bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventing the Laws of Gravity: The ICC's Initial Lubanga Decision and its Regressive Consequences
Authors: Smith Stephen Eliot
Published: April 2008

It now appears likely that Thomas Lubanga Dyilo will be the first person tried before the International Criminal Court. In 2006, the Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC authorized the issuance of a warrant of arrest for Lubanga, the leader of a military organization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In so doing, the Pre-Trial Chamber examined the ICC Statute's admissibility requirements for cases and held that only cases that meet a prescribed standard of "aggravated gravity" are admissible before the Court. In this article, the author argues that the Pre-Trial Chamber's Lubanga decision will have several long-term negative consequences on the ability of the ICC to fulfil its mandate. As a direct result of the Chamber's decision on gravity, the ICC will be unable to replicate many of the successes and advances made in international justice by the International Criminal Tribunals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.
Current Developments at the International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Badar Mohamed Elewa , Karsten Nora
Published: April 2008

This article covers developments at the international criminal tribunals that occurred during the period from January until November 2007.
False Names, Demonstratives and the Refutation of Linguistic Naturalism in Plato's Cratylus 427d1-431c3
Authors: Smith Imogen
Published: April 2008

This paper offers an interpretation of Plato's Cratylus 427d1-431c3 that supports a reading of the dialogue as a whole as concluding in favour of a conventionalist account of naming. While many previous interpretations note the value of this passage as evidence for Platonic investigations of false propositions, this paper argues that its demonstration that there can be false (or incorrect) naming in turn refutes the naturalist account of naming; that is, it shows that a natural relation between name and nominatum is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for reference. Socrates secures this outcome by using demonstratives and their concomitants to show how any putative natural imitative link between name and object may be overridden. Furthermore, Socrates' employment of demonstratives and context-dependent statements in his case-studies of false naming speaks in favour of a reading of this passage as primarily focussing on naming rather than on propositions in general.
Substancehood and Subjecthood in Aristotle's Categories
Authors: Kohl Markus
Published: April 2008

I attempt to answer the question of what Aristotle's criteria for 'being a substance' are in the Categories. On the basis of close textual analysis, I argue that subjecthood, conceived in a certain way, is the criterion that explains why both concrete objects and substance universals must be regarded as substances. It also explains the substantial primacy of concrete objects. But subjecthood can only function as such a criterion if both the subjecthood of concrete objects and the subjecthood of substance universals can be understood as philosophically significant phenomena. By drawing on Aristotle's essentialism, I argue that such an understanding is possible: the subjecthood of substance universals cannot simply be reduced to that of primary substances. Primary and secondary substances mutually depend on each other for exercising their capacities to function as subjects. Thus, subjecthood can be regarded as a philosophically informative criterion for substancehood in the Categories.
The Place of I 7 in the Argument of Physics I
Authors: Kelsey Sean
Published: April 2008

Aristotle introduces Physics I as an inquiry into principles; in this paper I ask where he argues for the position he reaches in I 7. Many hold that his definitive argument is found in the first half of I 7 itself; I argue that this view is mistaken: the considerations raised there do not form the basis of any self-standing argument for Aristotle's doctrine of principles, but rather play a subordinate role in a larger argument begun in earnest in I 5. This larger argument stalls in I 6, which ends in aporia; I argue that the problem lies in the fact that Aristotle's reasoning in I 6 thoroughly undermines his reasoning in I 5 (on which I 6 is ostensibly supposed to build). I further argue that the materials necessary for resolving this problem, and thereby allowing the argument begun in I 5 to reach its proper conclusion, are supplied by the thesis that organizes the first half of I 7. Along the way I offer some remarks about Aristotle's doctrine of principles, arguing that it is about the principles of natural substance (as opposed to coming to be or change). I also offer some remarks about the thesis which organizes the first half of I 7. I argue negatively that it is not anything like a preliminary statement of Aristotle's doctrine of principles. I argue positively that it reflects Aristotle's idea that there are two distinct kinds of effect change has upon things (one constructive, the other destructive). One of these effects lies behind Aristotle's reasoning in I 5, the other comes to the fore in I 6; the achievement of the first half of I 7 is to reconcile these seemingly competing conceptions by finding a place for them both in a unified account of coming to be and its subjects.
Causa sui or Wechselwirkung: Engels between Spinoza and Hegel
Authors: Morfino Vittorio
Published: April 2008

