bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive changes in secondary conformation and composition of the senile cataractous human lens capsules
Authors: Lee Shui‐Mei , Lin Shan‐Yang , Cheng Ching‐Li , Liang Run‐Chu
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The lens capsules of senile cataractous patients were differentiated into three progressive grades of immature (I, II and III) and two progressive grades of mature (I′ and II′) groups using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) microspectroscopy with Fourier self‐deconvolution and curve‐fitting algorithms, according to the changes in IR peak position and its structural composition. The secondary conformation of both immature‐II and mature‐I′ cataractous human lens capsules was found to change significantly when enhancing the β‐sheet structure but simultaneously decreasing the β‐turn structures, as compared with the composition of normal human and immature‐I cataractous lens capsules. The increase in β‐sheet structural proportion might possibly be attributable to the age‐related cataractogenesis. We also found that the IR peak at 1651 cm−1 assigned to a‐helix shifted to 1647 cm−1 that corresponded to disordered structure, but the IR peak at 1662 cm−1 due to β‐turn structure disappeared and another new IR peak assigned to α‐helix structure appeared at 1656 cm−1, for both immature‐III and mature‐II′ cataractous lens capsules. It increased the compositions of β‐sheet and disorder structure and simultaneously decreased the triple helix and β‐turn structures, but maintained the same level in α‐helix structure. This suggests that FT‐IR microspectroscopy can act as a potential tool to exactly differentiate the maturity of senile cataractous human lens capsules according to the changes in IR peak position and compositions in amide I band.
The effects of ultraviolet‐A radiation on visual evoked potentials in the young human eye
Authors: Sanford Britt E. , Beacham Sabrina , Hanifin John P. , Hannon Patrick , Streletz Leopold , Sliney David , Brainard George C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A recent study from this laboratory using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) demonstrated that children's eyes are capable of detecting ultraviolet radiation. The aim of this study was to compare dose‐response relationships in two age groups, 6–10 years (n = 10) and 20–25 years (n = 10). Under photopic viewing conditions (550 lux), exposures of monochromatic UV‐A (339 nm) and visible radiation (502 nm) were correlated to VEPs. The results demonstrate that monochromatic UV‐A can elicit age and dose dependent responses in the human visual system, suggesting that the eyes of children are more responsive to UV stimuli than the eyes of young adults.
The use of single fraction Leksell stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of uveal melanoma
Authors: Rennie Ian , Forster David , Kemeny Andras , Walton Lee , Kunkler Ian
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fourteen patients with posterior uveal melanomas were treated using single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery. In each case a dose of 70 Gy was administered to the periphery of the tumour. Regression of the tumour has been observed in 13 patients, whilst the lesion has remained unchanged in one patient. The visual acuity has deteriorated in all 14 patients. Significant radiation induced adverse reactions were noted in 13 patients and include; retinopathy, optic neuropathy, rubeosis iridis, and secondary glaucoma. Two patients have required enucleation because of intractable rubeotic glaucoma. One patient has died from proven metastases. Although stereotactic radiosurgery appears to be a practical and effective method of treating uveal melanomas, its usefulness is limited by a high incidence of radiation induced adverse reactions. Further work is required to refine the current treatment protocol and establish an optimal prescription dose.
Effects of topical dorzolamide on retinal and retrobulbar hemodynamics
Authors: Harris Alon , Arend Oliver , Arend Suzanne , Martin Bruce
Published: May 2009

Purpose:Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as dorzolamide have been developed as ocular hypotensive agents devoid of the side effects plaguing their systemic predecessors. We evaluated the influence of dorzolamide on retinal and retrobulbar blood flow markers to determine if the drug has orbital vascular as well as ocular hypotensive effects.

Methods:Eleven persons with healthy eyes received either placebo or two drops 2% dorzolamide, 2 h prior to studies conducted in double‐masked, counterbalanced fashion. Four retrobulbar vessels (nasal and temporal posterior ciliary, central retinal, and ophthalmic arteries) were analyzed by color Doppler imaging; scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was used to examine retinal and superficial optic nerve head blood linear velocity.

Results:Dorzolamide lowered IOP from 15.7 ± 0.7 to 13.7 ± 0.7 mmHg (p < 0.05). The drug also hastened retinal arteriovenous passage of fluorescein dye, and accelerated capillary dye transit in the macula and optic nerve head. The drug, however, left unaltered blood velocity or resistance index in any retrobulbar vessel.

Conclusions:Dorzolamide is an effective ocular hypotensive agent that accelerates blood velocity in the retinal and superficial optic nerve head without an apparent effect upon retrobulbar hemodynamics.
Risk factors for graft failure in penetrating keratoplasty
Authors: Yamagami Satoru , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Tsuru Tadahiko
Published: May 2009

