bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micromechanics Analysis of Space Simulated Thermal Stresses in Composites. Part I: Theory and Unidirectional Laminates
Authors: Bowles David E. , Griffin O.H.
Published: March 2007

A micromechanics approach was utilized to investigate the thermally in duced stress fields developed in the fiber and matrix of continuous fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites at cold temperatures typical of spacecraft operating tempera tures. Results from a finite element stress analysis of a periodic array of fibers were com pared to the closed-form solution of the composite cylinder model for several fiber/matrix materials. The influence of microstructural geometry, constituent properties, and fiber volume fraction were investigated. The results of this investigation showed that the as sumed microstructural geometry of the composite (i.e., composite cylinder, square or hex agonal array) did affect the distributions and magmtudes of thermally induced stresses. The matrix stresses were shown not to be strong functions of the fiber properties. Matrix stresses increased in absolute value with increasing fiber volume fraction, Vf. A global/ local analysis was used to approximate the stresses in localized regions of high Vf, con strained by a lower global Vf.
A Constitutive Theory of Matrix Cracking and Interply Delamination in Orthotropic Laminated Composites
Authors: Lu T.J. , Chow C.L.
Published: March 2007

The response behavior of an orthotropic laminated composite weakened by matrix cracking and delamination under mechanical loading is modeled herein by a com prehensive theory within the general framework of damage mechanics. The two different damage modes of matrix cracking and interply delamination are represented by two sym metric second rank tensors. Their influence on constitutive relations of the damaged com posite is obtained via the basic principles of continuum mechanics and the theory of in- variants. As the two damage tensors are independent of loading history and hence may be taken as internal variables, the equations governing their evolution are subsequently derived based on the concepts of damage dissipative potential and damage surface in the space of generalized thermodynamic forces. The identification of unknown material pa rameters through simple tests is discussed. Comparison between the present analytical prediction and the experimental measurement from others is also given.
Diffusion Coefficients of Polymeric Composites Subjected to Periodic Hygrothermal Exposure
Authors: Aditya P.K. , Sinha P.K.
Published: March 2007

Diffusion coefficient is an important hygrothermal parameter used for theoretical estimation of moisture content in a body when exposed to a hygrothermal envi ronment. The diffusion of moisture in a body involves a long time, continuous exposure in a climatic chamber. This may pose some practical difficulties, whereas a periodic expo sure may be a feasible proposition. The present investigation is, therefore, aimed at deter mining diffusion coefficients for the continuous hygrothermal exposure from the data gen erated for the periodic exposure. The test results obtained from various types of glass-epoxy, glass-polyester, Kevlar-epoxy, and different combinations of Kevlar/carbon epoxy composites are found to agree with available data, and the variation of diffusivity shows the desirable trend.
The Effects of Processing on Interply Bond Strength of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Li Min-Chung , Loos Alfred C.
Published: March 2007

The double cantilevered beam (DCB) Mode I fracture toughness test was selected to characterize the interply (autohesive) bonding of the prepreg plies during ther moplastic composite consolidation. AS4 graphite fiber/P1700 polysulfone amorphous thermoplastic prepreg was selected for study. The fractured AS4/P1700 DCB specimens were healed in a special fixture under different combinations of temperature, pressure, and time. The healed DCB specimens were refractured and the critical strain energy release rates ( GIC) were measured. Pressure was found to be a key factor governing the healing process. Temperature and time dependencies of the interply bond development were also observed.
Experimental Studies for Optimizing Screw and Die Design When Compounding Fiberglass Strand on the Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruder
Authors: Grillo J. , Andersen P. , Papazoglou E.
Published: March 2007

Compounding fiberglass strand on a co-rotating twin screw extruder re quires a balance in process (screw and die) design. Certain physical mechanical proper ties, such as notched Izod, mirror preserved glass length while flexural properties are a function of preserved glass length as well as fiber-matrix adhesion. Reduction in glass attrition requires a very mild screw configuration and minimal average shear rate in the extruder and die, while good adhesion is promoted by complete glass wetting requiring an effective mixing screw and die restriction. This article will present the results of a designed experiment and the application of computer-aided modelling techniques in defin ing an optimum twin screw process configuration for fiberglass compounding.
Study on the Pre-Heated Temperatures and Injection Pressures of the RTM Process
Authors: Young Wen-Bin , Tseng Chaw-Wu
Published: March 2007

