bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Regional Air Quality and Climate: Improving Organic Aerosol and Aerosol Activation Processes in WRF/Chem version 3.7.1
Authors: Yahya Khairunnisa , Glotfelty Timothy , Wang Kai , Zhang Yang , Nenes Athanasios
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Air quality and climate influence each other through the uncertain processes of aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation. In this study, both processes are improved in the Weather, Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) version 3.7.1. The existing Volatility Basis Set (VBS) treatments for organic aerosol (OA) formation in WRF/Chem is improved by considering the secondary OA (SOA) formation from semi-volatile primary organic aerosol (POA), a semi-empirical formulation for the enthalpy of vaporization of SOA, as well as functionalization and fragmentation reactions for multiple generations of products from the oxidation of VOCs. Two-month long simulations (May to June 2010) are conducted over continental U.S. and results are evaluated against surface and aircraft observations during the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign. Among all the configurations considered, the best performance is found for the simulation with the 2005 Carbon Bond mechanism (CB05) and the VBS SOA module with semivolatile POA treatment, 25% fragmentation, and the emissions of semi-volatile and intermediate volatile organic compounds being 3 times of the original POA emissions. Among the three gas-phase mechanisms (CB05, CB6, and SAPRC07) used, CB05 gives the best performance for surface ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. Differences in SOA predictions are larger for the simulations with different VBS treatments (e.g., non-volatile POA vs. semivolatile POA) as compared to the simulations with different gas-phase mechanisms. Compared to the simulation with CB05 and the default SOA module, the simulations with the VBS treatment improve cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) predictions (NMBs from -40.8% to a range of -34.6% to -27.7%), with large differences between CB05/CB6 and SAPRC07 due to large differences in their OH and HO2 predictions. An advanced aerosol activation parameterization based on the FN05 series reduces the large negative CDNC bias associated with the default ARG00 parameterization from -35.4% to a range of -0.8% to 7.1%, it, however, increases the errors due to overpredictions of CDNC, mainly over northeastern U.S. This work indicates a need to improve other aerosol-cloud-radiation processes in the model such as the spatial distribution of aerosol optical depth and cloud condensation nuclei in order to further improve CDNC predictions.
A diagram for evaluating multiple aspects of model performance in simulating vector fields
Authors: Xu Zhongfeng , Hou Zhaolu , Han Ying , Guo Weidong
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Vector quantities, e.g., vector winds, play an extremely important role in climate systems. The energy and water exchanges between different regions are strongly dominated by wind, which in turn shapes the regional climate. Thus, how well climate models can simulate vector fields directly affects model performance in reproducing the nature of a regional climate. This paper devises a new diagram, termed the vector field evaluation (VFE) diagram, which is a generalized Taylor diagram and able to provide a concise evaluation of model performance in simulating vector fields. The diagram can measure how well two vector fields match each other in terms of three statistical variables, i.e., the vector similarity coefficient, root mean square length (RMSL), and root mean square vector difference (RMSVD). Similar to the Taylor diagram, the VFE diagram is especially useful for evaluating climate models. The pattern similarity of two vector fields is measured by a vector similarity coefficient (VSC) that is defined by the arithmetic mean of the inner product of normalized vector pairs. Examples are provided, showing that VSC can identify how close one vector field resembles another. Note that VSC can only describe the pattern similarity, and it does not reflect the systematic difference in the mean vector length between two vector fields. To measure the vector length, RMSL is included in the diagram. The third variable, RMSVD, is used to identify the magnitude of the overall difference between two vector fields. Examples show that the VFE diagram can clearly illustrate the extent to which the overall RMSVD is attributed to the systematic difference in RMSL and how much is due to the poor pattern similarity.
Fast evaluation of tsunami scenarios: uncertainty assessment for a Mediterranean Sea database
Authors: Molinari Irene , Tonini Roberto , Lorito Stefano , Piatanesi Alessio , Romano Fabrizio , Melini Daniele , Hoechner Andreas , Gonzàlez Vida José M. , Maciás Jorge , Castro Manuel J. , de la Asunción Marc
Published: December 2016

