bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing mortality among adult, general intensive care units in England with varying intensivist cover patterns: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wilcox M Elizabeth , Harrison David A , Short Alasdair , Jonas Max , Rowan Kathryn M
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Research has demonstrated that intensivist-led care of the critically ill is associated with reduced intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a relation exists between intensivist cover pattern (for example, number of days of continuous cover) and patient outcomes among adult general ICUs in England.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study by using data from a pooled case mix and outcome database of adult general critical care units participating in the Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC) Case Mix Programme. Consecutive admissions to participating units for the years 2010 to 2011 were linked to a survey of intensivist cover practices. Our primary outcome of interest was mortality at ultimate discharge from acute-care hospital.

Results

The analysis included 80,122 patients admitted to 130 ICUs in 128 hospitals. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relation between intensivist cover patterns (days of continuous cover, grade of physician staffing at nighttime, and frequency of daily handovers) and acute hospital mortality, adjusting for patient case mix. No relation was seen between days of continuous cover by a single intensivist or grade of physician staffing at nighttime and acute hospital mortality. Acute hospital mortality and ICU length of stay were not associated with intensivist characteristics, intensivist full-time equivalents per bed, or years of clinical experience. Intensivist participation in handover was associated with increased mortality (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.55); however, only nine units reported no intensivist participation.

Conclusions

We found no relation between days of continuous cover by a single intensivist or grade of physician staffing at nighttime and patient outcomes in adult, general ICUs in England. Intensivist participation in handover was associated with increased mortality; further research to confirm or refute this finding is required.
Preparation and performance of Ag-coated Cu flakes filled epoxy as electrically conductive adhesives
Authors: Ren Hu-Ming , Zhang Kai , Matthew Yuen MF , Fu Xian-Zhu , Sun Rong , Wong Ching-Ping
Published: September 2014

A low-cost and high performance Ag-coated Cu flakes filled epoxy was prepared as electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for light emitting diode (LED) packaging. As-prepared ECAs consisted of bisphenol-F-epoxy resin, micro-sized Ag-coated Cu flakes and other additives. The ECAs with content of 70 wt % Ag-coated Cu flakes pre-modified by silane coupling agent (SCA) exhibited much lower bulk resistivity (8.4*10−3 Ωcm) than that of ECA filled with 70 wt % Ag-coated Cu flakes without SCA modification (1.6*10−1 Ωcm). An appropriate content of diluent (below 20 wt %) was beneficial for the flakes’ regular dispersion in resin, which enhanced the electrical conductivity (10−4 ~ −10−5 Ωcm) and mechanical strength (>14 Mpa) of ECAs.
Morphological and molecular differentiation of genus Corbicula suggests that two species are sympatrically distributed in Datong Lake in the Central Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Wang Gui-Ping , Zhang Ting , Zhang Jian , Li De-Liang , Xiao Tiao-Yi
Published: September 2014

Background

White and purple color morphs ofCorbiculahave been identified all over the world. Previous studies suggested that the distinct difference of inner shell color, especially for sympatric individuals, derived mainly from their different genetic constitutions, not just environmental conditions. Two color morphs ofCorbiculasympatric in Datong Lake were compared by both morphometric methods (shell length, shell height, and shell width) and genetic analysis (based on the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I geneCOI-mtCOI) to explore their taxonomic relationship.

Results

Morphological analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the values of SH/SL, SW/SL, and SW/SH (P > 0.05) between the two color morphs. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in measurable parameters among the four mitochondrial COI haplotypes (DT-1, DT-7, DT-19, and DT-31) (P > 0.05). The sequences of four haplotypes (DT-1, DT-7, DT-19, and DT-31) were identical to FW1, FW5, FW4, and FW3, respectively. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that only the sequences of haplotype DT-7 could be digested by the restriction enzymeSacI into two fragments with 200/500 bp. Haplotype DT-31 was found only in one individual (white morph), while each of the other three haplotypes shared with both two color morphs. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four haplotypes were subdivided into two divergent clades among freshwater clades, and haplotype DT-7 was a divergent sister taxon to the other three.

Conclusions

The results indicated that there were no distinct differences on morphological measures between the two color morphs, and each color morph shared with all four mitochondrial COI haplotypes. Two species (DT-7 referred asCorbicula flumineaand DT-1, DT-19, and DT-31 asCorbicula leana) might coexisted in the Datong Lake. Therefore, a comprehensive study combining nuclear and mitochondrial data along with biological information should be performed to confirm this assumption.
Structural and Physicochemical Interpretation of GT-STAF Information Theory-Based Indices
Authors: Barigye Stephen J , Marrero-Ponce Yovani , Zupan Jure , Pérez-Giménez Facundo , Freitas Matheus P
Published: September 2014

