bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IL10 haplotypes are associated with diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in patients from western Mexico
Authors: Chavarria‐Buenrostro Luz E , Hernandez‐Bello Jorge , Muñoz‐Valle Jose F , Macias‐Barragan Jose , Hernandez‐Carrillo Liliana B , Topete‐Reyes Jorge F , Parra‐Michel Renato , Ramirez‐Dueñas Maria G , Sanchez‐Hernandez Pedro E , Pereira‐Suarez Ana L , Oceguera‐Contreras Eden , Montoya‐Buelna Margarita
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic patients. An IL‐10 imbalance could be related to renal hypertrophy and trigger to nephropathy. Three promoter polymorphisms (‐1082G>A, ‐819C>T, and ‐592C>A) at IL10 gene have been associated with changes in the IL‐10 expression and DN susceptibility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze this association in Mexican patients with DN.

Methods

We conducted a case‐control study on 128 patients with DN and 150 control subjects (CS) from western Mexico. All patients were tested for IL10 polymorphisms by PCR‐RFLP. Allele frequencies, genotypes, and haplotypes were compared between groups. The significant haplotypes were correlated with patient clinical features.

Results

IL10 gene ATC haplotype (‐1082A/‐819T/‐592C) was found significantly more frequent in DN patients than in CS (P < 0.001; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7‐7.4). Similarly GTA (‐1082G/‐819T/‐592A) haplotype was more frequent in DN patients than CS with significant differences (P < 0.05; OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.10‐14.78). There were no correlations between IL10 haplotypes and clinical parameters in patients with DN. However, that there is a trend of higher serum urea levels and lower eGFR in ATC haplotype carriers compared to carriers of the other haplotypes (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

These results indicate that IL10 promoter haplotypes ATC and GTA carriers have a higher risk factor to develop DN in the western Mexican population.
The mediating and moderating effects of resilience on the relationship between perceived stress and depression in heroin addicts
Authors: Wang Lei , Xu Banghua , Gu Yiwen , Zhu Jianbo , Liang Ying
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating and moderating roles of resilience on the relationship between perceived stress and depression among heroin addicts. A total of 138 heroin addicts completed the measures of perceived stress, resilience, and depression. Correlation analysis indicated that perceived stress was positively associated with depression. Resilience was negatively correlated with perceived stress and depression. Mediation analysis revealed that resilience partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and depression. However, resilience did not moderate the influence of perceived stress on depression. These findings might provide a better understanding of the mental health among heroin addicts.
MRI review of female pelvic fistulizing disease
Authors: Hyde Brenda J. , Byrnes Jenifer N. , Occhino John A. , Sheedy Shannon P. , VanBuren Wendaline M.
Published: October 2018

A wide variety of fistulae occur in the female pelvis, most of which cause significant morbidity. Diagnosis, characterization, and treatment planning may be difficult using traditional imaging modalities such as fluoroscopy and computed tomography. To date, there is no comprehensive literature review of the radiologic findings associated with various types of female pelvic fistulae, and furthermore, none dedicated to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this article, we seek to provide a broad overview of the MRI characteristics of female pelvic fistulizing disease in combination with epidemiologic and clinical characteristics. MRI is often considered the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of fistulae owing to its superior soft‐tissue contrast and ability to provide surgeons with the highest quality information derived from just one study, including anatomic location of fistulae and associated pelvic pathology. In other instances, MRI can be complementary to the more traditional imaging techniques. This review will describe the etiology, anatomy, MRI findings, and treatment pearls for several of the more common pelvic fistulae found in female patients, including anovaginal, rectovaginal, colovaginal, vesicovaginal, colovesical, and other complex fistulae.

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1172–1184
Epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular characterization of occult hepatitis B infection among anti‐hepatitis B core antigen alone subjects
Authors: Azarkar Zohreh , Ziaee Masood , Ebrahimzadeh Azadeh , Sharifzadeh Gholamreza , Javanmard Davod
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Features of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among the anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) positives have yet to be described in more details. This study aimed to determine the molecular prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI), and association to risk factors among seropositives for anti‐HBc.

Methods

This was part of a community‐based screening project that included 5234 cases. All participants completed a questionnaire on demographic and socio‐epidemiological information. Then, the blood samples were collected and tested for anti‐HBc and HBsAg using ELISA method. To identify OBI, nested‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed for HBV‐S and X genes, and viral load was determined using an in‐house real‐time PCR. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have been implemented for genotyping.

