bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Zinc Addition on the Microstructure, Melting Point and Microhardness of Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Solder Fabricated via Powder Metallurgy Method
Authors: Adli Nisrin , Abdul Razak Nurul Razliana , Saud Norainiza
Published: May 2016

The attempt to produce various types of lead-free solder has been actively investigated around the world in order to substitute the harmful SnPb solders. The effects of Zn addition on the microstructure, melting point and microhardness of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder were investigated with 1 wt% and 5 wt% of Zn additions. Powder metallurgy (PM) method was used to fabricate these Sn-0.7Cu-Zn lead-free solders. The results revealed that the addition of Zn was able to improve the solder properties. The melting point of Sn-0.7Cu-Zn lead-free solder was decreased drastically as the increasing of Zn additions. The Zn particles were distributed homogenously along the grain boundaries and produced refined dendrite β-Sn, which also lead to a superior microhardness values of solders.
Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Ionic Liquid Modified Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composites
Authors: Adnan Sinar Arzuria , Firuz Z. , Ahmad Zaidi Nur Hidayah , Hazizan Md Akil , Sahrim H.A.
Published: May 2016

The rigid polyurethane (PU) were produced using ionic liquid (IL) modified multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by reaction of palm oil based polyol (POP) with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoborate (BMIMBF4) used as IL to disperse MWCNTs in PU foam by grinding in ratio 1:3 by weight of MWCNTs to IL till black paste were obtained. The effects of different percentage of modified MWCNTs (0.0 - 3.0 %) on Polyurethane / Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes / Ionic Liquid (PMI) foam composites were evaluated in density, morphology and compressive strength. The density were increased higher 0.0538 kg / m3 at 3.0 % PMI. The average cell size value higher without addition modified MWCNTs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed inhomogenously structure with addition of modified MWCNTs. Compressive strength with 0.5 % PMI showed the highest value 1.671 MPa compared to other PMI.
Palm Kernel Shell Filled Recycled High-Density Polyethylene: Effect of Filler Loading
Authors: Nadiatul Husna A. , Lim Bee Ying , Salmah Husseinsyah , Voon Chun Hong
Published: May 2016

Palm kernel shells (PKS) filled recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) biocomposites were produced using melt mixing. The biocomposites were prepared on Brabender Plasticorder at temperature of 185 °C and rotor speed of 50 rpm by varying filler loading (0 to 40 phr). In this study, the effect of PKS loading on rheological properties and thermal stability of rHDPE/PKS were investigated. Rheological study of the biocomposites was carried out by means of capillary rheometer under temperature of 190 °C, 200 °C and 210 °C. Thermal properties of biocomposites were studied by using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The rheological results showed that the flowability of the composite increased with increasing temperature. Meanwhile, the result of TGA showed that at higher PKS loading, rHDPE/PKS biocomposites had lower total weight loss. The thermal stability of the biocomposites was reduced due to the addition of filler loading.
Effects of Wetting Behavior on Gallium Addition in In-Zn Solder Alloy
Authors: Ervina Efzan Mohd Noor , Nur Faziera Mhd Nasir
Published: May 2016

This paper reported the investigation on gallium, Ga addition into In-4.8Zn lead-free solder to improve its wettability performances. The effect of addition of Ga in In-4.8Zn solder alloy was studied. The results show with the addition of 0.5% Ga into the In-4.8Zn composition, the spreading area of In-4.8Zn-0.5Ga solder on copper increase between 35.71 and 43.75 %. Hence, as the spreading area increases, the contact angle decreased from between 22.09 to 39.71 %. Additionally, the addition of Ga as dopant increased the thickness of IMCs layer.
Effect of Sensitization Treatment on Corrosion Properties in Austenitic Stainless Steel 304
Authors: Kim Chung Seok , Moon Seung Jae , Kong Won Sik
Published: May 2016

Chromium depletion in AISI304 stainless steel can lead to intergranular corrosion due to temperature conditions and degree of deformation, and consequently to materials failure. The aim of this work is to study the effect of sensitization treatment on the corrosion resistance in AISI304 stainless steel after solution heat treatment at 1,000°C. Sensitization treatments were carried out at 670°C for 1 h, 2h, 5h and 10h in the electrical furnace. The intergranular corrosion resistance of the sensitized specimens was evaluated by double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test. The microstructure of the specimens before and after the corrosion tests was observed through optical and scanning electron microscope. Solution treatment shows the dual structure, however, aging for 5 hours depicts the ditch structure. The ratio of current density increased as a function of aging time resulted in increase in the degree of sensitization.
Experimental Study on Internal RH of BFS Mortars at Early Age
Authors: Ekaputri Januarti Jaya , Maekawa Koichi , Ishida Tetsuya
Published: May 2016

A caution procedure to use embedded sensor to measure internal RH of low W/C ratio mortars is proposed in this paper. Specimens made from OPC mortar and the one made with 40% BFS replacement cured under a sealed condition at 20°C. The results showed higher internal RH decrement when BFS was applied. The slag content, the creation of the early hydrated products, pore structures of OPC mortars introduced with BFS are considered as the main factors.
The Barriers and Strategies of Implementing the New Building Material (Fibre Cement Wall) in Malaysia Case Study: Aurum Synergy, Perlis, Malaysia
Authors: bin Azizan Muhammad Azizi , bin Sk Abd Razak Sk. Muiz , binti Ishak Nurfadzillah
Published: May 2016

