bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spanish society : coronavirus test
Authors: Khenkin S.M.
Published: June 2022

The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish society. The author examines the reasons for the rapid spread of the epidemic in Spain, its impact on the economic and political spheres and on public consciousness. The pandemic has exacerbated long-standing problems associated with the requirements of the modernization of the Spanish society, and in particular the restructuring of the production model and its turning into a more sustainable and effective form capable of withstanding any unfavorable turns in the country’s development. These large-scale tasks can be undertaken due to the strong financial support of the EU. The question is whether the authorities are able to manage the funds rationally. Current situation requires the leftwing coalition government, led by the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, to develop dialogue and expand cooperation with the influential right-wing opposition. Meanwhile, the leading representatives of the right-wing forces – the conservative People’s Party and right radical «Vox» – stand in staunch opposition to the government. The country is disunited, the degree of public tension is high. All these factors foreshadow uneasy times in the world of Spanish politics.
BASILISK AND RUSSIAN INTERNET-FICTION
Authors: Kalkaeva Anna
Published: June 2022

The article focuses on basilisk’s description and description of his functions in the fanfiction of the Ficbook (ficbook.net) archive. It is noticed that the image of Basilisk acquires agency in modern fiction as well as in the texts of modern literature.
JAPONISME IN RUSSIAN ART CULTURE OF SILVER AGE
Authors: Scherbakova Elena
Published: June 2022

The article tries to trace the Japan influence on the Russian Art Culture in the end of XTX - beginning of XX centuries. Tt is found that the beginning of Japanese culture reception in Russia was connected with decorative and applicable art and painting and then with the theatre, literature and music. Tn some cases reception took place indirectly through oriental genres of European Art.
THE “REVOLUTIONARY SUBJECT” IN PSYCHIATRY AND LITERATURE
Authors: Tashkenov Sergei
Published: June 2022

This article examines the transformations taking place in German psychiatry and literature in the 1970 s. On the one hand, it traces the development of an anti-psychiatric “revolutionary subject” through the example of the Heidelberg Patient Socialist Collective led by Dr. Wolfgang Huber. On the other hand, in contrast to the marginality of Huber's circle, we analyze the somewhat different path taken by the “revolutionary schizophrenic subject” in literature, using Heinar Kipphardt's novel Marz as an example. With a number of similarities and differences, both phenomena transform cultural space in different ways.
BAKHTIN ON FLAUBERT: THE POETICS OF THE “ALL-NEGATING IMAGE”
Authors: Zhernokleyev Denis
Published: June 2022

The article analyzes a lesser-known text of Mikhail Bakhtin’s “On Flaubert”. While this inquiry pays particular attention to the significance of Bakhtin’s carnivalesque reading of Rabelais for his reading of Flaubert, it also treats the fragment in the broader context of Bakhtin’s philosophy. The article argues that Bakhtin’s approach to Flaubert is apophatic in nature. For Bakhtin, The Temptation of Saint Anthony is the most important text of Flaubert, and through its ascetic aesthetic, he interprets all other novels of Flaubert. The significance of animals in Flaubert emerges as an important theme for Bakhtin, who believes the image of the beast constitutes the unconscious center of Flaubert’s thought. The topic of the beast leads Bakhtin to the theme of pity, which for him is fundamentally different from the sentimentalized and thus inevitably self-centered compassion.
CLOSE UP WITH TRIMALCHIO: M.M. BAKHTIN, JAMES JOYCE AND HENRY MILLER
Authors: Osovskii Oleg
Published: June 2022

The article deals with one of the aspects of the problem “MM. Bakhtin and the XXth Western Literature”. It is connected with the scholar’s reception of modernist artistic achievements. The author analyzes Bakhtin’s reception of J. Joyce’s work. The materials published in Bakhtin’s collected works allow us to say that the scientist knew the innovative nature of the works of the author of “Ulysses”. As well Bakhtin methodology is an effective tool for studying the deeply carnivalized and polyphonic world of J. Joyce and his characters. No less important for the disclosure of the stated problem is H. Miller’s fiction. The carnival elements of H. Miller’s texts, its characteristic images of the bodily bottom, and internal polyphony are another sign of a new literary consciousness.
THE FAD FOR BRINGING BAKHTIN DOWN (AND WHERE IT GOES WRONG)
Authors: Emerson Caryl
Published: June 2022

Any boom calls forth a backlash and a trashing - and Bakhtin has been trashed often, for many reasons. In this article I consider the recent biography of Bakhtin written by Aleksei Korovashko in the history of anti-Bakhtinistics, and attempt to evaluate the “Korovashko tactic”: where, in my view, it goes wrong, and what lessons we might learn from it in light of Bakhtin’s teaching (especially his theory of love). I then discuss two more productive approaches to criticizing Bakhtin: one devoted to Bakhtin and the body (Dick McCaw), the other to Bakhtin and the spirit (Mikhail Epstein).
WESTERNIZERS AND SLAVOPHILES REFLECTED IN RUSSIAN TRAVELS
Authors: Guminskii Victor
Published: June 2022