Abstract. We present a database of pre-calculated tsunami waveforms for the entire Mediterranean Sea, obtained by numerical propagation of uniformly spaced Gaussian-shaped elementary sources for the sea level elevation. Based on any initial sea surface displacement, the database allows the fast calculation of full waveforms at the 50 m isobath offshore of coastal sites of interest by linear superposition. A computationally inexpensive procedure is set to estimate the coefficients for the linear superposition based on the potential energy of the initial elevation field. The elementary sources size and spacing is fine enough to satisfactorily reproduce the effects of M> = 6.0 earthquakes. Tsunami propagation is modelled by using the Tsunami-HySEA code, a GPU finite volume solver for the non-linear shallow water equations. Like other existing methods based on the initial sea level elevation, the database is independent on the faulting geometry and mechanism, which makes it applicable in any tectonic environment. We model a large set of synthetic tsunami test scenarios, selected to explore the uncertainty introduced when approximating tsunami waveforms and their maxima by fast and simplified linear combination. This is the first time to our knowledge that the uncertainty associated to such a procedure is systematically analysed and that relatively small earthquakes are considered, which may be relevant in the near-field of the source in a complex tectonic setting. We find that non-linearity of tsunami evolution affects the reconstruction of the waveforms and of their maxima by introducing an almost unbiased (centred at zero) error distribution of relatively modest extent. The uncertainty introduced by our approximation can be in principle propagated to forecast results. The resulting product then is suitable for different applications such as probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis, tsunami source inversions and tsunami warning systems.
Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: Experimental modelling across timescales
Authors: Rosenau Matthias , Corbi Fabio , Dominguez Stephane
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Since the formulation of Reid’s elastic rebound theory 100 years ago laboratory mechanical models combining frictional and elastic elements have joined the forefront of the research on the dynamics of earthquakes. In the last decade, with the advent of high resolution monitoring techniques and new rock analogue materials, laboratory earthquake experiments kept developing from simple spring-slider models to more sophisticated scaled analogue models. This evolution was accomplished by advances in seismology and geodesy which, along with a culmination of large earthquakes, have significantly increased the quality and quantity of relevant observations in nature. We here review the cornerstones of analogue earthquake model developments with a focus on scale models which are directly comparable to observational data on short to long timescales. We revisit the basics of analogue modelling, namely scaling, materials and monitoring, as applied in earthquake modelling. An overview of applications highlights the contributions of analogue earthquake models in bridging timescales of observations including earthquake statistics, rupture dynamics, ground motion and seismic cycle deformation up to seismotectonic evolution. We finally discuss limits, challenges and links to numerical models.
Evaposublimation from the snow in the Mediterranean mountains of Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Authors: Herrero Javier , Polo María José
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In this study we quantify the evaposublimation and the energy balance of the seasonal snowpack in the Mediterranean semiarid region of Sierra Nevada, Spain (37° N). In these kinds of regions, the incidence of this return of water to the atmosphere is particularly important to the hydrology and water availability. The analysis of the evaposublimation from snow allows us to deduct the losses of water expected in the short and medium term and is critical for the efficient planning of this basic and scarce resource. To achieve this, we performed 10 field campaigns from 2009 to 2015, during which detailed measurements of mass fluxes of a controlled volume of snow were recorded using a modified version of an evaporation pan with lysimeter. Meteorological data at the site of the snow control volume were extensively monitored during the tests. With these data, a point energy balance snowmelt model was validated for the area. This model, fed with the complete meteorological data set available at the Refugio Poqueira Station (2500 m a.s.l.), let us estimate that evaposublimation losses for this site can range from 24 to 33 % of total annual ablation. This ratio is very variable throughout the year and between years, depending on the particular occurrence of snowfall and mild weather events, which is generally quite erratic in this semiarid region. Evaposublimation proceeds at maximum rates of up to 0.49 mm h−1, an order of magnitude less than maximum melt rates. However, evaposublimation occurs during 60 % of the time that snow lies, while snowmelt only takes up 10 % of this time. Hence, both processes remain close in magnitude on the annual scale.
Competition Gaps of Tomatoes’ Industries in Cameron Highland, Malaysia
Authors: H. Hengky S.
Published: December 2016

Currently, the price range of tomatoes is a great loss to the producers or tomato growers in Malaysia. Meanwhile, in terms of the purchasing power of consumers, Malaysia is one of the more prosperous in the countries in Asia with a GDP per capita of about US $ 10,876 in 2016. In reducing the width of the tomato price range, it needs of industrial competition analysis or market tomatoes in Cameron Highland pertinent for the issue. The aim of this study was to identify the tomato industry competition in Cameron Highland, Malaysia, and it was conducted in three (3) stages: a) in this stage, carried out literature studies and searches related and related information to the players, organization, customer, and supplier market tomatoes, b) the collection of data and information according to the research objectives, and c) conduct focus group discussions with the topic a tomato industry competition and tabulation of data. Results of the study found that the tomato industry competition is quite significant in Cameron Highland. The threat of substitute product's tomatoes from other regions or import is very dominant. Nearly 60 percent of tomatoes from Thailand supplied to Malaysia. The indicators, tomatoes are very easily available in the entire super market and traditional market in the peninsula Malaysia. Meanwhile, the State Thailand is a threat from new entrants who have high accessibility of land, which is between Bukit Kayu Hitam (Malaysia) and Sadao (Thailand). On the other hand, distributors have greater bargaining power in determining the market price because he is dealing with a large number of intermediaries to be selected. Industry competition structure above causes the position of farmers locked in power distributor or intermediary is dominant. Meanwhile, developments in information technology become an opportunity for farmers to get information about the price of tomatoes at the farmers directly in connection to the supermarket or to the market. Indirectly, the role of intermediaries can be reduced. Thus, the price of tomatoes is not manipulated by them. In addition, farmers can plan for the future market production.
An Investigation of Native and Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers' Cognitions about Oral Corrective Feedback
Authors: Alhaysony Maha
Published: December 2016

The present study sought to compare and contrast the perception of native and non-native speakers and experienced and less experienced teachers about CF and to examine controversial issues, such as frequency of CF, timing of CF, types of oral errors that should be corrected, its methods, and the person who should do the correcting. Ninety-nine English language teachers teaching in the preparatory year at Ha’il University participated in the study completed a questionnaire and involved in a semi structured interview. The findings showed that teachers in general have a strong positive perception of oral CF. Although teachers preferred to correct serious errors and frequent errors most frequently, they tended to delay correction until after a student finishes speaking rather than immediately. Moreover, results indicated that elicitation, implicit and repetition were the most frequently used feedback across all types of teachers. The students preferred the CF provided by the teachers. Classmates or peers were the least popular. Further, the results did not show significant differences between types of teachers, except for ‘frequent errors, and infrequent errors’ where native speakers tended to correct them more than non-native speakers. Additionally, less experienced teachers had more frequent use of CF and used the metalinguistic feedback method more compared to experienced teachers. Implication for teaching speaking are also discussed.
Metafunction Realization on Students’ Descriptive Paragraphs
Authors: Sipayung Kammer Tuahman , Sinaga Nenni Triana , Sianipar Maria Olivia Cristina , Napitupulu Fenty Debora
Published: December 2016

