bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying the drivers of silky shark distribution and an evaluation of protection measures
Authors: Murray Shona , Meeuwig Jessica J. , Thompson Christopher D. H. , Mouillot David
Published: July 2023

The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) has experienced a significant population decline associated with intense targeted and incidental fishing pressure. Large marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly advocated for the conservation of oceanic species like silky sharks, recognising that the benefits of MPAs to such species depend on a comprehensive understanding of their distribution, abundance and life history. We combined mid-water stereo-baited remote underwater video system (BRUVS) records with environmental, geographic and anthropogenic variables to document the distribution and abundance of silky shark populations, identify the most important predictors of their presence, abundance and body size, and determine if their abundance is greater within MPAs than in locations not designated as MPAs. From 1418 deployments of mid-water BRUVS across three ocean basins, 945 silky sharks were identified at 18 locations, with young-of-year (< 87 cm TL) observed at four of these. Our study revealed generally low abundances of silky sharks as recorded on mid-water BRUVS across their cosmopolitan distribution, although our models identified seamounts as hotspots of abundance. Human pressure was a significant variable within our models, with proximity to human populations and ports being key drivers of silky shark abundance and body size. We did not observe a higher abundance of silky sharks inside MPAs compared to locations not designated as MPAs, suggesting that these MPAs have not been placed in areas where silky sharks remain relatively abundant. We therefore recommend expanding the current MPA network in line with the 30 × 30 initiative to more effectively protect key habitats such as seamounts.
Composite material consisting of microporous beta-TCP ceramic and alginate-dialdehyde-gelatin for controlled dual release of clindamycin and bone morphogenetic protein 2
Authors: Ritschl Lucas , Schilling Pia , Wittmer Annette , Bohner Marc , Bernstein Anke , Schmal Hagen , Seidenstuecker Michael
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to produce a composite of microporous β-TCP filled with alginate-gelatin crosslinked hydrogel, clindamycin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) to prolong the drug-release behaviour for up to 28 days. The most promising alginate-di-aldehyde(ADA)-gelatin gel for drug release from microcapsules was used to fill microporous β-TCP ceramics under directional flow in a special loading chamber. Dual release of clindamycin and BMP-2 was measured on days 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 14, 21 and 28 by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After release, the microbial efficacy of the clindamycin was checked and the biocompatibility of the composite was tested in cell culture. Clindamycin and the model substance FITC-protein A were released from microcapsules over 28 days. The clindamycin burst release was 43 ± 1%. For the loaded ceramics, a clindamycin release above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) until day 9 and a burst release of 90.56 ± 2.96% were detected. BMP-2 was released from the loaded ceramics in low concentrations over 28 days. The release of active substances from β-TCP and hydrogel have already been extensively studied. Directional flow loading is a special procedure in which the ceramic could act as a stabilizer in the bone and, as a biodegradable system, enables a single-stage surgical procedure. Whether ADA-gelatin gel is suitable for this procedure as a more biodegradable alternative to pure alginate or whether a dual release is possible in this composite has not yet been investigated.

Graphical Abstract
Anxiety and COVID-19 Anxiety in Positive Youth Development: A Latent Profile Analysis Study
Authors: Pivec Tina , Kozina Ana
Published: July 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated anxiety and triggered a new and specific COVID-19 anxiety in all age groups, especially in adolescence. The aim of the present study was to identify differences between anxiety and COVID-19 anxiety in profiles of positive outcomes by using the Positive Youth Development (PYD) framework (i.e., the Five Cs of competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection) on a sample of 1,977 adolescents from Slovenia (57.4% females; Mage = 15.34 years) from lower- and upper-secondary schools. Latent profile analysis revealed four distinctive profiles: High PYD, Self-efficacious, Socio-emotional, and Low PYD. The High PYD profile reported lower anxiety and moderate COVID-19 anxiety; the Self-efficacious profile reported lower anxiety and the lowest COVID-19 anxiety; the Socio-emotional profile reported moderate anxiety and the highest COVID-19 anxiety; and the Low PYD profile reported higher anxiety and moderate COVID-19 anxiety. The study findings suggest that higher levels of competence, confidence, and connection can mitigate anxiety, while higher levels of caring are associated with COVID-19 anxiety. Nonetheless, the study supports the promotion of all Five Cs of the PYD framework to prevent anxiety, COVID-19 anxiety, and maladaptive developmental outcomes. The study provides important insights into profiling responses to extreme situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Registered Studies on the Promising Dipeptide Carnosine
Authors: Pfeffer Tilman , Wen Dan , Stefanidis Konstantinos , Peters Verena , Ries Markus
Published: July 2023

