bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Form and Function of Radioulnar Articular Disc
Authors: Mohiuddin A. , Janjua M. Z.
Published: March 2006

1. The human radioulnar articular disc is a shelf extended medially from articular cartilage on carpal facet of radius.

2. Its medial border is embedded in the wedge of vascular connective tissue which contains fine arcuate ligamentous bands joining the disc to the ulna and articular capsule.

3. The ventral and dorsal borders are loosely attached to short ligaments which go from radius to the inner surface of articular capsule.

4. These arrangements permit radius and disc to rotate on ulna freely during pronation and supination.
The Diagnostic Value of Displacement of the Fat Stripe in Fracture of the Scaphoid Bone
Authors: Cetti R. , Christensen S-E.
Published: March 2006

Soft tissue abnormalities on radiological examination can be useful in evaluating injury to various regions.

In a retrospective study of X-ray pictures of 125 patients with injury to the wrist, it was possible to demonstrate an abnormal scaphoid fat stripe (SFS) in seventy-three out of seventy-eight cases with fracture of the scaphoid bone, compared to ten out of forty-seven cases without fracture.
Fracture of the Lunate Bone
Authors: Cetti R. , Christensen S-E. , Reuther K.
Published: March 2006

Three cases of fresh lunate fractures are presented. The rarity of this particular fracture is discussed and correlated to Kienböck's disease. A regimen of treatment is recommended.
Non-Union in a Fracture of the Shaft of the Distal Phalanx
Authors: Read L.
Published: March 2006

Fracture of the shaft of the distal phalanx is less common than more distal fractures involving the tuft: non-union in such a fracture is even more unusual. A case is described in which troublesome non-union of the shaft of the distal phalanx of the middle finger was successfully treated by open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation. The type of fracture and its treatment is discussed: it is emphasised that the principles applied to shaft fractures of the middle and proximal phalanges also apply to the distal phalanx.
Regional Multiplicity of A Neurilemmoma
Authors: Hecht O. A. , Hass A.
Published: March 2006

An exceptional case of multiple occurrences of Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma) involving the radial, ulnar, and median nerves of the same limb during a period of thirty seven years is presented.
A New Hinged Elevating hand Table
Authors: Milward T.
Published: March 2006

A new table for Hand Surgery is described. The innovation lies in the ability to hinge the table up or down at its attachment to the main operating table. This adaptability has several advantages as described below.
A Sliding Flap to Cover Dorsal Skin Defects Over the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Authors: Smith P. J.
Published: March 2006

Conventional transposition flaps may produce a conflict between the line of maximum tension across the flap and the line of desired maximum extensibility necessary for the achievement of a full range of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion. A sliding transposition flap is described which has the advantage that it has less tension in its transposed position than it has in its normal resting position and that there is no conflict between the pivot point line and the desired production of proximal interphalangeal joint movement. This is possible because of the presence of a large dog-ear which provides a longitudinal skin redundancy exactly where it is needed. The flap is obliquely placed and is usually an axial pattern flap and inherently safe.
Microsurgical Cross Finger Flap
Authors: Sormann Gerard W.
Published: March 2006

The combination of a cross finger flap and microsurgical technique was used in the repair of an injured hand.
Clawfinger Correction: Results of Extensor—Flexor Many Tailed Operation
Authors: Brandsma J. W. , Watson J. M.
Published: March 2006

The patient with paralytic claw fingers is greatly handicapped. This is especially true for the leprosy patient who needs his hands to earn a living. The inability to ‘reach out’ with the fingers is the most serious functional loss in an ulnar palsy. This study is a follow up of 155 hands whereby the extensor carpi radialis longus was employed to substitute for this lumbrical-interosseus function. The best results were obtained in hands with full assisted extension. Retropulsion of the metacarpal arch occurred in all hands with total loss of ulnar function.
Congenital Absence of Flexor Pollicis Brevis and Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Authors: Iyer K. M. , Stanley J. K.
Published: March 2006

A rare case of selective absence of the flexor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis brevis with an intact functioning opponens pollicis and flexor pollicis longus which has not been previously reported is herewith presented. Congenital absence of the thenar muscles with or without absence of the flexor pollicis longus has been reported previously. No treatment is indicated for this selective deficit in view of the satisfactory hand function.
Granular Cell Tumour of The Hand
Authors: Usui M. , Ishii S. , Iwasaki K.
Published: March 2006

Granular cell tumour is usually a benign tumour arising in the subcutaneous tissues. Its occurrence in the hand, however, is rare. This paper presents two cases of granular cell tumour of index finger and the thumb. One of these was recurrent and cured by radical excision.
Ingrowing Nail of A Transplanted Toe
Authors: Sadr B. , Schenck R. R.
Published: March 2006

Ingrowing of a big toe nail recurred several months after a successful toe-to-thumb transfer. Although subsequent surgical treatment was successful, we recommend an awareness of this possible complication and treatment of the nail before the transfer.
The Viperheaded Tendon Tunneller
Authors: Andersen Johs G.
Published: March 2006

