bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unrefined Peanut Oil as a Lipid Source in Diets for Juveniles of Two-banded Seabream Diplodus vulgaris
Authors: Kesbiç Osman Sabri , Acar Ümit , Yigit Murat , Bulut Musa , Gültepe Nejdet , Yilmaz Sevdan
Published: December 2015

A feeding study with Two-banded Seabream Diplodus vulgaris was conducted to determine the effects of replacement of fish oil (FO) by unrefined peanut oil (PO) on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, fatty acid composition, and serum biochemical and hematological variables. Three isonitrogenous (35.8%) and isoenergetic (21.15 kJ/g) diets were formulated by replacing dietary FO with PO at levels of level 0% (PO0), 50% (PO50), or 100% (PO100). Fish were fed twice a day until satiation for an experimental period of 8 weeks. The best growth performance was observed in fish fed with the PO0 and PO50 diets. A significant increase was observed in hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume levels of fish fed with PO50 diet compared with the other groups. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, and globulin were not affected by dietary PO treatment and did not differ among experimental groups. The glucose level was highest in the PO100 group. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were lower in fish fed diets with PO inclusions than in those fed the control diet. The fatty acid composition of fish was significantly affected by the experimental diets. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvictransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by dietary PO treatment. The n-3:n-6 ratio in fish fed the PO0 diet was also higher than in fish fed the PO-supplemented diets. The results of the present study showed that FO could be substituted by PO up to 50% in Two-banded Seabream diets without any negative effect on growth performance or serum biochemical and hematological features.
Montaigne and History
Authors: Lyons John D.
Published: December 2015

Montaigne declared that history was his favorite reading, but his views of history and of the best way to write about it differed considerably from those of contemporary historians. When historians such as Jean Bodin and Étienne Pasquier were emphasizing such historiographical qualities as critical evaluation of accounts of the past, accounts of national origins, periodization, distinct hierarchies of events separating the important from the unimportant, and continuity of major political trends, Montaigne sought to read and record unusual and striking events, regardless of the social importance of the individuals involved. He pioneered a form of historical explanation that emphasized character and private life against event and public performance. Montaigne’s attention was drawn to moments of suspense that would lead to decisive outcomes, and his use of history anticipates developments in early modern literature and drama in the domains of plausibility and dramatic suspense.
Montaigne’s Turn to Modern Philosophy
Authors: Hartle Ann
Published: December 2015

Montaigne’s turn to modern philosophy is the turn away from the contemplation of the Whole to the study of himself. He transforms Aristotelian contemplation into “sociable wisdom” by becoming a “new figure” of the philosopher, an “unpremeditated and accidental philosopher.” The new figure of the philosopher is the “social-Subject” (the counterpart of Machiavelli’s “political-Subject” and Descartes’s “epistemological-SSubject”). Montaigne’s invention of the essay is, at the same time, the invention of modern society, a new form of association that overcomes the ancient hierarchy of weak and strong, masters and slaves. The unpremeditated and accidental philosopher does not attain the good as his natural end; he produces the good as his own effect. Society, then, has a philosophical, not a natural, origin. Montaigne’s “originality” is to be this origin.
Montaigne and Shakespeare
Authors: Hamlin William M.
Published: December 2015

This article examines the history of critical efforts to trace the nature and extent of Shakespeare’s reliance upon Montaigne. Such efforts began in the late eighteenth century with the English scholar Edward Capell, and they have continued quite vigorously up to the present. In addition, the article raises a number of key cognate questions: What constitutes evidence in an investigation of this sort? When does verbal reliance amount to intellectual dependence? What do we stand to gain if we cease to look for relations of influence and focus instead on synchronic affinities between Montaigne and Shakespeare? Does Shakespeare exhibit resistance to Montaignian thought? And why do the potential links between these extraordinarily independent writers continue to fascinate scholars of early modern literature?
Montaigne and Descartes
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: December 2015

Descartes’s exposition of his search for truth in the Discourse on the Method draws on Montaigne’s self-presentation in the Essays as well as on the recurrent metaphors of the “Apology for Raymond Sebond.” In his construction of reliable knowledge he is assisted by Montaigne’s demolition of existing knowledge-structures. Though claiming to achieve certainty on issues Montaigne proclaims philosophically doubtful (such as the existence of God and the nature of the soul), he emphasizes God’s transcendence of human reason; nor does his dualism deny the embodied nature of human experience, on which Montaigne insists. But, contrary to Montaigne, Descartes insists on the gulf between humans and animals.
Montaigne on Virtue and Ethics
Authors: Langer Ullrich
Published: December 2015

