bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Aspects of Serious Games
Authors: Boyle Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

Over the past fifteen years there has been increasing interest in serious games as a new medium for learning, skill acquisition, and training. Developing and evaluating engaging and effective serious games presents an interdisciplinary challenge. Psychology is at the interface between hard science and social science and is uniquely placed to play an integrative role in advancing our understanding of the characteristics and impacts of serious games. As the diversity of the chapters in this book illustrates, psychologists have wide-ranging interests in serious games. The purpose of the current chapter is to introduce key concepts, constructs, theories, and research in psychology to examine areas where these are relevant to serious games and provide a context for subsequent chapters in the book.
Rhetoric of Play
Authors: Tran Ben
Published: October 2013

Understanding the psychology of the gamer is important not just in studying video game players but also for understanding behaviors and characteristics of individuals who are non-players of video games. Currently, there is a gap in literature concerning the utilization of the gamer in selecting and training potential and current employees in organizational settings. The benefits of utilizing the gamer factor in selecting and training potential employees are: 1) identifying a qualified candidate who is a good fit to the organizational needs and 2) achieving and maintaining competitive advantage over competitors. Organizations are encouraged to utilize the Enneagram of Personality and Emotional Intelligence measures to identify gamers’ other characteristics (O) and utilize the Tavistock method to assess gamers’ factors. The Tavistock approach has been utilized in various formats including the Apprentice.
A Brief Methodology for Researching and Evaluating Serious Games and Game-Based Learning
Authors: Mayer Igor , Bekebrede Geertje , Warmelink Harald , Zhou Qiqi
Published: October 2013

In this chapter, the authors present a methodology for researching and evaluating Serious Games (SG) and digital (or other forms of) Game-Based Learning (GBL). The methodology consists of the following elements: 1) frame-reflective analysis; 2) a methodology explicating the rationale behind a conceptual-research model; 3) research designs and data-gathering procedures; 4) validated research instruments and tools; 5) a body of knowledge that provides operationalised models and hypotheses; and 6) professional ethics. The methodology is intended to resolve the dilemma between the “generality” and “standardisation” required for comparative, theory-based research and the “specificity” and “flexibility” needed for evaluating specific cases.
Data Quality and Knowledge/Information Management in Service Operations Management
Authors: Smith Alan D. , Rupp William T.
Published: October 2013

The concepts of managing data quality assurance by promoting proper safeguards to manage data quality, employee buy-in, and support from top management were illustrated in a case study of Giant Eagle, one of the largest, privately owned and family-operated companies in the U.S. and regional headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA. Specific aspects of data quality assurance, types of access, application examples (especially with its loyalty-card collection and data-mining uses that allow customers to accumulate savings specials and rewards through the fuelperks!™ and foodperks!™ incentive programs), as well as requirements for entry into knowledge-management systems were discussed through the paper. There are significant benefits, costs, and potential risks for maintaining reliable corporate data, and many organizations do not display the appropriate attitude about ensuring high-quality data, as some management may accept data errors as a cost of doing business. This present study documents the success of high volume, low profit margin grocery-based business that hinges on quality driven in product accuracy, data management, and service levels.
Mid-Level Information Technology Professionals
Authors: Gallagher Vickie Coleman , Gallagher Kevin P. , Kaiser Kate M.
Published: October 2013

A gap exists in understanding organizational career ladders for IT professionals. This gap is especially pronounced in organizations externally sourcing IT related activities to vendors, given that technical positions often feed the pipeline to mid-level roles. Based on prior research and qualitative discussions with key informants, this paper discusses the skills necessary for mid-level roles and proposes individual differences in social skills / traits for several key positions (project manager, senior system analyst, and relationship manager). The authors’ research informs IT professionals as to traits that are most strongly related to success within particular roles. Furthermore, the proposed model and the concept of “fit” will help employers and universities improve coaching and counseling regarding career paths, and contribute to the effectiveness of university curriculum. Finally, this research will inform the types of motivational techniques necessary for organizations to incentivize and achieve results in the form of increased performance, lower turnover, and increased satisfaction.
Evaluation of the Hearing Aid Rehabilitation Questionnaire in Dutch: Examination of Its Psychometric Properties and Potential Use as A Screening Instrument
Authors: Chenault Michelene N. , Anteunis Lucien J.C. , Berger Martijn P.F.
Published: October 2013

Items pertaining to hearing and hearing aids from the Hearing Aid Rehabilitation Questionnaire were applied to a heterogeneous sample of Dutch patients aged 55 years and more to evaluate their potential use in hearing screening. Subjects aged 55+ were recruited from a large general practitioners practice to participate. Three groups were formed: a group of 63 persons with a hearing aid, a group of 64 without a hearing aid but with sufficient hearing impairment to qualify for hearing aid reimbursement, and a group of 85 non-hearing impaired persons. Factor and reliability analyses revealed a structure with two scales regarding hearing, namely functionality and social hearing and three scales pertaining to hearing aids, namely hearing aid stigma, pressure to be assessed and not wanting a hearing aid. Scale validity was assessed with pure tone averages over the frequencies 1, 2 and 4 kHz and with a visual analogue scale for subjective hearing. The derived scales can be applied reliably in audiological assessment in an adult hearing screen setting to detect experienced hearing problems as well as attitudes related to hearing and hearing aids.
Ordovician and Silurian biostratigraphy of the sogepet-aquitaine Kaskattama Province no. 1 well, northern Manitoba
Authors: Norford B S
Published: October 2013

