bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Currently Available Techniques for Studying Colloids in Environmental Media
Authors: Philippe Allan
Published: August 2016

Engineered nanoparticles are emerging pollutants with poorly known environmental fate and impact. Studying the fate of engineered colloids in the environment is highly challenging due to the complexity of their possible interactions with environmental components and to the need of dedicated analytical methods. Many relevant processes like e.g. agglomeration and dissolution can be studied by monitoring the size of colloids. Techniques dedicated to the determination of the size of colloids in environmental media are thus required. Such techniques should remain accurate at low concentrations and be specific, widely matrix independent and free of artefact due to sample preparation. This chapter aims at evaluating and comparing systematically the currently used tools (e.g. microscopy, light scattering, particle counters) for sizing colloids considering these requirements. As an example of a highly promising solution, the current development of separation techniques coupled to (single particle) ICP-MS is described in more details.
Developments in Antibacterial Disinfection Techniques
Authors: Rongione Nicolas Augustus , Floerke Scott Alan , Celik Emrah
Published: August 2016

One of the most daunting challenges facing nations today is controlling the spread of increasingly lethal bacteria. Today, a handful of bacteria can no longer be treated with traditional antibiotics and show antibacterial resistance. In this regard, nanotechnology possesses tremendous potential for the development of novel tools which help prevent and combat the spread of unwanted microorganisms. These tools can provide unique solutions for the challenges of the traditional disinfection methods, such as increased antibacterial activity, cost reduction, biocompatibility and personalized treatment. Despite its great potential, nanotechnology remains in its infancy and continued research efforts are required to achieve its full potential. In this chapter, traditional methods and their associated limitations are reviewed for their efficacy against microbial spread, and potential solutions in nanotechnology are described. A review of the state of the art disinfection techniques using nanotechnology is presented, and promising new areas in the field are discussed.
Hybrid Plasmonic Nanostructures
Authors: Emam Ahmed Nabile , Mansour Ahmed Sadek , Girgis Emad , Mohamed Mona Bakr
Published: August 2016

Plasmonic hybrid nanostructure including Semiconductor-metallic nanoparticles, and graphene-plasmonic nanocomposites have great potential to be used as photocatalyst for hydrogen production and for photodegradation of organic waste. Also, they are potential candidate as active materials in photovoltaic devices. Plasmonic-magnetic nanocomposites could be used in photothermal therapy and biomedical imaging. This chapter will focus on the environmental impact of these materials and their in-vitro and in-vivo toxicity. In addition, the applications of these hybrid nanostructures in energy and environment will be discussed in details.
A Research Framework for Investigating the Benefits of Technology in Treatment and Management of ADHD in Tertiary Students
Authors: Binhadyan Bader , Davey Bill
Published: August 2016

This paper uses current streams in health research to identify a framework for investigating the use of technology in management of ADHD. The framework incorporates a model based on a multimodal view of treatment options and is aimed at investigating university students with ADHD. The framework includes four main factors: academic performance, symptoms, technology and impacts. A grounded theory approach is described for a potential analytical technique. This framework is intended to address the significant problems of young people with ADHD when attempting to gain professional qualifications.
Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality
Authors: Pearson Claire , Hussain Zaheer
Published: August 2016

There are increasing numbers of people who are now using smartphones. Consequently, there is a risk of addiction to certain web applications such as social networking sites (SNSs) which are easily accessible via smartphones. There is also the risk of an increase in narcissism amongst users of SNSs. The present study set out to investigate the relationship between smartphone use, narcissistic tendencies and personality as predictors of smartphone addiction. The study also aimed to investigate the distinction between addiction specificity and co-occurrence in smartphone addiction via qualitative data and discover why people continue to use smartphones in banned areas. A self-selected sample of 256 smartphone users (Mean age = 29.2, SD = 9.49) completed an online survey. The results revealed that 13.3% of the sample was classified as addicted to smartphones. Higher narcissism scores and neuroticism levels were linked to addiction. Three themes of social relations, smartphone dependence and self-serving personalities emerged from the qualitative data. Interpretation of qualitative data supports addiction specificity of the smartphone. It is suggested smartphones encourage narcissism, even in non-narcissistic users. In turn, this increased use in banned areas. Future research needs to gather more in-depth qualitative data, addiction scale comparisons and comparison of use with and without SNS access. It is advised that prospective buyers of smartphones be pre-warned of the potential addictive properties of new technology.
Cyberbullying in the World of Teenagers and Social Media
Authors: Alim Sophia
Published: August 2016

Cyberbullying amongst teenagers is a major issue, due to their increased use of social media. Previous literature surveys have not covered in detail cyberbullying studies in 2014 and cyberbullying risk factors. This literature review explores cyberbullying research areas, such as the use of social media by teenagers, themes from cyberbullying studies carried out since 2012, cyberbullying risk factors and how teenagers deal with cyberbullying incidents. Current cyberbullying studies highlighted issues such as the high volume of cyberbullying incidents in school, increased personal information disclosure on social media, peer influences and the safety of the school environment for both bully and victim. Studies focusing on cyberbullying risk factors raised debates on factors such as whether males or females are most likely to be victims/cyberbullies. Tackling cyberbullying requires awareness, education for actors involved in cyberbullying, development of software to detect cyberbullying and including actors in the monitoring of cyberbullying.
Supporting Students' Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being in Inclusive Classrooms
Authors: Graham Dustin , Killoran Isabel , Parekh Gillian
Published: August 2016

