bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Searle: Why We are not Computers
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

According to a widely held view, the brain is a giant computer and the relation of the human mind to the human brain is like that of a computer program to the electronic hardware on which it runs. The philosopher John Searle, a dragonslayer by temperament, has set out to show that this claim, together with the materialist tradition underlying it, is nonsense, for reasons some of which are obvious and some more subtle. Elaborating arguments that he and others have made over the past twenty years, he attacks most of the cognitive science establishment and then offers a theory of his own about the nature of mind and its relation to the physical world. If this pungent book is right, the computer model of the mind is not just doubtful or imperfect, but totally and glaringly absurd.
Geometries and Energetics
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we focus our attention on the equilibrium geometries of various H-bonds, and how the formation of the complex alters the internal structure of each subunit. The energetics of hydrogen bonding are also stressed. Comparison is made to experimental information where available. Whereas many geometries have been evaluated to high precision, energetic data in the gas phase, to which the calculations directly pertain, have been harder to obtain. One of the handicaps against experimental evaluation of H-bond energies in the gas phase has been the difficulty in accurate evaluation of equilibrium constants for formation of complexes involving a pair of neutral species. Advances in methodology, using Fourier transform IR spectrometry, promise to alleviate this problem in the future. Preliminary results indicate a close equivalence between the equilibrium constants of formation in the gas phase and those obtained in inert solvent like CC14.
Extended Regions of Potential Energy Surface
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2023

It is a common perception that when a molecule with an available proton is placed in the vicinity of another molecule that has a lone electron pair, the two will approach one another and quickly adopt their most stable, equilibrium H-bonded geometry. While this may be true in certain instances, the potential energy surface of a typical H-bonded complex is surprisingly complex. It is not unusual to find more than one minimum; the secondary minima can be only slightly higher in energy than the global minimum. The paths connecting the various minima can be rather complex as well, as the surface is littered with stationary points of second, third, and higher order, all bunched within a few kcal/mol of one another.
The Limits Of Lockean Rights In Property
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2023

This book discusses Locke’s theory of property from both a critical and an interpretative standpoint. The author first develops a comprehensive interpretation of Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property, and then examines the extent to which the argument is really serviceable in defense of that institution. He contends that a purified version of Locke’s argument--one that adheres consistently to the logic of Locke’s text while excluding considerations extraneous to his logic--actually does establish the legitimacy of a form of private property. This version, which is both defensible in contemporary, secular terms and is, essentially, egalitarian, should provoke a reassessment of the nature of Locke’s relevance to contemporary discussions of distributive justice.
Mixing or Making?
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2023

Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property is a single argument with two interdependent parts. One part of the argument aims to explain why appropriation, even in a context of original communism, does not require anyone else’s consent. As we have seen, Locke’s answer is that consent is not required because appropriation does not violate anyone’s rights as long as sufficient materials are effectively available for everyone to produce his subsistence. Locke’s stipulation of the sufficiency condition is meant to guarantee that these materials are always available and so that consent is never required.
Computers in Search of the Truth
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

So far, our study of inductive methodology has acceded to the time-honored cult of the ideal agent. An ideal agent is a curious sort of deity who is limited in evidence-gathering ability more or less the way we are, but who suffers from no computational limitations whatsoever. An ideal agent can decide all mathematical relations in an instant, but in a dark room he bumps into the walls with the rest of us.

Whatever we are, we are not ideal agents. If cognitive psychologists are right, we are computers. But a methodologist needn’t debate the point, since methods should be routinely followable, without appeal to arcane powers of insight that cannot be accessed at will. A. Turing’s conception of the Turing machine was intended to explicate just this notion of explicitly directed, method-driven behavior. Accordingly, Turing computability seems a natural constraint to impose on methodological principles.
Closing Conversation
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Philo: I’ve skimmed through this book on learning theory. I found it quite odd.

Learnio: I read it a little while ago and found it interesting. Why don’t you try your objections out on me? I’m sure I would learn something from them.

Philo: Excellent. To begin with, isn’t the goal of converging to the truth trivial? Whatever hypothesis is true, there is always some method that converges to just that hypothesis, no matter what.

