bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of a Self-Excited Vibrating Thermal Energy Harvester with Shape Memory Alloys and PVDF Cantilevers
Authors: Yotov Ivo , Todorov Georgi , Gieva Elitsa , Todorov Todor
Published: January 2025

This paper discusses the dynamics of a novel energy harvester that converts heat into mechanical vibrations of two polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric cantilevers that generate electrical energy using a shape memory alloy (SMA) filament. The vibrations are generated by a symmetrical system of two masses placed on the SMA filament, which moves transversely due to its own longitudinal temperature contractions and extensions. Temperature differences over a heat source of constant temperature are the cause of the periodic changes in length of the SMA filament. An experimental setup was created to study the harvester by measuring the mass displacements and electrical voltages generated by the piezoelectric cantilevers. Data were obtained on the dependence of the output voltage and power on the load resistance of the consumer. The experimental results are validated by a multiphysics dynamical model, taking into account the relationships between the mechanical, thermal and electrical domains. The vibrational modeling of the SMA filament takes into account the hysteresis properties and their characteristics when the time gradient changes, leading to the appearance of minor and sub-minor hysteresis. Research has shown that from a heater with a constant temperature of 70 °C, the maximum power obtained is 3.6 μW at a load resistance of 4 MΩ, and a maximum voltage of 5.8 V was generated at a load resistance of 13 MΩ. An important feature of the proposed design is the possibility of miniaturizing the mechanical system.
Sliding Mode Backstepping Control of Excavator Bucket Trajectory Synovial in Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Neural Network Disturbance Observer
Authors: Tao Xiangfei , Liu Kailei , Yang Jing , Chen Yu , Chen Jiayuan , Zhu Haoran
Published: January 2025

As a representative of multi-functional engineering machinery, the excavator is irreplaceable in the field of engineering construction. To autonomously control the excavator bucket, it is essential to control the position of the bucket hydraulic cylinder. As a consequence of the problem of position tracking control spawned from external disturbance and other factors in the self-mining servo system of excavators, a strategy of sliding mode backstepping control based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm and neural network disturbance observer (PSO-NNDO-SMBC) was recommended accordingly. Meanwhile, the complex disturbance was estimated online and compensated for by the system control input by the universal approximation property of the neural network disturbance observer (NNDO). Afterwards, the uncertainty of control parameters was optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and was fed back to the controller parameter input end. Afterwards, a co-simulation model of MATLAB/Simulink (MATLAB2023b) and AMESim (Simcenter Amesim 2304) was established for simulation analysis, and a test bench was set up for comparison and verification. As proven by the experimental results, PSO-NNDO-SMBC possessed strong anti-interference ability. In contrast to the sliding mode backstepping control based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO-SMBC), the maximum displacement tracking error was lowered by 50.5%. Furthermore, in comparison with the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), the maximum displacement tracking error was decreased by 75.2%, which tremendously optimized the control accuracy of excavator bucket displacement tracking.
A Survey of Vehicle System and Energy Models
Authors: Hua Lingyun , Tang Jian , Zhu Guoming
Published: January 2025

Vehicle system models can be roughly divided into two categories, dynamic and steady-state (or quasi-steady-state) models, and can be applied to evaluate vehicle transient performance such as vehicle longitudinal and lateral dynamics, as well as energy economies like fuel or electricity consumption. This paper reviews various energy consumption models for automotive systems, focusing on component- and vehicle-level models. As the foundation to calculate the energy consumption, powertrain component models of three main vehicle types (internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid vehicles) are reviewed with their key components, including internal combustion engines, electric motors, and batteries. Three types of vehicle energy consumption models are explored according to their interpretability: white-box, black-box, and grey-box models. Optimizing vehicle energy usage based upon a vehicle energy consumption model is reviewed from the aspects of eco-driving and eco-routing problems at the end of the paper. Eco-driving research primarily selects models focusing on transient performance; whereas eco-routing focuses on steady-state or quasi-steady-state conditions to balance the needs of model accuracy and calculation efficiency for real-time applications. This review aims to guide model selection and inspire future applications of energy consumption models for advancing sustainable automotive technologies.
Correction: Pan et al. Identification of Buffalo Breeds Using Self-Activated-Based Improved Convolutional Neural Networks. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1386
Authors: Pan Yuanzhi , Jin Hua , Gao Jiechao , Rauf Hafiz Tayyab
Published: January 2025

In the published publication [...]
Assessment of Physiological Traits of Fragaria vesca Genotypes Under Water Deficit Conditions
Authors: Rokosa Marta , Mikiciuk Małgorzata , Ptak Piotr
Published: January 2025

