bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composite core‐double sheath fibers based on some biodegradable polyesters obtained by self‐organization during electrospinning
Authors: Kyuchyuk Selin , Paneva Dilyana , Manolova Nevena , Rashkov Iliya , Karashanova Daniela , Markova Nadya
Published: January 2024

Obtaining core‐sheath fibers by single‐spinneret electrospinning is a recent and straightforward approach to prepare composite fibers. Fibers of more complex architecture consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) core, inner poly(l‐lactide) sheath sd and outer beeswax (BW) sheath may also be obtained using this method. In the present study we report its applicability for a large series of (bio)degradable polyesters such as poly(ε‐caprolactone), poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide), poly(butylene succinate), poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate), and poly(l‐lactide‐co‐d,l‐lactide). The fibers have a well‐differentiated PEO core, polyester inner sheath and BW outer sheath. The possibility for targeted location of hydrophilic or hydrophobic substances in the core or in the sheaths of the PEO/polyester/BW fibers has been demonstrated using nanosized zinc oxide with unmodified (hydrophilic) or silanized (hydrophobic) surface. PEO/polyester/BW fibrous materials loaded with a model drug (5‐nitro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline) exhibit antimicrobial activity. The obtained results show that single‐spinneret electrospinning is a novel and versatile method to prepare core‐double sheath composite fibers prospective for various applications such as biomedicine, cosmetics, and food packaging.
Investigation of platelet activation and calcium store release by a topical hemostatic xerogel dressing for improved blood clotting
Authors: Patil Gokul , Pawar Rutuja , Ghormade Vandana
Published: January 2024

Adequate topical hemostatic dressings are required as first‐line approach for reduction of uncontrolled hemorrhage, a leading cause of mortalities. Platelets play a major role during blood clotting to prevent hemorrhage during injuries. Here, we demonstrate the mechanisms activated through protease activating receptor 1 (PAR1), a platelet membrane protein in response to a porous composite xerogel dressing incorporating SiNPs (size 122 ± 10 nm) and calcium (2.5 mM), characterized by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The composite displayed 13.9‐fold improved blood clotting index in comparison to commercial dressing. The composite displayed increased platelet aggregation due to development of well‐formed pseudopodia as compared to bare xerogel, SFLLRN (a thrombin mimic), adenosine di‐phosphate (a platelet activator), and heparin (a thrombin inhibitor). Further, PAR1 gene was significantly upregulated in model A549 epithelial cell line (1.2‐fold) and human platelets (1.4‐fold). The composite enhanced calcium release and its extrusion in A549 cells. Upregulation of PAR1 on the platelet surface and calcium release are crucial for platelet shape change and aggregation. The data indicate that xerogel composite containing SiNPs and calcium enhanced blood clotting through activation of PAR1. Such dressings can provide a potential hemostatic solution to reduce blood loss, disability, and mortality during surgery and trauma care.
Integral Management Zones: A novel strategy for marine bivalve production in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Soria Gaspar , Fernández‐Rivera Melo Francisco J. , Tortolini Virginia Mailen , Cinti Ana , Hernández‐Pimienta Raziel , Rocha‐Tejeda Lorena , Marinone Silvio Guido , Munguia‐Vega Adrian
Published: January 2024

The development of area‐based tools that combine fishing, aquaculture and repopulation practices is increasingly necessary and important to conserve ecosystems, promote sustainable use of marine resources and contribute to the well‐being of the people that rely on them.

In the Gulf of California, Mexico, two small‐scale fishers' cooperatives were granted a Permit for Exploratory Aquaculture of bivalve species, and their members decided to set three zones within those concessions: (i) a zone for natural seed collection and repopulation, (ii) a no‐take zone and (iii) an area where fishing was allowed. This management arrangement, named by them as the Integral Management Zone (Zona de Manejo Integral), was conceived as an innovative alternative to the current policy tools available in the Mexican General Law for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture.

The natural collection of bivalve larvae in the artificial collectors was sufficient to allow the development of the repopulation project. Based on hydrodynamic models of larval dispersal, self‐recruitment was low, and the collection of seed depended on distant sources. The broader scale (regional) connectivity source–sink patterns should be considered in the design stages of the Integral Management Zones.

The implementation of the Integral Management Zones can complement other conservation and fisheries management tools available in Mexican environmental and fisheries laws. The approach envisioned to implement this tool is participative, with a meaningful role of local fishers in the decisions concerning the use of these zones, with a supportive engagement of governmental and other stakeholders (e.g., academia and civil society organizations).
VEXAS‐Defining UBA1 Somatic Variants in 245,368 Diverse Individuals in the NIH All Of Us Cohort
Authors: Corty Robert W. , Brogan James , Byram Kevin , Springer Jason , Grayson Peter C. , Bick Alexander G.
Published: January 2024

Objective

Somatic variants in UBA1 cause VEXAS, a recently described, systemic autoinflammatory disease. Research on VEXAS has largely focused on highly symptomatic patients. We sought to determine the prevalence of canonical, VEXAS‐associated somatic variants and their disease penetrance in a diverse, unselected population.

