bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

Why do women not prosper in the scientific workforce? Why are girls discouraged from ever embarking on science at university in the first place, let alone beyond? This chapter outlines the myriad points in a scientist’s career where men and women can experience differences, differences that can derail the woman’s progression. Society cannot afford to keep (or actively drive) women out of science if it is to find global solutions to the problems the world faces. Diversity of background brings diversity of thought. The best solutions require bringing many perspectives to find the solution and gender diversity is just one strand of this. The world is changing, as the impact of bias and worse is increasingly recognized, but change is far too slow.
CAN YOU THINK OF A FEMALE SCIENTIST?
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

Most adults are unable to name a single female scientist. Somehow women pass under most people’s radar, even when they are as successful as Marie Curie. Looking back, even though there were not many women able to penetrate the male domain of science, historically there has been a trickle. Women like Emilie du Châtelet, who translated Newton into French, Caroline Herschel, who initially worked closely with her brother William but ultimately became recognized as an astronomer in her own right who discovered several comets, or Mary Somerville, who translated Laplace’s work from the French. By the 20th century, increasing numbers of women were being educated in the sciences but they would then come up against further barriers: universities that would not appoint them to faculty, learned societies that would not admit them. Even the most brilliant women of this period suffered under enormous disadvantages. Yet some persevered, even if their names are not as well-known as their achievements should have ensured.
Overture
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

The Overture offers a close reading of Argentine Juan Cruz Varela’s 1824 drama Argia, situating it in its postrevolutionary context. The play was written the same year as the last two battles that expelled the Spaniards from South American territory; soon after the local Creole elites launched a genocidal campaign against indigenous peoples living in the plains south of Buenos Aires, known as the Pampas. The elites were concerned about maternal politics as they wanted to populate the southern territories. The chapter argues that the main character, Argia, emerges in the book’s Antígona corpus as the first mother who must decide whether to save her biological child or fight for the freedom of the nation and thus offers a blueprint for many mother-Antígonas to come. The close reading of Argia’s motherhood, in its historical context, counters the standard interpretation of this play as “an imitation” of European sources, particularly of two of Italian Vittorio Alfieri’s tragedies.
Revolutionary Shame in the Year 2000
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 7 examines the 2000 poem-play Antígona cowritten by Peruvian José Watanabe and the Peruvian theater collective Yuyachkani for a single actress in all roles. The analysis is based on Peruvian actress Teresa Ralli’s performance. Here, Ismene is a protagonist for the first time in this book’s corpus. Similar to the Haitian Antigòn’s itinerary, the play went from Peru’s capital city of Lima to the peasant Quechua-speaking communities of the Peruvian Andean South, who had been most affected by the twenty-year armed conflict between the national army and left-wing guerrillas in the late twentieth century. Studying how the play addresses two audiences and close reading the play’s end, this chapter counters international critics’ interpretations that deracinated the play, seeing it as a “universal” testimony of a sister’s guilt. The chapter argues that the main emotion conveyed by Ismene is shame, which, in the context of its Andean peasant audience, shifts the emphasis from invisible private feelings to visible feelings of communion with the other. Not even the appearance onstage of a mortuary mask can easily be deracinated in this play: the target audience of Andean Quechua speakers, who had never seen Greek tragedy before, do not conceive of festivities and funerals without masks. The chapter shows how the play quilts tragedy and testimonial literary and political rituals in the context of the national mandate to testify in front of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up to investigate crimes against humanity during the armed conflict.
How Rock ’n’ Roll Invented the Teenager
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

