bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing a global greenhouse gas emissions trading program
Authors: Zarnitz Ryan
Published: April 2004

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 loosely outlines a variety of possible greenhouse gas emissions trading plans. Emissions trading has been used successfully in the U.S. to reduce emissions of SO2, NOx, and CFCs, and to eliminate use of leaded gasoline. A brief review of these programs is presented, followed by a discussion of the elements that made them successful. These success factors will then be discussed in the context of a global greenhouse gas trading system. Trading may help substantially reduce emissions by channeling funds to the location where the most reduction per unit of currency is achieved. However, the effectiveness of the Kyoto protocol is in severe jeopardy due to a lack of interest by the U.S. government.
The effect of silicone oil on biofiltration of hydrophobic compounds
Authors: Fazaelipoor Mohammad Hassan , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas
Published: April 2004

This paper documents an investigation on the effect of using silicone oil in the bed of a perlite biofilter for removal of a mixture of hydrophobic compounds. Two bench‐scale biofilters, one with silicone oil and the other without silicone oil as a control, were used for the investigations. Results showed, at low inlet concentrations, the difference in performance between the silicone oil‐treated biofilter and the control biofilter were insignificant, while at high concentrations, the biofilter with silicone oil performed slightly better. The maximum elimination capacities obtained in this research were 20.41 g/(m3bed.h) and 18.83 g/(m3bed.h) for the silicone oil‐added biofilter and the control biofilter, under the same conditions, respectively.
Mercury contamination from metal scrap processing facilities: A study by ohio EPA
Authors: Sastry Radhica , Orlemann James , Koval Paul J.
Published: April 2004

Mercury is a pollutant that causes great concern to regulators in the United States, especially to states that are located in the Great Lakes Region. Mercury is considered a significant environmental problem due to its ability to bioaccumulate in the aquatic food chain, where it may eventually affect human health. It is released into the atmosphere by natural, as well as anthropogenic, sources. Some of the anthropogenic sources include coal‐fired utility plants and industrial processes. In Ohio, we have taken a proactive approach to identify some of the sources that emit mercury into the atmosphere. Routine emission testing in mid‐1999 showed that metal scrap melting facilities could be fairly large sources of mercury emissions. Following this finding, Ohio EPA sent out a survey to all facilities that melt, or otherwise process, scrap metal to determine the possible extent of mercury emissions from these facilities. After analyzing the results of the survey, Ohio EPA has required certain facilities to conduct tests for mercury emissions. This paper outlines the methodology implemented to identify these possible sources of mercury emissions in Ohio.
Evaluation of mathematical models for analyzing flocculent settling data
Authors: Je Chung‐Hwan , Kim Kyung‐Sub
Published: April 2004

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the reliability of four mathematical models—Berthouex and Stevens' [4], San's [14], Özer's [6], and the rule‐based method—that can be used to fit flocculent settling data. Each approach was critically reviewed for its strengths and limitations, and investigated for its fitting capability using the data obtained from the authors' research and the related references. Three comparison criteria, goodness‐of‐fit, mathematical consistency, and design results, were used. The results from this study show that the rule‐based approach yielded considerably lower sum of square error (SSE) than the other approaches. Berthouex and Stevens' approach violated the criterion of constraints for all the data sets. For the design results for average TSS removal efficiency, all approaches except Berthouex and Stevens' method showed relatively consistent results. But, in terms of reliability, the rule‐based approach provided better results than the other approaches.
Comparison of single‐layer and multi‐layer rotating drum biofilters for VOC removal
Authors: Yang Chunping , Suidan Makram T. , Zhu Xueqing , Kim Byung J.
Published: April 2004

Two types of rotating drum biofilters were tested to investigate the effect of medium configuration on biofilter performance for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. One was a single‐layer biofilter that consisted of a thick layer of open‐pore reticulated polyurethane foam media. The other was a multi‐layer biofilter that used a set of four concentric thinner layers of the media. The effect of the two different media configurations was examined using diethyl ether as a model VOC at various organic loading rates. The results showed that the multi‐layer biofilter could maintain more stable and higher ether removal efficiencies at gas empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 30 s than the single‐layer biofilter at gas EBCT of 90 s, and at organic loading rates ranging from 2.0 to 8.0 kg COD m−3 day−1 (32.1 to 128.4 g ether m−3 h−1), all based on the medium volume. The multi‐layer biofilter also exhibited a more even biomass distribution on the concentric surface at a medium depth than the single‐layer biofilter, which suggests a reduced possibility of short‐circuiting of gas streams and, consequently, better performance.
Achieving low mercury concentrations in chlor‐alkali wastewaters
Authors: Tonini David R. , Gauvin Debra A. , Soffel Robert W. , Freeman W. Peter
Published: April 2004

In the early 1980s, EPA established production‐based effluent limitation guidelines for mercury in wastewater discharges from mercury cell chlor‐alkali plants based on the application of best available technology economically achievable (BAT). The principal process for achieving the BAT guidelines has been chemical precipitation with sulfide compounds, followed by filtration to remove the mercury as insoluble mercury sulfide. This treatment process typically results in effluent mercury concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 μg/kg (ppb).

