bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discharge and water‐depth estimates for ungauged rivers: Combining hydrologic, hydraulic, and inverse modeling with stage and water‐area measurements from satellites
Authors: Liu Ganming , Schwartz Franklin W. , Tseng Kuo‐Hsin , Shum C. K.
Published: July 2015

Anticipating future global freshwater scarcity and providing mitigation require timely knowledge of spatiotemporal dynamics of discharge for gauged and, more challengingly, ungauged rivers. This study describes a coupled hydrologic (SWAT) and hydraulic (XSECT) modeling approach set in a genetic algorithm framework for estimating discharge and water depth for ungauged rivers from space. The method was tested in the Red River of the North basin by comparing simulated discharges and depths from 2006 to 2010 to in situ observations from across the basin. Results showed that calibration using only remotely sensed data (i.e., water levels from ENVISAT altimetry and water extents from LANDSAT) along the main stem of the Red River yielded daily and monthly estimates of river discharge, which correlated to measured discharges at three gaging stations on the main stem with R2 values averaging 0.822 and 0.924, respectively. The comparisons of modeled and measured discharges were also extended to smaller tributaries, yielding a mean R2 of 0.809 over seven gaging stations. The modeling approach also provided estimates of water depth that correlated to observations at four stations with an average R2 of 0.831. We conclude that the integrated modeling approach is able to estimate discharge and water depth from space for larger ungauged rivers. This study also implies that in situ discharge data may not be necessary for successful hydrologic model calibration.
Catchment‐scale Richards equation‐based modeling of evapotranspiration via boundary condition switching and root water uptake schemes
Authors: Camporese Matteo , Daly Edoardo , Paniconi Claudio
Published: July 2015

In arid and semiarid climate catchments, where annual evapotranspiration (ET) and rainfall are typically comparable, modeling ET is important for proper assessment of water availability and sustainable land use management. The aim of the present study is to assess different parsimonious schemes for representing ET in a process‐based model of coupled surface and subsurface flow. A simplified method for computing ET based on a switching procedure for the boundary conditions of the Richards equation at the soil surface is compared to a sink term approach that includes root water uptake, root distribution, root water compensation, and water and oxygen stress. The study site for the analysis is a small pasture catchment in southeastern Australia. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis carried out on the parameters of the sink term shows that the maximum root depth is the dominant control on catchment‐scale ET and streamflow. Comparison with the boundary condition switching method demonstrates that this simpler scheme (only one parameter) can successfully reproduce ET when the vegetation root depth is shallow (not exceeding approximately 50 cm). For deeper rooting systems, the switching scheme fails to match the ET fluxes and is affected by numerical artifacts, generating physically unrealistic soil moisture dynamics. It is further shown that when transpiration is the dominant contribution to ET, the inclusion of oxygen stress and root water compensation in the model can have a considerable effect on the estimation of both ET and streamflow; this is mostly due to the water fluxes associated with the riparian zone.
An adaptive flux observer for the permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Romero Jose Guadalupe , Ortega Romeo , Han Zhaoqiang , Devos Thomas , Malrait François
Published: July 2015

A gradient descent‐based nonlinear observer for surface‐mount permanent magnet synchronous motors with remarkable stability properties was recently proposed. A key assumption for the derivation of the observer is the knowledge of the electrical parameters, which are usually uncertain. In the present paper, we propose a robust adaptive flux observer adding immersion and invariance parameter adaptation algorithms to estimate the stator resistance. Global boundedness of all signals and convergence to a residual set of the flux estimation error is guaranteed. The performance of the new adaptive observer is assessed with realistic simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragile‐to‐Strong Crossover in Supercooled Liquid Ag‐In‐Sb‐Te Studied by Ultrafast Calorimetry
Authors: Orava Jiri , Hewak Daniel W. , Greer A. Lindsay
Published: July 2015

Phase‐change random‐access memory relies on the reversible crystalline‐glassy phase change in chalcogenide thin films. In this application, the speed of crystallization is critical for device performance: there is a need to combine ultrafast crystallization for switching at high temperature with high resistance to crystallization for non‐volatile data retention near to room temperature. In phase‐change media such as nucleation‐dominated Ge2Sb2Te5, these conflicting requirements are met through the highly “fragile” nature of the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the supercooled liquid. The present study explores, using ultrafast‐heating calorimetry, the equivalent temperature dependence for the growth‐dominated medium Ag‐In‐Sb‐Te. The crystallization shows (unexpectedly) Arrhenius temperature dependence over a wide intermediate temperature range. Here it is shown that this is evidence for a fragile‐to‐strong crossover on cooling the liquid. Such a crossover has many consequences for the interpretation and control of phase‐change kinetics in chalcogenide media, helping to understand the distinction between nucleation‐ and growth‐dominated crystallization, and offering a route to designing improved device performance.
Osteogenic/Angiogenic Dual Growth Factor Delivery Microcapsules for Regeneration of Vascularized Bone Tissue
Authors: Subbiah Ramesh , Hwang Mintai Peter , Van Se Young , Do Sun Hee , Park Hansoo , Lee Kangwon , Kim Sang Heon , Yun Kyusik , Park Kwideok
Published: July 2015