Many governments, organizations, and school boards have recently committed to focusing their attention on children's Mental Health and Emotional Well-being (MHEW) (e.g., Kidger, Gunnell, Biddle, Campbell, & Donovan, 2010; Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2013; Ontario Ministry of Education, 2013b). Although often left out of the conversation, teachers play a critical role in supporting and fostering children's MHEW. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: (1) to introduce educators to a critical mental health literacy (CMHL) approach, (2) to identify the teacher's role in supporting MHEW in inclusive classrooms, and (3) to support educators in their efforts to provide inclusive classrooms that accommodate all needs, including MHEW, through the introduction of mindfulness and critical media literacy.
New Concepts, Old Known Issues
Authors: Pontes Halley M , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: August 2016

Background: Following the growing concern about ‘gaming addiction', the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and numerous scholars have suggested the need for unification and consensus for the assessment of gaming addiction, which is now possible given the recent formal recognition of ‘Internet Gaming Disorder' (IGD) by the APA since its inclusion in the DSM-5. Aims: In light of this, the aim of this chapter is to present the main findings concerning the development of the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test) and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), two newly developed psychometric tools aimed to measure the extent of gaming disorder in online and/or offline players. Conclusions: The present findings support the viability of the two newly developed measures as adequate standardized psychometrically robust tools for assessing internet gaming disorder. Consequently, the new instruments represent the first step towards unification and consensus in the field of gaming studies.
Baseline characteristics of HIV & hepatitis B virus (HIV/HBV) co-infected patients from Kolkata, India
Authors: Sarkar Jayeeta , Saha Debraj , Bandyopadhyay Bhaswati , Saha Bibhuti , Kedia Deepika , Guha Mazumder D.N. , Chakravarty Runu , Guha Subhasish Kamal
Published: August 2016

Background & objectives:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV co-infection has variable prevalence worldwide. In comparison to HBV mono-infection, the course of chronic HBV infection is accelerated in HIV/HBV co-infected patients. The present study was carried out to analyse the baseline characteristics (clinical, biochemical, serological and virological) of treatment naïve HIV/HBV co-infected and HIV mono-infected patients.

Methods:

Between July 2011 and January 2013, a total number of 1331 HIV-seropositive treatment naïve individuals, enrolled in the ART Centre of Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). A total of 1253 HIV mono-infected and 78 HIV/HBV co-infected patients were characterized. The co-infected patients were evaluated for HBeAg and anti-HBe antibody by ELISA. HIV RNA was quantified for all co-infected patients. HBV DNA was detected and quantified by real time-PCR amplification followed by HBV genotype determination.

Results:

HIV/HBV co-infected patients had proportionately more advanced HIV disease (WHO clinical stage 3 and 4) than HIV mono-infected individuals (37.1 vs. 19.9%). The co-infected patients had significantly higher serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase and ALT/platelet ratio index (APRI). CD4 count was non-significantly lower in co-infected patients. Majority (61.5%) were HBeAg positive with higher HIV RNA (P<0.05), HBV DNA (P<0.001) and APRI (P<0.05) compared to those who were HBeAg negative. HBV/D was the predominant genotype (73.2%) and D2 (43.7%) was the commonest subgenotype.

Interpretation & conclusions:

HIV/HBV co-infected patients had significantly higher serum bilirubin, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and lower platelet count. HBeAg positive co-infected patients had higher HIV RNA and HBV DNA compared to HBeAg negative co-infected patients. Prior to initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) all patients should be screened for HBsAg to initiate appropriate ART regimen.
New Deformations of Convolution Algebras and Fourier Algebras on Locally
Compact Groups
Authors: Hee Lee Hun , Youn Sang-gyun
Published: August 2016

