bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization and Performance Prediction of Tunnel Field‐Effect Transistors Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Gang , Wang Shulong , Ma Lan , Wang Guosheng , Wu Jieyu , Duan Xiaoling , Chen Shupeng , Liu Hongxia
Published: November 2021

The tunnel field‐effect transistor (TFET) is considered to be a suitable substitute for metal oxide semiconductor‐field effect transistors in the post‐“Moore's Law” era owing to its low power consumption. However, Si‐TFETs face the drawbacks of low on‐state currents and significant ambipolar leakage. This study proposes a GeSi/Si heterojunction double‐gate TFET with a T‐channel hetero‐gate dielectric (HJ‐HGD‐DGTFET) structure to overcome these problems. It also presents a novel method of predicting and optimizing the performance of the existing TFETs which use deep learning to accelerate the device design. Furthermore, this study proposes a neural network based on different requirements to perform two functions: prediction of the device performance using the forward design, and the forecast of the device structure using the inverse design. It can thus be used to determine whether the output of the network meets the design objectives and if it is necessary to change the output by adjusting the input, and lastly achieve the TFET performance prediction and device optimization. The proposed method can be used to design TFETs accurately and efficiently even without professional knowledge. This study provides guidance for the design and optimization of TFETs along with other microelectronic devices.
Roll‐to‐Roll Gravure‐Printed Carbon Nanotube‐based Transistor Arrays for a Digital Column Chromatograph
Authors: Jung Younsu , Park Jinhwa , Sun Junfeng , Park Hyejin , Parajuli Sajjan , Shrestha Sagar , Shrestha Kiran , Majima Yutaka , Cho Gyoujin
Published: November 2021

Roll‐to‐roll (R2R)‐printed thin‐film transistor‐based devices have apparent advantages over their silicon‐based counterparts to explore a new device concept where form factor and cost are critical. Here, the R2R gravure‐printed single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)‐based thin‐film transistor (TFT) arrays are demonstrated to show advantages in developing inexpensive digital column chromatography (DiCC). The DiCC can be easily constructed by cutting and pasting the fluoropolymer, CYTOP, coated R2R gravure‐printed SWCNT‐TFT arrays on the inside wall of the column. The coated CYTOP acts as an electret and induces charges depending on dipole moments of the molecules in nonpolar eluents. Since the induced charges act as an n‐type dopant to the printed p‐type SWCNT‐TFT, the off‐currents of SWCNT‐TFT arrays are raised when analyte molecules with a dipole moment move to the CYTOP‐coated SWCNT‐TFT. By monitoring the off‐current variations of the CYTOP‐coated SWCNT‐TFT, the flow of molecules can be digitally monitored, and even the structural isomers of molecules can be digitally differentiated in real time.
Machine‐Learning‐Assisted Accurate Prediction of Molecular Optical Properties upon Aggregation
Authors: Xu Shidang , Liu Xiaoli , Cai Pengfei , Li Jiali , Wang Xiaonan , Liu Bin
Published: November 2021

For practical applications, molecules often exist in an aggregate state. Therefore, it is of great value if one can predict the performance of molecules when forming aggregates, for example, aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) or aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ). Herein, a database containing AIE/ACQ molecules reported in the literature is first established. Through training, these machine learning (ML) models can build up the structure–property relationship and thus implement fast prediction of AIE/ACQ properties. To this end, a multi‐modal approach is proposed, multiple prediction methods are compared and designed, and thus an ensemble strategy is developed. First, multiple molecular descriptors are considered at the same time, major features are extracted by dimensionality reduction, and multi‐modal features are synthesized. Then, several state‐of‐the‐art methods are designed and compared to analyze the advantages of the different methods. Finally, the ensemble strategy combines the advantages of the multiple methods to obtain the final prediction result. The reliability of this approach in an unknown molecular space is further verified by three newly designed molecules. Reasonable consistency between model predictions and experimental outcomes is obtained. The result indicates that ML can be a powerful tool to predict molecular properties in the aggregated state, thus accelerating the development of solid‐state optical materials.
Masks for COVID‐19
Authors: Deng Wei , Sun Yajun , Yao Xiaoxue , Subramanian Karpagam , Ling Chen , Wang Hongbo , Chopra Shauhrat S. , Xu Ben Bin , Wang Jie‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Feng , Wang Dan , Amancio Honeyfer , Pramana Stevin , Ye Ruquan , Wang Steven
Published: November 2021

