bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aging Process in Chromatin of Animals
Authors: Wnuk Maciej , Bugno-Poniewierska Monika , Lewińska Anna , Oklejewicz Bernadetta , Ząbek Tomasz , Słota Ewa
Published: July 2012

Aging Process in Chromatin of Animals

The aging process is a variable, stochastic and pleiotropic phenomenon which is regulated by different environmental and genetic factors. The age-associated changes, which occur at the molecular and cellular levels and disturb biological homeostasis, may directly or indirectly contribute to aging, causing apoptosis or cellular senescence and consequently leading to the death of the organism. In this context, it is particularly interesting to observe changes in somatic cell chromatin. In the present paper, we summarized the knowledge on the biological aspects of aging with special consideration of age-related changes in chromatin like DNA damage, shortening telomeres or age-related changes in methylation of DNA.
Effect of Breed and Age on Histopathological Changes in Pig M. Semimembranosus
Authors: Wojtysiak Dorota , Połtowicz Katarzyna , Migdał Władysław
Published: July 2012

Effect of Breed and Age on Histopathological Changes in Pig M. Semimembranosus

The aim of the study was to determine the type and extent of histopathological changes in m. semimembranosus of Polish Landrace (PL), Polish Large White (PLW), Duroc, Pietrain, and Puławska pigs at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 days of age. Changes in fibre size (atrophy, hypertrophy - giant fibres), changes in fibre shape (angular fibres), degenerative lesions (necrosis with phagocytosis) and connective tissue hypertrophy were evaluated. The presence of giant fibres was the only histopathological change observed in all age groups of PL, PLW, Duroc and Pietrain pigs, with the percentage of pigs with this type of pathology and the frequency of giant, atrophic and angular fibres increasing significantly with age. In Puławska pigs, giant fibres were only found in the oldest pigs aged 210 days. In these animals, giant fibres as well as atrophic fibres (at 180 and 210 days of age) and angular fibres (at 120, 150, 180 and 210 days of age) occurred in the smallest number of animals and were least extensive. Meanwhile, Pietrain pigs were characterized by a greater number of animals, a significantly greater proportion of giant fibres in all analysed age groups, and a greater proportion of atrophic fibres at 180 and 210 days of age compared to the other pig breeds under analysis. For connective tissue hypertrophy and necrosis with phagocytosis, the changes were not extensive. It is concluded that both the advancing age of the animals and selection of the pigs for increased leanness significantly increases the incidence of histopathological changes in muscle tissue, which may directly translate into pork quality.
Relationship Between Apoptotic-Like Changes in Stored Boar Semen and DNA Fragmentation in Preimplantation Embryos
Authors: Bryła Magdalena , Trzcińska Monika
Published: July 2012

Relationship Between Apoptotic-Like Changes in Stored Boar Semen and DNA Fragmentation in Preimplantation Embryos

The aim of this experiment was to study the relationship between apoptotic-like changes in spermatozoa and DNA fragmentation in embryos obtained after insemination with fresh and stored semen. The ejaculates collected from three boars (five ejaculates from the same boar) were extended in Biosolwens Plus extender and stored for five days at 15-17°C. Semen, both fresh (Day 0) and stored (Day 5) used for insemination was analysed to detect apoptotic-like changes using fluorescence method: an assay to assess early changes in the membrane integrity of the sperm using the YO-PRO-1 fluorophore. After 5.5 days of insemination embryos were flushed out of the uterus and DNA fragmentation using TUNEL was analysed. In the fresh semen an average of 2.7, 3.7 and 6.2% of apoptotic sperm was observed in boar nos. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After five days of storage the percentage of apoptotic sperm significantly increased up to 8.0, 15.7 and 23.2% in each analysed boar. The TUNEL index was 7.1% in the morphologically normal expanded blastocysts obtained after insemination with stored semen, and approximately 1.7% after insemination with fresh semen. A greater number of degenerated embryos and higher incidence of DNA fragmentation in the morphologically normal blastocysts were observed after insemination with stored semen which consists of higher percentage of apoptotic sperm compared to results from insemination with fresh semen.
Nutritional Value and Technological Suitability of Milk from Cows of Three Polish Breeds Included in the Genetic Resources Conservation Programme
Authors: Litwińczuk Zygmunt , Barłowska Joanna , Chabuz Witold , Brodziak Aneta
Published: July 2012

Nutritional Value and Technological Suitability of Milk from Cows of Three Polish Breeds Included in the Genetic Resources Conservation Programme

