bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Application of Nanostructured Perovskite Phases
Authors: Weidenkaff A.
Published: September 2004

Transition metal oxide compounds with perovskite‐type structure (AMX3‐δ) show besides attractive physical properties, such as high temperature superconduction or thermoelectricity, often excellent catalytic properties for various redox reactions. The catalytic reactivity is strongly dependent on composition, structure and of course the specific surface area of the compounds. Fine‐tuning of the properties can therefore be achieved by suitable cation‐ and anion‐ substitutions and by adjusting the morphology of the compounds. For systematic studies on the relationship between composition, structure and properties in these systems fine particles as well as thin films of identical compositions e.g. La1‐xCaxMO3‐δ (x = 0, 0.3, 0.4 , 0.5) (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Ti) are produced with diverse “chimie douce” methods. The samples are characterised concerning their chemical and physical properties. Carbon nanotube composite materials have been produced by catalytic decomposition of gaseous carbon compounds on nanometer‐size transition metal clusters on top of perovskite‐type metal oxides and tested for a possible application as oxygen electrodes in air based batteries.
Processing and Characterization of Al‐Cu and Al‐Mg Base Composites Reinforced with TiC
Authors: Contreras A. , Albiter A. , Bedolla E. , Pérez R.
Published: September 2004

Most of the work on metal matrix composites (MMCs) is based in Al and its alloys, because of its high electrical conductivity, heat treatment capability and low density. The current study presents the infiltration behavior of liquid Al‐Cu and Al‐Mg alloys into TiC preforms. Some mechanical and microstructural properties of the infiltrated composites are also presented, in addition to transmission electron microscopy studies (TEM).
Molecules with Linear π‐Conjugated Pathways between All Substituents: Omniconjugation (Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 215)
Authors: van der Veen M. H. , Rispens M. T. , Jonkman H. T. , Hummelen J. C.
Published: September 2004

To view the original paper click http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200305003
Quantitative Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Milk by Multiple Dynamic Headspace Extraction and GC—MS
Authors: Ciccioli Paolo , Brancaleoni Enzo , Frattoni Massimiliano , Fedele Vincenzo , Claps Salvatore , Signorelli Federica
Published: September 2004

A method for the accurate determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in milk samples has been developed and tested. It combines multiple dynamic headspace extraction with GC—MS. Absolute amounts of VOC in the liquid phase are obtained by determining the first order kinetic dependence of the stepwise extraction of the analytes and internal standards from the liquid matrix. Compounds released from milk were collected on a train of traps filled with different solid sorbents to cover all components having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 4 to 15. They were analysed by GC—MS after thermal desorption of VOC from the collecting traps. Quantification of VOC in milk was performed using deuterated compounds as internal standards. The method was used to follow seasonal variations of monoterpenes in goat milk and to detect the impact of air pollution on the quality of milk.
Property prediction by correlations based on similarity of molecular structures
Authors: Shacham Mordechai , Brauner Neima , Cholakov Georgi , Stateva Roumiana P.
Published: September 2004

A new approach for predicting a wide range of physical and thermodynamic properties is proposed. It involves calculation of the molecular descriptors of a target compound of unknown properties, followed by regression of this vector of molecular descriptors vs. a database of compounds with known descriptors and measured properties. The regression model, obtained for the target descriptors in terms of predictive compounds and their coefficients, is then used for prediction of properties of the target compound. The precision of the prediction can be estimated from the standard deviation of the correlation and the known precision of the property data of the predictive compounds. The proposed method was tested in predicting 31 properties of 18 compounds representing different hydrocarbon structures. The results show that the method has several unique advantages, such as the use of one structural correlation to predict all properties; estimation of the prediction error for compounds without measured data; opportunities to find alternative solutions to different problems and means to estimate their adequacy. The method can be used also for checking the consistency of measured data and data predicted by other methods. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2481–2492, 2004
Hybrid approach to polymer grade transition control
Authors: Feather Darrin , Harrell Douglas , Lieberman Richard , Doyle Francis J.
Published: September 2004

A hybrid approach to model predictive control of a polymer grade transition problem is developed. The controller is posed as a mixed integer programming problem in which the discrete elements of the algorithm include both linear switching models used to approximate the nonlinear process and operating heuristics that are incorporated as propositional logic inequalities. The algorithm is tested in simulation on a polypropylene loop reactor system. Feed rates of monomer, hydrogen, and catalyst are manipulated to regulate slurry density, melt flow rate, and production rate, for various grades. Robust performance is demonstrated for grade transitional control. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2502–2513, 2004
Water management along the flow channels of PEM fuel cells
Authors: Yi Jung S. , Yang J. Deliang , King Constance
Published: September 2004

