bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Western Saudi adolescent age estimation utilising third molar development
Authors: Alshihri Amin M. , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: July 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish reference data on third molar morphology/development for age estimation in Western Saudi adolescents, between ages 14 and 23 years of old. Materials and Methods: The orthopantomograms of 130 individuals (males and females), were examined, and the stage of third molar development were evaluated. Results: Mean ages, standard deviations, and percentile distributions are presented for each stage of development. The mean estimated age for all participants (n = 130) was 219.7 months, and this differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the mean chronological age (226.5 months). Deviations of predicted age from real age showed 28.5% of all participants had their age estimated within 1 year (±12 months) of their chronological age. Most (43%) had their age underestimated by more than 12 months and the remaining 28.5% had their age overestimated by more than 12 months of their chronological age. Differences in left-right symmetry information of third molars were detected and were higher in the maxilla (92%) than in the mandible (82%). For all molars reaching stage “H” most individuals (males and females) were over the age 18 years of old. Males reach the developmental stages earlier than females. Conclusion: Third molar tooth development can be reliably used to generate mean age and the estimated age range for an individual of unknown chronological age. Further studies with large populations are needed for better statistical results.
Evaluation of tooth number anomalies in a subpopulation of the North-East of Turkey
Authors: Karadas Muhammet , Celikoglu Mevlut , Akdag Mustafa Sadik
Published: July 2014

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of tooth number anomalies in a Turkish subpopulation. Materials and Methods: A population of 2722 patients (1532 females and 1190 males; mean age, 12.33 ± 2.5 years) was retrospectively examined to determine the prevalence and distribution of the hypodontia, oligodontia, and hyperdontia using panoramic radiographs. All permanent teeth were investigated except thirds molars and the data obtained were recorded as unilateral (left or right) or bilateral according to gender. Pearson's Chi-squared and Fisher exact tests were used for difference comparisons (P < 0.05). Results: Permanent tooth anomalies were found in at least 132 (4.84%) of 2722 patients with no statistically difference between the genders, consists of 4.63% females and 5.12% males. Distribution of hyperdontia was statistically significant difference between genders, whereas distribution of hypodontia and oligodontia was no significant difference between genders. Hypodontia was the most frequently observed anomaly (3.67%), followed by hyperdontia (0.96%), and oligodontia (0.21%). Oligodontia and hypodontia were more frequent in females (3.98% and 0.26%, respectively), whereas hyperdontia was more frequently observed in males (1.68%). Maxillary lateral incisors were most common missing teeth (2.27%), while the frequency of hyperdontia was most common in premolars. Conclusion: The prevalence of teeth number anomalies was 4.84% of dental patients. Maxillary lateral incisors were most common missing teeth, while the frequency of hyperdontia was most common in premolars.
Three-dimensional evaluation of the mandibular third molars’ development in unilateral crossbite patients: A cone beam computed tomography study
Authors: Halicioglu Koray , Celikoglu Mevlut , Buyuk Suleyman Kutalmis , Sekerci Ahmet Ercan , Ucar Faruk Izzet , Yavuz Ibrahim
Published: July 2014

Objectives: The aim was to investigate mandibular third molar (3M)’s maturation in the crossbite and normal sides by two- and three-dimensional analyses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed using CBCT of 25 patients (16 females and 9 males; mean age: 16.8 ± 2.9 years) with unilateral posterior crossbite. The formation stages and the volume of the mandibular 3Ms were evaluated by means of CBCT data of the patients without knowing the crossbite side of the patients. Results: Statistically no significant differences were found in the development of the 3Ms between the crossbite and the control sides, whereas the volume of 3M was found to be less in the crossbite side than in the normal side (P = 0.021). Conclusions: A volume of 3M was found to be less in the crossbite side than in the normal side.
A finely tuned symphony of factors modulates the microbial food web of a freshwater reservoir in spring
Authors: SŠimek Karel , Nedoma Jirří , Znachor Petr , Kasalický Vojteěch , Jezbera Jan , Hornňák Karel , Sed'a Jaromír
Published: July 2014

We employed high frequency sampling to determine the major factors modulating microbial food‐web composition and dynamics through the spring phytoplankton bloom and clear‐water phases in a freshwater reservoir. We examined effects of a changing trophic structure of the planktonic community cascading from the level of zooplankton, through phytoplankton composition and exudation rates to the level of growth responses and losses to grazers of phylogenetically narrow bacterial lineages. Specific probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed important short‐lived peaks of genus‐like (Fluviiciola sp. and Limnohabitans spp.) or even taxonomically narrower populations of Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria (such as FlavB and Flav2 lineages). Protozoan grazing on bacterioplankton was studied by using fluorescently labeled bacteria and by direct analyses of FISH‐probe—targeted bacterial phylotypes in flagellate food vacuoles. Evaluations of selective bacterivory, growth responses, and cell biovolumes of various bacterial groups during the spring bloom indicated that certain bacterial groups such as Limnohabitans can contribute to carbon flow to the grazer food chain up to 10‐fold more than similarly abundant small cells from the Ac1 lineage of Actinobacteria. During the clear‐water phase, filter‐feeding cladocera had dominant effects on bacterioplankton abundance and community dynamics, likely through direct grazing on larger bacteria along with altering major substrate pools (via e.g., the herbivores' sloppy feeding on algae). Fine‐temporal resolution data revealed several environmental scenarios, in which the interplay of distinct top‐down and bottom‐up factors resulted in a competitive advantage of particular bacterial lineages.
An Unusual Case of Intercurrent Eclampsia
Authors: Patel Raxita D , Mishra Ishita , Pandya Nimish C
Published: July 2014

