bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chip-Scale Aptamer Sandwich Assay Using Optical Waveguide-Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Makela Megan , Tu Dandan , Lin Zhihai , Coté Gerard , Lin Pao Tai
Published: December 2024

Chip-scale optical waveguide-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) that used nanoparticles (NPs) was demonstrated. The Raman signals from Raman reporter (RR) molecules on NPs can be efficiently excited by the waveguide evanescent field when the molecules are in proximity to the waveguide surface. The Raman signal was enhanced by plasmon resonance due to the NPs close to the waveguide surface. The optical waveguide mode and the NP-induced field enhancement were calculated using a finite difference method (FDM). The sensing performance of the waveguide-assisted SERS device was experimentally characterized by measuring the Raman scattering from various RRs, including 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA), 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC). The observed Raman spectral features were identified and assigned to the complex vibrational modes associated with different reporters. A low detection limit of 1 nM was achieved. In addition, the device sensing method was applied to the detection of the biomarker cardiac troponin I (cTnI) using an aptamer sandwich assay immobilized on the device surface. Overall, the optical waveguides integrated with SERS show a miniaturized sensing platform for the detection of small molecules and large proteins, potentially enabling multiplexed detection for clinically relevant applications.
Angle-Controlled Nanospectrum Switching from Lorentzian to Fano Lineshapes
Authors: Tang Fu , Zhong Qinyang , Zhang Xiaoqiuyan , Zhuang Yuxuan , Zhang Tianyu , Xu Xingxing , Hu Min
Published: December 2024

The tunability of spectral lineshapes, ranging from Lorentzian to Fano profiles, is essential for advancing nanoscale photonic technologies. Conventional far-field techniques are insufficient for studying nanoscale phenomena, particularly within the terahertz (THz) range. In this work, we use a U-shaped resonant ring on a waveguide substrate to achieve precise modulation of Lorentzian, Fano, and antiresonance profiles. THz scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) reveals the underlying physical mechanism of these transitions, driven by time-domain phase shifts between the background excitation from the waveguide and the resonance of the U-shaped ring. Our approach reveals a pronounced asymmetry in the near-field response, which remains undetectable in far-field systems. The ability to control spectral lineshapes at the nanoscale presents promising applications in characterizing composite nanoresonators and developing nanoscale phase sensors.
Application of Biochar-Based Materials for Effective Pollutant Removal in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Han Meiyao , Liu Ziyang , Huang Shiyue , Zhang Huanxing , Yang Huilin , Liu Yuan , Zhang Ke , Zeng Yusheng
Published: December 2024

With the growth of the global population and the acceleration of industrialization, the problem of water pollution has become increasingly serious, posing a major threat to the ecosystem and human health. Traditional water treatment technologies make it difficult to cope with complex pollution, so the scientific community is actively exploring new and efficient treatment methods. Biochar (BC), as a low-cost, green carbon-based material, exhibits good adsorption and catalytic properties in water treatment due to its porous structure and abundant active functional groups. However, BC’s pure adsorption or catalytic capacity is limited, and researchers have dramatically enhanced its performance through modification means, such as loading metals or heteroatoms. In this paper, we systematically review the recent applications of BC and its modified materials for water treatment in adsorption, Fenton-like, electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonocatalytic systems, and discuss their adsorption/catalytic mechanisms. However, most of the research in this field is at the laboratory simulation stage and still needs much improvement before it can be applied in large-scale wastewater treatment. This review improves the understanding of the pollutant adsorption/catalytic properties and mechanisms of BC-based materials, analyzes the limitations of the current studies, and investigates future directions.
A Reconfigurable Polarimetric Photodetector Based on the MoS2/PdSe2 Heterostructure with a Charge-Trap Gate Stack
Authors: Huang Xin , Bai Qinghu , Guo Yang , Liang Qijie , Liu Tengzhang , Liao Wugang , Jin Aizi , Quan Baogang , Yang Haifang , Liu Baoli , Gu Changzhi
Published: December 2024

Besides the intensity and wavelength, the ability to analyze the optical polarization of detected light can provide a new degree of freedom for numerous applications, such as object recognition, biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, and remote sensing imaging. However, conventional filter-integrated polarimetric sensing systems require complex optical components and a complicated fabrication process, severely limiting their on-chip miniaturization and functionalities. Herein, the reconfigurable polarimetric photodetection with photovoltaic mode is developed based on a few-layer MoS2/PdSe2 heterostructure channel and a charge-trap structure composed of Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 (AHA)-stacked dielectrics. Because of the remarkable charge-trapping ability of carriers in the AHA stack, the MoS2/PdSe2 channel exhibits a high program/erase current ratio of 105 and a memory window exceeding 20 V. Moreover, the photovoltaic mode of the MoS2/PdSe2 Schottky diode can be operated and manipulable, resulting in high and distinct responsivities in the visible broadband. Interestingly, the linear polarization of the device can be modulated under program/erase states, enabling the reconfigurable capability of linearly polarized photodetection. This study demonstrates a new prototype heterostructure-based photodetector with the capability of both tunable responsivity and linear polarization, demonstrating great potential application toward reconfigurable photosensing and polarization-resolved imaging applications.
Multifunctional Catalysts for Cascade Reactions in Biomass Processing
Authors: Bronstein Lyudmila , Matveeva Valentina
Published: December 2024