The requirements for the design of a suitable instrument for retrograde tendon tunnelling are enumerated. The viperheaded tendon tunneller is described. It is shown that this instrument fulfills these requirements.
Incision and Closure of the Flexor Sheath During Primary Tendon Repair
Authors: Lister Graham D.
Published: March 2006

In order to gain closure of the flexor tendon sheath after tendon repair, onsideration is given to the method of opening the sheath, its siting and the method of tendon suturing.
Modified Parkes Tenodesis in Claw Hand
Authors: Reikerås Olav , Oslo Olav Histøl
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this report is to present observations on a modified Parkes tenodesis operation for correction of paralytic claw fingers. The long-term results were evaluated in eight adult patients with an observation time of two to six years. As compared to the findings four months after the operation, the results had not deteriorated with time and were found to be good in six patients and fair in two patients.
Extensor Tendon Rupture over the Metacarpal Heads
Authors: Clayton M. L. , Thirupathi R. , Ferlic D. C. , Goldberg B.
Published: March 2006

Rupture of the extensor tendons is common in longstanding rheumatoid arthritis of the hand. The tendons commonly involved are those of the ring and little fingers and the common site of rupture is over the dorsal ulna and distal edge of the extensor retinaculum. We are reporting two cases of extensor tendon rupture over the metacarpal head of the middle finger due to prominent osteophytes.
The Long Term Results of Mallet Finger Injury a Retrospective Study of one Hundred Cases
Authors: Moss J. G. , Steingold R. F.
Published: March 2006

One hundred patients with mallet finger injuries were reviewed and examined three to five years after injury. Twenty nine patients still had symptoms consisting mainly of pain and cold intolerance. The degree of residual deformity, presence of a fracture, or delay in treatment were not related to symptoms.
A Population Study of Dupuytren's Contracture
Authors: Mackenney R. P.
Published: March 2006

Nine hundred and nineteen patients attending orthopaedic clinics in the rural areas of the Cotswolds and Chilterns were examined for evidence of Dupuytren's contracture. Five per cent of men and 3.5 per cent of women showed evidence of the disease which was largely bilateral but confined to the palm in forty per cent of men and eighty per cent of women. A positive correlation between repeated stretching of the palmar fascia and the presence of Dupuytren's contracture confined to the palm was established.
Dupuytren's Contracture—The Role of Fasciotomy
Authors: Colville J.
Published: March 2006

This paper summarises the results obtained in 95 patients treated by fasciotomy, defines the indications for this procedure and describes the operative technique. During a period of seven years a total of 95 patients with 137 fingers affected by Dupuytren's Contracture have been treated by fasciotomy. The minimum follow-up is two years. The oldest patient was 79 years and no patient younger that 50 years was accepted for this form of treatment.
A Review of the Long Term Results of Electric Bar Fire Burns of the Hand in Children
Authors: Olney D. B.
Published: March 2006

This paper reports on the long term problems of a group of patients who had sustained burns to the palmar aspect of one or both hands between eleven and eighteen years previously.

Two of the eight patients who were re-examined had abnormalities of bony development in the hand. It is thought that the contracted scars resulting from the injury affect the growth of the bones of the hand. As development of contracted scars can develop at any time until growth of the hand is complete it is necessary to follow up these children until they reach maturity.
Management of the Frostbitten Hand
Authors: Page R. E. , Robertson G. A.
Published: March 2006

Twenty cases of moderate and severe frostbite of the hands were analysed to establish trends in surgical treatment. Excision of large blisters and early mobilization in flamazine bags were found to be beneficial. In those patients whose initial skin changes did not extend to the base of the fingers only minor amputations were necessary. The small amounts of necrotic tissue did not interfere with hand movement and operation was therefore delayed until six or seven weeks, so that maximal digital length could be preserved. In contrast, those patients whose initial skin changes involved the whole length of the fingers or extended on to the hands, more proximal amputations were necessary and these amputations were performed at three to four weeks in order to remove the larger amounts of necrotic tissue and facilitate early mobilisation.
Mycobacterial Infection of the Hand: Clinical Features and Functional Results
Authors: Lau J. H. K. , Chow S. P. , Stroebel A. B. , Collins R. J.
Published: March 2006

The clinical and laboratory features of twenty-eight patients with mycobacterial infection of hand are presented and discussed. Hand function assessment in fourteen patients showed that the majority had satisfactory results. The possibility of atypical mycobacterial infection is emphasised.
Bone Marrow Pressure Changes under an Inflatable Tourniquet
Authors: Griffiths J. C. , Sankarankutty M.
Published: March 2006

Theoretical calculations suggest that under a limb tourniquet, the pressure at the bone/tissue interface is greater than it is more peripherally. The central bony core must be incompressible for this hypothesis to be correct. Experiments designed to measure the intramedullary pressure confirm that this pressure does not rise at tourniquet pressures above the systolic blood pressure. It has also been suggested that shear stresses are the most likely cause of nerve damage under a tourniquet but this depends on the conversion of the tissue under compression into a fibro-elastic solid. This is likely to occur when all fluid has been driven out. From the experiments such a fluid shift does not seen to occur via the intramedullary cavity but it must nevertheless occur at an early stage of rising tourniquet pressure, probably by fluid shift through the veins proximal and distal to the tourniquet.
Non—Traumatic Flexion Deformity of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint—Its Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Miura Takayuki
Published: March 2006

The pathogenesis of camptodactyly may be the lack of equilibrium between the flexion and extension forces. The imbalance must be a result of palmar translocation of lateral slips of the extensor apparatus due to anchoring of the middle phalanx in the flexed position by fibrous substrata, abnormal shortening of the flexor digitorum superficialis or abnormal insertion of the lumbricals. It is reasonable therefore to start dynamic splint therapy as early as possible and carry on for a long time.

