bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rigging the Rules of the Game: How Landlords Geographically Sort Low–Income Renters
Authors: Rosen Eva
Published: December 2014

This paper considers an unexamined mechanism in the selection processes that sort the urban poor into different neighborhood environments: the landlord. Scholars of poverty and residential mobility have long been interested in how the choices of low–income families interact with structural barriers to create high–poverty neighborhoods that reproduce social and economic isolation as well as racial segregation. However, they have not examined the ways in which these choices are shaped by the intermediary force of the landlord. This paper draws on ethnographic observation and in–depth interviews with 20 landlords and 82 residents in Baltimore, examining their engagement with the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. Findings show that landlords’ strategic implementations of voucher rules contribute to residential sorting patterns through a three–step process: first, selection, in which targeted recruitment tactics favor voucher tenants; second, a sorting process in which landlords cherry–pick the lower–end voucher tenants, matching them to hard–to–rent units; and third, landlords’ selective retention of tenants who do not have the means to leave. This results in rigging the game, where a process of “reverse selection” operates: Rather than tenants selecting homes and neighborhoods, landlords are selecting tenants. Taken together, these tactics result in a strategic balkanization of the rental housing market that retains voucher holders where they can be most profitable—in the very neighborhoods policymakers would like to provide them with the opportunity to leave. Landlord tactics serve as a powerful mechanism in the concentration of poverty.
Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the paper wasp genusPolistes(Hymenoptera: Vespidae): implications for the overwintering hypothesis of social evolution
Authors: Santos Bernardo F. , Payne Ansel , Pickett Kurt M. , Carpenter James M.
Published: December 2014

The phylogeny of the paper wasp genusPolistesis investigated using morphological and behavioural characters, as well as molecular data from six genes (COI,12S,16S,28S,H3, andEF1‐α). The results are used to investigate the following evolutionary hypotheses about the genus: (i) thatPolistesfirst evolved in Southeast Asia, (ii) that dispersal to the New World occurred only once, and (iii) that long‐term monogyny evolved as an adaptation to overwintering in a temperate climate. Optimization of distribution records on the recovered tree does not allow unambiguous reconstruction of the ancestral area ofPolistes. While the results indicate thatPolistesdispersed into the New World from Asia, South America is recovered as the ancestral area for all New WorldPolistes: Nearctic species groups evolved multiple times from this South American stock. The final tree topology suggests strongly that the genus first arose in a tropical environment, refuting the idea of monogyny as an overwintering adaptation.
How do patients score cosmesis after laparoscopic natural orifice specimen extraction colectomy?
Authors: Wolthuis A. M. , Meuleman C. , Tomassetti C. , D'Hooghe T. , Fieuws S. , de Buck van Overstraeten A. , D'Hoore A.
Published: December 2014

Aim

Laparoscopic colorectal resection results in improved cosmetic outcome and better presumed body image. Laparoscopic NOSE colectomy omits an incision for specimen extraction and is supposed to further improve postoperative cosmesis. This study aimed to assess the cosmetic benefit.

Method

Forty‐nine patients who underwent a NOSE colectomy for bowel endometriosis from September 2009 to September 2013 were matched for age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade and body mass index (BMI) with patients who underwent a conventional laparoscopic colectomy for the same indication. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of a body scale and a cosmetic scale and the Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ) including five subscales (appearance, symptoms, scar consciousness, satisfaction with appearance and satisfaction with symptoms).

Results

Patient demographics were similar between both groups. Patients were assessed at a median postoperative follow‐up of 41 months in the NOSE colectomy group and 35 months in the conventional resection group. The median body image questionnaire score was 15 for NOSE colectomy and 18 for conventional resection (P = 0.027). The respective median PSAQ scores were 56 and 71 (P = 0.002). There was a good relationship between the PSAQ score and the body image questionnaire (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.82).

Conclusion

Depending on the scoring system used, the cosmetic outcome may be better after NOSE colectomy than conventional laparoscopy in patients having surgery for endometriosis. The comprehensive body image questionnaire, being shorter and easier to use, could be a valid tool for assessing cosmesis after NOSE procedures.
New fully covered large‐bore wide‐flare removable metal stent for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: Results of a multicenter study
Authors: Bapaye Amol , Itoi Takao , Kongkam Pradermchai , Dubale Nachiket , Mukai Shuntaro
Published: December 2014

Background and Aim

Endoscopic transmural drainage (ETMD) of peripancreatic fluid collections (PFC) is an effective alternative to surgical drainage. Conventional drainage using plastic stents has its limitations. A wide‐bore short‐length wide flange fully covered self‐expandable metallic stent (FCSEMS) has recently been developed. The present study evaluates the efficacy of this new FCSEMS for ETMD of PFC.

Methods

This was a retrospective, multicenter study. Patients with PFC undergoing endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided drainage of PFC using specially designed FCSEMS were included. Parameters evaluated were technical success of stent placement, clinical success as defined by resolution of PFC without any further surgical intervention, ability to carry out endoscopic necrosectomy, complications and feasibility of endoscopic stent removal.

