bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Identification Based on Transient Power Flows using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Varghese Cibu K. , Shankar K.
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a transient power flow balance formulation for identifying structural parameters from time domain responses. It is implemented at the substructure level where the concept is to balance the instantaneous powers by equating the input power to the dissipated power and the time rate of change of kinetic and strain energies. This imbalance is reduced to zero to identify the structural parameters. For better results the power balance method is combined with the conventional acceleration matching method where the objective is to minimize the deviation between measured and estimated accelerations - no additional sensors are required to incorporate the extra power flow balance criteria. Numerical simulations are performed for substructures taken from a lumped mass system, a planar truss and a cantilever beam. In numerical simulations, noise free and 3% noise contaminated response measurements are considered. The Particle Swarm approach is used as the optimization method with weighted aggregation multi-objective optimization (MO). The results demonstrate that the proposed combined method is more accurate in identifying the structural parameters of a system compared to previous methods.
Different tips for high-resolution atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy of single molecules
Authors: Mohn Fabian , Schuler Bruno , Gross Leo , Meyer Gerhard
Published: February 2013

We explore different tip functionalizations for atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) of organic molecules on thin insulating films. We describe in detail how tips terminated with single Br and Xe atoms can be created. The performance of these tips in AFM, STM, and KPFM imaging of single molecules is compared to other tip terminations, and the advantages and disadvantages of the different tips are discussed. The Br tip was found to be particularly useful for AFM and lateral manipulation, whereas the Xe tip excelled in STM and KPFM.
Eigenmode characteristics of the double tearing mode in the presence of shear flows
Authors: Mao Aohua , Li Jiquan , Kishimoto Y. , Liu Jinyuan
Published: February 2013

The double tearing mode (DTM) is characterized by two eigen states with antisymmetric or symmetric magnetic island structure, referred to as the even or odd DTM. In this work, we systematically revisit the DTM instabilities in the presence of an antisymmetric shear flow with a focus on eigenmode characteristics as well as the stabilization or destabilization mechanism in a wide parameter region. Both initial value simulation and eigenvalue analysis are performed based on reduced resistive MHD model in slab geometry. A degenerated eigen state is found at a critical flow amplitude vc. The even (or odd) DTM is stabilized (or destabilized) by weak shear flow below vc through the distortion of magnetic islands mainly due to the global effect of shear flow rather than the local flow shear. The distortion can be quantified by the phase angles of the perturbed flux, showing a perfect correspondence to the growth rates. As the shear flow increases above vc, the degenerated eigen state bifurcates into two eigen modes with the same growth rate but opposite propagating direction, resulting in an oscillatory growth of fluctuation energy. It is identified that two eigen modes show the single tearing mode structure due to the Alfvén resonance (AR) occurring on one current sheet. Most importantly, the AR can destabilize the DTMs through enhancing the plasma flow exerting on the remaining island. Meanwhile, the local flow shear plays a remarkable stabilizing role in this region. In addition, the eigenmode characteristic of the electromagnetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is also discussed.
Treasure Hunts in Rural Japan: Place Making at the Limits of Sustainability
Authors: Love Bridget
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT Locality studies, a form of community mapping, emerged as a popular technique of sustainable development in early‐21st‐century Japan. Its proponents contend that by cataloging the features of their surroundings rural residents can “rediscover” dormant resources and mobilize civic energies to sustain homes hollowed by decades of persistent socioeconomic decline. Despite its empowering potential, the practice of locality studies also reflects a political climate of devolving responsibility epitomized by decentralization reforms that demand greater autonomy and self‐reliance of Japan's regions. Through an ethnographic examination of locality studies and debates surrounding its practice in Japan's northeastern Tōhoku region, I argue that it embodies a politics of recognition suited to an era of state streamlining. Its diverse proponents encourage residents of Tōhoku's mountainous peripheries to convert legacies of marginalization into celebrations of cultural diversity as a way of shifting responsibility for the future of the depleted countryside onto its inhabitants.
Structure and evolution of the sea star egg receptor for sperm bindin
Authors: Hart Michael W.
Published: February 2013

Selection on coevolving sperm‐ and egg‐recognition molecules is a potent engine of population divergence leading to reproductive isolation and speciation. The study of receptor–ligand pairs can reveal co‐evolution of male‐ and female‐expressed genes or differences between their evolution in response to selective factors such as sperm competition and sexual conflict. Phylogeographical studies of these patterns have been limited by targeted gene methods that favour short protein‐coding sequences amplifiable by PCR. Here, I use high‐throughput transcriptomic methods to characterize the structure and divergence of full‐length coding sequences for the gene encoding the protein component of a large complex egg surface glycopeptide receptor for the sperm acrosomal protein bindin from the sea star Patiria miniata. I used a simple but effective method for resolving nucleotide polymorphisms into haplotypes for phylogeny‐based analyses of selection. The protein domain organization of sea star egg bindin receptor (EBR1) was similar to sea urchins and included a pair of protein‐recognition domains plus a series of tandem repeat domains of two types. Two populations separated by a well‐characterized phylogeographical break included lineages of EBR1 alleles under positive selection at several codons (similar to selection on sperm bindin in the same populations). However, these populations shared the same alleles that were under selection for amino acid differences at multiple codons (unlike the pattern of selection for population divergence in sperm bindin). The significance of positively selected EBR1 domains and alleles could be tested in functional analyses of fertilization rates associated with EBR1 (and bindin) polymorphisms.
Representing Land Surface Heterogeneity: Offline Analysis of the Tiling Method
Authors: Manrique-Suñén Andrea , Nordbo Annika , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Beljaars Anton , Mammarella Ivan
Published: February 2013

