bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The shadow of war: Parental competitive victimhood and children's contact intentions in two post‐accord societies
Authors: Counihan Dearbháile , Corbett Bethany , Tomašić Humer Jasmina , Tomovska Misoska Ana , Dautel Jocelyn B. , Taylor Laura K.
Published: March 2024

The effects of political violence are felt across generations; for example, extent of parental competitive victimhood (feeling that one's ingroup was relatively more victimised during the conflict) predicts adolescent's intergroup discrimination. We extend that research to children, born a generation after the height of violence. Participants were 223 family dyads with children aged 7–11 (M = 9.05, SD = 1.30; 52.4% female): Croatia (n = 82) and Republic of North Macedonia (RNM: n = 141), equally split by group status (i.e., Croatia: Croats/Serbs; RNM: Macedonian/Albanian). Parents reported on competitive victimhood while children reported on intergroup contact intentions (e.g., shared education initiatives). Moderation analysis across sites found a significant status by competitive victimhood interaction; increased parental competitive victimhood was associated with decreased contact intentions among minority, but not majority, children. We review site‐specific findings in relation to their historical context, concluding with the implications for shared education, reconciliation and peacebuilding.
A data‐driven turbulence modeling for the Reynolds stress tensor transport equation
Authors: Macedo Matheus S. S. , Cruz Matheus A. , Brener Bernardo P. , Thompson Roney L.
Published: March 2024

The long lasting demand for better turbulence models and the still prohibitively computational cost of high‐fidelity fluid dynamics simulations, like direct numerical simulations and large eddy simulations, have led to a rising interest in coupling available high‐fidelity datasets and popular, yet limited, Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations through machine learning (ML) techniques. Many of the recent advances used the Reynolds stress tensor or, less frequently, the Reynolds force vector as the target for these corrections. In the present work, we considered an unexplored strategy, namely to use the modeled terms of the Reynolds stress transport equation as the target for the ML predictions, employing a neural network approach. After that, we solve the coupled set of governing equations to obtain the mean velocity field. We apply this strategy to solve the flow through a square duct. The obtained results consistently recover the secondary flow, which is not present in the baseline simulations that used the model. The results were compared with other approaches of the literature, showing a path that can be useful in the seek of more universal models in turbulence.
Quality of analgesic care in labor: A cross‐sectional study of the first national register‐based benchmarking system
Authors: Tascón Padrón L. , Emrich N. L. A. , Strizek B. , Schleußner E. , Dreiling J. , Komann M. , Schuster M. , Werdehausen R. , Meissner W. , Jiménez Cruz J.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Unlike other types of acute pain, labor pain is considered physiological. Due to the heterogeneous management during labor, there is a lack of intention to define quality of care of peripartal analgesia. This study presents the first results of the national register for this evaluation.

Methods

This prospective cross‐sectional study, conducted in five different German level‐three hospitals, included women after vaginal childbirth between January 2020 and January 2022. A validated questionnaire was completed 24 h postpartum, including information about labor pain, satisfaction, and expectations regarding analgesia. Data were centrally recorded with obstetric records using the database of the QUIPS (Quality Improvement in Postoperative Pain Management) Project.

Results

A total of 514 women were included. On an 11‐point Numerical Rating Scale, pain intensity during labor was severe (8.68 ± 1.8) while postpartal pain was 3.9 (±2.1). The second stage of labor was considered the most painful period. Only 62.6% of the parturients obtained pharmacological support, with epidural being the most effective (reduction of 3.8 ± 2.8 points). Only epidural (odds ratio [OR] 0.22) and inhalation of nitrous oxide (OR 0.33) were protective for severe pain. In benchmarking, a relation between satisfaction, pain intensity, and the use of epidural was found; 40.7% of the women wished they had received more analgesic support during labor.

Conclusion

This study highlights deficiencies in analgesic management in high‐level perinatal centers, with more than 40% of parturients considering actual practices as insufficient and wishing they had received more analgesic support, despite the availability of analgesic options. Using patient‐reported outcomes can guarantee qualitative tailored analgesic care in women.
The retinal oxygen metabolism and hemodynamics as a substitute for biochemical tests to predict nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Zhou Chuanqing , Zhou Zixia , Feng Ximeng , Zou Da , Zhou Yilin , Zhang Bin , Chen Jiabao , Wang Fei , Liao Dingying , Li Jinying , Jin Zi , Ren Qiushi
Published: March 2024

Predicting the occurrence of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using biochemical parameters is invasive, which limits large‐scale clinical application. Noninvasive retinal oxygen metabolism and hemodynamics of 215 eyes from 73 age‐matched healthy subjects, 90 diabetic patients without DR, 40 NPDR, and 12 DR with postpanretinal photocoagulation were measured with a custom‐built multimodal retinal imaging device. Diabetic patients underwent biochemical examinations. Two logistic regression models were developed to predict NPDR using retinal and biochemical metrics, respectively. The predictive model 1 using retinal metrics incorporated male gender, insulin treatment condition, diastolic duration, resistance index, and oxygen extraction fraction presented a similar predictive power with model 2 using biochemical metrics incorporated diabetic duration, diastolic blood pressure, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (area under curve: 0.73 vs. 0.70; sensitivity: 76% vs. 68%; specificity: 64% vs. 62%). These results suggest that retinal oxygen metabolic and hemodynamic biomarkers may replace biochemical parameters to predict the occurrence of NPDR .
Subperiosteal delivery of transforming growth factor beta 1 and human growth hormone from mineralized PCL films
Authors: Parlato Matthew B. , Lee Jae Sung , Belair David G. , Fontana Gianluca , Leiferman Ellen , Hanna Rewais , Chamberlain Connie , Ranheim Erik A. , Murphy William L. , Halanski Matthew A.
Published: March 2024

