bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents an overview of skills needed in learners for music education in the 21st century. It makes a case for a reimagining of music programs at all levels to help bridge the divide between music at home, and music in school. Engaging learners in music education who would normally be excluded from the traditional program is discussed. The idea of learning music like a language is acquired is explored. Author background and the book’s purpose are also outlined along with ways in which lessons in the book could be adapted or focused for the youngest learners in the room.
Creativity in Music Education
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the concept of “music making” as it has pertained to music education for decades. The idea of Bloom’s Taxonomy and flipping Bloom on his head as a more appropriate pedagogical approach for teaching music, using creativity as the basis of music teaching, is introduced. Reviews of American and Canadian curriculum documents on their inclusion of creating and imagining original music are presented. These documents are examined and compared to help highlight similarities and differences. Ways to reimagine thinking in music education and how improvisation and composition can be conceptualized are summarized and examined to help the concepts to be unraveled.
Technology in Music Education
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the compares the integration of technology in American and Canadian curricula and the issues and barriers that exist with regard to access. The chapter goes on to explain the three main types of technologies that exist and how they are related and can work together. It explores new ways of composing music like the track-and-hook approach and how music is conceptualized in modern standards. Recorded music’s focus on layers and textures is explored and comparted to more traditional ways of musical thinking. As well, the phenomenon of digital and analog amplification are explored in the context of rock ensembles and other groups that rely on some form of amplification to exist.
Digital Audio Workstations
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, digital audio workstations (DAWs) are explored as a creative tool for unleashing learner creativity and autonomy. After the industry standards are discussed, the chapter gives examples of many school-friendly cloud-based or free alternatives that could be utilized. A discussion follows about some of the legal terms that users of this software may come across, as well as MIDI, MIDI mapping, and MIDI controllers. Interfaces and common file types associated with these softwares are also given attention. This chapter ends with concrete, easy-to-execute examples of how these DAWs can be used in the music classroom to explore learner creativity.
Notation Software
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion on all the ways to notate music other than in European staff notation and the ways in which music can be written for many Western styles. Tablature, Nashville Numbers, time unit box system (TUBS), and MIDI notation, lyric sheets, chord charts, and rap flow charts are explored. The chapter then briefly explores the free industry-standard notation software Finale, Sibelius, and Dorico, followed by a section delving into free and cloud-based software for schools like Noteflight and Flat.io and an explanation of some more non-conventional notation softwares such as HookPad and 1Chart. A table is inserted to give an overview of the software discussed in this chapter.
Other Online Tools for Fostering Creativity
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces readers to a number of different online apps to help in facilitating creative technology activities. The chapter begins with an overview of the Chrome Music Lab suite of apps and the many possibilities this collection enables with a particular focus on what is possible with the app Song Maker. It also explores the creative possibilities of Incredibox Beepbox, ModBox, and Paint Composer. A discussion on sequencers and online drum machines follows. Drum machines such as GroovePizza, Drumbit, and 808303.studio are explored for their creative potential. A plethora of ideas are presented throughout the chapter to get learners being creative.
Makey Makey and Coding for Creativity
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how coding skills and invention kits like Makey Makey and Micro:bit can help learners explore their creativity. An overview of coding languages is given and sites like GitHub and BitBucket are explored. An introduction to block coding with Scratch and MakeCode is presented as well as the invention kit Micro:bit and the customizable MIDI controller Playtron, as well as the touch sensitive, Touchme. Other block coding sites are listed with descriptions to help readers understand their capabilities. It concludes with some possible applications for large ensembles, and ending with possible applications for the general music class.
On the way to organized institutions: Social rules
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins the effort to characterize the modest and modular place of shared intention in human organized institutions by bringing the plan-theoretic framework together with an H. L. A. Hart–inspired emphasis on social rules and the rule-guided infrastructure of organized institutions. It highlights the connection between social rules and forms of criticism and demand; and it articulates the problem of social rule content. It sees Hart as providing two interrelated design specifications for the kind of social rule central to organized institutions. This sets the stage for a shared policy model of the relevant social rules, a model that realizes this pair of design specifications.
A shared policy model of social rules, part 1
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents an initial proposal that the internal aspect of our social rule in favor of social pattern R is realized by a shared policy in favor of our R-type social pattern of action. Such a shared policy consists in public, interdependent, and interlocking policies of each in favor of our conformity to this R-type social pattern by way of subplans that mesh. There is a cognitive dependence between such public policies and the actual social pattern. This chapter explains why it is important to appeal to the interpersonal interrelations characteristic of shared policies in part because of the role of such interrelations in social rationality. And it explains how this shared policy model can understand the criticisms and demands associated with Hart-type social rules—where this involves drawing both on norms of plan rationality and on normally present normative reasons for conformity.
A Davidsonian challenge
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