Nine faunal assemblages and a barren interval can be recognized in the Ordovician and Silurian successions penetrated by a deep well in northern Manitoba. The nine assemblages span the interval from late Caradoc to late Llandovery or early Wenlock time but a
hiatus is probably present between the Ordovician and Silurian, corresponding to an unconformity beneath the Severn River Formation in the Hudson Bay Lowlands.
Field Data Acquisition Methods for Applied Geochemical Surveys At the Geological Survey of Canada
Authors: Garrett R G
Published: October 2013

The history of the development of field data cards as used in geochemical survey work by the Geochemistry Section of the Geological Survey of Canada is outlined. The development of the cards is closely linked to the development of computer methods as an aid to
interpretation and the requirements for standardization in data acquisition. A description of the field data cards currently in use is given together with the codes used in completing them.
Observational aspects of IMF draping-related magnetosheath accelerations for northward IMF
Authors: Harris B. , Farrugia C. J. , Erkaev N. V. , Torbert R. B.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Acceleration of magnetosheath plasma resulting from the draping of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) around the magnetosphere can give rise to flow speeds that exceed that of the solar wind (VSW) by up to ~60%. Three case event studies out of 34 identified events are described. We then present a statistical study of draping-related accelerations in the magnetosheath. Further, we compare the results with the recent theory of Erkaev et al. (2011, 2012). We present a methodology to help distinguish draping-related accelerations from those caused by magnetic reconnection. To rule out magnetopause reconnection at low latitudes, we focus mainly on the positive Bz phase during the passage of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), as tabulated in Richardson and Cane (2010) for 1997–2009, and adding other events from 2010. To avoid effects of high-latitude reconnection poleward of the cusp, we also consider spacecraft observations made at low magnetic latitudes. We study the effect of upstream Alfvén Mach number (MA) and magnetic local time (MLT) on the speed ratio V/VSW. The comparison with theory is good. Namely, (i) flow speed ratios above unity occur behind the dawn–dusk terminator, (ii) those below unity occur on the dayside magnetosheath, and (iii) there is a good general agreement in the dependence of the V ratio on MA.
Holocene climate variability in the winter rainfall zone of South Africa
Authors: Weldeab S. , Stuut J.-B. W. , Schneider R. R. , Siebel W.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We established a multi-proxy time series comprising analyses of major elements in bulk sediments, Sr and Nd isotopes, grain size of terrigenous fraction, and δ18O and δ13C in tests of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) from a marine sediment sequence recovered off the Orange River. The records reveal coherent patterns of variability that reflect changes in wind strength, precipitation over the river catchments, and upwelling of cold and nutrient-rich coastal waters off western South Africa. The wettest episode of the Holocene in the winter rainfall zone (WRZ) of South Africa occurred during the "Little Ice Age" (700–100 cal years BP) most likely in response to a northward shift of the austral westerlies. Wet phases and strengthened coastal water upwellings are companied by a decrease of Agulhas water leakage into the South Atlantic and a reduced dust incursion over Antarctica, as indicated in previous studies. A continuous aridification trend in the WRZ and a weakening of the southern Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) between 9000 and 5500 cal years BP parallel with increase of dust deposition over Antarctica and an enhanced leakage of warm Agulhas water into the eastern South Atlantic. The temporal relationship between precipitation changes in the WRZ, the thermal state of the coastal surface water, and leakage of warm water in the South Atlantic, and variation of dust incursion over Antarctica suggests a causal link that most likely was related to latitudinal shifts of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies. Our results of the mid-Holocene time interval may serve as an analogue to a possible long-term consequence of the current and future southward shift of the westerlies. Furthermore, warming of the coastal surface water as a result of warm Agulhas water incursion into the southern BUS may affect coastal fog formation.
The price of safety: costs for mitigating and coping with Alpine hazards
Authors: Pfurtscheller C. , Thieken A. H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Due to limited public budgets and the need to economize, the analysis of costs of hazard mitigation and emergency management of natural hazards becomes increasingly important for public natural hazard and risk management. In recent years there has been a growing body of literature on the estimation of losses which supported to help to determine benefits of measures in terms of prevented losses. On the contrary, the costs of mitigation are hardly addressed. This paper thus aims to shed some light on expenses for mitigation and emergency services. For this, we analysed the annual costs of mitigation efforts in four regions/countries of the Alpine Arc: Bavaria (Germany), Tyrol (Austria), South Tyrol (Italy) and Switzerland. On the basis of PPP values (purchasing power parities), annual expenses on public safety ranged from EUR 44 per capita in the Free State of Bavaria to EUR 216 in the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol. To analyse the (variable) costs for emergency services in case of an event, we used detailed data from the 2005 floods in the Federal State of Tyrol (Austria) as well as aggregated data from the 2002 floods in Germany. The analysis revealed that multi-hazards, the occurrence and intermixture of different natural hazard processes, contribute to increasing emergency costs. Based on these findings, research gaps and recommendations for costing Alpine natural hazards are discussed.
Experiences from site-specific landslide early warning systems
Authors: Michoud C. , Bazin S. , Blikra L. H. , Derron M.-H. , Jaboyedoff M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Landslide early warning systems (EWSs) have to be implemented in areas with large risk for populations or infrastructures when classical structural remediation measures cannot be set up. This paper aims to gather experiences of existing landslide EWSs, with a special focus on practical requirements (e.g., alarm threshold values have to take into account the smallest detectable signal levels of deployed sensors before being established) and specific issues when dealing with system implementations. Within the framework of the SafeLand European project, a questionnaire was sent to about one-hundred institutions in charge of landslide management. Finally, we interpreted answers from experts belonging to 14 operational units related to 23 monitored landslides. Although no standard requirements exist for designing and operating EWSs, this review highlights some key elements, such as the importance of pre-investigation work, the redundancy and robustness of monitoring systems, the establishment of different scenarios adapted to gradual increasing of alert levels, and the necessity of confidence and trust between local populations and scientists. Moreover, it also confirms the need to improve our capabilities for failure forecasting, monitoring techniques and integration of water processes into landslide conceptual models.
Empirical Investigations of Creativity and Giftedness in Mathematics: An International Perspective
Authors: Chamberlin Scott A.
Published: October 2013

