reproduction occurs by binary fission
.
Do not grow anaerobically under illuminated conditions
. The habitat is saline lakes.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.7–64.4.

Type species
:
Roseivivax halodurans
Suzuki, Muroga, Takahama and Nishimura 1999a, 632.
Sagittula
Authors: González José M.
Published: August 2015

Sa.git' tu.la
. L. fem. n.
sagittula
small arrow, referring to the shape of the bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Sagittula

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.9 × 2.3 µm. Gram negative. Cells attach by one pole to particles of cellulose and lignocellulose by means of a polar holdfast structure that can be seen by electron microscopy. Endospores and cysts are not formed. Capsules are produced.
Intracellular granules of polyhydroxybutyrate are formed
.
Aerobic
,
having a strictly aerobic type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
. Do not denitrify. Colonies are nonpigmented. Bacteriochlorophyll
a
is not present.
Oxidase and catalase positive
.
Sea‐salt‐based medium is required for growth
. Chemoorganotrophic. Methanol, various carbohydrates and amino acids, and some aromatic compounds such as
p
‐coumarate, cinnamate, ferulate, and vanillate are utilized. Organic nitrogen compounds, ammonium, and nitrate serve as nitrogen sources.
Cellulose is hydrolyzed
.
Synthetic lignin preparations are partially solubilized and mineralized in the presence of glucose
. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis positions this genus in a group of marine bacteria (except for the moderate halophile
Silicibacter
) within the family
Rhodobacteraceae
. Isolated from a salt marsh at 2% salinity on the coast of Georgia, USA, by enrichment with lignin‐rich pulp mill effluent.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.0.

Type species
:
Sagittula stellata
González, Mayer, Moran, Hodson and Whitman 1997b, 778.
Staleya
Authors: Labrenz Matthias , Hirsch Peter
Published: August 2015

Sta' ley.a.
M.L. fem. n.
Staleya
named after the American microbiologist J.T. Staley in recognition of his work on budding and appendaged bacteria and his contributions to polar microbiology.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Staleya

Rods
,
one or both cell poles narrower
,
multiplying by monopolar growth
, i.e., by a budding process. Gram negative. Cells may be motile. No resting stages known.
Aerobic
, with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism.
Intracellular granules of poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate
(
PHB
)
are present
. Cells have a weak requirement for Na
+
. Temperature range for growth <4–32°C, salinity range <10 to <150‰ of artificial seawater (ASW), NaCl tolerance range <1.0–4.0% and pH tolerance range 5.3–6.5 to >9. Oxidase and weakly catalase positive. Do not grow photoautotrophically with H
2
/CO
2
(80:20) or photoorganotrophically with acetate or glutamate. Bacteriochlorophyll
a
(BChl
a
) may be produced. Occur in marine habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55–56.

Type species
:
Staleya guttiformis
Labrenz, Tindall, Lawson, Collins, Schumann and Hirsch 2000, 310.
Stappia
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Stap
.
pi
.
a
. M.L. dim. ‐
ia
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Stappia
honoring Stapp, a Belgian microbiologist, for his contribution to the taxonomy of marine species of
Agrobacterium
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Stappia

Gram‐negative
rods
, 0.6–1.0 × 2.0–4.0 µm. Motile by means of polar flagella. Do not form spores.
Aerobic
. Nonphototrophic. Oxidase and catalase positive. Seawater or Na
+
required for growth. Major fatty acids are C
18:1
and C
18:0
. 3‐Hydroxy fatty acid is C
14:0 3OH
. 2‐Hydroxy fatty acids are absent.
Major quinone is ubiquinone 10
. Isolated from marine sediment and seawater.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.

Type species
:
Stappia stellulata
(Rüger and Höfle 1992) Uchino, Hirata, Yokota and Sugiyama 1999, 1 (Effective publication: Uchino, Hirata, Yokota and Sugiyama 1998, 208) (
Agrobacterium stellulatum
Rüger and Höfle 1992, 141.)
Acetobacter
Authors: Sievers Martin , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

A
.
ce
.
to
.
bac
'
ter
. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; M.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
rod; M.L.masc. n.
Acetobacter
vinegar rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Acetobacter

Cells
ellipsoidal to rod shaped
, straight or slightly curved, 0.6–0.9 × 1.0–4.0 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or in chains.
Motile or nonmotile
;
if motile
,
the flagella are peritrichous
. Endospores are not formed. Gram negative.
Obligately aerobic
; metabolism is strictly respiratory with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Never fermentative. Form pale colonies; most strains produce no pigments. A minority of strains produces brown water‐soluble pigments or show pink colonies due to the production of porphyrins. Usually catalase positive. Oxidase negative. Absence of gelatin liquefaction, indole production, and H
2
S formation.
Oxidizes ethanol to acetic acid
.

Acetate is oxidized to CO
2
and H
2
O

. The best carbon sources for growth are ethanol, glycerol, and glucose. Some strains require
p
‐aminobenzoic acid, niacin, thiamin, or pantothenic acid as growth factors. Neither lactose nor starch is hydrolyzed. No production of 2,5‐diketo‐
D
‐gluconate from
D
‐glucose. Chemoorganotrophs. Optimum temperature is 30°C. Some strains reduce nitrate to nitrite.
The pH optimum for growth is 4
.
0–6
.
0
.
Possesses ubiquinone of the Q‐9 type as major quinone
. The predominant fatty acid in
Acetobacter
is the C
18:1 ω7
straight‐chain unsaturated acid.

Acetobacter
species occur in flowers

,
fruits
,
palm wine
,
vinegar
,
kefir
,
and fermented foods and can cause infections in grape wine
,
sake
,
tequila
,
cocoa wine
,
cider
,
beer
,
and fermented meat
.
Acetobacter
is not known to have any pathogenic effect toward humans and animals.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50.5–60.3.

