bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De-Carbonisation Pathways in Jiangxi Province, China: A Visualisation Based on Panel Data
Authors: Li Shun , Hua Jie , Luo Gaofeng
Published: September 2024

Environmental degradation remains a pressing global concern, prompting many nations to adopt measures to mitigate carbon emissions. In response to international pressure, China has committed to achieving a carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. Despite extensive research on China’s overall carbon emissions, there has been limited focus on individual provinces, particularly less developed provinces. Jiangxi Province, an underdeveloped province in southeastern China, recorded the highest GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth rate in the country in 2022, and it holds significant potential for carbon emission reduction. This study uses data from Jiangxi Province’s 14th Five-Year Plan and Vision 2035 to create three carbon emission reduction scenarios and predict emissions. The extended STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology), along with various visualisation techniques, is employed to analyse the impacts of population size, primary electricity application level, GDP per capita, the share of the secondary industry in fixed-asset investment, and the number of civilian automobiles owned on carbon emissions. The study found that there is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between GDP per capita and carbon emissions, car ownership is not a major driver of carbon emissions, and the development of primary electricity has significant potential as a means for reducing carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province. If strict environmental protection measures are implemented, Jiangxi Province can reach its peak carbon target by 2029, one year ahead of the national target. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in Jiangxi Province to ensure that their environmental objectives are met.
New Makeup Air Method through Ceiling for Kitchen Ventilation in Severely Cold Regions and Its Effect on Air Environment
Authors: Li Xiaoxu , Huang Kailiang , Feng Guohui , Cao Guanyu , Li Ainong , Teng Xu
Published: September 2024

Severely cold weather reduces the willingness of residents to open windows while cooking. This results in an insufficient replenishment of makeup air and a reduction in the range hood discharge capacity. For an effective trade-off between indoor air temperature maintenance and air quality aggravation in winter, a new makeup air supply method (ceiling makeup air) was proposed and established both experimentally and numerically. The improvements in the kitchen air environment during cooking were studied through experimental tests and CFD simulations, considering different makeup air arrangements. The results reveal that the ceiling makeup air scheme can significantly reduce the concentration of PM2.5 compared with the cracks makeup air scheme (wherein the kitchen window and door are closed). Moreover, it increased the indoor temperature by over 11.9 °C compared with the open window makeup air scheme. The average relative error between the experimental and simulated data was within 6.1%. Among the considered factors, the size of the air inlet had the largest impact. This was followed by the layout, size, and shape of the ceiling inlets. The ceiling makeup air scheme demonstrated the potential for improving residential kitchen air environments in severely cold regions.
A Complete Characterization of Linear Dependence and Independence for All 4-by-4 Metric Matrices
Authors: Chen Ray-Ming
Published: September 2024

In this article, we study the properties of 4-by-4 metric matrices and characterize their dependence and independence by M4×4=(M4×4−DM4×4)∪DM4×4, where DM4×4 is the set of all dependent metric matrices. DM4×4 is further characterized by DM4×4=DM14×4∪DM24×4, where DM24×4 is characterized by DM24×4=DM214×4∪DM224×4. These characterizations provide some insightful findings that go beyond the Euclidean distance or Euclidean distance matrix and link the distance functions to vector spaces, which offers some theoretical and application-related advantages. In the application parts, we show that the metric matrices associated with all Minkowski distance functions over four different points are linearly independent, and that the metric matrices associated with any four concyclic points are also linearly independent.
Multidimensional Fractional Calculus: Theory and Applications
Authors: Kostić Marko
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we introduce several new types of partial fractional derivatives in the continuous setting and the discrete setting. We analyze some classes of the abstract fractional differential equations and the abstract fractional difference equations depending on several variables, providing a great number of structural results, useful remarks and illustrative examples. Concerning some specific applications, we would like to mention here our investigation of the fractional partial differential inclusions with Riemann–Liouville and Caputo derivatives. We also establish the complex characterization theorem for the multidimensional vector-valued Laplace transform and provide certain applications.
Enhancing Maize Stress Tolerance and Productivity through Synergistic Application of Bacillus velezensis A6 and Lamiales Plant Extract, Biostimulants Suitable for Organic Farming
Authors: Peñas-Corte María , Bouzas Paula R. , Nieto del Río Juan , Manzanera Maximino , Barros-Rodríguez Adoración , Fernández-Navarro José R.
Published: September 2024

