bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Veil of Light: The Role of Light in Cavendish’s Visual Perception
Authors: Sharp Brooke Willow
Published: February 2024

Margaret Cavendish’s views about the nature of bodies and perception leave her with a potentially problematic implication: that light has no role in visual perception. For her, perception occurs through the self-motion of animate matter, not through a mechanical system that appeals to local motions and collisions of contiguous bodies. This means that motion is not transferred from external objects with light playing a mediating role; the matter of our eyes simply moves itself to copy the sensible qualities of external bodies. However, Cavendish cannot ignore the simple empirical fact that we appear to have visual perceptions in the presence of light but not in the presence of darkness. Light must play some role. I argue that light for Cavendish plays an intermediary role but does not transfer motions as the mechanical model suggests. Rather, light behaves like our eyes by moving itself to form copies of external objects. Our eyes then see these copies. For Cavendish, we are directly acquainted with a “veil of light” rather than the objects themselves.
The Multiverse Theodicy Meets Population Ethics
Authors: Li Han , Saad Bradford , Saad Bradford
Published: February 2024

The multiverse theodicy proposes to reconcile the existence of God and evil by supposing that God created all and only the creation-worthy universes and that some universes like ours are, despite their evils, creation-worthy. Drawing on work in population ethics, this paper develops a novel challenge to the multiverse theodicy. Roughly, the challenge contends that the axiological underpinnings of the multiverse theodicy harbor a ‘mere addition paradox’: the assumption that creating creation-worthy universes would always make the world better turns out to have morally repugnant consequences akin to those of the assumption that adding worthwhile lives to a population would always make the overall welfare of the population better. Further, the challenge leverages this difficulty into an argument against God’s having created all and only the creation-worthy universes, and hence against the multiverse theodicy. Responses to this challenge are considered but found wanting, largely because of commitments of the multiverse theodicy that have no analogs in population ethics.
Nano-Titanium Dioxide Filler Particles in Soybean Methyl Ester for an Improvement of Electrical Breakdown Strength of Soybean Vegetable Oil as a Transformer Oil Substitute
Authors: Khonchaiyaphum Nichakorn , Wongwuttanasatian Tanakorn , Suksri Amnart
Published: February 2024

Power transformers use mineral oil as an insulating liquid due to its excellent dielectric properties. However, mineral oil is a non-renewable resource and is toxic to the environment when leaked. The purpose of this research is to examine vegetable oil containing nanotitanium dioxide as a substitute for mineral transformer oil. Vegetable insulating oils are environmentally benign and have good breakdown voltage (BV) and high ignition points that can decompose naturally in the event of a leak. Nevertheless, the high viscosity of vegetable oil slows down the flow rate in the transformer cooling. To overcome this problem, the process of transesterification was used to produce soybean methyl ester (SBME). SBME is used as an insulating liquid including composite filler of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Electrical breakdown voltage (BV) tests were performed following ASTM D1816 standards. Results demonstrated that SBME has a greater BV than natural soybean oil. Also, the addition TiO2 nanoparticles increases the BV of the SBME’s mixture. All cases of nanoparticle methyl ester (NPME) conducted in the experiments exhibited a BV higher than 28 kV which is well above the standard value.
Effect of Mercerization on the Crystallographic, Macromolecular, and Thermal Properties of Plantain Fibers for Fiber Reinforced Composite
Authors: Imoisili Patrick Ehi , Jen Tien Chien
Published: February 2024

In this research, natural fibers (NF) were obtained from plantain pseudo stem. The extracted plantain fibers (PF) were modified by mercerization under diverse conditions in terms of treatment time and concentration. The crystallographic structures and macromolecular properties, and surface extracted PF were all influenced by the modification process. Improvements in thermal properties were observed along with increases in the crystallite size, and degree of crystallinity as revealed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed partial removal of wax, lignin, and hemicellulose. Bulk density was also observed to change under treatment conditions, while Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery demonstrates how the treatment altered the surface of the PF. A considerable change in the macromolecular and structural characteristics of plantain fiber was observed under optimum treatment conditions.
Stress Intensity Factor of E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites
Authors: Osaretin Meshach , Edelugo Sylvester Onyemaechi , Akpan Patrick Udeme , Agbo Cornelius Ogbodo Anayo , Ozor Paul Amaechi , Sukdeo Nita Inderlal
Published: February 2024

In order to analyze the stress concentration impact, intensity close to the zone of the crack tip, this work examines the in-plane SIF(SIF) of composite plates utilizing measured crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). The test specimens' E-glass fiber mats were arranged in various ply configurations. The ASTM standards utilized for researching mode I fracture of composite materials served as the foundation for the compact tension (CT) specimen. The mode I, KI Stress intensity factor (SIF), and critical stress, c, were calculated for each specimen along the fracture length propagation based on the experiments. It was found that the SIF is directly proportional with fracture length, or a/W, for all E-glass fiber laminate cases tested. The KIC is often higher in thinner laminates. The presence of woven roving increases the SIF and hence the toughness of the laminate.
How the Hemostasis Laboratory can Help Clinicians to Manage Patients on Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Tripodi Armando
Published: February 2024

