bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tendencias del turismo residencial: El caso del Mediterráneo Español
Authors: Huete Nieves Raquel
Published: September 2016

En las últimas cuatro décadas, la construcción de viviendas para uso turístico ha seguido un ritmo exponencial en el litoral Mediterráneo español. La provincia de Alicante, conocida como Costa Blanca, se ha convertido en uno de los destinos turístico-residenciales más importantes de Europa. En este trabajo se presentan las características básicas de esta oferta de alojamiento privado y se perﬁlan los rasgos esenciales de la demanda, fundamentalmente pensionistas procedentes de Europa occidental. Por último, se exponen las principales conclusiones que, desde la experiencia alicantina, se han extraído sobre las repercusiones sociales y económicas de este modelo de desarrollo turístico. También se plantean algunas propuestas para una adecuada planiﬁcación de esta tipología turística en destinos que podrían seguir un esquema similar.
Encuentro comunitario de trueques: Un atractivo para el llamado turismo comunitario. Una experiencia solidaria en la micro-cuenca de Río Sagrado, Morretes, Paraná
Authors: Zechner Talita Cristina , Keller Alves Flávia , Cioce Sampaio Carlos Alberto , Jara Kunz Vanessa Karina
Published: September 2016

Para tener una sociedad en que predomine la igualdad entre todos sus miembros es necesario que la economía sea solidaria en vez de competitiva, dice Singer (2002, p.9). En este sentido, incontables comunidades vienen recogiendo alternativas para superar momentos de crisis u oportunizar una instancia donde sus miembros puedan compartir bienes, servicios y o/conocimientos. En la micro-cuenca de Río Sagrado, localidad rural de Morretes/Paraná, la creación del Encuentro Comunitario de Trueques Solidarios del Río Sagrado viene ha ejecutado ejecutando un espacio donde miembros de la comunidad, propietarios de chacras de fines de semana y visitantes se encuentran para intercambiar conocimientos, miradas y cuentos. Con el objetivo de verificar de qué manera este encuentro viene ocurriendo, su importancia para la comunidad local y su potencialidad de transformarse en un atractivo turístico, fue realizada esta investigación cualitativa. Hay un número creciente de participantes, miembros de la comunidad autóctona, propietarios de residencias secundarias (dueños de chacras) y visitantes: han instaurado el intercambio de bienes, servicios y conocimientos, creándose un ambiente de convivencia entre modos de vida diferentes, lo que acabó por transformarse en uno de los principales atractivos de lo que hoy en día es llamado turismo comunitario.
Propuesta de un ejercicio cualitativo para evaluar la aplicación del currículo 2003 de la Licenciatura en Turismo de la UAEM
Authors: Collado Medina Lucía M.
Published: September 2016

Diseñar el currículum para la formación de profesionales, congruentemente con las exigencias cambiantes de la sociedad actual, implica un ejercicio crítico de permanente revisión y actualización tanto de los contenidos, como de la forma en la que se desarrolla su aplicación, para identificar su pertinencia en las esferas educativa y social. Los programas educativos actuales, deben plantearse el desafío de la formación de individuos integrales, que además de garantizar una practica profesional exitosa, les permita desarrollarse y participar en diferentes ámbitos, con un compromiso orientado al logro del bienestar común y de una convivencia armónica con su entorno. La revisión permanente del currículum debe sustentarse en formas de intervención democráticas, en las que todos y cada uno de los actores tengan la posibilidad de analizar, discutir y opinar sobre aquello que consideren adecuado para su participación como sujetos capaces de intervenir y transformar sus propias condiciones de vida, así como las de los demás.
Punta Mita en la dinámica del desarrollo turístico regional
Authors: Fonseca Morales María Alicia
Published: September 2016

La implantación del turismo como actividad económica motora en la porción costera del Pacífico medio mexicano, ha ejercido por más de treinta años el proceso de configuración de un espacio turístico fundamentado en la transversalidad de políticas públicas del desarrollo regional y las propias de fomento al turismo. Si bien en su origen con la promoción del turismo se pretendía impulsar capacidades y bienestar social, en su trayectoria de planeación ha ido alineando su derrotero hacia intereses económicos de carácter competitivo aunque sesgado a exigencias del mercado globalizado, derivando sinergias de dependencia y exclusión, obstáculos para la sustentabilidad del propio sistema turístico regional-local, lo que hace emergente una reconversión del proceso por parte de los actores de interés.
Застосування внутрішньовенних препаратів заліза в терапії залізодефіцитної анемії у пацієнтів з хронічною хворобою нирок
Authors: Ivanov D.D. , Dombrowski Ya.A.
Published: September 2016

У статті розглянуті сучасні рекомендації щодо лікування анемії при хронічній хворобі нирок. Зроблено акцент на пріоритетному призначенні препаратів заліза. Надана порівняльна характеристика ефективності препаратів заліза при хронічній хворобі нирок. Розглянуто переваги карбоксимальтозата заліза.
Гіпомагніємія при хронічній хворобі нирок: проблема чи індивідуальні особливості окремих хворих?
Authors: Savytska L.M.
Published: September 2016