Maize, a globally significant cereal, is increasingly cultivated under challenging environmental conditions, necessitating innovations in sustainable agriculture. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of a novel technique combining a Bacillus velezensis A6 strain with a plant extract from the Lamiales order on maize growth and stress resilience. Employing a pilot field trial, this study was conducted on the “La Añoreta” experimental farm of the ECONATUR group, where various biostimulant treatments, including bacterial and plant extract applications, were tested against a control group. The treatments were applied during key vegetative growth stages (V10-Tenth-Leaf, VT-Tassel, R1-Silking) and monitored for effects on plant height, biomass, and fumonisin content. The results suggest that the combined treatment of Bacillus velezensis A6 and the plant extract increases maize height (32.87%) and yield (62.93%) and also reduces fumonisin concentrations, improving its resistance to stress, compared to the control and other treatments. This study highlights the potential of microbial and botanical biostimulants and its novel combination for improving crop productivity and sustainability, suggesting that such synergistic combinations could play a crucial role in enhancing agricultural resilience to environmental stresses.
HLA-Cw6 Polymorphism in Autoimmune Blistering Diseases
Authors: Ciolfi Christian , Sernicola Alvise , Alaibac Mauro
Published: September 2024

Autoimmune blistering diseases of the pemphigus and pemphigoid groups are immune-mediated disorders due to circulating pathogenetic autoantibodies. Multiple human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been associated with predisposition to these disorders. HLA-Cw6 is involved in antigen presentation processes and has been linked to psoriasis. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between the presence of the HLA-Cw6 allele and susceptibility to pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. A genetic study in vitro with a cross-sectional design was performed enrolling forty patients with pemphigus vulgaris and forty patients with bullous pemphigoid. The detection of HLA-Cw6 was performed through the EUROArray test on DNA obtained from whole blood samples. The polymorphism was detected in 3/40 genotypes in the pemphigus vulgaris group and in 4/40 genotypes of patients with bullous pemphigoid, unveiling a non-statistically significant different frequency in pemphigus (p = 0.6368) and in pemphigoid (p = 0.62) compared to the reference frequency from the literature of 0.086. Further research is needed to better investigate the role of HLA-Cw6 in immune-mediated diseases and to identify novel genetic markers associated with susceptibility to autoimmune blistering diseases and with disease severity and response to immunosuppressive therapies.
Comparison between Motor Performance of People with Multiple Sclerosis during a Virtual Reality Task Practiced on Concrete and Abstract Devices: A Cross-Sectional Randomized Study
Authors: Capelini Camila Miliani , Ferrero Giulianna Mendes , Canzonieri Ana Maria , Silva Roger Pereira , Bando Mauricio Ossamu , Rosa Renata Martins , Ferreira Cintia Ramari , da Silva Talita Dias , Ré Alessandro Hervaldo Nicolai , Massa Marcelo , de Araújo Luciano Vieira , Magalhães Fernando Henrique , de Mello Monteiro Carlos Bandeira
Published: September 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology, resulting in various impairments that necessitate continuous rehabilitation to enhance functionality, quality of life, and motor function, including through Virtual Reality (VR) therapy. Comparing tasks in virtual environments and their potential skill transfer to real-world settings could aid in optimizing treatment programs to improve motor performance in individuals with MS. This study aimed to determine whether practicing acquisition and retention phases using two distinct interfaces (concrete—Touch Screen or abstract—Kinect system) affects performance in a subsequent task using a different interface (transfer phase). A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 56 volunteers with MS and 41 controls. Participants engaged in a computer game where they burst as many bubbles as possible within 10 s per attempt. After the acquisition and retention phases, all participants switched interfaces (e.g., those using Kinect switched to Touchscreen and vice versa). Significant performance improvements were observed in both groups during the acquisition phase, which were maintained in the retention phase. Although the abstract interface was more challenging for both groups, only the MS group that practiced with the abstract interface successfully transferred their improvements to the concrete interface. Thus, despite the increased difficulty of the abstract task during practice, it led to better performance transfer when required to complete a subsequent concrete task, suggesting that abstract devices may be beneficial in clinical practice for improving motor function in people with MS.
Factors Associated with Birth-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and the Subsequent Impact of Traumatic Birth on Mother–Infant Relationship Quality
Authors: Frankham Lucy J. , Thorsteinsson Einar B. , Bartik Warren
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with birth-related PTSD symptoms and the subsequent impact on mother–infant relationship quality, exploring what women felt they needed to be different about their birth process to further understand the problem. Participants were recruited using social media advertising. A multi-method approach, using qualitative and quantitative analyses, was employed. The study included 142 pregnant women residing in Australia aged between 19 and 42 years (M = 31.24; SD = 4.70). High extraversion significantly predicted greater birth-related PTSD symptoms. There was a significant relationship between birth-related PTSD symptoms and poorer mother–infant relationship quality. The content analysis of the responses from women who reported a desire for a different or improved birth experience generated four themes: (1) less intrusive intervention, (2) better communication, (3) access to more supportive intervention, and (4) better post-birth care. The findings highlight the importance of supporting women’s choices during birth by promoting informed and respectful woman-centred care. Postnatally, the screening and assessment of women should go beyond mood screening and include an assessment of the woman’s response to her birth experience.
Influence of Fine Content and Mean Diameter Ratio on the Minimum and Maximum Void Ratios of Sand–Fine Mixtures: A Discrete Element Method Study
Authors: Zhong Huaqiao , Zhu Zhehao , Zhao Jiajin , Wei Lanyi , Zhang Yanyan , Li Jiayu , Wang Jiajun , Yao Wenguo
Published: September 2024

