bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF AMINO ACID CONCENTRATION ON DIET UPTAKE AND PERFORMANCE BY THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Srivastava P. N. , Auclair J. L.
Published: December 2009

The average rate of diet uptake by the 1st–3rd instar nymphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on chemically defined diets containing 0.0–5.0% amino acids varied from 0.08 to 0.23 μl/aphid/24 h and that by 4th instar nymphs to adults varied from 0.15 to 0.74 μl/aphid/24 h. The presence of amino acids increased the acceptability of diets to a great extent, as uptake on such diets was 2–5 times more than that on amino acid free diets. Uptake was lowest on diets lacking amino acids, and highest on those containing 3.5 and 2.5% amino acids by 1st–3rd instar nymphs and 4th instar nymphs to adults respectively. It is suggested that certain amino acids, either alone or in combination, act synergistically with sucrose as phagostimulants. Methionine was slightly phagostimulatory to the pea aphid and enhanced the acceptability of a free amino acid diet and of a sucrose solution.

As expected the rate of feeding increased as the aphids grew. Nymphs reached the adult stage, and reproduced on each diet, except on the one lacking amino acids. The longevity on different diets varied from 7 to 37 days. A concentration of 2–4% amino acids, with an optimum at 3.5%, appears to be essential for the growth, survival, and larviposition of the pea aphid.

Due to the punctures made in the stretched parafilm by aphids during feeding the rate of evaporation from fed sachets was significantly higher than that from unfed sachets. It is therefore suggested that in experiments where rates of feeding are measured by differential weighings of the sachets, these be renewed at 24-h intervals.
NEOCHOROTERPES, A NEW SUBGENUS OF CHOROTERPES EATON FROM NORTH AMERICA (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K.
Published: December 2009

The North American species of Choroterpes are discussed and Neochoroterpes n. subgen. is established for C. mexicanus n. sp., C. crocatus n. sp., and C. kossi n. sp. A distribution map is included for the southwestern species of Choroterpes s. str., and distribution map, key to the nymphs, descriptions of the known stages, and figures are presented for the species of Choroterpes (Neochoroterpes).
A NEW SPECIES OF MASISTYLUM IN THE NEARCTIC REGION (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

The genus Masistylum is redescribed. It is recorded for the first time in North America. M. stenommatum n. sp., from the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia, is described and figured.
NOMENCLATURAL STATUS AND AUTHORSHIP OF SOME FAMILY-GROUP NAMES IN THE ERIOPHYOIDEA (ACARINA: PROSTIGMATA)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

The following suggestions in use of family-group names for eriophyoid mites are made in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. (1) The name Sierraphytoptidae Keifer 1944 should have priority over Nalepellidae Roivainen 1953 sensu Newkirk and Keifer (1971). (2) The name Diptilomiopidae Keifer 1944 should have priority over Rhyncaphytoptidae Roivainen 1953 sensu Keifer (1961). (3) The superfamily concept of Shevchenko (1968, 1971) should take the name Nalepelloidea Roivainen 1953 rather than Trisetacoidea (a justified emendation of "Trisetoidea") Shevchenko 1968. (4) The names Nalepellidae and Nalepellini should take Roivainen 1953 as author rather than Newkirk and Keifer (1971). (5) Similarly, the names Sierraphytoptini Keifer 1944, Mackiellini Keifer 1946, Diptilomiopinae Keifer 1944, and Trisetacini Shevchenko 1968 should retain their authors and dates as first proposed for new family-group taxa, rather than being new taxa as proposed by Newkirk and Keifer (1971).
NEW PYRALIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) FROM THE PAPUAN REGION. III
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new Pyraustinae are described: Goliathodes n. gen., type-species G. shafferi n. sp., New Guinea and Waigeu; Spoladea mimetica n. sp., New Guinea; Meekiaria n. gen., type-species M. lignea n. sp., New Guinea; Aiyura n. gen., type-species A. linoptera n. sp., New Guinea.
NEW NEARCTIC PLATYGASTER (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE): THE COLORADENSIS GROUP
Authors: MacGown M. W.
Published: December 2009

Several Schmitt boxes of previously unplaced Platygastridae were made available to me through the kindness of Dr. Paul Marsh, U.S. National Museum. This is the first in a series of papers describing new species and illustrating the types from these and from previously described species.
HOUSEFLY MEMORY
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

H. Mourier (1965) described a “novelty effect” in the response of houseflies, Musca domestica L., to a “new object” (usually a 15×15 cm square black tile) placed on the floor of their cage. On its first introduction into their familiar environment, the tile appeared highly attractive and received many visits. The number of visits thereafter decreased and approached a constant level after about 20 min. If the tile was then removed and replaced after an interval of less than 5 min there was no novelty receptivity, but this gradually returned as the time the tile was out of the cage was more and more extended. After 40–60 minutes the response was equal to the “new object” attractiveness. The flies did not seem to miss the tile when it was removed (Mourier, pers. comm., 1971).
DEVELOPMENTAL SUCCESS OF TWO SPECIES OF IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A CHRONICALLY IRRADIATED FOREST COMMUNITY
Authors: Brower John H.
Published: December 2009