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of manufactur ing variables (injection pressure, pre-heated temperature and vacuum assistance) on resin transfer molding (RTM). Specimens were made of 40 plies of TGFC-7628 cloth fiberglass mats or 12 plies of TGFW-600 woven roving fiberglass mats under different process condi tions. The fiber volume contents of the specimens were 50.3 % or 45% in the experiments. The flexural strengths of all the finished products tested by the method of three point bend ing were compared to each other to understand the influences of each process variable on the RTM products. Both the pre-heated temperatures and the injection pressure were found to affect the quality of the RTM product.
The Effects of an Aging Population on Immigration Policy
Authors: Serow William J.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the relative changes in the supply of and demand for labor that will occur in all developed nations as a consequence of the aging those populations will undergo over the next several generations. The demand for labor will greatly outstrip supply due largely to demographic aging and its economic consequences. Even allowing for the possibility of increases in labor force participation among older persons, other means will have to be found to achieve greater demand/supply balance in the labor market. The author suggests increased immigration as a possible solution and examines the consequences of a hypothetical increase in immigration. For purposes of il lustration, data from the United States are employed throughout the paper.
Explaining Changes in Labor Force Participation Rates of Aged Men
Authors: Kart Cary S.
Published: March 2007

Considerable disagreement exists about those factors that have contributed to the decline in the labor force participation of the elderly during this century. This paper reviews five explanations for this decline: changes in health status, changes in retirement policies, changes in population age structure, changes in the composition of the labor force, and age discrimination in employment. The author concludes that to select or reject retirement policies without a full understanding of the factors that have led to the current level of labor force participation among the elderly would be unwise.
Age Cohort Differences in Opinions About Social Security
Authors: Roff Lucinda Lee , Klemmack David L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines age cohort differences in opinions about social security using data gathered from a probability sample of 1,030 (57.7% response rate) adult Alabamians. Respondents in each of three age categories—under 45, 45-59, and 60 or older—generally resist changing current entitlements, although those in the oldest cohort are somewhat stronger supporters of maintaining current benefits than are those in the other cohorts. Those who are younger, on the other hand, are less satisfied than those who are older with the current system as compared with private pensions. Consequently, those in the younger cohort would have future retirees less dependent on social security than would those in the older cohorts.
Risk Factors for Hospital Admission in Elderly Public Housing Tenants
Authors: Weinberger Morris , Darnell Jeffrey C. , Tierney William M. , Martz B.L. , Hiner Sharon L. , Barker Jennefer , Neill Peg
Published: March 2007

To identify potential risk factors for hospital admission, we interviewed elderly (range: 62-94; mean = 74.6 years) public housing tenants using a broad-based assessment instrument. Persons reporting more depressive symptoms, worse physical health, and decreased ability to perform physical self-maintenance activities were hospitalized nearly twice as frequently in the one year subsequent to the baseline interview. We conclude that traditional health status measures are better predictors of hospital admissions than social factors. By identifying high-risk patients, health care professionals may be able to intervene in the outpatient setting to reduce patients' use of expensive inpatient care.
Correlates and Components of Subjective Well-Being Among the Elderly
Authors: Okun Morris A. , Stock William A.
Published: March 2007

Interest in the subjective well-being of the elderly was kindled by social gerontologists'efforts to test theories of successful aging and to improve the quality of life of older people. Although a large body of studies have been amassed, critics have commented that this literature is contradictory and noncumulative. We review research on correlates and components of subjective well-being among the elderly. Drawing on quantitative and narrative reviews, we find that associations between indicators of subjective well-being and variables often correlated with them are generally weak. Our synthesis offactor analytic investigations among the elderly reveals that scales have more than one factor, and positive affect, negative affect, and cognition are components of subjective well-being. Implications are noted for understanding the relation between the objective environment and subjective well-being, program evaluation, and enhancing subjective well-being.
Policy Implications of the Impact of Continuing Mortality Declines on Support Systems for the Elderly in the United States
Authors: Carter Jack
Published: March 2007

The continuing aging of the total and elderly populations in the United States has important public policy implications. The most accurate population projections available must be used in order to plan effectively for the future needs of the elderly. In the past, the "official "population projections used for planning purposes have repeatedly underestimated the size and aging of the elderly population, largely because of their failure to anticipate the continuation or acceleration of mortality declines. This article points out the significant differences in the age, sex, and race structure offuture U. S. elderly populations depicted under the Series 14, "middle mortality, "and the Series 05, "low mortality, "projections. The implications are discussed, including the consideration of factors that may make planning pitfalls worse than expected by the most concerned experts, and those that may positively mitigate the effects of larger and older elderly populations in the future.
Assuring Quality of Care: Nursing Home Resident Councils
Authors: Meyer Madonna Harrington
Published: March 2007

