bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification Society Studies on FPSO Life Extension Requirements
Authors: Machado C. L. , Wu J. , Huang W.
Published: October 2015

The last couple of decades have seen the conversion of a large number of trading tankers into floating production, storage, and offloading units (FPSOs). ABS records indicate that about a fifth of the worldwide FPSO fleet is approaching the end of its designed service life, with a significant number of these operating in Brazilian waters. Meanwhile, new discoveries in pre-salt reservoirs and the recent proven technologies for oil recovery have been pushing operators and concessionaires to extend oil production in these fields beyond their originally predicted life. Additionally, recent pre-salt oil developments offshore Brazil have increased the demand for new units. The result of these developments is a stated industry need to extend the service lives of existing FPSOs.

This need in association with the refinement of environmental data and enhancement of Rules requires the verification of the adequacy of the FPSO unit to withstand the design operational loads, and its updates, refurbishments and additional equipment using currently available engineering tools for numerical simulations and the current Code and Class Rule requirements.

A new methodology to review these units employing state-of-art technology tools was developed using studies comparing existing FPSO arrangements based on prescriptive classification rule requirements and finite element analyses. Comparisons were performed between the results of these analyses and the original approved design data. Such comparisons are significant in understanding FPSO structural capacity at the conversion stage, its performance during its intended service, and its remaining service life. Differences were mapped and the reasons for these differences were investigated to determine typical engineering procedures needed for predicting the estimated remaining service life. The resulting approach is a new method for evaluating the remaining structural life of existing FPSOs.

This approach also enlists an in-service inspection program to provide the necessary information regarding structural degradation during years of operation, previous repairs, and the most current condition. A similar approach also can be used for other hull forms.
Fulfilling Local Content Requirements Within The First Six Months of Country Operation: A Case Study
Authors: MacDonald S. , Shah B. , Almeida C. , Daher E.
Published: October 2015

In Latin America, a Company required the provision of H2S and CO2 safety services for ten offshore drilling rigs with an extremely tight timeline. The operator decided to choose a safety solutions provider based in North America to provide the services. As a new player in the region, a major challenge was to comply with operator and government requirements to have 60% local content at project launch.

A methodology of accelerated nationalization of the workforce was put in place. This methodology covers all the elements of sourcing, recruiting, onboarding, integrating and operating phases for any new worker joining the new operation. With a mobilization of local language-speaking process excellence supervisors from its African operations, this was a key initiative to the accelerated success of this methodology. During the transition period, the African supervisors conducted an intensive New Hire Program for all local nationals. The training was in addition to those required by the government and the operator. The technical team also customized and localized the corporate Quality Management System (QMS) that was delivered in time for the training period.

Within the first month of operation, 75% local content was achieved. Through on-the-job training and mentoring by the African supervisors, the Nationals quickly transitioned into Onsite H2S / CO2 Technicians. In turn, the African Supervisors transitioned into Quality Control Supervisors. The mobilization of the African supervisors from a similar offshore safety project was aimed at overcoming initial language and cultural barriers. Learning from previous country start-up experience, miscommunication and misunderstanding due to language and cultural barriers has the potential to cause unnecessary cost and project delays. Twelve months after project launch, 100% local content was achieved with the capacity to support further expansion.

The company developed a nationalization program designed to promote career development and core competency progression to retain the local, national workforce, increase loyalty and continuously improve safety standards wherever they operate. This case study discusses the value of a adopting a sound local content program with a view to sustaining a long- term presence in the region.
A Simulation Model for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Within Production Pipes of Oil Wells
Authors: Cunha A. A. L. , Pacheco M. A.
Published: October 2015

The propagation of electromagnetic waves within oil production pipes has been studied, taking into account the variation in oil temperature along the pipe. This work shows the development of a simulation model under uncertainties, which is able to simulate the electromagnetic propagation in an inhomogeneous medium by dividing the production pipe into smaller pipe segments, each one approximately homogeneous (constant electrical conductivity). In each segment, the model assumes that the electrical conductivity of oil is a constant and, therefore, the sub pipe is a homogeneous medium. Within each homogeneous medium, the solution is analytically represented by an expansion in basis functions (called modes), that are obtained by the solution of the vector wave equation in a cylinder with lossless walls. Boundary conditions are then applied between adjacent segments to ensure the continuity of both the electric field and the magnetic field, leading into a system of linear equations on the coefficients of the series expansion in basis functions. The solution of this linear system gives the fields in each pipe segment, thus solving the original inhomogeneous problem. In order to account for uncertainties, Monte-Carlo sampling has been used to add small perturbations to pre-defined oil conductivity profiles along the production pipe. The results show that this model can simulate a thousand of scenarios in less than a second, thus making it ideal for use with optimization algorithms which objective function depends on simulating the propagation of electromagnetic waves inside the well.
Evaluation of Local Joint Flexibility Effects in Fixed Oil Platforms
Authors: Martins J. L. , Silva R. P.
Published: October 2015