In response to changes in environmental laws in Maine in 1997, HoltraChem Manufacturing Company in Orrington, Maine, began searching for new technologies to reduce mercury in its effluent. Working with suppliers, an onsite pilot plant test with sulfur‐impregnated, activated carbon, MERSORB® LW mercury adsorbent, indicated it was feasible to achieve effluent mercury levels of < 100 ng/kg (ppt). A full‐scale treatment system was designed and installed after the existing primary sulfide treatment process to treat 100 gpm of wastewater. Mercury concentrations after initial start‐up of the secondary adsorption process were one to two orders of magnitude higher than expected. After optimization of the sulfide treatment process, optimizing pH of the influent and the addition of 0.5 micron filters prior to the adsorption trains, mercury concentrations averaging < 100 ppt and as low as 20 ppt have been achieved.
Mechanical strength of laser‐welded cobalt–chromium alloy
Authors: Baba N. , Watanabe I. , Liu J. , Atsuta M.
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the output energy of laserwelding and welding methods on the joint strength of cobalt‐chromium (Co‐Cr) alloy. Twotypes of cast Co‐Cr plates were prepared, and transverse sections were made at the center ofthe plate. The cut surfaces were butted against one another, and the joints welded with alaser‐welding machine at several levels of output energy with the use of two methods. Thefracture force required to break specimens was determined by means of tensile testing. For the0.5‐mm‐thick specimens, the force required to break the 0.5‐mm laser‐welded specimens atcurrents of 270 and 300 A was not statistically different (p > 0.05) from the results for thenonwelded control specimens. The force required to break the 1.0‐mm specimens double‐weldedat a current of 270 A was the highest value among the 1.0‐mm laser‐welded specimens.The results suggested that laser welding under the appropriate conditions improved the jointstrength of cobalt‐ chromium alloy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 69B: 121–124, 2004
An experimental analogue to model the fibrous tissue layer in cemented hip replacements
Authors: Waide Victor , Cristofolini Luca , Toni Aldo
Published: April 2004

Fibrous tissue at the bone–cement interface of cemented joint replacements has been reported frequently in cases of revisions made necessary by aseptic loosening. This work describes the development of in vitro specimens suitable for biomechanical modeling of cemented femoral hip replacements with a fibrous tissue layer at the bone–cement interface. In particular, a series of uniaxial compression tests were performed on silicone elastomer specimens to identify a suitable analogue with similar mechanical characteristics to those reported for the fibrous tissue layer. A method was developed to apply the silicone elastomer at the bone–cement interface. This was examined for two types of cemented hip replacements implanted in composite femurs. The selected thickness of the elastomer layers was in the range of those found in clinical cases of aseptic loosening. Specimens produced by these methods could be used in preclinical biomechanical tests (such as stability or stress shielding tests) to assess the effects of a soft‐tissue layer, to model in vitro a long‐term‐implant scenario, and to provide validation for similar finite element studies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 69B: 232–240, 2004
Predicting in silico bioprocess additive and food additive undesirable outcomes due to utilising cytochrome P450 isoform metallomimics
Authors: Wiseman Alan
Published: April 2004

Up to 2700 isoforms of cytochromes P450 bioconvert components of food bioprocessing. Nutragenomics define the biotransformation abilities of particular cytochromes P450 selected from 57 human isoforms in appropriate tissues such as the liver. Safety predictions solely in silico are unreliable using metallomimics of the Fe‐containing enzymes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimal linear filtering over observations with multiple delays
Authors: Basin Michael , Martinez‐Zuniga Rodolfo
Published: April 2004

In this paper, the optimal filtering problem for a linear system over observations with multiple delays is treated proceeding from the general expression for the stochastic Ito differential of the optimal estimate and its variance. As a result, the optimal filtering equations similar to the traditional Kalman–Bucy ones are obtained in the form dual to the Smith predictor, commonly used for robust control design in time‐delay systems. In the example, the obtained optimal filter over observations with multiple delays is verified for a sample system and compared with the best Kalman–Bucy filter available for delayed measurements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CeAgAs2 — a New Derivative of the HfCuSi2 Type of Structure: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Demchyna R. , Jemetio J. P. F. , Prots Yu. , Doert Th. , Akselrud L. G. , Schnelle W. , Kuz'ma Yu. , Grin Yu.
Published: April 2004

Single crystals of CeAgAs2 have been obtained by chemical transport reactions starting from a pre‐reacted powder sample. The crystal structure was solved using X‐ray diffraction (space group Pmca, No. 57, a = 5.7586(4) Å, b = 5.7852(4) Å, c = 21.066(3) Å, Z = 8) and refined to a residual of R(F) = 0.029 for 46 refined parameters and 1020 reflections. The structure of CeAgAs2 represents a new distorted and ordered variant of the HfCuSi2 type. The characteristic feature of this structure are infinite cis‐trans chains of As atoms with As—As distances of 2.563(1) Å and 2.601(1) Å. CeAgAs2 is paramagnetic (μeff = 2.37 μB, θ = —10.5(2) K), with antiferromagnetic ordering at 5.5(2) K and exhibits a metamagnetic transition starting at 4.6 kOe and T = 1.8 K.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Two Mixed‐Valence Copper Complexes with Mixed Ligands
Authors: He Xiang , Lu Can‐Zhong
Published: April 2004