The ability to locally deliver bioactive molecules to distinct regions of the skeleton may provide a novel means by which to improve fracture healing, treat neoplasms or infections, or modulate growth. In this study, we constructed single‐sided mineral‐coated poly‐ε‐caprolactone membranes capable of binding and releasing transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and human growth hormone (hGH). After demonstrating biological activity in vitro and characterization of their release, these thin bioabsorbable membranes were surgically implanted using an immature rabbit model. Membranes were circumferentially wrapped under the periosteum, thus placed in direct contact with the proximal metaphysis to assess its bioactivity in vivo. The direct effects on the metaphyseal bone, bone marrow, and overlying periosteum were assessed using radiography and histology. Effects of membrane placement at the tibial growth plate were assessed via physeal heights, tibial growth rates (pulsed fluorochrome labeling), and tibial lengths. Subperiosteal placement of the mineralized membranes induced greater local chondrogenesis in the plain mineral and TGF‐β1 samples than the hGH. More exuberant and circumferential ossification was seen in the TGF‐β1 treated tibiae. The TGF‐β1 membranes also induced hypocellularity of the bone marrow with characteristics of gelatinous degeneration not seen in the other groups. While the proximal tibial growth plates were taller in the hGH treated than TGF‐β1, no differences in growth rates or overall tibial lengths were found. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the feasibility of using bioabsorbable mineral coated membranes to deliver biologically active compounds subperiosteally in a sustained fashion to affect cells at the insertion site, bone marrow, and even growth plate.
Hot avulsion versus argon plasma coagulation for the management of the non‐ensnarable polyp: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Attree Chloe , Ogra Ravinder , Yusoff Ian F , Moss Alan , Jacques Angela , Brown Gregor , Alexander Sina , Efthymiou Marios , Raftopoulos Spiro
Published: March 2024

Background and Aim

Snare resection of nonlifting colonic lesions often requires supplemental techniques. We compared the success rates of neoplasia eradication using hot avulsion and argon plasma coagulation in colonic polyps when complete snare polypectomy had failed.

Methods

Polyps that were not completely resectable by snare polypectomy were randomized to argon plasma coagulation or hot avulsion for completion of resection. Argon plasma coagulation was delivered using a forward shooting catheter, using a nontouch technique (flow 1.2 L, 35 watts). Hot avulsion was performed by grasping the neoplastic tissue with hot biopsy forceps and applying traction away from the bowel wall while using EndoCut I or soft coagulation for avulsion. Surveillance colonoscopies were performed at 6, 12, and 18 months.

Results

From November 2013 to July 2017, 59 patients were randomized to argon plasma coagulation (28) or hot avulsion (31). The median age was 69 (60–75), with 46% being female. The median residual tissue size was 10 mm (6–12). The residual adenoma rate at 6 months (hot avulsion 6% vs argon plasma coagulation 21% P = 0.09) and 18 months was not different between the groups (6.6% vs 3.6% P = 0.25). One patient in the argon plasma coagulation arm was diagnosed with metastatic cancer of likely colorectal origin despite benign histology in the original polypectomy specimen, supporting the importance of tissue acquisition.

Conclusion

Both hot avulsion and argon plasma coagulation are effective and safe modalities to complete resection of non‐ensnarable colonic polyps.
Iron‐catalyzed intermolecular and intramolecular cyclization reactions of N‐heterocycles
Authors: Kaushik Jyoti , Jain Sonika , Kishore Dharma , Dwivedi Jaya
Published: March 2024

N‐Heterocyclic compounds have been appealing pharmacophores in their use as drug production substrates. In this review paper, the cyclization of N‐heterocycles, using iron as a catalyst, and their mechanistic pathways have been highlighted and presented comprehensively. This paper will provide researchers with in‐depth knowledge of their approach to synthesis by employing a greener way rather than a conventional one. The present review firmly establishes that iron catalysts by their innate ability and inherent potential to acquire the four oxidation states coupled with their easy accessibility, inexpensive, and environment‐friendly nature have remained the mainstay in chemistry as the evergreen catalyst in the domain of organic synthesis. This review paper extensively explores iron‐catalyzed cyclization of N‐heterocycles, elucidating mechanistic pathways and emphasizing greener synthesis methods. Iron's versatility, accessibility, and eco‐friendliness solidify its position as a cornerstone in organic synthesis.
Infant formula ingredients: Updates for clinicians
Authors: Rodrigo Minna L. , Tymann Heidi A. , Lochen Heidi A. , Shores Darla R.
Published: March 2024

Take Away Points

All infant formulas meet specific nutritional standards, but there are now numerous versions of formula with newer ingredients that more closely approximate breast milk.

Select infant formulas include ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, or milk fat globule membranes, which may have additional clinical benefits.

