bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die antizipierte Varianz: ein Werkzeug für die Optimierung von Waldinventuren | The anticipated variance: a tool for the optimization of forest inventory
Authors: Mandallaz Daniel
Published: May 2007

This paper gives a non-mathematical review of the concept of anticipated variance which allows to solve entirely the optimisation problem for two-phase two-stage forest inventories with cluster or simple random sampling, in the sense that the anticipated variance is minimised for given costs. The anticipated variance is the average of the design-based variance under a local Poisson-model for the spatial distribution of the trees. The resulting sampling rules have a clear intuitive background and require only simple algebra to be implemented. The required parameters can be estimated from any pre-existing two-phase inventory. An example based on the Swiss National Inventory illustrates the method.
Die weltweite Bedeutung von permanenten Stichproben im Wandel der Informationsbedürfnisse: das Beispiel der Kohlenstoffinventuren | The global meaning of permanent sampling in keeping with the need for information: the example of carbon stock inventories
Authors: Köhl Michael
Published: May 2007

Permanent sampling designs utilize permanent plots and observations on successive occasions and proven to be an ideal tool for providing information on the sustainability of timber production. Are permanent sampling designs an adequate instrument to satisfy information needs concerning the sustainability of the multiple functions of forests? The example of carbon stock inventories is selected to demonstrate that permanent sampling designs are flexible instruments for inventorying and monitoring forests. The theoretical concepts of permanent samples can easily be adapted to new attributes and allow for providing a wide scope of information on wood and non-wood goods and services of forests.
Quo vadis multifonctionnalité? ou Réaction au rapport Galileo: notre politique forestière est-elle en train de perdre les pédales? | What's happening to multi-functional forest use? A reaction to the Galileo Report: is our forest policy on the verge of losing its common sense?
Authors: Schütz Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2007

We express concerns about the current trend of abandoning the policy of multi-functional forest use. The proposals of the Galileo Report for function segregation rely too much on the perceived advantages of economies of scale and mechanisation. Other methods of rationalisation are based on silvicultural skills and so-called biological rationalisation. These extensive, situative tending methods bring about a huge cost reduction comparable to those realised by mechanical rationalisation. They are also much more compatible with the delicate balancing act required by multi-functional forest use, which is demanded by society today. It is therefore important to further develop existing forest management methods, and to view them not only as a means of harmonising differing interests at a regional planning level, but also as a means of practical implementation at an operational level. The fates of forestry and the timber industry are closely linked. The main goal is no longer the mass production of timber products, but rather how to use technological innovations to develop new, high-value products.
Interactions bétail-végétation dans les systèmes sylvo-pastoraux en France | Livestock-vegetation interactions in silvopastoral systems in France
Authors: Etienne Michel , Balandier Philippe
Published: May 2007

The silvopastoral systems of France present a large variability of cattle-vegetation interactions on both temporal and spatial levels. These interactions depend not only on the way the structure of the wooded pastures has developed and on the type of grazing animal, but also on the breeding system and the forage supply in the undergrowth. This clearly demonstrates that silvopastoral management remains a complex operation that embraces various levels of organisation and management issues on different temporal scales. In order to take advantage of the interactions between vegetation and cattle a new kind of silviculture has to be put into practice, adapted to pastoral management while safeguarding the multifunctionality of the forest.
Hat die Waldweide eine Zukunft? Ein interdisziplinäres Projekt in den Alpen | Is there a future for forest grazing? An interdisciplinary project in the Alps
Authors: Mayer Andrea Corinna , Stöckli, Veronika , Konold Werner , Kreuzer Michael
Published: May 2007

Fifteen percent of the mountain forests in Switzerland are grazed by domestic animals. The forest laws of some alpine cantons prescribe a new regulation of controversial grazing rights. To evaluate the cost and benefit of forest grazing the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF)at Davos started an interdisciplinary project in May 2000 on the behaviour of cattle and the dynamics of forests on subalpine wood pastures.

A first step describes the management of subalpine wood pastures. In order to determine herbage supply and the selection of specific plant species, vegetation maps were drawn up before and after grazing. Using a double indicator technique,which involved the daily collection of faeces and herbage spot samples, herbage intake and digestibility were analysed. Intake of tree parts was quantified by measuring the shoot lengths of young spruces, larches and rowans immediately before and after grazing. Collars equipped with GPS were used to study the cattle's spatial use of (sub-)alpine pastures. Long term effects on forest structure and wood quality were investigated using dendroecological techniques. Based on the results of these studies, it will be possible to ascertain basic conditions for a sustainable management of Alpine silvopastoral systems. Concluding, an outlook will be given on the possible future of forest grazing in the Swiss Alps and in other regions of Europe.
Forstliche Planung und ökologische Stabilität – ein Forschungsprojekt | Forestry planning and ecological stability:a research project
Authors: Horat Sandra
Published: May 2007