Results

Twenty‐one PFC in 19 patients were drained using FCSEMS. Technical and clinical success for drainage was seen in all patients (100%). Endoscopic necrosectomy was carried out in seven (33%) PFC. Complications occurred in two patients (10.5%). Stents could be endoscopically removed in all patients (100%).

Conclusions

The new specially designed FCSEMS is safe and effective for drainage of PFC. Necrosectomy can be carried out through the stent. Stent can be removed endoscopically at the end of the treatment period.
Circus in Action: Exploring the Role of aTranslation Zonein theCirque duSoleil's Creative Practices
Authors: Rantisi Norma M. , Leslie Deborah
Published: December 2014

This article explores the process of knowledge production and creativity in the circus. In particular, it examines how theCirque du Soleil has been able to forge an innovative and novel tradition of circus arts by drawing upon knowledge and competencies from the related fields of sport, circus, dance, and theater. Using the notion of translation developed in actor network theory, we trace how a variety of actors and entities, including both human and nonhuman actants, are enrolled in the creation of a contemporary circus performance. We explore how power and agency are distributed in the networks that foster creativity in the circus, highlighting their inherently unstable and precarious nature, and how theCirque has created an open and unbounded space that accommodates fluid exchanges between actants (what we call a translation zone).
Impact of diabetes mellitus on lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels in patients with heart failure
Authors: Rengo Giuseppe , Pagano Gennaro , Paolillo Stefania , de Lucia Claudio , Femminella Grazia D. , Liccardo Daniela , Cannavo Alessandro , Formisano Roberto , Petraglia Laura , Komici Klara , Rengo Franco , Trimarco Bruno , Ferrara Nicola , Leosco Dario , Perrone‐Filardi Pasquale
Published: December 2014

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with impaired prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF), but pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. In the failing heart, elevated β‐adrenergic receptor (β‐AR) activation by catecholamines causes G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase‐2 (GRK2) upregulation which is responsible for β‐AR signalling dysfunction. Importantly, GRK2 expression, measured in peripheral lymphocytes of HF patients, correlates with levels of this kinase in the failing myocardium reflecting the loss of hemodynamic function. Moreover, HF‐related GRK2 protein overexpression promotes insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signalling. The aim of this study was to assess lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels in HF patients with and without DM.

Methods and materials

Patients with a diagnosis of HF were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent a complete clinical examination (including NYHA functional class assessment and echocardiography) and blood draw for serum N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), lymphocyte GRK2 and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels. Demographic data including age, sex, medications, cardiovascular risk factors and presence of comorbidities were also collected.

Results

Two hundred and sixty‐eight patients with HF (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 30·6 ± 7·6%) with and without DM were enrolled. No differences between the two groups were found in terms of demography, HF aetiology, LVEF, NYHA class, NE and NT‐proBNP. GRK2 was significantly higher in patients with DM compared to non‐DM. At multivariate linear regression analysis, LVEF, NE, NT‐proBNP and diabetes came out to be independent predictors of GRK2 levels in the overall study population.

Conclusion

In HF patients, DM is associated with significantly more elevated lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels, likely reflecting more compromised cardiac β‐AR signalling/function, despite similar hemodynamic status and neuro‐hormonal activation compared to patients without DM. These findings contribute to explain the negative prognostic impact of DM in patients with HF.
treeclim: an R package for the numerical calibration of proxy‐climate relationships
Authors: Zang Christian , Biondi Franco
Published: December 2014

The R package treeclim helps perform numerical calibration of proxy‐climate relationships, with an emphasis on tree‐ring chronologies. The package provides a unified, fast, and public‐domain compilation of established methods while adding novel functionality not implemented in other software. treeclim includes static and moving bootstrapped response and correlation functions, seasonal correlation analysis, a test for spurious temporal changes in proxy‐climate relations, and the evaluation of reconstruction skills. The stationary bootstrap method has been incorporated into the program as a ‘blocks of blocks’ resampling scheme. Applications of treeclim include the calibration of proxy timeseries used in paleoclimatology, forest ecology, and environmental monitoring.
Feeding response of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii, to sublethal rates of flonicamid and imidacloprid
Authors: Koo Hyun‐Na , Lee Seon‐Woo , Yun Seung‐Hwan , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Gil‐Hah
Published: December 2014

The cotton aphid,Aphis gossypiiGlover (Hemiptera:Aphididae), is an important sap‐sucking pest of many plants, including melons and peppers. This study was conducted to determine the effects of sublethal exposure to flonicamid and imidacloprid and the mechanisms by which these insecticides affect the feeding behavior ofA. gossypii. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of flonicamid and imidacloprid for adultA. gossypiiwere 2.40 and 1.92 mg l−1, respectively. The lower lethal concentrations of flonicamid were 1.01 mg l−1(LC30) and 0.29 mg l−1(LC10), and those of imidacloprid were 0.82 mg l−1(LC30) and 0.24 mg l−1(LC10). The developmental period ofA. gossypiinymphs atLC30was 3.6 days for both insecticides, which was shorter than that of the untreated controls (4.2 days). Longevity and total fecundity ofA. gossypiiadults were decreased at the sublethal concentrations of both insecticides. The lowest net reproductive rate was observed inA. gossypiitreated with theLC30of flonicamid. Feeding behavior analyses using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal concentrations of flonicamid and imidacloprid had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion. Higher doses of flonicamid induced starvation by inhibiting phloem ingestion, whereas imidacloprid acted as a contact toxin rather than an inhibitor of feeding behavior.
Unmasking Collective Corruption: The Dynamics of Corrupt Routines
Authors: Frost Jetta , Tischer Sarah
Published: December 2014

