bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Performance of a Right Ventricular Automatic Pacing Threshold Algorithm for Implantable Defibrillators
Authors: GOLD MICHAEL R. , DONG YANTING , GREER STEVE , GIUDICI MICHAEL C. , HAFFAJEE CHARLES I. , LOWY JONATHAN , ELLENBOGEN KENNETH A.
Published: December 2011

Introduction:

Automatic pacing threshold (AT) testing with threshold trending and output adjustment may simplify follow‐up and improve cardiac rhythm device longevity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new right ventricular (RV) AT algorithm for implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) using RVcoil
to Can evoked response sensing.

Method:

Patients undergoing ICD, with or without cardiac resynchronization therapy device, implant, replacement, or upgrade were enrolled. A pulse generator emulator (Can) was temporarily placed in the device pocket. An external pacing system (Boston Scientific, St. Paul, MN, USA) with customized software was used for performing threshold tests and data acquisition. RV manual threshold and up to four AT tests using various pacing parameters were conducted. The threshold measurement and the capture detection performance of the RV AT tests were evaluated through comparison with visual examination of surface electrocardiogram.

Results:

Data from 43 patients were analyzed. A total of 158 AT tests were performed, in which 144 AT tests (91.1%) measured correct threshold values. No consecutive asystolic noncaptured beats were observed in any AT tests, and none of the AT tests resulted in incorrectly low threshold measurements. The difference between manual and AT measurements was ‐0.05 ± 0.43 V. The accuracy for detecting capture and noncaptured beats were 95% and 99%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The RVcoil to Can evoked response sensing based RV AT algorithm can reliably measure pacing threshold for ICDs, including CRT‐Ds. (PACE 2011;1–10)
A Molecular and Ultrastructural Description of Spathidiopsis buddenbrocki and the Phylogenetic Position of the Family Placidae (Ciliophora)
Authors: Lipscomb Diana L. , Bowditch Brunella M. , Riordan Gavin P.
Published: December 2011

Spathidiopsis and Placus are the only two genera within the family Placidae. The family has been placed in the class Prostomatea and order Prorodontida because its members have somatic monokinetids with a radial transverse ribbon, a straight non‐overlapping postciliary ribbon, and anteriorly directed non‐overlapping kinetodesmal fibril, an apical cytostome lacking specialized oral cilia, a brosse, and toxicysts. To confirm the stability of this placement, ultrastructural morphology and small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Spathidiopsis socialis, Spathidiopsis buddenbrocki, and Placus striatus were determined. These data were combined with information from other ciliates, and phylogenetic trees were generated using maximum‐likelihood and maximum‐parsimony methods. The analyses confirmed the family Placidae to be a monophyletic group in the Prostomatea with the Placidae a sister group to a Cryptocaryon + Coleps + Prorodon clade.
A Method for Defleshing Human Remains Using Household Bleach
Authors: Mann Robert W. , Berryman Hugh E.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Medical examiners and forensic anthropologists are often faced with the difficult task of removing soft tissue from the human skeleton without damaging the bones, teeth and, in some cases, cartilage. While there are a number of acceptable methods that can be used to remove soft tissue including macerating in water, simmering or boiling, soaking in ammonia, removing with scissors, knife, scalpel or stiff brush, and dermestid beetles, each has its drawback in time, safety, or potential to damage bone. This technical report using the chest plate of a stabbing victim presents a safe and effective alternative method for removing soft tissue from human remains, in particular the chest plate, following autopsy, without damaging or separating the ribs, sternum, and costal cartilage. This method can be used to reveal subtle blunt force trauma to bone, slicing and stabbing injuries, and other forms of trauma obscured by overlying soft tissue. Despite the published cautionary notes, when done properly household bleach (3–6% sodium hypochlorite) is a quick, safe, and effective method for examining cartilage and exposing skeletal trauma by removing soft tissue from human skeletal remains.
Two Cases of Acute Propane/Butane Poisoning in Prison
Authors: Rossi Riccardo , Suadoni Fabio , Pieroni Ludovica , De‐Giorgio Fabio , Lancia Massimo
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Hydrocarbon inhalation is seldom chosen as a means to commit suicide. This practice is exclusively a prerogative of the prison population; it is, however, only exceptionally found in this environment. The two cases of lethal inhalation of propane/butane gas observed by us over a very short time occurred in this context. Toxicologic analyses were performed by means of gas chromatography (head space) and revealed a propane/butane mixture in all specimens (heart blood, bile, and urine) except vitreous humor. Although fatal arrhythmia posthydrocarbon gas abuse is well known, the concentrations of the two hydrocarbons were sufficient to induce death by asphyxiation and were distributed (fairly) homogeneously in all biological fluids and organs examined, a parameter permitting one to assume that death occurred within a relatively short period of time. The absence of finding in vitreous humor and the trace amount in urine suggests that both men died very quickly.
Analyzing Brazilian Vehicle Documents for Authenticity by Easy Ambient Sonic‐Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry*
Authors: Romão Wanderson , Vaz Boniek G. , Lalli Priscila M. , Bueno Maria Izabel M. S. , Correa Deleon N. , Telles Virgínia L. C. N. , de Castro Eustáquio V. R. , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Using desorption/ionization techniques such as easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI‐MS), it is possible to analyze documents of Brazilian vehicles for authenticity, providing a chemical profile directly from the surface of each document. A method for the detection of counterfeit documents is described, and the falsification procedure is elucidated. Forty authentic and counterfeit documents were analyzed by both positive and negative ion modes, EASI(±)‐MS. EASI(+)‐MS results identified the presence of (bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate plasticizer and of dihexadecyldimethylammonium biocide in both types of documents. For EASI(−)‐MS results, the 4‐octyloxybenzoic acid additive ([M + H]+: m/z 249) is present only in counterfeit documents. It was also found that counterfeit vehicle documents are produced via Laserjet printers. Desorption/ionization techniques, such as EASI‐MS, offer therefore, an intelligent way to characterize the counterfeiting method.
Appraisal of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure in the New Zealand dental educational environment
Authors: Foster Page L. A. , Kang M. , Anderson V. , Thomson W. M.
Published: December 2011

