bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Skin Disease Among School Children and Adolescents in a Student Health Service Center in Hong Kong
Authors: Fung W. K. , Lo K. K.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: We document the prevalence and the pattern of dermatologic diseases among primary and secondary school students visiting a Student Health Service Center in Hong Kong. In this study, the differences in prevalence of skin diseases between these two groups are pointed out. A total of 1006 students from both primary (n = 559) and secondary schools (n = 447) were seen in a regional, population‐based screening center during the period from October 1996 to September 1997. Each student was asked to answer a simple questionnaire to identify any skin problems and to explore health‐seeking behavior. Students were then examined for evidence of skin disease. A total of 314 students (31.3%) had one or more skin disorders, the most common of which were acne vulgaris (9.9%), eczema (6.8%), café au lait spots (4.4%), congenital melanocytic nevus (3.6%), superficial fungal infections (2.2%), keratosis pilaris (1.3%), and pityriasis alba (1.0%), which represented 93% of the skin disorders encountered. Acne vulgaris and tinea cruris were distinctly more common in secondary school students, while atopic eczema and congenital melanocytic nevi were more commonly found in primary school students. Among the 314 students with skin disease, 129 (41%) had symptoms while 185 (59%) did not. Ninety of the 129 students (70%) with symptomatic skin problems did not seek medical attention. The two predominant skin diseases, acne vulgaris and endogenous eczema, both chronic skin problems, incur not only morbidity in affected individuals and families, but also use considerable resources in the community. The lack of medical intervention reported by symptomatic students in this study was unexpectedly high. Therefore it is useful to monitor the epidemiology of skin problems in children so that relevant skin health education programs and preventive measures can be planned and implemented effectively.
Congenital Self‐Healing Reticulohistiocytosis with Eye Involvement
Authors: Zaenglein Andrea L. , Steele Mark A. , Kamino Hideko , Chang Mary Wu
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Congenital self‐healing reticulohistiocytosis (CSHR) represents the benign end of the spectrum of Langerhans cell histiocytoses, with spontaneous resolution of lesions within the first year of life. However, involvement of organ systems other than the skin has been described occasionally and recurrence of disease at sites distant from the skin has been documented. We report a case of CSHR with eye involvement that spontaneously resolved concurrent with resolution of skin lesions. Because multiple organ systems can be involved and recurrences are possible, long‐term follow‐up of these patients is indicated.
Successful Thalidomide Treatment of Severe Infantile Behçet Disease
Authors: Brik Riva , Shamali Hussein , Bergman Reuven
Published: March 2003

Abstract: We describe an 11‐month‐old child with giant ulcers of the buccal mucosa, necrosis of the tongue, abdominal tenderness, and severe diarrhea due to Behçet disease. Treatment with thalidomide resulted in prompt recovery of the mucocutaneous lesions and gastrointestinal manifestations.
Traditions, Anthrax, and Children
Authors: Çiftçi Ergin , İnce Erdal , Doǧru Ülker
Published: March 2003

Anthrax is sporadically seen in Turkey, especially among people who live in rural areas and who come in contact with animals. Two siblings with cutaneous anthrax are described in this report. A week before their admission to the hospital, contaminated cow's blood was smeared on their foreheads as part of a traditional ritual. Both children were successfully treated with crystalline penicillin. In developing countries, traditions such as blood smearing may be an important factor in the transmission of anthrax to children.
Relapsing Polychondritis: A Pediatric Case
Authors: Soto‐Romero Irma , Fustes‐Morales Antonio Jose , De Leon‐Bojorge Beatriz , Contreras‐Ruiz Jose , Ruiz‐Maldonado Ramón
Published: March 2003

A pediatric case of relapsing polychondritis is reported. Diagnostic features were recurrent episodes of painful inflammation of ear cartilage, episcleritis, and atopic disease. A good therapeutic response was obtained with systemic corticosteroids, dapsone, and methotrexate.
A Current Dilemma in Histopathology: Atypical Spitz Tumor or Spitzoid Melanoma?
Authors: Gurbuz Yesim , Apaydin Rebiay , Muezzinoğlu Bahar , Buyukbabani Nesimi
Published: March 2003