Learnio: Actually, the whole point of the book is to rule out such examples. A logically reliable method is guaranteed by its structure to converge to the truth on each possible data stream that might arise for all we know in advance. If we do not know in advance that a hypothesis is true, then the method that always conjectures that hypothesis is far from being logically reliable.
Explaining Bipedalism
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

One factor contributing to the bafflement is the lack of a parallel to human bipedalism. Other modes of mammalian locomotion, such as hopping, gliding, swimming, bur rowing through the earth or flying through the air, have evolved over and over again, in separate species often totally unrelated to one another. But man is the only extant bipedal mammal. For purposes of comparison scientists have to fall back on contemplating mammals that are bipedal for at least part of the time, and see what advantage they gain from it.
The Cost of a Naked Skin
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

Darwin, as we have seen, believed he could accommodate human bipedalism within the basic framework of his theory. He thought it possible that walking upright made our ancestors fitter to survive. But human nakedness was a different matter. He had no illusions about that.
Explaining Hairlessness
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

In 1989, before embarking on this chapter, I walked into an Oxford bookstore to find out what the students in that great seat of learning were being taught about this subject. I was offered, and purchased, the latest editions of two textbooks — both comprehensive, highly commended and frequently updated to keep pace with the latest scientific discoveries. One was called Introduction to Physical Anthropology and the other Physical Anthropology.
Real Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

Real Rights provides a new theory of the grounds of legal and moral rights. Wellman argues that only agents can be right-holders, that children and the mentally limited can have only limited rights, and that foetuses, the dead, and groups can have none. Real Rights also describes how rights imply duties, and how rights conflicts can be resolved and what considerations override rights.
Gronds of Institutional Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

The concept of a right is most at home in the law and in our thinking about the law. This may well be, although my hypothesis is somewhat speculative, because the language of rights originated in treatises on law and was only later applied to reflections on moral issues. In any event, legal rights, such as the creditor’s contractual right to be repaid or the citizen’s civil right to free speech, remain our paradigms of rights generally. Although many philosophers have denied the existence of natural rights or noninstitutional moral rights, it is hard to doubt the reality of legal rights. Moreover, judicial reasoning in particular cases involving legal rights and jurisprudential generalizations about rights provide rich materials for the analysis of rights. The place to begin our investigation of the grounds of rights is, therefore, with a consideration of the grounds of legal rights.
Alleged Right-Holders
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

One of the most fundamental problems in the theory of rights is to determine what kinds of beings could possibly be right-holders. My answer, explained and defended in the previous chapter, is that only normal adults, together with children and mentally limited persons to the extent that they possess agency, are possible possessors of moral or even legal rights. Jurists and moral philosophers frequently ascribe rights to many other sorts of entities. It will be illuminating to consider the more plausible and important ways they justify these attributions of rights.
Implied Duties
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

What is the practical import of rights? Given the existence of some specific right, what follows? If my conception of a right is correct, or even on the right track, a right is a complex of Hohfeldian elements typically including claims, liberties, powers, and immunities. The complexity and variety within any right will necessarily be reflected in its many and various implications. The task of identifying and explaining the complete practical import of rights is a project too large to undertake here. But one part of the this import, the duties implied by any right, is central to legal and moral theory and of special practical importance. These duties are the subject of this chapter.
Attributes and Identity
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

Apart from the notorious “God or nature,” the phrase that has probably received the most attention in Spinoza literature is the definition of “attribute” as “what the intellect perceives of a substance as constituting its essence” (ldef4). Spinoza here complicates the Cartesian notion of attribute, according to which an attribute is (simply) that which constitutes the essence of a substance. This departure from Descartes is undoubtedly significant, and what it has signified for many interpreters is that acertain distinction between appearance (or how things are perceived) and reality lies at the very heart of Spinoza’s metaphysics. Such a reading is encouraged by the fact that the word tanquam in this definition may be translated “as if’ and not simply “as.” Translating the word in the former way suggests even more strongly that there is some kind of illusion associated with the attributes. Harry Austryn Wolfson provides a version of this kind of interpretation. For him, Spinozistic attributes are not distinct from one another, although they appear to the intellect to be distinct. This view has given rise to much protest.
Chapter Four
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

It may be useful to think of the process of composition as divided into two main phases. One consists of all that the composer may have thought and conceived before writing anything down (the subject of this chapter). The other (discussed in chapters 5, 6, and 7) concerns the shaping of a composition once it began to take on written form, either on an erasable surface such as slate or on paper.
Francesco Corteccia
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters, I used manuscript, theoretical, documentary, and iconographic evidence to construct an abstract paradigm for how fifteenthand sixteenth-century composers worked. The conclusions were inevitablyand intentionally-schematic. The goal of part II is to translate an abstract paradigm into concrete reality by examining the working methods of four major composers: Francesco Corteccia, Cipriano de Rore, Henricus Isaac, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. The fortuitous preservation of autograph composing manuscripts by each one of them gives us a broad perspective on musical practices.
Three Saving Friendships
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