The essay takes its point of departure from Monod's reading of dialectical materialism in Chance and Necessity. A passage of Engels's Dialectics of Nature, which identifies Spinoza's concept of causa sui with the Hegelian concept of interaction [Wechselwirkung], provides the opportunity to examine the consequences of Monod's claims more closely. Using Spinoza's philosophy as a litmus test, the essay attempts to demonstrate the debt of Engels's materialism to Hegel's Science of Logic by tracing the development of the concept of Wechselwirkung in classical German philosophy. A profound difference between the Spinozan and Hegelian concepts becomes apparent: while the concept of Wechselwirkung implies a totality present to itself as simultaneity, permitting the flow of a linear, homogenous and empty time upon which stages of development can be inscribed, the concept of causa sui implies a totality without closure, a totality whose eternity is identified with the necessary and infinite network of modal durations. The essay concludes by suggesting that Spinoza's concept of causa sui allows us to rethink the relation between freedom and necessity in the Marxist tradition in conjunctural and aleatory terms.
Lost in Transition: the German World-Market Debate in the 1970s
Authors: ten Brink Tobias , Nachtwey Oliver
Published: April 2008

The persistence of economic and geopolitical conflicts beyond the 1990s has revived interest in explanations that analyse international conflicts in relation to capitalism. In this debate, many contributors have accepted one or another version of a strong globalisation theory, which reflects the hopes for an age of peace and prosperity as a largely co-operative process. This paper attempts to question this thesis by introducing an almost forgotten debate: the German world-market debate of the 1970s. This approach attempted to show how the general laws of motion of capitalism prevail under changing conditions. Furthermore it pointed to the existence of many states, which again and again reproduces the reality of multipolar competitive capitalism, albeit in changing forms. In the following we outline the central – sometimes diverging – insights, before subjecting them to a critical appraisal and identifying a number of points where the theses could be developed further. Taking up the threads of that debate without repeating its weaknesses could prove productive for today's discussion.
The Disguises of Wage-Labour: Juridical Illusions, Unfree Conditions and Novel Extensions
Authors: Bhandari Rakesh
Published: April 2008

Once we shift the intension of the concept of wage-labour from juridical attributes of negative ownership and contractual freedom to the actual performance of capital-positing labour, the extension of the concept – the cases that fall under it – changes as well. Once the concept of wage-labour is intensively re-defined as capital-positing labour, it becomes evident that the history and the geographical scope of wage-labour have not been well understood. This shift in the intension of the concept of wage-labour also disjoins the association between capitalism and freedom.
Here Is the Rose, Dance Here! A Riposte to the Debate on the Argentinean Crisis
Authors: Cecilia Dinerstein Ana
Published: April 2008

This article aims to contribute to the debate on the short- to medium-term political implications of the 2001 Argentine crisis (see issues 10.4, pp. 5–38 and 14.1. pp. 155–248 of this journal). The bulk of the argument deals with the criticism of the notion of 'reinvention of politics'. The article presents the theoretical premises and empirical data which sustain this proposal. It is argued that in order to appreciate the political innovation brought about by the events of December 2001, it is important first to consider the political, social and economic forms of capitalist transformations and crises that shaped them. Secondly, to locate this event in historical perspective, as a constitutive node within a non-teleological continuum of resistance. Thirdly, to view capitalist crises as presenting open opportunities for the reinvention of the forms of resistance, and to underscore that reinvention occurs as a result of simultaneous struggles against capital and for self-affirmation and recognition. By using examples of organisational innovation and social intervention by the piquetero movement it is suggested that December 2001 led to new practices or facilitated the development of existing forms of collective action that have often been overlooked by those disappointed by the ensuing political developments. The article also discusses the problem of periodisation, addressing the relationship between Marxism and the use of data produced by non-Marxist researchers, and calls into question the adequacy of Cartesian rationality for understanding December 2001 and the meaning of political change in Argentina.
The Podolinsky Myth: An Obituary Introduction to 'Human Labour and Unity of Force', by Sergei Podolinsky
Authors: Bellamy Foster John , Burkett Paul
Published: April 2008

The relationship between Marxism and ecology has been sullied by Martinez-Alier's influential interpretation of Engels's reaction to the agricultural energetics of Sergei Podolinsky. This introduction to the first English translation of Podolinsky's 1883 Die Neue Zeit piece evaluates Martinez-Alier's interpretation in light of the four distinct but closely related articles Podolinsky published over the years 1880–3. This evaluation also emphasises the important but previously underrated role of energy analysis in Marx's Capital. Engels's criticisms of Podolinsky are found to be quite justified from both political-economy and ecological perspectives. From the standpoint of Marx and Engels's metabolic and class-relational approach to production, Podolinsky's attempt to reduce use-value to energy is fraught with problems. Podolinsky's energy reductionism does not even come close to representing an alternative value analysis – let alone a groundbreaking perspective on ecological history – as was suggested by Martinez-Alier. Far from Marx and Engels's vision of communism as an ecologically sustainable and coevolutionary human development, Podolinsky's conception of human labor as an energy accumulation machine seems to uncritically mimic the standpoint of the capitalist interested in using nature only to extract as much energy throughput (work) as possible from the labour-power (potential work) of the worker.
Editorial Introduction to Vittorio Morfino
Authors: Thomas Peter , Tassone Giuseppe
Published: April 2008