This article distinguishes three approaches to Montaigne’s Essays from the perspective of ethics: first, a view of the writer as an agreeable friend or companion to us, and his writing as a compilation of charming practical advice on how to get more out of life; second, Montaigne as a systematic moral philosopher, despite his often unsystematic writing, arguing for propositions that he defends more or less well with proofs and examples; third, Montaigne’s Essays as arising out of a moral culture steeped in the virtues that are incarnated in actions and narrative and assume praise and blame and judgment. I follow this third approach, defining virtue as a deliberate and habitual activity, analyzing several chapters that deal explicitly with different virtues and often the difficulty in discerning and judging them (especially temperance, prudence, courage), and then considering the question of whether Montaigne represents himself as a virtuous man.
Montaigne on Friendship
Authors: MacPhail Eric
Published: December 2015

This article surveys the numerous permutations and repercussions, political, ethical, and esthetic, of the hallowed notion of friendship in Montaigne’s Essays. It also studies the literary genealogy and intertextual relations of friendship in the classical and vernacular tradition. The fiction of friendship has sustained a long tradition in Montaigne studies and is no doubt one of Montaigne’s most generous gifts to posterity. Friendship in the Essays is by turns an artistic passion, a civil liberty, and a political profession, metamorphosizing and adapting through the different phases of composition. In this process, the written word remains the most trusted repository of friendship. The mutual obligation of author and book offers a most modern formulation of friendship.
The Humanist Tradition and Montaigne
Authors: O'Brien John
Published: December 2015

In contrast to the wider-ranging if loose definitions that are frequently given of humanism, the definition adopted in this chapter owes much to Kristeller’s study of the term umanista. Concentrating on classical scholarship and the new areas of knowledge and understanding it opened up, this essay deals with education, theology, law, and medicine, four key areas in Montaigne’s humanism and in his relationships with the humanists of his time. The argument is put forward that it is the story of knowledge itself that is at stake in his discussion of humanism. The chapter tries to demonstrate how Montaigne’s conception of humanism emphasizes a dynamic approach to the materials contemporary humanists produced.
Montaigne on Aging
Authors: Skenazi Cynthia
Published: December 2015

Scholars have long seen in Montaigne’s turn inward, toward a psychological and philosophical investigation of human identity a mark of the modernity of the Essays, but they have focused on a static conception of the self, without taking into account Montaigne’s emphasis on his decline. This article discusses the essayist’s pervasive references to his old age as a way to relate to oneself, the other, the world, and to his literary endeavor. The portrait of the writer as a man growing old is embedded in the systems of knowledge of the day, yet Montaigne’s pragmatic reflections on how to adjust to the damages of time on his physical and cognitive capacities still speak to us.
Montaigne
Authors: Schiffman Zachary Sayre
Published: December 2015

This article shows how Montaigne’s Essays can clarify the problem of historical periodization by demonstrating the differences between early modern, modern, and postmodern sensibilities. These terms have arisen in the wake of disputes over Jacob Burckhardt’s interpretation of the Renaissance, offering the appearance of a more value-free alternative to his period scheme. An examination of the Essays, however, reveals that these terms are not mere chronological markers but embody crucial, normative differences. In contrast to the modern sensibility that perceives selfhood as the product of historical and cultural context, Montaigne regarded it as reflected in, rather than shaped by, his context. This early modern tendency engendered in him a form of radical relativism akin to that of postmodernism, a form of relativism that appeals to twenty-first-century readers and that can provide a new orientation in a complex world.
Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View
Authors: Digeser P. E.
Published: December 2015

This chapter reviews Steven Lukes’ 1974 book Power: A Radical View (PRV). It begins by addressing the debate that erupted in the 1950s and 1960s between those who believed that power was concentrated in the hands of a few and those who argued that power was distributed “pluralistically.” It then considers a set of deeper philosophical/theoretical debates that supported Lukes’ own position, citing Antonio Gramsci’s claim that hegemony could be secured through ideology in which the ideas of the ruling class became the ruling ideas. It also examines Lukes’ approach to conceptual analysis and his distinction between the concept and conception of power, focusing specifically on his view that binding together power, agency, and responsibility was dependent on an understanding of responsibility. Finally, the chapter assesses the impact of PRV on debates over concepts such as authority, interests, and domination, and on issues surrounding agency, intentionality, responsibility, and structure.
The Impact of War and the Costs of Superpower Status
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: December 2015

