bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clients' Satisfaction and Rehospitalization among Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Pryer Margaret W. , Distefano M. K. , Dinning W. David
Published: September 2011

A clients' satisfaction questionnaire was given to 135 psychiatric patients in a state hospital. A 6-mo. follow-up of released patients indicated no significant difference in satisfaction between patients requiring rehospitalization and those not requiring rehospitalization. The results were consistent with previous research which has suggested that clients' satisfaction with treatment services may be relatively independent of other outcome measures.
Social Ecological Assessment of Mental Health Treatment Environments: Toward Self-Evaluation
Authors: Friedman Steven , Jeger Abraham M. , Slotnick Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Two instruments derived from the field of social ecology—the Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS) and the Community Oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES)—were employed in the present project as “self-evaluation” tools. Assessing inpatient and day treatment “social climates,” the WAS and COPES are presented in this paper as linking process and outcome measures in mental health program evaluation. The project focused on patient-staff discrepancies in environmental perceptions as guiding and catalyzing programmatic changes. That these brief scales do not require highly trained evaluators makes them highly suited for incorporation into routine program evaluation.
Gray Oral Reading Tests: Some Reliability and Validity Data with Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Ryckman David B.
Published: September 2011

For the Gray Oral Reading Test grade-level data on 186 disabled (reading-retarded) children showed reasonable long-term stability. WISC-R scores did not predict their reading scores. Correlations between the Gray and Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test grade-levels were moderate, though Gray scores were significantly lower than Gates scores.
Desk Placement in the Faculty Office: Effect of Camera Angle in Slide-Simulated Office Studies
Authors: McElroy James C. , Morrow Paula C.
Published: September 2011

Inconsistent effects of desk placement on visitors' reactions are examined in light of methodological differences employed in studies of office design. Data from a slide-simulated office study based on slides constructed from a “visitor's chair” perspective were compared to previous data. Subjects' reactions to visitor's chair-constructed slides were different from the more traditional “doorway”-constructed slide-simulation studies. The results did, in fact, support findings attained using an actual visit. The use of slides as a means of operationalizing office design is discussed along with the theoretical implications of utilizing different simulation methods.
Multi-Dimensional Ratings of Adult Occupations
Authors: O'Connor Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Occupations have traditionally been classified on the basis of sex-type, job description, or educational level and potential income. In this study the question of whether occupations can be grouped on the basis of particular social attributes is addressed. Subjects ( N = 118) rated each of 58 occupations on selected social attributes, specifically, prestige, power, complexity associated with an occupation and strength and gentleness required for an occupation, as well as sex-type. A cluster analysis procedure was used to group occupations on the basis of the ratings. Nine clusters resulted, five essentially male, three female, and one neutral. All were further distinguished on the basis of the social attributes. The exploratory nature of this study is noted and the relevance of these findings for research in children's stereotyping of occupations and in the development of occupational models is discussed.
Relationships of Legal Reasoning to Social Class, Closeness to Parents, and Exposure to a High Level of Reasoning among Adolescents Varying in Seriousness of Delinquency
Authors: Morash Merry
Published: September 2011

The present research examined the relationships of legal reasoning to social class, closeness to parents, and exposure to a high level of reasoning by a group of adolescents varying in seriousness of delinquency. Subjects were 266 white males, aged 14 to 16 yr., each of whom had been arrested for a minor offense but who ranged from infrequent to repeated offenders. They were randomly assigned to one of two court programs ½ to 1 hr. long. After participation, approximately equal numbers in the program which gave exposure to a high level of legal reasoning ( n = 98) and the one that did not ( n = 103) agreed to a voluntary interview. Participants in the two programs did not differ in their post-program reasoning level on Tapp and Levine's scale, even though one group had been exposed to much reasoning. Social class (Hollingshead's Two-factor Index) was positively but weakly related to reasoning level but not to closeness to parents (Hirschi scale). The findings contradict the use of legal socialization theory as a basis for short court programs or to explain the more serious, repeated delinquency of youths of the lower class and without closeness to parents.
Disclosure of Problems and Informal Helping in Work Settings
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

71 managers from a wide range of organizations provided demographic information and indicated how likely they were to discuss 14 specific problems with supervisors, peers, or subordinates, and how likely these particular individuals might seek their help with the same problems. Work and personal problems were examined separately. Younger, more educated, managers and those in higher status jobs disclosed more. Work problems were disclosed more than personal problems. Disclosure of work problems was greater to higher level sources of help, but disclosure of personal problems was greater to peers than to subordinates or supervisors.
Measuring Ward Milieu and the Impact of Staff Turnover on a Psychiatry Unit
Authors: Kobos Joseph C. , Redmond Franklin , Sterling John
Published: September 2011

