bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Oxidative Bromination of Alkanes with the HBr‐H2O2 System in the Presence of Catalyst
Authors: Li Yujin , Ju Jie , Jia Jianhong , Sheng Weijian , Han Liang , Gao Jianrong
Published: January 2011

Various cycloalkanes and straight‐chain alkanes were efficiently brominated with an aqueous HBr‐H2O2 system. This oxidative brominating process was promoted by catalysis and irradiation with light. The cycloalkanes were converted to the corresponding bromo‐cycloalkanes in moderate yields and the straight‐chain alkanes produced dominantly secondary bromides. This simple but effective bromination method of alkanes is characterized by high atom efficiency, inexpensive reagents and the absence of organic waste, which make it a good alternative to the existing method for CH activation through bromination.
Task Specific Onium Salt as Soluble Support in Multicomponent Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐2‐amino‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐naphthopyrans
Authors: Lu Cuifen , Zhang Li , Yang Guichun , Chen Zuxing
Published: January 2011

In this paper was presented an application of task specific onium salt as soluble support in multicomponent synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐naphthopyrans. The starting task‐specific onium salt was functionalized in good yield with chloroethyl alcohol, followed by three steps containing esterification, three components reaction and cleavage from onium salt to afford naphthopyrans in 60% –88% overall yields. All of the products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS techniques.
New Oenotheralanosterol A and B Constituents from the Oenothera biennis Roots
Authors: Ahmad Ateeque , Ali Mohd , Tandon Sudeep
Published: January 2011

Two new compounds oenotheralanosterol A and B along with four known compounds have been isolated from the roots of Oenothera biennis. Their structures have been elucidated with the help of 300 MHz NMR using 1D and 2D spectral methods viz: 1H and 13C NMR, 1H‐1H COSY, 1H‐13C HETCOR and DEPT aided by EIMS, ESI Mass and IR spectroscopy.
Selective Adsorption of Co(II) Ions by Whisker Surface Ion‐Imprinted Polymer: Equilibrium and Kinetics Modeling
Authors: Pan Jianming , Guan Wei , Zhang Zulei , Wang Xue , Li Chunxiang , Yan Yongsheng
Published: January 2011

Based on sodium trititanate whisker as support particles, the surface ion‐imprinted polymer (S‐IIP) was synthesized for the selective adsorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution. Characterization of S‐IIP was achieved by FTIR spectra and SEM micrographs. Kinetic properties were successfully investigated by the pseudo‐first‐order model and pseudo‐second‐order model, and a chemisorption process as the essential adsorption step was also proposed. Equilibrium data were fitted with the Langmuir, Dubinin‐Radushkevich and Freundlich isotherm equations, and the maximum adsorption amount of monolayer saturation for S‐IIP was 33.75 mg/g at 298 K. Moreover, dimensionless separation factor RL (RL<1.0) indicated a highly favourable adsorption system between Co(II) ions and S‐IIP. Selectivity experiments showed that selective adsorption of Co(II) ions for S‐IIP was significantly higher than that of non‐imprinted polymer (NIP).
Glucose Biosensor Based on the Fabrication of Glucose Oxidase in the Bio‐Inspired Polydopamine‐Gold Nanoparticle Composite Film
Authors: Wei Yinyin , Zhang Ningdan , Li Ying , Shi Guoyue , Jin Litong
Published: January 2011

A highly efficient enzyme immobilization method has been developed for electrochemical biosensors using polydopamine films with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) embedded. This simple enzyme fabrication method can be performed in very mild conditions and stored in a long time with high bioactivity. The fabricated amperometric glucose biosensor exhibited a high and reproducible sensitivity, wide linear dynamic range and low limit of detection (LOD) (0.1 μmol·L−1). A low value of 1.5 mmol·L−1 for the apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant KappM was obtained. The high sensitivity, wide linear range, good reproducibility and stability make this biosensor a promising candidate for portable amperometric glucose biosensor.
CuO Crystalline Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes for Anodic Amperometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Lin Xiangqin , Jing Zhenhui
Published: January 2011

As an alternative selection of electrocatalytic surface modifier, the electrochemically generated copper oxides is re‐ investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interesting phenomena have been found, which indicate that the electrodeposition from the Cu2+ solution under cyclic voltammetric conditions can generate a transparent Cu(OH)2 crystalline on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes, and this crystalline can be further transferred to a novel cubic opaque CuO crystalline of about 300 nm in size by second step of cyclic voltammetry in pH 12 NaOH solution. The final electrode (denoted as nano‐CuO/GCE) can catalyze the oxidation (as well as the reduction) of H2O2 in basic solutions. It shows pH dependent three‐part catalytic mechanism in the range from pH 7 to pH 14. In 0.10 mol/L NaOH solution, the amperometric response at 0.15 V (vs. SCE) can give a current sensitivity as high as 139 mA/(mol·L−1) in the rage of 5.0×10−7−6.0×10−4 mol/L with a lower detection limit (s/n=3) of 2.5×10−8 mol/L, and a current sensitivity of 78.4 mA/(mol·L−1) in the rage of 6.0×10−4–2.0×10−3 mol/L. This electrode also has excellent reproducibility and stability. The mechanisms for the two steps of preparation and the catalytic reactions are proposed. The nano‐CuO crystalline modified electrode may have more applications in the field of electrochemical sensing.
A Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Functionalized Graphene Modified Carbon Ceramic Electrode
Authors: He Yaping , Zheng Jianbin , Li Kuangtian , Sheng Qinglin , Qiao Ningqiang
Published: January 2011