The article deals with the paradox of the Russian social thought and literature, including the ambiguity of the historical images of Russian westernizers and slavophiles. The travel genre focused on the contrast between us and them. Two outstading Russian pieces of this genre (published almost simultaneously) contributed to the polemics of westernizers and slavophiles reflecting the inconsistencies of their positions. “Letters on Spain” by V.P. Botkin follows the idea, similar to slavophiles’, of the need to preserve the national identity under the conditions of modern (mid 19th century) globalization affecting the suburbs of the European world. The surprising unanimity shown by westernizers and slavophiles (essentialists) in their assessment of Monk Parfeny’s “Narrative of Travels.” gives us the opportunity to a have a new look at the essence of their debates regarding the future development of Russia and Russian literature (religious and national-historical aspects).
“I’M A PEOPLE TOO”: ALEXEI KONSTANTINOVICH TOLSTOY AND THE SLAVOPHILES
Authors: Fedorov Aleksei
Published: June 2022

The article examines the complex relationship of A.K. Tolstoy to the Slavophiles and their teachings. These relationships have been reflected in creativity and have undergone significant changes over time. Relative proximity - mid-1850 s, dialogue - late 1850 s-early 1860 s, polemic -late 1860 s-1870 s. The period of unity was associated with his interest as an artist in folk song stylistics and the idea of Slavic reunification. Then the desire to explain his aesthetic position matures in him, which is at odds with the ideas of the Slavophiles about the meaning and purpose of art (a poetic message to “I.S. Aksakov”). Subsequently, the dialogue develops into a polemic with a wider range of issues - Tolstoy does not accept a utilitarian attitude to literature, defends his understanding of the people, rethinks the role of Peter the Great in Russian history, exposes the painful consequences of the “Moscow” period, stigmatizes “Tatarism” as a dream of a new khan and an apology for tyranny and slavery, does not want to recognize superiority over the West in moral and religious terms, finally, paradoxically brings nihilists and Slavophiles closer, showing the destructive consequences of their ideas (“Potok-bogatyr”).
КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ МУЛЬТИКУЛЬТУРАЛИЗМА В МАЛАЙЗИИ
Authors: Sharipova G.
Published: June 2022

В данной статье рассматривается краткая история формирования мультикультурализма в Малайзии. Приводятся примеры развития культуры межнациональных и религиозных отношений. Рассматривается влияние религиозных учений на политику мультикультурализма.
THE PROBLEM OF COUNTERING THE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF ISLAMISM IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA
Authors: Cherevkov Oleg
Published: June 2022

From the beginning of the 1980s, the destructive religious and political ideology of Islamism began to penetrate actively the territory of Russia under external influence. Its adherents expanded and strengthened their influence, using from outside support and actively used extremist and terrorist methods to achieve power under the guise of adherence to the Muslim faith. At the same time, Islamism shows a high degree of adaptation to the counter-measures used against it. In this regard, it seems relevant to pay attention to those areas in which counteraction to Islamism in Russia has areas of improvement, and in what ways the implementation of them is possible.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF MIGRATION RELATIONS BETWEEN ALGERIA AND FRANCE IN THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE OF ALGERIA
Authors: Kuznetsova Valeria
Published: June 2022

From the end of the 19th century to 1962, Algerian presence in France became part of more than a centenary history. The early and significant migration flow of Algerian colonists to the metropolis began in the second half of the 19th century. Until 1962, Algerians were not called foreigners, but first “aborigines,” then “French subjects,” and then “French Muslims of Algeria.” Close relationship between Algeria and France, the metropolis and the colony, oppressors and oppressed, can be traced in the culture of both states and the peculiarities of social structures throughout large-scale historical strata. The peculiarities of this close unity, manifested in migration relations, among other things, encourage the colony to fight for its independence.
EXTREMES OF RELIGIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE SYSTEM OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGHESTAN (CONTINUED IN № 1, 2022)
Authors: Abdulagatov Zaid
Published: June 2022

The author, basing on sociological surveys of different years, showed the extremes of the religious consciousness of Moslems who studied in Islamic educational institutions of the Republic of Daghestan. The statistics of Islamic education in the republic are shown. The factors that strengthen the role of religious worldview in the socialization of Daghestan youth are revealed. The issues discussed are considered from the standpoint of the interests of the secular state in solving the problems of social stability, the formation of a secular legal culture, countering religious extremism and terrorism.
THE SITUATION OF THE SHIA POPULATION OF BAHRAIN IN THE WAKE OF THE ARAB SPRING 2011
Authors: Kirichenko Vladimir
Published: June 2022

The article focuses on the situation of Shiites in Bahrain after the events of the “Arab Spring” in 2011. Shiites make up the majority of the population in this country, but continue to be oppressed by the ruling Sunni dynasty of al-Khalifa in the Kingdom. Shia political and spiritual leaders are being prosecuted.
TURKEY IS BUILDING A NEW CANAL TO THE BLACK SEA: POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES.
Authors: Bibikova Olga
Published: June 2022

The Turkish President is building a canal parallel to the Bosphorus Canal. This canal will provide financial benefits to Turkey, but will create difficulties for other countries, including Russia.
THE SITUATION OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN LEBANON: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Azimov Kamil
Published: June 2022