У статті розглянуто проблему дефіциту магнію у пацієнтів із хронічною хворобою нирок (ХХН). Вона потребує особливої уваги з боку клініцистів у зв’язку з підвищеним ризиком розвитку серцево-судинних ускладнень. Під час дослідження було виявлено, що третина пацієнтів із ХХН І–ІІІ стадій має дефіцит магнію. Застосування препаратів магнію дозволяє нормалізувати магнієвий статус.
Degree of Fault Tolerance as a Comprehensive Parameter for Reliability Evaluation of Fault Tolerant Electric Traction Drives
Authors: Bolvashenkov Igor , Herzog Hans-Georg
Published: September 2016

This paper describes a new approach and methodology of quantitative assessment of the fault tolerance of electric power drive consisting of the multi-phase traction electric motor and multilevel electric inverter. It is suggested to consider such traction drive as a system with several degraded states. As a comprehensive parameter for evaluating of the fault tolerance, it is proposed to use the criterion of degree of the fault tolerance. For the approbation of the proposed method, the authors carried out research and obtained results of its practical application for evaluating the fault tolerance of the power train of an electrical helicopter.
Crowdsourcing & Marketing: A Relationship in the Making
Authors: Meng Prof. Tao , Kumar Prashant , Som Bhupender Kumar
Published: September 2016

Crowdsourcing seems to have come of age since Jeff Howe christened it in 2006 and the writing on the wall is clear. As more and more companies are trying to jump on the crowdsourcing bandwagon, crowdsourcing as a marketing strategy is cementing its place in the fiercely competitive business environment and it’s leading the crowd of strategies which have come to the fore in the recent years. The business corridors are buzzing with this ever evolving phenomenon, which no more seems like another buzz word around. As this phenomenon is gaining currency across boundaries, the academic research around this topic has also gained lot of attention. As a result this paper will draw attention toward the marketer’s perspective about crowdsourcing, as they are the one who are the harbinger of the future growth of crowdsourcing. This paper will highlight the level of awareness of crowdsourcing among the marketing managers, their perspective about its use and impact on various marketing strategies. In addition to this, their perspective on digital divide is considered to be discussed, as digital divide could play a spoilsport in the relationship between crowdsourcing and marketing. Most often it is said that if you want to do something different then don’t follow the crowd, first time it seems it is good to follow the crowd.
The mixed randomized trial: combining randomized, pragmatic and observational clinical trial designs
Authors: Alsop Jonathan , Scott Martin , Archey William
Published: September 2016

Clinical trial designs often fail to deliver data that jointly satisfy evolving demands of both regulatory and reimbursement authorities. We propose a new multi-tiered trial design to integrate efficacy and effectiveness, and address the evolving needs of authorities. The mixed randomized trial allocates patients first to trial arm – randomized controlled, pragmatic (randomized) or observational – and then to treatment group – experimental, placebo, active comparator, best available therapy or standard of care. Trial arms may be staggered over time to reflect the current state of randomized and non-randomized data of the experimental drug, and thereby still prioritize safety. At the same time, the mixed randomized trial allows for the collection of real-world data in a randomized setting, and thereby reduces selection bias.
Thermophysical properties of binary blends of cyclohexane with some esters
Authors: Pradhan Rajendra , Sinha Biswajit
Published: September 2016

From the densities (?) and viscosities (?) measured for three binary blends consisting of methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA) and methyl salicylate (MS) over the entire composition range with cyclohexane (CH) at 298.15?318.15 K under atmospheric pressure, the excess molar volumes (VEm ) and excess viscosities (?E) were derived. In addition, the excess isentropic compressibilities (KEs ) excess intermolecular free lengths (LEf) and excess molar refractions (R Em) were derived from measured ultrasonic speeds of sound (u) and refractive indices (nD) for the binary blends at 298.15 K. Various derived properties are discussed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects. Partial molar volumes ( 0 Vm,1 and 0 Vm,2 ) and excess partial molar volumes ( 0,E Vm,1 and 0,E Vm,2 ) at infinite dilution are also discussed in terms of volume changes in the blends. Furthermore, the excess molar volumes (V Em ) and viscosities (?) of the blends were correlated with the Prigogine?Flory?Paterson (PFP) theory and the Peng?Robinson Equation of State (PR-EOS).
Modified Risdon approach using periangular incision in surgical treatment of subcondylar mandibular fractures
Authors: Nikolic Zivorad , Jelovac Drago , Sabani Melvil , Jeremic Jelena
Published: September 2016