A room temperature ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate functionalized graphene (GE) was prepared and a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing hemoglobin (Hb) into the IL‐GE composite film. UV‐visible and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the composite film indicated that Hb retained its native structure in the film. Electrochemical investigation of the biosensor showed a pair of well‐defined, quasi‐reversible redox peaks with Epa=−0.209 V and Epc= −0.302 V (vs. SCE) in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution at the scan rate of 100 mV/s. To the reduction of H2O2, the biosensor had a good linear range from 8.0×10−7 to 1.8×10−4 mol/L with a detection limit of 3.0×10−7 mol/L. The apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant KappM was estimated to be 3.4×10−5 mol/L.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Methacryl‐POSS Nanocomposites with Excellent Thermal Properties
Authors: Qin Yuancheng , Bi Yutie , Ren Hongbo , Zhu Fanghua , Luo Meiming , Zhang Lin
Published: January 2011

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites containing (methacryloxy)propyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (methacryl‐POSS) were prepared by bulk‐polymerization process. The structures of the products were characterized by FTIR, solid‐state NMR, TEM, XRD, DSC, TGA, XPS and UV‐Vis spectra. The hybrid materials were found to be largely homogeneous. DSC and TGA results indicate that the thermal properties of PMMA nanocomposites are significantly improved. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Tdec) of the nanocomposites increased by 58 and 110°C, respectively. The bulk hybrid material maintains excellent optical transparency in visible region.
Color Removal from Synthetic Textile Wastewater by Sono‐Fenton Process
Authors: Özdemir Celalettin , Öden Muhammed Kamil , Şahinkaya Serkan , Kalipçi Erkan
Published: January 2011

In this study, the oxidative decolorization of C.I. reactive yellow 145 (RY 145) from synthetic textile wastewater including RY 145 and polyvinyl alcohol by Fenton and sono‐Fenton processes which are the combination of Fenton process with ultrasound has been carried out. The effects of some operating parameters which are the initial pH of the solution, the initial concentration of Fe2+, H2O2, and the dye, temperature, and agitation speed on the color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals have been investigated. The optimum conditions have been found as [Fe2+] = 20 mg/L, [H2O2] = 20 mg/L, pH 3 for Fenton process and [Fe2+] = 20 mg/L, [H2O2] = 15 mg/L, pH 3 for sono‐Fenton process by indirectly sonication at 35 kHz ultrasonic frequency and 80 W ultrasonic power. The color and COD removal efficiencies have been obtained as 91 and 47% by Fenton process, and 95 and 51% by sono‐Fenton processes, respectively. Kinetic studies have been performed for the decolorization of RY 145 under optimum conditions at room temperature. It has been determined that the decolorization has occurred rapidly by sono‐Fenton process, compared to Fenton process.
Design and Synthesis of Novel Cyclooxygenase‐1 Inhibitors as Analgesics: 5‐Amino‐2‐ethoxy‐N‐(substituted‐phenyl)benzamides
Authors: Fukai Ryosuke , Zheng Xiaoxia , Motoshima Kazunori , Tai Akihiro , Yazama Futoshi , Kakuta Hiroki
Published: January 2011

We previously found that N‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzamide (TFAP), a COX‐1 inhibitor, exhibits an analgesic effect without causing gastric damage. Unfortunately, TFAP causes reddish purple coloration of urine, and its analgesic effect is less potent than that of indomethacin. Herein we describe our study focusing on the development of 4‐ and 5‐amino‐2‐alkoxy‐N‐phenylbenzamide scaffolds, designed on the basis of the structures of TFAP and parsalmide, another known COX‐1 inhibitory analgesic agent. 5‐Amino‐2‐ethoxy‐N‐(2‐ or 3‐substituted phenyl)benzamide derivatives exhibited analgesic activity in a murine acetic acid induced writhing test. Among these compounds, 5‐amino‐2‐ethoxy‐N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)benzamide (9 v) possesses potent COX‐1 inhibitory and analgesic activities, similar to those of indomethacin. In addition, 5‐amino‐2‐ethoxy‐N‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenyl)benzamide (9 g) showed a more potent analgesic effect than indomethacin or 9 v without causing apparent gastric damage or coloration of urine, although its COX‐1 inhibitory activity was weaker than that of indomethacin or 9 v. Thus, 9 g and 9 v appear to be promising candidates for analgesic agents and are attractive lead compounds for further development of COX‐1 inhibitors.
Staff construal of inpatients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Woodrow Ceri , Fox John R. E. , Hare Dougal Julian
Published: January 2011

The present study uses personal construct theory and the repertory grid technique to examine staff views of individual clients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, in particular those clients who purge and restrict. Fourteen members of nursing staff, both qualified and non‐qualified, participated in the research. The results suggest that the 14 members of staff interviewed did construe clients who purge and clients who restrict in markedly different ways. The theoretical implications of this finding are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Clients with anorexia who purge and those who restrict may present with different needs.