Oral anticoagulants are widely used to treat or prevent cardiovascular diseases in millions of patients worldwide. They are the drugs of choice for stroke prevention and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves, as well as for treatment/prevention of venous thromboembolism. Oral anticoagulants include the vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). The hemostasis laboratory plays a crucial role for the management of treated patients that spans from dose-adjustment based on laboratory testing that applies to VKAs to the measurement of drug concentrations in special situations that applies to DOACs. This article aims to overview how the hemostasis laboratory can help clinicians to manage patients on oral anticoagulants. Special interest is devoted to the international normalized ratio, used to manage patients on VKAs and to the measurement of DOAC concentrations, for which the role of the laboratory is still not very well defined and most interferences of DOACs with some of the most common hemostatic parameters are not widely appreciated.
Bloodier than black and white: liberation history seen through detective sergeant Donald Card’s narrative of his investigations of Congo and Poqo activities, 1960-1965
Authors: Thomas C.
Published: February 2024

By 1950 the African National Congress and the Natal and Transvaal Indian congresses, had already embarked on an activist road to free Africans, Coloureds and Indians from unfair discrimination, injustices big and petty, and oppression. Over the next ten years, the liberation struggle quickened into a multifronted thrust against the apartheid state, including civil disobedience, strikes and boycotts, and the transition to violent struggle. From the pioneering works such as Edward Roux’s Time Longer than Rope (1964) through a host of treatises to the latest study by the South African Democracy Education Trust, The Road to Democracy Volume 1 (1960-1970) (2004) the liberation struggle has, with few exceptions, been sketched in black and white. Scholars generally sing the praises of the seekers of the public good (the liberation movement) and excoriate the perpetrators of evil (the apartheid state and its functionaries).1 The liberation struggle did indeed involve the efforts of those aspiring to freedom, opportunity and republican virtue against those who oppressed African, Coloured and Indian people and held them hostage through legislation and denial of opportunity and who appropriated the best fruits of society for white South Africans. Political struggle, and indeed political combat, as it played out in South Africa, however, made for a messy picture that often defies the hero-andvillain narratives that had invariably been produced and which seeped into our national consciousness. This article will explore the evasions, omissions, and twists that made possible the black and white liberation history that are currently consumed. To do so the activities of the Congo or iKongo movement, will be probed into as well as that of and Poqo.2 It will be done through the story of police detective Donald Card who had been involved in almost every significant event in South African history the past five decades.3 The why of certain events and developments, including crime under the cloak of politics, are often ignored or romanticised. This included charges of torture and brutality, push so readily into the public domain – as in Red Dust, the latest drama on torture in South Africa.
Opinions on entrepreneurship development: ensuring maximum return on investment
Authors: Van Rensburg W.P.J. , Louw E.J.
Published: February 2024

As a developing country with an unacceptably high unemployment rate, mass migration from rural areas to cities and increasing impoverishment of rural communities, South Africa is in dire need to develop entrepreneurs, especially for small, micro and medium enterprises (SMME’s). Funding for entrepreneurship development is readily available from government agencies as well as from overseas donors. However, available funds often remain unspent, or when utilised offer little in the way of creating jobs and alleviating poverty. When the Graduate School of Business of the North West University (Mafikeng campus) was offered funds for running an entrepreneurship development project in the rural areas of the North West Province, the Executive Director of the Business School was determined that the project should be well planned, soundly implemented and that strict control would be exercised. Now, three years since the start of the project, considerable success can be reported, but perhaps more important than the successful completion of the project are the valuable experiences and insights gained during the management of the project. These experiences and insights may serve as guidelines to those who embark on similar projects in order to ensure that they too get maximum return on their investment.
Legacies of power: Leadership change and former presidents in African politics
Authors: Maile Simeon
Published: February 2024

No abstract available.
Gold mining in Zululand
Authors: Minnaar Anthony
Published: February 2024

