bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
46. Costs
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on legal costs. It discusses the two main principles for deciding which party should pay the costs of an application or of the whole proceedings; the rule that costs follow the event; range of possible costs orders; interim costs orders; indemnity principle; basis of quantification; proportionality; summary and detailed assessments; fast track fixed costs; fixed and scale costs; costs and track allocation; publicly funded litigants; pro bono costs orders; costs against non-parties; and wasted costs orders.
2. Interviewing and advising
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the skills of interviewing and advising clients. It covers the purpose of interviews; the importance of non-verbal communication; preparing for initial client interviews; the WASP approach; listening and questioning techniques; providing appropriate advice and information; and establishing a professional relationship with the client.
4. Drafting legal documents
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the skills needed for drafting legal documents. It covers preparing to draft; responsibility for drafting; getting down to drafting; the appearance, style, and content of the draft; the use of grammar and language; the process of amendment; engrossment and completion; construction of documents; applying the ‘plan, write, revise’ approach; and persuasive and informative drafting.
10. Continuing your learning
Authors: Webb Julian , Maughan Caroline , Maughan Mike , Keppel-Palmer Marcus , Boon Andrew
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the processes of continued learning and development throughout one’s legal career. It focuses on how experiential learning happens; how to use personal experiences to become more proficient; and self-development activities.
Otx2b mutant zebrafish have pituitary, eye and mandible defects that model mammalian disease
Authors: Bando Hironori , Gergics Peter , Bohnsack Brenda L , Toolan Kevin P , Richter Catherine E , Shavit Jordan A , Camper Sally A
Published: April 2020

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by mutations in over 30 genes. The loss-of-function mutations in many of these genes, including orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2), can present with a broad range of clinical symptoms, which provides a challenge for predicting phenotype from genotype. Another challenge in human genetics is functional evaluation of rare genetic variants that are predicted to be deleterious. Zebrafish are an excellent vertebrate model for evaluating gene function and disease pathogenesis, especially because large numbers of progeny can be obtained, overcoming the challenge of individual variation. To clarify the utility of zebrafish for the analysis of CPHD-related genes, we analyzed the effect of OTX2 loss of function in zebrafish. The otx2b gene is expressed in the developing hypothalamus, and otx2bhu3625/hu3625 fish exhibit multiple defects in the development of head structures and are not viable past 10 days post fertilization (dpf). Otx2bhu3625/hu3625 fish have a small hypothalamus and low expression of pituitary growth hormone and prolactin (prl). The gills of otx2bhu3625/hu3625 fish have weak sodium influx, consistent with the role of prolactin in osmoregulation. The otx2bhu3625/hu3625 eyes are microphthalmic with colobomas, which may underlie the inability of the mutant fish to find food. The small pituitary and eyes are associated with reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis evident at 3 and 5 dpf, respectively. These observations establish the zebrafish as a useful tool for the analysis of CPHD genes with variable and complex phenotypes.
Secondary Traumatic Stress and Related Factors in Australian Social Workers and Psychologists
Authors: Rayner Samantha , Davis Cindy , Moore Matthew , Cadet Tamara
Published: April 2020

Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is an indirect form of trauma affecting the psychological well-being of mental health workers. This study examined STS and related factors of empathetic behavior and trauma caseload among a purposive sample of 190 social workers and psychologists. Participants completed an online questionnaire comprising demographics, the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, and the Empathy Scale for Social Workers. A moderated moderation model was used to evaluate the hypothesized relationship between the amount of trauma in clinician caseload and STS, as moderated by empathy and personal trauma history. Approximately 30 percent of participants met the criteria for a diagnosis of STS. Results indicated that although caseload trauma was not an independent predictor of STS, there was a significant interaction between caseload trauma and personal trauma history on STS. Similarly, empathy alone was not directly related to changes in STS, yet the trauma in caseload effect on STS was moderated by empathy, and that relationship was moderated by personal trauma history. This overall effect was shown to significantly predict STS. The current study highlights the importance of developing evidence-based risk strategies for mental health workers working in the area of trauma and at risk of developing symptoms of STS.
Controllability results of fractional integro-differential equation with non-instantaneous impulses on time scales
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Malik Muslim
Published: April 2020

In this work, we investigate the controllability results of a fractional integro-differential equation with non-instantaneous impulses on time scales. Banach contraction theorem and the non-linear functional analysis have been used to establish these results. In support, a numerical example with simulation for different time scales is given to validate the obtained analytical outcomes.
Influence of Landscape Factors and Abiotic Conditions on Dispersal Behavior and Overwintering Site Selection by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Cullum John P , Nixon Laura J , Morrison William R , Raupp Michael J , Shrewsbury Paula M , Venugopal P Dilip , Martinson Holly , Bergh J Christopher , Leskey Tracy C
Published: April 2020

