bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An examination of distress, sleep, and fatigue in metastatic breast cancer patients
Authors: Mosher Catherine E. , DuHamel Katherine N.
Published: November 2010

Objective: Few studies have used rapid screening instruments to document the prevalence of distress among metastatic breast cancer patients. This study used the one‐item Distress Thermometer (DT) to assess distress in this population. Anxiety and depressive symptoms, sleep problems, fatigue, and mental health service use were assessed for patients who met the cutoff on the DT for probable distress (score ⩾4).

Methods: A total of 173 metastatic breast cancer patients rated their distress on the DT. Respondents who met study eligibility criteria (n = 90), including a score ⩾4 on the DT, completed a telephone survey 1 week later that assessed anxiety, depressive symptoms, sleep problems, and fatigue. Associations of study outcomes with demographic and medical characteristics were computed.

Results: Sixty percent of the 173 patients met the cutoff for probable distress on the DT. Meeting this cutoff was not associated with age, ethnicity, time since diagnosis, or medical treatments. The majority (61%) of respondents who were classified as distressed on the DT reported clinically significant anxiety or depressive symptoms 1 week later. On average, these patients also showed significant fatigue and sleep disturbance, with 70% reporting decrements in sleep quality. Only 29% of patients with significant anxiety or depressive symptoms accessed mental health services.

Conclusions: Results point to a high prevalence of distress, sleep problems, and fatigue across demographic and medical subgroups of metastatic breast cancer patients. A rapid one‐item screening tool may be used to identify patients with a potential need for psychosocial assessment and intervention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety‐related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats
Authors: Saiyudthong Somrudee , Marsden Charles A.
Published: November 2010

Bergamot essential oil (BEO), Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia (Risso) Wright & Arn. (Rutaceae), is used widely in aromatherapy to reduce stress and anxiety despite limited scientific evidence. A previous study showed that BEO significantly increased gamma‐aminobutyric acid levels in rat hippocampus, suggesting potential anxiolytic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BEO (1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% w/w) administered to rats on both anxiety‐related behaviours (the elevated plus‐maze (EPM) and hole‐board tests) and stress‐induced levels of plasma corticosterone in comparison with the effects of diazepam. Inhalation of BEO (1% and 2.5%) and injection of diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the percentage of open arm entries on the EPM. The percentage time spent in the open arms was also significantly enhanced following administration of either BEO (2.5% and 5%) or diazepam. Total arm entries were significantly increased with the highest dose (5%), suggesting an increase in locomotor activity. In the hole‐board test, 2.5% BEO and diazepam significantly increased the number of head dips. 2.5% BEO and diazepam attenuated the corticosterone response to acute stress caused by exposure to the EPM. In conclusion, both BEO and diazepam exhibited anxiolytic‐like behaviours and attenuated HPA axis activity by reducing the corticosterone response to stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of tropical‐cyclone models to the surface drag coefficient
Authors: Montgomery Michael T. , Smith Roger K. , Nguyen Sang V.
Published: November 2010

Motivated by recent developments in tropical‐cyclone dynamics, this paper re‐examines a basic aspect of tropical‐cyclone behaviour, namely, the sensitivity of tropical‐cyclone models to the surface drag coefficient. Previous theoretical and numerical studies of the sensitivity in axisymmetric models have found that the intensity decreases markedly with increasing drag coefficient. Here we present a series of three‐dimensional convection‐permitting numerical experiments in which the intensification rate and intensity of the vortex increase with increasing surface drag coefficient until a certain threshold value is attained and then decrease. In particular, tropical depression‐strength vortices intensify to major hurricane intensity for values of CK/CD as small as 0.1, significantly smaller than the critical threshold value of about 0.75 for major hurricane development predicted by Emanuel using an axisymmetric balance model. Moreover, when the drag coefficient is set to zero, no system‐scale intensification occurs, despite persistent sea‐to‐air fluxes of moisture that maintain deep convective activity. This result is opposite to that found in a prior axisymmetric study by Craig and Gray.

The findings are interpreted using recent insights obtained on tropical‐cyclone intensification, which highlight the intrinsically unbalanced dynamics of the tropical‐cyclone boundary layer. The reasons for the differences from earlier axisymmetric studies and some potential ramifications of our findings are discussed.

The relative insensitivity of the intensification rate and intensity found for drag coefficients typical of high wind speeds over the ocean calls into question the need for coupled ocean wave– atmospheric models to accurately forecast tropical‐cyclone intensity. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Noncovalent modification of carbon nanotubes by conjugated polymer: A theoretical study
Authors: Wang Y. J.
Published: November 2010

The energetic and optical properties of (n, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for n = 3–11 noncovalently modified with poly(phenylenethynylene) (PPE) were studied using a density‐functional tight‐binding method. The binding energies between the PPE and (n, n) CNTs were found increasing with the diameter increase for n ≤ 9 and then decreasing due to steric hindrance effect. It was verified that the binding is due to π–π interaction and van der Waals attraction, with very small charge transfers involved. Significant blue shifts in the absorption and fluorescent spectra of the PPE upon interacting with the CNTs were revealed in the calculation, which are responsible to the optical “quenching” observed in experiment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Random unlabelled graphs containing few disjoint cycles
Authors: Kang Mihyun , McDiarmid Colin
Published: November 2010

We call a set B of vertices in a graph G a blocker if the graph G ‐ B obtained from G by deleting the vertices in B has no cycles. The classical Erdős‐Pósa theorem (1965) states that for each positive integer k there is a positive integer f(k) such that in each graph G which contains at most k pairwise vertex‐disjoint cycles, there is a blocker B of size at most f(k).

