bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of the 'Alawis
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

The ʻAlawis, or Alawites, are a prominent religious minority in northern Syria, Lebanon, and southern Turkey, best known today for enjoying disproportionate political power in war-torn Syria. This book offers a complete history of the community, from the birth of the ʻAlawi (Nusayri) sect in the tenth century to just after World War I, the establishment of the French mandate over Syria, and the early years of the Turkish republic. The book draws on a wealth of Ottoman archival records and other sources to show that the ʻAlawis were not historically persecuted as is often claimed, but rather were a fundamental part of and Turkish provincial society. It argues that far from being excluded on the basis of their religion, the ʻAlawis were in fact fully integrated into the provincial administrative order. Profiting from the economic development of the coastal highlands, particularly in the Ottoman period, they fostered a new class of local notables and tribal leaders, participated in the modernizing educational, political, and military reforms of the nineteenth century, and expanded their area of settlement beyond its traditional mountain borders to emerge from centuries of Sunni imperial rule as a bona fide sectarian community. Using an array of primary materials spanning nearly ten centuries, the book provides a crucial new narrative about the development of ʻAlawi society.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the ʻAlawis, considered one of the most conspicuous, talked-about confessional groups in the Middle East today. The ʻAlawis represent perhaps 11 percent of the population in Syria, with important regional concentrations in the province of Antioch (Hatay) as well as in Adana and Mersin in southern Turkey, and in the ʻAkkar district and the city of Tripoli in northern Lebanon. The discussion then turns to classical perceptions of ʻAlawism, nomenclaturism, and dissimulation. Almost all previous studies of the ʻAlawi past either have been too concerned with theology or have provided only histoiré événementielle, emplotting a handful of references to seemingly ubiquitous, but in fact very rare, instances of sectarian strife, discrimination, and violence of the sort favored in the narrative chronicles, to produce a story of apparently unremitting conflict. In contrast, this book focuses on the less conspicuous—but ultimately more typical—historical evidence of mundane, uneventful, everyday interaction between the ʻAlawis, their neighbors, and the state authorities. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Beyond the Mountain Refuge
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses what can in effect be described as the consolidation of the ʻAlawi community in a newfound “compact” form. It argues that the receding tide of Shiʻism did not expose the ʻAlawis to a Sunni or Mamluk backlash, but rather permitted the community to cement both its religious leadership and identity and its position vis-à-vis the state. On the local level, the thirteenth century was witness to an intense debate over the limits of ʻAlawi orthodoxy, a debate that helped give the doctrine its final form and established the ʻulama as the community's uncontested religious authority, but in doing so also removed religion from the sphere of everyday life. Drawing on the Khayr al-Saniʻa as well as a wide range of medieval literature, the subsequent sections explore the relationship between the ʻAlawi community and the Mamluk state beyond the trope of enmity and persecution.
Imperial Reform and Internal Colonization
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This chapter highlights major trends in Ottoman and Syrian history affecting the ʻAlawi community in the nineteenth century. It begins by showing that the ʻAlawi notability increasingly came into conflict with semiautonomous local officials during the breakdown of Ottoman imperial authority at the start of the century, causing the community as a whole to be cast as heretics and outcasts from Ottoman society for the first time. Faced with increasing discrimination and abuse by provincial officials, ʻAlawi feudal leaders nonetheless continued to support the diffuse authority of the Ottoman Empire over the intrusive statism of the Egyptian regime between 1832 and 1840. The ʻAlawi community was then increasingly subjected to repressive social engineering measures under the Tanzimat and the reign of Abdülhamid II, including military conscription and conversion. At the same time, however, while resisting efforts at assimilation, the ʻAlawis also began to avail themselves of the benefits of modern public schooling and proportional representation on newly instituted municipal councils, thereby finding their voice as a political community for perhaps the first time.
Critique
Authors: Allan Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores competing notions of critique as brought to light by discussions of Charles Darwin, focusing on a section of Naguib Mahfouz's novel, Qasr al-shawq (Palace of Desire), in which the youngest son, Kamal, publishes an article on Darwin in an Arabic-language journal. The chapter casts this fictionalized incident alongside the Lewis Affair, in which a professor at the Syrian Protestant College, Edwin Lewis, resigned over a scandal involving his evocation of Darwin during a commencement address. Where Edwin Lewis emerges as a martyr for academic freedom in the Arab world, Kamal negotiates his relationship to his family's response to his work differently. The chapter considers the presumptions at play in critical response and its connection to modern education.
Feeding Gotham
Authors: Baics Gergely
Published: January 2018