The study included milk obtained from cows of three native cattle breeds, i.e. White-backed (BG), Polish Red (RP) and Polish Black-and-White (ZB) kept under conventional conditions. The reference group consisted of milk from Polish Holstein-Friesian cows (PHF) maintained in the intensive system and milk from Simmental cows (SM) kept under conventional conditions. The following parameters were determined in 976 samples of milk: content of fat, protein, casein, lactose and solids; acidity (pH value); heat stability; rennet coagulation time; content of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, lactoferrin and lysozyme. Additionally, a certain proportion of samples was investigated for fatty acid profile and content of macro- and microelements. Cows of native breeds produced milk of higher nutritional value (higher content of whey proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including CLA) and more suitable for processing as compared to PHF cows. Milk from cows of the Polish Red breed was the most valuable in terms of these parameters, which can be associated with a distinctive phylogenetic origin of this breed. The favourable parameters in regard to the nutritional value and technological suitability of milk obtained from analysed population of cows of 3 breeds included in the programme of genetic resources conservation are therefore an important reason of validity for subsequent implementation of this programme.
Peat Soil in the Restoration Niknąca Łąka Peatland in the Stołowe Mountains National Park
Authors: Bogacz Adam , Dzięcioł Dominika , Glina Bartłomiej , Gersztyn Leszek
Published: July 2012

Gleby Organiczne na Renaturyzowanym Torfowisku "Niknąca Łąka" w Parku Narodowym Gór Stołowych
On the Specifics of Podzols in Mountain Areas
Authors: Kabała Cezary , Waroszewski Jarosław , Bogacz Adam , Łabaz Beata
Published: July 2012

O Specyfice Bielic Górskich
Assessment of Soil Structure Under Monoculture of Vines
Authors: Šimanský Vladimír
Published: July 2012

Assessment of Soil Structure Under Monoculture of Vines

Long-term impact of vine growing on the soil structure stability was studied in three wine-growing areas of Slovakia. In Leptosols, the highest content of water-stable aggregates was determined. This soil type had the lowest vulnerability of soil structure as well. In Chernozems, the highest stability of soil structure was determined, while on the other hand, in Fluvisols, soil structure had the highest vulnerability. Between rows of vines in comparison to rows of vines a more favourable soil structure was determined. In vineyards, the soil structure state depends on the quantity and stability of soil organic matter, as well as particle size distribution.
Fresh egg mass estimation using machine vision technique
Authors: Asadi V. , Raoufat M. , Nassiri S.
Published: July 2012

Fresh egg mass estimation using machine vision technique

In the present study a machine vision system was developed for estimating the mass of eggs arranged in a single array. A grabber frame equipped with a mirror was developed for positioning the eggs. Therefore, two images could be captured from each egg. Images were then processed by Matlab software. Six algorithms were developed to extract eggs features such as minimum, maximum and effective radii, perimeter and the frontal area from each image. The eggs were also weighed by a sensitive digital scale. Seventy percent of data after discarding the outliers were used to establish some models, and the remaining was used to verify the final model. The results showed that egg mass estimation can be accurate by using two perpendicular views of each egg. Amongst the models, one with predictors of area and effective radius was found to be the best. A high correlation coefficient was observed between eggs mass measured and predicted by the model, with an accuracy of about 95%.
Impact of pretreatment on colour and texture of watermelon rind
Authors: Athmaselvi K. , Alagusundaram K. , Kavitha C. , Arumuganathan T.
Published: July 2012

Impact of pretreatment on colour and texture of watermelon rind

The effect of osmotic dehydration pretreatment on water loss, solid gain, colour and textural change was investigated. Watermelon rind 1 x 1 cm size was immersed in sucrose solution of 40, 50 and 60° Brix after pretreatment with microwave and conventional boiling in water for 1, 3, and 5 min, respectively. Water loss and solid gain increased with the time of cooking and sugar concentration. Microwave pretreated samples showed higher water loss and solid gain. Increase in the time of cooking decreased the brightness of all the samples. Microwave pretreated samples showed higher ‘b’ values than conventionally pretreated ones. There was no significant difference (P≤0.05) in texture profile analysis parameters except for hardness. Hardness decreased with increase in time of cooking and sugar concentration. Second order regression model was developed for water loss and solid gain of microwave and conventional pretreated watermelon rind.
Impact of presowing laser irradiation of seeds on sugar beet properties
Authors: Sacała E. , Demczuk A. , Grzyś E. , Prośba-Białczyk U. , Szajsner H.
Published: July 2012

Impact of presowing laser irradiation of seeds on sugar beet properties

The aim of the experiment was to establish the influence of biostimulation on the sugar beet seeds. The seeds came from the specialized breeding program energ'hill or were irradiated by the laser in two doses. The impact of the biostimulation was analyzed by determining the nitrate reductase activity and the nitrate, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents in leaves, as well as, the dry matter and sugar concentration in mature roots. The field experiment was established for two sugar beet cultivars. Biostimulation by irradiation and a special seed breeding program energ'hill had a positive influence on some examined parameters (particularly on nitrate reductase activity in Ruveta and in numerous cases on photosynthetic pigments in both cultivars). Regarding the dry matter accumulation and sugar concentration this impact was more favourable for Tiziana than for Ruveta cultivar.
Impact of diverse tillage on soil moisture dynamics
Authors: Sławiński C. , Cymerman J. , Witkowska-Walczak B. , Lamorski K.
Published: July 2012

Impact of diverse tillage on soil moisture dynamics

The influences of traditional and reduced tillage on the water content dynamics of two soils were investigated in a long-term field experiment under nearly the same meteorological conditions for a winter wheat monoculture during three years. In addition to the moisture changes, the basic physicochemical properties, water retention, differential porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the investigated soils were measured. The results have shown the dependence between moisture and the tillage system applied for both types of soil. The soil water content was higher under reduced tillage in comparison to traditional management.
Measurement of Segmental Lumbar Spine Flexion and Extension Using Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Chleboun Gary S. , Amway Matthew J. , Hill Jesse G. , Root Kara J. , Murray Hugh C. , Sergeev Alexander V.
Published: July 2012

Study Design

Clinical measurement, technical note.

