bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Topics in Primate Socioendocrinology
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B. , Ziegler Toni E.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Socioendocrinology is the study of the effect of the social environment on the interactions between hormones and behavior. Individuals have evolved a physiological flexibility that enables them to respond to their social surroundings in a manner that maximizes reproductive success. We present evidence that (a) males who have evolved to participate in infant care have different endocrine profiles around offspring from males who have not evolved to regularly participate in infant care, (b) the energetic costs of reproduction in both males and females creates conditions conducive to elevated levels of both stress and sex hormones, (c) adolescent subfecundity among females evolved as a mechanism fostering mate choice, (d) some primate species are probably facultative ovulators, and (e) endocrine suppression of subordinate males probably does not contribute to delayed onset of reproduction but does contribute to reduced access to females, which hampers progeny production. Hormones and behavior are inextricably intertwined in a feedback relationship that regulates each other.
Variation in Human Body Size and Shape
Authors: Ruff Christopher
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Evolutionary trends in human body form provide important context for interpreting variation among modern populations. Average body mass in living humans is smaller than it was during most of the Pleistocene, possibly owing to technological improvements during the past 50,000 years that no longer favored large body size. Sexual dimorphism in body size reached modern levels at least 150,000 years ago and probably earlier. Geographic variation in both body size and shape in earlier humans paralleled latitudinal clines observed today. Climatic adaptation is the most likely primary cause for these gradients, overlain in more recent populations by nutritional effects on growth. Thus, to distinguish growth disturbances, it is necessary to partition out the (presumably genetic) long-term differences in body form between populations that have resulted from climatic selection. An example is given from a study of Inupiat children, using a new index of body shape to assess relative body mass.
The Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup Tree: Nomenclature and Phylogeography of Its Major Divisions
Authors: Hammer Michael F. , Zegura Stephen L.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  In this review we discuss the recent construction of a highly resolved tree of the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY), and the development of a cladistic nomenclatural system to name the resulting haplogroups. This phylogenetic gene tree comprises 18 major haplogroups that are defined by 48 binary polymorphisms. We also present results from a phylogeographic analysis of NRY haplogroups in a global sample of 2007 males, as well as from a regional study focusing on Siberia (n = 902). We use the following statistical techniques to explicate our presentation: analysis of molecular variance, multidimensional scaling, comparative measures of genetic diversity, and phylogeography-based frequency distributions. Our global results, based on the 18 major haplogroups, are similar to those from previous analyses employing additional markers and support the hypothesis of an African origin of human NRY diversity. Although Africa exhibits greater divergence among haplogroups, Asia contains the largest number of major haplogroups (N = 15). The multidimensional scaling analysis plot indicates that the Americas, Africa, and East Asia are outliers, whereas the rest of the world forms a large central cluster. According to our new global-level analysis of molecular variance, 43% of the total variance of NRY haplogroups is attributable to differences among populations (i.e., ΦST = 0.43). The Siberian regional analysis of 62 binary markers exhibits nonrandom associations between geographically restricted NRY haplogroups and language families. We conclude with a list of typing recommendations for laboratories that wish to use the Y chromosome as a tool to investigate questions of anthropological interest.
ENGAGING TRADITION IN MODERN ARAB POETICS
Authors: Al-Musawi Muhsin Jassim
Published: September 2002

The modernist movement in Arabic literature develops its own poetics, especially pertaining to poetry, in dialogue with both the Arab literary legacy and modernity in its Western manifestations. In the face of many challenges after the Second World War, poets felt the need for a poetics of regeneration, a mythical method that could superimpose a totalizing vision on a seemingly dying land and civilization. T. S. Eliot's writings on tradition and his use of myth drew attention to pre-Islamic mythology, especially in its Babylonian and Phoenician manifestations. Tradition was manipulated, as well, in search of its dynamic impulse for innovation and change. Both al-Ma'arrī and al-Mutanabbī were re-discovered beyond their other attributes. Both foreshadow the modernist impulse for change, dissent, thought, reason and morality. Both make high claims for poetry. Although modern poets developed different commemorative strategies, recollection undergoes re-tailoring in view of each poet's commitment at a certain time. This essay discusses these strategies under four headings: Dialogization, Dedications, Exilic Space, Textual Apprenticeship.
Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Using Brookite Nanoparticle TiO2 Films as Electrodes
Authors: Jiang Ke-Jian , Kitamura Takayuki , Yin Hegbo , Ito Seigo , Yanagida Shozo
Published: September 2002

Mesoporous brookite-based TiO2 films, consisting of a certain amount of anatase, with thickness of about 2 and 5 μm were prepared by dip coating and screen printing techniques, respectively. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on both of these mesoporous brookite films using as electrodes, showed that the conversion efficiency of 2.6% and 4.1%, respectively.
Synthesis of Highly Ordered Long-range Lamellar Silica Composites
Authors: Xu An-Wu
Published: September 2002

Highly ordered long-range lamellar silica was prepared using silicone surfactant as the template. Lamellar silica has the largest lattice constant known for layered materials reported to date. The results show that silicone surfactants with flexible siloxane chain favor the formation of these unusual lamellar structures.
Arylated Mono- and Bifunctional 2-Aminothiophenes and 2-Aminothiazoles as a New Class of Hole Transport Materials
Authors: Kanitz Andreas , Schumann Jörg , Scheffel Marcus , Rajoelson Sambatra , Rogler Wolfgang , Hartmann Horst , Rohde Dirk
Published: September 2002

