bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioengineered carbohydrate polymers for colon‐specific drug release: Current trends and future prospects
Authors: Bhirud Darshan , Bhattacharya Sankha , Prajapati Bhupendra G.
Published: May 2024

The worldwide health burden of colorectal cancer is still substantial, and traditional chemotherapeutic drugs sometimes have poor selectivity, which can result in systemic toxicity and unfavorable side effects. For colon‐specific medication delivery, bioengineered carbohydrate polymers have shown promise as carriers. They may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing systemic exposure and associated side effects. The unique properties of these manufactured or naturally occurring biopolymers, such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and pectin, enable targeted medicine release. These qualities can be changed to meet the physiological needs of the colon. In the context of colorectal cancer therapy, this article provides a comprehensive overview of current developments and prospective future directions in the field of bioengineered carbohydrate polymer synthesis for colon‐specific drug delivery. We discuss numerous techniques for achieving colon‐targeted drug release, including enzyme‐sensitive polymers, pH‐responsive devices, and microbiota‐activated processes. To increase tumor selectivity and cellular uptake, we also examine the inclusion of active targeting approaches, such as conjugating specific ligands. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of combination treatment strategies, which use the coadministration of numerous therapeutic medications to target multiple pathways implicated in cancer growth and address drug resistance mechanisms. We address recent biomimetic advances that potentially improve the biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and tumor penetration of carbohydrate polymer‐based nanocarriers. These methods involve protein corona engineering and cell membrane coating. Furthermore, we look at the possibility of intelligent and sensitive systems that may adjust their behaviors in response to certain inputs or feedback loops, allowing for precise and regulated drug distribution.
Integrated neural network and evolutionary algorithm approach for liver fibrosis staging: Can artificial intelligence reduce patient costs?
Authors: Nazarizadeh Ali , Banirostam Touraj , Biglari Taraneh , Kalantarhormozi Mohammadreza , Chichagi Fatemeh , Behnoush Amir H , Habibi Mohammad A , Shahidi Ramin
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

Staging liver fibrosis is important, and liver biopsy is the gold standard diagnostic tool. We aim to design and evaluate an artificial neural network (ANN) method by taking advantage of the Teaching Learning‐Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm for the prediction of liver fibrosis stage in blood donors and hepatitis C patients.

Methods

We propose a method based on a selection of machine learning classification methods including multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, Naive Bayesian (NB), decision tree, and deep learning. Initially, the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) is performed to address the imbalance in the dataset. Afterward, the integration of MLP and TLBO is implemented.

Results

We propose a novel algorithm that reduces the number of required patient features to seven inputs. The accuracy of MLP using 12 features is 0.903, while that of the proposed MLP with TLBO is 0.891. Besides, the diagnostic accuracy of all methods, except the model designed with the Bayesian network, increases when the SMOTE balancer is applied.

Conclusion

The decision tree‐based deep learning methods show the highest levels of accuracy with 12 features. Interestingly, with the use of TLBO and seven features, MLP reached an accuracy rate of 0.891, which is quite satisfactory when compared with those of similar studies. The proposed model provides high diagnostic accuracy, while reducing the required number of properties from the samples. The results of our study show that the recruited algorithm of our study is more straightforward, with a smaller number of required properties and similar accuracy.
Palladium‐catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of sulfamate‐derived cyclic imines with γ‐methylidene‐δ‐valerolactones/2‐methylidenetrimethylene carbonate
Authors: Huang Ke‐Xin , Wu Wen‐Jie , Chen Zhao‐Yang , Du Jia , Gao Wen‐Chao
Published: May 2024

A general and useful palladium‐catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of sulfamate‐derived cyclic imines with γ‐methylidene‐δ‐valerolactones (or 2‐methylidenetrimethylene carbonate) is described. The developed strategy generated diverse sulfamate‐fused piperidine derivatives (or sulfamate‐fused 1,3‐oxazinane rings) in good yields.
An improved microwave‐assisted facile one‐pot synthesis of novel pyrazolylphosphonates via Knoevenagel‐phospha‐Michael protocol
Authors: Mahdjoub Sara , Derabli Chamseddine , Yildirim Muhammet , Boulcina Raouf , Debache Abdelmadjid
Published: May 2024

In this study, a highly effective microwave‐assisted method employing a multicomponent domino Knoevenagel/phospha‐Michael reaction has been established. This approach facilitates the synthesis of a novel set of pyrazolylphosphonate derivatives in good yields by combining aryl aldehydes with pyrazolones and trialkylphosphites, utilizing piperidine as a Bronsted base catalyst. All pyrazolylphosphonates have been characterized by means of IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and HRMS analyses and physical methods. This protocol can be characterized by its eco‐friendly nature, exceptional efficiency in terms of product yields, and short reaction times.
Synthesis of substituted 5‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydropyrazine 1,4‐dioxides based on condensation of N,N′‐(2,3‐dimethylbutane‐2,3‐diyl)bis(hydroxylamine) with various arylglyoxals
Authors: Bakuleva Nadezhda A. , Lichitsky Boris V. , Tsyganov Dmitry V. , Komogortsev Andrey N. , Melekhina Valeriya G. , Tretyakov Evgeny V.
Published: May 2024