Aims:  To examine the reliability and validity of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) amongst New Zealand students in the first professional year of the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and Bachelor of Oral Health (BOH) programmes.

Method:  In 2009 and 2010, students’ perceptions of the educational environment were evaluated using a modified version of the 50‐item DREEM, completed on the first and last day of their first professional year. Individual DREEM items’ strengths and weaknesses were identified. The difference or dissonance between students’ expectations and actual experience was determined by subtracting the Actual DREEM score (for each item or subscale) from the Expected DREEM score. Effect‐size statistics were calculated, and internal consistency was tested using Cronbach’s alpha.

Results:  Overall, 82% of 2009 and 2010 BDS and BOH students in their first professional year completed the Expected and Actual DREEM (N = 176). Both groups identified the ‘overemphasis of factual learning’ as an Expected and Actual aspect and ‘memorising all I need to know’ as an Actual aspect of the educational environment. Internal consistency was high for the overall DREEM and the BDS and BOH Expected DREEM (0.89 and 0.88, respectively) and excellent for both the BDS and BOH Actual DREEM (0.92 and 0.90, respectively).

Conclusion:  Overall, students entering the courses anticipated a number of strengths and weaknesses and those expectations were relatively similar in the different programmes (BDS and BOH). The DREEM showed excellent internal consistency for the overall scores, and that for the subscale scores was generally acceptable. The study confirms the DREEM’s utility for the NZ dental education environment.
The relationship between vegetation density and its protective value depends on the densities and traits of prey and predators
Authors: Scheinin Matias , Scyphers Steven B. , Kauppi Laura , Heck Ken L. , Mattila Johanna
Published: December 2011

Densities of submerged vegetation and those of associated animals tend to co‐vary. This relationship is often attributed to the positive correlation between the density of vegetation and its protective value against predators. However, two counteracting basic elements underlying this paradigm limit its generality. That is, increasing vegetation density should result in decreased predator–prey encounters, whilst at the same time predator–prey encounters should increase as animal densities increase. These two mechanisms should thus counteract each other when the densities of vegetation and associated animals, including both prey and predators, co‐vary. Experimental designs that expose fixed densities of prey and predators to varying densities of vegetation assess only the former mechanism and may thus not properly evaluate the protective value of vegetation in such conditions. By contrast, designs that mimic the naturally co‐varying organism densities test both mechanisms and thus their counteractive impacts on predator–prey encounters. We compared the outcomes of the two alternative designs and carried out additional experiments to explain the putative discrepancy. Increasing vegetation density (mimics of Potamogeton pectinatus) enhanced prey (Daphnia magna) survival only when fixed densities of prey and predators (Perca fluviatilis or Rutilus rutilus) were used. When the animal densities were allowed to co‐vary with vegetation density, vegetation had no impact on prey survival. Instead, prey survival was determined by the aggregate density of prey and predators, shaped by the species‐specific traits of the latter. Thus, the impact of the increased animal densities overrode the impact of the increased vegetation density on predator–prey encounters. It may be insufficient to attribute the co‐variation of vegetation, prey and predator densities simply to the association between vegetation density and its protective value. Increased food resources and reduced competition within vegetation may promote prey and thereby also predator abundance to a greater extent than previously thought.
Talk in the primary curriculum: seeking pupil empowerment in current curriculum approaches
Authors: Bignell Carole
Published: December 2011