In this paper we introduce a new way of deforming convolution algebras and
Fourier algebras on locally compact groups. We demonstrate that this new
deformation allows us to reveal some information about the underlying groups by
examining Banach algebra properties of deformed algebras. More precisely, we focus
on representability as an operator algebra of deformed convolution algebras on
compact connected Lie groups with connection to the real dimension of the
underlying group. Similarly, we investigate complete representability as an
operator algebra of deformed Fourier algebras on some ûnitely generated discrete
groups with connection to the growth rate of the group.
Regional and global temperature response to anthropogenic SO2 emissions
from China in three climate models
Authors: Kasoar Matthew , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Lamarque Jean-François , Shindell Drew T. , Bellouin Nicolas , Collins William J. , Faluvegi Greg , Tsigaridis Kostas
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We use the HadGEM3-GA4, CESM1, and GISS ModelE2 climate models to investigate the global and regional aerosol burden, radiative flux, and surface temperature responses to removing anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from China. We find that the models differ by up to a factor of 6 in the simulated change in aerosol optical depth (AOD) and shortwave radiative flux over China that results from reduced sulfate aerosol, leading to a large range of magnitudes in the regional and global temperature responses. Two of the three models simulate a near-ubiquitous hemispheric warming due to the regional SO2 removal, with similarities in the local and remote pattern of response, but overall with a substantially different magnitude. The third model simulates almost no significant temperature response. We attribute the discrepancies in the response to a combination of substantial differences in the chemical conversion of SO2 to sulfate, translation of sulfate mass into AOD, cloud radiative interactions, and differences in the radiative forcing efficiency of sulfate aerosol in the models. The model with the strongest response (HadGEM3-GA4) compares best with observations of AOD regionally, however the other two models compare similarly (albeit poorly) and still disagree substantially in their simulated climate response, indicating that total AOD observations are far from sufficient to determine which model response is more plausible. Our results highlight that there remains a large uncertainty in the representation of both aerosol chemistry as well as direct and indirect aerosol radiative effects in current climate models, and reinforces that caution must be applied when interpreting the results of modelling studies of aerosol influences on climate. Model studies that implicate aerosols in climate responses should ideally explore a range of radiative forcing strengths representative of this uncertainty, in addition to thoroughly evaluating the models used against observations.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Atmospheric Organosulfates in Centreville, Alabama
Authors: Hettiyadura Anusha P. S. , Jayarathne Thilina , Baumann Karsten , Stone Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Organosulfates are components of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) that form from oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sulfate. In this study, the composition and abundance of organosulfates were determined in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from Centreville, AL from 07–11 July 2013 during Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Six organosulfates were quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQD) against standard compounds. Among these, the three most abundant species were glycolic acid sulfate (2.4–27.3 ng m−3), lactic acid sulfate (1.4–22.1 ng m−3) and hydroxyacetone sulfate (0.5–8.7 ng m−3). Positive filter sampling artifacts associated with these organosulfates due to gas adsorption and reaction of their VOC precursors with sulfuric acid were found to be negligible (at ≤ 7.3 % of their measured concentrations). Together, the quantified organosulfates accounted for
How big is an OMI pixel?
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Sihler Holger , Tilstra Lieuwe G. , Stammes Piet
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a push-broom imaging spectrometer, observing solar radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The incoming radiation is detected using a static imaging CCD (charge-coupled device) detector array with no moving parts, as opposed to most of the previous satellite spectrometers, which used a moving mirror to scan the Earth in the across-track direction. The field of view (FoV) of detector pixels is the solid angle from which radiation is observed, averaged over the integration time of a measurement. The OMI FoV is not quadrangular, which is common for scanning instruments, but rather super-Gaussian shaped and overlapping with the FoV of neighbouring pixels. This has consequences for pixel-area-dependent applications, like cloud fraction products, and visualisation.The shapes and sizes of OMI FoVs were determined pre-flight by theoretical and experimental tests but never verified after launch. In this paper the OMI FoV is characterised using collocated MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance measurements. MODIS measurements have a much higher spatial resolution than OMI measurements and spectrally overlap at 469 nm. The OMI FoV was verified by finding the highest correlation between MODIS and OMI reflectances in cloud-free scenes, assuming a 2-D super-Gaussian function with varying size and shape to represent the OMI FoV. Our results show that the OMPIXCOR product 75FoV corner coordinates are accurate as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a super-Gaussian FoV model when this function is assumed. The softness of the function edges, modelled by the super-Gaussian exponents, is different in both directions and is view angle dependent.The optimal overlap function between OMI and MODIS reflectances is scene dependent and highly dependent on time differences between overpasses, especially with clouds in the scene. For partially clouded scenes, the optimal overlap function was represented by super-Gaussian exponents around 1 or smaller, which indicates that this function is unsuitable to represent the overlap sensitivity function in these cases. This was especially true for scenes before 2008, when the time differences between Aqua and Aura overpasses was about 15 min, instead of 8 min after 2008. During the time between overpasses, clouds change the scene reflectance, reducing the correlation and influencing the shape of the optimal overlap function.
Sustainability of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Experiences from Eastern Ghana
Authors: Agyei Frank Kwaku
Published: August 2016

Climate change risks are wide spread, and they are transforming the socio-environmental infrastructure of economic development. Whether they are included or not in the development of national adaptation strategies, rural populations continue to employ diverse climate adaptation strategies to withstand climate induced vulnerabilities inimical to their livelihoods. Using the case of farming communities in Eastern Ghana and through semi-structured interviews, this article addresses the questions: which climate risks confront farmers, what are farmers’ adaptation choices, and which adaptation strategies are sustainable and why? The paper argues that farmers use range of adaptation strategies to minimize climate risks. Nevertheless, some strategies do not sustain the anticipated positive outcomes. Local choices of adaptation strategies were skewed towards advancing general income, and poorly promoted healthy ecological systems. Farmers’ choices of climate strategies were based on, among others, personal intuition or historical experience, knowledge of strategies, and availability of resources to implement a particular strategy: sustainability measures weakly influenced selections. Short rotation and mixed species cropping, farming at several locations, and drought tolerant crop varieties were sustainable initiatives to farmers. The main qualities of successful initiatives were low cost strategy, economic equity, and flexibility to precipitation and temperature. Climate adaptation strategy can be sustainable if it is less costly to establish, and flexible to places and seasons. 
Using Technology to Promote Academic Success for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Alghazo Ali M. , Al-Otaibi Boshra E.
Published: August 2016