Multifunctional catalysts have received considerable attention in the cascade reactions of biomass processing. A cascade (or tandem) reaction is realized when multiple reaction steps that require different catalysts are performed in a one-step process. These reactions require bi- or multifunctional catalysts or catalyst mixtures to serve successfully at each reaction step. In this review article, we discuss the major factors of the catalyst design influencing the structure–property relationships, which could differ depending on the catalyst type. The major factors include the amounts and strengths of acidic and basic sites, interactions between those and metal sites, synergetic effects, nanoparticle sizes and morphology, nanostructures, porosity, etc. The catalysts described in this review are based on zeolites, mesoporous solids, MOFs, and enzymes. The importance of continuous cascade processes is also examined.
Laponite vs. Montmorillonite as Eugenol Nanocarriers for Low Density Polyethylene Active Packaging Films
Authors: Kechagias Achilleas , Salmas Constantinos E. , Chalmpes Nikolaos , Leontiou Areti A. , Karakassides Michael A. , Giannelis Emmanuel P. , Giannakas Aris E.
Published: December 2024

Although a lot of recent research revealed advantages of novel biopolymers’ implementation as active food packaging polymers, there is not an equivalent effort from industry to use such films, probably because of the required cost to change the supply chain and the equipment. This study investigates the use of two natural abundant nanoclays, laponite (Lap) and montmorillonite (Mt), as eugenol slow-release carriers for enhancing the functionality of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) active packaging films. The target is to combine the spirit of the circular economy with the existent technology and the broadly used materials to develop a novel attractive product for active food packaging applications. Utilizing a vacuum-assisted adsorption method, eugenol was successfully intercalated into Lap and Mt nanoclays, forming EG@Lap and EG@Mt nanohybrids. Testing results confirmed effective integration and dispersion of the nanohybrids within the LDPE matrix. The most promising final film seems to be the LDPE with 15% w/w EG@Lap nanohybrid which exhibited a higher release rate (k2 = 5.29 × 10−4 s−1) for temperatures ≤70 °C, similar mechanical properties, a significantly improved water barrier (Dwv = 11.7 × 10−5 cm2·s−1), and a slightly improved oxygen barrier (PeO2 = 2.03 × 10−8 cm2·s−1) compared with neat LDPE. Antimicrobial and sensory tests on fresh minced pork showed two days’ shelf-life extension compared to pure LDPE and one more day compared to LDPE with 15% w/w EG@Mt nanohybrid.
Polyphenols as Immunomodulators and Epigenetic Modulators: An Analysis of Their Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer
Authors: Eren Esmanur , Das Jyotirmoyee , Tollefsbol Trygve O.
Published: December 2024

Breast cancer poses a substantial health challenge for women globally. Recently, there has been a notable increase in scholarly attention regarding polyphenols, primarily attributed to not only the adverse effects associated with conventional treatments but also their immune-preventive impacts. Polyphenols, nature-derived substances present in vegetation, including fruits and vegetables, have received considerable attention in various fields of science due to their probable wellness merits, particularly in the treatment and hindrance of cancer. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols in breast cancer, emphasizing their capacity to influence the reaction of adaptive and innate immune cells within the tumor-associated environment. Polyphenols are implicated in the modulation of inflammation, the enhancement of antioxidant defenses, the promotion of epigenetic modifications, and the support of immune functions. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to influence the activity of critical immune cells, including macrophages and T cells. By targeting pathways involved in immune evasion, polyphenols may augment the capacity of the defensive system to detect and eliminate tumors. The findings suggest that incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into the diet could offer a promising, collaborative (integrative) approach to classical breast cancer remedial procedures by regulating how the defense mechanism interacts with the disease.
Novel Choline-Deficient and 0.1%-Methionine-Added High-Fat Diet Induces Burned-Out Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Inflammation by Rapid Immune Cell Infiltration on Male Mice
Authors: Sakaguchi Takatoshi , Nagahama Yasuharu , Hamada Nanako , Singh Shailendra Kumar , Mikami Hayato , Maeda Kazuhiko , Akira Shizuo
Published: December 2024

