bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Grid Lens Modeling of the Cosmic Horseshoe Using Hubble Space Telescope Imaging
Authors: Cheng Jun , Wiesner Matthew P. , Peng En-Hsin , Cui Wei , Peterson John R. , Li Guoliang
Published: February 2019

The Cosmic Horseshoe gravitational lensing system is an extraordinary example of strong gravitational lensing both due to the nearly complete Einstein ring formed in this system and due to the star-forming nature of the lensed z = 2.38 Lyman-break galaxy. In this paper, we describe the development of a new lens modeling package and the lens models produced using the Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Our new lens modeling package uses adaptive grid methods, based especially on the algorithm described by Vegetti & Koopmans. The new lens modeling package introduces the K-means method to deal with multiple background sources. We utilize two parameterized models, the singular isothermal ellipsoid and the Navarro–Frenk–White model in order to optimize the Bayesian penalty function. Color–color diagrams show two distinct colors exist in the Einstein ring, which suggests that the Cosmic Horseshoe is formed from two background galaxies or from a highly irregular galaxy. We find that the best lens model includes two components and the total mass within the Einstein ring is

. The background source reconstruction shows two peaks in the source plane and the most probable lens profile is consistent with the light profile of the foreground galaxy when comparing axis ratios and position angles.
Eccentric Modes in Disks with Pressure and Self-gravity
Authors: Lee Wing-Kit , Dempsey Adam M. , Lithwick Yoram
Published: February 2019

Accretion disks around stars, or other central massive bodies, can support long-lived, slowly precessing m = 1 disturbances in which the fluid motion is nearly Keplerian with non-zero eccentricity. We study such “slow modes” in disks that are subject to both pressure and self-gravity forces. We derive a second-order WKB dispersion relation that describes the dynamics quite accurately and show that the apparently complicated nature of the various modes can be understood in a simple way with the help of a graphical method. We also solve the linearized fluid equations numerically and show that the results agree with the theory. We find that when self-gravity is weak (

, where Q is Toomre’s parameter and h is the disk aspect ratio), the modes are pressure-dominated. But when self-gravity is strong (

), two kinds of gravity-dominated modes appear: one is an aligned elliptical pattern and the other is a one-armed spiral. In the context of protoplanetary disks, we suggest that if the radial eccentricity profile can be measured, it could be used to determine the total disk mass.
Very Fast Helicity Injection Leading to Critically Stable State and Large Eruptive Activity in Solar Active Region NOAA 12673
Authors: Vemareddy P.
Published: February 2019

Using the photospheric magnetic and coronal observations of Solar Dynamics Observatory, we studied the buildup and eruption of coronal nonpotential magnetic structure in emerging active region (AR) 12673. The velocity field derived from tracked vector-magnetograms indicates persistent shear and converging motions of flux regions about the polarity inversion line (PIL). A major helicity injection occurs during rapid flux emergence consistent with the very fast flux emergence phase. While this helicity flux builds up the sigmoid by September 4, the helicity injection by the continued shear and converging motions in the later evolution contributes to sigmoid sustenance and its core field twist as a manifestation of the flux rope that erupts after exceeding the critical value of the twist. Moreover, the total length of sheared PIL segments correlates with the non-neutralized current and maintains a higher value in both polarity regions as a signature of eruptive capability of the AR according to the flux rope models. The modeled magnetic field qualitatively reproduces the sigmoidal structure capturing major features like twisted core flux as flux rope and hook-shaped parts connecting at the middle of the PIL. Study of quasi-separatrix-layers reveals that the sheared arcade, enclosing the flux rope, is stressed to a critically stable state, and its coronal height becomes doubled from September 4 to 6. While demonstrating the fast injection of helicity per unit flux as the crucial factor for severe space-weather events, this study explains the formation of the flux rope and recurrent eruptive nature of the AR by the critically stable state of the sheared arcade early on September 6.
On the Neutrino Distributions in Phase Space for the Rotating Core-collapse Supernova Simulated with a Boltzmann-neutrino-radiation-hydrodynamics Code
Authors: Harada Akira , Nagakura Hiroki , Iwakami Wakana , Okawa Hirotada , Furusawa Shun , Matsufuru Hideo , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke , Yamada Shoichi
Published: February 2019

With the Boltzmann-radiation-hydrodynamics code, which we have developed to solve numerically the Boltzmann equations for neutrino transfer, the Newtonian hydrodynamics equations, and the Newtonian self-gravity simultaneously and consistently, we simulate the collapse of a rotating core of the progenitor with a zero-age- main-sequence mass of 11.2 M
⊙ and a shellular rotation of