Eclampsia (Greek, 'shining forth’), an acute and life-threatening complication of pregnancy, characterized by appearance of tonic clonic seizures in a patient of pre-eclampsia with maternal mortality ranging from 2 to 20%.

Intercurrent eclampsia consists of convulsions and hypertension and or proteinuria appearing as in antepartum cases but stopping and subsiding with enough clinical improvement to allow continuation of pregnancy for at least 10 days after cessation of convulsions. It had been standard advice that pregnancy should be terminated once the eclamptic fits are controlled for 24 to 48 hours because if the second attack of fits, if it recurs, is more severe and likely to be fatal. However, this need not necessarily be the case in every eclamptic. In the presence of a stable and cautiously monitored clinical situation the risk of second attack is negligible and an attempt for continuation of pregnancy to gain some critical fetal maturity and to reach favorable conditions compatible with vaginal delivery.

We report the case of 25-year-old primigravida patient with pregnancy of 27 weeks brought in emergency department with convulsion. On examination, she had altered consciousness, pulse 100/min, BP-170/100 mm Hg, and Uterus was 26 weeks in size and on vaginal examination os closed. All her blood investigations were normal, urine albumin+2, fundoscopy normal. After admission, she received oxygen, IV fluids, full dose MgSO4, indwelling catheter, antihypertensive. USG showed single live intrauterine fetus with 27 weeks 3 days maturity, expected weight 1.1 kg, liquor-adequate, Doppler showed increased S/D ratio in umbilical artery. No further convulsion occurred, urine output adequate, BP was 140/94 after 24 hours. Patient showed rapid improvement thus eliminating the need for urgent termination. Patient kept in ward oral antihypertensives. Patient and fetus closely monitored, USG showed gradual increase of baby weight to 1.7 kg. After 40 days of conservative management, patient develop signs of pre-eclampsia and emergency LSCS taken and a single live baby weighing 1.6 kg delivered. Her postpartum period was uneventful and patient with healthy baby discharged.

Thus, the policy of termination of pregnancy in cases of intercurrent eclampsia requires occasional consideration in view of availability of better lines of medical treatment and fetal monitoring.1

How to cite this article

Patel RD, Mishra I, Pandya NC. An Unusual Case of Intercurrent Eclampsia. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):39-40.
A Tale of Two Towels
Authors: Ghongdemath Jyoti Sidhmalswamy , Shindholimath Vishwanath
Published: July 2014

Gossip about ‘Gossypiboma’ is still heard in the surgical field even in this decade too. The real incidence is unknown, but has been reported as 1 in 100 to 3000 for all surgical interventions; whereas it is 1 in 1000 to 1500 for intra-abdominal operations. We report two cases of ‘retained surgical towel’ after abdominal hysterectomy, to discuss the diagnosis, complications, management and propose various means of its prevention. Both the patients recovered well after a stormy postoperative period.

How to cite this article

Ghongdemath JS, Shindholimath V, Lingegowda K. A Tale of Two Towels. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):41-45.
In situ Assessment of Effects of the Bromide- and Fluoride-incorporating Adhesive Systems on Biofilm and Secondary Caries
Authors: de Vasconcelos Suyane Maria Luna Cruz , de Melo Mary Anne Sampaio , Wenceslau Joao Paulo Marques Saraiva , Zanin Iriana Carla Junqueira , Beltrao Haroldo Cesar Pinheiro , Fernandes Carlos Augusto Oliveira , de Almeida Paulo Cesar , Rodrigues Lidiany Karla Azevedo
Published: July 2014

Aim

This in situ study assessed the effects of adhesive systems containing or not fluoride and/or the antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB) on the microbiological composition of dental biofilm and enamel demineralization.

Materials and methods

During two phases of 14 days, ten volunteers wore intraoral palatal appliances containing two slabs of human enamel according to a double-blind, crossover design. The slabs were randomly restored using a composite resin and one of the following adhesive systems: All-Bond SETM (self-etch, fluoride/MDPB free adhesive, AB) and Clearfil Protect Bond (self-etch containing fluoride and MDPB adhesive, CB). The biofilm formed on the slabs was analyzed with regard to total and mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts. Demineralization represented by integrated area of hardness × lesion depth Delta S (ƒ¢S) was determined on enamel by analysis of cross-sectional microhardness, at 20 and 70 ƒÊm from the restoration margin. Data were analyzed by ANOVA.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found either in enamel demineralization or in the microbiological composition of dental biofilm.