Water management is one of the most critical issues for high‐performance polymer‐electrolyte‐membrane (PEM) fuel cells. A water‐flux model for vapor and liquid phases along a gas flow channel is developed. The dependency of the operating and design parameters, such as temperature, pressure, gas and liquid flow rate, and size of the fuel cell, on the water management along the flow channel is demonstrated. Issues associated with liquid water and membrane/electrode dry out as well as system water balance are identified. An “intracell” water‐exchange method, which can remove or supply water within a cell depending on local demand, is described. This water management scheme effectively minimizes the issues described above. Good cell performance with a high limiting current at low reactant pressure and high reactant utilization is demonstrated with this advanced water management system. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2594–2603, 2004
A novel missense homozygous inactivating mutation in the fourth transmembrane helix of the luteinizing hormone receptor in leydig cell hypoplasia
Authors: Leung Michael Yiu‐Kwong , Al‐Muslim Osama , Wu Shao‐Ming , Aziz Andrew , Inam Sohail , Awadh Mohammed , Rennert Owen M. , Chan Wai‐Yee
Published: September 2004

Loss‐of‐function mutations/inactivating mutations of the human chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor (hCG/LHR), a G‐protein coupled receptor, lead to impaired Leydig cell differentiation. Leydig cell hypoplasia/agenesis/dysplasia (LCH) is one of the causes of male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH). We studied a 19‐year‐old MPH patient with female phenotype and 46,XY karyotype. Testicular histology and hormonal profile of the patient is typical of LCH. Nucleotide sequencing of exon 11 of hLHR identified a novel T1505C transversion mutation. The mutation is homozygous in the patient and is heterozygous in both parents. The single base mutation caused the substitution of a conserved leucine at 502 position to proline in transmembrane helix (TM) IV of the hLHR. This is the first LCH causing mutation identified in TM IV of the hLHR. Expression study of the mutated hLHR in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells showed reduced cAMP production and ligand binding. Receptor trafficking was not affected by the mutation when the green fluorescence protein conjugated mutated receptor was expressed in HEK293 cells. The mutation caused inactivation of the hLHR and resulted in LCH in the patient. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐healing congenital verruciform hyperkeratosis
Authors: Léauté‐Labrèze Christine , Boralevi Franck , Cony Mariane , Maleville Jean , Lacombe Didier , Surlève‐Bazeille Jean‐Etienne , Taïeb Alain
Published: September 2004

We report on an apparently previously undescribed neonatal diffuse congenital hyperkeratosis with spontaneous improvement. The child, born to consanguinous parents, presented at birth with a verrucous hyperkeratosis involving face, trunk, and limbs, but sparing palms and soles. No visceral or skeletal abnormality was associated and neurosensory status was normal. The skin condition improved dramatically during the first month of life. At age 7 years, the child was healthy with normal psychomotor development and growth. He had an abnormal curvature of nose, ulerythema ophryogenes, and large ears. The skin was moderately dry. This favorable clinical outcome led us to propose the term “regressive congenital hyperkeratosis” until further molecular characterization of this new phenotype. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two patients with monomelic ulnar duplication with mirror hand polydactyly: Segmental Laurin–Sandrow syndrome
Authors: Innis Jeffrey W. , Hedera Peter
Published: September 2004

We have studied two unrelated boys with isolated left mirror hand and ulnar duplication. Neither had facial anomalies and family histories were unremarkable. We suggest that these boys have segmental Laurin–Sandrow syndrome, or mirror‐image duplication, due to somatic mutation involving precursor cells of the left upper limb and that the facial and digital abnormalities in Laurin–Sandrow syndrome are consistent with ectopic anterior hedgehog signaling in the developing limb bud and in the maxillary processes of the face, which closely resemble findings in the Doublefoot (Dbf) mouse mutant. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assisted reproductive technology and congenital overgrowth: Some speculations on a case of Pallister–Killian syndrome
Authors: Chiurazzi P. , Bajer J. , Tabolacci E. , Pomponi M.G. , Lecce R. , Zollino M. , Neri G.
Published: September 2004

We report on a boy with Pallister–Killian syndrome (PKS) who was conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically in vitro fertilization (IVF) with parents' gametes. A prenatal diagnosis performed elsewhere by CVS failed to detect the presence of the isochromosome 12p that was demonstrated postnatally in approximately 50% of cultured skin fibroblasts. Given that the patient did not show the congenital overgrowth typical of PKS, we speculate that ART might have restricted overgrowth in this particular case. More broadly, we hypothesize that overgrowth might protect from early demise fetuses conceived by ART, a technology known to cause low and very low birth weight. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analyses of four regions previously implicated in dyslexia: Confirmation of a locus on chromosome 15q
Authors: Chapman Nicola H. , Igo Robert P. , Thomson Jennifer B. , Matsushita Mark , Brkanac Zoran , Holzman Ted , Berninger Virginia W. , Wijsman Ellen M. , Raskind Wendy H.
Published: September 2004

