bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Resilience of Sustainable Supplier Management through Combination with Lean and Audit
Authors: Chen Ping-Kuo , He Qiu-Rui , Huang Xiang
Published: March 2022

Industry 4.0 has positive effect on the enhancing of the resilience. However, if the resilience can be promoted by lean and auditing environment priority, after further combine with industry 4.0 environment, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, two research questions should be verified priority: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behaviour by suppliers? PLS and the Sobel test were applied to survey data from 231 Chinese manufacturers to test and verify research questions. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response, manufacturing process coupling, and further strengthen supplier management robustness, further enhance the prevention ability of resilience in dealing with opportunistic behaviour. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has the indirect effect of strengthening emergency-response ability. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behaviour of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits also trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance.
Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Benign Skull Base Tumors
Authors: Astradsson Arnar
Published: March 2022

Benign skull base tumors include meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and vestibular schwannomas. As an adjuvant therapy to surgery or when surgical treatment carries too high a risk of complications, a highly precise focused radiation, known as stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy, can be delivered to the tumor. The aim of this chapter is to systematically discuss benefits of the therapy, i.e., tumor control as well as complications and risk factors of the therapy relating to vision, hearing, hormone secreting regions, and cerebral vasculature. Meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and vestibular schwannomas constitute the majority of primary skull base tumors amenable to stereotactic radiation therapy or radiosurgery and will be described in this chapter.
Conducting Polymer 1-D Composites: Formation, Structure and Application
Authors: Wysocka-Żołopa Monika , Grądzka Emilia , Winkler Krzysztof
Published: March 2022

Recent advances in the study of the synthesis, structure and applications of 1-D composites containing conducting polymers are discussed in this review. Conducting composites can form 1-D structures with metal and metal oxides, 1-D carbon nanomaterials, semiconducting materials, crystals of metalloorganic complexes. Advanced synthetic approaches allow for the formation of well-organized structures with polymeric phase deposited both on the surface of 1-D material and inside of the 1-D tubes. 1-D polymeric wires can also serve as a matrix for the formation 1-D composites with other materials. 1-D nanocomposites containing conducting polymers exhibit many exceptional properties which allow for various practical applications including energy converting and energy storage devices, electronic nanodevices, chemical, electrochemical and biochemical sensors, catalysis and electrocatalysis.
Precocious Auditory Evoked Potential Recording with Free-Field Stimulus
Authors: Bautista Calero del Castillo Juan , Guillén Martínez Alberto , García Purriños Francisco
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study is to determine the thresholds of normality in the recording of precocious auditory evoked potentials with free-field stimulation and to compare them with conventional stimulation with insertion headphones. For this purpose, we have carried out a case series study of children with normal hearing stimulated with insertion headphones, who underwent Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) with free-field stimuli. Fifty-four ears with normal criteria of children between 6 months and 24 months of age were assessed. The latencies found with free-field stimulation in ABR were significantly longer than the latencies with insert earphone stimulation (p<0.05), and no differences were found in the inter-latencies. No significant differences were found in the thresholds of the ASSR response. We conclude that the ABR thresholds obtained in the free-field correspond to the delay due to the distance of the sound source to the eardrum and, therefore, are superimposable, being applicable to patients where it is not possible to stimulate with insert phones.
Absorbency and Wicking Behaviour of Natural Fibre-Based Yarn and Fabric
Authors: Mallick Palash , Sekhar De Susanta
Published: March 2022

In textiles of natural fibres, absorbency and wicking are considered as most indigenous liquid transmission properties, which play significant role in assessing the comfort of textile garments as well as in functioning of technical textiles. To explain the general principles of absorbency and wicking and their related parameters, a review of different theories is illustrated. Various structural aspects of textile intermediates such as yarn and fabric on wicking are discussed. An experimental analysis is also described to understand the wicking phenomena on fabrics in multiple directions such as warp-way, weft-way and diagonally for varying weave forms. A critical evaluation is presented for establish the wicking behaviour between these fabrics and their constituted yarns having preferred twisted forms such as single and ply. A unique representation of correlation matrices is shown to interrelate the yarn and fabric wicking.
Cholinesterases and Their Inhibitors
Authors: Işık Mesut
Published: March 2022

The main focus of this section is to review the available information on ChEs (ChEs) and their inhibitors. The ChE enzymes cause damage to the cholinergic system by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). ChE inhibitors, playing an important role in the cholinergic system, are used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because of their effects on maintaining ACh levels in brain regions and preventing Aβ accumulation by inhibiting ChE. In this context, it is important to develop many synthetic and natural origin ChE inhibitors for the treatment of abnormalities in the cholinergic system and disorders with neuropsychiatric symptoms. In this section, firstly, general information about ACh and its synthesis in the cholinergic system is given, then ChEs and their catalytic properties, their roles in AD, and their molecular forms are explained. In the following section, the active site of Cantis was defined. The anti-ChE activity of the developed inhibitors was discussed, and then the mechanism of their binding to the ChE active site was explained by molecular docking. In the final section, many types of ChE inhibitors are described and discussed in detail in this section, and the properties and binding mechanism of these inhibitors are summarized.
Heart Transplant after Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Sandoval Elena , Pereda Daniel
Published: March 2022