New York City witnessed unparalleled growth in the first half of the nineteenth century, its population rising from thirty thousand people to nearly a million in a matter of decades. This book looks at how America's first metropolis grappled with the challenge of provisioning its inhabitants. It tells the story of how access to food, once a public good, became a private matter left to free and unregulated markets—and of the profound consequences this had for American living standards and urban development. Taking readers from the early republic to the Civil War, the book explores the changing dynamics of urban governance, market forces, and the built environment that defined New Yorkers' experiences of supplying their households. It paints a vibrant portrait of the public debates that propelled New York from a tightly regulated public market to a free-market system of provisioning, and shows how deregulation had its social costs and benefits. Using cutting-edge GIS mapping techniques the book reconstructs New York's changing food landscapes over half a century, following residents into neighborhood public markets, meat shops, and groceries across the city's expanding territory. The book lays bare how unequal access to adequate and healthy food supplies led to an increasingly differentiated urban environment. A blend of economic, social, and geographic history, the book traces how this highly fragmented geography of food access became a defining and enduring feature of the American city.
Raising the Stakes
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how Staël believed that the enforcement of political equality and popular sovereignty was the natural consequence of the progress of modern societies. But for a country like France, accustomed to centuries of royal absolutism, the transition to this new state of affairs had been too abrupt, proving traumatic and profoundly disruptive. The adoption of these new principles was not in itself a guarantee that French society would continue to flourish, rather than disintegrating altogether, or possibly sinking into a kind of “democratic stagnation.” For it to succeed, other conditions had to be satisfied: the adoption of rigorous standards of public morality, the promotion of intellectual and artistic excellence, and the emergence of men capable of conferring on the republic a distinctive grandeur, able to match and surpass that of the old monarchy.
Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global Age
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: January 2018

Why, despite massive public concern, is child trafficking on the rise? Why are unaccompanied migrant children living on the streets and routinely threatened with deportation to their countries of origin? Why do so many young refugees of war-ravaged and failed states end up warehoused in camps, victimized by the sex trade, or enlisted as child soldiers? This book provides the first comprehensive account of the widespread but neglected global phenomenon of child migration, exploring the complex challenges facing children and adolescents who move to join their families, those who are moved to be exploited, and those who move simply to survive. It looks at the often-insurmountable obstacles we place in the paths of adolescents fleeing war, exploitation, or destitution; the contradictory elements in our approach to international adoption; and the limited support we give to young people brutalized as child soldiers. The book challenges the prevailing wisdom that widespread protection failures are caused by our lack of awareness of the problems these children face, arguing instead that our societies have a deep-seated ambivalence to migrant children—one we need to address head-on. The book offers a road map for doing just that, and makes a compelling and courageous case for an international ethics of children's human rights.
Early Stirrings: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the question pertaining to the origins and political manifestations of Arab nationalism. It is hardly surprising that the intellectual seeds of twentieth century Arab nationalism should be traced to the ideas and endeavors of a number of nineteenth-century thinkers and activists. Muslims and Christians, their central focus was the contemporary condition and future aspirations of the Arabic-speaking citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Their eyes opened by the expansion of education to the growing nationalist movements in the Balkan lands of the Empire, these early Arab writers and political agitators tended to focus on the ethnic and linguistic differences that separated the Arabs from their Turkish rulers. The earliest of these thinkers and political agitators, whose writings and activities were held in great reverence by the Arab nationalists of the twentieth century, were Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and his pupil Muhamed ‘Abdu.
Requiem for Arab Nationalism
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter assesses the legacy of Arab nationalism. It is difficult not to lament the passing of Arab nationalism, particularly when bringing contemporary Arab maladies under scrutiny. With all of its faults and shortcomings, the many achievements of Arab nationalism were undeniable: it led the struggle for independence from the outsider. Under its umbrella, Arab states took determined steps toward social and economic modernity. It also bestowed on the Arabs a sense of dignity after years of colonial humiliation. Moreover, it endowed the nationalist generation of the era with an abiding belief in an inevitable future of progress and success. Nevertheless, Arab nationalism was hardly free of blame when it came to instigating conflict. However, the Cold War then could hardly be compared with the Arab condition of the twenty-first century, characterized as it has been by disintegrating states, wholesale human rights abuses, seemingly irreparable fissures in the fabric of society, and pervasive unbridled barbarism.
Unmaking Black Political Subjects
Authors: Paschel Tianna S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the extent to which Brazilian and Colombian states have implemented ethno-racial reforms and explores the ways in which these policies have changed these societies. It pays special attention to the political conditions that shape these states' decisions to make good on their promises or not. More specifically, it shows how implementation has depended heavily on the ways in which activists navigate their domestic political fields, including how they negotiate their newly gained access to the state. It is also profoundly shaped by the emergence of reactionary movements. Indeed, as the dominant classes became increasingly aware of what was at stake with these rights and policies—land, natural resources, seats in congress, and university slots that could maintain or secure one's place within the middle class—they sought to dismantle them, sometimes through violent means.
Disasters
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines neighbors in emergency situations. Neighbors are always the “first responders” who do what no group of organized volunteers or government provider can. The chapter takes on Hurricane Katrina as a set piece, wherein survivor narratives show that the significance of neighbors emerges in three temporal steps: recognition and witnessing, awakening, and improvised cooperation. In disasters too, rescuers often make explicit reference to being good neighbors and “what anyone would do, here.” The chapter shows how they bring to bear as resources the elements of the democracy of everyday life; and that this ghastly examination of personal and political betrayal and killing reminds one of the comparatively benign parameters of neighbors good and bad in America today.
Thoreau’s Neighbors
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains what “minding our own business” means, arguing that minding your neighbors' business and minding your own work is in tandem when it comes to self-examination and transformation. People listen and observe and then compare their neighbors' lives to their own. From the vantage point as witnesses to their neighbors' lives, people gain insight into their vulnerabilities, moral resources, and the terms of their happiness. Thoreau's Walden is the great American reflection on the quality of life at home, in this place, with these neighbors. Good neighbors emerge in Thoreau's work as essential to self-understanding and care of the self. The chapter also shows how Thoreau presents treating one another as neighbors as the “saving remnant” of democracy in America.
State and Commonwealth
Authors: Dauber Noah
Published: January 2018