We show that, amongst all unlabelled n‐vertex graphs with at most k disjoint cycles, all but an exponentially small proportion have a unique blocker of size k. We also determine the asymptotic number and properties of such graphs. For example we study the limiting probability that such graphs are connected, the limiting average number of vertices not in the giant component, and the limiting distribution of the chromatic number. Further, we give more detailed results concerning graphs with no two disjoint cycles.

These results complement recent results for labelled graphs by Kurauskas and the second author. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
The role of connexin‐36 gap junctions in alcohol intoxication and consumption
Authors: Steffensen Scott C. , Bradley Katie D. , Hansen David M. , Wilcox Jeffrey D. , Wilcox Rebecca S. , Allison David W. , Merrill Collin B. , Edwards Jeffrey G.
Published: November 2010

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neurons appear to be critical substrates underlying the acute and chronic effects of ethanol on dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic system implicated in alcohol reward. The aim of this study was to examine the role of midbrain connexin‐36 (Cx36) gap junctions (GJs) in ethanol intoxication and consumption. Using behavioral, molecular, and electrophysiological methods, we compared the effects of ethanol in mature Cx36 knockout (KO) mice and age‐matched wild‐type (WT) controls. Compared to WT mice, Cx36 KO mice exhibited significantly more ethanol‐induced motor impairment in the open field test, but less disruption in motor coordination in the rotarod paradigm. Cx36 KO mice, and WT mice treated with the Cx36 antagonist mefloquine (MFQ), consumed significantly less ethanol than their WT controls in the drink‐in‐the‐dark procedure. The firing rate of VTA GABA neurons in WT mice was inhibited by ethanol with an IC50of 0.25 g/kg, while VTA GABA neurons in KO mice were significantly less sensitive to ethanol. Dopamine neuron GABA‐mediated sIPSC frequency was reduced by ethanol (30 mM) in WT mice, but not affected in KO mice. Cx36 KO mice evinced a significant up‐regulation in DAT and D2 receptors in the VTA, as assessed by quantitative RT‐PCR. These findings demonstrate the behavioral relevance of Cx36 GJ‐mediated electrical coupling between GABA neurons in mature animals, and suggest that loss of coupling between VTA GABA neurons results in disinhibition of DA neurons, a hyper‐DAergic state and lowered hedonic valence for ethanol consumption. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of risperidone on development and expression of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization in rats
Authors: Akdag Elvin , Kayir Hakan , Uzbay Tayfun I.
Published: November 2010

It has been shown that atypical antipsychotics significantly reduce smoking and alcohol consumption in schizophrenic patients. However, our knowledge about the effect of risperidone, especially on nicotine abuse is limited. We aimed to test the effects of risperidone in an animal model of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization, which represents initial neuroadaptations and continued behavioral changes in nicotine‐type dependence. To investigate the effect of risperidone on the development of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization, rats were pretreated with risperidone (0.025 and 0.050 mg kg−1) 30 min before the nicotine (0.5 mg kg−1, base) treatment, and locomotor activity was recorded for 30 min. This procedure was repeated every day for eight sessions. After a 6‐day drug‐free period, rats were challenged with nicotine (0.5 mg kg−1). To reveal the effect of risperidone on the expression of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization, rats were injected with nicotine for eight sessions. After a 6‐day drug‐free period, rats were pretreated with risperidone (0.025 and 0.050 mg kg−1) or vehicle 30 min before the nicotine (0.5 mg kg−1) challenge injection. Repeated administration of nicotine generated robust locomotor sensitization in rats. Risperidone pretreatment (0.050 mg kg−1) blocked the expression but not the development of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Our results suggest that risperidone blocks the continuation of nicotine‐type addictive behavior, but it is ineffective on early adaptations in the initiation of nicotine addiction. Thus, this drug may have a limited beneficial effect in treatment of nicotine dependence. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional sensitivity to neuroinflammation: In vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Liraz‐Zaltsman Sigal , Alexandrovich Alexander G. , Trembovler Victoria , Fishbein Ianai , Yaka Rami , Shohami Esther , Biegon Anat
Published: November 2010