This paper contributes to the development of conceptual work on collective corruption in the private sector. Based on a routines‐as‐practice perspective, we conceptualize collective corruption as routines which are established patterns of organizational actions that are made up of rules as their basic building blocks, the interpretation of these rules in the context of an organizational framework and the actual observable performance patterns. Drawing on 24 interviews with representatives of law enforcement authorities, auditing and law firms, non‐profit organizations and anti‐corruption units in the public sector, we provide a framework that combines theoretical reasoning with qualitative data analysis in order to describe the dynamics of corrupt routines. Our results disclose their main characteristics and highlight how the specificity of rules, lack of control, the power to influence subjective understandings and actions as well as group processes influence the relations between rules, their interpretation and performances and, thus, give rise to corrupt routines.
Do Firms Proactively Take Measures to Prevent Corruption in Their International Operations?
Authors: Hauser Christian , Hogenacker Jens
Published: December 2014

In recent years, the fight against foreign bribery has become a critical concern for many European governments. However, empirical research on the way that internationally active firms respond to the increased requirements of their organizational environment regarding corruption prevention is quite rare. Based on the neo‐institutional theory, this paper addresses this issue using a sample of 510 internationally active Swiss firms. The findings indicate that firms do not anticipate the risk of potentially being confronted with corruption when operating in foreign countries where the level of corruption is perceived to be high. On the contrary, it seems that firms tend to follow a reactive approach toward the management of corruption risks in foreign countries and only implement measures against corruption if they have actually been confronted with the issue.
Firms and Corruption
Authors: de Jong Gjalt , van Ees Hans
Published: December 2014

Corruption is not a new topic, but it has increasingly become a central policy issue around the world. Many countries, international organizations, business networks and firms have pursued anticorruption campaigns. Nonetheless, corruption persists. Although the (empirical) literature on corruption and (economic) performance at the country level has been relatively well developed, a firm‐level perspective remains a relatively underexplored area of research. The papers in this issue break new ground both by advancing our theoretical understanding of firm‐level corruption and by introducing new and promissory research methods and empirical achievements. In this introduction, we provide the points of departure for the special issue and present the contributions and added value before introducing the individual papers. We end by offering conclusions for our new field of research.
The effect of temperature changes onin vitroslow wave activity in the equine ileum
Authors: Fintl C. , Hudson N. P. H. , Handel I. , Pearson G. T.
Published: December 2014

Reasons for performing study

Slow waves are rhythmic pacemaker currents generated by the gastrointestinal pacemaker cells, the interstitial cells ofCajal, and represent the rate‐limiting step for small intestinal smooth muscle contractions. Therefore, factors that affect slow wave activity may also influence contractile activity. It is not known how temperature changes may influence slow wave activity in the horse. This could be of relevance during colic surgery if cooling of exposed intestine resulted in reduced slow wave activity potentially exacerbating post operative ileus.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of temperature changes onin vitroslow wave activity of normal equine ileum using intracellular recording techniques.

Study design

In vitroexperimental study.

Methods

A segment of ileum was collected immediately following euthanasia from 9 horses for reasons unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. Intracellular recordings of membrane potentials were made from individual smooth muscle cells. The temperature of the tissue bath was altered during the course of each experiment across a range of 27–41°C. All data were recorded and stored using a computer‐interfaced acquisition system. A software package was used to analyse slow wave frequency, duration, amplitude and resting membrane potential.

Results

In all 9 horses, slow wave frequency was highly temperature sensitive and approximately linearly related to the temperature over the range studied, increasing by 0.5 cycles/min for each 1°Cincrease in temperature (P<0.001). The initial slow wave frequency resumed when the temperature was returned to 37°C. The recovery time appeared to be directly related to the duration for which the temperature had been changed.

Conclusions

Slow wave frequency in the equine ileum is highly temperature sensitive. As post operative ileus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the horse, the negative effect of lower temperatures on slow waves, and therefore contractile activity, should be considered.
An optimised injection technique for the navicular bursa that avoids the deep digital flexor tendon
Authors: Daniel A. J. , Goodrich L. R. , Barrett M. F. , Werpy N. M. , Morley P. S. , McIlwraith C. W.
Published: December 2014

Reasons for performing study

Injection of the navicular bursa is commonly performed from the palmar aspect of the limb, which results in penetration of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT).

Objectives

To report a radiographic guided injection from the lateral aspect of the limb that avoids puncture of the DDFT and to assess synovial and soft tissue penetration by the needle.

Study design

Prospective clinical and cadaveric study.