As urbanization accelerates and surface space becomes increasingly scarce, the development and utilization of urban underground space have become more critical. The sand–fine mixture soils commonly found in river-adjacent and coastal areas pose significant challenges to the design and construction of underground structures due to their unique mechanical properties. In soil mechanics, the minimum and maximum void ratios are crucial indicators for assessing soil compressibility, permeability, and shear strength. This study employed the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the minimum and maximum void ratios of sand–fine mixtures under various conditions by setting six fine contents and three mean diameter ratios. The results indicate that as the fine content increases, these void ratios exhibit a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing, which can be effectively modelled using a single-parameter quadratic function. Additionally, the initial shear modulus was closely related to the uniformity of contact distribution at the microscopic level within the specimens. This study also introduced a dimensionless parameter that simultaneously described changes in contact distribution and initial shear modulus.
Improving Acoustic Properties of Sandwich Structures Using Recycled Membrane and HoneyComb Composite (RMHCC)
Authors: Ciaburro Giuseppe , Romero Virginia Puyana , Iannace Gino , Bravo Moncayo Luis
Published: September 2024

The motivation behind this study is to improve acoustic environments in living spaces using sustainable materials. This research addresses the challenge of enhancing the acoustic properties of sandwich structures through the integration of a honeycomb core with a membrane made from recycled materials, forming a recycled membrane honeycomb composite (RMHCC). The main objective is to develop a novel sandwich material with sound-absorbing characteristics suitable for real-world applications. The study employs both experimental methods and simulations, where a conventional hexagonal honeycomb geometry is combined with the recycled membrane to form the composite structure. A simulation model was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the metamaterial in reducing reverberation time within a church setting. The results indicate that the RMHCC shows significant potential in improving acoustic performance, with a notable reduction in reverberation time even with minimal usage, highlighting its suitability for enhancing acoustic environments in various applications.
Development of Construction Safety Dashboard Based on Four-Dimensional Building Information Modeling for Fall Prevention: Case Study of Stadium Roof Works
Authors: Machfudiyanto Rossy Armyn , Rachmawati Titi Sari Nurul , Laksono Naufal Budi , Soltani Mehrtash , Park Chansik
Published: September 2024

The construction sector is known for exposing workers to numerous potential hazards, with falls from heights being the leading cause. These fatal fall accidents not only result in human loss but also impose significant financial costs on construction projects. However, current safety planning and management is typically carried out manually using safety documents and 2D models, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. There is also a lack of visualization for the placement of temporary safety facilities (TSFs) during construction. Meanwhile, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has the potential to be used as a comprehensive workspace planning for TSFs in a scheduling manner. Therefore, this study proposes the development of a construction safety dashboard to inform workers about fall hazards using spatial–temporal data stored in 4D BIM. The proposed approach includes four modules: (1) identification and assessment of risk from identified work activities, (2) development of 4D BIM model, (3) creation of a dashboard to share safety knowledge, and (4) validation of the dashboard through interviews with safety managers and site workers. This approach is tested on a stadium project, particularly focusing on roof work activities, where workers are most prone to fall hazards. The proposed method aims to provide ease for site workers to access safety knowledge, including risk identification (including risk, fatality, location, and time), visualization of TSFs, personal protective equipment, and safety work instructions. This interactive dashboard also enables safety managers to plan safety measures, allocate TSFs efficiently, and make well-informed decisions to effectively mitigate risks.
Sensitivity Analysis on Influential Factors of Strain Rockburst in Deep Tunnel
Authors: Gu Jiheng , Guo Jiaqi , Zhu Zihui , Sun Feiyue , He Benguo , Zhang Hengyuan
Published: September 2024