Objectives

To describe a technique to measure interspinous process distance using ultrasound (US) imaging, to assess the reliability of the technique, and to compare the US imaging measurements to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements in 3 different positions of the lumbar spine.

Background

Segmental spinal motion has been assessed using various imaging techniques, as well as surgically inserted pins. However, some imaging techniques are costly (MRI) and some require ionizing radiation (radiographs and fluoroscopy), and surgical procedures have limited use because of the invasive nature of the technique. Therefore, it is important to have an easily accessible and inexpensive technique for measuring lumbar segmental motion to more fully understand spine motion in vivo, to evaluate the changes that occur with various interventions, and to be able to accurately relate the changes in symptoms to changes in motion of individual vertebral segments.

Methods

Six asymptomatic subjects participated. The distance between spinous processes at each lumbar segment (L1–2, L2–3, L3–4, L4–5) was measured digitally using MRI and US imaging. The interspinous distance was measured with subjects supine and the lumbar spine in 3 different positions (resting, lumbar flexion, and lumbar extension) for both MRI and US imaging. The differences in distance from neutral to extension, neutral to flexion, and extension to flexion were calculated.

Results

The measurement methods had excellent reliability for US imaging (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC3,3] = 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.85, 0.97) and MRI (ICC3,3 = 0.98; 95% confidence interval: 0.95, 0.99). The distance measured was similar between US imaging and MRI (P>.05), except at L3–4 flexion-extension (P = .003). On average, the MRI measurements were 1.3 mm greater than the US imaging measurements.

Conclusion

This study describes a new method for the measurement of lumbar spine segmental flexion and extension motion using US imaging. The US method may offer an alternative to other imaging techniques to monitor clinical outcomes because of its ease of use and the consistency of measurements compared to MRI. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(10):880–885, Epub 19 July 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3915
Estimating the zone of influence of industrial developments on wildlife: a migratory caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus and diamond mine case study
Authors: Boulanger John , Poole Kim G. , Gunn Anne , Wierzchowski Jack
Published: July 2012

Wildlife species may respond to industrial development with changes in distribution. However, discerning a response to development from differences in habitat selection is challenging. Since the early 1990s, migratory tundra Bathurst caribou Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus in the Canadian Arctic have been exposed to the construction and operation of two adjacent open‐pit mines within the herd's summer range. We developed a statistical approach to directly estimate the zone of influence (area of reduced caribou occupancy) of the mines during mid‐July‐mid‐October. We used caribou presence recorded during aerial surveys and locations of satellite‐collared cow caribou as inputs to a model to account for patterns in habitat selection as well as mine activities. We then constrained the zone of influence curve to asymptote, such that the average distance from the mine complex where caribou habitat selection was not affected by the mine could be estimated. During the operation period for the two open‐pit mines, we detected a 14‐km zone of influence from the aerial survey data, and a weaker 11‐km zone from the satellite‐collar locations. Caribou were about four times more likely to select habitat at distances greater than the zone of influence compared to the two‐mine complex, with a gradation of increasing selection up to the estimated zone of influence. Caribou are responding to industrial developments at greater distances than shown in other areas, possibly related to fine dust deposition from mine activities in open, tundra habitats. The methodology we developed provides a standardized approach to estimate the spatial impact of stressors on caribou or other wildlife species.
Botulinum Toxin Effects on Gasatrocnemius Strength and Plantar Pressure in Diabetics with Peripheral Neuropathy and Forefoot Ulceration
Authors: Hastings Mary K. , Mueller Michael J. , Sinacore David R. , Strube Michael J. , Crowner Beth E. , Johnson Jeffrey E. , Racette Brad R.
Published: July 2012