The tiling method is used in many land surface models to represent the surface heterogeneity. Each grid box is divided into fractions of different types of land use with independent solutions of the surface energy budget. An area-weighted average of the energy fluxes is computed to couple with the atmosphere, assuming the air above the surface is well blended at a given height. In the framework of validation of the tiling method, the ECMWF land surface scheme has been tested in offline mode driven by meteorological forcing provided by the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). Two contrasting surfaces in the boreal region of southern Finland are considered: a Scots pine forest (Hyytiälä) and a small nearby lake (Valkea-Kotinen). The field observations are used to evaluate the land surface model simulations for both energy fluxes and reservoirs. The model is able to characterize the main difference between the two sites, which appears in the energy partitioning, explained by the lake’s large thermal inertia. In fact, while a large portion of the incoming solar radiation in the forest is released as sensible heat, the lake stores a substantial amount of energy in the water during late spring and summer and releases it in autumn. The different behavior of the fluxes both on annual and diurnal time scales confirms the benefit of a tiling mechanism in the presence of large contrast. However, it is also shown that the assumption of similar conditions at the blending height introduces errors.
Contributors to diffusion impairment in HIV-infected persons
Authors: Gingo Matthew R. , He Jiayan , Wittman Catherine , Fuhrman Carl , Leader Joseph K. , Kessinger Cathy , Lucht Lorrie , Slivka William A. , Zhang Yingze , McMahon Deborah K. , Sciurba Frank C. , Morris Alison
Published: February 2013

Abnormal diffusing capacity is common in HIV-infected individuals, including never smokers. Aetiologies for diffusing capacity impairment in HIV are not understood, particularly in those without a history of cigarette smoking.

Our study was a cross-sectional analysis of 158 HIV-infected individuals without acute respiratory symptoms or infection with the aim to determine associations between a diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) % predicted and participant demographics, pulmonary spirometric measures (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity), radiographic emphysema (fraction of lung voxels < -950 Hounsfield units), pulmonary vascular/cardiovascular disease (echocardiographic tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) and airway inflammation (induced sputum cell counts), stratified by history of smoking.

The meanDLCOwas 65.9% predicted, and 55 (34.8%) participants had a significantly reducedDLCO(<60% predicted). LowerDLCO% predicted in ever-smokers was associated with lower post-bronchodilator FEV1% predicted (p<0.001) and greater radiographic emphysema (p=0.001). In never-smokers, mean±sdDLCOwas 72.7±13.4% predicted, andDLCOcorrelated with post-bronchodilator FEV1(p=0.02), sputum neutrophils (p=0.03) and sputum lymphocytes (p=0.009), but not radiographic emphysema.

Airway obstruction, emphysema and inflammation influenceDLCOin HIV. Never-smokers may have a unique phenotype of diffusing capacity impairment. The interaction of multiple factors may account for the pervasive nature of diffusing capacity impairment in HIV infection.
The plasmacytoid dendritic cell: at the cross-roads in asthma
Authors: Lynch Jason P. , Mazzone Stuart B. , Rogers Matthew J. , Arikkatt Jaisy J. , Loh Zhixuan , Pritchard Antonia L. , Upham John W. , Phipps Simon
Published: February 2013

The onset, progression and exacerbations of asthma are frequently associated with viral infections of the lower respiratory tract. An emerging paradigm suggests that this relationship may be underpinned by a defect in the host’s antiviral response, typified by the impaired production of type I and type III interferons (IFNs). The failure to control viral burden probably causes damage to the lung architecture and contributes to an aberrant immune response, which together compromise lung function.

Although a relatively rare cell type, the plasmacytoid dendritic cell dedicates much of its transcriptome to the synthesis of IFNs and is pre-armed with virus-sensing pattern recognition receptors. Thus, plasmacytoid dendritic cells are specialised to ensure early viral detection and the rapid induction of the antiviral state to block viral replication and spread. In addition, plasmacytoid dendritic cells can limit immunopathology, and promote peripheral tolerance to prevent allergic sensitisation to harmless antigens, possibly through the induction of regulatory T-cells. Thus, this enigmatic cell may lie at an important intersection, orchestrating the immediate phase of antiviral immunity to effect viral clearance while regulating tolerance.