In the history of political thought, the emergence of the modern state in early modern England has usually been treated as the development of an increasingly centralizing and expansive national sovereignty. Recent work in political and social history, however, has shown that the state—at court, in the provinces, and in the parishes—depended on the authority of local magnates and the participation of what has been referred to as “the middling sort.” This poses challenges to scholars seeking to describe how the state was understood by contemporaries of the period in light of the great classical and religious textual traditions of political thought. This book presents a new theory of state and society by expanding on the usual treatment of “commonwealth” in pre-Civil War English history. Drawing on works of theology, moral philosophy, and political theory, the book argues that the commonwealth ideal was less traditional than often thought. It shows how it incorporated new ideas about self-interest and new models of social order and stratification, and how the associated ideal of distributive justice pertained as much to the honors and offices of the state as to material wealth. Broad-ranging in scope, the book provides a more complete picture of the relationship between political and social theory in early modern England.
Cross-Pressuring Opinion
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the president cross-pressures his co-partisans by supporting policies contrary to their predispositions. There are two conditions under which the president takes stands consistent with those of opposition party identifiers and thus exposes them to cross-pressuring. First, specific White House policies may appeal to members of the opposition. Second, presidents may emphasize broader themes designed to expand their coalitions in the long run by attracting support from the opposition party. The chapter first explains how the tension between existing opinion and presidential signals tests the power of signaling before discussing four issues during Barack Obama’s second term that illustrate cross-pressuring: the National Security Agency’s surveillance policy, military action on behalf of rebels in Syria, the Affordable Care Act’s Employer Mandate regarding health care insurance, and military action against ISIS.
Reaching the Base
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the president harnesses the technological advances of new forms of media to reach and potentially mobilize supporters. The White House has embraced the latest technology to take its case to the people. At its core, the new modes of communication offer an opportunity to bypass the press and communicate directly with the public. The chapter first considers the fragmentation of the modern media environment before discussing the potential for the president to exploit the new media to signal likely supporters and reinforce their predispositions to back his initiatives. In particular, it cites Barack Obama’s use of the Internet, and more specifically social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr, as well as his mobilization of supporters via Organizing for America and Organizing for Action. It also evaluates some of the challenges the new communications environment presents for the White House and the president.
Exploiting Partisans in Congress
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the chief executive exploits partisans in Congress to improve his chances of obtaining support from lawmakers. One of the president’s most demanding and frustrating tasks is trying to move Congress to support his policies. Presidents are unlikely to change many congressional minds, but they can take advantage of members’ ideological predispositions or their proclivities to support their party leader. Understanding strategic position with Congress is the key to successful presidential leadership. The chapter first provides an overview of congressional support for the president from both Democrats and Republicans before discussing the president’s role as party leader. It also considers Lyndon B. Johnson’s experience in dealing with Congress and concludes by explaining how presidents such as Johnson and Ronald Reagan improve their chances of obtaining support in Congress by increasing the number of fellow party members in the legislature.
Leadership, Opportunity, and Strategic Assessments
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the importance of strategic assessments in presidential leadership and the leverage they give us in evaluating the likely success of strategies for governing. Before the president can fashion a strategy for accomplishing his goals, he must rigorously analyze the most significant features of his environment to understand the opportunity structure of his administration. Ideally, such appraisals will influence how much and what types of change a president seeks and the strategies he chooses for achieving it. The chapter suggests that facilitating coalitions of the willing is at the heart of presidential leadership. It also examines the implications of what we have learned about presidential leadership for a president’s attempts to govern. Finally, it explains how the mistaken belief in the potential of persuasion undermines the potential for compromise necessary for governing in America.
Power and International Relations
Authors: Baldwin David A.
Published: January 2018

