bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edwardsiella ictaluri T3SS Effector EseN Modulates Expression of Host Genes Involved in the Immune Response
Authors: Dubytska Lidiya P. , Koirala Ranjan , Sanchez Azhia , Thune Ronald
Published: July 2022

The type III secretion system (T3SS) effector EseN is encoded on the Edwardsiella ictaluri chromosome and is homologous to a family of T3SS effector proteins with phosphothreonine lyase activity. Previously we demonstrated that E. ictaluri invasion activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) early in the infection, which are subsequently inactivated by EseN. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 753 significant differentially expressed genes in head-kidney-derived macrophages (HKDM) infected with an EseN mutant (∆EseN) compared to HKDM infected with wild-type (WT) strains. This data strongly indicates classical activation of macrophages (the M1 phenotype) in response to E. ictaluri infection and a significant role for EseN in the manipulation of this process. Our data also indicates that E. ictaluri EseN is involved in the modulation of pathways involved in the immune response to infection and expression of several transcription factors, including NF-κβ (c-rel and relB), creb3L4, socs6 and foxo3a. Regulation of transcription factors leads to regulation of proinflammatory interleukins (IL-8, IL-12a, IL-15, IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Inhibition of COX-2 mRNA by WT E. ictaluri leads to decreased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is the product of COX-2 activity. Collectively, our results indicate that E. ictaluri EseN is an important player in the modulation of host immune responses to E.ictaluri infection.
Therapeutic Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Erodium glaucophyllum Extract against Oral Candidiasis: In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Authors: Abdallah Basem M. , Ali Enas M.
Published: July 2022

Oral candidiasis (OC) is a fungal infection caused by an opportunistic fungi Candida albicans, which is found in the normal flora of healthy people. In this study, we examined the anti-candidal effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Erodium glaucophyllum (EG-AgNPs) against C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. EG-AgNPs were synthesized for the first time using E. glaucophyllum extract and characterized by imaging (transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS spectroscopy, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A mouse model of OC was used for in vivo study. The agar well diffusion method showed the anti-candidal activity of EG-AgNPs against C. albicans with MIC 50 µg/mL. EG-AgNPs inhibited the dimorphic transition of C. albicans and suppressed the formation of biofilm by 56.36% and 52%, respectively. Additionally, EG-AgNPs significantly inhibited the production of phospholipases and proteinases by 30% and 45%, respectively. EG-AgNPs cause cytoplasm disintegration and deterioration of cell wall as imaged by SEM and TEM. Interestingly, EG-AgNPs did not display any cytotoxicity on the human gingival fibroblast-1 HGF-1 cell line at MIC concentrations. Topical treatment of the tongue of the OC mouse model with EG-AgNPs showed significant reduction in candidal tissue invasion, less inflammatory changes, and no tissue modification, in association with marked low scare and hyphal counts as compared to control group. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the potent inhibitory action of EG-AgNPs on the growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans in vitro and in vivo. Thus, EG-AgNPs represent a novel plausible therapeutic approach for treatment of OC.
A Proteinaceous Alpha-Amylase Inhibitor from Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract: Purification, Characterization, and Insecticide Effects against C. maculates Insect Larvae
Authors: Karray Aida , Alonazi Mona , Jallouli Raida , Alanazi Humidah , Ben Bacha Abir
Published: July 2022

The main objective of the current study was the extraction, purification, and enzymatic characterization of a potent proteinaceous amylase inhibitor from Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial potential and insecticide effects against C. maculates insect larvae were also studied. The α-amylase inhibitor was extracted in methanol (with an inhibitory activity of 65.6% ± 4.93). Afterwards, the inhibitor αAI.Mol was purified after a heat treatment at 70 °C for 15 min followed by one chromatographic step of Sephadex G-50. An apparent molecular weight of 25 kDa was analyzed, and the N-terminal sequence showed the highest identity level (89%) with the monomeric α-amylase inhibitor from Triticum dicoccoides. αAI.Mol was found to tolerate pH values ranging from 5.0 to 11.0 and showed maximal activity at pH 9.0. Thermal stability was remarkably important, since the inhibitory activity was maintained at 55% after 1 h of incubation at 70 °C and at 53% after an incubation of 45 min at 80 °C. The potency of the current purified inhibitor against amylases from different origins indicates that αAI.Mol seems to possess the highest affinity toward human salivary α-amylase (90% inhibitory activity), followed by the α-amylase of insects Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium confusum (71% and 61%, respectively). The kinetic parameters were also calculated, and the Kmax and Vmax of the digestive amylase were estimated at 185 (mmol/min/mg) and 0.13 mM, respectively. The inhibitor possesses a strong bactericidal effect against Gram+ and Gram- strains, and the MIC values were >1 against B. cereus but >6 against E. coli. Interestingly, the rates of survival and pupation of C. maculates insect larvae were remarkably affected by the purified αAI.Mol from Moringa oleifera.
Mononuclear Tricoordinate Copper(I) and Silver(I) Halide Complexes of a Sterically Bulky Thiourea Ligand and a Computational Insight of Their Interaction with Human Insulin
Authors: Noor Awal , Qayyum Sadaf , Jabeen Farukh , Rehman Ashfaq Ur
Published: July 2022

