bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconciling Design Issues and Values in Simulations
Authors: Spindler Laraine , Leigh Elyssebeth
Published: September 2003

Australia's geographic position in the southeast quadrant of Asia can hardly be disputed, but the historical and emotional ties, until recent times, have been with England and Europe rather than the countries to the north. As the nation take steps to adjust awareness of its location and implications for international relationships and economic development, it has simultaneously been revising its understanding of the past, with specific and ongoing concern for redressing past injustices toward indigenous Australians. The University of Technology, Sydney, actively promotes intercultural awareness among its highly diverse staff and student body, with a special concern for providing for indigenous learners and staff. As academics, the authors had an opportunity to design an interactive online learning activity for exploring issues of Reconciliation within this wider context. As they worked on clarifying a design brief, the authors realized that more fundamental beliefs and issues were shaping their discussions. This article reports on what happened when they found that they were unable to continue with the initial brief and instead moved to reconsider their separate and mutual perceptions of intercultural issues shaping the process of Reconciliation in Australia. This led to design of a simulation for values-based learning adaptable to issues of Reconciliation and other ways of achieving cultural conflict-resolution.
Use of Business Simulation Games in Hong Kong
Authors: Chang Jimmy
Published: September 2003

A major survey covering all seven Hong Kong universities, polytechnics, and colleges was administered to examine current usage of business simulation games and how and why they were used. The findings from this study were favorable.
Business Simulation Games: The Hong Kong Experience
Authors: Chang Jimmy , Lee Mary , Ng Kwan-ling , Moon Ka-Leung
Published: September 2003

This article describes the results of a survey of 93 final-year degree students concerning their views toward using Thavikulwat's DEAL: A Business Gaming Simulation. The focus is on students' perception of the usefulness of using computer simulation as a learning tool in a strategic management course. Certain comparison was made with other similar studies in Australia and the United States. Highlights of positive as well as much less possible comments from local students on business games were also stressed.
Computer-Based Performance Simulation for Building Design and Evaluation: The Singapore Perspective
Authors: Hien Wong Nyuk , Poh Lam Khee , Feriadi Henry
Published: September 2003

This article provides an overview of the usage of performance-based simulation tools for building design and evaluation in Singapore based on an extensive industry survey. It highlights the status and difficulties encountered in the usage and the needs of the industry for such tools. Recommendations are also given to promote the pervasive use of such simulation tools.
Reducing Juvenile Recidivism: Evaluating the Wraparound Services Model
Authors: Carney Michelle M. , Buttell Frederick
Published: September 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study was to (a) evaluate the relative effectiveness of wraparound services versus conventional services for juvenile delinquent youth and (b) create a predictive model that would assist the juvenile court system in correctly identifying youth at greatest risk of reoffending. Method: The study employed a pretest/posttest, control group design, with 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up assessments, of 141 youth court-ordered into community-based treatment programs for delinquent youth. Results: Analysis indicated that few of the variables studied differentiated between wraparound services recipients and conventional service recipients. However, a logistic regression model was developed that correctly predicted recidivism for 79% of the sample at the 6-month follow-up assessment (chi-square = 27.211, df =6, p = .0001) and 78% of the sample at the 18-month follow-up assessment (chi-square = 16.453, df =8, p = .036). Conclusions: Implications of the findings for improving community-based juvenile diversion programs for delinquent youth were explored and discussed.
Chinese People's Explanations of Poverty: The Perceived Causes of Poverty Scale
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: September 2003

Objective: Existing studies of lay explanations of poverty in the social work literature are plagued with methodological problems. The psychometric properties of the 13-item Chinese Perceived Causes of Poverty Scale (CPCPS), which assessed four categories of explanations of poverty, were examined. Method: Chinese parents and their adolescent children from 229 families experiencing economic hardship were asked to respond to the CPCPS. Results: Results consistently showed that four factors were abstracted from the scale: Personal Problems, Exploitation, Lack of Opportunity, and Fate. The four related subscales were also found to be internally consistent, and there was some support for their construct validity. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the CPCPS possesses sound psychometric properties. The findings also point out the importance of empirically demonstrating the existence of measures assessing different constructs when social work practitioners and researchers examine lay explanations of poverty.
Leader and Therapeutic Influences on Prosocial Skill Building in School-Based Groups to Prevent Aggression
Authors: Letendre Joan , Henry David , Tolan Patrick H.
Published: September 2003

