bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Update on WHO Classification of Thoracic Tumours 2021- Newly Described Entities and Terminologies
Authors: Singh Gyanendra , Singh Anurag , Dave Rushang
Published: June 2023

The 5th edition of the World Health Organisation (WHO) “Classification of Thoracic Tumours” replaces the previous edition from 2015, which was released in 2021. The new edition includes specific diagnostic criteria for each entity and lays a stronger emphasis on diagnostic molecular pathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was heavily promoted in 2015, as a way to improve classification precision. The book places more attention on molecular pathology developments for all tumour types in 2021. Classification based on microscopic biopsy samples of the characteristics of lung cancer is an alternative to resection-based categorisation. A grading system for invasive non mucinous adenocarcinomas has been developed, using the percentage of distinctive histological patterns found inside each tumour. Lung adenocarcinoma is also predisposed by Tumour Spread Through Air Spaces (STAS). A basaloid variety of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and lymphoepithelial carcinoma was added to the SCC group. The ciliated muconodular papillary tumour and thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated carcinoma are recent inclusions. Therefore, the following new terms and entities have been added to the WHO classification of 2021: (1) Thoracic SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 (SMARCA4)-deficient undifferentiated tumour; (2) Bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumour; (3) Primary pulmonary hyalinising clear cell carcinoma of lung; (4) Lypmphoepithelial carcinoma; (5) STAS.
Morphometric Analysis of Age and Genderrelated Variations of Corpus Callosum by using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pasricha Navbir , Sthapak Eti , Thapar Ashish , Bhatnagar Rajan
Published: June 2023

Introduction: The Corpus Callosum (CC) is the largest commissural bundle connecting the two cerebral hemispheres which is involved in learning, memory, thinking, three-dimensional visual ability, executive functions as well as behavioural patterns. Exact morphometric dimensions are a prerequisite before surgical interventions and stereotactic approaches to the foramen of Munro and also in cases of callosectomy for intractable epilepsy as inconsistencies exist regarding gender and age related changes of CC. Also, most published studies are from the western world and very few studies are from South-east Asia and India. Aim: To study the morphometry of CC and possible age, gender related variations using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the North Indian population. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was done in Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from January 2019 to October 2019. A total of 200 head MRI scans, using PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) System Viewer software were evaluated. In all the scans, length, height, minimum and maximum thickness of CC were studied. The data were statistically analysed using STATA Software for age and gender-related differences. Student’s t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied. Results: The study showed decrease in thickness of body, rostrum and splenium with age, linked to generalised degeneration of cortical neurons or atrophy of white matter with advancing age. Also, there was increase in length with age, possibly due to age mediated structural dilatation in lateral ventricles. Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was observed as a larger CC length in males (74.24±4.26 mm) than females (72.67±4.16 mm) (p-value<0.001) and larger brain length in males (171.75±5.51 mm) as compared to females (163.70±5.75 mm) (p-value<0.001). Males also showed greater splenial thickness (10.15±1.79 mm) in comparison to females (9.68±1.51 mm) (p-value<0.001) which may represent the importance of distribution of fibres of visual cortex in males due to larger occipital lobe. Conclusion: The present study documented morphometry of normal CC in different gender and age groups and observed sexual dimorphism, especially greater CC length and splenial thickness in males than females. With age increase in the length and decrease in thickness of CC was seen.
The Growth of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis Forst) Root Cuttings on Various Media of Organic Matter and Concentrations of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid
Authors: Kafrawi  , Kumalawati Zahraeni , Rafiuddin
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of organic matter in the planting medium and a concentration of 2.4 D on the growth of breadfruit root cuttings. This experiment was carried out in the form of a factorial experiment consisting of two factors using a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 2 treatment factors. The first treatment was utilizing media of organic materials; filter cake, sawdust and rice husk. The second treatment was adding a concentration of 2.4 D: 1.0; 1.5 ; and 2.0 mL.L-1 water. The experimental results showed that breadfruit root cuttings in the filter media were better for shoot height, number of leaves, leaf area and root volume compared to sawdust and rice husk media. A low concentration of 2.4 D (1.0 mL.L-1 water) showed better growth of shoot height and number of leaves than higher concentrations. The interaction of filter cake media and low concentration of 2.4 D (1.0 mL.L-1 water) had a significant effect on the sprouting rate of breadfruit root cuttings. The study therefore concluded that the interaction of filter cake media with the addition of 2.4 D concentration showed that the increase in auxin concentration was inversely proportional to the rate of sprouting rate produced by breadfruit seeds and became the best treatment combination on the parameter of sprouting rate.
Some Fixed Point Theorems in S-metric Spaces via Simulation Function
Authors: Devi Sarita , Kumar Manoj , Devi Sushma
Published: June 2023

We introduce the concept of generalized \(\beta\) - \(\gamma\) - Z contraction mapping with respect to a simulation function ξ and study the existence of fixed points for such mappings in complete -metric spaces. Further, we extend it to partially ordered complete -metric spaces.
Amelioration of Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizer on Late-Sown Wheat Productivity
Authors: Karan Shyam , Yadav Deen Dayal , Dawar Rakesh , Kumar Sunil , Pandey Saurabh Raj , Kharshiing Babetlang , Singh Sachin , Singh Sanish
Published: June 2023