• The care package may therefore need to be altered.

• The study supports a differentiation between Anorexia Nervosa subtypes.
Electric Charging in Dielectric Barrier Discharges with Asymmetric Gamma‐Coefficients
Authors: Stollenwerk L. , Stroth U.
Published: January 2011

A dielectric barrier discharge with different electrode surfaces is investigated and the dynamic evolution of surface charge on the dielectric surface is measured optically. It is found that the amount of surface charge after the positive and the negative half‐cycle are not equal, i.e. a bias charge emerges. To understand this phenomenon, the transfered charge per half‐cycle is estimated from the Paschen curve and the shape of the driving voltage waveform. It turns out that the charge bias is necessary to compensate for the asymmetry of the discharge conditions due to the different surfaces and hence is required for a balanced charge transfer in the steady state (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Quantum Equation of State of Fully Ionized Plasmas
Authors: Hussein N. A. , Ibrahim D. A. E.
Published: January 2011

The quantum equation of state of the electron‐ion‐plasmas in thermal equilibrium is derived; the pressure until the third virial coefficient is calculated. We consider only the thermal equilibrium plasma in the case of nλ3ab ≪ 1 where λ2ab = ((ħ2)/(mabKT)) is the thermal De Broglie wavelength. The formulas contain the contributions of the exchange effects. Our equation of state is compared with result of Ebeling et al. who calculated the pressure until the second virial coefficient only and in the case of χλee ≪ 1 where χ is the Debye length. Upon comparison with Ebeling et al. one observes that the considerable contribution of the third virial coefficient in the region of high temperatures (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SPICE: Exploration and analysis of post‐cytometric complex multivariate datasets
Authors: Roederer Mario , Nozzi Joshua L. , Nason Martha C.
Published: January 2011

Polychromatic flow cytometry results in complex, multivariate datasets. To date, tools for the aggregate analysis of these datasets across multiple specimens grouped by different categorical variables, such as demographic information, have not been optimized. Often, the exploration of such datasets is accomplished by visualization of patterns with pie charts or bar charts, without easy access to statistical comparisons of measurements that comprise multiple components. Here we report on algorithms and a graphical interface we developed for these purposes. In particular, we discuss thresholding necessary for accurate representation of data in pie charts, the implications for display and comparison of normalized versus unnormalized data, and the effects of averaging when samples with significant background noise are present. Finally, we define a statistic for the nonparametric comparison of complex distributions to test for difference between groups of samples based on multi‐component measurements. While originally developed to support the analysis of T cell functional profiles, these techniques are amenable to a broad range of datatypes. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral symptoms of eating disorders in Native Americans: Results from the add health survey wave III
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Rosselli Francine , Holtzman Niki , Dierker Lisa , Becker Anne E. , Swaney Gyda
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To examine prevalence and correlates (gender, Body Mass Index) of disordered eating in American Indian/Native American (AI/NA) and white young adults.

Method:

We examined data from the 10,334 participants (mean age 21.93 years, SD = 1.8) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health) Wave III for gender differences among AI/NA participants (236 women, 253 men) and ethnic group differences on measures of eating pathology.

Results:

Among AI/NA groups, women were significantly more likely than men to report loss of control and embarrassment due to overeating. In gender‐stratified analyses, a significantly higher prevalence of AI/NA women reported disordered eating behaviors compared with white women; there were no between group differences in prevalence for breakfast skipping or having been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Among men, disordered eating behaviors were uncommon and no comparison was statistically significant.

Discussion:

Our study offers a first glimpse into the problem of eating pathology among AI/NA individuals. Gender differences among AI/NA participants are similar to results reported in white samples. That AI/NA women were as likely as white women to have been diagnosed with an eating disorder is striking in light of well documented under‐utilization of mental health care among AI/NA individuals. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011)
Interference elimination of an amperometric glucose biosensor using poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membrane
Authors: Abdul‐Aziz Azila , Wong Fui‐Ling
Published: January 2011

A permselective membrane fabricated from photo‐cross‐linked poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) was studied as a potential selective membrane that can eliminate electrochemical interferences commonly faced by a hydrogen peroxide‐based biosensor. The quantitative selection of the permselective membrane was based on the permeabilities of hydrogen peroxide and acetaminophen (AC). AC was used as a model of the interfering substance due to its neutral nature. pHEMA membrane with the cross‐linking ratio of 0.043 was found to achieve a selectivity of hydrogen peroxide over AC of 10, while maintaining an acceptable degree of hydrogen peroxide response. A two‐layer glucose biosensor model consisting of glucose oxidase entrapped within a freeze‐thawed poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix and the cross‐linked pHEMA membrane was challenged with AC, ascorbic acid and uric acid. 0.2 mM AC and 0.2 mM ascorbic acid were completely eliminated. However, 0.2 mM uric acid could not be completely eliminated and still gave a bias of approximately 6.6% relative to 5 mM glucose. The results showed that cross‐linked pHEMA was quite promising as an interference eliminating inner membrane.
Recovery of lysozyme from hen egg white by selective magnetic cake filtration
Authors: Eichholz Christian , Silvestre Martín , Franzreb Matthias , Nirschl Hermann
Published: January 2011

