bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Circulatory System
Authors: Mertz Leslie
Published: June 2024

This volume of theEncyclopedia of the Human Bodydiscusses the parts of the circulatory system and how they work together to deliver nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat, and oxygen and remove waste materials and carbon dioxide. Blood pressure, blood type, and fetal circulation are covered. The history of research on the circulatory system is presented, and the future of research in this field is considered. Current controversies and dilemmas, such as stem cell research, are explored. Circulatory system diseases and disorders, symptoms, and treatments are explored, including anemia, leukemia, and heart murmurs. This reference concludes with a comprehensive glossary, and resources for further information including Web sites and contact information for organizations and national health institutions.

Beginning with an overview of the circulatory system, this volume of theEncyclopedia of the Human Bodydiscusses the parts of this system and how they work together to deliver nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, and heat and oxygen and remove waste materials and carbon dioxide. Blood pressure, blood type and fetal circulation are covered. The history of research on the circulatory system is presented and the future of research in this field is considered. Current controversies and dilemmas, such as stem cell research, are explored. Circulatory system diseases and disorders, symptoms and treatments are explored, including anemia, leukemia, and heart murmurs. This reference concludes with a comprehensive glossary, and resources for further information including Web sites and contact information for organizations and national health institutions.

TheEncyclopedia of the Human Bodyprovides a complete, comprehensive reference source for students interested in the human body. Each book in this ten-volume set introduces and describes a specific body system, including the parts and function of each system, the history of discovery, related diseases and treatments, as well as future advances in research. Detailed illustrations and diagrams, including an eight-page color insert, provide a visual reference for written material.
City of Steel and Fire
Authors: Sikainga Ahmad A.
Published: June 2024

The Sudanese working-class town of Atbara is the headquarters of the Sudan railways. NicknamedCity of Steel and Fireby Sudanese workers, the town remains a major site of labor activism and radical politics. This book chronicles the struggles of railway workers against the Sudanese colonial and postcolonial governments. Sikainga's text will interest Sudanese scholars, labor historians, and students of radical politics. Based on numerous oral interviews and extensive archival research, this book is destined to become the authoritative text on Sudanese labor history.

For more than 50 years, the railway workers of Atbara formed the core of the Sudanese working class and became one of the most dynamic and militant labor movements in Africa and the Middle East. A key characteristic of the Sudanese labor movement was its close association with the Sudanese Communist Party, the second largest communist party in Africa until its termination in 1971. Railway workers contributed to the demise of two military regimes: Ibrahim Abboud in 1964 and Jafaf Nimeiri in 1985.
The Civil War
Authors: Risley Ford
Published: June 2024

Read how the most pressing issues of the Civil War were argued over, shaped, and regarded by Americans north and south. News articles, editorials, and cartoons from the time offer a range of contentious and impassioned opinions and reports on the crucial events that precipitated, sustained, and eventually concluded this vital chapter in American history and politics. A startling mosaic of sentiment - often conflicting, always partisan, and much of it noble - emerges from the din of journalistic campaigning waged over the battle for public opinion on both sides of the Mason - Dixon line. Topical chapters offer multiple annotated documents related to twenty-four crucial topics and events occurring and debated during the War Between the States. Questions designed to stimulate written and oral discussions conclude each chapter. A full index and bibliography conclude the work.

Beginning with Lincoln's election in 1860 and concluding with his assassination in 1865, The Civil War offers clear examples of a wide range of opinion about the military matters like the draft, the preparation for war, arming slaves, and the impact of the battles of Bull Run, Gettysburg, and Sherman's March to the Sea. Political issues are strongly represented as editorials and articles reacting to the southern states' secession, civil liberties and elections in the Union and the Confederacy are presented in equal measure. A strong and valuable resource for students and researchers of this pivotal period of American history.
The Computer Industry
Authors: Yost Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2024

Originally a military and scientific computational tool of a small number of government, scientific, and corporate elites in the late 1940s, the computer has evolved significantly in less than 70 years to become a revolutionary technology and the basis for one the largest industries in America. The Internet, email and personal computer have become necessities in most offices and college dorm rooms and many homes. Narrative chapters trace the emergence and development of the computer industry in the United States as seen in the economic, historical, and social context of its times from the early 20th century to the present. From punched cards and tabulating machines to the first digital computer companies in the early 1950s, Yost clearly describes how the concept of the computer was born in the late 1800s but did not evolve into the personal computer until the late 1970s and 1980s. The computer has emerged from a relatively narrow scientific computational machine to a vast data processing and communication technology.