Since the initial detection of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the United States in the late 1990s, this insect has emerged as a severe agricultural and nuisance pest. Nuisance problems are due to adult dispersal to overwintering sites in the fall at which time they alight onto and eventually settle within human-made structures in addition to natural harborage. This study examined how three factors, elevation, light, and moisture affected overwintering site selection by H. halys in the mid-Atlantic. Observational counts performed along elevational transects revealed elevation was significant predictor of H. halys abundance during both years of the study in 2014 and 2015 with more adults observed at higher elevations. Choice tests examining effects of moisture and light on settling behavior demonstrated H. halys settled within overwintering shelter boxes in significantly greater numbers when shelters were dry compared with those having moist conditions, and in darkened shelters compared with those augmented with LED lights. Our findings indicate that H. halys use cues at both landscape and very localized levels when seeking and selecting overwintering sites.
Sampling Considerations for Adult and Immature Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: McDermott E G , Lysyk T J
Published: April 2020

Developing sampling programs for Culicoides can be challenging due to variation in ecology and behavior of the numerous species as well as their broad distributions and habitats. In this paper, we emphasize the need to clearly define research goals to select appropriate sampling methods. This includes not just the choice of sampling device, but also choice of attractant, site, number of traps per site, the duration and frequency of sampling, and the number of traps per unit area. Animal-baited trapping using enclosure traps and direct animal aspiration is more labor-intensive but yields information on species attracted to specific hosts as well as their biting rates. Sampling immatures is discussed with respect to choosing collection sites in semiaquatic mud, soil, and rich organic habitats. Sorting and extracting larvae using emergence traps, flotation, and Berlese funnels is also discussed.
Genetic signature of disease epizootic and reintroduction history in an endangered carnivore
Authors: Phillips Payton , Livieri Travis M , Swanson Bradley J
Published: April 2020

Emerging infectious diseases have recently increased in wildlife and can result in population declines and the loss of genetic diversity in susceptible populations. As populations of impacted species decline, genetic diversity can be lost, with ramifications including reduced effective population size and increased population structuring. For species of conservation concern, which may already have low genetic diversity, the loss of genetic diversity can be especially important. To investigate the impacts of a novel pathogen on genetic diversity in a genetically depauperate endangered species, we assessed the ramifications of a sylvatic plague-induced bottleneck in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Following a plague epizootic, we genotyped 184 ferrets from Conata Basin and Badlands National Park, South Dakota, at seven microsatellite loci. We compared our results to pre-plague studies in the same population. We observed population substructuring into three genetic clusters. These clusters reflect founder effects from ferret reintroduction events followed by genetic drift. Compared to the pre-plague population, we observed losses of allelic diversity in all clusters, as well as significantly reduced heterozygosity in one cluster. These results indicate that disease epizootics may reduce population size and also genetic diversity. Our results suggest the importance of early and sustained management in mitigating disease epizootics in naïve populations for the maintenance of genetic diversity.
Arabidopsis RAD23B regulates pollen development by mediating degradation of KRP1
Authors: Li Lan , Li Bin , Xie Chong , Zhang Teng , Borassi Cecilia , Estevez José M , Li Xiushan , Liu Xuanming
Published: April 2020

The ubiquitin (Ub)/26S proteasome system (UPS) plays a key role in plant growth, development, and survival by directing the turnover of numerous regulatory proteins. In the UPS, the ubiquitin-like (UBL) and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains function as hubs for ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Radiation sensitive 23 (RAD23), which has been identified as a UBL/UBA protein, contributes to the progression of the cell cycle, stress responses, ER proteolysis, and DNA repair. Here, we report that pollen development is arrested at the microspore stage in a rad23b null mutant. We demonstrate that RAD23B can directly interact with KIP-related protein 1 (KRP1) through its UBL-UBA domains. In addition, plants overexpressing KRP1 have defects in pollen development, which is a phenotype similar to the rad23b mutant. RAD23B promotes the degradation of KRP1 in vivo, which is accumulated following treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our results indicate that RAD23B plays an important in pollen development by controlling the turnover of the key cell cycle protein, KRP1.
Post-Born corrections to the one-point statistics of (CMB) lensing convergence obtained via large deviation theory
Authors: Barthelemy Alexandre , Codis Sandrine , Bernardeau Francis
Published: April 2020