The idea for this book originated at the first joint meeting of the Korean Mathematical Society and the American Mathematical Society, held in Seoul, South Korea, on December 16–20, 2009. Contributing authors from Sweden, Norway, Turkey, Israel, Iran, China, Canada, South Korea, and the United States provide international perspectives on creativity and giftedness in mathematics education. The vast majority of the book is comprised of reports from empirical studies. In this respect, the book is not theory driven, per se. Instead, the focus is on reporting findings from studies in an attempt to elucidate the relationship between giftedness and creativity in mathematics. In this review, I provide a brief synopsis of each chapter (except Chapter 1, which outlines the book) and discuss the relevance of the work to the literature on mathematical creativity and giftedness. The overview of the chapters is followed by general remarks on the state of mathematics education research on creativity and giftedness and final thoughts about the contribution of this book to the field.
Le médium mythologique du Rock’n roll et la musique contemporaine
Authors: Castanet Pierre Albert
Published: October 2013

Devenu depuis plus d’un demi-siècle facteur idéologique de mythologie quotidienne, le Rock a séduit bon nombre de compositeurs contemporains (John Adams, Luciano Berio, Steve Martland, Theo Loevendie…). Explorant cette problématique, la communication de Pierre Albert Castanet se fonde sur l’histoire contextuelle et interactive du « populaire » et du « savant ». S’attachant notamment à l’instrumentarium symbolique des rockers (orgue électrique, guitare électrique, guitare basse, batterie), l’article se penche sur quelques études de cas allant des musiques de Pierre Henry à Philippe Manoury en passant par celles de Cathy Berberian, György Ligeti ou Tristan Murail…
Examining a Canadian Jazz Icon: Pitch-Class Hierarchy in Some Representative Examples of Kenny Wheeler
Authors: Cook Scott
Published: October 2013

The article examines some representative tunes by the notable Canadian jazz trumpeter and composer Kenny Wheeler. Though rooted in traditional jazz practices, Wheeler’s own compositions often deviate from tradition. For instance, his chord successions are sometimes highly chromatic and often non-diatonic. Further, he often excludes Mm7 chords, which diminishes the sense of traditional functionality. Yet his melodies tend to promote longer-reaching relationships that prioritize certain pitch-class collections over others. In contrast to the more traditional chord-scale approach commonly used to analyze jazz tunes, the prime goal of the article will be to show how continuity across less-conventional chord successions is conceivable when taking a top-down analytical approach—that is, when prioritizing the melody.
Proposition d’un cadre conceptuel pour aider le professeur d’instrument à intégrer l’improvisation musicale à son acte pédagogique
Authors: Dubé Francis , Després Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2013

Cet article a pour objectif de proposer un cadre conceptuel visant à aider le professeur d’instrument à intégrer l’improvisation musicale à son acte pédagogique. Pour élaborer ce cadre conceptuel, nous avons d’abord effectué la recension et l’analyse de la littérature accessible sur l’improvisation musicale, en portant une attention toute particulière aux modèles théoriques et aux applications pédagogiques que nous y avons rencontrés. Cette analyse nous a permis de formuler une définition opérationnelle de l’improvisation musicale, d’identifier les effets positifs de l’apprentissage de l’improvisation musicale sur d’autres variables, de cerner les facteurs et les processus cognitifs qui entrent en jeu lors de la génération de l’improvisation musicale ainsi que de recenser les recommandations pédagogiques rencontrées dans la littérature portant sur l’improvisation musicale. Pour terminer, nous avons élaboré, à partir de la littérature analysée, un cadre conceptuel rassemblant, sous forme graphique, les connaissances permettant d’opérationnaliser l’acte d’enseigner l’improvisation musicale.
Overview of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification
Authors: Kimple Michelle E. , Brill Allison L. , Pasker Renee L.
Published: October 2013

