bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell-specific Characterization of the Placental Methylome
Authors: Yuan Victor , Hui Desmond , Yin Yifan , Peñaherrera Maria , Beristain Alexander , Robinson Wendy
Published: July 2020

Background
DNA methylation (DNAm) profiling has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing the placental methylome. However, previous studies have focused primarily on whole placental tissue, which is a mixture of epigenetically distinct cell populations. Here, we present the first methylome-wide analysis of first trimester (n = 9) and term (n = 19) human placental samples of four cell populations: trophoblasts, Hofbauer cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells, using the Illumina EPIC methylation array, which quantifies DNAm at > 850,000 CpGs.
Results
The most distinct DNAm profiles were those of placental trophoblasts, which are central to many pregnancy-essential functions, and Hofbauer cells, which are a rare understudied macrophage population thought to derive from fetal monocytes. Cell-specific DNAm occurs at functionally-relevant genes, including genes associated with placental development and preeclampsia. Known placental-specific methylation marks, such as those associated with genomic imprinting, repetitive element hypomethylation, and placental partially methylated domains, were found to be more pronounced in trophoblasts and often absent in Hofbauer cells. Lastly, we characterize the cell composition and cell-specific DNAm dynamics across gestation.
Conclusions
Our results provide a comprehensive analysis of DNAm in human placental cell types from first trimester and term pregnancies. This data will serve as a useful DNAm reference for future placental studies, and we provide access to this data via download from dbGAP (phs002013.v1.p1), through interactive exploration from the web browser (https://robinsonlab.shinyapps.io/Placental_Methylome_Browser/), and through the R package planet, which allows estimation of cell composition directly from placental DNAm data.
Ecology-guided prediction of cross-feeding interactions in the human gut microbiome
Authors: Goyal Akshit , Wang Tong , Dubinkina Veronika , Maslov Sergei
Published: July 2020

Understanding a complex microbial ecosystem such as the human gut microbiome requires information about both microbial species and the metabolites they produce and secrete. These metabolites are exchanged via a large network of cross-feeding interactions, and are crucial for predicting the functional state of the microbiome. However, till date, we only have information for a part of this network, limited by experimental throughput. Here, we propose an ecology-based computational method, GutCP, using which we predict hundreds of new experimentally untested cross-feeding interactions in the human gut microbiome. GutCP utilizes a mechanistic model of the gut microbiome with the explicit exchange of metabolites and their effects on the growth of microbial species. To build GutCP, we combined metagenomic and metabolomic measurements from the gut microbiome with optimization techniques from machine learning. Close to 65% of the cross-feeding interactions predicted by GutCP are supported by evidence from genome annotation; we provide these predictions for experimentally testing. Our method has the potential to greatly improve existing models of the human gut microbiome, as well as our ability to predict the metabolic profile of the gut.
The impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on long-term outcomes in older patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Liu Yong-Sheng , Wei Mei , Wang Le , Liu Gang , Ma Guo-Ping , Ono Katsushige , Cao Ze-Long , Yang Man , Zheng Ming-Qi
Published: July 2020

BackgroundSubclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is reportedly associated with an increased risk of adverse events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The prognostic significance of SCH in the elderly was poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between SCH and long-term outcomes in older patients undergoing PCI. Methods and Results 3168 patients aged 65 years or older who underwent PCI from January 2012 to October 2013 were included. Patients were divided into SCH group (n = 320) and euthyroidism (ET) group (n = 2848) based on thyroid function test. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of all-cause death and cardiac death for patients with SCH during a 4-year follow-up period. There were 227 deaths during the follow-up period including 124 deaths caused by cardiac events. There was no significant difference in mortality rate between the SCH group and the ET group (p > 0.05). After adjustment for covariates, compared with patients with ET, the RRs of death from all-cause and cardiac in patients with SCH were 1.261 (95%CI: 0.802–1.982, p = 0.315) and 1.231 (95%CI: 0.650–2.334, p = 0.524), respectively. When SCH was stratified by age, gender, and degree of thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation, no significant associations were also found in any stratum. Conclusion Our investigation revealed that SCH was negatively associated with the outcome of PCI in older patients.
A Grounded Theory Exploration of Language Massive Open Online Courses (LMOOCs): Understanding Students’ Viewpoints
Authors: Hsu Liwei
Published: July 2020

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have been called the biggest innovation to happen in education for 200 years for their unique attribute of being open and free to any individual with Internet access; however, their high dropout rate has led many people to be concerned or dubious about MOOCs’ effectiveness and applicability. The applicability of MOOCs in English for specific purposes (ESP) courses (in this case, Hospitality English) needs more empirical evidence; the present study intends to help fill this gap and extend our current understanding of this issue. This study followed a grounded theory methodology to develop a theoretical model based on constant dialogue between collected data and the literature. The results suggest that most participants had positive perceptions of LMOOCs in general but that some of them doubted the applicability of LMOOCs. Most participants said they would continue to use LMOOCs in learning, depending on the attributes of specific courses. Based on the extracted data, a conceptual model for the applicability of LMOOCs is proposed.
Male Partner Involvement In The Utilization Of Antenatal Care Services In Kidera, Buyende District, Uganda: Cross Sectional Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Alupo Priscilla , Atim Esther Ruth , Kaggwa Henry , Mudondo Calorine , Ogallo Cliveland , Ogwang Jesse , Wanume Benon , Nekaka Rebecca , Nteziyaremye Julius
Published: July 2020

