bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen zur Anpassung des Stickstoff‐Angebots aus unterschiedlichen N‐Quellen an den Verlauf der N‐Aufnahme von Maisbeständen
Authors: Aufhammer Walter , Kübler Ernst , Kaul Hans‐Peter
Published: December 2011

In zweijährigen mehrfaktoriellen Feldversuchen wurden die Auswirkungen der Stickstoff‐Düngerformen Schlempe, BASAMMON und Kalkammonsalpeter (letzterer sowohl breitflächig, als auch in Reihendüngung und in Kombination mit dem Azospirillum‐Präparat AZO‐ GREEN) bei vier N‐Düngermengen (0.60.120, 180 kg N/ha) auf die Ertragsbildung und die N‐Aufnahme von Silo‐ und Körnermais sowie die Nmin−Ruckstande im Boden untersucht. Bei bereits vor der Saat hohen Nmin−Werten (50–70 kg N/ha) und hoher N‐Nachlieferung des Bodens (ungedüngt: 100–170 kg N/ha) konnte kein Einfluß der Düngerformen auf die Trockenmasseproduktion, die Kornerträge und die N‐Aufnahme nachgewiesen werden. Darüberhinaus lagen keine Interaktionen der Düngerformen mit der Düngermenge vor. Ökonomisch optimale Gesamt‐ und Korntrockenmassen wurden bereits mit einem Aufwand von 60–120 kg N/ha gemessen. Im Gegensatz zu den produzierten Trockenmassen zeigten die Nmin−Gehalte des Bodens teils erhebliche Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der Düngerform und der ‐menge. Die Nmin−Gehalte waren während der Anfangsentwicklung nach einer frühen Schlempe‐ oder einer BASAMMON‐Gabe und in der Reifeperiode nach hohen, späten Kalkammonsalpetergaben erhöht. Die unterschiedliche Plazierung trat dabei deutlich zutage, allerdings lag bei Reihendüngung der flächenbezogene Nmin−Gehalt nicht deutlich niedriger. Effekte des Azospirillum‐Präparats zeichneten sich nur andeutungsweise ab. Die Ergebnisse müssen im Zusammenhang mit der hohen N‐Nachlieferung des Bodens gesehen werden.
The influence of nitrate and ammonium fertilization on N2O release and CH4 uptake of a well‐drained topsoil demonstrated by a soil microcosm experiment
Authors: Flessa Heiner , Pfau Wolfgang , Dörsch Peter , Beese Friedrich
Published: December 2011

The effects of the application of KNO3 and NH4Cl (100 kg N ha−1) on N2O release and CH4 uptake by a well‐aerated topsoil (porosity: 55%, water‐filled pore space: 67% of the total pore space) were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment over 50 days using a soil microcosm system with an automated registration of N2O and CH4 fluxes. The total N2O‐N losses over 50 days were low for all treatments and amounted to 0.9 mg m−2 for the control, 1.2 mg m−2 for the soil columns fertilized with KNO3, and 7.3 mg m−2 for the soil columns fertilized with NH4Cl. The slightly elevated N2O release after the application Of NH4Cl was associated with the nitrification of NH4+ added. Only −0.06% of the fertilized NH4−N was lost as N2O. This nitrogen fertilization reduced the CH4 uptake of the soil columns by 43% (NH4Cl) and 21% (KNO3), respectively.
Effects of soil properties and cultivar on cadmium accumulation in wheat grain
Authors: Wenzel W. W. , Blum W. E. H. , Brandstetter A. , Jockwer F. , Köchl A. , Oberförster M. , Oberländer H. E. , Riedler C. , Roth K. , Vladeva I.
Published: December 2011

Cd accumulation in the grain of wheat cultivars grown on soils at seven experimental sites in the Austrian wheat zone was significantly affected by soil chemical characteristics and by cultivar. Multiple linear regression analyses indicate that about 80% of the variation in Cd accumulation may be explained by cultivar. total soil Cd, and organic carbon (OC). An additional 10% of the variation was correlated with Cl− and Ca2+ in the soil solution. Uptake of Cd increased with higher soil Cd content and higher Cl− concentrations in soil solution, but decreased at higher levels of OC and soluble Ca. Cd accumulation varied by a factor of up to 2.5 among cultivars. The highest Cd accumulation was found in some spring durum cultivars in soils containing relatively low total Cd (< 0.4 mg kg−1); at some sites the maximum permissible Cd concentrations in wheat grain (0.1 mg kg−1) was exceeded according to German regulations. Selecting low Cd‐accumulating cultivars and adjusting soil chemical conditions may provide alternatives to reduce Cd intake in human diet.
A simple method to study the oxidizing power of rice roots under submerged soil conditions
Authors: Sadana Upkar Singh , Claassen Norbert
Published: December 2011

