bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stop the Boats: Do the Ends Justify the Means?
Authors: Menzies Gordon
Published: October 2015

The Stop the Boats policy towards irregular maritime arrivals (boat people) is to process prospective refugee‐status claimants in non‐judicial prisons, without the prospect of ultimate Australian abode, with the aim of stopping further boat people coming to Australia. The numbers of people involved to date are small, as are the economic impacts. Stop the Boats appears to succeed on its own terms, but it faces the pitfalls of “ends justify the means” consequentialist ethics, favoured by economists and others. Chief among these are that there are no obvious moral limits in pursuing desirable ends, such as stopping deaths at sea.
Judging trustworthiness from faces: Emotion cues modulate trustworthiness judgments in young children
Authors: Caulfield Frances , Ewing Louise , Bank Samantha , Rhodes Gillian
Published: October 2015

By adulthood, people judge trustworthiness from appearances rapidly and reliably. However, we know little about these judgments in children. This novel study investigates the developmental trajectory of explicit trust judgments from faces, and the contribution made by emotion cues across age groups. Five‐, 7‐, 10‐year‐olds, and adults rated the trustworthiness of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces with neutral expressions. The same participants also rated faces displaying overt happy and angry expressions, allowing us to investigate whether emotion cues modulate trustworthiness judgments similarly in children and adults. Results revealed that the ability to evaluate the trustworthiness of faces emerges in childhood, but may not be adult like until 10 years of age. Moreover, we show that emotion cues modulate trust judgments in young children, as well as adults. Anger cues diminished the appearance of trustworthiness for participants from 5 years of age and happy cues increased it, although this effect did not consistently emerge until later in childhood, that is, 10 years of age. These associations also extended to more subtle emotion cues present in neutral faces. Our results indicate that young children are sensitive to facial trustworthiness, and suggest that similar expression cues modulate these judgments in children and adults.
ToRCH “co‐infections” are associated with increased risk of abortion in pregnant women
Authors: Rasti Sima , Ghasemi Fatemeh Sadat , Abdoli Amir , Piroozmand Ahmad , Mousavi Seyed Gholam Abbas , Fakhrie‐Kashan Zohreh
Published: October 2015

ToRCH infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus) have long been known to be associated with bad obstetric outcomes. However, little information is available about the impact of ToRCH co‐infections on the outcome of pregnancy. Hence, we tested the IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus among 81 pregnant women with abortion (case group) and 98 pregnant women with normal delivery (control group). In the single‐infection model, only CMV‐IgM seropositivity was significantly increased in case than control group (25.9% in case and 12.2 % in control, OR = 2.5, P = 0.019). In the co‐infection model, 14 patterns were recognized, but two patterns were significantly increased in the case than the control group. Co‐infection of T. gondii IgG + CMV IgM was 9.1‐fold increased in the case than the control group (8.6% in the case and 1% in control, OR = 9.1; P = 0.024). Also, co‐infection of T. gondii IgG + HSV IgG + CMV IgM was 7.7‐fold increased in case than the control group (7.4% in case and 1 % in control, OR = 7.7; P = 0.04). Although the OR of other co‐infections was higher in the case than the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. These findings indicate that ToRCH co‐infections are associated with increased risk of abortion than single infection. Hence, the rates of co‐infections should be considered in prenatal screening of ToRCH infections.
Breaking Down the Bilingual Cost in Speech Production
Authors: Sadat Jasmin , Martin Clara D. , Magnuson James S. , Alario François‐Xavier , Costa Albert
Published: October 2015

Bilinguals have been shown to perform worse than monolinguals in a variety of verbal tasks. This study investigated this bilingual verbal cost in a large‐scale picture‐naming study conducted in Spanish. We explored how individual characteristics of the participants and the linguistic properties of the words being spoken influence this performance cost. In particular, we focused on the contributions of lexical frequency and phonological similarity across translations. The naming performance of Spanish‐Catalan bilinguals speaking in their dominant and non‐dominant language was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals. Single trial naming latencies were analyzed by means of linear mixed models accounting for individual effects at the participant and item level. While decreasing lexical frequency was shown to increase naming latencies in all groups, this variable by itself did not account for the bilingual cost. In turn, our results showed that the bilingual cost disappeared when naming words with high phonological similarity across translations. In short, our results show that frequency of use can play a role in the emergence of the bilingual cost, but that phonological similarity across translations should be regarded as one of the most important variables that determine the bilingual cost in speech production. Low phonological similarity across translations yields worse performance in bilinguals and promotes the bilingual cost in naming performance. The implications of our results for the effect of phonological similarity across translations within the bilingual speech production system are discussed.
EFFECTS OF CARBON REDUCTION LABELS: EVIDENCE FROM SCANNER DATA
Authors: Kortelainen Mika , Raychaudhuri Jibonayan , Roussillon Beatrice
Published: October 2015

