bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prison as a reinventive institution
Authors: Crewe Ben , Ievins Alice
Published: April 2019

There is plentiful evidence that imprisonment is painful, harmful and criminogenic. However, alongside accounts that emphasize such consequences are alternative narratives, in which some prisoners claim that carceral confinement has been a positive intervention in their life. Drawing on Scott’s idea of the reinventive institution, this article explores these narratives, which—contra Goffman—involve a voluntaristic commitment to the prison, active engagement in the process of identity reconstruction, normative alignment with institutional values and the role of lateral regulation in shaping the prisoner’s new self. Our analysis emphasizes the impact of the prison as an institutional form, and the ways that, in interaction with particular biographical experiences, it produces narratives of reinvention which imply an inversion of its normal destructive processes. Our argument is not a defence of imprisonment, but an attempt to theorize a narrative claim that, although expressed by a minority of prisoners, merits proper analysis.
Patrolling the ‘Thin Blue Line’ in a World in Motion: An Exploration of the Crime–Migration Nexus in UK Policing
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: April 2019

This article examines the contemporary role of the police in patrolling the nation’s territorial and social borders. The police play an important role in framing ideas and perceptions of order and disorder. By selecting when and against whom to apply coercion, the police not only constitute crime and criminals. They shape the boundaries of civility and patrol the margins of citizenship. Such role has been revitalized lately as they are tasked with immigration enforcement functions. Drawing on an empirical examination of immigration–police cooperation in England, I explore how police and immigration officers define the remits of their job and work alongside each other in everyday policing. I argue that the reliance on immigration enforcement by the police evinces the limitations of modern policing to decipher the new geographies of crime and disorder, and their difficulties in offering a reassuring response to public anxieties and ultimately in producing social order.
Documenting atrocities around the world: Why engage with the perpetrators?
Authors: Canet Fernando
Published: April 2019

Following a century filled with violations of human rights, a significant number of documentary films have appeared since the first decade of the current century that report these events. Traditionally this process is carried out from the victims’ point of view. However, a new tendency has emerged in which the films deal with the perpetrators’ perspective. It is easy to understand how establishing a relationship with a person who has committed atrocities may be problematic. So, why should we engage with perpetrators? The overarching purpose of this article is to attempt to offer some answers to this question. To this end, two methodological approaches are carried out in parallel: first, this article explores a sample of five documentary films and the filmmakers’ considerations of what their engagement with the perpetrators was like. Second, this article reviews the related literature and the controversial reception of these films by some scholars. In doing so, I also posit a theory that 4Rs (remembrance, recognition, remorse, and redemption) are a necessary prerequisite for the fifth R, of reconciliation. The final elaboration of this schema is mainly based on an example of interpersonal reconciliation.
Editorial policies and news discourse – how Al Jazeera’s implicit guidelines shape its coverage of middle east conflicts
Authors: Barkho Leon
Published: April 2019

The article examines Al Jazeera’s internal guidelines. It focuses attention on the broadcaster’s editorial policies and practices, how they are created, the way they shape news content, and whether they are documented or not. It attempts to shed light on the role of external stakeholders and regulatory devices with a say on the editorial line and subsequently the type of internal editorial policies and practices journalists are required to pursue. It presents a comparative study and analysis of the network’s two major and most influential channels, namely Al Jazeera Arabic and Al Jazeera English, the arguments in support of their editorial policies and practices, and the arguments opposing them. It scrutinizes how different forms of internal guidelines and regulatory frameworks affect the network’s discourse, ties with its financiers, and relations with the outside world. Finally and based on the findings obtained through interviews, and linguistic discourse analysis, the article outlines how internal guidelines come into being in the case of Al Jazeera and how they eventually influence the final product.
Hybrid short-term traffic flow prediction model of intersections based on improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise
Authors: Tian Xiujuan , Yu Dexin , Xing Xue , Wang Shiguang , Wang Zhuorui
Published: April 2019

Based on improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMDAN) algorithm and kernel online sequential extreme learning machine (KOSELM) algorithm, a new hybrid short-term traffic flow prediction model (ICEEMDAN-KOSELM-ARIMA) for signalized intersections is proposed according to the current and historical traffic flow data. First, traffic flow historical time series are decomposed by ICEEMDAN algorithm for the purpose of improving the prediction accuracy. Several intrinsic mode functions could be obtained by the decomposition process. Then, permutation entropy algorithm is employed to analyze the random properties of intrinsic mode function components. According to the different random properties of intrinsic mode functions, different prediction models can be built. On this basis, KOSELM prediction models are established for the intrinsic mode function components with big randomness. And auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) prediction models are built for the intrinsic mode function components with small randomness. Finally, an actual signalized intersection is selected to verify the effect and performance of the hybrid prediction model proposed in this article. Results show that compared with other models, the new proposed hybrid prediction model can effectively improve prediction accuracy, of which prediction errors are the lowest and fitting effect with actual values is the best.
A novel fuzzy model for multi-objective permutation flow shop scheduling problem with fuzzy processing time
Authors: Yuan Fuyu , Xu Xin , Yin Minghao
Published: April 2019