Heart transplant is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage heart failure. However, the aging of the population, increase in the prevalence of heart failure and the shortage of available donors have led to a significant increase in the wait-list times. This increase in waiting time may cause some patients clinically deteriorate while on the list. Several bridging strategies have been developed to help patients reach heart transplant. It is mandatory to know the current results of these techniques and the specific tips and tricks these different devices may have. Survival results would also be presented to help us decide the best strategy for each of our patients.
Responses of Agronomically Important Tropical Crops to the Application of Brassinosteroid
Authors: F. Aguirre-Medina Juan , Cadena-Iñiguez Jorge , F. Aguirre-Cadena Juan
Published: March 2022

Brassinosteroids (Br) have been shown to favor the growth and reproduction of crops under adverse environmental conditions, which negatively affect their growth and production. In order to solve some of the problems in the field with various perennial crops, the application of a homobrassinolide (HBr) (CIDEF-4) has been investigated under in vitro and ex vitro conditions to evaluate growth at different concentrations in Musa spp. L. and Saccharum officinarum L and in the field with foliar applications in Theobroma cacao L, Mangifera indica L and Coffea arabica L. to evaluate yield and quality of fruits. Morphological and physiological yield components were recorded. The results indicate in the in vitro evaluations, increased regrowth height and ex vitro differences in growth are improved by increasing the number of applications. In cocoa and coffee plants, flowering and yield are influenced. The high concentrations applied did not necessarily increase the crop yield or the combination with potassium nitrate. In mango, the quality of the fruits was better when applying the HBr alone or in combination with nitrate in fruit firmness, and total soluble solids improved.
Key Aspects of Plant Hormones in Agricultural Sustainability under Climate Change
Authors: Amjad Bashir Muhammad , Raza Qurat-Ul-Ain , Muhammad Ali Raza Hafiz , Umair Sial Muhammad , Rehim Abdur , Ali Khan Kashif , Ijaz Muhammad , Wasif Muhammad
Published: March 2022

Climate change is an emerging issue for modern agriculture and has generated biotic and abiotic stresses for plants such as cold, high temperature, heat, drought, uneven rainfall, and UV radiations. In addition to these, serious stress factors are emerging related to water availability, nutrient cycling, salinity-sodicity, and pest attacks. In recent years, such phenomena have attracted the research community to avoid the fatal influence of climate change on crop production and obtain more food helping in fulfillment of increasing food demand of population surge. The anthropogenic activities in the agroecosystem are among the major causes for global warming and proportion in climate change. Therefore, it is assumed that identifying various plant hormones and their utilization to improve plant metabolic activities would help maintain plant growth, survival, and production under severe climate change circumstances. This chapter focuses on identifying the key aspects of plant hormones to retard the negative impacts of climate change and support sustainable agriculture.
Antenatal Corticosteroids and Magnesium Sulfate in Twin Pregnancy for the Prevention of Neonatal Morbidity
Authors: Elito Jr Julio , Goldani Shuai Micheli
Published: March 2022

The use of corticosteroids is one of the most important therapies used in prenatal care to improve the outcomes of the newborn by reducing the rates of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis and contribute to the survival of extreme preterm infants. In addition to steroids, the use of magnesium sulfate protects the newborn from cerebral palsy in cases of extreme preterm births. All of these conditions increase perinatal morbidity/mortality and are related to potentially serious illness in the newborn requiring care in neonatal intensive units. The use of corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate are measured to prevent unfavorable outcomes of premature newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. The incidence of twin pregnancy is only 3% of all live births, however, it accounts for 15% of extreme preterm births less than 32 weeks. Women with multiple pregnancies are six times more likely to terminate the pregnancy before term compared to single pregnancies. The determination of the use of corticosteroids in multiple pregnancies remains conflicting due to the scarcity of studies related to this group. Therefore, this chapter aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of corticosteroids in twin pregnancies in early and late preterm, evaluating its outcome in respiratory morbidity and metabolic aspects of the newborn.
Inflammation-Associated Wound Healing through a Monocytic Lens
Authors: Petroff Avi
Published: March 2022