At the time of writing, primary English education is, once again, at a crossroads. Within the context of a continuing focus on underachievement in writing for key groups of learners and a large body of research, which suggests that classroom talk is a powerful means of improving children's success in all areas of the curriculum including writing, this article considers two current approaches to talk in the primary curriculum – Talk for Writing and Towards Dialogic Teaching. In doing so, it critically analyses these texts through the theoretical lens of education as social reproduction with a view to identifying their ideological assumptions about the purpose of talk in the curriculum. Discussion considers how such assumptions may influence classroom practice and contribute to the teachers’ understanding of the role of oracy within the primary classroom. The article concludes that whilst both texts might suggest a socially reproductive approach to education, both have the potential to empower the learner through the skilful implementation of oracy as the foundation of teaching and learning.
Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in mice by DNA vaccine Ag85A‐ESAT‐6‐IL‐21 priming and BCG boosting
Authors: Dou J. , Wang Y. , Yu F. , Yang H. , Wang J. , He X. , Xu W. , Chen J. , Hu K.
Published: December 2011

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of most important chronic infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a major global health problem. In the study, we developed the DNA vaccine encoding fusion protein of antigen 85 A and 6 kDa early secretory antigen target of M. tuberculosis as well as the cytokine IL‐21 to investigate its immune protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis challenge in mice after the DNA vaccine priming and Bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) boosting. Compared with the different control groups, the intranasal DNA vaccine priming twice and BCG boosting once markedly increased the cytotoxicities of natural killer cells and splenocytes and enhanced the interferon‐γ level in the splenocyte supernatant as well as sIgA level in bronchoalveolar lavage in the vaccinated mice. Importantly, this heterologous prime–boost strategy significantly decreased the bacterial load in the mouse lungs in contrast to that of intranasal or subcutaneous BCG immunization alone. These findings provide further approaches for mucosal‐targeted prime–boost vaccination to fight against TB.
MCR Synthesis of Praziquantel Derivatives
Authors: Liu Haixia , William Samia , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Botros Sanaa , Dömling Alexander
Published: December 2011

Schistosomiasis, a high volume neglected tropical disease affecting more than 200 million people worldwide, can only be effectively treated by the tetrahydroisoquinoline drug praziquantel (PZQ). Herein, we describe an efficient approach to access PZQ derivatives by the Ugi 4‐component reaction followed by the Pictet–Spengler reaction in a two‐step, one‐pot procedure. 30 novel PZQ derivatives are described based on the Ugi 4‐component reaction and an X‐ray structure of a novel derivative revealing different conformation compared with PZQ is discussed. Several analogues comparable in activity to the drug PZQ have been identified based on an in vitro Schistosoma mansoni worm viability assay.
Genetic variants in potassium channels are associated with type 2 diabetes in a Mongolian population
Authors: ODGEREL Zagaa , LEE Hee S. , ERDENEBILEG Narnygerel , GANDBOLD Suren , LUVSANJAMBA Munkhjargal , SAMBUUGHIN Nyamkhishig , SONOMTSEREN Sainbileg , SHARAVDORJ Purevdulam , JODOV Erdenezul , ALTAISAIKHAN Khasag , GOLDFARB Lev G.
Published: December 2011

Background:  Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 40 common sequence variants associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the results are not always the same in populations with differing genetic backgrounds. In the present study, we evaluated a hypothesis that a North Asian population living in a geographic area with unusually harsh environmental conditions would develop unique genetic risks.

Methods:  A population‐based association study was performed with 21 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes selected according to the results of GWAS conducted in other populations. The study participants included 393 full‐heritage Mongolian individuals (177 diagnosed with T2D and 216 matched controls). Genotyping was performed by TaqMan methodology.

Results:  The strongest association was detected with SNPs located within the potassium channel‐coding genes KCNQ1 (highest odds ratio [OR] = 1.92; P = 3.4 × 10−5) and ABCC8 (OR = 1.79; P = 5 × 10−4). Genetic variants identified as strongly influencing the risk of T2D in other populations (e.g. KCNJ11 or TCF7L2) did not show significant association in Mongolia.

Conclusions:  The strongest T2D risk‐associated SNPs in Mongolians are located within two of three tested potassium channel‐coding genes. Accumulated variations in these genes may be related to the exposure to harsh environmental conditions.
Young Adults' Developmental Task‐Related Goals Modify the Association between Self‐Focused Goals and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Read Sanna , Korhonen Tellervo , Vuoksimaa Eero , Rose Richard J. , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: December 2011

Having self‐focused goals is often a risk factor for a higher level of depressive symptoms. The present study investigated whether developmental task‐related personal goals could moderate the association between self‐focused goals and depressive symptoms in young adulthood. A total of 1,276 Finnish twins aged 21–26 filled out a questionnaire on personal goals. The General Behavior Inventory for depressive symptoms at age 17 and 21–26 was applied. Longitudinal path analyses were carried out. Among those who had a goal related to their own family or life philosophy, self‐focused goals were not associated with depressive symptoms, whereas among those who did not express these goals there was a strong association between self‐focused goals and higher level of depressive symptoms. Among those who had a goal related to education, the association between self‐focused goals and depressive symptoms was weaker compared to those who did not express these goals. These results suggest that goals related to one's own family, life philosophy, and education have the potential to decrease the association between self‐focused goals and depressive symptoms.
Assessing the Evolving Threat of Terrorism
Authors: Gaibulloev Khusrav , Sandler Todd , Santifort Charlinda
Published: December 2011

The ‘war on terror’ has focused exclusively on transnational terrorism since the hijackings of 9/11. Based on almost 40 years of data, this article shows that domestic terrorism poses a much greater threat to the world community. Thus, this focus needs to be reconsidered, especially because recent research shows that domestic terrorism spills over into transnational terrorism. This article also argues that homeland security and the dominance of religious fundamentalist terrorists are making the hardest‐to‐defend targets – private parties – the target of choice since 1999. Moreover, terrorists are increasingly favoring attacking people over property. Even though terrorism murders relatively few people, it poses a supreme collective action problem for the world community.

