bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Health
Authors: Tomori Cecilia
Published: September 2018

Reproductive health is a multidisciplinary field with deep roots in colonial and postcolonial politics and population control. Since the mid‐1990s, a new agenda set within a human rights framework that integrated sexual and reproductive health and rights has dramatically transformed the field and has also given increasing emphasis to addressing structural and social inequalities that shape health and illness. Anthropologists have made numerous important contributions to reproductive health, some of which facilitated this transition, while also maintaining important critical perspectives on the unequal politics and unintended effects of development and global health agendas. In the future, anthropological insights can play a transformative role by drawing attention to overlooked concerns of local populations, cross‐cultural diversity in gender norms, sexualities, and reproduction, and the complex local–global social relationships that shape and produce reproductive health.
Agrarian Change and Agricultural Development
Authors: Brock Samara , Keleman Alder S. , Ludlow Francis M. , Johnson Amy , Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2018

In the late nineteenth century evolutionary theories shaped anthropological thinking about society's development and the diffusion of innovations like agricultural production, which was framed as a natural progression from hunter‐gatherer lifeways. Cultural ecology models of the 1950s looked at functional relationships between the environment and adaptation, interpreting cultural traits as homeostatic systems that ensured equilibrium between people and their environment. Political economy analyses in the mid‐twentieth century countered the notion that agriculture development arose from the environment, focusing rather on the role that human labor and other social factors played in driving agriculture. In the late twentieth century critiques of power and of discourses that depicted indigenous agricultural systems as backward emerged. Recent years have seen a focus on resistance to an increasingly globalized food system through analysis of food sovereignty and organic and fair trade agriculture, as well as the role of a changing climate in driving agricultural change.
Religious Experience and Phenomenology
Authors: Knibbe Kim E. , van Houtert Els
Published: September 2018

Religious experience and the experiential dimension of religious practice have come to constitute a fruitful area of enquiry for anthropology. This entry discusses the phenomenological school of philosophy as a source for the anthropology of religion. Concepts from this school that have been taken up within the anthropology of religion, such as bracketing, intentionality, embodiment, and lifeworld, are explained. The work of anthropologists who have pioneered the application of phenomenological approaches in the anthropology of religion is discussed. The entry briefly indicates how anthropological applications of phenomenology differ from phenomenological approaches in the field of religious studies. Finally, some new developments in the study of religious experience are outlined.
Ethnicity in Anthropology
Authors: Munasinghe Viranjini
Published: September 2018

Ethnicity, commonly understood to be a group identity based on shared culture, became a central topic for sociocultural anthropology in the 1960s. The works of Clifford Geertz and Fredrick Barth established the classic debate within and outside anthropology between primordial and situational theories of ethnicity. The voluminous literature since offers a range of theories to account for the unrelenting forces of ethnicity accompanying the modern era. Anthropologists explore the modern constitution of identities that need to claim premodern heritage in order to be seen as authentic and, therefore, legitimate. Anthropologists link ethnicity to structural inequalities and emphasize contextual and historical factors, such as the rise of nation‐states, globalization and neoliberal regimes, enduring colonial racial classifications, and the global reach of liberal ideologies that promise equality through recognition of cultural difference in order to understand the significance of cultural identities.
Parental Effort and Investment
Authors: Kokko Hanna
Published: September 2018

Parental care patterns vary widely across animal species. Some species provide no care past fertilization; others have male‐only care, female‐only care, biparental care, or cooperative care; within‐species flexibility can also be observed. Care patterns are evolutionary outcomes that feature multiple types of conflict over parental investment. The recipient benefits if it receives more care; however, if the parent or alloparent saves some of the effort, its current or future fitness may be improved at the expense of the offspring. In addition to parent–offspring conflict, there is also conflict between potential caregivers. The diversity of care patterns in nonhuman primates and humans can in principle be analyzed with the same set of conceptual tools as for other animals. In humans, two aspects stand out as being relatively unique: first, the role of grandmothers that associates with the evolution of menopause; and, second, the demographic transition featuring increasing investment per child.
Environmentalism
Authors: Berglund Eeva
Published: September 2018

Environmentalism is concern over the impacts of human activity on the nonhuman world, as manifested in social movements, politics, and in diffuse practices like lifestyle choices. As a way of knowing (epistemology) and a moral discourse (ethics), environmentalism reworks concepts of nature and concepts of the person, both implicitly and through green literature and discourse. Environmentalism both informs and challenges powerful global institutions. Anthropologists have approached it as a worldview and as a discursive construction of nature and agency but also, through ethnographies of activism, showing that environmental problems are always culturally specific even where they are understood by those involved as planetary. In approaching environmentalism, anthropologists have often built on the long‐term and partial perspective of the ethnographic method, generating engaged and complex understandings of environmentalism as both place bound and networked, both planet centered and people centered, as a compelling and complicated contemporary phenomenon with growing political salience.
Phenomenology of Space and the Environment
Authors: Vergunst Jo
Published: September 2018