Sustainable solutions on fabricating and using a face mask to block the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spread during this coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID‐19) are required as society is directed by the World Health Organization (WHO) toward wearing it, resulting in an increasingly huge demand with over 4 000 000 000 masks used per day globally. Herein, various new mask technologies and advanced materials are reviewed to deal with critical shortages, cross‐infection, and secondary transmission risk of masks. A number of countries have used cloth masks and 3D‐printed masks as substitutes, whose filtration efficiencies can be improved by using nanofibers or mixing other polymers into them. Since 2020, researchers continue to improve the performance of masks by adding various functionalities, for example using metal nanoparticles and herbal extracts to inactivate pathogens, using graphene to make masks photothermal and superhydrophobic, and using triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to prolong mask lifetime. The recent advances in material technology have led to the development of antimicrobial coatings, which are introduced in this review. When incorporated into masks, these advanced materials and technologies can aid in the prevention of secondary transmission of the virus.
Emerging Theranostic Nanomaterials in Diabetes and Its Complications
Authors: Liu Yuntao , Zeng Siqi , Ji Wei , Yao Huan , Lin Lin , Cui Haiying , Santos Hélder A. , Pan Guoqing
Published: November 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Oral subcutaneously administered antidiabetic drugs such as insulin, glipalamide, and metformin can temporarily balance blood sugar levels, however, long‐term administration of these therapies is associated with undesirable side effects on the kidney and liver. In addition, due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species and hyperglycemia‐induced macrovascular system damage, diabetics have an increased risk of complications. Fortunately, recent advances in nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for diabetes therapy and diagnosis. This review provides a panoramic overview of the current nanomaterials for the detection of diabetic biomarkers and diabetes treatment. Apart from diabetic sensing mechanisms and antidiabetic activities, the applications of these bioengineered nanoparticles for preventing several diabetic complications are elucidated. This review provides an overall perspective in this field, including current challenges and future trends, which may be helpful in informing the development of novel nanomaterials with new functions and properties for diabetes diagnosis and therapy.
Outstanding Strengthening and Toughening Behavior of 3D‐Printed Fiber‐Reinforced Composites Designed by Biomimetic Interfacial Heterogeneity
Authors: Yu Siwon , Hwang Yun Hyeong , Lee Kang Taek , Kim Sang Ouk , Hwang Jun Yeon , Hong Soon Hyung
Published: November 2021

3D printing of fiber‐reinforced composites is expected to be the forefront technology for the next‐generation high‐strength, high‐toughness, and lightweight structural materials. The intrinsic architecture of 3D‐printed composites closely represents biomimetic micro/macrofibril‐like hierarchical structure composed of intermediate filament assembly among the micron‐sized reinforcing fibers, and thus contributes to a novel mechanism to simultaneously improve mechanical properties and structural features. Notably, it is found that an interfacial heterogeneity between numerous inner interfaces in the hierarchical structure enables an exceptional increase in the toughness of composites. The strong interfacial adhesion between the fibers and matrix, with accompanying the inherently weak interfacial adhesion between intermediate filaments and the resultant interfacial voids, provide a close representation of the toughness behavior of natural architectures relying on the localized heterogeneity. Given the critical embedment length of fiber reinforcement, extraordinary improvement has been attained not only in the strength but also in toughness taking advantage of the synergy effect from the aforementioned nature‐inspired features. Indeed, the addition of a small amount of short fiber to the brittle bio‐filaments results in a noticeable increase of more than 200% in the tensile strength and modulus with further elongation increment. This article highlights the inherent structural hierarchy of 3D‐printed composites and the relevant sophisticated mechanism for anomalous mechanical reinforcement.
Single‐Cell Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Multicellular Ecosystem of Nucleus Pulposus during Degeneration Progression
Authors: Tu Ji , Li Wentian , Yang Sidong , Yang Pengyi , Yan Qi , Wang Shenyu , Lai Kaitao , Bai Xupeng , Wu Cenhao , Ding Wenyuan , Cooper‐White Justin , Diwan Ashish , Yang Cao , Yang Huilin , Zou Jun
Published: November 2021

Although degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) is a major contributor to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and low back pain, the underlying molecular complexity and cellular heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive single‐cell resolution transcript landscape of human NP is reported. Six novel human NP cells (NPCs) populations are identified by their distinct molecular signatures. The potential functional differences among NPC subpopulations are analyzed. Predictive transcripts, transcriptional factors, and signal pathways with respect to degeneration grades are explored. It is reported that fibroNPCs is the subpopulation for end‐stage degeneration. CD90+NPCs are observed to be progenitor cells in degenerative NP tissues. NP‐infiltrating immune cells comprise a previously unrecognized diversity of cell types, including granulocytic myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (G‐MDSCs). Integrin αM (CD11b) and oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1) as surface markers of NP‐derived G‐MDSCs are uncovered. The G‐MDSCs are found to be enriched in mildly degenerated (grade II and III) NP tissues compared to severely degenerated (grade IV and V) NP tissues. Their immunosuppressive function and alleviation effects on NPCs’ matrix degradation are revealed in vitro. Collectively, this study reveals the NPC‐type complexity and phenotypic characteristics in NP, thereby providing new insights and clues for IVDD treatment.
Advanced Zinc Anode with Nitrogen‐Doping Interface Induced by Plasma Surface Treatment
Authors: Jia Hao , Qiu Minghui , Lan Chuntao , Liu Hongqi , Dirican Mahmut , Fu Shaohai , Zhang Xiangwu
Published: November 2021