Type species
:
Acetobacter aceti
(Pasteur 1864) Beijerinck 1898 (
Mycoderma aceti
Pasteur 1864, 125;
Acetobacter aceti
subsp.
aceti
(Pasteur 1864) De Ley and Frateur 1974.)
Acidiphilium
Authors: Hiraishi Akira , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

A.ci.di.phi' li.um
. M.L. n.
acidum
an acid; Gr. adj.
philus
loving; M.L. neut. n.
Acidiphilium
acid lover.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Acidiphilium

Cells are straight rods
, 0.3–1.2 × 4.2 µm, multiply by binary fission and exhibit a pleomorphic tendency at varied pH values and in the presence of different carbon sources. Motile by means of polar, subpolar, and lateral flagella. Do not form spores or capsules. Gram negative.

16S rRNA structures and signatures conform to the
Alphaproteobacteria

. Cell suspensions and colonies are white to cream, yellow, pink, red, or brown.
Strictly aerobic
,
chemoorganotrophic and chemolithotrophic bacteria containing photosynthetic pigments
, categorized into the aerobic bacteriochlorophyll‐containing bacteria.
Main photosynthetic pigments are zinc‐chelated bacteriochlorophyll
(
Zn‐BChl
)

a
and the carotenoid spirilloxanthin

. Grow with simple organic compounds, such as sugars, as electron donors and carbon sources.
Growth is inhibited in the presence of 0
.
6
%
yeast extract and low concentrations of acetate
(
0
.
25 mM
)
and lactate
(
2 mM
). One species is a facultative chemolithotroph utilizing elemental sulfur as electron donor. Fe
2+
does not serve as the electron donor for chemolithotrophic growth but has stimulatory effects on heterotrophic growth. Catalase is positive and oxidase negative or weakly positive. Mesophilic and
obligately acidophilic bacteria
growing in the pH range of 2.0–5.9 (but not at pH 6.1 and above).
Straight‐chain monounsaturated C

18
:
1

acid is the major component of cellular fatty acids.
Ubiquinones with ten isoprene
(
Q‐10
)
units are present
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.9–68.1.

Type species
:
Acidiphilium cryptum
Harrison 1981, 331.
Acidisphaera
Authors: Hiraishi Akira
Published: August 2015

A.ci.di.sphae' ra
. M.L. n.
acidum
an acid; M.L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; M.L. fem. n.
Acidisphaera
acid (‐requiring) coccoid microorganism.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Acidisphaera

Cells are cocci or coccobacilli
, 0.7–0.9 × 0.9–1.6 µm. Nonmotile. Spore and capsules are not formed. Multiply by binary fission. Gram negative. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Chemoorganotrophic.

Produce bacteriochlorophyll
a
esterified with phytol and carotenoids

as photosynthetic pigments only under aerobic growth conditions in the dark. Light stimulates aerobic growth and viability. Do not grow phototrophically under anoxic conditions in the light. Liquid cultures and colonies on agar media are pink or salmon‐pink. Growth occurs with a number of simple organic compounds as electron donor and carbon source. Growth on complex media containing peptone is poor. Sulfide, S
0
, thiosulfate, and Fe
2+
do not serve as electron donors for chemolithotrophic growth. Catalase and oxidase positive. Mesophilic.
Obligately acidophilic
, growing in the pH range of 3.5–6.0 (but not at pH 3.0 or 6.5). Freshwater bacteria that do not require NaCl for optimal growth.
Ubiquinones with ten isoprene units
(Q‐10) are present. Members of the class
Alphaproteobacteria
. Isolated from acidic mineral environments including surface water and sediment in acidic hot springs (at 42°C and below) and mine drainage streams.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 69–70.

Type species
:
Acidisphaera rubrifaciens
Hiraishi, Matsuzawa, Kanbe and Wakao 2000b, 1545.
Acidomonas
Authors: Sievers Martin , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

A.ci.do.mo' nas
. Gr. adj.
acid
acid Gr. n.
monas
unit,
monadM
.L. fem. n.
Acidomonas
acidophilic monad.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Acidomonas

Cells are Gram negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, rod shaped, 0.8–1.0 × 1.5–3.0 µm. Cells occur singly, rarely in pairs. Colonies were white to yellow on PYM medium. Strictly aerobic. Facultative methylotroph. Metabolism is respiratory, never fermentative. Optimal temperature for growth is 30°C. Optimal pH for growth is pH 4.0–4.5. Catalase positive. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Oxidizes ethanol to acetic acid. Overoxidizes acetic acid to CO
2
and H
2
O.
Acidomonas
contains C
18:1
straight‐chain unsaturated fatty acid as well as C
16:0 3OH
and C
16:0 2OH
as major components of cellular and hydroxy fatty acids, as do the other genera of the family
Acetobacteraceae
(Yamada et al., 1981; Urakami and Komagata, 1987a; Urakami et al., 1989a). The ubiquinone system is Q‐10, along with ubiquinone Q‐9 and Q‐11 as minor components.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.

Type species
:
Acidomonas methanolica
(Uhlig, Karbaum and Steudel 1986) Urakami, Tamaoka, Suzuki and Komagata 1989a, 54 (
Acetobacter methanolicus
Uhlig, Karbaum and Steudel 1986, 321.)
Asaia
Authors: Sievers Martin , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

A.sa' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Asaia
derived from Toshinobu Asai, a Japanese bacteriologist who contributed to the systematics of acetic acid bacteria.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Asaia

Cells are aerobic and rod shaped. Peritrichously flagellated when motile. Does not produce acid from ethanol (with the exception of one strain oxidizing ethanol to acetic acid weakly). Growth is inhibited by 0.35% (v/v) acetic acid.
Asaia
weakly oxidizes acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water. No growth on methanol. Growth occurred on mannitol. Produces 2‐keto‐
D
‐gluconate and 5‐keto‐
D
‐gluconate but not 2,5‐diketo‐
D
‐gluconate from
D
‐glucose. Acids are produced from
D
‐glucose,
D
‐fructose,
L
‐sorbose,
D
‐mannitol, and
D
‐sorbitol. The major quinone type is Q‐10.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–61.