Pinus rigida trees exposed throughout the study to chronic gamma irradiation were inventoried to determine the intensity of attack by the bark beetles Ips grandicollis and I. calligraphus. Beetle developmental success was determined from bark samples by estimating the percentage of the cambial surface utilized. Trees killed by high radiation doses were attacked by the beetles even though radiation exposure proved lethal (> 500 r/day). In dead trees receiving lower doses adults survived but progeny were killed during different stages of development, depending on the dose rate. Developmental success was less on the exposed side of each tree than on the shielded side. Species with short life cycles have a survival advantage over those that have a long life cycle when exposed to chronic irradiation.
RADIORESISTANCE OF THE RED FLOUR BEETLE,TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), EXPOSED TO SUBLETHAL DOSES OF GAMMA IRRADIATION FOR 25 GENERATIONS
Authors: Brower John H.
Published: December 2009

Populations ofTribolium castaneum(Herbst) exposed to sublethal doses of irradiation (0.5–4.0 krad) each generation for as many as 25 generations had decreases in reproductive capacity and increases in sterility that were positively correlated with the size of the dose per generation, but not with the number of ancestral generations treated. Exposure of the selected populations to an acute dose of irradiation (2.0 krad) revealed no increase in tolerance to irradiation even after 25 generations of selection. Radioresistant populations would probably not arise from fertile survivors of irradiation disinfestation of bulk grain.
PERCEPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY LARVAE OFORTHOSOMA BRUNNEUM(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) AS INDICATED BY RECORDINGS FROM THE VENTRAL NERVE CORD
Authors: Meeking J. M. , Seabrook W. D. , Paim U.
Published: December 2009

Extracellular hook electrode recordings were made of activity in the ventral nerve cord of the larvae ofOrthosoma brunneum(Forster) during application of 30% CO2to the head region. The work involved bilateral amputation of the tip segments of antennae, maxillary palps, and labial palps so that each specimen bore only one intact pair of the three sensory organs. Larvae with only intact antennae exhibited no response to CO2in the ventral nerve cord; larvae with only maxillary palps did respond; larvae with only labial palps did respond, but less noticeably. Maxillary and labial palps are sites of CO2reception inO.brunneum.
MOISTURE STRESS AND FIR ENGRAVER (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACK IN WHITE FIR INFECTED BY TRUE MISTLETOE
Authors: Ferrell George T.
Published: December 2009

Xylem sap tension, an indication of moisture stress, was compared in foliated twigs of white fir infected by the mistletoe, Phoradendron bolleanum subspecies pauciflorum, and in paired, uninfected fir at the lower, mid-, and upper crown level. The upper boles were examined for fir engraver attacks. Reproductively successful attacks containing little or no host oleoresin were found in the infected fir, while only a single unsuccessful attack filled with oleoresin was found in the uninfected trees. Mean moisture stress in the upper crowns of most of the infected fir exceeded that in uninfected trees in all paired comparisons except one with a light infection. No differences in mean moisture stress between infected and uninfected trees were found at the lower and mid-crown levels.
MOLECULAR VIBRATION AND INSECT ATTRACTION: DACUS OLEAE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Stavrakis G. N. , Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

Field tests demonstrated the attractiveness of several compounds to the olive fly, Dacus oleae Gmel.; a correlation with far infrared absorption bands was derived; and dl-homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride was tested because of its conformity with this pattern. Field tests confirmed the predicted attractiveness of this and a few other compounds, and also an anti-attractant property in menthol and in butyl butyrate.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF LESTES CONGENER (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA) ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: Sawchyn W. W. , Gillott C.
Published: December 2009

Lestes congener Hagen overwinters in the egg stage. There is a diapause just before blastokinesis, during which the egg is extremely resistant to low temperatures and desiccation. Post-diapause embryonic development can occur near 0 °C but will not take place until the eggs are wetted as the pond habitat fills in the spring. Hatching does not occur until the temperature exceeds about 5 °C and is highly synchronous. Larval development is rapid and is completed in the field in about 50 days. Emergence of the adults also is synchronous. Sexual maturation requires 3 weeks. Oviposition occurs immediately after copulation while the pair are still in tandem. It takes place only in dry stems of Scirpus. Adaptations of L. congener for life under rigorous prairie conditions are discussed.
ON THE STATUS OF SEVEN NEARCTIC SPECIES CURRENTLY INCLUDED IN THE GENUS LYGUS HAHN (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Seven species originally described in the genus Lygus Hahn are here removed from that genus. The new combinations are: Lygus fortinensis Distant is transferred to Ellenia Reuter, Lygus hospitus Distant and Lygus pellitus Distant are transferred to Dagbertus Distant, Lygus lanuginosus Distant is transferred to Polymerus Hahn, Lygus vicarius Reuter is transferred to Proba Distant, Lygus repletus Heidemann is transferred to Dichrooscytus Fieber, and Lygus irroratus Blatchley is transferred to Lygocoris Reuter. Dagbertus olivaceus Reuter is a new synonym of hospitus.
CODLING MOTH: EMERGENCE, SEX RATIO, AND ABUNDANCE
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C.
Published: December 2009

