bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Creation of Yosemite and Yellowstone
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This chapter investigates the creation of Yosemite State Park in 1864 and Yellowstone National Park in 1872. The story of these parks has often been told in the realm of environmental history, with scholars presenting their early history as a parable about the virtues of preservation overcoming human tendencies toward use and exploitation. Yet, both parks had their origins as pieces of legislation crafted by the Republican Party and debated within that party. Park backers believed that experiencing natural beauty would “civilize” the average person and improve his or her intellectual abilities. Supporters also argued that America should follow its republican principles by making scenes of natural beauty accessible to everyone, not just the wealthy. Finally, they claimed that the government’s ability to establish parks in the midst of a bloody civil war showed the strength of the Union.
Introduction
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter sets out the book’s main argument that the political ideology of the Republican Party, the antislavery organization that proved so wildly popular in the North during the 1850s, was fundamentally agrarian. Similar to Thomas Jefferson, whose party served as their namesake, Republicans believed that wise land management was inseparable from the ideal society. Republicans believed that tilling the soil for multiple generations on small farms produced a strong nation. In contrast, the use of slave labor promoted waste, barbarism, and disunion. By necessity, this book focuses on the links between antislavery politics, Civil War policy, national parks, and Reconstruction. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Retrenchment in the South, Allotment in the West
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This chapter first considers the legacy of the Republican Party’s Civil War–era ideas about land use, society, civilization, and union. It then argues that Republican ideas ultimately failed to improve the social and economic lives of Indians in the West and black people in the South. Allotment divided families, negated Indian access to valuable mineral reserves and timberland, and failed to produce prosperous farming communities. Despite the hopes for land kindled by Reconstruction, African Americans experienced the rise of sharecropping, impoverishment, lynching, and a renewed commitment by many white Americans to racial supremacy. The remainder of the chapter explains the significance of studying the Republican Party’s agrarian views.
The Stigma of Surrender
Authors: Feltman Brian K.
Published: January 2016

Approximately nine million soldiers fell into enemy hands from 1914 to 1918, but historians have only recently begun to recognize the prisoner of war's significance to the history of the Great War. Examining the experiences of the approximately 130,000 German prisoners held in the UK during World War I, this book brings wartime captivity back into focus. Many German soldiers of the Great War defined themselves and their manhood through their defense of the homeland. They often looked down on captured soldiers as potential deserters or cowards—and when they themselves fell into enemy hands, they were forced to cope with the stigma of surrender. This book examines the legacies of surrender and shows that the desire to repair their image as honorable men led many former military prisoners toward an alliance with Adolf Hitler and Nazism after 1933. By drawing attention to the shame of captivity, this book does more than merely deepen our understanding of German soldiers' time in British hands. It illustrates the ways that popular notions of manhood affected soldiers' experience of captivity, and it sheds new light on perceptions of what it means to be a man at war.
Urban Green
Authors: Fisher Colin
Published: January 2016

In early twentieth-century America, affluent city-dwellers made a habit of venturing out of doors and vacationing in resorts and national parks. Yet the rich and the privileged were not the only ones who sought respite in nature. This book demonstrates that working-class white immigrants and African Americans in rapidly industrializing Chicago also fled the urban environment during their scarce leisure time. While narrating a crucial era in the history of Chicago’s urban development, the book makes important interventions in debates about working-class leisure, the history of urban parks, environmental justice, the African American experience, immigration history, and the cultural history of nature.
Where Chicagoans Found Nature
Authors: Fisher Colin
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores some of the well-known urban and peri-urban landscapes that can be found in and around Chicago with the help of naturalist Leonard Dubkin. It examines six major nineteenth-century pastoral parks, dozens of smaller neighborhood athletic parks, the Lake Michigan shore, and an abundance of forest preserves, including commercial groves, beer gardens, and amusement parks. These are the places where Chicagoans “found nature,” as many felt that they could escape the work, exhaustion, illness, and artifice associated with urban Chicago. The chapter takes note of how the farthest nature reserves and wildlife parks were mostly visited by affluent families during vacation and that working-class Chicagoans typically stayed home. However, this lack of means does not imply that these Chicagoans were far from nature as they found it from the green spaces in the city. A member of the working class, Dubkin wrote stories about his adventures with “urban nature.”
Life of William Apess, Pequot
Authors: Gura Philip F.