Type species
:
Asaia bogorensis
Yamada, Katsura, Kawasaki, Widyastuti, Saono, Seki, Uchimura and Komagata 2000, 828.
Craurococcus
Authors: Rathgeber Christopher , Yurkov Vladimir V.
Published: August 2015

Cra.u.ro.coc' cus
. Gr. adj.
crauros
fragile; Gr. n.
coccus
berry; M.L. n.
Craurococcus
fragile coccus.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Craurococcus

Cells are coccoid
,
0
.
8–2
.
0
μ
m in diameter
,
nonmotile
,
Gram negative
,
and divide by binary fission
. Form pink irregular colonies when grown on agar media.
Contain bacteriochlorophyll
(
Bchl
)

a

,
spirilloxanthin and carotenoic acids
.
No growth occurs anaerobically in the light
. Grow heterotrophically under aerobic conditions. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite, dissimilatory denitrification not observed.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 70.5.

Type species
:
Craurococcus roseus
Saitoh, Suzuki and Nishimura 1998, 1045.
Gluconacetobacter
Authors: Sievers Martin , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Glu.con.a.ce.to.bac' ter
. M.L. n.
acidum, gluconicum
gluconic acid; M.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Gluconacetobacter
gluconate‐vinegar rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Gluconacetobacter

Cells
ellipsoidal to rod shaped
, straight or slightly curved, 0.6–1.2 × 1.0–3.0 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains.
Motile or nonmotile
;
if motile
,
the flagella are peritrichous
. Endospores are not formed. Gram negative.
Obligately aerobic
; metabolism is strictly respiratory with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Never fermentative. Some strains produce thick pellicle‐forming colonies. Catalase positive and oxidase negative. Absence of gelatin liquefaction, indole production, and H
2
S formation.
Oxidize ethanol to acetic acid
.

Overoxidation of acetate to CO
2
and H
2
O depends upon acetate concentration in the medium

. The best carbon sources for growth are ethanol, glucose, and acetate. Acids are formed from glucose and ethanol. Species differ in respect to growth behavior on media with high acetate or glucose concentrations. Optimum temperature is 30°C.
The pH optimum for growth is 2
.
5–6
.
0
.
Possesses ubiquinone of the Q‐10 type as major quinone
. The predominant fatty acid in
Gluconacetobacter
is the C
18:1 ω7
straight‐chain unsaturated acid.
Gluconacetobacter
species occur in vinegar
,
tea fungus
,
sugarcane
,
mealy bug
,
flowers
,
and fruits
,
and can cause infections in beverages and spirituous liquors
.
Gluconacetobacter
is not known to have any pathogenic effect toward humans and animals.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55–67.

Type species
:
Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens
(Asai 1935) Yamada, Hoshino and Ishikawa 1998b, 327 (Effective publication: Yamada, Hoshino and Ishikawa 1997, 1250) (
Acetobacter liquefaciens
(Asai 1935) Gosselé, Swings, Kersters, Pauwels, and De Ley 1983c, 896;
Acetobacter aceti
subsp.
liquefaciens
De Ley and Frateur 1974, 277; “
Gluconobacter liquifaciens
” Asai 1935, 610.)
Rhodopila
Authors: Madigan Michael T. , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.pi' la
. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; M.L. fem. n.
pila
a ball or sphere; M.L. fem. n.
Rhodopila
red sphere.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Rhodopila

Cells are spherical to ovoid
, motile by means of polar flagella, and divide by binary fission (Fig. 29).
Gram negative
,

belonging to the
Alphaproteobacteria

. Internal photosynthetic membranes are of the vesicular type.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids

.
Major fatty acids are C

18
:
1

(~
75
%)
and C

16
:
0

.
Ubiquinones
,
menaquinones
,
and rhodoquinones with 9 and 10 isoprene units are present
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.3.

Type species
:
Rhodopila globiformis
(Pfennig 1974) Imhoff, Trüper and Pfennig 1984, 341 (
Rhodopseudomonas globiformis
Pfennig 1974, 205.)
Levispirillum
Authors: Pot Bruno , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

Le
.
vi
.
spi
.
ril
'
lum
. L. adj.
laevus
left; M.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
small spiral;
Levispirillum
small spiral‐shaped bacteria with left‐turning helix.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Levispirillum

Gram‐negative,
rigid
,
helical cells 0
.
4–0
.
7 µm in diameter and 2–22 µm in length
. Helix is left‐handed, determined by focusing on the bottom of the cells: the pattern \\\\ indicates a counterclockwise (left‐handed) helix.
A polar membrane is present under the cytoplasmic membrane
. Intracellular polyhydroxybutyric acid and coccoid bodies are usually formed.
Bipolar tufts of flagella
. Chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism, using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. One species grows anaerobically with nitrate as electron acceptor. Acid is formed from fructose aerobically and anaerobically. Oxidase, catalase, and phosphatase positive; sulfatase negative. Indole negative and esculin positive. Gelatin is not liquefied in 4 d at 30°C or in 7 d at 20°C. One species can liquefy gelatin at 20°C after 28 d. Growth factors not required. Nonphototrophic. No growth on casein, starch, and hippurate. Nitrogenase activity can occur in anaerobic conditions in the presence of ammonium sulfate. No growth at 3% NaCl. Growth on 1% bile and on EMB agar.
L
‐Glutamate,
L
‐asparagine,
L
‐glutamine, and
L
‐proline used as sole C‐source; caproate, isocitrate,
D
‐glucose,
D
‐xylose,
L
‐arabinose, and
L
‐tyrosine,
L
‐methionine,
L
‐serine,
L
‐tryptophan,
L
‐isoleucine, and glycine cannot be used as sole C‐source. Isolated from pond water and from putrid infusions of freshwater mussels.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60–64.