Conclusion

All adhesive systems containing or not fluoride and/or MDPB tested were unable to inhibit secondary caries in the in situ model used in the present research.

How to cite this article

de Vasconcelos SMLC, de Melo MAS, Wenceslau JPMS, Zanin ICJ, Beltrao HCP, Fernandes CAO, de Almeida PC, Rodrigues LKA. In situ Assessment of Effects of the Bromide- and Fluoride-Incorporating Adhesive Systems on Biofilm and Secondary Caries. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):142-148.
Effect of Different Burs on the Topography of Smear Layer Formation on the Dentinal Surface: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Trivedi Pooja , Dube Moulshree , Pandya Mihir , Sonigra Hitesh , Vachhani Kiran , Attur Kailash
Published: July 2014

Whenever a hand or a rotary instrument is used to eliminate tooth tissue, the mineralized matrix shatters rather then being uniformly sheared, producing considerably quantities of cutting debris. Much of the debris made up of very small particles of mineralized collagen matrix over the surface of dentin is known as smear layer. The clinical outcome of dental restorations is dependent upon the surface preparations, smear layer formation and hybrid layer which which provides a stable adhesion. Different surface morphology is produced by use of different burs. The thickness of the smear layer is affected by various factors as type of the bur, use of water spray and speed of rotation. Bonding is enhanced when smear layer is completely removed or modified. The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effect of different burs on the topography of the smear layer formation and thickness on dentinal surface.

How to cite this article

Trivedi P, Dube M, Pandya M, Sonigra H, Vachhani K, Attur K. Effect of Different Burs on the Topography of Smear Layer Formation on the Dentinal Surface: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):161-164.
Immediate Placement and Loading of Maxillary Single- Tooth Implants: A 3-Year Prospective Study of Marginal Bone Level
Authors: Berberi Antoine N , Noujeim Ziad N , Kanj Wasfi H , Mearawi Rita J , Salameh Ziad A
Published: July 2014

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate marginal bone level around single-tooth implants placed in anterior maxilla and immediately restored.

Materials and Methods

Twenty implants were placed in 20 patients (8 men and 12 women) that were selected for this study. Following atraumatic non-surgical extraction of tooth, all patients immediately received implants and the definitive prefabricated abutment was placed. Implant position was transferred to the scanning unit of the CAD/CAM system using prefabricated surgical guide. Temporary crowns were immediately fabricated and cemented.

Eight weeks later final crowns were luted. Outcome assessment as implant survival and level of marginal bone radiographic evaluations were performed at 8 weeks, 1 and 3 years time period after loading.

Results

All implants placed osseointegrated successfully after 3 years of functional loading.

The mean marginal bone loss was 0.16 mm (SD, 0.167 mm), 0.275 mm (SD, 0.171 mm) and 0.265 mm (SD, 0.171 mm) at 8 weeks, 1 and 3 years time period respectively. Four out of the 20 implants showed no bone loss.

Conclusion

Immediate loading technique using the final abutment directly eliminated the need for a second stage surgery and prevented interruption of soft and hard tissue at implant neck, which resulted in better soft tissue response and reduced marginal bone loss.

Clinical significance

Immediately loaded implants, in fresh extraction sockets by insertion of a provisional restoration on the titanium abutment without any later manipulation, helped to protect the initially forming blood clot and presented a template for soft tissue contouring that resulted in significant reduction of marginal bone resorption and maintenance of soft tissue architecture.

How to cite this article

Berberi AN, Noujeim ZN, Kanj WH, Mearawi RJ, Salameh ZA. Immediate Placement and Loading of Maxillary Single-Tooth Implants: A 3-Year Prospective Study of Marginal Bone Level. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2): 202-208.
Comparative Study of Kefir Yogurt-Drink and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Salivary Mutans Streptococci
Authors: Sefidgar Seyyed Ali Asghar , Moghadamnia Ali Akbar , Ghadimi Reza , Shirkhani Leila
Published: July 2014

Aim

The level of mutans streptococci (MS) is reduced by regularly consumption of probiotic Kefir drink. The present study aiming at answer to this question ‘may the Kefir drink be considered an alternative to fluoride rinse?’

Materials and Methods

Twenty-two healthy volunteers aged 22-32 years with good oral hygiene participated in this study. None of participants had received any antibiotic or antimicrobial agent or professional fluoride therapy within the last month. None of them exhibited active caries lesions. Smokers and subjects who have chewing gums xylitol habit or who were undergoing orthodontic treatment were excluded. In a cross over design with 2 parallel groups, people in group A for 2 weeks received 100 ml of Kefir drink per day, then avoided brushing, eating and drinking for an hour. Simultaneously, people in group B were administered 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse in the same manner. After washout period, people in groups A and B respectively used 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse and Kefir drink. Saliva sampling was performed before and after interventions. The acidity and the count of MS were assessed and data were analyzed statistically.

