bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ZnO Nanostructures for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Using the TEMPO+/TEMPO Redox Mediator and Ruthenium(II) Photosensitizers with 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Derived Ligands
Authors: Wahyuono Ruri Agung , Schulze Benjamin , Rusu Mihai , Wächtler Maria , Dellith Jan , Seyring Martin , Rettenmayr Markus , Plentz Jonathan , Ignaszak Anna , Schubert Ulrich S. , Dietzek Benjamin
Published: August 2016

A series of thiocyanate‐free bis(tridentate) ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating 1,2,3‐triazole‐derived NNN‐, NCN‐, and CNC‐coordinating ligands has been employed for sensitizing ZnO photoanodes for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Additionally, the first use of the TEMPO+/TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidine‐1‐oxyl) redox mediator as a surrogate for the I3−/I− redox couple in ZnO nanostructured DSSCs is presented. Compared with I3−/I−‐based electrolytes, shorter charge lifetimes and diffusion lengths were determined for the TEMPO+/TEMPO‐based electrolyte. Nonetheless, similar power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) were achieved with both electrolytes for the RuNCN and RuCNC complexes, whereas higher PCEs are enabled by the iodine‐free electrolyte in case of RuNNN. The combination of the molecular sensitizers and the TEMPO‐based electrolyte exhibits relatively high external quantum efficiency (EQE) and promising PCEs, ranging from 4.48 to 1.47 %, which are—in part—comparable to that of ZnO‐DSSCs with the benchmark N749 black dye. The TEMPO‐based electrolyte also exhibits less absorption compared with its I3−/I− counterpart, a favorable feature for enhancing the light harvesting ability of the photoanode. Furthermore, the results show the effect of the dye‐sensitization procedure on the PCE values: The use of ethanol as the solvent compared with methanol increases the DSSC's efficiency, which is attributed to improved chemisorption of the sensitizer onto the ZnO surface.
Self‐Cloning CRISPR
Authors: Arbab Mandana , Sherwood Richard I.
Published: August 2016

CRISPR/Cas9‐gene editing has emerged as a revolutionary technology to easily modify specific genomic loci by designing complementary sgRNA sequences and introducing these into cells along with Cas9. Self‐cloning CRISPR/Cas9 (scCRISPR) uses a self‐cleaving palindromic sgRNA plasmid (sgPal) that recombines with short PCR‐amplified site‐specific sgRNA sequences within the target cell by homologous recombination to circumvent the process of sgRNA plasmid construction. Through this mechanism, scCRISPR enables gene editing within 2 hr once sgRNA oligos are available, with high efficiency equivalent to conventional sgRNA targeting: >90% gene knockout in both mouse and human embryonic stem cells and cancer cell lines. Furthermore, using PCR‐based addition of short homology arms, we achieve efficient site‐specific knock‐in of transgenes such as GFP without traditional plasmid cloning or genome‐integrated selection cassette (2% to 4% knock‐in rate). The methods in this paper describe the most rapid and efficient means of CRISPR gene editing. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comprehensive Protocols for CRISPR/Cas9‐based Gene Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Santos David P. , Kiskinis Evangelos , Eggan Kevin , Merkle Florian T.
Published: August 2016

Genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with the CRISPR/Cas9 system has the potential to revolutionize hPSC‐based disease modeling, drug screening, and transplantation therapy. Here, we aim to provide a single resource to enable groups, even those with limited experience with hPSC culture or the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to successfully perform genome editing. The methods are presented in detail and are supported by a theoretical framework to allow for the incorporation of inevitable improvements in the rapidly evolving gene‐editing field. We describe protocols to generate hPSC lines with gene‐specific knock‐outs, small targeted mutations, or knock‐in reporters. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neural Stem Cell or Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived GABA‐ergic Progenitor Cell Grafting in an Animal Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Upadhya Dinesh , Hattiangady Bharathi , Shetty Geetha A. , Zanirati Gabriele , Kodali Maheedhar , Shetty Ashok K.
Published: August 2016

Grafting of neural stem cells (NSCs) or GABA‐ergic progenitor cells (GPCs) into the hippocampus could offer an alternative therapy to hippocampal resection in patients with drug‐resistant chronic epilepsy, which afflicts >30% of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) cases. Multipotent, self‐renewing NSCs could be expanded from multiple regions of the developing and adult brain, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). On the other hand, GPCs could be generated from the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences of the embryonic brain and from hESCs and hiPSCs. To provide comprehensive methodologies involved in testing the efficacy of transplantation of NSCs and GPCs in a rat model of chronic TLE, NSCs derived from the rat medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and MGE‐like GPCs derived from hiPSCs are taken as examples in this unit. The topics comprise description of the required materials, reagents and equipment, methods for obtaining rat MGE‐NSCs and hiPSC‐derived MGE‐like GPCs in culture, generation of chronically epileptic rats, intrahippocampal grafting procedure, post‐grafting evaluation of the effects of grafts on spontaneous recurrent seizures and cognitive and mood impairments, analyses of the yield and the fate of graft‐derived cells, and the effects of grafts on the host hippocampus. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bottom‐up Meets Top‐down: Complementary Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Regulatory Approval of a Dosing Algorithm of Valganciclovir in Very Young Children
Authors: Jorga K , Chavanne C , Frey N , Lave T , Lukacova V , Parrott N , Peck R , Reigner B
Published: August 2016