Rather than recount the history of postwar society as a story of successive regimes identified with individual leaders, this chapter takes a thematic approach concentrating on the state’s attempts to balance the demands of international security against its ability to supply resources to the Soviet people. By the 1970s, the level of defence spending made it impossible to guarantee universal well-being and a good life through the official economy. So instead the state focused its attention on war veterans—a subgroup which by then encompassed most of the older generation—while allowing the rest of the citizenry to privatize everyday life. Soviet society’s spontaneous solutions to the war and postwar crises—suburban gardening at the dacha, barter, legal and illegal trade—thus became the base of the late socialist economy, while the new social entity born out of the war became a central status group in late socialist society.
How Genetics Can Inform Health Economics
Authors: Wehby George
Published: December 2015

This chapter reviews the main pathways through which genes can relate to health and health determinants, focusing on channels of primary interest to health economics research. Research implications and methodological considerations for using genetic data in health economics applications are also discussed, as is the potential for informing policy-making. As knowledge of the genetic architecture of outcomes and traits of interest to health economics expands, incorporating genetic data in health economics research is likely to become more fruitful, including in providing policy-relevant findings. However, identifying genetic variants and mechanisms that explain a substantial fraction of the heritability of complex human traits will take time. Meanwhile, research can continue to achieve piecewise advances in knowledge on interplays between genes and the environment in shaping health, preferences, and human capital.
Biological Measures of Well-Being
Authors: Steckel Richard H.
Published: December 2015

Beginning with Bismarck’s Germany in the late 19th century, nations gave increasing attention to measures of well-being while traveling the path to welfare states of the 20th century. Following the ascent of the germ theory of disease, governments could play a large and cost-effective role in serving public health and national competitiveness. The Great Depression energized the creation of a second important policy tool, national income accounts. This chapter discusses the evolution and application of biological measures of well-being, with comparisons to per capita gross domestic product from vital registration and life tables to morbidity and to anthropometric measures such as stature, weight, and skeletal remains. Recently, surveys of happiness have entered scholarly debate.
Twins Studies in Economics
Authors: Behrman Jere
Published: December 2015

This chapter describes strengths and limitations of three twins methods developed in economics: control for unobserved genetic and family background endowments using monozygotic (MZ) twins fixed effects (FE) to estimate e.g. impacts of schooling on wages, health, and other outcomes; estimation of key parameters in intrafamilial models of investment in children using MZ and dizygotic (DZ) twins; and investigation of familial responses to fertility shocks within the quantity-quality fertility model using MZs and DZs. It also describes strengths and limitations of a fourth twins method used most widely outside of economics: variance decomposition of phenotypes into genetic and environmental components to obtain heritability estimates with additive genetics, common environment and unique environment (ACE) models using MZs and DZs. The chapter concludes that the first three twins methods remain valuable for learning about important empirical parameters in economics despite development of genetic sequencing. The fourth method is less useful in economics.
Marriage and Sexuality
Authors: Cloutier David
Published: December 2015

This chapter considers Catholic teaching on marriage and sexuality. It begins by considering tensions concerning marriage in Catholic theology since the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II). Attempts to move beyond primarily juridical accounts of marriage have been fruitful and have led to an overvaluation of modern notions of romantic love and the person. Against this tendency the chapter discusses how theologies of marriage attentive to the teaching of Vatican II—and of prior Catholic tradition—place the notion of marriage squarely within the sacramental life of the Church. Marriage is conceived as revealing and furthering the divine plan for humanity. Within this context the chapter explores recent magisterial pronouncements and work by theologians on the place of the family or the household within the Church. This exploration leads back to a reimagining of the spousal bond.
The Natural Law in Catholic Ethics
Authors: Flannery Kevin L.
Published: December 2015

This chapter presents Catholic teaching on the natural law as the product of a conversation over millennia. After offering some basic conceptual distinctions, the chapter begins by considering ancient non-Christian sources for Christian reflection on the natural law, especially Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. The chapter then considers relevant biblical texts and the teachings of Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Attention is particularly played to Thomas’s adaptation of Classical traditions, and his argument concerning the unchangeablness of natural law. The final section of the chapter focuses on discussion of natural law after the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) in the work of Germain Grisez and John Finnis.
Race, Class, and Politics in the Black Community
Authors: Pattillo Mary
Published: December 2015

Class is an underdeveloped concept in both formal and informal U.S. political discourse. There is little historical or sustained popular discourse on elites, workers, the bourgeoisie, or the unemployed. Nonetheless, class is still a crucial axis upon which people organize themselves politically and through which political messages are pitched. This chapter offers a definition of class as that system of stratification that is rooted in economic productivity, resources, or capacities. It then lays out the role of class in racial and ethnic politics by focusing on cross-class political cleavages and unity within the African-American community. I develop the concept of black middlemen and middlewomen who act as brokers of political, economic, and symbolic resources. Such brokerage can alternately result in collective empowerment or internal class domination. I conclude by adding gender to the discussion of class, race, and politics to highlight the importance of an intersectional framework.
Bodies and persons
Authors: Perego Elisa
Published: December 2015