These ingredients are considered safe in infants but there is not dosing standardization across formula companies, and they may increase cost.
Assessing adherence and comprehension of cardiovascular medicines with pharmacist intervention post‐acute myocardial infarction: a pilot study
Authors: Goni Samia , Roussety Adeline , Jovanovic Marianne
Published: March 2024

Background

Due to the addition of multiple new medicines following an acute myocardial infarction (MI), medication non‐adherence occurs frequently. Medication education can improve adherence, comprehension, and health‐related outcomes. There is currently limited literature about individualised pharmacist‐led medication education post‐hospital discharge following an MI.

Aim

To assess whether individualised, pharmacist‐led education increased patient adherence and comprehension of cardiovascular medicines over a 12‐week period following an MI.

Method

All participants completed the Morisky Medication Assessment Scale (MMAS) of self‐reported adherence at 1 week and 12 weeks post‐hospital discharge. Alongside this, a questionnaire was completed to quantify comprehension of their treatment plan. Participants were randomised to receive individualised pharmacist‐led education directed at their medication regimen at 4–6 weeks post‐discharge. Data were analysed using paired t‐tests and mixed‐design analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ethical approval was granted by the Monash Health Human and Research Ethics Committee (Reference no: RES‐21‐0000234L) and the study conforms to the Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research. Informed consent was obtained from all participants via project information sheets, verbal explanations by recruiting pharmacists with reassurance there would be no difference in standard treatment should patients decline involvement in the project, and written consent forms were completed by all participants.

Results

Of the 29 participants, 15 (51%) received pharmacist‐led education. The intervention group's mean MMAS score increased from 6.7 (moderate adherence) at week 1 to 7.6 (moderate adherence) at week 12 post‐hospital discharge (p = 0.009). At 12 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated a statistically significant and greater mean MMAS score compared to the control group (7.6 moderate adherence and 6.9 moderate adherence respectively, p = 0.003). The intervention group's mean comprehension level increased from 58% at 1 week to 90% at 12 weeks (p < 0.05). The intervention group demonstrated a greater mean comprehension level at 12 weeks compared to the control group (90% and 48.21% respectively, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrated that individualised, pharmacist‐led education may improve self‐reported medication adherence and comprehension.
Kinetics of direct and water‐mediated tautomerization reactions of five‐membered cyclic amides or lactams
Authors: Würmel Judith , Simmie John M.
Published: March 2024

As part of a series of studies of hydrogen‐atom transfer or tautomerization reactions of imidic acid–amide species, , we report the rate constants for a set of 24 five‐membered cyclic compounds at low, 50–300 K, and high, 500–1500 K, temperatures. These rate constants are for both the high temperature direct reaction and for that mediated by an additional water molecule which facilitates the hydrogen transfer reaction at low temperatures. In the latter case we show that the rate of reaction from a pre‐reaction complex can be rapid at temperatures down to 50 K on a 1 ms timescale and is dominated by quantum mechanical effects as evaluated by small‐curvature and quantised‐reaction‐states tunnelling. In addition, we present thermochemical data such as enthalpies of formation, entropies, isobaric heat capacities and enthalpy functions for these largely unknown species which span a range of compounds from pyrolidinone to oxo‐tetrazoles.
Research on the coupled mechanism of landscape connectivity simulation by integrating multi‐level ecological security patterns and multi‐scenario simulation: A case study of the main urban area of Hangzhou
Authors: Xu Tao , Nie Wenbin , Wang Zhenguo , Yang Guofu , Zhang Yapin , Xu Bin
Published: March 2024

In the context of rapid urbanization, protecting landscape connectivity has become an effective measure to mitigate habitat fragmentation and curb biodiversity decline. However, in the current research on simulating optimization processes, the ecological constraints often set are dispersed, isolated, and fixed. They fail to form a comprehensive protective spatial framework and struggle to align with the multifaceted objectives of future development. This study, taking the main urban area of Hangzhou, China as a case study and employing small mammals as indicator species, utilizes the PLUS model to predict the potential threats to landscape connectivity of biological habitats posed by artificial surface expansion from 2020 to 2035. It constructs a coupled mechanism that integrates multi‐level ecological security patterns (ESPs) and multi‐scenario simulation for landscape connectivity, successfully demonstrating the effectiveness of this mechanism in future landscape connectivity preservation. The results indicate that under the scenarios of business‐as‐usual (BAU), priority given to urban development (PUD), and priority given to ecological protection (PEP), the overall level of landscape connectivity in the main urban area of Hangzhou is projected to decrease by 18.42%, 7.02%, and 4.39% respectively from 2020 to 2035. The reduction in core area is estimated to be 9.08%, 7.85%, and 6.34%, respectively, while highly important patches are expected to decrease by 12.91%, 7.51%, and 5.86%, respectively. Both PEP and PUD scenarios effectively mitigate the degree of landscape connectivity disruption. This study provides valuable insights for the future optimization of landscape connectivity and contributes to biodiversity conservation efforts.
Insight into Janus kinases specificity: From molecular architecture to cancer therapeutics
Authors: Wei Tian‐Hua , Lu Meng‐Yi , Yao Si‐Hui , Hong Yu‐Qi , Yang Jin , Zhang Meng‐Yuan , Yin Yu‐Qi , Han Yu‐Jie , Li Qing‐Qing , Wang Zi‐Xuan , Wang Yi‐Bo , Tong Zhen‐Jiang , Zhou Yun , Dai Wei‐Chen , Yu Yan‐Cheng , Sun Shan‐Liang , Yang Ye , Li Nian‐Guang , Shi Zhi‐Hao
Published: March 2024

