bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Virtual Environment for Alternative Treatment of Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: de Oliveira Juliana M. , Fernandes Rafael Carneiro G. , Pinto Cristtiano S. , Pinheiro Plácido R. , Ribeiro Sidarta , de Albuquerque Victor Hugo C.
Published: June 2016

Cerebral palsy is a severe condition usually caused by decreased brain oxygenation during pregnancy, at birth or soon after birth. Conventional treatments for cerebral palsy are often tiresome and expensive, leading patients to quit treatment. In this paper, we describe a virtual environment for patients to engage in a playful therapeutic game for neuropsychomotor rehabilitation, based on the experience of the occupational therapy program of the Nucleus for Integrated Medical Assistance (NAMI) at the University of Fortaleza, Brazil. Integration between patient and virtual environment occurs through the hand motion sensor “Leap Motion,” plus the electroencephalographic sensor “MindWave,” responsible for measuring attention levels during task execution. To evaluate the virtual environment, eight clinical experts on cerebral palsy were subjected to a questionnaire regarding the potential of the experimental virtual environment to promote cognitive and motor rehabilitation, as well as the potential of the treatment to enhance risks and/or negatively influence the patient’s development. Based on the very positive appraisal of the experts, we propose that the experimental virtual environment is a promising alternative tool for the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy.
An Investigation on Strength Development of Cement with Cenosphere and Silica Fume as Pozzolanic Replacement
Authors: Senthamarai Kannan K. , Andal L. , Shanmugasundaram M.
Published: June 2016

In the detailed study presented in this paper, an attempt was made to study the strength of cement when cenosphere (CS) and silica fume (SF) were used as replacement. Tests were carried out on mix with cenosphere as replacement for cement which has 12% of constant replacement of silica fume to the mass of cement, and this is made to stabilize the strength which was lost due to addition of cenosphere. From the test results, it was concluded that the strength loss of binder due to replacement of cenosphere can be stabilized by silica fume and still a safe value of strength can be achieved. Furthermore, the strength reduction is due to the consumption of hydration products and cloggy microstructure as observed in this study.
Changes of Local Blood Flow in Response to Acupuncture Stimulation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kim Song-Yi , Min Seorim , Lee Hyangsook , Cheon Soyeon , Zhang Xiuyu , Park Ji-Yeun , Song Taek-Jin , Park Hi-Joon
Published: June 2016

Objectives. This systematic review aimed to summarize and evaluate the findings of studies investigating the local microcirculatory effects following acupuncture stimulation. Methods. MEDLINE, EMBASE, OASIS, and Cochrane library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before January 30, 2015. Studies demonstrating any type of microcirculation response to manual acupuncture in healthy subjects and patients were included. The risk of bias and the reliability of the experimental conditions were evaluated to determine quality assessment. Results. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria; there was at least one acupuncture‐induced change in a microcirculatory parameter. Of the seven studies in healthy subjects, four reported significant increases in blood flow following acupuncture compared with control, whereas one other study observed reductions in microcirculation immediately after acupuncture needling. The studies that assessed patients with either fibromyalgia or trapezius myalgia found significant increases in blood flow in the skin and muscle. Additionally, the degree and duration of increases in microcirculation varied depending on the condition of the subjects and the manipulation technique. Conclusions. The current evidence regarding the local effects of acupuncture in terms of blood flow remains insufficient for reliable conclusions due to few well‐designed studies. Additional well‐designed studies are needed to clarify these issues.
Lenalidomide, Thalidomide, and Pomalidomide Reactivate the Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Cycle through Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling and Ikaros Expression
Authors: Jones Richard J. , Iempridee Tawin , Wang Xiaobin , Lee Hans C. , Mertz Janet E. , Kenney Shannon C. , Lin Heather C. , Baladandayuthapani Veerabhadran , Dawson Christopher W. , Shah Jatin J. , Weber Donna M. , Orlowski Robert Z.
Published: June 2016

Purpose: Lenalidomide, thalidomide, and pomalidomide (LTP) are immunomodulatory agents approved for use in multiple myeloma, but in some settings, especially with alkylating agents, an increase in Hodgkin lymphoma and other secondary primary malignancies (SPM) has been noted. Some of these malignancies have been linked to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), raising the possibility that immunomodulatory drugs disrupt latent EBV infection.

Experimental Design: We studied the ability of LTP to reactivate latently infected EBV-positive cell lines in vitro and in vivo, and evaluated the EBV viral load in archived serum samples from patients who received a lenalidomide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (LTD) combination.

Results: Treatment of EBV-infected B-cell lines with LTP at physiologically relevant concentrations induced the immediate early gene BZLF1, the early gene BMRF1, and the late proteins VCA and BCFR1. This occurred in the potency order pomalidomide > lenalidomide > thalidomide, and the nucleoside analogue ganciclovir enhanced the cytotoxic effects of lenalidomide and pomalidomide in Burkitt lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. EBV reactivation was related to PI3K stimulation and Ikaros suppression, and blocked by the PI3Kδ inhibitor idelalisib. Combinations of lenalidomide with dexamethasone or rituximab increased EBV reactivation compared with lenalidomide alone and, importantly, lenalidomide with melphalan produced even greater reactivation.