The psychosocial environment of the psychiatric unit of a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio was assessed using Moos' Ward Atmosphere Scale, which measures social dimensions such as Support, Autonomy, Practical Orientation, and Program Clarity. The population included 65 staff members and 55 patients, all above 17 yr. of age. Both patients and staff were asked to complete the scale at two times during the research period. Between the two administrations the ward experienced a 44% turnover in staff and a 100% turnover in patients. Results showed this ward to be stable over time and to maintain its stability despite rapid staff turnover. Also, the scale assisted the staff in performing a self-analysis of the ward.
Authoritarian Parental Attitudes and Cognitive Functioning in Preschool Children
Authors: Camp Bonnie W. , Swift William J. , Swift Edie W.
Published: September 2011

Negative correlations are reported between concurrent measures of maternal authoritarian ideology and cognitive performance of 22 3-yr.-old middle-class children. Results support the hypothesis that nonauthoritarian parents promote earlier development of internalized verbal mediation.
Bilingual Memory of Greek-English Bilinguals
Authors: Papaioannou Costas , Padilla Amado M.
Published: September 2011

Two models have been proposed to explain memory storage in bilinguals. The “independence” model holds that there are two distinct semantic memories, one for each of the bilingual's two languages, while the “interdependence” model supports a unified semantic memory common to both languages. These two hypotheses were contrasted by testing 21 adult English-Greek bilinguals grouped by dominant language (English-dominant, Greek-dominant, or balanced bilinguals). Subjects were given sequentially 3 passages of instructions (in English, in Greek, and in both languages) and were asked to form either English or Greek words, as they preferred, from a list of 25 CVC trigrams. The trigrams were constructed with common letters from the English and the Greek alphabets. Results indicated coding of instructions without language tag and similar performance under any language of instruction. The findings support a common semantic memory for the two languages, i.e., the interdependence model. Limitations of previous studies of bilinguals are discussed, and generalizations are limited to English-Greek bilinguals under the specific task employed.
Use of Sidman Avoidance to Increase Door-Locking Behavior among College Students Living in Residence Halls
Authors: Hughey Aaron Wilson
Published: September 2011

Sidman avoidance, facilitated by late-night telephone calls to occupants of dormitory rooms who left their doors unlocked upon retiring at night, was used to modify the behaviors of 17 students in 9 dormitory rooms. Baseline data were collected during 6 nights prior to the implementation of the intervention. Avoidance procedures were then administered to the target rooms for 6 nights before returning to the baseline conditions during the final 3 nights of the study. The procedure was effective in eliciting the desired response of locking the door upon retiring each evening.
Rates of Presentation, Displaced Rehearsal, and Verbal Discrimination Learning
Authors: Libkuman Terry M. , Bourgault Richard E.
Published: September 2011

Four experiments were conducted to test the notion that rehearsal in a verbal discrimination learning task is not confined to the feedback interval, i.e., displaced rehearsal. Specifically, it was hypothesized that during early learning trials rehearsal would be restricted to the feedback interval. However, during later trials, once the subject was beyond the point of guessing the correct item, rehearsal could also occur during the anticipation interval. In all four experiments the opportunity for rehearsal was manipulated by presenting factorial combinations of either short or long anticipation and feedback intervals. Contrary to the hypothesis, no consistent differences were noted across trial blocks. However, the evidence did indicate that a long anticipation interval combined with a short feedback interval facilitated learning relative to a short anticipation interval combined with a long feedback interval. A modified version of displaced rehearsal provides a reasonable explanation for this finding if it is assumed that correct recognition is not a prerequisite for displaced rehearsal.
Comparison of Computerized versus Standardized Feedback and Accurate versus Inaccurate Feedback
Authors: Christian James K. , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

Computerized administration and feedback of the California Occupational Preference System (COPS) was compared to more standard procedures in a 2 (level of similarity) × 2 (mode of communication) design. Subjects (80 college students) were randomly assigned in two groups where they rated the similarity of the three most and least similar occupational descriptive paragraphs presented in random order. A second rating assessed the attitude of usefulness of occupational interest tests after receiving bona fide feedback information. An IBM S/370 with Decwriter, and paper and pencil were used in the computerized and standard groups, respectively. Subjects identified paragraph descriptions which were highly similar and dissimilar to their own preferences. Ratings did not vary significantly for mode of communication, usefulness of occupational interest tests, and there was no significant interaction. Results support the use of the computer as effective as standard procedures in administering, interpreting, and providing feedback of occupational interest testing. Accuracy of feedback greatly influenced its acceptance, particularly where the favorability of the information had little influence.
An Empirical Evaluation of a Fair Employment Standard
Authors: Krzystofiak Frank , Newman Jerry
Published: September 2011