Type species
:
Levispirillum itersonii
comb
.
nov
. (
Aquaspirillum itersonii
(Giesberger 1936) Hylemon, Wells, Krieg and Jannasch 1973b, 370.)
Magnetospirillum
Authors: Schüler Dirk , Schleifer Karl‐Heinz
Published: August 2015

Mag.ne' to.spi.ril' lum
. Gr. n.
magnes
magnet, comb. form magneto‐; Gr. n.
spira
a spiral; M.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
a small spiral;
Magnetospirillum
a small magnetic spiral.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Magnetospirillum

Helical
(clockwise)
spirilla
, 0.2–0.7 × 3–4 µm. Occur in freshwater sediments. Gram negative. Motile by means of a single flagellum at each pole. Cells
contain variable numbers of magnetosomes
. Intracytoplasmic membranes (magnetosome membrane) are present. Intracellular poly‐hydroxy‐alkanoate formation.
Magnetotactic
.
Microaerophilic
, having a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as terminal electron acceptor.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Optimum growth temperature is 30°C. No growth in the presence of 1% NaCl. Catalase and oxidase can be absent or present. Denitrify under microaerobic conditions. Growth occurs on various organic acids; carbohydrates are not used. Members form a
monophyletic group within the
Alphaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63–64.

Type species
:
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Schleifer, Schüler and Ludwig 1992, 291 (Effective publication: Schleifer, Schüler and Ludwig
in
Schleifer, Schüler, Spring, Weizenegger, Amann, Ludwig and Köhler 1991, 384.)
Rhodocista
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.ci' sta
. L. fem. n.
rhodon
the rose; L. fem. n.
cista
a basket; M.L. fem. n.
Rhodocista
the rose basket.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Rhodocista

Cells are vibrioid to spiral in shape
, motile by means of a long polar flagellum.
Gram negative
.
Belong to the
Alphaproteobacteria
. Internal photosynthetic membranes occur as lamellae lying parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Photosynthetic pigments are
bacteriochlorophyll

a

and
carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series
.
Ubiquinone with nine isoprene units
(
Q‐9
)
is present
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 69.9.

Type species
:
Rhodocista centenaria
Kawasaki, Hoshino, Kuraishi and Yamasato 1994b, 182 (Effective publication: Kawasaki, Hoshino, Kuraishi and Yamasato 1992, 548) (
Rhodospirillum centenum
Favinger, Stadtwald and Gest 1994, 182.)
Rhodospirillum
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.spi.ril' lum. Gr. n.rhodonthe rose; M.L. neut. n.Spirilluma bacterial genus; M.L. neut. n.Rhodospirillumthe roseSpirillum.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Rhodospirillum

Cells are vibrioid to spiral shaped, are motile by means of bipolar flagella, and multiply by binary fission.Gram negative,belonging to theAlphaproteobacteria. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as vesicles or as lamellae forming a sharp angle to the cytoplasmic membrane. Photosynthetic pigments arebacteriochlorophylla(esterified with phytol or geranylgeraniol) andcarotenoids of the spirilloxanthin serieswith spirilloxanthin itself lacking in some species.Ubiquinones and rhodoquinones with 8 or 10 isoprene unitsare present.Major cellular fatty acids are C18:1,C16:1,and C16:0, with C18:1as dominant component (51–55% of total fatty acids).

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62.1–63.5.

Type species:Rhodospirillum rubrum(Esmarch 1887) Molisch 1907, 25 (Spirillum rubrumEsmarch 1887, 230.)
Rhodovibrio
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.vi' bri.o
. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; M.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
a bacterial genus; M.L. masc. n.
Rhodovibrio
the rose
Vibrio
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Rhodovibrio

Cells are vibrioid to spiral shaped
, motile by means of polar flagella and multiply by binary fission.
Gram negative
,
belonging to the

Alphaproteobacteria

. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as vesicles. Photosynthetic pigments are
bacteriochlorophyll

a

and
carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series
.
Ubiquinones and menaquinones with 10 isoprene units
(
Q‐10 and MK‐10
)
are present
.
Major cellular fatty acids are C

18
:
1

and C

18:
0

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–67.

Type species
:
Rhodovibrio salinarum
(Nissen and Dundas 1985) Imhoff, Petri and Süling 1998, 797 (
Rhodospirillum salinarum
Nissen and Dundas 1985, 224.)
Incertae Sedis XII. “Sporospirillum”
Authors: Pot Bruno , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

Spor.o.spi.ril' lum
. Gr. n.
sporos
a seed (spore); Gr. n.
spira
a spiral; M.L. dim. n.
spirillum
a small spiral; M.L. neut. n.
Sporospirillum
a small spore (‐forming) spiral.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / incertae Sedis XII. “Sporospirillum”

Rigid
,
helical bacteria of enormous size
,
1
.
8–4
.
8
μ
m in diameter and 40–100
μ
m in length
. Structures that morphologically resemble endospores occur within the cells, but their thermal resistance has not been determined.
The spore‐like structures have the ability to rotate and to migrate within the cytoplasm of the bacteria
. They initially develop near the cell poles and subsequently migrate to the center where they are released after the cell ruptures and disintegrates. The Gram reaction has not been reported. The cells are
motile
,
but no organs of locomotion are evident
. The relationship of the cells to oxygen is unknown. Occur in the intestinal contents of tadpoles. Have not been isolated. A type strain has not been designated.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not determined.

Type species
: “
Sporospirillum bisporum
” Delaporte 1964, 260.
Ehrlichia
Authors: Stephen Dumler J. , Rikihisa Yasuko , Dasch Gregory A.
Published: August 2015

Ehr.lich' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Ehrlichia
named after Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Anaplasmataceae / Ehrlichia

Coccoid to ellipsoidal cells
.
Found in cytoplasmic vacuoles in endothelial or hemopoietic mammalian host cells
, including macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and cells of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. Often occur in clusters (morulae). Pleomorphic; occur as
reticulate cells and
“
dense core forms
”
with condensed cytoplasm
(Popov et al., 1998). Gram negative. Nonmotile. Some species grow in cultured tick cells or in cultured mammalian monocytes, macrophages, or endothelial cells.
Cause disease in ruminants
,
canids
,
rodents
,
and humans
.
Ticks are the primary vectors and hosts
. Belong to the
Alphaproteobacteria
by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis; the organisms exhibit ≥97.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with one another. Where studied, these bacteria possess surface protein antigen genes that are tandemly arranged in the chromosome and have a high degree of sequence similarity (Ohashi et al., 1998a, b; Reddy et al., 1998; McBride et al., 2000; Yu et al., 2000a).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 30–56.