The underlying structural and physicochemical interpretation of the recently defined information indices (denominated as GT-STAF indices) is examined, with the aim of gaining greater insight on the codified chemical information. It is found that these indices are related with molecular symmetry in the context of the defined molecular “fragment” model. Moreover, these indices are sensitive to structural differences, demonstrating gradual changes consistent with modifications in the molecular structure. A principal component analysis reveals that the GT-STAF indices generally codify conformational, physicochemical, and thermodynamic properties of amino acids. A study with aniline derivatives demonstrates that the GT-STAF indices do not directly correlate with the ionization constant (pKa); but rather require multivariate contributions to yield correlations comparable with univariate models for quantum chemical parameters, suggesting that the former codify some other form of electronic information orthogonal to the latter. Finally, an evaluation of atomic contributions to the molecular hydrophobicity in furylethylenes demonstrates that the GT-STAF approach generally approximates to chemical properties quite well.
Side Substituent Dependence of Photophysical Properties of 9-Arylanthracene-Based π-Conjugates
Authors: Jana Debabrata , Ghorai Binay K
Published: September 2014

Three new 9-arylanthracene-based π-conjugated derivatives with different side substituent (methyl, methoxy, and hexyloxy) were synthesized using Heck coupling/Horner–Emmons reaction in good yields (72–78%) and their photophysical properties investigated. The dependence of the photophysical properties on the side substituent methyl, methoxy, and hexyloxy has been discussed. The absorption maxima of the synthesized compounds in the solution possess similar absorption bands located at 420–423 nm. They are shown to be thermally stable and emit light in sky blue region (ca. 490 nm) in solution. Photoluminescence measurements show a 25–28 nm red shift between solution and powdered states indicated some aggregation in the solid state. The results of cyclic voltammetry measurements of the compounds show good reversibility, indicating that the compounds have good electrochemical stability.
Educational internet-resources: challenges to application in the hospitality industry
Authors: Малолетко Наталья , Maloletko Natalya , Малолетко Александр , Maloletko Aleksandr , Воробьева Татьяна , Vorobeva Tatyana
Published: September 2014

The article deals with the issues connected with the application of educational internet-technologies to additional professional hospitality-specific training programmes. A critical analysis of the internetbased or internet-located educational resources has revealed a gap between classical education and online courses (MOOC – massive open online course). The authors propose the use of the Freemium model, which has been repeatedly tested by top universities all over the world. The article also provides the results of an analysis of federal educational resources – an aggregation of different federal educational agencies, federal educational institutions, federal projects and programs official websites, as well as federal educational portals. In the article, the authors also describe the results of their

research into the sufficiency and adequateness of the competences currently held by the hospitalityindustry personnel and viewed from the top management’s standpoint. The purpose of the research is to identify the personnel’s educational/training needs. The analysis of internet-resources as carried out by the authors of the article demonstrates a lack of free-of-charge online training courses or Freemiumbased

courses.
Reflecting on tourist systems development
Authors: Саранча Михаил , Sarancha Mikhail
Published: September 2014

The article is devoted to the issues of the development of tourist systems, which are a complex integrated natural-social entities. Development is one of the tourist system transformation options, which rests of needs-driven human activity. Needs satisfaction is largely dependent on the goal formation and goal realization. The current needs of a potential tourist are materialized in an individual tourist product, which is regarded, from the economy perspective, as classic and modern. From the modern perspective, a tourist product is an externalization of experience (most of all, impressions) coming

from visitors, producers, sellers, and managers alike. Thus, modern tourist economy is primarily based on tourist experience (a visitor’s/guest’s impression and provider creativity) rather than on the classical advantages of territories/products (richness in resources, abundance of resources and product/service versatility, etc). Simultaneously, tourist product creation is increasingly co-produced. The development of tourist systems should be founded on sustainable development and reflexive symmetry. However, a tourist system development can sometimes have negative consequences closely related to geographical variation, personal viewpoint difference, and unfairness conceived.
M. Pogodin: man, historian, journalist, collector, traveler
Authors: Мазин Константин , Mazin Konstantin
Published: September 2014

The major milestones of life and work of famous Russian historian, journalist, collector and public figure Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin are considered in the article. It shows the scientist´s contribution to the development of Russian culture. In particular his artistic heritage as a theorist of domestic tourism in Russia is analyzed.
Changes in the legislative regulation of the right to tourists´ freedom of movement
Authors: Гузеева Наталья , Guzeeva Natalya
Published: September 2014

This article is devoted to analysis of current changes in legislation, which entailed new restrictions of constitutional right of citizens to freedom of movement. It is adopted on 28 December 2013 amendments to the

Federal law « On specially protected natural areas». According to the author, these changes contradict the current system of regulations, including three article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article discusses the possible adverse eff ects of these innovations. The

author comes to the conclusion that changes in legislation, initially aimed at the protection and nature conservation, will lead to deterioration in

its condition.
Mediacja kulturowa w tłumaczeniu ustnym
Authors: Kruk-Junger Katarzyna
Published: September 2014

Cultural mediation in interpreting

The article focuses on the problem of cultural mediation in interpreting and presents some of the most important theories regarding the topic. Firstly, the author tackles the question whether the interpreter should act as a cultural mediator at all. Then, she describes specific types of cultural differences and their influence on the communication. Finally, the article offers a list of some helpful rules established by the theoreticians, which can result helpful whenever the need for cultural mediation presents itself in interpreter’s work.
Jak nas widzą…
Authors: Łopacińska‑Piędel Zuzanna
Published: September 2014