Result

There was no significant difference between base line pH values of saliva in study groups (p > 0.05). Although, a significant difference was shown between MS counts before and after interventions (p . 0.0001 and p . 0.0001 for NaF and Kefir respectively), but the equal inhibitory effect was found between study groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Kefir drink can inhibit salivary MS as well the sodium fluoride rinse. This beverage may be considered an alternative for fluoride rinse.

Clinical significance

Probiotics containing dairy products was known with anticariogenic properties. These agents may be used in caries control strategies adjunctively.

How to cite this article

Ghasempour M, Sefidgar SAA, Moghadamnia AA, Ghadimi R, Gharekhani S, Shirkhani L. Comparative Study of Kefir Yogurt-Drink and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Salivary Mutans Streptococci. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(2):214-217.
D-Cycloserine Augmented Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Preliminary Research
Authors: Byrne Simon P. , Farrell Lara J. , Storch Eric A. , Rapee Ronald M.
Published: July 2014

This paper reviews evidence for using the “cognitive enhancer” D-Cycloserine (DCS) to treat anxious young people. Adult studies indicate DCS consolidates fear extinction learning into memory during exposure therapy, thereby increasing the speed of remission. This paper examines basic research indicating both fear extinction and DCS may work differently in younger animals compared to adults. It reviews trials using DCS to enhance treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in youths. Given there is often ambivalence about using medication to treat young people, this paper also reviews current research examining parental attitudes to DCS. It considers specific challenges facing DCS research, particularly with regard to maintaining experimental control and managing negative perceptions associated with using medication. Finally, this paper considers current research underway, particularly with regard to using DCS to treat young people with specific phobias. Overall, findings indicate that DCS shows promise for enhancing the treatment of anxiety in young people, but further investigation is needed to determine whether it provides significant benefits over and above current therapies.
Intensive Treatments for Adolescents with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Helping Youth Move beyond Avoidance
Authors: Pincus Donna B. , Elkins R. Meredith , Hardway Christina L.
Published: July 2014

Panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) contributes to significant impairment and distress in adolescence, particularly when left untreated. Cognitive behavioral treatment of panic disorder in adolescents has now been developed and delivered in a traditional once per week format, and has also recently been adapted for delivery in an intensive format delivered over eight consecutive days. We provide a brief review of research efforts to date on the development and evaluation of intensive treatments for panic disorder in adolescence. Recent studies suggest that the intensive, eight-day treatment approach is associated with comparable reductions in PDA symptoms as compared to the once-weekly treatment and shows promise for reducing the impairing symptoms of PDA and its comorbid conditions. Ongoing research and future directions to further this body of work will be discussed.
Computer-based Treatment Programs for Youth Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Authors: Donovan Caroline L. , March Sonja
Published: July 2014