By using the well-known Hantzsch method and starting from some mono- and bifunctional aryl-substituted thioureas, thioacetamides, and bromoketones several new aryl-substituted 2-aminothiazoles and 2-aminothiophenes have been prepared and tested as hole transport materials for OLEDs.
Cyclohexynes. Generation from Iodonium Salts and Regioselective Reaction with Nucleophile
Authors: Fujita Morifumi , Sakanishi Yuichi , Kim Wan Hyeok , Okuyama Tadashi
Published: September 2002

Cyclohexynes are effectively generated by treatment of cyclohex-1-enyliodonium salts with a mild base such as acetate and fluoride ion in chloroform. Regioselectivity of the nucleophilic addition of acetate ion to cyclohexynes depends on the 4-substituent.
Photocrosslinkable Polymers with Redissolution Property
Authors: Shirai Masamitsu , Kawaue Akiya , Okamura Haruyuki , Tsunooka Masahiro
Published: September 2002

Polymers having both thermally degradable epoxy-containing moieties and sulfonic acid ester moieties in the side chain were prepared and characterized. On UV irradiation the polymer films containing photoacid generators became insoluble. The crosslinked polymer films became soluble in water after bake treatment at 120–200 °C.
Comparison of Computational Methods for Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions in the Enantiomeric Discrimination by Dimethyldiketopyridino-18-crown-6 Ether
Authors: Lee One-Sun , Hwang Sungu , Chung Doo Soo
Published: September 2002

The enantiomeric recognition of dimethyldiketopyridino-18-crown-6 ether toward chiral amines was studied by molecular dynamics, free energy perturbation, and quantum mechanical calculations. The enthalpic and entropic contributions were evaluated. It was shown that the entropic contribution to the enantioselectivity decreased when the amine guest is large and has more π–π interaction with the host molecule.
Perspectives on the U.S. Current Account Deficit and Sustainability
Authors: Mann Catherine L
Published: September 2002

This essay considers the underpinnings of the large U.S. current account deficit. It then tackles the question of whether the U.S. current account deficit is sustainable. A current account deficit is “sustainable” at a point in time if neither it, nor the associated foreign capital inflows, nor the negative net international investment position are large enough to induce significant changes in economic variables, such as consumption or investment or interest rates or exchange rates. Even if the current account deficit is sustainable by this definition today, its trajectory could still be creating future risks for the U.S. and global economy.
Craft
Authors: Denicola Alicia Ory
Published: January 2024

Steeped in ethnographic methodology and the ethical lessons of history, anthropology is a field well suited to study craft, and yet it is often a marginal area of study within the discipline. How have studies of craft been meaningful within the field of anthropology and how do ideas of craft—as object, idea, geography—work as discursive tools of meaning making? Craft works semiotically within larger contexts of meaning and culture. Looked at in this way, craft becomes a powerful indicator of social rupture. Asking why “craft” as we study certain types of labor allows us to see how people tell themselves, their places, and their identities through narratives of particular categories of work.
Appell, George N. (1926–2020)
Authors: Puri Rajindra K.
Published: January 2024

George N. Appell was an American anthropologist and philanthropist, known primarily as the ethnographer of the Rungus Momogan, a Dusunic‐speaking group of Sabah, Malaysia, and the founder of academic institutions, publications, and foundations to support anthropological research among Indigenous peoples in Borneo and elsewhere. In his efforts to find a more universal analytical framework, free from cultural bias, he reframed the concept of social grouping as
jural rights to property
. In moving away from kinship, and turning instead to customary law, land tenure, and property inheritance as fundamental to social structure, he made an important contribution to developing legal anthropology. This turn also had important impacts on Appell's advocacy for Rungus land and human rights, which initially led to a twenty‐three‐year ban on further research in Sabah, but then to a lifetime of institution building and fundraising in support of Rungus, Bornean, and, eventually, all Indigenous peoples' rights to land, language, and culture.
Hurston, Zora Neale (1901–60)
Authors: Zumwalt Rosemary Lévy
Published: January 2024

Zora Neale Hurston, folklorist and anthropologist, was born in the US South and studied at Barnard College and Columbia University with Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Gladys Reichard. She was a gifted fieldworker and captured the spirit of the spoken word in her numerous publications. She was widely acclaimed for the monograph
Mules and Men
and the novels
Their Eyes Were Watching God
and
Jonah's Gourd
. Unable to complete her graduate work at Columbia with Boas due to vagaries of her funding agency, despite being a Guggenheim Fellow, she died in poverty in Fort Pierce, Florida, and was buried in an unmarked grave, until Alice Walker erected a granite marker to give dignity to, as she had inscribed on the tombstone, “A Genius of the South.”
Pleistocene Weaponry
Authors: Milks Annemieke
Published: January 2024

Weaponry coevolved with the genus
Homo
, providing a means with which to actively hunt. This review of the evidence of the use of weapons in the Pleistocene traces the development from one‐piece wooden spears and throwing sticks through to innovative technologies such as harpoons and the bow. While hunting tools provide pathways for understanding subsistence strategies, they also are significant for mapping shifts in cognitive evolution, technological adaptions, social structures, and cultural learning.
Seligman, Charles G. (1873–1940)
Authors: Kuper Adam
Published: January 2024