This chapter offers a critical review of the main research approaches focusing on the body and the notion of the person in archaeology. Particular emphasis is placed upon research trends that have emerged in the last thirty years, as this period witnessed the increasing importance of such themes in archaeological analysis. Initially, I discuss three research agendas that have approached the human body from a positivist viewpoint, largely drawing on research methodologies developed in the ‘hard sciences’ (i.e. bioarchaeology, processualism, and Darwinian and evolutionary archaeology). Secondly, I discuss approaches that tend to explore the person as both a social and a biological entity, thereby focusing on the socio-cultural practices through which past people were ‘constructed’ differently in different cultural contexts (i.e. postprocessualism and interpretative archaeology). In the final sections of the chapter I critically assess two major strands that have largely developed from this second framework, namely gender and personhood.
Modality and Mood in Formal Semantics
Authors: Kaufmann Magdalena , Kaufmann Stefan
Published: December 2015

This chapter presents a survey of the most important features of the formal semantic analysis of modality and mood. It first focuses on modality as exemplified by the modal verbs, presenting the main concepts and introducing the most common basic formal apparatus used in its analysis, and surveying some of the issues that are currently central in the field. The chapter then turns to the treatment of mood, discussing formal semantic treatments of both “sentential mood” and “verbal mood”. The last part of the chapter addresses the issue of modal subordination. The chapter aims to give a sense of the major phenomena and theoretical approaches, as well as introduce the primary literature.
Materiality in Theory
Authors: Plotz John
Published: December 2015

The role that things, commodities, and ‘reification’ played in the writing of Marx and Dickens—as well as in the daily practice of nineteenth-century Britons—explains the Victorianist claim to intellectual priority when it comes to ‘thing theory’. Yet it is not easy to find helpful paradigms for explaining the distinctiveness of how Victorian thinkers make sense of the materiality of their habitus. Recent philosophical ‘object-centred’ approaches are generally unproductive when applied to the literary realm, while the anthropological bias towards rendering all study of objects the study of their social/communal function misses important, and distinctive, aesthetic features. Recent work by Isobel Armstrong, Leah Price, and others, however, suggests one approach: making sense of Victorian materiality and Victorian conceptions of materiality by considering Victorian books as the medium upon which representation occurs as well as a potential subject of such representation.
Paul the ‘Convert’?
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: December 2015

‘Paul the “Convert”?’ has three goals: to track the history of this construction of Paul from its origins in antiquity through to the present; to examine scholarly assessments of its utility; and to offer a synthetic historical account of how and why Paul acted as he did to either side of his affiliation with the Jesus movement. In various sections the chapter examines the fundamental contributions of Munck, Stendahl, and Dahl and those of E. P. Sanders, James Dunn, and the so-called ‘New Perspective on Paul’; the work of Alan Segal, Daniel Boyarin, and N.T. Wright; and the proposals of Lloyd Gaston, John Gager, and Stanley Stowers. Finally, the chapter explores newer work arguing that both the content and the context of Paul’s mission to pagans continued to be Second Temple Judaism, inflected by the peculiar eschatology of the Jesus movement. For this reason, the essay concludes, Paul’s transformative experience is best conceptualized as his ‘call’.
Information Structure and Language Comprehension
Authors: Kaiser Elsi
Published: December 2015

This chapter explores the relationship between information structure and language comprehension from a psycholinguistic perspective. More specifically, it considers how information structure, when signalled by syntactic or prosodic cues, is processed during language comprehension. It begins with a brief review of some of the key psycholinguistic methods that have been used to investigate questions about information structure, including reaction-time-based measures, attention-based measures, and off-line methods. It then discusses major research findings regarding the comprehension of syntactic cues and prosodic cues to information structure. It also considers the relationship between prosody and information structure and its importance to our understanding of focus and focus alternatives. The article concludes by outlining broader issues and directions for psycholinguistic research on information structure.
Focus, Intonation, and Tonal Height
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert
Published: December 2015

This article explores the effects of F-marking (focus) on intonation and on tonal height in intonation, with particular emphasis on German and Mandarin Chinese. It begins with a discussion of the role of stress in the sentence melody and how focus leads to changes in the stress pattern that affect the sentence melody. It then considers the effects of focus on tonal height and suggests that they are really effects of stress on tonal height, triggered because focus attracts stress; focus leads to destressing in non-focused parts of the sentence. It also presents the results of Féry and Kügler (2008) regarding the effects of focus on tonal height in German, showing that there is a further tonal height effect of focus that relates to stress, namely the cancellation of height-subordination due to stresses on earlier elements (‘upstep’).
Explaining Evil and Grace
Authors: Ocker Christopher
Published: December 2015