Long-standing malposition of the extensor lateral slips possibly introduced contracture of periarticular tissues and the transverse retinacular ligament, making treatment more difficult.

For those patients resistant to dynamic splint therapy, a surgical procedure is necessary.

Surgical procedures are discussed.
Computed Tomography of the Pectoralis Muscles in Poland's Syndrome.
Authors: Suzuki T. , Takazawa H. , Yokohama T. Koshino
Published: March 2006

Computed tomography (CT) can demonstrate disorders of the chest wall muscles clearly. CT scans of the thorax were carried out in seven patients with Poland's Syndrome. All patients with Poland's Syndrome had the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major, but were lacking the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major. The pectoralis minor was absent in four of seven patients.
A New Surgical Technique to Correct Triceps Paralysis
Authors: Castro-Sierra A. , Lopez-Pita A.
Published: March 2006

A new surgical procedure is described to restore elbow extension in tetraplegic patients.
Replacement of the Trapezium with a Silicone Rubber Ball Spacer
Authors: Grange W. J. , Helal B.
Published: March 2006

Twenty-two patients underwent twenty-five trapezium replacements with a silicone rubber ball spacer. Seventeen of these procedures (68%) produced excellent results, and a further six patients (24%) had satisfactory results after a follow up averaging 13.6 months. The complications of the procedure are described.
The Laboratory Development of a new Metacarpophalangeal Prosthesis
Authors: Weightman B. , Evans D. M. , Light D.
Published: March 2006

The paper describes the design and laboratory testing of a new metacarpophalangeal prosthesis. The novel features of the new design include the joining of pairs of prostheses by common hinge-pins and the inclusion of bearings within the proximal phalanges. The common hinge-pins are designed to prevent the recurrence of ulnar drift by sharing the forces on one finger with a neighbouring joint, and together with the intramedullary bearings to prevent potentially loosening torques from acting on the fixation of the components.
Thrombosis of the Ulnar Artery: Resection and Microvascular Vein Graft
Authors: Mathews Ronnie E. , Gould John S.
Published: March 2006

Thrombosis of the ulnar artery occurs in an unprotected region of the hypothenar area secondary to trauma. The anatomical and pathological considerations, clinical presentations, and therapeutic management is reviewed. Two cases treated by interpositional microvascular vein grafting are presented. In the patient with severe symptoms, it is recommended that flow be restored by vein grafting when facilities and expertise are available.
The Radial Transposition Flap a Useful Composite Flap
Authors: Rae P. S. , Pho R. W. H.
Published: March 2006

This paper describes the application of a radial transposition flap raised on the dorsum of the index finger to cover the skin defect on the thumb in eleven patients. The operative technique is described in detail. The flap is easy to perform. It provides good quality of skin with sensation. The donor site can be closed primarily.
Trigger Thumb in Adults after Hyperextension Injury
Authors: Ametewee K.
Published: March 2006

Three cases of trigger thumb in adults developing after hyperextension injury are described. The similarity of the mode of injury in the cases and its possible role in the production of initial stenosis in the tendon sheath is discussed.

Trauma alone may not cause triggering in the fingers, for there are other important factors such as rheumatoid disease, which with trauma may play apart. Trauma may however be the sole initiating factor in other cases of adult trigger thumbs.
Compression of the Deep Palmar Branch of the Ulnar Nerve: Clinical and Electromyographic Findings After a new Method of Decompression
Authors: Pastacaldi P. , Rossi B. , Sartucci F. , De Rosa C.
Published: March 2006

Five cases of compression of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve were operated upon and the hiatus released by subperiosteal removal of the pisiform bone. The clinical and electromyographical results after a minimum follow-up of eight months showed an improvement in all cases. The authors stress the importance of accurate electromyographic examination for a correct preoperative diagnosis.
Superselective Digital Sympathectomy in Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: Egloff D. V. , Mifsud R. P. , Verdan Cl.
Published: March 2006

The aetiology of Raynaud's phenomenon is described. The results of superselective digital sympathectomy are analysed. The results suggest that this is a safe and effective treatment for patients suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon.
Does Chapter 5 of Locke's Second Treatise, ‘Of PROPERTY,’ Deconstruct Itself?
Authors: Tarlton Charles D.
Published: February 2006