Both clinically and histopathologically, melanoma of childhood is a rarely encountered lesion. In addition, it has particular histopathologic diagnostic problems. Differential diagnosis of this lesion and Spitz nevus is at times very problematic, in that distant metastases and death of the patient may be the only diagnostic criteria for some cases. We present a 4‐year‐old girl with an atypical melanocytic neoplasm with Spitzoid features on the left subscapular region.
Cole Disease: Hypopigmentation with Punctate Keratosis of the Palms and Soles
Authors: Vignale Raúl , Yusín Alejandra , Panuncio Ana , Abulafia Jorge , Reyno Zoraya , Vaglio Alicia
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Cole disease is an uncommon disorder characterized by distinctive cutaneous hypopigmentation and punctate keratosis of the palms and soles. It is a congenital skin disease with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. We report two patients from a family with 15 members, 5 of whom were affected. One of the patients had both types of lesions since birth, while in the other they arose in the first months of life. We studied the pedigree, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy findings of the hypopigmented macules with the patients' normal skin used as a control. The pedigree showed involvement of both genders, with a Mendelian autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with phenotypic variability in the family. Immunohistochemistry showed a reduction in the melanin pigment in the keratinocytes and normal pigmentation in the melanocytes. Ultrastructural studies showed a strong contrast between the large number of melanosomes in the body and dendrites of the melanocytes, in contrast with the small number of these organelles in the neighboring keratinocytes. These findings suggest that this disease is a primary congenital disorder of the transfer mechanisms of the melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes in hypopigmented lesions, associated with abnormal epidermopoiesis in the punctate hyperkeratosis.
Pustular Miliaria Rubra: A Specific Cutaneous Finding of Type I Pseudohypoaldosteronism
Authors: Urbatsch Amy , Paller Amy S.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Type I pseudohypoaldosteronism, an autosomal recessive, life‐threatening disorder of mineralocorticoid resistance leads to excessive loss of sodium chloride through eccrine and other secretions. Recurrent episodes of pustular miliaria rubra are associated with salt‐losing crises and clear spontaneously with stabilization. Inflammation of and around the damaged eccrine glands has been attributed to the deleterious effects of excessive eccrine gland salt exposure.
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Perafán‐Riveros Claudia , França Luis Fernando Sayago , Alves Ana Cristina Fortes , Sanches José Antônio
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare hereditary disorder caused by impaired absorption of zinc from the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by acral and periorificial dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea. Symptoms usually begin on weaning from breast or formula feeding. We report a full‐term, 21‐month‐old boy with typical skin lesions and decreased plasma zinc level (12 µg/dl). The patient was given zinc sulfate 40 mg/day and at the end of 1 month his condition had improved significantly. After reviewing the literature we emphasize the important role of zinc in human metabolism and the difference between AE and acquired zinc deficiencies.
Effect of Plasma Exchange on Refractory Hemophagocytic Syndrome Complicated with Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Satomi Akiyo , Nagai Shiho , Nagai Tetsushi , Niikura Kazuhiko , Ideura Terukuni , Ogata Hiroaki , Akizawa Tadao
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A case of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) refractory to corticosteroid therapy was successfully treated by plasma exchange. The patient was a 56‐year‐old woman who had undergone regular hemodialysis for 10 years for complicated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and then had had lung tuberculosis. After the onset of tuberculosis, she suffered from HPS and was treated by antituberculosis agents and high dose corticosteroid administration without any effect on the HPS. After adding a series of plasma exchanges, the HPS improved gradually, and her MDS began to respond to corticosteroid therapy. Plasma hypercytokinemia due to HPS was corrected by plasma exchange, and the correction of a high level of plasma inflammatory cytokine was considered to be one of the contributing factors for the improvement of HPS. These results suggest that therapeutic plasma exchange should be considered as a therapeutic tool for HPS refractory to conventional therapy.
Push‐Pull Sorbent‐Based Pheresis and Hemodiabsorption in the Treatment of Hepatic Failure: Preliminary Results of a Clinical Trial with the BioLogic‐DTPF System
Authors: Ash S.R. , Steczko J. , Knab W.R. , Blake D.E. , Carr D.J. , Harker K.D. , Levy H.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The BioLogic‐DTPF System combines hemodiabsorption (the BioLogic‐DT System with dialysis against powdered sorbent) with push‐pull sorbent‐based pheresis (the BioLogic‐PF System with powdered sorbent surrounding plasma filters). At blood flow rates of 200 ml/min, the system clears creatinine and aromatic amino acids at 120–160 ml/min, unconjugated bilirubin at 20–40 ml/min, and cytokines at 15–25 ml/min. This article outlines a study of the DTPF System in treatment of patients with hepatic failure with Grade 3 or 4 encephalopathy and respiratory and kidney insufficiency. Treatment appeared to be safe, and there are no significant hematologic changes. Physiologic changes include improved blood pressure and encephalopathy and stable urine output. Chemical changes include decrease in plasma levels of bilirubin, aromatic amino acids, ammonium, creatinine, and interleukin‐β (IL‐1β). The BioLogic‐DT System is now marketed for treatment of acute hepatic failure with encephalopathy. The BioLogic‐DTPF System adds the capability of removing bilirubin and other strongly protein‐bound toxins from treated patients and may be of clinical benefit in management of patients with the most severe hepatic failure and encephalopathy.
Plasma Exchange for Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis: Pathophysiologic Basis and Clinical Experience
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Suri M. Fareed K.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors located at the motor end plate in skeletal muscles. The antibodies bind and subsequently induce degeneration of these receptors. Loss of acetylcholine receptors results in inadequate contraction of muscle fibers in response to acetylcholine released from nerve terminals and clinically apparent muscle weakness. Plasma exchange removes the circulating antibodies in myasthenic patients with short‐term clinical improvement. Plasma exchange may be indicated in patients with acute exacerbation of neuromuscular weakness with bulbar or respiratory compromise, preoperative optimization prior to thymectomy, and postoperative deterioration following thymectomy or other surgical procedures. Long‐term, intermittent plasma exchange for patients who do not adequately respond to standard treatment is another evolving indication.
Acute Changes in Plasma Levels of Hepatocyte Growth Factor During Low‐Density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Authors: Kojima Shunichi , Shida Mikio , Tanaka Kyo‐e , Takano Hitoshi , Yokoyama Hiroyuki , Kuramochi Morio
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchyme‐derived pleiotropic factor, and angiogenesis is included in a variety of its functional effects. HGF levels were measured in 5 sessions of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis in 3 patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. Blood was collected at the start (T0) and at 1,000 ml (T1), 2,000 ml (T2), and 3,000 ml (T3) plasma treatments. During LDL apheresis, HGF levels increased from 1.59 ± 0.78 (mean ± SE, n = 5) ng/ml at T0 to 6.64 ± 0.97 at T1, 6.28 ± 0.97 at T2, and 5.20 ± 0.94 at T3. In one apheresis session, HGF increased immediately at the 100 ml plasma treatment stage. HGF was adsorbed completely by a dextran‐sulfate (DS) column. Despite the adsorption by the DS column, HGF in the patient blood increased to the levels with functional effects. The improvement of ischemic symptoms due to LDL apheresis may be related to the angiogenic activities of HGF.
The Role of Red Blood Cell Exchange Transfusion in the Treatment and Prevention of Complications of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Danielson Constance F.M.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Patients with sickle cell disease have abnormal red blood cells (RBCs). This can cause chronic hemolytic anemia and vaso‐occlusion leading to tissue hypoxemia and organ dysfunction. RBC exchange transfusion can, without increasing the whole‐blood viscosity, quickly replace abnormal erythrocytes with normal and raise the hematocrit resulting in improved delivery of oxygen to hypoxic tissues. Unfortunately, transfusion can also be associated with complications. This paper reviews the role of transfusion, both simple and exchange, in the treatment and prevention of sickle‐related complications. The benefits of exchange versus simple transfusion and transfusion versus alternative therapies are discussed.
Experimental Restoration of Native Vegetation in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
Authors: Choi Young D. , Pavlovic Noel B.
Published: March 2003

