bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depression in the elderly: study in a rural city in southern Catalonia
Authors: MONTESÓ P. , FERRE C. , LLEIXA M. , ALBACAR N. , AGUILAR C. , SANCHEZ A. , LEJEUNE M.
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary

Depression in our community is high for people over 65 years.

Men are more affected by illness, death of spouse and loneliness as they have not been prepared for it because of the roles they have been socialized are different.

Depression is higher for women throughout life, but shorten the differences in those over 65 years.

It is important to diagnose depression in this age group for suicide prevention.

Depression and anxiety are the most common psychiatric diseases among the elderly, and frequently go without diagnosis and treatment. However, evidence regarding the prevalence of depression related to the diagnostic systems utilized and the sociocultural variations in the different communities investigated (rural–urban) is contradictory. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of depression in a rural area in the south of Catalonia, analysing the different age groups, identifying the causal factors of depression and determining whether there are gender differences. The descriptive and quantitative study includes 157 women and 160 men. The qualitative study evaluates 14 men and 52 women diagnosed with depression. Our results indicate a high risk of depression in elderly participants of our small rural community. Widowers suffer more depression than widows and the loneliness, illness, and task of caregiver were predictive variables for depression in these elderly men. The loss of the ability to perform activities of daily living associated with ageing has a greater effect on depression disorders in men than in women.
Cytochrome bd biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: the sequences of the cydC and cydD genes suggest that they encode the components of an ABC membrane transporter
Authors: Poole Robert K. , Hatch Lyndall , Cleeter Michael W. J. , Gibson Frank , Cox Graeme B. , Wu Guanghui
Published: September 2011

At least four genes are known to affect formation of the cytochrome bd‐type terminal oxidase of Escherichia coli. In addition to the genes (cydA and cydB) encoding the two constituent subunits of this complex, a further two genes (cydC and cydD) map near 19 min on the E. coli chromosome. We report here the cloning of both genes on a 5.3 kb ClaI‐HindIII restriction fragment, which, when used to transform either a cydC or cydD mutant, restored the ability of these mutants to grow on a selective medium containing azide and zinc ions and also restored the spectral signals associated with the cytochrome components of the oxidase complex. A subcloned 1.8 kb DdeI fragment similarly restored growth and cytochrome content of a cydD mutant, but not a cydC mutant. The complete nucleotide sequence of the ClaI‐HindIII fragment reveals three open reading frames, one being trxB (19.3 min on the E. coli chromosome map, encoding thioredoxin reductase), confirming the mapping position of cydD previously established by P1‐mediated transduction. Two ORFs identified by complementation experiments as cydD and cydC encode proteins with predicted molecular masses, respectively, of 65103 and 62 946 Da. The hydropathy profile of each protein reveals an N‐terminal hydrophobic domain and a C‐terminal hydrophilic domain containing a putative nucleotide‐binding site. The gene products probably constitute an ABC (ATP‐binding cassette) family membrane transporter, the function of which is necessary for the formation of the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase. The CydDC system appears to be the first prokaryotic example of a heterodimeric ABC transport system in which each polypeptide contains both hydrophobic and ATP‐binding domains.
Chlamydia trachomatis Slc1 is a type III secretion chaperone that enhances the translocation of its invasion effector substrate TARP
Authors: Brinkworth Amanda J. , Malcolm Denise S. , Pedrosa António T. , Roguska Katarzyna , Shahbazian Sevanna , Graham James E. , Hayward Richard D. , Carabeo Rey A.
Published: September 2011

Bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) chaperones pilot substrates to the export apparatus in a secretion‐competent state, and are consequently central to the translocation of effectors into target cells. Chlamydia trachomatis is a genetically intractable obligate intracellular pathogen that utilizes T3SS effectors to trigger its entry into mammalian cells. The only well‐characterized T3SS effector is TARP (translocated actin recruitment protein), but its chaperone is unknown. Here we exploited a known structural signature to screen for putative type III secretion chaperones encoded within the C. trachomatis genome. Using bacterial two‐hybrid, co‐precipitation, cross‐linking and size exclusion chromatography we show that Slc1 (SycE‐like chaperone 1; CT043) specifically interacts with a 200‐amino‐acid residue N‐terminal region of TARP (TARP1–200). Slc1 formed homodimers in vitro, as shown in cross‐linking and gel filtration experiments. Biochemical analysis of an isolated Slc1–TARP1–200 complex was consistent with a characteristic 2:1 chaperone–effector stoichiometry. Furthermore, Slc1 was co‐immunoprecipitated with TARP from C. trachomatis elementary bodies. Also, coexpression of Slc1 specifically enhanced host cell translocation of TARP by a heterologous Yersinia enterocolitica T3SS. Taken together, we propose Slc1 as a chaperone of the C. trachomatis T3SS effector TARP.
Distinct eosinophil cytokine expression patterns in skin diseases – the possible existence of functionally different eosinophil subpopulations
Authors: Roth N. , Städler S. , Lemann M. , Hösli S. , Simon H.‐U. , Simon D.
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Roth N, Städler S, Lemann M, Hösli S, Simon H‐U, Simon D. Distinct eosinophil cytokine expression patterns in skin diseases – the possible existence of functionally different eosinophil subpopulations. Allergy 2011; 66: 1477–1486.