Starting with a brief definition of the notion of ecological stability,the article goes on to describe how this issue is taken into account in forest development plans. We show that a surprising number of animal and plant species are affected by the planning. Depending on the ecological situation and the or ganisms under consideration, different stability characteristics are important. As not all ecological situations can reasonably be considered in forest development planning, we give various suggestions for improvement as to how the concept of ecological stability can better be taken into consideration in future regional forestry plans.
Zusammenbruch oder Umbruch im Dürsrütiwald? | Collapse or radical change in the Dürsrüti Forest?
Authors: Bachmann Peter , Zingg Andreas
Published: May 2007

Dürsrüti is an example for an extreme variation of a selection forest that is characterised by its very high standing volume over a long period of time. Dürsrüti is also a part of Swiss forestry history: timber marking of the famous thick silver firs,of which only one remains, was reserved for high officials from the federal administration and from research institutions. Dürsrüti has been a research area of the growth and yield research since 1914. The development of the stem numbers,standing volume, increment, utilisation, diameter distribution,diameter class proportions and other parameters relevant to growth and yield are shown, interpreted and compared with the research area Hasliwald in Oppligen. The tree giants in the Dürsrüti forest are also examined. The features of this forest as a selection forest are compared with models according to MEYER (1933) and SCHÜTZ (1975, 1999). Dürsrüti forest has undergone a dramatic change in the last decades, which is expressed in the sharp decrease of the standing volume. Nonetheless, it can be concluded from the available long-term data that the forest in Dürsrüti unreservedly fulfils its function.
Störereignisse und forstliche Planung | Natural catastrophes and forest planning
Authors: Gautschi Michael
Published: May 2007

The article presents the theoretical elements of the results of the project Lothar, an undertaking of the Chair of Forest Inventory and Planning of the ETH Zurich. In a first step, interviews were carried out with ten foresters, on the basis of which certain weak points were identified in the management to overcome the effects of hurricane Lothar and handling requirements ascertained for any such future catastrophe. One basic handicap proved to be that potential disturbances in the management process were not adequately taken into account,nor systematically. This can be partially explained by the use of inappropriate planning instruments. As a consequence we developed a theoretical management process model that can be applied as the basis of a systematic handling of the results of catastrophes. The basic idea is that at an early stage, using this model, the forester can recognise certain trends or developments in his surroundings that could have negative consequences for the production process later on. He can thus steer the production process in a way that is fully adapted to the situation,i.e. which takes into account the ongoing information exchange within the production process, using mid-term and long-term management plans. The central element of the model is a system of verifiable risk level values. In order to realise the concept of steering, management planning must differentiate between levels of strategic and operational planning.
Umgang mit dem Wald im Ballungsraum – einige Gedankensplitter | Dealing with the Forest in Peri-Urban Areas – a few thoughts
Authors: Broggi Mario F.
Published: May 2007

This essay is an appeal to apply «Urban Forestry» not just to city trees, parks and the immediate surrounding city forest and to focus not only on the recreational use of the forest. The forest in peri-urban areas is an integral part of the landscape. Four themes are addressed in this essay. Today's rather inappropriate distribution of forest should increasingly be considered in the light of regional planning elements, from the point of view of aesthetic enhancement and as a connecting element for biotope systems. The paramount point of view of regional planning will be discussed in connection with the most important questions. These are: How can we ensure that settled areas once again become part of the cultural landscape in a way that does justice to the term and offers more quality of life? In addition, we will explore the question of whether«agroforestry» can be revived, perhaps in the form of open commons with gentle transitions from open green country to forest. The way the forest is becoming increasingly full of equipment highlights the significance of the notion of «forest park» and makes the use of timber appear like the «murdering» of trees. We suggest helping the inhabitants of agglomerations to view using wood, which is a natural resource from local forests, as a direct contribution to ensuring that land use is sustainable and adapted to local conditions.
Man-made green monuments of Central Asia: Some examples of Uzbekistan
Authors: Khanazarov Abdushukur Abduchalilovitch , Chernova Galina Mihailovna , Venglovskiy Bronislav Ivanovitch , Ashimov Kamil Satarovitch , Kenjabaev Soviet Kenjabajvitch
Published: May 2007

This essay traces the history of a number of major afforestation programmes that were carried out from the late 19th and early 20th century. At the time trees were planted on the steep slopes for landslide protection. In the meantime, the resulting forests are perceived as natural monuments and as such worthy of conservation. The achievement of the foresters who planned and carried out the afforestation process deserve our full approbation today.
Origines et impacts des politiques de gestion des ressources naturelles à Madagascar | Origins and impact of policies on the management of natural resources on Madagascar
Authors: Ramamonjisoa Bruno Salomon
Published: May 2007

An investigation of the impact of policies of the natural resources on Madagascar uncovered a number of deficiencies. A widely recommended participative approach is reaching its limits. The impartiality of the actors involved is at stake. Illicit product networks play an important role in the redistribution of commercial income. Strategies that weaken the role of the state should be reversed.
L'importance des outils de planification forestière dans les opérations de relations publiques en Suisse | The importance of forestry planning tools in public relations operation in Switzerland
Authors: Shakya Christina Giesch
Published: May 2007

The current study examines the importance of planning and management documents (notably the forest management plan and the regional forest plan) for public relations purposes. 17 people (15 forest engineers and 2 forest guards) were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire.