We investigated the effects of prescribed fire, herbicide treatment, and sod removal on the eradication of exotic grasses and the establishment of native plant species in 24 experimental restoration plots in three razed residential sites within the boundary of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. During 1992–1995, herbicide treatment and sod removal decreased the combined cover ofPoa pratensis(Kentucky blue grass) andAgropyron repens(quackgrass) significantly (from 82% to 13%, and 85% to 8%, respectively), whereas fire did not suppress such exotic lawn grasses. In 1993, several opportunistic species, represented byCyperusspp. (umbrella sedges),Digitaria sanguinalis(crab grass), andAmbrosia artemisiifolia(common ragweed), filled the gaps left by the removal of lawn grasses. For the same period, Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed a clear vegetation divergence between the control‐fire plots and the herbicide‐sod removal plots. WhilePoa pratensisandAgropyron repenscontinued to dominate the control and fire plots, the planted native species, represented bySchizachyrium scoparium(little blue‐stem),Sorghastrum nutans(Indian grass),Rudbeckia hirta(black‐eyed Susan), andMonarda punctata(horsemint), began to dominate in the herbicide and sod removal plots from 1994. In both herbicide and sod removal plots, the ground cover of grasses (68%) was much higher than the forbs (10%). The herbicide plots, where exotic species were removed but nitrogen‐rich top soils were not removed, showed a higher diversity of planted native species than the sod removal plots (where both exotic species and top soils were removed) and the control‐fire plots (where neither was removed). This finding suggests that an optimum but not excessive concentration of soil nitrogen is needed to support a maximum species diversity in such infertile substrate as sandy soil. In addition, the decrease in potassium in all plots, regardless of treatment, suggests that potassium may become a limiting factor for our restored native vegetation.
Restoration of Riverine Forest at Hall Branch on Phosphate‐Mined Land, Florida
Authors: Clewell Andre F.
Published: March 2003

I describe a 1.5‐ha riverine headwater forest (Hall Branch) that was created 11 years earlier on phosphate‐mined and reclaimed land near Tampa, Florida, U.S.A. Favorable hydrologic and edaphic conditions were realized, owing to the proper positioning of the project site in an effectively reclaimed landscape. The soil had developed a distinct A horizon and an incipient B horizon. Planted trees, mainly species of Acer, Fraxinus, Ilex, Liquidambar, Magnolia, Persea, Quercus, Taxodium, and Ulmus, shared dominance with short‐lived volunteer willows (Salix caroliniana) that had already begun to senesce. The tree canopy exhibited 85% cover, and some trees had grown to 12.5 m tall. Basal area reached 8.31 m2/ha for trees 10 cm or more in diameter at breast height. Ten planted tree species produced seeds and yielded seedlings. The floristic composition over the decade consisted of 22 species of trees and 208 shrubs, vines, epiphytes, ferns, graminoids, and forbs. Thirty‐eight non‐arboreal species were directly transplanted, others arose from a seed bank in muck that was amended on wetter sites, and the rest volunteered via natural dissemination. The frequency of non‐arboreal plants was collectively 98%. Seventy‐three species at the restoration site were characteristic of the mature, undisturbed reference ecosystem. A corresponding area within the reference ecosystem contained essentially the same number of species and the same array of life forms. Copious plant reproduction has transformed the planted forest into an intact ecosystem that no longer needs restoration assistance.
Restoration of a Native Grassland as Habitat for the Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana Walker (Lepidoptera; Castniidae) at Mount Piper, Australia
Authors: O'Dwyer Cheryl , Attiwill Peter M.
Published: March 2003

