bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced properties of PVDF membranes using green Ag-nanoclay composite nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Abu-Zurayk Rund , Alnairat Nour , Bozeya Ayat , Khalaf Aya , Abu-Dalo Duaa
Published: April 2024

Introduction. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is widely used in various industries, particularly in water treatment, owing to its effectiveness as an ultrafiltration membrane. Fouling can occur on PVDF membranes during the treatment of aqueous solutions containing natural organic matter in water treatment. Nanofillers can be added to PVDF membranes to improve their durability for more water treatment applications Objectives. This study aimed to enhance the mechanical and anti-biofouling properties of PVDF membranes while maintaining the flux and rejection rates. Methods. A green method was used to synthesize the Ag-Nanoclay nanocomposite for integration into a PVDF polymer membrane. P. argentea extract was employed as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of Ag-Nanoclay nanocomposites. The synthesized Ag-Nanoclay nanocomposite was characterized using the X-Ray Diffration (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The phase inversion method was used to prepare the PVDF membranes and 1 wt% and 3 wt% Ag-Nanoclay nanocomposite membranes. The structures, morphologies, performances and mechanical and antibacterial proeprties of the prepared membranes were characterized. Results. The synthesized Ag-Nanoclay consisted of Ag Nanoparticles linked to nanoclay platelets with flavonoids from plant extracts. Incorporating the Ag-Nanoclay nanocomposite into the PVDF membrane resulted in minor increases in the pore size, roughness, and hydrophobicity of the membrane. However, these effects did not significantly affect the flux and rejection rates, which showed little improvement. The 1 wt% loading significantly improved the tensile strength by 67%, whereas it decreased by 50% at 3 wt% loading. Both loading levels demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with sterilization rates exceeding 99%. Conclusions. Addition of Ag-Nanoclay to PVDF membranes is a promising strategy for developing advanced membranes with improved mechanical properties and anti-biofouling characteristics.
Room temperature creep behavior of a single crystal nickel-based alloys
Authors: Tian Ning , Zhang Shunke , Peng AiQuan , Jianwei Yu , Tian Sugui
Published: April 2024

The deformation characteristics of a single-crystal nickel-based alloy containing Re during creep at room temperature were studied by means of creep property tests, microstructure observations and contrast analysis of the dislocation configuration. The results show that during the deformation of the alloy at room temperature, the original cubic γ′ phase transforms into a rhombus shape along the direction of maximum shearing stress, and its deformation feature is that the dislocation slips in the matrix and shears the γ′ phase. The <110> superdislocation shear into the γ′ phase can cross slip from the {111} plane to the {100} plane, forming a K-W lock, and can also be decomposed at the {111} plane. The dislocation configurations of (1/2)<110> partial dislocation plus antiphase boundary (APB) and (1/3)<112> partial dislocation plus SISF can effectively inhibit the slip and cross-slip of the dislocation and improve the deformation resistance of the alloy. At the later stage of creep, under the action of shear stress, the initial slip system is activated first to distort the γ and γ′ phases, and then the secondary slip system is activated and shears the primary slip system, resulting in a large stress concentration at the delivery point and the initiation of cracks in this area. With the alternating activation of the primary slip system and secondary slip system during creep, the initiation and expansion of cracks continue. Damage and fracture mechanisms occur in alloys during room temperature creep.
Fabrication and investigation of microstructural, mechanical and wear properties of in situ ZrB2/fly ash/AA7075 hybrid composite
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Kumar Binay
Published: April 2024

This research explores the microstructural, mechanical and wear characteristics of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs). Initially ZrB2 is fabricated by melt reaction and then fly ash incorporated into the aluminum composite melt as secondary reinforcements to fabricate HAMMCs through the ultrasonic agitated stir casting method. Micrographic and phase analysis of the HAMMCs and base alloy is conducted x-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). A wear test was conducted to study the wear properties of alloy and hybrid composite material. The generated wear scar was analyzed using a profilometer to find the wear rate. The tensile strength and hardness of the hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites (HAMMCs) improved remarkably as compared to base alloy. The wear resistance of the fabricated composite also increases on increasing the in situ ZrB2 up to 3 weight fractions.
𝐶⁰-limits of Legendrian knots
Authors: Dimitroglou Rizell Georgios , Sullivan Michael
Published: April 2024

Take a sequence of contactomorphisms of a contact three-manifold that

C
0

C^0

-converges to a homeomorphism. If the images of a Legendrian knot limit to a smooth knot under this sequence, we show that it is contactomorphic to the original knot. We prove this by establishing that, on one hand, non–Legendrian knots admit a type of contact-squashing (similar to squeezing) onto transverse knots while, on the other hand, Legendrian knots do not admit such a squashing. The non-trivial input from contact topology that is needed is (a local version of) the Thurston–Bennequin inequality.
Semi-integral Brauer–Manin obstruction and quadric orbifold pairs
Authors: Mitankin Vladimir , Nakahara Masahiro , Streeter Sam
Published: April 2024