An objection from Donald Davidson’s theory of mind is as follows: (1) Dense holism about an individual’s intentions, grounded in Davidsonian interpretation. (2) Extension of this dense holism to any system that has intentions. (3) Normal failure of institutions to satisfy constraints of dense holism, given pluralistic disagreement. So, institutional outputs of an institution’s social-procedural rules are normally not intentions of that institution. Differing views of Christian List, Kirk Ludwig, Philip Pettit, Carol Rovane, and (indirectly) Cass Sunstein (concerning incompletely theorized agreements) tend to focus on (3). This chapter instead rejects (2). In understanding the intentions of an institution, it adds to the resources of Davidsonian interpretation of individuals further, plan-theoretic, constructive resources. This supports a model of institutional intentions without institutional densely holistic subjects. This chapter also notes an alternative approach to agency due to Harry Frankfurt, one that will be important for institutional agency.
The Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter reviews the Supreme Court’s free exercise decisions and doctrines from its 1990 ruling in Employment Division v. Smith until the present. The Court moved away from a pro-exemption position to one that emphasized government neutrality and, in 1990, ruled that religious objectors are not constitutionally entitled to judicially created exemptions. Almost immediately, however, the Court emphasized that the First Amendment’s free exercise clause does not permit discrimination on the basis of religion, and this prohibition has increasingly been treated by the Court as a requirement that regulations must be carefully reviewed. Recent cases involving funding for religious schools, public-health restrictions on religious gatherings, and conflicts between antidiscrimination law and religious freedom rights are presented. Also discussed is the continuing application of a strict scrutiny standard of review under state and federal statutes, including the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act.
Religion and Public Education
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter and the one that follows (Chapter 10) discuss the Supreme Court’s cases addressing the intersection of religion and education. This chapter focuses on public education. It addresses the case law concerning prayer and moments of silence in schools and school-related activities, Bible reading during school hours, religious expression by students and teachers, and the teaching of creationism and evolution. It addresses the Court’s diverging approaches, from “separation” of religion and education to, more recently, an approach that ensures equal access for religious actors and activities to public facilities, forums, and funds. While there are clear limits to governmental promotion of religion in public schools, recent cases also make clear that private religious expression may not be excluded as such or discriminated against and that religious actors enjoy equal access rights.
The Freedoms of Religious Organizations
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the role and religious freedom rights of religious organizations and institutions, including schools, hospitals, and social-welfare agencies. It explains the fundamental principle of religious liberty that religious organizations retain the rights to govern themselves, select their own leaders, and resolve their own disputes. An important, long line of cases describes principles that govern religious property disputes - which permits the use of neutral principles of law by courts, but still insists that matters touching upon religion must be decided by the religious organization, not the secular courts or civil authorities. The chapter also explores an important set of cases regarding labor, employment, and discrimination, including the 2012 Hosanna-Tabor case, which hold that religious organizations (including religious schools) are exempt from certain non-discrimination requirements. Finally, it explores other areas of intersection between the government and religious organizations, such as the regulation of social services and taxation.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter describes and evaluates the current state of religious liberty and church-state relations in the United States. It looks back to the key principles from America’s founding and links them to present cases and controversies and makes concrete recommendations encouraging readers and scholars to strike again the constitutional balance that promotes religious freedom while resisting the imposition of a particular religion on citizens. While realistically naming signs of trouble for religious liberty – including secularization and political polarization – the chapter returns readers to the enduring principles of America’s founding. With those principles in view, it promotes new applications of those principles so that the First Amendment continues to have vitality in the 21st century.
Legacies of Universalism
Authors: Horn Alexander , Kersbergen Kees van
Published: May 2022