In unsprayed apple orchards in Ontario the sex ratio (female:male) of mature codling moth larvae was negatively correlated with total moth numbers, per cent fruit damage, and the fecundity of first generation females. Changes in both the larval and adult sex ratios were indicative of the tendency of moth populations to increase or decrease from one season to the next.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF THE CLEAR-WINGED GRASSHOPPER, CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: December 2009

The reproductive behaviour of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) is described. This includes some general information on congregation on a field breeding site as well as detailed descriptions of courtship, copulation, and oviposition behaviour. Differences in behavioural patterns from those previously outlined for another major grasshopper species are tabulated.
PLAGIOGNATHUS MEDICAGUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE): DESCRIPTIONS OF EGG AND FIVE NYMPHAL INSTARS
Authors: Arrand J. C. , McMahon H.
Published: December 2009

The egg and five nymphal instars of Plagiognathus medicagus Arrand, a pest of alfalfa in Western Canada, are described and illustrated. A key for ready separation of the nymphal instars is provided.
A NEW SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE) PARASITIC ON LASIOPTERA NODULA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN BLACKBERRY STEM GALLS
Authors: MacGown M. W.
Published: December 2009

Platygaster taylori n. sp., reared from blackberry stem galls, is described, compared with similar species, and a list of Platygasteridae associated with blackberry in the United States of America is given.
CHALCIDOID (HYMENOPTERA) PARASITES OF THE HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN ALBERTA AND ELSEWHERE IN CANADA
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: December 2009

The horn fly in Alberta has been reported as being parasitized by five species of Chalcidoidea (Depner 1968, Can. Ent. 100: 1057–1060). These identifications are corrected to Muscidifurax raptor G. & S., M. zaraptor K. & L., Eupteromalus viridescens (Walsh), Spalangia drosophilae Ashm., S. subpunctata Foerst., and S. e. erythromera Foerst. The last two were not known in North America; neither they nor the Muscidifurax spp. had been noted as parasitizing horn fly. The Spalangia spp. can be credited with parasitizing up to 40% of horn fly pupae in traps and the Muscidifurax spp. up to 30%. E. viridescens seems to be an adventitious parasite of horn fly.
AN ALGORITHM FOR TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT GROWTH RATE SIMULATION
Authors: Stinner R. E. , Gutierrez A. P. , Butler G. D.
Published: December 2009

With the current advances in insect population modelling, the need for more accurate simulation of temperature-dependent growth rates has become vital. The day-degree concept, with its linear temperature–rate relationship, has not been adequate for simulation of field populations under highly variable temperature conditions. Similarly, several of the non-linear relationships proposed in the past (Janisch’s catenary, parabola) have also been inadequate. All of these relationships produce large errors at temperature extremes.

This paper presents a comparison of various functions which have been used for developmental time estimation and an algorithm for a sigmoid function which can be used in simulations having either a calendar or a physiological time base. Validation of the algorithm is presented for three insect species.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLATYGASTRIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: MacGown M. W. , Osgood E. A.
Published: December 2009

Synopeas osgoodi n. sp., associated with balsam gall midge, Mariaville, Me., U.S.A., and Platygaster kimballi n. sp., associated with thistle, Houlton and Belfast, Me., U.S.A., are described herein.
MOTHS OF THESEMIOTHISA SIGNARIACOMPLEX (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Ferguson Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

Thesignariagroup of the genusSemiothisais a complex of 10 extremely similar species, most of which are host-specific on certain genera of coniferous trees An eleventh species,S.sexmaculata, is also treated in this revision because of its close resemblance to members of thesignariacomplex, although its true affinity appears to be with theliturata–bisignatagroup. The species are described and illustrated, and their synonymy, distribution, variation and biology are discussed in detail, including an account of industrial melanism in a population ofS.pinistrobata. Two new species names are proposed, and eight lectotypes designated. The main center of distribution is northeastern North America, and all of the known species exceptS.fuscariaoccur on this continent. The one Holarctic species,S.signaria, which is generally the commonest in collections, also has the widest range of host plants, feeding on at least six genera of coniferous trees.
A REVISION OF THE APTERUS-GROUP OF THE GENUS TACHINUS GRAVENHORST (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Ullrich W. G. , Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

Four species have been described in the apterus-group of the staphylinid genus Tachinus Gravenhorst. One of these, tundrae Poppius, is regarded as a synonym of brevipennis Sahlberg. Tachinus arcticus (Motschulsky) is recognized as a valid species, although earlier works have considered it a synonym of apterus. Tachinus brevipennis is recorded from the Nearctic Region for the first time. A neotype is designated for arcticus and lectotypes are designated for brevipennis and tundrae. Tachinus instabilis Mäklin is transferred to the apterus-group from the fimbriatus-group and recorded for the first time from Siberia. One new species, T. glacialis, is described from Siberia.