Dyslexia is a common, complex disorder, which is thought to have a genetic component. There have been numerous reports of linkage to several regions of the genome for dyslexia and continuous dyslexia‐related phenotypes. We attempted to confirm linkage of continuous measures of (1) accuracy and efficiency of phonological decoding; and (2) accuracy of single word reading (WID) to regions on chromosomes 2p, 6p, 15q, and 18p, using 111 families with a total of 898 members. We used both single‐marker and multipoint variance components linkage analysis and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) joint segregation and linkage analysis for initial inspection of these regions. Positive results were followed with traditional parametric lod score analysis using a model estimated by MCMC segregation analysis. No positive linkage signals were found on chromosomes 2p, 6p, or 18p. Evidence of linkage of WID to chromosome 15q was found with both methods of analysis. The maximum single‐marker parametric lod score of 2.34 was obtained at a distance of 3 cM from D15S143. Multipoint analyses localized the putative susceptibility gene to the interval between markers GATA50C03 and D15S143, which falls between a region implicated in a recent genome screen for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, andDYX1C1, a candidate gene for dyslexia. This apparent multiplicity of linkage signals in the region for developmental disorders may be the result of errors in map and/or model specification obscuring the pleiotropic effect of a single gene on different phenotypes, or it may reflect the presence of multiple genes. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website athttp://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299:1/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive parameters and life‐history variables in captive golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis chrysogaster)
Authors: Walker Suzanne E. , Strasser M. Elizabeth , Field Leslie P.
Published: September 2004

An understanding of the reproductive physiology of captive primates is vital for their successful management. We report on reproductive parameters and life‐history variables collected at the Sacramento Zoo for five female golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis chrysogaster) over a 7‐year period. For each female, we collected data on their sexual skins, menses, gestation, and other pregnancy‐related factors, such as postconception bleeding and swelling. We used these data to estimate life‐history variables, such as age at onset of estrus, menses, and conception, as well as the duration of intervals between births, and between parturition and the resumption of cycling. Cercocebus agilis chrysogaster is comparable to other Cercocebus species in terms of reproductive parameters, although variability is exhibited within and among female subjects. In some cases, it appears that stressful incidents altered cycle length or halted cycling altogether. We suggest the use of husbandry practices that include consistent data collection to enhance regularity in reproductive cycles, and maximize captive breeding success for this rare species. Am. J. Primatol. 64:123–131, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability test of the visual assessment of cranial traits for sex determination
Authors: Walrath Dana E. , Turner Paul , Bruzek Jaroslav
Published: September 2004

Interobserver variation in visual evaluation was analyzed for 10 cranial traits in a homogeneous archaeological series. Two observers independently scored cranial traits commonly used for determination of sex. Though determination of sex did not differ significantly for the two observers, individual traits had different levels of interobserver reliability. In addition, indices of relative “maleness” and “femaleness” derived by the two observers differed at statistically significant levels. Because such indices are used in cross‐population comparisons of relative gracility and robusticity of diverse samples, these comparisons should be interpreted with caution when more than one investigator has performed an assessment. Most of our instances of interobserver discordance derived from character traits described in subjective terms without accompanying diagrams. Clarity of definition, rather than number of character traits, was found to be critical for effective determination of sex by the visual assessment method. Use of fewer, more precisely defined character traits can improve interobserver reliability. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intra‐and interpopulational differences in orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) activity and diet: Implications for the invention of tool use
Authors: Fox ElizaBeth A. , van Schaik Carel P. , Sitompul Arnold , Wright Donielle N.
Published: September 2004

Tool manufacture and use have been described for wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), with appreciable interpopulational differences in tool complexes. The ecological factors that contribute to these differences require investigation. Significant interpopulational differences in diet suggest that ecological factors contribute to variation in tool‐based insect foraging. Using 4 years of behavioral data from the Suaq Balimbing Research Station (Sumatra, Indonesia), we tested predictions of two ecological hypotheses for the invention of tool use for insect foraging. We found limited evidence for inter‐ and intrasexual differences, as well as temporal variation, in activity budget and diet. However, differences did not correspond to variation in either rate of tool use or specialization on tool‐based insectivory. Compared to other populations, orangutans at Suaq Balimbing ate significantly more insects. Low temporal variation in insectivory and an abundance of social insects at Suaq Balimbing suggest that insects formed a staple in the diet rather than a fallback food. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that tool use is a response to the low availability of primary food sources. Rather, greater opportunities for invention likely contributed to insect‐extraction tool use at Suaq Balimbing. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
United Kingdom's experience backs more mediation use in multiparty litigation
Authors: Nesic Miryana
Published: September 2004

Miryana Nesic, of London, writes that mediation is effective in class action cases, and provides guidelines based on half a dozen class action mediations her firm has settled.
Total dream loss: A distinct neuropsychological dysfunction after bilateral PCA stroke
Authors: Bischof Matthias , Bassetti Claudio L.
Published: September 2004

The term Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome (CWS) denotes dream loss following focal brain damage. We report the first case of CWS, in whom neuropsychological functions, extension of the underlying lesion, and sleep architecture changes were assessed. A 73‐year‐old woman reported a total dream loss after acute, bilateral occipital artery infarction (including the right inferior lingual gyrus), which lasted for over 3 months. In the absence of sleep–wake complaints and (other) neuropsychological deficits, polysomnography demonstrated an essentially normal sleep architecture with preservation of REM sleep. Dreaming was denied also after repeated awakenings from REM sleep. This observation suggests that CWS (1) can represent a distinct and isolated neuropsychological manifestation of deep occipital lobe damage, and (2) may occur in the absence of detectable REM sleep abnormalities. Ann Neurol 2004
Methods for the Chemical Synthesis of Fullerenes
Authors: Scott Lawrence T.
Published: September 2004