Background:Neuroinflammation is involved in several acute‐onset neuropathologies such as meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, and traumatic brain injury as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. All of these patholologies are associated with cognitive deficits. Using a model of pure neuroinflammation (intracisternal injection of endotoxin in mice), we tested the hypothesis that brain regions involved in cognition are the most vulnerable to inflammatory insults, and this vulnerability is an inherent property of neocortical neurons.Methods:Mice (n= 10/group) injected with endotoxin (LPS) or saline in the cisterna magna underwent neurobehavioral and cognitive testing followed by quantitative autoradiographic assessment of regional neuroinflammation with [3H]PK11195, an established marker of microgliosis. In parallel, cocultures of cortical and striatal neurons taken from embryonic day 19 rat embryos or postnatal day 1 mice expressing green fluorescent protein were exposed for 24 h to the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha, glutamate, or a combination of the two agents.Results:LPS‐treated mice exhibited significant deficits in memory and significant increases in specific PK11195 binding in cortical and hippocampal regions, but not in striatum. Cultured neurons of cortical origin showed significantly lower survival rate relative to striatal neurons in response to TNFalpha, glutamate, or a combination of the two agents. Furthermore, TNFalpha exerted neuroprotective rather than neurotoxic effects in the striatal but not in the cortical neurons.Conclusions:These results suggest that the cortex is inherently more sensitive than the striatum to the deleterious effects of neuroinflammation, and may offer an explanation for the preponderance of cognitive deficits in neuropathologies with a neuroinflammatory component. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring the impact of a science center on its community
Authors: Falk John H. , Needham Mark D.
Published: November 2010

A range of sources support science learning, including the formal education system, libraries, museums, nature and Science Centers, aquariums and zoos, botanical gardens and arboretums, television programs, film and video, newspapers, radio, books and magazines, the Internet, community and health organizations, environmental organizations, and conversations with friends and family. This study examined the impact of one single part of this infrastructure, a Science Center. This study asked two questions. First, who in Los Angeles (L.A.) has visited the California Science Center and what factors best describe those who have and those who have not visited? Second, does visiting the California Science Center impact public science understanding, attitudes, and behaviors and if so, in what ways? Two random telephone surveys of L.A. county adults 18 years of age and over (n = 832;n = 1,008) were conducted; one in 2000, shortly after the opening of the totally redesigned and rebuilt Science Center and one in 2009, roughly a decade after opening. Samples were drawn from five racially, ethnically, and socio‐economically diverse communities generally representative of greater L.A. Results suggest that the Science Center is having an important impact on the science literacy of greater L.A. More than half of residents have visited the Science Center since it opened in 1998 and self‐report data indicate that those who have visited believe that the Science Center strongly influenced their science and technology understanding, attitudes, and behaviors. Importantly, Science Center visitors are broadly representative of the general population of greater L.A. including individuals from all races and ethnicities, ages, education, and income levels with some of the strongest beliefs of impact expressed by minority and low‐income individuals. The use of a conceptual “marker” substantiates these conclusions and suggests that the impact of the Science Center might even be greater than indicated by the mostly self‐report data reported here. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 1–12, 2011
Spirocyclic Boraamidinate Complexes of Lanthanide(III) Metals
Authors: Corrente Andrea M. , Chivers Tristram , Konu Jari
Published: November 2010

The reaction of Li2[PhbamDipp] (PhbamDipp = PhB(NDipp)2; Dipp = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with lanthanum(III) triiodides LnI3(THF)3.5 (Ln = La, Sm) in THF produces complexes of the type [Li(THF)4]2[(PhbamDipp)2LnI], which were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray structural determinations. The ion‐separated complexes are comprised of a spirocyclic anion in which two PhbamDipp ligands and an iodide ion are linked to the five‐coordinate metal atom; charge balance is provided by two tetrasolvated lithium ions [Li(THF)4]+.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics in herbivorous insect communities mediated by induced plant responses
Authors: Utsumi Shunsuke
Published: November 2010

It is increasingly recognized that the ecology of communities and evolution of species within communities are interdependent, and researchers have been paying attention to this rapidly emerging field of research, i.e., through studies on eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Most of the studies on eco‐evolutionary dynamics have been concerned with direct trophic interactions. However, community ecologists have shown that trait‐mediated indirect effects play an important role in shaping the structure of natural communities. In particular, in terrestrial plant–insect systems, indirect effects mediated through herbivore‐induced plant responses are common and have a great impact on the structure of herbivore communities. This review describes eco‐evolutionary dynamics in herbivorous insect communities, and specifically focuses on the key role of herbivore‐induced plant responses in eco‐evolutionary dynamics. First, I review studies on the evolution of herbivore traits relevant to plant induction and discuss evolution in a community context mediated by induced plant responses. Second, I highlight how intraspecific genetic variation or evolution in herbivore traits can influence herbivore community structure. Finally, I propose the hypothetical model that induced plant responses supports eco‐evolutionary feedback in herbivore communities. In this review, I argue that the application of the indirect interaction web approaches into studies on eco‐evolutionary will provide profound insights into understanding of mechanisms of the generation and maintenance of biodiversity.
Adult attachment and reports of pain in experimentally‐induced pain
Authors: Andrewsl Nicole Emma , Meredithl Pamela Joy , Strongl Jenny
Published: November 2010

