bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Copyright Issues for Use of Architectural Works on Metaverse
Authors:   Korea Copyright Commission, JEONG JIN KEUN
Published: January 2023

In a virtual world such as the metaverse, architectural works in the real world are duplicated by imitating the real world or fusion with the real world. In this new convergence environment, it was examined whether virtual world buildings infringe copyrights on real world buildings. Since the virtual world architecture can be recognized for its creativity by imposing creativity on its elements, computer programs and design elements, it is possible to protect such creative expressions by copyright. And, if only the shape of the virtual world building is copied into the virtual world building, there is a high possibility of copyright infringement. On the other hand, if real-world buildings are implemented in the virtual world, copyright infringement is likely to be denied as it corresponds to ‘Freedom of Panorama’. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to carefully examine whether there is copyright infringement on architectural works implemented in virtual space, and it is necessary to present guidelines for the use of architectural works in virtual space for such services are activated in the near future.
O cordel de Leandro Gomes de Barros: um retirante na capital pernambucana, um poeta entre dois mundos
Authors: Peixoto de Lacerda Erasmo
Published: January 2023

O presente artigo traz uma análise da obra do poeta Leandro Gomes de Barros, que publicou seus cordéis em folhetos a partir da cidade de Recife, no início do século XX. Marginalizado e pensado como de menor importância, entre os cânones literários, sua obra pode ser observada de outro modo, de forma que a investigação se propõe a compreender a riqueza de sua literatura, colocando-o como um “poeta em trânsito”, transitando entre o antigo e o moderno, entre o interior e a capital, entre o oral e o escrito, entre os ricos e os pobres, entre os letrados e os iletrados. Para tal, buscou-se situá-lo socialmente, compreender as conexões entre a vida e a obra, assim como aproximar-se do público com o qual dialogava, compreendendo, deste modo, a riqueza de sua produção literária, uma janela para vislumbrar diferentes segmentos da sociedade pernambucana e brasileira no início do século.
Pautas de selección de padrinos y nominación para las progenies en la diócesis de Lugo en el siglo XVIII
Authors: González López Tamara
Published: January 2023

El sacramento bautismal era el rito de entrada en la comunidad y en el seno familiar. Como tal, era administrado en los primeros días de vida por lo que constituía la primera ocasión en la que se podía recibir un trato diferenciado en función del sexo y orden de nacimiento dentro de la prole. El presente texto analiza la elección de padrinos, transmisión de nombres paternos y otros elementos relacionados con el bautismo de grupos de hermanos. El objetivo es analizar si existía un tratamiento diferenciado entre los hijos al nacer en lo tocante al padrinazgo. Para ello, nos centramos en las áreas rurales de la diócesis de Lugo en el siglo XVIII.
GENERALIZATION OF THE THEORY OF A NEW METHOD OF MODULATION AND DEMODULATION OF A RANDOM SIGNAL
Authors:   Institute of Radioelectronics, service and diagnostics,  pr. Mira 57, 644077, Omsk, Russia, Veshkurtsev Yu.M.
Published: January 2023

A new method of modulation and demodulation of a quasi-deterministic signal is investigated, which in the future opens up great opportunities for improving the efficiency of digital systems. The method contains new technical solutions for transforming a random signal, including the modulation of the characteristic function and the measurement of estimates of the real and imaginary parts of this function. The purpose of this work is the development of optimal algorithms and generalization of the theory of the new modulation and demodulation method by using new elements (algorithms) when transforming a random signal using the arcsine distribution law. Single-channel and dual-channel modems are considered for operation in a radio channel and in a wired channel respectively. The comparison of characteristics of the modems with optimal and non-optimal modulation algorithms is performed, wherein the characteristics of the first modem turn out to be an order of magnitude better than the second modem. It has been established that the modems have different noise immunity in a channel with «white» noise and in this indicator surpass the known modems by at least ten orders of magnitude. The energy efficiency of the modems is high and exceeds the efficiency of QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) signal modems by 10 dB at the error probability level of 1∙10-10.
Bromophenols from Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada as Novel Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Paudel Pradeep , Park Se Eun , Seong Su Hui , Fauzi Fazlin Mohd , Jung Hyun Ah , Choi Jae Sue
Published: January 2023

Background: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the most abundant peptides in the central nervous system and is believed to function as a neurotransmitter as well as a gut hormone with an inverse correlation of its level to anxiety and depression. Therefore, CCK receptors (CCKRs) could be a relevant target for novel antidepressant therapy. Methods: In silico target prediction was first employed to predict the probability of the bromophenols interacting with key protein targets based on a model trained on known bioactivity data and chemical similarity considerations. Next, we tested the functional effect of natural bromophenols from Symphyocladia latiuscula on the CCK2 receptor followed by a molecular docking simulation to predict interactions between a compound and the binding site of the target protein. Results: Results of cell-based functional G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) assays demonstrate that bromophenols 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (2), and bis-(2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (3) are full CCK2 antagonists. Molecular docking simulation of 1‒3 with CCK2 demonstrated strong binding by means of interaction with prime interacting residues: Arg356, Asn353, Val349, His376, Phe227, and Pro210. Simulation results predicted good binding scores and interactions with prime residues, such as the reference antagonist YM022. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest bromophenols 1–3 are CCK2R antagonists that could be novel therapeutic agents for CCK2R-related diseases, especially anxiety and depression.
Preliminary checklist of the genus Taraxacum (Asteraceae) in North-West European Russia, with five species new for Russia (Taraxacum Notulae Rossiae Boreali Europeae I)
Authors: Efimov P. G. , Trávníček B.
Published: January 2023