Policy Implications

 The war on terror needs to focus on more than just transnational terrorism, because domestic terrorism poses a greater threat in terms of lives and property loss than transnational terrorism. This is also true because domestic terrorism tends to spill over into transnational terrorism as local terrorists seek greater world recognition.

 For transnational terrorism, enhanced defensive counterterrorism precautions and the increasing dominance of religious fundamentalist terrorists have made the hardest‐to‐defend targets – private parties – the terrorists’ target of choice since 1999.

 The changing targeting of transnational and domestic terrorists has made public places – shopping malls, department stores, public squares and public transport – likely attack venues. For domestic terrorism, private parties have been the prime target since 1981. Targeting differences between domestic and transnational terrorism can inform the allocation of homeland security resources.

 For all target types, there is an increased targeting of people over property, which makes defensive homeland security measures more challenging. As defensive action becomes more difficult and costly, more resources must be put into proactive measures that dismantle terrorist groups and their infrastructure.

 For transnational terrorism, the need for proactive measures raises a collective action problem because prime‐target nations are more likely to act, with other nations taking a free ride against a common terrorist threat. With the spillover of domestic terrorism into transnational terrorism, there is also a collective action problem arising with respect to the fight against domestic terrorism.

 Policy makers must keep the risks and consequences in mind and not overspend on defensive efforts that attempt to shift potential terrorist attacks abroad.
Design and Development of a Biaxial Tensile Test Device for a Thin Film Specimen
Authors: Namazu Takahiro , Nagai Yuji , Naka Nobuyuki , Araki Nozomu , Inoue Shozo
Published: December 2011

In this article, the design and development of a biaxial tensile test device and its specimen are described. The device, which was designed for evaluating the mechanical characteristics of a thin film specimen under in-plane uniaxial and biaxial tensile stress states, consists of four sets of a piezoelectric actuator, a load cell, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), and an actuator case including lever structures with displacement amplification function. The structures fabricated by wire electrical discharge machining are able to amplify the actuator’s displacement by a factor of 3.8 along the tensile direction. The biaxial test specimen prepared using conventional micromachining processes is composed of a cross-shaped film section and chucking parts supported by silicon springs. After square holes in four chuck parts are respectively hooked with four loading poles, the film section is tensioned to the directions where the poles get away from the center of the specimen. Tensile strain rate can be individually controlled for each tensile direction. Raman spectroscopic stress analyses demonstrated that the developed biaxial tensile test device was able to accurately apply not only uniaxial but also biaxial tensile stress to a single-crystal silicon (SCS) film specimen.
Siblings We Know and Love—Usually
The Sibling Effect
What the Bonds Among Brothers and Sisters Reveal About Us

by Jeffrey Kluger

Riverhead Books, New York, 2011. 316 pp. $26.95, C$31. ISBN 9781594488313.
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: December 2011

Mingling recent research, interviews, and his own experiences, Kluger provides a wide-ranging survey of sibling relations and their effects.
Beleaguered Immunity
Authors: McDowell John M.
Published: December 2011

A regulator of plant immunity functions dynamically in different cell compartments and is targeted by pathogen virulence factors.
Comparison of Molecular Typing Methods Useful for Detecting Clusters of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Isolates through Routine Surveillance
Authors: Clark Clifford G. , Taboada Eduardo , Grant Christopher C. R. , Blakeston Connie , Pollari Frank , Marshall Barbara , Rahn Kris , MacKinnon Joanne , Daignault Danielle , Pillai Dylan , Ng Lai-King
Published: December 2011

Campylobacter
spp. may be responsible for unreported outbreaks of food-borne disease. The detection of these outbreaks is made more difficult by the fact that appropriate methods for detecting clusters of
Campylobacter
have not been well defined. We have compared the characteristics of five molecular typing methods on
Campylobacter jejuni
and
C. coli
isolates obtained from human and nonhuman sources during sentinel site surveillance during a 3-year period. Comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF) appears to be one of the optimal methods for the detection of clusters of cases, and it could be supplemented by the sequencing of the
flaA
gene short variable region (
flaA
SVR sequence typing), with or without subsequent multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Different methods may be optimal for uncovering different aspects of source attribution. Finally, the use of several different molecular typing or analysis methods for comparing individuals within a population reveals much more about that population than a single method. Similarly, comparing several different typing methods reveals a great deal about differences in how the methods group individuals within the population.
Multiple Layers of CD80/86-Dependent Costimulatory Activity Regulate Primary, Memory, and Secondary Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-Specific T Cell Immunity
Authors: Eberlein Jens , Davenport Bennett , Nguyen Tom T. , Victorino Francisco , Sparwasser Tim , Homann Dirk
Published: December 2011

The lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) system constitutes one of the most widely used models for the study of infectious disease and the regulation of virus-specific T cell immunity. However, with respect to the activity of costimulatory and associated regulatory pathways, LCMV-specific T cell responses have long been regarded as relatively independent and thus distinct from the regulation of T cell immunity directed against many other viral pathogens. Here, we have reevaluated the contribution of CD28-CD80/86 costimulation in the LCMV system by use of CD80/86-deficient mice, and our results demonstrate that a disruption of CD28-CD80/86 signaling compromises the magnitude, phenotype, and/or functionality of LCMV-specific CD8+and/or CD4+T cell populations in all stages of the T cell response. Notably, a profound inhibition of secondary T cell immunity in LCMV-immune CD80/86-deficient mice emerged as a composite of both defective memory T cell development and a specific requirement for CD80 but not CD86 in the recall response, while a related experimental scenario of CD28-dependent yet CD80/86-independent secondary CD8+T cell immunity suggests the existence of a CD28 ligand other than CD80/86. Furthermore, we provide evidence that regulatory T cells (TREGs), the homeostasis of which is altered in CD80/86−/−mice, contribute to restrained LCMV-specific CD8+T cell responses in the presence of CD80/86. Our observations can therefore provide a more coherent perspective on CD28-CD80/86 costimulation in antiviral T cell immunity that positions the LCMV system within a shared context of multiple defects that virus-specific T cells acquire in the absence of CD28-CD80/86 costimulation.
The Andes Hantavirus NSs Protein Is Expressed from the Viral Small mRNA by a Leaky Scanning Mechanism
Authors: Vera-Otarola Jorge , Solis Loretto , Soto-Rifo Ricardo , Ricci Emiliano P. , Pino Karla , Tischler Nicole D. , Ohlmann Théophile , Darlix Jean-Luc , López-Lastra Marcelo
Published: December 2011

The small mRNA (SmRNA) of all
Bunyaviridae
encodes the nucleocapsid (N) protein. In 4 out of 5 genera in the
Bunyaviridae
, the smRNA encodes an additional nonstructural protein denominated NSs. In this study, we show that Andes hantavirus (ANDV) SmRNA encodes an NSs protein. Data show that the NSs protein is expressed in the context of an ANDV infection. Additionally, our results suggest that translation initiation from the NSs initiation codon is mediated by ribosomal subunits that have bypassed the upstream N protein initiation codon through a leaky scanning mechanism.
Natural Killer Cells Regulate Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Sialadenitis and Salivary Gland Disease
Authors: Carroll Virginia A. , Lundgren Alyssa , Wei Hairong , Sainz Susan , Tung Kenneth S. , Brown Michael G.
Published: December 2011

The transmission of herpesviruses depends on viral shedding at mucosal surfaces. The salivary gland represents a major site of persistent viral replication for many viruses, including cytomegalovirus. We established a mouse model of salivary gland dysfunction after acute viral infection and investigated the cellular requirements for the loss of secretion. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection severely impaired saliva secretion independently of salivary gland virus levels. Lymphocytes or circulating monocytes/macrophages were not required for secretory dysfunction. Dysfunction occurred before glandular inflammation, suggesting that a soluble mediator initiated the disruption of acinar cell function. Despite genetic differences in innate resistance to MCMV, NK cells protected the host against acinar atrophy and the loss of secretions under conditions of an exceedingly low virus inoculum. NK cells also modulated the type of glandular inflammation after infection, as they prevented an influx of Siglec-F+polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Therefore, beyond their recognized role in controlling MCMV replication, NK cells preserve organ integrity and function and regulate the innate inflammatory response within the gland.
Pathogenicity ofUreaplasma urealyticumandUreaplasma parvumin the lower genital tract of female BALB/c mice
Authors: Zhu Guo-xing , Lu Chun , Chen Chuan-jie , Feng Pei-ying , Ma Han , Lu Rong-biao , Yuan Ying-li
Published: December 2011

The aim of this study was to establish a murine model of lower genital tract infection by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum and evaluate differences in pathogenicity of five serotypes. BALB/c female mice were divided into seven groups (five mice in each group), including five groups infected in the lower genital tract after treatment with estradiol with U. urealyticum serotypes 4 and 8 and U. parvum serotypes 1, 3, and 6, respectively, and two control groups of untreated mice and estradiol treated mice. The presence of infection was determined on solid and liquid culture media. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression in lower genital tract secretions was determined by PCR, and morphological and histological changes of the lower genital tract were observed. The genital secretions of all inoculated mice were positive for U. urealyticum and U. parvum on culture in both liquid and solid media. TNF-α expression at 7 and 14 days after infection was markedly increased as compared with that of the controls. Morphological changes of the external genitalia included hair loss and erosions, and histological examination revealed infiltration by inflammatory cells. The five serotypes tested were all found to be pathogenic, and the pathogenicity varied with serotype 4 showing the greatest pathogenicity.
Learning the Hard Way: Imprinting Can Enhance Enforced Shifts in Habitat Choice
Authors: Vallin Niclas , Qvarnström Anna
Published: December 2011