Growth factors (GFs) are major biochemical cues for tissue regeneration. Herein, a novel dual GF delivery system is designed composed of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and alginate microcapsules (MCs) via an electrodropping method. While bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 is encapsulated in the PLGA NPs, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is included in the alginate MCs, where BMP‐2‐loaded PLGA NPs are entrapped together in the fabrication process. The initial loading efficiencies of BMP‐2 and VEGF are 78% ± 3.6% and 43% ± 1.7%, respectively. When our dual GF‐loaded MCs are assessed for in vitro osteogenesis of umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB‐MSCs) on 2D and 3D environment, MCs contribute to much better UCB‐MSCs osteogenesis as confirmed by von Kossa staining, immunofluorescence (osteocalcin, collagen 1), calcium content measurement, and osteogenic markers expression. In addition, when dual GF‐encapsulated MCs are combined with collagen and then applied to 8 mm diameter rat calvarial defect model, the positive effects on vascularized bone regeneration are much more pronounced; micro computed tomography (CT) and histology analyses exhibit 82.3% bone healing coupled with 12.6% vessel occupied area. Put together, current study indicates a synergistic effect of BMP‐2/VEGF and highlights the great potential of dual GF delivery modality (PLGA NPs‐in‐MC) for regeneration of vascularized bone.
Characteristics of hemophilia patients with factor VIII inhibitors detected by prospective screening
Authors: Miller Connie H. , Rice Anne S. , Boylan Brian , Payne Amanda B. , Kelly Fiona M. , Escobar Miguel A. , Gill Joan , Leissinger Cindy , Soucie J. Michael ,   the Hemophilia Inhibitor Research Study Investigators
Published: July 2015

Characteristics of inhibitors identified by prospective screening may differ from those detected clinically. In a prospective study at 17 hemophilia centers with central inhibitor measurement by Nijmegen‐Bethesda assay, 23 (2.8%) of 824 hemophilia A patients had new inhibitors detected: nine high‐titer inhibitors (HTI: 7 ≥ 5.0 NBU plus 2 of 2.6 and 3.4 NBU at immune tolerance induction initiation) and 14 low‐titer inhibitors (LTI: 0.5–1.9 NBU). HTI occurred at an earlier age (median 2 years, range 1–18, vs. median 11 years, range 2–61, P = 0.016). Both HTI (22%) and LTI (43%) occurred in non‐severe patients. All HTI, but only 64% of LTI, were found to be FVIII‐specific by chromogenic Bethesda assay or fluorescence immunoassay (FLI), indicating a high rate of false‐positive LTI. Repeat specimens confirmed all HTI, 7/9 LTI, and 7/7 FVIII‐specific LTI. FLI results were similar between HTI and FVIII‐specific LTI; all included IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses. A comparable prospective study conducted from 1975 to 1979 at 13 U.S. centers found 31 (2.4%) new inhibitors among 1,306 patients. In both studies, one‐third of inhibitors occurred in non‐severe patients and one‐quarter after 150 exposure days (ED). Significant differences were seen in the age at which inhibitors occurred (median 16 years in the older study vs. 5 years currently, P = 0.024) and in ED before inhibitor development, 10% in the older study and 43% currently study occurring within 20 ED, suggesting a temporal change in inhibitor development. Prospective screening detects inhibitors in patients of all severities, ages, and ED. Some LTI, however, are false positives. Am. J. Hematol. 90:871–876, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drosophila model of Meier‐Gorlin syndrome based on the mutation in a conserved C‐Terminal domain of Orc6
Authors: Balasov Maxim , Akhmetova Katarina , Chesnokov Igor
Published: July 2015

Meier‐Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by microtia, primordial dwarfism, small ears, and skeletal abnormalities. Patients with MGS often carry mutations in the genes encoding the components of the pre‐replicative complex such as Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) subunits Orc1, Orc4, Orc6, and helicase loaders Cdt1 and Cdc6. Orc6 is an important component of ORC and has functions in both DNA replication and cytokinesis. Mutation in conserved C‐terminal motif of Orc6 associated with MGS impedes the interaction of Orc6 with core ORC. In order to study the effects of MGS mutation in an animal model system we introduced MGS mutation in Orc6 and established Drosophila model of MGS. Mutant flies die at third instar larval stage with abnormal chromosomes and DNA replication defects. The lethality can be rescued by elevated expression of mutant Orc6 protein. Rescued MGS flies are unable to fly and display multiple planar cell polarity defects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wässrige Selbstorganisation von rein hydrophilen Blockcopolymeren hin zu Riesenvesikeln
Authors: Brosnan Sarah M. , Schlaad Helmut , Antonietti Markus
Published: July 2015

Die Selbststrukturierung von Makromolekülen ist ein grundlegender Prozess des Lebens; historisch wurden diese Vorbilder durch die Entwicklung amphiphiler Polymere nachgebildet, deren Strukturbildung durch den hydrophoben Effekt getrieben wird. Hier zeigen wir, dass auch rein hydrophile Systeme leicht zur Selbstorganisation gebracht werden können. Dazu synthetisierten wir doppelt hydrophile Blockcopolymere aus Polysacchariden und Poly(ethylenoxid) oder Poly(sarcosin) mit hoher Molmasse durch Oximchemie. Diese hydrophilen Stoffe können sich einfach zu polymeren Vesikeln im Nanometer‐ (<500 nm) oder Mikrometerbereich (>5 μm) organisieren, in Abhängigkeit von der Polymerkonzentration und der relativen Zusammensetzung. Wegen der rein hydrophilen Natur dieser Polymere erwarten wir äußerst wasserdurchlässige Mikrokompartimente, die sich gut als Modelle für Zellen eignen sollten.
Direkter Leistungsvergleich eines bioinspirierten synthetischen Ni‐Katalysators und einer [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase, beide kovalent an eine Elektrode gebunden
Authors: Rodriguez‐Maciá Patricia , Dutta Arnab , Lubitz Wolfgang , Shaw Wendy J. , Rüdiger Olaf
Published: July 2015

