bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABORTIVELY DISPORIC VARIANT OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Young I. Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Young, I. Elizabeth
(University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada). Characteristics of an abortively disporic variant of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
242–254. 1964.—A variant [A(−)3] of the
Bacillus cereus
group has been isolated which appears to begin the formation of a spore at each pole of the cell. These pseudo-forespores, like conventional forespores, are initially formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. However, their maturation does not continue the course of normal spore development. There is no further proliferation of the membrane and no development of the peripheral layers, the cortex, spore coat, or exosporium; there is deposition of apparent cell-wall material between the layers of the septa. Each pseudo-forespore receives approximately one-half of the cell's chromatin. With a supply of fresh nutrients, each is able to resume division after elongation to the bacillary form. Furthermore, the portion of the cell lying between the two pseudo-forespores, containing at most a fragment of the total chromatin, is able to resume growth and division. This growth potential has been interpreted as evidence that the chromatin body of the variant contains more than one set of the genetic instructions characteristic of the organism. A single growth cycle in the presence of dipicolinic acid (thought to cure some
Bacillus
species of phage) results in approximately 40% of the cells producing a single spore. These spores resemble those formed by the organism from which A(−)3 was isolated. The possibility that the abortively disporic state is associated with the presence of an infecting phage is discussed.
CALCIUM ION REQUIREMENT FOR PROLIFERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE φμ-4
Authors: Shafia Fred , Thompson T. L.
Published: January 2020

Shafia, Fred(University of Nebraska, Lincoln),and T. L. Thompson. Calcium ion requirement for proliferation of bacteriophage φμ-4. J. Bacteriol.88:293–296. 1964.—Divalent ions are essential for proliferation of phage φμ-4. Small amounts of citrate interfere with efficient adsorption of phage to the host cells. Penetration of phage material into the cell is strictly dependent on divalent ions and is inhibited by low levels of citrate. Inhibition of infection can be partially reversed, in early latent period, by calcium ions. Synthesis of new phage particles is also dependent on divalent ions. Addition of citrate to infected cell suspensions significantly reduced the number of phage progeny produced. Chelates such as phosphate and citrate rapidly inactivated the free phage particles at 65 C. Chelate inactivation of phage is not reversible; however, it can be prevented to some degree by calcium ions.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF
MYCOPLASMA
SPECIES
Authors: Domermuth C. H. , Nielsen M. H. , Freundt E. A. , Birch-Andersen A.
Published: January 2020

Domermuth
, C. H. (Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark), M. H.
Nielsen, E. A. Freundt, and A. Birch-Andersen
. Ultrastructure of
Mycoplasma
species. J. Bacteriol.
88:
727–744. 1964.—The ultrastructure of 19 strains (15 species) of Mycoplasmatales grown on solid medium was studied with the aid of an electron microscope. The cells possessed a triple-layered limiting membrane 75 to 100 A thick. This membrane appeared to be symmetrical in some strains and asymmetrical in others. An electron-dense material found in close contact with the cell surface was tentatively interpreted to be a capsular substance. Ribosomes and strands of nuclear material were observed in the cytoplasm of cells of all strains. Ribosomes observed in the JA strain of
M. gallisepticum
were frequently arranged in a regular geometric pattern of characteristic appearance. Dense inclusions sometimes limited by triple-layered membranes (possibly developing elementary bodies), as well as membrane-surrounded vesicles, were observed in the cytoplasm of cells of some strains.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NALIDIXIC ACID ON
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Goss William A. , Deitz William H. , Cook Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

Goss, William A.
(Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N.Y.),
William H. Dietz, and Thomas M. Cook
. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid on
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1112–1118. 1964.—Nalidixic acid was lethal for proliferating cultures of
Escherichia coli
. Associated with this lethal effect was the formation of elongated, serpentine forms. Cultures treated with nalidixic acid were osmotically stable; lethality was observed in the presence of stabilizers. Although it was possible to demonstrate leakage of intracellular components from treated cells, this effect occurred only after 99% of the cells were nonviable. Nalidixic acid had little or no effect on respiration with glucose as substrate. If cellular growth was restricted by suboptimal temperature or nutritional deficiencies, the drug was not lethal. Chemical analysis of cellular constituents revealed that lipid, protein, and ribonucleic acid levels were of the same order of magnitude in control and drug-treated cells. Only deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) levels were markedly lowered in drug-treated cells. These facts are consistent with the view that nalidixic acid interferes with the synthesis of
E. coli
DNA.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OFCOXIELLA BURNETIIIN THE CHICK YOLK SAC
Authors: Anacker R. L. , Fukushi K. , Pickens E. G. , Lackman D. B.
Published: January 2020