A method was developed to visualize and to study the oxidizing power of rice roots growing under submerged soil conditions. The experimental set up consisted of a transparent jar with an inner core containing the submerged soil surrounded by a coarse (500 μm) and a fine (30 μm) meshed nylon net and a plastic folio. The space of about 1 cm between the jar wall and the soil column was either filled with water (before removing the plastic folio) or with agar containing the redox indicator. Three‐week‐old rice (Oryza saliva L.) seedlings grown in a sandy soil under controlled growth chamber conditions were transplanted into the jars between the plastic folio and the fine‐meshed (30 μm) nylon net. The agar medium (0.5% agar) containing 10 ppm leuco melhylene blue redox indicator or 5 mM ferrous sulphate or precipitated ferrous sulfide (10 m M ferrous sulphate + 4 m M Na2S) was filled in the transparent jars immediately after sucking out water. Within 4 h the oxidizing power of rice roots became visible by bluish coloration all along of roots and the agar medium around roots due to oxidation of leuco methylene blue. In case of ferrous sulphate reddish brown coloration was observed after one day around the roots and on the surface of roots because of ferrous iron oxidation. When agar medium blackened by precipitated FeS was used the root zone first became transparent because of oxidation of FeS and after few days the roots became reddish brown indicating iron oxyhydroxide deposition. The use of ferrous sulphate and ferrous sulfide enables to study the oxidizing power of rice roots for extended periods, whereas it is not possible to grow rice plants in leuco methylene blue for more than a few hours. However (results not shown), rice cultivars showed differences in oxidizing power of the roots.
Effect of methionine sulphoximine on13 N‐ammonium fluxes in the roots of barley and squash seedlings
Authors: Wieneke Josef , Roeb Gerhard W.
Published: December 2011

13 N‐Iabelled experiments were carried out with barley and squash seedlings to analyse the effect of methionine sulphoximine (MSO), as an inhibitor of the ammonium assimilation, on NH4+ fluxes in the roots at the level (150 μM NH4+) of the high affinity uptake system (HATS). MSO pretreatment in the root medium significantly accelerated NH4+ influx and efflux in NH4+ ‐fed plants of both species. Concomitantly, the level of NH4+ extracted from the root and shoot tissues was strongly elevated whereas the translocation of13 N‐Iabelled organic substances (presumably amino products) into the shoots was markedly reduced. The onset of the increased NH4+ influx did not occur immediately but was indicated about 1 h after the application of MSO to the nutrient solution. Also, MSO did not directly affect the uptake of13 NO3−. The reason why MSO treatment leads to an acceleration of the NH4+ influx against an increasing level in the cell tissue remains obscure. In squash, an intermediate of NO3− metabolism is thought to suppress NH4+ uptake since NH4+ influx was high in N‐free‐ and NH4+ ‐grown seedlings but was reduced about threefold in NO3− ‐fed squash plants; the suppression was not eliminated by MSO treatment.
Bromidverlagerung an zwei gedränten Standorten in Schleswig‐Holstein
Authors: Wichtmann Wendelin , Lennartz Bernd , Widmoser Peter
Published: December 2011

Im Rahmen von Vergleichsuntersuchungen zum Stoffaustragsver‐halten verschiedener gedränter Standorte in Schleswig‐Holstein wurde an zwei Experimentalflächen unterschiedlicher Bodeneigenschaften im Spätherbst 1991 Kaliumbromid auf einer Teilfläche der untersuchten Dräneinzugsgebiete appliziert. Niederschläge, Dränabfluß und Bromidkonzentrationen wurden über einen Zeitraum von 6 Monaten beobachtet. Die Analyse der hydrologischen Daten zeigte, daß der Abfluß am ton‐ und schluffhaltigeren Standort Bokhorst (L) deutlich spontaner auf Niederschläge reagierte als am sandreichen Standort Hohn (S). Während für den Lehmstandort ein leichter Abflußüberschuß bei der einfachen Wasserbilanz berechnet wurde, lag für den Sandstandort ein Defizit von 43 mm vor.

Am Standort Bokhorst (Lehm, Pararendzina‐Pseudogley) wurden die höchsten Bromidkonzentrationen im Dränabfluß unmittelbar nach Applikation ermittelt. Ein ereignisabhängiger Bromidaustrag war zu beobachten, der durch einen zeitgleichen Anstieg von Bromidkonzentration und Abflußrate gekennzeichnet ist. Am Vergleichsstandort Hohn (Sand, Gley‐Humuspodsol) war das erste Auftreten des Bromids erst nach über 30 mm Abfluß zu messen. Maximalkonzentrationen, die insgesamt deutlich niedriger als in Bokhorst lagen, stellten sich erst zum Ende der Abflußperiode ein. Insgesamt wurden in Bokhorst 70.5% und in Hohn 33% des applizierten Bromids innerhalb einer Abflußperiode über die Dräne ausgetragen. Die bevorzugte Stoffverlagerung am Standort Bokhorst konnte mit einem zweidimensionalen, auf Richards‐ und klassischer Stofftransportgleichung basierenden Dränmodell nicht nachvollzogen werden. Konsequenzen einer beschleunigten Verlagerungssituation an Dränstandorten auf die Oberflächenwasserqualität werden im Hinblick auf Pflanzenschutzmittelverlagerung und methodische Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung von Stoffverlagerungsprozessen kurz diskutiert.
Methane dynamics of landfill cover soils and aspects of their classification
Authors: Giani Luise , Bütow Kathrin , Estrum Susen
Published: December 2011