The following research paper provides intends to act as an authoritative reference point for information related to using technology to promote academic success of students with Learning Disabilities (LD) based on information retrieved from various sources. The major objectives of this study are: To explore the advantages resulting from usage of technology to promote academic success for students with learning disabilities; To understand the obstacles that hinder the successful implementation and integration of technology that could be used to promote academic success for students with learning disabilities. To answer the question of how can technologies be used and integrated in the best possible manner to promote academic success for students with learning disabilities? The methodology used in the following study is a systematic literature review of relevant research studies and articles. A methodical analysis of previous literature is an imperative part of any academic research project (Webster & Watson, 2002). A comprehensive, high-level literature review forms the basis and motivation for constructive and extensive research (Boote and Beile, 2005, p. 3). The study found that schools and educationists need to execute requisite pedagogy in such a manner that students with LD are benefitted rather than confining them to special instructions and objectives. Integrating technology into regular education to support students with LD need not be costly or necessitate massive training. Assistive technology ranging from low-tech devices like pencil grips to advanced software like speech recognition software can empower children having LD with the skills required to take forward their education in an equivalent manner like their peers. Emerging technologies like social networking sites and freely available communication software can aid effective association with teachers and peers. Continuous policy up gradation and research can immensely contribute towards technology incorporation within teaching lessons for students with different academic LD.
TERCEIRIZAÇÃO DA DISPOSIÇÃO FINAL DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS: POLÍTICA PÚBLICA MUNICIPAL EM RIO AZUL, PR
Authors: Deus Marcel Diogo de , Lepchak Alessandro , Bonato Paulo Sergio , Gonzaga Carlos Alberto Marçal
Published: August 2016

Este artigo resulta de pesquisa exploratória qualitativa sobre a gestãomunicipal de resíduos sólidos numa cidade que terceirizou para uma empresaprivada a destinação final do material coletado. O objetivo foi analisar osimpactos ambientais do transporte dos resíduos por trechos de RodoviasFederais e Estaduais, entre os municípios de Rio Azul (PR) e Mafra (SC).Buscou-se identificar como a municipalidade de Rio Azul (PR) se adaptou àsnovas exigências da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), Lei Federalnº 12.305/2010. A pesquisa foi realizada como estudo de caso, por meio deanálise documental, revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com gestores públicos.Os resultados mostraram que a decisão emergencial adotada, enquanto nãose viabiliza a construção consorciada de um novo aterro sanitário, atende àsnovas determinações legais e pode constituir-se em solução permanente seos custos de mantê-la não comprometerem o orçamento municipal.
COMPORTAMENTO ÓPTICO DE VIDROS E PELÍCULAS DE PROTEÇÃO SOLAR E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O CONFORTO AMBIENTAL
Authors: Ferreira Regis de Castro , Alves Elza Glauce Pereira da Silva
Published: August 2016

Superfícies transparentes merecem especial atenção quando se trata doconforto ambiental de edificações, pois são elementos vulneráveis a ganhosde calor, principalmente em regiões tropicais. O presente trabalho tevecomo objetivo propor indicativos para o emprego apropriado de vidros epelículas de proteção solar para sua correta especificação, visando menorconsumo energético e melhor conforto ambiental em edificações. Para tal,foram avaliadas as propriedades espectrais de vidros e películas por técnicaespectrofotométrica e determinados os parâmetros de controle de ganho decarga térmica, a saber: fator solar (FS), ganho de calor solar (GCS), razão visível/infravermelho e coeficiente de sombreamento (CS). Os resultados mostraramque, para a correta escolha e especificação das superfícies transparentes,deve ser analisado o parâmetro GCS. Sugere-se, ainda, associar à essa análisevalores de transmissão (τ) no espectro visível acima de 30%.
Adolescent-Centered Pain Management in School When Adolescents Have Chronic Pain-A Qualitative Study
Authors: Nilsson Stefan , Rosvall Per-Åke , Jonsson Annikki
Published: August 2016

