bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENHANCEMENT OF FSR AND FINESSE USING ADD/DROP FILTER AND PANDA RING RESONATOR SYSTEMS
Authors: AMIRI I. S. , ALI J. , YUPAPIN P. P.
Published: February 2012

We present effect of the input central wavelength on microring resonator (MRR) performance using proposed systems. The first proposed system consists of series of microring resonator incorporated with an add/drop filter system, while the second system uses a PANDA ring resonator connected to an add/drop filter system. These two systems can be used to enhance the free spectrum range (FSR) and finesse (F) of the optical soliton pulses. The FSR and Finesse can be improved by raising the central wavelengths of the input pulse from 0.6 μm to 1.5 μm. This is obtained via the add/drop filter, which is used to increase the channel capacity of the communication networks as well. Simulation results for the first proposed system show that FSR and FWHM of 1530 pm and 50 pm can be obtained when the central wavelength of the input pulse is 1.5 μm. FSR and FWHM of 370 pm and 5 pm are simulated, when the PANDA ring resonator system is used. Therefore Finesse of the systems can be improved to 30.6 and 74 for the first and second proposed system, respectively.
ON THE CONSISTENCY OF THE HOŘAVA THEORY
Authors: BELLORÍN JORGE , RESTUCCIA ALVARO
Published: February 2012

With the goal of giving evidence for the theoretical consistency of the Hořava theory, we perform a Hamiltonian analysis on a classical model suitable for analyzing its effective dynamics at large distances. The model is the lowest-order truncation of the Hořava Theory with the detailed-balance condition. We consider the pure gravitational theory without matter sources. The model has the same potential term of general relativity, but the kinetic term is modified by the inclusion of an arbitrary coupling constant λ. Since this constant breaks the general covariance under spacetime diffeomorphisms, it is believed that arbitrary values of λ deviate the model from general relativity. We show that this model is not a deviation at all, instead it is completely equivalent to general relativity in a particular partial gauge fixing for it. In doing this, we clarify the role of a second-class constraint of the model.
PREDICTIVE RESPONSE OF NOTCHED STEEL BEAMS REPAIRED WITH CFRP STRIPS INCLUDING BOND-SLIP BEHAVIOR
Authors: KIM YAIL J. , HARRIES KENT A.
Published: February 2012

This paper presents the flexural behavior of notched steel beams repaired with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. A combined experimental and computational approaches are used to examine local plasticity near the damage and the effects of CFRP-repair. A modeling approach is proposed to take into account the bond-slip behavior of CFRP-steel interface. The experimentally validated models are further used to conduct a parametric study addressing various engineering properties of CFRP composites and adhesives. The CFRP-repair is shown to restore the strength of the damaged beam. The CFRP strip relieves the stress concentration resulting from the presence of the notch, reducing the high local plasticity. The parametric study confirms the improved effectiveness of high modulus CFRP (i.e., exceeding 150 GPa) in affecting repairs of steel members. Under static loading conditions, the stiffness of the adhesive bond line influences the local behavior of the CFRP-steel interface but has little effect on the overall member behavior.
CFRP REPAIRED WELDED THIN-WALLED CROSS-BEAM CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO IN-PLANE FATIGUE LOADING
Authors: XIAO ZHI-GANG , ZHAO XIAO-LING
Published: February 2012

Cracked cross-beam connections made of thin-walled rectangular hollow sections (RHS) are repaired with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Constant amplitude fatigue experiments are conducted on the repaired specimens. A pilot test is conducted on a T-connection of square hollow sections (SHS) to explore the effective method of applying CFRP. Due to the peeling effect at the corner region of the SHS-to-SHS connection, early debonding happens in the pilot test that only results in a slight extension in fatigue life. In the following experiments of repairing RHS-to-RHS cross-beam connections, circumferential or transverse restraining CFRP patches are applied in the corner region that prevents early debonding successfully and leads to significant increase in fatigue life. Finally, an improvement is made with the addition of steel strengthening plates that increase both the flexural stiffness and fatigue life of the cracked specimens significantly. The proposed retrofitting method may be useful for repairing other similar fatigue-cracked welded tubular connections.
AUTONOMY AND CONTROL OF ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS
Authors: ITMI MHAMED , CARDON ALAIN
Published: February 2012

We propose a unified approach for systems integration and behavior regulation expressing the autonomy of Systems of Systems. For this, we precise the notion of autonomy as a transposition of the living organisms case and we develop the notion of artificial tendencies and behavioral intentions. We present a multi-agent model allowing the implementation with a new multi-scale control.
PTEN loss defines a TGF-β-induced tubule phenotype of failed differentiation and JNK signaling during renal fibrosis
Authors: Lan Rongpei , Geng Hui , Polichnowski Aaron J. , Singha Prajjal K. , Saikumar Pothana , McEwen Donald G. , Griffin Karen A. , Koesters Robert , Weinberg Joel M. , Bidani Anil K. , Kriz Wilhelm , Venkatachalam Manjeri A.
Published: February 2012