Abstract.We clarified the preoperative risk factors for graft failure in penetrating keratoplasty with fresh donor corneas. This analysis covered 698 consecutive keratoplasty cases in a single center between 1971 and 1992, and was designed to assess the risk factors. The risk factors in penetrating keratoplasty were determined by the Cox multiple regression model which considers the follow‐up periods and multiple factors simultaneously. The factors which worsen the prognosis of keratoplasty significantly were found to be preoperative endothelial dysfunction (hazard ratio = 2.3), prior glaucoma/ocular hypertension (hazard ratio = 2.0), preoperative corneal vascularization (hazard ratio for within one quadrant = 1.3, hazard ratio for 2 or more quadrants = 1.6), anterior synechiae of iris (hazard ratio = 1.5), aphakia or pseudophakia (hazard ratio = 1.4), and older donor age (hazard ratio = 1.3 in proportion to the increase of each 10‐year period of age). Surgeons must take these risk factors into consideration to obtain a better prognosis for keratoplasty.
Women and men ‐ same eyes?
Authors: Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In ophthalmology, few studies have been designed to investigate possible differences between women and men in a consistent manner. Some evidence is, however, available showing significant male‐female differences. The importance of gender in ophthalmological research is emphasized by focusing on some knowledge about sex differences in ocular components in relation to cataract surgery and on the influence of the female hormones on the cornea.
Full‐field electroretinograms in individuals with the Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl syndrome
Authors: Riise Ruth , Andréasson Sten , Tornqvist Krishna
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Purpose: To evaluate rod and cone function in individuals with the Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl syndrome.

Methods: We obtained full‐field electroretinograms in 36 patients. If responses less than 10 μV were recorded with single white flashes a special technique with narrow band filter and computer averaging was used.

Results: No rod responses to dim blue light could be obtained in any of the patients. Residual cone flicker responses were measurable in 28 of the individuals. Those with amplitudes < 0.05 μV were significantly older than those with amplitudes > 1.00 μV. The ERG pattern was consistent within affected pairs of siblings in 8 families.