Methods

Prospective analysis of cadaver limbs and clinical cases in which the navicular bursa was injected from the lateral aspect. Cadaver limbs were placed in a stand to simulate weight bearing and injection was performed in limbs without synovial distension or with distension of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) or navicular bursa. In cadaver and clinical limbs, contrast was injected and the needle position assessed with radiographs. Cadaver (but not clinical) limbs were also examined using magnetic resonance imaging with the needle in situ.

Results

Successful navicular bursal injection was achieved in all limbs (n = 71). Relative risk of DIP joint puncture was 19 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.3–285.4, P<0.001) when the DIP joint was distended (9 of 10 limbs) than in normal limbs (0 of 10 limbs). Relative risk of DFTS puncture was 2.7 times higher (95% confidence interval 1.0–7.2, P = 0.06) when the DFTS was distended (8 of 10 limbs) than in normal limbs (3 of 7 limbs). Synovial fluid was aspirated from 47% of bursae from clinical cases.

Conclusions

The lateral injection technique for the navicular bursa avoids penetration of the DDFT, although risk of synovial penetration must be considered when there is potential DIP joint or DFTS infection.
Epigenetic regulation of endothelial‐cell‐mediated vascular repair
Authors: Fraineau Sylvain , Palii Carmen G. , Allan David S. , Brand Marjorie
Published: December 2014

Maintenance of vascular integrity is essential for the prevention of vascular disease and for recovery following cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular events including limb ischemia, heart attack and stroke. Endothelial stem/progenitor cells have recently gained considerable interest due to their potential use in stem cell therapies to mediate revascularization after ischemic injury. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand fundamental mechanisms regulating vascular repair in specific cell types to develop new beneficial therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight recent studies demonstrating that epigenetic mechanisms (including post‐translational modifications of DNA and histones as well as non‐coding RNA‐mediated processes) play essential roles in the regulation of endothelial stem/progenitor cell functions through modifying chromatin structure. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of using small molecules that modulate the activities of epigenetic enzymes to enhance the vascular repair function of endothelial cells and offer insight on potential strategies that may accelerate clinical applications.
Correlations of portal pressure in post‐cholecystectomy benign biliary stricture
Authors: Nag Hirdaya H. , Arora Asit , Tyagi Ila , Ramaswamy Dinesh , Patil Nilesh , Sakhuja Puja , Saha Renuka , Agarwal Anil K.
Published: December 2014

Aim

Presence of portal hypertension (PH) adversely affects perioperative and long‐term outcome in patients with post‐cholecystectomy benign biliary stricture (PCBBS). Identification of factors related to the development of PH will help to prevent this complication.

Methods

From September 2010 to December 2012, 30 patients with PCBBS were studied prospectively for correlation of portal pressure (PP) with injury repair interval (IRI), biliary pressure (BP), severity of hepatic fibrosis (FS), severity of hepatic inflammation (IS) and obstructive biliary pathology score (OBPS). Appropriate statistical methods employed and P ≤ 0.05 (two‐sided) was considered statistically significant.

Results

Mean PP, mean BP and median IRI were 19.4 ± 4.74 mmHg, 20.1 ± 3.99 mmHg and 145 days, respectively. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (P‐value) of PP with IRI, FS, IS and OBPS were 0.564 (0.001), 0.502 (0.004), 0.752 (0.0001) and 0.242 (0.19), respectively. Pearson correlation of PP with BP was r = 0.383 (r2 = 0.146, P = 0.03). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (P‐value) of FS with IS and OBPS were 0.561 (0.003) and 0.371 (0.04), respectively. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of serum bilirubin with OBPS was 0.550 (P = 0.001). Incidence of PH was 33.3% and mean fall of PP following biliary repair was 6.2 ± 1.98 mmHg (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

PP in patients with PCBBS has a good correlation with IS, and a fair correlation with both FS and IRI whereas PP was not directly related to BP and OBPS; further prospective trials are mandatory to confirm this correlation, and to evaluate mechanism of fall in PP following biliary decompression.
Petrology of mantle diopsidite from Wadi Fizh, northern Oman ophiolite: Cr and REE mobility by hydrothermal solution
Authors: Akizawa Norikatsu , Arai Shoji
Published: December 2014