Hierdie artikel ondersoek die reeks kleiner “goudstormlope” wat gedurende die middel 1880’s plaasgevind het tot net na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog in KwaZulu-Natal – histories bekend as Zululand. Goudprospektering was veral aangespoor deur die £1 000 beloning aangebied deur die koloniale regering van Natal aan enige delwer wat ‘n betekenisvolle goudrif in hierdie geweste sou ontdek. Alhoewel betreklike ryk ertsneerslae van gouddraende riwwe dikwels ontdek is, en wat gevolglik tot stormlope na vergeleë areas in hierdie gebied aanleiding gegee het, het almal op die lange duur min opgelewer. Die eenvoudige verklaring daarvoor was dat die Goudrif net in ertsneste of -holtes voorgekom het en dus nie aaneenlopend was nie. Die bergagtige aard van die terrein met sy diep valleie was grotendeels die vernaamste rede die gebroke goudriflyn. Twee fases van goudmynbedrywighede is geïdentifiseer. Uiteindelik sou dit blyk dat die meeste van die goudmynmaatskappye in Zululand ‘n beperkte groei gehandhaaf het as kleinerige myne met ‘n gesukkel om ‘n bestaan te maak. Bedrywighede is beeïndig. Die uitsondering was ‘n kleinerige aanleg in die Pongolovallei wat die Wonderfonteinriwwe bewerk het. Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog was daar net sporadiese pogings om bestaande goudriwwe te myn aangesien daar geen nuwes ontdek was nie. In hierdie artikel word die begin- en ontwikkelingsfase van die hoofgoudstormlope in Zululand ondersoek. Die lengte van elk se lewenssiklus sowel as die gesukkel om die “ertsneste” te vind en ‘n befondsing vir dié bedryf se velerlei uitdagings, word bespreek.
Die ATKV as kultuurorganisasie binne ‘n veranderende Suider-Afrikaanse samelewing
Authors: Möller Pieter
Published: February 2024

The Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuur Vereeniging (ATKV) is an organisation aimed at developing Afrikaner culture and language by hosting several projects. The role of the ATKV changed considerably after the transformation of South Africa to a multi-racial democracy in 1994. The changing context will be approached from historical perspective, and specific attention will be paid to the role that the ATKV currently plays in the new South African society. This article considers the organisation’s change of focus, management and attitude within this new context. The main question that this article wants to debate is whether this organisation indeed succeeds in enhancing, deepening and expanding Afrikaner culture and whether it is a modern and dynamic organisation. Some of the projects hosted by the ATKV will be evaluated to indicate in what measure this organisation reaches out to other cultures and what influence it has on the broader South African society. To rethink identity and memory within the new South African society, membership of the ATKV as well as its implementation within a system of cultural branches operating countrywide, will be evaluated critically. The article will show that the ATKV’s activities are aimed at achieving its goals with drive and creativity. The organisation achieves this through its many intercultural projects focused on enhancing relationships between the different cultural groups in South Africa. Ultimately, it is argued that the ATKV plays a critical and crucial role that benefits, or will benefit the broader South African society in the 21st century.
An historical assessment of NGO efficiency in progressing towards a sustainable environmental heritage focus, with as case study the Wonderfontein Spruit catchment, Gauteng
Authors: Van Eeden Elize S.
Published: February 2024

Die artikel handel in wese oor ’n histories-kontemporêre waardering van die rol van nie-regeringsorganisasies (NRO’s) binne ’n demokraties-gerigte proses van omgewingsbestuur in veral die Merafong-studiegebied. Fasette wat uit die bespreking na vore kom, is: i) dat hierdie groep se deelnemerskap in die gebied eers gedurende die negentigerjare momentum gekry het, ii) dat dit beperk was tot aktiwiteite van veral “whistle-blowing” van individue, met geen gekonsolideerde poging om die primêre omgewingsdeelnemers in die Merafong-gebied as die omgewingsbesoedelaars vas te vat nie, iii) dat solank as wat NRO’s se bestaan van die besoedelaar se fondse afhang, daar weinig konstruktiewe vordering in omgewingsremediëring sal wees, en iv) dat NRO’s se omgewingstem in die 21e eeu wel meer gewig sal dra, onder andere as gevolg van die groter erkenning wat menseregte en ‘n druk vir toepassing van nuut-ontwikkelde omgewingswetgewing geniet as enige tyd in die verlede.
Narrating Our Healing - Perspectives on Working Through Trauma
Authors: Thomas Cornelius
Published: February 2024

No abstract available.
Challenges associated with living in karst environments, such as the historical Cradle of Humankind
Authors: Durand J. Francois
Published: February 2024

Die unieke geologiese aard van die Wieg-van-die-Mens-Wêrelderfenisgebied (Cradle of Humankind) noord van Krugersdorp, bied sekere uitdagings vir die mense wat daar woon en werk. Hierdie gebied vorm deel van ‘n reuse dolomitiese afsetting wat deur verwering, hoofsaaklik deur die werking van water, in ‘n tipiese karstlandskap verander is gekenmerk deur grotte, sinkgate, ondergrondse mere en akwifere. Karstsisteme bied skuiling aan ‘n verskeidenheid organismes soos grotwonende vlêrmuise en grondwaterwonende amfipode. ‘n Baie spesifieke ekotoon tussen die suidelike grasveld en noordelike bosveld wat deur ‘n unieke versameling silwerblaar plante gekenmerk word kom in hierdie gebied voor. Benewens hierdie belangrike biologiese aspekte, is hierdie gebied wêreldbekend vir sy ongeëwenaarde fossielrykdom. Die onoordeelkundige gebruik van hulpbronne binne hierdie gebied kan onherstelbare skade aan hierdie unieke erfenis berokken. Besoedeling van die grondwater wat die enigste drinkwater in die gebied is, kan ernstige gesondheidgevare vir die inwoners van hierdie gebied inhou. ‘n Opvoedkundige program oor die bewaring van die karstsisteem, gemik op volwassenes sowel as kinders, geletterdes en ongeletterdes wat in hierdie gebied woon en werk kan tot die volhoubare benutting en bewoning van hierdie gebied lei. ‘n Kundige bevolking sal ook bewus wees van negatiewe antropogeniese impakte wat die karstsisteem vanuit die aangrensende gebiede mag bedreig, en kan met die hulp van die owerhede teen diesulke oortreders optree.
Building communities of practice for the continuing professional development of history teachers: insights from the TEMS project
Authors: Maistry Suriamurthee M.
Published: February 2024