The primary aim of this review was to determine whether computer-based treatment programs delivered asynchronously are able to produce a reduction in youth anxiety. Secondary aims were to examine the treatment components and level of therapist assistance inherent to these programs. Searches were conducted using the Web of Knowledge and manuscript quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Tool. Eleven studies assessing six different computer-based anxiety treatment programs fulfilled the criteria. It was found that programs comprising a variety of CBT anxiety management strategies and which included exposure therapy (BRAVE, Cool Teens and Camp Cope-A-Lot), were able to produce reductions in diagnostic status, severity and self-reported anxiety symptoms. However, those programs being trialled in terms of their ability to reduce both anxiety and depression symptoms or which focused on a single CBT strategy (and which did not include exposure), were not as successful in reducing youth anxiety. Furthermore, higher levels of therapist assistance seemed to be associated with better treatment outcomes. In relation to other measures, computer-based programs were generally found to improve levels of overall functioning and internalising problems, but the results for self-rated depression and other measures were inconsistent. Computer-based treatment is an exciting and progressive area of research, with numerous avenues for extension and advancement.
Technical Note: 30 years of HIRS data of upper tropospheric humidity
Authors: Gierens K. , Eleftheratos K. , Shi L.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We use 30 years of intercalibrated HIRS (High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder) data to produce a 30-year data set of upper tropospheric humidity with respect to ice (UTHi). Since the required brightness temperatures (channels 12 and 6, T12 and T6) are intercalibrated to different versions of the HIRS sensors (HIRS/2 and HIRS/4) it is necessary to convert the channel 6 brightness temperatures which are intercalibrated to HIRS/4 into equivalent brightness temperatures intercalibrated to HIRS/2, which is achieved using a linear regression. Using the new regression coefficients we produce daily files of UTHi, T12 and T6, for each NOAA satellite and METOP-A (Meteorological Operational Satellite Programme), which carry the HIRS instrument. From this we calculate daily and monthly means in 2.5° × 2.5° resolution for the northern midlatitude zone 30–60° N. As a first application we calculate decadal means of UTHi and the brightness temperatures for the two decades 1980–1989 and 2000–2009. We find that the humidity mainly increased from the 1980s to the 2000s and that this increase is highly statistically significant in large regions of the considered midlatitude belt. The main reason for this result and its statistical significance is the corresponding increase of the T12 variance. Changes of the mean brightness temperatures are less significant.
A new electrodynamic balance design for low temperature studies
Authors: Tong H.-J. , Ouyang B. , Pope F. D. , Kalberer M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this paper we describe a newly designed cold electrodynamic balance (CEDB) system, which was built to study the evaporation kinetics and freezing properties of supercooled water droplets. The temperature of the CEDB chamber at the location of the levitated water droplet can be controlled in the range: −40 to +40 °C, which is achieved using a combination of liquid nitrogen cooling and heating by positive temperature coefficient heaters. The measurement of liquid droplet radius is obtained by analyzing the Mie elastic light scattering from a 532 nm laser. The Mie scattering signal was also used to characterize and distinguish droplet freezing events; liquid droplets produce a regular fringe pattern whilst the pattern from frozen particles is irregular. The evaporation rate of singly levitated water droplets was calculated from time resolved measurements of the radii of evaporating droplets and a clear trend of the evaporation rate on temperature was measured. The statistical freezing probabilities of aqueous pollen extracts (pollen washing water) are obtained in the temperature range: −4.5 to −40 °C. It was found that that pollen washing water from water birch (Betula fontinalis occidentalis) pollen can act as ice nuclei in the immersion freezing mode at temperatures as warm as −22.45 (±0.65) °C.
Middle-atmospheric zonal and meridional wind profiles from polar, tropical and mid latitudes with the ground-based microwave Doppler wind radiometer WIRA
Authors: Rüfenacht R. , Murk A. , Kämpfer N. , Eriksson P. , Buehler S. A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. WIRA is a ground-based microwave Doppler spectro radiometer specifically designed for the measurement of profiles of horizontal wind in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere region where no other continuously running measurement technique exists. A proof of principle has been delivered in a previous publication. Since a technical upgrade which improved the signal to noise ratio by a factor of 2.4 the full horizontal wind field comprising zonal and meridional wind profiles is continuously measured. A completely new retrieval based on optimal estimation has been set up. Its characteristics are detailed in the present paper. Since the start of the routine operation of the first prototype in September 2010, WIRA has been measuring at four different locations at polar, mid and tropical latitudes for time periods between 5.5 and 11 months. A comparison between the data series from WIRA and ECMWF model data revealed agreement within 10% in the stratospheric zonal wind. The meridional wind profiles agree within their error bars over the entire sensitive altitude range of WIRA. However, significant differences in the mesospheric zonal wind speed of up to 40% have been found.
Coccolithophores on the north-west European shelf: calcification rates and environmental controls
Authors: Poulton A. J. , Stinchcombe M. C. , Achterberg E. P. , Bakker D. C. E. , Dumousseaud C. , Lawson H. E. , Lee G. A. , Richier S. , Suggett D. J. , Young J. R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Coccolithophores are a key functional group in terms of the pelagic production of calcium carbonate (calcite), although their contribution to shelf sea biogeochemistry, and how this relates to environmental conditions, is poorly constrained. Measurements of calcite production (CP) and coccolithophore abundance were made on the north-west European shelf to examine trends in coccolithophore calcification along natural gradients of carbonate chemistry, macronutrient availability and plankton composition. Similar measurements were also made in three bioassay experiments where nutrient (nitrate, phosphate) and pCO2 levels were manipulated. Nanoflagellates (< 10 μm) dominated chlorophyll biomass and primary production (PP) at all but one sampling site, with CP ranging from 0.6 to 9.6 mmol C m−2 d−1. High CP and coccolithophore abundance occurred in a diatom bloom in fully mixed waters off Heligoland, but not in two distinct coccolithophore blooms in the central North Sea and Western English Channel. Coccolithophore abundance and CP showed no correlation with nutrient concentrations or ratios, while significant (p < 0.01) correlations between CP, cell-specific calcification (cell-CF) and irradiance in the water column highlighted how light availability exerts a strong control on pelagic CP. In the experimental bioassays, Emiliania-huxleyi-dominated coccolithophore communities in shelf waters (northern North Sea, Norwegian Trench) showed a strong response in terms of CP to combined nitrate and phosphate addition, mediated by changes in cell-CF and growth rates. In contrast, an offshore diverse coccolithophore community (Bay of Biscay) showed no response to nutrient addition, while light availability or mortality may have been more important in controlling this community. Sharp decreases in pH and a rough halving of calcite saturation states in the bioassay experiments led to decreased CP in the Bay of Biscay and northern North Sea, but not the Norwegian Trench. These decreases in CP were related to slowed growth rates in the bioassays at elevated pCO2 (750 μatm) relative to those in the ambient treatments. The combined results from our study highlight the variable coccolithophore responses to irradiance, nutrients and carbonate chemistry in north-west European shelf waters, which are mediated by changes in growth rates, cell-CF and species composition.