Published: January 2016

The Pequot Indian intellectual, author, and itinerant preacher William Apess (1798–1839) was one the most important voices of the nineteenth century. This book offers a chronicle of Apess's fascinating and consequential life. After an impoverished childhood marked by abuse, Apess soldiered with American troops during the War of 1812, converted to Methodism, and rose to fame as a lecturer who lifted a powerful voice of protest against the plight of Native Americans in New England and beyond. His 1829 autobiography, A Son of the Forest, stands as the first published by a Native American writer. Placing Apess's activism on behalf of Native American people in the context of the era's rising tide of abolitionism, this book argues that this founding figure of Native intellectual history deserves greater recognition in the pantheon of antebellum reformers. Following Apess from his early life through the development of his political radicalism to his tragic early death and enduring legacy, this biography showcases the accomplishments of an extraordinary Native American.
Southern Optimism
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the optimism of farmers and planters in the Confederacy amid the possibilities of war and disunion. As the fateful year of 1861 began, many southerners worried about the looming conflict and anxiously awaited the course of events. Farmers hoped for the best politically but feared the worst as the South moved irrepressibly toward civil war. Overall, however, farmers and planters remained optimistic. They considered agriculture to be another form of southern power that would command national and international respect and recognition if war could not be averted. Despite some early apprehensions about cotton production, by June, the South's agricultural abundance seemed beyond question. The rest of this chapter provides an overview of developments related to the Civil War, the problems that beset farmers and planters at the time, and the increase in impressment and agricultural and food prices.
Western Troubles
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the problems faced by farmers and planters in the Western Confederacy at the height of the Civil War. In the Western Confederacy, many farmers and planters greeted the year 1862 with optimism that faded to despair by December. When the fighting began, the substantial expanse of the South and the absence of military engagements or the great movement of Confederate and Union soldiers meant that the war continued to benefit many western farmers. In the Texas wheat counties, farmers enjoyed the “easy circumstances” brought by the previous year's bountiful crop. The rest of this chapter discusses the clashes between Confederate and Union forces and their impact on agriculture, especially in the Western Confederacy; the efforts of some states to limit cotton production; the increase in agricultural prices; Texas' supply of beef to the Western Confederacy; and complaints against the Confederate cotton purchase program.
Western Losses
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the losses suffered by farmers and planters in the Western Confederacy because of the raging Civil War. Gentle rains and warm spring temperatures made farmers in the Western Confederacy optimistic and created great anticipation that the wheat crop would be bountiful. With the Federal army controlling a considerable amount of the most fertile land in the Western Confederacy, farmers would produce a “short crop” at best for civilians still in areas under Confederate control. Planters also would have increasing difficulty getting their slaves to work, which would further reduce agricultural production. Northerners who professed knowledge about agriculture in the Western Confederacy believed that farmers and planters in the region could not save the rebellion from starvation for another year. The rest of this chapter examines the declining availability of food despite the commitment by farmers and planters to raise corn; the government's impressment of cattle; Southern farmers struggle in the East; and how the free-market principles of capitalism worked in the West.
Introduction
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This book examines the decline and fall of agriculture in the Confederacy. On the eve of the Civil War, southerners considered cotton to be king. Below the Mason-Dixon Line, however, “agriculture,” primarily based on slavery – and collectively constituted from the major commercial crops of cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar – more correctly deserved that sobriquet. Indeed, agriculture created the basis for prosperity in the South as small, diversified farms throughout the region raised a variety of crops to feed their owners' families and provide enough surplus for market. This book looks at agriculture in the Confederacy as an element of power by focusing on the most important aspects of production, transportation, labor, finance, and politics, along with the effects of military raids, impressments, and seizures by both Confederate and Union armies, among other considerations, on farmers and planters. It also considers Confederate agriculture in relation to the provision of food and forage to civilians and soldiers and to the Civil War's effects on food prices during the period.
Who Is Allah?
Authors: Lawrence Bruce
Published: January 2016

This introduction to the heart of Islam offers a unique approach to understanding Allah, the central focus of Muslim religious expression. Drawing on history, culture, theology, politics, and the media, the book identifies key religious practices by which Allah is revered and remembered, illuminating how the very name of Allah is interwoven into the everyday experience of millions of Muslims. For Muslims, as for adherents of other religions, intentions as well as practices are paramount in a religious life. The book elucidates how public utterances, together with private pursuits, reflect the emotive, sensory, and intellectual aspirations of the devout. Ranging from the practice of the tongue (speaking) to practices in cyberspace (online religious activities), the text explores how Allah is invoked, defined, remembered, and also debated. While the practice of the heart demonstrates how Allah is remembered in Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, the practice of the mind examines how theologians and philosophers have defined Allah in numerous contexts, often with conflicting aims. The practice of the ear marks the contemporary period, in which the text locates and then assesses competing calls for jihad, or religious struggle, within the cacophony of an immensely diverse umma, the worldwide Muslim community.