Background:  The function of eosinophils has been attributed to host defense, immunomodulation, and fibrosis. Although eosinophils are found among infiltrating cells in a broad spectrum of skin diseases, their pathogenic role remains uncertain. This study aimed to analyze the cytokine expression by eosinophils in different skin diseases.

Methods:  Skin specimens from different skin diseases [allergic/reactive, infectious, autoimmune, and tumors/lymphomas (LY)] were stained by antibodies directed to eosinophil cationic protein, cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐11, IL‐13, IL‐17, IL‐25, IL‐33, interferon‐γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin], eotaxins (CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26), metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 as well as extracellular matrix proteins (tenascin‐C and procollagen‐3) and then analyzed by laser scanning microscopy.

Results:  The number of eosinophils varied considerably in and between disease groups and did not correlate with the numbers of accompanying inflammatory cells. The expression of IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐11, TGF‐β, CCL24, and MMP‐9 by eosinophils significantly differed between disease groups. Eosinophils in tumors/LY predominantly expressed IL‐6, TGF‐β, and CCL24, but not IL‐11. On the other hand, in autoimmune diseases, eosinophils largely contributed to MMP‐9 production. IL‐5‐generating eosinophils were particularly obvious in allergic and infectious diseases.

Conclusion:  In skin diseases, eosinophil expresses a broad spectrum of cytokines. The different cytokine expression patterns suggest distinct functional roles of eosinophils in these diseases that might be related to host defense, immunomodulation, fibrosis, and/or tumor development.
Common and distinct responses in phytohormone and vitamin E changes during seed burial and dormancy in Xyris bialata and X. peregrina
Authors: Garcia Q. S. , Giorni V. T. , Müller M. , Munné‐Bosch S.
Published: September 2011

Temperature and humidity are the main factors influencing seed viability, dormancy and longevity of buried seeds. Unfortunately, very little is known about such processes in species of tropical regions, where temperature does not show major seasonal variations. The extent to which germination capacity, phytohormones and vitamin E levels were altered after burial of seeds of Xyris bialata and X. peregrina (Xyridaceae), two species endemic to rupestrian fields of Brazil, was examined. After 2 months of burial, seed germination capacity remained constant, which is associated with decreases in ABA and IAA content in both species. During this period, zeatin levels also decreased in X. bialata, but not in X. peregrina, the latter showing much lower levels of ABA. During the summer (rainy season), seeds of both species experienced a progressive, but severe, decrease in germination capacity, which reversed at the end of the winter (dry season), thus suggesting secondary dormancy. This dormancy appeared to be caused by drastic decreases in GAs, rather than increases in ABA. Levels of GA4 decreased to non‐detectable values during dormancy in both species. Furthermore, zeatin levels decreased in X. bialata but not in X. peregrina during this period. Both species accumulated γ‐tocopherol as the major vitamin E form, and levels of this antioxidant remained constant or even increased during seed burial; however, X. bialata seeds showed a significant decrease in α‐tocopherol during seed burial and dormancy. It is concluded that in X. peregrina and X. bialata, (i) burial causes significant changes in the phytohormone levels of seeds; (ii) secondary dormancy is induced in seeds; (iii) a GA4 decrease, rather than an ABA increase, seems to be involved in the induction of secondary dormancy; and (iv) reductions in α‐tocopherol in buried seeds are not necessarily indicative of reduced germination capacity.
Neither protogynous nor obligatory out‐crossed: pollination biology and breeding system of the European Red ListFritillaria meleagrisL. (Liliaceae)
Authors: Zych M. , Stpiczyńska M.
Published: September 2011

For 4 years we studied pollination biology and breeding system of the critically endangered, Red List plantFritillaria meleagrisL. (Liliaceae), in the larger of the two remaining populations of the plant in SE Poland. Our observations indicated that, contrary to literature data, the species is not dichogamous nor is it obligatorily out‐crossing. Selfing, although rare in natural populations, results in fully developed seeds. Flowers are visited by several insect species, mostly social and solitary bees. In spite of extremely low visitation rates to this early spring‐flowering plant, the species is not pollen limited. Although the largest pollen loads are transferred by solitary bees, the key pollinators are bumblebees (mostly the most common species,Bombus terrestrisandB. lapidarius) due to their seasonal and floral constancy, and tolerance of bad weather conditions. The current decline of the studied population seems not to be related to the species’ pollination or breeding systems but to plant habitat loss. It is suggested, however, that in smaller populations, the species’ dependence on generally rare pollinators and largely out‐crossed breeding system may accelerate local extinction.
Mycobiota in needles ofAbies albawith and without symptoms of Herpotrichia needle browning
Authors: Kowalski T. , Andruch K.
Published: September 2011

