bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning protected areas network that are relevant today and under future climate change is possible: the case of Atlantic Forest endemic birds
Authors: Vale Mariana M. , Souza Thiago V. , Alves Maria Alice S. , Crouzeilles Renato
Published: May 2018

Background

A key strategy in biodiversity conservation is the establishment of protected areas. In the future, however, the redistribution of species in response to ongoing climate change is likely to affect species’ representativeness in those areas. Here we quantify the effectiveness of planning protected areas network to represent 151 birds endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot, under current and future climate change conditions for 2050.

Methods

We combined environmental niche modeling and systematic conservation planning using both a county and a regional level planning strategy. We recognized the conflict between biodiversity conservation and economic development, including socio-economic targets (as opposed to biological only) and using planning units that are meaningful for policy-makers.

Results

We estimated an average contraction of 29,500 km2 in environmentally suitable areas for birds, representing 52% of currently suitable areas. Still, the most cost-effective solution represented almost all target species, requiring only ca. 10% of the Atlantic Forest counties to achieve that representativeness, independent of strategy. More than 50% of these counties were selected both in the current and future planned networks, representing >83% of the species.

Discussion

Our results indicate that: (i) planning protected areas network currently can be useful to represent species under climate change; (ii) the overlapped planning units in the best solution for both current and future conditions can be considered as “no regret” areas; (iii) priority counties are spread throughout the biome, providing specific guidance wherever the possibility of creating protected area arises; and (iv) decisions can occur at different administrative spheres (Federal, State or County) as we found quite similar numerical solutions using either county or regional level strategies.
The role of gut microbiota in the regulation of standard metabolic rate in femalePeriplaneta americana
Authors: Ayayee Paul A. , Ondrejech Andrew , Keeney George , Muñoz-Garcia Agustí
Published: May 2018

Insect gut microbiota contribute significantly to host nutritional ecology. Disrupting insect gut microbial assemblages impacts nutrient provisioning functions, and can potentially affect host standard metabolic rate (SMR), a measure of host energy balance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of disrupting gut microbial assemblages on the SMR of femalePeriplaneta americanacockroaches fed dog food (DF, high protein/carbohydrate (p/c) ratio), and cellulose-amended dog food (CADF, 30% dog food, 70% cellulose, low p/c ratio) diets, supplemented with none, low, or high antibiotic doses. Bacterial loads decreased significantly between diet types (P= 0.04) and across antibiotic doses (P= 0.04). There was a significant diet type x antibiotic dose interaction on SMR of females on both diets (P= 0.05) by the end of the seven-day experimental period. In CADF-fed females, SMR decreased linearly with decreasing bacterial load. However, SMR of DF-fed females on the low dose was significantly higher than those in the control and high dose groups. This is interpreted as a diet-dependent response by low dose DF-fed females to the loss of nutritional services provided by gut bacteria. Severe reductions in bacterial load at high doses reduced SMR of females on both diet types. This study provides insights into the potential role of gut bacteria as modulators of host energy expenditure under varying dietary conditions.
The variable monoaminergic outcomes of cleaner fish brains when facing different social and mutualistic contexts
Authors: de Abreu Murilo S. , Messias João P.M. , Thörnqvist Per-Ove , Winberg Svante , Soares Marta C.
Published: May 2018

The monoamines serotonin and dopamine are important neuromodulators present in the central nervous system, known to be active regulators of social behaviour in fish as in other vertebrates. Our aim was to investigate the region-specific brain monoaminergic differences arising when individual cleaners face a client (mutualistic context) compared to when they are introduced to another conspecific (conspecific context), and to understand the relevance of visual assessment compared to the impact of physical contact with any partner. We demonstrated that serotoninergic activity at the diencephalon responds mostly to the absence of physical contact with clients whereas cerebellar dopaminergic activity responds to actual cleaning engagement. We provide first insights on the brain’s monoaminergic (region-specific) response variations, involved in the expression of cleaner fishes’ mutualistic and conspecific behaviour. These results contribute to a better understanding of the monoaminergic activity in accordance to different socio-behavioural contexts.
Why is nonword reading so variable in adult skilled readers?
Authors: Coltheart Max , Ulicheva Anastasia
Published: May 2018

When the task is reading nonwords aloud, skilled adult readers are very variable in the responses they produce: a nonword can evoke as many as 24 different responses in a group of such readers. Why is nonword reading so variable? We analysed a large database of reading responses to nonwords, which documented that two factors contribute to this variability. The first factor is variability in graphemic parsing (the parsing of a letter string into its constituent graphemes): the same nonword can be graphemically parsed in different ways by different readers. The second factor is phoneme assignment: even when all subjects produce the same graphemic parsing of a nonword, they vary in what phonemes they assign to the resulting set of graphemes. We consider the implications of these results for the computational modelling of reading, for the assessment of impairments of nonword reading, and for the study of reading aloud in other alphabetically written languages and in nonalphabetic writing systems.
Technical note: A 3D‐printed phantom for routine accuracy check of Gamma Knife Icon HDMM system
Authors: Wu Chuan , Radevic Marlyn B. , Glass Jennifer S. , Skubic Stan E.
Published: May 2018

Purpose

To report a novel 3D‐printed device (“SH phantom”) that is designed for routine accuracy check of the Gamma Knife Icon High Definition Motion Management (HDMM) system.