Rock ’n’ roll seemed to come out of nowhere, causing otherwise normal adolescents to behave in ways that deeply concerned parents and experts during the Fifties. This chapter examines debates about so-called rock ’n’ roll riots, situating this anxiety-inducing phenomenon within a longer history of “the teenager” and contemporary Cold War anxieties about social order. Focusing on Alan Freed’s variety shows and mainstream coverage of American youth culture, it explains how “the big beat” helped generate new theories about the psychopolitical effects of mass culture on adolescent bodies and minds. These expert pronouncements in turn would create powerful new narratives about what it meant to be a teenager in the postwar United States—and what this portended for liberal democracy in the “free world.”
18 and Out
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 presents the statistics about the number of youth aging out in the United States each year. A broad overview of federal policies relevant to aging out is presented before a detailed description of the state and county context where the study took place. The chapter describes the services available to youth aging out in Keystone County and details youths’ options about leaving or staying in foster care at age 18. The chapter highlights the programs that are focused on in the book: YouthFirst, A Spot of my Own (ASOMO), and Launch. The final section of the chapter articulates how agencies and programs conceptualize the problem of aging out as one of increasing youths’ self-sufficiency with the goal of independence. This aligns with federal and state policy which also prioritizes education and employment for youth aging out.
“I just can’t shake it”: Feeling Trapped by Circumstances
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 8 begins with an exploration of mental health issues with youth aging out. It includes Malaya’s story, which includes a mental health crisis. The chapter examines how accessing mental health and health services can create extensive stress and debt for youth aging out. Without health insurance the youth can amass substantial debt. The health and mental health concerns that youth experienced were related to living in poverty. The chapter argues that poverty both caused and exacerbated the stressful circumstances. Closely coupled with poverty is the racism that youth aging out faced. The chapter provides multiple examples of how poverty and racism hurt youth aging out.
Now and Later
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 16 incorporates a life course perspective to explain how the hardships faced in both the past and the present impact the future of youth aging out. The life trajectories of youth aging out are greatly altered by the things that are happening to them as they leave foster care. The chapter argues what happens during aging out may have lasting effects, and these beginning years in early adulthood set the stage for the rest of their lives. The chapter explains the fluidity of success, the concept that even when youth have successes, they are often close to catastrophic hardships or tragedy. The chapter applies the life course perspective to the lives of Jaden, Plato, Solana, Matty, and Titi. It concludes with an update on their lives.
A Call to Action
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 17 outlines ideas about what can be done considering what is known about youth aging out. The chapter argues the need to address structural barriers and to increase all types of youths’ capital instead of focusing entirely on human capital and developing their life skills. Specifically, I explain that we need to help youth build relationships with family members, service providers, and peers as well as learn to negotiate social norms. Youth need connections to resources and preparation for adulthood. Starting early and staying involved is central to ensure youth success as is “keeping the door open,” making sure that youth can turn back to those who were responsible for launching them into adulthood. The chapter concludes that there is a lot of work that needs to be done which extends beyond the traditional service delivery model and that every person can play a role.
Epilogue
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

The Epilogue describes the last interview for the study, which was with Plato. The chapter describes Plato’s musings about the benefits of his contact with the author and describes the author’s gratitude to him and other youth for helping to understand aging out. The chapter explains the challenges of concluding field work, and it describes the reactions of youth to the end of the study, as well as occasional continued contact with youth after the end of fieldwork. Leaving youth to focus on writing was hard, but it was always the plan. The epilogue ends with hope that it will get better for youth aging out.
Hermeneutic Awareness in Uncertain Times
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: May 2023

In the current era of “post-truth politics,” there is widespread nostalgia for a time allegedly still pervaded by a shared commitment to truth, objectivity, and factuality. This chapter argues, however, that instead of an opposition between truth and narrative or a turn away from narratives to factuality, we need more nuanced understanding of the relationship between narrative and truth and of how our understanding of the world is inevitably interpretative and narratively mediated. It discusses the political relevance of narrative hermeneutics by suggesting that rather than affirm the dichotomy between subjectivity and objectivity, or relativism and objectivism, we should work toward more nuanced hermeneutic awareness: awareness of the interpretative processes and resources through which we make sense of the world. Since we cannot escape narrative, we should, rather, become more skilled in analyzing and evaluating different narrative practices as interpretative practices. Hence, we need hermeneutic awareness informed by more complex conceptual tools to distinguish between ethico-politically productive and dangerous narrative practices. Such awareness is integral to our narrative agency, which is an important aspect of political agency. The latter part of the chapter discusses how collective narratives seep into personal experience and how hermeneutic awareness can help critical engagement with them. It explores these issues in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic and the author’s own experience of illness – involving what she calls existential diminishment. An experience of profound uncertainty is crucial to our times, she argues, and narrative hermeneutics can provide valuable resources to confront this fundamental aspect of our condition that is particularly salient in the current moment.
The Claims of Conscience
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

Two traditions spoke directly to the moral stakes of colonial war: Christianity and humanitarianism. While some churches, missionary groups, and aid organizations raised their voices against violence, most found reasons to keep quiet and keep working with the state. For Anglican and Quaker institutionalists, deference and discretion overrode the claims of conscience. The logic of casuistry—applying ostensibly universal principles to murky real-world cases, spinning out the myriad consequences of alternative choices, and accepting the necessity of accommodation with an imperfect world—offered an ethically respectable alibi for inaction across denominational lines. What kept the British Red Cross quiet in the face of counterinsurgency’s horrors was not the humanitarian principle of neutrality but rather the nationalist outlook of the organization, which behaved in fundamental ways as an arm of the British state.
Performing Colonial War
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