The ascomyceteNematostoma parasiticum(syn.:Herpotrichia parasitica) is commonly perceived as the causal agent of the so‐called Herpotrichia needle browning in silver fir (Abies alba). However, its fruitbodies are rarely present on symptomatic needles, which are also colonized by many presumably saprotrophic fungi. We compared the internal colonization of healthy and symptomatic needles on two sites in Poland. In addition, the endophytic mycobiota in needles of various age was recorded on two other sites without disease symptoms. Fungi were isolated from 95.6% of the dead needles and from 62.9% of the living needles on symptomatic trees, whereas on healthy trees, only 45.0% of the needles were colonized internally. Colonization frequency increased with needle age. From a total of 2017 isolates, 116 fungal taxa were identified. Frequency of many species was influenced by needle type.Anthostomella formosa,Gloeosporidiellasp.,Hypoxylon fragiforme,Xylaria hypoxylonandX. polymorphawere the most common fungi isolated from living needles. In symptomless living needles, fungi occurred significantly more often in the basal than in the apical parts. In dead needles, the most common fungi wereAlternaria alternata,Paraconiothyrium sporulosum,Fusariumsp.,Mollisia cinerea,Rhizoctoniasp.,Rhizosphaera oudemansii,Thysanophora penicillioides,Xylaria hypoxylonandX. polymorpha.Rhizoctoniasp. was the most frequently isolated fungus in dead needles (23.4%) but occurred rarely also in living needles (0.3–1.1%). The supposed pathogenN. parasiticumwas detected only sporadically (at most in 0.6% of the needles). Our findings demonstrate the need for understanding the role ofRhizoctoniasp. in Herpotrichia needle browning disease aetiology.
A case of pityriasis rubra pilaris associated with membranous nephropathy
Authors: Lin Chin‐Yun , Maurice Paul DL , Cross Nick B
Published: September 2011

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare idiopathic dermatosis which may be associated with autoimmune diseases, HIV infection, and internal malignancies. Its association with renal diseases is, however, much less recognized. We report a case of PRP with associated membranous nephropathy (MN), which resolved spontaneously with resolution of the dermatosis. This is only the second reported association between PRP and MN of which we are aware. Further reports of such an association will strengthen the evidence for the two conditions being linked and may thereby shed light on the pathogenesis of both PRP and MN.
Tumour in solitary kidney: laparoscopic partial nephrectomy vs laparoscopic cryoablation
Authors: Haber Georges‐Pascal , Lee Michael C. , Crouzet Sebastien , Kamoi Kazumi , Gill Inderbir S.
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Therapy (cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Tumour in a solitary functioning kidney represents an absolute indication for nephron‐sparing surgery whenever technically feasible. We report the longest follow‐up data comparing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic cryoablation in patients with solitary kidney with oncological follow‐up to five years.

OBJECTIVES

• We compare perioperative, functional and intermediate‐term oncological outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) vs laparoscopic cryoablation (LCA) for small renal tumour in patients with a solitary kidney.

• A treatment algorithm is also proposed.

PATIENT AND METHODS

• Over a 10‐year period (02/1998‐09/2008), 78 patients with a small tumour in a functionally solitary kidney underwent LPN (n= 48) or LCA (n= 30).

• Baseline, perioperative, and follow‐up data were collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

• Demographic data were similar between the LPN and LCA groups. Tumours were somewhat larger (3.2 vs 2.6 cm) in the LPN group. LPN was associated with greater blood loss (391 vs 162 mL; P= 0.003), and trended towards more post‐operative complications (22.9% vs 6.7%; P= 0.07).

• By 3 months post‐operative, eGFR decreased by 14.5% and 7.3% after LPN and LCA, respectively (P= 0.02). Post‐operative temporary dialysis was required after 3 LPN (6.2% vs 0%, P= 0.16).

• Median follow‐up time for LPN and LCA was 42.7 and 60.2 months, respectively.

• Local recurrence was detected in 4 (13.3%) LCA patients only (P= 0.02).

• Overall survival was comparable between LPN and LCA at 3 and 5 years, respectively (P= 0.74). The LPN group had superior cancer‐specific and recurrence‐free survival at 3 and 5 years compared to the LCA group (P < 0.05, for all comparisons).

CONCLUSIONS

• Given adequate technical expertise, both LPN and LCA are viable nephron‐sparing options for patients with tumour in a solitary kidney.

• Although LCA is technically easier and has superior functional outcomes, oncologic outcomes are superior after LPN.
Relational consciousness and the conversational practices of Johnella Bird
Authors: Ness Ottar , Strong Tom
Published: September 2011

In this article we review Johnella Bird's notion of relational consciousness, explaining it in terms of an ethnomethodologically informed social constructionist theory. We extend this notion to her conversational practices in therapy, examining first her general practice (and focus) on relational language‐making. We then turn to describing three of her specific conversational practices – negotiating conflicting discursive positions between partners in a relationship, exploring a partner's experience of hurt in a relationship, following unspoken assumptions, and negotiating power relations. We conclude by relating relational consciousness to an attendance to language as it is used by clients and by therapists in dialogue with clients.
ENERGY FUTURES PRICES AND THE US DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE
Authors: LI RAYMOND
Published: September 2011