Such well-known concepts and terms as IBM and Bill Gates, Apple and Macintosh, and the Internet and the World Wide Web, along with lesser known histories of the mainframe digital computer, the invention of the transistor, software development, supercomputing and minicomputing are discussed. Includes an appendix of over twenty company profiles of key businesses in the industry, a timeline, and suggestions for further reading and research. Ideal for students and general readers interested in the development of computers and related technology, such as its software and hardware, and the history of the computer industry.
The Confessions of Saint Augustine
Authors: Severson Richard
Published: June 2024

The modern scholarly verdict about theConfessionshas been nothing short of sensational. This work documents the story of 20th-century criticism and praise for Augustine's classic, an ancient text that has grown in stature like few other Western classics. Disciplines such as psychology, literature, and religion, plus many others, all claim it as their own. The first chapter of this study puts modernConfessionsscholarship into historical context. The other chapters are devoted to autobiographical studies, literary influences, philosophical interpretations, psychology, spirituality, and theological themes. Of interest to scholars and students in many disciplines.

At the end of the 19th century a new critical spirit of inquiry and scholarship helped to change how we think about religious texts. The new criticism uncovered problems with Augustine'sConfessions; he may have dramatized events concerning his conversion to Christianity, for example. Yet, this work has proved to be relevant in the 20th century like few other ancient texts. That such variegated attention has been devoted to it is testimony to Augustine's enduring legacy. His stature in Western civilization is of the first order, comparable to Homer and Virgil, Plato and Aristotle, Moses and Paul.
The Cosmos
Authors: Fraser Craig G.
Published: June 2024

Everyone knows that the universe is extremely old and extremely large. But how did scientists determine just how old and how large? How do astronomers know that there are upwards of 100 billion galaxies in the universe if the nearest one is over 40,000 light-years away? How do we know what the stars are made of? The answer is that our current knowledge of the universe has arisen from the work and ideas of scientists and philosophers over hundreds of years. While it's only been during the last several decades that scientists have had the technology and theories to really understand how the universe works, humans have thought about such issues for millennia. And the scientists who today are attempting to understand the most complex issues of the universe build upon the work and thought of the thinkers of the last hundreds of years.

The Cosmos: A Historical Perspectiveprovides an accessible introduction to the many ways humans have conceived of the universe throughout history and what ideas have led to our current understanding of the cosmos. The book examines: the Scientific Revolution and the new ideas of the Earth's place in the cosmos; the importance of nineteenth-century physics and chemistry in determining the compositions of stars; Einstein's Theory of Relativity and how it altered how scientists thought about gravity; and new, cutting-edge science that may alter, yet again, our conceptions of the cosmos, such as the inflationary universe and the possibility of dark energy. Jargon and mathematics is kept to a minimum, and the volume includes an annotated bibliography and a timeline.The Cosmosis an ideal introduction for students studying space science and the history and nature of the scientific understanding of the universe.
The Counter-Creationism Handbook
Authors: Isaak Mark A.
Published: June 2024

Those opposed to the teaching of evolution often make well-rehearsed claims about the science that sound, to the layperson, powerful and convincing. And many people who support the teaching of evolution—students, teachers, parents, administrators—do not have the background to respond. They know that scientists have pretty thoroughly dismantled these arguments, but they don't have a handy way of responding to these attacks.The Counter-Creationism Handbookis a one-stop resource for addressing over 400 of the most prevalent claims made by creationists. Each claim is followed by a succinct and scientifically valid rebuttal, and the book includes print and on-line resources for further reading and information.Whether you are a preservice, inservice or veteran teacher, through the inquiry and reflection of teacher research you can learn about your practice and your students and gain a deeper understanding of the potential that the inquiry process has to support powerful student learning.

This useful resource covers claims made about the disciplines of philosophy, biology, paleontology, geology, astronomy, physics and mathematics, history, linguistics, and folklore The work addresses the claims of Biblical creationism, intelligent design creationism, and even some creationism based on other religions. An introduction covers how to address creationists in different venues, how to deal with novel claims, and why accurate science is important. The volume is organized thematically, with extensive cross-referencing, so that someone presented with an unfamiliar claim can quickly find the argument, understand its flaws, provide a rebuttal, and see where to go for more information.
Courting the Media
Authors: Mackenzie Margaret
Published: June 2024

Media relations are not just for the rich and famous. Mackenzie takes readers behind the scenes of high-profile cases in which men, women, and even children were thrust into the spotlight—many because they were victims of unwarranted prosecution by the justice system and inaccurate depiction by the press. With media-savvy guidance from Mackenzie, these people and their lawyers successfully challenged the prejudiced portraits that police and prosecutors tried to present. In this book, Mackenzie also weighs in on celebrity cases, analyzing how they and their lawyers used the media to their advantage, or how they failed to do so.