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are one of the most ideal candidates for grid‐scale energy storage applications due to their excellent price and safety advantages. However, formation of Zn dendrites and continuous side reactions during cycling result in serious instability problems for ZIBs. In this work, the authors develop a facile and versatile plasma‐induced nitrogen‐doped Zn (N‐Zn) foil for dendrite‐free Zn metal anode. Benefitting from the uniform nucleation sites and enhanced surface kinetics, the N‐Zn anode exhibits exceptionally low overpotential (around 23 mV) at 1 mA cm−2 and can be cycled for over 3000 h under 1 mA cm−2 because of the enhanced interface behavior. The potential application of N‐Zn anode is also confirmed by introducing a full Zn/MnO2 battery with outstanding capacity stability for 2000 cycles at 1 A g–1. Overall, this work offers new fundamental insights into homogenizing Zn electrodeposition processes by pre‐introduced active nucleation sites and provides a novel direction of interface design engineering for ultra‐stable Zn metal anode.
Old Materials for New Functions: Recent Progress on Metal Cyanide Based Porous Materials
Authors: Xie Yi , Lin Rui‐Biao , Chen Banglin
Published: November 2021

Cyanide is the simplest ligand with strong basicity to construct open frameworks including some of the oldest compounds reported in the history of coordination chemistry. Cyanide can form numerous cyanometallates with different transition metal ions showing diverse geometries. Rational design of robust extended networks is enabled by the strong bonding nature and high directionality of cyanide ligand. By virtue of a combination of cyanometallates and/or organic linkers, multifunctional framework materials can be targeted and readily synthesized for various applications, ranging from molecular adsorptions/separations to energy conversion and storage, and spin‐crossover materials. External guest‐ and stimuli‐responsive behaviors in cyanide‐based materials are also highlighted for the development of the next‐generation smart materials. In this review, an overview of the recent progress of cyanide‐based multifunctional materials is presented to demonstrate the great potential of cyanide ligands in the development of modern coordination chemistry and material science.
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance of Flexible, Hydrophobic Honeycomb‐Structured Ag@Ti3C2Tx Composites
Authors: Wang Xiaohan , Chen Yongqiang , Hu Feiyue , Zhang Shuang , Fan Bingbing , Min Zhiyu , Zhang Rui , Zhao Biao , Wang Hailong , Lu Hongxia , Wang Xiaohui
Published: November 2021

Novel honeycomb‐structured Ag@Ti3C2Tx composites are prepared by a microwave‐assisted synthesis method using polymethyl methacrylate as an expendable template. The resulting Ag@Ti3C2Tx composites retain their original spherical morphology and exhibit hydrophobic performance, low thermal conductivity, and excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Remarkably, the Ag‐1.8@Ti3C2Tx composite attains electromagnetic interference shielding performance with a maximum average shielding effectiveness of 39.36 dB in the X‐band and 43.64 dB in the Ku‐band. This outstanding performance is the result of conduction loss, interface polarization between Ag nanoparticles and Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, and multi‐reflection and scattering caused by the hollow structure in the honeycomb‐structured Ag@Ti3C2Tx composites. Overall, the honeycomb‐structured Ag@Ti3C2Tx composites possess merits such as light weight, flexibility, hydrophobicity, and EMI shielding performance, suggesting great application potential in smart electronic devices.
In Situ Grown 1T′‐MoTe2 Nanosheets on Carbon Nanotubes as an Efficient Electrocatalyst and Lithium Regulator for Stable Lithium–Sulfur Full Cells
Authors: He Jiarui , Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: November 2021

Lithium–sulfur batteries offer the advantage of high energy density at a low cost, but their viability is hindered by the polysulfide shuttle effect, sluggish reaction kinetics, and dendritic Li growth. To address these persistent challenges in a unified manner, a dual‐function, flexible, free‐standing framework by coupling catalytic and lithiophilic 1T′‐MoTe2 nanosheets with conductive carbon nanotubes (MoTe2‐CNT), which serve as a host for both a sulfur cathode (S/MoTe2‐CNT) and a lithium‐metal anode (MoTe2‐CNT/Li) is presented here. MoTe2‐CNT not only guides a uniform growth of lithium within the framework, but also forms a thin, unique sulfide‐rich solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) composed of lithium thiotellurate on the Li surface when paired with a sulfur cathode. This SEI stabilizes Li deposition, suppresses electrolyte decomposition, and prevents Li loss, thereby prolonging cycle life. Full coin cells with a very low negative to positive electrode capacity ratio of ≈2.5 and a high areal capacity of 7.6 mA h cm−2 display 75% capacity retention after 500 cycles. The pouch cells fabricated with MoTe2‐CNT deliver a high capacity of 1533 mA h g−1 and energy density of 319 Wh kg−1 at a low electrolyte‐to‐capacity ratio of ≈2.9 µL [mA h]−1 and a low electrolyte‐to‐sulfur ratio of 4.5 µL mg−1.
Severe visual loss caused by inhalational methanol poisoning in fireworks production: A report on 3 cases
Authors: Luo Lei , Zhu XueQin , Li JiMeng , Yang Feng , Xiong YanYan , Xie Ying
Published: November 2021

Background

Workers in fireworks production are mainly at risk for explosion injury. However, there are few reports on the consequences of methanol poisoning in fireworks laborers.

Case Presentation

We report on three patients with visual loss caused by inhalation exposure to high concentrations of methanol, who were engaged in the granulation process of the fireworks manufacturing industry. They presented with severe metabolic acidosis and visual impairments, accompanied by headache, chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness, and vomiting. All were diagnosed with acute methanol poisoning. One patient developed bilateral blindness and two patients improved after timely hemodialysis treatment.