Background: Antenatal care, one of the pillars of safe motherhood, is a proven a concept aimed at reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It is a largely a health preventive and promotive activity. In order to foster its utilization and the desired benefits, the males who are largely key decision makers especially in patriarchal societies have to be involved. This concept of male involvement (MI) is essential in curtailing the gender inequality and improves the family livelihood. Although different strategies have been employed to woe males into ANC clinics, their involvement is largely lacking in Uganda. This study reports level of males’ involvement, their knowledge and attitudes of ANC and influencing factors . Methods: This was a cross sectional community descriptive study that employed quantitative and qualitative methods. Our qualitative data study was based on the phenomenological design and rooted into the Grounded theory. For quantitative study, 135 adult males were recruited and collected data analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) while for qualitative data collection, Focus Group Discussions(FGDs) were held for 60males and each transcript was analyzed by two researchers using NVIVO software version 12.Coding was done and themes developed. Results: Male involvement as assessed based on different activities was between 51.1 % and 85.2 %.Although 77.8% had ever accompanied their partner for ANC, only 9.6% did so on at least 4 occasions and 88.9% never received any supplementary service during the visit. Significantly males were generally knowledgeable and had positive attitude towards ANC. Also 65.4% reported their partner felt comfortable once accompanied.However during FGDs, males described ANC as a room for checking pregnant women, time wasting and unpleasant for the males with no privacy and rude staff. They were further wary of being tested as a couple for HIV. Despite challenges, ANC couple attendance was credited with potential of fostering unity.Conclusions: Male involvement is improving in Uganda but more needs to be done in educating men about their importance in ANC. Couple friendly infrastructure that ensures privacy, staff training that ensures customer care tailored towards being more sensitive and responsive to couples’ may improve MI.
Relationship Between Foot Length And Gestational Age In Pakistan
Authors: Tikmani Shiyam Sunder , Roujani Sana , Azam Syed Iqbal , Yasmin Haleema , Bano Khadija , Jessani Saleem , Reza Sayyeda , McClure Elizabeth M , Goldenberg Robert L , Saleem Sarah
Published: July 2020

Background: Neonatal mortality in preterm live births is high. Therefore, knowledge of the gestational age (GA) at birth is crucial for the management and predicting prognosis of a newborn. Common methods for estimating GA such as the last menstrual period, ultrasonography, and post-natal Ballard scoring have some limitations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between foot length and GA and to develop a regression equation for predicting GA of the neonates born in Pakistan. Methods: Data for this analysis were extracted from the hospital files of eligible women by trained study midwives. Midwives were also trained in performing the Ballard examination and taking foot length using a disposable measuring tape within an hour of the birth. The measurement was taken from the mid-point of the heel to the end of the longest toe. The GA was calculated using an android-based GA calculator, which used a report of last menstrual period, ultrasound examination, and Ballard examination. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Scatter plots were constructed to assess the linearity and co-efficient of determination and the correlation was calculated. Simple and Multiple Linear regression was used to construct predicting equations for GA.Results: Both foot length and GA were available for 1542 cases and were analyzed. The median GA was 34.5 weeks with an interquartile range (IQR 4.7) and the median foot length was 7 cm (IQR 1.4). There was a positive linear relationship between foot length and GA (r2 81.7%, p-value <0.001). Stratified analysis showed an r2 of 81.7% for males and 81.6% for females. The r2 for stillbirths was 84.1% and, 82.3% for live births. The r2 for macerated stillbirths was 88.6% and 90.6% for fresh stillbirths. Conclusion: In resource poor settings, the use of foot length can estimate GA in both live births and stillbirths and can easily identify preterm infants to initiate early management.
One-year results of half-dose versus one-third-dose photodynamic therapy in chronic or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Jirarattanasopa Pichai , Vanchalerm Banchasakjaroen , Mansing Ratanasukon
Published: July 2020