Population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are frequently used to support pediatric drug development. Both methods have strengths and limitations and we used them complementarily to support the regulatory approval of a dosing algorithm for valganciclovir (VGCV) in children <4 months old. An existing pediatric PBPK model was extended to neonates and showed that potential physiological differences compared with older children are minor. The PopPK model was used to simulate ganciclovir (GCV) exposures in children with population typical combinations of body size and renal function and to assess the effectiveness of an alternative dosing algorithm suggested by the US Food and Drug Administration. PBPK and PopPK confirmed that the proposed VGCV dosing algorithm achieves similar GCV exposures in children of all ages and that the alternative dosing algorithm leads to underexposure in a substantial fraction of patients. Our approach raised the confidence in the VGCV dosing algorithm for children <4 months old and supported the regulatory approval.
Lysosomal solute carrier transporters gain momentum in research
Authors: Bissa B , Beedle AM , Govindarajan R
Published: August 2016

Emerging evidence indicates that lysosome function extends beyond macromolecular degradation. Genetic and functional defects in components of the lysosomal transport machinery cause lysosomal storage disorders implicating the lysosomal solute carrier (SLC) transporters as essential to vital cell processes. The pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of lysosomal SLC transporters are highlighted here, focusing on recent discoveries in autophagic amino acid sensing (SLC38A9), phagocytic regulation in macrophages (SLC29A3, SLC15A3/A4), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) exocytosis in neurotransmission (SLC17A9), and lysosomal transport of maytansine catabolites into the cytoplasm (SLC46A3).
A Copper Porphyrin‐Based Conjugated Mesoporous Polymer‐Derived Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Cui Shengsheng , Qian Manman , Liu Xiang , Sun Zijun , Du Pingwu
Published: August 2016

Scalable and robust catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are required for the implementation of water splitting technologies as a globally applicable method of producing renewable hydrogen. Herein, we report nitrogen‐enriched porous carbon materials containing copper/copper oxide, derived from copper porphyrin‐based conjugated mesoporous polymers (CMPs), as a bifunctional catalyst for both HER and OER. These catalysts have a high surface area, unique tubular structure, and strong synergistic effect of copper/copper oxide and porous carbons, resulting in excellent performance for water splitting. Under optimal conditions, the catalyst exhibits a quite low overpotential for OER (350 mV to reach 1.0 mA cm−2 and 450 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2) in alkaline media, which places it among the best copper‐based water oxidation catalysts reported in the literature. Furthermore, the catalyst shows good catalytic activity for HER at a low overpotential (190 mV to reach 1.0 mA cm−2) as well as a high current density (470 mV to reach 50 mA cm−2). The results suggest that hybridized copper/carbon materials are attractive noble‐metal‐free catalysts for water splitting.
High‐Capacity Layered‐Spinel Cathodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Nayak Prasant Kumar , Levi Elena , Grinblat Judith , Levi Mikhael , Markovsky Boris , Munichandraiah N. , Sun Yang Kook , Aurbach Doron
Published: August 2016

Li and Mn‐rich layered oxides with the general structure x Li2MnO3⋅(1–x) LiMO2 (M=Ni, Mn, Co) are promising cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries because of their high specific capacity, which may be greater than 250 mA h g−1. However, these materials suffer from high first‐cycle irreversible capacity, gradual capacity fading, limited rate capability and discharge voltage decay upon cycling, which prevent their commercialization. The decrease in average discharge voltage is a major issue, which is ascribed to a structural layered‐to‐spinel transformation upon cycling of these oxide cathodes in wide potential ranges with an upper limit higher than 4.5 V and a lower limit below 3 V versus Li. By using four elements systems (Li, Mn, Ni, O) with appropriate stoichiometry, it is possible to prepare high capacity composite cathode materials that contain LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 and LixMnyNizO2 components. The Li and Mn‐rich layered‐spinel cathode materials studied herein exhibit a high specific capacity (≥200 mA h g−1) with good capacity retention upon cycling in a wide potential domain (2.4–4.9 V). The effect of constituent phases on their electrochemical performance, such as specific capacity, cycling stability, average discharge voltage, and rate capability, are explored here. This family of materials can provide high specific capacity, high rate capability, and promising cycle life. Using Co‐free cathode materials is also an obvious advantage of these systems.
A low complexity pre‐distortion scheme for power amplifier linearization in wideband applications
Authors: Varahram Pooria , Dooley John , Finnerty Keith , Farrell Ronan
Published: August 2016