at the center. We pay particular attention in this paper to the neutrino distribution in phase space, which is affected by the rotation. By solving the Boltzmann equations directly, we can assess the rotation-induced distortion of the angular distribution in momentum space, which gives rise to the rotational component of the neutrino flux. We compare the Eddington tensors calculated both from the raw data and from the M1-closure approximation. We demonstrate that the Eddington tensor is determined by complicated interplays of the fluid velocity and the neutrino interactions and that the M1-closure, which assumes that the Eddington factor is determined by the flux factor, fails to fully capture this aspect, especially in the vicinity of the shock. We find that the error in the Eddington factor reaches ∼20% in our simulation. This is due not to the resolution but to the different dependence of the Eddington and flux factors on the angular profile of the neutrino distribution function, and hence modification to the closure relation is needed.
Validation of Distatrix pandora Grinter, 2009 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Microgastrinae)
Authors: Grinter Christopher C. , Whitfield James B.
Published: February 2019

none (it's a brief communication)
Microstructural Evolutions and Mechanical Properties of Drawn Medium Carbon Steel Wire
Authors: Nebbar Mohamed Chaouki , Zidani Mosbah , Djimaoui Toufik , Abid T. , Farh Hichem , Ziar Toufik , Helbert A.L. , Brisset Francois , Baudin Thierry
Published: February 2019

This study focuses on the evolution in the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel wires obtained by wire drawing at Tréfissoud Company for the manufacturing of the spring mattress. Wire drawing induces elongation of grains in the direction of drawing with the development of the <110> fibre texture parallel to the wire axis. Kinking and bending of cementite lamellae were observed during the drawing process. The work was carried out respectively on three states, wire rod and drawn states for two different amounts (ε %=43,6 and 60 %), using the optical and SEM microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis for examination of the microstructure and texture evolution, the hardness Vickers and tensile test to follow the curing of the studied wires.
Tensile Behavior of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Alloy at Low Temperatures and High Strain Rates
Authors: Zhang Bin , Wang Yang
Published: February 2019

The mechanical responses of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy at low temperatures were investigated under quasi-static and dynamic tensile loads using MTS system and SHTB system, respectively. Tensile stress-strain curves were obtained over the temperature range of 153 to 298K and the rate range of 0.001 to 1050 s-1. Experimental results indicate that the tensile behavior of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy is dependent on strain rate and temperature. Yield stress and flow stress increase with increasing strain rate and decrease with increasing temperature. Results also indicate that strain hardening rate of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy is lower at high strain rate, while strain hardening rate varies little with testing temperature. The Khan-Huang-Liang constitutive model was chosen to characterize the tensile responses of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy at low temperatures and different strain rates. The model results coincide well with the experimental results within the tested temperature and rate ranges.
Dynamic Axial Compression of Square CFRP/Aluminium Tubes
Authors: Hussein Rafea Dakhil , Ruan Dong , Lu Guo Xing , Yoon Jeong Whan , Gao Zhan Yuan
Published: February 2019

Carbon fibre composite tubes have high strength to weight ratios and outstanding performance under axial crushing. In this paper, square CFRP tubes and aluminium sheet-wrapped CFRP tubes were impacted by a drop mass to investigate the effect of loading velocity on the energy absorption of CFRP/aluminium tubes. A comparison of the quasi-static and dynamic crushing behaviours of tubes was made in terms of deformation mode, peak crushing force, mean crushing force, energy absorption and specific energy absorption. The influence of the number of aluminium layers that wrapped square CFRP tubes on the crushing performance of tubes under axial impact was also examined. Experimental results manifested similar deformation modes of tubes in both quasi-static and dynamic tests. The dynamic peak crushing force was higher than the quasi-static counterpart, while mean crushing force, energy absorption and specific energy absorption were lower in dynamic tests than those in quasi-static tests. The mean crushing force and energy absorption decreased with the crushing velocity and increased with the number of aluminium layers. The impact stroke (when the force starts to drop) decreased with the number of aluminium layers.
A Three-Dimensional Formulation of Phase Field Model Representing Polycrystalline Solidification
Authors: Sadamoto Kazuki , Tadano Yuichi , Morita Shigeki
Published: February 2019

In this study, a novel formulation of phase field model for representing solidification of polycrystalline metals is proposed. A quaternion-based crystal orientation representation is introduced into the KWC-type phase field model. Using this approach, three-dimensional rotation of crystal orientation can be represented by a direct extension of the conventional KWC model. A numerical simulation by the presented model is conducted, and the characteristics and adequacy of the model are discussed.
A Damage Mechanics Based Cohesive Zone Model with Damage Gradient Extension for Creep-Fatigue-Interaction
Authors: Nordmann Joachim , Naumenko Konstantin , Altenbach Holm
Published: February 2019

In this paper a novel Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) is derived within the framework of continuum thermodynamics to describe cracking and delamination behaviour of coatings at high-temperatures. The separation variable in the Traction-Separation-Law (TSL) is decomposed into elastic and inelastic part. For evolution of inelastic separation, a power-law in combination with a damage evolution law is used to consider the tertiary stage of inelastic separation of the interface, additionally. Thereby, damage evolution is related to the corresponding thermodynamic driving force and the inelastic opening rate. For reasons of simplicity the resulting thermo-mechanical problem only considers heat conduction through the interface. Due to the fact that standard Newton-Raphson procedure gets unstable (e.g. snap-back) when softening occurs which is the case by using a CZM, this model is enhanced with the damage gradient, similar to approaches in phase field modelling. Further on, this extension is done to investigate if it is possible to overcome the size dependence of CZMs. Finally, the model is reduced to pure Mode I opening and an example for a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) is analysed by the finite difference method.
The Effect of Various Notches on the Prediction of the Ductile Fracture for SUS304 Sheets
Authors: Zhang Sai Jun , Lu Yan Chun , Shen Zhao Hui , Zhou Chi
Published: February 2019