Throughout his life, Wilder was notoriously unpredictable in his day-to-day moods. People moved up and down in his affections like yo-yos. One who knew him well once said of Wilder that the New York Times ought to carry a daily box score on the front page so that friends and acquaintances might know how they stood that day in his esteem. There was, however, a small core of friends-perhaps a dozen or so-to whom he remained loyal and constant, and whose love and counsel he depended upon to pull him through. Carroll Dunn, Lavinia Faxon, and Clara Haushalter were three early friends who made a difference in his late teens.
Song Takes Center Stage
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

Wilder’s melodies were leaping and lovely, sinuous and sequestered, elusive and wistful. All the top vocalists would record and praise them, but not many people would sing along. They were not cut from common cloth. First, however, Wilder had to establish his own distinctive presence in New York and elsewhere, for his lifestyle was as much a shout of defiance as his music. As Barry Ulanov wrote in 1947, his name was a synonym for eccentricity from 1935 on. “His music sounded different, he dressed differently, he acted differently. Different from anything in classical music or jazz.
Adventures in Opera and Film
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

As if further to confound and confuse the critics, and to defy the fixing of labels, Wilder in the 1950s tried his hand at a variety of musical forms. Like a pitcher mixing fast balls and curves, he kept the establishment guessing. In addition to popular and art songs, for there would always be songs even at a slower rate, and in addition to pieces for children and the first of an increasing number of serious instrumental compositions, he also experimented with short operas and film scores. Roughly within the span of the decade, he would write five operas (if Kittiwake Island is included in the category), four of them with Arnold Sundgaard and one with William Engvick. He would also work on four film scores, three of them in association with Jerome Hill, and one in collaboration with Engvick.
Dramatis Personae
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

Enumerating the principal actors in Barro Colorado’s ecological theater and characterizing them by suitable thumbnail sketches would be a book in itself-quite a substantial one, like Janzen’s (1983) Costa Rican Natural History. One could easily center an account of the ecology of the rocky weather coasts of Tatoosh Island (Paine and Levin 1981) in the northeastern Pacific on the dynamics and interactions of the principal space occupiers and their consumers. The story of the factors which “zone “ the intertidal, that is to say, which restrict the vertical range of the few principal space occupiers, would provide us with a synoptic account of the rocky intertidal at Tatoosh. Such a story would tell us what limits the kelp Laminaria to the lowermost intertidal and how the starfish Pisaster eats the mussels it can reach, restricting the mussel zone to the upper intertidal (Paine 1974) at all but the most wavebeaten sites, thereby making room for a complex of kelps and coralline algae (Paine 1992) between the mussels and the Laminaria. It would tell us how the crashing waves rolling in from vast expanses of open ocean allow the shrubby, narrow-leaved Lessoniopsis to grow between Laminaria and the mussels at the most exposed sites and how these same waves tear great gaps in exposed angles of the mussel bed, immobilize herbivores, and enable sea palms, Postelsia palmaeformis (Paine 1979) to use the incoming light with extraordinary effectiveness (Leigh et al. 1987, Wing and Patterson 1993), so that these gaps fill with sea palms. It would tell us what governs the succession of organisms that colonize gaps of different sizes torn by winter waves from other sections of the mussel zone (Paine and Levin 1981). Finally, it would tell us what limits the zone of springy, inch-high golden-green turf of Iridaea cornucopiae above the mussels, tenacious but slow to colonize, and the barnacle zone of the uppermost intertidal.
Biomass and Productivity of Tropical Forest
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

What factors govern the dry matter content and limit the productivity of tropical forest? Tropical forest, which occupies 4% of this planet’s surface, produces 49 billion tons of dry matter per year, containing 22 billion tons of carbon, two-sevenths of the world’s primary production (Whittaker 1975). What the factors are that limit the productivity of tropical forest is now a fashionable question. Human activities are pouring 7.1 billion tons of carbon per year into the earth’s atmosphere, of which 53% is taken back by its various ecosystems (R. F. Stallard, p. c.). The remaining 3.3 billion tons of carbon (12 billion tons of CO2) remain in the atmosphere, increasing its CO2 content by 0.4% and contributing its mite to global warming (Schlesinger 1991).
The Role of Mutualism in Tropical Forest
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles
Published: November 2023

Tropical forest confronts us with a paradox. On the one hand, it is notorious for intense, unbridled competition. Plants struggle with each other for the available light, water, or nutrients. The timber content of tropical forest (Tilman 1988), the abundance of lianes (Putz 1984), hemiepiphytes (Todzia 1986), and epiphytes (Benzing 1990) taking advantage of other plants’ wood, and the shadiness of the forest floor, all testify to the intensity of competition for light. In their struggle for water, trees of the evergreen forest in eastern Amazonia sink roots 18 m below the soil surface (Nepstad et al. 1994).
General Evaluation
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall attempt to illustrate how Hume’s theory of taste is far superior to the other four theories discussed.