C60 has been synthesized by chemical methods in 12 steps. Lessons learned in the author's laboratory during a decade devoted to the synthesis and study of open geodesic polyarenes strongly influenced the strategy and methodology ultimately employed for preparing a suitable 60‐carbon precursor and for closing it up to the fullerene ball. This review provides a personal account of how the new synthetic tools were developed and put to use.
The theoretical estimation of effective spectral dimension for polymer melts
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Dolbin I. V. , Zaikov G. E.
Published: September 2004

The theoretical technique of an effective spectral dimension estimation for polymer melts is offered. The comparison of experimental and theoretical values of this parameter has shown their good correspondence. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1353–1356, 2004
Controlled release of 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide from waste gelatin–based blends and composites
Authors: Kandil Sherif , Kenawy El‐Refaie , El‐Maghraby Azza , Elashry Elsayed H.
Published: September 2004

The volume of plastic waste is becoming a serious problem for waste management. Waste management is based on four hierarchical approaches: reduction, reuse, recycling, and energy recovery. We now report on recycling of gelatin scraps that are derived during the production of pharmaceutical capsules, by using the gelatin scraps in the production of controlled‐release systems. This may help to minimize the side effects that often accompany the conventional application of pesticides. More important, the gelatins themselves, when degraded, might be useful to soil solarization and crop growth. Using and recycling these waste materials in the proposed application would save natural resources and consequently would be economically useful. The synthesis of gelatin films, and composites incorporating 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) as herbicide, will be described. Morphology and mechanical properties of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and tensile tests, respectively. The release of the MCPA herbicide from the prepared blends and composites was investigated. The prepared formulation proved to be useful for agricultural applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1420–1427, 2004
Autoimmune‐associated congenital heart block: Dissecting the cascade from immunologic insult to relentless fibrosis
Authors: Clancy Robert M. , Buyon Jill P.
Published: September 2004

Few diseases exemplify the integration of research from bench to bedside as well as neonatal lupus, often described as a model of passively acquired autoimmunity. The signature histologic lesion of autoimmune congenital heart block (CHB) is fibrosis of the conducting tissue and, in some cases, the surrounding myocardium. Although anti‐SSA/Ro‐SSB/La antibodies are detected in > 85% of mothers whose fetuses are identified with conduction abnormalities in a structurally normal heart, the risk for a woman with the candidate antibodies to have a child with CHB is 2%. The mechanism by which maternal anti‐SSA/Ro‐SSB/La antibodies initiate and finally eventuate in atrioventricular nodal scarring is not yet defined, but it is clear that the antibodies alone are insufficient to cause disease and fetal factors are likely contributory. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the pathologic cascade is initiated via apoptosis, resulting in translocation of SSA/Ro‐SSB/La antigens to the cell surface where they are bound by maternal autoantibodies. Subsequently, the Fc portion of the bound immunoglobulin engages Fcγ receptors on tissue macrophages, resulting in release of TGF‐β at a threshold favoring a profibrotic milieu and irreversible scarring. This cascade also involves tissue‐specific activation of TGF‐β, which promotes the modulation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a scarring phenotype. Recent findings point to genetic polymorphisms that promote high production of TGF‐β as possible fetal risk factors for CHB. Further elucidation of maternal and fetal contributory factors should provide insight into the pathogenesis of CHB and the rarity of irreversible injury. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural regulation of the hepatic Circadian rhythm
Authors: Shibata Shigenobu
Published: September 2004

A microarray analysis experiment has revealed that there are many genes, including so‐called clock genes, expressing a circadian rhythm in the liver. The clock genes mentioned above are expressed not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, where the master clock exists, but also in other brain regions and various peripheral tissues. In the liver, clock genes are abundantly expressed and show a clear circadian rhythm. Thus, clock genes seem to play a critical role in the molecular clockworks of both the SCN and the liver. Although oscillation of clock genes in the liver is controlled under the circadian clock mechanism in the SCN, we do not know the resetting signals on liver clock function. Over the past few years, use of the pseudorabies virus, a transsynaptic tract tracer, has allowed us to map neural connections between the SCN and peripheral tissues in several physiological systems. Communication between the SCN and peripheral tissues occurs through autonomic nervous systems involving the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. This review mainly describes both anatomical and physiological experiments to reveal the sympathetic control over liver clock function. Although further study is necessary to produce the precise mechanism underlying neural control of liver clock systems, evolution of this mechanism will help our understanding of liver clock functions such as drug metabolism and energy metabolism. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Function follows form: Cardiac conduction system defects in Nkx2‐5 mutation
Authors: Jay Patrick Y. , Harris Brett S. , Buerger Antje , Rozhitskaya Olga , Maguire Colin T. , Barbosky Laura A. , McCusty Ellen , Berul Charles I. , O'Brien Terrence X. , Gourdie Robert G. , Izumo Seigo
Published: September 2004