Here, we review the evidence to support the hypothesis that a primary defect in plasmacytoid dendritic function may underlie the development of asthma.
Sources of variation of Escherichia coli concentrations in bivalve molluscs
Authors: Lee R. J. , Silk R.
Published: February 2013

Bivalve molluscs can concentrate contaminants, including pathogenic microorganisms, from the water column during their normal filter-feeding activity. In the European Union, the risk of human and animal faecal contamination in bivalves is estimated by determining the concentration of Escherichia coli in time-series samples from production areas. A structured field study was undertaken to determine the extent to which such concentrations varied between sites, sampling occasions and shellfish species and to determine the residual variability of the method. E. coli was enumerated in three species of bivalve mollusc (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus spp. and Pecten maximus) co-located in each of three geographically separate commercial shellfisheries. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). This showed that the effects of site, sampling occasion, species and site/sampling occasion interaction were all significant. The proportion of variation due to site was markedly greater than that due to other factors. Post-ANOVA analysis showed that the concentration of E. coli in P. maximus was significantly higher than in the other two species. Mytilus spp. and C. gigas exhibited comparable levels of E. coli. The observed standard deviation of the most probable number method in the study was 0.33 log10.
„Good” and „Bad” Ozone - Evaluation on the Basis of Plant Reaction to Ozone / „Dobry” I „Zły” Ozon - Ocena Na Podstawie Reakcji Roślin Na Ozon
Authors: Dzierżyńska Anna
Published: February 2013

Ozone is a natural and artificial chemical compound of Earth’s atmosphere. O3 is an absorbent of ultraviolet and infrared radiation and has strong oxidative properties. In the stratosphere the ozone layer protects the planet’s surface from dangerous UV radiation, its indirect effect on plant organisms is positive so stratospheric ozone can be called “good” ozone. The depletion of the ozone layer, as a result of atmosphere pollution, described as an ozone “hole” is causing UVB radiation enhanced level on Earth’s surface. The genetic, cytological, physiological and morphological reaction of prolonged UVB exposure in plants is twofold: it damages plants and simultaneously plants protect themselves and repair their injuries. The ozone in the troposphere originates from natural sources and is also a secondary pollutant, formed in photochemical reactions, leading to “smog” and ozone “spots” occurrence. As a strong oxidant, O3 is directly toxic to plants and can be recognized as “bad” ozone. Ozone is also classified as a “greenhouse” gas, participating in global warming. It is difficult to value the impact of O3 as a “greenhouse” gas on plants. The combined effect of O3 changes in the stratosphere and troposphere on plants can be estimated as loss in crop yield and in productivity of natural ecosystems
Orientalising the Occident? Portrayals of the Welsh in ‘The Indian Doctor’
Authors: Macmillan Catherine
Published: February 2013

This paper seeks to analyse the portrayal of the Welsh characters in the popular 2010 BBC television comedy drama The Indian Doctor
Mental and cultural changes of enterprise management in accordance with the paradigm of unity
Authors: Grochmal Stanislaw
Published: February 2013

The phenomenon of the social, economic, political, cultural, and spiritual activities of the Focolare Movement, implemented in the economy of communion businesses on the global scale for more than 20 years, inspired Biela to formulate the paradigm of unity concept to show its importance in the social sciences field (Biela 1996, 2005). The author of this research paper has expanded Biela’s concept on the basis of the new paradigm theoretical analysis in the social sciences field, particularly in management sciences, and has conducted an empirical investigation in 110 businesses of the economy of communion in 22 countries (Grochmal 2013).

The need of essential mental and cultural changes by the entrepreneurs (managers), as well by the employees, in the management processes is presented in this paper according to the paradigm of unity. The necessity of these changes results from the fundamental assumptions of this same paradigm: from the new holistic look on the management process and interpersonal relationships between shareholders and stakeholders; from the personalistic treatment of each participant in the economic process; and from the role human, relational, and spiritual capitals play in the modern management
Kosmopolitisk Identitet Eller Globalisert Fremmedgjøring
Authors: Andersen Per Thomas
Published: February 2013

In this article I argue that Scandinavian literature in the last 25 years is characterized by an exploration of postmodern conditions for identity construction. My point of departure is that the posttraditional society of late modernity can be described as a community experiencing deep unrest in the two ”nests” which provided most people with feelings of belonging and security in the traditional modern epoch, i.e. the nuclear family and the nation. I analyze two Norwegian novels, Jan Kjærstads´ Forføreren (1993) and Dag Solstads´ Armand V. Fotnoter til en uutgravd roman (2006), as examples of how postnational and cosmopolitan constellations influence both our individual lives and our collectively imagined communities. I focus on what I call click and dragnationalism, XL-nationalism, the one-man-nation and postnational war.
Det Identitetsløse Menneske Etter Modernismen Og Postmodernismen: Noen Eksempler Fra Nordisk Litteratur
Authors: Humpál Martin
Published: February 2013

The author of this article attempts to show how the theme of lack of identity figures in Scandinavian literature of the recent decades, especially in postmodernism, and partially also later. The absence of identity was a considerably frequent theme in modernism. According to many modernists the lack of identity was characteristic of the people of the twentieth century, and modernists usually regarded this phenomenon as tragic. This changed in the 1960s. Some modernist writers of the 1960s began to view the absence of identity in a more conciliatory way: their works featured a greater acceptance for the idea of an individual with no core. This movement away from the tragic conception toward a greater acceptance forms an important line of development in later Scandinavian literature. The article discusses a few selected texts which illustrate this development. The examples include texts by Hans-Jørgen Nielsen, Dag Solstad, Peter Høeg and Erlend Loe.
Ground surface subsidence as effect of underground mining of the thick coal seams in the Jiu valley basin / Osiadanie gruntów wskutek wybierania pokładów o dużej miąższości w kopalniach zagłębia w dolinie Jiu
Authors: Onica Ilie , Marian Dacian
Published: February 2013