In this paper, a nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) digital pre‐distortion scheme to linearize power amplifiers is proposed. The proposed NARX digital pre‐distortion gives better accuracy and spectral leakage suppression compared with other commonly used Volterra‐based techniques. The stability criterion of the NARX digital pre‐distortion is derived from the frequency domain analysis. Simulation is carried out with a 20 MHz single carrier long‐term evolution signal and two‐carrier long‐term evolution signal and instantaneous to average ratio of 6.2 dB at 0.01% complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). The results of simulation analysis show a slight improvement in adjacent channel leakage ratio performance with 30% reduction in the number of floating point operations compared with conventional pre‐distortion techniques. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parathyromatosis—A rare occurrence along the endoscopic tract detected on fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Sharma Sudha , Dey Pranab , Gude Geethanjali , Saikia Uma Nahar
Published: August 2016

Parathyromatosis is a rare cause of recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. The knowledge of such an entity is essential for clinical suspicion as well as cytological diagnosis and can be confirmed by ancillary techniques. We report a case, previously operated endoscopically for parathyroid adenoma, who presented with recurrent hyperparathyroidism and was found to have multiple tiny subcutaneous chest wall nodules along the endoscopic tract. Fine needle aspiration cytology coupled with immunocytochemistry confirmed parathyroid tissue. Clinical awareness of this entity can help in early detection of the cause of persistent hyperparathyroidism in these patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:1125–1127. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ghost of invasives past: rat eradication and the community composition and energy flow of island bird communities
Authors: Tabak Michael A. , Poncet Sally , Passfield Ken , Goheen Jacob R. , Martinez del Rio Carlos
Published: August 2016

In the Falkland Islands, islands with invasive rats have fewer passerine species compared to islands without rats. On islands on which rats have been eradicated, passerine species richness is indistinguishable from that found on islands historically free of rats, but community composition differs between these two island types. In particular, the most dominant species on historically rat‐free islands, Cinclodes antarcticus, is less abundant and prevalent on eradicated islands. We compared passerine energy flow on islands with rats, islands from which rats have been eradicated, and islands on which rats were historically absent. Passerine communities on islands historically without rats used nine times more energy than on islands with rats present. Despite equivalent passerine species richness, passerine energy flow was approximately half on islands from which rats had been eradicated compared to historically rat‐free islands. Because passerine energy flow was determined by community composition and not by species richness, passerine species within this community appear to be functionally complementary and not functionally redundant. At least one species, C. antarcticus, plays an irreplaceable role. Our results also document the dramatic and lingering effects of invasive species following their eradication, and the importance of species complementarity for the resilience of community properties.
Amine Functionalization through Sequential Quinone‐Catalyzed Oxidation/Nucleophilic Addition
Authors: Leon Martin A. , Liu Xinyun , Phan Johnny H. , Clift Michael D.
Published: August 2016

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of α‐branched amines through formal oxidative C–H functionalization is reported. A commercially available quinone organocatalyst is employed to promote the aerobic oxidation of primary amines to the corresponding N‐protected imines, which are then trapped in situ with an appropriate nucleophile to give access to versatile functionalized amines in good to excellent yields (70–90 %).
Auto‐Tandem Catalysis: Activation of Multiple, Mechanistically Distinct Process by a Single Catalyst
Authors: Camp Jason E.
Published: August 2016

Auto‐tandem catalysis (ATC) is a powerful method for the synthesis of heterocycles and carbocycles as well as acyclic compounds. The process is defined as a single reagent catalysing multiple, mechanistically distinct processes of a chemical reaction. In this review recent advances in ATC using transition metal catalysts is described. In particular, the use of different catalytic systems for the controlled synthesis of the desired product, enantioselective synthesises in which multiple bonds are formed and mechanistic investigations are illustrated with applications to the synthesis of heterocycles and carbocycles as well as acyclic compounds. New approaches that use earth abundant catalysts, greener solvents or increased catalyst efficiency are highlighted. Examples of ATC reaction development are also included. In addition, ATC processes are used as key steps in the synthesis of natural products as well as biologically active compounds.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Potassium Ion Cooperatively Catalyzed Phenylation Reactions of α,β‐Unsaturated Acylazoliums
Authors: Zheng Jinhua , Zhu Kejie , Yuan Yaofeng , Cheng Jiajia
Published: August 2016

A catalytic phenylation reaction of α,β‐unsaturated acylazoliums with in‐situ‐generated phenolates was developed. A combination of N‐heterocyclic carbene and potassium ion cooperatively catalyzed the generation of α,β‐unsaturated acylazoliums and phenolates from α,β‐unsaturated phenolic esters for the efficient [3+3] annulation, which involves a dearomatization–rearomatization process. The approach gives good yields and excellent regioselectivities, and the products could be easily converted into high‐value polycyclic derivatives. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the potassium ion plays a vital role in this reaction.
Di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate: Adverse effects on folliculogenesis that cannot be neglected
Authors: Zhang Teng , Shen Wei , De Felici Massimo , Zhang Xi‐Feng
Published: August 2016