Synemon plana (golden sun moth) is a small diurnal moth from the family Castniidae, now listed as endangered in all regions of southeastern Australia in which it occurs. This study details an attempt to restore the native grassland habitat of S. plana at one site by increasing the cover of its probable food plant, Austrodanthonia eriantha (wallaby grass), to at least 40%, the average percentage cover determined from all currently inhabited sites. The percentage cover of A. eriantha increased when seedlings were planted, although there was no significant increase in cover by seeding caryopsides (dispersal units) or by weeding. However, combining weeding with planting seedlings, or seeding increased cover by 22% and 27% to 43% and 64%, respectively. Two hundred caryopsides per square meter (compared with only 49 seedlings/m2) were required to increase cover to at least 40% due to the low viability of seeds and low germination in the field. Therefore, to restore grasslands dominated by A. eriantha as suitable habitat for S. plana, seedlings should be planted and weeds removed.
Local Mangrove Planting in the Philippines: Are Fisherfolk and Fishpond Owners Effective Restorationists?
Authors: Walters Bradley B.
Published: March 2003

Local fisherfolk and fishpond owners have been practicing “restoration” of mangrove forests in some parts of the Philippines for decades, well before governments and non‐government organizations began to promote the activity as a conservation tool. This paper examines ecological characteristics of these mangrove plantations and compares them to natural mangroves in the same areas. Mangrove planters were interviewed and plantation and natural mangrove forests were surveyed to measure forest structure, composition and regeneration. Compared with natural forests, mangrove plantations were characterized by high densities of small stems, shorter and narrower canopies, and fewer species. For both economic and ecological reasons, the vast majority of people dispersed and planted only Rhizophora mucronata/stylosa and, furthermore, they often thinned other species out of planted areas. There was remarkably little subsequent recruitment of other, nonplanted mangrove species into plantations up to 50 and 60 years of age. This pattern held across a diversity of sites, including plantations that had not been selectively cut or weeded. Important ecological and economic benefits result from local mangrove planting, but catalyzing diverse forest regeneration—at least in the short to medium term—is not one of them. The lesson: if you want to restore diverse mangrove forests, you have to plant diverse mangrove forests.
Ecological Restoration of Native Forest at Aratiatia, North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Smale Mark C. , Whaley Patrick T. , Smale Paul N.
Published: March 2003

Successional pathways in native forest, planted 15–33 years ago on reconstructed surfaces to restore aesthetic values destroyed by hydro‐electric dam construction at Aratiatia, central North Island, New Zealand, were compared with those on similar surfaces left unplanted. Only native species were planted. Classification identified three canopy communities and several ground layer communities with significant inter‐stratum relationships: Pittosporum tenuifolium‐Sophora tetraptera short forest with ground layers dominated by litter; P. tenuifolium‐Kunzea ericoides short forest over adventive grasses on planted sites; and adventive Cytisus scoparius shrubland over grasses on unplanted sites. Planted communities mirror young secondary forests on intact substrates in the district, but have lower density and similar or higher basal area than such forests elsewhere. Established seedlings of seven planted canopy trees, mostly early successional bird‐dispersed species, are reasonably widespread in floristically rich Pittosporum‐Sophora forest. Seedlings of only two species are widespread in floristically poor Pittosporum‐Kunzea forest, and none on unplanted sites. This first large‐scale attempt at ecological restoration in New Zealand, by mass planting of new surfaces with early successional native woody species, has created aesthetically‐pleasing stands of indigenous forest on sites which would otherwise remain in relatively stable adventive shrubland communities for the foreseeable future. Only continued monitoring will show whether further management is necessary and whether natural processes are operating at a level sufficient to ensure that artificially initiated successions will continue along more or less natural pathways.
Does Extensive Grazing Benefit Butterflies in Coastal Dunes?
Authors: WallisDeVries Michiel F. , Raemakers Ivo
Published: March 2003