There is considerable ambiguity surrounding the choice of an appropriate standard for evaluating employers' fair employment behavior. Unfortunately, the courts and compliance agencies have provided little clarification. This paper evaluates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's employment behavior as a possible standard for firms to emulate. Evidence suggests that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is overrepresented by blacks and underrepresented by whites when compared against two common evaluation standards. It is recommended that EEOC employment behavior nor be emulated.
Instructional Format and Impact of Graduate-Level Teaching Assistants
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ogasawara Todd H.
Published: September 2011

A 20-item evaluation scale for teaching assistants demonstrated a low relationship with the lecture-discussion format of the sessions. The single-factor instrument will be used with a teaching assistant development project.
Stressful Experiences of Children: Professional Judgments
Authors: Yamamoto Kaoru , Felsenthal Helen M.
Published: September 2011

To see whether professionals' assessments of the stressfulness of children's experiences correspond with those by the young, 39 clinicians (nurses, social workers, school psychologists, speech pathology, special education), 97 teachers, and 61 teachers-to-be rated 20 life events, first making professional judgments for children, and next, inferring judgments of children themselves. They also estimated the frequencies of these events. Within each group, there were close agreements not only between women and men, but also between the two kinds of judgments. Moreover, correlations among the three groups of adults, differing in specialty and experience, were all above .90. When compared with earlier responses by children themselves, however, the estimates by the professionals as a group correlated only .68 for scale values, .55 for Q values, .86 for frequencies. There were many instances of divergence, and adults' views did not approximate children's views too closely.
Incest and the Multiple Personality
Authors: Saltman Vicki , Solomon Robert S.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes six cases of multiple personality occurring as sequelae to incest. These clinical findings and a review of the relevant literature suggest a high incidence of incest among persons with multiple personalities. A theoretical framework and treatment plan are given for the psychotherapy of the multiple personality.
Comparative Effectiveness of Videotape Pretraining versus No Pretraining on Selected Process and Outcome Variables in Group Therapy
Authors: Hilkey James H. , Wilhelm Cynthia L. , Horne Arthur M.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to measure the effects of pretherapy training on selected process and outcome variables in time-limited psychotherapy. 90 inmates in a medium-security Federal Penitentiary who volunteered for the study were divided into experimental and control groups; the experimental subjects were exposed to a videotape presentation of a model psychotherapy group followed by a guided performance experience. Expert group psychotherapists conducted 8 sessions in consecutive weeks. Levels of anxiety and subjects' perceptions of therapy were assessed prior to entering the groups. Quality of group interactions were measured at intervals during the 8 weeks of the study. Attendance and clients', peers', and therapists' perception of progress were assessed as outcome variables. Pre-trained clients went into the therapeutic experience with clearer expectations of group treatment, demonstrated more desirable behaviors in the early stages of therapy and made more progress toward individual goals as perceived by both therapists and peers. Implications for pretraining for overtly resistant clients are discussed.
Diabetics' Self-Report of Medical Utilization: A Test of Validity
Authors: Turkat Ira Daniel
Published: September 2011

This report details a test of the validity of long-term estimates of medical utilization rate among a chronically ill population. The relationship between diabetics' reported frequencies of ambulatory visits to the Diabetes Center over an 18-mo. period and clinic recorded data were evaluated. A high, positive, and significant correlation was observed, providing support for the validity of self-reports. An unexpected finding was that 60% of the subjects over-estimated frequency of clinic visits. The need for empirical assessment of this commonly used measure is discussed.
How Current Users of Public Transit Determine its Attractiveness to Others
Authors: Siegfried William D. , Tedeschi Richard G. , Cann Arnie
Published: September 2011

Previous research has indicated that individuals prefer to engage in behavior with similar others. From this it was hypothesized that the reported willingness to ride a city bus would be influenced by the perceived similarity between an individual and other riders. Two descriptions of bus riders were developed, one based on demographic information provided by 51 students waiting in line to purchase parking decals and the other based on their stereotypes of a typical rider. These descriptions were then presented to other similarly selected students as representations of a “typical rider.” Those who believed that typical riders would be similar to themselves ( n = 34) indicated that they would be significantly more likely to ride a bus than those who believed that a typical rider would be dissimilar ( n = 59).
Psychology of the Scientist: XLVI. Anna Freud
Authors: Jackson D. Joyce
Published: September 2011

Little is known of Anna Freud, the greatest living child psychoanalyst, for she has deliberately sought anonymity. By reading the biographies and letters of her father Sigmund Freud and what little appears in other writings about her, the author makes inferences as to why Anna has chosen to shun public attention.
Similarity of Values and Interpersonal Attraction of Whites toward Blacks
Authors: Walker Walanda V. , Campbell John B.
Published: September 2011