Coral records of reef-water pH across the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia: assessing the influence of river runoff on inshore reefs
Authors: D'Olivo J. P. , McCulloch M. T. , Eggins S. M. , Trotter J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The boron isotopic (δ11Bcarb) compositions of long-lived Porites coral are used to reconstruct reef-water pH across the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and assess the impact of river runoff on inshore reefs. For the period from 1940 to 2009, corals from both inner as well as mid-shelf sites exhibit the same overall decrease in δ11Bcarb of 0.086 ± 0.033‰ per decade, equivalent to a~decline in seawater pH (pHsw) of ~ 0.017 ± 0.007 pH units per decade. This decline is consistent with the long-term effects of ocean acidification based on estimates of CO2 uptake by surface waters due to rising atmospheric levels. We also find that compared to the mid-shelf corals, the δ11Bcarb compositions for inner shelf corals subject to river discharge events, have higher and more variable values and hence higher inferred pHsw values. These higher δ11Bcarb values for inner-shelf corals are particularly evident during wet years, despite river waters having lower pH. The main effect of river discharge on reef-water carbonate chemistry thus appears to be from higher nutrients driving increased phytoplankton productivity, resulting in the drawdown of pCO2 and increase in pHsw. Increased primary production therefore has the potential to counter the more transient effects of low pH river water (pHrw) discharged into near-shore environments. Importantly however, inshore reefs also show a consistent pattern of sharply declining coral growth that coincides with periods of high river discharge. This occurs despite these reefs having higher pHsw values and hence higher seawater aragonite saturation states, demonstrating the over-riding importance of local reef-water quality on coral reef health.
A new approach for modeling the Cenozoic oceanic lithium isotope paleo-variations: the key role of climate
Authors: Vigier N. , Godderis Y.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The marine record of the ocean lithium isotope composition may provide important information constraining the factors that control continental weathering and how they have varied in the past. However, the equations establishing the links between the continental flux of Li to the ocean, its Li isotope composition and the ocean Li isotope composition are under-constrained, and their resolution are related to significant uncertainties. In order to partially reduce this uncertainty, we propose a new approach that couples the C and Li cycles, such that our proposed reconstruction of the Cenozoic Li cycle is compatible with the required stability of the exospheric carbon cycle on geological timescales. The results of this exercise show, contrary to expectations, that the Li isotope composition of rivers exerts only a minor influence on the δ7Li of the ocean. In contrast, variations in the continental flux of Li to the ocean are demonstrated to play a major role in setting the ocean δ7Li. We also provide evidence that Li storage in soils is an important element of the global Li cycle that cannot be neglected during the Cenozoic. Our modeling of the published foraminifera record highlight a close link between soil formation rate and indexes recording the climate evolution during the Cenozoic, such as foraminifera δ18O and pCO2 reconstructions. This leads us to propose that climate exerted a dominant control on soil production and therefore on continental weathering during the last 70 Ma.
A geomorphology-based approach for digital elevation model fusion – case study in Danang city, Vietnam
Authors: Tran T. A. , Raghavan V. , Masumoto S. , Vinayaraj P. , Yonezawa G.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Global digital elevation models (DEM) are considered a source of vital spatial information and find wide use in several applications. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global DEM (GDEM) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM offer almost global coverage and provide elevation data for geospatial analysis. However, GDEM and SRTM still contain some height errors that affect the quality of elevation data significantly. This study aims to examine methods to improve the resolution as well as accuracy of available free DEMs by data fusion techniques and evaluating the results with a high-quality reference DEM. The DEM fusion method is based on the accuracy assessment of each global DEM and geomorphological characteristics of the study area. Land cover units were also considered to correct the elevation of GDEM and SRTM with respect to the bare-earth surface. The weighted averaging method was used to fuse the input DEMs based on a landform classification map. According to the landform types, the different weights were used for GDEM and SRTM. Finally, a denoising algorithm (Sun et al., 2007) was applied to filter the output-fused DEM. This fused DEM shows excellent correlation to the reference DEM, having a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9986, and the accuracy was also improved from a root mean square error (RMSE) of 14.9 m in GDEM and 14.8 m in SRTM to 11.6 m in the fused DEM. The results of terrain-related parameters extracted from this fused DEM such as slope, curvature, terrain roughness index and normal vector of topographic surface are also very comparable to reference data.
A reduced-complexity model for river delta formation – Part 1: Modeling deltas with channel dynamics
Authors: Liang M. , Voller V. R. , Paola C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We develop a reduced-complexity model (RCM) delta formation model, in contrast to reductionist models based on high-resolution computational fluid dynamics. The basic framework of this model (referred in this paper as "DeltaRCM") consists of stochastic parcel-based cellular routing schemes for water and sediment and a set of phenomenological rules for sediment deposition and erosion. The outputs of the model include flow field, water surface topography and bed topography that evolves in time. Results show that DeltaRCM is able to: (1) resolve a wide range of channel dynamics, including elongation, bifurcation, avulsion and migration; (2) in response to the changes in input parameters, produce different types of deltas such as alluvial fan deltas at experimental scale. We also identify three key areas of particular model sensitivity, even at the RCM level: (1) avulsion dynamics is sensitive to dynamic free-surface topography; (2) channel network structure is sensitive to instability at channel mouths which creates bars; and (3) out-of-channel sedimentation is sensitive to water surface slope along channel margins. We also demonstrate a simple stratigraphy tracking component which can display the structure of the deposit in terms of distribution of coarse and fine materials along with the age of the deposit. DeltaRCM is a useful tool for understanding the dynamics of river deltas within a relatively simple cellular representation of water and sediment transport.
Confronting vicinity of the surface water and sea shore in a shallow glaciogenic aquifer in southern Finland