Wheat is the major staple food source worldwide. Due to the excessive use of inorganic fertilizer and unbalanced fertilization, the quality and productivity of soil, as well as the grains are reducing. So, there is a need to apply a balanced mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers to maintain a sustainable yield that helps to feed the ever-increasing population. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 14 treatments of three replicates. The treatments were as follows: T1; control, T2; Vermicompost (VC) (2.0 t.ha-1), T3; VC (4.0 t.ha-1), T4; VC (6.0 ton.ha-1), T5; RDF (100%), T6; VC (2.0 t.ha-1 + 75% RDF), T7; VC (2.0 t.ha-1 +100% RDF), T8; VC (2.0 t.ha-1 + 125% RDF), T9; VC (4.0 t.ha-1 +75% RDF), T10 VC (4.0 t.ha-1 + 100% RDF), T11;  VC (4.0 t.ha-1 + 125% RDF), T12; VC (6.0 t.ha-1 + 75% RDF), T13; VC (6.0 t.ha-1 +100% RDF), and T14; VC (6.0 t.ha-1 +125% RDF). The results revealed that the treatment T14 gave significantly better growth parameters and yield contributing characters with the highest grain and straw yield (4.38 t.ha-1 and 7.13 t/ha, respectively) compared to others. The minimum grain yield (2.74 t.ha-1) and straw yield (4.80 t.ha-1) were recorded under treatment T1 (control).
Effect of Seaweed Extracts on Growth and Yield of China Aster cv. Arka Archana under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions
Authors: David Florence , Joseph Annjoe V. , Kuotsu Nini R.
Published: June 2023

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of seaweed extracts on the growth and yield of China aster (cv. Arka Archana). Thirteen different treatments,along with control were employed in order to investigate their effects. The treatments consisted of two concentrations (2ML/L and 4ML/L) of Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract, two concentrations (2ML/L and 4ML/L) of Durvillaea potatorum seaweed extract, and application intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days.To ensure accuracy and reliability, each treatment in the study was replicated three times using a randomized block design (RBD).Various growth parameters, including plant height (cm), number of leaves, number of  branches, plant spread (cm), were examined to assess the plant's growth progress. The yield parameter was assessed by examining flower yield per plant, flower yield per plot, and flower yield per hectare.Among the different treatments, treatment T9 (2ML/L Ascophyllum nodosum applied at 15 days interval) demonstrated the highest values for various parameters, including plant height (53.41 cm), number of leaves (172.78), number of branches (25.40), plant spread (53.33 cm), flower yield per plant (367.15 g), flower yield per plot (2202.92 g), and flower yield per hectare (23.13 t). Conversely, the control group (water spray) exhibited the lowest values across all parameters. These findings led to the conclusion that foliar applications of 2ML/L Ascophyllum nodosum at 15 days interval have the potential to significantly enhance flower yield, making it a promising option for improving overall productivity.
Factors Influencing Utilization of Insecticide-treated Nets among Pregnant Women and Children in Bayelsa and Rivers States, Nigeria
Authors: Odoko Joseph O. , Moyegbone John E. , Agege Emmanuel A. , Akuirene Omatseye A. , Ofili Charles C. , Nwajei Samuel D. , Benson Ephraim E. , Nwose Ezekiel U.
Published: June 2023

Aim: Globally, Pregnant women and under five years children are the most vulnerable group in malaria zones. This study aimed to assessed factors influencing utilization of ITNs among pregnant women and care givers of children in Bayelsa and Rivers States, Nigeria.

Methodology: A pretest-posttest descriptive cross-sectional survey of 330 pregnant women and caregivers of children was conducted in Bayelsa and Rivers States using multi-stage random sampling technique. Pretest questionnaire was administered to sampled respondents. Health education intervention was done to motivate behavioral change wheel (BCW) of respondents. Posttest questionnaire was administered two (2) months after health education intervention.

Results: Two hundred and eight (63.0%) of pre and 292(88.5%) of post intervention respondents strongly agreed that using ITNs was the best way to prevent malaria. Findings showed that educated respondents were 4 times more knowledgeable than their uneducated counterparts (O.R.: 4.300, 95% C.I.: 0.838-22.064; p-value: 0.058). Low proportion of post intervention respondents 131(39.7%) slept in the ITNs previous night when temperature was between 26 -240C compared to 224 (67.9%) pre intervention respondents when temperature was between 24 – 250C. Public health education on use of ITNs was statistically significan (t-test: 31.026; P < .05).  Being harmful and intolerance due to heat were the negative reasons for not using ITNs.

Conclusion: The factor ‘heat’ during dry season stands as barrier in use of ITNs irrespective of health education intervention. It is recommended that Government policies on ventilated buildings be enforced, as well as improve on quality of the ITNs for hot weather tolerance.
False Positive Results in High-Risk Pregnancy for Chromosomal Anomalies: Psychological Considerations
Authors: Serapinas Danielius , Bitinaite Rugile , Narbekovas Andrius
Published: June 2023

Background: With a high sensitivity and specificity, non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is an incomparable screening test for fetal aneuploidy. However, the method is rather newly introduced, and experiences with false positive results are few. Even rare cases of discordant results may cause psychological stress.

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to examine false positive cases of  NIPT tests in high-risk pregnancies. The literature review was also performed to review psychological consequences of discordant results.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between 2015 and 2022. The Natera Panorama test was used to analyse the risk of trisomies 21 (Down syndrome), 18 (Edwars syndrome), 13 (Patau syndrome), X monosomy (Terner syndrome) and other sex chromosome abnormalities. High risk result of NIPT for aneuploidy was confirmed by the invasive testing.