Allah Remembered
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the practice of remembering Allah. If the ordinary believer asks for guidance through prayer and invoking Allah's name, the devout Sufi seeks to access the One beyond and before all that is, or ever will be, through remembrance. Remembrance is an intense, unending pursuit of the deepest interior connection with Allah. Sufi masters have traveled the perilous path (tariqa)—through poetry and prose, music and dance, with dieting and fasting—to find the Divine Beloved. The psychological reflex of remembrance is so varied, intense, and persistent that it anticipates the insight of the father of modern psychology, William James, for whom belief in God was less important than how one felt about belief in God.
Allah Debated
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This chapter studies the role of violence in Islam. Allah is no more violent than Yahweh of the Hebrew Bible or less loving than the Triune God—the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—of the New Testament. If we only look at the earliest period, Muslims are more peaceful and nonviolent than Mahatma Gandhi or George Fox (founder of the Quakers), but if we look at the most recent period, from Sayyid Qutb of the Muslim Brothers and Osama bin Laden of Al-Qaida, we could argue that the most radical religious activists link themselves to the Qur'an, see themselves as Muhammad's loyal followers, and justify their destructive acts with the loud cry: Allahu Akbar. However, most Muslims are no more bound by the acts of terrorists than are Christians or the Catholic Church for murderous events during the days of the Crusades or the Inquisitions that persisted from the twelfth to the mid-nineteenth century.
Southern Water, Southern Power
Authors: Manganiello Christopher J.
Published: January 2016

Why has the American South—a place with abundant rainfall—became embroiled in intrastate wars over water? Why did unpredictable flooding come to characterize southern waterways, and how did a region that seemed so rich in this all-important resource become derailed by drought and the regional squabbling that has tormented the arid American West? To answer these questions, this book moves beyond the well-known accounts of flooding in the Mississippi Valley and irrigation in the West to reveal the contested history of southern water. From the New South to the Sun Belt eras, private corporations, public utilities, and political actors made a region-defining trade-off: The South would have cheap energy, but it would be accompanied by persistent water insecurity. This environmental history recounts stories of the people and institutions that shaped this exchange and reveals how the use of water and power in the South has been challenged by competition, customers, constituents, and above all, nature itself.
Prologue
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This prologue considers the expulsion laws implemented in antebellum Virginia, and how free blacks cope with its often unpredictable, inconsistent application in their everyday lives. Free African Americans felt bound by their freedom; they were subject to laws of the land that specifically circumscribed their liberty in important ways, keeping them off juries, away from polling places, and unable to testify against a white defendant. But at the same time, it turns out many white neighbors, lawyers, and judges also felt bound to support a familiar free black neighbor's claim for legal residency, to represent a free black client in court, or to follow legal processes identical to those that white defendants or petitioners might encounter, even if such everyday actions contradicted personal racial prejudices and generally held racial stereotypes.
Conclusion
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter synthesizes the lessons of the previous chapters, highlighting the ways in which freed African Americans, against all odds, used the legal system to their advantage in securing meaningful lives, even at the cost of their own freedoms. Freedom itself was highly important among Virginians, white and black alike, albeit for varying reasons, yet the prospect of freedom itself could incur too high a cost to render it a condition more favorable than that of enslavement. Often, self-enslavement becsme a last resort for African Americans who refused to leave their families and communities behind. Self-enslavement, among others, became yet another tool for the blacks to creatively circumvent expulsion laws, and to help them secure their own rights and freedoms amid the convoluted Virginia legislature.
What Is a Madrasa?
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: January 2016

Taking us inside the world of the madrasa—the most common type of school for religious instruction in the Islamic world—this book provides a resource on orthodox Islam in global affairs. Focusing on postsecondary-level religious institutions in the Indo-Pakistan heartlands, the text explains how a madrasa can simultaneously be a place of learning revered by many and an institution feared by many others, especially in a post-9/11 world. The book describes the daily routine for teachers and students today. It shows how classical theological, legal, and Qur'anic texts are taught, and it illuminates the history of ideas and politics behind the madrasa system. Addressing the contemporary political scene, the book introduces us to madrasa leaders who hold diverse and conflicting perspectives on the place of religion in society. Some admit that they face intractable problems and challenges, including militancy; others, the text states, hide their heads in the sand and fail to address the crucial issues of the day. Offering practical suggestions to both madrasa leaders and U.S. policymakers for reform and understanding, the book demonstrates how madrasas today still embody the highest aspirations and deeply felt needs of traditional Muslims.