Das aktive Zentrum von Hydrogenasen inspiriert die Entwicklung molekularer Katalysatoren zur Wasserstoffumsetzung. Ein direkter Vergleich zwischen diesen Katalysatoren und dem Enzym war jedoch bisher nicht möglich, weil verschiedene Techniken zur Bewertung der Katalysatoreigenschaften verwendet wurden. Dies macht es schwierig zu beurteilen, inwieweit die synthetisierten Katalysatoren in ihrer Leistung an das Enzym heranreichen. Hier vergleichen wir die katalytischen Eigenschaften von Ni[(PCy2NGly2)2]+2 mit denen der [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase aus Desulfovibrio vulgaris. Beide wurden auf funktionalisierten Elektroden unter identischen Bedingungen immobilisiert. Das Enzym zeigt bei pH 7 eine höhere Aktivität, geringere Überspannung und eine bessere Stabilität, während bei niedrigem pH‐Wert der molekulare Katalysator das Enzym in jeder Hinsicht übertrifft. Dieser erste direkte Vergleich gibt Auskunft über die Vor‐ und Nachteile der beiden Systeme und Hinweise auf eine mögliche Verwendung bioinspirierter Komplexe in Brennstoffzellen.
Direct Comparison of the Performance of a Bio‐inspired Synthetic Nickel Catalyst and a [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase, Both Covalently Attached to Electrodes
Authors: Rodriguez‐Maciá Patricia , Dutta Arnab , Lubitz Wolfgang , Shaw Wendy J. , Rüdiger Olaf
Published: July 2015

The active site of hydrogenases has been a source of inspiration for the development of molecular catalysts. However, direct comparisons between molecular catalysts and enzymes have not been possible because different techniques are used to evaluate both types of catalysts, minimizing our ability to determine how far we have come in mimicking the enzymatic performance. The catalytic properties of the [Ni(PCy2NGly2)2]2+ complex with the [NiFe]‐hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris immobilized on a functionalized electrode were compared under identical conditions. At pH 7, the enzyme shows higher activity and lower overpotential with better stability, while at low pH, the molecular catalyst outperforms the enzyme in all respects. This is the first direct comparison of enzymes and molecular complexes, enabling a unique understanding of the benefits and detriments of both systems, and advancing our understanding of the utilization of these bio‐inspired complexes in fuel cells.
Investigation of Uranium Tris(imido) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reduction Chemistry of [U(NDIPP)3(thf)3]
Authors: Anderson Nickolas H. , Yin Haolin , Kiernicki John J. , Fanwick Phillip E. , Schelter Eric J. , Bart Suzanne C.
Published: July 2015

Addition of KC8 to trivalent [UI3(thf)4] in the presence of three equivalents of 2,6‐diisopropylphenylazide (N3DIPP) results in the formation of the hexavalent uranium tris(imido) complex [U(NDIPP)3(thf)3] (1) through a facile, single‐step synthesis. The X‐ray crystal structure shows an octahedral complex that adopts a facial orientation of the imido substituents. This structural trend is maintained during the single‐electron reduction of 1 to form dimeric [U(NDIPP)3{K(Et2O)}]2 (2). Variable‐temperature/field magnetization studies of 2 show two independent UV 5f 1 centers, with no antiferromagnetic coupling present. Characterization of these complexes was accomplished using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, as well as IR and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopic studies.
A New Perspective on Li–SO2 Batteries for Rechargeable Systems
Authors: Lim Hee‐Dae , Park Hyeokjun , Kim Hyungsub , Kim Jinsoo , Lee Byungju , Bae Youngjoon , Gwon Hyeokjo , Kang Kisuk
Published: July 2015

Primary Li–SO2 batteries offer a high energy density in a wide operating temperature range with exceptionally long shelf life and have thus been frequently used in military and aerospace applications. Although these batteries have never been demonstrated as a rechargeable system, herein, we show that the reversible formation of Li2S2O4, the major discharge product of Li–SO2 battery, is possible with a remarkably smaller charging polarization than that of a Li–O2 battery without the use of catalysts. The rechargeable Li–SO2 battery can deliver approximately 5400 mAh g−1 at 3.1 V, which is slightly higher than the performance of a Li–O2 battery. In addition, the Li–SO2 battery can be operated with the aid of a redox mediator, exhibiting an overall polarization of less than 0.3 V, which results in one of the highest energy efficiencies achieved for Li–gas battery systems.
Effect of soil environment on the photo‐degradation of polyethylene films
Authors: Gauthier Emilie , Nikolić Melissa , Truss Rowan , Laycock Bronwyn , Halley Peter
Published: July 2015