Results

Overall, 596 cases, positive only for anti‐HBc were included in the study. OBI was detected among 61 cases (10.2%). The genotype and subgenotype of HBV among all of them was D1, except one that was D4. Most of them had low viral loads ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 1.34 × 10
3 copies/mL; 19.6% had undetectable viral loads. Important mutations in surface protein and reverse transcriptase were sI92T, sQ129H, rtL80I, rtS85F, rtL91I. The prevalence of OBI was related to some risk factors, such as tattooing (P = 0.02), sexual activities (P = 0.009), and diabetes (P = 0.031).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that OBI should be considered among anti‐HBc seropositive subjects. This form of HBV infection was accompanied with some mutations, risk factors, and diseases. However, further investigations are needed to determine virological importance of documented mutations.
Comparing the Cobas Liat Influenza A/B and respiratory syncytial virus assay with multiplex nucleic acid testing
Authors: Gosert Rainer , Naegele Klaudia , Hirsch Hans H.
Published: October 2018

Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection with short turn‐around‐time (TAT) is pivotal for rapid decisions regarding treatment and infection control. However, negative rapid testing results may come from poor assay sensitivity or from influenza‐like illnesses caused by other community‐acquired respiratory viruses (CARVs). We prospectively compared the performance of Cobas Liat Influenza A/B and RSV assay (LIAT) with our routine multiplexNAT‐1 (xTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel; Luminex) and multiplexNAT‐2 (ePlex‐RPP; GenMark Diagnostics) using 194 consecutive nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with influenza‐like illness during winter 2017/2018. Discordant results were reanalyzed by specific in‐house quantitative nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT). LIAT was positive for influenza virus‐A, ‐B, and RSV in 18 (9.3%), 13 (6.7%), and 55 (28.4%) samples, and negative in 108 samples. Other CARVs were detected by multiplexNAT in 66 (34.0%) samples. Concordant results for influenza and RSV were seen in 190 (97.9%), discordant results in 4 (2.1%), which showed low‐level RSV (<40 000 copies/mL). Sensitivity and specificity of LIAT for influenza‐A, ‐B, and RSV were 100%, 100% and 100%, and 100%, 99.5% and 100%, respectively. The average TAT of LIAT was 20 minutes compared to 6 hours and 2 hours for the multiplexNAT‐1 and ‐2, respectively. Thus, LIAT demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity for influenza and RSV, which together with the simple sample processing and short TAT renders this assay suitable for near‐patient testing.
Inhibition of skin tumor promotion by TPA using a combination of topically applied ursolic acid and curcumin
Authors: Tremmel Lisa , Rho Okkyung , Slaga Thomas J. , DiGiovanni John
Published: October 2018

Prevention remains an important strategy to reduce the burden of cancer. One approach to prevent cancer is the use of phytochemicals in various combinations as safe and effective cancer preventative agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the combination of ursolic acid (UA) and curcumin (Curc) for potential combinatorial inhibition of skin tumor promotion using the mouse two‐stage skin carcinogenesis model. In short‐term experiments, the combination of UA + Curc given topically prior to 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) significantly inhibited activation of epidermal EGFR, p70S6K, NF‐κB p50, Src, c‐Jun, Rb, and IκBα. Levels of c‐Fos, c‐Jun, and Cox‐2 were also significantly reduced by the combination compared to the TPA treated group. The alterations in these signaling pathways by the combination of UA + Curc were associated with decreased epidermal proliferation as assessed by measuring BrdU incorporation. Significant effects were also seen with the combination on epidermal inflammatory gene expression and dermal inflammation, with the greatest effects on expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐22, and CXCL2. Furthermore, results from skin tumor experiments demonstrated that the combination of UA + Curc given topically significantly inhibited mouse skin tumor promotion by TPA to a greater extent than the individual compounds given alone. The greatest effects were seen on tumor free survival, tumor size, and tumor weight, although tumor incidence and multiplicity were also further reduced by the combination. These results demonstrate the potential cancer chemopreventive activity and mechanism(s) for the combination of UA + Curc.
Note on the bilinear difference equation with a delay
Authors: Stević Stevo , Iričanin Bratislav , Kosmala Witold , Šmarda Zdeněk
Published: October 2018

A representation formula for the general solution to a higher‐order rational difference equation has been given recently in this journal. The formula was proved by the method of induction without giving any theoretical explanation related to it. Here we show how the corresponding representation formula for the general solution to a general higher‐order rational difference equation, that is, to the bilinear difference equation with a delay, is obtained in an elegant way. We also give some theoretical explanations related to the representation, as well as some explanations related to such types of difference equations. The corresponding representation for a system of bilinear difference equations with delay is also presented.
Lyapunov‐type inequalities for a class of fractional boundary value problems with integral boundary conditions
Authors: López Belen , Rocha Juan , Sadarangani Kishin
Published: October 2018

In this paper, Lyapunov‐type inequalities are derived for a class of fractional boundary value problems with integral boundary conditions. As an application, we obtain a lower bound for the eigenvalues of corresponding equations.
An explicit spectral collocation method using nonpolynomial basis functions for the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation
Authors: Fang Jinwei , Wu Boying , Liu Wenjie
Published: October 2018