By the late 1950s, a new generation of dramas about uneasy soldiers, cracked-up interrogators, and traumatized families were crowding theater stages and television screens. Abandoning the usual propaganda pattern, these dramas showed inner life threatened by the violence of imperialism rather than insurgency; instead of adventure and romance, they drew their tension from ethical dilemmas and guilty consciences. But while some dramas inverted the values of old-fashioned imperial adventures, by casting yesterday’s heroes as today’s villains, many more embraced moral ambiguity, by showing characters trapped within a tradition they did not create. Dwelling on the grim inescapability of violence was less a call to action than a form of catharsis, allowing audiences to indulge their uneasiness about futile and ugly wars.
The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

Immigration presented a constitutional and political problem in the nineteenth-century United States. Until the 1870s, the federal government played a very limited role in regulating immigration. The states controlled mobility within and across their borders and set the rules for community membership. This book demonstrates how the existence, abolition, and legacies of slavery shaped immigration policy as it moved from the local to the national level. Throughout the antebellum era, defenders of slavery feared that if Congress controlled immigration, it could also regulate the movement of free black people and the interstate slave trade. The Civil War removed the political and constitutional obstacles to a national immigration policy. Admission remained the norm for European immigrants until the 1920s, but Chinese immigrants fell into a different category. Starting in the 1870s, the federal government excluded Chinese laborers, deploying techniques of registration, punishment, and deportation first used against free black people in the antebellum South. To justify these measures, the Supreme Court ruled that authority over immigration was inherent in national sovereignty and required no constitutional justification. The federal government continues to control admissions and exclusions today, while the states play a role in regulating immigrants’ lives, varying by politics and location. Some monitor and punish immigrants; others offer sanctuary and refuse to act as agents of federal law enforcement. By examining the history of immigration in a slaveholding republic, this book reveals the tangled origins of border control, incarceration, deportation, and ongoing tensions between local and federal authority in the United States.
What Is Normal?
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

In this chapter the authors explore common models of youth development, highlighting the normal attributes of adolescent development and emphasizing a movement away from conceptualizing adolescence as a time of “storm and stress”—a term first coined by G. Stanley Hall in 1904. Theorists such as Freud and Erikson propagated this approach with a focus on psychosexual development and the struggle to achieve identity. However, later theorists, spearheaded by Havighurst, highlighted developmental tasks and the normalization of this period of development and identity formation. Key components of each stage related to child development and an understanding of the commonalities and intersections of various theories of development are provided. Because educational and therapeutic interventions may fall short, particularly when they only include one facet of a complex system to address barriers that may impair development for youth, factors related to a more holistic approach are provided.
Engaging Communities in Need
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

Communities can have a significant impact on youth and adolescent development. The environment in which one lives can provide both positive and negative influences. To promote wellness within communities, integral approaches, partnerships, and community engagement are all well-supported and encouraged in the professional literature. However, despite the evidence, access to quality programs working toward collective improvement for children and youth are still scarce in many areas across the United States. This chapter provides an overview of issues, challenges, and services to those communities in need and lacking access to care. Research has documented these influential factors through relationships, collective efficacy, and community resources. The chapter highlights differences in urban and rural poverty and methods to increase resources for and services to affected areas.
Growth from Out Decay
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

This book is as much about roots as it is about late-sprouting branches, and in this chapter we examine the roots of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) as one branch of an Inner Asian people, the *Serbi (Ch. Xianbei), who in the early centuries ce gained prominence in the East Asian world with the decay of the Xiongnu empire up on the steppe, and the Han empire in the rich agricultural lands to the south. The *Serbi were not a unified people; though sharing a common language, a relative of Mongolic, they first appeared in the form of hundreds of different bands moving out of Manchuria’s Khingan Mountains down into the frontier highlands between Inner Asia and the Chinese world, where they served the highest bidder as mercenary bands. Despite efforts of the famous *Serbi military leader Tanshihuai (d. ca. 181) to unify these groups, fragmentation persisted. Out of Tanshihuai’s temporary confederation, however, came new *Serbi dynastic houses. One of these was that of the *Taghbach, which in the third century took full shape in the “Land of Dai,” the highlands in and around the modern city of Datong, a region with its own fascinating place in Chinese and East Asian history.
Myths of Origin
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 looked at the roots of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) in what we can assemble from excavated remains and broader historical accounts. Chapter 4 turns to what is presented as their own myth in the Chinese account of their dynasty, Wei shu, or “Documents of Wei.” These myths are problematic in two ways: first of all, they are myth, which like so much in the human world functions to explain and justify the present rather than actually reveal the past. And second, it is not clear how much of the myth given in Wei shu is actually taken from the oral traditions of the *Taghbach, and how much is later concoction of the scribes they had recruited to serve their state. For what it is worth, however, what Wei shu provides is a story with many counterparts around the world, of a migration from lands far to the north down to the “old lands of the Xiongnu,” the frontier highlands in and around the Datong Basin that they would now take as their own land.
The Sins of the Fathers
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

