bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Insight into the Complexation of Trivalent Americium Vis‐à‐Vis Lanthanides with Bis(1,2,4‐triazinyl)bipyridine Derivatives
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arunasis , Mohapatra Manoj , Mohapatra Prasanta K. , Gadly Trilochan , Ghosh Sunil K. , Manna Debashree , Ghanty Tapan K. , Rawat Neetika , Tomar Bhupendra S.
Published: November 2016

Complexation of Am3+ and Ln3+ (La3+, Eu3+, and Er3+) with two bis(1,2,4‐triazinyl)bipyridine (C2BTBP, C5BTBP) derivatives has been studied in acetonitrile medium with use of various experimental techniques such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS), UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and solution calorimetry. Metal–ligand stoichiometries and conditional stability constants of these complexes were determined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the complexation of Am3+ with any of the BTBP derivatives with use of UV/Vis spectrophotometric titration to determine the conditional stability constants. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out on the An3+ (U3+ and Am3+) and Ln3+ (La3+, Nd3+, Eu3+, Er3+, and Lu3+) complexes of BTBP in order to understand the difference between the bonding in actinide and lanthanide complexes. The results indicate a stronger covalent interaction in the An–N bonds as compared to the Ln–N bonds, which leads to an actinide selectivity of this class of ligands.
Side‐Chain Effects on the 1‐(Bis‐aryl‐methylidene)‐[3]ferrocenophane Skeleton: Antiproliferative Activity against TNBC Cancer Cells and Comparison with the Acyclic Ferrocifen Series
Authors: Gormen Meral , Pigeon Pascal , Wang Yong , Vessières Anne , Top Siden , Martial Franck , Gros Christina , McGlinchey Michael J. , Jaouen Gérard
Published: November 2016

As part of our ongoing study of the toxicity of compounds derived from 1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐ferrocenylbut‐1‐ene, we have recently shown that closely analogous [3]ferrocenophane complexes have an in vitro toxicity level substantially higher than that of their ferrocene counterparts, particularly in the case of mono‐ and diphenol complexes. In this study we have examined whether the presence of a dimethylamino chain, analogous to the chain in hydroxytamoxifen, is capable of producing in the ferrocenophane series the same antiestrogenic effect observed for OH‐Tam and Fc‐OH‐Tam. To this end, we have synthesized and characterized new complexes bearing various side‐chains [O(CH2)3NMe2, O(CH2)3piperidine, O(CH2)3pyrrolidine, NHCO(CH2)2NMe2] and studied the biochemical properties of those complexes possessing appropriate solubility. The results revealed that the new complexes of [3]ferrocenophane have very strong antiproliferative effects; one of the compounds bearing an NHCO(CH2)2NMe2 chain has an IC50 value of 0.05 ± 0.02 µm for MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. All the complexes showed affinity for the estradiol receptor. At the low (nanomolar range) concentrations at which the estrogenic/antiestrogenic effect is expressed in these molecules, the presence of an amino‐substituted side‐chain does not induce in the [3]ferrocenophane series the antiestrogenic effect observed with OH‐Tam and Fc‐OH‐Tam. However, this effect has been found for the complex with a slightly longer chain [O(CH2)4NMe2].
(E)‐Selective Wittig Reactions between a Nonstabilized Phosphonium Ylide Bearing a Phosphastibatriptycene Skeleton and Benzaldehydes
Authors: Uchiyama Yosuke , Ohtsuki Takemaru , Murakami Rikiya , Shibata Munenori , Sugimoto Jun
Published: November 2016

Wittig reactions between benzaldehyde derivatives and a nonstabilized phosphonium ylide bearing a phosphastibatriptycene skeleton, regarded as a tridentate aryl ligand, gave (E)‐alkenes with high selectivity in the presence of both lithium and sodium salts. As previously reported, reactions between a triphenylphosphonium ylide and benzaldehyde derivatives under the same conditions afforded mainly (Z)‐alkenes. Variable‐temperature (VT) 31P{1H} NMR spectra showed two signals, assigned to cis‐ and trans‐1,2‐oxaphosphetanes, which were observed at different temperatures (–80 °C and –40 °C, respectively) in the Wittig reaction between benzaldehyde and the nonstabilized phosphonium ylide bearing the phosphastibatriptycene skeleton, in the presence of both lithium and sodium salts, and showed the existence of equilibrium between these products at –40 °C. On the other hand, this equilibrium was not clearly observed in the reaction between the triphenylphosphonium ylide and benzaldehyde, for which only one signal was detected. The observed intermediates were confirmed to be 1,2‐oxaphosphetanes by deprotonation of the isolated β‐hydroxyalkylphosphonium salts bearing a phosphastibatriptycene skeleton and a triphenylphosphine moiety, respectively. Crossover reactions were conducted in the deprotonations of β‐hydroxyalkylphosphonium salts with TMS2NNa in the presence of p‐chlorobenzaldehyde, resulting in the observation of signals corresponding to 1,2‐oxaphosphetanes containing phenyl and p‐chlorophenyl groups at the 4‐positions, indicating the exchange process between benzaldehyde and p‐chlorobenzaldehyde at –40 °C for the phosphastibatriptycene system and at 0 °C for triphenyl derivatives. These results clearly indicated that stereochemical drift occurred at those temperatures, even in reactions using nonstabilized phosphonium ylides. The stereochemical drift in the phosphastibatriptycene system occurred at a lower temperature than in the case of the triphenyl derivative, thus explaining the (E)‐selective Wittig reactions between the benzaldehyde derivatives and the nonstabilized phosphastibatriptycene‐based phosphonium ylide in the presence of lithium and sodium salts.
A Pyridinium–Urea‐Coupled Polyether Receptor for the Selective Sensing of Lysine and Cell Imaging
Authors: Ghosh Kumaresh , Tarafdar Debojyoti , Petsalakis Ioannis D. , Theodorakopoulos Giannoula
Published: November 2016