We study local-global principles for two notions of semi-integral points, termed Campana points and Darmon points. In particular, we develop a semi-integral version of the Brauer–Manin obstruction interpolating between Manin’s classical version for rational points and the integral version developed by Colliot-Thélène and Xu. We determine the status of local-global principles, and obstructions to them, in two families of orbifolds naturally associated to quadric hypersurfaces. Further, we establish a quantitative result measuring the failure of the semi-integral Brauer–Manin obstruction to account for its integral counterpart for affine quadrics.
Polynomial decay of correlations for nonpositively curved surfaces
Authors: Lima Yuri , Matheus Carlos , Melbourne Ian
Published: April 2024

We prove polynomial decay of correlations for geodesic flows on a class of nonpositively curved surfaces where zero curvature only occurs along one closed geodesic. We also prove that various statistical limit laws, including the central limit theorem, are satisfied by this class of geodesic flows.
Biomarker-based human and animal sperm phenotyping: the good, the bad and the ugly
Authors: Sutovsky Peter , Hamilton Lauren E , Zigo Michal , Ortiz D’Avila Assumpção Mayra E , Jones Alexis , Tirpak Filip , Agca Yuksel , Kerns Karl , Sutovsky Miriam
Published: April 2024

Conventional, brightfield-microscopic semen analysis provides important baseline information about sperm quality of an individual; however, it falls short of identifying subtle subcellular and molecular defects in cohorts of “bad,” defective human and animal spermatozoa with seemingly normal phenotypes. To bridge this gap, it is desirable to increase the precision of andrological evaluation in humans and livestock animals by pursuing advanced biomarker-based imaging methods. This review, spiced up with occasional classic movie references but seriously scholastic at the same time, focuses mainly on the biomarkers of altered male germ cell proteostasis resulting in post-testicular carryovers of proteins associated with ubiquitin-proteasome system. Also addressed are sperm redox homeostasis, epididymal sperm maturation, sperm–seminal plasma interactions, and sperm surface glycosylation. Zinc ion homeostasis-associated biomarkers and sperm-borne components, including the elements of neurodegenerative pathways such as Huntington and Alzheimer disease, are discussed. Such spectrum of biomarkers, imaged by highly specific vital fluorescent molecular probes, lectins, and antibodies, reveals both obvious and subtle defects of sperm chromatin, deoxyribonucleic acid, and accessory structures of the sperm head and tail. Introduction of next-generation image-based flow cytometry into research and clinical andrology will soon enable the incorporation of machine and deep learning algorithms with the end point of developing simple, label-free methods for clinical diagnostics and high-throughput phenotyping of spermatozoa in humans and economically important livestock animals.
Determining the library size for the optimal output plan in the RapidPlan knowledge-based planning system using multicriteria optimization
Authors: Biswal Subhra S , Sarkar Biplab , Goyal Monika
Published: April 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the number of trade-off explored (TO) library plans required for building a RapidPlan (RP) library that would generate the optimal clinical treatment plan.

Methods

We developed 2 RP models, 1 each for the 2 clinical sites, head and neck (HN) and cervix. The models were created using 100 plans and were validated using 70 plans (VP) for each site respectively. Each of the 2 libraries comprising 100 TO plans was divided into 5 different subsets of library plans comprising 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 plans, leading to 5 different RP models for each site. For every validation patient, a TO plan (TO_VP) was created. For every patient, 5 RP plans were automatically generated using RP models. The dosimetric parameters of the 6 plans (TO_VP + 5 RP plans) were compared using Pearson correlation and Greenhouse-Geisser analysis.

Results

Planning target volume (PTV) dose volume parameters PTVD95% in 6 competing plans varied between 97.6 ± 0.7% and 98.1 ± 0.6% in HN cases and 98.8 ± 0.3% and 99.0 ± 0.4% in cervix cases. Overall, for both sites, the mean variations in organ at risk (OAR) doses or volumes were within 50 cGy, 0.5%, and 0.2 cc between library plans, and if TO_VP was included the variations deteriorated to 180 cGy, 0.4%, and 15 cc. All OARs in both sites, except D0.1 ccspine, showed a statistically insignificant variation between all plans.

Conclusions

Dosimetric variation among various output plans generated from 5 RP libraries is minimal and clinically insignificant. The optimal output plan can be derived from the least-weighted library consisting of 20 plans.

Advances in knowledge

This article shows that, when the constituent plans are subjected to trade-off exploration, the number of constituent plans for a knowledge-based planning module is not relevant in terms of its dosimetric output.
Decomposition of Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies – transition of healthy living fungus into a decayed bacteria-rich habitat is primarily driven by Arthropoda
Authors: Bosch Jason , Dobbler Priscila Thiago , Větrovský Tomáš , Tláskal Vojtěch , Baldrian Petr , Brabcová Vendula
Published: April 2024