Chapter 5 of John Locke's Second Treatise, ‘Of Property,” is a text that undermines itself, stammering to an unresolved and irresolvable conclusion because the structure of conditions upon which most of its moral argument about private property is based cannot be stretched to encompass the sudden twist Locke tries to make at the end. The moral conditions by which Locke defines a virtuous private possession within God's gift of the world to all mankind in common resist being extended to include an economy of money and limitless, unequal possession. The text comes to an end in total uncertainty, pointing simultaneously in two opposite directions. This paper explores just how deeply and hopelessly these distortions affect the text.
Future long-term care expenditure in Germany, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom
Authors: COMAS-HERRERA ADELINA , WITTENBERG RAPHAEL , COSTA-FONT JOAN , GORI CRISTIANO , DI MAIO ALESSANDRA , PATXOT CONCEPCIÓ , PICKARD LINDA , POZZI ALESSANDRO , ROTHGANG HEINZ
Published: February 2006

This paper reports findings from a European Commission funded study of future long-term care expenditure in Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, and presents projections of future long-term care expenditure in the four countries under a number of assumptions about the future. Macro-simulation (or cell-based) models were used to make comparable projections based on a set of common assumptions. A central base-case served as a point of comparison by which to explore the sensitivity of the models to alternative scenarios for the key determinants. The sensitivity of the models to variant assumptions about the future numbers of older people, the prevalence of functional dependency and informal care, patterns of long-term provision, and macroeconomic conditions are examined. It was found that, under the base-case, the proportion of gross domestic product spent on long-term care is projected to more than double between 2000 and 2050 in each country. The projected future demand for long-term care services for older people is sensitive to assumptions about the future number of older people, the prevalence of dependency and the availability of informal care, and projected expenditure is sensitive to assumptions about rises in the real unit-costs of services and the structure of the models. It is important, for planning purposes, to recognise the considerable uncertainty about future levels of long-term care expenditure.
Editorial
Authors: Rengger Nick , Fawn Rick , Richmond Oliver , Taylor Ian , Thirkell-White Ben , Watson Ali
Published: February 2006

With this issue The Review of International Studies passes from the Exeter team, who have edited it for the last few years, to the new team here at St Andrews. We would first of all like to thank those in the team at Exeter – David Armstrong, Maggie Armstrong, Theo Farrell and Bice Maiguascha – for their excellent custodianship of the Review, and especially (from our parochial perspective) for all their help with the inevitably complicated process of transition over the last few months. They have set an enviably high standard for contributions and intellectual content and are a hard act to follow. But we will do our best.
Incremental interpretation in second language sentence processing
Authors: WILLIAMS JOHN N.
Published: February 2006

The degree to which native and non-native readers interpret English sentences incrementally was investigated by examining plausibility effects on reanalysis processes. Experiment 1 required participants to read sentences word by word and to make on-line plausibility judgements. The results showed that natives and non-natives immediately computed the plausibility of the preferred structural analysis, which then affected ease of reanalysis. Experiment 2 required participants to read the same sentences word by word in order to perform a memory task. The natives showed a similar pattern of results to Experiment 1, whereas for the non-natives plausibility effects were delayed. However, the non-natives still appeared to be performing immediate syntactic reanalysis. It is concluded that syntactic processing was person- and task-independent, whereas the incrementality of interpretation was more dependent on task demands for the non-natives than for the natives.
Effects of the grammatical representation of number on cognition in bilinguals
Authors: ATHANASOPOULOS PANOS
Published: February 2006

Research investigating the relationship between language and cognition (Lucy, 1992b) shows that speakers of languages with grammatical number marking (e.g. English) judge differences in the number of countable objects as more significant than differences in the number or amount of non-countable substances. On the other hand, speakers of languages which lack grammatical number marking (e.g. Yucatec) show no such preference. The current paper extends Lucy's (1992b) investigation, comparing monolingual English and Japanese speakers with Japanese speakers of English as a second language (L2). Like Yucatec, Japanese is a non-plural-marking language. Results show that intermediate L2 speakers behave similarly to the Japanese monolinguals while advanced L2 speakers behave similarly to the English monolinguals. The results (a) provide support for the claim that grammatical representation may influence cognition in specific ways and (b) suggest that L2 acquisition may alter cognitive dispositions established by a first language (L1).
Millennial‐ to submillennial‐scale features of the Matuyama‐Brunhes geomagnetic polarity transition from Osaka Bay, southwestern Japan
Authors: Hyodo Masayuki , Biswas Dipak K. , Noda Takako , Tomioka Naotaka , Mishima Toshiaki , Itota Chizu , Sato Hiroshi
Published: February 2006

A high‐resolution magnetic record of the Matuyama‐Brunhes (MB) reversal transition was obtained from homogeneous marine clay in a 1700‐m core from Osaka Bay. The transition stretches over a core length of 6.4 m and yields four short reversal episodes. Two predate the main MB boundary (MBB), and two postdate it. We made diatom analyses of sediments to estimate relative sea level changes and constructed an age model by correlation with the astronomically calibrated marine oxygen isotope curve. The age model shows the short reversal episodes, with durations of <1 kyr, occurred at 4–5 kyr intervals within stage 19, and the MBB occurred about 5 kyr after the sea level highstand corresponding to isotopic event 19.3. It also shows the paleointensity minimum of 15–20% of the postreversal mean occurred at about 6 kyr before the MBB and another minimum at about 1 kyr after. Four virtual reverse‐to‐normal polarity boundaries found in this study suggest different ages for the MBB could be observed in lava flow studies. Some millennial‐ to submillennial‐scale transition features found in this study are compatible with the previous numerical simulations of geomagnetic field reversal.
Serial ruptures of the San Andreas fault, Carrizo Plain, California, revealed by three‐dimensional excavations
Authors: Liu‐Zeng Jing , Klinger Yann , Sieh Kerry , Rubin Charles , Seitz Gordon
Published: February 2006