The methane dynamics of soils covering a landfill in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, was investigated in 1996. The methane concentration was often < 20 nmol (dry g)−1 within the cover layer and up to 9950 nmol (dry g)−1 within the refuse body. The methane production rates correlated positively with the methane concentrations and were mostly < 10 nmol (dry g)−1 d−1 within the cover layer and up to 1090 nmol (dry g)_1 d_1 within the refuse body. The methane oxidation rates varied between 38.0–2310 nmol (dry g)−1 d−1. The methane emission rates showed values of up to 574 mol m−2 h−1, but in two cases no emission of methane was found. The data indicate that the methano‐genesis of the deep refuse layers did not substantially affect the methane behaviour of the upper soil sections. It is likely that the emission of methane from landfills can be reduced by thick well aerated cover layers.

The term “Reduktosol” for landfill soils is critically discussed.
Genauigkeit von Bodenfeuchtemessungen mit „Time Domain‐Reflektometrie” und., Frequency Domain‐Sensoren”︁ in heterogenen Waldböden
Authors: Wilpert Klaus V. , Nell Uli , Lukes Martin , Schack‐Kirchner Helmer
Published: December 2011

An gepackten Bodenkörpern aus Lößlehm wurden im Labor Feuchtemessungen mit., Frequency Domain” (FD)‐ und., Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR)‐Technik durchgeführt sowie die Bodenfeuchte thermogravimetrisch bestimmt. Die gleichen Messungen wurden unter Geländebedingungen auf dem gleichen Lößlehmsubstrat und an zwei gröberen Substraten in natürlicher Lagerung durchgeführt. Durch den Vergleich zwischen elektronischen Sondenmessungen und thermogravimetrischer Feuchtebestimmung einerseits, sowie Gelände‐ und Labormessungen andererseits sollten die durch Bodenhe‐terogenitäten verursachten Meßungenauigkeiten abgeschätzt werden.

Der Standardfehler der Wassergehaltsmessungen mit TDR‐ als auch mit FD‐Sonden lag sowohl im homogenisierten Substrat als auch im Gelände deutlich unter 1 Vol%. Bei der Messung im homogenisierten Boden wurde bei mittleren und niedrigen Wassergehalten eine Überschätzung des Wassergehaltes von bis zu 2 Vol% beobachtet, die vermutlich auf randliche Verdichtungen um die Wellenleiter zurückgeht. Im Gelände wurde, insbesondere an der Mineralbodenoberfläche und bei hohen Steingehalten, die Bodenfeuchte durch beide in‐situ Meßverfahren um bis zu 14 Vol% unterschätzt. Dies wird auf einbaubedingte Randspalten an den Wellenleitern zurückgeführt. In sehr lok‐keren und steinigen Oberböden ist deshalb der Einbau der Sonden in geschüttetes, autochthones Bodenmaterial mit natürlicher Lagerungsdichte eine sinnvolle Alternative zum Einstechen in den natürlich gelagerten Boden.
Mobilization and immobilization of dissolved organic matter in forest soils
Authors: Guggenberger Georg , Kaiser Klaus , Zech Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Field and laboratory studies combined with destructive and nondestructive analytical methods were used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in acid forest soils. DOM is produced in significant amounts in the forest canopy and in the forest floor. A major part of the organic solutes are lignocellulose‐degradation products being strongly microbially altered in the course of ligninolysis. The release of lignin‐derived moieties into the soil solution is controlled by their degree of biooxidation. Microorganisms contribute also directly to the organic solutes through the release of microbial metabolites. DOM released from the forest floor passes the upper mineral soil almost conservatively, whereas in the subsoil most DOM is removed from solution. Immobilization of DOM is mainly due to sorption on Fe and Al oxides. The highly oxidized lignin‐derived moieties are preferentially removed from the soil solution whereas the saccharides are relatively enriched. We conclude that DOM in the forest soil output to the hydrosphere is a result of (1) the release of microbially degraded lignocellulose compounds and of microbial metabolites into the forest floor solution and (2) selective sorptive removal of the lignin‐derived constituents in the subsoil.
The enrichment of 137Cs in the soil loss from small agricultural watersheds
Authors: Weigand Stephan , Schimmack Wolfgang , Auerswald Karl
Published: December 2011

Enrichment ratios (ER) are widely used to predict loss of sorbed nutrients or pesticides with runoff sediment, while ER is frequently neglected in studies which quantify past erosion from global fallout 137Cs losses. The ER of 137Cs (ER‐ 137Cs) in the soil loss and the subsequent depletion of 137Cs at the soil surface were determined for eight small watersheds (1.6–16.8 ha) with different soils and land use. Due to preferential loss of the clay fraction, the upper 5 mm of the soil surface was significantly depleted of 137Cs after a heavy storm. A total of 31 watershed‐events were investigated with soil losses ranging between 1.2 and 480 kg‐ha−1 and sediment concentrations between 1.98 and 54.1 gṁL−1 The correspondent ER‐137Cs (mean: 1.72, range: 0.40–4.95) was positively correlated to the ER of clay, organic carbon, total nitrogen and calcium‐acetate‐lactate‐extractable phosphorus (PCAL). A close correlation between ER‐137Cs and ER‐PCAL was also found for sediment samples of detention ponds, where most of the ER values were less than 1.0 due to depletion. Therefore, ER‐PCAL seems to be a suitable estimate of ER‐137Cs for both, erosion and deposition processes. Our findings strongly support the need for considering ER‐137Cs, when ,37Cs data are used to assess rates and pattern of soil redistribution. Otherwise, soil loss will be overestimated in a range of about factor 2 in many cases.
The new view of the primary cell wall
Authors: Schindler Thomas M.
Published: December 2011