A Place for Nation in the Diaspora
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter delves deeper into the Cuban associational life, and offers readings of key social and cultural events that were presented as Cuban patriotic celebrations and other events that were marked as pan-Latino/a festivities. It turns to the less prominent Cuban social clubs—Club Social Cuba, La Sociedad Maceo y Martí, and Logia Isla de Cuba. The events sponsored by these clubs illustrate a portrait that demonstrates the various ways the black and white Cubans negotiated their national identities on the terrain of popular culture from within two distinct, though sometimes overlapping, points of view: first, as Cubans of the diaspora who were negotiating ties to the island as they established roots in the city as a colonia cubana, and second, as Cubans of the colonia hispana, which during this period took into account notions of inter-American and hemispheric unity and identity.
Resurrecting the Identities of Lynch Victims
Authors: Bailey Amy Kate , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: January 2016

A major obstacle for scholars interested in studying the lynching era has been the frustrating lack of information about the thousands of victims who were claimed by the lethal practice. The various inventories that have been compiled include very few of the victims' personal characteristics, generally limited only to their name, race, and gender. This chapter describes the authors' efforts to acquire personal information about a large cross-section of lynch victims and their families. Broadly speaking, their goal has been to learn more about the individuals who died at the hands of southern lynch mobs so that their identities can be incorporated into scholarship on the lynching era. They have attempted to link more than 2,400 lynch victims included in the Beck–Tolnay inventory to their person and household records in the U.S. Census that immediately preceded their deaths. The remainder of the chapter provides a detailed account of the record linkage process.
The Characteristics of Black Male Lynch Victims
Authors: Bailey Amy Kate , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the individual and family characteristics of roughly 900 black and mixed-race male victims of southern lynching. The evidence presented offers the first available portrait of the persons and lives that were affected by the deadly violence of southern lynch mobs. An initial comparison is also conducted between the characteristics of lynch victims and a sample of black men residing in the counties where lynchings took place, but who were not lynched. These comparisons offer preliminary clues about the identification, or targeting, of victims by southern mobs. The data suggests that the black men who were killed by southern mobs were, for the most part, older adolescents or young adults who resided in rural areas and were engaged in unskilled work, generally within the agricultural sector. And they were a relatively geographically immobile population. But there was also considerable diversity among the victims, especially with respect to their ability to read and write, their marital status, and the structure of the households in which they lived.
Victims as Marginal Men?
Authors: Bailey Amy Kate , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: January 2016

Building on the preliminary descriptive evidence presented in Chapter 3, which provided an initial comparison of the characteristics of victims with those of a sample of black men who were not lynched, this chapter systematically examines whether black and mixed-race men who were outsiders or marginal in the counties where they were killed in some way were at greater risk than other men in their communities for falling prey to mob violence. This analysis is rooted largely in Roberta Senechal de la Roche's hypothesis about the sociogenesis of lynching, i.e. individuals with fewer social and economic ties to a community and who were accused of committing an offense against a white insider were at increased risk of victimization in part because they were able to marshal fewer friends and kin to come to their aid in times of crisis. The results offer partial support for the contention that socially marginal adult black and mixed-race males were exposed to a higher likelihood of being lynched than were their more socially embedded neighbors. Being a married head of a household also appears to have offered the greatest protection from lynching.
Epilogue
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the changes in Soviet-Polish cultural relations, starting in 1956, that embodied a synthesis of old and new trends. Journalists, for instance, could speak their minds on controversial issues without the fear of reprisal that characterized the past years. Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin increased popular hopes for concrete transformations in Polish society. For the first time since the war, the Soviet and Polish governments developed a concrete, detailed legal framework for cultural relations between the two countries. “The Agreement on Cultural Cooperation between Poland and the USSR,” signed on June 30, 1956, in Warsaw, stipulated robust development of cooperation in the fields of science, education, literature, fine arts, music, theater, film, press, radio, television, sport, and tourism. Both parties pledged to exchange mutual experiences in the popularization of culture. But while the new Soviet leaders may have abandoned Stalinist methods of rule, they did not relinquish empire. When Soviet soft power had an inadequate effect, due to its lack of cultural appeal, ongoing Soviet rule ultimately became dependent on force.