Most of the fixed offshore platforms installed in Brazil are reaching or exceeding their design life. Even with the sharp fall in oil prices and the discovery of new oil fields, many of these installations remain economically viable in spite of their age; therefore, there is a need to extend their operational life. To ensure the platform structural integrity, the most sensitive structural joints and elements are systematically inspected. These inspections are based on structural analyses that identify all elements in which the working stress or design life do not comply with adopted codes. Underwater inspections can be difficult and very expensive. The use of local joint flexibility can lead to a reduction in the number of joints to be inspected. For that reason, this work aims to present an evaluation of the effects using methodologies of local joint flexibility.

This work was conducted for six fixed oil platforms installed in Brazil between 1988 and 2012 with water depths ranging from 82m to 177m and was fully developed using finite element software. The analysis results were obtained taking into account three distinct methodologies of local joint flexibility and compared to the standard model, without considering local joint flexibility. The influence of different parameters were evaluated, such as water depth, natural frequency, maximum displacement, ratio between brace to chord diameter (d/D), ratio between chord diameter to chord wall thickness (D/T), angle between chord and brace axial and bending stresses.

The results allowed a better understanding of each parameter influence and the impact that each methodology has in punching shear verification and in the structural behavior of the global model. In some analyzed offshore platforms the results indicated that the consideration of local joint flexibility may produce significant reduction in punching shear stress ratio, while at the same time enables an identification of critical joints that may have been over looked otherwise.
Experimental Perforating Test and Damage Zone Characterization
Authors: Soares A. C. , Surmas R. , Silva L. A. P. , Ferreira A. , Hardesty J.
Published: October 2015

To determine perforation performance, service companies conduct tests to demonstrate the advantages of different technologies of perforating systems. Although studies on jet penetration into rock targets usually focus on the prediction and measurement of penetration depth the repertoire of methods to assemble details of tunnel perforation is very limited. In this paper, the samples that were tested in perforation cell were conducted in an effort to gaining insight into the deformation processes of penetration mechanism. In order to gain intuition about the presence of shear bands the samples were reconstructed in three-dimensional images, using microfocus CT Scannig (µCT). One of the samples wasn't split before the reconstruction. Remarkably some of the deformation mechanisms are the formation of shear bands surrounding the tunnel and they remain after the fluid flow. This yields the interesting possibility that shear bands are important to the pathway flow. In addition, this fundamental knowledge may also assist understanding the nature of tunnel formation, which take place during the penetration process.
Big Data Analytics for Predictive Maintenance Modeling: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Santos I. H. F. , Machado M. M. , Russo E. E. , Manguinho D. M. , Almeida V. T. , Wo R. C. , Bahia M. , Constantino D. J. S. , Salomone D. , Pesce M. L. , Souza C. , Oliveira A. C. , Lima A. , Gois J. , Tavares L. G. , Prego T. , Netto S. , Silva E.
Published: October 2015

Big data analytics, applied in the industry to leverage data collection, processing and analysis, can allow a better understanding of production system's abnormal behavior. This knowledge is essential for the adoption of a proactive maintenance approach instead of conventional time-based strategies, leading to a paradigm shift towards Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) since decision is now based on the usage of a huge, diverse, and dynamic amounts of data as a means to optimize operational costs. This paper reports an investigation of the emerging aspects in the design and implementation of big data analytics solutions for offshore installations in order to allow predictive maintenance practices.

Condition-based maintenance focuses on performing interventions based on the actual and future states (health) of a system by monitoring the underlying deterioration processes. One of the building blocks of a CBM design and implementation is the prognostic approach/system, which aims to detect, classify and predict critical failures. Considering the massive amounts of data available from a Stationary Production Unity (SPU), the use of techniques that properly deal with such a big data scenario became essential. The use of parallel processing to ingest, transform, and analyze different kinds of data in near real-time basis allows the construction of a valuable tool for implementing CBM.

This paper presents a comparison of different approaches for RUSBoost and Random Forest (RF) classification, in constructing a prognostic system for a specific class of turbogenerator failures from a chosen Petrobras' Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO). Besides the comparison of different classifiers, a contribution of this work lies on the use of data acquired not only from machine sensors (telemetry data) but also non-structured data regarding the most critical failures acquired from official reports, e.g. operator's machine event annotations. Those reported annotations were correlated to telemetry data to identify real critical failures, and simultaneously avoid false positives.
A Methodology to Incorporate the Phase Equilibrium Kinetics in a Compositional Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Santos L. O. S. , Rios V. S. , Lins A. G. , Oliveira T. D. S.
Published: October 2015

Commercial compositional reservoir simulators do not consider the kinetic effects in the phase equilibrium calculation. Phase equilibrium is calculated using a conventional flash. Therefore, there is an instantaneous equilibrium between the injected gas and the reservoir fluid. In most cases, this is a reasonable assumption, since the gas will be in contact with the reservoir fluid for a long period of time. There are cases though, where miscibility plays an important role in the total recovery and where the instantaneous equilibrium can be an optimistic assumption.