Anacker, R. L.(Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.),K. Fukushi, E. G. Pickens, and D. B. Lackman. Electron microscopic observations of the development ofCoxiella burnetiiin the chick yolk sac. J. Bacteriol.88:1130–1138. 1964.—Yolk sac material, obtained daily over a period of 1 week from embryos inoculated with seed of phase ICoxiella burnetiistrain Ohio 314 containing 250 units of penicillin, was examined by electron microscopy and other techniques for the presence of rickettsiae. The concentration of rickettsiae in the yolk sac, as determined by electron microscopy, light microscopy, the complement-fixation test, recovery of organisms, and mouse infectivity, was low for the first 3 days, increased rapidly 3 to 5 days after infection, and then remained relatively constant. Rickettsiae in 3- to 7-day cultures, when observed by electron microscopy, had dense fibrillar centers surrounded by less-dense cytoplasmic material containing granules approximately 15 mμ in diameter. The whole was enclosed by multiple external layers. Many appeared to be in various stages of binary fission, and one form which contained a cross-wall was observed. These forms readily combined with ferritin-labeled specific antibody. In rare instances, several kinds of ”atypical” forms which did not combine with ferritin-labeled antibody were found in the cytoplasm of yolk-sac cells 4 to 5 days after inoculation; it is not certain whether these forms are artifacts or normal stages in the maturation ofC. burnetii. These atypical forms were not observed in subsequent experiments in which embryonated eggs were inoculated with doses of penicillin varying from 0 to 4,000 units per egg.
PROPERTIES OF A LYSOZYME-DISSOCIATED ENDOTOXIC FRACTION FROM
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Martin George R.
Published: January 2020

Mergenhagen, Stephan E.
(National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.),
and George R. Martin
. Properties of a lysozyme-dissociated endotoxic fraction from
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1169–1174. 1964.—Treatment of a phenol-water preparation of C
14
-labeled
Escherichia coli
O91–H21 endotoxin of low solubility with lysozyme at pH 5.0 or 8.0 effected a dissociation of the preparation. Such products of dissociation were equally distributed in the chloroform and water phases after extraction. β-Glucosidase, but not β-galactosidase, significantly dissociated this endotoxin also. Concomitant with dissociation, recoverable endotoxin after lysozyme treatment had a reduced content of bound lipid, and dissolved easily in aqueous media to yield a clear solution. Examination of lysozyme-treated endotoxin in an analytical ultracentrifuge revealed that it sedimented as a single major boundary with a sedimentation coefficient of 13.3. Lysozyme-treated endotoxin was more potent than was the conventional endotoxin as evidenced by lethal activity in rabbits and pertussis-sensitized mice. Agar-gel diffusion analysis indicated that the higher molecular weight component associated with conventional endotoxin was dissociated by lysozyme treatment. In immunoelectrophoresis, lysozyme-treated endotoxin was observed as a single sharp band of precipitation which migrated toward the cathode.
RESISTANT PROPERTIES OF
AZOTOBACTER
CYSTS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO MINERAL DEFICIENCIES
Authors: Layne Joseph S. , Johnson Emmett J.
Published: January 2020

Layne, Joseph S.
(University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson),
and Emmett J. Johnson
. Resistant properties of
Azotobacter
cysts induced in response to mineral deficiencies. J. Bacteriol.
88:
956–959. 1964.—Cysts produced in response to mineral deficiencies, and apparently lacking the characteristic exine and intine, possess the same degree of resistance to heat, mechanical disruption, desiccation, the action of lysozyme, and the combined action of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and lysozyme as do butanol-induced cysts. Slight differences in the behavior of the two varieties of cysts toward EDTA were observed. Since no significant differences seem to exist in resistant properties between cysts induced in response to mineral deficiencies and
n
-butanol-induced cysts, it would seem that the current concepts attributing the resistant properties of the
Azotobacter
cyst to the exine and intine require modification.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANTS OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
BACTERIOPHAGE SP3 II
Authors: Nishihara Mutsuko , Romig W. R.
Published: January 2020

Nishihara, Mutsuko
(University of California, Los Angeles),
and W. R. Romig
. Temperature-sensitive mutants of
Bacillus subtilis
bacteriophage SP3. II. In vivo complementation studies. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1230–1239. 1964.—A plate-spotting procedure was used in initial attempts to group the temperature-sensitive
Bacillus subtilis
phage SP3 mutants by complementation. The results obtained did not show any clear patterns of reactions among the mutants. Crosses were, therefore, repeated in broth at a temperature of 49 C, which greatly reduced the extent of replication of each mutant type alone. The data on mixed infections indicated that there was a minimum of six complementation groups. Of the 12 isolates, 7 did not seem to complement with each other; the rest complemented with each other and with the seven noncomplementing mutants. There was a positive correlation between the complementation reaction of a pair and the recovery of wild-phenotype phages from a 49 C broth lysate. The relative proportion of phages capable of forming wild-phenotype plaques on plates incubated at 46 C to the total number of plaque-forming units was higher in a lysate of a mixed infection with two mutants than in lysates of each mutant alone. Moreover, this frequency was higher for a mixed lysate made at 49 C than for a lysate of the same two mutants made at 37 C. These observations suggested that genetic recombination might occur at 49 C, and that the increased recovery of wild-phenotype phages in lysates made at this temperature might be due to a selective advantage for these phages. Recombination experiments at 37 C with some complementing pairs gave frequencies of 2.0 to 4.8%. The ratio of wild-phenotype revertants to total phages in the stock lysates used for these crosses at 37 C was less than 10
−6
. The noncomplementing mutants were not conclusively shown to be nonidentical.
DRUG RESISTANCE OF ENTERIC BACTERIA IV
Authors: Kondo Eiko , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Kondo, Eiko
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
and Susumu Mitsuhashi
. Drug resistance of enteric bacteria. IV. Active transducing phage P1
CM
produced by the combination of R factor with phage P1. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1266–1276. 1964.—During an investigation of the transduction of R factors with phage P1, a phage lysate capable of transducing the character of chloramphenicol resistance (CM
r
) in extremely high frequency was obtained. The transduction of the CM
r
character with the lysate was consistently accompanied by lysogenization with the phage used for transduction. This lysate exhibits no beneficial effect with normal P1, and no effect is produced by decreasing the multiplicity of infection. A single infection with the phage allows the formation of plaques as well as CM
r
lysogenic cells at the center of the plaque. Both the transducing and plaque-forming activities of the lysate were lost by neutralization with anti-P1 phage serum, and its absorption to the host bacteria was enhanced by the addition of Ca
++
. Thus, it was concluded that a derivative of P1 phage (P1
CM
) was isolated which had not only the ability to transduce the CM
r
character but also the capacity to form plaques; i.e., the CM
r
gene of R factor is specifically associated with the genome of phage P1. No detectable differences were noted between P1
CM
and normal P1 phage in density-gradient analyses in CsCl, in stability of lysogenization, in ability to transduce chromosomal markers, and in the mode of induction from lysogenic cells by ultraviolet irradiation. The instance of transduction of the CM
r
character described here may also be considered as an example of lysogenic conversion, in the sense that the alteration in CM
r
character is inseparable from lysogenicity.
CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT OF
BRUCELLA
SPHEROPLASTS ON MONOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Freeman Bob A. , Rumack Barry H.
Published: January 2020