Objective: Increasingly, social workers are using standardized skill-building models to provide services to children that are time limited, focused on specific attainable goals, and easily evaluated. Scant attention has been paid to the impact of leader and group factors on the behavioral change of participants in skill-building groups. Method: Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effects of leader education and experience, therapeutic alliance, and group participation on the prosocial skill development of low-income, elementary-aged children at risk for aggressive behavior. A total of 794 children participated in 106 groups led by 24 graduate/non-graduate-level leaders. Results: Findings indicated that development of prosocial skills decreased aggressive behaviors in the groups. Education level of the leader and group participation contributed to skill development. Experience level implementing the intervention affected aggression level. Conclusions: The findings have important implications for training and supervision of group facilitators, future research on skill-based groups with children, and generalization of skills to school, family, and community settings.
The Effects of Cross-System Collaboration on Mental Health and Substance Abuse Problems of Detained Youth
Authors: Jenson Jeffrey M. , Potter Cathryn C.
Published: September 2003

Objective: This study examined the effects of a collaborative intervention targeting 107 juvenile detainees with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse problems. Method: Changes in mental health problems, substance use, and delinquency between pretest and 3-and 6-month follow-up were assessed. Three distinct clusters of detained youth characterized by varying levels of self-reported symptoms and behaviors across these three problem domains were included in a series of repeated measures analyses. Results: Significant time effects were found for anxiety and depression and for the frequency of substance use and delinquency between pretest and 3- and 6-month follow-up. Significant time by cluster interactions were found for mental health problems of obsessive-compulsive behavior and interpersonal sensitivity and for property and drug-related offending. Conclusions: Cross-system collaboration among mental health, substance abuse, and juvenile justice systems is a promising approach for treating delinquent youth with co-occurring problem behaviors.
The Efficacy of an Integrated Group Treatment Program for Depressed Assisted Living Residents
Authors: Cummings Sherry M.
Published: September 2003

In response to the rapid increase of the elderly population, assisted living facilities have quickly developed as a housing alternative for elders who are no longer able to live alone in the community but do not yet need nursing home care. Research suggests that whereas many assisted living residents experience depression, few receive needed mental health services. Objective: Examine the effectiveness of a group treatment program in promoting the psychological well-being of depressed assisted living elders. Method: Seventeen elders participated in 10 group therapy sessions that combined remotivation and supportive therapy techniques. Pre- and posttest measures and a program satisfaction survey were administered by research assistants. Results: Following the conclusion of the twice weekly sessions, participants experienced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms and a significant increase in life satisfaction and perceived social support. Conclusion: The utility and efficacy of the integrated group treatment model is suggested by study findings. Further research is warranted.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Professional Opinion Scale: A Values Assessment Instrument
Authors: Abbott Ann A.
Published: September 2003

Objective: The objective of this study was to reaffirm, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the four value subscales (respect for basic rights, sense of social responsibility, commitment to individual freedom, and support of self-determination) identified in the initial exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the Professional Opinion Scale (POS). Method: The CFA reported here suggests that four items included in the original POS be repositioned, and eight items be removed, resulting in a 32-item updated version of the POS. Results: A final model, incorporating correlations of disturbances or errors between four pairs of similarly worded items, resulted in the best fit model. Conclusion: Although the final CFA does not support the entirety of the four factors identified by EFA, the resulting version of the POS, supported by goodness of fit indices, does support the four value subscales with minor modifications.
The Koala has Claws: Applications of the Shifting Perspectives Model in Research of Chronic Illness
Authors: Paterson Barbara L.
Published: September 2003

The Shifting Perspectives Model of Chronic Illness was recently developed in the metasynthesis of more than 250 qualitative research reports about chronic illness. The model proposes that people with chronic illness view living with their disease in accordance with how much wellness or illness is in the foreground of their experience. It also identifies a number of circumstances and situations that can prompt a shift from wellness or illness in the foreground to wellness or illness in the background. One such situation is being interviewed or observed as a participant in research about the experience of living with a chronic disease. The author reviews the model, providing excerpts from an interview with a key informant with a chronic illness to substantiate the model and to identify a number of implications of the model for researchers. She highlights some of the difficulties and limitations encountered when researchers attempt to define the experience of living with chronic illness through the lens of a single perspective.
Do we Need Methodological Theory to Do Qualitative Research?
Authors: Avis Mark
Published: September 2003