Methods

SH phantom was designed using tinkerCAD software and printed on a commercial 3D printer. We evaluated the SH phantom on our Gamma Knife Icon unit regarding its usability and accuracy for routine HDMM QA.

Results

Single‐axis and multiple‐axis measurements validated the SH phantom design and implementation. An HDMM QA accuracy of 0.22 mm or better along single axis was found using SH phantom.

Conclusions

The SH phantom proved to be a quick and simple tool to use to perform the HDMM system QA. The SH phantom was tested successfully and adopted by us as part of monthly QA for the Gamma Knife Icon.
Piezo‐Phototronic Effect on Performance Enhancement of Anisotype and Isotype Heterojunction Photodiodes
Authors: Pan Zijian , Peng Wenbo , Li Fangpei , He Yongning
Published: May 2018

The piezo‐phototronic effect is confirmed as a promising methodology to optimize the performance of optoelectronic devices. However, not only positive effects, but also negative effects may be produced in some types of photodiodes (PDs) by the piezo‐phototronic effect, resulting in the restriction of the PDs' photoresponse performance enhancement. In order to obtain the largest possible photoresponse performance enhancement, it is essential to investigate how the piezo‐phototronic effect influences the photoresponse performance of PDs with different device configurations and structures. Here, the piezo‐phototronic effect on the photoresponse performance enhancement of anisotype (p‐Si/n‐ZnO) and isotype (n‐Si/n‐ZnO) heterojunction PDs is thoroughly investigated. The experimental results show that the piezo‐phototronic effect induced improvement of the p‐Si/n‐ZnO heterojunction PD is much larger than that of the n‐Si/n‐ZnO heterojunction PD. The energy band diagrams under compressive strains are carefully analyzed, revealing that two positive effects are introduced to the p‐Si/n‐ZnO heterojunction PD, whereas one positive and two negative effects are introduced to the n‐Si/n‐ZnO heterojunction PD by the piezo‐phototronic effect. This work presents an in‐depth understanding about the piezo‐phototronic effect on the photoresponse performances of PDs with different device configurations and structures.
Development of Inhalable Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) in Microparticulate System for Antituberculosis Drug Delivery
Authors: Miranda Margarida S. , Rodrigues Márcia T. , Domingues Rui M. A. , Costa Rui R. , Paz Elvira , Rodríguez‐Abreu Carlos , Freitas Paulo , Almeida Bernardo G. , Carvalho Maria Alice , Gonçalves Carine , Ferreira Catarina M. , Torrado Egídio , Reis Rui L. , Pedrosa Jorge , Gomes Manuela E.
Published: May 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease which affects millions of people worldwide. Inhalable polymeric dry powders are promising alternatives as anti‐TB drug carriers to the alveoli milieu and infected macrophages, with potential to significantly improve the therapeutics efficiency. Here, the development of a magnetically responsive microparticulate system for pulmonary delivery of an anti‐TB drug candidate (P3) is reported. Microparticles (MPs) are developed based on a cast method using calcium carbonate sacrificial templates and incorporate superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to concentrate MPs in alveoli and enable drug on demand release upon actuation of an external alternate magnetic field (AMF). The MPs are shown to be suitable for P3 delivery to the lower airways and for alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. The developed MPs reveal unique and promising features to be used as an inhalable dry powder allowing the AMF control over dosage and frequency of drug delivery anticipating improved TB treatments.
Chemically Modified Polyaniline for the Detection of Volatile Biomarkers of Minimal Sensitivity to Humidity and Bending
Authors: Deng Yunfeng , Sun Jiaxing , Jin Han , Khatib Muhammad , Li Xianhui , Wei Zongsu , Wang Feng , Horev Yehu David , Wu Weiwei , Haick Hossam
Published: May 2018

Flexible sensors can be widely used in future wearable devices to monitor people's health states. However, most of the sensors are sensitive to humidity and bending effects, limiting their application in a real‐world environment. A new strategy is proposed for obtaining flexible sensors with good tolerance to humidity. By integrating a hydrophobic layer on the surface of doped polyaniline, a flexible sensor that can resist water response with a concentration up to 350 ppm is developed. Good resilience against mechanical bending is also achieved in this flexible sensor. These results may trigger a renaissance in flexible sensor applications for disease diagnosing by wearable devices.
Controllable Design of MoS2 Nanosheets Anchored on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene: Toward Fast Sodium Storage by Tunable Pseudocapacitance
Authors: Xu Xin , Zhao Ruisheng , Ai Wei , Chen Bo , Du Hongfang , Wu Lishu , Zhang Hua , Huang Wei , Yu Ting
Published: May 2018