Reading 'Capital''s promotion of the Spinozist sources of Marxism has stimulated a series of important studies in several major zones of Marxist theoretical work. A more general reassessment of Spinoza's thought in the project of a 'radical Enlightenement' provides the opportunity to consider critically the contribution of these studies to the elaboration of Marxist political theory. Vittorio Morfino, well known Italian scholar of Spinoza and Althusser, proposes to study Engels's reading of Spinoza in the context of the inheritance of classical German idealism in the Marxist theory of history. He argues that Spinoza provides resources for rethinking Marxist notions of temporality and structure. The result is a theory of conjunctural analysis, in distinction from 'normative' and 'prescriptive' perspectives.
The Secularism Debate and Turkey's Quest for European Union Membership
Authors: Hughes Edel
Published: April 2008

The potential accession of Turkey to the European Union is undoubtedly one of the Union's most contested prospective enlargements. Among the stated concerns are continuing problems surrounding Cyprus and Turkey's record in terms of fundamental human rights protections. The nature of the Turkish state and its current government, headed by the Islamic Refah Partisi, is also the subject of much discussion. This article traces the development of secularism in modern Turkey and outlines the effect that the Islamic revival is having on both Turkey and its attempts to join the ranks of the European Union.
The Legal Obligations of State and Non-State Actors in Respect of the Protection of Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion or Belief
Authors: de Jong Dennis
Published: April 2008

In this article, the author examines the consequences of the recent recognition of the idea that not only States but also non-State actors can violate human rights. While this development can help in defining the positive obligations of States concerning the protection of freedom of religion or belief, it can also undermine its protection. In particular, the author warns against implications for State interference with what used to be the internal affairs of religious communities. Whereas positive State obligations concerning the acts of non-State actors can be relatively easily established in the case of clear criminal offences, it is much more difficult to establish these in the case of conflicts between various human rights. The author therefore concludes that a new comment by the Human Rights Committee is called for to clarify the implications of these new legal developments.
Waving the 'Freedom of Religion or Belief ' Card, or Playing It Safe: Religious Instruction in the Cases of Norway and Finland
Authors: Slotte Pamela
Published: April 2008

In order to gain an understanding of what it means to have a human right to freedom of religion or belief, one has to start by looking at the different actual conflicts that give rise to discussion in terms of such a human right. Different conflicts reveal different problems. It is therefore unsatisfying to attempt to essentialise the human right to freedom of religion or belief, and simply apply it to different cases. There are, for example, various ways of organising religious instruction in public schools. Neutrality consists in presenting these models and conflicts, not in saying that there is one right or wrong answer. This, of course, does not exclude critical examination and discussion. This article examines one model attempting to accommodate religious freedom within a public education system while including religious instruction on the curriculum, and juxtaposes it to a second model of organizing religious instruction that has given rise to conflict. The models discussed have different problems and potentials. However, both trigger a critical analysis of how law perceives religion, especially religious manifestation and, within this framework, what it means to be a religious person. The analysis offers a contribution to ongoing debates about how to understand the human right to freedom of religion or belief.
Emotion-Oriented Coping, Avoidance Coping, and Fear of Pain as Mediators of the Relationship Between Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Pain-Related Distress Among African American and Caucasian College Women
Authors: Lightsey Owen Richard , Wells Anita G. , Wang Mei-Chuan , Pietruszka Todd , Çiftçi Ayse , Stancil Brett
Published: April 2008

The authors tested whether coping styles and fear of pain mediate the relationship between positive affect and negative affect on one hand and pain-related distress (PD) on the other. Among African American and Caucasian female college students, negative affect, fear of pan, and emotion-oriented coping together accounted for 34% of the variance in PD among African American woman and 40% of the variance in PD among Caucasion women. Emotion-oriented coping and fear of pain fully mediated the relationship between negative affect and PD among Caucasian women and partly mediated the relationship between negative affect and PD among African American women. Results suggest that reducing college women's reliance on emotion-oriented coping and their fears of pain may help reduce PD.
Student Teaching in Urban and Suburban Schools
Authors: Weisman Evelyn Marino , Hansen Laurie E.
Published: April 2008

This study employed interviews with 10 bilingual Latino preservice teachers to explore their experiences with schooling and their observations while student teaching in suburban and urban schools. Findings reveal that participants' life experiences and unique responses to cultural conflicts influenced their ability to relate to Latino students and parents and their desires to teach in Latino communities. However, participants demonstrated minimal recognition of forces that contribute to inequity, and none expressed the need to challenge traditional practices. This study supports the need for professional development programs for teachers of color to incorporate ongoing critical reflection of life experiences to promote political consciousness.
Nonparametric Person-Fit Analysis of Polytomous Item Scores
Authors: Emons Wilco H. M.
Published: April 2008