Introduction. No consensus has been reached yet on the surgical approach for
treatment of condylar fractures. Objective. The aim of this study was to
present modified Risdon approach (without facial nerve identification) in the
treatment of subcondylar mandibular fractures. Method. This is a
retrospective study of a period 2005-2012. During this seven-year period, 25
condylar mandibular fractures in 22 men and three women (19-68 years old)
were treated by modified Risdon approach without identifying the facial
nerve. The main inclusion criterion was subcondylar fracture according to
Lindahl classification. Results. No additional morbidity related to
postoperative complications, such as infection or salivary fistula, was
observed in this series. Only two (8%) patients developed temporary weakness
of the marginal branch of the facial nerve, which resolved six weeks
postoperatively. Each patient achieved good mouth opening postoperatively.
Scar was camouflaged in the first cervical wrinkle. Two patients developed
temporomandibular joint dysfunction. No patient had postoperative occlusal
disturbance. In all of the patients good aesthetic result was achieved in a
two-year follow-up. Conclusion. In comparison with techniques described in
the literature, the main advantages of the modified Risdon approach are the
following: no need for facial vessels identification; direct, fast, and safe
approach to mandibular angle and subcondylar region; relatively simple
surgical technique and good cosmetic result - due to aesthetically placed
incision. This approach could be recommended for subcondylar fracture as a
simplified and safe procedure.
Thyroglobulin value in patients surgically treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Mikac Gostimir , Stankovic Sinisa
Published: September 2016

Introduction. Thyroglobulin is composed glycoprotein, and it is synthesized
by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Treatment of differentiated thyroid
carcinomas involves total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine ablation of a
potential remaining tissue. The measurement of thyroglobulin in the
postoperative follow-up can serve as an indicator of tumor growth or
recurrence of the disease. Objective. The aim of this paper is to examine the
value of thyroglobulin in patients surgically treated for differentiated
thyroid cancer who had metastases in the lymph nodes of the neck, as well as
in operated on patients without any evident metastasis. Methods.
Thyroglobulin values in the serum of 58 patients were analyzed. Two groups
were formed. The thyroglobulin value was established with the use of IRMA-hTg
(125I) system. Normal levels of thyroglobulin were from 2 ng/ml to 65 ng/ml.
For all of 58 patients, thyroglobulin was determined three times. The first,
so-called pre-ablation thyroglobulin was determined immediately before the
application of 131I ablation dose. The second and the third measurements were
conducted six to eight months and one year, respectively, after the
application of the ablation dose respectively. Results. The first group
consisted of 14 patients with histologically proven metastases in the lymph
nodes of the neck, while the second group consisted of 44 patients without
any evident metastases. The average thyroglobulin value of pre-ablation in
the patients from the first group was 43.45 ng/ml, while in the second was
7.57 ng/ml. Levene?s test (with p = 0.00, i.e p < 0.05), demonstrated a
statistically significant difference. Furthermore, in both groups, there was
statistically significant difference between pre-ablation and post-ablation
thyroglobulin values (Student?s t-test with p < 0.05). Conclusion It can be
concluded that the average value of thyroglobulin was significantly higher in
patients with lymph node metastases in the neck. We are of the opinion that
the determination of thyroglobulin, despite individual variations, may serve
as a good indicator to assist in monitoring of patients surgically treated
for differentiated thyroid cancer.
Lymphoblastic lymphomas in children: A single-center experience from Serbia
Authors: Lazic Jelena , Janic Dragana , Krstovski Nada , Rodic Predrag , Milosevic Goran , Jankovic Srdja , Brasanac Dimitrije , Dokmanovic Lidija
Published: September 2016

Introduction. Intensive treatment protocols used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in
children lead to eventfree survival rates ranging from 80% to 90%. However,
the results are less successful in developing countries. Lymphoblastic
lymphoma (LBL) is the second most frequent type of lymphoma in children,
contributing with about one third to all non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood.
Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of LBL treatment
in University Children?s Hospital (UCH), Belgrade. Methods. A retrospective
analysis of patient records at UCH from 1997 to 2015 was carried out in
patients aged 0-18 years, in whom the diagnosis of LBL had been established.
Twenty-two children were included in the analysis. Results. Mean age at
diagnosis was 10 years, with preponderance of male patients. All patients
were treated according to Berlin-Frankfurt-M?nster-based chemotherapy
protocols. With median follow-up of 91.5 months, five-year probability of
event-free survival was 79.5% for all patients, while overall survival was
81.8%. Conclusion. Our results, although slightly inferior to those of
leading international groups, reflect a good treatment outcome in our
patients.
Search for the presence of occult hepatitis C in patients with treatment-induced viral clearance using an ultrasensitive assay
Authors: Dzekova-Vidimliski Pavlina , Nikolov Igor , Matevska-Geshkovska Nadica , Boyanova Yana , Nikolova Nina , Antonov Krasimir , Mateva Lyudmila , Dimovski Aleksandar , Rostaing Lionel , Sikole Aleksandar
Published: September 2016