Outdoor weathering field trials performed with oxo‐degradable polyethylene (PE) thin films were conducted across temperate, grassland, and subtropical sites around Australia. It was found that a site factor, that was apparently independent of total solar dose and temperature, significantly impacted the rate and extent of photo‐oxidation. Controlled laboratory‐based accelerated aging trials of both PE film with no prodegradant and oxo‐degradable PE films (containing iron stearate) revealed that the rate and extent of PE photo‐oxidation did not correlate with temperature under the film or UV exposure, but was soil dependent. Under accelerated photo‐oxidative conditions, the time to reach embrittlement for a PE film aged over the soil from the temperate site (OM 8.4) was half (24.5 days) the time taken when aged over air (48 days). Further investigation revealed that humic acids and fulvic acids within soil organic matter may contribute to an increased rate of PE photo‐oxidation, possibly through the formation of volatile reactive oxygen species that may form under photo‐oxidative conditions. The presence of water also had a significant impact on the rate of photo‐oxidation. Overall, the impact of soil on PE photo‐oxidation was found to be complex and likely dependent at least in part on soil components that varied between different soil types, consequently influencing their photo‐chemistry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42558.
Solution styrene polymerizations performed with multifunctional initiators
Authors: Mermier Nicolas R. J.‐D. , Castor Carlos A. , Pinto José Carlos
Published: July 2015

This paper analyzes the performance of multifunctional initiators frequently used in the literature and in the industry for the production of polystyrene (PS). Polymerizations of styrene in ethylbenzene were conducted in batch at high temperatures (120°C) until conversions around 70%, as frequent in industrial sites. Polymerizations were conducted in glass test ampoules with different concentrations and types of initiators, parameterized in terms of the active oxygen concentration. The results showed that when used at similar active oxygen concentrations, the use of the tetrafunctional initiator tetrakis(tertbutylperoxy carbonate) can allow for the production of polymer resins with significant higher average molar masses with similar polymerization rates, which can be very useful at plant site for the modification of polymer grades. Besides, the results show that the decomposition of one peroxide group of the analyzed multifunctional initiators does not affect the rates of decomposition of the remaining ones significantly, as reaction proceeds as initiated by a monofunctional initiator. Finally, although described in previous styrene polymerization studies, the use of the trifunctional initiator 3,6,9‐triethyl 3,6,9‐trimethyl‐1,4,7 triperoxonane is difficult to justify in commercial units, given its very high half‐life time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42609.
Preparation of a hydrophobically enhanced antifouling isotactic polypropylene/silicone dioxide flat‐sheet membrane via thermally induced phase separation for vacuum membrane distillation
Authors: Tang Na , Han Huaiyuan , Yuan Lina , Zhang Lei , Wang Xuekui , Cheng Penggao
Published: July 2015

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) hydrophobic flat‐sheet membranes were fabricated for use in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) through a thermally induced phase‐separation process with dispersing hydrophobically modified SiO2 nanoparticles in the casting solution to achieve a higher hydrophobicity and to sustain a stable flux in VMD. The contact angle (CA) measurements indicated that the incorporation of nano‐SiO2 into a casting solution mixture containing 20 wt % iPP had a 20.9% higher CA relative to that of SiO2‐free membranes. The addition of nano‐SiO2 also induced morphological changes in the membrane structure, including changes in the pore size distribution, porosity, and suppression of macrovoids. The pore size distribution of the iPP–SiO2 membranes became narrower compared with that of the SiO2‐free membranes, and the porosity also improved from 35.45 to 59.75% with SiO2 addition. The average pore size and maximum pore size of the iPP–SiO2 membranes both decreased. The ability of the membranes to concentrate an astragalus aqueous solution (a type of traditional Chinese medicine) with VMD was investigated. The surface hydrophobicity and antifouling performance of the iPP–SiO2 membranes improved with nano‐SiO2 addition to the membrane casting solution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42615.
Curvature Radius Measurements From the Ulnar Trochlear Notch in Large Dogs
Authors: Alves‐Pimenta Sofia , Ginja Mário Manuel , Colaço Jorge , Fernandes Armando Manuel , Melo‐Pinto Pedro , Colaço Bruno
Published: July 2015

Assessing the ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) radiographic anatomy has been considered important, but difficult, in the diagnosis of elbow dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate UTN curvature of natural elbows in radiographs, using a methodology applied to disarticulated joints. The methodology was implemented and validated using dedicatedsoftwarecreated by the authors. Mediolateral extended (MLE) and mediolateral flexed (MLF) elbow views were used from 20 joints from canine cadavers that were over 20 kg. After arranging the bones to avoid radiographic overlapping of the bones, an additional mediolateral radioulnar (MLRU) view was made. Curvature radius measurements from the central ridge of the UTN of each elbow were acquired in the MLRU view, using thesoftware. The measurements were repeated in a second session, to determine repeatability. Then similar UTN measurements were taken from the MLE and MLF views, to determine reproducibility. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for repeatability and reproducibility of measurements were above 0.98 (95% confidence interval limits >0.75). The 95% limits of agreement (LA) for repeatability were −2.98 to 3.19 mm. The 95% LA for reproducibility between MLRU and MLE views were −4.32 to 3.75 mm. The 95% LA for reproducibility between MLRU and MLF views were −5.02 to 4.07 mm. The methodology andsoftwareare determined to be both precise and suitable to evaluate the UTN in MLE and MLF elbow views of large breed dogs, for anatomical and clinical purposes. In the future it would be useful to characterize normal and dysplastic UTN of different dog breeds. Anat Rec, 298:1748–1753, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Obsidian distribution from a Lapita cemetery sheds light on its value to past societies
Authors: Constantine Anne , Reepmeyer Christian , Bedford Stuart , Spriggs Matthew , Ravn Mads
Published: July 2015

The Teouma site on Efate Island in Vanuatu is unique in the Pacific, as it enables us to analyse an archaeological assemblage in relation to discrete activity areas of burial and settlement at the time of initial settlement of the archipelago. Geochemical sourcing of obsidian in combination with a basic technological analysis help us to understand whether differences exist between burial zones and settlement middens.

