bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is the Most Appropriate Methodology for Detection of Conduit Artery Endothelial Dysfunction?
Authors: Guthikonda Sasidhar , Sinkey Christine A. , Haynes William G.
Published: February 2007

Background—

Use of upper-arm arterial occlusion to induce reactive hyperemia, and endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, induces greater conduit vessel dilatation than lower-arm occlusion. However, brachial artery ischemia after upper arm arterial occlusion may make this approach unreliable. We studied whether upper or lower arm occlusions differ in their ability to detect endothelial dysfunction in cigarette smokers, and its improvement with an antioxidant strategy.

Methods and Results—

Ten cigarette smokers with a >20 pack year history and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy controls participated in a 2-phase randomized controlled study of xanthine oxidase inhibition, using a 600-mg oral dose of allopurinol administered beforehand. Endothelium-dependent dilatation was assessed using ultrasound-Doppler after lower and upper arm occlusion. After lower arm occlusion, FMD was significantly impaired in smokers compared with controls (3.8±1.1% versus 8.7±2.2%;
P
=0.001). However, after upper arm occlusion, brachial artery dilatation in smokers was higher (11.8±2.7%;
P
<0.0001 versus lower arm) and did not differ from controls (9.4±2.9%;
P
=0.3). There was no difference in endothelium-independent dilatation to sublingual nitroglycerin between smokers and controls. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase with allopurinol improved lower arm FMD (3.8±1.1 to 10.1±1.9%;
P
<0.0001), but did not improve upper arm FMD (11.8±2.7 to 14.1±3.7%;
P
=0.4).

Conclusions—

Although upper arm occlusion induces robust brachial vasodilatation, it cannot detect endothelial dysfunction induced by smoking or its improvement by inhibition of xanthine oxidase. The increase in brachial artery diameter with upper arm occlusion may be confounded by ischemia of the artery. Conduit artery FMD after release of lower arm occlusion appears to be a more valid method for assessment of endothelial function in humans.
Platelets Possess and Require an Active Protein Palmitoylation Pathway for Agonist-Mediated Activation and In Vivo Thrombus Formation
Authors: Sim Derek S. , Dilks James R. , Flaumenhaft Robert
Published: February 2007

Objective—

Several platelet proteins are palmitoylated, but whether protein palmitoylation functions in platelet activation is unknown. We sought to determine the role of platelet protein palmitoylation in platelet activation and thrombus formation.

Methods and Results—

Platelet proteins were depalmitoylated by infusing acyl-protein thioesterase 1 into permeabilized platelets. In intact platelets, platelet protein palmitoylation was blocked using the protein palmitoylation inhibitor cerulein. The effects of inhibiting platelet protein palmitoylation on platelet function and on thrombus formation in vivo were evaluated. When infused into permeabilized platelets, acyl-protein thioesterase 1 reduced total platelet protein palmitoylation and inhibited protease-activated receptor-1–mediated α-granule secretion with an IC
50
of 175 nmol/L and maximal inhibition of ≥90%. G
αq
and SNAP-23, membrane-associated proteins that are constitutively palmitoylated, translocated to the cytosol when permeabilized platelets were exposed to recombinant acyl-protein thioesterase 1. The protein palmitoylation inhibitor cerulein also inhibited platelet granule secretion and aggregation. Studies using intravital microscopy showed that incubation with cerulein decreased the rate of platelet accumulation into thrombi formed after laser-induced injury of mouse arterioles and inhibited maximal platelet accumulation by >60%.

Conclusion—

These studies show that platelets possess a protein palmitoylation machinery that is required for both platelet activation and platelet accumulation into thrombi. These studies show that inhibition of platelet protein palmitoylation blocks platelet aggregation and granule secretion. In a murine model of thrombus formation, inhibition of protein palmitoylation markedly inhibits platelet accumulation into thrombi at sites of vascular injury.
A Pathway-Dependent on ApoE, ApoAI, and ABCA1 Determines Formation of Buoyant High-Density Lipoprotein by Macrophage Foam Cells
Authors: Yancey Patricia G. , Yu Hong , Linton MacRae F. , Fazio Sergio
Published: February 2007

Objective—

ABCA1-dependent and ABCA1-independent pathways may operate in high-density lipoprotein formation by macrophages secreting apolipoprotein (apo) E. We examined the impact of ABCA1 on apoE-mediated efflux from cholesterol-enriched macrophages.