Conclusion: The retinal dystrophy in Laurence‐Moon‐Bardet‐Biedl syndrome is primarily a rod‐cone dystrophy, but even cone flicker amplitudes are severely reduced with further progression with age. There is no intrafamilial variability of the electroretinograms in affected siblings.
Epithelial wound healing of the rat cornea after excimer laser ablation
Authors: Sandvig Kjell U. , Kravik Katherine , Haaskjold Erling , Blika Sigmund
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Rats with excimer corneal ablations (ArF 193 nm, 228 pulses, diameter 3,5 mm, 17.3 mJ per pulse, depth about 1/2 of corneal thickness) in one eye were killed 1,2,4,6 and 13 days after treatment. The other eye served as control. The cell number per microscopic vision field, the labelling index (LI) and the mitotic rate (MR) were calculated for the peripheral, midperipheral and central areas of the corneal epithelium. The cell number showed a uniform depression in the remaining corneal epithelium at Day 1, normalizing from the centre to the periphery. The LI was only significantly increased at Day 1, while the MR was statistically significantly increased peripherally at Day 2 and in all areas at Day 6. However, when the corneal epithelium was evaluated as a whole, the MR was significantly increased at days 1, 2 and 6. The proliferative response of the epithelium was very homogenous irregardless of the distance to the original lesion. Both the migratory and the proliferative phases of the healing process seemed to be delayed when compared to the healing of pure epithelial wounds. However, the initiation of an increase in DNA synthesis seems not to be delayed, indicating that it is primarily the G2 phase that has been prolonged with this ablation procedure. The stromal thickness was increased from about one half of the normal values immediately after the treatment to above normal values at Day 4, thereafter decreasing to normal values at Day 13. Thus, the regenerative ability of the stroma is more pronounced in rats than in humans, but also in humans regeneration of the stroma can possibly explain the regression of the myopic shift seen some time after excimer laser treatment.
A method for separation and staining of flat mounts of human corneal endothelium
Authors: Claesson M. , Elder M. J. , Larkin D. F. P.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT A technique is described in which sheets of corneal endothelium are removed from human donor corneo‐scleral discs. Celloidin solution was applied to the endothelial surface, allowed to dry, peeled off with the attached endothelial cell layer and mounted on a glass slide. Following removal of the celloidin with acetone, this endothelial cell flat mount was then stained with H&E and monoclonal antibodies to cell adhesion molecules. A pilot study of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in flat mount preparations of 14 corneas showed constitutive neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression, but a lower degree of focal expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VACM)‐1, P/E‐selectin and HLA‐DR.
Colour vision through intraocular lens
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija , Syrjäkoski Jussi , Tuppurainen Kaija , Honkonen Veijo
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Fifty patients aged from 30 to 69 years (mean 54.7 ± 11.3 years, SD) with a UV‐protected monofocal polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens (IOL) were examined with the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue (FM 100) test and the Color Vision Meter 712 anomaloscope. The spectral transmission of the same kind of IOLs as was used surgically was measured with Lambda 2 UV/VIS Spectrometer. In the FM 100 test, there was no significant difference between the results of the IOL eyes and normal eyes. However, the IOL eyes showed better error scores than the normal eyes in the blue‐purple box IV in the FM 100 test. In the anomaloscope testing, the Rayleigh (red‐green) equation showed no differences between the IOL patients and controls. In the Moreland (blue) equation, however, the mid matching point was significantly shifted towards more green (meaning better blue colour sensitivity) in the IOL eyes than in the control eyes. This is due to the spectral transmission of the IOLs which showed 80–90% transmission already starting at the wavelength of about 420 nm. In comparison, the transmission of the normal human lens reaches those percentages near 500 nm or even further at advanced age.
Cataract and high‐pass resolution perimetry
Authors: Martin Lene
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT The present study describes the influence of cataract on high‐pass resolution perimetry results. Twenty‐five otherwise healthy patients were examined before and after cataract surgery. Their preoperative visual acuities ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 and their mean resolution thresholds from 3.9 to 12.3 dB. Both elevated mean thresholds and local visual fields defects were observed. In patients with low‐grade cataract, i.e. preoperative visual acuity 0.3 to 0.65, the mean improvement in perimetric results after operation was approximately 1 dB. In patients with higher degrees of lens opacity, visual acuity 0.1 to 0.25, the difference between pre‐ and postoperative perimetry results showed a wide range, 1.4–6.2 dB. In conclusion, cataract induced different types of visual field defects. The general threshold increase due to low‐grade cataract (VA ≥ 0.3) could be compensated for by subtracting 1 dB from the measured value.
The influence of drop size of cyclopentolate, phenylephrine and tropicamide on pupil dilatation and systemic side effects in infants
Authors: Elibol Orhan , Alçe Turhan , Yüksel Nurşen , Çaĝlar Yusuf
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT In this prospective study, microdrops (mean drop volume 5.6 μl) and commercially available standard drops (mean drop volume 35.4 μl) of cyclopentolate, phenylephrine and tropicamide's clinical efficacy and systemic side effects were compared. Sixty‐one infants requiring diagnostic pupil dilatation were studied for pupillary diameter, systemic blood pressure, heart rate and skin flushing changes related to the instillation of mydriatic drops. Both microdrops and standard drops of the drugs produced significant increase in pupillary diameter compared with the baseline (p<0.01). In cyclopentolate and phenylephrine groups, there was no significant pupillary diameter changes between microdrops and standard drops (p>0.05). Mean blood pressure increased significantly in infants given standard drops. There was no significant change in the group that was given microdrops. In our opinion, reduced volume of mydriatics can prevent possible side effects.
An improved method to estimate frequency of false positive answers in computerized perimetry
Authors: Olsson Jonny , Bengtsson Boel , Heijl Anders , Rootzén Holger
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Reliability of patient performance in static computerized perimetry is important for evaluation of results. False positive answers tend to falsely increase measured threshold sensitivity. The frequency of false positive responses is traditionally measured by adding extra questions, catch trials, to the test. Catch trials are few and limited because of time constraints, leading to inexact estimates. We developed an improved method for estimation of false positive answers by using information already available in current ordinary computerized visual field testing, without increasing test time. We here describe the method and evaluate it in a prospectively collected material of 49 glaucoma eyes of 49 patients. The results show that the new method reduces measurement errors considerably and significantly as compared with the traditional catch trials method. Test‐retest change was only half with the new method as compared to the traditional method of catch trials. Furthermore, it can reduce test time by eliminating the need to use catch trials to estimate the frequency of false positive responses.
Visual impairment in Swedish children
Authors: Blohmé Jonas , Tornqvist Kristina
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the epidemiology of visual impairment in children forms one of the cornerstones of pediatric ophthalmology. In contrast to e.g. the other Nordic countries, Sweden has had no efficient and continuous registration of visually impaired children. An epidemiological study on this subject has now been done, collecting data on all children and adolescents registered at the Low Vision Clinics throughout Sweden. In this work data on 2373 visually impaired children, 0–19 years of age and living throughout Sweden are presented. Data collected in the study include sex, date of birth, county, ocular diagnosis, systemic diagnosis, classification of visual impairment, aetiology and possible additional impairments. The prevalence of visual impairment as defined by WHO was 10.9/10 000 inhabitants in the current age group. A slight male preponderance was seen compared to the total population 0–19 years. This was not reduced when only non‐genetic aetiological factors were taken into consideration. A total of 45% of the children had only a moderate visual impairment (WHO category 1), whereas approximately 25% were found in WHO categories 3,4 and 5, i.e. fulfilled the requirements for blindness. Additional impairments were found in 60% of the children. Mental impairment in combination with motor impairment or mental impairment exclusively were the most common ones seen.
Influence of technique and transplantation site on rosette formation in rabbit retinal transplants