The pyridinium‐based polyether‐tethered receptor 1 with a naphthalene fluorophore has been established as a fluororeceptor for the selective sensing of lysine over a series of other amino acids. The receptor 1 exhibits significantly increased fluorescence intensity upon interaction with lysine in CH3CN/H2O [4:1 v/v, pH 7.4, 10 mm 4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer]. In contrast, the model compound 2, which is devoid of a polyether unit, interacts with both lysine and valine and shows emission changes at different wavelengths. Receptor 1 was successfully applied for the detection of lysine in the cellular environment through fluorescent imaging.
Stainless Steel Electrodes to Determine Biodiesel Content in Petroleum Diesel Fuel by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pereira Thulio César , Delfino José R. , Ferreira Antônio A. P. , Barros Fernando José S. , Marques Edmar P. , Zhang Jiujun , Marques Aldaléa L. B.
Published: November 2016

The blending ratio of biodiesel in petroleum diesel has become one of the most important parameters to ensure the quality of diesel/biodiesel blend. This paper presents a fast and simple method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to determine the biodiesel content in diesel fuel. Different from the method reported in the literature, using a pair of two identical screen printed carbon paste electrodes, in the present work we used two electrodes made from 304 stainless steel with dimensions of 0.8×0.3 cm for the EIS measurements. Improved results were obtained in terms of sensitivity, stability of measurements, electrode reuse, and cost. In this procedure the charge transfer resistance is proportionally related to the biodiesel content, which is used to construct a calibration curve for the analysis of biodiesel content. The procedure was validated by an official method, using two samples, being one of them, certified through an official interlaboratory program of the Brazilian government (Interlaboratory Program for Biodiesel of National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (PIB)/ANP). Good results were obtained in terms of recovery (102.6 %‐102.8 %), precision (coefficient of variation lower than 2.3 %), limit of detection (0.24 %) and limit of quantification (0.80 %). These results indicate that this method is sufficiently suitable as an alternative method to the official method for determining biodiesel content in commercial diesel fuel.
Direct Potentiometric Determination of Hydrogen Carbonate in Mineral Waters
Authors: Dabrowska Sylwia , Migdalski Jan , Lewenstam Andrzej
Published: November 2016

Properties of membranes based on quaternary ammonium salts as an ion‐exchanger were investigated. The analytical performance of electrodes was studied by potentiometric measurements. All developed electrodes showed a near‐Nernstian response. However, the best analytical properties were observed for the electrode with DOS plasticizer. The influence of sample matrix components was estimated by Plackett‐Burman experimental design. The effect of five different potential interferents – concentration of anions, which usually exist in mineral water – was examined. The proposed potentiometric sensor was successfully applied for the determination of hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) in mineral water samples.
Ring‐disc Microelectrodes towards Glutathione Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Meloni Gabriel N. , Bertotti Mauro
Published: November 2016

An alternative approach for space‐resolved glutathione (GSH) detection using a ring‐disc microelectrode and an appropriate electroactive probe (acetaminophen) is reported. Acetaminophen is electrochemically oxidized at one of the electrodes and a fraction of the reaction product (N‐acetyl‐p‐quinoneimine) diffuses to the other, where it is detected. The collection efficiency value is dependent on the concentration of glutathione in solution, which consumes N‐acetyl‐p‐quinoneimine during its transit from the disc to the ring. Collection efficiency values close to 100 % were obtained by confining the electroactive species in a gap (<2 μm) that resembles a thin layer cell in a SECM configuration. The proposed indirect method was used to image the transport of GSH across an impermeable membrane in a SECM experiment. The method proved to be useful as a proof of concept for space‐resolved GSH electrochemical detection and a topography independent electrochemical image was acquired.
Sulfated Ce‐doped TiO2 as visible light driven photocatalyst: Preparation, characterization and promotion effects of Ce doping and sulfation on catalyst performance
Authors: Liu Zhengjiang , Xing Lei , Ma Huiyan , Cheng Lin , Liu Juming , Yang Jucai , Zhang Qiancheng
Published: November 2016

