bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Outcome of Neuro‐Behçet's Disease
Authors: Noel Nicolas , Bernard Remy , Wechsler Bertrand , Resche‐Rigon Matthieu , Depaz Raphaël , Le Thi Huong Boutin Du , Piette Jean‐Charles , Drier Aurélie , Dormont Didier , Cacoub Patrice , Saadoun David
Published: January 2014

Objective

To report the long‐term outcome of neurologic involvement in patients with Behçet's disease (BD).

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 115 patients who fulfilled the international criteria for BD (57% male; median age 37 years [interquartile range (IQR) 30–46 years]) and had neuro‐BD (NBD) after exclusion of cerebral venous thrombosis. Factors associated with relapse of NBD, inability to perform activities of daily living, and mortality were assessed.

Results

Seventy‐eight patients (68%) presented with acute NBD and 37 (32%) presented with a progressive course. The HLA–B51 allele was carried by 49% of the patients. Overall, 46 of 115 patients (40%) had severe disability at baseline, represented by a Rankin score of ≥3. The 5‐ and 7‐year event‐free survival rates were 65% and 53%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, a positive HLA–B51 status was independently associated with the risk of NBD relapse, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.5–9.1). After a median followup of 73 months (IQR 59–102 months), 29 patients (25.2%) became dependent (were unable to perform activities of daily living) or died. Factors independently associated with poor outcome were paresis at onset (OR 6.47 [95% CI 1.73–24.23]) and location of inflammatory lesions at the brainstem on magnetic resonance imaging (OR 8.41 [1.03–68.43]). All 115 patients were treated with corticosteroids; 53 (46.1%) also took cyclophosphamide and 40 (34.8%) also took azathioprine. A trend toward longer event‐free survival was observed in patients with severe NBD (i.e., with a Rankin score of ≥3 at onset) receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide compared with those receiving azathioprine (P = 0.06).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that NBD is a severe condition in which patients with the HLA–B51 allele appear to experience a worse prognosis.
Synthesis and application of a targeting diagnosis system via quantum dots coated by amphiphilic polymer for the detection of liver cancer cells
Authors: Sun Xiaoran , Li Yapeng , Huang Hailong , Yang Bohan , Wang Yuzhen
Published: January 2014

Water‐soluble quantum dots (QDs) for liver cancer diagnosis were prepared using QDs with oleylamine ligand coated with poly(aspartate)–graft–poly(ethylene glycol)–dodecylamine (PASP–Na–g–PEG–DDA). Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy imaging showed that the novel QDs have an ellipsoidal morphology with a size of ~ 45 nm which could be used for biomedical application. Furthermore, the PASP–Na–g–PEG–DDA was then modified with anti‐(vascular endothelial growth factor) (VEGF antibody), and a 1‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐3,5‐diphenylformazan (MTT) assay showed that the novel anti‐VEGF‐targeting QDs in vitro had low toxicity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observations revealed an intracellular (HepG2) distribution of the novel anti‐VEGF‐targeting QDs and the targeting efficiency of anti‐VEGF. These novel QDs could be used as a probe for liver cancer cell imaging because of anti‐VEGF targeting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community Participation of Older Adults with Disabilities
Authors: Raymond Émilie , Grenier Amanda , Hanley Jill
Published: January 2014

Contemporary discourses on ageing promote active participation as an ideal framework from which to encourage and support older people's health, independence and life satisfaction. But is such a vision of participation meaningful and/or accessible to all older adults? This paper explores how people ageing with disabilities understand the notion of social participation, juxtaposing their accounts with key trends found in ageing policy. Insights from individual interviews and a collective writing project conducted with older adults in Quebec who were living with lifelong disabilities (mobility, vision or hearing) reveal the tensions that exist between policy guidelines and participant narratives. Results highlight three crucial conditions with regard to the community participation of people ageing with disabilities: self‐determination, creating an inclusive environment and identity integration. Together, these themes reveal that ageing policies on participation should be revisited in order to improve opportunities for meaningful involvement. Our discussion suggests the need to widen the definition of participation so that it can be used to validate a variety of life options, guarantee structural and cultural access to participative settings and offer social spaces capable of supporting evolving identities, lived experiences and the collective circumstances of ageing with disabilities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Grafting Zirconia and Ceria onto Alumina as a Support for Silicotungstic Acid for the Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein
Authors: Haider Muhammad H. , D'Agostino Carmine , Dummer Nicholas F. , Mantle Mick D. , Gladden Lynn F. , Knight David W. , Willock David J. , Morgan David J. , Taylor Stuart H. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: January 2014