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Bergström A. , Ehinger B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In order to determine mechanical and host‐graft related interactions in the histogenesis of retinal transplants, a new technique for transplanting flat and comparatively large pieces of embryonic rabbit retina into adult rabbit eyes was elaborated. With the procedure, free‐floating grafts in the epiretinal space survive, develop and differentiate largely without rosette formation, suggesting that the dissection and transplantation procedure is adequate for obtaining a normal development. On the other hand, subretinal transplants mature at an apparently faster pace than epiretinal transplants, but do not become regularly laminated. Outer segments do not develop well in the epiretinal transplants, whereas they do so in the subretinal ones, suggesting host‐graft interactions by means of yet unknown diffusible factors.
Results following episcleral ruthenium plaque radiotherapy for posterior uveal melanoma The Swedish experience
Authors: Seregard Stefan , af Trampe Eva , Lax Ingmar , Kock Erik , Lundell Göran
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The Swedish experience of ruthenium 106 plaque radiotherapy for posterior uveal melanoma includes 266 patients treated between 1979 and 1995. The median dose delivered at the tumour apex was 100 Gy and the median follow‐up after radiotherapy was 3.6 years (range = 0.5 to 12.5 years) with no patient being lost to follow‐up. Visual acuity deteriorated moderately following treatment but appeared to stabilize after 5 to 6 years. Treatment failure defined as enucleation following plaque treatment occurred in 46 of the 266 (17%) studied patients. The cumulative 5‐year probability of retaining the eye after radiotherapy was 82% and by univariate analysis tumour height, tumour diameter and tumour stage each predicted subsequent treatment failure, whereas in multivariate analysis no single covariate retained a predictive value. Forty‐five of the 266 patients died of any cause during follow‐up; 27 of these deaths were melanoma‐related. The cumulative 5‐year survival proportion (based on melanoma‐related deaths only) was 86%. Death in metastatic disease appeared to be more common among patients that failed ruthenium plaque radiotherapy, however these patients also tended to have large tumours.
Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal neovascularization A fluorescein and ICGV study
Authors: Marano Filippo , Deutman August F. , Pinckers Alfred J. L. G. , Aandekerk Albert L. , Rijneveld Wilhelmina J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We report the clinical history of 2 patients affected with reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and central choroidal neovascularization. With time, spontaneous reduction of the subretinal fluid associated with consequent improvement of the visual acuity has been noted in our first case. The second patient showed a stable fibrotic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Conventional fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green videoangiography findings are illustrated. The differential diagnosis between other reticular pigmented lesions often associated with choroidal neovascularization is discussed.
Intravitreal concentrations of some drugs administered with microdialysis
Authors: Waga Janina , Ehinger Berndt
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Intraocular microdialysis was used to administer the drugs 5‐fluorouracil, benzyl penicillin, daunomycin and dexamethasone into the vitreal space of rabbits. The purpose of the study was to investigate if therapeutic concentrations could be obtained with this administration method. After administering the drugs in labelled form, the attained concentrations were assessed by counting the radioactivity in the entire vitreous. For benzyl penicillin, the concentration was 2 μM, for dexamethasone it was 1.2 × 10−7 M, and for daunomycin it was 1.2 μM, which are considered to be within the therapeutic ranges. For 5‐fluorouracil, the corresponding concentration was 5 × 10−5 M which probably is below the therapeutic level, when comparing with single‐dose injections.
ICG videoangiography of occult choroidal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Atmaca Leyla S. , Batioǧlu Figen , Atmaca Pelin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Digital indocyanine green videoangiography has recently been reported to improve the imaging of occult choroidal neovascularization. In this study, 44 eyes with occult choroidal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration were studied with fluorescein and indocyanine green videoangiography. On indocyanine green videoangiographic examination, 6 of the 44 eyes (13.6%) with occult choroidal neovascularization had vascularized pigment epithelial detachment and 27 (61.4%) had vascularized retinal pigment epithelium. In the remaining 11 (25%) eyes which had previous laser photocoagulation, indocyanine green videoangiography confirmed the presence of recurrence while fluorescein revealed no demonstrable neovascularization. The findings in our study indicate that patients with occult choroidal neovascularization have manifestations that are more clearly demonstrated with indocyanine green videoangiography and improved imaging of these abnormal vessels could potentially increase the number of patients eligible for photocoagulation treatment.
Quantitative determination of aqueous flare and cells in healthy eyes
Authors: Guillén‐Monterrubio O. M. , Hartikainen J. , Taskinen K. , Saari K. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied 263 eyes of 141 normal subjects, 33 men and 108 women, including 129 Finns and 12 Ibero‐Americans, with the age ranging between 12 and 89 (mean 43.0 ± 20.4) years using the Kowa FC‐1000 laser flare cell meter. The mean photon count/ms was 4.5, it was 3.1 in the age groups of 10–19 years and 11.5 in the age group of 80 years or over; the increase with age was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the photon count/ms between right and left eyes (p = 0.75), between sexes (p = 0.61), or between Ibero‐Americans and age‐matched Finns (p = 0.62). The mean cell count was 1.1 and there were no significant changes between the right and left eyes (p = 0.56) or between different age (p = 0.38), sex (p = 0.32) and race (p = 0.64) groups. There were no significant differences in the mean photon count/ms (p = 0.97) and cell counts (p = 0.35) between the first and second measurements 5 min later. There was no subject‐within variability after 24 h and 7 days in the flare (p = 0.95) and cell counts (p = 0.89).
Measurement of protein concentration of aqueous humour in vivo: correlation between laser flare measurements and chemical protein determination
Authors: Saari K. M. , Guillén‐Monterrubio O. M. , Hartikainen J. , Hämäläinen M. M. , Taskinen K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied the correlation between laser flare cell meter photon count/ms and actual protein concentration both in vitro and in vivo. Laser flare cell meter measurement of human albumin concentrations of 0 to 10 g/l showed photon counts/ms from 0.3 ± 0.3 to 78.9 ± 3.9. There was a statistically highly significant linear correlation between photon count/ms and human albumin concentration (r = 0.98, p = 0.0001). Laser flare cell meter measurements were done on 39 cataract patients with the mean age of 77.9 ± 6.7 years. Aqueous humour obtained by peroperative paracentesis was analysed for total protein. The mean photon count/ms before pupillary dilatation was 11.93 ± 6.03. There was a significant linear correlation (r = 0.4, p = 0.019) between the photon count/ms after pupillary dilatation (mean 14.73 ± 12.9, range 2.6–62.4) and anterior chamber protein concentration (mean 0.62 ± 0.27, range 0.23‐1.3 g/l) with the linear regression formula being y = 0.231 × ‐1.105 where y = log protein concentration (g/l) and x = log of photon count/ms. Laser flare cell meter photon counts/ms may be converted into an equivalent anterior chamber total protein concentration using this formula.
Course and complications of intermediate uveitis
Authors: Deane J. S. , Rosenthal A. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Intermediate uveitis is associated with a wide variety of complications, particularly in patients attending uveitis referral centres, but little information exists on the frequency of these complications in a general pool of patients. We reviewed all the cases known to have originated in one English county. 86 eyes of 48 patients with a mean follow‐up of 48 months were affected. The principal threat to sight was cystoid macular oedema (31%). Other complications included vitreous haemorrhage (8%), disc swelling (5%), periphlebitis (21%) and cataract (5%). Most patients required no treatment other than observation and overall the visual outcome was good with 85% of patients and 63% of eyes having vision of 6/9 or better. Cystoid macular oedema and snowbanking were significantly associated with a worse visual outcome, whilst the other complications were not.
Long‐term results of macular pucker surgery
Authors: Crafoord Sven , Jemt Maria , Carlsson Jan‐Olof , Stenkula Staffan , Shanks Guy
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Purpose: Macular pucker patients were re‐examined 16–90 months after surgery (mean 72 months) to evaluate visual acuity, metamorphopsia, and complications, with particular reference to cataract development. Surgery had been performed on 48 eyes in 46 patients, 31 eyes having a primary, and 17 eyes a secondary macular pucker.