Attachment theory has been proposed as a framework for understanding the development of chronic pain, with evidence supporting the overrepresentation of insecure attachment styles in chronic pain populations and links between insecure attachment and factors known to impact one's ability to cope with pain. The present study sought to extend two earlier studies exploring the relationships between adult attachment and communication of an acute pain experience, in anticipation of providing insight into individual differences in vulnerability in development of chronic pain. It was hypothesised that: (a) fearful attachment would be associated with perceptions of the pain as less intense, and (b) anxious attachment would be associated with lower pain thresholds. A convenience sample of 82 healthy adults completed self‐report measures of attachment, neuroticism, and negative affect prior to taking part in a coldpressor pain inducement task. Results demonstrated that fearful attachment was associated with lower levels of pain intensity throughout the coldpressor task. In addition, dismissing attachment was also associated with less intense pain, as well as increased coldpressor endurance (tolerance) in the presence of a known assessor. These associations were retained after controlling for measures of neuroticism, negative affect, age, and social desirability. The results of this study are consistent with the proposition that fearful and dismissing individuals tend to mask their underlying distress caused by the pain experience, potentially leading to difficulties coping with pain over time.
Every methyl counts – Epigenetic calculus
Authors: Scharf Annette N.D. , Imhof Axel
Published: November 2010

Histone modifications play an important role in the formation of an epigenetic memory system that maintains cellular identity. Their complex patterns have been suggested to constitute a histone code, which encodes for specific forms of chromatin. According to the histone code hypothesis these specific patterns are passed on from one cell generation to the next. This enables cells to keep a specific gene expression pattern even in absence of the specific transcription factors that initiated the expression of lineage determining genes. The methylation of specific lysine residues within the histone tails plays a particularly important role in defining the histone modification pattern as mutations of the enzymes that catalyze the formation or the removal of methyl groups have severe effects on cellular physiology. Lysines can get mono‐, di‐ or trimethylated, but the molecular function of the different modification states is still not fully understood. In the following review we will highlight recent data that try to tackle this question and discuss their potential impact for our understanding of the role of histone methylation in epigenetic inheritance.
Minimally invasive video‐assisted thyroidectomy versus conventional thyroidectomy: A cost‐effective analysis
Authors: Byrd J. Kenneth , Nguyen Shaun A. , Ketcham Amy , Hornig Joshua , Gillespie M. Boyd , Lentsch Eric
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE

To compare the cost of minimally invasive video‐assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) with conventional thyroidectomy.

STUDY DESIGN

A cost‐effectiveness study and chart review.

SETTING

Academic university hospital.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Pediatric and adult patients referred to the Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery for suspicious thyroid nodules, goiters, or known carcinomas. A tertiary care hospital's billing department was queried for all hemithyroidectomies and total thyroidectomies completed by the Department of Otolaryngology‐ Head and Neck Surgery between January 5, 2006, and November 1, 2007. The charges, including surgery, hospital, pathology, and anesthesia, for minimally invasive video‐assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) and traditional or minimally invasive open thyroidectomies meeting MIVAT inclusion criteria were then reviewed retrospectively and compared statistically.

RESULTS

A total of 185 thyroidectomies were performed, 50.3 percent of which met criteria for MIVAT. Length of stay (days) was significantly shorter for patients undergoing MIVAT hemithyroidectomy (mean difference −0.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −1.08 to −0.52) and not significantly different between groups for total thyroidectomy (mean difference 0.1; 95% CI −0.36 to 0.56). Mean anesthesia cost (U.S.$) was similar between groups for hemi‐ and total thyroidectomies. MIVAT mean pathology cost was significantly less than open thyroidectomy for hemithyroidectomy (mean difference −89.9; 95% CI −179.01 to −0.79) and approached significance for total thyroidectomy. There was no significant difference in hospital cost and total cost for hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy.

CONCLUSION

In a group of matched cohorts, the cost of MIVAT appears to be equal to that of open thyroidectomy.
Spanish validation of the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire for head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Nazar Gonzalo , Garmendia María Luisa , Royer Michel , McDowell Jennifer A. , Weymuller Ernest A. , Yueh Bevan
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE

The University of Washington Quality of Life (UW‐QOL) questionnaire is one of the most widely used instruments to evaluate the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients. The aim of this study was to perform a Spanish translation and validation of the UW‐QOL questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN

A cross‐sectional study.

SETTING

Three tertiary‐care hospitals and a laryngectomee rehabilitation center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire were performed following accepted international guidelines. The psychometric validation was performed on a consecutive series of patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract with no signs of relapse, recruited from May 2007 to December 2008. Eligible subjects were invited to complete the Spanish version of the UW‐QOL questionnaire during routine clinical consultation, and complete it again within 15 days. Subjects also completed a validated Spanish version of the Goldberg Mental Health Survey and were evaluated by the use of the Karnofsky Index.

