bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SN2 SUBSTITUTION WITH INVERSION AT A CYCLOPROPYL CARBON ATOM: FORMATION OF 9‐OXATETRACYCLO(6.2.1.01,6.06,10)UNDECANE
Authors: TURKENBURG L. A. M. , DE WOLF W. H. , BICKELHAUPT F. , STAM C. H. , KONIJN M.
Published: April 2016

Durch Chlorcarben (II)‐Addition an das Tetrahydroindanol (I) werden die isomeren Chlorhydroxypropellane (IIIa)+(IIIb) erhalten [getrennt über die Sulfonsäureester (IIIc) bzw. (IIId);von letzterem wird zur Konfigurationssicherung eine Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse durchgeführt (P21/c; Z=4)].
ChemInform Abstract: INDOLINOSPIROPYRANS WITH TWO POLYMERIZABLE GROUPS
Authors: LYUBINOV A. V. , ZAICHENKO N. L. , MAREVTSEV V. S. , CHERKASHIN M. I.
Published: April 2016

Aus 3‐Chlormethyl‐5‐nitrosalicylaldehyd (I) undSilber‐methacrylat (II) erhält man den 3‐Methacryloyl‐oxy‐ methyl‐5‐nitrosalicylaldehyd (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A SHORT BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS OF THE ISOQUINOLINE AND THE NAPHTHALENE MOIETIES OF ANCISTROCLADUS ALKALOIDS FROM COMMON β‐POLYCARBONYL PRECURSORS
Authors: BRINGMANN G.
Published: April 2016

Aceton (I) wird in das gemischte Dianion (II) übergeführt, das mit den Dicarbonsäureestern (III)′ bzw. (VII) zu Tetraketonen (IV) bzw. (VIII) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: FURAN DERIVATIVES. CLXVII. 1,3‐DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITIONS OF YLIDE OF 5‐NITRO‐2‐FURFURYLPYRIDINIUM BROMIDE IN INDOLIZINE SYNTHESIS
Authors: STETINOVA J. , DANDAROVA M. , KOVAC J. , MESAROSOVA D. , LESKO J.
Published: April 2016

Das aus (I) entstehende Ylid (II) reagiert mit Olefinen des Typs (III) zu den jeweiligen Indolizinen (IVa)‐(IVg).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF 1‐OXO‐2‐PHENYL‐4‐ARYL‐1,2‐DIHYDROPHTHALAZINES BY LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE
Authors: L'VOVA N. V. , SAMARTSEVA I. V. , PAVLOVA L. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) werden durch Kondensation der entsprechenden o‐Aroylbenzoesäuren mit Phenylhydrazin erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF THIAZOLO(5,4‐D)PYRIMIDINE 1‐OXIDES
Authors: SENGA K. , ICHIBA M. , KANAZAWA H. , NISHIGAKI S.
Published: April 2016

6‐Chlor‐l ,3‐dimethyl‐5‐nitro‐uracil (I) wird mit Mercaptanen (II) in Gegenwart von Triethylamin zu (III) substituiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2H‐1,4‐THIAZIN‐3(4H)‐ONE 1‐OXIDE AND 2H‐1,4‐THIAZIN‐3‐(4H)‐ONE 1,1‐DIOXIDE, STRUCTURAL ANALOGS OF URACIL
Authors: BOBEK M.
Published: April 2016

Die Kondensation zwischen dem Mercaptan (I) und dem Bromid (II) liefert das Sulfid (III), das nach Oxidation zum Sulfon (IVa) in das Amid (IVb) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NEW DERIVATIVES OF METHYL 3H‐2‐IMINO‐7‐METHYL‐4‐OXOPYRIDO(3,2‐E)‐1,3‐THIAZINE‐5‐CARBOXYLATE
Authors: ZAWISZA T. , SIWINSKA B. , SLADOWSKA H. , JAKOBIEC T.
Published: April 2016

Die Hydroxypyridindicarbonsäure (I) reagiert mit Phosphoroxychlorid/Phosphorpentachlorid und Methanol zu den" Estern (II) und (III), von denen letzterer mit Thioharnstoffen (IV) teils zu den Pyrido‐thiazinen (V), teils zu den Pyrido‐pyrimidinen (VI) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐ETHOXYCARBONYLAMIDINES AS STARTING MATERIALS AND INTERMEDIATES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: DEAN W. D. , PAPADOPOULOS E. P.
Published: April 2016

Aromaten (I) reagieren unter Friedel‐Crafts‐Bedingungen mit Ethoxycarbonyl‐isothiocyanat (II) zu den Thioamiden (III), die mit Aminen (IV) zu den N‐Ethoxycarbonyl‐amidinen (V) kondensiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. XXI. SYNTHESIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERIC BENZ(C)AZEPINE DERIVATIVES BY 1,3‐TRANSPOSITION OF NITROGEN IN THE SEVEN‐MEMBERED RING
Authors: TOCHTERMANN W. , HEUER M.
Published: April 2016

Die leicht zugänglichen Oxanorbornadiene (I) geben bei Belichtung die Oxaquadricyclane (II), die sich in siedendem Toluol glatt zu den Arenoxiden (III) isomerisieren lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐ AND 3‐AMINO‐1,4‐BENZODIAZEPINES
Authors: DEL GIUDICE M. R. , GATTA F. , PANDOLFI C. , SETTIMJ G.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxazepame (I) reagieren in Form ihrer Natriumsalze mit Chlor‐phosphorsäure‐ester/Aminen bzw. Chlorphosphorsäureamid und Aminen zu den Amino‐benzdiazepinen (III), (IV) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF CHIRAL DIPHENYL SUBSTITUTED POLYETHER‐DIESTER COMPOUNDS
Authors: BRADSHAW J. S. , JOLLEY S. T. , IZATT R. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Bis‐carbonsäurechlorid (I) entsteht mit dem Diol (II) das Cyclisierungsprodukt (III).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROXYMETHYL DERIVATIVES OF 18‐CROWN‐6 AND (2.2.2)CRYPTAND: VERSATILE INTERMEDIATES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF LIPOPHILIC AND POLYMER‐BONDED MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS
Authors: MONTANARI F. , TUNDO P.
Published: April 2016