Phenomenology is a philosophical approach initially developed by Edward Husserl that centers on understanding consciousness and experience. Anthropologists interested in space and the environment have drawn on phenomenology as a way of exploring people's direct experiences of the places they inhabit. This entry outlines key approaches, critiques, and current trends. It draws attention to studies of movement and politics that are generating new possibilities in the anthropological understanding of space and the environment.
Governance
Authors: Anders Gerhard
Published: September 2018

Governance has become a key concept in policy making and academic debates across the social sciences. While no agreed definition exists, many authors associate governance with new processes of governing that transcend the nation‐state. The concept is generally associated with reconfigurations in the exercise of authority and influence; from state to private actors, from formal to informal institutions, from the national to the transnational sphere, and from hierarchical forms of organization to networks.
Scientific Method in Anthropology
Authors: Sarukkai Sundar
Published: September 2018

Some of the key ideas of the scientific method, as used in anthropology, are largely based on a traditional account of science. By drawing on the study of the scientific method in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science, and on the practices of contemporary science, a more complex and meaningful use of the scientific method in anthropology can be envisioned.
Artifacts
Authors: Perkins Morgan
Published: September 2018

An artifact is anything made by humans in the broadest sense. As such, artifacts are a focus of study in sociocultural anthropology both in regard to their production and their wider use and interpretation. The forms of artifacts indicate their potential utilitarian or symbolic functions, yet both form and function may be altered. The things people make become artifacts when people study them as such. In becoming an artifact, the object comes to stand for a subject larger than itself. While artifacts can be studied as discrete entities, they are understood most effectively in their sociocultural contexts, for artifacts are entwined in the complex social relationships that are the focus of anthropological analysis.
Embodied Cognition
Authors: Naumescu Vlad , Sebanz Natalie
Published: September 2018

The term “embodied cognition” refers to a conglomerate of theories and research that share the assumption that the body and its sensorimotor abilities are central to understanding the nature of cognition. Different approaches stress the role of the natural and cultural environment in which cognitive processes take place, the action‐guiding role of cognition, or the grounding of concepts in sensorimotor experiences. By combining a focus on the body and interactions with the environment with questions about cognitive mechanisms, embodied cognition promises a rapprochement between anthropology and cognitive science. This is reflected in research on the social and distributed nature of memory as well as in investigations into joint practices and the cultural transmission of skilled action.
Forestry and Deforestation
Authors: Fairhead James
Published: September 2018

Anthropologists have visited forests for as long as they have been studying people but what has been the place of “the forest” in their analysis? In many studies, the forest is simply a venue for human social relations, yet to what extent are forests more dialectically engaged with social worlds? This is the stuff of historical ecology and political ecology perspectives in the discipline. These find forests to be more agentive in social relations. And as anthropology frees itself from treating human social relations in separation from our relations with animals, plants, and rocks in its multispecies and perspectivist analytical turns, how has this altered the place of these wooded realms in our work? The demarcation and management of forests are also political and the focus of policy and wider discourses in their intersections with neoliberal capitalism. Works consider the fate of forests and their inhabitants as forests acquire new financial values, whether for the “ecosystem services” they offer or for their frontiers on which to grow flex crops destined for biofuels as well as foods.
Roads
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitris
Published: September 2018

This entry aims to briefly review the position of roads and their ethnographic study within the history of sociocultural anthropology since the emergence of the discipline. It reveals the paradoxical relationship that anthropology had with roads for most of its history and it touches upon the turn toward roads and more generally the study of infrastructures within the discipline.
Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Lanman Jonathan A. , Whitehouse Harvey , Atran Scott
Published: September 2018

Interest in the dynamics of intergroup conflict continues to rise within and beyond anthropology. The cognitive and evolutionary sciences can help us better understand the ubiquity and causal dynamics of intergroup conflict by demonstrating the existence of, first, psychological adaptations for intragroup cooperation and intergroup conflict and, second, sociocultural adaptations for intragroup cooperation and intergroup conflict. Intergroup conflicts impact directly on individual fitness, and natural selection is thought to have produced psychological adaptations that allow individuals to better survive and reproduce in environments of intergroup competition. Such adaptations include an evolved ethnic psychology and tendency to hold some values as sacred. Moreover, sociocultural traditions, such as collective rituals, have evolved in distinct modes (e.g., imagistic and doctrinal) to produce the social cohesion necessary for groups to survive and thrive in diverse resource ecologies, including those characterized by intergroup conflict.
Avunculate
Authors: Gabail Laurent
Published: September 2018