In ‘n tydperk van snelle kurrikulum hervorming, is talle Suid Afrikaanse onderwysers gekonfronteer met die moeilike taak om nuwe kurrikula te ontwikkel en te implementeer. Dit is veral die geval vir Geskiedenis-onderwysers wat as deel van die proses vele uitdagings te bowe moet kom. Terwyl sommige onderwysers kurrikulum hervorming as ‘n reuse uitdaging beskou, daag ander die beskouing uit deur die geleentheid aan te gryp vir persoonlike professionele groei. Hierdie artikel is gebaseer op die TEMS onderwyser-ontwikkelingsprojek waarin die argument ten gunste is van ‘n praktykbenadering ten opsigte van die volgehoue professionele ontwikkeling van Geskiedenisonderwysers. Die spesifieke eise wat die onderrig van Geskiedenis in ‘n post-apartheid Suid-Afrika stel, maak dit noodsaaklik dat ‘veilige plekke’ geskep word vir Geskiedenisonderwysers waar redevoering rakende die Geskiedenis-kurrikulum kan plaasvind. “Gemeenskappe van praktyk”, soos voorgestel deur Wenger, bied ‘n bruikbare teoretiese benadering vir ‘n volgehoue professionele ontwikkeling in Geskiedenisonderrig, veral in die beperkende mate van ondersteuning vanaf die provinsiale onderwysdepartmente vir Geskiedenisonderwysers.
Die Bahurutshe van die Marico (Ramotshere Moiloadistrik): Stryd teen blanke oorheersing, 1852-1916
Authors: Oosthuizen Gerhard J.J.
Published: February 2024

The Bahurutshe of the Marico (Ramotshere Moiloa district): struggle against white domination, 1852-1916. The early history of the Bahurutshe cannot be determined without using a combination of oral tradition, archaeological evidence and written documentation. The Sotho-Tswana moved into the Trans-Vaal area in three big migration waves, probably between 1300 and 1500. The Bahurutshe-Bakwena grouping was the last and also most significant migration wave. They initially settled in the present Rustenburg-Brits vicinity. By approximately 1450/80 the Bahurutshe separated from the Bakwena and gradually settled in the central part of the Marico district. Thus, the Bahurutshe has been living in the Marico area for about 500 years. In this article, the tense relationships between the white burghers/government and the Bahurutshe in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (1852-1899) are discussed. This era was marked by the dismantling of the Bahurutshe authority, land issues, native tax, increasing state control and native labour. After a discussion of these issues, the article focuses on the participation of the Bahurutshe in the South African War (1899-1902), both on the Boer and the British side. The period of the Transvaal Crown Colony (1902-1909) was especially marred by labour issues, increased poll taxes and the controversial “dual administration”. Lastly, the focus is on the influence which the Native Land Act of 1913 and the 1916 Beaumont Land Commission had on the Bahurutshe.
Association between Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Its Importance as a Genetic Biomarker
Authors: Ramanathan Balaji , Velayutham Kumaravel
Published: February 2024

Background:

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with a prevalence ranging from 18.8% to 61.9% in India. For patients with T2DM, identifying those who are at risk of developing DPN is crucial for planning and implementing secondary preventive interventions, as well as for stepping up efforts to address risk factors. Very few studies have discovered a connection between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms and the onset and progression of DPN in T2DM.

Objectives:

The current study intends to investigate the relationship between ACE gene I/D polymorphism with T2DM and DPN subjects among the South Tamil Nadu regional population.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty T2DM patients with DPN, 30 T2DM patients without DPN, and 30 control (nondiabetic) subjects were enrolled in this study. DPN was diagnosed using clinical and neurophysiological evaluation. Blood samples were collected and subjected to relevant investigations including blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and serum lipids. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed to genotype the DNA for ACE I/D polymorphism using specific primers.

Results:

The ACE genotypes were distributed as II, 17 (57%); DD, 3 (10%); and ID, 10 (33%) in control group; II, 7 (23%); DD, 11 (37%); and ID, 12 (40%) in T2DM without DPN group, II, 3 (10%); DD, 16 (53%); and ID, 11 (37%) in T2DM with DPN group. The frequency of DD genotype was significantly higher in T2DM (P = 0.03) and T2DM patients with DPN (P = 0.001) compared to controls. The DD genotype versus II genotype was found to be associated with an increased risk of DPN (odds ratio [OR] = 10.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] =2.55–41.37). The D allele was more frequent among T2DM patients with DPN (71.6%) followed by T2DM patients (56.6%) compared to controls (26.6%). The D allele (vs. the I allele) is associated with an increased risk of T2DM (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.670–7.742) and DPN (OR = 6.95, 95% CI = 3.120–15.507).