The results of our survey show that some of the information used for public relations is taken from the planning documents. The forest management plan is primarily considered to be an internal document, but it also provides information on the objectives of forest enterprises, justifications of the planned measures, numbers and maps. The regional forest plan contributes to the public relations in three ways: its content provides information about objectives, description of forest functions, projects and measures. In addition, the participation of the public in the process of elaborating this plan is an ideal opportunity to heighten awareness in society and further public understanding of the forest and forestry services. Finally, as the regional forest management plan is in the public domain, it functions as a type of «show case» of the forest service.
Welche Zukunft für den Bergwald und die Berglandwirtschaft in der Schweiz?: Fallstudien Gündlischwand und Grindelwald im Berner Oberland | What future for mountain forests and mountain forest management in Switzerland? Case studies in Gündlischwand and Grindelwald in the Bernese Oberland
Authors: Ruef Annemarie , Stettler Michael
Published: May 2007

In the popular tourist region of Lütschinental there is much debate on the areas of shrubland, which in former times had been put to agricultural use, and the overaging of the forests. Managers' underuse of forest and land has a number of reasons:new challenges at political levels, the economic situation in the agrarian and wood markets, as well as the situation with regard to property laws. The actors involved, however, do not stand hopelessly in the face of shrubland and overaging forests. Concepts offering solutions exist and can be implemented within the given room for manoeuvring. The certification of forests or regional landscape developments, for example,offer promising approaches. On the other hand, the preservation of traditional structures, such as the mountain teams for the management of forest and land, is of central importance. The future of the Lütschinental will therefore need to include both old and new strategies.
BLN – wie weiter?: Vorschläge für eine Überarbeitung der Perimeter von BLN-Gebieten | Proposals for a revision of BLN perimeters
Authors: Dähler Christa , Tanner Karl Martin
Published: May 2007

An evaluation from the Federal Parliamentary Controlling Office shows that only a low level of protection would be achieved with the implementation of the BLN (a federal inventory of landscape and natural sites of national importance). However, the measures proposed by the Federal Council are insufficient when it comes to improving the situation with regard to weaknesses in implementation and contents. An investigation carried out by the Chair for Nature and Landscape Protection at ETH Zurich makes clear that further efforts are required. The BLN needs to be elevated to a federal business plan and the perimeters of each object revised and adapted to meet current circumstances.
Einfluss des Plattenaufbaus und des Pressdrucks auf die Eigenschaften dreischichtiger Massivholzplatten | Influence of layering arrangement and compression level on the characteristics of three-layered solid wood panels
Authors: Steiger Benjamin , Niemz Peter , Hurst Andreas
Published: May 2007

The level of compression and the arrangement of layers were varied on layered solid wood panels, produced in the laboratory using technical methods and glued with polyurethane(PUR). Measurements were subsequently carried out on the Emodule,bending strength, diffusion resistance level, changes in length caused by changes ambient climate, as well as the warping in a fluctuating climate. Following results were recorded. The level of compression with the PUR glue used in the experiment had no influence on the tensile strength or the E-module. When the proportion of middle layer wood is increased in the panel, the tensile strength of the covering layer falls when stressed parallel to the direction of the fibre. It rises when the covering layer lies at a right angle to the direction of the fibre. The quality of the panel can be influenced by varying the quality of the wood used in the covering and middle layers, e.g. by sorting. Slitting the middle layer leads to a clear reduction of shearing strength (rolling shear) when the panel is stressed, and the covering layer is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sample. On the other hand, with the longitudinal axis lies at right angles to the covering layer (stressing of the middle layer parallel to the fibre), the influence of slitting is slight because the weakening of the cross-section is considerably less. Warping in a fluctuating climate can be clearly improved with rift cut in the covering layer. Diffusion resistance only continues to increase between pressures of 1 to 2 bars,and subsequently remains constant. Differential longitudinal swelling is influenced by the arrangement in construction.
Eigenschaften und Einsatz von Nadelstarkholz | Characteristics and use of large diameter fir and spruce wood
Authors: Becker Gero , Bender Gerald , Leenen Michael , Sauter Udo Hans
Published: May 2007

