bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Stability in Various Levels of Impacted Implants: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Bilmenoğlu Çağlar , Özyurt Anıl , Çilingir Ahmet Altuğ , Turan Fatma Nesrin
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to examine the primary stabilization of different vertically impacted bone implants. Implant stability was measured by resonance frequency analysis. Forty-five dental implants were used and divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was placed 4 mm (1/3 impacted), group 2 was placed 8 mm (2/3 impacted), and group 3 was placed 12 mm (fully impacted). Implant stability quotient values were measured on the longitudinal and transversal axis by 2 independent researchers. The fully impacted group showed the significantly highest value among the groups (P < .05). There were statistically varying implant-stability quotient values between researchers. None of the 1/3-impacted implants' value reached a 70 implant-stability quotient value.
Implant Site Preparation Application of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin for Vertical and Horizontal Bone Regeneration: A Clinical Report
Authors: Thanasrisuebwong Prakan , Kiattavorncharoen Sirichai , Deeb George R. , Bencharit Sompop
Published: December 2020

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) using a combined injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF), leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF), and biocompatible bone substitute material, is a convenient and effective method to augment a combined vertical and horizontal bone defect. This approach can create sufficient bone quality and quantity for implant surgical sites. A 55-year-old Asian woman presented with a severe bone defect in posterior mandible. The edentulous mandibular alveolar ridge was severely resorbed vertically and horizontally. A GBR procedure using i-PRF and L-PRF combined with particulate bone graft was performed. Postoperative cone beam computed tomography scans, 8 months after the augmentation, revealed a large regeneration of the alveolar bone sufficient for implant placement. A combination i-PRF/L-PRF and particulate bone graft may provide biologically active molecules and a scaffold for osteogenesis. This treatment protocol may be a viable option for a large bone defect required augmentation before implant placement.
Task-based Approach to Teaching English for Tour Guiding Students in EFL Context
Authors: Astika Gusti
Published: December 2020

This paper describes a task-based approach to teaching English using an authentic material obtained from a guided tour. It begins with a brief discussion on forms-focused instruction, then follows a discussion on meaning focused and form-focused instruction. This paper also cites theoretical framework and research to justify the implementation of task-based language teaching. It argues that task-based language teaching needs to be modified to accommodate the needs of teaching the language in EFL contexts. At the end of the paper, a procedure is pro-posed for the implementation of task-based language teaching using a sample material from tour guiding.
The Overall Proficiency in English Composition of Indonesian University Students of EFL
Authors: Cahyono Bambang Yudi
Published: December 2020

This study was aimed at examining the students' overall proficiency in English composition across university-year cohorts and across academic options. The participants were undergraduate students of Universitas Negeri Malang. They were asked to write persuasive essays on whether violence as exposed on TV programs should be restricted. The essays were evaluated using the ESL Composition Profile. The results showed that that there was a significant difference between the first- and fourth-year students' overall proficiency in English composition. In addition, there was no significant difference between the overall proficiency in English composition of the students taking the thesis option and those taking non-thesis option. The instructional program and writing curriculum appeared to play an important role in developing the students' over-all proficiency in English composition. However, the thesis prerequisite courses provided to prepare the students to write a thesis proposal did not seem to affect their overall proficiency in English composition.
Organizational Patterns of English and Foreign Texts for Language Teaching: A Contrastive Analysis
Authors: Kurnia Fabiola D.
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the organizational patterns of imaginative English and foreign texts in an English speaking community of a mixed cultural literary work. A contrastive list of foreign English text in Galsorthy's Quality and the standard English texts was used as the data. The data were then analyzed according to the organizational patterns of sound systems, grammatical structures, vocabulary system, and cultural features. The analysis suggests that foreign English texts offer a source of systematic preliminary study of language. The conversations in the work of literature provides the learners with ample apractice to recognize the standard of language correctness and the non-standard language variations.
Negotiation of Meaning and Language Acquisition by Indonesia EFL Learners
Authors: Yufrizal Hery
Published: December 2020

This study was aimed at investigating negotiation of meaning among Indonesian learners of EFL in English interaction. It was also intended to examine which type of tasks stimulate the learners to negotiate meaning. Forty undergraduate students were involved in this study. Information gap, Jigsaw, and Role-play tasks were given to students for dyadic interactions. The results show that the information gap tasks were more productive than the other two types of tasks. The study also shows that more interaction and negotiation of meaning were produced by the learners in the same gender and the same proficiency dyads when they were assigned the information gap and jigsaw tasks.
EFL Teachers' Competence in the Context of English Curriculum 2004: Implications for EFL Teacher Education
Authors: Lengkanawati Nenden Sri
Published: December 2020