This article proposes a novel fuzzy model for solving fuzzy multi-objective permutation flow shop scheduling problem with fuzzy processing time. Specifically, two fuzzy objectives, that is, the fuzzy makespan and the fuzzy total flow time, are taken into account in this model simultaneously. In addition, to solve fuzzy multi-objective permutation flow shop scheduling problem, an efficient algorithm called fuzzy multi-objective local search-based decomposition is proposed. In order to generate a high quality and diverse set of initial solutions, a problem-specific Nawaz–Enscore–Ham heuristic approach is incorporated into the framework as an initialization. Then, two perturbation strategies with different strength are adopted to find better solutions and to avoid local optimum as well. Besides, a ranking concept based on fuzzy number centroid is provided to compare with fuzzy solutions. After that, a restart strategy is employed to change the searching space when the best solution has not been improved for a certain number of iterations. Finally, we conduct an extensive computational study on Taillard benchmarks to compare the proposed fuzzy multi-objective local search-based decomposition with the fuzzy NSGAII. Experimental results demonstrate that the fuzzy multi-objective local search-based decomposition algorithm is both effective and efficient in solving the fuzzy multi-objective permutation flow shop scheduling problem.
Smartphones and Close Relationships: The Case for an Evolutionary Mismatch
Authors: Sbarra David A. , Briskin Julia L. , Slatcher Richard B.
Published: April 2019

This article introduces and outlines the case for an evolutionary mismatch between smartphones and the social behaviors that help form and maintain close social relationships. As psychological adaptations that enhance human survival and inclusive fitness, self-disclosure and responsiveness evolved in the context of small kin networks to facilitate social bonds, promote trust, and enhance cooperation. These adaptations are central to the development of attachment bonds, and attachment theory is a middle-level evolutionary theory that provides a robust account of the ways human bonding provides for reproductive and inclusive fitness. Evolutionary mismatches operate when modern contexts cue ancestral adaptations in a manner that does not provide for their adaptive benefits. We argue that smartphones and their affordances, although highly beneficial in many circumstances, cue humans’ evolved needs for self-disclosure and responsiveness across broad virtual networks and, in turn, have the potential to undermine immediate interpersonal interactions. We review emerging evidence on the topic of technoference, which is defined as the ways in which smartphone use may interfere with or intrude into everyday social interactions. The article concludes with an empirical agenda for advancing the integrative study of smartphones, intimacy processes, and close relationships.
Predictors of reversible airway obstruction with omalizumab in severe asthma: a real-life study
Authors: Solidoro Paolo , Patrucco Filippo , de Blasio Francesca , Brussino Luisa , Bellocchia Michela , Dassetto Davide , Pivetta Emanuele , Riccio Annamaria , Heffler Enrico , Canonica Walter , Rolla Giovanni , Bucca Caterina
Published: April 2019

Background:

Omalizumab may modulate airway remodeling in severe asthma. Using forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) as a surrogate of airway remodeling, we aimed to investigate if an omalizumab add-on in severe allergic asthma may lead to a persistent reversal of airway obstruction and to evaluate the potential biomarkers of airway obstruction reversibility.

Methods:

Data were collected before (T0) and after omalizumab add-on for 1 year (T1, 32 patients), 2 years (T2, 26 patients) and 4 years (T4, 13 patients). All patients had baseline FEV1 below 80 % predicted (60.5 ± 12.5 %). After omalizumab, 18 patients showed FEV1 normalization (reversible airway obstruction; RAO+) already at T1 (88.7 ± 14.9 %, p < 0.0001) that persisted up to T4 (83.2 ± 7.9, p < 0.01), while 14 patients (RAO−) had FEV1 persistently decreased, from T1 (65.2 ± 8.4%, p < 0.05) up to T4 (61.4 ± 6.2%, not significant). Both groups had significant improvement of symptoms and exacerbations after omalizumab at T1, which persisted up to T4. The comparison between pretreatment characteristics of the two groups showed that RAO+ patients, had higher values of circulating eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), prevalence of rhinitis and nasal polyps, need of oral corticosteroids, shorter asthma duration, higher FEV1 and response to albuterol test. The optimal cut-off points predicting FEV1 normalization after omalizumab add-on were 30.5 ppb for FENO and 305 cells/µl for eosinophils.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that omalizumab add-on contributes to the persistent reversal of airway obstruction in a consistent number of patients with severe allergic asthma, and this beneficial effect is predicted by elevated pretreatment FENO and circulating eosinophils.
The once-daily fixed-dose combination of olodaterol and tiotropium in the management of COPD: current evidence and future prospects
Authors: Derom Eric , Brusselle Guy G. , Joos Guy F.
Published: April 2019