The term “avunculate” designates any special relationship between a mother's brother and a sister's son. Identified as an institution by ethnographers in many unrelated societies, it covers a large spectrum of configurations that range from the most authoritative behavior to the most permissive on the part of the mother's brother. It may also involve asymmetrical or symmetrical joking, as well as economic privileges, sexual rights, or permitted theft on the part of the sister's son. Beyond the diversity of these empirical manifestations, anthropologists have long envisaged the avunculate as a circumscribed unit that warrants a general theory. Although its study has now fallen off the research agenda, the debates it once generated were of great significance for the history of the discipline.
Christianity
Authors: Bialecki Jon
Published: September 2018

The relationship between Christianity and anthropology is complex. At one level, Christianity has deeply affected anthropology, both through the wider intellectual tradition from which anthropology developed and through the religious practices and imaginations of particular leading historical figures. At the same time, there has been animus both toward Christian anthropologists and toward the study of avowedly Christian populationsquaChristians. Anxiety over this reluctance to focus on Christian populations has led some anthropologists to establish a self‐consciously comparative “anthropology of Christianity”; the resulting conversation has made contributions to anthropological debates about temporality, language use, economy and exchange, and personhood. While scholars working in this area have tended to focus on Pentecostalisms outside Euro‐America, and on politically conservative activist religion in Euro‐America, increasingly other forms of Christianity, such as Catholicism and Orthodoxy, are receiving attention as part of an “anthropology of Christianity” as well.
Gender, Nationalism, and Ethnicity
Authors: Ferguson Jane
Published: September 2018

The social categories of gender, ethnicity, and nationalism constitute major tropes in contemporary anthropology for three reasons: (1) they are fundamental to people's sense of self and how they relate to their cultures and communities; (2) they can constitute forms of social stratification and one's gender, ethnicity, and nationality frequently coincide with economic and political (dis)advantage; and (3) as historically and culturally constituted social categories, gender, ethnicity, and nationalism are manifest in tremendously diverse forms around the world. The cultural and political significance of these forms of identity cannot be overestimated, not just in terms of their prevalence in diverse human societies but also to their continued salience for people's senses of identity and political ethos in the contemporary world.
M
afeje,
A
rchie (1936–2007)
Authors: Ntsebeza Lungisile
Published: September 2018

Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje is one of Africa's greatest social scientists and a severe critic of colonial anthropology. He completed his PhD at Cambridge University in 1969 and went on to establish himself as an internationally respected scholar. A pioneer in decolonial scholarship, he was significantly influenced in his youth by one of the main political organizations in South Africa in the 1940s and 1950s, the Non‐European Unity Movement. In South Africa his name is associated with his vexed relationship with the University of Cape Town, his alma mater, popularly known as the “Mafeje affair.”
Gender and Globalization
Authors: Pearson Ruth
Published: September 2018

Globalization of production, involving internationalization of production and migration, often facilitated by technological change, intersects in contradictory ways with gender relations. While opportunities for wage work offer advantages for many women, they are also frequently faced with exploitative—or even dangerous—working conditions. While indices of gender and development reflect ongoing improvement in women's situations, this masks ongoing problems for women affected by conflict, violence, and religious fundamentalism.
I
ndia, Anthropology in
Authors: Deshpande Satish
Published: September 2018

This synoptic survey of anthropology and sociology in India is framed within the larger history of the subcontinent's successive encounters with colonialism, nationalism, the developmental state, and neoliberal globalization. In India, social anthropology and sociology have been closely intertwined, and colonialism has been a major influence. After independence, the twin disciplines had to find space within the larger context of a developmentalist state driven by nationalist ideology. Caste, religion, village, and kinship were the major areas of early research, located in state institutions (such as the census) and the early universities. Contemporary concerns include caste, tribe, religion, class, gender, and urban culture, among many others. Questions of location and of indigeneity have long been raised, though their urgency and resonance have varied.
Critical Processing of Idealized Beauty Images
Authors: McLean Siân A. , Wertheim Eleanor H. , Paxton Susan J.
Published: September 2018

Idealized beauty images presented in media contribute to body dissatisfaction by portraying unachievable appearance ideals as normative, desirable, and achievable. Critical processing of these appearance‐ideal media images has the potential to prevent media exposure from leading to body dissatisfaction. Skills to recognize that images may be unrealistic or artificial, to understand that the media may present biased characterizations of people according to body size, and to identify the persuasive intent underlying media can be taught through intervention programs and potentially through public health initiatives. Further research to clarify the mechanisms underlying the effects of critical processing on body image are essential to enhance this field.
Understanding Media Literacy and DIY Creativity in Youth Digital Productions
Authors: Kafai Yasmin B. , Fields Deborah A. , Searle Kristin A.
Published: September 2018

Approaches to media literacy in the 21st century emphasize youth production of media over consumption of commercial media and, because of this focus on production, are often considered under the umbrella do‐it‐yourself (DIY). We review examples of youth DIY media productions to highlight how creativity is contextualized with various tools in different communities. Our first example comes from the Scratch online community and illustrates how youths engaged creatively and collaboratively in designing stories. The second example focuses on online cheating productions and examines ethical and technical aspects found in DIY creativity. The third example comes from crafting electronic textiles with indigenous youths and illustrates how middle school youths engaged creatively and culturally in designing artifacts. Finally, we address how media education and research can provide support for DIY media production.
Sexting
Authors: Van Ouytsel Joris , Walrave Michel , Ponnet Koen , Temple Jeff R.
Published: September 2018