This article summarizes late medieval theological approaches to evil and grace and introduces Martin Luther’s distinctive theology. It also explains how Protestant theologians found themselves compromising the sharp dichotomies between nature and grace that Luther’s theology implied. It describes how, in the religious controversy, Catholic theologians experimented with elements of Luther’s concept of justification by faith and faith as a divine gift of grace, and it notes how those experiments ended. Finally, the article suggests that in the long view, although Protestant reforms massively disrupted traditional religious life and replaced it with simplified structures and practices, the effect of the religious controversy was to intensify and expand religious debate over the conventional western–Christian moral binary.
Vocal Music and Pedagogy of Chinese, African, and Indian Genres
Authors: Yang Yang , Carter-Ényì Aaron , Radhakrishnan Nandhu , Grimmer Sophie , Nix John
Published: December 2015

China, Africa, and India have long vocal traditions dating back hundreds and even thousands of years. Supporting the vocal music of these countries and continents are pedagogical systems which are as much a part of the unique musical and cultural heritage of each location as the vocal music they serve. In many African countries and in China, the languages are tonal languages, each of which has wielded a strong influence upon the character of the country’s vocal music. This chapter examines the vocal music and vocal instruction of each country/continent, and also provides a description of current trends in vocal pedagogy. In particular, the influence of Western society and technology are discussed. Some countries, such as China, have undertaken government-led programs to preserve and promote earlier forms of music-making, while others have adapted to technological advancements by using new means to teach older traditions.
Reception and History of Research in the Roman Provinces of Germany
Authors: Heising Alexander
Published: December 2015

This chapter considers the reception and history of research in the provinces of Roman Germany. It begins by tracing the roots of the discipline of provincial Roman archaeology to the conceptual framework of ancient history and classical archaeology, and its methods to prehistory and protohistory. It then outlines the eight phases of the history of Roman research in Germany: creation of legends in the Middle Ages; rebirth of the ancient world in the Renaissance; the Roman Germany of the antiquarians and the beginnings of limes research; early science and civic societies; the emergence of modern organised science; the Römlingeat the time of National Socialism; academic recognition; and current research (dissertations and externally funded projects). The chapter concludes by discussing prospects for the discipline of provincial Romanarchaeology.
Roman Cultural Influence in Western Germania Magna
Authors: Meyer Michael
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines Roman cultural influence in Barbaricum east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, with particular emphasis on whether ‘regular trade’ existed between the Roman provinces and Barbaricum. It also considers the non-material influences and ‘imports’ that were adopted by the people living beyond the border. The chapter begins with an overview of import/export trade between Barbaricum and Roman Germany, along with the role of Roman negotiatores in bringing goods from their places of production to the great cities along the Rhine and Danube. It then looks at the goods that were exchanged between Barbaricumand the Roman provinces, as well as the infrastructure through which these goods were transported. It describes the legal settings of Roman trade in Barbaricum, and concludes by analysing a selection of ‘intangible imports’ and considering whether their main function is representation of status.
Roman Rural Landscape Occupation in Present-Day Germany
Authors: Maurer Thomas
Published: December 2015

This chapter deals with spatial studies concerning Roman settlement within the area of present-day Germany, paying special attention to the parts of the provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior, as well as the parts of the province of Gallia Belgica and the northern part of the province of Raetia that lie within Germany’s modern borders. It begins with a brief survey of the history of research in ‘rural settlement archaeology’ in general and ‘landscape archaeology’ in particular in Roman Germany from the later 1980s to today. It then considers Roman settlement archaeology in the Lower and Middle Rhine regions, the Moselle region, the northern Rhine region, and the southern Upper Rhine and Neckar region. The chapter concludes by assessing settlement archaeology in northern Raetia.
Wells, Land, and History
Authors: Lindholm Karl-Johan
Published: December 2015

Historical ecology has resulted in an increased engagement by archaeologists in present-day discussions concerned with environmental change, local livelihoods, and sustainable rural development. This chapter discusses the pastoral land-use history of the Eastern Communal Area in north-eastern Namibia, southern Africa, and argues that the lack of a detailed historical analysis of the current land organization has resulted in a rather static image of people and land-use in this area. This in turn has fed into current rural development efforts, which seem to reinforce a colonial heritage. Hence, the main objective of the case study is to situate current discussions concerning rural development and conservation efforts in eastern Namibia in a historically rooted landscape. The chapter exemplifies how archaeology in combination with a landscape approach can contribute to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the present setting of rural development efforts.
Historic Molecules Connect the Past to Modern Conservation
Authors: Coutu Ashley N.
Published: December 2015