In the case of the thick and gentle coal seam no. 3 of the Jiu Valley Coal Basin (Romania), the mining methods are by use of the longwall mining technologies with roof control by caving or top coal caving. In this paper, it is presented the analysis of the complex deformations of the ground surface, over time, as a consequence of the coal mining in certain mining fields of the basin. Also, it is analysed the ground surface subsidence phenomenon using the CESAR-LCPC finite element code. The modelling is made in the elasticity and the elasto-plasticity behaviour hypothesis. Also, the time dependent analysis of the ground surface deformation was achieved with the aid of an especial profile function. The obtained results are compared with the in situ measurements data basis.
TOWARDS A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE-STORE SHOPPING: EVIDENCE FROM SPANISH PANEL DATA
Authors: Martínez-Caraballo Noemí , Salvador Manuel , Berné Carmen , Gargallo Pilar
Published: February 2013

This paper aims to determine why consumer purchasing of fast moving consumer goods varies over time in Spain. More specifically, our objective is to explain multiple-store shopping in the households belonging to the Spanish Nielsen Homescan consumer panel that provides information about household shopping decisions between April 2003 and April 2004. In order to achieve this purpose, a Bayesian Dynamic Tobit model is used. The results allow us to confirm the influence of several demographical and geographical variables on household multiple-store shopping during the sample period.
Snow removal reduces annual cellulose decomposition in a riparian boreal forest
Authors: Kreyling Juergen , Haei Mahsa , Laudon Hjalmar
Published: February 2013

Kreyling, J., Haei, M. and Laudon, H. 2013. Snow removal reduces annual cellulose decomposition in a riparian boreal forest. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 427–433. Decomposition is a key process in carbon and nutrient cycling. However, little is known about its response to altered winter soil temperature regimes in boreal forests. Here, the impact of soil frost on cellulose decomposition over 1 yr and soil biotic activity (bait-lamina sticks) over winter, in spring, and in summer was investigated using a long-term (9-yr) snow-cover manipulation experiment in a boreal Picea abies forest. The experiment consisted of the treatments: snow removal, increased insulation, and ambient control. The snow removal treatment caused longer and deeper soil frost (minimum temperature −8.6°C versus −1.4°C) at 10 cm soil depth in comparison with control, while the increased insulation treatment resulted in nearly no soil frost during winter. Annual cellulose decomposition rates were reduced by 46% in the snow removal manipulation in comparison with control conditions. Increased insulation had no significant effect on decomposition. The decomposition was mainly driven by microorganisms, as no significant difference was observed for containers enclosed with a 44-µm and a 1-mm mesh. Soil biotic activity was slightly increased by both the snow removal and the increased insulation treatment in comparison with control conditions over winter. However, this effect disappeared over spring and summer. We conclude that soil frost can have strong effects on decomposition in boreal ecosystems. Further studies should investigate to which degree the observed reduction in decomposition due to reduced snow cover in winter slows or even offsets the expected increase in decomposition rates with global warming.
Operating Speed Based Alignment Consistency Evaluation Using Driving Simulator: Case Studies from Taigan Freeway in Jiangxi, China
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Xu Guomiao , Bai Han
Published: February 2013

Geometric design consistency refers to the conformance of a proposed or existing freeway’s geometry with the driver’s expectancy. Considerable efforts have been undertaken to develop potential quantitative consistency measures and models to estimate them. However, little work has been focused on the facts of freeways in China, especially in mountainous areas. The primary objective of this study is to examine and quantify the design consistency of a freeway, using an interactive driving simulator, so as to identify any inconsistency on the roadway geometry and improve its overall safety performance. More specifically, the techniques to evaluate the consistency of a geometric design depend on three criteria: design consistency, operating speed consistency, and consistency in driving dynamics, as well as three levels of consistency: good, acceptable and poor. In the case of Taigan Freeway, a part of G45 Daguang Freeway in Jiangxi, China, a 21km long segment has been divided into 38 sections including 22 curves and 16 tangents, and transferred into the graphics models in the simulator system. There were 42 drivers required to take part in the simulation experiment and the speed, location of vehicle, and other real time data were recorded as well. The findings have shown that these proposed measures and standards can identify a geometric inconsistency more effectively when there is a large rate of change in the alignment elements for a successive roadway segment.
Electronic stopping of protons in xenon plasmas due to free and bound electrons
Authors: Barriga-Carrasco Manuel D. , Casas David
Published: February 2013

