bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myzus persicae resistance to neonicotinoids—unravelling the contribution of different mechanisms to phenotype
Authors: Mottet Claire , Caddoux Laëtitia , Fontaine Séverine , Plantamp Christophe , Bass Chris , Barrès Benoît
Published: July 2024

Background

Deciphering the mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance is key to devising appropriate strategies against this economically important trait. Myzus persicae, the green peach‐potato aphid, is a major pest that has evolved resistance to many insecticide classes, including neonicotinoids. M. persicae resistance to neonicotinoids has previously been shown to result from two main mechanisms: metabolic resistance resulting from P450 overexpression and a targetsite mutation, R81T. However, their respective contribution to resistant phenotypes remains unclear.

Results

By combining extensive insecticide bioassays with and without addition of the synergist PBO, and gene copy number and expression quantification of two key P450 enzymes (CYP6CY3 and CYP6CY4) in a 23 clone collection, we, (i) confirmed that metabolic resistance is correlated with P450 expression level, up to a threshold, (ii) demonstrated that the R81T mutation, in the homozygous state and in combination with P450 overexpression, leads to high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids, and, (iii) showed that there is a synergistic interaction between the P450 and R81T mechanisms, and that this interaction has the strongest impact on the strength of resistance phenotypes. However, even though the R81T mutation has a great effect on the resistance phenotype, different R81T genotypes can exhibit variation in the level of resistance, explained only partially by P450 overexpression.

Conclusion

To comprehend resistance phenotypes, it is important to take into account every mechanism at play, as well as the way these mechanisms interact. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Design of Horizontally Stacked AlN and Dielectric Cores Transverse Quasi‐Phase‐Matched Channel Waveguide for Squeezed Light Generation
Authors: Honda Hiroto , Noro Ryosuke , Uemukai Masahiro , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Katayama Ryuji
Published: July 2024

AlN is a promising candidate for photonic integrated circuits. In this study, horizontally stacked transverse quasi‐phase‐matched (QPM) waveguides with an AlN center core and Si3N4, Ta2O5, and TiO2 side cores were designed to generate squeezed light at 920 nm. The squeezing level was calculated by considering the propagation loss at the wavelengths of the squeezed light and pump light. Using TiO2 for the side cores enhanced the electric field amplitude of the pump light in the AlN center core, and a high nonlinear coupling coefficient was obtained. Owing to the small propagation loss of the AlN waveguide on sapphire and high nonlinear coupling coefficient of the transverse QPM with TiO2 side cores, a squeezing level of over 8.1 dB was expected with a 1 cm long waveguide and pump power of 70 mW.
Implementation of Logic Function and Memristive Behavior in Synthetic Antiferromagnet with Strong Immunity to Perpendicular Magnetic Field Interference
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhang Yu , Luo Keliu , Guo Yonghai , Yan Ze , Lv Wenbo , Wang Bo , Li Zhide , Hu Ziyang , Wang Qi , Cao Jiangwei
Published: July 2024

Spintronic devices with heavy metal/ferromagnet structures have shown potential applications for in‐memory computing. However, the sensitivity of ferromagnet to external magnetic field raises a challenge for the practical applications of these devices. The usage of synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) can effectively address this issue due to its good magnetic field immunity. This work demonstrates the implementation of all 16 types of Boolean logic functions via controlling the magnetization states of the SAF layer by using current pulses, and also the stable multistate storage under the interference of perpendicular magnetic field in these devices. The SAF devices also exhibit synaptic plasticity under the stimulation of current pulses. The artificial neural network constructed based on the SAF device can perform handwritten digit recognition tasks with an accuracy rate of 90%. These results showcase the viability and superiority of the SAF device in building logic‐in‐memory architecture for its strong immunity to magnetic field interference.
Integration versus prioritization in the Sustainable Development Goals: An argument to prioritize environmental sustainability and a just transition
Authors: Elder Mark
Published: July 2024

