bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide expression profiling of the osmoadaptation response of Debaryomyces hansenii
Authors: Gonzalez Nancy Arroyo , Vázquez Adrinel , Ortiz Zuazaga Humberto G. , Sen Arup , Olvera Hugo Luna , de Ortiz Sandra Peña , Govind N. S.
Published: February 2009

The euryhaline marine yeast Debaromyces hansenii is a model system for the study of processes related to osmoadaptation. In this study, microarray‐based gene expression analyses of the entire genome of D. hansenii was used to study its response to osmotic stress. Differential gene expression, compared to control, was examined at three time points (0.5, 3 and 6 h) after exposure of D. hansenii cultures to high salt concentration. Among the 1.72% of genes showing statistically significant differences in expression, only 65 genes displayed at least three‐fold increases in mRNA levels after treatment with 2 M NaCl. On the other hand, 44 genes showed three‐fold repression. Upregulated as well as the downregulated genes were grouped into functional categories to identify biochemical processes possibly affected by osmotic stress and involved in osmoadaptation. The observation that only a limited number of genes are upregulated in D. hansenii in response to osmotic stress supports the notion that D. hansenii is pre‐adapted to survive in extreme saline environments. In addition, since more than one‐half of the upregulated genes encode for ribosomal proteins, it is possible that a translational gene regulatory mechanism plays a key role in D. hansenii's osmoregulatory response. Validation studies for ENA1 and for hyphal wall/cell elongation protein genes, using real‐time PCR, confirmed patterns of gene expression observed in our microarray experiments. To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind in this organism and provides the foundation for future molecular studies assessing the significance of the genes identified here in D. hansenii's osmoadaptation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LiB6O9F, the First Lithium Fluorooxoborate – Crystal Structure and Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Cakmak Güliz , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: February 2009

The first lithium fluorooxoborate LiB6O9F was synthesized from LiF and B2O3 in an all‐solid state reaction at 673 K. Single crystals have been grown by subsequent long‐term annealing at 473 K. According to X‐ray analysis of the crystal structure [Pna21, Z = 4, a = 7.6555(1) Å, b = 8.5318(1) Å, c = 10.7894(2) Å, R1 = 0.0184, wR(all) = 0.0487, 853 independent reflections], the fluorooxoborate anion forms a two‐dimensional infinite network with boroxine rings, connected by bridging oxygen atoms constituting the basic building units. To one boron atom in every second ring, a fluorine atom is added. Pentacoordinate lithium cations interconnect neighboring fluorooxoborate layers. LiB6O9F is thermally stable up to 743 K and decomposition is accompanied by evolution of BF3. Ionic conductivities were investigated with impedance spectroscopy, and the new compound can be classified as a solid ionic conductor.
Facility design for Bachelor Gorilla groups
Authors: Coe Jon C. , Scott Dwight , Lukas Kristen E.
Published: February 2009

This paper emerged from discussions following the Bachelor Gorilla 2000 Workshop Facility Design sessions. Although many ape facility design features are common to all gorillas, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of special needs of bachelor gorillas. For example, managing escalating aggression between maturing or silverback males may require a high degree of caregiver intervention and thus easy access to gorillas both on‐ and off‐exhibit is beneficial. Facility design features that reduce contact aggression, increase affiliation, provide visual barriers or escape routes, and allow safe outlets for species‐typical behavior are essential to the successful management of bachelor gorilla groups in zoos. Such provisions permit caregivers the ability to constantly monitor and modify the zoo environment to meet rapidly changing husbandry needs. Creatively designed habitats and continuing research on bachelor group dynamics will undoubtedly allow zoo managers to maintain all gorilla groups in an environmental and social context that enhances well‐being over the long term. Zoo Biol 28:144–162, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth statistics for African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants in human care: history and implications for elephant welfare
Authors: Dale Robert H. I.
Published: February 2009

African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) have lived in the care of humans for many years, yet there is no consensus concerning some basic parameters describing their newborn calves. This study provides a broad empirical basis for generalizations about the birth heights, birth weights, birth times and gestation periods of elephant calves born in captivity. I obtained data concerning at least one of these four characteristics for 218 newborn calves from 74 institutions. Over the past 30 years, newborn Asian elephants have been taller and heavier than newborn African elephants. Neonatal African elephants exhibited sex differences in both weight and height, whereas neonatal Asian elephants have exhibited sex differences only in height. Primiparous dams ex situ are at least as old as their in situ counterparts, whereas ex situ sires appear to be younger than sires in range countries. Confirming earlier anecdotal evidence, both African [N=47] and Asian [N=91] dams gave birth most often at night. Zoo Biol 29:87–103, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the impact of rank and ovarian activity on the social behavior of captive female African elephants
Authors: Freeman Elizabeth W. , Schulte Bruce A. , Brown Janine L.
Published: February 2009