In this work, proton stopping due to free and bound electrons in a plasma target is analyzed. The stopping of free electrons is calculated using the dielectric formalism, well described in previous literature. In the case of bound electrons, Hartree-Fock methods and oscillator strength functions are used. Differences between both stopping, due to free and bound electrons, are shown in noble gases. Then, enhanced plasma stopping can be easily estimated from target ionization. Finally, we compare our calculations with an experiment in xenon plasmas finding a close agreement.
Open-shell pair interaction energy decomposition analysis (PIEDA): Formulation and application to the hydrogen abstraction in tripeptides
Authors: Green Mandy C. , Fedorov Dmitri G. , Kitaura Kazuo , Francisco Joseph S. , Slipchenko Lyudmila V.
Published: February 2013

An open-shell extension of the pair interaction energy decomposition analysis (PIEDA) within the framework of the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method is developed. The open-shell PIEDA method allows the analysis of inter- and intramolecular interactions in terms of electrostatic, exchange-repulsion, charge-transfer, dispersion, and optional polarization energies for molecular systems with a radical or high-spin fragment. Taking into account the low computational cost and scalability of the FMO and PIEDA methods, the new scheme provides a means to characterize the stabilization of radical and open-shell sites in biologically relevant species. The open-shell PIEDA is applied to the characterization of intramolecular interactions in capped trialanine upon hydrogen abstraction (HA) at various sites on the peptide. Hydrogen abstraction reaction is the first step in the oxidative pathway initiated by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, associated with oxidative stress. It is found that HA results in significant geometrical reorganization of the trialanine peptide. Depending on the HA site, terminal interactions in the radical fold conformers may become weaker or stronger compared to the parent molecule, and often change the character of the non-covalent bonding from amide stacking to hydrogen bonding.
Aerodynamic forces and vortical structures in flapping butterfly's forward flight
Authors: Yokoyama Naoto , Senda Kei , Iima Makoto , Hirai Norio
Published: February 2013

Forward flights of a bilaterally symmetrically flapping butterfly modeled as a four-link rigid-body system consisting of a thorax, an abdomen, and left and right wings are numerically simulated. The joint motions of the butterflies are adopted from experimental observations. Three kinds of the simulations, distinguished by ways to determine the position and attitude of the thorax, are carried out: a tethered simulation, a prescribed simulation, and free-flight simulations. The upward and streamwise forces as well as the wake structures in the tethered simulation, where the thorax of the butterfly is fixed, reasonably agree with those in the corresponding tethered experiment. In the prescribed simulation, where the thoracic trajectories as well as the joint angles are given by those observed in a free-flight experiment, it is confirmed that the butterfly can produce enough forces to achieve the flapping flights. Moreover, coherent vortical structures in the wake and those on the wings are identified. The generation of the aerodynamic forces due to the vortical structures are also clarified. In the free-flight simulation, where only the joint angles are given as periodic functions of time, it is found that the free flight is longitudinally unstable because the butterfly cannot maintain the attitude in a proper range. Focusing on the abdominal mass, which largely varies owing to feeding and metabolizing, we have shown that the abdominal motion plays an important role in periodic flights. The necessity of control of the thoracic attitude for periodic flights and maneuverability is also discussed.
Exploring the role of internal friction in the dynamics of unfolded proteins using simple polymer models
Authors: Cheng Ryan R. , Hawk Alexander T. , Makarov Dmitrii E.
Published: February 2013

Recent experiments showed that the reconfiguration dynamics of unfolded proteins are often adequately described by simple polymer models. In particular, the Rouse model with internal friction (RIF) captures internal friction effects as observed in single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) studies of a number of proteins. Here we use RIF, and its non-free draining analog, Zimm model with internal friction, to explore the effect of internal friction on the rate with which intramolecular contacts can be formed within the unfolded chain. Unlike the reconfiguration times inferred from FCS experiments, which depend linearly on the solvent viscosity, the first passage times to form intramolecular contacts are shown to display a more complex viscosity dependence. We further describe scaling relationships obeyed by contact formation times in the limits of high and low internal friction. Our findings provide experimentally testable predictions that can serve as a framework for the analysis of future studies of contact formation in proteins.
2D divertor heat flux distribution using a 3D heat conduction solver in National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Gan K. F. , Ahn J-W. , Park J.-W. , Maingi R. , McLean A. G. , Gray T. K. , Gong X. , Zhang X. D.
Published: February 2013

The divertor heat flux footprint in tokamaks is often observed to be non-axisymmetric due to intrinsic error fields, applied 3D magnetic fields or during transients such as edge localized modes. Typically, only 1D radial heat flux profiles are analyzed; however, analysis of the full 2D divertor measurements provides opportunities to study the asymmetric nature of the deposited heat flux. To accomplish this an improved 3D Fourier analysis method has been successfully applied in a heat conduction solver (TACO) to determine the 2D heat flux distribution at the lower divertor surface in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) tokamak. This advance enables study of helical heat deposition onto the divertor. In order to account for heat transmission through poorly adhered surface layers on the divertor plate, a heat transmission coefficient, defined as the surface layer thermal conductivity divided by the thickness of the layer, was introduced to the solution of heat conduction equation. This coefficient is denoted as α and a range of values were tested in the model to ensure a reliable heat flux calculation until a specific value of α led to the constant total deposited energy in the numerical solution after the end of discharge. A comparison between 1D heat flux profiles from TACO and from a 2D heat flux calculation code, THEODOR, shows good agreement. Advantages of 2D heat flux distribution over the conventional 1D heat flux profile are also discussed, and examples of 2D data analysis in the study of striated heat deposition pattern as well as the toroidal degree of asymmetry of peak heat flux and heat flux width are demonstrated.
Strain induced giant magnetism in epitaxial Fe16N2 thin film
Authors: Ji Nian , Lauter Valeria , Zhang Xiaowei , Ambaye Hailemariam , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: February 2013