Reaction of two equivalents of the bulky 1,3-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)thiourea ligand (L) with MX (being M = Cu+, Ag+; and X = Cl−, Br−, I−) in acetonitrile afforded neutral complexes of the type [MXL2] [CuClL2].2CH3CN (1a); [CuBrL2].2CH3CN (1b); [CuIL2] (1c): [AgClL2] (2a); [AgBrL2] (2b) and [AgIL2] (2c). The two aromatic groups in free ligand were found to be trans with respect to the thiourea unit, which was a reason to link the ligand molecules via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding was observed in all metal complexes. The copper complexes 1a and 1b are acetonitrile solvated and show not only intra- but also intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the coordinated thiourea and the solvated acetonitrile molecules. Silver complexes reported here are the first examples of structurally characterized tricoordinated thiourea-stabilized monomeric silver(I) halides. Molecular docking studies were carried out to analyze the binding modes of the metal complexes inside the active site of the human insulin (HI) protein. Analysis of the docked conformations revealed that the electrostatic and aromatic interactions of the protein N-terminal residues (i.e., Phe and His) may assist in anchoring and stabilizing the metal complexes inside the active site. According to the results of docking studies, the silver complexes exhibited the strongest inhibitory capability against the HI protein, which possesses a deactivating group, directly bonded to silver. All compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular structures of the ligand, and five out of six metal complexes were also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Review and Perspectives of the Use of Alginate as a Polymer Matrix for Microorganisms Applied in Agro-Industry
Authors: Martínez-Cano Betsie , Mendoza-Meneses Cristian Josué , García-Trejo Juan Fernando , Macías-Bobadilla Gonzalo , Aguirre-Becerra Humberto , Soto-Zarazúa Genaro Martín , Feregrino-Pérez Ana Angélica
Published: July 2022

Alginate is a polysaccharide with the property of forming hydrogels, which is economic production, zero toxicity, and biocompatibility. In the agro-industry, alginate is used as a super absorbent polymer, coating seeds, fruits, and vegetables and as a carrier of bacteria and fungi as plant-growth promoters and biocontrol. The latter has a high impact on agriculture since the implementation of microorganisms in a polymer matrix improves soil quality; plant nutrition, and is functional as a preventive measure for the appearance of phytopathogenic. Additionally, it minimizes losses of foods due to wrong post-harvest handling. In this review, we provide an overview of physicochemical properties of alginate, some methods for preparation and modification of capsules and coatings, to finally describe its application in agro-industry as a matrix of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms, its effectiveness in cultivation and post-harvest, and its effect on the environment, as well as the prospects for future agro-industrial applications.
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and Peonidin-3-O-glucoside-Rich Fraction of Black Rice Germ and Bran Suppresses Inflammatory Responses from SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein S1-Induction In Vitro in A549 Lung Cells and THP-1 Macrophages via Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway
Authors: Semmarath Warathit , Mapoung Sariya , Umsumarng Sonthaya , Arjsri Punnida , Srisawad Kamonwan , Thippraphan Pilaiporn , Yodkeeree Supachai , Dejkriengkraikul Pornngarm
Published: July 2022

Black rice is a functional food that is high in anthocyanin content, primarily C3G and P3G. It possesses nutraceutical properties that exhibit a range of beneficial effects on human health. Currently, the spike glycoprotein S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 (SP) has been reported for its contribution to pathological inflammatory responses in targeting lung tissue and innate immune cells during COVID-19 infection and in the long-COVID phenomenon. Our objectives focused on the health benefits of the C3G and P3G-rich fraction of black rice germ and bran (BR extract) on the inhibition of inflammatory responses induced by SP, as well as the inhibition of NF-kB activation and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in an in vitro model. In this study, BR extract was identified for its active anthocyanins, C3G and P3G, using the HPLC technique. A549-lung cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were treated with BR extract, C3G, or P3G prior to exposure to 100 ng/mL of SP. Their anti-inflammatory properties were then determined. BR extract at concentrations of 12.5–100 μg/mL exhibited anti-inflammation activity for both A549 and THP-1 cells through the significant suppression of NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 inflammatory gene expressions and IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18 cytokine secretions in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). It was determined that both cell lines, C3G and P3G (at 1.25–10 μg/mL), were compatibly responsible for the significant inhibition of SP-induced inflammatory responses for both gene and protein levels (p < 0.05). With regard to the anti-inflammation mechanism, BR extract, C3G, and P3G could attenuate SP-induced inflammation via counteraction with NF-kB activation and downregulation of the inflammasome-dependent inflammatory pathway proteins (NLRP3, ASC, and capase-1). Overall, the protective effects of anthocyanins obtained from black rice germ and bran can be employed in potentially preventive strategies that use pigmented rice against the long-term sequelae of COVID-19 infection.
Design and Functional Characterization of HIV-1 Envelope Protein-Coupled T Helper Liposomes
Authors: Damm Dominik , Suleiman Ehsan , Theobald Hannah , Wagner Jannik T. , Batzoni Mirjam , Ahlfeld (née Kohlhauser) Bianca , Walkenfort Bernd , Albrecht Jens-Christian , Ingale Jidnyasa , Yang Lifei , Hasenberg Mike , Wyatt Richard T. , Vorauer-Uhl Karola , Überla Klaus , Temchura Vladimir
Published: July 2022