Strain rockburst is a severe failure phenomenon caused by the release of elastic strain energy in intact rocks under high-stress conditions. They frequently occur in deep tunnels, causing significant economic losses, casualties, and construction delays. Understanding the factors influencing this disaster is of significance for tunnel construction. This paper first proposes a novel three-dimensional (3D) discrete element numerical analysis method for rockburst numerical analysis considering the full stress state energy based on the bonded block model and the mechanics, brittleness, integrity, and energy storage of the surrounding rock. This numerical method is first validated via laboratory tests and engineering-scale applications and then is applied to study the effects of compressive and tensile strengths of rock mass, tunnel depth, and lateral pressure coefficient on strain rockburst. Meanwhile, sensitivity analyses of these influencing factors are conducted using numerical results and systematic analysis methods, and the influence degree of each factor on the rockburst tendency is explored and ranked. The results reveal that laboratory tests and actual engineering conditions are consistent with numerical simulation results, which validates the rationality and applicability of the novel rockburst analysis method proposed in this paper. With the increase in compressive strength, the stress concentration degree, energy accumulation level, maximum stress difference, and maximum elastic strain energy within the rock mass all increase, leading to a stronger rockburst tendency. Tunnel depth and the lateral stress coefficient are positively correlated with rockburst tendency. As the lateral pressure coefficient and tunnel depth increase, rockburst tendency exponentially increases, while the maximum stress difference and maximum elastic strain energy within the rock mass also increase. The influence degree of each factor is ranked from highest to lowest as follows: tensile strength, lateral pressure coefficient, compressive strength, and tunnel depth. The research results provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the effective prediction, prevention, and control of rock burst disasters in deep tunnels.
Study on the Optimized Perception of Structural Behavior in Shield Tunneling by Fiber Grating Layouts
Authors: Xing Rongjun , Li Yufu , He Chuan , Zhu Daiqiang , Li Yujun , Feng Kun , Xu Pai , Liu Yu , Zhao Zhongchao
Published: September 2024

Shield tunnels’ structural stability is challenged due to the fact that they are often built under rivers, lakes, and oceans. It is crucial to execute the structural deformation perception of the shield tunnel. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology is sensitive to deformation information, making it one of the greatest options for shield tunnels to perceive structural deformation. In this study, a 1:20 scale model test was carried out to investigate the deformation perception of the shield tunnel structure under three different layouts of surface-mounted FBG sensors. The deformation law of the tunnel is discussed, under the condition of two-factor cross fusion and especially under the condition of constant water pressure and soil pressure change. The results indicate that, under the combined action of water and soil pressure, the uniform water pressure of 0.33 MPa has a stabilizing effect on the segment strain under the vertical load of 0.4 MPa. The traditional four-point layout and the 18° uniform layout are more effective in detecting changes in local tunnel curvature and strain, respectively, compared to the 36° uniform layout mode. It is advised that the traditional four-point layout be used to collect information for other sections’ monitoring and that the 18° uniform layout is for harsh terrain conditions.
BRAF Inhibition and UVB Light Synergistically Promote Mus musculus Papillomavirus 1-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis
Authors: Dorfer Sonja , Ressler Julia Maria , Riebenbauer Katharina , Kancz Stefanie , Purkhauser Kim , Bachmayr Victoria , Cataisson Christophe , Kirnbauer Reinhard , Petzelbauer Peter , Wiesmueller Markus , Egg Maximilian , Hoeller Christoph , Handisurya Alessandra
Published: September 2024

The development of keratinocytic skin tumors, presumably attributable to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway, represents a relevant side effect of targeted therapies with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis). The role of cutaneous papillomavirus infection in BRAFi-associated skin carcinogenesis, however, is still inconclusive. Employing the Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1) skin infection model, the impact of BRAFis and UVB exposure on papillomavirus induced skin tumorigenesis was investigated in immunocompetent FVB/NCrl mice. Systemic BRAF inhibition in combination with UVB light induced skin tumors in 62% of the MmuPV1-infected animals. In contrast, significantly fewer tumors were observed in the absence of either BRAF inhibition, UVB irradiation or virus infection, as demonstrated by lesional outgrowth in 20%, 5% and 0% of the mice, respectively. Combinatory exposure to BRAFis and UVB favored productive viral infection, which was shown by high numbers of MmuPV1 genome copies and E1^E4 spliced transcripts and an abundance of E6/E7 oncogene mRNA and viral capsid proteins. BRAF inhibition, but not viral infection or UVB light, activated ERK1/2, whereas γH2AX expression, inducible by UVB light, remained unaltered by BRAFis. These results provide experimental evidence that BRAF inhibition and UVB irradiation synergistically promote MmuPV1-induced skin tumor development in vivo. This indicates an alternative pathway by which papillomavirus skin infection may contribute to BRAFi-associated skin tumorigenesis.
Inflammation-Associated Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Their Utility as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Kumari Beauty , Tiwari Aniket , Meena Sakshi , Ahirwar Dinesh Kumar
Published: September 2024