Trained as a medical doctor, Seligman took part in the Torres Strait Expedition (1898–99) under the leadership of Alfred Haddon and William H. R. Rivers, an experience that determined his decision to make a career in anthropology. His wife, Brenda Zara Salaman, collaborated in Seligman's later field studies and soon began to publish anthropological essays in her own right. Together the couple made field expeditions to the Veddas of Ceylon and to the Anglo‐Egyptian Sudan. Like his mentor Rivers, Seligman was converted to diffusionism and he developed diffusionist theories of cultural development in the South Seas and Sudan.
Nearchos (Nearchus)
Authors: Bucciantini Veronica
Published: January 2024

Nearchos was Alexander the Great's admiral and boyhood friend. In 325bceafter descending the plain of the Indian rivers, he sailed again from the mouth of the Indus westwards to the mouth of the Euphrates. Nearchos’ account is handed down indirectly in the second part of Arrian'sIndica.
Timoleon
Authors: Fornis César , Domínguez Víctor Sánchez
Published: January 2024

Timoleon (ca. 410–ca. 335
bce
) was a Corinthian aristocrat and general who, with his campaigns against the Carthaginians and the Greek tyrants of Sicily in the third quarter of the fourth century
bce
, based on the principle of freedom of the cities, decisively changed the geopolitical, social, and economic configuration of the island, which from then on enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity. The main sources (Diodorus, Nepos, and Plutarch) are late and present contradictions, but coincide in their hagiographic character, derived from the lost work of Timaeus of Tauromenium.
Palaces, Hellenistic
Authors: Kopsacheili Maria
Published: January 2024

By “Hellenistic palace” modern scholarship refers to those royal residences located in capital cities of the Hellenistic states. The term is the equivalent of
basileion
or
regia
in the Greek and Latin texts. The basileion is a mega‐structure with interconnected buildings used for the operation of the royal court as well as open space, such as courtyards, corridors, and gardens. The term “palace” is also used conventionally for a building compound that imitates and adapts the architecture of the royal residences on a smaller scale. The archaeological and textual evidence for Hellenistic palaces spans the extremities of the Hellenistic world from the Greek mainland to Bactria and from Bosphorus to the Syropalestine.
Trimalchio
Authors: Vannini Giulio
Published: January 2024

Trimalchio, a rich freedman in Petronius’
Satyrica
, is the central character in the longest preserved episode, known as the “dinner of Trimalchio.” This episode is noted for its literary sophistication and portrayal of the historical wealth and status of freedmen under the Julio‐Claudian empire. It provides valuable insight into the language spoken by less‐cultured social classes, and descriptions of Trimalchio's house and tomb offer material for interpreting the Vesuvian area's material reality.
Court (imperial), Roman
Authors: Berenger Agnes
Published: January 2024

The imperial court, whose composition remained informal and was not legally defined, was made up of people of very varied status who had direct access to the person of the emperor. The emperor's attendants, who were very numerous, held highly specialised positions. Members of the elite of society, senators and knights, belonged to his close entourage and could act as advisors to the emperor.
Hieroglyphs
Authors: Manley Bill
Published: January 2024

Egyptian hieroglyphs are standard signs used to write the texts that accompany art in the temples and tombs of the ancient Egyptians. There is always an easy interaction between representational art and hieroglyphs, which should be understood as graphic design. However, the signs are not essentially pictographic and mostly write sounds in groups of one, two, or three consonants by means of a rebus. The emergence of writing and kingship in Egypt go hand in hand, and the fact that the earliest texts use the same writing principles maintained throughout the Pharaonic period suggests that writing in Egypt came about through a moment of invention. Few people outside the palace community and priesthood would actually be literate in hieroglyphs, rather using cursive developments of that script.
Inundation of the Nile
Authors: Espinel Andrés Diego
Published: January 2024

The Nile flood and its causes and consequences in Antiquity.
Karnak
Authors: Orel Sara E.
Published: January 2024

This article discusses the temples of Karnak, including the Great Temple of Amun, the temple of Mut, consort of Amun, and the war god Montu. The Amun temple dates from at least as early as the 11th Dynasty and has contributions by Egyptian kings to the end of pharaonic times. The temple, the richest in Egypt from the New Kingdom on, was elaborately decorated with statues, stelae, and the architecture, according to ancient texts, was adorned with copper, bronze, gold, and silver.
Literature and poetry, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Manley Bill
Published: January 2024

Egyptian literature of the Pharaonic period is a small corpus of no more than fifty texts, principally made up of: “instructions” or wisdom ascribed to named authors, who may be real people; fictional records of “ideal speaking” as a witness to truth; and stories about adventures and journeys of self‐discovery. The copies we have all date from the middle or late second millennium
bce
, after which there is a stark gap until the Ptolemaic period. The creative origins of these texts lie in traditional funerary inscriptions, especially structures and themes derived from the tomb biographies of palace officials.
Maiherpri
Authors: Ikram Salima
Published: January 2024

Maiherpri was a rare individual in owning a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in the New Kingdom. His close relations with the royal family, as attested by his titles, might be the reason for this. His fame is partly based on the fact that his well‐appointed tomb was found intact.
Ruler cult, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Manley Bill
Published: January 2024