Background: High forefoot plantar pressure is associated with plantar ulcers in people with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin A injected into the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles to reduce muscle strength and plantar pressure. Methods: This double blind, randomized clinical trial studied 17 people with diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy and a forefoot plantar ulcer. Subjects were randomized into one of three groups receiving gastrocnemius-soleus muscle injections on the involved side with; 1) Saline ( n = 5, weight = 99 ± 21 kg), 2) 200-units of Botox® ( n = 7, weight = 101 ± 5 kg), or 3) 300-units of Botox® ( n = 5, weight = 129 ± 22 kg). Botox® dose was converted to units/kg, the majority received between 1.9 and 2.4 units/kg ( n = 11) and one 3.2 units/kg. Plantarflexor peak torque and forefoot peak plantar pressure were quantified prior and 2 weeks post-injection. Results: There were no complications from the injections. Plantarflexor peak torque on the involved side increased in the placebo and 300 groups (3 ± 4 Nm and 6 ± 10 Nm, respectively) and decreased −8 ± 11 Nm in the 200 group. There was no relationship between units/kg of Botox® for each subject and change in plantarflexor peak torque. Forefoot peak plantar pressure did not change in the placebo and 300 groups (0 ± 11 and 0 ± 5 N/cm2, respectively) and decreased −4 ± 16 N/cm2 (4%) for the 200 group. Conclusion: There were no adverse events associated with the Botox® injections. This study was unable to determine the dose to consistently reduce plantarflexor strength and forefoot plantar pressure. Additional research is needed to investigate diabetes mellitus specific physiological changes and their impact of BoNT-A effectiveness in order to guide appropriate dosing.

Level of Evidence: I, Randomized Controlled Trial
Correlating MRI Findings with Disability in Syndesmotic Sprains of NFL Players
Authors: Sikka Robby S. , Fetzer Gary B. , Sugarman Eric , Wright Rick W. , Fritts Hollis , Boyd Joel L. , Fischer David A.
Published: July 2012

Background: Syndesmotic sprains may be a significant source of missed playing time, especially in football players. Advanced imaging is frequently used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Our purpose was to evaluate the prognostic ability of MRI in predicting time of disability. Methods: Training room records from 1993 to 2007 for three National Football League teams were reviewed. Forty-three players were diagnosed with syndesmotic ankle injuries and underwent radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. A blinded musculoskeletal radiologist interpreted all images. Players with fractures were excluded. Results: Thirty-six professional football players were included in the final analysis. Twenty-three players had a positive squeeze test which was correlated with increased missed practices ( p = 0.012) and increased missed games ( p ≤ 0.01). The average number of games missed was 3.3 (range, 0 to 20) and the average number of practices missed was 16.7 (range, 0 to 114). Four players had isolated injury to the anterior tibio-fibular ligament (AITFL) (MRI Grade I). Five players had injury to the AITFL and interosseous ligament (MRI Grade II). Twenty-four players sustained injury to the AITFL, interosseous ligament, and posterior inferior tibio-fibular ligament (MRI Grade III). Three players had Grade III injuries with additional injury to the deltoid ligament (MRI Grade IV). Increasing grade of injury was positively correlated with increased number of missed games ( p = 0.033) and missed practices ( p = 0.002). Conclusion: MRI can be useful to help delineate the injury pattern and associated injuries, and may be useful in predicting time of disability using a grading system. Positive squeeze test can also be useful to determine prognosis.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Relative Strengths of the Calf Muscles Based on MRI Volume Measurements
Authors: Jeng Clifford L. , Thawait Gaurav K. , Kwon John Y. , Machado Antonio , Boyle James W. , Campbell John , Carrino John A.
Published: July 2012

Background: In 1985, Silver et al. published a cadaver study which determined the relative order of strength of the muscles in the calf. Muscle strength, which is proportional to volume, was obtained by dissecting out the individual muscles, weighing them, and then multiplying by the specific gravity. No similar studies have been performed using in vivo measurements of muscle volume. Methods: Ten normal subjects underwent 3-Tesla MRI's of both lower extremities using non-fat-saturated T2 SPACE sequences. The volume for each muscle was determined by tracing the muscle contour on sequential axial images and then interpolating the volume using imaging software. Results: The results from this study differ from Silver's original article. The lateral head of the gastrocnemius was found to be stronger than the tibialis anterior muscle. The FHL and EDL muscles were both stronger than the peroneus longus. There was no significant difference in strength between the peroneus longus and brevis muscles. Conclusion: This revised order of muscle strengths in the calf based on in vivo MRI findings may assist surgeons in determining the optimal tendons to transfer in order to address muscle weakness and deformity.
Combination of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis and Proximal Correction for Severe Hallux Valgus Deformity
Authors: Rippstein Pascal F. , Park Young-Uk , Naal Florian D.
Published: July 2012