Drought is one of the key challenges of climate change. The basic global problem related to the increasing water deficit is that the vast majority of crops are species and varieties that are the result of breeding work that did not anticipate such a rapid decrease in water availability in the soil. The main objective of the conducted research was to compare the physiological and biochemical response to water deficit of plants of the species Fragaria vesca—two cultivated varieties, and one collected from the natural environment. A two-year pot experiment was conducted in a polyethylene tunnel. The substrate moisture level was monitored using tensiometer readings. Measurements of gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll “a” fluorescence, content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves, index of relative water content in leaves, total fruit yield, single fruit mass and content of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo and the ratio of mono- to divalent cations in leaves, roots and plant crowns were taken three times each year during the experiments. Based on one-way and two-way analysis of variance, statistically significant differences were observed between wild-growing plants and cultivated varieties under control conditions, particularly in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence values and the content of photosynthetic pigments. A significant main effect of the soil moisture level was identified for most measured parameters across the majority of assessment time points. However, a significant interaction effect between soil moisture level and genotype was less frequently observed. Significant changes in response to water deficit varied depending on the parameter and genotype, ranging from 2.5% to 106.1%. For the content of chemical elements, the changes reached up to 157.1%. The results suggest that plants obtained from natural environments exhibit better adaptation to water deficit conditions, making them suitable for use in breeding programs aimed at developing varieties resistant to soil water deficits. However, the study’s limitations, particularly the absence of molecular analyses regarding the plants’ adaptive mechanisms, should be taken into consideration.
Mulching Practice Regulates the Soil Hydrothermal Regime to Improve Crop Productivity in the Rainfed Agroecosystem of the Loess Plateau in China
Authors: Han Fanxiang , Zhang Yuanhong , Chang Lei , Chai Yuwei , Bao Zhengyu , Cheng Hongbo , Chai Shouxi , Chang Fangguo , Chang Guohua , Yang Ruiqi
Published: January 2025

Mulching practices have demonstrated the potential to increase crop yields and resource utilization efficiency. However, the response of different crops with various growth stages to different mulching practices remains unclear, particularly in the rainfed agroecosystem. Therefore, a two-year field experiment (2013–2015) of different crops (wheat, maize, and potato) was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different mulching treatments: straw strip mulching (SM), plastic film mulching (PM), and conventional planting without mulching as the control (CK), on soil moisture and temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), crop yield and economic benefits on the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that both mulching practices significantly increased the soil water content (SM: 4.3% and PM: 3.6%) compared to CK. However, the effects on soil temperature varied between mulching practices, PM increased soil temperature by 4.9% compared to CK, while SM decreased it by 6.3%. The improved soil hydrothermal conditions, characterized by favorable temperatures and higher soil water status would lead to a higher crop daily growth rate (5.3–49.8%), as well as greater dry matter accumulation (4.7–36.7%). Furthermore, mulching practice (SM and PM) has a significant influence on crop yield and its components of various crops, as well as WUE. The mean grain yield of SM and PM was, respectively, increased by 11.4% and 27.1% for winter wheat, compared to CK, 1.8% and 24.3% for spring maize, and 23.0% and 13.9% for potato, respectively. Compared to CK, PM yielded a higher net economic benefit and WUE for winter wheat and spring maize, while SM presented the best economic benefit and WUE for potato. In conclusion, a comprehensive analysis of crop yield, economic benefits, and resource utilization efficiency suggests that straw strip mulching for potato is a more sustainable environmentally friendly mulching practice, recommended for rainfed farming systems on the Loess Plateau and areas with similar climatic conditions.
Aero-Thermodynamics of UAV Downwash for Dynamic Microclimate Engineering: Ameliorating Effects on Rice Growth, Yield, and Physiological Traits Across Key Growth Stages
Authors: Imran  , Ke Liang , Liu Dong , Li Huifen , Li Jiyu
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive investigation into the aero-thermodynamic impacts of UAV-generated airflow on the rice microclimate is essential to elucidate the complex relationships between wind speed, temperature, and temporal dynamics during the critical growth stages of rice. Focusing on the vulnerable stages of rice such as heading, panicle, and flowering, this research aims to advance the understanding of microclimatic influences on rice crops, thereby informing the development of UAV-based strategies to enhance crop resilience and optimize yields. By utilizing UAV rotor downwash, the research examines wind temperature and speed at three key diurnal intervals: 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 3:00 p.m. At 9:00 a.m., UAV-induced airflow creates a stable microclimate with favourable temperatures (27.45–28.45 °C) and optimal wind speeds (0.0700–2.050 m/s), which promote and support pollen transfer and grain setting. By 12:00 p.m., wind speeds peak at 2.370 m/s, inducing evaporative cooling while maintaining temperature stability, yet leading to some moisture loss. At 3:00 p.m., wind temperatures reach 28.48 °C, with a 72% decrease in wind speed from midday, effectively conserving moisture during critical growth phases. The results reveal that UAV airflow positively influences panicle and flowering stages, where carefully moderated wind speeds (up to 3 m/s) and temperatures reduce pollen sterility, enhance fertilization, and optimize reproductive development. This highlights the potential of UAV-engineered microclimate management to mitigate stress factors and improve yield through targeted airflow regulation. Key agronomic parameters showed significant improvements, including stem diameter, canopy temperature regulation, grain filling duration, productive tillers (increasing by 30.77%), total tillers, flag leaf area, grains per panicle (rising by 46.55%), biological yield, grain yield (surging by 70.75%), and harvest index. Conclusively, optimal aero-thermodynamic effects were observed with 9:00 a.m. rotor airflow applications during flowering, outperforming midday and late-afternoon treatments. Additionally, 12:00 p.m. airflow during flowering significantly increased the yield. The interaction between rotor airflow timing and growth stage (RRS × GS) exhibited low to moderate effects, underscoring the importance of precise timing in maximizing rice productivity.
Real-Time Corn Variety Recognition Using an Efficient DenXt Architecture with Lightweight Optimizations
Authors: Zhao Jin , Liu Chengzhong , Han Junying , Zhou Yuqian , Li Yongsheng , Zhang Linzhe
Published: January 2025