Conclusion:

The D allele and DD genotype of the ACE gene may both be risk factors for T2DM; in fact, the D allele of this polymorphism may potentially be linked to the development of DPN in T2DM patients. This finding implies that it may be possible to prevent DPN by early detection by identifying defects in ACE I/D polymorphisms in the south Indian regional population.
Psychogenic polydipsia: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Datta Rashmi Rasi , Singla Parul , Bhargava Seema , Manocha Anjali , Kankra Mamta
Published: February 2024

Primary polydipsia (PP) is a disorder that is clinically characterised by excessive thirst accompanied by increased fluid intake and subsequent excessive excretion of urine without an obvious cause. PP in childhood due to psychogenic causes is a rare condition and may be more prevalent than thought. The differential diagnosis of polydipsia and polyuria is broad due to extensive associated disease spectrum, including renal, endocrine, and neurological diseases. Furthermore, differentiating PP from diabetes insipidus (DI) is essential because the treatment of the latter could be deleterious in patients with PP. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with psychogenic polydipsia. In the present case, the child was started on desmopressin, considering it a case of DI, in view of the history of increased water intake and urinary output. However, a detailed psychological assessment of the child revealed the case to be an autism spectrum disorder. Subsequently, desmopressin was discontinued, and there was a rapid normalisation of fluid intake along with significant reduction in the urine output after starting psychological intervention and implementing strict water restriction. This confirmed the diagnosis as a case of psychogenic polydipsia, which is a common occurrence in children with developmental disorders.
Classifying thyroid nodules with the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System: A simple and cost-effective approach for assessing malignancy risk
Authors: Muthoju Pavani , Nelofar Rabiya Baseri , Chaparala Pravalya
Published: February 2024

Background:

Thyroid nodules are common, with up to 68% of adults having them. Ultrasonography is commonly used to examine them, but cannot determine if they are benign or malignant. High-res ultrasonography can detect disease before diagnosis but confirmation requires an invasive procedure, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), which has risks. Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) classifies nodules based on ultrasound findings, providing objectivity and guidance.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ultrasound characteristics of thyroid nodules & categorize them using the ACR-TIRADS category based on suspicious ultrasound findings, assess the malignancy risk and co-relate with the pathological(FNAC) findings.

Materials and Methods:

A study involving 50 participants was conducted in the department of radiodiagnosis at our institute to assess thyroid nodules using ultrasound. The patients underwent ultrasound examination and FNAC, and the results were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2016.

Results:

Out of the 50 cases, 88% had single nodules and 72% were classified as TI-RADS 3, 20% as TI-RADS 4 and 8% as TI-RADS 5. The FNAC results revealed benign and malignant nodules. All patients with TI-RADS 3 criteria were benign, 80% of those with TI-RADS 4 criteria were benign and all patients with TI-RADS 5 criteria were malignant.

Conclusion:

The study concludes that the American College of Radiology (ACR) TI-RADS scoring system is an effective and practical way to categorise thyroid nodules using ultrasound. It provides a level of certainty about the likelihood of malignancy and helps healthcare providers make informed decisions about which nodules require biopsy, monitoring or no further action based on their ultrasound characteristics. This system reduces the need for unnecessary biopsies and surgeries, making it a cost-effective solution.
Neurobehavioral Changes Associated with Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: McMillan David , Ketheesan Sarangan , Rafeek Rukshan Ahamed Mohamed , Thapa Riya , Munif Mohammad Raguib , Hamlin Adam , Tully Phillip , Norton Robert , White Andrew , Ketheesan Natkunam
Published: February 2024

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are autoimmune conditions triggered by Group A Streptococcus skin or throat infections. If ARF/RHD is undetected, misdiagnosed or antibiotic treatment is not provided early, patients may develop cardiac failure, leading to premature death. Although it is an easily preventable disease, ARF/RHD remains the most significant cause of heart disease-associated deaths in people under 25 years old, both in low- and middle-income countries and among First Nations in high-income countries. Up to 30% of the patients with ARF/RHD present with a neurobehavioral condition – Sydenham’s chorea (SC). The clinical course of SC is mostly self-limiting and is characterized by the onset of involuntary choreiform movements and neuropsychiatric features such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, depression and anxiety, psychosis, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. While the precise mechanism as to why only a proportion of patients with ARF/RHD develop SC remains unknown, an impaired blood–brain barrier is considered to play a central role in its development. The most well-characterized neurobehavioral outcome is stroke which may occur in isolation or as part of systemic thromboembolism. Both infective endocarditis and mitral valve disease with or without aortic valve disease increase the embolic and ischemic stroke risk. ARF/RHD is known to significantly impact the quality of life with neuropsychiatric consequences. Another neurobehavioral syndrome which occurs in the absence of ARF/RHD is “pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections” (PANDAS). PANDAS has been categorized as a subset of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndromes. However, establishing a diagnosis of PANDAS has been challenging. In this review, we discuss the current status of our understanding regarding the different manifestations of poststreptococcal neurobehavioral changes. Particular attention is given to ARF/RHD-associated SC, and we highlight the areas for further research to understand the association between poststreptococcal sequelae and neurobehavioral abnormalities.
Water Quality Index of Arkavathi River and Surrounding Groundwater
Authors: Bharath M , Kumar K Arun , Ariff Syed
Published: February 2024