Background: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a progressive liver disorder that possesses metabolic dysfunction and shows steatohepatitis. Although the number of patients is globally increasing and many clinical studies have developed medicine for MASLD, most of the studies have failed due to low efficacy. One reason for this failure is the lack of appropriate animal disease models that reflect human MASLD to evaluate the potency of candidate drugs. Methods: We developed a novel choline-deficient and 0.11%-methionine-added high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-based (MASH) diet that can induce murine metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) without severe body weight loss. We performed kinetic analyses post-feeding and proposed an appropriate timing of MASH pathogenesis by quantitatively analyzing steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Results: This MASH diet induced liver fibrosis earlier than the conventional CDAHFD model. In brief, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis started after 1 week from feeding. Lipid accumulation increased until 8 weeks and declined thereafter; on the other hand, liver fibrosis showed continuous progression. Additionally, immune cells, especially myeloid cells, specifically accumulated and induced inflammation in the initiation stage of MASH. Conclusions: The novel MASH diet promotes the dynamics of lipid deposition and fibrosis in the liver, similar to human MASH pathophysiology. Furthermore, immune-cell-derived inflammation possibly contributes to the initiation of MASH pathogenesis. We propose this model can be the new pre-clinical MASH model to discover the drugs against human MASH by evaluating the interaction between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells.
Development of a Quadruplex RT-qPCR for the Detection of Porcine Astrovirus, Porcine Sapovirus, Porcine Norovirus, and Porcine Rotavirus A
Authors: He Junxian , Shi Kaichuang , Shi Yuwen , Yin Yanwen , Feng Shuping , Long Feng , Qu Sujie , Song Xingju
Published: December 2024

Porcine astrovirus (PoAstV), porcine sapovirus (PoSaV), porcine norovirus (PoNoV), and porcine rotavirus A (PoRVA) are newly discovered important porcine diarrhea viruses with a wide range of hosts and zoonotic potential, and their co-infections are often found in pig herds. In this study, the specific primers and probes were designed targeting the ORF1 gene of PoAstV, PoSaV, and PoNoV, and the VP6 gene of PoRVA. The recombinant standard plasmids were constructed, the reaction conditions (concentration of primers and probes, annealing temperature, and reaction cycle) were optimized, and the specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were analyzed to establish a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for the detection of these four diarrheal viruses. The results demonstrated that the assay effectively tested PoAstV, PoSaV, PoNoV, and PoRVA without cross-reactivity with other swine viruses, and had limits of detection (LODs) of 138.001, 135.167, 140.732, and 132.199 (copies/reaction) for PoAstV, PoSaV, PoNoV, and PoRVA, respectively, exhibiting high specificity and sensitivity. Additionally, it displayed good reproducibility, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.09–1.24% for intra-assay and 0.08–1.03% for inter-assay. The 1578 clinical fecal samples from 14 cities in Guangxi Province, China, were analyzed via the developed assay. The results indicated that the clinical samples from Guangxi Province exhibited the prevalence of PoAstV (35.93%, 567/1578), PoSaV (8.37%, 132/1578), PoNoV (2.98%, 47/1578), and PoRVA (14.32%, 226/1578), and had a notable incidence of mixed infections of 18.31% (289/1578). Simultaneously, the 1578 clinical samples were analyzed with the previously established assays, and the coincidence rates of these two approaches exceeded 99.43%. This study developed an efficient and precise diagnostic method for the detection and differentiation of PoAstV, PoSaV, PoNoV, and PoRVA, enabling the successful diagnosis of these four diseases.
Enterobacteriaceae in Sewage Sludge and Digestate Intended for Soil Fertilization
Authors: Wójcik-Fatla Angelina , Farian Ewelina , Kowalczyk Katarzyna , Sroka Jacek , Skowron Piotr , Siebielec Grzegorz , Zdybel Jolanta Małgorzata , Jadczyszyn Tamara , Cencek Tomasz
Published: December 2024

Substances of organic origin are seeing increasing use in agriculture as rich sources of nutrients for plants. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological contamination of sewage sludge and digestate to assess their safe use as fertilizers in Poland. The assessment of microbial soil, sewage sludge and digestate contamination was based on the total number of mesophilic bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. The presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. was identified via culture and the presence of Enterobacteriaceae species was determined via biochemical and molecular methods. In laboratory conditions, the survival of E. coli in soil fertilized with sewage sludge or digestate inoculated with a reference strain was determined. The average concentration of Enterobacteriaceae in soil, sewage sludge and digestate samples was 1.1 × 104 CFU/g, 9.4 × 105 CFU/g and 5.6 × 106 CFU/g, respectively. Escherichia coli was detected in all sample types. From the soil samples, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas genera were identified the most frequently, while in sewage sludge and digestate, E. coli was predominant. Based on the results of our laboratory experiment, it can be concluded that after three weeks, fertilization with organic waste in acceptable doses does not significantly increase soil contamination with Enterobacteriaceae.
Inhibition of the Biofilm Formation of Plant Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Atazhanova Gayane A. , Levaya Yana K. , Badekova Karakoz Zh. , Ishmuratova Margarita Yu. , Smagulov Marlen K. , Ospanova Zhanna O. , Smagulova Elina M.
Published: December 2024