Functionalization of experimental HIV-1 virus-like particle vaccines with heterologous T helper epitopes (T helper VLPs) can modulate the humoral immune response via intrastructural help (ISH). Current advances in the conjugation of native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers (Env) onto liposomes and encapsulation of peptide epitopes into these nanoparticles renders this GMP-scalable liposomal platform a feasible alternative to VLP-based vaccines. In this study, we designed and analyzed customizable Env-conjugated T helper liposomes. First, we passively encapsulated T helper peptides into a well-characterized liposome formulation displaying a dense array of Env trimers on the surface. We confirmed the closed pre-fusion state of the coupled Env trimers by immunogold staining with conformation-specific antibodies. These peptide-loaded Env-liposome conjugates efficiently activated Env-specific B cells, which further induced proliferation of CD4+ T cells by presentation of liposome-derived peptides on MHC-II molecules. The peptide encapsulation process was then quantitatively improved by an electrostatically driven approach using an overall anionic lipid formulation. We demonstrated that peptides delivered by liposomes were presented by DCs in secondary lymphoid organs after intramuscular immunization of mice. UFO (uncleaved prefusion optimized) Env trimers were covalently coupled to peptide-loaded anionic liposomes by His-tag/NTA(Ni) interactions and EDC/Sulfo-NHS crosslinking. EM imaging revealed a moderately dense array of well-folded Env trimers on the liposomal surface. The conformation was verified by liposomal surface FACS. Furthermore, anionic Env-coupled T helper liposomes effectively induced Env-specific B cell activation and proliferation in a comparable range to T helper VLPs. Taken together, we demonstrated that T helper VLPs can be substituted with customizable and GMP-scalable liposomal nanoparticles as a perspective for future preclinical and clinical HIV vaccine applications. The functional nanoparticle characterization assays shown in this study can be applied to other systems of synthetic nanoparticles delivering antigens derived from various pathogens.
Efficient Induction of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Responses by Cationic Peptide-Based mRNA Nanoparticles
Authors: D’haese Sigrid , Laeremans Thessa , Roover Sabine , Allard Sabine , Vanham Guido , Aerts Joeri
Published: July 2022

A major determinant for the success of mRNA-based vaccines is the composition of the nanoparticles (NPs) used for formulation and delivery. Cationic peptides represent interesting candidate carriers for mRNA, since they have been shown to efficiently deliver nucleic acids to eukaryotic cells. mRNA NPs based on arginine-rich peptides have previously been demonstrated to induce potent antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. We therefore compared the histidine-rich amphipathic peptide LAH4-L1 (KKALLAHALHLLALLALHLAHALKKA) to the fully substituted arginine variant (LAH4-L1R) for their capacity to formulate mRNA and transfect dendritic cells (DCs). Although both peptides encapsulated mRNA to the same extent, and showed excellent uptake in DCs, the gene expression level was significantly higher for LAH4-L1. The LAH4-L1–mRNA NPs also resulted in enhanced antigen presentation in the context of MHC I compared to LAH4-L1R in primary murine CD103+ DCs. Both peptides induced DC maturation and inflammasome activation. Subsequent ex vivo stimulation of OT-I splenocytes with transfected CD103+ DCs resulted in a high proportion of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells for both peptides. In addition, in vivo immunization with LAH4-L1 or LAH4-L1R–mRNA NPs resulted in proliferation of antigen-specific T cells. In conclusion, although LAH4-L1 outperformed LAH4-L1R in terms of transfection efficiency, the immune stimulation ex vivo and in vivo was equally efficient.
Biotinylated Polymer-Ruthenium Conjugates: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Model
Authors: Côrte-Real Leonor , Brás Ana Rita , Pilon Adhan , Mendes Nuno , Ribeiro Ana Sofia , Martins Tiago D. , Farinha José Paulo S. , Oliveira M. Conceição , Gärtner Fátima , Garcia M. Helena , Preto Ana , Valente Andreia
Published: July 2022

