bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issues in the Assessment of Post-ECT Memory Changes
Authors: Brunschwig Lily , Strain James J. , Bidder Thomas George
Published: August 2008

In this study memory changes during and after electroconvulsive therapy were investigated by means of three different tests. The investigation was double-blind and the subjects were 96 patients hospitalized with depressive illness. Amounts of post-ECT amnesia were evaluated in relation to number of treatments for symptom remission and stability of the therapeutic result over the period of one year.
Memory Changes After Unilateral and Bilateral Convulsive Therapy (ECT)
Authors: Dornbush Rhea , Abrams Richard , Fink Max
Published: August 2008

Memory deficit persists as the principal undesirable side effect of convulsive therapy. In an attempt to minimize this deficit Lancaster, Steinert and Frost (1958) introduced unilateral electrode placement to the non-dominant hemisphere as an alternative to the standard bilateral placement of electrodes. They suggested that clinical improvement with unilateral placement was the same as for bilateral ECT, but that memory impairment was less severe.
Unilateral ECT as a Test for Cerebral Dominance, with a Strategy for Treating Left-handers
Authors: Pratt R. T. C. , Warrington Elizabeth K. , Halliday A. M.
Published: August 2008

The growing adoption of ECT given unilaterally to the right hemisphere in right-handed patients, in preference to the classical bilateral treatment, is due to its shortening of the duration of post-treatment confusion, to its superiority in preserving memory and learning assessed three months after the start of treatment (Halliday et al., 1968) and to its therapeutic equivalence. (For a critical assessment of published results, see d'Elia, 1970.)
Long Term Trial of Metronidazole in Male Alcoholics
Authors: Swinson Richard P.
Published: August 2008

The use of metronidazole as an adjunct to treatment in alcoholism was first reported by Taylor (1964). Her study of 52 alcoholics led Taylor to suggest three effects of metronidazole in alcoholism—a reduction of craving for alcohol, a psychic aversion to alcohol, and in some cases an antabuse-like response.
The Usefulness of the Clinical Tests of the Sensorium
Authors: Hinton John , Withers Eileen
Published: August 2008

Although the clinical tests of sensorium (CTS) are widely used as a quick check of mental efficiency (Slater and Roth, 1969), they have come together in a haphazard way and their validity has been questioned (Shapiro et al., 1956). For example, a patient may be able to perform well on so-called memory tests such as Digit Span and Babcock Sentence and still have a florid memory disturbance (Roth and Hopkins, 1953; Zangwill, 1946).
Prescribing Practice in a Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Hall David J. , Gardiner A. Quentin
Published: August 2008

An analysis of the general results of a drug monitor in a psychiatric unit have been reported previously (Gardiner and Hall, 1971). One of the principal findings of that analysis was that the propensity for ‘untoward events' increased as the number of drugs that a patient received increased. The definition of ‘untoward event’ was that given by Finney (1965)—a‘n event is a particular untoward happening experienced by a patient, undesirable either generally or in the context of his disease. The term is not to be limited either to recognised side-effects of a drug or to incidents that are in some sense unexpected’. This paper takes this particular aspect of the investigation further in an attempt to describe the prescribing practice and to discover any particular drug or combination of drugs that was associated with a high frequency of ‘untoward events'.
Anxiety State or Masked Depression?
Authors: Pollitt John , Young John
Published: August 2008

In 1959, West and Dally reported the effects of iproniazid in depressive syndromes, drawing attention to the greater therapeutic effectiveness of this drug in ‘atypical’ or ‘hysterical’ depressive states than in endogenous depression. Later, Sargant and Dally (1962) found a group of patients with good previous personalities, showing obvious features of depression, whose anxiety symptoms responded to phenelzine alone, but in view of the response of other patients with anxiety they questioned whether monoamine oxidase inhibitors were really antidepressant, or whether they were essentially drugs acting against anxiety. These findings prompted this study, intended to compare other parts of the clinical pictures of anxiety states responsive to monoamine oxidase inhibitors with those of depressive illnesses.
Delinquency and Amphetamines
Authors: Scott P. D. , Buckell Monamy
Published: August 2008

In a survey of 612 young people remanded in the London area during 1964, positive urine tests were found for amphetamine for 18 per cent of the 558 boys and 16 per cent of the 54 girls examined (Scott and Willcox, 1965). This paper presents the findings of a similar type of survey carried out in the same remand homes five years later.
Depression Across Cultures
Authors: Teja J. S. , Narang R. L. , Aggarwal A. K.
Published: August 2008