This is a report of a study which was intended to respond to criticism of the English curricula used in Indonesia which have been claimed by some as failure to make Indonesian students ready in competing with those from other nations. The study tried to portray EFL teachers' competence in West Java and the implications for teacher education. Using a descriptive method, the study investigated proficiency of English teachers in West Java as a tool to assess their readiness in facing the challenge of the implementation of the 2004 English Curriculum and its implication for teacher education. The data concerning teachers' proficiency in Listening, Structure, and Reading Comprehension were collected using a TOEFL-eq
RUSSIAN PERCEPTIONS OF U.S. LAWYERS AS A LINGUAL-CULTURAL TYPE
Authors: Gulyaeva Evgenia
Published: December 2020

This article introduces the reader to the theory of a lingualcultural personality and lingual-cultural types in particular. A lingualcultural type is a generalized image of personalities whose behavior and values significantly influence the culture in general and is a representative of ethnic and social variety of the society. The type of an American Lawyer is being analyzed, because in the United States of America, unlike any other country, the role of a lawyer has a pervasive shared understanding. The author examines how lawyers are repre-sented in US popular culture, specifically exploring presentations in legal and crime fiction. She also analyzes results from a survey of 100 Russian students, exploring their perceptions of the lingual-cultural type of US lawyers.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE SERIOUSNESS OF MISPRONUNCIATIONS OF ENGLISH SPEECH SOUNDS
Authors: Moedjito Moedjito , Harumi ITO
Published: December 2020

The present study attempts to investigate Indonesian EFL teachers' and native English speakers' perceptions of mispronunciations of English sounds by Indonesian EFL learners. For this purpose, a paper-form questionnaire consisting of 32 target mispronunciations was distributed to Indonesian secondary school teachers of English and also to native English speakers. An analysis of the respondents' perceptions has discovered that 14 out of the 32 target mispronunciations are pedagogically significant in pronunciation instruction. A further analysis of the reasons for these major mispronunciations has reconfirmed the prevalence of interference of learners native language in their English pronunciation as a major cause of mispronunciations. It has also revealed Indonesian EFL teachers' tendency to overestimate the seriousness of their learners' pronunciations. Based on these findings, the study makes suggestions for better English pronunciation teaching in Indonesia or other EFL countries.
ENGLISH AS A MEASUREMENT STANDARD IN THE NATIONAL EXAMINATION: SOME GRASSROOTS' VOICE
Authors: Sulistyo Gunadi Harry
Published: December 2020

The National Examinations, including English as one component, have always implored controversies. And the government has still been determined in its commitment to execute the national examinations backed up with several accompanying arguments as an attempt to 'smarten the life of the nation'. This has not, however, likely been well understood by all parties with a view to gaining communal supports from all. A small survey was conducted to analyze English teachers' point of view, as frontline agents in the field, concerning issues related with the national examinations. It turns out that in spite of their positive viewpoint in the role of tests, when challenged to accepting responsibility in the context of classroom-based assessment as a part of their autonomous roles, they demonstrate an impression of disinclination.
INVESTIGATING THE PERCEIVED NEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS LEARNING EAP
Authors: Setiawan Dedy
Published: December 2020

The perceived needs of students learning EAP were analysed using a questionnaire which investigated the subjects preference for particular topics and various modes of learning in relation to both the target and present situation. The target situation in the questionnaire was represented by items concerning study skills; while items concerning the present situation were oriented to the contents of the EAP course and its methodology and activities. The findings provide evidence for determining items for inclusion in an EAP programme. They also allow us to identify items as highly, reasonably or not at all recommended for inclusion.
TRIANGULATING SOME DISCOURSE-RELATED ISSUES IN INDONESIAN EFL PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS WRITTEN NARRATIVES
Authors: Mambu Joseph Ernest
Published: December 2020

This paper attempts to document how the notion of discourse was made sense of by EFL teachers from the U.S.A. and by me as an Indonesian who read and commented on 16 narratives written by four male and four female pre-service/student teachers. While the Americans tended to focus on the superficial content and textual organizations, I have found it crucial to appreciate the themes, styles, and philosophies these pre-service teachers presented in their narratives. First, the themes were clustered, thus showing how one pedagogical story relates to or differs from another. Second, the styles of arranging thoughts indicate how Indonesian teachers in this study were overall more indirect so the American readers assumed more responsibility to decipher their implied meanings. From my perspective, however, the salient discourse style is that of philosophizing. In essence, the philosophies in several narratives reflect traces of the ongoing process of believing what these teachers did or practiced as prospective teachers or as colleagues.
MODEL WRITTEN TEXTS IN THE RECOMMENDED SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS
Authors: Rukmini Dwi
Published: December 2020

This article is based on the study on the model written texts provided in the Senior High School English textbooks. It is aimed at finding out whether those models are written by considering the English two contexts, cultural and situational, which encircle them. The data are all written texts provided in the six recommended English textbooks published by six different publishers. The results reveal that only eleven out of 115 model written texts tend to be incompatible with the two contexts encircling them, this implies that 104 of them (93.43%) are likely to be compatible and can be usedas model texts.
MAINSTREAM TEACHERS’ ATTITUDE AND APPROACHES TO SUPPORT CHILDREN’S BILITERACY DEVELOPMENT IN AUSTRALIAN CLASSROOM CONTEXT
Authors: Jafar Muhammad Basri
Published: December 2020