This paper evaluates the relationship among the NYMEX futures prices for crude oil, unleaded gasoline, heating oil and the US trade‐weighted exchange rate. The motivation is to update and extend the literature in an attempt to determine the relationship between the US exchange rate and energy prices. In addition, the causal relationships among the energy futures prices are examined. Cointegration is detected among the variables, but contrary to the existing empirical literature, it is found that the US exchange rate can be excluded from the cointegrating space. The Granger causality tests and impulse response functions also indicate that the US exchange rate is not related to the energy prices. The recursive cointegration analysis reveals that the relationship between the US exchange rate and the energy futures prices has faded across time.
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INEQUALITY: THE ROLE OF FISCAL POLICIES*
Authors: MUINELO‐GALLO LEONEL , ROCA‐SAGALÉS ORIOL
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the impact of different instruments of fiscal policy on economic growth and income inequality. We use an unbalanced panel of 43 upper‐middle and high income countries for the period 1972–2006 to assess the incidence of different fiscal policies. The empirical results show that larger current expenditures and direct taxes diminish economic growth and reduce inequality, while increases on public investment reduces inequality without harming output. This suggests that the trade‐off between efficiency and equity facing governments when designing their fiscal policies may be avoided.
TARIFFS AND TRADE LIBERALISATION WITH NETWORK EXTERNALITIES*
Authors: FUJIWARA KENJI
Published: September 2011

This paper constructs a reciprocal market model of intra‐industry trade in network goods to consider the implications of network externalities for an optimal tariff policy and the welfare effects of bilateral tariff reductions. We show that the degree of network externalities nontrivially affects the sign of the Nash equilibrium tariff. Then, we prove that network externalities amplify the gains from tariff reductions. These results help better understand the implications of trade‐related issues in network industries.
Which Fox in What Henhouse and When? Conjectures on Regulatory Capture
Authors: WEXLER MARK N.
Published: September 2011

This article takes an interdisciplinary lens to the treatment of regulatory capture (RC). RC ensues when government bureaucrats, regulators, and public sector agencies receive adverse publicity for ceasing to serve the wider collective public interest. The work is divided into four sections. The first takes the point of view of each of the participants in the capture situation and provides an overview of the three variations on the RC story. Each subsequent section focuses on a version of the story. RC 1, the libertarian free market version celebrates capture as inevitable and desirable. RC 2, the regulators' communitarian take on capture places it in the context of a cycle story with regulators dutifully doing the public's shifting will. In the RC 3 version, the public finds it difficult to piece together a coherent version of the morally charged narrative. The article concludes with a discussion of the relevance of each of these three versions of RC in order to understand dominant–submissive relationships between business and government.
Business Unusual: Corporate Responsibility in a 2.0 World*
Authors: WADDOCK SANDRA , MCINTOSH MALCOLM
Published: September 2011

The imperatives of a growing consensus on human‐induced causes of climate change, an increasing gap between rich and poor, and the misguided incentives in the economic, business, and financial models that dominated the last quarter of the twentieth century and first decade of the twenty‐first century along with the emergence of Web 2.0's transparency have highlighted the need for a new approach to capitalism. Looking around the world, we can witness the emergence of numerous new forms of enterprise that are part of a broader movement that we are calling change to a sustainable enterprise economy (SEE Change). This article details the broad outlines of the emerging shift, highlighting the new types of enterprise that constitute the SEE. First, we set the context in which business unusual is evolving, a context of “wicked problems”uncertainty, and sustainability problems. Then we provide an overview of new types of enterprises that are already emerging to cope with these changes, enterprises of the cloud (interlinked, web‐based enterprises that rely on the “cloud” of computers that store data such as social media, eBay, and Google). Next, we outline how such enterprises are permitting processes of dematerialization and “servicization” (the shift from product to services) to create new forms of enterprise that are less dependent on physical resources. From here, we explore what we term enterprise unusual, corporations that incorporate pro‐social goals into their very essence, for example, for‐benefit corporations, the B Corporation, and conscious capitalism companies, along with a few entities that are shaping their product development along the lines of biomimicry. All of this change, we argue, has created a blurring of sector boundaries evidenced in the rapid emergence of social enterprise, of which explore a variety of types, and what is being called the fourth sector, where business purpose and pro‐social activity are combined.
Can Businesses Be Too Good? Applying Susan Wolf's “Moral Saints” to Businesses
Authors: SPURGIN EARL
Published: September 2011

Susan Wolf famously argues that moral sainthood is not an ideal for which persons should aim because it requires one to cultivate moral virtues to the exclusion of significant, nonmoral interests, and skills. I find Wolf's argument compelling in her context of persons, and seek to demonstrate that it remains so when the context is expanded to businesses. I argue that just as moral perfection precludes individuals from challenging societal norms and traditions in ways that benefit us, moral perfection prevents businesses from challenging norms and traditions in ways that can promote positive social change. I also describe, and respond to, three possible objections to my position, most notably the claim that businesses' greater social power justifies demanding moral perfection from them even though we should not demand moral perfection from persons.
Epigenetic Vestiges of Early Developmental Adversity: Childhood Stress Exposure and DNA Methylation in Adolescence
Authors: Essex Marilyn J. , Thomas Boyce W. , Hertzman Clyde , Lam Lucia L. , Armstrong Jeffrey M. , Neumann Sarah M. A. , Kobor Michael S.
Published: September 2011