Type species
:
Ehrlichia canis
(Donatien and Lestoquard 1935) Moshkovski 1945, 18 (
Rickettsia canis
Donatien and Lestoquard 1935, 419) emend. Dumler, Barbet, Bekker, Dasch, Palmer, Ray, Rikihisa and Rurangirwa 2001, 2159.
Incertae Sedis V. Aegyptianella
Authors: Rikihisa Yasuko , Kreier Julius P.
Published: August 2015

Ae.gyp' ti.a.nel' la
. dim. ending ‐
ella
M.L. fem. dim. n.
Aegyptianella
named after Egypt where the organism was described in 1929.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Anaplasmataceae / incertae Sedis V. Aegyptianella

In blood smears stained by Romanowsky methods, the inclusions
appear in erythrocytes as purple intracytoplasmic bodies
of 0.3–4 µm in size. By electron microscopy, each inclusion contains between 1 and 26 pleomorphic cocci with trilaminar outer membranes. They are obligate parasites of domestic and wild birds. Transmitted by ticks.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not known.

Type species
:
Aegyptianella pullorum
Carpano 1929, 12.
Holospora
Authors: Görtz Hans‐Dieter , Schmidt Helmut J.
Published: August 2015

Ho.lo' spo.ra
. Gr. fem. adj.
holos
whole, complete; Gr. n.
sporus
seed; M.L. n.
spora
spore; M.L. fem. n.
Holospora
whole spore.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Holosporaceae / Holospora

The description of the genus is that of the family. Diagnostic characteristics are given in Table 1.

Type species
:
Holospora undulata
(ex Hafkine 1890) Gromov and Ossipov 1981, 351.
Incertae Sedis IV. Odyssella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Od.ys.sel' la
. Gr. dim. fem. n.
Odyssella
pertaining to Odysseus.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Holosporaceae / incertae Sedis IV. Odyssella

Motile, rod‐shaped (0.2–0.5 × 0.7–1.0 µm)
intracytoplasmic parasite of
Acanthamoeba
spp. Does not grow axenically. Most virulent at temperatures above 30°C.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41 ± 1 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Candidatus
Odyssella thessalonicensis Birtles, Rowbotham, Michel, Pitcher, Lascola, Alexou‐Daniel and Raoult 2000, 71.
Incertae Sedis VIII. Tectibacter
Authors: Görtz Hans‐Dieter , Schmidt Helmut J.
Published: August 2015

Tec.ti.bac' ter
. L. masc. n.
tectum
covering; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod; M.L masc. n.
Tectibacter
the bacterium with a covering.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Holosporaceae / incertae Sedis VIII. Tectibacter

Straight rods 0.4–0.7 × 1–2 µm. Distinguished by
outer covering around its cell wall
, visible in sections with the transmission electron microscope. Sparsely flagellated, peritrichous. No known strains are toxic to protozoa. Gram negative. Often observed to be motile. Occur widely among strains of
Paramecium primaurelia
,
P
.
biaurelia
,
P
.
tetraurelia
,
P
.
sexaurelia
, and
P
.
octaurelia
, often with other symbionts (Figure 1).

Type species
:
Tectibacter vulgaris
(ex Preer, Preer and Jurand 1974) Preer and Preer 1982, 140.
Orientia
Authors: Yu Xue‐jie , Walker David H.
Published: August 2015

O' ri.en' ti.a. M.L. fem. n.Orientiapertaining to the Orient, the area where the organisms are widely distributed.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Rickettsiaceae / Orientia

Short rods 0.5–0.8 × 1.2–3.0 µm.Obligately intracellular.Grow free in the cytosol of the host cell; rarely invade the nucleus. Bacterial cells are released surrounded by host cell membrane.Cell walls lack lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. The outer leaflet of the cell wall is considerably thicker than the inner leaflet, unlike the wall of rickettsiae. The genome ofOrientiais 1.1–1.5 × 109Da, larger than that ofRickettsia. Maintained by transovarian transmission in its varioustrombiculid mite hosts.Etiological agents of scrub typhus in humans. Transmitted to humans by mite larvae. Found in Asia and Australia.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 28.1–30.5 (HPLC).

Type species:Orientia tsutsugamushi(Hayashi 1920) Tamura, Ohashi, Urakami and Miyamura 1995, 590 (Rickettsia tsutsugamushi(Hayashi 1920) Ogata 1931, 252; “Theileria tsutsugamushi” Hayashi 1920, 63.)
Citromicrobium
Authors: Yurkov Vladimir V.
Published: August 2015

Ci.tro.mi.cro' bi.um
. Gr. n.
citron
citron; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. n.
Citromicrobium
citron‐colored microbe.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / “Citromicrobium”

Cells are pleomorphic
,
depending on the growth phase of cultures
,
coccoid to ovoid rods
,
often forming Y‐cells
. Motile by one polar or subpolar flagellum.
Gram negative
,
highly variable in its mode of multiplication
. Cultures are
intensely lemon‐yellow colored because of carotenoid pigments
,

and contain bacteriochlorophyll
a

.
Photosynthetic apparatus contains reaction center
(
RC
)
and light harvesting
(
LH
)
complexes
.
No growth occurs anaerobically in the light
. Incapable of autotrophic growth.
Obligately aerobic
. No dissimilatory denitrification activity detected. The habitat is marine.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67.5.

Type species
: “
Citromicrobium bathyomarinum
” Yurkov, Krieger, Stackebrandt and Beatty 1999, 4523.
Blastomonas
Authors: Sly Lindsay I. , Hugenholtz Philip
Published: August 2015

Blas.to.mo' nas
. Gr. n.
blastos
bud shoot; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Blastomonas
a budding monad.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Blastomonas

Cells are ovoid or rod‐shaped and reproduce by budding or asymmetric cell division
. They occur singly or in pairs and
may form rosette‐like aggregates
. No stalks and prosthecae are found.
Gram negative
. Nonsporeforming.
Motile by means of polar flagella
.
Strictly aerobic
.
Chemoorganotroph
and
facultative photoorganoheterotroph
. No growth occurs under anaerobic conditions in the light.

