bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of case-based instruction on electrochemistry at the 11th grade level
Authors: Tarkin Aysegul , Uzuntiryaki-Kondakci Esen
Published: May 2017

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of case-based instruction over traditional instruction in improving 11th grade students' understanding of electrochemistry concepts, attitudes toward chemistry, chemistry self-efficacy beliefs, and motivation to learn chemistry. In total, 113 students (47 males and 66 females) from three high schools participated in this study. Two of the classes from each school were randomly assigned to be either the experimental or control group. The experimental group was instructed by case-based instruction while the control group was taught by traditionally designed instruction. The Electrochemistry Concept Test, Attitude toward Chemistry Scale, High School Chemistry Self-efficacy Scale, and Chemistry Motivation Questionnaire were applied as pre- and post-tests to students in both groups. Moreover, a feedback form was administered to students in the experimental group at the end of the study to get students' opinions about the case-based instruction. One-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed that case-based instruction was an effective method to improve students' understanding of electrochemistry concepts, attitude toward chemistry, and intrinsic motivation to learn chemistry. The qualitative data gathered from the feedback forms also supported the results of the inferential statistics. Students reported that chemistry lessons were more interesting and enjoyableviacase-based instruction.
Sp2 clustering-induced improvement of resistive switching uniformity in Cu/amorphous carbon/Pt electrochemical metallization memory
Authors: Zhao Xiaoning , Xu Haiyang , Wang Zhongqiang , Xu Zhe , Zhang Cen , Wang Guorui , Liu Weizhen , Ma Jiangang , Liu Yichun
Published: May 2017

We studied the influence of sp2 clustering on resistive switching uniformity in Cu/amorphous carbon/Pt electrochemical metallization memory.
Pulse wave velocity is associated with cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Angermann Susanne , Baumann Marcus , Wassertheurer Siegfried , Mayer Christopher Clemens , Steubl Dominik , Hauser Christine , Suttmann Yana , Reichelt Anna-Lena , Satanovskij Robin , Lorenz Georg , Lukas Moritz , Haller Bernhard , Heemann Uwe , Grimmer Timo , Schmaderer Christoph
Published: May 2017

Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common and associated with adverse outcomes. So far, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the potential relationship between cognitive impairment and three different categories of risk factors with particular focus on arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV). A total of 201 chronic hemodialysis patients underwent cognitive testing under standardized conditions using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Demographic data including cardiovascular risk factors, dialysis-associated factors as well as factors related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) were analyzed. To account for arterial stiffness, PWV was measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoried with an oscillometric device that records brachial blood pressure along with pulse waves. In our cohort, 60.2% of patients showed pathological MoCA test results indicating cognitive impairment. PWV was significantly associated with cognitive impairment apart from age, educational level, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. High prevalence of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients was confirmed. For the first time, an association between cognitive impairment and arterial stiffness was detected in a larger cohort of hemodialysis patients. Concerning the underlying pathogenesis of cognitive impairment, current results revealed a potential involvement of arterial stiffness, which has to be further evaluated in future studies.
Self‐stabilising adaptive three‐phase transforms via widely linear modelling
Authors: Kanna S. , Mandic D.P.
Published: May 2017

The Clarke and Park transforms have been standard analysis techniques in three‐phase power system analysis for over a century. However, these transforms were originally designed for static electric grids and therefore yield non‐ideal oscillatory outputs in dynamic smart grids. Using recent advances in widely linear adaptive filtering algorithms, the authors propose a self‐stabilising three‐phase transformation which is capable of generating synchronous reference frames regardless of the type of voltage imbalance or frequency deviation.
Sensitivity analysis of a parallel‐plate method for measuring the dielectric permittivity of high‐voltage insulating materials
Authors: Vykhodtsev Anton V. , Kordi Behzad , Oliver Derek R.
Published: May 2017

Ascertaining the dielectric character of polymeric insulation materials is of particular interest for comparative studies that use accelerated ageing and samples from decommissioned installations. In the case of polymeric samples, the possibility of physical deformation within the sample holder adds additional variability to comparative measurements. Using readily obtainable instrumentation, this study undertakes a systematic sensitivity analysis of a parallel‐plate capacitance measurement approach for polymeric materials that only has one capacitance plate in contact with the sample, avoiding issues of sample deformation. The analysis demonstrates that the biggest contributor of uncertainty in the measurement of the relative permittivity and loss tangent is the precision with which the plate–plate and plate–sample separation is determined. The measurements show that the determination of loss tangent can be susceptible to uncertainties arising from electrical noise, but that these can be controlled further by utilising more refined instrumentation.
Development of monoblock TM dielectric resonator filters with additive manufacturing
Authors: Carceller Carlos , Gentili Fabrizio , Reichartzeder Dominik , Bösch Wolfgang , Schwentenwein Martin
Published: May 2017