Long-acting bronchodilators are the cornerstone of pharmacologic treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Spiolto® or Stiolto® is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) containing two long-acting bronchodilators, the long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist tiotropium (TIO) and the long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist olodaterol (OLO), formulated in the Respimat® Soft Mist™ inhaler. A total of 13 large, multicentre studies of up to 52 weeks’ duration have documented its efficacy in more than 15,000 patients with COPD. TIO/OLO 5/5 µg FDC significantly increases pulmonary function compared with placebo and its respective constituent mono-components TIO 5 µg and OLO 5 µg. TIO/OLO 5/5 µg also results in statistically and clinically significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes, such as dyspnoea, use of rescue medication, and health status. Addition of OLO 5 µg to TIO 5 µg reduces the rate of moderate-to-severe exacerbations by approximately 10%. Compared with placebo and TIO 5 µg, TIO/OLO 5/5 µg significantly improves exercise capacity (e.g. endurance time) and physical activity, the latter increase being reached by a unique combination behavioural modification intervention, dual bronchodilatation and exercise training. Overall, the likelihood for patients to experience a clinically significant benefit is higher with TIO/OLO 5/5 µg than with its constituent mono-components, which usually yield smaller improvements which do not always reach statistical significance, compared with baseline or placebo. This supports the early introduction of TIO/OLO 5/5 µg in the management of patients with symptomatic COPD.
The Safety and Effectiveness of the Percutaneous Flexor Tenotomy in Healing Neuropathic Apical Toe Ulcers in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Smith Simon E. , Miller Julie
Published: April 2019

Percutaneous flexor tenotomy is a minimally invasive procedure that involves cutting one or both flexor digitorum tendons underneath the toe. It is an alternative to open surgical procedures performed in an operating theatre. This project is a prospective case series investigating the utility, effectiveness, and participant satisfaction of the percutaneous flexor tenotomy when performed in the outpatient setting. People with diabetes, digital flexion deformity, and loss of protective sensation with an apical ulcer or preulcerative lesion presenting to the Austin Health Foot Ulcer Specialist Outpatient Clinic were enrolled in the study. The procedure was performed under sterile technique with an 18-gauge needle or fine scalpel blade. Participants were reviewed weekly until the incision and/ or ulcer healed. Participants were then followed up at 3 and 6 months. Time to ulcer healing, reulceration rate, frequency of complications, and patient satisfaction were recorded. There were 11 toe ulcers and 41 preulcerative lesions. A total of 76 tenotomy procedures were performed on the 23 participants across 35 episodes of care. The mean time to ulcer healing following tenotomy was 10.2 ± 4.3 days. There were no recurrences of ulceration. The infection rate per episode of care was 2.8%. There were 11 toes (14.5%) that sustained a transfer lesion post the index procedure. The mean time to development of a transfer lesion was 95.5 ± 98.1 days. All participants strongly agreed that they were satisfied with the outcome of the procedure. The flexor tenotomy is an effective procedure to expedite the healing of apical toe ulcers in people with loss of protective sensation and flexion digital deformity. It has a low infection rate and high patient satisfaction rate when performed in the outpatient setting. There is a moderate risk of transfer preulcerative lesions to an adjacent digit.

Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Prospective case series
Nonwalking response to fampridine in patients with multiple sclerosis in a real-world setting
Authors: Rodriguez-Leal Francisco Alejandro , Haase Rocco , Akgün Katja , Eisele Judith , Proschmann Undine , Schultheiss Thorsten , Kern Raimar , Ziemssen Tjalf
Published: April 2019

Objectives:

Mobility impairments constitute a long-term burden in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently there is evidence that the drug fampridine may improve nonwalking symptoms in MS patients. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether participants showing a beneficial walking response to fampridine, also show a positive response in nonwalking assessments in a real-world clinical setting.

Methods:

Subjects enrolled were part of a study analyzing gait parameters, for which response to treatment with fampridine was monitored after a period of 2 weeks. Neurologists then decided whether patients were responders to fampridine (RF) according to their global impression of patients’ gait improvement. As nonwalking outcomes, we included the nine-hole peg test (9-HPT), the EuroQoL five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) for quality of life, The Würzburger Fatigue Inventory for MS (WEIMuS), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D), and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was evaluated for each test.