In this study, the Drucker yield function and S-shaped strain hardening model are employed to describe the yielding and hardening behaviors of SUS304 respectively. An uncoupled ductile fracture criterion is calibrated and then utilized to construct the fracture locus of SUS304. To explore the effect of various notches on the prediction of ductile fracture, the constitutive models and ductile fracture criterion are then introduced into the ABAQUS/Explicit code to predict the onset of ductile fracture of various notched specimens. The comparison demonstrates that the ductile fracture criterion captures the fracture strains for all specimens with different notch radius accurately and the finite element models predict the strain distribution, strain evolution and load-stroke curves with good agreement for specimens with large notch radius compared with the experimental results.
Numerical Study on Bicrystalline Micropillar Compression Using High-Order Gradient Crystal Plasticity
Authors: Tadano Yuichi
Published: February 2019

Dislocation structures at crystalline scale play an important role in the scale effect of materials. The higher-order crystal plasticity, in which a dislocation information is introduced as the gradient of slip and affects the hardening behavior of slip, is a useful model to describe a scale dependency of metallic material. In this study, a large deformation finite element analysis of a bicrystalline micropillar is demonstrated to investigate the grain boundary effect on the dislocation motion. The effect of condition on the grain boundary is numerically discussed. It is suggested that the large angle grain boundary and the coherent twin boundary can be represented by boundary conditions of non-penetration and penetration of dislocation.
Immunohistochemical distribution of insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells in the pancreas of Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi Güldenstädt, 1814) (Cyprinidae)
Authors: Kaptaner Burak
Published: February 2019

The Lake Van fish (Alburnus tarichi) is a species that is endemic to Turkey’s Lake Van basin. In this study, the regional distribution, volume density, and relative frequency of some pancreatic endocrine cells in Lake Van fish were investigated via immunohistochemistry using specific mammalian antibodies. The pancreatic tissue was observed to be surrounded by adipose tissue, which was adjacent to the gall bladder or extrahepatic bile duct, or dispersed in the adipose tissue ranked among coils of post-esophageal swelling and intestine. The pancreatic endocrine cells were examined, including the islets, exocrine pancreas, and pancreatic ducts. According to the modified aldehyde fuchsin staining and immunohistochemistry, insulin-secreting beta cells were observed to localize throughout the islets. Glucagon immune-reactive (IR) cells were observed to be situated moderately on the islet periphery, and were rarely determined in the islet central region. A small number of somatostatin-IR cells were observed in the islet centers and peripheries. Similar distributions of those 3 endocrine cells were also determined in the secondary islets. Additionally, the endocrine cell percentages did not differ between the primary and secondary islets; insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-IR cells comprised approximately 54%, 29%, and 11% of the endocrine cells in the principal islets, whereas they comprised 52%, 27%, and 14% in the secondary islets, respectively. Insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-IR cells were also determined among the epithelium and subepithelial connective tissue in the pancreatic ducts or exocrine areas of the pancreas. With this study, the existence, regional distribution, and relative frequency of the insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-IR cells were first investigated in the pancreatic tissue of Lake Van fish and the results were discussed.
Comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos e estrutura trófica em dois lagos antrópicos
Authors: Topulniak Sílvia , Pereira Luci Fátima , Buggenhagen Tayane Cristina , Bueno-Krawczyk Ana Carolina de Deus
Published: February 2019

Os invertebrados bentônicos são importantes, tanto em ecossistemas lóticos como lênticos, por conta da contribuição ecológica na ciclagem de nutrientes, na passagem do fluxo de energia pelos níveis tróficos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a composição da comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos e caracterizar os respectivos grupos tróficos funcionais em dois lagos situados no Parque Ambiental dos Imigrantes (Mallet – PR). As amostragens foram realizadas através de uma peneira com diâmetro (30x30 cm e 0,05 mm de malha) em fevereiro de 2014, totalizando seis amostras em ambos os lagos. Foram coletados 271 invertebrados bentônicos, distribuídos em 24 táxons identificados no nível de gênero, e dentro de três grupos tróficos funcionais (GTF) (predadores, coletores e filtradores-coletores). Os taxa que mais contribuíram para a composição da comunidade foram Belostomatidae, Notonectidae, Chironomidae e Hydropsychidae. Foi observada maior abundância de espécies tróficas pertencentes aos predadores, seguida dos coletores e filtradores-coletores. Os resultados mostram que as características locais dos lagos influenciaram a abundância da comunidade bentônica amostrada, embora não tenha ocorrido diferença na estrutura dos grupos tróficos entre lagos estudados.
Reproduction of invasive Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979 (Actinopterygii, Loricariidae) on the upper Paraná River floodplain
Authors: Cardim Camila Antoniassi , Pereira Vanessa De Brito , Santana Herick Soares de , Dei Tos Claudenice
Published: February 2019