This article examines the role ofmainstream teachers in supporting children’s biliteracy development and bilingualism in a public primary school where English is the medium of instruction. Itreports a research conducted in a public primary school in Australia. The researchemploys a longitudinal ethnographic approach to collect data on how the teachers perceive biliteracy and the extent to which the approaches they adopt impact on their biliteracy and bilingualism development. The research result demonstrates that the more supportive the teachers for biliteracy development and bilingualism are, the more constructivist their teaching approach is and the more varied the activities they encouraged in their classrooms to create opportunities for biliteracy and bilingualism engagement and learning are.
IMPROVING ENGLISH IMPLICIT GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE USING SEMANTICOSYNTACTIC TRANSLATION PRACTICE
Authors: Handoyo Futuh
Published: December 2020

The present was to respond to the students’ low implicit grammar knowledge and, therefore, was concerned with its improvement. The subjects of the study were twenty six students of the first semester accounting students of State Polytechnic of Malang. The strategy used was semantico-syntactic translation practice, which proceeded through three main stages: upgrading their explicit grammar knowledge followed by internalizing the knowledgeinto explicit grammar knowledge, and testing the result. The result showed that the determined goal was reached in fifteen meetings within one cycle with some extra meetings for oral internalization practice.
￼ENGLISH LEARNING NEEDS OF ESP LEARNERS: ￼EXPLORING STAKEHOLDER ￼PERCEPTIONS AT AN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY
Authors: Poedjiastutie Dwi , Oliver Rhonda
Published: December 2020

The current study explores the challenges facing an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) program at an Indonesian university in Indonesia. As a part of their commitment to improvement, this university is working to better prepare students for employment so that they may function well in workplace. However, currently students’ English proficiency is deemed to be less than adequate for such purposes and to date there has been no systematic analysis of students’ needs to inform curriculum development and classroom instruction for the ESP courses. Clearly a rigorous evaluation is required to improve the teaching of English at this university. It was the aim of this study to achieve this and to do so by means of a Needs Analysis. To do this an ethnographic approach was undertaken focusing on the multiple realities of the three groups of stakeholders at this institution – employers, teachers and students. The findings show that each group acknowledged the importance of English as a global and international language. The results also suggest that within the university as a whole, at the faculty level, and in classrooms, some problems exist and potentially may inhibit the effectiveness of the ESP programs. The findings provide useful direction for policy makers, curriculum writers and English language teachers.
￼ENGLISH AND IDENTITY IN MULTICULTURAL ￼CONTEXTS: ISSUES, CHALLENGES, ￼AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Lie Anita
Published: December 2020

The increasing dominance of English has brought implications in language policy and the teaching of English in the multicultural Indonesia. A high power language such as English is taught in schools as a language of modern communication, while the national language is regarded as a force of unifying the nation and local languages as carriers of ‘tradition’ or ‘historical’ identity. Within that context, this article focuses on the increased use of English among an emerging group of young and adolescent learners and their possible identity transformation. This article examines the issues, challenges, and opportunities in English language learning and identity transformation in the multicultural context of Indonesia. A description of the multicultural context and linguistic diversity is presented to understand the language policy and its implications in the functions and degrees of the national language Indonesian, local languages, and English in Indonesia. Issues in the spread of English are explored to understand the challenges and opportunities in transforming cultural identity and achieving performance standards in English.
TRACKING THE CULTURE OF LEARNING AND READINESS FOR LEARNER AUTONOMY IN A TURKISH CONTEXT
Authors: Kartal Galip , Balcikanli Cem
Published: December 2020

This study aims to investigate ELT student teachers’ culture of learning and their readiness for becoming autonomous and promoting their students’ learner autonomy in a Turkish context. Data were collected through two questionnaires (Culture of Learning Questionnaire and Learner Autonomy Readiness Questionnaires) and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaires were completed by 110 fourth-year student teachers of English who were studying at a Second Language Teacher Education (SLTE) program of a university in Turkey. Interviews were conducted with 23 volunteer participants for deeper understanding of the constructs investigated. Findings indicate that the participants did not come from a learning environment in which autonomy was fostered. However, they indicate their readiness to take some responsibility for their own language learning and implementing more autonomous activities outside the classrooms. In terms of their becoming teachers in the future, they are not fully ready for promoting learner autonomy among their future students, but they consider learner autonomy important and plan to take small steps to create an autonomy-supportive environment.
THE EQUIVALENCE OF TOEP FORMS
Authors: Madya Suwarsih , Retnawati Heri , Purnawan Ari , Putro Nur Hidayanto Pancoro Setyo , Apino Ezi
Published: December 2020