Aim:

Finding out the water quality of Arkavathi river, a tributary of the Kaveri system and surrounding groundwater is the aim of the present work using the water quality index (WQI) method.

Materials and Methods:

WQIs contribute a single number which indicates altogether quality of water at a particular sampling point based on varied water quality parameters. An effort has been ready to invent a WQI using 11 water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolve oxygen, alkalinity, chloride, iron, nitrate, fluoride, total hardness, total dissolved solids, and biochemical oxygen demand measured at five various locations along the Arkavathi river just downstream of wastewater disposal points of Ramanagar town and six groundwater samples surrounding the river basin. Weighted arithmetic WQI technique was used to discover overall WQI.

Results:

The values of WQI for downstream of wastewater disposal points of Ramanagar town rivers vary from 33.78 to 76.82 and for groundwater vary from 38.6241.77 to 65.95. Based on this, the river quality and groundwater at some of the sampling stations were not suitable for drinking.

Conclusions:

The quality of water is substandard because mainly in the river samples because of the disposal of untreated sewage and industrial effluent generated from the Ramanagar town is directly without any treatment, improper sanitation condition in the nearby city banks of the river, and also, wastewater discharge from surrounding villages, human activities, urban runoff, and agriculture activities.
Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Chlorhexidine with Centella asiatica in the Management of Stage 2 Grade B Periodontitis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients − A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Shashikumar Pratibha , Das Debanjan , Nisha Swet , Karmakar Shaswata , Baria Sudipto , Sahu Sudipto
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Chemical plaque control agents are used as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Adjunctives can assist in proper oral hygiene maintenance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that can reflect in the periodontium. Periodontal disease prevention and management in Type 2 diabetes patients need routine dental care. Over counter mouthwashes used by patients can result in side effects; this has popularised the use of herbal mouthrinses that have minimal side effects. Aim: The present study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) with Centella asiatica in the management of Stage 2 Grade B periodontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and method: Seventy Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with periodontitis were recruited for this study. In Group A, 35 subjects received scaling and root planing (SRP) and 10% C. asiatica mouthwash. In Group B, 35 subjects received SRP and 0.2% CHX mouthwash (Colgate-plax, Colgate-Palmolive). Clinical periodontal outcomes measured were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) at baseline, 1 month and 3 months post therapy. Salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and Interleukin 1β levels were also measured at baseline and 3 months. Results: Clinical parameters PI, GI, BOP and PD were reduced significantly in groups A and B, post-treatment, 3-month follow-up. However, the intergroup comparison didnot show any significant difference. Salivary TAOC levels were significantly increased in both groups after 3 months therapy. The intergroup comparison of salivary TAOC levels between groups didnot show any significant difference. Salivary interleukin 1β levels were significantly reduced in both groups post-treatment. Conclusion: This study suggests the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of C. asiatica mouthwash and a safe alternative to CHX mouthwash as an adjunct in the management of Stage 2 Grade B periodontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Analysis of Sodium Levels in Different Brands of Edible Salts by Flame Photometer
Authors: Bhupathyraaj Mullaicharam , Al Salty Salha Said Rabia , Al-Ghazali Mohammad , Halligudi Nirmala
Published: February 2024

Sodium is a key element for all living things, mainly animals, some plant species, and humans. In animals, sodium ions are necessary for the regulation of blood and body fluids, the transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Sodium is the chief cation in the extracellular compartment of an animal body. Sodium plays a vital role not only in the human body but also in various food types. Salt, also known as sodium chloride, is about 40% sodium and 60% chloride. It flavors food and is used as a binder and stabilizer. The sodium content in different brands of edible salts can be analyzed using flame photometry. Flame photometry, also called flame atomic emission spectrometry, is a branch of atomic spectroscopy in which the species examined in the spectrometer are in the form of atoms. The samples used for analysis are junk foods, which have become a common trend among all generations. A total of 13 brands were analyzed for iodine content. From that, two commonly used brands were selected and analyzed for estimating the sodium and potassium contents in them by flame photometry. The analysis helps in creating awareness among all generations to reduce the sodium intake in order to prevent problems like hypertension, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and associated medical complications in the future.
Association of body mass index with dietary intake and self-care health activities of mothers after postpartum: A mixed-method research in Chennai City, India
Authors: M Suganya , S KalaBarathi
Published: February 2024