Methods

We analyzed clinical‐grade whole genome sequencing data from 245,368 participants in the All of Us Research Program. We compared persons carrying a canonical VEXAS‐associated somatic variant to age, sex, and ancestry matched controls across the domains of diagnoses, medications, and laboratory values.

Results

74 participants were identified who carry one VEXAS‐defining somatic variant, UBA1 c.121A>C, p.Met41Leu. The variant allele fraction ranged from 4.5% to 33%. No other canonical VEXAS‐associated variants were identified. Of the 74 carriers, 62 (84%) were women, 20 (27%) were African American, and 14 (19%) were American Admixed/Latino. There was no statistically significant association between case/control status and any VEXAS‐associated diagnosis code, medication prescription, or laboratory value.

Conclusion

We report the largest cohort to date of persons with the VEXAS‐associated p.Met41Leu somatic variant. This cohort differed substantially from reported cohorts of patients with clinical VEXAS, having a higher proportion of persons who were young, female, and of diverse ancestry. Variant allele fractions were lower than reported in clinical VEXAS cohorts, and bioinformatic analysis detected no clinical manifestations of VEXAS. Thus, the UBA1 p.Met41Leu somatic variant displayed incomplete penetrance for VEXAS. Further study is needed to determine the natural history of VEXAS‐associated somatic variants in the predisease phase.

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Biotechnological insights into extracellular enzyme production by thermotolerant fungi from hot springs and caves: Morphology, pellets formation, and protease production
Authors: Legorreta‐Castañeda Adriana Jazmín , Guerra‐Sánchez Guadalupe , García‐Gutiérrez Karina , Olicón‐Hernández Dario Rafael
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the thermotolerant fungal biodiversity in caves and hot springs, focusing on their potential for extracellular enzyme production, specifically proteases. Samples were collected from the Cardonal region in Hidalgo, Mexico, using three different isolation methods. The study characterizes the morphological diversity of the isolated fungi and identifies various genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Fusarium, based on morphology. The isolated fungi were screened for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes on solid media, with a particular emphasis on proteases due to their industrial significance. Among the 35 isolated fungi, 20 exhibited proteolytic activity, and 12 strains were identified as good protease producers based on enzymatic index values. The study also evaluated the formation of fungal pellets by proteolytic fungi and found certain strains to display significant pellet formation. Additionally, protease production was examined by fungal pellets in submerged cultures, with isolate 6 demonstrating the highest protease activity. The findings highlight the diverse thermotolerant fungal biodiversity in extreme environments, and emphasize their potential for enzymatic production. This research contributes to our understanding of fungal ecology and provides insights into the biotechnological applications of these enzymes. The study recommends further molecular investigations to enhance biodiversity studies in such extreme environments.
Finite mixtures in capture–recapture surveys for modeling residency patterns in marine wildlife populations
Authors: Caruso Gianmarco , Alaimo Di Loro Pierfrancesco , Mingione Marco , Tardella Luca , Pace Daniela Silvia , Jona Lasinio Giovanna
Published: January 2024

This work aims to show how prior knowledge about the structure of a heterogeneous animal population can be leveraged to improve the abundance estimation from capture–recapture survey data. We combine the Open Jolly‐Seber model with finite mixtures and propose a parsimonious specification tailored to the residency patterns of the common bottlenose dolphin. We employ a Bayesian framework for our inference, discussing the appropriate choice of priors to mitigate label‐switching and nonidentifiability issues, commonly associated with finite mixture models. We conduct a series of simulation experiments to illustrate the competitive advantage of our proposal over less specific alternatives. The proposed approach is applied to data collected on the common bottlenose dolphin population inhabiting the Tiber River estuary (Mediterranean Sea). Our results provide novel insights into this population's size and structure, shedding light on some of the ecological processes governing its dynamics.
Predicting suicidality in late‐life depression by 3D convolutional neural network and cross‐sample entropy analysis of resting‐state fMRI
Authors: Lin Chemin , Huang Chih‐Mao , Chang Wei , Chang You‐Xun , Liu Ho‐Ling , Ng Shu‐Hang , Lin Huang‐Li , Lee Tatia Mei‐Chun , Lee Shwu‐Hua , Wu Shun‐Chi
Published: January 2024

Background: Predicting suicide is a pressing issue among older adults; however, predicting its risk is difficult. Capitalizing on the recent development of machine learning, considerable progress has been made in predicting complex behavior such as suicide. As depression remained the strongest risk for suicide, we aimed to apply deep learning algorithms to identify suicidality in a group with late‐life depression (LLD).

Methods: We enrolled 83 patients with LLD, 35 of which were non‐suicidal and 48 were suicidal, including 26 with only suicidal ideation and 22 with past suicide attempts, for resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cross‐sample entropy (CSE) analysis was conducted to examine the complexity of MRI signals among brain regions. Three‐dimensional (3D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used, and the classification accuracy in each brain region was averaged to predict suicidality after sixfold cross‐validation.

