bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSRADIAL PRIMARY PCI OF AN ANOMALOUS LAD ORIGINATING FROM THE OPPOSITE SINUS PRESENTING AS STEMI
Authors: Romero Jorge Ramirez , Tschannen William , Wermers Jason P. , Ahmad Sarah Aftab , Khalid Nauman
Published: July 2022

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a rare presentation in patients with anomalous coronary arteries. Among these patients, identification of the culprit lesion remains challenging. Furthermore, the default transradial approach advocated by the guidelines and professional societies, especially for acute coronary syndromes may pose technical challenges for the interventionalists.
10-YEAR-OLD PAKISTANI BOY WITH MULTIPLE MALIGNANCIES: LOSS OF PMS2–CONSTITUTIONAL MISMATCH REPAIR DEFICIENCY
Authors: Rehman Palwasha , Wali Rabia Muhammad
Published: July 2022

Constitutional Mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is a cancer predisposition syndrome. Four main common malignancies seen are, hematological, brain tumours, colorectal cancers, and intestinal polyps. We are reporting a 10-year-old boy with CMMRD; diagnosed with hematological malignancies, followed by low grade glioma in thalamus. There was loss of PMS2, whereas immunostaining was retained for MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6. Early diagnosis of CMMRD is crucial especially in countries like Pakistan, where consanguineous marriages are common. Increasing awareness among the physicians will help in early diagnosis, surveillance and in providing appropriate genetic counselling to the family.
EFFICACY OF MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENTS SUPPLEMENTATION ON ENERGY INTAKE, CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D LEVELS IN UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN
Authors: Ahmad Ikhlaq , Fatima Sadia , Luqman Muhammad Waqas , Nazli Rubina , Habib Syed Hamid , Shah Inayat
Published: July 2022

Background: Under-nutrition is a major public health problem worldwide. Several studies have documented the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplements in healthy children and in children with bone abnormalities but the effects of multiple micronutrients supplementation in underweight children is limited in literature. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial 38 participants were recruited and divided into two groups of 19 subjects. On the first day of experimental trial, in fasting state 5cc blood samples were collected from all subjects followed by their anthropometric measurements, and serum levels of calcium and vitamin D. All subjects of one group were given Lipid-based nutritional supplement (LNS) and whereas the other group was given the placebo. After one month of compliance the same measurements were repeated and compared. Results: After one month of supplementation mid-upper arm circumference (p=0.005), weight (p<0.001), height (p=0.000), and BMI-Z score (p=0.002) the energy intake (P<0.001), were significantly increased in LNS as compared to Placebo. However, no improvement was observed in the plasma vitamin D (p=0.44) and calcium levels (p=0.46) of underweight children in both groups. Conclusion: Multi micronutrient supplementations are effective in improving anthropometry in the short duration of time. They also improve the energy intake of underweight children. However, no improvement is observed in levels of vitamin D and calcium in LNS group even after a one-month use.
FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYP: A RARE PRESENTATION IN SINONASAL CAVITY
Authors: Dhanani Rahim , Danish Muhammad Hassan , Siddique Sabeeh , Pasha Hamdan Ahmed , Siddiq Muhammad Wasif , Ikram Mubasher
Published: July 2022

A fibroepithelial polyp is a benign polypoidal lesion of mesodermal origin. It can present in any area of the body with an epithelial surface. These are relatively more common in skin and genitourinary tract and has been reported very rarely in head and neck region. We report here a rare presentation of fibroepithelial polyp in sinonasal cavity presenting with the symptoms of unilateral nasal obstruction. The patient underwent endoscopic surgical excision and recovered completely. In patients with unilateral sinonasal growing masses fibroepithelial polyp should be considered as one of the possible diagnosis. Sinonasal fibroepithelial polyps have good prognosis after being treated surgically.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM AND ROLE OF CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION IN VESICULOBULLOUS LESIONS - A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Khursheed Soffia , Shah Hijab , Ijaz Ammara , Mehmood Muzna , Tanvir Nida , Sharif Shawana
Published: July 2022

Background: Histopathology is an important diagnostic modality for vesiculobullous lesions, however the diagnosis may at times require use of Immunofluorescence techniques which are expensive and not widely available.  The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological spectrum of vesiculobullous diseases and to determine the role of clinic-pathological correlation in diagnosing bullous lesions. Methods: This was cross sectional validation study conducted in a tertiary care hospital, over a period of 18 months. All the clinically diagnosed cases of bullous diseases were included and examined as histological sections by three histopathologists. Results: Out of 58 total cases, the most frequently diagnosed lesions included Pemphigus vulgaris (27%), Bullous pemphigoid (13.8%) and Pemphigus foliaceous (12.1%). Females comprised 55% of cases, age distribution was wide but most patient were in age bracket of 20–39 years. Conclusion: There was 89.6% correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Only 2 cases were sent for Immunofluorescence studies, as histopathology was inconclusive in those cases. Therefore, we conclude that histopathological examination along with clinical correlation is a very useful way of diagnosing vesiculobullous disorders
TREATMENT OF SENILE ENTROPION: A COMPARISON OF STANDARD AND MODIFIED SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: Qurban Qirat , Kamil Zeeshan
Published: July 2022

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the postoperative functional outcomes of two different surgical techniques for the correction of senile lower lid entropion. It was a Quasi experimental study, carried out at BHY Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January to December 2018. Method: This study recruited fifty patients belonging to either gender with an age range of 60–70 years having unilateral lower lid senile entropion. All the patients were briefed about the study dynamics and divided into two groups with twenty-five patients in each group via convenience-based sampling technique. Those with a prior history of lid surgery or bleeding diathesis were excluded from the study. Patients of group A underwent the standard Weis surgical procedure whereas Group B patients underwent a modified surgical approach using an external tamponade. Main outcome measure was the rectification of abnormal lid position to the normal level. All the patients were followed for a period of six months postoperatively. Study approval was obtained from the institutional ethical review board. Result: This study included a total of fifty patients with twenty-five patients in each group. Mean age was 64.5±3.23 years. Recurrence was observed in 32% patients of group A and 4% patients of group B. Conclusion: The modified surgical technique for entropion repair using an external tamponade has a favourable outcome with minimal recurrence and symptomatic relief.
The Animalification of the World in Nahj al-Balaghah: A Cognitive Approach
Authors: Zare Afarin
Published: July 2022