Grazing at low stocking rates has become a common management practice in nature restoration projects in the Netherlands. However, detailed knowledge of grazing impact is often poor, in particular for invertebrates. This study addressed the impact of extensive grazing on butterflies. Butterflies are critical indicators of habitat quality for many plant and animal species. We compared monitoring data from 1992 to 1996 for calcareous coastal dune areas in the Netherlands with different management: 11 grazed areas, 7 ungrazed areas and 4 areas managed by annual cutting. Grazing typically concerned year‐round grazing by cattle and/or ponies, at low stocking rates (0.05–0.26 head ha−1 yr−1). Butterfly abundance was related to species composition and structure of the vegetation. Changes in butterfly abundance were positive in grazed and ungrazed areas compared to cut areas. Species richness was not affected by management, but individual species differed in their response. Species from open grassland benefited most from grazing, particularly Issoria lathonia (Queen of Spain Fritillary) and Lycaena phlaeas (Small Copper). No clear negative effects of grazing were observed, but species occurrence was not always positively related to the environmental characteristics associated with grazing. In the long run, even lower stocking rates might prove more beneficial to the butterfly community as a whole. Four of the more frequently observed species, I. lathonia, Hipparchia semele (Grayling), Pyrgus malvae (Grizzled Skipper) and Aricia agestis (Brown Argus), are listed as threatened to susceptible in the Netherlands. All were apparently favored by grazing. It is concluded that extensive grazing has good potential to enhance butterfly diversity in restoration projects.
Factors Affecting Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment of Fen‐Meadow Species
Authors: Isselstein J. , Tallowin J. R. B. , Smith R. E. N.
Published: March 2003

Availability of seeds and provision of “safe sites” for seedling recruitment are essential for successful restoration of seminatural grassland communities. Inability to provide species‐specific conditions for seedling recruitment appears to be a major factor limiting establishment of fen‐meadow species on restoration sites. This contention was tested in the field for both germination and establishment conditions for a selection of fen‐meadow species. A Cirsio‐Molinietum fen meadow and an agriculturally semi‐improved species‐poor grass dominated rush pasture were used. Seeds of Carex ovalis, Cirsium dissectum, Molinia caerulea, Succisa pratensis, and Holcus lanatus were sown onto treatments comprising either irrigation or no irrigation, presence or absence of existing vegetation canopy, and presence or absence of soil disturbance. Germination of all except H. lanatus was higher in the fen meadow than in the rush pasture. The fen‐meadow site was less susceptible to drought, provided more light to the seed environment, and showed a stronger day–night variation in relative humidity compared with the rush pasture. All the fen‐meadow species responded strongly to the experimental treatments, whereas H. lanatus showed only a small response. Soil disturbance was the major factor that increased germination. Removal of the vegetation canopy improved germination only in S. pratensis. Conditions affecting survival of seedlings were different from those affecting seed germination. Seedling survival was greater on the fen‐meadow site than on the rush pasture. Canopy presence was the major factor that reduced seedling survival. Few seedlings survived in the presence of the rush pasture canopy. Irrigation and soil disturbance were of minor importance for seedling survival on both sites. Safe sites for seed germination and seedling establishment of fen‐meadow species existed on the fen meadow even without soil disturbance and gap creation. Safe sites for seedling recruitment were not present in the rush pasture. The need for species‐specific definition of safe site characteristics at the two stages of seedling recruitment (i.e., for seed germination and for seedling survival) was demonstrated. The implications of these findings for restoration of seminatural grasslands are discussed.
Quantifying Vegetation and Nekton Response to Tidal Restoration of a New England Salt Marsh
Authors: Roman Charles T. , Raposa Kenneth B. , Adamowicz Susan C. , James‐Pirri Mary‐Jane , Catena John G.
Published: March 2003

Tidal flow to salt marshes throughout the northeastern United States is often restricted by roads, dikes, impoundments, and inadequately sized culverts or bridge openings, resulting in altered ecological structure and function. In this study we evaluated the response of vegetation and nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans) to restoration of full tidal flow to a portion of the Sachuest Point salt marsh, Middletown, Rhode Island. A before, after, control, impact study design was used, including evaluations of the tide‐restricted marsh, the same marsh after reintroduction of tidal flow (i.e., tide‐restored marsh), and an unrestricted control marsh. Before tidal restoration vegetation of the 3.7‐ha tide‐restricted marsh was dominated by Phragmites australis and was significantly different from the adjacent 6.3‐ha Spartina‐dominated unrestricted control marsh (analysis of similarities randomization test, p < 0.001). After one growing season vegetation of the tide‐restored marsh had changed from its pre‐restoration condition (analysis of similarities randomization test, p < 0.005). Although not similar to the unrestricted control marsh, Spartina patens and S. alterniflora abundance increased and abundance and height of Phragmites significantly declined, suggesting a convergence toward typical New England salt marsh vegetation. Before restoration shallow water habitat (creeks and pools) of the unrestricted control marsh supported a greater density of nekton compared with the tide‐restricted marsh (analysis of variance, p < 0.001), but after one season of restored tidal flow nekton density was equivalent. A similar trend was documented for nekton species richness. Nekton density and species richness from marsh surface samples were similar between the tide‐restored marsh and unrestricted control marsh. Fundulus heteroclitus and Palaemonetes pugio were the numerically dominant fish and decapod species in all sampled habitats. This study provides an example of a quantitative approach for assessing the response of vegetation and nekton to tidal restoration.
Exotic Plant Species as Problems and Solutions in Ecological Restoration: A Synthesis
Authors: D'Antonio Carla , Meyerson Laura A.
Published: March 2003