Carnosine (β-Alanyl-L-Histidine) is a naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide and over-the-counter dietary supplement with a multimodal mechanism of action. The use of carnosine and its analogues in is as diverse as its mode of action and application. Carnosine’s ready availability and protective properties make it an interesting candidate for clinical use. We have now examined the mode of use in registered clinical studies. In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the status of clinical studies on carnosine and carnosine analogues. We searched all 16 primary clinical trials registries listed in the WHO Clinical Trials Registry. Registered studies to published studies were identified and the ratio of published/unpublished studies as well as the time to publication and thematic focus were evaluated. The 16 selected registries listed 70 studies on carnosine, of which 34 have been completed and 25 have been published to date, with an average time to publication of 28 months. Carnosine/carnosine analogues were used as dietary supplements in 56% of the studies. Twelve studies were clinical trials in healthy volunteers that focused on dietary changes and underlying physiology. The other 22 studies deal with various clinical pictures, in particular metabolic and psychological disorders. This structured evaluation shows that the applications of carnosine are very versatile, and the registration in one of the clinical registries and the timely publication would facilitate the planning of further studies.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics and lung function of nebulized niclosamide ethanolamine in sheep
Authors: Weiss Anne , Bischof Robert J , Landersdorfer Cornelia B , Nguyen Tri-Hung , Davies Andrew , Ibrahim Jibriil , Wynne Paul , Wright Phillip , Ditzinger Günter , Montgomery A Bruce , Meeusen Els , McIntosh Michelle P , Sommer Morten OA
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Niclosamide is approved as an oral anthelminthic, but its low oral bioavailability hinders its medical use requiring high drug exposure outside the gastrointestinal tract. An optimized solution of niclosamide for nebulization and intranasal administration using the ethanolamine salt has been developed and tested in a Phase 1 trial. In this study we investigate the pulmonary exposure of niclosamide following administration via intravenous injection, oral administration or nebulization.

Methods

We characterized the plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetics of three ascending doses of nebulized niclosamide in sheep, compare it to intravenous niclosamide for compartmental PK modelling, and to the human equivalent approved 2 g oral dose to investigate in the pulmonary exposure of different niclosamide delivery routes. Following a single-dose administration to five sheep, niclosamide concentrations were determined in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Non-compartmental and compartmental modeling was used to characterize pharmacokinetic profiles. Lung function tests were performed in all dose groups.

Results

Administration of all niclosamide doses were well tolerated with no adverse changes in lung function tests. Plasma pharmacokinetics of nebulized niclosamide behaved dose-linear and was described by a 3-compartmental model estimating an absolute bioavailability of 86%. ELF peak concentration and area under the curve was 578 times and 71 times higher with nebulization of niclosamide relative to administration of oral niclosamide.

Conclusions

Single local pulmonary administration of niclosamide via nebulization was well tolerated in sheep and resulted in substantially higher peak ELF concentration compared to the human equivalent oral 2 g dose.
Portable gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the in-field screening of organic pollutants in soil and water at pollution incidents
Authors: Duff Denise , Lennard Chris , Li Yarong , Doyle Christopher , Edge Katelyn J. , Holland Ian , Lothridge Kevin , Johnstone Paul , Beylerian Paul , Spikmans Val
Published: July 2023

Environmental pollution incidents generate an emergency response from regulatory agencies to ensure that the impact on the environment is minimised. Knowing what pollutants are present provides important intelligence to assist in determining how to respond to the incident. However, responders are limited in their in-field capabilities to identify the pollutants present. This research has developed an in-field, qualitative analytical approach to detect and identify organic pollutants that are commonly detected by regulatory environmental laboratories. A rapid, in-field extraction method was used for water and soil matrices. A coiled microextraction (CME) device was utilised for the introduction of the extracted samples into a portable gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for analysis. The total combined extraction and analysis time was approximately 6.5 min per sample. Results demonstrated that the in-field extraction and analysis methods can screen for fifty-nine target organic contaminants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, monoaromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, phthalates, organophosphorus pesticides, and organochlorine pesticides. The method was also capable of tentatively identifying unknown compounds using library searches, significantly expanding the scope of the methods for the provision of intelligence at pollution incidents of an unknown nature, although a laboratory-based method was able to provide more information due to the higher sensitivity achievable. The methods were evaluated using authentic casework samples and were found to be fit-for-purpose for providing rapid in-field intelligence at pollution incidents. The fact that the in-field methods target the same compounds as the laboratory-based methods provides the added benefit that the in-field results can assist in sample triaging upon submission to the laboratory for quantitation and confirmatory analysis.
Toxicological and histopathological alterations in the heart of young and adult albino rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke
Authors: Abdrabouh Abeer El-Said
Published: July 2023