Mackenzie is a consummate expert in the use of media relations in the court of law. Her conviction that a right to demand a fair portrayal by the press must not be reserved for the prosecution or the wealthy has propelled her career as she has fought for the falsely accused, the unjustly portrayed, and their families.

The media coverage of suspects or defendants by CNN, the nightly news, theNew York Times, or the local paper affects the court of public opinion, even before their trials, and is often as important as what happens in front of a judge or jury. Private industry and corporations have long used media consultants. Prosecutors have public information officers to advise their lawyers. To level the playing field, all lawyers need to be ready to represent their clients before the media as well as the jury. Not only can this be done ethically, but as Mackenzie shows in this book, given what defendants are up against today, it may be unethical to ignore the media when the other side is using every possible opportunity to advance their portrayal of the accused or the victim.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Hilsman Roger
Published: June 2024

The inside story of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Culture and Customs of Germany
Authors: Bernstein Eckhard
Published: June 2024

After more than a decade of reunification, it is time for a fresh update on the ever-important nation of Germany. Bernstein, a German native, judiciously surveys the German way of life in an historical context. The information on the former East Germany brings their integration and struggles into a well-rounded portrait. Highlights of the narrative chapters also include discussion of the immigrant population and its effects on the national image, little-known customs for students, the shifting roles of women, and, of course, the magnificent cultural achievements of Germans past and present.

Students studying German and European History, as well as tourists and Europhiles, will find this the best one-stop resource to understand the new Germany. Photos, a chronology, and a glossary complement the narrative.
Decoding Early Christianity
Authors: Hall Stuart G. , Gould Graham , Need Stephen , Houlden Leslie , Wickham Lionel
Published: June 2024

The extraordinary success ofThe Da Vinci Codehas dramatically intensified interest in the mysterious origins of Christianity. But in fact there has always been huge curiosity about a wide range of contentious issues concerning Jesus and early Church history. Who was the 'real' Jesus? How much do we really know about his disciples? What is written in the 'secret' early Christian writings, such as the Gnostic Gospels? How did the Church Fathers decide which beliefs were heretical and which weren't? Who were the first Popes and how did they take control of the early Church?Decoding Early Christianityaddresses all such questions, separating truth from legend, and showing how the early Church Fathers and Popes interpreted competing views and traditions to produce, over time, an approved and codified view of Jesus and his followers, and developed an accepted liturgy with which to worship him. Expertly written by a team of highly distinguished authors, it is a clear and engaging exploration of fact and fiction for anyone who wants to be reliably informed on the subject. The authors show how speculative fancies arise from a mixture of tenuous evidence and wishful thinking, and bring the issues back to the solid - but no less extraordinary - evidence in the main canon of the Gospels and the Acts.

After Leslie Houlden's Introduction, which briefly explores the nature and context of the different issues, nine chapters, each written by an expert, tackle the evidence: 'What Did Jesus Do and Teach?' (Leslie Houlden), 'Who Were the Disciples?' (Stephen Need), 'Who Were the First Popes?' (Graham Gould), 'What is the Apocryphal New Testament?' (Stuart Hall), 'What was Gnosticism?' (Stuart Hall), 'What Was the Qumran Sect and Did Jesus Share their Beliefs?' (Stephen Need), 'How Did the Early Christians Worship?' (Graham Gould), 'Who Were the Heretics and What Did they Believe?' (Lionel Wickham) and 'What Did Constantine Do for Christianity?' (Graham Gould).
Development Projects for a New Millennium
Authors: Hira Anil , Parfitt Trevor
Published: June 2024

Economic matters entered a new phase of importance in the wake of the Cold War. Concerns within development-assistance efforts to the Third World have also shifted. The current macro-environment of development has been accompanied by a plethora of new concerns and methods, such as how to consider gender in development projects and how to develop participatory-centered projects. Yet no text has covered many of the new approaches and techniques related to development projects, including issues of participation, gender, and evaluation—until now. Hira and Parfitt bridge these serious gaps, drawing on their hands-on experience and teaching in the field.

The end of the Cold War was supposed to bring a new era of peace prosperity, and development. However, the post-Cold War world has not led to any major improvements in development. In this book, Hira and Parfitt examine why 50 years of development have not led to the wiping out of poverty. In the first part of the book, they break down the political agendas behind development in the post-Cold War World, as well as the serious flaws in current development project management. In the remainder of the book they look carefully at a number of new initiatives that seek to correct these problems, examining carefully their promise for bringing about more tangible results.