We investigated the signaling basis for tubule pathology during fibrosis after renal injury. Numerous signaling pathways are activated physiologically to direct tubule regeneration after acute kidney injury (AKI) but several persist pathologically after repair. Among these, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is particularly important because it controls epithelial differentiation and profibrotic cytokine production. We found that increased TGF-β signaling after AKI is accompanied by PTEN loss from proximal tubules (PT). With time, subpopulations of regenerating PT with persistent loss of PTEN (phosphate and tension homolog) failed to differentiate, became growth arrested, expressed vimentin, displayed profibrotic JNK activation, and produced PDGF-B. These tubules were surrounded by fibrosis. In contrast, PTEN recovery was associated with epithelial differentiation, normal tubule repair, and less fibrosis. This beneficial outcome was promoted by TGF-β antagonism. Tubule-specific induction of TGF-β led to PTEN loss, JNK activation, and fibrosis even without prior AKI. In PT culture, high TGF-β depleted PTEN, inhibited differentiation, and activated JNK. Conversely, TGF-β antagonism increased PTEN, promoted differentiation, and decreased JNK activity. Cre-Lox PTEN deletion suppressed differentiation, induced growth arrest, and activated JNK. The low-PTEN state with JNK signaling and fibrosis was ameliorated by contralateral nephrectomy done 2 wk after unilateral ischemia, suggesting reversibility of the low-PTEN dysfunctional tubule phenotype. Vimentin-expressing tubules with low-PTEN and JNK activation were associated with fibrosis also after tubule-selective AKI, and with human chronic kidney diseases of diverse etiology. By preventing tubule differentiation, the low-PTEN state may provide a platform for signals initiated physiologically to persist pathologically and cause fibrosis after injury.
Efficient generation of reciprocal signals by inhibition
Authors: Park Sung-min , Tara Esra , Khodakhah Kamran
Published: February 2012

Reciprocal activity between populations of neurons has been widely observed in the brain and is essential for neuronal computation. The different mechanisms by which reciprocal neuronal activity is generated remain to be established. A common motif in neuronal circuits is the presence of afferents that provide excitation to one set of principal neurons and, via interneurons, inhibition to a second set of principal neurons. This circuitry can be the substrate for generation of reciprocal signals. Here we demonstrate that this equivalent circuit in the cerebellar cortex enables the reciprocal firing rates of Purkinje cells to be efficiently generated from a common set of mossy fiber inputs. The activity of a mossy fiber is relayed to Purkinje cells positioned immediately above it by excitatory granule cells. The firing rates of these Purkinje cells increase as a linear function of mossy fiber, and thus granule cell, activity. In addition to exciting Purkinje cells positioned immediately above it, the activity of a mossy fiber is relayed to laterally positioned Purkinje cells by a disynaptic granule cell → molecular layer interneuron pathway. Here we show in acutely prepared cerebellar slices that the input-output relationship of these laterally positioned Purkinje cells is linear and reciprocal to the first set. A similar linear input-output relationship between decreases in Purkinje cell firing and strength of stimulation of laterally positioned granule cells was also observed in vivo. Use of interneurons to generate reciprocal firing rates may be a common mechanism by which the brain generates reciprocal signals.
Fast visual prediction and slow optimization of preferred walking speed
Authors: O'Connor Shawn M. , Donelan J. Maxwell
Published: February 2012

People prefer walking speeds that minimize energetic cost. This may be accomplished by directly sensing metabolic rate and adapting gait to minimize it, but only slowly due to the compounded effects of sensing delays and iterative convergence. Visual and other sensory information is available more rapidly and could help predict which gait changes reduce energetic cost, but only approximately because it relies on prior experience and an indirect means to achieve economy. We used virtual reality to manipulate visually presented speed while 10 healthy subjects freely walked on a self-paced treadmill to test whether the nervous system beneficially combines these two mechanisms. Rather than manipulating the speed of visual flow directly, we coupled it to the walking speed selected by the subject and then manipulated the ratio between these two speeds. We then quantified the dynamics of walking speed adjustments in response to perturbations of the visual speed. For step changes in visual speed, subjects responded with rapid speed adjustments (lasting <2 s) and in a direction opposite to the perturbation and consistent with returning the visually presented speed toward their preferred walking speed, when visual speed was suddenly twice (one-half) the walking speed, subjects decreased (increased) their speed. Subjects did not maintain the new speed but instead gradually returned toward the speed preferred before the perturbation (lasting >300 s). The timing and direction of these responses strongly indicate that a rapid predictive process informed by visual feedback helps select preferred speed, perhaps to complement a slower optimization process that seeks to minimize energetic cost.
Slc13a1 and Slc26a1 KO Models Reveal Physiological Roles of Anion Transporters
Authors: Markovich Daniel
Published: February 2012

Anion transporters NaS1 (SLC13A1) and Sat1 (SLC26A1) mediate sulfate (re)absorption across renal proximal tubule and small intestinal epithelia, thereby regulating blood sulfate levels. Disruption of murine NaS1 and Sat1 genes leads to hyposulfatemia and hypersulfaturia. Sat1-null mice also exhibit hyperoxalemia, hyperoxaluria, and calcium oxalate urolithiasis. This review will highlight the current pathophysiological features of NaS1- and Sat1-null mice resulting from alterations in circulating sulfate and oxalate anion levels.
Fetuin A Concentration in the Second Trimester Amniotic Fluid of Fetuses with Trisomy 21 Appears to Be Lower: Phenotypic Considerations
Authors: Iliodromiti S. , Vrachnis N. , Samoli Evangelia , Iliodromiti Z. , Pangalos C. , Drakoulis N. , Creatsas G. , Botsis D.
Published: February 2012