The results show that the distribution of obsidian was not directly associated with individual burials and does not unambiguously correlate with specific activity areas, thus questioning the hypothesis that obsidian transportation was linked to the increase in individual status. It is argued that the evidence adds further weight to those models that interpret the function of obsidian as being associated with past social transactions or relationships, rather than having any enduring or intrinsic value as a wealth‐enhancing commodity.
A New Algorithm to Design Minimal Multi‐Functional Observers for Linear Systems
Authors: Mohajerpoor Reza , Abdi Hamid , Nahavandi Saeid
Published: July 2015

Designing minimum possible order (minimal) observers for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) linear systems have always been an interesting subject. In this paper, a new methodology to design minimal multi‐functional observers for linear time invariant (LTI) systems is proposed. The approach is applicable, and it also helps in regulating the convergence rate of the observed functions. It is assumed that the system is functional observable or functional detectable, which is less conservative than assuming the observability or detectability of the system. To satisfy the minimality of the observer, a recursive algorithm is provided that increases the order of the observer by appending the minimum required auxiliary functions to the desired functions that are going to be estimated. The algorithm increases the number of functions such that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a functional observer are satisfied. Moreover, a new methodology to solve the observer design interconnected equations is elaborated. Our new algorithm has advantages with regard to the other available methods in designing minimal order functional observers. Specifically, it is compared with the most common schemes, which are transformation based. Using numerical examples it is shown that under special circumstances, the conventional methods have some drawbacks. The problem partly lies in the lack of sufficient numerical degrees of freedom proposed by the conventional methods. It is shown that our proposed algorithm can resolve this issue. A recursive algorithm is also proposed to summarize the observer design procedure. Several numerical examples and simulation results illustrate the efficacy, superiority and different aspects of the theoretical findings.
Der Bau des Westkreuzes im Zuge des sechsspurigen Ausbaus der A40
Authors: Grollmann Sascha
Published: July 2015

Als zentrale Hauptverkehrsader des Ruhrgebiets nimmt die A40 neben dem überregionalen Verkehr und dem Transitverkehr auch den Individualverkehr zwischen den Ruhrgebietsstädten sowie den dortigen innerörtlichen Verkehr auf. Dabei stößt das Autobahnnetz im Bereich Bochum mit bis zu 100 000 Fahrzeugen pro Tag bereits seit Längerem an seine Belastungsgrenzen. Mit dem Ausbau der A40 von vier auf sechs Spuren und dem direkten Anschluss an den Donezk‐Ring (A448) im Bereich Bochum‐Stahlhausen sowie dem Umbau der Wattenscheider Straße sollen die Kapazitäten zur Aufnahme der enormen Verkehrsströme in diesem Abschnitt erweitert werden. Um die angespannte Verkehrssituation nicht noch weiter zu belasten, hat der Aus‐ und Umbau unter Aufrechterhaltung des Verkehrs zu erfolgen. Nicht nur dieser Umstand, sondern auch die beengten Platzverhältnisse im Ruhrgebiet machen diese Maßnahme zu einer technischen sowie logistischen Herausforderung.

The construction of the Westkreuz during the extension of the A40 to six lanes

As a central traffic artery of the Ruhr Area, the A40 carries not just traffic beyond the region and transit transports, but also personal vehicles travelling between the Ruhr Area cities, as well as the inner‐city traffic. The motorway network in the Bochum area has been at its upper limit with up to 100,000 vehicles daily for a long time. The widening of the A40 from four to six lanes and the direct connection to the Donezk ring (A448) in the Bochum‐Stahlhausen area as well as the conversion of the Wattenscheider Straße are to increase the capacity for allowing enormous traffic to flow in this section. In order to not impact the tense traffic situation even more, the conversion and widening has to be carried out without obstructing the traffic. In addition to these circumstances, the tight space conditions in the Ruhr Area turn this measure into a technical and logistical challenge.
Verstärkung historischer Brücken über den Main unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Schiffsanpralls
Authors: Keuser Manfred , Goj Karl , Lenner Roman
Published: July 2015

Vor dem Hintergrund des Ausbaus der europäischen Wasserstraßen wird ein Anwachsen des Binnenschiffsverkehrs erwartet. Dabei nehmen die Größe der Schiffe und der Anteil von Schiffen mit großem Ladevolumen zu. Während der Transport von Massengütern auf dem Wasserweg einerseits ökologische und ökonomische Vorteile bietet, birgt der anwachsende Schiffsverkehr andererseits auch zusätzliche Risiken in sich, insbesondere für die die Wasserstraßen kreuzenden Brücken. Die Mehrzahl der bestehenden Brücken wurde vor mehr als 30 Jahren gebaut und wurde in der Regel nicht für die horizontalen Anpralllasten nach den aktuellen Regelwerken bemessen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird neben einem Überblick über die theoretischen Grundlagen von Anprall‐Vorgängen auf deren Berechnung mit numerischen Methoden eingegangen. An zwei Beispielen von historischen Brücken über den Main werden die Modellierung und die Vorgehensweise bei der Berechnung vorgestellt und Empfehlungen für die Behandlung vergleichbarer Aufgabenstellungen gegeben.