The plant cell wall is essential to almost every aspect of plant life. The cell wall is a dynamic and highly ordered complex of polysaccharides, structural proteins and phenolics. The introduction of new techniques in the study of cell‐wall architecture, namely the availability of antibodies to cell wall components, new methods in electron microscopy, application of physico‐chemical techniques like FTIR and NMR as well as refined biochemical analyses have substantially changed our conception of the cell wall. The extracellular matrix is no longer understood as a static, mainly covalently cross‐linked macromolecular structure but as a flexible, developmentally regulated network that is largely based on non‐covalent interactions. Three principally independent but interacting networks that form local microdomains can be distinguished: The cellulose‐microfibril ‐ xyloglucan network, the network of pectins and the network of structural cell wall proteins. This review summarizes the current ideas about the architecture and biochemical composition of primary cell walls.
Nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake by maize as influenced by light and heavy organic matter fractions
Authors: Gaiser Thomas , Bernard Marc , Rang B. T. , Stahr Karl
Published: December 2011

On a sandy tropical soil, organic materials (prunings of Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea and maize stover) with contrasting C/N ratio (13, 18 and 56, respectively) were applied at the rate of 15 t ha−1a−1 in order to increase the amount of soil organic matter. Two light fractions (LF1 = LF > 2 mm and LF2 = 0.25 mm < LF < 2 mm) and the heavy fraction (HF) of the soil organic matter pool were determined by means of a combined density/particle size fractionation procedure and data obtained were related to soil nitrogen mineralization under controlled conditions and to nitrogen uptake by maize under field conditions. Under controlled conditions and when the LF1 fraction was excluded, nitrogen mineralization was found not to be correlated to total organic carbon content in the soil (R2=0.02). The R2‐value of the linear regression increased considerably, when amount and C/N ratio of the LF2 fraction was taken into account in the regression analysis (R2 = 0.88). Under field conditions, a multiple linear regression with amount and C/N ratio of HF, LF1 and LF2 better explained variation in crop nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake of maize (R2 = 0.78 and 0.94) than a simple linear regression with total organic carbon (R2 = 0.48 and 0.76). The results illustrate the importance of the two light and heavy organic matter fractions for estimating soil nitrogen mineralization. Determination of light and heavy soil organic matter fractions by density/particle size fractionation seems to be a promising tool to characterize functional pools of soil organic matter.
Zum Einsatz von TRIME‐TDR zur Messung der Bodenfeuchte auf leichten Sandböden
Authors: Wegehenkel Martin
Published: December 2011

In dieser Studie wird eine erste Analyse zur Eignung des TRIME‐TDR(= Time Domain Reflectometry mit Intelligenten Micromodul‐Elementen)‐Systems für Bodenfeuchtemessungen auf leichten Sandböden vorgestellt. Hierzu standen dreijährige, kontinuierliche Meßreihen von Saugspannung und Bodenfeuchte ‐ gemessen mit Tensiometer und mit TRIME‐TDR‐sowie thermogravimetrische Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen aus Bohrstockproben zu verschiedenen Terminen von drei bodenhydrologischen Meßplätzen zur Verfügung. Im Gegensatz zu konventionellen TDR‐Verfahren basiert die TRIME‐TDR‐Technik auf einem veränderten Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Bodenfeuchte. Im Vergleich mit thermogravimetrischen Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen zeigte das TRIME‐TDR‐Verfahren einen mittleren Fehler von 7.9 Vol% und eine Überschätzungstendenz bei der Messung der volumeirischen Bodenwassergehalte. Duch eine Korrektur der TRIME‐TDR‐Messungen konnte der mittlere Fehler auf 2.5 Vol% reduziert werden. Das TRIME‐TDR‐Verfahren kann nach den hier vorliegenden Ergebnissen ohne Prüfung durch gravimetrische Vergleichsmessungen nicht oder nur mit Vorbehalt verwendet werden.
Reisböden aus Kolluvium basaltischen Ursprungs im Hochland von Madagaskar
Authors: Alaily Fayez , Sib Jeane , Madrid Katharina , Soubeiga Zelhata , Roth Christian
Published: December 2011

Drei Böden aus Naßreisfeldern, auf der Hochebene in Zentralmadagaskar (Region Vakinankaratra), wurden auf ihre Fruchtbarkeit hin untersucht. Das Ausgangsgestein der Böden besteht aus Kolluvium basaltischen Ursprungs. Nach der FAO‐UNESCO (1988) sind sie als Ferralic Cambisol (D2) und Dystric Gleysol (D3 und D4) klassifiziert worden. Sie sind sehr arm an “basischen” Kationen, reich an Aluminium, Eisen und Ton, der große Mengen an Gibbsit und Kaolinit sowie etwas Goethit und Quarz enthält. Diese Eigenschaften deuten auf eine große Verwitterungsintensität hin.