This review is devoted to a systematic analysis of studies aimed at investigating plant extracts, essential oils and phytochemical compounds capable of inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. This paper investigates the effect of extracts, essential oils and individual plant compounds on inhibiting the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, one of the major pathogens responsible for the development of dental caries. Using cultural microbiology and molecular biology techniques, the authors describe the mechanisms by which plant samples reduce Streptococcus mutans adhesion and growth. The results show that several plant components have antibacterial properties, contributing to the reduction of Streptococcus mutans colony numbers and inhibiting the synthesis of extract-exopolysaccharide matrices required for biofilm formation. This work highlights the potential of botanicals in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, which can be applied as natural antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Views on the use of these plant extracts and their components in dental preparations such as toothpastes, rinses and gels aimed at preventing dental caries are evaluated. The review shows the relevance of the research to optimizing the use of plant extracts, essential oils, individual compounds and their active actions in the control of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors and Depression: Linking Psychopharmacology, Pathology and Physiology in a Unifying Hypothesis for the Epigenetic Code of Neural Plasticity
Authors: Comai Stefano , De Martin Sara , Mattarei Andrea , Guidetti Clotilde , Pappagallo Marco , Folli Franco , Alimonti Andrea , Manfredi Paolo L.
Published: December 2024

Uncompetitive NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) antagonists restore impaired neural plasticity, reverse depressive-like behavior in animal models, and relieve major depressive disorder (MDD) in humans. This review integrates recent findings from in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and human studies of uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists into the extensive body of knowledge on NMDARs and neural plasticity. Uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists are activity-dependent channel blockers that preferentially target hyperactive GluN2D subtypes because these subtypes are most sensitive to activation by low concentrations of extracellular glutamate and are more likely activated by certain pathological agonists and allosteric modulators. Hyperactivity of GluN2D subtypes in specific neural circuits may underlie the pathophysiology of MDD. We hypothesize that neural plasticity is epigenetically regulated by precise Ca2+ quanta entering cells via NMDARs. Stimuli reach receptor cells (specialized cells that detect specific types of stimuli and convert them into electrical signals) and change their membrane potential, regulating glutamate release in the synaptic cleft. Free glutamate binds ionotropic glutamatergic receptors regulating NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx. Quanta of Ca2+ via NMDARs activate enzymatic pathways, epigenetically regulating synaptic protein homeostasis and synaptic receptor expression; thereby, Ca2+ quanta via NMDARs control the balance between long-term potentiation and long-term depression. This NMDAR Ca2+ quantal hypothesis for the epigenetic code of neural plasticity integrates recent psychopharmacology findings into established physiological and pathological mechanisms of brain function.
Global Identification of Anti-Melanoma Cellular Targets by Photochemically Induced Coupling of L-Shikonin Reactions on the Surface of Magnetic Particles
Authors: Li Min , Li Wenying , Xu Fang , Pu Yiping , Li Jianguang
Published: December 2024

Background: L-Shikonin, an active component of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst., has remarkable pharmacological effects, particularly in its anti-tumour activity. Nonetheless, the specific targets and mechanisms of action remain to be further explored. Methods: A novel Fe3O4@L-Shikonin was designed and synthesized in this study by linking Fe3O4 and L-Shikonin through benzophenone. Fe3O4@L-Shikonin was characterized using several techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and drug removal methods, to determine the content of L-Shikonin on the surface of the magnetic particles. Target hooking technology was utilized to identify the target proteins of the compound in melanoma. The synthesized Fe3O4@L-Shikonin was co-incubated with A375 cell lysate, followed by the target proteins, which were purified by magnetic enrichment using magnetic microspheres and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: AutoDock Vina software was employed for molecular docking analysis, where it was found that L-Shikonin targets RPN1, CPEB4, and HNRNPUL1 proteins. Subsequently, A375 cells were treated with L-Shikonin at different concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 μM) for 48 h, and the expressions of the three proteins were observed. The results showed a significant reduction in the relative expression of CPEB4 in the high-dose group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, the relative expression of HNRNPUL1 was decreased in the medium- and high-dose groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study initially revealed from the source that L-Shikonin may regulate melanoma-specific markers, melanosomes, tyrosine kinases related to abnormal tyrosine metabolism, and melanoma through multiple targets such as CPEB4 and HNRNPUL1. Proliferation and metastasis work together to exert an anti-melanoma mechanism, which provides a new idea for the follow-up study of the molecular pharmacological mechanism of the complex system of total naphthoquinones in Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johns.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with DAD Detection for the Determination of Cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil
Authors: Hajrulai-Musliu Zehra , Dimitreska Stojkovikj Elizabeta , Gusheski Dimitar , Musliu Dea , Velkovski Daniel
Published: December 2024