Conclusions: We conclude LTP may reactivate EBV-positive resting memory B cells thereby enhancing EBV lytic cycle and host immune suppression. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4901–12. ©2016 AACR.
Upregulation of AKT3 Confers Resistance to the AKT Inhibitor MK2206 in Breast Cancer
Authors: Stottrup Casey , Tsang Tiffany , Chin Y. Rebecca
Published: June 2016

Acquired resistance to molecular targeted therapy represents a major challenge for the effective treatment of cancer. Hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently observed in virtually all human malignancies, and numerous PI3K and AKT inhibitors are currently under clinical evaluation. However, mechanisms of acquired resistance to AKT inhibitors have yet to be described. Here, we use a breast cancer preclinical model to identify resistance mechanisms to a small molecule allosteric AKT inhibitor, MK2206. Using a step-wise and chronic high-dose exposure, breast cancer cell lines harboring oncogenic PI3K resistant to MK2206 were established. Using this model, we reveal that AKT3 expression is markedly upregulated in AKT inhibitor–resistant cells. Induction of AKT3 is regulated epigenetically by the bromodomain and extra terminal domain proteins. Importantly, knockdown of AKT3, but not AKT1 or AKT2, in resistant cells restores sensitivity to MK2206. AKT inhibitor–resistant cells also display an epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenotype as assessed by alterations in the levels of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, and vimentin, as well as enhanced invasiveness of tumor spheroids. Notably, the invasive morphology of resistant spheroids is diminished upon AKT3 depletion. We also show that resistance to MK2206 is reversible because upon drug removal resistant cells regain sensitivity to AKT inhibition, accompanied by reexpression of epithelial markers and reduction of AKT3 expression, implying that epigenetic reprogramming contributes to acquisition of resistance. These findings provide a rationale for developing therapeutics targeting AKT3 to circumvent acquired resistance in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1964–74. ©2016 AACR.
The Combination of Vemurafenib and Procaspase-3 Activation Is Synergistic in Mutant BRAF Melanomas
Authors: Peh Jessie , Fan Timothy M. , Wycislo Kathryn L. , Roth Howard S. , Hergenrother Paul J.
Published: June 2016

The development of vemurafenib resistance limits the long-term efficacy of this drug for treatment of metastatic melanomas with the V600EBRAF mutation. Inhibition of downstream MAPK signaling with vemurafenib induces apoptotic cell death mediated by caspase-3, suggesting that addition of a procaspase-3 activator could enhance anticancer effects. Here, we show that the combination of PAC-1, a procaspase-activating compound, and vemurafenib is highly synergistic in enhancing caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell death in melanoma cell lines harboring the V600EBRAF mutation. In vivo, the combination displays a favorable safety profile in mice and exerts significant antitumor effects. We further demonstrate that addition of PAC-1 to the clinically useful combination of vemurafenib and a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, starkly enhances the caspase-3 activity and proapoptotic effect of the combination. Moreover, addition of low concentration PAC-1 also delays the regrowth of cells following treatment with vemurafenib. Finally, PAC-1 remains potent against vemurafenib-resistant A375VR cells in cell culture and synergizes with vemurafenib to exert antitumor effects on A375VR cell growth in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that inhibition of MAPK signaling combined with concurrent procaspase-3 activation is an effective strategy to enhance the antitumor activity of vemurafenib and mitigate the development of resistance. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1859–69. ©2016 AACR.
Autocrine Complement Inhibits IL10-Dependent T-cell–Mediated Antitumor Immunity to Promote Tumor Progression
Authors: Wang Yu , Sun Sheng-Nan , Liu Qing , Yu Yang-Yang , Guo Jian , Wang Kun , Xing Bao-Cai , Zheng Qing-Feng , Campa Michael J. , Patz Edward F. , Li Shi-You , He You-Wen
Published: June 2016

In contrast to its inhibitory effects on many cells, IL10 activates CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and enhances their antitumor activity. However, CD8+ TILs do not routinely express IL10, as autocrine complement C3 inhibits IL10 production through complement receptors C3aR and C5aR. CD8+ TILs from C3-deficient mice, however, express IL10 and exhibit enhanced effector function. C3-deficient mice are resistant to tumor development in a T-cell– and IL10-dependent manner; human TILs expanded with IL2 plus IL10 increase the killing of primary tumors in vitro compared with IL2-treated TILs. Complement-mediated inhibition of antitumor immunity is independent of the programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint pathway. Our findings suggest that complement receptors C3aR and C5aR expressed on CD8+ TILs represent a novel class of immune checkpoints that could be targeted for tumor immunotherapy. Moreover, incorporation of IL10 in the expansion of TILs and in gene-engineered T cells for adoptive cell therapy enhances their antitumor efficacy.

Significance: Our data suggest novel strategies to enhance immunotherapies: a combined blockade of complement signaling by antagonists to C3aR, C5aR, and anti–PD-1 to enhance anti–PD-1 efficacy; a targeted IL10 delivery to CD8+ TILs using anti–PD-1–IL10 or anti-CTLA4–IL10 fusion proteins; and the addition of IL10 in TIL expansion for adoptive cellular therapy. Cancer Discov; 6(9); 1022–35. ©2016 AACR.