The main defect of Hutcheson’s theory of taste, viewed from the point of view of our intuitions about beauty, is that it focuses on only one, albeit complex, property as beauty-making. According to his theory, all properties except uniformity in variety are excluded from the domain of beauty. The most obvious, unfortunate exclusion is that of color, which on Hutcheson’s view is to be excluded because a color is a “simple” idea.

The reason that simple ideas such as color are excluded from the domain of beauty on Hutcheson’s theory is because he held that the internal sense of beauty is triggered only by complex ideas. He assumed that it is the external senses such as vision and hearing that, in addition to functioning cognitively, can also function affectively and respond to simple ideas to produce pleasure. On his view, color and other simple ideas can produce pleasure, but these ideas are not beauty-making because they do not interact with the sense of beauty to produce their pleasure.
Introduction: What Makes Life Worth Living?
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

The question “What makes life worth living?” assumes that life is or can be worth living. Perhaps this is an unwarranted assumption. The question “Is life worth living?” comes first. The question is not “Is life lived?” or even “Do people seek to live out their lives?” Nor is it “Do people care about going on-possibly for as long as possible-sometimes even longer than is sensible?” These are easy questions.
Is a Science of the Conscious Mind Possible?
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

What are the prospects for a unified scientific theory of consciousness? Traditionally, mind, consciousness, and self have all named roughly the same thing, whatever it is that makes some individual a person. My conscious self is who I am. Can science explain the conscious self? That is the question. It is one that needs to be addressed if we are to deal honestly with the conflict between the scientific image of persons and our ordinary conception. Whether there can be a science of our conscious minds, of persons, of selves depends on two things: our smarts, and whether we are fully natural beings-animals, as it were.
Self-Confidences
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

Most of us understand how a married person might come to recognize that she and her husband have grown apart, or not grown together, despite their good intentions and the seriousness with which they took their vows. And we understand how the situation might be experienced as sufficiently intolerable-for any variety of reasons-that the individual sees no choice but to inform her loyal and relatively contented spouse that she intends to leave him. Her future is unclear, and there are costs.
Introduction
Authors: Pesce Dolores
Published: November 2023

This collection of essays about the motet of the Middle Ages and Renaissance grew out of a conference, “Hearing the Motet,” held at Washington University in February 1994. This gathering offered scholars and performers working in one or both of these periods the opportunity to share their ideas about this repertory and to discover where their findings intersected and di verged. The conference generated a lively interchange that I hope will continue through the availability of these papers in print. The volume additionally includes a few chapters by scholars who did not participate in the conference, but whose work illustrates a vital approach to the motet today. The title Hearing the Motet reflects an increasing concern among scholars and performers with bringing to light the diverse ways in which these works may have been heard in their own time. This quest involves investigations of different sorts: examining the social-historical situation that may have prompted the creation of a motet, whether a patron’s commission or an ideological response on the composer’s part; discovering the performance context and function of a motet, particularly with respect to the liturgy; reading the texts to uncover dual meanings possibly shared only by the composer and a select audience; reading the music to discover the attractiveness and innovative spirit it offered in its own time; and reading text and music together to uncover the ways in which composers made them serve one another to yield what can rightfully be called “music-poetic” creations.
For Whom the Bell Tolls: Reading and Hearing Busnoys’s Anthoni usque limina
Authors: Wegman Rob C
Published: November 2023

Postmodernism is said to celebrate the multiplicity of meanings in musical works. What is meant by this, principally, is this: since every composition admits a variety of possible interpretations (depending on who is performing or listening), no preferred interpretation can be claimed to be objectively true, that is, immanent in the music itself. If others hear or perform the same work as we do, it cannot be the work that compels us to prefer our interpretation over theirs. The reasons for our preference must lie rather in what makes us different from others: the particular beliefs, values, interests, and paradigms that are constitutive of our musical interpretation. Rather than expecting music to be aloof from this human diversity, we should celebrate its capacity to embrace it.
Conflicting Levels of Meaning and Understanding in Josquin’s O admirabile commercium Motet Cycle
Authors: Paula Higgins
Published: November 2023