The article compares the perception of the interpreter’s profession as seen through the eyes of students of interpreting, practicing interpreters and the image of interpreters presented in the media. There are many common elements in the picture of interpreter’s work viewed from those three perspectives. These include the stress that is associated with interpreting, responsibility, variety and good remuneration. There are, however, differences between the three. For instance, the profession is perceived as much more élite and „extreme” by the media, whereas interpreters tend to emphasize the fact that they are actually servants of the speakers. The conclusions that are drawn may be a stimulus for further research and an encouragement to familiarize students with the characteristics of the profession in the course of studies.
Rola mediów w komunikacji międzynarodowej na przykładzie wydarzeń frankfurckich z 1995 r.
Authors: Olechowska Paulina
Published: September 2014

The Role of Media in International Communication as Illustrated by Events in Frankfurt in 1995

The article presents results of research into the media portrayal of events in Frankfurt in 1995, as presented in local and national press in Germany and Poland. This research relied on a qualitative analysis of the text. According to the research results, German press coverage took a more balanced approach, whereas its Polish counterpart often appeared to rely more on emotional appeals based on historical events. This research complements a broader body of inquiry into the role of media in international communication, with particular emphasis on the cooperation between Polish and German journalists.
Kondycja zawodu dziennikarza w Rosji
Authors: Krzywdzińska Agata
Published: September 2014

Status of Russian journalism Being a journalist in Russia during the USRR meant highly reputable but as well partly dependency work. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the situation on media market has changed especially situation on freedom of speech. But in 1993 the process of glasnost ended and the media went back to serve the interests of their owners. On the other hand it was a good time for valuable television programs and in‑depth press analyses. With the beginning of Putin’s presidency everything has changed on Russian media market. The 2000’s have seen a resurgence of the Soviet media system. Current Russian journalism is weak, we can observe a very negative tendencies like increasing state control over media, buying up nearly all independent media and increasing self‑censorship. An analytical function of media as well as critical view has moved to marginal position. Violence against journalists takes various forms including threats, physical assaults and murders. Russian media is not politically free and young generation of journalists does not want to criticize the political authority. No wonder that Committee to Protect Journalists called Russia was one of the deadliest countries in the world for journalists.
W walce o niepodległe państwo
Authors: Wiśniewski Jan
Published: September 2014

В борьбе за независимое государство. Чехи и словаки перед России в годы 1914-1917

Начало Первой мировой войны привело к активизации чешского и словацкого национального движения, сторонники которого стремились к самостоятельности славянских территорий, входивших в состав Австро-Венгрии. Отражением этих устремлений среди многочисленных чешских иммигрантов, проживавших в России, стали демонстрации в знак лояльности к России и Сербии, организованные в первые же дни войны в ряде городов России. Уже 25 июля 1914 года, в день официального объявления войны, «Чешский национальный комитет», объединявший чехов-колонистов в Российской империи, принял обращение к императору Николаю II. Решение о создании чешских добровольческих воинских подразделений для участия в войне на стороне России было принято на антиавстрийской манифестации в Киеве, а проект был подан в правительство созданным в ходе манифестации Киевским чешским комитетом (см. статью Чешская дружина). 30 июля Совет министров России, поддержав эту инициативу, принял решение о сформировании Чешской дружины. Следует отметить, что в составе русской армии чехословацкие национальные формирования действовали исключительно под командованием русских офицеров. 28 сентября в Киеве состоялось торжественное освящение её знамени, и уже в октябре 1914 года она выступила на фронт. С марта 1915 года Верховный главнокомандующий российской армии великий князь Николай Николаевич разрешил принимать в ряды дружины чехов и словаков из числа пленных и перебежчиков – бывших военнослужащих австрийской армии. В результате к концу 1915 года она была развёрнута в Первый чехословацкий стрелковый полк имени Яна Гуса (потом создана бригада). Февральская революция не изменила отношения российского правительства к чехословацким легионерам. Чехословацкий национальный совет создал своё отделение в России, которое было признано Временным правительством в качестве единственного представителя чехов и словаков в России, a начальник штаба Ставки Верховного главнокомандующего генерал Духонин подписал приказ о сформировании отдельного Чехословацкого корпуса.
Engaging the Whole Student: Student Affairs and the National Leadership Education Research Agenda
Authors: Haber-Curran Paige , Owen Julie E.
Published: September 2014

Student affairs educators have an important role in advancing the National Leadership Education Research Agenda (NLERA). This article reviews the ‘cross fertilization’ of student affairs and leadership education by examining strengths, opportunities, and challenges in relation to the NLERA priorities. Student affairs educators’ commitment to the integration of theory and practice, to the intentional and developmental design and assessment of learning environments, and to applying critical and constructivist perspectives to the ethical and emancipatory foundations of leadership education are all explored. Recommendations for future research are identified, including a call for research that includes complex modeling and multivariate analyses, and research that examines the contributions of cognitive, affective, and efficacy-related dimensions of leadership.
La monnaie de bronze lagide et les temples égyptiens
Authors: Gorre Gilles
Published: September 2014