It is poorly known if fault slip repeats regularly through many earthquake cycles. Well‐documented measurements of successive slips rarely span more than three earthquake cycles. In this paper, we present evidence of six sequential offsets across the San Andreas fault at a site in the Carrizo Plain, using stream channels as piercing lines. We opened a latticework of trenches across the offset channels on both sides of the fault to expose their subsurface stratigraphy. We can correlate the channels across the fault on the basis of their elevations, shapes, stratigraphy, and ages. The three‐dimensional excavations allow us to locate accurately the offset channel pairs and to determine the amounts of motion for each pair. We find that the dextral slips associated with the six events in the last millennium are, from oldest to youngest, ≥5.4 ± 0.6, 8.0 ± 0.5, 1.4 ± 0.5, 5.2 ± 0.6, 7.6 ± 0.4 and 7.9 ± 0.1 m. In this series, three and possibly four of the six offset values are between 7 and 8 m. The common occurrence of 7–8 m offsets suggests remarkably regular, but not strictly uniform, slip behavior. Age constraints for these events at our site, combined with previous paleoseismic investigations within a few kilometers, allow a construction of offset history and a preliminary evaluation of slip‐ and time‐predictable models. The average slip rate over the span of the past five events (between A.D. 1210 and A.D. 1857.) has been 34 mm/yr, not resolvably different from the previously determined late Holocene slip rate and the modern geodetic strain accumulation rate. We find that the slip‐predictable model is a better fit than the time‐predictable model. In general, earthquake slip is positively correlated with the time interval preceding the event. Smaller offsets coincide with shorter prior intervals and larger offset with longer prior intervals.
An empirical formulation of soil ice fraction based on in situ observations
Authors: Decker Mark , Zeng Xubin
Published: March 2006

In situ data from around the globe are used to evaluate the parameterization of the fraction of soil ice over total moisture (fi) as used in four weather and climate models. Based on these evaluations and data analysis, an overall realistic (empirical) formulation is developed to compute fi as a function of soil temperature and the ratio of total moisture over its saturated value. This new formulation is found to reduce the winter ground temperature by up to 3 K over high latitudes in the offline Community Land Model (CLM3) simulations.
Dominant modes of interannual variability in Australian rainfall analyzed using wavelets
Authors: Westra Seth , Sharma Ashish
Published: March 2006

One of the key aspects to better managing water resources in Australia is to understand the causes of medium‐ to long‐term rainfall variability, which results in both droughts and periods of above average rainfall and flooding. Much of the research on this variability has focused on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, using methods that assume the relationships between ENSO and Australian rainfall are both linear and stationary. In this paper we present an alternative approach based on wavelets to analyze the dominant modes of variability in three rainfall characteristics: (1) the total annual rainfall, (2) the annual number of wet days, and (3) the maximum annual daily rainfall. We then use a wavelet regression approach to examine the extent of the variability that can be associated with ENSO. The results show that time series of total annual rainfall and annual number of wet days exhibit significant variability at periods of 2.6, 4.6, 7 and 13 years in various locations throughout the country and that these periodicities are not caused directly by the ENSO phenomenon. While maintaining that ENSO still plays a significant role in influencing rainfall variability in Australia, these results highlight the importance of looking beyond ENSO to identify dominant sources of variability in the characteristics of annual Australian rainfall that were studied. In contrast, no coherent modes of variability could be found for the maximum annual daily rainfall time series, highlighting the greater level of random behavior in the intensity of larger rainfall events compared with the long‐term averages.
D-Amphetamine Stimulates D2Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Brain Signaling Involving Arachidonic Acid in Unanesthetized Rats
Authors: Bhattacharjee Abesh K , Chang Lisa , White Laura , Bazinet Richard P , Rapoport Stanley I
Published: March 2006

In rat brain, dopaminergic D2-like but not D1-like receptors can be coupled to phospholipase A2(PLA2) activation, to release the second messenger, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), from membrane phospholipids. In this study, we hypothesized that D-amphetamine, a dopamine-releasing agent, could initiate such AA signaling. The incorporation coefficient, k∗(brain radioactivity/integrated plasma radioactivity) for AA, a marker of the signal, was determined in 62 brain regions of unanesthetized rats that were administered i.p. saline, D-amphetamine (2.5 or 0.5 mg/kg i.p.), or the D2-like receptor antagonist raclopride (6 mg/kg, i.v.) before saline or 2.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine. After injecting [1-14C]AA intravenously, k∗was measured by quantitative autoradiography. Compared to saline-treated controls, D-amphetamine 2.5 mg/kg i.p. increased k∗significantly in 27 brain areas rich in D2-like receptors. Significant increases were evident in neocortical, extrapyramidal, and limbic regions. Pretreatment with raclopride blocked the increments, but raclopride alone did not alter baseline values of k∗. In independent experiments, D-amphetamine 0.5 mg/kg i.p. increased k∗significantly in only seven regions, including the nucleus accumbens and layer IV neocortical regions. These results indicate that D-amphetamine can indirectly activate brain PLA2in the unanesthetized rat, and that activation is initiated entirely at D2-like receptors. D-Amphetamine's low-dose effects are consistent with other evidence that the nucleus accumbens, considered a reward center, is particularly sensitive to the drug.
Highly efficient 7,8,10-triphenylfluoranthene-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes for display application
Authors: Tseng Ricky J. , Chiechi Ryan C. , Wudl Fred , Yang Yang
Published: March 2006