Sulfated Ce‐doped TiO2 photocatalysts, with improved visible light photocatalytic activity, are prepared by sol‐gel method and via impregnation with diluted sulfuric acid. The synthesized samples are characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–Vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3‐TPD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To investigate the effect of Ce doping as well as acid sites on the photoactivity of the synthesized photocatalyst, photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in an aqueous solution is used as a probe reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the as‐prepared samples under visible light irradiation. It reveals that Ce doping can improve the photocatalytic response of TiO2 to visible light and the presence of Ce4+/Ce3+ redox process facilitates the separation of photo‐generated electrons and holes. In addition, the impregnation can create Lewis acid sites on the obtained catalyst surface. Lewis acid sites on the catalyst surface could increase the amount of adsorbed oxygen (Oad) and consequently improve the transform efficiency of Ce3+ to Ce4+. Thereafter an increase in the phtocatalytic activity of sulfated Ce‐doped TiO2 is achieved. The possible mechanism of RhB degradation by sulfated Ce‐doped TiO2 photocatalyst is preliminarily discussed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 494–504, 2017
A transcultural cognitive marker of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Della Sala Sergio , Kozlova Irina , Stamate Andreea , Parra Mario A.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Temporary binding (TB) is sensitive and specific to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is not affected by age, repeated testing or level of education. Hence, TB is useful to assess patients with very different socio‐cultural backgrounds. However, the current computerised version of the test is not suitable for use in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a clinically friendly version of the TB task results in overlapping outcomes compared to the computerised version.

Methods

A newly devised Flash‐card version of the TB assesses temporary visual binding for arrays of stimuli such as shapes (polygons), colours, or combinations of shapes and colours. In Experiment 1, this version was compared with the laboratory computerised version. In Experiment 2, 33 AD patients and 33 matched controls, recruited from various geriatric centres in Romania, were assessed with the new TB test and with Free and Cued Selective Reminding test.

Results

The results with the Flash‐card version of the TB test were comparable to those obtained with the computerised version. TB was not affected by age, but it was impaired by AD. The sensitivity and specificity of the new TB test were found to be greater than those achieved by a Selective Reminding test.

Conclusions

TB deficits may be conceived as a fundamental marker of AD. The Flash‐card version is suitable for clinical use also in primary care facilities and in intervention trials, requires minimal training for administration and scoring, is quick to administer, non‐invasive, inexpensive, and facilitates cross‐cultural studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Strategic Impact of the Degenerative Transfer of Xanthates on Synthetic Planning
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Béatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: November 2016

The present brief account relates synthetic endeavours revolving around a novel chemistry of xanthates (dithiocarbonates) being developed in our group. The degenerative reversible transfer of xanthates has a unique ability to store reactive radicals in a dormant form, and thereby to enhance their lifetime in a concentrated medium, while at the same time, regulating their absolute and relative concentrations. It allows intermolecular radical additions even to unactivated alkenes, and can promote otherwise sluggish radical processes, such as 5‐endo, 6‐exo, 6‐endo, 7‐endo, and 8‐endocyclisations, as well as ring closures on (hetero)aromatic structures. This chemistry has proved remarkably versatile and powerful, both for solving synthetic problems and for the industrial production of block copolymers through the RAFT/MADIX technology.
“EFFECTIVE VOLUNTEERISM:” HELPING CHILD CAREGIVERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Murray Harrison Alexandra
Published: November 2016

This article proposes a method of volunteering mental health consultation to child caregivers in developing countries in the context of episodic visits and a long‐term relationship. It is derived from the author's experience doing this work for approximately 12 years. The two foundational features of the method—the role of a consultant and a long‐term relationship—are described. The method is then elaborated in two settings: consultation to caregivers in an orphanage in Central America and at a hospital in India. While these examples are distinct in multiple domains, they have in common the core features of the consultative model and a long‐term relationship. Finally, the article briefly addresses challenges that the consultant experiences when working with neglected and traumatized children and the usefulness of reflective practice. It is hoped that an articulation of this method may make it possible for many who might wish to volunteer to do so, in a way that neither interferes significantly with their work and family life at home nor creates the problems of “helicopter volunteering.”
Data that drive: Closing the loop in the learning hospital system
Authors: Liu Vincent X. , Morehouse John W. , Baker Jennifer M. , Greene John D. , Kipnis Patricia , Escobar Gabriel J.
Published: November 2016

The learning healthcare system describes a vision of US healthcare that capitalizes on science, information technology, incentives, and care culture to drive improvements in the quality of health care. The inpatient setting, one of the most costly and impactful domains of healthcare, is an ideal setting in which to use data and information technology to foster continuous learning and quality improvement. The rapid digitization of inpatient medicine offers incredible new opportunities to use data from routine care to generate new discovery and thus close the virtuous cycle of learning. We use an object lesson—sepsis care within the 21 hospitals of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated healthcare delivery system—to offer insight into the critical elements necessary for developing a learning hospital system. We then describe how a hospital‐wide data‐driven approach to inpatient care can facilitate improvements in the quality of hospital care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:S11–S17. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Early detection, prevention, and mitigation of critical illness outside intensive care settings
Authors: Escobar Gabriel J. , Dellinger R. Phillip
Published: November 2016