The study highlights the need for quality control in evaluating medicinal plant products, especially CBD oils, before market release. Due to varying regulatory requirements, product labeling can sometimes be misleading, especially regarding cannabinoid concentrations such as CBD and THC. This research focused on developing a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for accurately identifying and quantifying key cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil. The main compounds identified included Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBD-A), Cannabigerolic Acid (CBG-A), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabinol (CBN), ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d8-THC), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), determined in line with the International Conference on Harmonization’s (ICH) guidelines. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). It was determined to be linear, with a correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.999. The LOD and LOQ values calculated from the calibration curve ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.50 to 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. The method also exhibited acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values lower than or equal to 2%. The method’s accuracy was assessed through recovery percentages and fell within an acceptable range of 98–102 if the RSD was 2%. This study’s rigorous methodology and comprehensive findings significantly contribute to cannabinoid analysis. This validated protocol was used to analyze cannabinoids in 14 commercial veterinary CBD oil products from the Republic of North Macedonia. The performance parameters demonstrated that the method is reliable for quantitatively measuring cannabinoids in CBD oil. The analysis showed that the cannabinoid levels in the products were consistent with the manufacturers’ declared specifications, with no significant discrepancies in labeling.
Joint Divergence Angle of Free Space Optics (FSO) Link and UAV Trajectory Design in FSO-Based UAV-Enabled Wireless Power Transfer Relay Systems
Authors: Kang Jinho
Published: December 2024

Free Space Optics (FSO)-based UAV-enabled wireless power transfer (WPT) relay systems have emerged as a key technology for 6G networks, efficiently providing continuous power to Internet of Things (IoT) devices even in remote areas such as disaster recovery zones, maritime regions, and military networks, while addressing the limited battery capacity of UAVs through the FSO fronthaul link. However, the harvested power at the ground devices depends on the displacement and diameter of the FSO beam spot reaching the UAV, as well as the UAV trajectory, which affects both the FSO link and the radio-frequency (RF) link simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a joint design of the divergence angle in the FSO link and the UAV trajectory, in order to maximize the power transfer efficiency. Driven by the analysis of the optimal condition for the divergence angle, we develop a hybrid BS-PSO-based method to jointly optimize them while improving optimization performance. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method substantially increases power transfer efficiency and improves the optimization capability.
Function and Evolution of the Plant MES Family of Methylesterases
Authors: Chaffin Timothy A. , Wang Weijiao , Chen Jin-Gui , Chen Feng
Published: December 2024

Land plant evolution has been marked by numerous genetic innovations, including novel catalytic reactions. Plants produce various carboxyl methyl esters using carboxylic acids as substrates, both of which are involved in diverse biological processes. The biosynthesis of methyl esters is catalyzed by SABATH methyltransferases, and understanding of this family has broadened in recent years. Meanwhile, the enzymes catalyzing demethylation—known as methylesterases (MESs)—have received less attention. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the plant MES family, focusing on known biochemical and biological functions, and evolution in the plant kingdom. Thirty-two MES genes have been biochemically characterized, with substrates including methyl esters of plant hormones and several other specialized metabolites. One characterized member demonstrates non-esterase activity, indicating functional diversity in this family. MES genes regulate biological processes, including biotic and abiotic defense, as well as germination and root development. While MES genes are absent in green algae, they are ubiquitous among the land plants analyzed. Extant MES genes belong to three groups of deep origin, implying ancient gene duplication and functional divergence. Two of these groups have yet to have any characterized members. Much remains to be uncovered about the enzymatic functions, biological roles, and evolution of the MES family.
Antioxidant System Activity in Roots and Shoots of Bean Cultivars in Response to Seed Treatment with Auxin as a Potential Model of Interaction with Endophytic Bacteria
Authors: Garipova Svetlana , Matyunina Viktoriia , Chistoedova Aelita , Markova Oksana , Lubyanova Alsu , Lastochkina Oksana , Pedash Ekaterina , Avalbaev Azamat , Pusenkova Lyudmila
Published: December 2024

Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria (PGPEB), producing auxins, are offered for a promising eco-friendly crop production. Precise bacterial strain selection is essential to ensure consistent and effective plant growth and resilience. Creating a model for the optimal dose-dependent interactions between PGPEB and hosts is necessary for understanding the mechanisms of high-precision selection of the inoculant composition to enhance bacterial preparations’ efficacy. This study investigated the impact of pre-sowing treatment with exogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at various concentrations (0, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.00001 mg L−1) on the growth and antioxidant responses of three cultivars (cvs) of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean): Ufimskaya, Elsa, and Zolotistaya. The findings showed dose-dependent and cultivar-specific responses of 7-day-old bean seedlings to exogenous IAA. Ufimskaya cv exhibited significant increases in shoot, main root, and total root lengths at 0.001 mg L−1 IAA, while higher and lower concentrations inhibited growth. The reduced catalase (CAT) activity in roots and the elevated CAT activity in shoots correlated with shoot length and total root length of Ufimskaya cv. Importantly, the growth parameters exhibited weak or no correlations with malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 content in roots and shoots, which is a peculiarity of the Ufimskaya cv response to exogenic IAA in contrast to the shown earlier response to inoculation with endophytes. The growth of only the main root of Elsa cv peaked at 0.1 mg L−1 IAA, and there were neutral or inhibitory effects with other concentrations. The positive correlation between CAT activity in shoots and the main root length and total root length as well as positive correlation between MDA content in roots and the total root length of Elsa cultivar were revealed. The shoot length and total root length of Zolotistaya cv were neutral or negatively responded to all concentration IAA, but the number of roots increased by 2–4 times. For Zolotistaya cv, positive correlations were observed between CAT activity in roots and the length of the main root and the total root length. Overall, these cultivar-specific antioxidant responses to exogenous IAA may help create models for optimal dose-dependent interactions between auxin-producing PGPEB and plants, enhancing the effectiveness of microbial preparations for consistent bean growth promotion.
Advancements in Agricultural Ground Robots for Specialty Crops: An Overview of Innovations, Challenges, and Prospects
Authors: Barbosa Júnior Marcelo Rodrigues , Santos Regimar Garcia dos , Sales Lucas de Azevedo , Oliveira Luan Pereira de
Published: December 2024