Addition of an affinity tag is a useful method for differentiating recombinant proteins expressed in bacterial and eukaryotic expression systems from the background of total cellular proteins, as well as for detecting protein‐protein interactions. This overview describes the historical basis for the development of affinity tags, affinity tags that are commonly used today, how to choose an appropriate affinity tag for a particular purpose, and several recently developed affinity tag technologies that may prove useful in the near future. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:9.9.1‐9.9.23. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Experimental Models of the Blood‐Brain Barrier in CNS Drug Discovery
Authors: Palmer Alan M. , Alavijeh Mohammad S.
Published: October 2013

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and metabolic entity that isolates the brain from the systemic circulation. The barrier consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that contain egress transporters and catabolic enzymes. To cross the BBB, a drug must possess the appropriate physicochemical properties to achieve a sufficient time‐concentration profile in brain interstitial fluid (ISF). In this overview, we review techniques to measure BBB permeation, which is evidenced by the free concentration of compound in brain ISF over time. We consider a number of measurement techniques, including in vivo microdialysis and brain receptor occupancy following perfusion. Consideration is also given to the endothelial and nonendothelial cell systems used to assess both the BBB permeation of a test compound and its interactions with egress transporters, and computer models employed for predicting passive permeation and the probability of interactions with BBB transporters.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 62:7.15.1‐7.15.30. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acid Structure: Energy and Sampling
Authors: Bergonzo Christina , Galindo‐Murillo Rodrigo , Cheatham Thomas E.
Published: October 2013

An overview of computer simulation techniques as applied to nucleic acid systems is presented. This unit discusses methods used to treat energy and to sample representative configurations. Emphasis is placed on molecular mechanics and empirical force fields. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 54:7.8.1‐7.8.21. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Probing Endoplasmic Reticulum Dynamics using Fluorescence Imaging and Photobleaching Techniques
Authors: Costantini Lindsey , Snapp Erik
Published: October 2013

This unit describes approaches and tools for studying the dynamics and organization of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and proteins in living cells using fluorescence microscopy. The ER plays a key role in secretory protein biogenesis, calcium regulation, and lipid synthesis. However, study of these processes has often been restricted to biochemical assays that average millions of lysed cells or imaging of static fixed cells. With new fluorescent protein (FP) reporter tools, sensitive commercial microscopes, and photobleaching techniques, investigators can interrogate the behaviors of ER proteins, membranes, and stress pathways in single live cells. Solutions are described for imaging challenges relevant to the ER, including the mobility of ER membranes, a range of ER structures, and the influence of post‐translational modifications on FP reporters. Considerations for performing photobleaching assays for ER proteins are discussed. Finally, reporters and drugs for studying misfolded secretory protein stress and the unfolded protein response are described. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 60:21.7.1‐21.7.29. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bayesian inversion with total variation prior for discrete geologic structure identification
Authors: Lee J. , Kitanidis P. K.
Published: October 2013

The characterization of geologic heterogeneity that affects flow and transport phenomena in the subsurface is essential for cost‐effective and reliable decision‐making in applications such as groundwater supply and contaminant cleanup. In the last decades, geostatistical inversion approaches have been widely used to tackle subsurface characterization problems and quantify their corresponding uncertainty. Some well‐established geostatistical methods use models that assume gradually varying parameters. However, in many cases, the subsurface can often be better represented as consisting of a few relatively uniform geologic facies or zones with abrupt changes at their boundaries. We advance a Bayesian inversion approach with the gradient represented not through a Gaussian but a Laplace prior, also known as total variation prior, for the case that there are reasons to believe that discrete geologic structures with relatively homogeneous properties predominate in the subsurface but their number, locations, and shapes are unknown a priori. Structural parameters (or hyperparameters of the inversion scheme) are determined in a Bayesian framework by maximizing the marginal distribution of these parameters using an expectation‐maximization approach; this allows proper weighting of prior versus data information and produces results with realistic uncertainty quantification. We present here three applications of the method: a time‐varying extraction rate estimation at a well, a linear cross‐well seismic tomography, and a nonlinear hydraulic tomography. These results are compared with those achieved in the classical geostatistical method and it is shown that the Bayesian inversion approach with total variation prior can be a useful tool to identify discrete geologic structures.
West Antarctic Ice Sheet formed earlier than thought
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: October 2013

About 34 million years ago, Earth transitioned from a warm “greenhouse” climate to a cold “icehouse” climate, marking the transition between the Eocene and Oligocene epochs. This transition has been associated with the formation of a large ice sheet on Antarctica.
Vertical GPS ground motion rates in the Euro‐Mediterranean region: New evidence of velocity gradients at different spatial scales along the Nubia‐Eurasia plate boundary
Authors: Serpelloni Enrico , Faccenna Claudio , Spada Giorgio , Dong Danan , Williams Simon D. P.
Published: October 2013