Background: Overweight and obesity have become serious health problems worldwide, with more than 1.5 billion adults classified as overweight according to the World Health Organization in 2020. Getting overweight after the gestational period is a common phenomenon and getting back to prepregnancy weight is a major challenging concern for mothers. This study aimed to explain the importance of maintaining body mass index (BMI) and evaluate the association of BMI with dietary intake and self-care health behaviors among mothers after the postpartum period. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted among mothers after the postpartum period having children aged 2 to 10 years old. The current study was performed on a total of 17 mothers who were referred to comprehensive health service centers in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. They were purposefully selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using SPSS software for testing the significance of the P value. Results: The majority of mothers (88.23%) were in the category of overweight and obese. The mean age of mothers was 26.53 ± 5.21 years. BMI was strongly associated with the dietary intake of mothers, hindrance in dietary intake of mothers, and self-care activities of mothers since the P-value was <0.01 level of significance. Conclusion: This study reveals that the BMI of mothers has increased compared to prepregnancy. The adherence to the balanced dietary and self-care activity was very low. It is critically important to pay more attention to how individual, organizational, and societal interventions might assist mothers in attaining the target level of BMI.
Case of sickle cell disease with manifestations of severe vitamin D deficiency: A case report
Authors: Chaudhari Pranav , Acharya Sourya , Kumar Sunil , Wanjari Anil , Sawant Rucha
Published: February 2024

Calcium homeostasis and appropriate calcium absorption depend on adequate levels of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency manifests as osteomalacia, rickets, and bone deformities involving the spine and other bones. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are more likely to experience vitamin D deficiencies. In this case, we describe a 23-year-old male case with of sickle cell anemia with signs of severe vitamin D deficiency and complications of SCD. This case report emphasizes the importance of considering long-term vitamin D supplementation from an early age in individuals with SCD.
Differences in the Impact of Various Types of Exercise on Irisin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Torabi Atefe , Reisi Jalil , Kargarfard Mehdi , Mansourian Marjan
Published: February 2024

Background:

Irisin, a myokine that is responsive to exercise, induces significant changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. By promoting the browning of white fat tissue, it enhances energy expenditure, thereby addressing overweight and obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of different types of physical exercises on irisin levels in overweight and obese adults.

Methods:

Specifically, the review focused on studies involving obese or overweight individuals who participated in exercise training for a minimum of 8 weeks, with measured and reported changes in serum irisin levels compared to a control group. Data were collected from four databases (Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus). The risk of bias was assessed using the Begg and Egger tests, and the results were synthesized.

Results:

Initial searches identified 560 titles, out of which only seven met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in serum irisin concentration (SMD = 0.957, P = 0.005) among obese and overweight individuals who engaged in exercise, compared to the passive control group. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) (SMD = 1.229, P < 0.001) had a more pronounced effect on increasing serum irisin levels than other exercise protocols. Furthermore, the effectiveness of exercise varied based on the participants’ weight status (significant changes for overweight individuals; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for obese individuals; P = 0.1), age (significant changes for those under 40 years old; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for those over 40 years old; P = 0.322), and gender (significant changes for men; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for women; P = 0.285).

Conclusions:

Consequently, exercise can elevate serum irisin levels, leading to alterations in adipose tissue phenotype and thermogenesis, ultimately contributing to weight reduction in obese and overweight individuals.
Therapeutic potential of Triphala and Gomutra in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review
Authors: Deepa M S , Indulekha V C , Menon Indu M
Published: February 2024

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a medical burden that is rapidly increasing globally. It is believed to be a complication of metabolic syndrome. It frequently coexists with one or more symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is closely related to the range of illnesses listed under Santarpanajanya Vyadhi (diseases due to over-nutrition) as per Ayurveda. The conventional medical system has less to offer for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ayurveda has tremendous scope in the treatment of these types of diseases. Triphala and Gomutra (cow urine) are reputed drugs in Ayurveda. These are mentioned for treating diseases caused by Santarpana (over-nutrition). Hence, an attempt has been made to review the properties of Triphala and Gomutra (cow urine) to emphasize their utility in treating Santarpanajanya Vyadhi (diseases due to over-nutrition) with special reference to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The properties and pharmacological actions of Triphala and Gomutra (cow urine) can be used to manage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Peritalar Osteotomy for Rigid Pes Cavus and Cavovarus
Authors: Pinzur Michael S. , LeDuc Ryan , Schiff Adam P. , Hamid Kamran
Published: February 2024

Background:

Patients with rigid pes cavus and pes cavovarus deformities can present with a challenging multiplanar rigid bony deformity that impairs walking stability. Corrective osteotomies or triple arthrodesis are very difficult to both perform and maintain with standard methods of internal fixation.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review identified 17 patients (20 feet) who underwent peritalar osteotomy and maintenance of the correction with a “miter” frame circular external fixator construct. There were 15 males and 2 females (three underwent sequential bilateral surgery). The average age at the time of surgery was 47.6 years. Four of the 17 patients (one bilateral) were insulin-requiring diabetics. Follow-up averaged 58.3 months. One diabetic patient with multiple organ system disease developed a postoperative wound infection that required formal surgical debridement. He died of unrelated causes before the removal of the external fixator. A second postoperative wound infection was managed with local wound care. One pin-tract infection required late debridement following removal of the external fixator.