Results: At the 6‐month control 65% of the eyes with a primary macular pucker and 35% of the eyes with a secondary macular pucker exhibited an improved visual acuity defined as doubling or more of the visual angle. At the last control 57% of the primary group and 33% of the secondary group had a visual acuity which still exceeded the preoperative value. At the final examination a cataract progression was observed in 22/28 (79%) of the primary group and 8/14 (57%) of the secondary group. In the primary group 11% and in the secondary group 36% of the eyes suffered a retinal detachment. All cases were successfully treated and none were followed by visual deterioration.

Conclusion: The improvement in visual quality after macular pucker surgery appears to be long‐standing, if not permanent, especially in primary cases. In those eyes in which a decrease in visual acuity is observed, the most frequent cause is cataract development.
Effects of constant and flickering light on retinal metabolism in rabbits
Authors: Wang Lin , Bill Anders
Published: May 2009

Purpose: To characterize the glucose metabolism in the rabbit retina.

Methods: An artery and a vortex vein were cannulated. Arteriovenous differences in oxygen, lactate and glucose concentrations, and blood flow were determined during either 1) darkness and light, or 2) light and 4 Hz flickering light.

Results: In darkness, oxygen consumption, glucose consumption, and lactate formation were 0.122 ± 0.014, 0.204 ± 0.015 and 0.160 ± 0.023 μmol/min (mean ± SE), respectively. Constant light reduced oxygen consumption insignificantly, and had no effect on glucose consumption. Hyperoxia did not affect the lactate formation. Flickering light increased the glucose consumption and lactate formation by 15–20%.

Conclusions: In rabbits, 10% of the glucose consumed is oxidized, 40–50% is metabolized to lactate and the rest is used for other purposes. The glycolysis is primarily aerobic. Flickering light increases the glucose metabolism, constant light having little effect.
The role of nitric oxide in hyperaemic response to flicker in the retina and optic nerve in cats
Authors: Kondo Mitsuhiro , Wang Lin , Bill Anders
Published: May 2009

Purpose: To elucidate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the eye and the flicker‐induced vascular response.

Methods: The blood flow in the retina and different parts of the optic nerve was compared in cats treated with the NO‐synthase blocker, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester and in control animals. In both groups, one of the eyes was dark‐adapted, the other was subjected to 8 Hz flickering light. The regional blood flow was measured with the microsphere method.

Results: In control animals, flickering light increased blood flow in the retina and optic nerve head by 39% and 256%, respectively. Pretreatment with NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester prevented this increase in retinal blood flow and markedly reduced the blood flow in the optic nerve heads.

Conclusion: NO release may mediate much of the vasodilating effect of flicker in cats, and play a role in maintaining normal vascular tone in the optic nerve head.
Active prevention in diabetic eye disease
Authors: Kristinsson Jóhannes K. , Hauksdóttir Harpa , Stefánsson Einar , Jónasson Fridbert , Gíslason Ingimundur
Published: May 2009