The effect of ceria and zirconia grafting onto alumina (α and θ–δ phases) as supports for silicotungstic acid for the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein was studied. 30 % Silicotungstic acid (STA) supported on 5 % zirconia/δ,θ‐alumina was the best catalyst, producing 85 % selectivity to acrolein at 100 % glycerol conversion, and it showed stable activity without using oxygen as a co‐feed. The catalyst produced a STA of 90 g(acrolein) kg(cat)−1 h−1, which was greater than the STA simply supported on δ,θ‐alumina, which only demonstrated 75 % selectivity towards acrolein. The effect of grafting on the support material was investigated by means of nitrogen adsorption, ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. A pulsed‐field gradient (PFG) NMR technique was also used to study diffusion processes associated with the catalysts. Diffusion studies of the grafted catalysts showed that zirconia contributes to the formation of more tortuous pathways within the pore structure, leading to the diminution of acid strength and making the catalyst less susceptible to coke formation.
Dormant versus Evolving Aminopalladated Intermediates: Toward a Unified Mechanistic Scenario in PdII‐Catalyzed Aminations
Authors: Rajabi Jamshid , Lorion Mélanie M. , Ly Vu Linh , Liron Frédéric , Oble Julie , Prestat Guillaume , Poli Giovanni
Published: January 2014

PdII‐catalyzed alkene aminopalladation and allylic CH activation are two competing reaction sequences sharing the same reaction conditions. This study aimed at understanding the factors that bias one or the other path in the intramolecular oxidative cyclization of two types of N‐tosyl amidoalkenes. The results obtained are in accord with the initial generation of a high‐energy cyclic (5‐ or 6‐membered) aminopalladated intermediate. However, this latter species can evolve only if the following specific conditions are met: the availability of distocyclic β‐H elimination pathway, the presence of a strong terminal oxidant, or the availability of a carbopalladation pathway. Conversely, the cyclic alkylpalladium complex is only a latent species in equilibrium with the initial substrate and cannot evolve. Such a reactivity hurdle leaves the way open for alternative reactivities such as allylic CH activation of the olefinic substrate to generate a η3‐allyl complex followed by its interception by the nitrogen nucleophile, [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement, or decomposition. This study proposes a unifying mechanistic picture that connects these competing mechanisms.
Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis of Phosphonic γ‐(Hydroxyalkyl)butenolides with Contiguous Quaternary and Tertiary Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Frings Marcus , Thomé Isabelle , Schiffers Ingo , Pan Fangfang , Bolm Carsten
Published: January 2014

A procedure that enables high yielding access to phosphonic γ‐(hydroxyalkyl)butenolides with excellent regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantiocontrol is reported. The simultaneous construction of up to two adjacent quaternary stereogenic centers by a catalytic asymmetric vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction unites biologically and medicinally relevant entities, namely α‐hydroxy phosphonates and γ‐(hydroxyalkyl)butenolides. This is achieved by utilizing a readily available chiral copper‐sulfoximine catalyst showing a broad functional group tolerance for both the electrophilic and nucleophilic reactants. A discussion about potential factors affecting the observed level of enantioselectivity, which stems from the enantiopure sulfoximine ligand, is also included.
Process Simulation of an Adsorption Chiller: True Moving Bed Approximation
Authors: Günther Philipp , Kunz Philip , Stierle Rolf , Eigenberger Gerhart , Nieken Ulrich
Published: January 2014

Mithilfe von Adsorptionswärmepumpen kann thermische Energie unmittelbar zur Heizung oder Klimatisierung eingesetzt werden. Um Wärmeverluste zu vermeiden wird bei Mehrbett‐Prozessen die für die Desorption benötigte Wärme zwischen den Betten übertragen und so mehrfach genutzt. Da die Auslegung derartiger Prozesse sehr aufwendig ist, ist es sinnvoll, zunächst den theoretischen Grenzfall eines stationären Gegenstromprozesses zu betrachten. Diese True‐Moving‐Bed‐Approximation erlaubt es, sowohl Methoden der Parameterverfolgung zu nutzen als auch Ausgangsgrößen zu spezifizieren.
Design and Synthesis of Tricyclic JAK3 Inhibitors with Picomolar Affinities as Novel Molecular Probes
Authors: Gehringer Matthias , Pfaffenrot Ellen , Bauer Silke , Laufer Stefan A.
Published: January 2014

The Janus kinase (JAK) signaling pathway is of particular importance in the pathology of inflammatory diseases and oncological disorders, and the inhibition of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) with small molecules has proven to provide therapeutic immunosuppression. A novel class of tricyclic JAK inhibitors derived from the 3‐methyl‐1,6‐dihydrodipyrrolo[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyridine scaffold was designed based on the tofacitinib–JAK3 crystal structure by applying a rigidization approach. A convenient synthetic strategy to access the scaffold via an intramolecular Heck reaction was developed, and a small library of inhibitors was prepared and characterized using in vitro biochemical as well as cellular assays. IC50 values as low as 220 pM could be achieved with selectivity for JAK3 over other JAK family members. Both activity and selectivity were confirmed in a cellular STAT phosphorylation assay, providing also first‐time data for tofacitinib. Our novel inhibitors may serve as tool compounds and useful probes to explore the role of JAK3 inhibition in pharmacodynamics studies.
Spectroscopy and Redox Chemistry of Copper in Mordenite
Authors: Vanelderen Pieter , Vancauwenbergh Julie , Tsai Ming‐Li , Hadt Ryan G. , Solomon Edward I. , Schoonheydt Robert A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: January 2014