The development of macrophages from monocytes during wound healing is a complicated and convoluted process. Classically or alternatively activated macrophages result from a complex network of cytokine signaling between circulating monocytes entering tissue, resident macrophages, and stromal fibroblasts. This network of signaling constitutes a continuous communication between these cell types, influencing factors such as inflammatory duration, healthy or fibrotic tissue repair, and downstream macrophage functionality. “Forward talk” from monocytes to fibroblasts, as well as “back talk” from fibroblasts to monocytes, can greatly influence the behavior of each cell type. This cell-cell communication, though difficult to fully encapsulate in vitro, can be facilitated through implementation of specific cell culture techniques. 3D cell culture systems enable a more representative assessment of myofibroblast phenotypes that would likely be seen during wound repair. Co-culture systems further enable cell-cell interactions in the inflammatory and wound repair cascades to be assessed in coordination with each other. Looking ahead, these cell culture techniques, alongside novel concepts such as organ-on-a-chip models, can provide deeper insight into the myriad molecular mechanisms we claim to understand currently. Our improved understanding of these cellular interactions can lead to improved clinical outcomes for pathologies associated with these complex cell types.
Diagnostic Intravascular Imaging Modalities for Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Authors: Tsukamoto Yasumasa , Watanabe Takuya , Mochizuki Hiroki , Shimojima Masaya , Hada Tasuku , Fukushima Satsuki , Fujita Tomoyuki , Seguchi Osamu
Published: March 2022

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is one of the major factors limiting long-term survival after heart transplantation (HTX). Typically, concentric vascular thickening and fibrosis with marked intimal proliferation are found in CAV. Most of HTX patients often remain free from symptoms of typical angina. Therefore, surveillance diagnostic exams are often performed. The gold standard of diagnosing CAV is coronary angiography (CAG). However, CAG can often be a less sensitive modality for the detection of diffuse concentric lesions. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is helpful for direct imaging of vessel walls and provides useful information about coronary intimal thickening; however, it is difficult to evaluate plaque morphology in detail. Optimal coherence tomography (OCT), which delivers high resolution of 10 μm, can provide more details on plaque morphology than conventional imaging modalities. Recently, OCT imaging revealed new insight in CAV such as the development of atherosclerotic lesions and complicated coronary lesions. We review the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis of CAV, with a particular focus on diagnostic intravascular imaging modalities.
Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables and Their Toxic Effects on Human Health
Authors: Manwani Seema , C.R. Vanisree , Jaiman Vibha , Kant Awasthi Kumud , Shekhar Yadav Chandra , Singh Sankhla Mahipal , P. Pandit Pritam , Awasthi Garima
Published: March 2022

Vegetables are a prevalent nutrition for people all over the world because they are high in important nutrients, antioxidants, and metabolites that function as buffers for acidic compounds created during digestion. Vegetables, on the other hand, absorbed both vital and poisonous substances through the soil. Possible human health concerns, including as cancer and renal damage, have been linked to the consumption of heavy metal-contaminated vegetables (HMs). Heavy metals like Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg were found in high concentrations in popular vegetables such as Amaranthus tricolour L., Chenopodium album L., Spinacia oleracea, Coriandrum sativum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum melongena. The toxicity, fortification, health hazard, and heavy metals sources grown in soil are detailed in this review study.
Operation of Implantable Cardiac Devices in Hyperbaric Conditions
Authors: Kot Jacek
Published: March 2022

Implantable devices, including Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICD) and Pacemakers (PM), are being seen with increasing frequency in patients wanting to conduct recreational diving or referred for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT). Under hyperbaric conditions, these devices are at risk of malfunction, mostly by changes of ambient pressure. In some cases, manufacturers publish information on how their devices operate under increased pressure. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and for other devices, someone must perform an individual risk-benefit analysis specific for single patient and his/her implanted device. In case of medical treatment, such analysis must take into account the patient’s clinical condition, the indication for HBOT, and the capability of the HBOT facility for monitoring and intervention in the chamber.
Anatomical and Surgical Principles of Ventral Hernia Repairs
Authors: Papageorgopoulou Chrysanthi , Nikolakopoulos Konstantinos , Efthymiou Fotios , Seretis Charalampos
Published: March 2022

Hernias comprise a growing problem in surgical science. The most recent classification scheme for hernias emphasizes on the size of defect as well as on whether it is an incisional hernia. The latter group includes complex hernias, namely hernias that can not be managed with simple surgical techniques. This can be accomplished with retromuscular repairs or the more complex anterior and posterior component separation techniques. An anatomic repair is usually reinforced with interposition of mesh. Newest techniques, such as the use of botulinum toxin to induce temporary paralysis of the lateral abdominal wall musculature, referred to as chemical component separation, now present new tools in the restoration of anatomy-based repairs. The chapter entitled “Anatomical and surgical principles of ventral hernia repairs” aims to describe the anatomical and surgical principles of current practice regarding the repair of ventral -primary and incisional-hernias.
Shoulder Surgery for Bone Tumors
Authors: D. Zarate Stephanie , C. Belzarena Ana
Published: March 2022