An industrialized building system (IBS) may be defined in which all building components such as wall, floor slab, beam, column and staircase are mass produced either in factory or at site under strict quality control and minimal on-site activities [1,2]. IBS is a continuum beginning from utilizing craftsmen for every aspect of construction to a system that make use of manufacturing production in order to minimize resource wastage and enhance value for end users [3]. A case study have been derived into one of the IBS manufacturer company in Malaysia discovering their efforts surviving in the market based on their innovative products called ‘Fibre Cement Wall’. The objective of the study is actually to discuss the innovation that needs to take place within the industry. Besides that, the resistance or barriers that may be faced and the strategy to overcome the resistance to materialize the innovation also become the objectives in this study. This study also aims to highlight the system used, its characteristic or feature in selected innovative product by Fibre Cement Wall (FCW). This is some of the data collected from the interview based on the experience as a from Aurum Synergy Group members. Other than that, some relevant data for this report are collected include articles and journals as the primary data.
Bond-Slip Relation of Pretensioned Concrete Members for Various Tensioning Forces
Authors: Kim Jee Sang , Choi Dong Hun
Published: May 2016

The bond between prestressing (PS) steel and concrete plays an important role in pretensioned concrete members because the pretension force is directly transferred from PS steel to concrete by cutting or releasing the PS steels at the end of the members. While in capacity design approaches, designing for bond is considered to be a question of adequate strength along the bar length, in performance-based design approaches, the level of deformation as well as bond strength must be known and the bond-slip curves may give enough information. The purpose of this paper is to derive bond-slip curves for various tensioning forces within Korean design Code experimentally. For this purpose several series of tests have been conducted with different cover depths and tensioning forces. A realistic bond-slip curve is proposed which may be the base for more rational design of pretensioned concrete members.
Effect of Coal Ash Properties on Compressive Strength of Bottom Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Xie Tian Yu , Ozbakkaloglu Togay
Published: May 2016

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the behavior of bottom ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) cured at ambient temperature. A total of five bathes of bottom ash-based GPC were manufactured. The influence of the particle size and chemical composition of bottom ash on the compressive strength of GPC was investigated. The results indicate that the investigated parameters significantly affect the 28-day compressive strength of bottom ash-based GPCs. It is also found that the strength gain of ambiently-cured coal ash-based GPCs continues beyond the concrete age of 28 days.
Effect of NaOH Concentration on Flexural Strength, Phase Formation and Microstructural Development of Kaolin Geopolymer Ceramic
Authors: Jaya Nur Ain , Al Bakri A.M. Mustafa , Ghazali Che Mohd Ruzaidi , Binhussain Mohammed , Kamarudin Hussin , Ahmad Roszilah
Published: May 2016

This paper reports a detail study of the effect of NaOH concentration on flexural strength, phase formation and microstructural development of kaolin geopolymer ceramic. The NaOH concentration used ranged from 6 M to 14 M. The flexural strength showed the optimum value when NaOH concentration is 12 M. XRD analysis showed the formation of crystalline nepheline in all samples. Microstructural analysis showed formation of homogenous and denser structure in kaolin geopolymer ceramic as the NaOH concentration increase.
Effect of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) as Binder and Sintering Temperature in Kaolin Geopolymer Ceramics on Flexural Strength
Authors: Ahmad Romisuhani , Al Bakri A.M. Mustafa , Kamarudin Hussin , Sandu Andrei Victor , Binhussain Mohammed , Jaya Nur Ain
Published: May 2016

This paper present the flexural strength of kaolin geopolymer ceramics with addition of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a binder. The effect of varying UHMWPE loading and different sintering temperature on kaolin geopolymer ceramics were evaluated. Kaolin and alkaline activator were mixed with the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.0. Alkaline activator was formed by mixing the 8 M NaOH solution with sodium silicate at a ratio of 0.24. Addition of UHMWPE to the kaolin geopolymer ceramics are fabricated with UHMWPE loadings of 2, 4, 6 and 8 (wt. %) by using powder metallurgy method. The samples were heated at different temperature started from 900 °C until 1200 °C and the strength were tested. It was found that the flexural strength for the kaolin geopolymer ceramics with addition of UHMWPE were higher and generally increased with the increasing of UHMWPE loading. Similar trend was observed for the effect of sintering temperature. The result revealed that the optimum flexural strength was obtained at UHMWPE loading of 8 wt. % and the samples heated at 1200 °C achieved the highest flexural strength (49.15 MPa).
Study on a Fractional Model of Filtration Effect of Cigarette Filter Tip
Authors: Tang Jin Wen , Zhang Shao Tang , Li Zheng Biao
Published: May 2016

This paper, with fractional calculus theory and Maple as tools, takes cigarettes as porous media to establish a fractional model describing filtration effect of cigarette filter tip, and explains the relationship between the functions of filter tip and filter materials, and reveals the relationship between the role of filter tip and the filter length. The results show that the improvement of the absorption rate of toxics and increasement of filter length can exponentially improve the filtering effect. Moreover, the speed lowering of the smoke smog spreading can also improve the filtering effect.
Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Alginate Polyelectrolyte Complex Prepared by Using Calcium Tripolyphosphate Ionic Gelator
Authors: Muhamad Rahim Nur Syairah , Ahmad Norlaily , Kamarun Dzaraini
Published: May 2016