We report a direct observation of giant saturation magnetization in Fe16N2. By exploiting thin film epitaxy, which provides controlled biaxial stress to create lattice distortion, we demonstrate that giant magnetism can be established in Fe16N2 thin film coherently grown on MgO (001) substrate. Explored by polarized neutron reflectometry, the depth-dependent saturation magnetic induction (Bs) of epitaxial Fe16N2 thin films is visualized, which reveals a strong correlation with the in-plane lattice parameter and tensile strain developed at near substrate interface. With controlled growth process and dimension adjustment, the Bs of these films can be modulated over a broad range, from ∼2.1 Tesla (T) (normal Bs) up to ∼3.1 T (giant Bs).
Ferromagnetic, ferroelectric properties, and magneto-dielectric effect of Bi4.25La0.75Fe0.5Co0.5Ti3O15 ceramics
Authors: Mao Xiangyu , Sun Hui , Wang Wei , Chen Xiaobing , Lu Yalin
Published: February 2013

Multiferroic properties of four-layered Bi4.25La0.75Fe0.5Co0.5Ti3O15 ceramics were carefully investigated. X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses indicate that the as-prepared sample is almost free from secondary phases, and magnetization measurements confirm a ferromagnetic transition ∼483 K. At room temperature (RT), the sample shows a typical ferromagnetism with a remnant magnetization (2Mr) of ∼51.2 m emu/g, and a good ferroelectric hysteresis with a remnant polarization (2Pr) of ∼15.4 μC/cm2. More importantly, an obvious magneto-dielectric (MD) effect has been found under a low magnetic field of 1 T at RT with a maximum of magneto-dielectric constant of ∼10.5%.
The effects of the ionization, the recombination, and the collision of the ions to the damping solitary waves in a dusty plasma
Authors: Yang Xue , Han Juan-Fang , Liu Cong-Bo , Shi Yu-Ren , Ma Sheng-Qian , Hong Xue-Ren , Duan Wen-Shan , Yang Lei
Published: February 2013

By considering the ionization and recombination of the ions, as well as the collision between ions and dust grains, we have studied the damping solitary wave solution in a dusty plasma. In this paper, we find that the damping rate of the solitary wave increases as both the mass and the density of the dust grains increase. However, it decreases as the charge of the dust grain increases.
Evaluation of semen characteristics of the species Mazama americana in captivity
Authors: Rola Luciana Diniz , Zanetti Eveline dos Santos , Duarte José Maurício Barbanti
Published: February 2013

In recent years the concept of genomic resource banks has grown as a way of maintaining the genetic variability of populations, while the quality of cryopreservation of the gametes determines the effectiveness of such banks. However, the absence of basic knowledge regarding the physiology of species and their semen characteristics hampers the establishment of reproductive biotechnologies. Thus, this paper aimed to determine certain physicochemical (volume, colour, appearance, pH and osmolarity) and microscopic characteristics (mass movement, motility, vigour, concentration, and sperm morphology and morphometry) of semen of the species Mazama americana. To achieve this, five males of the species were used, and three semen samples per buck (electroejaculation) were collected at intervals of 2 weeks. The volume, pH and osmolarity of the ejaculate were 0.39 ± 0.14 mL, 6.90 ± 0.74 and 297.74 ± 19.10 mOsm/kg, respectively, while the values obtained for mass movement, motility, vigour and concentration were 3.33 ± 0.82; 69.6 ± 8.92%; 3.53 ± 0.50, and 244.07 ± 98.65 × 107/mL, respectively. Regarding the colour of the ejaculate, five samples were classified as ivory, two as yellowish, two as whitish and six as white. Regarding appearance, seven samples were considered creamy and eight, milky. Morphology was analysed in a humid chamber under phase contrast microscopy and 73.50 ± 5.57% of cells presented normal morphology, 8.37 ± 3.15% presented major defects and 18.13 ± 6.46% presented minor defects. To determine sperm morphometry, an optical microscope (Leica DM 5000B) and the Leica Qwin image analyser program were used, resulting in 8.09 ± 0.40, 4.65 ± 0.30, 2.81 ± 0.44 and 30.25 ± 3.02 μm for length, largest width, smallest width and area, respectively.
An Unusual Cause of Syncope: Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Yildiz Abdulkadir , Tuncez Abdullah , Demirkan Burcu , Guray Yesim
Published: February 2013