The need for new therapeutic approaches for triple-negative breast cancer is a clinically relevant problem that needs to be solved. Using a multi-targeting approach to enhance cancer cell uptake, we synthesized a new family of ruthenium(II) organometallic complexes envisaging simultaneous active and passive targeting, using biotin and polylactide (PLA), respectively. All compounds with the general formula, [Ru(η5-CpR)(P)(2,2′-bipy-4,4′-PLA-biotin)][CF3SO3], where R is -H or -CH3 and P is P(C6H5)3, P(C6H4F)3 or P(C6H4OCH3)3, were tested against triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 showing IC50 values between 2.3–14.6 µM, much better than cisplatin, a classical chemotherapeutic drug, in the same experimental conditions. We selected compound 1 (where R is H and P is P(C6H5)3), for further studies as it was the one showing the best biological effect. In a competitive assay with biotin, we showed that cell uptake via SMVT receptors seems to be the main transport route into the cells for this compound, validating the strategy of including biotin in the design of the compound. The effects of the compound on the hallmarks of cancer show that the compound leads to apoptosis, interferes with proliferation by affecting the formation of cell colonies in a dose-dependent manner and disrupts the cell cytoskeleton. Preliminary in vivo assays in N: NIH(S)II-nu/nu mice show that the concentrations of compound 1 used in this experiment (maximum 4 mg/kg) are safe to use in vivo, although some signs of liver toxicity are already found. In addition, the new compound shows a tendency to control tumor growth, although not significantly. In sum, we showed that compound 1 shows promising anti-cancer effects, bringing a new avenue for triple-negative breast cancer therapy.
Phase Compensation for Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Xing Zhuangzhuang , Li Xingqiao , Ruan Xinchao , Luo Yong , Zhang Hang
Published: July 2022

Phase drift extremely limits the secure key rate and secure transmission distance, which is non-negligible in local oscillation continuous variable quantum key distribution (LLO CV-QKD). In order to eliminate the impact caused by phase drift, we analyze the phase noise of the system and propose a phase compensation method based on convolutional neural network (CNN). Moreover, the compensation is performed on the signal according to the estimated value of phase drift before coherent detection. In numerical simulation, we compare the performance of phase compensation methods based on CNN and Kalman filter (KF), and the results show that CNN-based phase compensation has higher accuracy and stability.
Laser Ablation Mechanism and Performance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Poly Aryl Ether Ketone (PAEK) Composites
Authors: Zhang Jindong , Bi Ran , Jiang Shengda , Wen Zihao , Luo Chuyang , Yao Jianan , Liu Gang , Chen Chunhai , Wang Ming
Published: July 2022

The ablation mechanism and performance of carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced poly aryl ether ketone (PAEK) thermoplastic composites were studied in this paper. The results show that the ablation damaged area is controlled by the irradiation energy, while the mass loss rate is controlled by the irradiation power density. In the ablation center, the PAEK resin and CFs underwent decomposition and sublimation in an anaerobic environment. In the transition zone, the resin experienced decomposition and remelting in an aerobic environment, and massive char leaves were present in the cross section. In the heat-affected zone, only remelting of the resin was observed. The fusion and decomposition of the resin caused delamination and pores in the composites. Moreover, oxygen appeared crucial to the ablation morphology of CFs. In an aerobic environment, a regular cross section formed, while in an anaerobic environment, a cortex–core structure formed. The cortex–core structure of CF inside the ablation pit was caused by the inhomogeneity of fibers along the radial direction and the residual carbon layer generated by resin decomposition in an anoxic environment. The description of the ablation mechanism presented in this study broadens our understanding of damage evolution in thermoplastic composites subjected to high-energy CW laser irradiation.
Evaluation of the Synergistic Effect of Graphene Oxide Sheets and Co3O4 Wrapped with Vertically Aligned Arrays of Poly (Aniline-Co-Melamine) Nanofibers for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Ahmed Ishtiaq , Wageh S. , Rehman Wajid , Iqbal Javed , Mir Sadullah , Al-Ghamdi Ahmed , Khalid Mohammad , Numan Arshid
Published: July 2022

In the present study, Co3O4 and graphene oxide (GO) are used as reinforcement materials in a copolymer matrix of poly(aniline-co-melamine) to synthesize ternary composites. The nanocomposite was prepared by oxidative in-situ polymerization and used as an electrode material for energy storage. The SEM images revealed the vertically aligned arrays of copolymer nanofibers, which entirely wrapped the GO sheets and Co3O4 nanoparticles. The EDX and mapping analysis confirmed the elemental composition and uniform distribution in the composite. The XRD patterns unveiled composites’ phase purity and crystallinity through characteristic peaks appearing at their respective 2θ values in the XRD spectrum. The FTIR spectrums endorse the successful synthesis of composites, whereas TGA analysis revealed the higher thermal stability of composites. The cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are employed to elucidate the electrochemical features of electrodes. The ternary composite PMCoG-2 displayed the highest specific capacity of 134.36 C/g with 6 phr of GO, whereas PMCoG-1 and PMCoG-3 exhibited the specific capacities of 100.63 and 118.4 C/g having 3 phr and 12 phr GO at a scan rate of 0.003 V/s, respectively. The best electrochemical performance of PMCoG-2 is credited to the synergistic effect of constituents of the composite material.
Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Eudragit S100-Coated Bile Salt-Containing Liposomes for Oral Colonic Delivery of Budesonide
Authors: Alghurabi Hamid , Tagami Tatsuaki , Ogawa Koki , Ozeki Tetsuya
Published: July 2022