After documenting the rise of the Gifftheil family in the sixteenth century from menial labourers in Bohemia to stalwarts of the Württemberg Lutheran church, this chapter details the family’s rapid fall from favour in the early seventeenth century, beginning with the expulsion of Gifftheil’s father from Württemberg in 1616 and the imprisonment of his brother Abraham for heresy in 1622. The chapter analyses Gifftheil’s letters to the Duke of Württemberg, written in support of his brother, which drew on heterodox literature authored by Paracelsus, Valentin Weigel, and Johann Arndt, and details his claims to be ‘Master’ and ‘Monarch’ under the light of nature. After his ire was raised by Lucas Osiander’s rejection of the doctrines of Johann Arndt in 1623, Gifftheil’s own trial for heresy is retold in detail, as the details of his family’s history play out and Gifftheil is committed to prison.
The Sword of God’s Vengeance
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This chapter details Gifftheil’s early attempts to build an army to wage his war in Europe. Released from prison in Tübingen in 1635, Gifftheil attempts to solicit troops and funds from Switzerland but is rebuffed. Soon, Gifftheil’s militant turn attracts devoted followers like Johann Friedrich Münster, Pantel Trappe, Johann Paul Ludwig, and Samuel Hartlib. But other members of Europe’s spiritualist community have been scandalised by Gifftheil’s ‘worldly’ move to war. Several, especially followers of Jacob Böhme, began to question his prophetic office, for they could reconcile war with the teachings of the New Testament. These concerns only grew as Gifftheil participated in the siege of Breda in 1637, and thereafter sought to secure an army from rulers in England and the Netherlands, by which he would first establish peace in those countries, and then free Germany from its miseries.
Directrices and Their Mission in Republican Normal Schools
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with the political background to the Third Republic’s educational reforms, particularly those concerning girls’ education and women’s normal schools, once Jules Ferry became minister of public instruction in 1879. It then introduces ten departmental normal school directrices already serving before the important Paul Bert law of 1879 and the first directrices next appointed. The creation in 1880 of the higher normal school at Fontenay-aux-Roses to train women to staff departmental normal schools is traced and its significance noted. Then follows a collective profile of social and educational backgrounds and career trajectories of 193 directrices between 1879 and 1914. The international primary education congress in 1889, held during the centennial of the French Revolution, included celebration of republican accomplishments in educating girls and women but also revealed how traditional notions of appropriate gender roles still limited women’s access to education posts previously dominated by men.
Representing Republican Education
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the interactions of normal school directrices with external evaluators and with various individuals and groups outside the school. The directrices were sometimes the subject of public controversy, often related to local or national political issues and sometimes to dealing with hostile individuals. In such cases directrices had to defend themselves and their schools. To extend the normal school’s influence and maintain a sense of group identity among graduates, many directrices spurred the creation of alumnae associations (amicales). They also became involved with organizations supportive of public schools and demonstrated professional expertise by publishing textbooks and articles in pedagogical journals. In addition, they joined a professional association to defend their interests and welcomed the election of colleague Albertine Eidenschenk to the prestigious Higher Council of Public Instruction.
An Age to Work
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

In 1870, at the start of the French Third Republic, the average working-class child entered the workforce after completing primary school, and sometimes before. Boys toiled in print shops and girls spent their days sewing. In its first decades, the Republic prioritized protecting these youngsters. Motivated by new ideas about childhood, lawmakers expanded access to education, regulated child labor, and developed child welfare. These policies defined childhood as a distinct, standardized stage of life. Legislators and reformers established institutions, such as vocational schools and juvenile courts, to promote children’s development. However, in 1940 at the Republic’s close, the average working-class child entered the workforce in his or her teen-aged years. As An Age to Work demonstrates, the Republic’s enactment and enforcement of age-based regulations reinforced class- and gender-based divisions in the experience of childhood. Through regulating age, legislators encoded a specific path to adulthood for working-class children, one that led to the workforce. The agents of the republican welfare state, such as social workers or labor inspectors, protected young people while policing their productivity. The regulation of childhood too affirmed the separation between girls and boys, as girls’ work tended to slip outside the purview of the state. An Age to Work enters into the streets and apartments of working-class Paris to examine how the laboring classes envisioned childhood. For working-class parents, childhood was more fluid. But while they resisted the government’s efforts to standardize childhood, they too used the Republic’s welfare institutions to direct their offspring to the workforce.
Interwar Reform
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