The Egyptian kings’ temples and tombs are among the grandest religious structures ever created because the king was not merely one of the gods but the living incarnation of the creator, present on earth since the beginning of time. In turn the activities, commands, and deaths of kings were the spiritual axis of ancient Egyptian life, and the model for “treading the perfect paths” to the next life.
Clementia
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden
Published: January 2024

Clemency, pardoning a criminal or an enemy defeated on the battlefield, became an important political quality in the Late Roman Republic, especially in Julius Caesar's civil war propaganda. Subsequently, clemency was a quality advertised by most Roman emperors. During the High Empire, philosophers and poets celebrated clemency in private life; forgiving wrongdoers was superior to exacting even a just punishment. Early Christian writers used the Roman vocabulary of clemency to describe Christian mercy. Although personifications of Clementia appeared on coins, no sustained cult developed in the Roman world.
Felicitas
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden
Published: January 2024

Felicitas, the Roman embodiment of the good luck granted to virtuous men, brought martial and political success. During the Republic, Felicitas was claimed by Roman commanders celebrating the divine gift of good luck on the battlefield. With Augustus, Felicitas became part of the constellation of imperial virtues. The assimilation of Felicitas and Fortuna during the Roman Empire combined public felicity with fertility. The quality was personified on Roman coinage, appearing as a draped woman, standing, holding a caduceus and a cornucopia. Felicitas continued to represent divinely‐provided good fortune and fertility of the state for Christian writers.
Isis in Greece and Rome
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden
Published: January 2024

The cult of Isis, a goddess who protected rulers and brought fertility and prosperity, developed in Pharaonic Egypt and spread into the Mediterranean world beginning in the fifth century
bce
. Greek and Roman worshippers syncretized Isis with Demeter, Artemis, Aphrodite, and Fortuna. She was a creator goddess who extended mercy to worshippers and promised a happy afterlife to initiates. Her title “Great of Magic” was widespread. Numerous temples, private shrines, votive offerings, inscriptions, coins, and Greek and Latin literary sources demonstrate the popularity of the cult across the Roman empire, which lasted into the sixth century
ce
in places.
Mysteries
Authors: Ezquerra Jaime Alvar , Murcia Beatriz Pañeda
Published: January 2024

Ancient mystery cults have long been considered as a special type of religious practice within Greco‐Roman polytheism, defined by initiation rituals of individual and voluntary participation, the transmission of a secret knowledge and an implacable prohibition of disclosure, high levels of emotional arousal, and the promise of salvific benefits in this life and often also in the next. However, recent research has questioned the universal validity of this definition, pointing out that not all the cults described as mysteries (mystēria,teletē,orgia) in ancient evidence present these characteristics. From this perspective, it is necessary to free ourselves from Christian‐centric conceptions of mysteries to grasp the real diversity and significance of these practices within ancient Mediterranean religion.
Navigium Isidis
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden
Published: January 2024

The Navigium Isidis (Greek Ploiaphesia) was an annual festival in the cult of Isis marking the opening of the sailing season on March 5. A ship of the goddess was filled with offerings, carried in procession to the sea and accompanied by prayers for prosperous voyages and protection for sailors, set onto the water. Isis Pelagia, Pharia, or Euploia protected the worshipper on journeys and on the metaphorical rough seas of life. Apuleius provides a detailed description (
Met
. 11.5 and 11.16–17). The festival was celebrated from the first century
ce
to the sixth century
ce
.
Sistrum
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden
Published: January 2024

The
sistrum
was a hand‐held musical instrument used in religious and funerary rituals, beginning in the Egyptian Old Kingdom, and appearing in the Near East, Greece, and Rome.
Sistra
had a looped top that held rods bearing disks that rattled or chimed when shaken.
Sistra
were usually connected to the goddesses Isis and Hathor but appeared in other ancient cults as well.
Livius Salinator, Marcus (consul 219/207bce)
Authors: Brisson Pierre‐Luc
Published: January 2024

Marcus Livius Salinator (254bce–ca. 191bce) was a Roman general and statesman who defeated the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal at the battle of Metaurus in 207bce.
ASAM recommends higher doses if needed for treatment with buprenorphine
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2024

In a clear but measured and scientific dispute against standard practice today, the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) has called for an end to the standardization of doses of buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD). The recommendations, published in the Journal of Addiction Medicine, ASAM's flagship journal, note that doses should be optimal based on the individual needs of the patient. This was never in question within medical circles, including ASAM, but insurance policies and the tyranny of what is expected have led to suboptimal doses, both in the induction phase and the maintenance phase, of treatment.
Researchers: Drug destigmatization is actually exacerbating harm
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: January 2024

The co‐author of a widely shared article in which he argues that the move to destigmatize the use of hard drugs has gone too far said many field professionals have told him that he has aired concerns they have been afraid to voice.
Ligustilide, A Novel Senolytic Compound Isolated from the Roots of Angelica Acutiloba
Authors: Takaya Kento , Kishi Kazuo
Published: January 2024