Transition‐metal disulfide with its layered structure is regarded as a kind of promising host material for sodium insertion, and intensely investigated for sodium‐ion batteries. In this work, a simple solvothermal method to synthesize a series of MoS2 nanosheets@nitrogen‐doped graphene composites is developed. This newly designed recipe of raw materials and solvents leads the success of tuning size, number of layers, and interplanar spacing of the as‐prepared MoS2 nanosheets. Under cut‐off voltage and based on an intercalation mechanism, the ultrasmall MoS2 nanosheets@nitrogen‐doped graphene composite exhibits more preferable cycling and rate performance compared to few‐/dozens‐layered MoS2 nanosheets@nitrogen‐doped graphene, as well as many other reported insertion‐type anode materials. Last, detailed kinetics analysis and density functional theory calculation are also employed to explain the Na+‐ storage behavior, thus proving the significance in surface‐controlled pseudocapacitance contribution at the high rate. Furthermore, this work offers some meaningful preparation and investigation experiences for designing electrode materials for commercial sodium‐ion batteries with favorable performance.
Manganese‐Catalyzed C−H Amidation of Heteroarenes in Water
Authors: Kong Xianqiang , Lin Long , Xu Bo
Published: May 2018

We have developed an efficient manganese‐catalyzed amidation of various heteroarenes via C−H bond activation using readily available sulfonyl azides. The key step is heteroarene directed electrophilic aromatic metalation using MnBr(CO)5 as catalyst. This method offers excellent chemical yields and regioselectivity with good functional group tolerance. This base metal catalyzed reaction proceeds efficiently using water as the only solvent and nitrogen is the only byproduct.

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Consequences of secondary nectar robbing for male components of plant reproduction
Authors: Richman Sarah K. , Irwin Rebecca E. , Bosak John T. , Bronstein Judith L.
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

Organisms engage in multiple species interactions simultaneously. While pollination studies generally focus on plants and pollinators exclusively, secondary robbing, a behavior that requires other species (primary robbers) to first create access holes in corollas, is common. It has been shown that secondary robbing can reduce plants' female fitness; however, we lack knowledge about its impact on male plant fitness.

Methods

We experimentally simulated primary and secondary robbing in the monocarpic perennial Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae), quantifying indirect effects on pollinator‐mediated pollen (dye) donation. We also assessed whether continual nectar removal via the floral opening has similar effects on hummingbird‐pollinator behavior as continual secondary robbing through robber holes.

Key Results

We found no significant indirect effects of secondary robbing on a component of Ipomopsis male fitness. Although robbing did reduce pollen (dye) donation due to avoidance of robbed plants by pollinating hummingbirds, pollen donation did not differ between the two robbing treatments. The effects of secondary robbing on hummingbird behavior resembled effects of chronic nectar removal by pollinators. Our results indicate that hummingbird pollinators may use a combination of cues, including cues given by the presence or absence of nectar, to make foraging decisions.

Conclusions

Combined with prior research, this study suggests that secondary robbing is less costly to a component of male fitness than to female fitness in Ipomopsis, broadening our knowledge of the overall costs of mutualism exploitation to total plant fitness.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Benzylation of (Benzo)oxazoles with Benzylic Quaternary Ammonium Triflates
Authors: Pan Wen‐Jing , Wang Zhong‐Xia
Published: May 2018

The C−H benzylation of oxazoles and benzoxazoles with benzylic ammonium triflates was performed in reasonable to good yields via Pd‐catalyzed C−H/C−N cleavage. The method exhibits a wide scope of azoles and benzylic ammonium triflates. A range of functional groups including F, CF3, COOEt, C(O)NMe2, OMe, OPh, pyridyl and thienyl groups can be tolerated.
A Reversible Fluorescent Probe for Real‐Time Live‐Cell Imaging and Quantification of Endogenous Hydropolysulfides
Authors: Umezawa Keitaro , Kamiya Mako , Urano Yasuteru
Published: May 2018

The chemical biology of reactive sulfur species, including hydropolysulfides, has been a subject undergoing intense study in recent years, but further understanding of their “intact” function in living cells has been limited owing to a lack of appropriate analytical tools. In order to overcome this limitation, we developed a new type of fluorescent probe that reversibly and selectively reacts to hydropolysulfides. The probe enables live‐cell visualization and quantification of endogenous hydropolysulfides without interference from intrinsic thiol species such as glutathione. Additionally, real‐time reversible monitoring of oxidative‐stress‐induced fluctuation of intrinsic hydropolysulfides has been achieved with a temporal resolution on the order of seconds, a result which has not yet been realized using conventional methods. These results reveal the probe's versatility as a new fluorescence imaging tool to understand the function of intracellular hydropolysulfides.
Ganzzellbiotransformation von Benzol zu Phenol durch intrazelluläres Zytochrom P450BM3 aktiviert mithilfe externer Zusätze
Authors: Karasawa Masayuki , Stanfield Joshua Kyle , Yanagisawa Sota , Shoji Osami , Watanabe Yoshihito
Published: May 2018