Loricariichthys platymetopon ocorria originalmente nos rios Uruguai, Paraguai e baixo Paraná. Com a formação do reservatório de Itaipu em 1982, invadiu e colonizou o alto rio Paraná. Usando os dados obtidos trimestralmente em nove pontos de amostragem na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, foram caracterizadas as fases reprodutivas e células germinativas das fêmeas de L. platymetopon. Além disso, foram verificados: a variação no diâmetro dos oócitos, a fecundidade dos lotes, a fecundidade relativa dos lotes por comprimento padrão e peso total e os locais de reprodução na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Foram registrados os estágios: oogônia única, cistos de oogônias e oócitos, oócitos de crescimento primário inicial, intermediário e final, oócitos de crescimento completo e oócitos maduros. As fases reprodutivas foram validadas pelos atributos das células germinativas e as fêmeas foram registradas nas seguintes fases: desenvolvimento, apto à desova, regressão e regeneração. O diâmetro dos oócitos variou de 100 a 4.100 µm. A fecundidade do lote variou de 372 a 1.392 oócitos.g-1 e a estimativa da fecundidade relativa do lote por comprimento padrão foi de 16 a 49 oócitos.cm-1 e, em peso foi de 3,6 a 6,4 oócitos.g-1. Os padrões reprodutivos de L. platymetopon na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná mostraram os locais onde a atividade reprodutiva é mais intensa (lagoas do Guaraná, das Garças e Fechada e rio Baía) e locais onde é menos intensa (rios Ivinheima e Paraná). Assim, a resistência biótica do rio Ivinheima, devido à integridade desses ambientes nessa área, que faz parte da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Ilhas e Várzeas do Rio Paraná, tem impedido o sucesso reprodutivo desta invasora.
Avaliação corpórea, caracterização biométrica externa e do sistema digestório de trinca-ferros (Saltator similis, d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) provenientes do tráfico animal
Authors: Rodrigues Barbara De Carvalho , De Almeida Douglas Marques , Da Silva Luana Célia Stunitz
Published: February 2019

O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a análise das condições corpóreas, da biometria externa e da morfometria dos órgãos constituintes do sistema digestório de espécimes de Trinca-ferro-verdadeiro (Saltator similis) provenientes de tráfico, para avaliação acerca das condições de vida das aves apreendidas. Cerca de 20 animais foram conduzidos ao Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná – Setor Palotina, e sete destes, que vieram a óbito, foram congelados para posterior dissecação. Foi identificada e avaliada a condição corporal de cada uma das aves por meio da palpação da quilha do osso esterno, a ausência de algumas rêmiges e/ou retrizes e a presença de ferimentos. Ademais, internamente mensurou-se cada órgão constituinte do sistema digestório em todos os exemplares, utilizando para isso um paquímetro digital. A maioria das aves, 71,4%, apresentava ferimentos e ausência parcial de algumas penas, a massa corpórea média obtida foi 39,79 g ± 3,06 g e em todos os animais existia uma coana separada da fissura infundibular na cavidade orofaríngea, uma língua em formato triangular, presença de inglúvio e de dois cecos. As análises dos dados obtidos contribuíram para concluir que os passeriformes apresentaram más condições corpóreas, sugerindo que o manejo nutricional de tais espécimes poderia estar relacionado às condições impostas pelo tráfico.
Distributions and sources of low-molecular-weight monocarboxylic acids in gas and particles from a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan
Authors: Mochizuki Tomoki , Kawamura Kimitaka , Miyazaki Yuzo , Kunwar Bhagawati , Boreddy Suresh Kumar Reddy
Published: February 2019