Janus Kinases (JAKs) play a crucial role as therapeutic targets for various cancers. However, the current JAK inhibitors (JAKi) available have limited therapeutic benefits due to their lack of selectivity. This review focuses on the structural analysis to elucidate the molecular determinants of JAKs specificity and the discovery and design of selective JAKi. It includes descriptions and comparison of different JAK structures and their binding sites, a comparative analysis of JAKi and their binding modes, detailed interaction fingerprints (IFPs), and an extensive structure‐selectivity relationship (SSRs). Moreover, the review also explores the challenges and possibilities of using computational structure‐based methods for discovering and designing selective JAKi. Other structure‐based approaches, such as targeting the pseudokinase domain, as well as covalent and allosteric designs, are also covered. Based on this analysis, key determinants corresponding to JAK specificity and rational medicinal chemistry strategies are proposed to facilitate the development of highly selective JAKi. Overall, we aim to enhance the understanding of JAK specificity and explore strategies that can lead to the discovery of effective and selective JAKi in cancer therapy, thus improving the prognosis for cancer patients.
The role of attention in the effect of facial attractiveness on time perception
Authors: Wu Weiwen , Tian Yu
Published: March 2024

Recent research has indicated that attractive faces often cause a dilation of our time perception thus affecting physical and mental health, and speculates that this could be relevant to the fact that attractive faces capture people's attention. Nevertheless, there was no direct experimental data to support this speculation. The present work was designed to illustrate how attention affects time perception of facial attractiveness. It utilized two experiments to investigate this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, perception of timing and attention bias were assessed using a temporal reproduction task and a dot‐probe task. Increased attention bias was found to mediate the time dilation effect of facial attractiveness. Experiment 2 adopted dual‐task paradigm, combining a temporal reproduction task and attractiveness rating task, to manipulate attention allocation. The findings suggested that allocating more attention to the task requiring timing enhanced the time dilation effect caused by the faces. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 converge to show that attention plays an essential role in the effects of facial attractiveness on time perception.
Exploring contractile protein mechanisms and target medications for cardiomyopathic patients with diastolic dysfunction
Authors: Gerber Dustin , Quan Junjun , Pan Bo , Huang Xupei , Tian Jie
Published: March 2024

Genetic defects have been increasingly found in cardiomyopathies, which are often present with mutations in cardiac contractile proteins. These congenital defects involve numerous intracellular pathways and share several critical clinical features, such as systolic or diastolic dysfunction fostering the various cardiomyopathic phenotypes. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) share a common pathological feature, that is, diastolic dysfunction. Studies have shown that mutations of contractile proteins, especially myosin heavy chain and troponin, are tightly associated with diastolic dysfunction in patients with Cardiomyopathies (CMs), including pediatric patients with CM. Therapeutics, including green tea extract (epigallocatechin gallate) and mavacamten, interact directly with these contractile proteins and have shown promising results. This article will review recent and contemporary research on diastolic dysfunction in CMs, especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and RCM, which include their target proteins, mechanisms, clinical diagnosis, and potential therapies.
Sustainable biocomposites from pyrolyzed lignin and recycled nylon 6 with enhanced flame retardant behavior: Studies on manufacturing and quality performance evaluation
Authors: Muir Victoria , Tripathi Neelima , Rodriguez‐Uribe Arturo , Mohanty Amar K. , Misra Manjusri
Published: March 2024

The recycled nylon (RN)‐based biocomposites were fabricated by adding 25% lignin biocarbon. Lignin was pyrolyzed at 300, 600, and 900°C to produce Lig300, Lig600, and Lig900 biocarbon (BioC) samples, respectively. Higher functionality of Lig600 (unlike Lig900) allowed for improved interfacial interaction with the polar nylon matrix. Mechanical properties were further enhanced for RN_Lig600 composite with enhanced flexural and tensile strength by 18% and 8%, respectively, compared to neat polymer (RN). RN_Lig900 composite showed enhancement in tensile and flexural modulus by 32.6% and 51.1%, respectively, compared to RN. Incorporation of Lig900 in RN matrix resulted in 77.9% reduction in burning rate compared to RN. These results show the potential of lignin BioC as a filler in RN composites for flame retardant applications and mechanical enhancement, such as in the automotive industry.

Highlights

Effect of pyrolysis temperatures (300, 600, and 900°C) on lignin biomass.

Composites prepared from recycled polyamide 6 from carpet waste and biocarbon.

Improved interfacial adhesion of 600°C biocarbon with recycled nylon matrix.

Enhanced thermal, mechanical properties, reduced flammability of biocomposites.