We investigated the potential importance of learning in habitat choice within a young hybrid zone of two closely related species of birds. Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) are being excluded from deciduous habitats into a mixed forest type by collared flycatchers (F. albicollis). We investigated whether this enforced habitat shift influenced reproductive isolation between the two species, and, by cross-fostering nestlings, we tested whether learning may lead to a corresponding shift in habitat choice in consecutive generations. Our results show that the majority of the recruits, even if translocated across different habitat types, return to breed in the area where they were fostered. As male pied flycatchers were more likely to hybridize in the originally preferred habitat, we argue that early imprinting on an alternate habitat can play an important role in increasing reproductive isolation and facilitate regional coexistence between species experiencing secondary contact.
Good Clinical Response in a Rare Aggressive Hematopoietic Neoplasm: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Leukemia with No Cutaneous Lesions Responding to 4 Donor Lymphocyte Infusions Following Transplant
Authors: Steinberg Amir , Kansal Rina , Wong Matthew , Lopez Angela , Lim Stephen , Lopategui Jean , Lill Michael
Published: December 2011

Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that usually presents with diffuse cutaneous lesions. While a favorable response to therapy occurs in a majority of cases, a sustained long-term response is uncommon. Most patients subsequently relapse within a year. In the following report, we present the case of a 41-year-old woman who has not displayed many of the clinical features traditionally associated with BPDCN. The patient received sporadic chemotherapy treatment over the course of 2 years, before undergoing an allogeneic stem cell transplant. Although she ultimately relapsed following her transplant, her disease has repeatedly returned into remission after donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). Currently, the patient is in remission following her fourth DLI. We believe that allogeneic transplantation should be considered as front-line therapy for the treatment of this rare malignancy.
Factors Affecting the Weaning from Nasal CPAP in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Rastogi Shantanu , Rajasekhar Hariprem , Gupta Anju , Bhutada Alok , Rastogi Deepa , Wung Jen-Tien
Published: December 2011

Objective. Identification of the weight and postmenstrual age (PMA) at successful weaning of NCPAP in preterm neonates and the factors influencing the successful wean.Study Design. Retrospective review of 454 neonates ≤32 weeks of gestational age (GA) who were placed on NCPAP and successfully weaned to room air was performed.Results. Neonates had a mean birth weight (BW) of grams with a mean GA of weeks. Neonates were weaned off NCPAP at mean weight of grams and mean PMA of weeks. Univariate analysis showed that chorioamnionitis, intubation, surfactant use, PDA, sepsis/NEC, anemia, apnea, GER and IVH were significantly associated with the time to NCPAP wean. On multivariate analysis, among neonates that were intubated, BW was the only significant factor () that was inversely related to time to successful NCPAP wean. Amongst non-intubated neonates, along with BW (), chorioamnionitis (), anemia (), and GER () played a significant role in weaning from NCPAP.Conclusion. Neonates were weaned off NCPAP at mean weight of grams and mean PMA of weeks. BW significantly affects weaning among intubated and non-intubated neonates, though in neonates who were never intubated chorioamnionitis, anemia and GER also significantly affected the duration on NCPAP.
Validation of Advanced Computer Codes for VVER Technology: LB-LOCA Transient in PSB-VVER Facility
Authors: Del Nevo A. , Adorni M. , D'Auria F. , Melikhov O. I. , Elkin I. V. , Schekoldin V. I. , Zakutaev M. O. , Zaitsev S. I. , Benčík M.
Published: December 2011

The OECD/NEA PSB-VVER project provided unique and useful experimental data for code validation from PSB-VVER test facility. This facility represents the scaled-down layout of the Russian-designed pressurized water reactor, namely, VVER-1000. Five experiments were executed, dealing with loss of coolant scenarios (small, intermediate, and large break loss of coolant accidents), a primary-to-secondary leak, and a parametric study (natural circulation test) aimed at characterizing the VVER system at reduced mass inventory conditions. The comparative analysis, presented in the paper, regards the large break loss of coolant accident experiment. Four participants from three different institutions were involved in the benchmark and applied their own models and set up for four different thermal-hydraulic system codes. The benchmark demonstrated the performances of such codes in predicting phenomena relevant for safety on the basis of fixed criteria.
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 and 2 Are Not Required for GnRH Neuron Development and Normal Female Reproductive Axis Function in Mice
Authors: Wierman Margaret E. , Xu Mei , Pierce A. , Bliesner B. , Bliss S.P. , Roberson M.S.
Published: December 2011