Comments have been frequently made on the differences in the symptomatological pattern of depression in different cultural groups. Kraepelin (1921), in his study on the incidence of depressive illness in Asian countries, mentioned that depression in Java was characterized almost exclusively by excitement and confusion and that ideas of sin and suicidal tendencies were absent. Carothers (1958) could not elicit feelings of guilt or self abasement in depression among the Africans of Kenya. Lambo (1956), of Nigeria, thought that the rarity of depression observed by many workers in African countries might be due to erroneous diagnosis, and that most of the cases remain concealed by the label of ‘neurasthenia’. Out of fifteen cases of definite affective psychosis seen by him only one showed guilt feelings, self-condemnation and anticipation of punishment. Multiple somatic features, phobic and obsessional symptoms and anxiety were common. Yap (1965), commenting on the findings of various workers about depression in African countries, states ‘there is agreement among these authors on the rarity of outspoken affective illness, lightness and short duration of depression with an absence of ideas of sin and guilt, the relative frequency of manic pictures, the common association with confusional symptoms, and a very low suicide rate.’ He also refers to Pfeiffer's findings about the frequency of hypochondriacal depression in the Chinese. The absence of delusions of sin in Chinese as well as in Japanese depressives has also been noted by Yap (1958). On the other hand, Eaton and Weil (1955), in a study concerning the Hutterites, have reported a high incidence of guilt-ridden depression.
Depressive Illness, Pulse Rate and Forearm Blood Flow
Authors: Noble Peter , Lader Malcolm H.
Published: August 2008

In depression alteration in mood is accompanied by pronounced physical and behavioural changes. Characteristically there is a decline in appetite, weight and libido, insomnia and a disturbance of diurnal rhythm. A slowing of thought and movement to the point of severe retardation or even stupor may occur. Anxiety is often present and in agitated depression is accompanied by restless psychomotor activity. As lesions in the hypothalamus may produce disturbances in appetite, weight, libido and sleep, it has been suggested that hypothalamic dysfunction may play a part in the aetiology of those depressions in which physical symptoms predominate (Pollitt, 1965).
L-DOPA in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Persson Torgny , Wålinder Jan
Published: August 2008

The reports on the good effect of L-DOPA on Parkinson's syndrome and on some forms of depression have prompted us to investigate if it might alleviate mental disorders not responding to conventional methods. Pare et al. (1962) suggested distinguishing between types of depression according to how they respond to antidepressant drugs. If L-DOPA were shown to be effective, it would provide another means of differentiating between obscurely defined mental states. We present five cases of psychic disorders in which depression was a prominent symptom. All were treated with L-DOPA after a wide range of conventional treatments over many years had proved of little use.
Risk-taking in the Lives of Parasuicides (Attempted Suicides)
Authors: Kennedy P. F. , Phanjoo A. L. , Shekim W. O.
Published: August 2008

Cohen (1960) defined risk-taking as ‘embarking on a task without being certain of success', and he agreed with Stengel (1958) that it is possible to gain a better understanding of attempted suicide if we regard it as conveying a degree of uncertainty that the attempt will succeed or fail. Investigation after a suicide attempt usually reveals that the patient was at the time uncertain about the toxic effects and lethality of the overdose, and uncertain of whether others would intervene before the poison could take effect. Taking the widely held view that in most cases of so-called attempted suicide the prevailing motives are directed towards survival with all the advantages of having risked self-destruction, it might be argued that the attempt succeeds by avoiding rather than causing death. The alternative term ‘parasuicide’ suggested by Kreitman et al. (1969) is less paradoxical.
Day Hospital Care for the Mentally Subnormal
Authors: Craft Michael , Freeman Hugh , Lockwood H. , Wilkins R.
Published: August 2008

The care of the mentally subnormal in Britain has quite suddenly become a live and prominent issue, but public indignation fades quickly and political interest is soon transferred to other issues that are constantly arising. The time seems ripe to re-think the overall philosophy of provision for the mentally subnormal in a developed industrial society, and in particular, the place of the large institution (Craft, 1970; and McKeown, 1970). These institutions resulted from conditions which no longer exist, and they now attempt to carry out a variety of functions, which many think ought to be separated. However, the subject remains a very controversial one (Shapiro, 1969, 1970; Freeman, 1969a).
A Comparative Study of Aversion Relief and Systematic Desensitization in the Treatment of Phobias
Authors: Solyom L. , Heseltine G. F. D. , McClure D. J. , Ledwidge B. , Kenny F.
Published: August 2008

Systematic desensitization is unquestionably the most popular of the behaviour therapies. To circumvent several difficulties specific to this technique we devized a new treatment paradigm—the reciprocal inhibition of anxiety by aversion relief (Solyom and Miller, 1967), from which 31 of 40 phobic patients (80 per cent) benefited (Solyom, Kenny and Ledwidge, 1969). The present paper reports on a systematic comparison of the two treatment techniques in terms of: (1) the rate and degree of improvement; (2) the specificity versus the generality of improvement; (3) prognostic indicators favouring one treatment over the other.
Two Cases of Transsexualism with Gonadal Dysgenesia
Authors: Ionescu B. , Maximilian C. , Bucur A.
Published: August 2008

Most psychiatrists who have made a study of abnormal psychosexual development accept Money's postulate as to the manner in which heredity and education determine sexual development. This assumes that genetical and hormonal factors influence psychosexual development only through bodily shape, while sexual behaviour is learned like the native language. Nevertheless, Money himself raises the question as to whether patterns of sexual play, activity and distractibility in the two sexes are not elements of a strong genetical determinism.
Penile Volume Responses to Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Conditioning Performance
Authors: Barr R. F. , Mcconaghy N.
Published: August 2008

