bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einfluss der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention auf die deutsche Rechtsprechung und Gesetzgebung zu Zwangsmaßnahmen
Authors: Müller Sabine
Published: August 2018

Die UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention (UN-BRK) hat die Rechtsprechung und Gesetzgebung zur Psychiatrie in Deutschland beeinflusst. Sie hat bei richtungweisenden Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts und des Bundesgerichtshofs eine Rolle gespielt, durch die Novellierungen des Betreuungsrechts und verschiedener Landesgesetze (PsychischKranken-, Unterbringungs- und Maßregelvollzugsgesetze) veranlasst wurden.

Außerdem hat sie eine intensive Diskussion innerhalb der Psychiatrie angestoßen, die inzwischen zu einem kritischeren und zurückhaltenderen Umgang mit Zwangsbehandlungen geführt hat.

Die Auslegung der UN-BRK ist allerdings umstritten. Das von der UNO eingesetzte "Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" (CRPD) hat 2014 in seinem "General Comment on Article 12 of the UN Convention" eine Interpretation der UN-BRK veröffentlicht, die in problematischer Weise von früheren internationalen Vereinbarungen über Menschenrechte und früheren WHO-Empfehlungen abweicht. Darin fordert das CRPD u.a. die völlige Abschaffung von ersetzenden Entscheidungen durch rechtliche Betreuer sowie die vollständige Abschaffung von Unterbringungen und Zwangsmaßnahmen. Von Seiten der Bundesregierung wird die Auslegung des CRPD nicht anerkannt. Auch das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat in einer Entscheidung zu Zwangsbehandlungen zum einen festgestellt, dass die Stellungnahmen des CRPD für internationale und nationale Gerichte nicht völkerrechtlich verbindlich sind. Zum anderen hat es die Position des CRPD inhaltlich kritisiert und insbesondere dargelegt, dass aus der UN-BRK keineswegs folgt, dass es keinerlei ersetzende Entscheidungen und keinerlei Zwangsbehandlungen geben dürfe. Vielmehr sieht das Bundesverfassungsgericht eine Schutzpflicht des Staates gerade für Menschen, die aufgrund von Krankheit oder Behinderung keinen freien Willen bilden können und sich in hilfloser Lage befinden. Diese Menschen sollten nicht ihrem Schicksal überlassen werden.

Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat die UN-BRK interpretiert, indem es zwischen den verschiedenen Grundrechten abgewogen und zwischen dem freien und dem natürlichen Willen differenziert hat, während das CRPD ein naiv verstandenes Recht auf Selbstbestimmung absolut gesetzt hat.
Wie Menschenrechte der Psychiatrie in Deutschland den Weg weisen:
Authors: Aderhold Volkmar
Published: August 2018

Die Besorgnisse und Empfehlungen der „Abschließenden Bemerkungen“ der UN ü̈ber den ersten Staatenbericht Deutschlands werden durch aktuelle Daten der Gesundheitsberichtserstattung konkretisiert. Ihre „Empfehlungen“ werden durch evidenzbasierte Versorgungsmodelle konkretisiert sowie durch weitere Inhalte aus dem Bericht des Sonderberichterstatter von 2017 als Visionen für die deutsche psychiatrische Versorgung ergänzt und so der Weg einer von der Wahrung der Menschenrechte und sozialer Inklusion bestimmten Psychiatrie aufgezeigt. Dabei stehen die Vermeidung von Zwang durch traumainformierte Behandlung und der Aufbau komplexer ambulanter Behandlungsstrukturen durch die Modelle des Offenen Dialogs und den Recovery-Ansatzes im Mittelpunkt eines Paradigmenwechsels. Das Bewusstsein, dass auch in der Psychiatrie von heute fortgesetzt vor allem durch mangelhafte Strukturen Menschenrechtsverletzungen begangen werden, die vermeidbar wären, sollte zur Entschiedenheit zu den erforderlichen Veränderungen beitragen.
Small-Fiber-Neuropathien
Authors: Sommer Claudia , Üçeyler Nurcan
Published: August 2018

Das klinische Bild der Small-Fiber-Neuropathie, einer Erkrankung der dünn bemarkten A-delta- und unbemarkten C-Fasern, ist geprägt durch brennende akrale Schmerzen. Wichtig ist die Suche nach der Krankheitsursache, die vielfältig sein kann, am häufigsten jedoch Diabetes mellitus. Die klinische Verdachtsdiagnose wird untermauert durch spezielle Untersuchungen, die in diesem Beitrag ebenso wie die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten vorgestellt werden.
Synthesis of Indole-Dihydroisoquinoline Sulfonyl Ureas via Three-Component Reactions
Authors: Pearson Stuart , Fillery Shaun , Goldberg Kristin , Demeritt Julie , Eden Jonathan , Finlayson Jonathan , Patel Anil
Published: August 2018

Isoquinolines activated with sulfamoyl chlorides were reacted with indoles in a 3-component reaction to generate a library of dihydroisoquinoline derivatives. Using a differential protecting group strategy, products could be further derivatised. Synthesis of isoquinoline starting materials using several different methods is also described.
Large-Scale Flow Photochemical Synthesis of Functionalized trans-Cyclooctenes Using Sulfonated Silica Gel
Authors: Darko Ampofo , Fox Joseph , Boyd Samantha
Published: August 2018