According to currently available data, 159 species of genus Taraxacum F. H. Wigg. were reported for North-West Russia (i. e. within the city of Saint-Petersburg, Leningrad Region, Pskov Region, and Novgorod Region), but among them the specimens of only 126 species were identified with reliability. Five Taraxacum species are reported in this article as new for North-West Russia, and for Russia as a whole: T. acervatulum Rail., T. hepaticum Rail., T. macranthoides G. E. Haglund, T. sertatum Kirschner, H. Øllg. et Štěpánek, T. subxanthostigma M. P. Christ. ex H. Øllg. All of them belong to the section Taraxacum. Newly recorded species are illustrated and the list of their herbarium specimens is provided. A brief summary of the taraxacological studies undertaken earlier in North-West Russia is presented as well.
Subjective Logic as a Complementary Tool to Meta-Analysis to Transparently Address Second-Order Uncertainty in Research Findings
Authors: Margoni Francesco , Walkinshaw Neil
Published: January 2023

Any experiment brings about results and conclusions that necessarily have a component of uncertainty. Many factors influence the degree of this uncertainty, yet they can be overlooked when drawing conclusions from a body of research. Here, we showcase how Subjective Logic could be employed as a complementary tool to meta-analysis to incorporate the chosen sources of uncertainty into the answer that researchers seek to provide to their research question. We illustrate this approach by focusing on a body of research already meta-analyzed by one of us, whose overall aim is to assess if human infants possess an intuitive moral sense. We show how each finding can be encoded as a subjective opinion, and how findings can be aggregated to produce an answer that explicitly incorporates uncertainty. We argue that a core feature and strength of this approach is its transparency in the process of factoring in uncertainty and reasoning about research findings. Subjective Logic promises to be a powerful complementary tool to incorporate uncertainty explicitly and transparently in the evaluation of research.
Rumen characteristics and thermo-physiological response of West African Dwarf goats supplemented with pineapple waste and cassava peel concentrates
Authors:   Department of Animal Production, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria., Ajagbe A. D. , Mohammed B. A. ,   Department of Animal Production, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria., Abutusalami D. I. ,   Department of Animal Production, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria., Alfa V. O. ,   Department of Animal Production, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Published: January 2023

The study was conducted to evaluate the rumen characteristics and thermo physiological response of West African Dwarf goats fed pineapple waste and cassava peel concentrate in Anyigba, Kogi State. Twelve growing West African Dwarf goats with average weight 4-5±0.05 kg and approximately 4 to 6 months of age were randomly allotted four (4) dietary treatments with three animals per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design. The rations were 50% ensiled pineapple waste + 50% concentrate, 60% ensiled pineapple waste + 40% concentrate, 70% ensiled pineapple waste + 30% concentrate and 80% ensiled pineapple waste + 20% concentrate respectively. Rumen fluid was collected from the goats at the end of the 60 days feeding trial. The data collected were pH, ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). Results obtained indicated that rumen parameters; TVFA, propionic acid, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen were not significantly different (p>0.05) among dietary treatments except pH and butyric acid. Bacteria count was not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by dietary treatments while protozoa and fungi count were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments with higher values in 60:40 and 80:20 inclusion levels. The result of the thermo-physiological response showed that rectal temperature observed ranged between 32.27 and 38.65°C. Supplemented group fed 60:40 ration had the highest rectal temperature than other treatments. The pulse rate values ranged between 63.25 and 77.75 beats per minute whereby 60:40 fed group also had the highest pulse rate (77.75 beats /min). It can be concluded that the inclusion of pineapple waste supplements and cassava peel concentrate in the diets of West African Dwarf Goat has the potential for optimum rumen ecology with no detrimental effect on the health status of goats. Therefore, ensiled pineapple waste and cassava peel concentrate supplementation of inclusion level at 60:40 to 80:20 levels could be used as an alternative feed material in the diet of growing WAD goats for improved rumen ecology.
Overview of methodology for studying DNA methylation: A review
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu Okigwe, Abia State Nigeria., Uche N. A. , Eboh S. ,   Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja-Itakpe Kogi State Nigeria., Iroanya G. I. ,   Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia United States of America.
Published: January 2023

DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to the 5th carbon atom of cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide. It is a mechanism that causes a change in expression without altering the base sequence. It is associated with a wide range of biological processes, including deactivation of chromosome X, genomic imprinting, stem cell differentiation, gene expression control, and chromosomal stability. There are several methods available to determine the methylation status of DNA samples in the field of epigenetics. However, selecting the method that is best suited to answering a particular biological question still proves to be a difficult task. This review aims to provide biologists, with an outline of methods available, for the determination of DNA Methylation, principally those new to the field of epigenetics, with a modest procedure to help guide them in the selection of the most suitable assay to meet their research requirements, but with a particular focus on commercially available tools or other simple and straightforward explanations that have proven to be effective.
Relationships amongst carcass traits in some breeds of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bucks
Authors:   Department of Animal Science, Kaduna State University, Kafanchan Campus, Nigeria., Mallam I. , Hussaini Y. I. ,   Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Shabu Campus, Nigeria., John P. A. ,   Department of Animal Science, Ahmad Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria., Sechii J. ,   Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Shabu Campus, Nigeria., Jerry E. M. ,   Department of Animal Science, Kaduna State University, Kafanchan Campus, Nigeria.
Published: January 2023

Thirty-two (32) rabbit bucks of 15-16 weeks (105-112 days) of age comprising of 10 bucks of New Zealand white (NZ), 11 bucks of Chinchilla (CH), and 11 bucks of Dutch (DH) breed with an average weight of 1266 g were used and the experiment lasted for 56 days with each rabbit in a pen. The study to determine relationships amongst carcass traits in some breeds of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bucks. All the parameters were weighed in grams with a digital weighing scale while the dressing percentage was calculated. The carcass traits taken were heart, liver, kidney, caecum, lungs, stomach, intestine, live weight, slaughtered weight, dressing weight, fore limb, thoracic cage, loin, skin, head, shank, hind limb, testis, body weight, dressing per cent. The degree of relationships amongst the carcass traits was determined using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient Procedure of SAS. There were several relationships with correlation coefficients ranging from high to low and positively and negatively correlated. The results obtained for relative organs gave positive and significantly (p<0.05) high correlation coefficients between heart and liver (r=0.663) and between intestine and stomach (r=0.570). There was no significant (p>0.05) difference amongst other relative organs but with positive correlation coefficients except between liver and lungs, kidney and caecum, caecum and lungs, caecum and intestine, lungs and stomach, lungs and intestine. For the other carcass traits (live weight, slaughtered weight, dressing weight, fore limb, thoracic cage, loin, skin, head, shank, hind limb, testis, body weight, and dressing per cent), the highest and positive correlation coefficient was obtained between live weight and slaughtered weight (r=0.992), and the least was between shank and testis (r=0.025). It also revealed that live weight had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on slaughtered weight, dressing weight, fore limb thoracic cage, loin, skin, and hind limb. Therefore, selection for improvement should be carried out on carcass traits with high and positive correlation. More research should be conducted on relationships between carcass traits of domestic rabbit bucks of different breeds and ages.
Fossil molluscan shells and polychaeta tubes from the Yudinovo and Eliseevichi Upper Paleolithic settlements of: taxonomy, possibilities of palaeogeographical and archaeological reconstructions
Authors:   Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kijashko Pavel , Khlopachev Gennady
Published: January 2023

In the article we presents the results of the study of the mollusks and polychaetes remains collected during more than 80 years of excavations of the Yudinovo and Eliseevichi 1 Upper Paleolithic settlements (Dnieper region). The Yudinovo and Eliseevichi 1 sites, located on the right bank of the Sudost’ River 45 km from each other are two large settlements with mammoth bone dwellings. The sites belonging to different cultural traditions have been excavated over a large area. The analysis of 238 fossil invertebrate samples revealed the presence of mollusks shells from 33 genera and calcareous tubes of at least 1 genus of polychaete worms. Overall 26 taxa have been reliably determined at the species level. Among them are representatives of marine, brackish-water, freshwater and terrestrial animals — mainly gastropods (20 species), less frequently bivalves (5 species) mollusks, and one species of polychaetes. The shells of non local genera used by the Yudinovos settlement inhabitants as decoration include Nucula, Cerastoderma, Steromphala, Tritia, Cerithium and Melarhaphe. These shells were most likely brought to the settlement from the northwestern coast of Black Sea. The material from the Eliseevichi 1 settlement consists mainly of processed fragments of calcareous polychaet’s tubes, most likely originating from Cretaceous deposits in the Podeseniye region. The Eliseevichi shell set differs sharply from the Yudinovo one consisting of isolated shells of Theodoxus fluviatilis, whose origin is difficult to determine. They could be either collected in nearby rivers contemporary to this settlement and or they could be associated with culturally and temporally different horizon of the cultural layer of the Eliseevichi 1 settlement.
Landslide susceptibility assessment in the Rangun Khola watershed of far western Nepal
Authors: Pathak Lalit , Devkota Krishna Chandra
Published: January 2023