Background: Arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal (MTP-1) joint is a widely accepted procedure for the treatment of hallux valgus in patients with MTP-1 degeneration, severe or recurrent deformity, or inflammatory arthritis. This study aimed to evaluate if an additional more proximal correction was beneficial in cases with a severely increased intermetatarsal 1–2 angle (IMA 1–2). Methods: A consecutive series of 18 feet (4 bilateral, all females; mean age, 61 years) with severe hallux valgus and an increased IMA 1–2 treated by MTP-1 fusion and an additional more proximal correction (Mau osteotomy or modified Lapidus procedure) was evaluated. Radiographs were analyzed for IMA 1–2 and hallux valgus angles (HVA), and for the position of the tibial sesamoid according to the AOFAS guidelines. Results: At a mean followup of 14 months, all patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the results of surgery. There were no intraoperative complications. The IMA 1–2 significantly improved from a mean of 18.8 degrees before surgery to 4.6 degrees at followup ( p < 0.001) and the HVA from a mean of 49.9 degrees to 9.7 degrees ( p < 0.001), respectively. Sesamoid position improved two grades on average. We found no difference between the Mau osteotomy and the modified Lapidus procedure. Conclusion: The present results indicate that the combination of a more proximal procedure with a MTP-1 arthrodesis in cases of hallux valgus with severely increased IMA 1–2 has a high correction capability and achieved normal HVAs as well as normal IMAs 1–2. This technique appeared to be safe and clinically successful.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Effect of Ankle-Foot Orthotic Devices on Foot Kinematics in Stage II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
Authors: Neville Christopher , Lemley Frederick R.
Published: July 2012

Background: Data are limited on the various orthotic devices available for patients with Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Foot kinematics observed while walking with an orthotic device are hypothesized to be associated with clinical outcomes and could be used to refine future device designs. Methods: Fifteen subjects (age, 63.6 ± 6.8 years) with Stage II PTTD walked in the lab under four conditions: (1) shoe only (control condition), (2) shoe with a custom solid AFO (Arizona Co, Mesa, AZ), (3) shoe with a custom articulated AFO (Arizona Co, Mesa, AZ), and (4) shoe with an off-the-shelf AFO (AirLift, DJ Orthopedics). Kinematic data were collected to determine the degree of hindfoot inversion, forefoot plantarflexion (reflective of raising the MLA), and forefoot adduction associated with each condition. Results: The custom articulated device was associated with greater hindfoot inversion compared to the shoe only condition at loading response ( p = 0.002), mid-stance ( p < 0.001), and terminal stance ( p = 0.02). The custom articulated device, custom solid device, and off-the-shelf device were associated with greater forefoot plantarflexion compared to the shoe only condition across all four phases of stance. There were no differences between any of the devices and the shoe condition associated with forefoot adduction. Conclusion: The custom devices were associated with greater hindfoot inversion and forefoot plantarflexion compared to walking with only a shoe, while the off-the-shelf device was associated with forefoot plantarflexion but no change in hindfoot motion. None of the devices corrected forefoot abduction compared to the shoe only condition. Clinical Relevance: The current biomechanical data may aid in understanding the clinical outcomes seen using these devices as well as provide data to support new designs.
Percutaneous Treatment of Calcaneus Fractures Associated with Underlying Bone Cysts
Authors: Chen Linwei , Zhang Guoyou , Li Shi , Wu Zhipeng , Yuan Wen , Hong Jianjun
Published: July 2012

Background: Calcaneal bone cysts with pathological fractures are rare. There is no clear consensus on their management with a few reports of open curettage, bone grafting and internal fixation in the treatment of pathological calcaneal fractures. No minimally invasive management has been reported before. Methods: We reviewed our experience in treating five patients with pathologic calcaneus fractures associated with preexisting bone cysts who underwent percutaneous cyst curettage, fracture reduction, screw fixation and calcium sulfate cement injection between 2004 and 2009. Results: All of the pathologic fractures healed with satisfactory radiological results. There were no soft tissue complications or cyst recurrences. Partial weightbearing with plaster cast immobilization was allowed at 4 weeks postoperatively and full weightbearing was allowed at 6 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: This percutaneous technique provided a minimally invasive option for treatment of a calcaneal bone cyst with pathologic fracture.

Level of Evidence:
Bimalleolar Osteotomy for the Surgical Approach to a Talar Body Fracture: Case Report
Authors: Prewitt Erin , Alexander Ian J. , Perrine Donald , Junko Jeffery T.
Published: July 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Case Report
Results of Extra-Articular Subtalar Arthrodesis in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Mazis George A. , Sakellariou Vasileios I. , Kanellopoulos Anastasios D. , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J. , Lyras Dimitrios N. , Soucacos Panayotis N.
Published: July 2012

Background: Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis is considered to be a valid surgical method which improves foot alignment in patients with spastic pes planovalgus deformity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the long-term results of Grice-Green procedure and whether it can achieve significant correction of each of the components of pes planovalgus deformity. Methods: Eleven children (16 feet) with cerebral palsy who underwent Grice extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 9 years and 8 months (range, 6 years 5 months to 12 years 4 months). The mean followup was 3 years and 7 months (range, 2 years 1 month to 8 years 3 months). Seven radiographic parameters of each patient before surgery, after surgery and at the latest followup were used. In addition, position of the graft relative to the weightbearing axis of the tibia was evaluated. Results: Most of the examined parameters showed statistically significant correction which was maintained in the long run. Moreover, the placement of the graft along the mechanical axis seemed to play an important role for stability and preservation of correction of the planovalgus deformity. On the other hand, there were three cases where the osseous graft was absorbed and two cases where triple arthrodesis was necessary due to recurrence of the deformity. Conclusion: Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis improves foot alignment in patients with spastic pes planovalgus deformity and can achieve significant correction, postoperatively as well as on a long-term basis, of each of the components of pes planovalgus deformity.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Radiographic Assessment of Medial Cuneiform Opening Wedge Osteotomy for Flatfoot Correction
Authors: Castaneda Deborah , Thordarson David B. , Charlton Timothy P.
Published: July 2012