As a pillar grain crop in China’s agriculture, the yield and quality of corn are directly related to food security and the stable development of the agricultural economy. Corn varieties from different regions have significant differences inblade, staminate and root cap characteristics, and these differences provide a basis for variety classification. However, variety characteristics may be mixed in actual cultivation, which increases the difficulty of identification. Deep learning classification research based on corn nodulation features can help improve classification accuracy, optimize planting management, enhance production efficiency, and promote the development of breeding and production technologies. In this study, we established a dataset of maize plants at the elongation stage containing 31,000 images of 40 different types, including corn leaves, staminates, and root caps, and proposed a DenXt framework model. Representative Batch Normalization (RBN) is introduced into the DenseNet-121 model to improve the generalization ability of the model, and the SE module and deep separable convolution are integrated to enhance the feature representation and reduce the computational complexity, and the Dropout regularization is introduced to further improve the generalization ability of the model and reduce the overfitting. The proposed network model achieves a classification accuracy of 97.79%, which outperforms VGG16, Mobilenet V3, ResNet50 and ConvNeXt image classification models in terms of performance. Compared with the original DenseNet 121 network model, the DenXt model improved the classification accuracy by 3.23% and reduced the parameter count by 32.65%. In summary, the new approach addresses the challenges of convolutional neural networks and provides easy-to-deploy lightweight networks to support corn variety recognition applications.
Assessment of Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon Under Afforestation and Natural Vegetation Restoration Using Stable Carbon Isotope (δ13C) Measurements
Authors: Wu Mengyao , Zhao Yaru , Li Hui , Ma Wenchang , Gao Yang
Published: January 2025

On the Loess Plateau, vast farmlands have suffered from severe land degradation and soil erosion. Afforestation and natural vegetation restoration are two main methods for ecological restoration on the degraded farmland in the last few decades. Previous studies have mainly investigated the effects of the two methods on soil organic carbon (SOC). However, few studies have focused on the influence of the two methods on soil inorganic carbon (SIC), which is the fundamental component of the local soil carbon pool. On the Loess Plateau, we measured SOC and SIC stocks, and the stable carbon isotope values of SOC and SIC (δ13C-SOC and δ13C-SIC) within 0–100 cm depth in an artificial forestland (Robinia pseudoacacia, 27 years) and a neighboring abandoned farmland (Poa annua and Bothriochloa ischaemum, 27 years). The results showed that SOC and SIC stocks at 0–100 cm in forestland were 23.43 Mg ha−1 and 16.89 Mg ha−1 higher than the abandoned farmland, respectively. The δ13C-SOC in topsoil was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the subsoil in both lands. The δ13C-SIC in forestland was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in abandoned farmland. The results indicated that afforestation is more suitable to conserve soil carbon than natural vegetation restoration on degraded farmland on the Loess Plateau. The forestland generated more pedogenic inorganic carbon than the abandoned farmland causing the difference in SIC stock between the two lands. Our findings highlight the importance of SIC, and the SIC may be more important than SOC in sequestrating soil carbon following vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau.
Winter Expansion and Emergence Time Effects on the Phenology, Growth, and Fecundity of Feathertop Rhodes Grass (Chloris virgata)
Authors: Hasanfard Alireza , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh
Published: January 2025

Feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata Sw.) is a problematic weed in Australian summer crop fields that has recently expanded its presence into colder seasons. In this study, the phenology, growth, and seed production of four C. virgata populations were investigated across six different planting dates every other month from May to March between 2021 and 2022 and between 2022 and 2023. In both years, the shortest time (3 to 6 days) for C. virgata emergence was observed for January planting, while the longest time (10 to 17 days) was observed for July planting. In both years, C. virgata populations showed variations in growth and seed production in response to planting time. The highest aboveground biomass production in the first year was observed in November planting, and in the second year, it was observed in both November and January plantings. In the first year, all four populations produced the highest number of seeds when planted in January, averaging 133,000 seeds plant−1. In the second year, among the different planting dates, the March planting with two populations resulted in the highest seed production, averaging 148,000 seeds plant−1. In both years, there was a positive and significant correlation between aboveground biomass and seed production. The ability of this species to emerge, establish, survive, and consistently produce seeds year-round indicates its successful adaptation to the Queensland climate. Failure to manage this weed will result in its further spread to new areas.
Population Dynamics of Cypripedium macranthos Sw. and Its Interactions with Environmental Factors in the Changbai Mountains
Authors: Chen Lifei , Liu Wei , Jiang Nan , Xiao Yiting , Shan Yuze , Wang Shizhuo , Wu Sulei , Wang Qi , Yu Jiahui , Zhang Yuqing , Lu Xi , Qiao Hongyu
Published: January 2025