Considering the serious threat of landslides to life, property, and the environment, this study aimed at exploring past landslides (2005-2020) to evaluate landslide susceptibility. The study is carried out in the Rangun Khola watershed, in western Nepal covering an area of 488 km2. The landslide inventory map was prepared, recognizing 494 landslides, among them 70% were used for susceptibility mapping, and the rest 30% for validation purposes. The size of the landslide was found in the range of 103.53 m2 to 149120.1 m2, with an average of 4677.35 m2. Frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) models were implemented for landslide susceptibility assessment based on the various intrinsic factors. The validity of the models was assessed by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The success rate was 87.6% for the LR model with a prediction rate of 87.3% indicating a good degree of fit. Similarly, with a success rate of 76.4% and a prediction rate of 75.1%, the result obtained from the FR model was a fairly good performance. Thus, both exhibited reasonably good accuracy in predicting the susceptibility of the landslide and are considered to be in land management and hazard mitigation, and policy formulating purposes.
Role of Land Professionals and Spatial Data Infrastructure in Disaster Risk Reduction: In the Context of Post 2015 Nepal Earthquake
Authors: Bhatta Ganesh Prasad , Dangol Susheel , Sapkota Ram Kumar
Published: January 2023

N/A
Parcel Fragmentation and Land Consolidation
Authors: Air Bharat Singh , Ghimire Moti Lal
Published: January 2023

Parcel Fragmentation is the division of parcel into smaller pieces having individual ownership. The main parameters used for measurement of Parcel Fragmentation have been considered the spatial location of parcel, shape & size of parcel and number of parcel. The main causes of Parcel Fragmentation are; inheritance, population growth, land market, historical/ cultural perspective, personal prestige & status, economic & physical process, quality of soil and physical condition of parcels. The main impacts seen due to the Parcel Fragmentation are as reduction of agricultural production, increases of agricultural production cost, increases land disputes, increases transport cost, wasted time for the workers travelling, supervision, securing & management, reduce parcel area due to walls & fences and cannot use modern equipment in agricultural activities. Land Consolidation is the reverse act of Parcel Fragmentation. It is the process of formation of single or individual parcel by merging several parcels having enough size& suitable shape and helps to reduce those impacts which are seen in the fragmented parcels so it is profitable to move in the direction of Land Consolidation.
Maximizing Benefits of Space Technology for Nepalese Society
Authors: Baral Toya Nath , Bhatta Ganesh Prasad
Published: January 2023

Advancements in the space technology have contributed to the human life considerably. The technology has been exploited for making human life easier and more secure in large extent. Space technology application for managing unavoidable natural disasters, human induced disasters and other societal problems/situations is one of such examples. Space technology application has brought the possibilities of real time mapping of disasters and its on-time management. Application of space technology in Nepal was brought into practice during 1970's. However, it has been realized that institutional infrastructure is yet to be developed to exploit the technological advancement of space technology. Survey Department is the leading organisation for launching space programs in Nepal. The department is working with collaborative approach with various organization to utilize the space technology information for the development activities in Nepal so that the benefits could be maximized for the society.This paper tries to highlight on the state of the art of the space technology application in the country, the potential areas for maximizing space benefits for the society, the challenges to cope with the space technology applications and the area of regional cooperation requiredto enhance the space programs of the country .Lack ofhuman resources and necessary infrastructures are the main constraints in Nepal for launching space programs effectively. Regional Cooperation could support the country in this effort.
The role of mapping in disaster management
Authors: Shrestha Kalyan Gopal
Published: January 2023

Every year Nepal suffers from many kinds of disasters such as floods and landslides. In recent years, the increasing numbers of natural disasters in Asia like Tsunami and series of South Asian quakes are a matter of serious concern to us. At this crucial period, we should be conscious about our status of disaster management situation in Nepal. What will happen if a strong earthquake or any other natural disaster strikes Nepal, particularly in the capital city of Kathmandu? Though we cannot avoid disaster, but by implementing the effective prevention schemes, we can reduce damages from severity, if sufficient information for disaster forecasting is given timely. This paper attempts to evaluate the critical role of mapping for all stages of the disaster management cycle: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
Professional Organizations of Geoinformatics in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Rabin Kaji
Published: January 2023

N/A
Sherlock Holmes and the Adventure of Theosophy: Spiritual Underpinnings of the Science of Deduction
Authors: Chatterjee Arup K.
Published: January 2023