We use 2.5 to 14 years long position time series from >800 continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) stations to study vertical deformation rates in the Euro‐Mediterranean region. We estimate and remove common mode errors in position time series using a principal component analysis, obtaining a significant gain in the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the displacements data. Following the results of a maximum likelihood estimation analysis, which gives a mean spectral index ~ −0.7, we adopt a power law + white noise stochastic model in estimating the final vertical rates and find 95% of the velocities within ±2 mm/yr, with uncertainties from filtered time series ~40% smaller than from the unfiltered ones. We highlight the presence of statistically significant velocity gradients where the stations density is higher. We find undulations of the vertical velocity field at different spatial scales both in tectonically active regions, like eastern Alps, Apennines, and eastern Mediterranean, and in regions characterized by a low or negligible tectonic activity, like central Iberia and western Alps. A correlation between smooth vertical velocities and topographic features is apparent in many sectors of the study area. Glacial isostatic adjustment and weathering processes do not completely explain the measured rates, and a combination of active tectonics and deep‐seated geodynamic processes must be invoked. Excluding areas where localized processes are likely, or where subduction processes may be active, mantle dynamics is the most likely process, but regional mantle modeling is required for a better understanding.
Seismic attenuation beneath northeastern Japan: Constraints on mantle dynamics and arc magmatism
Authors: Nakajima Junichi , Hada Shuhei , Hayami Erika , Uchida Naoki , Hasegawa Akira , Yoshioka Shoichi , Matsuzawa Toru , Umino Norihito
Published: October 2013

We apply a three‐step approach to estimate three‐dimensional (3‐D) P wave attenuation (Qp−1) structure beneath northeastern Japan. First, corner frequencies of earthquakes are determined using the spectral‐ratio method for S‐coda waves. Then, whole‐path attenuation terms, t*, and site‐amplification factors are simultaneously estimated by a joint inversion. The set of t* is finally inverted for 3‐D attenuation structure. The results show that the mantle wedge has low attenuation in the fore arc and high attenuation in the back arc. A depth profile of Qp−1 in the back‐arc mantle is explained by attenuation expected for a two‐dimensional (2‐D) thermal model with Qp/Qs = 2 and grain sizes of 1 and 3 cm. However, an inclined high‐attenuation zone observed in the back‐arc mantle wedge, which is interpreted as an upwelling flow, shows higher attenuation than that calculated from the 2‐D thermal model. The higher seismic attenuation is probably caused by the concentration of partial melt in the upwelling flow. A combined interpretation of seismic attenuation and velocity structures further suggests that the degree of partial melt in the upwelling flow varies along the arc and that volcanoes are clustered transverse to the arc, below which the upwelling flow contains a higher degree of melt. These observations indicate that magmatism is controlled by a mantle‐wedge process that depends strongly on spatial variations in the degree of partial melt in the upwelling flow. Our results further imply the breakdown of hydrous minerals in a hydrous layer above the Pacific plate at a depth of ~120 km.
Improving CME Forecasting Capability: An Urgent Need
Authors: Zheng Yihua
Published: October 2013

Key Points

CMEs are highly significant in terms of space weather

Operational CME forecasting capability requires strengthening

All stakeholders should be involved
Transplantation Models to Characterize the Mechanisms of Stem Cell–Induced Islet Regeneration
Authors: Bell Gillian I. , Seneviratne Ayesh K. , Nasri Grace N. , Hess David A.
Published: October 2013

This unit describes our current knowledge regarding the isolation human bone marrow–derived progenitor cells for the paracrine stimulation of islet regeneration after transplantation into immunodeficient mouse models of diabetes. By using high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDHhi) activity, a conserved function in multiple stem cell lineages, a mixed population of hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal progenitor cells can be efficiently purified using flow cytometry. We describe in vitro approaches to characterize and expand these distinct cell types. Importantly, these cell types can be transplanted into immunodeficient mice rendered beta‐cell deficient by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment, in order monitor functional recovery from hyperglycemia and to characterize endogenous islet regeneration via paracrine mechanisms. Herein, we provide detailed protocols for: (1) isolation and characterization of ALDHhi cells for the establishment of hematopoietic and multipotent‐stromal progenitor lineages; (2) intravenous and intrapancreatic transplantation of human stem cell subtypes for the quantification of glycemic recovery in STZ‐treated immunodeficient mice; and (3) immunohistochemical characterization of islet recovery via the stimulation of islet neogenic, beta‐cell proliferative, and islet revascularization programs. Collectively, these systems can be used to support the pre‐clinical development of human progenitor cell–based therapies to treat diabetes via islet regeneration. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 26:2B.4.1‐2B.4.35. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Therapeutic Approaches for Clostridium difficile Infections
Authors: Marsh Jane W. , Curry Scott R.
Published: October 2013