The aim of this study was to prepare a liposomal formulation of a model drug (budesonide) for colonic delivery by incorporating a bile salt (sodium glycocholate, SGC) into liposomes followed by coating with a pH-responsive polymer (Eudragit S100, ES100). The role of the SGC is to protect the liposome from the emulsifying effect of physiological bile salts, while that of ES100 is to protect the liposomes from regions of high acidity and enzymatic activity in the stomach and small intestine. Vesicles containing SGC were prepared by two preparation methods (sonication and extrusion), and then coated by ES100 (ES100-SGC-Lip). ES100-SGC-Lip showed a high entrapment efficiency (>90%) and a narrow size distribution (particle size = 275 nm, polydispersity index < 0.130). The characteristics of liposomes were highly influenced by the concentration of incorporated SGC. The lipid/polymer weight ratio, liposome charge, liposome addition, and mixing rate were critical factors for efficient and uniform coating. In vitro drug release studies in various simulated fluids indicate a pH-dependent dissolution of the coating layer, and the disintegration process of ES100-SGC-Lip was evaluated. In conclusion, the bile salt-containing ES100-coated liposomal formulation has potential for effective oral colonic drug delivery.
A Modification of the ABTS• Decolorization Method and an Insight into Its Mechanism
Authors: Kut Kacper , Cieniek Bogumił , Stefaniuk Ireneusz , Bartosz Grzegorz , Sadowska-Bartosz Izabela
Published: July 2022

A modification of the ABTS• decolorization assay for plate readers is presented. In our modification, 200 µL of ABTS solution of absorbance 1.0 at 734 nm was added with an antioxidant and decreased absorbance resulted. For comparison of antioxidant activities in the kinetic assay of absorbance decrease, concentration dependence of absorbance decrease and of area under curve are recommended. “Fast” and “slow” antioxidants were distinguished: while the reactions of “fast” antioxidants ABTS• were completed within seconds, the reactions of “slow” antioxidants were not finished after 6 min. We recommend reaction time of 60 min for assays of such antioxidants, blood plasma and plant extracts. Sub-additive interactions between some antioxidants (ascorbate and Trolox, hispidulin and Trolox, and glutathione and ascorbate) were found in the ABTS• decolorization; possible reasons for such interactions are discussed.
Development of Concepts for a Climate-Neutral Chemical–Pharmaceutical Industry in 2045
Authors: Uhl Alexander , Schmidt Axel , Jensch Christoph , Köster Dirk , Strube Jochen
Published: July 2022

Global primary energy consumption has increased tenfold over the course of the 20th Century, the availability of non-renewable energy is becoming scarce, and the burning of fossil fuels is leading to global warming. Climate change has now become tangible. The will to act against fossil fuels has become apparent in the western world, and in Germany in particular. This poses a particular challenge for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, since, in the future, not only will the energy input, but also the feedstock, have to come from non-fossil sources. They must be replaced by carbon capture and utilization, and the exploitation of a circular economy. Concepts for a climate-neutral chemical–pharmaceutical industry have been developed and evaluated. Due to a high predicted consumption of renewable energies and an insufficient expansion of these, Germany will remain an energy importer in the future. The largest consumer in a climate-neutral chemical–pharmaceutical industry will be electrolysis for hydrogen (up to 81%, 553 TWh/a). This can be circumvented by importing green ammonia and cracking. This will require investments of EUR 155 bn. An additional benefit will be increased independence from fossil resource imports, as green ammonia can be produced in a multitude of nations with strong potential for renewable energies and a diversified set of exporting nations.
Optimal Control Strategy of Path Tracking and Braking Energy Recovery for New Energy Vehicles
Authors: Zhao Bi , Liu Ruijun , Shi Dapai , Li Shipeng , Cai Qingling , Shen Wencheng
Published: July 2022

In order to further improve the stability of path tracking control and fuel economy of new energy vehicles, an optimal control strategy of path tracking and braking energy recovery is proposed. First, a model predictive controller is designed based on the three-degrees of freedom dynamics model of the vehicle according to the idea of hierarchical control, and a fuzzy yaw torque controller is established with the desired yaw velocity and side slip angle of the mass center as constraints. Second, at high-speed driving conditions, the executive layer of the component distributes the braking torque according to the braking energy recovery control strategy. Finally, the optimal control strategy of path tracking and braking energy recovery is verified by Carsim/Advisor/Simulink software under different driving speeds. The results show that the optimized control strategy can improve the tracking accuracy and driving stability of a vehicle with large curvature turning and further improve the fuel economy of new energy vehicles under the premise of meeting the control requirements.
Numerical Simulation Investigation on Fracture Propagation of Fracturing for Crossing Coal Seam Roof
Authors: Li Yanchao , Xiao Jianfeng , Wang Yixuan , Deng Cai
Published: July 2022