Primordial follicle formation and the subsequent transition of follicles through primary and secondary stages constitute crucial events of oogenesis. In particular, in mammals, defects in the processes that precede and accompany the formation of the primordial follicle pool can affect the size of this population significantly, while alterations in follicle activation, growth and maturation can result in premature depletion of the follicle reserve or cause follicle arrest at immature stages. Over the last decade, in vitro and in vivo approaches have been used to provide evidence that exposure to di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP), the most widely used plasticizer, has a deleterious effect on various stages of folliculogenesis in rodents. There is growing concern, supported by epidemiological and experimental data, that DEHP may have similar effects in women. This article reviews the evidence, with particular reference to our own findings, that DEHP may actually exert a variety of adverse effects on mammalian folliculogenesis from early to final stages of oogenesis, including altered development of the primordial germ cells, impaired fetal oocyte survival and meiotic progression, reduced oocyte nest breakdown, acceleration of primordial follicle activation, altered follicle steroidogenesis and increased follicle atresia. These effects can cause serious complications for reproductive and nonreproductive women's health. In addition, emerging data indicate that phthalates, including DEHP, may cause subtle epigenetic changes in germ cells that can be transmitted to subsequent generations, with potential negative effects on human health. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589–604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Make your office a resource, not a roadblock
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2016

Jody Ragan, registrar at Simpson College, likes feeling that she is part of the solution for students and is doing something good. Ragan decided she wanted to be a registrar when she was a senior in college majoring in accounting. She had a campus job working with degree completion and got to know the registrar. She liked that the registrar profession is the right mix of people and figures.
The Influence of Structural Configuration on Charge Accumulation, Transport, Recombination, and Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Hao‐Yi , Han Jun , Yu Man , Hao Ming‐Yang , Qin Yujun , Fu Li‐Min , Zhang Jian‐Ping , Ai Xi‐Cheng
Published: August 2016

Behind the outstanding photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the correlation between the structural configuration of the PSCs and the mechanism of photoelectric conversion is still not fully understood. In this paper, two types of PSCs with different structural configurations, that is, mesoporous (meso) and planar, were prepared, and systematic optoelectronic transient studies were performed on these devices. Although the photovoltaic performances of the tested meso‐ and planar‐PSCs were comparable, the different structural configurations resulted in distinct charge dynamics and photoelectric conversion mechanisms. By taking the dynamic results into account, the influence of a meso‐TiO2 layer on charge accumulation, transport, and recombination was elucidated. More importantly, an excessively slow temporal response component in the optoelectronic transients was observed, which was proven to be linked to specific hysteresis phenomena in the PSCs. The experimental results collectively indicated that the hysteresis, which showed strong dependence on device structure and charge dynamics, was irrelevant to charge trapping or ferroelectricity but probably resulted from interfacial charge accumulation and/or ion migration. This work provides deep insight into the structure–function relationship in PSCs and highlights the effect of hysteresis on charge dynamics.
Lignin as alternative fuel: an estimate of the thermal energy generation potential from brazilian crops
Authors: José Horst Diogo , Jairo Ramírez Behainne Jhon , Paulo de Andrade Junior Pedro
Published: August 2016

Looking for alternatives to promote the diversification of the Brazilian energy grid through the utilization of renewable fuels, this forecasting study evaluates the potential to generate thermal energy from lignins extracted of several crops in the period 2015–2021. The estimates were carried out taking into account two biomass particle size distributions (ranged between 105–500 µm and 1000–2000 µm) and two extraction methods (Klason and Willstatter) to assess the lignin yields obtained from five well‐known Brazilian crops. Results revealed that lignins obtained from the sugarcane bagasse, wood chips, and corn straw would have the highest potential to provide thermal energy when data of lignin yields, higher heating values, and crops production are considered. The estimate suggests that in 2021 this alternate fuel could supply more than 1320 × 106 GJ yr−1 of thermal energy from the five crops analyzed, owing to the expected increase of the acreage and production for the most crops studied here in the next years. Recognizing that more studies are still needed, mainly in terms of economic feasibility, results of this work warn about possible additional benefits in developing the large‐scale production of second‐generation ethanol (via hydrolysis), in which lignin fractions from several crops could be separated and recovered for using them as new energy resource. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 717–722, 2017
The freshwater bivalve Corbicula australis as a sentinel species for metal toxicity assessment: An in situ case study integrating chemical and biomarker analyses
Authors: Taylor Anne M. , Edge Katelyn J. , Ubrihien Rodney P. , Maher William A.
Published: August 2016