Glycid‐tert.‐butylether (I) liefert nach Hydrolyse das Diol (IIa), das zu (IIb) verethert und weiter über das Bis‐säurechlorid (IIc) in den Diester (IId) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIMYCOTIC EFFECT OF SOME OPEN‐CHAIN AND CYCLIC DIARYL SULFIDES CONTAINING PYRIDINE AND THIADIAZOLE UNITS
Authors: BOTTINO F. , RUSSO F. , BLANDINO G.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation entsprechender Arylmercapto‐ Kaliumsalze mit Arylhalogeniden erhält man Diarylsulfide der Typen (I)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: MONOMERIC CARBIMINOBORANES
Authors: SICKER U. , MELLER A. , MARINGGELE W.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktionen von tert.‐Butyl‐isonitril (I) mit Organolithiumverbindungen (II) und anschließende Umsetzungen mit den Aminohalogenboranen (IV) werden die monomeren Carbiminoborane (V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF ALCOHOLS. XI. DOUBLE STEREODIFFERENTIATION IN THE ADDITION OF CROTYLBORONATES TO ALDEHYDES: PRELOG‐DJERASSI LACTONE
Authors: HOFFMANN R. W. , ZEISS H.‐J. , LADNER W. , TABCHE S.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Addition des (Z)‐Crotylboronsäureesters (IIa) an den (S)‐(+)‐Aldehyd (I) entsteht ein Gemisch der Cram‐ und Anticram‐Addukte (IIIa) und (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL BIS(N‐BUTYL‐N‐ISOBUTENYLAMIDO)PHOSPHITE AND ITS REACTION WITH α‐CHLOROACETALDEHYDES
Authors: KIBARDIN A. M. , GRYAZNOV P. I. , GAZIZOV T. KH. , IRAIDOVA I. S. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: April 2016

N‐Butyl‐isobutyroimin (II) reagiert mit N‐Butyl‐N‐isobutenylamido‐dichlorphosphit (I) zu Bis‐(N‐butyl‐N‐isobutenylamido)echlorphosphit (III), das sich in Gegenwart von Triethylamin mit Ethanol zum Bis‐(N‐butyl‐N‐isobutenylamido)‐phosphorigsäure‐ethylester (IV) umsetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐DIAZOPHOSPHONIC ACIDS AS POTENTIAL PHOTOAFFINITY LABELING REAGENTS: SYNTHESIS, STABILITY, AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Authors: BARTLETT P. A. , CARRUTHERS N. I. , WINTER B. M. , LONG K. P.
Published: April 2016

Methansulfonsäure‐N,N‐diethylamid (I) liefert nach Metallierung mit Phosphorsäuredimethylesterchlorid das Substitutionsprodukt (IIa), das mit Tosylazid zu (IIb) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, AND THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF 2‐(CHLOROACYL)DIPHENYLPHOSPHINES ‐ NEW PATHWAY TO CHLOROKETENES
Authors: LINDNER E. , STEINWAND M. , HOEHNE S.
Published: April 2016

Die chlorierten Acylphosphine (III) werden durch Umsetzung der Säurechloride (I) mit dem Silydiphenylphosphin (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PHOSPHORYLATED PHENYL ACETATES AND HYDRAZIDES
Authors: ISMAGILOV R. K. , RAZUMOV A. I. , ZHURAVLEVA G. G. , ZYKOVA V. V. , YAFAROVA R. L. , BEZBORODOVA T. A.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Phosphinigsäureester (I) mit α‐Halogen‐phenylessigsäureestern (II) erhält man die α‐Phosphinylphenylessigsäureester (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DIHYDROXYMETHYLPHENYLPHOSPHINE WITH THE ISOBUTYL ESTER OF DIPHENYLBORINIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF NITRILES
Authors: ARBUZOV B. A. , ERASTOV O. A. , NIKONOV G. N. , ZYABLIKOVA T. A. , EFREMOV YU. YA. , MUSIN R. Z.
Published: April 2016

Gibt man den Diphenylborsäure‐isobutylester (II) au Bis‐hydroxymethyl‐phenylphosphin (I) und nach einigen Minuten zum entstandenen Zwischenprodukt (III) Acetonitril (IV), so entsteht eine weitere Zwischen‐ Verbindung (V), die Formaldehyd abspaltet und (Diphenylboryloxymethyl)‐ acetimidoy1‐phenylphosphin (VI) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC DIAZASTANNYLENES. XIII. (SNN2(CH3)2)4 AND (SNNCH(CH3)2)4, MOLECULES WITH CUBANELIKE STRUCTURES
Authors: VEITH M. , SCHLEMMER G.
Published: April 2016

Das Diazasilastannetidin (I) reagiert mit N,N‐Dimethylhydrazin spontan und mit Isopropylamin unter kurzem Erwärmen zu dem Silazan (II) und den Tetrameren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS. III. ORGANOTIN CHLOROHYDRIDE ADDITIONS TO METHYL E‐DISUBSTITUTED PROPENOATES
Authors: PODESTA J. C. , CHOPA A. B.
Published: April 2016

Di‐n‐butyl‐ bzw. Diphenyl‐zinnchlorhydride (II) reagieren stereoselektiv mit Methyl‐E‐disubstituierten Propenoaten (I) zu den Organozinn‐Addukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDUCT‐MEDIATED PHOTOCHEMISTRY. EVIDENCE FOR EXCITED‐STATE REORDERING IN (ACETOPHENONE)TRICARBONYLCHROMIUM(O) UPON ADDUCT FORMATION WITH TRIS(6,6,7,7,8,8,8‐HEPTAFLUORO‐2,2‐DIMETHYL‐3,5‐OCTANEDIONATO)EUROPIUM(III)
Authors: SCHREINER R. , ELLIS A. B.
Published: April 2016

Die Elektronenspektren von Aren‐Cr(CO)3 ‐Komplexen (Aren: Anilin, Anisol, Benzaldehyd, Benzol, Acetophenon, Acenaphthen) und die photochemische Reaktivität der Verbindungen mit den letzten drei Liganden wurde in Isooctanlösung in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit des Titel‐Eu‐Komplexes untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction of Optically Active Triorganogermyl Ligands into Transition Metal Complexes. Crystal Structure and Absolute Configuration of cis‐S‐(‐)(Methylphenyl‐1‐naphtylgermyl)‐(methylethoxycarbene)te‐tracarbonylmanganese.
Authors: CARRE F. , CERVEAU G. , COLOMER E. , CORRIU R. J. P.
Published: April 2016