Weak lensing of galaxies and cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons through the large-scale structure of the Universe is one of the most promising cosmological probes with upcoming experiments dedicated to its measurements such as Euclid/LSST and CMB Stage 4 experiments. With increasingly precise measurements, there is a dire need for accurate theoretical predictions. In this work, we focus on higher order statistics of the weak-lensing convergence field, namely its cumulants such as skewness and kurtosis and its one-point probability distribution function (PDF), and we quantify using perturbation theory the corrections coming from post-Born effects, meaning beyond the straight-line and independent lens approximations. At first order, two such corrections arise: lens–lens couplings and geodesic deviation. Though the corrections are small for low source redshifts (below a few per cent) and therefore for galaxy lensing, they become important at higher redshifts, notably in the context of CMB lensing, where the non-Gaussianities computed from tree-order perturbation theory are found to be of the same order as the signal itself. We include these post-Born corrections on the skewness in a prediction for the one-point convergence PDF obtained with large deviation theory and successfully test these results against numerical simulations. The modelled PDF is indeed shown to perform better than the per cent for apertures above ∼10 arcmin and typically in the 3σ region around the mean.
The study of the angular and spatial distribution of radio-selected AGNs and star-forming galaxies in the ELAIS N1 field
Authors: Chakraborty Arnab , Dutta Prasun , Datta Abhirup , Roy Nirupam
Published: April 2020

The cosmic evolution of bias of different source populations with underlying dark matter density field in post-reionization era can shed light on large-scale structures. Studying the angular and spatial distribution of different compact sources using deep radio catalogue at low frequency is essential to understand the matter distribution of the present Universe. Here, we investigate the relationship of luminous matter with their host dark matter haloes by measuring the angular and spatial clustering of sources (two-point statistics), using deep radio observation of ELAIS N1 (EN1) field with upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) at 300–500 MHz. We also analyse the 612 MHz GMRT archival data of the same field to understand the cosmic evolution of clustering of different source populations. We classify the sources as star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) based on their radio luminosity. We find that the spatial clustering length and bias to the dark matter density field of SFGs are smaller than AGNs at both frequencies. This proves that AGNs are mainly hosted by massive haloes and hence strongly clustered. However, a small decrease in the bias for both kind of sources at higher frequency indicates that we are most likely tracing the faint objects residing in less-massive haloes at higher frequencies. Our results are in excellent agreement with previous findings at radio and multifrequency surveys. However, comparison with SKADS simulation suggests that the halo mass for different populations used in the simulation is systematically lower. This work quantifies the spatial distribution of extragalactic compact objects in EN1 field and bridges the gap between shallow and deep surveys.
FLASH early science – discovery of an intervening H i 21-cm absorber from an ASKAP survey of the GAMA 23 field
Authors: Allison J R , Sadler E M , Bellstedt S , Davies L J M , Driver S P , Ellison S L , Huynh M , Kapińska A D , Mahony E K , Moss V A , Robotham A S G , Whiting M T , Curran S J , Darling J , Hotan A W , Hunstead R W , Koribalski B S , Lagos C D P , Pettini M , Pimbblet K A , Voronkov M A
Published: April 2020

We present early science results from the First Large Absorption Survey in H i (FLASH), a spectroscopically blind survey for 21-cm absorption lines in cold hydrogen (H i) gas at cosmological distances using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). We have searched for H i absorption towards 1253 radio sources in the GAMA 23 field, covering redshifts between z = 0.34 and 0.79 over a sky area of approximately 50 deg2. In a purely blind search, we did not obtain any detections of 21-cm absorbers above our reliability threshold. Assuming a fiducial value for the H i spin temperature of Tspin = 100 K and source covering fraction cf = 1, the total comoving absorption path-length sensitive to all Damped Lyman α Absorbers (DLAs; NH i ≥ 2 × 1020 cm−2) is ΔX = 6.6 ± 0.3 (Δz = 3.7 ± 0.2) and super-DLAs (NH i ≥ 2 × 1021 cm−2) is ΔX = 111 ± 6 (Δz= 63 ± 3). We estimate upper limits on the H i column density frequency distribution function that are consistent with measurements from prior surveys for redshifted optical DLAs, and nearby 21-cm emission and absorption. By cross-matching our sample of radio sources with optical spectroscopic identifications of galaxies in the GAMA 23 field, we were able to detect 21-cm absorption at z = 0.3562 towards NVSS J224500−343030, with a column density of $N_{\rm H\,\small{I}} = (1.2 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{20}\, (T_{\rm spin}/100\, \mathrm{K})$ cm−2. The absorber is associated with GAMA J22450.05−343031.7, a massive early-type galaxy at an impact parameter of 17 kpc with respect to the radio source and which may contain a massive (MH i ≳ 3 × 109 M⊙) gas disc. Such gas-rich early types are rare, but have been detected in the nearby Universe.
First measurement of the total gravitational quadrupole moment of a black widow companion
Authors: Voisin Guillaume , Clark C J , Breton R P , Dhillon V S , Kennedy M R , Mata-Sánchez D
Published: April 2020