Diopsidite, mainly composed of diopsidic clinopyroxene (diopside for simplicity), was precipitated from a high‐temperature hydrothermal solution, rich in silicate components mainly in the mantle peridotite. We present here a new type of diopsidite in the uppermost mantle section, which contains Cr‐rich minerals such as chromite, Cr‐rich diopside (<2.5 wt.% Cr2O3) and Cr‐rich grossular (<7 wt.% Cr2O3). The chromites are varied in shape, subhedral to anhedral, and sometimes contain globular inclusions of grossular and chlorite. Film‐like chromite branches off from coarse partially dissolved chromite grains, filling diopside grain boundaries. The diopside is Cr‐rich solely around the chromite seam or chromite concentrate, but is almost free from Cr elsewhere. The diopsidite is surrounded by a whitish rock, which is composed of tremolite with a trace amount of chromite, diopside and grossular. The coarse chromite grain (<1 mm) in the whitish rock is highly vermicular in shape. The petrological and chemical characteristics of the mantle diopsidite suggest that a hydrothermal solution had collected Cr by partial to complete dissolution of chromite when replacing the mantle peridotite, and possibly transported Cr upward to the crust. Abundances of trace elements (rare earth elements(REE), Sr, Zr, Ti and Y) in the mantle diopsidite indicate their mobility in a hydrothermal solution together with Cr.
The formation of rodingite in the Nagasaki metamorphic rocks at Nomo Peninsula, Kyushu, Japan – Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes and trace element evidence
Authors: Fukuyama Mayuko , Ogasawara Masatsugu , Dunkley Daniel J. , Wang Kuo‐Lung , Lee Der‐Chuen , Hokada Tomokazu , Maki Kenshi , Hirata Takafumi , Kon Yoshiaki
Published: December 2014

Rodingites occur in serpentine‐matrix mélange of the Nagasaki metamorphic rocks in Japan. Two types of rodingites can be distinguished on the basis of their mode of occurrence and mineralogical composition. One occurs as dikes, which contain a mineral assemblage of grossular, vesuvianite, diopside, apatite, titanite, and zircon. The other occurs as a block, which consists of zoisite, clinozoisite, diopside, chlorite, apatite, titanite, and zircon. The former type of rodingites posses two types of zircons: prismatic and porous. The prismatic zircons contain primary fluid inclusions indicating their crystallization in the presence of fluids. The porous zircons have extensive fractures filled by zircon, which are indicative of a hydrothermal origin. Both zircon types were thought to have formed under the influence of fluids. U–Pb ion probe analyses of prismatic zircons from the rodingites yield a weighted mean age of 108–105 Ma, suggesting the Early Cretaceous as the time of rodingitization in the subduction zone. Hafnium isotopic compositions of prismatic zircons are close to or overlap with the mid ocean ridge basalt (MORB) Hf isotopic ratio. This indicates that the fluid composition may have been reflected by the MORB composition during rodingitization. On the other hand, the low εHf values (11.8–18.9) of porous zircons suggest that they incorporate a small amount of Hf from fluid contaminated by subducted sediments. The rodingites are significantly enriched in Sr and depleted in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (Cs, Rb, Ba). The fluid during rodingitization is able to extracts LILEs from the protolith of rodingites and adds Sr to the protolith of rodingites. The high field strength elements (HFSE) (Zr, Th, U, Nb, Ta) concentrations in the rodingites are similar to those of MORB, thus indicate their relatively immobile nature during rodingitization.
Interspecific competition affects evolutionary links between cavity nesting, migration and clutch size in Old World flycatchers (Muscicapdae)
Authors: Barve Sahas , Mason Nicholas A.
Published: December 2014

The ecology of cavity nesting in passerine birds has been studied extensively, yet there are no phylogenetic comparative studies that quantify differences in life history traits between cavity‐ and open‐nesting birds within a passerine family. We test existing hypotheses regarding the evolutionary significance of cavity nesting in the Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae). We used a multi‐locus phylogeny of 252 species to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cavity nesting and to quantify correlations between nest types and life history traits. Within a phylogenetic generalized linear model framework, we found that cavity‐nesting species are larger than open‐nesting species and that maximum clutch sizes are larger in cavity‐nesting lineages. In addition to differences in life history traits between nest types, species that breed at higher latitudes have larger average and maximum clutch sizes and begin to breed later in the year. Gains and losses of migratory behaviour have occurred far more often in cavity‐nesting lineages than in open‐nesting taxa, suggesting that cavity nesting may have played a crucial role in the evolution of migratory behaviour. These findings identify important macro‐evolutionary links between the evolution of cavity nesting, clutch size, interspecific competition and migratory behaviour in a large clade of Old World songbirds.
Thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty: a review of current practices in an Australian teaching hospital
Authors: Pow R. E. , Vale P. R.
Published: December 2014

Background

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Prophylaxis significantly reduces the rate of VTE following these procedures. Previous studies report suboptimal uptake of guideline recommended thromboprophylaxis.

Aims

To describe VTE prophylaxis prescribing practices in a major hospital for joint replacement surgery. To determine the proportion of patients receiving guideline recommended thromboprophylaxis. To define the incidence of in‐hospital VTE following THA and TKA.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 402 consecutive patients undergoing THA or TKA from June to October 2013. Patient characteristics, operative and anaesthetic factors, details of thromboprophylaxis and the incidence of in‐hospital VTE are reported. Comparison is made with recent guidelines.

Results

Four hundred and two patients underwent THA (n = 202) or TKA (n = 200). Ninety‐nine per cent of patients received mechanical prophylaxis. One hundred per cent of patients received chemoprophylaxis in hospital. Enoxaparin was most commonly prescribed followed by aspirin. Patients undergoing TKA were more likely to receive an anticoagulant (89.9% vs 47.8% for THA, P < 0.05). 74.5% received chemoprophylaxis on discharge (mean duration 22.1 days). The incidence of in‐hospital VTE was 4.7%.