Sustainable biocomposites with 900°C biocarbon reduced burning rate by 78%.
Measuring maladaptive personality traits with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Screening Questionnaire using a common metrics approach
Authors: Krasniqi Cameri , Müller Steffen , Wendt Leon P. , Fischer Felix H. , Spitzer Carsten , Zimmermann Johannes
Published: March 2024

The classification of personality disorder (PD) is undergoing a paradigm shift in which categorically defined specific PDs are being replaced by dimensionally defined maladaptive trait domains. To bridge the classificatory approaches, this study attempts to use items from the categorical PD model in DSM‐IV to measure the maladaptive trait domains described in DSM‐5 Section III/ICD‐11. A general population sample comprising 1228 participants completed the Screening Questionnaire of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II (SCID‐II‐SQ), the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 (PID‐5), and the anankastia scale of the Personality Inventory for ICD‐11 (PiCD). Using item response theory models and a psychometric linking technique, SCID‐II‐SQ items were evaluated for their contribution to measuring maladaptive trait domains. The best discriminating items were then selected to derive proxy scales. We found that convergent validity of these proxy scales was in a similar range to that of other self‐report measures for PD, except for the proxy scale for PiCD anankastia. However, only the proxy scale for negative affectivity showed acceptable reliability that would allow its application in research settings. Future studies should seek to establish a common metric between specific PDs and maladaptive trait domains using self‐report measures with higher specificity or semi‐structured interviews.
Association between electrodiagnosis and neuromuscular ultrasound in the diagnosis and assessment of severity of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Sheen Soun , Ahmed Aabra , Raiford Mattie E. , Jones Courtney M. C. , Morrison Eric , Hauber Kurt , Orsini John , Hammert Warren C. , Speach David
Published: March 2024

Background

Neuromuscular ultrasound plays an increasing role in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). There are limited data supporting the correlation between the electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound measurements in CTS.

Objective

To assess the association between different electrodiagnostic severities and ultrasound measurements of the median nerve in CTS.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

An academic tertiary care center.

Patients

Patients 18 years or older evaluated with upper limb electrodiagnostic studies and neuromuscular ultrasound.

Main outcome measurement

Ultrasound measurements of the median nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) at the wrist and the calculated wrist‐to‐forearm ratio (WFR) were compared with the electrodiagnostic severity (normal, mild, moderate, and severe). Mean analysis and analysis of variance test (α = 0.05) were performed to assess the association.

Results

A total of 1359 limbs were identified. There was a statistically significant association between electrodiagnostic severity of CTS and median nerve CSA at the wrist (p < .001), as well as the WFR (p < .001). The mean median nerve CSA at the wrist and WFR were 7.01 ± 2.06 mm2 (95% CI: 6.80–7.20) and 1.24 ± 0.36 (95% CI: 1.16–1.24) in electrodiagnostically normal median nerves, 10.47 ± 2.82 mm2 (95% CI: 10.25–10.75) and 2.06 ± 0.67 (95% CI: 2.04–2.16) in electrodiagnostically mild CTS, 12.95 ± 4.74 mm2 (95% CI: 12.41–13.59) and 2.49 ± 1.04 (95% CI: 2.37, 2.63) in electrodiagnostically moderate CTS, and 14.69 ± 5.38 mm2 (95% CI: 13.95–15.44) and 2.71 ± 1.02 (95% CI: 2.56–2.84) in electrodiagnostically severe CTS, respectively.

Conclusion

This study suggests a direct association between electrodiagnostic severity and ultrasound measurements of the median nerve in patients with suspected CTS.
The graft‐versus‐host problem for data‐driven gravity‐wave parameterizations in a one‐dimensional quasibiennial oscillation model
Authors: Shamir Ofer , Connelly David S. , Hardiman Steven C. , Shao Zihan , Yang L. Minah , Gerber Edwin P.
Published: March 2024

Two key challenges in the development of data‐driven gravity‐wave parameterizations are generalization, how to ensure that a data‐driven scheme trained on the present‐day climate will continue to work in a new climate regime, and calibration, how to account for biases in the “host” climate model. Both problems depend fundamentally on the response to out‐of‐sample inputs compared with the training dataset, and are often conflicting. The ability to generalize to new climate regimes often goes hand in hand with sensitivity to model biases. To probe these challenges, we employ a one‐dimensional (1D) quasibiennial oscillation (QBO) model with a stochastic source term that represents convectively generated gravity waves in the Tropics with randomly varying strengths and spectra. We employ an array of machine‐learning models consisting of a fully connected feed‐forward neural network, a dilated convolutional neural network, an encoder–decoder, a boosted forest, and a support‐vector regression model. Our results demonstrate that data‐driven schemes trained on “observations” can be critically sensitive to model biases in the wave sources. While able to emulate accurately the stochastic source term on which they were trained, all of our schemes fail to simulate fully the expected QBO period or amplitude, even with the slightest perturbation to the wave sources. The main takeaway is that some measures will always be required to ensure the proper response to climate change and to account for model biases. We examine one approach based on the ideas of optimal transport, where the wave sources in the model are first remapped to the observed one before applying the data‐driven scheme. This approach is agnostic to the data‐driven method and guarantees that the model adheres to the observational constraints, making sure the model yields the right results for the right reasons.
Synthesis of the Pentasaccharide of the K14 Capsular Polysaccharide of Antibiotic Resistant ST25 Acinetobacter baumannii isolate, D46 and O‐Polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii O11
Authors: Rana Abhijit , Kumar Misra Anup
Published: March 2024