Objective. We investigated whether the concentration of the glycoprotein fetuin A is altered in the second trimester amniotic fluid of trisomy 21 pregnancies compared with euploid pregnancies.Methods. 25 pregnancies with an extra chromosome 21 were matched for maternal and gestational age with 25 pregnancies with normal karyotype. Levels of fetuin A in amniotic fluid were measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.Results. The median concentration of fetuin A in amniotic fluid of trisomy 21 pregnancies (5.3 ng/ml) was statistically significantly lower (P  value=0.008) compared with that in euploid pregnancies (6.8 ng/mL).Conclusion. Lower levels of fetuin A in trisomy 21 may indicate an association with altered metabolic pathways in this early stage that could potentially be associated with features of the syndrome, such as growth restriction or impaired osteogenesis.
Yield Responses of Black Spruce to Forest Vegetation Management Treatments: Initial Responses and Rotational Projections
Authors: Newton Peter F.
Published: February 2012

The objectives of this study were to (1) quantitatively summarize the early yield responses of black spruce (Picea mariana(Mill.) B.S.P.) to forest vegetation management (FVM) treatments through a meta-analytical review of the scientific literature, and (2) given (1), estimate the rotational consequences of these responses through model simulation. Based on a fixed-effects meta-analytic approach using 44 treated-control yield pairs derived from 12 experiments situated throughout the Great Lakes—St. Lawrence and Canadian Boreal Forest Regions, the resultant mean effect size (response ratio) and associated 95% confidence interval for basal diameter, total height, stem volume, and survival responses, were respectively: 54.7% (95% confidence limits (lower/upper): 34.8/77.6), 27.3% (15.7/40.0), 198.7% (70.3/423.5), and 2.9% (−5.5/11.8). The results also indicated that early and repeated treatments will yield the largest gains in terms of mean tree size and survival. Rotational simulations indicated that FVM treatments resulted in gains in stand-level operability (e.g., reductions of 9 and 5 yr for plantations established on poor-medium and good-excellent site qualities, resp.). The challenge of maintaining coniferous forest cover on recently disturbed sites, attaining statutory-defined free-to-grow status, and ensuring long-term productivity, suggest that FVM will continue to be an essential silvicultural treatment option when managing black spruce plantations.
Application of Neurochemical Markers for Assessing Health Effects after Developmental Methylmercury and PCB Coexposure
Authors: Roda E. , Manzo L. , Coccini T.
Published: February 2012

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors (MRs) and monoamine oxidase activity (MAO-B), expressed both in brain and blood cells, were investigated in animals and exposed subjects to assess (i) MeHg (0.5–1 mg/kg/day GD7-PD7) and/or PCB153 (20 mg/kg/day GD10–GD16) effects on cerebellar MAO-B and MRs, and lymphocyte MRs, in dams and offspring 21 days postpartum; (ii) MAO-B in platelets and MRs in lymphocytes of a Faroese 7-year-old children cohort, prenatally exposed to MeHg/PCBs.Animal Data. MAO-B was altered in male cerebellum by MeHg, PCB153, and their combination (35%, 45%, and 25% decrease, resp.). Cerebellar MRs were enhanced by MeHg alone in dams (87%) and male pups (27%). PCB153 alone and in mixture did not modify cerebellar MRs. Similarly to brain, lymphocyte MRs were enhanced in both dams and offspring by MeHg alone. All changes were caused by 1 MeHg mg/kg/day, the lower dose was ineffective.Human Data. Both biomarkers showed homogeneous distributions within the cohort (MRs, range 0.1–36.78 fmol/million cells; MAO-B, 0.95–14.95 nmol/mg protein/h). No correlation was found between the two biomarkers and neurotoxicant concentrations in blood (pre- and postnatally).
Anesthetic Management of Direct Laryngoscopy and Dilatation of Subglottic Stenosis in a Patient with Severe Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Elsharkawy Hesham A. , Galway Ursula
Published: February 2012

We describe the anesthetic management of a patient with severe myasthenia gravis and tracheal stenosis; the patient was scheduled for direct laryngoscopy and dilatation. The combination of myasthenia gravis and tracheal obstruction presents several difficulties for anesthetic management. The airway is shared; therefore, any complications are also shared by the anesthesiologist and bronchoscopists. The potential for respiratory compromise in patients undergoing the two procedures requires that anesthesiologists be familiar with the underlying disease state, as well as the interaction of anesthetic and nonanesthetic drugs in a case involving myasthenia gravis. We reviewed the literature and report our experience in this case. There is no strong evidence for choosing one approach to general anesthesia over another for bronchoscopy. Careful preoperative planning and experience in airway management and jet ventilation are crucial to prevent an adverse outcome and obtain favorable results.
Mast Cell-Mediated Inhibition of Abdominal Neutrophil Inflammation by a PEGylated TLR7 Ligand
Authors: Hayashi Tomoko , Yao Shiyin , Crain Brian , Chan Michael , Cottam Howard B. , Lao Fitzgerald , Carson Dennis A. , Corr Maripat
Published: February 2012

