bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Head down tilt 15° to preserve salvageable brain tissue in acute ischemic stroke: A pre‐clinical pooled analysis, with focus on cerebral hemodynamics
Authors: Diamanti Susanna , Mariani Jacopo , Versace Alessandro , Riva Matteo , Cuccione Elisa , Cai Ruiyao , Monza Laura , Viganò Martina , Bolbos Radu , Chauveau Fabien , Cho Tae‐Hee , Carone Davide , Ferrarese Carlo , Beretta Simone
Published: October 2022

Neurological outcome after ischemic stroke depends on residual salvageable brain tissue at the time of recanalization. Head down tilt 15° (HDT15) was proven effective in reducing infarct size and improving functional outcome in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t‐MCAO) by increasing cerebral perfusion within the ischemic penumbra. In this pooled analysis, individual animal‐level data from three experimental series were combined in a study population of 104 t‐MCAO rats (45 in HDT15 group and 59 in flat position group). Co‐primary outcomes were infarct size and functional outcome at 24 h in both groups. The secondary outcome was hemodynamic change induced by HDT15 in ischemic and non‐ischemic hemispheres in a subgroup of animals. Infarct size at 24 h was smaller in HDT15 group than in flat position group (absolute mean difference 31.69 mm3, 95% CI 9.1–54.2, Cohen's d 0.56, p = 0.006). Functional outcome at 24 h was better in HDT15 group than in flat position group (median [IQR]: 13[10–16] vs. 11), with a shift in the distribution of the neurobehavioural scores in favour of HDT15. Mean cerebral perfusion in the ischemic hemisphere was higher during HDT15 than before its application (Perfusion Unit [P.U.], mean ± SD: 52.5 ± 19.52 P.U. vs. 41.25 ± 14.54 P.U., mean of differences 13.36, 95% CI 7.5–19.18, p = 0.0002). Mean cerebral perfusion in the non‐ischemic hemisphere before and during HDT15 was unchanged (P.U., mean ± SD: 94.1 ± 33.8 P.U. vs. 100.25 ± 25.34 P.U., mean of differences 3.95, 95%, CI −1.9 to 9.6, p = 0.1576). This study confirmed that HDT15 improves the outcome in t‐MCAO rats by promoting cerebral perfusion in the ischemic territory, without disrupting hemodynamics in non‐ischemic areas.
Effect of a high‐fat meal on the relative bioavailability of HMPL‐689 in Chinese healthy volunteers
Authors: Cao Weie , Ding Qichen , Wang Yijun , Liu Shuyun , Sun Shixuan , Jiang Fan , Xu Xiaoyan , Sai Yang , Wang Jian , Chen Qian , Liu Yun
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high‐fat meal on the single‐dose pharmacokinetics (PK) and tolerability of HMPL‐689 in Chinese healthy volunteers. In this study, 34 eligible male volunteers received a single 30‐mg dose of HMPL‐689 capsules following an overnight fast or a high‐fat breakfast prior to dosing. Blood samples were collected at the designated time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. Total 32 healthy male volunteers were completed in the study. The GMRs of AUC0−t, AUC0−∞, and Cmax and their 90% CIs were 1.12 (1.09, 1.15), 1.12 (1.09, 1.15), and 0.64 (0.58, 0.70), respectively, in healthy male subjects after oral administration of HMPL‐689 following intake of a high‐fat diet versus under fasting state. The 90% CI of Cmax GMR fell outside the acceptable equivalent range (0.8–1.25). In addition, the median Tmax of HMPL‐689 was 1.0 and 4.0 h under the fasting and the fed conditions. The study indicated that intake of a high‐fat diet had an impact on the in vivo PK profile of HMPL‐689 in healthy Chinese male subjects, which could obviously reduce the oral absorption rate of HMPL‐689 and had little effect on the extent of oral absorption (AUC).
A field incubation approach to evaluate the depth dependence of soil biogeochemical responses to climate change
Authors: Guo Xiaowei , Mao Xiali , Yu Wu , Xiao Liujun , Wang Mingming , Zhang Shuai , Zheng Jinyang , Zhou Hangxin , Luo Lun , Chang Jinfeng , Shi Zhou , Luo Zhongkui
Published: October 2022

Soil biogeochemical processes may present depth‐dependent responses to climate change, due to vertical environmental gradients (e.g., thermal and moisture regimes, and the quantity and quality of soil organic matter) along soil profile. However, it is a grand challenge to distinguish such depth dependence under field conditions. Here we present an innovative, cost‐effective and simple approach of field incubation of intact soil cores to explore such depth dependence. The approach adopts field incubation of two sets of intact soil cores: one incubated right‐side up (i.e., non‐inverted), and another upside down (i.e., inverted). This inversion keeps soil intact but changes the depth of the soil layer of same depth origin. Combining reciprocal translocation experiments to generate natural climate shift, we applied this incubation approach along a 2200 m elevational mountainous transect in southeast Tibetan Plateau. We measured soil respiration (Rs) from non‐inverted and inverted cores of 1 m deep, respectively, which were exchanged among and incubated at different elevations. The results indicated that Rs responds significantly (p < .05) to translocation‐induced climate shifts, but this response is depth‐independent. As the incubation proceeds, Rs from both non‐inverted and inverted cores become more sensitive to climate shifts, indicating higher vulnerability of persistent soil organic matter (SOM) to climate change than labile components, if labile substrates are assumed to be depleted with the proceeding of incubation. These results show in situ evidence that whole‐profile SOM mineralization is sensitive to climate change regardless of the depth location. Together with measurements of vertical physiochemical conditions, the inversion experiment can serve as an experimental platform to elucidate the depth dependence of the response of soil biogeochemical processes to climate change.
Diversity in medical PhD curricula: a call for harmonisation
Authors: Grace Samuel G. , van Zundert André A. J.
Published: October 2022