Die optisch aktive Germyllithium‐Verbindung (Ia) reagiert mit dem Nickel‐Komplex (II) unter Verdrängung des Chlorid‐Liganden zu dem optisch aktiven Nickel‐Germanium‐Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND MOLECULAR STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SIX‐COORDINATE (ISOTHIOCYANATO)(PYRIDINE)(PORPHINATO)IRON(III) COMPLEXES. (ISOTHIOCYANATO)(MESO‐TETRAPHENYLPORPHINATO)(PYRIDINE)IRON(III), A LOW‐SPIN COMPLEX WITH A NONLINEAR FENCS GROUP, AND (ISOTHIOCYANATO)(OCTAETHYLPORPHINATO)(PYRIDINE)IRON(III), A HIGH‐SPIN COMPLEX WITH NONEQUIVALENT AXIAL LIGANDS
Authors: SCHEIDT W. R. , LEE Y. J. , GEIGER D. K. , TAYLOR K. , HATANO K.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen wurden durch Reaktion der fünffach‐koordinierten Isothiocyanatoverbindung mit Pyridin in CHCl3 dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MOESSBAUER, MAGNETIC AND THERMOGRAVIMETRIC STUDIES OF ADRIAMYCIN FERRIC COMPLEXES
Authors: KOZLOWSKI H. , DRABENT K. , SZYSZUK H. , GOSALVEZ M.
Published: April 2016

Adriamycin (I) ist ein cytotoxisches Mittel mit antibiotischen und Antikrebs‐Eigenschaften, dessen Kardia‐Toxizität herabgesetzt wird, wenn es als Tri‐ Fe(III)‐Komplex verwendet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STERIC COURSE OF THE SUBSTITUTION AT THE CYCLOPROPANE SKELETON BY COBAL(I)OXIME. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYCLOPROPYLCOBALOXIMES
Authors: SCHAEFFLER J. + , DEPPISCH B. , RETEY J.
Published: April 2016

Das Dibrombenzonorcaradien (I) wurde durch Reaktion von Phenanthren mit Dibromcarben dargestellt und führt durch Reduktion zu den Verbindungen (IIa) und (IIb) neben (IIc).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Oxygen‐Sulfur Anion: Preparation and Structure of Potassium μ‐(Thiosulfito‐S,S′)‐decacyanodicobaltate(III).
Authors: FONCZEK F. R. , MARSH R. E. , SCHAEFER W. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) wird durch Behandlung einer gesättigten Lösung von [(NC)5CoS2Co(CN)5]6 ′ in HZO/EtOH bei ‐15°C mit Luftsauerstoff gebildet und als Solvat (H2O6" , EtOHoß) isoliert (keine Ausb.‐ Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF NITROSYL TRANSFER. DISSOCIATION OF NITRIC OXIDE FROM COBALT NITROSYLS
Authors: DOYLE M. P. , PICKERING R. A. , DYKSTRA R. L.
Published: April 2016

Die kinetische Berechnung der Nitrosylübertragung von Nitrosyl‐bis‐[dimethylgly‐ oximato]‐cobalt auf Hämoglobin zeigt, daß der Mechanismus dieser Umwandlung über die Dissoziation des NO aus dem Co‐Komplex und seine darauffolgende Assoziation an das Hämoglobin verläuft.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME SOLID COPPER DIOXYGEN COMPLEXES
Authors: SPEIER G. , TYEKLAR Z. , ROCKENBAUER A.
Published: April 2016

Die Cu‐Komplexe (I) reagieren irreversibel mit molekularem Sauerstoff zu den Titelkomplexen (II), die in festem Zustand paramagnetisch sind.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR AND CD STUDIES OF PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES WITH S‐METHYL‐L‐CYSTEINE‐CONTAINING PEPTIDES
Authors: DECOCK‐LE REVEREND B. , LOUCHEUX C. , KOWALIK T. , KOZLOWSKI H.
Published: April 2016

Die Untersuchungen von Pd‐1:1‐Komplexen mit S‐Me‐L‐Cys und den Dipeptiden S‐Me‐Cys‐ Gly, S‐Me‐Cys‐S‐Me‐Cys und Gly‐S‐Me‐Cys zeigt, daß in den Dipeptidkomplexen S‐Me‐L‐Cys als Rest an die Pd‐ Ionen durch die N,S‐Gruppierung gebunden ist, wodurch ein neues Chiralitätszentrum am Schwefel entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPALLADATION AND CYCLORHODATION OF N‐(3‐THIENYL)PYRAZOLE
Authors: NONOYAMA M.
Published: April 2016

N‐(2‐Thienyl)‐ pyrazol (I) reagiert mit Palladiumchlorid (II) zu dem N‐koordinierten Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC LEWIS ACIDS; METAL COMPLEXES WITH WEAKLY COORDINATED LIGANDS. IX. HYDRIDO‐ AND METHYLIRIDIUM(III) COMPLEXES WITH WEAKLY COORDINATED ANIONIC LIGANDS; ROUTE TO CATIONIC IRIDIUM(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: OLGEMOELLER B. + , BAUER H. , LOEBERMANN H. + , NAGEL U. , BECK W.
Published: April 2016

Durch oxidative Addition von Säuren mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen an (II) werden abhängig vom Lösungsmittel stereospezifisch die Komplexe (I) bzw. (IIIa) oder (IIIb) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Studies of Transition Metal Complexes of Cyclic Amidines.
Authors: HUSSAIN M. S. , SAEED‐UR‐REHMAN SAEED‐UR‐REHMAN
Published: April 2016

Ein Überschuß des Liganden 5,6,11,12‐Tetrahydro‐2,8‐dimethylphenhomazin H‐L sowie seines Methyl‐Derivats Me‐L reagiert mit entsprechenden dehydratisierten Metallsalzen in 2,3‐Dimethoxypropan zu den Komplexen (I)‐(VI) in 40‐60proz. Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL COMPLEXES WITH BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT LIGANDS. XXI. ANTITUMOR ACTIVE CIS‐PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES WITH α‐AMINO ACID ESTERS AND PEPTIDE ESTERS. STRUCTURE OF CIS‐DICHLOROBIS(GLYCYLGLYCINE ETHYL ESTER)PLATINUM(II)
Authors: BECK W. , BISSINGER H. , GIRNTH‐WELLER M. , PURUCKER B. , THIEL G. , ZIPPEL H. , SEIDENBERGER H. , WAPPES B. , SCHOENENBERGER H. +
Published: April 2016