Fomes fomentarius is a widespread, wood-rotting fungus of temperate, broadleaved forests. Although the fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius persist for multiple years, little is known about its associated microbiome or how these recalcitrant structures are ultimately decomposed. Here we used metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to analyse the microbial community associated with healthy living and decomposing F. fomentarius fruiting bodies to assess the functional potential of the fruiting body-associated microbiome and to determine the main players involved in fruiting body decomposition. F. fomentarius sequences in the metagenomes were replaced by bacterial sequences as the fruiting body decomposed. Most CAZymes expressed in decomposing fruiting bodies targeted components of the fungal cell wall with almost all chitin-targeting sequences, plus a high proportion of beta-glucan-targeting sequences, belonging to Arthropoda. We suggest that decomposing fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius represent a habitat rich in bacteria, while its decomposition is primarily driven by Arthropoda. Decomposing fruiting bodies thus represent a specific habitat supporting both microorganisms and microfauna.
Tracing the Evolutionary Origin of Chordate Somites in the Hemichordate Ptychodera flava
Authors: Chou Cindy , Lin Ching-Yi , Lin Che-Yi , Wang Anthony , Fan Tzu-Pei , Wang Kuang-Tse , Yu Jr-Kai , Su Yi-Hsien
Published: April 2024

Synopsis

Metameric somites are a novel character of chordates with unclear evolutionary origins. In the early branching chordate amphioxus, anterior somites are derived from the paraxial mesodermal cells that bud off the archenteron (i.e., enterocoely) at the end of gastrulation. Development of the anterior somites requires fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, and distinct somite compartments express orthologs of vertebrate nonaxial mesodermal markers. Thus, it has been proposed that the amphioxus anterior somites are homologous to the vertebrate head mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm. To trace the evolutionary origin of somites, it is essential to study the chordates’ closest sister group, Ambulacraria, which includes hemichordates and echinoderms. The anterior coeloms of hemichordate and sea urchin embryos (respectively called protocoel and coelomic pouches) are also formed by enterocoely and require FGF signals for specification and/or differentiation. In this study, we applied RNA-seq to comprehensively screen for regulatory genes associated with the mesoderm-derived protocoel of the hemichordate Ptychodera flava. We also used a candidate gene approach to identify P. flava orthologs of chordate somite markers. In situ hybridization results showed that many of these candidate genes are expressed in distinct or overlapping regions of the protocoel, which indicates that molecular compartments exist in the hemichordate anterior coelom. Given that the hemichordate protocoel and amphioxus anterior somites share a similar ontogenic process (enterocoely), induction signal (FGF), and characteristic expression of orthologous genes, we propose that these two anterior coeloms are indeed homologous. In the lineage leading to the emergence of chordates, somites likely evolved from enterocoelic, FGF-dependent, and molecularly compartmentalized anterior coeloms of the deuterostome last common ancestor.
On Chow Rings of Quiver Moduli
Authors: Belmans Pieter , Franzen Hans
Published: April 2024

We describe the point class and Todd class in the Chow ring of a moduli space of quiver representations, building on a result of Ellingsrud–Strømme. This, together with the presentation of the Chow ring by the second author, makes it possible to compute integrals on quiver moduli. To do so, we construct a canonical morphism of universal representations in great generality, and along the way point out its relation to the Kodaira–Spencer morphism. We illustrate the results by computing some invariants of some “small” Kronecker moduli spaces. We also prove that the first non-trivial (6-dimensional) Kronecker moduli space is isomorphic to the zero locus of a general section of $\mathcal{Q}^{\vee }(1)$ on $\textrm{Gr}(2,8)$.
Triangulations of Prisms and Preprojective Algebras of Type A
Authors: Iyama Osamu , Williams Nicholas J
Published: April 2024

We show that isomorphism classes of indecomposable $\tau $-rigid pairs over $\Pi _{n}$, the preprojective algebra of $A_{n}$, are in bijection with internal $n$-simplices in the prism $\Delta _{n} \times \Delta _{1}$, the product of an $n$-simplex with a 1-simplex. We show further that this induces a bijection between triangulations of $\Delta _{n} \times \Delta _{1}$ and basic support $\tau $-tilting pairs over $\Pi _{n}$ such that bistellar flips of triangulations correspond to mutations of support $\tau $-tilting pairs. These bijections are shown to be compatible with the known bijections involving the symmetric group.
Bounds on the Chabauty–Kim Locus of Hyperbolic Curves
Authors: Betts L Alexander , Corwin David , Leonhardt Marius
Published: April 2024

Conditionally on the Tate–Shafarevich and Bloch–Kato Conjectures, we give an explicit upper bound on the size of the $p$-adic Chabauty–Kim locus, and hence on the number of rational points, of a smooth projective curve $X/{\mathbb{Q}}$ of genus $g\geq 2$ in terms of $p$, $g$, the Mordell–Weil rank $r$ of its Jacobian, and the reduction types of $X$ at bad primes. This is achieved using the effective Chabauty–Kim method, generalizing bounds found by Coleman and Balakrishnan–Dogra using the abelian and quadratic Chabauty methods.
Chlamydia trachomatis Seroassays Used in Epidemiologic Research: A Narrative Review and Practical Considerations
Authors: Waters Mary Bridget , Hybiske Kevin , Ikeda Ren , Kaltenboeck Bernhard , Manhart Lisa E , Kreisel Kristen M , Khosropour Christine M
Published: April 2024