There are currently 1.5 million refugees from Syria in Lebanon. This is an immense burden for a country in permanent economic crisis. However, the Syrians do not want to return to their homeland. One of the consequences of this situation is the deterioration of relations between fraternal peoples.
Performance of rooftop rainwater harvesting system as a source of drinking water
Authors: Aryal Mamata , Joshi Prayon , Thakuri Sudeep
Published: June 2022

Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) are increasingly being used as an alternative or supplementary source of water to curb the water supply deficit in the Kathmandu valley. The harvested rainwater is primarily used for non-potable purposes like flushing toilets and irrigation, but the knowledge on the use of rainwater for potable purpose is remarkably sparse. This study assesses the suitability of rainwater in terms of quantity and quality in a public school that adopts Rooftop RWHS as the source of drinking water. In this study, we observed that the volume of rainwater being harvested is sufficient to address the current demand of drinking water, with a mean rainfall of 1664 mm on a catchment area of 372 m2. Storage capacity  needs to be expanded if the demand increases. Physico-chemical and microbial analyses of water samples (before and after a series of treatments) were carried out for the winter, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The values of physico-chemical parameters of the water samples, in all the seasons, were well within both the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS, 2005) and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2017) guidelines for drinking water, while fecal coliforms were detected in the storage tank, but were absent in tap water after the treatments. Based on the findings, we suggest that the harvested rainwater could be used for drinking purposes if properly treated. RWHS use at the institutional level, like in schools, on the one hand, curbs the increasing demand for water in water-deficit locations like Kathmandu, and on the other, encourages the adoption of such sustainable technologies for the water supply.
Analysis On the Implementation of Income Tax Article 21 Incentives Policy for Taxpayers Affected by The Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sukmana Andrian , Rosdiana Haula
Published: June 2022

In response to the crisis caused by Covid- 2019 outbreak, the government issued the Minister of Finance Regulation Number 23/PMK.03/2020 regarding tax incentives for taxpayers affected by the coronavirus outbreak as part of the national economic recovery program, which along with the pandemic situation has been amended or replaced several times. One of the incentives provided is the Income Tax Article 21 incentive. Thisresearchexaminesto gives a comprehensive review and analysis of the implementation of the Income Tax Article 21 incentive for taxpayers affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic and the problems encountered throughout the policy's implementation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to explain objectively, in detail, and in-depth the results obtained. Observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation techniques were used in collecting the data. This study indicates that although the Income Tax Article 21 incentive is beneficial for the recipients in spending during the pandemic, its implementation faces various challenges. In terms of the realization of this incentive, it is relatively low compared to the initial budget allocation, so it is doubtful that it will provide the expected multiplier effect on economic growth, as the objective of this policy. Thus, the improvement in economic and public consumption growth cannot be linked directly to the contribution of the Income Tax Article 21 incentives policy alone because many other things and policies can affect the economy.
The Classification of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress on Facebook Users Using the Support Vector Machine
Authors: Wijiasih Tsania Maulidia , Amriza Rona Nisa Sofia , Prabowo Dedy Agung
Published: June 2022

Social media remains an essential platform for connecting people with friends, family, and the world around them. However, when events spread on social media are primarily negative, it will cause depression, anxiety, and stress that tend to increase. This study aims to classify depression, anxiety, and stress using the Support Vector Machine. The data in this study were obtained from active Facebook users using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21) questionnaire. This study adopted the Knowledge Discover Database process. The result of this study is an evaluation of the performance of the Support Vector Machine classification of depression, anxiety, and stress. The accuracy of the Support Vector Machine in this study is 98.96%.
Schole. Czas wolny w Sparcie epoki klasycznej
Authors: Rajewicz Sebastian
Published: June 2022

In collective memory, the image of Sparta is that of a military encampment. In a world where the citizens devoted their lives to war and other needs of the state, there was no place for leisure. The author calls into question this mythologised perception, adopting a new perspective: instead of focusing, following the ancient authors, on the state and its needs, he pays special attention to the private sphere, which is more befitting for a reflection on the titular schole. He demonstrates that the life of Spartans might have resembled life in a military camp only during the period of the famed state education. Once the education was complete, the citizens had abundant leisure time to engage in various activities, including: family life, extramarital unions, pederasty, entertainment during feasts, sport, hunting, and horse and hound breeding.
Inclusion of Exercise Prescription in Solid Organ Transplant in Physical Therapy Curricula Across Canadian Universities: A National Survey
Authors: Negreanu Koty , Wang Zhi Qi , Campanelli Julia , Zappia Amanda , Massierer Daniela , Spahija Jadranka , Janaudis-Ferreira Tania
Published: June 2022

