bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Trends in the Serologic Diagnosis of Syphilis
Authors: Morshed Muhammad G. , Singh Ameeta E.
Published: November 2014

Complexities in the diagnosis of syphilis continue to challenge clinicians. While direct tests (e.g., microscopy or PCR) are helpful in early syphilis, the mainstay of diagnosis remains serologic tests. The traditional algorithm using a nontreponemal test (NTT) followed by a treponemal test (TT) remains the standard in many parts of the world. More recently, the ability to automate the TT has led to the increasingly widespread use of reverse algorithms using treponemal enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Rapid, point-of-care TTs are in widespread use in developing countries because of low cost, ease of use, and reasonable performance. However, none of the current diagnostic algorithms are able to distinguish current from previously treated infections. In addition, the reversal of traditional syphilis algorithms has led to uncertainty in the clinical management of patients. The interpretation of syphilis tests is further complicated by the lack of a reliable gold standard for syphilis diagnostics, and the newer tests can result in false-positive reactions similar to those seen with older tests. Little progress has been made in the area of serologic diagnostics for congenital syphilis, which requires assessment of maternal treatment and serologic response as well as clinical and laboratory investigation of the neonate for appropriate management. The diagnosis of neurosyphilis continues to require the collection of cerebrospinal fluid for a combination of NTT and TT, and, while newer treponemal EIAs look promising, more studies are needed to confirm their utility. This article reviews current tests and discusses current controversies in syphilis diagnosis, with a focus on serologic tests.
Complete Genome Sequence of an H9N2 Influenza Virus Lethal to Chickens
Authors: Zhang Yi , Guo Xuejing , Qi Juan , Liu Linlin , Wang Jingjing , Xu Shouzhen , Wang Jianlin , Yin Yanbo
Published: November 2014

An H9N2 virus lethal to chickens was isolated from an acutely ill chicken flock in 2012. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus was phylogenetically related to the Y280 lineage. Sequence analysis showed 1 amino acid deletion in HA1 and 3 amino acid deletions in the NA stalk region.
Complete Genome Sequence of the First Isolate of Genotype C Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in Japan
Authors: Konishi Misako , Ohkura Takashi , Shimizu Madoka , Akiyama Masanori , Kameyama Ken-ichiro , Takeuchi Kaoru
Published: November 2014

Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) isolates are classified into three genotypes (BPIV3a to -c). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the BPIV3c isolate for the first time in Japan. Our results indicate that new primer sets will be required to detect all genotypes of BPIV3 strains.
Kingella kingae KK247, an Atypical Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Clone A Strain
Authors: Rouli Laetitia , Robert Catherine , Raoult Didier , Yagupsky Pablo
Published: November 2014

Kingella kingae
strain KK247 was isolated from an adult Israeli patient with endocarditis. It belongs to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clone A, has a 2,113,021-bp genome, a 15,507-bp plasmid that carries genes encoding β-lactamases, and possesses 45 transposases, compared to the 5 detected in other
K. kingae
strains.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Thalassotalea
sp. Strain ND16A Isolated from Eastern Mediterranean Sea Water Collected from a Depth of 1,055 Meters
Authors: Stelling Savannah C. , Techtmann Stephen M. , Utturkar Sagar M. , Alshibli Noor K. , Brown Steven D. , Hazen Terry C.
Published: November 2014

Thalassotalea
sp. strain ND16A belongs to the family
Colwelliaceae
and was isolated from eastern Mediterranean Sea water at a depth of 1,055 m. Members of
Colwelliaceae
are ubiquitous marine heterotrophs. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Thalassotalea
sp. strain ND16A, a member of the newly described genus
Thalassotalea
.
A New Type of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile Strain Lacking a Complete
tcdA
Gene
Authors: Janezic Sandra , Marín Mercedes , Martín Adoración , Rupnik Maja
Published: November 2014

Toxins A and B are the main virulence factors of
Clostridium difficile
and are the targets for molecular diagnostic tests. Here, we describe a new toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive, binary toxin CDT (
Clostridium difficile
transferase)-negative (A
−
B
+
CDT
−
) toxinotype
(XXXII) characterized by a variant type of pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) without
tcdA
and with atypical organization of the PaLoc integration site.
Molecular Epidemiological Characterization of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from an Outpatient Urology Clinic in Rural Japan
Authors: Umene Yasuyo D. , Wong Lisa K. , Satoh Tomoya , Yamane Kunikazu , Matsui Mari , Riley Lee W. , Arakawa Yoshichika , Suzuki Satowa
Published: November 2014

In the remote Japanese community of Saku, a rural town in the Nagano Prefecture, a large proportion of outpatient urinary tract infections was caused by well-recognized globally dispersed clonal lineages of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC). However, most of these strains were drug susceptible, suggesting that factors other than selection pressure account for the clonal spread of drug-susceptible UPEC.
SAMD9 Is an Innate Antiviral Host Factor with Stress Response Properties That Can Be Antagonized by Poxviruses
Authors: Liu Jia , McFadden Grant
Published: November 2014