A key for identification of the species of the group and a description of the group characters are included. Each of the five species is described and the major diagnostic characters illustrated with scanning electron photomicrographs. A map is included to show the distribution of the species.
CHANGES IN THE PHALLIC COMPLEX OF ADULT ATRACTOMORPHA SINENSIS SINENSIS (ORTHOPTERA: PYRGOMORPHIDAE)
Authors: McE. Kevan D. Keith , Lee Sai-Keung
Published: December 2009

Sequent sampling of adult males of Atractomorpha sinensis sinensis Bolívar from a laboratory culture has shown that the phallic structures become progressively sclerotized with age, resulting in changes in form, mass, and rigidity which continue throughout adult life. This confirms what had been deduced from previous taxonomic studies. It not only has important implications for taxonomy, but may be a factor affecting reproductive activity of the insects.
A NEW NOCTUELIOPSIS FROM TEXAS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: ODONTIINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Noctueliopsis rhodoxanthinalis, a striking pink and yellow species from western Texas, is described as new. It is not close to any described species, but is compared with N. pandoralis (Barnes and McDunnough, 1914), Mojavia achemonalis (Barnes and McDunnough, 1914), and Mojaviodes blanchardae Munroe, 1972.
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL OF SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Baker W. V. , Estrin C. L.
Published: December 2009

A study of the anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of Scolytus multistriatus Marsham suggests that the midgut diverticula are centres for the regeneration of the midgut cells and that the structure of the midgut epithelium and the proventriculus facilitate the rapid uptake of nutrients from food.
ENZYME POLYMORPHISM IN THE CORN EARWORM, HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). HEMOLYMPH ESTERASE POLYMORPHISM
Authors: Sell Douglas K. , Whitt Gregory S. , Metcalf Robert L. , Lee Lu-ping Kan
Published: December 2009

Esterases present in the hemolymph of last instar Heliothis zea (Boddie) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four systems, all polymorphic, were observed. One system, Est-II, appeared especially suited for the study of some of the important population processes of this species; these include host–plant relations, migration, and the effects of environmental pressures such as pesticides on the species.

Est-II was classified as a carboxylesterase, being sensitive only to organophosphate inhibitors. Dichlorvos at 10−5M completely inhibited Est-II activity.

Populations collected from corn from Tifton, Ga., and in two locations in Illinois, at approximately the same time were very similar genetically when compared on the basis of Est-II allele frequencies. A population collected from leguminous hosts in Tifton, Ga., at the same time as the above three populations was different genetically.

Est-IIc, an allele normally rare or absent in the populations studied, was present at a high frequency in one Urbana population collection. Est-IIc may be useful in studying the long-range dispersal of H. zea.
COMPARISONS BETWEEN AN EXOTIC AND AN ENDEMIC PHYTOSEIID MITE PREDATOR (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K.
Published: December 2009

In 1972, an organophosphate resistant strain of the phytoseiid predator Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) from Michigan compared favourably with the endemic Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, from Summerland, B.C., in laboratory and greenhouse trials against European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and was later released into an orchard. By August 1972, A. fallacis had decreased whereas population densities of T. occidentalis increased. Examination of leaves and bark from the trees, and weeds, grass, and litter beneath the trees in 1973 confirmed that A. fallacis failed to survive in the Okanagan environment.
EFFECTS OF ECDYSONES, JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGS, AND 6-OXOOCTANOIC ACID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOSQUITO, CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Ittycheriah P. I. , Quraishi M. S. , Marks E. P.
Published: December 2009

Eggs, larvae, and pupae of Culex tarsalis Coquillett were treated with ecdysones, juvenile hormone analogs, and 6-oxooctanoic acid. Effects of these agents on mortality, induction of supernumerary stages, and adult emergence were determined. Topical treatment of eggs with CRD9499 (a juvenile hormone analog), β-ecdysone, and 22-isoecdysone caused a reduction in adult emergence. Treatment of fourth-instar larvae with these chemicals not only induced mortality but also caused the formation of supernumerary intermediate stages. Larvae of C. tarsalis were very susceptible to CRD9499, but pupae were resistant. The ecdysones caused some mortality but only at very high doses and would thus be of little use as larvicides. 6-Oxooctanoic acid caused high rates of mortality at 0.001 M concentrations.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING HATCHING OF NATURAL EGG POPULATIONS OFMELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Randell R. L. , Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

The earliness or lateness of the hatching period inMelanoplus sanguinipes(Fabr.) affects the type and amount of damage to the crop and the timing of control measures. An empirical model for prediction of hatching at each decile of egg populations was developed by multiple regression using daily maximum air temperatures for a unit interval of 5 days from 2 March to 29 June and embryonic development in the preceding fall. The model accounted for a maximum of 96% of the variance in hatching date. It showed the average effect of a unit change of 1° of daily maximum temperature for each of the 24 5-day intervals on the number of days to hatch. The time and pattern of hatching of the major bulk of egg population was dependent mainly on spring temperature; however, fall embryonic development accounted for considerable variation in hatching time especially of the less developed eggs. The implications for population growth and certain assumptions made during the analyses in this study are discussed.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE FURNITURE CARPET BEETLE, ANTHRENUS FLAVIPES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
Authors: Burkholder W. E. , Ma M. , Kuwahara Y. , Matsumura F.
Published: December 2009

Females of Anthrenus flavipes LeConte emit a sex pheromone and exhibit a calling behavior that is related to the release of the pheromone. Calling began after the onset of light, was most intense 1 to 2 h later, and ceased after 4 h of light when the insects were held in a 16:8 LD photoperiod. Chemical studies showed the presence of a major sex pheromone that is an unsaturated carboxylic acid.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF THE EASTERN JUNIPER BARK BEETLE, PHLOEOSINUS DENTATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berisford C. Wayne
Published: December 2009

Nine species of hymenopterous parasitoids were trapped on sticky traps as they were attracted to red cedar logs infested with the eastern jumper bark beetle, Phloeosinus dentatus (Say). All were successfully reared from infested logs. The parasitoids Cheiropachus arizoninsis (Ashmead), Eurytoma aequabilis Bugbee, Heydenia unica Cook & Davis, and Spathius impus Matthews were reared directly from P. dentatus larvae.