We investigate the effects of carbon reduction labels using a detailed scanner data set. Using a difference‐in‐differences estimation strategy, we find that having a carbon label has no impact on detergent prices or demand. We also investigate possible heterogeneous effects of carbon labels using the synthetic control method. We find no evidence to indicate that the prices for the counterfactual detergents without the label would have been any different from the prices of the carbon‐labeled detergents. We investigate the reasons for these results and conclude that the specific design of the carbon label is responsible for its lack of success. (JEL D12, D83, L15, Q54)
The N‐terminal pre‐A region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2/2HbN promotes NO‐dioxygenase activity
Authors: Pesce Alessandra , Bustamante Juan P. , Bidon‐Chanal Axel , Boechi Leonardo , Estrin Darío A. , Luque Francisco Javier , Sebilo Anne , Guertin Michel , Bolognesi Martino , Ascenzi Paolo , Nardini Marco
Published: October 2015

A unique defense mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis protects itself from nitrosative stress is based on the O2‐dependent NO‐dioxygenase (NOD) activity of truncated hemoglobin 2/2HbN (Mt2/2HbN). The NOD activity largely depends on the efficiency of ligand migration to the heme cavity through a two‐tunnel (long and short) system; recently, it was also correlated with the presence at the Mt2/2HbN N‐terminus of a short pre‐A region, not conserved in most 2/2HbNs, whose deletion results in a drastic reduction of NO scavenging. In the present study, we report the crystal structure of Mt2/2HbN‐ΔpreA, lacking the pre‐A region, at a resolution of 1.53 Å. We show that removal of the pre‐A region results in long range effects on the protein C‐terminus, promoting the assembly of a stable dimer, both in the crystals and in solution. In the Mt2/2HbN‐ΔpreA dimer, access of heme ligands to the short tunnel is hindered. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the long tunnel branch is the only accessible pathway for O2‐ligand migration to/from the heme, and that the gating residue Phe(62)E15 partly restricts the diameter of the tunnel. Accordingly, kinetic measurements indicate that the kon value for peroxynitrite isomerization by Mt2/2HbN‐ΔpreA‐Fe(III) is four‐fold lower relative to the full‐length protein, and that NO scavenging by Mt2/2HbN‐ΔpreA‐Fe(II)‐O2 is reduced by 35‐fold. Therefore, we speculate that Mt2/2HbN evolved to host the pre‐A region as a mechanism for preventing dimerization, thus reinforcing the survival of the microorganism against the reactive nitrosative stress in macrophages.

Database

Coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession number 5AB8.
Infiltrating epitheliosis of the breast: characterization of histological features, immunophenotype and genomic profile
Authors: Eberle Carey A , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Rakha Emad A , Ng Charlotte K Y , Geyer Felipe C , Edelweiss Marcia , Sakr Rita A , Weigelt Britta , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , Ellis Ian O
Published: October 2015

Aims

Infiltrating epitheliosis is a rare complex sclerosing lesion (CSL) of the breast, characterized by infiltrating ducts immersed in a scleroelastotic stroma and filled with cells having architectural and cytological patterns reminiscent of those of usual ductal hyperplasia. In this study we sought to define the molecular characteristics of infiltrating epitheliosis.

Methods and results

Eight infiltrating epitheliosis, adjacent breast lesions (one usual ductal hyperplasia, one papilloma, one micropapillary ductal carcinoma in situ and one low‐grade adenosquamous carcinoma), and corresponding normal breast tissue from each case were microdissected and subjected to massively parallel sequencing analysis targeting all coding regions of 254 genes mutated recurrently in breast cancer and/or related to DNA repair. Mutations in components of the PI3K pathway were found in all infiltrating epitheliosis samples, seven of which harboured PIK3CA hotspot mutations, while the remaining case displayed a PIK3R1 somatic mutation.

Conclusions

Somatic mutations affecting PI3K pathway genes were found to be highly prevalent in infiltrating epitheliosis, suggesting that these lesions may be neoplastic rather than hyperplastic. The landscape of somatic genetic alterations found in infiltrating epitheliosis is similar to that of radial scars/CSLs, suggesting that infiltrating epitheliosis may represent one end of this spectrum of lesions.
Knockout of a transgene by transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) in the sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) and the ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera)
Authors: Hatakeyama M. , Yatomi J. , Sumitani M. , Takasu Y. , Sekiné K. , Niimi T. , Sezutsu H.
Published: October 2015

Transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) are efficient tools for targeted genome editing and have been utilized in a number of insects. Here, we demonstrate the gene disruption (knockout) caused by TALENs targeting a transgene, 3xP3‐driven enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), that is integrated in the genome of two species, the sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) and the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera). Messenger RNAs of TALENs targeting the sequences adjacent to the chromophore region were microinjected into the eggs/embryos of each species. In At. rosae, when microinjection was performed at the posterior end of eggs, 15% of G0 individuals showed a somatic mosaic phenotype for eye EGFP fluorescence. Three‐quarters of the somatic mosaics produced EGFP‐negative G1 progeny. When eggs were injected at the anterior end, 63% of the G0 individuals showed somatic mosaicism, and 17% of them produced EGFP‐negative G1 progeny. In H. axyridis, 25% of posterior‐injected and 8% of anterior‐injected G0 individuals produced EGFP‐negative G1 progeny. In both species, the EGFP‐negative progeny retained the EGFP gene, and various deletions were detected in the target sequences, indicating that gene disruption was successfully induced. Finally, for both species, 18–21% of G0 founders produced gene knockout progeny sufficient for establishing knockout strains.
Mouse and human FcR effector functions
Authors: Bruhns Pierre , Jönsson Friederike
Published: October 2015