Freeman, Bob
A. (The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
and Barry H. Rumack
. Cytopathogenic effect of
Brucella
spheroplasts on monocytes in tissue culture. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1310–1315. 1964.—Mononuclear phagocytes from guinea pig peritoneal exudates were shown to ingest both normal
Brucella suis
and spheroplasts prepared from
B. suis
by treatment with glycine and with penicillin. Quantitative ingestion studies with P
32
-labeled
Brucella
showed that rough normal
Brucella
are ingested at a greater rate than are smooth normal
Brucella
. Spheroplasts prepared from smooth cells were phagocytized at a greater rate than were the normal smooth cells, and spheroplasts prepared from rough
Brucella
were phagocytized well, although apparently to a lesser extent than from the normal rough
Brucella
. The degree of phagocytosis of all spheroplasts appeared to reach a peak and then decrease, indicating a release of ingested bacteria; this release of intracellular bacteria is believed to be due to the cytopathogenic effect exerted by the spheroplasts. Direct microscopic observations showed that infection with living spheroplasts prepared from either smooth or rough
Brucella
destroyed a major portion of the host cells within 4 hr, but that formalin-killed spheroplasts were no more destructive than were normal
Brucella
. When host cell destruction was assayed by the release of cellular constituents into the medium, it was apparent that host-cell destruction by spheroplasts reaches a significant level within 0.5 hr after ingestion begins, and is almost complete by 4 hr. The implications of these findings in studies on the nature of intracellular
Brucella
are discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND POLYSACCHARIDE FORMATION BY STRAINS OF
CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM
Authors: Corpe William A.
Published: January 2020

Corpe, William A.
(Columbia University, New York, N.Y.). Factors influencing growth and polysaccharide formation by strains of
Chromobacterium violaceum
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1433–1441. 1964.—Gelatinous
Chromobacterium violaceum
strains elaborate a fibrous exopolysaccharide that forms a matrix in which growing cells are embedded. Stable, nongelatinous variants arising from gelatinous cultures were of two types: (i) those that had lost the ability to produce polysaccharide, and (ii) those that had lost the capacity to bind the polymer into a matrix. Gelatinous strains growing in Tryptone did not produce a matrix, but rather elaborated polysaccharide free into the medium. The effect of Tryptone was not one of selection of nongelatinous variants. Growth and polysaccharide synthesis in a defined medium were greatest when amino acids were substituted for ammonia as a nitrogen source. Best growth and polysaccharide yield occurred when the ratio of carbohydrate to nitrogen was in the order of 10:1. Depolymerization of formed polymer occurred in cultures grown with Casamino Acids as the nitrogen source. Calcium ion stimulated polysaccharide formation. Iron, although stimulating growth, inhibited polysaccharide formation.
TAXONOMY OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BIFERMENTANS
AND
CLOSTRIDIUM SORDELLII
I
Authors: Nishida Shoki , Tamai Kenzo , Yamagishi Takayoshi
Published: January 2020

Nishida
, S. (Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan), K.
Tamai, and T. Yamagishi
. Taxonomy of
Clostridium bifermentans
and
Clostridium sordellii
. I. Their toxigenicity, urease activity, and sporulating potency. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1641–1646. 1964.—Strains with properties similar to those of
Clostridium bifermentans
were usually obtained by selecting heat-resistant substrains of
C. sordellii
1734. Heat-resistant substrains obtained from seven other strains were also found to be nontoxic. Some of these heat-resistant substrains produced urease, but others did not. Substrains of typical cultures of
C. sordellii
thus can yield either substrains resembling nonpathogenic strains of
C. sordellii
culturally, or substrains resembling
C. bifermentans
. The sporulating potency of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of
C. sordellii
and strains of
C. bifermentans
proved to be significantly distinct. The sporulating potency of
C. bifermentans
was high, that of pathogenic strains of
C. sordellii
was low, and that of nonpathogenic strains of
C. sordellii
was intermediate between the other two.
SEROLOGY, DENSITY, AND MORPHOLOGY OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PHAGES
Authors: Rosenblum E. D. , Tyrone Sue
Published: January 2020