Over a third of captive female African elephants in North America fail to exhibit normal estrous cycles based on long‐term serum progestagen analyses. Why acyclicity occurs is unknown; however, the majority of noncycling females are ranked by keepers as the dominant individual within the group. To investigate the relationship between ovarian cyclicity status and keeper‐determined social rank, observations were conducted on 33 female African elephants (18 cycling, 15 noncycling). Based on keeper evaluations, five cycling elephants were ranked dominant, seven in the middle and six as subordinate. In contrast, 10 noncycling elephants were ranked as dominate and five as subordinate with none ranked as middle. When comparing the behavior of the elephants by their keeper‐determined rank, the dominant females dominant were significantly more likely to approach, displace and push. Similarly, keeper‐determined subordinate females more frequently presented their hind end and held their ears erect. Behaviors initiated by one elephant toward another did not vary between cycling and noncycling females, except when the interaction with social rank was tested. Dominant, noncycling females initiated a higher percentage of “approach” and “displace” behaviors than both cycling and noncycling, subordinate elephants. Subordinate, noncycling elephants displayed the highest percentage of “ears erect.” Social rank drives the interactions of ex situ female African elephants more than ovarian cyclicity status. Thus, behavioral interactions cannot be used to predict which cycling elephants are most likely to become acyclic. Zoo Biol 29:154–167, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of dilution degree of commercial nectar and provision of fruit on food, energy and nutrient intake in two rainbow lorikeet subspecies
Authors: Kalmar I. D. , van Loon M. , Bürkle M. , Reinschmidt M. , Waugh D. , Werquin G. , Janssens G. P. J.
Published: February 2009

A feeding trial was performed on adult rainbow lorikeets of two subspecies: six green‐naped lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus) and six red‐breasted lorikeets (T. haematodus mitchellii). Throughout the entire trial, half of the birds from each subspecies had ad libitum access to water‐diluted commercial nectar powder and drinking water only, whereas the other half also received ad libitum apple pieces. During three consecutive 14‐d periods, the nectar powder was diluted to a different degree: 1:3 (low), 1:5 (high) and 1:4 (medium) (v:v). Diluting nectar to a higher degree resulted in both subspecies in a decrease in voluntary energy intake. Next, nectar intake significantly decreased when apple was available and apple intake significantly increased when fed higher‐diluted nectar. In green‐naped lorikeets fed nectar and apple, energy intake was similar between dilution degrees of nectar but was lower compared with feeding only low‐ or medium‐diluted nectar. Whereas, in red‐breasted lorikeets, provision of apple next to medium‐ or high‐diluted nectar resulted in higher voluntary energy intake compared with feeding solely nectar of any degree. Overall, protein and thiamine intake as well as Ca:P ratio of the ingested ration were lowest when fed highly diluted nectar and apple. Yet, minimal requirements were still covered. Because energy content of fruit can be higher than liquid diets, in this case medium‐ or high‐diluted nectar, ad libitum provision of fruit as a means to lower voluntary energy intake in lorikeets, for instance in case of obesity, needs to be considered with care. Zoo Biol 28:98–106, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paradoxical Results in Multidimensional Item Response Theory
Authors: Hooker Giles , Finkelman Matthew , Schwartzman Armin
Published: February 2009

In multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), it is possible for the estimate of a subject’s ability in some dimension to decrease after they have answered a question correctly. This paper investigates how and when this type of paradoxical result can occur. We demonstrate that many response models and statistical estimates can produce paradoxical results and that in the popular class of linearly compensatory models, maximum likelihood estimates are guaranteed to do so. In light of these findings, the appropriateness of multidimensional item response methods for assigning scores in high-stakes testing is called into question.
Symmetry Properties of Single-Walled BC2N Nanotubes
Authors: Pan Hui , Feng YuanPing , Lin Jianyi
Published: February 2009

The symmetry properties of the single-walled BC2N nanotubes were investigated. All the BC2N nanotubes possess nonsymmorphic line groups. In contrast with the carbon and boron nitride nanotubes, armchair and zigzag BC2N nanotubes belong to different line groups, depending on the index n (even or odd) and the vector chosen. The number of Raman- active phonon modes is almost twice that of the infrared-active phonon modes for all kinds of BC2N nanotubes.
Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolates Prepared from Gas‐Supported Screw‐Pressed Soybean Meal
Authors: Nazareth Zara M. , Deak Nicolas A. , Johnson Lawrence A.
Published: February 2009

White flakes (WFs) are obtained from dehulled flaked soybeans by extracting oil with hexane and flash‐ or downdraft‐desolventizing the (defatted) flakes, and WFs are the normal feedstock used to produce soy protein ingredients. Gas‐supported screw pressing (GSSP) is a new oilseed crushing technology in which traditional screw pressing is combined with injecting high‐pressure CO2, thereby producing hexane‐free, low‐fat, high‐PDI soybean meal. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate yields, compositions, and functional properties of soy protein isolates (SPIs) produced from GSSP soybean meal and to compare these properties to those of SPIs produced from WFs. GSSP meals produced SPIs in significantly higher yields (59.7–63.1% vs. 51.6–61.1%), with greater free (0.05–0.40%) and bound fat (3.70–4.92%) contents than did WFs. There were no significant differences in protein contents of the SPI; all exceeded 90% protein content (db). SPIs prepared from GSSP meals had similar or slightly lower water‐solubilities compared to SPIs prepared from WFs. SPIs prepared from GSSP meals had higher water‐holding capacities and viscosities, and significantly better emulsifying and fat‐binding properties compared to SPIs prepared from WFs. SPIs prepared from WFs had significantly better foaming properties compared to SPIs prepared from GSSP meals, which were attributed to the lower fat contents of SPIs prepared from WFs.
Dynamisches Epigenom als Vermittler zwischen Umwelt und Genom
Authors: Szyf M.
Published: February 2009