Metronidazole and vancomycin remain the front‐line therapies for most Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). However, recurrent CDI occurs in ∼25% of patients, causing significant morbidity and mortality and healthcare costs. For this population, traditional antibiotic therapies fail and new treatment options are greatly needed. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved fidaxomicin for CDI treatment. This narrow‐spectrum antibiotic preserves the normal gut microbiota and shows promise as a treatment for severe and recurrent CDI. Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines directed against toxin are currently in clinical trials and represent alternative, non‐antibiotic therapies. Less traditional therapeutic interventions include bacteriotherapy with non‐toxigenic C. difficile and fecal transplant. This commentary will provide an overview of current and forthcoming CDI therapies. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 30:9A.3.1‐9A.3.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RNA Structure Analysis of Viruses Using SHAPE
Authors: Burrill Cecily P. , Andino Raul
Published: October 2013

Selective 2′ hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) provides a means to investigate RNA structure with better resolution and higher throughput than has been possible with traditional methods. We present several protocols, which are based on a variety of previously published methods and were adapted and optimized for the analysis of poliovirus RNA in the Andino laboratory. These include methods for nondenaturing RNA extraction, RNA modification and primer extension, and data processing in ShapeFinder. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 30:15H.3.1‐15H.3.12. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Injectable 3D Hydrogel Scaffold with Tailorable Porosity Post‐Implantation
Authors: Al‐Abboodi Aswan , Fu Jing , Doran Pauline M. , Tan Timothy T. Y. , Chan Peggy P. Y.
Published: October 2013

Since rates of tissue growth vary significantly between tissue types, and also between individuals due to differences in age, dietary intake, and lifestyle‐related factors, engineering a scaffold system that is appropriate for personalized tissue engineering remains a significant challenge. In this study, a gelatin‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid/carboxylmethylcellulose‐tyramine (Gtn‐HPA/CMC‐Tyr) porous hydrogel system that allows the pore structure of scaffolds to be altered in vivo after implantation is developed. Cross‐linking of Gtn‐HPA/CMC‐Tyr hydrogels via horseradish peroxidase oxidative coupling is examined both in vitro and in vivo. Post‐implantation, further alteration of the hydrogel structure is achieved by injecting cellulase enzyme to digest the CMC component of the scaffold; this treatment yields a structure with larger pores and higher porosity than hydrogels without cellulase injection. Using this approach, the pore sizes of scaffolds are altered in vivo from 32–87 μm to 74–181 μm in a user‐controled manner. The hydrogel is biocompatible to COS‐7 cells and has mechanical properties similar to those of soft tissues. The new hydrogel system developed in this work provides clinicians with the ability to tailor the structure of scaffolds post‐implantation depending on the growth rate of a tissue or an individual's recovery rate, and could thus be ideal for personalized tissue engineering.
Creation of Circularly Polarized Luminescence from an Achiral Polyfluorene Derivative through Complexation with Helix‐Forming Polysaccharides: Importance of the meta‐Linkage Chain for Helix Formation
Authors: Shiraki Tomohiro , Tsuchiya Youichi , Noguchi Takao , Tamaru Shun‐ichi , Suzuki Nozomu , Taguchi Makoto , Fujiki Michiya , Shinkai Seiji
Published: October 2013

A circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) material has been created by polymer–polymer complexation between a helix‐forming polysaccharide, schizophyllan (SPG), and a meta‐phenylene‐linked polyfluorene derivative (mPFS). Computational modeling revealed that mPFS can adopt a helical structure although a conventional polyfluorene derivative with a para‐phenylene linkage tends to enjoy a rigid rodlike conformation. Our detailed experimental examination showed that mPFS forms a chiral nanowire complex through cohelix formation with SPG. We have found, as expected, that this cohelical complex emits highly efficient CPL even in an aqueous solution. The appearance of the high CPL property is due to 1) a high quantum yield of the fluorene unit and 2) immobilization of the helically twisted conformation of mPFS in an isolated manner through cohelix formation with SPG. One can propose, therefore, that the SPG/mPFS complex acts as a new high‐performance CPL material with a solvent‐dispersible nanowire structure.
H2S‐Mediated Thermal and Photochemical Methane Activation
Authors: Baltrusaitis Jonas , de Graaf Coen , Broer Ria , Patterson Eric V.
Published: October 2013

Sustainable, low‐temperature methods for natural gas activation are critical in addressing current and foreseeable energy and hydrocarbon feedstock needs. Large portions of natural gas resources are still too expensive to process due to their high content of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) mixed with methane, deemed altogether as sub‐quality or “sour” gas. We propose a unique method of activation to form a mixture of sulfur‐containing hydrocarbon intermediates, CH3SH and CH3SCH3, and an energy carrier such as H2. For this purpose, we investigated the H2S‐mediated methane activation to form a reactive CH3SH species by means of direct photolysis of sub‐quality natural gas. Photoexcitation of hydrogen sulfide in the CH4+H2S complex resulted in a barrierless relaxation by a conical intersection to form a ground‐state CH3SH+H2 complex. The resulting CH3SH could further be coupled over acidic catalysts to form higher hydrocarbons, and the resulting H2 used as a fuel. This process is very different from conventional thermal or radical‐based processes and can be driven photolytically at low temperatures, with enhanced control over the conditions currently used in industrial oxidative natural gas activation. Finally, the proposed process is CO2 neutral, as opposed to the current industrial steam methane reforming (SMR).
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity.XII. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M.
Published: October 2013