The growth and development of Cypripedium macranthos Sw. are affected by environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, soil type, and its crown density. In this study, its morphological attributes, physiological traits, and interactions with environmental factors were analysed. The results indicate that the growth of C. macranthos was limited by elevated crown density, soil alkaline-hydrolysed nitrogen, and available soil potassium concentration. Moreover, the physiological attributes of C. macranthos were variably suppressed by high crown density and elevated soil alkaline-hydrolysed nitrogen concentration, whereas enhanced available soil potassium concentration promoted these physiological characteristics. At lower crown density, C. macranthos had greater photosynthetic capacity and higher δ13C, C, and N, which were more favourable for organic matter accumulation and plant growth and development. Conversely, at higher crown densities, plants relied more heavily on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient acquisition. In conclusion, crown density, soil alkali-hydrolysed nitrogen, and available soil potassium concentration were the main environmental factors influencing the morphological and functional form of C. macranthos. Optimal growth conditions were identified at a crown density of 0.5–0.7, soil alkali-hydrolysed nitrogen concentration of 155.06–246.98 mg/kg, and available potassium concentration of 432.53–502.87 mg/kg. The results of this study provide a theoretical understanding for developing conservation strategies for C. macranthos to ensure the stability of the wild population and the health of its habitats.
Transcriptomics Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Response to the Infection by Setosphaeria turcica
Authors: Jia Hui , Li Pan , Tao Bu , Liu Yuwei , Liu Zhihang , Zhu Mengfang , Zhou He , Wang Maocun , Dong Jingao , Gu Shouqin , Gong Xiaodong
Published: January 2025

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), caused by Setosphaeria turcica (S. turcica), is one of the devastating foliar diseases of maize (Zea mays) in maize-producing regions globally. Previous research has predominantly centered on elucidating the infection strategy and process of the pathogen, but the molecular mechanism of maize response to the pathogen is still largely unknown. In this study, we employed transcriptomics technology to comprehensively analyze alterations in RNA expression profiles within maize leaves at critical time points (hours post-infestation, 24 hpi, and 72 hpi) during S. turcica infection. Our study identified 7196 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the maize leaf response to S. turcica infection compared to the control (CK at 0 hpi). Functional analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched in multiple metabolic pathways. Notably, genes associated with “benzoxazinone biosynthesis”, “tetracyclic pyrrole biosynthesis”, and “photosynthesis” were all down-regulated. In contrast, DEGs related to “phenol metabolism” and “phenylpropanoid metabolism” were significantly upregulated. Moreover, the genes belonging to the NAC, MYB-related, HB, and WRKY transcription factor families were also significantly enriched among the DEGs. The expression levels of six randomly selected DEGs were validated using qRT-PCR, confirming the accuracy of the RNA-Seq findings. This study delves into the functional genes and metabolic pathways closely associated with maize’s response to S. turcica infection, providing foundational data for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between S. turcica and maize.
The Impact of Daily Light Integral from Artificial Lighting on Tomato Seedling Cultivation in Plant Factory
Authors: Zhang Minggui , Cui Jiawei , Ju Jun , Hu Youzhi , Liu Xiaojuan , He Rui , Song Jiali , Huang Yanwu , Liu Houcheng
Published: January 2025

This study examines the impact of daily light integral (DLI) from artificial lighting on tomato seedlings cultivated in plant factories. By adjusting the light intensity and photoperiod of LED, the research explored the effects of varying DLIs on the morphology, growth, physiological characteristics, photosynthetic pigment content, and chlorophyll fluorescence of tomato seedlings. The optimal DLI enhanced seedling growth, biomass, root vitality, antioxidant enzyme activity, and photosynthetic pigment synthesis. Excessively high DLI or light intensity inhibited photosynthesis, potentially leading to photoinhibition. This study identified the optimal DLI of 13.2 mol·m−2·d−1 through varying DLI gradients in Exp 1 and Exp 2. Based on these findings, Exp 3 established the optimal growth conditions by setting different light intensities and photoperiods under the most suitable DLI, which were a light intensity of 200 μmol·m−2·s−1 and a photoperiod of 18 h. These results provide significant guidance for optimizing the light environment in the cultivation of tomato seedlings in plant factories, helping to improve the light energy utilization efficiency.
Preparation of Wheat-Straw-Fiber-Based Degradable Mulch Film for Sustained Release of Carbendazim and Its Application for Soybean Root Rot Control
Authors: Liu Shuang , Jin Zhe , Zhou Pengfei , Shang Huimin , Yang Haiyan , Li Longhai , Li Rui , Zhang Ying , Chen Haitao
Published: January 2025