This paper explores a key implementation issue for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – whether to use integrated approaches or prioritize some goals. The scientific community generally recommends integrated approaches but has little clear guidance on concrete implementation. This paper reaches two main conclusions. First, environmental sustainability needs to be prioritized. This is the inescapable logic of Earth system boundaries and related concepts. Second, environmental sustainability measures need to be based on a just transition in order to secure political support for environmental prioritization; especially, they need to provide good jobs and decent work, and they need to appear concrete and feasible. These principles should inform SDG implementation and discussions on the post‐2030 sustainable development agenda. Many existing proposals for environmental solutions stop short of recommending their prioritization; they also acknowledge the need for both social sustainability and a just transition, but these elements are usually not very concrete, especially regarding job creation. Thus, making environmental sustainability measures more economically and socially sustainable also should be prioritized.
How does globalisation affect informality in sub‐Saharan African countries?
Authors: Simatele Munacinga , Bolarinwa Segun Thompson
Published: July 2024

This paper examines the intricate informality‐globalisation nexus in the sub‐Saharan African context using 30 African countries. Using the Method of Moments Quantile Regression approach (MM‐QR), this study analyses the nexus using three measures of globalisation: overall, economic and trade globalisation. Furthermore, the mediating role of institutional quality is explored using five dimensions of institutional quality. The empirical results confirm a negative relationship across different measures of globalisation and different quantiles, signifying that increased globalisation tends to suppress informal economic activities. Moreover, the interactive models of globalisation and institutional quality also validate the negative relationship in the nexus. The investigation into the dimensions of institutional quality underscores their importance in shaping informality dynamics. The ‘law and order’ dimension demonstrates a notable role in reducing informality, emphasising the significance of robust legal frameworks and effective governance structures in fostering formal economic activities. Simultaneously, the adverse impact of corruption on informality highlights the need for concerted efforts to combat corruption for the sake of encouraging formalisation and economic development. By utilising the Method of Moments Quantile Regression method, this paper offers a nuanced perspective that considers variations across different segments of the informality distribution. This approach enhances our understanding of the heterogeneity in the effects of globalisation and institutions on informality within the African context. In conclusion, this paper advances the discourse on the informality‐globalisation nexus by incorporating the mediating influence of institutional quality. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of the relationship and emphasise the need for holistic policy interventions that address both globalisation and institutional dimensions. By shedding light on the intricate web of factors impacting informality, this study provides a foundation for evidence‐based strategies aimed at sustainable economic development and inclusive growth across African nations.
Rapidly Progressing Scalp Melanoma in an Elderly Patient
Authors: Vestli Christian , Bassarova Assia , Alfonso Jose Hernán
Published: July 2024

A rapidly progressing scalp melanoma incorrectly diagnosed and managed as a ‘chronic wound’, lead to delayed referral to dermatologist and correct diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis of scalp melanoma and of frailty screening in elderly patients.
A Fluorescent Probe Derived from L‐Tryptophan for Copper (II) Ion Detection in Aqueous Media
Authors: Jeevika A. , Sarika R. , Sumithra devi A.
Published: July 2024

Copper (Cu2+) is a transition metal ion extensively distributed in numerous foodstuffs of both animals and vegetables. An excess intake of Cu2+ ions cause injury, pneumonitis, a disorder in the nervous system, and gastrointestinal problems. Hence, we have developed a simple and novel Schiff base‐based fluorescence sensor for the detection of Cu2+ ions. The sensor, ‐3‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐2‐((4‐nitrobenzylidene) amino)propanoic acid (INAP), was synthesized from tryptophan and nitrobenzaldehyde by the reflux method and characterized by various analytical methods. The prepared INAP acted as a chemical sensor and displayed outstanding sensitivity and choosiness characteristics for Cu2+ ions an aqueous solvent. In the presence of Cu2+, it demonstrated a fluorescence change in an aqueous medium with a “turn‐off” phenomenon via complex‐mediated energy transfer characteristics, and the method of continuous variation suggested a 1 : 2 complex formation of the metal ion with INAP. The LOD of the sensor system was calculated to be 1.3 μM for the Cu2+ ion. In addition, the INAP fluorescent probe was applied to tap water samples and found acceptable recoveries. These results suggest that the newly fabricated sensor system would be explored as a chemosensor for the recognition of Cu2+ ions in environmental samples.
Pyrolysis of Corn Husk Enabled with Tin Oxide Nano Particles: Kinetic Studies and Biochar as Electrode Material
Authors: Prabhahar R. Saravana Sathiya , Vasiraja N. , Manohara Babu I. , Sakthivel A. , Ibrahim Raja M.
Published: July 2024