For the first time, a method for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydropyrazine 1,4‐dioxide derivatives was devised. The presented approach is based on the reaction of N,N′‐(2,3‐dimethylbutane‐2,3‐diyl)bis(hydroxylamine) with α‐ketoaldehydes. A distinctive feature of the proposed protocol is the application of sulfate of the aforementioned bis‐hydroxylamine in the considered condensation. The advantages of the newly developed route are a one‐step synthetic procedure involving easily available starting materials, atom economy, and simple work‐up of the reaction mixture. The structure of one of the obtained products was confirmed by x‐ray analysis.
2D 1H sLASER Long‐TE and 3D 31P Chemical Shift Imaging at 3 T for Monitoring Fasting‐Induced Changes in Brain Tumor Tissue
Authors: Alcicek Seyma , Divé Iris , Thomas Dennis C. , Prinz Vincent , Forster Marie‐Thérèse , Czabanka Marcus , Weber Katharina J. , Steinbach Joachim P. , Ronellenfitsch Michael W. , Hattingen Elke , Pilatus Ulrich , Wenger Katharina J.
Published: May 2024

Background

Emerging evidence suggests that fasting could play a key role in cancer treatment. Its metabolic effects on gliomas require further investigation.

Purpose

To design a multi‐voxel 1H/31P MR‐spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) protocol for noninvasive metabolic monitoring of cerebral, fasting‐induced changes on an individual patient/tumor level, and to assess its technical reliability/reproducibility.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

MRS phantom. Twenty‐two patients (mean age = 61, 6 female) with suspected WHO grade II‐IV glioma examined before and after 72‐hour‐fasting prior to biopsy/resection.

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T, 1H decoupled 3D 31P MRSI, 2D 1H sLASER MRSI at an echo time of 144 msec, 2D 1H MRSI (as water reference), T1‐weighted, T1‐weighted contrast‐enhanced, T2‐weighted, and FLAIR. sLASER and PRESS sequences were used for phantom measurements.

Assessment

Phantom measurements and spectral simulations were performed with various echo‐times for protocol optimization. In vivo spectral analyses were conducted using LCModel and AMARES, obtaining quality/fitting parameters (linewidth, signal‐to‐noise‐ratio, and uncertainty measures of fitting) and metabolite intensities. The volume of glioma sub‐regions was calculated and correlated with MRS findings. Ex‐vivo spectra of necrotic tumor tissues were obtained using high‐resolution magic‐angle spinning (HR‐MAS) technique.

Statistical Tests

Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, Bland–Altman plots, and coefficient of variation were used for repeatability analysis of quality/fitting parameters and metabolite concentrations. Spearman ρ correlation for the concentration of ketone bodies with volumes of glioma sub‐regions was determined. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

1H and 31P repeatability measures were highly consistent between the two sessions. β‐hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were detectable (fitting‐uncertainty <50%) in glioma sub‐regions of all patients who completed the 72‐hour‐fasting cycle. β‐hydroxybutyrate accumulation was significantly correlated with the necrotic/non‐enhancing tumor core volume (ρ = 0.81) and validated using ex‐vivo 1H HR‐MAS.

Data Conclusion

We propose a comprehensive MRS protocol that may be used for monitoring cerebral, fasting‐induced changes in patients with glioma.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 4
Beyond borders: Examining the role of national learned societies in the social sciences and humanities
Authors: Late Elina , Guns Raf , Pölönen Janne , Stojanovski Jadranka , Urbanc Mimi , Ochsner Michael
Published: May 2024

The aim of this paper is to examine the status of national learned societies in social sciences and humanities (SSH) in Europe. Previous research shows that learned societies serve diverse roles in higher education and suggests that national societies come under pressure given different developments, such as internationalization or open science adoption. We investigate a comprehensive range of aspects within national learned societies: primary goals, activities, internationalization, organization, funding, membership, and recent changes, addressing potential pressures arising from them. Using a cross‐national survey involving 194 learned societies across eight European countries, we study: (a) do the previous findings from individual countries or small selections of national societies hold for a broad range of learned societies in SSH across Europe, and (b) are national learned societies coming under pressure due to internationalization and commercialization processes? Our findings confirm previous results from single countries and single disciplines and expand them as our results show that national learned societies in SSH play an important role in Europe in promoting multilingualism in science, collaborating with many stakeholders, and fostering interdisciplinarity. Contrary to previous research, most SSH societies in our study have not undergone significant changes in the past 5 years, challenging expectations of their declining role.
Seasonal variation in peripheral vestibular disorders based on Korean population data
Authors: Jeong Junhui , Youk Tae Mi , Jung Hyun Taek , Choi Hyun Seung
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Comprehensive studies in which the seasonal variation in peripheral vestibular disorders was evaluated using data from an entire population are insufficient. The seasonal variation in peripheral vestibular disorders based on data from the entire Korean population was investigated in the present study.

Methods

Retrospective data from the National Health Insurance Service of Korea from 2008 to 2020 was analyzed. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis (VN), and Meniere's disease (MD) were defined based on diagnostic, treatment, or audiovestibular test codes. The seasonal incidence for each peripheral vestibular disorder was calculated among all study subjects.