A weight of evidence approach in environmental assessment includes the use of biomonitor organisms to measure biologically available contaminant concentrations and lethal and sublethal responses in an exposure, dose, and response framework. Corbicula australis was assessed as a test species for metal toxicity using in situ river sediment exposures at 4 locations in the Molonglo River (New South Wales, Australia), which has a legacy of sediment metal contamination, following 8 decades of mining in its upper reaches. A sediment metal contamination gradient was evident from 12.5 km to 47 km downstream of the mine, as follows: zinc (851–130 mg/kg) > lead (104–7 mg/kg) > copper (31–5 mg/kg) > cadmium (2–0.3 mg/kg). Exposed C. australis accumulated the following metals in tissue: zinc (1358–236 μg/g) > copper (24–20 μg/g) > cadmium (4.7–0.7 μg/g) = lead (4.2–1.8 μg/g). Biomarker responses showed increased sublethal impairment with increased tissue metal concentrations. Total antioxidant capacity was mildly impaired, with corresponding increased lipid peroxidation and lysosomal membrane destabilization at the higher tissue metal concentrations. Corbicula australis proved to be an effective biomonitor organism for sediment metal assessment, as it is able to accumulate metals relative to sediment concentrations and showed a pattern of increased sublethal impairment with increased tissue metal concentration. It is recommended as a suitable species for incorporation into local freshwater monitoring and assessment programs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:709–719. © 2016 SETAC
Interactions between Bt crops and aquatic ecosystems: A review
Authors: Venter Hermoine J. , Bøhn Thomas
Published: August 2016

The term Bt crops collectively refers to crops that have been genetically modified to include a gene (or genes) sourced from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria. These genes confer the ability to produce proteins toxic to certain insect pests. The interaction between Bt crops and adjacent aquatic ecosystems has received limited attention in research and risk assessment, despite the fact that some Bt crops have been in commercial use for 20 yr. Reports of effects on aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna, Elliptio complanata, and Chironomus dilutus suggest that some aquatic species may be negatively affected, whereas other reports suggest that the decreased use of insecticides precipitated by Bt crops may benefit aquatic communities. The present study reviews the literature regarding entry routes and exposure pathways by which aquatic organisms may be exposed to Bt crop material, as well as feeding trials and field surveys that have investigated the effects of Bt-expressing plant material on such organisms. The present review also discusses how Bt crop development has moved past single-gene events, toward multigene stacked varieties that often contain herbicide resistance genes in addition to multiple Bt genes, and how their use (in conjunction with co-technology such as glyphosate/Roundup) may impact and interact with aquatic ecosystems. Lastly, suggestions for further research in this field are provided. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2891–2902. © 2016 SETAC
Effects of two commonly used fungicides on the amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis
Authors: Vu Hung T. , Keough Michael J. , Long Sara M. , Pettigrove Vincent J.
Published: August 2016

Fungicides are used widely in agriculture and have been detected in adjacent rivers and wetlands. However, relatively little is known about the potential effects of fungicides on aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the effects of 2 commonly used fungicides, the boscalid fungicide Filan® and the myclobutanil fungicide Systhane™ 400 WP, on life history traits (survival, growth, and reproduction) and energy reserves (lipid, protein, and glycogen content) of the amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis under laboratory conditions, at concentrations detected in aquatic environments. Amphipods were exposed to 3 concentrations of Filan (1 μg active ingredient [a.i.]/L, 10 μg a.i./L, and 40 μg a.i./L) and Systhane (0.3 μg a.i./L, 3 μg a.i./L, and 30 μg a.i./L) over 56 d. Both fungicides had similar effects on the amphipod at the organism level. Reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint, with offspring produced in controls but none produced in any of the fungicide treatments, and total numbers of gravid females in all fungicide treatments were reduced by up to 95%. Female amphipods were more sensitive than males in terms of growth. Systhane had significant effects on survival at all concentrations, whereas significant effects of Filan on survival were observed only at 10 μg a.i./L and 40 μg a.i./L. The effects of fungicides on energy reserves of the female amphipod were different. Filan significantly reduced amphipod protein content, whereas Systhane significantly reduced the lipid content. The present study demonstrates wide-ranging effects of 2 common fungicides on an ecologically important species that has a key role in trophic transfer and nutrient recycling in aquatic environments. These results emphasize the importance of considering the long-term effects of fungicides in the risk assessment of aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:720–726. © 2016 SETAC
Large tumor suppressor homologs 1 and 2 regulate mouse liver progenitor cell proliferation and maturation through antagonism of the coactivators YAP and TAZ
Authors: Yi Jing , Lu Li , Yanger Kilangsungla , Wang Wenqi , Sohn Bo Hwa , Stanger Ben Z. , Zhang Min , Martin James F. , Ajani Jaffer A. , Chen Junjie , Lee Ju‐Seog , Song Shumei , Johnson Randy L.
Published: August 2016