Background

Globalisation has increased human movements around the world, spurring greater connectiveness and opportunities to collaborate. In an increasingly connected world, quality assurance among professionals is paramount, particularly in medical research where PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree holders are expected to be at the peak of their field and play advanced‐level research, education and leadership roles. While some regional efforts have been made to ensure comparability in the standards of advanced degree training, no previous study has compared these standards for a PhD in medicine across the globe.

Aims

To explore the structural diversity of medical PhD degrees and identify which aspects benefit from greater harmonisation.

Methods

In 2021, the 10 best‐ranked universities from each of the top five Western countries, and the top Asian country, were identified based on Quacquarelli Symonds World University Ranking. Data were collected for each university based on individual website information regarding the level of degree required to gain entry into a PhD programme in medicine and requirements for completion of coursework, journal publication and oral defence.

Results

Significant variations exist in the requirements for medical PhDs across the world in terms of prerequisite degree and inclusion of coursework. Oral defence is near universal, but a mandatory requirement for publication is largely absent.

Conclusions

Harmonisation of medical PhD degrees through international standards should be considered to encourage quality improvement and benchmarking between institutions, as well as to facilitate greater ease of movement within the medical research community, improving international collaboration and individual career opportunities accordingly.
A stochastic optimization approach for staff scheduling decisions at inpatient units
Authors: Dehnoei Sajjad , Sauré Antoine , Ozturk Onur , Gardner William , Pajer Kathleen , Sheppard Roxanna , Patrick Jonathan
Published: October 2022

This paper describes a solution approach for stochastic multi‐resource multi‐patient staff scheduling problems in inpatient units. Our solution approach has four steps. First, we classify patients into a number of groups with similar care‐provider requirements. Second, a predictive Markov model captures patients' flow in the inpatient unit and provides a prediction of the number of patients of each group in the future. This predictive model allows us to generate a potentially large set of possible system utilization scenarios over the planning horizon. Third, a mixed‐integer programming model with an expected value objective function seeks to minimize the expected over‐staffing and under‐staffing costs across all possible scenarios. Lastly, we use simulation to sample system utilization scenarios and the sample average approximation method to find a reliable and generalizable solution to the model across all possible scenarios. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution using real data from the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario's inpatient mental health unit. The results show that the proposed approach significantly decreases the expected cost of the schedules in comparison to the traditional approaches.
Heritability estimates and predictive ability for pig meat quality traits using identity‐by‐state and identity‐by‐descent relationships in an F2 population
Authors: Angarita Barajas Belcy Karine , Cantet Rodolfo J. C. , Steibel Juan P. , Schrauf Matias F. , Forneris Natalia S.
Published: October 2022

Genomic relationships can be computed with dense genome‐wide genotypes through different methods, either based on identity‐by‐state (IBS) or identity‐by‐descent (IBD). The latter has been shown to increase the accuracy of both estimated relationships and predicted breeding values. However, it is not clear whether an IBD approach would achieve greater heritability () and predictive ability () than its IBS counterpart for data with low‐depth pedigrees. Here, we compare both approaches in terms of the estimated of and , using data on meat quality and carcass traits recorded in experimental crossbred pigs, with a pedigree constrained to only three generations. Three animal models were fitted which differed on the relationship matrix: an IBS model (), an IBD (defined within the known pedigree) model (), and a pedigree model (). In 9 of 20 traits, the range of increase for the estimates of and was 1.2–2.9 times greater with and models than with . Whereas for all traits, both parameters were similar between genomic models. The of the genomic models was higher compared to . A scarce increment in was found with when compared to , most likely due to the former recovering sizeable relationships among founder F0 animals.
Analysis of current data on the use of topical mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of facial angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis complex—An update
Authors: Balestri Riccardo , Rizzoli Laura , Pedrolli Annalisa , Urru Silvana Anna Maria , Rech Giulia , Neri Iria , Girardelli Carlo R. , Magnano Michela
Published: October 2022