Sherlock Holmes is often oversimplified as a secular modern professional, with a remorselessly scientific outlook. This hypothesis overlooks late-nineteenth-century English society’s pursuit of new social possibilities for spiritualism, following challenges from Darwinist biological determinism to orthodox biblical mythology and morality. If we see Holmes in a default empirical scientism affiliated to imperial ideologies, we will remain blind to the effects of multiple countercultural and spiritual tones that also underpin the “science of deduction.” Holmes’ methods were subliminally informed by theosophy, as Doyle gleaned much of his spiritual knowledge from first- or second-hand readings on Blavatsky. Thus, Vedantic and Buddhist philosophy find inadvertent—but not coincidental—traces in Holmes through theosophy. An intellectual offspring of the trinity of Darwin, Huxley, and Tyndall, Holmes was also a child of Blavatsky’s occult philosophy. Adopting a decolonial praxis, this paper argues that comparisons between the materialistic principles of Darwin, Huxley, and Tyndall, on the one hand, and Holmes on the other, are as useful as comparing the detective’s work to Blavatsky’s theosophy.
IMPACTO EN LA SOSTENIBILIDAD DE LA FRANJA COSTERA DE LIMA METROPOLITANA POR LA OCUPACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO: ANÁLISIS TIPOLÓGICO DE CASOS
Authors: VELÁSQUEZ HIDALGO Oswaldo , COBEÑAS NIZAMA Pablo , YÁBAR TORRES Guisela
Published: January 2023

Objetivos: Analizar el impacto de los patrones de asentamiento del litoral en lasostenibilidad ambiental de la franja costera de Lima Metropolitana Sur. Metodología: Lainvestigación se desarrolló con enfoque mixto cuantitativo y cualitativo y con un diseñono experimental, a través de entrevistas en profundidad y observación. Resultados:Los condominios de playa tienen impacto negativo en la sostenibilidad ambiental delLitoral Sur de Lima Metropolitana, así como la ocupación informal por no respetar lasnormas técnicas, los balnearios tradicionales por no aplicar sistemas e instrumentosde gestión ambiental afectan de manera considerable la calidad del aire, suelo y agua,algunas actividades industriales, agroindustriales y recreativas, generan contaminaciónambiental por no aplicar medidas de mitigación Conclusiones: Las diferentes formasde ocupación impactan de manera negativa en la sostenibilidad ambiental, de la franjacostera de Lima Metropolitana Sur, agudizándose ésta situación en los últimos año
Influence of Processes and Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced with a Nanostructured YSZ Powder
Authors: Bobzin K. , Zhao L. , Kopp N. , Warda T.
Published: January 2023

In this study, a ZrO2 – 7 % Y2O3 (YSZ) powder (-90 +16 µm) was nanostructured by high energy ball milling and sprayed using a modern three-cathode plasma generator TriplexPro- 210 as well as a conventional plasma generator F4MB-XL. The parameters were varied in order to investigate their influence on build-up, microstructure and properties of the thermal barrier coatings (TBC). Powders and coatings were characterized in terms of their morphology, microstructure and phase composition by means of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray analysis (XRD). Thermo-shock behavior of TBC was evaluated using thermal cyclic tests at 1300 °C and 1150 °C. The results show that the milled powder contained nano-sized particles. TBC from the nanostructured powder by TriplexPro-210 had high porosities and numerous fine pores, leading to lower microhardness and higher thermos-shock resistance than the reference TBC.
Recent Development of Porous Materials and Structured Surface Fabrication by Spray Deposition of Surface-Molten Particles
Authors: Li Chang-Jiu , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin
Published: January 2023

Thermal spray processes are generally employed to deposit dense coatings. The porosity in a thermal spray coating is limited up to about 20% down to less than 1%. The porous abradable coatings can be deposited by using composite powders containing pore-forms such as polymer. Recently, an effective method to deposit porous coating are being developed by directly utilizing semi-melted spray particles through controlling coating surface temperature. In this article, the recent investigations on the deposition of porous materials and ceramic abradable coatings by surface-melted spray particles are reviewed. The bonding formation between particles by controlling deposit surface temperature is essential to form porous deposits. By using flame spraying, different metallic porous deposits up to tens of millimeter thick from refractory molybdenum (Mo) to stainless steel are fabricated with a porosity level up to 70%. Porous alumina (Al2O3) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with a porosity of over 60% are deposited for high temperature abradable coating applications directly by semi-molten ceramic particles. The deposition of convex-shaped YSZ particles is employed to construct the high performance structured cathode for solid oxide fuel cell application. Moreover, the deposited convex-shape particles are also utilized to fabricate effective super-hydrophobic surface. The recent progress on the deposition of surface-melted spray particles will enable many new applications for thermal spraying.
Double Rare-Earth Oxides Co-Doped Strontium Zirconate as a New Thermal Barrier Coating Material
Authors: Dong H.-Y. , Wang D.-X. , Lun W.-S. , He W.-Y. , Ma W. , Zheng X.-B.
Published: January 2023

Advanced ceramic materials with perovskite structure have been developed for potential applications in thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems in an effort to overcome the properties of the pre-existing ones like 8wt% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ). Y2O3 and Yb2O3 co-doped strontium zirconate with chemistry of Sr(Zr0.9Y0.05Yb0.05)O2.95 (SZYY) was synthesized using ball milling prior to solid-state sintering, and had a minor second phase of Yb2O3. The SZYY showed good phase stability not only from room temperature to 1400°C, but also at high temperature of 1450°C for a long period, analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of the sintered bulk SZYY were recorded by a high-temperature dilatometer and revealed a positive influence on phase transitions of SrZrO3 by codoping Y2O3 and Yb2O3. The thermal conductivities of SZYY were at least ~30% lower in contrast to that of SrZrO3 and 8YSZ in the whole tested temperature range. The good chemical compatibility was observed for SZYY with 8YSZ or Al2O3 powders after 24 h heat treatment at 1250°C. The phase stability and the microstructure evolution of the as-sprayed SZYY coating during annealing at 1400°C were also investigated in this work.
Dynamic Corrosion and Wear Testing of Corrosion Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings and Wrought Reference Material in Chlorine Containing Conditions with Low pH Values
Authors: Laurila J. , Niemi K. , Vuoristo P. , Vajala J.
Published: January 2023