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the concept of power has not always been central to international relations theory. During the 1920s and 1930s, power was often ignored or vilified by international relations scholars—especially in America. This book explores how this changed in later decades by tracing how power emerged as an important social science concept in American scholarship after World War I. Combining intellectual history and conceptual analysis, the book examines power's increased presence in the study of international relations and looks at how the three dominant approaches of realism, neoliberalism, and constructivism treat power. The clarity and precision of thinking about power increased greatly during the last half of the twentieth century, due to efforts by political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, philosophers, mathematicians, and geographers who contributed to “social power literature.” The book brings the insights of this literature to bear on the three principal theoretical traditions in international relations theory. It discusses controversial issues in power analysis, and shows the relevance of older works frequently underappreciated today. Focusing on the social power perspective in international relations, this book sheds light on how power has been considered during the last half century and how it should be approached in future research.
Introduction
Authors: Baldwin David A.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the importance of the concept of power in political science. It then sets out the book's three main purposes. The first is to clarify and explicate Robert Dahl's concept of power. This is the concept of power most familiar to political scientists, the one most criticized. The second purpose is to examine twelve controversial issues in power analysis. The third is to describe and analyze the role of the concept of power in the international relations literature with particular reference to the three principal approaches—realism, neoliberalism, and constructivism. It is argued that a Dahlian perspective is potentially relevant to each of these theoretical approaches.
John Adams and the Fear of American Oligarchy
Authors: Mayville Luke
Published: January 2018

Long before “the one percent” became a protest slogan, American founding father John Adams feared the power of a class he called simply “the few”—the wellborn, the beautiful, and especially the rich. This book presents the first extended exploration of Adams' preoccupation with a problem that has a renewed urgency today: the way in which inequality threatens to corrode democracy and empower a small elite. By revisiting Adams' political writings, the book draws out the statesman's fears about the danger of oligarchy in America and his unique understanding of the political power of wealth—a surprising and largely forgotten theory that promises to illuminate today's debates about inequality and its political consequences. Adams believed that wealth is politically powerful in modern societies not merely because money buys influence, but also because citizens admire and even sympathize with the rich. He thought wealth is powerful in the same way that beauty is powerful—it distinguishes its possessor and prompts reactions of approval and veneration. Citizens vote for—and with—the rich not because, as is often said, they hope to be rich one day, but because they esteem the rich and submit to their wishes. This book explores Adams' theory of wealth and power in the context of his broader concern about social and economic inequality, and also examines his ideas about how oligarchy might be countered. The book also has important lessons for today's world of increasing inequality.
Trends in Banking
Authors: Vives Xavier
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses basic trends in the banking sector that are being driven by technological and regulatory changes. It first considers the expansion of banking and financial intermediation, the relationship between the growth of the financial sector and economic growth, and the link between financial innovation and systemic risk. In particular, it examines the role of market-based banking, securitization, and shadow banks in the 2007–2009 crisis. It then describes the evolution of business models in banking, the entry of new competitors to banks, and the evolution of competition. It also looks at the evolution of market concentration out of the consolidation move that has followed the transformation of banking. It shows that increasing competition and the transformation in the banking sector has developed in parallel with a process of concentration.
City of Refuge
Authors: Lewis Michael J.
Published: January 2018

The vision of Utopia obsessed the nineteenth-century mind, shaping art, literature, and especially town planning. This book takes readers across centuries and continents to show how Utopian town planning produced a distinctive type of settlement characterized by its square plan, collective ownership of properties, and communal dormitories. Some of these settlements were sanctuaries from religious persecution, while others were sanctuaries from the Industrial Revolution. Because of their differences in ideology and theology, these settlements have traditionally been viewed separately, but this book shows how they are part of a continuous intellectual tradition that stretches from the early Protestant Reformation into modern times. Through close readings of architectural plans and archival documents, many previously unpublished, this book shows the network of connections between these seemingly disparate Utopian settlements—including even such well-known town plans as those of New Haven and Philadelphia. The most remarkable aspect of the city of refuge is the inventive way it fused its eclectic sources, ranging from the encampments of the ancient Israelites as described in the Bible to the detailed social program of Thomas More's Utopia to modern thought about education, science, and technology. Delving into the historical evolution and antecedents of Utopian towns and cities, this book alters notions of what a Utopian community can and should be.
Arab Patriotism
Authors: Mestyan Adam
Published: January 2018

This book presents the essential backstory to the formation of the modern nation-state and mass nationalism in the Middle East. While standard histories claim that the roots of Arab nationalism emerged in opposition to the Ottoman milieu, this book points to the patriotic sentiment that grew in the Egyptian province of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century, arguing that it served as a pivotal way station on the path to the birth of Arab nationhood. The book examines the collusion of various Ottoman elites in creating this nascent sense of national belonging and finds that learned culture played a central role in this development. The book investigates the experience of community during this period, engendered through participation in public rituals and being part of a theater audience. It describes the embodied and textual ways these experiences were produced through urban spaces, poetry, performances, and journals. From the Khedivial Opera House's staging of Verdi's Aida and the first Arabic magazine to the ʻUrabi revolution and the restoration of the authority of Ottoman viceroys under British occupation, the book illuminates the cultural dynamics of a regime that served as the precondition for nation-building in the Middle East. A wholly original exploration of Egypt in the context of the Ottoman Empire, the book sheds fresh light on the evolving sense of political belonging in the Arab world.
The Formation of Turkish Republicanism
Authors: Turnaoğlu Banu
Published: January 2018