Handling of agricultural residues is a major concern today, since they pose a serious threat to the environment. Pyrolysis is one among the different techniques explored across the globe towards the effective conversion of these crop residues into various useful products. In this work, the degradation behaviour of corn husk loaded with tin oxide nanoparticles and raw corn husk are characterized separately by employing thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). From the thermograms obtained, the energy required for facilitating the degradation process with the aid of the catalyst is found to be 98.48 kJ/mol. Further, the corn husk loaded with prepared tin oxide nanoparticles (0.1 g& 0.2 g) is subjected to pyrolytic degradation at different temperature ranges from 400 °C to 550 °C and compared with thermal pyrolysis. The biochar retained from the pyrolysis process is investigated for its efficacy as an energy storage material after coating them over graphite sheet. Electrochemical analysis reveals the fabricated SnO2/biochar nanocomposite have excellent energy storage characteristics (205 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s) which was attributed to the presence of facile architecture with porous surface area. The outcomes of the present study open fresh gateways for the innovative electrodes in energy domain.
One‐Step Hydrothermal Deposition of AgSbS2‐xSex Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Peng Xiaoqi , Sheng Shuwei , Gao Huihui , Huang Lei , Zhao Qi , Wang Haolin , Zhu Changfei , Tang Rongfeng , Chen Tao
Published: July 2024

AgSbS2‐xSex is a promising light‐harvesting material for thin film solar cells, characterized by nontoxicity, high chemical stability, and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the complex chemical composition of AgSbS2‐xSex poses significant challenges to thin film preparation, giving rise to an intensive dependence on multi‐step preparation methods. Herein, a hydrothermal method is developed for depositing AgSbS2‐xSex films and achieves one‐step preparation of this kind of thin film materials for the first time. This method can provide sufficient energy for atomic nucleation and adsorption on the substrate surface to promote nuclei aggregation and grow into films. Meanwhile, it achieves control of the chemical kinetics of the deposition solution by introducing EDTA‐2Na as an additive and suppressing the enrichment of Ag2Se impurities at the substrate interface. As a result, a high‐purity AgSbS2‐xSex film with compact and flat morphology is prepared and assembled into solar cells. The device delivers a power conversion efficiency of 3.04% under standard illumination, which is currently the highest efficiency for AgSbS2‐xSex solar cells fabricated by the one‐step method. This study provides a facile and promising method for the controllable preparation of high‐quality AgSbS2‐xSex thin films and promoting their application in solar cells.
Biomimetic Porous MXene Antibacterial Adsorbents with Enhanced Toxins Trapping Ability for Hemoperfusion
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Cao Yuanhang , Gu Tingxiang , Wang Luping , Chen Qiang , Wang Jiemin , Zhao Changsheng
Published: July 2024

2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, i.e., MXene, are recently attracting wide attentions and presenting competitive performances as adsorbents used in hemoperfusion. Nonetheless, the nonporous texture and easily restacking feature limit the efficient adsorption of toxin molecules inside MXene and between layers. To circumvent this concern, here a plerogyra sinuosa biomimetic porous titanium carbide MXene (P‐Ti3C2) is reported. The hollow and hierarchically porous structure with large surface area benefits the maximum access of toxins as well as trapping them inside the spherical cavity. The cambered surface of P‐Ti3C2 prevents layers restacking, thus affording better interlaminar adsorption. In addition to enhanced toxin removal ability, the P‐Ti3C2 is found to selectively adsorb more middle and large toxin molecules than small toxin molecules. It possibly originates from the rich Ti‐deficient vacancies in the P‐MXene lattice that increases the affinity with middle/large toxin molecules. Also, the vacancies as active sites facilitate the production of reactive oxygen under NIR irradiation to promote the photodynamic antibacterial performance. Then, the versatility of P‐MXene is validated by extension to niobium carbide (P‐Nb2C). And the simulated hemoperfusion proves the practicability of the P‐MXene as polymeric adhesives‐free adsorbents to eliminate the broad‐spectrum toxins.
Realizing Direct Uranium Extraction from Seawater Using a Carboxyl‐g‐C3N4/CdS Hydrogel
Authors: Li Ping , He Teng , Wang Jingjing , Ou Niya , Liang Jianjun , Wang Gen , Fan Qiaohui
Published: July 2024