Ein Escherichia‐coli‐Ganzzellbiokatalysator für die direkte Hydroxylierung von Benzol zu Phenol wurde entwickelt. Durch Zugabe von Aminosäurederivaten als Täuschmoleküle zum Kulturmedium konnte in E. coli exprimiertes Wildtyp‐Zytochrom P450 (P450BM3) aktiviert werden und nichtnative Substrate, ohne den Bedarf eines NADPH‐Zusatzes, hydroxylieren. In Gegenwart von N‐Heptyl‐l‐prolyl‐l‐phenylalanin (C7‐Pro‐Phe) als Täuschmolekül erreichte die Phenolausbeute 59 %. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Täuschmoleküle, vorzugsweise nichtfluorierte, das Zytosol von E. coli erreichen, wodurch intrazellulärem P450BM3 katalytische Aktivität für die In‐vivo‐Oxyfunktionalisierung nichtnativer Substrate verliehen wird.
Anaphylactic reaction to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues: a pediatric case report
Authors: Ricci Franco , de Martino Maurizio , Stagi Stefano
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues represent the gold standard treatment for precocious puberty. Allergic‐type reactions in children due to this type of treatment are very rare. However, caregivers should be aware of the potential GnRH analogue systemic reactions.
ApoE isoform leading to hypertriglyceridemia in new onset type 1 diabetes
Authors: Keefe Christel , Lawson Sarah
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

We report a case of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with significant hypertriglyceridemia. The patient was found to have the e3/ e4 isoform of ApoE, increasing risk of hypertriglyceridemia in DKA. We suggest further genetic investigation for patients presenting with severe hypertriglyceridemia and DKA.
Rational Assembly of CoAl‐Layered Double Hydroxide on Reduced Graphene Oxide with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Energy Storage
Authors: Liang Ting , Xuan Haicheng , Xu Yuekui , Gao Jinhong , Han Xiaokun , Yang Jing , Han Peide , Wang Dunhui , Du Youwei
Published: May 2018

In this paper, we designed and synthesized composites of CoAl‐layered double hydroxide on reduced graphene oxide (CoAl‐LDH@rGO/NF) via a facile approach. The Co‐Al layered double hydroxide (CoAl‐LDH) nanosheets were grown onto the skeleton of reduced graphene oxide on Ni foam (rGO/NF). The as‐synthesized CoAl‐LDH@rGO/NF composites exhibited a superior electrochemical behavior, attributed to the coupling effect of homogeneous CoAl‐LDH nanosheets and high conductivity of rGO. In addition, the different morphologies of the CoAl‐LDH@rGO/NF composites can be controlled by adjusting the amount of NH4F. The optimum electrochemical performance of the CoAl‐LDH@rGO/NF hybrid electrode was obtained when the amount of NH4F was 6 mmol. The largest specific capacitance of 1671.4 F g−1 (1 A g−1) and the ultra‐high cycling performance with 97 % retention of the original value were achieved even after 5000 charge‐discharge cycles. A remarkable energy density value of 41.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 408.9 W kg−1 was achieved in the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) using CoAl‐LDH@rGO‐6/NF and activated carbon (AC) for positive and negative materials. Furthermore, the ASC retained 100 % of its original energy density value even after 5000 cycles. In addition, a design method for preparing high performance electrode materials with ideal morphology is proposed in this paper, which might be helpful to the future study of morphology and electrochemical properties.
Instant Detection of Hydrogen Cyanide Gas and Cyanide Salts in Solid Matrices and Water by using CuII and NiII Complexes of Intramolecularly Hydrogen Bonded Zwitterions
Authors: Nair Ratish R. , Raju M. , Jana Kalyanashis , Mondal Dhrubajyoti , Suresh E. , Ganguly Bishwajit , Chatterjee Pabitra B.
Published: May 2018

A series of intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded zwitterionic compartmental ligands HL1–HL4, containing a pendent diamine arm that is monoprotonated and an aldehyde functionality at two different ortho‐positions of a 4‐halophenoxide, is reported herein. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SXRD) provides persuasive evidence for the identification of this class of proton‐transferred zwitterions at room temperature. The solid‐state photoluminescent nature of these zwitterions remains intact in aqueous and organic solutions. Grinding of HL1 and HL2 with Cu2+/Ni2+ salts develop turn‐on probes 1–4. Compounds 1 and 4 are dinuclear CuII and NiII species, respectively. Compound 2 is a tetranuclear CuII complex. Interestingly, compound 3 is a mononuclear NiII species in which both nitrogen atoms in the pendant diamine arm are protonated and, therefore, not coordinated to the NiII center. All these probes (1–4) display an instant response to the poison gas hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and cyanide salts present in both solid matrices and aqueous (100 % water) solution. Selective and rapid sensing of HCN gas and cyanide salts in solid/soil/water phases, without any interference, by the mechanosynthesized complexes 1–4 can be perceived easily by the naked eye under a hand‐held UV lamp.
Three‐Component Activation/Alkynylation/Cyclocondensation (AACC) Synthesis of Enhanced Emission Solvatochromic 3‐Ethynylquinoxalines
Authors: Merkt Franziska K. , Höwedes Simon P. , Gers‐Panther Charlotte F. , Gruber Irina , Janiak Christoph , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: May 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Thomas J. J. Müller at the Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf. The image depicts some of the fluorescent compounds synthesized in this study. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201800079.
Making Glycine Methyl Ester Chiral
Authors: Gerbig Dennis , Desch Sarina , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: May 2018

We demonstrate that the simple achiral amino acid glycine as its methyl ester inherits the chiral imprint of methyl lactate upon complexation, resulting in induced vibrational optical activity of the methylene C−H bonds. To mimic conditions of ice on comets that are considered long‐term reaction as well as storage entities for (organic) molecules, we employ the matrix isolation technique in conjunction with vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy and DFT computations. The observed chirality transfer is likely a key element for the realization of concepts rationalizing chirogenesis, that is, the generation of a chiral imbalance.
Optimized Description of Dispersion Layers on a Vertical Separator
Authors: Steinhoff Jan , Gebauer Felix , Fölsch David , Bart Hans‐Jörg
Published: May 2018