Cognitive linguistics describes language as the perception of human cognitive abilities and views it as a tool for organizing, processing, and conveying information and also the intellectual representation of the universe. Since the basis of cognitive linguistics is semantics, metaphor is viewed as one of the most focal points of study in this approach, and attention to it can be considered as the most prominent development in cognitive linguistics, because cognitive metaphor is not just a figure of speech to decorate discourse, but it is the understanding and experience of an abstract conceptual field in the form of another conceptual domain that is usually more tangible.

Using a cognitive linguistic approach based on nine conceptual metaphor hypotheses, the present research studies the conceptual analysis of all the metaphors of the world in the field of animal in Nahj al-Balaghah.

The most significant findings of this study are:

Contrary to the belief of Kövecses excluding the personification only to giving human features to abstract concepts, there are metaphors where animal characteristics are given to non-human phenomena. Therefore, animism includes both personification and animalification.

Some of the animalistic features are linked with the abstract concept of the world, and this connection is linguistically unconventional. What improves such an unconventional company is the extension of meaning. This helps the mind to attribute some of the animal's characteristics to an abstract field that lacks those features based on several cognitive mappings.
Debate on Artistic Research 2.1: Summary
Authors: Tepe Peter
Published: July 2022

Numerous articles from the anthology The Art of Research (Kunst des Forschens) are discussed, all of which are very fruitful to the debate on artistic research. The discussion is split into two parts to accommodate the high number of texts. Part 2.1 features texts by Elke Bippus, Hannes Rickli and Christoph Schenker. The full commentary is published in Mythos-Magazin and is available here.
Agenda 2030: alinhamento dos projetos estratégicos dos tribunais de justiça aos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável
Authors: Bandeira Pinheiro Alan , Gomes de Oliveira Menezes Beatriz , Gois Lima Oliveira Leonel , Witt Haddad Carraro Wendy Beatriz
Published: July 2022

O estudo tem por objetivo investigar o alinhamento dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável no escopo dos projetos estratégicos dos tribunais estaduais do Brasil. Foram coletadas informações de 521 projetos e em seguida foi atribuída uma pontuação para cada projeto de acordo com os 17 ODS da Agenda 2030. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da consulta de páginas oficiais dos tribunais estaduais e a análise de dados foi realizada conforme a técnica de análise documental dos portfólios de projetos. Os achados da pesquisa demonstraram que tribunais de justiça de estados como Acre, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraíba e Paraná tem tido um maior alinhamento dos projetos estratégicos aos ODS. Na prática, isso significa que os projetos desses tribunais tendem a ter maior relação com os ODS. Em contrapartida, tribunais dos estados de Alagoas e Goiás, os projetos estratégicos tendem a não tratar de questões ambientais e sociais.
PERSPECTIVAS DO ENSINO DE MÚSICA NA EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA
Authors: Santos Adelcio Machado dos , Twardowski Rita Marcia , Caetano Audete Alves dos Santos , Leffer Danielle Martins , Escher Alisson André
Published: July 2022

Este artigo toma como ponto de partida o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de música, na modalidade de Ensino a Distância-EAD, buscando, através da análise documental e bibliográfica, verificar quais as possibilidades oferecidas ao seu licenciado, analisando dificuldades e êxitos de um processo formativo, objetivando reconhecer a sua importância para o contexto educacional e profissional. A partir de reflexões realizadas neste estudo, foi possível constatar que o ensino de música na modalidade EAD, vem possibilitando um bom acesso ao aprendizado musical e, que, destacam-se a figura dos seus respectivos educadores musicais e gestão educacional que, por meio de suas estratégias pedagógicas, conseguem driblar as dificuldades e desafios que encontram em suas jornadas de trabalho, buscando o bom desenvolvimento da educação musical em seus ambientes educacionais-EAD e projetos pedagógicos.
TECNOLOGIA SOCIAL E UNIVERSIDADE: UMA RELAÇÃO NECESSÁRIA PARA INCLUSÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL
Authors: Silva Daniel Nodario da , Moesch Maria Carolina da Silveira
Published: July 2022

O presente artigo analisa a atual conjuntura socioeconômica que desafia atores sociais e organizações a inovar na construção de posicionamentos e práticas que afirmem o lugar de coletivos na agenda das políticas públicas, a fim de criar ações alternativas para inclusão social e revitalização de parcerias e redes. Nessa direção, o conceito de tecnologia social se caracteriza amplo para abrigar iniciativas e ações coletivas que busquem empregar o conhecimento científico e tecnológico, a fim de promover a inclusão social e a melhoria da qualidade de vida de grupos e comunidades que vivem em condições de vulnerabilidade social. Esta produção estabelece padrões e exige transparência nos métodos usados, nas “descobertas” e a referência aos seus resultados, permitindo que generalizações de certos tópicos sejam feitas a partir de trabalhos de diferentes autores encontrados na base de dados, com a posterior produção de resumos e tabelas para facilitar a visualização dos resultados da pesquisa.
German comparative studies: theory and practice
Authors: Chołuj Bożena
Published: July 2022

The article is about the German efforts to compare supranational literature. In this context
the pioneering signifi cance of the romantic idea of universal poetry is underlined, i.e. the lectures
of the Schlegel brothers and Goethe’s concept of Weltliteratur, as well as the discovery of still little-
-known comparativists like Hugo Meltzl by Hugo Dyserinck.
Hegel and Herder as one of the founding fathers of modern comparativism
Authors: Borowska Sylwia
Published: July 2022