Die Bodenfruchtbarkeit ist gering aufgrund sehr geringer pflanzenverfügbarer P‐, Ca‐, Mg‐, K‐ und N‐Gehalte bei gleichzeitig hohen Feund Mn‐Gehalten, die unter den anaeroben Verhältnissen der überfluteten Reisfelder toxisch auf die Pflanzen wirken.

Unsere Empfehlung ist neben einer Düngung mit NPK‐haltigen Düngern eine Kalkung (möglichst mit Dolomit) bis auf pH‐Werte zwischen 6 und 7. Durch diese Maßnahme werden die Böden zusätzlich mit Ca und Mg angereichert, die Verfügbarkeit von Phosphor erhöht und die toxische Wirkung von Fe und Mn gemindert.
The Wilson films — MS Tremor
Authors: Toft Mathias
Published: December 2011

Action tremor was for a long time considered to be a defining symptom of multiple sclerosis. The Wilson films include a short segment showing a female patient suffering from relatively severe action tremor. Tremor is the most common movement disorder in multiple sclerosis, and can be very disabling in some patients. Insights into the frequency and treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis have changed since the Wilson films were taken, and are reviewed herein. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Source document verification in the Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Registry
Authors: Verhulst Karien , Artiles‐Carloni Laura , Beck Michael , Clarke Joe T. R. , Neto Jordao Correa , Cox Gerald F. , Fernhoff Paul M. , Guffon Nathalie , Kong Yuan , Martins Ana Maria , Tylki‐Szymanska Anna , Whitley Chester B. , Wijburg Frits A. , Wraith Edward J. , Koepper Catherine M.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

The Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I) Registry is an international observational database that tracks the natural history and the outcomes of patients with MPS I. The Registry was a regulatory requirement following the approval of laronidase enzyme replacement therapy for MPS I in 2003. All data are collected voluntarily after informed consent from the patient or family. Data are checked through queries, monthly reviews, and electronic audits to identify missing, inconsistent, or invalid data. This analysis sought to determine overall data accuracy in the Registry through source document verification (SDV).

Methods

Two phases of SDV were performed. In each phase, Registry data were compared against source documents at sites in Europe, Latin America, and North America. Three patients were randomly selected for SDV at each of the selected sites among all patients enrolled ≥18 months and ever receiving laronidase. Key parameters central to MPS I and its treatment were examined from the baseline and the last available assessments.

Results

Results indicate an overall source‐to‐database error rate in the MPS I Registry of 2.7% (47 discrepancies out of 1715 items; 95% confidence interval [2.2%, 3.5%]) in Phase 1 and 3.7% (64 discrepancies out of 1732 items; 95% confidence interval [2.9%, 4.7%]) in Phase 2. No systematic errors were found.

Conclusions

The overall error rates in both phases of SDV demonstrate acceptable data accuracy in the MPS I Registry within the data fields that were assessed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of the multistate folding of designed TPR proteins through intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Authors: Phillips J. J. , Javadi Y. , Millership C. , Main E. R. G.
Published: December 2011

Tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) are a class of all alpha‐helical repeat proteins that are comprised of 34‐aa helix‐turn‐helix motifs. These stack together to form nonglobular structures that are stabilized by short‐range interactions from residues close in primary sequence. Unlike globular proteins, they have few, if any, long‐range nonlocal stabilizing interactions. Several studies on designed TPR proteins have shown that this modular structure is reflected in their folding, that is, modular multistate folding is observed as opposed to two‐state folding. Here we show that TPR multistate folding can be suppressed to approximate two‐state folding through modulation of intrinsic stability or extrinsic environmental variables. This modulation was investigated by comparing the thermodynamic unfolding under differing buffer regimes of two distinct series of consensus‐designed TPR proteins, which possess different intrinsic stabilities. A total of nine proteins of differing sizes and differing consensus TPR motifs were each thermally and chemically denatured and their unfolding monitored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and CD/fluorescence, respectively. Analyses of both the DSC and chemical denaturation data show that reducing the total stability of each protein and repeat units leads to observable two‐state unfolding. These data highlight the intimate link between global and intrinsic repeat stability that governs whether folding proceeds by an observably two‐state mechanism, or whether partial unfolding yields stable intermediate structures which retain sufficient stability to be populated at equilibrium.
The effects of thermal annealing on the photoluminescence and DC characteristics of 1.3 µm p‐doped InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers
Authors: Zhao Hanxue , Fatt Yoon Soon , Yong Ngo Chun , Wang Rui
Published: December 2011

In this work, we investigated the optical characteristics of 1.3 µm p ‐doped InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) lasers that consist of either as‐grown or annealed QDs. With reference to the as‐grown QD lasers, it is found that 1) the integrated intensity of the photoluminescence could be increased by 63%, and 2) the onset of excited state lasing can be significantly delayed to a higher injection current with optimum annealing conditions. In addition, the internal quantum efficiency and internal optical loss of the annealed QD lasers has been improved. The observed improvements could be attributed to the removal of defects which act as nonradiative recombination centers in the QD structure and the reduction in the Auger‐related recombination processes upon annealing (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Brachet's cleft: a model for the analysis of tissue separation in Xenopus
Authors: Gorny Anne‐Kathrin , Steinbeisser Herbert
Published: December 2011