Robotic technologies are affording opportunities to revolutionize the production of specialty crops (fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, and horticulture). They offer the potential to automate tasks and save inputs such as labor, fertilizer, and pesticides. Specialty crops are well known for their high economic value and nutritional benefits, making their production particularly impactful. While previous review papers have discussed the evolution of agricultural robots in a general agricultural context, this review uniquely focuses on their application to specialty crops, a rapidly expanding area. Therefore, we aimed to develop a state-of-the-art review to scientifically contribute to the understanding of the following: (i) the primary areas of robots’ application for specialty crops; (ii) the specific benefits they offer; (iii) their current limitations; and (iv) opportunities for future investigation. We formulated a comprehensive search strategy, leveraging Scopus® and Web of Science™ as databases and selecting “robot” and “specialty crops” as the main keywords. To follow a critical screening process, only peer-reviewed research papers were considered, resulting in the inclusion of 907 papers covering the period from 1988 to 2024. Each paper was thoroughly evaluated based on its title, abstract, keywords, methods, conclusions, and declarations. Our analysis revealed that interest in agricultural robots for specialty crops has significantly increased over the past decade, mainly driven by technological advancements in computer vision and recognition systems. Harvesting robots have arisen as the primary focus. Robots for spraying, pruning, weed control, pollination, transplanting, and fertilizing are emerging subjects to be addressed in further research and development (R&D) strategies. Ultimately, our findings serve to reveal the dynamics of agricultural robots in the world of specialty crops while supporting suitable practices for more sustainable and resilient agriculture, indicating a new era of innovation and efficiency in agriculture.
Variation in Chemical, Textural and Sensorial Traits Among Remontant Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Cultivars Maintained in a Double-Cropping System
Authors: Spasojević Slavica , Maksimović Vuk , Milosavljević Dragica , Djekić Ilija , Radivojević Dragan , Sredojević Ana , Milivojević Jasminka
Published: December 2024

Remontant raspberry cultivars originally produce fruit in the upper part of primocanes in the fall, but if retained over winter, they can produce a second crop in the lower part of the floricanes the following spring. Maintaining remontant cultivars to yield twice during the cane’s growth cycle corresponds to a double-cropping system, which enables an increase in the total yield and the extension of the fruiting season. To date, there is little information on changes in fruit quality between primocane and floricane crops. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate variations in the content of sugars and organic acids, fruit weight, color and textural and sensorial attributes among five newly introduced remontant raspberry cultivars (‘Dafne’, ‘Kokanee’, ‘Paris’, ‘Versailles’ and ‘Primalba’) and the control cultivar ‘Enrosadira’. The specific aim was to evaluate how a double-cropping system in each cultivar may affect the variability in quality traits between primocane and floricane crops. The results showed a significant increase in fruit weight and individual and total sugar content in primocane crops, while significantly brighter red-colored and firmer fruits were observed in floricane crops. Cultivars did not differ from the control regarding total sugar content and sweetness index, while the content of individual sugars caused greater variations. The highest content of citric, malic and total acid (9.74, 1.42 and 11.25 mg 100 g−1 FW, respectively) were recorded in ‘Paris’, by which this cultivar was the only one distinguished from the control. ‘Dafne’ and ‘Versailles’ exhibited better internal and external fruit quality on primocanes, having significantly larger fruits (6.83 g and 6.37 g, respectively) and twice the increased sugar content. The lowest fruit weight was observed in ‘Kokanee’ for both primocane (4.63 g) and floricane (3.65 g) crops. ‘Kokanee’ and ‘Primalba’ also performed worse than the control for most sensory attributes in both seasons. Based on the analysis of the overall fruit quality linked to the appearance-, texture- and taste-related attributes that affect consumer preference, cultivars ‘Enrosadira’, ‘Versailles’ and ‘Dafne’ stood out, while ‘Paris’ showed high uniformity in fruit quality between crops, but scored the worst according to the total quality index.
Alkaline–Acidic Sodium Chlorite Pretreatment of Bamboo Powder for Preparation of Excellent Mechanical, Transparent, and Biodegradable Films
Authors: Wang Jing , Sun Ling , Chu Ying-Ying , Ou Yong-Qi , Liang Bo-Wen , Shan Zi-Jian , Han Chang-Bao , Yan Hui
Published: December 2024