Hydrothermal reactions of copper salts with fumaric acid, 1, 10‐phenanthroline or 2, 2‐bipyridine in basic aqueous solution gave rise to two mixed‐valence copper complexes [Cu4(ophen)4(fum)] (1) and [Cu4(obipy)4(fum)]·6H2O (2) (fum = fumarate dianion, Hophen = 2‐hydroxy‐1, 10‐phenanthroline and Hobpy = 6‐hydroxy‐2, 2′‐bipyridine), which were characterized by single crystal X‐ray analysis. [Cu4(ophen)4(fum)] (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 10.4749(8), b = 13.4210(9), c = 15.1090(10)Å, β = 103.811(3)° Z = 2; [Cu4(obipy)4(fum)]·6H2O (2) has the triclinic space group P1¯, with a = 10.1302(11), b = 10.4406(12), c = 11.4450(13)Å, α = 84.384(2)°, β = 79.064(2)°, g = 67.734(2)° and Z = 1. The fumaric acid ligand acts as a multi‐dentate bridging ligand in both compounds, 1 and 2, to link copper atoms into dumbbell structure. During the reactions, 1, 10‐phenanthroline and 2, 2′‐bipyridine ligands are all hydroxylated into ophen and obipy, which provide useful structural evidence for the study on the Gillard mechanism.
Synthesis and Characterization of the first Copper(II) Complex of 6‐Azathymine. The Crystal Structure of [[CuCl2(H2O)2(AT)}2] · 2H2O; (AT = 6‐Azathymine)
Authors: Ghassemzadeh Mitra , Pooramini Mostafa M. , Tabatabaee Maasoomeh , Heravi Majid M. , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: April 2004

The reaction of 3, 4‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐3‐thioxo‐1, 2, 4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (6‐aza‐2‐thiothymine, AAT, 1) with copper(I) chloride in presence of hydrochloric acid in methanol gives the complex [{CuCl2(H2O)2(AT)}2] · 2H2O, 2, AT = 6‐azathymine) in excellent yield. 2 was characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses as well as mass spectrometry. Also single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies on compound 2 revealed that AT acts as a monodentate ligand in the centrosymmetric binuclear complex via its oxygen atom. Crystal data for 2 at —80 °C: space group P21/c with a = 550.1(1), b = 2712.5(1), c = 729.7(1) pm, β = 95.99(1)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0213.
Asymmetric Bipyridine‐Terpyridine‐Copper(II) Complexes: An Approach for New Supramolecular Architectures
Authors: Hofmeier Harald , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: April 2004

On the way towards novel supramolecular assemblies and polymers, several copper(II) complexes consisting of one terpyridine as well as one bipyridine ligand were synthesized in a one‐step reaction. The compounds were characterized by UV/VIS spectroscopy and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Single crystals were obtained and their structures were determined by X‐ray analyses.
Crystal Structure Investigations and Thermal Behavior of the Five‐Leg Spin Ladder Compound La8Cu7O19
Authors: Schüpp Barbara , Sekar Chinnathambi , Gruner Wolfgang , Auffermann Gudrun , Bähtz Carsten , Krabbes Gernot
Published: April 2004

La8Cu7O19 was synthesized by solid state reaction of the oxides La2O3 and CuO at 1288 K in air. The crystal structure was determined by a joint Rietveld refinement of X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction data. La8Cu7O19 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with the lattice parameters a = 13.8310(4)Å, b = 3.75827(9)Å, c = 34.5917(8)Å and β = 99.332(2)°. La8Cu7O19 is the n = 3 member of the homologous series La4+4nCu8+2nO14+8n. The Cu—O sub‐structure in La8Cu7O19 contains infinite ribbons, which can be described as perovskite type layers with a width of n = 3 Jahn‐Teller‐elongated octahedra, and Cu—O planes of complex geometry. DSC/TG‐measurements in different gas atmospheres show peritectic decomposition of La8Cu7O19. The anisotropic thermal expansion of the lattice parameters was investigated using synchrotron radiation. The Madelung part of lattice energy was calculated and compared with the corresponding values of other lanthanum cuprates.
Thermochemische Untersuchungen zum quasibinären System YbOCl/SeO2
Authors: Schmidt P. , Quoc H. Dao , Oppermann H. , Ruck M. , Berdonosov P. S. , Dolgikh V. A. , Popovkin B. A.
Published: April 2004

Auf dem quasibinären Schnitt YbOCl/SeO2 existieren gemäß dem thermischen Abbau und der Phasenanalyse definierter Pulvergemenge vier thermodynamisch stabile Verbindungen: YbOCl · 3 SeO2 = YbSe3O7Cl, YbOCl · 2 SeO2 = YbSe2O5Cl und YbOCl · SeO2 = YbSeO3Cl sowie die YbOCl‐reiche Verbindung Yb2SeO4Cl2 (2 YbOCl · SeO2).