The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) between chitosan and alginate has been widely investigated for many pharmaceutical and biomedical uses. Ionotropic gelation resulted from the crosslinking of polyelectrolytes (PEs) in the presence of ionic crosslinkers to form hydrogels. The most widely used ionic crosslinker for chitosan is sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP); and Ca2+ ions for alginates. The use of these cross-linkers to prepare PECs of chitosan and alginates resulted in hydrogels of similar moieties: chitosan-chitosan and alginate-alginate rather than the sought for hybrid chitosan-alginate PECs. Calcium tripolyphosphate (CaTPP) is a single molecule ionic gelator of chitosan and alginate that have the capability of producing the true hybrid compound of chitosan/alginate polyelectrolyte complex. This paper reported the synthesis of calcium tripolyphosphate and the preparation of a hybrid chitosan/alginate PECs using this newly identified ionic gelator. The newly-synthesized ionic gelator was characterized using ICP-OES; the PECs thereof prepared were characterized using TGA and SEM. The degradation temperature of the prepared PECs is higher than the degradation temperatures of the individual chitosan and alginates. SEM image of the prepared PECs showed rougher surfaces compared to the images of the individual chitosan and alginate compound. Both TGA and SEM revealed the possibility of the newly prepared material to be of the PECs sought for.
Synthesis and Characterization of Biomass Supported Ag, Co and Ag-Co Nanoparticles
Authors: Mohd Anuar Nur Izzati , Andas Jeyashelly
Published: May 2016

Silica extracted from rice husk was used as a support to synthesize the monometallic Ag, Co and bimetallic Ag-Co nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were prepared via a sol-gel method by adding glucose as the reducing agent. The prepared nanoparticles were designated as Ag-NP, Co-NP and AgCo-NP. The successful incorporation of Ag/Co onto the silica surface were evidenced by TEM, FT-IR and DR/UV-Vis analysis. The TEM analysis showed the presence of small spherical shape nanoparticles with an average mean size of 3.18-3.57 nm. Through DR/UV-Vis analysis, the presence of Ag+ and cobalt in the oxidation state of +2 and +3 were confirmed, while FT-IR verified the presence of M-O and Si-O-M+ bond.
Dyeing of Nylon Fabric with Natural Dye from Cassia Fistula Fruit: A Research on Effect Metal Mordants Concentration
Authors: Mongkholrattanasit Rattanaphol , Klaichoi Charoon , Rungruangkitkrai Nattadon , Sasivatchutikool Pornphanit
Published: May 2016

The present paper deals with the application of natural dyes extracted from cassia fistula fruit or golden shower tree seed pods on nylon fabric. The dyeing properties were evaluated by measuring K/S and CIELAB values. In addition, the different fastness properties were evaluated. The effect of metal mordants at different concentration levels with respect to their colour strength was also studied. Nylon fabrics dyed with golden shower tree seed pods extract without mordant showed a light brownish-yellow shade, while those dyed with ferrous sulfate and stannous chloride brighter brownish-yellow colour. Nylon substate dyed with alum and CuSO4 gave a duller brownish-yellow colour. The fastness properties ranged from fair to good level.
Extraction and Tensile Behavior of High Performance Hibiscus tiliceus Fiber
Authors: Chonsakorn Sakorn , Boonyophas Sutusanee , Mongkholrattanasit Rattanaphol , Pholam Kittiyaphan , Parsapratet Praditha , Arrak Thepthida
Published: May 2016

Environmental awareness has created an increasing concern with the greenhouse cause and effect, it has simulated the need for a more natural and eco-friendly construction, formed from textile materials. Natural fibers seem to be a good alternative, as this research is focused upon the studies of the extraction of Hibiscus Tiliaceus fibers, found in abundance naturally. Since they are readily available and accessible in fibrous form, they can easily be extracted form the plant stem itself, which is a plant that grows naturally, with very low maintenance costs. In this research we have studied the strength of Hibiscus Tiliaceus, when extracting the fibers by hand. From this experiment, it was found that fiber was removed from the trunk of the plant, then the application of water rating could be used successfully for separating the extract fiber from the sheath of the Hibiscus Tiliaceus in turn. The microscopically longitudinal studies showed a roughness and also a flat surface in the fibers. The fiber width was recorded at 0.3 millimeter, as well as the fiber strength recorded at 651.9 denier and 10.93 newtons, respectively. There are three conditions of applications added for this natural fiber, which involve scouring and bleaching treatments.
Structure Characterization of Low Cost Fabricated Soft Material Built Microchannel
Authors: Humayun Q. , Hashim Uda , Ruzaidi Che Mohd
Published: May 2016

To perform the entire laboratory activities on a centimeter limit scale electronic chip, the most important aspect is to fabricate a device which persist sensitive and selective for the delivery of fluids flow and have the ability to execute a fast mixing of distinctive chemicals and bio samples. To resolve this issues the current paper is one of the good struggle, therefore the objective was arranged in according to the scope of research such as; to design and fabricate a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material made, micro channel and its structure characterization for the investigation of internal subterranean area. By using an AutoCAD software the channel was first designed, however for the fabrication process the design was transferred to mask. Starting from SU-8 resist the pattern was transferred, and then by using the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) the mold was fabricated by adopting a low cost photolithography technique. Finally by employing Hawk 3 D surface nanoprofiler the structure was characterized. In our forthcoming research the device will be tested for real biological samples using a simple hand-operated inoculation technique.
Ultrasonic Vibration in Leadframe for the Bondability for Au Wedge Bond
Authors: Ismail Roslina , Harun Fuaida , Jalar Azman , Abdullah Shahrum
Published: May 2016