The forestry goal of producing large diameter wood seems contradictory to the sawmill industries goal of small to medium diameter wood. Amongst other things, the insufficient knowledge of wood properties of large diameter wood has led to examinations to finding a better way to evaluate wood quality. Based on outer characteristics the quality of fir and spruce round wood has been described and interpretated. At lower parts of the stems a wide variation of inner quality was remarked during the processing of large diameter softwood. Most of the wood is of medium quality; the lowest part of the stems, especially for spruce, was often found to have been damaged by rot caused by logging. Fir and spruce timber have a similar result in quality grading. In conclusion, it must be said that a successful judgement of timber quality based on outer characteristics of the stems is only partially possible.
Innovative Lösungen zum Einschnitt von Starkholz | Innovative solutions for cutting large timber
Authors: Möhringer Stefan
Published: May 2007

Modern sawing techniques focus mainly on small and medium diameter round wood due to the easier and higher-performing sawing ability. This evolution was mainly driven by chippercanter sawing technology, which allowed increasing sawing feed speeds. Nowadays, increasing competition between sawmills concerning the raw material turns the focus once again towards large diameter round wood. This contribution intends to give a survey of state-of-the-art sawing technologies, pointing out their specific advantages and inconveniences. In conclusion, the article shows that available sawing technologies can process large diameter round wood in a cost efficient way.
Bereitstellung und Rundholzaushaltung von Nadelstarkholz für die zukunftsorientierte Sägeindustrie | Availability of large diameter round wood for a future-oriented sawing industry
Authors: Sauter Udo Hans , Leenen Michael , Pfeil Christian , Hehn Maria
Published: May 2007

Stocks of large dimension wood continue to increase, especially of medium quality classes B and C. Apart from newly built major sawmills, small and medium sized sawmills are also beginning to specialise in the processing of large diameter softwood of 3 – 6 m in length. In its turn, this is leading to changes in wood-logging techniques and quality grading. Different methods of harvesting are presented, as well as a detailed discussion of wood-grading methods.
Holzeigenschaften von Nadelstarkholz und sein technologisches Potenzial | Characteristics of large dimension timber and its technological potential
Authors: Teischinger Alfred , Müller Ulrich
Published: May 2007

Based on silvicultural requirements and technological developments in the process chain, an increasing stock of large diameter timber is available. Various studies in several European countries on large diameter timber analyse the current situation and possible marketing strategies. The great variability of the wood properties of large diameter timber is a big challenge to the optimization of the process chain. Results show that a majority of important properties such as stiffness, density, fibre properties etc. improve in quality from the core to the bark. The potential for new and optimized products may be derived from these findings.
Peer discussion affects children's memory reports
Authors: Candel Ingrid , Memon Amina , Al‐Harazi Fatma
Published: May 2007

This study explored the memory conformity effect in children. Younger (6–7 years; n = 60) and older (11–12 years; n = 62) children watched a video individually (individual witness condition) or in dyads (co‐witness condition). The dyads believed that they were viewing the same video as the other member of the pair while in fact the saw different versions. Next, children in the individual witness condition answered questions, whereas children in the co‐witness condition discussed the event on the video with each other. Finally, all children completed an individual free and cued recall task. In the co‐witness condition, more than 60% of the children recalled at least one detail from the alternative video, whereas over 23% of the children in the individual witness condition reported such a detail. Moreover, in free recall—but not in cued recall—the memory conformity effect was stronger for older than for younger children. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children remember early childhood: long‐term recall across the offset of childhood amnesia
Authors: Cleveland Emily Sutcliffe , Reese Elaine
Published: May 2007

Young children's verbal recall for personally experienced events was examined over extended time periods across the traditional boundary of childhood amnesia. Forty children, aged 5½, discussed with an experimenter personal experiences that had taken place when they were as young as 1½. At 5½ children had not yet forgotten at least some events from before age 3½, the average offset of childhood amnesia. There was a qualitative shift in children's recall for events that occurred before age 2; for events that happened before age 2, only around half of children's recall was accurate. For events that occurred after this age, over 75% of children's recall was accurate. Complete forgetting of very early childhood has not yet occurred by age 5½. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photographs can distort memory for the news
Authors: Garry Maryanne , Strange Deryn , Bernstein Daniel M. , Kinzett Toni
Published: May 2007

In this experiment, we ask whether photographs can lead to false memories for elements of a newspaper story. Participants played the role of a newspaper editor, identifying minor typographical errors in three newspaper articles and marking the text where they thought an accompanying photo should be placed when the story was printed. The critical article described a hurricane's effects on a coastal region; the story made no mention of personal injury or death. We varied the accompanying critical photo: participants saw either a photo of a village before the hurricane hit or after. In a later memory test, both ‘Before’ and ‘After’ participants were equally good at correctly recognising old statements and rejecting weak lures. However, the ‘After’ participants claimed to have read information describing death and injury 32% of the time. By comparison, ‘Before’ participants claimed to have read these statements only 9% of the time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restrictions in working memory capacity during parachuting: a possible cause of ‘no pull’ fatalities
Authors: Leach John , Griffith Rebecca
Published: May 2007