Die Komplexe (I) wurden nach fünf verschiedenen Methoden dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLVENT‐DEPENDENT REACTIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE WITH A PLATINUM(II) DIHYDRIDE. REVERSIBLE FORMATION OF A PLATINUM(II) FORMATOHYDRIDE AND A CATIONIC PLATINUM(II) DIMER, (PT2H3(PET3)4)(HCO2)
Authors: PAONESSA R. S. , TROGLER W. C.
Published: April 2016

Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Wasser‐Gas‐Verschiebungsreaktion wird die ungewöhnliche Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Umsetzung von CO2 mit sterisch nicht behinderten Pt(II)‐Hydriden beschrieben, einem System, das die Umwandlung von Ameisensäure in CO2 und H2 katalysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYANINE DYES. I. NEW WAY TO SYNTHESIZE 11‐ALKOXY SUBSTITUTED THIATRICARBOCYANINES
Authors: VOMPE A. F. , IVANOVA L. V.
Published: April 2016

11‐Methoxythiatricarbocyanin (I) wird mit Natriumalkoholaten in die zum Teil bisher unbekannten 11‐Alkoxythiacarbocyanine (II) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: A Total Synthesis of (±)‐Coriolin.
Authors: MEHTA G. , REDDY A. V. , MURTHY A. N. , REDDY D. S.
Published: April 2016

Das C13‐Diketon (I) ergibt durch regioselektive Alkylierung, chemoselektive Grignard‐Addition und Dehydratisierung die Verbindung (II), die auf den im Formelschema beschriebenen Wegen in das Exomethylenketon (VI) bzw. in das ungesättigte Tetramethyldiketon (IX) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HYDROXY KETONE SIDE CHAIN OF CORTICOSTEROIDS FROM 17‐OXO STEROIDS VIA NITRO OLEFINS
Authors: BARTON D. H. R. , MOTHERWELL W. B. , ZARD S. Z.
Published: April 2016

Das Hydroxy‐androstenon (I) reagiert mit Nitromethan in Gegenwart von katalytischen Mengen Ethylendiamin zum Kondensa‐ 4 tionsprodukt (II), das gemäß Formelschema in die Keto‐acetate (IV) bzw. (VII) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE CLEAVAGE OF GLYCOSIDES
Authors: ROLF D. , GRAY G. R.
Published: April 2016

Eine Methode zur Ermittlung von Polysaccharid‐ Strukturen ‐ Bestimmung der Verknüpfungsstelle und der Ring‐Form von jeder Monosaccharid‐Einheit ‐ wird beschrieben: Die Anwendung der Reaktionsbedingungen a) ermöglicht die reduktive Spaltung von permethylierter Cyclohexaamylose (I) [→(II)] bzw. der Modellglycoside (IIIa)‐(IIIc) [jeweils ‐+ (IVa)], (IIId) [→(IVb)], (Va) [ ‐+ (Vb)], (VI) [→(VII)] bzw. (VIII) [→(IXa) + (IXb)].
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CYTOSTATIC ACTIVITY OF 1‐α‐L‐ARABINOPYRANOSYL‐6‐NITROINDOLE AND 1‐β‐D‐GALACTOPYRANOSYL‐5‐NITROINDOLE
Authors: MUKHANOV V. I. , ZHIRNOVA K. G. , SOKOLOVA T. N. , PREOBRAZHENKAYA M. N. , NIKOLAEVA T. G. , DOBRYNIN YA. V.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von dem Triacetat des früher beschriebenen 1‐a‐L‐Arabinopyranosyl‐6‐nitro‐indols (I) erhält man nach bekannten Methoden die Derivate (II)‐(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: ERGOT ALKALOIDS. LXIII. WITTIG TYPE REACTIONS OF 2‐FORMYLATED DERIVATIVES OF 6‐METHYLERGOLINE. I
Authors: BENES J. , HOLUBEK J.
Published: April 2016

I. ‐Die Ergolinaldehyde (Ia) werden durch Wittig‐Horner‐Reaktion zu den überwiegend E‐konfigurierten Acrylestern′(II), kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ERGOT ALKALOIDS. LXIV. 1,2‐FUSED DERIVATIVES OF ERGOLINE
Authors: BENES J. , HOLUBEK J.
Published: April 2016

Die Formylergoline (III) werden mit Methylisonitrilacetat (II) in Gegenwart von Base kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALOID SYNTHESIS VIA INTRAMOLECULAR ENE REACTION. 2. APPLICATION TO DL‐MESEMBRINE AND DL‐DIHYDROMARITIDINE
Authors: KECK G. E. , WEBB R. R. II
Published: April 2016

3,4‐Dimethoxy‐phenyllithium (I) reagiert mit 3‐Methoxy‐cyclohexenon (II) zum Kondensationsprodukt (IIIa), das zu (IIIb) reduziert und weiter zu (IIIc) acetyliert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐(β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)IMIDAZO(4,5‐D)PYRIDAZIN‐4(5H)‐ONE: A NEW ANALOG OF INOSINE (1)
Authors: GAGNIER R. P. , HALAT M. J. , OTTER B. A.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Imidazo‐pyridazinon (I) erhält man durch Silylierung ein Derivat, das wahrscheinlich die Konstitution (II) besitzt und mit 1‐O‐Acetyl‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐ribofuranose die Verbindungen (IIIa) und (IVa) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL ASPECTS OF THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS FROM SYNTHESIS GAS
Authors: DECKWER W.‐D.
Published: April 2016

Der Artikel behandelt einleitend die Fischer‐Tropsch‐Synthese (Stöchiometrie, Produkte, Selektivität, Kinetik, Wärmeentwicklung) allgemein und ihre industriegenutzten Varianten und geht dann auf Synthesealternativen ein.
ChemInform Abstract: VISIBLE‐LIGHT‐DRIVEN GENERATION OF CHLORINE WITH POWDERED TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION VIA REDOX CATALYSIS
Authors: KIWI J. , GRAETZEL M. +
Published: April 2016

Im Hinblick auf Sonnenenergie‐Speicherung mittels chemischer Umwandlungen durch Lichtenergie wurde die C12 ‐Erzeugung bei der Bestrahlung wäßriger Dispersionen von WO3 in Lösungen von NaCl im Sichtbaren untersucht.
Einfluss zyklischer Befeuchtung auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften hygroskopischer Aluminiumoxid‐Granulate
Authors: Müller Peter , Russell Alexander , Bergstedt Johanna , Tomas Jürgen
Published: April 2016