We present the first measurement of the gravitational quadrupole moment of the companion star of a spider pulsar, namely the black widow PSR J2051–0827. To this end, we have re-analysed radio timing data using a new model that is able to account for periastron precession caused by tidal and centrifugal deformations of the star as well as by general relativity. The model allows for a time-varying component of the quadrupole moment, thus self-consistently accounting for the ill-understood orbital period variations observed in these systems. Our analysis results in the first detection of orbital precession in a spider system at $\dot{\omega } = -68{_{.}^{\circ}}6_{-0{_{.}^{\circ}}5}^{+0{_{.}^{\circ}}9}$ yr−1 and the most accurate determination of orbital eccentricity for PSR J2051–0827 with e = (4.2 ± 0.1) × 10−5. We show that the variable quadrupole component is about 100 times smaller than the average quadrupole moment $\bar{Q} = -2.2_{-1}^{+0.6} \times 10^{41} \ {\rm kg\,m^2}$. We discuss how accurate modelling of high-precision optical light curves of the companion star will allow its apsidal motion constant to be derived from our results.
Iron line from neutron star accretion discs in scalar tensor theories
Authors: Bucciantini Niccolò , Soldateschi Jacopo
Published: April 2020

The Fe Kα fluorescent line at 6.4 keV is a powerful probe of the space–time metric in the vicinity of accreting compact objects. We investigated here how some alternative theories of gravity, namely scalar tensor theories, that invoke the presence of a non-minimally coupled scalar field and predict the existence of strongly scalarized neutron stars (NSs), change the expected line shape with respect to General Relativity. By taking into account both deviations from the general relativistic orbital dynamics of the accreting disc, where the Fe line originates, and the changes in the light propagation around the NS, we computed line shapes for various inclinations of the disc with respect to the observer. We found that both the intensity of the low-energy tails and the position of the high-energy edge of the line change. Moreover, we verified that even if those changes are in general of the order of a few percent, they are potentially observable with the next generation of X-ray satellites.
Partially hydroxylated ultrathin iridium nanosheets as efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting
Authors: Cheng Zifang , Huang Bolong , Pi Yecan , Li Leigang , Shao Qi , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: April 2020

Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable attention for their unique physicochemical properties and promising applications; however, preparation of freestanding ultrathin 2D noble metal remains a significant challenge. Here, for the first time, we report use of a wet-chemical method to synthesize partially hydroxylated ultrathin Ir nanosheets (Ir-NSs) of only five to six atomic layers’ thickness. Detailed analysis indicates that the growth confinement effect of carbon monoxide and the partially hydroxylated surface play a critical role in formation of the ultrathin structure. The ultrathin Ir-NSs exhibit excellent performance for both the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in a wide pH range, outperforming the state-of-the-art Pt/C and IrO2, respectively. Density-functional theory calculations reveal that the partial hydroxylation not only enhances the surface electron transfer between Ir-sites and intermediate O-species, but also guarantees efficient initial activation of bond cleavage of H-O-H for first-step H2O splitting. This, ultimately, breaks through barriers to full water splitting, with efficient electron transfer essentially maintained.
Efficient sequential harvesting of solar light by heterogeneous hollow shells with hierarchical pores
Authors: Wei Yanze , Wan Jiawei , Yang Nailiang , Yang Yu , Ma Yanwen , Wang Songcan , Wang Jiangyan , Yu Ranbo , Gu Lin , Wang Lianhui , Wang Lianzhou , Huang Wei , Wang Dan
Published: April 2020

In nature, sequential harvesting of light widely exists in the old life entity, i.e. cyanobacteria, to maximize the light absorption and enhance the photosynthesis efficiency. Inspired by nature, we propose a brand new concept of temporally-spatially sequential harvesting of light in one single particle, which has purpose-designed heterogeneous hollow multi-shelled structures (HoMSs) with porous shells composed of nanoparticle subunits. Structurally, HoMSs consist of different band-gap materials outside-in, thus realizing the efficient harvesting of light with different wavelengths. Moreover, introducing oxygen vacancies into each nanoparticle subunit can also enhance the light absorption. With the benefit of sequential harvesting of light in HoMSs, the quantum efficiency at wavelength of 400 nm is enhanced by six times compared with the corresponding nanoparticles. Impressively, using these aforementioned materials as photocatalysts, highly efficient photocatalytic water splitting is realized, which cannot be achieved by using the nanoparticle counterparts. This new concept of temporally-spatially sequential harvesting of solar light paves the way for solving the ever-growing energy demand.
Domestication Analyses and the Smartphone
Authors: Haddon Leslie
Published: April 2020