A new concept for the improvement of the downstream processing and purification is the so‐called magnetic separation. By using surface functionalized magnetic substrate particles, which selectively adsorb the target product, it can be directly separated out of a crude bioprocess stream. These methods are already used for analytical purposes, where only small amounts of functionalized particles are necessary. To apply the same concept at a larger scale, effective and economical procedures have to be provided. First, suitable process equipment has to be developed. Second, the magnetic particles have to be manufactured with a stable surface functionalization and long‐term stability for their reuse. Up to now mainly high‐gradient magnetic separation filter devices are applied for selective magnetic separation. They consist of a magnetic matrix in which the magnetic particles are trapped. In this work, a new magnetic filter is introduced that overcomes the capacity limitations of the current high‐gradient magnetic separation technology. The principle is demonstrated by selective recovery of lysozyme from hen egg white. Prior to the separation experiments magnetic beads with a strong acid cation‐exchange surface functionalization are synthesized. The separation procedure is implemented in only one unit operation. With the implementation of the displacement elution sequence lysozyme can be separated out of a hen egg white solution with a purification factor of PF=36 and a purity P=0.83.
Zinc‐finger‐based transcriptional repression of rhodopsin in a model of dominant retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Mussolino Claudio , Sanges Daniela , Marrocco Elena , Bonetti Ciro , Di Vicino Umberto , Marigo Valeria , Auricchio Alberto , Meroni Germana , Surace Enrico Maria
Published: January 2011

Despite the recent success of gene‐based complementation approaches for genetic recessive traits, the development of therapeutic strategies for gain‐of‐function mutations poses great challenges. General therapeutic principles to correct these genetic defects mostly rely on post‐transcriptional gene regulation (RNA silencing). Engineered zinc‐finger (ZF) protein‐based repression of transcription may represent a novel approach for treating gain‐of‐function mutations, although proof‐of‐concept of this use is still lacking. Here, we generated a series of transcriptional repressors to silence human rhodopsin (hRHO), the gene most abundantly expressed in retinal photoreceptors. The strategy was designed to suppress both the mutated and the wild‐type hRHO allele in a mutational‐independent fashion, to overcome mutational heterogeneity of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa due to hRHO mutations. Here we demonstrate that ZF proteins promote a robust transcriptional repression of hRHO in a transgenic mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Furthermore, we show that specifically decreasing the mutated human RHO transcript in conjunction with unaltered expression of the endogenous murine Rho gene results in amelioration of disease progression, as demonstrated by significant improvements in retinal morphology and function. This zinc‐finger‐based mutation‐independent approach paves the way towards a ‘repression–replacement’ strategy, which is expected to facilitate widespread applications in the development of novel therapeutics for a variety of disorders that are due to gain‐of‐function mutations.
Complexity reduced space ML detection for other‐cell interference mitigation in SIMO cellular systems
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hwan , Kim Hyung‐Sin , Lee Yong‐Hwan
Published: January 2011

The use of a space maximum likelihood (S‐ML) detection scheme is known to be optimum to mitigate other‐cell interference (OCI) near the cell boundary. However, it is not applicable mainly due to implementation complexity. To reduce the implementation complexity, we consider combined use of S‐ML detection and minimum‐mean‐square‐error based ordered successive interference cancellation (MMSE‐OSIC) in single‐input multi‐output cellular systems. Instead of exhaustive full search for the S‐ML detection, the proposed scheme considers ML metric only for signal vectors of desired and adjacent base stations determined by the MMSE‐OSIC. The analytic and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide performance almost the same as the S‐ML detection scheme near the cell boundary environment, while remarkably reducing the implementation complexity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient and facile ultrasonic‐accelerated one‐pot synthesis of N‐acetyl‐2‐aryl‐1, 2‐dihydro‐(4H)‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones
Authors: Azarifar Davood , Sheikh Davood
Published: January 2011

An application of ultrasonic irradiation in the one‐pot synthesis of N‐acetyl‐2‐aryl‐1,2‐dihydro‐(4H)‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones from the condensation reaction between aromatic aldehydes and anthranilic acid in the presence of excess amount of acetic anhydride has been explored. The reactions proceed smoothly under mild and solvent‐free conditions at room temperature in the absence of any catalyst to afford the products in good to excellent yields. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:106–113, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20663
Regioselectivity of nitrilimines 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition: Novel synthesis of spiro[4,4]nona‐2,8‐dien‐6‐one derivatives
Authors: Miqdad Omar A. , Abunada Nada M. , Hassaneen Hamdi M.
Published: January 2011

Regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines (generated in situ from dehydrohalogenation of the corresponding hydrazonoyl halides by the action of triethylamine) with 4‐arylidene‐1‐aryl‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5(4H)‐one 3 afforded the corresponding spiro[4,4]nona‐2,8‐dien‐6‐one 4. The reaction was carried out in dry benzene under reflux temperature. Refluxing in acetic acid, 4a was converted to its respective N‐phenylpyrazole‐5‐carboxamide 8. The structures of prepared compounds were established by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, MS, 1H, and 13C NMR). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:131–136, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20666
Building Logic into Peptide Networks: Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down
Authors: Ashkenasy Gonen , Dadon Zehavit , Alesebi Samaa , Wagner Nathaniel , Ashkenasy Nurit
Published: January 2011

In this review we discuss our recent efforts directed at understanding the dynamics of catalytic networks, and their utility for performing Boolean logic operations. We start by explaining the “recipe” for the design of experimental, peptide‐based, replication networks, and then the approach we take for simulating their kinetics. The studied networks can be manipulated in order to facilitate molecular replication through all 2‐input Boolean logic operations, and furthermore the operational catalytic pathways can be wired together to perform more complex computational modules and network motifs. Beyond just simulations and the basic experiments, we show that while in principle all the gates may be constructed, symmetry and order constraints limit the types of logic that may be practically achieved. Finally, we describe the use of adaptive networks that form logic gates by responding to changes in the environment (pH, salt, and light), and the first steps towards realization of the performance of switching and gating molecular electronic devices using the peptides.
The impact of website design on the perceived credibility of internet financial reporting
Authors: Allport Christopher D. , Pendley John A.
Published: January 2011

Marketing and information systems research show that surface features of a website can induce credibility effects. We conduct an experiment to examine the question of credibility effects induced by the surface features of web‐based financial reporting. We predict that participants will perceive financial data from sites with surface flaws (poor style and incompleteness) to be of lower credibility. Consistent with our expectations, we find that surface features can significantly affect users' perceptions of the credibility of financial information. We present further analyses showing that website surface features also impact investment attractiveness, suggesting that website characteristics may adversely affect investor perceptions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eliciting probabilistic expectations with visual aids in developing countries: how sensitive are answers to variations in elicitation design?
Authors: Delavande Adeline , Giné Xavier , McKenzie David
Published: January 2011

Eliciting subjective probability distributions in developing countries is often based on visual aids such as beans to represent probabilities and intervals on a sheet of paper to represent the support. We conduct an experiment in India which tests the sensitivity of elicited expectations to variations in three facets of the elicitation methodology: the number of beans, the design of the support (predetermined or self‐anchored), and the ordering of questions. Our results show remarkable robustness to variations in elicitation design. Nevertheless, the added precision offered by using more beans and a larger number of intervals with a predetermined support improves accuracy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional and comparative study of lingual papillae in four species of bear (ursidae) by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Pastor J.F. , Barbosa M. , de Paz F.J. , García M. , Ferrero E.
Published: January 2011

The eight current species of bear (Ursidae) are widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and America. They are mainly encountered in the northern hemisphere, except for the spectacled bear and the sun bear, which are also found in the south of the equator. Adaptations of the masticatory apparatus (teeth, tongue, and musculature) to diet are one of the factors that imply the greatest structural changes in the cranium. This diet may be carnivorous, herbivorous, melliferous, or insectivorous, with one type of food predominating according to the time of year. The way in which food is eaten determines the morphology of the lingual surface; generally speaking, all bears put their mouth to the food, which, initially, they lick or they let the food stick to their tongue, as occurs when insects are eaten. As in all mammals, a distinction can be made between mechanical and gustatory papillae and the development and distribution of which depend on the species and their eating habits. In this study of the complete tongues of four species of adult bears, we describe the morphology of the lingual surfaces, the different types of papillae, their characteristics, and topographic distribution. It was seen that there were five main types of lingual papillae: filiform, conical, fungiform, foliate, and vallate. Morphology of the microgrooves and pores was similar to that observed in other mammals. In general, there were no great differences among the four species of bears studied, perhaps due to the similarity in the kind of food they consume in captivity. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facilitating sustainable rural development — an experience from Zambia
Authors: Goldman Ian , Mellors Robert , Pudsey David
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the experience of an ODA funded Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) in Northern Zambia over the period 1980–86. In contrast to existing Zambian IRDPs it chose to follow a ‘learning process’ approach in working as a facilitator with three District Councils. The start of the programme coincided with the passing of decentralisation legislation in 1980. Thus the programme was drawn very much into the practicalities of helping the newly constituted Councils work out effective administrative structures and systems for rural development including planning, co‐ordination, project implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The emphasis of the programme was on institution building through ‘learning by doing’ utilising donor funds for the construction of essential infrastructure. The programme subsequently evolved to cover the operational programmes of District Departments and the development of systems for the rehabilitation and maintenance of infrastructure.