Rosenblum
, E. D. (The University of Texas, Dallas),
and Sue Tyrone
. Serology, density, and morphology of staphylococcal phages. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1737–1742. 1964.—A correlation between serology, buoyant density, and morphology has been demonstrated for six serological groups of staphylococcal phages. Four morphological types have been observed and represent the following serological groups: (i) group A, (ii) groups B, F, and L, (iii) group D, and (iv) group G. The correlations were useful in the detection of serological variation among several staphylococcal typing phages.
Utilization of Cellulose Oligosaccharides by
Cellvibrio gilvus
Authors: Schafer Marion L. , King Kendall W.
Published: January 2020

Schafer, Marion
L. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg),
and Kendall W. King
. Utilization of cellulose oligosaccharides by
Cellvibrio gilvus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
113–116. 1965.—The hypothesis that oligosaccharides of the cellulose polymer series can be absorbed by cellulolytic bacteria, prior to hydrolysis to the level of glucose or cellobiose, has been tested. Resting-cell suspensions of
Cellvibrio gilvus
removed oligosaccharides of one to six monomer units from solution at a rate providing the cells with 37 × 10
6
to 42 × 10
6
molecules of glucose per cell per minute. There was no concurrent extracellular hydrolysis of the oligosaccharides. The fact that the rate of uptake was constant indicates that an active absorption system is involved. Filtrates from washed-cell suspensions before or after exposure to the oligosaccharides were incapable of hydrolyzing the sugars. In media where the carbohydrate concentration was growth-limiting, the larger members of the oligosaccharide series supported greater final cell densities than the smaller sugars, but there were no recognizable differences in the growth rates during the logarithmic-growth phase.
Incorporation of Hydroxylysine into the Cell Wall and a Cell-Wall Precursor in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Smith W. Grady , Gilboe Daniel P. , Henderson L. M.
Published: January 2020

Smith, W. Grady
(University of Minnesota, St. Paul),
Daniel P. Gilboe, and L. M. Henderson
. Incorporation of hydroxylysine into the cell wall and a cell-wall precursor in
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
136–140. 1965.—Recent work has shown that hydroxylysine can substitute for lysine in cell-wall synthesis of
Streptococcus faecalis
, apparently becoming incorporated into cell-wall mucopeptide. This paper extends these observations to investigate the metabolism of hydroxylysine in
Staphylococcus aureus
, an organism from which sufficiently large quantities of cell-wall precursors. uridine diphosphate-
N
-acetylmuramyl peptides, could be obtained. Hydroxylysine has been shown to be incorporated into the cell-wall precursor uridine diphosphate-
N
-acetylmuramyl
l
-ala·
d
-glu·
l
-lys·
d
-ala·
d
-ala from
S. aureus
(Copenhagen) apparently in lieu of lysine. Hydroxylysine was also incorporated into the cell-wall mucopeptides of
S. aureus
in resting cultures. This incorporation was inhibited by penicillin or lysine, but not by chloramphenicol. Hydroxylysine had little effect on the incorporation of lysine into
S. aureus
. Hydroxylysine acted as a growth inhibitor in this organism; the inhibition was reversed by lysine.
Correlation of Succinate Metabolism and Virulence in
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Herzberg Mendel , Jawad Mudhaffer J. , Pratt Darrell
Published: January 2020

Herzberg, Mendel
(University of Florida, Gainesville),
and Mudhaffer J. Jawad, and Darrell Pratt
. Succinate metabolism and virulence in
Salmonella typhimurium
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
185–192. 1965.—A virulent, smooth strain of
Salmonella typhimurium
(Wild-7) grew slowly with succinate as sole carbon source (
Suc-L
). Old stock cultures yielded a smooth variant which grew rapidly (
Suc-E
). Visible colonies of
Suc-E
appeared in 24 hr, whereas
Suc-L
required 48 hr. Differences other than the response to succinate were not demonstrable between the two strains;
ld
50
values of both strains were similar, but equivalent numbers of
Suc-E
required longer periods of time to kill mice. Recovery of bacteria from liver and spleen homogenates revealed that
Suc-L
remains as such in vivo, but
Suc-E
populations change to
Suc-L
. By the eighth day of infection, the organisms were 93 to 100%
Suc-L
; thus, mortality was due to the
Suc-L
population developed in vivo and not the
Suc-E
of the original inoculum. Animal passage of a number of stock cultures of
S. typhimurium
of diverse origin, all
Suc-E
type, invariably yielded
Suc-L
. Slow utilization of succinate appears to be correlated with virulence.
Chemical and Immunological Composition of Surface Structures of
Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Osebold John W. , Aalund Ole , Chrisp Clarence E.
Published: January 2020

Osebold, John
W. (University of California, Davis),
Ole Aalund, and Clarence E. Chrisp
. Chemical and immunological composition of surface structures of
Listeria monocytogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
84–88. 1965.—A proteinlike surface substance was demonstrated on
Listeria monocytogenes
when an explanation was sought for the inagglutinability of some somatic antigens. The serological behavior of live bacteria and organisms subjected to heat, formalin, and trypsin was compared. The agglutination-inhibiting phenomenon was most pronounced with heat-killed (100 C) antigens. Trypsinization eliminated inagglutinability and increased sensitivity. Substances released by the enzyme had an ultraviolet-absorption peak at 260 mμ and showed a spot on paper chromatograms compatible with polypeptide. Inagglutinable cells combined with antibody because they could readily absorb antibodies from serum. After reaction with anti-
Listeria
serum, inagglutinable cells could be agglutinated by the addition of antiglobulin serum. It was hypothesized that heat inactivation of cells denatured the proteinaceous surface layer which interferred with the formation of a visible agglutination product but did not eliminate antigen-antibody reaction.
Effects of Heat on the Infecting, Antibody-Absorbing, and Interfering Powers of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Sharp D. G.
Published: January 2020