Mouse and human FcRs have been a major focus of attention not only of the scientific community, through the cloning and characterization of novel receptors, and of the medical community, through the identification of polymorphisms and linkage to disease but also of the pharmaceutical community, through the identification of FcRs as targets for therapy or engineering of Fc domains for the generation of enhanced therapeutic antibodies. The availability of knockout mouse lines for every single mouse FcR, of multiple or cell‐specific—‘à la carte’—FcR knockouts and the increasing generation of hFcR transgenics enable powerful in vivo approaches for the study of mouse and human FcR biology. This review will present the landscape of the current FcR family, their effector functions and the in vivo models at hand to study them. These in vivo models were recently instrumental in re‐defining the properties and effector functions of FcRs that had been overlooked or discarded from previous analyses. A particular focus will be made on the (mis)concepts on the role of high‐affinity IgG receptors in vivo and on results from antibody engineering to enhance or abrogate antibody effector functions mediated by FcRs.
Assessing safety culture in NICU: psychometric properties of the Italian version of Safety Attitude Questionnaire and result implications
Authors: Zenere Alessandra , Zanolin M. Elisabetta , Negri Roberta , Moretti Francesca , Grassi Mario , Tardivo Stefano
Published: October 2015

Rationale, aims and objective

Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are a high‐risk setting. The Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) is a widely used tool to measure safety culture. The aims of the study are to verify the psychometric properties of the Italian version of SAQ, to evaluate safety culture in the NICUs and to identify improvement interventions.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 6 level III NICUs. The SAQ was translated into Italian and adapted to the context, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to validate the questionnaire.

Results

193 questionnaires were collected. The mean response rate was 59.7% (range 44.5%–95.7%). The answers were analysed according to six factors: f1 – teamwork climate, f2 – safety climate, f3 – job satisfaction, f4 – stress recognition, f5 – perception of management, f6 – working conditions. The CFA indexes were adequate (McDonald's omega indexes varied from 0.74 to 0.94, the SRMR index was equal to 0.79 and the RMSEA index was 0.070, 95% CI = 0.063–0.078). The mean composite score was 57.6 (SD 17.9), ranging between 42.3 and 69.7 on a standardized 100‐point scale. We highlighted significant differences among units and professions (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The Italian version of the SAQ proved to be an effective tool to evaluate and compare the safety culture in the NICUs. The obtained scores significantly varied both within and among the NICUs. The organizational and structural characteristics of the involved hospitals probably affect the safety culture perception by the staff.
Predictors of Satisfaction with Dentures in a Cohort of Individuals Wearing Old Dentures: Functional Quality or Patient‐Reported Measures?
Authors: Cerutti‐Kopplin Daiane , Emami Elham , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot , Hugo Fernando Neves , Rivaldo Elken , Padilha Dalva Maria Pereira
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To examine the extent to which denture satisfaction can be determined by a measure of the denture's functional quality and by patient‐reported measures.

Materials and Methods

This study used data obtained from 117 edentulous individuals with a mean age of 73.7 (SD = 5.6) years in southern Brazil. The edentulous individuals rated their levels of general satisfaction with their actual dentures, using a visual analog scale. Explanatory variables included the individual's information about ability to chew, ability to speak, esthetics, and sociodemographic factors. The dentures were evaluated using the validated 9‐item Functional Assessment of Dentures instrument. Bivariate statistical analyses and Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio [PR]; 95% CI; p < 0.05) were used to test the association of explanatory variables with patients’ general satisfaction with their complete dentures.

Results

There was a statistically significant association between patients’ general satisfaction and stability of maxillary (rocking movement) (adjusted PR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07–1.52) and mandibular dentures (occlusal displacement) (adjusted PR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.16–2.43), masticatory ability (adjusted PR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.08–2.19), and the age of the mandibular denture (adjusted PR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.10–1.97).

Conclusions

The results of this study indicated that measures of denture stability, masticatory ability, and age of dentures appeared to be determinants of patients’ satisfaction with dentures.
Mechanisms of drug resistance: daptomycin resistance
Authors: Tran Truc T. , Munita Jose M. , Arias Cesar A.
Published: October 2015