Five species of parasitoids reared from P. dentatus larvae or from infested logs commonly attack the southern pine beetle and Ips spp. beetles, indicating that P. dentatus may be an important alternate host when the other host populations are low.
BIOACTIVITY OF FENSULFOTHION AND TRICHLORONAT IN SOIL
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

When trichloronat or fensulfothion was applied to the soil surface, the toxicity of both compounds to first stage root maggot larvae increased during the first few days, then decreased at a constant and relatively rapid rate. When trichloronat was mixed with the top 1 in. of soil, its toxicity or that of its metabolites increased for about 3 months, then gradually decreased. When it was applied in a band below the surface, its persistence increased with the depth of application. When fensulfothion was applied in the same manner, its toxicity was not greatly influenced by the method of application; this decreased during the first 4 or 5 days, rose to a peak in 15 to 30 days, then gradually decreased. Fensulfothion was highly systemic in rutabagas. Its toxicants were most bioactive 60 to 80 days after application and decreased gradually thereafter. Trichloronat toxicants were slowly absorbed by the roots but toxic residues did not degrade in storage.
THERMOREGULATION IN COLONIES OF VESPULA ARENARIA AND VESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): II. THE RELATION BETWEEN COLONY BIOMASS AND CALORIE PRODUCTION
Authors: Gibo David L. , Dew Heather E. , Hajduk Andrew S.
Published: December 2009

Thermoregulation in nests of two colonies of Vespula arenaria and two colonies of V. maculata was studied in relationship to seasonal changes in colony biomass. The colonies achieved maximum ability to resist ambient temperatures of 5 °C and maintained high nest temperatures on or within a week of achieving maximum biomass. During this period the colonies were capable of producing about.20 to.35 cal per gram of biomass per minute. The caloric production per gram required to maintain the normal nest temperatures of 30 °C and 32 °C in an ambient temperature of 25 °C was much less, but was greater for the V. maculata colonies than for the V. arenaria colonies. The greater efficiency in thermoregulation by V. arenaria is largely due to the fact that nests of this species have a greater biomass of wasps than approximately equal sized nests of V. maculata.
A REVISION OF THE HOLARCTIC SPECIES OF PYGOCRYPTUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Torgersen Torolf R.
Published: December 2009

The Holarctic species of the genus Pygocryptus Roman (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are revised. Two previously recognized species, P. grandis from Europe and P. echthroides from North America, are retained; four new species and three subspecies for P. echthroides are proposed. A diagnostic key and descriptions of the new species and subspecies are presented.
DENSITIES OF ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS IN NESTS OF RING-BILLED GULLS
Authors: Ryder John P. , Freitag Richard
Published: December 2009

Arthropod population densities were evaluated from nests of colonial ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis). Each nest was considered as being an island microhabitat in which a measurable population was concentrated. Despite significantly greater numbers of arthropods in larger than in smaller gull nests, population densities per nest dry weight were similar.
AN ENDEMIC SUBSPECIES OF ECHTHROMORPHA AGRESTORIA ON EASTER ISLAND (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Echthromorpha agrestoria pascuensis is described from Easter Island (Isla de Pascua). It is a rather melanic race of this extremely widespread species.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SEMIOTHISA SPECIES (GEOMETRIDAE: ENNOMINAE) IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA LARCH BOGS
Authors: Bergeron Jean-Marie , Buckner Charles H.
Published: December 2009

Studies of the population dynamics of the Semiothisa complex in Manitoba larch bogs indicated that the fluctuations in the numbers of this complex were clearly related to mortality in the pupal stage, which is therefore a “key” stage. Density-dependent factors are evidently operating in the dynamics of these insect populations. Interrelationships exist between the various Semiothisa species and also between looper and larch sawfly numbers.
THERMAL ACCUMULATIONS, DIAPAUSE, AND OVIPOSITION IN A CONIFER-INHABITING PREDATOR, CHRYSOPA HARRISII (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

The adults of Chrysopa harrisii Fitch, which are not predaceous, overwinter in a state of reproductive diapause. During both the dormant and the reproductive periods they remain dark green, a colour apparently adapted to the species’ occurrence on conifers. Two to three generations per season are possible in the Ithaca, N.Y., area.

At 75°F, which is the optimum constant temperature for development and survival, the time from oviposition to adult eclosion is 29 days. Theoretical thresholds for development of all stages are relatively high, between 50° and 57°F, and development from egg to adult requires 566 heat degree days.