Background
To compare the efficacy of half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) and one-third-dose PDT in chronic or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).
Methods
A retrospective review of patients with chronic or recurrent CSC who were treated with half-dose or one-third-dose PDT and followed for 12 months afterwards. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT) and resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) at baseline and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-PDT were assessed.
Results
Forty-six eyes and 20 eyes received half-dose and one-third-dose PDT, respectively. The study showed efficacy of the one-third-dose PDT compared with half-dose PDT in BCVA improvement (0.10 ± 0.04 logMAR for one-third-dose versus 0.17 ± 0.04 for half-dose, P = 0.293) and CRT improvement (125.6 ± 24.6 µm for one-third-dose versus 139.1 ± 16.54 for half-dose, P = 0.652) at 12 months. The SRF recurrence rate was significantly higher in the one-third-dose PDT group compared with the half-dose PDT group (40.0% versus 15.2%, P = 0.027) at 12-months.
Conclusion
At 12 months, the one-third-dose PDT was effective in term of BCVA and CRT improvement, when compared with half-dose PDT. However, this study showed that one-third-dose PDT had a higher recurrence rate of SRF.
Baseline Total Metabolic Tumor Volume Combined with International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project may Improve Prognostic Stratification for Patients with Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (PTCL)
Authors: Jiang Chong , Teng Yue , Chen Jieyu , Wang Zhen , Zhou Zhengyang , Ding Chongyang , Xu Jingyan
Published: July 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic value of total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) at baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients diagnosed with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).Materials and methods: Eighty-four PTCL patients who underwent baseline 18F-FDG PET/CT between March 2009 and January 2019 and did not receive treatment were enrolled in this retrospective study. The FDG-avid lesions in each patient were segmented using semiautomated software to calculate the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) values using the boundaries of voxels presenting with the 41% SUVmax threshold method. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were used as end points to evaluate patient prognosis. The log-rank test and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate PFS and OS.Results: ROC curve analysis indicated an ideal TMTV cut-off value of 228.8 cm3. During the 4-131month (29.2±28.5 months) follow-up period, high TMTV was significantly associated with worse PFS and OS. TMTV and the international peripheral T-cell lymphoma project score (IPTCLP) were independent predictors of PFS and OS with multivariate analysis. The combination of TMTV and the IPTCLP may provide significantly better risk substratification in PFS and OS of PTCL patients.Conclusions: Both TMTV and IPTCLP are independent predictors of PTCL patient survival outcomes. Moreover, the combination of TMTV and IPTCLP improved patient risk stratification and may contribute to personalized therapeutic regimens.
Striatal Dopamine Transporter Spect Quantification: Head-to-Head Comparison Between Two Three-Dimensional Automatic Tools
Authors: Morbelli Silvia , Arnaldi Dario , Cella Eugenia , Raffa Stefano , Donegani Isabella , Capitanio Selene , Massa Federico , Miceli Alberto , Filippi Laura , Nobili Flavio
Published: July 2020

Purpose. Our aim was the head-to-head comparison between two automatic tools for semi-quantification of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) specific-to-non displaceable (SBR) ratio brain SPECT values in a naturalistic cohort of patients. Procedures. We analyzed consecutive scans from one-hundred and fifty-one outpatients submitted to brain DAT SPECT for a suspected parkinsonism. Images were post-processed using a commercial (Datquant®) and a free (BasGanV2) software. Reading by expert was the gold-standard. A subset of patients with pathological or borderline scan was evaluated with the clinical Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, motor part (MDS-UPDRS-III).Results. SBR, putamen-to-caudate (P/C) ratio, and both P and C asymmetries were highly correlated between the two software with Pearson’s ‘r’ correlation coefficients ranging from .706 to .887. Correlation coefficients with the MDS-UPDRS III score were higher with caudate than with putamen SBR values with both software, and in general higher with BasGanV2 than with Datquant® . Datquant® correspondence with expert reading was 84.1% (94.0% by additionally considering the P/C ratio as a further index). BasGanV2 correspondence with expert reading was 80.8% (86.1% by additionally considering the P/C ratio). Conclusions. Both Datquant® and BasGanV2 work reasonably well and similarly one another in semi-quantification of DAT SPECT. Both tools have their own strength and pitfalls that must be known in detail by users in order to obtain the best help in visual reading and reporting of DAT SPECT.
Low-index Catastrophe Model of Deep Gas-bearing Coal Seams
Authors: Li Tie , Pi Xiyu
Published: July 2020

Coal and gas outburst always occur as some parameters reach its threshold in the mining process of gas-bearing coal seams. However, low-index catastrophes may happen in the deep mining although the parameters do not exceed its threshold values. This phenomenon has become a challenge for our traditional cognitions. In this paper, the mechanism of low-index catastrophes of high-stress area in the deep gas-bearing seams was investigated by the following methods including literature reviewing, on-site investigation, case analysis, physical experiments and theoretical analysis. The results indicate that there were not only primary state fissures but also many secondary fissures are formed after taking outburst eliminating measures, which is beneficial for improving the desorption performance of methane. A “three-zone” theory of gas migration in Coal Seams is given, coal seam in the front of coal mining face can be divided into three zones: the gas emission zone, the gas channel compaction zone, and disturbance gas desorption zone before reaching ultimate equilibrium, corresponding to coal and gas ejection zone, gas migration zone and gas launching zone after surpassing the limits. Importantly, the stress dike is redefined, and a new concept is proposed that the low-index catastrophe of gas bearing seams is caused by avalanche instability of the stress dikes, meanwhile its three modes are given by over static-load stress dike avalanche caused by hanging arch overlength, stress dike avalanche under roof breakage impact, and stress dike avalanche under floor breakage impact. In deep stress area, stress dike avalanche caused by dynamic-static loading could lead to low-index catastrophes of gas bearing seams. The insufficient residual gas energy could cause unusual gas emission. On the other hand, the sufficient gas energy may lead to coal and gas outbursts.
Association of Complementary feeding practices and household food insecurity and anthropometric status of children aged 6-23 months old in Kabul city
Authors: Ahrar Gholam Reza , Azadbakht Leila
Published: July 2020