Working memory capacity of novice and experienced parachutists was compared under three conditions: prior to exiting the aircraft, on landing and during a control, non‐jumping day. Analysis of the operation span task revealed significant impairments in both storage and processing capacities of working memory prior to jumping. Storage capacity continued to be impaired in novice parachutists on landing whilst experienced parachutists showed full recovery. Neither group showed impairment in processing capacity on landing. Significant increases in heart rate were found for both groups in the jump and landing conditions compared to baseline but no differences existed between novices and experienced parachutists. Initial analyses support processing efficiency theory and suggest that cognitive processing may be slowing down during a jump. However, post hoc analysis of incorrect responses suggest that executive function may actually become disrupted. The results are reviewed in the context of ‘no pull’ parachuting fatalities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories and imagined events in sub‐clinical obsessive‐compulsive checkers
Authors: Zermatten Ariane , van der Linden Martial , D'Argembeau Arnaud , Ceschi Grazia
Published: May 2007

Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories and imagined experiences were examined in checking‐ and non‐checking‐prone individuals. Participants were asked to retrieve a positive, a negative and a neutral memory, and to imagine a positive, a negative and a neutral experience. They were then requested to evaluate each event according to characteristics such as sensory and contextual details. The main results revealed that non‐checking‐prone participants reported more general vividness than checking‐prone individuals for real events. In addition, non‐checking‐prone individuals reported more visual details and vividness for real than imagined experiences, while no difference between real and imagined events was found for checking‐prone participants. These results suggest that checking‐prone participants report poor memories of real events, which could in turn explain their difficulties distinguishing between real and imagined events. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of lineup foils in operational contexts
Authors: Darling Stephen , Valentine Tim , Memon Amina
Published: May 2007

It has been argued (Luus & Wells, 1991) that matching lineup foils to the description of the culprit, rather than the appearance of the suspect, brings benefits to witness performance on identification tasks, in particular by increasing the rate of correct identifications of the culprit. Recently, live identification procedures in the United Kingdom have been replaced by use of video. The reported research investigated whether use of description matching would improve lineup performance when implemented using this new video based system in an ecologically valid experiment. The effect of using moving rather than still video clips was also investigated. Participants witnessed a live staged incident, and attempted to identify the culprit later from police video lineups. Neither use of a description‐matching strategy to select foils nor use of moving images produced a reliable improvement in performance for culprit present (CP) or culprit absent (CA) lineups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference generation in young, young–old and old–old adults: evidence for semantic architecture stability
Authors: McGinnis Debra , Goss R. Justin , Tessmer Courtney , Zelinski Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2007

Participants (31 young, 27 young–old, and 28 old–old) read 12 narratives, pausing periodically to think aloud. The resulting protocols were analysed for 17 types of inferences and for non‐content (off‐target) information. Factor analysis yielded three inference factors: character, causal and physical. Age difference across these factors were not significant, suggesting that inferential processing architecture may be stable. Each narrative also included an unfamiliar word. Immediately following each narrative, four definition choices and a definition rating scale were presented. The definition scores of old–old adults were lower than young and young–old. In addition, definition scores were negatively related to non‐content comment counts. Taken together, these findings suggest that off‐target working‐memory intrusions may interfere with interpretation specificity in older adults even though semantic architecture remains stable. This study extends the aging and inference literature by addressing age‐related changes across categories of inferential processing and by including a sample of old–old adults. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Do realistic reverberation levels reduce auditory distraction?
Authors: Perham Nick , Banbury Simon , Jones Dylan M.
Published: May 2007

The above article (DOI: 10.1002/acp.1300) was published online in Early View on 29 September 2006.

The initial online publication of this article omitted the second author's name.

The correct author names and affiliations are reproduced below:

NICK PERHAM1*, SIMON BANBURY1 and DYLAN M. JONES1,2

1School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

2Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Sensor fault detection and isolation for nonlinear systems based on a sliding mode observer
Authors: Yan Xing‐Gang , Edwards Christopher
Published: May 2007

In this paper, a sensor fault detection and isolation scheme for nonlinear systems is considered. A nonlinear diffeomorphism is introduced to explore the system structure and a simple filter is presented to ‘transform’ the sensor fault into a pseudo‐actuator fault scenario. A sliding mode observer is designed to reconstruct the sensor fault precisely if the system does not experience any uncertainty, and to estimate the sensor fault when uncertainty exists. The reconstruction and estimation signals are based only on available information and thus can be implemented online. Finally, a mass–spring system is used to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Device Physics of Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Blom P. W. M. , Mihailetchi V. D. , Koster L. J. A. , Markov D. E.
Published: May 2007