See related commentary by Peng et al., p. 953.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 932
Concurrent Gastric Adenocarcinoma of Fundic Gland Type and Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Cha Hee Jeong , Kim Kyungbin , Kim Misung , Choi Hyejeong , Kim Young Min , Suh Jae Hee
Published: June 2016

Both gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (ADC-FG) and carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, LELC) are relatively rare. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of LELC. However, the pathogenesis of ADC-FG, as well as the role of EBV in the carcinogenesis of LELC, remain unclear and under debate. The current study presents a case of concurrent ADC-FG and LELC in the stomach in a 69-year-old man. Total gastrectomy was performed, and two separate masses were identified. Upon histological and immunohistochemical examination, the mass located in the lower body was determined to be LELC and the mass in the upper body was diagnosed as ADC-FG. The lesions were characterized by different mucin phenotypes and EBV in situ results. In the lower-body mass, EBV in situ hybridization expression was diffusely strongly positive, but MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, and CD10 were all negative. On the other hand, in the upper-body mass, the results were positive for MUC6 but negative for MUC2, MUC5AC, CD10, and EBV by in situ hybridization. The remaining gastric tissue was unremarkable, and perigastric lymph node metastases were absent. Seven months after the gastrectomy, a postoperative computed tomography scan revealed no recurrence or metastasis.
Spontaneous Hepatic Infarction in a Patient with Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Lee Kang Min , Joung Hannah , Heo Jung Won , Woo Seo Kyung , Woo In Sook , Jung Yun Hwa
Published: June 2016

Hepatic infarction is known as a rare disease entity in nontransplant patients. Although a few cases of hepatic infarction have been reported to be linked with invasive procedures, trauma, and hypercoagulability, a case of spontaneous hepatic infarction in a nontransplanted patient has hardly ever been reported. However, many clinical situations of patients with cancer, in particular biliary cancer, can predispose nontransplant patients to hepatic infarction. Besides, the clinical outcome of hepatic infarction in patients with cancer can be worse than in patients with other etiologies. As for treatment, anticoagulation treatment is usually recommended. However, because of its multifactorial etiology and combined complications, treatment of hepatic infarction is difficult and not simple. Herein, we report a case of fatal hepatic infarction that occurred spontaneously during the course of treatment in a patient with gallbladder cancer. Hepatic infarction should be considered as a possible fatal complication in patients during treatment of biliary malignancies.
Balloon Dilatation and Stenting for Aortic Coarctation
Authors: Salcher Maximilian , Naci Huseyin , Law Tyler J. , Kuehne Titus , Schubert Stephan , Kelm Marcus ,   on behalf of Cardioproof Consortium, Morley-Fletcher Edwin , Kuehne Titus , Hennemuth Anja , Manset David , Mcguire Alistair , Plank Gernot , Ecabert Olivier , Pongiglione Giacomo , Muthurangu Vivek
Published: June 2016

Background—

There is no systematic assessment of available evidence on effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of balloon dilatation and stenting for aortic coarctation.

Methods and Results—

We systematically searched 4 online databases to identify and select relevant studies of balloon dilatation and stenting for aortic coarctation based on a priori criteria (PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014014418). We quantitatively synthesized results for each intervention from single-arm studies and obtained pooled estimates for relative effectiveness from pairwise and network meta-analysis of comparative studies. Our primary analysis included 15 stenting (423 participants) and 12 balloon dilatation studies (361 participants), including patients ≥10 years of age. Post-treatment blood pressure gradient reduction to ≤20 and ≤10 mm Hg was achieved in 89.5% (95% confidence interval, 83.7–95.3) and 66.5% (44.1–88.9%) of patients undergoing balloon dilatation, and in 99.5% (97.5–100.0%) and 93.8% (88.5–99.1%) of patients undergoing stenting, respectively. Odds of achieving ≤20 mm Hg were lower with balloon dilatation as compared with stenting (odds ratio, 0.105 [0.010–0.886]). Thirty-day survival rates were comparable. Numerically more patients undergoing balloon dilatation experienced severe complications during admission (6.4% [2.6–10.2%]) compared with stenting (2.6% [0.5–4.7%]). This was supported by meta-analysis of head-to-head studies (odds ratio, 9.617 [2.654–34.845]) and network meta-analysis (odds ratio, 16.23, 95% credible interval: 4.27–62.77) in a secondary analysis in patients ≥1 month of age, including 57 stenting (3397 participants) and 62 balloon dilatation studies (4331 participants).

Conclusions—

Despite the limitations of the evidence base consisting predominantly of single-arm studies, our review indicates that stenting achieves superior immediate relief of a relevant pressure gradient compared with balloon dilatation.
Two-Year Outcomes in Patients With Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis Randomized to Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Søndergaard Lars , Steinbrüchel Daniel Andreas , Ihlemann Nikolaj , Nissen Henrik , Kjeldsen Bo Juel , Petursson Petur , Ngo Anh Thuc , Olsen Niels Thue , Chang Yanping , Franzen Olaf Walter , Engstrøm Thomas , Clemmensen Peter , Olsen Peter Skov , Thyregod Hans Gustav Hørsted
Published: June 2016

Background—

The Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention (NOTION) trial was the first to randomize all-comers with severe native aortic valve stenosis to either transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with the CoreValve self-expanding bioprosthesis or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), including a lower-risk patient population than previous trials. This article reports 2-year clinical and echocardiographic outcomes from the NOTION trial.

Methods and Results—

Two-hundred eighty patients from 3 centers in Denmark and Sweden were randomized to either TAVR (n=145) or SAVR (n=135) with follow-up planned for 5 years. There was no difference in all-cause mortality at 2 years between TAVR and SAVR (8.0% versus 9.8%, respectively;
P
=0.54) or cardiovascular mortality (6.5% versus 9.1%;
P
=0.40). The composite outcome of all-cause mortality, stroke, or myocardial infarction was also similar (15.8% versus 18.8%,
P
=0.43). Forward-flow hemodynamics were improved following both procedures, with effective orifice area significantly more improved after TAVR than SAVR (effective orifice area, 1.7 versus 1.4 cm
2
at 3 months). Mean valve gradients were similar after TAVR and SAVR. When patients were categorized according to Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality (STS-PROM) (<4% versus ≥4%), there was no statistically significant difference for TAVR and SAVR groups in the composite outcome for low-risk (14.7%, 95% confidence interval, 8.3–21.2 versus 16.8%; 95% confidence interval, 9.7–23.8;
P
=0.58) or intermediate-risk patients (21.1% versus 27.1%;
P
=0.59).