Introduction

During the first 1000 days of a child life, appropriate infant feeding practices are fundamental to growth, health and development of a child. Globally only one in six children receive a minimum acceptable diet. In Afghanistan, the status of minimum meal frequency, dietary diversity and acceptable diet were 55%, 23% and 18%, respectively among children aged 6-23 months. This study designed with the aim of determines the association of complementary feeding (CF) indicators and household food insecurity and anthropometric status of Afghan children aged 6-23 months.

Methods

We were selected 300 children aged 6-23 months old in this cross-sectional study through simple method. Three 24-hour dietary recall were collected for CF practices. Socioeconomic and United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) food security questionnaire were used from interview method and nutritional status was assessed using World Health Organization indicators. Chi-Square analysis were used to determined association between anthropometry of children among different age groups, complementary feeding indicators and household Food insecurity. Independent sample test was used to determined association between nutrient intake and complementary feeding indicators.

Results

Results showed that 59% of children received timely introduction of CF and Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF), Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) and Minimum Acceptable Diet were met by 87.7%, 44.7% and 42.3%, respectively. Prevalence rate of food insecurity was 90.7%. Result for odds ratio and 95% CI showed there is association between (Length for Age Z-score (LAZ) with MMF), (Weight for Age Z-score (WAZ), Weight for Length Z-score (WLZ) and Length for Age Z-score (LAZ) with MDD and MAD). Result for odds ratio and 95% CI also showed there are significant associations between WAZ, WLZ and LAZ with household food insecurity.

Conclusion

Household food insecurity and weak complementary feeding make more prevalence of malnutrition.
De novo mosaic and partial monosomy of chromosome 21 in a case with superior vena cava duplication
Authors: Azad Abul Kalam , Yanakakis Lindsay , Issleb Samantha , Turina Jessica , Drabik Kelli , Bonner Christina , Simi Eve , Wagner Andrew , Fiddler Morry , Naeem Rizwan
Published: July 2020

Background
Full or partial monosomy of chromosome (chr) 21 is a very rare abnormal cytogenetic finding. It is characterized by variable sizes and deletion breakpoints on the long arm (q) of chr 21 that lead to a broad spectrum of phenotypes that include an increased risk of birth defects, developmental delay and intellectual deficit.
Case presentation:
We report a 37-year-old G1P0 woman initially screened by non-invasive prenatal testing with no positive findings that was followed by an 18-week anatomy scan with a fetal finding of duplication of the superior vena cava (SVC). The medical and family history was otherwise uneventful. After appropriate genetic counseling, amniocentesis was performed to evaluate suspected chromosomal anomalies.
Conclusions
Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed loss of one chr 21 signal that was further delineated by chromosomal microarray analysis on uncultured amniocytes as a terminal 10 Mb deletion on chr 21q. Karyotype and microarrays on cultured amniocytes showed two cell lines for a mosaic 21q terminal deletion and monosomy 21. The combined molecular cytogenetics results reported as mos 45,XX,-21[10]/46,XX,del(21)(q22)dn[20].nuc ish(D21S342/D21S341/D21S259 × 1)[100].arr[GRCh37] 21q11.2q22.12(15412676_36272993)x1 ~ 2,21q22.12q22.3(36431283_47612400)x1. Parental chromosomal analysis revealed normal karyotypes. Thus, this was a de novo mosaic full and partial monosomy of chr 21 in a case with SVC duplication. Despite the association of congenital heart disease with monsomy 21 we could not find any published literature or online databases for this cytogenetic abnormality. The patient terminated the pregnancy following the abnormal molecular cytogenetic results due to the possible challenges the baby would face if carried to term.
Measuring the Contribution of Mobility on Malaria Persistence
Authors: Gomes Marcelo Ferreira da Costa , Codeço Cláudia Torres , Bastos Leonardo Soares , Lana Raquel Martins
Published: July 2020