Results:

Sixteen of the 20 feet achieved the surgical goal of walking with standard oxford footwear. Three patients required short ankle–foot orthoses but were unrestricted community ambulators.

Conclusions:

It is very difficult to both obtain and maintain a stable plantigrade foot when attempting surgical reconstruction for rigid pes cavus or pes cavovarus deformities. Preliminary experience with a peritalar osteotomy, acute correction of the multiplanar deformity, and maintenance with a “miter” frame circular external fixator suggest a more predictable clinical outcome compared with historic methods of treatment.

Level of Evidence:

IV retrospective case review.
Using Mindful Behavior to Reduce Fluoroscopic Time and Radiation in Motorized Internal Femur Lengthening
Authors: Hamilton Amber A. , Wallace Stephen J. , Rozbruch S. Robert
Published: February 2024

Introduction:

Fluoroscopic imaging is universally employed by orthopedic surgeons in the operating room. Nonetheless, intraoperative radiation exposure has an appreciable risk for patients and operating room personnel. Mindful practice of limiting fluoroscopic shots by the operating surgeon can be a useful tool for minimizing dose-dependent radiation.

Methods:

Ten consecutive patients (20 limbs) undergoing bilateral femoral lengthening osteoplasty with insertion of an intramedullary lengthening nail at the study institution were selected. Intraoperative imaging from one group (control) consisting of five patients (10 limbs) who underwent the standard procedure was retrospectively reviewed. The second group (image conscious) consisted of five patients (10 limbs) who underwent the procedure while a conscious effort was made to reduce the number of extraneous fluoroscopic images. Fluoroscopic images were logged for quantity and time stamps. One-tailed Student’s t-test was used to compare the control group to the image-conscious group with a statistical significance level set to P < 0.05.

Results:

The number of fluoroscopic images acquired in the image-conscious group (61.2 ± 11.1) compared to the control group (112.6 ± 20.6) showed a statistically significant decrease (P = 0.006). The amount of radiation dosage absorbed in the image-conscious group (6.82 mGy ± 1.8) compared to the control group (9.89 mGy ± 2.7) was also statistically significant (P = 0.037). The average total operative time per limb in the control group was 103 min (±15) versus 106 min (±12) in the image-conscious group (P = 0.399). There was no significant difference between the groups for age, body mass index, nail diameter, or nail length. There were no intraoperative complications or need for revision surgery in either group.

Discussion:

Image-conscious fluoroscopy leads to a 45.7% reduction in radiation dosage with a statistically significant decrease in the number of images taken, absorbed dosage, and fluoroscopic imaging time in a standardized procedure without increasing operating room time or perioperative complications.

Conclusion:

Orthopedic surgeons have the potential to minimize the adverse effects of radiation exposure in the operating room by being mindful about avoiding excessive fluoroscopy shots.
Effect of Smoking Cessation Programs on Periodontal Disease Progression
Authors: Dixit Arti , Dhanalakshmi P , Rameshchandra Pallavi Tripathi , Chachlani Karina S. , Dithi C , Dash Kailash Chandra , Obulareddy Vishnu Teja , Kamma Praveen Kumar Gonuguntla
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

In this research study, we delve into the effects of smoking cessation programs on the progression of periodontal disease, particularly focusing on the potential benefits experienced by individuals who successfully quit smoking.

Materials And Methods:

The research involved the participation of 200 individuals, all of whom were active smokers and exhibited varying degrees of periodontal disease. These participants enrolled in a comprehensive smoking cessation program that included regular counseling sessions and, when necessary, the provision of nicotine replacement therapy to facilitate smoking cessation. Over a 12-month period, the progression of their periodontal disease was systematically monitored through a series of dental check-ups and measurements of critical clinical parameters. These parameters included probing depth (PD), which assesses the spaces between teeth and gums, and clinical attachment level (CAL), which evaluates the attachment of gum tissue to tooth surfaces.

Results:

After 12 months of active participation in the smoking cessation program, several noteworthy results were observed among the participants. On average, participants experienced a reduction in PD by approximately 1.5 mm, indicating a shallower space between the teeth and gums and, thus, healthier periodontal tissues. In addition, the CAL improved by an average of 1.2 mm, signifying enhanced attachment of gum tissue to the tooth surface, which is essential for dental stability. Participants also exhibited a significant reduction in plaque accumulation on tooth surfaces, indicative of improved oral hygiene practices. Furthermore, gingival inflammation, a common symptom of periodontal disease, notably decreased among participants, suggesting an overall improvement in gum health

Conclusion:

In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence supporting the positive impact of smoking cessation programs on the progression of periodontal disease.