Conclusions

The proportion of study patients receiving thromboprophylaxis compares favourably with prior research. The overall incidence of VTE is higher than that demonstrated in major orthopaedic trials. Inadequate duration of chemoprophylaxis remains a potential area of improvement. Extended prophylaxis should be prescribed as per current guidelines. Comparison between efficacy and safety of various agents is the subject of future research.
Distance, Transnational Arrangements, and Return Decisions of Senegalese, Ghanaian, and Congolese Migrants
Authors: González-Ferrer Amparo , Baizán Pau , Beauchemin Cris , Kraus Elisabeth , Schoumaker Bruno , Black Richard
Published: December 2014

This article examines the determinants of return of Senegalese, Ghanaian and Congolese migrants in Europe, and the extent to which their return decisions were linked to reasons and circumstances of their initial migration to Europe. We utilize the retrospective life history data collected by the MAFE Project in Senegal, Ghana and DR Congo and six European countries in order to understand whether and how changing conditions in both origin and destination countries, including policies, affect the migration dynamics between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. The results show how the high cost entailed by this type of transcontinental long distance migration, reinforced by restrictive immigration policies, tend to delay and reduce return in comparison to shorter-distance moves. In addition, brain circulation and transnational family arrangements seem to be at work and seriously question the dominant approach to admission and circulation policies in Europe.
Patterns and processes in the distribution of European centipedes (Chilopoda)
Authors: Simaiakis Stylianos Michail , Strona Giovanni
Published: December 2014

Aim

To identify consistent biogeographical modules, and examine species diversity and distribution patterns of centipede assemblages.

Location

Europe, including Turkey and Macaronesia.

Methods

A dataset was compiled, detailing the occurrence of 585 species of centipedes in 56 countries. Cluster analysis using UPGMA (unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averages) was used to identify biogeographical modules. To cope with potential issues resulting from the use of political geographical entities, the robustness of the modules was tested using two different randomization approaches. Potential centres of diversity and dispersal for the taxa were hypothesized using two different approaches, based on nestedness analysis using NODF and on investigation of species diversity gradients, respectively.

Results

The Mediterranean region was found to be the most species‐rich area. Cluster analysis identified four major biogeographical modules, namely Eastern Mediterranean, Western Mediterranean, Balkan Peninsula with eastern–central Europe, and north‐western Europe. The robustness of these modules was supported by two randomization approaches. Both the analysis of nestedness and of species diversity gradients consistently identified the Balkan Peninsula as a potential centre of diversity for centipedes in Europe.

Main conclusions

The arrangement of the centipede fauna into four biogeographical modules is consistent with European topography and environmental heterogeneity, with high mountain ranges acting as dispersal barriers, limiting the species overlap between modules. Common palaeogeographical history may explain the high degree of nestedness observed in the central and north‐western European modules, whereas the high number of singletons and endemics is responsible for the low degree of nestedness in southern Europe. The identification of the Balkan Peninsula as a potential centre of diversity is in agreement with its high environmental heterogeneity and its known role as a Pleistocene glacial refugium.
Olmesartan Improves Pulse Wave Velocity and Lowers Central Systolic Blood Pressure and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Raff Ulrike , Walker Stefanie , Ott Christian , Schneider Markus P. , Schmieder Roland E.
Published: December 2014

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and central systolic BP (cSBP) are superior to brachial office BP measurements in predicting cardiovascular end organ damage. The authors aimed to analyze the effect of olmesartan 80 mg (OLM 80) vs 20 mg (OLM 20) vs amlodipine 5 mg (AML 5) on central hemodymamics and ambulatory BP in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS).In a double‐blind, three‐phase crossover study comprising 69 untreated patients with MetS defined by the Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults guidelines, the effects of OLM 80 on central hemodynamics (cSBP), central pulse pressure), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and 24‐hour ambulatory BP were compared with OLM 20 and AML 5, given for 6 weeks each. In 69 patients (47 men, 22 women) (51.5±9.75 years), reduction in cSBP was the highest with OLM 80 and significantly greater than the reduction with AML 5 (−14.1 mm Hg vs −9.7 mm Hg, P=.0117). All three substances significantly reduced 24‐hour ambulatory systolic (OLM 80 and OLM 20 P<.0001; AML 5 P=.0105). BP and 24‐hour diastolic BP (OLM 80 and OLM 20 P<.0001; AML 5 P=.0126). PWV was significantly reduced by OLM 80 (−0.58 m/s, P=.0088) and by OLM 20 (−0.48 m/s, P=.0362) but not by AML 5 (−0.28 m/s, P=.2065). For PWV, no significant differences were detected between the three groups. OLM significantly improves arterial stiffness as demonstrated by the reduction in PWV and in cSBP. In addition, 24‐hour ambulatory BP was reduced to a greater extent with OLM 80 than with AML 5.
HSPA12B inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Wu Jun , Li Xuehan , Huang Lei , Jiang Surong , Tu Fei , Zhang Xiaojin , Ma He , Li Rongrong , Li Chuanfu , Li Yuehua , Ding Zhengnian , Liu Li
Published: December 2014