Mutations of Nkx2‐5 cause congenital heart disease and atrioventricular block in man. The altered expression of an electrophysiologic protein regulated by Nkx2‐5 was originally presumed to cause the conduction defect, but when no such protein was found, an alternative hypothesis was considered. In pediatric patients, the association of certain cardiac malformations with congenital atrioventricular block suggests that errors in specific developmental pathways could cause both an anatomic and a physiologic defect. We therefore hypothesized that Nkx2‐5 insufficiency perturbs the conduction system during development, which in turn manifests as a postnatal conduction defect. Experimental results from Nkx2‐5 knockout mouse models support the developmental hypothesis. Hypoplasia of the atrioventricular node, His bundle, and Purkinje system can explain in whole or in part specific conduction and electrophysiologic defects present in Nkx2‐5 haploinsufficiency. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of prasterone on disease activity and symptoms in women with active systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Petri Michelle A. , Mease Philip J. , Merrill Joan T. , Lahita Robert G. , Iannini Mark J. , Yocum David E. , Ginzler Ellen M. , Katz Robert S. , Gluck Oscar S. , Genovese Mark C. , Van Vollenhoven Ronald , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Manzi Susan , Greenwald Maria W. , Buyon Jill P. , Olsen Nancy J. , Schiff Michael H. , Kavanaugh Arthur F. , Caldwell Jacques R. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , St. Clair E. William , Goldman Allan L. , Egan Rita M. , Polisson Richard P. , Moder Kevin G. , Rothfield Naomi F. , Spencer Robert T. , Hobbs Kathryn , Fessler Barri J. , Calabrese Leonard H. , Moreland Larry W. , Cohen Stanley B. , Quarles Betty J. , Strand Vibeke , Gurwith Marc , Schwartz Kenneth E.
Published: September 2004

Objective

To determine whether prasterone administration results in improvement or stabilization of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity and its symptoms.

Methods

Women with active SLE were treated with prasterone 200 mg/day plus standard SLE treatments or with placebo plus standard SLE treatments for up to 12 months in this randomized, double‐blind investigation conducted at 27 centers. Standard SLE treatments included prednisone (≤10 mg/day), antimalarials, and immunosuppressive agents; dosages were required to be stable for ≥6 weeks prior to enrollment and remain unchanged during protocol treatment. Responders were patients who experienced no clinical deterioration and had improvement or stabilization over the duration of the study in 2 disease activity measures (the SLE Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI] and the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure) and 2 quality of life measures (patient's global assessment and the Krupp Fatigue Severity Scale).

Results

A total of 381 women with SLE were enrolled. Among patients with clinically active disease at baseline (SLEDAI score >2), 86 of 147 in the prasterone group (58.5%) demonstrated improvement or stabilization without clinical deterioration, as compared with 65 of 146 in the placebo group (44.5%) (P = 0.017). Acne and hirsutism were reported in 33% and 16%, respectively, of the prasterone group and in 14% and 2%, respectively, of the placebo group (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). However, most cases of acne and hirsutism were mild and did not require withdrawal from therapy. Myalgias and oral stomatitis were reported less frequently in the prasterone group (22% and 15%, respectively) than in the placebo group (36% and 23%, respectively) (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Serum levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and C3 complement significantly decreased, while levels of testosterone and, to a lesser extent, estradiol increased in the prasterone group.

Conclusion

In adult women with active SLE, administration of prasterone at a dosage of 200 mg/day improved or stabilized signs and symptoms of disease and was generally well tolerated.
Platelet‐activating factor–acetylhydrolase and other novel risk and protective factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Cederholm Anna , Svenungsson Elisabet , Stengel Dominique , Fei Guo‐Zhong , Pockley A. Graham , Ninio Ewa , Frostegård Johan
Published: September 2004

Objective

There is an important inflammatory component to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is therefore interesting that the risk of CVD is high in inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we investigated nontraditional risk factors for the development of CVD in patients with SLE.

Methods

Twenty‐six women (mean age 52 years) with SLE and a history of CVD were compared with 26 age‐matched women with SLE and no clinical manifestations of CVD (SLE controls) and 26 age‐matched healthy women (population controls). Serum levels of several novel nontraditional risk and protective factors were determined: heat‐shock protein (HSP)–related factors (Hsp60, Hsp70, anti–human Hsp60, anti–human Hsp70, and anti–mycobacterial Hsp65), platelet‐activating factor–acetylhydrolase (PAF‐AH) activity, secretory phospholipase A2 GIIA (sPLA2), and anti–endothelial cell antibody (AECA). The intima‐media thickness and the presence of plaques in the common carotid arteries were determined by B‐mode ultrasound as a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis.