Abstract. To better understand the distributions and sources of
low-molecular-weight (LMW) monocarboxylic acids (monoacids) in the forest
atmosphere, we conducted simultaneous collection of gaseous and particulate
samples at a deciduous broadleaf forest site in northern Japan. LMW normal
(C1–C10), branched (iC4–iC6), hydroxyl (glycolic and
lactic) and aromatic (benzoic) monoacids were detected in the gas and
particle phases. The dominant LMW monoacids in gas phase were formic (mean:
953 ng m−3) and acetic (528 ng m−3) acids followed by propionic
(37 ng m−3) or isopentanoic (42 ng m−3) acid. In the particle
phase, isopentanoic (159 ng m−3) was dominant, followed by acetic
(104 ng m−3) and formic (71 ng m−3) or lactic
(65 ng m−3) acids. Concentrations of LMW monoacids did not show
correlations with anthropogenic tracers such as nss-SO42- and
NO3-, indicating that anthropogenic contribution is not important.
Concentrations of C1–C6 monoacids in the gas phase showed positive
correlations (r2=0.21–0.91) with isobutyric acid (iC4), which
may be produced by microbial activity in soil. The forest soil may be a
source of gaseous C1–C6 monoacids in the forest atmosphere. Acetic
acid in the particle phase positively correlated with nonanoic acid (C9)
(r2=0.63), suggesting that formation of acetic and nonanoic acids is
associated with the oxidation of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids in the
aerosol phase, in addition to photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile
organic compounds. The particle-phase fractions (Fp) of formic
and acetic acids showed negative correlation with ambient temperature
(C1: r2=0.49, C2: r2=0.60) but showed positive
correlation with relative humidity (C1: r2=0.30, C2: r2=0.55) in daytime, suggesting that these meteorological parameters are
important for the gas and particle portioning of monoacids in the forest
atmosphere.
Isolating the climate change impacts on air pollution-related-pathologies over Europe – A modelling approach on cases and costs
Authors: Tarín-Carrasco Patricia , Morales-Suárez-Varela María , Im Ulas , Brandt Jørgen , Palacios-Peña Laura , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Air pollution has important implications on human health and associated external costs to society, and is closely related to climate change. This contribution tries to assess the impacts of present (1996–2015) and future (2071–2100 under RCP8.5) air pollution on several cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies and to estimate the difference in the costs associated to those health impacts on European population. For that, air quality data from the WRF-Chem regional chemistry/climate modelling system is used, together with some epidemiological information from the European Commission. The methodology considered relies on the EVA exposure-response functions and economic valuations (Brandt et al., 2013a; 2013b). Several hypothesis have been established, in order to strictly isolate the effects of climate change on air pollution and health: constant present-day emission levels and population density in all Europe. In general, the number of cases for the pathologies considered will increase in the future (chronic bronchitis, heart failure, lung cancer, premature deaths), increasing the overall cost associated from 173 billion €/year to over 204 billion €/year at the end of the present century. Premature deaths are the most important problem in the target area in terms of costs (158 billion € per year, increasing by 17 % in the future RCP8.5 2071–2100 projection) and cases (418 700 cases/year, increasing by 94 900 cases/year in the future). The most affected areas are European megacities, the Ruhr Valley and several cities at eastern Europe (e.g. Chisinau, Bucharest). For the RCP8.5 scenario, cases and costs will increase over southern and eastern Europe, while central and northern Europe could benefit by climate change variations (decreasing both cases and costs for the studied pathologies).
Environmental factors influencing cold-water coral ecosystems in the oxygen minimum zones on the Angolan and Namibian margins
Authors: Hanz Ulrike , Wienberg Claudia , Hebbeln Dierk , Duineveld Gerard , Lavaleye Marc , Juva Katriina , Dullo Wolf-Christian , Freiwald André , Tamborrino Leonardo , Reichart Gert-Jan , Flögel Sascha , Mienis Furu
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Fossil cold-water coral mounds overgrown by sponges and bryozoans were observed in anoxic conditions on the Namibian margin, while mounds colonized by thriving cold-water coral reefs were found in hypoxic conditions on the Angolan margin. These low oxygen conditions do not meet known environmental ranges favoring cold-water corals and hence are expected to provide unsuitable habitats for cold-water coral growth and therefore reef formation. To explain why the living fauna can nevertheless thrive in both areas, present day environmental conditions at the southwestern African margin were assessed. Downslope CTD transects and the deployment of bottom landers were used to investigate spatial and temporal variations of environmental properties. Temporal measurements in the mound areas recorded oscillating low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 0–0.17 ml l−1 (≙ 0–9 % saturation) on the Namibian and 0.5–1.5 ml l−1 (≙ 7–18 % saturation) on the Angolan margin, which were associated with relatively high temperatures (11.8 13.2 °C and 6.4–12.6 °C respectively). Semi-diurnal barotrophic tides were found to interact with the margin topography producing internal waves with excursions of up to 70 and 130 m for the Namibian and Angolan margins, respectively. These tidal movements temporarily deliver water with more suitable characteristics to the coral mounds from below and above the hypoxic zone. Concurrently, the delivery of high quantity and quality of suspended particulate organic matter was observed, which serves as a food source for cold-water corals. On the Namibian slope organic matter indicates a completely marine source and originates directly from the surface productive zone, whereas on the Angolan margin the geochemical signature of organic material suggest an additional mechanisms of food supply. A nepheloid layer observed above the cold-water coral mound area on the Angolan margin may constitutes a reservoir of fresh organic matter, facilitating a constant supply of food particles by tidal mixing. This suggests that the cold-water coral communities as well as the associated fauna may compensate unfavorable conditions induced by low oxygen levels and high temperatures with an enhanced availability of food. With the expected expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the future due to anthropogenic activities, this study provides an example on how ecosystems could cope with such extreme environmental conditions.
The Hestia Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions Data Product for the Los Angeles Megacity (Hestia-LA)
Authors: Gurney Kevin R. , Patarasuk Risa , Liang Jianming , Song Yang , O'Keeffe Darragh , Rao Preeti , Whetstone James R. , Duren Riley M. , Eldering Annmarie , Miller Charles
Published: February 2019