Ten years after the foundation of a national diabetic eye screening program in 1980, we have established a low prevalence of blindness and partial sight in type 1 and type 2 diabetics in Iceland. We ask whether the screening program is also associated with a low incidence of blindness in diabetics. We now report the results of a prospective study on the 4‐year incidence of diabetic retinopathy and visual impairment in type 1 diabetics with age at onset less than 30 years. Out of 205 patients participating at baseline, 175 patients (85.4%) participated over the full 4‐year period. Patients were examined annually and received laser treatment according to Diabetic‐ and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria. The 4‐year incidence of any retinopathy was 38.1%, of proliferative retinopathy 6.6%, and of macular edema 3.4%. Out of 174 patients, 7.4% showed improvement in visual acuity of 2 Snellen lines while 2.5% experienced worsening of visual acuity of 2 Snellen lines during the 4‐year period. No diabetic suffered more than 2 lines deterioration of vision and none became legally blind. The incidence of retinopathy in Icelandic type 1 diabetics participating in our annual eye screening program is low and the visual acuity stable. Our results suggest that visual impairment in diabetics can be prevented with active regular screening and standard laser therapy.
Cilioretinal artery occlusion following scleral reinforcement surgery
Authors: Karabatsas Constantinos H. , Waldock Andrew , Potts Michael J.
Published: May 2009

A 12‐year‐old high myope girl presented with a cilioretinal artery occlusion in her left eye. Three years previously, she had undergone posterior scleral support surgery to prevent the progression of her myopia. The general medical workup of the patient did not reveal any causative factor for retinal artery occlusion. A possible relation between the cilioretinal artery obstruction and the previous scleral reinforcement surgery is postulated based on two proposed mechanisms.
Autosomal recessive nanophthalmos
Authors: Altintaş Ayşegül Koçak , Acar Mehmet Akif , Yalvaç Ilgaz Saĝdiç , Koçak Inci , Nurözler Ayşe , Duman Sunay
Published: May 2009

Nanophthalmos is a rare congenital ocular malformation which is generally recognized at middle age when serious complications have already developed. In this report 7 early diagnosed nanophthalmic cases are presented and diagnostic criteria, complications, inheritance and various modalities of treatment are discussed.
Enlargement of extraocular muscles during treatment with amiodarone
Authors: Sundelin Karin , Norrsell Kerstin
Published: May 2009

A case of extraocular muscle enlargement diagnosed 2 months after the start of treatment with amiodarone is presented. The orbital CT scan was typical of endocrine ophthalmopathy. The patient had no history of hyperthyroidism and during a follow‐up period of 2 years no laboratory evidence of irregularities in the thyroid hormone metabolism was discovered.
Conjunctival keratoacanthoma
Authors: Schellini Silvana Artioli , Marques Mariângela Ester Alencar , Milanezi Maria Fernanda Grillo , Bacchi Carlos E.
Published: May 2009

Keratoacanthoma is a rapidly growing skin neoplasia that may stabilize or regress spontaneously. We describe here a case of conjunctival keratoacanthoma and comment about the clinical signs and symptoms and pathological findings.
Females increase reproductive investment in response to helper‐mediated improvements in allo‐feeding, nest survival, nestling provisioning and post‐fledging survival in the Karoo scrub‐robinCercotrichas coryphaeus
Authors: Lloyd Penn , Andrew Taylor W. , Du Plessis Morné A , Martin Thomas E.
Published: May 2009

In many cooperatively‐breeding species, the presence of one or more helpers improves the reproductive performance of the breeding pair receiving help. Helper contributions can take many different forms, including allo‐feeding, offspring provisioning, and offspring guarding or defence. Yet, most studies have focussed on single forms of helper contribution, particularly offspring provisioning, and few have evaluated the relative importance of a broader range of helper contributions to group reproductive performance. We examined helper contributions to multiple components of breeding performance in the Karoo scrub‐robinCercotrichas coryphaeus, a facultative cooperative breeder. We also tested a prediction of increased female investment in reproduction when helpers improve conditions for rearing young. Helpers assisted the breeding male in allo‐feeding the incubating female, increasing allo‐feeding rates. Greater allo‐feeding correlated with greater female nest attentiveness during incubation. Nest predation was substantially lower among pairs breeding with a helper, resulting in a 74% increase in the probability of nest survival. Helper contributions to offspring provisioning increased nestling feeding rates, resulting in a reduced incidence of nestling starvation and increased nestling mass. Nestling mass had a strong, positive effect on post‐fledging survival. Controlling for female age and habitat effects, annual production of fledged young was 130% greater among pairs breeding with a helper, and was influenced most strongly by helper correlates with nest survival, despite important helper effects on offspring provisioning. Females breeding with a helper increased clutch size, supporting the prediction of increased female investment in reproduction in response to helper benefits.
Is insertion torque correlated to bone–implant contact percentage in the early healing period? A histological and histomorphometrical evaluation of 17 human‐retrieved dental implants
Authors: Degidi Marco , Perrotti Vittoria , Strocchi Rita , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna
Published: May 2009

Objective: A precise and scientifically established method for the evaluation of the bone quality/primary stability is the measure of the insertion torque (IT). The aim of this study was a comparison between the IT values and the bone–implant contact percentage (BIC) of human implants retrieved after a 4/8‐week healing period.

Materials: Seventeen implants, all with a sandblasted and acid‐etched surface, were evaluated in the present study.

Methods: The implants had been retrieved for different causes, after 4/8 weeks, with a 5 mm trephine bur, and immersed in 10% buffered formalin to be processed for histology.

Results: A not statistically significant correlation was found between IT and BIC (P≤0.892).