Durch die Entwicklung einer Auswerteroutine wird die optische Aufnahme von Dispersionsschichten in einem stehenden Abscheider realisiert. So werden die Eigenschaften der Dispersionsschicht bei konti‐ und diskontinuierlichen Absetzversuchen und der Einfluss von Volumenstrom und hydrostatischem Druck untersucht. Es kann ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen Volumenstrom/hydrostatischem Druck und Dispersionsschichthöhe festgestellt werden. Die Beobachtungen werden durch die zu Grunde liegenden Koaleszenz‐ und Sedimentationsprozesse erläutert. Zum Verhalten der Dispersionsschicht werden vier verschiedene Modelle verglichen.
Muscle radiodensity and mortality in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Kroenke Candyce H. , Prado Carla M. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Weltzien Erin K. , Xiao Jingjie , Cespedes Feliciano Elizabeth M. , Caan Bette J.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Low skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) is related to higher mortality in several cancers, but the association with colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis is unclear.

METHODS

This observational study included 3262 men and women from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California population diagnosed between 2006 and 2011 with AJCC stages I to III CRC. The authors evaluated hazard ratios (HRs) of low SMD for all‐cause and CRC‐specific mortality, assessed by computed tomography using optimal stratification, compared with patients with normal SMD. They also evaluated the cross‐classification of categories of low versus normal SMD and muscle mass (MM) with outcomes.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 6.9 years. Optimal stratification cutpoints for SMD were 32.5 in women and 35.5 in men. In multivariate‐adjusted analyses, among patients with CRC, those with low SMD demonstrated higher overall (HR, 1.61; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.36‐1.90) and CRC‐specific (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.38‐2.21) mortality when compared with those with normal SMD levels. Patients with low SMD and low MM (ie, sarcopenia) were found to have the highest overall (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.65‐2.47) and CRC‐specific (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.91‐3.37) mortality rates.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with CRC, those with low SMD were found to have elevated risks of disease‐specific and overall mortality, independent of MM or adiposity. Clinical practice should incorporate body composition measures into the evaluation of the health status of patients with CRC. Cancer 2018;124:3008‐15. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
The role of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: A 5‐year institutional experience
Authors: Viswanathan Kartik , Sung Simon , Scognamiglio Theresa , Yang Grace C.H. , Siddiqui Momin T. , Rao Rema A.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is widely accepted in the preoperative management of salivary gland lesions. The proposed Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) aims to standardize reporting terminology. Studies regarding the risk of malignancy (ROM) for the proposed categories continue to evolve. The current retrospective study applied the MSRSGC to assess ROM for salivary gland lesions and focused on the “indeterminate” categories.

METHODS

A total of 627 salivary gland FNA specimens obtained from 2011 through 2016 were retrieved, with follow‐up available for 373 cases. The original diagnoses were recategorized using MSRSGC by 2 independent cytopathologists as: 1) non‐diagnostic; 2) non‐neoplastic; 3) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS); 4a) benign neoplasms; 4b) salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP); 5) suspicious for malignancy (SFM); and 6) malignant. The ROM and overall ROM for each diagnostic category were determined, with characterization of “indeterminate” (AUS, SUMP, and SFM) lesions.

RESULTS

There was near‐perfect agreement regarding categorization (626 of 627 cases; 99.8%) between the 2 cytopathologists, with discordance observed for 1 case. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of salivary gland FNA specimens at the study institution were 79%, 98%, 94%, and 92%, respectively. The ROM for non‐diagnostic, non‐neoplastic, benign neoplasms, AUS, SUMP, SFM, and malignant were 6.7%, 7.1%, 38.9%, 5.0%, 34.2%, 92.9%, and 92.3%, respectively. The indeterminate category had an overall ROM of 47.1%.

CONCLUSIONS

The MSRSGC is a valuable tool that can help to standardize reporting and stratify cases preoperatively. Having a better understanding of the indeterminate diagnoses will help further refine risk classification criteria. Cancer Cytopathol 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Reconstitution of Mitotic Chromatids In Vitro
Authors: Shintomi Keishi , Hirano Tatsuya
Published: May 2018

The mitotic chromosome, which is composed of a pair of sister chromatids, is a large macromolecular assembly that ensures faithful transmission of genetic information into daughter cells. Despite its fundamental importance, how a nucleosome fiber is folded and assembled into a large‐scale chromatid structure remains poorly understood. To address this question, we have established a biochemically tractable system in which mitotic chromatids can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing a simple substrate (sperm nucleus) and a limited number of purified factors. The minimum set of required factors includes core histones, three histone chaperones, topoisomerase II, and condensin I. In this article, we describe a set of protocols for the preparation of key reagents and the setup of reconstitution reactions. We believe that this classical approach of biochemical reconstitution will be of great help to dissect the mechanisms of action of individual factors during mitotic chromatid assembly and to assess the contribution of nucleosome dynamics to this process from a fresh angle. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Flow Cytometry to Isolate Maize Meiocytes for Next Generation Sequencing: A Time and Labor Efficient Method
Authors: Chang Pearl , Tseng Yu‐Fang , Chen Pao‐Yang , Wang Chung‐Ju Rachel
Published: May 2018