Tissue border formation is an important process that prevents mixing of cells during embryonic development. The establishment of tissue borders is not a trivial problem, particularly in early embryos when cells and tissues are not fully differentiated. An example of an early tissue separation process is the formation of Brachet's cleft in Xenopus. During early gastrulation, this morphologically visible cleft separates mesendoderm and ectoderm. Over the last decade, it was recognized that morphogenetic processes, including tissue separation, can be experimentally uncoupled from embryonic patterning events. In this study, we summarize the data explaining the regulation of Brachet's cleft and introduce the experimental arsenal that was used for this analysis. The formation of Brachet's cleft involves the activity of transcription factors, cell adhesion molecules, and signaling modules, which act in a complex regulatory network. According to the current state of knowledge, Rho signaling seems to be the central player during this process. The mechanisms that regulate Rho during tissue separation and the experimental approaches to monitor Rho activity are discussed. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:294–300. doi: 10.1002/wdev.24

This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms

Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
A Predictive Model of Suitability for Minimally Invasive Parathyroid Surgery in the Treatment of Primary Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Kavanagh Dara O. , Fitzpatrick Patricia , Myers Eddie , Kennelly Rory , Skehan Stephen J. , Gibney Robert G. , Hill Arnold D. K. , Evoy Denis , McDermott Enda W.
Published: December 2011

Background

Improved preoperative localizing studies have facilitated minimally invasive approaches in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Success depends on the ability to reliably select patients who have PHPT due to single‐gland disease. We propose a model encompassing preoperative clinical, biochemical, and imaging studies to predict a patient’s suitability for minimally invasive surgery.

Methods

For the purposes of the present study, 180 consecutive patients were included for analysis. A 5‐variable model based on preoperative ionized serum calcium (>1.4 mmol/l), intact parathyroid hormone level (≥2 times the upper limit of normal), positive sestamibi scan for a single affected gland, positive ultrasound scan for a single gland, and concordance between the two imaging modalities for single‐gland disease at a similar location was employed, where a score of 1 was allocated for each variable present.

Results

Of the 180 patients, 62 (34%) underwent bilateral exploration, 63 (36%) underwent unilateral exploration, and 55 (30%) underwent minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. The results showed that 92% had single‐gland disease, 3% had double adenomas, and 5% had hyperplasia. Biochemical cure was achieved in 98.9%. Mean follow‐up was 153 days (range: 80–342 days). With the predictive scoring model, a score of ≥3 had a positive predictive value of 100% for single‐gland disease.

Conclusions

A scoring model encompassing preoperative biochemical and imaging data can be successfully employed to predict suitability for minimally invasive surgery in the majority of patients with single‐gland disease.
Aborigines of Victoria
Authors: Smyth Robert Brough
Published: December 2011

Robert Brough Smyth (1830–1889) was a successful Melbourne-based mining engineer and civil servant whose international contacts included the geologist Adam Sedgwick. He also spent 16 years as Secretary of the Board for the Protection of the Aborigines. In this study of the society and customs of indigenous Australians in the Victoria region, first published in 1878, he combines his own observations with those of others who lived or worked closely with the Aboriginal population. Volume 1 discusses the Aborigines' physical and mental characteristics, demographics, social interaction, rituals, daily life and mythology. Comparisons are made throughout with other indigenous populations, particularly those of nearby Pacific and Indonesian islands. Illustrated throughout, the book takes into account the changes forced on the native population by the arrival of European settlers in the late eighteenth century and preserves much information that might otherwise have been lost.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: December 2011

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin. This twelfth volume contains Ruskin's lectures on architecture and painting.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: December 2011

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin.This seventeenth volume contains Ruskin's works on political economy: Unto This Last, Munera Pulveris and Time and Tide.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: December 2011

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin. This nineteenth volume contains essays on art and architecture, including 'The Queen of the Air'.
West African Studies
Authors: Kingsley Mary
Published: December 2011

Mary Kingsley (1862–1900) is one of the best known Victorian women travellers, whose solo adventures in West Africa made her a celebrity in England. This, her second book, published in 1899, was an instant best-seller. She travelled extensively, engaging in trade both to fund her trip and to get to know the African people, rather than merely observing as an outsider. Some of her views were considered controversial - she opposed the attempts by missionaries to impose European culture on native people, and defended polygamy and even slavery. She opposed direct colonial rule, and wanted Africans to have more self-determination. Her observations and interests are wide-ranging, and she showed an acute and sympathetic understanding of West African culture and society.
For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=kingma
Essays on Art and Archaeology
Authors: Newton Charles Thomas
Published: December 2011