Introduction. Occult hepatitis C is defined by the presence of virus in the
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and/or liver cells, in the absence
of serum viremia. Objective. To detect the persistence of occult hepatitis C
in hemodialysis (HD) patients and patients without renal disease (non-renal)
with treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, using
assays with a very low detection limit of viremia. Methods. A group of 13 HD
patients and a group of 43 non-renal patients, with treatment-induced HCV
infection clearance were investigated in the study. The HD patients were
treated with pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFN-?) only, while the non-renal
patients were treated with a combination therapy of PEGIFN- ? and ribavirin.
Detection of a possible persistence of HCV RNA in the PBMCs and plasma
samples was assessed by an ultrasensitive reverse transcription polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay (2 IU/ml). Results. HCV RNA was not detected in
the PBMCs and plasma samples of HD patients and of non-renal patients, when
assessed by the ultrasensitive RT-PCR assay. Conclusion. When a sensitive
RT-PCR assay was applied, to determine if treatment induced clearance of HCV
infection had been successful, occult hepatitis C could not be detected by an
ultrasensitive assay, neither in HD nor in non-renal patients.
Factors associated with inconsistent condom use with clients among female sex workers in Podgorica, Montenegro
Authors: Lausevic Dragan , Begic Senad , Terzic Natasa , Vratnica Zoran , Cicic Alma , Mugosa Boban
Published: September 2016

Introduction. Female sex workers (FSWs) are a group at increased risk for
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and inconsistent condom use
with clients is a known risk factor for infection in this group. Objective.
The aim of the study was to determine factors associated with inconsistent
condom use with clients among female sex workers in Podgorica, Montenegro.
Methods. We conducted an HIV bio-behavioral cross-sectional study in a sample
of female sex workers recruited by snowball sampling. Results. A total of 142
FSWs were recruited. Eighty-one (57.0%) of them used condoms consistently
with clients. HIV prevalence was 0.0%. In the multivariate analysis
inconsistent condom use with clients in the previous month was associated
with clients? negative personal attitude [age-adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =
22.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3-228.0] or client?s indifference (AOR
= 13.0, 95% CI = 1.4-118.9) towards using condom during sex with sexual
workers, decision making by clients or by mutual agreement with client about
using a condom (AOR = 10.2, 95% CI = 3.7-28.0), and early age of first sex
(AOR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.6-18.5). Conclusion. Our results suggest not only the
need for further promotion of condom use, information and education for FSW
but also the need to strengthen negotiation skills of FSWs with clients on
regular use of condoms, as well as the need to extend prevention programs to
clients of FSWs.
A case of severe type of cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome
Authors: Matic Aleksandra , Velisavljev-Filipovic Gordana , Lovrenski Jovan , Gajdobranski Djordje
Published: September 2016

Introduction. Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) is a rare disorder,
with only 75 cases described in the literature to date. CCMS is characterized
by association of micrognathia and specific multiple rib defects. It is
accompanied by mental deficiency in considerable number of cases. Sometimes,
there are associated anomalies and problems, such as spine deformities,
brain, heart, kidney or ear anomalies, feeding difficulties, delayed
psychomotor development, and growth impairment. Depending on severity of
deformities and consecutive respiratory insufficiency, in about 35-50% of
CCMS cases, death occurs during the first year of life. These cases are
referred to as severe types of CCMS. Case Outline. In this paper we present a
female infant with severe type of CCMS. Diagnosis was established in the
first day of life, based on micrognathia and findings of posterior rib-gap
defects on the chest X-ray, accompanied by dyspnea. Progressive severe
respiratory insufficiency caused by chest and air-way deformities and
exacerbated by episodes of pneumonia, led to respiratory failure and death at
the age of 7.5 months. Conclusion. CCMS should be considered in every infant
with micrognathia and rib-gap defects on chest X-ray.
Capture the fracture - use of bone turnover markers in clinical practice
Authors: Vuksanovic Miljanka , Beljic-Zivkovic Teodora
Published: September 2016

Bone is a living tissue, metabolically very active, with the level of
turnover of about 10% per year. Bone remodeling is a well-balanced process of
bone resorption, induced by osteoclasts and bone formation maintained
osteoblasts. Loss of bone remodeling balance, with increased bone resorption,
leads to osteoporosis. Bone turnover markers are classified as markers of
bone formation and of bone resorption. During the growth and development of
skeleton, bone turnover markers show higher levels of activity than in the
adult period. The increase in biochemical markers peaks again in the
postmenopausal period, indicating accelerated bone remodeling. Bone mineral
density is an important predictor of an osteoporotic fracture. Timely
assessment of risk factors of osteoporosis and bone markers can detect
subjects with accelerated bone remodeling and osteoporosis. This may
introduce adequate therapy and prevent fracture.
Can we always take analysis of complete blood count by automated blood cell analyzer as absolutely correct?
Authors: Colovic Natasa , Lekovic Danijela , Jakovic Ljubomir
Published: September 2016

nema
Contemporary Serbian Orthodox church architecture: Architectural competitions since 1990
Authors: Manic Bozidar , Vasiljevic-Tomic Dragana , Nikovic Ana
Published: September 2016