Exotic species have become increasingly significant management problems in parks and reserves and frequently complicate restoration projects. At the same time there may be circumstances in which their removal may have unforeseen negative consequences or their use in restoration is desirable. We review the types of effects exotic species may have that are important during restoration and suggest research that could increase our ability to set realistic management goals. Their control and use may be controversial; therefore we advocate consideration of exotic species in the greater context of community structure and succession and emphasize areas where ecological research could bring insight to management dilemmas surrounding exotic species and restoration. For example, an understanding of the potential transience of exotics in a site and the role particular exotics might play in changing processes that influence the course of succession is essential to setting removal priorities and realistic management goals. Likewise, a greater understanding of the ecological role of introduced species might help to reduce controversy surrounding their purposeful use in restoration. Here we link generalizations emerging from the invasion ecology literature with practical restoration concerns, including circumstances when it is practical to use exotic species in restoration.
Demographic Analysis of a Disjunct Population ofFroelichia floridanain the mid‐Ohio River Valley
Authors: McCauley Ross A. , Ungar Irwin A.
Published: March 2003

Froelichia floridana(cottonweed) occurs as a disjunct population along the Ohio River in southeastern Ohio. The anomalous occurrence ofF. floridanain this area has led to its designation as a state endangered species and a management regime to maintain the habitat conditions in which it occurs. As part of this effort, a restoration site was established on public lands in 1984 from seed collected in areas threatened by development. This study seeks to determine the demographic characteristics of this species in the restored and non‐restored managed sites to provide basic ecological information regarding life history parameters and to judge the effectiveness of the restoration. For two years (1997–1998) we collected information on seed bank abundance, field seed germination, plant survivorship, and seed production to create a stage‐based transition matrix model. The model suggests that population growth and abundance as assayed by λ (rate of increase) are stable to declining and are similar between the restoration and natural sites. A reduction in competition had a positive effect on population growth. Elasticity analysis showed that plants germinating earlier in the spring and becoming established as an early cohort contributed a greater level of reproductive output than plants germinating in late spring. Lowered population growth for 1997 is attributed to a cooler and dryer than average early spring that delayed germination and subsequent seed production. Elasticity analysis also suggested that the presence of a persistent seed bank was crucial for long‐term population maintenance and may allow for recovery in areas of low aboveground abundance through soil manipulation.
Fire Season and Dominance in an Illinois Tallgrass Prairie Restoration
Authors: Copeland Tanya E. , Sluis William , Howe Henry F.
Published: March 2003

North American prairie remnants and restorations are normally managed with dormant‐season prescribed fires. Growing‐season fire is of interest because it suppresses dominant late‐flowering grasses and forbs, thereby making available light and other resources used by subdominant grasses and forbs that comprise most prairie diversity. Here we report a twofold increase in mean frequency and richness of subdominant species after late‐summer fire. Stimulation of subdominants was indiscriminate; richness of prairie and volunteer species increased in species that flowered in early, mid‐, or late season. Early spring fire, the management tool used on this site until this experiment, had no effect on subdominant richness or frequency. Neither burn treatment affected reproductive tillering of the tallgrasses Sorghastrum nutans or Panicum virgatum. Flowering of Andropogon gerardii increased 4‐fold after early‐spring fires and 11‐fold after late‐summer fires. These preliminary results suggest that frequency and species richness of subdominants can be improved by late growing‐season fire without compromising vigor of warm‐season tallgrasses.
The Relative Importance of Seeding Method, Soil Ripping, and Soil Variables on Seeding Success
Authors: Montalvo Arlee M. , McMillan Paul A. , Allen Edith B.
Published: March 2003