Fifteen‐year‐old adolescents (N = 109) in a longitudinal study of child development were recruited to examine differences in DNA methylation in relation to parent reports of adversity during the adolescents’ infancy and preschool periods. Microarray technology applied to 28,000 cytosine–guanine dinucleotide sites within DNA derived from buccal epithelial cells showed differential methylation among adolescents whose parents reported high levels of stress during their children’s early lives. Maternal stressors in infancy and paternal stressors in the preschool years were most strongly predictive of differential methylation, and the patterning of such epigenetic marks varied by children’s gender. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of prospective associations between adversities in early childhood and the epigenetic conformation of adolescents’ genomic DNA.
Co-National and Cosmopolitan Obligations towards Foreigners
Authors: Lee Ambrose
Published: September 2011

This article specifically argues against those who think that, by appealing to Thomas Hurka's argument for co-national obligations in his ‘The Justification of National Partiality’, these co-national obligations take priority over certain cosmopolitan obligations towards foreigners, when the shared history of the co-nationals is (a) a history of shared suffering, (b) a shared history of mutual benefit or (c) a shared history of jointly benefiting others. I shall argue that if this is the case, then Hurka's account surprisingly gives us a reason to fulfil our cosmopolitan obligations towards foreigners first before fulfilling our special obligations towards co-nationals.
Aging, Factor Returns, and Immigration Policy
Authors: Calahorrano Lena , Lorz Oliver
Published: September 2011

Immigration has various economic and non‐economic effects on the destination country's inhabitants. In this paper, we focus on the impact of immigration on factor returns and analyze how aging affects immigration policy, employing a dynamic political‐economy model of representative democracy. Aging, that is, a decline in the growth rate of the native population, has an expansionary effect on immigration in this framework. This immigration effect may even overcompensate the initial contraction of the labor force. We show that the immigration rate in the representative democracy equilibrium exceeds the immigration rate that would maximize welfare of current and future generations, and we also discuss the influence of social security on immigration policy.
Subjective well‐being and aggregate unemployment: further evidence
Authors: Ochsen Carsten
Published: September 2011

According to the literature, individual well‐being is negatively related to aggregate unemployment. This study examines whether the distribution of aggregate unemployment by duration affects well‐being, in addition to the level of unemployment. Different explanations are provided to indicate how the shares of short‐term (up to 3 months) and long‐term (more than 1 year) unemployed people could affect the well‐being of the employed and unemployed. Using data from almost 300,000 individuals from 11 EU countries, we find significant effects of both shares on life satisfaction. Among the unemployed, for example, we find a U‐shaped effect of the distribution of aggregate unemployment by duration on subjective well‐being, which compensates to some extent for the negative effect of the unemployment rate.
Digging into data with graphics
Authors: Bradstreet Thomas E. , Palcza John S.
Published: September 2011

Data from a cough challenge study are displayed with dot charts to demonstrate the importance of graphs in understanding data, principles of graph construction and visual perception. The data are available for use in the classroom.
Updating formulae for the sample covariance and correlation
Authors: Hayes Kevin
Published: September 2011

This article provides an easy derivation of updating formulae for the sample covariance and, by extension, for the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient.
Does Increasing Parents’ Schooling Raise the Schooling of the Next Generation? Evidence Based on Conditional Second Moments*
Authors: Farré Lídia , Klein Roger , Vella Francis
Published: September 2011

This article investigates the degree of intergenerational transmission of education for individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Rather than identifying the causal effect of parental education via instrumental variables we exploit the feature of the transmission mechanism responsible for its endogeneity. More explicitly, we assume the intergenerational transfer of unobserved ability is invariant to the economic environment. This, combined with the heteroskedasticity resulting from the interaction of unobserved ability with socioeconomic factors, identifies the causal effect. We conclude that the observed intergenerational educational correlation reflects both a causal parental educational effect and a transfer of unobserved ability.
The impact ofguanxinetworks on the employment relations of rural migrant women in contemporary China
Authors: Zhang Nana
Published: September 2011

Based on qualitative data collected from Beijing, Shantou and 30 villages in Hebei and Henan with rural women migrants, their family members and employers, this article examines howguanxinetworks influence rural migrant women's employment relations, and how they are exploited by their employers throughguanxi. Research onguanxioften demonstrates its positive side, whereas this article examines the other side ofguanxi—the abuse of such connections in the process of employment relations.
From Los Angeles to Shanghai: Testing the Applicability of Five Urban Paradigms
Authors: LIU CATHY YANG
Published: September 2011

This article gauges the applicability of five urban paradigms derived from the urban experience of the Western world, especially from that of Los Angeles, to the urban realities of an East Asian city: Shanghai, China. The five metaphors — world city, cyber city, dual city, hybrid city and sustainable city — are each examined against Shanghai's urban context. The findings are that for Shanghai, and probably other East Asian cities, world city can be modified to mega city or globalizing city to denote a process of becoming; cyber city is more applicable to the physical networks connecting people, goods and information, although a ubiquitous virtual space is also emerging; a dual city and social segmentation exist on three scales: intra‐urban, local–global, and local–national; the hybrid city and sustainable city have been less of a concern in the past, but are gaining importance. Finally, given the significant role governments play in these cities, the notion of the developmentalist state is introduced. This broadened urban framework explicitly takes into account urban experiences in the East Asian context, and further extends the scope of comparative urban theorization and analysis, both spatially and temporally beyond the Western world.