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome causing hamartomatous growths in multiple organs. Facial angiofibromas occur in up to 80% of patients and can be highly disfiguring. Treatment for these lesions is challenging. Recently, topical rapamycin has been proposed as an effective option to treat angiofibromas but a commercially available compound has not yet been developed in Europe. We conducted a retrospective review with the aim to update the current data on the use of topical rapamycin in the treatment of angiofibromas in TSC, focusing on the optimal concentration and trying to establish which vehicle should be preferred. Thirty‐nine reports describing the use of topical rapamycin in the treatment of angiofibromas in TSC were considered, involving a total of 483 patients. An improvement of the lesions has been shown in over 90% of subjects, particularly if the treatment was started at early stages. Several different formulations (ointment, gel, solution and cream) with a wide range of concentrations (0.003%–1%) were proposed, of which a pharmacological analysis has also been performed. Topical rapamycin can be considered an effective and safe option for the treatment and the prevention of facial angiofibromas in younger patients, but the best formulation has yet to be established. Our review demonstrates that ointment and gel should be preferred, but it is not clear which concentration is optimal. However, according to this study, the 0.1% concentration represents the first choice. Long‐term and comparative studies between topical rapamycin formulations are required in order to establish which treatment has a better outcome and lower recurrence rate.
A national flood awareness system for ungauged catchments in complex topography: The case of development, communication and evaluation in New Zealand
Authors: Cattoën Céline , Conway Jono , Fedaeff Nava , Lagrava Daniel , Blackett Paula , Montgomery Kelsey , Shankar Ude , Carey‐Smith Trevor , Moore Stuart , Mari Andrea , Steinmetz Tilmann , Dean Sam
Published: October 2022

Effectively forecasting and communicating flood hazards at national or continental scales is critical to reducing impacts of flooding. Yet, it remains a challenge due to the predominance of ungauged catchments in often complex and steep terrain. We present the development, communication, and evaluation of a national flood awareness system, the Aotearoa (New Zealand) Flood Awareness System, AFAS. Forecasts are produced with an uncalibrated, semi‐distributed hydrological model, driven by a high‐resolution convective‐scale atmospheric model with statistical perturbations in rainfall, soil moisture and baseflow to generate a 50‐member ensemble. We implement a relative flow and flood exceedance threshold framework to evaluate hourly forecasts across six categories from below normal to extremely high. Forecast performance is categorically assessed against observations, for a 2.5‐year reforecast, at 272 sites nationwide, up to 48 h ahead. Overall, AFAS produces skilful streamflow forecasts in catchments with complex topography, even with operational delays ingesting observations. We explore a novel approach to river forecast communication using daily videos. We suggest rethinking large‐scale streamflow forecast communication by balancing a depth with breadth approach (pointwise absolute flows versus distributed relative flows), to raise collective awareness before and during natural disasters. AFAS appears to be the first system producing public‐friendly videos to communicate streamflow forecasts in their topographical context. Future development of AFAS will benefit from a federated approach across national and regional agencies, including sharing of real‐time weather observations, forecasting tools and expertise.
Risk and preventive factors of early‐onset colorectal neoplasms: endoscopic and histological database analysis
Authors: Arai Junya , Aoki Tomonori , Hayakawa Yoku , Niikura Ryota , Ishibashi Rei , Suzuki Nobumi , Tsuji Yosuke , Yamada Atsuo , Ushiku Tetsuo , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: October 2022

Background and Aim

The incidence of early‐onset colorectal neoplasms has been increasing in both Western and Eastern countries. However, the risks and preventive factors for these neoplasms in Eastern countries remain unclear.

Methods

The data of 5580 patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. The primary outcome was advanced colorectal neoplasm (ACRN), defined as advanced adenomas (adenoma ≥10 mm, or with high‐grade dysplasia or villous component) or adenocarcinoma. The clinical factors associated with ACRNs were determined for each age category (≤50 and >50 years), and the differences between the two categories were assessed. Odds ratios adjusted for age and sex were calculated.

Results

Among 1001 patients (age ≤50 years), ACRN was found in 94 (9.4%). In this younger category, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.51–3.63) and a family history of colorectal cancer (aOR:2.14, 95% CI:1.17–3.89) were significantly associated with higher odds of developing ACRNs. ACRNs were detected in 726 (15.9%) of 4579 patients (age >50 years). In the older age category, smoking (aOR:1.32, 95% CI:1.08–1.63) was significantly associated with a higher risk of ACRNs. Exercise of >3.5 metabolic equivalent of task (METs) (aOR,0.80; 95% CI:0.67–0.96) was significantly associated with a lower risk of ACRNs.

Conclusion

The development of early‐onset ACRNs was primarily associated with congenital factors, whereas that of late‐onset ACRNs was associated with acquired ones. Colonoscopy is recommended for young male patients, particularly for those with a family history of colorectal cancer.
Transparent transdisciplinary reporting in geriatric research using the EQUATOR Network
Authors: Carpenter Christopher R. , Gill Thomas M.
Published: October 2022

This editorial comments on the article by Carpenter et al. in this issue.
Oral health‐related quality of life is more strongly correlated with mental health than with oral health in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nangle Matthew R. , Manchery Nithin , Swayne Andrew , Boocock Helen , Blum Stefan , Henry Julie D.
Published: October 2022

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of neurological disability in young and middle‐aged populations, associated with substantial burden of illness. Because a growing literature now shows that this burden extends to poorer oral health, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) may be reduced as well.

Objectives

To test whether people with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) have poorer OHRQoL than demographically matched controls, and to establish which variables are associated with worse OHRQoL.

Materials and Methods

In total, 64 people with RRMS and 69 demographically matched controls participated. Both groups completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14), a validated measure of OHRQoL, as well as an objective oral health examination performed by a qualified dentist, a measure of dental‐related functionality and a measure of mental health.