Copper‐containing zeolites, such as mordenite (MOR), have recently gained increased attention as a consequence of their catalytic potential. While the preferred copper loadings in these catalytic studies are generally high, the literature lacks appropriate spectroscopic and structural information on such Cu‐rich zeolite samples. Higher copper loadings increase the complexity of the copper identity and their location in the zeolite host, but they also provide the opportunity to create novel Cu sites, which are perhaps energetically less favorable, but possibly more reactive and more suitable for catalysis. In order to address the different role of each Cu site in catalysis, we here report a combined electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV/Vis‐NIR and temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) study on highly copper‐loaded MOR. Highly resolved diffuse reflectance (DR) spectra of the CuMOR samples were obtained due to the increased copper loading, allowing the differentiation of two isolated mononuclear Cu2+ sites and the unambiguous correlation with extensively reported features in the EPR spectrum. Ligand field theory is applied together with earlier suggested theoretical calculations to determine their coordination chemistry and location within the zeolite matrix, and the theoretical analysis further allowed us to define factors governing their redox behavior. In addition to monomeric species, an EPR‐silent, possibly dimeric, copper site is present in accordance with its charge transfer absorption feature at 22200 cm−1, and quantified with TPR. Its full description and true location in MOR is currently being investigated.
[Sb7Se8Br2]3+and [Sb13Se16Br2]5+– Double and Quadruple Spiro Cubanes from Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Breternitz Joachim , Groh Matthias F. , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael
Published: January 2014

The reaction of antimony and selenium in the bromine‐rich Lewis acidic ionic liquid [BMIm]Br·4.7AlBr3(BMIm: 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) in the presence of a small amount of NbCl5at 160 °C yielded dark‐red crystals of [Sb7Se8Br2][AlX4]3. For X = Cl0.15(1)Br0.85(1), the compound is isostructural to [Sb7S8Br2][AlCl4]3[P212121,a= 12.5132(5) Å,b= 17.7394(6) Å,c= 18.3013(6) Å]. For a higher chlorine content, X = Cl0.58(1)Br0.42(1), a slightly disordered variant with a bisected unit cell is found [P21212,a= 12.3757(3) Å,b= 17.4116(5) Å,c= 9.0420(2) Å]. The [Sb7Se8Br2]3+heteropolycation (C2symmetry) is a spiro double‐cubane with an antimony atom on the shared corner. From this distorted octahedrally coordinated central atom, tricoordinate selenium and antimony atoms alternate in the bonding sequence. The terminal antimony atoms each bind to a bromine atom. Quantum chemical calculations confirm polar covalent Sb–Se bonding within the cubes and indicate three‐center, four‐electron bonds for the six‐coordinate spiro atoms. The calculated charge distribution reflects the electron‐donor role of the antimony atoms. The use of a chlorine‐rich ionic liquid resulted in the formation of triclinic [Sb13Se16Br2][AlX4]5with X = Cl0.80(1)Br0.20(1)[P$\bar {1}$,a= 9.0842(5) Å,b= 19.607(1) Å,c= 21.511(1) Å,α= 64.116(6)°,β= 79.768(7)°,γ= 88.499(7)°]. The cationic cluster [Sb13Se16Br2]5+is a bromine‐terminated spiro quadruple‐cubane. This 31 atom concatenation of four cubes is assumed to be the largest known discrete main group polycation. A similar reaction in a chloride‐free system yielded [Sb7Se8Br2][Sb13Se16Br2][AlBr4]8. In its monoclinic structure [P2/c,a= 27.214(5) Å,b= 9.383(2) Å,c= 22.917(4) Å,β= 101.68(1)°], the two types of polycations alternate in layers along theaaxis. In the series [Sb4+3nSe4+4nBr2](2+n)+, these cations are the members withn= 1 and 3.
Solvolytic Behavior of Aliphatic Carboxylates
Authors: Matić Mirela , Denegri Bernard , Kronja Olga
Published: January 2014

The leaving group abilities (nucleofugalities) of a series of aliphatic carboxylates have been obtained by determining the nucleofuge‐specific parameters (Nf and sf) from solvolysis rate constants of X,Y‐substituted benzhydryl carboxylates in a series of aqueous ethanol mixtures by applyication of the linear free energy relationship (LFER) equation: log k = sf (Ef + Nf). These values can be employed to compare reactivities of carboxylates with those of other leaving groups previously included in the nucleofugality scale, and also to estimate the solvolysis rates of various carboxylates. It is confirmed that the inductive effect is the most important variable governing the reactivities of halogenated carboxylates in solution. Moreover, both the Hammett correlation and the solvolytic activation parameters have revealed a strong influence of the inductive effect on the nucleofugality of alkyl‐substituted carboxylates. The reaction constants (sf) indicate that carboxylate substrates with weaker leaving groups solvolyze via later, more carbocation‐like, transition states, which is in accord with the Hammond postulate. In addition, due to the weaker demand for solvation of transition states that produce more strongly stabilized benzhydrylium ions, in which more efficient charge delocalization occurs, the reaction constants (sf) obtained with most of the leaving groups investigated here increase as the polarity of the solvent decreases.
Recycling and recovery of PE‐PP‐PET‐based fiber polymeric wastes as aggregate replacement in lightweight mortar: Evaluation of environmental friendly application
Authors: Verdolotti Letizia , Iucolano Fabio , Capasso Ilaria , Lavorgna Marino , Iannace Salvatore , Liguori Barbara
Published: January 2014

Waste polymeric material, classified as secondary raw material, mainly consisting of selected polyolefins, PE and PP, and PET has brought great pressure on the environment, due to the large quantities produced by the urban lifestyles and economic activity. This research evaluated the possibility to reuse the plastic waste as aggregates in hydraulic lime based composite mortars.