Cet article évalue dans quelle mesure cinq paradigmes urbains nés de l'expérience de la ville dans le monde occidental, notamment celle de Los Angeles, sont applicables aux réalités urbaines d'une ville d'Asie orientale, à savoir Shanghai. Tour à tour, les cinq métaphores — ville mondiale, ville cybernétique, ville duale, ville hybride et ville durable — sont analysées en fonction du contexte urbain de Shanghai. D'après les résultats, dans le cas de Shanghai et sans doute d'autres villes est‐asiatiques, la ville mondiale peut être remplacée par la mégacité, ou la ville en voie de mondialisation pour marquer un processus en marche; la ville cybernétique s'applique mieux aux réseaux matériels qui relient individus, biens et informations, même si un espace virtuel généralisé est aussi en train de naître; la ville duale et la segmentation sociale existent dans trois dimensions: intra‐urbaine, locale‐mondiale et locale‐nationale; la ville hybride et la ville durable suscitaient peu d'intérêt dans le passé, mais elles gagnent de l'importance. Pour finir, les gouvernements jouant un rôle considérable dans ces villes, la notion d'État développementaliste est présentée. Ce cadre de référence urbain élargi prend explicitement en compte les expériences urbaines dans le contexte est‐asiatique, et repousse au‐delà du monde occidental les limites de la théorisation et de l'analyse urbaines comparatives, à la fois aux plans spatial et temporel.
Gene by environment interactions influencing reading disability and the inattentive symptom dimension of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Rosenberg Jenni , Pennington Bruce F. , Willcutt Erik G. , Olson Richard K.
Published: September 2011

Background:  Reading disability (RD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are comorbid and genetically correlated, especially the inattentive dimension of ADHD (ADHD‐I). However, previous research indicates that RD and ADHD enter into opposite gene by environment (G × E) interactions.

Methods:  This study used behavioral genetic methods to replicate these opposite G × E interactions in a sample of same‐sex monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC; DeFries et al., 1997) and to test a genetic hypothesis for why these opposite interactions occur.

Results:  We replicated opposite G × E interactions for RD (bioecological) and ADHD‐I (diathesis‐stress) with parental education in the same sample of participants. The genetic hypothesis for this opposite pattern of interactions is that only genes specific to each disorder enter into these opposite interactions, not the shared genes underlying their comorbidity. To test this hypothesis, we used single models with an exploratory three‐way interaction, in which the G × E interactions for each disorder were moderated by comorbidity. Neither three‐way interaction was significant. The heritability of RD did not vary as a function of parental education and ADHD‐I. Similarly, the heritability of ADHD‐I did not vary as a function of parental education and RD.

Conclusions:  We documented opposite G × E interactions in RD and ADHD‐I in the same overall twin sample, but the explanation for this apparent paradox remains unclear. Examining specific genes and more specific environmental factors may help resolve the paradox.
Autistic symptoms in childhood arrestees: longitudinal association with delinquent behavior
Authors: Geluk Charlotte A.M.L. , Jansen Lucres M.C. , Vermeiren Robert , Doreleijers Theo A.H. , van Domburgh Lieke , de Bildt Annelies , Twisk Jos W.R. , Hartman Catharina A.
Published: September 2011

Background:  To compare childhood arrestees with matched comparison groups on levels of autistic symptoms and to assess the unique predictive value of autistic symptoms for future delinquent behavior in childhood arrestees.

Methods:  Childhood first‐time arrestees (n = 308, baseline age 10.7 ± 1.5 years) were followed up for 2 years. Autistic symptoms, externalizing disorders and delinquent behavior were assessed yearly. Childhood arrestees were compared on autistic symptoms with matched (age, gender) general population and clinical autism spectrum disorder samples. The predictive value of autistic symptoms for delinquent behavior was analyzed using generalized estimating equations.

Results:  At each assessment, levels of autistic symptoms in childhood arrestees were in between levels found in the general population and autism spectrum disorder samples. Autistic symptoms were positively associated with delinquent behavior in childhood arrestees, even after adjustment for externalizing disorders: IRR (incidence rate ratio) 1.23; 95% CI 1.11–1.36 and IRR 1.29; 95% CI 1.15–1.45 for core autistic symptoms and total symptom score, respectively.