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to adverse reproductive health outcomes. CT prevalence estimates are primarily derived from screening using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). However, screening guidelines in the United States only include particular subpopulations, and NAATs only detect current infections. In contrast, seroassays identify past CT infections, which is important for understanding the public health impacts of CT, including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal factor infertility. Older seroassays have been plagued by low sensitivity and specificity and have not been validated using a consistent reference measure, making it challenging to compare studies, define the epidemiology of CT, and determine the effectiveness of control programs. Newer seroassays have better performance characteristics. This narrative review summarizes the “state of the science” for CT seroassays that have been applied in epidemiologic studies and provides practical considerations for interpreting the literature and employing seroassays in future research.
Increased risk of fragility fractures in patients with primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Lim Jihye , Kim Ye-Jee , Kim Sehee , Choi Jonggi
Published: April 2024

Large-scale studies on the risk of fragility fractures in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are limited due to low incidence. We aimed to investigate whether PBC is associated with fragility fractures using real-world nationwide data. The Korean National Health Insurance Service claims data from 2007 to 2020 were analyzed in this population-based cohort study. Patients with PBC (n = 4951) were matched with controls (n = 19 793) using a 1:4 ratio based on age, sex, and follow-up duration. The primary outcome was fragility fracture, which comprised fractures of the vertebra, hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus. The incidence rates (IRs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were determined to assess the impact of PBC on fragility fractures. During the median follow-up period of 5.37 years, 524 patients in the PBC group had fragility fractures (IR, 18.59/1000 person-years [PYs]). After adjusting for covariates, PBC increased the risk of fragility fractures by 1.63-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.20–2.22; P = .002). The vertebra and hip were particularly susceptible to fracture in patients with PBC, with adjusted HRs of 1.77 and 2.23, respectively. In the subgroup analysis, the risk of fragility fracture was 2.53-fold higher in men and 1.59-fold higher in women with PBC than that in the respective matched control groups. Considering the morbidity and mortality related to fragility fractures, increasing awareness of fragility fracture risk and implementing appropriate preventive measures in patients with PBC are imperative.
Horizontal Agreements—Cartels and Collusion
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines how EU competition law applies both to undertakings operating cartels and to undertakings that tacitly coordinate their behaviour on a market. It starts by looking at the difference between ‘explicit’ and ‘tacit’ collusion in the light of the theory of games and the ‘prisoners’ dilemma’. The chapter then deals with cartels and other agreements akin to cartels, or which may facilitate explicit or tacit collusion on a market. Next, it considers the problem of tacit collusion and whether, in particular, Articles 101 and 102 operate as effective mechanisms for dealing with the oligopoly problem. The chapter also considers other options that EU competition law might offer to deal with tacit collusion, either ex ante or ex post, such as the use of the concept of collective dominance and sector enquiries under Regulation 1/2003, art 17.
International Aspects
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda , Dunne Niamh
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines the issue of jurisdictional problems in competition law, at the ‘internationalisation’ of competition law and the efforts to deal with competition issues at a global level to match the global operations of undertakings on world markets.. It looks first at the question of extraterritoriality in public international law, particularly the concept of objective territoriality. It considers the distinction between prescriptive jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdiction and how these might apply to competition law. It then looks at the development of the effects doctrine in US law and the concept of comity, and at the position of foreign plaintiffs in US courts. It considers how the EU takes jurisdiction by the application of the single economic entity doctrine and by the development of the implementation doctrine and the qualified effects doctrine. The chapter concludes by examining how international cooperation seeks to help solve jurisdictional problems. It looks at the bilateral agreements into which the EU has entered, and the multilateral cooperation to which the EU is party, including cooperation within UNCTAD, the OECD, the WTO and the International Competition Network (ICN).
Unusual metallic state in superconducting A15-type La4H23
Authors: Guo Jianning , Semenok Dmitrii , Shutov Grigoriy , Zhou Di , Chen Su , Wang Yulong , Zhang Kexin , Wu Xinyue , Luther Sven , Helm Toni , Huang Xiaoli , Cui Tian
Published: April 2024

Hydride superconductors continue to fascinate the communities of condensed matter physics and material scientists because they host the promising near room-temperature superconductivity. Current research has concentrated on the new hydride superconductors with the enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature (Tc). The multiple extreme conditions (high pressure/temperature and magnetic field) will introduce new insights into hydride superconductors. The study of transport properties under very high magnetic fields facilitates the understanding of superconductivity in conventional hydride superconductors. In the present work, we report experimental evidence of an unusual metal state in a newly synthesized cubic A15-type La4H23 that exhibits superconductivity with a Tc reaching 105 K at 118 GPa. A large negative magnetoresistance is observed in strong pulsed magnetic fields in the non-superconducting state of this compound below 40 K. Moreover, we construct the full magnetic phase diagram of La4H23 up to 68 T at high pressure. The present work reveals anomalous electronic structural properties of A15-La4H23 under high magnetic fields, and therefore has great importance with regard to advancing the understanding of quantum transport behaviors in hydride superconductors.
Ethno-Racial and Credit Worthiness Disparities in Access to Mortgage Credit
Authors: Loya José
Published: April 2024