Charles Thomas Newton (1816–1894) was a British archaeologist specialising in Greek and Roman artefacts. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford before joining the British Museum as an assistant in the Antiquities Department. Newton left the Museum in 1852 to explore the coasts and islands of Asia Minor. In 1856 he discovered the remains of the Mausoleum of Helicarnassus, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. He was appointed Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities in 1860 and remained in the position until 1880. First published in 1880, this volume is a compilation of lectures on archaeology and classical art which he delivered over the course of his career. They are arranged chronologically and cover topics as diverse as the study of archaeology, Greek sculptures and the arrangement of antiquities in the British Museum, providing valuable information on early methods of archaeology and the study of classical art.
Pompeiana
Authors: Gell William
Published: December 2011

Sir William Gell (1777–1836) was a British archaeologist well known for his drawings of sites and objects of classical interest. Gell published this new, two-volume edition of his Pompeiana in 1832, in an effort to describe the latest archaeological discoveries in the Roman city destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. Concerned 'that time will incalculably diminish the freshness of those objects … stripped of their external coats by the rains of winter or the burning suns of summer', he made it his task to describe what he had seen both through description and through his own numerous illustrations. In this second volume, Gell focuses on two Pompeiian homes and provides a commentary on the illustrative plates interspersed throughout the book. Pompeiana reveals both the history of the excavations, the individual finds, and the processes of field archaeology itself during a more romantic age.
Memoir of the Late Hannah Kilham
Authors: Kilham Hannah
Published: December 2011

This memoir, compiled from the journals of Hannah Kilham, traces the life of this remarkable woman (1774–1832). It was prepared for publication in 1837 by her stepdaughter, Sarah Biller, who emphasises those aspects of her stepmother's life that support the representation of her as an independent and pioneering women in order to make further claims for women. In 1796 Hannah Kilham joined the Society of Methodists and became an advocate for the poor, for exploited children and for Irish immigrants. She voyaged to Sierra Leone wishing to bring Christianity to its inhabitants and on her third visit to the country she established a school there. Hannah Kilham fought for the rights of slaves and former slaves and against the practices of colonialism and colonial trade. She also produced textbooks for the study of African languages and established herself as a politically astute chronicler of missionary and educational activities.
What is an Index?
Authors: Wheatley Henry Benjamin
Published: December 2011

Henry Benjamin Wheatley (1838–1917) was a bibliographer and editor with a prodigious output of books and articles to his name. Brought up after the death of both his parents by his brother Benjamin Robert, himself a skilled bibliographer and cataloguer, Henry worked for many years for the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Arts; he was a founder member of the Library Association, and produced an edition of Pepys' diary which was not superseded until the 1970s. This 1879 work is one of two which he produced on the subject of indexing, and which led him to become known as 'the father of British indexing': the Wheatley Medal awarded by the Society of Indexers is named after him. This book shows the development of indexes, gives rules for their compilation and provides a bibliographical list of important indexes and concordances. It remains a fascinating introduction to the subject.
Up the Country
Authors: Eden Emily
Published: December 2011

Raised in a politically-active household, Emily Eden's childhood prepared her well for her role as companion to her brother, the Governor-General of India. Outwardly all that a middle-class spinster should be, Eden never permitted diplomacy to dilute her letters home. Published in 1866, the letters provoked sympathy among women who had similarly endured dusty bonnets to accompany fathers and husbands to distant outposts of the British Empire. As one reviewer noted, this book is 'addressed primarily to a public consisting of wives, sisters, or daughters of possible Governors-General, and is sure therefore of general popularity'. There is still plenty to amuse modern audiences. Volume 2 conveys the growing anxiety surrounding the Anglo-Afghan war, stirring and sympathetic accounts of poverty, and the author's eagerness to return to her much-loved Kensington. Eden's descriptive passages and personal reflections are all narrated with her signature sensitivity and wit.
Pluto
Authors: Jones Barrie W.
Published: December 2011

Orbiting at the edge of the outer Solar System, Pluto is an intriguing object in astronomy. Since the fascinating events surrounding its discovery, it has helped increase our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Solar System, and raised questions about the nature and benefits of scientific classification. This is a timely and exciting account of Pluto and its satellites. The author uses Pluto as a case study to discuss discovery in astronomy, how remote astronomical bodies are investigated, and the role of classification in science by discussing Pluto's recent classification as a dwarf planet. Besides Pluto, the book also explores the rich assortment of bodies that constitute the Edgeworth–Kuiper Belt, of which Pluto is the largest innermost member. Richly illustrated, this text is written for general readers, amateur astronomers and students alike. Boxed text provides more advanced information especially for readers who wish to delve deeper into the subject.
Foch in Command
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

Ferdinand Foch ended the First World War as Marshal of France and supreme commander of the Allied armies on the Western Front. Foch in Command is a pioneering study of his contribution to the Allied victory. Elizabeth Greenhalgh uses contemporary notebooks, letters and documents from previously under-studied archives to chart how the artillery officer, who had never commanded troops in battle when the war began, learned to fight the enemy, to cope with difficult colleagues and allies, and to manoeuvre through the political minefield of civil-military relations. She offers valuable insights into neglected questions: the contribution of unified command to the Allied victory; the role of a commander's general staff; and the mechanisms of command at corps and army level. She demonstrates how an energetic Foch developed war-winning strategies for a modern industrial war and how political realities contributed to his losing the peace.
Information Flow
Authors: Barwise Jon , Seligman Jerry
Published: December 2011