Results

OHRQoL was significantly poorer in the RRMS relative to the control group. However, although poorer OHRQoL in the RRMS group was moderately associated with objectively assessed oral health (r = .30), it was more strongly associated with mental health (r = .61). For the control group, the reverse pattern of association was evident, with OHRQoL more strongly associated with oral health (r = .48) relative to mental health (r = .20).

Conclusion

People with RRMS report poorer OHRQoL than demographically matched controls, but these appraisals are more strongly linked to mental health than to objective oral health indicators.
Standing Crop, Turnover, and Production Dynamics of Macrocystis pyrifera and Understory Species Hedophyllum nigripes and Neoagarum fimbriatum in High Latitude Giant Kelp Forests
Authors: Bell Lauren E. , Kroeker Kristy J.
Published: October 2022

Production rates reported for canopy‐forming kelps have highlighted the potential contributions of these foundational macroalgal species to carbon cycling and sequestration on a globally relevant scale. Yet, the production dynamics of many kelp species remain poorly resolved. For example, productivity estimates for the widely distributed giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera are based on a few studies from the center of this species' range. To address this geospatial bias, we surveyed giant kelp beds in their high latitude fringe habitat in southeast Alaska to quantify foliar standing crop, growth and loss rates, and productivity of M. pyrifera and co‐occurring understory kelps Hedophyllum nigripes and Neoagarum fimbriatum. We found that giant kelp beds at the poleward edge of their range produce ~150 g C · m−2 · year−1 from a standing biomass that turns over an estimated 2.1 times per year, substantially lower rates than have been observed at lower latitudes. Although the productivity of high latitude M. pyrifera dwarfs production by associated understory kelps in both winter and summer seasons, phenological differences in growth and relative carbon and nitrogen content among the three kelp species suggests their complementary value as nutritional resources to consumers. This work represents the highest latitude consideration of M. pyrifera forest production to date, providing a valuable quantification of kelp carbon cycling in this highly seasonal environment.
Hepatitis C virus‐specific immune responses following direct‐acting antivirals administered during recent hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Casey Julia L. , Dore Gregory J. , Grebely Jason , Matthews Gail V. , Cherepanov Vera , Martinello Marianne , Marks Philippa , Janssen Harry L. A. , Hansen Bettina E. , Kaul Rupert , MacParland Sonya A. , Gehring Adam J. , Feld Jordan J.
Published: October 2022

Individuals who spontaneously clear hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have demonstrated evidence of partial protective immunity, whereas treatment‐induced clearance provides little or no protection against reinfection. We aimed to investigate whether treatment of acute HCV infection with direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) prevents establishment of, or reverses, T‐cell exhaustion, leading to a virus‐specific T‐cell immune profile more similar to that seen in spontaneous clearance. The magnitude and breadth of HCV‐specific T‐cell responses before and after DAA or interferon‐based therapy in acute or chronic HCV were compared to those of participants with spontaneous clearance of infection, using Enzyme‐linked Immunospot (ELISPOT). PBMCs were available for 55 patients comprising 4 groups: spontaneous clearance (n = 17), acute interferon (n = 14), acute DAA (n = 13) and chronic DAA (n = 11). After controlling for sex, the magnitude of post‐treatment HCV‐specific responses after acute DAA treatment was greater than after chronic DAA or acute IFN treatment and similar to those found in spontaneous clearers. However, spontaneous clearers responded to more HCV peptide pools indicating greater breadth of response. In conclusion, early treatment with DAAs may prevent or reverse some degree of immune exhaustion and result in stronger HCV‐specific responses post‐treatment. However, individuals with spontaneous clearance had broader HCV‐specific responses.
Proportions of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, gut microbiota from ambient microbiota increased with aquaculture process
Authors: Liu Qianfu , Gao Yuan , Wang Chao , Zeng Yanyi , Lai Zini
Published: October 2022

To analyze the effects of ambient microbiota on the gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at different aquaculture stages, shrimp gut and ambient water and sediment microbiota at different aquaculture stages were collected and analyzed through high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA. Our results showed that various gut microbiota alpha‐diversity indices at the late aquaculture stage (LAS) were significantly higher than those at the early aquaculture stage (EAS). The average degree of the co‐occurrence network constructed based on the samples at the EAS was significantly higher than that at the middle aquaculture stage (MAS), and they were both significantly higher than those at the LAS. The proportions of gut microbiota from the water microbiota in the MAS and LAS were significantly higher than those at the EAS, and the proportion of gut microbiota from the sediment microbiota at the LAS was significantly higher than that at the EAS. These results imply that the gut microbiota of shrimp seedlings obtained a small amount of microorganisms from the ambient microbiota and gradually formed new gut microbiota with the inherent microbiota. These results provide support for the subsequent development of aquaculture technology to prevent bacterial diseases in Pacific white shrimp.
Hip dysfunction‐related urinary incontinence and total hip arthroplasty with the direct lateral approach
Authors: Abed Maryam Hakimi , Vasaghi‐Gharamaleki Behnoosh , Ghazavi Mohammad Taghi , Nikjooy Afsaneh
Published: October 2022

Objectives

There is a functional relationship between the hip joint and the pelvic floor muscles. In patients with secondary osteoarthritis of the hip, urinary incontinence is also seen. Research has shown that total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery improves the symptoms of urinary incontinence. This prospective cross‐sectional study without a control group was performed on THA candidates with urinary incontinence and secondary osteoarthritis with the aim of investigating the effect of THA with a direct lateral approach and subsequent routine physiotherapy on the symptoms of urinary incontinence.