Conclusions—

Two-year results from the NOTION trial demonstrate the continuing safety and effectiveness of TAVR in lower-risk patients. Longer-term data are needed to verify the durability of this procedure in this patient population.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01057173.
Radiofrequency Renal Denervation Protects the Ischemic Heart via Inhibition of GRK2 and Increased Nitric Oxide Signaling
Authors: Polhemus David J. , Gao Juan , Scarborough Amy L. , Trivedi Rishi , McDonough Kathleen H. , Goodchild Traci T. , Smart Frank , Kapusta Daniel R. , Lefer David J.
Published: June 2016

Rationale:

Catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) is currently under development for the treatment of resistant hypertension and is thought to reduce blood pressure via interruption of sympathetic pathways that modulate cardiovascular function. The sympathetic nervous system also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure.

Objective:

We examined whether treatment with radiofrequency (RF)-RDN would protect the heart against subsequent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via direct effects on the myocardium.

Methods and Results:

Spontaneously hypertensive rats received either bilateral RF-RDN or sham-RDN. At 4 weeks after RF-RDN (n=14) or sham-RDN (n=14) treatment, spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to 30 minutes of transient coronary artery occlusion and 24 hours –7 days reperfusion. Four weeks after RF-RDN, myocardial oxidative stress was markedly attenuated, and transcription and translation of antioxidants, superoxide dismutase 1 and glutathione peroxidase-1, were significantly upregulated compared with sham-RDN spontaneously hypertensive rats. RF-RDN also inhibited myocardial G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 pathological signaling and enhanced myocardial endothelial nitric oxide synthase function and nitric oxide signaling. RF-RDN therapy resulted in a significant reduction in myocardial infarct size per area at risk compared with sham-RDN (26.8 versus 43.9%;
P
<0.01) at 24 hours postreperfusion and significantly improved left ventricular function at 7 days after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.

Conclusions:

RF-RDN reduced oxidative stress, inhibited G protein–coupled receptor kinase 2 signaling, increased nitric oxide bioavailability, and ameliorated myocardial reperfusion injury in the setting of severe hypertension. These findings provide new insights into the remote cardioprotective effects of RF-RDN acting directly on cardiac myocytes to attenuate cell death and protect against ischemic injury.
Telmisartan Ameliorates Nephropathy in Metabolic Syndrome by Reducing Leptin Release From Perirenal Adipose Tissue
Authors: Li Hao , Li Min , Liu Ping , Wang YaPing , Zhang Heng , Li HongBin , Yang ShiFeng , Song Yan , Yin YanRong , Gao Lan , Cheng Si , Cai Jun , Tian Gang
Published: June 2016

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with nephropathy. Along with common risk factors such as hypertension and hyperglycemia, adipocytokines released from perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) are implicated in the pathogenesis of MetS nephropathy. The study was designed to elucidate the adverse effects of PRAT-derived leptin on nephropathy and to determine whether the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist telmisartan exerts a renoprotective effect by decreasing the PRAT-derived leptin level in the high-fat diet–induced MetS rat. In MetS rats, PRAT-derived leptin expression increased concomitant with dysfunction of adipogenesis, and the activities of the angiotensin II–angiotensin II type 1 receptor and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2–angiotensin (1–7)–Mas receptor axes were imbalanced in PRAT. PRAT-derived leptin from MetS rats promoted proliferation of rat glomerular endothelial cells (GERs) by activating the p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, thereby contributing to the development of nephropathy. Long-term telmisartan treatment improved metabolic parameters and renal function, decreased the amount of PRAT, promoted adipogenesis, increased the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, restored balanced activities of the angiotensin II–AT1R and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2–angiotensin (1–7)–Mas axes, and exerted an indirect renoprotective effect on MetS rats by decreasing PRAT-derived leptin release. Our results demonstrate a novel link between nephropathy and PRAT in MetS and show that telmisartan confers an underlying protective effect on visceral adipose tissue and the kidney, suggesting that it has potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of MetS-associated nephropathy.
Metformin Reverses Development of Pulmonary Hypertension via Aromatase Inhibition
Authors: Dean Afshan , Nilsen Margaret , Loughlin Lynn , Salt Ian P. , MacLean Margaret R.
Published: June 2016

Females are more susceptible to pulmonary arterial hypertension than males, although the reasons remain unclear. The hypoglycemic drug, metformin, is reported to have multiple actions, including the inhibition of aromatase and stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Inhibition of aromatase using anastrazole is protective in experimental pulmonary hypertension but whether metformin attenuates pulmonary hypertension through this mechanism remains unknown. We investigated whether metformin affected aromatase activity and if it could reduce the development of pulmonary hypertension in the sugen 5416/hypoxic rat model. We also investigated its influence on proliferation in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Metformin reversed right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling in the rat. Furthermore, metformin increased rat lung AMP-activated protein kinase signaling, decreased lung and circulating estrogen levels, levels of aromatase, the estrogen metabolizing enzyme; cytochrome P450 1B1 and its transcription factor; the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. In human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, metformin decreased proliferation and decreased estrogen synthesis by decreasing aromatase activity through the PII promoter site of
Cyp19a1
. Thus, we report for the first time that metformin can reverse pulmonary hypertension through inhibition of aromatase and estrogen synthesis in a manner likely to be mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase.
Coronary Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography as a Predictor of Cardiac and Noncardiac Vascular Events in Asymptomatic Type 2 Diabetics: A 7‐Year Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Halon David A. , Azencot Mali , Rubinshtein Ronen , Zafrir Barak , Flugelman Moshe Y. , Lewis Basil S.
Published: June 2016

Background

Type 2 diabetics are at increased risk for vascular events, but the value of further risk stratification for coronary heart disease (
CHD
) in asymptomatic subjects is unclear. We examined the added value of coronary computed tomography angiography over clinical risk scores (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study), and coronary artery calcium in a population‐based cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetics.