In the adult liver, the Hippo pathway mammalian STE20‐like protein kinases 1 and 2 and large tumor suppressor homologs 1 and 2 (LATS1/2) control activation of the transcriptional coactivators Yes‐associated protein (YAP) and WW domain containing transcription regulator 1 (TAZ) in hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, thereby regulating liver cell proliferation, differentiation, and malignant transformation. Less is known about the contribution of Hippo signaling to liver development. We used conditional mutagenesis to show that the Hippo signaling pathway kinases LATS1 and LATS2 are redundantly required during mouse liver development to repress YAP and TAZ in both the biliary epithelial and hepatocyte lineages. In the absence of LATS1/2, biliary epithelial cells exhibit excess proliferation while hepatoblasts fail to mature into hepatocytes, defects that result in perinatal lethality. Using an in vitro hepatocyte differentiation assay, we demonstrate that YAP activity decreases and Hippo pathway kinase activities increase upon differentiation. In addition, we show that YAP activation in vitro, resulting from either depletion of its negative regulators LATS1/2 or expression of a mutant form of YAP that is less efficiently phosphorylated by LATS1/2, results in transcriptional suppression of genes that normally accompany hepatocyte maturation. Moreover, we provide evidence that YAP activity is repressed by Hippo pathway activation upon hepatocytic maturation in vitro. Finally, we examine the localization of YAP during fetal liver development and show that higher levels of YAP are found in biliary epithelial cells, while in hepatocytes YAP levels decrease with hepatocyte maturation. Conclusion: Hippo signaling, mediated by the LATS1 and LATS2 kinases, is required to restrict YAP and TAZ activation during both biliary and hepatocyte differentiation. These findings suggest that dynamic regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway plays an important role in differentiation and functional maturation of the liver. (Hepatology 2016;64:1757‐1772).
Hepatitis C virus transmission among human immunodeficiency virus‐infected men who have sex with men: Modeling the effect of behavioral and treatment interventions
Authors: Salazar‐Vizcaya Luisa , Kouyos Roger D. , Zahnd Cindy , Wandeler Gilles , Battegay Manuel , Darling Katharine Elizabeth Anna , Bernasconi Enos , Calmy Alexandra , Vernazza Pietro , Furrer Hansjakob , Egger Matthias , Keiser Olivia , Rauch Andri ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: August 2016

The incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected men who have sex with men has increased in recent years and is associated with high‐risk sexual behavior. Behavioral interventions that target high‐risk behavior associated with HCV transmission and treatment with direct‐acting antivirals may prevent further HCV infections. We predicted the effect of behavioral and treatment interventions on HCV incidence and prevalence among HIV‐infected men who have sex with men up to 2030 using a HCV transmission model parameterized with data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. We assessed behavioral interventions associated with further increase, stabilization, and decrease in the size of the population with high‐risk behavior. Treatment interventions included increase in treatment uptake and use of direct‐acting antivirals. If we assumed that without behavioral interventions high‐risk behavior spread further according to the trends observed over the last decade and that the treatment practice did not change, HCV incidence converged to 10.7/100 person‐years. All assessed behavioral interventions alone resulted in reduced HCV transmissions. Stabilization of high‐risk behavior combined with increased treatment uptake and the use of direct‐acting antivirals reduced incidence by 77% (from 2.2 in 2015 to 0.5/100 person‐years) and prevalence by 81% (from 4.8% in 2015 to 0.9%) over the next 15 years. Increasing treatment uptake was more effective than increasing treatment efficacy to reduce HCV incidence and prevalence. A decrease in high‐risk behavior led to a rapid decline in HCV incidence, independent of treatment interventions. Conclusion: Treatment interventions to curb the HCV epidemic among HIV‐infected men who have sex with men are effective if high‐risk behavior does not increase as it has during the last decade; reducing high‐risk behavior associated with HCV transmission would be the most effective intervention for controlling the HCV epidemic, even if this was not accompanied by an increase in treatment uptake or efficacy. (Hepatology 2016;64:1856‐1869).
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Cooling Performance of Mini‐ and Microheat Exchangers
Authors: Marzougui Mbarek , Nmiri Chiraz , Hammami Mahmoud , Maad Rejeb Ben
Published: August 2016

This paper presents an experimental investigation of forced convection heat transfer in two heat sinks for electronic system cooling and investigated the comparisons of the thermal behavior of the mini‐ and microchannel heat exchangers. The hydraulic dimension of one of the heat sinks is 2 mm while that of the other is . Deionized water was used as the working fluid for studies conducted in both the heat exchangers. The effect of heat flux and volumetric flow rate (in laminar flow regime) on temperature and heat transfer coefficient is studied. Irrespective of the average heat transfer coefficient and the total thermal resistance, advantages and limitations of each device are analyzed and discussed in the light of experimental results. Furthermore, the results obtained from the experiments were in good agreement with those obtained from the design theory analyses.
Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced MR Imaging Predicts Simeprevir‐Induced Hyperbilirubinemia During Hepatitis C Virus Treatment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Okubo Hironao , Kitamura Tsuneo , Ando Hitoshi , Fukada Hiroo , Igusa Yuki , Kokubu Shigehiro , Miyazaki Akihisa , Fujimura Akio , Shiina Shuichiro , Watanabe Sumio
Published: August 2016