We show that SAMD9 is an innate host antiviral stress response element that participates in the formation of antiviral granules. Poxviruses, myxoma virus and vaccinia virus specifically, utilize a virus-encoded host range factor(s), such as a member of the C7L superfamily, to antagonize SAMD9 to prevent granule formation in a eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-independent manner. When SAMD9 is stimulated due to failure of the viral antagonism during infection, the resulting antiviral granules exhibit properties different from those of the canonical stress granules.
Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Sensitizes Hepatocytes to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Apoptosis by Suppression of the Phosphorylation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 7
Authors: Jia Baosen , Guo Minggao , Li Gaiyun , Yu Demin , Zhang Xinxin , Lan Ke , Deng Qiang
Published: November 2014

Hepatitis B, which caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, remains a major health threat worldwide. Hepatic injury and regeneration from chronic inflammation are the main driving factors of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B. Proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has been implicated as a major inducer of liver cell death during viral hepatitis. Here, we report that in hepatoma cell lines and in primary mouse and human hepatocytes, expression of hepatitis B virus core (HBc) protein made cells susceptible to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. We found by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry that receptor of activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1) interacted with HBc. RACK1 was recently reported as a scaffold protein that facilitates the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) by its upstream activators. Our study showed that HBc abrogated the interaction between MKK7 and RACK1 by competitively binding to RACK1, thereby downregulating TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of MKK7 and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In line with this finding, specific knockdown of MKK7 increased the sensitivity of hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of RACK1 counteracted the proapoptotic activity of HBc. Capsid particle formation was not obligatory for HBc proapoptotic activity, as analyzed using an assembly-defective HBc mutant. In conclusion, the expression of HBc sensitized hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis by disrupting the interaction between MKK7 and RACK1. Our study is thus the first indication of the pathogenic effects of HBc in liver injury during hepatitis B.

IMPORTANCEOur study revealed a previously unappreciated role of HBc in TNF-α-mediated apoptosis. The proapoptotic activity of HBc is important for understanding hepatitis B pathogenesis. In particular, HBV variants associated with severe hepatitis may upregulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through enhanced HBc expression. Our study also found that MKK7 is centrally involved in TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and revealed a multifaceted role for JNK signaling in this process.
Iatrogenic urethral prolapse following vaginal hysterectomy and anterior repair
Authors: Horsburgh Ben , Singh Gurpreet
Published: November 2014

A 62-year-old woman presented 3 weeks following vaginal hysterectomy and anterior repair with exquisite urethral pain, incontinence and complete urethral prolapse. Following examination under anaesthesia and cystoscopy, anterior vaginal repair sutures were removed with spontaneous reduction of the prolapse. At a 5-week follow-up appointment, the patient was asymptomatic with resolution of the urethral prolapse.
The 6-year trajectory of non-traumatic knee symptoms (including patellofemoral pain) in adolescents and young adults in general practice: a study of clinical predictors
Authors: Kastelein M , Luijsterburg P A J , Heintjes E M , van Middelkoop M , Verhaar J A N , Koes B W , Bierma-Zeinstra S M A
Published: November 2014

Aims

(1) To assess the 1-year and 6-year courses of non-traumatic knee symptoms in adolescents and young adults presenting in general practice. (2) To identify prognostic factors for persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up.

Methods

Adolescents and young adults (12–35 years; n=172) with non-traumatic knee symptoms were included in the cohort study by their general practitioner (GP) and followed for 6 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors for persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was calculated.

Results

Persistent knee symptoms in patients receiving a GP diagnosis of unspecified knee symptoms were reported by 41% of the patients at 1-year follow-up and by 19% of the available patients at 6-year follow-up. Patients receiving a GP diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome had the worse prognosis, with 40% reporting persistent knee symptoms at 6-year follow-up.

Prognostic factors associated with persistent knee symptoms at 1-year follow-up were BMI >25, low/middle education level, bilateral symptoms and self-reported absence of crepitus of the knee (AUC 0.80) for patients receiving a GP diagnosis of unspecified knee symptoms. For patients receiving a GP diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome, prognostic factors were low/middle education level, poor health, having bilateral symptoms and self-report of a swollen knee (AUC 0.76).

Conclusions

The prognosis of non-traumatic knee symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general practice is not as good as was previously assumed. Several prognostic factors collected at baseline were associated with persistent knee symptoms at follow-up. However, the results should be replicated in another larger study.
Clinicobiochemical prediction of biopsy-proven cases of severe hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Jin Young-Joo , Shim Ju Hyun , Kim Gi Ae , Yu Eunsil , Kim Kang Mo , Lim Young-Suk , Lee Han Chu
Published: November 2014

Objective

To evaluate clinicobiochemical factors predicting severe hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Setting

Tertiary institution.

Participants

859 treatment-naïve Korean patients with HCV who underwent liver biopsy. Severe fibrosis was defined as fibrosis stage ≥3 based on the METAVIR system.

Primary outcome measures

Clinicobiochemical factors predicting severe hepatic fibrosis.