Durch Gesamtdruckmessungen und DTA wurden das Zustandsbarogramm und das Zustandsdiagramm des quasibinären Schnittes YbOCl/SeO2 aufgestellt. Aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Zersetzungsdrücke wurden die Bildungsenthalpien und Standardentropien der Phasen hergeleitet. Unabhängig davon wurden die Bildungsenthalpien der neuen Verbindungen aus den kalorimetrisch bestimmten Lösewärmen von YbOCl, SeO2 und der quaternären Phasen gewonnen.
Synthesen und Charakteristika von Heterobimetallorganika des Siliciums mit dem 2‐(Dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenyl‐Liganden FcN (η5‐C5H5)Fe[η5‐C5H3(CH2NMe2)]—
Authors: Jacob Klaus , Görls Helmar , Lorenz Volker
Published: April 2004

Das heterobimetallische Lithiumorganyl [2‐(Dimethylaminomethyl)ferro‐cenyl]‐Lithium, LiFcN, reagiert mit Silicium(IV)‐chlorid, SiCl4, zum heterobimetallischen Siliciumorganyl [(FcN)3SiCl] (1). Bei der Hydrolysereaktion von 1 entsteht das heterobimetallische Organosilanol [(FcN)3SiOH] (2). Die eingehende Charakterisierung von 1 und 2 erfolgte durch NMR‐ und Massenspektrometrie sowie durch die Röntgenstruktur‐Analyse von 2.
Oxorhenium(V) Complexes with Thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Santos Isabel Garcia , Abram Ulrich
Published: April 2004

Neutral oxorhenium(V) complexes with thiosemicarbazones derived from 2‐pyridine formamide, HL1, are formed when [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] reacts with equimolar amounts of the ligands. Reduction of the metal and the formation of rhenium(III) complexes of the composition [Re(L1)2]+ occurs when an excess of thiosemicarbazones is used and the reaction is performed in boiling toluene for a prolonged period of time.

The thiosemicarbazones deprotonate and act as tridentate ligands as has been confirmed by an X‐ray structure of [ReOCl2(L1b)], where HL1b is 2‐pyridineformamide‐N(4)‐ethylthiosemicarbazone and the ligand occupies the equatorial coordination sphere of the complex together with one of the chloro ligands.
Metallkomplexe mit N2O2S2‐Koordinationssphäre. Synthese und Charakterisierung der Cobalt(II)‐, Nickel(II)‐ und Kupfer(II)‐Komplexe eines 15‐ und eines 16‐gliedrigen N, N′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐funktionalisierten makrocyclischen Liganden
Authors: Mattes Rainer , Mühlenbrock Christoph , Leeners Katharina , Pyttel Claudia
Published: April 2004

Die makrocyclischen Liganden 6, 10‐Bis(2‐hydro‐xyethyl)‐7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18‐hexahydro‐dibenzo‐[e, n][1, 4, 8, 12]‐dithiadiaza‐cyclopentadecin (1) (L1) und 5, 13‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20‐nonahydro‐dibenzo‐[g, o][1, 9, 5, 13]‐dithiadiaza‐cyclohexadecin (L4) sowie ihre Nickel(II)‐, Cobalt(II)‐ und Kupfer(II)‐Komplexe wurden hergestellt und durch Röntgenstrukturanalysen charakterisiert. In allen Komplexen haben die Metallionen eine oktaedrische N2O2S2‐Koordinationssphäre. Durch Faltung der Liganden um die N···M···S‐Achse bzw. um die N···M···N′‐Achse resultiert eine all‐cis‐Konfiguration für die Komplexe von L1 und eine trans‐N2‐cis‐O2‐cis‐S2‐Konfiguration für die Komplexe von L4. Der Cobalt(II)‐Komplex [CoL1(‐H)CoL1](ClO4)3 (2) ist dimer. Die Verknüpfung erfolgt über eine kurze Wasserstoffbrückenbindung der Länge 2.402(12)Å. Die Kupfer(II)‐Komplexe von L1 und L4 unterscheiden sich im Hinblick auf die Jahn‐Teller‐Verzerrung.
Synthesen und Charakterisierungen der ersten Tris‐ und Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)palladate(II) und ‐platinate(II), [M(CF3)3(PPh3)]— und [M(CF3)4]2— (M = Pd, Pt)
Authors: Naumann Dieter , Kirij Natalya V. , Maggiarosa Nicola , Tyrra Wieland , Yagupolskii Yurii L. , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: April 2004

Tris(trifluormethyl)(triphenylphosphan)palladat(II) und —platinat(II), [M(CF3)3(PPh3)]—, und die Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)metallate(II), [M(CF3)4]2— (M = Pd, Pt), entstehen bei den Reaktionen von [MCl2(PPh3)2] mit Me3SiCF3 / [Me4N]F oder mit [I(CF3)2]—‐Salzen in guten Ausbeuten. [Me4N][M(CF3)3(PPh3)] kristallisieren isotyp in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pnma (Nr. 62) mit Z = 4. Die NMR‐Spektren der neuen Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
[PbAsSiiPr3]6 — the First Structurally Characterized Compound with Chemical Bonds between Lead and Arsenic (Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 2004, 630, 3, 345)
Authors: von Hänisch C. , Nikolova D.
Published: April 2004

The authors of the Short Communication “[PbAsSiiPr3]6 — the First Structurally Characterized Compound with Chemical Bonds between Lead and Arsenic” (C. von Hänisch, D. Nikolova, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2004, 630, 345—346) overlooked the quaternary phase K8NbPbAs5, published by Gascoin und Sevov [1]. Its crystal structure reveals the presence of [NbPbAs5]8— anions. Therefore this is the first structurally characterized compound with bonds between lead and arsenic. Nevertheless, [PbAsSiiPr3]6 remains the sole example of a molecular compound, characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, containing such Pb—As bonds and organic substituents. The authors apologize for their oversight.