As Willem Elders has pointed out in an article on the use of chant in Josquin’s motets, Josquin’s settings of five antiphon texts used at Lauds, Vespers, and other canonical hours of the Feast of the Circumcision (1 January)”O admirabile commercium,” “Quando natuses,” a Rubum quern vid erat,” “Germinavit radix Jesse,” and “Ecce Maria genuit”-”form a cycle unique in the works of Josquin in that their liturgical function is clear.” This implies that something concrete is known about these motets and the context in which they would have been performed (that is, how they were “heard”) and presents them as a good subject for discussion in a conference devoted to “hearing the motet.”
Lasso as Historicist: The Cantus-Firmus Motets
Authors: James Haar
Published: November 2023

During the course of the sixteenth century there was a perceptible growth of historical consciousness on the part of musicians and students of European musical culture. The music of classical antiquity was almost completely lost, but scholars of humanistic bent could and did make careful study of ancient writings about music. As for the musical traditions of postclassical Europe, chant of course continued to be sung and to be regarded as canonical; but there is no evidence that its historical development was of interest to, or even conceptualized by, anyone. Polyphony, though denigrated by some humanists and by sixteenth-century musicians under the humanist spell, was praised by many writers and was recognized as having run a historical course. But no one attempted to sketch a history of polyphonic practice from early organum, or even Notre Dame polyphony, onwards, in the spirit of Vasari; the surviving musical evidence was scattered, multinational and probably undecipherable, and really old music-apart from chant-was sometimes physically saved, in a way an object of veneration, but was not studied as sounding art.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

The experimental methods presented in this monograph concern the interaction of light with complex materials for the purpose of elucidating aspects of structure and dynamics. The interactions range from simple transmission and reflection, to scattering and nonlinear responses. Measurement of changes in the properties of the light (polarization, intensity, or frequency) is used to infer the microstructural characteristics of the sample and for this reason, the basic nature of light propagation in macroscopic media must be understood. This chapter presents the basic field equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic waves and the boundary conditions by which they are constrained.
Applications and Case Studies
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews past research that has applied methods in optical rheometry to solve problems in the structure and dynamics of complex liquids. This review is organized according to the types of complex liquids that have been studied. In addition, several case studies are provided where the reader is introduced to specific applications that have been chosen to highlight various optical techniques and the interpretation of data. These studies chronicle the execution of the experiment, including the motivation of the choice of a particular technique, the design of the instrumentation, and the experimental procedures.
The Most Disarming Virus
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

In the early 1980s, a strange new epidemic emerged among North American homosexual men. It was first seen in the large gay communities of New York and California among young men who were very sexually active. These men became mysteriously ill with infections and tumors that, according to previous experience, were rarely serious and rarely combined in the same individual. Certainly they had never been seen in epidemic proportions in such a narrowly defined risk group.
HIV Baby Booms: Epidemics Rise and Fall
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

Despite the confusion of Bru and Lai strains, the 1983 and 1984 work of Montagnier and Gallo produced desperately needed antibody tests to diagnose HIV infection and monitor blood supplies. In the United States and Europe, the tests performed quite well. In Africa, however, they seemed to give false-negative results: they did not detect the expected antibodies in patients who clearly had AIDS. For a year or two, this puzzle caused three rumors to circulate. Some researchers said the tests were simply no good. Some said that AIDS was not caused by HIV after all. Others argued that AIDS was indeed caused by HIV but also by other viruses. This last rumor proved closest to the truth.
HIV-2: The Sooty Mangabey Connection
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

In September of 1984, the year that HIV-1 was unmistakably identified as the prime cause of AIDS, a similar virus was isolated from Asian monkeys by Ron Desrosiers at Harvard’s New England Primate Center in Massachusetts. These research animals had an AIDS-like disease, as did Asian monkeys at several other US primate facilities. None had been infected in the wild. The Harvard animals had been infected by four rhesus macaques shipped in 1970 from the California Regional Primate Center, where they were exposed in the 1960s to sooty mangabeys. On testing, the sootys proved to be SIV-positive.

This epidemic among captive primates affected only Asian monkeys, not African monkeys. The AIDS-like immunodeficiency developed over about 10 years, and SIV infection was invariably traced to housing of Asian monkeys with sooty mangabeys or injection with their blood or tissues. The new viruses were called SIV mac and SIV stm since they were isolated from diseased rhesus macaques and stump-tailed macaques
Retrovirus Survival: The Human Threat
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

The SHV story shows how a retrovirus can change and spread in new species, causing disease when it was previously harmless. The story also shows that a retrovirus generally stays in its natural host species, causing little or no harm, as long as that species is widely available. As long as talapoin monkeys stay in the western equatorial rain forest, for example, SRV appears not to infect other susceptible species nearby. It enters such hosts only rarely and with insufficient persistence to establish itself. SRV and its talapoin host are mutually adapted.