Methods and Results—

Without acceptors, wild-type, ABCA1
−/−
, and apoE
−/−
macrophages released 5.7%±0.3%, 1.8%±0.1%, and 2.3%±0.2% of their cholesterol, and the LXR agonist, TO-901317, enhanced efflux by 137%, 10%, and 20%. Although similar amounts of apoE were secreted from ABCA1
−/−
and wild-type cells, apoE from ABCA1
−/−
cells was only partially phospholipidated and floated at density >1.21g/mL, whereas apoE from wild-type cells floated at density of 1.09 to 1.17g/mL and paralleled the density of cholesterol. With apoAI, LXR stimulation increased efflux by 139% and 86% from wild-type and apoE
−/−
cells, resulting in a large difference in efflux (29.5%±0.2% versus 17.0%±0.5%). The density of apoE and cholesterol from wild-type cells did not change with apoAI, and most apoAI floated at density ≥1.17g/mL. In apoE
−/−
cells, apoAI and cholesterol floated at similar density, but the peak fraction only contained 4 μg cholesterol/mg protein versus 18 in WT cells.

Conclusions—

Macrophage apoE requires ABCA1 for formation of high-density lipoprotein. ApoAI facilitates association of apoE with more buoyant high-density lipoprotein, suggesting that apoE, plasma apoAI, and ABCA1 operate together to optimize mobilization of macrophage cholesterol, a process critical to limiting plaque development.
Boŋ Feerey: A Teaching and Learning Methodology for Healing the Wounds of Distance, Displacement, and Loss Caused by Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Robertson Clyde C. , King Joyce E.
Published: February 2007

This article examines the project “The Saddest Days: Katrina Experiences Through the Eyes of Children,” developed by the authors. The project uses the Gao School Museum (GSM) approach to develop instructional material that includes student experiences and voices. Specifically, the authors investigated how the “Saddest Days” Project, using the GSM methodology, develops Boŋ Feerey (a concept in the Songhay language that means “the process of opening one’s mind and accepting new ideas and approaches so as to integrate these new perspectives into one’s daily life”), which urges students and teachers to ponder how Katrina’s aftermath continues to affect African American youth. The disaster has affected not only African American youth from New Orleans but also those teachers and students located in the cities in which New Orleanians are hosted.
Survival and Death in New Orleans: An Empirical Look at the Human Impact of Katrina
Authors: Sharkey Patrick
Published: February 2007

Hurricane Katrina has been interpreted as both a “metaphor” for the racial inequality that characterizes urban America and as a purely “natural” disaster that happened to strike a predominantly Black city. To resolve these conflicting interpretations, the author analyzes data on New Orleans residents who died during Katrina in an effort to provide an empirical look at the groups most directly affected by the hurricane. Contrary to prior reports in the popular press, the author finds that the impact of the storm was felt most acutely by the elderly population in New Orleans and by Blacks, who were much more likely to die than would be expected given their presence in the population. Data on the locations of recovered bodies also show that Katrina took its largest toll in New Orleans’s Black community. These findings confirm the impression that race was deeply implicated in the tragedy of Katrina.
Continually Neglected: Situating Natural Disasters in the African American Experience
Authors: Rivera Jason David , Miller DeMond Shondell
Published: February 2007

It is perplexing why natural disasters, as important life-altering events, are seldom viewed as a catalyst for social change in the United States in general but particularly for African Americans. This article addresses a gap in literature by proposing natural disasters as a variable to help understand the African American experience. The authors argue that the first post-Civil War migration altered the life courses for many. Subsequent to the first migration wave (the Great Migration of 1916-1930), environmental factors altered many African American lives. Natural disasters such as The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927, The 1948 Vanport Flood, and Hurricane Katrina illustrate the federal government’s indifference and neglect of responsibility, which played a role in decisions to migrate. These major natural environmental disasters, when situated in historical context as a part of the social, political, geographical, and economic landscape, are vital in the understanding of the African American experience.
Feeling the Pain of My People: Hurricane Katrina, Racial Inequality, and the Psyche of Black America
Authors: White Ismail K. , Philpot Tasha S. , Wylie Kristin , McGowen Ernest
Published: February 2007

In late August of 2005, Hurricane Katrina ripped through the U.S. Gulf Coast region causing a subsequent cycle of evacuation, relocation, and rebuilding. The storm exposed in its wake vast racial and class differences in how the hurricane and its aftermath affected individual citizens. Using two public opinion polls conducted immediately after Katrina, the authors demonstrate that African Americans in this country were much more likely than Whites to experience feelings of anger and depression in response to the events surrounding the hurricane. They also show that these feelings of anger and depression held by African Americans are respectively explained by their perception of racial discrimination by the federal government and complacency on the part of President Bush in response to Katrina. These results provide additional support for the idea that African Americans have a racially group-centric view of society that powerfully shapes how they respond to political events.
Crisis Communication, Race, and Natural Disasters
Authors: Spence Patric R. , Lachlan Kenneth A. , Griffin Donyale R.
Published: February 2007