Person-fit methods are used to uncover atypical test performance as reflected in the pattern of scores on individual items in a test. Unlike parametric person-fit statistics, nonparametric person-fit statistics do not require fitting a parametric test theory model. This study investigates the effectiveness of generalizations of nonparametric person-fit statistics to polytomous item response data. A simulation study using varying test and item characteristics shows that a simple count of the Guttman errors is effective in detecting serious person misfit. The simulation study further shows that in most conditions a simple nonparametric person-fit statistic is as effective as a commonly used parametric person-fit statistic in detecting deviant item score vectors. An empirical example illustrates the use of the nonparametric person-fit statistics in real data.
Promoting the Effective Translation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Authors: Thrasher James F. , Reynales-Shigematsu Luz Myriam , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Villalobos Victor , Téllez-Girón Primavera , Arillo-Santillán Edna , Dorantes-Alonso Ana , Valdés-Salgado Raydel , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo
Published: April 2008

The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) promotes the implementation of best-practices tobacco control policies at a global scale. This article describes features of the sociocultural and political-economic context of Mexico that pose challenges and opportunities to the effective translation of WHO-FCTC policies there. It also considers how strategic communication efforts may advance these policies by framing their arguments in ways that resonate with prevalent values, understandings, and concerns. A focus on a smoke-free policy illustrates barriers to policy compliance, including how similar issues have been overcome among Latino populations in California. Overall, this article aims to lay the foundation for comparative research from policy uptake to impact so that the scientific evidence base on tobacco control policies includes examination of how context moderates this process.
Certified Nursing Assistants' Explanatory Models of Nursing Home Resident Depression
Authors: Piven Mary Lynn , Anderson Ruth A. , Colón-Emeric Cathleen S. , Sandelowski Margarete
Published: April 2008

In this study, the authors describe certified nursing assistants' (CNA) Explanatory Models (EMs) of depression and aspects of their EMs that may contribute to the underdetection of depression in nursing homes. Interviews with 18 CNAs working in two nursing homes are guided by Kleinman's Explanatory Models of Illness framework. Interview data are content analyzed and CNAs' descriptions of depression are compared to the MDS 2.0 Mood Screening criteria and to the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for depression. The result is that the CNAs are unsure about the duration and normalcy of depression in residents. Although they have no formal training, CNAs feel responsible for observing for signs of depression and describe verbal and nonverbal ways of interacting when providing emotional care to residents. CNAs hold potential to improve the detection of depression and contribute to the emotional care of residents. Attention to staff knowledge deficits and facility barriers may enhance this potential.
The Greek Foundations of the West
Authors: Carroll John
Published: April 2008

This article returns to the question of the foundations of Western culture. Many have trod this path before, notably Nietzsche. At issue is a theory of culture, and the classical Greek preoccupation with how humans can make sense of their lives, find direction and some sort of vindication — for that is what culture is, and does. Travelling Greece today, what surprises is the vitality of the ancient sites. Alive with their own cast of timeless enchantment, it is as if they haven't changed over the millennia. Has this miraculous, enduring vitality something to do with the fact that the Western tree that Greece seeded continues to flourish? Or, is this just romantic illusion, a way to redeem the prosaic orders of modern everyday life; or, a fantasy aesthetico-religious culture to populate the disenchanted ruins of the Christian churchyard?
Aristotle and Us: Some Observations on His Philosophical Language
Authors: Karalis Vrasidas
Published: April 2008

The study discusses Aristotle's special use of Greek language as a historical construct defined by the need to accommodate the communicative needs of an expanding world ( morphoplastic synapses). It addresses the paradoxical synthesis of Platonic idealism and empirical cognition which is expressed in his philosophical language and detects a deep incommensurability in their structural form. It argues that such conflict of paradigms in the work of Aristotle neutralized the interpretive potential of Greek language which focused on commentaries over a long period of time. Aristotle's thinking became important in Thomas Aquinas' philosophical summa by establishing a creative synthesis through the potentialities of Latin. The semantic neutralization of Greek continued until the 20th century when Cornelius Castoriadis proposed a new Aristotelian synthesis by re-interpreting his principle of imagination within a modern understanding of creativity.
Reclaiming Antiquity Within the Spaces of Disciplinarity
Authors: David Luis S.
Published: April 2008