Functionalized trans-cyclooctenes are useful bioorthogonal reagents that are typically prepared using a flow photoisomerization method in which the product is captured by AgNO3 on silica gel. While this method is effective, the leaching of silver can be problematic when scaling up syntheses. It is shown here that Ag(I) immobilized on tosic silica gel can be used to capture trans-cyclooctene products at higher loadings without leaching. It is demonstrated that the sulfonated silica gel can be regenerated and reused with similar yields over multiple runs. Nine different trans-cyclooctenes were synthesized, including those commonly utilized in bioorthogonal chemistry as well as new amine and carboxylic acid derivatives.
Synthesis of 1,4-Diketones via Titanium-Mediated Reductive Homocoupling of α-Haloketones
Authors: Gesinski Michael , Le Nathan , Rodriguez Aimee , Alleyn James
Published: August 2018

1,4-Diketones have been synthesized via a reductive homocoupling of α-haloketones. Addition of a Grignard reagent to titanium(IV) isopropoxide affords a low-valent titanium(III) intermediate that is believed to mediate a radical dimerization reaction. The reaction works well for a variety of aromatic α-haloketones including heteroaromatic compounds.
Olfactory Groove Schwannoma—A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: De Cesaro Marcelo , Araújo Moisés , Carli Fernada , Manfroi Gregori , Schwingel Daniela , Mesquita Filho Paulo
Published: August 2018

Olfactory groove schwannomas (OGSs) are rare benign tumors of the anterior skull base region. Considering the lack of Schwann cells in the optic and olfactory nerves, their origin remains enigmatic. Despite the precursor cell, total resection of the lesion is curative, as long as the histopathological features of the tumor are compatible with schwannoma. We report the case of a 32-year-old woman, addicted to crack, who was brought to the hospital presenting with cognitive dysfunction after being physically assaulted, whose neuroimaging revealed a large extra-axial mass in the subfrontal sagittal region. The presentation, immunohistochemical markers and histogenesis are discussed in the present study, along with a literature review.
Global classical solutions to the 2D compressible Navier-Stokes equations with vacuum
Authors: Ding Shijin , Huang Bingyuan , Liu Xiaoling
Published: August 2018

We investigate the global classical solutions to the Cauchy problem for the 2-D viscous compressible Navier-Stokes equations with vacuum and small initial density but possibly large initial energy, provided the shear viscosity is a positive constant and the bulk one is λ = ρβ for any β ∈ [0, 1]. This extends the earlier work on the well-posedness theory of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with small initial energy [such as Huang et al., Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 65, 549–585 (2012); Li and Xin, e-print arXiv:1310.1673; and Fang and Guo, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 67, 22 (2016), respectively].
GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells grown on transparent and conductive (-201)-oriented β-Ga2O3 substrate for UV vertical light emitting devices
Authors: Ajia I. A. , Yamashita Y. , Lorenz K. , Muhammed M. M. , Spasevski L. , Almalawi D. , Xu J. , Iizuka K. , Morishima Y. , Anjum D. H. , Wei N. , Martin R. W. , Kuramata A. , Roqan I. S.
Published: August 2018

GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are grown on a 2¯01-oriented β-Ga2O3 substrate. The optical and structural characteristics of the MQW structure are compared with those of a similar structure grown on sapphire. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images show that the MQW structure exhibits higher crystalline quality of well-defined quantum wells when compared to a similar structure grown on sapphire. X-ray diffraction rocking curve and photoluminescence excitation analyses confirm the lower density of dislocation defects in the sample grown on a β-Ga2O3 substrate. A detailed analysis of time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements shows that the MQWs grown on a β-Ga2O3 substrate are of higher optical quality. Our work indicates that the 2¯01-oriented β-Ga2O3 substrate can be a potential candidate for UV vertical emitting devices.
An irreducible function basis of isotropic invariants of a third order three-dimensional symmetric tensor
Authors: Chen Zhongming , Liu Jinjie , Qi Liqun , Zheng Quanshui , Zou Wennan
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present an eleven invariant isotropic irreducible function basis of a third order three-dimensional symmetric tensor. This irreducible function basis is a proper subset of the Olive-Auffray minimal isotropic integrity basis of that tensor. The octic invariant and a sextic invariant in the Olive-Auffray integrity basis are dropped out. This result is of significance to the further research of irreducible function bases of higher order tensors.
An experimental and theoretical study of the photoelectron spectra of cis-dichloroethene: Valence shell vertical ionization and vibronic coupling in the low-lying cationic states
Authors: Trofimov A. B. , Powis I. , Menzies R. C. , Holland D. M. P. , Antonsson E. , Patanen M. , Nicolas C. , Miron C. , Skitnevskaya A. D. , Gromov E. V. , Köppel H.
Published: August 2018