The composite mortars were prepared by replacing the conventional aggregate, silica sand, with 10, 15, and 20 % of fiber polymeric waste in a mixture of lime and water. The chemico‐physical interaction between the recycled plastic aggregates and the lime matrix was examined through FTIR, X‐Ray diffraction and morphological analyses. The effect of fiber polymeric waste on the degree of hydration and mechanical performances of the produced composites was also evaluated. Experimental results show that the good chemical interaction between the fiber plastic aggregates and the mortar induced an improvement of ductility of mortar composites. However, the plastic waste limited the degree of hydration of the hydraulic lime, due to the organic characterof the plastic as opposed to the inorganic character of lime. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1445–1451, 2014
Expression of DGCR8‐Dependent MicroRNAs Is Indispensable for Osteoclastic Development and Bone‐Resorbing Activity
Authors: Sugatani Toshifumi , Hildreth Blake E. , Toribio Ramiro E. , Malluche Hartmut H. , Hruska Keith A.
Published: January 2014

Recently, microRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in bone formation and homeostasis. We previously reported that Dicer generated miRs have pivotal roles in differentiation and activity of osteoclasts. However, recent studies have demonstrated that Dicer is implicated in production of endogenous small interfering RNAs, non‐canonical miRs, and other small RNAs in mammals. Hence, a challenging question is the extent to which expression of canonical miRs is obligatory for osteoclastic control of bone metabolism. DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) is exclusively related to expression of miRs by a canonical processing pathway together with the nuclear RNase III enzyme Drosha. Osteoclast‐specific deletion of DGCR8 led to impaired osteoclastic development and bone resorption so that bone development was significantly retarded. In culture, the expression levels of osteoclastic phenotype‐related genes and proteins were remarkably inhibited during osteoclastogenesis in DGCR8‐deficiency. Thus, we have identified that DGCR8‐dependent miRs are indispensable for osteoclastic control of bone metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1043–1047, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of rat sciatic nerve function following acute implantation of high density utah slanted electrode array (25 electrodes/mm2) based on neural recordings and evoked muscle activity
Authors: Mathews Kiran S. , Wark Heather A.C. , Normann Richard A.
Published: January 2014

Introduction: High density Utah slanted electrode arrays (HD‐USEAs) have been developed recently for intrafascicular access to submillimeter neural structures. Insertion of such high electrode density devices may cause nerve crush injury, counteracting the intended improved selective nerve fiber access. Methods: HD‐USEAs were implanted into sciatic nerves of anesthetized rats. Nerve function was assessed before and after HD‐USEA implantation by measuring changes in evoked muscle and nerve compound action potentials and single unit neuronal recordings. Results: Neural activity was recorded with over half of all implanted electrodes. Average decreases of 38%, 36%, and 13% in nerve, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior compound action potential amplitudes, respectively, were observed following array implantation. Only 1 of 8 implantations resulted in loss of all signals. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that HD‐USEAs provide a useful neural interface without causing a nerve crush injury that would otherwise negate their use in acute preparations (<12 h). Muscle Nerve 50: 417–424, 2014
Chemo‐enzymatic three‐fragment assembly of semisynthetic proteins
Authors: Schmohl Lena , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: January 2014

Here, we report the development of a method for three‐fragment assemblies of semisynthetic proteins by combining sortase‐mediated ligation with site‐specific bioconjugation catalyzed by the 4′‐phosphopantetheine transferase Sfp. This method enables the introduction of synthetic peptides into central regions of proteins without the need to purify intermediates. The assembled proteins are linked at the N‐terminal junction with a 4′‐phosphopantetheine moiety and with a peptide bond at the C‐terminal ligation site. We have demonstrated the applicability of this method by assembling a semisynthetic model protein derived from fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based reporters from three fragments in a one‐pot reaction. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do Hydropeaking Flows Alter Juvenile Fish Growth Rates? A Test with Juvenile Humpback Chub in the Colorado River
Authors: Finch C. , Pine W. E. , Limburg K. E.
Published: January 2014