The present study extended Rokeach's principle of belief congruence and tested the hypothesis that similarity of value systems is related to interpersonal attraction. 40 white college females ranked the 18 Instrumental Values from the Rokeach Value Survey. Value surveys which were either similar or dissimilar to the subjects' were constructed for black female confederates. The confederate was either nonculturally dressed or culturally dressed. Subjects rated their degree of attraction to the confederate after minimal contact. The main effect for similarity of values was statistically significant; similarity was associated with greater attraction, providing support for Rokeach's model. In addition, noncultural dress produced significantly greater attraction than did cultural dress.
Use of the Defensive Orientation Construct as a Predictor of Acceptance of Feedback
Authors: Juni Samuel
Published: September 2011

The construct of defensive orientation is elaborated as a bipolar continuum which contrasts internal vs external styles in reacting to environmental events, paralleling the delineations in object relations theory. The tendency to accept feedback was hypothesized to be a function of defensive orientation; their relationship was tested by analyzing the reactions of 63 students to both fictitious and veridical feedback about personality tests. Results confirmed the hypothesis.
Dental Hygiene Students: Stereotypically Feminine
Authors: Hamby Carol L.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of responses to the Bem Sex-role Inventory from 38 dental hygiene students indicated they were stereotypically feminine and similar in psychological androgyny to nursing students.
Children's Perception of Television Time: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Baron Lois J. , Bernard Robert M.
Published: September 2011

160 children (ages 4 to 13 yr.) in eight age categories were questioned about their understanding of the techniques used to manipulate time on television. Previous cognitive-developmental work suggested that children's understanding of certain television concepts, such as advertising intent, cartoon reality, and production knowledge, increases with age. Based both on the findings of these studies and on theory related to the development of the time concepts, it was hypothesized that responses to questions about time manipulations would yield age-related trends. Four semi-structured questions were posed. Responses were recorded and scored according to the level of understanding evidenced by the response. Interrater reliability for four raters ranged from .68 to .72 for the four questions. Analysis of variance with polynomial tests for trend indicated significant increases across the eight age categories. In addition, mean responses for each question conformed to a linear trend over the ages tested. The results suggest that children's understanding of the production techniques used in time manipulation gradually increases into early adolescence.
Relationship between Achievement and Ability
Authors: Battle James , Labercane George
Published: September 2011

124 boys and girls participated in a study of the relationship between achievement in reading, spelling, arithmetic and ability as measured by the WISC-R, the Basic Visual-memory Association test and the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt test. Achievement in reading, spelling, and arithmetic was significantly related to performance on all three measures ( rs ranged from .17 to .72) with the highest correlations favouring performance on the Basic Visual-memory Association test ( rs = .39, .69, and .60 for Form A and .46, .72, and .62 for Form B).
The Changing-Criterion Design: Assessment of Running Behavior of a Handicapped Youth
Authors: Morgan Robert L. , Hiebert Ronald
Published: September 2011

In a changing-criterion design increased running speed by a handicapped youth was demonstrated by establishing a temporal criterion for running, which changed repeatedly as running matched the criterion. Reinforcement and avoidance procedures were made contingent on running and were effective in increasing running speed. Follow-up data at 3 and 12 mo. indicated maintenance of the increased running speed.
Problem-Solving Styles and Participative Decision Making
Authors: Schweiger David M. , Jago Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Sensing-Intuition and Thinking-Feeling scales, and the choice of autocratic versus participative decision-making methods as measured by the Vroom/Yetton Problem Set. Data from 62 graduate business students indicate that sensing types tend to be more participative than intuitive types. Further analyses suggest that situational factors may be more important than individual differences in influencing the choice of autocratic versus participative decision-making methods.
Prior Public Health Agency Contacts of Individuals Committing Suicide
Authors: Fleer John , Pasewark Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Of the 998 persons committing suicide in Wyoming during the years 1960–75, 7% had previous state mental hospitalizations, and 4% had been clients at the state's mental health centers and clinics. Findings contrast markedly with previous studies, mainly of English and American urban areas, which suggest that about 20% of suicides have received psychiatric aid within a year of the suicidal act.
Preventive Training in Management of Stress for Reduction of Physiological Symptoms through Increased Cognitive and Behavioral Controls
Authors: Decker Thomas W. , Williams John M. , Hall David
Published: September 2011