Patients who deteriorate outside the intensive care unit (ICU) are known to have elevated mortality and morbidity. Rapid response teams (RRTs) were developed to address such deterioration. It has not been possible to establish that RRTs employing manual detection methods have definitively improved hospital outcomes. Because of this, automated early detection systems based on data from modern electronic medical records have been developed. This article attempts to establish a conceptual framework for early detection, prevention, and mitigation of critical illness in hospitalized patients outside the ICU. Taking a step back from the now voluminous clinical and statistical literature on early warning systems, this article focuses on definitional issues (What is early detection? What does it aim to detect, and how?). Particular attention is given to how early detection systems interface with patients who are near the end of life. Also addressed are problems of how one quantifies benefit, which includes consideration of downsides such as potential harms of early detection. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:S5–S10. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Implementation of a multicenter performance improvement program for early detection and treatment of severe sepsis in general medical–surgical wards
Authors: Schorr Christa , Odden Andrew , Evans Laura , Escobar Gabriel J. , Gandhi Snehal , Townsend Sean , Levy Mitchell
Published: November 2016

Sepsis is a leading cause of in‐hospital death, and evidence suggests a higher mortality in patients presenting with sepsis on the ward compared to those presenting to the emergency department. Ward patients who develop severe sepsis may have poor outcomes for a variety of reasons, including delayed diagnosis, lack of readily available staffing, and delayed treatment. We report on a multihospital quality improvement program for early detection and treatment of sepsis on general medical–surgical wards. We describe a multipronged approach to improve severe sepsis outcomes using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act model. Sixty sites engaged in a collaborative implementation process that aligned people, process, and technology. Based on our experience, we recommend a stepwise approach to implement such a program: (1) both administrative and clinical leadership commit to a common goal; (2) appoint clinical champions and give them authority to engage other clinicians to improve timeliness of interventions; (3) map workflows and processes to rely heavily on the nursing staff's ability to evaluate and report severe sepsis screening results; (4) if available, design and deploy technology with the assistance of clinical informaticians (eg, to enable electronic health records–based continuous screening); (5) to determine success, consider tracking screening compliance and process, and outcome measures such as length of stay and mortality. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;S11:32–S39. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
High‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry: Characterization, data management, and applications
Authors: Zühlke Martin , Riebe Daniel , Beitz Toralf , Löhmannsröben Hans‐Gerd , Andreotti Sandro , Reinert Knut , Zenichowski Karl , Diener Marc
Published: November 2016

The combination of high‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry facilitates the two‐dimensional separation of complex mixtures in the retention and drift time plane. The ion mobility spectrometer presented here was optimized for flow rates customarily used in high‐performance liquid chromatography between 100 and 1500 μL/min. The characterization of the system with respect to such parameters as the peak capacity of each time dimension and of the 2D spectrum was carried out based on a separation of a pesticide mixture containing 24 substances. While the total ion current chromatogram is coarsely resolved, exhibiting coelutions for a number of compounds, all substances can be separately detected in the 2D plane due to the orthogonality of the separations in retention and drift dimensions. Another major advantage of the ion mobility detector is the identification of substances based on their characteristic mobilities. Electrospray ionization allows the detection of substances lacking a chromophore. As an example, the separation of a mixture of 18 amino acids is presented. A software built upon the free mass spectrometry package OpenMS was developed for processing the extensive 2D data. The different processing steps are implemented as separate modules which can be arranged in a graphic workflow facilitating automated processing of data.
Acetylene black paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymers/graphene for the determination of bisphenol A
Authors: Xu Wanzhen , Yuan Fei , Li Chunyan , Huang Weihong , Wu Xiangyang , Yin Zhengqiao , Yang Wenming
Published: November 2016

A novel nanocomposite of molecularly imprinted polymers and graphene sheets was fabricated and used to obtain a highly conductive acetylene black paste electrode with high conductivity for the detection of bisphenol A. The two‐dimensional structure and the chemical functionality of graphene provide an excellent surface for the enhancement of the sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor and the specificity of molecularly imprinted polymers to improve detection of bisphenol A. The synergistic effect between graphene and molecularly imprinted polymers confers the nanocomposite with superior conductivity, broadened effective surface area and outstanding electrochemical performance. Factors affecting the performance of the imprinted sensor such as molecularly imprinted polymers concentration, foster time and scan rate are discussed. The sensor successfully detects bisphenol A with a wide linear range of 3.21 × 10−10 to 2.8 × 10−1 g/L (R = 0.995) and a detection limit of 9.63 × 10−11g/L. The fabricated sensor also possessed high selectivity and stability and exhibits potential for environmental detection of contaminants and food safety inspection.
Woodland reduction and long‐term change in breeding bird communities
Authors: Gallo Travis , Pejchar Liba
Published: November 2016

Forested ecosystems in the western United States have been the focus of tree reduction efforts for decades, with the intent of improving forage for livestock and wildlife. Yet, the long‐term consequences of tree removal for biodiversity are virtually unknown. We conducted bird and vegetation surveys in northwestern Colorado where trees were mechanically removed over 40 years ago. We evaluated differences in avian species richness and community composition, and used a Bayesian hierarchical approach to determine if tree removal had long‐term effects on bird density. We found that tree reduction initiates a long‐term change from dense pinyon (Pinus edulis)‐juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands to sagebrush scrub, fundamentally altering bird community composition. Disturbed sites were used by fewer species and largely dominated by shrubland‐obligate birds. Further, bird densities were markedly different between historically disturbed sites and reference sites. Densities of many species were correlated with specific vegetative characteristics (e.g., mean tree diameter) that could be factored into management decisions to better sustain diverse natural communities. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Comparison between Er:YAG laser and bipolar radiofrequency combined with infrared diode laser for the treatment of acne scars: Differential expression of fibrogenetic biomolecules may be associated with differences in efficacy between ablative and non‐ablative laser treatment
Authors: Min Seonguk , Park Seon Yong , Moon Jungyoon , Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Yoon Ji Young , Suh Dae Hun
Published: November 2016