The photocatalytic U(VI) reduction is regarded as an effective strategy for recovering uranium. However, its application in seawater uranium extraction poses challenges due to limited reactivity in the presence of carbonate and under atmospheric conditions. In the present study, a photoactive hydrogel made of carboxyl‐functionalized g‐C3N4/CdS (CCN/CdS) is designed for extracting uranium. The carboxyl groups on g‐C3N4 enhance the affinity toward uranyl ions while CdS facilitates the activation of dissolved oxygen. Under atmospheric conditions, the prepared hydrogel catalyst achieves over 80% reduction rate of 0.1 mM U(VI) within 150 min in the presence of carbonate, without the assistance of any electron donors. During the photocatalytic process, U(VI) is reduced to form UO2+x. The hydrogel catalyst exhibits a high uranium extraction capacity of >434.5 mg g⁻1 and the products can be effectively eluted using a 0.1 M NaCO3 solution. Furthermore, this hydrogel catalyst offers excellent stability, good recyclability, outstanding antifouling activity, and ease of separation, all of which are desirable for seawater uranium extraction. Finally, the test in real seawater demonstrates the successful extraction of uranium from seawater using the prepared hydrogel catalyst.
Cost‐Effective Conductive Paste for Radiofrequency Devices Using Carbon‐Based Materials
Authors: Curreli Nicola , Dessì Claudia , Lodi Matteo B. , Melis Andrea , Simone Marco , Melis Nicola , Pilia Luca , Guarnera Davide , Di Donato Loreto , Fanti Alessandro , Grosso Massimiliano , Desogus Francesco
Published: July 2024

With the increasing demand for compact, lightweight, cost‐effective, and high‐performance radiofrequency (RF) devices, the development of low‐profile antennas becomes crucial. This article presents a study of a novel carbon–cellulose‐based paste intended for screen printing RF devices. The investigation specifically explores the application of high‐reactivity carbon mixture (HRCM) particles as conductive fillers. The results demonstrate that optimal electrical conductivity values and discrete electromagnetic dipole performances can be achieved at lower concentrations of solid conductive material compared to conventional pastes, for similar applications. This offers benefits in terms of total cost, material consumption, and environmental impact. The paste formulation showcases a complex non‐Newtonian behavior, where yielding flow and thixotropicity are found to be independent and dependent on preshear conditions, respectively. This behavior can be attributed to the network orientation and rearrangement of filler structures within the paste system, which in turn are responsible for filler pattern uniformity and overall printing quality. Compared to traditional conductive materials, HRCM pastes are proven to be a viable alternative for RF devices fabrication, including printed Wi‐Fi antennas.
Hyaluronic Acid Receptor‐Mediated Nanomedicines and Targeted Therapy
Authors: Ouyang Qiuhong , Zhao Ying , Xu Kunyao , He Yuechen , Qin Meng
Published: July 2024