See original Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 2004, 630, 3, 345
Arthroscopic Findings in Wrists with Severe Post-Traumatic Pain despite Normal Standard Radiographs
Authors: ADOLFSSON L. , POVLSEN B.
Published: April 2004

This study assessed the role of diagnostic arthroscopy following a wrist injury in patients with normal standard radiographs, an unclear clinical diagnosis and persistent severe pain at 4 to 12 weeks. Forty-three patients were included after conservative management had failed to improve their wrist pain so that a stability test could be performed satisfactorily and underwent arthroscopy within 12 weeks. Arthroscopy revealed recent pathology in 41 wrists, of which 17 had significant ligament lesions that might have benefited from acute repair. We conclude that patients with marked persistent post-traumatic symptoms despite conservative management are likely to have sustained ligament injuries despite normal radiographs. We therefore recommend that under these circumstances an arthroscopy is carried out within 4 weeks if the patient and surgeon wish to acutely repair significant ligament injuries.
From axis to triangle: The role of orbital cortex
Authors: Bota Mihail
Published: April 2004

This commentary focuses on the “olfactory cortices–hippocampal formation” axis, proposed by Aboitiz et al. to be that network which allowed the first mammals to create elaborate representations of space. I argue here that this neural axis can be extended to a triangle of structures which also includes the orbital cortex.
Paleoecology and the overlap of homeotic genes for isocortex evolution
Authors: Furtado Danilo Arruda
Published: April 2004

Two issues in synapsid brain evolution are discussed: the presumed structure and function of the brain of the Synapsida/Diapsida common ancestral, and the enlargement of dorsal telencephalon. Ecological niches possibly occupied by some Carboniferous tetrapods are considered in order to speculate about evolution of major telencephalic sectors. An alternative interpretation of isocortical origins, based on differences in Pax-6 expression, is suggested for discussion.
The evolution of neural dynamics permitting isocortical-limbic-motor communication
Authors: Hermer-Vazquez R. , Hermer-Vazquez L.
Published: April 2004

The first cortically based associative circuits integrated olfactory, motivational, and motor information. Many of the neural dynamics present in these evolutionarily ancient, olfactory-motor circuits, such as the broadband frequency, phase, and amplitude modulations seen during recognition of a rewarded olfactory stimulus, are also found in isocortical circuits. These results suggest that mechanisms permitting olfactory associative processing formed the basis for evolutionarily more recent large-scale couplings involving isocortical areas.
Larval and juvenile distribution and growth of Patagonian toothfish around South Georgia
Authors: North A.W.
Published: April 2004

Early stages of toothfish are reported from cruises between 1978 and 2001. South Georgia was regularly sampled, Shag Rocks was briefly sampled in three summers, and Burdwood Bank was sampled in 1997. Most samples were using 8 m2 and 1 m2 nets in the upper 250 m and upper 3 m, respectively. Forty-three pelagic larval/early juvenile stages between 18.2 and 63 mm standard length (Ls) were taken between December and March. Four specimens were taken at Burdwood Bank, one at Shag Rocks, and 38 at South Georgia. Forty fish were from the upper 250 m, and 23 from the upper 3 m. They occurred onshelf and offshore over water depths between 10 and 3000 m. Estimated growth rate, at South Georgia from 11 cohorts (including published data), is c. 1% Ls, d−1 (n = 39). From this and a hatch size of 15 mm Ls, the predicted hatching season is November to mid-December. From seven trawl surveys during summer at South Georgia and Shag Rocks between 1986 and 2000, the mean depth of the smaller demersal juveniles 13–25 cm total length (LT) was < 140 m, indicating that early juveniles probably migrate inshore.
Magnetospheric sources of Pc1-2 ULF waves observed in the polar ionospheric waveguide
Authors: Neudegg D.A. , Fraser B.J. , Menk F.W. , Burns G.B. , Morris R.J. , Underwood M.J.
Published: April 2004

Energy from the outer regions of the magnetosphere may be transferred to the polar ionosphere by plasma waves. A magnetometer array operated during the Antarctic winter observed Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF) plasma waves in the Pc 1–2 (0.1–10.0 Hz) frequency range, propagating parallel to the surface of the Earth in a waveguide or duct centred at ∼300 km altitude in the ionosphere. These compressional fast mode plasma waves most likely originated in the outer magnetosphere as shear mode plasma waves guided along the geomagnetic field. The region of origin in the magnetosphere for the waves is not certain as several widely spaced volumes map along geomagnetic field lines to a relatively close ensemble in the polar ionosphere. This paper compares the direction of propagation for the waves with signatures of magnetospheric regions geomagnetically projecting onto the ionosphere. Regions such as the polar cusp, low latitude boundary layer and mantle were observed by DMSP spacecraft and a SuperDARN high-frequency radar. The most likely region in the polar ionosphere for the fast mode waves to have originated from is equatorwards of the polar cusp, suggesting the field guided waves originated just inside the magnetopause. A case is made for association of the observed Pc1-2 ULF waves with post-noon, field-aligned-current systems driven by reconnection of the solar Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and the geomagnetic field near the magnetopause.
Human relationship: The forgotten dynamic in palliative care
Authors: HAWTHORNE DENISE L. , YURKOVICH NANCY J.
Published: April 2004

Objective: Palliative care is a philosophy of care for
individuals experiencing progressive, incurable disease. It encompasses
two dynamics, science-based practice and relationship between patient,
family, and health professional. Each dynamic is essential for quality
palliative care, yet the requisites for each are different.