Benevolence, Violence, and Militancy
Authors: Berrey Stephen A.
Published: January 2016

This chapter recounts the varying reports between white-owned and black-owned newspapers about a shooting spree allegedly committed by a black man. The white-owned newspaper, Clarksdale Press Register, described Jonas Causey, the suspect, as a “crazed 70-year-old Negro,” while noting that he shot the two white men for no reason. The paper also claimed that Jonas shot his wife in the leg. Similar accounts appeared in another white-owned newspaper, painting an image of a mentally unstable man who had gone on a shooting rampage. In contrast, the black-owned newspaper, Jackson Advocate, reported that the victims provoked Jonas to commit the crime, and that one of the white policemen had shot the wife while arresting Jonas. This narrative clash represents the battle between blacks and whites over the meanings of race and violence, and over the labeling of aggressors, criminals, protectors, victims, and heroes.
At Timrod’s Grave
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the grave of Henry Timrod, known since the war as the poet laureate of the Confederacy. Timrod’s grave was an important symbolic site in the struggle over the postwar direction of the white South. The initial lack of monumentation testified to his poverty at his death in October 1867. The chapter details how Timrod’s literary friends eulogized him; the Timrod Revival, which involved the publication of a new edition of his Timrod’s poetry, the profits of which would then be used to “provide a handsome tomb at his grave”; and Timrod’s genealogy, writings, and racial views. It also discusses Timrod’s “Ode” as his permanent literary monument and how Timrod’s sense of Confederate commemoration as a crisis of modernity made his work a valuable touchstone for later poets.
Secessionist Commemoration and Its Aftermath
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses Charleston secessionists’ campaign to honor John C. Calhoun. It highlights the role of the Ladies’ Calhoun Monument Association (LCMA), one of the first southern women’s groups to assume a leading role in civic memory. It argues that as a secessionist project that survived the death of the Confederacy, the Calhoun Monument illustrates the postwar adjustments of white southern commemoration. Waning enthusiasm for the Nullifier fostered a proposal to channel the LCMA’s funds to the Home for Mothers, Widows, and Daughters of Confederate Soldiers, an institution established by LCMA leaders. Only when frustrated in this attempt to implement a more expansive view of women’s commemorative citizenship did the LCMA commission a statue of Calhoun. As an artifact of secession as well as a tribute to the Lost Cause, the Calhoun Monument encouraged ruminations on the fluidity of personal identity and the self-destructiveness of racial slavery that Confederate commemoration ordinarily aimed to suppress.
Imagining Home Rule
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines South Carolina narratives of the Reconstruction. Early South Carolina fiction based on Reconstruction was addressed primarily to southerners rather than northerners, drawing creative energy from recognition that the resistance movement had significant potential for conflicts among its different elements. The solutions proposed for these problems sometimes included more pointed social criticism than might be expected. Schematization of home rule as an endpoint for Reconstruction fiction outlined the possibilities imagined by early postwar South Carolina writers. Some novels culminated in the protagonist reclaiming a home from which he or she has been displaced while other books ended with a spotlighted couple’s decision to make a new home. In a final variation, the heroine and hero concluded by renouncing their permanent home. This framework may not be equally useful in other contexts. But in the case of South Carolina fiction written during or shortly after Reconstruction, it effectively clarifies distinctions along a spectrum of restoration and reform.
Don’t You Think It Is Time You Took Off That Uniform?
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter further explores the northern ridicule over hypocrisy and faux patriotism in the midst of war. The Union soldier was a popular figure in public discourse, which drove many men to get involved in the war, although their motivations were often dictated by personal circumstances and inclinations rather than by legal constraints or the overwhelming dictates of patriotic citizenship. Those who didn’t earn their shoulder straps in battle, or who had sought commissions during the war, received public scorn because they actively sought to exploit the national crisis for their own glory. It was their dishonesty and self-aggrandizement that set these men outside the bounds of acceptable behavior, making them targets for both satirists and authors of popular fiction. Meanwhile, able-bodied men who simply went about their own business without donning a uniform seemed to attract little public scorn in the home front literature.
Will They Fight? Should They Fight?