Simeprevir is a substrate for organic anion‐transporting polypeptides (OATPs) that transport bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinemia is an adverse event reported during treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients with simeprevir plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Because gadoxetic acid is also a substrate of OATPs, pretreatment gadoxetic acid–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may predict hyperbilirubinemia during treatment. This prospective study therefore evaluated 11 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C who underwent gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI prior to treatment with simeprevir plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin for 12 weeks, followed by pegylated interferon and ribavirin for an additional 12 weeks. Their contrast enhancement index (CEI), an index of liver parenchymal enhancement during the hepatobiliary phase, was assessed before treatment. Plasma trough concentrations (Ctrough) of simeprevir were determined 7 days after its administration, and serum bilirubin concentrations were measured throughout the course of treatment. Six patients (55%) developed hyperbilirubinemia (≥1.6 mg/dL) during treatment. Ctrough was significantly higher in patients with than without hyperbilirubinemia (P = .009), with a strong inverse relationship between CEI and Ctrough (r = ‐0.911, P < .001). CEI was significantly lower in patients with than without hyperbilirubinemia (P = .009), but there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in pretreatment serum albumin concentrations and FIB‐4 index, an index of liver fibrosis. Hepatic enhancement with gadoxetic acid was related to Ctrough of simeprevir. Gadoxetic acid‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may predict the development of hyperbilirubinemia during treatment of hepatitis C patients with simeprevir plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
Abnormal dynamic community structure of the salience network in depression
Authors: Wei Maobin , Qin Jiaolong , Yan Rui , Bi Kun , Liu Chu , Yao Zhijian , Lu Qing
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To detect the consecutive variations of the internetwork interactions over time, which helps to discover the underlying dysfunction of depressive disorders. Abnormal interactions of resting‐state functional networks have been reported in depression. However, little is known regarding the dynamics of how these crucial networks interact and the disease‐related dysfunction.

Materials and Methods

Functional magnetic resonance imaging data at 3.0T in the resting state were acquired from 20 depressed patients and 20 healthy controls. Twelve resting‐state networks were extracted by group‐independent component analysis, and their interactions were calculated through a sliding windowed Granger causality model analysis. The acquired effective connectivity matrices were used to construct multislice networks with modular structures that were detected via a multislice community detection method.

Results

No significant differences were observed in the modularity and total module numbers between the depressed patients and the healthy controls. ThePvalues were 0.133 with a confidence interval (–0.0001 0.0093) and 0.136 with a confidence interval (–0.30 0.90), respectively. However, the depressed patients exhibited decreased flexibility of the salience network (SN) compared with the controls (P = 0.048, corrected, with a confidence interval 0.0068 0.066).

Conclusion

SN was inclined to participate less in the multiple brain functional modules across the resting time in depression, and infrequently changed its modular allegiance. These findings support the potential importance of the SN in the neuropathological mechanism of depression.

Level of Evidence:1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:1135–1143
Epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus in Asia: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Zhang Tiejun , Wang Linding
Published: August 2016

Kaposi's sarcoma—associated herpes virus (KSHV) also referred to as human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8), is a gamma herpes virus and recently discovered human virus. Since its discovery, a myriad of studies has been conducted to explore its pathogenesis mechanisms. However, despite our consistently increasing understanding of KSHV biology and its clinical manifestations, only little progress has been made in understanding of its epidemiology characteristics which in turn hampered the management of KSHV‐associated diseases and public health. Asia, the largest continent with a diversity of populations, has been thought to be with relative lower KSHV prevalence and diseases burden. The epidemiology of KSHV in this area is obscure either. The present review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to the epidemiology of KSHV across Asian countries. Studies available in the literature have shown a substantial variation in this region indicating the virus is not ubiquitous in Asia countries as is the case with other human herpes viruses. Also, the MSM has been reconfirmed to be at the highest risk of KSHV infection in Asia highlighting the need for an increased focus on this previously marginalized population. Because of the paucity of data available, the epidemiologic characteristics of KSHV are difficult to determine in Asian countries. Future systematic collection of data to inform KSHV prevention strategies in Asia is urgently needed. J. Med. Virol. 89:563–570, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of group A rotavirus infection after the introduction of monovalent vaccine in the National Immunization Program of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al‐Ayed Mohammed Saeed Zayed , Asaad Ahmed Morad , Qureshi Mohamed Ansar , Hawan Ali Abdullah
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of group A rotavirus (RVA) gastroenteritis and the distribution of the RVA genotypes as well as to determine a possible change in the age of occurrence of the RVA infection in the first 2 years after Rotarix® vaccine introduction in Saudi Arabia. This descriptive study included 850 hospitalized children <5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis (AG) between October 2013 and September 2015. Overall, 78 (9.2%) children were positive for RVA during the study period with a positivity rate ranging from 11.3% in the first year of the study to 6.8% in the second year. G1 (47.4%) was the predominant G type, followed by G2 (28.2%) and G9 (10.3%). The most common P type was P[8] (69.2%) followed by P[4] (25.6%). The decrease in the prevalence of G1P[8] from 51% to 37.1% was associated with an increase in the prevalence of G2P[4] from 21.6% to 33.3% during the 2‐year study period. This study demonstrated a significant decrease in the prevalence of RVA‐AG cases in the first 2‐year period after vaccine introduction, especially in the age group between 1 and 12 months, and a reduction in the circulation of G1P[6]. The parallel rise and spread of G2P[4] in post‐vaccination period might pose an impact to long‐term vaccine efficacy. Continued surveillance studies in different Saudi regions are crucial to document the effectiveness of Rotarix® vaccine and evaluate the potential emergence of rare/novel RVA genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 89:429–434, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Novel Kinetic Approach for Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye with CdS and Ag/CdS Nanoparticles Fixed on a Cement Bed in a Continuous‐Flow Photoreactor
Authors: Fard Narges Elmi , Fazaeli Reza
Published: August 2016