Daptomycin (DAP) is a cyclic lipopeptide with in vitro activity against a variety of Gram‐positive pathogens, including multidrug‐resistant organisms. Since its introduction into clinical practice in 2003, DAP has become an important key frontline antibiotic for severe or deep‐seated infections caused by Gram‐positive organisms. Unfortunately, DAP resistance (DAP‐R) has been extensively documented in clinically important organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. Studies on the mechanisms of DAP‐R in Bacillus subtilis and other Gram‐positive bacteria indicate that the genetic pathways of DAP‐R are diverse and complex. However, a common phenomenon emerging from these mechanistic studies is that DAP‐R is associated with important adaptive changes in cell wall and cell membrane homeostasis with critical changes in cell physiology. Findings related to these adaptive changes have provided novel insights into the genetics and molecular mechanisms of bacterial cell envelope stress response and the manner in which Gram‐positive bacteria cope with the antimicrobial peptide attack and protect vital structures of the cell envelope, such as the cell membrane. In this review, we will examine the most recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of resistance to DAP in relevant Gram‐positive pathogens and discuss the clinical implications for therapy against these important bacteria.
Transition to motherhood in women with eating disorders: A qualitative study
Authors: Taborelli Emma , Easter Abigail , Keefe Rosalind , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet , Micali Nadia
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine in depth the individual experience of transition from pregnancy to motherhood, among women with current eating disorders (EDs), focusing on differences between the first and subsequent pregnancies.

Design and Methods

We analysed the narratives of 12 women with severe ED during pregnancy using interpretative phenomenological analysis. We employed a sequential structure, and the emerging themes were ordered according to consecutive pregnancy stages.

Results

Our results indicate that experiences of pregnancy vary across pregnancy stages and in the first pregnancy compared to subsequent pregnancies. In particular, during their first pregnancy women with an ED seem to experience an inner conflict and questioned the continuity of their ED identity leading them to be more open to change.

Conclusions

The first pregnancy, during its early stages, should be considered a potentially unique window for intervention for women with current ED.

Practitioner points

Eating disorders (EDs) are known to seriously affect fertility, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes. Our research sheds a light on experiences of pregnancy in women with ED and ultimately helps to define a window for intervention.

Our findings have important implications in understanding mechanisms of relapse in the post‐partum period and consequently could help in tailoring an adequate intervention for women with ED and in preventing ED relapse.
Fine mapping and photosynthetic characteristics of the lower chlorophyll b 1 mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Liu Jin , Wang Jiayu , Yao Xiaoyu , Dong Xiaoyan , Chen Wenfu
Published: October 2015

Chlorophylls absorb and transfer light energy to the photosynthetic system. Consequently, chlorophyll content is strongly related to crop biomass and yield. We isolated a rice spontaneous mutant, lower chlorophyll b 1 (lcb1), from a recombinant inbred line population. Under normal growth conditions, lcb1 plants produced yellow leaves with decreased total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents, but normal chlorophyll a content. Photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters differed between wild‐type and lcb1 plants. Compared with wild type, lcb1 had a higher electron transfer rate, a lower photochemical quenching coefficient and significantly reduced grain number, biomass and yield. A recessive nuclear gene controlled the mutant trait. Through map‐based cloning, we located the LCB1 gene in a 117.4‐kb region on the short arm of chromosome 3, close to the centromere, in a region containing 15 predicted candidate genes. None of these genes was directly related to chlorophylls or the chloroplast; therefore, lcb1 may be a mutation of a novel gene. These results will be useful for further research on the molecular mechanisms controlling biogenesis and chloroplast biochemical processes.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: effects on plant terpenoid accumulation
Authors: Welling M. T. , Liu L. , Rose T. J. , Waters D. L. E. , Benkendorff K.
Published: October 2015

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a diverse group of soil‐dwelling fungi that form symbiotic associations with land plants. AMF–plant associations promote the accumulation of plant terpenoids beneficial to human health, although how AMF mediate terpenoid accumulation is not fully understood. A critical assessment and discussion of the literature relating to mechanisms by which AMF influence plant terpenoid accumulation, and whether this symbiosis can be harnessed in horticultural ecosystems was performed. Modification of plant morphology, phosphorus availability and gene transcription involved with terpenoid biosynthetic pathways were identified as key mechanisms associated with terpenoid accumulation in AMF‐colonised plants. In order to exploit AMF–plant symbioses in horticultural ecosystems it is important to consider the specificity of the AMF–plant association, the predominant factor affecting terpenoid accumulation, as well as the end use application of the harvested plant material. Future research should focus on resolving the relationship between ecologically matched AMF genotypes and terpenoid accumulation in plants to establish if these associations are effective in promoting mechanisms favourable for plant terpenoid accumulation.
Host resistances to Aphanomyces trifolii root rot of subterranean clover: first opportunity to successfully manage this severe pasture disease
Authors: You M. P. , O'Rourke T. A. , Foster K. , Snowball R. , Barbetti M. J.
Published: October 2015