Background and Objective

Fractional Er:YAG minimizes the risk associated with skin ablation. Infrared diode laser and radiofrequency have suggested comparable improvements in acne scar. We compared the clinical efficacy of Er:YAG laser and bipolar radiofrequency combined with diode laser (BRDL) for the treatment of acne scars. Moreover, acute molecular changes of cytokine profile associated with wound healing have been evaluated to suggest mechanisms of improvement of acne scar.

Study Design

Twenty‐four subjects with mild‐to‐moderate acne scars were treated in a split‐face manner with Er:YAG and BRDL, with two treatment sessions, 4 weeks apart. Objective and subjective assessments were done at baseline, 1, 3, 7 days after each treatment and 4 weeks after last treatment. Skin biopsy specimens were obtained at baseline, 1, 3, 7, 28 days after one session of treatment for investigation of molecular profile of acute skin changes by laser treatment.

Results

Investigator's Global Assessment representing the improvement degree shows 2.1 (50%) in fractional Er:YAG and 1.2 (25%) in BRDL. Er:YAG induced the later and higher peak expression of TGFβs and collagenases, whereas BRDL induced earlier and lower expression of TGFβ and collagenases, relatively. PPARγ dropped rapidly after a peak in Er:YAG‐treated side, which is associated with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) expression. We observed higher expression of TIMP after Er:YAG treatment compared with BRDL by immunohistochemistry, which may be associated with the expression of upregulation of collagen fibers.

Conclusion

The superior efficacy of Er:YAG to BRDL in the treatment of acne scars may be associated with higher expression of collagen which is associated with differential expression of TGFβs, collagenases, PPARγ, and TIMP. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:341–347, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible TAD Chemistry as a Convenient Tool for the Design of (Re)processable PCL‐Based Shape‐Memory Materials
Authors: Defize Thomas , Riva Raphaël , Thomassin Jean‐Michel , Alexandre Michaël , Herck Niels Van , Prez Filip Du , Jérôme Christine
Published: November 2016

A chemically cross‐linked but remarkably (re)processable shape‐memory polymer (SMP) is designed by cross‐linking poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) stars via the efficient triazolinedione click chemistry, based on the very fast and reversible Alder–ene reaction of 1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione (TAD) with indole compounds. Typically, a six‐arm star‐shaped PCL functionalized by indole moieties at the chain ends is melt‐blended with a bisfunctional TAD, directly resulting in a cross‐linked PCL‐based SMP without the need of post‐curing treatment. As demonstrated by the stress relaxation measurement, the labile character of the TAD–indole adducts under stress allows for the solid‐state plasticity reprocessing of the permanent shape at will by compression molding of the raw cross‐linked material, while keeping excellent shape‐memory properties.

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Pomegranate extract prevents skeletal muscle of mice against wasting induced by acute TNF‐α injection
Authors: Rodriguez Julie , Caille Olivier , Ferreira Daneel , Francaux Marc
Published: November 2016

Scope

We investigated whether punicalagin‐rich pomegranate extract (PE) protects skeletal muscle of mice against inflammation induced by an acute injection of TNF‐α.

Results

Mice fed with PE or standard chow during 6 wk were injected with TNF‐α (100 ng/g) or vehicle and sacrificed 6 h later. Prior supplementation with PE prevented the loss of tibialis anterior mass induced by TNF‐α. In skeletal muscle, the activation of the NF‐κB signaling and the induction of cytokines mRNA were reduced in mice having received PE. In those mice, the activity of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway and the protein synthesis were maintained after TNF‐α injection whereas markers involved in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway were less activated.

As urolithin A was the only punicalagin metabolite detectable in plasma of mice supplemented with PE, we performed in vitro experiments using a murine cell line (C2C12) to provide evidence that urolithin A is likely the active compound protecting skeletal muscle against TNF‐α‐induced inflammation.

Conclusion (focus on nutritional relevance)

These results suggest that supplementation with a punicalagin‐rich PE may protect skeletal muscle against an acute inflammation.
Aus dem Werkzeugkasten der Hirnforscher
Authors: Gärtner Wolfgang
Published: November 2016

Die Optogenetik, eine Mischung aus optischen und genetischen Methoden, kontrolliert genetisch modifizierte Zellen mit Licht.
Open Access – kostenlos oder sinnlos?
Authors: Böhme Uwe , Rau Cornelia , Tesch Silke
Published: November 2016

Open‐Access‐Publikationsmodelle setzen sich immer stärker durch, gleichzeitig wächst die Zahl unseriöser Verlage: Sie publizieren nahezu alles, um mehr Gewinn zu machen. Welche Kriterien kennzeichnen einen seriösen Anbieter?
Nickelkatalyse offenbart neue Reaktivitäten
Authors: Beisel Tamara , Manolikakes Georg
Published: November 2016