This study compares differences in crisis preparation, information-seeking patterns, and media use on the basis of race in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Surveys are collected from 935 Katrina evacuees relocated in different areas of the United States. Results indicate differences in crisis preparation and information seeking on the basis of race. Results also demonstrate a continued need to create messages encouraging crisis preparation, especially among at-risk subpopulations.
Do Professional Development Schools Reduce Teacher Attrition?
Authors: Latham Nancy I. , Vogt W. Paul
Published: February 2007

This article describes the findings from a study of professional development schools (PDS) and traditional student teaching elementary education graduates between 1996 and 2004. Specifically, the effects of teacher preparation experiences on persistence in elementary education employment were examined. The study involved mining previously collected data on teacher candidates, their entry into teaching on graduation, and their subsequent persistence in teaching. The findings indicate that even when controlling for important student background and cognitive characteristics, education in a PDS appears to significantly foster graduate's entry into and persistence in teaching. The effect sizes, although statistically significant, were small to moderate.
Working with Communities to Explore and Personalize Culturally Relevant Pedagogies
Authors: Seidl Barbara
Published: February 2007

Within this article I describe, with the help of my masters in education (MEd) students who are also my coresearchers, the results of a year-long, cooperative inquiry aimed at exploring and making concrete the ways in which cultural and political knowledge can be explored, understood, and personalized as prospective teachers begin to develop culturally relevant approaches. This work is not intended to describe a model or define a single style, nor do we make any claims that what is described can be linked to improved achievement. What we do attempt to communicate is how a group of prospective teachers, as participants and students of a particular African American community context, begin to develop bicultural competency and personalize cultural and political knowledge in an effort to develop culturally relevant pedagogies.
Development and Field Test of a Gender-Informed Security Reclassification Scale for Female Offenders
Authors: Blanchette Kelley , Taylor Kelly N.
Published: February 2007

Two samples of Canadian federal female offender case files are used to develop and test a gender-informed security reclassification scale. Study 1 uses 285 consecutive offender security level (OSL) reviews for federally sentenced women to empirically construct the Security Reclassification Scale for Women (SRSW). Study 2 uses all federal female OSL reviews that occurred between July 2000 and June 2003 ( n = 580) to test the validity and reliability of the SRSW. Results suggest that the SRSW is a reliable and valid tool for the security classification of federally sentenced women in Canada. Relative to the current classification method, the SRSW places fewer cases at maximum security and more cases at minimum security. Within a fixed 3-month follow-up, the SRSW is significantly more predictive of minor institutional misconduct than the structured clinical method currently in use. Results are discussed in terms of both theoretical and operational implications.
Predictive Validity of the Joint Risk Matrix With Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Schwalbe Craig S. , Fraser Mark W. , Day Steven H.
Published: February 2007

Actuarial risk assessment instruments promise to increase decision-making accuracy and equity in settings such as the juvenile justice system, but both aims presume high levels of predictive validity. Prior research suggests that the predictive validity of some juvenile justice risk assessment instruments differs across gender and race/ethnicity. The Joint Risk Matrix (JRM) described herein is an instrument developed to increase the predictive validity of risk assessment for the diverse populations served by the nation’s juvenile courts. The predictive validity of the JRM was estimated on a sample of 536 court-involved juveniles. The instrument demonstrated acceptable levels of validity across all juveniles (AUC = .710). Gender-based differences were explained by gendered patterns of referral to out-of-home placements. Differences by race/ethnicity were reduced compared with previous reports. The findings suggest that risk assessment can be improved by including measures related to the behavior and demeanor of offenders and the cooperation of their parents or caretakers.
Adjusting Actuarial Violence Risk Assessments Based on Aging or the Passage of Time
Authors: Harris Grant T. , Rice Marnie E.
Published: February 2007

Two studies herein address age, the passage of time since the first offense, time spent incarcerated, or time spent offense free in the community as empirically justified postevaluation adjustments in forensic violence risk assessment. Using three non-overlapping samples of violent offenders, the first study examined whether any of three variables (time elapsed since the first offense, time spent incarcerated, and age at release) were related to violent recidivism or made an incremental contribution to the prediction of violent recidivism after age at first offense was considered. Time since first offense and time spent incarcerated were uninformative. Age at release predicted violent recidivism but not as well as age at first offense, and it afforded no independent incremental validity. For sex offenders, age at first offense improved the prediction of violent and sexual recidivism. In the second study, time spent offense-free while at risk was related to violent recidivism such that an actuarial adjustment for the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide could be derived. The results support the use of adjustments (based on the passage of time) to actuarial scores, but only adjustments that are themselves actuarial.
A 10-Year Update of “Review and Critique of Empirical Studies of Rape Avoidance”
Authors: Ullman Sarah E.
Published: February 2007