Background: Opening wedge osteotomy of the medial cuneiform has become an established intervention for correction of forefoot varus in relation to a flatfoot deformity. The purpose of this study was to use a newly described radiographic measurement to determine the effectiveness and durability of the medial column correction with a plantarflexion opening wedge osteotomy of the medial cuneiform without internal fixation using an allograft. Methods: Twenty-three feet underwent medial cuneiform opening wedge osteotomies for correction of forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformity. The angle between the proximal and distal articular surfaces was measured on lateral radiographs preoperatively, postoperatively prior to weightbearing and at final followup visit. Results: The average angle between the proximal and distal articular surfaces of the medial cuneiform on lateral foot radiographs was 1.0 degree preoperatively (±0.8 degrees). The average angle postosteotomy, pre-weightbearing, was 8.4 degrees (±3.6 degrees) and at final followup was 7.5 degrees (±2.9 degrees). All patients achieved bony union. Conclusion: We describe a new radiographic measurement to focus on the correction achieved by a plantarflexion osteotomy of the medial cuneiform. It was found to be stable without internal fixation and reliably proceeded to union without significant loss of correction.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
The Role of Weil and Triple Weil Osteotomies in the Treatment of Propulsive Metatarsalgia
Authors: Pérez-Muñoz Israel , Escobar-Antón David , Sanz-Gómez Tomás Angel
Published: July 2012

Background: The Weil and triple Weil osteotomy are widely used to treat third rocker metatarsalgia. The aim of this study was to analyze the results and complications of Weil and triple Weil osteotomy used for the treatment of third rocker metatarsalgia. Methods: This is a report of 82 patients who were operated due to third rocker metatarsalgia from March 2004 to May 2007. A total of 76 completed the study, 68 women and eight men, with a total of 93 operated feet, 52 right and 41 left (17 bilateral). The clinical results were evaluated using the AOFAS score for the assessment of lesser metatarsals and interphalangeal joints, and weightbearing lateral and AP foot X-ray for radiological evaluation. Results: The median AOFAS score was 90 (range, 34 to 100). We had good results in 80% and unsatisfactory in 20%. Prior to surgery 75 feet were index minus, but after all 81 feet were plus-minus. With regard to complications, we had serious recurrence of metatarsalgia in 4.3%, moderate stiffness in 60.2% (severe in one case), floating toes in 4.3% and delays in bone healing in 7.5%. Conclusion: We believe that Weil and triple Weil osteotomies are effective procedures in the treatment of third rocker metatarsalgia. We feel preoperative planning with tracing on the weightbearing AP radiographs is an essential step.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series Study
Precision of Targeting Device for Subtalar Screw Placement
Authors: Betz Michael , Wieser Karl , Vich Magdalena , Wirth Stephan Hermann , Espinosa Norman
Published: July 2012

Background: When performing subtalar arthrodesis, proper screw placement is fundamental to provide primary stability and to help ensure bone healing. In inexperienced hands this step can be time-consuming and exposes surgeons and patients to radiation. By means of a targeting device these potential drawbacks and dangers could be reduced. It was hypothesized that a specifically designed targeting device would reduce radiation exposure while improving screw placement when compared with the conventional “free-hand” method. Methods: Twenty matched-pairs of cadaveric hindfoot specimens (Thiel fixation) were prepared for the purpose of the study. The specimens were randomly assigned into two groups consisting of 10 specimens each: in Group 1 screw placement was performed with the targeting device and in Group 2 screw placement was performed under fluoroscopic control. Screw placement was radiographically judged to be optimal, suboptimal and poor. An experienced, fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeon and a resident, who had never done subtalar fusions performed the screw placements. Exposure to radiation was assessed by means of the dose area product given by the fluoroscope. Results: Optimal screw positioning was achieved in both groups in ten out of 20 specimens (Group 1, n = 5; Group 2, n = 5). Suboptimal screw placement was found in eight cases (Group 1, n = 4; Group 2, n = 4). There were two failures which occurred in fusions performed by the resident (Group 1, n = 1; Group 2, n = 1). Exposure to radiation was significantly reduced in Group 1 when compared with Group 2 (4.1cGy∗cm 2 versus 8.1cGy∗cm 2 ; p = 0.012). No lesion of neurovascular structures due to aiming device placement occurred in Group 1. Conclusion: A target-device for screw-placement did not provide a significant technical advantage but did result in less radiation exposure.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Double Density Sign Variant in Fracture-Dislocation of the Calcaneus: Clinical Tip
Authors: Kim David H. , Berkowitz Mark J.
Published: July 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
The Combat Myth and the Gospel’s Apocalypse in the Harry Potter Series: Subversion of a Supposed Existential Given
Authors: Barber Peter John
Published: July 2012