The objectives of this paper is to describe and explain the experential, interpersonal, textual meaning and schematic structure of students’ descriptive writing. This research used descriptive qualitative approach with content and Interview analysis as a tehnique. Descriptive texts which is written by students are the source data in this research. Source data are analyzed through Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory. It is found that students conveyed the experential meaning by using four process (relational 66,02%, Material 17,22%, Mental 9,09% and Existential 7,65%). The students expressed the interpersonal meaning of descriptive text through declarative, imperative, modality and personal pronoun. It was showed that descriptive mostly dominated with declarative form (98,51). The students expressed the textual meaning for their descriptive text through developing themes and rhemes. Half (57,54%) students had planned the rhetorical development of the text. Seventeen descriptive writing were built with two main stages (identification and description). There are 64,7% text was constructed in not proper stages (schematic structures).
Mãos de cimento: as representações da Guerra do Contestado no imaginário de Irani, Santa Catarina
Authors: Motta ANA Paula
Published: December 2016

O artigo busca analisar as representações sociais sobre o Contestado no município de Irani, Santa Catarina, a partir da obra do folclorista, músico e pesquisador Vicente Telles. Tais representações foram interpretadas no contexto da gestão oficial da memória do Contestado, durante os dois mandatos do governador Esperidião Amin. O objetivo é apresentar uma reflexão sobre a influência das imagens mais “individuais” de Telles - desprovidas das narrativas pré-conceituais, acerca do movimento sertanejo, da guerra e da cultura cabocla, elaboradas pela imprensa, pela Igreja, pelos relatos militares na época da guerra e até mesmo por parte da historiografia - e as representações coletivas no município de Irani.
Adolescente surdo e os conflitos da idade: o olhar da Psicologia
Authors: Lobo Marcia Cristina
Published: December 2016

O período da adolescência já é cercado por diversos estigmas e para um adolescente surdo não é diferente, principalmente uma vez constatando dificuldades na qualidade da comunicação durante a infância. Este trabalho analisa e compara as peculiaridades do desenvolvimento do adolescente surdo com o adolescente ouvinte na perspectiva da Psicologia. O estudo demonstra a importância da qualidade da comunicação dos pais para com seus filhos durante a fase da infância, a qual representa os primeiros aprendizados no que se referem aos valores, princípios, assim como o fortalecimento do laço familiar, sendo este de estrema significância no que tange a autoestima e a autoimagem de um indivíduo e consequentemente de suas futuras escolhas. E para o surdo, a adolescência como uma fase da vida de grande estima, uma vez que pode ser o seu período identificatório de maior importância para a fase seguinte e o restante de sua vida.
Datilologia nos países de Língua Portuguesa
Authors: Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: December 2016

Datilologia nos países de Língua Portuguesa
Raposas e outsiders no futebol paranaense: um estudo sobre relações de poder e genealogia de Luiz Demétrio Janz Laibida
Authors: Granato Natalia Cristina
Published: December 2016

Raposas e outsiders no futebol paranaense: um estudo sobre relações de poder e genealogia de Luiz Demétrio Janz Laibida
DALFRÉ, Liz Andréa. Outras narrativas da nacionalidade: o movimento do Contestado. Curitiba: SAMP, 2014. 236 p.
Authors: Pinheiro Aline
Published: December 2016

DALFRÉ, Liz Andréa. Outras narrativas da nacionalidade: o movimento do Contestado. Curitiba: SAMP, 2014. 236 p.
BORBA, Telêmaco. Actualidade indígena no Paraná. Curitiba: Instituto Memória, 2009. 196p.
Authors: Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: December 2016

BORBA, Telêmaco. Actualidade indígena no Paraná. Curitiba: Instituto Memória, 2009. 196p.
The Historical “Roots” of U.S. Energy Price Shocks
Authors: Huntington Hillard G.
Published: December 2016

Sustained energy price increases in the United States have preceded declines in economic activity as far back as 1890. This finding applies to two different his-torical GDP data sets. It suggests a much longer national experience with rising energy prices that began well before the period after World War Two. This prob-lem emerged well before the U.S. transition towards petroleum products when coal was an important energy source. This relationship varies with the state of the economy and appears less evident during some periods, as in the years fol-lowing the 1929 stock market crash.
SUPERCONDUCTING CABLES – ANALYSIS OF THEIR OPERATION AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRIC GRIDS
Authors: SOSNOWSKI Jacek
Published: December 2016

In this paper the use of high temperature superconducting cables for transporting electrical energy is analysed. The construction of a short model of a superconducting cable is explained, global progress in this field is examined and related electromagnetic phenomena are discussed, particularly those concerning pinning potential barrier formation. The paper analyses the results of investigations into the current-voltage characteristics of superconducting cable model working in the temperature of liquid nitrogen, allowing to reach the value of critical current equal to 45 A.
Islamforskning og islamiske studier på Københavns Universitet
Authors: Vinding Niels Valdemar
Published: December 2016