Increasing concern over the quality of care in nursing homes has prompted the National Institute of Medicine to recommend that residents have regular input into nursing home administration, primarily through the development of resident councils. Yet little is known of the effectiveness of resident councils. The literature is divided in its assessment of the potential of the institution alized to represent themselves. Rather than suggesting either that resident councils are impotent or that they are a cure-all, these data, which examine the activities and effectiveness of existing resident councils, suggest that resident councils are successful in accomplishing some but not all of their objectives, that their success is maximized when professional organizers are available to help residents overcome the many barriers they face, and that there are many institutional factors that resident councils are seldom in any position to control.
Facilitating Federally Subsidized Housing Managerial Role Expansion: Beyond "Bricks and Mortar" to Lifespace Intervention With Vulnerable Older Tenants
Authors: Brice Gary C. , Gorey Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

A mail survey of 95 upstate New York subsidized housing managers examined the issue of managerial role expansion. Data were collected pertinent to the proportion of their time that housing managers spend working with older tenants on support-service-related activities, and the organizational and managerial factors associated with such involvement. Major findings were the following: (a) managers spend a mean of 24.3% of their time on tenant-related tasks, specifically 9.5% on facilitating support service (health care and social services) use by vulnerable older tenants; (b) involvement in this specific service linkage task varied greatly across managers, ranging from 0% to 40.0% of their time; and (c) three predictors entered stepwise multiple linear regression-two organizational (having a written care management policy and a functioning tenant council) and one managerial (having received some service linkage training), together accounting for 40.4% (R2 = .404) of the variability in manager service linkage involvement (19.1, 13.4 and 7.9%, respectively). Implications for policy devel opment to facilitate subsidized housing managerial role expansion are discussed.
Residential Attitudes and Knowledge, Use, and Future Use of Home Support Agencies
Authors: Wister Andrew V.
Published: March 2007

Critical review of the health and social service use literature reveals a need to elaborate on the dynamics of factors identified in the behavioral models applied to this field. In particular, research has tended to omit direct measures of attitudes and awareness of social services, including their interrelationships. This study examines determinants of knowledge, use, and future use of local home support agencies among a sample of community-dwelling elderly over the age of 74 living in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario. Measures of domestic self-reliance, independent living and perceptions of futurity are incorporated into the analysis. Logistic regression is used to test the models. The results show that attitudes regarding domestic self-reliance and independent living influence use of home support agencies largely through their impact on service awareness. Interestingly, these relationships are opposite to those hypothesized. Education is also found to be a predictor of knowledge of home support, and living arrangement, health status measures, and knowledge arise as important predictors of use and future use. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the underlying behavioral models, and for service providers and policymakers.
Should the Government Pay? Caregiver Views of Government Responsibility and Feelings of Stigma About Financial Support
Authors: Adamek Margaret E.
Published: March 2007

Financial support strategies to assist informal caregivers of the elderly have been implemented and/or experimented with in several states. Little is known about how receptive caregiving families are to receiving financial support from the government to assist with in-home care, particularly whether they feel stigmatized. Few existing programs have assessed caregivers' views. In examining caregivers' reactions to receiving means-tested financial assistance, it is important to assess whether they consider support of the disabled a government responsibility as well as a possible stigma. Caregivers (N = 155) of disabled veterans aged 65 and older who receive Veterans' Administration disability allowances (Aid and Attendance) were surveyed. Results indicate that caregivers feel the government is primarily responsible for supporting the long-term disabled who are cared for at home. For the most part, these caregivers did not feel stigmatized or uncomfortable receiving means-tested government assistance to support in-home care. An important implication of this study is that financial support can be a workable component of an integrated service delivery system to support informal caregiving.
A Comparison of the Impact of Institutionalization on Spouse and Nonspouse Caregivers
Authors: Novak Mark , Guest Carol
Published: March 2007

We report on a study of 106 spouse and nonspouse primary caregivers of cognitively impaired older people. Half of these caregivers cared for someone in a community setting, half cared for someone in an institution (a nursing home or hospital). The study used the multidimensional Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) to measure the burden that these caregivers felt. A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance found an effect of the interaction of relationship and living arrangement on two CBI subscales: Time Dependence Burden and Developmental Burden. Spouses showed a significantly greater difference in Time Dependence Burden scores than did nonspouses in both living arrangement groups, and nonspouses showed a significantly greater difference in Developmental Burden than did spouses in both groups. We conclude with a discussion of how programs can help different types of caregivers cope with feelings of burden.
Caring for Institutionalized Elders: Stress Among Nursing Assistants
Authors: Chappell Neena L. , Novak Mark
Published: March 2007