Mosquito coil repellents are well-known indoor air pollutant with significant health concerns. The present study investigated the toxic effects of mosquito coil smoke on the heart of young and adult male rats. The animals were subjected to the smoke for 6 h/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Within the first hour after lighting the coil, significant amounts of formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were detected. Both exposed ages, particularly the young group, showed a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, and the levels of troponin I, myoglobin, Na+levels, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) as well as a significant decrease in K+levels and cardiac Na–K ATPase activity, indicating development of cardiac inflammation and dysfunction. Furthermore, the toxic stress response was validated by significant downregulation at expression of the detoxifying enzyme cytochrome p450. Histopathological studies in both age groups, especially the young group, revealed cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrotic areas. Moreover, upregulation at the pro-apoptotic markers, caspase3, P53, and cytochrome C expressions, was detected by immunohistochemical approach in heart sections of the exposed groups. Finally, the myocardial dysfunctional effects of the coil active ingredient, meperfluthrin, were confirmed by the docking results which indicated a high binding affinity of meperfluthrin, with Na–K ATPase and caspase 3. In conclusion, both the young and adult exposed groups experienced significant cardiac toxicity changes evidenced by cell apoptosis and histopathological alterations as well as disruption of biochemical indicators.

Graphical Abstract
On the efficient implementation of classification rule learning
Authors: Rapp Michael , Fürnkranz Johannes , Hüllermeier Eyke
Published: July 2023

Rule learning methods have a long history of active research in the machine learning community. They are not only a common choice in applications that demand human-interpretable classification models but have also been shown to achieve state-of-the-art performance when used in ensemble methods. Unfortunately, only little information can be found in the literature about the various implementation details that are crucial for the efficient induction of rule-based models. This work provides a detailed discussion of algorithmic concepts and approximations that enable applying rule learning techniques to large amounts of data. To demonstrate the advantages and limitations of these individual concepts in a series of experiments, we rely on BOOMER—a flexible and publicly available implementation for the efficient induction of gradient boosted single- or multi-label classification rules.
Henoch–schonlein purpura following exposure to SARS-CoV2 vaccine or infection: a systematic review and a case report
Authors: Di Vincenzo Federica , Ennas Sara , Pizzoferrato Marco , Bibbò Stefano , Porcari Serena , Ianiro Gianluca , Cammarota Giovanni
Published: July 2023

Background

Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP) is an IgA-mediated systemic small-vessel vasculitis (IgAV) that typically presents with a variable tetrad of symptoms. HSP if often preceded by respiratory tract infections, vaccinations, drugs or malignancies. During the recent COVID-19 pandemic multiples cases of HSP have been described after both infection and vaccination for SARS-CoV2. This study aims to perform a systematic review of literature and describe an additional complicated case of de-novo HSP appeared after the administration of the third dose of a mRNA-SARS-CoV2 vaccination.

Methods

Electronic bibliographic research was performed to identify all the original reports describing cases of de-novo HSP or IgAV appeared after respiratory infection or vaccine administration for SARS-CoV2. We included all case series or case reports of patients who respected our inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

Thirty-eight publications met our pre-defined inclusion criteria, for an overall number of 44 patients. All patients presented with palpable purpura variable associated with arthralgia, abdominal pain or renal involvement. Increased levels of inflammation markers, mild leukocytosis and elevated D-dimer were the most common laboratory findings. Up to 50% of patients presented proteinuria and/or hematuria. Almost all skin biopsies showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis, with IgA deposits at direct immunofluorescence in more than 50% of cases.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the immune response elicited by SARS-CoV2 vaccine or infection could play a role in the development of HSP. Current research suggests a possible role of IgA in immune hyperactivation, highlighted by early seroconversion to IgA found in some COVID-19 patients who develop IgA vasculitis.
Application of a revised model for coping with advanced cancer to qualitatively explore lung cancer survivors’ experiences of ongoing physical effects, novel treatments, uncertainty, and coping
Authors: Laidsaar-Powell Rebekah , Butow Phyllis , Brown Bernadette Bea , Mander Kimberley , Young Jane , Stone Emily , Chin Venessa , Banks Emily , Lim Chloe Yi Shing , Rankin Nicole M
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Lung cancer remains underrepresented in cancer survivorship research. This study aimed to understand survivors’ physical/psychological challenges, experiences of immunotherapy (IO) and targeted therapy (TT), and psychological adjustment through application of the Roberts et al. (2017) advanced cancer adaptation of Folkman and Greer’s appraisal and coping model.

Methods

Adults 6–24 months post-initial treatment completion were recruited via an Australian cohort study. Participant demographic, clinical, quality of life, and distress data were obtained through the cohort database. Qualitative interviews were conducted and analyzed using Framework methods. Roberts et al. (2017)’s model informed data interpretation and presentation.

Results

Twenty interviews were conducted (10 females; average age 69 years). Participants’ diagnostic stages varied (stage I = 2, stage II = 4, stage III = 8, stage IV = 6); most had received IO/TT (n = 14) and were on average 17 months (range 10–24) post-diagnosis. Three themes were identified and mapped to the Roberts’ framework: (1) Ongoing illness events: most participants reported functioning well despite ongoing physical effects. Those on IO/TT reported side effects; some were unexpected/serious. (2) Adjusting to life with lung cancer: most expressed hope for the future while simultaneously preparing for disease progression. Those receiving IO/TT experienced uncertainty given limited survival information. (3) Learning to live with lung cancer: participants described emotion, problem, and meaning based on coping strategies.