Results: 2000 women with a singleton pregnancy participated in the study. Out of 2000 NIPT tests 22 cases with high risk results for chromosomal anomalies were detected.  Only one false positive case with high risk result for trisomy 21 was detected. The overall positive predictive value (PPV) of NIPT for trisomies 21, 13, 18, X  monosomy  and XYY syndrome was 95%.

Conclusion:  Our study has showed only one case with false positive result for trisomy 21.  However these cases with discordant results are very sensitive from bioethical point of view. So such couples need further follow up and sometimes even psychological counselling. NIPT due to its high PPV significantly reduces the need for an invasive testing, thereby reducing the risk of miscarriage.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Carbapenem Resistant Organism Causing Nosocomial Infection in Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Bisht Tanu , Rajput Madhurendra Singh , Jain Khyati
Published: June 2023

Aims: Nosocomial infections are the leading cause of mortality. ESKAPE organisms are the primary causes of nosocomial infection as these organisms are more or less carbapenem resistant. This study aimed to isolate and identify the etiological agents responsible for causing nosocomial infection and determine the carbapenemase producing organism by phenotypic and genotypic detection.

Study Design: The study design is cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, at Index Medical College, Indore, between January 2020 and January 2022.

Methodology: Total of 246 samples was collected from the patients who develop symptoms after 48- 72 hrs of hospitalization. Samples were processed for identification of etiological agents. Gram negative organisms were selected and further identified for carbapenemase enzyme. Screening was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test and further confirmed by Modified Hodge test, Combined Disc test, Double Disc Synergy Diffusion test and Carbapenem Inactivation method. Genotypic detection was done by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction for KPC, NDM and OXA-48 gene.

Results: Out of 107-gram-negative organisms, 19 (17.75%) were carbapenem resistant. Among 19 carbapenem resistant GNR, 13% MHT, 15% CCDT, 17% DDST and 17% mCIM were positive. The sensitivity and specificity of MHT, CCDT, DDST, mCIM were 74%/100, 84%/100,95%/100 and 95%/100respectively. The genotypic detection shows highest percentage of blaNDM 74% which is followed by bla OXA-48 31% and blaKPC 26%.

Conclusion: Hospitals have become the hotspot for various microorganism causing nosocomial infections and are getting carbapenem resistance due to irrational use of antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship is one of the effective measures that minimize the resistance. Proper universal precaution can also minimize, spread of resistance in organism. If the last resort drug gets resistant, then it could be challenging for the clinician to treat their patients. Hospitals should have regular HAI meeting and release of antibiogram to know the pattern of these notorious organisms invading infection.
Geometric Machine Learning
Authors: Weber Melanie
Published: January 2025

A cornerstone of machine learning is the identification and exploitation of structure in high‐dimensional data. While classical approaches assume that data lies in a high‐dimensional Euclidean space, geometric machine learning methods are designed for non‐Euclidean data, including graphs, strings, and matrices, or data characterized by symmetries inherent in the underlying system. In this article, we review geometric approaches for uncovering and leveraging structure in data and how an understanding of data geometry can lead to the development of more effective machine learning algorithms with provable guarantees.
Super‐Maneuver Flight Control Based on Predefined Time Extended State Observer and Control Allocation
Authors: Li Pengfei , Lin Yetong , Ji Yuehui , Song Yu , Liu Junjie
Published: January 2025

The supermaneuver flight control problem of fighter aircraft with thrust vector is addressed by proposing a cascade control strategy that incorporates disturbance compensation and control allocation technology. Firstly, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy is introduced, which employs a predefined time extended state observer (PTESO) to ensure the convergence of the estimation errors within a predefined time. Secondly, control allocation technology is implemented to address the control allocation challenges in the over‐actuated system of fighter aircraft. In addition, an efficient control allocation technology is utilized to distribute the desired torque priority to the aerodynamic control surfaces, such that the longevity of the thrust vectoring nozzle is enhanced. Finally, numerical simulation results are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Bioelectrically Reprogramming Hydrogels Rejuvenate Vascularized Bone Regeneration in Senescence
Authors: Wu Tianli , Ren Mingxing , Li Yuzhou , Yang Qian , Xiang Kai , Liu Fengyi , Yang Sheng
Published: January 2025

Senescent bone tissue displays a pathological imbalance characterized by decreased angiogenesis, disrupted bioelectric signaling, ion dysregulation, and reduced stem cell differentiation. Once bone defects occur, this pathological imbalance makes them difficult to repair. An innovative synergistic therapeutic strategy is utilized to reverse these pathological imbalances via a conductive hydrogel doped with magnesium ion (Mg2+)‐modified black phosphorus (BP). The hydrogel reprograms electrical signals, restores Mg2+ homeostasis, reconstructs physiological signals, and promotes blood vessel regeneration in senile bone defects. The conductive hydrogel synergistically restores both the chemical and bioelectric signals within the bone microenvironment. This hydrogel increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR2), activates the PI3K‐AKT‐eNOS pathway, and significantly increases the angiogenic ability of vascular endothelial cells in the aged state. In addition, the conductive hydrogel normalizes calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, increases the accumulation of osteogenic transcription factors in the nucleus, and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of senescent stem cells. This innovative treatment strategy restores bone‐vascular coupling in areas of senile bone defects, achieves effective vascularized bone regeneration, and has good potential for the treatment of senile bone defects.
Oncolytic Virus Targeted Therapy for Glioma via Intravenous Delivery
Authors: He Yechenxing , Li Wei , Zhang Xiaowei , Cui Zongqiang
Published: January 2025