Background: Human mobility is an important determinant of malaria distribution and can explain different patterns of (re)introduction, circulation and persistence of malaria. In order to understand the association between human mobility patterns and the probability of getting malaria, this study revisited a household survey conducted in 2015 in Alto Juruá region, Acre state, Brazil. This region registers one the greatest malaria burden in Brazil. The goal of this work is to estimate the contribution of human commutation to the persistence of malaria. Methods: Data from the origin-destination survey was used to describe the intensity and motivation for commutation between rural settlements and urban areas in two municipalities, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves. The relative time-person spent in each locality per household was estimated. A logistic regression model was fitted to estimate the effect of commuting on the probability of getting malaria for a householder from a zone of residence commuting to another zone. Results: Our main results suggests that this population is not very mobile. $96\%$ of households reported spending more than $90\%$ of their yearly person-hour at localities within the same zone. Study and work are the most prevalent motivation to displace, $40.5\%$ and $29.5\%$ respectively. Spending person-hours in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred relative protection to the residents of urban Mâncio Lima. On the other hand, spending time in rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, but not significant in rural Mâncio Lima. For urban Rodrigues Alves residents, spending time in urban and rural Mâncio Lima and rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, more so if going to the latter. Conclusion: The results suggests that the place one lives is a stronger determinant of the probability of getting malaria in Alto Juruá region and this can be a natural consequence of the low mobility and the local environment. The heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Brazil highlights the importance of microregion-targeted intervention since their risk signature within each municipality is quite different, despite being direct geographical neighbors. In addition, it is essential that intersectoral public policies be the basis for health mitigation actions.
Effect of socio-demographic factors on the association between multimorbidity and acute care service use: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fisher Kathryn Ann , Griffith Lauren , Gruneir Andrea , Perez Richard , Favotto Lindsay , Nguyen Francis , Ploeg Jenny , Markle-Reid Maureen , Upshur Ross
Published: July 2020

Background: This study explores how a broad-range of socio-demographic factors shape the relationship between multimorbidity and one-year acute care service use (i.e., hospital, emergency department visits) among older adults in Ontario, Canada.
Methods: We linked multiple cycles (2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012) of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) to health administrative data to create a cohort of adults aged 65 and older in Ontario. Twelve chronic conditions identified from the administrative data were used to estimate multimorbidity (number of chronic conditions). We identified acute care service use over one year from the administrative data. We examined the relationship between multimorbidity and service use stratified by a comprehensive range of socio-demographic variables available from the CCHS. Logistic and Poisson multivariable regressions were used to explore the association between multimorbidity and service use and the role of socio-demographic factors in shaping this relationship.
Results: Of the 28,361 members of the study sample, 60% were between the ages of 65 and 74 years, 57% were female, 72% were non-immigrant, and over 75% lived in an urban area. Emergency department visits and hospitalizations consistently increased with the level of multimorbidity. Stratified analyses revealed further patterns, with many being similar for both services – e.g., the odds ratios for both services were higher at all levels of multimorbidity for men, older age groups, and those with lower annual household income. Rurality and immigrant status appeared to impact emergency department use (higher in rural residents and non-immigrants) but not hospitalizations. Multimorbidity and most socio-demographic variables remained significant predictors of acute care service use in the multivariable regressions.
Conclusions: Strong evidence links multimorbidity with increased acute care service use. This study showed that socio-demographic factors did not modify the relationship between multimorbidity and acute care service use, they were independently associated with acute care service use. Acute care service use was associated with perceived physical and mental health status as well as psychosocial factors, suggesting that optimizing service use requires attention to self-reported health status and social determinants, with programs that are multifaceted and integrated across the health and social service sectors.
Titanium in calcium amphibole: Behavior and thermometry
Authors: Liao Yue , Wei Chunjing , Rehman Hafiz Ur
Published: July 2020

Thermometry of high-grade metamorphic rocks is difficult due to fast cationic diffusion during slow cooling, but the titanium content of calcium amphibole (Ti-Amp) can retrieve amphibole-forming temperature as high as ~1000 °C. Based on pseudosection modeling and past research survey, we find that Ti-Amp is controlled by temperature under the conditions of oxygen fugacity <2 log units above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer (ΔNNO+2), in subalkaline systems, and with the presence of Ti-phases (rutile, ilmenite, or titanite). We apply available experimental data to calibrate a new Ti-Amp thermometer for such conditions:

T ( C ° ) = 2400 1.52 − log ⁡ Ti Amp − 273

where T is temperature and log TiAmp is the Ti content of amphibole in atom per formula unit (apfu) expressed in the logarithm to base 10. The standard error of the calibration experiments is ±35 °C. This thermometer can be applied only if the aforementioned conditions are fulfilled. Besides, caution should be taken when applying the thermometer to rocks under subsolidus water-unsaturated conditions, which can be observed as non-equilibrium textures or low bulk-rock water content (<1–1.5 wt%). The results of this thermometer may be underestimated if applied to rocks that are equilibrated above 850 °C and contain rutile and a significant amount of water (>3.5–4 wt%).