Thermal spray coatings are widely used in sealed constructions where a specific seal material is sliding on the coating surface in aqueous conditions. Such applications are often highly corrosive and therefore limit the lifetime and increase the wear of the seal and the coating. In this work special test equipment was manufactured to study corrosion and wear performance of the specific test materials used under chlorine containing conditions at low pH-values. In the test procedure, a rotating seal material was pressed with certain pressure against the thermal spray coating material in the test solution and the wear of the seal and the weight loss of the coating material was measured during the test. Coating samples for the tests were prepared using HVAF, HVOF, twin wire arc spray and atmospheric plasma thermal spray techniques. Corrosion resistant stainless steel material EN1.4404 was tested as a reference together with the thermal sprayed coatings. Altogether four different seal materials were tested and the seal material was found to affect the weight loss of the tested base material and also to the coated material during the corrosion wear tests. Pure graphite seals were seen to accelerate the wear rate of both bulk stainless steel material and the thermal spray coatings, as compared to the other seal materials involved in the tests. The HDPE polymer seal gave the lowest weight loss in the tests. Clear differences in corrosion wear resistance were found between tested thermal spray coatings. Clearly the best performance was achieved with plasma sprayed chromium oxide coating compared to the other tested coatings when glass fibre reinforced teflon was used as the seal material.
Innovative Coating Developments Using a New, User Friendly HVOF and Metal Based Powders
Authors: Heath G. R. , Tremblay A. , Andersson P. , Morquecho A. Arizmendi
Published: January 2023

The practical experience with the new Castolin Eutectic CJK5 High Velocity Oxy Fuel thermal spray unit has grown since its successful launch in 2011. It has many design features that simplify the user interface and servicing, but maintaining outstanding coating quality. The technical and practical features are described with detailed microstructural characterization of the resulting carbide based coatings using an established powder composition from several powder sources. With the recent development of a state-of-the-art metal powder manufacturing plant in Europe, highest quality “satellite-free” metal powders can be manufactured. New self-fluxing chemistries have been developed that are also low in Nickel and are designed to have good wear resistant properties. With the growing practical experience and parameter optimization, several innovative powders and coatings have been developed and are presented. Microstructural and mechanical properties and their relationship to processing parameters are presented.
A Laser Thermal Cycling Rig as a New Method to Characterize the Evolution of Coating Adhesion under Thermal Cycle
Authors: Poirier D. , Irissou E. , Legoux J.G.
Published: January 2023

Thermal sprayed coatings are often used for high temperature applications and, per se, are subjected to transient temperature gradients during operation. The recurrent temperature changes generate stresses that damage the coating with time, and can even lead to its delamination. The most common methods to evaluate coating behavior under thermal cycling are furnace testing or burner rigs. Both approaches cannot match the conditions reached in service for several applications, in terms of the achievable heating rates for instance. As a consequence, a versatile and robust method to evaluate coating resistance to spalling under thermal cycles is still to be found. This paper presents the development of a thermal cycling rig where the heat input is provided by a laser. This rig allows easy testing of several samples jointly for heating rates as high as 55°C/s and for thousands of thermal cycles. Preliminary trials have allowed the development of different spalling criteria. Finally, it was found that SS430-based materials arc-sprayed on Al substrates exhibit higher delamination resistance (life) under rapid heating/cooling cycles than SS304 coatings on the same substrate. For such high heating rates, the thermal stresses generated in the coating would be more critical than the thermal mismatch at the interface coating/substrate.
Effect of 20% Gadolinia – 80% Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coating for Diesel Engine Performance
Authors: Chandrasagar L.
Published: January 2023

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used to insulate the combustion chamber of internal combustion engines to improve their performance efficiency, reduce pollution, and protect the metals from high temperature oxidation. In this work, a TBC coating composition of 80% zirconium oxide and 20% gadolinium oxide (GdPSZ) was prepared in the laboratory and plasma spray coated on the combustion chamber of single-cylinder diesel engines. An engine performance test was conducted for both the baseline (uncoated) engines and the coated engines. The coatings in the combustion chamber of the engines were found to be well adhered after 300 hours of rigorous testing. A significant reduction in smoke density was observed, especially at higher loads, for the coated engines. However, the coated engines exhibited a 2-6% reduction in volumetric efficiency and an increase in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to the uncoated engines. The results for other performance parameters are also discussed.
Improved Blade Tips for Abradable Coatings used in Gas Turbines
Authors: Laul Komal , Rahemanji Suebali , Shankar Ravi , Fenton Richard , Perrin Carl , McMillan Andrew
Published: January 2023