Although the mechanisms for sustained chemokine gradients and recurring cell infiltration in sterile peritonitis have not been elucidated, toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated. To abate the deleterious recruitment of neutrophils in sterile inflammation, we repeatedly administered a TLR7 ligand that hyposensitized to TLR7 and receptors that converged on the MyD88-signaling intermediary and reduced cellular infiltration in murine autoimmune models of multiple sclerosis and arthritis. To reduce potential adverse effects, a polyethylene glycol polymer was covalently attached to the parent compound (Tolerimod1). The proinflammatory potency of Tolerimod1 was 10-fold less than the unconjugated TLR7 ligand, and Tolerimod1 reduced neutrophil recruitment in chemically induced peritonitis and colitis. The effects of Tolerimod1 were mediated by the radioresistant cells in radiation chimeric mice and by mast cells in reconstituted mast cell-deficient mice(KitW-sh). Although the Tolerimod1 had weak proinflammatory agonist activity, it effectively reduced neutrophil recruitment in sterile peritoneal inflammation.
Cyclodextrin-Containing Polymers: Versatile Platforms of Drug Delivery Materials
Authors: Heidel Jeremy D. , Schluep Thomas
Published: February 2012

Nanoparticles are being widely explored as potential therapeutics for numerous applications in medicine and have been shown to significantly improve the circulation, biodistribution, efficacy, and safety profiles of multiple classes of drugs. One leading class of nanoparticles involves the use of linear, cyclodextrin-containing polymers (CDPs). As is discussed in this paper, CDPs can incorporate therapeutic payloads into nanoparticles via covalent attachment of prodrug/drug molecules to the polymer (the basis of the Cyclosert platform) or by noncovalent inclusion of cationic CDPs to anionic, nucleic acid payloads (the basis of the RONDEL platform). For each of these two approaches, we review the relevant molecular architecture and its rationale, discuss the physicochemical and biological properties of these nanoparticles, and detail the progress of leading drug candidates for each that have achieved clinical evaluation. Finally, we look ahead to potential future directions of investigation and product candidates based upon this technology.
Regulatory T Cells in Human Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Peng Dong-Jun , Liu Rebecca , Zou Weiping
Published: February 2012

Multiple layers of suppressive components including regulatory T (TReg) cells, suppressive antigen-presenting cells, and inhibitory cytokines form suppressive networks in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. It has been demonstrated that as a major suppressive element, TRegcells infiltrate tumor, interact with several types of immune cells, and mediate immune suppression through different molecular and cellular mechanisms. In this paper, we focus on human ovarian cancer and will discuss the nature of TRegcells including their subsets, trafficking, expansion, and function. We will briefly review the development of manipulation of TRegcells in preclinical and clinical settings.
Maintenance of Sensitivity of the T-SPOT.TBAssay after Overnight Storage of Blood Samples, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Talbot Elizabeth A. , Maro Isaac , Ferguson Katherine , Adams Lisa V. , Mtei Lillian , Matee Mecky , von Reyn C. Fordham
Published: February 2012

Background. T-SPOT.TBis an interferon gamma release assay for detectingMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection. The requirement to process within 8 hours is constraining, deters use, and leads to invalid results. Addition of T CellXtendreagent may allow delayed processing, but has not been extensively field tested.Design. Consecutive AFB smear positive adult tuberculosis patients were prospectively recruited in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Patients provided a medical history, 1–3 sputum samples for culture and 1 blood sample which was transported to the laboratory under temperature-controlled conditions. After overnight storage, 25 μL of T CellXtendreagent was added per mL of blood, and the sample was tested using T-SPOT.TB.Results. 143 patients were enrolled: 57 patients were excluded because temperature control was not maintained, 19 patients were excluded due to red blood cell contamination, and one did not provide a sputum sample for culture. Among 66 evaluable patients, overall agreement between T-SPOT.TBand culture was 95.4% (95%CI; 87.1–99.0%) with Kappa value 0.548. Sensitivity of T-SPOT.TBwhen using T CellXtendreagent was 96.8% (95%CI; 88.8–99.6%).Conclusions. When T CellXtendreagent is added to specimens held overnight at recommended temperatures, T-SPOT.TBis as sensitive as the standard assay in patients with tuberculosis.
Oral Haemangioma
Authors: Gill Jaspreet Singh , Gill Sharanjeet , Bhardwaj Amit , Grover Harpreet Singh
Published: February 2012

Vascular anomalies comprise a widely heterogeneous group of tumours and malformations. Haemangioma is the most common benign tumour of vascular origin of the head and neck region. The possible sites of occurrence in oral cavity are lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and palate. Despite its benign origin and behaviour, it is always of clinical importance to the dental profession and requires appropriate management. This case study reports a rare case of capillary haemangioma on the palatal gingiva in a 14-year-old female.
Production Lot Sizing and Process Targeting under Process Deterioration and Machine Breakdown Conditions
Authors: Al-Salamah Muhammad , Abudari Ali
Published: February 2012