Results

For the entire study cohort, the incidence of BPPV was significantly higher in spring (odds ratio [OR] = 1.031, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.026–1.037), autumn (OR = 1.024, 95% CI = 1.019–1.029), and winter (OR = 1.051, 95% CI = 1.046–1.056) than in summer. The incidence of VN was significantly lower in winter (OR = 0.917, 95% CI = 0.907–0.927) than in summer. The incidence of MD was significantly higher in spring (OR = 1.027, 95% CI = 1.015–1.039) and autumn (OR = 1.029, 95% CI = 1.017–1.041) and significantly lower in winter (OR = 0.919, 95% CI = 0.908–0.931) than in summer. Differences were also observed in seasonal variation based on sex and age.

Conclusions

Significant seasonal variation occurred in peripheral vestibular disorders including BPPV, VN, and MD based on the entire Korean population data. Furthermore, seasonal variation showed differences based on sex and age.

Level of Evidence

4.
Self‐Assembled Hierarchical Nanostructures: Toward Engineered SERS‐Active Platforms
Authors: Cutolo Maria Alessandra , Galeotti Francesco , Spaziani Sara , Quero Giuseppe , Calcagno Vincenzo , Micco Alberto , Irace Andrea , Breglio Giovanni , Pisco Marco , Cusano Andrea
Published: May 2024

The creation of SERS‐active substrates is investigated by self‐assembling hierarchical structures of plasmonic‐assisted nanospheres (HSNs). The hierarchical architecture exploits the advantages of the well‐known ordered configuration of a hexagonally closed‐packed array (CPA) of nanospheres. A further layer of upper nanospheres is used to provide regular and intense surface hotspots, located at the nanogaps between neighboring nanospheres. Numerical analysis is carried out to predict the SERS performances and to identify the more promising configurations, by offering design criteria and a physical insight on the conditions affecting the SERS response of the self‐assembled substrates. Two alternative self‐assembly fabrication methods have been pursued to realize HSNs, namely co‐deposition and sequential deposition. Morphological analysis revealed the formation of well‐ordered hierarchical structures with different ratios between the diameters of the bottom and upper nanospheres. Experimental analysis of the SERS response demonstrates that HSNs can work as cost‐effective SERS substrates with superior performances with respect to the simpler single‐layer CPA configurations.
Independent Phase Control in Gap‐Tuned Metasurfaces for Dual‐Function Switching
Authors: Liao Yi , Chen Kaiji , Su Xiaoqiang , Xu Quan , Niu Li , Wu Tong , Zhang Huifang , Gu Jianqiang , Zhang Xueqian
Published: May 2024

Seeking new ways to actively control the phase using metasurfaces has gained significant attention in recent years, which is the key to achieve controllable wavefronts under external stimuli. Among various active phase control mechanisms, a mechanical method based on gap tuning, termed as gap‐tuned metasurface here, has shown promise in continuous phase adjustment. However, previous studies face limitations in independent and complete phase control at different gap distances, which is crucial in dual‐function switching applications. In this study, a novel type of gap‐tuned metasurfaces are proposed, which can overcome the above limitations through simultaneously manipulating the Pancharatnam–Berry phase and gap‐induced dynamic phase under circularly polarized incidences. Two exemplary gap‐tuned metasurfaces capable of orbital angular momentum (OAM) switching and focusing‐polarity switching are experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, the special dynamic phase design also exhibits phase conjugate property similar to the Pancharatnam–Berry phase, making circular polarization handedness an alternative route for dual‐function switching. This method provides a straightforward and effective means for the development of active wavefront control devices.
Emulation of randomized trials of direct oral anticoagulants with claims data and implications for new Factor XI inhibitors
Authors: Wang Shirley V. , Lin Kueiyu Joshua , Schneeweiss Sebastian
Published: May 2024

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) revolutionized the management of thromboembolic disorders. Clinical care may be further improved as Factor XIs undergo large‐scale outcome trials. What role can non‐randomized database studies play in expediting understanding of these drugs in clinical practice? The RCT‐DUPLICATIVE Initiative emulated the design of eight DOAC randomized clinical trials (RCT) using non‐randomized claims database studies. RCT study design parameters and measurements were closely emulated by the database studies and produced highly concordant results. The results of the single database study that did not meet all agreement metrics with the specific RCT it was emulating were aligned with a meta‐analysis of six trials studying similar questions, suggesting the trial result was an outlier. Well‐designed database studies using fit‐for‐purpose data came to the same conclusions as DOAC trials, illustrating how database studies could complement RCTs for Factor XI inhibitors—by accelerating insights in underrepresented populations, demonstrating effectiveness and safety in clinical practice, and testing broader indications.
Andexanet alfa versus PCC products for factor Xa inhibitor bleeding: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: White C. Michael , Caroti Kimberly Snow , Bessada Youssef , Hernandez Adrian V. , Baker William L. , Dobesh Paul P. , van Haalen Heleen , Rhodes Kirsty , Coleman Craig I.
Published: May 2024