The experiences are viewed from four perspectives – the District Authorities, the Donor, the Central Zambian Government and the IRDP team, all of which had to accept change as the process put pressures on them. Considerable success has been achieved at District level; the donors have demonstrated a new flexibility and confidence; the IRDP team have learnt a great deal about the facilitation process; Central Government, despite its early commitment is now faced with the implications of it's policy which mean giving real power to the Districts.
Review article: Effective stabilisation policy in less developed countries
Authors: Mosley Paul
Published: January 2011

Growth‐Oriented Adjustment Programmes. By VITTORIO CORBO. MORRIS GOLDSTEIN and MOHSIN KHAN (eds.). (Washington DC., IMF and World Bank, 1987, pp.553, $25.)

Varieties of Stabilisation Experience: Towards Sensible Macroeconomics in the Third World. By LANCE TAYLOR. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988, pp.180, £19.50.)
Comment: Maize research in Malawi
Authors: Heisey Paul W.
Published: January 2011

Jonathan Kydd's analysis of the history of maize research in Malawi argues successfully that the reasons for the low rate of adoption of high yielding maize varieties lie in an insufficient appreciation of local processing and storage requirements. The analysis, however, raises further questions. In particular, Kydd's conclusion that maize research by multinational seed corporations might be more effective than public sector research is not supported by adequate evidence. The existing evidence suggests that though these corporations are likely to play an increasing role in developing counties, they are unlikely to direct their efforts to the needs of the poor.
Industrialization and structural change in developing countries
Authors: Nixson Frederick I.
Published: January 2011

Studies of economic growth have produced much evidence of similarities in development patterns of most countries. There are always dangers in cross‐country studies that unique historical, economic and political' factors might be ignored, but when countries are grouped according to size, resource endowment and trade orientation, factors making for uniformity in patters of structural change appear to predominate. The identification of ‘normal’ patterns of structural change and industrialisation is useful for policy‐makers, not in the sense that they provide rigid guidelines but rather in the sense that they raise important issues relating to the nature and consequences of structural change and appropriate policy responses.
Inflation and its predictability in high‐inflation Latin American countries: Some evidence on two competing hypotheses – a research note
Authors: Maskus Keith E. , Pourgerami Abbas
Published: January 2011

In this paper we argue that the relationship between inflation and the accuracy of inflation predictions in high‐inflation countries, such as those in Latin America, is ambiguous. Several empirical studies have measured a positive link between the level of inflation and its variability, suggesting that inflation uncertainty rises with the level of inflation. Others have noted, however, that variability measures may not capture uncertainty and that the evidence on a positive relationship between inflation and its uncertainty is weak. In fact, the relationship could, in principle, be negative and we present here some evidence from Latin America that supports partially this latter view. The reason for the potentially negative effect of inflation on inflation uncertainty is that in a high‐inflation environment economic agents invest more resources in generating accurate inflation forecasts and in developing instruments capable of reducing the uncertainty costs of high inflation. In general, however, there is no clear relationship between inflation and its predictability.
Economic policies and rangeland degradation in Botswana
Authors: Arntzen Jaap W.
Published: January 2011

The author addresses himself to the factors responsible for current trends in Botswana's rangeland degradation. and what the Government could do to arrest it. He considers the evidence for degradation, its causes and effects. Economic policies to promote the livestock sector – especially the price of meat and livestock subsidies – have stimulated the growth of livestock numbers. At thesame time, there has been no attempt to recover from livestock owners the true economic cost of their activities on the environment. The author is critical of moves towards effective privatization of rangeland use, compared with the former system of communal management.
Environmental issues in the cities of the developing world: The case of Mexico City
Authors: And Nigel Harris , Puente Sergio
Published: January 2011

It is argued that the process of urbanisation in industrializing countries such as Mexico is basically productive, but the Government is reluctant to use the controls in its possession to contain the harm it does to the city environment. The state of Mexico City's environment is examined from a number of viewpoints – industry, transport, water supply, waste disposal, air pollution and health. Existing regulations and policies are poorly implemented. The authors argue, however, that the means and the technology exist for dealing with the environment, given political will and institutional reforms.
Macroeconomic policies and sustainable development in the third World
Authors: Hansen Stein
Published: January 2011

Adjustment and programme lending operations by the multilateral development banks and the IMF have been developed over the last decade in response to structural macroeconomic and sectorial problems and now constitute as much as 25 per cent of new lending.

The central questions pertaining to such macro policies and the economic models developed and used by the agencies and governments in preparation for the design of such programmes are as follows:

Have adjustment operations caused environmental degradation?

Do their particular policy objectives make them a likely cause of such degradation?

Do they take enough account of environmental implications?