Die Bedeutung des epigenetischen Zustands von Zellen (Epigenom) als Vermittler zwischen dynamischer Umwelt und vererbtem statischem Genom wird immer deutlicher. Wesentliche Mediatoren dabei sind das Chromatin und kovalente DNA-Modifikationen (Methylierungen). Die Veränderung des Epigenoms während der Ontogenese bildet die Grundlage der zelltypspezifischen Genexpression eines Organismus und ist Ausdruck eines hochkomplexen Prozesses. Epigenetische Aberrationen können ähnliche Konsequenzen wie eine Genfunktion beeinflussende genomische Veränderungen haben. Laut jüngsten Daten ist das Epigenom dynamisch und kann auf Umwelteinflüsse reagieren. Dies ist nicht nur auf den Expositionszeitraum beschränkt, sondern kann im weiteren Verlauf des Lebens nachweisbar sein. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Einfluss chemischer Agenzien sowie von Verhaltensweisen auf das Epigenom dargestellt. Es ist absehbar, dass die Exposition gegenüber verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren/Xenobiotika zu interindividuellen phänotypischen Unterschieden sowie unterschiedlichen Suszeptibilitäten gegenüber Krankheiten und Verhaltenspathologien führen kann. Obwohl nach derzeitigem Verständnis die Bedeutung epigenetischer Mechanismen für den Stoffwechsel von Xenobiotika gering ist, wird die Epigenetik bei der Beurteilung des Gefährdungspotenzials von Chemikalien an Bedeutung gewinnen.
A meta-analysis of sugarbeet yield responses to nitrogen fertilizer measured in England since 1980
Authors: JAGGARD K. W. , QI A. , ARMSTRONG M. J.
Published: February 2009

The data from 161 experiments testing the response of sugarbeet yield to nitrogen fertilizer were assembled in a database. Three commonly used N response models (Mitscherlich, linear plus exponential and bilinear) were fitted to each set of fertilizer application rates and the models were then assessed on how well they fitted all the data. The bilinear model was judged the most appropriate model for fitting to beet root yield adjusted to a standard sugar concentration. The optimum N application was determined for each experiment. Attempts were then made to correlate these optima with factors associated with the site and the season (winter rainfall, soil texture, amount of soil mineral N at sowing, sowing date, summer rainfall and harvest date). Beet grown in peat soil never responded significantly to any applied N fertilizer and neither did crops treated recently with organic manure supplying large amounts (>150 kg N/ha) of available N. Variation in N optima between other sites could not be explained by factors that could be used to predict the amount of fertilizer to apply. In the absence of any method to make reliable predictions of variations in fertilizer need, the most economical uniform amount was calculated. At present fertilizer prices and beet values, this amount is between 100 and 110 kg N/ha. It is possible that the N fertilizer need of beet crops does not vary predictably because this variation is an experimental error. The crop needs a reasonably standard application of fertilizer because much N has to be taken up early in the crop's development, rapidly and predominantly from the topsoil that, at this stage, contains most of the small fibrous root system.
Direct and adjoint global modes of a recirculation bubble: lift-up and convective non-normalities
Authors: MARQUET OLIVIER , LOMBARDI MATTEO , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC , SIPP DENIS , JACQUIN LAURENT
Published: February 2009

The stability of the recirculation bubble behind a smoothed backward-facing step is numerically computed. Destabilization occurs first through a stationary three-dimensional mode. Analysis of the direct global mode shows that the instability corresponds to a deformation of the recirculation bubble in which streamwise vortices induce low- and high-speed streaks as in the classical lift-up mechanism. Formulation of the adjoint problem and computation of the adjoint global mode show that both the lift-up mechanism associated with the transport of the base flow by the perturbation and the convective non-normality associated with the transport of the perturbation by the base flow explain the properties of the flow. The lift-up non-normality differentiates the direct and adjoint modes by their component: the direct is dominated by the streamwise component and the adjoint by the cross-stream component. The convective non-normality results in a different localization of the direct and adjoint global modes, respectively downstream and upstream. The implications of these properties for the control problem are considered. Passive control, to be most efficient, should modify the flow inside the recirculation bubble where direct and adjoint global modes overlap, whereas active control, by for example blowing and suction at the wall, should be placed just upstream of the separation point where the pressure of the adjoint global mode is maximum.
Dye visualization near a three-dimensional stagnation point: application to the vortex breakdown bubble
Authors: BRØNS M. , THOMPSON M. C. , HOURIGAN K.
Published: February 2009