The article provides a brief introduction to the thought of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and
Johann Gottfried Herder and presents both philosophers as one of the founding fathers of the contemporary
references to the notion of comparatism, i.e. comparative studies and correspondence
of the arts – poetry, philosophy, criticism. Additionally, the vision of state and nation in the philosophy
of Hegel and Herder was presented. Herder’s thought had a particular infl uence on the development
of national and independence ideas in the Slavic countries, contributing to the establishment
of the notion of the „ awakening” of Slavic nations based on language, references to folklore,
poetry and the works of individual nations understood as communities that do not need the state
as a political institution in order to exist.
Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski as a Comparatist: His Supplements to Frédéric
Gustav Eichhoff’s The Literature of Medieval Peoples: Slavs and Germans
Authors: Westermark Katarzyna
Published: July 2022

The dissertation Obraz literatury średniowiekowych ludów, a mianowicie Słowian i Niemców
[The Literature of Medieval Peoples: Slavs and Germans] was published in Warsaw in 1856.
It was a translation of a study by the French philologist and comparatist Frédéric Gustave Eichhoff.
The original text was signifi cantly modifi ed and supplemented by Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski,
a Polish historian of law and specialist on Slavic culture. The article identifi es the parts of the text
that Maciejowski added, as this allows for a reconstruction of his general views on Slavic poetry,
including the differences between folk ballad traditions of the Slavic nations, as well as between
Slavic and Western European folk ballads (primarily Germany). Maciejowski’s views on the development
of the literatures of various European nations by the mid-nineteenth century have also
been discussed.
Theory, Period Styles, and Comparative Literature as Discipline
Authors: Sucur Slobodan
Published: July 2022

In his article, Theory, Period Styles, and Comparative Literature as Discipline, Slobodan Sucur
attempts to answer the following question: Can a rapprochement be brought about between various,
often antagonistic, literary-theoretical views and the concept of comparative literature itself,
which requires accord, consensus, agreement, etc., for it to function as a concrete body and discipline?
Sucur attempts dealing with this question in three parts of the paper: First, he establishes
a relationship/link between the theoretical discord of today (humanism, formalism, deconstruction,
etc.) and the high theorizing which began during the JenaBerlin phase of Romanticism
(Shelling, Hegel, F. Schlegel, etc.); secondly, he attempts linking the origin of comparative literature
with later Romanticism (Virgil Nemoianu’s idea of the Biedermeier) in order to account for
some inconsistencies between ideas of „theory” on the one hand, and „discipline” on the other;
and thirdly, he speculates on whether or not „literary history” – an idea often neglected now – can
be the bridge where literary theory meets up with comparative literature as a disciplinary endeavor,
that is, in the act of writing a comparative literary history.
Anthropometry and body composition of young soccer players
Authors: Mroczek Agata , Golachowska Magdalena , Kaczorowska Antonina
Published: July 2022

Background: Body composition and other anthropometric measurements are important factors influencing the overall performance of an athlete. Together with motor coordination, physical fitness, physical, functional, and psychosocial conditions, as well as learned technique and tactics, a player's sports potential and probability of success can be determined.
Aim of the study: Our study aimed to describe anthropometric variables and body composition of young soccer players of various ages.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 61 young soccer players in the under-15, under-16, and under-19 categories. We used a bioimpedance analyzer to measure the following indicators: body height (BH), body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), total body water (TBW), muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), body fat (BF) percentage, and visceral fat (VF).
Results: The mean findings for the variables among players in the U-15, U-17, and U-19 groups were age (14.79 ± 0.32; 16.07 ± 0.44; 17.43 ± 0.87), BH (175.63 ± 7.36 cm; 179.89 ± 7.49 cm; 180.28 ± 6.42 cm), BM (62.32 ± 8.13 kg; 67.38 ± 8.14 kg; 73.81 ± 8.86 kg), BMI (20.15 ± 1.88 kg/m2; 20.77 ± 1.58 kg/m2; 22.68 ± 2.18 kg/m2), TBW (40.72 ± 5.19 L; 44.13 ± 5.18 L; 47.63 ± 5.58 L), MM (31.18 ± 4.26 kg; 34.06 ± 4.22 kg; 37.11 ± 4.64 kg), FM (6.8 ± 2.68 kg; 7.12 ± 2.48 kg; 8.72 ± 2.72 kg), BF (10.83 ± 3.6%; 10.47 ± 2.83%; 11.79 ± 3.09), and VF (1.83 ± 1.09; 1.89 ± 1.2; 2.61 ± 1.33). Analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between groups in terms of age, BM, BMI, MM, and TBW. Age had a statistically significant positive correlation with BH, BM, BMI, TBW, MM, and FM.
Conclusions: BM, MM, and TBW increase in the subsequent age groups of soccer players. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between age and BH, BM, BMI, TBW, MM, and FM. The conclusion from this study can help adjust training programs to the individual characteristics of a given player, which will allow for better performance and professional success.
Cosmovisión, cuerpo y medicina. Notas para una salud integrativa en tiempos de COVID-19
Authors: Lermanda Victoria , Bedregal Paula
Published: July 2022

La crisis global que ha producido la pandemia del coronavirus ha puesto de manifiesto las grandes desigualdades que afectan a la sociedad planetaria. Cobra relevancia, entonces, reflexionar sobre los elementos en los que se basa la construcción de este macro sistema. El concepto de cosmovisión se vuelve clave en la comprensión de este fenómeno; al mismo tiempo, el entendimiento de la noción de cuerpo que se deriva de ella permite atisbar el rol que tiene este constructo en el abordaje de los procesos de salud y enfermedad, pero también de la interrelación de la persona con el medio.
¿Infraestructura ante la crisis hídrica? Políticas de Estado en los ríos Petorca y La Ligua
Authors: Guerrero Rojas Rodrigo A. , Fragkou María Christina
Published: July 2022