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is an important pasture legume in Australia (29 million ha) and elsewhere. However, severe pasture decline occurs in association with several root pathogens, including Aphanomyces trifolii, that has been misidentified for decades as A. euteiches until recently confirmed as A. trifolii. A series of controlled environment experiments was undertaken to identify host resistance to A. trifolii in subterranean clover and to compare virulence and phylogeny of isolates. In experiment 1, Dalkeith, Bacchus Marsh, Riverina and Yarloop were the most resistant of 38 cultivars with a percentage disease index (PDI) ≤10 for both tap and lateral roots. Experiment 2 confirmed resistance of Yarloop, but a change in some relative varietal resistances suggested physiological specialization among A. trifolii isolates. Experiment 3 confirmed extensive variation in virulence and physiological specialization across 23 isolates of A. trifolii, with three distinct clades, two of which were distinct from isolates collected previously. Experiment 4 identified host resistance(s) effective against a mixture of 20 A. trifolii isolates, but the most resistant cultivars (Antas, Uniwager, Leura) still showed significant disease. This is the first study to show physiological specialization in A. trifolii and to identify host resistance. This study defines A. trifolii as a significant but largely unknown contributor to severe root disease of subterranean clover in southern Australia. Finally, development and calibration of a new soil commercial DNA test not only enables field quantification of the disease, but development of appropriate breeding, selection and farm management strategies to reduce its impact.
Paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy display altered pacing strategies in distance‐deceived shuttle running trials
Authors: Runciman P. , Tucker R. , Ferreira S. , Albertus‐Kajee Y. , Derman W.
Published: October 2015

This study investigated performance and physiology to understand pacing strategies in elite Paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy (CP). Six Paralympic athletes with CP and 13 able‐bodied (AB) athletes performed two trials of eight sets of 10 shuttles (total 1600m). One trial was distance‐deceived (DEC, 1000 m + 600 m) one trial was nondeceived (N‐DEC, 1600 m). Time (s), heart rate (HR, bpm), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, units), and electromyography of five bilateral muscles (EMG) were recorded for each set of both trials. The CP group ran slower than the AB group, and pacing differences were seen in the CP DEC trial, presenting as a flat pacing profile over the trial (P < 0.05). HR was higher and RPE was lower in the CP group in both trials (P < 0.05). EMG showed small differences between groups, sides, and trials. The present study provides evidence for a possible pacing strategy underlying exercise performance and fatigue in CP. The results of this study show (1) underperformance of the CP group, and (2) altered pacing strategy utilization in the CP group. We proposed that even at high levels of performance, the residual effects of CP may negatively affect performance through selection of conservative pacing strategies during exercise.
Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels
Authors: Hinton Thomas J. , Jallerat Quentin , Palchesko Rachelle N. , Park Joon Hyung , Grodzicki Martin S. , Shue Hao-Jan , Ramadan Mohamed H. , Hudson Andrew R. , Feinberg Adam W.
Published: October 2015

Freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels enables three-dimensional printing of soft extracellular matrix biopolymers in biomimetic structures.
Republished: Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network head injury clinical prediction rules are reliable in practice
Authors: Schonfeld Deborah , Bressan Silvia , Da Dalt Liviana , Henien Mira N , Winnett Jill A , Nigrovic Lise E
Published: October 2015

Objective

The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) traumatic brain injury (TBI) age-based clinical prediction rules identify children at very low risk of a significant head injury who can safely avoid CT. Our goal was to independently validate these prediction rules.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Two paediatric emergency departments located in USA and in Italy.

Patients

All children presenting within 24 h of a head injury with a Glasgow Coma Score of ≥14.

Intervention

Assessment of PECARN TBI clinical predictors.

Main outcome measure

Clinically important TBI defined as head injury resulting in death, intubation for >24 h, neurosurgery or two or more nights of hospitalisation for the management of head trauma.

Results

During the study period, we included 2439 children (91% of eligible patients), of which 959 (39%) were <2 years of age and 1439 (59%) were male. Of the study patients, 373 (15%) had a CT performed, 69 (3%) had traumatic findings on their CT and 19 (0.8%) had a clinically important TBI. None of the children with a clinically important TBI were classified as very low risk by the PECARN TBI prediction rules (overall sensitivity 100%; 95% CI 83.2% to 100%, specificity 55%, 95% CI 52.5% to 56.6%, and negative predictive value 100%, 95% CI 99.6% to 100%).

Conclusions

In our external validation, the age-based PECARN TBI prediction rules accurately identified children at very low risk for a clinically significant TBI and can be used to assist CT decision making for children with minor blunt head trauma.
Timing of magnetization and vertical-axis rotations of the Cotiella massif (Late Cretaceous, South Central Pyrenees)
Authors: Garcés Miguel , García-Senz Jesús , Muñoz Josep Antón , López-Mir Berta , Beamud Elisabet
Published: October 2015

The Cotiella thrust sheet in the South Central Pyrenees is a well-studied example of an extensional basin that formed at the northern Iberian rift margin during the Late Cretaceous, and was inverted in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic on top of the South Pyrenean Central Unit. A palaeomagnetic study of the thick sequence of shallow marine syn-extensional carbonates filling the Cotiella Basin reveals the presence of a widespread secondary magnetization of both normal and reversed polarities. Neither
in situ
nor bedding tilt correction provides a satisfactory grouping of the palaeomagnetic directions, thus suggesting syn-deformational magnetization. Best clustering of palaeomagnetic vectors is obtained after unfolding into a post-extensional pre-compressional stage, coherent with an acquisition age between Santonian and Paleocene. Strong magnetic enhancement and very distinct magnetic properties with depth suggest a link with burial diagenesis of organic matter, precipitation of iron sulphides and subsequent oxidation to SD fine-grained magnetite. The secondary magnetizations of the Cotiella record significant vertical axis rotations ranging from 14° to 52° clockwise, coherent with the scenario of the Cotiella thrust sheet transported piggy-back and bent during the emplacement of the lower Gavarnie–Sierras Exteriores thrust sheet.
Why people post benevolent and malicious comments online
Authors: Lee So-Hyun , Kim Hee-Woong
Published: October 2015