Background/Aims: Selective deletion of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and ERK2 in the pituitary gonadotrope and ovarian granulosa cells disrupts female reproductive axis function. Thus, we asked if ERK1 and ERK2 are critical for GnRH neuron ontogeny or the central control of female reproductive function. Methods: GnRH-Cre-recombinase (Cre+) expressing mice were crossed with mice with a global deletion of ERK1 and a floxed ERK2 allele (Erk1–/Erk2fl/fl) to selectively delete ERK2 in GnRH neurons. Results: Cre-recombinase mRNA was selectively expressed in the brain of Cre+ mice. GnRH neuron number and location were determined during embryogenesis and in the adult. GnRH neuron counts at E15 did not differ between experimental and control groups (1,198 ± 65 and 1,160 ± 80 respectively, p = NS). In adults, numbers of GnRH neurons in the GnRHCre+Erk1–/Erk2– mice (741 ± 157) were similar to those in controls (756 ± 7), without alteration in their distribution across the forebrain. ERK1 and 2 deficiency did not alter the timing of vaginal opening, age at first estrus, or estrous cyclicity. Conclusions: Although ERK1 and 2 are components of a dominant signaling pathway in GnRH neuronal cells that modulates survival and control of GnRH gene expression, other signaling pathways compensate for their deletion in vivo to allow GnRH neuron survival and targeting and normal onset of female sexual maturation and reproductive function. In contrast to effects at the pituitary and the ovary, ERK1 and ERK2 are dispensable at the level of the GnRH neuron.
Conventional and Anti-Erosion Fluoride Toothpastes: Effect on Enamel Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion
Authors: Ganss C. , Lussi A. , Grunau O. , Klimek J. , Schlueter N.
Published: December 2011

New toothpastes with anti-erosion claims are marketed, but little is known about their effectiveness. This study investigates these products in comparison with various conventional NaF toothpastes and tin-containing products with respect to their erosion protection/abrasion prevention properties. In experiment 1, samples were demineralised (10 days, 6 × 2 min/day; citric acid, pH 2.4), exposed to toothpaste slurries (2 × 2 min/day) and intermittently stored in a mineral salt solution. In experiment 2, samples were additionally brushed for 15 s during the slurry immersion time. Study products were 8 conventional NaF toothpastes (1,400–1,490 ppm F), 4 formulations with anti-erosion claims (2 F toothpastes: NaF + KNO3 and NaF + hydroxyapatite; and 2 F-free toothpastes: zinc-carbonate-hydroxyapatite, and chitosan) and 2 Sn-containing products (toothpaste: 3,436 ppm Sn, 1,450 ppm F as SnF2/NaF; gel: 970 ppm F, 3,030 ppm Sn as SnF2). A mouth rinse (500 ppm F as AmF/NaF, 800 ppm Sn as SnCl2) was the positive control. Tissue loss was quantified profilometrically. In experiment 1, most NaF toothpastes and 1 F-free formulation reduced tissue loss significantly (between 19 and 42%); the Sn-containing formulations were the most effective (toothpaste and gel 55 and 78% reduction, respectively). In experiment 2, only 4 NaF toothpastes revealed significant effects compared to the F-free control (reduction between 29 and 37%); the F-free special preparations and the Sn toothpaste had no significant effect. The Sn gel (reduction 75%) revealed the best result. Conventional NaF toothpastes reduced the erosive tissue loss, but had limited efficacy regarding the prevention of brushing abrasion. The special formulations were not superior, or were even less effective.
Estrogen Receptor-Beta Variants Are Associated with Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Women with Down Syndrome
Authors: Zhao Qi , Lee Joseph H. , Pang Deborah , Temkin Alexis , Park Naeun , Janicki Sarah C. , Zigman Warren B. , Silverman Wayne , Tycko Benjamin , Schupf Nicole
Published: December 2011

Background/Aims: Genetic variants that affect estrogen activity may influence the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We examined the relation of polymorphisms in the gene for the estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) to the risk of AD in women with Down syndrome. Methods: Two hundred and forty-nine women with Down syndrome, 31–70 years of age and nondemented at baseline, were followed at 14- to 18-month intervals for 4 years. Women were genotyped for 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR2 gene, and their association with AD incidence was examined. Results: Among postmenopausal women, we found a 2-fold increase in the risk of AD for women carrying 1 or 2 copies of the minor allele at 3 SNPs in introns seven (rs17766755) and six (rs4365213 and rs12435857) and 1 SNP in intron eight (rs4986938) of ESR2. Conclusion: These findings support a role for estrogen and its major brain receptors in modulating susceptibility to AD in women.
A Randomised Trial Comparing the Antibacterial Effects of Dentine Primers against Bacteria in Natural Root Caries
Authors: Rolland S.L. , McCabe J.F. , Imazato S. , Walls A.W.G.
Published: December 2011