In the laboratory, the critical photoperiod for diapause induction is between LD 13:11 and LD 14:10; short days maintain diapause for approximately 45 days (at 75°F); long days terminate diapause. Both newly-emerged and reproductively-active adults are extremely sensitive to diapause-inducing photoperiods. In the field, all adults emerging on 5 September or later enter diapause and it appears that diapause induction in the Ithaca population begins in the latter part of August. Short days maintain diapause until the end of December, and neither long days, increasing day lengths, nor low temperatures play a role in hastening diapause termination in nature.

In timing its vernal reproduction, C. harrisii has evolved a strategy that combines an early-ending diapause with an apparently relatively high temperature threshold for post-diapause development. Therefore, although diapause ends around the winter solstice, heat accumulation is prevented until much later, when temperatures are relatively high.
INFLUENCE OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON ATTACK, OVIPOSITION, AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: McCambridge W. F.
Published: December 2009

Mountain pine beetles attacked logs, mated, and constructed egg galleries slowly at 4.4 °C under laboratory conditions. No eggs were deposited in 6 weeks. Attack and oviposition increased above this temperature.

Larvae of different initial sizes grew at the same rate throughout each test temperature from 4.4 °C to 12.8 °C. Rate of growth increased with increase in temperature. Larval growth at 2.2 °C is difficult to prove because of very high mortality among smallest individuals.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF A LEAF TIER, AROGA ARGUTIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), ON SWEET FERN IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

Aroga argutiola is univoltine in Michigan. The adult emerges in late May and oviposits on sweet fern (Myrica aspleniifolia L.). There are six larval instars. The larva constructs a nest by tying leaves together, and then feeding on the leaves in and adjacent to the nest. The last instar overwinters on the ground in a cocoon. The pupa appears in May.
FREQUENCY MODULATION INCONOCEPHALUS NIGROPLEURUM, THE BLACK-SIDED MEADOW KATYDID (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)
Authors: Pipher Robert E. , Morris Glenn K.
Published: December 2009

Frequency modulation has been discovered in the calling song of a conocephaline katydid,Conocephalus nigropleurum(Bruner). Real time sound spectrum analysis reveals a drop of 5 khz during the closing wingstroke.
A PORTABLE ELECTRIC ASPIRATOR FOR COLLECTING LARGE INSECTS
Authors: Bradbury W. C. , Morrison P. E.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies of large Diptera, viz. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and Musca domestica (L.), necessitated the development of an aspirator that would be more efficient than the conventional one and which prevents associated debris from entering the operator's lungs. A suitable device was made by attaching a portable, lightweight vacuum cleaner to the mouth piece of the aspirator (Fig. 1). The size of the collecting jar can be varied to suit the size of the sample. This apparatus, which is easy to use (Fig. 2), and does not damage the insects being collected, saves considerable time. The aspirator may be useful for collecting from an assortment of dirty habitats (Wiens and Burgess 1972) as well as other scaly-winged insects. It may be adapted for use in the field by connecting it to a portable generator.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): II. A DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OFEUXOA BASALISAND A REDESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT
Authors: Byers J. R. , Hinks C. F. , Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

The immature stages ofEuxoa basalis(Grote) are described and illustrated. Both the egg and pupa are similar to those of otherEuxoaspecies and are virtually indistinguishable from some of them. The larva although morphologically quite similar to otherEuxoalarvae is distinctive in coloration, particularly in the penultimate and ultimate stadia. Each of the larval instars is described; the ultimate instar in detail, the others briefly. A redescription of the adult is also given.
OCCURRENCE OF THE DEPRESSED FLOUR BEETLE, PALORUS SUBDEPRESSUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), IN CANADA
Authors: Smith L. B.
Published: December 2009

The depressed flour beetle, Palorus subdepressus (Wollaston), was found in southern Manitoba during a survey of the insect fauna of hog barns in April 1974. This is the first record for this species in Canada. Adults and larvae were obtained from residues of coarsely ground feed on the floor of the hog pens. Dr. E. C. Becker of the Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, kindly confirmed the identification of the adults and two specimens were retained for the Canadian National Collection. A culture has been established at the Research Station, Winnipeg.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): III. HEMOCYTOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES, E. CAMPESTRIS AND E. DECLARATA
Authors: Arnold J. W. , Hinks C. F.
Published: December 2009

The shape of one single category of hemocytes served as a critically distinguishing character between larvae of two closely related species of Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that were otherwise practically identical in external features. The ratio of length/width of fusiform plasmatocytes in heat-fixed blood films was significantly smaller in larvae of E. campestris (Grote) than in E. declarata (Walker).
A ROVE BEETLE, OCYPUS OLENS, WITH POTENTIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE BROWN GARDEN SNAIL, HELIX ASPERSA, IN CALIFORNIA, INCLUDING A KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF OCYPUS
Authors: Orth R. E. , Moore Ian , Fisher T. W. , Legner E. F.
Published: December 2009

A female rove beetle (Ocypus olens Müller) in the laboratory consumed 20 small-sized brown garden snails (Helix aspersa Müller) in 22 days, eating almost its weight in snail bodies daily. H. aspersa is a serious agricultural and residential plant pest. Field observations from an area where O. olens was well established had a smaller snail population than similar areas lacking the beetle. O. olens appears to be a promising candidate species for biological control of H. aspersa. Mass production of O. olens has not yet been attempted. A tabular key to the nearctic species of Ocypus is presented. In North America its distribution is limited to California for which a map is included.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUSLYCOPTISCASEY (COLEOPTERA: TROGOSITIDAE)
Authors: Barron J. R.
Published: December 2009