Der Einfluss zyklischer Befeuchtung auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften von γ‐Al2O3‐Granulaten bei Druckbeanspruchung wurde untersucht. Die Granulate wurden dazu zwei unterschiedlichen Befeuchtungs‐ und Entfeuchtungszyklen ausgesetzt. Bei Behandlung mit feuchter Luft verringern sich mit zunehmender Feuchtebeladung die mechanischen Eigenschaften signifikant. Mittels Regeneration im Trockenschrank kann der Ausgangszustand teilweise wiederhergestellt werden. Mehrere durchlaufene Befeuchtungszyklen wirken sich zudem zunehmend negativ auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Des Weiteren kann ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen Granulatgröße und Schädigung beobachtet werden.
Influence of Air Humidity on the Particle Formation of Single Mannitol‐Water Droplets during Drying
Authors: Griesing Matthias , Grosshans Holger , Hellwig Thomas , Sedelmayer Robert , Gopireddy Srikanth Reddy , Pauer Werner , Gutheil Eva , Moritz Hans‐Ulrich
Published: April 2016

The effect of process parameters on the droplet drying process, which is crucial for tailor‐made particle designs in spray drying processes, was investigated. Because of the challenging observability in spray towers single droplet experiments were carried out using acoustic levitation. The influence of the air humidity on the particle and solid layer formation of single mannitol‐water droplets and temperature profiles of the complete drying process were experimentally determined. Also, the influence of the air humidity on the solid layer formation and the droplet temperature evolution was investigated.
Stationäre Siebklassierung
Authors: Hennig Manuel , Teipel Ulrich
Published: April 2016

Eines der wichtigsten mechanischen Trennverfahren ist die Siebklassierung. Zur Untersuchung der Trenncharakteristik soll diese modelliert werden. Der Trenngrad wird aus den gemessenen Partikelverteilungen und den Gesamtmassen der einzelnen Fraktionen bestimmt. Die Modelle sind von jeweils drei bzw. vier Funktionsparametern abhängig. Dazu gehören der Bypass‐Parameter a, der Parameter xcut, der die Median‐Trenngrenze definiert, sowie der Parameter α als die Trennschärfe der Klassierung. Zusätzlich wird ein dritter Schärfeparameter β eingeführt. Als Parameterstudie stehen durchgeführte Siebversuchsreihen an zwei Taumelsiebmaschinen zur Verfügung.
Meine Lieblingsaufsätze in der ChiuZ
Authors: Bilow Uta
Published: April 2016

Viele Aufsätze in der ChiuZ habe ich gerne gelesen, mit Interesse, Genuss und dem sicheren Gefühl, etwas dabei gelernt zu haben. Aber es gibt einen Artikel in der ChiuZ, einen eher kurzen Text, mit dem mich etwas ganz Besonderes und Persönliches verbindet. Denn dieser Text hatte entscheidenden Einfluss auf meine Berufswahl, und hätte ich ihn damals nicht gelesen, wäre ich wahrscheinlich nie in die Situation gekommen, dass ich nun dem Kuratorium der ChiuZ angehöre und diese Zeilen zum Jubiläumsjahr schreiben darf.
Damals und heute: Metalle im Dienste des Lebens
Authors: Grohmann Andreas
Published: April 2016

Fast so alt wie die Chemie in unserer Zeit ist ein Artikel, der im Sommer 1968 in ihrem 2. Jahrgang erschien: “Anorganische Aspekte des Lebens” von P. Hemmerich [1]. In seinem Artikel führt uns der Autor die zwar historisch bedingten, doch immer unsinniger erscheinenden Einteilungen “Anorganische Chemie” und “Organische Chemie” vor Augen, um dann – nach einer Bestandsaufnahme seinerzeitigen Wissens über “Biologische Metallkomplexe” – festzustellen: “[...] die Natur synthetisiert auch Ammoniak bei [Zimmertemperatur], z. B. in der Erbsenwurzel. Wir haben von dieser Natur noch einiges an Chemie zu lernen. Und vor allem an anorganischer Chemie, sofern wir überhaupt noch darauf bestehen, daß dieser Name einen Sinn hat.”
Tropomodulin isoforms utilize specific binding functions to modulate dendrite development
Authors: Gray Kevin T. , Suchowerska Alexandra K. , Bland Tyler , Colpan Mert , Wayman Gary , Fath Thomas , Kostyukova Alla S.
Published: April 2016

Tropomodulins (Tmods) cap F‐actin pointed ends and have altered expression in the brain in neurological diseases. The function of Tmods in neurons has been poorly studied and their role in neurological diseases is entirely unknown. In this article, we show that Tmod1 and Tmod2, but not Tmod3, are positive regulators of dendritic complexity and dendritic spine morphology. Tmod1 increases dendritic branching distal from the cell body and the number of filopodia/thin spines. Tmod2 increases dendritic branching proximal to the cell body and the number of mature dendritic spines. Tmods utilize two actin‐binding sites and two tropomyosin (Tpm)‐binding sites to cap F‐actin. Overexpression of Tmods with disrupted Tpm‐binding sites indicates that Tmod1 and Tmod2 differentially utilize their Tpm‐ and actin‐binding sites to affect morphology. Disruption of Tmod1's Tpm‐binding sites abolished the overexpression phenotype. In contrast, overexpression of the mutated Tmod2 caused the same phenotype as wild type overexpression. Proximity ligation assays indicate that the mutated Tmods are shuttled similarly to wild type Tmods. Our data begins to uncover the roles of Tmods in neural development and the mechanism by which Tmods alter neural morphology. These observations in combination with altered Tmod expression found in several neurological diseases also suggest that dysregulation of Tmod expression may be involved in the pathology of these diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Racial and ethnic disparities in human papillomavirus‐associated cancer burden with first‐generation and second‐generation human papillomavirus vaccines
Authors: Burger Emily A. , Lee Kyueun , Saraiya Mona , Thompson Trevor D. , Chesson Harrell W. , Markowitz Lauri E. , Kim Jane J.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

In the United States, the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated cancers varies by racial/ethnic group. HPV vaccination may provide opportunities for primary prevention of these cancers. Herein, the authors projected changes in HPV‐associated cancer burden among racial/ethnic groups under various coverage assumptions with the available first‐generation and second‐generation HPV vaccines to evaluate changes in racial/ethnic disparities.