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the prescriptive literature of the Civil War era, more specifically those that target black northerners. Blacks rarely featured in wartime literature, save for the slaves languishing in the Confederacy. And even though the recruiting rhetoric directed toward African Americans sometimes sounded like the recruiting speeches and posters directed at white men, the legal—and ethical—issues were different. African Americans were asked to support a nation at war even though they suffered inequalities at home and in the military. Meanwhile, many commentators addressing black audiences favored a commitment to the war as a war for emancipation rather than as a war for Union. In short, African American citizens in the North navigated a distinct set of questions and challenges during the Civil War, both before and after Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
We Are Coming Father Abraham
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter emphasizes that the wartime efforts of the Union were brought about by personal decisions. Antebellum Americans in the free states lived in a world of personal choices constrained by all of those things that infringe on any individual’s pure freedom of movement: economic limitations, family concerns, cultural restraints, be they white or black, male or female. To a remarkable degree, the Union war effort depended on the choices civilians made, and these individual choices were not made in a vacuum. Individualism, nationalism, and personal choice converged into a multitude of personal decisions as well as published materials that informed these decisions, all of which would eventually lead the Union to victory.
Christian Work
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter traces the early life of Dwight L. Moody, the rise of evangelical realism, and his role in developing modern evangelicalism through ideas of Christian work. He was born in 1837, the sixth child of Betsey and Edwin Moody in Northfield, Massachusetts. Raised outside traditional Protestantism and without formal religious education, Moody would eventually use business ideas and techniques not only to spread the message of God's love for individuals but also to transform that message. By the time Moody began his revival ministry in the 1870s, he had developed a set of interlocking assumptions about the nature of an authentic faith, a believer's relationship to God, and a modern approach to interpreting the Bible.
The Problem of the Masses
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter charts rising labor unrest and its role in the development of the Moody Bible Institute. Industrialization and large-scale manufacturing had given way to widening class divides that would eventually culminate in the 1877 railroad strikes, and it is during this period of social unrest that Moody's ministry would gain a foothold. Many middle-class Protestants had become convinced that his evangelical message was a powerful preservative of the social order. Moody's experiments in efficiently spreading his evangelical message culminated in his founding of a training institute for Christian workers. Operating outside denominational control, Moody's Bible Institute represented its own danger to the established religious order. But the emergencies of the turbulent decade after the railroad strike eventually convinced many business elites that it was a risk worth taking.
Religion on a “Business Basis”
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter charts the early life and work of Henry Parsons Crowell, his efforts to put the Moody Bible Institute (MBI) on a “business basis,” and his first attempt to influence middle-class Protestantism. Crowell was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1855; he would later go on to found the Quaker Oats Company in 1901, profoundly shaping the current economic landscape as it entered the modern era. He would use this same business acumen to revitalize the MBI, by becoming its president and quickly incorporating his business ideas into this religious work without a second thought, for Moody already had made borrowing such concepts unremarkable. But the business strategies themselves were new and thus would transform the purpose of Moody's institution even as Crowell stayed true to the founder's business spirit.
Pure Religion
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter tells the story of the creation of The Fundamentals, the conflict and contingencies that shaped the project, and the methodology for creating the ad hoc “orthodoxy” that resulted thereof. The early twentieth century saw the encroaching influence of modernity introduced into the faith, and attempts to address the issue culminated in the development of a new theological product, as marketed by Henry Crowell himself. It would be a modern orthodoxy compatible across denominations and rooted in an evangelical orientation. More importantly, it would act as a permanent solution to the still-nagging question of why an institution like the Moody Bible Institute was needed. The project, eventually known as The Fundamentals, aimed to change the face of Protestantism in the United States.
Carolina Israelite
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly
Published: January 2016

This biography of Jewish American writer and humorist Harry Golden (1903–1981) illuminates a remarkable life intertwined with the rise of the civil rights movement, Jewish popular culture, and the sometimes precarious position of Jews in the South and across America during the 1950s. After recounting Golden’s childhood on New York’s Lower East Side, the text points to his stint in prison as a young man, after a widely publicized conviction for investment fraud during the Great Depression, as the root of his empathy for the underdog in any story. During World War II, the cigar-smoking, bourbon-loving raconteur landed in Charlotte, North Carolina, and founded the Carolina Israelite newspaper, which was published into the 1960s. Golden’s writings on race relations and equal rights attracted a huge popular readership. Golden used his celebrity to editorialize for civil rights as the momentous story unfolded. He charmed his way into friendships and lively correspondence with Carl Sandburg, Adlai Stevenson, Robert Kennedy, and Billy Graham, among other notable Americans, and he appeared on the Tonight Show as well as other national television programs.