Three studies have reviewed such operations by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and the following answers represent how far our present understanding has progressed:

Far from being a major source of environmental degradation in developing countries, adjustment and programme lending operations appear, on balance, to have a bias in favour of the environment;

With adequate complementary measures to make sure they are implemented correctly, the policies can be manipulated to achieve environmental as well as economic objectives.
Determination of cypromazine and its metabolite melamine in milk by cation‐selective exhaustive injection and sweeping‐capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Li Xuegang , Hu Jiwei , Han Heyou
Published: January 2011

In this study, we described a high‐sensitive on‐line preconcentration method for cypromazine (CYP) and melamine (MEL) analysis using cation‐selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) combined with sweeping‐MEKC. The optimum conditions of on‐line concentration and separation were discussed. The BGE contained 100 mM SDS, 50 mM phosphoric acid (pH=2.0) and 15% acetonitrile (v/v). The sample was injected at 10 kV for 600 s, separated at −20 kV, and detected at 210 nm. The sensitivity enhancements were 6222 for CYP and 9179 for MEL. The linear dynamic ranges were 0.4−25 ng/mL for CYP (r=0.9995) and 0.2−12 ng/mL for MEL (r=0.9991). The LODs (signal‐to‐noise ratio, 3) were 43.7 and 23.4 pg/mL for CYP and MEL, respectively. The proposed method was applied to analyze CYP and MEL in dairy products pretreated using off‐line SPE to minimize the influence of the matrix. The recoveries of CYP and MEL were satisfactory (ca. 74–83%). The experimental results suggest that the CSEI‐sweeping‐MEKC method is feasible for the application to simultaneously detect trace levels of CYP and its metabolite MEL in real milk samples.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic determination of memantine hydrochloride in rat plasma using sensitive fluorometric derivatization
Authors: Xie Mei‐Fen , Zhou Wei , Tong Xin‐Yi , Chen Yi‐Le , Cai Yi , Li Yan , Duan Geng‐Li
Published: January 2011

In this study, we investigated a simple, sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography‐fluorescence detection method for the determination of memantine hydrochloride in rat plasma which was based on derivatization with 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC‐Cl). For the first time, FMOC‐Cl was introduced into derivatization of memantine hydrochloride in rat plasma. The amino groups of memantine hydrochloride and amantadine hydrochloride (internal standard) were trapped with FMOC‐Cl to form memantine hydrochloride‐FMOC‐Cl and amantadine hydrochloride‐FMOC‐Cl compositions, which can be very compatible for LC‐FLD. Precipitation of plasma proteins by acetonitrile was followed by vortex mixing and centrifugation. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column (DIAMONSIL 150×4.6 mm, id 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The retention times of memantine hydrochloride‐FMOC‐Cl and amantadine hydrochloride‐FMOC‐Cl compositions were 23.69 and 40.27 min, respectively. Optimal conditions for the derivatization of memantine hydrochloride were also described. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 25 ng/mL for memantine hydrochloride in plasma, the linear range was 0.025–5.0 μg/mL in plasma with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9999. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra‐day and inter‐day assays were 4.46–12.19 and 5.23–11.50%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the determination of memantine hydrochloride in rat plasma samples.
Purification of compounds from Lignum Dalbergia Odorifera using two‐dimensional preparative chromatography with Click oligo (ethylene glycol) and C18 column
Authors: Feng Jiatao , Xiao Yuansheng , Guo Zhimou , Yu Danhua , Jin Yu , Liang Xinmiao
Published: January 2011

Purification of compounds from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is an important task for understanding the chemical composition of TCMs. However, it is difficult to obtain compounds with high enough purity for identification by NMR due to the complexity of TCMs in chemical composition. In this study, a two‐dimensional purification method based on a Click oligo (ethylene glycol) column and a C18 column was developed to realize an orthogonal separation in preparative level for purifying compounds efficiently. The first dimensional preparation was performed on a Click oligo (ethylene glycol) column to simplify the sample into the fractions with good separation repeatability. On the first dimension, 7.2 g sample was separated into 11 fractions with a recovery of 86% within 6 h. A C18 column was taken as the second dimension to realize the high‐performance separation and rapid preparation from the fractions collected from the first dimension. Eight compounds in fraction 6 and 2 compounds in fraction 8 were isolated and identified after optimizing the separation and collection parameters. This method is a high‐efficient and orthogonal preparation method to improve the separation of a complex sample and increase the purity of the compounds, which benefits from the application of novel materials in the preparation and purification.
Simultaneous quantification of diterpenoids in Premna integrifolia using a validated HPTLC method
Authors: Yadav Deepti , Tiwari Neerja , Gupta Madan M.
Published: January 2011