Results:

A total of 189 participants were included: 122 were women (64.55%), with a mean age of 53.55 (±10.83). RFs showed significant improvement in all of the nonwalking outcomes ( p < 0.05), except for a nonsignificant improvement in nondominant upper limb function and PASAT; the largest score improvement was seen in the physical and cognitive sections of the WEIMuS (25.69% and 29.81%, respectively, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

We provide evidence that physician’s global judgement of walking improvement is a reliable measure for determining response to fampridine in nonwalking parameters, with fatigue showing the greatest score improvement after 2 weeks.
Longitudinal effect of emotional processing on psychological symptoms in women under 50 with breast cancer
Authors: Martino Maria Luisa , Gargiulo Anna , Lemmo Daniela , Dolce Pasquale , Barberio Daniela , Abate Valentina , Avino Franca , Tortoriello Raffaele
Published: April 2019

Breast cancer is a potential traumatic event associated with psychological symptoms, but few studies have analysed its impact in under-50 women. Emotional processing is a successful function in integrating traumatic experiences. This work analysed the relationship between emotional processing and psychological symptoms during three phases of treatment (before hospitalization, counselling after surgery and adjuvant therapy) in 50 women under the age of 50 with breast cancer. Mixed-effects models tested statistical differences among phases. There were significant differences in symptoms during the treatments: the levels of anxiety decrease from T1 to T3 (0.046), while those of hostility increase (<0.001). Emotional processing is a strong predictor of all symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed.
Determination of the Home Accident Frequency and Related Factors Among the People Older than 65 Years Old Living in Mersin City Center, Turkey
Authors: Yapici Gulcin , Kurt Ahmet Öner , Öner Seva , Şaşmaz Tayyar , Buğdaycı Resul
Published: April 2019

This study determined the prevalence of home accidents among elderly people living in Mersin and the factors affecting their occurrence. The data of 609 elderly people were analyzed. The people referred to a family health center for any reason were included in the study. The frequency of having a home accident in the previous month was 9.9%. The prevalence of home accidents was 3 times higher in females, 2.7 times higher in people living with their children, 2.3 times higher in elderly who have visual impairment, and 2.7 times higher in elderly who have poor health status. Also, increase in age was a risk factor for home accidents. Home accidents constitute a significant problem for elderly people in Mersin. Environmental factors that may cause accidents within the home should be determined and the household should be arranged according to the elderly. Health problems that may pose a risk for accidents should be identified and treated.
Sleep and Self-Rated Health in an Aging Workforce
Authors: Coombe Ashley Helvig , Epps Fayron , Lee Jiwon , Chen Mei-Lan , Imes Christopher C. , Chasens Eileen R.
Published: April 2019

The labor force participation rate for adults aged 55 years and older has increased nearly 10% over the past two and a half decades. As workers age, they frequently experience increased chronic health conditions and impaired sleep, which may negatively influence their self-rated health (SRH) and work performance. This study aimed to examine the associations between nonrestorative sleep (NRS) and work performance (i.e., difficulty concentrating or having lower productivity at work) and associations between demographic and sleep characteristics with SRH in middle-aged workers. We conducted a secondary data analysis among working middle-aged adults 50 to 65 years of age ( N = 392) from the 2008 Sleep in America Poll. Respondents frequently reported impaired sleep such as frequent insomnia symptoms, NRS, and short sleep duration. Nonrestorative sleep was associated with decreased work performance such as trouble organizing work, doing work over due to mistakes, and lower productivity. Nonrestorative sleep and short sleep duration were significantly associated with lower SRH. Strategies for the early detection of impaired sleep and implementation of interventions to improve sleep may improve SRH and work performance in working middle-aged adults.
Endorsement by Exam: Policy and Practice in Rural Special Education
Authors: Hollo Alexandra , Floyd Kim K. , Brigandi Carla B.
Published: April 2019

National- and state-level education policies are evolving to address teacher shortages that are pervasive across the United States and are particularly problematic in rural special education. In this article, we describe a policy we call “endorsement by exam” in which teachers certified in one subject area can become certified in other areas by passing a content knowledge test. Although such add-on endorsements are not uncommon in some content areas (e.g., chemistry teachers adding certification in biology), some states have extended this practice to include special education certification. The purpose of this article is to explore what state agencies have adopted endorsement by exam for special education. Despite difficulties in obtaining reliable information, we determined approximately eight states have adopted some form of this policy. We discuss results in terms of rurality and conclude by explaining our position that endorsement by exam is a potentially harmful quick fix that may in fact exacerbate teacher shortages in the long term and thus is ill advised.
Vitamin K antagonism impairs the bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoiesis
Authors: Verma Divij , Kumar Rahul , Pereira Raquel S. , Karantanou Christina , Zanetti Costanza , Minciacchi Valentina R. , Fulzele Keertik , Kunz Kathrin , Hoelper Soraya , Zia-Chahabi Sara , Jabagi Marie-Joëlle , Emmerich Joseph , Dray-Spira Rosemary , Kuhlee Franziska , Hackmann Karl , Schroeck Evelin , Wenzel Philip , Müller Stefan , Filmann Natalie , Fontenay Michaela , Pajevic Paola Divieti , Krause Daniela S.
Published: April 2019