Conclusions:  Autistic symptoms are more prevalent in childhood arrestees compared to the general population and are uniquely associated with future delinquent behavior. Attention should, therefore, be given to the possible presence of autism related symptomatology in these children. Implications for diagnostic assessment and intervention need further investigation.
Organizational differences in early child health care – mothers’ and nurses’ experiences of the services
Authors: Magnusson Margaretha , Lagerberg Dagmar , Sundelin Claes
Published: September 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 161–168

Organizational differences in early child health care – Mothers’ and nurses’ experiences of the services

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate parents’ and nurses’ perceptions of the child health services (CHS) in relation to whether the nurse worked exclusively with children (focused‐child health centre, CHC) vs. with people of all ages (mixed‐CHC).

Method:  Information about parents’ perceptions about the CHS was acquired by a questionnaire intended for the mothers of 18‐month‐old children. One thousand thirty‐nine answered in the baseline 2002–2003 and 996 in the follow‐up 2004–2005. The nurses answered a special questionnaire aimed to obtain knowledge about their satisfaction with their work. Eighteen CHCs were chosen from the county of Uppsala and eighteen from other Swedish counties. The CHCs were chosen from areas with poor psycho‐social status. The data were collected by questionnaires to mothers and nurses, and the analysis used the chi‐square test, t‐test and logistic regression. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the universities involved.

Results:  Mothers were more satisfied, and the nurses found their work tasks easier, at CHCs where the child health nurse worked exclusively with children, compared with mothers and nurses belonging to CHCs where the nurses provided care to people of all ages.

Conclusion:  The findings indicated that nurses working exclusively with children, being able to concentrate their time and knowledge on a specialized field, develop a more solid child health competence. There are strong reasons to consider introducing ‘exclusive’ CHCs in psycho‐socially vulnerable areas, which would probably make the services more effective. However, intensified education may modify the drawbacks of mixed‐CHCs.
Demographics of apheresis platelet donors in five blood centers in China
Authors: Guo Nan , Wang Jingxing , Ness Paul , Yao Fuzhu , Dong Xiangdong , Bi Xinhong , Mei Heili , Li Julin , He Weilan , Lu Yunlai , Ma Hongli , Wen Xiuqiong , Huang Mei , Liu Jing , Wright David J. , Shan Hua ,   NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II), International Component
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND: Blood component donations by apheresis has become more common in modern blood transfusion practices. However, apheresis donation still remains less common in China. This study describes the demographic profile and transfusion‐transmissible infection (TTI) prevalence among donors making apheresis platelet (AP) donations compared to those making whole blood (WB) donations and the differences among five geographically diverse blood centers in China.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a descriptive study using data from all successful donations at the five blood centers in 2008 and 2009. Donor demographic and TTI screening reactive rates were collected for WB and AP donations and blood centers. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with AP donations.

RESULTS: From January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2009, there were 512,594 WB and 26,199 AP donations at five blood centers. AP donations accounted for 4.9% of all donations. AP donations have lower reactive rate than WB donations for hepatitis B virus surface antigen, hepatitis C virus antibodies, human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, and syphilis screening testing. Males, donors older than 25 years old, non‐Han donors, and donors with below high school educational level were more likely to make AP donations. The characteristics of AP donations differed among the five Chinese blood centers.

CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that the characteristics of AP donations in China are different from WB donations and differ among the five Chinese blood centers. Some of the differences are likely due to different recruitment policies. Further studies should be conducted to understand what motivates Chinese blood donors to participate as AP donors.
Randi Weingarten, the American Federation of Teachers, and the Challenges of Policy Leadership in a Hostile Environment
Authors: Kearney Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Randi Weingarten is the president of the most vocal and influential teachers’ union, the American Federation of Teachers. Since rising through the ranks to AFT president in just two years, Weingarten is now a major, if not the most prominent, nongovernmental player in national education policy. She has earned deep respect from many educational policy actors. Likewise, Weingarten elicits withering criticism from others. This fascinating profile explains why, in such a brief period, she has proved to be a fierce, fearless, and effective leader under extraordinarily difficult circumstances. Her experience offers invaluable lessons applicable for others working in similarly intense policy arenas.
Understanding Leadership in Public Administration: The Biographical Approach
Authors: Lambright W. Henry , Quinn Madison M.
Published: September 2011

This essay reviews the range of literature that uses a biographical approach to probe leadership in public administration. What are the variations in this approach? What have we learned? What should be done in the future? The genre is examined through several books and articles that have studied agency leaders and government departments.
The Finnish Luther: Reflections from a Buddhist Perspective
Authors: Fredericks James L.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The author argues that the debate regarding the “Finnish Luther” can be illuminated by the rhetoric of merit of Shinran, the founder of the Jōdoshinshū sect of Japanese Buddhism. Tuomo Mannermaa and his colleagues have argued that Luther's doctrine of justification has more in common with the Orthodox doctrine of theosis than the theology of forensic justification of subsequent Lutheran theologians. In faith, the sinner undergoes an existential transformation due to the ontological indwelling of Christ. Both Luther and Shinran begin with similar starting points: the unbridgeable chasm between the sinner and the savior. In Shinran, this sets in motion an affirmation of the existential transformation of the sinner. Shinran's Buddhist rhetoric of merit, therefore, lends plausibility to this interpretation of Luther.
Holy Movement and Holy Place: Christian Pilgrimage and the Hajj
Authors: Taylor Robin M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  This article uses a comparative theological model to explore the concept of pilgrimage—holy movement and holy place. It examines Christian pilgrimage exemplified by John Paul II's pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 2000 and Islamic pilgrimage exemplified by the Hajj. It then re‐visions Christian pilgrimage by suggesting how three features of the Hajj (danger and hardship, ritual nature, and gathering) can be used to deepen the Christian experience and understanding of pilgrimage.
Doing Dialogue Interreligiously
Authors: Tyagananda Swami
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The essay explores the motives for dialogue, the conditions for a meaningful dialogue, and the benefits of a successful dialogue in order to understand the significance of doing interreligious dialogue interreligiously.
Arrhythmia Detection after Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Value of Incremental Monitoring Time
Authors: MULDER ANTON A.W. , WIJFFELS MAURITS C.E.F. , WEVER ERIC F.D. , KELDER JOHANNES C. , BOERSMA LUCAS V.A.
Published: September 2011