Turkish republicanism is commonly thought to have originated with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the founding of modern Turkey in 1923, and is understood exclusively in terms of Kemalist ideals, characterized by the principles of secularism, nationalism, statism, and populism. This book challenges this view, showing how Turkish republicanism represents the outcome of centuries of intellectual dispute in Turkey over Islamic and liberal conceptions of republicanism, culminating in the victory of Kemalism in the republic's formative period. The book is the first complete history of republican thinking in Turkey from the birth of the Ottoman state to the founding of the modern republic. It shows how the Kemalists wrote Turkish history from their own perspective, presenting their own version of republicanism as inevitable while disregarding the contributions of competing visions. The book demonstrates how republicanism has roots outside the Western political experience, broadening our understanding of intellectual history. It reveals how the current crises in Turkish politics—including the Kurdish Question, democratic instability, the rise of radical Islam, and right-wing Turkish nationalism—arise from intellectual tensions left unresolved by Kemalist ideology. The book offers a new narrative of the evolution and shaping of modern Turkey.
Optimal Transport Methods in Economics
Authors: Galichon Alfred
Published: January 2018

Optimal transport theory is used widely to solve problems in mathematics and some areas of the sciences, but it can also be used to understand a range of problems in applied economics, such as the matching between job seekers and jobs, the determinants of real estate prices, and the formation of matrimonial unions. This is the first text to develop clear applications of optimal transport to economic modeling, statistics, and econometrics. It covers the basic results of the theory as well as their relations to linear programming, network flow problems, convex analysis, and computational geometry. Emphasizing computational methods, it also includes programming examples that provide details on implementation. Applications include discrete choice models, models of differential demand, and quantile-based statistical estimation methods, as well as asset pricing models. The book also features numerous exercises throughout that help to develop mathematical agility, deepen computational skills, and strengthen economic intuition.
Fighting for Status
Authors: Renshon Jonathan
Published: January 2018

There is widespread agreement that status or standing in the international system is a critical element in world politics. The desire for status is recognized as a key factor in nuclear proliferation, the rise of China, and other contemporary foreign policy issues, and has long been implicated in foundational theories of international relations and foreign policy. Despite the consensus that status matters, we lack a basic understanding of status dynamics in international politics. This book presents a theory of status dissatisfaction that delves into the nature of prestige in international conflicts and specifies why states want status and how they get it. What actions do status concerns trigger, and what strategies do states use to maximize or salvage their standing? When does status matter, and under what circumstances do concerns over relative position overshadow the myriad other concerns that leaders face? In examining these questions, the book moves beyond a focus on major powers and shows how different states construct status communities of peer competitors that shift over time as states move up or down, or out, of various groups. This book provides a compelling look at the causes and consequences of status on the global stage.
Markets
Authors: Pop-Eleches Grigore , Tucker Joshua A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the attitudinal imprint of communism on the second main ideological pillar that differentiated communist regimes form their Western rivals: support for market-based economic principles. In line with the findings about democratic support in the previous chapter, the empirical evidence from the first two decades of post-communism confirms that despite the extinction of Leninist regimes, the effects of the communist socialization project did not simply evaporate overnight. Thus, citizens of ex-communist countries were significantly less supportive of market economics, and these differences persist even when one accounts for a broad range of features related to living in a post-communist country, including pre-communist development differences and post-communist economic and political performance. Moreover, as in the previous chapter, the attitudinal effects of communism cannot be readily attributed to any of its particular policy outcomes—such as different developmental strategies or welfare spending—but rather seems to reflect a different systemic logic.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pacar (Lawsonia Inermis L.)
Authors: Masyithah, Z Nur , Herman Herman , Rijai Laode
Published: January 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Pacar (Lawsonia inermis L.). Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar dengan konsentrasi uji 10%, 15% dan 20% pada ekstrak metanol dan 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20% pada fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat dan n-butanol terhadap bakteri uji S.aureus dan P.aeruginosa. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun pacar dengan nilai zona hambat pada konsentrasi 10% (3,40 mm dan 2,50 mm), 15% (6,48 mm dan 6,05 mm) dan 20% (2,86 mm dan 3,18 mm). Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi n-heksana dengan nilai zona hambat  pada konsentrasi 1% (0,66 mm dan 0 mm), 5% (2,15 mm dan 1,81 mm), 10% (5,00 mm dan 3,36 mm), 15% (4,26 mm dan 1,98 mm) dan 20% (3,84 mm dan 4,60 mm). Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi etil asetat dengan nilai zona pada konsentrasi 1% (0,57 mm dan 0,78 mm), 5%  (3,61 mm dan 2,80 mm), 10% (6,99 mm dan 5,82 mm), 15% (4,83 mm dan 6,75 mm) dan 20% (4,84 mm dan 5,23 mm). Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi n-butanol dengan nilai zona hambat pada konsentrasi 1% (0 mm dan 0 mm), 5% (7,00 mm dan 1,91 mm), 10% (5,87 mm dan 4,71 mm), 15% (8,57 mm dan 6,08 mm) dan 20% (6,69 dan 4,82 mm). Kontrol negatif aquades tidak menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri.
Aktivitas Antioksidan Kulit Buah Kakao Masak dan Kulit Buah Kako Muda
Authors: Jusmiati Jusmiati , Rusli Rolan , Rijai Laode
Published: January 2018