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been used in 1% of the world’s population for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolic events for 64 years. Impairment of osteoblast function and osteoporosis has been described in patients receiving VKAs. Given the involvement of cells of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM), such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and macrophages, as well as other factors such as the extracellular matrix for the maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we investigated a possible effect of VKAs on hematopoiesis via the BMM. Using various transplantation and in vitro assays, we show here that VKAs alter parameters of bone physiology and reduce functional HSCs 8-fold. We implicate impairment of the functional, secreted, vitamin K-dependent, γ-carboxylated form of periostin by macrophages and, to a lesser extent, MSCs of the BMM and integrin β3-AKT signaling in HSCs as at least partly causative of this effect, with VKAs not being directly toxic to HSCs. In patients, VKA use associates with modestly reduced leukocyte and monocyte counts, albeit within the normal reference range. VKAs decrease human HSC engraftment in immunosuppressed mice. Following published examples that alteration of the BMM can lead to hematological malignancies in mice, we describe, without providing a causal link, that the odds of VKA use are higher in patients with vs without a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). These results demonstrate that VKA treatment impairs HSC function via impairment of the BMM and the periostin/integrin β3 axis, possibly associating with increased MDS risk.
Simulating Time-Dependent Patterns of Nonadherence by Patients With Breast Cancer to Adjuvant Oral Endocrine Therapy
Authors: Shinn Eileen H. , Broderick Gordon , Fellman Bryan , Johnson Ainslee , Wieland Elizabeth , Moulder Stacy , Symmans William Fraser
Published: April 2019

PURPOSE

Nearly 40% of patients with breast cancer discontinue their adjuvant oral endocrine treatment (ET). We measured discontinuation rates of ET at a comprehensive cancer center. We then used an iterative approach to model patterns of determinants associated with discontinuation of ET.

METHODS

Patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer receiving active adjuvant ET were approached by nurse practitioners to complete an anonymous survey at one time point. We simulated a prospective model by iteratively regressing adverse effects onto adherence status across windowed time periods of 2 to 3 consecutive years, bootstrapping the smaller group of nonadherent patients and subsampling the larger adherent group.

RESULTS

From February to April 2013, 216 participants were enrolled in the study. Forty patients (18.5%) reported that they had discontinued ET during the first 5 years of ET, and an additional four patients (1.9%) missed > 20% of their doses. Using two-sided significance tests, simulations showed that all 13 ET adverse effects and reasons for discontinuation were significantly related to discontinuation at some time point during ET. Worry about ET cost (odds ratio [OR], 1.79), emotional distress (OR, 1.72), and bone and joint pain (OR, 1.69) were the three most impactful reasons for discontinuation, with varying patterns of influence over time.

CONCLUSION

These analyses provide preliminary evidence that there are varying patterns of discontinuation of ET. Although some reasons for discontinuation exerted a steady influence over the 6-year ET trajectory (ie, bone and joint pain), other reasons, such as cost, cognitive complaints, and general dislike of pills, became more important in the later years of ET.
Blockchain, consensus, and cryptography in electronic voting
Authors: Grontas Panagiotis , Pagourtzis Aris
Published: April 2019

Motivated by the recent trends to conduct electronic elections using blockchain technologies, we review the vast literature on cryptographic voting and assess the status of the field. We analyze the security requirements for voting systems and describe the major ideas behind the most influential cryptographic protocols for electronic voting. We focus on the great importance of consensus in the elimination of trusted third parties. Finally, we examine whether recent blockchain innovations can satisfy the strict requirements set for the security of electronic voting.
Perfect Sampling of Generalized Jackson Networks
Authors: Blanchet Jose , Chen Xinyun
Published: April 2019

We provide the first perfect sampling algorithm for a generalized Jackson network of first-in, first-out queues under arbitrary topology and non-Markovian assumptions on the input of the network. We assume (in addition to stability) that the interarrival and service times of customers have a finite moment-generating function in a neighborhood of the origin, and the interarrival times have unbounded support.
Linear Convergence of Projection Algorithms
Authors: Dao Minh N. , Phan Hung M.
Published: April 2019

Projection algorithms are well known for their simplicity and flexibility in solving feasibility problems. They are particularly important in practice owing to minimal requirements for software implementation and maintenance. In this work, we study linear convergence of several projection algorithms for systems of finitely many closed sets. The results complement contemporary research on the same topic.
Learning by Seconding: Evidence from National Science Foundation Rotators
Authors: Kolympiris Christos , Hoenen Sebastian , Klein Peter G.
Published: April 2019