We conducted a field experiment to examine how seeding method, soil ripping, and soil characteristics affected the initial establishment and growth of seeded species and if differences among treatments persisted into the second growing season. We planted seeds into a compacted field plot where most of the topsoil had been removed. The native seed mixture of Artemisia californica, Eschscholzia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Lupinus succulentus, Nassella pulchra, and Vulpia microstachys represented different seed sizes and life histories. Three seeding methods (hydroseeding, imprinting, and drilling) and three ripping depths (0, 20, and 40 cm) were combined in a factorial experiment. Soil organic matter and NO3− were used as covariates. For two years, we measured density, percent cover, mean size, and flower production of the selected species, and weed emergence. Only seeding method and soil variation affected initial establishment of natives. Small‐seeded species had higher density in imprinted and hydroseeded than drilled treatments, whereas large‐seeded species had higher density in imprinted and drilled than hydroseeded treatments. These patterns persisted with only slight modification into the second year. Weed density in year 1 decreased with soil ripping. In year 1, Vulpia height and Lupinus height and flowering were greater with drilling or imprinting than hydroseeding but were not affected by ripping. Eschscholzia, Lupinus, and Vulpia produced seeds in the first year, but only Vulpia reestablished successfully in the second year. Vulpia had high cover in the second year that increased with increasing NO3−, but did not vary by treatment. In year 2 perennial Nassella, and to some extent Eriogonum, grew largest, produced more inflorescences, and had their highest percent cover in the 40‐cm rip treatment. Size and inflorescence production also increased with increasing NO3−; sometimes this relationship was stronger than the effects of treatments. We found only positive associations between estimated biomass (density × height) of annuals and survival of shrubs. Potential for erosion control, as measured by total density in year 1 and total vegetative cover in year 2, was greatest in imprinted and hydroseeded treatments and increased with increasing NO3−. This relatively simple experiment yielded information critical to understanding optimum seeding methods and seedbed preparation and indicates that seeding method can be determined by seed size and germination biology. Although an experiment such as this enables some generalizations, it does not eliminate the need for site‐specific experiments prior to restoration.
Emergence of the Introduced Grass Agropyron cristatum and the Native Grass Bouteloua gracilis in a Mixed‐grass Prairie Restoration
Authors: Ambrose Laura G. , Wilson Scott D.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Prairie restoration at the northern edge of the Great Plains can be frustrated by previously established non‐native perennial grasses. We compared the emergence of a widely introduced grass, Agropyron cristatum, and a common native grass, Bouteloua gracilis, in a 4‐year‐old field experiment in which the Agropyron‐dominated vegetation had either been left intact or treated annually with herbicide. This was done at two levels of water supply, reflecting conditions expected in wet and dry years, to examine the effects of among‐year variability in precipitation. Water addition significantly increased the emergence of both surface‐sown and buried (1 cm deep) seeds. Herbicide treatment of neighbors did not increase the emergence of experimentally added seeds. Emergence was much greater for buried (80%) than surface‐sown seeds (20%). Significantly more Bouteloua than Agropyron germinated from experimentally buried seeds. Whereas only a single seedling of Bouteloua emerged from the existing seed bank, the mean density of Agropyron seedlings emerging from the seed bank was 930/m2 (range, 0 to 6,455/m2). Surprisingly, the emergence of Agropyron from the seed bank was not decreased by 4 years of herbicide treatment, possibly because herbicide may release Agropyron from intraspecific competition and allow increased seed production to compensate for decreased plant abundance. In summary, we found few differences between Agropyron and Bouteloua in spring and summer emergence at high or low water availability. The persistence of Agropyron stands despite repeated herbicide application may be partly due to increased seed production.
Neuralgic amyotrophy: variable expression in 40 patients
Authors: Cruz‐Martínez A. , Barrio M. , Arpa J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract  This study looks at disease diversity, location of lesions, and progression of neuralgic amyotrophy (NA). Forty patients (28 male and 12 female, age range 15 to 70 years) were clinically examined. Muscle atrophy, weakness, and sensory impairment were assessed. Needle EMG and conduction velocities were performed. Careful clinical, electrophysiological, laboratory, and radiological studies excluded other illness. Twenty‐two patients were followed for 2 years. Antecedent fever and upper‐respiratory tract infection was seen in 22 cases. Pain of sudden onset was always the initial symptom, followed by weakness, mainly in the proximal muscles of shoulder. The affectation was bilateral in 7 cases. Seven cases had a recurrent form of the disease. Clinical and electrophysiological findings suggest axonal lesions of the peripheral nerves, occurring singly (mononeuritis) or in various combinations (mononeuropathy multiplex). Unusual features, such as VII and XI cranial nerves, phrenic nerve, and lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve affectation, were found. Follow‐up showed good function recovery at variable times, even in 1 case with associated myotonic dystrophy (MD). NA is a well‐defined entity, with variable clinical expression and data consistent with mononeuropathy or mononeuropathy multiplex, axonal in type. The overall prognosis is good. The progression in a patient with MD suggests that the capability of muscle fiber membrane to accept regenerating nerve sprouts remains in dystrophic muscles.
ORIGINS AND AFFINITIES OF THE FILAMENTOUS GREEN ALGAL ORDERS CHAETOPHORALES AND OEDOGONIALES BASED ON 18S rRNA GENE SEQUENCES
Authors: Booton Gregory C. , Floyd Gary L. , Fuerst Paul A.
Published: March 2003

The order Chaetophorales includes filamentous green algae whose taxonomic relationships to other chlorophycean orders is uncertain. Chaetophoralean taxa include filamentous species which are both branched and unbranched. Ultrastructural studies of zoospores have revealed similar flagellar apparatuses in a number of genera, including Uronema, Stigeoclonium, and Fritschiella, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship among these taxa. The order Oedogoniales represents a second group of branched and unbranched filamentous green algae whose relationships to other chlorophycean orders also has been unclear. A possible close relationship between the Chaetophorales and Oedogoniales has been suggested. Using DNA sequences from the small‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA) of several members of each order, we have examined the monophyly of the Chaetophorales and Oedogoniales, as well as the nature of their relationship to other chlorophycean orders. Our results show that chaetophoralean and oedogonialean taxa form separate monophyletic groups. Results also suggest that the two orders are not closely related to each other.
PHYLOGENY OF THE BATRACHOSPERMALES (RHODOPHYTA) INFERRED FROM rbcL AND 18S RIBOSOMAL DNA GENE SEQUENCES
Authors: Vis Morgan L. , Saunders Gary W. , Sheath Robert G. , Dunse Kerry , Entwisle Timothy J.
Published: March 2003