The chapter first outlines the history of the domestication concept and how it evolved when applied by different researchers. This is then exemplified through diverse domestication studies of the mobile phone. In the case of the smartphone, the form of domestication analysis in part reflects how it is framed more generally (e.g., as mobile media or the mobile Internet), the level of the analysis (e.g., on the device or on an app), and which users are being considered. Two case studies, of older (9–16 years) and younger (0–5 years) subjects, are described to show how different domestication analyses are possible, in this case influenced by the age of the child. A typology is provided to illustrate some of the factors shaping domestication analyses.
Intimacy in the App Age
Authors: Rochadiat Annisa M. P. , Tom Tong Stephanie , Corriero Elena F.
Published: April 2020

The increasingly connected world calls into question how the mobile technology that is relied on for so many daily tasks also transforms how people meet romantic partners, interact with them, and decide whether to establish or forgo relationships. This chapter explores how romantic relationship processes and outcomes are simultaneously altered, supported, and facilitated by applications native to mobile devices. The authors begin with a description of mobile dating, highlighting the features and affordances characteristic to mobile dating applications, as opposed to online dating. They then examine how individuals use mobile communication technology in the relational initiation phase: (1) goals and motivations of mobile app use, (2) impression formation and self-presentation on mobile apps, (3) mate selection and decision-making during relational initiation, and (4) messaging and interaction. Throughout the chapter, the effects of culture, identity, and gender are also explored. The authors conclude with suggestions for continued research into mobile dating.
Mobile News
Authors: Westlund Oscar
Published: April 2020

Not long ago mobile news was considered non-existent and peripheral, but throughout the 2010’s it has rapidly gained traction. News publishers have incorporated mobile technology into their news production processes, and autonomous mobile journalists have emerged who sneak into areas and countries that would otherwise confiscate their equipment. Mobile devices place several different user interfaces on offer, among which native mobile applications have become increasingly important. Mobile news consumption has grown substantially, having both displacing and complementary effects on other forms of news consumption. People have extended their news day, oftentimes starting soon after they reach for their mobile device to switch off the alarm in the morning and continuing throughout the day until they disconnect in the evening. Mobile news has become integral to journalism and journalism studies as a whole and is closely connected to important inquiries about the future of journalism, its business, and its capacity to inform citizens. This chapter focuses on three distinct yet interrelated areas: (1) mobile news production, (2) mobile news distribution, and (3) mobile news consumption. It concludes with a discussion on key future research inquiries.
Mobile Media and Political Communication
Authors: Wei Ran
Published: April 2020

To fully understand the impact of mobile phone technology on politics, this chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview of research and identifies an emerging subfield concerning the relationship between mobile media and politics. The chapter traces the evolution of mobile media from personal communication devices to tools for political participation. The growing literature on the role of various mobile devices in civic and political life is reviewed and critiqued. The specific uses of mobile media as tools in political communication, such as informational use, mobile political news, and mobile public sphere, are explicated and synthesized. The chapter also sheds light on the question of how the attributes of mobile media influence the political process in democratic and non-democratic countries. The chapter outlines key issues concerning mobile media in civic and political communication, highlighting significant predictors and mediators. Unresolved issues and debates are highlighted, and directions for future research are suggested.
Theories on the Adoption and Appropriation of Mobile Media
Authors: Karnowski Veronika
Published: April 2020

This chapter reviews key theories on the adoption and appropriation of mobile media. It highlights the differences between the binary adoption concept and the concept of appropriation, focusing on everyday life integration, by contrasting the benefits and drawbacks of both concepts. In a second step key factors influencing the adoption and appropriation of mobile media both on a societal macro level and the individual micro level are discussed based on recent empirical evidence. Especially mobile media, consisting of clusters of embedded innovations, pose theoretical and methodological challenges to researching adoption and appropriation processes. This chapter introduces current attempts to overcome these issues and outlines possible avenues for future theorizing of the adoption and appropriation of mobile media.
Big Data for Social Good
Authors: Engø-Monsen Kenth
Published: April 2020

Big data for social good has arisen from an emerging realization that Telecom operators possess huge amounts of data and knowledge that can be utilized for development purposes. While the data have existed for many years, efforts to systematically use the data for societal good and socioeconomic improvement have been lacking. Systematic analysis and use of telecom data can have significant potential. In this chapter, the authors will discuss how the analysis of mobile data can support social good; in addition, the authors will highlight the great potential of mobile data as well as obstacles and barriers to this kind of analysis.
Mobile Communication in Organizations
Authors: Sørensen Carsten
Published: April 2020