Kulit buah kakao mengandung senyawa polifenol dan flavanoid. Senyawa polifenol dan flavanoid ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan.  Senyawa aktif yang diekstraksi dari kulit buah kakao baik dari buah yang masak maupun yang masih muda ditentukan aktivitas antioksidannya menggunakan metode DPPH.  Aktivitas antioksidan kulit buah kakao masak yang tertinggi diperoleh dari fraksi etil asetat, dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 0,9 ppm.
Uji Aktivitas Larvasida Ekstrak Daun Keladi Birah (Alocasia indica Schott) Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Culex sp.
Authors: Susanti Mira , Kuncoro Hadi , Rijai Laode
Published: January 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian yang berjudul Uji Aktivitas Larvasida Ekstrak Daun Keladi Birah (Alocasia indica Schott) Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Culex sp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas larvasida terhadap larva nyamuk Culex sp. Aktivitas larvasida daun keladi birah dilihat dari kematian larva nyamuk Culex sp. dengan parameter LC50 dan LC95, yang dihitung dengan metode Reed and Muench. Hasil uji aktivitas larvasida yang diperoleh pada nilai LC50 untuk ekstrak kasar metanol sebesar 0,60 %, fraksi n-heksan sebesar 0,04 %, fraksi etil asetat sebesar 0,22 % dan fraksi n-butanol sebesar 0,21 %. Selanjutnya, hasil uji larvasida pada nilai LC95 untuk ekstrak kasar metanol sebesar 1,06 %, fraksi n-heksan sebesar 0,08 %, fraksi etil asetat sebesar 0,11 % dan fraksi n-butanol sebesar 0,44 %.
Efek Antidiare Ekstrak Daun Sembung (Blumea Balsamifera L.) Terhadap Mencit Putih
Authors: Larasati Elly Kendali , Ahmad Islamudin , Ibrahim Arsyik
Published: January 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antidiare dan dosis efektif ekstrak daun sembung (Blumea Balsamifera) sebagai antidiare.Pemberian dosis ekstrak dan kontrol negatif diberikan secara oral pada mencit dan setelah tiga puluh menit diberikan oleum ricini pada mencit jantan sebagai pengiduksi diare, dengan menggunakan 3 replikasi setiap dosisnya. Data analisis menggunakan anava satu arah dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjutan BNJD untuk mengetahui dosis efektif ekstrak daun sembung (Blumea Balsamifera) sebagai antidiare, Dosis efektif ekstrak daun sembung sebagai antidiare pada dosis 250 mg/KgBB.
Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Sumpit (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr) Sebagai Antijamur
Authors: Yanuarti Gita , Ramadhan Adam M. , Masruhim Muhammad Amir
Published: January 2018

Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antijamur ekstrak daun sumpit (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr) terhadap Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur dan mengetahui konsentrasi terbaik ekstrak daun sumpit sebagai antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar dengan konsentrasi uji 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% dan 30% pada ekstrak metanol untuk jamur Candida albicans dan 10%, 20%, 30% serta 40% untuk jamur Malassezia furfur. Konsentrasi uji 10 %, 20%, 30% dan 40% digunakan pada fraksi n-heksana serta konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% dan 50% digunakan pada fraksi etil asetat untuk kedua jamur uji. Data yang diperoleh diolah menggunakan analisis varians satu arah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji HSD (homestly significant diference) pada ekstrak maupun fraksi daun sumpit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol, fraksi n-heksana dan fraksi etil asetat daun sumpit memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap jamur Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur, dengan konsentrasi ekstrak metanol daun sumpit 25% dan 30%, konsentrasi fraksi n-heksana 30% dan konsentrasi fraksi etil asetat 40% terhadap jamur Candida albicans dan Malassezia furfur.
Penentuan Nilai Persentase Eritema dan Pigmentasi Ekstrak Herba Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L.) Secara In Vitro
Authors: Ahmad Islamudin
Published: January 2018