Conclusions

These case reports emphasize the risk of methanol poisoning in the fireworks industry or other factories using commercial alcohol with high methanol content. Early hemodialysis intervention and metabolic acidosis correction are crucial for rescuing visual impairment caused by methanol exposure. Awareness and supervision of commercial alcohol use are indispensable for similar industrial processes.
Circadian rhythm disruption exacerbates Th2‐like immune response in murine allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Cheng Feng‐Li , An Yun‐Fang , Xue Jin‐Mei , Wang Yan‐Jie , Ding Xue‐Wei , Zhang Yan‐Ting , Zhao Chang‐Qing
Published: November 2021

Background

Chronic jet lag (CJL)‐induced circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) is positively correlated with an increased risk of allergic diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism involved in allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods

Aberrant light/dark cycles‐induced CRD mice were randomly divided into negative control (NC) group, AR group, CRD+NC group, and CRD+AR group (n = 8/group). After ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, nasal symptom scores were recorded. The expression of Occludin and ZO‐1 in both nasal mucosa and lung tissues was detected by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemical staining. The level of OVA–specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) and T‐helper (Th)‐related cytokines in the plasma was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the proportion of Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cell (Treg) in splenocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry.

Results

The nasal symptom score in the CRD+AR group was significantly higher than those in the AR group with respect to eosinophil infiltration, mast cell degranulation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. The expression of ZO‐1 and Occludin in the nasal mucosa and lung tissues in the CRD+AR group were significantly lower than those in the AR group. Furthermore, Th2 and Th17 cell counts from splenocytes and OVA‐sIgE, interleukin 4 (IL‐4), IL‐6, IL‐13, and IL‐17A levels in plasma were significantly increased in the CRD+AR group than in the AR group, whereas Th1 and Treg cell count and interferon γ (IFN‐γ) level were significantly decreased in the CRD+AR group.

Conclusion

CRD experimentally mimicked CJL in human activities, could exacerbate local and systemic allergic reactions in AR mice, partially through decreasing Occludin and ZO‐1 level in the respiratory mucosa and increasing Th2‐like immune response in splenocytes.
Wearing a face mask during controlled‐intensity exercise is not a risk factor for exertional heatstroke: A pilot study
Authors: Sakamoto Taigo , Narita Hiroyuki , Suzuki Kensuke , Obinata Hirofumi , Ogawa Kei , Suga Ryotaro , Takahashi Haruka , Nakazawa Mayumi , Yamada Marina , Ogawa Satoo , Yokota Hiroyuki , Yokobori Shoji
Published: November 2021

Aim

This study aimed to measure the influence of wearing face masks on individuals’ physical status in a hot and humid environment.

Methods

Each participant experienced different physical situations: (i) not wearing a mask (control), (ii) wearing a surgical mask, (iii) wearing a sport mask. An ingestible capsule thermometer was used to measure internal core body temperature during different exercises (standing, walking, and running, each for 20 min) in an artificial weather room with the internal wet‐bulb globe temperature set at 28°C. The change in the participants’ physical status and urinary liver fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) were measured.

Results

Six healthy male volunteers were enrolled in the study. In each participant, significant changes were observed in the heart rate and internal core temperatures after increased exercise intensity; however, no significant differences were observed between these parameters and urinary L‐FABP among the three intervention groups.

Conclusion

Mask wearing is not a risk factor for heatstroke during increased exercise intensity.
On‐Surface Synthesis of Porphyrin‐Complex Multi‐Block Co‐Oligomers by Defluorinative Coupling
Authors: Kawai Shigeki , Ishikawa Atsushi , Ishida Shin‐ichiro , Yamakado Takuya , Ma Yujing , Sun Kewei , Tateyama Yoshitaka , Pawlak Rémy , Meyer Ernst , Saito Shohei , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: November 2021

On‐surface chemical reaction has become a very powerful technique to synthesize nanostructures by linking small molecules in the bottom‐up approach. Given the fact that most reactants are simultaneously activated at certain temperatures, a sequential reaction in a controlled way has remained challenging. Here, we present an on‐surface synthesis of multi‐block co‐oligomers from trifluoromethyl (CF3) substituted porphyrin metal complexes. The oligomerization on Au(111) is demonstrated with a combination of bond‐resolved scanning probe microscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Even after the first oligomerization of single monomer unit, the termini of the oligomer keep the CF3 group, which can be used as a reactant for further coupling in a sequential order. Consequently, copper, cobalt, and palladium complexes of bisanthracene‐fused porphyrin oligomers were linked with each other in a designed order.
Glutamine conjugated organotin(IV) Schiff base compounds: Synthesis, structure, and anticancer properties
Authors: Sharma Shagun , Agnihotri Navneet , Kumar Keshav , Sihag Swati , Randhawa Vinay , Kaur Ramandeep , Singh Raghubir , Kaur Varinder
Published: November 2021