Conclusions

Findings may guide development of supportive care resources/interventions focused on uncertainty, IO/TT communication and decision-making, and coping.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Many people with lung cancer are living well with their ongoing illness. Despite challenges, many survivors are adapting to issues as they arise and are maintaining a sense of hope and optimism.
Reversal Effects of Royal Jelly and Propolis Against Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Omar Eman M. , El-Sayed Norhan S. , Elnozahy Fatma Y. , Hassan Eman , Amr Alaa , Augustyniak Maria , El-Samad Lamia M. , El Wakil Abeer
Published: July 2023

Heavy metal toxicity is an exponentially growing health problem. In this study, we aimed to assess the protective properties of propolis and royal jelly against cadmium adverse effects. Thirty-two adult male rats were included in our study; kidney and liver functions, histopathological changes, and the level of oxidative stress were evaluated in rats exposed to a daily dose of 4.5 mg cadmium per kilogram of body weight for 1 month and those cotreated simultaneously with either propolis (50 mg/kg/day) or royal jelly (200 mg/kg/day) with cadmium compared to control animals. Cadmium-mediated hepatorenal toxicity was manifested as per the increased oxidative stress, function deterioration, and characteristic histopathological aberrations. The supplementation of royal jelly or propolis restores most of the affected parameters to a level similar to the control group. However, the parameters describing the grade of DNA damage and the interleukin-1β expression in the liver, as well as the levels of malondialdehyde and metallothionein, were slightly elevated compared to controls, despite the regular use of royal jelly or propolis. It is worth noting that better results were found in the case of royal jelly compared to propolis administration. Most likely, the ability of both products to chelate cadmium and contribute in reducing oxidative stress is of great importance. However, further investigations are needed to complement the knowledge about the expected nutritional and medicinal values.

Graphical abstract
Diagnostic accuracy of pre-operative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting axillary lymph node metastasis: variations in intrinsic subtypes, and strategy to improve negative predictive value—an analysis of 2473 invasive breast cancer patients
Authors: Chen Shu-Tian , Lai Hung-Wen , Chang Julia Huei-Mei , Liao Chiung-Ying , Wen Tzu-Cheng , Wu Wen-Pei , Wu Hwa-Koon , Lin Ying-Jen , Chang Yu-Jun , Chen Shou-Tung , Chen Dar-Ren , Huang Hsin-I , Hung Che-Lun
Published: July 2023

Background

The value and utility of axillary lymph node (ALN) evaluation with MRI in breast cancer were not clear for various intrinsic subtypes. The aim of the current study is to test the potential of combining breast MRI and clinicopathologic factors to identify low-risk groups of ALN metastasis and improve diagnostic performance.

Material and methods

Patients with primary operable invasive breast cancer with pre-operative breast MRI and post-operative pathologic reports were retrospectively collected from January 2009 to December 2021 in a single institute. The concordance of MRI and pathology of ALN status were determined, and also analyzed in different intrinsic subtypes. A stepwise strategy was designed to improve MRI-negative predictive value (NPV) on ALN metastasis.

Results

2473 patients were enrolled. The diagnostic performance of MRI in detecting metastatic ALN was significantly different between intrinsic subtypes (p = 0.007). Multivariate analysis identified tumor size and histologic type as independent predictive factors of ALN metastases. Patients with HER-2 (MRI tumor size ≤ 2 cm), or TNBC (MRI tumor size ≤ 2 cm) were found to have MRI–ALN-NPV higher than 90%, and these false cases were limited to low axillary tumor burden.

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance of MRI to predict ALN metastasis varied according to the intrinsic subtype. Combined pre-operative clinicopathologic factors and intrinsic subtypes may increase ALN MRI NPV, and further identify some groups of patients with low risks of ALN metastasis, high NPV, and low burdens of axillary disease even in false-negative cases.
The influence of students’ prior numeracy achievement on later numeracy achievement as a function of gender and year levels
Authors: Getenet Seyum
Published: July 2023

Students’ prior achievements in school have significant correlations with their later achievements. Specifically, students’ prior numeracy achievement is the most important predictor of later numeracy success. However, the assessment of this predictor across gender and its trend across students’ year levels is often overlooked or not adequately investigated. This study examined the relationships between prior numeracy achievement and its influence on students’ later numeracy achievement across gender. A focus on students’ year level also supported this examination. The data source was the Australian National Assessment Program—Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) numeracy results of Years 5, 7 and 9 students (ages 9 to 14) from the 2017 to 2021 test years. The NAPLAN numeracy scores were analysed using regression analysis. The author examined prior numeracy achievement to determine the predictive value for students’ numeracy performance in NAPLAN across students’ year levels and gender. Findings from this study indicate that prior NAPLAN numeracy results for students were found to be very large in its predictive value (between R2 = .591 and .747) across the year levels. Notably, the predictive value showed an increasing pattern as students progressed through their academic years. Additionally, the study observed a discernible influence of gender on the predictive value of prior numeracy results. Potential initiatives to assist the educational outcomes of students across gender are discussed. Awareness of the influence of numeracy performance across gender might help teachers and educators create better and more efficient mathematics programs and targeted interventions. Such a decision requires identifying the relevant factors and measuring their degree of influence across students’ year levels and gender.
Social Work
Authors: Harms Louise , Connolly Marie
Published: July 2023