Penelitian yang berjudul Penentuan Nilai Persentase Transimisi Eritemadan Pigmentasi dari Ekstrak Herba Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L.) secara ini vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai persentasetransmisi eritema dan persentase transmisi pigmentasi secara in vitrodengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Dilakukan ekstraksi sampel dengan menggunakan maserasi menggunakan pelarut methanol, selanjutnya ekstrak difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut dengan tingkat kepolaran yang berbeda yang berturut-turut dimulai dengan menggunakan pelarut N-heksan, etil asetat dan n-butanol, masing-masing ekstrak dan fraksi dilakukan penentuan nilai transmisi eritema dan transmisi pigmentasi menggunakan spektofotometer UV-VIS pada panjang gelombang 290-400 nm pada range setiap 5 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen ekstrak Herba Suruhan (Peperomia Pellucida L.) terhadap sampel segar yaitu ekstrak metanol sebesar 1,05%, fraksi n-heksan 0,39%, fraksi etil asetat 0,13%, dan fraksi n-butanol 0,11%. Terhadap sampel kering, rendemen yang diperoleh dari ekstrak kasar metanol yaitu 8,25%, fraksi n-heksan 3,09%, fraksi etil asetat 1,03%, dan fraksi n-butanol 0,82%. Sedangkan terhadap ekstrak kasar metanol, nilai rendemen fraksi n-heksan sebesar 37,49%, fraksi etil asetat 12,49%, dan fraksi n-butanol 10,00%, serta hasil pengujian aktivitas sebagai tabir surya dengan konsentrasi efektif adalah ekstrak metanol pada konsentrasi 10 ppm %Te 0,8878% dan %Tp 0,8778%, fraksi n-heksan pada konsentrasi 10 ppm %Te 0,8282% dan %Tp 0,8135%, fraksi etil asetat pada konsentrasi 10 ppm %Te 0,7373% dan %Tp 0,7215%, fraksi n-butanol pada konsentrasi 10 ppm %Te 0,7602% dan %Tp 0,7605%.
Non-Plasmonic SERS with Silicon: Is It Really Safe? New Insights into Opto-Thermics of Core/Shell Microbeads
Authors: Bontempi Nicolò , Vassalini Irene , Danesi Stefano , Ferroni Matteo , Colombi Paolo , Alessandri Ivano
Published: January 2018

Here we investigate for the first time the opto-thermal behavior of SiO2/Si core/shell microbeads (Si-rex) irradiated with three common Raman laser sources (lambda=532, 633, 785 nm) under real working conditions. We obtained an experimental proof of the critical role played by bead size and aggregation in heat and light management, demonstrating that in the case of strong opto-thermal coupling the temperature can exceed that of the melting points of both core and shell components. In addition, we also show that weakly coupled beads can be utilized as stable substrates for plasmon-free SERS experiments.
Questões sobre o marco histórico do telégrafo no jornalismo do século XIX (1870-1900)
Authors: Matheus Leticia Cantarela
Published: January 2018

Este artigo investiga o impacto do telégrafo no jornalismo do século XIX (1870-1900), ampliando e detalhando a base de análise de uma pesquisa em andamento sobre a relação entre atualização da notícia, o uso do telégrafo na captação das informações e a sensação de aceleração vivida no final daquele século em função de alterações em parte dos processos comunicacionais – pelo menos na sua porção jornalística. Foram observadas a publicação ou não dos telegramas em alguns dos principais diários que circularam na Corte do Rio de Janeiro e na Província de Niterói, entre 1870 e 1900 (Jornal do Commercio, O Fluminense, Jornal do Brasil, Gazeta de Notícias, Diário do Rio de Janeiro; Gazeta da Tarde e O Paiz), e também a dinâmica narrativa dentro daquele sistema particular de comunicação. Aquele foi um momento em que os jornais representavam um amálgama de textos de interesse histórico e de interesse imediato sobre o cotidiano, ao mesmo tempo em que se desenhava o valor da notícia como novidade. Este artigo questiona se esse novo parâmetro de notícia foi fomentado ou pelo menos intensificado pelo poder de atualização que o telégrafo deu aos jornais.
A comunicação popular e alternativa do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra: história e contexto de uma luta contra-hegemônica (MST)
Authors: Guindani Joel Felipe , Engelmann Solange
Published: January 2018

Conjuntamente às estratégias que denunciame rompem com as cercas de latifúndios improdutivos,protagonizam-se no interior do MST diversas açõescomunicacionais que forçam o padrão hegemônico decomunicação. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo resgata o trajeto histórico da comunicação popular e alternativa do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), identificando-o como processo simbólico plural e histórico não limitado apenas à tecnologia ou a uma única estratégia política.
O resgate ao passado como forma de balizar o presente e vislumbrar o futuro (Entrevista)
Authors: Pereira Ariane , Fernandes Marcio
Published: January 2018

Entrevista concedida por José Marques de Melo, Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação - Jornalismo pela Universidade de São Paulo (1973). É professor titular da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, onde é Diretor da Cátedra UNESCO de Comunicação. Publicou meia centena de livros e coletâneas, mais de uma centena de artigos em périódicos científicos do país e do exterior. Fundou e dirigiu sociedades científicas no espaço iberoamericano.
Histórias íntimas publicadas na mídia brasileira (Resenha)
Authors: Londero Rodolfo
Published: January 2018