Results: We found brain regions with a mean accuracy above 75% to predict suicidality located mostly in default mode, fronto‐parietal, and cingulo‐opercular resting‐state networks. The models with right amygdala and left caudate provided the most reliable accuracy in all cross‐validation folds, indicating their neurobiological importance in late‐life suicide.

Conclusion: Combining CSE analysis and the 3D CNN, several brain regions were found to be associated with suicidality.
MarkerNet: A divide‐and‐conquer solution to motion capture solving from raw markers
Authors: Hu Zhipeng , Tang Jilin , Li Lincheng , Hou Jie , Xin Haoran , Yu Xin , Bu Jiajun
Published: January 2024

Marker‐based optical motion capture (MoCap) aims to localize 3D human motions from a sequence of input raw markers. It is widely used to produce physical movements for virtual characters in various games such as the role‐playing game, the fighting game, and the action‐adventure game. However, the conventional MoCap cleaning and solving process is extremely labor‐intensive, time‐consuming, and usually the most costly part of game animation production. Thus, there is a high demand for automated algorithms to replace costly manual operations and achieve accurate MoCap cleaning and solving in the game industry. In this article, we design a divide‐and‐conquer‐based MoCap solving network, dubbed MarkerNet, to estimate human skeleton motions from sequential raw markers effectively. In a nutshell, our key idea is to decompose the task of direct solving of global motion from all markers into first modeling sub‐motions of local parts from the corresponding marker subsets and then aggregating sub‐motions into a global one. In this manner, our model can effectively capture local motion patterns w.r.t. different marker subsets, thus producing more accurate results compared to the existing methods. Extensive experiments on both real and synthetic data verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Metal Compound‐Based Heterostructures in Anodes Promote High Capacity and Fast Reaction Kinetic for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Storage: A Review
Authors: Zhang Mengmeng , Mou Xina , Zhou Xin , Wang Jin , Li Hui , Wang Chunrui
Published: January 2024

In recent years, metal compound‐based heterojunctions have received increasing attention from researchers as a candidate anode for lithium/sodium‐ion batteries, because heterojunction anodes possess unique interfaces, robust architectures, and synergistic effects, thus promoting Li/Na ions storage and accelerating ions/electrons transport. Exhilaratingly, the development of heterostructures has made rapid progress in the field of energy storage, greatly encouraging the industrialization of high energy and power density Li/Na ion batteries. However, there are few in‐detail and in‐depth reviews on the energy storage mechanism, synthesis routes, characterization methods and electrochemical performance of metal compound‐based heterojunction anodes. Herein, a deeper understanding of the correlation between the building blocks of heterojunctions and their enhanced electrochemical behaviors are summarized. Furthermore, various synthesis routes and characterization methods for heterostructure anodes are roundly reviewed. Finally, challenges and perspectives of heterojunction anodes in energy storage are presented in this work.
Highly Stable Free‐standing Cobalt Niobate with Orthorhombic Structure as Anode Material for Li‐ion Batteries
Authors: De Luna Yannis , Ma Shaobo , Li Guoxing , Bensalah Nasr
Published: January 2024

The current and future energy demands require high‐performance batteries with stable long‐term cycling, high capacities, and fast‐charging capabilities. In recent years, niobate compounds have gained significant research interests due to their attractive properties suited for battery applications. In this work, cobalt niobate, CoNb2O6, was synthesized via a simple and scalable solid‐state mechanochemical method through high‐energy ball milling, mechanical treatment (pellet formation), and calcination at 900 °C. The resulting product is a pure, columbite‐type (orthorhombic) cobalt niobate based on XRD findings. Electrochemical testing in a half‐cell against Li/Li+ of the as‐prepared free‐standing cobalt niobate anode material revealed a highly reversible process of lithiation (discharge) and delithiation (charge), with increasing pseudocapacitive behavior at higher scan rates. At 0.1 A g−1, the observed initial discharge capacity was about 900 mAh g−1. The synthesized CoNb anode material displayed an impressive rate performance, which involved increased stability at elevated current densities. During prolonged cycling tests, the anode material displayed extremely stable cycling vs Li/Li+, even at 2 A g−1, delivering a specific capacity of 700 mAh g−1 in the initial cycle, followed by a relatively constant capacity of 150 mAh g−1 throughout the majority of 5000 cycles completed. Post‐mortem analysis illustrated the reversibility of the cobalt niobate anode material and confirmed the growth and partial breakdown of the SEI film. With the results obtained from this work, cobalt niobate is full of potential as an anode material for Li‐ion battery applications.
Probing oxygen exchange between UiO‐66(Zr) MOF and water using 17O solid‐state NMR
Authors: Venel Florian , Giovine Raynald , Laurencin Danielle , Špačková Jessica , Mittelette Sébastien , Métro Thomas‐Xavier , Volkringer Christophe , Lafon Olivier , Pourpoint Frédérique
Published: January 2024