Stem cells are critical for the development and homeostasis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Inflammatory molecules are known to regulate the activity of stem cells. A comprehensive review specifically describing the role of inflammatory molecules in the regulation of stem cells within the GI tract and in GI cancers (GICs) is not available. This review focuses on understanding the role of inflammatory molecules and stem cells in maintaining homeostasis of the GI tract. We further discuss how inflammatory conditions contribute to the transformation of stem cells into tumor-initiating cells. We also describe the molecular mechanisms of inflammation and stem cell-driven progression and metastasis of GICs. Furthermore, we report on studies describing the prognostic value of cancer stem cells and the clinical trials evaluating their therapeutic utility. This review provides a detailed overview on the role of inflammatory molecules and stem cells in maintaining GI tract homeostasis and their implications for GI-related malignancies
Integrated Psychological Services in Pediatric Oncology: Caregiver Perspectives at Diagnosis
Authors: Bernstein Emily , Jones Anna M. , Jurbergs Niki , Harman Jennifer L. , Phipps Sean , Heidelberg R. Elyse
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Pediatric oncology patients and families are at risk for increased distress at diagnosis. The New Oncology Program in Psychology (NOPP) aligns psychological care with the established standards of care at diagnosis. This project aimed to evaluate NOPP and understand the differences between caregivers’ perceptions of feeling informed and prepared to navigate psychosocial concerns for those who did and did not receive psychological services at diagnosis. Methods: A survey was administered via a virtual platform. Frequency analyses summarize caregiver experiences and concerns. Mann–Whitney U tests assess the differences in caregiver knowledge and preparedness between caregivers who did and did not receive psychological services. Results: Caregivers reported difficult emotions at diagnosis and expressed concern for the impact of diagnosis and treatment across broad domains of patient functioning. Caregivers of patients who received psychology consultation felt more informed about difficult emotions and how these may change over time. They felt more prepared and equipped with strategies to manage difficult emotions. Caregivers of patients who completed a cognitive assessment also felt more informed and prepared regarding the potential effects of the diagnosis and treatment on patient cognitive/academic functioning. Conclusions: Psychological services were associated with caregivers’ positive perceptions surrounding the management of difficult emotions and with their knowledge regarding the cognitive/academic impact. The results inform the ongoing modification of NOPP.
Improving the Catalytic Efficiency of an AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase MtLPMO9G by Consensus Mutagenesis
Authors: Meng Yao , Gao Wa , Liu Xiaohua , Li Tang , Li Kuikui , Yin Heng
Published: September 2024

Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable resources in nature. However, its recalcitrant crystalline structure hinders efficient enzymatic depolymerization. Unlike cellulases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can oxidatively cleave glycosidic bonds in the crystalline regions of cellulose, playing a crucial role in its enzymatic depolymerization. An AA9 LPMO from Myceliophthora thermophila was previously identified and shown to exhibit a highly efficient catalytic performance. To further enhance its catalytic efficiency, consensus mutagenesis was applied. Compared with the wild-type enzyme, the oxidative activities of mutants A165S and P167N increased by 1.8-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, and their catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) improved by 1.6-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. The mutants also showed significantly enhanced activity in the synergistic degradation of cellulose with cellobiohydrolase. Additionally, the P167N mutant exhibited better H2O2 tolerance. A molecular dynamics analysis revealed that the increased activity of mutants A165S and P167N was due to the closer proximity of the active center to the substrate post-mutation. This study demonstrates that selecting appropriate mutation sites via a semi-rational design can significantly improve LPMO activity, providing valuable insights for the protein engineering of similar enzymes.
Synthesis of In-Modified TiO2 Composite Materials from Waste Tobacco Stem Silk and Study of Their Catalytic Performance under Visible Light
Authors: Leng Junyang , Zhao Yi , Zhang Jindi , Bai Xiaoli , Zhang Anlong , Li Quanhui , Huang Mengyang , Wang Jiaqiang
Published: September 2024

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalysts are primarily utilized under ultraviolet light, and their potential in industrial applications remains largely untapped. To address this issue, our study uses a one-pot impregnation method to prepare a series of In-TiO2/TSS(X) (TSS, Tobacco stem silk. X, the molar ratio of In/Ti) catalysts. Among them, the degradation performance of the In-TiO2/TSS(2.0) material increased from 13.8% for TiO2 to an impressive 92.9%. By establishing a first-order kinetic model, it was determined that the degradation performance of the In-TiO2/TSS(2.0) material surpassed that of TiO2 by a factor of 24. Structural characterization revealed that the introduction of tobacco stem silk templates did not alter the crystal phase of TiO2 and that the main component of the catalyst remained TiO2. Not only that, an O–In structure formed on the surface of the TiO2, leading to a significant increase in the material’s specific surface area. Furthermore, principle tests were conducted, revealing significant enhancements in its light absorption capacity, intensity, and photocurrent density. Through active species trapping experiments, it was observed that, in the photocatalytic degradation process of this catalyst series, holes (h+) played the primary role, while the hydroxyl ion (·OH) and superoxide ion (·O2−) acted as auxiliary species.
Mammalian Inner Ear-Resident Immune Cells—A Scoping Review
Authors: Karayay Betül , Olze Heidi , Szczepek Agnieszka J.
Published: September 2024