Purpose: This study evaluated the extent of education about exercise prescription for patients with solid organ transplant (SOT) provided in physical therapy (PT) entry-level programmes across Canadian universities. The nature (content being taught), delivery (modes used to disseminate information), time dedicated to the topic, and opinions of educators were explored. Method: A cross-sectional survey was emailed to 36 educators at Canadian universities. The survey questions related to the nature, delivery, and time dedicated to SOT exercise prescription, and the opinions of educators. Results: The response rate was 93%. Educators reported that lung and heart transplantation were taught the most, followed by kidney and liver, with little to no emphasis on pancreas transplants. This material was mainly taught at the graduate level and as part of cardiopulmonary courses with minimal emphasis on practical skills. Aerobic exercise is the main exercise prescription being taught. The main barrier to offering more SOT prescription education experienced by educators was the lack of available class time. Conclusions: SOT exercise prescription is not extensively covered in PT curricula and does not include all organ groups to the same extent. Students have few practical opportunities, which are important to gain the abilities and confidence to treat this population. The development of a continuing education course could promote greater knowledge.
The Internal Plasma Spraying on Powerful Technology for the Aerospace and Automotive Industries
Authors: Barbezat G.
Published: June 2022

The internal plasma spraying for the deposition of thermal barrier coating already was introduced about 20 years ago. During the last 8 years a new generation of internal plasma torch was developed and introduced in the industry. The new generation is characterized by an improved resistance against the thermal radiation and a significantly improvement of the time life of the guns. The performances of the plasma torches regarding powder feed rate and deposition efficiency also were increased to allow the using in mass production in the automotive industry. The improvement of the time life of cathode and anode was realized by using CFD program to optimize the water cooling of the plasma torch. By the production line for cylinder bore the time life of cathode and anode was increased from 50 to more than 100 hours by the modification of the cooling geometry. Several application of internal spraying for mass production in the automotive, aerospace and the electrical industry will be discussed in details. Especially the internal spraying of the cylinder bore will be shown as typical application of high volume. The advantages of the plasma spraying in comparison with alternative technology will be demonstrated. The further development and future potential applications will be discussed at the end as outlook.
Optimization of the Cold Spray Process
Authors: Stoltenhoff T. , Kreye H. , Richter H.J. , Assadi H.
Published: June 2022

In cold spraying, in contrast to thermal spraying the coating material is not melted prior to the impingement onto a substrate. The powder particles are accelerated to high velocities by a supersonic gas jet. Even though the particles are in a solid state, they form a dense and solid bonded coating upon impact. In order to form a dense coating with sufficient adhesion to the substrate, the particles have to reach a certain velocity before hitting the substrate. This velocity is characteristic of the coating material and also depends on the particle temperature. A variety of experiments have been carried out with copper as spay material in order to determine the critical velocity for solid bonding of particles onto the substrate. To investigate the effect of spray parameters and nozzle geometry on the velocity and temperature of the particles, computational fluid dynamics was performed. The calculations allow a direct correlation between experimentally obtained deposition efficiencies and process parameters. Finite element modeling of the particle impact could relate successful bonding to high strain rate phenomena at the particle interface. In view of the above criteria an optimization strategy for cold spray process can be developed.
Oxidation of HVOF Sprayed Alloy Coatings and Its Control by a Gas Shroud
Authors: Fukushima T. , Kuroda S.
Published: June 2022

Oxidation of HVOF sprayed 316L stainless steel coatings was studied experimentally. Oxygen content in the sprayed coatings was analyzed and its dependence on several spray parameters such as spraying distance, mixture ratio of fuel to oxygen, and composition of atmospheric gas on the substrate was studied. The oxygen content in the original powder was about 0.03 wt%, which typically increased to 0.3 % in the HVOF sprayed coatings under the standard spraying conditions. Reduction of spray distance significantly increased the oxygen level due to the excessive heating of substrates by the flame. The sprayed deposits were analyzed by XRD and the oxides within the coatings were identified as magnetite Fe3O4 or chromite FeCr2O4. By using a nitrogen-gas shield attached to the substrate, it was revealed that the oxidation during flight is around 0.2 wt%. Control of oxidation by attaching a gas shroud to the HVOF nozzle has been attempted and oxygen content below 0.15 % has been achieved so far while maintaining deposition efficiency over 73 %.
Microstructural Study of Plasma Sprayed Chromium Oxide Coatings: Effect of Aluminum Phosphate Sealing
Authors: Vippola M. , Ahmaniemi S. , Vuoristo P. , Lepistö T. , Mäntylä T.
Published: June 2022

Microstructural study of plasma sprayed chromia coatings sealed with aluminum phosphate, was carried out for determining strengthening mechanisms of the sealant. Characterization was accomplished by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The main phase in the coating is the eskolaite type α-Cr2O3. The overall structure of the coating is lamellar with columnar grains parallel to the lamella thickness. Amorphous aluminum phosphate sealant has penetrated into the coating filling the structural defects such as cracks, gaps and pores between the lamellas. The average composition of the sealant in the coating is 25 at% aluminum and 75 at% phosphorus giving the molar ratio P/Al of 3, that corresponds to metaphosphates Al(PO3)3. The aluminum phosphate sealing in the chromium oxide coatings is based on adhesive binding due to the attractive forces between the condensed phosphates and the coating. There were no indications about chemical binding due to reactions between the sealant and the coating in the sealing treatment for chromia coatings.
Microstructure-Property Relationships and Cross-Property Correlations of Thermal Sprayed Ni-Alloy Coatings
Authors: Margadant N. , Siegmann S. , Patscheider J. , Keller T. , Wagner W. , Ilavsky J. , Pisacka J. , Barbezat G. , Fiala P.
Published: June 2022