The Zr‐based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) UiO‐66(Zr) is widely employed owing to its good thermal and chemical stabilities. Although the long‐range structure of this MOF is preserved in the presence of water during several days, little is known about the formation of defects, which cannot be detected using diffraction techniques. We apply here 17O solid‐state NMR spectroscopy at 18.8 T to investigate the reactivity of UiO‐66, through the exchange of oxygen atoms between the different sites of the MOF and water. For that purpose, we have selectively enriched in 17O isotope the carboxylate groups of UiO‐66(Zr) by using it with 17O‐labeled terephthalic acid prepared using mechanochemistry. In the presence of water at 50 °C and a following dehydration at 150 °C, we observe an overall exchange of O atoms between COO− and μ3‐O2− sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the three distinct oxygen sites, μ3‐OH, μ3‐O2− and COO−, of UiO‐66(Zr) MOF can be enriched in 17O isotope by post‐synthetic hydrothermal treatment in the presence of 17O‐enriched water. These results demonstrate the lability of Zr−O bonds and the reactivity of UiO‐66(Zr) with water.
Plastic Waste Conversion by Leveraging Renewable Photo/Electro‐Catalytic Technologies
Authors: Li Jianan , Ma Hong‐Peng , Zhao Guoping , Huang Guangfa , Sun Wenbo , Peng Chong
Published: January 2024

Plastics have revolutionized our lives; however, the exponential growth of their usage has led to a global crisis. More sustainable strategies are needed to address this dilemma and transform the plastics economy from a linearity to a circular model. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent progress in renewable energy‐driven plastic conversion strategies, including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and their integration. By introducing the significant works, the design principles, mechanisms, and system regulations, we decipher and compare the various aspects of plastic conversion. These approaches show high reactivity and selectivity under environmentally benign conditions and provide alternative reaction pathways for plastic conversion. Plastic upcycling as a chemical feedstock can yield value‐added chemicals and fuels, contributing to the establishment of a sustainable and circular economy. Additionally, several innovations in reaction engineering and system designs are presented. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of sustainable energy‐driven plastic conversion technologies are comprehensively discussed.
Speed‐current single‐loop control of PMSM based on model‐assisted cascaded extended state observer and sliding mode control
Authors: Wang Min , Liu Yanhong , Wang Qi , Liao Yuefeng , Wheeler Patrick
Published: January 2024

This paper proposes a novel speed‐current single‐loop speed regulation controller for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on model‐assisted cascaded extended state observer (ESO) and sliding mode control (SMC), aimed at simplifying the control structure, increasing dynamic performance, and improving antidisturbance performance. Firstly, a cascaded ESO based on model information is designed for the second‐order model of single‐loop control of PMSM. This approach allows for quick and accurate estimation of disturbance without increasing bandwidth, while also reducing the burden of ESO with model‐assisted information. Next, with the estimation disturbance feedforward compensation, the composite controller is constructed based on SMC, which effectively eliminates residual disturbance and reduces chatterings. The stability of the closed‐loop system under the proposed controller is proved strictly. Finally, simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Student affairs career led to college presidency
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: January 2024

When Donna Brown applied for a fellowship as a student affairs professional working toward her doctorate degree, the application process required her to come up with a “lofty long‐term goal.” Acknowledging her start as a student at a tribal college, she thought, “my life would come full circle if I ever became a president of a tribal college,” she now recalls. “At that time, I don’t know if I believed it, but I wrote that as my long‐term goal,” she added.
Predation of the endangered Ae'o (Hawaiian Stilt) by a native raptor, the Pueo (Hawaiian Short‐eared Owl) on the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA
Authors: Garcia‐Heras Marie‐Sophie , Idle Jessica L. , Wang Olivia , Harmon Kristen C. , Wilhite Chad J. , Stormcrow Kaleiheana‐a‐Pōhaku , Naguwa Wade H. , Davidson Lesley N. , Katayama Lauren S. , Price Melissa R.
Published: January 2024

While the impact of introduced predators is a widely acknowledged issue and key component of conservation considerations for endemic waterbird populations in the Hawaiian Islands, the impact of native predators on endemic, endangered waterbirds is not as frequently discussed or factored into recovery models. The Pueo (Hawaiian Short‐eared Owl; Asio flammeus sandwichensis) is a subspecies of Short‐eared Owl endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is State‐listed as Endangered on the island of O'ahu. The Ae'o (Hawaiian Stilt; Himantopus mexicanus knudensi) is a subspecies of the Black‐necked Stilt endemic to Hawai'i and is federally listed as Endangered throughout its range. A variety of non‐native predators are confirmed to consume Ae'o eggs, chicks, and adults, including invasive mammals (e.g., feral cats), birds (e.g., Barn Owls), and amphibians (e.g., bullfrogs). While predation by native predators was suspected, there are no cases documented in the literature to date describing Pueo preying upon Ae'o. Here, we describe four events that provide evidence of Pueo predating Ae'o during the 2019–2021 breeding seasons in a wetland area on the island of O'ahu: (1) confirmed Pueo predating an Ae'o chick, (2) a suspected predation attempt of a Pueo chasing adult Ae'o, and (3) two suspected predation events based on (a) 10 adult‐sized Ae'o carcasses and remains found near an active Pueo nest and (b) game camera photos of Pueo visiting two Ae'o nests. To our knowledge, these novel observations are the first published accounts of predator–prey interactions between these two subspecies.
Preparation of α‐Deuterated Lactic Acid Derivatives through Remote Heteroaryl Migration and Radical‐Polar Crossover Deuteration
Authors: Chen Yinwen , Liu Jige , Sun Yuqian , Wu Xinxin , Zhu Chen
Published: January 2024