I stedet for et abstract er her artiklens første side:

Samlet set har det seneste tiår for islamforskningen og for islamiske studier på Københavns Universitet været produktive, men omskiftelige og brogede. Siden Muhammedkrisens klimaks i begyndelsen af 2006 til nu har islamforskningen på Københavns Universitet set en betydelig opnormering af forskningsindsatsen. Det har været i form af den store islamsatsning, som Københavns Universitet var vært for fra 2008 til 2013, men også nye stærke centre og bevillinger gør, at islamforskningen fortsat er i fokus. Sammen med forskningen følger en internationalt rost, men hårdt dimensioneret kandidatuddannelse i islamiske studier, der markerer nye udfordringer for faget – ligesom mange andre af universitetets fag, der har været igennem lignende dimensioneringer, oplever det. (...)

Historisk set var studiet af islam på Københavns Universitet gennem meget lang tid et område, der på forskellig vis blev varetaget af personer, der enten var ansat som professorer i semitisk og østerlandsk filologi eller var ansat, som eksempelvis Johannes Østrup, i et særligt ekstraordinært professorat. Frants Buhl bidrog i 1903 med en banebrydende metodisk afhandling, Muhammeds Liv. Med en Indledning om Forholdene i Arabien før Muhammeds Optræden, der i 1930 udkom i tysk oversættelse.
Moskeer i Danmark som aktører i det islamiske felt: Teoretiske og metodiske overvejelser
Authors: Kühle Lene
Published: December 2016

I stedet for et abstract er her artiklens første side:Der er enighed om, at moskeerne er vigtige for Europas muslimer. Selvom nogle forskere er tilbøjelige til at mene, at offentlighedens interesse i moskeerne fjerner opmærksomheden fra andre vigtige aspekter af muslimers dagligliv, så hersker der ingen tvivl om, at de europæiske moskeer fortjener forskningsmæssig bevågenhed som en særlig institution med stor symbolsk, hvis ikke altid praktisk, betydning for europæiske muslimer. Forskningsmæssigt er europæiske moskeer derfor vigtige, bl.a. fordi de ofte hævdes at adskille sig markant fra den muslimske verdens moskeer i forhold til (som regel) både arkitektur og ikke mindst funktion (Borell og Gerdner 2011, 973). Der har været en del forskning om europæiske moskeer, men oftest i form af feltarbejde og interviews med ledende per- soner i en enkelt eller nogle få moskeer, og selvom denne metode er brugbar i forhold til opnå detaljerede oplysninger om den enkelte moske, så muliggør den ikke generaliseringer eller overblik (Borell og Gerdner 2013, 558). En anden manko stammer fra manglen på studier, der følger moskeers udvikling over tid. Forskningen har haft et stærkt fokus på, at de ydre politiske og diskursive rammer for islam i Europa har forandret sig, men det faktum, at det også gælder for de muslimske organisationer, har ofte været overset (Rosenow-Williams 2014, 760). Jeg stod i 2002-2006 i spidsen for en kortlægning af moskeer i Danmark, som omfattede kontakt med – og i langt de fleste tilfælde
Guddommelig viden og menneskelig. Sayyid Qutb og det ansvarlige menneske
Authors: Butler Jean
Published: December 2016

Sayyid Qutb Ibrahîm Husayn Shâdhilî (d. 1966) betragtes gerne som én af den moderne islamismes åndelige fædre alene ud fra den betragtning, at det er i forlængelse af hans ideologiske indflydelse, at flere yderligtgående, islamistiske bevægelser ser dagens lys i 1970’ernes og 80’ernes Mellemøsten. Det er bevægelser hvis seneste, og givetvis mest ekstreme, udløber må siges at være al-Qâ‘ida-netværket under Osama bin Laden. Primært må Qutb dog anses for at være en forfatter, hvis meget anderledes fortolkning af Koranen – som en tekst der taler direkte til sin læser – har haft enorm indflydelse på den måde, hvorpå muslimer verden over læser Koranen i dag. Derfor er Qutb, og de tanker han gjorde sig om det menneskelige, det guddommelige, og det onde, også i høj grad relevant for os i dag.
Introduktion
Authors: Liengaard Inge
Published: December 2016

Kære læser,Velkommen til det første nummer af Tidsskrift for islamforskning! Vi er glade for at kunne præsentere det første netbaserede tidsskrift i Danmark, der formidler ny forskning om islam og muslimer. Tidsskriftet udspringer af forskernetværket Forum for islamforskning, der ønsker at synliggøre dansk islamforskning. Vi håber naturligvis, at tidsskriftet vil bidrage til dette.De forskere, der er tilknyttet Forum for islamforskning, arbejder fortrinsvist med islam og muslimer i en vestlig sammenhæng. Det vil også afspejle sig i tidsskriftets artikler. Men i en globaliseret verden kan forsøget på at beskrive og forklare menneskers handlinger ikke altid begrænses til snævre nationale rammer. Derfor indeholder det første nummer af tidsskriftet fx en artikel af en svensk forsker om brugen af Koranen i Kenya.Tidsskriftet vil udkomme to gange årligt. I regelen vil det være temanumre, der belyser emner som ’hverdagsislam’, ’institutioner og organisationer’ og muslimske friskoler’. Artiklerne kan frit downloades fra www.islamforskning.dk/ Tidsskrift_for_Islamforskning.htm. Vi håber, at mange vil have glæde af at læse dem.Det første temanummer hedder Danske Koranstudier og indeholder en række artikler af (fortrinsvist) danske forskere. Artiklerne spænder fra klassiske emner som, til en forskningshistorisk oversigt og nutidige Koran-fortolkninger i forskellige afskygninger. Vi er særlig stolte over at bringe en artikel af den internationalt anerkendte danske islamolog Patricia Crone.Velkommen – og god læselyst!På vegne af redaktionenInge Liengaard, ansv. redaktør
En meget kort introduktion til koranforskning
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: December 2016