The relationship between patient characteristics (dementia, other mental impairment, and a variety of difficult behaviors) and physical health among nursing assistants working in long-term care facilities is examined. Several sociodemographic characteristics of the worker, characteristics of the work environment, and social support were included as control variables. The number of residents cared for with Alzheimer's disease and with other mental impairment is empirically unrelated to any type of problem behavior. Both having more residents with gross mental impairment and having more residents exhibiting uncooperative behavior are related to several measures of physical health stress. Other problem behaviors related to specific indicators of physical health are identified. Few other factors emerge as significant predictors.
Overcoming Elders' Misconceptions About Accurate Written Medical Information
Authors: Okun Morris A. , Rice G. Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated long-term memory for true written information about osteoarthritis that disconfirms the reader's erroneous prior beliefs. Independent variables included informa tion type (text affirms the reader's correct belief or disconfirms the reader's erroneous belief), signaling (disconfirming information either signaled or not signaled in the text), and belief repetition (target beliefs either assessed or not assessed immediately after reading the passages). The relation between the reader's attitudinal fiexibility and long-term memory was also exam ined. Participants were 85 adults (65-80 years old) who self-reported having osteoarthritis for at least 2 years. The authors found (a) disconfirming information was less accurately recognized and recalled than affirming information, (b) repetition ofbeliefs enhanced accurate recognition of disconfirming information and interacted with signaling to increase revision of misconcep tions, and (c) attitudinal flexibility was significantly (p < .05) correlated with both accurate recognition of disconfirming information (r = .32) and revision of misconceptions (r = .26).
Perceptions of Community-Based Services Among African American and White Elders
Authors: Schoenberg Nancy E. , Coward Raymond T. , Dougherty Molly C.
Published: March 2007

Currently, researchers have an incomplete understanding of the factors and processes that influence the use of community-based services, particularly among groups known to be at high risk of poor health outcomes and in greater need of assistance, such as African Americans. Although service use involves attitudinal variables, researchers have often overlooked such factors. In this study, the authors conducted 12 focus groups to examine the perceptions of older African Americans and Whites toward community-based services. African Americans were more likely than their White counterparts to assess services positively, particularly senior citizen centers. Whites expressed less enthusiasm toward community-based services, citing a lack of comfort with services that they feel are used predominantly by African Americans, an insistence on self-reliance, and an appreciation for the availability of such services but a reluctance to use them.
Acceptability Ratings of Psychotherapeutic Treatments for Elderly Individuals
Authors: Sinnott Jan D. , Burgio Louis D. , Lakein Debora , Pappas Kate , DeLeonardo Lisa , Spencer Frances M.
Published: March 2007

Adults age 60 and older were presented with written scenarios depicting a 75-year-old woman with a behavioral problem The client in the case varied by cognitive capacity (impaired or intact), behavior problem (physical aggression, verbal disruption, or noncompliance), and living situation (nursing home or family home) Participants rated six types of psychotherapy treat ments with Kazdin's Treatment Evaluation Inventory: person-centered therapy, strategic family therapy, transactional analysis, play reading, group therapy, and purposeful activity. All treat ments were considered acceptable by these older respondents; however, person-centered therapy was rated the most acceptable. These treatments were also rated as slightly more acceptable for cognitively intact case clients than for impaired ones. Treatment ratings varied according to the case client's living situation (i.e., nursing home or family home).
Taking Policy Action to Reduce Benzodiazepine Use and Promote Self-Care Among Seniors
Authors: Hall Nancy
Published: March 2007

This article reviews current knowledge on the risks and benefits of benzodiazepine use for seniors and addresses potential policies that could be made to reduce use and support sentors' mental health. Although seniors are only 12% to 15% of the population, they consume between 35% and 52% of all benzodiazepines prescribed in Canada and the United States. Despite significant long-term use among seniors, relatively few studies demonstrate the efficacy of more than short-term use for anxiety and insomnia. There is significant data to suggest that use is associated with increased potential for injury, cognitive and memory deficits, and a dependency syndrome. This article argues that the current controversy rests not so much in the scientific data but in the willingness of clinicians to interpret and act on that information. As internationally developed guidelines for practice suggest that benzodiazepine treatment for anxiety and insomnia may not be without risks, other first-line treatments should be developed.
The Prosecution of "Weak" Cases in England and Wales
Authors: Sanders Andrew , Cole George F.
Published: March 2007