Heat shock protein A12B (HSPA12B) is a newly discovered member of the HSP70 protein family. This study investigated the effects of HSPA12B on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the possible mechanisms involved. A HUVECs inflammatory model was induced by LPS. Overexpression of HSPA12B in HUVECs was achieved by infection with recombinant adenoviruses encoding green fluorescence protein‐HSPA12B. Knockdown of HSPA12B was achieved by siRNA technique. Twenty four hours after virus infection or siRNA transfection, HUVECs were stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS for 4 hrs. Endothelial cell permeability ability was determined by transwell permeability assay. The binding rate of human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) with HUVECs was examined using myeloperoxidase assay. Cell migrating ability was determined by the wound‐healing assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of interested genes were analyzed by RT‐qPCR and Western blot, respectively. The release of cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α was measured by ELISA. HSPA12B suppressed LPS‐induced HUVEC permeability and reduced PMN adhesion to HUVECs. HSPA12B also inhibited LPS‐induced up‐regulation of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokine expression. By contrast, knockdown of HSPA12B enhanced LPS‐induced increases in the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, HSPA12B activated PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and pharmacological inhibition of this pathway by Wortmannin completely abrogated the protection of HSPA12B against inflammatory response in HUVECs. Our results suggest that HSPA12B attenuates LPS‐induced inflammatory responses in HUVECs via activation of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
Application of oncoproteomics to aberrant signalling networks in changing the treatment paradigm in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: López Villar Elena , Wang Xiangdong , Madero Luis , Cho William C.
Published: December 2014

Oncoproteomics is an important innovation in the early diagnosis, management and development of personalized treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). As inherent factors are not completely known – e.g. age or family history, radiation exposure, benzene chemical exposure, certain viral exposures such as infection with the human T‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia virus‐1, as well as some inherited syndromes may raise the risk of ALL – each ALL patient may modify the susceptibility of therapy. Indeed, we consider these unknown inherent factors could be explained via coupling cytogenetics plus proteomics, especially when proteins are the ones which play function within cells. Innovative proteomics to ALL therapy may help to understand the mechanism of drug resistance and toxicities, which in turn will provide some leads to improve ALL management. Most important of these are shotgun proteomic strategies to unravel ALL aberrant signalling networks. Some shotgun proteomic innovations and bioinformatic tools for ALL therapies will be discussed. As network proteins are distinctive characteristics for ALL patients, unrevealed by cytogenetics, those network proteins are currently an important source of novel therapeutic targets that emerge from shotgun proteomics. Indeed, ALL evolution can be studied for each individual patient via oncoproteomics.
The Optimizing Patient Transfers, Impacting Medical Quality, and Improving Symptoms: Transforming Institutional Care Approach: Preliminary Data from the Implementation of a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Nursing Facility Demonstration Project
Authors: Unroe Kathleen T. , Nazir Arif , Holtz Laura R. , Maurer Helen , Miller Ellen , Hickman Susan E. , La Mantia Michael A. , Bennett Merih , Arling Greg , Sachs Greg A.
Published: December 2014

The Optimizing Patient Transfers, Impacting Medical Quality, and Improving Symptoms: Transforming Institutional Care (OPTIMISTIC) project aims to reduce avoidable hospitalizations of long‐stay residents enrolled in 19 central Indiana nursing facilities. This clinical demonstration project, funded by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Innovations Center, places a registered nurse in each nursing facility to implement an evidence‐based quality improvement program with clinical support from nurse practitioners. A description of the model is presented, and early implementation experiences during the first year of the project are reported. Important elements include better medical care through implementation of Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers tools and chronic care management, enhanced transitional care, and better palliative care with a focus on systematic advance care planning. There were 4,035 long‐stay residents in 19 facilities enrolled in OPTIMISTIC between February 2013 and January 2014. Root‐cause analyses were performed for all 910 acute transfers of these long stay residents. Of these transfers, the project RN evaluated 29% as avoidable (57% were not avoidable and 15% were missing), and opportunities for quality improvement were identified in 54% of transfers. Lessons learned in early implementation included defining new clinical roles, integrating into nursing facility culture, managing competing facility priorities, communicating with multiple stakeholders, and developing a system for collecting and managing data. The success of the overall initiative will be measured primarily according to reduction in avoidable hospitalizations of long‐stay nursing facility residents.
In situ assessment of the renal microcirculation in mechanically ventilated rats using sidestream dark‐field imaging
Authors: ASTAPENKO D. , JOR O. , LEHMANN C. , CERNY V.
Published: December 2014