We have demonstrated an organic light-emitting diode based on blue-fluorescent dopant 7,8,10-triphenylfluoranthene in a host of dipyrenylfluorene derivatives. The device shows pure blue emission with a peak wavelength of 456 nm and Commission International de L’Eclairage coordinate at (0.164, 0.188). An electroluminescence efficiency as high as 3.33cd∕A and external quantum efficiency of 2.48% can be achieved. Comparison of the photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra reveals a nearly identical exciton relaxation and efficient energy transfer from the host to the dopant.
Critical behavior of the Widom-Rowlinson mixture: Coexistence diameter and order parameter
Authors: Vink R. L. C.
Published: February 2006

The critical behavior of the Widom-Rowlinson [J. Chem. Phys. 52, 1670 (1970)] is studied in d=3 dimensions by means of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The finite-size scaling approach of Kim et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 065701 (2003)] is used to extract the order parameter and the coexistence diameter. It is demonstrated that the critical behavior of the diameter is dominated by a singular term proportional to t1−α, with t the relative distance from the critical point, and α the critical exponent of the specific heat. No sign of a term proportional to t2β could be detected, with β the critical exponent of the order parameter, indicating that pressure mixing in this model is small. The critical density is measured to be ρσ3=0.7486±0.0002, with σ the particle diameter. The critical exponents α and β, as well as the correlation length exponent ν, are also measured and shown to comply with d=3 Ising criticality.
Microparticle manipulation using inertial forces
Authors: Eglin Michael , Eriksson Mark A. , Carpick Robert W.
Published: March 2006

We demonstrate controlled manipulation of large quantities of microparticles on a surface using inertial forces. Motion is induced by applying a periodic parabolic wave form to a shear-polarized piezoelectric plate coupled to a substrate on which the particles reside. Particles move in steps of 10 to 50 nm per cycle, and the particle motion is mass selective. Particle velocity is varied by changing the frequency of the wave form. Calculated inertial forces acting on the particles correspond closely to friction forces between individual microparticles and the substrate, as measured by coupling an individual particle to an atomic force microscope. The results provide insight into the characteristics of particle-surface interactions, and demonstrate the potential for controlled manipulation and separation of large collections of particles without the need for a fluid medium.
Ionization fronts and their velocities in a coupled Ginzburg-Landau model
Authors: Bruhn B.
Published: February 2006

The nonlinear dynamics within the transition region between p and s waves is studied for a neon glow discharge. Starting from a coupled set of complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, the coherent ionization waves are studied where we focus on a special subclass of uniformly translating front solutions. A stability analysis is performed to give necessary conditions for the existence of wave fronts and limits of their velocities. It is shown that the wave fronts that mark the transition between s and p waves, respectively, propagate with different velocities. The front velocities strongly depend on the chosen plasma parameters. The analytical results are supplemented by numerical simulations for selected values of the plasma parameters that have relevance to experimental results.
Bipolar spin filter in a quantum dot molecule
Authors: Mireles F. , Ulloa S. E. , Rojas F. , Cota E.
Published: March 2006

We show that the tunable hybridization between two lateral quantum dots connected to a nonmagnetic current leads in a “hanging-dot” configuration that can be used to implement a bipolar spin filter. The competition between Zeeman, exchange interaction, and interdot tunneling (molecular hybridization) yields a singlet-triplet transition of the double dot ground state that allows spin filtering in Coulomb blockade experiments. Its generic nature should make it broadly useful as a robust bidirectional spin polarizer.
Superprism phenomenon based on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal films
Authors: Li M. S. , Wu S. T. , Fuh Andy Ying-Guey
Published: March 2006

The polarization-dependent superprism phenomenon was demonstrated using holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) films. The HPDLC film is designed and fabricated using three coplanar beams. The fabricated HPDLC film contained two-dimensional ordered nano-sized LC domains (∼150nm in diameter) embedded in a polymer matrix; its periodicity was estimated to be ∼350nm. The dispersion of white light from this HPDLC superprism was ∼50°, and the deflection of light output from it was consistent with the theoretical value obtained by the plane wave expansion method.
Optimum indium composition for (Ga,In)(N,As)∕GaAs quantum wells emitting beyond 1.5μm
Authors: Hugues M. , Damilano B. , Duboz J.-Y. , Massies J.
Published: March 2006