The sequence data from the large subunit of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene and 18S ribosomal DNA (small subunit) of taxa in the freshwater rhodophyte order Batrachospermales were used to construct phylogenetic hypotheses. Taxa examined in this study represent four families, eight genera, and six sections of the genus Batrachospermum. In addition, Rhododraparnaldia oregonica Sheath, Whittick et Cole, was included in the analysis because it shares particular ultrastructural, reproductive, and morphological characteristics with members of the Batrachospermales and Acrochaetiales. The trees generated from each gene, as well as a combined data set, were largely congruent. Rhododraparnaldia consistently occurs on an early branch within the Acrochaetiales–Palmariales clade and does not appear to be a member of the Batrachospermales. In addition,Thorea violacea Bory de St. Vincent was not closely related to the other taxa of the Batrachospermales in all trees and hence the family Thoreaceae does not appear to be a natural grouping within this order. All other taxa analyzed, which are presently classified within this order, formed a monophyletic clade in most analyses. Psilosiphon scoparium Entwisle was not closely allied with the taxa of the Lemaneaceae, lending support to the newly proposed family Psilosiphonaceae. Sequence data from the remaining taxa of the Lemaneaceae support the concept of a derived monophyletic clade. The genus Batrachospermum appears to comprise many morphologically similar but distantly related taxa, which will need further investigation to resolve their taxonomic status. Tuomeya, Sirodotia and Nothocladus are retained at the generic level until further data are obtained.
EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE IN THE RED ALGAE CALOGLOSSA LEPRIEURII AND C. APOMEIOTICA
Authors: Kamiya Mitsunobu , West John A. , King Robert J. , Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , Tanaka Jiro , Hara Yoshiaki
Published: March 2003

Morphological comparisons, hybridization experiments, and molecular phylogenetic analyses using the RUBISCO spacer region were undertaken on 12 populations of Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) J. Agardh in order to clarify their relationships. In addition, data from one population of the morphologically similar but asexual species, C. apomeiotica (West et Zuccarello), were included in the assessment. Three morphological types were recognized on the basis of the number of cell rows at nodes of the main axis opposite to the lateral branch and blade width: single/ broad (with three mating groups), multiple/broad (three mating groups) and multiple/slender (one mating group). In the molecular analyses, C. leprieurii was resolved as two clusters that correspond phenetically to the single and multiple cell row types. Both the morphological and molecular data indicate that the asexual species was derived from sexual plants of the multiple cell row type. The reproductive compatibility correlates with genetic distance rather than geographical distance. Sympatric mating groups are completely incompatible and have 10–21 nucleotide changes in the examined region, whereas mating groups that produce abnormal progeny or pseudocystocarps are allopatrically distributed with 5–7 nucleotide changes. The present data suggest that the two populations, one with single and the other with multiple cell rows, which are sympatrically distributed in southeastern Japan, have probably evolved by allopatric speciation. The single/broad type that is restricted to the western Pacific, may have diverged genetically between eastern and western Australia, with subsequent dispersal from the western population as far as Japan.
EFFECT OF GRAZING‐ASSOCIATED INFOCHEMICALS ON GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SCENEDESMUS ACUTUS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)
Authors: Lürling Miquel
Published: March 2003

Populations of the phenotypically plastic alga Scenedesmus acutus Meyen were cultured in standard medium or in medium with filtered water from a Daphnia culture to examine the expression of ecomorphs in both water types. A rapid formation of four‐ and eight‐celled coenobia was observed in the presence of Daphnia water, but not in standard medium. Moreover, cell dimensions were increased in the Daphnia water containing medium. Population growth rates were comparable in both water types; however, the carrying capacity appeared significantly lower in Daphnia water. Daphnia needed to feed on digestible food to produce the colony‐inducing chemicals; medium from starved animals and Daphnia fed polystyrene beads appeared inactive. Neither suspensions of homogenate of Scenedesmus and Cryptomonas nor auxins affected colony formation or growth rate in S. acutus. The colony‐inducing infochemicals are probably not constituents of the algae themselves; however, modification of algal constituents in the digestive system of daphniids may be involved.
GAMBIERDISCUS YASUMOTOI SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE), A TOXIC BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE FROM SOUTHEASTERN ASIA
Authors: Holmes Michael James
Published: March 2003

A new, toxin‐producing, benthic dinoflagellate named Gambierdiscus yasumotoi sp. nov. was isolated from macroalgae from the fringing coral reef surrounding the Singapore island of Pulau Hantu. The plate formula of G. yasumotoi is Po, 3′, 7", 6c, 6s, 5"′, and 2"".Gambierdiscus yasumotoi has a globular shape and is not anterior‐posteriorly compressed as are the two other known species in this genus, G. toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo 1979 and G. belizeanus Faust 1995. The girdle descends one to two girdle widths without overhang in contrast to the ascending girdles of G. toxicus and G. belizeanus. The dimensions of cultured G. yasumotoi were 45–63 μm in length, 38–50 μm in transdiameter and 43–61 μm in dorsoventral diameter. The thecae are smooth without areolae. The apical pore plate has the characteristic fishhook shape of Gambierdiscus, but it is significantly longer than G. toxicus. Cells from young cultures of G. yasumotoi are positively phototropic.