Herein, glutamine conjugated organotin(IV) Schiff base compounds, [(SBGlu‐Naph)Sn (Me)2] (1), [(SBGlu‐Naph)Sn(n‐Bu)2] (2), [(SBGlu‐Sali)Sn (Me)2] (3), [(SBGlu‐Sali)Sn(n‐Bu)2] (4) and [(SBGlu‐Sali)Sn (Ph)2] (5), were synthesized by one‐pot reaction with an aldehyde (2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde) for 1 and 2, and 5‐methyl‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (for 3–5) and respective diorganotin oxide. The compounds were characterized using elemental micro‐analyses, spectroscopic techniques (FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 119Sn NMR), mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. Based on in‐silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and drug‐likeness properties, compounds 1, 3, and 4 were selected to investigate their DNA/Protein binding properties with calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using spectrophotometry and spectrofluorimetry. The intercalative mode of binding with CT‐DNA was supported by molecular docking simulations. The emission spectral data of compounds with CT‐DNA showed 1 as a groove binder, and 3 and 4 as an intercalator which was confirmed by competitive displacement assays. Similarly, static and dynamic mode of interaction between the compounds and BSA was found. Furthermore, these compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines; PC‐3 (Prostate) and Mg‐63 (Osteosarcoma) at different concentrations. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR)‐based regression models were developed and implemented on compounds 1, 3, and 4 that inferred compound 3 to be the most potential candidate for further in vivo studies.
Increased oilseed shelf life using peanut flour biopackages
Authors: Riveros Cecilia Gabriela , Grosso Antonella Luciana , Aguirre Alicia , Grosso Nelson Ruben
Published: November 2021

This study analyzed the ability of defatted peanut flour packaging to preserve chemical quality stability of sunflower seeds throughout storage. Sunflower seed samples packaged in defatted peanut flour pouches (RS‐DPFP), high‐barrier plastic pouches made of ethylene vinyl alcohol (RS‐EVOH) and plastic pouches made of polyethylene (RS‐PE) were stored for 30 days at room temperature. Peroxide values and conjugated dienes showed a lower increase in RS‐DPFP and RS‐EVOH than in RS‐PE samples during storage. The samples packaged in DPFP pouches exhibited similar changes in oleic/linoleic acid ratio and iodine value with respect to EVOH pouches during storage. A higher decrease in α‐tocopherol was observed in RS‐PE compared to RS‐DPFP and RS‐EVOH. After 30 days, RS‐PE presented the highest hexanal, 2‐octenal (E), hexanoic acid, and 1‐pentanol contents. DPFP delayed sunflower seeds deterioration, improving their shelf life during storage.
Enhancing the mechanical properties of photosensitive binder jetting PLA via dual curing and thermal treatment
Authors: Nanthananon Phornwalan , Tanodekaew Siriporn , Tesavibul Passakorn , Manotham Supalak , Kaewkong Pakkanun , Channasanon Somruethai
Published: November 2021

This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of the 3D‐printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) specimen fabricated by a photosensitive binder jetting via the method of dual curing and thermal treatment. The layer solidification was activated by light in light‐curing mode, and the combination of light and chemical in dual‐curing mode. The 3D‐printed specimens were then immediately subjected to thermal treatment at 120°C for 30 min. The effects on mechanical properties of 3D‐printed PLA specimens in terms of layer thickness, curing system, and thermal treatment were investigated using three‐point bending test. The results demonstrated that the dual curing improved monomer conversion and mechanical properties of the specimens in comparison with the light‐curing mode. The thermal treatment also increased monomer conversion and physically interfacial binding between PLA powder and binder matrix. The flexural modulus and strength of dual‐cured 3D‐printed PLA specimens after thermal treatment were increased by 79% and 81%, respectively, compared to those of light‐cured specimens before thermal treatment. Furthermore, their cytotoxicity test with the printing layer thicknesses of 0.2 and 0.25 by MTT assay revealed non‐toxic to MC3T3‐E1 cells. Therefore, the 3D‐printed PLA part in this study has a potential for biomedical applications.
Struggling with digitized historical newspapers: Contextual barriers to information interaction in history research activities
Authors: Kumpulainen Sanna , Late Elina
Published: November 2021

On account of the complexities related to the use of digitized newspapers, researchers may encounter barriers when interacting with the collections' content. Overcoming barriers that could influence their information interaction should enhance the accessibility and utility of the newspapers. Hence, the study examined the barriers faced in history‐research tasks involving interaction with digitized historical newspapers, with focus on the barriers' contexts and the related task‐based activities. The analysis employed two datasets, from in‐depth interviews and demonstrations of newspaper‐use situations. Content analysis from these complementary data showed that barriers arose in multiple contexts, connected with the collection, task, tools, and socio‐organizational setting. Most barriers were associated with collection context and occurred in information searching and selection activities and in working with information items. Barriers related to the task or to socio‐organizational context arose most often in the planning and monitoring activities and in synthesizing and reporting. Such research‐based insight into the barriers faced can aid in illuminating what is required for providing good support to researchers working with digital newspaper content.
Photoreverberation mapping of quasars in the context of Legacy Survey of Space and Time observing strategies
Authors: Jankov Isidora , Kovačević Anđelka B. , Ilić Dragana , Popović Luka Č. , Radović Viktor , Čvorović‐Hajdinjak Iva , Nikutta Robert , Sánchez‐Sáez Paula
Published: November 2021