Meiosis is essential during sexual reproduction to generate haploid gametes. Genomic or epigenomic studies of meiosis in multicellular organisms using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) methods have been limited because of the difficulty of collecting thousands to millions of meiocytes. Here, we describe a simple protocol to efficiently isolate maize male meiocytes from formaldehyde‐fixed samples for NGS techniques that require chemical crosslinking to preserve complex interactions or chromatin architecture. Anthers at desired meiotic stages are selected, fixed with paraformaldehyde, and disrupted using a homogenizer. Cell walls are digested to produce a cell suspension containing small somatic cells and large individual meiocytes. The meiocyte fraction is enriched by size separation with cell strainers and further purified by flow cytometry. From 400 anthers, we can isolate 20,000 meiocytes at 98% purity in 6 to 8 hours. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Esquivel Argitxu , Alechaga Élida , Monfort Núria , Ventura Rosa
Published: May 2018

A method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates has been developed to be able to evaluate these metabolites as biomarkers to detect the misuse of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroids in sports. For sample preparation, a mixed‐mode solid‐phase extraction was optimized to eliminate the glucuronide fraction in the washing step thus obtaining only the sulfate fraction. Chromatographic separation was optimized to achieve adequate resolution between isomers. The electrospray ionization and the product ion mass spectra of the sulfates were studied in order to obtain the most specific and selective transitions. The method was validated for quantitative purposes for 11 steroid sulfates obtaining satisfactory values for linearity, accuracy, and intra‐ and inter‐day precision (relative standard deviation better than 16.2%). Limits of quantitation ranged between 0.5 and 2 ng/mL. Extraction recoveries for sulfate metabolites were between 90 and 94%. Matrix effect ranged from 90 to 110% showing the absence of significant ion suppression/enhancement. Samples were found to be stable after 2 freeze/thaw cycles. The applicability of the method was checked by the analysis of 75 urine samples from healthy volunteers (54 males, 37 Caucasian and 17 Asian, and 21 Caucasian females) to evaluate the concentration levels of endogenous sulfate metabolites in basal conditions.
Genetic signals of artificial and natural dispersal linked to colonization of South America by non‐native Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Gomez‐Uchida Daniel , Cañas‐Rojas Diego , Riva‐Rossi Carla M. , Ciancio Javier E. , Pascual Miguel A. , Ernst Billy , Aedo Eduardo , Musleh Selim S. , Valenzuela‐Aguayo Francisca , Quinn Thomas P. , Seeb James E. , Seeb Lisa W.
Published: May 2018

Genetics data have provided unprecedented insights into evolutionary aspects of colonization by non‐native populations. Yet, our understanding of how artificial (human‐mediated) and natural dispersal pathways of non‐native individuals influence genetic metrics, evolution of genetic structure, and admixture remains elusive. We capitalize on the widespread colonization of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in South America, mediated by both dispersal pathways, to address these issues using data from a panel of polymorphic SNPs. First, genetic diversity and the number of effective breeders (Nb) were higher among artificial than natural populations. Contemporary gene flow was common between adjacent artificial and natural and adjacent natural populations, but uncommon between geographically distant populations. Second, genetic structure revealed four distinct clusters throughout the Chinook salmon distributional range with varying levels of genetic connectivity. Isolation by distance resulted from weak differentiation between adjacent artificial and natural and between natural populations, with strong differentiation between distant Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean populations, which experienced strong genetic drift. Third, genetic mixture analyses revealed the presence of at least six donor geographic regions from North America, some of which likely hybridized as a result of multiple introductions. Relative propagule pressure or the proportion of Chinook salmon propagules introduced from various geographic regions according to government records significantly influenced genetic mixtures for two of three artificial populations. Our findings support a model of colonization in which high‐diversity artificial populations established first; some of these populations exhibited significant admixture resulting from propagule pressure. Low‐diversity natural populations were likely subsequently founded from a reduced number of individuals.
Benthic species of the Kerguelen Plateau show contrasting distribution shifts in response to environmental changes
Authors: Guillaumot Charlène , Fabri‐Ruiz Salomé , Martin Alexis , Eléaume Marc , Danis Bruno , Féral Jean‐Pierre , Saucède Thomas
Published: May 2018

Marine life of the Southern Ocean has been facing environmental changes and the direct impact of human activities during the past decades. Benthic communities have particularly been affected by such changes although we only slowly understand the effect of environmental changes on species physiology, biogeography, and distribution. Species distribution models (SDM) can help explore species geographic responses to main environmental changes. In this work, we modeled the distribution of four echinoid species with contrasting ecological niches. Models developed for [2005–2012] were projected to different time periods, and the magnitude of distribution range shifts was assessed for recent‐past conditions [1955–1974] and for the future, under scenario RCP 8.5 for [2050–2099]. Our results suggest that species distribution shifts are expected to be more important in a near future compared to the past. The geographic response of species may vary between poleward shift, latitudinal reduction, and local extinction. Species with broad ecological niches and not limited by biogeographic barriers would be the least affected by environmental changes, in contrast to endemic species, restricted to coastal areas, which are predicted to be more sensitive.
Geography and island geomorphology shape fish assemblage structure on isolated coral reef systems
Authors: Bennett Scott , Halford Andrew R. , Choat J. Howard , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , Santana‐Garcon Julia , Ayling Anthony M. , Harvey Euan S. , Newman Stephen J.
Published: May 2018