Social Work: From Theory to Practice provides a critical introduction to core and emerging theories of social work and teaches students in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand how to apply these theories in their practice to facilitate change. The fourth edition introduces a cultural lens through which to interrogate theory. A new chapter on Aboriginal perspectives explores a range of theories, from emancipatory frameworks and approaches to deep listening and provides insights for students on how to decolonise their practice and responsibly provide socially just outcomes for communities. New discussions on navigating the service system, feminist and anti-oppressive approaches, sustainability and the impact of COVID-19 on social workers and the communities they serve are included throughout the book. Each chapter includes reflections from social workers and case examples with accompanying questions. New end-of-chapter questions help students engage critically with the content.
55 Cases in Neurology
Authors: McCarron Mark
Published: July 2023

Written by a neurologist with 20 years of experience working in a general hospital, this engaging and informative book brings together 55 example cases from a general hospital setting with differential diagnoses. The case report format facilitates up to date management including modern neuroimaging, but also allows the reader to consider the potential diagnoses before turning the page to determine the correct diagnosis and treatment. The history, epidemiology as well as diagnostic criteria and management of specific neurological disorders are provided in an accompanying comment section. Unusual for a book of neurology, patients have had an opportunity to explain how neurological illness impacted their physical, psychological and social activities (provided by a relative/carer when the patient could not contribute). The themes provide a personal and truthful testament of the immediate and longer-term real-life impact of neurological illness, giving readers an insight into the effects of neurological diagnoses on their patients.
Scripture People
Authors: Taylor Matthew D. , Hussain Amir
Published: July 2023

On 9/11, many Americans were introduced to an Islamic movement called Salafism, the theological strand that includes Al Qaeda. Since then, Salafism, an important and popular movement in global Islam, has frequently been disparaged as 'Radical Islam' or 'Islamic fundamentalism.' Scripture People is the first book-length study of the embattled American Salafi movement and the challenges it has faced post-9/11. Matthew D. Taylor recounts how these so-called “Radical Muslims” have adopted deeply rooted American forms of religious belonging and values. Through comparison with American Evangelical Christianity, informed by his own Evangelical background and studies, Taylor explores the parallel impulses, convergent identities, and even surprising friendships that have emerged between Salafis and Evangelicals in America. Offering an entry point for understanding the dynamics and disagreements among American Muslims, Taylor's volume upends narratives about 'Radical Islam' by demonstrating how Salafi Muslims have flexibly adapted to American religious patterns in the twenty-first century.
Imagining the Roman Emperor
Authors: Christoforou Panayiotis
Published: July 2023

How was the Roman emperor viewed by his subjects? How strongly did their perception of his role shape his behaviour? Adopting a fresh approach, Panayiotis Christoforou focuses on the emperor from the perspective of his subjects across the Roman Empire. Stress lies on the imagination: the emperor was who he seemed, or was imagined, to be. Through various vignettes employing a wide range of sources, he analyses the emperor through the concerns and expectations of his subjects, which range from intercessory justice to fears of the monstrosities associated with absolute power. The book posits that mythical and fictional stories about the Roman emperor form the substance of what people thought about him, which underlines their importance for the historical and political discourse that formed around him as a figure. The emperor emerges as an ambiguous figure. Loved and hated, feared and revered, he was an object of contradiction and curiosity.
The Contest and Control of Jerusalem's Holy Sites
Authors: Breger Marshall J. , Hammer Leonard M.
Published: July 2023

The Holy Places of Jerusalem's Old City are among the most contested sites in the world and the 'ground zero' of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Tensions regarding control are rooted in misperceptions over the status of the sites, the role of external bodies such as religious organizations and civil society, and misunderstanding regarding the political roles of the many actors associated with the sites. In this volume, Marshall J. Breger and Leonard M. Hammer clarify a complex and fraught situation by providing insight into the laws and rules pertaining to Jerusalem's holy sites. Providing a compendium of important legal sources and broad-form policy analysis, they show how laws pertaining to Holy Places have been implemented and engaged. The book weaves aspects of history, politics, and religion that have played a role in creation and identification of the 'law.' It also offers solutions for solving some of the central challenges related to the creation, control, and use of Holy Places in Jerusalem.
Cambridge Guide to Schema Therapy
Authors: Brockman Robert N. , Simpson Susan , Hayes Christopher , van der Wijngaart Remco , Smout Matthew
Published: July 2023