The initial aim of this study was to determine the relationship between penile volume responses to female and male film sequences and sexual orientation in heterosexual and homosexual males. The second aim was to examine the relationship between aversive and appetitive conditioned responses in heterosexual males.
The Inheritance of Neurotic Traits: A Twin Study of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire
Authors: Young J. P. R. , Fenton G. W. , Lader M. H.
Published: August 2008

The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (M.H.Q.) is a self-rating scale designed to provide rapid quantification of common symptoms and traits relevant to the conventional clinical categories of psychoneurotic illness. The inventory comprises 48 brief questions for each of which two or three simple alternative answers are provided. By use of a standard key, the following six subtest scores are easily calculated: free-floating anxiety (FFA), phobic anxiety (PHO), somatic concomitants of anxiety (SOM), obsessional traits and symptoms (OBS), depression (DEP), and hysterical personality traits (HYS). In that the questionnaire provides an approximation to what would be expected at a clinical level from a diagnostic psychiatric interview, it has advantages over other questionnaires which incorporate essentially non-clinical constructs of personality functioning.
An Attempt at Validation of Traditional Psychiatric Syndromes by Cluster Analysis
Authors: Everitt B. S. , Gourlay A. J. , Kendell R. E.
Published: August 2008

During the last twenty years countless attempts have been made to refine, replace or validate our intuitive clinical classifications of mental illness by the statistical analysis of symptom ratings. By and large these attempts have been unsuccessful. In spite of all the elegant and complex manipulations to which innumerable sets of data have been subjected, the classifications used by psychiatrists remain much as they were before the computer was invented. The reasons for this failure—for as such it must be seen at least by clinicians—are complex, but we would attribute it mainly to two factors: a failure to appreciate how unreliable and open to bias are the clinical ratings on which most analyses have been based, and too exclusive a reliance on factor analysis at the expense of other forms of multivariate analysis.
Goffman's Model of Mental Illness
Authors: Siegler Miriam , Osmond Humphry
Published: August 2008

In a well-known, very influential and frequently quoted paper, ‘On the Characteristics of Total Institutions,’ Goffman (1961) calls attention to ideological disputes which are centred on total institutions. As he puts it: ‘It is widely appreciated that total institutions typically fall considerably short of their official aims. It is less well appreciated that each of these official goals or charters seems admirably suited to provide a key of meaning—a language of explanation that the staff, and sometimes the inmates, can bring to every crevice of action in the institution. Thus, a medical frame of reference is not merely a perspective through which a decision concerning dosage can be determined and made meaningful; it is a perspective ready to account for all manner of decisions, such as the hours when hospital meals are served or the manner in which hospital linen is folded…. Paradoxically, then, while total institutions seem the least intellectual of places, it is nevertheless here, at least recently, that concern about words and verbalized perspectives has come to play a central and often feverish role.’ (pp. 83–84.)
A Controlled Study of Lithium vs. Chlorpromazine in Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Shopsin Baron , Kim Suk Sik , Gershon Samuel
Published: August 2008

A previous double-blind controlled evaluation of lithium and chlorpromazine in both manic and schizo-affective individuals carried out in this unit (Johnsonet al., 1968) indicated that 85 per cent of the schizo-affectives showed a worsening of thought disorder when treated with lithium carbonate, the majority developing symptoms of an acute brain syndrome. The possibility of experimental design accounting for such treatment outcome must be considered.
The Age-distribution of Schizophrenia and Neurosis: Findings in a National Sample
Authors: Hare E. H. , Price J. S. , Slater E. T. O.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of the present paper is to draw attention to a remarkable similarity in the age-incidence curves of schizophrenia and neurosis when the sexes are combined. Hare and Price (1969), in a study on the season of birth of schizophrenic patients, found that the age-distribution of cases of schizophrenia (I.C.D. 7th Revision nos. 300, 303) seen for the first time at the Bethlem-Maudsley Hospital during the years 1951–1963 was very similar to that of the cases of neurosis (I.C.D. nos. 310–18) seen there during the same period. However, these cases included out-patients as well as in-patients, were not necessarily first-ever attendances at a psychiatric clinic, and, because they had been referred to a teaching hospital which did not serve a particular geographical area, may have been a somewhat unrepresentative series. For these reasons, their findings (illustrated in Fig. 1 of their paper) might have been no more than a coincidence.
Five Generations of Ill-treated Children in One Family Pedigree
Authors: Oliver J. E. , Taylor Audrey
Published: August 2008

A 3½ month old baby boy was admitted to the children's ward with subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhages which had impaired his hearing and vision, with permanent damage to the brain. Further investigations confirmed the child as a battered baby (Generation VI No. 2 on Fig. 1., No. 12 on Fig. 2).
Prevalence and a 2½ Years Incidence of Chromosome Abnormalities Among all Males in a Forensic Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Nielsen Johannes
Published: August 2008

Most chromosome studies of criminal males have been made on groups selected on account of tall stature with the main purpose of finding the frequency of patients with extra Y or X chromosomes.
Clinical and Social Predictors of Repeated Attempted Suicide: A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Greer Steven
Published: August 2008