The proximal humerus is a common location for bone tumors. Those can affect patients of different ages and can be of benign or malignant nature. For bone sarcomas is the 3rd most common location and is a frequent site of spread in non-axial metastatic disease. In pediatric patients is frequent to encounter benign bone tumors in this location but also osteosarcomas and Ewing’s sarcomas. Careful assessment of the patients by a surgeon with the appropriate training is paramount. Shoulder reconstruction for patients with bone tumors encompasses a diverse group of patients, diagnoses and surgical options. While most patients with primary bone tumors may be of a younger age and more involved in sport activities, those with metastatic disease oftentimes are associated with an older age, worse preoperative function and worse prognosis due to the primary disease. The surgeon must weigh in all factors that need to be taken into consideration in the treatment decision-making plan. Currently, with new advances in oncology treatments patients may benefit from longer survivals times than in the past, thus restoring the patient’s function and quality of life is essential.
Image Acquisition for Biometric: Face Recognition
Authors: B. Dabhade Siddharth , S. Bansod Nagsen , S. Rode Yogesh , P. Bhosale Narayan , D. Deshmukh Prapti , V. Kale Karbhari
Published: March 2022

Biometrics is mostly used for authentication purposes in security. Due to the covid-19 pandemic situation, nowadays distance-based authentication systems are more focused. Face recognition is one of the best approaches which can use for authentication at distance. Face recognition is a challenging task in various environments. For that taking input from the camera is very important for real-time applications. In this chapter, we are more focusing on how to acquire the face image using MATLAB. The complete chapter is divided into five sections introduction, definition of biometrics, image acquisition devices, image acquisition process in MATLAB.
Multiscale Auxiliary Sources for Modeling Microwave Components
Authors: Hamdi Bilel , Aguili Taoufik
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents multiscale auxiliary sources mainly used to solve complex electromagnetic problems, especially those that insert localized elements into circuits. Several equivalence relations (field-circuit) are established to simplify and make more accurate electromagnetic calculations by changing some characteristics of the localized elements known by their field representation as “voltage-current” representation and vice versa. Various examples are illustrated to show the effects of auxiliary sources in planar circuits containing localized elements (dipoles, diodes, transistors) in the millimeter and terahertz bands. An example of a graphene or Gold dipole is demonstrated in this approach. Another typical example of a diode integrated in a radiating structure is also simulated.
Research on Operation Characteristics of Heater Directly Driven by Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Jiang Tieliu , Wang Shengwen , Zhang Lidong , Zhang Zhongbin
Published: March 2022

Direct heating of wind turbine is a form of heating production using wind energy. Because of its low requirements for wind quality, relatively simple device structure and high heating efficiency, the wind turbine-driven heating devices can take the place of traditional fossil energy for winter heating and achieve the purpose of reducing carbon emissions to a certain extent. Through the heater experimental platform constructed at Northeast Electric Power University, it is concluded that the liquid stirring heater can operate at 7 m/s, however; the efficiency is extremely low in the low-temperature environment. The permanent magnet eddy current heater must operate at the wind speed above 13 m/s, but it also can operate normally under the low-temperature condition. Combining the advantages and disadvantages of the two experimental devices and setting the vertical axis wind generator as the original motor, the heating efficiency of the two types of heating devices are analyzed under different working conditions, and then the adaptability of the wind turbine and the heating efficiency of the heating device are also studied.
Steam Explosion Pretreatment: Biomass Waste Utilization for Methane Production
Authors: Sholahuddin Sholahuddin , Nakamura Yoshitoshi , Asada Chikako
Published: March 2022

Lignocellulosic biomass as a second-generation biofuel resource such as waste from agricultural, forester industry, and unutilized wood and non-wood biomass was widely reported to use it as feedstock for methane production. As the carbon-neutral resources, biomass waste conversion for biofuel is in line with the SDGs 7 and 15 goal that can meet the needs and qualify to the standard of sustainable consumption and production pattern, and increasing the renewable energy. The wood and non-wood unutilized biomass and biomass waste are commonly faced with the recalcitrant character of the lignocellulose complex (LCC) which impacted the digestion process of the methane fermentation. Steam explosion pretreatment was enhanced the methane production by breaking the LCC into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin-derived product generated from the pretreatment process. Those steam-exploded products were reported effective in the conversion process into methane. The combination of steam explosion pretreatment which is an environmentally friendly pretreatment, and the use of carbon-neutral resources will provide the green biofuel which helps decrease the greenhouse gasses from the biomass waste dumping process and convert it into sustainable biofuel i.e. methane. This chapter will describe the steam explosion system development on the utilization of biomass for methane production, and the action of methane production enhancement.
Effect of Injection Pressure on Local Temperature and Soot Emission Distribution of Flat-Wall Impinging Diesel Flame under Diesel Engine like-Condition
Authors: Mahmud Rizal , Rohmawati Iis
Published: March 2022