Retroviral movement appears to be largely a function of environmental instability since the main force for retrovirus survival is adaptation to environmental change. Such change may concern the microenvironment of a single host or the macrocnvironment of the host community, or a combination of both. The process seems to start at the macro level, where the main factor is the availability of susceptible hosts. After all, if an accustomed host is decimated, a virus dies with the host unless it happens to gain a foothold in a new species. The new host must be susceptible and close at hand, especially if close contact is needed for transmission.
The Ideal of Public Justification
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

Remember the problem. There are a variety of different conceptions of public justification, ranged along the dimensions identified in section 9. Where there is a plurality of conceptions and where the concept is needed to play some social role, there is need to identify or construct some public conception of that concept which is fit to serve this role. In order to do so, we can usefully consider to what extent each of the available conceptions approximates the ideal of public justification, which is determined, inter alia, by functional analysis. Any adequate public conception of X must be fit to play, with respect to the realm of X, the role of X in the circumstances of X. Rawls says: “There are certain formal conditions that it seems reasonable to impose. . . . The propriety of these formal conditions is derived from the task of principles of right in adjusting the claims that persons make on their institutions and one another. If the principles of justice are to play their role ... these requirements are natural enough.” In this chapter, I consider the requirements that are “natural enough” in relation to the project of public justification.
Introduction
Authors: Lowe John
Published: November 2023

Randy Newman, “” (1974) When Randy ’s “Rednecks” came out two decades ago it seemed to speak for a moment when the South had one foot in its , magnolia-scented, but racist past, and the other in the age of pickup trucks, Sunbelt cities, and country rock. Today, even that moment seems dated. Although the racial agonies the song also speaks of still exist in all areas of the , the southern “good old boy” has had to make room for professional women, African-Americans, and new immigrants like the Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Haitians.
An Interview with Brenda Marie Osbey
Authors: Lowe John
Published: November 2023

I first met Brenda Marie Osbey in 1985, when we were both Harvard Fellows; I was lucky enough to be introduced to her poetry and her gumbo in the same evening. Moses Nkondo had insisted I come to what promised to be a memorable reading at Radcliffe: “Brenda Marie is not to be missed, especially by a fellow southerner like you!” Moses was right; Brenda electrified the audience, and I eagerly accepted his offer to introduce us. I was immediately invited to a party that featured the famous gumbo and other delicacies that were delicious and exotic, even to a fellow southerner (my native Georgia, after all, is almost as different from New Orleans as Cambridge). Brenda had somehow made her small apartment an outpost of Louisiana, decorating it with tropical colors and filling its rooms with the aroma of her famous food. Little did I know that later that same year I’d be transplanting myself to Louisiana, where Brenda Marie’s cooking-both culinary and poetic-would find compelling visual and sensual equivalents.
Robert Olen Butler: A Pulitzer Profile
Authors: Sartisky Michael
Published: November 2023

Robert Olen Butler was awarded the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his volume of short stories A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain. Born in 1945 in Granite City, Illinois, Mr. Butler served in Vietnam as a U.S. Army counterintelligence translator. That service and his subsequent residency in Louisiana where he serves on the faculty of McNeese State University at Lake Charles were the basis of stories about Vietnamese living in America. Prior to A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain, Mr. Butler published six novels that, while well-reviewed, were never commercially successful, though they have since been reissued. These include The Alleys of Eden, Sun Dogs, Countrymen of Bones, On Distant Ground, Wabash, and The Deuce. His most recent novel is They Whisper. This interview was conducted in a single two-hour session in New Orleans in the spring of 1994. MS: Robert, I gather that winning the Pulitzer Prize has changed your life. Can you talk a little bit about how? RB: Yes, it has changed it in some obvious sort of surface ways and some rather deep and profound ways as well. On the surface, certainly my life has gotten extraordinarily busy. At first, after the prize was announced-I’m cursed with call waiting-about two hundred phone calls daisy-chained their way through my life in that first eight or ten days. The accumulation of phone messages and mail has been oppressive since the middle of April.
A Portrait of the Critic As a Young Man
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