Mini‐Abstract

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) diagnosed in adulthood is very uncommon. In this case report, we describe a case of postprandial syncope in a patient with CDH compressing right heart chambers.
Incorporation and Colonization: Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy
Authors: Jordan Kurt A.
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT  Recent anthropological work demonstrates rising concern for understanding group‐level autonomy, particularly the maintenance of opposition to expanding states and economic systems. Archaeologists are well poised to contribute to this effort, especially when aided by renewed attention to Eric Wolf's concept of process. Wolf's concept can be applied to indigenous‐driven, broad‐scale processes of intercommunity connection to help understand the generation and maintenance of autonomy in the face of colonial encroachment. Archaeologically informed reexamination of the relationships between the principal Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) homeland towns and satellite communities during 1600–1775 provides a case study. In many parts of the Iroquois homeland, large towns were surrounded by nearby small satellite villages; Iroquois people also founded communities distant from the homeland, moving into what is now Ontario, Quebec, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Both nearby and distant Iroquois satellites manifested incorporation of outside groups and colonization of new territories—Native‐led processes that helped maintain Iroquois autonomy.
Common carotid and brachial artery hemodynamic alterations in periodontal disease
Authors: Carallo Claudio , De Franceschi Maria Serena , Tripolino Cesare , Figliuzzi Michele , Irace Concetta , Fortunato Leonzio , Gnasso Agostino
Published: February 2013

Aim

In patients affected by periodontal disease, hypertension and systemic inflammation might cause an arterial hemodynamic derangement; this, in turn, can act as a mediator of the atherogenic process often seen in these patients. This study aimed at a comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation in periodontal patients.

Methods

Fourty‐eight subjects participating to a cardiovascular prevention programme were enrolled. Periodontitis, classical risk factors for atherosclerosis, and shear and tensile forces in both carotid and brachial arteries were evaluated. Calculated periodontal indexes were plaque, gingival and pocket deep (PD) indexes. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed. Afterwards, 30 of them with normal PD index were compared with 30 carefully – matched patients with periodontitis.

Results

Brachial and carotid parietal tension were significantly associated with periodontal indexes, especially PD‐Sum, in both simple (r = 0.42, p < 0.001 for carotid artery and r = 0.36, p < 0.02 for brachial artery) and multiple regression analyses. Shear stress gave similar results. In case‐control analysis, shear stress was lower by 15% and 30%, respectively, in carotid and brachial artery in patients with high PD; common carotid parietal tension was higher. Arterial stiffness resulted not associated with periodontitis.

Conclusions

Periodontal disease is associated to a complex atherosclerotic prone hemodynamic derangement, particularly in large elastic arteries.
Prevalence and characteristics of nodular gastritis in Japanese elderly
Authors: Kitamura Shinji , Yasuda Mitsugi , Muguruma Naoki , Okamoto Koichi , Takeuchi Hisashi , Bando Yoshimi , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Okahisa Toshiya , Yano Mitsuyasu , Torisu Ryusuke , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

Nodular gastritis (NG) is defined as antral gastritis with endoscopic findings usually characterized by a miliary pattern resembling “goose flesh.” There is a possible association between NG and gastric cancer. The aim of our study is to investigate whether there are some differences between young and elderly people in incidence and characteristics of NG and estimate potential risk factors for gastric cancer in adults with NG.

Methods

Patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for abdominal symptoms or cancer screening. Incidence rates and relationship between an elderly group (40 years or older) and young group (< 40 years) were assessed by endoscopic grade of NG, atrophic grade, concomitant diseases, and serum pepsinogen (PG).

Results

NG was found in 62 cases (0.94%) out of 6623 patients who underwent endoscopy, with a mean age of 47.3 ± 13.3 years. Female patients were present at a significantly higher rate in the elderly group (P < 0.001). The grade of neutrophil infiltration in the greater curvature of the upper gastric body was recognized at a significantly higher rate in the elderly group (P < 0.05). PG II was present at a higher rate and PG I/II at a lower rate in the elderly group (P < 0.05). The odds ratio for the risk of gastric cancer in patients with NG was 2.1 (95% confidence interval 0.3–15.3) in the elderly group.

Conclusion

NG in the elderly was also suggested to be a risk factor for gastric cancer as well as in the young.
TNF‐α Upregulates Fgl2 Expression in Rat Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Jia Peng , Wang Jue , Wang Li , Chen Xin , Chen Yu , Li Wen‐Zhu , Long Rui , Chen Jian , Shu Yan‐Wen , Liu Kun , Wang Zhao‐Hui
Published: February 2013

Objective

Proinflammatory cytokine TNF‐α during MI/R injury has been studied extensively. However, how TNF‐α induces microvascular dysfunction in MI/R is still unclear. This study investigates whether TNF‐α regulates fibrinogen‐like protein 2 (fgl2) expression, a procoagulant resulting in the formation of fibrin‐rich microthrombus in MI/R injury.

Methods and Results

Microthrombosis, TNF‐α and fgl2 expression were assessed in rats with MI/R injury. The effect of TNF‐α on fgl2 expression and fgl2 prothrombinase activity was investigated in CMECs, then CMECs were pretreated with selective inhibitors of NF‐κB and p38 MAPK pathways. TNF‐α and fgl2 expression were both upregulated in MI/R group. When neutralization of TNF‐α, fgl2 expression was decreased in vivo. Fgl2 expression was upregulated in CMECs exposed to TNF‐α. Accordingly, the ability of thrombin generation was increased in CMECs. Besides, TNF‐α‐induced fgl2 expression in the cells was suppressed by NF‐κB inhibitor PDTC and/or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580.