Results

The median serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was 68 IU/L and body mass index (BMI) was 24.2 kg/m2. Severe fibrosis was observed in 326 (39.7%) of the 859 patients. The frequencies of severe fibrosis were 0%, 37.8%, 41.9% and 42% in patients with serum ALT concentrations (IU/L) of ≤20, 20–30, 30–40 and >40 (p<0.01), respectively, and 10.7%, 19.8%, 30.5%, 39.2% and 55.6% in patients <30, 30–40, 40–50, 50–60 and ≥60 years old, respectively (p<0.01). Categorised age in years (50–60 (OR 4.26, p=0.03) and ≥60 (OR 7.53, p<0.01) compared with <30), categorised ALT level in IU/L (20–30 (OR 16.76, p<0.01), 30–40 (OR 20.02, p<0.01) and >40 (OR 21.49, p<0.01) compared with ≤20) and BMI >27.5 kg/m2(OR 1.65, p=0.03) were independently related to severe fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV. The severe fibrosis rate was 60.6% in patients aged ≥50 years with ALT >20 IU/L and BMI >27.5 kg/m2.

Conclusions

More advanced age (≥50 years), obesity and serum ALT>20 IU/L are associated with severe fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV. Anti-HCV therapy may be considered for these patients without histological confirmation, regardless of HCV genotype. A wait-and-see policy may be justified for patients with serum ALT ≤20 IU/L.
Improving animal health for poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods
Authors: Stringer Andy
Published: November 2014

Animals are vital to ensuring food security for individuals, families and communities in countries around the world. In this, the latest article inVeterinary Record's series promoting One Health, Andy Stringer, director of veterinary programmes at the Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad, discusses how improving animal health, particularly of poultry and working equids, has the potential to reduce poverty and promote food security and sustainable livelihoods in low‐income countries
Deformation behaviour of clay under repeated one-dimensional unloading–reloading
Authors: Suddeepong Apichat , Chai Jinchun , Shen Shuilong , Carter John
Published: November 2014

The deformation of clayey soil under repeated cycles of unloading and reloading has been investigated in oedometer tests using both undisturbed and reconstituted Ariake clay samples. The test results indicate that even for repeated unloading–reloading in the overconsolidated stress range, the deformation of the soil sample is not purely elastic and there is an accumulation of permanent deformation. Based on the test results, a model has been proposed for predicting unloading–reloading-induced deformation. The proposed model has been used to simulate the behaviour of a clayey soil deposit in the Saga Plain, Japan, in response to groundwater fluctuation. Good agreement between the simulation and the field measurements indicates that the proposed model can be used to predict land subsidence induced by groundwater fluctuations.
Late Wisconsin ice-flow history in the Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field, north-central Alberta
Authors: Paulen Roger C. , McClenaghan M. Beth
Published: November 2014

Ice flow of the last glaciation in the Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field of northern Alberta is reconstructed from landform interpretations and clast orientations for the purpose of aiding kimberlite exploration in the region. The paucity of bedrock outcrop and the absence of preserved striae and other erosional ice-flow indicators on the soft Cretaceous marine sediments inhibit detailed interpretations on glacial flow chronology. Poorly developed bedrock drumlins on the Buffalo Head Hills and erosional ice-flow indicators preserved on the kimberlite outcrops indicate southwestward ice flow during the maximum extent of ice during the last glaciation. During the deglaciation of northern Alberta, later phases of ice flow were controlled by lobes of surging ice, which surged into proglacial lakes. West of the Buffalo Head Hills, the maximum phase of southwest flow was followed by southeastward ice movement of the Peace River ice lobe. Similarly, east of the Buffalo Head Hills, the maximum phase of ice flow was superceded by a south-southwest ice advance of the Wasbasca ice lobe.
Intrafragment riverscape conservation for an imperiled, small-bodied, pelagic-broadcast spawning minnow: speckled chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis)
Authors: Hoagstrom Christopher W. , Archdeacon Thomas P. , Davenport Stephen R. , Propst David L. , Brooks James E.
Published: November 2014

Intrafragment ecology is little studied for imperiled riverine fishes although river fragmentation and habitat loss increasingly threaten sensitive species. A long-term population-monitoring program in the Pecos River, New Mexico, provided detailed data for 15 annual cohorts of speckled chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), which were used to assess intrafragment patterns in recruitment and year-class strength in relation to distributional patterns, flow-regime characteristics, and air temperature. Cohorts avoided a degraded upstream reach. Age-1 and older individuals had distributions consistently centered within a central, relict-ecosystem reach that contained high-quality habitat. Age-0 individuals were widespread within the relict-ecosystem reach and a channelized reach downstream. Distributional patterns suggested that some individuals that recruited in the channelized reach dispersed upstream into relict-ecosystem habitat thereafter. One cohort always numerically dominated the population because cohorts never lived beyond 2 years. Recruitment was density-independent and predicted year-class strength. No aspect of the flow regime explained variation in recruitment. Year-class strength was consistent among cohorts because of density-dependent mortality. High-quality habitat in a centralized location, potential for dispersal between channelized and relict-ecosystem reaches, and diffuse distribution of pelagic-broadcast propagules throughout both reaches combined to facilitate successful annual recruitment and population persistence.
Shipping noise affecting immune responses of European spiny lobster (Palinuruselephas)
Authors: Celi Monica , Filiciotto Francesco , Vazzana Mirella , Arizza Vincenzo , Maccarrone Vincenzo , Ceraulo Maria , Mazzola Salvatore , Buscaino Giuseppa
Published: November 2014