The paper considers a production facility that might deteriorate suddenly at some point during the production run time; after deterioration, nonconforming items are produced in a greater rate compared to the rate before deterioration. Moreover, the production facility may ultimately break down; consequently, the production lot is aborted before completion. If breakdown happens, corrective action is started immediately; otherwise, the production lot is completed and preventive repair is implemented at the end of the production cycle to enhance system reliability. The mathematical model is formulated under general distributions of failure, corrective, and repair times, while the numerical examples are solved under exponential failure and uniform repair times. The formulated model successfully determines the optimal lot size in addition to the optimal process parameters (mean and standard deviation) simultaneously.
Application of Laser-Induced Bone Therapy by Carbon Dioxide Laser Irradiation in Implant Therapy
Authors: Naka Takahiro , Yokose Satoshi
Published: February 2012

This study evaluated the application of laser-induced bone therapy (LIBT) to reduce implant healing time in rat tibia. Twenty 10-week-old female Sprague-Dawlay rats were used. The rats received laser irradiation (laser group) or sham operation (control group) on either side of the tibia. Five days after invasion, titanium implants were inserted in proximal tibia. Five, 10, and 20 days after implant placement, tibiae were collected. After taking micro-CT and performing a torque test, the tibiae were decalcified and 8-μm-thick sections were prepared. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results. Micro-CT images, removal torque values, and histomorphometric analysis data demonstrated a significantly accelerated bone formation in the laser group earlier in the healing process.Conclusion. The use of laser irradiation was effective in promoting bone formation and acquiring osseointegration of titanium implants inserted in rat tibia. LIBT may be suitable for use in implant therapy.
Sands of Sahara after LASIK in Avellino Corneal Dystrophy
Authors: Mantelli Flavio , Lambiase Alessandro , Di Zazzo Antonio , Bonini Stefano
Published: February 2012

We report the case of a patient diagnosed with Avellino corneal dystrophy (ACD) who developed diffuse interstitial keratitis following excimer laser insitu keratomileusis (LASIK). ACD is an autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy characterized by multiple asymmetric stromal opacities that impair vision. Accepted treatments for this condition include corneal transplantation and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). Our patient underwent LASIK at another institution to correct myopia. LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) are usually contraindicated in ACD for the high risk of disease recurrence and postoperative complications. The patient came to our attention lamenting blurry vision, decreased visual acuity, and photophobia. Ophthalmologic examination revealed bilateral interstitial keratitis, also known as “sands of Sahara”, a seldom-seen complication of LASIK characterized by fine and diffuse granular infiltrates at the surgical flap interface.The risk of developing interstitial keratitis, as in the case presented here, represents another valid reason for avoiding LASIK in patients with ACD.
Substitution of Ethynyl-Thiophene Chromophores on Ruthenium Sensitizers: Influence on Thermal and Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chandrasekharam Malapaka , Rajkumar Ganugula , Suresh Thogiti , Reddy Paidi Yella
Published: February 2012

A new high molar extinction coefficient ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complex, “Ru(2,2-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid)(4,4′-bis((3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)ethynyl)-2,2′-bipyridine)(NCS)2 (N(C4H9)4), MC101” was synthesized and fully characterized by 1H-NMR, ESI-MASS, FT-IR, UV-Vis., and fluorescence spectroscopes. The dye showed relatively high molar extinction coefficient of 25.0 × 103 M-1 cm-1 at λ maximum of 544 nm, while the reference C101 has shown 15.8 × 103 M-1cm-1 at λ maximum 528 nm. The monochromatic incident photon-to-collected electron conversion efficiency of 44.1% was obtained for MC101 over the entire visible range, while the C101 sensitized solar cell fabricated and evaluated under identical conditions exhibited 40.1%. The DSSCs fabricated with 0.54 cm2 active area TiO2 electrodes and high efficient electrolyte (E01), from the sensitizers MC101 and C101 exhibited energy conversion efficiencies of 3.25% (short-circuit current density (JSC) = 7.32 mA/cm2, VOC = 610 mV, ff = 0.725) and 2.94% (JSC
= 6.60 mA/cm2; VOC = 630 mV; ff = 0.709), respectively, under air mass of 1.5 sunlight.
AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Vishnu Prakash , Aboulafia David M.
Published: February 2012

In economically developed countries, AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) accounts for a large proportion of malignances in HIV-infected individuals. Since the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, epidemiology and prognosis of ARL have changed. While there is a slight increase in the incidence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in HIV-infected individuals, use of HAART has contributed to a decline in the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and also a decrease in the overall incidence of ARL. Strategies that employ HAART, improved supportive care, and the use of Rituximab with multi-agent chemotherapy have contributed to improved rates of complete remission and survival of patients with ARL that rival those seen in stage and histology matched HIV negative NHL patients. Most recent clinical trials demonstrate better outcomes with the use of rituximab in ARL. Tumor histogenesis (germinal center vs. non-germinal center origin) is associated with lymphoma-specific outcomes in the setting of AIDS-related diffuse-large B cell lymphoma. High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell rescue (ASCT) can be effective for a subset of patients with relapsed ARL. HIV sero-status alone should not preclude consideration of ASCT in the setting of ARL relapse. Clinical trials investigating the role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in ARL are currently underway.
Geoelectrical Tomography Investigating and Modeling of Fractures Network around Bittit Spring (Middle Atlas, Morocco)
Authors: Qarqori Kh. , Rouai M. , Moreau F. , Saracco G. , Dauteuil O. , Hermitte D. , Boualoul M. , Le Carlier de Veslud C.
Published: February 2012