This work aims at implementing a methodology to incorporate the kinetic effects of the phase equilibrium in a compositional reservoir simulator. The methodology was inspired in the "DRSDT" keyword widely used in black oil simulators. In this methodology, the maximum solubilization ratio is defined by the user and the fugacity equations were modified to guarantee that this target would never be violated.

The implementation was tested for different scenarios using real field data. The main objective of these simulations was to evaluate the importance of the kinetic effects for different fluid models and different injected gas compositions. These analyses demonstrated to be rather challenging, since there is a lack of experimental data in the literature. Therefore, a workflow was developed that isolates the phenomenon analyzed. Using this workflow, we could evaluate three different real fluid models and the importance of phase equilibrium kinetics on the recovery forecast.
Singing Mitigation in Corrugated Risers by Liquid Injection
Authors: Golliard J. , Belfroid S. , Lunde K.
Published: October 2015

In the last few decades, flexible risers have increasingly been used in the offshore oil and gas industry. In gas applications these risers can generate high amplitude tonal pressure fluctuations when the gas velocity reaches a threshold value. The resulting pressure fluctuations can then cause high vibration and cyclic stress levels in the associated topside and subsea pipe work. On a number of platforms, riser pulsations have led to serious limitations of the production capability and in at least one case to the fatigue failure of two small bore side branches, resulting into a shutdown of the platform for five months.

An acoustic assessment can be performed to determine the risks of a flexible riser to be a source of Flow-Induced Pulsations (FIP) within its intended operating envelope. This assessment is based on models and methods to predict the onset velocity, pulsation frequency and amplitude and is based on actual field measurements on a number of different platforms and on research performed in collaboration with multiple operators and universities. Relevant inputs include the riser carcass geometry, operating conditions and the reflective characteristics of the topside and subsea piping.

One critical parameters is the liquid content. The phenomenon is mainly observed in dry gas systems. At even low liquid fractions, corrugated risers are less prone to generate pulsations. A number of laboratory experiments have been performed to evaluate the singing suppression at different liquid loads for both horizontal as well as vertical (upward) flow. Finally, a field trial was executed by Statoil at an FPSO in the Norwegian Sea. One export riser showed singing tendencies. Due to the vibrations, a reduced production limit was set. A field measurement campaign was started to inject liquid into the export risers to provisionally increase production, while in the meantime permanent solutions were evaluated and installed.

The mechanisms playing a role when liquid is present in corrugated pipe are reviewed in this paper: the cavities are (possibly partially) filled-up by the liquid, the boundary layers are modified by the added roughness of the wall, liquid droplets can interact with the acoustic waves. All these can reduce the source term and increase the acoustic losses in the pipe, therefore delaying or avoiding the singing.
Toll-like receptor 4 expression in the epithelium of inflammatory periapical lesions. An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Leonardi R. , Perrotta R.E. , Loreto C. , Musumeci G. , Crimi S. , Dos Santos J.N. , Rusu M.C. , Bufo P. , Barbato E. , Pannone G.
Published: October 2015

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are essential for the innate immune response against invading pathogens and have been described in immunocompetent cells of areas affected by periapical disease. Besides initiating the inflammatory response, they also directly regulate epithelial cell proliferation and survival in a variety of settings. This study evaluates the in situ expression of TLR4 in periapical granulomas (PG) and radicular cysts, focusing on the epithelial compartment. Twenty-one periapical cysts (PC) and 10 PG were analyzed; 7 dentigerous non-inflamed follicular cyst (DC) served as control. TLR4 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. TLR4 immunoreaction products were detected in the epithelium of all specimens, with a higher percentage of immunostained cells in PG. Although TLR4 overexpression was detected in both PG and PC, there were differences that seemed to be related to the nature of the lesion, since in PG all epithelial cells of strands, islands and trabeculae were strongly immunoreactive for TLR4, whereas in PC only some areas of the basal and suprabasal epithelial layers were immunostained. This staining pattern is consistent with the action of TLR4: in PG it could promote formation of epithelial cell rests of Malassez and in epithelial strands and islands the enhancement of cell survival, proliferation and migration, whereas in PC TLR4 could protect the lining epithelium from extensive apoptosis. These findings go some way towards answering the intriguing question of why many epithelial strands or islands in PG and the lining epithelium of apical cysts regress after non-surgical endodontic therapy, and suggest that TLR4 plays a key role in the pathobiology of the inflammatory process related to periapical disease.
Modulation of host-cell MAPkinase signaling during fungal infection
Authors: Osherov Nir
Published: October 2015