As people are living longer and retaining their teeth into old age, root caries is an increasingly significant problem. A minimally invasive treatment strategy, involving sealing the root caries lesion with an antibacterial resin sealant, could be highly beneficial. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial properties of the primers of two proprietary dentine bonding agents, Clearfil SE Bond (SE; Kuraray Medical, Japan) and Clearfil Protect Bond (PB; Kuraray Medical), which contains the antibacterial monomer methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide. Fifty-two root caries lesions were identified and randomly assigned to a primer. The lesion was cleaned, isolated, sampled with a sharp spoon excavator, a primer applied and a second sample taken. Samples were transported in fastidious anaerobe broth, vortex-dispersed and serial dilutions inoculated onto selective agars. Reduction in colony-forming units (CFU, %) after primer application was calculated for both primers for bacterial growth on each selective agar and compared to a hypothesised mean of 100% (one-sample t test, p < 0.05). No significant differences between primers were seen, indicating efficient bacterial elimination by both materials. Comparing percent reduction between SE and PB for each agar (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05), a significantly greater CFU reduction by PB was seen for streptococci but not other bacteria. More lesions exhibited bacterial growth and several lesions demonstrated marked bacterial growth after treatment with SE compared with PB. Therefore, PB appears to exhibit superior antimicrobial properties, particularly against streptococci. Both primers are highly antibacterial towards root caries bacteria and may therefore be suitable for minimally invasive treatment.
Maternal Employment and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Lee Joongyeup , Jang Hyunseok , Bouffard Leana A.
Published: December 2011

Historically, many have suggested that women’s participation in the labor force has contributed to higher juvenile delinquency rates due to the extensive amount of time and attention that working mothers must spend outside the home and away from their children. Although some researchers have examined this hypothesis, findings are mixed and inconclusive. Using longitudinal data provided by the Korean Youth Panel Survey project, the effects of maternal employment on a child’s propensity to commit general delinquency are examined. Results from hierarchical linear modeling analysis indicated that children of working mothers display a higher likelihood of becoming involved in delinquency. In addition, working mothers with higher educational backgrounds were more apt to have a child who commits delinquency.
Assessment of Fall-Arrest Systems for Scissor Lift Operators
Authors: Pan Christopher S. , Powers John R. , Hartsell Jared J. , Harris James R. , Wimer Bryan M. , Dong Renguang G. , Wu John Z.
Published: December 2011

Objective: The current study is intended to evaluate the stability of a scissor lift and the performance of various fall-arrest harnesses/lanyards during drop/fall-arrest conditions and to quantify the dynamic loading to the head/neck caused by fall-arrest forces.

Background: No data exist that establish the efficacy of fall-arrest systems for use on scissor lifts or the injury potential from the fall incidents using a fall-arrest system.

Method: The authors developed a multibody dynamic model of the scissor lift and a human lift operator model using ADAMS™ and LifeMOD™ Bio-mechanics Human Modeler. They evaluated lift stability for four fall-arrest system products and quantified biomechanical impacts on operators during drop/fall arrest, using manikin drop tests. Test conditions were constrained to flat surfaces to isolate the effect of manikin-lanyard interaction.

Results: The fully extended scissor lift maintained structural and dynamic stability for all manikin drop test conditions. The maximum arrest forces from the harnesses/lanyards were all within the limits of ANSI Z359.1. The dynamic loading in the lower neck during the fall impact reached a level that is typically observed in automobile crash tests, indicating a potential injury risk for vulnerable participants.

Conclusion: Fall-arrest systems may function as an effective mechanism for fall injury protection for operators of scissor lifts. However, operators may be subjected to significant biomechanical loadings on the lower neck during fall impact.

Application: Results suggest that scissor lifts retain stability under test conditions approximating human falls from predefined distances but injury could occur to vulnerable body structures.
The effects of tax and expenditure limitation (TEL) stringency on the level of state expenditure and revenue
Authors: Bae Suho , Jung Changhoon
Published: December 2011

This article employs a state and local tax and expenditure limitation (TEL) stringency (restrictiveness) index to examine the effects of TEL stringency on the levels of total expenditure, direct general expenditure, total own source revenue, and general own source revenue by analyzing a panel dataset of the 48 contiguous US states for 1977–2006. The findings indicate that a more stringent state TEL results in a reduction in total state spending. However, it does not reduce direct general spending. The findings also show that a more stringent state TEL does not lead to a reduction of state revenue collection. The findings suggest that the level of stringency of a state TEL has little or no effect on the level of either state expenditure or revenue, confirming results from previous literature that state TELs are largely ineffective in controlling state budgets.

Points for practitioners

The findings of this study provide important policy implications for professionals working in public management and administration. Politicians and state government officials need to reconsider enacting state TELs to use as a tool for the reduction of the size of state government because the findings in this study clearly indicate that a more stringent state TEL does not result in a reduction of state expenditure or revenue. This study and others suggest that state TELs are largely ineffective in controlling expenditure and revenue levels. However, local TELs are quite effective, and thus, policy coordination must follow in designing appropriate state and local TELs.