Direct current Resistivity (DCR) method was carried out to characterize the hydrogeological connection between the Tabular Middle Atlas (TMA) and the Saïs Basin. The TMA is one of the most important aquifers in northern Morocco that supplies the deep aquifer of the Saïs Basin. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was focused on the Bittit area that is one of the most important outlet discharges, and it is representative of the relations between the TMA and the Saïs Basin. The high resolution capabilities of the electrical tomography were used to define the geological draining features in the framework of water paths from the TMA to the karstic springs. The synthetic data were calculated for the similar model expected in field data inversion and inversion result of these synthetic data used as a guide for the interpretation of the inverse data resistivity sections. Joint interpretation of geophysical, geological, structural, and synthetic simulation data allowed identifying a conductive horizontal shallow layer overlying two subvertical families of fractures of NE-SW and NW-SE directions. This result leads to propose hydrological behaviour of water from the Tabular Middle Atlas and the Saïs Basin at the Bittit Spring, which takes into account for both horizontal flows through stratification joints or karst and through subvertical fractures.
Can Transthoracic Echocardiography Be Used to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in the Critically Ill Patient? A Systematic Review
Authors: Mandeville Justin C. , Colebourn Claire L.
Published: February 2012

Introduction. We systematically evaluated the use of transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of dynamic markers of preload to predict fluid responsiveness in the critically ill adult patient.Methods. Studies in the critically ill using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to predict a response in stroke volume or cardiac output to a fluid load were selected. Selection was limited to English language and adult patients. Studies on patients with an open thorax or abdomen were excluded.Results. The predictive power of diagnostic accuracy of inferior vena cava diameter and transaortic Doppler signal changes with the respiratory cycle or passive leg raising in mechanically ventilated patients was strong throughout the articles reviewed. Limitations of the technique relate to patient tolerance of the procedure, adequacy of acoustic windows, and operator skill.Conclusions. Transthoracic echocardiographic techniques accurately predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. Discriminative power is not affected by the technique selected.
Spermatic Cord Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Taguchi Satoru , Takahashi Sayuri , Iida Katsuyuki , Mizutani Takashi , Yamaguchi Kazumi , Tominaga Takashi , Niwa Naoya , Yoshimi Mayumi , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Homma Yukio
Published: February 2012

Spermatic cord lymphoma is a rare lethal disease. It has a poor prognosis even in stage I or II disease when treated locally, therefore, multidisciplinary treatment for early stage is recommended. On the other hand, the treatment of choice for stage III or IV spermatic cord lymphoma remains to be determined. It is said that spermatic cord lymphoma is clinicopathologically similar to primary testicular lymphoma, therefore the treatment of spermatic cord lymphoma has often been determined by reference to the recommended treatment for primary testicular lymphoma. Here we report a new case of spermatic cord lymphoma, which was found in stage IV disease. We also review thirty-three cases which have been reported as spermatic cord lymphoma to date, and discuss treatment options.
Poor Homologous Synapsis 1 Interacts with Chromatin but Does Not Colocalise with ASYnapsis 1 during Early Meiosis in Bread Wheat
Authors: Khoo Kelvin H. P. , Able Amanda J. , Able Jason A.
Published: February 2012

Chromosome pairing, synapsis, and DNA recombination are three key processes that occur during early meiosis. A previous study ofPoor Homologous Synapsis 1(PHS1) in maize suggested that PHS1 has a role in coordinating these three processes. Here we report the isolation of wheat (Triticum aestivum)PHS1(TaPHS1), and its expression profile during and after meiosis. While theTaPHS1 protein has sequence similarity to other plant PHS1/PHS1-like proteins, it also possesses a unique region of oligopeptide repeat units. We show thatTaPHS1 interacts with both single- and double-stranded DNAin vitroand provide evidence of the protein region that imparts the DNA-binding ability. Immunolocalisation data from assays conducted using antisera raised againstTaPHS1 show thatTaPHS1 associates with chromatin during early meiosis, with the signal persisting beyond chromosome synapsis. Furthermore,TaPHS1 does not appear to colocalise with the asynapsis protein (TaASY1) suggesting that these proteins are probably independently coordinated. Significantly, the data from the DNA-binding assays and 3-dimensional immunolocalisation ofTaPHS1 during early meiosis indicates thatTaPHS1 interacts with DNA, a function not previously observed in either the Arabidopsis or maize PHS1 homologues. As such, these results provide new insight into the function of PHS1 during early meiosis in bread wheat.
Surgical Treatment of Persistent Fetal Vasculature and Visual Rehabilitation: One-Year Followup
Authors: Kozeis N. , Tsaousis K. T. , Gidaris D.
Published: February 2012