Fungal infections contribute substantially to human suffering and mortality. The interaction between fungal pathogens and their host involves the invasion and penetration of the surface epithelium, activation of cells of the innate immune system and the generation of an effective response to block infection. Numerous host-cell signaling pathways are activated during fungal infection. This review will focus on the main fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans and their ability to activate the host MAP-kinase signaling pathways leading to cytokine secretion, increased cell motility and killing of the pathogen. Both epithelial and innate immune cells specifically recognize fungal antigens and in particular cell surface polysaccharides such as β-glucans and react to them by activating multiple signaling pathways, including those containing MAP-kinase modules. Recent findings suggest that the host response to fungal infection utilizes the MAP-kinase pathway to differentiate between commensal and pathogenic fungi to selectively react only to the pathogenic forms. However, the paucity of relevant publications strongly emphasize that our understanding of host MAP-kinase signaling in response to fungal infection is still at a very early stage. It is clear, based on studies of host MAP-kinase signaling during viral and bacterial infections, that in fungi as well, a wealth of exciting findings await us.
Expanding Range of Amblyomma americanum and Simultaneous Changes in the Epidemiology of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis in the United States
Authors: Dahlgren F. Scott , Paddock Christopher D. , Springer Yuri P. , Eisen Rebecca J. , Behravesh Casey Barton
Published: October 2015

Spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia species are etiologic agents of a wide range of human infections from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe, life-threatening disease. In the United States, recent passive surveillance for SFG rickettsiosis shows an increased incidence and decreased severity of reported cases. The reasons for this are not well understood; however, we hypothesize that less pathogenic rickettsiae are causing more human infections, while the incidence of disease caused by more pathogenic rickettsiae, particularly Rickettsia rickettsii, is relatively stable. During the same period, the range of Amblyomma americanum has expanded. Amblyomma americanum is frequently infected with “Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii”, a SFG Rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity. We tested our hypothesis by modeling incidence rates from 1993 to 2013, hospitalization rates from 1981 to 2013, and case fatality rates from 1981 to 2013 regressed against the presence of A. americanum, the decade of onset of symptoms, and the county of residence. Our results support the hypothesis, and we show that the expanding range of A. americanum is associated with changes in epidemiology reported through passive surveillance. We believe epidemiological and acarological data collected on individual cases from enhanced surveillance may further elucidate the reasons for the changing epidemiology of SFG rickettsiosis.
“40 años de Enfermería Nefrológica. Comprometidos con el arte de cuidar”
Authors: Rollán de la Sota Mª Jesús
Published: October 2015

Las revistas científicas periódicas constituyen una de las manifestaciones más representativas de la edición de conocimientos y son una fórmula dinámica y operativa de difundir los progresos de la investigación. A principio de 2012 la revista de la SEDEN tomó el nombre de ENFERMERÍA NEFROLÓGICA y, desde ese momento, es la propia SEDEN la que ostenta la propiedad de su registro y la que debe velar por sus contenidos, con el objetivo de lograr su máxima difusión e impacto como formula de proyección científica. Enhorabuena a todos los que en estos años han aportado sus trabajos de investigación y divulgación, porque cada conocimiento adquirido nos enriquece a todos. Desde SEDEN queremos seguir fomentando la actividad investigadora, formando a los socios y animándolos a no realizar su trabajo con el único objetivo de ser expuesto en un foro de reunión y debate como puede ser el congreso, deseamos concienciarlos que el fin último de un trabajo de investigación es su publicación. Este año afrontamos el XL Congreso Nacional de la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica, con el título de: "40 años de Enfermería Nefrológica "Comprometidos con el Arte de Cuidar"
Valoración física, condición física y calidad de vida en pacientes con diferentes tratamientos renales sustitutivos
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Sonsoles , Garatachea Vallejo Nuria , Santos Lozano Alejandro , González-Calvo Gustavo , Brázalez Tejerina Mónica , García López David
Published: October 2015