Senescent cells accumulate with age and contribute to age‐related diseases and organ dysfunctions. Early evidence suggests that removal of senescent cells using senolytic drugs improves the aging phenotype in mice and may improve the health of individuals with chronic diseases. Signs of skin aging, including wrinkles, and sagging, occur largely due to the accumulation of senescent fibroblasts within the dermis; However, there is currently no skin treatment that eliminates senescent cells. In this study, human fibroblasts subjected to replicative aging and ionizing radiation exposure are used to screen plant extracts for potential senescent cell‐destructive and/or senescent cell‐forming activities. Angelica acutiloba—a traditional Chinese herbal medicine—selectively kills senescent cells without affecting the proliferating cells. Among the major components of this herb, ligustilide shows promising senescent cell‐destructive properties, and selectively eliminates senescent cells by inducing an apoptosis. Moreover, ligustilide markedly inhibits senescence‐associated secretory phenotypes. Administration of ligustilide to mouse skin eliminates senescent cells and increases dermal collagen density and subcutaneous adipose tissue content; it selectively promotes death of senescent cells without affecting non‐senescent cells. These results provide evidence that a natural compound—ligustilide—may exhibit therapeutic effects on the skin aging phenotype by specifically inducing apoptosis in senescent cells.
Realistic Chest X‐Ray Image Synthesis via Generative Network with Stochastic Memristor Array for Machine Learning‐Based Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Kim Namju , Oh Jungyeop , Kim Sungkyu , Cha Jun‐Hwe , Choi Junhwan , Im Sung Gap , Choi Sung‐Yool , Jang Byung Chul
Published: January 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has attracted tremendous interest in the medical community, from image analysis to lesion diagnosis. However, progress in medical AI is hampered by a lack of available medical image datasets and labor‐intensive labeling processes. Here, it is demonstrated that a large number of annotated, realistic chest X‐ray images can be generated using a state‐of‐the‐art generative adversarial network (GAN) that exploits noise produced by stochastic in‐memory computing of memristor crossbar arrays. Memristors based on polymer film with high thermal resistance can increase the stochasticity of the tunneling distance for randomly ruptured conductive filaments via excessive Joule heating, thus generating true random numbers required for creating naturally diverse images in GAN. Using StyleGAN2‐adaptive discriminator augmentation (ADA), high‐quality chest X‐ray images with and without pneumothorax are successfully augmented while maintaining a good Frechet inception distance score. The results provide a cost‐effective solution for preparing privacy‐sensitive medical images and labeling to develop innovative medical AI algorithms.
Multimodal Energy Generation and Intruder Sensing Platform via Aluminum Titanate/Poly‐Glucosamine Composite Film‐Based Hybrid Nanogenerators
Authors: Kurakula Anand , Graham Sontyana Adonijah , Paranjape Mandar Vasant , Manchi Punnarao , Kavarthapu Venkata Siva , Yu Jae Su
Published: January 2024

Recently, a new class of portable self‐powered electronic systems is developed that utilizes highly efficient hybrid nanogenerators that convert mechanical energy into electricity to power various sensors/small‐scale electronics. This article proposes aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) microparticles (AlT MPs) loaded poly‐glucosamine (PGA) composite film‐based high‐performance hybrid nanogenerators (HNG) employed as a self‐powered sensor for signal indication and as an intruder sensing platform. Initially, AlT MPs are synthesized and various concentrations are loaded into PGA. HNGs are fabricated using composite films/ polydimethylsiloxane, and Al as the positive/negative triboelectric layers and electrode film, respectively. The fabricated HNGs operate in the contact‐separation mode and their produced electrical outputs are comparatively studied to determine the most suitable AlT concentration. The optimized HNG produces the highest electrical output of ≈211 V, ≈5.5 µA, and 79.5 µC/m2. The optimized HNG is employed as a biomechanical energy harvester to scavenge energy from various biomechanical movements and power portable electronics utilizing the developed highly efficient power management circuit. Thereafter, multiple HNGs are utilized to fabricate a self‐powered wireless sensing system and real‐time intruder sensing platform. The proposed highly efficient HNG‐based self‐powered wireless sensing platform is a promising technology that can be used on a large scale in various applications.
Tracking the Endosomal Escape of Nanoparticles in Live Cells Using a Triplex‐Forming Oligonucleotide
Authors: Bhangu Sukhvir Kaur , Mummolo Liviana , Fernandes Soraia , Amodio Alessia , Radziwon Agata , Dyett Brendan , Savioli Marco , Mantri Nitin , Cortez‐Jugo Christina , Caruso Frank , Cavalieri Francesca
Published: January 2024

Nanoparticle‐mediated intracellular delivery of oligonucleotides is a complex phenomenon that depends on the architecture and the intracellular trafficking of the engineered nanoparticles. Unravelling the molecular arrangements of oligonucleotides within the nanoparticles as well as their intracellular behavior are essential for designing effective nucleic acid delivery systems. Herein, a simple and general strategy for probing the endosomal escape of nanoparticles carrying oligonucleotides in live cells is reported. A triplex‐forming oligonucleotide probe is designed to target the transcription factor, kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), in the cytosol of cells and to transduce the binding into a fluorescent Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal. The combined use of the triplex‐forming oligonucleotide probe and super‐resolution microscopy enables the elucidation of the morphology, intracellular localization, and endosomal escape of the oligonucleotide‐loaded nanoparticles on a molecular level and with nanoscale resolution. The co‐delivery of the FRET probe and mRNA in cells via lipid‐ and polymer‐ based nanoparticles allow simultaneous correlation of the endosomal escape properties of nanoparticles and gene expression efficiency.
Highly Flexible and Self‐Standing Covalent Organic Framework–Metal–Organic Framework (COF–MOF) Composite Crystalline Porous Material (CPM) Membrane for Molecular Separation
Authors: Ma Xi , Sun Nan , Li Zhiguo , Tong Minman , Ding Qun , Wang Zhaofeng , Bai Long , Dong Liangliang , Liu Yang
Published: January 2024