Vor kurzem wurde erstmals die C‐N‐Amidbindung unter äußerst milden Bedingungen aktiviert, eine Bindung, die als sehr stabil und wenig reaktiv gilt. Nickel glänzt dabei nicht nur als kostengünstige Alternative zu Palladium, sondern ermöglicht auch neue, ungewöhnliche Reaktionen.
Recycling: Bleivergiftung inklusive
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: November 2016

Autobatterien aufzuarbeiten, ist an sich eine gute Sache – nicht aber in der Art, wie Bleihütten in vielen afrikanischen Ländern ans Werk gehen. Die Wiedergewinnung des Schwermetalls macht dort Arbeiter und Anwohner krank.
Argonverbrauch optimiert
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian
Published: November 2016

Analysensysteme mit einem induktiv gekoppelten Plasma verbrauchen Argon – und das nicht zu knapp. In der Industrie galt dies über Jahre offenbar nicht als vorrangiges Problem. Nun haben einige Hersteller sparsame ICP‐Geräte auf den Markt gebracht. Und auch Wissenschaftler beschäftigen sich mit Argon sparenden Techniken.
Österreichische Lebensmittelchemikertage 2016
Authors: Bauer Friedrich
Published: November 2016

Die Lebensmittelchemikertage 2016 wurden vom 8. bis 10. Juni in der niederösterreichischen Landeshauptstadt St.Pölten abgehalten.
Abgase, die neuen Rohstoffe
Authors: Märzhäuser Helene
Published: November 2016

Jährlich verwendet die deutsche chemische Industrie etwa 19 Millionen Tonnen Kohlenstoff aus fossilen Quellen, das entspricht zirka 15 Prozent des deutschen Rohölverbrauchs. Die Bundesregierung unterstützt Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft dabei, Verfahren zu entwickeln, die Kohlendioxid als Rohstoff nutzen.
„Einen Spielplan kann man als große Versuchsanordnung betrachten“
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian
Published: November 2016

Achim Sieben – aus der Chiralitätsforschung an die Oper Achim Sieben wurde 1973 in Mainz geboren und hat in Heidelberg, Padua und an der ETH Zürich Chemie studiert. An der Universität Zürich absolvierte er von 2006 bis 2009 den Weiterbildungsstudiengang „Executive Master in Arts Administration“. Heute ist er stellvertretender Operndirektor am Staatstheater Karlsruhe.
Vom Meister zur Uni
Authors: Märzhäuser Helene
Published: November 2016

Die Beschlüsse der Politik aus den Jahren 2009 und 2012 zeigen Wirkung: Die Zahl der Studierenden ohne Abitur hat sich in den letzten Jahren vervierfacht.
Erstklassig sein und bleiben
Authors: Lindhorst Thisbe K.
Published: November 2016

Im Jahr 1867 gründete sich in Berlin die Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft, die ältere der beiden Vorgängerorganisationen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. Das Selbstverständnis der Chemie in Deutschland war damals elitär – und auch heute lautet der Anspruch: Wir wollen zur internationalen Spitze gehören.
Numerical solutions of nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equations using nonstandard discretizations
Authors: Sweilam Nasser H. , Assiri Taghreed A. , Abou Hasan Muner M.
Published: November 2016

In this article, numerical study for both nonlinear space‐fractional Schrödinger equation and the coupled nonlinear space‐fractional Schrödinger system is presented. We offer here the weighted average nonstandard finite difference method (WANSFDM) as a novel numerical technique to study such kinds of partial differential equations. The space fractional derivative is described in the sense of the quantum Riesz‐Feller definition. Stability analysis of the proposed method is studied. To show that this method is reliable and computationally efficient different numerical examples are provided. We expect that the proposed schemes can be applicable to different systems of fractional partial differential equations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1399–1419, 2017
Randomized controlled trial of a nationally available weight control program tailored for adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: O'Neil Patrick M. , Miller‐Kovach Karen , Tuerk Peter W. , Becker Lynne E. , Wadden Thomas A. , Fujioka Ken , Hollander Priscilla L. , Kushner Robert F. , Timothy Garvey W. , Rubino Domenica M. , Malcolm Robert J. , Weiss Daniel , Raum William J. , Salyer Jonny L. , Hermayer Kathie L. , Rost Stephanie L. , Veliko Jan L. , Sora Nicoleta D.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Modest weight loss from clinical interventions improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Data are sparse on the effects of weight loss via commercial weight loss programs. This study examined the effects on glycemic control and weight loss of the standard Weight Watchers program, combined with telephone and email consultations with a certified diabetes educator (WW), compared with standard diabetes nutrition counseling and education (standard care, SC).

Methods

In a 12‐month randomized controlled trial at 16 U.S. research centers, 563 adults with T2DM (HbA1c 7–11%; BMI 27–50 kg/m2) were assigned to either the commercially available WW program (regular community meetings, online tools), plus telephone and email counseling from a certified diabetes educator, or to SC (initial in‐person diabetes nutrition counseling/education, with follow‐up informational materials).