Results

Levels of PAF‐AH, but not HSP‐related factors, AECA, or sPLA2, were significantly increased in SLE cases. Only PAF‐AH discriminated between SLE cases and SLE controls (P = 0.005). PAF‐AH was significantly associated with low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol in the SLE cases (r = 0.50, P = 0.0093 and r = 0.54, P = 0.0045), but not in either control group.

Conclusion

The increased levels of PAF‐AH in SLE cases and the association between PAF‐AH and LDL cholesterol adds support to the notion that PAF‐AH may promote atherothrombosis in SLE. The role of HSPs in CVD is complex, since anti‐Hsp65 appears to be associated with the presence of CVD, whereas Hsp70 might protect against it. In this cross‐sectional study, levels of HSP‐related factors, AECA, and sPLA2 were not associated with CVD in SLE.
Intracellular events in platelet activation induced by antiphospholipid antibodies in the presence of low doses of thrombin
Authors: Vega‐Ostertag Mariano , Harris E. Nigel , Pierangeli Silvia S.
Published: September 2004

Objective

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia are features of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), suggesting that antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) may bind platelets, causing activation and aggregation of platelets and thrombosis. The intracellular events involved in aPL‐mediated platelet activation are not fully understood and are therefore the subject of this study.

Methods

IgG fractions and their F(ab′)2 fragments were purified from the sera of 7 patients with APS and from the pooled sera of 10 healthy subjects (as controls). Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK‐1/2, and [Ca2+]‐dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) was determined in lysates of washed platelets pretreated with low doses of thrombin and aPL or control IgG or their F(ab′)2 fragments, by immunoblot. The effects of aPL on platelet aggregation in the presence or absence of a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, were examined. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay on gel‐filtered platelets treated with aPL and thrombin, with or without SB203580. Calcium mobilization studies were done utilizing a fluorometric assay.

Results

Treatment of platelets with IgG aPL, or their F(ab′)2 fragments, in conjunction with subactivating doses of thrombin resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Neither the IgG aPL nor their F(ab′)2 fragments increased significantly the phosphorylation of ERK‐1/2 MAPKs. Furthermore, pretreatment of platelets with SB203580 completely abrogated the aPL‐mediated enhanced aggregation of the platelets. Platelets treated with F(ab′)2 aPL and thrombin produced significantly larger amounts of TXB2 when compared with controls, and this effect was completely abrogated by treatment with SB203580. In addition, cPLA2 was also significantly phosphorylated in platelets treated with thrombin and F(ab′)2 aPL. There were no significant changes in intracellular [Ca2+] when platelets were treated with aPL and low doses of thrombin.

Conclusion

The data strongly indicate that aPL in the presence of subactivating doses of thrombin induce the production of TXB2 mainly through the activation of p38 MAPK and subsequent phosphorylation of cPLA2. The ERK‐1/2 pathway does not seem to be involved in this process, at least in the early stages of aPL‐mediated platelet activation.
The etiologic diagnosis of infectious discitis is improved by amplification‐based DNA analysis
Authors: Lecouvet Frédéric , Irenge Leonid , Vandercam Bernard , Nzeusseu Adrien , Hamels Sandrine , Gala Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2004

Objective

Blood cultures and cultures of disc material are required to identify and treat bacterial agents responsible for septic spondylodiscitis, but these methods have limited sensitivities. We undertook this study to compare nonculture amplification‐based DNA analysis with conventional culture of disc aspirate.

Methods

Nineteen patients with spondylodiscitis, including 11 with a history of spinal surgery, presented with negative blood cultures and underwent percutaneous disc or epidural abscess puncture for bacterial diagnosis. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction was performed on 16S ribosomal DNA universal target genes and femA staphylococci‐specific target genes in all patients, and on the upstream p34 mycobacterial gene in 1 patient. Species identification relied on amplicon sequencing and comparison with templates from GenBank. Amplification of the femA gene led to subsequent testing for methicillin resistance by amplification of the mecA gene. Further assessment using a staphylococci‐ and methicillin resistance–specific DNA array was performed on 3 samples.

Results

Microbiologic and molecular assays identified the causative organism in 14 of 19 patients (74%) and 19 of 19 patients (100%), respectively. In culture‐positive patients, DNA‐based and microbiologic results were highly correlated. Five agents (Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus sciuri, Brucella species, Actinomyces israelii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) were identified only by DNA‐based methods. In 1 sample, Corynebacterium jeikeium and coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus were both cultured, whereas DNA analysis identified only Staphylococcus hominis.

Conclusion

DNA‐based methods are highly sensitive and specific. They can usefully complement standard microbiologic methods for identifying the cause of infectious spondylodiscitis and contribute to species‐specific therapeutic orientation in patients with negative blood and disc aspirate cultures.
Proximity of residence to trichloroethylene‐emitting sites and increased risk of offspring congenital heart defects among older women
Authors: Yauck Jennifer S. , Malloy Marsha E. , Blair Kathleen , Simpson Pippa M. , McCarver D. Gail
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND

Previous studies suggest that trichloroethylene (TCE) is a selective cardiac teratogen. We tested the hypothesis that the odds of maternal residence close to TCE‐emitting sites would be greater among infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs) than among infants without CHDs.