Le système monétaire de l’Égypte ptolémaïque, instauré par Ptolémée I, était composé de pièces d’or, d’argent et de bronze, ces dernières n’ayant eu qu’une valeur fiduciaire. Alors qu’il réforma le système fiscal, Ptolémée II (284-246 av. J.-C.) imposa le paiement en monnaie de bronze d’un certain nombre de taxes dont il accorda une partie des revenus aux temples. Le clergé disposa dès lors de monnaie de bronze. Or, étant donné que de nombreux Égyptiens étaient employés dans les temples, on peut en déduire que cela permitla diffusion des pièces de bronze dans l’ensemble du pays du fait de la rétribution des travailleurs. Ptolémée II, par sa politique, favorisa donc la circulation de cette monnaie.
Ces nations façonnéespar les empires et la globalisation
Authors: Sawyer Stephen W.
Published: September 2014

Le postulat de cette chronique est qu’il reste encore une grande vitalité au cadre nationalà l’ère de l’histoire globale et impériale. On peut lire les trois volumes de l’Histoire de la France contemporaine par Aurélien Lignereux, Bertrand Goujon et Quentin Deluermozcomme une nouvelle vague dans un projet historiographique qui cherche à se renouveler: comment empêcher ce retour au national de n’être qu’un voyage nostalgique, n’ayant rien perdu de son charme et de son attrait populaire, mais qui semble mis à mal par des échelles historiographiques plus vastes ? En effet, les modalités radicalement neuves selon lesquelles s’imbriquèrent si profondément les échelles locale, régionale, impériale, océanique, hémi-sphérique et globale au cours du XIXe siècle résultèrent en partie de la construction et de la consolidation de l’État-nation moderne. Il est donc nécessaire, et c’est précisément ce qu’une lecture (qui est tout autant une interprétation) de ces volumes suggère, non pas de nous détourner de l’histoire nationale, mais de considérer en quoi celle-ci peut informer, aujourd’hui comme demain, les histoires impériale et globale à venir.
Le commandement: une histoire de pratiques
Authors: Frega Roberto
Published: September 2014

L’article propose une lecture critique de l’ouvrage récent d’Yves Cohen, Le siècle des chefs, et l’inscrit dans le courant plus vaste du mouvement de l’histoire pragmatique, dont Y. Cohen est un représentant éminent. Après avoir présenté les jalons majeurs de l’œuvre,l’article examine la thèse centrale de l’ouvrage, à savoir que le commandement constitueraitun phénomène propre au XXe siècle. Il montre ensuite en quoi l’approche par les pratiques permet à l’auteur d’aborder de manière originale son propre sujet, pour aborder dans lasection suivante la question du rapport entre discours et pratiques en tant qu’objets d’enquête historique. La dernière section de l’article discute les enjeux de l’histoire pragmatique à l’aune du plus vaste « tournant pratique » qui a caractérisé les sciences sociales des troisdernières décennies.
Les figures du chef et le mouvement de l’histoire
Authors: Dodier Nicolas
Published: September 2014

L’article discute l’ouvrage récent d’Yves Cohen, Le siècle des chefs. Il pointe tout d’abord la portée d’un ouvrage qui réussit, d’une manière très originale et extrêmement documentée, à identifier un mouvement historique central pour comprendre le XXe siècle : l’émergence et le développement, dans plusieurs pays simultanément (Allemagne, États-Unis, France, Union soviétique), d’une « préoccupation collective » pour la figure du chef. L’article dis- cute ensuite les apports et les limites d’une approche qui identifie, derrière la variété des formules élaborées pour répondre à cette préoccupation collective, une nouvelle forme de pouvoir, au sens foucaldien du terme. L’article revient enfin sur la pragmatique du commandement développée dans l’ouvrage, et précise les perspectives ainsi ouvertes au carrefour de l’histoire et des autres sciences sociales.
Penser l'économie pharaonique
Authors: Moreno García Juan Carlos
Published: September 2014

L’économie pharaonique reste un domaine scientifique peu exploré et dominé par denombreuses idées reçues, depuis l’immobilisme de ses structures jusqu’au rôle négligeablejoué par les activités commerciales. Après une présentation de l’historique des recherchesen histoire économique de l’Égypte ancienne, l’article explore certains thèmes susceptiblesde contribuer aux débats sur les économies anciennes, comme le rôle du commerce privé,la notion de « croissance », l’organisation de l’irrigation, le poids des institutions ou laconstruction de modèles théoriques dépassant une réflexion en termes évolutionnistes.
Philosophie, psychanalyse, sociologie
Authors: Lemieux Cyril
Published: September 2014