This explorative-descriptive study set out to examine the equivalence among Test of English Proficiency (TOEP) forms, developed by the Indonesian Testing Service Centre (ITSC) and co-founded by The Association for The Teaching of English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia (TEFLIN) and The Association of Psychology in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach, the researchers collected the data through documenting the responses of those taking TOEP in 2016 and 2017, involving six TOEP forms in 2016 and four TOEP forms in 2017. All the forms were developed using the same test grid and construct to measure the listening and reading skills. The equality among the six forms was tested using the equating technique, which involved (1) the estimation of the item parameter using the Rasch model, (2) examination of the test characteristics curve for each form, and (3) interpretation of results. The results showed that all the TOEP forms used in 2016 and 2017 were equal with one another. It can be concluded then that the developed TOEP forms have the same level of difficulty and ensure justice for all test takers.
EXTENSIVE READING IN EFL SETTINGS: A SPECIAL INTERVIEW WITH PROFESSOR PAUL NATION
Authors: Iswandari Yuseva Ariyani , Paradita Lanoke Intan
Published: December 2020

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ASSESSING ENGLISH PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE BASE OF TEACHING: LINKING KNOWLEDGE AND SELF-PORTRAYAL
Authors: Triastuti Anita
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to assess pre-service teachers’ knowledge base of teaching and the extent they perceive and reflect its implementation in a microteaching course. Employing mixed-methods design, the study involved pre-service teachers in a state university in Special Territory of Yogyakarta. The quantitative data were collected from a test on the pre-service teachers’ understanding of teacher knowledge base of teaching and a survey of their perceptions towards the implementation of teacher knowledge base of teaching in their microteaching practices. The qualitative data were gathered from the pre-service teachers’ reflections. The findings showed that despite the overall good test score average of the pre-service teachers’ knowledge base of teaching and the generally positive self-rating perceptions, the pre-service teachers’ limited and descriptive reflections did not sufficiently depict their actual implementation of teacher knowledge base of teaching in their microteaching practices.
FACTORS AFFECTING INDONESIAN YOUNG LEARNERS’ ENGLISH PROFICIENCY LEVEL
Authors: Meisani Diah Royani , Hamied Fuad Abdul , Musthafa Bahrudin , Purnawarman Pupung
Published: December 2020

This study was aimed at investigating the influencing factors on students’ English proficiency levels based on Cambridge English Tests for Children and Young Learners. A preliminary survey was undertaken to select the sample of elementary schools that offered English as a subject. As many as 157 students who sat in Grades 4, 5, and 6 from nine elementary schools participated in this study. The findings revealed that the average of students’ scores was at Starters/Movers Level, which is equal to A1 in the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). Through multiple regression analysis, three out of five investigated factors were detected to be significantly related to students’ English proficiency levels, namely gender, grade level, and school accreditation rank. While rich literature has found gender and grade level as one of the affective variables in language learning, none has studied whether school accreditation status influences young learners’ English achievement. It is recommended that schools and related stakeholders consider these factors to ensure effective English teaching to young learners. It is also suggested that future researchers conduct further study on how and under what conditions the factors can contribute to students’ English achievement.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND RECEPTIVE ENGLISH SKILLS OF TUNISIAN IT STUDENTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: Ouaja Mariem , Widiati Utami , Basthomi Yazid , Jahbel Khalil
Published: December 2020

This study aims at discovering the emotional intelligence and receptive English skills of Tunisian IT students, studying the relationship between the two variables, and determining the best predictors of receptive English skills among the emotional intelligence categories. It involved 31 students of the Higher Institute of Technology and Communications Science of Tunis. Data were collected by administering an English proficiency test (TOEIC) and distributing an emotional intelligence inventory (Bar-On EI Inventory) to the students. The results of statistical analyses revealed that (1) the emotional intelligence and receptive English skills of the students were of average levels; (2) there was a significant positive correlation between the students’ emotional intelligence and their receptive English skills; and (3) interpersonal and stress management categories of emotional intelligence were the variables that had the highest correlation with receptive English skills. It was also found that, in learning English language, the Tunisian IT students were driven and motivated by their goals and ambitions. In addition, their optimism, linguistic setting, and Tunisian culture strongly influence their receptive English skill.
AMPK maintains TCA cycle through sequential phosphorylation of PDHA to promote tumor metastasis
Authors: Cai Zhen , Peng Danni , Lin Hui-Kuan
Published: December 2020