An analytical model, based on the Fokker–Planck equation, is constructed of the dye visualization expected near a three-dimensional stagnation point in a swirling fluid flow. The model is found to predict dye traces that oscillate in density and position in the meridional plane in which swirling flows are typically visualized. Predictions based on the model are made for the steady vortex breakdown bubble in a torsionally driven cylinder and compared with computational fluid dynamics predictions and experimental observations. Previous experimental observations using tracer visualization techniques have suggested that even for low-Reynolds-number flows, the steady vortex breakdown bubble in a torsionally driven cylinder is not axisymmetric and has an inflow/outflow asymmetry at its tail. Recent numerical and theoretical studies show that the asymmetry of the vortex breakdown bubble, and consequently its open nature, can be explained by the very small imperfections that are present in any experimental rig. Distinct from this, here it is shown that even for a perfectly axisymmetric flow and breakdown bubble, the combined effect of dye diffusion and the inevitable small errors in the dye injection position lead to the false perception of an open bubble structure with folds near the lower stagnation point. Furthermore, the asymmetries in the predicted flow structures can be remarkably similar to those observed in flow observations and computational predictions with geometric asymmetries of the rig. Thus, when interpreting dye-visualization patterns in steady flow, even if axisymmetric flow can be achieved, it is important to take into account the relative diffusivity of the dye and the accuracy of its injection.
A mechanism for oscillatory instability in viscoelastic cross-slot flow
Authors: XI LI , GRAHAM MICHAEL D.
Published: February 2009

Interior stagnation-point flows of viscoelastic liquids arise in a wide variety of applications including extensional viscometry, polymer processing and microfluidics. Experimentally, these flows have long been known to exhibit instabilities, but the mechanisms underlying them have not previously been elucidated. We computationally demonstrate the existence of a supercritical oscillatory instability of low-Reynolds-number viscoelastic flow in a two-dimensional cross-slot geometry. The fluctuations are closely associated with the ‘birefringent strand’ of highly stretched polymer chains associated with the outflow from the stagnation point at high Weissenberg number. Additionally, we describe the mechanism of instability, which arises from the coupling of flow with extensional stresses and their steep gradients in the stagnation-point region.
The universal structure of high-curvature regions of material lines in chaotic flows
Authors: LEONARD A.
Published: February 2009

Regions of high curvature of a material line as they evolve in a chaotic flow are considered. In such a region, the curvature as a function of arclength along the line is found to have a universal form with the peak curvature the only parameter involved. The alignment of the principal axes of the strain tensor with respect to the local tangent vector of the curve and the ratio of the two largest finite-time Lyapunov exponents play a key role. Numerical experiments with ABC flow demonstrate the result.
The cross-flow instability of the boundary layer on a rotating cone
Authors: GARRETT S. J. , HUSSAIN Z. , STEPHEN S. O.
Published: February 2009

Experimental studies have shown that the boundary-layer flow over a rotating cone is susceptible to cross-flow and centrifugal instability modes of spiral nature, depending on the cone sharpness. For half-angles (ψ) ranging from propeller nose cones to rotating disks (ψ ≥ 40°), the instability triggers co-rotating vortices, whereas for sharp spinning missiles (ψ < 40°), counter-rotating vortices are observed. In this paper we provide a mathematical description of the onset of co-rotating vortices for a family of cones rotating in quiescent fluid, with a view towards explaining the effect of ψ on the underlying transition of dominant instability. We investigate the stability of inviscid cross-flow modes (type I) as well as modes which arise from a viscous–Coriolis force balance (type II), using numerical and asymptotic methods. The influence of ψ on the number and orientation of the spiral vortices is examined, with comparisons drawn between our two distinct methods as well as with previous experimental studies. Our results indicate that increasing ψ has a stabilizing effect on both the type I and type II modes. Favourable agreement is obtained between the numerical and asymptotic methods presented here and existing experimental results for ψ > 40°. Below this half-angle we suggest that an alternative instability mechanism is at work, which is not amenable to investigation using the formulation presented here.
Boundary effects on electro-magneto-phoresis
Authors: YARIV EHUD , MILOH TOUVIA
Published: February 2009

The effect of a remote insulating boundary on the electro-magneto-phoretic motion of an insulating spherical particle suspended in a conducting liquid is investigated using an iterative reflection scheme developed about the unbounded-fluid-domain solution of Leenov & Kolin (J. Chem. Phys., vol. 22, no. 4, p. 683). Wall-induced corrections result from velocity reflections, successively introduced so as to maintain the no-slip condition on the wall and particle boundaries, as well as from the Lorentz forces associated with comparable reflections of the electric field. This method generates asymptotic expansions in λ (≪1), the ratio of particle size to particle–wall separation. The leading-order correction to the hydrodynamic force on the particle appears atO(λ3); it is directed along the leading-order force and tends to augment it.
Axisymmetric viscous gravity currents flowing over a porous medium
Authors: SPANNUTH MELISSA J. , NEUFELD JEROME A. , WETTLAUFER J. S. , WORSTER M. GRAE
Published: February 2009