The fracturing crossing coal seam roof is a technology that fulfills the fracturing of a coal seam through the vertical propagation of fractures. Geological conditions are the key factors determining the effect of this kind of fracturing, but there is hardly any research on this aspect. To determine the favorable geological conditions for through-roof fracturing, based on a 3D fracture propagation model, and considering the interlayer vertical fracture toughness and leak-off heterogeneity, a mathematical model of fracturing through a horizontal well in a coal seam roof was established, and the calculation method of fractures crossing layer propagation was determined. In this method, the effect of fracture communication with the coal seam is evaluated by taking the area and the area ratio of fractures in the coal seam as the objective functions. The effects of parameters such as in situ stress combination profile, coal seam fracture toughness, and fluid loss coefficient on fracturing results were evaluated. The reasonable distance from the horizontal well to the coal seam’s top surface was determined in this work. The study results show that: (i) the fracturing effect is better when the coal seam is lower in in situ stress; (ii) the distance between the horizontal well and the top surface of the coal seam is recommended to be less than 4 m to obtain the ideal fracturing effect; and (iii) the combination of the in situ stress profile is the key factor, and the fracture toughness and fluid loss coefficient of the coal seam, fluid viscosity, and the number of perforations in one cluster are the secondary factors affecting the fracturing effect.
Detection and Isolation of False Data Injection Attack in Intelligent Transportation System via Robust State Observer
Authors: Huang Xianhua , Wang Xinyu
Published: July 2022

As the future of transportation systems, the intelligent transportation system is a promising technology to improve the increasingly serious traffic problems. However, the integration of cyber-physical systems makes them vulnerable to new cyber–physical attacks. To ensure the security of intelligent transportation systems, a novel robust state observer-based detection and isolation method against false data injection attacks is developed. Based on the constructed dynamic model of intelligent vehicle networking, the covert characteristic of a false data injection attack is analyzed. Then, a novel state residuals-based detection criterion is developed by using a real-time observed state. To shorten the detection time, an adaptive detection threshold is designed to replace the existing computed threshold. In addition, robust state observer banks are established to isolate multiple injected attacks. Finally, simulation results on the vehicle networking system demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed detection and isolation method against false data injection attacks.
Contending with Health Outcomes of Sanctioned Rituals: The Case of Puberty Rites
Authors: Nyangweso Mary
Published: July 2022

This paper explores the rites of passage rituals as the loci of health outcomes. It highlights how religiously sanctioned practices play a central role in healthcare in defiance of the perceived private and public dichotomy that dominates the modern secular mindset. Highlighted in the chapter are African rites of passage, specifically breast “ironing”, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), and child marriage. Drawing from findings of a survey of 50 respondents, the chapter illustrates how these practices exemplify how rituals invoke health concerns in Africa and amongst Africans in the diaspora. The elevation of scientific knowledge and the privatization and categorization of religious knowledge as non-scientific in the mid-19th century resulted in the separation of the cure for the physical body from the spiritual factors, thus eliciting statements like “medicine is secular” and “religion is sacred and private.” In reality, however, medicine and religion have been interwoven for centuries and ancient holistic paradigms of healthcare have been present in many cultures even as society has modernized.
The Athlete’s Paradox: Adaptable Depression
Authors: Forys Weronika Jasmina , Tokuhama-Espinosa Tracey
Published: July 2022

We proposed that an athlete’s depressive symptoms may be different from the general population in etiology if considered from the context of a depressive disorder. By shifting focus from a limited notion of symptoms onto a comprehensive model of depression, the full scope of the phenomenon becomes clearer. This paper investigated the relationship between neurotransmitters and allostatic load to explain the incidence of depression among elite athletes. This literature review extensively analyzed exercise-induced neurohormonal imbalance resulting in depressive states among athletes. The research revealed that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), extensive psychological demands, social stigma, and overtraining syndrome (OTS) may all contribute to a unique version of depression. The research revealed that the biological standards of athletes differ from those of non-athletes, to the point that the new model may be useful, thereby introducing the new term “Adaptable Depression (AD)” to the literature. This framework suggests a new direction for future research to precisely measure the neurotransmitter-related brain changes that result in “Adaptable Depression” in athletes and to establish a better understanding of the depressive tipping point.
Higher Education in the Eyes of Economic Operators
Authors: Simeunovic Vlado , Milic Sanja , Pajrok Andor
Published: July 2022

This research is a reflection on new challenges in the economy called Industry 4.0, which has brought about revolutionary changes in many areas of life, including education. To fully use the potential of smart products, services and business opportunities that are expected to be widely used in all sectors in the near future, education systems need to be revised to produce the skilled labour force required by this dynamic process. The ability of companies and institutions with a strong IT and technology infrastructure to reflect advanced digital technologies in innovation and production processes requires specific skills, described as 21st-century skills. Education 4.0 should be a response to these challenges with changed learning and teaching paradigms. In this context, we have organised an extensive survey on the relationship between the economy and higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We have created a web questionnaire that contains desirable characteristics of new employees and a set of questions, the analysis of which was used to determine an actual connection between the economy and higher education. After the factor analysis of the questionnaire, we obtained four desirable characteristics of new employees and the assessment of employers on their representation in each individual. We also concluded that the current impact of the economy on the processes of adopting new curricula is very low. We got the impression that higher education and economic development run in parallel, often without any points of contact.
Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Chemical Composition of Groundwater in a Part of the Nanchang Section of Ganfu Plain
Authors: Ma Qingshan , Ge Weiya , Tian Fujin
Published: July 2022