Foucault's account of the shift from the sovereign, or juridical, to the disciplinary mode of power produces an understanding of the operations of power cast in terms of individuals' imbeddedness within networks of dependencies specified by `norms' that measure individual performance according to the principles of equivalency (solidarity) and difference (`ab-normality'). Individuals, therefore, must not understand themselves as finally ensnared or trapped by the specific distribution of power within which they find themselves. Under determinate conditions and according to precise strategies, they can always modify power's grip upon themselves. Foucault finds interesting prototypes for this in the ethical practices of ancient Greece that, in his view, satisfied the human desire for rules and form at the same time that they gave scope to the human impatience for liberty. Foucault turns to them in his late work, believing that they may have something to offer in place of modern moral philosophy.
Mode I Interlaminar Fracture of Composite Laminates Incorporating with Ultrathin Fibrous Sheets
Authors: Liu L. , Liang Y.M. , Xu G.Y. , Zhang H.S. , Huang Z.M.
Published: April 2008

Attempts have been made to investigate the effect of ultrathin fibrous sheets (UFSs) arranged on the ply interface on mode I interlaminar fracture of a glass/epoxy composite laminate. The UFSs were obtained by electrospinning of epoxy 609 polymer solution and then incorporated into the middle interface of the laminate with various thicknesses. Mode I interlaminar fracture behaviors of the resulting laminates were characterized using double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was applied to analyze the fracture characteristics of the tested specimens. Results have shown that the UFS with a reasonable thickness would have no effect on the mode I delamination resistance of the laminate. To further investigate the effect of the sheets on the fracture toughness, some UFSs with thinner thickness were inserted into different interfaces of the laminate. Testing data have also shown that no significant effect on the mode I delamination resistance was recognized, although a summation of the sheets was thick. Fractured specimens analysis indicated no obvious delamination was observed when the incorporated sheet was thin.
Employment Satisfaction of University Graduates with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Madaus Joseph W. , Zhao Jiarong , Ruban Lilia
Published: April 2008

Because of its significant impact on overall life satisfaction, employment satisfaction is one marker for determining successful adult outcomes. The present investigation reports the perceptions of employment satisfaction for 500 graduates with learning disabilities from three postsecondary institutions. The graduates reported high levels of employment satisfaction as well as high levels of employment self-efficacy. Factors that contribute to these judgments of employment satisfaction were examined. Perceptions of employment self-efficacy were found to be a more important predictor of employment satisfaction than variables such as salary and length of time on the job. Implications are discussed in regard to transition planning for students with learning disabilities at the secondary and postsecondary levels.
Measurement Invariance of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents With Respect to Sex and Age Cohorts
Authors: Prince-Embury Sandra , Courville Troy
Published: April 2008

This article examines invariance of the three-factor structure of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents across age band and gender within normative samples. Confirmatory factor analysis reveals that the three-factor model fits for all groups. In addition, invariance analysis shows no statistical differences in factor structure between males and females. A three-group confirmatory factor analysis across age bands demonstrated partial invariance between age bands.
Emotional Intelligence and Resiliency in Young Adults With Asperger's Disorder
Authors: Montgomery Janine M. , Schwean Vicki L. , Burt Jo-Anne G. , Dyke Danielle I. , Thorne Keoma J. , Hindes Yvonne L. , McCrimmon Adam W. , Kohut Candace S.
Published: April 2008

Asperger's disorder (AD) is characterized by sustained and pervasive difficulties with imaginative, social, and communication skills and the presence of repetitive interests and behaviours. A number of models have been proposed to help explain the AD phenotype; however, these theories have not fully accounted for the social difficulties present in individuals with AD. The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) may offer insight into the social and emotional behaviours exhibited by young adults with AD. In addition, the concept of resilience, or the capacity for individuals to cope despite risk, may further explain why some individuals with AD experience more successful outcomes than others. This study explores EI and resilience in 20 males diagnosed with AD with average to above-average cognitive abilities. Various aspects of social functioning, EI, and resilience were assessed. Results indicate that males with AD displayed intact ability EI; however, they did not display typically developed trait EI. Furthermore, trait EI was associated with important resilient and adaptive outcomes, and these findings provide opportunities for intervention. It is important that through the identification of factors that compose resilient outcomes, this research represents the first step in identifying interventions designed to strengthen protective factors within young adults diagnosed with AD.
How Nonrecidivism Affects Predictive Accuracy
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Harris Grant T.
Published: April 2008

Prediction effect sizes such as ROC area are important for demonstrating a risk assessment's generalizability and utility. How a study defines recidivism might affect predictive accuracy. Nonrecidivism is problematic when predicting specialized violence (e.g., domestic violence). The present study cross-validates the ability of the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA) to distinguish subsequent recidivists and nonrecidivists among 391 new cases with less extensive criminal records than previous cross-validation samples, base rate = 27%, ROC area = .67. Excluding ambiguous nonrecidivists increases the base rate to 33%, ROC area = .74. Random samples of 50 recidivists and 50 unambiguous nonrecidivists yield ROC areas from .71 to .80. Published norms significantly underestimate official recidivism. Ambiguous nonrecidivism is prevalent and leads to underestimating base rates and predictive accuracy.
The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA)
Authors: Thompson R. Alan , Nored Lisa S. , Cheeseman Dial Kelly
Published: April 2008