We study the axisymmetric propagation of a viscous gravity current over a deep porous medium into which it also drains. A model for the propagation and drainage of the current is developed and solved numerically in the case of constant input from a point source. In this case, a steady state is possible in which drainage balances the input, and we present analytical expressions for the resulting steady profile and radial extent. We demonstrate good agreement between our experiments, which use a bed of vertically aligned tubes as the porous medium, and the theoretically predicted evolution and steady state. However, analogous experiments using glass beads as the porous medium exhibit a variety of unexpected behaviours, including overshoot of the steady-state radius and subsequent retreat, thus highlighting the importance of the porous medium geometry and permeability structure in these systems.
On pressure invariance, wake width and drag prediction of a bluff body in confined flow
Authors: YEUNG W. W. H.
Published: February 2009

In the present investigation, the form drag on a bluff body in confined flow is studied. From the observation of invariance in pressure distribution between a disk and a flat plate normal to free upstream in unconfined flow, a linear relation linking the drag to the base pressure is derived when the potential-flow model by Parkinson & Jandali (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 40, 1970, p. 577) is incorporated. A theoretical wake width deduced from well-documented experimental data for a disk is proposed such that the wake Strouhal number is independent of inclination. This width, when combined with the momentum equation and solved simultaneously with the aforementioned linear equation, leads to realistic predictions of the drag and the base pressure. The method is consistent when applied to a cone of arbitrary vertex angle, a circular cylinder at subcritical Reynolds numbers and a sphere at subcritical as well as supercritical Reynolds numbers. The case of the inclined disk is also discussed. As the pressure distribution is invariant under wall constraint, analytical expressions for the effect of confinement on the loading of bluff bodies are derived and found to provide the correct trend of experimental data.
A model for the symmetry breaking of the reverse Bénard–von Kármán vortex street produced by a flapping foil
Authors: GODOY-DIANA RAMIRO , MARAIS CATHERINE , AIDER JEAN-LUC , WESFREID JOSÉ EDUARDO
Published: February 2009

The vortex streets produced by a flapping foil of span to chord aspect ratio of 4:1 are studied in a hydrodynamic tunnel experiment. In particular, the mechanisms giving rise to the symmetry breaking of the reverse Bénard–von Kármán (BvK) vortex street that characterizes fishlike swimming and forward flapping flight are examined. Two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in the midplane perpendicular to the span axis of the foil are used to characterize the different flow regimes. The deflection angle of the mean jet flow with respect to the horizontal observed in the average velocity field is used as a measure of the asymmetry of the vortex street. Time series of the vorticity field are used to calculate the advection velocity of the vortices with respect to the free stream, defined as the phase velocity Uphase, as well as the circulation Γ of each vortex and the spacing ξ between consecutive vortices in the near wake. The observation that the symmetry-breaking results from the formation of a dipolar structure from each couple of counter-rotating vortices shed on each flapping period serves as the starting point to build a model for the symmetry-breaking threshold. A symmetry-breaking criterion based on the relation between the phase velocity of the vortex street and an idealized self-advection velocity of two consecutive counter-rotating vortices in the near wake is established. The predicted threshold for symmetry breaking accounts well for the deflected wake regimes observed in the present experiments and may be useful to explain other experimental and numerical observations of similar deflected propulsive vortex streets reported in the literature.
Hume on Exculpation
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: February 2009

‘Actions are by their very nature temporary and perishing; and where they proceed not from some cause in the characters and disposition of the person, who perform'd them, they infix not themselves upon him, and can neither redound to his honour, if good, nor infamy, if evil. The action itself may be blameable; it may be contrary to all the rules of morality and religion: But the person is not responsible for it; and as it proceeded from nothing in him, that is durable or constant, and leaves nothing of that nature behind it, 'tis impossible he can, upon its account, become the object of punishment or vengeance.'
Locke and Mind-Body Dualism
Authors: Odegard Douglas
Published: February 2009

The word ‘dualism’ can be used to pick out at least four different theories concerning the relationship between mind and body.

(1) A mind and a body are two different entities and each is “had” by a man. A man is thus a composite being with two components, one “inner”, the other “outer”. You, for example, are a man and your mind is “inner” in the sense that you alone can reflectively experience yourself thinking, or feeling pain, or seeing colours (or at least that you alone can reflectively experience your own thoughts, feelings and visual experiences). I can in a sense observe you thinking, but only by observing you use your body in certain ways—e.g. to make certain sounds, write certain things, look at the pages of an open book and frown. My “experience” of you thinking (or of your thoughts) is thus not a reflective experience. Your body is “outer”, on the other hand, in the sense that you cannot experience it or its (non-relational) properties in any exclusive way. That is, in whatever sense you can be said to experience your body, someone else can equally be said to experience it.
Different Kinds of Evolution
Authors: Arthur Thomson J.
Published: February 2009