Increasing heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient as the combined effect of impingement distance and injection pressure has been explored in the previous report. However, local temperature distribution was limited to the discussion. Clearly, investigation of near-wall temperature in the heat transfer analysis is absolutely necessary. This has a crucial effect on the local heat flux to understand the heat transfer phenomenon on the combustion chamber walls. The local temperature and KL factor were investigated by using a high-speed video camera and a two-color method by using a volume vessel with a fix-impingement wall. We found that the local temperature and KL factor distribution increase in low injection pressure. This result had a dominant effect on local heat transfer.
Temperature-Dependent Evaluation of Charge Carriers and Terahertz Generation in Bismuth and Antimony-Based Chalcogenides
Authors: Sharma Prince , Singh Awana Veerpal , Kumar Mahesh
Published: March 2022

Bismuth and antimony-based chalcogenides have been extensively publicized in recent years owing to their intrinsic characteristics and inherent topological character. Such a system contains Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3, etc. The single crystalline facets of these samples were discovered to have a generation of ~2 THz while having a giant magneto-resistance of around ~300%. These inherent and dynamical features of the system make it resilient for several applications in optoelectronics and spintronics. The temperature-dependent assessment of conductivity, terahertz generation, and charge carrier dynamics aids in understanding the fundamental phenomena in the carrier mechanism of the chalcogenides. This chapter contains the essential fundamental knowledge of the single crystal chalcogenides via charge carrier & phonon dynamics and their response in the terahertz frequency domain.
Experience of Wound Bed Preparation with Different Methods
Authors: Gore Madhuri
Published: March 2022

The ultimate goal of wound care is to obtain wound closure either by natural process or by use of surgical technique and so all the steps need to be taken with a plan to reach the goal at the earliest. While performing skin grafting, closure of the existing wound is the aim, but the procedure also creates another wound (though superficial), causes pain, and may have healing issues. Optimal bed preparation is mandatory to obtain successful uptake of skin graft and to avoid loss of precious skin autograft. Every wound has its own unique needs and demands. Different agents and methods are often needed to meet these demands. It is essential to accrue experience and develop insight into the efficacy, utility, and advantages of different approaches for wound bed preparation. The availability, cost of the method, socioeconomic status of the patient, type of health care system, ease of access to facility, expertise—all these and many other factors play a role in deciding the choice of method for wound bed preparation. It is possible that different methods may be developed, evaluated, and found to be useful in different countries or different parts of the same country too. The author has evaluated methods spread over a wide spectrum including indigenously prepared topical agent, barrier foam dressing prepared using advanced technology, porcine xenografts which are not available in India, and skin allografts from the very first skin bank in India set up by the author and colleagues. The experience shared here looks at the ability of the method to control infection, inflammation, pain besides the time taken to achieve effective wound bed preparation and frequency of dressing change needed, along with ease of training.
Optimization of the Olive Production Chain through Optical Techniques and Development of New Cost-Effective Optical Systems Inspired by Agriculture 4.0
Authors: Giovenzana Valentina , Pampuri Alessia , Tugnolo Alessio , Casson Andrea , Guidetti Riccardo , Beghi Roberto
Published: March 2022

Industry 4.0 is characterized by autonomous decision-making processes, monitoring assets and processes in real time and to real-time connected networks through early involvement of stakeholders. In this scenario, there is a growing interest and a need of innovation also in the agri-food system in the production processes and quality control through the development of new interconnected sensors (IoT approach). Hardware minimization, as well as software minimization and ease of integration, is essential to obtain feasible robotic systems. A substantial change in measurement methodologies is therefore ongoing, and it is of interest the opportunity to replace the consolidated analytical techniques, based on laboratory analyses, with methods based mainly on physical approaches of rapid execution, of limited invasiveness, and with high environmental sustainability. These approaches should be applicable directly in the field or in operative environment, allowing the creation of big databases characterizing the samples, particularly large and shared through the data cloud. This chapter will aim to overview the theoretical principles of the most important technologies applied to the olive oil sector presenting some case studies and will be focused on the future perspective for all operators of the olive sector who want to use a sustainable approach and olive-growing 4.0.
Social Dominance in South African Indigenous Zulu Rams
Authors: Z. Dlomo Mhlengani , N. Ncobela Cyprial , W. Kunene Nokuthula
Published: March 2022

Social ranking is usually caused by limited access to resources such as feed, water as well as mating partners. In rams, social dominance is mostly related to physical traits such as body weight, horn size, body length and scrotal circumference. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between physical traits of Zulu sheep rams and the establishment of social rankings. The social dominance rank was determined by a feed competition test using rams of the same age. Physical traits such as body weight, chest girth, horn length, scrotal circumference and withers height were measured for each ram. Sheep A was ranked first with a 100% number of wins (P < 0.01) followed by sheep E with an 86% number of wins (P < 0.05). A positive linear relationship between time spent on the feeder against the number of wins was not significant (P > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the proportions of wins against horn length (P < 0.05) and chest girth length (P < 0.05). Time spent at the feeder was positively correlated with body weight and withers height (P < 0.05). Social dominance in Zulu sheep can be determined by particular physical traits such as horn length and chest girth.
Recent Advances in Anti-Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery
Authors: J. Marker Ezra , L. Debbert Stefan
Published: March 2022