Marine crustaceans are influenced by numerous environmental factors. Environmental stress from pollutants seems to affect their metabolism, growth, moulting, survival, and immune defence. Recently, it has become clear that there is an impact of the global increase in sea noise levels due to shipping traffic on crustacean welfare. Considering the ecological and commercial importance of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)) in most parts of the Mediterranean coastal area, in the present study we investigated whether shipping noise pollution contribute to changing the immune parameters of stress in the European spiny lobster. The animals were exposed to a mix of noises produced by different typologies of the boat played back in a tank, and the values of cellular and humeral parameters were evaluated. Total haemocyte count (THC), haemolymphatic protein concentration, phenoloxidase (PO) activity in cell-free haemolymph, and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression in haemocyte lysate were considered potential biomarkers of stress. THC and PO activity decreased significantly, whereas total protein and Hsp27 expression increased significantly. Overall, the results demonstrate that the stressful conditions investigated in this study affect both cellular and biochemical parameters in the European spiny lobster.
SELECTION FOR SUPERNUMERARY Y-CHROMOSOMES IN DERMESTES MACULATUS (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
Authors: Shaw David D.
Published: November 2014

A selection programme, carried out over 4 generations in an Indian strain of Dermestes maculatus carrying supernumerary y-chromosomes, led to an increase in the number of y-chromosomes up to a maximum of 4. It also resulted in a progressive increase in the frequency of Xyyy males from 4% in the unselected base stock to 54% and 53% in the S3 and S4 generations respectively.These selective increases were accompanied by a decreased stability of the sex multiple due to the inability of the X-organised sex nucleolus to efficiently accommodate more than two y-chromosomes.In S3 and S4, 21 out of 92 matings gave significant deviations from the expected 1:1 sex ratio and led to the production of an excess of males. This excess is thought to have resulted from the formation of Xyn sperm which failed to realise viable products.It is suggested that these findings have two important implications for the evolution of sex chromosome systems in beetles. First, they explain the absence of Xyn multiple mechanisms in natural populations and, second, they argue for a genetical, as opposed to a purely mechanical, function for the y-chromosome in the males of Xyp species.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON CHLOROPLASTS OF CULTURED LEATHESIA DIFFORMIS (L.) ARESCH.
Authors: Cole Kathleen , Bourne Victor , Lin Shu Chang
Published: November 2014

During an ultrastructure study of cells of both parental field material and cultured sporelings of the marine brown alga Leathesia difformis (Chordariales) it was noted that chloroplasts of the field thalli were typical of those previously reported in other brown algae. However, at least two features of chloroplast structure were unique in many cells of the cultured sporelings: constant three-thylakoid type banding without variation in the number of discs and the formation of extra bands between the regular ones in an intermediate region, resulting in a stack of as many as 40 to 60 long, loosely-associated discs.
BOVINE SERUM AMYLASE ISOZYMES IN SEVERAL BREEDS OF DOMESTIC CATTLE
Authors: Gasparski J. , Stevens R. W. C.
Published: November 2014

Bovine serum amylase isoenzyme phenotypes have been studied in nine breeds of Canadian domestic cattle. Gene frequencies for AmA, AmB, and AmC, have been estimated for each breed. Two new amylase isoenzymes have been observed.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY TRISOMICS OFLOTUS PEDUNCULATUS(LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Chen Chi-Chang , Grant W. F.
Published: November 2014

Trisomics have been developed in the diploid species Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (2n = 12) by means of a series of hybridizations. From the progeny of crosses of triploids to the diploid and selfing triploids, 126 (62.38%) diploids, 73 (36.14%) simple trisomics, 2 (0.99%) double trisomics and 1 (0.49%) telosomic trisomic were obtained. The simple trisomic plants were classified into five distinct morphological groups named Round, Broad, Pointed, Narrow and Small according to their distinguishing leaflet characters. Each group differed from the others and from the diploid in a number of qualitative and quantitative characters. These differences were considered to be the result of a change in the genic balance of the plants which was brought about by the addition of the extra chromosome to the complement. The extra chromosomes of Round, Broad, Pointed, Narrow and Small were identified as chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Although the frequency of cells with one trivalent varied within and between trisomic types, there was a positive correlation between length and trivalent formation. It is considered that longer chromosomes have a greater chance of forming chiasmata with more than one homologue than shorter ones. The frequency of lagging chromosomes at AI and/or TI was not correlated with the frequency of univalents at diakinesis. No particular trend was apparent as to which extra chromosome, when present as a lagging chromosome, tended to divide more frequently than another chromosome of the complement.
THE ASSOCIATION OF A THIRD CHROMOSOME WITH CHLOROPHYLL PRODUCTION IN AVENA SATIVA
Authors: McGinnis R. C. , Dyck P. L. , Hildebrandt S. G. , Lin C. C.
Published: November 2014

Albino seedlings appearing in an F3 line from the cross A. sativa cv. Russell and 46-4 (a 44-chromosome line) were found to be deficient for the M 4 chromosome pair, which belongs to the As genome. This is the third reported chromosome which carries a gene for chlorophyll production. It is considered likely that chromosomes 4, 15 and 21 comprise a homoeologous series.
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES INSAMBUCUS
Authors: Hounsell Robert W.
Published: November 2014