The in-situ inspection of ultrasonic vibration of wire bonder capillary was carried out using laser interferometer in order to analyze the formation of Au wedge bond. It was observed that the changes in ultrasonic vibration can be used to describe process of bonding formation. The loss of ultrasonic energy was exhibited in ultrasonic vibration waveform of wire bonding on leadframe A. This observation is due to the low frictional energy and high deformation of Au wedge bond on leadframe A. The lower pull strength obtained by Au wedge bond further confirms the reduction of bond formation on leadframe A.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Based Isotropic Conductive Adhesives
Authors: Chew Chee Sean , Satiga Pamornpol , Oon Hean Keat , Durairaj Rajkumar
Published: May 2016

In the past few decades, the lead-tin soldering process had been widely used in electronics sector as an interconnection between the electronics components and printed circuit board. Due to the highly toxicity and environmental concerns, the lead-tin alloys were replaced by lead-free alloys and isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs). The ICAs have a significant amount of conductive fillers and offers better electrical conduction seems to be more promising in the electronics sector. ICAs are usually filled with metal particles such as silver flakes with adhesive polymeric resin. For this research, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to replace silver flakes. The synthesis of CNTs was carried out by heating the mixture of ferrocene with ammonium chloride and went through purification process by hydrochloric acid. Meanwhile, the studies on CNTs were performed through several characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Then, the ICAs were produced by adding different weight percent of CNTs into DGEBA. Subsequently, the ICAs went through 4 points probe test and tensile test to examine their electrical and mechanical properties. The results show that the ICAs contain 1.5wt% and 2.5wt% of the CNTs exhibit the highest electrical conductivity and highest tensile strength respectively. Undoubtedly, there was a close relation between the electrical and mechanical properties, as both of the material of CNTs and DGEBA is necessary to achieve optimum and balance of weight percentage in order to sustain both novel properties. Meanwhile, the weight percentage of the curing agent greatly depends on the amount of DGEBA. An appropriate amount of curing agent may lead to a hard shape with all other properties are preserved. In this case, the ratio of curing agent to DGEBA is 0.088:1 which is considered as the optimum ratio.
A homological upper bound on critical probabilities for hyperbolic percolation
Authors: Delfosse Nicolas , Zémor Gilles
Published: May 2016

We study bond percolation for a family of infinite hyperbolic graphs. We relate percolation to the appearance of homology in finite versions of these graphs. As a consequence, we derive an upper bound on the critical probabilities of the infinite graphs.
Eosinophilic fasciitis after parasite infection
Authors: Oliveira Marta , Patinha Fabia , Marinho Antonio
Published: May 2016

Eosinophilic fasciitis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by symmetrical swelling and skin induration of the distal portions of the arms and/or legs, evolving into a scleroderma-like appearance, accompanied by peripheral blood eosinophilia. It is a rare disease with a poorly understood etiology. Corticosteroid treatment remains the standard therapy, either taken alone or in association with an immunosuppressive drug.

This paper presents a case of a male patient with palpebral edema and marked eosinophilia, diagnosed with intestinal parasitic infection in October 2006. He was treated with an antiparasitic drug, but both the swelling and the analytical changes remained. This was followed by a skin and muscle biopsy, which turned out to be compatible with eosinophilic fasciitis. There was progressive worsening of the clinical state, with stiffness of the abdominal wall and elevated inflammatory parameters, and the patient was referred to the Immunology Department, medicated with corticosteroids and methotrexate. Over the years there were therapeutic adjustments and other causes were excluded. Currently the patient continues to be monitored, and there is no evidence of active disease.

The case described in this article is interesting because of the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis probably associated/coexisting with a parasite infection. This case report differs from others in that there is an uncommon cause associated with the onset of the disease, instead of the common causes such as trauma, medication, non-parasitic infections or cancer.
Analysis of the latitudinal variability of tropospheric ozone in the Arctic using the large number of aircraft and ozonesonde observations in early summer 2008
Authors: Ancellet Gerard , Daskalakis Nikos , Raut Jean Christophe , Quennehen Boris , Ravetta François , Hair Jonathan , Tarasick David , Schlager Hans , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Thompson Anne M. , Johnson Bryan , Thomas Jennie L. , Law Katharine S.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The goal of the paper are to: (1) present tropospheric ozone (O3) climatologies in summer 2008 based on a large amount of measurements, during the International Polar Year when the Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements, and Models of Climate Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport (POLARCAT) campaigns were conducted (2) investigate the processes that determine O3 concentrations in two different regions (Canada and Greenland) that were thoroughly studied using measurements from 3 aircraft and 7 ozonesonde stations. This paper provides an integrated analysis of these observations and the discussion of the latitudinal and vertical variability of tropospheric ozone north of 55° N during this period is performed using a regional model (WFR-Chem). Ozone, CO and potential vorticity (PV) distributions are extracted from the simulation at the measurement locations. The model is able to reproduce the O3 latitudinal and vertical variability but a negative O3 bias of 6–15 ppbv is found in the free troposphere over 4 km, especially over Canada. Ozone average concentrations are of the order of 65 ppbv at altitudes above 4 km both over Canada and Greenland, while they are less than 50 ppbv in the lower troposphere. The relative influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) and of ozone production related to the local biomass burning (BB) emissions is discussed using differences between average values of O3, CO and PV for Southern and Northern Canada or Greenland and two vertical ranges in the troposphere: 0–4 km and 4–8 km. For Canada, the model CO distribution and the weak correlation (< 30 %) of O3 and PV suggests that stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is not the major contribution to average tropospheric ozone at latitudes less than 70° N, due to the fact that local biomass burning (BB) emissions were significant during the 2008 summer period. Conversely over Greenland, significant STE is found according to the better O3 versus PV correlation (> 40 %) and the higher 75th PV percentile. A weak negative latitudinal summer ozone gradient −6 to −8 ppbv is found over Canada in the mid troposphere between 4 and 8 km. This is attributed to an efficient O3 photochemical production due to the BB emissions at latitudes less than 65° N, while STE contribution is more homogeneous in the latitude range 55° N to 70° N. A positive ozone latitudinal gradient of 12 ppbv is observed in the same altitude range over Greenland not because of an increasing latitudinal influence of STE, but because of different long range transport from multiple mid-latitude sources (North America, Europe and even Asia for latitudes higher than 77° N).
¿Cómo se Armoniza el Derecho Mercantil Internacional?
Authors: Ávila Vallecillo José Alexander
Published: May 2016