La Provincia de Petorca ha padecido de la escasez hídrica al menos por una década. En vista del diagnóstico general de una ausencia de fiscalización por parte del Estado en el territorio, se vuelve necesario ponderar las políticas públicas en materia hídrica. De esta forma, se analizan desde el punto de vista de los derechos humanos las políticas nacionales y provinciales desde el año 1999 hasta el 2018 elaborados para las cuencas del rio Petorca y La Ligua. Como resultado se observa una reducción conceptual de la escasez hídrica a sequía, a la vez que se exhibe una serie de políticas nacionales y provinciales cohesionadas en torno a establecer a la infraestructura hidráulica como respuesta central a la crisis, dejando inalterado el nivel de extracción existente sobre los acuíferos y resguardando la certeza jurídica de los derechos de aprovechamiento, acaparados por la industria agrícola. De este modo, las poblaciones rurales se mantienen en un estado de vulnerabilidad ante el exiguo suministro de agua proporcionado por los camiones aljibe, poniendo en riesgo sus derechos elementales a una vida digna.
PERANCANGAN APLIKASIE-CANTEENBERBASIS ANDROID DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS DAN DESIGN (OOAD) PADA KANTIN MAKAN NONA GEPREK PRABUMULIH
Authors: Christian Andi Christian , Rishi Suparianto  , Della Sabillah Putri
Published: July 2022

Kantin makan Nona Geprek kota Prabumulih adalah tempat makanan dan minuman yang berada di kota Prabumulih, beralamat di Jalan Mayor Iskandar, nomor 122 RT. 01 RW. 01 kelurahan Mangga Besar, kecamatan Prabumulih Timur, kota Prabumulih, provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Untuk pencapaian hasil yang maksimal, maka deperlukan adanya suatu perubahan dalam system pemesanan makanan dan minuman agar lebih optimal dan efisien. Oleh karena itu, kantin makan Nona Geprek Kota Prabumulih  membutuhkan suatu mekanisme dalam dalam pemesanan makanan dan minuman untuk memudahkan proses pemesanan makan dan minuman dan mengurangi kesalahan pemesanan makanan dan minuman antara pelayan dan pembeli. Dengan alasan diatas maka penulis mencoba untuk memberikan alternative pemecahan masalah dengan membuat aplikasi berbasis android dengan metode Object Oriented Analysis dan Design (OOAD). Dengan adanya aplikasi ini diharapkan dapat memudahkan proses pemesanan makanan dan minuman dan menghemat waktu. Pada penulisan ini juga akan diterangkan tahapan pengerjaan, mulai dari proses analisa, desain, pengodean, pengujian menggunakan Appsgeyser. Metode pengembangan perangkat lunak menggunakan model waterfall. Alat bantu analisis dan perancangan yang digunakan adalah UML (Unified Modelling Language)  terdiri dari use case diagram, activity diagram, dan sequence diagram. Aplikasi ini dibangun menggunakan software-software Appsgeyser.com dengan bahasa pemrograman Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) dan database MySQL serta untuk mencetak laporannya menggunakan komponen Adobe System, PDF.
SISTEM MANAJEMEN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH KOTA PRABUMULIH
Authors: Sri Suparni
Published: July 2022

Framework of the research is to describe that hospitals in conducting its activities generate wastewater that are physical, chemical and biological. Implementation of wastewater treatment include catcher tub fat, waste water tank, tub filter, floatasi tub, sedimentation basin, tub equalization, biodetok tub FBK10, biodetok tub FBK20, tub disinfection (chlorine), disinfection contact basin, tub bioassay, sludge dryer tub. The purpose of this study was to determine the wastewater treatment process at the WWTP (Waste Water Treatment Plant) in the city General Hospital Prabumulih. In line with the problem and research objectives, this study carried out by the method of describing is descriptive about the Wastewater Treatment at City General Hospital Prabumulih by way of observation, interviews, and find sources of library. Existing research results can be concluded that the Process of Waswater Treatment in the General Hospital Prabumulih City has implemented quite well, but need to be considered again for installation of water flow gauges and how maintance WWTP (Weste Water Treatment Plant) to comply with applicable regulations and avoid occupational diseases.
RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI PENGOLAHAN PEMBELIAN BARANG HABIS PAKAI PADA PT.SWARA BUNGA KYRANA
Authors: Christian Andi , Ike Pransiska
Published: July 2022

Saat ini penggunaan komputer sudah sangat meluas, baik instansi Pemerintah, swasta, sekolah-sekolah, pabrik, hingga pertokoan. Pada instansi Pemerintah maupun yang lainnya termasuk juga tempat karaoke keluarga yang sedang menjamur saat ini. Penggunaan komputer pada tempat karaoke atau perusahaan khususnya membawa dampak sangat penting. Untuk mencatat semua kegiatan yang terjadi pada tempat karaoke secara manual kurang menguntungkan. Selain cara kerja yang lambat, untuk pencatatan semua transaksi memakan waktu yang lumayan banyak. Sangat berbeda dengan menggunakan sistem yang terintegrasi dengan komputer. Dengan aplikasi ini dapat dilakukan proses Pembelian barang secara cepat dan efisien. Adapun salah satu perusahaan yang memakai aplikasi pengolahan pembelian barang habis pakai yaitu PT.Swara Bunga Kyrana. Aplikasi dibuat dengan menggunakan Bahasa Pemrograman  Visual Studio 2010 dan database Access. Dengan adanya aplikasi ini maka diharapkan dapat meningkatkan hasil yang maksimal.
Analisis Iplementasi Aplikasi Juz Amma Berbasis Android menggunakan Adobe Flash Proffesional CS6
Authors: Yuliana Yeni , Khana Wijaya
Published: July 2022