Bamboo is widely distributed around the world as an excellent renewable resource. However, the structural and morphological changes in the bamboo samples in extracting bamboo cellulose fiber using alkaline-acidic sodium chlorite are unclear, and the potential for preparation of cellulose packaging films is yet to be explored. In this paper, the changes in micro-morphology, chemical structure, and pyrolytic behavior of moso bamboo powder during alkaline and acidic sodium chlorite pretreatment were intensively investigated. The bamboo cellulose fiber (BC) diameter decreased from 14.41 to 11.79 µm with the treatment as a result of the removal of amorphous materials such as lignin and hemicellulose. The BC was dissolved in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, and all-cellulose composite films were obtained with excellent mechanical properties and high transparency. When the BC contents reached 4 wt%, the resulting films had a light transmittance of about 90% in the visible light range (400–780 nm), and the tensile strength was as high as 57.9 MPa, which was much higher than that of the polyethylene packaging film (PE, 35 MPa). In addition, the film also suggests superior biodegradability compared to PE films. Therefore, the current shortage of raw materials and environmental pollution faced by plastic packaging materials may be expected to gain new inspiration in this study.
Preparation and Application of a Urea–Formaldehyde-Blended Guanidinium Azole–Phytic Acid–Copper Flame-Retardant Resin Coating
Authors: Lu Xulan , Wei An , Wang Shunxiang , Zou Yongjing , Lu Yunhao , Sun Lixian , Xiang Cuili
Published: December 2024

In this study, environmentally friendly flame retardants capable of efficient flame retardancy at low concentrations in wood were developed. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and guanidinium azole (GZ)-phytate (PA)-copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) flame-retardant resin coating blends were prepared using urea, formaldehyde, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (GZ), phytanic acid (PA), and copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2). Employing dioctyl phthalate as the plasticizer and tannic acid as the curing agent, a three-stage reaction was performed to obtain the desired UF-GZ/PA/Cu as a bio-based flame retardant. Thermal evaluations demonstrated that UF-GZ/PA/Cu lost 5% of its mass through decomposition at a temperature of 195.5 ± 2.1 °C, with its maximum decomposition rate being observed at 300.6 ± 1.5 °C, and 29.8 ± 2.5 wt.% of dense residual charcoal being obtained at 800 °C. When applied as a flame retardant coating on wood, the prepared UF-GZ/PA/Cu exhibited excellent flame-retardant properties, forming a continuous dense charcoal residual layer, with a limiting oxygen index of 32.0%, and passing the UL-94 V-0 test. In addition, the heat release rate and total heat release rate of the flame retardant were determined to be reduced by 87.7 and 83.66%, respectively. Overall, this study provides a green and effective method for the preparation of flame-retardant wood.
Antibacterial Properties of PCL@45s5 Composite Biomaterial Scaffolds Based on Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ru Yixian , You Jinchao , Lin Runyi , Chen Shihao , Qi Yi , Li Dejing , Zhang Cheng , Qiu Zhenli
Published: December 2024

This study focuses on the development of polymer–bioglass composite bone scaffolds for the treatment of bone defects. PCL particles and 45s5 bioglass powder were employed as raw materials to fabricate PCL/45s5 composite wires with mass fractions of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 20 wt% via the twin-screw extrusion method. A cylindrical porous model was established using 3D modeling software, and a porous composite scaffold was constructed through the melt deposition manufacturing process. The macroscopical characterization of composite stock and composite powder was analyzed. The melt flow rate, water contact angle, elastic modulus, in vitro degradation rate, and antibacterial property of composite scaffold were measured. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of 45s5 bioglass into PCL material gave the composite better antibacterial properties, effectively reduced the flow rate of the material, increased the hydrophobicity of the material, and improved the rigidity and biocompatibility of the PCL material. This study offers initial insights into the use of synthetic bone tissue engineering scaffolds for clinical bone repair treatments.
High-Performance Polymer Blends: Manufacturing of Polyetherimide (PEI)–Polycarbonate (PC)-Based Filaments for 3D Printing
Authors: Singh Shikha , Hubert Pascal
Published: December 2024