A novel photoredox‐neutral 1,2,5‐trifunctionalization of α‐hydroxyhexenoates is disclosed. The radical cascade proceeds via heteroaryl migration‐enabled alkene fluoroalkylheteroarylation and radical‐polar crossover deuteration, leading to functionalized α‐deuterated lactic acid derivatives. The reaction features mild photochemical conditions and provides an efficient approach for the synthesis of valuable deuterated molecules.
The application of biochar improves the nutrient supply efficiency of organic fertilizer, sustains soil quality and promotes sustainable crop production
Authors: Zhang Kangkang , Khan Zaid , Khan Mohammad Nauman , Luo Tao , Luo Lijun , Bi Junguo , Hu Liyong
Published: January 2024

Rapeseed meal, a nutritious organic fertilizer (OF), contributes to improving soil environment and crop productivity. However, there are also problems, namely slow fertilizer efficiency and low nutrient utilization during the growing season. This 2‐year field trial was conducted to explore the effect of biochar addition on improving the nutrient availability of OF through a comparative study of various biochar application rates under rice‐rapeseed rotation conditions. The findings revealed that, compared to the individual application of chemical fertilizers (CF), OF alone decreased rice yield (2%/2%) and rapeseed yield (6%/10%) in 2019/2020. Compared with OF, combining biochar (15 t ha−1) with OF (OF + B15) significantly increased rice yield (17%/10%) and rapeseed yield (25%/20%) in the first/second year. Additionally, OF + B15 still increased rice yield (14%/7%) and rapeseed yield (12%/13%) for two consecutive years compared to CF. The co‐application of biochar and OF had positive impacts on soil physicochemical properties and enzymes. Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season. Biochar addition improved soil conditions and enzymatic activities, and the available nutrient supply of OF. Also, the co‐application of biochar and rapeseed meal surpassed the effect of chemical fertilizer alone on the growth and yield of crops. Therefore, biochar coupling with organic fertilizer is an effective fertilization strategy based on resource recycling, which promotes both crop yield and sustainable agriculture.
Regeneration from three cellular sources and ectopic mini‐retina formation upon neurotoxic retinal degeneration in Xenopus
Authors: Parain Karine , Chesneau Albert , Locker Morgane , Borday Caroline , Perron Muriel
Published: January 2024

Regenerative abilities are not evenly distributed across the animal kingdom. The underlying modalities are also highly variable. Retinal repair can involve the mobilization of different cellular sources, including ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) stem cells, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), or Müller glia. To investigate whether the magnitude of retinal damage influences the regeneration modality of the Xenopus retina, we developed a model based on cobalt chloride (CoCl2) intraocular injection, allowing for a dose‐dependent control of cell death extent. Analyses in Xenopus laevis revealed that limited CoCl2‐mediated neurotoxicity only triggers cone loss and results in a few Müller cells reentering the cell cycle. Severe CoCl2‐induced retinal degeneration not only potentializes Müller cell proliferation but also enhances CMZ activity and unexpectedly triggers RPE reprogramming. Surprisingly, reprogrammed RPE self‐organizes into an ectopic mini‐retina‐like structure laid on top of the original retina. It is thus likely that the injury paradigm determines the awakening of different stem‐like cell populations. We further show that these cellular sources exhibit distinct neurogenic capacities without any bias towards lost cells. This is particularly striking for Müller glia, which regenerates several types of neurons, but not cones, the most affected cell type. Finally, we found that X. tropicalis also has the ability to recruit Müller cells and reprogram its RPE following CoCl2‐induced damage, whereas only CMZ involvement was reported in previously examined degenerative models. Altogether, these findings highlight the critical role of the injury paradigm and reveal that three cellular sources can be reactivated in the very same degenerative model.
Descriptive characteristics of extinction bursts: A record review
Authors: Muething Colin , Cariveau Tom , Bottini Summer , Slocum Sarah , Williams Catherine , Gillespie Scott , Scheithauer Mindy
Published: January 2024

Procedural extinction is sometimes associated with a temporary increase in responding known as an extinction burst. Extinction bursts present unique challenges in the context of treating behavior targeted for reduction. The present study updates the prevalence of extinction bursts using a clinical sample (N = 108) receiving treatment for targeted behavior. The prevalence of extinction bursts in our sample (24%) was consistent with that in prior literature. The extinction‐burst magnitude decreased across sessions after extinction was contacted during treatment, but this sample did not demonstrate decreased persistence or magnitude of extinction bursts across successive transitions from baseline to treatment. We also examined the prevalence and magnitude of extinction bursts based on the function and topography of targeted behavior and treatment components and found no consistent relation among these variables. These findings should lead clinicians to prepare for transient extinction bursts when implementing extinction‐based treatment for challenging behavior.
School engagement and Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide: Identity groups differences
Authors: Wester Kelly L. , Morris Carrie Wachter , Aragon Emu , McAllister Christine
Published: January 2024

The Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) is a framework for understanding suicidality, yet there is little connection of IPTS to school environment, or exploration of this model within various populations. In this article, we conduct a cross‐sectional assessment in a high school to understand the relationships between student engagement, IPTS, and suicidal behavior, to provide guidance for counseling professionals to target prevention and intervention efforts to increase effectiveness. A total of 1081 high school students participated in the current study. While perceived burdensomeness was found to moderate the relationship of some aspects of student engagement to suicidal behavior, nuances existed in risk factors to suicidal behavior for various identity groups within the school. Findings have implications for prevention and intervention efforts that would be most effective for students with diverse backgrounds.
Comparison of biosynthetic zinc oxide nanoparticle and glucantime cytotoxic effects on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER)
Authors: Saleh Fatemeh , Kheirandish Farnaz , Abbasi Mohammad , Ahmadpour Fatemeh , Veiskarami Saeed , Mirderikvand Atefe
Published: January 2024

Currently, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles are used in nanotechnology to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. Although pentavalent antimony compounds are used as antileishmanial drugs, they are associated with several limitations and side effects. Therefore, it is always desirable to try to find new and effective treatments. The aim of this research is to determine the antileishmanial effect of ZnO particles in comparison to the Antimoan Meglumine compound on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). After the extraction and purification of macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice, L. major parasites were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute‐1640 culture medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) 10% and antibiotic. In this experimental study, the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles was investigated using the 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method, in comparison to the glucantime on promastigotes, amastigotes and healthy macrophages in the culture medium. The amount of light absorption of the obtained color from the regeneration of tetrazolium salt to the product color of formazan by the parasite was measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader, and the IC50 value was calculated. IC50 after 24 h of incubation was calculated as IC50 = 358.6 µg/mL. The results showed, that the efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was favorable and dose‐dependent. The concentration of 500 µg/mL of ZnO nanoparticles induced 84.67% apoptosis after 72. Also, the toxicity of nanoparticles was less than the drug. Nanoparticles exert their cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis. They can be suitable candidates in the pharmaceutical industry in the future.
Vitamin D delays intervertebral disc degeneration and improves bone quality in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Xu Hao‐Wei , Fang Xin‐Yue , Chen Hao , Zhang Shu‐Bao , Yi Yu‐Yang , Ge Xiao‐Yong , Liu Xiao‐Wei , Wang Shan‐Jin
Published: January 2024

Known to be involved in bone‐cartilage metabolism, Vitamin D (VD) may play a role in human's disc pathophysiology. Given that postmenopausal women are prone to suffer VD deficiency and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), this study is intended to investigate whether VD can delay IDD in ovariectomized rats by improving bone microstructure and antioxidant stress. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sham, oophorectomy (OVX)+VD deficiency (VDD), OVX, and OVX+VD supplementation (VDS). In vivo, after a 6‐month intervention, imaging and pathology slice examinations showed that IDD induced by OVX was significantly alleviated in VDS and deteriorated by VDD. The expressions of aggrecan and Collagen II in intervertebral disc were reduced by OVX and VDD, and elevated by VDS. Compared with the OVX+VDD and OVX group vertebrae, OVX+VDS group vertebrae showed significantly improved endplate porosity and lumbar bone mineral density with increased percent bone volume and trabecular thickness. Furthermore, 1α,25(OH)2D3 restored the redox balance (total antioxidant capacity, ratio of oxidized glutathione/glutathione) in the disc. The cocultivation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) was conducted to observe its potential ability to resist excessive oxidative stress damage induced by H2O2. In vitro experiments revealed that 1α,25(OH)2D3 reduced the senescence, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation induced by H2O2 in NPCs. In conclusion, VDS exhibits protective effects in OVX‐induced IDD, partly by regulating the redox balance and preserving the microstructure of endplate. This finding provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of IDD.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy enhances graft healing and mechanical properties after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Leite Chilan Bou Ghosson , Leite Magno Santos , Varone Bruno Butturi , Santos Gustavo Bispo dos , Silva Mariana dos Santos , Pereira Cesar Augusto Martins , Lattermann Christian , Demange Marco Kawamura
Published: January 2024