Relationships between the properties of thermally sprayed nickel based alloys and their microstructure (density, porosity, oxide phase content) are investigated. Cross-property- correlation of physical properties such as electrical conductivity and elasticity were examined. The experimental results of the structures and properties of the different coatings are discussed with respect to their pore surface area obtained by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. As wide as possible range of thermally sprayed microstructures of NiCr and NiCrAlY was produced by vacuum - and atmospheric plasma spraying, flame spraying, HVOF and water stabilized plasma spraying. Commercially available powders with process specific grain size distributions were used as feedstock materials resulting in a wide range of microstructures of the coatings depending on the spraying technique and, to much less extent, on the variation of the process parameters. In this work the examination of the pore structure was carried out by optical microscopy on metallographic cross sections. Phase composition and distribution were investigated by hot gas extraction for oxygen and nitrogen determination and by Scanning Auger Microscopy on polished cross sections and fracture surfaces. The properties of the coatings were characterized by their wear (ASTM G75) behavior, reflecting application-oriented properties. Significant and varying amount of anisotropy of the coating properties - electrical conductivity and elastic modulus - was found in the sprayed microstructures. This anisotropy could be directly linked to microstructure anisotropy as characterized by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering.
Formation and Layering of Alumina Splats: Thermal History of Coating Formation, Resulting Residual Stresses, and Coating Microstructure
Authors: Fauchais P. , Vardelle A.M. , Vardelle M. , Denoirjean A. , Pateyron B. , El Ganaoui M.
Published: June 2022

As underlined in 1981 by Mc Pherson, thermo-mechanical properties of plasma-sprayed coatings depend not only on the way particles flatten and resulting splats solidify and cool down, but also on the thermal history of particle layering at the same location. To illustrate what is our present knowledge in that field, plasma-sprayed alumina coatings will be considered through modelings and measurements. The first part of this paper discusses the phenomena linked with particle impact and splat formation: splashing, spreading, solidification and grain growth, angle of impact in conjunction with particle parameters at impact and substrate surface parameters (chemistry, phase structure and roughness, temperature). The second part examines splats layering. It addresses the influence of plasma jet heat flux, relative velocity torch-substrate, powder flow rate and deposition efficiency on splat time-temperature evolution and resulting quenching stress, coating adhesion/cohesion and microstructure. The shadow effect when spraying off normal angle is also discussed. The last part deals with the effect of the successive cooling and reheating of passes on coating properties, and condensation of the vapor issued from evaporating particles.
Electron Beam Induced Current Isolation Techniques
Authors: Strizich Michael
Published: June 2022

Electron beam induced current (EBIC) analysis is a versatile tool that can be used by anyone with access to a SEM. This article explains how failure analysts are using the EBIC mode in SEMs to detect junction and oxide defects, simplify junction delineation, and reveal subsurface damage through multiple layers of metallization.
Failure Analysis of Timing and IDDQ-only Failures from the SEMATECH Test Methods Experiment
Authors: Nigh Phil , Vallett Dave , Patel Atul , Wright Jason , Motika Franco , Forlenza Donato , Kurtulik Ray , Chong Wendy
Published: June 2022

This article provides insights into the nature of IDDQ and timing defects and the challenges they present to failure analysts based on the findings of a Sematach study.
Analyzing Illumination-Sensitive Failure – A Case Study
Authors: Thian Teh Swee
Published: June 2022

This is a case study of an illumination-sensitive failure. Due to the unavailability of a scanning optical microscope, fault isolation was performed using a different approach based on available equipment. Through a combination of emission microscopy, FIB isolation, mechanical probing, and in-depth circuit analysis, the root cause and failure mechanism were determined.
The Curve Tracer: A Versatile Failure Analysis Tool and a Ceramic Capacitor Analysis Example
Authors: Wilson David , Walker Stuart , Rossi Mark , Scott Bernard
Published: June 2022

The curve tracer is a versatile lab instrument that can provide electrical characterization data for a variety of analyses. A curve tracer helped analyze a ceramic capacitor identifying leakage sites, acceleration factors, radiation sensitivity, and failure mechanism.
Backside Analysis: Backside Thermal Mapping Using Active Laser Probe
Authors: Aaron Falk R.
Published: June 2022

The transition to “flip-chip” packaging forced a renaissance in failure analysis methods, usually referred to as backside failure analysis. This article describes one such technique based on active laser probing. The technique uses the optical properties of the silicon substrate to produce a high-sensitivity, high-resolution thermal map of the device active area. This map can locate shorting defects and be used as a thermal management tool.
Polishing Samples for TEM Analysis Using the Tripod Polishing Technique
Authors: Benedict J.P. , Anderson R.M. , Klepeis S.J.
Published: June 2022