This paper focuses on the architectural competitions for Orthodox Christian
churches in Serbia since 1990, both on the analysis of the designs submitted
and the competition requirements. The first competition for an Orthodox
church in Serbia after World War II was announced for Pristina in 1991. After
that, competitions for the temple in Cukarica, Novi Beograd, Nis, Aleksinac
and Krusevac were conducted. Thanks to the fact that architectural
competitions allow a greater degree of creative freedom to the architects
than regular practice, various solutions were offered, from replicas of
models from architectural history and tradition to fully non-traditional
proposals. Depending on the relationship to tradition, architectural design
approaches can be classified into three main groups: radically modernizing,
conservatively traditionalist, and compromising. Of the six competitions
conducted, four churches were built, which are among the most architecturally
successful newer churches in Serbia. This points to the importance of the
implementation of the architectural competition in this field of
architecture. The diversity of the award-winning projects shows that there is
awareness of the possibility for the further development of church
architecture, favouring a moderate approach.
Instrumentalization of origami in construction of folded plate structures - design, research and education
Authors: Nestorovic Miodrag , Milosevic Jelena , Nestorovic Predrag , Maneski Milos
Published: September 2016

The paper deals with the origami used as an abstract tool to describe and
represent the form and the structure of physical objects. In that respect,
the potentials of this interdisciplinary technique as a medium of exploration
of structural forms was introduced in the semester project done within the
course Structural Systems at the Belgrade University, Faculty of
Architecture. The technique was used as an interface to gain cognitive
experience on spatial transformation and computational design. Throughout the
intensive project period divided into three successive stages, the objective
was to test method which enabled students to analyze geometrical principles
of folding in order to apply these principles in the development of new
designs. The generative algorithm inspired by the technique of paper folding
assisted form-finding. Resulting shapes were verified by a production of
small scale prototype models. The applied method, as a guiding design
principle, facilitated formal exploration and augmentation of the design
process. At the end of the course, students got cognitive experience on
structural forms, while this simple technique delivered richness in terms of
design solutions.
Creation of virtual 3D models of the existing architectonic structures using the web resources
Authors: Pejic Petar , Krasic Sonja
Published: September 2016

Digital three-dimensional models of the existing architectonic structures are
created for the purpose of digitalization of the archive documents,
presentation of buildings or an urban entity or for conducting various
analyses and tests. Traditional methods for the creation of 3D models of the
existing buildings assume manual measuring of their dimensions, using the
photogrammetry method or laser scanning. Such approaches require considerable
time spent in data acquisition or application of specific instruments and
equipment. The goal of this paper is presentation of the procedure for the
creation of 3D models of the existing structures using the globally available
web resources and free software packages on standard PCs. This shortens the
time of the production of a digital three-dimensional model of the structure
considerably and excludes the physical presence at the location. In addition,
precision of this method was tested and compared with the results acquired in
a previous research.
Architectural competitions and the issue of the autonomy of architecture: The case of Terazije Terrace
Authors: Sisovic Grozdana
Published: September 2016

Terazije Terrace in Belgrade and many different architectural projects for
this space produced over the last almost 90 years are the subject matter of
the analysis. The research is conducted with the aim to recognize and present
diverse currents in the development of an architectural scene and shed light
on the role of architectural competitions in these complex flows. The
1929-1930 competition won by Nikola Dobrovic, as well as the 1968, 1991 and
1998 competitions with the awarded projects are the focal point of the paper
as the samples of architectural practice significant for the understanding of
the relations between the treatment of ?grand architectural themes? and the
dominant orientation of a local architectural culture. The theoretical
framework refers to contemporary theoretical debate on the autonomy of the
discipline (Somol and Whiting, 2002; Aureli, 2008; Hays, 2010; among the
others).
Architectural drawing in the process of visual research: The new school concept of the representation of space
Authors: Kovac Vladimir
Published: September 2016

The viewpoint of architect Djordje Petrovic on drawing as a research process,
driven by his work at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade
within the field of architectural drawing, is to be taken as a starting point
for the analysis of the process of visual representation of architectural
space in this paper. The analysis is primarily focused on the relevant period
from the beginning of the seventies, when the concept of the New School was
formed, and Petrovic introduced the concepts of visual research and visual
communications to the curriculum, in his reassessment of the role of
architectural drawings as a purely technical and information resource. The
basic methodological question concerns the interpretation of the concept of
visual research, conducted within the reformed curriculum, as well as its
position in the then socio-cultural context and in relation to the actual
practice of the time and the period that preceded it. Looking at the drawing
as a powerful means of representations of space, the paper discusses
architectural discourse determined by architectural drawing as the product of
social and theoretical practice, similar to the hypothesis of Henri Lefebvre,
presented in his work The Production of Space.
Regional factor of sustainable development of rural settlements of Kalna and Minicevo at the foot of the Stara Planina mountain
Authors: Arandjelovic Milos , Videnovic Aleksandar
Published: September 2016

Developmental potential of rural settlements of Kalna and Minicevo should be
reviewed in the wider context of the area in which they are located. The
natural resources of Stara Planina mountain, as a special purpose area
focused on tourism and agriculture, represent the basic components for
sustainable development of the mentioned settlements. The heritage of
autochthonus, traditional rural architecture and sacral buildings, together
with natural resources potentials, represent attractors for the development
of a specific form of rural tourism. This research paper presents an analysis
of the options for the development of rural tourism in the territory of
Knjazevac municipality, aimed at sustainable development of rural settlements
of Kalna and Minicevo. The basic idea of the paper is for Kalna and Minicevo
to become the centres towards which the population of smaller surrounding
villages will gravitate: towards Kalna as a potential tourism centre and
towards Minicevo as a transit tourist settlement with accompanying public and
other services. The purpose of the paper is not to offer a solution that
would completely eliminate economic and demographic changes, but to review
different options for the development of rural settlements that could keep up
with modern social needs.
The impact of infrastructure planning in spatial plans on carrying capacity assessment in mountain tourist areas
Authors: Djordjevic Dejan , Secerov Velimir , Filipovic Dejan , Lukic Bogdan
Published: September 2016