Cancer represents the leading public health problem throughout the world. Globally, about one out of six deaths is related to cancer, which is largely due to the metastatic lesions. However, there are no effective strategies for targeting cancer metastasis. Identification of the key druggable targets maintaining metastasis is crucial for cancer treatment. In our recent study (Cai et al. (2020), Mol Cell, doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.018), we found that activity of AMPK was enriched in metastatic tumors compared to primary tumors. Depletion of AMPK rendered cancer cells more sensitive to metabolic and oxidative stress, leading to the impairment of breast cancer lung metastasis. Activation of AMPK rewired cancer metabolism towards TCA cycle, which protects disseminated cancer cells from both metabolic and oxidative stress-induced cell death, and facilitates cancer metastasis. Further, AMPK critically maintained the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), the rate limiting enzyme involved in TCA cycle, thus favoring the pyruvate metabolism towards TCA cycle rather than converting it to lactate. Mechanistically, AMPK was shown to co-localize with PDHA, the catalytic subunit of PDH, in the mitochondrial matrix and directly triggered the phosphorylation of PDHA on Ser295 and Ser314. Hyper-phosphorylation of Ser295 and Ser314 of PDHA promotes lung metastasis through elevating activity of PDH. Of note, PDHA Ser314 phosphorylation abrogated the interaction between PDHA and PDHKs leading to the dephosphorylation on previously reported S293 site, whose phosphorylation serves as a negative signal for PDH activation, while S295 phosphorylation serves as an intrinsic catalytic site required for pyruvate metabolism. Our study presented the first evidence for the pro-metastatic property of the AMPK-PDH axis and advance our current understanding of how PDH is activated under physiological and pathological conditions.
Local elastic moduli of simple random composites computed at different length scales
Authors: Garboczi E. J. , Lura P.
Published: December 2020

Techniques like nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy can estimate the local elastic moduli in a region surrounding the probe used. For composites with phase regions much larger than the size of the probe, these procedures can identify the phases via their different elastic moduli but identifying phase regions that are on the same size scale as the indent is more problematic. This paper looks at three random 3D 8003 voxel composite models, each consisting of a matrix and spherical inclusions. One model has non-overlapping spheres and two models have overlapping spheres, with two and three distinct phases. The linear elastic problem is solved for each microstructure, and histograms are made of the local Young’s moduli over a number of sub-volumes (SVs), averaged over progressively larger SVs. The number and shape of histogram peaks change from N delta functions, where N is the number of elastically distinct phases, at the 1 voxel SV limit, to a single delta function located at the value of the effective global Young’s modulus, when the SV equals the unit cell volume. The phase volume fractions are also tracked for each bin in the Young’s modulus histograms, showing the phase make-up of bin in the histogram. There are clear differences seen between the non-overlapping and three-phase overlapping models and the two-phase overlapping sphere model, because of different size microstructural features, characterized by the average value of size as computed by the W(q) function. In the three-phase model, a peak that is originally all phase 3 persists at its same location, but as the size of the SVs increase, it is made up of a mixture of phases, so that it cannot be identified with a single phase even though it remains a clear peak. These results give some guidance as to what probe size might be useful in distinguishing different phases by local elastic moduli measurements, and how the length scales of the probe and the microstructure interact.
Konut Fiyatı Belirlemede Bulanık Mantık Tabanlı Model Yaklaşımı
Authors: ÖZCAN Fatih Taha , ELDEM Ayşe
Published: December 2020

Taşınmaz değerleme; bir taşınmazın sahipliğinin değişmesi durumunda bir alıcının malın sahibine vereceği para ya da değerli eşyayı belirleme işlemidir. Değerleme yapılırken göz önünde bulundurulması gereken birçok unsur vardır. Taşınmaz değerleme konusundaki problemleri gidermek için yeni kanuni düzenlemeler ile yeni değerleme modelleri geliştirmek önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada en fazla alım satımı yapılan taşınmaz olan konut fiyatının bulanık mantık tabanlı bir model ile belirlenmesi için Karaman ili özelinde bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Bulanık mantık tabanlı geliştirilen sistemin giriş ve çıkış parametreleri konut satışı yapılan “sahibinden.com” sitesinden yararlanılarak bulanıklaştırılmıştır. Bulanık mantık tabanlı konut fiyatı belirleme sistemi modellenmiş ve test edilmiştir. Yapılan testler sonucunda geliştirilen modelin başarı oranının %84,23 olduğu saptanmıştır.
Beyond climatic intervention: The social dimension of a biogas project in Sogwala village, Zimbabwe
Authors: Dhliwayo Nyaradzo , Chanza Nelson , De Wit Anton
Published: December 2020

There is now considerable interest to understand how local communities experiencing climatic risks can benefit from climate change responses. As this agenda unfolds, there is need to understand the impact of climate-related interventions from the perspective of local populations targeted by such projects. Existing assessment approaches tend to concentrate on the environmental and economic impacts of projects that minimise greenhouse gas emissions. This study assesses the social aspect of a domestic biogas project that was intended to address the twin challenges of poverty and climate change in Sogwala village, Zimbabwe. A three-tier methodological execution process was adopted, involving field reconnaissance, household survey and key informant interviews. The focus was on measuring the social dimension of the changes brought about by the project, from the experiences of participating households. With a consciousness of assessment challenges associated with community projects, social capital parameters were used to assess the project’s contribution to the social well-being of the villagers. Overall, results show that the biogas project has the potential to facilitate social development through improved trust and social networks. Despite the contested climatic benefits associated with small-scale household biogas digesters, projects of this nature can enhance community relationships and networks, upon which other development interventions can be operationalised.
Beyond Literal Understanding: “Womb Theft” as Metonym – An Interpretation of the Language Used to Describe Caesarean Kidnappings
Authors: Mswela Maureen
Published: December 2020