Methods and Results

Subjects (n=630) underwent baseline clinical assessment and computed tomography angiography (64‐slice scanner). Plaque site, volume, calcific content, and arterial remodeling were recorded using dedicated software. Coronary, macrovascular, and microvascular‐related events were assessed over 6.6±0.6 (mean±
SD
) (range 5.4–7.5) years and all
CHD
events were adjudicated. Discrimination of
CHD
events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or new‐onset angina requiring intervention) (n=41) was improved by addition of total plaque burden to the clinical risk and coronary artery calcium scores combined (C=0.789 versus 0.763,
P
=0.034) and further improved by addition of an angiographic score (C=0.824,
P
=0.021). Independent predictors of a
CHD
event were United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk score (hazard ratio 1.3 per 10% 10‐year risk,
P
=0.003) and the angiographic score (hazard ratio 3.2 per quartile,
P
<0.0001). Classification was improved over that by United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study and coronary artery calcium scores alone (overall net reclassification improvement 0.24). In subjects with coronary plaque (N=500), mild plaque calcification independently predicted a
CHD
event (hazard ratio 3.0,
P
=0.02). Computed tomography angiography predicted combined macrovascular but not microvascular‐related events.

Conclusions

Computed tomography angiography provides additional prognostic information in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics not obtainable from clinical risk assessment and coronary artery calcium alone.
Population dynamics and biocontrol efficacy of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis in pot assay
Authors: Liu Jianbin , Zhu Weijing , Hamid Mohammed Imran , Cheng Xiaoli , Wang Niuniu , Sun Jingzu
Published: June 2016

Monitoring the population dynamics of a biocontrol agent and its target pest in soil is fundamental to the understanding of the mechanisms of biocontrol. In this study, the population dynamics and the control efficacy ofHirsutella minnesotensisagainst soybean cyst nematode (SCN)Heterodera glycineswas studied using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), confocal laser scanning microscopy and bioassay in sterilised soil. The qPCR test revealed that the amount of DNA was 1.12 × 107fg (g soil)−1after inoculation, subsequently decreased rapidly until 28 days (1.34 × 104-1.51 × 104fg (g soil)−1), then remained constant in SCN-free soil. While it decreased rapidly up to 14 days (around 1.40 × 104fg (g soil)−1), it then varied with the population changes of SCN over time. The amount ofH. minnesotensisDNA was highest in the rhizosphere soil with bothH. minnesotensisand SCN incubation. The percentage of nematodes parasitised was positively correlated with the amount ofH. minnesotensisDNA in soil with soybean. Microscopic observations indicated thatH. minnesotensiscould colonise the surface of soybean roots. In addition,H. minnesotensisinoculation significantly improved the biomass of soybean. Therefore, the rhizosphere colonisation, relationship between SCN parasitism and fungal density, and growth promotion of soybean supportH. minnesotensisas a potential biocontrol agent.
Occupy Bulgaria
Authors: Krasteva Anna
Published: June 2016

This article examines the reinvention of post-communist democracy through contestation and new mobilizations on and offline. The hypothesis of this analysis is that we are currently witnessing a second democratic revolution: following the velvet revolution of the 1990s, a second, digital and contestatory revolution has been occurring in the 2010s. Whereas the first revolution introduced parliamentary democracy into the post-communist states, the new revolution sets the conditions for the emergence of contestatory citizenship. The article is structured in three parts. The first section analyses the emergence of a new type of citizenship and identifies its ‘3 I’ formula: indignation, Internet, and imagination. Furthermore, the conception of contestatory (e-)citizenship is articulated along four axes: the ‘augmented’ citizen, the digital indignados, ‘speaking up’, and the networked individual. The second part examines the political cartography of protests and their uses (politization, aesthetization, self-reflexivity, civic takeover of political temporality, ‘exit or voice’). The article compares three waves of mobilization and, armed with the analytic toolkit of contestatory citizenship and a scheme of four axes, proposes a classification. The third part of the paper, finally, looks at the new mobilizations through the perspective of the new actors.
The First Investor-State Arbitration: The Suez Canal Company v Egypt (1864)
Authors: Yackee Jason Webb
Published: June 2016

This article provides an in-depth examination of the earliest investor-state arbitration appearing in the historical record—the 1864 arbitration between the Suez Canal Company and Egypt. The arbitration is fascinating because the Company’s claim of mistreatment has a strikingly modern character: under what circumstances, and with what consequences, can the government of the day change its laws in order to promote its conception of the public good, where the change negatively impacts the value of the foreigner’s investments? Egypt demanded the right to eliminate the forced labor regime upon which the canal project’s finances depended; the Company demanded compensation. The arbitral commission’s solution, based essentially on a principle of sanctity of contract, is one that finds significant support in modern jurisprudence. Citing ‘the contract’ is, and long has been, a powerful rhetorical and legal weapon for the aggrieved investor.
Do two South American species of Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae) traditionally linked to the Cheilanthes marginata group, belong to Gaga?
Authors: Ponce Monica , Scataglini Maria Amalia
Published: June 2016