Crystalline porous materials (CPMs), including covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are promising materials for advanced separation technologies. However, the challenge of transforming nanoscale CPMs into large‐area functional membranes hinders their application in the membrane separation process. Herein, a self‐standing pure COF (TpPa‐1) nanofiber membrane with high crystallinity, good flexibility, excellent mechanical properties, and scalability is prepared using an electrospinning process and polymer sacrificial template strategy. Subsequently, the COF nanofiber membrane is innovatively used to replace traditional inorganic discs, metal meshes, and polymer membranes as porous supports, and the COF–MOF composite CPM membrane is prepared through the tailorable and confined growth of zeolite imidazolium salt frame‐8 (ZIF‐8) on the surface of the COF membrane and in the gaps of the COF nanofibers. The COF–MOF composite membrane exhibits excellent permeability and significantly enhances separation selectivity for organic dyes. Moreover, MOF and COF form an interpenetrating network structure, and their similar chemical properties improve the interfacial stability between the two phases, giving the COF–MOF composite membrane good long‐term separation performance. This is the first self‐standing composite CPM membrane with excellent molecular sieving performance, which provides new insights into the design of high‐performance and robust composite membranes.
Amplification of Light‐Induced Helix Inversion of Intrinsically Chiral Diarylethene Molecular Switches
Authors: Hou Jiaxin , Wang Jinghao , Ryabchun Alexander , Feringa Ben L.
Published: January 2024

Photonics and tunable optics are rapidly developing fields that require materials with programmable properties and advanced functionalities. Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) are unique materials that exhibit selective light reflection and can be tuned using stimuli‐responsive small organic molecules. The challenge lies in designing molecules that can convert external signals, such as light, into dynamic and invertible chiral states, which can be transduced to the CLC supramolecular structures inducing large differences in helicity and eventually to macroscopic properties. Here, novel intrinsically chiral phenanthrene‐based diarylethenes as light‐responsive chiral dopants for controlling the supramolecular helical architectures of CLCs are introduced. The substitution pattern and light‐invertible axial chirality of these diarylethenes make them highly compatible with liquid crystals and provide high twisting power. The light‐induced cyclization and molecular chirality transformation result in a wide tunability of the cholesteric helix pitch (reflection colors) and reversible inversion of helical handedness. These findings provide a powerful tool for controlling and manipulating the macroscopic properties of CLCs, opening new avenues for a range of applications, including diffractive optics and photonics, anticounterfeiting tags, and displays.
Exploration of Ultrasound‐Sensitive Biomaterials in Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Yang Yuqi , Liang Huazheng , Tang Chun , Cheng Yuan , Cheng Liang
Published: January 2024

Cancer is a serious health problem to be solved. With the development of biomaterials, enhanced diagnostic and controllable therapeutic strategies for cancer have emerged, revealing encouraging results with a promising future. Due to its outstanding tissue penetration and controllability, along with a series of bioeffects on tissues, ultrasound (US), as a common medical technology, has been regarded as an effective tool against cancer, and its use has promoted the exploration of US‐sensitive biomaterials. In this review, the bioeffects of US are first introduced and then the main US‐sensitive biomaterials (containing cavitation nuclei, sonosensitizers, and US‐responsive macromolecular systems) used to treat cancer, followed by a summary of several applications based on US‐sensitive biomaterials, from diagnosis to therapy. Finally, the emerging challenges in this field that need to be overcome are highlighted. This review reports the progress of US‐sensitive biomaterials, providing new possibilities in cancer theranostics and thus benefiting patients.
Conformal Fixation Strategies and Bioadhesives for Soft Bioelectronics
Authors: Park Jaejin , Kim Hyun Woo , Lim Selin , Yi Hoon , Wu Zhongyuan , Kwon In Gyu , Yeo Woon‐Hong , Song Enming , Yu Ki Jun
Published: January 2024

Flexible wearable and implantable devices are contributing to the healthcare field by enabling intuitive interfaces with the tissues of human body through their thin form factors, which enable more accurate monitoring of signals and effective delivery of therapy. The development of such devices is accompanied with an increasing interest in strategies and technologies for conformally fixing and adhering flexible biomedical devices in place to acquire high‐quality biosignals over a long period, even with the subtle movements of the target. Owing to the various mechanical properties and wet or dynamic environments of human tissues, it is necessary to use different adhesion strategies that consider the biocompatibility and cohesive properties for each case. This paper provides an in‐depth analysis of recent bio‐adhesives technologies and their practical applications in the healthcare field by classifying them into: 1) Conventional Fixation, 2) Mechanical Fixation, and 3) Chemical Adhesion, based on the mechanism, and 4) Functional Adhesion and 5) Biomimetic Adhesion, based on the unique properties. Furthermore, the principles and detailed mechanisms of each adhesion strategy based on the design and characteristics of the bioadhesives are thoroughly reviewed to provide valuable insights and an overall summary of the prospects and challenges of future bioadhesives technology.
Occlusal Architecture of the Buried Interface Enables Record‐Efficiency Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules with Enhanced In‐Plane Bending Mechanical Endurance
Authors: Zhang Cuiling , He Mingzhu , Wu Shaohang , Gao Yanyan , Ma Mengen , Liu Chong , Mai Yaohua
Published: January 2024