The mortgage industry is central to ethno-racial stratification in homeownership access. Ample research demonstrates that unequal treatment of minorities has created major differences in the access and exclusion of low-cost loan products in the housing market. While numerous studies have documented the disadvantages Black and Latino homebuyers face, these studies have been limited in their assessment of credit worthiness in accessing a mortgage. This study draws on the annual dataset from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act from 2018 and 2019 to assess ethno-racial disparities in mortgage outcomes by debt-to-income (DTI) levels. I demonstrate that DTI levels vary tremendously by ethno-racial groups. In addition, I show that loan rejections and high-cost loan originations are highest among Blacks and Latinos across DTI levels compared to White applicants. Depending on the adverse loan outcome, Asians perform similarly or slightly underperform compared to Whites. These trends are particularly true when examining high-cost loan originations as Blacks and Latinos with excellent credit worthiness perform similarly as Whites and Asians with below-average credit worthiness. Implications for ethno-racial stratification are discussed.
Leptodelphax maculigera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Harbors the Corn Stunt Complex Pathogens
Authors: Canale Maria Cristina , Pompelli Manica Magda Alana , Silva de Andrade Marcos Vinicius , Castilhos Rodolfo Vargas
Published: April 2024

The African planthopper Leptodelphax maculigera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) has been recently reported in many places in Brazil in association with maize. Its occurrence in maize production fields in Brazil has brought concerns to the corn production chain regarding the possibility of this planthopper to be a vector for maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP), corn stunt spiroplasma (Spiroplasma kunkelii), maize rayado fino virus (MRFV), and maize striate mosaic virus (MSMV). The phytoplasma and spiroplasma, which are bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes, and the two viruses are associated with the corn stunt disease complex. Given the presence of the African planthopper species and the corn stunt complex in Brazil, we further investigated the abundance of this planthopper species in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and whether the planthopper can carry the four pathogens. We inspected 12 maize production fields in different municipalities in the state for 20 weeks, using two yellow sticky traps for each maize field. The sticky traps were replaced weekly. A total of 130 specimens of L. maculigera were captured, with a great discrepancy in quantity among locations and weeks. We detected the mollicute MBSP and the viruses MRFV and MSMV in L. maculigera, whereas S. kunkelii was absent in the assessed African planthopper samples. The molecular detection of the phytoplasma and the viruses in field-collected African planthoppers is strong evidence that this insect species has the ability to acquire those pathogens through feeding from the phloem of diseased maize plants. Nonetheless, transmission capacity needs to be experimentally proven to assert L. maculigera as a vector for the corn-stunting pathogens.
The Test–Retest Reliability of Pain Outcome Measures in People With Phantom Limb Pain
Authors: Graham Andrew N. , Ryan Cormac G. , MacSween Alasdair , Atkinson Greg , Smith Sally , Martin Denis J.
Published: April 2024

Objectives:

To quantify the test–retest reliability of 3 patient-reported outcome measures of pain for people living with phantom limb pain (PLP) and assess the impact of test–retest errors on future research and clinical decisions.

Methods:

Thirty-nine participants (30 males), mean (SD) age: 55 (16), mean (SD) years postamputation: 6.8 (8.3), reported their PLP levels on a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain intensity, the revised short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2), and a pain diary, on 2 occasions 7 to 14 days apart. Mean systematic change, within-subjects SD, limits of agreement (LOA), coefficient of variation, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were quantified alongside their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results:

Systematic learning effects (mean changes) were not clinically relevant across the VAS, SF-MPQ-2, and pain diary. Within-subject SDs (95% CI) were 11.8 (9.6-15.3), 0.9 (0.7-1.2), and 8.6 (6.9-11.5), respectively. LOA (95% CI) were 32.6 (26.5-42.4), 2.5 (2-3.3), and 23.9 (19.2-31.8), respectively. ICCs (95% CI) were 0.8 (0.6-0.9), 0.8 (0.7-0.9), and 0.9 (0.8-0.9), respectively, but may have been inflated by sample heterogeneity. The test–retest errors allowed detection of clinically relevant effect sizes with feasible sample sizes in future studies, but individual errors were large.