The upcoming photometric surveys, such as the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will monitor unprecedented number of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in a decade‐long campaign. Motivated by the science goals of LSST, which includes the harnessing of broadband light curves of AGN for photometric reverberation mapping (PhotoRM), we implement the existing formalism to estimate the lagged response of the emission line flux to the continuum variability using only multi‐band photometric light curves. We test the PhotoRM method on a set of 19 artificial light curves simulated using a stochastic model based on the damped random walk process. These light curves are sampled using different observing strategies, including the two proposed by the LSST, in order to compare the accuracy of time‐lag retrieval based on different observing cadences. In addition, we apply the same procedure for time‐lag retrieval to the observed photometric light curves of NGC 4395, and compare our results to the existing literature.
Some properties of lemaitre regularization. II isosceles trajectories and figure‐eight
Authors: Titov Vladimir
Published: November 2021

Some properties of the Lemaitre regularization in the planar 3 body problem are considered. Application of these properties to the degenerated case of an isosceles problem in the space of forms is studied. A number of the isosceles orbits is obtained using a suitable parametrization. Also, properties of such orbits are analyzed. The figure‐eight orbit is considered.
Enzyme immobilization: what have we learned in the past five years?
Authors: Almeida Francisco L. C. , Prata Ana S. , Forte Marcus B. S.
Published: November 2021

Immobilized enzymes have been widely applied in several fields over the past years, and the number of studies on the topic has been rapidly increasing. This review aimed to examine changes and trends in enzyme immobilization research during the past five years. Data were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database and analyzed using VOSviewer © software. A discussion is presented on the most productive countries, most cited authors, leading publications, main areas of research and industrial applications of immobilized enzymes. China, the USA, India, Brazil and Spain hold the largest numbers of published articles on the topic, and the two main areas of study are chemistry and biotechnology applied microbiology. Trend analysis showed that laccases and lipases were the most commonly used enzymes, whereas nanoparticles and metal–organic frameworks were the most commonly used enzyme supports. The results highlight that immobilization is used to modify several enzyme properties, such as stability, recovery and specificity. Conclusions and future perspectives in the field are also addressed. It is believed that the development of new, low‐cost supports and studies on the scale‐up of processes using immobilized enzymes constitute future research trends. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A green approach to the valorization of kraft lignin for the production of nanocomposite gels to control the release of fertilizer
Authors: Lotfy Vivian F. , Basta Altaf H.
Published: November 2021

The valorization of industrial by‐products is a green approach. This work investigates the valorization of kraft liquor from paper pulping as a precursor in the production of lignin‐based nanocomposites to control the release of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer. These nanocomposites were prepared from the stoichiometry of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and chitosan (Cs). The lignin nanoparticles were synthesized by solvent exchange and dialysis using two polar solvents: tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ethylene glycol (EG). These LNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and textural techniques. The TEM images showed that the shapes of LNPs based on THF (LNPT) and LNPs based on EG (LNPE) were spherical, with an average particle size of 300 ± 40 nm and 23 ± 6.5 nm, respectively. Textural characteristics and FTIR revealed no change in the chemical nature of the two synthesized LNPs, and their Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area and average pore diameter ranged from 0.78 to 1.58 m2 g−1, and 4.069 to 5.20 nm, respectively. Swelling, functional groups, and the thermal, morphology, and MAP release characteristics were investigated for unloaded and loaded chitosan‐LNP nanocomposites (Cs‐LNPs). The water‐swelling capacity of the nanocomposite gel was about 200%. The data indicated that the Cs‐LNP gels can be used as controlled release systems for releasing MAP fertilizer, with maximum releasing value observed for chitosan‐LNPT gel (65%). The kinetic of MAP release from the investigated nanocomposites was followed by the Ritger‐Peppas model with Fickian and quasi‐Fickian diffusion mechanisms. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A simplified integrated framework for predicting the economic impacts of feedstock variations in a catalytic fast pyrolysis conversion process
Authors: Wiatrowski Matthew R. , Dutta Abhijit , Pecha M. Brennan , Crowley Meagan , Ciesielski Peter N. , Carpenter Daniel
Published: November 2021

Feedstock attributes of lignocellulosic biomass, such as particle size, compositional makeup, and moisture content, can vary substantially even within pre‐processed materials and have a significant effect on conversion in fast pyrolysis‐based processes. However, the economic impacts of these attributes are not well understood. To address this, biomass deconstruction phenomena captured with a versatile particle‐scale simulation were linked to techno‐economic impacts via reduced‐order models. Parametric analysis of the particle‐scale model, which was validated using literature data, was used in combination with multiple linear regression models to develop correlations between feedstock attributes and yields of pyrolysis oil, gas, and char. Yields were then correlated with the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) using a techno‐economic model, bridging the gap between physics‐based biomass conversion simulations and predictions of MFSP for a catalytic fast‐pyrolysis process. Empirical correlations derived from the literature regarding the impact of mineral matter (ash) on oil yield were also considered. The model correlations deployed in the integrated framework capture the impacts of variation in feedstock attributes on the MFSP. Variations in ash were shown to have the biggest impact, varying MFSP by −13%/+22% due to catalytic effects and lower relative amounts of convertible lignocellulosic material. It was also found that, if ash can be controlled to low levels, the increased extractives in forest residues can help compensate for some yield losses associated with increased ash. Other inputs considered (particle size, moisture content, and reactor temperature) had relatively negligible effects on process economics within the ranges analyzed considering particle‐scale effects alone. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Disordered eating concerns, behaviors, and severity in young adults clustered by anxiety and depression
Authors: Eck Kaitlyn M. , Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Little is known about how anxiety and depression in combination relate to eating disorder concerns (eating, shape, and weight concern) and behaviors (restraint eating, binge eating, and purging) indicative of eating disorder symptom severity. This study examined links among disordered eating concerns, behaviors, and severity clustered by depression and anxiety.