Up to the Republic’s end, the experiences of working-class children and youths continued to be distinct from their bourgeois peers. Even by the late 1930s, the majority of working-class youths entered into the workforce or a vocational training program upon completing primary school. During the interwar period, the Republic, aided by private welfare organizations, expanded its services for young workers and young delinquents. Vocational guidance officers and social workers relied on medical knowledge to provide more individualized care to young members of the working classes. However, as with their pre-war predecessors, these state and parastate actors provided such assistance to ensure that young members of the laboring classes joined the work force. During the interwar period, republican policy with regard to young people’s labor, vocational training, and welfare continued to preserve class-based divisions within childhood.
Attacking Kurds Trumps Toppling Assad
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

Chapter Five focuses on the implications of the change in Erdoğan’s domestic plans for his Syria policy. The chapter zooms in on how Erdoğan’s nationalist turn led to a shift in his priorities, from ousting the regime to curbing Kurdish advances in northern Syria. It shows that Erdoğan ended up empowering the very regime he desperately sought to overthrow, in order to obtain Assad’s acquiescence to Turkey’s military incursions that aimed to check Kurdish advances. It argues that after years of arming the anti-Assad opposition, Erdoğan dealt one of the biggest blows to that same opposition so that he could extend his newly launched war against Turkey’s Kurds into Syria.
Conclusion
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

The final chapter focuses on Erdoğan’s legacy and seeks to address the question of how history will judge him from the perspective of his supporters, critics, as well as Syrians. It ends with the tragic story of the human toll that Erdoğan’s war to consolidate power has taken on the lives of many by telling the story of the short life and death of Alan Kurdi, the two-year-old Syrian Kurdish refugee boy who drowned attempting to reach the Greek island of Kos.
The Independence Generation
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Onuch Olga
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the experience of the "independence generation," the first generation coming of age after Ukraine gained independence from the USSR, through the 2004–5 Orange Revolution. It describes the formation of the ideas and ideals of the Ukrainian civic nation as pre-dating 1991. The chapter looks at Zelensky's childhood in the hardscrabble city of Kryvyy Rih in a southeastern Ukrainian context that was an important, if little known, source of dissident activity. The chapter traces the experiences of the independence generation that Zelensky is part of through the economic and social turmoil of the 1990s under Kravchuk and Kuchma. It addresses the challenges they faced while making their livelihoods as the generation before them produced the oligarchs that came to dominate much of Ukrainian politics and the economy through to 2022 while the masses remained impoverished. This period also featured the blooming of Ukrainian civic national identity, as it came to be less about ancestry and ethnicity and more about attachment to the newly independent state.
The History of Jihadi Polemics and Conflict
Authors: Hamming Tore
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the history of intra-Jihadi polemics and contestation from the Jihadi movement's beginning up until the conflict erupting in Syria in 2013. It shows how the Jihadi movement from its inception has been fraught with internal debates and disagreements both within and between groups that challenged the broader movement's cohesion. Covering examples from Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, and Somalia, the chapter uncovers how a multitude of causes were driving the debates, yet that religious debate and power struggles were central to these early examples of internal contestation. While there are numerous examples of internal contestation, this early history of Jihad conflict nonetheless highlights that they rarely escalated from rhetorical debates to infighting.
Fighting over the Prophetic Methodology
Authors: Hamming Tore
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the level of the disagreements driving intra-Jihadi conflict. It presents the argument that what mainly divides Jihadis is not differences in creed (aqida) but in methodology (manhaj). These differences in their view on how to approach Jihad and reach their religio-political objectives were informed by distinctive interpretation of the religious, social, and political reality surrounding them (fiqh al-waqi'). As it turned out, this struggle would largely center around the definition of the correct "prophetic methodology" as a means to legitimize one's own group while discrediting competitors and rivals.
Struggling for Authority
Authors: Hamming Tore
Published: May 2023