The author’s attention has, in recent years, been drawn to an article with the headline, “Womb theft accused testifies”, and to another titled “Sentence reduced for attempted womb theft”. Both articles referred to “womb theft” as the appropriation of a fetus from an expectant woman by a female perpetrator who fakes a pregnancy, and then brutally kills the pregnant woman in order to appropriate the unborn child to keep as her own. Such criminals literally slash open an expectant woman’s womb to reach for the fetus in what can be described as a bizarre replication of a Caesarean section procedure. The author was not entirely clear on what writers meant by “womb theft”, which, defined literally, indicates that the object of theft is the womb/uterus and not a fetus/newborn. If a womb in its literal sense qualifies to be an object of theft, a writer could surely foresee the confusion that would follow headlines such as “Sentence reduced for attempted womb theft” or “Womb theft accused testifies.” The failure to do so exposes a conceptual skew in the discursive construction of the nature of the crime. There has been little research into problems in the language used to describe Caesarean kidnappings from the standpoint of those interested in improving legal language construction. Perhaps a special category of figurative language is required to explain how “womb theft” is used and understood here. The author pursues this task through metonymic analysis, a method that has found little application in legal theory in the South African context. The author argues that figurative expressions are repeatedly used without critical reflection, thereby confusing the recipient and obscuring communication rather than enlightening it. The author does not argue that the use of metonym in legal contexts should be eradicated since, in some instances, they enhance the understanding of legal concepts; instead, legal scholars must see through figurative language, and develop critical dialogue on the stylistic use of metonym and in so doing, master the art of legal communication.
Palliative Care as a Form of Relief for the Dying: A South African Perspective
Authors: Welgemoed Marc , Lerm Henry
Published: December 2020

This article has a critical look at the current state of affairs in palliative care in South Africa. While euthanasia remains unlawful in South Africa, there is only one alternative – namely, palliative care – to mitigate pain and symptoms, make life tolerable, and ease the emotional stress of dying for patients and their families. Palliative care, unlike euthanasia, has always been regarded as a sound medical practice, ethically, morally and legally. The practice the world over includes family, friends and community. However, no system or legislation has been put in place in South Africa to serve as a guideline for end-of-life practices. The focus of this article is to try to establish guidelines through a multidisciplinary approach that includes the family and makes use of community resources to improve the quality of life of patients and families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering.
Application of the Islamic Law of Succession in South Africa
Authors: Abduroaf Muneer
Published: December 2020

Muslims have been living in South Africa for over 300 years. There are over 750 000 Muslims living in South Africa today. These persons constitute a minority religious group in a non-Muslim country. Muslims are required in terms of their religion to follow Islamic law. There has (to date) been no legislation enacted by the South African parliament that gives effect to Islamic law. South African Muslims can however make use of existing South African law provisions in order to apply certain Islamic laws within the South African context. This article looks at the practical application of the Islamic law of succession and administration of estates within the South African context by way of a fictitious scenario. It highlights some of the problem areas when a Muslim testator or testatrix bequeaths his or her estate in terms of Islamic law by means of a will (Islamic will).
Legal Pitfalls of Incompatibility in the Workplace: An Examination of the Landmark Ruling on Racism in Rustenburg Platinum Mine v SAEWA obo Meyer Bester 2018 (5) SA 78 (CC)
Authors: Raligilia Konanani Happy , Nxokweni Unathi
Published: December 2020