Karyotypes were determined for six taxa in the genus Sambucus, family Caprifoliaceae. Chromosome number determinations of 2n = 36 agreed with previous findings for S. canadensis and S. nigra of section Eusambucus and for S. ebulus of section Ebulus. Three taxa from the section Botryosambucus were found to have diploid numbers of 38: S. sieboidiana, S. racemosa var. arborescens and S. racemosa var. pubens. A Quebec population of the latter variety had a somatic number of 42. It is suggested that chromosome races in var. pubens came about through aneuploid gamete production in 2n = 36 ancestors and that their persistence may be related to their newly acquired ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions in the formerly glaciated areas.Differences in karotype within sections were small while between sections they were a little greater and rested mainly on variation in chromosome number, presence of satellites and number of telocentrics.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDUCED INCREASES IN PROXIMAL RECOMBINATION INDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTERFEMALES
Authors: Hayashi Susi , Suzuki David T.
Published: November 2014

Crossing over was studied in Drosophila melanogaster females between f – car – bb1– Dp(y+) on the X chromosome. Mitomycin C and γ-rays increased crossing over in all three regions, increased nondisjunction and affected meiotic as well as gonial cells. Temperature was recombinagenic only in the car – bb1regions and the autosomal inversions Cy and Ubx130increased crossing over in both regions containing euchromatin (f – car and car – bb1). Actino-mycin D-treatment resulted in a slight decrease in crossing over. The data indicate that there may be two general classes of recombinagens, those that affect crossing over in proximal euchromatin and those which in addition, induce breaks in heterochromatin.
NUCLEAR DIVISION IN CONIDIA AND HYPHAE OFVERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM
Authors: Heale J. B. , Gafoor A. , Rajasingham K. C.
Published: November 2014

The mode of division of vegetative nuclei in the conidia and hyphae of Verticillium albo-atrum has been studied using HCl/Giemsa, Fuelgen and Acid Fuchsin staining methods.The conidial nucleus assumes a horse-shoe shape before forming a ringed constellation in which a number of chromosomes is joined by a fine thread. Chromosome division occurs resulting in closely associated double rings which eventually separate.In hyphae, a highly condensed nuclear configuration in which the chromosomes have already duplicated is drawn out by a rapidly enlongating spindle fibre (probably produced by centriolar division). A double stranded filament is formed composed of two parallel rows of chromosomes connected by fine threads lying on either side of the fibre. The axis and role of this fibre is discussed in relation to the transverse intrachromosomal spindle concept. The possibility that double stranded nuclei represent diploid stages with significance for mitotic recombination is discounted until further evidence is forthcoming. Daughter nuclei are formed after a transvrese break.Nucleoli arise de novo. A haploid count of n = 4 is suggested.Vegetative nuclear division in this organism, and many other fungi, has little in common with classical mitosis.
GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY OF AN ALBINO IN A DIPLOID HYBRID OF MEDICAGO SATIVA AND M. FALCATA
Authors: Bingham E. T.
Published: November 2014

An albino lethal trait, descending from a cross of diploid plants of M. sativa and M. falcata, was studied in S1, F1; F2, F3 and BC1 generations. It was concluded that the albino was controlled by the complementary action of two independent recessive genes, designated al and bo. This resulted in segregations of 15 green: 1 albino from plants Al al Bo bo and 3 green: 1 albino from Al al bo bo. Mesophyll cells in green cotyledons all contained chloroplasts, whereas the cells from albinos were completely lacking developed plastids.
AMINO ACIDS PRESENT IN MALE-STERILE COTTONS (GOSSYPIUM)
Authors: Sarvella Patricia , Stojanovic B. J.
Published: November 2014

The leaves and flowers of several genetic and cytoplasmic male-sterile lines were examined for free and protein amino acid content. Fewer amino acids were observed in the leaves in the free amino acid fraction than in the protein fraction. In both samples leaves of all lines had a similar number and quantity of amino acids. Amino acid content in the protein fraction was lower in young buds than mature flowers. Differences in amino acids between normal and sterile flowers were more quantitative than qualitative.
LINKAGE OF GOLD, ITS RECESSIVE LETHALITY AND SEX-RELATED VARIATION IN CROSSING-OVER IN CULEX PIPIENS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: McClelland G. A. H. , Smithson Thomas W.
Published: November 2014

Triple backcrosses in all possible phases of 9,791 Culex pipiens L. established the sequence Gold (Gd), yellow-larva (y) and ruby-eye (ru) in linkage group 2. Segregation of none of die factors departed significantly from 1:1. The median recombination values between y and ru are 23.8% in females and 17.2% in males; both agree closely with previously published estimates. The median recombination value between Gd and y is 21.6% and there is no significant difference between that in males and females.Females showed no interference, but that in males was positive and highly significant with an estimated coefficient of coincidence of 0.77 ± 0.06. Recombination was highly variable between families and there was no correlation between the two segments. It is suggested that variability is a function of individual chromosome difference rather than of any factor such as age or temperature. A series of double intercrosses with Gd and y showed that when homozygous, Gd (or a very closely linked gene) was lethal in the early larval stage.The importance of this dominant marker is enhanced by its inferred close proximity to the single dominant gene giving resistance to DDT.
THE KARYOTYPE OF THE LONG TAILED WEASEL MUSTELA FRENATA NOVEBORACEISSIS EMMONS
Authors: Basrur Parvathi K.
Published: November 2014