Glioma, the deadly primary intracranial tumor, poses challenges in clinical treatment due to its infiltrative growth and resistance to radiation. Oncolytic virus therapy holds potential for the treatment of malignant gliomas, but its application is impeded by the requirement for intracranial injections due to the presence of blood‐brain barrier (BBB). In this study, to overcome this limitation, the study develops a nanocapsule encapsulating the recombinant oncolytic virus EV‐A71‐miR124T, enabling the treatment of glioma through intravenous administration. It is demonstrated that the nanocapsule can cross the BBB and selectively release oncolytic virus at the tumor site, resulting in targeted and specific killing of glioma cells. In mice with implanted intracranial orthotopic gliomas, intravenous administration of the nanocapsule suppresses tumor growth and significantly extends survival time. Consequently, the study establishes an effective treatment method for malignant gliomas using an oncolytic virus nanocapsule through intravenous administration. These findings provide a new strategy for oncolytic virus therapy in glioma treatment and offer perspectives for targeted therapies of other brain tumors and diseases.
Room‐Temperature Magnetic Antiskyrmions in Canted Ferrimagnetic CoHo Alloy Films
Authors: Zhang Jingyan , Dou Pengwei , Xu Jiawang , Jiang Jialiang , Du Haifeng , Zhu Tao , Luo Jia , Zhao Guoping , Wang Yuanbo , Qiu Quangao , Feng Liangyu , Deng Xiao , Ma Tianping , Zhou Shiming , Shen Baogen , Wang Shouguo
Published: January 2025

Magnetic antiskyrmions, the anti‐quasiparticles of magnetic skyrmions, possess alternating Bloch‐ and Néel‐type spin spirals, rendering them promising for advanced spintronics‐based information storage. To date, antiskyrmions are demonstrated in a few bulk materials featuring anisotropic Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions and a limited number of artificial multilayers. Identifying novel film materials capable of hosting isolated antiskyrmions is critical for memory applications in topological spintronics. Herein, the formation of room‐temperature antiskyrmions in single ferrimagnetic CoHo rare‐metal alloy films of varying thicknesses, observed using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy is reported. Furthermore, rotating magnetic fields (H) are proposed to facilitate antiskyrmion nucleation and enhance their areal density by an order of magnitude compared to that in the same area under individual vertical H. In addition, experimental and phenomenological analysis confirm that antiskyrmion nucleation can be attributed to spin reorientation involving spontaneous canted magnetism, as evidenced by polarized neutron reflectometry. Micromagnetic simulations further show that the antiskyrmion density significantly depends on the magnitude of the rotating field. These findings expand the family of known antiskyrmion‐hosting materials and provide insights into their formation mechanisms, thus serving as a basis for their application in topological spintronics.
Facile Post‐Processing Approach to Modulate Fluorescent Properties and New Matrix‐Assisted Method to Achieve Solid‐State Luminescence of CDs Based on CTAB Surfactant
Authors: Wang Qingxia , Zhang Danyang , Pan Tingyu , Ren Guozhu , Xu Yue , Sun Yitong , Wang Lingdong , Tian Long , Zhou Shihong , Yao Shuang , Zhou Liang
Published: January 2025

To realize the practical application of carbon dots (CDs), it is crucial to devise straightforward techniques that can finely modulate the fluorescent properties of CDs. Apart from that, it is imperative to weaken the aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect, which poses a significant challenge to the utilization of solid‐state CDs. In this work, three CDs named as CDs‐1, CDs‐2, and CDs‐3 are synthesized, and the fluorescence tuning of these CDs is successfully realized, assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant, because its unique molecular structure is conducive in bolstering fluorescence intensity and adjusting emission wavelength. Furthermore, the luminescence of solid‐state CDs is successfully achieved by employing CTAB as substrate in the matrix‐assisted synthesis of composites CDs‐1@CTAB, CDs‐2@CTAB, and CDs‐3@CTAB. Notably, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of CDs‐2@CTAB reaches an impressive value as high as 79.31%, surpassing the value of 70.29% obtained by pristine CDs‐2. The experimental results reveal that CDs@CTAB composites exhibit intriguing afterglow characteristics including room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). This work confirms the versatility of CDs and highlights the significance of surfactant‐assisted strategies in improving the performance of CDs.
Enzymatic Asymmetric Synthesis of All Stereoisomers of Aliphatic, Vicinal Diols in Conventional and Non‐Conventional Media
Authors: Nicolas Maria , Küsters‐Spöring Jan‐Dirk , Aufderheide Chiara , Traving Helen , Ronja Kipp Carina , Pfennig Victoria S. , Bolm Carsten , Siegert Petra , Rother Dörte
Published: January 2025