Authors: Luoma S. , Okkonen J. , Korkka-Niemi K. , Hendriksson N. , Backman B.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The chemical characterization of groundwater in shallow, unconfined, low-lying coastal aquifer in Santala, southern Finland was identified by utilising the integrations of multivariate statistical approaches; principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), with the stable isotope δ2H and δ18O, hydrogeochemistry and field monitoring data. HCA classified groundwater samples into 6 distinct groups that reveal the factors controlling temporal and spatial variations of groundwater geochemistry such as geology, anthropogenic sources from human activities, climate and surface water. High temporal variation of groundwater chemistry corresponds directly to precipitation. With increase in precipitation, KMnO4 consumption, EC, alkalinity and Ca concentrations also increase in most wells, while Fe, Al, Mn and SO4 are occasionally increased during spring after the snowmelt in specific geologic condition. The continued increase of NO3 and metals concentrations in groundwater indicates the potential contamination risk to aquifer. Stable isotopes of δ18O and δ2H indicate groundwater recharges directly from the meteoric water with insignificant contribution from lake water, and no seawater intrusion into the aquifer. Groundwater geochemistry suggests local seawater intrusion being temporary able to take place in the sulphate reduction zone along the fresh and seawater mixed zone in the low-lying coastal area but contribution of seawater was very low. The influence of lake water can be observed from the increases of KMnO4 consumption in wells nearby the lake.
Long-term volcanic hazard assessment on El Hierro (Canary Islands)
Authors: Becerril L. , Bartolini S. , Sobradelo R. , Martí J. , Morales J. M. , Galindo I.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Long-term hazard assessment, one of the bastions of risk-mitigation programs, is required for land-use planning and for developing emergency plans. To ensure quality and representative results, long-term volcanic hazard assessment requires several sequential steps to be completed, which include the compilation of geological and volcanological information, the characterisation of past eruptions, spatial and temporal probabilistic studies, and the simulation of different eruptive scenarios. Despite being a densely populated active volcanic region that receives millions of visitors per year, no systematic hazard assessment has ever been conducted on the Canary Islands. In this paper we focus our attention on El Hierro, the youngest of the Canary Islands and the most recently affected by an eruption. We analyse the past eruptive activity to determine the spatial and temporal probability, and likely style of a future eruption on the island, i.e. the where, when and how. By studying the past eruptive behaviour of the island and assuming that future eruptive patterns will be similar, we aim to identify the most likely volcanic scenarios and corresponding hazards, which include lava flows, pyroclastic fallout and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Finally, we estimate their probability of occurrence. The end result, through the combination of the most probable scenarios (lava flows, pyroclastic density currents and ashfall), is the first qualitative integrated volcanic hazard map of the island.
Toward enhanced understanding and projections of climate extremes using physics-guided data mining techniques
Authors: Ganguly A. R. , Kodra E. A. , Agrawal A. , Banerjee A. , Boriah S. , Chatterjee Sn. , Chatterjee So. , Choudhary A. , Das D. , Faghmous J. , Ganguli P. , Ghosh S. , Hayhoe K. , Hays C. , Hendrix W. , Fu Q. , Kawale J. , Kumar D. , Kumar V. , Liao W. , Liess S. , Mawalagedara R. , Mithal V. , Oglesby R. , Salvi K. , Snyder P. K. , Steinhaeuser K. , Wang D. , Wuebbles D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Extreme events such as heat waves, cold spells, floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, and tornadoes have potentially devastating impacts on natural and engineered systems and human communities worldwide. Stakeholder decisions about critical infrastructures, natural resources, emergency preparedness and humanitarian aid typically need to be made at local to regional scales over seasonal to decadal planning horizons. However, credible climate change attribution and reliable projections at more localized and shorter time scales remain grand challenges. Long-standing gaps include inadequate understanding of processes such as cloud physics and ocean–land–atmosphere interactions, limitations of physics-based computer models, and the importance of intrinsic climate system variability at decadal horizons. Meanwhile, the growing size and complexity of climate data from model simulations and remote sensors increases opportunities to address these scientific gaps. This perspectives article explores the possibility that physically cognizant mining of massive climate data may lead to significant advances in generating credible predictive insights about climate extremes and in turn translating them to actionable metrics and information for adaptation and policy. Specifically, we propose that data mining techniques geared towards extremes can help tackle the grand challenges in the development of interpretable climate projections, predictability, and uncertainty assessments. To be successful, scalable methods will need to handle what has been called "big data" to tease out elusive but robust statistics of extremes and change from what is ultimately small data. Physically based relationships (where available) and conceptual understanding (where appropriate) are needed to guide methods development and interpretation of results. Such approaches may be especially relevant in situations where computer models may not be able to fully encapsulate current process understanding, yet the wealth of data may offer additional insights. Large-scale interdisciplinary team efforts, involving domain experts and individual researchers who span disciplines, will be necessary to address the challenge.
Deglaciation of the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia, in the 21st century observed with ASTER satellite imagery and aerial photography
Authors: Shahgedanova M. , Nosenko G. , Kutuzov S. , Rototaeva O. , Khromova T.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Changes in map area of 498 glaciers located in the Main Caucasus Ridge (MCR) and on Mt. Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus Mountains (Russia and Georgia) were assessed using multispectral ASTER and panchromatic Landsat imagery with 15 m spatial resolution from 1999–2001 and 2010–2012. Changes in recession rates of glacier snouts between 1987–2001 and 2001–2010 were investigated using aerial photography and ASTER imagery for a sub-sample of glaciers. In total, glacier area declined by 4.7 ± 1.6% or 19.24 km2. Glaciers located in the central and western MCR lost 13.4 km2 (4.6 ± 1.8%) in total or 8.56 km2 (5.0 ± 1.8%) and 4.87 km2 (4.1 ± 1.9%) respectively. Glaciers on Mt. Elbrus, although located at higher elevations, lost 5.8 km2 (4.9 ± 0.7%) of their total area. The recession rates of valley glacier termini increased between 1987–2000/01 and 2010 from 3.8 ± 0.8 m a−1, 3.2 ± 0.9 m a−1 and 8.3 ± 0.8 m a−1 to 11.9 ± 1.1 m a−1, 8.7 ± 1.1 m a−1 and 14.1 ± 1.1 m a−1 in the central and western MCR and on Mt. Elbrus respectively. The highest rate of increase in glacier termini retreat was registered on the southern slope of the central MCR where it has tripled. A positive trend in summer temperatures forced glacier recession and strong positive temperature anomalies of 1998, 2006, and 2010 contributed to the enhanced loss of ice. An increase in accumulation season precipitation observed in the northern MCR since the mid-1980s has not compensated for the effects of summer warming while the negative precipitation anomalies, observed on the southern slope of the central MCR in the 1990s, resulted in stronger glacier wastage.
The influence of guar gum on textural and sensory properties of rolls made from semi-finished frozen products
Authors: Boudová Pečivová Pavlí­na , Kubáň Vlastimil , Mlček Jiří­ , Jurí­ková Tünde , Balla Štefan , Sochor Jiří­ , Baroň Mojmí­r
Published: July 2014