The book provides the reader with a thorough understanding of the model of Schema Therapy, methods and techniques used throughout the process of Schema Therapy treatment. Experienced trainers in Schema Therapy, the authors provide a unique understanding of the questions, challenges, and points of issue experienced by practitioners learning the model. Designed for the practitioner with a specific focus on the theory and practice of modern schema therapy, the book discusses the powerful techniques and cutting-edge developments of the Schema Therapy model, with step-by-step guidance and clinical examples. A comprehensive resource for both students and experienced practitioners providing valuable examples of the model in clinical practice and solutions to the challenges and questions practitioners face in applying the model. Part of the Cambridge Guides to the Psychological Therapies series, offering all the latest scientifically rigorous, and practical information on a range of key, evidence-based psychological interventions for clinicians.
Rendering Whiteness Visible
Authors: Sirleaf Matiangai
Published: July 2023

Dear Editors in Chief:

The recent uprising for racial justice marked a pivotal shift in national and global debates on race. One enduring legacy is that the language we use to speak, think, and label people is consequential. Most style guides that previously called for lowercasing Black altered their positions. This letter to the editors urges the American Journal of International Law (AJIL) to join those organizations that have also changed their policies to capitalize White.
Race & International Investment Law: On the Possibility of Reform and Non-retrenchment
Authors: Akinkugbe Olabisi D.
Published: July 2023

The international investment regime is in flux. The mainstream practice of investment law and arbitration works on the basis of the regime's foundations in contract and property law. However, critical scholarship in the field has unearthed the coloniality of power that permeates both the practice of international investment law and the current reform exercise led by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group III. These critical scholars warn of the imminent reproduction and entrenchment of the systemic inequities, power asymmetries, and investment law's investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime which is skewed against post-colonial host states. The two books1 under review offer a range of thought-provoking approaches for analyzing the past, present, and future of investment law. This Review Essay categorizes these books into two modes of critical scholarship on international investment law: moderate and radical.2 In Part II, I flesh out the conceptual categories of moderate and radical critique. In Part III, I analyze the books under review through the lens of these two conceptual frameworks. In Part IV, I turn to the question of race and investment law. This Review Essay suggests that race should not be neglected in our analysis of the past, present, and, most importantly, the future of investment law—a core theme that both books under review does not engage with. Part V briefly concludes.
A study of Irish secondary school student’s views on mental health supports in school
Authors: Kenneally A. , Begley T. , Donohue G.
Published: July 2023

Objectives:

An increasing number of young people are experiencing mental health difficulties and schools have been identified as environments that can support them. However, it is unclear how students feel about the current supports in school and whether they are used. The aim of this study is to explore the perceptions of young people in Irish post-primary schools regarding mental health and well-being supports in schools.

Methods:

An online survey was conducted with (n=109) young people to determine the perceptions of mental health and well-being supports in post-primary Irish schools. Using a convenience sampling method, an online survey was distributed via gatekeepers in local youth and sporting groups. Data collection was completed using the Barriers to Seeking Help-brief version (BASH-B) and additional tailored questions.

Results:

Qualities like being ‘trustworthy’ and ‘a good listener’ were reported as key for adults to be considered a good support in schools. Current mental health and well-being supports were not considered adequate with 65.1% of the participants feeling ‘somewhat supported’ and 22.9% feeling ‘not at all supported’.

Conclusions:

Better advertising of mental health support services should be implemented in schools to promote awareness. This study can inform the development of such services which are urgently needed.
Learning music theorising through inspiration and curiosity. Insights from emergent lesson design in an upper secondary school in Finland
Authors: Björk Cecilia , Granfors Mats , Ruthmann S. Alex
Published: July 2023

This study examines the learning processes that take place when upper secondary students apply and generate theories while drawing on their preferred music and writing songs of their own. One music theory teacher and two researchers collaborated to design an emergent sequence of lessons focusing on students’ interests, questions and creative work. Interpretive and musical analysis of students’ progress suggests that learning to theorise through modes and sounds from popular music was experienced as motivating, involved similar difficulties as traditional major/minor-based approaches, and resulted in original songs that the students enjoyed and were proud to perform for their peers.
Scott topology on Smyth power posets
Authors: Xu Xiaoquan , Wen Xinpeng , Xi Xiaoyong
Published: July 2023