Information is a central topic in computer science, cognitive science and philosophy. In spite of its importance in the 'information age', there is no consensus on what information is, what makes it possible, and what it means for one medium to carry information about another. Drawing on ideas from mathematics, computer science and philosophy, this book addresses the definition and place of information in society. The authors, observing that information flow is possible only within a connected distribution system, provide a mathematically rigorous, philosophically sound foundation for a science of information. They illustrate their theory by applying it to a wide range of phenomena, from file transfer to DNA, from quantum mechanics to speech act theory.
Moral Combat
Authors: Hurd Heidi
Published: December 2011

This book explores the thesis that legal roles force people to engage in moral combat, an idea which is implicit in the assumption that citizens may be morally required to disobey unjust laws, while judges may be morally required to punish citizens for civil disobedience. Heidi Hurd advances the surprising argument that the law cannot require us to do what morality forbids. The 'role-relative' understanding of morality is shown to be incompatible with both consequentialist and deontological moral philosophies. In the end, Hurd shows that our best moral theory is one which never makes one actor's moral success turn on another's moral failure. Moral Combat is a sophisticated, well-conceived and carefully argued book on a very important and controversial topic at the junction between legal and political philosophy. It will be of interest to moral, legal, and political philosophers, as well as teachers and students of professional ethics in law.
Coal and Tobacco
Authors: Beckett J. V.
Published: December 2011

Economic historians have long appreciated the important role of the Lowther family in the developing Whitehaven from a tiny fishing village into a flourishing industrial centre. In Coal and Tobacco, Dr Beckett has attempted, by analysing the west Cumberland economy, and the Lowther's entrepreneurial role, to reveal the vital importance of the coal industry. Since much of the coal was sold in Ireland, west Cumberland moved into a relationship with Dublin which was similar to, albeit on a smaller scale than, the more famous link between Tyneside and London. The coal trade provided the vital economic underpinning, but geographical considerations help to explain Whitehaven's other trading interests. Dr Beckett's major study is based on the Lowther papers, and reveals the crucial family involvement in these events. This book documents Lowther's story: how close he came to success, why he failed, and the impact of his ambitions on west Cumberland.
Topics in Applied Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Hawkins D. M.
Published: December 2011

Multivariate methods are employed widely in the analysis of experimental data but are poorly understood by those users who are not statisticians. This is because of the wide divergence between the theory and practice of multivariate methods. This book provides concise yet thorough surveys of developments in multivariate statistical analysis and gives statistically sound coverage of the subject. The contributors are all experienced in the theory and practice of multivariate methods and their aim has been to emphasize the major features from the point of view of applicability and to indicate the limitations and conditions of the techniques. Professional statisticians wanting to improve their background in applicable methods, users of high-level statistical methods wanting to improve their background in fundamentals, and graduate students of statistics will all find this volume of value and use.
Christopher Marlowe
Authors: Weil Judith
Published: December 2011

Mrs Weil challenges two widely accepted views of Marlowe. He is not the poet and dramatist of heroic energy, 'daring God out of heaven' with his outrageous heroes. Nor is he a dogmatic moralist. Instead, he belongs to Merlin's race, as his contemporary Robert Greene suggested. An ironic writer of riddling plays, he does not endorse his characters, but cunningly manipulates our responses to them. Like Erasmus or Rabelais, he uses the knowledge of his audience in a variety of surprising ways. This approach is carefully argued for each play. The reader – perhaps initially sceptical – will find himself confronted with many features of the drama and the poetry not adequately accounted for in the conventional views, but persuasively explained here. The book may well permanently modify our attitudes toward Marlowe.
English Historical Economics, 1870–1926
Authors: Koot Gerard M.
Published: December 2011

In the first comprehensive and full-length study of the English historical economists, Gerard Koot traces their revolt against the theory, policy recommendations and academic dominance of classical and neoclassical economics in Britain between 1870 and 1926. English Historical Economics, 1870–1926 shows how these historical critics challenged the deductive method and mechanistic assumptions of the economic orthodoxy, developing an historical and inductive method for economic studies and laying the foundation for the professional study of economic history. The author examines the effect of this new methodology upon English politics, discussing the intellectual framework that the historical economists provided for the conservative attack on laissez-faire philosophy in links between such larger social, economic, political and intellectual controversies and the origin and growth of English historical economics.
Race, Religion and Law in Colonial India
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: December 2011

How did British rule in India transform persons from lower social classes? Could Indians from such classes rise in the world by marrying Europeans and embracing their religion and customs? This book explores such questions by examining the intriguing story of an interracial family who lived in southern India in the mid-nineteenth century. The family, which consisted of two untouchable brothers, both of whom married Eurasian women, became wealthy as distillers in the local community. A family dispute resulted in a landmark court case, Abraham v. Abraham. Chandra Mallampalli uses this case to examine the lives of those involved, and shows that far from being products of a 'civilizing mission' who embraced the ways of Englishmen, the Abrahams were ultimately - when faced with the strictures of the colonial legal system - obliged to contend with hierarchy and racial difference.