Ullman’s review of empirical studies of rape avoidance is updated to illuminate what has been learned in the past 10 years and what is needed to continue to promote this important form of secondary prevention. Following a brief historical review, empirical studies of resistance strategies to sexual assaults since 1997 are reviewed. Studies of the effects of situational factors, rapist types, and victim-offender relationships on women’s resistance are included. Selected literature on self-defense training and rape prevention related specifically to women’s resistance also are reviewed, as these related areas of research have grown substantially in the past decade and can inform intervention and prevention efforts with women. Recommendations for future research and practice are offered.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Panic Attacks
Authors: Li Wen , Zinbarg Richard E.
Published: February 2007

The hypothesis that anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a risk factor for panic genesis has obtained compelling support, but the clinical/practical importance of AS in panic genesis has been questioned. In addition, the association between panic experience and AS increase has not been clearly demonstrated. Through this 1-year longitudinal study among college students, the authors replicated the vulnerability effect of AS on panic onset. By measuring AS according to its hierarchical structure, the authors found an AS subfactor—AS-Mental Incapacitation Concerns—to be a significant predictor of panic onset. The authors also demonstrate that AS is not only statistically significant but also clinically/pragmatically important for the onset of panic. The association between panic and increased AS was confirmed in this study, although it remains for future research to conclude whether this association should be attributed to a “scar effect” of panic. Theoretical and methodological issues regarding tests of the scar effect hypothesis are discussed.
Anxiety Sensitivity
Authors: Hayward Chris , Wilson Kimberly A.
Published: February 2007

This article reviews the controversy surrounding the diagnosis of agoraphobia without panic attacks and proposes a key role for anxiety sensitivity in explaining agoraphobic avoidance among those who have never experienced panic. Although rare in clinical samples, agoraphobia without panic is commonly observed in population-based surveys, including more recent studies in which misclassification bias is addressed. Differential treatment seeking may partially explain these discrepant findings; however, it remains unclear why agoraphobic avoidance develops in the absence of panic. Because anxiety sensitivity is a dispositional analogue of panic, it is proposed that high anxiety sensitivity is a risk factor for agoraphobic avoidance in the absence of frank panic attacks. Preliminary evidence to support this contention is reviewed.
Anxiety Sensitivity As a Prospective Predictor of Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Schmidt Norman B. , Buckner Julia D. , Keough Meghan E.
Published: February 2007

Emerging evidence suggests that elevated anxiety sensitivity (AS) is associated with substance use disorders. However, prospective evidence regarding this association is currently lacking. The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether AS is involved in the pathogenesis of substance-related psychopathology. A large, nonclinical sample of young adults ( N = 404) was prospectively followed for approximately 2 years. AS (i.e., 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index total scores) at study entry and gender served as the primary predictor variables. Findings indicated that AS was uniquely associated with the later development of alcohol use disorder diagnoses. Data indicated that gender and AS did not act synergistically to predict alcohol use disorders. These data provide novel evidence for the unique effects of AS as a prospective risk factor in the development of alcohol-related disorders.
Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions
Authors: Lin Hsiu-Fen
Published: February 2007

Numerous scholars and practitioners claim that motivational factors can facilitate successful knowledge sharing. However, little empirical research has been conducted examining the different kinds of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic) used to explain employee knowledge sharing behaviors. By integrating a motivational perspective into the theory of reasoned action (TRA), this study examines the role of both extrinsic (expected organizational rewards and reciprocal benefits) and intrinsic (knowledge self-efficacy and enjoyment in helping others) motivators in explaining employee knowledge sharing intentions. Based on a survey of 172 employees from 50 large organizations in Taiwan, this study applies the structural equation modeling approach to investigate the research model. The results showed that motivational factors such as reciprocal benefits, knowledge self-efficacy, and enjoyment in helping others were significantly associated with employee knowledge sharing attitudes and intentions. However, expected organizational rewards did not significantly influence employee attitudes and behavior intentions regarding knowledge sharing. Implications for organizations are discussed.
The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: February 2007

This paper revisits the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy by examining the articulation of the hierarchy in a number of widely read textbooks, and analysing their statements about the nature of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. The hierarchy referred to variously as the ‘Knowledge Hierarchy’, the ‘Information Hierarchy’ and the ‘Knowledge Pyramid’ is one of the fundamental, widely recognized and ‘taken-for-granted’ models in the information and knowledge literatures. It is often quoted, or used implicitly, in definitions of data, information and knowledge in the information management, information systems and knowledge management literatures, but there has been limited direct discussion of the hierarchy. After revisiting Ackoff’s original articulation of the hierarchy, definitions of data, information, knowledge and wisdom as articulated in recent textbooks in information systems and knowledge management are reviewed and assessed, in pursuit of a consensus on definitions and transformation processes. This process brings to the surface the extent of agreement and dissent in relation to these definitions, and provides a basis for a discussion as to whether these articulations present an adequate distinction between data, information, and knowledge. Typically information is defined in terms of data, knowledge in terms of information, and wisdom in terms of knowledge, but there is less consensus in the description of the processes that transform elements lower in the hierarchy into those above them, leading to a lack of definitional clarity. In addition, there is limited reference to wisdom in these texts.
KM, culture and compromise: interventions to promote knowledge sharing supported by technology in corporate environments
Authors: Hall Hazel , Goody Melanie
Published: February 2007