This entry discusses sexting, the sending of self‐made sexually explicit text messages, images, and videos through a computer or a mobile phone. It provides an overview of how the study of sexting has evolved, as well as of the different domains of research, including motives for individuals to engage in sexting, psychological associations of sexting, and the link between sexting and other risky behaviors. Finally, this entry discusses the challenges for future sexting research.
Rapid Soft Tissue Approximation and Repair Using Laser‐Activated Silk Nanosealants
Authors: Urie Russell , Guo Chengchen , Ghosh Deepanjan , Thelakkaden Mitzi , Wong Valerie , Lee Jung Keun , Kilbourne Jacquelyn , Yarger Jeffery , Rege Kaushal
Published: September 2018

Tissue approximation and repair are conventionally performed with sutures and staples, but these means are inherently traumatic. Tissue approximation using laser‐responsive nanomaterials can lead to rapid tissue sealing and repair, and is an attractive alternative to existing clinical methods. Here, the use of laser‐activated nanosealants (LANS) with gold nanorods (GNRs) embedded in silk fibroin polypeptide matrices is demonstrated. The adaptability of LANS for sealing soft tissues is demonstrated using two different modalities: insoluble thin films for internal, intestinal tissue repair, and semisoluble pastes for external repair, shown by skin repair in live mice. Laser repaired intestinal tissue held over seven times more fluid pressure than sutured intestine and also prevented bacterial leakage. Skin incisions in mice closed using LANS' showed indication of increased mechanical strength and faster repair compared to suturing. Laser‐activated silk‐GNR nanosealants rapidly seal soft‐tissue tears and show high promise for tissue approximation and repair in trauma and routine surgery.
Architectural Design of Self‐Assembled Hollow Superstructures
Authors: Xue Zhenjie , Wang Peilong , Peng Aidong , Wang Tie
Published: September 2018

Colloidal nanoparticle assemblies are widely designed and fabricated via various building blocks to enhance their intrinsic properties and potential applications. Self‐assembled hollow superstructures have been a focal point in nanotechnology for several decades and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. The novel properties of self‐assembled hollow superstructures stem from their effective spatial utilization. As such, a comprehensive appreciation of the interactive forces at play among individual building blocks is a prerequisite for designing and managing the self‐assembly process, toward the fabrication of optimal hollow nanoproducts. Herein, the emerging approaches to the fabrication of self‐assembled hollow superstructures, including hard‐templated, soft‐templated, self‐templated, and template‐free methods, are classified and discussed. The corresponding reinforcement mechanisms, such as strong ligand interaction strategies and extra‐capping strategies, are discussed in detail. Finally, possible future directions for the construction of multifunctional hollow superstructures with highly efficient catalytic reaction systems and an integration platform for bioapplications are discussed.
Enhanced Thermal Boundary Conductance in Few‐Layer Ti3C2 MXene with Encapsulation
Authors: Yasaei Poya , Hemmat Zahra , Foss Cameron J. , Li Shixuan Justin , Hong Liang , Behranginia Amirhossein , Majidi Leily , Klie Robert F. , Barsoum Michel W. , Aksamija Zlatan , Salehi‐Khojin Amin
Published: September 2018

Van der Waals interactions in 2D materials have enabled the realization of nanoelectronics with high‐density vertical integration. Yet, poor energy transport through such 2D–2D and 2D–3D interfaces can limit a device's performance due to overheating. One long‐standing question in the field is how different encapsulating layers (e.g., contact metals or gate oxides) contribute to the thermal transport at the interface of 2D materials with their 3D substrates. Here, a novel self‐heating/self‐sensing electrical thermometry platform is developed based on atomically thin, metallic Ti3C2 MXene sheets, which enables experimental investigation of the thermal transport at a Ti3C2/SiO2 interface, with and without an aluminum oxide (AlOx) encapsulating layer. It is found that at room temperature, the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) increases from 10.8 to 19.5 MW m−2 K−1 upon AlOx encapsulation. Boltzmann transport modeling reveals that the TBC can be understood as a series combination of an external resistance between the MXene and the substrate, due to the coupling of low‐frequency flexural acoustic (ZA) phonons to substrate modes, and an internal resistance between ZA and in‐plane phonon modes. It is revealed that internal resistance is a bottle‐neck to heat removal and that encapsulation speeds up the heat transfer into low‐frequency ZA modes and reduces their depopulation, thus increasing the effective TBC.
Super‐resolution Geometric Barcoding for Multiplexed miRNA Profiling
Authors: Xu Weidong , Yin Peng , Dai Mingjie
Published: September 2018

MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiles hold promise as biomarkers for diagnostics and prognosis of complex diseases. Herein, we report a super‐resolution fluorescence imaging‐based digital profiling method for specific, sensitive, and multiplexed detection of miRNAs. In particular, we applied the DNA‐PAINT (point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography) method to implement a super‐resolution geometric barcoding scheme for multiplexed single‐molecule miRNA capture and digital counting. Using synthetic DNA nanostructures as a programmable miRNA capture nano‐array, we demonstrated high‐specificity (single nucleotide mismatch discrimination), multiplexed (8‐plex, 2 panels), and sensitive measurements on synthetic miRNA samples, as well as applied one 8‐plex panel to measure endogenous miRNAs levels in total RNA extract from HeLa cells.
Bottom‐Up Construction of an Adaptive Enzymatic Reaction Network
Authors: Helwig Britta , van Sluijs Bob , Pogodaev Aleksandr A. , Postma Sjoerd G. J. , Huck Wilhelm T. S.
Published: September 2018

The reproduction of emergent behaviors in nature using reaction networks is an important objective in synthetic biology and systems chemistry. Herein, the first experimental realization of an enzymatic reaction network capable of an adaptive response is reported. The design is based on the dual activity of trypsin, which activates chymotrypsin while at the same time generating a fluorescent output from a fluorogenic substrate. Once activated, chymotrypsin counteracts the trypsin output by competing for the fluorogenic substrate and producing a non‐fluorescent output. It is demonstrated that this network produces a transient fluorescent output under out‐of‐equilibrium conditions while the input signal persists. Importantly, in agreement with mathematical simulations, we show that optimization of the pulse‐like response is an inherent trade‐off between maximum amplitude and lowest residual fluorescence.
Local and Global Dynamics in Intrinsically Disordered Synuclein
Authors: Rezaei‐Ghaleh Nasrollah , Parigi Giacomo , Soranno Andrea , Holla Andrea , Becker Stefan , Schuler Benjamin , Luchinat Claudio , Zweckstetter Markus
Published: September 2018

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) experience a diverse spectrum of motions that are difficult to characterize with a single experimental technique. Herein we combine high‐ and low‐field nuclear spin relaxation, nanosecond fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (nsFCS), and long molecular dynamics simulations of alpha‐synuclein, an IDP involved in Parkinson disease, to obtain a comprehensive picture of its conformational dynamics. The combined analysis shows that fast motions below 2 ns caused by local dihedral angle fluctuations and conformational sampling within and between Ramachandran substates decorrelate most of the backbone N−H orientational memory. However, slow motions with correlation times of up to ca. 13 ns from segmental dynamics are present throughout the alpha‐synuclein chain, in particular in its C‐terminal domain, and global chain reconfiguration occurs on a timescale of ca. 60 ns. Our study demonstrates a powerful strategy to determine residue‐specific protein dynamics in IDPs at different time and length scales.
Unraveling of cloud types during phases of monsoon intra‐seasonal oscillations by a Ka‐band Doppler weather radar
Authors: Chakravarty Kaustav , Pokhrel Samir , Kalshetti Mahesh , Nair Anish Kumar Muralidharan , Kalapureddy Madhu Chandra R. , Deshpande Sachin M. , Das Subrata Kumar , Pandithurai Govindan , Goswami Bhupendra Nath
Published: September 2018

Ground‐based cloud radar has been used for the first time in the Indian subcontinent to explore the cloud population during the break, transition and active phases of monsoon intra‐seasonal oscillation over a region in the Western Ghats mountain. The synergetic use of in situ measurements along with the supporting large‐scale microphysical features from the reanalysis data has been utilized in order to have a closer look of the morphology of clouds along with its transition during the intra‐seasonal phases. It has been observed that the active phase is dominated by deep clouds (~41%) along with some shallow (~28%) and congestus clouds (~29%) while the break phases are dominated by the shallow clouds (~72%) during precipitating and high‐level cirrus clouds (~65.22%) during the non‐precipitating times. The role of middle level moisture for modulating the nature of the clouds along with its role in determining the latent heating profile over the same region has also been presented.
Moderate Energy for Charging Li‐Ion Batteries Determined by First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Chen Po‐Tuan , Yang Fang‐Haur , Sangeetha Thangavel , Gao Hong‐Min , Huang K. David
Published: September 2018