Riverine ecosystems have been altered in many large catchments by dam development to provide water, power, flood control and navigational benefits to humans. Conservation actions in these river ecosystems are commonly focused on minimum releases of water to downstream ecosystems. Increasingly minimum release approaches are being replaced with ‘experimental’ flows that mimic natural conditions in order to benefit riverine ecosystems. While these new policies are intuitive in their design, there is limited data of how riverine ecosystems actually respond to more natural flows. A test of more natural steady‐flow water release was compared with typical fluctuating hydropower flows in the adaptive management programme at Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, during 2008–2011 to assess growth improvements of endangered juvenile humpback chub Gila cypha. Our results are counterintuitive and show that more natural steady flows reduced growth rates of juvenile humpback chub compared with fluctuating flows when both treatments occurred within the same year. Daily growth rates during steady flows of 2009 and 2010 were 0.05 and 0.07 mm day−1 slower, respectively, than fluctuating flows those same years, despite similar water temperatures. Juvenile humpback chub also grew more slowly during steady flows that occurred in the same season. During the summer, juvenile humpback chub grew 0.12 and 0.16 mm day−1 in fluctuating flow regimes in 2009 and 2010, respectively, and only 0.07 mm day−1 in the experimental steady flow regime in 2011, despite higher water temperatures. Our results suggest that optimal conservation management policies for endangered species in regulated rivers may not always be achieved with more natural flows. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Bayesian Adaptive Design for Test-Item Calibration
Authors: van der Linden Wim J. , Ren Hao
Published: January 2014

An optimal adaptive design for test-item calibration based on Bayesian optimality criteria is presented. The design adapts the choice of field-test items to the examinees taking an operational adaptive test using both the information in the posterior distributions of their ability parameters and the current posterior distributions of the field-test parameters. Different criteria of optimality based on the two types of posterior distributions are possible. The design can be implemented using an MCMC scheme with alternating stages of sampling from the posterior distributions of the test takers’ ability parameters and the parameters of the field-test items while reusing samples from earlier posterior distributions of the other parameters. Results from a simulation study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed MCMC implementation for operational item calibration. A comparison of performances for different optimality criteria showed faster calibration of substantial numbers of items for the criterion of D-optimality relative to A-optimality, a special case of c-optimality, and random assignment of items to the test takers.
The automorphism group of the -orbifold of the Barnes–Wall lattice vertex operator algebra of central charge 32
Authors: SHIMAKURA HIROKI
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we prove that the full automorphism group of the${\mathbb Z}_2$-orbifold of the Barnes–Wall lattice vertex operator algebra of central charge 32 has the shape 227.E6(2). In order to identify the group structure, we introduce a graph structure on the Griess algebra and show that it is a rank 3 graph associated toE6(2).
Magnetic resonance imaging-guided surgical design: can we optimise the Fontan operation?
Authors: Haggerty Christopher M. , Yoganathan Ajit P. , Fogel Mark A.
Published: January 2014

The Fontan procedure, although an imperfect solution for children born with a single functional ventricle, is the only reconstruction at present short of transplantation. The haemodynamics associated with the total cavopulmonary connection, the modern approach to Fontan, are severely altered from the normal biventricular circulation and may contribute to the long-term complications that are frequently noted. Through recent technological advances, spear-headed by advances in medical imaging, it is now possible to virtually model these surgical procedures and evaluate the patient-specific haemodynamics as part of the pre-operative planning process. This is a novel paradigm with the potential to revolutionise the approach to Fontan surgery, help to optimise the haemodynamic results, and improve patient outcomes. This review provides a brief overview of these methods, presents preliminary results of their clinical usage, and offers insights into its potential future directions.
HISTORIES IN STONE: STELAE COMMEMORATING THE SUPPRESSION OF THE MUSIN REBELLION AND CONTESTED FACTIONAL HISTORIES
Authors: Jackson Andrew David
Published: January 2014

The 1728 Musin Rebellion was a failed attempt by factional members to overthrow militarily King Yŏngjo's government. Between 1736 and 1837, six stelae, dedicated to loyal subjects who resisted the rebels, were erected in three different provinces. These stelae contain historical descriptions of the rebellion, its suppression, and the political aftermath. Previous research centred on one stele, represented as evidence of worsening discrimination against Kyŏngsang province elites. This article considers the six stelae in relation to the wider political context of 1728–1837 and analyses consistencies in the text, political connections, location, and the target audience. The stelae reveal complex political struggles in post-rebellion Chosŏn, including a struggle for court recognition by loyalists in areas of rebel strength. Most significantly, the stelae reveal a struggle amongst the victors of the rebellion. The authors attempted to set the record straight over the loyalty of their officials – especially those who had been involved in some form of controversy during the Musin Rebellion – thereby proving their loyalty to Yŏngjo and their right to administer government. To show they were trustworthy court officials, moderate Disciple's faction supporters were also distancing themselves from Disciple's faction extremists that had led the Musin Rebellion.
Cerebral Microvascular Damage Occurs Early after Hypoxia–Ischemia via nNOS Activation in the Neonatal Brain
Authors: Hsu Yi-Ching , Chang Ying-Chao , Lin Yung-Chieh , Sze Chun-I , Huang Chao-Ching , Ho Chien-Jung
Published: January 2014