We propose a spectral collocation method for the numerical solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation, where the newly developed nonpolynomial functions in a previous study are used as basis functions. Equipped with the new basis functions, various boundary conditions can be imposed exactly. The preferable semi‐implicit time marching schemes are employed for temporal discretization. Moreover, the new basis functions build in a free parameter λ intrinsically, which can be chosen properly so that the semi‐implicit scheme collapses to an explicit scheme. The method is further applied to linear Schrödinger equation set in unbounded domain. The transparent boundary conditions are constructed for time semidiscrete scheme of the linear Schrödinger equation. We employ spectral collocation method using the new basis functions for the spatial discretization, which allows for the exact imposition of the transparent boundary conditions. Comprehensive numerical tests both in bounded and unbounded domain are performed to demonstrate the attractive features of the proposed method.
Bile Salt Hydrolase and S‐Layer Protein are the Key Factors Affecting the Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Lactobacillus casei‐Fermented Milk in Hamsters
Authors: Guo Chun‐Feng , Zhang Shuang , Yuan Ya‐Hong , Li Jing‐Yan , Yue Tian‐Li
Published: October 2018

Scope

Lactobacillus casei F0822‐fermented milk has exhibited significant hypocholesterolemic activity in hamsters in the previous study. Under this premise, the objective of this study is to further explore whether bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and S‐layer protein (SLP) of the strain have a significant influence on hypocholesterolemic activity of the fermented milk.

Methods and results

Independent and double interposon mutants of BSH and SLP genes are constructed from wild‐type L. casei F0822 via chromosomal insertion of chloramphenicol or/and erythromycin resistance genes based on double‐crossover homologous recombination. The mutants‐ and the wild‐type strain‐fermented milk is prepared (viable counts of approximately 8.0 × 108 colony‐forming units mL–1 each) and intragastrically administered to high‐cholesterol‐fed hamsters once daily at a dose of 1.25 mL d–1 for 28 d, respectively. Both the BSH‐deficient mutant‐ and the SLP‐deficient mutant‐fermented milk significantly (p < 0.05) increase serum total and LDL‐cholesterol levels in hamsters compared with the wild‐type strain‐fermented milk. However, only the BSH‐deficient mutant‐fermented milk could significantly (p < 0.05) increase hepatic total and esterified cholesterol levels in hamsters.

Conclusion

Both BSH and SLP have a significant influence on the hypocholesterolemic activity of L. casei F0822‐fermented milk in hamsters. Nevertheless, the BSH is greater than the SLP in this regard.
Dihydro‐β‐agarofurans from the Australian rainforest plant Denhamia celastroides that inhibit leucine transport in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Gordon Shelly , Wibowo Mario , Wang Qian , Holst Jeff , Davis Rohan A.
Published: October 2018

Four new dihydro‐β‐agarofurans, denhaminols K–N (4–7), along with three known secondary metabolites, denhaminols A–C (1–3) were obtained from the large‐scale isolation studies of the leaves of the Australian endemic rainforest plant, Denhamia celastroides. The structures of the previously undescribed compounds were determined by detailed 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet, and infrared data analysis. All compounds were found to inhibit the activity of leucine transport in a human prostate cancer cell line with IC50 values ranging from 5.1–74.9 μM. Dihydro‐β‐agarofurans 1–7 showed better potency than the L‐type amino acid transporter family inhibitor, 2‐aminobicyclo[2.2.1]‐heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid (BCH).
Trans‐1,4‐stereospecific copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene catalyzed by MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst
Authors: Song Shaofei , Liu Xiaoyu , Zhang Hao , Fu Zhisheng , Xu Junting , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: October 2018

Copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene (Ip) catalyzed by TiCl4/MgCl2‐Al(i‐C4H9)3 catalyst was systematically studied. Homopolymer of ethylene and Ip were synthesized under the same conditions for making comparisons. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance was employed to characterize chain structure of the copolymer. Influences of Ip concentration, molar ratio of cocatalyst to Ti and reaction temperature on the copolymerization activity and copolymer chain structure were investigated. The copolymerization activity was evidently lowered by increasing Ip concentration, and the Ip content in copolymer was rather low under reaction conditions leading to higher activity. Insertions of Ip in polymer chain showed rather high regioselectivity for 1,4‐connections (>85%) and medium to high stereoselectivity for trans‐1,4‐isomer (>70%) under typical conditions, but the regio and stereoselectivities tended to decrease with decrease in Ip concentration and increase in Al/Ti ratio. Melting temperature of the copolymer decreased with increase of Ip content, indicating incorporation of Ip units in most of the copolymer chains. This work has proved feasibility of introducing small amount of Ip units with high trans‐1,4‐stereoselectivity into ethylene/isoprene copolymer chains by catalyzed copolymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts. The copolymer is expected to be a promising candidate of easily degradable film or packaging materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2715–2722
Synthesis and photopolymerizations of first monomers with phosphonate and bisphosphonate or phosphonic and bisphosphonic acid functionalities for potential dental applications
Authors: Gencoglu Turkan , Duman Fatma Demir , Olcay Keziban , Acar Havva Yagci , Avci Duygu
Published: October 2018