Desde sus inicios, la costumbre y usos mercantiles han sido consi­derados equívocamente como referentes únicos en cuanto a con­tratación mercantil internacional se refiere.No obstante, existe en la actualidad una pluralidad de normas ten­dientes a regular de forma específica las relaciones comerciales y por ende la resolución de conflictos suscitados entre los naciona­les de un estado en particular.En cuanto a su aplicación normativa, la doctrina y jurisprudencia internacional han dotado al derecho mercantil internacional de un variado compendio jurídico cuya aplicación práctica está supedi­tada a la materia, naturaleza, obligatoriedad y su contenido con­tractual.Es así, que surgen las Normas Integrantes del Derecho Uniforme del Comercio Internacional (DUCI), ante la necesidad de armoni­zar y uniformizar internacionalmente esas pautas jurídicas aplica­bles al caso concreto y cuyo objetivo principal en disciplinar las re­laciones comerciales de orden privado y de carácter obligacional.Con relación a su fuente de producción, son varias las institucio­nes dedicadas a la elaboración de compendios jurídicos, la na­cionalidad de las partes contratantes y el lugar de celebración o cumplimiento de obligaciones mercantiles, constituyen el pilar fun­damental en los mismos.El artículo pretende describir, resumir y definir el conjunto de nor­mas jurídicas que integran el sistema armonizador de leyes mer­cantiles internacionales, incluyendo tratados, convenios, usos y prácticas, reglamentos, estatutos, recopilaciones, clausulados, guías jurídicas, etc.
A importância da temática de História e Cultura Africana e Afro-brasileira nas escolas
Authors: Krauss Juliana Souza , Rosa Julio César da
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo visa discutir a importância e indispensabilidade da Lei 10.639/2003 dando ênfase ao papel desempenhado pelas populações de origem africana na construção da história do Brasil, bem como as circunstâncias que levaram a criação da referida Lei. Também são analisados como se estabelecem as relações interétnicas no contexto escolar, as manifestações de discriminação no ambiente escolar cometidas tanto por alunos(as), professores(as), diretores(as), etc; a maneira como os docentes e a escola devem lidar com o racismo e com o preconceito, trata brevemente sobre a questão da educação quilombola; e a aplicação da Lei tanto por parte do educador como da escola, apontando caminhos a serem trilhados por parte dos educadores através da resignificação dos conceitos de algumas palavras utilizadas no cotidiano escolar.
Can I sit?
Authors: Smiley CalvinJohn
Published: May 2016

Can I sit? The use of public space and the ‘other’

Newark Penn Station is the most frequented train station in New Jersey, United States. Two distinct groups occupy this public space. First are the commuters who travel by the trains to reach destinations for work or pleasure. Second are the transient who do not use the trains but instead remain in and around the station for various reasons, otherwise known as the ‘other.’ The latter population is closely monitored and controlled by law enforcement through a variety of written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct, which are based on broken windows theory and crime prevention through environment design (CPTED). The primary focus is how the ‘other’ seemingly navigates and occupies public space. Through ethnographic research, this paper reflects and reveals the ways in which the station is a living social organism that simultaneously marginalizes and incorporates those defined as the ‘other’ into this space. This complex and contradictory dynamic illustrates the interactions between public spaces and its occupiers and regulators.
Herman Bianchi
Authors: van Swaaningen René
Published: May 2016

Herman Bianchi: On criminology, emotions and incongruities

Herman Bianchi, who passed away on the 30th of December 2015, has been a true ‘significant other’ for cultural criminologists. This article is a ‘criminological Verstehen’ of Bianchi’s work. His general attitude towards criminology is characterised by a mix of academic analysis, emotional outrage and incongruities. In order to understand this, his contributions to criminology are linked to biographical notes and to the mixed reactions he got on his work. Bianchi played an important role in the establishment of criminology as an autonomous academic discipline, yet he was very critical of this ‘discipline of shame’ because it has always served the exclusion of the most vulnerable members of society. He has been one of the frontmen of critical criminology, but he was not a Marxist. His concern for the despised other is related to his eternal fear, as a gay man in a ‘closet with a revolving door’, of new waves of discrimination against gays, and his rigorous abolitionism to his experience as a prisoner in a Nazi-concentration camp in 1944. Bianchi’s historical interest led him at the end of his career in the 1980s to support the emergence of strong historical criminology, but his utilitarian use of historical studies, also resulted in some clashes with professional historians.
Real -Time Generator of AIS/ARPA/GPS Data
Authors: Kaczmarek Sylwester , Sac Maciej
Published: May 2016