This chapter explores the use of isotope analysis to bridge the knowledge gap between contemporary wildlife conservation management and the ecology of the African elephant in its historic landscape. Case studies from eastern and southern Africa focus on isotope analysis as it has been used to understand diet, movement, and environmental conditions of elephant populations over longer time scales than is possible with observational studies. These case studies provide support for the applied use of historical ecological data to make a substantial impact on the modern conservation of the elephant in its landscape. Although this chapter is specific to African elephants, it is possible to apply the methodology and approach to other species and in different landscapes across the world.
Indigenous Technologies, Archaeology, and Rural Development in the Andes
Authors: Herrera Alexander
Published: December 2015

This chapter addresses the deployment of selected material elements of indigenous technology in rural development projects inspired by archaeological understandings of raised fields, terraces, and reservoirs in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru during the 1980s and 1990s, and asks if and how applied archaeology may help mitigate the negative effects of capitalist expansion. By distinguishing intentions, practices, and consequences of development it identifies applied archaeology as immersed in development policies. Through interviews with agronomists, archaeologists, and campesino farmers, technical errors in past rehabilitation projects are identified and socio-theoretical weaknesses discussed. As a second wave of indigenous technology-inspired projects aims to bolster adaptations to climate change, the chapter highlights the significance and broader importance of the traditions that uphold communal organization, water management, and territorial aspirations, as well as agrobiodiversity.
Just How Long Does ‘Long-Term’ Have to Be?
Authors: Lane Paul J.
Published: December 2015

The phrase ‘long term’ is increasingly used as a keyword descriptive for research proposals and outputs claiming to contribute to debates on past and future climate change, sustainable economies, and the resilience of different landscapes. Scholars from across the environmental and social sciences and the humanities are engaged in this kind of research and are keen to see their results used to influence policy and practice. While ostensibly addressing mutually common issues, scrutiny of these studies indicates very divergent uses of the term ‘long term’. Such variation can act as an impediment to the development of truly interdisciplinary historical ecologies, especially since scholars often fail to specify the precise temporal range they have in mind when they employ the phrase ‘long term’. This chapter reviews these alternative understandings of the term and their associated problems, and offers some suggestions as to how these might be overcome.
Personnel Movement and the Development of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Fahrenkopf Erin , Argote Linda
Published: December 2015

We assess the role that organizational learning plays in the development of dynamic capabilities which confer sustained competitive advantage on firms. We argue that learning from the experience of others is a mechanism for developing dynamic capabilities. We examine how firms can learn from the prior experiences of their founders and other employees and identify the conditions under which this learning is most likely to occur. We develop how characteristics of the organizational context and characteristics of the knowledge being transferred condition a firm’s ability to learn from others. The chapter concludes with a set of expectations that we hope will stimulate future research on the important question of how learning from the experience of others enables firms to develop dynamic capabilities.
Islamic Law in Western Europe
Authors: Rohe Mathias
Published: December 2015

This article is divided into three parts. The first part provides a short overview of the history of Islamic law in Western Europe. The second part explains in some detail the different legal levels for the application of Islamic law in Western Europe (private international law; optional substantive law; implementation of Islamic norms; alternative dispute resolution), and describes the scope and limits of such application. The third part contains a brief introduction to the legal aspects of Islamic religious practice in the region, followed by a description of contemporary trends regarding the interpretation and handling of shari‘a norms among Muslims in Western Europe.
Relevance Theory
Authors: Wilson Deirdre
Published: December 2015

This paper outlines the main assumptions of relevance theory (while attempting to clear up some common objections and misconceptions) and points out some new directions for research. After discussing the nature of relevance and its role in communication and cognition, it assesses two alternative ways of drawing the explicit–implicit distinction, compares relevance theory’s approach to lexical pragmatics with those of Grice and neo-Griceans, and discusses the rationale for relevance theory’s conceptual–procedural distinction, reassessing the notion of procedural meaning in the light of recent research. It ends by looking briefly at the relation between the capacity to understand a communicator’s meaning, on the one hand, and the capacity to assess her reliability and the reliability of the communicated content, on the other, and considers how these two capacities might interact.
Behavioral Undercontrol: A Multifaceted Concept and Its Relationship to Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Windle Michael
Published: December 2015