This study tested the effectiveness of training in management of stress which combined relaxation and cognitive modification. Students in rehabilitation counseling were taught to identify individual situation-specific sources of stress to develop individual plans for the management of their particular stress. Techniques included progressive relaxation, stretching exercises, and cognitive restructuring. Sixteen participants self-selected for interest in management of stress had 12 biweekly training sessions and were compared to 16 in a no-treatment control on presence of physiological and behavioral stress symptoms and irrational beliefs. Analysis showed 16 trained participants evidenced significant reduction of stress and irrational beliefs from pre- to posttest and at 6-mo. follow-up relative to the control group. Such training as preventive education is discussed.
Social Correlates of Psychological Dysfunction
Authors: Rumsey Marilyn , Justice Blair
Published: September 2011

The relations among various social factors and psychological dysfunctioning as measured by the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire and the Mini-Mult were based on responses from 142 subjects admitted to the adult outpatient and inpatient services at a large community mental health center. Most significant correlations were found between psychological dysfunctioning and interpersonal isolation from friends, drug abuse, and lack of productivity.
The Career Exploration Survey: A Summary of its Dimensionality, Reliability, and Validity
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A. , Colarelli Stephen M. , Hartman Karen
Published: September 2011

Dimensions of career exploration, reactions to exploration, and beliefs about exploration are defined and operationalized through the Career Exploration Survey. The results of several studies which support the survey's dimensionality, reliability, and validity are summarized.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Psychological and Objective Indices of Organizational Climate
Authors: Heller Robert M. , Guastello Stephen J. , Aderman Morris
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the interrelationships among psychological and objective indices of organizational climate, and five performance measures. Subjects were 251 brokers and salespeople from 32 real estate offices. The Organizational Climate and Practices Questionnaire, Agency Climate Questionnaire, and the Survey of Organizations were the perceptual measures used, constituting 17 scales in all. Objective measures were chosen to reflect similar content areas to the subjective scales. A multitrait-multimethod matrix showed convergent and discriminant validity for some of the perceptual measures. Contrary to common findings, however, a composite of measures that yielded such validity indicated negative relationships with some performance measures. A cluster analysis of perceptual measures resulted in six clusters, and scales from a particular instrument generally tended to cluster with scales from the same instrument before clustering with scales from another instrument. Perceptual and objective variable sets were also independently factor analyzed. Component scores of objective measures accounted for more performance variance than perceptual measures. A number of problems and new directions for climate research were delineated.
Learned Helplessness in Shuttlebox-Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Cotton M. M. , Benger A. , Fyfe L. , Moorehouse K. , Russell R.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats ( n = 6) were given prior experience in a Skinner box before being trained in a two-way shuttlebox-avoidance task. Subjects experiencing controllable shock (avoidable or escapable) performed significantly better than a yoked control group which had no control over shocks in the Skinner box and better than a control group which experienced no shock in the Skinner box. Results can be interpreted adequately in terms of the learned helplessness hypothesis proposed by Maier, Seligman, and Solomon.
Race, Cost, and Car-Status: Interacting Variables Using the Lost-Letter Technique
Authors: Brown Clifford E. , Reed Mark D.
Published: September 2011

The tendency of subjects ( N = 400) at a suburban shopping mall to return letters found on their cars was studied, varying the implied race of the addressee (black or unspecified), the cost of helping (stamped or unstamped letter), and the car-status (low, medium, or high) of the subject. For subjects having low-status cars, black addressees received more help than unspecified addressees when the letter was stamped but less help when the letter was unstamped, suggesting response amplification toward blacks. For subjects with cars of medium, and high status, the tendency to return letters was unaffected by the race manipulation and higher over-all than the subjects with cars of low status.
Childhood Experiences of a Client with Multiple Personality
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: September 2011

A client with multiple personality displayed several characteristics often found among clients with multiple personalities, including conflicts regarding anger and sex and a restrictive childhood environment characterized by parental deviance, physical abuse, and a precipitating traumatic event.
A Test of Path-Goal Theory: Work Values as Moderators of Relations of Leaders and Subordinates
Authors: Knoop Robert
Published: September 2011

The influence of work values on the relationship between leaders' behavior and subordinates' satisfaction was investigated for a sample of college and university instructors ( N = 363). Based on path-goal theory of leadership, it was hypothesized that (a) subordinates who are people-oriented would see considerate, but not structured, leader's behavior as a source of satisfaction and (b) subordinates who have self-expressive value orientations would view structured but not considerate, leader's behavior as satisfying. Moderated regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses. The results generally did not support the specific predictions: work values did not seem to moderate the relationship between leaders' behavior and satisfaction of subordinates. Instead, both leaders' dimensions and the moderators influenced satisfaction with job and with supervision directly.
Autonomy-Control Variation in Child-Rearing and Anomie in Young Adults
Authors: De Man Anton F.
Published: September 2011