Evoluvation is one of the badly over worked words, like “ force,” “ instinct,” and “ value.” It means a process of Becoming. but it is applied to various orders of facts which have very little in common, either as regards the material evolving or in the way in which the evolution comes about. We hear of the evolution of a solar system, the evolution of matter, the evolution of religion, the evolution of the chemical elements, the evolution of man, the evolution of language, the evolution of scenery, the evolution of the horse, the evolution of mind, the evolution of plants, the evolution of sex, the evolution of society, the evolution of species, the evolution of evolution theories, and so on. When processes that are different are called by the same name, there is bound to be confusion; and it is more than verbal. We venture to make some simple suggestions which, if accepted, would lessen the confusion.
Ought and Ought not
Authors: Robinson Richard
Published: February 2009

The word ought is often used to express moral judgments. It is used to express moral laws, as in “We ought to honour our parents”; and it is used to express singular moral judgments, as in “You ought not to have spoken to your mother like that”". Some singular moral judgments are clearly deductions from some moral law, as is “You ought not to have spoken to your mother like that”. Others, however, are not clearly so, e.g. “You ought not to have done that”. Where both the agent and the action are indicated merely by a contextual reference, no underlying moral law is suggested by the words alone. Even when the singular judgment characterizes both the agent and the action, as “You, being a strong man, ought to have gone to his aid”, it may still be quite obscure what, if any, moral law implies this judgment. Clearly there is no moral law that “Every strong man ought always to go to everybody's aid”.
‘That's that’; or some Uses of Tautology
Authors: Emmet Dorothy
Published: February 2009

Locke, in writing about ‘Trifling Propositions’ which bring no increase to our knowledge, remarked ‘When we affirm the said truth of itself, it shows us nothing but what we must certainly know before. What is this more than trifling with words? It is but like a monkey shifting his oyster from one hand to the other, and had he but words might no doubt have said “Oyster in right hand is subject and oyster in left hand is predicate”, and so might have made a selfevident proposition of oyster, i.e. oyster is oyster’.
Grade Not
Authors: Evans J. L.
Published: February 2009

Perhaps no word has received such varied treatment from philosophers as the word ‘good’. No doubt this is largely due to the fact that it is a word with an unusually wide range of use. Aristotle, for example, realised that it is a term that can be applied to substances, qualities, relations, actions, passivities, times and places, and we may notice that he was of the opinion that the term must have different meanings when applied in these different categories. Many of the usages which are distinguishable in everyday speech have given rise to corresponding theories about the nature of goodness. Indeed if we survey the history of philosophical speculation about goodness, we find that there are just about as many theories about goodness as there are distinct uses of the word ‘good’. For example, goodness has been variously described as an unique quality, as a consequential property, as a relational property, etc., and the word ‘good’ has been described as a term of commendation or approval, and its attributive, predicative and instrumental senses, to name a few, have been distinguished.
Hume, Treatise, III, i, 1
Authors: Henze Donald F.
Published: February 2009

The reappearance of Professor Alasdair MacIntyre's far-ranging and provocative article, ‘Hume on “is” and “ought”’, is the proximate cause of this short excursion to an old, well-scarred, and still fascinating battleground. Re-reading MacIntyre's brilliant offensive thrust led me to review the counter-attacks and diversionary movements that followed its first appearance. They in turn sent me back, inevitably and ultimately, to look again at the cause of this philosophic skirmishing: Section 1 of Part i of Book III of Hume's Treatise of Human Nature, entitled ‘Moral Distinctions not deriv'd from Reason’. The battles of the past have been waged chiefly round the last paragraph of this Section (pp. 469–470 in Selby-Bigge's edition), but my primary concern here is going to be with those ‘reasonings’ that precede the celebrated ‘is-ought’ paragraph. Closer attention to the bulk of Book III, Part i, Section 1, to which ‘reasonings’ Hume says he ‘cannot forbear adding … an observation’ on ‘is’ and ‘ought’, and some selective attention as well to Books I and II of the Treatise, should help to scale down the exaggerated importance attached to the ‘is-ought’ passage. Unless this is done, one runs the risk of permitting a tailpiece to wag the body of the chapter, if not the whole Book ‘Of Morals’.
Law, Liberty and Indecency
Authors: Conway David A.
Published: February 2009

The distinction between private immorality and public indecency plays a significant and perhaps a crucial role in H. L. A. Hart's argument in Law, Liberty, and Morality. This distinction, and the uses to which he puts it, have, however, been largely overshadowed in the ‘debate’ between Professor Hart and Lord Devlin which has centred around such ‘great’ questions as whether a shared morality is necessary for a society. I shall argue that Hart's position, in so far as it is based on that distinction, is quite untenable, and that even if it were to be a possible position, it would none the less be incompatible with the sort of ‘libertarian’ view of society expressed by John Stuart Mill, whose ‘spirit’, at least, Hart believes himself to be defending.
Motives and Motivation
Authors: Peters R. S.
Published: February 2009