Transverse magnetic (TM) dielectric resonator filters are frequently affected by a poor contact in the interface between metal and ceramic walls, misalignment of the ceramic parts, and cracks due to mechanical stress. To overcome these issues, the present study proposes the development of monoblock filters fabricated by lithography‐based ceramic manufacturing. To build these structures with additive manufacturing, some geometrical changes, with respect to the classical assembly, have to be applied. The effect of these changes on the electrical performance of a stand‐alone resonator are studied. Then, a filter prototype is manufactured and measured to validate the feasibility of this approach.
Fractional Fourier transform‐based detection and delay time estimation of moving target in strong reverberation environment
Authors: Yu Ge , Piao Sheng‐chun , Han Xiao
Published: May 2017

In ocean environments, reverberation is an inevitable interference for active sonar system. The reverberation has many characteristics quite similar to target echo, thus resulting in high false probability during active sonar detection. In this study, a novel method is proposed for both target detection and delay time estimation in environments experiencing strong reverberation. By utilising the focus characteristics of linear frequency modulated signal in fractional Fourier domain and Doppler shift of moving target, optimal transform angle of received signal is applied to detect targets based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The authors have deduced a relationship among delay time, Doppler shift, and transform angle as the energy distribution in fraction Fourier domain is related with the delay time and Doppler shift of target echo. Simulation results have shown that the proposed method can achieve better performance with higher detection probability and lower root‐mean‐square errors in terms of delay time estimation under low signal‐to‐reverberation ratio environments as compared with match filter (MF). The experimental results have shown that multiple targets can be detected successfully. In addition, the accuracy of estimated delay time is even higher than MF in severe reverberant environment. It is pertinent to mention that reverberation may be suppressed by setting velocity threshold.
Combined Fractures of the Scaphoid and Distal Radius: Evaluation of Early Surgical Fixation (21 Patients with 22 Wrists)
Authors: Sügün Tahir , Kayalar Murat , Gürbüz Yusuf
Published: May 2017

Introduction The purpose of this retrospective study, is to evaluate the clinical and functional results of early surgical fixation of the ipsilateral distal radius and scaphoid fractures in 22 of 21 patients.

Patients and Methods Overall, 22 combined ipsilateral scaphoid, and distal radius fracture treatments between 2002 and 2015 were evaluated. The mean age was 34.9 (range: 19–82) years. One patient had bilateral injuries. In 17 patients the injury was due to a fall from a height, and in 4 patients due to a motorcycle accident. According to the AO classification, there were 2 type B and 20 type C fractures of the distal radius. The volar locking plate fixation technique was applied in 14 wrists, screw fixation technique in 1, external fixation combined with Kirschner wires (K-wire) stabilization technique was used in 3 wrists, and only K-wire pinning technique was used in 4 wrists. All scaphoid fractures were type B (21 type B2, 1 type B1) according to the Herbert–Fischer classification. K-wire fixation was applied in 2 and cannulated screw fixation was performed in 20 fractures. Clinical evaluation was performed with measuring the pinch power, grip power, and range of motions. Functional evaluation was performed using patient-rated wrist evaluation score (PRWE).

Results The average follow-up period was 25 (range: 12–97) months. All radius and scaphoid fractures healed. The mean active wrist motions were found to be 45 degrees of flexion, 48.5 degrees of extension, 20 degrees of radial deviation, and 43 degrees ulnar deviation. Mean grip/pinch strengths were 31/8.5 kg. Mean PRWE score was 5.5 (range: 0–8.5). All patients returned to preoperative activity level and can do preinjury jobs.

Conclusion Combined ipsilateral fractures of distal radius and scaphoid are complex and rare injuries due to high energy traumas. Stable early primary fracture fixation in these injuries can be expected with good functional results.

Level of Evidence Level IV.
Outcome of Neonates with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica: A Resource-Limited Setting
Authors: Panton L. , Trotman H.
Published: May 2017

Aim To determine the outcome of neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) at the University Hospital of the West Indies over a 5-year period.

Methods This was a retrospective, descriptive study looking at all inborn neonates with MAS. Data on maternal and neonatal demographics, clinical course, and outcome were recorded. Descriptive analyses were performed.

Results The incidence of MAS was 10 per 1,000 live births. Fetal distress was documented in 32 (30%) cases. Thirty-two (30%) neonates were postdates at the time of delivery and 32 (30%) neonates were delivered by emergency cesarean section. Seven (6%) neonates required mechanical ventilation and 16 (15%) required bubble continuous positive airway pressure. Seven (6%) neonates had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, 5(5%) had persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, and 1 (4%) had a pneumothorax. There was a 1% mortality rate. Thick meconium beneath the cords, grunting, and hypoxia on admission were independent predictors of disease severity.