Discussion:

For people with PLP, a pain intensity VAS, the SF-MPQ-2, and a pain diary show an acceptable level of intersession reliability for use in future clinical trials with feasible sample sizes. Nevertheless, the random error observed for all 3 of the pain outcome measures suggests they should be interpreted with caution in case studies and when monitoring individuals’ clinical status and progress.
Retrospective analysis of predictive factors for AVF dysfunction in patients undergoing MHD
Authors: Wang Liqin , Yang Yanna , Zhao Qianqian
Published: April 2024

To construct an early clinical prediction model for AVF dysfunction in patients undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis (MHD) and perform internal and external verifications. We retrospectively examined clinical data from 150 patients diagnosed with MHD at Hefei Third People’s Hospital from January 2014 to June 2023. Depending on arteriovenous fistula (AVF) functionality, patients were categorized into dysfunctional (n = 62) and functional (n = 88) cohorts. Using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO) regression model, variables potentially influencing AVF functionality were filtered using selected variables that underwent multifactorial logistic regression analysis. The Nomogram model was constructed using the R software, and the Area Under Curve(AUC) value was calculated. The model’s accuracy was appraised through the calibration curve and Hosmer–Lemeshow test, with the model undergoing internal validation using the bootstrap method. There were 11 factors exhibiting differences between the group of patients with AVF dysfunction and the group with normal AVF function, including age, sex, course of renal failure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, Platelet count (PLT), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus, D-dimer (D-D), Fibrinogen (Fib), and Anastomotic width. These identified factors are included as candidate predictive variables in the LASSO regression analysis. LASSO regression identified age, sex, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, anastomotic diameter, blood phosphorus, and serum D-D levels as 7 predictive factors. Unconditional binary logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced age (OR = 4.358, 95% CI: 1.454–13.062), diabetes (OR = 4.158, 95% CI: 1.243–13.907), hyperlipidemia (OR = 3.651, 95% CI: 1.066–12.499), D-D (OR = 1.311, 95% CI: 1.063–1.616), and hyperphosphatemia (OR = 4.986, 95% CI: 2.513–9.892) emerged as independent risk factors for AVF dysfunction in MHD patients. The AUC of the predictive model was 0.934 (95% CI: 0.897–0.971). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed high consistency between the model’s predictive results and actual clinical observations (χ2 = 1.553, P = .092). Internal validation revealed an AUC of 0.911 (95% CI: 0.866–0.956), with the Calibration calibration curve nearing the ideal curve. Advanced age, coexisting diabetes, hyperlipidemia, blood D-D levels, and hyperphosphatemia are independent risk factors for AVF dysfunction in patients undergoing MHD.
How does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) achieve immune evasion?: A narrative review
Authors: Bai Yahu , Ning Kang
Published: April 2024

COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious disease known for its significant lung damage. Although the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our daily lives has been limited, the virus has not vanished entirely and continues to undergo mutations. This calls for a concentrated focus on the matter of SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion. Drawing on observations of immune escape mechanisms in other viruses, some scholars have proposed that liquid–liquid phase separation might play a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2’s ability to evade the immune system. Within the structure of SARS-CoV-2, the nucleocapsid protein plays a pivotal role in RNA replication and transcription. Concurrently, this protein can engage in phase separation with RNA. A thorough examination of the phase separation related to the nucleocapsid protein may unveil the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 accomplishes immune evasion. Moreover, this analysis may provide valuable insights for future development of innovative antiviral drugs or vaccines.
Twelve-month effectiveness and safety of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in people with HIV from the Canadian cohort of the observational BICSTaR study
Authors: Wong Alexander , Brunetta Jason , De Wet Joss , Logue Ken , Loemba Hugues , Saifi Taban , Mumm Dylana , Marongiu Andrea , Harrison Rebecca , Thorpe David , Trottier Benoit
Published: April 2024

The BICSTaR (BICtegravir Single Tablet Regimen) study is investigating the effectiveness and safety of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treated in routine clinical practice. BICSTaR is an ongoing, prospective, observational cohort study across 14 countries. Treatment-naïve (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) people with HIV (≥18 years of age) are being followed for 24 months. We present an analysis of the primary endpoint (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL; missing-equals-excluded [M = E]) at month 12 in the BICSTaR Canada cohort, including secondary (CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, safety/tolerability) and exploratory (persistence, treatment satisfaction) endpoints. In total, 201 participants were enrolled in the BICSTaR Canada cohort. The analysis population included 170 participants (TN, n = 10; TE, n = 160), with data collected between November 2018 and September 2020. Of the participants, 88% were male, 72% were White, and 90% had ≥ 1 comorbid condition(s). Median (quartile [Q]1–Q3) age was 50 (39–58) years and baseline CD4 count was 391.5 (109.0–581.0) cells/µL in TN participants and 586.0 (400.0–747.0) cells/µL in TE participants. After 12 months of B/F/TAF treatment, HIV-1 RNA was < 50 copies/mL in 100% (9/9) of TN-active participants and 97% (140/145) of TE-active participants (M = E analysis). Median (Q1–Q3) CD4 cell count increased by +195 (125–307) cells/µL in TN participants and by + 30 (−50 to 123) cells/µL in TE participants. Persistence on B/F/TAF was high through month 12 with 10% (1/10) of TN and 7 % (11/160) of TE participants discontinuing B/F/TAF within 12 months of initiation of treatment. No resistance to B/F/TAF emerged. Study drug-related adverse events occurred in 7% (12/169) of participants, leading to B/F/TAF discontinuation in 4 of 169 participants. Improvements in treatment satisfaction were observed in TE participants. B/F/TAF demonstrated high levels of effectiveness, persistence, and treatment satisfaction, and was well tolerated through month 12 in people with HIV treated in routine clinical practice in Canada.
Systemic immune inflammation index and system inflammation response index on the third postoperative day predict poor prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients
Authors: Wang Xian , Tian Wei , Zhao Yongfeng , Yang Yong , Deng Li
Published: April 2024