To probe people's motives is almost an occupational malaise amongst psychologists. And it is not one that can be nursed in private. It intrudes constantly into discussion of acquaintances, into moral assessments of people's actions and their responsibility for them, and into pronouncements on the proper operation of law. On this account psychologists are treated with suspicion, often with derision and resentment, by their academic colleagues. Of course, like Jehovah's witnesses, they come to expect, even to relish, the reception they receive. For has it not been written that we all have a strong resistance to such revelations, our real motives being often those which we are ashamed to admit? But there may be good grounds for this resistance as well as psychological explanations of it. My hope in this paper is to set out the sorts of grounds that there may be for our resistance to this scrutiny of our motives and to the theories of motivation which lend some kind of scientific respectability to it.
Sartre and Le Néant
Authors: Manser A. R.
Published: February 2009

In their rare comments on Existentialism, contemporary British philosophers, with a few notable exceptions, frequently ridicule the use of “nothing” by such writers as Sartre and Heidegger. And when it is discovered that these writers maintain that the contemplation of nothingness gives rise to anguish, this ridicule is expressed even more strongly. What may be taken as a typical example of this tendency are Professor Ayer's remarks in his Horizon articles on Sartre. (Horizon, Vol. XII, 1945, pp. 12–26 and 101–10.) A characteristic quotation runs as follows: “In particular, Sartre's reasoning on the subject of le néant seems to me exactly on a par with that of the King in Alice through the Looking-Glass … The point is that words like ‘nothing” and ‘nobody” are not used as the names of something insubstantial and mysterious; they are not used to name anything at all”; (p. 18).
Greek Views of Nature and Mind
Authors: Rees D. A.
Published: February 2009

A distinguished French scholar has recently set himself to delineate the history of Greek thought, from the time of Plato through the formation of the Hellenistic systems to the days of the empire, distinguishing two opposing tendencies, one towards pantheism and the other towards a philosophy of transcendence. But that distinction can be traced also in earlier periods than those with which Fr. Festugière is concerned, and it can be applied to theories of the soul equally with theories of God; this theme I hope to illustrate on a tiny scale in the early part of my paper, drawing attention to tendencies on the one hand to treat the soul as part of nature, on the other to place it outside nature. The former of these is the earlier.
Man the Measure of All Things: Socrates Versus Protagoras (II)
Authors: Burrell P. S.
Published: February 2009

First Criticism of the Theory (161C–162C).—This is of the nature of an argumentum ad hominem. In the first place, (1) It is surprising that so clever a man as Protagoras did not see that he proved more than he intended, for according to his theory not only are all men, the wise and the foolish, reduced to the same level, but on the plane of sentient experience it is just as true to say that a pig or a tadpole is the measure of all things.
Effects of onset density in preschool children: Implications for development of phonological awareness and phonological representation
Authors: FOY JUDITH G. , MANN VIRGINIA A.
Published: February 2009

Neighborhood density influences adult performance on several word processing tasks. Some studies show age-related effects of density on children's performance, reflecting a developmental restructuring of the mental lexicon from holistic into segmental representations that may play a role in phonological awareness. To further investigate density effects and their implications for development of phonological awareness, we compared performance on dense and sparse onset words. We adapted these materials to three phonological awareness tests that were pretested on adults then administered to preschool children who were expected to vary in phonological awareness skills. For both the adults and the children who passed a phonological awareness screening task, dense onset neighborhoods were associated with slower reaction times and increased errors. A separate comparison of word repetition by the children who passed and who did not pass the phoneme awareness screening failed to provide evidence that lexical restructuring was a sufficient condition for the attainment of phonological awareness. Both groups of children more accurately repeated words from high onset density neighborhoods, regardless of the level of their phonological awareness. Thus, we find no evidence of either age- or ability-driven effects in children's performance, contradictory to a view that the attainment of phoneme awareness relates to developmental changes in the segmental representation of words in dense neighborhoods.
EXACT PROPERTIES OF THE CONDITIONAL LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST IN AN IV REGRESSION MODEL
Authors: Hillier Grant
Published: February 2009

For a simplified structural equation/IV regression model with one right-side endogenous variable, we derive the exact conditional distribution function of Moreira's (2003) conditional likelihood ratio (CLR) test statistic. This is used to obtain the critical value function needed to implement the CLR test, and reasonably comprehensive graphical versions of this function are provided for practical use. The analogous functions are also obtained for the case of testing more than one right-side endogenous coefficient, but in this case for a similar test motivated by, but not generally the same as, the likelihood ratio test. Next, the exact power functions of the CLR test, the Anderson-Rubin test, and the Lagrange multiplier test suggested by Kleibergen (2002) are derived and studied. The CLR test is shown to clearly conditionally dominate the other two tests for virtually all parameter configurations, but no test considered is either inadmissable or uniformly superior to the other two. The unconditional distribution function of the likelihood ratio test statistic is also derived using the same argument. This shows that both exactly, and under Staiger/Stock weak-instrument asymptotics, the test based on the usual asymptotic critical value is always oversized and can be very seriously so when the number of instruments is large.
Age-related changes in acoustic modifications of Mandarin maternal speech to preverbal infants and five-year-old children: a longitudinal study
Authors: LIU HUEI-MEI , TSAO FENG-MING , KUHL PATRICIA K.
Published: February 2009