The influence of indium composition and quantum well (QW) thickness on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of high nitrogen content (Ga,In)(N,As)∕GaAs QWs grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been investigated in order to get an efficient emission in the 1.5–1.7μm range. Strong enhancement of room-temperature PL has been observed for postgrowth annealed QWs. However, the optimum annealing temperature depends on the In composition. Taking into account the effects of thermal annealing, a high In content and a very low growth temperature appear to be the best way to obtain an efficient emission beyond 1.5μm with (Ga,In)(N,As)∕GaAs QW.
Orientation Misperceptions Induced by Contrast Polarity: Comment on “Contrast Polarities Determine the Direction of Café Wall Tilts” by Akiyoshi Kitaoka, Baingio Pinna, and Gavin Brelstaff (2004)
Authors: Roncato Sergio
Published: February 2006

According to Kitaoka et al (2004, Perception33 11–20), the Café Wall illusion can be reduced to misalignment effects produced locally by a large shape on a line passing nearby. I demonstrate here that the interacting units are edges and not whole shapes, and that the source of the illusion does not consist in a local tilt but in a tendency of the edges to join when they have the same contrast polarity.
Corrigendum to: Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a polyecious paraspecies from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Entwisle Timothy J. , Vis Morgan L. , McPherson Hannah
Published: February 2006

New and existing collections of Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum Entwisle & Vis, and related taxa, from Australia and New Zealand, were analysed to determine whether this morphologically diverse taxon should be further subdivided. In particular, the value of the taxonomic character 'dioecy/monoecy' was assessed with molecular (rbcL gene sequences), morphometric and diagnostic morphology datasets, and its applicability more widely within the genus considered in light of our results. While the rbcL sequences supported our intuitive feeling that there is great variability within this taxon, there was no practical way to subdivide B. pseudogelatinosum. We recommend the acceptance of a broadly circumscribed paraphyletic species (paraspecies), B. pseudogelatinosum, which includes both dioecious and monoecious populations. The value of monoecy/dioecy as a character must be determined on a taxon-by-taxon basis—it is no better or worse than any other taxonomic character. Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum occurs in eastern Australia and Stewart Island in New Zealand, with implications for the circumscription of B. campyloclonum Skuja ex Entwisle & Foard.
Elevated cholecystokininergic tone constitutes an important molecular/neuronal mechanism for the expression of anxiety in the mouse
Authors: Chen Qian , Nakajima Akira , Meacham Corbin , Tang Ya-Ping
Published: March 2006

Cholecystokinin (CCK), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, plays an important role in anxiogenesis through the activation of CCK receptor-2 (CCKR-2). Accumulating evidence, however, has suggested this role depends on endogenous CCKergic “tone,” which is largely determined by the expression level of the CCKR-2. Using the tTA/tetO-inducible transgenic (tg) approach, we show here that overexpression of the
CCKR-2
in neurons of the forebrain significantly increases CCKR-2 binding capacity in tg mice compared with their littermate controls. Interestingly, these tg mice consistently exhibit increased fear responses, which are generally interpreted as anxiety-like behaviors in the rodent, in a battery of behavioral tests, which represented conflict situations or delivered stress to the subjects. The inhibition of transgene expression with doxycycline treatment completely diminished both increased receptor-binding activity and all behavioral phenotypes. Furthermore, treatment of tg mice with diazepam significantly attenuated these anxiety-like behaviors. Our results directly demonstrate that the elevated CCKergic tone via overexpression of the
CCKR-2
in the brain may constitute an underlying molecular/neuronal mechanism for the expression of anxiety. In addition, our study has validated a robust genetic anxiety model in the mouse in terms of their face, constructive, and predictive validity.
Linkage analysis of quantitative traits for obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia
Authors: Shmulewitz Dvora , Heath Simon C. , Blundell Maude L. , Han Zhihua , Sharma Ratnendra , Salit Jacqueline , Auerbach Steven B. , Signorini Stefano , Breslow Jan L. , Stoffel Markus , Friedman Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2006

Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease are highly heritable conditions that in aggregate are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world and are growing problems in developing countries. To map the causal genes, we conducted a population screen for these conditions on the Pacific Island of Kosrae. Family history and genetic data were used to construct a pedigree for the island. Analysis of the pedigree showed highly significant heritability for the metabolic traits under study. DNA samples from 2,188 participants were genotyped with 405 microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 11 cM. A protocol using
loki
, a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling method, was developed to analyze the Kosraen pedigree for height, a model quantitative trait. Robust quantitative trait loci for height were found on 10q21 and 1p31. This protocol was used to map a set of metabolic traits, including plasma leptin to chromosome region 5q35; systolic blood pressure to 20p12; total cholesterol to 19p13, 12q24, and 16qter; hip circumference to 10q25 and 4q23; body mass index to 18p11 and 20q13; apolipoprotein B to 2p24–25; weight to 18q21; and fasting blood sugar to 1q31–1q43. Several of these same chromosomal regions have been identified in previous studies validating the use of
loki
. These studies add information about the genetics of the metabolic syndrome and establish an analytical approach for linkage analysis of complex pedigrees. These results also lay the foundation for whole genome scans with dense sets of SNPs aimed to identifying causal genes.
cAMP regulates plasma membrane vacuolar-type H
+
-ATPase assembly and activity in blowfly salivary glands
Authors: Dames Petra , Zimmermann Bernhard , Schmidt Ruth , Rein Julia , Voss Martin , Schewe Bettina , Walz Bernd , Baumann Otto
Published: March 2006