60 middle-class university students took part in a study investigating the relationship between autonomy-control variation in child rearing and levels of anomie in young adulthood. 20 subjects came from a background encouraging autonomy, 20 from one intermediate, and 20 from families characterized by control. Each of the 3 groups included 11 males and 9 females. All participants perceived their family backgrounds as warm and loving. Results indicate that subjects encouraged in autonomy as compared to those with a control background tend to report lower levels of anomie.
Perception of Age by the Elderly: A Bibliography of Research
Authors: Baum Steven K. , Boxley Russell L.
Published: September 2011

115 references concern identification of age by elderly persons. They have been arranged in alphabetical order.
Other Possible Strategies for Dealing with Eating Disorders
Authors: Smead Valerie S.
Published: September 2011

Techniques for changing surface behaviors involved in maintaining eating disorders are presented and discussed.
Effects of Immediate Feedback on Computer-Assisted Testing of ESP Performance
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying degrees of feedback on the number of correct guesses (hits) subjects-make in response to a computerized ESP test. 24 subjects from undergraduate psychology courses volunteered to participate. Random assignment of subjects was made to one of four feedback conditions as follows: (1) total feedback, (2) correct feedback, (3) incorrect feedback, (4) no feedback. A computer program was written to permit two computer terminals (CRTs) to interact in such a way that one terminal served as the “target presenter” and the second terminal served to permit a subject to guess the identity of the target on the first terminal. The computer program provided one of the four levels of immediate feedback to the subjects. An analysis of variance between the mean correct (hit) scores for each feedback group was significant. A Scheffé pairwise-comparison test showed that the largest difference between means was between the correct feedback versus the incorrect feedback groups. Theoretical interpretations and comparisons are offered in the light of principles of learning versus characteristics of psi.
Analysis of Responses to the Personal Opinion Survey by a Sample of Inpatients
Authors: Werner Paul D. , Becker Jacqueline M. T. , Yesavage Jerome A. , Isaacs John S.
Published: September 2011

The utility of employing the Personal Opinion Survey as a measure of experienced control with psychiatric inpatients was examined for a sample of 71 patients in a psychiatric acute-care setting. Retest correlations suggested that 5 of the 7 scales were relatively stable over a 1- to 2-wk. interval. Correlations between scores on the survey and ratings of patients on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were presented and discussed, as were relationships to involuntary legal detention on grounds of Grave Disability.
Short-Term Memory and Effects of Proactive Interference on Heart Rate
Authors: Morin Pierre-Philippe , Ducharme Raymond , Flash Harold
Published: September 2011

40 subjects were required to memorize different word lists. Each list contained three words, and each list corresponded to one trial. The Brown-Peterson paradigm was employed to induce proactive memory interference. For the experimental group the first three lists belonged to a negative affective encoding category, while the fourth belonged to a different encoding category. The control subjects memorized words from mixed encoding categories. In the experimental group proactive interference built up over trials with the same encoding category of words, resulting in a poorer performance at recall, during the second and third trials, and progressive decrease in heart rate. On the fourth trial of the Brown-Peterson task, proactive interference ceased, resulting in better recall than the previous interference trials, concomitantly with an increase in heart rate. These results are discussed within the context of Lacey's hypothesis, according to which, heart rate should increase with cognitive activity requiring rejection of environmental stimuli.
Effects of Meditation vs Professional Reading on Students' Perceptions of Paraprofessional Counselors' Effectiveness
Authors: Hart Daniel E. , Means John R.
Published: September 2011

Effects of meditation vs relevant professional reading on students' perceptions of paraprofessional counselors' effectiveness (as measured by the Session Evaluation Questionnaire) were examined in a two-group crossover design. Subjects were 10 undergraduate students in social work (the “counselors”) and 30 students in introductory psychology (the “clients”). “Counselors” either meditated regularly for 3 wk. or read transcripts of therapy sessions for 3 wk., then met with “clients” in unstructured interview sessions. Following the session, the meditators were switched to the reading condition and the readers switched to the meditation condition for another 3 wk. A manipulation check showed a positive effect of meditation on self-actualization of the social work students in the form of preventing a decline in self-actualization scores in the reading condition, a decline which occurred only in the group who read first without prior meditation. However, the positive effects of meditation on self-actualization scores were not reflected in evaluations by the student-“clients.”
Validation of a Questionnaire Measuring Attitudes toward Females' Social Roles for a Dutch Population
Authors: Hubbard F. O. A. , van Ijzendoorn M.H. , Tavecchio L. W. C.
Published: September 2011

Slade and Jennet's questionnaire, developed in Great Britain, which measures women's attitudes to females' social role was given to Dutch men and women ( n = 728). A detailed investigation of the internal consistency by applying an optimal scaling procedure indicated ways to improve the validity by different weighting of the response categories and by eliminating items that did not fit in a one-dimensional scale. The reduced form of the questionnaire was satisfactory for both men and women. Studies of reliability and validity are reported.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXXI. Life as an Experiment—The Long Career of Lillien Jane Martin (1851–1942)
Authors: Stevens Gwendolyn , Gardner Sheldon
Published: September 2011