This article describes a sample preparation technique by which specific areas on integrated circuits can be manually polished to TEM transparency. The technique, called tripod polishing or the wedge method, produces cross-section samples within a few hours that require little or no additional thinning for TEM analysis. The method can also be used to prepare plan view TEM samples as well as samples for SEM analysis and light microscopy.
Emission Microscopy: A Historical Review
Authors: Khurana Neeraj
Published: June 2022

This article discusses some of the early uses of emission microscopy in semiconductor device failure analysis and the challenges that were overcome to make it the invaluable tool it is today. One of the impediments early on was a misconception that silicon cannot emit light when, in fact, it has several light emission mechanisms that have proven useful in electron microscopy. One such mechanism, avalanche luminescence, occurs in junctions during reverse breakdown and is useful for resolving low breakdown voltage and problems with ESD protection circuits. Other light emission mechanisms discussed in the article include forward bias emission, MOS transistor saturation, and dielectric luminescence, which is used to examine oxide test structures and detect oxide defects.
Site-Specific, SEM Semiconductor Sample Preparation With 0.5 μm Accuracy
Authors: Alani Reza , Raz Efrat M.
Published: June 2022

The combination of microcleaving and precision broad ion beam techniques allows failure analysts to prepare site-specific specimens for SEM analysis with 0.5 μm accuracy. Microcleaving, as the article explains, uses the cleaving characteristics inherent in single-crystal semiconductor substrates. Because the substrate has significantly more mass than the process layers, it dictates the overall cross-section quality and precision of the sample. The cleave loses no material, preserves the integrity of the designated area, and enables analysis of both sides of the cross-section. When the cleave is off-set due to a buried target or when debris lies on the surface of the cross-section, ion beam etching and coating are used to fine tune the cleave location and remove debris prior to SEM analysis.
Gluconacetobacter xylinus Tarafından Üretilen Saf Bakteriyel Selülozun Kuru ve Yaş Formları ile Boya Uzaklaştırılması
Authors: BORAN Filiz
Published: June 2022

Bakteriyel selüloz farklı alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu alanlardan biri, bu malzemeyi farklı boyaların renklerinin giderimi için biyoadsorban olarak kullanmaktır. Çalışmada, bakteriyel selüloz (BS) elde etmek için Gluconacetobacter xylinus kullanılmıştır. BS'nin yaş ve kuru formları, Reaktif Mavi 171 (CI Chrocion Mavi HERD) (200 mg/L), Remazol Parlak Mavi R' nin (150 mg/L) (C. I Reaktif Mavi 19) ve Chrocion Yeşil H-E4BD (100 mg/L) boyalarının uzaklaştırılması için biyoadsorban olarak kullanıldı. En yüksek renk giderme oranları, ilk kullanımda yaş BC ile 30°C, 150 rpm'de 24 saat inkübasyondan sonra CBHERD, RBBR ve CH Yeşil boyaları için sırasıyla %51, %52 ve %54 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu değerler ilk kullanım sonunda BC’nin kuru formları için %11, %21 ve %20 idi. Aynı zamanda bakteriyel selülozun yapısı ve morfolojisi SEM, XRD ve FTIR analizleri ile belirlendi.
A Systematic Review on Teacher’s Expectations and Classroom Behaviors
Authors: Aydın Ozge , Ok Ahmet
Published: June 2022

The aim of the present study was to scrutinize how teacher expectations are shaped and reflected in teachers’ classroom behaviors by presenting a holistic picture of teacher expectation literature that has significantly developed since 1968. To achieve this, a systematic review design was utilized in the study, and different academic databases, which were namely EBSCOhost, ERIC, Science Direct, Journal Park Academic, and HEC Theses Centre, were examined. Among 1.227 of the studies conducted, 32 research studies were included in the current review based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria after the identification, screening, and eligibility processes. After the content analysis carried out on the included studies, the review extracted certain factors shaping teachers’ expectations of students’ academic achievement, which were grouped as students’ readiness, skills and abilities, teacher- and family-related factors, and school policies. In classes, teachers differentiated their instructional methods according to students’ ability levels, presented more group work opportunities, established more eye-contact, assigned cognitively harder tasks, and expected more quality work from high-expectancy students. Teachers also tended to decrease their interaction time by turning to another student when a low-expectancy student could not answer a question, and to know personal or academic strengths of high-expectancy students more than low-expectancy ones.
Surgical morbidity of the extradural anterior petrosal approach: the Lariboisière experience
Authors: Giammattei Lorenzo , Passeri Thibault , Abbritti Rosaria , Lieber Stefan , Matano Fumihiro , Van Tuan Le , Okano Atsushi , Fava Arianna , Russo Paolo di , Froelich Sébastien
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE

Concerns about the approach-related morbidity of the extradural anterior petrosal approach (EAPA) have been raised, especially regarding temporal lobe and venous injuries, hearing impairment, facial nerve palsy, cerebrospinal fluid fistula, and seizures. There is lack in the literature of studies with detailed analysis of surgical complications. The authors have presented a large series of patients who were treated with EAPA, focusing on complications and their avoidance.