La actividad física es de vital importancia en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, ya que mejora la capacidad funcional de los sujetos e incrementa notablemente su calidad de vida. Para mejorar la calidad de vida en pacientes con tratamiento renal sustitutivo, dializados o trasplantados, deberían ser incluidos programas de actividad física planificados y supervisados por profesionales. Existen varios estudios sobre entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis pero pocos sobre la condición física relacionada con la salud en estos pacientes y escasos los referentes a condición física en trasplantados y en pacientes con diálisis peritoneal. El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar el nivel de actividad física, condición física y calidad de vida de enfermos renales crónicos con diferentes tratamientos sustitutivos.
Material y métodos: 25 enfermos renales crónicos varones de entre 59 y 72 años, que participaron voluntariamente en este estudio, fueron divididos en 3 grupos: trasplantados renales: N=11, hemodializados: N=6, y en tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal: N=8. Se les administró el cuestionario de cuantificación de actividad física YALE, el cuestionario de calidad de vida KDQoL y realizaron la batería de tests Senior Fitness Test (SFT).
Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos en ninguno de los cuestionarios ni en los tests realizados. Los 3 grupos mostraron valores inferiores que otras poblaciones sanas de referencia de la misma edad.
Conclusiones: El tipo de tratamiento sustitutivo en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica no influye sobre el nivel de actividad física, condición física ni calidad de vida.
Valoración de la acogida de pacientes que inician terapia renal sustitutiva: Nivel de satisfacción
Authors: Rebollo Rubio Ana , Pons Raventos Mª Eugenia , Macias López Mª José , Cabrera Azaña Sandra
Published: October 2015

Introducción: En los últimos años han cobrado especial importancia aspectos tales como la calidad de vida, la salud percibida y la satisfacción del enfermo.
El objetivo de este estudio, es valorar el nivel de satisfacción de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica con los cuidados recibidos, cuando inician por primera vez la terapia renal sustitutiva.
Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en pacientes que inician por primera vez terapia renal sustitutiva. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 83 pacientes. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con la enfermedad renal y seguimientos en consulta. Para valorar la satisfacción con los cuidados recibidos, a los pacientes se les entregó el cuestionario para medir Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (KDQOL-SF), específico para pacientes renales. Dentro de este cuestionario existe un apartado que mide la satisfacción con los cuidados recibidos.
Resultados: En el ítem SF23, el 62,7% de la muestra consideró que la amabilidad del personal sanitario fue la mejor posible (43,4%) o excelente (19,3%). Por otro lado, en los ítems SF24a y 24b, el 51,8% de los pacientes opinan que el personal sanitario les anima a ser independientes y el 59% considera que les apoyan a hacer frente a la enfermedad. En el modelo de regresión ordinal utilizado, SF23 y SF24 obtiene mejores puntuaciones para diálisis peritoneal cuando se controlan el resto de variables demográficas, que no son significativas (p
Impacto del calibre de las agujas en la calidad de la hemodiálisis
Authors: López González Antonio , Fernández Rivera Constantino , Díaz Rodríguez Lorena , Ornosa Agra Mª del Carmen
Published: October 2015

Introducción: El flujo de sangre es uno de los factores íntimamente relacionado con la eficacia de la diálisis. Flujos altos de sangre se asocia a mejor calidad de diálisis y para ello, se recomienda el uso de agujas de gran calibre.
Objetivo: Analizar el efecto del calibre de las agujas utilizadas en la punción de las fístulas arteriovenosas, así como, examinar su impacto en la percepción del dolor y en el tiempo de coagulación tras su retirada al finalizar la sesión.
Material y método: Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio transversal. Se han recogido datos utilizando para la punción de la fístula arteriovenosa agujas de calibre 15G y 16G. Las variables recogidas han sido velocidad de bomba, flujo efectivo, Kt/V, presión venosa, duración de la sesión, tensión arterial sistólica, tensión arterial diastólica, recirculación, grado de dolor y tiempo de coagulación. Además, se han recogido las variables edad, sexo y localización del acceso vascular.
Resultados: En 52 fístulas analizadas se ha encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el uso de los distintos calibres de aguja en las variables flujo de sangre efectivo, presión venosa y duración de la sesión.
Discusión: Los resultados de nuestro estudio nos permiten recomendar el uso de aguja 15G ya que nos permitirán utilizar altos flujos de sangre sin generar morbilidad para el paciente, permitiendo alcanzar la dosis de diálisis recomendada en menos tiempo de tratamiento.
Nuevos en foques en el estudio de los Monasterios Jerónimos Santa María de la Murta y San Lorenzo de El Escorial: organización funcional y tipologías
Authors: Chías Navarro Pilar , Sender Contell Marina
Published: October 2015

En el estudio de la arquitectura monacal perteneciente a la Orden Jerónima encontramos conjuntos arquitectónicos muy deteriorados o en vías de ruina, como es el caso del Monasterio de Santa María de la Murta. Como sucede ante cualquier intervención en el patrimonio, es necesario un conocimiento previo y exhaustivo del edificio y de su historia a todos los niveles, que no sólo incluyen aspectos formales y constructivos, sino otros como funcionales y tipológicos que requieren considerar tanto cuestiones relativas al diseño y uso de los espacios, como las propias normas monásticas de la Orden, de influencia decisiva en su proceso de configuración. En este sentido, muchos de los vacíos históricos que las ruinas ya no nos permiten documentar pueden llenarse por comparación con otros monasterios mejor conservados, como es el caso del Monasterio del Escorial. El presente estudio propone un análisis sobre unas arquitecturas históricas que conduzca a la reflexión sobre la arquitectura de nuestro tiempo.
Abstracción y estabilidad formal
Authors: De Miguel Sanchez Manuel , Llorente Zurdo María Paz
Published: October 2015