Methods

Sampling was performed using a simple method among those referred to orthopedic clinics in the private sector. Data were collected in all patients before and 3 months after THA using demographic, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Short Form (ICIQ‐SF), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and hip range of motion record tables. The results are presented as mean with standard deviation.

Results

In this study, 16 men with a mean age of 76.75 years (±4.65) and 8 women with a mean age of 72.75 years (±7.32) participated. Before THA, stress urinary incontinence (54.16%) and urgency urinary incontinence (20.83%) had the highest frequency. However, after THA, the frequency of stress and urgency urinary incontinence decreased (16.66% and 8.33%, respectively). According to the results of the ICIQ, complete improvement of urinary incontinence symptoms was observed in up to 62.5% of the subjects. After THA, there was a significant difference between the mean total score obtained from the WOMAC questionnaire compared to before surgery. There was a significant improvement in the range of motion of the hip joint in all directions.

Conclusions

THA and routine hip physiotherapy in patients with urinary incontinence and secondary hip osteoarthritis have a significant positive effect on improving symptoms of urinary incontinence and hip function. In addition, it significantly improves the ICIQ and WOMAC questionnaire scores.
Recent topics of oculopharyngodistal myopathy
Authors: Eura Nobuyuki , Ogasawara Masashi , Nishino Ichizo
Published: October 2022

Oculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM) is a rare hereditary muscle disease manifesting with progressive ocular, bulbar, and predominantly distal limb weakness. Muscle pathology is characterized by the presence of rimmed vacuoles and small angular fibers. To date, LRP12, GIPC1, NOTCH2NLC, and RILPL1 have been reported as the causative genes for OPDM, with the subtypes categorized according to each gene. The clinicopathological and genetic features (triplet repeats in 5′ untranslated region) are similar among all OPDM subtypes, suggesting a comparable pathogenesis among them. Several studies have demonstrated the possible pathomechanism of OPDM, such as protein/RNA gain‐of‐function theories. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the molecular mechanism, clinicopathological findings, and management of the disease.
A case report of anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor encephalitis with chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6
Authors: Iwao Kazunori , Watanabe Mitsuru , Mukaino Takahiko , Fujii Takayuki , Yamasaki Ryo , Isobe Noriko
Published: October 2022

Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (ciHHV6) is a condition where HHV6‐DNA is integrated into the host germline genome. ciHHV6 can be misdiagnosed as active HHV6 infection. We report a 30‐year‐old woman presenting with psychological symptoms without a history of immunodeficiency. She had an ovarian teratoma and anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with HHV6‐DNA in the serum and CSF. The final diagnosis was anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and ciHHV6 because laparoscopic oophorectomy and immunotherapy ameliorated her symptoms and HHV6‐DNA was detected in her oral mucosa cells. This case suggests the need to assess whether HHV6‐DNA is related to infection or ciHHV6 when HHV6‐DNA is detected in the CSF of patients with encephalitis.
Fluorescent colour patterns in the basal pectinid Pleuronectites from the Middle Triassic of Central Europe: origin, fate and taxonomic implications of fluorescence
Authors: Wolkenstein Klaus
Published: October 2022

UV light‐induced fluorescence is widely used as a key to reveal residual shell colour patterns of Neogene and Palaeogene molluscs. However, only few examples of fluorescent colour patterns are known from Mesozoic marine shells and little is known about the nature of fluorescence in fossils. Here, UV light‐induced fluorescence reveals previously unseen abundance and diversity in the colour patterns of the basal pectinid Pleuronectites laevigatus from the Middle Triassic Muschelkalk of Central Europe. In addition to known variations of radial bands, a multitude of zigzag and zigzag‐related patterns was found. The diversity of colour patterns is comparable to modern pectinids and is interpreted as colour pattern polymorphism. Raman spectra of the colour patterns indicated the preservation of residual organic pigments with aromatic moieties. The fluorescence properties of P. laevigatus and other basal pectinids from the Muschelkalk of Germany and France are described in detail, suggesting that colour pattern fluorescence is due to colourless diagenetic products of the pigments, not to the fossil pigments themselves. A remarkable feature of the colour patterns of P. laevigatus is the presence of different fluorescence colours. Because a gradual shift of the fluorescence colour from yellow to red with decreasing intensity to finally non‐fluorescent is observed, which correlates with the provenance of the specimens, the fluorescence properties are interpreted to reflect differences in diagenetic history. The results show that the fluorescence colour of fossil molluscs, especially of Mesozoic molluscs, may be affected by diagenesis and should only be used with caution for taxonomic purposes.
High genetic diversity suggests a long evolutionary history of plum pox virus‐M in Turkey
Authors: Teber Saffet , Gürcan Kahraman , Brevet Marie , Palmisano Francesco , Candresse Thierry , Dallot Sylvie
Published: October 2022

The genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the epidemic plum pox virus strain M (PPV‐M) have been poorly studied. We sequenced the genomes of 69 PPV‐M isolates selected from different Turkish regions. These new nearly full‐length genomic sequences were analysed together with 21 previously reported Turkish sequences of the PPV‐MIs clade and with 50 sequences of other PPV‐M isolates collected worldwide, including four sequences of Albanian isolates. Major genomic features were maintained in all new PPV‐M genomic sequences, with the highest divergence detected in the PIPO, P1 and CP proteins. Turkish PPV‐M isolates displayed a high genetic diversity and grouped into two sister clades, one formed by PPV‐MIs isolates only and a second clade consisting of the previously described PPV‐Ma and PPV‐Mb subclades. The combined diversity for PPV‐M isolates (Europe, Japan and Turkey) reached to 0.022 ± 0.001, which is slightly higher than the diversity of the globally distributed PPV‐D strain (0.017 ± 0.001). Likewise, the genetic diversity of PPV‐M (0.020 ± 0.001) in Turkey was found to be comparable to that observed for PPV‐M isolates from other countries (0.021 ± 0.001) and even marginally higher if considering partial genomic sequences that allow the inclusion of a much larger number of isolates and countries. Overall, the original distribution of PPV‐MIs, which seems to be almost specific to Turkey, and the high genetic diversity of PPV‐MIs and other Turkish PPV‐M isolates suggest a long evolutionary history of M isolates in Turkey and position this country as a centre of diversity of PPV‐M.
Does the impact of private education on growth differ at different levels of credit market development?
Authors: Hatcher Michael , Pourpourides Panayiotis M.
Published: October 2022

Using an overlapping generations model, we show that the impact of private financing of education on growth depends on credit market development, being positive when credit markets are adequately developed but negative if sufficiently low levels of credit market development occur alongside relatively high private financing intensities. Employing cross‐country data, we find that reduced‐form growth relationships are statistically significant and robust under various controls and samples. We also lay out conditions under which economies with missing credit markets are dynamically efficient and outperform, in terms of growth, economies with complete credit markets. The latter may explain large cross‐country differences in savings and growth, while facilitating the evaluation of policies on financing education.
Introducing the Worldwide Age Representation in Parliaments (WARP) data set
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Sundström Aksel
Published: October 2022

The absence of young adults in elected legislative assemblies is a democratic deficit with potentially severe repercussions. Yet, research is rarely able to address the issue of age group representation systematically because we are lacking empirical information on the age distribution in parliaments. The Worldwide Age Representation in Parliaments (WARP) data set remedies this dearth of data. It provides information about the numerical presence of age groups in parliaments, spanning across the globe and over time and includes age data on legislators, such as the share of members of parliament (MPs) aged 30 years or under, 35 years or under, or 40 years or under. The data set also reports measures that compare the presence of legislators aged 30 years or under, aged 35 years or under, aged 40 years or under, aged 41 to 60 years, as well as aged 61 years or over in relation to the same age group in the general population of a given country. Moreover, it includes gendered figures, such as the presence of young female MPs. The WARP data set contains data for more than 700 elections in 149 countries, so far, and is freely available online. It allows for a novel analysis of the age composition of legislatures.
Factors affecting need for blood transfusion in paediatric patients undergoing open surgery for hip dysplasia
Authors: Adler Adam C. , Hensch Lisa A. H. , Bryant Brittany E. , Chandrakantan Arvind , Nguyen Hai‐Yen , Nathanson Brian H. , Rosenfeld Scott B.
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives

The management of intraoperative blood loss in the surgical treatment of paediatric hip dysplasia is resource intensive. There are numerous clinical factors that impact the need for intraoperative transfusion. Identification of patient and surgical factors associated with increased blood loss may reduce the unnecessary use of resources. This study aimed to identify factors predictive of intraoperative transfusion in children undergoing hip dysplasia surgery.

Materials and Methods

This is a single‐centre retrospective review of patients undergoing surgery for hip dysplasia from 1 January 2012 to 15 April 2021. Patient demographic factors, anaesthetic, surgical and transfusion histories were reviewed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion requirements during the intraoperative period.

Results

This study includes 595 patients who underwent open surgery for hip dysplasia, including 297 (52.6%) classified as developmental dysplasia (DD) and 268 (47.3%) as neuromuscular (NM) with a mean age of 9.1 years (interquartile range 3–14). Intraoperative allogeneic transfusion was identified in 26/297 (8.8%) DD and 73/268 (27.2%) NM patients. Adjusted factors associated with increased odds of intraoperative transfusion were NM (odds ratio [OR] = 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.76, 5.00]) and the number of osteotomies performed (OR = 1.82/osteotomy, 95% CI [1.40, 2.35]). Adjusted factors that reduced the odds of transfusion were the use of antifibrinolytics (OR = 0.35, 95% CI [0.17, 0.71]) and regional anaesthesia (OR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.29, 0.94]).