Microvascular injury early after hypoxic ischemia (HI) may contribute to neonatal brain damage. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overstimulation activates neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS). We hypothesized that microvascular damage occurs early post-HI via nNOS activation and contributes to brain injury. Postpartum day-7 rat pups were treated with 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) or aminoguanidine (AG) before or after HI. Electron microscopy was performed to measure neuronal and endothelial cell damage. There were vascular lumen narrowing at 1 hour, pyknotic neurons at 3 hours, and extensive neuronal damage and loss of vessels at 24 hours post HI. Early after reoxygenation, there were neurons with heterochromatic chromatin and endothelial cells with enlarged nuclei occluding the lumen. There was also increased 3-nitrotyrosin in the microvessels and decreased cerebral blood perfusion. 7-NI and AG treatment before hypoxia provided complete and partial neuroprotection, respectively. Early post-reoxygenation, the AG group showed significantly increased microvascular nitrosative stress, microvascular interruptions, swollen nuclei that narrowed the vascular lumen, and decreased cerebral perfusion. The 7-NI group showed significantly decreased microvascular nitrosative stress, patent vascular lumen, and increased cerebral perfusion. Our results indicate that microvascular damage occurs early and progressively post HI. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases activation contributes to microvascular damage and decreased cerebral perfusion early after reoxygenation and worsens brain damage.
Atomic-scale decoration for improving the pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels
Authors: Zhou Y. T. , Zhang B. , Zheng S. J. , Wang J. , San X. Y. , Ma X. L.
Published: January 2014

Stainless steels are susceptible to the localized pitting corrosion that leads to a huge loss to our society. Studies in the past decades confirmed that the pitting events generally originate from the local dissolution in MnS inclusions which are more or less ubiquitous in stainless steels. Although a recent study indicated that endogenous MnCr2O4nano-octahedra within the MnS medium give rise to local nano-galvanic cells which are responsible for the preferential dissolution of MnS, effective solutions of restraining the cells from viewpoint of electrochemistry are being tantalizingly searched. Here we report such a galvanic corrosion can be greatly resisted via bathing the steels in Cu2+-containing solutions. This chemical bath generates Cu2−δS layers on the surfaces of MnS inclusions, invalidating the nano-galvanic cells. Our study provides a low-cost approach via an atomic scale decoration to improve the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels in a volume-treated manner.
500-year climate cycles stacking of recent centennial warming documented in an East Asian pollen record
Authors: Xu Deke , Lu Houyuan , Chu Guoqiang , Wu Naiqin , Shen Caiming , Wang Can , Mao Limi
Published: January 2014

Here we presented a high-resolution 5350-year pollen record from a maar annually laminated lake in East Asia (EA). Pollen record reflected the dynamics of vertical vegetation zones and temperature change. Spectral analysis on pollen percentages/concentrations of Pinus and Quercus and a temperature proxy, revealed ~500-year quasi-periodic cold-warm fluctuations during the past 5350 years. This ~500-year cyclic climate change occurred in EA during the mid-late Holocene and even the last 150 years dominated by anthropogenic forcing. It was almost in phase with a ~500-year periodic change in solar activity and Greenland temperature change, suggesting that ~500-year small variations in solar output played a prominent role in the mid-late Holocene climate dynamics in EA, linked to high latitude climate system. Its last warm phase might terminate in the next several decades to enter another ~250-year cool phase and thus this future centennial cyclic temperature minimum could partially slow down man-made global warming.
Analysis of ofloxacin and flavoxate HCl either individually or in combination via a green chromatographic approach with a pharmacokinetic study of ofloxacin in biological samples
Authors: El-Shaheny Rania Nabih , El-Enany Nahed Mahmoud , Belal Fathalla Fathalla
Published: January 2014

An eco-friendly micellar liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for determination of ofloxacin and flavoxate either individually or in combined tablets in addition to biological analysis of ofloxacin.
Ultra-fast microwave-assisted digestion in choline chloride–oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent for determining Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn in marine biological samples
Authors: Ghanemi Kamal , Navidi Mohammad-Amin , Fallah-Mehrjardi Mehdi , Dadolahi-Sohrab Ali
Published: January 2014

This is the first application that incorporates microwave heating with deep eutectic solvent (DES) for dissolution of biological samples.
FP tethering: a screening technique to rapidly identify compounds that disrupt protein–protein interactions
Authors: Lodge Jean M. , Justin Rettenmaier T. , Wells James A. , Pomerantz William C. , Mapp Anna K.
Published: January 2014

Fluorescence polarization (fp) tethering: a rapid and inexpensive strategy for fragment ligand discovery.
Disodium cromoglycate: exploiting its properties as a NMR weak-aligning medium for small organic molecules
Authors: Troche-Pesqueira Eduardo , Cid María-Magdalena , Navarro-Vázquez Armando
Published: January 2014

Disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) is an easy-to-prepare water-compatible NMR weak aligning medium for small molecules.
Free standing silica thin films with highly ordered perpendicular nanopores
Authors: Cheng Jifang , Rathi Somilkumar J. , Stradins Paul , Frey Gitti L. , Collins Reuben T. , Williams S. Kim Ratanathanawongs
Published: January 2014

Free standing silica thin films with perpendicular ordered nanopores were obtained by electro-assisted self-assembly and subsequent detachment from PEDOT:PSS coated indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates.
Excitation energies with linear response density matrix functional theory along the dissociation coordinate of an electron-pair bond in N-electron systems
Authors: van Meer R. , Gritsenko O. V. , Baerends E. J.
Published: January 2014