Chronic pain is common among Swedish adolescents, and stress is an independent factor in the onset and persistence of chronic pain. When Swedish school nurses conduct their health dialogs they have a unique opportunity to find adolescents with chronic pain. The aim of this study was to explore school nurses’ and adolescents’ experiences of factors that influence adolescent-centered pain management in school health care, when adolescents have chronic pain. The study context is schools in Sweden where primary health care is available through school nurses. A total of 15 school nurses and 15 adolescents participated in individual interviews, which were transcribed and analyzed by qualitative conventional content analysis. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model was used to explain how these factors are directed at the individual or society. The results demonstrated eight different categories of factors that influenced the pain management. The categories focused mainly on the adolescents’ micro- and mesosystems; few strategies were conducted on an exo- and macrosystem level. On the micro- and mesosystem levels, it was necessary to build trust to be able to influence the adolescents’ behavior in the pain management. Pharmacological strategies were paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; non-pharmacological strategies were physical activities and stress-reducing activities. Research and practice involving a more holistic perspective, studying the possibilities of both change at the organizational level and individual support for adolescents, are essential.
Effects of Drinking Cows’ Milk at Breakfast in Promoting Sleep-Health in Japanese University Athletes
Authors: Kawada Takahiro , Takamori Yuri , Nakade Miyo , Tsuji Fujiko , Krejci Milada , Noji Teruki , Takeuchi Hitomi , Harada Tetsuo
Published: August 2016

This study evaluates the effects of milk intake for 20 days at breakfast on diurnal type (chronotype), sleep habits and soccer performance in Japanese university male athletes attending a university soccer club. Seventy three athletes were asked to take 200 ml of cows’ milk at breakfast for 21 consecutive days during November and December, 2014. Twenty athletes attending the same soccer club did not drink cows’ milk for the same period of time and acted a control group. An integrated questionnaire was administered twice, before the intervention period and 1 month after it to all 93 participants. The questionnaire included questions on sleep habits and diurnal type. On the 10th day and 21st days of the intervention period, a questionnaire on performance/skill was administered to all participants. The group which drank cows’ milk showed higher frequency of improvement of soccer performance than did the control group did (performance—where higher values indicate less skill: milk drinking group=29.92, control group=31.9 on day 10; milk drinking group=28.21, control group=31.9 on day 21), and also judged that their soccer performance had improved more after 21 days than 10 days of the intervention. Those participants who changed diurnal type to becoming more morning-typed were more likely to judge that their soccer performance had improved than did those who showed no change in diurnal type.
The Rights of Victim in the Iranian Code of Criminal Procedure Act 2013
Authors: Ahmadi Ahmad
Published: August 2016

This study investigates the rights of victim in the light of developments in the Code of Criminal Procedure 2013 in Iran. The victim as one of the pillars of the criminal phenomenon has found its actual and certain situation in criminal policy of communities. Criminal researchers have focused most of their efforts on elements such as crime, offenders, and penalties. But the victim of a crime or crimes often also plays a role in the crime, has been forgotten. With the advent of the knowledge of the victim in recent decades and highlighting human rights issues through the adoption of international and regional documents and regulations on offenders and victims, the ground for serious attention to the position of victims in national criminal justice systems has been provided. Therefore, moral and material support of victims like predicting the Compensation Fund, psychological and medical support are seen in the Iranian Code of Criminal Procedure Act of 2013. This study aims to explain the legal grounds supporting the victims and review and analyze the effects of the rights of this vulnerable group.
Dificuldades enfrentadas por pacientes psiquiátricos ao tentarem parar de fumar
Authors: Oliveira Renata Marques de , Furegato Antonia Regina Ferreira
Published: August 2016

El presente estudio busca identificar la percepción de pacientes psiquiátricos fumadores sobre las dificultades que enfrentan para dejar de fumar y su opinión sobre la conducta de los enfermeros en el proceso. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio con 96 fumadores internados en la enfermería psiquiátrica. Entrevistas individuales con cuestiones abiertas. Análisis temático del contenido. Entre las dificultades se destaca la falta de apoyo y actitudes coercitivas de los profesionales, la resistencia en buscar ayuda (señal de debilidad), la convivencia con profesionales y familiares fumadores y las limitaciones en los programas contra el tabaquismo (la falta de información, la demora para iniciar el tratamiento, la falta de disponibilidad de fármacos específicos). A través de actitudes comprensivas y humanizantes, el enfermero es la pieza clave para acoger e incentivar al paciente psiquiátrico a controlar el tabaquismo.
Intensive math training does not affect approximate number acuity: Evidence from a three-year longitudinal curriculum intervention
Authors: Sullivan Jessica , Frank Michael C. , Barner David
Published: August 2016

Does nonverbal, approximate number acuity predict mathematics performance? Some studies report a correlation between acuity of representations in the Approximate Number System (ANS) and early math achievement, while others do not. Few previous reports have addressed (1) whether reported correlations remain when other domain-general capacities are considered, and (2) whether such correlations are causal. In the present study, we addressed both questions using a large (N = 204) 3-year longitudinal dataset from a successful math intervention, which included a wide array of non-numerical cognitive tasks. While we replicated past work finding correlations between approximate number acuity and math success, these correlations were very small when other domain-general capacities were considered. Also, we found no evidence that changes to math performance induced changes to approximate number acuity, militating against one class of causal accounts.
MYC activation and BCL2L11 silencing by a tumour virus through the large-scale reconfiguration of enhancer-promoter hubs
Authors: Wood C David , Veenstra Hildegonda , Khasnis Sarika , Gunnell Andrea , Webb Helen M , Shannon-Lowe Claire , Andrews Simon , Osborne Cameron S , West Michelle J
Published: August 2016