The first monomers containing both phosphonate and bisphosphonate (M1) or phosphonic and bisphosphonic acid (M2) functionalities are synthesized, aiming to improve binding abilities of self‐etching adhesive systems and composites: An amine having both phosphonate and bisphosphonate functionalities is prepared via Michael addition reaction between diethyl (6‐aminohexyl)phosphonate and tetraethyl vinylidene bisphosphonate, its reaction with 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate gives M1 which is converted to M2 by selective dealkylation of the phosphonate/bisphosphonate ester groups. Their copolymerization with commercial dental monomers (bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) investigated by photo‐differential scanning calorimetry shows adequate photopolymerization rate and conversion. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of M2‐treated hydroxyapatite particles show formation of stable M2‐calcium salts. These monomers are assessed to be not toxic according to MTT standards by in vitro cytotoxicity studies with NIH 3T3, U2OS, and Saos‐2 cells. All these properties make these monomers potential candidates as biocompatible components for dental adhesives and composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2739–2751
High‐strength hydrogels: Microstructure design, characterization and applications
Authors: Hua Jiachuan , Ng Pui Fai , Fei Bin
Published: October 2018

Hydrogels are a class of polymeric network materials embedded in a water‐rich environment. They are widely applied in drug delivery, actuator, and sensor. However, conventional hydrogels encountered limits from their poor mechanical property. Recent researches in hydrogels have been focusing on mechanical enhancement, ranging from design of microstructures to adjustment of compositions in hydrogels. Here, the design and fabrication strategies of high‐strength hydrogels, as well as major progress in their typical strength‐support applications are systemically reviewed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 1325–1335
Next of kin's motives for psychosocial consultation—Oncology social workers' perceptions of 54 next of kin cases
Authors: Isaksson Joakim , Lilliehorn Sara , Salander Pär
Published: October 2018

Objective

Although oncology social workers (OSWs) have emerged as a core profession in the provision of psychosocial services, there is a lack of empirical studies that describe their daily clinical work with next of kin (NOK). The overall aim of this study was to explore NOK's motives for consulting an OSW. This can provide us with insights into what types of skills OSWs need to have in order to fulfil their duties.

Methods

From a nationwide survey, we used data from 54 NOK cases that Swedish OSWs met face to face.

Results

About half of the motives concerned help in dealing with personal grief connected to the patients' cancer and distressing symptoms, while the other half concerned needs for help in dealing with the position of being the NOK, relationship conflicts, and assistance with socio‐economic issues.

Conclusions

The motives show that NOK does not just ask for help to come to terms with distress related to the patient's situation. Based on the diversity of motives, we suggest that OSWs (at least in Sweden) need a broad education in counselling psychology. Furthermore, health care personnel need to be attentive to the NOK's own voice and not reduce it to the voice of the patient and the patient's needs in referrals.
Initiation of CL‐20 Doped with Aluminum Nanoparticles by Using a Laser Pulse through an Optical Fiber
Authors: Ji Xiangbo , Qin Wenzhi , Li Xiaodong , Zheng Shensheng , Zhou Jianhua , Xin Zongren , Li Yong , Wang Liang
Published: October 2018

The direct laser initiation of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) doped with aluminum nanoparticles was conducted using a short laser pulse of Nd:YAG (1064 nm wavelength, 14 ns duration) through a 1 mm diameter optical fiber. The effects of aluminum nanoparticles on thermal stability, light absorption, and laser initiation energy were investigated. Results revealed that the aluminum nanoparticles significantly enhanced the absorption of light and decreased the laser initiation energy. The laser initiation energy, which was higher than 1000 mJ for an undoped CL‐20, could be reduced to 80, 40, 30, 30, and 20 mJ by adding 0.2 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 2.0 %, and 5.0 % aluminum nanoparticles, respectively. When a short pulse laser was radiated on the surface of the explosives, the aluminum nanoparticles absorbed the laser energy, heated, and reached high temperatures, resulting in hotspot formation and detonation. The direct laser initiation of doped CL‐20 with a short laser pulse and a low energy through an optical fiber would contribute to the manufacture of small, safe, and reliable laser detonators.
Potassium N‐Nitramino‐5H‐Tetrazolates – Powerful Green Primary Explosives with High Initiation Capabilities
Authors: Szimhardt Norbert , Wurzenberger Maximilian H. H. , Spieß Philipp , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: October 2018

Since the nowadays used lead‐based primary explosives, lead azide, picrate and styphnate suffer from various environmental and toxic issues, there is a great need for new green materials. Therefore, two highly promising lead‐free primary explosives potassium 1‐(N‐nitramino)‐5H‐tetrazolate (1, 1‐KNAT) and potassium 2‐(N‐nitramino)‐5H‐tetrazolate (2, 2‐KNAT) have been synthesized and characterized. Both isomers show superior energetic performance, initiation capability and were comprehensively analyzed by low‐temperature X‐ray diffraction, IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and DTA. Sensitivity determinations toward impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge revealed its highly powerful, but also sensitive character. In addition, their potential as lead‐free primaries were evaluated in initiation tests of PETN or RDX filled detonators confirming their great suitability as lead‐free primary explosives.
Novel protein science enabled by total chemical synthesis
Authors: Kent Stephen B. H.
Published: October 2018