Positivism is frequently used to stand for the epistemological assumption that empirical science based on principles of verificationism, objectivity, and reproducibility is the foundation of all genuine knowledge. Qualitative researchers sometimes feel obliged to provide methodological alternatives to positivism that recognize their different ethical, ontological, and epistemological commitments and have provided three theories: phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography. The author argues that positivism was a doomed attempt to define empirical foundations for knowledge through a rigorous separation of theory and evidence; offers a pragmatic, coherent view of knowledge; and suggests that rigorous, rational empirical investigation does not need methodological theory. Therefore, qualitative methodological theory is unnecessary and counterproductive because it hinders critical reflection on the relation between methodological theory and empirical evidence.
The Newfound Credibility of Qualitative Research? Tales of Technical Essentialism and Co-Option
Authors: Barbour Rosaline S.
Published: September 2003

Qualitative research is no longer the “poor relation” to quantitative research that it has been in the past. However, it is important to monitor the manner in which it is becoming incorporated into the mainstream. In this article, the author examines current dangers and challenges by critically reviewing current developments affecting our own research practice. It is argued that technical essentialism (including the co-option of grounded theory) characterizes many responses to qualitative research. The author concludes by suggesting that our own everyday research practice, involving teaching and supervision, provides an opportunity to advance debates about rigor by allowing us to formulate a considered response that respects both the complexities and the unique contribution that qualitative research can make.
Metasynthesis: The State of the Art—So Far
Authors: Finfgeld Deborah L.
Published: September 2003

To make qualitative results more accessible to clinicians, researchers, and policy makers, individuals are urged to synthesize findings from related studies. Since 1994, several types of metasynthesis have been conducted, resulting in theory building, theory explication, and substantive descriptions of phenomena. A variety of methodologies have been used to complete these projects, as no firm metasynthesis guidelines exist. As such, the purpose of this article is to discuss recently completed works and draw inferences regarding key methodological elements and research study integrity. The author also offers suggestions for future investigations.
Reinterpretations Across Studies: An Approach to Meta-Analysis
Authors: McCormick Janice , Rodney Patricia , Varcoe Colleen
Published: September 2003

The authors undertook a qualitative meta-analysis of their own studies to examine the context of health care and health care relationships. They “translated” selected concepts and metaphors from each study through those of the other studies, yielding new interpretations. In this article, they present their methods, discuss possible applications of this approach, and examine some issues that remain unresolved in the area of qualitative meta-analysis. They offer this approach, which produced broader perspectives than the individual studies afforded, as a promising way of synthesizing qualitative findings, providing a foundation for praxis, and influencing practice toward health and social justice.
Health Care Relationships in Context: An Analysis of Three Ethnographies
Authors: Varcoe Colleen , Rodney Patricia , McCormick Janice
Published: September 2003

A qualitative meta-analysis of three ethnographic studies conducted by the original investigators of those studies yielded new understandings of the dynamics of health care relationships in context. Through this analysis, the authors show that moral judgments and decision making in health care are highly relational and contextual. The use of power to compel health care providers and patients to comply with organizational practices is shown as fundamental to organizational functioning, and nurses participate in activities that often perpetuate conditions that contribute to their own moral distress. Furthermore, resistant actions often operate to sustain the practice patterns and ideologies being resisted. The authors call for an understanding of moral distress as relational and for collective strategies to counter practices that thwart ethical practice.
Classifying the Findings in Qualitative Studies
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete , Barroso Julie
Published: September 2003

A key task in conducting research integration studies is determining what features to account for in the research reports eligible for inclusion. In the course of a methodological project, the authors found a remarkable uniformity in the way findings were produced and presented, no matter what the stated or implied frame of reference or method. They describe a typology of findings, which they developed to bypass the discrepancy between method claims and the actual use of methods, and efforts to ascertain its utility and reliability. The authors propose that the findings in journal reports of qualitative studies in the health domain can be classified on a continuum of data transformation as no finding, topical survey, thematic survey, conceptual/thematic description, or interpretive explanation.
Multidisciplinary Cross-National Studies: A Commentary on Issues of Collaboration, Methodology, Analysis, and Publication
Authors: Treloar Carla , Graham Ian D.
Published: September 2003

Although multicenter studies proliferate in quantitative health and medical studies, few examples of similar multidisciplinary cross-national qualitative studies exist. In this article, the authors present a commentary on this type of study based on their involvement with two international projects. Issues include maintaining coinvestigators' participation in an international qualitative project with limited funding; difficulties in promoting collaboration in protocol development; factors inhibiting interest and enthusiasm; ethical concerns; issues of data recording, language, coding, and analysis; and implications for write-up and publication. Despite the difficulties and challenges posed at each stage of the process, the authors remain convinced of the value of these projects and provide recommendations for facilitating future multidisciplinary cross-national qualitative health projects.
Data Mining: Qualitative Analysis with Health Informatics Data
Authors: Castellani Brian , Castellani John
Published: September 2003