Reinforcement of historic bridges crossing the river Main considering the ship impact

A change in the ship traffic volume is expected as a result of upgrading of many European waterways. There is a correlation between an improved waterway passage, an increased ship size and higher frequency of larger ships. On the one hand, the ecological and economic advantages of the upgrading process cannot be disputed, but on the other hand, the changed shipping traffic results in additional risks, especially to bridge substructures. Most of the current bridges were built more than 30 years ago and were generally not dimensioned for horizontal forces expected from a ship impact according to modern codes. This paper provides some information on theoretical background of ship impact analysis and challenges associated with numerical modelling. In particular, it also provides two case studies of historical bridges over river Main. A detailed discussion of provided structural solution is provided along with recommendations.
Metabolite identification of seven active components of Huan‐Nao‐Yi‐Cong‐Fang in rat plasma using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Minchao , Lu Yanzhen , Liu Jiangang , Li Hao , Wei Yun
Published: July 2015

Huan‐Nao‐Yi‐Cong‐Fang (HNYCF) is a potential prescription in treating Alzheimer's disease. Seven constituents [ferulic acid (FA), 2,3,5,4′‐tetrahydroxystilbene‐2‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside (THSG), berberine hydrochloride (BHCl), emodin, ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), ginsenoside Re (Re) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1)] have been used as quality chemical markers of HNYCF owing to their biological significance and high contents in crude plant materials. This study explored the metabolites of the seven bioactive components in rat plasma to give useful data for further study of the action mechanism of HNYCF. LC/MS‐IT‐TOF was used to simultaneously characterize the metabolites of the seven components. Using the combination of MetID Solution 1.0 software and accurate mass measurements, the metabolites of HNYCF were reliably characterized. Their structures were elucidated based on the accurate MS2 spectra and comparisons of their changes in accurate molecular masses and fragment ions with those of parent compounds. A total of five parent active compounds (BHCl, emodin, Rg1, Rb1 and Re) and 10 metabolites were found from the rat plasma 2 h after oral administration of HNYCF dosage, of which two metabolites of emodin were observed for the first time. The proposed metabolic pathways of the bioactive components in the rat plasma are helpful for further studies on the pharmacokinetics and real active compound forms of this drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Zamora Carlos A. , Nauen David , Hynecek Robert , Ilica Ahmet T. , Izbudak Izlem , Sair Haris I. , Gujar Sachin K. , Pillai Jay J.
Published: July 2015

Background

Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) is a rare and underrecognized entity where patients manifest a neurological relapse after initial recovery from an acute hypoxic episode. We sought to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a group of patients with DPHL and review the available literature.

Methods

Retrospective case series including patients who presented with neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms after recovery from an acute hypoxic episode. The history and clinical presentation were reviewed from the electronic medical records. MRI scans were evaluated from the picture archiving and communication system. We performed a comprehensive review of the English medical literature for prior published cases of DPHL and describe the key imaging findings that have been reported related to this condition.

Results

A total of five patients were identified, including four patients with respiratory failure due to drug overdoses from benzodiazepines, opioids, and/or barbiturates, and one patient who presented after cardiopulmonary arrest due to pulmonary embolism. All patients showed diffuse, extensive, and confluent white matter signal abnormalities including prominent restricted diffusion, extending to the subcortical white matter and respecting the U‐fibers. There was no gyral edema or contrast enhancement. In one case histopathology was available, which highlighted patchy subcortical myelin loss with sparing of U‐fibers and demonstrated prominent macrophage/microglial inflammation with extensive axonal damage. Of the other four patients, two were at their neurological baselines and two had persistent neurological deficits at the time of discharge.

Conclusions

The described constellation of MRI findings is highly suggestive of DPHL in the appropriate clinical setting.
Immobilizing Systems Biocatalysis for the Selective Oxidation of Glycerol Coupled to In Situ Cofactor Recycling and Hydrogen Peroxide Elimination
Authors: Rocha‐Martin Javier , Acosta Andreína , Guisan Jose M. , López‐Gallego Fernando
Published: July 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue 13/2015 is provided by the groups of Prof. Jose M. Guisan, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica (Spain) and Dr. Fernando López‐Gallego, CIC BiomaGUNE and Basque Foundation for Science (Spain). The image shows a co‐immobilized trienzyme system catalyzing a one‐pot cascade reaction to oxidize glycerol from the biodiesel industry to dihydroxyacetone, which is a valuable chemical for industry. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500210.
Polymer‐Based Spherical Activated Carbons in Combination with TS‐1 as Efficient Epoxidation Catalysts
Authors: With Patrick C. , Wilde Nicole , Modrow Antje , Fichtner Sven , Böhringer Bertram , Gläser Roger
Published: July 2015

The heterogeneously catalyzed epoxidation of commercially available biodiesel with aqueous H2O2 as an oxidant was studied over composite catalysts consisting of microporous titanium silicalite‐1 (TS‐1) as reactive and polymer‐based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC) as sorptive component. The results are compared to that of a commercial TS‐1 catalyst. The polymer‐based spherical activated carbon was applied either as a support or as an exotemplate. In the composite catalyst, the active titanium sites are utilized four times more efficiently than in the commercial TS‐1.
Evidence of Local pH Changes during Ethanol Oxidation at Pt Electrodes in Alkaline Media
Authors: Figueiredo Marta C. , Arán‐Ais Rosa M. , Climent Víctor , Kallio Tanja , Feliu Juan M.
Published: July 2015