This book provides a thorough overview of the classic concerns and approaches of development project management, including clear explanations of predominant planning and evaluation practices. In addition, the book introduces the major new initiatives in development project management, including those regarding environmental sustainability, participation, gender, and the steps needed to create a real learning environment in development project planning. The result is a guide for the project manager and policymaker who want to know the implications of recent development ideas in terms of everyday practices, as well as for the student and interested citizen seeking to move beyond theory and critique to see how new practices can change the way that development projects are administered.
Dictionary of the Black Theatre
Authors: Woll Allen
Published: June 2024

Documentation for approximately three hundred shows is provided in this unique reference book. The title of each show is followed by its theatre, opening date, number of performances, complete list of creative personnel, cast credits, and, where appropriate, a list of the show's songs. Biographical entries are also included.
The Dirty Dozen
Authors: Johansen Bruce E.
Published: June 2024

Forty years after the publication of Rachel Carson'sSilent Spring, this important study examines the history, industrial uses, and harmful effects of the twelve most commonly used organochloride chemicals. All have been fully or partially banned by the Stockholm Protocol, an international treaty signed by about 120 countries in December 2000. Among the twelve are the dioxins (the active ingredient in Agent Orange) and polychlorinated byphenyls (PCBs), which are toxic in minute quantities. Johansen pays special attention to the Inuit of the Arctic, where these chemicals have been bio-accumulating to dangerous levels, moving up the food chain to a degree of toxicity that some Inuit mothers are no longer able to safely breast-feed their infants.

The polar stratospheric ozone has been devastated by emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and new scientific findings connect global warming near the Earth's surface to significant cooling in the stratosphere. This synergy aggravates ozone depletion because the chemical reactions that destroy the ozone become more energetic as temperatures drop. Synthetic toxins have taken their toll on minority ethnic groups in the United States, and persistent organic pollutants have inflicted physiological damage on humans and other animals. Finally, Johansen explores the estrogenic effects of such chemicals. Sperm counts have declined as much as 50% in 50 years.
Disease in Populations in Transition
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Swedlund Alan C.
Published: June 2024

Societies in transition are often faced with new settings and/or new diseases that require a response in order for the affected group to thrive or survive. A lack of effective response by a transitional population to a new pathogen can lead to the group's disintegration. A stark example of this, historically, is the decline of Native American civilizations with the arrival of European colonists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The transitional response mechanism has been a neglected topic in anthropology until the publication of this book. In a broad selection of nineteen essays by distinguished researchers, the epidemiology and health status of prehistoric, historical, and present day populations in transition are thoroughly explored.

Different models--biomedical, ethnomedical, ecological, and politicoeconomic--are used to illustrate the effects of transition on the health of human populations throughout the world. Swedlund and Armelagos have compiled and arranged these essays into three parts: genetic and evolutionary perspectives; infectious disease and nutrition in temporal perspective; and social epidemiology. Some of the topics studied in the essays include: disease and evolution in Amerindian populations; health and disease in prehistoric transitional peoples; mortality and morbidity consequences of nutritional variation in early child growth; and social support and mortality in post-transition populations. This insightful book will provide a vital perspective for medical anthropologists, development specialists, epidemiologists, and health professionals, as well as for graduate students in related course areas.
Distance Writing and Computer-Assisted Interventions in Psychiatry and Mental Health
Authors: L'Abate Luciano
Published: June 2024

Directed to mental health professionals and graduate students in the mental health disciplines, we present a new way to augment the cost-effectiveness of current face-to-face (f2f) mental health based on talk, and, offer an alternative in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention approaches. Distance writing (DW) and computer-assisted interventions (CAI) through the Internet opens up new vistas to those unable to be reached using traditional talk-based f2f approaches, i.e., living abroad, handicapped, the military, missionary families, Peace Corps volunteers, English speaking respondents (individuals, couples, and families), and most importantly incarcerated prisoners who do not seem to improve through conventional verbal, f2f approaches.

DW and CAI vary in their structure (from high to low) and in levels of goals, content, specificity, and abstraction. Positive research evidence finds that DW and CAI is effective and actually cost-effective, with relatively healthy undergraduates, psychiatric outpatients, incarcerated felons, and physically handicapped patients supporting the use of this relatively new approach. This evolutionary step or paradigmatic shift cannot take place overnight, professionals suspicious of this new technology, will find this work a way to assuage their fears and help start this new cure on an experiential basis, utilizing structured interviews before starting to use writing and CAI at a distance. It presents an ample field of applications that will make research more cost-effective than traditional talk-based, f2f approaches.