Abstract. As a critical constraint to atmospheric CO2 inversion studies, bottom-up spatiotemporally-explicit emissions data products are necessary to construct comprehensive CO2 emission information systems useful for trend detection and emissions verification. High-resolution bottom-up estimation is also useful as a guide to mitigation options, offering details that can increase mitigation efficiency and synergize with other policy goals at the national to sub-urban spatial scale. The ‘Hestia Project’ is an effort to provide bottom-up fossil fuel (FFCO2) emissions at the urban scale with building/street and hourly space-time resolution. Here, we report on the latest urban area for which a Hestia estimate has been completed – the Los Angeles Megacity, encompassing five counties: Los Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County and Ventura County. We provide a complete description of the methods used to build the Hestia FFCO2 emissions data product which is presented on a 1 km x 1 km grid for the years 2010–2015. We find that the LA Basin emits 48.06 (± 5.3) MtC/yr, dominated by the onroad sector. Because of the uneven spatial distribution of emissions, 10 % of the largest emitting gridcells account for 93.6 %, 73.4 %, 66.2 %, and 45.3 % of the industrial, commercial, onroad, and residential sector emissions, respectively. Hestia FFCO2 emissions are 10.7 % larger than the inventory estimate generated by the local metropolitan planning agency, a difference that is driven by the industrial and electricity production sectors. The Hestia-LA v2.5 emissions data product can be downloaded from the data repository at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (https://doi.org/10.18434/T4/1502503).
Integrated hydrometeorological – snow – frozen ground observations in the alpine region of the Heihe River Basin, China
Authors: Che Tao , Li Xin , Liu Shaomin , Li Hongyi , Xu Ziwei , Tan Junlei , Zhang Yang , Ren Zhiguo , Xiao Lin , Deng Jie , Jin Rui , Ma Mingguo , Wang Jian , Yang Xiaofan
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The alpine region is important in riverine and watershed ecosystems as a contributor of freshwater, providing and stimulating specific habitats for biodiversity. In parallel, recent climate change, human activities and other perturbations may disturb hydrological processes and eco-functions, creating the need for next-generation observational and modeling approaches to advance a predictive understanding of such processes in the alpine region. However, several formidable challenges, including the cold and harsh climate, high altitude and complex topography, inhibit complete and consistent data collection where/when needed, which hinders the development of remote sensing technologies and alpine hydrological models. The current study presents a suite of datasets consisting of long-term hydrometeorological, snow cover and frozen ground data for investigating watershed science and functions from an integrated, distributed and multiscale observation network in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in China. Gap-free meteorological and hydrological data were monitored from an observation network connecting a group of automatic meteorological stations (AMSs). In addition, to capture snow accumulation and ablation processes, snow cover properties were collected from a snow observation superstation using state-of-the-art techniques and instruments. High-resolution soil physics datasets were also obtained to capture the freeze-thaw processes from a frozen ground observation superstation. The updated datasets were released to scientists with multidisciplinary backgrounds (i.e., cryosphere science, hydrology, and meteorology), and they are expected to serve as a testing platform to provide accurate forcing data and validate and evaluate remote sensing products and hydrological models for a broader community. The datasets are available from the Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center at Lanzhou https://doi.org/10.3972/hiwater.001.2019.db.
r.sim.terrain: a dynamic landscape evolution model
Authors: Harmon Brendan Alexander , Mitasova Helena , Petrasova Anna , Petras Vaclav
Published: February 2019

Abstract. While there are numerical landscape evolution models that simulate how steady state flows of water and sediment reshape topography over long periods of time, r.sim.terrain is the first to simulate short-term topographic change for both steady state and dynamic flow regimes across a range of spatial scales. This free and open source, GIS-based topographic evolution model uses empirical models for soil erosion at watershed to regional scales and a physics-based model for shallow overland water flow and soil erosion at subwatershed scales to compute short-term topographic change. This either steady state or dynamic model simulates how overland sediment mass flows reshape topography for a range of hydrologic soil erosion regimes based on topographic, land cover, soil, and rainfall parameters. As demonstrated by a case study for Patterson Branch subwatershed on the Fort Bragg military installation in North Carolina, r.sim.terrain can realistically simulate the development of fine-scale morphological features including ephemeral gullies, rills, and hillslopes. Applications include land management, erosion control, landscape planning, and landscape restoration.
Technical note: A microcontroller-based automatic rain sampler for
stable isotope studies
Authors: Michelsen Nils , Laube Gerrit , Friesen Jan , Weise Stephan M. , Said Ali Bakhit Ali Bait , Müller Thomas
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Automatic samplers represent a convenient way to gather rain samples for isotope (δ18O and δ2H) and water quality analyses. Yet, most commercial collectors are expensive and do not reduce post-sampling evaporation and the associated isotope fractionation sufficiently. Thus, we have developed a microcontroller-based automatic rain sampler for timer-actuated collection of integral rain samples. Sampling periods are freely selectable (minutes to weeks) and the device is low-cost, simple, robust, and customizable. Moreover, a combination of design features reliably minimizes evaporation from the collection bottles. Evaporation losses were assessed by placing the pre-filled sampler in a laboratory oven with which a diurnal temperature regime (21−31°C) was simulated for 26 weeks. At the end of the test, all bottles had lost less than 1‰ of the original water amount and all isotope shifts were within the analytical precision. These results show that even multi-week field deployments of the device would result in rather small evaporative mass losses and isotope shifts. Hence, we deem our sampler a useful addition to devices that are currently commercially available and/or described in the scientific literature. To enable reproduction, all relevant details on hard- and software are openly accessible.
¿Uniformidad o armonización del derecho del comercio internacional?
Authors: Calderón Marenco Eduardo Andrés , Castro Marcenaro Déborah
Published: February 2019