Azo dyes are one of the synthetic dyes that have been used in many textile industries. Azo dye and their intermediate products are toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to aquatic life. Removal of azo dyes is one of the main challenges before releasing the wastes discharged by textile industries. Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by nanoparticles is one of the environment‐friendly methods used for the removal of dyes from textile effluents. Therefore, this study focused on degradation of azo dye, Direct Red 264. Photocatalytic degradation of DR 264 azo dye was investigated using CdS and Ag/CdS nanoparticles immobilized on a cement bed in a continuous‐flow photoreactor under UV‐C exposure. The effect of the parameters of type and mass of catalyst, temperature, flow rate, dye concentration, and light intensity were evaluated for azo dye removal. Under optimal conditions, photocatalytic degradation of DR 264 azo dye using Ag/CdS nanoparticles immobilized on a cement bed in a continuous‐flow photoreactor obtained an efficiency of 99.99%. A developed kinetic model was proposed based on the intrinsic elementary reactions. The proposed model is in a good agreement with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) equation. The pseudo–steady‐state approximation has considered for the concentration of hydroxyl radicals associated with the L–H model under certain conditions and explains consistently the dependence of the apparent kinetic parameter, kobs (the reaction rate constant), and KR (the adsorption equilibrium constant) with the light intensity. Based on the model, kobs for Ag/CdS was greater than the CdS nanoparticles.
Recurrence of sinonasal inverted papilloma following surgical approach: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Jong Seung , Kwon Sam Hyun
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Inverted papilloma (IP) is a rare benign tumor, which is found in the sinonasal area. It is characterized by recurrence, local destruction, and malignant change. Of these, recurrence is a challenging problem to many otolaryngologists. In this study, we evaluated recurrence based on the type of surgical approach using a meta‐analysis.

Study Design

MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane database.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified by searching the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane through February 2016. Random‐effects models were used to estimate risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of cohort studies.

Results

Our search yielded 14 retrospective cohort studies involving a total of 696 endoscopic approaches and 444 nonendoscopic approaches. The pooled RR for IP recurrence (endoscopic vs. external approach) was 0.56 [95% CI: 0.36‐0.85, I2=48.3%]. A subgroup analysis was also performed.

Conclusions

Surgical management of IP via an endoscopic approach reduces the risk of recurrence compared to an external approach. Although further data are needed, early‐ stage IP requires endoscopic or endoscopic‐assisted surgery to reduce the risk of tumor recurrence.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:52–58, 2017
Facile Fabrication of PEGylated Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Feature via Formation of Dynamic Bonds and Their Biological Imaging Applications
Authors: Long Zi , Liu Meiying , Wan Qing , Mao Liucheng , Huang Hongye , Zeng Guangjian , Wan Yiqun , Deng Fengjie , Zhang Xiaoyong , Wei Yen
Published: August 2016

Driven by the high demand for sensitive and specific tools for optical imaging, fluorescent nanoprobes with various working mechanisms and advanced functionalities are flourishing at an incredible speed. This work reports the design and fabrication of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐active fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FNPs) via forming dynamic phenyl borate between diol containing hydrophobic AIE dye (APD‐PhCHO) and phenylboronic acid pendant hydrophilic polymers (PEGMA‐VPBA) within 30 min. The final AIE‐active APD‐PhCHO‐PEGMA‐VPBA FNPs display high water dispersibility and strong fluorescence emission because of their amphiphilic properties and AIE feature. Biological evaluation suggests that APD‐PhCHO‐PEGMA‐VPBA FNPs possess negative effect on HeLa cells and desirable optical properties for biological imaging. More importantly, phenyl borate is a dynamic bond with pH and glucose responsiveness. Furthermore, different functions can be designed and introduced into these AIE‐active systems through adoption of different monomers for good applicability of free radical polymerization. Therefore, this work provides a novel platform for preparation of multifunctional AIE‐active nanosystems with responsiveness for various biomedical applications.

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