METHODS

The authors carried out a retrospective review of patients who underwent EAPA at their institution between 2012 and 2021. They collected preoperative clinical characteristics, operative reports, operative videos, findings on neuroimaging, histological diagnosis, postoperative course, and clinical status at last follow-up. For pathologies without petrous bone invasion, the amount of petrous apex drilling was calculated and classified as low (< 70% of the volume) or high (≥ 70%). Complications were dichotomized as approach related and resection related.

RESULTS

This study included 49 patients: 26 with meningiomas, 10 brainstem cavernomas, 4 chondrosarcomas, 4 chordomas, 2 schwannomas, 1 epidermoid cyst, 1 cholesterol granuloma, and 1 osteoblastoma. The most common approach-related complications were temporal lobe injury (6.1% of patients), seizures (6.1%), pseudomeningocele (6.1%), hearing impairment (4.1%), and dry eye (4.1%). Approach-related complications occurred most commonly in patients with a meningioma (p = 0.02) and Meckel’s cave invasion (p = 0.02). Gross-total or near-total resection was correlated with a higher rate of tumor resection–related complications (p = 0.02) but not approach-related complications (p = 0.76). Inferior, lateral, and superior tumoral extension were not correlated with a higher rate of tumor resection–related complications. No correlation was found between high amount of petrous bone drilling and approach- or resection-related complications.

CONCLUSIONS

EAPA is a challenging approach that deals with critical neurovascular structures and demands specific skills to be safely performed. Contrary to general belief, its approach-related morbidity seems to be acceptable at dedicated skull base centers. Morbidity can be lowered with careful examination of the preoperative neuroradiological workup, appropriate patient selection, and attention to technical details.
Delayed recurrence of pediatric arteriovenous malformations after radiologically confirmed obliteration
Authors: Oushy Soliman , Gilder Hannah E. , Nesvick Cody L. , Lanzino Giuseppe , Pollock Bruce E. , Daniels David J. , Ahn Edward S.
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a major cause of intracerebral hemorrhage in children, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the rate of AVM recurrence in children is significantly higher than in adults. The aim of this study was to define the risk of delayed pediatric AVM (pAVM) recurrence following confirmed radiological obliteration. Further understanding of this risk could inform the role of long-term radiological surveillance.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective review of ruptured and unruptured pAVM cases treated at a single tertiary care referral center between 1994 and 2019. Demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and AVM recurrence were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 102 pediatric patients with intracranial AVMs, including 52 (51%) ruptured cases, were identified. The mean patient age at presentation was 11.2 ± 4.4 years, and 51 (50%) patients were female. The mean nidus size was 2.66 ± 1.44 cm. The most common Spetzler-Martin grades were III (32%) and II (31%). Stereotactic radiosurgery was performed in 69.6% of patients. AVM obliteration was radiologically confirmed in 68 (72.3%) of 94 patients with follow-up imaging, on angiography in 50 (73.5%) patients and on magnetic resonance imaging in 18 (26.5%). AVM recurrence was identified in 1 (2.3%) of 43 patients with long-term surveillance imaging over a mean follow-up of 54.7 ± 38.9 months (range 2–153 months). This recurrence was identified in a boy who had presented with a ruptured AVM and had been surgically treated at 5 years of age. The AVM recurred 54 months after confirmed obliteration on surveillance digital subtraction angiography. Two other cases of presumed AVM recurrence following resection in young children were excluded from recurrence analysis because of incomplete sets of imaging available for review.

CONCLUSIONS

AVM recurrence following confirmed obliteration on imaging is a rare phenomenon, though it occurs more frequently in the pediatric population. Regular long-term follow-up with dedicated surveillance angiography is recommended even after obliteration following resection.
Primary germinoma of the medulla oblongata: illustrative case
Authors: Albiña Pablo , Solis Aracelly , Lorenzoni Jose , Henny Pablo , Manriquez María
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Primary central nervous system germinomas of the medulla oblongata are extremely rare and usually have been found in young female Asian patients. The authors present an illustrative case of a patient who presented with severe medullary and posterior cord syndrome, the first South American case published to date, to the authors’ knowledge.

OBSERVATIONS

Initially, the radiological differential diagnosis did not include this entity. The lesion was located at the obex and exhibited a well-delineated contrast enhancement without hydrocephalus. An emergency decompressive partial resection following functional limits was performed. After histological confirmation, radiotherapy was indicated, with complete remission achieved at a 6-month follow-up. The patient, however, continued to have a severe proprioceptive disorder. The literature review identified 21 other such patients. The mean age for this location was 23 years, with a strong female and Asian origin predilection. All tumors exhibited contrast enhancement, and only one presented with hydrocephalus.