The paper presents a real-time generator of AIS/ARPA/GPS position data in the standardized NMEA 0183 text format. Position data are produced by a set of various types of ships simulated on the Polish part of the Baltic Sea and are generated on defined IP/UDP addresses and RS-232 ports. In the simulation an extensive set of input parameters is taken into account including the number of particular types of ships, their dimensions, speed as well as parameters of AIS equipments, ARPA radars and GPS receivers. The paper describes the architecture and implementation of the generator. Additionally, it demonstrates the application of the developed generator to test the software developed for the Polish Border Guard.
Postoperative Speech Outcomes and Complications in Submucous Cleft Palate Patients
Authors: Park Tae Seo , Bae Yong Chan , Nam Su Bong , Kang Kyung Dong , Sung Ji Yoon
Published: May 2016

Background The postoperative speech outcomes of submucous cleft palate (SMCP) surgery are known to be poorer than those of other types of cleft palate. We attempted to objectively characterize the postoperative complications and speech outcomes of the surgical treatment of SMCP through a comparison with the outcomes of incomplete cleft palate (ICP).

Methods This study included 53 SMCP patients and 285 ICP patients who underwent surgical repair from 1998 to 2015. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 3.9±1.9 years for the SMCP patients and 1.3±0.9 years for the ICP patients. A retrospective analysis was performed of the complications, the frequency of subsequent surgical correction for velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), and speech outcomes.

Results In both the SMCP and ICP patients, no cases of respiratory difficulty, bleeding, or wound disruption were noted. Delayed wound healing and fistula occurred in 18.9% and 5.7% of the SMCP patients and in 14% and 3.2% of the ICP patients, respectively. However, no statistically significant difference in either delayed wound healing or fistula occurrence was observed between the two groups. The rate of surgical correction for VPD in the SMCP group was higher than in the ICP group. In the subset of 26 SMCP patients and 62 ICP patients who underwent speech evaluation, the median speech score value was 58.8 in the SMCP group and 66 in the ICP group, which was a statistically significant difference.

Conclusions SMCP and ICP were found to have similar complication rates, but SMCP had significantly worse speech outcomes.
Management of the Sequelae of Severe Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects
Authors: Fuentes Sara , Marti Eunate , Delgado Maria-Dolores , Gomez Andres
Published: May 2016

Background The survival rate of newborns with severe congenital abdominal wall defects has increased. After successfully addressing life-threatening complications, it is necessary to focus on the cosmetic and functional outcomes of the abdominal wall.

Methods We performed a chart review of five cases treated in our institution.

Results Five patients, ranging from seven to 18 years of age, underwent the following surgical approaches: simple approximation of the rectus abdominis fascia, the rectus abdominis sheath turnover flap, the placement of submuscular tissue expanders, mesh repair, or a combination of these techniques depending on the characteristics of each individual case.

Conclusions Patients with severe congenital abdominal wall defects require individualized surgical treatment to address both the aesthetic and functional issues related to the sequelae of their defects.
Enhancing the quality of transferred single-layer graphene with poly(4-vinylphenol) interlayer on flexible substrates
Authors: Choi Yeonhoi , Chun Sungwoo , Hong Ahyoung , Ha Chunho , Park Wanjun
Published: May 2016

We report the use of poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) as a promising contact surface of transferred graphene, capable of sustaining the original performance found in as-grown graphene. Enhancement of surface tension obtained by O2 plasma treatment of the PVP surface also increases transferred graphene quality. With an easy coating method, PVP can be applied to any flexible substrate as the interlayer to increase transferred graphene quality. Owing to the mechanical flexibility and chemical inertness of PVP, the introduction of a PVP interlayer provides a general method for graphene soft electronics to be integrated into any flexible substrate.
Expansion of denitrification and anoxia in the eastern tropical North Pacific from 1972 to 2012
Authors: Horak Rachel E. A. , Ruef Wendi , Ward Bess B. , Devol Allan H.
Published: May 2016

The eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) is a large region of anoxic water that hosts widespread water column N loss (denitrification). There is some disagreement about the long‐term trends of denitrification and anoxia and long‐term studies of water column denitrification within the anoxic zone are lacking. In this study, we compared ETNP water column nitrite, N*, and O2 data along the same transect for four studies ranging from 1972 to 2012. Anoxic water volume increased, and low‐oxygen conditions expanded into shallower isopycnals from 1972 to 2012. A geochemical marker for cumulative N loss indicates that denitrification was highest in 2012 and the upper oxygen‐deficient zone (ODZ) experienced the most change. Oxygen and N loss changes in the world's largest ODZ for 2012 could not be explained by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and decreased O2 in supply currents and increased wind‐driven upwelling are likely mechanisms contributing to increased N loss and anoxia.
Revisiting trough interactions and tropical cyclone intensity change
Authors: Peirano C. M. , Corbosiero K. L. , Tang B. H.
Published: May 2016