In South African labour law, as is the position in other international jurisdictions, the contract of employment is founded on an employment relationship between employer and employee. This case note discusses the nature and scope of the implied term of trust and confidence in the relationship in relation to managerial employees, with particular emphasis on breach of fiduciary obligations as well as incompatibility (MacGregor “Racial Harassment in the Workplace: Context as Indicata SA Transport and Allied Workers Union obo Dlamini & Transnet Freight Rail” 2009 Industrial Law Journal 650). This obligation of mutual trust and confidence cuts both ways (Western Platinum Refinery Ltd v Hlebela (2015) 36 ILJ 2280) and means that the employer must not behave arbitrarily or unreasonably, or so as to destroy the necessary basis of mutual confidence (Malik v BCCI [1998] AC 20 35 and Woods v WM Car Services (Peterborough) Ltd 1981 IRLR 347).Since the dawn of democracy in 1994 and influenced by constitutional changes in government, South African labour law has been drastically transformed. The new government, led by the African National Congress, had to come up with a legislative framework to deal with racism. Although the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA) does not explicitly deal with the question of racism at work, the importance of forging harmonious employment relationships is covered in the misconduct and incapacity in Schedule 8 of the LRA (Code of Good Practice: Dismissal). To this day, racism at the workplace remains a scourge and for this reason this case note examines the Rustenburg Platinum Mine v SAEWA obo Bester 2018 (5) SA 78 (CC)) case as its focal point. The effect of racism requires that a balance be struck between an employer’s interest in managing its business as it sees fit and the employee’s interest in not being unfairly and improperly exploited.
Gökkuşağı Alabalığı Yemlerine L-alliin ve Oleuropein İlavesinin Büyüme Performansı, Bazı Bağışıklık Parametreleri ve Hastalık Direnci (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: YILMAZ Ebru , ERGÜN Sebahattin , YILMAZ Sevdan
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada, gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yemlerine L-alliin ve oleuropein takviyesinin balıkların büyüme performansı, serum biyokimyasal, immünolojik parametreleri ve hastalık direnci üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Denemede, ortalama ağırlığı 12,6 ± 0,91 olan 270 gökkuşağı alabalığı kullanılmıştır. Balık yemlerine L-alliin ve oleuropein 10 mg/kg oranında ilave edilmiştir. Balıklar deneme yemleri ile 60 gün beslenmişlerdir. Alabalık yemlerine L-alliin ilavesinin balıkların büyüme performansını arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. L- alliin ve oleuropeinin immunolojik parametreler üzerinde olumsuz bir etki göstermemiştir. Oleuropein ilaveli grupta, kolestrol seviyesinin, kontrol grubuna oranla yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Постправда: Знание как борьба за власть
Authors: Фуллер Стив
Published: December 2020

Хотя термин «постправда» был придуман критиками, на которых произвели впечатление брекзит и президентская кампания в США, постправда, или постистина, укоренена в самой истории западной социальной и политической теории. Стив Фуллер возвращается к Платону, рассматривает ряд проблем теологии и философии, уделяет особое внимание макиавеллистской традиции классической социологии. Ключевой фигурой выступает Вильфредо Парето, предложивший оригинальную концепцию постистины в рамках своей теории циркуляции двух типов элит — львов и лис, согласно которой львы и лисы конкурируют за власть и обвиняют друг друга в нелегитимности, ссылаясь на ложность высказываний оппонента — либо о том, что они (львы) сделали, либо о том, что они (лисы) сделают. Определяющая черта постистины — строгое различие между видимостью и реальностью, которое никогда в полной мере не устраняется, а потому самая сильная видимость выдает себя за реальность. Вопрос в том, как добиться большего выигрыша — путем быстрых изменений видимости (позиция лис) или же за счет ее стабилизации (позиция львов). Автор с разных сторон рассматривает, что все это означает для политики и науки. Книга адресована специалистам в области политологии, социологии и современной философии.
Как богатые страны стали богатыми, и почему бедные страны остаются бедными
Authors: Райнерт Эрик
Published: December 2020

В настоящей книге известный норвежский экономист Эрик Райнерт показывает, что богатые страны стали богатыми благодаря сочетанию государственного вмешательства, протекционизма и стратегических инвестиций, а не благодаря свободной торговле. По утверждению автора, именно такая политика была залогом успешного экономического развития, начиная с Италии эпохи Возрождения и заканчивая сегодняшними странами Юго-Восточной Азии. Показывая, что современные экономисты игнорируют этот подход, настаивая и на важности свободной торговли, Райнерт объясняет это давним расколом в экономической науке между континентально-европейской традицией, ориентированной на комплексную государственную политику, с одной стороны, и англо-американской, ориентированной на свободную торговлю, — с другой. Написанная доступным языком, книга представляет интерес не только для специалистов по экономической истории и теории, но и для широкого круга читателей.
Positioning the Urban in the Global Knowledge Economy: Increasing Competitiveness or Inequality
Authors: Boczy Tatjana , Cefalo Ruggero , Parma Andrea , Nielsen Rikke Skovgaard
Published: December 2020

Major cities are increasingly focused on being competitive on an international scale, developing innovative service sectors and investing in human capital. This has contributed to reshaping local socio-economic systems towards a knowledge economy by strategically fostering key business clusters. But what happens in terms of social inequality in this process? The purpose of this article is to analyse whether issues regarding challenges of social inequality and polarisation are considered in the strategies of urban centres positioning themselves in the global knowledge economy. This leads to a discussion about how the cities’ strategies address potentially growing inequalities, combining goals of competitiveness, internationalisation and social inclusion. The article builds on case studies from Milan in Italy, Vienna in Austria and Aarhus in Denmark. The three cities are all drivers of growth in their respective regions and countries and are embedded in different national welfare regimes. At the same time, they display internal spatial differentiation in that the municipality covers areas of growth and affluence as well as deprivation. In the article, we combine analysis of policy documents and interviews with governance, business and community actors from the three locations. Our results show that the association between competitiveness and integration is shaped through specific state-city relationships, highlighting both the importance of the welfare framework and the specific urban policy tradition.
Rural Cohesion: Collective Efficacy and Leadership in the Territorial Governance of Inclusion
Authors: Jørgensen Anja , Fallov Mia Arp , Casado-Diaz Maria , Atkinson Rob
Published: December 2020