Methods: The scientific process of observation and
measurement requires differentiation, distance, and detachment to
fulfill its demands for objectivity, whereas relationship, unobservable
and immeasurable, requires sameness, closeness, and connection of a
shared humanity. It is science, however, the prevailing world-view,
that shapes our thinking and consequently, influences the education and
practice of health professionals.

Results: We explore the dynamics of science and relationship
and the incongruities between them. We examine the prominence of
science in palliative care and its impact on relationship.

Significance of results: We contend that questioning the
current emphasis of science in palliative care and discovering the joy
and rewards of shared human experience will enrich the quality of life
for patients, families, and health professionals.
Neuronale Aktivierungsmuster von Retrieval Effort beim episodischen Gedächtnisabruf
Authors: Grubich C. , Schiltz K. , Ebert A.D. , Heinze H.J. , Münte T.F. , Herrmann M.
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: Die semantische Ähnlichkeit von Gedächtnisinhalten stellt einen wesentlichen Interferenzfaktor beim episodischen Gedächtnisabruf dar. Semantische Interferenzkontrolle ist eine exekutive Teilfunktion des episodischen Gedächtnisses, die mit hohen Monitoringanforderungen und einer erhöhten Mobilisation von Verarbeitungsressourcen (Retrieval Effort) verbunden ist. Der hier durchgeführte Vergleich von Probanden mit hohem vs. niedrigem Retrieval Effort im Rahmen eines semantischen Interferenzparadigmas sollte eine Exploration elektrophysiologischer Korrelate von Retrieval Effort ermöglichen. Dazu wurde ein Mediansplit anhand der Reaktionszeitdifferenzen für eine semantische Interferenzbedingung im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollbedingung durchgeführt. Nur Probanden mit hohem zusätzlichen Reaktionszeitaufwand zeigen eine vergleichsweise Positivierung der EKP in der Interferenzbedingung über frontalen Arealen, die als Ausdruck von höherem Retrieval Effort gewertet werden kann.
Nitrogen-bonded aromatics in soil organic matter and their implications for a yield decline in intensive rice cropping
Authors: Schmidt-Rohr K. , Mao J.-D. , Olk D. C.
Published: April 2004

Previous research has shown that long-term intensive cropping of irrigated lowland rice has led to significant grain-yield declines in field trials. The yield decline was attributed to decreased availability of soil nitrogen, which is held mostly in the soil organic matter. By advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we have detected significant amounts of amide nitrogen directly bonded to aromatic rings in a humic acid fraction extracted from a continually submerged, triple-cropped rice soil. Because nitrogen bonded to aromatics is not readily plant-available, this observation can explain the yield decline. Quantitative
13
C NMR combined with advanced spectral editing showed that this humic acid is rich in lignin derivatives (>45% of all carbon), whereas the corresponding humic acid fraction extracted from an aerobic, single-cropped rice soil contains less lignin and less nitrogen bonded to aromatics.
Transgenic study of parallelism in plant morphological evolution
Authors: Yoon Ho-Sung , Baum David A.
Published: April 2004

Developmental constraint is indicated when one finds that similar genetic mechanisms are responsible for independent origins of the same derived phenotype. We studied three independent origins of rosette flowering within the mustard family and attempted to evaluate the extent to which the same mechanisms were involved in each transition from the ancestral phenotype, inflorescence flowering. We used transformation to move a candidate gene,
LFY
, and its cis-regulatory sequences from rosette-flowering species into an inflorescence-flowering recipient,
Arabidopsis thaliana
, in place of its endogenous
LFY
gene. The transgenic phenotypes of experimental and control lines (containing an
A. thaliana LFY
transgene) and the expression driven by the cis-regulatory sequences show that changes at the
LFY
locus might have contributed to the evolution of rosette flowering in two of the three lineages. In the third case, changes upstream of
LFY
are implicated. Our data suggest that changes in a single developmental regulatory program were involved in multiple origins of the same derived trait but that the specific genetic changes were different in each case.
Sfixem—graphical sequence feature display in Java
Authors: Chalk Alistair M. , Wennerberg Martin , Sonnhammer Erik L. L.
Published: April 2004

Summary: Sfixem is an sequence feature series (SFS) visualization tool implemented in Java. It is designed to visualize data from sequence analysis programs, allowing the user to view multiple sets of computationally generated analysis to assist the analysis process. SFS is used as the data exchange format.

Availability: Sfixem is available for direct usage or download for local usage at http://sfixem.cgb.ki.se. A protein sequence analysis workbench using Sfixem is available at http://sfinx.cgb.ki.se.
A geometric approach to determine association and coherence of the activation times of cell-cycling genes under differing experimental conditions
Authors: Liu Delong , Weinberg Clarice R. , Peddada Shyamal D.
Published: April 2004