Conclusions: In the present study on human‐retrieved implants, no statistically significant correlation was found between the IT values and BIC. These results could be due to a lack of relationship between bone structure and IT, or to the fact that primary stability may not only be influenced by bone volumetrical density and/or bone trabecular connectivity but also by the thickness and density of the cortical layer. Moreover, the present knowledge of the bone microstructure is not enough to explain the relationship of bone quality and primary implant stability.
Randomized‐controlled clinical trial of customized zirconia and titanium implant abutments for single‐tooth implants in canine and posterior regions: 3‐year results
Authors: Zembic Anja , Sailer Irena , Jung Ronald Ernst , Hämmerle Christoph Hans Franz
Published: May 2009

Objectives: The aim was to test whether or not zirconia abutments exhibit the same survival and technical/biological outcome as titanium abutments.

Material and methods: Twenty‐two patients receiving 40 single‐tooth implants in canine and posterior regions were included. The implant sites were randomly assigned to 20 zirconia and 20 titanium abutments. All‐ceramic and metal–ceramic crowns were fabricated. At baseline, 6, 12 and 36 months, the reconstructions were examined for technical and biological problems. Probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque control record (PCR) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at abutments (test) and analogous contralateral teeth (control). Standardized radiographs of the implants were made and the bone level (BL) was measured referring to the implant shoulder on mesial (mBL) and distal sides (dBL). The difference of color (ΔE) of the peri‐implant mucosa and the gingiva of control teeth was assessed with a spectrophotometer. The data were statistically analyzed with Mann–Whitney Rank and Student's unpaired t‐tests.

Results: Eighteen patients with 18 zirconia and 10 titanium abutments were examined at a mean follow‐up of 36 months (range 31.5–53.3 months). No fracture of an abutment or loss of a reconstruction was found. Hence, both exhibited 100% survival. At two metal–ceramic crowns supported by titanium abutments chipping of the veneering ceramic occurred. No difference of the biological outcome of zirconia and titanium abutments was observed: PPD ( 3.2 ± 1 mm, mPPDTi 3.4 ± 0.5 mm), PCR ( 0.1 ± 0.2, mPCRTi 0.1 ± 0.2) and BOP ( 0.4 ± 0.4, mBOPTi 0.2 ± 0.3). Furthermore, the BL was similar at implants supporting zirconia and titanium abutments ( 1.7 ± 1, 1.6 ± 1; mBLTi 2 ± 1, dBLTi 2.1 ± 1). Both, zirconia and titanium abutments induced a similar amount of discoloration of the mucosa compared with the gingiva at natural teeth ( 9.3 ± 3.8, ΔETi 6.8 ± 3.8).

Conclusions: At 3 years, zirconia and titanium abutments exhibited same survival and technical, biological and esthetical outcomes.
Role of the RING‐CH Domain of Viral Ligase mK3 in Ubiquitination of Non‐Lysine and Lysine MHC I Residues
Authors: Herr Roger A. , Harris Jennifer , Fang Shengyun , Wang Xiaoli , Hansen Ted H.
Published: May 2009

A plethora of ubiquitin ligases determine the intracellular location and fate of numerous proteins in a substrate‐specific manner. However, the mechanisms for these functions are incompletely understood. Most ligases have structurally related RING domains that are critical for ligase activity including the recruitment of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes. Here we probe the function of the RING‐CH domain of murine γ‐herpesvirus‐68 ligase mK3 that functions as an immune evasin by targeting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chains for endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD). Interestingly, mK3 mediates ubiquitin conjugation via ester bonds to S or T residues in addition to conventional isopeptide linkages to K residues. To determine the mechanism of non‐K ubiquitination of substrates, we introduced into an mK3 background the RING‐CH domains of related viral and cellular MARCH (membrane associated RING‐CH) ligases. We found that although a conserved W present in all viral RING‐CH domains is critical for mK3 function, sequences outside the RING‐CH domain determine whether and which non‐lysine substrate residues can be ubiquitinated by mK3. Our findings support the model that viral ligases have evolved a highly effective strategy to optimally orient their RING domain with substrate allowing them to ubiquitinate non‐K residues.
Amyloid β and impairment in multiple memory systems in older transgenic APP TgCRND8 mice
Authors: Hanna A. , Horne P. , Yager D. , Eckman C. , Eckman E. , Janus C.
Published: May 2009

The relationship between amyloid beta and cognitive dysfunction in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease has been evaluated predominantly with the spatial reference memory version of the water maze task. However, as Alzheimer's disease encompasses decline in multiple memory systems, it is important to also utilize non‐spatial tasks to fully characterize the role of amyloid on behaviour in animal models. We used the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease to evaluate the effect of amyloid on spatial reference memory, as well as on the non‐spatial task of acquisition of conditioned taste aversion, and on the procedural task of swimming to a visible platform. We demonstrate that 8‐ to 12‐month‐old TgCRND8 mice are significantly impaired in all three tasks, and that the levels of soluble amyloid beta are significantly correlated with impairment in spatial reference memory, but not with impairment in conditioned taste aversion or swimming to a visible platform. Insoluble fractions of amyloid, which correspond closely to amyloid plaque burden in the brain, are not associated with any behavioural measure. Our study extends the characterization of the model to stages of advanced amyloid pathology and demonstrates that older TgCRND8 mice are impaired in multiple memory systems, including procedural tasks, which are spared at younger ages. The lack of association between amyloid plaques and memory decline supports clinical findings in Alzheimer's patients.
Phase II study of irinotecan in combination with capecitabine as a first‐line chemotherapy in Asian patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: MOK Tony , YANG Tsai‐Shen , CHAO Yee , WANG Cheng‐Hsu , LIU Mei‐Ching , KANG Yoon Koo , KANG Won Ki , KIM Jun Suk , WANG Yajie , LEUNG Thomas
Published: May 2009

Aim:  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly fatal malignancies in Asia but treatment options are limited.