Although the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) is an acknowledgment of problems posed by forcible sexual assault in prisons and jails, many institutions of confinement at various levels of government continue to struggle with developing compliant policies and procedures. Given this practical reality, the purpose of this article is twofold. First, the authors examined the policies of 28 states plus the Federal Bureau of Prisons ( n = 29) to assess the extent to which they comply with federal law using eight evaluative dimensions. Second, the authors excerpted language from various policy statements for the benefit of those institutions that are still in the process of developing their own such documentation. Emphasis is placed on identifying core dimensions of comprehensive policy statements along with observations and conclusions regarding future implications of prison rape abatement measures.
Public Awareness and Action Resulting From Sex Offender Community Notification Laws
Authors: Anderson Amy L. , Sample Lisa L.
Published: April 2008

Few studies have examined the degree to which citizens access registry information or take preventative action in response. Survey responses from a representative sample of Nebraska residents were used to examine the degree to which people access registration information, the feelings this information invokes, and if preventative measures are subsequently taken by citizens. The results suggest that the majority of citizens had not accessed registry information, although the majority of people knew the registry existed, and few respondents took any preventative measures as a result of learning sex offender information. The implications of the results on notification laws are discussed.
Impact of Functional Limitations and Medical Comorbidity on Subsequent Weight Changes and Increased Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults
Authors: Forman-Hoffman Valerie L. , Richardson Kelly K. , Yankey Jon W. , Hillis Stephen L. , Wallace Robert B. , Wolinsky Fredric D.
Published: April 2008

Objectives: The primary goal of this study was to determine the effect of the onset of major medical comorbidity and functional decline on subsequent weight change and increased depressive symptoms. Methods: The sample included a prospective cohort of 53 to 63 year olds ( n = 10,150) enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study. Separate lagged covariate models for men and women were used to study the impact of functional decline and medical comorbidity on subsequent increases in depressive symptoms and weight change 2 years later. Results: Functional decline and medical comorbidity were individual predictors of subsequent weight changes but not increased depressive symptoms. Most specific incident medical comorbidities or subtypes of functional decline predicted weight changes in both directions. Discussion: The elevated risk of weight gain subsequent to functional decline or onset of medical comorbidities may require the receipt of preventive measures to reduce further weight-related complications.
The Workings of a Multicultural Research Team
Authors: Friedemann Marie-Luise , Pagan-Coss Harald , Mayorga Carlos
Published: April 2008

Purpose: Transcultural nurse researchers are exposed to the challenges of developing and maintaining a multiethnic team. With the example of a multicultural research study of family caregivers conducted in the Miami-Dade area, the authors guide the readers through steps of developing a culturally competent and effective team. Design: Pointing out challenges and successes, the authors illustrate team processes and successful strategies relative to recruitment of qualified members, training and team maintenance, and evaluation of team effectiveness. Method: With relevant concepts from the literature applied to practical examples, the authors demonstrate how cultural team competence grows in a supportive work environment.
Factor Structure and Correlates of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a Large Offender Sample
Authors: Ruiz Mark A. , Poythress Norman G. , Lilienfeld Scott O. , Douglas Kevin S.
Published: April 2008

The authors examined the psychometric properties, factor structure, and construct validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) in a large offender sample (N = 1,515). Although the DES is widely used with community and clinical samples, minimal work has examined offender samples. Participants were administered self-report and interview measures, and a subsample was followed longitudinally to determine criminal and violent recidivism. The DES exhibited good psychometric properties, but an identified three-factor structure was of questionable replicability. Moreover, the DES factors displayed no evidence of differential correlates. DES total scores were correlated with trauma-related variables even after controlling for negative affectivity. Total scores were related to measures of antisocial behavior and aggression but did not predict recidivism. These findings support the reliability and construct validity of the DES in offenders but raise questions regarding the clinical utility of the DES factor scores above and beyond that of the total score.
The Role of the Clinical Laboratory in Teaching and Learning Family Nursing Skills
Authors: Flowers Karen A. , John Winsome St , Bell Janice M.
Published: April 2008