RESULTS

A Spanish version of the questionnaire was developed in iterative fashion. In the psychometric validation process, a total of 76 patients were analyzed. Reliability was excellent, including both internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.84) and test‐retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.91 and 0.97 with a confidence interval of 95%). Construct validity was supported by statistically significant relationships between the Karnofsky Index, the Goldberg Mental Health Survey, and the translated UW‐QOL questionnaire.

CONCLUSION

The Spanish version of the UW‐QOL questionnaire appears to be culturally appropriate and psychometrically valid.
Effect of pharyngeal packing during nasal surgery on postoperative nausea and vomiting
Authors: Korkut Arzu Yasemin , Erkalp Kerem , Erden Veysel , Teker Aysenur Meric , Demirel Asiye , Gedikli Orhan , Saidoglu Leyla
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pharyngeal packing in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after nasal surgery by taking into consideration the surgery types.

STUDY DESIGN

A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

SETTING

A tertiary referral center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

After the study was approved by the local ethics committee, this study was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology clinic with the collaboration of the Anesthesiology clinic. The development of PONV within 24 hours after surgery was evaluated in patients who were applied a pharyngeal pack (Group 1) or not (Group 2) during nasal surgery.

RESULTS

There were 104 adult patients for routine nasal surgery included in the current study, yielding 100 (group 1, n = 50; group 2, n = 50) evaluable subjects. No significant difference was found in the incidence of PONV between the two groups at two (P = 0.41), four (P = 0.54), eight (P = 0.51), and 24 hours. According to surgery type, the incidence of PONV after two hours was 71 percent in septorhinoplasty, 68 percent in endoscopic sinus surgery, and 50 percent in septoplasty; after four hours it was 59 percent in septorhinoplasty, 53 percent in endoscopic sinus surgery, and 37 percent in septoplasty; and after eight hours it was 35 percent in septorhinoplasty, 39 percent in endoscopic sinus surgery, and 21 percent in septoplasty. PONV was not seen at 24 hours. Compared to the septoplasty group for which pharyngeal packing was used, significantly lower rates of PONV at four and eight hours were found in the septoplasty group in which pharyngeal packing was not used (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Pharyngeal packing in nasal surgery has no impact on PONV.
Systematic review of laryngeal reinnervation techniques
Authors: Aynehchi Behrad B. , McCoul Edward D. , Sundaram Krishnamurthi
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review outcomes of reinnervation techniques for the management of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP).

DATA SOURCES

Medline and Cochrane databases for English‐language studies published between 1966 and 2009 on the surgical management of UVFP.

REVIEW METHODS

Studies were excluded if they reported on bilateral vocal fold paralysis, used nonhuman subjects, or did not assess clinical outcomes. Outcomes of interest were visual analysis, acoustic analysis, perceptual analysis, and electromyography.

RESULTS

Of 686 initial studies, 14 studies encompassing 329 patients were eligible for analysis. All studies had a case‐series design. Of reported patients, 60.2 percent were men, with mean age of 51 years (range, 12‐79 years). The most common reinnervation technique was ansa cervicalis‐to‐recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), which was most commonly performed after thyroidectomy (43.5%). Other techniques with reportable outcomes included primary RLN anastomosis, ansa‐to‐RLN combined with cricothyroid muscle‐nerve‐muscle pedicle, ansa‐to‐thyroarytenoid neural implantation, ansa‐to‐thyroarytenoid neuromuscular pedicle, and hypoglossal‐to‐RLN. Median postsurgical follow‐up was 12 months, and mean time to first signs of reinnervation was 4.5 months (SD 2.9 months). Visual analysis of glottic gap showed the greatest mean improvement with ansa‐to‐RLN, from 2.25 (SD 0.886) to 0.75 (SD 0.886) mm (P < 0.01). Acoustic analysis showed greatest improvement with neural implantation, with a change in mean phonation time from seven (SD 1.22) to 16 (SD 5.52) seconds (P < 0.01). Perceptual analysis and electromyography demonstrated improvement in all studies.

CONCLUSION

Reinnervation is effective in the management of UVFP, although the specific method may be dictated by anatomical limitations. Prospective studies utilizing uniform and consistent outcome parameters are necessary.
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and the material culture of nineteenth-century gas discharge research
Authors: MÜLLER FALK
Published: November 2010