This paper analyses the impact of infrastructure planning on carrying
capacity assessment in mountain tourist areas, aiming to define the
procedure, as well as to present an algorithm that could enable the
application of carrying capacity methods in the process of developing
planning documents. This would, in addition to the common practice of the
hitherto used research methods, pay appropriate attention to the impact of
infrastructure systems. In this regard, the paper first presents the basic
theoretical and methodological problems of carrying capacity assessment, and
then it considers the basic characteristics of evaluating carrying capacity
in mountain tourist areas. Following this is a review of the basic principles
of infrastructure planning, which gives practical recommendations for the
infrastructure planning process in mountain tourist areas, with a particular
emphasis on the impact of infrastructure on carrying capacity assessment. The
example of Tara National Park, a mountainous area in Serbia which served as a
place for verification of this procedure, shows the need to review the
current planning solutions defined for this protected area.
Giraffe Stature and Neck Elongation: Vigilance as an Evolutionary Mechanism
Authors: Williams Edgar
Published: September 2016

Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), with their long neck and legs, are unique amongst mammals. How these features evolved is a matter of conjecture. The two leading ideas are the high browse and the sexual-selection hypotheses. While both explain many of the characteristics and the behaviour of giraffe, neither is fully supported by the available evidence. The extended viewing horizon afforded by increased height and a need to maintain horizon vigilance, as a mechanism favouring the evolution of increased height is reviewed. In giraffe, vigilance of predators whilst feeding and drinking are important survival factors, as is the ability to interact with immediate herd members, young and male suitors. The evidence regarding giraffe vigilance behaviour is sparse and suggests that over-vigilance has a negative cost, serving as a distraction to feeding. In woodland savannah, increased height allows giraffe to see further, allowing each giraffe to increase the distance between its neighbours while browsing. Increased height allows the giraffe to see the early approach of predators, as well as bull males. It is postulated that the wider panorama afforded by an increase in height and longer neck has improved survival via allowing giraffe to browse safely over wider areas, decreasing competition within groups and with other herbivores.
Olefin Hydroborations with Diamidocarbene–BH3 Adducts at Room Temperature
Authors: Lastovickova Dominika , Bielawski Christopher
Published: September 2016

An isolable N,N’-diamidocarbene (DAC) was previously shown to promote the B–H bond activation of various BH3 complexes. The resultant DAC–BH3 adducts facilitated olefin hydroborations under mild conditions and in the absence of exogenous initiators. The substrate scope for such transformations was further explored and is described herein. While organoboranes were obtained in quantitative yields from various terminal and internal olefins, use of the latter substrates resulted in intramolecular ring-expansion of the newly formed DAC–borane adducts.
A Spectral Emissivity Library of Spoil Substrates
Authors: Pivovarník Marek , Pikl Miroslav , Frouz Jan , Zemek František , Kopačková Veronika , Notesco Gila , Ben Dor Eyal
Published: September 2016

Post-mining sites have a significant impact on surrounding ecosystems. Afforestation can restore these ecosystems, but its success and speed depends on the properties of the excavated spoil substrates. Thermal infrared remote sensing brings advantages to the mapping and classification of spoil substrates, resulting in the determination of its properties. A library of spoil substrates containing spectral emissivity and chemical properties can facilitate remote sensing activities. This study presents spectral library of spoil substrates’ emissivities extracted from brown coal mining sites in the Czech Republic. Extracted samples were homogenized by drying and sieving. Spectral emissivity of each sample was determined by spectral smoothing algorithm applied to data measured by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. A set of chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, Na, K, Al, Fe, loss on ignition and polyphenol content) and toxicity were determined for each sample as well. The spectral library presented in this paper also offers valuable information in the form of geographical coordinates for the locations where samples were obtained. Presented data are unique in nature and can serve many remote sensing activities in longwave infrared electromagnetic spectrum.
Impact of Rural Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation Systems on Power Quality
Authors: Pinto Rita , Mariano Sílvio , Calado Maria , De Souza José
Published: September 2016