The valence shell photoelectron spectrum of cis-dichloroethene has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Photoelectron spectra have been recorded with horizontally and vertically plane polarized synchrotron radiation, thereby allowing the anisotropy parameters, characterizing the angular distributions, to be determined. The third-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation scheme for the one-particle Green’s function has been employed to compute the complete valence shell ionization spectrum. In addition, the vertical ionization energies have been calculated using the outer valence Green’s function (OVGF) method and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster, with single and double substitutions for calculating ionization potentials (EOM-IP-CCSD) model. The theoretical results have enabled assignments to be proposed for most of the structure observed in the experimental spectra, including the inner-valence regions dominated by satellite states. The linear vibronic coupling model has been employed to study the vibrational structure of the lowest photoelectron bands, using parameters obtained from ab initio calculations. The ground state optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies have been computed at the level of the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and the dependence of the ionization energies on the nuclear configuration has been evaluated using the OVGF method. While the adiabatic approximation holds for the X̃ 2B1 state photoelectron band, the Ã 2B2, B̃ 2A1, and C̃ 2A2 states interact vibronically and form a complex photoelectron band system with four distinct maxima. The D̃ 2B1 and Ẽ 2B2 states also interact vibronically with each other. The potential energy surface of the D̃ 2B1 state is predicted to have a double-minimum shape with respect to the out-of-plane a2 deformations of the molecular structure. The single photoelectron band resulting from this interaction is characterized by a highly irregular structure, reflecting the non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics occurring on the two coupled potential energy surfaces forming a conical intersection close to the minimum of the Ẽ 2B2 state.
Simulation of uranium plasma plume dynamics in atmospheric oxygen produced via femtosecond laser ablation
Authors: Finko Mikhail S. , Curreli Davide
Published: August 2018

Laser ablation is an easily accessible method of producing metallic plasmas in reactive, atmospheric environments. The use of laser ablation for the study of uranium plasma chemistry in atmospheric ablation plumes is highly relevant for nuclear forensics and standoff detection, but the behavior of such systems is currently not well understood. One of the main difficulties in studying these systems is that the already considerable complexity of plume dynamics in vacuum conditions is further enhanced by shockwave formation and plasma-chemical behavior in reactive, atmospheric environments. Therefore, in order to understand the ablation dynamics of an atmospheric uranium ablation system, both the transport and kinetics of the reactive uranium plasma plume have to be accounted for. In this work, we present a two-dimensional compressible, reactive, multi-species fluid model of the early stages of femtosecond uranium plume expansion in atmospheric oxygen. This model utilizes a previously constructed uranium-oxygen plasma chemistry reaction mechanism consisting of 172 reaction channels and 30 species in order to treat the reaction kinetics of a uranium ablation plume. The model captures both the complex compressible dynamics of the ablation shockwave and the stratification of the ablation plume into regions of varying reactivities and molecular compositions due to the plasma-chemical interactions between the plume and the reactive atmosphere. The result is a detailed picture of the spatial and temporal evolution of both the fluid moments and the major plasma-chemical species concentrations of the ablation plume.
Rapid dip-dry MWNT-rGO ink wrapped polyester elastic band (PEB) for piezoresistive strain sensor applications
Authors: Tewari Amit , Gandla Srinivas , Bohm Siva , McNeill Christopher R. , Gupta Dipti
Published: August 2018

Herein, we report the fabrication as well as application of a multiwall carbon nanotube-reduced graphene oxide polyester band (MWNT-rGO@PEB) piezoresistive strain sensor for human-machine interface applications. The addition of unzipped functionalized MWNTs in the rGO ink assists in providing the propagation path for the charge carriers. The sensing mechanism involved for this strain sensor comprises two regimes, one with a gauge factor of 150 (0%–25%) and the other one with 650 (28%–40%) with the change in the resistivity at a low strain value since the fibres entangled together and wrapped with conductive rGO flakes get separated very slightly apart. At higher strain values, the flakes wrapped on the fibre backbones separated far apart, resulting in a disconnected percolation path for the charges. This kind of sensing mechanism has enough potential to detect small scale as well as large scale motions with excellent reproducibility over 2000 cycles. Some heath monitoring applications such as forearm motion, cheek bulging, and finger bending have been demonstrated in real time by using this piezoresistive strain sensor. The significant advantages of these sensors are their low cost, easy fabrication (one step), and versatility, which render them favourable for health-monitoring applications.
Saturation of the low-threshold parametric decay of the O-mode pump in the fundamental harmonic ECRH experiment
Authors: Gusakov E. Z. , Popov A. Yu.
Published: August 2018

The saturation regime of the low-power-threshold ordinary (O) wave parametric decay instability leading to the excitation of a localized upper hybrid (UH) wave and a low-hybrid wave is analysed. The cascade of secondary decays of a daughter UH wave to a localized UH wave and ion Bernstein wave is considered as presumably the most important nonlinear mechanism responsible for the transition to a saturation regime. A set of equations describing this nonlinear frequency down-conversion is derived and then solved both analytically and numerically under the conditions typical of the on-axis fundamental harmonic ordinary mode (O1-mode) electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments at the FTU tokamak.
Stable plasmon excitations in quantum nanowires
Authors: Ali S. , Ur Rehman Shafiq , Ding Z. J.
Published: August 2018