Chemical synthesis is a well‐established method for the preparation in the research laboratory of multiple‐tens‐of‐milligram amounts of correctly folded, high purity protein molecules. Chemically synthesized proteins enable a broad spectrum of novel protein science. Racemic mixtures consisting of d‐protein and l‐protein enantiomers facilitate crystallization and determination of protein structures by X‐ray diffraction. d‐Proteins enable the systematic development of unnatural mirror image protein molecules that bind with high affinity to natural protein targets. The d‐protein form of a therapeutic target can also be used to screen natural product libraries to identify novel small molecule leads for drug development. Proteins with novel polypeptide chain topologies including branched, circular, linear‐loop, and interpenetrating polypeptide chains can be constructed by chemical synthesis. Medicinal chemistry can be applied to optimize the properties of therapeutic protein molecules. Chemical synthesis has been used to redesign glycoproteins and for the a priori design and construction of covalently constrained novel protein scaffolds not found in nature. Versatile and precise labeling of protein molecules by chemical synthesis facilitates effective application of advanced physical methods including multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and time‐resolved FTIR for the elucidation of protein structure–activity relationships. The chemistries used for total synthesis of proteins have been adapted to making artificial molecular devices and protein‐inspired nanomolecular constructs. Research to develop mirror image life in the laboratory is in its very earliest stages, based on the total chemical synthesis of d‐protein forms of polymerase enzymes.
Combined N‐terminal androgen receptor and autophagy inhibition increases the antitumor effect in enzalutamide sensitive and enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer cells
Authors: Kranzbühler Benedikt , Salemi Souzan , Mortezavi Ashkan , Sulser Tullio , Eberli Daniel
Published: October 2018

Introduction and Objectives

Multiple androgen receptor (AR)‐dependent and ‐independent resistance mechanisms limit the efficacy of current castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment. Novel N‐terminal domain (NTD) binding AR‐targeting compounds, including EPI‐001 (EPI), have the promising ability to block constitutively active splice variants, which represent a major resistance mechanism in CRPC. Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that acts as survival mechanism in cells exposed to anticancer treatments. We hypothesized, that promising NTD‐AR treatment may upregulate autophagy and that a combination of NTD‐AR and autophagy inhibition might therefore increase antitumor effects.

Methods

AR‐expressing prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, LNCaP‐EnzR) were treated with different concentrations of EPI (10, 25, 50 μM) and in combination with the autophagy inhibitors chloroquine (CHQ, 20 μM) or 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA, 5 mM). Cell proliferation was assessed by WST‐1‐assays after 1 and 7 days. Ethidium bromide and Annexin V were used to measure viability and apoptosis on day 7 after treatment. Autophagosome formation was detected by AUTOdot staining. In addition, autophagic activity was monitored by immunocytochemistry and Western blot (WES) for the expression of ATG5, Beclin1, LC3‐I/II and p62.

Results

Treatment with EPI resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction of cell growth and increased apoptosis in both cancer cell lines on day 7. In addition, EPI treatment demonstrated an upregulated autophagosome formation in LNCaP and LNCaP‐EnzR cells. Assessment of autophagic activity by immunocytochemistry and WES revealed an increase of ATG5 and LC3‐II expression and a decreased p62 expression in all EPI‐treated cells. A combined treatment of EPI with autophagy inhibitors led to a further significant reduction of cell viability in both cell lines.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that NTD targeting AR inhibition using EPI leads to an increased autophagic activity in LNCaP and LNCaP‐EnzR prostate cancer cells. A combination of NTD AR blockage with simultaneous autophagy inhibition increases the antitumor effect of EPI in prostate cancer cells. Double treatment may offer a promising strategy to overcome resistance mechanisms in advanced prostate cancer.
Systemic accident analysis models: A comparison study between AcciMap, FRAM, and STAMP
Authors: Yousefi Abouzar , Rodriguez Hernandez Manuel , Lopez Peña Valentin
Published: October 2018

Nowadays, different accident causation models are used to explain how accidents happen, whereas most of them were developed long time ago. There is an argument that significant changes have occurred in the industry and traditional models may have limitations in identifying causes of accidents in modern industry within complex socio‐technical environment. Consequently, new accident models based on systems theory have been introduced, but they are mainly used by academic researchers. Among systemic accident models, Systems‐Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP), Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM), and AcciMap methods have been identified as the most frequently cited models.

This article presents a case study‐based comparison of these three models. STAMP and FRAM are used to analyze the Chevron Richmond refinery accident, which is investigated by U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). CSB investigation team developed an AcciMap of the accident.

The results are compared and differences are discussed. In conclusion, STAMP is likely to be more instrumental and comprehensive in identifying contributing factors and generating recommendations. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 38: e12002, 2019
Chemical synthesis of the crustacean insulin‐like peptide with four disulfide bonds
Authors: Katayama Hidekazu , Mukainakano Takafumi , Kogure Junya , Ohira Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2018

Among the insulin‐family peptides, two additional cysteine residues other than six conserved cysteines are sometimes found in invertebrate insulin‐like peptides (ILPs), although the synthetic method for such four disulfide ILPs has not yet been well established. In this study, we synthesized a crustacean insulin‐like androgenic gland factor with four disulfides by the regioselective disulfide bond formation reactions using four orthogonal Cys‐protecting groups. Its disulfide isomer could be also synthesized by the same method, indicating that the synthetic strategy developed in this study might be useful for the synthesis of other four disulfide ILPs.
Toward Efficient Radial Junction Silicon Nanowire‐Based Solar Mini‐Modules
Authors: Al‐Ghzaiwat Mutaz , Foti Antonino , Nuesslein André , Halagacka Lukas , Meot Jacques , Labouret Anne , Ossikovski Razvigor , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere , Foldyna Martin
Published: October 2018