Koranforskningen er en af islamforskningens klassiske discipliner. Så godt som alle verdens førende islamologer og arabister har på et eller andet tidspunkt i deres karriere gransket dette kanoniske helligskrift. Det er forfatterens sigte at give læseren et introducerende overblik over koranforskningens milepæle og repræsentative arbejder.
Kritisk læsning af Koranen i muslimsk optik
Authors: Kodal Dorthe Maria
Published: December 2016

Fra slutningen af det 19. århundrede har en række muslimske tænkere bragt Koranen i fokus som en tekst, der er central for en gentænkning af islam. I nyere tid har aktiviteten i den modernistiske forskning gået i retning af en historisk relativering af Koranen og traditionen. Man er bevidst om den humane faktor i medieringen af det guddommelige budskab, men forskerne er forskellige i forhold til deres vægtning af tekstens autoritet og etik.
Eksegese i Europa: Tariq Ramadans syn på Koranen
Authors: Liengaard Inge
Published: December 2016

Koranen er altid blevet fortolket. I takt med at muslimer har bosat sig i Europa, fremfører europæiske intellektuelle muslimer i dag deres forståelser af, hvorledes Koranen og den islamiske tradition skal fortolkes. De intellektuelle muslimer udgør ingen samlet intelligentsia, og deres syn på Koran, sunna og tradition varierer meget. Denne artikel stiller skarpt på Tariq Ramadans Koran-syn, der er interessant men sjældent belyst.
At blive muslim: krop og ritualisering
Authors: Østergaard Kate
Published: December 2016

Ritualer er af betydning for nye muslimer i Danmark både i forbindelse med det at kropsliggøre den nye identitet men også i forhold til at skabe brud og kontinuitet mellem sig selv og andre. Blandt konvertitterne er der en tendens til, at også hverdagslivet ritualiseres og til at stille nye spørgsmål til ritualerne, hvorved de forandres.
Introduktion. Islam & institutioner
Authors: Jacobsen Brian Arly
Published: December 2016

Islam & institutioner er temaet for årets første udgave af Tidsskrift for Islamforskning. Da redaktionen besluttede tidsskriftets temaer blev mange forskellige Islam & et-ellerandet foreslået analogt med tidsskriftet og foreningens navn (Islamforskning). Et oplagt emne var studiet af institutionelle forhold i relation til muslimer, islam og muslimske fællesskaber i Danmark. Temanummerets titel antyder, at det er ’islam’ som en entitet, der påvirker den institutionelle praksis inden for et bestemt område. Det er naturligvis ikke tilfældet, og om der overhovedet findes en samlet betegnelse som ’islam’, der ensidigt kan udgøre det ideologiske grundlag for en institution er tvivlsomt. Forskellige politiske, kulturelle og historiske forhold vil i mere eller mindre omfang altid spille en rolle for en institutions ideologiske grundlag, og den sociale praksis den medfører. De fire temaartikler er præget af sociologiske, etnologiske og/eller antropologiske tilgange til studiet af muslimer og institutioner. Det er altså samlet set studier af, hvordan muslimer påvirkes af og påvirker institutionel og social praksis inden for udvalgte områder
Concordia Discors or Teach the Conflicts. Reflections on the Validity and Heuristics of Scholarly Conflict
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: December 2016

What kind of methodological and axiological lodestars would the academic community of Islam scholars do wise to observe in the current situation of intense political and medial ‘discursivization’ of Islam and Muslims? How are ‘we’ – our imagined scholarly community – to navigate in a field that over the past decades has moved from a fairly select and exclusive island to an increasingly deceitful and contested archipelago? Surely the first thing to do must be critical self-reflection, asking ourselves questions about our trade’s ideological and political implications and about the truths we hold selfevident. The second thing to do is also rather ‘self-centred’, albeit in a less meta-wise way, and that is to try to decide and spell out and commit oneself to some kind of research agenda.
Sharî'a i praksis: fatwa, forbrug og feminisme
Authors: Crone Manni , Jacobsen Brian Arly
Published: December 2016