Stable electrostatic plasmon excitations due to propagation of Gaussian electron pulses are studied in a cylindrical nanowire of radius “a” and length “L”. For this purpose, we consider conduction electrons that follow the quantum hydrodynamical model to account for quantum statistics, quantum diffraction, and exchange-correlation effects in the presence of classical static ions. The use of the well-known Fourier transform technique and the Trivelpiece-Gould configuration leads to the generalized dispersion for plasmons with finite mode quantization effects via the radial and azimuthal mode indices, as well with quantum settings. The excitations of plasmon wakefield appear when the electron beam propagates with a constant velocity along the axial direction of nanowires. The stability conditions are also analyzed for the existence of wakefield excitations by solving three important inequalities using typical parameters of gold nanowires. The results may prove useful for understanding the plasmon excitations in quantum nanowires, where electrons can be trapped and accelerated in the wakefield to emit radiation in the extreme-ultraviolet range.
Shock-driven depolarization behavior in BNT-based lead-free ceramics
Authors: Peng Ping , Nie Hengchang , Wang Genshui , Liu Zhen , Cao Fei , Dong Xianlin
Published: August 2018

The pulsed power supply that generates megawatts of electrical power has drawn important attention for many decades. Despite that the large energy output has been obtained in lead-containing materials such as Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PZT95/5) ceramics, lead-free ferroelectric candidates are highly desired due to the environmental concerns. In this work, we report the depolarization behavior of lead-free ternary 0.99[0.98(Bi0.5Na0.5)(Ti0.995Mn0.005)O3-0.02BiAlO3]-0.01NaNbO3 ferroelectric ceramics under shock wave compression. A current profile with a maximum value of ∼25 A and a FWHM of ∼2.3 μs was obtained. Particularly, the poled BNT-BA-0.01NN ceramics were almost completely depolarized under high strain rate loading, releasing a high charge density J of 38 μC/cm2. The released J was approximately 96% of thermal-induced charge density (∼40 μC/cm2), which was 18% higher than that of PZT95/5 ceramics. The shock-induced depolarization mechanism can be attributed to the ferroelectric-ergodic relaxor phase transition. These results reveal the BNT-based ceramics as promising candidates for pulsed power applications.
Soil organic carbon and nitrogen sequestration and turnover in aggregates under subtropical leucaena–grass pastures
Authors: Conrad Kathryn , Dalal Ram C. , Fujinuma Ryosuke , Menzies Neal W.
Published: August 2018

Stabilisation and protection of soil organic carbon (SOC) in macroaggregates and microaggregates represents an important mechanism for the sequestration of SOC. Legume-based grass pastures have the potential to contribute to aggregate formation and stabilisation, thereby leading to SOC sequestration. However, there is limited research on the C and N dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in deep-rooted legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)–grass pastures. We assessed the potential of leucaena to sequester carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates by estimating the origin, quantity and distribution in the soil profile. We utilised a chronosequence (0–40 years) of seasonally grazed leucaena stands (3–6 m rows), which were sampled to a depth of 0.3 m at 0.1-m intervals. The soil was wet-sieved for different aggregate sizes (large macroaggregates, >2000 µm; small macroaggregates, 250–2000 µm; microaggregates, 53–250 µm; and <53 µm), including occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) within macroaggregates (>250 µm), and then analysed for organic C, N and δ13C and δ15N. Leucaena promoted aggregation, which increased with the age of the leucaena stands, and in particular the formation of large macroaggregates compared with grass in the upper 0.2 m. Macroaggregates contained a greater SOC stock than microaggregates, principally as a function of the soil mass distribution. The oPOM-C and -N concentrations were highest in macroaggregates at all depths. The acid nonhydrolysable C and N distribution (recalcitrant SOM) provided no clear distinction in stabilisation of SOM between pastures. Leucaena- and possibly other legume-based grass pastures have potential to sequester SOC through stabilisation and protection of oPOM within macroaggregates in soil.
Circadian clock protein BMAL1 regulates IL-1β in macrophages via NRF2
Authors: Early James O. , Menon Deepthi , Wyse Cathy A. , Cervantes-Silva Mariana P. , Zaslona Zbigniew , Carroll Richard G. , Palsson-McDermott Eva M. , Angiari Stefano , Ryan Dylan G. , Corcoran Sarah E. , Timmons George , Geiger Sarah S. , Fitzpatrick Darren J. , O’Connell Daniel , Xavier Ramnik J. , Hokamp Karsten , O’Neill Luke A. J. , Curtis Annie M.
Published: August 2018

Significance

The molecular clock provides an anticipatory mechanism, allowing organisms to prepare and respond to daily changes in the external environment. The response of the innate immune system to pathogenic threats is dependent on time of day; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this have yet to be fully uncovered. We observe that the core molecular clock component, BMAL1, is crucial in promoting an antioxidant response in myeloid cells. Deletion of
Bmal1
in macrophages disrupts NRF2 activity, facilitating accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. Thus the molecular clock directly controls NRF2 transcriptional activity and antioxidant capacity to regulate IL-1β in myeloid cells.
Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions
Authors: Li Shuai , Lucey Paul G. , Milliken Ralph E. , Hayne Paul O. , Fisher Elizabeth , Williams Jean-Pierre , Hurley Dana M. , Elphic Richard C.
Published: August 2018

Significance

We found direct and definitive evidence for surface-exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions. The abundance and distribution of ice on the Moon are distinct from those on other airless bodies in the inner solar system such as Mercury and Ceres, which may be associated with the unique formation and evolution process of our Moon. These ice deposits might be utilized as an in situ resource in future exploration of the Moon.
Structural basis of RNA polymerase I stalling at UV light-induced DNA damage
Authors: Sanz-Murillo Marta , Xu Jun , Belogurov Georgiy A. , Calvo Olga , Gil-Carton David , Moreno-Morcillo María , Wang Dong , Fernández-Tornero Carlos
Published: August 2018