The new computational algorithms emerging in the data mining literature—in particular, the self-organizing map (SOM) and decision tree analysis (DTA)—offer qualitative researchers a unique set of tools for analyzing health informatics data. The uniqueness of these tools is that although they can be used to find meaningful patterns in large, complex quantitative databases, they are qualitative in orientation. To illustrate the utility of these tools, the authors review the two most popular: the SOM and DTA. They provide a basic definition of health informatics, focusing on how data mining assists this field, and apply the SOM and DTA to a hypothetical example to demonstrate what these tools are and how qualitative researchers can use them.
Methodological Issues in the Use of Published Cartoons as Data
Authors: Giarelli Ellen , Tulman Lorraine
Published: September 2003

When common understanding of a phenomenon is under investigation, mass media representation in general, and cartoon images in particular, are a useful source of data. Sample selection, data collection, and the analysis of constructed images differ from other kinds of data. Cartoonists may intend to stimulate multiple interpretations among readers. Uncovering these interpretations is essential to understanding public discourse of the phenomenon of interest. Semantic validation is used to assess the degree to which the meanings of text relative to their context are accurately represented. Analysis of the image and text of cartoons has the potential to yield important understanding of public discourse surrounding issues of the public's health and well-being.
Toward a Qualitative Epidemiology
Authors: Agar Michael
Published: September 2003

This article is based on an invited keynote lecture to the Qualitative Health Research meetings in Banff, Alberta, in April 2002 and so is written in an informal style. The author begins with problems in traditional epidemiology, with its focus on the case record and the epidemiological triad of host, agent, and environment. The idea of a person-in-context “movie” is offered as an alternative kind of case record, and broader issues of identity and context are added to enrich the explanations of those records. In the original presentation, an agent-based model in the style of complexity theory was demonstrated. That model is beyond the scope of this article and is now under review by a complexity journal; a draft manuscript is available on request.
Sustained, Intensive Engagement to Promote Health and Safety Knowledge Transfer to and Utilization by Workplaces
Authors: Kramer Desré M. , Cole Donald C.
Published: September 2003

The need to establish a positive relationship between the source of the knowledge and the user organization to achieve knowledge utilization is an established principle of knowledge transfer. Yet, the process of establishing such a relationship and its impact on knowledge utilization remains relatively unexplored in the field of workplace health and safety. This article describes such a knowledge transfer intervention with three manufacturing workplaces. Using qualitative methods, a knowledge broker documents and evaluates a knowledge transfer intervention and the utilization of a body of research on workplace health and safety. This article explores the issues of intensity, duration, and the interactive nature of positive relationship building and highlights the implications for knowledge transfer on workplace health and safety.
Motives to Seek Threatened and Endangered Species Information for Land-Use Decisions
Authors: Sinclair Janas , Mazzotti Frank , Graham Jocie
Published: September 2003

A survey based on the theory of planned behavior was administered to land-use decision makers in south Florida to examine motivation to use scientific information about threatened and endangered species for planning and regulation. Past behavior, attitude toward act, and social norms predicted 42 percent of the variance in intention to seek information such as the Multi-species Recovery Plan. Past behavior may be an important determinant for information-seeking behavior, and social norms may be particularly relevant for decision makers. Perceived behavior control may not be as relevant when past behavior levels are relatively low.
Diffusion of News about Research
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: September 2003

Analysis of media coverage of articles published in four elite scholarly journals, and the frequency of subsequent citation of those journal articles by other scholars, found evidence of news diffusion of the research to scientists. Breaking news coverage by twenty-four daily newspapers of articles from the Journal of the American Medical Association , Nature , the New England Journal of Medicine , and Science was associated with more frequent citations; coverage by network television was not. Breaking news coverage by the New York Times , when considered with coverage by television and other newspapers, was unrelated to citation rates.
Content Analysis of New York Times Coverage of Space Issues for the Year 2000
Authors: Clark Fiona , Illman Deborah L.
Published: September 2003

Human activities in space have changed and grown significantly in magnitude and complexity over the past several years, prompting an investigation of the extent to which media coverage reflects the current state of the space arena. This study provides overviews of recent developments in the space arena and of previous research on space coverage. A content analysis was conducted of all space-related stories and editorials found in the New York Times during the time period 1 January to 31 December 2000.The study characterizes New York Times coverage of the main elements of the space arena (civil, commercial, national security, and the associated legal/regulatory issues) during that time period and discusses some implications of this coverage.
Report: The Yearly Cafeteria of Science Releases Preemptive Strikes to Government Censorship
Authors: Valenti Joann Myer
Published: September 2003