Local changes of the interfacial pH can significantly affect the rate and mechanism during the course of an electrodic reaction. For instance, different pH values will have a significant effect on the equilibrium properties of both solution and surface species, altering the reactions kinetics. Ethanol oxidation at platinum electrodes in alkaline media involves the fast consumption of OH− species that will change the local pH at the electrode surface, decreasing the reaction rate. In this study, the local pH change during ethanol oxidation in alkaline media is accomplished by using rotating ring‐disc electrode (RRDE) experiments. The current at the ring when polarized at the onset of hydrogen evolution serves as a measure of the local pH in the vicinity of the electrode. The results show that the current at the ring at 0.1 V (vs. RHE) becomes more negative during ethanol oxidation, owing to a change in the equilibrium potential of the hydrogen evolution reaction caused by a change in the local pH.
Rotaxanes Capped with Host Molecules: Supramolecular Behavior of Adamantylated Bisimidazolium Salts Containing a Biphenyl Centerpiece
Authors: Branná Petra , Rouchal Michal , Prucková Zdeňka , Dastychová Lenka , Lenobel René , Pospíšil Tomáš , Maláč Kamil , Vícha Robert
Published: July 2015

Bisimidazolium salts with one central biphenyl binding site and two terminal adamantyl binding sites form water‐soluble binary or ternary aggregates with cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) with rotaxane and pseudorotaxane architectures. The observed arrangements result from cooperation of the supramolecular stopper binding strength and steric barriers against free slippage of the CB7 and β‐CD host molecules over the bisimidazolium guest axle.
Unprecedented Transformation of a Directing Group Generated In Situ and Its Application in the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Alkenyl Benzonitriles
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Arigela Rajesh K. , Kundu Bijoy
Published: July 2015

An unprecedented protocol for the transformation of benzoyl azides into benzonitrile derivatives via iminophosphoranes generated in situ is described. The strategy was successfully applied to the de‐novo synthesis of 2‐alkenylated benzonitrile derivatives from benzoyl azides through ortho CH activation/alkenylation followed by subsequent rearrangement. The salient features of this protocol involve incorporation of two important functionalities through cyanation and olefination in one pot under mild reaction conditions by using a less expensive Ru catalyst. The mechanism was established by isolating and characterising (using 31P NMR) an intermediate with two ortho functionalities, iminophosphorane and olefin, under specific reaction conditions.
A Versatile Approach to CF3‐Containing 2‐Pyrrolidones by Tandem Michael Addition–Cyclization: Exemplification in the Synthesis of Amidine Class BACE1 Inhibitors
Authors: Mateu Natalia , Ciordia Myriam , Delgado Oscar , Sánchez‐Roselló María , Trabanco Andrés A. , Van Gool Michiel , Tresadern Gary , Pérez‐Benito Laura , Fustero Santos
Published: July 2015

The synthesis of new fluorinated pyrrolidones starting from unprotected amino esters and amino nitriles through a Michael addition–lactamization sequence is described. The resulting CF3‐containing building blocks, bearing a quaternary stereogenic center adjacent to the fluorinated group, have been converted into amino pyrrolidines that display potent β‐secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitory activity. This work constitutes an example of selective fluorination as a valid strategy for the modulation of physicochemical and biological properties of lead compounds in drug discovery.
Antivitamins B12—A Structure‐ and Reactivity‐Based Concept
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard
Published: July 2015

B12‐antimetabolites are compounds that counteract the physiological effects of vitamin B12 and related natural cobalamins. Presented here is a structure‐ and reactivity‐based concept of the specific ′antivitamins B12′: it refers to analogues of vitamin B12 that display high structural similarity to the vitamin and are ′locked chemically′ to prevent their metabolic conversion into the crucial organometallic B12‐cofactors. Application of antivitamins B12 to healthy laboratory animals is, thus, expected to induce symptoms of B12‐deficiency. Antivitamins B12 may, hence, be helpful in elucidating still largely puzzling pathophysiological phenomena associated with B12‐deficiency, and also in recognizing physiological roles of B12 that probably still remain to be discovered.
Heterofunctional Magnetic Metal‐Chelate‐Epoxy Supports for the Purification and Covalent Immobilization of Benzoylformate Decarboxylase From Pseudomonas Putida and Its Carboligation Reactivity
Authors: Tural Servet , Tural Bilsen , Demir Ayhan S.
Published: July 2015