Photovoltaic (PV) generation systems have been increasingly used to generate electricity from renewable sources, attracting a growing interest. Recently, grid connected PV micro-generation facilities in individual homes have increased due to governmental policies as well as greater attention by industry. As low voltage (LV) distribution systems were built to make energy flow in one direction, the power feed-in of PV generation in rural low-voltage grids can influence power quality (PQ) as well as facility operation and reliability. This paper presents results on PQ analysis of a real PV generation facility connected to a rural low-voltage grid. Voltage fluctuations and voltage harmonic contents were observed. Statistical analysis shows a negative impact on PQ produced by this PV facility and also that only a small fraction of the energy available during a sunny day is converted, provoking losses of revenue and forcing the converter to work in an undesirable operating mode. We discuss the disturbances imposed upon the grid and their outcome regarding technical and economic viability of the PV system, as well as possible solutions. A low-voltage grid strengthening has been suggested and implemented. After that a new PQ analysis shows an improvement in the impact upon PQ, making this facility economically viable.
Effect of Xanthan Gum on the Rheological Behavior and Microstructure of Sodium Caseinate Acid Gels
Authors: Hidalgo María , Armendariz Mirta , Wagner Jorge , Risso Patricia
Published: September 2016

The aim of this work was to study the effect of xanthan gum (XG) on the gelation process of bovine sodium caseinate (NaCAS) induced by acidification with glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) and on the mixed acid gel microstructure. Before GDL addition, segregative phase separation was observed in all the NaCAS-XG mixtures evaluated. The gelation process was analyzed by using a fractional factorial experimental design. The images of the microstructure of the mixed acid gels were obtained by conventional optical microscopy and the mean diameter of the interstices was determined. Both the elastic character and the microstructure of the gels depended on the concentrations of XG added. As XG concentration increased, the kinetics of the gelation process was modified and the degree of compactness and elasticity component of the gel network increased. The microstructure of gels depends on the balance among thermodynamic incompatibility, protein gelation and NaCAS-XG interactions.
Increasing Incidence Rate of Cervical Cerclage in Pregnancy in Australia: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Lu Corrine , Lim Boon , Robson Stephen
Published: September 2016

Objective: Data published from the United States have demonstrated that the use of cervical cerclage has fallen in the period 1998–2013. This is in contrast to recommendations in Australia. We examined this trend using data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Study design: Retrospective population-based study. Methods: Data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare procedural database were used to determine the total number of cervical cerclage sutures inserted during the period 2004 to 2013. Population datasets were used to calculate age-stratified incidence rates of cerclage. Findings: There was a significant increase in the rate of cervical cerclage in women aged 25 to 34 years and in the 35 years and older age group. The incidence of preterm birth was stable for gestations of 32 to 36 weeks, but slightly increased in the 20 to 27 week and 28 to 31 week gestational age groups. Further research into cervical cerclage and the use of vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth would be valuable.
Pre-Pregnancy Maternal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Gestational Weight Gain: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jaacks Lindsay , Boyd Barr Dana , Sundaram Rajeshwari , Grewal Jagteshwar , Zhang Cuilin , Buck Louis Germaine
Published: September 2016

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been implicated in the development of obesity in non-pregnant adults. However, few studies have explored the association of POPs with gestational weight gain (GWG), an important predictor of future risk of obesity in both the mother and offspring. We estimated the association of maternal pre-pregnancy levels of 63 POPs with GWG. Data are from women (18–40 years; n = 218) participating in a prospective cohort study. POPs were assessed using established protocols in pre-pregnancy, non-fasting blood samples. GWG was assessed using three techniques: (1) total GWG (difference between measured pre-pregnancy weight and final self-reported pre-delivery weight); (2) category based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)-specific Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations; and (3) area under the GWG curve (AUC). In an exploratory analysis, effects were estimated separately for women with BMI < 25 kg/m2 versus BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Multivariable polytomous logistic regression and linear regression were used to estimate the association between each chemical or congener and the three GWG outcomes. p,p’-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (p,p’-DDT) was significantly inversely associated with AUC after adjustment for lipids and pre-pregnancy BMI: beta {95% confidence interval (CI)}, −378.03 (−724.02, −32.05). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was significantly positively associated with AUC after adjustment for lipids among women with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 {beta (95% CI), 280.29 (13.71, 546.86)}, but not among women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 {beta (95% CI), 56.99 (−328.36, 442.34)}. In summary, pre-pregnancy levels of select POPs, namely, p,p’-DDT and PFOS, were moderately associated with GWG. The association between POPs and weight gain during pregnancy may be more complex than previously thought, and adiposity prior to pregnancy may be an important effect modifier.
The Profiling and Identification of the Absorbed Constituents and Metabolites of Guizhi Decoction in Rat Plasma and Urine by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography Combined with Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Xiang Hongjun , Zhang Lishi , Song Jiannan , Fan Bin , Nie Yinglan , Bai Dong , Lei Haimin
Published: September 2016