In this work, laser scribing is used to obtain a monolithic series connection between adjacent silicon nanowire radial junction (SiNW RJ) solar cells on the same glass substrate. The SiNW RJ solar cells have been deposited in a low‐temperature plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor in a single pump‐down process. The crystalline SiNWs have been grown by plasma‐assisted vapor‐liquid‐solid method using tin (Sn) metal drops as a growth catalyst. A detailed study of the laser scribing step P2 is performed for better selective removal of the SiNW RJs. The laser scribed spots are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy mapping. In addition, a silver grid is optimized and inkjet printed on top of the mini‐modules for better device performance. Based on that, a very good performance of the SiNW RJ mini‐modules is achieved with an energy conversion efficiency over 4% and power generation in the active area of 10 cm2. This work presents a break‐through in the modularization of the SiNW RJ solar cells and demonstrates the potential of the silicon nanowire devices for industrial applications as well as their compatibility with industrial fabrication processes.
On the Ferromagnetism and Band Tailoring of CrI3Single Layer
Authors: Gao Yuan , Wang Jing , Li Zhiping , Yang Jinjin , Xia Meirong , Hao Xianfeng , Xu Yuanhui , Gao Faming
Published: October 2018

CrI3single layer, as a two‐dimensional magnet, is of great interest for next generation ultra‐thin spintronics. In this letter, based on first principles calculation, the electronic structure and magnetic behavior of CrI3single layer are studied. The extremely strong Cr 3d–I 5p hybridization, which is responsible for the exceptional ferromagnetic behavior and the highest magnetic ordering temperature among the CrX3(X = Cl, Br, I) family, can be ascribed to the impetuous covalency of iodine. An insulator to half metal transition can be regulated by the strategy to form a Cr defect in the pristine monolayer and this unique electron state is independent of the defect concentration and the value of electron correlation. Meanwhile, the half metal becomes an itinerant ferromagnet mediated by I 5p conduction electron, a potential candidate for real application.
Electronic and Interface Properties in Graphene Oxide/Hydrogen‐Passivated Ge Heterostructure
Authors: Wang Qian , Li Xiang , Wu Liyuan , Lu Pengfei , Di Zengfeng
Published: October 2018

Graphene oxide/H‐Ge (111) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is investigated by using first‐principle methods. An oxygen carbon ratio of 1:6 is applied to form a graphene oxide (GO) layer. A band inversion induced by built‐in electric field is observed, and a 7.4 meV indirect gap has been opened around the Dirac cone in GO layer. Being adsorbed on hydrogen‐passivated Ge surface, the band inversion occurs again around Fermi energy. Two‐dimensional electronic gas is confirmed with a 0.27 eV potential well appearing at the H layer. The charge transfer mechanism is revealed in order to illustrate band inversion and the electron accumulation on the Ge surface. Our calculation results provide insight into the electronic properties of GO and exhibit possible application of GO/H‐Ge (1111) heterostructure on the emerging electronic devices.
Schisandrin B attenuates epidural fibrosis in postlaminectomy rats by inhibiting proliferation and extracellular matrix production of fibroblasts
Authors: Jin Haiming , Wang Zhen , Gu Zenan , Wu Jianwei , Bai Xueqin , Shao Zhenxuan , Miao Jiansen , Wang Qingqing , Wang Quan , Wang Xiangyang
Published: October 2018

Laminectomy has been widely considered one of the most common treatments for lumbar disorders. Epidural fibrosis (EF) is a common complication after laminectomy, causing recurrent postoperative pain. Schisandrin B (Sch.B), the active ingredient extracted from Schisandra chinensis Fructus, has been found to have potent antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects on several cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Sch.B on the prevention of postlaminectomy EF formation. In vitro, we studied the effects of Sch.B on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production of primary fibroblasts, as well as its underlying mechanism. We found that Sch.B not only inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts but also reduced ECM production, including that of connective tissue growth factor, fibronectin, and type I collagen, in a dose‐dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that Sch.B suppressed TGF‐β1‐stimulated activation of the Smad2/3 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways. Moreover, the in vivo study demonstrated that Sch.B treatment attenuated the progression of EF in a postlaminectomy rat model via reducing the cell number and ECM production of scar tissue. Taken together, these data suggested that Sch.B possesses great potential value as a preventative agent for EF.
Berberine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury via the PERK‐mediated Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling axis
Authors: Liang Yuan , Fan Chongxi , Yan Xiaolong , Lu Xi , Jiang Hua , Di Shouyin , Ma Zhiqiang , Feng Yingtong , Zhang Zhengbin , Feng Pan , Feng Xiao , Feng Jianyu , Jin Faguang
Published: October 2018