In order to sustain control over soybean root rot, wheat-straw-fiber-based mulch film (WFM) coated with carbendazim (C) and chitosan (CS) mixture (C-CS-WFM) were prepared through bar coating technology. The Box–Behnken design method was employed to investigate the effects of chitosan concentration, wet film thickness, and carbendazim loading on the dry tensile strength (DTS), wet tensile strength (WTS), and air permeance (AP) of C-CS-WFM. Eventually, the optimization process parameters were determined as follows: a chitosan concentration of 1.83–2.39%, a wet film thickness of 18–24 μm, and a carbendazim loading of 0.05–0.12 g/m2. These parameters achieved the desired physical properties of C-CS-WFM, i.e., the DTS is not less than 3.5 kN/m, the WTS is not less than 0.8 kN/m, and the AP does not exceed 2.1 μm/(Pa·s). The results showed that after the introduction of the C-CS coating, the DTS and WTS of C-CS-WFM were enhanced by 11.4% and 14.9%, respectively. In contrast, the AP was reduced by 15.6%. FT-IR analysis indicated that carbendazim was embedded in the C-CS composite material without any chemical interaction. Through SEM and sustained-release kinetic analysis, it was found that the sustained-release mechanism of C-CS-WFM conformed to the Ritger–Peppas kinetic model, and its release mechanism was the physical diffusion and matrix erosion. The results of the in vitro antifungal test and pot experiment demonstrated that C-CS-WFM could effectively inhibit the growth of Fusarium solani and promote the growth of plants. This study provided new ideas for the comprehensive prevention and control of soybean root rot.
Topsoil Compaction Risk Based on the Different Responses of Soil Structure to Compaction Stress
Authors: Zhang Huiqing , He Tingfeng
Published: January 2025

Compaction leads to reduced crop yields, as the soil structure is destroyed. As soil structures respond differently to different degrees of compaction stress, early warnings for the risk of soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery need to be provided based on changes to the soil structure. In this study, we quantified the changes in the aeration porosity, aggregate mean weight diameter, structure coefficient, and cone index of different soil layers in response to compaction stress under different tyre axle weights (7.0 kN, 11.5 kN, 15.8 kN, and 20.4 kN) to analyse the risk of soil compaction in the topsoil layer (0–25 cm). The results showed that the compaction stresses that led to significant changes in soil structure in the 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–15 cm, and 15–20 cm soil layers were 130 kPa, 156 kPa, 111 kPa, and 103 kPa, respectively, and were significantly greater than the precompression stress of the soil in each layer. This finding proves that the changes in soil volume and structure caused by compaction are significant but not exactly equivalent; moreover, a threshold past which the stress caused by compaction results in soil structure failure still exists. Under 180 kPa of surface contact stress, the soil cone index, aeration porosity, aggregate mean weight diameters, and structure coefficient of the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm soil layers gradually moved closer to the soil parameter levels of the subsoil layer before compaction. We suggest that the response of the soil structure to compaction stress proceeds along three stages, elastic deformation, plastic deformation without structure failure, and soil structure failure, within which soil structure failure stress and precompression stress are the two key threshold stresses. This study provides a more reliable theoretical basis upon which field managers can warn of soil compaction risk.
Phytochelatins: Advances in Tomato Research
Authors: Marques Deyvid Novaes , Gaziola Salete Aparecida , Piotto Fernando Angelo , Azevedo Ricardo Antunes
Published: January 2025

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which is considered one of the more important and widely cultivated crop members of the family Solanaceae, exhibits numerous biochemical mechanisms to alleviate the stress produced by various biotic and abiotic factors. Many researchers have found that phytochelatins (PCs) play an important role in these stress-alleviating mechanisms and, therefore, contribute significantly to the plant’s coping strategies, particularly under heavy metal exposure. Ongoing research has extensively investigated tomato genotypes in plant stress research, with a particular focus on heavy metal stress. The production of PCs, synthesized from glutathione, is regulated by various factors and different stressors. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the panorama regarding the synthesis of PCs in tomato under different environmental conditions and experimental settings, as well as provide information on their broader roles in biotechnology and modulating plant tolerance and responses across diverse stress conditions and treatments within the context of tomato research.
Assessment of RANS Models for Milli-Channel Turbulent Flow in Drip Irrigation Emitter
Authors: Feng Qi , Li Qingzheng , Li Yaojun , Qiu Xuefeng , Wang Jiandong , Huang Xingfa
Published: January 2025

Accurate numerical simulation of turbulent flow within the milli-channels of drip irrigation emitters has long been a significant challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling-based analysis of the flow dynamics within the labyrinth milli-channel of a tooth-shaped emitter, with partial experimental validation. The objective was to assess the performances of four RANS turbulence models: RNG k-ε (RNG), Realizable k-ε (RKE), SST k-ω (SST), and baseline k-ω (BSL), alongside three near-wall treatments: scalable wall function (SWF), enhanced wall treatment (EWT), and y+-insensitive wall treatment (YIWT) for emitter flow analysis. The results showed that the RNG and RKE, coupled with EWT, are preferred options for predicting the flow rate—pressure loss relationship of the emitter, with relative errors of 2.08% and 1.02% in the discharge exponent and 5.66% and 7.58% in the flow rate coefficient, respectively. Although both RNG and RKE using SWF are viable for hydraulic performance prediction under high-flow rate conditions, the deviation of predicted flow rate reaches up to 25.46% under low-flow rate conditions. The SST and BSL models, which employ IYPT, captured induced vortices at channel corners; however, they underestimated emitter flow rates. Furthermore, computations using SWF failed to capture the asymptotic characteristics of flow parameters in the near-wall region, resulting in an overestimation of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence intensity. Additionally, the magnitude of wall shear stress in the channel corners fell below the threshold required for self-cleaning, underscoring the necessity for optimizing channel structures to enhance the anti-clogging performance of the emitter.
Ethephon and Diethyl Aminoethyl Mixture (EDAH) Reduces Maize Lodging and Enhances Overall Productivity in Maize/Peanut Intercropping
Authors: Zou Xiaojin , Xu Jiayi , Xu Huasen , Gong Liang , Zhang Lizhen , Wang Ying , Feng Liangshan , Sun Zhanxiang
Published: January 2025