Conclusion The incidence of MAS was similar to that of other resource-limited settings; however, the disease spectrum was milder with lower morbidity and mortality.
Admission Systolic Blood Pressure and Outcomes in Preterm Infants of ≤ 26 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Lyu Yanyu , Ye Xiang , Isayama Tetsuya , Alvaro Ruben , Nwaesei Chuks , Barrington Keith , Lee Shoo , Shah Prakesh ,   for the Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators
Published: May 2017

Objective To examine the relationship between admission systolic blood pressure (SBP) and adverse neonatal outcomes. Specifically, we aimed to identify the optimal SBP that is associated with the lowest rates of adverse outcomes in extremely preterm infants of ≤ 26 weeks' gestation.

Methods In this retrospective study, inborn neonates born at ≤ 26 weeks' gestational age and admitted to tertiary neonatal units participating in the Canadian Neonatal Network between 2003 and 2009 were included. The primary outcome was early mortality (≤ 7 days). Secondary outcomes included severe brain injury, late mortality, and a composite outcome defined as early mortality or severe brain injury. Nonlinear multivariable logistic regression models examined the relationship between admission SBP and outcomes.

Results Admission SBP demonstrated a U-shaped relationship with early mortality, severe brain injury, and composite outcome after adjustment for confounders (p < 0.01). The lowest risks of early mortality, severe brain injury, and composite outcome occurred at admission SBPs of 51, 55, and 54 mm Hg, respectively.

Conclusion In extremely preterm infants of ≤ 26 weeks' gestational age, the relationship between admission SBP, and early mortality and severe brain injury was “U-shaped.” The optimal admission SBP associated with lowest rates of adverse outcome was between 51 and 55 mm Hg.
Regionale Unterschiede bei demografischer Alterung
Authors: Alltag Sophie , Nowossadeck Sonja , Stein Janine , Hajek André , König Hans-Helmut , Riedel-Heller Steffi , Nowossadeck Enno
Published: May 2017

Ziel der Studie Darstellung regionaler Unterschiede in aktuellen und zukünftigen Pflegepotenzialen und Kontrastierung mit Pflegepräferenzen am Beispiel Sachsen als eines der Bundesländer mit der größten Überalterung.

Methodik Formelle (FIUK) und informelle (IIUK) intergenerationale Unterstützungskoeffizienten wurden für jeden Landkreis (2012 – 2035) gebildet. Pflegepräferenzen wurden im Rahmen eines repräsentativen Telefonsurveys (65+) erfragt.

Ergebnisse FIUK und IIUK entwickeln sich ähnlich und halbieren sich bis 2035. Die Mehrheit der Senioren bevorzugte die Versorgung im eigenen Zuhause.

Schlussfolgerung Zukünftige Pflegepotenziale sind wegen ihrer kritischen Entwicklung insbesondere im ländlichen Raum von großer Bedeutung für die Planung der Gesundheitsversorgung.
Self-Stigma of Depression Scale SSDS – Evaluation der deutschen Skalenversion
Authors: Makowski Anna , Mnich Eva , von dem Knesebeck Olaf
Published: May 2017

Ziel der Studie Erstmalig werden die Anwendbarkeit und psychometrische Charakteristika einer deutschen Version der Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS) getestet.

Methodik Basis ist eine bundesweite Befragung (N = 2013). Die 16 Items der SSDS wurden in einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse untersucht.

Ergebnisse Es ergaben sich 3 Subskalen („soziale Unzulänglichkeit“, „Hemmungen bei der Hilfesuche“, „eigene Schuldzuschreibung“). Die Gesamtskala und die ersten beiden Subskalen weisen akzeptable Reliabilitäten auf.

Schlussfolgerungen Selbststigma ist als ein mehrdimensionales Konstrukt aufzufassen. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Skala wird empfohlen.
Standardtherapie für Panikstörung mit/ohne Agoraphobie in der Hausarztpraxis
Authors: Sommer Michael , Hiller Thomas , Breitbart Jörg , Schneider Nico , Teismann Tobias , Freytag Antje , Gensichen Jochen ,   für die „Jena-PARADISE“ Study Group
Published: May 2017

Ziel Beschreibung der hausärztlichen Standardtherapie (Therapy As Usual, TAU) bei Panikstörung mit/ohne Agoraphobie (PDA).

Methoden Schriftliche Befragung von 38 Hausärzten, die in einer Interventionsstudie 189 Patienten mit PDA behandelten.

Ergebnisse TAU beinhaltete eine Mischung aus psychosozialen (Besprechung psychosozialer Probleme, 83 %) und pharmakologischen (SSRI, 62 %) Interventionen.

Schlussfolgerung TAU erscheint weitgehend leitliniengerecht. Die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse ist studienbedingt eventuell eingeschränkt.
Evidence for the Involvement of Monoaminergic Pathways in the Antidepressant-Like Activity of Cymbopogon citratus in Mice
Authors: Umukoro Solomon , Ogboh Somtochukwu , Omorogbe Osarume , Adekeye Abdul-lateef , Olatunde Matthew
Published: May 2017

Objectives Depression is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, which affects the quality of life of the sufferers and treatment approach is associated with serious adverse effects and sometimes therapeutic failures. Cymbopogon citratus leaf (CC) has been reported to exert anti-depressant effect but its mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated hence, the need for this study.