El fenómeno de la Globalización trajo consigo diversos cambios en el orden mundial, teniendo una especial repercusión en las formas de hacer derecho; mediante este fenómeno se pasó de un derecho comercial nacional a un derecho comercial de corte internacional, en este fueron buscadas soluciones para brindar una efectiva resolución a los conflictos que fuesen derivados de las nuevas formas de hacer comercio. En virtud de esto el presente artículo de investigación aborda los dos principales mecanismos, unificación y armonización, que han sido desarrollados para dar respuesta a estas problemáticas y en las cuales se observa de manera tangible el progreso que estos han brindado en el orden internacional, por tanto serán presentadas diversas posturas doctrinarias y marcos jurídicos, a fin de entender la funcionalidad, amplitud y desarrollo que estos esquemas han ofrecido a un nuevo orden jurídico denominado como Derecho Mercantil Internacional, en el cual se persigue como finalidad que los Estados puedan coincidir y colaborar para garantizar la seguridad jurídica necesaria a las partes contractuales de los nuevos esquemas de negocios comerciales a fin de lograr una expansión de los mismos.
La dimensión sociolaboral de la responsabilidad social empresarial y las empresas transnacionales ¿Un binomio imperfecto?
Authors: Arteaga Salgado Alicia Karelia
Published: February 2019

El presente trabajo investigativo trata de responder la pregunta sobre la interconexión que puede existir entre la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) y las empresas transnacionales con una mirada a la dimensión sociolaboral. Desde esta perspectiva, ofrece un análisis de la RSE iniciando con su concepción, los derechos de empresa, la teoría de los stakeholders hasta cerrar con los instrumentos internacionales de soft law que regulan este tipo de responsabilidad; todos como elementos concomitantes que brindan la lógica de comercio y desarrollo sostenible en términos de inversión con impactos positivos en los países anfitriones.  En cuanto a justicia laboral para los trabajadores se hace énfasis en las declaraciones promulgadas por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) en lo relativo al trabajo decente que se traduzca en “más y mejores empleos” a la luz de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), siendo uno de los focos de atención la inversión extranjera directa como la estrategia de mayor auge ejecutada por las empresas transnacionales y multinacionales. Por último, se retoma el comercio internacional con los acuerdos de libre comercio vigentes en el país, reconociendo que existen oportunidades de articulación de principios y enfoques aparejados con la RSE, que permitirán un mayor contro mediante los mecanismos de ejecución de los mismos tratados.
Entrepreneurial Marketing and Change Readiness
Authors: Zif Jehiel
Published: February 2019

The paper outlines the critical rational of change readiness for entrepreneurial ventures. It is very difficult for innovative startups to assess correctly customers’ response prior to actual entry. The probability of success increases when the venture adapts quickly to the feedback derived from users.It is proposed that a proper and timely adaptation can be directed by applying systematic elements of change readiness. These elements are discussed with special attention to the unique characteristics of information gathering and interpretation in the case of new innovative products.
Differences in Platelet Glycoprotein Expression During Menstruation Cycle and Ovulatory Phase
Authors: Alzahrani Faisal M. , Hassan Fathelrahman M.
Published: February 2019

INTRODUCTION: The variations in the physiological properties of female platelets during menstrual cycle phases, pregnancy and postmenopausal women to interactions with platelet CD49b, CD42b, CD41a and CD61 expression glycoprotein receptors were not well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of these glycoprotein receptors during menstruation and ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle in reproductive age women.

METHODS: It is across section study including 44 healthy young non‑hormonal contraceptives taking women aged between 19-44 years to determine the effect of estrogen on the expression level of platelet glycoprotein receptors (GPIb, GPIIa, GPIIb and GPIIIa) in its resting state in women in reproductive age.