Galasso, G. J. (University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill),and D. G. Sharp. Effects of heat on the infecting, antibody-absorbing, and interfering powers of vaccinia virus. J. Bacteriol.89:611–616. 1965.—At 56 C the infectivity of vaccinia virus particles is destroyed rapidly, but even when it is reduced by a factor of 106the particles are capable of producing strong interference in L cells. The rate constantKfor thermal inactivation of plaque-forming power is greater than that for interfering power by the factore3.8or about 45 times. At 37 C both properties of the virus decline more slowly and at equal rates. The temperature coefficient ofKis discontinuous in the region of 40 C, indicating quite different activation energies for the reactions above and below this critical point. The degradation of interfering power exhibits a similar discontinuity, although less in magnitude, but none has been found in the antibody-reactive power of the virus, which is much more heat resistant.
Circumvention of the Mycobactin Requirement of
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Morrison Norman E.
Published: January 2020

Morrison, Norman
E. (Johns Hopkins University-Leonard Wood Memorial Leprosy Research Laboratory, Baltimore, Md.). Circumvention of the mycobactin requirement of
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
762–767. 1965.—The mycobactin growth requirement of
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
was circumvented on glucose-containing synthetic medium with an initial
p
H of 5.5. Mycobactin was required during the first transfer on the synthetic medium. Subsequent transfers have grown in the absence of mycobactin. The growth of mycobactin-“independent” strains of
M. paratuberculosis
on the synthetic medium was found to be stimulated by low concentrations of mycobactin. The circumvention of the mycobactin requirement appears to depend upon the properties of the medium and not upon having created conditions which promote endogenous mycobactin synthesis. Investigation of the glucose-containing synthetic medium showed that: (i) growth stimulatory compounds were formed during autoclaving, and (ii) compared with neutrality a
p
H of 5.5 gave markedly increased pellicle yields. It was suggested that the growth-stimulatory compounds formed during autoclaving may in part be responsible for the circumvention of the mycobactin requirement.
Formation of Spheroplasts from
Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Chatterjee B. R. , Williams Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Chatterjee
, B. R. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
and Robert P. Williams
. Formation of spheroplasts from
Bacillus anthracis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1128–1133. 1965.—Spheroplasts were prepared from
Bacillus anthracis
by combined treatment with lysozyme and glycine. Glycine, at a final concentration of 3%, was added to cultures of
B. anthracis
in nutrient broth that had grown at 37 C for 16 to 18 hr under 50% CO
2
. After additional incubation under CO
2
for 2 hr, lysozyme, at the appropriate concentration (50 to 100 μg/ml), and sucrose, to a concentration of 15%, were added, and incubation was continued for 2 to 6 hr in CO
2
. At the end of this period, incubation in CO
2
was discontinued. Spheroplasts formed after incubation in air for 6 to 12 hr. Lysozyme alone exhibited the same effect when added at much higher concentrations (500 to 2,000 μg/ml) to cultures growing under CO
2
. No spheroplasts formed when cultures were treated with glycine alone. Treatment with lysozyme was more effective on smooth strains than rough. Cells from young cultures were more susceptible to lysozyme than older cells. CO
2
apparently was essential for formation of spheroplasts from
B. anthracis
.
Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols by Extracts of a
Corynebacterium
Authors: Rosenberg Eugene , Holmes Paul
Published: January 2020

Rosenberg, Eugene
(University of California, Los Angeles),
and Paul Holmes
. Oxidation of secondary alcohols by extracts of a
Corynebacterium
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1212–1216. 1965.—A
Corynebacterium
was isolated from soil by use of the enrichment culture technique. This
Corynebacterium
oxidized and grew on the chemically synthesized secondary alcohol, 3-tetrahydrofuranol. Extracts of this organism contained at least two different nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-requiring soluble secondary alcohol dehydrogenases. These enzymes were distinguished by the relative rates at which they oxidized thymidylic acid and 3-tetrahydrofuranol. In addition to their substrate specificity, the two enzymes differed in
p
H optima and thermal stability. Also, the 3-tetrahydrofuranol dehydrogenase was induced by 3-tetrahydrofuranol, whereas the thymidylic acid dehydrogenase was constitutive.
Radiation Resistance of Soil
Azotobacter
Authors: Vela Gerard R. , Wyss Orville
Published: January 2020

Vela, Gerard
R. (School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Tex.),
and Orville Wyss
. Radiation resistance of soil
Azotobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1280–1285. 1965.—Quantitative recovery of
Azotobacter
from soils subjected to γ-radiation from a cobalt-60 source showed the soil populations to be much more highly resistant than isolates from such cultures grown on laboratory media. Even in the encysted state, the laboratory populations were reduced 10,000-fold by exposure to 200 kr, whereas the soil populations were not measurably reduced by that dose.
Fluorescent Cell-Counting Neutralization Test for Psittacosis
Authors: Hahon Nicholas , Cooke Kenneth O.
Published: January 2020