Methods:  This multinational, nonrandomized phase II trial using the combination of irinotecan (Campto or CPT‐11) and capecitabine (Xeloda) was conducted to determine efficacy and safety of this combination in Asian patients with advanced inoperable HCC. The starting dose was irinotecan 200 mg/m2 every 3 weeks followed by capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days followed by a 7‐day rest. The primary endpoint was tumor response rate, based on response evaluation criteria in solid tumors criteria. Secondary objectives included the safety and tolerability of the treatment combination, time to progression, duration of overall response, tumor growth control rate (complete response, partial response plus stable disease) and overall survival.

Results:  Of the 63 recruited patients, 47 were evaluable. Of these, three (6.4%) achieved a partial response (lasting 2.2, 3.4 and 8.0 months, respectively). The median overall survival was 4.5 months. Grade 4 diarrhea was reported in four patients. Hematologic grade 4 laboratory abnormalities observed in patients while on study treatment included neutropenia (5.2%) and anemia (1.7%). Seven patients (12.1%) had grade 4 elevations in their total bilirubin. Both irinotecan and capecitabine were generally well tolerated, with manageable and reversible toxicities.

Conclusion:  Combination therapy with irinotecan and capecitabine has limited efficacy in the treatment of advanced‐stage HCC. Further investigation of this combination is not warranted.
Safety and tolerability of FOLFOX4 in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer in Asian patients: The MASCOT study
Authors: LEE Po‐Huang , PARK Young‐Suk , JI Jia‐Fu , FU Yiu‐Tung , RATANATHARATHORN Vorachai
Published: May 2009

Aims:  The MOSAIC trial showed that FOLFOX4 improves overall survival as compared to 5‐FU/LV and is feasible and safe in early stage colon cancer patients worldwide. Based on these positive results, the present study MASCOT (Multicenter Asia Study in adjuvant treatment of Colon cancer with Oxalipla Tin/5‐FU/LV), aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of FOLFOX4 in postoperative adjuvant treatment of colon cancer in Asian patients.

Methods:  In this open‐label, non‐randomized, single arm feasibility study, stage II/III colon cancer patients who had undergone complete resection of a primary tumor were treated using the FOLFOX4 regimen (2 weeks/cycle, 12 cycles) and followed up for 12 months.

Results:  A total of 159 patients (28.3% stage II and 71.7% stage III) from 17 hospitals in five Asian countries were included in the study. Overall 130 (81.8%) patients completed all 12 planned treatment cycles. There were 60% and 11% patients who experienced ≥ grade 3 pre‐listed and non pre‐listed toxicities, respectively. The incidences of grade 3 and 4 neuropathy were 5.7% and 0%, respectively. A total of 25 serious adverse events (SAE) were experienced by 21 (13%) patients, with one life‐threatening SAE. At 12 months follow‐up two patients were known to be dead due to disease relapse or recurrence.

Conclusion:  The MASCOT study demonstrates a favorable safety profile of FOLFOX4 in Asian patients. Based on these results and the safety and efficacy results from MOSAIC, FOLFOX4 may be considered a standard for the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer in the Asian population.
Gefitinib‐induced autologous antitumor immunity
Authors: KANAZAWA Shigenori , KINOSHITA Yoshimi , YAMAGUCHI Kazuyuki , NOMURA Shosaku
Published: May 2009

Aim:  We previously reported that thromboxane (TX) B2, p‐selectin, and the cytokine that is regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) were elevated in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with gefitinib. It is reported that macrophages are activated by platelets. We hypothesized that macrophages were activated in patients medicated with gefitinib, and we measured their plasma macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1 beta.

Methods:  Patients with NSCLC not curable by surgery were entered in the study and received gefitinib at a dose of 250 mg/day over a period of two weeks. Blood samples were drawn before and after administration and MIP‐1 beta was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:  A total of 28 patients, 42–82‐years of age (median, 67); 16 men and 12 women, were the subjects of the study: 21 had adenocarcinomas and seven squamous cancers. Partial response to gefitinib occurred in 11 patients, 12 had stable disease and five had progressive disease. The mean serum level of MIP‐1 beta in the 28 evaluable patients increased significantly after gefitinib medication for 1 and 2 weeks from a baseline of 101 ± 19 pg/mL to 139 ± 25 pg/mL at one week (P < 0.05) and 131 ± 29 pg/mL at 2 weeks (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Immunological markers related to activated platelets including MIP‐1 beta as well as thromboxane A2 p‐selectin and RANTES, are elevated in patients undergoing therapy with gefitinib. We speculate that gefitinib has a potential autologous immunological anti‐tumor activity.