Explaining motivations for online comments, this study looks to help establish a positive, nonthreatening online comment culture.
When technologies manipulate our emotions
Authors: Calvo Rafael A. , Peters Dorian , D'Mello Sidney
Published: October 2015

Implications of the Facebook emotions study.
Launching an Efficient Participatory Sensing Campaign
Authors: Hao Fei , Jiao Mingjie , Min Geyong , Yang Laurence T.
Published: October 2015

Participatory sensing is a promising sensing paradigm that enables collection, processing, dissemination and analysis of the phenomena of interest by ordinary citizens through their handheld sensing devices. Participatory sensing has huge potential in many applications, such as smart transportation and air quality monitoring. However, participants may submit low-quality, misleading, inaccurate, or even malicious data if a participatory sensing campaign is not launched effectively. Therefore, it has become a significant issue to establish an efficient participatory sensing campaign for improving the data quality. This article proposes a novel five-tier framework of participatory sensing and addresses several technical challenges in this proposed framework including: (1) optimized deployment of data collection points (DC-points); and (2) efficient recruitment strategy of participants. Toward this end, the deployment of DC-points is formulated as an optimization problem with maximum utilization of sensor and then a Wise-Dynamic DC-points Deployment (WD3) algorithm is designed for high-quality sensing. Furthermore, to guarantee the reliable sensing data collection and communication, a trajectory-based strategy for participant recruitment is proposed to enable campaign organizers to identify well-suited participants for data sensing based on a joint consideration of temporal availability, trust, and energy. Extensive experiments and performance analysis of the proposed framework and associated algorithms are conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve a good sensing coverage with a smaller number of DC-points, and the participants that are termed as social sensors are easily selected, to evaluate the feasibility and extensibility of the proposed recruitment strategies.
SAfeDJ
Authors: Hu Xiping , Deng Junqi , Zhao Jidi , Hu Wenyan , Ngai Edith C.-H. , Wang Renfei , Shen Johnny , Liang Min , Li Xitong , Leung Victor C. M. , Kwok Yu-Kwong
Published: October 2015

Driving is an integral part of our everyday lives, but it is also a time when people are uniquely vulnerable. Previous research has demonstrated that not only does listening to suitable music while driving not impair driving performance, but it could lead to an improved mood and a more relaxed body state, which could improve driving performance and promote safe driving significantly. In this article, we propose SAfeDJ, a smartphone-based situation-aware music recommendation system, which is designed to turn driving into a safe and enjoyable experience. SAfeDJ aims at helping drivers to diminish fatigue and negative emotion. Its design is based on novel interactive methods, which enable in-car smartphones to orchestrate multiple sources of sensing data and the drivers' social context, in collaboration with cloud computing to form a seamless crowdsensing solution. This solution enables different smartphones to collaboratively recommend preferable music to drivers according to each driver's specific situations in an automated and intelligent manner. Practical experiments of SAfeDJ have proved its effectiveness in music-mood analysis, and mood-fatigue detections of drivers with reasonable computation and communication overheads on smartphones. Also, our user studies have demonstrated that SAfeDJ helps to decrease fatigue degree and negative mood degree of drivers by 49.09% and 36.35%, respectively, compared to traditional smartphone-based music player under similar driving situations.
ShotVis
Authors: Zhu Biao , Zhang Hongxin , Chen Wei , Xia Feng , Maciejewski Ross
Published: October 2015

While visualization has been widely used as a data presentation tool in both desktop and mobile devices, the rapid visualization of information from images is still underexplored. In this work, we present a smartphone image acquisition and visualization approach for text-based data. Our prototype, ShotVis, takes images of text captured from mobile devices and extracts information for visualization. First, scattered characters in the text are processed and interactively reformulated to be stored as structured data (i.e., tables of numbers, lists of words, sentences). From there, ShotVis allows users to interactively bind visual forms to the underlying data and produce visualizations of the selected forms through touch-based interactions. In this manner, ShotVis can quickly summarize text from images into word clouds, scatterplots, and various other visualizations all through a simple click of the camera. In this way, ShotVis facilitates the interactive exploration of text data captured via cameras in smartphone devices. To demonstrate our prototype, several case studies are presented along with one user study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Multiview Image Block Compressive Sensing with Joint Multiphase Decoding for Visual Sensor Network
Authors: Ebrahim Mansoor , Chia Wai Chong
Published: October 2015