We study knowledge flows between organizations through secondments, short-term employee assignments at an organization different from the home institution. Secondments allow the sending organization to capture knowledge and network resources from the receiving organization without an organization-level contract, alliance, or colocation, a process we term learning by seconding. We focus on the National Science Foundation (NSF) rotation program, under which the NSF employs academics, called rotators, on loan from their university, to lead peer reviews. We ask how rotators affect the behavior of their academic colleagues after returning from a secondment. Using difference in differences estimations, we show that rotators’ colleagues raise considerably more research funds than similar scientists who do not have a rotator colleague. Additional quantitative and qualitative evidence implies that the treatment effect occurs via knowledge transfer, as rotators help generate ideas, frame proposals, and explain processes, rather than rent-seeking on the part of the rotator. Overall, the results suggest that strong ties and shared social identity play an important role in organizational knowledge acquisition.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1245 .
The implications of health policy for nursing
Authors: Annesley Sarah H
Published: April 2019

Nursing needs policy, it provides the context to nurses' practice, roles, and knowledge and frames patients' day-to-day lives. This article defines what is meant by policy and what influences its development. With the use of health policy examples, the implications for nursing are explained and ideas on how policy is implemented in practice set out. As health is a devolved issue policy comparisons are made between the four regions of the UK. Finally, the implications of current policy change on nursing roles and skill mix shows how future developments in the nursing profession are being directed.
Emergency nurses' perceptions of their roles and practices during epidemics: a qualitative study
Authors: Lam Stanley KK , Kwong Enid WY , Hung Maria SY , Pang Samantha MC , Chien Wai Tong
Published: April 2019

Background:

although emergency nurses have a pivotal role in the public health response to epidemics, little is known about their responsibilities and practice in terms of epidemic management.

Aims:

this study aimed to explore how emergency nurses understand and perform their professional roles and practice during epidemics.

Methods:

a qualitative descriptive study design was used. Data were collected from 24 participants through semistructured interviews and subjected to thematic analysis.

Findings:

the analysis yielded two overarching themes: expansion in the practice of emergency care; and the altered role of emergency nurses.

Conclusion:

emergency nurses perceive their practice during the management of an epidemic expanded in that they shouldered a greater responsibility in the control of infectious diseases. This expansion led to role ambiguity among them.
Reviewing and responding to patient safety incidents in the NHS
Authors: Tingle John
Published: April 2019

John Tingle discusses several recent reports on patient safety incidents in the NHS and the urgent need for action to deal with the problems identified
Mangaba Residue (Hancorniaspeciosa GOMES) Potentially used for Producing Antioxidants and Lignocellulosic Enzymes
Authors: Cristiane De Medeiros Bezerra Jácome Millena , Maria Martins Jácome João , Eduardo De Araújo Padilha Carlos , Ricardo Do Nascimento Arrais Murilo , Canindé De Sousa Júnior Francisco , Gambini Pereira Camila , Silvino Dos Santos Everaldo
Published: April 2019

This study investigates the mangaba residue (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) and used as a substrate for the production of enzymes by semi-solid fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger. The physical-chemical and bioactive attributes of mangaba bagasse and its extracts were addressed. Polyphenols concentrations of 564.1 ± 0.047 mg of gallic acid / g of oil and Total Antioxidant Activity - TCA of 95.46 ± 1.58 mg ascorbic acid / g ethanolic extract were found. In addition to the higher enzymatic production of lipase (50.11 ± 0.02 U / g) and pectinase (0.45 ± 0.01 U / g) through SSF. In general, in comparison with other similar residues and other works the results presented by the mangaba residue are relevant because it is an inexpensive raw material with potential added value to be exploited for the production of enzymes by fermentation in solid substrate using A Niger and extraction of antioxidant compounds.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Castor (Ricinuscommunis L.) using Microsatellite Markers
Authors: A. Chaudhary Bharat , P. Patel Manubhai , T. Dharajiya Darshan , K. Tiwari Kapil
Published: April 2019

Due to expanded usage and a primary raw material for various industrial applications and biofuel production, variability is necessity to develop high yielding castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes. Therefore, it is essential to document the germplasm of this important crop to increase its production. With this view, a study was conducted with 15 diverse castor genotypes to evaluate diversity using 14 microsatellite/simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. In SSR analysis, 14 primers generated a total of 31 amplicons with mean number of 2.21 polymorphic amplicons per primer. The range of molecular weight of these amplicond/bands was from 120 to 300 bp. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.231 (SSR-8) to 0.684 (SSR-10) with an average of 0.413. The primers SSR-7 and SSR-10 possess higher PIC value above 0.6. The highest genetic similarity was noticed between the genotypes, GEETA and 48-1 whereas; least genetic similarity was reported between the genotypes namely, JI-96 and SH-72. Clustering pattern of dendrogram generated by pooled SSR data showed two main clusters. The cluster A was the largest with eight genotypes and cluster B contained seven genotypes. Accessions, JI-96 and SH-72 were identified as highly diverse based on molecular studies and can be exploited to develop biparental mapping populations as well as in castor improvement program to wider the genetic background of various castor genotypes.
Proteomic Analysis of GA3-Induced Berry Elongation in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivar Thompson Seedless
Authors: Maske-Ghule Smita , Upadhyay Anuradha , Jogaiah Satisha
Published: April 2019