Seminars, symposia, plenary lectures, special events, and a wide variety of other activities drew several thousand scientists, engineers, others interested in science, and science journalists to Denver, Colorado, 13-18 February 2003, for the 2003 Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Included in this report are some of the highlights of the meeting.
Immigration, Domestic Violence, and the Military
Authors: Erez Edna , Bach Shayna
Published: September 2003

This study addresses the abuse experiences of immigrant women married or engaged to U.S. servicemen and the response of military social service and legal systems. In-depth interviews of 10 immigrant women who were intimate partners of service members were conducted, emerging themes were identified in the data, and the intersectionality of immigration status and military spouse or intimate partner status in the lives of these women was explored. The findings confirm the role of military context, culture, and priorities in the abuse and the military systems' responses. The immigration circumstances and status interact with the military context to compound the abuse, further marginalize victims/survivors, and weaken the military social service and legal systems' response. The implications of the findings for military efforts to address domestic violence within the ranks are discussed.
Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse among Active Duty Military Women
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Garza Mary A. , Gielen Andrea Carlson , O'Campo Patricia , Kub Joan , Dienemann Jacqueline , Jones Alison Snow , Jafar Eiman
Published: September 2003

In a sample of 616 active duty military women, 30% reported adult lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV), defined as physical and/or sexual assault. The prevalence of IPV during the time of military service was 21.6%. Lifetime prevalence of any abuse, including emotional abuse and/or stalking, was 44.3%. Risk factors for IPV (lifetime and while in the military) from multivariate logistic regression were separated or divorced marital status (odds ratio = 5.23, 6.17, respectively), being widowed (odds ratio = 3.57, 4.57), having one child (odds ratio = 2.12, 2.49) or three or more children (odds ratio = 2.72, 3.34), and being enlisted personnel rather than officers (odds ratio = 2.45, 2.77). These prevalence rates and risk factors were similar to a demographically comparable civilian sample from the same geographic area. Existing military policies and programs should be examined and enhanced to maintain military readiness as well as reduce military women's risk of harm.
The Military, Militarism, and the Militarization of Domestic Violence
Authors: Adelman Madelaine
Published: September 2003

This article moves beyond the discussion of domestic violence in the military to a broader accounting of the militarization of domestic violence in Israel. In contrast to the dominant civilian-military paradigm, which assumes a limit on an army's effect on society, in Israel, boundaries between the military and society are highly permeable, even ambiguous. The civilianization of the army and the militarization of society in Israel render incomplete the research model of domestic violence in the military. Thus, the article explores how the centrality of the military, a pervasive ideology of militarism, and the militarization of society shape perpetration, understandings, and experiences of and responses to domestic violence in Israel. Specifically, four components of the militarization of domestic violence are discussed: causality, competition, critique, and context. The article closes by reflecting on what is gained by shifting the analytical perspective from domestic violence in the military to the militarization of domestic violence.
The Effects of Peer Group Climate on Intimate Partner Violence among Married Male U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: Rosen Leora N. , Kaminski Robert J. , Parmley Angela Moore , Knudson Kathryn H. , Fancher Peggy
Published: September 2003

This study examined the combined impact of individual-level and group-level variables on self-reported intimate partner violence, operationally defined as mild to severe physical aggression on the Modified Conflict Tactics Scale, among married male U.S. Army soldiers. The sample comprised 713 servicemen from 27 companies stationed at an Army post in the Alaskan interior. Group-level variables were based on individual reports on various dimensions of group climate aggregated at the company level. Contextual analyses were conducted using a variety of regression approaches. Individual-level predictor variables significantly associated with intimate partner violence included race, symptoms of depression, poor marital adjustment, alcohol problems, and a history of childhood abuse. Group-level predictor variables significantly associated with intimate partner violence included lower leadership support (vertical cohesion), a culture of hyper-masculinity (operationally defined as increased group disrespect), and lower support for spouses.
Seeking Justice
Authors: Rosenthal Lynn , McDonald Susan
Published: September 2003

In October 1999, Congress authorized the creation of the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence (DTFDV) as a 3-year effort to assist the secretary of defense in developing domestic violence prevention programs and interventions. The DTFDV began meeting in April 2000 and submitted its first report to the secretary of defense on February 28, 2001. This report included 68 recommendations addressing victim safety, offender accountability, education and training, and community collaboration. In February 2002, the DTFDV submitted its second report addressing these issues in greater detail and making an additional 86 recommendations. The National Network to End Domestic Violence reviewed the second report and addressed several key issues comments to the Department of Defense. The weaknesses of the report include its overall analysis of battering and its focus on clinical approaches to treatment and intervention. In contrast, the report has relatively strong recommendations for victim safety and confidentiality. This review examines both the strengths and weaknesses in these critical areas.
Welfare Policies and Domestic Abuse among Single Mothers
Authors: Gennetian Lisa A.
Published: September 2003