Mobile information technologies within organizations shape the way work is conducted. Equally, working practices and organizational arrangements shape the specific technological configurations. Whereas much of the research into mobile communication emphasizes peer-to-peer voice and message communication, the organizational use of mobile communications has for much longer engaged in more complex configurations of mobile technologies. As such, the organizational experiences precede the widespread consumer use of a diversity of smartphone and tablet apps. This chapter explores, based on a review of the related literature, the broader role of mobile communications where peer-to-peer mobile voice and message connectivity is only one aspect among several. The chapter discusses in detail and exemplifies through cases the impact of mobile communication on interactional barriers, the degree of individual discretion and centralized control, and the possibilities to exercise algorithmic agency. Portfolios of data services shape the possibility for redesigned and complex collaborative patterns.
Mobiles and the Self: A Trajectory of Paradigmatic Change
Authors: Campbell Scott W. , Wang Edwin (Wenhuan) , Bayer Joseph B.
Published: April 2020

This chapter identifies old and new paradigms for how people engage with mobile media and their implications for the self. The first involves talking to distant others, which can divide the self when done around co-present others in public settings. The next paradigm marks a shift from voice conversations to messaging, which can be more easily weaved into the flows of daily life moments and movements. The authors revisit how over time this leads to routinization, to the extent that the technology becomes a deeply embedded part of the self. Finally, the authors identify a paradigm presently gaining momentum with mobile conversational agents (e.g., Siri and Google Assistant), which heralds a return to talking. With this mode of engagement, the technology shifts away from the self to become the “other” as users interact with and not just through it.
RFID, NFC, Beacons, and the Infrastructures of Logistical Locative Media
Authors: Frith Jordan
Published: April 2020

The phrase the Internet of things was originally coined in a 1999 presentation about attaching radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to individual objects. These tags would make the objects machine-readable, uniquely identifiable, and, most importantly, wirelessly communicative with infrastructure. This chapter evaluates RFID as a piece of mobile communicative infrastructure, and it examines two emerging forms: near-field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth low-energy beacons. The chapter shows how NFC and Bluetooth low-energy beacons may soon move some types of RFID to smartphones, in this way evolving the use of RFID in payment and transportation and enabling new practices of post-purchasing behaviors.
Women, Empowerment, and Mobile Phones in the Developing World
Authors: Stark Laura
Published: April 2020

This chapter surveys and analyzes recent literature on mobile communication to examine its relationship to gender and development, more specifically how women in developing countries use and are impacted by mobile phones. Focusing on issues of power, agency, and social status, the chapter reviews how mobile telephony has been found to be implicated in patriarchal bargaining in different societies, how privacy and control are enabled through it, what benefits have been shown to accrue to women using mobile phones, and what barriers, limitations, and disadvantages of mobile use exist for women and why. The conclusion urges more gender-disaggregated analysis of mobile phone impact and use and offers policy and design recommendations based on the overview and discussion.
Mobile Phone Waste and the Circular Economy
Authors: Cooper Tim , Shapley Matthew , Cole Christine
Published: April 2020

The need to progress toward the circular, low-carbon economies that are necessary for sustainable development demands a substantial reduction in the generation of waste. Although the amount of waste arising from the disposal of mobile phones is relatively insubstantial compared to other waste streams, it is problematic, partly due to the complexity of its composition: mobile phones contain many types of material in small quantities. Like other small electrical and electronic items, they have proven hard to recover and recycle cost-effectively. They are often stored for long periods and eventually discarded as residual waste rather than separated for recycling. Most have unduly short active lifetimes because they have not been designed for longevity and their potential for durability, repair, refurbishment, and reuse is not realized. This chapter discusses issues relating to e-waste from discarded mobile phones and explores the prospect of alternative approaches to their production and consumption, exemplified by the case of Fairphone.
The Mobile User’s Mindset in a Permanently Online, Permanently Connected Society
Authors: Vorderer Peter , Klimmt Christoph
Published: April 2020

Since the turn of the century—and that means, in an extremely short period of time—a new and dominant behavioral pattern has emerged in technology-saturated countries and cultures: the almost constant use of mobile electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops in a great diversity of different situations. This chapter discusses the role that the proliferation and use of mobile and particularly of smartphones has had on the development of a particular mindset. This mindset is described as one of almost permanent psychological vigilance, and it impacts human cognition, affect, and behavior in significant ways. The authors describe consequences on the individual, collective, and societal levels.
Thinking Ethically About Mobile Devices
Authors: Ess Charles
Published: April 2020

The author introduces primary frameworks for analyzing and resolving common ethical issues evoked by mobile devices. These include prevailing ethical frameworks along with underlying assumptions about the nature of selfhood and identity—that is, as more individual or relational: the latter also help index important cultural differences in ethical approaches. The author shows how these apply in two exemplar cases: the Fairphone and “quantified relationship” (QR) apps. The two cases of the Fairphone and QR apps, as taking up broad issues of consumption and production as well as privacy, autonomy, and personal relationships, respectively, thus cover a relatively wide range of ethical issues relevant to a wide audience of “everyday” consumers and users. These analyses aim to also stand as examples and templates for further analyses of ethical challenges evoked by mobile devices.
An Introduction
Authors: Ling Rich , Fortunati Leopoldina , Goggin Gerard , Lim Sun Sun , Li Yuling
Published: April 2020