Gas turbine efficiency is of paramount importance in the modern carbon conscious global economy and the industry is always looking for ways to improve the efficiency of gas turbine engines. Gas bypass between the rotating turbine blade tip and the engine casing affects both the efficiency and the power output of an engine. An increase in this clearance of 125µm can result in an increase of 0.5% in specific fuel consumption. Abradable coatings have been designed to allow the turbine blade abrasive tip to cut a path into shroud abradable coating to improve the seal between the blade tip and the casing. A holistic approach to improving the abradable system – the abradable coating and the blade tip – is necessary. Better blade tips can result in use of denser, more erosion resistant abradables improving performance of the whole system. Current blade tips are limited as the matrix oxidizes at high temperature losing its ability to hold as well as protect the CBN particles. Improvement in blade tips – both in the cutting particles and the matrix which hold these particles – will therefore improve the abradable system performance, as well as allow the use of denser, more erosion resistant abradable materials. This paper represents efforts to improve the matrix oxidation resistance which holds CBN particles. The matrix is a low-aluminum MCrAlHf which is further aluminized to improve the oxidation resistance. New coatings being tested are enhanced aluminide coatings, platinum aluminide coatings and platinum chromide aluminide coatings. The results will be discussed in terms of matrix composition and microstructure as deposited and after static oxidation. The effect of matrix and its impact on the blade tip performance will also be reviewed.
Application of Granulated Nano Al2O3 Powders in Thermal Barrier Coatings at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Hussain M. S. , Daroonparvar M. R.
Published: January 2023

Turbine blades are generally protected by thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) against high temperature oxidation and corrosion. A novel method has been developed to prepare nanostructured Al2O3 powders for thermal-spraying (atmospheric plasma spray) with high flowability. In this method, nano Al2O3 powders are granulated and then heat treated at 200°C which become suitable to be used in thermal spraying equipment. The normal Al2O3 and granulated nano Al2O3 powders were sprayed separately by using an atmospheric plasma spray device onto a typical TBC consisting of a superalloy bond coat and an YSZ top coat. Then, TBC/ normal Al2O3 and TBC/ nano Al2O3 coatings were oxidized at 1000°C for 24h and allowed to form the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer onto the bond coat (NiCrAlY layer). The flowability of the granulated nano Al2O3 powders was studied by using a Hall flowmeter. The microstructural characterization showed that the granulated nano Al2O3 powders had very high flowability. The increased apparent density and flowability of the granulated nano Al2O3 powders had substantially reduced the micro-cracks and interconnected porosities in the coating in comparison with normal Al2O3 coating. The thickness of the TGO layer in YSZ/ normal Al2O3 coating was higher in comparison with YSZ/ nano Al2O3 coating after oxidation. Thus by using nano Al2O3 as a third layer, the thickness of the TGO layer and oxidized regions inside the bond coat decreased effectively which led to less mechanical stresses and can cause the improvement of TBC life.
Gas Substrate Heat Exchange during Cold-Gas Dynamic Spraying
Authors: McDonald A. , Ryabinin A. , Irissou E. , Legoux J.-G.
Published: January 2023

In this study, the temperature distribution of the surfaces of several substrates under an impinging gas jet from a cold spray nozzle was determined. A low-pressure cold-gas dynamic spraying unit was used to generate a jet of hot compressed nitrogen that impinged upon flat substrates. Computer codes based on a finite differences method were used to solve a simplified 2-D temperature distribution equation for the substrate to produce non-dimensional relationships between the surface temperature and the radius of the impinging fluid jet, the substrate thickness, and the heating time. It was found that a single profile of the transient non-dimensional maximum surface temperature could be used to estimate the dimensional maximum surface temperature, regardless of the value of the compressed gas temperature. It was found further that as the thermal conductance of the substrate increased, the maximum surface temperature of the substrate beneath the gas jet decreased. The close agreement of the numerical results with the experimental results suggests that the non-dimensionalized results may be applied to a wide range of conditions and materials.
Metallization of a Polymer Using Cold Spray: Application to Aluminum Coating of Polyamide 66
Authors: Giraud D. , Borit F. , Guipont V. , Jeandin M. , Malhaire J.M.
Published: January 2023

Numerous automotive and aircraft/aerospace applications involve metallic coating of organic matrix composite materials, e.g. for aesthetic, electric, or engineering functions. In the thermal spray process family, cold spray is very attractive for the achievement of metallization of low-temperature resistant materials such as organic composites, due to its “cold” characteristic. However, despite the current (and justified) craze for cold spray, little is still known about the potential of this process for this type of application. The work demonstrated the feasibility of cold spray for satisfactory metallization of PA66-matrix composites with Al. This paves the way for using cold spray as an advantageous substitute process for the industrial protection of polymer-based composites.
Comparison of the Characteristics of CoNiCrAlY Coatings Prepared by Cold Spray and LPPS Process
Authors: Sone M. , Fukanuma H. , Huang R. , Ohno N.
Published: January 2023