This article examines the effects on domestic abuse of a pilot welfare program that took place in urban and rural counties of Minnesota from 1994 to 1998. Like many other random assignment evaluations of welfare programs, this pilot program was not designed to explicitly test the effects of special provisions on victims of domestic abuse. Yet in urban counties, the Minnesota program increased employment and reduced domestic abuse among single-mother welfare recipients. Similar effects were not found in rural counties. Urban-rural differences were not a result of racial/ethnic composition but were likely related to differences in prior marital experiences.
Effects of Work on Hitting and Hurting
Authors: Brush Lisa D.
Published: September 2003

Researchers have documented the ways battering can impede work and impoverish women. This project looked at abuse, work, and poverty the other way around, asking, Does women's working affect abuse or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? This article reports 162 welfare recipients' subjective assessments of the effects their working had on physical violence, work-related abuse, and PTSD symptoms. For many respondents, work aggravated abuse, in which case their average wages and weeks worked were lower. Many respondents also reported that working ameliorated their symptoms. These findings explain contradictory results of previous studies and form the basis for research, policy, and practice recommendations.
Domestic Violence Prevalence and Effects on Employment in Two California TANF Populations
Authors: Meisel Joan , Chandler Daniel , Rienzi Beth Menees
Published: September 2003

Random samples of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients eligible for welfare-to-work activities (N = 632) were surveyed in two California counties for 3 consecutive years, starting in 1999. Overall, 54% of women interviewed at all three rounds met the criteria for an estimated need for domestic violence services at some point during the 3 years, but only 8% met the criteria in all 3 years. Estimated need for services and posttraumatic stress resulting from abuse were negatively associated with working at least 32 hours a week at the time of the interviews. Estimated need for services was associated with working fewer weeks in a year, having a lower wage income, and losing jobs during the year. Approximately half the women with estimated service needs had sought help from police, courts, a domestic violence agency, a counselor, or a physician.
Low-Income Mothers' Experience with Poor Health, Hardship, Work, and Violence
Authors: Romero Diana , Chavkin Wendy , Wise Paul H. , Smith Lauren A.
Published: September 2003

Welfare reform in 1996 increased work requirements for welfare recipients. Poor mothers face multiple barriers to work, among them poor health and abuse. In a sample (N = 504) of low-income mothers of children with chronic illnesses, women who had experienced violence had significantly worse health, experienced increased hardship, and faced more barriers to employment than women who did not experience violence. Battered women's health outcomes were assessed in the context of welfare policies that emphasize work without making reasonable accommodations for health and other employment barriers, including violence.
Cycles within Cycles
Authors: Bell Holly
Published: September 2003

The domestic violence literature documents the cyclical nature of women's relationships with violent partners. Furthermore, research on low-income women also indicates that many cycle between welfare and low-wage work. This qualitative study illustrates how these cycles intersect in the lives of 17 low-income battered women. Longitudinal in-depth interviews reveal three factors that may contribute to cycling in and out of both work and abusive relationships: lack of court-ordered child support, lack of formal child care, and interference or abuse that limits the woman's ability to work. The women's stories illustrate the limitations of the Family Violence Option. More flexible policies are needed to address domestic violence among Temporary Assistance to Needy Families recipients.
Weaving a Tangled Safety Net
Authors: Purvin Diane M.
Published: September 2003

Although researchers have documented the close connection between witnessing domestic violence as a female child and being abused in later relationships, the details of women's experiences over time are not well understood. Similarly, researchers have only begun to explore the connections between domestic violence and poverty and the profound consequences and damaging correlates of intimate abuse for poor mothers. This research report presents a case study to highlight the intergenerational legacy of domestic violence in poor families and to illuminate the ways public assistance may reinforce or short-circuit women's susceptibility and resistance.
Valuable Assistance or Missed Opportunities?
Authors: Postmus Judy L.
Published: September 2003

Do shelters help battered women navigate the welfare system and access waivers under the Family Violence Option (FVO)? Data on sheltered battered women's experiences with the New York State welfare system suggest that the answer is both yes and no. Sheltered women are granted waivers at a far higher rate than the general welfare population in New York State, and sheltered women report that shelter staff assistance makes it easier to apply for welfare. However, even sheltered women report problems with the FVO screening, referral, and waiver processes and complain about the problems of linking shelter with welfare.
The Tenure Trap
Authors: Burby Raymond J. , Steinberg Laura J. , Basolo Victoria
Published: September 2003