This chapter reviews research on alternative facets of behavioral undercontrol (e.g., disinhibition, impulsivity, sensation seeking) represented across rich and diverse literatures such as temperament, personality, childhood disorders, adolescent deviance, externalizing behaviors, and clinical disorders (e.g., substance abuse disorders, antisocial personality disorder). Research in the behavior genetic literature has focused on the identification of a common underlying general liability factor for behavioral undercontrol (or disinhibition) that is largely, but not exclusively, influenced by genetic variation. Research from other areas of study, including genomics and neuroscience, have identified some specificity of relationships between particular genes and neural circuits with different facets of behavioral undercontrol. A more integrative approach to the study of behavioral undercontrol is suggested that includes both general and specific factors within a multilevel, developmentally focused framework of behavioral, cognitive, and affective self-regulation.
Child and Adolescent Socialization into Substance Use
Authors: Donovan John E.
Published: December 2015

This chapter reviews the literature on family, peer, and media influences on alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among children and adolescents. Parental drinking and drug use are significant predictors of child and adolescent drinking, smoking, and marijuana use. Furthermore, parental substance use is associated with lower quality parenting and family management practices, which are, in turn, associated with greater offspring substance use. In addition, parental substance use and parenting practices are associated with adolescents’ affiliation with substance-using friends. Parental nonuse and effective parenting practices buffer the relation between friends’ modeling of substance use and adolescent offspring substance use. Sibling and friend substance use relate both concurrently and longitudinally to adolescent substance use. Lastly, child and adolescent exposure to alcohol and smoking on television and in films, and to alcohol and cigarette advertising, constitutes a third independent source of modeling and influence on child and adolescent substance use.
Linking Peer Relationships to Substance Use Across Adolescence
Authors: Rulison Kelly , Patrick Megan E. , Maggs Jennifer
Published: December 2015

The development of substance use during adolescence occurs against a backdrop of considerable changes in the social context, but these simultaneous changes alone are not conclusive evidence of a strong causal link between peers and drug use. Clarifying how peers shape the development of substance use is difficult because researchers often do not distinguish between different peer relationships (e.g., friendships, groups, networks), different social processes within these relationships (e.g., direct peer pressure, normative regulation, modeling), or adolescents’ own social motives and perceptions. The chapter discusses how peer relationships change across adolescence, how social processes within different relationships might contribute to substance use, and the methodological challenges that researchers face when documenting these contributions. The chapter also highlights how studies could better match the complexity of research questions about peer influence with appropriate data collection and analytic strategies.
Perceptual Grouping as Bayesian Mixture Estimation
Authors: Feldman Jacob , Singh Manish , Froyen Vicky
Published: December 2015

Perceptual grouping is the process by which the visual system organizes the image into distinct objects or clusters. The authors describe a Bayesian approach to grouping, formulating it as an inverse probability problem in which the goal is to estimate the organization that best explains the observed set of visual elements. The authors pose the problem as an instance of mixture modeling, in which the image configuration is assumed to have been generated by a set of distinct data-generating components or sources (“objects”) whose locations and structure one seeks to estimate. They illustrate the approach with three classes of source models: dot clusters, contours, and axial shapes. They show how this approach to the problem unifies and gives natural accounts of a number of perceptual grouping problems, including contour integration, shape representation, and figure–ground estimation.
The Politics of Growth in South Korea
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Kang Myung-Koo
Published: December 2015

This article examines the political origins of South Korea’s rapid economic development in the 1960s and 1970s, with emphasis on the enduring effects of the developmental state era. It begins by considering developments since 1980, including the influence of democratization, the causes and consequences of the financial crisis of 1997–1998, and the market-oriented reforms pursued by the government in the wake of the crisis. It then discusses the legacy of the developmental state era in the coverage of the welfare state, along with the liberalization of the Korean economy beginning in the 1980s. The article documents South Korea’s transition into a market economy, marked by reforms in the financial sector and corporate governance, as well as reforms in foreign direct investment and even labor markets. Finally, it appraises a number of challenges that the Korean political economy must deal with, including growing economic and social polarization, inequality, and the social policy agenda.
The Washington Consensus and the New Political Economy of Economic Reform
Authors: Morrison Kevin M.
Published: December 2015

Abstract: A principal approach to theorizing about economic reform in developing countries has been to assume that market-oriented policies have the properties of public goods, in that their benefits are widespread and their costs concentrated. However, recent scholarship suggests that skepticism about the benefits of these policies has entered the mainstream, calling into question this benchmark approach to reform. In the context of ongoing debate over which policies are best for developing countries, this chapter offers a framework for future study of reform, arguing that while past work has yielded important insights into how societal divisions and institutional characteristics affect reform, these insights now need to be combined with scholarship on how governments learn about policies and form preferences regarding them.
Early Modern Pietism
Authors: Strom Jonathan , Lehmann Hartmut
Published: December 2015