N/A
Nomenclature notes on the genus Salacia L. (Celastraceae) in India
Authors: JADHAV DURGA C. , PRABHUGAONKAR ASHISH V. , NANDIKAR MAYUR D.
Published: June 2016

In the present nomenclature notes eight binomials in the genus Salacia L. are lectotypified, viz.: S. beddomei Gamble, S. brunoniana Wight & Arn., S. floribunda Wight, S. gambleana Whiting & Kaul, S. jenkinsii Kurz, S. khasiana Purkayastha, S. malabarica Gamble, and S. verrucosa Wight.
A new species of Dichaea (Orchidaceae) from Brazil with special reference to its foliar anatomy
Authors: KRAHL AMAURI HERBERT , VALSKO JEFFERSON JOSÉ , HOLANDA ANA SOFIA SOUSA DE , CHIRON GUY
Published: June 2016

A new Dichaea species is described. It shows an ovate an ovate, non-clawed lip, a feature up to now never observed in the genus that separates it from all related species. The species has been observed only in the Central Amazon.
FAMILY KEROPLATIDAE
Authors: FALASCHI RAFAELA LOPES
Published: June 2016

Currently, 86 genera are ascribed to the Keroplatidae, with about 950 known species. The family includes three subfamilies: Arachnocampinae, Macrocerinae, and Keroplatinae. Both Macrocerinae and Keroplatinae are found in Colombia, with five described species distributed in four genera. The available information about Colombian keroplatids is compiled, with new records for five genera.
FAMILY LYGISTORRHINIDAE
Authors: OLIVEIRA SARAH SIQUEIRA , AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA
Published: June 2016

The Lygistorrhinidae are a family belonging to the suborder Bibionomorpha, with no previous record from Colombia. This paper refers for the first time to the occurrence of the family in the country, an undetermined species of the genus Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston.
FAMILIES TIPULIDAE AND LIMONIIDAE
Authors: RIBEIRO GUILHERME C. , SANTOS DAUBIAN
Published: June 2016

A catalogue of the Colombian crane flies (Tipulomorpha, families Tipulidae and Limoniidae) is provided, based on updated information from the Catalogue of the Crane flies of World, with additional data on the geographical distribution of the species in Colombia taken from the primary literature. A total of 131 valid species are recorded for Colombia, 38 in the family Tipulidae and 93 in the family Limoniidae.
FAMILY CORETHRELLIDAE
Authors: GIL-AZEVEDO LEONARDO H. , CORRÊA CAIO C. D. , BORKENT ART
Published: June 2016

Corethrellidae are poorly known in Colombia, with few specimens deposited in collections, and only nine named species of Corethrella Coquillett are reported for the country. An additional six undescribed species have been recently collected, indicating that the number of recorded species in Colombia is underestimated.
FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE
Authors: GIL-AZEVEDO LEONARDO H. , SANTOS DURVAL DA S.
Published: June 2016

Blephariceridae are poorly known in Colombia, being reasonably well sampled only in Antioquia Department. In the present catalogue, five species of Limonicola Lutz and eight species of Paltostoma Schiner are reported for the country.
FAMILY PSYCHODIDAE
Authors: BEJARANO EDUAR ELÍAS , ESTRADA LUIS GREGORIO
Published: June 2016

A catalogue is presented of the species of haematophagous and non-haematophagous psychodids recorded in Colombia. The list comprises 199 species distributed among five subfamilies and 16 genera, as follows: Subfamily Bruchomyiinae, genus Nemopalpus Macquart, 1838 (4 species); subfamily Phlebotominae, genera Brumptomyia França & Parrot, 1921 (8 species), Lutzomyia França, 1924 (153 species) and Warileya Hertig, 1948 (2 species); subfamily Psychodinae, genera Arisemus Satchell, 1955 (3 species), Australopericoma Vaillant, 1975 (1 species), Balbagathis Quate, 1996 (1 species), Clogmia Enderlein, 1937 (1 species), Didicrum Enderlein, 1937 (1 species), Feuerborniella Vaillant, 1971 (1 species), Lepidiella Enderlein, 1937 (1 species), Maruina Müller, 1895 (4 species), Paramormia Enderlein, 1935 (1 species), Parasetomima Duckhouse, 1968 (1 species) and Psychoda Latreille, 1796 (7 species); subfamily Sycoracinae, genus Sycorax Haliday, 1839 (5 species); and subfamily Trichomyiinae, genus Trichomyia Haliday, 1839 (5 species).
FAMILY SCATOPSIDAE
Authors: AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA
Published: June 2016

An updated catalogue of the family Scatopsidae in Colombia is presented. Seven species of six genera have being recorded for the country, but four of these species are still undescribed. The Ectaetiinae genus Ectaetia, the Psectrosciarinae genera Anapausis and Psectrosciara, and at least the Scatopsinae genera Scatopse, Efcookella, and Abrhexoza are expected to be present in the fauna of the family in Colombia.
FAMILY RHAGIONIDAE
Authors: SANTOS CHARLES MORPHY D. , CARMO DANIEL D. D.
Published: June 2016

The family Rhagionidae is one of the oldest Brachyeran lineages. Its monophyly is still uncertain. There are four rhagionid genera distributed in Neotropical Region but only three species of Chrysopilus are found in Colombia.
FAMILY XYLOPHAGIDAE
Authors: FACHIN DIEGO AGUILAR
Published: June 2016