Lymphomagenesis in the presence of deregulated MYC requires suppression of MYC-driven apoptosis, often through downregulation of the pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 gene (Bim). Transcription factors (EBNAs) encoded by the lymphoma-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activate MYC and silence BCL2L11. We show that the EBNA2 transactivator activates multiple MYC enhancers and reconfigures the MYC locus to increase upstream and decrease downstream enhancer-promoter interactions. EBNA2 recruits the BRG1 ATPase of the SWI/SNF remodeller to MYC enhancers and BRG1 is required for enhancer-promoter interactions in EBV-infected cells. At BCL2L11, we identify a haematopoietic enhancer hub that is inactivated by the EBV repressors EBNA3A and EBNA3C through recruitment of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. Reversal of enhancer inactivation using an EZH2 inhibitor upregulates BCL2L11 and induces apoptosis. EBV therefore drives lymphomagenesis by hijacking long-range enhancer hubs and specific cellular co-factors. EBV-driven MYC enhancer activation may contribute to the genesis and localisation of MYC-Immunoglobulin translocation breakpoints in Burkitt's lymphoma.
Electro-optic switching based on a waveguide-ring resonator made of dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon waveguides
Authors: Qi Zhe , Zhu Zhi Hong , Xu Wei , Zhang Jian Fa , Guo Chu Cai , Liu Ken , Yuan Xiao Dong , Qin Shi Qiao
Published: August 2016

We numerically demonstrate that electro-optic switching in the mid-infrared range can be realized using a waveguide-ring resonator made of dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon waveguides (DLGPWs). The numerical results are in good agreement with the results of physical analysis. The switching mechanism is based on dynamic modification of the resonant wavelengths of the ring resonator, achieved by varying the Fermi energy of a graphene sheet. The results reveal that a switching ratio of ∼24 dB can be achieved with only a 0.01 eV change in the Fermi energy. Such electrically controlled switching operation may find use in actively tunable integrated photonic circuits.
Heavy rainfall prediction applying satellite‐based cloud data assimilation over land
Authors: Seto Rie , Koike Toshio , Rasmy Mohamed
Published: August 2016

To optimize flood management, it is crucial to determine whether rain will fall within a river basin. This requires very fine precision in prediction of rainfall areas. Cloud data assimilation has great potential to improve the prediction of precipitation area because it can directly obtain information on locations of rain systems. Clouds can be observed globally by satellite‐based microwave remote sensing. Microwave observation also includes information of latent heat and water vapor associated with cloud amount, which enables the assimilation of not only cloud itself but also the cloud‐affected atmosphere. However, it is difficult to observe clouds over land using satellite microwave remote sensing, because their emissivity is much lower than that of the land surface. To overcome this challenge, we need appropriate representation of heterogeneous land emissivity. We developed a coupled atmosphere and land data assimilation system with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (CALDAS‐WRF), which can assimilate soil moisture, vertically integrated cloud water content over land, and heat and moisture within clouds simultaneously. We applied this system to heavy rain events in Japan. Results show that the system effectively assimilated cloud signals and produced very accurate cloud and precipitation distributions. The system also accurately formed a consistent atmospheric field around the cloud. Precipitation intensity was also substantially improved by appropriately representing the local atmospheric field. Furthermore, combination of the method and operationally analyzed dynamical and moisture fields improved prediction of precipitation duration. The results demonstrate the method's promise in dramatically improving predictions of heavy rain and consequent flooding.
Polymeric Micelles and Vesicles in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: Introducing Hierarchy and Compartmentalization
Authors: Dewald Inna , Fery Andreas
Published: August 2016

The incorporation of functional colloidal building blocks into polyelectrolyte multilayers provides the films with a higher level of hierarchy and separate compartments. The simplicity of the layer‐by‐layer approach meets the complexity of supramolecular aggregates, such as micelles or vesicles from block copolymers, thereby opening a venue towards functional coatings with new functionality at the interface. The scope of this progress report is to highlight recent developments in the incorporation of polymeric micellar and vesicular aggregates into functional and hierarchically structured multilayer films. The stability and functionality of these films, especially in terms of responsiveness, are discussed on the basis of their physico‐chemical properties and compared to films containing low molecular weight aggregates. Particular emphasis is on coatings with a reversible response to external signals, rendering these films potential surface‐mediated drug delivery systems with the possibility of refilling hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic reservoirs. Finally, prospects of future developments are given based on recent advances in synthetic polymer chemistry.
Synthesis of 2‐(1‐Alkoxyvinyl)anilines by Palladium/Norbornene‐Catalyzed Amination Followed by Termination with Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wang Jie , Gu Zhenhua
Published: August 2016

A palladium/norbornene‐catalyzed ortho‐amination and ipso vinyl ether termination reaction of iodoarenes is reported. The benzyl vinyl ether serves as an efficient alternative carbonyl source in palladium/norbornene catalysis for the final ipso termination reaction to give [1‐(benzyloxy)vinyl]arenes, which readily undergo hydrolysis to deliver methyl ketones under aqueous acidic conditions. The final Heck termination reaction with vinyl ethers has high branched/linear selectivity. This reaction tolerates a range of iodoarene and O‐benzoylhydroxylamine substrates, and it provides a convenient way to prepare o‐acetylanilines. The synthetic utility of [1‐(benzyloxy)vinyl]arenes and the corresponding ketones is briefly investigated.

magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Boronic Acid Derivatives with Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Zhou Zihong , Zhang Yaqi , Xia Wang , Chen Huixuan , Liang Hao , He Xuefeng , Yu Sifan , Cao Rihui , Qiu Liqin
Published: August 2016

A series of new biphenyl N,P‐monophosphine ligands L have been developed by introduction of two methoxy groups to the biphenyl backbone. The ligands were found to be much more effective than their counterpart Buchwald ligands in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of sterically hindered and electron‐rich aryl chlorides with aryl boronic acids. A variety of tri‐ortho‐substituted or tetra‐ortho‐substituted biaryls or hetero‐biaryls were conveniently prepared in up to 99 % yield by using L1‐[Pd2(dba)3] (dba=dibenzylideneacetone) as the catalyst.
Cyclic Triradicals Composed of Iminonitroxide–Gold(I) with Intramolecular Ferromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Suzuki Shuich , Wada Tomoyuki , Tanimoto Ryu , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sugisaki Kenji , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Miyake Yota , Hosokoshi Yuko , Okada Keiji
Published: August 2016

A triangular gold(iminonitroxide‐2‐ide) trimer complex (5) was prepared and investigated to determine its magnetic properties. The results showed that the metalloid triradical is highly stable, even in solution under aerated conditions. The intramolecular exchange interaction of 5 was found to be positive (Jintra/kB≈+29 K), thus showing that 5 is in a quartet ground state. In addition, a silver sandwich complex (5‐Ag+‐5) was prepared and its electronic and magnetic properties were also clarified.
Highly Conformal Deposition of an Ultrathin FeOOH Layer on a Hematite Nanostructure for Efficient Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Kim Jae Young , Youn Duck Hyun , Kang Kyoungwoong , Lee Jae Sung
Published: August 2016

An ultrathin (ca. 2 nm) amorphous FeOOH overlayer was deposited conformally on a hematite nanostructure by a simple solution‐based precipitation method, to generate an oxygen evolution cocatalyst for efficient solar water splitting. This uniform and highly conformal coating of the ultrathin metal oxyhydroxide is rare and is distinguished from the layers prepared by other conventional methods. With the FeOOH overlayer as the cocatalyst, the water oxidation photocurrent of hematite increased by a factor of approximately two and the onset potential shifted in the cathodic direction by 0.12 V under 1 sun illumination. The enhanced performance was attributed to the improved water oxidation kinetics and the passivation of the surface states of the hematite.
Preparation and applications of the tertiary copolymer poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/diethyl allylphosphonate
Authors: Li Shenzhe , Wang Jikui , Li Yinyin , Wu Genhua , Wang Yuming , Wang Wenqi , Guo Jiahong
Published: August 2016

A novel poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene‐co‐styrene) (ABS) antistatic and flame‐retardant agent, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/diethyl allylphosphonate (PMMD), was synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and diethyl allylphosphonate by free‐radical precipitation polymerization in the aqueous phase to improve the antistatic and flame‐retardant performance at the same time. Through adjustments of the molar ratios of the three monomers, various antistatic, flame‐retardant copolymers (PMMD) were synthesized. The molecular structure and thermal stability of PMMD were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrical resistivity and flame‐retardant and mechanical properties of the ABS/PMMD composites were analyzed by a ZC90 megohmmeter, an oxygen index meter, a vertical burning tester, a memory impact testing machine, and a tensile testing machine. The morphology of PMMD in the ABS blends was characterized with scanning electron microscopy. The compatibilities of PMMD and ABS were characterized by the calculation of the thermodynamic work of adhesion via the measurement of the contact angle. The results show that the antistatic and flame‐retardant performance of ABS were greatly improved by the PMMD copolymer and the mechanical properties of ABS showed little reduction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44126.
Meta-analysis of colorectal cancer follow-up after potentially curative resection
Authors: Mokhles S , Macbeth F , Farewell V , Fiorentino F , Williams N R , Younes R N , Takkenberg J J M , Treasure T
Published: August 2016

Background

After potentially curative resection of primary colorectal cancer, patients may be monitored by measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen and/or CT to detect asymptomatic metastatic disease earlier.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to find evidence for the clinical effectiveness of monitoring in advancing the diagnosis of recurrence and its effect on survival. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and other databases were searched for randomized comparisons of increased intensity monitoring compared with a contemporary standard policy after resection of primary colorectal cancer.

Results

There were 16 randomized comparisons, 11 with published survival data. More intensive monitoring advanced the diagnosis of recurrence by a median of 10 (i.q.r. 5–24) months. In ten of 11 studies the authors reported no demonstrable difference in overall survival. Seven RCTs, published from 1995 to 2016, randomly assigned 3325 patients to a monitoring protocol made more intensive by introducing new methods or increasing the frequency of existing follow-up protocols versus less invasive monitoring. No detectable difference in overall survival was associated with more intensive monitoring protocols (hazard ratio 0·98, 95 per cent c.i. 0·87 to 1·11).