A New Life and a New Cause in Dixie
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the new role that Harry Golden and the Carolina Israelite obtained as Golden continued to express his anti-discriminatory views: as a transplant intrigued by southerners, both Gentiles and Jews, and as an observer of the national scene and the changing attitudes about race issues. Due to his increased popularity, his essays started to appear in different outlets, such as the Congress Bi-Weekly, which serves as the house organ of the American Jewish Congress. The chapter also explores Golden’s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement, describing his interactions with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and with A. Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and an influential African American activist. During this time, Golden also became a member of both the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation, two groups that fought against racial discrimination.
Introduction
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the life and career of Harry Golden, a writer and humorist whose works exalted the “little guy”—factory workers, prostitutes, shopkeepers, and—during the time of the segregation—African Americans. Golden spun his experiences growing up in Lower East Side New York into his popular books for which he became a household name. He explored some of the biggest themes a writer can put to paper: prejudice, dignity, and the daily struggle of the working person—with slices of real life, humorously rendered. Along with such amusing cultural digressions, Golden sounded a warning for America to appreciate and accelerate its social progress in his fight against racial discrimination, which he believed was pulling down the nation and its people.
Exchange
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores how Metis borderlanders came into conflict with American federal officials who were convinced that Metis traders enabled Lakota resistance to American expansion and undermined the administration of Indian affairs in the region. While U.S. officials were determined to unravel Metis cross-border economies, the much more limited Canadian presence on the northwestern Plains allowed Metis borderland communities to flourish and undermined American enforcement efforts. Indeed, officials in both countries betrayed a surprising dependence on Metis intermediaries in their diplomatic dealings with other Indigenous peoples and even the actual survey of the forty-ninth parallel. The absence of effective measures to suppress illicit trade or to assess the situation for themselves illustrates the very real limits on American and Canadian efforts to consolidate their sovereignty and the role the Metis played in shaping those efforts.
Belonging
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: January 2016

This chapter considers how borderland Metis, Indians, and federal actors in the United States and Canada negotiated questions about rights during the 1870s as older fur trade economies and the economic rationale, social patterns, and ecological conditions that had sustained them ebbed away. Two case studies examine Metis efforts to secure a permanent home in the borderlands at a moment when national claims to the region became more clearly defined. The first describes the attempts by Metis families to remain on the new Fort Belknap Indian reservation, in north-central Montana. The second explores how their Metis kin sought a place at concurrent treaty negotiations between the Canadian government and Prairie First Nations. In both instances, state efforts to assign ethnic and racial labels and to assign rights based on these distinctions made it imperative that the Metis seek state sanction for their place in the borderlands.
African American Literary Activism in a Divided District
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the extant writing of former slaves who were among the first to achieve literacy and find a political voice in the newly created state of West Virginia through their education at Storer College. Their letters, articles, and poems published in yearbooks, the Storer Record, and in the Pioneer Press, support the growing recognition that to speak of an African American literature, it is necessary to embrace a broader sense of form and genre. These newspapers attest to the presence of a viable black community that coalesced in print culture, thereby affirming the importance of the press for black writers. The chapter also looks into Storer College, whose embattled relation with the white residents of nearby Harpers Ferry and its black student body reveals how gender, class, race, and region knotted the postwar issues of labor, property, reputation, and duty to inform the meaning of citizenship.
Iowa’s American Gothic in Arkansas
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter turns to the novels of Alice French, who wrote under the pen name of Octave Thanet. Her works serve as a reflection of her experience living in Military District Four. Thanet’s writing fashioned a vision of postwar national unity, one that was complex and wrought with gendered and racial contradictions. A central component of her vision focused on the former slaves’ place in the postwar nation. The chapter highlights Thane’s Expiation (1890), where she relied on a restructuring and expansion of gendered roles behind three principal strategies. First, she attempted to invert the gendered power dynamics of the plantation household to benefit black women. Second, she crafted numerous scenarios in which black women challenge authority through verbal assault via the use of “black talk.” Lastly, recognizing the difficulty ex-slaves faced in buying land, Thanet celebrated opportunities for them to own other assets, eventually recognizing their citizenship rights.
The Strange Career of Reconstruction Writing
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter analyzes the contradictory nature of Reconstruction literature by examining the speeches of Henry Grady, who introduced the notion of a “New South,” a white-supremacist program that included crop diversification, the protective tariff, industrialization, and reconciliation with black southerners in inferior positions. Grady’s works help explain the outcome of literary Reconstruction and reaffirm its enduring, if contradictory, cultural contribution. Grady’s arguments paradoxically turned Reconstruction writing inside out as he pursued their conservative inclinations. His works discussed property ownership, which was directed toward helping dispossessed Confederates regain lost property. Arguing that freedpeople continued the wartime destruction of white southern property after the Civil War, Grady described Liberty County, Georgia’s former “ruling center of wealth and intellect,” as being dominated by corrupt freedpeople, whose pagan “rites and orgies” were “paralyzing the industry of the county.”