Methods The anti-depressant-like effect of Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leaf was evaluated using forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and yohimbine-induced lethality test (YLT) in aggregated mice. Interaction studies involving p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin biosynthesis and yohimbine, α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist were carried out to evaluate the role of monoaminergic system in the anti-depressant-like effect of CC. The effect of CC on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) was also assessed using activity cage.

Results Cymbopogon citratus (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated antidepressant-like activity devoid of significant stimulation of the SMA in mice. However, the antidepressant-like property of CC was significantly (p<0.05) attenuated by pretreatment with yohimbine suggesting involvement of noradrenergic pathway in the action of the extract. Also, pCPA reversed the anti-immobility effect of CC, indicating the role of serotonergic system in the mediation of its antidepressant activity. Moreover, CC (25 and 50 mg/kg) potentiated the lethal effect of yohimbine in aggregated mice, which further suggest the involvement of monoaminergic systems in its action.

Conclusions The results of the study showed that C. citratus might be interacting with serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways to mediate its anti-depressant-like effect in mice.
Interface effect of nanoscaled adhesive interlayer on force transfer in biological microjoint
Authors: Yuan Quan , Chen Bin
Published: May 2017

The interface effect of nanoscale adhesive interlayer plays a significant role in force transfer in biological microjoint. In this letter, the authors adopted shear lag theory and Gurtin–Murdoch model to investigate the influence of two typical residual interface shears on stress distribution. The dominant governing equations of global interfacial shear stress are established using the stress jump across the interface and the continuity condition of interlayers. The transferred force is evidently reduced by the parabolic residual interface shear, and linear residual interface shear exerts no influence on the axial force of hard layer. This study might be helpful for the parametric investigation on stress transfer in a complicated microjoint and the interface design of nanocomposite.
Contribution of human and biophysical factors to the spatial distribution of forest fire ignitions and large wildfires in a French Mediterranean region
Authors: Ruffault Julien , Mouillot Florent
Published: May 2017

Identifying the factors that drive the spatial distribution of fires is one of the most challenging issues facing fire science in a changing world. We investigated the relative influence of humans, land cover and weather on the regional distribution of fires in a Mediterranean region using boosted regression trees and a set of seven explanatory variables. The spatial pattern of fire weather, which is seldom accounted for in regional models, was estimated using a semi-mechanistic approach and expressed as the length of the fire weather season. We found that the drivers of the spatial distribution of fires followed a fire size-dependent pattern in which human activities and settlements mainly determined the distribution of all fires whereas the continuity and type of fuels mainly controlled the location of the largest fires. The spatial structure of fire weather was estimated to be responsible for an average of 25% of the spatial patterns of fires, suggesting that climate change may directly affect the spatial patterns of fire hazard in the near future. These results enhance our understanding of long-term controls of the spatial distribution of wildfires and predictive maps of fire hazard provide useful information for fire management actions.
The Development of Linguistics in China
Authors: Chen Weiying
Published: May 2017

Prompted by Western science in late 19th century, Chinese linguistics gradually moved to a new direction after two thousand years of philological tradition centered on rhetoric and textual exegesis. Through the intense efforts of a few scholars in the early twenti-eth century, linguistic study in China became a science and a discipline. Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and Wang Li (1900–1986) were first-generation linguists who led the movement to apply the methodology of modern linguistics to the systematic study of Chinese. This paper investigates the trend setting achievements of these founders of the discipline, and it introduces their biographical and scholarly backgrounds. It also provides a brief history of philology through the lens of Wang Li who was the first historian of Chinese linguistics. Contemporary linguists need both a critical mind to understand the philological legacy of Chinese and an open mind to welcome new interdisciplinary approaches that could produce innovative theories and facilitate the growth of the discipline. Moreover, this paper expands the history of linguistics by introducing linguistic features not found in Indo-European languages, thereby making the history of linguistics more inclusive than it has previously been. Consequently, this paper contributes to a rethinking of the definition of language.
Ludwig Noiré and the Debate on Language Origins in the 19th Century
Authors: D’Alonzo Jacopo
Published: May 2017

Among the scholars who tackled the topic of language origins in the 19th century, the German philosopher Ludwig Noiré (1829–1889) deserves special mention. To him, the unique sociability of humans implies cooperation and cooperation in turn involves language. Remarkably, Noiré’s theory deeply influenced the debate on language origins until the 1950s. Before offering some theoretical and historical explanations for the enduring influence of Noiré’s theory, it is necessary to describe the general features of his theory and the context in which it arose. After dealing with the German-English debate on language origins during the 19th century, a section will be especially devoted to Noiré’s theory of language origins. Finally, a comparison between Noiré’s insights and the naturalistic framework of the 19th century is provided.
Multiplicity of motivation behind dynamic descriptions of emotion in Estonian
Authors: Vainik Ene
Published: May 2017