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by infection by helminths of the Schistosoma genus, affects over 200 million people, primarily in the developing world. Treatment of this disease largely relies on one drug, praziquantel. Although this drug is cheap, safe, and effective, the looming prospect of drug resistance makes the development of a pipeline of anti-schistosomiasis drugs a priority. Many new drug leads have arisen from screening existing sets of compounds such as the Open Access Boxes developed by the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) in collaboration with the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI). Other leads have been found through work focused on druggable targets such as kinases, histone deacetylases, proteases, and others. This chapter will discuss recent work concerning the discovery and development of novel anti-schistosomiasis drug leads from many sources.
In Vitro Propagation and Conservation of Fragaria Species
Authors: Gupta Sandhya
Published: March 2022

The genus Fragaria L. belongs to the family Rosaceae. The basic chromosome number is 7 (x = 7). Around 20 species of diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and octoploid are found in the genus. The species of Fragaria are commonly known as strawberries. The genus is found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere as well as South America. The most extensively distributed species in the genus is F. vesca L. and the commonly cultivated strawberry is F. x ananassa Duch. While strawberries are native to temperate climates, some varieties can be grown in subtropical climates. Fragaria is a vegetatively propagated crop. The easiest and most direct method for conservation of the strawberry plants is in a field gene bank. Their germplasm remains at risk of loss due to biotic and abiotic factors including climate change. Besides, this approach does not result in the distribution of healthy, virus-free plants. In vitro techniques are in place to propagate and conserve Fragaria germplasm. In vitro storage may be done in cold conditions, or liquid nitrogen as meristem or shoot tip. In this review chapter, tissue culture propagation technique, various aspects and strategies for conservation of Fragaria species will be discussed to present a holistic view of ex situ conservation of Fragaria genetic resources.
Fungal Growth and Pathology
Authors: Gulmez Ozlem , Baris Ozlem
Published: March 2022

Fungi, an important group with a wide variety of species, shows spectacular development with their unique cell structures. Fungi survive in many different ecosystems with their reproductive abilities and metabolic features. Thanks to wide temperature and pH tolerances, fungi develop on organic and inorganic materials in all ecosystems they are in and maintain the existence of ecosystems by taking part in many cycles. However, examples of pathogens are also available. They are a group of organisms that are environmentally important, such as saprophytes and mutualists, but are pathogens for animals, especially plants. Fungi basically have two different cell structures: yeast, and molds. But some fungi have both of these structures. Depending on the temperature of the environment they are in, they can be found in yeast or mold structures, and fungi with this feature are called dimorphic fungi. Whether it is yeast, mold, or dimorphic fungi, they use their enzymes with high activity to benefit from the nutrients in the environment. Fungi can be easily grown in natural and synthetic media. Yeast can reproduce rapidly with their single-celled structure, while molds and mushrooms are very successful with their hyphae structures.
Kan borgerne motiveres til at samproducere ved hjælp af information om performance?
Authors: Blom-Hansen Jens , Bækgaard Martin
Published: March 2022

Samproduktion fører ofte til bedre offentlige ydelser. Men hvordan kan man motivere borgerne til at øge samproduktionen? Vi opstiller en generel model for borgernes motivation for at samproducere, som vi efterprøver med data fra en spørgeskemaundersøgelse. For at gøre analysen policy-relevant har vi særligt fokus på performanceinformation, som er en faktor, der kan påvirkes på kortere sigt. Endogenitetsproblemer i målingen af effekten af performanceinformation håndteres med et survey-eksperiment. Analysen viser, at der næppe er nogen nem vej til at øge motivationen til at samproducere. Performanceinformation har ingen direkte effekt, men synes dog at kunne påvirke motivation indirekte gennem borgernes holdningsdannelse.
Kampen om terrorbegrebet
Authors: Laustsen Carsten Bagge , Ugilt Rasmus
Published: March 2022

Hvad er terror? Spørgsmålet har været overraskende vanskeligt at give et definitivt svar på. Vi går til problemet ved at bruge William Connollys teori om essentielt omtvistede begreber. Her er tre karakteristika væsentlige: begrebers normativitet, kompleksitet og anvendelse. Vores formål er ikke at præsentere en endelig definition af terrorbegrebet, men derimod at give en ny ramme for studiet af kampen om begrebets mening. Samtidig positionerer vi os i modsætning til såvel realistiske som konventionalistiske tilgange til at definere begrebet som til andre og mere brugte tilgange til studiet af kampen om dets mening. Vi påpeger således forskellene på vores tilgang og dem, der eksempelvis bruges inden for analyser af hegemoni og diskursive formationer og inden for begrebshistorie. Vi argumenterer for, at Connollys tilgang kan udgøre en produktiv ramme for undersøgelse af begrebets kontestering, fordi den belyser, hvad det overhovedet vil sige, at et begreb er essentielt omtvistet, og fordi den tillader os bedre at se forskellige niveauer af enighed og uenighed.
Contesting terror
Authors: Laustsen Carsten Bagge , Ugilt Rasmus
Published: March 2022