Acoustic-phonetic exaggeration of infant-directed speech (IDS) is well documented, but few studies address whether these features are modified with a child's age. Mandarin-speaking mothers were recorded while addressing an adult and their child at two ages (0 ; 7–1 ; 0 and 5 ; 0) to examine the acoustic-phonetic differences between IDS and child-directed speech (CDS). CDS exhibits an exaggeration pattern resembling that of IDS – expanded vowel space, longer vowels, higher pitch and greater lexical tone differences – when compared to ADS. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that the extent of acoustic exaggeration is significantly smaller in CDS than in IDS. Age-related changes in maternal speech provide some support for the hypothesis that mothers adjust their speech directed toward children as a function of the child's language ability.
On systems of diagonal forms II
Authors: KNAPP MICHAEL P.
Published: February 2009

Given a system of diagonal forms over ℚp, we ask how many variables are required to guarantee that the system has a nontrivial zero. We show that if the prime p satisfies p > (largest degree) − (smallest degree) + 1, then there is a bound on the sufficient number of variables which is a polynomial in the degrees of the forms.
Feasibility of screening broiler chicken flocks for risk markers as an aid for meat inspection
Authors: LUPO C. , Le BOUQUIN S. , BALAINE L. , MICHEL V. , PERASTE J. , PETETIN I. , COLIN P. , CHAUVIN C.
Published: February 2009

The feasibility of using risk markers to screen broiler chicken flocks and anticipate their risk of condemnation at meat inspection was examined in 404 randomly selected flocks in 15 French slaughterhouses in 2005. Condemnation rate and information about rearing conditions, health history, catching and loading, transport and slaughtering were collected. The Poisson regression model of the condemnation rate consisted of six simple and biologically relevant predictors: production type, frequency of farmer's visits during the starting period, health disorders during rearing, on-farm mortality, mortality during transport, and slaughter-line speed. Although accurate prediction of the condemnation rate for a given flock was not feasible, flocks with low or high risk of condemnation could be distinguished. These findings could be useful at various stages of chicken production, to monitor and improve farm husbandry practices, minimize the impact of transport conditions, and optimize meat inspection procedures.
Developmental pattern of hexaploid mouse embryos produced by blastomere fusion of diploid and tetraploid embryos at the 2-cell stage
Authors: Lei Lei , Guan Na , Xu Yan-Ning , Zhang Qing-Hua , Shen Jing-Ling , Jin Lian-Hong
Published: February 2009

Polyploid mouse embryos are important models for understanding the mechanisms of cleavage and preimplantation development in mammals. In this study, hexaploid (6n) mouse embryos were produced by the electrofusion of blastomeres from diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) embryos at the 2-cell stage. Furthermore, the developmental pattern of hexaploid embryos was evaluated by blastocyst rate, cell number, karyotype analysis, cytoskeleton staining and Oct-4 immunofluorescence. The results showed that 72.7% of the hexaploid embryos were able to develop to the blastocyst stage, which is a lower number than that found with normal diploid embryos (98.0%,p< 0.05). The cell number in hexaploid blastocyst was 12.3 ± 2.0, which was less than that found in diploid or tetraploid blastocysts (41.2 ± 7.2; 18.4 ± 3.5). Karyotype analysis confirmed that the number of chromosomes in hexaploid embryos was 120. β-Tubulin and Oct-4 immunofluorescence indicated that the hexaploid blastocysts were nearly lacking inner cell mass (ICM), but some blastomeres did show Oct-4-positive expression.
Neural substrates of object identification: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence that category and visual attribute contribute to semantic knowledge
Authors: WIERENGA CHRISTINA E. , PERLSTEIN WILLIAM M. , BENJAMIN MICHELLE , LEONARD CHRISTIANA M. , ROTHI LESLIE GONZALEZ , CONWAY TIM , CATO M. ALLISON , GOPINATH KAUNDINYA , BRIGGS RICHARD , CROSSON BRUCE
Published: February 2009

Recent findings suggest that neural representations of semantic knowledge contain information about category, modality, and attributes. Although an object’s category is defined according to shared attributes that uniquely distinguish it from other category members, a clear dissociation between visual attribute and category representation has not yet been reported. We investigated the contribution of category (living and nonliving) and visual attribute (global form and local details) to semantic representation in the fusiform gyrus. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 40 adults named pictures of animals, tools, and vehicles. In a preliminary study, identification of objects in these categories was differentially dependent on globalversuslocal visual feature processing. fMRI findings indicate that activation in the lateral and medial regions of the fusiform gyrus distinguished stimuli according to category, that is, livingversusnonliving, respectively. In contrast, visual attributes of global form (animals) were associated with higher activity in the right fusiform gyrus, while local details (tools) were associated with higher activity in the left fusiform gyrus. When both global and local attributes were relevant to processing (vehicles), cortex in both left and right medial fusiform gyri was more active than for other categories. Taken together, results support distinctions in the role of visual attributes and category in semantic representation. (JINS, 2009,15, 169–181.)