METHODS

Cancer‐specific mathematical models simulated the burden of 6 HPV‐associated cancers. Model parameters, informed using national registries and epidemiological studies, reflected sex‐specific, age‐specific, and racial/ethnic‐specific heterogeneities in HPV type distribution, cancer incidence, stage of disease at detection, and mortality. Model outcomes included the cumulative lifetime risks of developing and dying of 6 HPV‐associated cancers. The level of racial/ethnic disparities was evaluated under each alternative HPV vaccine scenario using several metrics of social group disparity.

RESULTS

HPV vaccination is expected to reduce the risks of developing and dying of HPV‐associated cancers in all racial/ethnic groups as well as reduce the absolute degree of disparities. However, alternative metrics suggested that relative disparities would persist and in some scenarios worsen. For example, when assuming high uptake with the second‐generation HPV vaccine, the lifetime risk of dying of an HPV‐associated cancer for males decreased by approximately 60%, yet the relative disparity increased from 3.0 to 3.9.

CONCLUSIONS

HPV vaccines are expected to reduce the overall burden of HPV‐associated cancers for all racial/ethnic groups and to reduce the absolute disparity gap. However, even with the second‐generation vaccine, relative disparities will likely still exist and may widen if the underlying causes of these disparities remain unaddressed. Cancer 2016;122:2057–66. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Posterior parietal cortex of the rat: Architectural delineation and thalamic differentiation
Authors: Olsen Grethe M. , Witter Menno P.
Published: April 2016

This study refines the characterization of the rat parietal cortical domain in terms of cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture as well as thalamic connectivity. We recognize three subdivisions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), which are architectonically distinct from the neighboring somatosensory and visual cortices. Furthermore, we show that the different parietal areas are differently connected with thalamic nuclei. The medial portion of PPC (mPPC) is connected primarily with the medial portion of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), whereas the lateral portion (lPPC) connects with the posterior complex (Po). The more caudolateral part of PPC (PtP) also projects to Po but can be distinguished from lPPC based on architectonic criteria. The primary somatic and visual cortices, neighboring PPC, are preferentially connected with the primary ventral posterior and dorsolateral geniculate nuclei, respectively, and less with the associational Po and LP. Particularly the border between the secondary visual cortex and the PPC has been a matter of controversy, but here we show that, although PPC subareas are connected with Po and medial LP, the medial and lateral secondary visual cortices are connected with lateral LP and a portion of medial LP different from that connected with PPC. The resulting delineations and specifications of connectivity with thalamic nuclei together with upcoming studies of cortical connectivity will facilitate detailed studies on the role of the subdivisions of PPC in the rat as diverse, higher order associative cortical areas, comparable to those described in the primate.for J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3774–3809, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
gSched: a resource aware Hadoop scheduler for heterogeneous cloud computing environments
Authors: Caruana Godwin , Li Maozhen , Qi Man , Khan Mukhtaj , Rana Omer
Published: April 2016

MapReduce has become a major programming model for data‐intensive applications in cloud computing environments. Hadoop, an open source implementation of MapReduce, has been adopted by an increasingly wide user community. However, Hadoop suffers from task scheduling performance degradation in heterogeneous contexts because of its homogeneous design focus. This paper presents gSched, a resource‐aware Hadoop scheduler that takes into account both the heterogeneity of computing resources and provisioning charges in task allocation in cloud computing environments. gSched is initially evaluated in an experimental Hadoop cluster and demonstrates enhanced performance compared with the default Hadoop scheduler. Further evaluations are conducted on the Amazon EC2 cloud that demonstrates the effectiveness of gSched in task allocation in heterogeneous cloud computing environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dynamically downscaled projection of past and future microclimates
Authors: Levy Ofir , Buckley Lauren B. , Keitt Timothy H. , Angilletta Michael J.
Published: April 2016

Ecological forecasting requires information about the climatic conditions experienced by organisms. Despite impressive methodological and computational advances, ecological forecasting still suffers from poor resolutions of environmental data. Published data comprise relatively few layers of surface climate and suffer from coarse temporal resolution. Hence, models using these data might underestimate heterogeneity of microclimates and miss biological consequences of climatic extremes. Moreover, we currently lack predictions about vegetation cover in future environments, a key factor for estimating the spatial heterogeneity of microclimates and hence the capacity for behavioral thermoregulation. Here, we describe microclimates and vegetation for the past and the future at spatial and temporal resolutions of 36 km (approximately 0.3°) and 1 h, respectively. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting model to downscale published, bias‐corrected predictions of a global‐circulation model from a resolution of 0.9° latitude and 1.25° longitude (approximately 100 km in latitude and 130 km in longitude). Output from this model was used as input for a microclimate model, which generated temperatures and wind speeds for 1980–1999 and 2080–2099 at various heights, as well as soil temperatures at various depths and shade intensities. We also predicted the percentage of green vegetation and the percentage of shade given the angle of the sun. These data were evaluated using several criteria, each of which shed light on a different aspect of value to researchers. The metadata describe the modeling protocol, microclimate calculations, computer programs, and the evaluation process.
Linking individual‐level functional traits to tree growth in a subtropical forest
Authors: Liu Xiaojuan , Swenson Nathan G. , Lin Dunmei , Mi Xiangcheng , Umaña María Natalia , Schmid Bernhard , Ma Keping
Published: April 2016

Forging strong links between traits and performance is essential for understanding and predicting community assembly and dynamics. Functional trait analyses of trees that have correlated single‐trait values with measures of performance such as growth and mortality have generally found weak relationships. A reason for these weak relationships is the failure to use individual‐level trait data while simultaneously putting that data into the context of the abiotic setting, neighborhood composition, and the remaining axes constituting the overall phenotype. Here, utilizing detailed growth and trait data for 59 species of trees in a subtropical forest, we demonstrate that the individual‐level functional trait values are strongly related to individual growth rates, and that the strength of these relationships critically depends on the context of that individual. We argue that our understanding of trait–performance relationships can be greatly improved with individual‐level data so long as that data is put into the proper context.
Free‐standing Graphene/Poly(methylene blue)/AgNPs Composite Paper for Electrochemical Sensing of NADH
Authors: Topçu Ezgi , Dağcı Kader , Alanyalıoğlu Murat
Published: April 2016