The somatic chromosomes of the long tailed weasel, Mustela frenata from Southern Ontario were studied using tissue culture methods. The autosomes include 11 pairs of biarmed elements ranging from 2.0 to 8.15 in per cent total complement length and 9 pairs of single armed elements ranging from 3.2 to 5.00. Five of the biarmed chromosomes are metacentrics (M) ranging in arm ratio from 1.2 to 1.35 and the remaining six are submetacentrics (S) varying in arm ratio from 1.7 to 3.5. The sex chromosomes are biarmed, the X being the second smallest of the S series, whereas the Y is the smallest.
RESTORATION OF STAMINAL FERTILITY INNICOTIANABY INTROGRESSION
Authors: Schweppenhauser M. A. , Mann T. J.
Published: November 2014

The interaction of the cytoplasm of Nicotiana suaveolens and the genome of N. tabacum resulted in the production of stamenless plants. The frequency of stamenless plants increased progressively through the first four breakdown generations and appeared to be due to a progressive loss of N. suaveolens factors which influenced normal stamen development. These factors were probably associated with two or more N. suaveolens chromosomes.Restoration of the stamened condition was obtained in plants which possessed one or more specific chromosomes of N. suaveolens. Restoration of anthers, however, did not always result in the restoration of "pollen fertility". In the fourth breakdown generation a homozygous substitution, probably chromosomal, was obtained incorporating the stamen-restoration factor in the genome of N. tabacum.
THREE NEW CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS IN HAWORTHIA
Authors: Riley Herbert P. , Majumdar S. K.
Published: November 2014

In one plant of a small-leaved form of Haworthia glauca a centric fusion type of reciprocal translocation was found between two long chromosomes with subterminal centromeres that interchanged to form a long metacentric and a short acrocentric chromosome; the latter is larger than the normal short chromosomes of the complement and consists of the short arms of the two original long chromosomes. In a typical plant of the same species a similar interchange was followed or accompanied by a second interchange between the short translocation chromosomes and a normal short chromosome to form a somewhat intermediate-sized acrocentric and a very short metacentric chromosome. In a plant of H. fulva a long and a short chromosome interchanged to produce two intermediate-sized acrocentric chromosomes. Possible evolutionary implications of these interchanges are discussed.
INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES INVOLVING ALFALFA. IV. Medicago glomerata × M. sativa with reference to M. prostrata
Authors: Lesins K.
Published: November 2014

A good seed set was obtained from crosses of Medicago glomerata Balb. with M. sativa L. There was no evidence of a preferential chromosome pairing effect on segregation for floral anthocyanin. From an analysis of different M. glomerata × M. sativa crosses four factors were found to be involved in anthocyanin production. About 90% of the cells showed normal chromosome behavior during meiosis. Taxonomically, M. glomerata stands somewhat apart from the M. sativa — falcata complex, as indicated by a lower seed set from intercrossed F1's, and by somewhat higher numbers of meiotic irregularities in the F1 plants. With these and other morphological differences M. glomerata is considered as a separate species. When hybridized with M. prostrata Jacq., M. glomerata responded in a similar manner to that of M. sativa. The weight of seeds produced by M. glomerata plants was approximately the same, whether fertilized by M. glomerata or by M. sativa pollen. There is a somewhat greater affinity between M. glomerata and M. prostrata than between M. sativa and M. prostrate; M. prostrata plants fertilized by M. glomerata pollen had better seed development than those fertilized by M. sativa.
THE ADDITION OF SINGLE CHROMOSOMES OF AVENA HIRTULA TO THE CULTIVATED HEXAPLOID OAT A. SATIVA
Authors: Thomas Hugh
Published: November 2014

Six of the possible seven single chromosome addition lines of the wild diploid species A. hirtula to the cultivated oat A. sativa have been identified. The effect of the single hirtula chromosome on the morphology of the recipient A. sativa variety Manod was variable depending on the chromosome involved and certain genes which are dominant at the diploid level were only partly expressed in the hexaploid background.The frequency with which the hirtula chromosomes paired with their equivalent chromosomes in A. sativa was less than that observed in primary trisomics, indicating that the hirtula As genome is only partly homologous with the A genome of the hexaploids. None of the disomic addition lines was sufficiently stable cytologically to maintain the line without the reversion of a proportion of the progeny to the monosomic condition and eventually to the euploid chromosome number of A. sativa.
ASYMMETRY OF CHROMOSOME NUMBER 1 PAIR IN THREE GENERATIONS OF A PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL FAMILY
Authors: Ying Kuang-Lin , Ives Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2014

A family is reported in which 6 of the 15 members studied carry a greatly lengthened #1 chromosome. This has segregated in three generations without phenotypic effect.Blood grouping provides evidence in favour of linkage of the Duffy locus and #1 chromosome.Autoradiographic studies demonstrate that DNA replication in the extended region of the marker chromosome occurs late in the majority of cells but early in a small proportion of cells in each of the three individuals thus studied. Possible explanations discussed include environmental modifications in culture technique, an unstable replication pattern in the extended region, and the chance that somatic crossing over of homologues allows a shift of a hypothetical "genetic inactivation centre" from one chromosome to the corresponding region of its homologue.
THE GENETICS OF GEOTAXIS INDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Walton P. D.
Published: November 2014