The genusLycoptisCasey, with one included species,L.americana(Motschulsky), is reviewed. Members are placed in the subfamily Peltinae and are defined and compared with other members of the family Trogositidae. Members of the Lophocateridae are not recognized as a distinct family and instead are placed in the Peltinae.
TYPES AND TYPE DESIGNATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA IN THE LYMAN ENTOMOLOGICAL MUSEUM COLLECTION
Authors: Sheppard A. C. , Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

The primary type specimens of Lepidoptera in the collection of the Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory are listed. Taxa described by Lyman and three species described by Fyles and Grote are included. Lectotypes are designated where necessary.
SALIVARY GLANDS OF FEMALE CULEX PIPIENS: MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MATURATION AND BLOOD-FEEDING
Authors: Barrow P. M. , McIver S. B. , Wright K. A.
Published: December 2009

The salivary glands of female Culex pipiens L each consist of three lobes divisible into five regions. Fine structure indicates that two regions may be involved in solute-linked water transport and three regions may have a glandular function. The fine structure is similar to that reported for Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. In C. pipiens, an axon of presumed neurosecretory function was found associated with the neck region of the medial lobe.

Complete development of the salivary glands occurs between the first and fifth days of adulthood. Morphological changes associated with blood-feeding were limited to the presence or absence of the salivary secretions in the apical cavities and duct lumen. During blood-feeding the contents of two of the glandular regions are voided, being replenished within 24 h Results are related to previous histochemical studies of the salivary glands of mosquitoes.
REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS APOLLOPHANES (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

Apollophanes O. Pickard-Cambridge 1898 (= Pelloctanes Schick 1965, syn. n.) includes 10 species, namely, A. punctipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1891 [= A. distinctus (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1899, syn. n. = A. maculatipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1893, syn. n. = A. arizonensis Gertsch 1933, syn. n. = A. mexicanus Gertsch 1933, syn. n. = A. similalis Gertsch 1933, syn. n.], A. texanus Banks 1904 [= A. francesca Lowrie and Gertsch 1955, syn. n.], A. longipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1896, comb, n., A. margareta Lowrie and Gertsch 1955, A. caribaeus sp. n., A. punctatus (Bryant) 1948, comb, n., A. indistinctus Gertsch 1933, A crispus sp. n., A. erectus sp. n., and A. aztecanus sp. n. A. bryanti Gertsch 1933 and A. paraguensis Gertsch 1933 from South America are placed in the genus Cleocnemis Simon. Definitions, diagnoses, illustrations, range maps, and a key to species are provided.
OBSERVATIONS ON MATING AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF PRIOPODA NIGRICOLLIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE BIRCH LEAF-MINER, FENUSA PUSILLA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F. W. , Guevremont H.
Published: December 2009

The premating period in the parasitoid Priopoda nigricollis (Thos.) is about 2 days, and females are receptive for up to 4 days, after which time the oviducts contain mature eggs. Copulation behaviour in specially built chambers, and oviposition pattern are described. The structure of the ovaries is illustrated. Host feeding by adult P. nigricollis was observed, but it is not a prerequisite for initial egg maturation. Hosts are located by random stabbing with the ovipositor into the mines of Fenusa pusilla (Lep.). Data on the age-specific fecundity of this parasite in laboratory experiments are given. The importance of liberating mated parasite populations is emphasized for successful biological control.
DUNG BURIAL ACTIVITY AND FLY CONTROL POTENTIAL OF ONTHOPHAGUS NUCHICORNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEINAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Macqueen Angus , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus), an accidentally introduced dung beetle, is the only scarabaeine species encountered commonly in cattle dung in British Columbia. Its dung burial efficiency and its potential for inhibiting development of coprophagous fly larvae were measured in greenhouse experiments.

The beetles buried dung most efficiently when they were present in the ratio of one pair per 40–50 g of feces. Higher or lower rates of infestation resulted in reduced burial Survival of fly larvae was inversely related to the numbers of brood balls constructed by the beetles, and hence to the amount of dung buried. Beetle activity in the field probably has little harmful effect on the dung-breeding horn fly as the beetles cease burial activity before midsummer, when horn flies reach their greatest numbers, and as they do not bury significant amounts of dung in pastures.

The desirability and possibility of introducing exotic dung beetles into British Columbia for fly control is discussed.
THE ORIENTATION RESPONSE OFCTEMCERA DESTRUCTORAND OTHER WIRE WORMS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) TO GERMINATING GRAIN AND TO CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Doane J. F. , Lee Y. W. , Klingler J. , Westcott N. D.
Published: December 2009

Several species of wireworms were attracted to germinating wheat, air from flasks of germinating wheat, decomposing oatmeal, commercial CO2and, in addition, germinating seeds of eight other cultivated plant species. Larvae located a biological or experimental source of CO2by a directed movement along CO2gradients, from distances up to 20 cm.