Synthesis of the pentasaccharide corresponding to the K14 capsular polysaccharide from ST25 Acinetobacter baumannii isolate, D46 and O‐polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii O11 has been achieved in very good yield using a convergent stereoselective [3+2] block glycosylation strategy. The synthetic scheme includes several regio‐ and stereose lective glycosylations as well as orthogonal glycosylation with high yield. Thioglycosides have been used as glycosyl donors using a combination of copper(II) bromide and tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as thiophilic activator for 1,2‐cis glycosylation and a combination of N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) as thiophilic activator for 1,2‐trans glycosylation. Glycosyl trichloroacetimidate derivative was used as glycosyl donor using perchloric acid supported on silica (HClO4–SiO2) as activator. A catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction has been carried out for the removal of benzyloxy and benzylidene functional groups using triethylsilane as hydrogen source.
Strong Carbon Layer‐Encapsulated Cobalt Tin Sulfide‐Based Nanoporous Material as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Krishna B. N. Vamsi , Ankinapalli Obula Reddy , Reddy Ayyaluri Ramakrishna , Yu Jae Su
Published: March 2024

Global demands for cost‐effective, durable, highly active, and bifunctional catalysts for metal–air batteries are tremendously increasing in scientific research fields. In this work, a strategy for the rational fabrication of carbon layer‐encapsulated cobalt tin sulfide nanopores (CoSnOH/S@C NPs) material as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc (Zn)–air batteries by a cost‐effective and facile two‐step hydrothermal method is reported. Moreover, the effect of metal elements on the morphology of CoSnOH nanodisks material via the hydrothermal method is investigated. Owing to its excellent nanostructure, exclusive porous network, and high specific surface area, the optimized CoSnOH/S@C NPs material reveals superior catalytic properties. The as‐prepared CoSnOH/S@C NPs electrocatalyst reveals better properties of oxygen reduction reaction (half‐wave potential of −0.88 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode) and oxygen evolution reaction (overpotential of 137 mV at 10 mA cm−2) when compared with commercial Pt/C and IrO2 catalyst materials. Most significantly, the CoSnO/S@C NPs‐based Zn–air battery exhibits more excellent cycling stability than the Pt/C+IrO2 catalyst‐based one. Consequently, the proposed material provides a new route for fabricating more active and stable multifunctional catalyst materials for energy conversion and storage systems.
Tailored Yolk‐Shell Design to Silicon Microparticles via Scalable and Template‐Free Synthesis for Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Wu Hao , Wen Hong , Wang Chen , Li Fenghui , Chen Yifan , Su Liwei , Wang Lianbang
Published: March 2024

Micrometer‐sized Si particles are beneficial to practical lithium‐ion batteries in regard to low cost and high volumetric energy density in comparison with nanostructured Si anodes. However, both the issues of electrical contact loss and overgrowth of solid electrolyte interface for microscale Si induced by colossal volume change still remain to be addressed. Herein, a scalable and template‐free method is introduced to fabricate yolk‐shell structured Si anode from commercially available Si microparticles. The void is created via a one‐step alkali etching process with the remaining silicon core as the yolk, and a double‐walled shell is formed from simultaneous in situ growth of the conformal native oxide layer and subsequent carbon coating. In this configuration, the well‐defined void spaces allow the Si core to expand without compromising structural integrity, while the double‐walled shell acts as a static capsule to confine silicon fragments despite likely particle fracture. Therefore, electrical connectivity is maintained on both the particle and electrode level during deep galvanostatic cycling, and the solid‐electrolyte interface is stabilized on the shell surface. Owing to the benefits of tailored design, excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles) and high coulombic efficiency (99.5%) are realized in a practical full‐cell demonstration.
Tailoring the Molecular Planarity of Perylene Diimide‐Based Third Component toward Efficient Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yuxiang , Ren Jiaqi , Liu Shujuan , Zhao Baofeng , Liang Zezhou , Jee Min Hun , Qin Hongmei , Su Wenyan , Woo Han Young , Gao Chao
Published: March 2024

Incorporating a third component into binary organic solar cells (b‐OSCs) has provided a potential platform to boost power conversion efficiency (PCEs). However, gaining control over the non‐equilibrium blend morphology via the molecular design of the perylene diimide (PDI)‐based third component toward efficient ternary organic solar cells (t‐OSCs) still remains challenging. Herein, two novel PDI derivatives are developed with tailored molecular planarity, namely ufBTz‐2PDI and fBTz‐2PDI, as the third component for t‐OSCs. Notably, after performing a cyclization reaction, the twisted ufBTz‐2PDI with an amorphous character transferred to the highly planar fBTz‐2PDI followed by a semi‐crystalline character. When incorporating the semi‐crystalline fBTz‐2PDI into the D18:L8‐BO system, the resultant t‐OSC achieved an impressive PCE of 18.56%, surpassing the 17.88% attained in b‐OSCs. In comparison, the addition of amorphous ufBTz‐2PDI into the binary system facilitates additional charge trap sites and results in a deteriorative PCE of 14.37%. Additionally, The third component fBTz‐2PDI possesses a good generality in optimizing the PCEs of several b‐OSCs systems are demonstrated. The results not only provided a novel A‐DA'D‐A motif for further designing efficient third component but also demonstrated the crucial role of modulated crystallinity of the PDI‐based third component in optimizing PCEs of t‐OSCs.
Mechanically Robust, Durable, and Multifunctional Hyper‐Crosslinked Elastomer Based on Metal–Organic‐Cluster Crosslinker: The Role of Topological Structure
Authors: Huang Qi‐Sheng , Ma Yan , Luo Yan‐Long , Li Dong‐Ping , Li Cheng‐Hui , Li Yong‐Xiu , Zuo Jing‐Lin
Published: March 2024