The first quarter-century of Seldes’ life is fascinating for a range of instructive reasons. First, perhaps predictably, because the shaping of Seldes as a mature writer can so clearly be seen in his adolescence, his college experience, and his initial years as journalist and critic—covering World War I in particular. Even so, some striking shifts in his temperament and values must also be noted. Seldes’ life did not run along a smoothly guided monorail. For instance, the self-described cultural elitist at Harvard College (1910–14) became, within a decade, the most vocal American champion of popular culture. For the remainder of his entire career, Seldes would be widely recognized as a pioneering advocate for what he called the “lively” or popular arts.
Radio and Television
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

By the mid-1950s, when Seldes frequently gave guest lectures and mini-courses at colleges and universities, he was invariably identified as a (or as the) radio and television critic. That designation customarily appeared also as part of the byline in his free-lance journalism—appropriately so. Early in 1952 Seldes agreed to serve as a director of the National Association for Better Radio and Television, a non-profit corporation based in Los Angeles. That same year he produced a popular Bantam paperback titled Previews of Entertainment containing advance information about more than 700 films and television and radio shows, as well as legitimate theatre productions, as a guide for the pleasure-seeking public in the United States. Seldes hoped to achieve for show business what Duncan Hines had done for dining out. Because most people enjoyed three to four hours of leisure each day, and the options were clearly multiplying, how to choose wisely became a major concern.
Body Parts That Serve As Signals
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

The combs of jungle fowl are a good example of body parts that serve purely as signals. They have no other practical purpose. The comb is bigger in roosters than in hens, in older males than in younger ones, and usually bigger in dominant males than in subordinate ones. The comb is a delicate, unprotected organ; it is full of blood vessels which, as we have seen, advertise the health of the bird. No wonder that cocks, when they fight, try to injure their rivals’ combs: a profusely bleeding comb may well determine the fight.
Babblers, Competition For Prestige, And The Evolution Of Altruism
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

We have been studying babblers since 1970 and continue to do so as of 1997, Babblers are the only birds in Israel that we know of that live permanently in groups. As a rule, most groups have three to twelve members, though some groups have reached twenty. Babblers stay in their territories year-round and cooperate to protect them against neighboring groups of babblers and nonterritorial individuals. In breeding season all members of the group-breeding adults, nonbreeding adults, and young-take care of a single nest in the territory.
The Miracle of Modern Medicine: The Ethics of Organ Transplantation and Artificial Organs
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

Medieval Catholic doctors practiced under the heavenly patronage of Saints Cosmos and Damien. According to legend, the two saints were brothers who practiced medicine in fourth-century Syria. Their reputation for skill was enhanced by their generosity in caring for the poor. One day, a certain Vincent, deacon of the local church, came to their clinic. An arrowhead was embedded in his leg, which was rotting away. The holy doctors took one look at the gangrenous limb and told the deacon that their treatments would be futile. He should, they advised, take himself to church and pray for a good death. Vincent followed their advice. While at prayer, he fell asleep (as often happens). Meanwhile, the holy doctors were visited by an angel who told them to go to the church, amputate the leg of a corpse laid out for burial, amputate the sleeping Vincent’s leg, and attach the dead limb to the living man. Vincent awoke with a sound leg, and patient and doctors praised the Lord.
Obligations of Surgeons to Non-Physician Team Members and Trainees
Authors: Purtilo Ruth , Shaw Byers W , Arnold Robert
Published: November 2023

A New Yorker cartoon depicts several surgeons and other members of the operating team hovering over a shrouded clump amidst a clutter of lights, machines, and other paraphernalia of the operating suite. The perplexed chief surgeon says, to the nurse ‘‘I give up-where’s the patient?’’ A Gary Larson cartoon shows a body part flying through the air from the direction of a patient’s open incision. A member of the surgical team, agape with astonishment, shouts, ‘‘Watch where that thing lands ... we may need it later!’’ A popular film, ‘‘The Doctor,’’ opens with an operating team scene: the ruptured aorta having been repaired successfully, Dr. McKee leads the team across the suite in a dance to the radio’s blaring, ‘‘Let’s Get Drunk and Screw!’’ Only Nancy, the chief nurse, and the object of surgeon McKee’s constant needling and harassment, is not amused. Such stereotypes of the surgeon’s role on the team are further fed today by popular television serials such as ‘‘E.R.,’’ in which the ‘‘real action’’ of medicine often is portrayed as beginning only when the surgeon (or an inexperienced student or resident posing as a surgeon) arrives on the scene wielding a scalpel and creating an ad hoc surgical team by barking orders to everyone in sight. Although it is not the purpose of this chapter to explore why surgeons are the brunt of so much stereotyping, some of the recurring themes are instructive for our examination of the obligations of surgeons to team members.
Conventions and Conversions, or, Why Is Nationalism Sometimes So Nasty?
Authors: Goodin Robert E
Published: November 2023