Produces BChl
a

. Colonies and cell suspensions are
yellow to orange due to carotenoids
.
Mesophilic
and
neutrophilic
.
Catalase and oxidase positive
. Nitrate is not reduced. Acid is not produced in Hugh and Leifson's OF medium. The
major whole‐cell fatty acid is C

18
:
1
ω
9

. The
major hydroxy‐fatty acid is C

14
:
0 2OH

. C
15:0 2OH
and C
16:0 2OH
are present as minor components. 3‐OH fatty acids are absent. Monosaccharide‐type glycosphingolipids are present.
Ubiquinone‐10 is the major respiratory quinone
. Belongs to the
Alphaproteobacteria
. Habitat is fresh water.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.

Type species
:
Blastomonas natatoria
(Sly 1985) Sly and Cahill 1997, 568 emend. Hiraishi, Kuraishi and Kawahara 2000a, 1117 (
Blastobacter natatorius
Sly 1985, 43.)
Porphyrobacter
Authors: Hiraishi Akira , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Por.phy.ro.bac' ter
. Gr. adj.
porphyreos
purple; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bacterion
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Porphyrobacter
porphyrin‐producing rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Porphyrobacter

Cells are straight
,
pleomorphic
,
ovoid‐to‐short rods
,
or cocci
, 0.5–1.0 × 0.8–2.0 µm. Spores and capsules are not formed. Multiply by budding or binary fission. Gram negative. Members of the
Alphaproteobacteria
. Motile or nonmotile. Do not form any type of internal membranes.

Synthesize bacteriochlorophyll
a
esterified with phytol and carotenoids

as photosynthetic pigments only under aerobic conditions in the dark.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.0–66.4.

Type species
:
Porphyrobacter neustonensis
Fuerst, Hawkins, Holms, Sly, Moore and Stackebrandt 1993, 132.
Sphingomonas
Authors: Yabuuchi Eiko , Kosako Yoshimasa
Published: August 2015

Sphin.go.mo' nas
. Gr. gen. n.
sphingos
of sphinx; Gr. n.
monad
unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Sphingomonas
a sphingosine‐containing monad.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Sphingomonadales / Sphingomonadaceae / Sphingomonas

Straight or slightly curved rods or ovoid cells 0
.
2–1
.
4
×
0
.
5–4
.
0
μ
m
. Gram negative. Asporogenous. Reproduction in most species is by binary fission; budding or asymmetric division as visualized by electron microscopy occurs in two species. Motile or nonmotile. A rosette‐like aggregation caused by polar fimbriae occurs in some species.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Anaerobic nitrate respiration does not occur. Esculin is hydrolyzed.

Two species with bacteriochlorophyll
a
are facultative photoorganotrophs

. Colony color varies from orange or yellow to white to nonpigmented. Catalase positive. Oxidase positive or negative.
Glucuronosyl
‐(
1
→
1
)‐
ceramide
(
SGL‐1
),
galacturonosyl
‐β(
1
→
1
)‐
ceramide
(
in several species
),
and 2‐hydroxymyristic acid occur
,
but not 3‐hydroxy fatty acids
(Table BXII.α83, Figs.BXII.α85, BXII.α86, and BXII.α87). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell wall is replaced by sphingolipids (Figs. BXII.α88 and BXII.α89). C
18:1 ω9c
and C
18:1 ω7c
are the major nonpolar fatty acids and
2‐hydroxymyristic acid
is the major 2‐hydroxy acid (Table BXII.α84). Some species are opportunistic pathogens, causing meningitis, septicemia, peritonitis, and neonatal infections in intensive care units. Pathogenicity toward animals is not known.
Free living
in natural and man‐made environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–68.

Type species
:
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
(Holmes, Owen, Evans, MaInick and Wilcox 1977a) Yabuuchi, Yano, Oyaizu, Hashimoto, Ezaki and Yamamoto 1990b, 321 (Effective publication: Yabuuchi, Yano, Oyaizu, Hashimoto, Ezaki and Yamamoto 1990a, 116) (
Pseudomonas paucimobilis
Holmes, Owen, Evans, Malnick and Wilcox 1977a, 133.)
Achromobacter
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Auling Georg
Published: August 2015

A.chro.mo.bac' ter
. Gr. adj.
achromus
colorless; M.L. n.
bacter
the masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod or staff; M.L. masc. n.
Achromobacter
colorless rodlet.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Achromobacter

Straight rods
, 0.8–1.2 × 2.5–3.0 µm with rounded ends.
Gram negative
. Nonsporeforming.
Motile
with 1–20 sheathed flagella arranged
peritrichously
.
Obligately aerobic
and nonfermentative. Some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration with nitrate as the electron acceptor. They perform nitrate respiration combined with nitrite and nitrous oxide respiration. Some strains are facultative lithoautotrophic hydrogen‐oxidizers.
Oxidase positive
.
Catalase positive
. Urease, DNase, phenylalanine deaminase, lysine and ornithine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, and gelatinase negative. Nonhalophilic, nonhemolytic, nonpigmented.
Chemoorganotrophic
,
using a variety of organic acids and amino acids as carbon sources
. Carbohydrates usually not utilized.
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
subsp.
xylosoxidans
and
Achromobacter ruhlandii
utilize
D
‐glucose as sole carbon source and produce acid from
D
‐glucose,
D
‐arabinose, and
D
‐xylose.
Those strains analyzed contain the characteristic fatty acids C

17
:
0 cyclo

,
C

16
:
0

,
C

14
:
0 3OH

,
C

16
:
1

,
C

12
:
0 2OH

, and
ubiquinone Q‐8
. The
polyamine patterns
display
putrescine
as the major compound and contain the unusual diamine
2‐hydroxyputrescine
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65–68.