The use of a behavioral character, the geotactic response of Drosophila melanogaster, permitted selection in large replicated populations. Each population was derived from the same base population but after the initial selection, it was maintained independently and treated identically. Diallel cross analysis revealed differences between the additive genetic variances of the strains treated in this way. These differences were largest after about eight generations of selection and decreased by the 16th generation.The analysis of diallel tables also showed that the geotactic response in D. melanogaster was controlled by polygenic factors. On the average, the genes that increase the expression of positive geotaxis were partially dominant while factors for negative geotaxis were recessive. Dominance was not, however, always unidirectional.
VIABILITY AND HUMIDITY STUDIES WITH THE SEPIA MUTANT OFDROSOPHILA MELATSOGASTER
Authors: Fitz-Earle Malcolm
Published: November 2014

The inheritance of viability in Drosophila melanogaster and the response to humidity were investigated by using inbred lines segregating for the eye-colour sepia (se) mutant. The evidence suggested that the reduced viability of sepia relative to wild-type (0.8) is principally influenced by factors linked to the marker locus. A detrimental effect upon development of the sepia strain was observed when the relative humidity was increased from 12% to 98% at 25°C.
TRANSLOCATIONS INVOLVING TRITICUM CHROMOSOMES AND AGROPYRON CHROMOSOMES CARRYING RUST RESISTANCE
Authors: Knott D. R.
Published: November 2014

Two programs have been carried out in which irradiation was used to translocate a gene for rust resistance from a Agropyron to a wheat chromosome. In one case, 1 out of 7 translocations and in another 1 out of 4 were transmitted normally through the gametes and proved to involve a wheat chromosome homoeologous to the Agropyron chromosome. It is suggested that the translocations are not randomly distributed among the wheat chromosomes and that this is because homoeologous chromosomes are not randomly distributed in the somatic nucleus.
NON-RECIPROCAL RECOMBINATION AT THEPAN-2LOCUS INNEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Threlkeld S. F. H. , Newcombe K. , Mylyk O. M.
Published: November 2014

From a cross involving alleles at the pan-2 locus 11 asci were selectively recovered each of which showed non-reciprocal recombination for the pan-2 locus. Analysis of these asci provide data which may be explained on the basis of a model similar to the hybrid DNA-polaron model of recombination proposed by Whitehouse and Hastings (1965).
HIGH FREQUENCY OF 3:1 TETRAD RATIOS FOR THE PDX-1 LOCUS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Radford A. , Threlkeld S. F. H.
Published: November 2014

Nine crosses, involving three alleles, were used in a study of recombination at the pdx-1 locus of Neurospora. In two of the crosses, an unusually high ratio of apparent gene conversion was observed, Two asci of the aberrant type were analyzed by means of prototrophs from backcrosses. In one case the ascus was confirmed as an example of genuine gene conversion. In the other, however, the original scoring of the ascus was found to be due to the presence of a closely linked gene capable of modifying the expression of the two conditional pdx-1 mutants used in the study.
DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF THE INHERITANCE OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEAL. VAR.CAPITATAL.)
Authors: Chiang Morgan S.
Published: November 2014

Additivity of inheritance of length of inner core and days to maturity appeared to be rather important in this diallel cross of cabbage. Equal importance of additivity and dominance was observed in polar diameter and equatorial diameter of cabbage heads. Dominance contributed a large portion of genetic variation in yield while number of wrapper leaves varied with environment. However, there were indications that overdominance was also involved in all characters except polar diameter and days to maturity. The effective factors controlling each character ranged from one to three. The heritability values were high for polar diameter and days to maturity, moderate for number of wrapper leaves and length of inner core, and low for equatorial diameter and yield.
PHENOTYPIC STABILITY OF HEIGHT GROWTH OF JACK PINE PROVENANCES
Authors: Morgenstern E. K. , Teich A. H.
Published: November 2014

Sixteen Lake States jack pine provenances were evaluated for phenotypic stability in Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Stability of total height at the age of 12 years was calculated using the methods of Wricke (1962) and Eberhart and Russell (1966), which partition the sums of squares for provenance-location interaction into individual provenance contributions. The regression of height on latitude of origin was also computed separately for each location. Northern provenances (from latitude 47–48°N) and southern provenances (44–45°N) contributed much to the interaction, while central provenances (46°N) contributed little. An apparent reason for these differences is the distance from the area of origin to the planting site; this was least for the central provenances. Increases in height were obtained by growing southern provenances 2–3° north of their origin. The stability methods tested are useful in the selection process, particularly after initial studies have delimited areas within which selection can be concentrated.
ADDITION AU GENOME DE L'ESPECE DE COTONNIER GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM DE DEUX CHROMOSOMES DE L'ESPECE SAUVAGE G. STOCKSII
Authors: Kammacher P. , Schwendiman J.
Published: November 2014