Background: Several studies have demonstrated the presence of resident immune cells in the healthy inner ear. Aim: This scoping review aimed to systematize this knowledge by collecting the data on resident immune cells in the inner ear of different species under steady-state conditions. Methods: The databases PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), and LIVIVO were used to identify articles. Systematic reviews, experimental studies, and clinical data in English and German were included without time limitations. Results: The search yielded 49 eligible articles published between 1979 and 2022. Resident immune cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, leukocytes, and mast cells, have been observed in various mammalian inner ear structures under steady-state conditions. However, the physiological function of these cells in the healthy cochlea remains unclear, providing an opportunity for basic research in inner ear biology. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for further investigation into the role of these cells, which is crucial for advancing the development of therapeutic methods for treating inner ear disorders, potentially transforming the field of otolaryngology and immunology.
Threonine Phosphorylation and the Yin and Yang of STAT1: Phosphorylation-Dependent Spectrum of STAT1 Functionality in Inflammatory Contexts
Authors: Elbrashy Maha M. , Metwally Hozaifa , Sakakibara Shuhei , Kishimoto Tadamitsu
Published: September 2024

Threonine phosphorylation promotes inflammatory functions of STAT1 while restricting its interferon (IFN) signaling in innate immune responses. However, it remains unclear whether the restriction of STAT1-mediated IFN signaling conferred by threonine phosphorylation is a ubiquitous mechanism or one that is context-dependent. To address this, we utilized pristane-induced lupus, a prototype IFN-driven systemic autoimmune disease model characterized by the production of high-titer autoantibodies against nucleic acid-associated antigens. Through genetic and biochemical assays, we demonstrate that Thr748 phosphorylation is dispensable for STAT1 functionality in pristane-induced lupus. Genetically engineered mice expressing the phospho-deficient threonine 748-to-alanine (T748A) mutant STAT1 exhibited similar survival rates, high titers of anti-dsDNA IgG, and nephritis compared to their wild-type littermates. In sharp contrast, STAT1 deficiency protected mice against pristane-induced lupus, as evidenced by increased survival, low titers of anti-dsDNA IgG, and less severe nephritis in the STAT1 knockout mice compared to their T748A littermates. Our study suggests a phosphorylation-dependent modularity that governs the spectrum of STAT1 functionality in inflammatory contexts: IFN phospho-tyrosine-dependent and inflammatory phospho-threonine-dependent, with Thr748 phosphorylation driving selective inflammatory activities, particularly those not driven by the canonical JAK pathway. From a broader perspective, our findings provide deeper insights into how distinct phosphorylation events shape the combinatorial logic of signaling cassettes, thereby regulating context-dependent responses.
High-Performance and Broad-Viewing-Angle Structural Colored Films with Carbon Black and Carbon Quantum Dot Doping
Authors: Han Peng , Li Yuan , Liu Jiarou , Meng Weihua , Zhao Bin
Published: September 2024

Traditional photonic crystal films are becoming increasingly popular in the fields of smart sensing and optical devices due to their high brightness level, but at the same time there is a lack of color saturation and angle dependence, which seriously affects the application of structural color in visual response and display fields. Here, the optical performance of the photonic crystal films was improved by doping a certain amount of carbon black and carbon quantum dots during the film preparation process. Doping carbon quantum dots can effectively compensate for the optical brightness loss caused by the introduction of black substances by utilizing their self-sustained photoluminescence behavior that matches the photonic bandgap. In addition, the introduction of black nanoparticles can effectively enhance surface-resonant scattering, resulting in low angle-dependent structural colors, further expanding the application of structural color in optical display fields.
Study on Mechanical Properties of Fe-Ni-Based TiC Plasma Cladding Layer Modified by Composite Iron Powder
Authors: Du Kunda , Xu Lipeng , Wang Peizhuang , Li Xiantao , Wu Zenglei , Li Xuexian , Fan Weichao
Published: September 2024

In order to improve the mechanical properties of the wear-resistant layer of the hob cutter ring in shield construction, the influence of different composite matrix powders on the comprehensive performance of the cladding layer was investigated. In this study, TiC-reinforced Fe-Ni-based cladding layers with different matrix compositions were prepared on a modified H13 steel base material using plasma cladding (PC) technology. The matrix powders included Ni-based alloy powder, iron powder Y, and iron powder R. The two iron powders were mixed in different proportions, and then an equal amount of Ni-based alloy powder and TiC ceramic particles were added to form five kinds of composite cladding layer alloy powders. The cladding layers of five different matrices were obtained by cladding. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite cladding layer were studied using a metallographic microscope (OM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), an electronic universal testing machine, an image processing microhardness tester, and an abrasive belt friction and wear testing machine. The results showed that the cladding layers of different samples had good metallurgical bonding with the base material. And the microstructure gradually refined from the bottom of the cladding layer to the top of the cladding layer. The cladding layer phases were mainly composed of Fe, FeO, TiC, FeNi, and CrNi. With the increase in the iron powder R ratio, the aggregation of alloy elements gradually alleviated. The ratio of iron powder R was increased from 1/10 to 2/5, the longitudinal shear strength between the cladding layer and the matrix was increased from 318 Mpa to 333 Mpa, and the transverse shear strength was increased from 303 Mpa to 342 Mpa. The hardness of the modified wear-resistant layer was better than that of the cladding layer without iron powder R, but the hardness of the cladding layer gradually decreased. After the modification of iron powder R, the wear resistance of the cladding layer was improved to varying degrees. When Y:R was 9:1, its wear resistance was the best, and the change trend of the wear resistance was consistent with that of hardness. The wear forms of different samples were adhesive wear and abrasive wear. And the height difference of the wear surface gradually increased with the improvement in wear resistance.
Life on the Wire—Plant Growth on Power Lines in the Americas
Authors: Zotz Gerhard , Cascante-Marín Alfredo
Published: September 2024