DW/CAI represents one way in which MH professionals can progress to meet managed care companies demands for accountability. Progress in most realms of business, science, education, law is based on the written record. The talking cure has occupied the last century as one of the greatest advances in how to help distressed people. By the same token, the writing cure represents the breakthrough for this coming century. Up to the present talk was conceived as the main if not the only vehicle of communication and healing. Adding DW/CAI to preventive and therapeutic armamentaria represents a distinct advance in how MH services will be delivered, to be accountable for professionals, and to conduct research economically, i. e., doing well while doing good. This work, therefore, combines theory, research, and practice to demonstrate the many advantages that DW/CAI offers as either an alternative, substitute, or supplement for talk therapy. Cyberspace is coming, instead of seeing it as a threat to traditional talk-based f2f practices, MH professionals will have to start to see the advantages of working with patients, clients, subjects, or respondents at a distance. Ethical and professional issues will present themselves in this new way, and should not detract professionals from starting this relatively new way to intervene, and to ensure that this new way to practice is delivered compassionately, responsibly, and effectively.
Diverse Sexuality and Schools
Authors: Campos David
Published: June 2024

An overview of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) students in our schools—what they endure, their special needs, and the programs and groups that support them.

Diverse Sexuality and Schools: A Reference Handbookis an eye-opening report on gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender youth in our schools—the isolation they feel, the hostilities they face, their unique developmental and emotional needs, and the innovative ways schools, communities, and organizations are working to support them.

Author David Campos offers a compelling, often harrowing, tour of the lives of GLBT students, including what researchers have learned over the past half-century and what the schools, the courts, and the government are doing to keep them safe regardless of their sexual orientation. But perhaps the book's greatest impact comes from the way Campos gives voice to this often neglected population, providing a forum for these students' painful testimonies of harassment, violence, and despair.
East Asian Americans and Political Participation
Authors: Chi Tsung
Published: June 2024

This expert handbook explores the various means of political participation of East Asian Americans in the United States.

Filling a gap in the literature on American minority politics,East Asian Americans and Political Participationoffers the first systematic, thorough coverage of the impact of Chinese American, Korean American, and Japanese American individuals and groups on U.S. political process.

Focusing on the post–World War II era—when rapidly growing East Asian American communities became more politically involved—the book explores the full range of formal and informal political actions, including protest politics, social movements and interest groups, electoral politics, and political office holding at every level. These general discussions are enhanced with evocative case studies on such important topics as Asian American participation in the civil rights movement, the campaign after the murder of Vincent Chin, the Redress movement, the Korean campaign following the Los Angeles riots, the promotion of the motherland, and more.
The Emergence of Christianity
Authors: White Cynthia
Published: June 2024

The ancient Romans believed that only proper polytheistic worship could maintain the pax Romana, or Roman Peace. In the first century A.D., a splinter sect of Judaism began to crack this wall, bringing upheaval, persecution, and conversion into the lives of Romans, Jews, Christians, and pagans. This exciting volume explores the emergence of Christianity in Rome during the first four centuries of the Greco-Roman empire, from the first followers of Jesus Christ, to conflicts between Christians and Jewish kings under Roman occupation, to the torture of Christian followers, Diocletian's reforms, and Constantine's eventual conversion to monotheism, which cemented Christianity's status as the official religion of Rome.

Supplemented by photos, primary document excerpts, biographies of key figures, a glossary, an annotated bibliography and an index, this volume is an ideal reference source for students and general readers alike.
The Emerging High-Tech Consumer
Authors: Reddy Allan
Published: June 2024

Who are the consumers of high-tech goods and services, and what will their needs and preferences be as we move into the next century? Allan Reddy and his team of marketing researchers and professionals lay out the essentials of a high-tech consumer profile, then dig into the implications this holds for developing successful marketing strategies. They synthesize the important current research and its findings, and by taking a multi-specialist approach to their subject, they bring a variety of interlocking and essential viewpoints to bear on it. A must read for professional marketers and their academic colleagues, and a useful overview for high-tech industry strategists and planners.

Reddy divides the book into eleven chapters and three appendices. Essays introduce the major ideas about the high-tech consumer and look at this consumer in business-to-business marketing. Other chapters look at the Telecommunications Act, the Internet, the importance of quality in high-tech goods, the measurement of high-tech innovators, the global consumer, and distribution considerations. The last chapter presents conclusions and implications for marketers, while the appendices look at research techniques, Internet marketing, and just-in-time retailing. The book has substantive references and author and subject indexes.
Emerging Human Rights
Authors: Anikpo Mark
Published: June 2024

This book, a collaborative effort by Port-Harcourt University, Nigeria, and the University of Denver, deals with important theoretical considerations about human rights in Africa. The African contribution to the political economic approach to human rights has been especially significant and will continue to grow. This edited collection addressses both theoretical issues and actual case studies of human rights violations in the African context.