Sharî‘a har de seneste år været genstand for en vis opmærksomhed. Ofte fremstilles Sharî‘a som et middelalderligt retssystem, der bl.a. indebærer straffemetoder som piskning eller stening. Det er en meget forenklet fremstilling. Sharî‘a (arabisk: “vej” eller “sti”) henviser kort fortalt til den “vej” muslimer bør følge ifølge islamisk tradition. Sharî‘a er afledt af islams hellige tekst (koranen), og traditioner (hadith) indsamlet fra profeten Muhammeds liv. Der er forskellige fortolkninger af Sharî‘a, afhængigt af den tankegang (Madh’hab), og de særlige intellektuelle (Ulema), der er involveret i Sharî‘a processen. Islamisk retspraksis (Fiqh) fortolker og forfiner Sharî‘a ved at udvide gældende principper til at håndtere nye spørgsmål. Islamiske dommere (Qadi) benytter sig af Sharî‘a , men moderne anvendelse varierer fra land til land. Sharî‘a behandler mange aspekter af livet, herunder kriminalitet, politik, økonomi, banker, forretninger, kontrakter, familie, seksualitet, hygiejne og sociale spørgsmål.I dette nummer af Tidsskrift for Islamforskning sætter vi fokus på, hvorledes Sharî‘a i øjeblikket forandrer sig og tilpasser sig en nutidig europæisk kontekst.Karen-Lise Karman Johansen ser nærmere på The European Council for Fatwa and Research, der udsteder fatwaer om, hvordan Sharî‘a skal fortolkes i en europæisk kontekst. Artiklen viser, at Rådet på den ene side opfordrer til øget integration via medborgerskab og demokrati, og samtidig søger at institutionalisere islam gennem etableringen af islamiske voldgiftdomstole.Halal-forbrug af kød, medicin, chokolade, kiks, shampo og lignende forbrugsvarer udgør i dag et kæmpe marked. Johan Fischer analyserer halalforbrug i London og viser, at halal ikke bare handler om at følge et religiøst påbud, men i lige så høj grad om sundhed, smag og pris. I dag kræver bevidste halal-forbrugere ikke bare religiøs, men også videnskabelig legitimering for at acceptere en vare som halal.Kvindelige selvmordsbombere har de seneste år været genstand for stor opmærksomhed. Louise Lund Liebman viser, hvorledes kvindelige palæstinensiske selvmordsbombere destabiliserer de patriarkalske normer, der kendetegner diskursen om den palæstinensiske nation. Derfor nedtoner offentlige fremstillinger ofte det kontroversielle ved deres handlinger og fremstiller dem enten som nationens ”brude” eller ligefrem som ukønnede teenagere.Endelig gennemgår Mark Sedgwick forskellige forståelser af salafisme og giver et bud på, hvordan salafisme kan forstås i dag.
Paradoxes du voir et de l’aveuglement dans Ceux d’à côté de Laurent Mauvignier
Authors: Michaud-Lapointe Alice
Published: December 2016

« Comment fermer les yeux pour voir ? » : telle est la question à laquelle tente de répondre cet article qui analyse comment l’avènement de la vue laisse, dans Ceux d’à côté de Laurent Mauvignier, à tout moment présager sa possible perte. L’article analyse aussi de quelles façons le geste criminel devient « aveugle » au moment même où il est perpétré. En regardant plus particulièrement la figure de l’alter ego, ce « moi à côté », tantôt coupable, tantôt témoin, qui hante le récit de Mauvignier, cet essai étudie les principaux effets « miroirs », symétries et réversibilité des rôles qui se produisent entre l’Homme, Catherine et Claire, les trois personnages du roman. S’appuyant sur les travaux d’Hélène Cixous, de Georges Didi-Huberman, de Jean-Bertrand Pontalis et de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, l’article examine plusieurs motifs du roman : le voyeurisme, l’anonymat de la foule, la spectralité, le déplacement de la vue à l’ouïe et au toucher, de même que tous les effets de clair-obscur qui font la force du roman. Il tente finalement de saisir cette tension entre le voir et le dire dans la langue même où l’on « baisse les yeux » pour éviter de « dévorer » du regard.
The CNS connectome of a tadpole larva of Ciona intestinalis (L.) highlights sidedness in the brain of a chordate sibling
Authors: Ryan Kerrianne , Lu Zhiyuan , Meinertzhagen Ian A
Published: December 2016

Left-right asymmetries in brains are usually minor or cryptic. We report brain asymmetries in the tiny, dorsal tubular nervous system of the ascidian tadpole larva, Ciona intestinalis. Chordate in body plan and development, the larva provides an outstanding example of brain asymmetry. Although early neural development is well studied, detailed cellular organization of the swimming larva’s CNS remains unreported. Using serial-section EM we document the synaptic connectome of the larva’s 177 CNS neurons. These formed 6618 synapses including 1772 neuromuscular junctions, augmented by 1206 gap junctions. Neurons are unipolar with at most a single dendrite, and few synapses. Some synapses are unpolarised, others form reciprocal or serial motifs; 922 were polyadic. Axo-axonal synapses predominate. Most neurons have ciliary organelles, and many features lack structural specialization. Despite equal cell numbers on both sides, neuron identities and pathways differ left/right. Brain vesicle asymmetries include a right ocellus and left coronet cells.
New learning while consolidating memory during sleep is actively blocked by a protein synthesis dependent process
Authors: Levy Roi , Levitan David , Susswein Abraham J
Published: December 2016