One criticism of the prosecution system in England and Wales is that there is a high acquittal rate because weak cases are pushed to trial by the police. In a recent report the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1981) recommended creation of a prosecution system that would cover every police force and would be politically accountable to the same local authority as the chief constable. Through these changes it hoped to shift the crucial decision to prosecute away from the police. A study of the relationship of the police and their prosecuting solicitors was conducted to describe the system and to examine the influences brought to bear on the decision to prosecute. It was found that varying legal powers allow the police to press a case in court against the advice of their prosecutor. In England the police view their responsibility as continuing until conviction. Theformal structures of arrest, summons, and charge limit the opportunities ofprosecuting solicitors to examine cases early in the process, and the law rests the ultimate authority to drop cases with the chief constable. Although the recommendations of the Royal Commission will give prosecutors theformalpower to terminate prosecutions this study demonstrates the likelihood that the police will still control the earl/v stages of case assessment and that weak cases will continue to beforwardedfor trial.
Responding to Older Offenders: Age Selectivity in the Processing of Shoplifters
Authors: Cutshall Charles R. , Adams Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effect of the offender's age upon private and public responses to shoplifting offenses at a number of key decision points in the criminaljustice process. After briefly reviewing prior empirical research findings about the effect of suspect 's age upon witness and victim decisions to pursue redressive action against shoplifters, the article examines age selectivity at the prosecutorial stage in the criminal justice process. Using crosstabular analysis with simple elaboration techniques, the authors examine the decision to dismiss or prosecute charged shoplifting offenses across a trichotomous age classification. The findings demonstrate empirically that prosecutors selectively enforce legal norms against shoplifting, and that offender's age is a consideration in such decisions. Older shoplifters are found to be prosecuted less often than adults in the middle of the age distribution, but no less often than younger shoplifters. The implications ofthesefindingsfor the exercise ofprosecutorial discretion, public policy and program development, and common perceptions about the criminality of older citizens are highlighted in the conclusion.
Crime Patterns and Socioeconomic Development: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Shichor David
Published: March 2007

This study explores the relationship between the rates and patterns of crime and various socioeconomic factors in a cross-national context. Using Interpol crime data and socioeconomic statistics of 44 countries, multivariate analyses were conducted for three separate time periods. The findings indicate that larceny and murder rates relate differently to socioeconomic variables, indicating that modernization does not have a uniform effect on the various offense patterns. Across time, however, some of the relationships and predictive powers of the various socioeconomic factors concerning crime may change.
Neighborhood Attributes and Crime Prevention Activity
Authors: Austin D. Mark
Published: March 2007

This research examines the relationship between population characteristics of neighborhood residents and participation in crime prevention activities by neighborhood associations. The characteristics of neighborhood residents are assessed with census data aggregated at the neighborhood level. Results indicate that neighborhood racial composition, socioeconomic status, and an age composition variable are indicators of expenditure of funds on crime prevention activities by neighborhood associations. Racial composition exhibited the strongest relationship to the existence of a local neighborhood association having a block watch program. Neighborhood characteristics were found to have no significant relationship with association participation in general crime prevention activities. The size of the association was not significantly related to participation in crime prevention.
Communications
Authors: Ball Richard A. , Huff C. Ronald , Lilly J. Robert
Published: March 2007

A communication may take one of two forms. The first relates to correspondence about an article that has appeared in the Review. In this instance the editor will determine whether the initial correspondence from a reader is worthy of publication. In the event that it is, the author of the article in question will have an opportunity to respond to the reader's comment. Both communications will appear unedited. The second type of communication relates to book reviews. It is assumed that this type of communication will be initiated by authors of books who believe that their work has been criticized unfairly. In this instance the editor will not determine whether the communication should be published. Instead, it is our intention to allow the reviewer of the book in question to respond to the author's communication and then to permit the author of the book a final rejoinder to the reviewer's communication. All of this correspondence will be published unedited. This policy is designed to assure the essential integrity and purpose of the Review.
The Probation Field Visit and Office Report in New York State: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Authors: Lindner Charles
Published: March 2007

Home visitation and office reporting are basic to the probation supervision process. They date to the earliest years of statutory probation and are employed both in the preparation of the presentence investigation and in the supervision of offenders.

This paper presents a historical overview of the use of home visitation in the beginning years of probation. The purposes and problems of early visitation are contrasted with practices of today. Similarities and contrasts in visitation practices are explored.