Conclusion

TNF‐α upregulates fgl2 expression via activation of NF‐kB and p38 MAPK in CMECs. TNF‐α‐induced flg2 in CMECs mediates the formation of fibrin‐rich microthrombus, which may be one of the mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction or obstruction due to MI/R injury.
On the (In)Compatibility of Attitudes Toward Peace and War
Authors: Bizumic Boris , Stubager Rune , Mellon Scott , Van der Linden Nicolas , Iyer Ravi , Jones Benjamin M.
Published: February 2013

Although attitudes toward peace and war are usually treated as two opposite poles of one dimension, in this article we argue that they may represent two distinct dimensions. To investigate this idea, we developed and tested a new balanced measure, the Attitudes Toward Peace and War (APW) Scale, in three studies (N = 4,742) in the United States and Denmark. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that attitudes toward peace and war formed two distinct, though negatively related, factors. Structural equation modeling showed that antecedents of attitudes toward peace included egalitarian ideological beliefs, the values of international harmony and equality, and empathic concern for others, and consequences included intentions to engage in peace‐related activities. On the other hand, antecedents of attitudes toward war included authoritarian ideological beliefs, the values of national strength and order, and less personal distress, and consequences included intentions to engage in warlike activities. Results also showed that political affiliation had an impact on the relationship between peace and war attitudes, with conservatives less likely to find the attitudes incompatible. The findings support the view that attitudes toward peace and war represent two distinct dimensions.
Ambulatory models of care for obstructive sleep apnoea: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Chai‐Coetzer Ching Li , Antic Nick A. , McEvoy R. Doug
Published: February 2013

The high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and increasing awareness of its potential health consequences has placed significant pressure on laboratory‐based sleep services leading to growing waiting lists and delays in diagnosis and treatment. Consequently, there has been increasing interest in the use of simplified, ambulatory models of care involving clinical prediction tools, portable sleep monitoring and home autotitrating continuous positive airway pressure. Researchers are also exploring the potential role for a wider range of health‐care providers, including trained nurses and general practitioners, in the primary management of OSA. Recent randomized, controlled studies evaluating the clinical effectiveness of ambulatory management strategies versus traditional laboratory‐based care for patients with OSA have consistently demonstrated that comparable patient outcomes can be achieved. The cost‐effectiveness of these strategies is currently being debated, and further research examining the long‐term economic implications of ambulatory models of care is needed.
The ownership of Aboriginal English in Australia
Authors: MALCOLM IAN G.
Published: February 2013

A widely‐observed postcolonial phenomenon is the indigenization of English by communities into which it was formerly involuntarily introduced. When this takes place, the community which has appropriated English to serve its own purposes regards the language as their own. The question of the ownership of English has been extensively discussed by applied linguists against the background of globalization and the need for TESOL teachers to agree on what they can legitimately claim to teach. Aboriginal English is non‐standard and has a long history in Australia of marginalization. This paper argues, on the basis of Australian and international evidence, that claims of ownership of a dialect of English entail questions of identity, authenticity, group membership and language rights. In particular, it investigates the bidialectal tension affecting Aboriginal Australians, involving ambivalence to Standard English, potential misinterpretation of the unqualified term ‘English’ and the cross‐cultural use of schemas in interpreting speakers of the other dialect. The paper concludes by addressing the question of under what conditions, in view of the assertion of ownership of English by Aboriginal English speakers, education may successfully equip them to operate in a world which requires Standard English.
Was/were alternation in Shetland English
Authors: DURHAM* MERCEDES
Published: February 2013

Dialect use in Shetland's main town, Lerwick, demonstrates substantial interspeaker variability in the youngest generation, with some young speakers never using dialect features and some using them at rates similar to older generations. Such extreme interspeaker variability may be a harbinger of a complete shift to standardized varieties of English in subsequent generations as was suggested by Dorian in her research on Gaelic‐speaking communities. This paper attempts to examine the extent to which these predictions are accurate, by focussing on a set of features (was/were variation) which began shifting towards standardized English in the middle aged generation. This makes it possible to concretely gauge what the effects of considerable interspeaker variability are on subsequent generations. The separate, yet linked, distribution of the features studied also makes it possible to examine constant rate effects more closely.
Draft Genome Sequence of Type Strain Clostridium pasteurianum DSM 525 (ATCC 6013), a Promising Producer of Chemicals and Fuels
Authors: Rappert Sugima , Song Lifu , Sabra Wael , Wang Wei , Zeng An-Ping
Published: February 2013

Clostridium pasteurianum
, an anaerobic bacterium able to utilize atmospheric free nitrogen for biosynthesis, has recently been proven to be a promising producer of chemicals and fuels, such as 1,3-propanediol and
n
-butanol. Here, we report the high-quality draft genome sequence of DSM 525, a type strain of
C. pasteurianum
.