Natural disasters can result in releases of toxic materials that pose a grave threat to populations exposed to them. The authors provide evidence from California and Louisiana to show that in comparison with homeowners, renters are significantly less well prepared to survive a joint naturaland technologicaldisaster without injury. Rentalhousing can be targeted for public awareness and other measures that can improve the preparedness of tenants, but barriers that inhibit progress are substantial. Nevertheless, with a carefully crafted plan of action based on a variety of policy instruments, the tenure trap can be disabled.
High-Tech Growth and Telecommunications Infrastructure in Cities
Authors: Hackler Darrene
Published: September 2003

Although core physical infrastructure, such as transportation, is associated with the economic vitality of regions, the relationship between telecommunications infrastructure and high-tech economic development is relatively unexplored at the local level. This assessment explores the linkage between local high-tech growth and the capacity of telecommunications infrastructure in cities located in four metropolitan areas. The empirical results are contrary to conventional thought, indicating that a city with greater high-tech growth is likely to have less telecommunications infrastructure capacity. Although the paucity of local data on telecommunications infrastructure and the complexity of such empirical analysis affect the findings, the research serves as a foundation for future analysis of local high-tech economies and telecommunications infrastructure.
A Charter for the People?
Authors: Keil Roger , Young Douglas
Published: September 2003

The authors discuss municipal autonomy in Toronto and contextualize this debate by analyzing the recent history of governance restructuring in Toronto and Canada's changing state architecture. Specifically,proposals for and conversations about a possible Toronto charter are discussed. On the basis of document research and interviews,the authors present the arguments and politics of the main actors in the charter debate,noting that there is both agreement and disagreement among those interested in the issue about the exact functions,reach,and scope of the charter. The conclusion ties the debate back into the current policy debate on Canada's cities.
Regional Planning Policy and the Location of Employment in the Ile-De-France
Authors: Shearmur Richard , Alvergne Christel
Published: September 2003

Ongoing debate in North America concerns the effectiveness and efficiency of planning policy at the metropolitan level. Current quantitative research on the deployment of employment across metropolitan areas tends to assume that it is governed by market forces (as expressed through a variety of location factors). However,there are also calls for a form of metropolitan regionalism, for a consistent metropolitan policy framework to guide development and avoid sprawl. In the context of these methodological,interpretative,and policy debates,the authors examine whether the deployment of jobs across the Paris region,which has had a clear and consistent regional planning framework over the past 30 years,has been influenced by this policy. They conclude that over the 1978 to 1994 period,the suburbanization of jobs has been effectively channeled by the policy framework put in place in 1965. Hence, policy matters.
Does 9-11 Portend a New Paradigm for Cities?
Authors: Savitch H. V.
Published: September 2003

This essay suggests that 9-11 constitutes a critical event for urban scholars because it encapsulated and catalyzed a trend toward urban-based terror that had been building for a decade or more. The best way to put 9-11 in perspective and understand its significance is through a paradigm. In constructing the 9-11 paradigm, the author suggests a set of components that set the parameters for explanation. These consist of the diffusion of terror as an urban phenomenon, the economic ramifications of urban terror, and the impact of terror on the use of urban space. These components are not just mutually compatible but integral to the 9-11 paradigm. As a result of 9-11, public security, order, and protection have become central issues for cities. The paradigm also underscores the stakes held by national and intergovernmental elites in cities confronted by crisis.
Tearing Down the Wall: Problems with Consistency, Validity, and Adverse Impact of Physical Agility Testing in Police Selection
Authors: Lonsway Kimberly A.
Published: September 2003

This article examines the literature on the physical demands of police work, the use of physical agility testing in police selection, and women's performance as police officers. A survey was conducted with 62 police agencies regarding their physical agility test and the representation of sworn women. Results indicate that the vast majority (89%) of agencies use some form of physical agility testing for entry-level selection, and agencies with a test have 31% fewer sworn women than agencies without such a test (15.8% vs. 10.9%). Results also demonstrate a striking lack of agreement regarding the physical capabilities that should be tested and the standards that should be used to evaluate successful performance. In light of these results, women's proven ability to perform as police officers, and the legal requirements of preemployment testing, the article concludes by reviewing alternatives for physical agility testing in police officer selection.
The Relationship between Police Officers' Attitudes Toward Women and Perceptions of Police Models
Authors: Sims Barbara , Scarborough Kathryn E. , Ahmad Janice
Published: September 2003