This family is recorded for the first time to Colombia, with only one undescribed species of genus Rachicerus.
FAMILY PANTOPHTHALMIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , RAMOS-PASTRANA YARDANY , VALLEJO FERNANDO
Published: June 2016

This catalogue features 11 species distributed in 2 genera recorded to Colombia. Three species of Pantophthalmus are recorded for the first time to the country.
FAMILY ASILIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , LAMAS CARLOS JOSÉ EINICKER
Published: June 2016

Asilidae is one of the largest Diptera families with more than 7,000 recognized species worldwide. All their species are predators on arthropods, mainly insects. This catalogue presents 71 species distributed in 26 genera, ten tribes or generic groups and four subfamilies. For each species we present the available geographical information and relevant references.
FAMILY EMPIDIDAE
Authors: RAFAEL JOSÉ ALBERTINO , CÂMARA JOSENIR TEIXEIRA
Published: June 2016

Empididae is one of the biggest families of Diptera with around 3,000 known species. The family is poorly known in Colombia, with only six species reported and this work provides information on their distribution. No endemic genera or species have been recorded to date from Colombia.
FAMILY HYBOTIDAE
Authors: ALE-ROCHA ROSALY , DE FREITAS-SILVA RAFAEL AUGUSTO PINHEIRO
Published: June 2016

Hybotidae is a diverse family of the order Diptera, suborder Brachycera, superfamily Empidoidea. Hybotid flies are generally yellow to black, are morphologically diverse, and are distributed worldwide. The monophyly of the family is based on: palpifer and fore tibial gland present, laterotergite bare and R4+5 unbranched. Hybotids are mainly predators and are usually found on the vegetation, logs and other surfaces, or in flight during displacement and forage. This catalogue, based on the study of specimens and available literature records, summarizes and updates the information on the Colombian fauna of Hybotidae, which includes 19 species distributed in six genera.
FAMILY PIPUNCULIDAE
Authors: RAFAEL JOSÉ ALBERTINO , RODRIGUEZ HUGO CESAR
Published: June 2016

Pipunculidae presently have around 1,400 known species, but it is poorly known in Colombia, with only ten reported species in all territory. The genera Eudorylas Aczél and Tomosvaryella Aczél are the most abundant. This work provides information on the species distribution. No endemic genera have been recorded to date from Colombia.
FAMILY SYRPHIDAE
Authors: MONTOYA AUGUSTO L.
Published: June 2016

This paper is an updated Catalogue of Syrphidae from Colombia, including 337 species belonging to 3 subfamilies, 11 tribes, 57 genera and 16 subgenera. Each species is listed under its current accepted taxon, including the original reference, type locality, distribution by state/province in Colombia, in addition to a complete bibliographic reference. Species in the genera Calostigma, Claraplumula, Eristalinus, Fazia, Hermesomyia, Hybobathus, Mimocalla, Menidon, Monoceromyia, Orphnabaccha, Pelecinobaccha, Peradon, Rhinoprosopa, Sphiximorpha and Styxia are listed for the first time from Colombia. The advance in the knowledge of the Colombian Syrphidae is briefly discussed.
FAMILY MICROPEZIDAE
Authors: MARSHALL STEPHEN , CARDONA ANDERSON , WOLFF MARTHA
Published: June 2016

Sixty species and 14 genera of Micropezidae are recorded from Colombia, including four species of Micropezinae and 56 species of Taeniapterinae. The following species are newly recorded from the country: Grallipeza affinis, G. ecuadoriensis, G. obscura, G. nigrinotata, G. pseudosimplex, Ptilosphen comis, P. conveniens, P. enderleni, P. facetus and P. mimicus.
FAMILY NERIIDAE
Authors: SEPÚLVEDA TATIANA , DE CARVALHO CLAUDIO J. B.
Published: June 2016

Here we provide a catalog of the Neriidae from Colombia, with all six genera and 17 species in alphabetical order. With each genus we provide references and with each species we include the original name, type-locality, acronym of the institution where the type is deposited and the known geographical distribution. In the case of samples only from Colombia, we provide additional details for locality, relevant synonymy and additional references.
FAMILY TANYPEZIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , GRISALES DIANA
Published: June 2016

The Tanypezidae of Colombia are catalogued. Nine species in one genus are presented and geographical information are provided for all species, when available.
FAMILY PIOPHILIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , PÉREZ SANDRA , GRISALES DIANA
Published: June 2016

Piophilidae is a little family poorly known in Colombia, with only Piophila casei (L.) and Stearibia nigriceps Meigen reported so far. This catalogue expands the distribution of these species to other localities in the country.
FAMILY PLATYSTOMATIDAE
Authors: WENDT LISIANE DILLI
Published: June 2016

Platystomatidae (Signal Flies) are one of the largest families of Tephritoidea, with about 1200 species and four subfamilies, worldwide distributed. However, Platystomatidae are not well represented in the New World, and in the Neotropical Region only four genera and 26 species, belonging to Platystomatinae, are recorded. The family is a group understudied in Colombia and only one species is recorded to the country.
FAMILY PYRGOTIDAE
Authors: MELLO RAMON LUCIANO , LAMAS CARLOS JOSÉ EINICKER
Published: June 2016