For a
$T_0$
space X, let
$\mathsf{K}(X)$
be the poset of all nonempty compact saturated subsets of X endowed with the Smyth order
$\sqsubseteq$
.
$(\mathsf{K}(X), \sqsubseteq)$
(shortly
$\mathsf{K}(X)$
) is called the Smyth power poset of X. In this paper, we mainly discuss some basic properties of the Scott topology on Smyth power posets. It is proved that for a well-filtered space X, its Smyth power poset
$\mathsf{K}(X)$
with the Scott topology is still well-filtered, and a
$T_0$
space Y is well-filtered iff the Smyth power poset
$\mathsf{K}(Y)$
with the Scott topology is well-filtered and the upper Vietoris topology is coarser than the Scott topology on
$\mathsf{K}(Y)$
. A sober space Z is constructed for which the Smyth power poset
$\mathsf{K}(Z)$
with the Scott topology is not sober. A few sufficient conditions are given for a
$T_0$
space X under which its Smyth power poset
$\mathsf{K}(X)$
with the Scott topology is sober. Some other properties, such as local compactness, first-countability, Rudin property and well-filtered determinedness, of Smyth power spaces, and the Scott topology on Smyth power posets, are also investigated.
The cost of living in early modern cities: a study on eighteenth-century northern Italy
Authors: Mocarelli Luca , Ongaro Giulio , Prosperi Laura
Published: July 2023

This study estimates the cost of living in three cities – Florence, Bologna and Milan – in eighteenth-century northern Italy. Although they do not allow an understanding of the differences between social groups or seasonal consumption patterns, the calculation of living costs and the implied modelling have a twofold aim. First, they allow the calculation of real wages, which are obtained by dividing nominal wages by the cost of a consumption basket; therefore, broadly, they allow the Italian case to be put into great debates of economic history, such as the one on the Little Divergence between northern and southern Europe at the end of the early modern period. In this regard, we will show that the existing calculations used for this purpose have many criticalities, and we will solve them. Second, determining the cost of consumption baskets allows us to observe the role played by urban public institutions in mediating between the market and consumers, with relevant effects on price trends and, therefore, on the purchasing power of the urban population.
Preeclampsia and risk of maternal pulmonary hypertension at high altitude in Bolivia
Authors: Salinas C. E. , Patey O. V. , Murillo C. , Gonzales M. , Espinoza V. , Mendoza S. , Ruiz R. , Vargas R. , Perez Y. , Montaño J. , Toledo-Jaldin L. , Badner A. , Jimenez J. , Peñaranda J. , Romero C. , Aguilar M. , Riveros L. , Arana I. , Giussani D. A.
Published: July 2023

Women with a history of preeclampsia (PE) have a greater risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In turn, pregnancy at high altitude is a risk factor for PE. However, whether women who develop PE during highland pregnancy are at risk of PAH before and after birth has not been investigated. We tested the hypothesis that during highland pregnancy, women who develop PE are at greater risk of PAH compared to women undergoing healthy highland pregnancies. The study was on 140 women in La Paz, Bolivia (3640m). Women undergoing healthy highland pregnancy were controls (C, n = 70; 29 ± 3.3 years old, mean±SD). Women diagnosed with PE were the experimental group (PE, n = 70, 31 ± 2 years old). Conventional (B- and M-mode, PW Doppler) and modern (pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging) ultrasound were applied for cardiovascular íííassessment. Spirometry determined maternal lung function. Assessments occurred at 35 ± 4 weeks of pregnancy and 6 ± 0.3 weeks after birth. Relative to highland controls, highland PE women had enlarged right ventricular (RV) and right atrial chamber sizes, greater pulmonary artery dimensions and increased estimated RV contractility, pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Highland PE women had lower values for peripheral oxygen saturation, forced expiratory flow and the bronchial permeability index. Differences remained 6 weeks after birth. Therefore, women who develop PE at high altitude are at greater risk of PAH before and long after birth. Hence, women with a history of PE at high altitude have an increased cardiovascular risk that transcends the systemic circulation to include the pulmonary vascular bed.
Studying the Day‐To‐Day Effect of F Region Meridional Neutral Wind on the Formation of Post‐Sunset Equatorial Ionospheric Irregularities
Authors: Aderaw Bantayehu , Nigussie Melessew
Published: July 2023

The unique properties of the equatorial ionosphere continue to be of great concern to users of space‐based technologies that rely on the ionosphere. Due to the lack of observational data, the influence of the F region meridional wind on the formation of the post‐sunset equatorial ionospheric irregularities has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, in this work, the effect of dusk‐time F region meridional wind on the formation of post‐sunset equatorial ionospheric irregularities is studied. A pair of GNSS receivers from each of the three longitudinal sectors, such as Eastern Africa, Eastern South America, and Eastern Asia is considered to evaluate the rate of change of the TEC index (ROTI) in the years from 2010 to 2013. Observational meridional wind speed from the Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite and electron density from the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System are also used for the same longitudinal sectors. In the three longitudinal sectors, correlational analysis is carried out between the ROTI and the latitudinal gradient of the meridional wind speed. Based on observational data, we find that ionospheric irregularities are suppressed when the latitudinal gradient of the meridional wind is positive, while irregularities often occur when the latitudinal gradient is negative.
Potential Role of Volcanic Glass‐Smectite Mixtures in Slow Earthquakes in Shallow Subduction Zones: Insights From Low‐ to High‐Velocity Friction Experiments
Authors: Okuda Hanaya , Hirose Takehiro , Yamaguchi Asuka
Published: July 2023