What is terror? The question has been surprisingly difficult to answer in the definitive. We approach the problem using William Connolly’s theory of essentially contested concepts. Here three characteristics are important: a concept’s normativity, complexity and application. The aim is not to present an ultimate solution for defining terror, but instead to offer a new frame for studying the problems involved in the struggle over the meaning of the concept. In doing so, we position ourselves in opposition to both realist and conventionalist approaches to defining terror and to other more commonly used approaches to the study of the discursive struggle over the concept of terror. More specifically we distinguish our approach from analyses of hegemony and discursive formations and from conceptual history. We argue that Connolly’s approach can provide a new and productive frame for addressing these issues; it offers a refined understanding of the contestation of the concept of terror, because it gives us an understanding of what it means for a concept to be essentially contested and because it allows us to better distinguish between layers of agreement and disagreement.
Trade-offs and dilemmas in public-private cooperation: marketization of employment services in Denmark
Authors: Breidahl Karen N. , Larsen Flemming
Published: March 2022

How has public-private cooperation in the employment services developed since 2003? And which types of dilemmas and trade-offs have emerged along with these developments? In 2003, large parts of the public employment services were contracted out to non-public providers and a private market for employment services was established. Comprehensive tendering was introduced, and political expectations to the market were high. Around 12 years later, the market has decreased significantly and public-private cooperation has evolved into a much more partnership-based and local approach. The article describes how these changes have affected governance as well as policy direction and the difficulties involved in creating a functioning market for employment services that lives up to the political expectations.
Drivkræfter og barrierer i offentlige-private innovationspartnerskaber (OPI) på sundheds- og ældreområdet i Danmark
Authors: Brogaard Lena
Published: March 2022

Hvilke drivkræfter og barrierer er afgørende for at opnå innovation i offentlige-private innovationspartnerskaber (OPI) på velfærdsområdet? Med empirisk afsæt i et komparativt casestudie af fire OPI-projekter på sundheds- og ældreområdet i Danmark undersøger artiklen betydningen af eksogene, institutionelle og samarbejdsprocessuelle faktorer i OPI. Analysen viser, at i de cases hvor innovation er opnået, er en eksogen barriere som udbudsreglerne håndteret gennem ledelse af samarbejdet og tillidsbaserede relationer, mens institutionel risikovillighed, opbakning og investeringsvilje i samspil med en samarbejdsproces baseret på fælles formål, tillid og ildsjæle har bidraget til udvikling og implementering af nye løsninger.
Ulikhet, eksklusjon og borgerkrig
Authors: Buhaug Halvard , Cederman Lars-Erik , Gleditsch Kristian
Published: March 2022

Sentrale bidragsytere til nyere borgerkrigsforskning har sådd tvil om betydningen av sosial frustrasjon, og det blir ofte hevdet at empiriske data motbeviser at etnisitet eller ulikhet kan knyttes til høyere konfliktrisiko. Vi mener at dette standpunktet skyldes en manglende forståelse for hva som utgjør de viktigste sosiale skillelinjene i sårbare samfunn. I stedet for å definere sosial ulikhet som forskjeller mellom individer ser vi her på systematiske forskjeller mellom politisk relevante etniske grupper. Gjennom en statistisk analyse av alle borgerkriger siden 1960 finner vi at etnopolitisk diskriminering og økonomisk marginalisering av minoritetsgrupper bidrar vesentlig til å øke faren for konflikt. Tradisjonelle individbaserte mål på sosial ulikhet har derimot relativt liten forklaringskraft. Artikkelen er en bearbeidet versjon av arbeid som tidligere er publisert på engelsk.
Inequality, exclusion and civil war
Authors: Buhaug Halvard , Cederman Lars-Erik , Gleditsch Kristian
Published: March 2022

Much of the recent research on civil war treats explanations rooted in political and economic grievances with considerable suspicion and claims that there is little empirical evidence of any relationship between ethnicity or inequality and political violence. We argue that common indicators used in previous research fail to capture fundamental aspects of political exclusion and economic inequality that can motivate conflict. Through a statistical analysis of all civil wars since 1960, we show that our theoretically informed indicators of political discrimination and economic marginalization among ethnic groups are powerful predictors of civil war onset. Individual-based inequality indicators, in contrast, display only weak effects. This article in Norwegian is a revised and updated version of earlier work published in English.
Legitimacy and civil war onset: Remember the people’s perceptions
Authors: Møller Fenja Søndergaard
Published: March 2022