Methods

College students (n = 1792) completed a survey comprised of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD‐7), 2‐item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐2) assessing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Eating Disorder Exam Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) assessing concerns and behaviors indicative of disordered eating.

Results

Cluster analysis yielded four groups: not depressed or anxious to subclinical, moderate, and high depression and anxiety. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated overall eating disorder severity scores increased significantly as GAD and MDD increased, suggesting that as anxiety and depression rise in tandem, disturbed eating severity rises. Results revealed that even at subclinical levels, disordered eating concerns, behaviors, and overall severity scores increase.

Discussion

Future interventions aiming to reduce disordered eating in young adults may be strengthened by incorporating depression and anxiety management strategies. A screening for subclinical anxiety and depression (Mixed Anxiety and Depression Disorder [MADD]) may be helpful in providing early intervention to resolve disordered eating behaviors before they become entrenched.
Construction and validation of a novel aging‐related gene signature and prognostic nomogram for predicting the overall survival in ovarian cancer
Authors: Liu Lixiao , Zhao Jinduo , Du Xuedan , Zhao Ye , Zou Chengyang , Zhou Heling , Li Wenfeng , Yan Xiaojian
Published: November 2021

Background

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. The objective of this study was to establish and validate an individual aging‐related gene signature and a clinical nomogram that can powerfully predict independently the overall survival rate of patients with ovarian cancer.

Methods

Data on transcriptomic profile and relevant clinical information were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database as a training group, and the same data from three public Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases as validation groups. Univariate Cox regression analysis, lasso regression analysis, and multiple multivariate Cox analysis were analyzed sequentially to select the genes to be included in the aging‐associated signature. A risk scoring model was established and verified, the predictive value of the model was evaluated, and a clinical nomogram was established.

Results

We found eight genes that were most relevant to prognosis and constructed an eight‐mRNA signature. Based on the model, each OC patient's risk score was able to be calculated and patients were split into groups of low and high risks with a distinct outcome. Survival analysis confirmed that the outcome of patients in the high‐risk group was dramatically shorter than that of those in the low‐risk group, and the eight‐mRNA signature can be considered as a powerful and independent predictor that could predict the outcome of OC patient. Additionally, the risk score and age can be used to construct a clinical nomogram as a simpler tool for predicting prognosis. We also explored the association between the risk score and immunity and drug sensitivity.

Conclusion

This study suggested that the aging‐related gene signature could be used as an intervention point and latent prognostic predictor in OC, which may provide new perceptions for postoperative treatment strategies.
Using Parental Attachment in Family Court Proceedings: An Empirical Study of the DMM‐AAI
Authors: Spieker Susan J. , Crittenden Patricia M. , Landini Andrea , Grey Ben
Published: November 2021

Two methods for classifying Adult Attachment Interviews (AAI) for family court decision‐making, Berkeley and DMM, differ in their usefulness for family court. Both expand Ainsworth's three ABC infant categories. The Berkeley method adds a fourth Disorganised/Unresolved category in adulthood, but has low specificity and validity for risk parents. The DMM method identifies an expanding array of strategies across the lifespan, as neurological development makes more complex strategies possible. This study examined DMM‐AAI classifications in a sample of 332 British AAIs and compared the results to published meta‐analyses of the Berkeley AAI. Six a priori hypotheses addressed the central question raised: which classificatory method for the AAI is more useful for child protection? DMM‐AAI classifications differentiated between (i) normative adults, (ii) parents with mental health problems, (iii) parents in family court proceedings and (iv) incarcerated violent criminals on attachment, psychological trauma and pervasively high or low arousal. We assert that the DMM‐AAI is sufficiently valid and discriminating for court use and that it can contribute to court decision‐making when integrated with other assessments and clinical reports.

‘Which classificatory method for the AAI is more useful for child protection?’

Key Practitioner Messages

DMM‐AAIs, classified by authorised experts, meet forensic criteria.

DMM‐AAIs differentiate maltreating parents from other parents in attachment strategy, trauma and parental reasoning.

DMM‐AAI classifications indicate the type of services parents are ready for. Parents with particular classifications might need their own safety addressed before they can benefit from parent training.