The new thermometer can be successfully applied to amphibole-bearing natural igneous and meta-morphic rocks. In addition, we propose the Si vs. Ti in amphibole diagram that roughly demarcates the boundaries among the high amphibolite, high-temperature granulite, and ultrahigh-temperature granulite facies. Although pseudosection modeling provides details of the P-T evolution of studied rocks, the Ti-Amp thermometer is quick and easy to apply. However, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of the behavior and stability of amphibole and to improve the accuracy of both pseudosection modeling and conventional thermometry.
Entanglement islands in higher dimensions
Authors: Almheiri Ahmed , Mahajan Raghu , Santos Jorge
Published: July 2020

It has been suggested in recent work that the Page curve of Hawking radiation can be recovered using computations in semi-classical gravity provided one allows for ``islands" in the gravity region of quantum systems coupled to gravity.
The explicit computations so far have been restricted to black holes in two-dimensional Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity.
In this note, we numerically construct a five-dimensional asymptotically AdS geometry whose boundary realizes a four-dimensional Hartle-Hawking state on an eternal AdS black hole in equilibrium with a bath.
We also numerically find two types of extremal surfaces: ones that correspond to having or not having an island.
The version of the information paradox involving the eternal black hole exists in this setup, and it is avoided by the presence of islands.
Thus, recent computations exhibiting islands in two-dimensional gravity generalize to higher dimensions as well.
Tax incentive policy and firm performance: evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Quoc Trung Trinh , Van Tan Nguyen
Published: July 2020

This paper aims to assess the impact of the tax incentive policy on firm performance after privatization in Vietnam. Using research data of 260 privatized enterprises in Vietnam, this study sheds light on whether tax incentive policies can help improve firm performance after privatization. The paper utilizes a pre-post comparison approach proposed by Megginson, Nash, and Van Randenborgh (1994). The research results reveal that privatized enterprises with tax incentives have improved profitability (ROA, ROE, ROS) and operating efficiency (NIEFF) and reduced leverage after privatization. A statistical reduction in the number of employed and an improvement in output (real income) after privatization are not observed. Besides, there is no statistical evidence proving that privatized enterprises have experienced significant changes in standard deviations of firm performance measures after privatization in Vietnam. Given significant improvements in the profitability of post-privatized enterprises with tax incentives, the authors propose some managerial implications for the Vietnamese government, investors and non-privatized state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
Crime of Makar and Its Enforcement in Post-Reform Indonesia
Authors: Sulaeman Eman
Published: July 2020

In the era of reforms characterized by freedom of thought and opinion, the position of makar crime formulation in the criminal law book (KUHP) is very dilemmatic. Its  Formulation is needed to maintain state sovereignty. However,  its presence has not well defined yet. So,  it threatens the independence of Makar crime and its elements. This research will analyze the formulation of Makar crime in the Criminal law book (KUHP), its enforcement in Indonesia post-reforms, and its draft formulation in the Criminal law book (KUHP). Library research method through juridical-normative was used in this research. The result shows that the formulation of Makar crime which was set forth in Article 104, 106, 107, and 108 of the Criminal law book (KUHP) still has not define Makar and its parameters to the elements. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the criminal law effectively in accordance with the principles of law and democratic state in the Draft Law (RUU) of the Criminal law book (KUHP) in order to overcome makar crime.
Inconsistency of Prison Criminal Sanctions for Children and Criminal Objectives in RKUHP
Authors: Triwati Ani
Published: July 2020

Children are vulnerable groups when dealing with the criminal justice system based on various analyzes. Therefore a special mechanism is needed to protect the interests of children facing the law. It is affirmed in the UN Regulations for the Protection of Children Who Lost their Freedom that the child court system must uphold rights and safety and promote the physical and mental well-being of children. Prison sentences must be used as a last resort. Children who are in conflict with the law, will get a label or stigmatization from the community from the moment the case processes at the police level until the court ruling is even possible forever. This article will discuss the implications of inconsistencies in prison sanctions for children and the purpose of criminal prosecution in RKHUP, that children who proceed in criminal justice, the label will be inherent indefinitely, so it is likely that children tend to commit criminal acts again. Prison sentences will bring children to learn more about their environment.
High Blood Ammonia Levels Associated with Long-term Valproic Acids Therapy in Epileptic Children
Authors: Sidiartha I Gusti Lanang , Suwarba I Gusti Ngurah Made , Wati Dyah Kanya , Subanada Ida Bagus
Published: July 2020

Background: Valproic acid is an effective drug for controlling seizure in children with epilepsy and it is usually used for treatment as long as two years or more. Blood ammonia level often increased in epileptic children who were treated with long-term valproic acid. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between blood ammonia level with valproic acid therapy in epileptic children.Materials and Methods: This is an observational study with cross-sectional approach. The subjects were 64 children with epilepsy, average age of 6.2 years old. Subjects were 33 boys and 31 girls. Blood ammonia level was examined using enzymatic glutamate dehydrogenase. Subjects were divided into 2 therapeutic groups based on the duration, doses and combination therapy of valproic acid. Subjects were recruited from Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia, from May to December 2017. Comparison of blood ammonia level between groups were analyzed using an Independent t-test with significances if the p<0.05. Results: A significant difference of blood ammonia level was found between subjects who were treated with valproic acid less than 2 years and more than 2 years (45.7±16.4 mmol/L vs. 70.9±43.6 mmol/L; p=0.032). However, significant difference was not found between the groups according to the doses and combination therapy (p=0.450 and p=0.647, respectively).Conclusion: Blood ammonia level was significantly higher in epileptic children who used long-term valproic acid, hence it was recommended to check the blood ammonia level routinely.Keywords: ammonia, epilepsy, valproic, children
Comparison of Antiaging and Antioxidant Activities of Protocatechuic and Ferulic Acids
Authors: Girsang Ermi , Lister I Nyoman Ehrich , Ginting Chrismis Novalinda , Bethasari Maulidwina , Amalia Annisa , Widowati Wahyu
Published: July 2020