Differing arresting agents and protocols can be used to synchronize cells in cultures to specific phases of the cell when studying cell-cycle gene expressions. Often, data derived from individual experiments are analyzed separately, since no appropriate statistical methodology is available at the moment to analyze the data from all such experiments simultaneously. The focus of this paper is to determine the association and coherence of the relative activation times of cell-cycling genes under different experimental conditions. Using a circular–circular regression model, we define two parameters, a rotation parameter for the angular difference between cells' arresting times (phases) in two cell-cycle experiments, and an association parameter to describe the correspondence between the cycle times of maximal expression (phase angles) for a set of genes studied in two experiments. Further, we propose a procedure to assess coherence across multiple experiments, i.e. to what extent the circular ordering of the phase angles of genes is maintained across multiple experiments. Coherence of genes across experiments suggests that functionally these genes tend to respond in a stereotypically sequenced way under different experimental conditions. Our proposed methodology is illustrated by applying it to a HeLa cell-cycle gene-expression data.
A new genomic duplication syndrome complementary to the velocardiofacial (22q11 deletion) syndrome
Authors: Hassed SJ , Hopcus‐Niccum D , Zhang L , Li S , Mulvihill JJ
Published: April 2004

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis can reveal undetected chromosomal rearrangements. We report a patient with cleft palate, hydronephrosis, and minor dysmorphic features, including low‐set posteriorly rotated ears, down‐slanting palpebral fissures, mandibular micrognathia, and brachymesophalangia. Routine chromosome analysis identified no abnormality of chromosome 22; FISH analysis with the TUPLE1 probe disclosed an interstitial duplication of 22q11.2. FISH analysis did not reveal the duplication on the initial testing of metaphase chromosomes, although, on review, the area was brighter on one chromosome in each metaphase spread. FISH analysis of interphase cells showed three TUPLE1‐probe sites with two chromosome‐specific identification probes in each cell. Family history showed two older full siblings, a brother with behavior problems, oppositional defiant disorder, and learning problems and a sister with hydronephrosis and mild delays. The father and both siblings had similar facial features, and all three had the same interstitial duplication of the TUPLE1 probe. This family illustrates the novel complementary duplication syndrome of the velocardiofacial syndrome, which adds it to the expanding list of genomic deletion/duplication syndromes. The laboratory results further show the utility and need for careful analysis of interphase cells even in samples where good quality metaphases are available.
Preference‐Based Constrained Optimization with CP‐Nets
Authors: Boutilier Craig , Brafman Ronen I. , Domshlak Carmel , Hoos Holger H. , Poole David
Published: April 2004

Many artificial intelligence (AI) tasks, such as product configuration, decision support, and the construction of autonomous agents, involve a process of constrained optimization, that is, optimization of behavior or choices subject to given constraints. In this paper we present an approach for constrained optimization based on a set of hard constraints and a preference ordering represented using a CP‐network—a graphical model for representing qualitative preference information. This approach offers both pragmatic and computational advantages. First, it provides a convenient and intuitive tool for specifying the problem, and in particular, the decision maker's preferences. Second, it admits an algorithm for finding the most preferred feasible (Pareto‐optimal) outcomes that has the following anytime property: the set of preferred feasible outcomes are enumerated without backtracking. In particular, the first feasible solution generated by this algorithm is Pareto optimal.
Study of the effects of interferon a on several human hepatoma cell lines: analysis of the signalling pathway of the cytokine and of its effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation
Authors: Legrand A. , Vadrot N. , Lardeux B. , Bringuier A.F. , Guillot R. , Feldmann G.
Published: April 2004

Background: Interferon α (IFNα), currently used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, is also known to prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the mechanism of this action being still debatable.

Aims: To study thoroughly in human hepatoma cell lines (HHL) – Hep3B, HepG2, HuH7, SKHep1, and Chang‐Liver – submitted to rhIFNα, the signalling pathway of IFNα, the binding activity of the cytokine on specific gamma‐activated sequence (GAS) and interferon‐stimulated regulatory element (ISRE) nuclear sequences, and its effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation.

Methods: The behaviour of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1, STAT2, p48IRF9 and the binding of nuclear proteins were investigated by immunoblot and electro‐mobility shift assay. Expression of some IFNα‐dependent proteins – p21/WAF1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, IRF1 and 2 – were studied by immunoblot. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were studied by morphological and biochemical methods.

Results: Transduction of INFα was unaltered, although there were some variations in the different HHL. Nuclear protein binding to GAS or ISRE showed that ISRE was mainly involved. Apoptosis did not occur. The cell cycle was slightly modified in HuH7. Three GAS‐ and/or ISRE‐dependent proteins increased, suggesting that IFNα may have some biological effects on HHL.

Conclusions: The IFNα signalling pathway is functional in several HHL, but the cytokine has no apoptotic effect and a moderate anti‐proliferative effect. This suggests that the preventive role of IFNα on HCC cannot be explained by an apoptotic and/or an anti‐proliferative effect, but possibly by its action on several specific nuclear sequences that protect liver cells from transformation.
Sequential combination therapy of HBe antigen‐negative/virus‐DNA‐positive chronic hepatitis B with famciclovir or lamivudine and interferon‐alpha‐2a
Authors: Schiefke Ingolf , Klecker Chris , Maier Melanie , Oesen Ute , Etzrodt Gunnar , Tannapfel Andrea , Liebert Uwe G. , Berr Frieder
Published: April 2004

Background/Aims: Hepatitis B e antigen‐negative/hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHBe−) exhibits a high relapse rate on monotherapy with lamivudine or interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α). We investigated, whether sequential therapy with famciclovir or lamivudine followed by combination with IFN‐α‐2a improves durable virologic response in CHBe− characterized by mutation analysis of the HBV precore genome region.