Shepherd, a pioneer in African studies, provides a pathbreaking overview of the political economy of African human rights. The volume itself is divided into two sections: theory and issues and violations. In the first section, the contributors consider such theoretical questions as the problems and prospects of creating an equitable world order based on the global right to distributive justice; three generations of African people's rights; the relationship between underdevelopment and human rights violations in Africa; theological perspectives on human rights; and the African experience in human rights issues and violations. The second section addresses specific human rights issues and violations of those rights. Among the situations explored are the impact of revolutionary violence on development, equality, and justice in South Africa, and the effects of militarization, migrants, and refugees on African human rights. Also examined are the African context of human rights development and the impact of Ghanaian black feminism. A comprehensive bibliography completes the volume. The unique perspective provided by African scholars, along with European and American scholars of black Africa, makes this book an important addition to the literature of human rights and African studies.
The Emerging School Library Media Center
Authors: Small Ruth V. , Mathews Virginia , Brodie Carolyn S. , Gann Linda A , Lester June , Perritt Patsy , Veltze Linda , McGregor Joy , Scales Pat , Callison Daniel , Walster Dian , Drury Judy , Hopkins Dianne M
Published: June 2024

[No abstract available]
An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics
Authors: Wells Donald A.
Published: June 2024

This is the first encyclopedia that critically surveys the ethics of warmaking from a variety of perspectives. Noted experts raise basic questions about what is just in war, describe the views of historic and contemporary thinkers on ethical matters, survey practices at different periods, and discuss key issues. The over 250 entries arranged in alphabetical order cover efforts to curb the havoc of war from medieval to modern times, from accidental war to Zagreb Resolution, different religious perspectives, genocide, UN peacekeeping, and much more. Sources for further reading accompany the entries, and internal cross-references and an index make this major reference easily accessible for students and teachers in military, peace, and world affairs studies.

This is the first encyclopedia that critically surveys the ethics of warmaking from a variety of perspectives. Historically, efforts to curb the havoc of war have confronted three military maxims: military necessity, the right of reprisal, and the obligation of soldiers to obey superior orders. The medieval efforts of just war theorists to protect the innocent, avoid needless havoc, and prohibit excessive weapons rarely affected military practice. Modern congresses have pointed out the inconsistency in concerns about war crimes or crimes against humanity and the weapons and strategies of modern war. The pressures of the military/industrial complex, the profits to be gained by war production, and the demands of sovereign nationalism contradict such alternative concerns as those raised by the United Nations and the International Red Cross.

Noted experts raise basic questions about what is just in war, describe the views of historic and contemporary thinkers on ethical matters, survey practices at different periods, and discuss key issues. The over 250 entries arranged in alphabetical order cover efforts to curb the havoc of war from medieval to modern times, from accidental war to Zagreb Resolution, different religious perspectives, genocide, UN peacekeeping, and much more. Sources for further reading accompany the entries, and internal cross-references and an index make this major reference easily accessible to students and teachers in military, peace, and world affairs studies.
Ethnic Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Ahrari Mohammed E.
Published: June 2024

This volume examines the dynamics of ethnic groups' attempts to influence U.S. foreign policy toward their native countries. A collection of essays by noted political scientists, the book compares and contrasts the political activities of seven ethnic groups with varying degrees of participation, influence, and success: Arab-Americans, Jewish-Americans, African-Americans, Polish-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Cuban-Americans, and Irish-Americans. Taken together, the chapters included here make an important contribution both to the study of foreign policy making and to the understanding of ethnic political behavior.
Evolution in the Courtroom
Authors: Moore Randy
Published: June 2024

This unique reference offers a discussion of the social and legal history behind the ongoing evolution versus creationism controversy.

Evolution in the Courtroom: A Reference Guidechronicles the legal history of the evolution/creation debate sparked by Charles Darwin's publicationOn the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selectionin 1859. The first seven chapters provide a detailed historical overview of the debate, reviewing all of the major court cases with particular emphasis on the infamous Scopes "Monkey Trial" which pitted fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan against ACLU defense attorney Clarence Darrow, and became the standard to which all subsequent evolution trails have been compared.