The plant growth regulator EDAH, a combination of ethephon and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, has been shown to reduce maize lodging and increase crop yield under monoculture systems. However, its effectiveness under intercropping conditions remains uncertain. This study presents findings from a three-year (2020–2022) experiment that investigated the effects of EDAH application on maize and peanut yields, as well as lodging rates, within a maize/peanut intercropping system. The experimental setup included four treatments: sole maize without EDAH, sole peanut without EDAH, intercropped maize and peanut without EDAH, and intercropped maize and peanut with EDAH. Results across the three years revealed that foliar application of EDAH significantly increased maize yield by 13.6% and peanut yield by 28.3%, compared to the non-EDAH treatment in the intercropping system. Moreover, the land-equivalent ratio improved by 13.4%, indicating better land use efficiency. Maize lodging in the intercropping system with EDAH decreased by 48.7%. Additionally, EDAH-treated maize in the intercropping system exhibited a 12.1% reduction in plant height and a 27.7% reduction in ear height compared to untreated maize. The internodes 1–5 of EDAH-treated intercropped maize were 1.93–7.80 cm shorter, while the basal internode diameter increased by 3.30 to 4.90 cm. These morphological changes contributed to improved stalk strength, as evidenced by increases in stalk crush strength, rind penetration strength, and bending strength, which together improved maize lodging resistance. Collectively, these results suggest that the application of EDAH is a promising measure to reduce maize lodging and increase overall crop productivity in maize/peanut intercropping systems.
Effect of Liquid Culture Systems (Temporary Immersion Bioreactor and Rotary Shaker) Used During Multiplication and Differentiation on Efficiency of Repetitive Somatic Embryogenesis of Narcissus L. ‘Carlton’
Authors: Malik Małgorzata , Tomiak Ewelina , Pawłowska Bożena
Published: January 2025

Liquid culture systems, including bioreactors, are valuable tools for the scaling up of production. Their involvement leads to the automation of the highly efficient, reproducible somatic embryogenesis of Narcissus L. ‘Carlton’. Alternative procedures for efficient embryogenic tissue and early somatic embryo multiplication have been developed. The long-term embryogenic callus of narcissus ‘Carlton’, obtained by repetitive somatic embryogenesis, was multiplicated and differentiated in different liquid culture systems. For multiplication, the Rita® temporary immersion bioreactor and the rotary shaker at 60 rpm and 100 rpm were used, and, for differentiation, the rotary shaker at 60 rpm and solid cultures were investigated. Cultures immersed with a frequency of 15 min every 24 h during multiplication were characterized by the greatest increase in biomass (1.3), and the greatest number of embryos (152.6 embryos per 1 g of inoculum) was seen during differentiation. Higher immersion frequencies (15 min every 8 and 12 h) decreased the tissue quality and yield. The use of a bioreactor during multiplication promoted the number of embryos obtained during differentiation. In turn, cultivation in a rotary shaker during differentiation, regardless of the multiplication system, stimulated the multiplication of embryogenic tissue. The liquid medium used for the multiplication and differentiation of somatic embryos improved the synchronization of their development, which reached up to 95–99% depending on the system.
Effects of Salt Field Waste-Generated Bio-Organic Fertilizer Application on Bacterial Community Structure in Tea Plantations Rhizosphere Soil
Authors: Yu Chengran , Zhou Liuting , Huang Xiaoyun , You Xiaofeng , Lin Jiali , Han Haidong , Huang Xiusheng
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the impact of salt field waste-generated bio-organic fertilizer application on the bacterial community structure within the rhizosphere soil of tea plants. After the administration of salt field waste-generated bio-organic fertilizer, the content of tea polyphenols in tea decreased, while the content of caffeine and free amino acids increased. The results showed that the dominant bacterial species in the rhizosphere soil of tea plants were Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Proteobacteria. The most dominant genus were k__Bacteria__p__Proteobacteria__c__uncultured__o__uncultured__f__uncultured__g__uncultured, k__Bacteria__p__Acidobacteriota__c__Acidobacteriae__o__Subgroup_2__f__Subgroup_2__g__Subgroup_2, k__Bacteria__p__Chloroflexi__c__AD3__o__AD3__f__AD3__g__AD3, k__Bacteria__p__Chloroflexi__c__Ktedonobacteria__o__Ktedonobacterales__f__Ktedonobacteraceae__g__HSB_OF53-F07, and g__Acidothermus. Following the application of bio-organic fertilizer, g__AD3, g__Subgroup_2, and g__HSB_OF53_F07 in the rhizosphere soil of the tea plants exhibited a decreasing trend compared to the control group. p_Proteobacteria was significantly increased, and p_Chloroflexi was considerably decreased in soils treated with bioorganic fertilizers, indicating that bio-organic fertilizers might influence the soil microbial structure in the rhizosphere soil of tea plants. Network association analyses showed a strong positive correlation between g_Candidatus_Solibacter and g_Bryobacter and a significant negative correlation between g_AD3 and g_ADurb.Bin063_1. Applying salt field waste-generated bio-organic fertilizers might effectively adjust the bacterial community structure in tea plants’ rhizosphere soil, improving the quality of tea. This study provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of utilizing bio-organic fertilizer from salt field waste in tea plantations.
Soybean Water Monitoring and Water Demand Prediction in Arid Region Based on UAV Multispectral Data
Authors: Jia Shujie , Cui Mingyi , Chen Lei , Guo Shangyuan , Zhang Hui , Bai Zheyu , Li Yaoyu , Deng Linqiang , Li Fuzhong , Zhang Wuping
Published: January 2025