Background: Skin-aging is a progressive changes in the skin combine with cumulative extrinsic factors which are mostly caused by free radicals caused by exposure to lots of free radicals molecules from pollutant, wrongly food intake, or too much sun bathing. These free radicals can be tackled by a treatment using antioxidants. Prevention of aging can be done by escalating antioxidant intake. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) and Ferulic acid (FA) have been known for their scavenging properties on free radicals and antiaging activity. Antioxidant and antiaging activity of both compounds have not been compared comprehensively before. Hence, current study was conducted to compare the potential of PCA and FA for their antioxidant and antiaging activities using various methods.Materials and Methods: Antioxidant analysis of PCA and FA was conducted using H2O2 scavenging assay, 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Meanwhile, antiaging activities of PCA and FA were examined using inhibitory activities of tyrosinase, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase.Results: IC50 of scavenging activity of ABTS were 125.18 µg/mL (PCA) and 35.55 µg/mL (FA), inhibition activity of collagenase were 126.16 µg/mL (PCA) and 52.85 µg/mL (FA) and inhibition activity of tyrosinase were 246.42 µg/mL (PCA), 253.58 µg/mL (FA).Conclusion: In conclusion, FA has better ABTS scavenging and collagenase inhibition activities compared to PCA. Meanwhile, PCA has better activity of tyrosinase inhibition than FA.Keywords: antioxidant, antiaging, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid
Molecular Characterization of

Trichoderma

spp. Isolates by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region Sequencing Technique and its Use as a Biocontrol Agent
Authors: Haque Ziyaul , Iqbal Mohammed S. , Ahmad Ausaf , Khan Mohd S. , Prakash Jyoti
Published: July 2020

Objective:

In the present investigation, Trichoderma spp., isolated from rhizospheric soil, has been identified by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region sequencing technique and its antagonistic activity was evaluated against A. niger.

Methods:

The sequencing analysis was done with its ITS1 region of the rRNA gene. Using the ITS1 amplified products for all isolated fungi, a bi-directional DNA sequencing was done with high quality bases (>98% - 100%). Antagonistic activity was done using dual culture technique.

Results:

All of the ITS1 nucleotide sequences obtained in this study matched 97% - 100% with the published sequence of Trichoderma spp. The results confirmed the strains as T. asperellum and T. viride with gene bank accession no. (ZTa); MK937669 and (ZTv); MK503705, respectively. When phylogenetic analysis was done for the isolates, the optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.69585023 and 0.10077756 for T. asperellum and T. viride, respectively, was observed. There were a total of 678 and 767 for T. asperellum and T. viride positions in the final dataset, respectively. Antagonistic activity was done for the isolated strains of Trichoderma spp. against A. niger, and it was found that T. asperellum showed maximum antagonistic activity (79.33±7.09%).

Conclusion:

The findings prolong the genome availability for relative investigations pointing out phenotypic variances to compare with Trichoderma genetic diversity. The present investigation delivered the Bases of future studies for better knowledge in understanding the complicated connections of Trichoderma spp. to be used as an effective biocontrol agent.
Chromium Coordination Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity: Synthetic Routes, Structural Characteristics, and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Vlasiou Manolis C. , Pafiti Kyriaki S.
Published: July 2020

A major threat to public health worldwide is that the antimicrobial activity of the established drugs is constantly reduced due to the resistance that bacteria develop throughout the years. Some transition metal complexes show higher antibacterial activity against several bacteria compared to those of clinically used antibiotics. Novel classes of molecules provide new challenges and seem promising to solve the crisis that the overuse of antibiotics has led over the last years. This review discusses the challenges of chromium-based metallodrugs as antimicrobial agents. In particular, the synthetic routes, the structural characteristics, as well as the antimicrobial activity of 32 chromium (III) complexes have been presented.
Current and Future Global Lithium Production Till 2025
Authors: Calisaya-Azpilcueta Daniel , Herrera-Leon Sebastián , Cisternas Luis A.
Published: July 2020

Background:

The production of lithium is growing continuously, and ensuring its stable supply is crucial for the growth of global economy. Therefore, to avoid a potential supply risk, it is necessary to determine the requirements for the implementation of current and planned lithium mining projects in order to meet the forecasted demand of lithium.

Objective:

In this paper, the capability of global lithium production to meet the uncertain, high or low level, demand by 2025, is analyzed.

Methods:

The global lithium supply is simulated considering three alternatives: no new projects in the portfolio, committed projects, and uncommitted projects. Two scenarios for estimating the growth rate of lithium production in the future are analyzed: a regular growth rate and a growth rate assuming the use in full capacity of lithium production by major suppliers.