Ensuing discussions of the rise and fall of creationism as a science and the failure of "balanced treatment" in public schools culminate in a summary of skirmishes over the last decade. Profiles of scientists, politicians, clergy, and other influential people from Galileo to Frank White, the Arkansas governor who signed the equal time law without ever reading it, reveal fascinating facts and perspectives on both sides of the controversy.
Evolution of United States Budgeting
Authors: Meyer Annette
Published: June 2024

As a fiscal document recording the spending, taxing, and borrowing policies for the coming year, the U.S. budget continues to be a model for other nations. This book focuses on the various phases of budget making, its historical background in fiscal and monetary terms, and special budgetary issues, including the budget balance, credit activities of Government-Sponsored Enterprises, the future health of Social Security, and the budget's relationship to the financial and public goods aspects of the international environment. Covering major changes in the structure and process of budgeting since 1989, when the book was first published, this volume covers new ground in many aspects of fiscal and financial policy, domestically and internationally.

Each section of the book is devoted to a different aspect of U.S. budgeting, ranging from the foundations of the present policies, to the annual budget cycle, to the actual methods of accomplishment, and the containment of those policies in the global framework. One section focuses on high visibility issues-Social Security, surpluses, federal debt, and entitlement programs. The book provides a valuable overview for those wishing to understand the budget process and its foundations while aspiring to help improve that process.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Authors: Rielly Edward J.
Published: June 2024

One of the most widely read writers in the high school curriculum, F. Scott Fitzgerald is the author of the great American novel,The Great Gatsby. While other biographies provide extensive information about Fitzgerald's life and achievements, this volume meets the need of high school students for a concise, accessible, and informative discussion of Fitzgerald and his works. Chapters survey the various periods in his career, and the volume closes with a timeline and bibliography.

Probably the best candidate for the author of the great American novel, F. Scott Fitzgerald is primarily known for his masterpiece,The Great Gatsby. He had fallen out of favor by the time of his death in 1940, while Ernest Hemingway attained worldwide fame. But there has been a tremendous renewal of interest in his works, and he is one of the most important writers in the high school English curriculum. While there are other biographies of Fitzgerald, this work meets the need of high school students for a concise, accessible, and informative survey of Fitzgerald's life and career.
The Faith Factor
Authors: Green John C.
Published: June 2024

Examines the role of faith and religion in American elections, including most recently the 2004 election
First Position
Authors: Singer Toba
Published: June 2024

The dancers profiled inFirst Positionrepresent the pinnacle of their art over the last century. Author Toba Singer polled scores of dance critics, dance teachers and professors, and active and retired professional dancers to create a list that represents the best of the various styles of ballet from the last hundred years. The result is a collective biography that introduces the reader to dancers both with household names and those known mostly to ballet aficioinados. Profiled dancers include Carlos Acosta, Alicia Alonso, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Erik Bruhn, Lazaro Carreno, Margot Fonteyn, Carla Fracci, Gelsey Kirkland, Li Cunxin, Muriel Maffre, Natalia Makarova, Arthur Mitchell, Rudolf Nureyev, Anna Pavlova, and Maya Plisetskaya.
For SEX EDUCATION, See Librarian
Authors: Perper Timothy , Cornog Martha
Published: June 2024

At long last, here is the definitive practical guide to sexuality materials in libraries and an annotated bibliography of nearly 600 recommended books for school and public libraries. Cornog and Perper, the preeminent experts on sexuality materials for libraries, provide guidelines for materials selection, reference, processing, access, programming, and dealing with problems of vandalism and censorship. The bibliography, organized into 5 topics and 48 subtopics, annotates a collection of recommended books and nonprint materials on sexuality information for children and adults, most published since 1985. Recommended works represent a wide variety of views, including Christian and conservative.

Part I offers detailed guidance for selecting and processing sexuality materials, including vertical files, audiovisuals, and periodicals, and for doing reference on sexuality topics; lists a full range of topics and viewpoints that libraries should collect; addresses a variety of processing and access issues such as cataloging, programming, and vandalism; discusses how to deal with censorship issues relating to sexuality materials in the library; and reviews the history of libraries and sexuality materials. Part II, the annotated bibliography, is organized into 5 broad topics—sexuality and behavior, homosexuality and gender issues, life cycle issues, sex and society, and sexual problems—which are then divided into 48 subtopics. Each title is compared and contrasted with similar titles. Titles for young people include grade level appropriateness. Specialized acquisition sources are also listed for each of the 48 subtopics. Cornog and Perper point out that the key to selection of materials is balance and representativeness of a wide range of viewpoints. They have gone to great lengths to provide a wide variety of materials and viewpoints and to seek out interesting and valuable materials from large and small publishers and organizations. This is the definitive guide on sexuality information for public and school libraries.
The Former Soviet Union's Diverse Peoples
Authors: Minahan James
Published: June 2024

The essential guide to understanding the history of the ethnic diversity of the former Soviet Union and the current ethnic issues of the region.