The inflammatory response is involved in the progression of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We sought to investigate the relationships of inflammatory indicators including blood cell counts and the ratios of different blood cells counts with the prognosis of aSAH patients. We performed a retrospective study including 140 patients with aSAH and aneurysm surgeries. The relationships of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, systemic immune inflammation index (SII), system inflammation response index (SIRI), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio with prognosis were investigated by univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression model. The patient with Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score＜3 was defined as having a good prognosis, while with mRS score ≥3 was defined as having a poor prognosis. Among 140 patients included, there were 108 cases with good prognosis and 32 cases with poor prognosis after follow-up. On the 3rd postoperative day, the neutrophils counts, SIRI level and SII level in cases with poor prognosis were significantly higher than cases with good prognosis, P < .05. After adjusting for baseline differences in Hunt-Hess grade, Glasgow Coma Scale score, combination with intraventricular hemorrhage and maximum diameter of aneurysm, the levels of SIRI (odds ratio = 3.968, 95% CI: 1.432–10.992, P = .008) and SII (odds ratio = 3.313, 95% CI: 1.029–10.665, P = .045) on the 3rd postoperative day could predict poor prognosis. SII and SIRI on the 3rd postoperative day could independently predict the poor prognosis in aSAH. However, the cutoff values for predicting prognosis needs to be validated in larger-sample studies.
ALDH2 as an immunological and prognostic biomarker: Insights from pan-cancer analysis
Authors: Shen Xiaorong , Yan Ziyi , Huang Yuanli , Zhu Qing , Zhang Guanghui , Ci Hongfei , Wu Qiong , Wu Ligao
Published: April 2024

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) plays a critical role in safeguarding cells against acetaldehyde toxicity and is closely linked to human metabolism. Nevertheless, the involvement of ALDH2 in cancer remains enigmatic. This investigation seeks to comprehensively assess ALDH2’s significance in pan-cancer. We conducted an all-encompassing analysis of pan-cancer utilizing multiple databases, including TCGA, linkedomicshs, UALCAN, and Kaplan–Meier plotter. We employed diverse algorithms such as EPIC, MCPCOUNTER, TIDTIMER, xCell, MCP-counter, CIBERSORT, quanTIseq, and EPIC to examine the connection between ALDH2 expression and immune cell infiltration. Single-cell sequencing analysis furnished insights into ALDH2’s functional status in pan-cancer. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to validate ALDH2 expression in cancer tissues. In a comprehensive assessment, we observed that tumor tissues demonstrated diminished ALDH2 expression levels compared to normal tissues across 16 different cancer types. ALDH2 expression exhibited a significant positive correlation with the infiltration of immune cells, including CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, neutrophils, B cells, and macrophages, in various tumor types. Moreover, this study explored the association between ALDH2 and patient survival, examined the methylation patterns of ALDH2 in normal and primary tumor tissues, and delved into genetic variations and mutations of ALDH2 in tumors. The findings suggest that ALDH2 could serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer, closely linked to the tumor’s immune microenvironment.
Identification of two distinct head and neck squamous cell carcinoma subtypes based on fatty acid metabolism-related signatures: Implications for immunotherapy and chemotherapy
Authors: Zou Jianjun , Dai Yanbi , Xu Guangbo , Kai Yilong , Lan Lingfeng , Zhang Junkun , Wang Yufeng
Published: April 2024

The dysregulation of lipid metabolism is a critical factor in the initiation and progression of tumors. In this investigation, we aim to characterize the molecular subtypes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on their association with fatty acid metabolism and develop a prognostic risk model. The transcriptomic and clinical data about HNSCC were obtained from public databases. Clustering analysis was conducted on fatty acid metabolism genes (FAMG) associated with prognosis, utilizing the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. The immune infiltration, response to immune therapy, and drug sensitivity between molecular subtypes were evaluated. Differential expression genes were identified between subtypes, and a prognostic model was constructed using Cox regression analyses. A nomogram for HNSCC was constructed and evaluated. Thirty FAMGs have been found to exhibit differential expression in HNSCC, out of which three are associated with HNSCC prognosis. By performing clustering analysis on these 3 genes, 2 distinct molecular subtypes of HNSCC were identified that exhibit significant heterogeneity in prognosis, immune landscape, and treatment response. Using a set of 7778 genes that displayed differential expression between the 2 molecular subtypes, a prognostic risk model for HNSCC was constructed comprising 11 genes. This model has the ability to stratify HNSCC patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, which exhibit significant differences in prognosis, immune infiltration, and immune therapy response. Moreover, our data suggest that this risk model is negatively correlated with B cells and most T cells, but positively correlated with macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells. Ultimately, we constructed a nomogram incorporating both the risk signature and radiotherapy, which has demonstrated exceptional performance in predicting prognosis for HNSCC patients. A molecular classification system and prognostic risk models were developed for HNSCC based on FAMGs. This study revealed the potential involvement of FAMGs in modulating tumor immune microenvironment and response to treatment.
Bioinformatics-based discovery of biomarkers and immunoinflammatory targets in children with cerebral palsy: An observational study
Authors: Chen Bo , Wang Ling , Xie Dongke , Wang Yuanhui
Published: April 2024