The Road to Lhasa
Authors: Khan Sulmaan Wasif
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how the People's Republic of China set about state-building in the Tibetan borderlands by relying on local collaboration. In the early 1950s, Beijing sought to perpetuate its rule in Tibet by giving Tibetans a loose rein. PRC governance of Tibet formed an imperial structure, but it was empire-lite. And because Tibet was a frontier region where the line between East and South Asia blurred, sovereignty over Tibet required a foreign policy. This chapter begins with an overview of the Tibetan custom known as sky burial, the geography of the Tibetan borderlands, and the history of the Chinese state's claims to the Tibetan plateau. It then considers how ideology, national security calculus, and anti-imperialism shaped the way China sought to conquer and govern Tibet. It also discusses the implications of the Dalai Lama's departure from Lhasa and concludes by outlining the PRC's “five principles of peaceful coexistence” and assessing how the Tibetan frontier became a key source of Chinese foreign policy.
Introduction
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter discusses the implications of “hotel life” as a narrative fully intertwined within the discourses and experiences of sexuality and gender, race and empire, cosmopolitanism and parochialism. The hotel is positioned as a dynamic form of global capitalism—an account of a modern space that has been created with the capacity to remake us in an uneasy era of biopolitical self-management. This chapter goes on to describe the social and political function of the hotel in modern culture, in emphasizing the many overlapping and contradictory ways that the hotel captures and defines the experiences of modernity, of globalization, of class, sex, race, and gender. To define the details of that portrait, it explores four core concepts that give “hotel life” shape and meaning in modern times—space, time, scale, and affect.
Private
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter takes up the question of what happens to the modern subject when venturing into the private spaces that the hotel creates and makes available to guests, especially with regard to the sexual freedoms these spaces create for men and women alike. The work of the hotel in the modern self’s psychosexual journey generally goes unremarked, as does its capacity to generate an erotic environment—both built and imagined—for its guests. Yet it is worth lingering over the significance of sex in the private spaces of the hotel, because these are proof of the broadcast mythology of the hotel as a great, discreet staging ground for anything that can happen. The hotel offers up a uniquely modern kind of space—with its constantly changing, ever malleable blend of public and private spaces.
Coda
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter ponders on the future of the hotel industry—particularly in how hotels reconfigure themselves ceaselessly in dimensions of sentiment, space, time, and scale. There is a growing trend in personalizing hotel experiences, which can either provide new outlets of unprecedented luxury or entail dehumanizing considerations of what a guest can do without. Hotel space is, in the end, at once flexible and firm—enabling imaginative leaps unprecedented in individual guests’ lived experiences and, on the other hand, delivering predigested temporary spaces both mind-numbingly canned and familiar. It wants to be marketed, to be rated, to be celebrated as restorative, as healing, and as restful, but it surely does not want to be demystified of its multi-faceted allure.
Carolina in Crisis
Authors: Tortora Daniel J.
Published: January 2016

This book explores how the Anglo-Cherokee War reshaped the political and cultural landscape of the colonial South. The text chronicles the series of clashes that erupted from 1758 to 1761 between Cherokees, settlers, and British troops. The conflict, no insignificant sideshow to the French and Indian War, eventually led to the regeneration of a British-Cherokee alliance. The book reveals how the war destabilized the South Carolina colony and threatened the white coastal elite, arguing that the political and military success of the Cherokees led colonists to a greater fear of slave resistance and revolt and ultimately nurtured South Carolinians' rising interest in the movement for independence.
Deng Xiaoping and China’s War Decision
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Beijing's management of its deteriorating relationship with Vietnam in 1978, focusing on the basis of its decision to go to war. According to Chinese scholars, the decision to wage war against Vietnam was influenced by Chinese leaders' reaction to the Soviet Union's genuine threat, which caused them to pursue strategic cooperation with the United States against the Soviet Union. Because this policy emphasized confrontation, Beijing's approach to international crisis in the region became both adamant and militant. Chinese policymakers believed that a punitive attack on Vietnam would deal a blow to the USSR's global expansion strategy. Nevertheless, these studies by the Chinese scholars criticize their leaders for exaggerating the Soviet threat but do not adequately explain why those leaders did so.