The Scandinavian welfare states stand out when it comes to future-oriented social investment policies and the associated social and economic performance (e.g., human capital formation, equality, inclusive growth). This chapter first explains how the inclusive social investment approach in Scandinavia came about. In the second part, it asks, is Scandinavia able to politically maintain this historical path and uphold its widely praised qualities and inclusive social investment approach? To answer this question, the authors offer an overview of the political conditions under which social investment had emerged as a political and policy paradigm and how this policy legacy structures the contemporary politics of social investment. Universalism/inclusiveness and social investment are two components of the same political-normative sequence that has generated unusually broad cross-class and cross-gender support for the social investment state. An empirical analysis of party manifestos shows that the different parts of the entire political spectrum are connected to form an unusually broad support structure for universalism and social investment. The authors assess if this coalition can be upheld and adjusted so as to be able to cope with new political challenges.
Loud, Noisy, or Quiet Politics?
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R. , Garritzmann Julian L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter develops a theoretical model for the conditions under which parties, public opinion, or interest groups, respectively, affect public policymaking. It argues that the influence of public opinion, parties, and interest groups depends on the salience of the respective topic and on the degree of agreement in public opinion. Public opinion has the greatest influence in a world of “loud” politics when salience is high and the public’s attitudes are coherent. In contrast, when an issue is salient but attitudes are conflicting, public opinion sends a “loud but noisy” signal and party politics have a stronger influence on policymaking. Finally, when an issue is not salient (i.e., “quiet” politics), interest groups are dominant. Empirically, the chapter studies the politics of social investment reform in Western Europe. Based on an original survey of public opinion in eight Western European countries as well as on process tracing analysis of policy reforms, the chapter demonstrates how the influence of public opinion, parties, and interest groups on social investment reforms depends on the salience of the respective topic and on the coherence of public opinion.
Reforming Without Investing
Authors: Ronchi Stefano , Vesan Patrik
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates the political dynamics that hinder social investment reform in Southern Europe. It does that by providing an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. Between 2013 and 2018, a window of opportunity for social investment opened up in Italy, when center-left governments sought to garner support among upper-middle classes. However, the final reform output was a mix of non–social investment strategies: market liberalism (labor market deregulation) and social protectionism (compensatory cash transfers took priority over policies to enhance human capital or work–family reconciliation). The turn away from a social investment strategy was driven by two political supply-side factors: EU pressures for internal devaluation and national party competition favoring compensatory measures for lower-middle classes in the presence of a divided center-left and rising challenger parties. After the 2018 elections, the League and the Five Star Movement formed a government that promoted full-blown social protectionism.
An Increasing but Diverse Support for Social Investment
Authors: Hong Ijin , Yeh Chung-Yang , Lee Jieun , Lue Jen-Der
Published: May 2022

The agenda of social investment (SI) has been gaining ground during the 2000–2020 time frame in Northeast Asia, especially for family policies. Because of a similar policy legacy of developmentalism, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan might have more room to pursue equally bold SI strategies. Nevertheless, they took different directions, and, specifically, South Korea was the boldest SI “path shifter,” in comparison to “slow-moving” Japan and Taiwan. By analyzing welfare attitude data sets, we found that South Korea in the early 2000s was in a favorable position for SI-oriented family reform, with high public demand, high policy salience, and a lighter policy legacy; but the same did not happen for Japan and Taiwan. In Japan, family policy seems to have become more politicized in the 2010s, and only recently the time might have grown ripe for more SI-oriented policy reforms. Taiwan potentially has a constituency of young and female voters who support family policy, but the salience of work–family reconciliation has been delayed, inciting a very dynamic state of affairs in family policy reform only very recently. As a consequence, SI-oriented reforms in family policies took a different shape in these three economies. This chapter argues that public demand for SI policies is a relevant trigger for government responsiveness but only in the context of a favorable policy legacy and a high policy salience.
The Politicization of Social Investment in Latin America
Authors: Salvador Peralta J.
Published: May 2022

Social investment in Latin America is increasing in some countries but not others. Has social investment gained any traction in the region? If so, how does it vary across Latin America? Also, how salient are social investment reforms? To answer these questions empirically, this chapter maps welfare reform strategies across four countries: Colombia (1992–2017), Costa Rica (1986–2017), Nicaragua (1985–2017), and Uruguay (1985–2017). The authors find that compensatory reforms (basic income and social protection) are more salient than social investment. They also find that most social investment reforms to create human capital are stratified (benefiting the middle class), most reforms to mobilize human capital are targeted (incorporating previously neglected groups into the labor market), and only a few reforms preserve existing skills by providing vocational training and parental leave benefits (mostly for women). They also find that right-wing governments in Colombia implemented the most social investment reforms among the cases under study.
How Democracies Transform Their Welfare States
Authors: Palier Bruno , Garritzmann Julian L. , Häusermann, and Silja , Fioritto Francesco
Published: May 2022