Previous meta‐analyses assessed andexanet alfa (AA) or prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) products for the treatment of Factor Xa inhibitor (FXaI)‐associated major bleeding. However, they did not include recent studies or assess the impact of the risk of bias. We conducted a systematic review with meta‐analysis on the effectiveness of AA versus PCC products for FXaI‐associated major bleeding, inclusive of the studies' risk of bias. PubMed and Embase were searched for comparative studies assessing major bleeding in patients using FXaI who received AA or PCC. We used the Methodological Index for NOn‐Randomized Studies (MINORS) checklist and one question from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal of Case Series tool to assess the risk of bias. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed to provide a pooled estimate for the effect of AA versus PCC products on hemostatic efficacy, in‐hospital mortality, 30‐day mortality, and thrombotic events. Low–moderate risk of bias studies were meta‐analyzed separately, as well as combined with high risk of bias studies. Eighteen comparative evaluations of AA versus PCC were identified. Twenty‐eight percent of the studies (n = 5) had low–moderate risk and 72% (n = 13) had a high risk of bias. Studies with low–moderate risk of bias suggested improvements in hemostatic efficacy [Odds Ratio (OR) 2.72 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.15–6.44); one study], lower in‐hospital mortality [OR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.38–0.61); three studies], and reduced 30‐day mortality [OR 0.49 (95% CI: 0.30–0.80); two studies] when AA was used versus PCC products. When studies were included regardless of the risk of bias, pooled effects showed improvements in hemostatic efficacy [OR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01–1.84); 12 studies] and reductions in 30‐day mortality [OR 0.53 (95% CI: 0.37–0.76); six studies] for AA versus PCC. The difference in thrombotic events with AA versus PCC was not statistically significant in the low–moderate, high, or combined risk of bias groups. The evidence from low–moderate quality real‐world studies suggests that AA is superior to PCC in enhancing hemostatic efficacy and reducing in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality. When studies are assessed regardless of the risk of bias, the pooled hemostatic efficacy and 30‐day mortality risk remain significantly better with AA versus PCC.
Management of invasive candidiasis: A focus on rezafungin, ibrexafungerp, and fosmanogepix
Authors: August Benjamin A. , Kale‐Pradhan Pramodini B.
Published: May 2024

Management of invasive fungal infections is challenging with growing antifungal resistance. Broad antifungal use has resulted in greater intrinsic and acquired resistance among Candida spp. It is important for clinicians to recognize the relationship between host susceptibility, site of infection, Candida resistance profiles, specific drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the role of novel antifungal agents. This narrative review covers the role of rezafungin, ibrexafungerp, and fosmanogepix in the management of invasive candidiasis (IC). The PubMed Database, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched between January 2006 and January 2024 using the following terms: rezafungin, CD101, ibrexafungerp, SCY‐078, fosmanogepix, APX001, candidemia, and invasive candidiasis. Review articles, prospective clinical trials, and observational studies published in the English language were reviewed. Studies evaluating pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in animals and humans were also reviewed. Promising data continues to emerge in support of novel drug therapies for IC and candidemia. Rezafungin possesses a unique pharmacodynamic profile that might be advantageous compared to other echinocandins, with a practical, once‐weekly dosing interval. Ibrexafungerp, currently approved for vulvovaginal candidiasis, has been studied off‐label for use in IC and candidemia, and initial data is encouraging. Lastly, fosmanogepix, a mechanistically novel, investigational antifungal agent, may be a potential future option in the management of IC and candidemia. Future research is needed to evaluate the potential use of these agents among diverse patient populations.
Spontaneous self‐assembly of magnetic nanoparticle chains, at the first stage of a gas aggregation source
Authors: Orellana Christian , González‐Fuentes Claudio , Abellan María , Segura Rodrigo , Oyarzún Simón , Acevedo Cristian , Romero Christian
Published: May 2024

There is an increasing interest in magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and self‐assembled MNP chains for applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and other technologically relevant applications. In this work, we report the spontaneous self‐assembly of MNPs at the top surface of the shield of a magnetron sputter head. The resulting nanostructures consisted of clustered nanoscale chains arranged in highly oriented microfibers, with lengths of micrometer order and diameters ranging from 20 to 600 nm. The intense magnetic field gradient around the sputter magnetron's head is the driving force of the self‐assembly process, also trapping species that would otherwise be lost in the carrier gas flow.
An ensemble machine learning model generates a focused screening library for the identification of CDK8 inhibitors
Authors: Lin Tony Eight , Yen Dyan , HuangFu Wei‐Chun , Wu Yi‐Wen , Hsu Jui‐Yi , Yen Shih‐Chung , Sung Tzu‐Ying , Hsieh Jui‐Hua , Pan Shiow‐Lin , Yang Chia‐Ron , Huang Wei‐Jan , Hsu Kai‐Cheng
Published: May 2024