Significance

DNA lesions threaten cellular life and must be repaired to maintain genome integrity. During transcription, RNA polymerases (RNAPs) actively scan DNA to find bulky lesions and trigger their repair. In growing eukaryotic cells, most transcription involves synthesis of ribosomal RNA by RNAP I (Pol I), and Pol I activity thus influences survival upon DNA damage. We determined the high-resolution electron cryomicroscopy structure of Pol I stalled by a UV-induced lesion, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), to unveil how the enzyme manages this important DNA damage. We found that Pol I gets stalled when the lesion reaches the bridge helix, a structural element involved in enzyme advance along DNA. We identified Pol I-specific residues around the active site that contribute to CPD-induced arrest.
Causal inference in coupled human and natural systems
Authors: Ferraro Paul J. , Sanchirico James N. , Smith Martin D.
Published: August 2018

Coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) are complex, dynamic, interconnected systems with feedback across social and environmental dimensions. This feedback leads to formidable challenges for causal inference. Two significant challenges involve assumptions about excludability and the absence of interference. These two assumptions have been largely unexplored in the CHANS literature, but when either is violated, causal inferences from observable data are difficult to interpret. To explore their plausibility, structural knowledge of the system is requisite, as is an explicit recognition that most causal variables in CHANS affect a coupled pairing of environmental and human elements. In a large CHANS literature that evaluates marine protected areas, nearly 200 studies attempt to make causal claims, but few address the excludability assumption. To examine the relevance of interference in CHANS, we develop a stylized simulation of a marine CHANS with shocks that can represent policy interventions, ecological disturbances, and technological disasters. Human and capital mobility in CHANS is both a cause of interference, which biases inferences about causal effects, and a moderator of the causal effects themselves. No perfect solutions exist for satisfying excludability and interference assumptions in CHANS. To elucidate causal relationships in CHANS, multiple approaches will be needed for a given causal question, with the aim of identifying sources of bias in each approach and then triangulating on credible inferences. Within CHANS research, and sustainability science more generally, the path to accumulating an evidence base on causal relationships requires skills and knowledge from many disciplines and effective academic-practitioner collaborations.
Nonuniformity in ligaments is a structural strategy for optimizing functionality
Authors: Naveh Gili R. S. , Foster Jonathan E. , Silva Santisteban Tomas M. , Yang Xianrui , Olsen Bjorn R.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Structure and function are intermingled and inseparable. Therefore, the structure–function dependency sequence is mostly unclear. Using the periodontal ligament as a model, employing a technique utilizing a loading system inside a microCT, we were able to visualize in 3D the fresh collagen networks and correlate their distribution and direction with loads exerted on the ligament. We show that the ligament structure is not uniform and is determined before it becomes functional, and therefore we propose that structural nonuniformity is specifically designed to optimize ligament function to the variable forces it sustains.
Modulation of hydroxyl variability by ENSO in the absence of external forcing
Authors: Turner Alexander J. , Fung Inez , Naik Vaishali , Horowitz Larry W. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: August 2018

Significance

The hydroxyl radical (OH) is central to tropospheric chemistry, but current measurements are insufficient to assess its effects on year-to-year changes in atmospheric methane. We use a 6,000-y control simulation in a global coupled chemistry-climate model to study the natural variability of OH. We find that natural OH variability can produce (unforced) methane trends as large as the observed changes in methane over the last few decades. Additionally, we find a link between OH and La Niña. While we cannot directly measure annual global mean OH, we can use what we know about La Niña to improve our understanding of OH. This may, in turn, improve our understanding of recent methane trends.
Bacterial symbionts use a type VI secretion system to eliminate competitors in their natural host
Authors: Speare Lauren , Cecere Andrew G. , Guckes Kirsten R. , Smith Stephanie , Wollenberg Michael S. , Mandel Mark J. , Miyashiro Tim , Septer Alecia N.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Competition among cooccurring bacteria can change the structure and function of a microbial community. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that impact such interactions in vivo. We used the association between bioluminescent bacteria and their squid host to study how environmentally transmitted bacteria compete for a limited number of host colonization sites. Our work suggests that
Vibrio fischeri
use a type VI secretion system, acting as a contact-dependent interbacterial “weapon,” to eliminate competing strains from cooccupying sites in the host. This work illuminates a mechanism by which strain-specific differences drive closely related bacteria to engage in lethal battles as they establish a beneficial symbiosis, revealing how genetic variation among potential colonizers directly impacts the spatial structure of the host-associated population.
Acid-responsive activity of the
Helicobacter pylori
metalloregulator NikR
Authors: Jones Michael D. , Li Yanjie , Zamble Deborah B.
Published: August 2018

Significance

The acid adaptation systems of the pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
are complex and critical to the survival of this bacterium in the harsh environment of the human stomach. One of the relatively few transcription factors in
H. pylori
is HpNikR, a metal-responsive protein that controls homeostasis of nickel, an essential nutrient for this organism. In this study, we show that HpNikR also regulates gene expression in direct response to acidic pH. Exposure of
H. pylori
to acid shock conditions depresses its cytosolic pH, which activates the regulation of multiple promoters by HpNikR. These results demonstrate that HpNikR has a multifaceted response that links nickel homeostasis and acid acclimation, two critical functions in this infectious organism.
Transitions to freshwater sustainability
Authors: Gleick Peter H.
Published: August 2018