The chapter maps the development of welfare state reforms in Western Europe and Northern America, central and eastern Europe, North East Asia, and Latin America. It identifies specific trends such as the focus on demographics in Asia, new instruments to fight poverty in Latin America, a novel human capital perspective in the Baltic region, the focus on activation and family policies in Continental Europe, and de-universalization in Scandinavia. It provides systematic comparative analyses of social investment politics in democratic context throughout the world. It identifies four main political coalitions behind the various types of social investment reforms: two social democratic coalitions based on the alliance between representatives of the educated middle class and the working class, with a Nordic version leading to inclusive social investment and a Latin American version leading to targeted social investment; a conservative coalition, where the middle class is allied with employers, leading to stratified social investment favoring human capital mobilization typical of Continental Europe or North East Asia; and a liberal coalition, where the same middle class–employers alliance emerges, but in the context of liberal welfare regimes it leads to social compensation retrenchment substituted by some targeted public social investment policies (and private ones publicly supported via fiscal exemption) as in North America and the Baltic countries. It also identifies a social protectionist coalition, when social protection legacies are strong and when the educated middle class is not large enough to constitute an appealing electoral constituency, as in Southern Europe and the Visegrád countries.
Williams College Before, During, and After Sondheim
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: May 2022

The chapter provides a portrait of Williams College during Stephen Sondheim’s student years and details his activities, both in the theater and as a budding critic and comic writer in student publications. It details the racial and ethnic composition of the Williams student body at mid-century and notes reforms in the student admission process at the college. The chapter considers the extent to which Sondheim as a college student was perceived as, and considered himself to be, Jewish. It also reports on the reception of Sondheim’s earliest theatrical efforts, focusing on reviews of Phinney’s Rainbow (1948) and All That Glitters (1949) in the Williams Record, as well as on the student-run theater company Cap and Bells.
“Nearly everything I wrote”
Authors: Magee Jeffrey
Published: May 2022

The chapter establishes the significant impact of Sondheim’s encounter with the Actors Studio in the mid-1950s and the role of Arthur Laurents in the development of Sondheim’s dramatic sensibility. It uncovers, through archival work and musical analysis, the ways in which the Studio concept of acting with “subtext” shaped Sondheim’s composition, pointing to multiple examples in which musical details suggest meanings not inherent in the lyrics. These include details in the orchestrations of Jonathan Tunick. The chapter focuses on examples from Gypsy, Follies, A Little Night Music, Sweeney Todd, and Merrily We Roll Along. First it offers an overview of the history and techniques of the Actors Studio, focusing particularly on the direction of Lee Strasberg.
Sondheim’s Whiteness
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: May 2022

Inviting readers to consider race in musical theater from a new critical perspective, this chapter thoroughly unpacks the construction of “whiteness” throughout Sondheim’s oeuvre, taking into account aspects of musical style, setting, physical descriptions of characters, and “disposition of mind” as reflected in the lyrics. It notes the near total absence of characters of color and of Jewish representation in these musicals and argues that the representation of whiteness has been taken so much for granted in critical studies as to be invisible. The chapter has a particular focus on Sunday in the Park with George, A Little Night Music, Pacific Overtures, and West Side Story.
Politics, Representation, and Collaboration in Pacific Overtures (1976)
Authors: Pribyl Ashley M.
Published: May 2022

The chapter discusses the one Sondheim musical that emphatically sought to represent nonwhite characters in an exotic setting and to feature performers of color: Pacific Overtures (1976). It traces the early development of this show in John Weidman’s multiple versions of the original script as well as how the message and focus of the musical shifted in the collaborative process of Weidman, Hal Prince, and Sondheim. It argues that the musical, and the original spoken play version in particular, resonated pointedly with the Vietnam War period, and it reports on the show’s reception by the Asian American community, as well its casting requirements, which were unique for its time.
Time and Time Again
Authors: Lovensheimer Jim
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores Sondheim’s treatment of time throughout his musicals, focusing on the works in which time and memory are central topics and in which presentation of narrative time is anything but conventional and linear. Company may be understood as distending one specific moment in time, Merrily We Roll Along moves backward through time, Pacific Overtures fast-forwards many decades at the end, and past and present appear to coexist in Follies. The chapter discusses the difference between (linear) plot and situation and how Sondheim's scores for these and other shows moved musical theater forward by focusing on the latter. The interpretive work presented reveals that our relation to time is a consistent philosophical topic in Sondheim’s oeuvre.
Sondheim and the 11 O’clock Principle
Authors: Wells Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2022