In the terms dominating contemporary social and political philosophy, nationalists are paradigmatic communitarians and liberals paradigmatic cosmopolitans.I Nationalists, like communitarians more generally, emphasize the various and nefarious ways in which individuals are embedded within particular communities—communities constituted in turn by self-consciously shared identities, defined in terms of race or place or history or religion or whatever. Liberals, like cosmopolitans more generally, emphasize what is common across all those communities-universal standards and a shared humanity.
The Politics of Difference
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: November 2023

I will begin, like a good professor, by making a couple of distinctions. I am not going to focus in this essay (except at the very end) on the toleration of eccentric or dissident individuals in civil society or even in the state. Individual rights may well lie at the root of every sort of toleration, but I am interested in those rights primarily when they are exercised in common (in the course of voluntary association or religious worship or cultural expression) or when they are claimed by groups on behalf of their members. Eccentric individuals, solitary in their differences, are fairly easy to tolerate, and at the same time social repugnance for and resistance to eccentricity, while certainly unattractive, are not terribly dangerous. The stakes are much higher when we turn to eccentric and dissident groups.
National Identity and Respect among Nations
Authors: Mckim Robert
Published: November 2023

It is useful to distinguish two aspects of our concept of a nation, each of which seems to dominate in different contexts, although neither of which is ever entirely absent. First, there is a cultural aspect. A nation is a group that shares characteristics such as a way of life, language, and religion. In general, the characteristics I have in mind are roughly those that are distinctive of what Avishai Margalit and Joseph Raz call an “encompassing group:’ Associated with each such group are various forms of life, types of activity, occupations, pursuits, and relationships. Such groups typically have their distinctive cuisines, architectural styles, literary and artistic traditions, music, customs, dress, ceremonies, holidays, et cetera. The tastes, values, moral code, and options of individuals growing up within the group are affected by its culture to a significant degree. The members of such a group enjoy an ease of association and feel at home with each other, are linked by bonds of fellow feeling, and share an understanding of much of their experience just as they share much of their outlook on life and on a broad array of issues. Part of what makes such a cultural group exist typically is the fact that the people who constitute it have a sense that they are a distinct group.
Development
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

A number of the most important full-movement forms sonata, sonata-rondo, and concerto-include a central section traditionally termed development.1 Like other formal labels employed in this study, development can refer to both a particular section of a movement and a distinct formal function. As a formal unit, a development stands between an exposition and a recapitulation. As a formal function, a development generates the greatest degree of tonal and phrase-structural instability in the movement and thus motivates a restoration of stability (to be accomplished by the recapitulation).
Recapitulation
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The full-movement sonata form and its allied forms (concerto, sonata-rondo, and sonata without development) contain a recapitulation, a large section that brings back, usually in modified form, an earlier exposition. The recapitulation functions to resolve the principal tonal and melodic processes left incomplete in earlier sections and to provide symmetry and balance to the overall form by restating the melodic-motivic material of the exposition.
Minuet/Trio Form
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The minuet is the premier dance type of the classical period. Whereas many instrumental works of the baroque contain a wide variety of dance movements-allemande, courante, sarabande, gigue, bourree, gavotte, to name the most popular-only the minuet survived the major style shift of the mid-eighteenth century to become incorporated into classical instrumental cycles. Like baroque practice, the classical minuet movement pairs together two different minuets. The second is traditionally termed trio, although the labels “Minuet II” or “alternativo” are found now and then. The trio contrasts with the first minuet in a variety of ways, such as melodicmotivic content, rhythmic configurations, and texture. Most trios reside in the same key as the first minuet but frequently shift into the opposite mode or change to a related tonality.
Introduction
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

The topic of perception has never drifted far from philosophical consciousness, but it turned obsessive with the seventeenth-eighteenth-century ascendancy, first, of epistemology and then, more particularly, of idea empiricism. It is difficult to find a prominent philosopher of that period who did not have much to say about the nature of perception or its objects. Even Spinoza, who held sensory information in lower esteem than virtually all his contemporaries did, shows inordinate concern for explaining the senses. In one, perhaps attenuated, sense this book has its roots in the preoccupations of that philosophical era. It was then that the causal theory of perception (CTP) became a heated topic of controversy. A central aim here is to defend, elaborate, and clarify (though not necessarily in that order) that theory for visual perception. But it is as important to distinguish the present approach from work in the aforementioned tradition as it is to trace its origins within it.