The rich variety of emotion descriptions in terms of motion verbs found in standard Estonian was studied in respect of their general motivation and some specific motivating factors, such as conceptual structures and cognitive mechanisms. The possibilities of being a relatively late cultural loan and a direct influence of the humoral theory were both rejected, because of the discovered abundance of semi-schematic patterns and the lack of prominence of patterns related to the specific motion of body fluids. The universalistic account of bodily experience was considered to be the most powerful available explanation. The generalised embodied understanding of emotion in terms of motion was revealed by (a) the rich variety of conceptual metaphors and metonymies that were used (often simultaneously), and (b) how well they fit into the three-stage cognitive model of a typical emotion scenario. Gradual deliteralization of the verbs’ meanings is also a plausible mechanism at work because the semantic abstractness of a motion verb was found to be a function of the nature of the entities filling the slots in the semi-schematic patterns.
Linguistic capital
Authors: Harwood Chris , Lai Conttia
Published: May 2017

This article discusses the effects of Hong Kong’s language policy changes in education since China reclaimed the territory in 1997. It describes Hong Kongers’ perceptions of English and their mother tongue Cantonese, and considers the effects of the Cantonese medium of instruction (CMI) policy, which was introduced to promote biliteracy and trilingualism1 among Hong Kongers. The analysis shows that even though CMI results in deeper learning in Hong Kong students, the strength and status of English as the lingua franca in the territory remains strong, and access to the linguistic capital English brings remains restricted to those with financial capital to afford it.
The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu
Authors: François Alexandre
Published: May 2017

The issue of lexical flexibility is best tackled as the articulation of two separate mappings: one that assigns lexical items to word classes; another one that associates these word classes with the syntactic functions they can access. A language may endow its lexemes with more or less multicategoriality, and its word classes with more or less multifunctionality: these are two distinct facets of lexical flexibility, which should be assessed separately. Focusing on Hiw, an Oceanic language of northern Vanuatu, I show that lexical flexibility is there mostly due to the high multifunctionality of its word classes, each of which can regularly access a broad array of syntactic functions. Conversely, Hiw ranks relatively low on the scale of multicategoriality: most of its lexemes are assigned just one word class. This is how a language can be grammatically flexible, yet lexically rigid.
Word classes and the scope of lexical flexibility in Tongan
Authors: Völkel Svenja
Published: May 2017

Tongan is an Oceanic language belonging to the Polynesian subgroup. Based on previous work (Churchward 1953, Tchekhoff 1981, Broschart 1997), Tongan has been classified as a 'flexible' language by various typological approaches on word classes (Hengeveld 1992, Rijkhoff 1998, Croft 2001). This means that lexical items are per se not categorised in terms of major word classes, but they can function as noun, verb, adjective and manner adverb without morphosyntactic derivation. However, not all lexemes are entirely flexible occurring within all these constructions. So the crucial issue of how flexible Tongan really is remains. This question will be addressed by a survey based on a combination of syntactic and semantic word class criteria – basically following Croft's prototype approach (2000, 2001) but also considering Hengeveld & Rijkhoff's work (Hengeveld 1992, Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska 2004, Hengeveld 2013) Evans & Osada's work (2005). It reveals the scope of lexical flexibility for various lexemes and semantic groups.
Describing lexical flexibility in Caac (New Caledonia)
Authors: Cauchard Aurelie
Published: May 2017

Like other New Caledonian languages (see Ozanne-Rivierre 1998: 33–34 for Nyelâyu; see Bril 2002: 89–95, 2009, this volume for Nêlêmwa; see also Moyse-Faurie 2004: 15–61), Caac displays little categorial flexibility and, based on formal grounds, one can clearly identify two main syntactic categories: nouns and verbs, in addition to other small classes such as adverbs, adjectives or prepositions. Nouns, however, have the ability to be polyfunctional, and can function as the head of referential expressions as well as the head of predicative expressions in equative constructions, and in a certain type of presentative and spatial constructions, without undergoing any morphological change. By contrast, verbs require deverbal derivation in order to function as the head of referential expressions, a process mainly used for word creation purposes. There is in addition a small number of lexical bases which can function as the head of predicative and referential expressions indifferently. An analysis of the syntactic context in which they occur enables us to interpret them in a particular utterance. Similar lexemes in neighbouring languages have been analysed as flexible lexemes (Bril 2009: 2; in press). In this paper, I would like to explore the extent to which those lexemes can be differentiated from nouns (notably indirectly possessed free nouns) and verbs in Caac, depending on whether one puts the emphasis on formal or semantic criteria.
Self-reactive VH4-34–expressing IgG B cells recognize commensal bacteria
Authors: Schickel Jean-Nicolas , Glauzy Salomé , Ng Yen-Shing , Chamberlain Nicolas , Massad Christopher , Isnardi Isabelle , Katz Nathan , Uzel Gulbu , Holland Steven M. , Picard Capucine , Puel Anne , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Meffre Eric
Published: May 2017