Polymer materials formed by conventional metal‐ligand bonds have very low branch functionality, the crosslinker of such polymer usually consists of 2–4 polymer chains and a single metal ion. Thus, these materials are weak, soft, humidity‐sensitive, and unable to withstand their shape under long‐term service. In this work, a new hyperbranched metal–organic cluster (MOC) crosslinker containing up to 16 vinyl groups is prepared by a straightforward coordination reaction. Compared with the current typical synthesis of metal–organic cages (MOCs) or metal–organic‐polyhedra (MOP) crosslinkers with complex operations and low yield, the preparation of the MOC is simple and gram‐scale. Thus, MOC can serve as a high‐connectivity crosslinker to construct hyper‐crosslinked polymer networks. The as‐prepared elastomer exhibits mechanical robustness, creep‐resistance, and humidity‐stability. Besides, the elastomer possesses self‐healing and recyclability at mild condition as well as fluorescence stability. These impressive comprehensive properties are proven to originate from the hyper‐crosslinked topological structure and microphase‐separated morphology. The MOC‐driven hyper‐crosslinked elastomers provide a new solution for the construction of mechanically robust, durable, and multifunctional polymers.
Optical Control over Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation
Authors: Jia Liyan , Gao Shan , Qiao Yan
Published: March 2024

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is responsible for the emergence of intracellular membrane‐less organelles and the development of coacervate protocells. Benefitting from the advantages of simplicity, precision, programmability, and noninvasiveness, light has become an effective tool to regulate the assembly dynamics of LLPS, and mediate various biochemical processes associated with LLPS. In this review, recent advances in optically controlling membrane‐less organelles within living organisms are summarized, thereby modulating a series of biological processes including irreversible protein aggregation pathologies, transcription activation, metabolic flux, genomic rearrangements, and enzymatic reactions. Among these, the intracellular systems (i.e., optoDroplet, Corelet, PixELL, CasDrop, and other optogenetic systems) that enable the photo‐mediated control over biomolecular condensation are highlighted. The design of photoactive complex coacervate protocells in laboratory settings by utilizing photochromic molecules such as azobenzene and diarylethene is further discussed. This review is expected to provide in‐depth insights into phase separation‐associated biochemical processes, bio‐metabolism, and diseases.
Ultra‐Thin GaAs Single‐Junction Solar Cells for Self‐Powered Skin‐Compatible Electrocardiogram Sensors
Authors: Nam Yonghyun , Shin Dongjoon , Choi Jun‐Gyu , Lee Inho , Moon Sunghyun , Yun Yeojun , Lee Won‐June , Park Ikmo , Park Sungjun , Lee Jaejin
Published: March 2024

GaAs thin‐film solar cells have high efficiency, reliability, and operational stability, making them a promising solution for self‐powered skin‐conformal biosensors. However, inherent device thickness limits suitability for such applications, making them uncomfortable and unreliable in flexural environments. Therefore, reducing the flexural rigidity becomes crucial for integration with skin‐compatible electronic devices. Herein, this study demonstrated a novel one‐step surface modification bonding methodology, allowing a streamlined transfer process of ultra‐thin (2.3 µm thick) GaAs solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. This reproducible technique enables strong bonding between dissimilar materials (GaAs‐polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) without high external pressures and temperatures. The fabricated solar cell showed exceptional performance with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.018 V, short‐circuit current density of 20.641 mA cm−2, fill factor of 79.83%, and power conversion efficiency of 16.77%. To prove the concept, the solar cell is integrated with a skin‐compatible organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). Competitive electrical outputs of GaAs solar cells enabled high current levels of OECT under subtle light intensities lower than 50 mW cm−2, which demonstrates a self‐powered electrocardiogram sensor with low noise (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 32.68 dB). Overall, this study presents a promising solution for the development of free‐form and comfortable device structures that can continuously power wearable devices and biosensors.
A Thiol Branched 3D Network Quasi Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte Reinforced by Covalent Organic Frameworks for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Tang Kehan , Bai Qiaoshuang , Xu Peiwen , Liu Ruliang , Xue Shoufeng , Liu Shaohong , Zhu Youlong
Published: March 2024

Quasi solid‐state polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) are particularly attractive due to their high ionic conductivity and excellent safety for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, it is still a great challenge for QSPEs to achieve strong mechanical strength and high electrochemical performance simultaneously. Herein, a QSPE (SCOF‐PEP‐PEA) using a covalent organic framework (COF) containing abundant allyl groups (SCOF) as a rigid porous filler as well as a cross‐linker to reinforce the polymer network is reported. Benefitting from the unique 3D nanonetwork structure and abundant lithiophilic functional groups, SCOF‐PEP‐PEA QSPE exhibits high ionic conductivity (4.0 × 10−4 S cm−1) and high lithium‐ion transference number (0.82) at room temperature. Moreover, SCOF‐PEP‐PEA QSPE displays much improved mechanical strength compared to PEP‐PEA QSPE (AFM Young's modulus: 453 vs 36 MPa). As a result, the Li/LFP full cell with SCOF‐PEP‐PEA QSPE shows great rate performance of 141 mAh g−1 at 1C and delivers a high specific capacity retention of 92% after 220 cycles at 0.5 C (60 °C). This work provides a new strategy to design and prepare high‐performance QSPEs with COFs as porous organic filler, and further expand the application of COFs for energy storage applications.
Chitosan‐Stabilized PtAu Nanoparticles with Multienzyme‐Like Activity for Mixed Bacteria Infection Wound Healing and Insights into Its Antibacterial Mechanism
Authors: Wen Yujuan , Chen Wenxin , Wu Ruimei , Guo Jianpeng , Liu Xin , Shi Boling , Zhang Cunshan , Wu Lina , Zheng Yanjie , Liu Ailin , Lin Liqing
Published: March 2024