This article argues that systematic use of the concept of legitimacy contributes to an understanding of civil war onset. First, legitimacy is defined as the people’s perception of the government as rightfully holding power. Next, a legitimacy index is constructed on the basis of survey data from 49 states. This measurement illustrates that legitimacy captures hitherto neglected motives, which deepen the understanding of civil war in cases such as Nigeria and Ukraine and peace in states like Jordan and Ghana.
Reguleringspolitik og virksomhedshomogenitet – en konfigurationel komparativ analyse af arbejdsmiljøreformen i 2010
Authors: Refslund Bjarke
Published: March 2022

Virksomheder antages ofte at være enhedsaktører, dvs. at de udviser ens adfærd, når de konfronteres med ens stimuli fx offentlig politik. De antages således at udgøre en homogen masse, især virksomheder af en vis størrelse. I en binær konfigurationel komparativ analyse af arbejdsmiljøreformen fra 2010 testes denne antagelse på 14 store og mellemstore virksomheders implementering af reformen. Selvom virksomhederne har en del frihedsgrader i implementeringen af reformen, er det varierende, hvorvidt de har implementeret reformen eller ej. Den konfigurationelle komparative analyse viser endvidere, hvordan forskellige konfigurationer af de fire opstillede betingelser fører til det divergerende udfald på tværs af casevirksomhederne. Især en professionel organisering af virksomhedernes arbejdsmiljøarbejde samt inddragelse af medarbejderne er vigtige betingelser for, hvorvidt virksomhederne har implementeret reformen eller ej.
Embedsmænd som dydens vogtere eller demokratiets tjenere
Authors: Smith Bo , Christensen Jørgen Grønnegård
Published: March 2022

Embedsmænd i de vesteuropæiske lande ser i udpræget grad sig selv som politiske. De arbejder tæt sammen med ministre og regeringer, når det gælder udvikling af ny politik og politikkens gennemførelse. Samtidig arbejder de inden for rammerne af ministerielle kulturer, der er præget af en stærk forventning om, at de kan rette ind uden hierarkisk ordre- og kontrolstyring. Der er dog forskel på landene med hensyn til omfanget af politiske udnævnelser, men de er begrænsede og påvirker i disse lande ikke regerings- og forvaltningsførelsens kvalitet.
Myter og realiteter omkring embedsmænds lydighedspligt og sondringen mellem ulovlige og klart ulovlige dispositioner
Authors: Fenger Niels , Gram Mette Kryger
Published: March 2022

I de senere års debat om embedsmænds rådgivning og bistand er det blevet gjort gældende, at kravet om, at embedsmænd skal holde sig inden for lovens rammer, reelt er hult, idet gældende ret giver regeringen mulighed for at slippe afsted med næsten hvad som helst, så længe man ikke handler klart ulovligt. Denne artikel søger at forklare, hvorfor dansk ret sondrer mellem ulovlige og klart ulovlige ordrer, og hvornår denne sondring overhovedet er relevant. Som det vil fremgå, er det forfatternes opfattelse, at dette klarhedskriterium ikke underminerer princippet om en lovmæssig forvaltning, der har pligt til at tale sandt og handle i overensstemmelse med gældende ret.
Anmeldelse af he Politics of Representation in the Global Age: Identification, Mobilization, and Adjudication
Authors: Bækgaard Martin
Published: March 2022

Peter Hall, Wade Jacoby, Jonah Levy og Sophie Meunier (red.), The Politics of Representation in the Global Age: Identification, Mobilization, and Adjudication. Cambridge University Press, 2014 (anmeldt af Martin Bækgaard).
Danes’ class consciousness 1954 and 2015: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose
Authors: Stubager Rune
Published: March 2022

In recent years, the perception that citizens in Western countries like Denmark no longer see class differences in society – indeed that the concept of class has become irrelevant – has spread among researchers and the general public alike. On the basis of theories of class consciousness and the Danish National Election Study 2015, the article shows that this view is false. On the contrary, three out of four respondents in a Danish survey from 2014/15 see society as class divided and a considerable share espouses other elements of class consciousness. Furthermore – and in spite of profound societal changes in the intervening period – results from 2014/15 are, by and large, at the level of responses in a similar survey conducted in 1954.
The attitudes of the economic elite toward social redistribution: the role of self-interest and solidarity
Authors: Thomsen Jens Peter Frølund
Published: March 2022

Traditional class theories underestimate the ability of welfare institutions to foster support for social redistribution among the economic elite. Analyses show that the economic elite is more opposed to social redistribution than ordinary employees who have no authority in the social division of labor. However, the relationship between economic elite position and attitudes toward social redistribution is relatively weak. Nor is the economic elite instinctively opposed to the political views of the working class – or instinctively in favor of the views of the upper class. The economic elite is both aware of its own interests and supportive of underprivileged groups in society. Finally, the analyses show that personal income mediates the relationship between economic elite position and attitudes toward social redistribution. The empirical analyses are performed on a (postal) class survey fielded in 2015 (n = 1,032).