To understand empirical patterns of phenotypic plasticity, we need to explore the complexities of environmental heterogeneity and how it interacts with cue reliability. I consider both temporal and spatial variation separately and in combination, the timing of temporal variation relative to development, the timing of movement relative to selection, and two different patterns of movement: stepping‐stone and island. Among‐generation temporal heterogeneity favors plasticity, while within‐generation heterogeneity can result in cue unreliability. In general, spatial variation more strongly favors plasticity than temporal variation, and island migration more strongly favors plasticity than stepping‐stone migration. Negative correlations among environments between the time of development and selection can result in seemingly maladaptive reaction norms. The effects of higher dispersal rates depend on the life history stage when dispersal occurs and the pattern of environmental heterogeneity. Thus, patterns of environmental heterogeneity can be complex and can interact in unforeseen ways to affect cue reliability. Proper interpretation of patterns of trait plasticity requires consideration of the ecology and biology of the organism. More information on actual cue reliability and the ecological and developmental context of trait plasticity is needed.
Phosphole‐ and Benzodithiophene‐Based Copolymers: Synthesis and Application in Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Ohkubo Hiroshi , Miyata Tetsushi , Watanabe Yusuke , Hayashi Yukiko , Umeyama Tomokazu , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

Two kinds of phosphole‐ and benzodithiophene‐based copolymers bearing PV=O or PV=NSO2C8H17 functions were prepared by Pd–CuI‐promoted Stille coupling reactions, and their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices comprised of the new P,S‐bridged copolymers and (6,6)‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) exhibited power conversion efficiencies of up to 0.65 % under AM1.5 irradiation at 100 mW cm–2.
Label‐free virus identification and characterization using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Poenar Daniel P. , Iliescu Ciprian , Boulaire Jérôme , Yu Hanry
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate here the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in microfluidic devices for label‐free virus identification by means of their specific “signature” and also investigate its feasibility for titer quantitation using two basic approaches. The first one is a method based on identifying so‐called “resonance” frequencies manifesting in our microdevices and monitoring their variation as a function of the virus concentration, whereas the second one relies on measuring the relative impedance variation at these “resonance” frequencies. Best results have been obtained for the highest “resonance” frequency (∼80 MHz), which we attribute to be due to both the structure of the microdevice and the extremely small size of the viruses that make their effect significant only at such frequencies. This is a simpler method of determining virus concentration in diluted solutions of purified viruses than the well‐established traditional plaque assay titer estimation method, and—since it is based on frequency measurement—could potentially be more accurate.
Do the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery episodic memory measures discriminate amnestic mild cognitive impairment?
Authors: Juncos‐Rabadán Onésimo , Pereiro Arturo X. , Facal David , Reboredo Alba , Lojo‐Seoane Cristina
Published: October 2013

Objective

Although visual recognition memory and visuospatial paired associates learning has been shown to be impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the sensitivity and specificity of the visual memory tests used to identify aMCI are not well defined. The current study attempted to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of three visual episodic memory tests (Pattern Recognition Memory [PRM], Delayed Matching to Sample [DMS], and Paired Associated Learning [PAL]) from the CANTAB, in differentiating aMCI patients from control healthy participants.

Methods

Seventy seven aMCI patients and 85 cognitive normal controls aged over 50 years performed the PRM, DMS, and PAL tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to study the relationships between aMCI and visual memory measures.

Results

The three Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery measures significantly predicted aMCI. The optimal predictive model combined the total percent correct responses for PRM and DMS with the PAL total errors (six shapes adjusted), with a sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 83%, and achieved predictive accuracy of 80%.

Conclusion

Visual episodic memory tasks such as those involved in the PRM, DMS, and PAL tests (included in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) may sensitively discriminate aMCI patients from normal controls. These tests may be useful for correct diagnosis of aMCI. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coagulation‐induced resistance to fluid flow in small‐diameter vascular grafts and graft mimics measured by purging pressure
Authors: Nichols Michael D. , Choudhary Rewa , Kodali Santhisri , Reichert William M.
Published: October 2013