Highly flexible graphene/poly(methylene blue)/AgNPs composite paper was successfully prepared for amperometric biosensing of NADH. For this purpose, a dispersion including graphene oxide (GO), methylene blue (MB) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was prepared and GO/MB/AgNPs paper was acquired by vacuum‐filtration of this dispersion through a suitable membrane. After peeling it off from membrane, it was transformed to rGO/MB/AgNPs paper by performing reduction with hydriodic acid. In a three‐electrode cell, which is containing 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH: 9.0), rGO/MB/AgNPs paper was used as working electrode and rGO/poly(MB)/AgNPs composite paper was generated by surface‐confined electropolymerization of MB using successive cyclic voltammetry approach in a suitable potential window. Characterization of this composite paper was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, four‐point probe conductivity measurement and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Flexible rGO/poly(MB)/AgNPs composite paper has demonstrated high sensitivity, wide linear range and low detection limit for amperometric quantification of NADH.
Pyrolysis and thermogravimetry of blended and nonblended residues of pine and eucalyptus forestry woods
Authors: Costa Valdeci José , Vieira Ricardo Mancilio , Girotto Sandy Bernardi Falcadi Tedesco , Simioni Flávio José
Published: April 2016

In this article, we present the results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of blended and nonblended residues ofPinus taedaandEucalyptus benthamiisubmitted to thermal degradation at heating rates of 5, 15, and 30 K/min, up to a maximum of 900 K. The temperature range is divided into three intervals (corresponding to the pyrolysis stages of drying, devolatilization, and char formation) and each thermal evolution curve is fitted by a modified version of the Coats–Redfern method. The kinetic parameters of the Arrhenius equation are then calculated. The adoption of three temperature intervals provides a better approximation and yields more realistic values, when compared to the single‐temperature interval approach found in most of the consulted literature. Kinetic analysis shows that each evolution profile can be represented as a single first‐order reaction. Moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon contents are measured. Among the wood residues investigated, sawdust mixtures and barks of pine seem to be the most suitable fuels for heat generation. On one hand, the practical aim of this study is to advance the use of biomass residues as a renewable energy source among local industries. On the other hand, in theoretical terms, results might help devise new mathematical models and more efficient reaction mechanisms for the heterogeneous combustion of solid particles, which is a complex phenomenon still to be fully understood. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1521–1528, 2016
Interspecies rootstocks affect cadmium accumulation in postgrafting generation plants of potential cadmium-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum
Authors: Wang Jin , Lin Lijin , Liu Lei , Liang Dong , Xia Hui , Lv Xiulan , Liao Ming'An , Wang Zhihui , Lai Yunsong , Tang Yi , Wang Xun , Ren Wei
Published: April 2016

Pot and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of interspecies rootstocks on cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics of the potential Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum postgrafting generation plants. Four treatments (ungrafted and S. photeinocarpum seedlings grafted on the rootstocks of eggplant, potato, and tomato) were utilized in the present study. In the 2 pot experiments, eggplant and potato reduced biomass of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation plants, whereas tomato increased shoot biomass compared with the control (ungrafted seedlings). Compared with ungrafted seedlings, tomato increased and eggplant decreased Cd contents in shoots of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation. Only tomato increased Cd extraction by shoots of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation compared with ungrafted seedlings. In the field experiment, only tomato increased shoot Cd content of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation by 8.31% and shoot Cd extraction by 9.30% compared with ungrafted seedlings. Therefore, use of tomato as rootstock could enhance the ability of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation plants to remediate Cd-contaminated soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2845–2850. © 2016 SETAC
Ensemble data assimilation applied to an adaptive mesh ocean model
Authors: Du Juan , Zhu Jiang , Fang Fangxin , Pain C. C. , Navon I. M.
Published: April 2016

In this study, a first attempt has been made to introduce mesh adaptivity into the ensemble Kalman fiter (EnKF) method. The EnKF data assimilation system was established for an unstructured adaptive mesh ocean model (Fluidity, Imperial College London). The mesh adaptivity involved using high resolution mesh at the regions of large flow gradients and around the observation points in order to reduce the representativeness errors of the observations. The use of adaptive meshes unavoidably introduces difficulties in the implementation of EnKF. The ensembles are defined at different meshes. To overcome the difficulties, a supermesh technique is employed for generating a reference mesh. The ensembles are then interpolated from their own mesh onto the reference mesh. The performance of the new EnKF data assimilation system has been tested in the Munk gyre flow test case. The discussion of this paper will focus on (a) the development of the EnKF data assimilation system within an adaptive mesh model and (b) the advantages of mesh adaptivity in the ocean data assimilation model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Data‐Driven Gaussian Process Regression Model for Two‐Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: He Y.‐J. , Ma Z.‐F.
Published: April 2016

Rapidly and accurately modeling of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) plays an important role not only in thorough understanding of the effects of operating conditions on system performance, but also in the successful implementation of real‐time maximization of power output. Although the first principle electrochemical model has better generalization performance, it is often time‐consuming for model construction and is hard to real‐time application. In this study, a nonparametric Gaussian process regression (GPR) model is used to capture the nonlinear relationship between operating conditions and output voltage in the MFCs. A simple online learning strategy is proposed to recursively update the hyper‐parameters of the GPR model. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by both the simulation and experimental datasets from the acetate and the glucose and glutamic acid two‐chamber MFCs. The results illustrate that the online GPR model provides a promising method for capturing the complex nonlinearity phenomenon in MFCs, which can be greatly helpful for further real‐time optimization of MFCs.
A Novel Molten Oxide Fuel Cell Concept
Authors: Belousov V. V. , Fedorov S. V.
Published: April 2016

We suggest a novel molten oxide fuel cell (MOFC) concept. The MOFC is based on the oxygen‐ion‐conducting solid/molten oxide electrolyte (so‐called liquid‐channel‐grain‐boundary‐structure, LGBS, material) consisting of TeO2 solid grains and chemically compatible TeO2+Te4Bi2O11 liquid electrolyte at the grain boundaries. The intergranular liquid channels provide the LGBS mechanical plasticity (ductility), which makes it easy to shape and alleviates problems due to thermal incompatibility with electrodes (CTE), and high ionic conductivity. The volume fraction of liquid varied from 0.15 to 0.17 at 600–640 °C. The cell performance has been examined by standard electrochemical methods. With air used as a cathode gas, the single cell showed the power 11.5 mW cm−2 at the current density 90 mA cm−2, electrolyte thickness 2.5 mm, and temperature 640 °C.
Pedicled adipofascial infraclavicular flap: Elevation technique and its use for maintaining neck contour and vessel coverage after radical and modified radical neck dissection
Authors: Yoo John , Low Tsu‐Hui (Hubert) , Tam Samantha , Partridge Allison , MacNeil S. Danielle , Nichols Anthony C. , Fung Kevin
Published: April 2016

Background

The pedicled adipofascial infraclavicular flap (ICF) is based on the anterior perforator of the supraclavicular artery and supplies the fasciocutaneous tissue of the upper chest. This flap may be used to address neck contour defects and vessel coverage after radical and modified radical neck dissections (MRNDs).