We quantify the relative importance of multi‐scale drivers of reef fish assemblage structure on isolated coral reefs at the intersection of the Indian and Indo‐Pacific biogeographical provinces. Large (>30 cm), functionally‐important and commonly targeted species of fish, were surveyed on the outer reef crest/front at 38 coral reef sites spread across three oceanic coral reef systems (i.e. Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the Rowley Shoals), in the tropical Indian Ocean (c. 1.126 x 106 km2). The effects of coral cover, exposure, fishing pressure, lagoon size and geographical context, on observed patterns of fish assemblage structure were modelled using Multivariate Regression Trees. Reef fish assemblages were clearly separated in space with geographical location explaining ~53 % of the observed variation. Lagoon size, within each isolated reef system was an equally effective proxy for explaining fish assemblage structure. Among local‐scale variables, ‘distance from port’, a proxy for the influence of fishing, explained 5.2% of total variation and separated the four most isolated reefs from Cocos (Keeling) Island, from reefs with closer boating access. Other factors were not significant. Major divisions in assemblage structure were driven by sister taxa that displayed little geographical overlap between reef systems and low abundances of several species on Christmas Island corresponding to small lagoon habitats. Exclusion of geographical context from the analysis resulted in local processes explaining 47.3% of the variation, highlighting the importance of controlling for spatial correlation to understand the drivers of fish assemblage structure. Our results suggest reef fish assemblage structure on remote coral reef systems in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean reflects a biogeographical legacy of isolation between Indian and Pacific fish faunas and geomorphological variation within the region, more than local fishing pressure or reef condition. Our findings re‐emphasise the importance that historical processes play in structuring contemporary biotic communities.
Low ecological representation in the protected area network of China
Authors: Xu Haigen , Cao Mingchang , Wang Zhi , Wu Yi , Cao Yun , Wu Jun , Le Zhifang , Cui Peng , Ding Hui , Xu Wanggu , Peng Hua , Jiang Jianping , Wu Yuhu , Jiang Xuelong , Zhang Zhiyun , Rao Dingqi , Li Jianqiang , Lei Fumin , Xia Nianhe , Han Lianxian , Cao Wei , Wu Jiayu , Xia Xin , Li Yimin
Published: May 2018

Protected areas are considered as an essential strategy to halt the decline of biodiversity. Ecological representation in protected areas is crucial for assessment on the progress toward conservation targets. Although China has established a large number of protected areas since the 1950s, ecological representation of protected areas is poorly understood. Here, we performed the complementarity analysis to evaluate ecological representation of protected areas in China. We used a database of the geographical distribution for 10,396 woody plant species, 2,305 fern species, 406 amphibian species, 460 reptile species, 1,364 bird species, and 590 mammal species from 2,376 counties across China. We identified complementary sets of counties for all species or threatened species of plant and vertebrate species using a complementarity algorithm. We evaluated ecological representation of 3,627 protected areas and discerned conservation gaps by comparing the distribution of protected areas with complementary sets. The results show that the spatially representative and complementary sites for biodiversity are poorly covered, and a fairly large proportion of protected areas is not designed to efficiently represent biodiversity at the national scale. Our methodology can serve as a generic framework for assessment on ecological representation of protected areas at the national scale.
Reversed predator–prey cycles are driven by the amplitude of prey oscillations
Authors: van Velzen Ellen , Gaedke Ursula
Published: May 2018

Ecoevolutionary feedbacks in predator–prey systems have been shown to qualitatively alter predator–prey dynamics. As a striking example, defense–offense coevolution can reverse predator–prey cycles, so predator peaks precede prey peaks rather than vice versa. However, this has only rarely been shown in either model studies or empirical systems. Here, we investigate whether this rarity is a fundamental feature of reversed cycles by exploring under which conditions they should be found. For this, we first identify potential conditions and parameter ranges most likely to result in reversed cycles by developing a new measure, the effective prey biomass, which combines prey biomass with prey and predator traits, and represents the prey biomass as perceived by the predator. We show that predator dynamics always follow the dynamics of the effective prey biomass with a classic ¼‐phase lag. From this key insight, it follows that in reversed cycles (i.e., ¾‐lag), the dynamics of the actual and the effective prey biomass must be in antiphase with each other, that is, the effective prey biomass must be highest when actual prey biomass is lowest, and vice versa. Based on this, we predict that reversed cycles should be found mainly when oscillations in actual prey biomass are small and thus have limited impact on the dynamics of the effective prey biomass, which are mainly driven by trait changes. We then confirm this prediction using numerical simulations of a coevolutionary predator–prey system, varying the amplitude of the oscillations in prey biomass: Reversed cycles are consistently associated with regions of parameter space leading to small‐amplitude prey oscillations, offering a specific and highly testable prediction for conditions under which reversed cycles should occur in natural systems.
Molecular Rods: Facile Desymmetrization of 1,4‐Diethynylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane
Authors: Kaleta Jiří , Bastien Guillaume , Císařová Ivana , Batail Patrick , Michl Josef
Published: May 2018