In continuation of the last chapter, this chapter deals with the issue of authority. It explains how Jihadis have consciously developed a volatile culture of authority that is now being employed to facilitate internal challenges to the established authority structures. A central element of this struggle for authority centers around key individuals such as Jihadi leaders and ideologues, whom supporters and opponents attempt to either elevate or discredit. From the perspective of the Islamic State, the group and its supporters rely on the concept of al-wala' wa-l-bara' to legitimize attacks on its competitors, while al-Qaida and its allies increasingly started to promote the narrative of the Islamic State as neo-khawarij to enable a violent response.
“What is Truth?”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a reflection on the Roman trial of Jesus in John--the last gospel to be written. Anti-Semitic interpretations of John's Passion narrative are rejected, in light of a new reading of a crucial scene in John 11. Pilate's reluctance to crucify Jesus is elucidated in legal terms, and the procedural logic of John's Passion narrative is succinctly reconstructed. It is shown that the Roman titulus on Jesus' cross marks him as a Galilean and a non-citizen of Rome, who is put to death for a Roman crime. And it is finally asked whether Roman and Judaean law--or rather, Roman and Judaean politics--lie behind Jesus' conviction in John. The dramatic logic of Jesus' death, in John, ultimately proves to be political--not legal.
A Unified Treatment of Moore's Paradox
Authors: Williams John N.
Published: May 2023

Moore’s paradox, generated by statements such as, ‘It’s raining but I don’t believe it’ and, ‘It’s raining but I believe it isn’t,’ has fascinated philosophers ever since G. E. Moore introduced it in 1942. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the literature surrounding the paradox, and offers a unified treatment of the paradox in its various forms, both in thought and speech.
KLUDGING TYPE
Authors: Misson James
Published: May 2023

Of the many differences between script and print, that which makes itself manifest most clearly on the page is print’s material limitation. Whilst a pen can render whatever shape the scribe imagines, the compositor is limited by their materials. How, then, does a printer respond to finding themselves out of sorts? The modern notion of a ‘kludge’, a term taken from computer science that describes an improvised solution to a problem that appropriates tools or materials to new, unintended uses, can be usefully applied here. By considering several such kludges in early English books, this chapter demonstrates how compositors avoided textual error by embracing visual error.
MISPRINTING THE WORD AND THE IMAGE OF GOD (PARIS, 1498–1538)
Authors: Desroussilles François Dupuigrenet
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates the golden age of French Bible printing, focusing on alterations and misprints in two exceptional cases. A lavish Bible historiée, published by Antoine Vérard at the request of Charles VIII, provides evidence of the use of illumination to correct an embarrassing error in the illustrations, while an extremely rare edition issued from the Parisian workshop of François Regnault is so poorly printed as to cast doubt on its circulation, if any. Rather, the latter appears to be connected to the preparatory works for the Great Bible. The in these two editions provide insight into the practices of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century printers and illuminators when they dealt with the Scripture.
‘BUT TO WHOSE CHARGE SHALL I LAY IT? YOUR PRINTER IS ALL READIE LOADEN’
Authors: Day Matthew
Published: May 2023

Although the rhetorical practice by which authors or printers asked forgiveness of readers for ‘errors escaped’ in the printing is familiar, there has been little exploration of those instances in which readers did not forgive the printers’ errors. Looking at a diverse range of texts, this chapter demonstrates that in early modern religious disputes there was an established discourse around printers’ errors that aimed at apologising and attributing responsibility, reflecting anxiety among both authors and printers about the need for textual accuracy. The authors of works about religious matters highlighted flaws in others’ texts to undermine the arguments and scholarship of their adversaries. They also used the idea as a defence for defects in their own publications, though such rhetoric came to be regarded as a poor excuse for textual slips. These practices offer insights into how early modern authors and printers perceived culpability for errors and how they deployed the concept in their scholarly debates.
DRAWN CORRECTIONS AND PICTORIAL INSTABILITY IN DEVOTIONAL BOOKS FROM THE WORKSHOP OF GERARD LEEU
Authors: Dlabačová Anna
Published: May 2023

The aim of this chapter is to discuss correcting procedures with regard to early printed images, focusing on a Middle Dutch text, Van die gheestelijke kintscheyt Jhesu Christu, published in Antwerp in 1488. Among the thirty-seven newly made woodcuts, one bears handmade corrections in most copies. Only one copy contains an imprint of the correct image. The number of possible scenarios that might have taken place during the production of the book are thoroughly investigated. Examining an instance where both text and image were equally important in conveying meaning and serving as tools for prayer and meditation provides insight into pictorial instability in early printing and fifteenth-century practices of image correction, as well as readers’ attitudes towards these emendations.
The Reign of Order and the Rights of Siege According to Rosa Luxemburg
Authors: Whitehall Deborah
Published: May 2023