The theme of knowledge sharing is discussed extensively in the knowledge management literature. Such work tends to focus on the barriers that impede knowledge sharing activity. Of these ‘culture’ is commonly cited as a major obstacle. This article examines what is meant by the term ‘culture’. In the context of efforts to promote good practice in knowledge management, it is argued that straightforward reference to culture as a barrier to knowledge sharing is inadequate. Rather, firms should be looking at power issues and, in particular, organizational politics to explain success and failure in attempts to motivate knowledge sharing. The domain of sociotechnical studies is considered as a means of unpicking cultural issues at work in specific environments through the deployment of actor-network theory to identify shifting organizational power relationships.
On auditing auditory information: the influence of mood on memory for music
Authors: Houston David , Haddock Geoffrey
Published: February 2007

Previous research suggests that memory for music possesses a number of similarities to the more frequently studied modalities of verbal and visual memory. The present study addresses a yet uninvestigated factor involved in the memory for music: mood. Specifically, the study explored whether a mood-congruency effect is attained using major and minor keys as memory stimuli. Sixty undergraduate students were placed in a positive, negative, or neutral (i.e. baseline) mood. They were then presented with four major and four minor melodies, and, following a short delay, underwent a recognition task for the melodies. The results showed the presence of a highly significant mood-congruency effect. In a positive mood, melodies in major keys were better recognized than melodies in minor keys, whereas the reverse effect was seen for negative moods. Results are discussed in terms of how these findings relate to previous work on memory for music and linguistics.
Provoking the muse: a case study of teaching and learning in music composition
Authors: Barrett Margaret S. , Gromko Joyce Eastlund
Published: February 2007

This article reports the findings of a research project that investigated the nature of the teaching and learning process in music composition. Over the period of one semester, the formal interactions in one-on-one study sessions between an eminent composer-teacher and an experienced graduate student-composer were videotaped. Following the generation of video data, separate interviews were conducted with the composer-teacher and the student-composer in order to probe each of these participants’ perceptions of the nature of the teaching and learning process in which they were engaged. Analyses of observational and interview data were framed within a social constructivist perspective and drew on notions of the zone of proximal development, a problem-finding attitude and creative collaboration. The teaching and learning process in musical composition in this study emphasized problem finding and problem solving by composer-teacher and student-composer within a social relationship characterized by reciprocity and collaborative dialogue in which possible solutions were discussed, negotiated and trialed.
An exploration of the effects of musical and social factors in piano duo collaborations
Authors: Blank Marilyn , Davidson Jane
Published: February 2007

The aim of this study was to explore the ways in which music tradition, sociocultural issues and interpersonal dynamics interact during the production of a music performance. Since the small body of existing research in music groups has been carried out on string quartets and larger ensembles, the current study looked into the relationship of a musical dyad in the form of the piano duo. The duo was used in preference to the piano duet as the duo uses two separate instruments. This usage gave a unique perception of ‘equality’ (no-one literally ‘on top’) and enabled the duo to be considered as a musical group, albeit in miniature. The ‘one-to-one’ personal and professional relationships that occurred were also considered. A survey of interview data from 27 pianists representing 17 different duos revealed that the partnership has two distinct aspects: the socio-emotional and the professional. Leadership issues, conflict and methods of compromise were recognized and dealt with by using well-established guidelines in order to ensure the continuing existence of the duo. Gender appeared to have an influence on the socio-emotional relationship with both men and women exhibiting behaviours that are sex-stereotypical. However, in all the important matters of organization, administration, repertoire choice, interpretation, rehearsal and performance, a ‘musical androgyny’ seems to exist that combines the best skills of each sex.
Is expressive timing relational invariant under tempo transformation?
Authors: Honing Henkjan
Published: February 2007

This empirical study is concerned with examining the relation between tempo and expressive timing in music performance. This was investigated by asking listeners ( N = 307) to distinguish between an original recording and a tempo-transformed version in a musical genre of their preference (jazz or classical). A majority of the participants was able to correctly identify the original recording. This result is taken as support for the tempo-specific timing hypothesis which suggests that the relationship between timing variations and average tempo may function as a cue for identification of a real performance, and counter-evidence for the relationally invariant timing hypothesis that predicts a tempo-transformed performance will sound equally natural.
The content and validity of music-genre stereotypes among college students
Authors: Rentfrow Peter J. , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: February 2007