Hahon, Nicholas
(Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
and Kenneth O. Cooke
. Fluorescent cell-counting neutralization test for psittacosis. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1465–1471. 1965.—A sensitive, precise, and specific serological procedure, the fluorescent cell-counting neutralization test, was developed to detect and to measure quantitatively psittacosis serum-neutralizing antibodies within 24 hr. The test is based on the reduction of fluorescent cells in McCoy cell monolayers resulting from the neutralization of infective agent particles by specific antiserum. Small but significant rises in neutralizing titers were measured in serum specimens from monkeys previously exposed to the psittacosis agent and from humans with diagnoses of subclinical or established psittacosis infections.
Synthesis of Protocatechuate Oxygenase by
Pseudomonas fluorescens
in the Presence of Exogenous Carbon Sources
Authors: Kirkland Jerry J. , Durham Norman N.
Published: January 2020

Kirkland, Jerry
J. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater),
and Norman N. Durham
. Synthesis of protocatechuate oxygenase by
Pseudomonas fluorescens
in the presence of exogenous carbon sources. J. Bacteriol.
90:
15–22. 1965.—The addition of glucose, ribose, or fructose (0.45 or 45.0 μmoles/ml) simultaneously with protocatechuic acid shortens the lag period required for synthesis of protocatechuate oxygenase by a washed-cell suspension of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
. Glucose is readily oxidized and supports growth of
P. fluorescens
, whereas neither ribose nor fructose readily supports growth. High glucose concentrations (45.0 μmoles/ml) shorten the lag period but lower the total enzyme synthesis. The
p
H drops during glucose oxidation, and this is accompanied by a decrease in the rate of enzyme synthesis. High glucose concentrations, with adequate buffering, permitted “normal” enzyme synthesis. A decrease in the total enzyme synthesis was not observed in the presence of high concentrations of ribose or fructose. Succinate, pyruvate, acetate, or formate (0.45 μmole/ml) were readily oxidized, but did not shorten the lag period required for synthesis of the enzyme. The data suggest that glucose, ribose, or fructose may serve as a “specific” carbon source (such as ribose-5-phosphate or a similar precursor important in ribonucleic acid synthesis) functional in the synthesis of protocatechuate oxygenase.
The GenusVeillonellaIV. Serological Groupings, and Genus and Species Emendations
Authors: Rogosa M.
Published: January 2020

Rogosa, M. (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.). The genusVeillonella. IV. Serological groupings, and genus and species emendations. J. Bacteriol.90:704–709. 1965.—Seven serological groups ofVeillonellawere found. The generic and species descriptions are enlarged and corrected. The type species isVeillonella parvula(Veillon and Zuber) Prévot, 1933. The proposed species, subspecies (infraspecific serogroups), and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) type strains are:Veillonella parvulasubsp.parvulasubsp. nov. (antigenic group VI), ATCC 10790;Veillonella parvulasubsp.rodentiumsubsp. nov. (antigenic group II), ATCC 17743;Veillonella parvulasubsp.atypicasubsp. nov. (antigenic group V), ATCC 17744;Veillonella alcalescenssubsp.alcalescenssubsp. nov. (antigenic group IV), ATCC 17745;Veillonella alcalescenssubsp.rattisubsp. nov. (antigenic group III), ATCC 17746;Veillonella alcalescenssubsp.cricetisubsp. nov. (antigenic group I), ATCC 17747; andVeillonella alcalescenssubsp.disparsubsp. nov. (antigenic group VII), ATCC 17748. The following species listed inBergey's Manual(7th ed.) are rejected as members of the genus:V. discoides, V. reniformis, V. orbiculus, andV. vulvovaginitidis.
Influence of Inoculum Media on Sensitivity of
Escherichia coli
to Azaserine
Authors: Narkates Annie J. , Pittillo Robert F.
Published: January 2020

Narkates, Annie
J. (Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Ala.),
and Robert F. Pittillo
. Influence of inoculum media on sensitivity of
Escherichia coli
to azaserine. J. Bacteriol.
90:
710–714. 1965.—
Escherichia coli
grown in a simple synthetic medium is more than 100-fold more sensitive to inhibition by azaserine than
E. coli
grown in complex, undefined organic medium. The work reported here offers two explanations for this observed effect: (i) concentration within the cell from the complex medium of a specific azaserine-reversing metabolite (nicotinic acid), and (ii) stimulation by exogenous metabolite(s) of intracellular synthesis of azaserine-reversing agents.
Free Amino Acids in Serine-Antagonized Cells of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Wragg June B. , Reynolds Howard , Pelczar Michael J.
Published: January 2020

Wragg, June
B. (Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Md.),
Howard Reynolds, and Michael J. Pelczar, Jr
. Free amino acids in serine-antagonized cells of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
748–754. 1965.—Growth inhibition of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
by
l
-serine in a chemically defined medium was reversed by
l
-arginine in a manner which resembled competitive antagonism. Composition of the free amino acid pools from cells grown in either a balanced amino acid mixture or a mixture with serine concentrations which inhibited growth suggested an antagonism by serine with energy-yielding reactions. Growth in media with excess serine resulted in the accumulation of higher concentrations of free cellular amino acids and an apparent increase in the rate of conversion of arginine to ornithine, as compared with growth in the balanced medium. The results suggested that serine or a metabolic product of serine interferes with the formation of pyruvic acid. In the presence of high levels of serine, arginine appeared to be metabolized more rapidly and to be spared when alanine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid was added to the unbalanced medium.
Relationship of the Major Constituents of the
Neurospora crassa
Cell Wall to Wild-Type and Colonial Morphology
Authors: Mahadevan P. R. , Tatum E. L.
Published: January 2020