This work aims to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of shallow groundwater in a part of the Nanchang section of Ganfu plain. The hydrochemical data from 90 groundwater samples were interpreted by the methods of mathematical statistics, Piper diagrams, Gibbs plots, ratio graphs of ions, and geochemical modeling. The results show that shallow groundwater is weakly acidic, the average concentration of cation in groundwater decrease in Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, and the abundance is in the order HCO3− > NO3− > SO42− > Cl− for anions. The hydrochemical type of groundwater was dominated by HCO3-Na·Ca·Mg, HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg, and HCO3-Na·Ca. Moreover, the main controlling factor of groundwater hydrochemistry is water-rock interactions. Na+ and K+ mainly originate from the dissolution of halite. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are mainly controlled by carbonate dissolution, while the main anions come from the dissolution of evaporite and carbonate. The groundwater chemical evolution is affected by the dissolution and precipitation of the mineral phase and cation exchange.
Corrosion Inhibition Evaluation of Chitosan–CuO Nanocomposite for Carbon Steel in 5% HCl Solution and Effect of KI Addition
Authors: Umoren Peace S. , Kavaz Doga , Umoren Saviour A.
Published: July 2022

Chitosan–copper oxide (CHT–CuO) nanocomposite was made by an in-situ method utilizing olive leaf extract (OLE) as reductant. The OLE mediated CHT–CuO nanocomposite containing varying amount of chitosan (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g) was evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for X60 carbon steel in 5 wt% hydrochloric acid solution. The corrosion inhibitive performance was assessed utilizing weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization techniques complemented with surface assessment of the corroded X60 carbon steel without and with the additives using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and 3D optical profilometer. The effect of KI addition on the corrosion protection capacity of the nanocomposites was also examined. Corrosion inhibitive effect was observed to increase with increase in the nanocomposites dosage with the highest inhibition efficiency (IE) achieved at the optimum dosage of 0.5%. The order of corrosion inhibition performance followed the trend CHT1.0–CuO (90.35%) > CHT0.5–CuO (90.16%) > CHT2.0–CuO (89.52%) nanocomposite from impedance measurements. Also, IE was found to increase as the temperature was raised from 25 to 40 °C and afterwards a decline in IE was observed with further increase in temperature to 50 and 60 °C. The potentiodynamic polarization results suggest that the nanocomposites alone and in combination with KI inhibited the corrosion of X60 carbon steel by an active site blocking mechanism. Addition of KI upgrades the IE of the nanocomposites but is not attributable to synergistic influence. The lack of synergistic influence was confirmed from the computed synergism parameter (S1) which was found to be less than unity with values of 0.89, 0.74 and 0.75 for CHT0.5–CuO, CHT1.0–CuO and CHT2.0–CuO nanocomposites, respectively, at 60 °C. Furthermore, KI addition improved the IE with rise in temperature from 25 to 60 °C. Surface analysis results confirm the formation of a protective film which could be attributed to the adsorption of the nanocomposites on the carbon steel surface.
Simulation-Based VR Training for the Nuclear Sector—A Pilot Study
Authors: Masiello Italo , Herault Romain , Mansfeld Martin , Skogqvist Maria
Published: July 2022

Simulation-based training has seen an increased use of extended reality, that is, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) displays. The health professions have been using VR for simulation-based training more extensively than others. This method can offer the possibility of immediate feedback, which promotes more accurate training to self-correct mistakes in environments that are otherwise risky or provide unsafe conditions. The nuclear industry has attempted to seize the same digital and educational transformation to train their personnel to handle dangerous scenarios. We ran a pilot study with the aim of evaluating the VR training scenario developed for the specific target group and the acceptance of the VR technology itself for this kind of training. We used the Kirkpatrick framework to evaluate the training and the VR-HAM acceptance model to evaluate the acceptance of VR. A VR scenario was developed to test specific technical skills of nuclear power plant personnel. The 13 participants showed results within the basic level of the Kirkpatrick framework and held both positive reactions and concerns, that is, they enjoyed the training with VR and expressed concerns regarding the stability of the VR technology. The participants also showed positive attitudes towards the perceived ease of use and usefulness of the VR-HAM and its various constructs. Even though the COVID-19 pandemic limited our testing, we could show valuable data and positive attitudes and perceived ease by the participants. Simulation-based VR training could be an important complement to traditional training methods, especially where safety is a priority, but we still need to provide solid evidence.
Sustainable Design of Temporary Buildings in Emergency Situations
Authors: Paparella Rossana , Caini Mauro
Published: July 2022