Charging methods that were employed earlier provided constant energy to a battery, but the negative impact was the activation of chemical reactions that lead to battery passivation. Thus, in order to mitigate the battery aging, moderate energy for charging a lithium‐ion battery has been theoretically calculated using density functional theory. The charging process was associated with a Li‐ion transfer model between two electrodes. When charging, Li‐ions from the positive electrode, pass through a separator/electrolyte, transfer via a solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and intercalate into the negative electrode. Calculations provided activation energies of migration through the SEI and intercalation of graphite. The inverse reaction of electrolyte reduction was introduced in the process to prevent impedance formation. The unit of power of the external charger can be converted to voltage. Therefore, the proposed novel charging strategy used positive voltage for migration and negative voltage for the inverse reaction of reduction. The charging strategy can be approximated to a sinusoidal waveform, which is effective in reviving Li‐ion battery and prolonging the cycle life.
Biomedical Applications of Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dual‐Modality Probes
Authors: Deng Yun , Xu Aifei , Yu Yanhua , Fu Cheng , Liang Gaolin
Published: September 2018

Molecular imaging plays a critical role in biomedical research. The combination of different modalities can generate complementary information and provide synergistic advantages over single modality alone. Noninvasive and nonradioactive fluorescent imaging (FI)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dualmodality probes fuse the high sensitivity of FI and the high temporal and spatial resolution and deep‐tissue penetration of MRI, and their increasing applications have been reported in biomedical research and clinical practices, including cell labeling, enzyme activity measurement, tumor diagnosis and therapy, and anatomical localization and real‐time assessment during surgery.
Co‐Mo‐P Based Electrocatalyst for Superior Reactivity in the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Thenuwara Akila C. , Dheer Lakshay , Attanayake Nuwan H. , Yan Qimin , Waghmare Umesh V. , Strongin Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

Energy efficient hydrogen production via electrochemical and/or photoelectrochemical water splitting holds significant potential for clean and sustainable energy. Toward this end, a significant amount of research has been focused on developing active earth abundant metal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for use in acidic and alkaline media. Here, we report an earth abundant metal‐based catalyst for HER under alkaline conditions. The catalyst consisting of Co, Mo and P had a similar HER activity as the precious metal platinum under the conditions used in the study. The Co−Mo−P catalyst is amorphous and was prepared by room temperature electrodeposition. The best Co−Mo−P catalyst exhibited an overpotential of ∼30–35 mV for HER at a geometrical current density of 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline medium. An amorphous Co−Mo−P model was used to simulate the energetics of HER intermediates with density functional theory (DFT). The DFT study suggests that a Co−Mo center acts as the water‐dissociation site enhancing the alkaline medium HER.
Cobalt–Pincer Complexes in Catalysis
Authors: Junge Kathrin , Papa Veronica , Beller Matthias
Published: September 2018

Non‐noble metal catalysts based on pincer type compounds are of special interest for organometallic chemistry and organic synthesis. Next to iron and manganese, currently cobalt–pincer type complexes are successfully applied in various catalytic reactions. In this review the recent progress in (de)hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, hydroboration and hydrosilylation as well as dehydrogenative coupling reactions using cobalt–pincer complexes is summarised.
Mineralische Reststoffe als Ersatzbaustoffe
Authors: Brett Beate , Weigand Harald , Fröhlich Peter
Published: September 2018

Viele mineralische Reststoffe und Baurestmassen eignen sich sowohl auf Basis der strengen chemischen Anforderungen als auch hinsichtlich ihrer bauphysikalischen Eigenschaften dazu, primäre Rohstoffe in Bauprojekten zu ersetzen. Neben der Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen wäre der konsequente Einsatz qualitätsgesicherter abfallbürtiger Ersatzbaustoffe (nach geeigneter Aufbereitung) zudem ein Beitrag zur Einsparung kostbaren Deponieraumes für die Ablagerung wirklich kritischer Materialien. Ein Beispiel für den Einsatz von Recyling‐Baustoffen ist die Waldspirale – eine vom Künstler Friedensreich Hundertwasser gestaltet Wohnanlage in Darmstadt. Dennoch bestehen in der Praxis oftmals Vorbehalte. Diese werden überlagert durch die Verfügbarkeit natürlicher Baustoffe, die regional oftmals bevorzugt werden. Daher ist es eine wesentliche Forschungsaufgabe für Wissenschaftler auf dem Gebiet der Abfall‐ und Ressourcentechnologie, den Einsatz von Ersatzbaustoffen auf eine rationale Basis zu stellen. Zusätzlich soll in öffentlichen Ausschreibungen bewusst der Einsatz von Recycling‐Baustoffen aufgenommen werden. Erste Projekte wurden beispielsweise mit dem Einsatz eines güteüberwachten Recyclingmaterials im Straßenbau umgesetzt.
Comparative analysis of coprocessors
Authors: Sakdhnagool Putt , Sabne Amit , Eigenmann Rudolf
Published: September 2018