The present research examined the content and validity of stereotypes about fans of 14 different music genres (e.g. country, rap, rock). In particular, we focused on stereotypes concerning fans’ personalities (e.g. extraversion, emotional stability), personal qualities (e.g. political beliefs, athleticism), values (e.g. for peace, for wisdom), and alcohol and drug preferences (e.g. wine, hallucinogens). Previous research has shown that music is linked to a variety of psychological characteristics, that music is used to convey information about oneself to observers, and that observers can infer personality on the basis of music preferences. Guided by such research, we predicted and found that individuals have robust and clearly defined stereotypes about the fans of various music genres (Study 1), and that many of these music-genre stereotypes possess a kernel of truth (Study 2). Discussion focuses on the potential role of music-genre stereotypes in self-expression and impression formation.
Marxian Categories Empirically Estimated: The Philippines, 1961-1994
Authors: Venida Victor S.
Published: February 2007

The article uses a formal model to estimate rates of surplus creation and use for the Philippines. Input-output tables from 1961 to 1994 were used in the estimation. The theoretical framework was the model of social disarticulation, which argued that income inequality and labor surplus resulted in substantial rates of surplus. Results for the Philippines confirmed these arguments and also suggested that a large portion of the surplus might have been devoted to unproductive purposes.
A Note on Argentina, Its Crisis, and the Theory of Exchange Rate Determination
Authors: Féliz Mariano
Published: February 2007

Argentina’s crisis at the end of the twentieth century surprised economists. Argentina turned from a “Latin American miracle” to an unprecedented failure. This article looks into the crisis stressing the role of the exchange rate regime and emphasizes the overvaluation of the real exchange rate as a part of capital’s strategy to decompose labor and restructure capital-labor relations. Argentina’s crisis resulted from the combination of capital’s strategic success and the recomposition of labor in the late nineties.
Golden Age and Golden Rule in Unionized Economies
Authors: Vetter Henrik
Published: February 2007

Golden Age and Golden Rule growth paths exemplify different ways to distribute income. In a recent article, Frank Thompson describes the difference between the two. In particular, the Golden Age is characterized by conflict between capital owners and workers. Despite this, workers act competitively; they are passive, taking whatever wage they are offered. In this extension and reexamination of Thompson’s results, we assume that workers organize in a union when there is conflict with capitalists.
The Effects and Costs of Intimate Partner Violence for Work Organizations
Authors: Reeves Carol , O’Leary-Kelly Anne M.
Published: February 2007

This study examines the productivity-related effects and costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) on the workplace. Specifically, it explores whether IPV victims and nonvictims differ in the number of work hours missed due to absenteeism, tardiness, and work distraction and the costs for employers from these missed work hours. The research involved a Web-based survey of 823 male and 1,550 female employees in three midsized organizations. Employees who reported lifetime IPV victimization, but not current victimization, missed more hours of work because of absenteeism than did nonvictims. Current victims, but not lifetime victims, were more likely to be distracted at work than nonvictims. Organization costs due to absenteeism and tardiness were greater for lifetime victims than nonvictims; however, no difference in costs was found for current victims. Overall, we found that IPV has negative effects on organizations, but that the nature and cost of these effects vary by type of victimization.
Intimate Partner Violence, Social Support, and Employment in the Post-Welfare Reform Era
Authors: Staggs Susan L. , Long Susan M. , Mason Gillian E. , Krishnan Sandhya , Riger Stephanie
Published: February 2007

This prospective study used 3 years of longitudinal data to explore relationships among intimate partner violence (IPV), perceived emotional and material social support, employment stability, and job turnover among current and former female welfare recipients in the immediate post-welfare reform era. Higher levels of current IPV and lower levels of current social support predicted less stable future employment; however, current employment stability did not predict either future IPV or future social support. Current social support did not predict future IPV, and perceived social support did not mediate the relationship between IPV and employment stability during a 3-year period.
The Development and Factor Structure of a Career Locus of Control Scale for Use With School Pupils
Authors: Millar Rob , Shevlin Mark
Published: February 2007

This article describes the development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional, domain-specific Career Locus of Control Scale (CLOC) designed for use with adolescent school pupils engaged in the career development and decision-making process. A 47-item version was administered to 743 school pupils, age 15 or 16 years evenly split between males and females (54% male). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to develop a 20-item scale that represented expectations related to Internality, Luck, Helplessness, and Powerful Others. Estimates of internal reliability of the sub-scales were high, and scale scores correlated significantly with measures of generalized locus of control and career decision self-efficacy. Overall, the CLOC scale demonstrated promising psychometric properties such that further research appears warranted and required.
Antecedents of Intent to Change Careers Among Psychologists
Authors: Carless Sally A. , Bernath Lisa
Published: February 2007