This exploratory case study of the role of the clinical laboratory in teaching and learning family nursing skills was undertaken at the Family Nursing Unit (FNU), University of Calgary. Qualitative data were gathered from current graduate students, graduates of the Master of Nursing program, faculty members, and clients of the FNU using participant observation, in-depth interviews, and review of documents. Content analysis was used to identify key themes. The study found that the family nursing clinical laboratory provided a safe, structured learning environment where students had the opportunity to observe expert clinical practice in family nursing and undertake closely supervised practice. Graduates felt well prepared and confident in their advanced nursing practice with families. Key to the success of the clinical laboratory was the teaching faculty who were skilled clinicians in family systems nursing and who used this same theoretical orientation to guide the relational, strengths-based, and collaborative learning with students.
Linking Crisis Management and Leadership Competencies: The Role of Human Resource Development
Authors: Wooten Lynn Perry , James Erika Hayes
Published: April 2008

The problem and the solution. Most executives are aware of the negative consequences associated with an organizational crisis and focus on communications and public relations as a reactive strategy. However, many neglect the other leadership responsibilities associated with organizational crises.This may result from lack of formal training and on-the-job experiences that prepare executives to lead crises. Executives who enable their organizations to recover from a crisis exhibit a complex set of competencies in each of the five phases of a crisis—signal detection, preparation and prevention, damage control and containment, business recovery, and reflection and learning. In this article, through the use of qualitative research design and the analysis of firms in crises, we examine leadership competencies during each phase of a crisis. In addition, this article links the important role of human resource development to building organizational capabilities through crisis management activities.
Developing Organizational Learning Capacity in Crisis Management
Authors: Jia Wang
Published: April 2008

The problem and the solution. The impact of crises on organizations and individuals has been stronger than ever. Despite increasing recognition of the effects of crisis events, most organizations are found not adequately prepared in managing crises. The increasingly frequent occurrence of organizational crises exemplifies the need for human resource development in preparing organizations and their members for crisis situations. However, very little effort has been made in this direction. Recognizing the dynamics and interconnectedness of crisis management, organizational learning, and organizational change, this article proposes an integrated model of organizational learning for crisis management that will likely strengthen organizational capacity and resilience in coping with crises and resultant changes.
Population and Bandwagon Effects on Local Team Revenues in Major League Baseball
Authors: Brown Daniel , Link Charles R.
Published: April 2008

Panel models are used to estimate the determinants of local revenues in Major League Baseball. This article updates a previous study by Burger and Walters (2003) with additional data and panel techniques. Consistent with their results, this study finds that market size does matter as a determinant of team marginal revenues when using panel techniques. However, two important differences surface when estimating the bandwagon effect. First, performing well in the postseason is much more important to marginal revenues than having a good regular-season win—loss record. Second, there are spillover effects associated with postseason wins, implying that misspecification arises in models where performance and revenue are only contemporaneously related.
The Dimensions of Negative Messages
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: April 2008

Candidates and campaign strategists believe that negative campaigning works—negative messages depress citizen's evaluations of targeted candidates. However, scholars have been unable to validate consistently the claims of practitioners. To better understand how negative campaigning influences the electorate, it is necessary to consider the relevance and civility of negative messages. In particular, do citizens make distinctions concerning the relevance and civility of campaign messages? If so, do citizens' views about the relevance and civility of negative messages influence how they evaluate candidates? We rely on an experimental research design embedded in a public opinion survey to examine people's reactions to negative commercials. Based on a national survey of nearly 700 respondents, we find citizens differentiate between negative advertisements in meaningful and consistent ways. Furthermore, the civility and relevance of the negative commercials significantly influences people's evaluations of the targeted candidates in several ways, including trait, affect, and issue evaluations.
The Four-Factor Taxonomy of Relocation Outcomes
Authors: Matthiesen Jane Kirsten , Tissington Patrick
Published: April 2008

Relocation, an intraorganizational geographical transfer, can be used for human resource development (HRD) because of the positive developmental effects it can induce. It is, thus, important for HRD professionals to understand the implications of relocation to ensure it is used appropriately and effectively as an HRD technique. Research on relocation is abundant but presently lacks integration. This article introduces the Four-Factor Taxonomy of Relocation Outcomes, which summarizes, organizes, and guides research in this area. The taxonomy provides researchers with four dimensions along which to consistently classify relocation outcomes: valence (positive vs. negative), duration (length of effect), magnitude (strength of effect), and quality (type of effect). The article concludes with a discussion of implications for HRD practitioners and researchers.
Toward an Integrated Model of Expertise Redevelopment and its Implications for HRD
Authors: Grenier Robin S. , Kehrhahn Marijke
Published: April 2008