Dans un ouvrage récent, le philosophe Bruno Karsenti propose une réinterprétation de l’étude que Sigmund Freud, au soir de sa vie, consacra à la figure de Moïse et à la questiondes origines du monothéisme. Cette relecture le conduit à esquisser, au sujet d’une idée cardinale de la politique moderne, celle de peuple, une généalogie alternative à celles quise centrent sur la notion grecque de demos. Elle l’amène également à discuter la théorie que développe Freud à propos des mécanismes psychosociaux (la répétition et le refoulement, notamment) assurant la transmission des traditions. De ces différentes analyses, on propose une lecture sociologiquement intéressée, et par conséquent volontairement décalée. Il s’agitde se demander quelles conséquences pour le travail d’enquête du sociologue peuvent avoir trois éclairages centraux offerts par l’ouvrage : le premier concerne le rôle joué par la transcendance dans l’organisation des rapports politiques au sein des sociétés modernes; le second touche à la fonction de la codification juridique dans les processus de légitimation en vigueur dans ces mêmes sociétés ; le dernier est relatif aux limites de l’approche psychanalytique s’agissant d’expliquer la genèse des idées religieuses.
L’organisation sociale de l'agriculture pharaonique
Authors: Moreno García Juan Carlos
Published: September 2014

Loin du mythe de l’Égypte don du Nil, la vallée duNil présente des agricultures diversifiées du point de vue chronologique, régional et des acteurs de la vie rurale. Si les textes administratifs concernent essentiellement les activités agricoles des grandes institutions (temples, palais royal), aux techniques, régime de travail et productions très particuliers, ces dernières coexistaient néanmoins avec une agriculture domestique plus intensive en main-d’œuvre,moins dépendante des animaux de trait et plus tournée vers l’horticulture. De même, l’idéed’une paysannerie uniforme est à revoir en raison de la stratification de la société rurale et du rôle joué par les grandes institutions, qui encouragèrent des stratégies visant à creuserles différences sociales et à consolider l’autorité des potentats locaux.
L’orge et l'argent
Authors: Agut-Labordère Damien
Published: September 2014

À partir de l’exemple du village oasien de ‘Ayn Manâwir, dont l’histoire nous est connuepar près de 500 documents datant des Ve et IVe siècles av. J.-C., cet article propose une analysede la manière dont les Égyptiens appréhendèrent les statères d’argent qui commencèrent àse répandre en Égypte à cette époque. Les pièces grecques furent intégrées au systèmemonétaire égyptien dans lequel l’argent cohabitait avec une monnaie marchandise reposantsur l’orge. La principale vertu de l’argent résidait dans sa capacité à susciter la confiancedans le cadre des transactions touchant au patrimoine des notables.
Mosques and Minarets: Conflict, Participation, and Visibility in German Cities
Authors: Kuppinger Petra
Published: September 2014

The role and position of Muslims in Germany has been a controversial topic for years. This unresolved conflict manifests itself most acutely in controversies over the construction or renovation of mosques or mosque facilities. In this article, I examine two such controversies. I focus on themes of civic participation and visibility, to illustrate how mosque conflicts, regardless of their final outcomes, constitute important elements of Muslim localization. I argue that such conflicts are not isolated incidents but are embedded in larger processes of urban cultural and political negotiations and transformation. Mosque conflicts reflect the quest for visibility as expressed in the wish to construct a minaret. This quest is one step in a long journey toward recognition and participation, it symbolizes moments of arrival, and emphasizes local roots and commitment. I illustrate how mosque conflicts constitute crucial elements in the construction of future multi-ethnic and multi-religious cityscapes. Such controversies are both catalysts for further Muslim urban civic participation and results of lengthy processes of Muslim localization. Spatial presence becomes an expression of political presence, and the quest for participation, visibility, and citizenship. Opponents and municipalities’ struggles for control of the built environment in such conflicts represents attempts to order cities and societies at a historical moment when dynamics of globalization undermine the power of urban and national governments.
Entangled Realms: Hunters and Hunted in the Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (APDS), Central African Republic
Authors: Robinson Carolyn A. Jost , Remis Melissa J.
Published: September 2014

Researchers across disciplines have struggled to understand the entanglement of human-environment relationships. Nowhere are these entanglements more evident than among human communities situated within protected areas. These communities often rely on natural resources, such as wildlife, as an integral component of daily livelihoods. The success of human livelihood strategies and the continued presence of wildlife hinges upon our ability to understand inherently dependent relationships between animals and humans. Using the bushmeat trade as an entry point, this article draws on theoretical developments in anthropology, specifically mutual ecologies and data-based approaches to wildlife management, to examine relationships between hunters and hunted in the Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (APDS).
Bungalows and Mansions: White Suburbs, Immigrant Aspirations, and Aesthetic Governmentality
Authors: Lawrence-Zúñiga Denise
Published: September 2014