In the second half of the nineteenth century, gas discharge research was transformed from a playful and fragmented field into a new branch of physical science and technology. From the 1850s onwards, several technical innovations – powerful high-voltage supplies, the enhancement of glass-blowing skills, or the introduction of mercury air-pumps – allowed for a major extension of experimental practices and expansion of the phenomenological field. Gas discharge tubes served as containers in which resources from various disciplinary contexts could be brought together; along with the experimental apparatus built around them the tubes developed into increasingly complex interfaces mediating between the human senses and the micro-world. The focus of the following paper will be on the physicist and chemist Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (1824–1914), his educational background and his attempts to understand gaseous conduction as a process of interaction between electrical energy and matter. Hittorf started a long-term project in gas discharge research in the early 1860s. In his research he tried to combine a morphological exploration of gas discharge phenomena – aiming at the experimental production of a coherent phenomenological manifold – with the definition and precise measurements of physical properties.
Pre-digestion of dietary lipids has only minor effects on absorption, retention and metabolism in larval stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Hamre K. , Lukram I. M. , Rønnestad I. , Nordgreen A. , Sæle Ø.
Published: November 2010

The hypothesis of the present study was that cod larvae have a limitation in lipid digestion, and that absorption of lipids would increase by pre-hydrolysation. The diets used were designed to contain 15 % lipid, of which 40 % was phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 60 % was TAG. Cod larvae (40 d post hatch (dph)) were fed a single meal where either PC or TAG was radioactively labelled, and the labelled PC or TAG was either intact or hydrolysed (pre-digested). The larvae were then incubated individually in chambers with collection of CO2for 10 h. The following fractions were analysed for radioactivity: the incubation water (evacuated feed); the intestine; the body; the CO2trap. The larvae ate a 16–29 μg diet, equivalent to 3·4–5·2 % of dry body weight. In the whole population, 0–16 % of the lipid was evacuated. The larvae that had eaten less than 1·9–2·7 μg lipid absorbed close to 100 % of the lipid, absorption being defined conservatively as the amount contained in the carcass and CO2, excluding the intestinal tissue. In these larvae, approximately 100 % of the absorbed lipid was also catabolised. In the larvae that ingested more than 1·9–2·7 μg lipid, there was a linear reduction in lipid absorption to a minimum of 55 % at the highest lipid intakes parallel to an increasing retention of lipids in the carcass. There were only minor differences in digestion, absorption, retention and metabolism of lipids between the larvae fed the different diets, and the larvae tended to retain lipid classes as they were present in the feed. The study shows that 40-dph Atlantic cod larvae have an efficient utilisation of dietary lipids supplied as intact PC and TAG.
Food photographs in nutritional surveillance: errors in portion size estimation using drawings of bread and photographs of margarine and beverages consumption
Authors: De Keyzer Willem , Huybrechts Inge , De Maeyer Mieke , Ocké Marga , Slimani Nadia , van 't Veer Pieter , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: November 2010

Food photographs are widely used as instruments to estimate portion sizes of consumed foods. Several food atlases are available, all developed to be used in a specific context and for a given study population. Frequently, food photographs are adopted for use in other studies with a different context or another study population. In the present study, errors in portion size estimation of bread, margarine on bread and beverages by two-dimensional models used in the context of a Belgian food consumption survey are investigated. A sample of 111 men and women (age 45–65 years) were invited for breakfast; two test groups were created. One group was asked to estimate portion sizes of consumed foods using photographs 1–2 d after consumption, and a second group was asked the same after 4 d. Also, real-time assessment of portion sizes using photographs was performed. At the group level, large overestimation of margarine, acceptable underestimation of bread and only small estimation errors for beverages were found. Women tended to have smaller estimation errors for bread and margarine compared with men, while the opposite was found for beverages. Surprisingly, no major difference in estimation error was found after 4 d compared with 1–2 d. Individual estimation errors were large for all foods. The results from the present study suggest that the use of food photographs for portion size estimation of bread and beverages is acceptable for use in nutrition surveys. For photographs of margarine on bread, further validation using smaller amounts corresponding to actual consumption is recommended.
Development of a dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ for the Korean diet and cancer research using a database approach
Authors: Kyung Park Min , Woo Kim Dong , Kim Jeongseon , Park Sohee , Joung Hyojee , Song Won O. , Young Paik Hee
Published: November 2010

We used a database approach in developing a dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ for Korean diet and cancer research. Cancer-related dietary factors (CRDF) recognised in the scientific community and dietary intake data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2002 Korean National Nutrition Survey by Season were used. The list of dishes (n993) was those reported to be consumed by individuals over 30 years of age during all four seasons. The resulting 112-dish list was selected using contribution analyses and variability analyses to detect between-person variation for CRDF and non-CRDF nutrients. Variations of each dish were grouped into one dish for the final list of 112 dishes, which were then linked to the nutrient database. The final 112 dish items consisted of nine Korean staple dishes, including rice and noodles, twenty-five soups and stews, fifty-four side dishes, nine beverages, nine fruit dishes and six alcoholic beverages. The percentage coverages of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol intake in the selected 112 dishes were 82·4, 76·4, 68·9, 86·0 and 99·8 %, respectively. Dietary exposure to cancer-related Korean dietary factors can be assessed by this new dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ. This new instrument can calculate the intake of CRDF along with non-CRDF nutrient intake for cancer research.
Diapause and its regulation in the whiteflyTrialeurodes lauri
Authors: Gerling D. , Guershon M. , Erel E. , Inbar M.
Published: November 2010