The aim of this research was to examine the antecedents of intent to change careers among psychologists. Specifically, the research examined the importance of the following predictor variables: a multi-dimensional model of career commitment (career planning, career resilience, and career identity), job satisfaction, and conscientiousness. A self-report questionnaire was used to obtain data from a sample of Australian psychologists ( N = 437). The findings showed that career planning, career resilience, and job satisfaction were significant predictors of intent to change careers. Career identity and conscientiousness were not significant predictors. Theoretical and practical implications of the research were discussed.
Vocational Interest Themes and Personality Traits in Relation to College Major Satisfaction of Business Students
Authors: Logue Christen T. , Lounsbury John W. , Gupta Arpana , Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: February 2007

Based on 164 undergraduate business majors, we examined the relationship between satisfaction with major and Holland’s vocational interests and with the Big Five and narrow personality traits. Contrary to our hypothesis, enterprising scores were unrelated to major satisfaction. As hypothesized, using ipsative and normative scores, investigative, artistic, and realistic interests were negatively related to major satisfaction. As hypothesized, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and optimism were positively related to major satisfaction, as were extra-version and assertiveness. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that 49% of the variance in major satisfaction could be accounted for by a combination of vocational interest themes and personality traits. Implications were drawn for theory and practice, including support for Holland’s continuity principle, adding personality traits to Holland’s vocational theory, and using vocational interest and normal personality trait measures in student advising and career counseling. Study limitations and implications for future research were noted.
Electromechanical Analysis of a Piezoelectric Beam Used to Drive a Torsional Microactuator
Authors: Huang Jin H. , Chen Jhao-Ming , Shiah Y.C.
Published: February 2007

The present paper is to analyze the electromechanical responses of a piezoelectric beam in a novel torsional microactuator designed for digital micromirror devices. With the capability of self-detecting rotating angles, the microactuator is designed to actuate high rotating angles when applied with a low voltage. Having laid the design foundation of such devices for the industry, the present work analyzes the electromechanical response of the piezoelectric beam used to drive the micromirror. An analytical expression for the axial deformation of a PZT-4 cantilever beam in response to an applied voltage is presented in this article. Also, numerical investigations are conducted to study the effect of the beam's length and thickness on its axial deformation.
Trajectory Tracking of Piezoelectric Actuators using State-compensated Iterative Learning Control
Authors: Lee Fu-Shin , Chien Chiang-Ju , Wang Jhen-Cheng
Published: February 2007

This research proposes a novel scheme of state-compensated iterative learning control (SCILC) for trajectory tracking of piezoelectric systems. The new ILC scheme adds a state compensation term to the conventional Arimoto-type ILC formula. The state compensation term is based on the difference in tracking error between current and previous iterations. With the aid of this state compensation, ILC can therefore take effect more precisely as desired. Further, the addition of the current error in the compensation term can also serve the role of feedback control to stabilize the system. The new ILC scheme keeps the simplicity feature of conventional ILC that no model is required for the control purpose. Experimental results demonstrate that a piezoelectric actuator using the proposed learning scheme can achieve error convergence in about three to five iterations, and keep steady-state tracking errors close to the system noise level.
Autonomous Impact Damage Monitoring in a Stiffened Composite Panel
Authors: Banerjee Sauvik , Ricci Fabrizio , Monaco Ernesto , Lecce Leonardo , Mal Ajit
Published: February 2007

This study is concerned with the detection and characterization of impact damage in a stiffened woven composite structure using high frequency Lamb waves and low frequency modal vibrations. The geometric and material complexities of the structure present practical difficulties in the direct analysis of both wave propagation and modal vibration data using theoretical constructs. Improved ultrasonic and vibration test setups consisting of distributed, high fidelity, and surface mounted sensor arrays are used here to determine changes in the dynamical properties of the composite structural components in the presence of damage. The sensors are assumed to provide both the low frequency global response (i.e., modal frequencies and mode shapes) of the structure to external loads and the (local) high frequency signals due to wave propagation effects in either passive or active mode of the ultrasonic array. A damage index, comparing the measured dynamical response of two successive states of the structure is introduced as a determinant of structural damage. The method relies on the fact that the dynamical properties of a structure change with the initiation or growth of damage. A diagnostic imaging tool is used for the interpretation and graphical representation of the indices to enable automated monitoring of the changes in the indices at a given instant of time. The value of the index at a given sensor increases with the proximity of the damage to the sensor. A sensitivity analysis is carried out in an effort to determine a threshold value of the index below which no reliable information about the state of health of the structure can be estimated. It is shown that the automated procedure is able to identify a defect right from its appearance, with some degree of confidence. The feasibility of developing a practical intelligent structural health monitoring system (ISHMS), based on the concept of `a structure requesting service when needed,' is discussed.
Reduced-order Robust Multivariable Control of a Double-beam Cantilever Structure
Authors: Scott Robin , Manning Warren , Levesley Martin
Published: February 2007