The germline immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy chain 4–34 (VH4-34) gene segment encodes in humans intrinsically self-reactive antibodies that recognize I/i carbohydrates expressed by erythrocytes with a specific motif in their framework region 1 (FWR1). VH4-34–expressing clones are common in the naive B cell repertoire but are rarely found in IgG memory B cells from healthy individuals. In contrast, CD27+IgG+ B cells from patients genetically deficient for IRAK4 or MYD88, which mediate the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) except TLR3, contained VH4-34–expressing clones and showed decreased somatic hypermutation frequencies. In addition, VH4-34–encoded IgGs from IRAK4- and MYD88-deficient patients often displayed an unmutated FWR1 motif, revealing that these antibodies still recognize I/i antigens, whereas their healthy donor counterparts harbored FWR1 mutations abolishing self-reactivity. However, this paradoxical self-reactivity correlated with these VH4-34–encoded IgG clones binding commensal bacteria antigens. Hence, B cells expressing germline-encoded self-reactive VH4-34 antibodies may represent an innate-like B cell population specialized in the containment of commensal bacteria when gut barriers are breached.
Ixazomib enhances parathyroid hormone–induced β-catenin/T-cell factor signaling by dissociating β-catenin from the parathyroid hormone receptor
Authors: Yang Yanmei , Lei Hong , Qiang Ya-wei , Wang Bin
Published: May 2017

The anabolic action of PTH in bone is mostly mediated by cAMP/PKA and Wnt-independent activation of β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling. β-Catenin switches the PTH receptor (PTHR) signaling from cAMP/PKA to PLC/PKC activation by binding to the PTHR. Ixazomib (Izb) was recently approved as the first orally administered proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of multiple myeloma; it acts in part by inhibition of pathological bone destruction. Proteasome inhibitors were reported to stabilize β-catenin by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, how Izb affects PTHR activation to regulate β-catenin/TCF signaling is poorly understood. In the present study, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology, we show that Izb reverses β-catenin–mediated PTHR signaling switch and enhances PTH-induced cAMP generation and cAMP response element–luciferase activity in osteoblasts. Izb increases active forms of β-catenin and promotes β-catenin translocation, thereby dissociating β-catenin from the PTHR at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, Izb facilitates PTH-stimulated GSK3β phosphorylation and β-catenin phosphorylation. Thus Izb enhances PTH stimulation of β-catenin/TCF signaling via cAMP-dependent activation, and this effect is due to its separating β-catenin from the PTHR. These findings provide evidence that Izb may be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PTH for the treatment of osteoporosis and other resorptive bone diseases.
A role for Sar1 and ARF1 GTPases during Golgi biogenesis in the protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: Yavuz Sevil , Warren Graham
Published: May 2017

A single Golgi stack is duplicated and partitioned into two daughter cells during the cell cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The source of components required to generate the new Golgi and the mechanism by which it forms are poorly understood. Using photoactivatable GFP, we show that the existing Golgi supplies components directly to the newly forming Golgi in both intact and semipermeabilized cells. The movement of a putative glycosyltransferase, GntB, requires the Sar1 and ARF1 GTPases in intact cells. In addition, we show that transfer of GntB from the existing Golgi to the new Golgi can be recapitulated in semipermeabilized cells and is sensitive to the GTP analogue GTPγS. We suggest that the existing Golgi is a key source of components required to form the new Golgi and that this process is regulated by small GTPases.
PIXiE: an algorithm for automated ion mobility arrival time extraction and collision cross section calculation using global data association
Authors: Ma Jian , Casey Cameron P , Zheng Xueyun , Ibrahim Yehia M , Wilkins Christopher S , Renslow Ryan S , Thomas Dennis G , Payne Samuel H , Monroe Matthew E , Smith Richard D , Teeguarden Justin G , Baker Erin S , Metz Thomas O
Published: May 2017

Motivation

Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry (DTIMS-MS) is increasingly implemented in high throughput omics workflows, and new informatics approaches are necessary for processing the associated data. To automatically extract arrival times for molecules measured by DTIMS at multiple electric fields and compute their associated collisional cross sections (CCS), we created the PNNL Ion Mobility Cross Section Extractor (PIXiE). The primary application presented for this algorithm is the extraction of data that can then be used to create a reference library of experimental CCS values for use in high throughput omics analyses.

Results

We demonstrate the utility of this approach by automatically extracting arrival times and calculating the associated CCSs for a set of endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics. The PIXiE-generated CCS values were within error of those calculated using commercially available instrument vendor software.