Background:
 After pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), patients need to be followed to analyze the effect of the treatment. We evaluated the influence of the duration of Holter monitoring on the detection of arrhythmia recurrences after a single PVI at 12 months.

Methods:
 Consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent successful PVI with phased radiofrequency and pulmonary vein ablation catheter. Follow‐up was performed with electrocardiogram at 3, 6, and 12 months and 7‐day Holter at 12 months. Symptomatic patients received additional event recording. The 7‐day Holters at 12 months were evaluated for documented left atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrences, and each individual day with AF was categorized.

Results:
 At 12 months after the procedure, 21 of the 96 (22%) patients had AF on their 7‐day Holter. In the patients with AF recurrence, there was an increase in sensitivity from 53% of a 1‐day Holter up to 88% with 4‐day Holter, and 100% of a 7‐day Holter. Monitoring with duration of less than 4 days resulted in significantly less detection of patients with AF compared to 7‐day Holter.

Conclusions:
 A 4‐day Holter at 12 months has an 88% sensitivity for arrhythmia detection, and appears to provide a sufficient monitoring time. Prolonging the monitoring time to 7 days does not significantly increase the yield. PACE 2012; 35:164–169)
Haiti, Insecurity, and the Politics of Asylum
Authors: James Erica Caple
Published: September 2011

In this article, I seek to show how states of insecurity provoked by ongoing social, economic, and political ruptures in Haiti can disorder individual subjectivity and generate the flight of individuals seeking asylum within and across borders. Nongovernmental actors working in Haiti and with Haitians in the diaspora frequently managed the long‐term psychosocial effects of insecurity. Their interventions can range from repressive to compassionate and influence the formation of identity and the embodied experiences of trauma for vulnerable Haitians. The case of a young Haitian refugee who was repatriated to Haiti from the United States in the 1990s demonstrates how insecurity is both an existential state reflecting the disordering of embodied experience, as well as a collective sociopolitical condition the effects of which cannot be managed or contained within national borders. The case is emblematic of the plight of thousands of Haitians affected by the January 12, 2010, earthquake.[Haiti, insecurity, asylum, trauma, disaster]
Molecular mechanisms controlling CFTR gene expression in the airway
Authors: Zhang Zhaolin , Ott Christopher J. , Lewandowska Marzena A. , Leir Shih‐Hsing , Harris Ann
Published: September 2011

The low levels of CFTR gene expression and paucity of CFTR protein in human airway epithelial cells are not easily reconciled with the pivotal role of the lung in cystic fibrosis pathology. Previous data suggested that the regulatory mechanisms controlling CFTR gene expression might be different in airway epithelium in comparison to intestinal epithelium where CFTR mRNA and protein is much more abundant. Here we examine chromatin structure and modification across the CFTR locus in primary human tracheal (HTE) and bronchial (NHBE) epithelial cells and airway cell lines including 16HBE14o‐ and Calu3. We identify regions of open chromatin that appear selective for primary airway epithelial cells and show that several of these are enriched for a histone modification (H3K4me1) that is characteristic of enhancers. Consistent with these observations, three of these sites encompass elements that have cooperative enhancer function in reporter gene assays in 16HBE14o‐ cells. Finally, we use chromosome conformation capture (3C) to examine the three‐dimensional structure of nearly 800 kb of chromosome 7 encompassing CFTR and observe long‐range interactions between the CFTR promoter and regions far outside the locus in cell types that express high levels of CFTR.
Viral genetic determinants in SIVsmmPBj pathogenesis
Authors: Novembre Francis J. , Saucier M. Michelle , Hirsch Vanessa M. , Johnson Philip R. , McClure Harold M.
Published: September 2011

A variant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sooty mangabeys, SIVsmmPBj, induces an acutely lethal disease in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). This study further characterizes the viral genetic determinants involved in this acutely lethal disease. We have generated chimeric molecular clones constructed between SIVsmmPBj and either SIVsmH4 or SIVsmm9 to analyze the role of the 5′ half of the genome and the envelope gene in the induction of acute disease. These studies suggest that the gag and gp40 of SIVsmmPBj are required for the development of lethal disease, and an additional determinant in the central regulatory gene region of the SIVsmmPBj genome is also required.