Brief experiences while a memory is consolidated may capture the consolidation, perhaps producing a maladaptive memory, or may interrupt the consolidation. Since consolidation occurs during sleep, even fleeting experiences when animals are awakened may produce maladaptive long-term memory, or may interrupt consolidation. In a learning paradigm affecting Aplysia feeding, when animals were trained after being awakened from sleep, interactions between new experiences and consolidation were prevented by blocking long-term memory arising from the new experiences. Inhibiting protein synthesis eliminated the block and allowed even a brief, generally ineffective training to produce long-term memory. Memory formation depended on consolidative proteins already expressed before training. After effective training, long term memory required subsequent transcription and translation. Memory formation during the sleep phase was correlated with increased CREB1 transcription, but not CREB2 transcription. Increased C/EBP transcription was a correlate of both effective and ineffective training and of treatments not producing memory.
Self-assembly method for controlling spatial frequency response of plasmonic back reflectors in organic thin-film solar cells
Authors: Okamoto Takayuki , Shinotsuka Kei , Kawamukai Etsuko , Ishibashi Koji
Published: December 2016

We propose a novel colloidal lithography technique that uses a mixture of colloidal particles with a few different diameters. This technique can be used for fabricating quasi-random nanostructures whose k-space spectra can be easily controlled by using an appropriate combination of particles. We introduced such nanostructures into the back reflectors of organic thin-film solar cells, where they serve as plasmonic back reflectors for recycling the nonabsorbed transmitted light into surface plasmons. The obtained photon-to-current efficiency was enhanced by 14–20% compared with that of a flat cell.
Aging and cardiovascular complexity: effect of the length of RR tachograms
Authors: Balasubramanian Karthi , Nagaraj Nithin
Published: December 2016

As we age, our hearts undergo changes that result in a reduction in complexity of physiological interactions between different control mechanisms. This results in a potential risk of cardiovascular diseases which are the number one cause of death globally. Since cardiac signals are nonstationary and nonlinear in nature, complexity measures are better suited to handle such data. In this study, three complexity measures are used, namely Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZ), Sample Entropy (SampEn) and Effort-To-Compress (ETC). We determined the minimum length of RR tachogram required for characterizing complexity of healthy young and healthy old hearts. All the three measures indicated significantly lower complexity values for older subjects than younger ones. However, the minimum length of heart-beat interval data needed differs for the three measures, with LZ and ETC needing as low as 10 samples, whereas SampEn requires at least 80 samples. Our study indicates that complexity measures such as LZ and ETC are good candidates for the analysis of cardiovascular dynamics since they are able to work with very short RR tachograms.
The Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project (CFDDP): New insight on caldera structure, evolution and hazard implications for the Naples area (Southern Italy)
Authors: De Natale Giuseppe , Troise Claudia , Mark Darren , Mormone Angela , Piochi Monica , Di Vito Mauro A. , Isaia Roberto , Carlino Stefano , Barra Diana , Somma Renato
Published: December 2016

The 501 m deep hole of the Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project, located west of the Naples metropolitan area and inside the Campi Flegrei caldera, gives new insight to reconstruct the volcano‐tectonic evolution of this highly populated volcano. It is one of the highest risk volcanic areas in the world, but its tectonic structure, eruptive history, and size of the largest eruptions are intensely debated in the literature. New stratigraphic and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological dating allow us to determine, for the first time, the age of intracaldera deposits belonging to the two highest magnitude caldera‐forming eruptions (i.e., Campanian Ignimbrite, CI, 39 ka, and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, NYT, 14.9 ka) and to estimate the amount of collapse. Tuffs from 439 m of depth yield the first 40Ar/39Ar age of ca. 39 ka within the caldera, consistent with the CI. Volcanic rocks from the NYT were, moreover, detected between 250 and 160 m. Our findings highlight: (i) a reduction of the area affected by caldera collapse, which appears to not include the city of Naples; (ii) a small volume of the infilling caldera deposits, particularly for the CI, and (iii) the need for reassessment of the collapse amounts and mechanisms related to larger eruptions. Our results also imply a revaluation of volcanic risk for the eastern caldera area, including the city of Naples. The results of this study point out that large calderas are characterized by complex collapse mechanisms and dynamics, whose understanding needs more robust constraints, which can be obtained from scientific drilling.
Uneven onset and pace of ice‐dynamical imbalance in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Konrad Hannes , Gilbert Lin , Cornford Stephen L. , Payne Antony , Hogg Anna , Muir Alan , Shepherd Andrew
Published: December 2016

We combine measurements acquired by five satellite altimeter missions to obtain an uninterrupted record of ice sheet elevation change over the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, since 1992. Using these data, we examine the onset of surface lowering arising through ice‐dynamical imbalance, and the pace at which it has propagated inland, by tracking elevation changes along glacier flow lines. Surface lowering has spread slowest (<6 km/yr) along the Pope, Smith, and Kohler (PSK) Glaciers, due to their small extent. Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is characterized by a continuous inland spreading of surface lowering, notably fast at rates of 13 to 15 km/yr along tributaries draining the southeastern lobe, possibly due to basal conditions or tributary geometry. Surface lowering on Thwaites Glacier (THG) has been episodic and has spread inland fastest (10 to 12 km/yr) along its central flow lines. The current episodes of surface lowering started approximately 10 years before the first measurements on PSK, around 1990 on PIG, and around 2000 on THG. Ice‐dynamical imbalance across the sector has therefore been uneven during the satellite record.
Rossby wave breaking, the upper level jet, and serial clustering of extratropical cyclones in western Europe
Authors: Priestley Matthew D. K. , Pinto Joaquim G. , Dacre Helen F. , Shaffrey Len C.
Published: December 2016