La abstracción ha sido y sigue siendo uno de los sellos característicos de la creación arquitectónica de la modernidad. Su influencia nos interesa, en primer lugar, como actitud que evita lo contingente en la configuración de la forma. Pero ésta es una definición negativa y pretendemos ir más allá. Revisamos el concepto y los mecanismos que ponen en marcha los creadores cuando hacen uso de esta acción y para ello nos apoyamos principalmente en dibujos a mano de los propios autores. En este artículo analizamos la vigencia de la abstracción en la arquitectura española contemporánea y comprobamos su presencia en algunas de sus obras. Concluimos que tales obras persiguen situarse fuera del tiempo y del espacio, liberarse de la servidumbre de la materia, de cargas formales o significados sociales para crear, tal vez, la ensoñación de un espacio humano esencial.
Generación de un modelo de información del patrimonio inmueble en el momento de su protección jurídica
Authors: Castellano Román Manuel
Published: October 2015

La eficacia de los modelos de información de edificios (BIM) para la gestión de la información arquitectónica sugiere el desarrollo del Modelado de Información Patrimonial (HIM) como aplicación específica. Tomando como punto de partida los requerimientos documentales para la protección jurídica de un monumento, se construye un HIM de la Iglesia de San Pedro de Arcos de la Frontera (Cádiz, España). El HIM proporciona no sólo las salidas de información requeridas para el expediente administrativo, sino que revela las obsolescencias del mismo y se muestra como una eficaz herramienta para la gestión integral de la tutela patrimonial.
Shaping the New Financial System
Authors: Moretti Marina , Narain Aditya , Kodres Laura , Pazarbasioglu Ceyla , Vinãls José , Fiechter Jonathan
Published: October 2015

Three years after the onset of the global financial crisis, much has been done to reform the global financial system, but there is much left to accomplish. The regulatory reform agenda agreed by G-20 leaders in 2009 has elevated the discussions to the highest policy level and kept international attention focused on establishing a globally consistent set of rules. Comprehensive reform, once agreed and implemented in full, will have far-reaching implications for the global financial system and the performance of the world economy. In designing the reforms, it is imperative that policymakers keep their focus on the overarching objective of creating a financial system that provides a solid foundation for strong and sustainable economic growth. This paper argues that the current reforms are moving in the right direction, but many policy choices lie ahead—nationally and internationally?which are both urgent and challenging. Policies need to address not only the risks posed by individual banks but also, importantly, those posed by nonbanks and the system as a whole. The recent proposals of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) represent a substantial improvement in the quality and quantity of bank capital, but these apply only to a subset of the financial system.
A Basic Model of Performance-Based Budgeting
Authors: Robinson Marc , Last Duncan
Published: October 2015