Methods

We described the pedicled adipofascial ICF elevation technique and its use immediately after neck dissections in order to maintain soft tissue volume and vessel coverage. A video of the operation is provided.

Results

Our results demonstrated satisfactory neck contours with adequate volume replacement, great vessel coverage, and little donor‐site morbidity.

Conclusion

The pedicled adipofascial ICF is a technically straightforward operation with broad possible applications in head and neck surgery. It may be useful to provide vascularized soft‐tissue coverage and maintain neck contour after neck dissections. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: First–1582, 2016
LCA case study on lawn establishment and maintenance with various peat and compost contents in substrates
Authors: Silvenius Frans , Niemeläinen Oiva , Kurppa Sirpa
Published: April 2016

The environmental impacts of the establishment and maintenance of lawn, including the production and use of various substrates, were analyzed by life cycle assessment (LCA). The project focused on comparing substrates with different peat and compost contents using pilot substrates and developed a calculation tool to optimize landscaping from an ecological perspective. The impact categories were climate change, aquatic eutrophication, acidification, and use of primary energy. Life cycle assessment methodology and ISO standards 14040 and 14044 were used. Two thousand tons of substrates per hectare of lawn area were assumed to be needed; this large amount explains the importance of the substrate properties for all of the impact categories. Degradation of peat was the most significant factor of the influence of climate; thus, the most effective means of reducing the impact of landscaping on climate is to replace peat with compost. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions were related to the use of compost, but most of these emissions will occur regardless of how the sludge or biowaste is treated. Ammonia emissions from composting were the most important factor for acidification. The significance of fuel consumption by machinery in lawn establishment and mowing was low. The high contents of N and P in compost-based substrates may lead to high nutrient emissions into water systems, which can have significant local impact. The tool helps optimize substrate contents to minimize the environmental effects. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:459–464. © 2016 SETAC

Key Points

Peat degradation from substrates is the most essential greenhouse gas source in landscaping. Nitrous oxides and methane emissions from composting can also be essential with regard to greenhouse gas emissions from landscaping. Nutrient leaches can be a problem when using compost-based substrates in lawn areas. Significance of fuel consumption in maintenance and establishment of lawns are very low compared to properties of substrates.
Synthesis and characterization of conductive, biodegradable, elastomeric polyurethanes for biomedical applications
Authors: Xu Cancan , Yepez Gerardo , Wei Zi , Liu Fuqiang , Bugarin Alejandro , Hong Yi
Published: April 2016

Biodegradable conductive polymers are currently of significant interest in tissue repair and regeneration, drug delivery, and bioelectronics. However, biodegradable materials exhibiting both conductive and elastic properties have rarely been reported to date. To that end, an electrically conductive polyurethane (CPU) was synthesized from polycaprolactone diol, hexadiisocyanate, and aniline trimer and subsequently doped with (1S)‐(+)−10‐camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). All CPU films showed good elasticity within a 30% strain range. The electrical conductivity of the CPU films, as enhanced with increasing amounts of CSA, ranged from 2.7 ± 0.9 × 10−10 to 4.4 ± 0.6 × 10−7 S/cm in a dry state and 4.2 ± 0.5 × 10−8 to 7.3 ± 1.5 × 10−5 S/cm in a wet state. The redox peaks of a CPU1.5 film (molar ratio CSA:aniline trimer = 1.5:1) in the cyclic voltammogram confirmed the desired good electroactivity. The doped CPU film exhibited good electrical stability (87% of initial conductivity after 150 hours charge) as measured in a cell culture medium. The degradation rates of CPU films increased with increasing CSA content in both phosphate‐buffered solution (PBS) and lipase/PBS solutions. After 7 days of enzymatic degradation, the conductivity of all CSA‐doped CPU films had decreased to that of the undoped CPU film. Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts proliferated and spread on all CPU films. This developed biodegradable CPU with good elasticity, electrical stability, and biocompatibility may find potential applications in tissue engineering, smart drug release, and electronics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2305–2314, 2016.
Environmental stress cracking performance of polyether and PDMS‐based polyurethanes in an in vitro oxidation model
Authors: Gallagher Genevieve , Padsalgikar Ajay , Tkatchouk Ekaterina , Jenney Chris , Iacob Ciprian , Runt James
Published: April 2016

Environmental stress cracking (ESC) was replicated in vitro on Optim™ (OPT) insulation, a polydimethylsiloxane‐based polyurethane utilized clinically in cardiac leads, using a Zhao‐type oxidation model. OPT performance was compared to that of two industry standard polyether urethanes: Pellethane® 80A (P80A), and Pellethane® 55D (P55D). Clinically relevant specimen configurations and strain states were utilized: low‐voltage cardiac lead segments were held in a U‐shape by placing them inside of vials. To study whether aging conditions impacted ESC formation, half of the samples were subjected to a pretreatment in human plasma for 7 days at 37°C; all samples were then aged in oxidative solutions containing 0.9% NaCl, 20% H2O2, and either 0 or 0.1M CoCl2, with or without glass wool for 72 days at 37°C. Visual and SEM inspection revealed significant surface cracking consistent with ESC on all P80A and P55D samples. Sixteen of twenty P80A and 10/20 P55D samples also exhibited breaches. Seven of 20 OPT samples exhibited shallow surface cracking consistent with ESC. ATR–FTIR confirmed surface changes consistent with oxidation for all materials. The number average molecular weight decreased an average of 31% for OPT, 86% for P80A, and 56% for P55D samples. OPT outperformed P80A and P55D in this Zhao‐type in vitro ESC model. An aging solution of 0.9% NaCl, 20% H2O2, and 0.1M CoCl2, with glass wool provided the best combination of ESC replication and ease of use. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1544–1558, 2017.