A fundamental element of acute lung injury (ALI) is the inflammatory response, which can affect the entire respiratory system, including the respiratory tract and alveoli. Berberine has gained attention because of its anti‐inflammatory effects. Nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are involved in lung injury. Nrf2 also acts as a protein kinase‐like ER kinase (PERK) substrate in heart disease. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of berberine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI and the role of the PERK‐mediated Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling axis. Berberine promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation in vitro. After LPS stimulation, this effect was further enhanced, whereas inflammatory factor (IL‐6 and IL‐8) release and reactive oxygen species generation were significantly decreased. Berberine effectively alleviated lung injury by reducing lung edema and neutrophil infiltration. Berberine also significantly reduced histopathological inflammatory changes via inhibition of ER stress and activation of Nrf2 signaling. Thapsigargin‐induced ER stress and small interference RNA (siRNA)‐mediated Nrf2 inhibition abrogated the protective effects of berberine in vitro, whereas siRNA‐mediated suppression of ER stress and sulforaphane‐induced Nrf2 activation further improved those effects. Importantly, ER stress induction led to Nrf2 activation, whereas PERK depletion partly reduced the level of Nrf2 phosphorylation and translocation in LPS‐induced cells. Therefore, berberine inhibits LPS‐induced ALI through the PERK‐mediated Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling axis.
The antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus): A systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies
Authors: Salekzamani Shabnam , Ebrahimi‐Mameghani Mehrangiz , Rezazadeh Khatereh
Published: October 2018

Current evidence has shown antioxidant activity of artichoke as a potent source of antioxidant compounds. However, it seems that the antioxidant activity of artichoke has not yet been reviewed. Therefore, the present study was designed to perform a systematic review of human studies, animal models, and in vitro systems and to conduct a meta‐analysis of animal studies on the antioxidant effects of artichoke. We searched four electronic databases till April 2018 using relevant keywords. All English language articles were assessed. For animal studies, standardized mean difference was pooled using a random effects model. The included studies were evaluated for eligibility and risk of bias. Thirty‐nine articles (two human, 23 animal, and 14 in vitro studies) were reviewed. The results of in vitro systems supported the antioxidant effect of artichoke, whereas limited clinical trials indicated no change or a slight improvement of antioxidant status. Finding of animal studies indicated that artichoke extract supplementation increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase level in liver, as well as, decreased malondialdehyde level in liver and plasma of animals with induced disease significantly compared with comparison group. This meta‐analysis provided convincing evidence for antioxidant activity of artichoke in animals.
Hands‐on robot‐assisted fracture reduction system guided by a linear guidance constraints controller using a pre‐operatively planned goal pose
Authors: Kim Woo Young , Ko Seong Young
Published: October 2018

Background

In robot‐assisted fracture reduction systems, the fine alignment of the fractured bone and its path planning are still of issues that need to be resolved.

Methods

A novel linear guidance constraints (LGC) controller guides a robot along the shortest path to align a distal fracture segment and a proximal one. In addition, the surgeon can modify the path whenever s/he wants.

Results

When the LGC controller is used in the experiment on a femoral bone model with simulated muscles, the fracture reduction time was measured to be 35.6 ± 16.4 seconds, while the position and the angle errors were 0.41 ± 0.61 mm, and 0.22 ± 0.80°, respectively. The proposed controller reduced the reduction time by 78.1%, the translational error by 91.6%, and the angular error by 95.4%, compared with the cases without the LGC controller.

Conclusions

It was proven that the proposed scheme reduced the reduction time and the pose error of the fracture alignment, and that it is effective to alleviate the maneuvering load.
The Impact of Deformation Conditions on Divorced Eutectoid Transformation in Bearing Steels
Authors: Han Dong‐Xu , Du Lin‐Xiu , Dong Ying , Misra Raja Devesh Kumar
Published: October 2018

The impact of deformation conditions on divorced eutectoid transformation (DET) is elucidated in bearing steels. The deformation experiments suggest that the effect of deformation on DET is two‐fold. In the case of large deformation reduction, the size of carbide particles is decreased, while the number density of deformation‐induced carbides is increased with increased deformation. When the deformation reduction is less than 30%, the degree of spheroidization is increased with increase of deformation reduction. Network carbides formed by M7C3‐type deformation‐induced carbides is obtained along prior austenite grain boundaries when deformation reduction is increased to 40%. Although the nature of deformation‐induced carbides is different from the carbides (M3C) formed by DET, the nature of spheroidized carbides after annealing continues to be M3C. With the increase of deformation passes, the number density of deformation‐induced carbides is increased. As regards the effect of deformation rate on DET, the degree of spheroidization decreases with the increase of deformation rate. The optimum condition is single‐pass deformation at 1073 K with a reduction of ≈30%. In this condition, only ≈0.5 h isothermal treatment at 993 K is adequate to complete the spheroidizing process, and the mean particle size after deformation is ≈0.2 µm.
Strength prediction models for steel, synthetic, and hybrid fiber reinforced concretes
Authors: Guler Soner , Yavuz Demet , Korkut Fuat , Ashour Ashraf
Published: October 2018