Conclusion

For children undergoing surgery for hip dysplasia, the number of osteotomies performed is predictive of the need for allogeneic blood transfusion. Antifibrinolytics and regional anaesthesia are associated with reduced risk for allogeneic blood transfusion. Blood management initiatives, such a preoperative optimization of haemoglobin and the use of antifibrinolytics, could target patients at increased risk of intraoperative bleeding and transfusion.
Kedudukan Bahasa Arab dalam kalangan Masyarakat Kadazandusun Muslim di Daerah Ranau (The Position of Arabic Language in the Muslim Kadazandusun Society of Ranau District)
Authors: Mohd. Yazid Mohd. Taqwudin , Sintang Suraya , Abas Asiah
Published: October 2022

The arrival of Islam in Ranau district has brought about significant effects on the variety of religious lives led by the local people, specifically the Kadazandusun society. The Kadazandusun people who accepted Islam as a way of life uses Arabic due to a reciprocative relationship among Islam, the Arabic language and the local cultures. This study attempted to determine the position of the Arabic language among the muslim Kadazandusun through an investigation of the reciprocative relationship of the three factors mentioned previously on the use of Arabic language.  The first objective of the study is to identify the purposes of using Arabic in the daily life of the muslim Kadazandusun people. In addition to that, the second objective is to discern the perceptions of the muslim Kadazandusun people on the use of Arabic.   The quantitative study utilised a survey questionnaire as a data collection instrument, and the data were analysed descriptively using frequency and percentages. Data collection was based on random sampling involving 392 respondents among the muslim Kadazandusun in Ranau, which comprised people of various backgrounds. Findings reveal that Arabic is solely used for religious purpose and not in daily communication, and the perception of the people on Arabic is very favourable.  It is recommended that future studies be conducted to understand how Arabic language learning modules for religious purposes can be improved by taking into account suggestions from the local Kadazandusun society.
Etika Muzium dalam Disiplin Muzium Semasa berdasarkan Etika Muzium ICOM dan Perspektif Islam (Museum Ethics in Current Museum Discipline Based on ICOM’s Museum Ethics and Islamic Perspective)
Authors: Abd Jalal Ahmad Farid , Abdul Rahim Rahimin Affandi , Abd Razak Muhd Imran
Published: October 2022

Museums is one of the important institutions in the modern world that serve to preserve, treat, research, educate and exhibit the historical heritage of a society. The International Council of Museum (ICOM) is an organization responsible for caring for museums around the world. It has set the ethics and Statutes of museums for reference of museums all around the world. This is done to ensure that the vision, philosophy, journey, and modus operandi of a museum run uniformly in accordance with the philosophy of ICOM. This study critically examines every detail of museum ethics set by ICOM, whether it is in accordance with Islamic rules or vice versa. Hence all study data depended entirely on library data. They were analysed with inductive and deductive methods. At the end of the study, we clarified that museum ethics are certainly in line with the principles of Islamic rules.
A Study on the Historical Development of Tsangaya System of Islamic Education in Nigeria: A Case Study of Yobe State
Authors: Dahiru Idriss Ibrahim , Mohd Nor Mohd Roslan , Muhammad Adamu Abubakar , Barde Abubakar Idris
Published: October 2022

This study aims to examine the concept of Islamic education and historical establishment of Tsangaya system of education in Nigeria and Yobe State in particular until present. Tsangaya refers to the informal school or place where teaching and learning of the glorious Qur’an and other Islamic sciences is taken place. The system otherwise called traditional Qur’anic school system, it has been in existence centuries prior to the British colonization as a source of moral guidance and educational training for the Muslim particularly in northern part of Nigeria. It has also contributed extremely to promoting Qur’anic education, inculcating self-discipline, spiritual growth of Muslim individuals and the communities respectively. The study employed a qualitative research approach that entails the techniques of documentation and interviews in collecting data while inductive approach to content analysis was utilized for data analysis. The outcome of this study reveals that Tsangaya system of education in northern Nigeria have developed rapidly since its establishment irrespective of some prevailing problems and they make a positive contribution on the society in terms of spiritual, moral and social wellbeing
Tahap Pematuhan Pensijilan Halal Malaysia Dalam Kalangan Pengurus Restoran Makanan Segera Di Negeri Johor (Compliance Level of Malaysian Halal Certification among Fast Food Restaurant Managers in Johor)
Authors: Mohd Idris Ahmad Zamri , Hehsan Aminudin , Ab. Rahim Sakinah
Published: October 2022

Islam requires mankind to consume halal and nutritious food. Therefore, it is the duty of individual to obey this command. With multiple background of races and religions, the Malaysian government through the Islamic Development Department of Malaysia (JAKIM) recognised the halal status of food products in the market via halal certification so that every Malaysian muslim mets this obligation. The halal certificate issued by JAKIM must be complying by the holders and any form of defaults will result in the certificate being revoked. This paperwork presents the findings of a study on 330 fast food restaurant managers in Johor upon their compliant level and gender factor on affecting the respondents’ level of halal certification compliant. The study found out that the respondents’ level of compliance is high (mean=4.79) where no significant differences of gender (p>0.05) towards their compliant level among the respondents.
Anemia hemolítica desencadenada por consumo de habas en un paciente con déficit de glucosa 6 fosfato deshidrogenasa: presentación de caso en pediatría
Authors: Serrano Sepúlveda María Carolina , Franco Holman Leonel , Pulido Buitrago Adriana Marcela , Gómez León Erika Johanna , Saldaña Franco Sebastian
Published: October 2022