The diffusion and appropriation of the mobile phone, and later the smartphone, have shaped and altered society in a variety of ways. The transition to the 3G and then the 4G networks has enabled the smartphone and thereby a wide variety of functions, services, and platforms that are used throughout society. These have had wide-ranging consequences. This volume presents the work of more than 70 authors writing more than 40 chapters that describe the different dimensions of mobile communication. The chapters range from theoretical and methodological perspectives associated with mobile communication to the integration of mobile communication in a variety of social and institutional spheres. Chapters examine the visual, linguistic, locative, and sociopolitical dimensions of the domain as well as the role of apps. Finally, there are chapters that describe the challenges associated with mobile communication, its use across cultures, and future consequences. In sum, the handbook gives the reader an overview of mobile communication and the smartphone as we move into the era of 5G mobile telephony and the new world that this can portend.
Mobile Convergence
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina , Bakardjieva Maria
Published: April 2020

This chapter aims to construct a line of inquiry on mobile convergence, a notion that has evolved since the end of the twentieth century, and to highlight the most promising directions of research. The authors apply the notion of mobile convergence not only to the convergence between the mobile phone and other communication media but also to the convergence of the smartphone with different families of objects. After a critical review of the most important studies that have been carried out on this topic, the authors advance the theoretical reflection on convergence in an attempt to capture the driving forces behind this phenomenon. To do so, they explore convergence from a sociological perspective and through the lens of political economy. Finally, they offer a projection regarding the new directions in which mobile convergence processes are headed and the new assemblages of devices and practices this convergence could bring about in the context of the Internet of things and QR codes.
Humanism, Sex, and Sexuality
Authors: Hafer Abby
Published: April 2020

Humanists recognize that sex is an evolved trait, with no intrinsic meaning. It does not require rigidly defined sex or gender roles. Numerous examples among animals, and in various successful human societies, reflect this. Humanists see sex as a means of positive personal expression, pleasure, intimacy and/or bonding, and communication, as well as sometimes for reproduction. The principles of humanism assert that all people—the LGBTQ community, and women and men equally—should be able to enjoyably explore their sexuality, and that this is a part of every person’s full humanity. Humanists acknowledge that human pregnancy is difficult physiologically. Justice requires that women have control over their fertility, and that they have the final say in whether or not to carry a pregnancy to term. The unscientific concept of “natural law” opposes these ideas, is being used to make laws that hurt people, and is deeply influential in legal and political thought. Humanists, with their belief in evidence and reason, find no basis for the legal concept of “natural law.”
Capabilities, Freedom, and Severe Poverty
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: April 2020

Severe poverty is a key challenge for theorists of global justice. Most theorists have approached this issue primarily by developing accounts for understanding which kinds of duties have relevance and how responsibilities for tackling severe poverty might be assigned to agents, whether individuals, nations, or states. All such views share a commitment to ending severe poverty as a wrongful deprivation with a profoundly negative impact on affected individuals. While much attention has prioritized identifying reasons for others to provide relief, this chapter examines the nature of the wrongful deprivation that characterizes severe poverty. One influential view is championed by Martha Nussbaum in her distinctive capabilities approach. An individual might be considered to experience severe poverty where she is unable to enjoy the use of the capabilities which should be available to her. But this position raises several questions. Take the fact that about 1 billion people are unable to meet their basic needs today. Would the capabilities approach claim the number is much higher given its wider grasp of human flourishing beyond mere material subsistence—and what implications would flow from this? Or would the capabilities approach claim only a portion of those unable to meet their basic needs are in a wrongful state because their circumstances are a result of free choice—and what would this mean? These questions indicate a potential concern about whether the approach is over- or underinclusive and why.
Distant Strangers and the Illusion of Separation
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: April 2020

The human relationships underlying both international justice and intergenerational justice are less distant than commonly assumed, as Samuel Scheffler has argued, because causal webs tightly link persons across both space and time. Both the fossil-fuel energy regime that is causing climate change and the measures necessary to make the transition from that regime into an alternative energy regime impinge deeply upon the well-being of persons who have chosen neither the regime nor the transition, linking them across space. Similarly, the fates of persons in the distant future are in the hands of people living now because the time-of-last-opportunity to prevent disasters from becoming irreversible sometimes occurs centuries earlier than the start of the disaster itself. This is powerfully illustrated by the evident irreversibility of the melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which will ultimately cause catastrophic rises in sea level across the globe.
What Second-Best Scenarios Reveal about Ideals of Global Justice
Authors: Barry Christian , Wiens David
Published: April 2020