This technical note presents a basic model of performance-based budgeting. It describes the characteristics of the model and explains how low-income countries should approach performance-based budgeting. The note emphasizes necessary preconditions for any move to performance-based budgeting—recognizing that performance-based budgeting, even in its basic form, should not be considered in countries with seriously dysfunctional public financial management and governance systems. The note also outlines reasons why more complex performance-based budgeting models of performance-based budgeting may not be appropriate in many countries.
A strong CO2 sink enhanced by eutrophication in a tropical coastal embayment (Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Authors: Cotovicz Jr. L. C. , Knoppers B. A. , Brandini N. , Costa Santos S. J. , Abril G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In contrast to its small surface area, the coastal zone plays a disproportionate role in the global carbon cycle. Carbon production, transformation, emission and burial rates at the land–ocean interface are significant at the global scale but still poorly known, especially in tropical regions. Surface water pCO2 and ancillary parameters were monitored during nine field campaigns between April 2013 and April 2014 in Guanabara Bay, a tropical eutrophic to hypertrophic semi-enclosed estuarine embayment surrounded by the city of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Water pCO2 varied between 22 and 3715 ppmv in the bay, showing spatial, diurnal and seasonal trends that mirrored those of dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll a (Chl a). Marked pCO2 undersaturation was prevalent in the shallow, confined and thermally stratified waters of the upper bay, whereas pCO2 oversaturation was restricted to sites close to the small river mouths and small sewage channels, which covered only 10 % of the bay's area. Substantial daily variations in pCO2 (up to 395 ppmv between dawn and dusk) were also registered and could be integrated temporally and spatially for the establishment of net diurnal, seasonal and annual CO2 fluxes. In contrast to other estuaries worldwide, Guanabara Bay behaved as a net sink of atmospheric CO2, a property enhanced by the concomitant effects of strong radiation intensity, thermal stratification, and high availability of nutrients, which promotes phytoplankton development and net autotrophy. The calculated CO2 fluxes for Guanabara Bay ranged between −9.6 and −18.3 mol C m−2 yr−1, of the same order of magnitude as the organic carbon burial and organic carbon inputs from the watershed. The positive and high net community production (52.1 mol C m−2 yr−1) confirms the high carbon production in the bay. This autotrophic metabolism is apparently enhanced by eutrophication. Our results show that global CO2 budgetary assertions still lack information on tropical, marine-dominated estuarine systems, which are affected by thermal stratification and eutrophication and behave specifically with respect to atmospheric CO2.
Long-term entrenchment and consequences in present flood hazard in the Garona River (Val d'Aran, Central Pyrenees)
Authors: Victoriano A. , García-Silvestre M. , Furdada G. , Bordonau J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. On 18 June 2013, a damaging flood of the Garona River (Val d'Aran, Central Pyrenees, Spain) caused losses exceeding EUR 100 million. Flood events are rarely related to the geologic, tectonic and geomorphologic context. This study bridges the gap between the short- and long-term processes scope. The upper reach of the Garona River was studied considering different space and time scales in order to establish a relationship between present short-term fluvial processes and the long-term evolution of the area. There is a clear entrenchment tendency of the drainage network since the Miocene. Post-orogenic exhumation and uplift of the Axial Pyrenees proves the recent and active tectonics of the area which leads to valley entrenchment. The last Upper Pleistocene glaciation affected the Aran valley and gave rise to a destabilisation period during the glacial–interglacial transition, characterised by a postglacial incision tendency. Mean entrenchment rates between 0.68 and 1.56 mm yr-1 since deglaciation have been estimated. During the Holocene, the valley evolution is mostly marked by vertical incision and recent fluvial dynamics is characterised by the predominance of erosive processes. The 2013 flood produced lateral and/or vertical erosion along almost all the river length in Val d'Aran. These results suggest that the long-term tendency of the fluvial system is reflected in short-term processes. Thus, understanding the fluvial network development and evolution of the upper reach of the Garona River will serve to predict river response during flood events. This study helps to improve flood risk management, which needs to take into account the long-term river dynamics.
Maximum wind radius estimated by the 50 kt radius: improvement of storm surge forecasting over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Takagi H. , Wu W.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Even though the maximum wind radius (Rmax) is an important parameter in determining the intensity and size of tropical cyclones, it has been overlooked in previous storm surge studies. This research reviewed the existing estimation methods of Rmax based on the central pressure or maximum wind speed. These over or underestimated Rmax because of the substantial variety of the data, though an average radius could be moderately estimated. Alternatively, we proposed an Rmax estimation method based on the radius of the 50 knot wind (R50). The data obtained during the passage of strong typhoons by a meteorological station network in the Japanese archipelago enabled us to derive the following formula, Rmax = 0.23R50. Although this new method substantially improved the estimation of Rmax compared to the existing models, an estimation error was unavoidable because of fundamental uncertainties regarding the typhoon's structure or insufficient number of available typhoon data. In fact, a numerical simulation from 2013 Typhoon Haiyan demonstrated a substantial difference in the storm surge height for different Rmax. Therefore, the variability of Rmax should be taken into account in storm surge simulations, independently of the model used, to minimize the risk of over or underestimation of storm surges. The proposed method is expected to increase the reliability of storm surge prediction and contribute to disaster risk management, particularly in the Western North Pacific, including countries such as Japan, China, Taiwan, Philippines, and Vietnam.
IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System
Authors: Tel E. , Balbin R. , Cabanas J. M. , Garcia M. J. , Garcia-Martinez M. C. , Gonzalez-Pola C. , Lavin A. , Lopez-Jurado J. L. , Rodriguez C. , Ruiz-Villarreal M. , Sanchez-Leal R. F. , Vargas-Yanez M. , Velez-Belchi P.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Since its foundation, 100 years ago, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been observing and measuring the ocean characteristics. Here is a summary of the initiatives of the IEO in the field of the operational oceanography (OO). Some systems like the tide gauges network has been working for more than 70 years. The IEO standard sections began at different moments depending on the local projects, and nowadays there are more than 180 coastal stations and deep-sea ones that are systematically sampled, obtaining physical and biochemical measurements. At this moment, the IEO Observing System (IEOOS) includes 6 permanent moorings equipped with currentmeters, an open-sea ocean-meteorological buoy offshore Santander and an SST satellital image reception station. It also supports the Spanish contribution to the ARGO international program with 47 deployed profilers, and continuous monitoring thermosalinometers, meteorological stations and ADCP onboard the IEO research vessels. The system is completed with the IEO contribution to the RAIA and Gibraltar observatories, and the development of regional prediction models. All these systematic measurements allow the IEO to give responses to ocean research activities, official agencies requirements and industrial and main society demands as navigation, resource management, risks management, recreation, etc, as well as for management development pollution-related economic activities or marine ecosystems. All these networks are linked to international initiatives, framed largely in supranational programs Earth observation sponsored by the United Nations or the European Union. The synchronic observation system permits following spatio-temporal description of some events, as new deep water formation in the Mediterranean Sea and the injection of heat to intermediate waters in the Bay of Biscay after some colder northern storms in winter 2005.
Microwave snow emission modeling uncertainties in boreal and subarctic environments
Authors: Roy A. , Royer A. , St-Jean-Rondeau O. , Montpetit B. , Picard G. , Mavrovic A. , Marchand N. , Langlois A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This study aims to better understand and quantify the uncertainties in microwave snow emission models using the Dense Media Radiative Theory-Multilayer model (DMRT-ML) with in situ measurements of snow properties. We use surface-based radiometric measurements at 10.67, 19 and 37 GHz in boreal forest and subarctic environments and a new in situ dataset of measurements of snow properties (profiles of density, snow grain size and temperature, soil characterization and ice lens detection) acquired in the James Bay and Umijuaq regions of Northern Québec, Canada. A snow excavation experiment – where snow was removed from the ground to measure the microwave emission of bare frozen ground – shows that small-scale spatial variability in the emission of frozen soil is small. Hence, variability in the emission of frozen soil has a small effect on snow-covered brightness temperature (TB). Grain size and density measurement errors can explain the errors at 37 GHz, while the sensitivity of TB at 19 GHz to snow increases during the winter because of the snow grain growth that leads to scattering. Furthermore, the inclusion of observed ice lenses in DMRT-ML leads to significant improvements in the simulations at horizontal polarization (H-pol) for the three frequencies (up to 20 K of root mean square error). However, the representation of the spatial variability of TB remains poor at 10.67 and 19 GHz at H-pol given the spatial variability of ice lens characteristics and the difficulty in simulating snowpack stratigraphy related to the snow crust. The results also show that for ground-based radiometric measurements, forest emission reflected by the surface leads to TB underestimation of up to 40 K if neglected. We perform a comprehensive analysis of the components that contribute to the snow-covered microwave signal, which will help to develop DMRT-ML and to improve the required field measurements. The analysis shows that a better consideration of ice lenses and snow crusts is essential to improve TB simulations in boreal forest and subarctic environments.
Making and Unmaking Bodies: Academic Women in Art Education
Authors: Ward Amber
Published: October 2015