The identification of an effective inhibitor is an important starting step in drug development. Unfortunately, many issues such as the characterization of protein binding sites, the screening library, materials for assays, etc., make drug screening a difficult proposition. As the size of screening libraries increases, more resources will be inefficiently consumed. Thus, new strategies are needed to preprocess and focus a screening library towards a targeted protein. Herein, we report an ensemble machine learning (ML) model to generate a CDK8‐focused screening library. The ensemble model consists of six different algorithms optimized for CDK8 inhibitor classification. The models were trained using a CDK8‐specific fragment library along with molecules containing CDK8 activity. The optimized ensemble model processed a commercial library containing 1.6 million molecules. This resulted in a CDK8‐focused screening library containing 1,672 molecules, a reduction of more than 99.90%. The CDK8‐focused library was then subjected to molecular docking, and 25 candidate compounds were selected. Enzymatic assays confirmed six CDK8 inhibitors, with one compound producing an IC50 value of ≤100 nM. Analysis of the ensemble ML model reveals the role of the CDK8 fragment library during training. Structural analysis of molecules reveals the hit compounds to be structurally novel CDK8 inhibitors. Together, the results highlight a pipeline for curating a focused library for a specific protein target, such as CDK8.
Native ion mobility‐mass spectrometry reveals the binding mechanisms of anti‐amyloid therapeutic antibodies
Authors: Han Yilin , Desai Alec A. , Zupancic Jennifer M. , Smith Matthew D. , Tessier Peter M. , Ruotolo Brandon T.
Published: May 2024

One of the most important attributes of anti‐amyloid antibodies is their selective binding to oligomeric and amyloid aggregates. However, current methods of examining the binding specificities of anti‐amyloid β (Aβ) antibodies have limited ability to differentiate between complexes that form between antibodies and monomeric or oligomeric Aβ species during the dynamic Aβ aggregation process. Here, we present a high‐resolution native ion‐mobility mass spectrometry (nIM‐MS) method to investigate complexes formed between a variety of Aβ oligomers and three Aβ‐specific IgGs, namely two antibodies with relatively high conformational specificity (aducanumab and A34) and one antibody with low conformational specificity (crenezumab). We found that crenezumab primarily binds Aβ monomers, while aducanumab preferentially binds Aβ monomers and dimers and A34 preferentially binds Aβ dimers, trimers, and tetrameters. Through collision induced unfolding (CIU) analysis, our data indicate that antibody stability is increased upon Aβ binding and, surprisingly, this stabilization involves the Fc region. Together, we conclude that nIM‐MS and CIU enable the identification of Aβ antibody binding stoichiometries and provide important details regarding antibody binding mechanisms.
Investigation of Structural, Optical, and Antifungal Characteristics of Al‐Doped MnFe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles
Authors: Sharma Indu , Gupta Aayush , Bhardwaj Sumit , Raja Vaseem , Sharma Pankaj , Kumar Gagan
Published: May 2024

In present study, a series of MnAlxFe2−xO4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) ferrite nanoparticles are synthesized via auto‐combustion method and investigated for the structural, optical, and antifungal characteristics. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are employed to analyze the structure and morphology, revealing alterations in the lattice parameters and crystallite size (24.83–17.95 nm) due to Al doping. The optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles are examined through UV–visible spectroscopy, indicating a decrease in the bandgap energy (1.44–1.33 eV) with the incorporation of Al3+ ions. Additionally, the antifungal activity of the Al‐doped MnFe2O4 nanoparticles is assessed against two selected fungal strains, i.e., Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282) and Candida albicans (MTCC 227). The findings contribute to the understanding of the multifaceted properties of Al‐doped MnFe2O4, highlighting its potential applications in diverse fields such as sensors, and biomedical research.
Effect of grape‐derived products on the serum levels of enzymes mainly produced by the liver: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of parallel randomized controlled trials
Authors: Alhajlah Sharif
Published: May 2024

In recent years, an increase in the incidence of liver diseases has been reported all over the world. This study aims to comprehensively summarize and quantitatively analyze the existing evidence concerning the effectiveness of grape‐derived products on liver enzymes through a systematic review and meta‐analytic approach. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science were comprehensively searched until January 2024. Articles that reported the effect of grape‐derived products on serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were included. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were pooled using a random‐effects model. Nine studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The results revealed that grape‐derived products did not significantly change the concentrations of ALT (WMD: −2.70 IU/L, 95% CI: −6.14 to 0.75, p = 0.12), and AST (WMD: ‐1.42 IU/L, 95% CI: −3.54 to 0.70, p = 0.18). However, a significant reduction was observed in serum ALP levels (WMD: ‐5.49 IU/L, 95% CI: −9.57 to −1.4, p = 0.008). The present findings suggest that grape‐derived products positively influence serum ALP levels among adults. However, a more comprehensive decision necessitates additional studies.
COVAX and COVID‐19 Vaccine Inequity: A case study of G‐20 and African Union
Authors: Pushkaran Anjali , Chattu Vijay Kumar , Narayanan Prakash
Published: May 2024