METHODS

We conducted a case‐control study of 4025 infants, identified from hospital and birth records, born from 1997 to 1999 to Milwaukee, Wisconsin mothers. A geographic information system was used to calculate distances between maternal residences and TCE sites. We used classification tree analysis to determine appropriate values by which to dichotomously categorize mothers by TCE exposure (exposed: residence within 1.32 miles of at least one TCE site) and age (older: ≥38 years), and logistic regression to test for CHD risk factors.

RESULTS

The proportion of mothers who were both older and had presumed TCE exposure was more than six‐fold greater among case infants than among control infants (3.3% [8/245] versus 0.5% [19/3780]). When adjusted for other variables, CHD risk was over three‐fold greater among infants of older, exposed mothers compared to infants of older, nonexposed mothers (adjusted OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2–8.7). Older maternal age, alcohol use, chronic hypertension, and preexisting diabetes were each associated with CHDs (adjusted ORs, 1.9, 2.1, 2.8, 4.1; 95% CIs, 1.1–3.5, 1.1–4.2, 1.2–6.7, 1.5–11.2, respectively), but residence close to TCE sites alone was not.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that maternal age and TCE exposure interact to increase CHD risk, although the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. A prospective study is underway to confirm this finding. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organizing population data into complex family pedigrees: Application of a second‐order data linkage to state birth defects registries
Authors: Tu Shihfen , Mason Craig A.
Published: September 2004

Researchers and health officials are increasingly using electronic linkage of large‐scale health data systems as a tool for assembling a comprehensive picture of birth defects at a population level. Current linkage and database techniques are limited to first‐order linkage – linking information on a single individual in one database with information on that same individual in another database. For example, while current strategies may indicate whether a child with a certain birth defect also has a specific metabolic disorder or risk factor, they are unable to readily determine whether he or she also has any siblings or other relatives with the same pattern. In contrast, the current manuscript proposes a second‐order linkage—one that organizes data so that individual‐level data can readily be organized into families or extended family pedigrees across an entire population. The ability to link and organize population data into family pedigrees can have significant, broad impact upon health research and service delivery. This can lead to large‐scale analysis of genetic factors and, with the linking of environmental data, the potential for large‐scale studies of gene‐environment interactions. In addition, it expands the potential for epidemiological research by readily allowing the examination of familial effects upon population rates of birth defects, and provides valuable information that can assist in applied public health. An example of a second order database incorporating an electronic birth defects registry is presented. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:603–608, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vertrauensvorschuß und wissenschaftliches Fehlhandeln — Eine reliabilistische Modellierung der Fälle Abderhalden, Goldschmidt, Moewus und Waldschmidt‐Leitz
Authors: Charpa Ulrich , Deichmann Ute
Published: September 2004

Reliabilist philosophy of science considers scientific misconduct a transgression against the principles of good cognitive practice. Good practice in research is characterised by the reliability, efficiency and fertility of the cognitive processes involved. The reliabilist approach is closely connected to the idea of mutual cognitive dependency of the research community. Trust in the testimony of others is not an inevitable but a favouring factor of scientific progress — and misconduct damages the testimonial chain, respectively the principle of trustworthiness. Within the reliabilist framework, the main focus on questionable research is not on whether or not there are fraudulent intentions (that means particular mental events of the past), but on recognisable consequences for the research community. Criticising the constructivist modeling of questionable research, we reconstruct certain contributions by Emil Abderhalden, Richard Goldschmidt, Franz Moewus, and Ernst Waldschmitz‐Leitz as serious misconducts respectively frauds. We also show that specific social factors — often regarded as “apologising” conditions — decisively interfere with the principle of trustworthiness in the scientific community.
Der Scharlatan auf dem Rechtsweg — und was vielleicht zu seiner Umlenkung getan werden könnte
Authors: Schneider Christoph
Published: September 2004

A number of recent allegations of scientific misconduct in Germany have led to judicial proceedings. Two examples are analyzed in depth, showing evidence for mutual incompatibilities between the legal system and the scientific system. In particular, it seems doubtful whether basic rules of good scientific practice are adequately and consistently taken into account by the courts when assessing the burden of proof. Strengths and weaknesses of some alternatives to judicial proceedings in such cases are discussed.
Solid‐phase synthesis of second‐generation polyproline dendrimers
Authors: Sanclimens Glòria , Crespo Laia , Giralt Ernest , Royo Miriam , Albericio Fernando
Published: September 2004