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has proven successful in wound healing. However, its potential effects on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the impact of HBOT on graft healing following ACL reconstruction in rabbits. Male New Zealand rabbits underwent ACL reconstruction and were randomly divided into two groups: the HBOT group and the ambient air group. The HBOT group received 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres absolute for 2 h daily for 5 consecutive days, starting from the first day after surgery. The ambient air group was maintained in normal room air throughout the entire period. After 12 weeks following the surgery, animals were euthanized, and their knees were harvested for analysis. The HBOT group demonstrated superior graft maturation and integration in comparison to the ambient air group, as evidenced by lower graft signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging, decreased femoral and tibial tunnel size, and higher bone mineral density values on high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans. Additionally, biomechanical testing indicated that the HBOT group had greater load to failure and stiffness values than the ambient air group. In conclusion, the adjuvant use of HBOT improved ACL graft maturation and integration, reduced tunnel widening, and enhanced the biomechanical properties of the graft. These results may provide important insights into the potential clinical application of HBOT as a therapeutic intervention to enhance graft healing after ACL reconstruction, paving the way for further research in this area.
Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polycarbonates Solid Polymer Electrolytes with High Li‐Ion Transference Number for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Chengliang , Zhang Xu , Sun Xiaofei , Zhang Yan , Wang Qingfu , Sun Jingjiang
Published: January 2024

In this work, hyperbranched polycarbonate‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based solid polymer electrolytes (HBPC‐SEs) are successfully synthesized via a straightforward organo‐catalyzed “A1”+“B2”‐ring‐opening polymerization approach. The temperature‐dependent ionic conductivity of HBPC‐SEs, composed of different polycarbonate linkages and various LiTFSI concentrations, is investigated. The results demonstrate that HBPC‐SE with an ether‐carbonate alternating structure exhibits superior ionic conductivity, attributed to the solubility of Li salts in the polymer matrix and the mobility of the polymer segments. The HBPC1‐SE with 30 wt% LiTFSI presents the highest ionic conductivities of 2.15  × 10−5, 1.78 × 10−4, and 6.07 × 10−4 Scm−1 at 30, 60, and 80 °C, respectively. Compared to traditional PEO‐based electrolytes, the incorporation of polycarbonate segments significantly enhances the electrochemical stability window (5 V) and Li+ transference number (0.53) of HBPC‐SEs. Furthermore, the LiFePO4/HBPC1‐SE‐3/Li cell exhibits exceptional rate capability and long‐cycling performance, maintaining a discharge capacity of 130 mAh g−1 at 0.5C with a capacity retention of 95% after 300 cycles.
Near‐Infrared Absorbing Para‐Azaquinodimethane Conjugated Polymers Synthesized via the Transition‐Metal‐Free Route toward Efficient Photothermal Conversion
Authors: Li Man , Xiao Yufa , Deng Ping , Yu Yan
Published: January 2024

Conjugated polymers with strong absorption in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window have multiple applications. However, the development of new type of NIR‐II conjugated polymers via facile and green methods remains challenging. Herein, this work reports a mild and convenient transition‐metal‐free method to synthesize near‐infrared absorbing quinoidal conjugated polymers containing para‐azaquinodimethane (AQM) moieties. The AQM quinoidal conjugated polymers with unique molecular structures and tunable optoelectronic properties can be synthesized by combining the Knoevenagel polycondensation of aromatic dialdehyde monomers with commercially available 1,4‐diacetyl‐2,5‐piperazinedione and the following alkylation reaction. The resultant polymer PQ‐DPP shows remarkable NIR‐II absorption with a narrow band gap of about 1.08 eV. PQ‐DPP nanoparticles exhibit high photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 48% under 1064 nm laser irradiation (1 W cm−2) endowing this polymer with potential in bio‐related applications.
Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease?
Authors: Rose Kenneth N. , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Gomperts Stephen N.
Published: January 2024

The link between smoking and a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the strongest environmental or lifestyle associations in neuroepidemiology. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that the association is based on a neuroprotective effect of smoking on PD, despite the plausible alternative that smoking serves as a marker for a proximal protective influence without itself conferring benefit. But how smoking could protect against neurodegeneration in PD is not well understood. Of several candidate molecules and mechanisms that have been nominated, nicotine has received the most attention. However, randomized controlled clinical trials of nicotine in PD have failed to demonstrate benefit on motor endpoints, including the NIC‐PD study in which recently diagnosed participants were randomly assigned to placebo or nicotine treatment for 1 year. Given these results, the time is right to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of other molecules and biochemical cascades triggered by smoking. Here, we review the evidence supporting smoking's possible protective effect on PD, compounds in tobacco and smoke that might mediate such benefit, and non‐causal classes of explanation, including reverse causation and the prospect of shared genetic determinants of smoking and PD resistance. The therapeutic potential of non‐nicotine components of smoke is suggested by studies supporting multiple alternative mechanisms ranging from monoamine oxidase inhibitors to gut microbiome disruption to antioxidant response induction by chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide. Rigorous investigation is warranted to evaluate this molecule and others for disease‐preventing and disease‐modifying activity in PD models and, if warranted, in clinical trials. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Multibody dynamic modeling of the behavior of flexible instruments used in cervical cancer brachytherapy
Authors: Straathof Robin , Meijaard Jaap P. , van Vliet‐Pérez Sharline M. , Kolkman‐Deurloo Inger‐Karine K. , Nout Remi A. , Heijmen Ben J. M. , Wauben Linda S. G. L. , Dankelman Jenny , van de Berg Nick J.
Published: January 2024

Background

The steep radiation dose gradients in cervical cancer brachytherapy (BT) necessitate a thorough understanding of the behavior of afterloader source cables or needles in the curved channels of (patient‐tailored) applicators.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate computer models to simulate: (1) BT source positions, and (2) insertion forces of needles in curved applicator channels. The methodology presented can be used to improve the knowledge of instrument behavior in current applicators and aid the development of novel (3D‐printed) BT applicators.