Mahadevan
, P. R. (The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.),
and E. L. Tatum
. Relationship of the major constituents of the
Neurospora crassa
cell wall to wild-type and colonial morphology. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1073–1081. 1965.—The relationship of cell wall to morphology in
Neurospora crassa
was studied by correlating the levels of structural polymers of the cell wall with wild-type and colonial morphology. The cell wall of
N. crassa
contains at least four major complexes: a peptide-polysaccharide complex; two glucose polymers, one of which was found to be a laminarinlike β-1,3-glucan; and, lastly, chitin. The levels of one or more of these structural polymers are consistently altered in single-gene mutants with colonial growth, and in sorbose-induced colonial growth. The proportions of these polymers, particularly of the peptide-polysaccharide complex and the β-1,3-glucan, appear to be important to morphology.
Relative Frequencies of Different Kinds of Spontaneous and Induced Mutants of Pneumococci and Streptococci Capable of Growth in the Presence of Streptomycin
Authors: Ravin Arnold W. , Mishra Ajit K.
Published: January 2020

Ravin, Arnold
W. (University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.),
and Ajit K. Mishra
. Relative frequencies of different kinds of spontaneous and induced mutants of pneumococci and streptococci capable of growth in the presence of streptomycin. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1161–1173. 1965.—Mutations conferring ability to grow in the presence of streptomycin arise spontaneously and can be induced in pneumococci and streptococci. They prove to be of several phenotypic and genetic types, which may be classified as follows: VLR, LR, and HR, which confer resistance, respectively, to less than 50, between 50 and 500, and 500 or more μg/ml of streptomycin. VLR and LR mutations recombine with each other, whereas HR mutations generally replace (do not recombine with) several of the VLR and LR mutations. Spontaneously, the VLR type is several times more frequent than the LR and HR types, which are equally frequent relative to each other. Nitrous acid treatment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in vitro or ultraviolet irradiation of cells tends to produce the VLR and LR type of mutation. Streptomycin-dependent mutations are rare in the pneumococci and streptococci. One such mutation, requiring 500 to 1,000 μg/ml of streptomycin for optimal growth, arose spontaneously in a group A streptococcal strain, and was transferred via a DNA-mediated transformation to a pneumococcal strain. In the latter, the mutation proved to be very closely linked to the genetic locus at which the streptomycin-resistance mutations arise.
Effect of Glucose on the Capacity of
Escherichia coli
to Be Infected by a Virulent λ Bacteriophage
Authors: Howes William V.
Published: January 2020

Howes, William
V. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Effect of glucose on the capacity of
Escherichia coli
to be infected by a virulent λ bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1183–1193. 1965.—A substrate-dependent phenotypic resistance to phage λ
vir
was observed among cells of
Escherichia coli
W3350 and C600 grown aerobically on glucose. Similar cells grown on glycerol were sensitive. When cells of W3350 grown on glycerol were transferred to glucose, the rate of appearance of the resistant fraction was proportional to the growth rate and became zero after 5.5 to 6.0 generations. Cells grown on glucose, upon transfer to glycerol, became sensitive within one generation. P
32
studies with W3350 indicated that the resistant cells did not adsorb phage. Furthermore, among the sensitive cells approximately the same number of particles adsorbed to each cell. Among five strains of
E. coli
K-12 investigated, three did not exhibit this aerobic phenotypic resistance. W3350 grown anaerobically on glucose was 100% resistant. Anaerobic growth had no further effect on C600. These inconsistent effects of anaerobiosis probably involved a mechanism different from that of aerobic growth.
Temperature Optimum of
Mycobacterium leprae
in Mice
Authors: Shepard Charles C.
Published: January 2020

Shepard, Charles
C. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.). Temperature optimum of
Mycobacterium leprae
in mice. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1271–1275. 1965.—
Mycobacterium leprae
multiplied most rapidly in foot pads of mice kept at an air temperature of 20 C. At air temperatures of 15 and 25 C, bacillary multiplication was slightly slower; at 10 and 30 C, distinctly slower; and at 4 and 35 C, no bacillary multiplication was detected. The temperature of the foot pad tissues of mice kept at an air temperature of 20 C averaged 27 to 30 C and that of mice kept at 10 and 30 C averaged about 25 and 36 C, respectively. These measurements indicate that the optimal temperature for the growth of
M. leprae
in mice is in the range several degrees above and below 30 C. The comparative effect of different air temperatures on the growth of
M. leprae
in foot pads was very similar to that found earlier for
M. marinum
in this site, thus indicating that the potential growth of
M. leprae
in vitro might have a similar optimum to
M. marinum
in vitro, i.e., 25 to 35 C. The optimal temperature for the growth of
M. leprae
appears to be the same in mice as in humans. It is pointed out that the temperature optimum of
M. leprae
may be a reflection of the fact that most of the bacilli being excreted into the environment, where they may reach new hosts, have multiplied in the nasal mucosa, a cool tissue.
Correlation Between Susceptibility to Bacteriophage PBS1 and Motility in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Joys Terence M.
Published: January 2020

Joys, Terence
M. (University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis). Correlation between susceptibility to bacteriophage PBS1 and motility in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1575–1577. 1965.—A correlation is shown to exist in
Bacillus subtilis
between susceptibility to phage PBS1 and motility, indicating that the receptor site for this phage is located on the flagellum.
Kinetics of Bacteriophage λ Deoxyribonucleic Acid Infection of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Barnhart Benjamin J.
Published: January 2020