This study focuses on the regulation of synchronization between the life cycle of the oligophagous whitefly,Trialeurodes lauri(Signoret), and its evergreen host treeArbutus andrachnein Mediterranean chaparral. Whitefly infestations vary considerably among trees. The adults of the univoltine (one generation per year) whitefly emergeen masseduring April and May and oviposit on the new spring foliage. Following approximately one month of development to the early fourth instar, the nymphs enter nine-month diapauses, terminating in February. This diapause is induced and maintained by the plant and can be experimentally avoided (in the case of developing young nymphs) or terminated (in the case of diapausing fourth instars), if whitefly-bearing branches are severed from the tree and placed in water under laboratory conditions. This study is the first report of a whitefly diapausing through both summer and winter seasons. The role of the host plant in the process is discussed.
Joining the IPA – 100 years ago
Authors: Ashby Michael
Published: November 2010

What is reproduced here must be as rare an item as any from the early years of the IPA – an unused membership application form for the decade 1910–1919. The section to be completed by the applicant is perforated, ready to be torn along the wavy line. The form is probably a token of the systematic and meticulous approach of the young Daniel Jones (1881–1967), who became Assistant Secretary to the Association in 1910. The clerical task of keeping track of the membership must have been considerable; in 1914, numbers peaked at 1,751, drawn from 40 countries (MacMahon 1986: 31).
Isthmus (Juchitán) Zapotec
Authors: Pickett Velma B. , Villalobos María Villalobos , Marlett Stephen A.
Published: November 2010

Isthmus Zapotec (autoglossonym: [dìʤàˈzàˑ]) is the common name used for a variety of Zapotec (Otomanguean family) spoken on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (Suárez 1983: xvi; Campbell 1997: 158). It is now officially listed by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI 2008) as ‘zapoteco de la planicie costera’ (‘coastal plain Zapotec’) to distinguish it from other varieties of Zapotec spoken on the Isthmus. It is the mother tongue of many inhabitants of various cities and towns, as well as many smaller communities (INALI 2008), with some lexical, syntactic and phonetic variation between towns only a few kilometers apart. The ISO 639-3 code for this variety is zai. Since the most recent census figures do not separate out the varieties of Zapotec, and have not done so reliably when attempted, official statistics as to the number of speakers of Isthmus Zapotec are not available. (TheEthnologue(Lewis 2009) cites the 1990 census as listing 85,000 speakers; that figure must have been an interpretation of other statistics in the census.) INALI (personal communication, September 2008) estimates the current number to be about 104,000. In the city of Tehuantepec, the language is no longer widely used. In certain other locations, including Juchitán de Zaragoza, Spanish is becoming the dominant or the only language spoken by many people born after about 1990, although Zapotec is dominant in many outlying towns, including San Blas Atempa. Mature speakers have remarked that young people who are not fluent do not use tones correctly. Isthmus Zapotec has had active writers, including poets and novelists, since the first half of the twentieth century, well before an orthography was officially established (Alfabeto popular1956), but reading and writing of the language are still not taught in schools in the region.
Temporal acoustic correlates of the voicing contrast in European Portuguese stops
Authors: Lousada Marisa , Jesus Luis M. T. , Hall Andreia
Published: November 2010

This study focuses on the temporal analysis of stops /p b t d k ɡ/ and devoicing analysis of voiced stops /b d ɡ/ produced in different word positions by six native speakers of European Portuguese. The study explores acoustic properties related to voicing. The following acoustic properties were measured: voice onset time (VOT), stop duration, closure duration, release duration, voicing into closure duration, duration of the preceding vowel and duration of the following vowel. Results suggested that when [b d ɡ] were devoiced, the acoustic properties stop duration, closure duration, duration of the following vowel, duration of the preceding vowel and duration of voicing into closure were relevant for the voicing distinction. Implications for research and practice in speech and language therapy are discussed. Further investigation is needed to find how the productions analysed in the present study were perceived by listeners, specifically productions of devoiced stops.
Epibiotic association between filamentous bacteria and the vent-associated galatheid crab,Shinkaia crosnieri(Decapoda: Anomura)
Authors: Tsuchida Shinji , Suzuki Yohey , Fujiwara Yoshihiro , Kawato Masaru , Uematsu Katsuyuki , Yamanaka Toshiro , Mizota Chitoshi , Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: November 2010