As the world has a history of vaccine nationalism, especially during the 2009 Swine flu pandemic, the COVAX alliance, a globally collaborated mechanism, was created by World Health Organization (WHO), GAVI, and UNICEF to address the inequity of COVID‐19 vaccines. One of the primary aims of this alliance was to deliver vaccines to low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), which otherwise have less or no capacity to access vaccines from the open market. It is crucial to explore the contribution of COVAX in bridging the gap in equity, accessibility, and affordability of COVID‐19 vaccines between high‐ and low‐income countries (LICs). We selected Group 20 (G20) COVAX participants and the African Union (AU) as case studies to estimate these gaps. The bilateral purchase data shows that by December 2021, the G20 countries had vaccines more than double their population, whereas the AU could procure only about one fifth (19%) of their population. Out of 52 AU countries whose data was available, only 21 of them could strike a bilateral deal with vaccine manufacturers. Even after COVAX delivery, the share of the population that could be vaccinated in AU was just 36.8%, less than the target of WHO (40%) for December 2021. It was found that the COVAX alliance worked better than the open market competition for LMICs and LICs. The cost of vaccinating 20% of the population was 0.7% of the current health expenditure for G20 countries, whereas AU countries had to spend 5.5%. COVAX bears more cost (1%–3%) for AU countries than G20 countries (less than 1%). COVAX made COVID‐19 vaccines more affordable and accessible to these countries. However, LICs were disproportionately affected even with the COVAX Facility mechanism owing to their lack of vaccine deployment infrastructure.
Impact of sea spray‐mediated heat fluxes on polar low development
Authors: Lin Ting , Spengler Thomas , Rutgersson Anna , Wu Lichuan
Published: May 2024

Sea spray, originating from wave breaking under high wind conditions, can significantly affect turbulent heat fluxes at the air–sea interface. Even though polar lows (PLs) can become extreme weather features with gale‐force wind, the impact of sea spray on their development has rarely been investigated and is not considered in operational forecast models. In this study, the impact of sea spray on the development of two PLs over the Barents Sea is studied based on sensitivity experiments with an atmosphere–wave coupled model, where the spray‐mediated heat fluxes are parameterized. The results show that the impact of sea‐spray‐mediated heat fluxes on PL development is sensitive to the surface wind speed. In the case of the stronger PL, the higher surface wind speed results in significantly higher spray‐mediated heat fluxes. Consequently, these spray‐mediated heat fluxes intensify the convection and diabatic heating of the PL, resulting in its intensification. In comparison, the case with a weaker PL experiences less sea spray production and lower spray‐mediated heat fluxes due to its weaker surface wind speeds. Overall, we find that spray‐mediated sensible heat fluxes play an important role in the development of PLs, while the latent heat fluxes induced by sea spray have a relatively minor impact.
Long‐term pneumatic stenting with positive expiratory pressure therapy for severe expiratory central airway collapse
Authors: Funes‐Ferrada Rodrigo , Barrios‐Ruiz Alanna , Yu Lee‐Mateus Alejandra , Johnson Margaret M. , Fernandez‐Bussy Sebastian , Abia‐Trujillo David
Published: May 2024

Expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC) comprising excessive central airway collapse (EDAC) and tracheobronchomalacia. Treatment is challenging for severe cases that are not candidates for surgical management. We report a case of severe ECAC successfully managed with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. A 75‐year‐old female patient status post right pneumonectomy, presented with chronic cough. Dynamic bronchoscopy evaluation showed severe EDAC which improved with intraprocedural noninvasive positive pressure (NIPPV) therapy. Due to patients' comorbidities, she was not a candidate to surgical tracheobronchoplasty. Therefore, we attempted pneumatic stenting with long‐term CPAP therapy resulting in improvement of symptoms and functional capacity. The long‐term efficacy of pneumatic stenting has not been clearly established yet. Literature review of management of ECAC with NIPPV consist primarily of case reports and there is only one clinical trial being conducted to assess the efficacy of CPAP therapy in ECAC. While NIPPV arises as a sufficient alternative for management of severe ECAC, larger scale studies are needed to prove the real efficacy of NIPPV in this setting.
Renewable energy and sustainable development goals: Insights from latent dirichlet allocation thematic and bibliometric analysis
Authors: Wang Qiang , Huang Rui , Li Rongrong
Published: May 2024

This research conducts a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between renewable energy and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Employing diverse methodologies including latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling, bibliometrics, citation analysis, and regression modeling, the study explores the evolving landscape of renewable energy research and its implications for SDGs. The analysis identifies a pronounced scholarly interest in renewable energy, reflected in the escalating publication volumes and citations across environmental sciences, green technology, and energy studies. Through meticulous examination, it uncovers interconnected research themes; encompassing policy uncertainty, Environmental Kuznets Curve, and ecological footprint, elucidating the multifaceted impact of renewable energy on the SDGs. Geographical distributions underscore diverse regional focuses, emphasizing the need for nuanced, context‐specific approaches. Regression analysis highlights influential factors like carbon dioxide emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, delineating their pivotal roles in shaping scholarly attention toward renewable energy research. Furthermore, the study delves into the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of renewable energy's influence. It reveals its contributions to employment generation, sustainable production, energy access, and infrastructure development while navigating challenges related to climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. This comprehensive investigation offers crucial insights into the complex interplay between renewable energy and the SDGs. It predicts future research directions and highlights the urgency for interdisciplinary collaboration, international cooperation, and policy innovations to harness renewable energy's transformative potential for global sustainable development.
Calibration plots for multistate risk prediction models
Authors: Pate Alexander , Sperrin Matthew , Riley Richard D. , Peek Niels , Van Staa Tjeerd , Sergeant Jamie C. , Mamas Mamas A. , Lip Gregory Y. H. , O'Flaherty Martin , Barrowman Michael , Buchan Iain , Martin Glen P.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

There is currently no guidance on how to assess the calibration of multistate models used for risk prediction. We introduce several techniques that can be used to produce calibration plots for the transition probabilities of a multistate model, before assessing their performance in the presence of random and independent censoring through a simulation.