Time dependent density matrix functional theory in its adiabatic linear response formulation delivers exact excitation energies ωα and oscillator strengths fα for two-electron systems if extended to the so-called phase including natural orbital (PINO) theory. The Löwdin-Shull expression for the energy of two-electron systems in terms of the natural orbitals and their phases affords in this case an exact phase-including natural orbital functional (PILS), which is non-primitive (contains other than just J and K integrals). In this paper, the extension of the PILS functional to N-electron systems is investigated. With the example of an elementary primitive NO functional (BBC1) it is shown that current density matrix functional theory ground state functionals, which were designed to produce decent approximations to the total energy, fail to deliver a qualitatively correct structure of the (inverse) response function, due to essential deficiencies in the reconstruction of the two-body reduced density matrix (2RDM). We now deduce essential features of an N-electron functional from a wavefunction Ansatz: The extension of the two-electron Löwdin-Shull wavefunction to the N-electron case informs about the phase information. In this paper, applications of this extended Löwdin-Shull (ELS) functional are considered for the simplest case, ELS(1): one (dissociating) two-electron bond in the field of occupied (including core) orbitals. ELS(1) produces high quality ωα(R) curves along the bond dissociation coordinate R for the molecules LiH, Li2, and BH with the two outer valence electrons correlated. All of these results indicate that response properties are much more sensitive to deficiencies in the reconstruction of the 2RDM than the ground state energy, since derivatives of the functional with respect to both the NOs and the occupation numbers need to be accurate.
The “Structure” of the “Strategy”: Looking at the Matthewson-Weisberg Trade-off and Its Justificatory Role for the Multiple-Models Approach
Authors: Goldsby Michael
Published: January 2014

The multiple-models approach, which has its origins in Levins’s work, is gaining broader acceptance among philosophers. Levins asserted that there is a trade-off between modeling desiderata, which justified the multiple-models approach through two separate justificatory paths. Some attention has been paid to the trade-off thesis, culminating in a paper by Matthewson and Weisberg. However, no attention has been paid to how the trade-off is supposed to justify the multiple-models approach. I argue that a trade-off between generality and precision cannot support one of Levins’s justificatory paths, and I consider what that might mean for the multiple-models approach.
Experimental Indistinguishability of Causal Structures
Authors: Eberhardt Frederick
Published: January 2014

Using a variety of different results from the literature, I show how causal discovery with experiments is limited unless substantive assumptions about the underlying causal structure are made. These results undermine the view that experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, can independently provide a gold standard for causal discovery. Moreover, I present a concrete example in which causal underdetermination persists despite exhaustive experimentation and argue that such cases undermine the appeal of an interventionist account of causation as its dependence on other assumptions is not spelled out.
Constraints on Localization and Decomposition as Explanatory Strategies in the Biological Sciences
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Chemero Anthony
Published: January 2014

Several articles have recently appeared arguing that there really are no viable alternatives to mechanistic explanation in the biological sciences (Kaplan and Bechtel; Kaplan and Craver). We argue that mechanistic explanation is defined by localization and decomposition. We argue further that systems neuroscience contains explanations that violate both localization and decomposition. We conclude that the mechanistic model of explanation needs to either stretch to now include explanations wherein localization or decomposition fail or acknowledge that there are counterexamples to mechanistic explanation in the biological sciences.
Residential Proximity to Large Numbers of Swine in Feeding Operations Is Associated with Increased Risk of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization at Time of Hospital Admission in Rural Iowa Veterans
Authors: Carrel Margaret , Schweizer Marin L. , Sarrazin Mary Vaughan , Smith Tara C. , Perencevich Eli N.
Published: January 2014

Among 1,036 patients, residential proximity within 1 mile of large swine facilities was associated with nearly double the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization at admission (relative risk, 1.8786 [95% confidence interval, 1.0928-3.2289]; P = .0239) and, after controlling for multiple admissions and age, was associated with 1.2nearly triple the odds of MRSA colonization (odds ratio, 2.76 [95% confidence interval, 1.2728-5.9875]; P = .0101).
Role of turgor pressure in endocytosis in fission yeast
Authors: Basu Roshni , Munteanu Emilia Laura , Chang Fred
Published: January 2014

Yeast and other walled cells possess high internal turgor pressure that allows them to grow and survive in the environment. This turgor pressure, however, may oppose the invagination of the plasma membrane needed for endocytosis. Here we study the effects of turgor pressure on endocytosis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by time-lapse imaging of individual endocytic sites. Decreasing effective turgor pressure by addition of sorbitol to the media significantly accelerates early steps in the endocytic process before actin assembly and membrane ingression but does not affect the velocity or depth of ingression of the endocytic pit in wild-type cells. Sorbitol also rescues endocytic ingression defects of certain endocytic mutants and of cells treated with a low dose of the actin inhibitor latrunculin A. Endocytosis proceeds after removal of the cell wall, suggesting that the cell wall does not contribute mechanically to this process. These studies suggest that endocytosis is governed by a mechanical balance between local actin-dependent inward forces and opposing forces from high internal turgor pressure on the plasma membrane.
Improved Short-Term Outcomes with Off-Pump Reoperative Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Ramlawi Basel , Bedeir Kareem , Garcia-Morales Luis , Rodriguez Limael , Reardon Michael , Ramchandani Mahesh
Published: January 2014

Objective

Reoperative coronary surgery patients are usually sicker and older, and the procedure is more technically demanding. Comparisons between coronary surgery with (coronary artery bypass [CAB] surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB]) and without (off-pump CAB [OPCAB]) the pump have been conducted; however, few studies showed results in reoperative cases. We investigate the potential superiority of one technique over the other in redo coronary surgeries.