Traditionally, expertise theories have focused on skills acquisition with little regard for the domain or contextual factors affecting expertise development and retention. Because the development, retention, and recruiting of individuals with expertise is critical to organizational success, it is essential that HRD professionals understand the influence of such factors on individuals, and how to address these changes and the redevelopment of expertise. This article proposes a Model of Expertise Redevelopment (MER) illustrating the redevelopment of expertise in three states—dependence, independence, and transcendence. Connected through continuous development, the states are influenced by three territories: content, constituency, and environment. Although the model can explain the initial development of expertise, it is the model's representation of the impact of change on existing expertise that makes it unique. It also contributes to a broader theoretical foundation for research on this topic and calls for further investigation of the interconnectedness among the three states and the territories influencing expertise redevelopment.
Curse of the mummy: Oral affliction or archival aphasia
Authors: Schuppli Susan
Published: April 2008

In 1973 a reel of magnetic tape was handed over to the US National Archives containing 18¼ minutes of silence. This gap takes place during a conversation between President Richard Nixon and J.R. Haldeman (White House Chief of Staff) three days after the break-in at Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel. Although the muteness of both the tape and the man defied efforts to conjure up truth in 1973, fear of disturbing the remaining magnetic particles that clung to the gap was immediately understood and so the tape was permanently removed from circulation and archived. There it has lain undisturbed in cryogenic sleep for over 30 years waiting for that moment when the kiss of technological progress will re-awaken it and restore its capacity to speak. This article contends that the tape-gap is already pre-emptively inscribed within the mnemonic archive of the machine and is in fact not silent but fully enunciatory.
Improvement of wear resistance of hot working tool steel by hardfacing Part 2 – Case study
Authors: Kashani H. , Amadeh A. , Vatanara M. R.
Published: April 2008

The performance and service life of the die components are limited because of different reasons such as thermal and mechanical fatigue cracking, wear, plastic deformation, etc. To minimise these damages, the dies are normally subjected to a variety of surface engineering processes. In the present study, the dimensional loss and lifetime of hardfaced and unmodified H11 steel hot forging dies were monitored during service and compared. For this purpose, various experimental tools such as XRD, SEM, optical metallography and microhardness test were employed. Microhardness profiles from surface to the depth of the dies after service were determined to study the variations in mechanical properties. It was observed that the hardfacing with Stellite 21 and Inconel 625 alloys leads to an increase in wear resistance and the working life of the dies in industrial scale. In the case of hardfaced dies, the work hardening of surface produces a self-protecting layer which has a strong metallurgical bonding to the substrate and thus enhances more resistance to further wear, while hardness reduction during service in unmodified H11 steel die causes a reduction in wear resistance and plastic deformation of surface layer.
Residual stress relaxation in shot peened high strength low alloy steel
Authors: Turnbull A. , Pitts J. J. , Lord J. D.
Published: April 2008

The relaxation of residual stress in a shot peened high strength low alloy steel in response to applied loads has been investigated for both single shot and cyclic loading. The near surface residual stress was measured predominantly by X-ray diffraction (first 10 μm) but supplemented for some conditions by measurements using high resolution, fine increment hole drilling to yield depth profiling. The compressive residual stress showed a peak at ∼50 μm below the surface. Under single shot compressive loading, relaxation became significant when the combined surface and applied compressive stresses exceeded the proportional limit of the unpeened surface. The steel showed good resistance to residual stress relaxation under cyclic loading conditions, with only a 13% decrease despite cyclic load amplitudes at 50% of the 0˙2% proof stress in compression. Significant relaxation did occur at applied stress amplitudes of ∼80% of the 0˙2% proof stress in compression. While large single shot or cyclic stresses would represent rare occurrences, they could lead to a marked loss in beneficial compressive stress and should be accounted for in structural integrity assessment.
Non-conservation of grain volume during diffusion creep
Authors: Burton B.
Published: April 2008

In theories of the diffusion creep of polycrystals it has traditionally been assumed that individual grain volumes are conserved as they change shape. However a recent application of the theory to the creep of beams under small bending moments has shown that this need not be the case (Burton, to be published). In the present paper the theory is further extended to include cases where grain volume is not conserved during creep under tension. An analysis is presented for the grain boundary diffusion creep of a uniform array of orthorhombic grains of dimensions X, Y and Z, aligned with continuous boundaries in the XZ planes and a tensile stress normal to these planes. The analysis is simplified by assuming Z» X and Y, so that diffusion occurs along boundaries in the x and y directions only. In specimens of finite size, the non-conservation of grain volume is shown to occur as an inevitable consequence of diffusion creep. Surface grains lose volume by diffusion to grains in the interior, which gain in volume. The effect diminishes with the distance of the grain from the surface. The effects are largest for grains highly elongated along the stress axis ( Y/X»1), when diffusion along boundaries in the y direction is relatively low. For smaller Y/X ratios, diffusion in the y direction makes increasing contributions but grain volume is again not conserved. When the number of grains in the cross-section is large, creep rates are predicted to converge with those for an infinite array.