In 1913 Lillien Jane Martin received an honorary Ph.D. from the University of Bonn, the first honorary degree conferred upon an American psychologist by that institution, for a series of innovative and pioneer experimental studies. Her research with G. E. Müller in psychophysics was called a “landmark in the history of experimental psychology” at that time. Martin was a multi-faceted individual who seemed to possess inexhaustable energy. She was an ardent feminist leader, a prolific psychologist, conscientious Stanford professor, and, at age 65, Martin became a consulting and clinical psychologist. It is interesting to note that for someone who contributed so much to the science of psychology, her long and productive career is relatively unknown to contemporary psychologists.
Contribution of the Education Phase to Stress-Inoculation Training
Authors: Schuler Kevin , Gilner Frank , Austrin Harvey , Davenport D. Gene
Published: September 2011

This study compared the relative effectiveness of full Stress-inoculation Training, including the education phase, with a procedure which included only the rehearsal and application phases of Stress Inoculation, in treating 18 speech-anxious college students (11 females, 7 males; M = 22 yr.). A repeated-measures analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of two self-report indices of anxiety, a measure of ‘state’ anxiety, behavioral observations and a pulse-rate measure, indicated that by a 4-wk. follow-up, the full stress-inoculation training group improved significantly more than the group receiving stress-inoculation without the education phase, on the behavioral observations and both self-report indices. These findings support the assertion that the initial conceptualization phase is an effective component in this cognitive-learning therapy.
Ability, Training Performance, and Demographic Factors in Voluntary Turnover among Psychiatric Aides
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W.
Published: September 2011

This longitudinal study of voluntary turnover among psychiatric aides in a state hospital compared aides who left during the first year of employment with those who stayed on measures of ability, training performance, and demographic variables. No significant differences between stayers and leavers were found on two tests selecting for general ability and a post-training job knowledge test, but significant differences were found on race and sex (higher turnover among white aides and males). The findings were contrary to those of previous studies with professionals, which indicated that leavers were higher in ability, qualifications, and training. Further research appears needed to assess the relationships between turnover and measures of ability and performance potential as well as research to evaluate the turnover and work performance relationship.
Pay Meaning, Satisfaction and Size of a Meaningful Pay Increase
Authors: Krzystofiak Frank , Newman Jerry , Krefting Linda
Published: September 2011

Individual variation in the size of a meaningful pay increase is examined from four competing perspectives: (a) based on psychophysical laws relating stimulus change to initial stimulus level, (b) based on equitable treatment, (c) based on the symbolic role of money, and (d) based on individual pay/job dissatisfaction and perceived increases needed to reestablish equilibrium. Results for 77 business school alumni providing self-report data on salary histories, pay meaning, and satisfaction suggest that all but a psychophysical explanation play significant roles in determining the size of a meaningful pay increase.
Simple F Tests for Main Effects and Interactions in 2 × 2 × k Contingency Tables
Authors: Overall John E. , O'Keefe Stephen J. , Starbuck Robert R.
Published: September 2011

A method of controlling for the effects of a nuisance variable in testing the significance of treatment effects on a discrete binary response is described. Proportions of “success” responses in two treatment groups are standardized relative to an estimate of the sampling variance at each level of the concomitant variable, and an unweighted-means analysis of variance is used to test the main effect for treatments and the interaction of treatments × levels. Exact calculations and Monte Carlo results are presented which show the proposed F tests to have actual Type I error probabilities that are closer to the nominal alpha level than is true for alternative tests. The actual Type I error rates are less seriously affected by differences in marginal probabilities of “success” and “failure” responses than is true for other tests, and in the face of small cell frequencies the standardized-means analysis of variance appears to have substantially greater power than the other tests most commonly used with 2 × 2 × k contingency tables.
Double Binds, Schizophrenics, and Psychological Theory: Letters from Mothers of Schizophrenic and Nonschizophrenic Patients
Authors: Ringuette Eugene L.
Published: September 2011

Schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patient-judges rated letters which had been written by mothers of schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics on a dimension of similarity to letters received from their own mothers. The lack of agreement of these ratings casts questions on the presence or reliability of the concept in such communications.
Physical Attractiveness and Locus of Control in Elementary School Children
Authors: Markley Robert P. , Kramer Jack J. , Parry Kristi D. , Ryabik James E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of physical attractiveness and locus of control in 126 elementary school children, Grades 3 through 6, was investigated. The study was an attempt to observe, with children, the phenomenon reported in 1978 by Anderson for college subjects, namely, a curvilinear relationship between physical attractiveness and locus of control. 10 independent adult observers rated yearbook pictures of children on physical attractiveness. The mean rating for each child was compared with the locus of control score on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. No significant association was found between physical attractiveness and locus of control or between locus of control and sex. However, mean locus of control scores became progressively more internal from Grades 3 to 6 for this sample.
Interaction of Number of Training Trials and Specific Response Measure in Determining Effects of Magnitude of Reward
Authors: Davis Stephen F. , Janzen Walter C. , Seago John D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the relationship between number of training trials in a runway, various segments of the instrumental response, and effects of magnitude of reward. In each, separate groups of rats received 120 training trials with large and small rewards, respectively. Results of both experiments indicated that significant effects of magnitude were established and persisted in the start and run measures. Transitory effects of magnitude were shown in the goal measures of both experiments.
Correlates of Self-Esteem of Mexican American Adolescents
Authors: Powers Stephen , Sanchez Virginia V.
Published: September 2011

The correlations between self-esteem and two linguistic measures, two measures of socioeconomic status, and three measures of academic achievement were calculated for 87 Mexican American adolescents. Self-esteem correlated .25 with the rated extent to which English was spoken at home. Moreover, self-esteem was positively correlated with occupation (.22) and reading achievement (.25). Generally, correlations were small to moderate in magnitude.
Age Differences in WISC-R Subtest Ranks of Children Experiencing Academic Difficulties: A Replication
Authors: Byrd E. Keith , Buckhalt Joseph A. , Porter Thomas L. , Byrd P. Dianne
Published: September 2011

WISC-R subtest scores of 162 children referred for academic difficulties were analyzed for patterns in subtest ranks to replicate an earlier study. As in the first study, differences seem to be related to chronological age.
Paranormal Belief and Trait Anxiety
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

73 college students completed the Paranormal Belief Scale and the Trait Anxiety Scale. Contrary to hypotheses, neither full Paranormal Scale Scores nor any of seven paranormal subscale scores showed significant correlations with Trait Anxiety Scale scores. These findings support the notion that paranormal beliefs are not associated with less adequate adjustment.
Principles and Techniques of Non-Disclosure by the Therapist during Psychotherapy
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The current controversy between the psychodynamic and humanistic-existential perspectives of psychotherapy has involved the use of self-disclosure by the therapist. This practice is uniformly contraindicated in the former and consistently recommended in the latter. Less attention has been paid, however, to specifying the systematic procedures by which a “blank screen” orientation—a posture in which the clinician's anonymity is maintained—is implemented. The present discussion enunciates the principles and techniques of non-disclosing psychotherapy in which the over-all therapeutic style and specific procedures by which a “blank screen” attitude may be executed with increased uniformity and precision, minimizing adverse effects, e.g., the therapist's presentation as “cold,” “enigmatic,” or “aloof”—inferences which may attenuate the therapeutic relationship. The non-disclosing techniques presented may be used by therapists of different orientations and with various treatments.
Underrepresentation of Female Referents as Pronouns, Examples and Pictures in Introductory College Textbooks
Authors: Bertilson H. S. , Springer D. K. , Fierke K. M.
Published: September 2011

A series of recent studies have investigated the impact of male referents such as “he” and “mankind” on the gender that listeners and readers attribute to a statement. A review of these experiments provides compelling evidence that underrepresentation of similar female referents leads people to attribute the roles presented as more representative of males than females. The review also suggests that the attributional bias is robust and not attenuated by a variety of stimulus and response conditions. Actual under-representation of female referents has been documented in children's readers, preschool picture books, and some adult communications. Selected documentation of underrepresentation has occurred for college textbooks in marriage and family studies, introductory sociology, and graduate study in psychology. A broader, more representative sample of female representation in college textbooks was judged to be needed. The current research program involved two natural process experiments conducted on a random sample of introductory-level texts. This article reports the findings from the second experiment, confirms those of the first, and establishes generalizability. Textbooks from different disciplines were analyzed for representation of females and males in genetically intended nouns and pronouns, examples, pictures of people in authority, pictures of employed or active people, and pictures of groups of people. In every analysis females were significantly underrepresented.
Trait Anger, Locus of Control, Religiosity, and Authoritarianism as Related to Trait Anxiety
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook , Withers Christelle M.
Published: September 2011

To clarify the relationship of trait anxiety to trait anger, religiosity, locus of control and authoritarianism, high and low trait-anxiety groups, identified from 121 high school students, were compared on the four variables. Only trait anger yielded a significant t ratio, indicating that the high trait-anxiety group appeared to have a higher level of trait anger than low trait-anxiety group.