While there need be no conflict in theory between addressing global inequality (inequalities between people worldwide) and addressing domestic inequality (inequalities between people within a political community), there may be instances in which the feasible mechanism for reducing global inequality risks aggravating domestic inequality. The burgeoning literature on global justice has tended to overlook this type of scenario, and theorists espousing global egalitarianism have consequently not engaged with cases that are important for evaluating and clarifying the content of their theories. This chapter explores potential tensions between promoting global and domestic inequality. It introduces a class of second-best scenarios that global justice theorists have neglected in order to demonstrate the importance of such scenarios as an aid to constructing and evaluating ideals of global justice.
Immigration
Authors: Miller David
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyzes the debate between advocates of open borders and defenders of the state’s right to control immigration. It examines four arguments for the former view. (1) As common owners of the earth, everyone has the right to enter any part of it. (2) Equality of opportunity at global level requires that people should be free to move between countries. (3) There is a human right to immigrate to any country one chooses. (4) States cannot coercively exclude immigrants unless they also allow them to participate democratically in the making of immigration policy. It then considers four arguments that can be used to justify border controls. (1) Citizens have a right to freedom of association that includes the right not to associate with unwanted others. (2) Distributive justice presupposes a cultural community, the protection of which requires selective admission. (3) Stronger forms of democracy demand a high level of trust among citizens, which increased diversity may threaten. (4) Members of a political community have ownership rights over its collective assets, access to which requires their permission. It concludes by noting areas of convergence between the two sides in this apparently polarized debate.
Settlement and the Right to Exclude
Authors: Stilz Anna
Published: April 2020

A number of theorists have recently offered a freedom-based argument for the right to migrate. This chapter adopts this account and asks whether the right to global free movement can be reconciled with other people’s rights of territorial occupancy. Examining cases of settler colonialism, it argues for an important qualification to the right to global free movement, designed to protect native inhabitants’ ability to permanently reside on their territory, and to use it for the social, cultural, and economic practices they value. If it is to be justifiable, global free movement must allow for the permissible exclusion of colonial settlers. Yet who to count as a potential colonial settler is a tricky question. The chapter argues that it is wrong to settle in another country in cases where (1) one comes with a project of political domination or (2) one has an adequate territorial base in another part of the world and one’s migration to another region would severely harm the collective practices of people with occupancy rights there.
A Critical Theory of Transnational (In-)Justice
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: April 2020

This chapter develops a critical theory of transnational justice. Its normative basis is a democratic conception of justice as justification grounded in a constructivist conception of reason which is at the same time “realistic” when it comes to assessing the current world order as one of multiple forms of domination. In its critical parts, the chapter discusses a number of conceptions of justice that are parochial or positivistic in insufficiently questioning certain normative and empirical premises and thus miss the nature of forms of injustice beyond the state. In the constructive parts, it presents a reflexive argument for a discursive conception of justice. This theory is then situated in transnational contexts of rule and domination, arguing for principles and institutions of fundamental transnational justice.
The Link between Subsistence and Human Rights
Authors: Tomalty Jesse
Published: April 2020

This chapter constitutes an exploration and evaluation of the so-called “linkage argument” in support of the inclusion of a right to subsistence among human rights. While it is uncontroversial that avoiding poverty is hugely important for all humans, the human right to subsistence and other socioeconomic human rights are often regarded as social goals rather than genuine rights. The linkage argument aims to show that a commitment to the existence of any human rights at all entails a commitment to the inclusion of a right to subsistence among them. I argue that the linkage argument does not succeed in vindicating the inclusion of a right to subsistence among moral human rights, but I conclude that a modified version of it might support the justification of a legal human right to subsistence.
Prayer
Authors: Tyler Peter
Published: April 2020

‘Prayer is nothing but an intimate sharing between friends’: so St Teresa of Avila describes the nature of Christian prayer from the perspective of the Western tradition of mystical theology. In this chapter two key aspects of this tradition are explored: the Neoplatonic and the Augustinian. The first, Neoplatonic tradition derives from the Platonic tradition of theosis which although never officially endorsed by the early church (and explicitly condemned in the writings of Origen) manages to survive in the Dionysian and Evagrian/monastic traditions. The second, deriving from St Augustine, develops the scriptural notion of the vision of the fallen soul in a broken world, subject to and entirely dependent upon God’s grace. These perspectives are mapped onto later developments in the tradition, in particular in the work of Teresa of Avila. The chapter finishes with some brief reflections on twentieth-century developments of the tradition as exemplified in the work of Edith Stein (St Teresa Benedicta a Cruce) and Thomas Merton that bring the key aspects of mystical prayer up to our present time.