Plastic solar cells bear the potential for large‐scale power generation based on materials that provide the possibility of flexible, lightweight, inexpensive, efficient solar cells. Since the discovery of the photoinduced electron transfer from a conjugated polymer to fullerene molecules, followed by the introduction of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, this material combination has been extensively studied in organic solar cells, leading to several breakthroughs in efficiency, with a power conversion efficiency approaching 5 %. This article reviews the processes and limitations that govern device operation of polymer:fullerene BHJ solar cells, with respect to the charge‐carrier transport and photogeneration mechanism. The transport of electrons/holes in the blend is a crucial parameter and must be controlled (e.g., by controlling the nanoscale morphology) and enhanced in order to allow fabrication of thicker films to maximize the absorption, without significant recombination losses. Concomitantly, a balanced transport of electrons and holes in the blend is needed to suppress the build‐up of the space–charge that will significantly reduce the power conversion efficiency. Dissociation of electron–hole pairs at the donor/acceptor interface is an important process that limits the charge generation efficiency under normal operation condition. Based on these findings, there is a compromise between charge generation (light absorption) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) when attempting to reduce the bandgap of the polymer (or fullerene). Therefore, an increase in VOC of polymer:fullerene cells, for example by raising the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of the fullerene, will benefit cell performance as both fill factor and short‐circuit current increase simultaneously.
The Bjerknes effect: Explaining pulsed‐flow behavior in bubble columns
Authors: Waghmare Y. G. , Knopf F. Carl , Rice Richard G.
Published: May 2007

New experimental data for a range of gas velocities from 0.1 to 1.5 cm/s are explained by an elementary theory that combines the effect of bubble retardation owing to Bjerknes forces with the breakage relationship of Hinze in a pulsed‐bubble column. A frequency range from 10 to 30 Hz, and two amplitudes of fluid oscillation were used in the 8.9 cm column: 1.66 and 2.46 mm. Experimental values of volumetric mass‐transfer coefficient for oxygen dissolution followed predictions of theory using a modified penetration model. A new phenomenon was observed and was predictable from theory, namely “flooding”, which arises when bubbles are partially or fully retarded by Bjerknes forces at the point of injection. Under flooding conditions, transport enhancement levels off as frequency or amplitude is increased. Bubble‐size distribution was measured as a function of frequency, and the calculated Sauter‐mean diameter was satisfactorily fitted by the Hinze breakage formula. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Assessing parental attitudes toward genetic testing for childhood hearing loss: Before and after genetic consultation
Authors: Li Yuelin , Steinberg Annie G. , Bain Lisa , Yaeger Dinah , Bieler Ari , Ewing Rachel , Kaimal Girija , Krantz Ian
Published: May 2007

We report on the development of a Genetic Attitude Assessment Tool (GAAT) to measure parental attitudes in contemplating genetic testing for childhood hearing loss, and to examine the differences in assessments made before and after genetic counseling. The GAAT tool was administered to a convenient sample of 119 parents of children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The respondents completed the survey either before (n = 77) or after (n = 42) genetic counseling. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied to identify and quantify the underlying psychosocial structure. Our results showed the validated 54‐item GAAT instrument contains six subscales: (1) “test intention,” (2) “beliefs in non‐genetic causes of hearing loss,” (3) “deferral of decision to undergo genetic testing,” (4) “appropriate use of genetic testing results,” (5) “beliefs in the benefits,” and (6) “concerns about stigma.” The respondents who answered the survey after genetic counseling had higher “test intention” (P = 0.017) and endorsed to a greater extent “beliefs in the benefits” (P < 0.001). They believed to a lesser extent that childhood hearing loss was due to “non‐genetic causes” (P < 0.001) and were less inclined to prefer “decision deferral” (P = 0.031). Respondents who themselves had a hearing loss expressed a significantly weaker belief in “non‐genetic causes” of hearing loss (P < 0.0001). In conclusion the validated GAAT instrument is responsive to changes in parental attitudes after genetic counseling. The GAAT may be used to monitor parental attitudes serially, to further understand how parental attitudes change from pre genetic counseling, post genetic counseling, to post test result disclosure. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat distribution and metabolic variables in patients with neonatal progeroid syndrome
Authors: O'Neill Brendan , Simha Vinaya , Kotha Vani , Garg Abhimanyu
Published: May 2007

Neonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS), also known as Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch Syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by accelerated aging and lipodystrophy from birth. Affected children have extreme intrauterine growth retardation, poor postnatal weight gain, and characteristic facial dysmorphic features such as a triangular shape, pinched nose, pseudohydrocephalus with wide fontanelles and prominent subcutaneous (sc) veins. Generalized loss of sc fat has been reported as a cardinal feature; however, the pattern of fat loss and its association with insulin resistance and its metabolic complications have not been systematically studied. The aim of the current study was to examine body fat distribution and body composition in two girls with NPS using anthropometric measures, whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and to assess metabolic complications such as hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia. Both the girls (aged 17 years and 10 years, respectively) had generalized paucity of sc fat on physical examination. However, measurements of skin‐fold thickness revealed that sc fat was decreased over the extremities, but preserved over the chest and abdomen. MRI studies confirmed the presence of normal amounts of sc truncal fat, and marked loss of fat from the face and distal extremities. Striking fat loss was also noted in the paravertebral and lateral gluteal regions. Interestingly, body composition analysis with DEXA scan revealed a marked reduction in both the fat and lean tissue mass. Fasting glucose, lipids and insulin levels were not elevated. We conclude that patients with NPS do not have generalized lipodystrophy as previously reported, but fat loss is confined to the face, distal extremities, and possibly the paravertebral and lateral gluteal regions. Metabolic abnormalities related to insulin resistance are also uncommon in this condition. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decomposing the autism phenotype into familial dimensions
Authors: Szatmari Peter , Mérette Chantal , Emond Claudia , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Jones Marshall B. , Maziade Michel , Roy Marc‐Andre , Palmour Roberta
Published: May 2007

The objective of this article is to decompose the level of functioning phenotype in autism to see if it can be conceptualized as two simpler, but still familial, dimensional phenotypes of language and non‐verbal IQ. We assembled 80 sibpairs with either autism, Asperger syndrome or atypical autism. To see whether the familial correlation on language scores was accounted for by the familial correlation on non‐verbal IQ, residual language scores were calculated for each member of the sibpair based on a multiple regression equation using their IQ score as an explanatory or independent variable and controlling for the age and gender of the affected individual. These residual scores were then used to calculate intraclass correlations between affected sibs. This process was repeated using IQ as the dependent variable and language as a covariate. Within affected individuals there was a strong relation between non‐verbal IQ (as measured by the Leiter performance scale) and language (as measured by the Vineland Communication Scale). In addition, there was familial correlation between sibs on both measures. Evidence of familial aggregation on both non‐verbal IQ and language remained even after partialling out the effect of the covariates by regression analysis and by generalized estimating equation. These findings suggest that non‐verbal IQ and language in PDD may arise from independent genetic mechanisms. The implications of this finding for linkage analysis and for identifying genetically informative phenotypes are discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle of female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Barger Laura K. , Hoban‐Higgins Tana M. , Fuller Charles A.
Published: May 2007

Reproductive cyclicity has a significant influence on the regulation of circadian rhythms in rodents. Studies have suggested that there are changes in body temperature rhythms between the follicular and luteal phases in human females. This study examined the effects of menstrual cyclicity on physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), an acknowledged biomedical model. Seven unrestrained subjects were implanted with a biotelemetry transmitter to measure body temperature and heart rate and an accelerometer was used to measure physical activity. Water was available ad libitum and drinking was measured via an electronic circuit attached to a water lixit. A video‐based task system, the Psychomotor Test System, provided environmental enrichment and delivered a pelletized diet. Mean, phase, and amplitude of each rhythm were calculated. Estrogen and progesterone conjugates were assayed and quantified from daily urine samples to identify follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Average circadian variables were then compared between these phases. Heart rate was significantly (P≤0.05) delayed in the luteal phase. Albeit non‐significant, analysis showed a trend toward decreased circadian amplitude of body temperature in the luteal phase. Am. J. Primatol. 70:19–25, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple carbon isotope model for reconstructing prehistoric human diet
Authors: Kellner Corina M. , Schoeninger Margaret J.
Published: May 2007

A compilation of experimental animal data shows that neither δ13Ccollagen nor δ13Capatite nor Δ13CCO‐AP indicate diagnostic reconstructions of diet, diet energy and diet protein. In contrast, plots of δ13Ccollagen against δ13Capatite provide a model of three regression lines (C3, C4, and marine diet protein) where position on each line indicates the energy source (C3, C4, or mixed). Neither body size nor trophic position appears to affect these relationships. Modern free‐ranging, terrestrial fauna do not fit the model perhaps because they, unlike the experimental fauna, mainly use fermentation rather than digestion during energy metabolism. Archaeological humans fall as expected based on associated floral and faunal evidence. Foraging people plot at positions expected from associated C3 fauna and plants. Those from Cahokia plot, as expected, from associated deer, nuts, and maize whereas people from nearby smaller sites plot in positions consistent with eating more fish. Agriculturists from Ontario and Grasshopper Pueblo plot consistent with dependence on fish by the former and on turkeys by the latter. In Tierra del Fuego, people from interior regions ate more terrestrial fauna, as suggested by ethnohistoric reports, than did people from the coast. In the Southwestern Cape in South Africa individuals late in the sequence have pure C3 diets whereas ones early in the sequence ate marine protein as suggested by independent archaeological evidence. People on San Nicolas Island depended on C4 plants in contrast to other islands off California's coast. This simple model provides more detailed and precise dietary information than do individual isotopic measures. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperfine Structure of the Configuration lll
Authors: Siefart E.
Published: May 2007