Cold spray is a new emerging coating technology in which particles in a solid state are deposited via plastic impact on a substrate at a high velocity and a temperature that is much lower than the melting point of the starting powder. Compared to the conventional thermal spray processes, dense coatings without any degradation can be obtained by cold spray process with high deposition efficiency. CoNiCrAlY coatings are widely used for land-based gas turbines to resist high-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion. Owing to the high cost of the low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS) or some degradation in the hyper-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray process, cold spray process is a prospective candidate for coating preparation. In the current study, CoNiCrAlY coatings were prepared by cold spray and LPPS processes, and a comparison of the coating’s properties between the LPPS and cold spray process was carried out. The spray conditions of cold spray were optimized by the measurements of deposition efficiency and the observations of microstructure.
Effect of SiC Particle Size on Microstructure and Properties of Cold Sprayed Al5056/SiC Composite Coatings
Authors: Yu Min , Li Wenya , Suo Xinkun , Liao Hanlin
Published: January 2023

In the present investigation, Al5056 alloy-based metal matrix composites having SiC particles of different sizes were prepared by cold spraying. The average particle sizes of the used SiC feedstock varied from 66.94 µm to 1.64 µm. The calculated results by the FLUENT software show that the velocity of SiC particle decreases with the increase of the particle size, while the kinetic energy is greatly increased with increasing the particle size. The addition of SiC particles effectively reduces the porosity of the composite coatings. Furthermore, the porosity of the composite coatings increases with the decrease of SiC particle size, while the content of SiC in the coatings decreases with the decrease of SiC size. In addition, two effects of SiC particles determine the coating properties, i.e., the advantageous peening effect and the disadvantageous effect that reduces the effective contact between the coating and substrate.
Passive and Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Monitoring of Cold Spray Process
Authors: Maev R. Gr. , Titov S. , Leshchynsky V.
Published: January 2023

To fully understand particle interactions with both substrate and neighboring particles in cold spray, ultrasound wave generation and ultrasonic monitoring of particle impacts were studied. The multi–channel ultrasonic system works in pulse– echo and passive modes. In pauses between pulse–echo data acquisition frames the system is in the passive mode receiving the signals generated by the particle impacts. The particles being deposited generate the ultrasonic signals in a very wideband frequency range at more than 40 dB signal-to-noise ratio. The particle impact signals are considered as a sum of the background wideband noise and the sparse strong pulses observed when the nozzle passes over the location of the transducer. It was shown that these components of the particle impact signal can be separated by threshold processing. The results of the passive monitoring are confirmed by the ultrasonic pulse–echo and direct measurements of a deposited coating geometry.
Thermal Spray Coatings: Semiconductor Equipment Design and Process Chamber Requirements for 40 nm and Beyond
Authors: Sommers J.
Published: January 2023

Thermal spray coatings are used for a broad range of purposes in the semiconductor equipment industry. A primary use of thermal spray coatings for thin film applications is to provide surfaces on process chamber components that promote particle reduction and contamination control during chamber operations. Coatings are also used to provide the desired dielectric properties for critical components such as electrostatic chucks (ESC) and heater pedestals; to prove chemical and corrosion-resistance for process kit components and showerheads; as well as serving a wide range of other purposes. This paper reviews future needs for thermal spray coatings in semiconductor equipment and identifies some of today’s coating challenges. Areas discussed include coating design considerations; chemical, corrosion and plasma erosion issues influencing the selection of materials, coatings and processes. Brief discussion will be provided for future anticipated needs in materials, coatings, processing and the manufacture of thermal spray coatings for such applications.
Improving the Properties of Plasma and HVOF Sprayed Alumina Coatings by Chromia Addition
Authors: Hyvärinen L. , Hakalahti J. , Kylmälahti M. , Silvonen J. , Niemi K. , Vuoristo P.
Published: January 2023

Alumina is a relatively low-cost material and easily processable by thermal spraying into wear and corrosion resistant coatings. However, thermally sprayed alumina coatings show inferior corrosion resistance versus chromia coatings, particularly in low and high pH electrolytes. Further, alumina possesses decreased mechanical properties in the as-sprayed state. In the present study, the effect of chromia addition on the properties of the plasma and HVOF sprayed alumina coatings were studied. Pure alumina powder and four different Al2O3-Cr2O3 powders were prepared in two different atmospheres and produced to coatings with APS and HVOF methods. Phase composition of the powders and coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction. Electron microscopy was used for the examination of the microstructure of the powders and coatings. The mechanical properties of the coatings were studied by hardness and abrasion resistance tests. The chemical properties of the coatings were examined by corrosion exposure tests. Results indicate that with chromia addition it is possible to improve the mechanical and chemical properties of the thermally sprayed alumina coatings.