Chiral, vicinal diols are of high interest for academic research and industrial applications. For synthesizing chiral diols, enzymes are important catalysts due to their high selectivity and ability to work under tolerable temperature and no pressure. In this study, two consecutive enzyme‐catalyzed steps were used for the asymmetric synthesis of aliphatic, vicinal diols with high product concentrations and chiral purity. The reaction comprised a ligation step employing lyases and a subsequent reduction step using oxidoreductases. Either in an aqueous buffer or an organic solvent, the potentially biobased aldehydes acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal, and pentanal were used as substrates. Here, all possible stereoisomers of 2,3‐butanediol, 3,4‐hexanediol, 4,5‐octanediol, and 5,6‐decanediol were produced with isomeric content values between 72% and >99%, and concentrations between 4.1 and 115 mM. This work shows how four symmetric, chiral, vicinal diols can be synthesized by combining enzymes in a modular way, including exemplarily scaling.
Molecular Determinants of Protein Pathogenicity at the Single‐Aggregate Level
Authors: Urbanek Agnieszka , Garland Emma F. , Prescott Emily E. , King Marianne C. , Olerinyova Anna , Wareing Hollie E. , Georgieva Nia , Bradshaw Ellie L. , Tzokov Svetomir B. , Knight Alexander , Tartakovskii Alexander I. , Malm Tarja , Highley J Robin , De Suman
Published: January 2025

Determining the structure‐function relationships of protein aggregates is a fundamental challenge in biology. These aggregates, whether formed in vitro, within cells, or in living organisms, present significant heterogeneity in their molecular features such as size, structure, and composition, making it difficult to determine how their structure influences their functions. Interpreting how these molecular features translate into functional roles is crucial for understanding cellular homeostasis and the pathogenesis of various debilitating diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. In this study, a bottom‐up approach is introduced to explore how variations in protein aggregates’ size, composition, post‐translational modifications and point mutations profoundly influence their biological functions. Applying this method to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's associated proteins, novel disease‐relevant pathways are uncovered, demonstrating how subtle alterations in composition and morphology can shift the balance between healthy and pathological states. This findings provide deeper insights into the molecular basis of protein's functions at the single‐aggregate level, enhancing the knowledge of their roles in health and disease.
A Fuel Cell Power Supply System Equipped with Artificial Gill Membranes for Underwater Applications
Authors: Merckelbach Lucas , Georgopanos Prokopios
Published: January 2025

This work proposes a fuel cell power supply system for underwater applications (e.g., autonomous underwater vehicles), where artificial gills, based on a polymer membrane, harvest the required oxygen from the ambient water. In this system, a circulating air‐flow continuously supplies a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with oxygen, which is replenished using a polymer membrane. The membrane serves as the interface between the circulating air‐flow and the ambient water, preventing water flux while allowing an oxygen flux across the membrane, driven by a partial oxygen pressure gradient. To demonstrate the feasibility of this concept, a prototype system was built based on guidelines derived from a mathematical model that was developed to describe the oxygen transfer process. A computational fluid dynamics model is developed and validated against the measurements from the prototype, resulting in a digital twin. The analysis indicates that the proposed power supply system has the potential to be superior to any battery‐based solution currently available.
Achieving Narrowband and Stable Pure Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Employing Molecular Vibration Limited Strategies in the Extended π‐Conjugated Indolocarbazole Skeleton
Authors: Wang Zhiheng , Hu Xuming , Yan Zhiping , Liang Jie , Song Xiaoxian , Chen Qishen , Bi Hai , Wang Yue
Published: January 2025

B‐ and N‐heterocyclic fluorophores have reveal promising efficiency in blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with small full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM). However, their structural determinants for spectral broadening and operating stability are still needed to be investigated in further. Herein, a novel multi‐N‐heterocycles Diindolo[3,2,1jk:3′,2′,1′jk]dicarbazole[1,2‐b:4,5‐b] (DIDCz) is proposed to manipulate the emission color toward pure blue region by extending π‐conjugation of the N‐π‐N bridge. By utilizing computed spectral technique, interrelationships between indolocarbazole (ICz)‐cyclization sites and spectral broadening are defined. Molecular backbone modifications involving optimized 2,3,6,7‐ICz cyclization and steric hindrance substituents are conducive to restricting swing of peripheral bonds and stretching resonances of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) frameworks, thereby contributing to the reduction of shoulder emission peaks. Consequently, the DIDCz‐based chromophore exhibited narrowband blue emission with a FWHM of only 15 nm, achieving highly efficient (external quantum efficiencies of 8.87% in triplet–triplet fusion fluorescence and 22.3% in sensitized fluorescence) and long‐term (95% of the initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2, T95 = 1545 h) electroluminescence performances, showing one of the most narrowband and stable blue OLEDs among the reported PAH chromophores. The current achievements offer a new perspective to manage spectral broadening precisely based on the molecular vibration limiting technique.
In‐Plane Anisotropy in van der Waals NiTeSe Ternary Alloy
Authors: Lam Nguyen Huu , Rhee Tae Gyu , Kim Seongmun , Choi Byoung Ki , Hoang Dang Nguyen , Duvjir Ganbat , Hwang Younghun , Lee Jaekwang , Chang Young Jun , Kim Jungdae
Published: January 2025