Resenha do livro "Histórias íntimas: sexualidade e erotismo na história do Brasil", de Mary Del Priore.
Reflexões sobre políticas educacionais para o ensino de Jornalismo no Brasil nos primeiros anos do regime militar
Authors: Lopes Fernanda Lima
Published: January 2018

A proposta do presente artigo é promover reflexões sobre as políticas educacionais para o ensino de jornalismo no período inicial do regime militar no Brasil. De caráter principalmente ensaístico, este trabalho se baseia em um referencial bibliográfico sobre essa época, procurando sistematizar avanços e recuos do governo brasileiro nas definições para a educação superior dos jornalistas. São observados, no plano das políticas, os primeiros currículos mínimos, mas, sobretudo, o currículo de 1969, que instituiu o curso de comunicação social e transformou o jornalismo em uma de suas habilitações. Além do caráter descritivo do curso das mudanças, o artigo busca ampliar a discussão, fazendo uma "crítica da crítica", ou seja, apresentando reflexões sobre algumas visões e opiniões da época sobre os modelos curriculares, contidas, por exemplo, em publicações de atores sociais do mundo acadêmico ou do universo sindical.
Política e mídia no Brasil: interseções para uma análise histórico-estruturante
Authors: Brittos Valério Cruz , Beaklini Bruno Lima Rocha , Zaidan Tiago Eloy
Published: January 2018

Este trabalho condensa alguns momentos da mídia brasileira, relacionando sua plataforma (impressa, radiofônica ou televisiva; analógica ou digital), o salto tecnológico para dominar esta cadeia de valor de bens simbólicos e a relação com a conformação de classe dominante, centrando o eixo de análise na capacidade de (des)regulação do Estado brasileiro. Assim, desenvolve um recorte histórico (sem chegar-se a uma periodização finalizada), no âmbito da Economia Política da Comunicação (EPC), desta forma considerando a apropriação dos recursos comunicacionais no capitalismo, utilizados preferencialmente para sustentação e reprodução do sistema, sendo periféricas as experiências não-hegemônicas desenvolvidas.
Do tempo dos bondes a Fórmula 1, a evolução da Publicidade sobre patas e rodas
Authors: Queiroz Adolpho
Published: January 2018

Desde os tempos pioneiros dos bondes, passando por ônibus, táxis, trens do metrô e carros de corrida, a publicidade tem andado sobre quatro patas e rodas para ir mais depressa ao encontro do seu público alvo. Esse texto tem como perspectiva fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre livros, artigos, sites e blogs sobre o tema para tentar estabelecer, através de uma linha do tempo, de que forma a publicidade evoluiu neste segmento: dos cartazes fixados nos bondes às quantias milionárias investidas nos carros de corrida.
08 Páginas de Lembranças: Uma análise de álbuns de família nos sertões baianos
Authors: Oliveira Valter Gomes Santos de
Published: January 2018

Este estudo procura dar conta de aspectos relacionados à presença da fotografia no cotidiano de grupos familiares em cidades sertanejas como Jacobina e Miguel Calmon, na região atualmente conhecida como Piemonte da Diamantina. Na alvorada do século XX, no interior da Bahia, o advento do consumo fotográfico provocou, dentre vários impactos, a inserção de populações sertanejas no universo visual daquela que foi uma das principais artes da era da reprodutibilidade técnica na contemporaneidade. O estudo demonstra como as coleções fotográficas foram instrumentos significativos relacionados ao espaço da memória familiar e à definição das identidades sociais. Assim, a fotografia foi analisada para além da sua dimensão plástica, uma vez que foi de grande relevância perceber também os usos e funções dos álbuns fotográficos enquanto artefatos dos grupos familiares.
10 Da seca ao guia de consumo: a representação de crianças na imprensa brasileira
Authors: BUITONI Dulcilia Helena Schroeder
Published: January 2018

Este trabalho focaliza imagens de crianças publicadas na imprensa brasileira, tendo em vista seu caráter jornalístico. Após discussão sobre o conceito de infância, será traçado um pequeno histórico. Foi feita uma pesquisa iconográfica, abrangendo algumas imagens do século XIX, para se concentrar em jornais e revistas a partir de 1960. Seguindo uma linha predominantemente qualitativa, apontaremos algumas imagens de jornais diários; porém, o corpus principal pertence à revista Veja. A primeira grande divisão é entre fotos jornalísticas e fotos-ilustração; de acordo com a distinção de Pepe Baeza. Enquanto orientação temática, tragédia, violência e pobreza são eixos poderosos. A criança como “ator” jornalístico raramente aparece. Nos últimos vinte anos, seções tipo “Guia” trazem imagens meramente ilustrativas, de estética quase publicitária.