Flexible perovskite photovoltaic cells (f‐PPCs) have demonstrated enormous potential in portable electronics due to the high power‐to‐weight ratio characteristic in outdoor and indoor ambient environment. However, the inherent mechanical endurance of f‐PPCs remains a major concern. Inspired by industrial strong adhesion coatings, herein, a porous nanoparticle layer is inserted into the buried interface of the perovskite layer to regulate the interfacial adhesion with a smooth hole transporting layer (HTL). As a result, the f‐PPCs realizes retaining over 80% of original efficiency after 2000 in‐plane bending cycles with the narrow radius of 4 mm. Furthermore, a certified record efficiency of 20.20% is achieved for flexible perovskite solar module, as well as the record efficiency of 31.69% for flexible perovskite indoor photovoltaic module (LED, 1000 lux).
Introduction of SnS2 to Regulate the Ferrous Disulfide Phase Evolution for the Construction of Triphasic Heterostructures Enabling Kinetically Accelerated and Durable Sodium Storage
Authors: Zhao Zibo , Sun Guang , Zhang Yiming , Hua Ran , Wang Xiting , Wu Naiteng , Li Jin , Liu Guilong , Guo Donglei , Cao Ang , Liu Xianming , Hou Hongshuai
Published: January 2024

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) still confront the challenges of capacity fading and inferior fast‐charging capability for sodium storage. The rational design of heterostructures enables a new approach to conquer these drawbacks. In this work, a hierarchical structure consisting of SnS2 nanosheets and FeS2 microrods with triphasic heterostructures is proposed by the facile secondary growth and sulfidation process. The introduction of tin sources regulates the proportion of pyrite and marcasite phases, thereby achieving the triphasic heterostructures comprising pyrite, marcasite FeS2, and SnS2. When served as anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the optimized sample exhibits a high reversible capacity (901 mAh g−1) and durable cycling performances (827 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1 and 742 mAh g−1 after 700 cycles at 5 A g−1). Paring with the commercial Na3V2(PO3)3 cathodes, the full‐cell also delivers extraordinary cyclic stability with a high capacity of 618 mAh g−1 (based on the weight of anode material) after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1 (98.7% capacity retention). The hierarchical structure with adjustably triphasic heterogeneous interfaces alleviates the volumetric expansion and interfacial passivation of active material, while modulating the energy band structure and inducing the build‐in electric fields to boost Na+/electrons transport rate.
Oxygen Vacancy Defect Enhanced NIR‐II Photothermal Performance of BiOxCl Nanosheets for Combined Phototherapy of Cancer Guided by Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Fang Qianlan , Hong Chengyuan , Liu Zhusheng , Pan Yuning , Lin Jie , Zheng Jianjun , Zhang Jingfeng , Chen Tianxiang , Ma Xuehua , Wu Aiguo
Published: January 2024

Narrow photo‐absorption range and low carrier utilization are significant barriers that restrict the antitumor efficiency of 2D bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX, X = Cl, Br, I) nanosheets (NSs). Introducing oxygen vacancy (OV) defects can expand the absorption range and improve carrier utilization, which are crucial but also challenging. In this study, a series of BiOxCl NSs with different OV defect concentrations (x = 1, 0.7, 0.5) is developed, which shows full spectrum absorption and strong absorption in the second near‐infrared region (NIR‐II). Density functional theory calculations are utilized to calculate the crystal structure and density states of BiOxCl, which confirm that part of the carriers is separated by OV enhanced internal electric field to improve carrier utilization. The carriers without redox reaction can be trapped in the OV, leading to great majority of photo‐generated carriers promoting the photothermal performance. Triggered by single NIR‐II (1064 nm), BiOxCl NSs’ bidirectional efficient utilization of carriers achieves synchronously combined phototherapy, leading to enhanced tumor ablation and multimodal diagnostic in vitro and vivo. It is thus believed that this work provides an innovative strategy to design and construct nanoplatforms of indirect band gap semiconductors for clinical phototheranostics.
How to Build Plasmon‐Driven Molecular Jackhammers that Disassemble Cell Membranes and Cytoskeletons in Cancer
Authors: Ayala‐Orozco Ciceron , Li Gang , Li Bowen , Vardanyan Vardan , Kolomeisky Anatoly B. , Tour James M.
Published: January 2024