In this study, the combined use of the selectivity of metal chelate affinity chromatography with the capacity of epoxy supports to immobilize poly‐His‐tagged recombinant benzoylformate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida (BFD, E.C. 4.1.1.7) via covalent attachment is shown. This was achieved by designing tailor‐made magnetic chelate–epoxy supports. In order to selectively adsorb and then covalently immobilize the poly‐His‐tagged BFD, the epoxy groups (300 µmol epoxy groups/g support) and a very small density of Co2+‐chelate groups (38 µmol Co2+/g support) was introduced onto magnetic supports. That is, it was possible to accomplish, in a simple manner, the purification and covalent immobilization of a histidine‐tagged recombinant BFD. The magnetically responsive biocatalyst was tested to catalyze the carboligation reactions. The benzoin condensation reactions were performed with this simple and convenient heterogeneous biocatalyst and were comparable to that of a free‐enzyme‐catalyzed reaction. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of (R)‐benzoin was obtained at 99 ± 2% for the free enzyme and 96 ± 3% for the immobilized enzyme. To test the stability of the covalently immobilized enzyme, the immobilized enzyme was reused in five reaction cycles for the formation of chiral 2‐hydroxypropiophenone (2‐HPP) from benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and it retained 96% of its original activity after five reaction cycles. Chirality 27:635–642, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Particle Size and Shape on Solids Holdups Distributions Modelling in a LSCFB Reactor using Abductive Network
Authors: Razzak Shaikh A. , Rahman Syed M. , Hossain Mohammad M. , Zhu Jesse
Published: July 2015

The Abductive Network (AN), a group method data handling (GMDH) algorithm‐based self‐organizing model, was applied to study the solids holdup distribution of a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) system. At first, the AN model was trained with experimental data sets obtained from a pilot scale LSCFB operated with spherical glass beads and irregularly shaped lava rock particles as solid phases, and water as liquid phase. In the model training the effects of various auxiliary and primary liquid velocities and superficial solids velocities on radial phase distribution at different axial positions were considered. The developed AN model was employed to predict the solids holdups at various locations of the LSCFB riser under different operating conditions. The competency of the developed AN model was confirmed by comparing the model‐predicted and experimental solids holdups of the LSCFB system. Both the experimental and model‐predicted outputs showed that under different superficial liquid velocities the solids holdup was higher for the glass beads than the lava rocks. The solids holdup decreased with increasing liquid velocity at all axial locations. The radial non‐uniformity distributions of solids holdup in the central region decreased toward the wall. The higher drag force acting on the spherical‐shaped particles was likely responsible for this variation of the solids holdups.
Investigation of Drug–Drug Interactions Between Ritobegron, a Selective β3‐Adrenoceptor Agonist, With Probenecid in Healthy Men
Authors: Abe Yoshikazu , Nakano Yuki , Kanazawa Toru , Furihata Takao , Endo Takuro , Kobayashi Mamoru
Published: July 2015

We evaluated the effects of probenecid, a potent organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and OAT3 inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and safety of ritobegron, a selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, in healthy men. Twelve healthy men were administered a single oral dose of ritobegron (20 mg) alone or in combination with probenecid 2 hours before administration of ritobegron. In the combination sequence, additional doses of probenecid were administered 4 and 10 hours after the administration of ritobegron. Probenecid increased the Cmax of KUC‐7322, an active form of ritobegron, and the AUC0–48 h by 1.39 and 2.93 times, respectively. Probenecid prolonged the t1/2 of KUC‐7322 from 1.6 to 3.4 hours and decreased the renal clearance and cumulative fraction of KUC‐7322 excreted in urine from 18.5 to 4.9 L/h and from 64.7% to 49.7%, respectively. Coadministration of probenecid did not influence adverse events, blood pressure, pulse rate, or heart rate relative to ritobegron alone. Although probenecid inhibited renal tubule secretion of KUC‐7322 via OAT3 and increased KUC‐7322 exposure, it did not influence adverse effects or vital signs. Therefore, clinically significant drug–drug interactions are unlikely to occur when probenecid is administered in combination with OAT3 inhibitors or substrates.
Effects of Chemical Composition, Film Thickness, and Morphology on the Electrochromic Properties of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Copolymers Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole
Authors: Neo Wei Teng , Shi Zugui , Cho Ching Mui , Chua Soo‐Jin , Xu Jianwei
Published: July 2015

A series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT)‐containing random copolymers with different donor‐to‐acceptor ratios is synthesized through Stille coupling polymerizations. The low‐bandgap polymers display dark tones with colors ranging from magenta to blue, and reveal reversible colored‐to‐transmissive electrochromism in absorption/transmission‐type devices with high optical contrasts (up to 48 and 77 % in the visible and near‐infrared regions, respectively), modest switching speeds (a few to tens of seconds) and coloration efficiencies (267–574 cm2 C−1), as well as good long‐term ambient redox stabilities. The structure–performance relationship of the polymers, in particular, the role of donor‐to‐acceptor ratio, is investigated, and it is shown that an increase in the amount of acceptor in the polymers leads to slower oxidative but faster reductive switching, accompanied with enhancement of the redox stability. In addition, further study on the influence of film thickness and film morphology reveals that devices with higher optical contrasts are attainable from thicker polymer films at the expense of switching speeds; films with high uniformity and connectedness together with open, loose structures at submicron to micron scale are favorable for achieving good electrochromic performance.
The Emotional Advantage: The Added Value of the Emotionally Intelligent Negotiator
Authors: Katz Neil H. , Sosa Adriana
Published: July 2015

In surveying past negotiation literature, successful negotiators were often portrayed as calculating and factual with a stress on keeping a poker face throughout negotiations. This article summarizes key features in the literature on emotional intelligence (EI), refutes the notion that the suppression of emotion in negotiation is desirable, and recognizes the value that EI can contribute to the repertoire of effective negotiators. The article describes key competencies associated with EI and how these skills help negotiators work with conflict if it emerges, develop creative options for potential agreements, facilitate trust, and contribute to affective and substantive satisfaction.