In the course of a program to create chromosome addition lines in cotton, offspring obtained by selfing a plant carrying the 52 chromosomes of the normal complement of Gossypium hirsutum L. and two different chromosomes from Gossy pium stocksii Mast, were studied. Observations were made on the karyology, morphology and fertility of the individual plants comprising this population. The various karyological classes encountered were interpreted on the basis of a random distribution of the two stocksii chromosomes of the female plant, which have practically no affinity with the hirsutum genome. The karyological classification of the population was determined by analysing the variation of some morphological characters (leaf shape, lint color). The fact that both stocksii chromosomes exert specific effects on the phenotype of plants inheriting them showed that they can be perpetuated in the nucleo-cytoplasmic complex of G. hirsutum, while retaining at least certain of their genetic activities. Their action and interaction, superimposed on the functions of the hirsutum genome, lead to the expression of new characters accompanied by a decrease in vigor and fertility. This duality is characteristic of the disomic addition types, which besides are afflicted with karyological instabilities. The alien addition types which can be obtained by crossing G. hirsutum with widely related diploid species have therefore no immediate agronomic value, but they may constitute a starting point for new investigations.
INHERITANCE OF EARLINESS AND PLANT HEIGHT IN A SIX-PARENT DIALLEL CROSS OF CORCHORUS OLITORIUS
Authors: Joarder O. I. , Eunus A. M. , Rahman M. A.
Published: November 2014

Inheritance of earliness and plant height was studied in a six-parent diallel cross of jute, Corchorus olitorius L. The variety O-6E exhibited an excess of dominant genes, whereas the varieties R-26 and Chinese olitorius showed an excess of recessive genes for the character of earliness. On the other hand the variety Desimasua exhibited an excess of recessive genes and the varieties wild jute and O-5 showed a small excess of dominant genes for the character of plant height. On an overall basis, earliness and plant height were found to be controlled by both dominant and recessive genes, the contribution of the former being greater in earliness, and that of the latter being greater in plant height. Eleven dominant factors were detected to condition plant height, whereas only one dominant factor was involved in controlling earliness. Transgressive segregation for earliness was indicated in arrays with R-26 and Chinese olitorius as recurrent parents. Heritability was calculated to be 61% and 29% respectively for earliness and plant height.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF STAGES OF THE CELL CYCLE OF MOUSE ASCITES TUMORS FOLLOWING IN VIVO AND IN VITRO LABELING WITH TRITIATED THYMIDINE
Authors: Hrushovetz S. B.
Published: November 2014

Ehrlich Ascites tumor cells aspirated from the peritoneal cavity of mice bearing 7-10-day-old tumors when incubated for 1 hour at 37 °C in medium 199 containing tritiated thymidine at a concentration of 4 μc/ml. yielded labeling indices and frequency distribution of stages of the cell cycle similar to those obtained when the same mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 μc of the label and the cells were harvested 1 hour later. Analysis of stages of the cell cycle by the combined techniques of DNA cytophotometry and cellular autoradiography (direct method) yielded a frequency distribution of S, G2, M, and G1, similar to those of other investigators with the labeled metaphase curve (indirect) method.
THE INHERITANCE OF PATHOGENICITY IN RACES 111 AND 29 OF WHEAT STEM RUST
Authors: Kao K. N. , Knott D. R.
Published: November 2014

The inheritance of pathogenicity in wheat stem rust was studied in selfed cultures of races 29 and 111, F1 and F2 cultures of a cross between the two races and cultures from a backcross to race 29. The various cultures were tested on Marquis and Prelude and on a series of lines of these varieties carrying single genes for stem rust resistance. Virulence on Sr 5, Sr 6, Sr 8, Sr 9a, Sr 14 and a gene in Marquis was recessive and in each case there was a single gene for virulence corresponding to each gene for resistance. Virulence on Sr 1 was possibly controlled by two dominant complementary genes. There appeared to be two alleles for virulence on Prelude, one dominant and one recessive.
LEAF NUMBER AND DURATION TO FLORAL INITIATION AND FLOWERING OF SORGHUM PARENTS AND HYBRIDS
Authors: Quinby J. R. , Liang George H.
Published: November 2014

Six parents and 15 hybrids of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were grown for 3 years at Manhattan and Ashland, Kansas and observed for leaf number and time of flowering. Three parents and two hybrids were grown at Plainview, Texas for 1 year and observed for leaf number, time of floral initiation and of flowering. The data are interpreted to mean that earliness of hybrids results largely from more rapid development of the meristem prior to floral initiation and to more rapid development of the panicle in hybrids.
CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS OF TWO ABNORMAL ASCUS MUTANTS OF NEUROSPORA
Authors: Pincheira Guido , Srb Adrian M.
Published: November 2014

A new mutant of Neurospora, called scruffy, acts as a zygote recessive in determining asci with altered arrangements, and sometimes altered numbers, of ascospores. Cytological observations show that the morphological deviations seen in mature asci are preceded by differences in orientation of spindles for the nuclear divisions occurring within the developing asci, and that spindle disposition is influenced by the size and shape of the cells. The ultimate effects on spore shape and number appear to result from a disruption of the interaction between cell wall and elongating spindles that in N. crassa determines the uniseriate arrangement of eight spores. A nonallelic mutant, scumbo, also acts as a zygote recessive in effecting deviant ascus morphology. A demonstration of complementation between nonallelic mutants affecting ascus morphology provides additional evidence referring to zygotic control of the development of the ascus in Neurospora.