Methods

Our institutional Society of Thoracic Surgery database was used to gather the data for 266 isolated reoperative coronary artery surgeries from January 2004 to July 2011. These were divided into the CAB surgery in CPB group (n = 204) and the OPCAB group (n = 62).

Results

Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, except for a significantly higher prevalence of cerebrovascular disease among the off-pump group ( P = 0.01). There was also a trend toward fewer vessels bypassed among the same group ( P = 0.07). Risk adjustment was done using multivariable analyses for detection of independent effects. The use of CPB was an independent predictor of increased rates of postoperative events (odds ratio, 3.9; P = 0.004) and atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 5.9; P < 0.005) and longer intensive care unit (0.006) and hospital stay (0.004).

Conclusions

Redo OPCAB seems to offer favorable short-term outcomes compared with redo CAB. Our results suggest a reduced rate of overall postoperative events, decreased new postoperative atrial fibrillation, reduced hours stayed in the intensive care unit, and fewer days stayed from surgery to discharge. This was not associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. A randomized study with a larger number of patients and with a longer follow-up is needed.
Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia
Authors: McMichael C. H. , Palace M. W. , Bush M. B. , Braswell B. , Hagen S. , Neves E. G. , Silman M. R. , Tamanaha E. K. , Czarnecki C.
Published: January 2014

The extent and intensity of pre-Columbian impacts on lowland Amazonia have remained uncertain and controversial. Various indicators can be used to gauge the impact of pre-Columbian societies, but the formation of nutrient-enrichedterra pretasoils has been widely accepted as an indication of long-term settlement and site fidelity. Using known and newly discoveredterra pretasites and maximum entropy algorithms (Maxent), we determined the influence of regional environmental conditions on the likelihood thatterra pretaswould have been formed at any given location in lowland Amazonia.Terra pretaswere most frequently found in central and eastern Amazonia along the lower courses of the major Amazonian rivers. Terrain, hydrologic and soil characteristics were more important predictors ofterra pretadistributions than climatic conditions. Our modelling efforts indicated thatterra pretasare likely to be found throughoutca154 063 km2or 3.2% of the forest. We also predict thatterra pretaformation was limited in most of western Amazonia. Model results suggested that the distribution ofterra pretawas highly predictable based on environmental parameters. We provided targets for future archaeological surveys under the vast forest canopy and also highlighted how few of the long-term forest inventory sites in Amazonia are able to capture the effects of historical disturbance.
The Democratic Costs of Size: How Increasing Size Affects Citizen Satisfaction with Local Government
Authors: Hansen Sune Welling
Published: January 2014

The article examines the relationship between local government size and satisfaction with the input side and output side of local government. The literature on the relationship between size and satisfaction is extensive, but studies typically focus on structural differences rather than structural change, using traditional cross-sectional methods. The article seeks to remedy this by studying recent municipal mergers in Denmark as a quasi-experiment, using a unique data set consisting of a repeated and a cross-sectional survey of Danish citizens (combined with register data on the municipalities). The article finds that increases in population size have a negative, small to moderately sized effect on citizen satisfaction on both the input and the output side of local government. This implies that although local government consolidations are often motivated on economic grounds, they also have consequences for citizen satisfaction with local government.
Negative Duties, the WTO and the Harm Argument
Authors: Pavel Carmen
Published: January 2014

Citizens in rich countries should shoulder the burden of alleviating global poverty because they are harming the poor, or so many argue. But the baseline for assessing harm is often unclear. This paper recommends a baseline for harm as rights violations. This baseline makes it clear that many of the attributions of harm made by proponents of the harm argument, instead of representing cases of harms caused, are rather instances of benefits withheld from the poor. A moral case can be made that benefits should be extended by the rich countries toward poor ones, but this case will look very different from a case for responsibility for harm.
The Impact of Education on the Development of Political Trust: Results from a Five-Year Panel Study among Late Adolescents and Young Adults in Belgium
Authors: Hooghe Marc , Dassonneville Ruth , Marien Sofie
Published: January 2014

There is a strong ongoing debate about the impact of higher education experiences on political attitudes and behaviours. While some authors assume a direct socialisation effect of educational experience, others have argued that education should be seen as a mere proxy variable for socio-economic status and pre-adult socialisation experiences. In this article we use a 5-year Belgian panel study that tracked respondents between the ages of 16 and 21. Using a hierarchical linear model of repeated measurements, we are able to demonstrate that differences with regard to political trust between future students and non-students are already present and stable at the age of sixteen. Significant determinants were school track and educational goal. The inclusion of actual educational status in the model (at age 21), however, rendered the relation with educational goal not significant. The results suggest that during secondary education students already anticipate and acquire a value pattern that is congruent with their future status. Ultimately, however, this effect is dependent on whether they actually enrol in higher education or not.