The portrait of Rosa Luxemburg emphasizes the ideas and praxis of her radical margin within socialist internationalism before 1919 and its iterative provocation for international law after 1919, especially its orientation after 1945 towards problems that were also of concern to her. These entail her objections to the social and environmental costs of capitalist political economy and, importantly, her curative proposals in response: for peace; for decolonization; and for the protection of indigenous economies of production. Her continuing echo and sporadic reappearance as a pinup for civic protest, worldwide, exaggerates her legacy for radical elements within and outside the prevailing regimes of international governance before and during her lifetime. Going back to her life and thought now reminds international lawyers that the ascent of their system was neither seamless nor entirely original and that the dissident among them survives.
Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Authors: Menon Parvathi
Published: May 2023

Subjected to both the male and Orientalist gaze at the United Nations, its ‘first female’ President, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, embodied the paradox of many colonial elites in India: a British-influenced upbringing combined with radical anti-colonial pursuits. Donning a saree and speaking English fluently, her disposition gave the British and Americans the impression of easy access, while the Soviets wished to channel her anti-imperialist vision to form an Eastern alliance. Straddling between the East and the West, Pandit championed Third-Worldism tactically, even as she drew the ire from her counterparts who found her unbecomingly moderate.
The ‘Indigenous Women’ behind the ‘Other’ Beijing Declaration
Authors: Schramm Bérénice K.
Published: May 2023

A few days before the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action were unanimously adopted by the 189 countries gathered in 1995 at the Fourth UN Women Conference, a hundred Indigenous women attending the parallel NGO Forum issued their own Declaration. With this ‘Other’ Declaration, its collective authors painted a raw portrait of our world: a place where the land is simultaneously the sacred origin of everything yet remains exploited and many of its inhabitants oppressed—Indigenous peoples more than any others perhaps. The Beijing Declaration of Indigenous Women can therefore be appraised as one piece of the (so far) un-obtained radical legacy of this period, including all that it could have engendered if realized. It can further be read as the outcome of an exercise in world-making and institutional portraiture on the part of Indigenous women: with it, they painted themselves as global actors to be reckoned with. Through Anishinaabe activist Winona LaDuke’s and Inuit activist Mary Sillett’s writings relating their experience in Beijing, the reader is thus provided with a unique window into this overlooked (world/self-)portraiture whose relevance for better global governance is still unparalleled.
The Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice
Authors: Velde Anna van der
Published: May 2023

The Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice, a transnational network of more than 300 women’s organizations and feminist human rights activists, advocated for the inclusion of a feminist agenda at the negotiations of the Rome Statute for a new International Criminal Court (to prosecute individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide) between the years 1997 and 2000. Challenging prevailing international humanitarian and criminal law framings, Caucus activists contributed to the writing of gender-based crimes into the Statute of the new court. The portrait builds on interviews with members of the Caucus and their publications reflecting on the group’s lobbying work, encountered challenges and chosen strategies at the negotiation sites.
The business: why do ratings incorporate politics and policy?
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison
Published: May 2023

This chapter clarifies what rating agencies do and why rating stability and reliability are key to retaining market share in the rating market. It explains that while sovereign ratings play a pivotal role in the stability and reliability of the entire rating portfolio, they are also particularly vulnerable to failures that threaten rating agency credibility. The chapter cites the Big Three’s official methodologies as evidence that sovereign ratings consider politics and policy in judging the willingness and ability of governments to prioritize the prompt restoration of fiscal balance in economic distress, in order to adjust ratings for the likelihood that, in the event of unexpected economic shocks, the government might fail to cut spending and raise taxes to forestall market panic that leads to rating failures.
The frame: how do rating analysts rationalize their approach to politics and policy?
Authors: Barta Zsófia , Johnston Alison
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the findings of unstructured interviews with rating analysts from Fitch, Moody’s, and Standard and Poor’s. Analysts delineate their niche within their broader professional and epistemic community by narrowly defining the stakeholders of their activities as the investors who use ratings, which implies a particular perspective on politics and policy, analyzed purely as sources of credit risk. Focusing on downside risks dictates concentrating on how countries might react to unforeseen shocks and on the expected influence of observed political and policy features on that reaction. In this context, analysts emphasize the importance of the ostensibly value- and ideology-free requirements of “robustness,” “resilience,” and “flexibility,” especially in the higher rating ranges, even though they are usually reluctant to explicitly translate these concepts into clear correspondence between specific political and policy features and ratings.
Relationships among Names and Terms
Authors: Blum Stephen
Published: May 2023