Availability and implementation

PIXiE is an open-source tool, freely available on Github. The documentation, source code of the software, and a GUI can be found at https://github.com/PNNL-Comp-Mass-Spec/PIXiE and the source code of the backend workflow library used by PIXiE can be found at https://github.com/PNNL-Comp-Mass-Spec/IMS-Informed-Library.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cranial Neuropathies
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Single cranial neuropathies are much more common than multiple cranial neuropathies but both are discussed in this chapter. The most common single cranial neuropathies are facial, abducens, oculomotor, and optic. Multiple cranial neuropathies can develop for a variety of reasons, but among the most common are neoplastic meningitis, vasculitis, diabetes, and intrinsic brainstem lesions.
Pain and Headache
Authors: Murray E. Lee , Misulis Karl E.
Published: May 2017

Pain can be classified into different types that have anatomic, physiologic, and symptomatic distinctions. Localization and characterization of the pain are essential to diagnosis. The role of the hospital neurologist in pain management is usually twofold: identify the source of the pain and advise on effective treatment.
Neurologic Complications in Medical Patients
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an overview of some of the most important neurologic complications seen in hospitalized patients. Differential diagnosis is emphasized. Many of the disorders are discussed in detail in subsequent chapters.
Vascular Disease
Authors: Murray E. Lee , Barrow William C.
Published: May 2017

Stroke is the most common reason for neurologic admission or consultation in many hospitals, especially in those which are certified stroke centers. Evaluation and management has become more effective but also more complex. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are discussed.
Demyelinating Diseases
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

The hospital neurologist is often consulted to coordinate the evaluation and management of a host of known or suspected demyelinating diseases. Among the most common are multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, and transverse myelitis.
Movement Disorders
Authors: Fang John Y. , Isaacs David A.
Published: May 2017

Abnormal movements are a common reason for hospital neurology consultation. Tremor and myoclonus are the most common abnormal movements seen in the inpatient setting. Medications and metabolic disturbances are the most common identified etiologies. Equally important, drug withdrawal can result in abnormal movements.
Endocrine Disorders
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

The hospital neurologist is often called upon to consult on patients with a host of endocrime disorders with neurologic implications. The most common are diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and pituitary disorders. This chapter discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management of endocrine disorders with neurologic manifestations.
Cranial Nerve Disorders
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Cranial nerve deficits are a common cause for hospital neurology consultation. Among the most common are Bell palsy and diabetic ophthalmoplegia, however there are a host of other disorders encountered. Important and common disorders are discussed in this chapter.
Autonomic Disorders
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Autonomic difficulty is usually a component of a systemic disease with other neurologic manifestations. A commonality is orthostatic hypotension for most of these. Once the diagnosis of autonomic insufficiency has been made, the differential diagnosis includes disorders described in this chapter.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

The hospital neurologist plays a varied role in evaluation and management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Facilities with well-developed trauma programs or good neurosurgical coverage often involve neurology only at times of specific need, such as with seizures or secondary infarction. This chapter discusses some of the conditions that neurologists may be asked to address.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Sleep disorders are rarely a reason for hospital admission, but they may become an issue during hospitalization for other reasons. Also, many hospitals routinely screen patients for risk of sleep apnea, especially if anesthesia is contemplated. This chapter discusses some of the most important sleep disorders encountered in hospital practice.
Toolkit
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

This section is a toolkit contains some key reference information for hospital neurologists. This chapter concerns neurologic management issues.
Toolkit
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

This section is a toolkit contains some key reference information for hospital neurologists. This chapter concerns difficult encounters.
Introduction
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

The introduction provides a short orientation to the major questions of normative ethical theory with reference to and examples from the practice of pharmacy. At the most general level, ethics addresses the source, meaning, and justification of ethical claims and distinguishes between facts and evaluations (ethical and nonethical). Next, it distinguishes between the two major answers to the question of what kinds of acts are right, answers based on consequences and those based on duty. The third question is how rules apply to specific situations, distinguishing between more situational approaches and those that apply rules more rigidly. Finally, the chapter takes up the question of what ought to be done in specific cases, considering what should be done when moral rules and principles conflict.
Autonomy
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the basic ethical principle of autonomy and the related principles of veracity, fidelity, and avoidance of killing. The pharmacist’s role in recognizing and respecting the individual patient’s moral interests is discussed. The chapter addresses the psychological and moral meanings of the principle of autonomy and delineates the elements of a substantially autonomous decision. Circumstances are discussed when it would be morally justifiable to override the actions of a substantially autonomous person. Cases highlight the issues that arise in determining whether a person is substantially autonomous for health care purposes, those posed by external constraints on autonomy, and those that arise in consideration of overriding patient autonomy.
Mental Health and Behavior Control
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the special challenges of ethical problems in mental health and behavioral health settings. The basic elements of informed consent, the special problems with decisional capacity, and the right to refuse treatment are examined in the light of mental health practice. The controversy that results from various understandings and meanings of the cause and treatment of mental illness are explored. Pharmacological and medical therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy and aversive therapy are discussed, with a focus on the parties who are in a position to judge the risks and benefits of such therapies. The interests of third parties are also explored as justification for overriding a patient’s autonomy because of potential serious harm to others.
Death and Dying
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