Pyrgotidae is a family of endoparasitics flies of beetles with worldwide distribution. The Neotropical fauna is composed by 59 valid species names disposed in 13 genera. The occurrence of Pyrgota longipes Hendel is the first record of the family in Colombia.
FAMILY RICHARDIIDAE
Authors: WENDT LISIANE DILLI , ALE-ROCHA ROSALY
Published: June 2016

Richardiidae are a family of “acalyptrate” Diptera represented by ca. 180 species distributed in the New World, mostly in the Neotropical region. The species that occur in Colombia have received little attention from taxonomists, and the great majority of them are known only from their type localities. Currently, 14 genera and 23 species are known to occur in the country.
FAMILY BIBIONIDAE
Authors: FALASCHI RAFAELA LOPES , OLIVEIRA SARAH SIQUEIRA , AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA
Published: June 2016

The Bibionidae are a family belonging to the suborder Bibionomorpha with four genera and 17 species known from Colombia. This work expands the distribution of these species to other localities in the country.
FAMILY TEPHRITIDAE
Authors: SAVARIS MARCOANDRE , MARINONI LUCIANE , NORRBOM ALLEN L.
Published: June 2016

The present Catalogue includes 90 species and 23 genera of Tephritidae that have been recorded in Colombia. Four subfamilies (Blepharoneurinae, Dacinae, Trypetinae and Tephritinae), and eight tribes (Acrotaeniini, Carpomyini, Dacini, Eutretini, Myopitini, Noeetini, Tephritini, and Toxotrypanini) are represented in the Colombian territory. The species Toxotrypana littoralis and Tomoplagia pleuralis are new records for the country. Trypeta conferta Walker, 1853 is here formally transferred to the genus Neomyopites.
FAMILY LAUXANIIDAE
Authors: Silva Vera Cristina
Published: June 2016

An updated Catalogue of the Lauxaniidae of Colombia is presented. This acalyptratae family is poorly known in Colombia, with only 36 described species in 33 genera. This paper expands the distribution of 24 species to Colombia. At total, 63 species are reported here for Colombia.
FAMILY SCIOMYZIDAE
Authors: MARINONI LUCIANE , MURPHY WILLIAM L.
Published: June 2016

The Sciomyzidae are a family of acalyptrate flies of worldwide distribution, with 543 extant species and 14 described subspecies in 63 genera. Although 274 species in 37 genera are found in the Western Hemisphere, the sciomyzid fauna of Central and South America remains relatively unknown, comprising 103 species in 25 genera, with only seven species in five genera having been recorded from Colombia: Dictya bergi Valley, Perilimnia albifacies Becker, Pherbellia guttata (Coquillett), Sepedomerus bipuncticeps (Malloch), S. macropus (Walker), Sepedonea guianica (Steyskal), and S. isthmi (Steyskal).
FAMILY SEPSIDAE
Authors: Silva Vera Cristina
Published: June 2016

An updated Catalogue of the Sepsidae of Colombia is presented. This small acalyptratae family is poorly known in Colombia, with only ten reported species in four genera.
FAMILY CLUSIIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , GRISALES DIANA
Published: June 2016

Here we catalogued 23 species in two genera of Clusiidae from Colombia. For each species the available geographical information is presented.
FAMILY AULACIGASTRIDAE
Authors: RUNG ALESSANDRA
Published: June 2016

This catalog features the only species of Aulacigastridae recorded for Colombia, Aulacigaster grimaldii Rung & Mathis, 2012.
FAMILY SPHAEROCERIDAE
Authors: TEPEDINO KARLA P.
Published: June 2016

This catalog compiles information on the 13 genera and 25 species of Sphaeroceridae that have been reported for Colombia. It is entirely based on literature data and no new records are presented.
FAMILY CECIDOMYIIDAE
Authors: Maia Valéria Cid
Published: June 2016

This large family is poorly known in Colombia, where only 44 species have been recorded in 20 genera. All of them are included in Cecidomyiinae, which is the most diverse subfamily of gall midges in number of species and feeding habits, including phytophagous, predaceous and fungivorous species. Most of them are galler. The other subfamilies have never been recorded in this country.
FAMILY ANTHOMYIIDAE
Authors: GRISALES DIANA , LOPES ANDRÉ CÉSAR , DE CARVALHO CLAUDIO J. B.
Published: June 2016

Here we catalogue six species in four genera of Anthomyiidae (Anthomyia, Calythea, Delia, and Emmesomyia) from Colombia and provide geographical information for all species, when available.
FAMILY FANNIIDAE
Authors: GRISALES DIANA , DE CARVALHO CLAUDIO J. B.
Published: June 2016

Here we catalogue 32 species in two genera of Fanniidae (Euryomma and Fannia) from Colombia and provide geographical information for all species, when available.
FAMILY SCATHOPHAGIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , GRISALES DIANA , NIHEI SILVIO S.
Published: June 2016

Scathophagidae (Diptera, Calyptratae) is an uncommon group of flies. In Colombia there was no scientific record of this family until now. In this paper we report for the first time the genus Scatogera and the species S. primogenita Albuquerque, collected over 3000m. and previously collected in Ecuador.
FAMILY OESTRIDAE
Authors: WOLFF MARTA , GRISALES DIANA
Published: June 2016

The Oestridae of Colombia are poorly known. There are reports only for the genera Cuterebra, Dermatobia and Metacuterebra and three species, one species per genera.
FAMILY DITOMYIIDAE
Authors: FALASCHI RAFAELA LOPES
Published: June 2016

The Ditomyiidae are a family belonging to the suborder Bibionomorpha, until now without records to Colombia. This work reports the first record of the genera Rhipidita and Calliceratomyia for the Colombian region.