We present the management and postoperative course of a persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) case. A four-year-old girl visited the Eye Department of Hippokration, General Hospital of Thessaloniki due to reduced visual acuity of her left eye. She was diagnosed with PFV and underwent surgery (lensectomy, capsulorhexis of the posterior capsule, insertion of an intraocular lens in the posterior chamber, and posterior vitrectomy) in order to dissect the PFV. Along with the postoperative medical care, she underwent intensive treatment for amblyopia. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and the visual acuity of her left eye improved from hand movement to 20/25 with proper correction. Patients with unilateral PFV and gradually deteriorating visual acuity could be good candidates for a combined surgical procedure, as the one described above, with a good prognosis.
Localization of a Peripheral Residual Cyst: Diagnostic Role of CT Scan
Authors: Jamdade Anshuman , Nair Gopakumar R. , Kapoor Madhur , Sharma Neeta , Kundendu Arya
Published: February 2012

The termresidual cystis used most often for retained radicular cyst from teeth that has been removed. Residual cysts are among most common cysts of the jaws. The location of all odontogenic cysts is usually intraosseous. The peripheral (extraosseous) presentations are rare. The peripheral presentation of residual cyst has never been reported in the literature. In this article, the role of CT in diagnosing an unusual peripheral presentation of a residual cyst is discussed.
mRNA 3′ End Processing Factors: A Phylogenetic Comparison
Authors: Darmon Sarah K. , Lutz Carol S.
Published: February 2012

Almost all eukaryotic mRNAs possess 3′ ends with a polyadenylate (poly(A)) tail. This poly(A) tail is not encoded in the genome but is added by the process of polyadenylation. Polyadenylation is a two-step process, and this process is accomplished by multisubunit protein factors. Here, we comprehensively compare the protein machinery responsible for polyadenylation of mRNAs across many evolutionary divergent species, and we have found these protein factors to be remarkably conserved in nature. These data suggest that polyadenylation of mRNAs is an ancient process.
Markers of Sleep Disordered Breathing and Diabetes Mellitus in a Multiethnic Sample of US Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2008)
Authors: Sabanayagam Charumathi , Teppala Srinivas , Shankar Anoop
Published: February 2012

We examined gender and ethnic differences in the association between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and diabetes among 6,522 participants aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–08. SDB severity was defined based on an additive summary score including sleep duration, snoring, snorting, and daytime sleepiness. We found that the summary SDB score was significantly associated with diabetes after adjusting for potential confounders in the whole population. Compared to those without any sleep disturbance, the multivariable odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of diabetes among those with ≥3 sleep disturbances was 2.04 (1.46–2.87). In sex-specific analyses, this association was significant only in women (OR (95% CI) = 3.68 (2.01–6.72)) but not in men (1.10 (0.59–2.04)),P-interaction=0.01. However, there were no ethnic differences in this association,P-interaction=0.7. In a nationally representative sample of US adults, SDB was independently associated with diabetes only in women, but not in men.
A Novel True Random Number Generator Based on Mouse Movement and a One‐Dimensional Chaotic Map
Authors: Xingyuan Wang , Xue Qin , Lin Teng
Published: February 2012

We propose a novel true random number generator using mouse movement and a one‐dimensional chaotic map. We utilize the x‐coordinate of the mouse movement to be the length of an iteration segment of our TRNs and the y‐coordinate to be the initial value of this iteration segment. And, when it iterates, we perturb the parameter with the real value produced by the TRNG itself. And we find that the TRNG we proposed conquers several flaws of some former mouse‐based TRNGs. At last we take experiments and test the randomness of our algorithm with the NIST statistical test suite; results illustrate that our TRNG is suitable to produce true random numbers (TRNs) on universal personal computers (PCs).
The Role of Postural Restrictions after BPPV Treatment: Real Effect on Successful Treatment and BPPV’s Recurrence Rates
Authors: Papacharalampous George X. , Vlastarakos P. V. , Kotsis G. P. , Davilis D. , Manolopoulos L.
Published: February 2012

Background. Canalith repositioning techniques are adequately established in the literature, as the treatment of choice for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. However, the role of the posttreatment instructions is still not clearly defined.Patients and Methods. A retrospective chart review of 82 patients was conducted in order to determine the efficacy of postural restrictions, when combined with the classic canalith repositioning techniques, in terms of successful treatment and recurrence rates. Follow-up period reached at least 12 months after the initial treatment.Results. In this study, postural restrictions did not appear to significantly affect the outcomes of repositioning maneuvers, as well as the recurrence rate.Conclusions. Although this study, as well as most recent control studies, states that there is no significant effect of postmaneuver postural restrictions on both treatment and recurrence rates, larger multicentric research projects, adopting improved methodology, are still necessary in order to determine the contribution of such restrictions to both the therapeutic results and the prevention of recurrence. Adequate followup, focusing on the first six months after the initially successful repositioning maneuver, is also of paramount importance.
Gastroprotective Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 in Indomethacin-Induced Gastropathy: Other Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Malash Asmaa M. , Abdallah Dalaal M. , Agha Azza M. , Kenawy Sanna A.
Published: February 2012