Results

Follow‐up rate was 86%. Twelve‐month HbA1c changes for WW and SC were −0.32 and +0.16, respectively; 24% of WW versus 14% of SC achieved HbA1c <7.0% (P = 0.004). Weight losses were −4.0% for WW and −1.9% for SC (Ps < 0.001). 26% of WW versus 12% of SC reduced diabetes medications (P < 0.001). WW participants had greater reductions in waist circumference (P < 0.001) and C‐reactive protein (P = 0.02) but did not differ on other cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusions

Widely available commercial weight loss programs with community and online components, combined with scalable complementary diabetes education, may represent accessible and effective components of management plans for adults with overweight/obesity and T2DM.
Early Weight Loss with Liraglutide 3.0 mg Predicts 1‐Year Weight Loss and is Associated with Improvements in Clinical Markers
Authors: Fujioka Ken , O'Neil Patrick M. , Davies Melanie , Greenway Frank , C.W. Lau David , Claudius Birgitte , Skjøth Trine Vang , Bjørn Jensen Christine , P.H. Wilding John
Published: November 2016

Objective

To identify an early response criterion for predicting ≥5% weight loss with liraglutide 3.0 mg at week 56 and to compare efficacy outcomes in early responders (ERs) and early nonresponders (ENRs).

Methods

Using pooled data from the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes and SCALE Diabetes trials, weight loss of ≥4% at 16 weeks best predicted ≥5% weight loss after 56 weeks. Weight loss and changes in cardiometabolic risk factors and health‐related quality of life were evaluated in ERs (≥4% weight loss at week 16) and ENRs (<4% weight loss at week 16) completing 56 weeks’ treatment.

Results

Proportions of ERs/ENRs to liraglutide 3.0 mg were 77.3%/22.7% (individuals without type 2 diabetes, T2D) and 62.7%/37.3% (those with T2D). Greater mean weight loss was observed in ERs versus ENRs: 10.8% versus 3.0% (without T2D) and 8.5% versus 3.1% (T2D). In both trials, greater proportions of ERs versus ENRs achieved ≥5%, >10%, and >15% weight loss at week 56 with liraglutide 3.0 mg. Greater improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors and health‐related quality of life scores were observed in ERs versus ENRs.

Conclusions

The early response criterion was clinically useful to identify individuals who would achieve clinically meaningful weight loss at 56 weeks.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in Obesity—Recent Findings and Empirical Approaches
Authors: McMurray Fiona , Patten David A. , Harper Mary‐Ellen
Published: November 2016

Objective

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intricately linked to obesity and associated pathologies, notably insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, ROS are also thought to be important in intracellular signaling, which may paradoxically be required for insulin sensitivity. Many theories have been developed to explain this apparent paradox, which have broadened our understanding of these important small molecules. While many sites for intracellular ROS production have been described, mitochondrial generated ROS remain a major contributor in most cell types. Mitochondrial ROS generation is controlled by a number of factors described in this review. Moreover, these studies have established both a demand for novel sensitive approaches to measure ROS, as well as a need to standardize and review their suitability for different applications.

Methods

To properly assess levels of ROS and mitochondrial ROS in the development of obesity and its complications, a growing number of tools have been developed. This paper reviews many of the common methods for the investigation of ROS in mitochondria, cell, animal, and human models.

Results

Available approaches can be generally divided into those that measure ROS‐induced damage (e.g., DNA, lipid, and protein damage); those that measure antioxidant levels and redox ratios; and those that use novel biosensors and probes for a more direct measure of different forms of ROS (e.g., 2′,7′‐di‐chlorofluorescein (DCF), dihydroethidium (DHE) and its mitochondrial targeted form (MitoSOX), Amplex Red, roGFP, HyPer, mt‐cpYFP, ratiometric H2O2 probes, and their derivatives). Moreover, this review provides caveats and strengths for the use of these techniques in different models.

Conclusions

Advances in these techniques will undoubtedly advance the understanding of ROS in obesity and may help resolve unanswered questions in the field.
A randomized trial of an acceptance‐based behavioral intervention for weight loss in people with high internal disinhibition
Authors: Lillis Jason , Niemeier Heather M. , Thomas J. Graham , Unick Jessica , Ross Kathryn M. , Leahey Tricia M. , Kendra Kathleen E. , Dorfman Leah , Wing Rena R.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To determine whether an acceptance‐based behavioral intervention (ABBI) produces better weight losses than standard behavioral treatment (SBT) among individuals reporting high internal disinhibition.

Methods

Participants were 162 adults with overweight or obesity (mean BMI 37.6 kg/m2) randomly assigned to ABBI or SBT. Both interventions provided the same calorie intake target, exercise goal, and self‐monitoring skills training. SBT incorporated current best practice interventions for addressing problematic thoughts and emotions. ABBI utilized acceptance‐based techniques based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. ABBI and SBT were compared on weight change and internal disinhibition change over 24 months.

Results

Mixed models analysis showed mean weight loss at 24 months was −4.1% (SE = 0.88) for ABBI and −2.4% (SE = 0.87) for SBT (P = 0.204). Secondary analyses showed that the ABBI group regained less weight from the end of treatment to the final follow‐up (4.6 vs. 7.1 kg; P = 0.005), and that a significantly higher proportion of ABBI participants achieved a 5% weight loss (38% vs. 25%; P = 0.038) at 24 months.