The chapter demonstrates how Sondheim manages to complicate and make intriguing even such a seemingly standard Broadway convention as the 11 o’clock number. It suggests that Sondheim created an “11 o’clock principle,” given that he turned this type of number into a multipart format in many of his shows. It notes that Sondheim’s 11 o’clock–type numbers frequently do not appear at the penultimate moment at all and that he occasionally offers several such numbers in a row in this position. This analysis and Sondheim’s innovations spur readers to realize that the terminology for labeling Broadway numbers and structures is rather loose. Examples briefly discussed include Gypsy, Company, Follies, Sunday in the Park with George, Into the Woods, Sweeney Todd, Assassins, and Road Show.
Finishing the Line
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: May 2022

Based on an investigation of all of Sondheim’s shows, this chapter describes his approach to rhyme and to the musical setting of rhymes, focusing particularly on the role of rhyme in characterization. It first identifies a few specific figures (Oscar Hammerstein II, Cole Porter) who shaped Sondheim’s approach to rhyme and traces his own discussion of this subject over the decades. It considers the differences between diegetic and nondiegetic rhyming and speculates on audience perception of the source of witty and elaborate rhyming within the experience of a live performance. It also addresses Sondheim’s use of poignant “phantom rhymes,” moments when an expected rhyme fails to appear, and notes a surprising allusion in Sunday in the Park with George to Igor Stravinsky’s The Rake’s Progress. “Getting Married Today” from Company serves to illustrate Sondheim’s virtuosity in wedding words and music. Finally, the chapter briefly looks further ahead in Broadway history to the work of more recent rhyming songwriters (Jonathan Larson and Lin-Manuel Miranda) to illustrate Sondheim’s profound and lasting impact on the sound and setting of lyrics.
Afterword
Authors: Anderson-Lopez Kristen
Published: May 2022

It is impossible to identify the moment Sondheim’s work started shaping who I was and who I would become. Before I could tie my own shoes, I had absorbed through osmosis (or the television?) multiple lyrics from West Side Story and Gypsy. I would sing a bastardized version of “Comedy Tonight” while swinging on our backyard swing set. Judy Collins sang “Send in the Clowns” on ...
What Happened to the Vital Center?
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney
Published: May 2022

How did a country once praised or blamed for its pragmatism came to be so sharply divided? What Happened to the Vital Center? demonstrates that American politics has become so rancorous because it has been unable to heal wounds opened up by 1960s-era protest and institutional change. As various chapters document, this tumultuous decade resulted in the joining of presidential power, social activism, and high stakes battles over domestic and foreign policy. Surveying the course of American history, the book further shows that previous social divides had been negotiated in a constitutional system buttressed by strong partisan organizations. But beginning in the 1960s, both Democrats and Republicans came to embrace the myth of presidential grandeur, sacrificing collective party responsibility on the altar of executive aggrandizement. While many scholars suggest that the answer to our current predicament is greater presidential power, this work shows that doubling down on the myth of transcendent presidential leadership is likely to exacerbate, not heal, our wounds. Instead, the authors recommend that a reconstituted party system may once again permit political leaders to act as “gatekeepers” to the system, and prevent the worst excesses to democracy that now routinely roil the country.
The Third Option
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