Contested discourses of suburban places have brought increasing attention to their historic “whiteness” as recent immigrants with distinct aesthetic sensibilities remodel houses and transform neighborhoods. This study examines opposition to largely Chinese immigrant renovations of early 20th century bungalows in Alhambra, California by preservationist homeowners who favor restoring houses to their original conditions. Pressing for aesthetic governmentality in the form of municipal design reviews, the predominantly white, middle-class advocates seek to alter applicant perceptions of house design in favor of an idealized “traditional” image. Affluent Chinese immigrants, however, aspire to build modernized or mansion-sized houses to appeal to local and transnational homebuyers. Although design review effectively excludes the applicants’ aesthetic preferences, while subjecting them to tests of cultural competence, aesthetic governmentality fails to change perceptions and tastes. Rather, the resulting built forms suppress alternative expressions of home and reproduce the re-imagined white suburb. Design review serves hegemonic purposes in reproducing and naturalizing the local residential landscape aesthetic on principles promoted by professional historic preservation and design elites. The resulting preserved residential landscape creates its own aspirational legitimacy.
A Disciplined Space: The Co-evolution of Conservation and Militarization on the US-Mexico Border
Authors: Meierotto Lisa
Published: September 2014

Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge is located in southern Arizona along the US-Mexico border. Since its inception as a conservation site, the federally-protected wildlife refuge has also been home to a constellation of military activities including an Air Force training and bombing range and, more recently, Border Patrol and the development of Homeland Security. This article describes how conservation and militarization have co-evolved in a complex yet often symbiotic relationship across time and space. Cabeza Prieta’s location on the international border results in an uneasy balance, promoting protection of nature along with protection of national security. The environmental history of the dual processes of conservation and militarization at the refuge enhances our understanding of contemporary environmental challenges in this hybrid landscape. The overarching theme is one of increasing control over a wilderness borderland region—a “disciplined space” in the words of Michel Foucault (2007).
The No/Name of the Institution
Authors: Whitmarsh Ian
Published: September 2014

Anthropologists have lately sought a subject not containable within the institutions that we analyze. This article suggests we should do the same for institutionality. I define “institutions” as things with the authority of the no/name—to confer the taboo—which includes discourses, rituals, and bureaucracies. The article calls for extending to the institution what we usually ascribe to the subject—violence, but also whatever we oppose to that, such as care or love. Anthropologists and psychoanalysts have an institution long considered a source of love through violence, and violence in love: kinship. This article works through contemporary anthropological queries on the subject, violence, and love in order to explore the possibilities in approaching all institutionality as acting like kinship. Drawing on Claude Lévi-Strauss, E.E. Evans-Pritchard, and Jacques Lacan, kinship is shown to be an institution comprised of a plurality of hierarchies, each of which might undermine the other, creating taboos that call for their own transgression. The article argues that this radical ambivalence in the institution finds desires within needs, displaces the individual as the source of possibility, and locates any radical potential of love within the institution. I call such ambivalence, following Lacan, the no/name of the institution.
Hybrid Natures?: Community Conservation Partnerships in the Kayapó Lands
Authors: Zanotti Laura
Published: September 2014

This article analyzes a more than two-decade long partnership between the Kayapó, an Amazonian indigenous group, and a large environmental NGO. Drawing from political ecology and science and technology studies and building upon the literature concerning community-conservation partnerships, I examine the outcomes of an ecological research program near one village in Brazil. While scholars have posited that hybridized forms of knowledge, landscapes, and practice result from such interactions, I explore the applicability of hybridity in such contexts. Interpersonal relationships, storied events, and the practice and production of knowledge emerge as key elements to consider when examining the outcomes of this partnership. Results suggest new ways of framing the co-constituted nature of bio-cultural environments in ways that are attentive to the formation and expression of social relationships over time.
Tribal Science and Farmers’ Resistance: A Political Ecology of Salmon Habitat Restoration in the American Northwest
Authors: Breslow Sara Jo
Published: September 2014

In the northwest corner of the US, commercial farmers defend their place-based heritage against the scientific and regulatory strategies of local Native American tribes seeking to restore salmon habitat in agricultural areas. The apparent irony of this scenario stems from a set of unique circumstances in the American Northwest that complicates dominant narratives and allegiances in political ecology and related fields. Ethnographic and historical evidence shows how a century of tribal activism to regain treaty fishing rights, and now to restore fish habitat, has collided with new forms of activism among county-supported farmers, whose counter-discourses depict themselves as stewards of the land. This case represents an exception to the more commonly observed pattern in which Western science and state power threaten to erode indigenous culture. It nevertheless suggests that the instrumentalist approach to salmon habitat restoration in Washington state, on the part of tribal and non-tribal entities alike, constrains ecosystem recovery by preventing a sophisticated understanding of its complex social and cultural dimensions. A detailed understanding of the histories and place-based identities that motivate the political engagement of both tribal and agricultural communities could inform more socially effective strategies for achieving actual habitat restoration goals.
A Cod Forsaken Place?: Fishing in an Altered State in Newfoundland
Authors: Davis Reade
Published: September 2014