Conclusions

Results suggest that ABBI could be helpful for improving the maintenance of weight loss for individuals who report high internal disinhibition.
Genetic and neural predictors of behavioral weight loss treatment: A preliminary study
Authors: Chen Eunice Y. , Olino Thomas M. , Conklin Chris J. , Mohamed Feroze B. , Hoge W. Scott , Foster Gary D. ,   and the Genetic and Neural Biomarkers of Obesity (GN‐BO) study group, Arlt Jean M. , Eneva Kalina , Kidd Judy R. , Kidd Kenneth R. , Lent Michelle R. , Murray Susan , Newberg Andrew , Tewksbury Colleen , VanderVeur Stephanie S. , Yiu Angelina
Published: November 2016

Objective

To examine neural mechanisms of action in behavioral weight loss treatment (BWL) and explore neural and genetic predictors of BWL.

Methods

Neural activation to milkshake receipt and genetics were compared in 17 women with obesity who received 12 weeks of BWL and 17 women who received no intervention. Participants were scanned twice using functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 12 weeks. Weight was assessed at baseline, 12, 36, and 60 weeks.

Results

BWL participants lost more weight than controls at 12 weeks (−4.82% versus −0.70%). After 12 weeks, BWL had greater reduction in right caudate activation response to milk shake receipt than did controls. Among BWL participants, baseline to 12‐week reduction in frontostriatal activation to milk shake predicted greater weight loss at 12, 36, and 60 weeks. Possessing the A/A or T/A genotype of the fat mass and obesity–associated (FTO) variant rs9939609 predicted greater weight loss at 12 and 36 weeks.

Conclusions

These preliminary data reveal that reduction in right caudate activation may be a neural mechanism of weight loss in BWL, and baseline FTO variant and reduction in frontostriatal activation during BWL predict short‐ and long‐term weight loss. These findings require replication in larger samples.
Use Case for Computational Imaging
Authors: Kamm Markus
Published: November 2016

Optical imaging systems create a sharp image of an object only within a certain depth range, called depth of field (DoF). Whereas a narrow DoF is often desired in photography, e.g. for highlighting a foreground object against the background, it is unwanted in cases where the entire scene needs to be controlled, such as in medical, industrial or automotive imaging. In this article, I will explain how the focal length and f‐number affect the depth of field and I will introduce two methods for extending the depth of field.
Birth weight and subsequent risk of childhood primary brain tumors: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Dahlhaus Anne , Prengel Peggy , Spector Logan , Pieper Dawid
Published: November 2016

Background

Primary brain tumors are common in childhood, but the etiology is largely unclear. As studies on birth weight as a risk factor for the occurrence of histologically specified tumors have been inconclusive, we decided to update a 2008 meta‐analysis on the subject.

Methods

A search strategy was performed in Medline and EMBASE for the period 2007–2016. We included six new studies and performed further subgroup analyses for medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). Dichotomous analyses were performed for low (2,500 g) and high birth weight (4,000 g cutoff point).

Results

Our results confirmed that high birth weight increases the risk of astrocytoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–2.09) and medulloblastoma/PNET. However, subgroup analysis revealed an increased risk of medulloblastoma (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08–1.58) but not of PNET (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.92–1.46). Low birth weight was associated with an increased risk of medulloblastoma/PNET. Subgroup analysis for medulloblastoma and PNET revealed increased risk but CIs included zero. Neither low nor high birth weight was associated with the risk of ependymoma.

Conclusions

While an association between high birth weight and astrocytoma was confirmed, more studies are needed to investigate medulloblastoma and PNET risk in children with high and low birth weight.
Distinguishing pediatric and adolescent renal cell carcinoma from other renal malignancies
Authors: Syed Jamil S. , Nguyen Kevin A. , Wu Charlotte Q. , Cost Nicholas G. , Siddiqui Mohummad M. , Hittelman Adam B. , Shuch Brian
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a small proportion of renal malignancies early in life. Distinguishing RCC from other malignancies is important as treatment strategies may differ. We analyze the Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to identify predictive factors of RCC in the pediatric population with renal tumors.

Methods

We queried SEER to identify patients from ages 0 to 19 diagnosed with a renal malignancy between 1973 and 2013. Cases were sorted using histology and site codes. Age‐adjusted standardized incidence rates (SIR) were calculated. We compared differences in characteristics between cancer types. A logistic regression model and a nomogram were created to identify predictors of RCC.

Results

A total of 3,670 patients were identified, of which 281 (7.7%) were diagnosed with RCC. The SIR of RCC increased with age. After age 12, RCC was found in >50% of all newly diagnosed cases. On multivariate analysis, RCC was associated with smaller tumor size (P < 0.001), increasing age (P < 0.001), black race (P < 0.001), and localized stage (P < 0.001). The nomogram predicted RCC pathology with a concordance index of 0.965.

Conclusions

RCC in childhood and adolescence is relatively uncommon; however, it accounts for >50% of renal malignancies after age 12. For every year of increasing age, the odds of having an RCC diagnosis are increased by 50%. The odds of a renal tumor being RCC are increased in black children, those with localized disease, and those with smaller tumors. In these specific populations, RCC should be favored in the differential diagnosis of the renal mass.