Although the suicide rate in England and Wales is declining (Fox, 1970), the rate of parasuicide is increasing rapidly (Aitkenet al.,1969; Stanley, 1969; Bagley, 1970). There is an obvious clinical interest in knowing the extent to which medical and other agencies can prevent such behaviour, or its repetition, and in being able to predict high risk individuals. Progress in the evaluation of the prevention agencies has been reviewed by Bagley (1971), and in the field of prediction a number of studies have been published using British material. These studies usually take the form of an examination of the traits and characteristics of a group of completed or attempted suicides, and follow-up studies are less common (W.H.O. 1968). The present study, so far as we can discover, is the first follow-up study which includes patients who were not seen by a psychiatrist at the time of their key attempt.
A Psychological Approach to the Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth R.
Published: August 2008

Recently, Mitchell (1969) treated 16 migraine subjects using a combination of three specific behaviour therapy techniques namely, applied relaxation training, desensitization and assertive therapy. Migraine episodes for the treatment subjects decreased by an average of 89.5 per cent when compared with their pre-treatment base rate; no change was reported by six control subjects. The present investigation reports the comparative effectiveness of the three behaviour therapy techniques used previously. The specific therapeutic effectiveness of applied relaxation training was compared with that of combined desensitization (relaxation application, desensitization and assertive therapy). This comparison follows the conclusion by Cautela (1969), ‘… that relaxation can be considered a self-control technique in its own right: first, when it is used to reduce the overall anxiety level, and second, as a means of decreasing anxiety or tension whenever the patient is either involved in a readily identifiable anxiety-provoking situation, or is experiencing anxiety without being able to discern the antecedent conditions (p. 328.)’ It was predicted that combined desensitization would be more effective than the single-model procedure of applied relaxation training.
Chlorpromazine Metabolism in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Sved S. , Perales A. , Palaic D.
Published: August 2008

At present the phenothiazine drugs constitute the medication of choice in the treatment of schizophrenia. While in most schizophrenics treatment with phenothiazines does ameliorate the symptoms of the disease there are a certain number of patients who remain resistant to therapy. In such patients the side effects caused by phenothiazines may also be less pronounced or completely absent.
A Comparative Trial of Lorazepam and Diazepam
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

Lorazepam is a psychotropic agent of the benzodiazepine class which has an action qualitatively similar to, but more potent than, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. In animals lorazepam is about twenty times as potent as chlordiazepoxide as an anti-anxiety agent and 10–50 times as potent as an anticonvulsant. In addition it has been reported as having an effective amnesic effect in higher doses in animals.
The Psychological Effects of Propranolol in the Abstinence Phase of Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Carlsson Carl , Johansson Tage
Published: August 2008

In a previous study hyperkinetic circulation was found in alcoholics in the abstinence phase. Normal conditions were restored by 40 mg. propranolol. Even tension symptoms decreased (Carlsson, 1971).
A Psychotherapeutic Approach to the Suicidal Patient
Authors: Mayer Doris Y.
Published: August 2008

When a patient tells his therapist, directly or indirectly, that he is contemplating suicide, his communication is likely to evoke a strong reaction, although, like the patient's plea, it may, or may not be straightforward.
Respiratory Relief: A New and Rapid Method for the Treatment of Phobic States
Authors: Orwin A.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of phobic states by desensitization is tedious and not always completely successful (Marks, 1969). Recently newer methods claiming improvement in speed and efficacy have been introduced, such as flooding or implosion (for example, Boulougouris et al., 1971) and prolonged exposure (Watson et al., 1971). An approach based on respiratory control which seems to be as effective as other methods and even more rapid in action is described in this short paper.
Some Contributions to the Measurement of Psychopathology
Authors: Fleiss Joseph L. , Gurland Barry J. , Cooper John E.
Published: August 2008

This paper presents some of the more important results of a factor analysis of the mental state ratings made as part of the United States–United Kingdom Diagnostic Project's cross-national study. The project was organized in order to help account for the large differences between the two countries in the admission rates for schizophrenia and for the affective disorders (see Kramer, 1969, and Zubin, 1969). The major results of the study have been reported by Cooper, Kendell et al. (1969), Gurland et al. (1969), Cooper (1970), and Cooper, Kendell, Gurland et al. (1972).
The Relationship of Extraversion and Neuroticism to the Eeg
Authors: Young J. P. R. , Lader M. H. , Fenton G. W.
Published: August 2008

In a recent series of investigations significant but conflicting relationships have been claimed between the two personality dimensions extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) and certain spontaneous and induced features of the normal EEG. Savage (1964), using alpha abundance data from automatic frequency analysis, demonstrated a significant positive correlation between extraversion and high alpha amplitude. Extraversion has been similarly related to the amplitude of the averaged evoked potential waveform (Shagass and Schwartz, 1965). However, in an investigation by Broadhurst and Glass (1969) both alpha amplitude and prevalence bore an inverse relationship to E scores; extraversion was significantly associated with the rate of change of potential of the EEG, as was neuroticism with the alpha frequency. More recently, Winteret al. (1971) could find no direct relationship between extraversion and EEG amplitude, though there was a tendency for low amplitude activity to be associated with high neuroticism scores. The findings were interpreted as showing a significant interaction between the variables measured, the relationship of extraversion and amplitude varying according to the neuroticism score.
The Language of Schizophrenia: a Review and Interpretation
Authors: Maher Brendan
Published: August 2008