Methods

We studied pseudo‐values based on the Aalen‐Johansen estimator, binary logistic regression with inverse probability of censoring weights (BLR‐IPCW), and multinomial logistic regression with inverse probability of censoring weights (MLR‐IPCW). The MLR‐IPCW approach results in a calibration scatter plot, providing extra insight about the calibration. We simulated data with varying levels of censoring and evaluated the ability of each method to estimate the calibration curve for a set of predicted transition probabilities. We also developed and evaluated the calibration of a model predicting the incidence of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease among a cohort of patients derived from linked primary and secondary healthcare records.

Results

The pseudo‐value, BLR‐IPCW, and MLR‐IPCW approaches give unbiased estimates of the calibration curves under random censoring. These methods remained predominately unbiased in the presence of independent censoring, even if the censoring mechanism was strongly associated with the outcome, with bias concentrated in low‐density regions of predicted transition probabilities.

Conclusions

We recommend implementing either the pseudo‐value or BLR‐IPCW approaches to produce a calibration curve, combined with the MLR‐IPCW approach to produce a calibration scatter plot. The methods have been incorporated into the “calibmsm” R package available on CRAN.
DNA Self‐Assembly Optimization by Betaine and Its Analogs
Authors: Sun Zhengyang , Shen Yue , Wang Wen , Wei Bryan
Published: May 2024

The self‐assembly yield of DNA nanostructures can be exponentially lower with increasing structural complexity. Few optimizing strategies are available in the DNA nanotechnology field for the assembly yield improvement. Here, betaine and its analogs are applied as supplementary ingredients in DNA self‐assembly. Such a simple implementation results in effective yield improvement. Through a comprehensive investigation, a reliable yield improvement of two‐ to threefold is achieved for a number of DNA nanostructures with considerable complexity.
Achieving Uniform Li Deposition and Suppressed Electrolyte Flammability in Li‐Metal Batteries via Designing Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Xingkai , Huang He , Zhang Hong , Dong Qiujiang , Zhang Wanxing , Gao Meng , Li Jinyang , Chen Biao , Guo Hao , Han Xiaopeng
Published: May 2024

The increasing need for energy storage devices with high energy density has led to significant interest in Li‐metal batteries (LMBs). However, the use of commercial electrolytes in LMBs is problematic due to their flammability, inadequate performance at low temperatures, and tendency to promote the growth of lithium dendrites and other flaws. This study introduces a localized high‐concentration electrolyte (LHCE) that addresses these issues by employing non‐flammable electrolyte components and incorporating carefully designed additives to enhance flame retardancy and low‐temperature performance. By incorporating additives to optimize the electrolyte, it is possible to attain inorganic‐dominated solid electrolyte interphases on both the cathode and anode. This achievement results in a uniform deposition of lithium, as well as the suppression of electrolyte decomposition and cathode deterioration. Consequently, this LHCE achieve over 300 stable cycles for both LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2||Li cells and LiCoO2||Li cells, as well as 50 cycles for LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NCM811||Li) pouch cells. Furthermore, NCM811||Li cells maintain 84% discharge capacity at −20 °C, in comparison to the capacity at room temperature. The utilization of this electrolyte presents novel perspectives for the safe implementation of LMBs.
3D‐Printed Mullite‐Reinforced SiC‐Based Aerogel Composites
Authors: Miao Mulin , Yin Jianan , Mao Zhengyi , Chen Yuhan , Lu Jian
Published: May 2024

There is a growing demand for thermal management materials in electronic fields. Aerogels have attracted interest due to their extremely low density and extraordinary thermal insulation properties. However, the application of aerogels is limited by high production costs and the requirement that aerogel structures not be load‐bearing. In this study, mullite‐reinforced SiC‐based aerogel composite (MR‐SiC AC) is prepared through 3D printing combined with in situ growth of SiC nanowires in post processing. The fabricated MR‐SiC AC not only has ultra‐low thermal conductivity (0.021 W K m−1) and high porosity (90.0%), but also a high Young's modulus (24.4 MPa) and high compressive strength (1.65 MPa), both exceeding the measurements of existing resilient aerogels by an order of magnitude. These properties make MR‐SiC AC an ideal solution for the precision thermal management of lightweight structures having complex geometry for functional devices.
Balancing the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Synergetic Effect of Doped Carbon Molecular Sieves for Selective Separation of C2H4/C2H6
Authors: Liu Ru‐Shuai , Wang Miao , Li Wen‐Cui , Zhang Xue‐Jie , Wang Cheng‐Tong , Hao Guang‐Ping , Lu An‐Hui
Published: May 2024