GA3 is a commonly used plant growth hormone for berry elongation in grapes. However, the basic molecular mechanism behind GA3 mediated berry-sizing is unclear. In current study, bunches of Thompson Seedless (Vitis vinifera L.) were sprayed with 25 ppm GA3 at 3-4 mm berry stage and berry samples were harvested at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h after application. Among the detected 1935 proteins, 129 proteins were successfully identified with significant abundance at least one application time point. These proteins were assigned to carbohydrate metabolism, primary amino acid metabolism, photosynthesis related proteins, citric acid cycle, phenylpropanoid, and defense related pathways. Consequently, current study offers the identification of GA3 responsive proteins at berry stage and assesses the time course of proteome modulation during berry elongation by using proteomic approach.
Effect of Carbon Source on Biomass and Flavonoid Content of Gynuraprocumbens (Lour.) Merr Adventitious Root in Liquid Culture
Authors: Muthoharoh Layin , Faizah Hanik , Hartatie Hardjo Popy , Novi Kristanti Alfinda , Sri Wulan Manuhara Yosephine
Published: April 2019

Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr is a medicinal plant that has been widely used as an ingredient of herbal medicine. G. procumbens is known to contains secondary metabolite compounds namely flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of carbon sources on biomass and flavonoid content of G. procumbens adventitious root culture grown in agitated liquid medium. Adventitious roots were induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 8 g/Lagar. G. procumbens adventitious root cultures were performed in MS liquid medium containing different carbon source of 3% sucrose, 5% sucrose, 3% glucose and 4% fructose, and supplemented with5 mg/L IBA. Two grams of adventitious roots as the initial inoculum were cultured in1000 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 250 mL MS medium and agitated at 70 rpm in dark conditions for 28 days.The results showed that medium with the addition of 5% sucrose produced the highest fresh weight (10.23 ± 0.86 g) followed by 3% sucrose (8.39 ± 0.60 g), while the addition of 3% glucose (3.35 ± 0.11 g) and 4% fructose (3.68 ± 1.13 g) produced adventitious root biomass lower compared to the addition of sucrose.The production of G. procumbens adventitious roots biomass increased 5-fold of the initial inoculum. The highest flavonoid content was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 3% glucose with the content of kaempferol and quercetin reached 25.44g/L per 1gdry weight and 7.08 g/L per gdry weight, respectively.
Molecular Identification, Extracellular Enzyme Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Solanum tuberosum L. in Egypt
Authors: Yasser M.M. , Mousa A.S.M. , Marzouk Marym A. , Tagyan A.I.
Published: April 2019

Solanum tuberosum L. possesses economic properties and can host endophytic mycoflora. A total of 19 endophytic fungi were identified via morphological and molecular methods. Among them, Trichoderma harzianum was the core-group fungus with a relative frequency of 36.7%. In the preliminary antimicrobial assay, all the test pathogens were inhibited by Alternaria tenuissima, Penicillium pinophilum and Penicillium rubens with a maximum inhibition zone of 26 mm and a minimum zone of 11 mm using agar-plug method. All the isolated endophytic fungi produced amylase, while cellulase and tyrosinase were recorded for most of the isolated species, whereas laccase and protease and manganese peroxidase were shown by a few taxa. None of the isolated fungi produced chitinase. This study revealed the biodiversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Solanum tuberosum that could be a promising source of bioactive compounds applied in many industries.
‘The great unhappiness of another’: Writers and readers in three stories by Alice Munro
Authors: Bernstein Stephen
Published: April 2019

Three Alice Munro stories – ‘Material’, ‘Family Furnishings’ and ‘Fiction’ – feature readers who react to fiction based on material from their own lives. ‘Fiction’ is alone in this group as the story in which the reader is pleased, rather than otherwise, with the story she reads. This different reaction is traced to important aspects of the reader’s characterization. Only in ‘Fiction’ is the reader unrelated to the internal story’s author and not also a writer herself. These traits make her a reader who consistently revises her ideas about the story she reads, as well as one who can be said to resolve a persistent conflict in this small set of stories.
Molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of chicken origin from East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Hayati Meutia , Indrawati Agustin , Mayasari Ni Luh Putu Ika , Istiyaningsih Istiyaningsih , Atikah Neneng
Published: April 2019

Background and Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the respiratory disease agents in human and chicken. This bacterium is treated by antibiotic, but this treatment may trigger antibiotic resistance. Resistance gene in K. pneumoniae may be transferred to other bacteria. One of the known resistance genes is extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). This research aimed to study K. pneumoniae isolated from chicken farms in East Java, Indonesia, by observing the antibiotic resistance pattern and detect the presence of ESBL coding gene within the isolates.