Pietism became the most important Protestant renewal movement in central Europe after the Reformation. This essay surveys the origins and theological consequences of the movement in the context of the crises of the seventeenth century and the rise of the Enlightenment. Pietists concerned themselves primarily with reform of the Christian life rather than doctrine, but Pietism presented new challenges for ecclesiology, Biblical authority, eschatology, regeneration, and the conception of theology. The various streams of Pietism remained heterogeneous and could differ significantly on issues such as millenarianism, prophecy, and ecclesiology. Where early Pietists could be innovative and progressive, later Pietists reacted strongly against the rise of rationalism and the Enlightenment, increasingly emphasizing Biblicism and allying themselves with conservative tendencies.
Ending Wars
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses the morality of ending wars. It argues that there is a distinct set of moral concerns captured by the notion of jus ex bello. It argues that the morality of the continued prosecution of the war is not determined by its antecedent satisfaction or violation of the requirements of jus ad bellum. It discusses in considerable detail an issue that has been the focus of much discussion in current debates about jus ex bello; namely, whether the discrepancy between the ante bellum reasonable projection of the expected moral costs of the war and the subsequent actual moral costs should change our judgment of the war’s morally permissible costs. And it discusses an area of jus ex bello that remains underexplored in current debates, but about which there was some discussion in the modern period: namely, how to end a war that ought to be ended.
Early Modern Sources of the Regular War Tradition
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo
Published: December 2015

The concept of regular war, like that of just war, belongs to a long-standing intellectual tradition of conceptual articulation, legitimization, and contestation. The defining concern of this tradition has been to institutionalize juridical and conventional means of regulating and limiting the use of armed force. This chapter examines the early modern and Enlightenment accounts of Hugo Grotius, Christian Wolff, and Emer Vattel. In contrast to later legal positivist accounts, these accounts were very keen to provide ethical foundations for their eminently juridical projects. The chapter focusses on the defence of the principle of belligerent equality, which constitutes a central contrast between the regular and just war approaches. Epistemic, prudential, and security-based arguments in defence of the principle are reconstructed and their contemporary relevance assessed.
Adam and the Making of Masculinity
Authors: Thurman Eric
Published: December 2015

The narrative(s) in Genesis 1–3 is a foundational text for Western discourse on gender and sexuality. To date, studies of biblical masculinities have virtually ignored the biblical first male subject; feminist scholarship has long focused on Eve; and queer readings that render Genesis 1–3 alien to modern discourses are promising but small in number. This chapter takes some tentative first steps toward a more focused reception history of Adam as a gendered subject. In light of the current (and still relatively new) state of scholarship on biblical masculinities, the chapter then proposes that reception history and cultural-historical approaches to biblical “afterlives” offer a promising path for future work. Particular attention is paid to Adam’s gender in Genesis 1–3 itself and in the writings of Paul, as well as in later theological, literary, and artistic texts.
Biblical Historiography as Traditional History
Authors: Person Raymond F.
Published: December 2015

Although generic distinctions existed in the ancient world, biblical scholars too often overemphasize the distinction between epic and history, neglecting how they have similarities as interpretations of the past. Ancient historiography was typically read aloud; therefore, biblical historiography (analogous to oral traditional epic) occurs in textual plurality and multiformity. Thus, biblical historiography is an example of what John Miles Foley calls “traditional history” (2010), which differs from “factual” history, but nevertheless can be understood as a “true” interpretation of the past. This chapter briefly surveys discussions concerning the supposed distinctions between epic and history and the portrayal of reading historiographical texts as oral performance in Greco-Roman culture and biblical texts (including Luke-Acts), before applying Foley’s notion of traditional history to Samuel-Kings//Chronicles as illustrated in a comparison of 2 Samuel 21:18–22//1 Chronicles 20:4–8.
Environmental Risk and Protective Factors in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Johnson Sheri L. , Gershon Anda , Johnson Kaja
Published: December 2015

In this chapter, we consider the role of the social environment as a predictor of symptoms within bipolar disorder. We begin with a discussion of some conceptual and methodological issues that must be considered in such lines of work. We then highlight some of the strongest research available concerning the role of social support, family predictors, marital variables, traumatic events, life events, culture, race, and ethnicity as predictors of outcomes within bipolar disorder. Taken together, the literature provides rich and compelling evidence that the social environment is of extreme importance for understanding symptoms and treatment patterns within bipolar disorder. We end with a discussion of important future directions for research, including the need for more integrative research on a fuller range of social and biological predictors.