Second‐generation dendrimers have been prepared on solid phase by successive additions of branched polyproline building blocks starting from two different branching units anchored to the solid support. The preparation of Pro‐rich building blocks was carried out by stepwise solid‐phase synthesis and their iterative addition was performed by a convergent approach, also using solid‐phase synthesis. cis‐4‐Amino‐L‐proline and imidazolidine‐2‐carboxylic acid were used as branching units due to their structural resemblance to proline. The optimized strategy allowed the target compounds to be obtained with high purities without the need for purification steps. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Preclinical studies on immunogenicity of the HIV‐1 p17‐based synthetic peptide AT20‐KLH
Authors: Fiorentini Simona , Marini Elena , Bozzo Luisa , Trainini Laura , Saadoune Lamiaa , Avolio Manuela , Pontillo Angela , Bonfanti Carlo , Sarmientos Paolo , Caruso Arnaldo
Published: September 2004

Several studies have suggested that HIV‐1 p17 matrix protein may play an important role in AIDS pathogenesis, since anti‐p17 antibodies represent a serological marker of disease progression during HIV‐1 infection both in adults and children. Moreover, it has been recently reported that the viral protein is capable of significantly increasing the proliferation of preactivated T lymphocytes and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Recombinant HIV‐1 p17 also has induced an increased rate of HIV‐1 replication in vitro. All p17 biological activities are exerted after its binding to a specific cellular receptor expressed on activated T lymphocytes. The functional p17 epitope involved in receptor binding was found to be located at the NH2‐terminal region of the viral protein. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with a 20 amino acid synthetic peptide representative of the HIV‐1 p17 functional region (AT20) coupled to the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and given in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, resulted in the development of p17‐neutralizing antibodies capable of blocking p17/p17 receptor interaction, and consequently, all biological activities of the viral protein. Moreover, it was possible to skew the humoral response induced by priming mice with AT20‐KLH toward cell‐mediated immune responses, boosting animals with p17. Our findings may provide a new strategy to develop a synthetic AIDS vaccine based on a potentially effective and safe subunit vaccine against the HIV‐1 cytokine‐like matrix protein p17. Preclinical immunogenicity data for AT20‐KLH provide the basis for evaluation of the peptide‐basedvaccine, alone and in combination with p17 or p17 DNA vaccines, in Phase I clinical trials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Beruf: Bionik: Studienmöglichkeiten in Europa
Authors: Nachtigall Werner , Braun Knut
Published: September 2004

Dieser Artikel bietet einen Überblick über die Studienmöglichkeiten und Arbeitsgruppen zu unterschiedlichen bionischen Disziplinen an deutschen Universitäten und im europäischen Ausland.
Incidence of deep vein thrombosis after varicose vein surgery
Authors: van Rij A M , Chai J , Hill G B , Christie R A
Published: September 2004

Background

Varicose vein surgery is generally considered to have little risk of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This prospective study examined the incidence of DVT in patients undergoing varicose vein surgery.

Methods

Lower leg veins were assessed before operation by duplex ultrasonography in 377 patients, and reassessed 2–4 weeks after surgery, and again at 6 and 12 months. Patients were instructed to contact a physician if symptoms consistent with DVT occurred before the scheduled follow-up appointment. Preoperative prophylaxis (a single dose of subcutaneous heparin) was left to the discretion of the vascular surgeon.

Results

DVT was detected in 20 (5·3 per cent) of the 377 patients. Of these, only eight were symptomatic and no patient developed symptoms consistent with pulmonary embolus. Eighteen of the 20 DVTs were confined to the calf veins. Subcutaneous heparin did not alter the outcome. No propagation of thrombus was observed and half of the DVTs had resolved without deep venous reflux at 1 year.

Conclusion

The incidence of DVT following varicose vein surgery was higher than previously thought, but these DVTs had minimal short- or long-term clinical significance.
Long-term effect of fundoplication on motility of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction
Authors: Scheffer R C H , Samsom M , Frakking T G , Smout A J P M , Gooszen H G
Published: September 2004

Background

This study assessed the long-term effect of Nissen fundoplication on oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) motility.

Methods

Symptoms were scored and oesophageal manometry performed in 34 consecutive patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, before, 3 months after and 2 years after surgery.

Results

Distal peristaltic amplitude increased from a median of 57 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 18 to 107) mmHg to 86 (95 per cent c.i. 54 to 208) mmHg (P < 0·001) at 3 months and 92 (45 to 210) mmHg (P < 0·001) at 2 years. In four patients the amplitude increased to more than 180 mmHg and three of these patients reported odynophagia. After surgery, a linear relationship was observed between the peristaltic amplitude and nadir OGJ relaxation pressure at 3 months (rs = 0·68, P < 0·001) and 2 years (rs = 0·64, P < 0·001). A significant correlation was also found between amplitude and both basal OGJ pressure and intrabolus pressure at 3 months (rs = 0·58, P < 0·001 and rs = 0·63, P < 0·001 respectively) and 2 years (rs = 0·71, P < 0·001 and rs = 0·49, P = 0·024). There was a relationship between peristaltic amplitude and the odynophagia score at 2 years (rs = 0·60, P = 0·017).

Conclusion

Within 3 months of fundoplication the amplitude of oesophageal peristalsis increased substantially, leading to a nutcracker oesophagus and odynophagia in a subgroup of patients. These phenomena did not appear to progress with time.