Customised service plans can help maltreating parents to meet their basic needs so as to better meet their children's needs.
COVID‐19‐associated thrombotic angiopathy improved after plasma exchange
Authors: Elkayam Natalie , Raju Gagan , Huang Yiwu , Lipshitz Jay , Peeke Stephen , Bluth Martin H.
Published: November 2021

Utilization of therapeutic plasma exchange in select patients with COVID‐19 microangiopathy may provide useful treatment by modulation of inflammatory cytokines and coagulation cascade to maintain homeostasis.
Impaction caused by a rare erupted peripheral compound odontoma
Authors: Marya Anand , Venugopal Adith
Published: November 2021

Odontomas are common occurrences in the oral cavity and can be classified as complex or compound. Erupted peripheral compound odontomas are rare and present in the extra‐osseous soft tissues. In this case, the odontoma led to the impaction of permanent teeth, due to which removal of the lesion was advised.
Facile One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Copper Nanowires and Their Impact on the EMI Shielding Capability of Epoxy Composites
Authors: Rajesh Kumar Bheema , Etika Krishna C.
Published: November 2021

In this work epoxy nanocomposites containing varying content of copper nanowires (CuNW) were produced. The CuNW were synthesized using a facile one‐pot hydrothermal synthesis method. The composites were characterized for their electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness in the X‐band. The electrical conductivity of the epoxy composites was measured, and the composites containing 12 wt % CuNW demonstrated percolated behavior and exhibited a frequency‐independent conductivity value of 1.76 × 10−6 S m−1 in the range of 25–200 Hz. The 12 wt % CuNW sample demonstrated an EMI shielding effectiveness value of 6.5 dB, which corresponds to 77.1 % attenuation of the incident electromagnetic wave. Furthermore, an absorption‐dominated shielding mechanism was observed in these composites.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Terminal vs. Fluorine‐Substituted N‐Allenamides via Addition of Diazo Compounds to Terminal Ynamides
Authors: Zheng Yongxiang , Moegle Baptiste , Ghosh Santanu , Perfetto Anna , Luise Davide , Ciofini Ilaria , Miesch Laurence
Published: November 2021

A copper‐mediated coupling reaction between ynamides and diazo‐compounds to produce N‐allenamides is reported for the first time. This method enables facile and rapid access to terminal N‐allenamides by using commercially available TMS‐diazomethane with wide functional group compatibility on the nitrogen. Furthermore, the ubiquity of molecules containing a fluorine moiety in medicine, in agricultural, and material science requires the continuous search of new building blocks, including this unique surrogate. The CuI/diazo protocol was successfully applied to the synthesis of fluorine‐substituted N‐allenamides. DFT calculations provided insights in the mechanism involved.
Determination of reactivity ratios for acrylic acid and its dimer from classical parameter estimation and Bayesian approach
Authors: Hungenberg Klaus‐Dieter , Schwede Christian , Wulkow Michael , Wulkow Niklas
Published: November 2021

The reactivity ratios of acrylic acid (AA, M1) and its dimer β‐acroyloxypropionic acid (diAA, M2) are determined from cumulative copolymerization data by two different methods: classical parameter estimation (PE) by minimizing the objective function and a Bayesian analysis. Classical PE gives and at the minimum of the residual. From the Bayesian analysis, the probability distribution of the parameter sets is obtained, revealing the existence of parameter sets with rather the same probability. The influence of the number of data and the size of the measurement error are discussed.
Epidemiology of small intestine cancer in Iran
Authors: Azizmohammad Looha Mehdi , Akbari Mohammad Esmaeil , Zarean Elaheh , Khodakarim Soheila
Published: November 2021

Background

Little is known about the epidemiology of small intestine (SI) cancer in Iran, a rare cancer entity worldwide.

Aims

The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence patterns and survival rates of SI cancer in Iran through a population‐based study.

Methods and Results

Data on all reported cases of SI cancer were extracted from the Iran National Cancer Registry based on ICD‐O‐3 codes. Age‐standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age‐specific incidence rates, standardized rate ratios (SRR), time trends, and absolute survival rates were calculated.

During 2005–2015, a total of 4928 SI cancers (ASIR: 0.87/100 000) were diagnosed, including 2835 carcinomas (ASIR: 0.51), 214 neuroendocrine malignancies (ASIR: 0.04), 228 sarcomas (ASIR: 0.04), and 704 lymphomas (ASIR: 0.11). Carcinomas and lymphomas occurred more frequently in men than in women (SRR: 1.37/100 000 and 1.85/100 000, respectively), while the other two histological subtypes were almost equally distributed. 78% of carcinomas and 53% of neuroendocrine tumors were located in the duodenum. Sarcomas occurred most frequently in the jejunum (41%), while lymphomas were most frequently in the ileum (44%). From 2005 to 2015, the number of reported cases of SI cancer increased by 9.6% per year. The median age of diagnosis for women and men was 61. The absolute 5‐year survival rate was 35.3%, varying by sex, age, and subtype. Carcinomas had the lowest survival rate (24.1%) while neuroendocrine carcinomas had the highest survival rate (69.7%).

Conclusion

Epidemiological patterns of SI cancer in Iran differed slightly from patterns in the United States and the United Kingdom. In contrast to other countries, the neuroendocrine form is presented as the rarest subtype in Iran. The overall incidence of SI cancer was lower in Iran than in high‐income countries. In contrast, the average prognosis of SI cancer was worse in Iran, indicating the need to improve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.