Juz Amma merupakan sekumpulan surah yang ada pada juz ke 30 dalam Alquran dan merupakan juz dengan jumlah surah terbanyak yaitu 37 surah, namun surahnya relatif pendek. Juz ini diawali dengan surah An Naba’ dan di akhiri dengan surah Al Ikhlas, dan hampir semua surah dalam juz ini tergolong surah makkiyah ( Surah yang diturunkan sebelum Nabi hijrah ) yaitu sebanyak 34 surah dan 3 surah sisanya yaitu surah Al bayyinah, Al Zalzalah dan surah AN Nashr termasuk golongan surah madaniah (M.Isya Krisnaldi dkk, 2018).  Pendidikan mengenai surah – surah dalam juz amma biasanya diajarkan dengan metode konvensional seperti misalnya di sekolah  dengan bimbingan guru dan dirumah dengan bimbingan orang tua. Namun pendidikan  yang disampaikan oleh guru kepada anak-anak disekolah khususnya di sekolah TPA Nur Baiti Qur’an sebagai tempat penelitian penulis, tidak sepenuhnya diterima dan dimengerti oleh anak – anak disekolah. Kebanyakan guru hanya menggunakan buku juz amma dan memaparkan secara langsung sebagai panduan dan menjelaskan secara ringkas. Sehingga anak – anak merasa jenuh dalam proses belajarnya dengan pendidikan yang disampaikan oleh gurunya dan menimbulkan kurangnya semangat minat belajar dan menghafal surah – surah di juz amma bagi anak-anak.  Kurangnya semangat minat belajar bagi anak tentunya menjadi masalah bagi orang tua dirumah, dan untuk meningkatkan semangat anak dalam belajar, Salah satu sistem operasi yang sangat diminati saat ini adalah android, Android sebagai sistem operasi berbasis linux yang dapat digunakan diberbagai perangkat mobile / gadget. Hingga saat ini android mampu berkembang lebih pesat dari para pesaingnya dari segi sistem maupun aplikasinya. Oleh karena itu, banyak aplikasi yang diciptakan berbasis android. Seperti yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini yaitu Aplikasi Juz Amma berbasis Android.
Analisis Tingkat Kepuasan Pengguna pada Aplikasi Media Pembayaran OVO
Authors: PURBASARI Yuntari , Nurmayanti Nurmayanti
Published: July 2022

Kota Prabumulih berada di provinsi Sumatera Selatan, memiliki populasi dengan penduduk berusia tujuh belas tahun ke atas sebanyak 200.087 orang. Berdasarkan yang dapat bersumbe dari Dinas Kependudukan Dan Pencatatan Sipil tersebut dapat ditentukan sampel penelitian sebanyak 80 orang, untuk menguji kebergunaan (usability) dari aplikasi OVO dari sisi pengguna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lima variabel yang digunakan terdiri dari learnability, efficiency, memorability, error, dan satisfaction yaitu: berdasarkan perhitungan menggunakan interval dari skala likert, untuk aplikasi OVO hanya memiliki dua variabel yang nilai akhirnya lebih besar yaitu pada variabel learnability dan Satisfaction. Dapat disimpulkan dari variabel learnability pengguna lebih mudah mempelajari aplikasi OVO yang artinya pengguna lebih mudah dalam memahami dan mempelajari OVO baik dari menu-menu yang ada, mudah dalam melakukan transaksi, sedangkan pada variabel satisfaction dapat di simpulkan bahwa pada variable satisfaction, pengguna menyukai tampilan dan pelayanan pada aplikasi OVO serta respon cepat yang di lakukan oleh pihak aplikasi OVO.
HUBUNGAN POLA MAKAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ACNE VULGARIS PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER VIII DI SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN (STIKES) TANA TORAJA TAHUN 2020
Authors: Mangapi Yahya Handayani , Tandilimbong Herman , Ganisa Elvi
Published: July 2022

Latar Belakang:

Acne vulgaris adalah penyakit peradangan kronis dari folikel pilosebaseus yang ditandai dengan adanya komedo, papula, pustula, nodul dan sering dengan bekas luka.

Tujuan:

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui  hubungan antara pola makan dengan kejadian acne vulgaris pada mahasiswa semester VIII di Stikes Tana Toraja.

Metode:

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitik dengan metode cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 60  responden kemudian data dianalisis  dengan mengunakan  uji statistik chi–square.

Hasil:

Hasil penelitian ini, berdasarkan uji Chi-square diperoleh nilai p-value = 0.602 >  α. 0.05 yang berarti bahwa tidak ada hubungan pola makan dengan kejadian acne vulgaris pada mahasiswa semester VIII di STIKES Tana Toraja atau Ha ditolak dan Ho diterima.

Kesimpulan:

Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini bahwa tidak ada hubungan pola makan dengan kejadian acne vulgaris, kemungkinan besar kajadian acne vulgaris yang terjadi pada mahasiswa di pengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti. Disarankan kepada responden untuk penelitian selanjutnya agar meneliti faktor lain yang dapat berpengaruh pada acne vulgaris selain pola makan.
HUBUNGAN KEPERCAYAAN DIRI DAN KEAKTIFAN DALAM BERORGANISASI DENGAN KEMAMPUAN PUBLIC SPEAKING MAHASISWA SEMESTER IV STIKES TANA TORAJA TAHUN 2020
Authors: Saalino Valentina , Bannepadang Catherina , Bala Lembang Feniah
Published: July 2022

Mahasiswa sebagai harapan dan tulang punggung bangsa bahkan sebagai Man Of Ideas di harapkan mampu mengungkapkan dan menyuarakan pendapatan serta mengembangkan The Ideas Power guna mengisi teknologi  struktur pada masa depan serta memberikan konstribusi bagi pembangunan bangsa dalam berbagai bidang. Salah satunya adalah dengan memiliki dan melatih kemampuan public speaking. Berbicara di depan umum tidak hanya merupakan paparan informatif yang berisi keterangan atau penjelasan saja, tetapi persuasif, yaitu mengandung ajakan atau bujukan sehingga para audiens tergerak untuk melaksanakannya. Sehingga diperlukan latihan, rasa percaya diri yang baik dan pengalaman ketika ingin sukses berbicara di depan umum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kepercayaan diri dan keaktifan dalam berorganisasi dengan kemampuan public speaking pada mahasiswa semester IV, Stikes Tana Toraja tahun 2020.

Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah diskriptif  kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kampus STIKES Tana Toraja. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan sebanyak 53 orang dan teknik yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan membagikan lembar kuesioner kepercayaan diri, keaktifan dalam berorganisasi dan kemampuan public speaking secara online melalui media sosial yaitu WA (WhatsApp) grup responden.

Hasil penelitian ini berdasarkan uji chi-square menunjukan  (1) Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kepercayaan diri dengan kemampuan public speaking pada mahasiswa semester IV, Stikes Tana Toraja dimana nilai p = 0,005 atau p < 0,05 (2) Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara keaktifan dalam berorganisasi dengan kemampuan public speaking pada mahasiswa semester IV, Stikes Tana Toraja dimana nilai p = 0,043 atau p < 0,05.

Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa yang memiliki kepercayaan diri yang baik dan aktif dalam berorganisasi memiliki peluang yang besar memiliki kemampuan public speaking yang baik. Hasil penelitian diharapkan bisa sebagai gambaran awal dan data dasar untuk penelitian berikutnya terutama jika ingin meneliti variabel lain yang bisa saja mempengaruhi kemampuan public speaking seperti keterampilan berbicara, jenis kelamin dan lain lain.
HUBUNGAN MINAT BELAJAR DAN PELUANG KERJA DENGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA STIKES TANA TORAJA
Authors: Bannepadang Catherina , Algarini Allo Olgrid , Sirondong Basongan Hermita
Published: July 2022

Motivasi belajar timbul karena adanya kekuatan yang dapat menjadi pendorong bagi mahasiswa untuk meningkatkan potensi yang ada dalam diri seseorang untuk mewujudkan tujuan belajar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan minat belajar dan peluang kerja dengan motivasi belajar mahasiswa SI keperawatan semester IV di STIKES Tana Toraja kabupaten Toraja Utara tahun 2020.

       Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah diskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cros sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Stikes Tana Toraja. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan sebanyak 53 orang dan teknik yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan membagikan lembar kuesioner  minat belajar, peluang kerja dan motivasi belajar.

       Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan hasil menunjukkan bahwa dari 53 responden yang memiliki minat belajar baik sebanyak 36 (67,9%), berdasarkan peluang kerja mayoritas responden adalah besar sebanyak 45 responden (84,9%) dan berdasarkan motivasi belajar mayoritas responden adalah baik sebanyak 39 responden (73,6%). Dari hasil penelitian dengan uji chi-square (Fisher’s exact test) dengan p value 0,336 dan  untuk hubungan peluang kerja dengan motivasi belajar didapatkan nilai p value 0,023.

       Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah tidak ada hubungan minat belajar dengan motivasi belajar dan ada hubungan peluang kerja dengan motivasi belajar. Disarankan kepada mahasiswa untuk tetap semangat belajar dalam studi sehingga cita-cita yang diharapkan dapat diwujudkan.
GAMBARAN KEJADIAN OPERASI FAM BERDASARKAN UMUR DI RSUD LAKIPADADA TAHUN 2016-2017
Authors: Handayani Mangapi Yahya , Kombong Astiani
Published: July 2022

Neoplasma atau tumor adalah pertumbuhan sel-sel baru yang tidak terkontrol dari berlebihan akibat faktor pengendali pertumbuhan sel normal yang tidak responsive.

Penelitian ini melihat bagaimana gambaran kejadian operasi FAM berdasarkan umur di RSUD Lakipadada tahun 2016-2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kejadian operasi FAM berdasarkan umur di RSUD Lakipadada tahun 2016-2017.Besarnya sampel adalah 68 pasien dengan teknik Total Sampling.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tahun 2016 jumlah pasien 28 orang (41,18%) dan meningkat pada tahun 2017 menjadi 40 pasien (58,82%). Umur 15-25 tahun merupakan kejadian yang paling tinggi yaitu 33 orang (48,52%) dan umur yang paling rendah adalah berumur >45 tahun sebanyak 7 orang (10,30% ).

Kesimpulan dalam penelitian  ini adalah bahwa kejadian penyakit FAM terus meningkat dari tahun 2016 -2017 terutama pada umur 15 -25.
HUBUNGAN UMUR, JENIS KELAMIN DAN PENDIDIKAN DENGAN TINGKAT DEPRESI PADA LANSIA DI DUSUN RANTE KECAMATAN SA’DAN ULUSALU KABUPATEN TORAJA UTARA TAHUN 2018
Authors: Handayani Mangapi Yahya , Habel Paul
Published: July 2022

Lansia merupakan kelompok yang paling banyak mengalami masalah kesehatan. Depresi adalah salah satu ganguan mood, dimana terjadi perubahan kondisi emosional, motivasi, fungsi, dan perilaku motorik, serta kognitif pada diri seseorang.Depresi pada lanjut usia merupakan akibat dari interaksi faktor biologis, fisik, psikologis dan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan umur, jenis kelamin, dan pendidikan dengan tingkat depresi pada lansia.

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April sampai bulan Juni 2018. Desain penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan kuantitatif  dengan rancangan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel  yang digunakan yaitu total sampling. Dengan jumlah sampel 58 responden. 

Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan mayoritas responden berjenis kelamin perempuan yaitu 31 (56,4%), usia lansia awal 44 (80%) dan mayoritas pendidikan rendah 53 (96,4%). Setelah dilakukan ujian analisis dengan menggunakan uji statistik SPSS didapatkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara umur dengan tingkat depresi lansia dengan nilai (p=0,588), jenis kelamin (p=0,387) dan pendidikan (p=1,000). simpulan pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara umur, jenis kelamin dan pendidikan dengan tingkat depresi lansia.

Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya penanganan khusus terhadap lansia yang mengalami depresi, serta penelitian lanjut terkait tingkat depresi pada lansia
HUBUNGAN SIKAP DAN PERILAKU DOSEN DALAM MENYAMPAIKAN MATERI DENGAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN MAHASISWA SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN TANA TORAJA TAHUN 2020
Authors: Tandilimbong Herman , Banne Allo Ludia , Dwi Wahyuni Ambali Defyanti
Published: July 2022

Sikap adalah suatu bentuk evaluasi atau reaksi terhadap suatu aspek di lingkungan sekitar dan mendasari seseorang dalam proses pembentukan perilaku sedangkan perilaku adalah respon atau reaksi seseorang terhadap stimulus atau rangsangan dari luar dan kepuasan adalah perasaan senang atau kecewa seseorang yang berasal dari perbandingan anatara kesan terhadap hasil atau harapannya.

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui “Hubungan Sikap Dan Perilaku Dosen Dalam Menyampaikan Materi Inggi Ilmu Kesehatan Tan Toraja Tahun 2020”.

Jenis Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan  pendekatan cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 61 responden dan populasi penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester VI dengan tehnik total sampling atau semua mahasiswa semester VI.

Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 61 responden yang mengatakan sikap dosen  positif sebanyak 30 (49,2%) dan responden yang mengatakan sikap dosen negatif sebanayk 31( 50,8%). Dan responden yang mengatakan perilaku dosen positif sebanyak 38 (62,3%)  dan responden yang mengatakan perilaku dosen negatif sebanyak 23(37,7%). Sedangkan tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa puas sebanyak 17 (27,9%) dan mahasiswa yang tidak puas sebanyak 44 (72,1%). Sedangkan berdasarkan  uji statistic Chi-Square diperoleh nilai p value= 0,001 < ᾳ (0.05) yang berarti  ada hubungan yang signifikan antara sikap dosen dengan tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa. Sedangkan berdasarkan  uji statistic Chi-Square diperoleh nilai p value= 0,009 < ᾳ (0.05) yang berarti  ada hubungan yang signifikan antara perilaku dosen dengan tingkat kepuasan mahasiswa.

Kesimpulan responden yang mengatakan sikap dosen negatif sebanyak 31 (50,8%) responden dan responden yang mengatakan perilaku dosen positif sebanyak 38 (62,3%) sedangkan mahasiswa yang merasa  tidak puas sebanyak 44 (72,1%).
HUBUNGAN INTENSITAS PENGGUNAAN INTERNET DENGAN KUANTITAS TIDUR DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER VI STIKESTANA TORAJA TAHUN 2021
Authors: Handayani Mangapi Yahya , Reni Ranteallo Regina , Alva Kalvari Juan
Published: July 2022

Latar Belakang:

Internet salah satu pusat informasi yang dapat di akses tanpa dibatasi diamanapun dan kapan saja, Internet di sebut sebagai pusat informasi tanpa hambatan karena dapat menghubungkan satu situs informasi ke situs informasi lainnya dalam waktu singkat. Dari keadaan tersebut individu dalam menggunakan internet, sehingga kuantitas dan kualitas tidur menjadi lebih baik dan cukup.

Tujuan:

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan intensitas penggunaan internet dengan kuantitas tidur mahasiswa. penelitian ini di laksanakan pada bulan mei sampai agustus 2021.

Metode:

Desain penelitian ini yaitu deskriptif analitik melalui pendekatan cros sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 55 responden

Hasil:

Hasil penelitian ini berdasarkan uji chi – square dengan melihat nilai fisher’s exact test diperoleh nilai p=0,012 (a<0,005) yang menunjuknada hubungan intensitas penggunaan internet dengan kuantitas tidur.

Kesimpulan:

Berdasarkan hasil peneltian ini dapat di simpulkan bahwa ada hubungan intensitas penggunaan internet dengan kuantitas tidur di masa pandemi covid-19 pada mahasiswa semester VI STIKES Tana Toraja.Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah peneliti selanjutnya di harapkan dapat melakukan penelitian pada variabel lain seperti stress, lingkungan, diet obat-obatan dan subtansi lain latihan fisik, penyakit dan gaya hidup
Leben und Form in Kants und Hegels Philosophie
Authors: Jerkic Dominika
Published: July 2022

Der vorliegende Beitrag denkt die logischen Parameter des Lebens und des Lebendigen in ihren jeweiligen Bestimmungen bei Kant und bei Hegel. Diese zwei unterschiedlichen Ansätze und philosophischen Methoden werden durch den Begriff und die jeweiligen Konzeptionen von „Form“ untersucht, um einerseits die immanente Relation von Leben und Form zu zeigen, die wiederum elementar verweist auf das Denken und seine systematischen Grundlagen − bei Kant sind es Raum und Substanz und bei Hegel Idee und Objektivität − um andererseits offenzulegen, inwieweit sich der Umgang mit dem „Übersinnlichen Prinzip“ voneinander unterscheidet, welcher sowohl bei Kant als auch bei Hegel die Bedingung für die Bestimmung von Zeit und Beharrlichkeit ist, was sich wiederum auf die Konzepte des Lebens und des Lebendigen und ihren Zusammenhang mit Form auswirkt.
SERMAYE PİYASALARINDA ALGORİTMİK VE YÜKSEK FREKANSLI İŞLEM STRATEJİLERİ
Authors: ÇELİK Mehmet Sinan , ÖZTÜRK Mutlu Başaran
Published: July 2022