Barnhart, Benjamin
J. (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, N.M.). Kinetics of bacteriophage λ deoxyribonucleic acid infection of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1617–1623. 1965.—The kinetics of
Escherichia coli
K-12 infection by phage λ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were determined. An initial lag of 55 to 80 sec was found to be the time required for infecting DNA to become deoxyribonuclease-insensitive at 33 C. When cell-DNA interactions were stopped by washing away unbound DNA, the already bound DNA continued to infect the cell at rates described by linear kinetics with no apparent lag. Whereas the lag period was relatively insensitive to DNA and cell concentrations, both the lag and the subsequent linear portions of the rate curves were temperature-sensitive. Cell and DNA dose-response curves prescribed hyperbolic functions. Similarities between λ DNA infection of
E. coli
and bacterial transformation systems are discussed.
Nitrogen Dioxide Fixation in Bacterial Chromatin Studies
Authors: Eller Charles , Beckert William H.
Published: January 2020

Eller, Charles
(St. John's University, Jamaica, N.Y.),
and William H. Beckert
. Nitrogen dioxide fixation in bacterial chromatin studies. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1710–1712. 1965.—Satisfactory chromatin staining was obtained with two
Bacillus
species when nitrogen dioxide was used for fixation in conjunction with either the acid Giemsa or Feulgen staining methods. An impression method was employed for the transfer of bacilli to a new environment as well as for smears. Advantages of nitrogen dioxide fixation are discussed.
Chelation Effects on
Azotobacter
Cells and Cysts
Authors: Goldschmidt Millicent C. , Wyss Orville
Published: January 2020

Goldschmidt, Millicent
C. (University of Texas, Austin),
and Orville Wyss
. Chelation effects on
Azotobacter
cells and cysts. J. Bacteriol.
91:
120–124. 1966.—Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) is very toxic to
Azotobacter
in the presence of nitrogen compounds that form complexes with it. This appears to be due to stronger chelation of certain metal ions by the complex. When such complexes of EDTA and nitrogen compound are absent,
Azotobacter
cysts can be ruptured by chelation without being killed. The lethal action as well as the cyst rupture is modified by the presence of salts.
Properties of Rod Cells Reversed from Penicillin Spheroplasts in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Hirokawa Hideo
Published: January 2020

Hirokawa, Hideo
(The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan). Properties of rod cells reversed from penicillin spheroplasts in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
125–128. 1966.—Spheroplasts of
Escherichia coli
B-054 were formed by penicillin, and the properties of rod cells reversed from the spheroplasts were examined. It was found that the rod cells were not capable of forming colonies when placed in a minimal medium immediately after the reversion, the postaddition of the nutrient to this medium being without effect. In this respect, the so-called residual cells which did not convert to spheroplasts by penicillin treatment behaved just as the reversed rod cells. These two types of cells, the reversed and residual rod cells, however, could grow up to form colonies when they were cultivated in a complex medium immediately after the reversion. The nutrient requirement and penicillin sensitivity of the progeny of these cells were found to be quite similar to those of the original untreated cells. Accordingly, it was concluded that the nutritional defect induced by penicillin treatment was not a hereditary change.
Bacteriophate-Induced Functions in
Escherichia coli
K(λ) Infected with rII Mutants of Bacteriophage T4
Authors: Rutberg Blanka , Rutberg Lars
Published: January 2020

Rutberg, Blanka
(Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden),
and Lars Rutberg
. Bacteriophage-induced functions in
Escherichia coli
K(λ) infected with rII mutants of bacteriophage T4. J. Bacteriol.
91:
76–80. 1966.—When
Escherichia coli
K(λ) was infected with rII mutants of phage T4, deoxycytidine triphosphatase, one of the phage-induced early enzymes, was produced at initially the same rate as in r
+
-infected cells. Deoxyribonuclease activity was one-third to one-half of that of r
+
-infected cells. This lower deoxyribonuclease activity was observed also in other hosts or when infection was made with rI or rIII mutants. Presence of chloramphenicol did not allow a continued synthesis of phage deoxyribonucleic acid in rII-infected K(λ). No phage lysozyme was detected nor was any antiphage serum-blocking antigen found in rII-infected K(λ). It is suggested that the rII gene is of significance for the expression of phage-induced late functions in the host K(λ).
Neuraminidase Activity inDiplococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Kelly R. T. , Greiff D. , Farmer S.
Published: January 2020

Kelly, R. T. (Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee, Wis.), D.Greiff, and S. Farmer. Neuraminidase activity inDiplococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol.91:601–603. 1966.—A method for the quantitation of neuraminidase in the presence ofN-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase is described. The neuraminidase content ofDiplococcus pneumoniaewas found to be dependent on the media employed for growth; the highest enzyme activity per milligram of bacterial protein was obtained with Todd-Hewitt broth. Neuraminidase production was stimulated inD. pneumoniaeby the addition ofN-acetylneuraminlactose,N-acetylneuraminic acid, orN-acetylmannosamine to the growth medium. Three rough strains ofD. pneumoniae, which were nonpathogenic for mice, lacked neuraminidase activity. Seven of 12 smooth strains contained neuraminidase; enzyme activity was not detected in the remaining 5 smooth strains. There was no correlation between the presence of neuraminidase activity and the capsular type or between neuraminidase production and animal virulence.