While GPUs have seen a steady increase in usage, Xeon Phis have struggled in proving their value, and eventually got discontinued. Is this a matter of the Intel many‐core architecture's younger age or are there reasons due to specific features? This paper reviews quantitative information addressing these questions. Using two latest coprocessors, we evaluate performance and programming productivity across a range of microbenchmarks and applications. We consider productivity as the percentage of hand‐optimized performance reached by a simple high‐level parallel programming model that is translated onto the specific architectures by advanced compilers. We evaluate and compare the performance of the two coprocessors and point out where Xeon Phis fall short. We also briefly review the performance of different execution modes of Xeon Phis. Moreover, unlike common expectation, we found that Xeon Phis' productivity is marginally better that GPUs. The current results suggest that the performance advantage of GPUs outweighs the productivity benefit of Xeon Phis. Closing the performance gap and increasing the productivity benefit that a more regular many‐core paradigm can offer will be essential in designing a next‐generation architecture.
ISM‐band 902‐ to 928‐MHz FSK transceiver with scalable performance for medical devices
Authors: Zgaren Mohamed , Moradi Arash , Tanguay Louis‐François , Sawan Mohamad
Published: September 2018

A 902‐ to 928‐MHz industrial, scientific, and medical band transceiver using a wake‐up link for wireless body area networks wearable and implantable medical devices is presented. The design reaches exceptionally low‐power dissipation and provides an adapted data‐rate by gathering the advantages of frequency‐shift‐keying (FSK) and amplitude‐shift‐keying (ASK) modulation techniques. Transmitter (Tx) includes a new efficient FSK modulation scheme to generate up to 20 Mb/s of data‐rate and consumes around 0.084 nJ/b. The integrated receiver (Rx) is based on a new FSK‐to‐ASK conversion technique using on‐off keying fully passive wake‐up circuit (WuRx) with energy harvesting from radio frequency link. The adopted scheme leads to the scalability of energy consumption versus data‐rate at constant transceiver sensitivity, insuring high‐performances requirements. The transceiver is implemented in IBM 0.13‐μm CMOS process. The WuRx achieves a sensitivity of −53 dBm while the main receiver shows −78‐dBm sensitivity. Thanks to the simplified hardware, the receiver consumes only 640 μW while the transmitter uses 1.4 mW from 1.2‐V supply voltage.
Limited phenological and dietary overlap between bee communities in spring flowering crops and herbaceous enhancements
Authors: Wood T. J. , Gibbs J. , Rothwell N. , Wilson J. K. , Gut L. , Brokaw J. , Isaacs R.
Published: September 2018

Wild bee populations have undergone declines in recent years across much of the Western world, and these declines have the potential to limit yield in pollination‐dependent crops. Highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum, and tart cherry, Prunus cerasus, are spring‐blooming crops that rely on the movement of pollen by bees and other insects for pollination. Wild bee populations can be increased on farmland by providing floral resources, but whether the addition of these plants translates into increased pollinator density on crop flowers has not been documented in most cropping systems. To determine the importance of providing additional floral resources for wild bee pollinator communities, we selected blueberry fields and tart cherry orchards with and without herbaceous floral enhancements in western Michigan, USA. The bee communities visiting crop flowers, enhancements and control grassy field margins were sampled over a 5‐yr period. In addition, the pollen diets of the most abundant wild bee crop pollinators were quantified across Michigan to better understand their foraging niches and to identify potentially important alternative host plants. The presence of floral enhancements did not increase the abundance of wild bees on either blueberry or cherry flowers during bloom. The bee community visiting blueberry was evenly composed of short‐season bees that fly only during the spring and long‐season bees that fly in both spring and summer. In contrast, the bee community visiting cherry was dominated by short‐season spring bees. The majority of pollen collected by the wild bee communities visiting blueberry and cherry was from spring‐flowering woody plants, with limited use of the herbaceous enhancements. Enhancements attracted greater abundance and species richness of bees compared to control areas, including twice as many floral specialists. Conserving summer‐flying, grassland‐associated bees is an appropriate goal for pollinator conservation programs. However, herbaceous enhancements may not provide adequate resources for the wild bees that pollinate spring‐flowering crops. This study demonstrates that an examination of the pollen collected by wild bees across their flight periods can identify plant species to help them persist in intensively managed landscapes.
Parapatric subspecies of Macaca assamensis show a marginal overlap in their predicted potential distribution: Some elaborations for modern conservation management
Authors: Suwal Madan K. , Huettmann Falk , Regmi Ganga Ram , Vetaas Ole R.
Published: September 2018