There are a number of rather anecdotal reports of plant growth on power cables in the Americas, but until now there has been no systematic attempt to gauge the geographical extension of this phenomenon nor a documentation of the diversity of species found there. Using observations from the participatory science data platform iNaturalist and the scientific literature, we document almost 700 occurrences of more than 40 species of vascular plants and three lichen species on power cables with a geographical distribution over 7000 km from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Based on these observations we discuss the ecological conditions of plant growth on power cables in terms of climate; elevational distribution; and the morphological, physiological, and life history traits that allow the observed set of species to thrive on this anthropic structure.
PRAME Immunohistochemistry in Thin Melanomas Compared to Melanocytic Nevi
Authors: Zboraș Iulia , Ungureanu Loredana , Șenilă Simona , Petrushev Bobe , Zamfir Paula , Crișan Doinița , Zaharie Flaviu Andrei , Vesa Ștefan Cristian , Cosgarea Rodica
Published: September 2024

PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma) immunohistochemistry has proven helpful in distinguishing malignant from benign melanocytic tumors. We studied PRAME IHC expression in 46 thin melanomas and 39 melanocytic nevi, mostly dysplastic nevi. Twenty-six percent (26.09%) of the melanomas showed diffuse PRAME staining in over 76% of the tumor cells (4+), and 34.78% of the melanomas showed PRAME expression in over 51% of the tumor cells (3+ or 4+), while 8% were entirely negative for PRAME. No melanocytic nevi were PRAME 4+ or 3+. More than half of the nevi (64%) were entirely negative for PRAME staining, and 36% of the nevi showed staining expression in 1–25% (1+) or 26–50% of the cells (2+). No nevi were stained with a color intensity of 3, while 16.67% of the melanomas were stained with this color intensity. Most nevi (78.57%) were stained with an intensity of 1. With a lower positivity threshold, sensitivity increases with still reasonable specificity. The best accuracy was obtained for the 2+ positivity threshold. In conclusion, PRAME staining helps distinguish thin melanomas from dysplastic nevi. However, the threshold of positivity should be lowered in order not to miss thin melanomas.
Characterizing Vascular Wall and Lumen Caliber in Eyes with Diabetic Retinopathy Based on Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Sampani Konstantina , Mujat Mircea , Patel Ankit H. , Kang Chaerim , Iftimia Nicusor , Chatziralli Irini , Sun Jennifer K.
Published: September 2024

(200/200) Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate structural alterations of retinal arterioles due to type 1 diabetes (T1D) and/or diabetic retinopathy (DR) under AOSLO imaging. Methods: Each study eye underwent mydriasis and AOSLO imaging in a single-visit study. The instrument’s arrangement of four offset aperture images provided two orthogonal split-detector images and enabled isotropic analysis of the arteriolar boundaries. For each arteriole, we calculated the wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR), mean wall thickness, and luminal and external diameters. Results: In total, we enrolled 5 (20.8%) healthy control eyes and 19 eyes of patients with T1D. The DR distribution was: four (16.7%) no-DR, nine (37.5%%) mild or moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and six (25%) severe NPDR or proliferative DR. Mean wall thickness increased significantly in eyes with T1D compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0006) and in eyes with more advanced DR (p = 0.0004). The WLR was significantly higher in eyes with T1D (p = 0.002) or more severe DR (p = 0.004). There was no significant relationship between T1D status or DR severity and any of the arteriolar diameters. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, there appeared to be increases in the WLR and mean wall thickness in eyes with T1D and more severe DR than in the controls and eyes with no/less severe DR. Future studies may further elucidate the relationship between the retinal arteriolar structure and physiologic alterations in DR.
Effectiveness of New Isomalt-Containing Toothpaste Formulations in Preventing Dental Caries: A Microbial Study
Authors: Amaechi Bennett Tochukwu , Abdul Azees Parveez Ahamed , Mohseni Sahar , Restrepo-Ceron Maria Camila , Kataoka Yuko , Omosebi Temitope Olabisi , Kanthaiah Kannan
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the efficacy of Isomalt-containing toothpaste in preventing development of dental caries. Methods: Human dental enamel slabs were allocated to six groups (30/group) at random: De-ionized distilled water (DDW), and toothpaste containing 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC] (ICT); 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride (IT); 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride, 1.5% Sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS] (IST); 1100 ppm fluoride only (FT); 1100 ppm fluoride with SLS (FST). The enamel slabs were exposed to caries development via plaque growth in a Microbial Caries Model for 7 days. Toothpastes were applied as slurries (one toothpaste–three DDW) for 2 min twice daily. Demineralization was measured as the change in surface microhardness (ΔSMH) and amount of mineral lost (∆Z), and these metrics were assessed using Transverse Microradiography. Intra-group (SMH) and intergroup (%∆SMH and ∆Z) comparisons were paired t-test and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05), respectively. Results: With SMH, demineralization was found to be significant (p < 0.001) in all groups compared to sound enamel baseline, except ICT group. With %ΔSMH, all other groups had significantly (p < 0.001) less demineralization compared to DDW. Significantly (p < 0.001) greater demineralization was observed in IT, FT and FST compared to ICT, and no significant difference was observed between IST and ICT or FT. With ∆Z, relative to the DDW group, the inhibition of demineralization was significant (p < 0.0001) in all groups at varying percentages. Conclusions: Toothpaste containing 10% Isomalt, 1100 ppm fluoride, and 0.05% CPC demonstrated greater efficacy in inhibiting caries development amid dental plaque compared to toothpaste containing only 1100 ppm fluoride.
Optimizing Microgrid Planning for Renewable Integration in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Quizhpe Klever , Arévalo Paul , Ochoa-Correa Danny , Villa-Ávila Edisson
Published: September 2024