Bilinilirliği artarak devam eden algoritmik ve yüksek frekanslı işlemlere olan ilgi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Algoritmik ve yüksek frekanslı işlemlere ilişkin uygulanan stratejiler hem yatırımcıların hem de araştırmacıların dikkatini çeken bir konu haline gelmiştir. Yatırımcılar nasıl bir piyasada işlem yapıldığını piyasada hangi katılımcıların yer aldığını bilmek isteyebilirler. Araştırmacılar ise söz konusu işlemlerin piyasada nasıl gerçekleştirildiğini, piyasayı nasıl etkilediğini açıklamaya çalışırlar.Çalışmamızda, Algo/HFT işlemlerinin yapay zeka kullanılarak nasıl gerçekleştirildiği, Algo/HFT işlemlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi için ne gibi stratejilerin kullanıldığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda yazın taraması yapılarak Algo/HFT işlemlerindeki kullanılan stratejiler tespit edilmiş, nasıl uygulandığı açıklanmıştır. Algo/HFT işlemleri uygulanırken yatırımcılar farklı stratejiler kullanmaktadır. Söz konusu stratejilerin nasıl uygulandığı yatırımcılar ve araştırmacılar için önem arz etmekte olup çalışmamız konu ile ilgili tespitler sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın, Algo/HFT işlemlerinin Borsa İstanbul’da uygulanmasının oldukça yeni olması sebebiyle öncü çalışmalardan birisi olacağı beklenmektedir. Ayrıca bu yönüyle literatürde oluşan kavram karışıklığının giderilmesine de katkı sunabilecektir.
High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Boost After Chemoradiation in Rectal Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Bayani Reyhaneh , Mousavi Darzikolaee Nima , Sadighi Pashaki Abdol Azim , Fadavi Pedram , Hassanlouei Babak , Garousi Maryam
Published: July 2022

Background: The use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation has enhanced local control in rectal cancer patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of adding a high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BRT) boost in locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods: This retrospective trial was conducted based on the medical records of patients with rectal cancer, who were referred to a tertiary hospital for neoadjuvant treatment. Fifteen patients who were treated with HDR brachytherapy boost after completion of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and concurrent chemotherapy were enrolled in the intervention group and 15 patients who were clinically matched (age, sex, stage, and distance of tumor from anal verge) were selected as the control group. EBRT schedule and concurrent chemotherapy regimen were similar in the two groups. The rate of pathological complete response (PCR), downstaging (T staging), and frequency of side effects were compared between the two groups of the study. Results: The mean age of patients was 57.97 ± 9.11 years and 18 patients (60%) were male. The results showed that T 3 and N 1 rectal cancer had the highest frequency among patients. Downstaging was observed in 66.7% and 80% of the control and intervention groups, respectively (P: 0.40). The rate of PCR was not different in the two groups (13.3% in both groups, P > 0.99). There were no significant differences in terms of treatment complications between the two groups, as well. Conclusions: HDR-BRT boost for rectal cancer is feasible and might improve downstaging in rectal cancer, but not PCR.
Psychometric Characteristics of Persian Version of Adult Hope Scale (AHS) in Iranian Females with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Authors: Nooripour Roghieh , Farmani Fradin , Brand Serge , Ghanbari Nikzad , Ilanloo Hossein , Matacotta Joshua J. , Sadeghi-Bahmani Dena
Published: July 2022

Background: Hope is essential for MS patients to recognize favorable genetically challenging conditions and develop a positive outlook on life. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of Snyder’s Adult Hope Scale (AHS) in Iranian females with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all female patient members of the Iran MS Society of Tehran Province from November 2017 to August 2019. This study was used a convenience sampling method used to select a sample of 321 Iranian females with MS (age: 40.61 years, SD = 9.89). A series of questionnaires was administered to the participants, including sociodemographic data, hope (Snyder's Adult Hope Scale; AHS), anxiety and depression (Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and self-efficacy (General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE)). Through the analysis of psychometric features of the AHS, construct validity was determined via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability was determined via Cronbach's alpha, divergent validity was determined by examining the relationship between anxiety and depression, and convergent validity was determined using the General Self-efficacy Scale. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the data were well fit by a two-factor structure: sbX2 = 66.93 (P < 0.01); SRMR = 0.07; CFI = 0.91; NFI = 0.90; IFI = 0.92; PNFI = 0.61; GFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.079. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) was calculated as much as 31.28 (4.58). There was a significant negative correlation between AHS with the Beck’s Depression Inventory (r = -0.51; P < 0.01) and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (r = -0.42; P < 0.01). Additionally, it was observed that there was a positive correlation between self-efficacy and AHS (r = -0.41; P < 0.01). Conclusions: According to the results, the 12-item AHS indicated good psychometric characteristics in assessing hope among Iranian females with MS. The AHS is one of the primary scales in assessing hope, which can be applied in clinical and research settings.
Normative Expectations in Epistemology
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: July 2022

There are all sorts of normative expectations in epistemology—expectations about the epistemic condition of other subjects—that would appear to be relevant to epistemic assessment in ways that do not conform to epistemic standards as traditionally understood. The expectations in question include expectations of inquiries pursued or completed, expectations of certain competences, professional expectations, expectations of having consulted with experts, institutional expectations, moral expectations, expectations of friends, and so forth. My goals in this paper are two. First, I aim to highlight the prevalence of such expectations, and the range of distinct types of circumstance in which they arise. Second, I assess several responses to the allegation that normative epistemic expectations are relevant to epistemic assessment. These range from “explaining away” the appearances to trying to offer one or another positive account of their significance. The former sort of reaction comes at a greater cost than many appear to appreciate, given the prevalence of these expectations and the range of circumstances in which they arise. The latter sort of reaction comes at the cost of having to revise our account of epistemic assessment itself. My own favored view does so in terms of the doctrine of normative defeat; I present my reasons for preferring this view, though I cannot claim in this paper to vindicate it.