The changing nature of today's probation, including felony probation, probationer classification systems, and the impact of a drug epidemic, has given rise to a new set of concerns relating to home visitation in urban areas. Unless resolved, these issues may signal an end to routine home visits by probation officers.
Correctional Case Law: 1993
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

For more than a decade, the spring issue of the Criminal Justice Review has offered brief summaries of federal court decisions addressing prison, jail, and related corrections and detention issues. The cases summarized in the present issue span the period from autumn 1992 to autumn 1993. The last reporter sources consulted for this survey were 7 F.3d 242 for court of appeals decisions and 832 F.Supp. 1571 for federal district court cases. Recent criminal justice decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, including those in the corrections category, are summarized in each autumn issue of the Review.

The goal of this feature has been the same since its inception: to call to the reader's attention those recent cases that would be most likely to merit further study and in-depth analysis in a rapidly evolving area of the law. The cases included in the present survey represent approximately one fourth of those reported in the Federal Reporter and Federal Supplement for the period and topic under review. Thousands of other federal cases that arose during the 12 months under consideration filed by federal, state, and local inmates (the number of filings continues its upward spiral) appeared in the reporters in a list format if at all. In general, the cases contained in the present survey may be considered to be among those that have interest and possible significance beyond that of the typical case. In most of them, the court addressed the merits of factual or legal issues or at least offered more than a cursory analysis of one or more issues that are of interest to criminal justice scholars and practitioners. To the extent that the reported cases create precedent, they are binding only in their respective geographical jurisdictions. However, because this area of the law is still in a formative stage, federal judges often look beyond their own circuits for guidance in reaching decisions. As in previous surveys, the reader is cautioned that some of the decisions summarized herein are on appeal to higher courts and are therefore not necessarily final.
An Ethnostatistical Comparison of the Forms and Levels of Woman Battering in Urban and Rural Areas of Kentucky
Authors: Websdale Neil , Johnson Byron
Published: March 2007

Sociological research informs us that urban areas are more likely than rural areas to witness the blight of violent crime. This likelihood is borne out by crime statistics that show that violent crime is much lower in rural areas. However, violence against women within families does not seem to follow this pattern. Using an ethnostatistical approach that combines ethnography and more traditional statistical methods, we report on 510 woman-to-woman interviews with urban and rural battered women and include a selection of qualitative findings. In interpreting and explaining our statistical findings, we reinvoke the ethnographic work from which the survey derived and conclude that the forms and levels of woman battering vary little between rural and urban areas. Our research therefore empirically highlights the much neglected problem of rural woman battering. We also explore the social forces and culturally nuanced meanings that appear to influence the parity in forms and levels of woman battering in rural and urban communities. In particular we focus on rural and urban forms of patriarchy and their relationship to Durkheimian notions of the rural collective conscience.
Methane Potential of Food Waste and Anaerobic Toxicity of Leachate Produced During Food Waste Decomposition
Authors: Wang Yu-Sheng , Odle William S. , Eleazer William E. , Bariaz Morton A.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradation of food waste, including its methane potential and the anaerobic toxicity of leachate associated with food waste decomposition. Biodegradation experiments were conducted in 2.2- litre reactors and were seeded with well-decomposed refuse. Despite pH neut ralization, reactors seeded with 30% old refuse failed to undergo methanogenesis. Food waste in a second set of reactors, containing 70% seed, produced 300.7 ml CH4 dry g-1. Leachate toxicity was evaluated by a modified anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA). The results of ATAs were typically consistent with the methane production behavior of the reactors. However, the toxicity observed in the ATA test could not be simulated with synthetic leachate containing high concentrations of carboxylic acids and sodium. Tests with 20, 5, 15 and 12 g 1 ' of acetate, propionate, butyrate and sodium, respectively, suggested that high concentrations of butyric acid and sodium inhibited the onset of methane production but that refuse micro-organisms could acchmatize to these concentrations within 5-10 days. The refuse ecosystem was shown to tolerate higher concentrations of undissociated carboxylic acids than previously reported for anaerobic digesters. © 1997 ISWA
Total Organic Carbon in Fly Ash from MSW Incinerators as a Potential Combustion Indicator: Setting Up of the Measurement Methodology and Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Lasagni Marina , Collina Elena , Ferri Massimo , Tettamanti Massimo , Pitea Demetrio
Published: March 2007

Good incineration plant management requires total combustion of organic materials as well as immobilization of morganic ones. Ideally, on-line monitoring of proper parameters is needed. Accordingly, a new quick methodology is proposed to measure total organic carbon (TOC) in combustion plant fly ash directly on the solid matrix. The method has proved to be reliable because the results give good reproducibility and accuracy. Moreover, the analysis requires very little time, thus satisfying the basic prerequisite for the use of this parameter as a nearly on-line indicator. The preliminary evaluation of its applicability is positive. A significant time-variability in the TOC content of fly ash collected from the first boiler hoppers is observed. The spatial distribution of TOC values and its relationship with the particle size distribution highlight a number of interesting points with respect to fly ash man agement and regulatory aspects. © 1997 ISWA
Aspergillus fumigatus in windrow composting: effect of turning frequency
Authors: Fischer Johanna Lott , Beffa Trello , Lyon Pierre-François , Aragno Michel
Published: March 2007