The 2014 suspension of an art education program at State University, a research institution in the Midwest, leads the author’s journey into exploring truths. The exploration begins with biographical artifacts from her academic ancestry at the University. Specifically, the author uses Foucault’s genealogical analysis of descent to investigate visually 10 portrait photographs and two biographies that traverse the 20th century. The visual analysis reveals the ways in which truths both make and unmake the bodies of women academic art teachers at State University. Ultimately, she learns that truths cannot totally imprint bodies without also rendering parts of those truths obsolete. This research also exposes how discourse and the material are marginalized through creative analysis. The concluding discussion challenges art educators to investigate the practices that "disrupt or sustain relations of power and advance knowledge" (Jackson & Mazzei, 2012, p. 57) so that they can continue pushing art education forward in the 21st century.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Dou Paige
Published: October 2015

Engineering Management Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.

Engineering Management Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to emr@ccsenet.org.

Reviewers for Volume 4, Number 2

Kenneth Donald Mackenzie, University of Kansas, United States

Suman Niranjan, Savannah State University, United States

Noorliza Karia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Santosh Banadahally M, Chinmayi Research and Consulting, India

Juan Ramón Trapero Arenas, University of Castilla, Spain

Jingzheng Ren, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Anissa Frini, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada
A Merger Between Logistics Companies in the Context of the Brazilian Agribusiness: Rumo (Cosan) and All (Latin America Logistics)
Authors: Soliani Rodrigo Duarte , Vivaldini Mauro , Neto Samuel
Published: October 2015

Railway transport is not only a public utility service, but also, when analyzing agribusiness, it is decisive in relation to the efficiency of Brazilian commodities to gain competitiveness against the competitors from international markets. Thus, recently the logistics and agribusiness market were spectators of the merger between RUMO (branch of Cosan) and ALL (América Latina Logística). On the representativeness of these companies, both in the transport sector, as in the agro-industrial sector, this paper aims to analyze factors preceding the merger and thus diagnose determinants further objective is to investigate what the potential consequences of such restructuring in the Brazilian railway market.