The galatheid crabShinkaia crosnieri, is the sole member of the subfamily Shinkaiinae. It is abundant and forms dense beds around active hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. Thousands of filamentous bacteria attached to the plumose setae on the ventral surface of this crab were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Nucleic acids were extracted from the filamentous bacteria, and the phylotypes of 16S rRNA genes were identified from 81 clones. These phylotypes were divided into three groups: Epsilonproteobacteria (74%); Gammaproteobacteria (20%); and Bacteroidetes (6%). Gamma- and major phylotypes of Epsilonproteobacteria were also detected using fluorescencein situhybridization analysis. These Epsilon- and Gammaproteobacteria were closely related to cultured and uncultured bacteria from hydrothermal vent fields including episymbionts of vent-associated invertebrates such asRimicaris exoculata, Alvinella pompejana, the scaly-foot snail,Kiwa hirsutaetc. The carbon isotopic compositions of the muscle ofS. crosnieriand in filamentous bacteria were similar. The muscle ofS. crosniericontained monounsaturated C16and C18fatty acids, which are known to be characteristic of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria in H2S-rich marine habitats. Through the video images transmitted by a submersible and a remotely operated vehicle,S. crosnieriwas observed to comb out its ventral setae using the third maxilliped and appeared to consume the contents. These evidences suggest the epibiotic association betweenS. crosnieriand the filamentous bacteria attached to the ventral setae of the crab, but the details of role and function are still unclear at the present study.
On Barycentric Subdivision
Authors: DIACONIS PERSI , MICLO LAURENT
Published: November 2010

Consider the barycentric subdivision which cuts a given triangle along its medians to produce six new triangles. Uniformly choosing one of them and iterating this procedure gives rise to a Markov chain. We show that, almost surely, the triangles forming this chain become flatter and flatter in the sense that their isoperimetric values go to infinity with time. Nevertheless, if the triangles are renormalized through a similitude to have their longest edge equal to [0, 1] ⊂ ℂ (with 0 also adjacent to the shortest edge), their aspect does not converge and we identify the limit set of the opposite vertex with the segment [0, 1/2]. In addition we prove that the largest angle converges to π in probability. Our approach is probabilistic, and these results are deduced from the investigation of a limit iterated random function Markov chain living on the segment [0, 1/2]. The stationary distribution of this limit chain is particularly important in our study.
Toward a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare
Authors: Kittawornrat Apisit , Zimmerman Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2010

Pork production began to flourish in the USA after the practice of finishing pigs on corn was popularized in the late 1600s. By the 1840s, there were 35 million pigs and 20 million people in the USA and Cincinnati was the world's largest pork market. Between 1890 and the present, the total number of pigs in the USA has remained at 50–60 million, but dramatic changes in swine husbandry over the course of the 20th century have metamorphosed pig production from small, extensive (outdoor), labor-dependent enterprises into large, intensive (indoor), capital-dependent, production systems. This development has led to debate concerning the impact of swine production on animal/human health, the environment, and the welfare of the animals under our care. In a very tangible way, the future of pork production depends on effectively addressing the public's concerns regarding animal welfare and health. Here, we review basic sensory and behavioral aspects of swine with the objective of reaching a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare. The premise of this discussion is that safeguarding animal welfare and health is good for pigs, pork producers and the animal-conscious public.
Temporal‐spatial modeling of electron density enhancement due to successive lightning strokes
Authors: Lay Erin H. , Rodger Craig J. , Holzworth Robert H. , Cho Mengu , Thomas Jeremy N.
Published: November 2010

We report results on the temporal‐spatial modeling of electron density enhancement due to successive lightning strokes. Stroke rates based on World‐Wide Lightning Location Network measurements are used as input to an axisymmetric Finite Difference Time Domain model that describes the effect of lightning electromagnetic pulses (EMP) on the ionosphere. Each successive EMP pulse interacts with a modified background ionosphere due to the previous pulses, resulting in a nonlinear electron density perturbation over time that eventually reaches a limiting value. The qualitative ionospheric response to successive EMPs is presented in 2‐D, axisymmetric space. Results from this study show that the nonlinear electron density perturbations due to successive lightning strokes must be taken into account and varies with altitude. The limiting maximum electron density is reached earlier in time for higher altitudes, and the most significant effect occurs at 88 km. The limiting modeled electron density profile in the 83–91 km altitude range does not depend on the initial electron density.
Spatially representative velocity measurement over water‐worked gravel beds
Authors: Cooper James R. , Tait Simon J.
Published: November 2010

Recent studies have examined the spatial heterogeneity of velocity fields over natural river boundaries. A key challenge is understanding how many velocity measurements are required to provide spatially representative estimates of the flow. This paper describes a series of laboratory experiments in which flow velocities have been measured in a detailed spatial pattern over two water‐worked gravel beds. These data have been utilized to deduce the minimum density of measurements required to provide representative estimates of several spatially averaged flow parameters. This was coupled with an investigation into the influence of measurement density on the level of error in the estimation of these parameters. Empirical relationships are developed that can be used to estimate, a priori, the required minimum measurement density for a known precision and accuracy over macroscopically flat, water‐worked gravel beds within a range of submergences. These estimates can be based on measurements of the bed roughness length scale, bed shear velocity, and flow depth alone. For all of the flow parameters, the level of error in adopting a lower measurement density than the required minimum, and its change with measurement density, was especially large at the lower densities. Given this dependence on measurement density, caution should be taken when comparing flow estimates from studies that have used similar flow and bed conditions but different measurement densities.