The influence of the windrow turning frequency on the pro liferation and dispersion of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) at a classic, open-air windrow composting site was investigated. Independent of the turning frequency, the intially high con centrations of AF (>106 cfu/gDW ) were strongly reduced already after 2 weeks of composting in the center of all exper imental windrows, as well as at the surface of those being turned frequently (daily). Surface AF counts, however, remained elevated (>10 4 cfu/gDW ) for the less frequently (weekly to monthly) turned windrows. Also, in this case, con centrations of AF dispersed in the air were higher. Tempera ture, the main factor for eliminating AF, rose faster, more homogeneously, and reached higher values in the more fre quently (daily and/or weekly) turned composts than in those turned less frequently. Significant differences were seen between daily and weekly turnings of material with high a C/N ratio (40: 1), but not for the more nutrient rich composts (C/N 30:1), where temperatures were generally higher.
Report: use of a computer program to estimate the thickness of a compacted clay liner in a landfill
Authors: Çokça Erdal
Published: March 2007

Transit time analysis is used to estimate the thickness of a compacted clay liner of a landfill. A computer program has been developed based on an existing analytical solution for one-dimensional transient solute transport in saturated porous media. The formulation includes advective and dispersive transport in the clay as well as geochemical reactions. The computer program is relatively simple and can be used for the preliminary estimation of the thickness of a compacted clay liner.
Problems in leachate treatment systems caused by incineration
Authors: Matsuto Toshihiko
Published: March 2007

A national waste management policy was set up m Japan with a target of achieving 100% incineration of combustible waste. This resulted in the establishment of more than 2000 municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators, a substantial increase in the amount of incineration residue in landfills and some serious problems in the leachate treatment system. The concentrations of chlorine and calcium are remarkably high in leachates from landfills used for the disposal of incombustible materials and incineration ash. Calcium precipitation takes place which damages the leachate treatment system. Chlorine causes corrosion and its adverse effect on crops is also a matter for concern. Observed damage, available technologies for removal and their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. Current research related to the problems associated with dioxins is also summarized.
Representative Bureaucracy: a Research Note on Demographic Representation in State Bureaucracies
Authors: Smith Russell L.
Published: March 2007

The debate over how "representative" the bureaucracy is has now gone on for some years, with recent analyses stressing the importance of "active" as opposed to "passive" representation. Passive or demographic representation, however, continues to be an important object of attention because of its functional as well as symbolic roles. This note focuses on an unexplored aspect of administrative representation — the representativeness of state bureaucracies. On the whole, the five state bureaucracies examined are representative of the population within each state, although the upper-levels of each bureaucracy, as at the federal level, are highly unrepresentative.
Political Influences on the Design of State and Local Personnel Systems
Authors: Klingner Donald E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines environmental factors and alternative objectives which influence the organization of state and local government personnel agencies. Three environmental influences are considered: laws, the power of subgroups, and the expected role of the personnel agency. The effect of these influences upon the objectives, structure and function of personnel agencies is then evaluated. Finally, some adaptive techniques are suggested for personnel agencies based upon their perception of their objectives and relevant environment.
Participative Performance Appraisal Effects Upon Job Satisfaction, Agency Climate, and Work Values: Results of a Quasi-Experimental Study in Six State Agencies
Authors: Lovrich Nicholas P. , Hopkins Ronald H. , Shaffer Paul L. , Yale Donald A.
Published: March 2007

Three matching pairs of test and control agencies were carefully selected for the assessment of a new participative performance appraisal system. The design for this pilot study evaluation was based upon the conventional pre/ post intervention measurement of effects in test and control settings. Common measures for job satisfaction, climate, and work values were collected at three points in time — before implementation, six months after implementation in the test agencies, and more than 18 months after implementation in all state agencies. Comparisons of pre/post data for both the pilot study and the statewide implementation of the participative appraisal process show improvements with respect to job satisfaction, agency climate and work values for those employees who have had experience with the new evaluation system.
Foreign Systems, Familiar Refrains: Civil Service Reform in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Huddleston Mark W.
Published: March 2007