Covert action, often called the Third Option, refers to efforts by the United States to secretly influence international affairs through propaganda as well as political, economic, and paramilitary operations. It is a dimly lit world of secret agents; poison-dart guns; vials of curare, cobra venom, and shellfish toxins; barrels of ink for propaganda tracts; weaponry of all makes and calibers; heavily armed drones and high-powered missiles; speed boats, bombers, and explosives; masks and fake prosthetics; CIA crafted political campaign buttons, bumper stickers, and TV ads written in foreign tongues for use in elections overseas; counterfeit foreign currencies—a largely invisible realm of clandestine activities governed by the best of intentions, yet sometimes yielding the worst of results; a world that merits the thoughtful attention and judgment of every citizen. The purpose here is to offer a frank assessment of this obscure but vital component of America’s foreign policy.
A Shadowy Foreign Policy, 1947–1960
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks into the rearview mirror at America’s covert actions during the opening years of the Cold War, from 1947 to 1960. After the war, Truman turned to nonmilitary forms of power to thwart further communist expansionism. Eisenhower focused on a more limited program of anti-Soviet propaganda. The questions addressed in the chapter include these: What was the evolutionary arc for covert action during the inaugural years of the Cold War? What nations and groups were targeted for secret interventions? Toward what purposes? How have the methods of covert action—“tradecraft”—changed over the years?
Introduction
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the main protagonists in the work (most notably, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib, Ali Gomaa, Ali al-Jifri, Hamza Yusuf and Abdallah bin Bayyah), defines key terms used, and presents a summary of the overall argument of the book. It also identifies the key theoretical questions being considered over the course of the work, while reflecting on the author's positionality. Additionally, it situates the work in the broader literature on the Arab revolutions as well as in the secondary scholarship on the ulama. Finally, it offers a concise breakdown of the chapters and their content.
Ali Gomaa
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter returns to the figure of Ali Gomaa and his statements, both private and public, after the Rabaa massacre. It begins with a presentation and analysis of his private post-Rabaa lecture to the security establishment, followed by a consideration of his public-facing support for it in a lengthy interview a few days later. Though different in tone, both his private and public engagements were now forcefully pro-coup and unremitting in their support for the violent quelling of anti-coup protests. Strikingly, over the course of his private remarks, he appeared to make a thinly veiled reference to Qaradawi, calling him a disbeliever (kāfir). He also made his now notorious declaration that the army should "shoot to kill" protestors. The latter part of the chapter considers Ali al-Jifri's forceful defense of Gomaa during the post-coup period, including after the Rabaa massacre. Towards the end of the chapter, the longer-term impact of Gomaa’s support for Rabaa on his reputation is assessed.
Understanding Counter-Revolutionary Fatwas and Their Ramifications Beyond Egypt
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter has two parts. The larger first part seeks to problematize a common reading in the literature on the Arab revolutions, namely one that views the actions of scholars like Gomaa and Ṭayyib as being in conformity with the norms of premodern Sunni "quietism." This part of the chapter draws on the wider secondary literature to argue that the notion of "quietism" is itself highly problematic and does not satisfactorily explain premodern Sunni political thought nor the behavior of modern Sunni ulama. Rather, the chapter contends that the so-called premodern quietist precedents do not help us account for fatwas supportive of the Egyptian coup, contrary to much of the secondary scholarship just mentioned. Gomaa's fatwas are better explained considering his espousal of what the author refers to as "autocratic Islam." The shorter second part of this chapter explores how the Egyptian coup and the Rabaa massacre marked a turning point for religious discourse in the region and has resulted, not coincidentally, in the twin rise of the nihilistic violence of groups like ISIS and a formalized transnational counter-revolutionary religious infrastructure under the leadership of Abdallah bin Bayyah in the service of the UAEs geopolitical aims.
Conclusion
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

The conclusion returns to the framing questions outlined in the introduction and provides a concise summary of what the foregoing chapters have demonstrated about the nature of religious discourse in the Arab revolutionary context. It examines possible correlations of the characteristics of certain ulama and the positions they would adopt during the Arab revolutions. These include their membership in particular institutions and their espousal of particular values. Among other things, it is suggested that the Qur'an and hadith provide the conceptual frameworks for the arguments of both pro-revolutionary and counter-revolutionary scholars, depending on how these textual sources are interpreted. It is also clear that notwithstanding claims that premodern Sunni quietism guided the actions of these scholars, none of the scholars who studied here were straightforward quietists.
Epilogue
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

As noted in the introduction, I am myself trained as an alim.1 During my undergraduate years at the University of Oxford, I had the good fortune to attend the Al-Salam Institute established and run by a scholar of Indian origin, Dr Mohammad Akram Nadwi, then a research fellow at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Shaykh Akram, as his students referred to him, taught a modified ...
Practical Feelings
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

Practical Feelings develops and applies a theory of emotion practice to the domains of work, leisure, social media, and politics. Chapter 1 theorizes an emotion practice approach by synthesizing symbolic interactionist and poststructural approaches to emotion using their shared lineage of pragmatism. Within this approach, the concepts of emotional capital, habitus, and social location together help us examine emotion as effort, energy, and embodied resource. Chapters 2 through 5 apply an emotion practice approach to the social arenas of work, leisure, social media, and politics. The empirical chapters move from the intimate sphere of nursing to the sphere of public health threats while illustrating the strengths of an emotion practice approach. Audio diaries from nurses capture how they use and conserve emotional resources within hierarchies of social class and race. In examining sports fans, we see how they use and invest in the emotional power of sports symbols, but a hierarchy of racial inequality underlies this economy of emotion that connects communities and corporations. Social media users connect with others during health threats by relying on engrained digital habits of frivolity and humor. Turning to the political sphere, rhetoric from leaders reinforces a view of emotions as irrational, converting their emotional capital of stoicism into political capital during public health threats (Ebola and COVID-19). The final chapter develops the relevance of homophily for connecting emotions with social inequality and theorizes mechanisms for social change.
Conclusion
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