An updated climatology of Atlantic basin tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change in the presence of upper tropospheric trough forcing is presented. To control for changes in the background thermodynamic environment, a methodology that normalizes intensity change by the potential intensity of the TC is used to more narrowly focus on the effect of troughs compared to previous studies. Relative to the full sample of Atlantic TCs, troughs are a negative influence on intensification: trough interaction cases are 4% less likely to intensify and 5% more likely to weaken. Troughs are especially detrimental compared to TCs without trough forcing: trough interaction cases are 14% less likely to intensify and 13% more likely to weaken. Additionally, eddy flux convergence of angular momentum, previously shown to positively affect TC intensity change, is shown to be a weak predictor of intensity change compared to vertical wind shear, which is enhanced during a trough interaction.
Influence of the Surface and Heat Treatment on the Bond Strength of Galvanized Steel/Aluminum Composites Joined by Plastic Deformation
Authors: Hoppe Christian , Ebbert Christoph , Grothe Richard , Schmidt Hans Christian , Hordych Illia , Homberg Werner , Maier Hans Jürgen , Grundmeier Guido
Published: May 2016

The influence of a chemical or mechanical surface modification followed by different post‐heat treatments on the bond strength of galvanized steel/aluminum composites is studied. An incremental rolling process is used for joint formation based on plastic deformation. The morphology, the chemical state of the modified surfaces as well as the cross‐section, and local potential distribution of the welded zone is characterized by different microscopic and spectroscopic methods. The stability of the joint is analyzed by a shear‐force test in combination with microscopic failure analysis. A clear correlation between pre/post‐treatment and the joint strength is observed.
Nano‐Enabled Approaches for Stem Cell‐Based Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Kharaziha Mahshid , Memic Adnan , Akbari Mohsen , Brafman David A. , Nikkhah Mehdi
Published: May 2016

Cardiac diseases are the most prevalent causes of mortality in the world, putting a major economic burden on global healthcare system. Tissue engineering strategies aim at developing efficient therapeutic approaches to overcome the current challenges in prolonging patients survival upon cardiac diseases. The integration of advanced biomaterials and stem cells has offered enormous promises for regeneration of damaged myocardium. Natural or synthetic biomaterials have been extensively used to deliver cells or bioactive molecules to the site of injury in heart. Additionally, nano‐enabled approaches (e.g., nanomaterials, nanofeatured surfaces) have been instrumental in developing suitable scaffolding biomaterials and regulating stem cells microenvironment to achieve functional therapeutic outcomes. This review article explores tissue engineering strategies, which have emphasized on the use of nano‐enabled approaches in combination with stem cells for regeneration and repair of injured myocardium upon myocardial infarction (MI). Primarily a wide range of biomaterials, along with different types of stem cells, which have utilized in cardiac tissue engineering will be presented. Then integration of nanomaterials and surface nanotopographies with biomaterials and stem cells for myocardial regeneration will be presented. The advantages and challenges of these approaches will be reviewed and future perspective will be discussed.
Elucidating the Impact of Cobalt Doping on the Lithium Storage Mechanism in Conversion/Alloying‐Type Zinc Oxide Anodes
Authors: Mueller Franziska , Geiger Dorin , Kaiser Ute , Passerini Stefano , Bresser Dominic
Published: May 2016

Herein, an in‐depth investigation of the influence of transition‐metal doping on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of a hybrid conversion/alloying‐type lithium‐ion anode material is presented. Therefore, pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and cobalt‐doped ZnO (Zn0.9Co0.1O) were investigated comparatively. Characterization by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the successful incorporation of the cobalt (Co) dopant into the wurtzite ZnO structure, which led to a decreased particle size for the doped compound. The in situ electrochemical XRD analysis of the first de‐/lithiation of ZnO and Zn0.9Co0.1O revealed the highly beneficial impact of the transition‐metal dopant on the reversible degradation of lithium oxide (Li2O) and suppression of zinc crystallite growth upon lithiation; both effects are essential for greatly improved electrochemical performance. As a result, Co doping leads to a substantially increased specific capacity from 326 mAh g−1 for pure ZnO to 789 mAh g−1 for Zn0.9Co0.1O after 75 full charge–discharge cycles.
ChemInform Abstract: 29Si 2D NMR Evidence of Four Novel Doubly Germanium Substituted Silicate Cages in a Tetramethylammonium Germanosilicate Solution.
Authors: KNIGHT C. T. G. , KIRKPATRICK R. J. , OLDFIELD E.
Published: May 2016

Three of the four observed germanosilicate cages in which two Si sites are occupied by Ge are derivatives of the cubic octameric cage.
ChemInform Abstract: 13C and 14N Isotropic NMR Shifts in Anionic Nitratolanthanate(III) Complexes with Quaternary Cations.
Authors: CHEN N. , WITTON P. J. , HOLLOWAY C. E. , WALKER I. M.
Published: May 2016

The 14N NMR spectra of the homologous series (R4N)x‐3Ln(NO3)x (with x = 5 or 6, Ln: all naturally occurring lanthanoids except for Gd, and R: Bu or Pr) have been recorded in nitrobenzene‐CH2Cl2 mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Cathodic Deposition and Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Cadmium Sulfide.
Authors: JACKOWSKA K. , SKOMPSKA M.
Published: May 2016