Psychopathologists have tended to regard the phenomena of schizophrenic language as reflections of a more basic disturbance of thought. Writings on these topics generally link them together (e.g., Kasanin's Language and Thought in Schizophrenia, 1944). Critchley (1964), from his survey of major aspects of psychotic speech, concluded that the ‘causation of schizophrenic speech affection lies in an underlying thought disorder, rather than in a linguistic inaccessibility’. Differences of opinion are evident as to what the nature of this thinking disorder might be. Regression (Gardner, 1931; Kasanin, 1944), excessive concreteness of thought (Goldstein, 1944; Milgram, 1959) and deficiency in logical deductive reasoning (Von Domarus, 1944) are some of the more prominent hypotheses to be found in the literature relating to this problem.
Antiandrogen (Cyproterone Acetate) Therapy in Deviant Hypersexuality
Authors: Cooper Alan J. , Ismail A. A. A. , Phanjoo A. L. , Love D. L.
Published: August 2008

The management of sexual delinquents, especially those with compulsive putting into action of aggressive sexual impulses, poses great problems for the medical profession from the therapeutic as well as the moral standpoint. In the past thirty years or so numerous different approaches have been tried with varying degrees of success. A much abridged list of more recent treatment procedures includes: surgical castration (Stürup, 1968), sedative and/or tranquillizer drugs (Litkey and Feniczy, 1967; Bartholomew, 1968), female sex hormones (Allen, 1970); psychological measures such as psychotherapy (Ellis, 1956; Mayerson and Lief, 1965; Allen, 1970) and/or behaviour (‘aversion’) therapy (MacCulloch and Feldman, 1967) and ‘right up-to-date’ hypothalamotomy (B.M. J., 1969). Unfortunately surgery, which is the most reliably effective of these treatments, may have unpleasant sequelae; its use, which (in Britain at least) is beset with ethical problems, is therefore justified in only the most recalcitrant and/or dangerous types of offender, and only then when other methods have failed.
In-patient Cost Variability amongst Mental Subnormality Hospitals
Authors: Moores B. , Casmas S.
Published: August 2008

As part of an investigation concerned with investment by both hospitals and local authorities in mental health a number of analyses were made of various published statistics relating to costs and other operating characteristics. In the particular case of spending in mental subnormality hospitals what emerges is a pattern of such surprising variability that it was felt worthwhile presenting the information. It would appear that this particular crude analysis has not been pursued previously despite the existence of the great mass of cost statistics collected, processed, published and circulated within the Health Service. As the Service spent £39·1m. on these hospitals during the fiscal year 1968–69 one might have expected this comparative cost information to have been used in any planning process, particularly when, as will be seen, the magnitude of the variability is so considerable.
Do Mental Events Exist? Physiological Adumbrations
Authors: Ray J. J.
Published: August 2008

In this paper, elaboration of a Realist answer to some of the classical questions of psychology and epistemology will be sought, starting from a knowledge of Soviet and Western findings in psychophysiology (particularly the work of Pavlov, 1932, and Hebb, 1949; see also the summary by Burt, 1968). The point of departure taken in the philosophical literature is the paper by Place (1969). This paper will adopt a reflexological model of brain function—with its implied view that memory is synaptically encoded. While this model has largely fallen into disfavour it is used here paradigmatically—to show that well-developed physiological models in general can provide a satisfactory account of ‘mental’ phenomena.
The Diagnostic Significance of Overinclusive Thinking in an Unselected Psychiatric Population
Authors: Payne R. W. , Hawks D. V. , Friedlander D. , Hart D. S.
Published: August 2008

Cameron (1938, 1939) suggested that schizophrenic thought disorder is largely the result of overinclusive thinking, which he defined as the inability to preserve conceptual boundaries. Payne, Matussek and George (1959) developed a battery of objective measures of overinclusive thinking, which they found differentiated between an acute schizophrenic and a neurotic control group. Payne and Hewlett (1960) found that a battery of tests of overinclusive thinking intercorrelated as expected. They were able to obtain a factor score from their overinclusion test battery which differentiated a group of acute schizophrenic patients from control groups of depressives, neurotics and normal subjects. Payne and Friedlander (1962), on the basis of this factorial study, suggested a short battery of three measures of overinclusive thinking consisting of the number of ‘Non-A’ or unusual responses to the Object Classification Test (Payne, 1962), the average number of words used in explaining the Benjamin Proverbs given under special 'stress free’ instructions, and the average number of objects classified together in the ‘handing over’ section of the Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sorting Test. This standard test battery has been the operational definition of overinclusive thinking in a number of studies. Only one study of the reliability of this test battery appears to have been carried out. Hawks and Payne (1971) report the correlations obtained from a group of 54 psychiatric inpatients who were retested after a 4-day interval. The test-retest correlation coefficient (uncorrected) obtained from the Combined Transformed score (Payne and Friedlander, 1962) was 0 · 87. The reliabilities of the individual tests ranged from 0·77 to 0·86.
Interaction in University Selection, Mental Health and Academic Performance
Authors: Lucas C. J. , Stringer Peter
Published: August 2008