Unforeseen circumstances that occur anywhere in the world following natural disasters, humanitarian and health emergencies, armed conflicts, or in the presence of migratory flows, require adequate and immediate responses. This work aims to analyze the project requirements useful to realizing modular systems for residential, multifunctional, and hospital intended use, which, even if temporary, can ensure a high-performance standard in terms of comfort and energy efficiency, and at the same time guarantee the possibility of use in the widest possible range and in rapid execution times. The considered requirements have been those of settlement in the territory, energy efficiency, transportability, and re-usability. Temporary modular systems put in place with the abovementioned requirements are the basis of the design proposal; to realize this, they are made with dry technology to be reusable and energy-efficient. Furthermore, this enables the reduction of the minimum modules’ production and times of execution in applying both requirements of standardization and modular coordination. All these requirements also add to the ones relating to energy efficiency, transportability, and reusability, which are the pillars of the project for the achievement of performance above all in terms of standards and comfort levels as it is possible to find in the sustainable building of the living period.
Nano-Curcumin Prevents Copper Reproductive Toxicity by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Improving Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling and Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Male Rats
Authors: Sarawi Wedad S. , Alhusaini Ahlam M. , Fadda Laila M. , Alomar Hatun A. , Albaker Awatif B. , Alghibiwi Hanan K. , Aljrboa Amjad S. , Alotaibi Areej M. , Hasan Iman H. , Mahmoud Ayman M.
Published: July 2022

Copper is essential for several cellular processes and is an important catalytic factor for many proteins. However, excess copper can provoke oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity. This study evaluated the effect of liposomal nano-curcumin (N-CUR) and CUR on testicular oxidative injury, inflammation, and apoptosis, and altered steroidogenesis and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4). Rats received CuSO4 and N-CUR or CUR via oral gavage for 7 days. CuSO4 induced histopathological changes and altered pituitary-gonadal axis manifested by decreased serum gonadotropins and testosterone. Testicular steroidogenesis genes (StAR, 3β-HSD, CYP17A1, and 17β-HSD) and androgen receptor (AR) were downregulated in rats that received CuSO4. N-CUR and CUR prevented testicular tissue injury, increased circulating FSH, LH, and testosterone, and upregulated testicular steroidogenesis genes and AR. Additionally, N-CUR and CUR decreased testicular MDA, NO, NF-κB, iNOS, TNF-α, Bax, and caspase-3 while enhanced Bcl-2, Nrf2, and the antioxidants GSH, HO-1, SOD, and catalase. In conclusion, N-CUR and CUR prevented CuSO4-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats by suppressing oxidative injury and inflammatory response and boosting steroidogenesis, sex hormones, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. N-CUR was more effective in ameliorating tissue injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and enhancing steroidogenesis and Nrf2/HO-1 than the native form.
Risk Assessment of Phthalates and Their Metabolites in Hospitalized Patients: A Focus on Di- and Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalates Exposure from Intravenous Plastic Bags
Authors: Saab Yolande , Oueis Emilia , Mehanna Stephanie , Nakad Zahi , Stephan Rita , Khnayzer Rony S.
Published: July 2022

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are plasticizers associated with multiple toxicities; however, no strict regulations have been implemented to restrict their use in medical applications in Lebanon. Our study aimed at assessing the potential risks correlated with phthalate exposure from IV bags manufactured in Lebanon. GC–MS analysis showed that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the predominant phthalate found in almost all samples tested with values ranging from 32.8 to 39.7% w/w of plastic. DEHP concentrations in the IV solutions reached up to 148 µg/L, as measured by SPME-GC–MS/MS, thus resulting in hazard quotients greater than 1, specifically in neonates. The toxicity of DEHP is mainly attributed to its metabolites, most importantly mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). The IV bag solution with the highest content in DEHP was therefore used to extrapolate the amounts of urinary MEHP. The highest concentrations were found in neonates having the lowest body weight, which is concerning, knowing the adverse effects of MEHP in infants. Our study suggests that the use of IV bags manufactured in Lebanon could pose a significant risk in hospitalized patients, especially infants in neonatal care. Therefore, Lebanon, as well as other countries, should start imposing laws that restrict the use of phthalates in medical IV bags and substitute them with less toxic plasticizers.
Fenugreek Seed Galactomannan Aqueous and Extract Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy and Liver Damage by Targeting NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 Axis
Authors: Alsuliam Sarah M. , Albadr Nawal A. , Almaiman Salah A. , Al-Khalifah Abdullrahman S. , Alkhaldy Noorah S. , Alshammari Ghedeir M.
Published: July 2022

This investigation was conducted to test the potential of the galactomannan (F-GAL) and aqueous extract (FS-AE) of the Fenugreek seed aqueous to prevent liver and kidney damage extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM in rats. Non-diabetic and diabetic rats received the normal saline as a vehicle or were treated with FS-EA or F-GAL at a final concentration of 500 mg/kg/each. Treatments with both drugs reduced fasting hyperglycemia and improved serum and hepatic lipid profiles in the control and diabetic rats. Additionally, F-GAL and FS-AE attenuated the associated reduction in the mass and structure of the islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats and improved the structure of the kidneys and livers. In association, they also reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear levels of NF-κB p65, and improved serum levels of ALT, AST, albumin, and creatinine. However, both treatments increased hepatic and renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the livers and kidneys of both the control and diabetic-treated rats, which coincided with a significant increase in transcription, translation, and nuclear localization of Nrf2. In conclusion, FS-AE and F-GAL are effective therapeutic options that may afford a possible treatment for T1DM by attenuating pancreatic damage, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic and renal damage.