Abstract:

There appear to be strong parallels between the Christian Gospels and Joanne Rowling’s Harry Potter series that have gone largely unnoticed in the literature to date surrounding the Potter phenomenon. Identification of these correspondences likely indicates that Rowling performed a fantastical representation of the Gospel in one of the most popular novel series ever written. René Girard’s anthropology of violence and religion is employed here to illuminate the shared content of battling ideologies. The similarities between these writings appear in the use of equivalent literary techniques by the respective writers: combat myth plot and imagery, subversive Hebrew-style parallelism known as the “reflection narrative,” and metaphors of consumption creating an abstract understanding of the psychosocial pursuit of life, all of which engage to form a polemic between two types of logic: violence and love.
Meme Splicing Genesis 6:1–4 and the Apocalypse of 2012
Authors: Thomas Paul
Published: July 2012

Abstract:

In the morass that has become year 2012 apocalyptic thought, there has emerged a group of authors who are linking the year 2012, Genesis 6:1–4, and cultural fears concerning genetic engineering. This article examines the manner in which various authors combine these seemingly disparate threads to argue that Genesis 6:1–4 is a record of devious ancient genetic engineering and that the Bible foretells a time when similar events will herald the coming apocalypse, thought by some to coincide with the year 2012. Looking at this literature as representative of a type of improvisational millennialism, this article examines the rhetorical devices used to make this argument.
Soil Oxidation-Reduction in Wetlands and Its Impact on Plant Functioning
Authors: Pezeshki S. R. , DeLaune R. D.
Published: July 2012

Soil flooding in wetlands is accompanied by changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics. These changes include the lowering of soil redox potential (Eh) leading to increasing demand for oxygen within the soil profile as well as production of soil phytotoxins that are by-products of soil reduction and thus, imposing potentially severe stress on plant roots. Various methods are utilized for quantifying plant responses to reducing soil conditions that include measurement of radial oxygen transport, plant enzymatic responses, and assessment of anatomical/morphological changes. However, the chemical properties and reducing nature of soil environment in which plant roots are grown, including oxygen demand, and other associated processes that occur in wetland soils, pose a challenge to evaluation and comparison of plant responses that are reported in the literature. This review emphasizes soil-plant interactions in wetlands, drawing attention to the importance of quantifying the intensity and capacity of soil reduction for proper evaluation of wetland plant responses, particularly at the process and whole-plant levels. Furthermore, while root oxygen-deficiency may partially account for plant stress responses, the importance of soil phytotoxins, produced as by-products of low soil Eh conditions, is discussed and the need for development of methods to allow differentiation of plant responses to reduced or anaerobic soil conditions vs. soil phytotoxins is emphasized.
Global Conformational Dynamics of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Bound to Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors
Authors: Wright David W. , Hall Benjamin A. , Kellam Paul , Coveney Peter V.
Published: July 2012

HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for the transcription of the RNA genome of the HIV virus into DNA suitable for incorporation within the DNA of human host cells. Its crucial role in the viral life cycle has made it one of the major targets for antiretroviral drug therapy. The Non-Nucleoside RT Inhibitor (NNRTI) class of drugs binds allosterically to the enzyme, affecting many aspects of its activity. We use both coarse grained network models and atomistic molecular dynamics to explore the changes in protein dynamics induced by NNRTI binding. We identify changes in the flexibility and conformation of residue Glu396 in the RNaseH primer grip which could provide an explanation for the acceleration in RNaseH cleavage rate observed experimentally in NNRTI bound HIV-1 RT. We further suggest a plausible path for conformational and dynamic changes to be communicated from the vicinity of the NNRTI binding pocket to the RNaseH at the other end of the enzyme.
A Comparative Study of Impedance versus Optical Label-Free Systems Relative to Labelled Assays in a Predominantly Gi Coupled GPCR (C5aR) Signalling
Authors: Halai Reena , Croker Daniel E. , Suen Jacky Y. , Fairlie David P. , Cooper Matthew A.
Published: July 2012

Profiling ligand function on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) typically involves using transfected cells over-expressing a target of interest, a labelled ligand, and intracellular secondary messenger reporters. In contrast, label-free assays are sensitive enough to allow detection in native cells, which may provide a more physiologically relevant readout. Here, we compare four agonists (native agonists, a peptide full agonist and a peptide partial agonist) that stimulate the human inflammatory GPCR C5aR. The receptor was challenged when present in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) versus stably transfected human C5aR-CHO cells. Receptor activation was compared on label-free optical and impedance biosensors and contrasted with results from two traditional reporter assays. The rank order of potencies observed across label-free and pathway specific assays was similar. However, label-free read outs gave consistently lower potency values in both native and transfected cells. Relative to pathway-specific assays, these technologies measure whole-cell responses that may encompass multiple signalling events, including down-regulatory events, which may explain the potency discrepancies observed. These observations have important implications for screening compound libraries against GPCR targets and for selecting drug candidates for in vivo assays.
Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis and in Muscular Dystrophies
Authors: Grumati Paolo , Bonaldo Paolo
Published: July 2012