The last decade has seen a shift in the emphasis of research into student problems and student performance. On the psychological side there has been a move away from somewhat static concepts of personality measurement and intellectual assessment, and the concomitant preoccupation with prediction and selection, towards a more interactive approach in which individual aspects are related to academic and social processes (e.g. Sanford, 1962; Lavin, 1965; Wankowski, 1969). On the mental health side there has been a shift from 'syndrome identification’ towards a more dynamic appraisal of personal and social forces and their interaction (Grant, 1969; Ryle, 1969; Lucas and Linken, (1970).
‘Psychological’ Constructs and ‘Psychological’ Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: McPherson F. M.
Published: August 2008

The constructs (Kelly, 1955) which individuals use when describing other people may be classified as ‘psychological’, i.e. those referring to the personality and emotional state of the people, or as ‘objective’, i.e. those referring to their physical characteristics, social class, clothing etc.
Psychosomatic and Behavioural Mechanisms in Psychogenic Infertility
Authors: Mai F. M. M. , Munday R. N. , Rump E. E.
Published: August 2008

‘Psychogenic infertility’ refers to the state of childlessness in which psychological factors play an aetiological role. Use of the term ‘psychogenic’ implies that there is a reluctance or an ambivalence on the part of one or both partners towards conception. There is a considerable literature on psychogenic infertility, which has been reviewed elsewhere (Noyes and Chapnick, 1964; Mai, 1969). Although much of this literature is conflicting and inconclusive, it does suggest an association between disturbed sexuality and infertility in the female. Such a causal relationship might be mediated by two types of mechanism.
Who is Educating Whom?
Authors: Lear T. E. , Lewington Jeanne
Published: August 2008

The following report is about the procedure which was developed to involve school young people with mental hospital personnel, and the transactions between people in multiple organizations involved with this are described. Youth volunteers working in a mental hospital were making some sort of impact which seemed worth looking at in more detail with the various people involved to seek meaning in a phenomenon. The working relationship of a hospital-based Voluntary Services Organizer (J.L.) and a Consultant Psychiatrist (T.L.) is portrayed.
Incest
Authors: Lukianowicz Narcyz
Published: August 2008

Paternal incest has been known and recorded in all periods of history and in all types of civilization. It seems to be a universal phenomenon which does not recognize any historical, geographical, racial or social boundaries: it was practised by royal families in classical Egypt, Greece, Peru and Japan; it occurred among some ruling families in mediaeval Europe; nowadays it has been reported in most industrial countries of Europe and America, as well as in the remote islands of Polynesia. Incest seems to exist everywhere, in spite of the fact that it is regarded as taboo in many primitive societies (Cooper, 1932; Freud, 1919; Walker, 1940), and is condemned in all Western societies, both by the Church, which regards it as a serious 'sin’ and by the Law, which makes it an indictable offence.
The Effects of Clomiphene in Impotence a Clinical and Endocrine Study
Authors: Cooper Alan J. , Ismail A. A. A. , Harding T. , Love D. N.
Published: August 2008

Hormone treatment for impotence and impotentia ejaculandi (delayed or absent ejaculation in the presence of normal erections and desire) (Johnson, 1965) is based on two assumptions: namely—that (1) potency in the male is androgen dependent and (2) impotency is due to relative androgen deficiency (Miller, 1968; Margolis et al., 1967; Sobotka, 1969). The synthetic preparations most frequently used are methyl testosterone, various esters, including the propionate, deconate, enanthate, etc. (Tuthill, 1955; Kupperman, 1967) and more recently a number of testosterone- ‘aphrodisiac’ combinations (Margolis et al., 1967; Cooper et al., 1971, etc.). Despite some claims of therapeutic success for the various regimes, the administration of exogenous hormones has several pharmacologic disadvantages. For instance methyl testosterone, which has to be taken sublingually or bucally, may be associated with severe toxic effects such as cholestatic jaundice, etc. (Goodman and Gilman, 1965). Parenterally administered testosterone esters, although less toxic and more certainly absorbed than methyl testosterone, have all the drawbacks of the intramuscular route; also their rate(s) of tissue release may not be optimal for metabolism. Additionally, all these synthetic compounds may inhibit endogenous testosterone formation and spermatogenesis by suppressing pituitary gonadotrophins. Long term administration may result in Leydig cell inactivity and even disuse atrophy. Recently Harkness et al. (1964, 1968) have observed that clomiphene (Fig. 1), a non-steroid triethylene derivative which in females stimulates the anovulatory ovary to secrete oestrogens (Bishop, 1970), significantly raised the levels of urinary steroid metabolites, including testosterone, in a proportion of ‘normal’ and corticosteroid deficient males. This unexpected testosterone elevating effect suggested its possible ‘experimental’ use as an alternative drug treatment in impotence. Accordingly a limited pilot study on five ‘primary’ (non-organic) impotent males was conducted: its main aims were (a) to assess the potential clinical utility of the drug and (b) to study its effects on the ‘pituitary-testes-axis' as reflected by plasma testosterone levels.
Hand and Eye Dominance in Schizophrenia
Authors: Oddy H. G. , Lobstein T. J.
Published: August 2008