Fundamental transitions in natural resources technologies, institutions, and management approaches are often difficult to see in advance, or even in the midst, of actual changes. Such a transformation now appears to be underway for freshwater resources, driven by increasingly severe water-related crises around the world. These include mismatches between supply and demand; the continued failure to meet basic human needs for water and sanitation; expanding ecological degradation due to extraction of water from natural systems and human-caused climate changes; the development of new technologies for using, treating, monitoring, and reporting on water use; new conceptual work; and growing attention given to water issues by the public and scientific communities. Similar transitions, with additional implications for water, also appear to be underway in the energy and climate fields. For such transitions to be successful, it is important to understand what drives deep changes in the perceptions, management, and use of natural resources; the factors that encourage or discourage changes; and whether strategies can be developed to improve and accelerate those changes that lead to social, economic, and environmental sustainability goals. This paper addresses the concept of resource or environmental transitions in the context of freshwater; reviews theories, data, and frameworks for identifying and analyzing transitions; offers some examples; and identifies key policies to help manage effective and successful transitions.
Eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway is essential for functional chloroplasts and CO
2
and light responses in
Arabidopsis
guard cells
Authors: Negi Juntaro , Munemasa Shintaro , Song Boseok , Tadakuma Ryosuke , Fujita Mayumi , Azoulay-Shemer Tamar , Engineer Cawas B. , Kusumi Kensuke , Nishida Ikuo , Schroeder Julian I. , Iba Koh
Published: August 2018

Significance

Guard cells have photosynthetically active chloroplasts in most plant species. However, the significance of their existence in guard cells or their developmental mechanisms is unknown. Here, through a forward-genetic approach, we have identified a key feature and a function of guard cell chloroplasts. We observed that a mutation that impaired chloroplast biogenesis in guard cells also disrupted the regulation of stomatal movements by CO
2
and light. We demonstrated that guard cell chloroplasts, compared with those in mesophyll cells, display a unique lipid metabolism, in which the prokaryotic pathway is diminished and the eukaryotic pathway gains control. Our findings highlight the importance of the eukaryotic pathway for developing functional chloroplasts in guard cells.
Macrophages release plasma membrane-derived particles rich in accessible cholesterol
Authors: He Cuiwen , Hu Xuchen , Weston Thomas A. , Jung Rachel S. , Sandhu Jaspreet , Huang Song , Heizer Patrick , Kim Jason , Ellison Rochelle , Xu Jiake , Kilburn Matthew , Bensinger Steven J. , Riezman Howard , Tontonoz Peter , Fong Loren G. , Jiang Haibo , Young Stephen G.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Earlier studies suggested that particles are released from the macrophage plasma membrane, but the mechanism has been unclear. We found that filopodia of macrophages release large numbers of vesicular particles. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that these particles are enriched in cholesterol, including the “accessible” pool of cholesterol detectable by the cholesterol-binding protein. The cholesterol content of macrophage particles increased when the cells were loaded with cholesterol and could be depleted by incubating the cells with high-density lipoproteins. Our studies suggest that the release of particles by macrophages could be one mechanism for cholesterol efflux and that particles could be an intermediate in the movement of cholesterol to high-density lipoproteins.
Forecasting receiving water response to alternative control levels for combined sewer overflows discharging to Toronto’s Inner Harbour
Authors: Snodgrass William J. , Dewey Ray , D’Andrea Michael , Bishop Rob , Lei Jian
Published: August 2018

This article evaluates the role that different levels of control for combined sewer overflows have in addressing the recreational water quality objectives of the Toronto Inner Harbour of the Toronto and Region Remedial Action Plan. Three models are used to establish the predictive methodology: the Infoworks model for the combined sewer service area, the Hydrologic Simulation-F model for the remainder of the watershed, and the MIKE 3 computer code to evaluate Lake Ontario response to control. Each model was calibrated with E. coli densities observed respectively in sewer discharges, instream, and in the Inner Harbour. Two indices are used to evaluate the response of water quality in the Inner Harbour – fraction of the surface area achieving Blue Flag status, and portion of the swimming season (June to August) above recreation objectives. Analyses of control options led to the recommendation that virtual elimination of combined sewer overflows (one overflow per season control strategy) should be pursued, rather than the lower level of control of 90% volumetric control, which is the minimum provincial environmental requirement. Implementation of priority projects for improving water quality along the Toronto waterfront, including the Don River and Central Waterfront project, are integral to delisting Toronto as a Great Lakes Area of Concern.
Activated CARD11 accelerates germinal center kinetics, promoting mTORC1 and terminal differentiation
Authors: Wray-Dutra Michelle N. , Chawla Raghav , Thomas Kerri R. , Seymour Brenda J. , Arkatkar Tanvi , Sommer Karen M. , Khim Socheath , Trapnell Cole , James Richard G. , Rawlings David J.
Published: August 2018