Soil moisture content is a key factor influencing plant growth and agricultural productivity, directly impacting water uptake, nutrient absorption, and stress resistance. This study proposes a rapid, low-cost, non-destructive method for dynamically monitoring soil moisture at depths of 0–200 cm throughout the crop growth period under dryland conditions, with validation in soybean cultivation. During critical soybean growth stages, UAV multispectral data of the canopy were collected, and ground measurements were conducted for three GPS-referenced 50 cm × 50 cm plots to obtain canopy leaf water content, coverage, and soil volumetric moisture at 20 cm intervals. Ten vegetation indices were constructed from multispectral data to explore statistical relationships between vegetation indices, surface soil moisture, canopy leaf water content, and deeper soil moisture. Predictive models were developed and evaluated. Results showed that the NDVI-based nonlinear regression model achieved the best performance for leaf water content (R2 = 0.725), and a significant correlation was found between canopy leaf water content and 0–20 cm soil moisture (R2 = 0.705), enabling predictions of deeper soil moisture. Surface soil models accurately estimated 0–200 cm soil moisture distribution (R2 = 0.9995). Daily water dynamics simulations provided robust support for precision irrigation management. This study demonstrates that UAV multispectral remote sensing combined with ground sampling is a valuable tool for soybean water management, supporting precision agriculture and sustainable water resource utilization.
Defecation Site Preferences and Spatial Ecological Segregation of Forest Musk Deer and Siberian Roe Deer in North China
Authors: Li Yixin , Hai Luyao , Luo Pengfei , Zheng Wangshan , Jin Xuelin , Liu Jiangcheng , Wang Haiyan , Hu Defu
Published: January 2025

The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) and Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) are browsers with a broad sympatric distribution in North and Southwest China. However, little is known about their spatial utilization of microhabitats and habitats. This study, conducted on Huanglong Mountain in China, analyzed the defecation site distribution, indicating preferences of forest musk deer and Siberian roe deer for their habitat demands. Using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), we compared the defecation site preferences of both species and further examined their spatial utilization patterns. The results indicated that the primary factors influencing defecation site preferences for forest musk deer were slope (15.79%), elevation (4.26%), herbaceous cover (19.93%), herb height (33.73%), and tree diversity (15.64%). Conversely, for Siberian roe deer, elevation (54.63%) and herbaceous cover (29.31%) were the key factors. Significant differences were found in elevation (p < 0.001) and herbaceous diversity (p < 0.01) between the defecation sites of the two species, with additional notable differences in slope position, tree diversity, and average tree height (p < 0.05). Furthermore, forest musk deer primarily utilized broadleaf forests, coniferous forests, mixed conifer-broadleaf forests, and sparse woodlands. In contrast, Siberian roe deer utilized broadleaf forests, sparse woodlands, and coniferous forests, showing a significant difference (p = 0.01). These findings suggest distinct spatial ecological segregation between forest musk deer and Siberian roe deer regarding their microhabitat preferences and vegetation type utilization at the habitat scale.
Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices Among Sri Lankan Veterinarians for Common Medical Conditions in Companion Animals
Authors: De Silva Lalanthi Premaseela , Wijayawardhane Nayana , Kalupahana Ruwani S. , Kottawatta Kottawattage S. A. , Pushpakumara P.G. Anil , Riley Christopher B.
Published: January 2025