This final chapter summarizes the core claims and concepts in a sociology of emotion practice, combining concepts from emotion management, interaction ritual, and practice theories. Homophily, as emotional alignment with similar others, is a key aspect of emotion practices and helps to explain how emotions serve to maintain social hierarchies. Emotions are practical, embodied calculations haunted by past practices and predictive of future demands. They clue nurses into the ambiguous and complex demands of the job, help sports fans connect with family and their city, and they can serve to unite disparate groups through digital spaces. By tracing emotion practices in hospitals, sports bars, social media sites, and the political framing of epidemics, we see social actors in more holistic ways. As a result, this book brings the sociology of emotion into closer alignment with the complex practices that make up our social world.
The Politics of Cybersecurity in the Middle East
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

Cybersecurity is a complex and contested issue in international politics. By focusing on "great powers"--the US, the EU, Russia and China--studies in the field often fail to capture the specific politics of cybersecurity in the Middle East, especially in Egypt and the GCC states. For these countries, cybersecurity policies and practices are entangled with those of long-standing allies in the US and Europe, and are built on reciprocal flows of data, capital, technology and expertise. At the same time, these states have authoritarian systems of governance more reminiscent of Russia or China, including approaches to digital technologies centred on sovereignty and surveillance. This book is a pioneering examination of the politics of cybersecurity in the Middle East. Drawing on new interviews and original fieldwork, James Shires shows how the label of cybersecurity is repurposed by states, companies and other organisations to encompass a variety of concepts, including state conflict, targeted spyware, domestic information controls, and foreign interference through leaks and disinformation. These shifting meanings shape key technological systems as well as the social relations underpinning digital development. But however the term is interpreted, it is clear that cybersecurity is an integral aspect of the region's contemporary politics.
Cyber Conflict
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

This chapter details the emergence of cybersecurity as an issue of state conflict. It moves away from the paradigm example of cyber conflict--the Stuxnet virus that targeted the Iranian nuclear program, widely attributed to the United States and Israel--to analyze the interpretation of Iran’s subsequent cyberattacks. The chapter explores transnational relationships between two key sets of actors: intelligence and security agencies in the Gulf, Europe, and the US, and multinational defense and threat intelligence companies with substantial contracts in the Gulf. It argues that these actors performed a moral maneuver that exaggerated Iranian action as newly destructive and unpredictable, for both political and commercial advantage. This moral maneuver occurred at a crucial moment in the development of destructive cyber capabilities worldwide, shaping conceptions of cyber conflict more widely.
Targeted Surveillance
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the development of cybersecurity as an issue of human rights. It first traces the wider intersection of surveillance and human rights in the Middle East, both before and after the 2011 "Arab Spring" revolutions. It then explores one area of surveillance in detail--targeted surveillance software or spyware--exploring how NGOs portrayed such software as a severe cybersecurity threat, connecting it to human rights abuses in Egypt and the Gulf states, among others, and leading to new export controls. This challenge was met by increasingly sophisticated responses from exporting states and companies supplying this software in a crowded market, who used cybersecurity as a justification for their actions while incorporating human rights language into their public profile and business practices. The chapter ends by investigating how some states in the region sought to avoid export controls by developing their own targeted surveillance capabilities and portraying them as cybersecurity protections.
Foreign Interference
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses how cybersecurity relates to digital foreign interference, following a slightly different structure to the previous ones. Rather than detailing specific moral maneuvers that led to a form of cybersecurity as foreign interference, this chapter reveals how cybersecurity is one frame among many that can be applied to digital foreign interference. It shows how--especially after the 2017 Gulf crisis--various actors selected between cybersecurity and close alternative frames of leaks, disinformation, and media ownership to describe digital foreign interference, depending on which label best suited their strategic goals. In this way, the argument focuses on an aspect of moral maneuvers not addressed centrally in the earlier chapters: how the impetus for and development of moral maneuvers is contingent not only on the symbolic capital and esoteric nature of cybersecurity, but also on the attractiveness of alternative frames.
Conclusion
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