The anisotropic properties of materials profoundly influence their electronic, magnetic, optical, and mechanical behaviors and are critical for a wide range of applications. In this study, the anisotropic characteristics of Ni‐based van der Waals materials, specifically NiTe2 and its alloy NiTeSe, utilizing a combination of comprehensive scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are explored. Unlike 1T‐NiTe2, which exhibits trigonal in‐plane symmetry, the substitution of Te with Se in NiTe2 (resulting in the NiTeSe alloy) induces a pronounced in‐plane anisotropy. This anisotropy is clear in the STM topographs, which reveal a distinct linear order of charge distribution. Corroborating these observations, ARPES measurements and DFT calculations reveal an anisotropic Fermi surface centered at the point, which is notably elongated along the ky direction, leading to directional variations in in‐plane carrier velocities. Consequently, the Fermi velocity is highest along the kx direction where the linear charge distribution aligns in real space and is lowest along the ky direction. These findings offer valuable insights into the tunability of anisotropic properties in ternary transition metal dichalcogenide systems, highlighting their potential applications in the development of anisotropic electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Multi‐miRNAs‐Mediated Hepatic Lepr Axis Suppression: A Pparg–Dicer1 Pathway‐Driven Mechanism in Spermatogenesis for the Intergenerational Transmission of Paternal Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lin Yi , Ni Xiuye , Zhu Lin , Lin Yilong , Peng Cai , Lei Zhao , Wang Yihui , Wang Huan , You Xiang , Li Juan , Shen Heqing , Wei Jie
Published: January 2025

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an “environmental obesogen” and this study aims to investigate the intergenerational impacts of BPA‐induced metabolic syndrome (MetS), specifically focusing on unraveling mechanisms. Exposure to BPA induces metabolic disorders in the paternal mice, which are then transmitted to offspring, leading to late‐onset MetS. Mechanistically, BPA upregulates Srebf1, which in turn promotes the Pparg‐dependent transcription of Dicer1 in spermatocytes, increasing the levels of multiple sperm microRNAs (miRNAs). Several of these miRNAs are highly expressed in a synchronized manner in liver of the offspring. miR149‐5p, miR150‐5p, and miR700‐5p target a specific region in the Lepr 3′UTR, termed “SMITE” (“Several MiRNAs Targeting Elements”), to negatively regulate Lepr. These inherited anti‐Lepr miRNAs, also referred to inherited anti‐Lepr miRNAs (IAL‐miRs), modulate hepatic steatosis, and insulin signaling through the Lepr regulatory Igfbp2, Egfr, and Ampk. Furthermore, IAL‐miRs inhibit Ccnd1 not only via binding to “SMITE” but also via Lepr–Igfbp2 axis, which contribute to hepatocyte senescence. These pathological processes interact in a self‐reinforcing cycle, worsening MetS in the paternal BPA‐exposed offspring. The findings reveal mechanism wherein lipid metabolism reprogramming in spermatocytes‐induced perturbations of sperm miRNAs, triggered by BPA, leads to intergenerational inheritance of paternal MetS through suppression of the hepatic Lepr axis in the offspring.
Catalytic Hydrolysis of Perfluorinated Compounds in a Yolk–Shell Micro‐Reactor
Authors: Zheng Jialin , Wang Xiaojian , Zi Xin , Zhang Hang , Chen Heping , Pensa Evangelina , Liu Kang , Fu Junwei , Lin Zhang , Chai Liyuan , Cortés Emiliano , Liu Min
Published: January 2025

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are emerging environmental pollutants characterized by their extreme stability and resistance to degradation. Among them, tetrafluoromethane (CF4) is the simplest and most abundant PFC in the atmosphere. However, the highest C─F bond energy and its highly symmetrical structure make it particularly challenging to decompose. In this work, a yolk–shell Al2O3 micro‐reactor is developed to enhance the catalytic hydrolysis performance of CF4 by creating a local autothermic environment. Finite element simulations predict that the yolk–shell Al2O3 micro‐reactor captures the heat released during the catalytic hydrolysis of CF4, resulting in a local autothermic environment within the yolk–shell structure that is 50 °C higher than the set temperature. The effectiveness of this local autothermic environment is experimentally confirmed by in situ Raman spectroscopy. As a result, the obtained yolk–shell Al2O3 micro‐reactor achieves 100% CF4 conversion at a considerably low temperature of 580 °C for over 150 h, while hollow and solid Al2O3 structures required higher temperatures of 610 and 630 °C, respectively, to achieve the same conversion rate, demonstrating the potential of yolk–shell Al2O3 micro‐reactor to significantly reduce the energy requirements for PFCs degradation and contribute to more sustainable and effective environmental remediation strategies.
A Transient Photoelectric Spiking Neuron Based on a Highly Robust MgO Composite Threshold Switching Memristor for Selective UV Perception
Authors: Cao Yaxiong , Wang Rui , Wang Saisai , Zeng Tonglong , Zhang Wanlin , Sun Jing , Ma Xiaohua , Wang Hong , Hao Yue
Published: January 2025