Veterinarians are essential in antimicrobial stewardship. Companion animal (CA) practitioners have recently received more attention. There are few relevant studies on CA antimicrobial prescribing practices in South Asia. A cross-sectional survey on the antimicrobial prescribing practices of Sri Lankan veterinarians associated with six common CA infections and factors associated with bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted. A survey of antimicrobial prescribing practices was distributed via email or professional events among veterinarians treating CAs. There were 127 respondents. Most were from CA-only practices (63%); the remainder worked in government, mixed, or other practices. Based on the World Health Organization’s criteria, 1.7% (13/783) of cases were treated with drugs authorized for human use only; 23.9% (187/783) were treated with highest-priority critically important antimicrobials; 4.7% (37/783) were treated with critically important antimicrobials, and 66.8% (523/783) were treated with highly important antimicrobials. The antimicrobial treatment of abscesses, skin, urinary, and ear infections was usually empirical, with only 12.4% (72/579) of cases utilizing AST to guide diagnosis and treatment. The use of AST was significantly associated with the type of antibiotic prescribed, the medical condition, the practice type, and continuing professional development, with the latter recognized as a pathway toward improved veterinary antimicrobial stewardship and the implementation of a One Health approach.
Flavonoids, Isoquinoline Alkaloids, and Their Combinations Affect Growth Performance, Inflammatory Status, and Gut Microbiome of Broilers Under High Stocking Density and Heat Stress
Authors: Insawake Kittisak , Songserm Thaweesak , Songserm Ornprapun , Theapparat Yongyuth , Adeyemi Kazeem D. , Rassmidatta Konkawat , Ruangpanit Yuwares
Published: January 2025

High stocking density (HSD) and heat stress (HS) challenge broiler production. While antibiotics can mitigate the adverse effects of HS and HSD, their restricted use underscores the need to explore phytochemicals, particularly their combined effects under such conditions. This study investigated the influence of flavonoids, isoquinoline alkaloids, and their combinations as alternatives to bacitracin on growth performance, inflammatory status, gut morphology, and ceca microbiome in broilers raised under HSD and HS. A total of 2100 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were distributed into 70 replicates, randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments and raised during the summer for 37 days. The treatments included normal stocking density (NSD, 10 birds/m2); HSD (15 birds/m2); HSD + 50 ppm of bacitracin (BCT); HSD + 300 ppm of flavonoids (FVNs); HSD + 80 ppm of isoquinoline alkaloids (IQAs); HSD + FVNs (1–10 days) and IQAs (11–37 days) (FVN-IQA); and HSD + IQAs (1–10 days) and FVNs (11–37 days) (IQA-FVN). The HS index reached or exceeded 160 during most of the experimental period. From 11 to 24 days of age, the HSD and BCT birds had lower body weight gain. The FVNs, IQAs, and their combinations decreased the corticosterone, IL-6, malondialdehyde, and heterophil–lymphocytes ratio compared to the HSD. Jejunal, ileal, and duodenal villi height/crypt depth ratio was lower in HSD than in other treatments except BCT. The α- and β-diversity, microbiota composition, and metabolic pathways were affected by treatment groups. Overall, FVNs, IQAs, and their combinations improved the growth performance, anti-inflammatory response, and gut health in broilers under HSD and HS, with the combinations exerting synergistic effects.
Molecular Detection of Rickettsia spp. and Other Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks from a Nature Reserve: Implications for Zoonotic Transmission
Authors: Di Bella Santina , Blanda Valeria , Scibetta Silvia , Giacchino Ilenia , Gentile Antonino , Chiarenza Giuseppina , Cannella Vincenza , Provinzano Giovanni , Grippi Francesca , Guercio Annalisa
Published: January 2025

Ticks are a major concern for both animal and human health, as they are primary vectors of infectious pathogens. This study focused on ticks found in a nature reserve in southern Italy, highly frequented for recreational activities and inhabited by wild boars. Using molecular techniques, 214 ticks, including questing ticks and those removed from wild boars, were examined for tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), with a focus on zoonotic pathogens. Six tick species were identified: Hyalomma lusitanicum, Rhipicephalus pusillus, Rh. sanguineus s.l., Rh. bursa, Rh. turanicus, and Dermacentor marginatus, several of which are known vectors of zoonotic pathogens. Overall, 14% of ticks were positive for TBPs, mainly bacteria of Rickettsia genus. Molecular analyses detected Rickettsia slovaca, R. massiliae, Candidatus R. shennongii, R. conorii, R. felis, and R. barbariae. Additionally, single detections of Coxiella burnetii and Theileria annulata were recorded. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on Rickettsia sequences. The range of ticks and TBPs present in this area highlights potential public health concerns. New associations between tick species and TBPs were documented, though vector roles need further investigation. The study highlights the importance of monitoring tick populations in both rural and urban environments to protect public health and prevent tick-borne disease spreading.
A New ‘cyclotis-morphotype’ Species of Tube-Nosed Bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Murina) from China
Authors: Mou Xin , Qian Yishun , Wang Wen , Zhang Wenxiang , Wang Jianjie , Li Song
Published: January 2025

During an examination of various specimens previously collected from different locations at different times, we discovered four Murina specimens that had been collected in October and December 2023 from the Huanglianshan National Nature Reserve, Lvchun, Yunnan, China. Morphologically, these specimens can be distinguished from M. pluvialis and other congeneric species based on a combination of body size, hair distribution, fur colour, and skull and teeth characteristics; molecularly, an analysis of Cyt b and COI gene sequences showed that these specimens form a monophyletic group with M. pluvialis with high posterior probability and bootstrap support values. Furthermore, the genetic distance between our specimens and M. pluvialis was greater than the minimum threshold for interspecific differentiation, indicating that they are phylogenetically close but have diverged. Based on the above assessment of morphological characteristics and molecular data analysis, these specimens were determined to represent a previously unidentified species, designated Murina lvchun Xin Mou & Song Li, sp. nov.