The concluding chapter looks at the Middle East region more broadly, suggesting that the analysis undertaken here is useful for understanding cybersecurity developments outside Egypt and the Gulf states, as well as the contours of politics in Egypt and the Gulf states overall. The chapter also revisits the theoretical utility of the concept of moral maneuvers. This concept helps us to make sense of how issue areas such as cybersecurity splinter, expand, and diverge, and how they are manipulated and re-interpreted for strategic gain by a wide range of actors. Furthermore, if--or rather, when--cybersecurity falls from view as a salient description of our digital world, and other issues replace it, the concept of moral maneuvers provides a useful tool for investigating why and how this happens, enabling us to also describe the symbiotic manipulation of value and technological claims by relevant experts in other domains.
The Inner Life of Catholic Reform
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

While studies abound about Catholic Reform and its institutional or social history, its spiritual motives and practices, what one could call its “inner life,” have been widely neglected. This book examines how these spiritual ideas and practices shaped the Catholic Reform and Catholic view of the world and led to a diverse but peculiarly theological imagination, a new outlook on the self and the world, and influenced human behaviors and sentiments. It tells the story of how the idea of the “inner reform of the soul” shaped a world religion. The historicization of these religious practices and beliefs makes this book also highly accessible to historians and anthropologists. It relies on a plethora of published and unpublished sources, and a wide field of secondary literature. Although the emphasis is on Europe, this book takes a global perspective by integrating material from Africa, America, and Asia as it was in this era that Catholicism became a “world religion.”
The Varying Theologies of the Priesthood
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: May 2022

As important as the Tridentine reform decrees were for the behavior of the clergy to reestablish discipline, it was a new understanding of the priesthood and its duties that shaped the Catholic Reform from Trent well into the eighteenth century. Trent’s indecisive theology of the priesthood, which oscillated between a Pseudo-Dionyisian view of the priest as mediator for the divine and that of a Gersonian shepherd, created the need for a more coherent theological profile. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, therefore, several theologies of the priesthood came into being, which despite their differences all extrapolated status, dignity, and duties of the priest. Among the most important writers on the theological profile of the priesthood are Carlo Borromeo, Pierre de Berulle, and Ignatius of Loyola.
Locked and Loaded
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

In the obsession over President Barack Obama’s birth certificate and his suspected plan to seize America’s guns, we see that furor over proving and disproving things related to Obama’s identity (especially his religion) strengthened Americans’ inattention to the expectations democratic citizens ought rightly to have about governance, belonging, and social desert. This chapter focuses not only on this particular controversy and its connections with Trump but on the related rise of vigilante groups like the Oath Keepers and the Proud Boys. The reluctance to discuss what Americans are entitled to by birthright reveals that Embattled America is more comfortable with the literal and metaphoric weaponization of identity than with discussions of social goods and inclusive community.
The Reception of Edwards’ Works
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

With previous chapters having touched on the reception of Edwards’ works within his own lifetime, this chapter investigates the reception of his works after his death. It first traces Edwards’ positive reception within the Church of England, noting especially his popularity among eighteenth- and nineteenth-century evangelicals, who generally regarded him as a champion of the Church’s Articles on grace, election, and justification. It also notes how some of these Church of England evangelicals perceived Edwards not as an anomalous Calvinist, but rather as part of a trajectory of later Stuart Reformed conformists. The rest of the chapter highlights Edwards’ reception beyond the confines of the Church of England, firstly in Britain, then in America, and finally in Germany, which altogether earned him broad recognition as one of the major Church of England divines of his time.
Introduction
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter uses Cicero’s letter to Lentulus (Ad familiares 1.9) to introduce the political and literary context in which Cicero wrote his first two dialogues, De oratore and De re publica. The letter is itself a highly literary composition, both quoting from Plato and using Plato’s Seventh Letter as a model. Cicero admires Plato as a writer while rejecting his political position. In the same way, De oratore and De re publica, the two dialogues Cicero wrote between 55 and 51 BCE, display a complex attitude toward Greek philosophy, including Plato, as something to be read and admired, but not to be emulated in real life. The letter and the dialogues should be seen as careful and ambitious literary constructions, designed to be read as models of both literary art and civic responsibility.
Cogitanti mihi
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the setting and the characters of Cicero’s De oratore. It considers the accuracy of its representation of the political and social world of the 90s BCE just before the outbreak of the Social War. It shows how Cicero gradually introduces the characters and the setting, and how he relates the choice of setting to his own life. Close attention is paid to the prefaces in Cicero’s voice in each of the three books of the dialogue. Cicero places great emphasis on the creative process of memory—the reciprocal effect on one another of the person remembering and the person being remembered. It raises questions about Cicero’s intentions in constructing the scene—his awareness that memory can be simultaneously true and false—and examines closely the ways in which Cicero claims to have learned about the conversation he records and invents.