This article argues for the nexus between more positive attitudes toward women and an acceptance by police officers of the characteristics and values associated with the community policing model. A survey including questions regarding attitudes toward women and toward both community and traditional policing models was administered to officers of the Little Rock, Arkansas, Police Department. Although some of the questions measuring attitudes toward women used in the present study were found to be predictors of attitudes toward community policing and traditional policing, others were not. The implications for these findings are discussed, and an argument is made for future inquiry into the effect of attitudes toward women on the acceptance of community policing.
Policing and Gender: Male and Female Perspectives among Members of the New Zealand Police
Authors: Butler Elizabeth K. , Winfree L. Thomas , Newbold Greg
Published: September 2003

This study examines possible gender differences among personnel of the New Zealand Police (NZP). Prior research suggests that male and female officers may have similar workplace perceptions. Therefore, two questions guide this study: (a) In terms of perceptions of the workplace, including job satisfaction, level of perceived support, and fairness of their supervisors, are female and male sworn officers in the NZP more like each other or their same-gender nonsworn cohort? (b) What are the effects of variables such as ethnicity, age, length of service, type of work assignment, work location, and orientations toward policing on the relationships between perceptions of the workplace, gender, and sworn status? The analyses suggest that although the men and women who provide policing services in New Zealand have many similar views on policing, their perspectives are due to some what different sets of forces. The policy implications of the findings are also addressed.
Women Police Chiefs: A Statistical Profile
Authors: Schulz Dorothy Moses
Published: September 2003

The goal of this study was to identify women chiefs of police, women sheriffs, and women in federal law enforcement at the rank of special agent in charge or above to establish a demographic profile of the women, to learn what types of agencies they led, and to discover whether there were any discernable pat-terns in their career paths to top leadership positions. Once the women were identified, each was asked to respond to an anonymous questionnaire com-posed of open- and closed-ended questions. Part of a larger study, this report analyzes responses solely from the chiefs of police and provides a unique “collective snapshot” of the women who have successfully reached chief executive office level in police departments throughout the United States.
Motivational Enhancement Therapy in Two Cases of Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Westra H. A. , Phoenix E.
Published: September 2003

Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been consistently supported as highly efficacious in the management of various anxiety disorders, a significant number of individuals fail to respond to treatment. In this article, the authors present an attempt to operationalize and implement alternative interventions in two cases of CBT non-responsiveness for anxiety management. Both cases were identified as CBT nonresponsive through repeated psychometric assessment of symptoms, and the focus of therapy was shifted to motivational enhancement techniques. These alternative interventions were conceptualized using the Stages of Change Model, which advocates stage-matched interventions based on individual differences in readiness for change. In the first case of generalized anxiety disorder, motivational enhancement interventions were associated with marked improvement in anxiety symptomatology, whereas the second case of social phobia failed to respond to these interventions. Discussion is focused on possible mediators of differential treatment response to motivational interventions with a view to proposing future application and evaluations of these novel techniques.
Does Hypnosis Make in Vitro, in Vivo?
Authors: Walters Valerie J. , Oakley David A.
Published: September 2003

This case illustrates the use of hypnosis as an adjunct to therapy in phobia treatment. Interventions conducted in an hypnotic context included cue-controlled relaxation and covert desensitization, in which the client reframed her fears and transformed fear-related images into benign stimuli. These interventions were experienced by the client as having an “as real” quality and were successful in reducing her long-standing fear of the wind to a normal level within three sessions. This improvement was maintained at 18 months follow-up. This outcome is discussed in relation to virtual reality approaches to phobia treatments and ways in which hypnosis may facilitate cognitive behavioral techniques.
Treatment of Nightmares Related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in an Adolescent Rape Victim
Authors: Davis Joanne L. , De Arellano Michael , Falsetti Sherry A. , Resnick Heidi S.
Published: September 2003

Nightmares are a common response to a traumatic event and are one symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although several treatments are currently available for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, few studies report the efficacy of such treatments for nightmares. The current case involves the treatment of an adolescent rape victim who was involved in a treatment that targeted posttraumatic stress disorder and panic attacks. Following this treatment, the adolescent continued to report the experience of nightmares several times per week. The adolescent was then treated with a three-session cognitive behavioral treatment package involving relaxation procedures, exposure to the nightmare content, and rescripting the nightmare. At the one-month and three-month follow-up sessions, the patient reported a decrease in the intensity and frequency of nightmares. In this case it appeared necessary to include exposure and to target salient trauma-related themes in the rescripted dream.