Textural and sensory properties of rolls produced from semi-finished frozen products with additions of guar gum were assessed. A commercial wheat flour T 512, ingredients such as yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, rapeseed oil, sodium chloride were used for preparing dough and final products. Guar gum and commercial additive Trial RC2 were used as additives for production. The textural properties of rolls were measured by a TA-XT Plus Texture Analyzer. All samples were evaluated by selected assessors. A five-point hedonic scale was used for evaluation characteristics such as taste, pliancy, texture, porosity, stickiness, gumminess, crispness and quality. The obtained data showed nonsignificant difference in moisture of rolls after baking and 3 days after baking. Control sample of rolls had higher firmness in comparison to other samples with guar gum after baking. Samples of rolls with higher addition of guar gum (10 g.kg-1 and 15 g.kg-1) had less firmness in comparison to control sample and sample with 5 g.kg-1 of guar gum. Sensory analysis showed negligible differences among all samples in monitored characteristics. Sensory assessors evaluated all samples as identical. Increased addition of guar gum in rolls led to the extension of shelf life (lower firmness) at unchanged sensory properties of the rolls.
Meanings During the Postpartum Period: From Practices and Cultural Beliefs
Authors: Prieto Bocanegra Brigitte Migdolia , Ruiz de Cardenas Carmen Helena ,   Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: describir el significado que le asigna la madre al cuidado cultural de ella misma y su recién nacido durante el puerperio, a partir de sus prácticas y creencias. Método: estudio con abordaje cualitativo de tipo etnográfico, realizado en Tunja, Colombia, en el que participaron ocho puérperas con parto normal y cuatro informantes generales, entre profesionales de enfermería y familiares de las puérperas. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando la guía de cuatro pasos de etnoenfermería de Leininger, y por medio de esta se identificaron códigos, patrones recurrentes, y temas principales. Resultados y discusión: el significado que le asigna la madre al cuidado cultural en el puerperio a partir de sus prácticas es diverso y está representado en cada uno de los cinco temas que emergieron del estudio: el poder secreto de las plantas, el peligro de la recaída, descubriendo el mundo de su hijo, el cuidado de sí misma, y alimentos protectores. En contraste con el modelo del sol naciente, los factores de la estructura social que tuvieron mayor influencia corresponden a las creencias, valores culturales y estilos de vida; así como el factor social de parentesco. Se identifica entonces el predominio del componente emic en el cuidado cultural durante el puerperio con relación al componente etc.