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common disabling disease in children, and motor dysfunction is the core symptom of CP. Although relevant risk factors have been found to be closely associated with CP: congenital malformations, multiple gestation, prematurity, intrauterine inflammation and infection, birth asphyxia, thrombophilia, and perinatal stroke. Its important pathophysiological mechanism is amniotic fluid infection and intraamniotic inflammation leading to fetal developing brain damage, which may last for many years. However, the molecular mechanism of CP is still not well explained. This study aimed to use bioinformatics to identify key biomarker-related signaling pathways in CP. The expression profile of children with CP was selected from the Gene Expression Comprehensive Database, and the CP disease gene data set was obtained from GeneCards. A protein–protein interaction network was established and functional enrichment analysis was performed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. A total of 144 differential key intersection genes and 10 hub genes were identified through molecular biology. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis results show that differentially expressed genes are mainly concentrated in biological processes, such as immune response and neurogenesis. The cellular components involved mainly include axons, postsynaptic membranes, etc, and their molecular functions mainly involve proteoglycan binding, collagen binding, etc. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis shows that the intersection genes are mainly in signaling pathways related to the immune system, inflammatory response, and nervous system, such as Th17 cell differentiation, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, axon guidance, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, gap junction, etc. Jak-STAT signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, and related hub genes regulate immune cells and inflammatory factors and play an important role in the development and progression of CP.
Knowledge and preventive practices regarding COVID-19 disease among Ukrainian refugees in Poland
Authors: Sobieraj Ewa , Goławski Jakub , Sikora Anna , Duda-Duma Łukasz , Korzeń Marcin , Pasek Oskar , Pyzio Klaudia , Gańczak Maria
Published: April 2024

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine contributed one of the largest migration movements in the 21st century. Refugees may become a source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections for the residents of host countries. The study aim was to assess knowledge and preventive practices regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Ukrainian refugees in Poland. The cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2022 among Ukrainian refugees registering consecutively in Zielona Góra, Poland. Knowledge and preventive practices were assessed by giving 1 point for each correct answer by anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. The response rate was 96%, 190 participated (mean age 37.8 ± 15.5 years; 57.9% females); 61.6% self-reported their socio-economic status (SES) as high, 38.9% reported high level of education. The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 3.06 ± 1.95; 19.5% scored >50%. The knowledge level was higher among migrants with high SES (P = .003). The mean preventive practices score was 2.56 ± 1.38; 54.0% scored ≥ 60%. 40.5% declared social distancing, 62.6% followed coughing etiquette, 69.0% home isolate themselves during COVID-19. 57.9% always used masks in public space, however 74.2% wore masks with uncovered nose. Refugees with higher education, high SES and knowledge level had significantly greater preventive practices scores (P = .002; P = .02; P = .03, respectively). The knowledge and preventive practices level was insufficient. Educational campaigns oriented to raising knowledge and prevention behavior skills should be implemented, especially targeting high-risk groups to avoid spread of COVID-19.
Attempted retrieval of guidewire fragment using the twisting wire technique causes coronary perfusion: Case report
Authors: Zhang Zi-Wei , Pan Xiao-Juan , Zou Ji-Hong , Qi Feng
Published: April 2024

Rationale:

Guidewire fracture is one of the biggest risks of percutaneous coronary intervention, twisting wire technique is very useful for retrieving the fractured wire, but the potential risks have been inadequately reported. Herein, we present a case of retrieval of guidewire fragments using the twisting wire technique that causes coronary perfusion.

Patient concerns:

A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital for elective percutaneous coronary intervention of the left circumflex coronary artery.

Clinical findings:

For chronic total occlusion of the distal left circumflex coronary artery, antegrade recanalization by wire escalation, and parallel wire techniques were attempted. However, we shockingly found that the BMW guidewire, anchored in the right coronary artery, spontaneously fractured from the proximal right coronary artery, and a lengthy fragment of the guidewire remained in the coronary.

Diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes:

Many attempts were made to retrieve the remnant guidewire including the twisting wire technique, which leads to the perforation of the coronary.

Outcomes:

Finally, percutaneous retrieving procedures were stopped in favor of surgical extraction via a small coronary arteriotomy. This procedure was successful.

Lessons:

To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first reported spontaneous fracture of the guidewire. Leaving such a lengthy remnant guidewire in the artery, or leaving stenting over the wire, would impose a high risk of coronary thrombosis, perforation, and embolization. Yet, the perforation of the artery that occurred in this case, which could have had life-threatening consequences, resulted from our attempts to retrieve the guidewire using the twisting wire technique.