In this article, a multiview image compression framework, which involves the use of Block-based Compressive Sensing (BCS) and Joint Multiphase Decoding (JMD), is proposed for a Visual Sensor Network (VSN). In the proposed framework, one of the sensor nodes is configured to serve as the reference node, the others as nonreference nodes. The images are encoded independently using the BCS to produce two observed measurements that are transmitted to the host workstation. In this case, the nonreference nodes always encoded the images (I
NR
) at a lower subrate when compared with the images from the reference nodes (I
R
). The idea is to improve the reconstruction of I
NR
using I
R
. After the two observed measurements are received by the host workstation, they are first decoded independently, then image registration is applied to align I
R
onto the same plane of I
NR
. The aligned I
R
is then fused with I
NR
, using wavelets to produce the projected image I
P
. Subsequently, the difference between the measurements of the I
P
and I
NR
is calculated. The difference is then decoded and added to I
P
to produce the final reconstructed I
NR
. The simulation results show that the proposed framework is able to improve the quality of I
NR
on average by 2dB to 3dB at lower subrates when compared with other Compressive Sensing (CS)--based multiview image compression frameworks.
Security assurance
Authors: Lipner Steven B.
Published: October 2015

How can customers tell they are getting it?
An interview with Fred Brooks
Authors: Shustek Len
Published: October 2015

ACM Fellow and A.M. Turing Award recipient Fred Brooks reflects on his career.
Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Therapy in TMD Patients
Authors: Ayyildiz Simel , Emir Faruk , Sahin Cem
Published: October 2015

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is one of the most recent treatment modalities in dentistry. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is suggested to have biostimulating and analgesic effects through direct irradiation without causing thermal response. There are few studies that have investigated the efficacy of laser therapy in temporomandibular disorders (TMD), especially in reduced mouth opening. The case report here evaluates performance of LLLT with a diode laser for temporomandibular clicking and postoperative findings were evaluated in two cases of TMD patients. First patient had a history of limited mouth opening and pain in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region since nine months. Second patient’s main complaint was his restricted mouth opening, which was progressed in one year. LLLT was performed with a 685 nm red probed diode laser that has an energy density of 6.2 J/cm2, three times a week for one month, and application time was 30 seconds (685 nm, 25 mW, 30 s, 0.02 Hz, and 6.2 J/cm2) (BTL-2000, Portative Laser Therapy Device). The treatment protocol was decided according to the literature. One year later patients were evaluated and there were no changes. This application suggested that LLLT is an appropriate treatment for TMD related pain and limited mouth opening and should be considered as an alternative to other methods.
Four-Point Preprandial Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose for the Assessment of Glycemic Control and Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Insulin and Vildagliptin
Authors: Tura Andrea , Farngren Johan , Schweizer Anja , Foley James E. , Pacini Giovanni , Ahrén Bo
Published: October 2015

The study explored the utility of four-point preprandial glucose self-monitoring to calculate several indices of glycemic control and variability in a study adding the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin to ongoing insulin therapy. This analysis utilized data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study in 29 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with vildagliptin or placebo on top of stable insulin dose. During two 4-week treatment periods, self-monitoring of plasma glucose was undertaken at 4 occasions every day. Glucose values were used to assess several indices of glycemic control quality, such as glucose mean, GRADE, M-VALUE, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia index, and indices of glycemic variability, such as standard deviation, CONGA, J-INDEX, and MAGE. We found that vildagliptin improved the glycemic condition compared to placebo: mean glycemic levels, and both GRADE and M-VALUE, were reduced by vildagliptin(P<0.01). Indices also showed that vildagliptin reduced glycemia without increasing the risk for hypoglycemia. Almost all indices of glycemic variability showed an improvement of the glycemic condition with vildagliptin(P<0.02), though more marked differences were shown by the more complex indices. In conclusion, the study shows that four-sample preprandial glucose self-monitoring is sufficient to yield information on the vildagliptin effects on glycemic control and variability.
ECG-Based Detection of Early Myocardial Ischemia in a Computational Model: Impact of Additional Electrodes, Optimal Placement, and a New Feature for ST Deviation
Authors: Loewe Axel , Schulze Walther H. W. , Jiang Yuan , Wilhelms Mathias , Luik Armin , Dössel Olaf , Seemann Gunnar
Published: October 2015

In case of chest pain, immediate diagnosis of myocardial ischemia is required to respond with an appropriate treatment. The diagnostic capability of the electrocardiogram (ECG), however, is strongly limited for ischemic events that do not lead to ST elevation. This computational study investigates the potential of different electrode setups in detecting early ischemia at 10 minutes after onset: standard 3-channel and 12-lead ECG as well as body surface potential maps (BSPMs). Further, it was assessed if an additional ECG electrode with optimized position or the right-sided Wilson leads can improve sensitivity of the standard 12-lead ECG. To this end, a simulation study was performed for 765 different locations and sizes of ischemia in the left ventricle. Improvements by adding a single, subject specifically optimized electrode were similar to those of the BSPM: 2–11% increased detection rate depending on the desired specificity. Adding right-sided Wilson leads had negligible effect. Absence of ST deviation could not be related to specific locations of the ischemic region or its transmurality. As alternative to the ST time integral as a feature of ST deviation, the K point deviation was introduced: the baseline deviation at the minimum of the ST-segment envelope signal, which increased 12-lead detection rate by 7% for a reasonable threshold.
Association between Albuminuria and Different Body Constitution in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Taichung Diabetic Body Constitution Study
Authors: Lee Cheng-Hung , Li Tsai-Chung , Tsai Chia-I , Lin Shih-Yi , Lee I-Te , Lee Hsin-Jung , Wu Ya-Chi , Su Yi-Chang
Published: October 2015