Venables (1969) has suggested that a disturbance of lateral balance might be found in schizophrenia. Since this balance may be reflected in the hand dominance shown by the individual an investigation into the handedness of schizophrenics was carried out.
The Measurement of Work Performance of Psychiatric Patients: A Reappraisal
Authors: Cheadle A. J. , Morgan R.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Cheadle et al., 1967) we described a form in use in this hospital since 1961 for rating the work performance of psychiatric patients. The form was shown to possess adequate inter-rater reliability and predictive validity, but it had certain shortcomings which we have tried to remove in a revised version. This (Fig. 1) consists of 16 items of work behaviour each rated on a five point scale and scoreable by awarding o for each tick in the left hand column, 1 for each in the next column and so on, 4 being given for each tick in the right hand column. The lower the score the better the performance.
A Case of Oxazepam (Serenid D) Dependence
Authors: Hanna S. M.
Published: August 2008

There is evidence that dependence can develop to tranquillizers and that they can cause states of physical dependence similar to those obtained with barbiturates. Withdrawal manifestations are usually less severe and of shorter duration. They include agitation, restlessness, tremor, muscle twitching, insomnia, anxiety, depression and confusional states with disorientation. After high doses hallucinations, delirium and convulsions can occur.
A Single Daily Dose of a New Form of Amitriptyline in Depressive Illness
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

In order to try to overcome the common clinical experience of patients who do not take the drugs prescribed for them (Wilcox et al., 1965) a sustained release form of amitriptyline (Lentizol) has recently been made available. This trial was undertaken to test the efficacy of this formulation given once daily at night compared to standard amitriptyline given thrice daily.
Influenza Infection Causing Manic Psychosis
Authors: Steinberg D. , Hirsch S. R. , Marston S. D. , Reynolds K. , Sutton R. N. P.
Published: August 2008

Although depression is well known as a sequel to influenza, mania is not. We describe a patient with a severe psychotic illness who first showed features of a confusional state but then developed a manic psychosis. The occurrence of functional affective psychoses during or following systemic physical illness has been well described (Bonhoeffer, 1909; Kraepelin, 1921; Kiloh, 1961; Post, 1965), but the nature of the relationship has never been clear. In some instances, the physical illness may simply act as a form of non-specific stress precipitating the mental disorder; evidence for a more direct patho-physiological relationship has been lacking. When, in addition to a background of physical illness, a patient shows disorientation and clouding of consciousness together with signs of a manic psychosis, the diagnostic problem is especially difficult, particularly so since a confusional state can occur as part of a severe manic illness (Maudsley, 1895; Kraepelin, 1921). Conversely, hypomanic symptoms can occur in an organic psychosis (Bonhoeffer, 1909).
Psychoinfantilism and Chromosome Abnormalities
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Thomsen Niels
Published: August 2008

The following study has been made on the background of the finding by Kramp and Nielsen (1968) of enlarged short arms of a chromosome in the 21-22 group in four out of five psychoinfantile members of a family with a case of Down's syndrome.
Does the Chronic Psychiatric Patient Understand Plain English?
Authors: Cheadle J. , Morgan R.
Published: August 2008

We are continually nagging patients. In a hospital which specializes in the rehabilitation of the chronic psychiatric patient (Morgan, Cushing and Manton, 1965) this is understandable. It goes on informally between nurse or doctor and patient, and at formal case conferences. Good advice is given on these occasions by a variety of people, in a variety of ways, and the patient responds with a variety of results.
Morale in Clinical Medicine
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2008

Most people feel that they understand the word ‘morale’, though few may have attempted to think precisely about it. Certainly all great leaders throughout time have understood it in varying degrees, often purely instinctively. ‘Morale is at bottom a state of will or purpose’ was the way Hocking (1918) wrote of it in his book Morale and its Enemies, and over two hundred years ago Marshal Saxe in the same vein remarked ‘The secret of victory lies in the heart of human beings'.
Interpersonal Patterns in Alcoholic Marriages
Authors: Rae J. B. , Drewery J.
Published: August 2008

In a previous study (Drewery and Rae, 1969), using the Interpersonal Perception Technique (I.P.T.) (Drewery, 1969), it was found that while the husbands and wives of the non-patient marriages had a clear concept of masculinity which they shared, the partners in the alcoholic marriages lacked this consensus; they were confused about the male socio-sexual role, and this confusion expressed itself in a conflictful interplay of dependence and independence needs. The conclusions then reported were applied to alcoholic marriages as if they formed a homogeneous group. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that when alcoholic marriages are dichotomized in terms of the wives' Pd characteristics, two qualitatively and quantitatively distinct marital patterns would be revealed.
Psychiatry in the Casualty Department
Authors: Anstee B. H.
Published: August 2008

Few papers have been published on psychiatric disorders presenting in casualty departments. Such a study was last reported at Guy's Hospital in 1960 by Blackwell and Mallett. The present report deals with those psychiatric cases who attended the same casualty department during a recent period of twelve months.
Follow-up of Patients Recommended for Therapeutic Abortion
Authors: Todd N. A.
Published: August 2008