Activating mutations in the adapter protein CARD11 associated with diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are predicted to arise during germinal center (GC) responses, leading to inappropriate activation of NF-κB signaling. Here, we modeled the B cell–intrinsic impact of the L251P activating mutation in CARD11 (aCARD11) on the GC response. Global B cell aCARD11 expression led to a modest increase in splenic B cells and a severe reduction in B1 B cell numbers, respectively. Following T cell–dependent immunization, aCARD11 cells exhibited increased rates of GC formation, resolution, and differentiation. Restriction of aCARD11 to GC B cells similarly altered the GC response and B cell differentiation. In this model, aCARD11 promoted dark zone skewing along with increased cycling, AID levels, and class switch recombination. Furthermore, aCard11 GC B cells displayed increased biomass and mTORC1 signaling, suggesting a novel strategy for targeting aCARD11-driven DLBCL. While aCARD11 potently impacts GC responses, the rapid GC contraction suggests it requires collaboration with events that limit terminal differentiation to promote lymphoma.
VARAN-GIE: curation of genomic interval sets
Authors: Popitsch Niko
Published: August 2018

Genomic interval sets are fundamental elements of genome annotation and are the output of countless bioinformatics applications. Nevertheless, tool support for the manual curation of these data is currently limited. We developed VARAN-GIE, an extension of the popular Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) that adds functionality to edit, annotate and merge genomic interval sets. Data can easily be shared with other users and imported/exported from/to multiple common data formats.

Availability and implementation

VARAN-GIE binary releases, source-code, user guides and tutorials are available at https://github.com/popitsch/varan-gie/.
IFN-stimulated P2Y13 protects mice from viral infection by suppressing the cAMP/EPAC1 signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Chengfei , Yan Yan , He Hongwang , Wang Li , Zhang Na , Zhang Jie , Huang Hongjun , Wu Nannan , Ren Hua , Qian Min , Liu Mingyao , Du Bing
Published: August 2018

Among the most important sensors of extracellular danger signals, purinergic receptors have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in host defense against infection. However, the function of P2 receptors in viral infection has been little explored. Here we demonstrated that P2Y13 and its ligand ADP play an important role in protecting hosts from viral infections. First, we demonstrate that P2Y13, as a typical interferon-stimulated gene, is induced together with extracellular ADP during viral infection. Most importantly, extracellular ADP restricts the replication of different kinds of viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, herpes simplex virus 1, and murine leukemia virus. This kind of protection is dependent on P2Y13 but not P2Y1 or P2Y12, which are also considered as receptors for ADP. Furthermore, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and EPAC1 are downregulated by extracellular ADP through the P2Y13-coupled Gi alpha subunit. Accordingly, inhibition or deletion of EPAC1 significantly eliminates ADP/P2Y13-mediated antiviral activities. Taken together, our results show that P2Y13 and ADP play pivotal roles in the clearance of invaded virus and have the potential as antiviral targets.
Patient Blood Management Program Improves Blood Use and Clinical Outcomes in Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Gupta Pranjal B. , DeMario Vince M. , Amin Raj M. , Gehrie Eric A. , Goel Ruchika , Lee K. H. Ken , Yang William W. , Khanuja Harpal S. , Sterling Robert S. , Ness Paul M. , Frank Steven M.
Published: August 2018

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

Although randomized trials show that patients do well when given less blood, there remains a persistent impression that orthopedic surgery patients require a higher hemoglobin transfusion threshold than other patient populations (8 g/dl vs. 7 g/dl). The authors tested the hypothesis in orthopedic patients that implementation of a patient blood management program encouraging a hemoglobin threshold less than 7 g/dl results in decreased blood use with no change in clinical outcomes.

Methods

After launching a multifaceted patient blood management program, the authors retrospectively evaluated all adult orthopedic patients, comparing transfusion practices and clinical outcomes in the pre- and post-blood management cohorts. Risk adjustment accounted for age, sex, surgical procedure, and case mix index.

Results

After patient blood management implementation, the mean hemoglobin threshold decreased from 7.8 ± 1.0 g/dl to 6.8 ± 1.0 g/dl (P < 0.0001). Erythrocyte use decreased by 32.5% (from 338 to 228 erythrocyte units per 1,000 patients; P = 0.0007). Clinical outcomes improved, with decreased morbidity (from 1.3% to 0.54%; P = 0.01), composite morbidity or mortality (from 1.5% to 0.75%; P = 0.035), and 30-day readmissions (from 9.0% to 5.8%; P = 0.0002). Improved outcomes were primarily recognized in patients 65 yr of age and older. After risk adjustment, patient blood management was independently associated with decreased composite morbidity or mortality (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.86; P = 0.016).

Conclusions

In a retrospective study, patient blood management was associated with reduced blood use with similar or improved clinical outcomes in orthopedic surgery. A hemoglobin threshold of 7 g/dl appears to be safe for many orthopedic patients.
Nonoperative treatment of infantile spinal deformity
Authors: Roye Benjamin D. , Vitale Michael
Published: August 2018