Skeletal muscles are the agent of motion and one of the most important tissues responsible for the control of metabolism. The maintenance of muscle homeostasis is finely regulated by the balance between catabolic and anabolic process. Macroautophagy (or autophagy) is a catabolic process that provides the degradation of protein aggregation and damaged organelles through the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Proper regulation of the autophagy flux is fundamental for the homeostasis of skeletal muscles during physiological situations and in response to stress. Defective as well as excessive autophagy is harmful for muscle health and has a pathogenic role in several forms of muscle diseases. This review will focus on the role of autophagy in muscle homeostasis and diseases.
Titanium Nitride and Nitrogen Ion Implanted Coated Dental Materials
Authors: Jabbari Youssef S. Al , Fehrman Jennifer , Barnes Ashley C. , Zapf Angela M. , Zinelis Spiros , Berzins David W.
Published: July 2012

Titanium nitride and/or nitrogen ion implanted coated dental materials have been investigated since the mid-1980s and considered in various applications in dentistry such as implants, abutments, orthodontic wires, endodontic files, periodontal/oral hygiene instruments, and casting alloys for fixed restorations. Multiple methodologies have been employed to create the coatings, but detailed structural analysis of the coatings is generally lacking in the dental literature. Depending on application, the purpose of the coating is to provide increased surface hardness, abrasion/wear resistance, esthetics, and corrosion resistance, lower friction, as well as greater beneficial interaction with adjacent biological and material substrates. While many studies have reported on the achievement of these properties, a consensus is not always clear. Additionally, few studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of the coatings in a clinical setting. Overall, titanium nitride and/or nitrogen ion implanted coated dental materials potentially offer advantages over uncoated counterparts, but more investigation is needed to document the structure of the coatings and their clinical effectiveness.
Plant Products for Innovative Biomaterials in Dentistry
Authors: Varoni Elena M. , Iriti Marcello , Rimondini Lia
Published: July 2012

Dental biomaterials and natural products represent two of the main growing research fields, revealing plant-derived compounds may play a role not only as nutraceuticals in affecting oral health, but also in improving physico-chemical properties of biomaterials used in dentistry. Therefore, our aim was to collect all available data concerning the utilization of plant polysaccharides, proteins and extracts rich in bioactive phytochemicals in enhancing performance of dental biomaterials. Although compelling evidences are suggestive of a great potential of plant products in promoting material-tissue/cell interface, to date, only few authors have investigated their use in development of innovative dental biomaterials. A small number of studies have reported plant extract-based titanium implant coatings and periodontal regenerative materials. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to deal with this topic, highlighting a general lack of research findings in an interesting field which still needs to be investigated.
A Hybrid Life-Cycle Assessment of Nonrenewable Energy and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of a Village-Level Biomass Gasification Project in China
Authors: Wang Changbo , Zhang Lixiao , Yang Shuying , Pang Mingyue
Published: July 2012

Small-scale bio-energy projects have been launched in rural areas of China and are considered as alternatives to fossil-fuel energy. However, energetic and environmental evaluation of these projects has rarely been carried out, though it is necessary for their long-term development. A village-level biomass gasification project provides an example. A hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) of its total nonrenewable energy (NE) cost and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is presented in this paper. The results show that the total energy cost for one joule of biomass gas output from the project is 2.93 J, of which 0.89 J is from nonrenewable energy, and the related GHG emission cost is 1.17 × 10−4 g CO2-eq over its designed life cycle of 20 years. To provide equivalent effective calorific value for cooking work, the utilization of one joule of biomass gas will lead to more life cycle NE cost by 0.07 J and more GHG emissions by 8.92 × 10−5 g CO2-eq compared to natural gas taking into consideration of the difference in combustion efficiency and calorific value. The small-scale bio-energy project has fallen into dilemma, i.e., struggling for survival, and for a more successful future development of village-level gasification projects, much effort is needed to tide over the plight of its development, such as high cost and low efficiency caused by decentralized construction, technical shortcomings and low utilization rate of by-products.
Micelle and Bilayer Formation of Amphiphilic Janus Particles in a Slit-Pore
Authors: Rosenthal Gerald , Klapp Sabine H. L.
Published: July 2012

We employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the self-assembly of amphiphilic Janus particles in a slit-pore consisting of two plane-parallel, soft walls. The Janus particles are modeled as soft spheres with an embedded unit vector pointing from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic hemisphere. The structure formation is analyzed via cluster size distributions, density and polarization profiles, and in-plane correlation functions. At low temperatures and densities, the dominating structures are spherical micelles, whereas at higher densities we also observe wall-induced bilayer formation. Finally, we compare the MD results with those from a previous density functional study.