Phylogenetic niche conservatism implies that sister taxa will have similar niches, although the niches of disjunct subspecies may evolve differently. This study uses Macaca assamensis, subspecies assamensis and pelops, to investigate the similarities of realized climatic niches of two disjunct subspecies (separated by the Brahmaputra River) along with a similarity analysis of their respective regions’ climate. Modeled distributions were used to quantify their potential distribution under current and future climate scenarios. The climatic similarity between regions of each subspecies was tested with principal component analysis (PCA), and the realized climatic niche overlap between two subspecies was tested with a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on a subset of the least correlated variables out of 24 publicly available topo‐bioclimatic variables. Tukey's honest significance difference (HSD) was used to test the range differences (on all 24 variables) between subspecies. The potential distribution of both taxa in the current climate and projected future climate was model‐predicted using MaxEnt and Random Forest. We found significantly different climatic ranges for 21 predictors (HSD; p < 0.05) for the two subspecies, significantly different climatic conditions for their regions (using PCA; p < 0.001), and significantly different realized climatic niches for the two subspecies (MANOVA; p < 0.001). The distribution models generated a larger potential area than the currently known distributions. Although literature show that the Brahmaputra River is an effective dispersal barrier, we found some of the neighboring geographic range for both subspecies appears to be potentially suitable for the other taxon. The projected future potential areas indicate that some parts of the currently occupied geography, mostly southern parts, may become climatically unsuitable, whereas other new geographical areas may become suitable. Most of these new potential areas will be toward the north where higher and fragmented mountains, which has conservation implications.
Gender differences in bone mineral density in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Vodopivec Danica M. , Silva Angelica M. , Garcia‐Banigan Dinamarie C. , Christakis Ioannis , Stewart Ashley , Schwarz Kelly , Hussey Caroline S. , Bassett Roland , Hu Mimi I. , Perrier Nancy D.
Published: September 2018

Context

Primary hyperparathyroidism reduces bone mineral density, which increases the risk of fracture.

Objective

To investigate differences in bone mineral density and clinical characteristics after parathyroidectomy between men and women (premenopausal and postmenopausal) with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Design

This is a retrospective study of adult patients who underwent parathyroidectomy in a tertiary referral center from 1990 to 2013.

Patients

A total of 1529 patients underwent parathyroidectomy during the study period; 80 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 24 were men and 56 were women (10 premenopausal and 46 postmenopausal).

Measurements

Demographics, preoperative and postoperative biochemical analysis, preoperative and postoperative T‐scores, preoperative Z‐scores, preoperative and postoperative absolute bone mineral density values, and percentage change in bone mineral density from baseline to 12 ± 6 months after parathyroidectomy in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip and distal one‐third of the nondominant radius.

Results

Preoperative 24‐hour urinary calcium levels were significantly higher in men than in women overall (P = 0.02) and postmenopausal women (P = 0.01). Men had significantly lower preoperative Z‐scores than women overall, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Men had greater percentage change of increase in bone mineral density in the femoral neck than did women overall (2.77%; P = 0.04) and postmenopausal women (2.98%; P = 0.03) 1 year after parathyroidectomy.

Conclusions

From this study, men demonstrated a greater improvement of bone mineral density in the femoral neck from baseline after parathyroidectomy compared with women.
Numerical and experimental investigation of ‘water fan’ effect due to electrohydrodynamic force in a microchamber
Authors: Jiang Hai , Yang Xu , Fan Na , Peng Bei , Weng Xuan
Published: September 2018

Electrohydrodynamics is commonly used in microfluidics to control and manipulate the fluid. Though there are studies on the rotation flow in suspended films, the thin film liquid is easily broken and cannot last long hence not applicable in specific applications. Here, we established a three‐dimensional microchamber embedded with two pairs of microelectrodes to investigate the rotational phenomenon of bulk of liquid which we called ‘water fan’ effect based on the electrohydrodynamics force. When proper voltages were applied on these microelectrodes, the tornado‐like rotation would be generated. Both the numerical and experimental results showed that the controllable and continuous rotation could be achieved in the microchamber. In addition, the concentration effect resulting from the rotation flow was also observed. The proposed method offers great promises in providing theoretical and practical guideline in microfluidic devices for mixing, separating, and cooling applications.
Decadal variability analysis of extreme precipitation in Turkey and its relationship with teleconnection patterns
Authors: Duzenli Eren , Tabari Hossein , Willems Patrick , Yilmaz Mustafa Tugrul
Published: September 2018

Natural disasters such as droughts and floods originate as a consequence of excessive high or low precipitation amount and/or frequency. Due to the temporal persistence of the latter, the disasters tend to cluster in time. Because global ocean–atmosphere teleconnection patterns with (multi‐)decadal oscillations are tightly related with the precipitation variability, it is useful to analyse precipitation variability at the same timescale to understand any possible connection between them. In this study, decadal oscillations of daily extreme precipitation are investigated using quantile perturbation method for 65 stations in Turkey for the period 1955–2014. Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and Western Mediterranean Oscillation teleconnection patterns are examined for their relation with the extreme precipitation variability. The analyses are conducted for four climatic seasons and seven subregions. According to the analysis based on single drivers, NAO is identified as the most effective driver of Turkish extreme precipitation variability in winter, especially over regions influenced by the Mediterranean climate, whereas AO has a similar effect. When the teleconnection patterns are investigated in pairs, the combination of the NAO and SOI results in the strongest influence on the winter extremes. Though obvious differences are not recorded between the results of linear and nonlinear methods for single driver analysis, the nonlinear method is superior for the multiple driver analysis.