This paper proposes new strength models to predict compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of steel, synthetic and hybrid fiber reinforced concretes. The strength models depending on fiber reinforcing index, concrete compressive strength, and fiber volume fraction have been developed by multiple regression analyses of the experimental results obtained from a comprehensive experimental program. Twenty‐five concrete batches, one control and 24 fiber reinforced concrete with target compressive strength of 40 MPa were produced. Steel and synthetic fibers, namely hooked‐end steel (HF) and polyamide (PA) synthetic fibers of total volume of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% were added in single and hybrid forms to concrete mixes. Moreover, the predictions of the proposed strength models have been compared with the existing strength models in the literature. The test results clearly showed that the predictions of the proposed strength models are more accurate than the existing strength models for compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of all the fiber types. Although the existing strength models may be applicable to the prediction of compressive strength of steel, synthetic, hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), they may not be safely used for splitting tensile and flexural strength of steel, synthetic and hybrid FRC.
Experimental study on seismic performance of L‐shaped insulated concrete sandwich shear wall with a horizontal seam
Authors: Lu Zheng , Wang Yan , Li Jianbao , Wang Lu
Published: October 2018

A series of new L‐shaped insulated concrete sandwich shear walls integrated with heat preservation function are tested for its seismic performance. Those specimens, partially excavated and filled with insulation materials, are made up of three precast specimens and one cast‐in‐situ specimen as a control group. For the three precast specimens, the vertical distributed reinforcements are equivalently spliced to the bottom beam by grouting sleeves arranged along the centerline of the wall, whereas for the compared specimen, they are directly cast‐in‐situ anchored. These specimens are tested under low frequency cyclic loading. The failure mode, yielding load and displacement, skeleton curve, energy dissipation, stiffness degradation, ductility, and so forth, are recorded and analyzed. The result shows that the precast specimens have similar bearing capacity and much better deformation capacity and ductility than that of the control group in this experiment. This indicates that the seismic performance of the proposed L‐shaped insulated concrete sandwich shear wall is desirable and generally meets the requirements of both function and safety, thus can be used as structural elements in practice. The methods in Chinese design code and American Concrete Institute code are adopted to calculate the ultimate shear capacity of this precast insulation shear wall, and it is found that the tested result is larger than the calculated one, indicating the calculation method is reliable.
Steady and transient inflow dynamics with actuator disk vortex theory
Authors: Pedersen Morten D.
Published: October 2018

The actuator disk is a well‐known and widely used theoretical tool in wind engineering. This work proposes a new theory based on an actuator surface, capable of treating time‐varying vectorial load distributions and yaw/pitch misalignment. A simplified representation of vortex motion is used to arrive at a tractable problem. The theory is not restricted to disks; arbitrary coplanar (optionally disjoint) actuator surfaces may be modeled. Some of the theoretical novelties used in the modeling includes use of the fractional Laplacian and extensive use of the Fourier transform on
. Promising experimental validation based on pitch‐step experiments at the Tjæreborg turbine is furnished. Comparisons are also made to existing methodologies. Analysis and numerical work shows that the model encapsulates Coleman's vortex theory.
Diurnal cycle RANS simulations applied to wind resource assessment
Authors: Barcons Jordi , Avila Matias , Folch Arnau
Published: October 2018

Microscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models can be used for wind resource assessment on complex terrains. These models generally assume neutral atmospheric stratification, an assumption that can lead to inaccurate modeling results and to large uncertainties at certain sites. We propose a methodology for wind resource evaluation based on unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier‐Stokes (URANS) simulations of diurnal cycles including the effect of thermal stratification. Time‐dependent boundary conditions are generated by a 1D precursor to drive 3D diurnal cycle simulations for a given geostrophic wind direction sector. Time instants of the cycle representative of four thermal stability regimes are sampled within diurnal cycle simulations and combined with masts time series to obtain the wind power density (WPD). The methodology has been validated on a complex site instrumented with seven met masts. The WPD spatial distribution is in good agreement with observations with the mean absolute error improving 17.1% with respect to the neutral stratification assumption.
Incorporating air density into a Gaussian process wind turbine power curve model for improving fitting accuracy
Authors: Pandit Ravi Kumar , Infield David , Carroll James
Published: October 2018

A power curve conventionally represents the relationship between hub height wind speed and wind turbine power output. Power curves facilitate the prediction of power production at a site and are also useful in identifying the significant changes in turbine performance which can be vital for condition monitoring. However, their accuracy is significantly influenced by changes in air density, mainly when the turbine is operating below rated power. A Gaussian process (GP) is a nonparametric machine learning approach useful for power curve fitting. Critical analysis of temperature correction is essential for improving the accuracy of wind turbine power curves. The conventional approach is to correct the data for air density before it is binned to provide a power curve, as described in the IEC standard. In this paper, four different possible approaches of air density correction and its effect on GP power curve fitting model accuracy are explored to identify whether the traditional IEC approach used for air density correction is most effective when estimating power curves using a GP. Finding the most accurate air density compensation approach is necessary to minimize GP model uncertainty.