The matrix elements for the hyperfine structure of the configuration lll in SL‐Kopplung are expressed as linear combinations of the electron coupling constants αli(10), αli(01), αli(12).
Intracavity Absorption Spectroscopy with Short Pumping Pulses and Restricted Mode Competition
Authors: Brunner W. , Paul H.
Published: May 2007

In the numerical investigations of pulsed intracavity absorption spectroscopy performed hitherto, mechanisms ensuring mode coexistence have been disregarded. In the present paper the effect of a restriction of mode competition due to such mechanisms (e.g. an inhomogeneous contribution of the laser line width or the spatial hole burning of standing waves) on the detection sensitivity is studied by numerical analysis for short pumping pulses, starting from equations derived and solved, for steady‐state conditions, already in [7]. These equations contain a parameter v which is characteristic for the relative strength of the mechanisms responsible for mode coexistence. Our main result is that the detection sensitivity as a function of pulse duration for v ≠ 0 tends to an asymptotic value which decreases for increasing v and is approached at pulses whose length is the shorter the larger the value of v.
Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution of the Non‐stationary Boltzmann‐Equation for the Electrons in a Collision Dominated Plasma by Means of Operator Semigroups
Authors: Bartolomäus G. , Wilhelm J.
Published: May 2007

Based on the semigroup approach a new proof is presented of the existence of a unique solution of the non‐stationary Boltzmann‐equation for the electron component of a collision dominated plasma. All interactions can be included which yield bounded collision operators. The electric and magnetic fields were permitted to be inhomogeneous in space, and the investigations were performed for a bounded plasma. It has been shown that the Boltzmann‐operator is the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous operator‐semigroup which uniquely determines the nonnegative solution from a given initial function taking into account the given boundary conditions.
Nachweis von Phasentrennung in Lipid/D2O‐Dispersionen mittels der 2D‐NMR
Authors: Gawrisch K. , Möps A.
Published: May 2007

Es wurden 2D‐NMR Spektren für schweres Wasser, das mit unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeit zwischen verschiedenen Lipidoberflächen austauscht, berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit der 2D‐NMR Lipid‐Domänen und Cluster mit einem Durchmesser von etwa d ≥ 60 nm nachgewiesen werden können. Das Verfahren ist für die Untersuchung von Modellmembranen geeignet.
Desorptions‐ und Reaktionskinetik der Erdalkalien Calcium und Strontium mit Chlor an Wolfram. Teil I: Chemisches Gleichgewicht der Oberflächenreaktion M + Cl = MCl im stationären Zustand (M = Ca, Sr)
Authors: Biedermann B. , Wassmuth H. ‐W.
Published: May 2007

Mit Hilfe der positiven und der negativen Oberflächenionisation wurde die Reaktion M + Cl = MCl (M = Ca, Sr) auf einer heißen Wolframoberfläche im stationären Zustand untersucht. Durch Vergleich der Meßergebnisse bei Aufdampfen von M und Cl2 bzw. von MCl2 konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die Reaktion bei Adsorbertemperaturen T zwischen 1600 K und 2000 K im chemischen Gleichgewicht abläft; bei höheren Temperaturen kann dieses Gleichgewicht durch die Desorption der Reaktionspartner erheblich gestört werden. Im chemischen Gleichgewicht liefern die Messungen die Dissoziationsenergie von MCl‐Molekülen im Gasraum (D = (3,9 ± 0,15) eV, D = (4,2 ± 0,15) eV), bei starker Störung des Gleichgewichts die Differenz zwischen der Aktivierungsenergie der Desorption und der Aktivierungsenergie der Dissoziation von MCl Molekülen an der Oberfläche (Ẽ ‐ D̃ = (1,6 ± 0,2) eV, Ẽ − D̃ = (1,4 ± 0,2) eV).
To the Multivalued Anisotropy of Hot Carrier Conductivity
Authors: Asche M.
Published: May 2007

The main features of the recently discovered multivalued anisotropy of conductivity in strong electric fields are outlined. Results for transverse fields caused by this property of hot electrons in manyvalley semiconductors are described.
Zum Zusammenwirken von Natur‐ und Technikwissenschaften
Authors: Budig P.‐K.
Published: May 2007

Werkstoffe, neue Theorien und Methoden stimulieren den Fortschritt in der Technik. Dabei spielen Ergebnisse der Naturwissenschaften eine wesentliche Rolle. Robert Rompe hat auf diese Aufgaben stets fordernden Einfluß genommen. Wichtige Tendenzen und Lösungen werden an Beispielen der Elektrotechnik dargestellt.