Selective separation of ethylene and ethane (C2H4/C2H6) is a formidable challenge due to their close molecular size and boiling point. Compared to industry‐used cryogenic distillation, adsorption separation would offer a more energy‐efficient solution when an efficient adsorbent is available. Herein, a class of C2H4/C2H6 separation adsorbents, doped carbon molecular sieves (d‐CMSs) is reported which are prepared from the polymerization and subsequent carbonization of resorcinol, m‐phenylenediamine, and formaldehyde in ethanol solution. The study demonstrated that the polymer precursor themselves can be a versatile platform for modifying the pore structure and surface functional groups of their derived d‐CMSs. The high proportion of pores centered at 3.5 Å in d‐CMSs contributes significantly to achieving a superior kinetic selectivity of 205 for C2H4/C2H6 separation. The generated pyrrolic‐N and pyridinic‐N functional sites in d‐CMSs contribute to a remarkable elevation of Henry selectivity to 135 due to the enhancement of the surface polarity in d‐CMSs. By balancing the synergistic effects of kinetics and thermodynamics, d‐CMSs achieve efficient separation of C2H4/C2H6. Polymer‐grade C2H4 of 99.71% purity can be achieved with 75% recovery using the devised d‐CMSs as reflected in a two‐bed vacuum swing adsorption simulation.
Synthesis of PDMS Chain Structure with Introduced Dynamic Covalent Bonding for High‐Performance Rehealable Tactile Sensor Application
Authors: Nguyen My Thi Ngoc , Nguyen Trong Danh , Han Jae‐Hee , Lee Jun Seop
Published: May 2024

In addressing the increasing demand for wearable sensing systems, the performance and lifespan of such devices must be improved by enhancing their sensitivity and healing capabilities. The present work introduces an innovative method for synthesizing a healable disulfide bond contained in a polydimethylsiloxane network (PDMS−SS) that incorporates ionic salts, which is designed to serve as a highly effective dielectric layer for capacitive tactile sensors. Within the polymer network structure, the cross‐linking agent pentaerythritol tetrakis 3‐mercaptopropionate (PTKPM) forms reversible disulfide bonds while simultaneously increasing polymer softness and the dielectric constant. The incorporation of dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DOSS) significantly improves the capacitance and sensing properties by forming an electrical double‐layer through interactions between the electrode charge and salt ions at the contact interface. The developed polymer material‐based tactile sensor shows a strong response signal at low pressure (0.1 kPa) and maintains high sensitivity (0.175 kPa−1) over a wide pressure range (0.1–10 kPa). It also maintains the same sensitivity over 10 000 repeated applications of external pressure and is easily self‐healed against mechanical deformation due to the dynamic disulfide covalent bonding, restoring ≈95% of its detection capacity.
Mitigating the Degradation of MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Under Continuous Light Soaking with ZnO@CdS:Epoxy Short‐Wavelength Sunlight‐Shielded Films
Authors: Moodalabeed Prasannakumar Tulsiram , Hampapura Chaluvegowda Spandana , Kuo Da‐Wei , Li Syuan‐Wei , Yu Wen‐Yi , Shyue Jing‐Jong , Chen Chao‐Tsen , Chen Chin‐Ti
Published: May 2024

The stability of MAPbI3‐based (MA stands for methylammonium) perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) has been carefully examined by ZnO@CdS nanoparticle‐embedded epoxy films (EP‐ZC films), device encapsulation (of glass sheet and UV‐curing gel), and in different temperatures, 10 °C, room temperature (no temperature control), and 65 °C. EP‐ZC films are used for shielding the short wavelength of the sunlight (UV, near UV, violet, and deep blue) which causes the photodegradation of MAPbI3 and hence the decline of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PVSCs. Some external quantum efficiency spectra of the device are recorded alongside of the 500 h continuous light‐soaking measurement of current density (J)−voltage (V) of the devices. The time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy analysis is performed for a quantitative comparison of the iodide derived from the degradation of MAPbI3 in the encapsulated devices with or without the light‐shielding EP‐ZC films at 10 °C and 65 °C, respectively. The EP‐ZC6 film shows the best protection for encapsulated PVSCs with 98% of the initial PCE at 10 °C after 500 h continuous light soaking. Herein, from the continuous light‐soaking results, one can prioritize the moisture, temperature, and light in the influence of the stability of PVSCs.
Variational inference for the latent shrinkage position model
Authors: Gwee Xian Yao , Gormley Isobel Claire , Fop Michael
Published: May 2024

The latent position model (LPM) is a popular method used in network data analysis where nodes are assumed to be positioned in a ‐dimensional latent space. The latent shrinkage position model (LSPM) is an extension of the LPM which automatically determines the number of effective dimensions of the latent space via a Bayesian nonparametric shrinkage prior. However, the LSPM's reliance on Markov chain Monte Carlo for inference, while rigorous, is computationally expensive, making it challenging to scale to networks with large numbers of nodes. We introduce a variational inference approach for the LSPM, aiming to reduce computational demands while retaining the model's ability to intrinsically determine the number of effective latent dimensions. The performance of the variational LSPM is illustrated through simulation studies and its application to real‐world network data. To promote wider adoption and ease of implementation, we also provide open‐source code.