The civil service reforms of the 1970's in the United States were closely paralleled by similar reforms in other Western nations. This article identifies five themes in civil service reform — non- discrimination, public sector labor relations, decentralization, political responsiveness, and private sector influences — and discusses how they have shaped changes in personnel systems at home and abroad. Although civil service systems still vary significantly from one country to another, common social, political, and economic pressures are forcing a marked convergence in personnel practices and institutions.
Human Relations and Organizational Change: Responding To Loss
Authors: Nalbandian John
Published: March 2007

This article asserts that organizational transitions may be eased if change is viewed from the perspective of psychological loss rather than opportunity. Regardless of the benefits of changing, if an anticipated transition challenges that part of one's identity preserved in an organization's history, changes which disregard or discount that past will be resisted This view suggests that individuals adapt to organizational changes by working with them over time Organizational strategies designed to facilitate the transition process must account for differences in degrees of both the motivation and ability of individuals to adjust to organizational change
Privacy and the Workplace
Authors: Cozzetto Don A. , Pedeliski Theodore B.
Published: March 2007

Advances in technology raise new privacy issues in the area of public personnel. This article examines the implications for public managers of technological surveillance and genetic testing in public organizations. The basic principles from statutory and case law are presented as a guide for practitioners. The article concludes with a framework for protecting the privacy rights of employees.
Continuity and Change in Public Personnel Administration
Authors: Stehr Steven D. , Jones Ted M.
Published: March 2007

What is the state of public personnel administration research as we approach the new millennium? This article utilizes data derived from a content analysis that was conducted on all research articles published in the Review of Public Personnel Administration and Public Personnel Management since their inception The purpose was to examine the key characteristics, dominant themes, and the theoretical and substantive concerns that have shaped the field of public personnel administration, and to ascertain the extent to which these indicators have changed over time Our expectations were that changes internal to the field of public personnel administration and transformations in the social and political environment of public organizations over the last 25 years would both have an impact on the type of research published in these journals These predictions were only partially validated The findings reported here suggest that
Fantasies and Realities in University-Community Partnerships
Authors: Baum Howell S.
Published: March 2007

University-community partnerships can be a realistic means of increasing resources for addressing community problems. However, expectations of partnerships are often so grand, and available resources so limited, that those who create partnerships may substitute fantasy about how partnerships will magically create abundant problem-solving resources for realistic analysis, organizing, planning, and funding. This article examines contrasts between the rhetoric and realities of the university, the community, and partnership with case material from the University of Maryland’s Urban Community Service Program partnership with a Southeast Baltimore education organization. The case highlights the importance of starting partnerships with definiteness about outcomes and resources but maintaining adaptability in process.
Teaching with Internet and Multimedia Technologies
Authors: Shapira Philip , Youtie Jan
Published: March 2007

This article discusses experiences in teaching an online seminar course on industrial modernization that combined conventional and distance learning methods with Internet-based communications and other multimedia technologies. Four versions of the seminar course have been offered, with each round using different combinations of teaching methods and technologies. The article discusses the seminar’s objectives, modes of teaching, technical design, operation, and student evaluations. The strengths, weaknesses, and requirements of online teaching are considered, and practical guidelines and insights are offered to faculty interested in developing such courses.
Examining the Claims of Environmental ADR
Authors: Andrew John S.
Published: March 2007

The literature has established many claims concerning the effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in resolving environmental conflicts, with little empirical research to support them. Using data collected from 54 recent cases in which ADR was used to resolve waste management disputes in Ontario and Massachusetts, this study employs seven criteria of success to test empirically the validity of these claims. Although by some measures ADR has been quite successful in certain types of environmental conflicts, this study shows that it is hardly a panacea for resolving waste management disputes.
Teaching Planning to City Planning Students. An Argument for the Studio / Workshop Approach
Authors: Lang Jon
Published: March 2007

The studio / workshop was largely aban doned as a pedagogical device in city planning curricula during the late 1960s It has now been reintroduced, somewhat tentatively, in number of places The fun damental reason for this seems to be the recognition that urban studies and urban planning are not synonymous Teaching the two as if they are fails to recognize that planners plan This paper is an argument for the studio / workshop as an important means for providing planning students with an educational environment in which many of the basic skills that are central to the creative act of planning can be learnt and / or tested. In designing studio / workshop courses the lessons of the past must be borne in mind Recent advances in planning theory and methods need to be incorporated into the studio experience if it is to enhance the student's understanding of the planning process At the same time, the limitations of the studio / workshop must be recognized. This paper is offered as an invitation to the establishment of a dialogue among planning educators While there is some empirical evidence to support the arguments presented here the data base on which it draws is largely an anecdotal one