Type species
:
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
Yabuuchi and Yano 1981, 477.
Alcaligenes
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Auling Georg
Published: August 2015

Al.ca.li' ge.nes. Arabicalthe; Arabic n.galiythe ash of saltwort; French n.alcalialkali; Gr. v.gennaioto produce; M.L. masc. n.Alcaligenesalkali‐producing (bacteria).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Alcaligenes

Rods or coccobacilli, 0.5–1.2 × 1.0–3.0 µm, usually occurring singly. Resting stages not known.Gram negative.Motilewith one to nineperitrichousflagella.Obligately aerobic, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrate or nitrite. Optimal growth temperature: 20–37°C. Colonies on nutrient agar arenonpigmented.Oxidase positive.Catalase positive. Indole not produced. Cellulose, esculin, gelatin, and DNA usually not hydrolyzed.Chemoorganotrophic,using a variety of organic acids and amino acids as carbon sources.Alkali producedfrom several organic salts and amides. Carbohydrates usually not utilized.Characteristic fatty acids are C17:0 cyclo,C16:0,C14:0 3OH,C16:1,and C12:0 2OH.Ubiquinone Q‐8.Polyamine patterns with the predominant compound putrescine and the unusual diamine 2‐hydroxyputrescine. Isolated from water, soil, and clinical specimens such as blood, spinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pus, urine, stools, and swabs of eyes, ears, and pharynxes. Frequently found in unsterilized distilled water and in chlorhexidine solutions in hospitals. Occasionally causing opportunistic infections in humans.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 56–60.

Type species:Alcaligenes faecalisCastellani and Chalmers 1919, 936AL(Achromobacter arsenoxydans‐tresTurner 1954, 475; “Pseudomonas odorans” (Málek and Kazdová‐Košiskova 1946; Málek, Radochová and Lysenko 1963, 353; “Alcaligenes odoransvar. viridans” Mitchell and Clarke 1965, 347.
Bordetella
Authors: Sanden Gary N. , Weyant Robbin S.
Published: August 2015

Bor.de.tel' la. M.L. dim ending ‐ella;M.L. fem. n.Bordetellanamed after Jules Bordet, who with O. Gengou first isolated the organism causing pertussis.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Bordetella

Minute coccobacillus, 0.2–0.5 µm in diameter and 0.5–2.0 µm in length, often bipolar stained, and arranged singly or in pairs, more rarely in chains. Gram negative.Nonmotileormotileby peritrichous flagella.Strictly aerobic.Optimal temperature,35–37°C. Colonies on Bordet–Gengou medium are smooth, convex, pearly, glistening, nearly transparent, and surrounded by a zone of hemolysis without definite periphery.Respiratory metabolism. Chemoorganotrophic.Require nicotinamide,organic sulfur(e.g., cysteine), andorganic nitrogen(amino acids).Utilize oxidativelyglutamic acid, proline, alanine, aspartic acid, and serine, with production of ammonia and CO2. Litmus milk is made alkaline. Mammalian and avian parasite and pathogen. Most species localize and multiply among the epithelial cilia of the respiratory tract.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 66–70.

Type species:Bordetella pertussis(Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923a) Moreno‐López 1952, 178 (Microbe de coqueluche Bordet and Gengou 1906, 731;Haemophilus pertussisBergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923a, 269.)
Derxia
Authors: Kennedy Christina
Published: August 2015

Derx' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Derxia
named after the Dutch microbiologist H.G. Derx (1894–1953).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Derxia

Cells are rod‐shaped with rounded ends
, 1.0–1.2 µm × 3.0–6.0 µm, occurring singly or in short chains.
Cells are rather pleomorphic
, depending on age and the medium. In aging cultures cells often remain together forming long filaments of sometimes locally swollen or distorted cells. Some cells may assume very large lengths (up to 30 µm).
Young cells have a homogeneous cytoplasm
;
older cells show typical large refractile bodies—probably poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate—throughout the whole cell
. Resting stages are not known. Gram negative.
Motile by a short polar flagellum
; motile cells are numerous in liquid glucose media containing combined nitrogen, but rare on nitrogen‐deficient solid media.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

N
2
is fixed under aerobic or microaerobic conditions

. Optimal temperature, 25–35°C; growth is slow at 15°C, feeble at 40°C; no growth at 50°C.
Growth occurs between pH 5
.
5 and
~
9
.
0
; no growth at pH 4.4.
Broth cultures turn into a gelatinous mass
, but growth near the surface is more luxuriant and forms a thick, tough pellicle.
Colonies on agar media are at first slimy and semitransparent
,
later massive and opaque
,
highly raised with a wrinkled surface
.
Older colonies develop a dark mahogany‐brown color
.
Catalase negative
. A wide range of sugars, alcohols, and organic acids are oxidized mostly to CO
2
and a small amount of acid, probably acetic, when growing in an alkaline medium.
Can grow as a facultative hydrogen autotroph
.
Found in tropical soils
(Asia, Africa, South America).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 69.2–72.6.

Type species
:
Derxia gummosa
Jensen, Petersen, De and Bhattacharya 1960, 193.
Oligella
Authors: Kersters Karel , Vancanneyt Marc
Published: August 2015

O.li.gel' la
. Gr. adj.
oligos
little, scanty; M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella
; M.L. fem. n.
Oligella
referring to small bacterium with limited nutritional properties.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Oligella

Small rods or coccobacilli
,
usually not exceeding 1
μ
m in length and often occurring in pairs
;
cell width is seldom larger than 0
.
6
μ
m
. Gram negative, noncapsulated, and nonsporeforming.
Motility
,
if present
,
is by means of peritrichous flagella
.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Moderately fastidious chemoorganotrophs growing at 30°C and 37°C. Grow on nutrient agar, but growth is enhanced by the addition of yeast autolysate, serum, or blood. No pigments and no odor are produced. Nonhemolytic.
Biochemically they are rather inert
; only a few organic acids and amino acids are oxidized or utilized as the sole carbon source.
Carbohydrates are neither fermented nor oxidized
.
Oxidase positive and usually catalase positive
. Indole and H
2
S are not formed. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed. The urease test is useful to differentiate the two species. The major cellular fatty acids are
cis
‐vaccenic acid (C
18:1 ω7c
) and palmitic acid (C
16:0
); two 3‐hydroxylated acids (C
14:0 3OH
and C
16:0 3OH
) are also present, whereas branched‐chain acids are absent. Mainly isolated from the genitourinary tract of humans. Pathogenicity is unknown but likely low. Belongs to the
Betaproteobacteria
; the genera
Brackiella
,
Pelistega
, and
Taylorella
are phylogenetic neighbors.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46–48.