Guizhi decoction (GZD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription consisting of Ramulus Cinnamomi, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Fructus Jujubae and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, is usually used for the treatment of common colds, influenza, and other pyretic conditions in the clinic. However, the absorbed ingredients and metabolic compounds of GZD have not been reported. In this paper, a method incorporating rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) was used to identify ingredients after oral administration of GZD. Identification of the primary components in GZD, drug-containing serum and urine samples was carried out in order to investigate the assimilation and metabolites of the decoction in vivo. By comparing the total ion chromatograms (TICs) of GZD, a total of 71 constituents were detected or characterized. By comparing TICs of blank and dosed rat plasma, a total of 15 constituents were detected and identified as prototypes according to their retention time (tR) and MS, MS/MS data. Based on this, neutral loss scans of 80 and 176 Da in samples of rat plasma and urine helped us to identify most of the metabolites. Results showed that the predominant metabolic pathways of (epi) catechin and gallic acid were sulfation, methylation, glucuronidation and dehydroxylation; the major metabolic pathways of flavone were hydrolysis, sulfation and glucuronidation. Furthermore, degradation, oxidation and ring fission were found to often occur in the metabolism process of GZD in vivo.
Impact of Wisteria floribunda Agglutinin-Positive Mac-2-Binding Protein in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus-Related Compensated Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Hasegawa Kunihiro , Takata Ryo , Nishikawa Hiroki , Enomoto Hirayuki , Ishii Akio , Iwata Yoshinori , Miyamoto Yuho , Ishii Noriko , Yuri Yukihisa , Nakano Chikage , Nishimura Takashi , Yoh Kazunori , Aizawa Nobuhiro , Sakai Yoshiyuki , Ikeda Naoto , Takashima Tomoyuki , Iijima Hiroko , Nishiguchi Shuhei
Published: September 2016

We aimed to examine the effect of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) level on survival comparing with other laboratory liver fibrosis markers in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related compensated liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 165). For assessing prognostic performance of continuous fibrosis markers, we adapted time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for clinical outcome. In time-dependent ROC analysis, annual area under the ROCs (AUROCs) were plotted. We also calculated the total sum of AUROCs in all time-points (TAAT score) in each fibrosis marker. WFA+-M2BP value ranged from 0.66 cutoff index (COI) to 19.95 COI (median value, 5.29 COI). Using ROC analysis for survival, the optimal cutoff point for WFA+-M2BP was 6.15 COI (AUROC = 0.79348, sensitivity = 80.0%, specificity = 74.78%). The cumulative five-year survival rate in patients with WFA+-M2BP ≥ 6.15 COI (n = 69) was 43.99%, while that in patients with WFA+-M2BP < 6.15 COI (n = 96) was 88.40% (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, absence of hepatocellular carcinoma (p = 0.0008), WFA+-M2BP < 6.15 COI (p = 0.0132), achievement of sustained virological response (p < 0.0001) and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin < 41 mAU/mL (p = 0.0018) were significant favorable predictors linked to survival. In time-dependent ROC analysis in all cases, WFA+-M2BP had the highest TAAT score among liver fibrosis markers. In conclusion, WFA+-M2BP can be a useful predictor in HCV-related compensated LC.
Sulforaphane, a Dietary Isothiocyanate, Induces G2/M Arrest in Cervical Cancer Cells through CyclinB1 Downregulation and GADD45β/CDC2 Association
Authors: Cheng Ya-Min , Tsai Ching-Chou , Hsu Yi-Chiang
Published: September 2016

Globally, cervical cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women. The main treatment methods for this type of cancer include conization or hysterectomy procedures. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural, compound-based drug derived from dietary isothiocyanates which has previously been shown to possess potent anti-tumor and chemopreventive effects against several types of cancer. The present study investigated the effects of SFN on anti-proliferation and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in cervical cancer cell lines (Cx, CxWJ, and HeLa). We found that cytotoxicity is associated with an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phases of the cell-cycle. Treatment with SFN led to cell cycle arrest as well as the down-regulation of Cyclin B1 expression, but not of CDC2 expression. In addition, the effects of GADD45β gene activation in cell cycle arrest increase proportionally with the dose of SFN; however, mitotic delay and the inhibition of proliferation both depend on the dosage of SFN used to treat cancer cells. These results indicate that SFN may delay the development of cancer by arresting cell growth in the G2/M phase via down-regulation of Cyclin B1 gene expression, dissociation of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex, and up-regulation of GADD45β proteins.
Development of an Eco-Cruise Control System Based on Digital Topographical Data
Authors: Lin Yu-Chen , Nguyen Ha
Published: September 2016

Rapid growth in economies and a sharp increase in the present quantity of vehicles have contributed to congested cities, traffic accidents, energy crises and air pollution, which not only cause serious economic damage but also affect human life and safety. According to the Kyoto Protocol international standards and consensus, the trend in the automotive industry is to develop more ecological vehicles in order to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution. Recently, a number of modern premium cars have been equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), especially an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system, which was found to be one of the most widely and successful ADAS systems to date. However, the road topography on highways affects fuel consumption of vehicles. Rapid acceleration, rapid deceleration, and unreasonable gear use can all result in increasing fuel consumption. Therefore, an eco-cruise control (ECC) system on roads with up-down slopes is critical for improving vehicle fuel economy in coordination with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). This proposed approach combines the road elevation profile of digital road maps with nonlinear optimal predictive control (NOPC) algorithms to handle the vehicle velocity control; it is aimed at providing the most economical speed according to road grade. The developed algorithms not only provide ecological driving guidance for the driver, but also contribute to driving safety. Finally, extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed controller can significantly reduce fuel consumption of a vehicle while ensuring driving comfort and safety.