The collapse of cod stocks in the waters off Newfoundland in the early 1990s was widely understood as an ecological disaster and the death of a rural way of life that had endured for centuries. While many areas have remained closed to commercial cod fishing for two full decades, growing numbers of commercial fishers and some fisheries scientists now agree that stocks in several areas are finally showing signs of rebuilding. While the biological recovery of cod populations was once widely viewed as being essential to the future well-being of coastal communities, many commercial fishers now publicly express concerns about the possibility of this scenario actually coming to pass. This article explores the roots of these changing constructions of cod. I argue that making sense of the anxieties and uncertainties that presently surround the question of cod recovery requires paying close attention to the ways in which access to fishery resources has been transformed over time, as well as to the ways in which changing production chains for seafood products, shifting scientific paradigms and practices, and unexpected changes in the marine environment have converged in ways that are fundamentally challenging many previously held notions of the ecological good.
Ecology of Rule: Territorial Assemblages and Environmental Governance in Rural Mongolia
Authors: Murphy Daniel J.
Published: September 2014

This article constitutes an attempt to understand political transformations in a pastoral region of eastern Mongolia where senior men, their kin groups, and the ecologies—human and non-human—that bind them have become central nodes in the territorial operation of governance. This political assemblage has emerged in what I call the balance of “mastery,” a tense, uneven entanglement of landscape and authority. The argument combines scholarly interests in political ontologies with analyses of neoliberal governmentality and rural social change. As such, the article traces the circulation of power, in its various human and non-human guises, through this landscape in ways that demonstrate the productive consequences of unequal agency, including the shifting relations of risk and vulnerability in a dynamic ecology of rule.
The Wondrous Exchange: Irenaeus and Eastern Valentinians on the Soteriology of Interchange
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: September 2014

The soteriology of interchange—or the mutual participation of the Savior and the saved—is a theme that first appears in Paul and is later developed by both Irenaeus and key texts of Eastern Valentinianism (the Treatise on Resurrection , the Tripartite Tractate , and the Interpretation of Knowledge ). A comparison between these texts and the works of Irenaeus shows that both present the incarnation of the Savior as the first step in a “wondrous exchange” between Christ and Christians. Irenaeus and Eastern Valentinians differ, however, on the nature of the exchange, its purpose, and its results. Such differences put into relief deeper parallels between Irenaean and Valentinian soteriology, indicating both a shared theological culture as well as a common Christian heritage.
Semen Stains: Seminal Procreation and the Patrilineal Genealogy of Salvation in Tertullian
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: September 2014

Tertullian is among the earliest Christians to argue that the sinful condition of human beings is transmitted from Adam’s semen to all his descendants. He makes this argument to explain the necessity of the virgin birth, insisting that Christ has not been contaminated with Adam’s semen, but has still inherited Adam’s flesh through Mary. Tertullian’s materialism holds that as Christians are reborn in Christ, Christ’s semen cleanses the stain of Adam’s semen. This essay situates Tertullian in ancient embryological discussions about inheritance and descent and argues that he deploys patrilineal kinship language, rejecting maternal alternatives.
Authoritative Obscenity in Iamblichus and Arnobius
Authors: Masterson Mark
Published: September 2014

Long associated with religion in the ancient world, obscenity features in the works of both the late-Platonic philosopher Iamblichus and the Christian author Arnobius of Sicca. While Iamblichus is decorous and indirect in his evocation of corporeal matters and Arnobius is exuberant in showing what ought not be shown, it is possible to see both of these authors speaking of the forbidden to render their respective religious agendas more lively and their assertions about the nature of the sacred more authoritative.
True Church or True Basilica?: The Song of Songs and Parmenian’s Ecclesiology Revisited
Authors: Wilhite David E.
Published: September 2014

Optatus of Milevis responded to Parmenian, bishop of Carthage’s so-called Donatist party, and scholars long recognized Optatus’s rhetorical tactics as purposeful misrepresentation of Parmenian’s original argument. One motif in Parmenian’s work, however, has not been reread in this critical approach: the church as the Bride of Christ as depicted in the Song of Songs is said to have received six dotes , or “gifts.” Optatus insisted that these only apply to his church, that is, the catholic church. Parmenian, it is argued, originally had his material “church,” or basilica, in mind.
Chromatius and Jovinus at the Synod of Diospolis: A Prosopographical Inquiry
Authors: Beatrice Pier Franco
Published: September 2014

The names of Chromatius and Jovinus are mentioned twice by Augustine in the list of the fourteen bishops who acquitted Pelagius at the synod of Diospolis in 415 c.e . At the end of an in-depth prosopographical investigation, the hypothesis is proposed that Jovinus was the bishop of Ascalon, who had previously been bishop of Padua, and that Chromatius was the famous bishop of Aquileia. Consequently, if this is true, contrary to the current opinion, Chromatius did not die in 407 c.e ., but was still alive in 415 c.e ., and his credibility as a Catholic bishop might have been seriously compromised in the eyes of both Augustine and Jerome precisely because of his participation in the synod of Diospolis in defence of Pelagius. This might also explain the shipwreck of his works. Many things are still wrapped in darkness, but, with all due caution, this essay will hopefully shed fresh light and foster new research on this intricate matter.
Libel and Satire: The Problem with Naming
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin
Published: September 2014