A survey has already been presented (British Journal of Psychiatry, November 1971) of all patients seen by the senior psychiatric staff of Leverndale Hospital and the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow, with a view to termination of pregnancy for the period of two years following the implementation of the Abortion Act, i.e. from April 1968 to April 1970. During this time 116 patients were seen, of whom 71·5 per cent were recommended for termination. Follow-up of cases not so recommended showed that one-third obtained abortion elsewhere; the rest apparently made a reasonable adjustment to their situation.
Ketamine (“Ketalar”): A Safer Anaesthetic for ECT
Authors: Brewer C. L. , Davidson J. R. T. , Hereward S.
Published: August 2008

Ketamine (‘Ketalar’), a recently introduced phencyclidine derivative, is a dissociative anaesthetic agent with a number of unique and useful properties. Its most important advantages are the relatively good preservation of the swallowing and cough reflexes, and its rapid absorption following intramuscular injection. In addition, it has little depressant effect on respiration, while blood pressure is usually raised (Morgan et al., 1971; Bovill et al., 1971). It also has the effect of increasing muscular tone, thus preventing airway obstruction by the tongue.
The Effect of Psychiatric Education on Attitudes to Illness Among the Ganda
Authors: Orley J. H. , Leff J. P.
Published: August 2008

The Ganda are the most numerous tribe in Uganda. They live around the capital, Kampala, along the north-west shore of Lake Victoria and up to 50 to 100 miles inland. They are a Bantu-speaking people, surrounded by other Bantu to the east, west and south, with Nilotic people to the north.
General Paresis in the Psychiatric Department of a General Hospital in India
Authors: Rao A. Venkoba , Ranganathan P. S. , Natarajan M.
Published: August 2008

Thirty-four first admissions between the years 1964 and 1970 into the Department of Psychiatry, Erskine Hospital, Madurai, South India, who were diagnosed as general paresis formed the material for this prospective study. Diagnosis was based on clinical and positive blood and CSF serology, and on Lange's paretic reaction in the CSF.
The Prognosis of Affective Disorders: the Differentiation of Anxiety States from Depressive Illnesses
Authors: Schapira Kurt , Roth Martin , Kerr T. A. , Gurney Clair
Published: August 2008

That a distinction may be made on clinical grounds between anxiety states and depressive illnesses has been affirmed by some authors (Garmany, 1956, 1958; Stenbäck, 1963), and rejected by others (Mapother, 1926; Conrad, 1958; Ey, 1963; Lewis, 1950–1966). This problem is also of interest from a biological point of view in that anxiety neuroses represent in an exaggerated form an emotion that is ‘directly serviceable’ (Cannon, 1928) and one which has potential survival value for the organism. Moreover, analogous conditions can be reproduced experimentally in animals, while no convincing models have so far been described of states akin to depressive illnesses (McKinney and Bunney, 1969).
The Relationship of the Syndromes Called Endogenous and Neurotic Depression
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Andrews Gavin , Neilson Megan , Bianchi G. N.
Published: August 2008

The classification of depressive illness continues to be a subject for dispute. Studies in many areas support the view that there are two distinct forms of depression, but until techniques of multivariate analysis became available it was difficult to obtain definite support for either the unitary or the binary view.
The Therapeutic Effect of Lithium Carbonate on a Patient with a Forty-Eight Hour Periodic Psychosis
Authors: Hanna S. M. , Jenner F. A. , Pearson I. B. , Sampson Gwyneth A. , Thompson Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2008

In a series of previous papers fairly detailed studies of an individual patient with a precisely timed forty-eight hour periodic psychosis have been presented. Jenner (1963), and Jenner, Gjessing, Cox, Davis-Jones, Hullin and Hanna (1967) have presented the clinical findings. Essentially, for thirteen years the patient regularly suffered from one day of depression alternating with one day of hypomania. The change of state occurred during sleep, usually between 02.00 and 03.00 hours. There were only eight major defects of the cycle in ten years. The timing of the cycle was however influenced by the environment; this was confirmed when the patient lived in an artificial environment in which a day and night totalled twenty-two hours instead of twenty-four. The psychotic cycle then became one of forty-four hours rather than forty-eight (Jenner, Goodwin, Sheridan, Tauber and Lobban (1968)).
Divorce Among Psychiatric Out-patients
Authors: Woodruff Robert A. , Guze Samuel B. , Clayton Paula J.
Published: August 2008

Though divorce is frequent among psychiatric patients, its relative frequency among persons with various psychiatric disorders remains unclear. In addition, it is unclear to what extent family history variables, variables of the sexual history or marital history, or environmental deprivation are associated with divorce.
The Impact of the Abortion Act: A Psychiatrist's Observations
Authors: Priest R. G.
Published: August 2008

The hopes and fears of many different sections of the population were pinned on the legislation that took effect on 27 April 1968. To some it represented the admission of civil rights long denied, to others it seemed an uneasy compromise. The implications of the new Act have been reviewed by Hordern (1971), but there is still much confusion in the mind of the man in the street (and particularly the woman in the street) about what the legal position now is. Many laymen are under the impression that one can now obtain abortion on demand, but they must be balanced against those cynics who feel that the situation has not been changed in effect from what obtained in earlier years. There is certainly a lot of misunderstanding about what may be regarded as 'social’ reasons for termination of pregnancy, and this extends to a common belief that the majority of terminations are carried out under this category.