Traditional antibacterial agents are often observed to be ineffective because bacteria evolved to strains with greater antibiotic resistance. Here, vigorous chitosan‐stabilized PtAu nanoparticles (CSPA) with multienzyme‐like activity are successfully fabricated, which serve an effective artificial nanozyme to enhance antibacterial activity for mixed bacterial infection wound treatment. Ultrasmall size CSPA exhibits excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, possesses strong oxidase‐ and peroxidase‐like activity generating a substantial amount of ROS (, 1O2, ·OH) to cause oxidative damage to bacteria, also demonstrates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase‐like activity disrupting the bacterial respiratory chains, and subsequently impedes adenosine triphosphate production. CSPA exhibits favorable broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity at very low concentrations, prevents bacterial resistance, and completely inhibits bacterial biofilm formation. Antibacterial Mechanism of CSPA by the transcriptomics is further revealed that CSPA can induce bacterial oxidative stress, hinder bacterial energy metabolism, and disrupt the synthesis and function of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes. In vivo, CSPA inhibits the mixed bacterial population at the wound site and promotes wound healing in rats. This study introduces a novel antibacterial approach, providing important insight into the antibacterial mechanism of CSPA nanozymes and promoting the advancement of nanocatalytic materials in biomedical applications.
The Translucence of the Missionary Translation in Seventeenth-Century South India: Cultural Filters, Translation Policies, Textual and Conceptual Grids
Authors: Nardini Giulia
Published: March 2024

This article investigates how religions are based on the process of translating religious concepts and practices, and how different translations have brought about different understandings and representations of religions in the past and may continue to do so in the present. Proceeding from the notion that the construction of religions is based on a constant process of translation, the focus of the analysis is on the translation process itself. I examine the translation of religious concepts and practices in the missionary context of South India in the sixteenth century, employing “cultural translation” as an analytical tool. In order to analyze the translation process, I apply a theoretical ‘tool kit’—a combination of theories from different translation studies, to a pivotal source, Roberto Nobili’s (1577–1656) Informatio. This Latin treaty was composed for the purpose of translating and accommodating the Tamil Sanskrit Brahmanism of South India so as to explain it to a Latin-speaking Roman audience.
Online-Training für Hörimplantatchirurgie
Authors: Rak Kristen , Kaulitz Stefan , Voelker Johannes , Müller-Graff Tassilo , Engert Jonas , Spahn Björn , Hackenberg Stephan , Grasso Peter , Hagen Rudolf
Published: March 2024

Ziel

Angehende Otologen stehen vor der Herausforderung, die komplexen mikrochirurgischen Techniken insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Mittelohreingriffen und Cochleaimplantationen zu beherrschen. Traditionelle mikrochirurgische Ausbildungsmethoden beinhalten klassischerweise Präparationsübungen an Post-mortem-Präparaten und die begleitete Operation unter direkter Anleitung und Aufsicht. Dies setzt entsprechend voraus, Zugang zu Präparaten zu haben, und die Möglichkeit, von erfahrenen Chirurgen im eigenen Haus angeleitet zu werden. Da dies nicht ubiquitär umzusetzen ist, wurde ein Online-Trainingssystem für otologische Eingriffe entwickelt.

Material und Methoden

Das System besteht aus einem künstlichen Modell des Schläfenbeins und den regulären chirurgischen Instrumenten und Übungsimplantaten. Zentraler Bestandteil ist eine hochauflösende Kamera, die mit einer Video-Streaming-Plattform verbunden ist und eine Online-Supervision der chirurgischen Schritte der Auszubildenden durch erfahrene Otochirurgen ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Pre-Learning-Plattform entwickelt, die die Anatomie des Felsenbeins, Information zum Instrumentarium sowie aufgezeichnete Vorlesungen und Lehrvideos umfasst, die es den Auszubildenden ermöglicht, ihr Wissen vor der praktischen Übung zu überprüfen und zu vertiefen.

Ergebnisse

In den 3 bisher durchgeführten Kursen haben insgesamt 28 Teilnehmer mit unterschiedlicher chirurgischer Erfahrung an diesem Online-Fortbildungsprogramm für Otochirurgie teilgenommen. Mithilfe eines Fragebogens wurde die subjektive Bewertung des Programms durch die Teilnehmer abgefragt. So konnten auch Bereiche identifiziert werden, in denen eine Optimierung zu einer noch solideren Fortbildungserfahrung führen könnte.

Schlussfolgerung

Das vorgestellte Programm einer otochirurgischen Online-Ausbildung kann dazu beitragen, bestimmte Basisgrundsätze im „Remote-Verfahren“ zu vermitteln. Damit wird diese Möglichkeit eines otochirurgischen Trainings auch Ärztinnen und Ärzten ermöglicht, die keinen unmittelbaren Zugang zu den klassischen Vor-Ort-Trainingseinheiten haben.