Literary historians have accounted for gutted names (like J---- S---- for John Smith) in eighteenth-century satire in legal terms, arguing that such typographical ruses prevented actions and prosecutions for libel. But the legal record shows that gutted names served no legal function. This article argues, instead, that such naming practices served a host of commercial and aesthetic functions: they advertised the salacious nature of a satire and invited readers to take part in the construction of a scandal. Above all, gutted names served a dubious ethical end, one that purported to protect satiric victims, but did so in a largely superficial way.
The Poet, the Skeptic, his Witches, and their Queen: Political Theology and Poetic Charms in Sidney’s Defence
Authors: Guagliardo Ethan
Published: September 2014

This article puts the Defence of Poesy ’s critique of poetic prophecy alongside the efforts of contemporary Protestants like Reginald Scot to disenchant the idols and thereby undermine certain aspects of Tudor political theology. The political theology of sovereignty thrived on the belief that witches, charms, and idols were real conduits of spiritual evil. The idea that idolatersrepresented devils on earth gave support to the notion that sovereigns gained their authority directly from God. Yet demonology was also profoundly destabilizing; to suggest that the nation was afflicted with demonic influence was to suggest that the queen failed to do her divinely ordained duty.Hoping to cure the nation of such dangerous illusions, Scot and others maintained that the idol’s power was only a trick of the imagination: put your trust not in fancy, they suggested, but in magistrates. Sidney likewise criticizes prophetic poetry as an illusion. Yet if Sidney disenchants poetry on the level of metaphysics, unlike Scot and the skeptics he embraces the imaginative power of the poetic charm, channeling the idol’s imagined energy into a device promoting civic virtue. He thereby turns the mechanics of the idol to a positive use—only now images channel moral, rather than metaphysical, authority. In this way, Sidney’s Defence doubles as a critique of political theology, replacing itsdemonological authoritywith a human alternative grounded in the autonomous authority of the imagination.
Beauty and the Beastly Prime Minister
Authors: Su John
Published: September 2014

This essay examines the so-called “turn to beauty” in British fiction since the 1990s as a response to the political and social consequences of Thatcherism. Focusing primarily on four texts—Jonathan Coe’s What a Carve Up! (1994), Julian Barnes’s England, England , (1998), Alan Hollinghurst’s The Line of Beauty (2004), and Zadie Smith’s On Beauty (2005)—this essay argues that conceptions of beauty and beastliness delineate possible boundaries to the neoliberalism with which Thatcherism is associated. Two distinct phases of the beauty/beastliness rhetoric are identified: an ironized utopianism in the 1990s; an ambivalent embrace of global humanism in the 2000s.
Filiation to Affiliation: Kinship and Sentiment in Equiano’s Interesting Narrative
Authors: Mallipeddi Ramesh
Published: September 2014

After being kidnapped from West Africa at the age of ten and forcibly migrated across the Atlantic, the newly-orphaned Equiano begins to model social relations based on kinship, inventing a sequence of quasi-filiative ties to counter the social death ofslavery. Likewise, during the years of antislavery activism, he deploys an idiom of racial affiliation to create fraternal alliances with fellow African slaves in the diaspora—the enslaved in the Caribbean and the disenfranchised in England and America—and the native inhabitants on continental Africa, in an effort to connect the immediate goal of abolition with the more ambitious program of racial uplift, the legislative repeal of the slave trade with African nationalism. Situating kinship at the intersection of the biological and the social, the consanguineal and the contractual, this essay considers the primacy of familial, racial, and national attachments that Equiano fosters throughout his life. Kinship in The Interesting Narrative (1789), I argue, is not a static structure but a dynamic site of praxis, a mechanism for forging filiative and affiliative connections—and, indeed, the bedrock of individual self-constitution and racial renewal.
Spenser’s Irish Hubbub
Authors: Ward Thomas
Published: September 2014

This article argues that texts by Edmund Spenser imagine an idealized English voice in opposition both to Irish noise and, surprisingly, to Spenser’s own poetry. I begin with a close reading of a scene from The Faerie Queene in which a woman is about to be sacrificed by a group of noisy cannibals, the portrayal of whom recalls many contemporary English accounts of alleged Irish barbarity. I continue by examining the Irish war-cry (known as the “Hubbub”) as Spenser discusses it in A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande and as it appears in the epic. I conclude by exploring some of the anxieties that attend the echoing voices in “Epithalamion.”
“The Great measur’d by the Less”: The Ethnological Turn in Eighteenth-Century Pastoral
Authors: Crandall Joshua
Published: September 2014

Recent criticism has emphasized eighteenth-century poets’ fascination with Virgil’s Georgics , which they associated with scientific discovery and agricultural reform. This article restores the georgic’s partner mode, the pastoral, to its important place in the poetic imagination of the time. It tracks the rise of cultural description and comparison in English pastoral poetry in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In a social milieu fascinated by the rise of urban culture and by the peoples encountered on voyages of discovery, pastoral comparison served as an important precursor to the social scientific literature that developed later in this period.