It is demonstrated that the quality (in terms of photosensitivity and continuity) of cathodic CdS films deposited from acidic thiosulfate solutions can be improved by using buffered solutions during deposition.
ChemInform Abstract: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Electrochemically Activated Platinum Surfaces. A Direct Ex‐Situ Determination of the Electrode Nanotopography
Authors: VAZQUEZ L. , GOMEZ J. , BARO A. M. , GARCIA N. , MARCOS M. L. , GONZALEZ VELASCO J. , VARA J. M. , ARVIA A. J. , PRESA J. , GARCIA A. , AGUILAR M.
Published: May 2016

gives support to a structural model for the electrochemically activated electrode surface.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of LiAlO2 Powder by Hydrolysis of Metal Alkoxides
Authors: HIRANO S.‐I. , HAYASHI T. , KAGEYAMA T.
Published: May 2016

for application to the breeder blanket in nuclear fusion.
ChemInform Abstract: New Oligomeric Tungsten‐Selenium Anions: Synthesis and Characterization by 77Se NMR and X‐Ray Diffraction Techniques.
Authors: WARDLE R. W. M. , CHAU C.‐N. , IBERS J. A.
Published: May 2016

Four new oligomeric anions of the W‐Se system, W3Se92‐, W2Se92‐, and W2Se12‐0 (two isomers) have been prepared as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge Separation in Carotenoporphyrin‐Quinone Triads: Synthetic, Conformational, and Fluorescence Lifetime Studies.
Authors: GUST D. , MOORE T. A. , LIDDELL P. A. , NEMETH G. A. , MAKINGS L. R. , MOORE A. L. , BARRETT D. , PESSIKI P. J. , BENSASSON R. V. , ROUGEE M. , CHACHATY C. , DE SCHRYVER F. C. , VAN DER AUWERAER M. , HOLZWARTH A. R. , CONNOLLY J. S.
Published: May 2016

A series of tripartite molecules (I)‐(III) and porphyrin‐quinone analogues (IV) has been synthesized (described in schemes, no details or yields given) in order to investigate the effect of structure on the yield and lifetime of the charge‐separated state.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Part 31. Structure and Reactivity of Aromatic σ‐Complexes (Cyclohexadienylium Ions): A Correlated Experimental and Theoretical Study.
Authors: EFFENBERGER F. , REISINGER F. , SCHOENWAELDER K. H. + , BAEUERLE P. + , STEZOWSKI J. J. , JOGUN K. H. , SCHOELLKOPF K. + , STOHRER W.‐D.
Published: May 2016

From crystal and molecular structures as well as MO calculations for (I) and (II) it is concluded that only the axial group of bent σ‐complexes can dissociate during rearomatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Ion Pairing and Reactivity of Enolate Anions. Part 7. A Spectacular Example of the Importance of Rotational Barriers: The Ionization of Meldrum′s Acid.
Authors: ARNETT E. M. , HARRELSON J. A. JUN.
Published: May 2016

The free energy of ionization of Meldrum's acid (Ia) is 11.68 kcal/mol more spontaneous than that of its acyclic analogue, dimethyl malonate (VIIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Silicon Stabilization of Carbonium Ions in Solvolysis. Part 2. Solvolysis of 4‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐2‐butyl p‐Bromobenzenesulfonates.
Authors: SHINER V. J. JUN. , ENSINGER M. W. , RUTKOWSKE R. D.
Published: May 2016

Racemic products (III) and (IV) and cyclopropane (V) are produced by solvolysis of the title compound as well as of the enantiomer (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Reorganization of Two Pyramidalized Alkenes by Reverse Vinylcyclopropane Rearrangements.
Authors: YIN T.‐K. , RADZISZEWSKI J. G. , RENZONI G. E. , DOWNING J. W. , MICHL J. , BORDEN W. T.
Published: May 2016

The mechanism by which (IV) is formed by flash vacuum pyrolysis of the lactone precursor (I) at 410 °C or higher temp. has been elucidated by isolation of an intermediate (III) in the transformation of (II) to (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of the Carbon‐Nitrogen Double Bond. Part 2. An Investigation of the 3‐Methylenepropan‐1‐imine and 3‐Oxopropan‐1‐imine Chromophores.
Authors: PRATT A. C. , ABDUL‐MAJID Q.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of the non‐conjugated imino compounds (I), (III), (VI) and (VII) is described and their photochemistry investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Polarization in the Excited State of 1,3‐Pentadiene: Experimental Evidence for an Allyl Cation‐Methylene Anion Species.
Authors: SQUILLACOTE M. E. , SEMPLE T. C.
Published: May 2016

A 1H‐NMR investigation of the cis,trans‐diene (I) indicates that at 25% isomerization no observable rotation about the methyl‐substituted double bond takes place.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Transformation of a Carbonyl to a CF2 Group.
Authors: ROZEN S. , BRAND M. , ZAMIR D. , HEBEL D.
Published: May 2016

Hydrazones such as (I) are converted into the CF2 moiety under mild conditions when treated with IF.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation and Photoisomerization of Simply Substituted Nitrile Oxides.
Authors: MAIER G. , TELES J. H.
Published: May 2016

Gas phase pyrolysis of the oximes (I) yields the nitrile oxides (II), which are isolated in an argon matrix.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Iminoxy‐(E)‐2‐methoxyiminopropionic Acid Derivatives and X‐Ray Crystallographic Analysis of Ethyl (E)‐3‐((p‐Methoxybenzylidene)iminoxy)‐(E)‐2‐(methoxyimino)propionate.
Authors: BALSAMO A. , MACCHIA B. , MACCHIA F. , ORLANDINI E. , SALVADORI C. , DOMIANO P.
Published: May 2016

The ester (I) is transformed to the derivative (III) which reacts with the oximes (IV), to afford the title compounds (V).