We report a facile desymmetrization of 1,4‐diethynylbicyclo[2.2.2]octane. One of the acetylene termini was protected by TMS and the desired product was purified by sublimation. It is stable but reactive, as shown by the synthesis of a complex pyridine‐terminated molecular rod containing both a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane cage. Six crystal structures of key intermediates are presented.
Palladium Catalysis in the Intramolecular Carbene C–H Insertion of α‐Diazo‐α‐(methoxycarbonyl)acetamides to Form β‐Lactams
Authors: Solé Daniel , Pérez‐Janer Ferran , Bennasar M.‐Lluïsa , Fernández Israel
Published: May 2018

The intramolecular carbene C–H insertion of α‐diazo‐α‐(methoxycarbonyl)acetamides leading to β‐lactams is effectively catalyzed by palladium complexes. It is found that although Pd0 catalysts typically produce mixtures of β‐lactams together with Buchner‐type reaction products, the use of PdII catalysts results in highly chemoselective transformations. According to DFT calculations, this insertion reaction occurs stepwise and involves an unprecedented PdII‐promoted Mannich‐type reaction through a metallacarbene‐induced zwitterionic intermediate.
Variation of Carbon Based Materials on the Electropolymerization of Tyramine
Authors: Wilson Thomas A. , Musameh Mustafa , Kyratzis Ilias L. , Zhang Jie , Bond Alan M. , Hearn Milton T. W.
Published: May 2018

The electropolymerization of tyramine has been investigated using glassy carbon electrodes modified with six classes of carbon materials, namely carbon black, graphitized carbon, graphite, graphene oxide, chemical vapour deposition based multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and arc discharged based multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. These materials were characterized before and after electrodeposition of polytyramine (PT) by Raman spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Previously, other groups have established that impurities present in carbon materials, can play a critical role in electrocatalytic activity. In this study, the presence of graphitic basal plane carbon, rather than metallic impurities, is believed to initiate the formation of a redox active PT film that mediates the oxidation of NADH. The importance of graphitic basal plane carbon was supported by examining the impact of the graphitization of carbon black over the range of 500 to 2000 °C. Graphitic basal plane carbon impurity was demonstrated to be highly active and important with respect to the electrodeposition of a PT film that possesses significant catalytic activity towards the oxidation of NADH.
A Comparison of a Nanostructured Enzymeless Au/Fe2O3/MWCNTs/GCE Electrode and a GOx Modified One in Electrocatalytic Detection of Glucose
Authors: Mohammadi Fatemeh , Vesali‐Naseh Masoud , Khodadadi Abbas Ali , Mortazavi Yadollah
Published: May 2018

Acid functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐MWCNTs) were decorated with Au and Fe2O3 nanoparticles (FeONPs) and deposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resulting hybrid Au/Fe2O3/f‐MWCNTs/GCE electrode and the one further modified by glucose oxidase were compared for detection of glucose. FeONPs and Au were deposited on the f‐MWCNTs by sonication‐assisted precipitation and deposition‐precipitation methods, respectively. The morphology and structure of the samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. A uniform distribution of FeONPs with an average size of 5 nm increased the surface area of functionalized nanotubes from 39 to 50 m2/g. The electrocatalytic glucose detection on the modified electrodes was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. The non‐enzymatic and enzymatic electrodes show sensitivity of 512.4 and 921.4 mA/mM.cm2 and detection limit of 1.7 and 0.9 mM, respectively. The enzymatic and enzymeless electrodes retained more than 70 % and 80 % of their cathodic faradic current after 70 days, respectively. The sensing mechanism of the non‐enzymatic biosensor is described through the reaction of glucose with iron (III) ions, while in the case of enzymatic electrode, glucose is oxidized by glucose oxidase.
Structure, molecular dynamics simulation, and docking studies of Dictyostelium discoideum and human STRAPs
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Saran Shweta
Published: May 2018

The Serine Threonine kinase Receptor Associated Protein (STRAP) is a WD40 containing protein that provides a platform for protein interactions during cell proliferation and development. Overexpression and misregulation of STRAP contributes to various carcinomas that are now recognized as therapeutic targets especially for colorectal and lung cancers. The present study was undertaken to find an effective drug against this molecule using a simple system like Dictyostelium discoideum; which shares close homology to humans. Using techniques like structural modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular docking, we found similar structure and dynamic behaviors in both, except for the presence of dissimilar numbers of β‐sheets and loop segments. We identified a novel and potential drug targeted to STRAP. The results obtained allow us to use Dictyostelium as a model system for further in vivo studies. Finally, the results of protein‐protein interactions using molecular docking and essential dynamics studies show STRAP to participate in TGF‐β signaling in humans. Further, we show some structural units that govern the interaction of TGFβ‐RI with STRAP and Smad7 proteins in TGF‐β signaling pathway. In conclusion, we propose that D. discoideum can be used for enhancing our knowledge about STRAP protein.