Methods: Fourteen patients were treated with famciclovir (n=3) or lamivudine for 4 weeks to reduce the viral load, and subsequently with the combination of the nucleoside analogue and IFN‐α‐2a until 16 weeks beyond the loss of serum HBV‐DNA.

Results: Median duration of therapy was 29.0 weeks (range 20.6–48.3 weeks). Serum HBV‐DNA was undetectable and alanine aminotransferase had normalized in all patients at the end of treatment. Seven (50%) patients maintained a sustained response 12 months after end of treatment. Only two of them had been infected by HBV with the G1896A mutation. Most patients (5/7) with the G1896A mutation relapsed within 4 months after therapy.

Conclusion: Sequential combination therapy can induce sustained virologic response in a subgroup of CHBe−, but most with the G1896A precore mutant HBV relapse. Trials of CHBe− should be based on characterization of HBV mutants.
Apoptosis and necrosis in liver disease
Authors: Jaeschke Hartmut , Gujral Jaspreet S. , Bajt Mary Lynn
Published: April 2004

Abstract:
Liver cell injury and cell death is a prominent feature in all liver disease processes. During the last 5–10 years, most research activities focused almost exclusively on evaluating apoptotic cell death and the corresponding intracellular signaling pathways. Although this effort led to substantial progress in our understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis, it also created substantial confusion regarding the predominant mode of cell death and the relevance of apoptosis in a variety of liver disease models, as discussed in this review for acetaminophen and troglitazone hepatotoxicity, obstructive cholestasis and viral hepatitis. Part of the problem is related to the fact that there is no specific assay or parameter, with the exception of morphological changes in vivo, which allows the unequivocal distinction between apoptosis and oncotic necrosis. In addition, some aspects of the signaling pathways are similar. Therefore, to make progress in identifying relevant pharmacological intervention strategies to prevent or attenuate human liver disease processes, it is of critical importance to apply several different experimental approaches and analyze as many parameters as possible. In addition, positive controls for the assumed process should be used whenever possible and mechanisms of cell injury should only be investigated in model systems relevant for the human pathophysiology.
Hydrotherapy Use During Labor: An Integrative Review
Authors: Stringer Marilyn , Hanes Lisa
Published: April 2004

(1) Hydrotherapy is an effective, alternative intervention that can be used by care providers to provide a nonpharmacological method to assist low risk, laboring women cope with labor. This article provides a synthesis of the state of the science on the effects of hydrotherapy with labor and delivery. The indications, physiologic mechanism, benefits, practice implications, and needed research are discussed. The data‐based articles support numerous benefits such as increased relaxation, increased satisfaction, lower blood pressure, and increased diuresis with women who bathe during labor. These studies found that there was no difference in maternal and neonatal morbidity such as infections between bathers and nonbathers. Additionally, there was no difference in maternal and neonatal infection rates between women with intact or ruptured membranes. The use of hydrotherapy during established labor increases cervical dilation while bathing although there is no difference in the total length of labor between bathers and nonbathers. Researchers conclude that hydrotherapy is a safe, nonpharmacological alternative for women to use during labor and delivery.
A Systematic Overview of Interventions to Reduce Physical Restraint Use in Long‐Term Care Settings
Authors: Godkin M. Dianne , Onyskiw Judee E.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

(1) The purpose of this systematic integrative review was to summarize the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions or programs to reduce physical restraint use in long‐term care facilities.

Conclusion

(2) Research findings indicate that physical restraint reduction programs which included an educational component, restraint removal, and interventions individualized to residents' specific needs were successful in decreasing restraint use. There were no significant negative consequences for residents or staff associated with the implementation of restraint reduction programs or interventions. Educational programs had a positive impact on nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding restraint use. Findings, however, must be considered in light of the methodological weaknesses noted in the studies.

Implication

(3) The practice goal of achieving least‐restraint or restraint‐ free long‐term care facilities is an appropriate and achievable one. This objective can be facilitated through ongoing mandatory educational programs for staff, individualized assessment and implementation of appropriate interventions for residents, and adequate administrative support. Well‐designed research studies investigating the efficacy of specific interventions, cross‐cultural issues, and longitudinal outcomes would all contribute to the further development of evidence‐based practice regarding restraint use in long‐term care facilities.
Exposure Risk in the Handling and Administration of Chemotherapy Agents: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature
Authors: Ritchie Mary Ann , McAdams Cathy , Fritz Nancy
Published: April 2004

Purpose

(1) This paper synthesizes research findings on known exposure risks to and compliance among health care professionals in the handling of neoplastic agents and suggests implications for practice and future research.

Conclusions

(2) The exposure risk for experiencing mutagenicity and alterations in fertility from chemotherapy agents among health care professionals has been extensively studied. Exposure risk and its relationship to health care professionals' compliance to established protocols for the safe handling and administration of chemotherapy agents continues to be a concern for health care institutions. Research in this area has been mainly retrospective and most studies have used a causal‐comparative design; the degree of mutagenicity has been quantified for an identified exposed group and compared with a group that has not been exposed to antineoplastic agents. The evaluation of exposure has been found to be a complex problem because of the considerable mediating factors that are multifactorial and interactive in nature. Despite these confounding factors, the findings of past studies suggest that unsafe practice leads to an increased risk of exposure.

Implications

(3) Findings from existing research indicate that compliance with established safety guidelines offers adequate protection to those health care workers involved in the handling, administration and care of patients receiving chemotherapy agents.