Type species
:
Oligella urethralis
(Lautrop, Bøvre and Frederiksen 1970) Rossau, Kersters, Falsen, Jantzen, Segers, Union, Nehls and De Ley 1987, 206
VP
(
Moraxella urethralis
Lautrop, Bøvre and Frederiksen 1970, 255.)
Pelistega
Authors: Vandamme Peter , Hinz Karl‐Heinz
Published: August 2015

Pe.li' ste.ga.
Gr. n.
peleia
pigeon; Gr. fem. n.
stege
house, stay, residence; N.L. fem. n.
Pelistega
refers to the bacteria living in pigeons.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Pelistega

Cells in 16–24‐h‐old cultures on blood agar are 0.2–0.4 × 1–2 µm, with
variable morphological forms
. Gram negative.
Nonsporeforming
. Capsulated.
Nonmotile
.
Optimal growth under microaerobic conditions
. Growth is weak under aerobic conditions and absent under anaerobic conditions. Growth at 37°C and 42°C, not at 24°C. Does not require growth factors on conventional media. No growth on MacConkey agar.
Glucose is oxidized with the production of alkali
, no fermentation of, or acid production from, glucose.
Catalase and oxidase activity is present
. No reduction of nitrate, no denitrification, no production of acetylmethylcarbinol, indole, or methyl red, no esculin hydrolysis, β‐galactosidase, DNase, chondroitin sulfatase, hyaluronidase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, lecithinase, or phenylalanine deaminase activity.
Alkaline and acid phosphatase activity is present
. Thus far only isolated from pigeon samples.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42–43.

Type species
:
Pelistega europaea
Vandamme, Segers, Ryll, Hommez, Vancanneyt, Coopman, De Baere, Van De Peer, Kersters, De Wachter and Hinz 1998, 437.
Sutterella
Authors: Wexler Hannah M.
Published: August 2015

Sut.ter.el' la
. M.L. dim. fem. n.
Sutterella
named in memory of Vera Sutter, respected colleague and director of the Wadsworth Anaerobe Laboratory for twenty years.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Sutterella

Straight rod, 0.5–1 × 1–3 µm. Gram negative. Grows in a microaerophilic atmosphere (2% and 6% oxygen) or under anaerobic conditions. Isolated mainly from the intestinal tract and from infections of gastrointestinal origin. Urease negative. Oxidase negative. Indoxyl acetate negative. Reduces nitrate.
Resistant to 20
%
bile disks
. Asaccharolytic. Cannot reduce tetrazolium tetrachloride under aerobic conditions if formate and fumarate are added to the medium.
May be resistant to metronidazole
.

Type species
:
Sutterella wadsworthensis
Wexler, Reeves, Summanen, Molitoris, McTeague, Duncan, Wilson and Finegold 1996a, 257.
Taylorella
Authors: Bleumink‐Pluym Nancy M.C. , van der Zeijst Bernard A.M.
Published: August 2015

Tay' lor.el.la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella
M.L. fem. n.
Taylorella
named after C.E.D. Taylor, who first studied the organism.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Alcaligenaceae / Taylorella

Generic definition:
Short rods
, 0.7 × 0.7–1.8 µm.
Gram negative
. Nonmotile. Requires an atmosphere enriched with
5–10
%

CO
2

. Growth on rich peptone based chocolate agar medium at 35–37°C. Colonies are circular, smooth, grayish‐white and 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter after an incubation period of 3–6 d.
Oxidase positive
. Catalase, phosphatase, and phosphoamidase are produced. Acid is not produced from carbohydrates. The phylogenetic position based on 16S rDNA analysis is in the
Betaproteobacteria
. The 16S rRNA contains the signature sequences of the
Betaproteobacteria
in 63 of 66 positions.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 36.5.

Type species
:
Taylorella equigenitalis
(Taylor, Rosenthal, Brown, Lapage, Hill and Legros 1978) Sugimoto, Isayama, Sakazaki and Kuramochi 1984, 503 (Effective publication: Sugimoto, Isayama, Sakazaki and Kuramochi 1983, 155) (
Haemophilus equigenitalis
Taylor, Rosenthal, Brown, Lapage, Hill and Legros 1978, 136.)
Lautropia
Authors: Gerner‐Smidt Peter
Published: August 2015

Lau.tro' pi.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Lautropia
of Lautrop, named after Hans Lautrop.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Burkholderiaceae / Lautropia

Cocci
may occur in at least
three forms
: (1)
encapsulated
, nonmotile 1–2 µm in diameter, forming aggregates of 10 to >100 cells; (
2
)
unencapsulated
, nonaggregated 1–2 µm in diameter,
motile
by a tuft of three to nine flagella; and (
3
) large (>5 µm in diameter),
spherical nonaggregated
,
nonmotile
. Do not form endospores.
Gram negative
. Nonpigmented.
Grow only on enriched media
.
Facultative
, but grow best under aerobic conditions. CO
2
is not required. Growth occurs between 30 and 44°C.
Oxidase
,
catalase
,
and urease positive
. A polysaccharide is produced on sucrose agar. Various carbohydrates are fermented. Belongs phylogenetically to a separate branch of the class
Betaproteobacteria
. Habitat: the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract of humans.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.

Type species
:
Lautropia mirabilis
Gerner‐Smidt, Keiser‐Nielsen, Dorsch, Stackebrandt, Ursing, Blom, Christensen, Christensen, Frederiksen, Hoffmann, Holten‐Andersen and Ying 1995, 418
VP
(Effective publication: Gerner‐Smidt, Keiser‐Nielsen, Dorsch, Stackebrandt, Ursing, Blom, Christensen, Christensen, Frederiksen, Hoffmann, Holten‐Andersen and Ying 1994, 1795.)