Objective. Albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients increases the risk of diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Because albuminuria is modifiable, identifying relevant risk factors could facilitate prevention and/or management. This cross-sectional study investigated whether body constitution (BC) independently predicts albuminuria.Method. Patients with T2DM (n=846) received urinalysis, a blood test, and diabetic retinopathy examination. Albuminuria was defined by an elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (≥30 μg/mg). BC type (Yang deficiency, Yin deficiency, and Phlegm stasis) was assessed using a body constitution questionnaire (BCQ). Traditional risk factors for albuminuria were also recorded. Odds ratios (ORs) of albuminuria for BC were estimated using multivariate logistic regression.Results. Albuminuria was more prevalent in patients with Yang deficiency or Phlegm stasis (bothP<0.01). After adjustment, patients with both Yang deficiency and Phlegm stasis exhibited a significantly higher risk of albuminuria (OR = 3.037; 95% confidence interval = 1.572–5.867, andP<0.001).Conclusion. BC is strongly associated with albuminuria in T2DM patients. Using a BCQ to assess BC is noninvasive, convenient, and inexpensive and can provide information for health care professionals to identify T2DM patients who are at a high risk of albuminuria.
Minimally Invasive Necrosectomy Techniques in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Role of Percutaneous Necrosectomy and Video-Assisted Retroperitoneal Debridement
Authors: Logue Jennifer A. , Carter C. Ross
Published: October 2015

Consensus advocating a principle of early organ support, nutritional optimisation, followed ideally by delayed minimally invasive intervention within a “step-up” framework where possible has radically changed the surgical approach to complications of acute pancreatitis in the last 20 years. The 2012 revision of the Atlanta Classification incorporates these changes, and provides a background which underpins the complexities of individual patient management decisions. This paper discusses the place for delayed minimally invasive surgical intervention (percutaneous necrosectomy, video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD)), and the rationale for opting to adopt a percutaneous approach over endoscopic or laparoscopic approaches in different clinical situations.
Effect of Endometrial Injury on Secretion of Endometrial Cytokines and IVF Outcomes in Women with Unexplained Subfertility
Authors: Liang Yu , Han Junyan , Jia Chanwei , Ma Yanmin , Lan Yonglian , Li Ying , Wang Shuyu
Published: October 2015

In order to determine the effect of endometrial injury (EI) on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in women with unexplained subfertility and explore the relationship between EI and endometrial inflammatory cytokines, 66 women with unexplained subfertility undergoing IVF treatment were recruited. 38 patients in the EI group underwent EI in the mid‐luteal phase of the cycle and 28 patients in the non‐EI (NEI) group. According to the pregnancy outcome, the NEI and EI groups were divided into NEI‐nonpregnant (NEI‐NP), NEI‐pregnant (NEI‐P), EI‐NP, and EI‐P. All patients underwent aspiration of endometrial secretions immediately before embryo transfer. The concentrations of ten mediators were measured using Milliplex Magnetic Bead assay. The clinical pregnancy was significantly higher in the EI than in the NEI group. The concentrations of interleukin‐ (IL‐) 6, IL‐8, IL‐12 (p70), IL‐13, interferon‐ (IFN‐) γ, monocyte chemotactic protein‐ (MCP‐) 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly higher in the EI than the NEI group. The expression of IFN‐γ and VEGF in the EI‐P was significantly increased compared to the EI‐NP group. These findings suggest that, in women with unexplained subfertility, endometrial injury might be a potential method to improve clinical pregnancy rates by promoting the expression of IFN‐γ and VEGF.
A Study of CO2Methanation over Ni-Based Catalysts Supported by CNTs with Various Textural Characteristics
Authors: Feng Yanyan , Yang Wen , Chu Wei
Published: October 2015

This work studied the influence of textural characteristics of CNTs on catalytic performance of Ni/CNTs for CO2methanation. The CNTs supports were prepared by chemical vapor deposition method using Ni/MgO catalysts, and acetonitrile and ethanol were used as carbon sources, respectively. The Ni/CNTs catalysts were prepared via impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2adsorption/desorption, and temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) techniques. The results indicated that the textural characteristics of CNTs supports significantly impacted on the catalytic performance of Ni/CNTs. The catalyst Ni/CNTs-E (CNTs using ethanol as carbon source) had good reducibility, high specific surface area, and moderate defects, resulting in higher CO2conversion and CH4yield, followed by Ni/CNTs-C (commercial CNTs) and Ni/CNTs-A (CNTs using acetonitrile as carbon source). Based on Arrhenius formula, activation energies of the catalysts were calculated and were found decreased for Ni/CNTs-A and Ni/CNTs-E.