Vibration control of a two-dimensional smart structure is presented. The least squares identification technique and a novel pole identification method are used to obtain accurate plant models. Comparable accuracy is achieved with a significantly lower model order using the latter method. A multivariable multi—input multi—output (MIMO) generalized minimum variance control scheme is used to address robustness issues of plant mismodeling, unmodeled modes/dynamics and control signal saturation. The controllers are tested for robustness to spillover problems. Results are further supported with the use of sensitivity response functions.
Electrostatic Analysis of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Cantilevers
Authors: Xiang Hong Jun , Shi Zhifei
Published: February 2007

Based on the theory of elasticity, the electrostatic behavior of functionally graded piezoelectric cantilevers is studied where the nonlinear profile of the piezoelectric parameter g31 is taken into account. Theoretical solutions and numerical results under both plane strain and plane stress conditions are obtained. It is found that the theoretical solutions obtained in the present study under the plane stress condition agree very well with both the finite element results and Hauke's experimental findings. Although no suitable experimental results under the plane strain condition can be used for a comparison at present, the theoretical solutions obtained in the present study under this loading case also agree very well with the numerical findings. At the end of this study, a general formula is suggested that can be used to calculate the tip deflection of a functionally graded piezoelectric actuator when neither the plane stress condition nor the plane strain condition is satisfied.
Finite Element and Simple Lumped Modeling for Flexural Nonlinear Semi-passive Damping
Authors: Badel A. , Lagache M. , Guyomar D. , Lefeuvre E. , Richard C.
Published: February 2007

This article deals with the synchronized switch damping on inductor (SSDI) technique, a semi-passive approach that was developed to address the problem of structural vibration damping. This technique takes advantage of original nonlinear processing of the voltage generated by piezoelements. This processing is based on simple commutations. It has the advantage of a very low power requirement as well as simple electronic design. It has the advantages of a large bandwidth as well as being a stand-alone system using vibration as a source of energy. This article proposes a new approach to analyzing the energy flow in a structure damped with this particular technique. A predictive simple lumped model is developed starting from a global energetic analysis of the electromechanical structure. This model is determined using physical and geometrical properties of the electromechanical structure and does not require any experimental measurements. It exhibits very good agreement with finite element model (FEM) simulations and is more than 100 times faster. As this model is fully predictive and requires very low computing time, it is a great tool to design piezoelectric vibration control devices.
A Micromechanical Model for Magnetorheological Fluids
Authors: Si H. , Peng X. , Li X.
Published: February 2007

The rheological and mechanical performances of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid depend on the induced solid microstructure under an applied field. In this study, the interaction between particles is analyzed, based on the microstructure with the applied field, and a micromechanical model is proposed to describe the constitutive behavior of MR fluids by making use of static magnetics. It can take into account the effects of the intensity of the applied magnetic field, the particle size and particle volume fraction, the magnetic property of the particle, and the viscosity of the carrier fluid, on the mechanical properties of MR fluids. The yield shear stress is analyzed and calculated based on the theory of magnetics and statistical analysis. The satisfactory agreement between the analytical and the experimental results demonstrates the validity of the proposed model in describing and optimizing the properties of MR fluids.
The Dynamics of Vertical and Horizontal Diversity in Organization and Society
Authors: Awbrey Susan M.
Published: February 2007

Diversity focuses on human characteristics that make people either different from or the same as each other. This article introduces the concepts of vertical and horizontal diversity. Vertical diversity evaluates difference as superior or inferior. Horizontal diversity treats difference as variation. Organizational paradigms of assimilation and separation are based on vertical diversity and treat diversity as a problem to be solved. Assimilation solves it by submergence of difference and separation by isolating difference. Often organizations in the United States take a benevolent assimilation approach to diversity. However, research shows that assimilation does not engage diversity in ways that promote learning, creativity, and organizational effectiveness. This article argues for a relational re-conceptualization of diversity as horizontal. The discussion integrates diversity paradigms with diversity perspectives, levels of self-representation, and uncertainty and certainty orientations to create an explanatory framework for the dynamics of diversity.
Making Transfer Climate Visible: Utilizing Social Network Analysis to Facilitate the Transfer of Training
Authors: Hatala John-Paul , Fleming Pamela R.
Published: February 2007

In this article the authors introduce social network analysis (SNA) as a methodology for analyzing transfer climate prior to training. The literature has indicated that transfer climate is critical to a trainee’s ability to apply the new knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes they gain through training back to the workplace. SNA serves as a tool for analyzing a participant’s organizational network relationships prior to training to help the facilitator, trainee, and supervisor gain an accurate picture of the transfer climate. Based on this analysis, measures can be taken to develop strategies to deal with relational barriers prior to training that will facilitate the participant’s transfer of learning back to the work environment. The process of conducting SNA is described and illustrated using a case example. The benefits of using SNA to enhance transfer climate and the implications for further research and practice are discussed.