The biological photoreceptors in the retina convert light information into spikes, inspiring the emergence of artificial photoelectric spiking neurons. However, due to the lack of biocompatible and biodegradable characteristics, artificial photoelectric spiking neurons based on threshold switching (TS) devices are not available for bio‐integrated optical medical diagnostics and neuromorphic computing. Here, an artificial photoelectric spiking neuron integrated with a physically transient memristor and photodetector for UV perception is proposed. The transient memristor with a MgO:Mg resistive layer implemented by the co‐sputtering process of MgO and Mg targets shows highly robust TS performance, while the ZnO‐based transient photodetector can selectively detect UV light at power densities below 10 mW cm−2. More interestingly, the frequency of the firing spikes generated by artificial photoelectric spiking neuron increases with the enhancement of UV light intensity. In addition, the recognition accuracy of UV information extracted from the surrounding environment reaches ≈99.8% by spiking neural network consisting of photoelectric spiking neuron when the object that blended into the background are not easily detected. This work demonstrates that the functions of the biological photoreceptors may be truly mimicked by artificial photoelectric spiking neuron with transiency, expanding its application in optical disease diagnosis and implantable visual neuromorphic computing.
Impact of Baseline Thrombocytopenia on Early Outcomes in Patients With Acute Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Lecumberri Ramón , Ruiz‐Artacho Pedro , Trujillo‐Santos Javier , Marcos‐Jubilar María , Pérez‐Pinar Montserrat , Quéré Isabelle , Claver Gisela , Gorostidi Juan , Bikdeli Behnood , Monreal Manuel ,   The RIETE Investigators
Published: January 2025

Managing acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with thrombocytopenia is challenging. We used data from the RIETE registry to investigate the impact of baseline thrombocytopenia on early VTE‐related outcomes, depending on the initial presentation as pulmonary embolism (PE) or isolated lower‐limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT). From March 2003 to November 2022, 90 418 patients with VTE were included. Thrombocytopenia was categorized as severe (< 50 000/μL, n = 303) or moderate (50 000–99 999/μL, n = 1882). The primary outcome, fatal PE within 15 days after diagnosis, and secondary outcomes, including major bleeding and recurrent VTE, were analyzed using multivariable‐adjusted models. Among 52 703 patients with PE, the 15‐day case‐fatality rates from PE were 5.8% for severe thrombocytopenia, 4.5% for moderate thrombocytopenia, and 1.1% for normal platelet counts. In 37 715 patients with isolated DVT, the cumulative incidence of fatal PE were 0, 0.2%, and 0.05%, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed a five‐fold increase in the risk for fatal PE in severe thrombocytopenia (adjusted HR: 4.89; 95%CI: 2.55–9.39) without significant differences between severe and moderate thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia, either moderate or severe, was also associated with increased risk for both, major bleeding and recurrent VTE at 15 days. Initial presentation with PE substantially worsened prognosis compared to isolated DVT. In conclusion, in patients with acute VTE, thrombocytopenia at baseline was associated with increased risk of early death from PE, a finding that was driven by the subgroup whose initial presentation was PE.
Insights From Minnesota on Newborn Screening for Adrenoleukodystrophy: A 5‐Year Update
Authors: Rayannavar Arpana , Billington Charles J. , Tryon Rebecca , Kaye Tory , Gupta Ashish , Lund Troy C. , Lteif Aida , Adriatico Katherine , Orchard Paul J. , Miller Bradley S. , Pillai Nishitha R.
Published: January 2025

Our objectives are to report on the outcomes of adrenal insufficiency (AI) and cerebral ALD (cALD) in children diagnosed with X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) identified by newborn screening (NBS) in Minnesota in the first 5 years following initiation of NBS in 02/2017. A retrospective chart review was conducted for children diagnosed with ALD via Minnesota NBS from 02/06/2017 through 02/06/2022. Data reviewed included newborn screening data, diagnostic very long chain fatty acid levels, ABCD1 molecular testing results, serial measurements of ACTH and cortisol, and serial brain MRI results. Thirty‐two boys and 11 girls were molecularly and/or biochemically confirmed to have ALD. Of these 32 boys, six (2–7 years; median age:18 months) developed AI. Two boys developed cALD and underwent stem cell transplantation, one of whom also has been diagnosed with AI. All the pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants detected during the first 5 years had initial C26:0 lysophosphatidylcholine (C26:0 lysoPC) values over 0.3 μmol/L at the time of newborn screening. The addition of ALD to NBS in Minnesota has allowed for early detection of asymptomatic AI in six young patients and asymptomatic cALD in two patients. Data from our study shows a positive correlation between high newborn screening LysoPC levels and variant pathogenicity.
Improving Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation via Polycitric Acid‐based Carbon Nanodots
Authors: Langford Daniel , Reva Yana , Bo Yifan , Gubanov Kirill , Wu Mingjian , Günay‐Gürer Ayşe , Mai Lukas A. , Crisp Ryan W. , Engelmann Iryna , Spiecker Erdmann , Fink Rainer H. , Kahnt Axel , Jana Bikash , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: January 2025