RESULTS: No significant difference in the expression of CD42b, CD41a and CD61 between menstruation and ovulatory phases in resting platelets in all subjects. However, this study showed a significant difference in CD49b expression in none-Arab ethnic subjects compared to Arab women.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS: This study suggested CD49b glycoprotein receptor used to be the commonly expression on the surface of platelet at some stage in menstruation and ovulatory segment of menstrual cycle in reproductive age women in turn extended platelet activity. Further studies including large number of subjects, platelet integrin gene polymorphisms and progesterone factors changes in platelet clotting associated to menstrual cycle should be conducted.
Online Social Networking in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Habbash Manssour Mohammad Ras’n
Published: February 2019

The online social networking sites like the Facebook, Google+, Twitter, LinkedIn and WhatsApp are the most widely used platforms for routinely essential communications. However, the role and implications of using online social networking sites in teaching still remain unestablished (Roblyer et al., 2010). In view of the ever-advancing trends in using online social networking, a study of the EFL teachers’ extent of using digital social networking is taken up at the University of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. A group of English language teachers at the university were consulted for the data required for analysis. The study employed a mixed methods research approach that entailed a survey questionnaire on Likert scale distributed to a sample of teachers. The data obtained from the survey questionnaire were subjected to Cronbach’s alpha test for measuring the internal consistency of the items. After confirming the internal consistency of the items, the same questionnaire was employed for semi-structured face-to-face interviews that included a discussion on the opinions of other respondents and their responses were again registered for comparison. The resultant final data were analyzed qualitatively in light of Jenness’s (1932) conformity theory to establish whether the teachers are comfortably in favor of using online social networking for teaching purposes. And the inferences drawn from the analysis are provided for further insight into the use of social networking in the teaching of English.
English Language Proficiency and Employability of University Students: A Sociological Study of Undergraduates at the Faculty of Arts and Culture, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka (SEUSL)
Authors: Rameez A.
Published: February 2019

Gaining mastery over the English language by undergraduates of universities has acquired much significance today because it plays a significant role in ensuring their future employability. This is highly relevant to the students of the Faculty of Arts and Culture (FAC), SEUSL, as a majority of them are from rural areas and pursue their degrees in the Tamil medium. Results of English language examinations held in recent years at the faculty indicate the poor command of English language of undergraduates, and the trend appears to be set firmly. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the factors contributing to the poor performance of students in English language and to examine the ways in which this problem could be addressed. This is a qualitative study consisting of observation, interviews and focus group discussions employed as techniques of data collection. The study argues that the enrolment of students from rural background, psychological dimension of students, and the lack of reading habit among them are the key factors responsible for their poor level of English knowledge. Lack of physical resources such as visual aids, lack of learner centered teaching (LCT) method, and inexperienced teaching panel are also highlighted as additional factors contributing to the poor command of the language that inevitably leads to poor employment prospects for graduates after they pass out. Therefore, this study suggests that the prevailing trend can be reversed by enhancing the students’ self-confidence and changing their attitudes so they will be motivated to learn the language willingly; upgrading the physical as well as human resources available to students in the faculty will provide an additional impetus to enhance their proficiency in English language.
English Language Learning Beliefs of Jordanian Students: The Effect of Gender
Authors: Bataineh Khaleel Bader Al
Published: February 2019

English language learning beliefs play a key role in the language learning process, especially among EFL (English as a foreign language) learners. This study seeks to clarify English learning beliefs among EFL students in Jordan, and to examine whether female and male learners differ in these beliefs. Horwitz’s (1987) Language Learning Beliefs Inventory (BALLI) was adapted to gather relevant data from 83 English major participants at a private university during regular classes. Frequency analysis and T-tests were then performed utilizing SPSS. The findings demonstrate that while Jordanian students are not sure about language difficulty, they are highly enthusiastic about learning the English language. Furthermore, female and male students only had significantly different results in two aspects of BALLI: 1) motivation and expectations and 2) difficulty of language learning. Hopefully, the results will provide constructive insights to lecturers concerning students’ beliefs about learning English, which will help improve the English-learning process in Jordanian universities.
Proposing a Customised Method for Extratextual Documentative Annotation on Written Text Corpus
Authors: Dash Niladri Sekhar , Elumalai Kesavan Vadakalur , Alqahtani Mufleh Salem M. , Abumelha May Abdulaziz
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we have made an attempt to portray a perceivable sketch of extratextual documentative annotation which, in the present frame of text annotation, is considered as one of the indispensable processes through which we can add representational information to the texts included in a written corpus. This becomes more important when a corpus is made with a large number of texts obtained from different genres and text types. To develop a workable frame for extratextual annotation, at each stage, we have broadly classified the existing processes of corpus annotation into two broad types. Moreover, we have tried to explain different layers that are embedded with extratextual annotation of texts as well as marked out the applications which can substantially enhance the accessibility of language data from a corpus for the works of text file management, information retrieval, lexical items extraction, and language processing. The techniques that we have proposed and described in this paper are unique in the sense that these are highly useful for expanding the utility of data of a written text corpus beyond the immediate horizons of language processing to the realms of theoretical, descriptive, and applied linguistics. In this paper, we have also argued that we should try to annotate all kinds of written text corpora so far developed in different natural languages at the extratextual level in a uniform manner so that the text samples stored in corpora can be uniformly used for various works of descriptive linguistics, theoretical linguistics, language technology, and applied linguistics including grammar writing, dictionary compilation, and language teaching. The annotation scheme proposed here is applied on a sample Bangla text corpus and we have noted that the accessibility of data and information from this kind of corpus is far easier than that of an un-annotated raw corpus.