Volcanic glass and its mixture with smectite are commonly observed in shallow parts of subduction zones. As volcanic glass layers often act as glide planes in submarine landslides, and because its alteration product, smectite, is one of the frictionally weakest geological materials, the frictional characteristics of volcanic glass‐smectite mixtures are important for fault slip behavior in shallow parts of subduction zones. We performed a series of friction experiments on volcanic glass‐smectite mixtures with different smectite contents from 0% to 100% at various velocity conditions from 10 μm/s to 1 m/s under an effective normal stress of 5 MPa and pore pressure of 10 MPa. In general, apparent friction coefficients negatively depend on the smectite content at any velocity tested. We found that samples with smectite contents of 15%–30% showed a drastic slip‐weakening behavior at intermediate velocities of 1–3 mm/s. Finite element method modeling shows that thermal pressurization does not contribute to the observed weakening behavior. The critical nucleation length estimated from the slip‐weakening behavior is approximately 1–10 km, which is large enough to prevent the slip to accelerate to seismic slip velocity. Therefore, gouges with minor amount of clay, such as subducting volcanic ash layers, may contribute to the occurrence of the slow earthquakes at shallow depths in subduction zones.
Advances in New Zealand's Tephrochronostratigraphy Using Marine Drill Sites: The Neogene
Authors: Pank K. , Kutterolf S. , Hopkins J. L. , Wang K.‐L. , Lee H.‐Y. , Schmitt A. K.
Published: July 2023

Three volcanic arcs have been the source of New Zealand's volcanic activity since the Neogene: Northland arc, Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ) and Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ). The eruption chronology for the Quaternary, sourced by the TVZ, is well studied and established, whereas the volcanic evolution of the precursor arc systems, like the CVZ (central activity c. 18 to 2 Ma), is poorly known due to limited accessibility to, or identification of, onshore volcanic deposits and their sources. Here, we investigate the marine tephra record of the Neogene, mostly sourced by the CVZ, of cores from IODP Exp. 375 (Sites U1520 and U1526), ODP Leg 181 (Sites 1123, 1124 and 1125), IODP Leg 329 (Site U1371) and DSDP Leg 90 (Site 594) offshore of New Zealand. In total, we identify 306 primary tephra layers in the marine sediments. Multi‐approach age models (e.g. biostratigraphy, zircon ages) are used in combination with geochemical fingerprinting (major and trace element compositions) and the stratigraphic context of each marine tephra layer to establish 168 tie‐lines between marine tephra layers from different holes and sites. Following this approach, we identify 208 explosive volcanic events in the Neogene between c. 17.5 and 2.6 Ma. This is the first comprehensive study of New Zealand's Neogene explosive volcanism established from tephrochronostratigraphic studies, which reveals continuous volcanic activity between c. 12 and 2.6 Ma with an abrupt compositional change at c. 4.5 Ma, potentially associated with the transition from CVZ to TVZ.
Maternal perceived stress and infant behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bradley Holly , Fine Dana , Minai Yasmin , Gilabert Laurel , Gregory Kimberly , Smith Lynne , Gao Wei , Giase Gina , Krogh-Jespersen Sheila , Zhang Yudong , Wakschlag Lauren , Brito Natalie H. , Feliciano Integra , Thomason Moriah , Cabral Laura , Panigrahy Ashok , Potter Alexandra , Cioffredi Leigh-Anne , Smith Beth A.
Published: July 2023

Background

Maternal stress has negative consequences on infant behavioral development, and COVID-19 presented uniquely stressful situations to mothers of infants born during the pandemic. We hypothesized that mothers with higher levels of perceived stress during the pandemic would report higher levels of infant regulatory problems including crying and interrupted sleep patterns.

Methods

As part 6 sites of a longitudinal study, mothers of infants born during the pandemic completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, and an Infant Crying survey at 6 (n = 433) and 12 (n = 344) months of infant age.

Results

Maternal perceived stress, which remained consistent at 6 and 12 months of infant age, was significantly positively correlated with time taken to settle infants. Although maternal perceived stress was not correlated with uninterrupted sleep length, time taken to put the infant to sleep was correlated. Perceived stress was also correlated with the amount of infant crying and fussiness reported at 6 months.

Conclusions

Mothers who reported higher levels of perceived stress during the pandemic reported higher levels of regulatory problems, specifically at 6 months. Examining how varying levels of maternal stress and infant behaviors relate to overall infant developmental status over time is an important next step.

Impact

Women giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic who reported higher levels of stress on the Perceived Stress Scale also reported higher levels of infant fussiness and crying at 6 months old, and more disruptive sleep patterns in their infants at 6 months and 12 months old. Sleeping problems and excessive crying in infancy are two regulatory problems that are known risk factors for emotional and behavioral issues in later childhood. This paper is one of the first studies highlighting the associations between maternal stress and infant behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.