The increasing demand for reliable and sustainable electricity has driven the development of microgrids (MGs) as a solution for decentralized energy distribution. This study reviews advancements in MG planning and optimization for renewable energy integration, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology to analyze peer-reviewed articles from 2013 to 2024. The key findings highlight the integration of emerging technologies, like artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and advanced energy storage systems, which enhance MG efficiency, reliability, and resilience. Advanced modeling and simulation techniques, such as stochastic optimization and genetic algorithms, are crucial for managing renewable energy variability. Lithium-ion and redox flow battery innovations improve energy density, safety, and recyclability. Real-time simulations, hardware-in-the-loop testing, and dynamic power electronic converters boost operational efficiency and stability. AI and machine learning optimize real-time MG operations, enhancing predictive analysis and fault tolerance. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including integrating new technologies, improving simulation accuracy, enhancing energy storage sustainability, ensuring system resilience, and conducting comprehensive economic assessments. Further research and innovation are needed to realize MGs’ potential in global energy sustainability fully.
Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Component Based on an Improved Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm to Optimize Support Vector Machine
Authors: Li Qiang , Li Ming , Fu Chao , Wang Jin
Published: September 2024

Due to high probability of blade faults, bearing faults, sensor faults, and communication faults in pitch systems during the long-term operation of wind turbine components, and the complex operation environment which increases the uncertainty of fault types, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for wind turbine components based on an Improved Dung Beetle Optimization (IDBO) algorithm to optimize Support Vector Machine (SVM). Firstly, the Halton sequence is initially employed to populate the population, effectively mitigating the issue of local optima. Secondly, the subtraction averaging optimization strategy is introduced to accelerate the dung beetle algorithm in solving complex problems and improve its global optimization ability. Finally, incorporating smooth development variation helps improve data quality and the accuracy of the model. The experimental results indicate that the IDBO-optimized SVM (IDBO-SVM) achieves a 96.7% fault diagnosis rate for wind turbine components. With the proposed IDBO-SVM method, fault diagnosis of wind turbine components is more accurate and stable, and its practical application is excellent.
Crowd Panic Behavior Simulation Using Multi-Agent Modeling
Authors: Dumitrescu Cătălin , Radu Valentin , Gheorghe Radu , Tăbîrcă Alina-Iuliana , Ștefan Maria-Cristina , Manea Liliana
Published: September 2024

This research introduces a novel approach to crisis management by implementing a multi-agent algorithm within a strategic decision system. The proposed system harnesses multiple agents’ collective intelligence and adaptive capabilities to enhance decision-making processes during critical situations. The study first investigates the theoretical foundations of crisis management and multi-agent systems, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach that combines strategic decision-making with autonomous agents. Subsequently, the research presents the design and implementation of the multi-agent algorithm, outlining its ability to gather, process, and analyze diverse data sources in real time. The multi-agent algorithm is specifically tailored to adapt to dynamic crisis scenarios, ensuring a resilient decision-making framework. Experimental simulations present the implementation of a panic simulator and prediction of evacuation and intervention routes using multi-agent artificial intelligence algorithms. The results demonstrate the multi-agent algorithm-driven decision system’s superiority in response time, resource allocation, and overall crisis mitigation. Furthermore, the research explores the system’s scalability and adaptability to different crisis types, illustrating its potential applicability across diverse domains.