For microcirculation research there is a need for baseline data and feasibility protocols describing microcirculation of various organs. The aim of our study was to examine the reliability and reproducibility of sidestream dark‐field (SDF) imaging within the renal cortical microcirculation in rats. Renal microcirculation was observed using SDF probe placed on the exposed renal surface via the upper midline laparotomy. Video sequences recorded intermittently in short apneic pauses were analyzed off‐line by using AVA 3.0 software (MicroVision Medical, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Results are expressed as mean (SD) or median (25–75% percentiles). We obtained 60 clear sequences from all recorded analyzable videos from all the animals. The total small vessel and all vessel density (in mm.mm–2) were (28.79 ± 0.40) and (28.95 ± 0.40), respectively. The perfused small and all vessel density were (28.79 ± 0.40) and (28.95 ± 0.40), respectively. The DeBacker Score was (19.14 ± 0.43), the proportion of perfused vessels was 100% (100–100%) and the microvascular flow index was 3.49 (3–3.75). We conclude SDF imaging provides a reliable method to examine the renal microvascular bed in vivo and thus can be used for the study of the renal cortical vascular network in various experimental diseases models and clinical settings.
Evaluation of the effective cross‐sections for recombination and trapping in the case of pure spinel
Authors: BOUGHARIOU A. , DAMAMME G. , KALLEL A.
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we have investigated the evolution of the secondary electron emission in the case of pure spinel during electron irradiation, achieved in a scanning electron microscope at room temperature, which is derived from the measurement of the induced and the secondary electron currents. It was observed from the experimental results, that there are two regimes during the charging process: a plateau followed by a linear variation, which are better identified by plotting the logarithm of the secondary electron emission yield lnσ as function of the total surface density of trapped charges in the material QT. For positive charging, E0 = 1.1 and 5 keV, the slope of the linear part, whose value is of about 10−10 cm2 charge−1, is independent of the primary electron energy. It is interpreted as a microscopic cross section for electron–hole recombination. For negative charging of pure spinel, E0 = 15 and 30 keV, the slope is associated with an electron trapping cross section close to 10−14 cm2 charge−1, which can be assigned to the microscopic cross section for electron trapping. This trapping cross section is four orders of magnitude lower than the recombination one.
Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation: Clinicoradiological Approach to Diagnosis
Authors: Amaral Lázaro L. F. , Gaddikeri Santhosh , Chapman Philip R. , Roy Rasmoni , Gaddikeri Ramya S. , Marussi Victor Hugo , Bag Asim K.
Published: December 2014

Discovery of genetic abnormalities associated with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) has led to use of a genetic‐based NBIA classification schema. Most NBIA subtypes demonstrate characteristic imaging abnormalities. While clinical diagnosis of NBIA is difficult, analysis of both clinical findings and characteristic imaging abnormalities allows accurate diagnosis of most of the NBIA subtypes. This article reviews recent updates in the genetic, clinical, and imaging findings of NBIA subtypes and provides a practical step‐by‐step clinicoradiological algorithm toward clinical diagnosis of different NBIA subtypes.
Potential utility of melatonin as an antioxidant therapy in the management of sickle cell anemia
Authors: da Silva Danilo Grünig Humberto , Ricci Octávio , de Almeida Eduardo Alves , Bonini‐Domingos Claudia Regina
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to assess antioxidant effects of melatonin treatment compared to N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and to their combination in a sickle cell suspension. Sickle erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate‐buffered saline, pH 7.4, composing external control group. They were also suspended and incubated at 37°C either in the absence (experimental control group) or in the presence of NAC, melatonin and their combination at concentrations of 100 pm, 100 nm and 100 μm for 1 hr (treatment groups). The melatonin influences were evaluated by spectrophotometric [hemolysis degree, catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities] and chromatographic methods [glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels]. Incubation period was able to cause a rise about 64% on hemolysis degree as well as practically doubled the lipid peroxidation levels (P < 0.01). However, almost all antioxidants tested treatments neutralized this incubation effect observed in MDA levels. Among the antioxidant biomarkers evaluated, we observed a modulating effect of combined treatment on GPx and SOD activities (P < 0.01), which showed ~25% decrease in their activities. In addition, we found an antioxidant dose‐dependent effect for melatonin on lipid peroxidation (r = −0.29; P = 0.03) and for combined antioxidant treatments also on MDA levels (r = −0.37; P = 0.01) and on SOD activity (r = −0.54; P < 0.01). Hence, these findings contribute with important insight that melatonin individually or in combination with NAC may be useful for sickle cell anemia management.
Chemical composition of yak colostrum and transient milk
Authors: Cui N. , Wen P. C. , Liang Q. , Liu H. N. , Zhang W. B. , Wang P. J. , Guo H. Y. , Ren F. Z.
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study was to assess the changes in the chemical composition of yak colostrum and transient milk. Samples were collected from 12 yaks on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post‐partum (PP). The gross composition, nitrogen fraction distribution, amino acid (AA) profile and fatty acid (FA) profile were analysed. All the components decreased rapidly during the first 3 days except lactose which increased. The ratio of whey protein to casein protein decreased from 46:54 to 17:83 during the first 7 daysPP. The content of all theAAs decreased, while the percentages of eight essentialAAs in protein of samples increased during the study period. MonounsaturatedFAs and polyunsaturatedFAs decreased in the first 7 daysPP, whereas saturatedFAs increased. In conclusion, the changes in chemical composition were remarkable during the first 3 days. The slight variations, happened during the transient period, are not negligible, which also should be taken into account in the development of yak colostrum supplements.