LESSONS

In the absence of elevated tumor markers, radiological clues such as a well-delineated, contrast-enhanced lesion arising from the obex, without hydrocephalus, associated with demographic features such as young age, female sex, and Asian heritage, should evoke a high level of suspicion for this diagnosis. Gross total resection must not be attempted, because this tumor is potentially curable with high-dose radiotherapy.
Dramatic response to targeted therapy in an aggressive olfactory neuroblastoma: illustrative case
Authors: Gupta Saksham , Bi Wenya Linda , Annino Donald J. , Dunn Ian F.
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Olfactory neuroblastomas are rare sinonasal tumors that arise from the olfactory epithelium. The authors presented a case of an olfactory neuroblastoma with extensive cranial invasion that demonstrated dramatic response to sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

OBSERVATIONS

A 54-year-old man with history of prostate cancer and melanoma presented with left-sided proptosis and was found to have a 6.5-cm Kadish stage D olfactory neuroblastoma with cranial invasion that was refractory to chemotherapy and everolimus. However, it demonstrated dramatic response to sorafenib, causing extensive skull base defects that prompted operative repair. Genomic analysis of the tumor revealed mutations in TSC1 and SUFU. The patient developed disease progression with liver metastases 35 months after starting sorafenib, prompting a change to lenvatinib. He experienced progression of his olfactory neuroblastoma 10 months following this change and died in hospice 1 month later.

LESSONS

The authors reviewed the clinical presentation and management of a large olfactory neuroblastoma with dramatic response to sorafenib. They highlighted prior uses of targeted therapy in the management of refractory olfactory neuroblastoma within the context of current standard treatment regimens. Targeted therapies may play a vital role in the management of refractory olfactory neuroblastoma.
Use of virtual magnetic resonance imaging to compensate for brain shift during image-guided surgery: illustrative case
Authors: Kim John T. , Di Long , Etame Arnold B. , Olson Sarah , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Tran Nam D.
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Maximal safe resection is the paramount objective in the surgical management of malignant brain tumors. It is facilitated through use of image-guided neuronavigation. Intraoperative image guidance systems use preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the navigational map. The accuracy of neuronavigation is limited by intraoperative brain shift and can become less accurate over the course of the procedure. Intraoperative MRI can compensate for dynamic brain shift but requires significant space and capital investment, often unavailable at many centers.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors described a case in which an image fusion algorithm was used in conjunction with an intraoperative computed tomography (CT) system to compensate for brain shift during resection of a brainstem hemorrhagic melanoma metastasis. Following initial debulking of the hemorrhagic metastasis, intraoperative CT was performed to ascertain extent of resection. An elastic image fusion (EIF) algorithm was used to create virtual MRI relative to both the intraoperative CT scan and preoperative MRI, which facilitated complete resection of the tumor while preserving critical brainstem anatomy.

LESSONS

EIF algorithms can be used with multimodal images (preoperative MRI and intraoperative CT) and create an updated virtual MRI data set to compensate for brain shift in neurosurgery and aid in maximum safe resection of malignant brain tumors.
Spinal glomus AVM presenting solely with groin pain: illustrative case
Authors: Baba Natsumi , Horiuchi Ryo , Yagi Takashi , Kanemaru Kazuya , Yoshioka Hideyuki , Kinouchi Hiroyuki
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Spinal glomus arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare and can cause neurological morbidity due to spinal hemorrhage, venous hypertension, or mass effect.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors presented a rare case of spinal glomus AVM presenting with groin pain due to nerve root compression by a feeder aneurysm. A 41-year-old woman was referred to the hospital with initial right groin pain that had worsened over 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging showed intra- and extramedullary abnormal flow voids at the T11–12 level, and spinal angiography revealed an intramedullary AVM, with extramedullary protrusion of an aneurysm on the feeder vessel, which arose from the sulcal artery of the anterior spinal artery. Because compression of the right L1 nerve root by the aneurysm was the likely cause of the patient’s pain, endovascular embolization was performed. The feeder aneurysm disappeared after partial n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization, and the groin pain disappeared immediately after treatment. Her clinical status has been stable with no recurrence during 1 year of follow-up.

LESSONS

This is the first report of glomus-type AVM presenting with radiculopathy alone. One should not overlook the possibility of spinal AVM among patients with groin pain.
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal myoclonus from a Streptococcus intermedius infection of the brain: illustrative case
Authors: Tonnu Annie , Hunt Rachel , Zervos Thomas , Hamilton Travis , Tyrrell Christina , Robin Adam M.
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a rare condition that can occur after disruption of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle. Clinically, HOD can present with palatal myoclonus with or without oculopalatal tremor, which sometimes results in symptomatic dysphagia and/or speech abnormalities. This condition is commonly associated with vascular lesions, with only three prior reported cases of HOD resulting from intracranial abscess.

OBSERVATIONS

An otherwise healthy patient developed multiple intracranial abscesses. Biopsy showed gram-positive cocci; however, culture findings were negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified Streptococcus intermedius. The patient demonstrated palatal myoclonus and vertical nystagmus, which resulted in persistent mild dysphagia and altered speech intonation. After appropriate antimicrobial therapy with resolution of the enhancing lesions, symptoms persisted. Follow-up imaging demonstrated progressive hypertrophy of the right olive with persistent disruption of the right-sided rubro-olivo fiber pathways.

LESSONS

Although HOD classically occurs after vascular insult, it can also be seen as a postinfectious sequela. Despite eradication of the infection, palatal myoclonus and oculopalatal tremor may have a persistent impact on quality of life due to impaired speech and swallowing. This case emphasizes the utility of universal PCR in detecting fastidious organisms as well as diffusion tensor imaging for characterization of disrupted fiber pathways.