This article is a comparative study of the contextual conditions for collective efficacy and territorial governance of social cohesion in two different rural localities: West Dorset in England and Lemvig in Denmark. The objective is to understand the conditions for and relations between neo-endogenous development and rural social cohesion in two different national contexts. Common to both cases are problems of demographic change, particularly loss of young people, depopulation, economic challenges and their peripheral location vis-à-vis the rest of the country. However, in West Dorset, community identity is fragmented compared to Lemvig, and this has consequences for how well local ‘collective efficacy’ (Sampson, 2012) transfers to more strategic levels of local development. These include not only variations in welfare settings and governance, but also variations in settlement structure and place identity (Jørgensen, Knudsen, Fallov, & Skov, 2016), collective efficacy, and the role of local leadership (Beer & Clower, 2014), which structure the conditions for rural development. While Lemvig is characterized by close interlocking relations between local government, business and civil society, this is less the case in England where centralization of powers in tandem with a dramatic restructuring of service delivery forms (e.g., contracting out, privatisation) have had damaging effects on these types of interlocking relations. Comparing these cases through the lens of the combined concepts of collective efficacy and place based leadership contribute to the understanding of rural development as not only relations between intra- and extra-local connections but also formal and informal forms of collective action and leadership.
Worry and perceived risk of contagion during the COVID-19 quarantine in the Jalisco population: Preliminary Study
Authors: Guzmán-González Jesua Iván , Sánchez-García Franco Giordano , Ramírez-de los Santos Saúl , Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Francisco , Palomino-Esparza David , Telles-Martínez Ana Laura
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Preventive measures taken during periods of health crisis, specifically in pandemics, have consistently been associated with detrimental effects on mental health. Isolation and loneliness are indirect effects of these preventive measures. Given these premises, monitoring the behavior of the population in the face of these eventualities becomes important. Worry as an indirect measure of anxiety and stress enables one to recognize subjects who are vulnerable to phenomena of high uncertainty, since measures taken to avoid excessive contagion can have high costs for this population. This phenomenon has been consistently observed in other pandemics such as H1/N1 influenza. Objective. To determine the prevalence of worry and perceived risk of contagion in the Guadalajara population during the COVID-19 quarantine and to identify differentiating effects. Method. A total of 255 people from western Mexico (Guadalajara, Jalisco) voluntarily participated by answering the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) adapted to Mexican population. The average age of the respondents, aged between 18 and 70 years, was 31.71 (± 5.19). A total of 170 women and 85 men participated in the study. Results. 40.12% of the population scored high levels of worry, making them vulnerable to mental health conditions. Subjects favored the prevention of a contagion regardless of whether they were self-isolated. The only variable that had a differential effect was sex (p < .05), and there were no differences in educational attainment, occupational demandingness, and isolation between the groups. Discussion and conclusion. A preventive attitude was observed among the participants, and so it is important to implement strategies that will prevent mental health costs in those who express excessive worry to avoid saturating mental health services.
COVID-19 voluntary social isolation and its effects in sociofamily and children’s behavior
Authors: Torres González Cynthia , Galindo-Aldana Gilberto , García León Ibza America , Padilla-López Luis Alfredo , Alvarez Núñez Daniel Nikolaus , Espinoza Gutiérrez Yojana Irlanda
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The main prevention strategy for reducing the dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2 has been social distancing. Several investigations began to explore its psychological impact since it began, but there are no data about its effect on social and family behavior. Objectives. Were: First, to analyze the reliability of an ad-hoc designed questionnaire to measure sociofamily behavior changes in a sample of parents of children from one to twelve years old. Second, to characterize effects of voluntary social isolation by COVID-19 over sociofamily behavior at a personal level and over children’s activities at home. Third, to determine vulnerability predictors for a negative experience by isolation itself. Method. An online Questionnaire for Perceptions of Changes in Sociofamily Behavior was applied to 365 Mexican participants. Results. Factor analysis showed a reliability of the ad-hoc designed questionnaire for this study. Correlations were found between voluntary social isolation and self-perceived experiences, such as sleep quality, irritability, emotional control, hope about the future, motivation, attention span, and problem solving. Discussion and conclusion. The results of this study suggest that family well-being during voluntary social isolation is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, which addresses specific effects in different domains, especially in sociofamily behavior.