Methods

For the computer models, BT instruments were discretized in finite elements. Simulations were performed in SPACAR by formulating nodal contact force and motion input models and specifying the instruments’ kinematic and dynamic properties. To evaluate the source cable model, simulated source paths in ring applicators were compared with manufacturer‐measured source paths. The impact of discrepancies on the dosimetry was estimated for standard plans. To validate needle models, simulated needle insertion forces in curved channels with varying curvature, torsion, and clearance, were compared with force measurements in dedicated 3D‐printed templates.

Results

Comparison of simulated with manufacturer‐measured source positions showed 0.5–1.2 mm median and <2.0 mm maximum differences, in all but one applicator geometry. The resulting maximum relative dose differences at the lateral surface and at 5 mm depth were 5.5% and 4.7%, respectively. Simulated insertion forces for BT needles in curved channels accurately resembled the forces experimentally obtained by including experimental uncertainties in the simulation.

Conclusion

The models developed can accurately predict source positions and insertion forces in BT applicators. Insights from these models can aid novel applicator design with improved motion and force transmission of BT instruments, and contribute to the estimation of overall treatment precision. The methodology presented can be extended to study other applicator geometries, flexible instruments, and afterloading systems.
A case involving tooth extraction of upper and lower third molars under general anesthesia in a patient with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Kikuta Shogo , Imai Sho , Abe Yushi , Hino Kiyosato , Kusukawa Jingo
Published: January 2024

Background

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), an inheritable arrhythmia, poses a grave risk of syncope or cardiac arrest.

Case Presentation

A 23‐year‐old female with CPVT history and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) implantation sought tooth extraction of her third molars. She underwent the procedure under general anesthesia to mitigate VT risk. Defibrillation function was temporarily halted during anesthesia induction, managed with total intravenous anesthesia. The postoperative course remained uneventful, obviating defibrillation intervention.

Conclusions

This case underscores the efficacy of general anesthesia in averting VT onset during oral surgery for CPVT patients, ensuring a safe and uneventful postoperative recovery.
Robust, compact quantum sensors to deliver unprecedented precision
Authors: Kobe Katrin
Published: January 2024

Quantum sensing may be less well known than quantum computing but its impact on our world may be just as significant. Quantum sensors promise accuracy 1,000 times greater than that provided by today's conventional sensors, opening up new applications in medicine, navigation and more. Quantum sensing is also closer to market readiness than quantum computing.
Resilient consensus tracking of a nonlinear multi‐agent system with distributed event‐triggered mechanism
Authors: Zhang Yuanxing , Tang Yanmei , Qian Shiyu , Xu Jing , Niu Yugang
Published: January 2024

It is well known that control effort is the key factor considered in formation control of a multi‐agent system (MAS). To reduce the controller effort, an economic event‐triggered super twisting control (STC) protocol for the formation tracking of a nonlinear MAS, which avoids the unnecessary computations and transmission of control inputs among agents. Specifically, a distributed leader‐follower control framework, combing the multi‐input STC with event‐triggered strategy, is proposed to ensure that the followers' states reach an agreement on the leaders state. Then, the sufficient conditions for the selection of controller parameters are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). On this basis, the event‐triggered conditions for implementing the STC protocol in the network environment are obtained using Lyapunov stability theory. Simulation study is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of the STC in terms of formation construction, trajectory tracking, and robustness to system uncertainties.
The rise and fall of national capitalism
Authors: Hart John Keith
Published: January 2024

For three millennia, there has been a conflict between landed military power (the traditional enforcers, now nation‐states) and urban commerce (capitalists, now a lawless global plutocracy). This ancient battle was resumed by the European Renaissance, culminating in industrial revolution around 1800. This seemed at first to be a victory of the money interest over landed power. In the mid‐nineteenth century, however, the capitalists discovered that they could not manage without crowd control by the traditional enforcers, a compromise between money and landed power (business and government) that unleashed “national capitalism” in political revolutions involving the leading powers of the last century. These generated mass production and consumption at home and a global takeover by European colonial empires, both enabled by a bureaucratic revolution first proposed by Hegel. National capitalism—a merger of industrial capitalism and the “nation” by strong states attempting to modify the former's contradictions through central bureaucracies acting in the interest of the citizen body—became the main form of society after the Second World War, first through developmental states varying from socially responsible capitalism in the United States through social democracy in Europe to communism in the Soviet bloc, with the newly independent former colonies divided between the antagonists in the Cold War. Undermined by financial imperialism in the last four decades, this system is now failing, but humanity is far from achieving a world society to replace it.