Winter 2013/14 was the stormiest on record for the UK and was characterized by recurrent clustering of extratropical cyclones. This clustering was associated with a strong, straight and persistent North Atlantic jet and was also associated with Rossby wave breaking (RWB) on both flanks, pinning the jet in place. The occurrence of RWB and cyclone clustering is further studied in 36 years of the ERA‐Interim Reanalysis. Clustering at 55°N is associated with an extended and anomalously strong eddy‐driven jet flanked on both sides by RWB. However, clustering at 65(45)°N has a dominance of RWB to the south (north) of the jet, deflecting the jet northward (southward). A positive correlation was found between clustering and RWB occurrence to the north and south of the jet. However, there is considerable spread in these relationships.
Explaining occurrences of auroral kilometric radiation in Van Allen radiation belts
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Zhou Qinghua , Su Zhenpeng , He Zhaoguo , Yang Chang , Liu Si , He Yihua , Gao Zhonglei
Published: December 2016

Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is a strong terrestrial radio emission and dominates at higher latitudes because of reflection in vicinities of the source cavity and plasmapause. Recently, Van Allen Probes have observed occurrences of AKR emission in the equatorial region of Earth's radiation belts but its origin still remains an open question. Equatorial AKR can produce efficient acceleration of radiation belt electrons and is a risk to space weather. Here we report high‐resolution observations during two small storm periods 4–6 April and 18–20 May 2013 and show, using a 3‐D ray tracing simulation, that AKR can propagate downward all the way into the equatorial plane in the radiation belts under appropriate conditions. The simulated results can successfully explain the observed AKR's spatial distribution and frequency range, and the current results have a wide application to all other magnetized astrophysical objects in the universe.
Bayesian techniques to analyze and merge lightning locating system data
Authors: Bitzer Phillip M. , Burchfield Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2016

As more lightning locating systems (LLSs) become available, there is a growing need to assess how each LLS performs and how to best merge data from multiple LLSs. A Bayesian analysis is used to compare the worldwide data of LLSs from three providers for November 2014 to October 2015: Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN, Earth Networks), the combined data from the Global Lightning Detection 360 and National Lightning Detection Network (Vaisala), and the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN, University of Washington). By using the union of the data sets we are able to determine an estimate for the upper limit of the absolute detection efficiency of each system. Globally, ENTLN detected 56.8% of the discharges, the combined Vaisala networks detected 59.8%, and WWLLN detected 7.9%. In addition, there were 2.842 × 109 unique discharges detected by these LLSs, an average of 90.1 strokes/s.
Microstructural Evolution and Properties of a Hot Extruded and HPT‐Processed Resorbable Magnesium WE43 Alloy
Authors: Liu Dexue X. , Pang Xin , Li Denglu L. , Guo Chenggong G. , Wongsa‐Ngam Jittraporn , Langdon Terence G. , Meyers Marc A.
Published: December 2016

Disks of an extruded magnesium WE43 alloy are processed by high‐pressure torsion (HPT) and the evolutions of microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated in detail. Excellent grain refinement is achieved by HPT processing with a reduction in grain size from an initial value of ≈12 μm to a final value of ≈200–300 nm after 10 turns. The microhardness increases significantly with HPT processing but low hardness values are recorded at the centers of the disks. The tensile strength initially increases and then decreases while the elongation decreases. Observations of the fracture surfaces reveal a corresponding transition of the fracture mode from ductile to brittle.
The neurobiology of parenting: A neural circuit perspective
Authors: Kohl Johannes , Autry Anita E. , Dulac Catherine
Published: December 2016

Social interactions are essential for animals to reproduce, defend their territory, and raise their young. The conserved nature of social behaviors across animal species suggests that the neural pathways underlying the motivation for, and the execution of, specific social responses are also maintained. Modern tools of neuroscience have offered new opportunities for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms controlling specific social responses. We will review here recent insights into the neural circuits underlying a particularly fascinating and important form of social interaction, that of parental care. We will discuss how these findings open new avenues to deconstruct infant‐directed behavioral control in males and females, and to help understand the neural basis of parenting in a variety of animal species, including humans.

Please also see the video abstract here.
Robotic surgery for rectal cancer with lateral lymph node dissection
Authors: Watanabe T , Hata K
Published: December 2016

Will Western surgeons do this?
Uric acid is associated with vascular dementia in Chinese population
Authors: Xu Yuzhen , Wang Qian , Cui Ruiting , Lu Kaili , Liu Yunlin , Zhao Yuwu
Published: December 2016

Objective

Mounting evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD). Uric acid (UA) has long been implicated as a critical cause of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, UA was also expected to play an important role in antioxidant and neuroprotection recently. We hypothesized that UA may have a protective role against VD. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between serum UA and cognitive dysfunction in VD.

Materials and Methods

There were altogether 127 VD subjects and 81 nondemented controls enrolled in our study. Serum UA, demographic, and clinical characteristics were recorded at baseline, and all participants underwent Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the beginning of the trial.

Results

The VD group showed lower MMSE scores and serum UA levels than nondemented controls and there was significant statistical difference between the two groups (p < .05). Demographic and clinical characteristics such as age, gender, education, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) did not differ dramatically between groups (p > .05). In VD subjects, there was a positive correlation between serum UA and MMSE scores (r = .32, p < .05), and this correlation was independent of demographic and clinical characteristics (β = .272, p < .05).

Conclusions

VD subjects have dramatically lower serum UA levels in comparison to nondemented controls. Lower serum UA levels are linked to cognitive dysfunction and could serve as a potential predictor for VD.