The demand for high-performance polymers in 3D printing continues to grow due to their ability to produce intricate and complex structures. However, commercially available high-temperature 3D printing materials often exhibit limitations such as brittleness, warping, thermal sensitivity, and high costs, highlighting the need for advanced filament development. This study investigates the fabrication of polyetherimide (PEI) and polycarbonate (PC) blends via melt extrusion to enhance material properties for stable additive manufacturing. The addition of PC improved the processability of the blends, enabling successful extrusion at temperatures ranging from 290 to 310 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed a shift in the softening temperature (T) of PEI, indicating effective blending. To further improve the properties of the PEI:PC blends, 1 wt% of a compatibilizer was incorporated, resulting in homogeneous microstructures as observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimized PEI:PC (70:30) blend with compatibilizer (1 wt%) demonstrated a 49% higher storage modulus than neat PEI and a 40% greater storage modulus than ULTEM9085. Moreover, reduced melt viscosity facilitated consistent and stable printing, making these materials highly suitable for applications in aerospace and transportation, where performance and reliability are critical.
Influence of Chitosan Purification on the Immunomodulator Potential of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Human Monocytes
Authors: Valades-Aguilar Bruno Alejandro , Rivera-González Teodoro Iván , Rangel-López Raúl , Luna-Barcenas Gabriel , Franco-Molina Moisés Ármides , Rodriguez-Padilla Cristina , Zárate-Triviño Diana Ginette
Published: December 2024

The deproteinization of chitosan is a necessary purification process for materials with biomedical purposes; however, chitosan sourcing and purification methods can modify its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, and residual proteins. These factors affect the reactive groups that affect the immunomodulatory activities of cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes; considering this activity is key when developing successful and functional biomaterials. Here, two brands of chitosan were purified and used to synthesize nanoparticles to evaluate their immunomodulatory effect on monocyte and macrophage differentiation. Chitosan FT-IR showed bands related to its purification process, with increased OH group intensity. Nanoparticles (CtsNps) synthesized with purified chitosan were of a smaller size compared to those using unpurified chitosan due to the alkaline purification process’s shortening of the polymeric chain. At low concentrations (50 μg/mL), CtsNps showed a lower expression of CD80 and CD14, corroborating the differentiation effect of chitosan. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is related to a pro-inflammatory response and M1 macrophage polarization was detected in monocytes treated with purified and unpurified nanoparticles. Sigma-purified chitosan nanoparticles (CtsNps SigmaP), at 300 μg/mL, showed arginase production related to an anti-inflammatory response and M2 macrophage polarization. The chitosan purification process induces a shift in the polarization of macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 profile. This effect is concentration-dependent and should be further studied in each use case to favor the suitable biological response.
Polymers in Physics, Chemistry and Biology: Behavior of Linear Polymers in Fractal Structures
Authors: Roman Hector Eduardo
Published: December 2024

We start presenting an overview on recent applications of linear polymers and networks in condensed matter physics, chemistry and biology by briefly discussing selected papers (published within 2022–2024) in some detail. They are organized into three main subsections: polymers in physics (further subdivided into simulations of coarse-grained models and structural properties of materials), chemistry (quantum mechanical calculations, environmental issues and rheological properties of viscoelastic composites) and biology (macromolecules, proteins and biomedical applications). The core of the work is devoted to a review of theoretical aspects of linear polymers, with emphasis on self-avoiding walk (SAW) chains, in regular lattices and in both deterministic and random fractal structures. Values of critical exponents describing the structure of SAWs in different environments are updated whenever available. The case of random fractal structures is modeled by percolation clusters at criticality, and the issue of multifractality, which is typical of these complex systems, is illustrated. Applications of these models are suggested, and references to known results in the literature are provided. A detailed discussion of the reptation method and its many interesting applications are provided. The problem of protein folding and protein evolution are also considered, and the key issues and open questions are highlighted. We include an experimental section on polymers which introduces the most relevant aspects of linear polymers relevant to this work. The last two sections are dedicated to applications, one in materials science, such as fractal features of plasma-treated polymeric materials surfaces and the growth of polymer thin films, and a second one in biology, by considering among others long linear polymers, such as DNA, confined within a finite domain.
The Characterization and Application of Flow Units in Tight Reservoirs Considering Stimulation Treatments
Authors: Hou Jingtao , Liu Xiaoqi , Wu Xinwei , Xue Yongchao , Yang Guobin
Published: December 2024

Block W is a typical tight oil reservoir, generally requiring artificial fracturing to achieve productivity. Consequently, conventional reservoir flow unit studies cannot objectively characterize the properties of tight oil reservoirs after fracturing. This paper integrates both the geological features and dynamic development characteristics of Block W, using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) to select permeability, sand body thickness, mud content, and porosity as the key static parameters for defining flow units in tight oil reservoirs. The fluid injection intensity is selected as a critical artificial fracturing parameter. Based on these static and artificial fracturing parameters, a comprehensive characterization approach, the entropy weight–AHM method, is proposed to analyze flow units in tight oil reservoirs. The reliability of this method is validated through both production dynamics and geological features. Applied to Block W, this methodology establishes an evaluation standard for the compatibility of fracturing measures with reservoir characteristics and provides directions for adjusting stimulation treatments based on the compatibility levels. The findings deepen the understanding of the geological characteristics of the Block W tight oil reservoir and offer practical guidance for subsequent development adjustments. Additionally, this study serves as a valuable reference for characterizing flow units in tight reservoirs.