Though recently the mitochondrial bioenergetic coenzyme (Co)Q10 has been shown to protect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration, yet the full mechanistic cassettes have not been investigated. Therefore, the current investigation assessed further gastroprotective mechanisms of CoQ10 using the indomethacin-induced gastropathy model. While CoQ10 was administered at 3 dose levels to male Wistar rats, the proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole, was given at 4 dose levels ahead of pyloric ligation and indomethacin administration. Indomethacin evoked gastric ulcerations that were associated by decreased gastric mucosal nitric oxide and glutathione levels. The NSAID reduced gastric volume and mucin content, but increased titratable acidity, acid output, and peptic activity. CoQ10, especially at the higher dose levels, as well as pantoprazole pretreatments reverted almost all diversions induced by the NSAID to different extends. Moreover, preadministration with the nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, boosted ulcer formation that was associated by suppression of gastric mucosal nitric oxide in CoQ10 and pantoprazole-treated groups. The current investigation shows that CoQ10 guards against gastric ulceration via its partial inhibition of titratable acidity and peptic activity, as well as enhancement of mucin secretion due to both gastric mucosal nitric oxide and glutathione replenishment, especially at the higher dose levels.
Subversion of Immunity byLeishmania amazonensisParasites: Possible Role of Phosphatidylserine as a Main Regulator
Authors: Mendes Wanderley Joao Luiz , Costa Jaqueline França , Borges Valéria Matos , Barcinski Marcello
Published: February 2012

Leishmania amazonensisparasites cause progressive disease in most inbred mouse strains and are associated with the development of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. The poor activation of an effective cellular response is correlated with the ability of these parasites to infect mononuclear phagocytic cells without triggering their activation or actively suppressing innate responses of these cells. Here we discuss the possible role of phosphatidylserine exposure by these parasites as a main regulator of the mechanism underlying subversion of the immune system at different steps during the infection.
Epigenetic Differences in Normal Colon Mucosa of Cancer Patients Suggest Altered Dietary Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Silviera Matthew L. , Smith Brian P. , Powell Jasmine , Sapienza Carmen
Published: February 2012

We have compared DNA methylation in normal colon mucosa between patients with colon cancer and patients without cancer. We identified significant differences in methylation between the two groups at 114 to 874 genes. The majority of the differences are in pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. We also compared transcript levels of genes in the insulin signaling pathway. We found that the mucosa of patients with cancer had significantly higher transcript levels of several hormones regulating glucose metabolism and significantly lower transcript levels of a glycolytic enzyme and a key regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis. These differences suggest that the normal colon mucosa of patients with cancer metabolizes dietary components differently than the colon mucosa of controls. Because the differences identified are present in morphologically normal tissue, they may be diagnostic of colon cancer and/or prognostic of colon cancer susceptibility. Cancer Prev Res; 5(3); 374–84. ©2012 AACR.
Thoracic Ultrasound Demonstrates Variable Location of the Intercostal Artery
Authors: Salamonsen Matthew , Ellis Samantha , Paul Eldho , Steinke Karin , Fielding David
Published: February 2012

Background: Ultrasound (US) guidance is advocated to reduce complications from thoracocentesis or intercostal catheter (ICC) insertion. Although imaging of the intercostal artery (ICA) with Doppler US has been reported, current thoracic guidelines do not advocate this, and bleeding from a lacerated ICA continues to be a rare but serious complication of thoracocentesis or ICC insertion. Objectives: It was the aim of this study to describe a method to visualise the ICA at routine US-guided thoracocentesis and map its course across the posterior chest wall. Method: The ICA was imaged in 22 patients undergoing US-guided thoracocentesis, at 4 positions across the back to the axilla. Its location, relative to the overlying rib, was calculated as the fraction of the intercostal space (ICS) below the inferior border of that rib. Results: An ICA was identified in 74 of 88 positions examined. The ICA migrated from a central ‘vulnerable’ location within the ICS near the spine (0.28, range 0.21–0.38; p < 0.001) towards the overlying rib (0.08, range 0.05–0.11; p < 0.001) in the axilla. Conclusions: The ICA can be visualised with US and is more exposed centrally within the ICS in more posterior positions; however, there is a marked variation between individuals, such that the ICA may lie exposed in the ICS even as far lateral as the axilla. Future studies need to identify which patients are at risk for a ‘low-lying’ ICA to further define the role of US imaging of the ICA during thoracocentesis or ICC insertion.
Linear Pitting and Splinter Haemorrhages Are More Commonly Seen in the Nails of Patients with Established Psoriasis in Comparison to Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Palmou Natalia , Marzo-Ortega Helena , Ash Zoe , Goodfield Mark , Coates Laura C. , Helliwell Philip S. , McGonagle Dennis
Published: February 2012

Background: Recently the role of several ligament and tendon insertions around the nail matrix and nail plate have been identified as possible contributory factors that explain the higher prevalence of nail involvement in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The purpose of this study was to determine whether such anatomical factors might also be associated with different patterns of nail involvement in skin psoriasis and PsA. Methods: A total of 173 patients were recruited: 121 PsA cases and 52 psoriasis cases. All patients had a standardised assessment of the nails for lesions including pitting, splinter haemorrhages and onycholysis. Results: The overall modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index scores did not differ between the two groups (psoriasis mean 8.5, SD 7.1; PsA mean 8.3, SD 9.4). In the nail matrix, linear pitting appeared to be more common in skin psoriasis (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.18–0.41). There were no significant differences in the distribution of nail plate abnormalities other than splinter haemorrhages which were more commonly seen in psoriasis cases (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.14–0.39). Conclusion: The pattern of nail disease in psoriasis and PsA differed with respect to the frequency of linear pitting and splinter haemorrhages, with both features occurring more often in psoriasis.