Plasmon‐driven molecular machines with ultrafast motion at the femtosecond scale are effective for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. It is recently shown that cyanine dyes act as molecular jackhammers (MJH) through vibronic (vibrational and electronic mode coupling) driven activation that causes the molecule to stretch longitudinally and axially through concerted whole molecule vibrations. However, the theoretical and experimental underpinnings of these plasmon‐driven motions in molecules are difficult to assess. Here the use of near‐infrared (NIR) light‐activated plasmons in a broad array of MJH that mechanically disassemble membranes and cytoskeletons in human melanoma A375 cells is described. The characteristics of plasmon‐driven molecular mechanical disassembly of supramolecular biological structures are observed and recorded using real‐time fluorescence confocal microscopy. Molecular plasmon resonances in MJH are quantified through a new experimental plasmonicity index method. This is done through the measurement of the UV–vis–NIR spectra in various solvents, and quantification of the optical response as a function of the solvent polarity. Structure‐activity relationships are used to optimize the synthesis of plasmon‐driven MJH, applying them to eradicate human melanoma A375 cells at low lethal concentrations of 75 nm and 80 mW cm−2 of 730 nm NIR‐light for 10 min.
SHMT2 Mediates Small‐Molecule‐Induced Alleviation of Alzheimer Pathology Via the 5′UTR‐dependent ADAM10 Translation Initiation
Authors: Song Li , Pan Qiu‐Ling , Zhou Gui‐Feng , Liu Sheng‐Wei , Zhu Bing‐Lin , Lin Pei‐Jia , Hu Xiao‐Tong , Zha Jing‐Si , Long Yan , Luo Biao , Chen Jian , Tang Ying , Tang Jing , Xiang Xiao‐Jiao , Xie Xiao‐Yong , Deng Xiao‐Juan , Chen Guo‐Jun
Published: January 2024

It is long been suggested that one‐carbon metabolism (OCM) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas the potential mechanisms remain poorly understood. Taking advantage of chemical biology, that mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2) directly regulated the translation of ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10), a therapeutic target for AD is reported. That the small‐molecule kenpaullone (KEN) promoted ADAM10 translation via the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and improved cognitive functions in APP/PS1 mice is found. SHMT2, which is identified as a target gene of KEN and the 5′UTR‐interacting RNA binding protein (RBP), mediated KEN‐induced ADAM10 translation in vitro and in vivo. SHMT2 controls AD signaling pathways through binding to a large number of RNAs and enhances the 5′UTR activity of ADAM10 by direct interaction with GAGGG motif, whereas this motif affected ribosomal scanning of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) in the 5′UTR. Together, KEN exhibits therapeutic potential for AD by linking OCM with RNA processing, in which the metabolic enzyme SHMT2 “moonlighted” as RBP by binding to GAGGG motif and promoting the 5′UTR‐dependent ADAM10 translation initiation.
Short‐wave Infrared Photoluminescence Lifetime Mapping of Rare‐Earth Doped Nanoparticles Using All‐Optical Streak Imaging
Authors: Liu Miao , Lai Yingming , Marquez Miguel , Vetrone Fiorenzo , Liang Jinyang
Published: January 2024

The short‐wave infrared (SWIR) photoluminescence lifetimes of rare‐earth doped nanoparticles (RENPs) have found diverse applications in fundamental and applied research. Despite dazzling progress in the novel design and synthesis of RENPs with attractive optical properties, existing optical systems for SWIR photoluminescence lifetime imaging are still considerably restricted by inefficient photon detection, limited imaging speed, and low sensitivity. To overcome these challenges, SWIR photoluminescence lifetime imaging microscopy using an all‐optical streak camera (PLIMASC) is developed. Synergizing scanning optics and a high‐sensitivity InGaAs CMOS camera, SWIR‐PLIMASC has a 1D imaging speed of up to 138.9 kHz in the spectral range of 900–1700 nm, which quantifies the photoluminescence lifetime of RENPs in a single shot. A 2D photoluminescence lifetime map can be acquired by 1D scanning of the sample. To showcase the power of SWIR‐PLIMASC, a series of core‐shell RENPs with distinct SWIR photoluminescence lifetimes is synthesized. In particular, using Er3+‐doped RENPs, SWIR‐PLIMASC enables multiplexed anti‐counterfeiting. Leveraging Ho3+‐doped RENPs as temperature indicators, this system is applied to SWIR photoluminescence lifetime‐based thermometry. Opening up a new avenue for efficient SWIR photoluminescence lifetime mapping, this work is envisaged to contribute to advanced materials characterization, information science, and biomedicine.
DeepFreeze 3D‐biofabrication for Bioengineering and Storage of Stem Cells in Thick and Large‐Scale Human Tissue Analogs
Authors: Kumar Alok , Brown Robert A. , Roufaeil Daniel Benyamien , Gupta Aditi , Lipford Erika L. , Muthusamy Divya , Zalzman Amihai , Hertzano Ronna , Lowe Tao , Stains Joseph P. , Zalzman Michal
Published: January 2024

3D bioprinting holds great promise for meeting the increasing need for transplantable tissues and organs. However, slow printing, interlayer mixing, and the extended exposure of cells to non‐physiological conditions in thick structures still hinder clinical applications. Here the DeepFreeze‐3D (DF‐3D) procedure and bioink for creating multilayered human‐scale tissue mimetics is presented for the first time. The bioink is tailored to support stem cell viability, throughout the rapid freeform DF‐3D biofabrication process. While the printer nozzle is warmed to room temperature, each layer solidifies at contact with the stage (‐80 °C), or the subsequent layers, ensuring precise separation. After thawing, the encapsulated stem cells remain viable without interlayer mixing or delamination. The composed cell‐laden constructs can be cryogenically stored and thawed when needed. Moreover, it is shown that under inductive conditions the stem cells differentiate into bone‐like cells and grow for months after thawing, to form large tissue‐mimetics in the scale of centimeters. This is important, as this approach allows the generation and storage of tissue mimetics in the size and thickness of human tissues. Therefore, DF‐3D biofabrication opens new avenues for generating off‐the‐shelf human tissue analogs. It further holds the potential for regenerative treatments and for studying tissue pathologies caused by disease, tumor, or trauma.