Sets of names and terms for distinctive features relevant to musicking commonly help musicians register, remember, teach, and explore relationships among members of such sets, including parts of a whole. Ethnomusicologists are generally most interested in usage of the names and terms that become building blocks of theory as people recognize or probe relationships among them. Polarities with equivalents in many languages may designate contrasting attributes of sounds and movements as well as contrasts experienced in activities with little or no musicking. Analogies among parts of more than one whole have been prominent in theorizing actual or potential meanings of musical experience. In addition to polarity and analogy, types of relationship discussed by ethnomusicologists include conceptual model, conceptual metaphor, framework, configuration, constellation, cluster, taxonomy, paradigm, lexical set, and semantic field.
Alcancías (Three Pieces for Orchestra) (1932)
Authors: Kolb-Neuhaus Roberto
Published: May 2023

Among Revueltas’ surviving manuscripts, there is a revealing draft of a melody that would become the main substance of his Alcancías. It includes a quickly jotted-down melody, perhaps overheard in one of the canteens he frequented. No words or a name identifying it are included in the draft. Immediately under it is a sophisticated metric elaboration thereof, trying to capture the physical gestures associated with its interpretation. What seems to interest Revueltas is not the identity of the song but who sings it and how. As in his Esquinas, what seems expressed here is a desire to sense the feel of the commoners in the street and to let it define his music. It is no coincidence that this melody in Alcancías is preceded by a collage of musical elaborations of street cries and further multiply juxtaposed with them. Song is defined here, not as a picturesque cultural referent, but as a social gesture equivalent to the street cries. Revueltas reminds one here of Baudelaire’s flâneur, but not the gentleman stroller observing the people from a distance: Revueltas, self-defined as an “art-worker,” assumes himself here as one of those musicking and shouting in the streets. They speak through his music. This, at least, seems to be the composer’s desire.
8 × radio (1933)
Authors: Kolb-Neuhaus Roberto
Published: May 2023

From beginning to end, 8 × radio’s opening movement shows a series of musical episodes impregnated with familiar signs compounded through a montage of stylistic allusions that may evoke pregones, Mexican children’s songs, pre-Hispanic percussion, sones, or other conventional expressive types of Mexican popular music. But these episodes appear continuously interrupted by disconcerting non-referential octatonic musical gestures, which neither lend musical support to said popular voices nor help to integrate them into a whole. Perhaps this refusal of a dialogue between the popular and the artistic voice is what Revueltas alluded to satirically as an “algebraic formula without solution” in his program notes. The final, fourth section of the piece, however, does seem to suggest a solution by eliminating almost entirely said artistic voice in favor of the compounded voice of the common people in all their diversity. As in most of Revueltas’ early works, it is in the slow movements where the social subject is sounded in the form of singularized voices, in this case two successive, profoundly moving melodies, the first one what seems to be a litany of a street vendor, the second, a “nana” (lullaby) preceded and followed up by street-cry gestures. Once again, Revueltas foregrounds the voice of the downtrodden, refusing the standard nationalist practice of appropriating an iconic melody, folkloric or ethnic, through a domesticating harmonization borrowed from European traditions.
Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Inpatient Postpartum HPV Vaccination Among Pregnant Women [ID: 1376898]
Authors: Wang Runzhi , Coleman Jenell , Izadi Lillee , Sao Saumya
Published: May 2023

INTRODUCTION:

Inpatient postpartum human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a novel strategy to increase HPV vaccine uptake; however, data on pregnant women's perspectives are lacking. We sought to assess knowledge and attitudes toward inpatient postpartum HPV vaccination among pregnant women.

METHODS:

An electronic survey assessing HPV vaccination knowledge, status, and attitudes toward postpartum HPV vaccination was distributed among pregnant women aged 15–45 years engaged in prenatal care at a large health system in Baltimore, Maryland. Reasons for their attitudes toward postpartum HPV vaccination were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 tests.

RESULTS:

Mean age was 31.3+6.2 years among 309 pregnant participants. Self-identified race and ethnicity included 47.5% White, 29% Black/African American, 11.2% Asian, and 16.2% Hispanic/Latina. 88.7% had heard of the HPV vaccine, 50.5% had received at least one dose, and 35.0% had completed the series. HPV vaccination status did not differ by socioeconomic characteristics (P>.05). Of the 153 HPV vaccine-naive women, 40.0% desired to receive it after delivery, with the top reasons being “I think it is safe” and “I think the protection can benefit me.” 24.2% were not interested (“I don't think it will benefit me” and “I'm worried about the side effects”), and 36.0% were unsure (“No healthcare provider has recommended it to me so far” or “I usually don't say yes to all vaccines”).

CONCLUSION:

The majority of pregnant HPV vaccine-naive women were willing to receive an HPV vaccine dose postpartum. HPV vaccine education during prenatal care may further increase uptake.