Conclusion

Based on pooled data from randomized trials published from 1995 to 2016, the anticipated survival benefit from surgical treatment resulting from earlier detection of metastases has not been achieved.
Chemodiversity of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei
Authors: Schicchi Rosario , Geraci Anna , Rosselli Sergio , Maggio Antonella , Bruno Maurizio
Published: August 2016

Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei (Pinaceae) is a species occurring in a very small population only in a restricted area of Sicily. Its taxonomic classification as different species has been object of discussion. In this work the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves is presented for the first time and compared to the essential oils from other euroasiatic species reported in literature. Peculiar characteristics of the essential oil of A. nebrodensis are highlighted.
ChemInform Abstract: Prediction and Synthesis of a Non‐Zintl Silicon Clathrate.
Authors: Cerqueira Tiago F. T. , Pailhes Stephane , Debord Regis , Giordano Valentina M. , Viennois Romain , Shi Jingming , Botti Silvana , Marques Miguel A. L.
Published: August 2016

High‐throughput DFT calculations are used to predict the thermodynamic stability of ternary type I Si clathrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Poling‐Written Ferroelectricity in Bulk Multiferroic Double‐Perovskite BiFe0.5Mn0.5O3.
Authors: Delmonte Davide , Mezzadri Francesco , Gilioli Edmondo , Solzi Massimo , Calestani Gianluca , Bolzoni Fulvio , Cabassi Riccardo
Published: August 2016

Polycrystalline BiFe0.5Mn0.5O3 is prepared by hot pressing of stoichiometric amounts of Bi2O3, Fe2O3, and Mn2O3 (Au capsule in multianvil cell, 6 GPa, 1100 °C, 1.5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of A3V4(PO4)6 (A: Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni).
Authors: Porter Spencer H. , Xiong Jie , Avdeev Maxim , Merz David , Woodward Patrick M. , Huang Zhenguo
Published: August 2016

The title phosphates are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of M3(PO4)2 (M: Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) and VPO4 (evacuated quartz tubes, 1050 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Route for Synthesizing Atomically Dispersed Palladium Catalysts.
Authors: Zheng Nanfeng , et al.
Published: August 2016

Stable atomically dispersed Pd catalyst particles on ethylene glycolate (EG)‐stabilized ultrathin TiO2 nanosheet supports (Pd ≤1.5%) are prepared by UV irradiation (Xe lamp) of an aqueous suspension of two‐atom‐thick TiO2 nanosheets and H2PdCl4.
ChemInform Abstract: Na0.5Ce0.5MoO4 as a New Light Absorption Material to Efficiently Degrade RhB under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Yang Liming , Teng Fei , Xu Juan , Yang Yang , Kan Yandong , Gu Wenhao
Published: August 2016

Na0.5Ce0.5MoO4 is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Na2MoO4 and Ce(NO3)3 in the presence of excess (H2N)2CS (autoclave, 180 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrodeoxygenation of Sulfoxides to Sulfides by a Pt and MoOx Co‐Loaded TiO2 Catalyst.
Authors: Touchy Abeda Sultana , Hakim Siddiki S. M. A. , Onodera Wataru , Kon Kenichi , Shimizu Ken‐ichi
Published: August 2016

Title catalyst is used for the dehydrogenation of sulfoxides to sulfides under solvent‐free and mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes with Nitroarenes Using Bio‐Renewable Formic Acid as a Hydrogen Source.
Authors: Zhang Qi , Li Shu‐Shuang , Zhu Ming‐Ming , Liu Yong‐Mei , He He‐Yong , Cao Yong
Published: August 2016

Secondary amines are directly synthesized through reductive amination of aldehydes with nitroarenes using formic acid as the reductant.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Primary Amides via Aldoximes Rearrangement in Water under Air Atmosphere Catalyzed by an Ionic Ruthenium Pincer Complex.
Authors: Yang Fa‐Liu , Zhu Xinju , Rao Dun‐Kang , Cao Xiao‐Niu , Li Ke , Xu Yan , Hao Xin‐Qi , Song Mao‐Ping
Published: August 2016

The transformation of aldoximes to primary amides is achieved using a pincer ruthenium complex in water under air.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Amines from Cyclic Ketones and Formamides in Superheated Water.
Authors: Kumar Macharla Arun , Srujana Kodumuri , Swamy Peraka , Naresh Mameda , Durgaiah Chevella , Rammurthy Banothu , Narender Nama
Published: August 2016

Amines (II) and (IV) are simply and efficiently synthesized through an environmentally benign protocol from cyclic ketones and formamide or substituted formamides (III), resp., without any catalyst under superheated water conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Dehydroamino Acids Using Malonic Acid Half Oxyester and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Singjunla Yuttapong , Colombano Silvia , Baudoux Jerome , Rouden Jacques
Published: August 2016

The title synthesis is applicable to aromatic, hetaromatic and alkenyl aldehydes and provides Z dehydroamino acids in moderate to high yields.