A sensitive, selective and robust densitometric high‐performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of diterpenoids in the root bark of Premna integrifolia. Diterpenoids 1β,3α,8β‐trihydroxy‐pimara‐15‐ene (A), 6α,11,12,16‐tetrahydroxy‐7‐oxo‐abieta‐8,11,13‐triene (B) and 2α,19‐dihydroxy‐pimara‐7,15‐diene (C) were used as chemical markers for the standardization of P. integrifolia plant extracts. The separation was performed on silica gel 60F254 high‐performance thin layer chromatography plates using hexane/acetone/ethylacetate (60:20:20 v/v) as mobile phase. The quantitation of diterpenoids was carried out using densitometric reflection/absorption mode at 475 nm after post‐chromatographic derivatization using vanillin–sulfuric acid reagent. A precise and accurate quantification can be performed for compounds A, B and C in the linear working concentration range of 1–10 μg/spot with good correlations (r2=0.9985, 0.9996 and 0.9992, respectively). The method was validated for peak purity, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) etc., as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Specificity of quantitation was confirmed using retention factor (Rf) and spectra correlation of markers in standard and sample tracks. The method reported here is simple and reproducible which may be applied for quantitative analysis of above diterpenoids in the root bark of P. integrifolia.
Quantification of flavonoid glycosides in an aqueous extract from the traditional Mongolian medicinal plant Dianthus versicolorFISCH.
Authors: Obmann Astrid , Zehl Martin , Purevsuren Sodnomtseren , Narantuya Samdan , Reznicek Gottfried , Kletter Christa , Glasl Sabine
Published: January 2011

An HPLC‐diode array detection (DAD) method was established in order to investigate dried aerial parts of Dianthus versicolor FISCH. (Caryophyllaceae), a plant used in traditional Mongolian medicine against liver impairment. Aqueous extracts were separated on an Aquasil® C18 column with a linear gradient of acetonitrile (ACN) and water (adjusted to pH 2.8 with formic acid) as the mobile phase. LC‐IT‐MS facilitated the assignment of 26 flavonoids, among them a series of rare C‐glycosylated as well as O‐glycosylated derivatives, which are assumed to be the active principles. Quantification was performed and validated using isovitexin‐7‐O‐glucoside (saponarin) as the external standard. The method showed good linear behaviour (r2 ≥0.9999) over the investigated concentration range (0.007–3.5 mg/mL). The good precision of the method allowed the successful qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoid‐glycosides in the aqueous extracts prepared from five different D. versicolor samples. Depending on the origin of the samples, the total flavonoid content was found to vary considerably from 0.41 to 3.30% in the aqueous extracts and from 0.07 to 0.57% in the crude drug. In addition, the relative composition of the various flavonoids was found to differ strongly. These results highlight the need for proper quality control for this herbal drug.
Solid‐phase extraction and ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the gastrointestinal absorption of emodin in different digestive segments of rats
Authors: Kong Weijun , Xia Xinhua , Wang Jiabo , Zhou Canping , Fang Fang , Xing Xiaoyan , Jin Cheng , Zhao Yanling , Zang Qingce , Xiao Xiaohe
Published: January 2011

A rapid, simple and sensitive ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC‐MS/MS) method was established for determining the absorption amount of emodin in the five digestive segments of rat. Plasma samples were pre‐purified by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis MAX cartridge. Separation of emodin and 1,8‐dihydroxyanthraquinone (internal standard) was performed on an Acquity BEH UHPLC C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution of methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. The LC/MS system was operated under multiple reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative ion mode. The results showed that this established method was valid and sensitive for emodin within 0.04–16.4 μg/mL, with low limits of detection and quantification of 0.6 ng/mL and 2.4 ng/mL, respectively and upper limit of quantification of 220.0 ng/mL. The intra‐ and interday variations were below 4.9% of RSD. The extraction recoveries were 98.9–106.1% with RSD of 1.9–3.2%. The plasma concentration‐time relationship showed that the absorption of emodin in stomach was faster than in intestine segments. The sequence of absorption amount was: ileum>jejunum>colon≈duodenum>stomach. Most of emodin was absorbed in ileum, and the absorption amount was increased with prolonged retention of drug form in intestine, especially in ileum and jejunum. The developed UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS method was appropriate for determining the in vivo absorption of emodin in other herbal medicines or preparations containing this compound.
Grafting Polymer Loops onto Functionalized Nanotubes: Monitoring Grafting and Loop Formation
Authors: Ashcraft Earl , Ji Haining , Mays Jimmy , Dadmun Mark
Published: January 2011

Polystyrene functionalized at both ends (telechelic polymer) with epoxide groups (epoxy–PS–epoxy) was reacted with carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (COOHMWNT) in solution in order to graft polymer chains at both ends onto the MWNT surface, forming loops. FT‐IR spectroscopy was employed to monitor the formation of aromatic esters and to quantify the amount of telechelic grafted to the nanotube surface as a function of reaction time. When the samples were further annealed in the melt, an increase in the aromatic ester peak was observed, indicating that the unreacted chain ends further grafted to MWNT surfaces to form loops. By reacting the grafted nanotube samples further with monocarboxy terminated poly(4‐methylstyrene) (COOHP4MS), the amount of epoxy–PS–epoxy that had only reacted at one end was determined. Reaction rate analysis indicates that that the grafting of epoxy–PS–epoxy to the nanotube surface is reaction controlled, as the FT‐IR spectroscopy signal grows as a function of approximately t0.3. These studies exemplify how FT‐IR spectroscopy can be used as a novel technique to quantify the amount of grafted polymer, grafting rate, and percent of difunctional polymers that form loops, and provide a method to create loop covered nanoparticles.

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