Progressive infantile scoliosis is one of the more challenging problems faced by pediatric spinal deformity surgeons. These curves can be rapidly progressive and lead to significant respiratory compromise. Moreover, surgical options are fraught with complications. There has been a widening role for casting in this population over the past 10-15 yr with encouraging outcomes. The literature of the last few years has reinforced evidence that casting works best in younger patients (<2 yr old) with smaller, idiopathic curve types. There also is expanded evidence for the use of casting to delay surgery when curve resolution does not seem to be a realistic expectation. Studies have also demonstrated the role of increased body mass index in predicting better outcomes in idiopathic infantile patients and have examined how reduced vertebral body wedging improves the likelihood of maintaining curve correction after casting. In sum, these findings confirm that casting is an effective intervention and outline some new variables that can predict successful outcomes both before and after cast treatment.
Mini Right Anterior Thoracotomy Approach versus Sternotomy for Resection of Intracardiac Myxoma
Authors: Ellouze Mariam , Pellerin Michel , Jeanmart Hugues , Lebon Jean-Sébastien , Bouchard Denis
Published: August 2018

Objective

The standard approach in treating cardiac myxoma is the median full sternotomy. After recent advances in surgical techniques, the mini right anterior thoracotomy has emerged as an alternative method.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study to compare the clinical outcomes of the mini right anterior thoracotomy approach with those of the sternotomy approach for resection of cardiac myxoma at the Montreal Heart Institute. There were 20 patients treated using a mini right anterior thoracotomy (4–5 cm) and 23 patients were treated using a median sternotomy.

Results

No early mortalities were found in either group. Although the cardiopulmonary bypass time and aorta cross-clamp time were not significantly different between the two groups (64.3 mn ± 18 and 37.2 mn ± 15 vs 54.3 mn ± 25 and 37.20 mn ± 2), preoperative blood loss (106 mn ± 95 vs 338 mn ± 270) was significantly less in the mini right anterior thoracotomy group. The intensive care unit and hospital stay (1.65 days ± 1.2 and 5.70 days ± 3) were shorter with the mini right anterior thoracotomy approach.

Conclusions

A minimally invasive surgery through mini right anterior thoracotomy is a good alternative technique for treating cardiac myxoma. Despite the small size of the experience, there is a clear diminution in preoperative blood loss and an interesting trend toward a shorter intensive care unit and hospital stay.
Morphology and Navigational Landmarks of the Cranio-orbital Foramen in a Portuguese Population
Authors: Simão-Parreira Beatriz , Cunha-Cabral Diogo , Alves Hélio , Silva Susana Maria , Andrade José Paulo
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

The cranio-orbital and accessory foramina are located in the lateral wall of the orbit and adjacent to the superior orbital fissure. In the literature, there is a lack of consistency concerning the location and morphology of these foramina in different populations. Therefore, considering its clinical importance during orbital surgeries, it was the authors’ aim to determine the incidence, location, and number of cranio-orbital and accessory foramina in a Portuguese population and compare the findings with data from other studies.

Methods:

A total of 310 orbits from 155 dry skulls from the collection of the Museum of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine of Porto were studied. The characterization of both cranio-orbital and accessory cranio-orbital foramina was performed.

Results:

The cranio-orbital foramen was present in at least 1 orbit per skull in 58.17% with a median diameter of 0.60 ± 0.33 mm. No relation was found between the presence of this foramen and the gender of the individuals or a tendency for laterality. However, it was found that the presence of 1 or more accessory foramina was related to higher diameters of the cranio-orbital foramen.

Conclusions:

There might be a relationship between the localization, diameter, and communication of foramina with the cranial fossae. Foramina located on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone presented a larger diameter and communicated with the middle cranial fossa. High diameters of the main vessel in the cranio-orbital foramen may imply more developed branches and collateral irrigation of the orbital structures using 1 or more accessory foramina. Surgeons should be aware of the location of the cranio-orbital foramen to reduce potential sources of hemorrhage during orbital dissections.
Distinguishing IgG4-Related Ophthalmic Disease From Graves Orbitopathy
Authors: Tooley Andrea A. , Salomao Diva R. , Bradley Elizabeth A. , Garrity James A.
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

The authors aimed to determine key features of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) and Graves orbitopathy (GO) to aid in diagnosis.

Methods:

The authors retrospectively identified ophthalmology patients seen between June 2009 and November 2013 with clinical overlap of GO and IgG4-ROD. Patient findings were reviewed to characterize the 2 conditions.

Results:

Among 8 patients (7 male and 1 female), the mean age was 45.8 years. Time between diagnoses of GO and IgG4-ROD ranged from 1 month to 8 years. Imaging showed enlarged extraocular muscles in all patients. Enlarged infraorbital nerves were seen in 4 patients. Tissue biopsy showed CD20+ lymphocytes with a large proportion of IgG4 plasma cells in 7 of 8 orbital specimens. Six patients had a ratio of IgG4:IgG cells >40%.

Discussion:

No pathognomonic clinical findings for GO or IgG4-ROD have been reported, but some key features can help distinguish the conditions. GO is likely if findings include increased thyrotropin receptor antibodies, lid retraction/lid lag, and enlarged extraocular muscles with typical tendon-sparing morphology. Findings suggestive of IgG4-ROD include history of asthma and progressive orbital disease in patients with previous diagnosis of GO, disproportionately large lateral rectus muscle, and enlarged infraorbital nerves. Increased serum IgG4 level and biopsy showing >10 IgG4+ plasma cells/high-power field and IgG4:IgG ratio >40% will support the diagnosis of IgG4-ROD.

Conclusions:

GO and IgG4-ROD are complicated inflammatory processes affecting the orbit and present diagnostic challenges. The authors recommend biopsy for patients who do not follow the usual clinical course of GO or have clinical characteristics of IgG4-ROD.