The Former Soviet Union's Diverse Peoplesprovides an overview of the peoples and events in the historical development of the Russian and Soviet empires. Documenting the Russian conquest and domination of more than 100 large and small national groups, the book details ethnic migrations, rivalries, and conflicts against the backdrops of key historic events such as the Russian Revolution, World Wars I and II, the Cold War, and the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Ranging from 9th century Eastern Slav expansion to the disintegration of the Communist empire and the rise of Russia's present version of democracy, the book explores the wide range of regional cultures and explains the cultural and nationalistic currents that led to centuries of political, social, and territorial struggles.
The Four Phases of Society
Authors: Peeters Peter
Published: June 2024

Today Capitalism is generally accepted as the only viable socioeconomic system in spite of the stress, moral decay, drug abuse, and crime it fosters. Peeters shows that, before entering the present Materialistic Phase, Western society went through two other phases, the Religious and the Militaristic-Nationalistic Phase. He argues that current social problems arose because the behavior of most people was no longer determined by the laws of Church and State, but instead by the need to be productive and the desire to acquire money and material goods. Peeters shows that Materialism is, however, not the ultimate stage of development of society. A comparison of the three phases and Communism—a rival form of materialistic Phase—shows that Western society is going to enter a Fourth Phase, which Peeters asserts will occur around 2050.

Peeters sets out to discover which prominent traits of today's ways of living and acting will be rejected during the transition toward the Fourth Phase and which new characteristics will emerge. The educational system, democracy, the goals of production and income inequality will all have to change when people adapt their aims to the requirements of the Post-Materialistic Phase. The challenge of the forces that now rule people's lives and the rejection of materialism will ultimately recreate a healthy, balanced society. Scholars and researchers in Future Studies as well as concerned citizens will find this a provacative analysis of today's problems and their possible resolution.
Fragmented Worlds, Coherent Lives
Authors: Motzafi-Haller Pnina
Published: June 2024

Explores the meaning of writing in the post postmodernist moment when master narratives have been questioned and the very act of representing others has been problematized, and discusses some of the key theoretical debates emerging in the aftermath of what came to be known as the postmodernist crisis.

When the author first went to Botswana in the early 1980s to study the impact a major land reform had on rural life in this impoverished African country, social theory and ethnographic practice seemed solid and convincing. A decade later, and again in 1999, she returned to Bostwana and to the Tswapong people whose lives she had shared, and she encountered not only a rapidly shifting social reality, but she also began to ask questions that stemmed from and were shaped by theoretical frames quite different from those she had employed in her earlier work.

At the center of the narrative that runs through this study is a critical reflexive discussion that explores the tension between data recorded at a particular historical moment and the interpretive frames offered to make sense of such data.
Futurizing the Jews
Authors: Bisk Tsvi , Dror Moshe
Published: June 2024

Bisk and Dror assert that the 21st Century can be the Jewish Century, that no other people is better prepared to face its challenges. However, to do so, a stress on the Jewish Future must replace a preoccupation with the Jewish Past. They offer a neo-Zionist ideological analysis of modern Jewish life as an alternative to both classical Zionism and post-Zionism. They conceptualize a Jewish Grand Strategy by clearly defining and delineating between ideology, policy, grand strategy, strategy and tactics, with compelling proposals for what such a revised Grand Straegy might entail.

They suggest a concept of reinvigorated Israel-Diaspora relations based on this new Grand Strategy and the potential of the Information Technology Revolution. They also offer a conception of Jewish spirituality that could be as appealing to secular as to religious Jews. They reject the concept of a Nation that Dwells Alone. Throughout the ages, Jews have affected and been affected by the world more than any other People they assert. They also reject the view that suffering is the dominant feature of Jewish history as this lachrymose perception cannot inspire needed Jewish ambitions in the young. They stress the needs of the Jewishpersonand insist that there can be no real significance to the continued existence of the Jewish People unless the real life, concrete needs of the individual are addressed. As former Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations and former Cabinent Minister Gad Yaacobi asserts in his foreword, The book is original, iconoclastic and in some ways revolutionary … it challenges inherited assumptions and calls for positive action. I believe we have before us a book that must become a reference point for Jewish policy makers as quickly as possible.
The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900
Authors: Smythe Ted C.
Published: June 2024

American newspapers redefined journalism after the Civil War by breaking away from the editorial and financial control of the Democratic and Republican parties. Smythe chronicles the rise of the New Journalism, where pegging newspaper sales to market forces was the cost of editorial independence. Successful papers in post-bellum America thrived by catering to a mass audience, which increased their circulations and raised their advertising revenues. Still active politically, independent editors now sought to influence their readers' opinions themselves rather than serve as conduits for the party line.