Reversible assembly of the V
0
V
1
holoenzyme from V
0
and V
1
subcomplexes is a widely used mechanism for regulation of vacuolar-type H
+
-ATPases (V-ATPases) in animal cells. In the blowfly (
Calliphora vicina
) salivary gland, V-ATPase is located in the apical membrane of the secretory cells and energizes the secretion of a KCl-rich saliva in response to the hormone serotonin. We have examined whether the cAMP pathway, known to be activated by serotonin, controls V-ATPase assembly and activity. Fluorescence measurements of pH changes at the luminal surface of isolated glands demonstrate that cAMP, Sp-adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, or forskolin, similar to serotonin, cause V-ATPase-dependent luminal acidification. In addition, V-ATPase-dependent ATP hydrolysis increases upon treatment with these agents. Immunofluorescence microscopy and pelleting assays have demonstrated further that V
1
components become translocated from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane and V-ATPase holoenzymes are assembled at the apical membrane during conditions that increase intracellular cAMP. Because these actions occur without a change in cytosolic Ca
2+
, our findings suggest that the cAMP pathway mediates the reversible assembly and activation of V-ATPase molecules at the apical membrane upon hormonal stimulus.
Constitutive expression of thePeriod1gene impairs behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms
Authors: Numano Rika , Yamazaki Shin , Umeda Nanae , Samura Tomonori , Sujino Mitsugu , Takahashi Ri-ichi , Ueda Masatsugu , Mori Akiko , Yamada Kazunori , Sakaki Yoshiyuki , Inouye Shin-Ichi T. , Menaker Michael , Tei Hajime
Published: March 2006

Three mammalianPeriod(Per) genes, termedPer1,Per2, andPer3, have been identified as structural homologues of theDrosophilacircadian clock gene,period(per). The threePergenes are rhythmically expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central circadian pacemaker in mammals. The phases of peak mRNA levels for the threePergenes in the SCN are slightly different. Light sequentially induces the transcripts ofPer1andPer2but not ofPer3in mice. These data and others suggest that eachPergene has a different but partially redundant function in mammals. To elucidate the function ofPer1in the circadian systemin vivo, we generated two transgenic rat lines in which the mousePer1(mPer1) transcript was constitutively expressed under the control of either the human elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) or the rat neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter. The transgenic rats exhibited an ≈0.6–1.0-h longer circadian period than their wild-type siblings in both activity and body temperature rhythms. Entrainment in response to light cycles was dramatically impaired in the transgenic rats. Molecular analysis revealed that the amplitudes of oscillation in the ratPer1(rPer1) and ratPer2(rPer2) mRNAs were significantly attenuated in the SCN and eyes of the transgenic rats. These results indicate that either the level ofPer1, which is raised by overexpression, or its rhythmic expression, which is damped or abolished in over expressing animals, is critical for normal entrainment of behavior and molecular oscillation of other clock genes.
Information-based functional brain mapping
Authors: Kriegeskorte Nikolaus , Goebel Rainer , Bandettini Peter
Published: March 2006

The development of high-resolution neuroimaging and multielectrode electrophysiological recording provides neuroscientists with huge amounts of multivariate data. The complexity of the data creates a need for statistical summary, but the local averaging standardly applied to this end may obscure the effects of greatest neuroscientific interest. In neuroimaging, for example, brain mapping analysis has focused on the discovery of activation, i.e., of extended brain regions whose average activity changes across experimental conditions. Here we propose to ask a more general question of the data: Where in the brain does the activity pattern contain information about the experimental condition? To address this question, we propose scanning the imaged volume with a “searchlight,” whose contents are analyzed multivariately at each location in the brain.
Role of the Media in Vascular Injury: Atherosclerosis and Dissection
Authors: Boor Paul J. , Yang Yonzhen , Gong Bin
Published: March 2006

Although a metabolic role for endothelium in toxic injury has been well established, a similar role has not been as thoroughly explored for the vascular media. In this study two forms of vascular medial involvement in toxic injury are examined. Early atherosclerotic plaques are studied by immunohistochemistry for an α class glutathione- S-transferase (GST) isozyme known as hGSTA4-4, which has preferential metabolic activity for α, β-unsaturated aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation, especially 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Findings in human plaque indicate that hGST A4-4 is highly upregulated in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the plaque and in the medial VSMCs underlying plaque. Endothelial cells, while not expressing hGST A4-4 distant from plaques, were found to express the isozyme in cytoplasm overlying plaque. In a series of second experiments, we illustrate a developmental model of dissecting aortic aneurysm (DAA) obtained by administering semicarbazide, an inhibitor of the little-studied VSMC enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), to pregnant rats during the last trimester of development. Newborn rats consistently developed DAA which is characterized by splitting of media of ascending thoracic aorta and extensive blood collections surrounding the vessel. These experimental examples emphasize the potential role of the media in toxic insults to blood vessels. Also, the potential importance of toxic injury to developing blood vessels by in utero exposure to xenobiotic substances is illustrated.