Bottom‐up syntheses of carbon nanodots (CND) using solvothermal treatment of citric acid are known to afford nanometer‐sized, amorphous polycitric acid‐based materials. The addition of suitable co‐reactants in the form of in situ synthesized N‐hetero‐π‐conjugated chromophores facilitates hereby the overall functionalization. Reports regarding the influence of CND on the properties of, for example, N‐hetero‐π‐conjugated chromophores are scarce. Thus, our incentive was to design a CND model that features phenazine (P‐CND) – a well‐known N‐hetero‐π‐conjugated chromophore – to investigate the influence of the CND matrix on its redox chemistry as well as photochemistry. The scope of our work was to go beyond investigating the electrochemical properties of the resulting P‐CND by shedding light onto differences relative to nano‐aggregates of phenazine (PNZNA), which served as reference. In particular, chemical as well as electrochemical reduction of PNZNA initiated a reaction cascade that affords the primary reduction intermediate, that is, the reduced and protonated (PNZ‐H)⋅. In accordance with existing literature, the final product of a bimolecular disproportionation was 5,10‐dihydrophenazine (PNZ‐H2). Reducing P‐CND also resulted in the formation of (PNZ‐H)⋅. But, no evidence for a subsequent bimolecular disproportionation was gathered. Instead, (PNZ‐H)⋅ as an integrative part of P‐CND was found to be actively involved in a H2 generation reaction. A more than twofold increase in efficiency compared to PNZNA under identical conditions was the consequence.
Ring‐in‐Ring Assembly Facilitates the Synthesis of a [12]Cycloparaphenylene ABC‐Type [3]Catenane
Authors: Shi Wudi , Hu Yaning , Leanza Luigi , Shchukin Yevhenii , Hoffmann Patrick A. , Li Meng‐Hua , Ning Chengbing , Cao Zhong‐Yan , Xu Yuan‐Qing , Du Pingwu , von Delius Max , Pavan Giovanni M. , Xu Youzhi
Published: January 2025

Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) represent a significant challenge for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked architectures, because they lack heteroatoms, which precludes traditional active and passive template methods. To circumvent this problem and explore the fundamental and functional properties of CPP rotaxanes and catenanes, researchers have resorted to unusual non‐covalent and even to labor‐intensive covalent template approaches. Herein, we report a ring‐in‐ring non‐covalent template strategy that makes use of the surprisingly strong non‐covalent inclusion of crown ethers into suitably sized CPPs. By threading a secondary ammonium salt through the crown ether and closing the third ring via CuAAC click reaction, we obtained a rare ABC‐type hetero‐[3]catenane comprising [12]CPP, 24‐crown‐8 and a dibenzylammonium macrocycle. X‐ray crystallography shed light on the ring‐in‐ring pre‐organization and the [3]catenane topology was confirmed by NMR and MS‐MS studies. Molecular simulations provided insights into the intriguing ring‐vs.‐ring‐vs.‐ring dynamics of the [3]catenane, which are highly dependent on the protonation state of the dibenzylammonium site. This ring‐in‐ring assembly strategy opens new avenues for the synthesis of complex CPP architectures and their use in functional supramolecular systems.
Formamidine as an Easy‐On and Easy‐Off Linker for Reversible Crosslinking of Two Alkyl Amines in Peptide Stapling and Conjugation
Authors: Chu Xin , Zhang Zhang , Xu Xiaoxi , Guan Wenli , Jiang Shuai , Cai Shaokun , Yang Tianxi , He Gang , Zhou Chuanzheng , Chen Gong
Published: January 2025

Amino groups are abundant in both natural and synthetic molecules, offering highly accessible sites for modifying native biorelevant molecules. Despite significant progress with more reactive thiol groups, methods for ligating two amino groups with reversible linkers for bioconjugation applications remain elusive. Herein, we report the use of oxidative decarboxylative condensation of glyoxylic acid to crosslink or ligate two alkyl amines via a compact formamidine linkage, applicable in both intra‐ and intermolecular contexts. This linking chemistry exhibits unique hetero‐coupling selectivity between primary and secondary alkyl amines. Although the formamidine linkage is stable under pH‐neutral buffers and acidic conditions, it can be readily cleaved with ethylenediamine or hydrazine under mild conditions in alcohol solvents or aqueous media, fully restoring the amino groups. This study introduces a rare ‘easy‐on and easy‐off’ strategy for connecting two native amines in peptide stapling and biomolecule conjugation.
Interfacial Oxygen Vacancy‐Copper Pair Sites on Inverse CeO2/Cu Catalyst Enable Efficient CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol in Acid
Authors: Qiao Yan , Shen Shenyu , Mao Chenghui , Xiao Yongchun , Lai Wenchuan , Wang Yanan , Zhong Xingyu , Lu Yangfan , Li Jiong , Ge Jingjie , Hsu Hsien‐Yi , Su Yaqiong , Shao Minhua , Hu Zheng , Huang Hongwen
Published: January 2025

Renewable electricity‐driven electrochemical reduction of CO2 offers a promising route for the production of high‐value ethanol. However, the current state of this technology is hindered by low selectivity and productivity, primarily due to a limited understanding of the atomic‐level active sites involved in ethanol formation. Herein, we identify that the interfacial oxygen vacancy‐neighboring Cu (Ov‐Cu) pair sites are the active sites for CO2 electroreduction to ethanol. A linear correlation between the density of Ov‐Cu pair sites and ethanol productivity is experimentally evidenced. Moreover, a high Faradaic efficiency of 48.5 % and a partial current density of 344.0 mA cm−2 for ethanol production are achieved over the inverse CeO2/Cu catalyst with a high density of Ov‐Cu pair sites in acid. Mechanistic studies that combine density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic techniques propose an Ov‐involved mechanism where interfacial Ov sites directly activate and dissociate CO2 into *CO in a thermodynamically spontaneous manner, thus favoring the subsequent *CHO formation and asymmetric CHO‐CO coupling. Besides, the asymmetric Ov‐Cu pair sites could preferentially stabilize the *CH2CHOH intermediate, resulting in the favorable formation of ethanol over ethylene. Our findings provide new atomic‐level insights into CO2 electroreduction to ethanol, paving the way for the rational design of future catalysts.