Methods and apparatus for measuring small CO2gradients, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, are described.Ctenicera destructor(Brown) larvae apparently responded to CO2gradients between glass plates, that ascended on the average by 0.002% (soil) and 0.005% (agar)/cm over a distance of from 12 to 16 cm. The "sensitivity threshold" was calculated as being 1–2 ppm over the distance involved in one deflection of the head during klinotactic orientation. Attractancy was observed within a range of CO2concentration from about 0.036% to 1.5%. Repellent effects did not appear to be only related to concentration, but possibly were due to steepness of the gradient and(or) previous exposure to CO2.

Passing an air stream from germinating grain over a KOH solution eliminated the attractancy of the grain by removing the CO2and possibly other undetected attractants. A small percentage ofC.destructorlarvae apparently oriented to an ethylene source, but it was concluded the CO2was the most important if not the only attractant from germinating wheat seeds.
A STUDY TO SUPPRESS CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Logan D. M. , Newton J. R.
Published: December 2009

Codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), injury in a 14-ha apple orchard gradually increased in 1973 and 1974 despite the presence of 480 sex pheromone traps (1 mg trans-8, trans-10, dodecadien-1-ol per trap). Percentage injured fruit at harvest was 0.00075, 0.0062, and 0,033 in 1972, 1973, and 1974, respectively. Numbers of wild male moths trapped increased from 3e in 1973 to 64 in 1974.
INTRODUCTION OF A PREDACIOUS RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA LUGUBRIS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), FROM ITALY TO EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

A brief history of the importance attributed to red wood ants in Europe and the outstanding qualities of three species, Formica lugubris Zett., F. polyctena (Foerst.), and F. aquilonia Yarr., are presented. The reasons for choosing F. lugubris as a suitable species for introduction to Canada are given. The collecting in Italy, shipping by air to Canada, and eventual release in Quebec is discussed. In conclusion it is stated that the establishment and acclimatization of this species in Quebec was successful, and that increased reproduction and spread is anticipated.
POPULATION AND MORTALITY ASSESSMENT DURING THE COCOON STAGE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

This paper presents a sampling plan for estimating populations of Hypera postica (Gyll). cocoons in alfalfa, and of the principal mortality factors during this stage. The plan provides for samples in foliage and ground litter. For samples in foliage, where two-thirds of the cocoons are found, the most appropriate sample unit is a bouquet of 6 stems; for typical weevil densities, estimates with acceptable precision may be obtained by taking 25 bouquets at random from within a field. For litter samples, the appropriate sample unit is a quarter ft2 (232 cm2); acceptably precise estimates may be obtained by taking 20 such units at random from within a field. Total cost for a combined sample is 3.9 man-hours.

The pattern of counts, both in foliage and ground litter, was well described by the negative binomial distribution.
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN ODONTIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The spectrum of geographical ranges of species of Odontiinae in North America differs from that of related subfamilies such as Scopariinae, Nymphulinae, Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Pyraustinae, though all these subfamilies have wide global ranges. Of 57 species only five are primarily eastern. Of these, three are tropical species that enter southern Florida, one is a northern disjunct closely related to Neotropical species, the fifth is widespread in eastern North America and has no obvious close relatives. Six western species are alpine or subalpine. Three of these belong to one superspecies ranging from Oregon to Baja California, two others are Sierran or Sierra-centered, one is a Colorado disjunct with close relatives in the mountains of Europe and Asia. One additional species is restricted to Colorado; its ecology is unknown but is most likely temperate. There is one restricted temperate species in California and Oregon, one in Utah, and one in northwestern Arkansas. Five primarily western species or species pairs have wide temperate ranges, four of them range south into the tropics. Three of the members of this range class belong to the single genus Frechinia, comprising five of its six species. The remaining 34 species belong to the southwestern eremic class. Of these one is limited to the southwestern Great Basin; 12 are centered in southern California and western Arizona, but two of these are represented in the dry interior of Washington, one by a disjunct population, the other by a vicarious species; 15 are centered in southern Arizona and(or) New Mexico; six are centered in western Texas. There is a comparable development of the subfamily in the arid areas of the Old World, especially in western and central Asia. The relationship between the New World and Old World eremic complexes is probably multiple. It appears to be mainly at the suprageneric level.
THEMISTURATAGROUP OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa melanan. sp., a sibling species ofE.misturata(Smith), is described from the Panhandle area of Texas and from south-western Kansas. Together, the two species are herein referred to as themisturatagroup which is defined on the basis of genitalic characters. Adults and genitalia are illustrated.
EXPERIMENTAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF THE FEEDING RATE OF THE BLOWFLY PHORMIA REGINA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Holling C. S.
Published: December 2009

The feeding rate of Phormia regina is constant over the whole feeding period, contra-pressure of the crop contents having no effect. The mechanism by which contra-pressure effects are negated involves the function of two previously undescribed structures in the crop and crop duct. These structures, described in the text, act as valves and a pump. An alternative mechanism, by which contra-pressure effects could be negated in insects lacking these structures, is discussed. The physical effects of variation in the feeding position of the labellum, in response to changes in the physical nature of the substrate, are discussed in relation to the feeding rate. The feeding rate is shown to be higher on semi-liquid substrates.