El déficit de glucosa 6 fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PD) es el trastorno metabólico más frecuente de los glóbulos rojos, y su presentación más común es la anemia hemolítica, que puede desencadenarse por procesos infecciosos, medicamentos o la ingesta de habas; esta última denominada favismo. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica del déficit de G6PD en un paciente de 3 años posterior al consumo de habas. Caso clínico: Un niño de 3 años de edad, quien presentó ictericia generalizada asociada con coliuria; consumo de habas previo al inicio de síntomas, y se sospechó favismo. Se documentó anemia moderada, hiperbilirrubinemia indirecta, elevación de lactato deshidrogenasa y frotis de sangre periférica con esferocitos y policromatofilia. Se consideró hemólisis aguda y se inició el manejo con ácido fólico. Se medió la enzima G6PD y se observó una deficiencia moderada (clase III). Conclusión: La deficiencia de G6PD es un reto diagnóstico. Con un adecuado manejo y prevención se pueden evitar casos con hemólisis severa. Es importante introducir en el tamizaje neonatal el análisis de G6PD para así lograr una disminución de morbimortalidad infantil.
Experimental Analysis and Constitutive Modeling of Cyclic Behavior of 304 L Stainless Steel: Introduction of Isotropic Hardening Fading Effect
Authors: Rajaeian M. , Parsa M. H.
Published: October 2022

In this study, the mechanical behavior of austenitic stainless steel 304 L under low cycle fatigue was investigated under different uni-axial strain-controlled loadings of 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, and 1.5%. The analysis of the experimentally determined strain versus stress hysteresis curves was carried out to achieve stress quantities such as amplitude stress, peak effective stress, and peak back stress. It was observed that in the early stage of cyclic loading, material underwent initial hardening, followed by softening phenomena which were more considerable in the lower strain range. Before the failure, the secondary hardening was observed at the final stage. In addition to accumulated plastic strain, it was shown that the peak back stress and peak effective stress which is associated with isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening behavior, respectively, are influenced by the strain range effect. Therefore, the coefficient of recall term that appeared in the Armstrong–Frederick nonlinear kinematic hardening model was considered to be dependent on the radius of the memory surface. Furthermore, to increase the ability of the plasticity constitutive model to show a smooth transition between various hardening stages, the radius of the yield surface which is associated with the isotropic hardening rule was equipped with the fading effect. Finally, by the comparison of numerical and experimental results, the capability of the rate-dependent constitutive model over classical rate-independent plasticity in the prediction of mechanical behavior of steel 304 L under strain-controlled cyclic loading was revealed.
An Investigation of Non-Linear Surge Characteristic in a High-Speed Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Hayashi Yoshihiro , Cao Teng
Published: October 2022

In centrifugal compressors, it is common to observe a rapid reduction in surge margin toward high rotational speed, which shows a non-linear surge characteristic against the change of rotational speed. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical study to understand the flow mechanisms leading to the non-linear surge behavior in a high-speed centrifugal compressor. It shows that for the studied compressor, there are two critical flow coefficients (ϕ = 0.255 and 0.136) where the stability of the compressor stage is significantly weakened. At a higher speed, the impeller rotating stall happens at the first critical point where the diffuser instability is also enhanced. This is caused by the increase of the flow non-uniformity at the impeller exit as well as increased diffuser inflow angle due to the impeller compressibility effect. Therefore, both the impeller and diffuser’s instability are matched and trigger the surge at a high flow coefficient. In contrast, at a lower speed, the diffuser instability is not enhanced by the impeller rotating stall, this mismatch of the two component’s instability allows the compressor to pass through the first critical point and extend the surge limit to the second critical point where the diffuser reaches the stability limit and causes the rotating stall spontaneously. By these different behaviors at each speed, the non-linearity of the surge characteristic is established.
Forgotten Ebola vaccine could help in outbreak
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: October 2022

Merck unearths a frozen batch of an experimental vaccine it made years ago
The Interaction between Tegument Proteins ORF33 and ORF45 Plays an Essential Role in Cytoplasmic Virion Maturation of a Gammaherpesvirus
Authors: Jia Xing , Sun Long , Shen Sheng , Zhang Ziwei , Lyu Ying , Guo Haitao , Deng Hongyu
Published: October 2022

A critical step in viral lytic replication is the assembly of progeny viral particles. Herpesviruses are important pathogens.
Osteopontin Exacerbates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders in a Microbiome-Dependent Manner
Authors: Chen Jianing , Zeng Ping , Gong Lan , Zhang Xujun , Ling Zongxin , Bi Kefan , Shi Fan , Wang Kaihang , Zhang Qiong , Jiang Jingjing , Zhang Yanhui , Uede Toshimitsu , El-Omar Emad M. , Diao Hongyan
Published: October 2022

Gut microbiota are involved in metabolic disorders. However, microbiome-based therapeutic interventions are not always effective, which might be due to interference of the host factors.