Many of the critical moral decisions related to the care of terminally and critically ill patients actually involve the ethical issues of informed consent or the refusal and withdrawal of consent. Legal as well as most ethical theories consider the moral principle of autonomy to take priority over paternalism. If this is true, then it is acceptable for the substantially autonomous patient, even if treatment is life-sustaining, to decline or to withdraw consent. This chapter begins with the problems associated with definitions of death. In succeeding sections, the cases deal with decisions by surrogates for terminally or critically ill patients who are not competent to make their own choices, looking first at formerly competent patients and then at those who have never been competent. In the final section, the issue is new controversies over limiting the amount of care that is provided to terminally ill patients in order to conserve scarce medical resources.
The Limits of Neuroscience
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: May 2017

The reduction of mental phenomena to neurochemistry and neural connectivity is a theoretical position called “greedy reductionism.” Although reduction can be an illuminating research strategy, it should not be used to downplay research at mental levels or to promote theories of mental disorder that give primacy only to neurochemistry and neuroconnectivity. Although mind depends on brain, mental activity has emergent properties that cannot be explained reductively. This explanatory gap may help explain why neuroscience and cognitive science provide an incomplete model of the mind. This chapter evaluates the Research Domain Criteria system and examines the current state of neuroscience. Despite dramatic progress during recent decades, the field remains in its infancy. The most striking advances have been in neuroimaging. Although there are correlations between clinical observations and brain imaging, many findings remain nonspecific. Similar limitations apply to other areas of biological research on neurotransmitters, the neural “connectome,” and neuropsychology.
Thinking Interactively
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: May 2017

The human mind favors linear thinking, with single causes leading to single effects. Thinking interactively is much more difficult. Understanding mental disorders as due to chemical imbalances or abnormal neural connections is tempting. However, it is wrong to view the neural level as more “real” than measures of the mind. This kind of thinking pays lip service to psychosocial factors but loses sight of the important role that life events play in the etiology of mental disorders. In the past, psychotherapists were just as blindly linear in their thinking. They made broad generalizations, oversimplifying the role of life experiences, sometimes attributing all psychopathology to adverse events in childhood. In parallel with the reductionism of biological psychiatry, these models failed to consider the complexity of pathways from risk factors to outcomes. A more scientifically valid view is that mental disorders arise from complex interactions between genetic vulnerability and psychosocial adversity.
Paradigms and Practice
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: May 2017

George Engel was an American psychiatrist who had an ambitious goal: to develop a general theory of illness and healing in medicine. His biopsychosocial (BPS) model was directed toward all medical practitioners, but it has been most often applied to psychiatry, family medicine, and health psychology. A BPS approach takes a broad view of etiology, considering the influence of heritable vulnerabilities, psychological adversities, and social stressors. As a systems theory, BPS contrasts with reductionist models that attempt to explain complex phenomena by reducing them to simpler components. BPS also takes a broad view of treatment, supporting a multimodal approach to medical treatment. It therefore stands in contrast to the strictly biomedical model used in most areas of medicine, including modern psychiatry. This chapter explores the implication of this model for clinical practice.
Integrating Psychotherapy into Practice
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: May 2017

Psychotherapy can be integrated into the practice of psychiatry, but doing so requires changes in how mental health services are currently delivered. The delivery of psychiatric services may not be ideally accomplished in solo office practice but often requires multidisciplinary teams that include psychologists and social workers. This model of health care requires structures and planning that focuses on the needs of the sickest patients in the mental health system. Psychiatrists should reserve providing direct care for this population. Applying a stepped care model, one can offer less intensive treatment as a first step, reserving resource-intensive rehabilitation methods as a second step for those who do not improve. The benefits of this approach are that it avoids using specialized resources on patients who will get better with less intensive and briefer interventions and it supports clinical psychologists in the treatment of common mental disorders.
Hormonal Contraception in a Woman with Headache
Authors: O’Neal M. Angela
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines key issues around contraception in women with migraine. There is a small risk of stroke in migraine with aura. This is magnified when combined with other risk factors, such as smoking and hypertension. The use of combined oral contraceptive pills, or OCPs, contributes independently to stroke risk. This risk appears to be correlated with estrogen, but not with progesterone. In addition, the interactions of migraine-prophylactic medications with OCPs are delineated. The appropriate choice of contraceptive method should be made on an individual basis, taking into account their headache type, medications they are using, and cerebrovascular risk factors.