Results:

The results show that the total capacity of production covers the low-level demand. However, it is not enough to cover the high-level demand for lithium. Therefore, new projects are necessary. On the other hand, results considering all the possible projects show that the demand is exceeded, which suggests that intermediate scenarios could cover the demand by 100%.

Conclusion:

It is expected that a low-carbon economy may be projected soon, and assuming the high-level demand of lithium, then a combination of committed projects and uncommitted projects should be considered.
Facial Palsy: A Retrospective Study of 416 Cases Based on Electrodiagnostic Consultation
Authors: Ferreira Vanessa F.M. , Graça Carla R. , Kouyoumdjian João A.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Facial nerve palsy (FP) is a frequent neurological condition caused mostly by Bell´s Palsy (BP).

Objectives:

The main objective of this study is to describe electrophysiological parameters in a retrospective 28-year review of 416 cases of FP based on electrodiagnostic consultation.

Methods:

In total, 520 exams from 416 patients over a 28-year period were reviewed. Sex, age, etiology, comorbidities, and variables from electroneurography and needle electromyography were analyzed. Cases were grouped as BP (70.7%), injury (16.4%), iatrogenic (10.3%) and Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) (2.6%).

Results:

The mean age was 41 years (3-82), 53.4% female. Diabetes was the most frequent comorbidity. Estimated Axon Loss (EAL), >90%, was found in 50% of the cases, mainly in the iatrogenic group. The amplitude drop of the Compound Muscle Action Potentials (CMAPs) was proportional in the Orbicularis Oculi, Orbicularis Oris and Nasalis muscles. The absence of CMAPs was more frequent in the iatrogenic group and less frequent in the BP one. Bell´s palsy associated with diabetes was more severe. The R1 latency (blink reflex) was significantly longer in the BP group (P>0.001). Synkinesis due to the misdirection of regenerating axons was much more frequent in the BP and RHS groups.

Conclusion:

Bell´s palsy was the most common cause. The EAL was equal in all facial branches. Facial nerve inexcitability was more frequent in the iatrogenic/injury groups. The R1 latency was found to be prolonged in the BP group and the only good prognosis indicator in a few cases. Misdirection reinnervation was more frequent in BP and RHS groups. There was no sex or side predominance.
COVID-19 is a New Challenge for Dental Practitioners: Advice on Patients’ Management from Prevention of Cross Infections to Telemedicine
Authors: Giudice Amerigo , Bennardo Francesco , Antonelli Alessandro , Barone Selene , Fortunato Leonzio
Published: July 2020

Background:

The COVID-19, originated in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically. Infection control measures are especially needed for healthcare professionals who meet potentially infected patients.

Objective:

The authors aimed to provide general knowledge about COVID-19 disease and indications for the management of emergency dental procedures based on recent literature and experience gained.

Methods:

A literature search was performed to identify scientific information on COVID-19 and prevention of cross infection appropriate for the practice of dentistry.

Results:

The authors provided relevant information about SARS-CoV-2 virus, COVID-19 disease, and prevention of cross infections in the dental office. Furthermore, the authors described their experience and highlighted the potential of telemedicine.

Conclusion:

This article, based on relevant researches, guidelines and Authors’ experience in a COVID-19 Hospital, introduces essential knowledge about COVID-19 and transmission routes and provides recommended management protocols for dental practitioners.
Assessment of the Seismic Performance for a Low-Code RC Shear Walls Structure in Bucharest (Romania)
Authors: Pavel Florin , Vacareanu Radu
Published: July 2020

Background:

Low-code RC shear walls structures house a significant proportion (over 20%) of the inhabitants of Bucharest.

Objective:

In this research, the seismic performance of a low-code reinforced concrete shear walls structure located in various sites in Bucharest (Romania) is assessed.

Methods:

The seismic performance is assessed using both static and dynamic nonlinear time-history analyses, as well as detailed sectional analysis of the RC shear walls.

Results:

The results show that the structure has significant capacity differences in the two principal directions. Moreover, it has been observed that the maximum top displacements obtained from nonlinear time history analyses are larger in the transversal direction.

Conclusion:

Considering the behaviour of such structures during the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, the fact that these structures are already 40 – 50 years old and given the results of some of the analyses shown in this study, it can be concluded that immediate seismic rehabilitation measures are needed in order to correct, at least partially the structural issues of this section type.
Модуль Юнга композита zigzag УНТ/графен при растяжении вдоль оси графена
Authors: Колесникова А.С. , Баранов И.А. , Мазепа М.М.
Published: July 2020

Теоретически исследован модуль Юнга конечноразмерный колонного графена на основе zigzag углеродных нанотрубок в виде наноленты. Исследована зависимость упругих свойств от структурных параметров колонного графена --- длины и диаметра углеродных нанотрубок, входящих в состав композита. При этом в пределах одного композита структурные параметры углеродных нанотрубок оставались постоянными. Установлено, что величина модуля Юнга увеличивалась с увеличением длин углеродных нанотрубок. Модуль Юнга для композитов с увеличением диаметра уменьшается. Ключевые слова: колонный графен, модуль Юнга, киральность углеродных нанотрубок, наноленты.