Materials and Methods: A total of 11 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 141 chicken cloacal swabs from two regencies in East Java. All isolates were identified using the polymerase chain reaction method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar dilution method on identified isolates, which then processed for molecular characterization to detect ESBL coding gene within the K. pneumoniae isolates found.

Results: The result of antibiotic sensitivity test in 11 isolates showed highest antibiotic resistance level toward ampicillin, amoxicillin, and oxytetracycline (100%, 100%, and 90.9%) and still sensitive to gentamicin. Resistance against colistin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin is varied by 90.9%, 54.5%, 27.3%, and 18.2%, respectively. All isolates of K. pneumoniae were classified as multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. Resistance gene analysis revealed the isolates harbored as blaSHV (9.1%), blaTEM (100%), and blaCTX-M (90.9%).

Conclusion: All the bacterial isolates were classified as MDR bacteria and harbored two of the transmissible ESBL genes. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria has the potential to spread its resistance properties.
Validity of the Titmus Vision Screener: A Comparison with the Snellen Chart
Authors: Kumar Navasuja , Kumar Navasuja , Karvonen-Gutierrez Carrie , Musch David C. , Musch David C. , Harlow Sioban , Burnett Diana , Valenzuela Claudia , Woodward Maria A. , Shtein Roni , Niziol Leslie M. , Moroi Sayoko E.
Published: April 2019

Given limited knowledge regarding validity of the Titmus vision screener, we sought to compare visual acuity measurements obtained from the Titmus with that from the Snellen chart and assess the validity properties of the Titmus as a screening instrument to detect vision impairment. Visual acuity was measured in 150 participants recruited from an academic ophthalmology practice, using the Snellen chart as well as the Titmus vision screener. Visual acuities from the Titmus and Snellen were compared and validity of the Titmus vision screener was assessed by computing sensitivity and specificity. Using Snellen visual acuity as the reference standard, the sensitivity of the Titmus vision screener to detect vision impairment, defined as visual acuity worse than 20/40, was 92% (95% CI (72.5, 98.6)) and the specificity was 64% (95% CI (57.9, 70.1)). Comparisons of the precise visual acuity level revealed poor agreement between the two methods (weighted Kappa: 0.15, 95% CI (0.08, 0.21)). Visual acuities obtained from the Titmus were, on average, two lines worse than Snellen visual acuities. ((logMAR Snellen – logMAR Titmus) = - 0.19 ± 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-0.23, -0.16)). Titmus vision screener is a sensitive tool to detect visual impairment. However high false positive results and poor agreement with Snellen limits its widespread use in clinical applications.
Technical Considerations in the Use of the E-Value
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Ding Peng , Mathur Maya
Published: April 2019

The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association on the risk ratio scale that an unmeasured confounder would have to have with both the exposure and the outcome, conditional on the measured covariates, to explain away the observed exposure-outcome association. We have elsewhere proposed that the reporting of E-values for estimates and for the limit of the confidence interval closest to the null become routine whenever causal effects are of interest. A number of questions have arisen about the use of E-value including questions concerning the interpretation of the relevant confounding association parameters, the nature of the transformation from the risk ratio scale to the E-value scale, inference for and using E-values, and the relation to Rosenbaum’s notion of design sensitivity. Here we bring these various questions together and provide responses that we hope will assist in the interpretation of E-values and will further encourage their use.
Clinical influence of maternal serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in the development of pre-eclampsia
Authors: Zhao Hongyan , Zeng Xu
Published: April 2019

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between maternal serum homocysteine (Hcy), folate, vitamin B12 (VitB12) and the development of pre-eclampsia (PE).

Methods: Seventy-eight normal pregnant women (without hypertension and proteinuria during their pregnancy (control group)), 66 cases of gestational hypertension (GH group) and 82 cases of pre-eclampsia (PE group, with 56 cases of mild disease and 26 cases of severe disease) were include in this study. The maternal serum Hcy, folate and VitB12 level of the included cases were examined between 11 to 13 weeks gestation and compared between each group.

Results: The serum levels of VitB12 were significantly different between the control, GH and PE groups (p<0.05). The serum levels of Hcy in the PE group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). However, the serum levels of folate in the PE group were significantly lower than those of control group (p<0.05). Significant statistical differences in the maternal serum Hcy and folate were found between mild and severe PE patient groups (p<0.05). A significant correlation was found between maternal serum Hcy and VitB12 (r=-0.34, p=0.001).

Conclusion: Hcy, folate and VitB12 may play an important role in the development of PE and could be potential serological biomarkers for early PE diagnosis.