In this study, the coagulation‐induced resistance to flow in small‐diameter nonpermeable Tygon tubes and permeable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts was characterized by measuring the upstream pressure needed to purge the coagulum from the tube lumen. This purging pressure was monitored using a closed system that compressed the contents of the tubes at a constant rate. The pressure system was validated using a glycerin series with well‐defined viscosities and precisely controlled reductions in cross‐sectional area available for flow. This system was then used to systematically probe the upstream pressure buildup as fibrin glue, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) or whole blood coagulated in small‐diameter Tygon tubing and or ePTFE grafts. The maximum purging pressures rose with increased clot maturity for fibrin glue, PRP, and whole blood in both Tygon and ePTFE tubes. Although the rapidly coagulating fibrin glue in nonpermeable Tygon tubing yielded highly consistent purging curves, the significantly longer and more variable clotting times of PRP and whole blood, and the porosity of ePTFE grafts, significantly diminished the consistency of the purging curves. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1367–1376, 2013.
In vitro characteristics of a gelling PEGDA‐QT polymer system with model drug release for cerebral aneurysm embolization
Authors: Soodak Kristen F. , Brennecka Celeste R. , Vernon Brent L.
Published: October 2013

A liquid‐to‐solid gelling polymer system, such as the poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate‐pentaerythritol tetrakis (3‐mercaptopropionate) (PEGDA‐QT) system, can fill cerebral aneurysms more completely than current embolization materials, reducing the likelihood of aneurysm recurrence. PEGDA‐QT gels were formulated using PEGDA of different molecular weights (PEGDA575 and PEGDA700), and their characteristics were examined in vitro. Experiments examined gel time, mass change, crosslink integrity, cytotoxicity, and protein release capabilities. In general, PEGDA575‐QT gels were more hydrophobic, requiring an initiating solution with a higher pH (pH 9.5) to achieve a gel time comparable to PEGDA700‐QT gels, which used an initiating solution at pH 9.19. The mass change and crosslink integrity of gels were analyzed over time after gels were submerged in 150 mM phosphate buffered saline. After 380 days, PEGDA575‐QT gels achieved a maximum mass increase of 72% due to water uptake, while PEGDA700‐QT gels doubled their initial mass (100% increase) by 165 days. Compression tests showed that PEGDA700‐QT gels hydrolyzed more quickly than PEGDA575‐QT gels. Cytotoxicity assays showed that in general, PEGDA575‐QT negatively affected cell growth, while PEGDA700‐QT gels promoted cell viability. Sustained, controlled release of lysozyme, a 14.3 kDa protein, was achieved over an 8‐week period when loaded into PEGDA700‐QT gels, but PEGDA575‐QT gels did not show sustained release. These studies show that although they are similar in composition, these PEGDA‐QT gel formulations behave considerably differently. Although PEGDA700‐QT gels swell more and degrade faster than PEGDA575‐QT gels, their cytocompatibility and protein release characteristics may prove to be more beneficial for in vivo aneurysm treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1477–1488, 2013.
Sensitive and Selective Gold Nanomaterials Based Optical Probes
Authors: Ho Lin‐Chen , Wang Chia‐Wei , Roy Prathik , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: October 2013

Gold nanomaterials (Au NMs) based optical probes have recently attracted considerable attention in the analysis of environmental and biological samples due to their simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity. Au nanoparticles (NPs) having unique size‐ and shape‐dependent optical properties, high extinction coefficients, and super‐quenching capability, have been employed for development of sensitive absorption, fluorescence quenching, and light scattering approaches. On the other hand, small sizes of fluorescent Au nanodots (NDs) have been used for the photoluminescent detection of analytes. Preparation and optical properties of Au NMs are briefly discussed. Au NMs based colorimetric, fluorescent, and light scattering approaches for the detection of metal ion, DNA, and proteins are highlighted with respects to their simplicity in preparation, stability, selectivity, and sensitivity. The advantages and disadvantages of different detection methods for sensing of interesting analytes using functional Au NMs are discussed. DNA‐Au NMs are particularly emphasized to show their advantages for the detection of toxic heavy metal ions, specific sequence DNA, platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), and thrombin.
Transient Infrared Absorption Spectra of Reaction Intermediates Detected with a Step‐scan Fourier‐transform Infrared Spectrometer
Authors: Huang Yu‐Hsuan , Chen Jin‐Dah , Hsu Kuo‐Hsiang , Chu Li‐Kang , Lee Yuan‐Pern
Published: October 2013

Our group has utilized a step‐scan FTIR spectrometer operating in the absorption mode to characterize transient species in chemical reactions upon photo‐irradiation of gaseous mixtures in a multipass White cell. The operational temporal resolution is typically 1‐10 μs with spectral resolution 0.1‐4 cm−1, depending on conditions. The acquisition of both ac‐ and dc‐coupled signals enables an extraction of minute changes in the large background signal to attain a typical detectable absorbance variation greater than 1 × 10−4. By consideration of reaction mechanisms and comparison of vibrational wavenumbers, IR intensities, and rotational contours predicted with theoretical calculations, we have assigned IR absorption bands of many important atmospheric free radicals and unstable species including their conformers, such as ClCO, ClSO, ClCS, ClCOOH, CH3SO2, CH3SOO, CH3OSO, CH3SO, CH3OO, CH3C(O)OO, CH2OO C6H5CO, C6H5SO2, and C6H5C(O)OO. The advantages and limitations of this technique to perform spectral and kinetic investigations of transient species in chemical reactions are discussed.