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix with broad applications in disease treatment. HA possesses good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to interact with various cell surface receptors. Its wide range of molecular weights and modifiable chemical groups make it an effective drug carrier for drug delivery. Additionally, the overexpression of specific receptors for HA on cell surfaces in many disease states enhances the accumulation of drugs at pathological sites through receptor binding. In this review, the modification of HA with drugs, major receptor proteins, and the latest advances in receptor‐targeted nano drug delivery systems (DDS) for the treatment of tumors and inflammatory diseases are summarized. Furthermore, the functions of HA with varying molecular weights of HA in vivo and the selection of drug delivery methods for different diseases are discussed.
Advancing Energy Sustainability Through Solar‐to‐Fuel Technologies: From Materials to Devices and Systems
Authors: Li Xintong , Yu Zexin , Zhang Chunlei , Li Bo , Wu Xin , Liu Yizhe , Zhu Zonglong
Published: July 2024

To achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable development, innovative solar‐to‐fuel systems have been designed through the integration of solar energy harvesting and electrochemical devices. Over the last decade, there have been notable advancements in enhancing the efficiency and durability of these solar‐to‐fuel systems. Despite the advancements, there remains significant potential for further improvements in the performance of systems. Enhancements can be achieved by optimizing electrochemical catalysts, advancing the manufacturing technologies of photovoltaics and electrochemical cells, and refining the overall design of these systems. In the realm of catalyst optimization, the effectiveness of materials can be significantly improved through active site engineering and strategic use of functional groups. Similarly, the performance of electrochemical devices can be enhanced by incorporating specific additives into electrolytes and optimizing gas diffusion electrodes. Improvements in solar harvesting devices are achievable through efficient passivant and self‐assembled monolayers, which enhance the overall quality and efficiency of these systems. Additionally, optimizing the energy conversion efficiency involves the strategic use of DC converters, photoelectrodes, and redox media. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in solar‐powered electrochemical energy conversion systems, laying a solid foundation for future research and development in the field of energy sustainability.
A 2D Simulation‐Assisted Investigation of a Low Breakdown Voltage Module
Authors: Sala Jacopo , Vishwanathreddy Sujith , Tutundzic Merve , Wessendorf Cordula D. , Ahlswede Erik , Aernouts Tom , Poortmans Jef , Daenen Michael
Published: July 2024

Upscaling perovskites modules from laboratory to market specifications requires modules to resist heat, humidity, and partial shading. When a device is partially covered or damaged, the unbalanced photocurrent generated can create an irreversible damage. Mitigation via bypass diodes can be expensive. This might not be necessary for perovskite‐based modules. After an initial validation of the finite difference model for a simulation‐assisted investigation, a module is systematically damaged and characterized to reproduce an unbalanced photocurrent generation. The device shows a breakdown voltage (< 1 V), which is unexpectedly much lower than for a standalone perovskite cell (≈7 V). The effect is reproducible over time, and it demonstrates that in a reverse bias scenario, electricity can tunnel through the monolithic interconnection (P1P2P3) and operate similar to a low‐voltage bypass diode. Eventually, the current and voltage distribution via electroluminescence is mapped to validate the 2D simulations and reproduce the device behavior at different loads.
The rise and fall of the Iberian cobras (Elapidae, Naja) in the context of their European and global fossil record
Authors: Villa Andrea , Quadros Ana B. , Delfino Massimo , Luján Àngel H. , Bolet Arnau , Casanovas‐Vilar Isaac , Robles Josep M. , Alba David M.
Published: July 2024

Very few remains of elapid snakes are known from the Iberian Peninsula, but these include a probable endemic extinct species of cobra, Naja iberica from the Late Miocene. We here describe isolated cobra vertebrae from several Middle–Late Miocene localities in the Vallès‐Penedès Basin (Catalonia, Spain). All of these fossils are herein referred to an indeterminate species of the genus Naja. These remains are the first conclusive evidence that cobras were present in Iberia before the Messinian Salinity Crisis, and that they persisted there throughout the Miocene (and ultimately until the Pliocene). Recently, a phylogeny of extinct Naja based on cranial and vertebral morphology recognized N. iberica as a distinct lineage separate from the Central European one, represented mainly by Naja romani. However, due to taxonomic uncertainties, it is still unclear whether Iberian cobras were all part of a single lineage or whether several Naja lineages inhabited the Iberian Peninsula. They went extinct in Iberia before the end of the Pliocene. In the Vallès‐Penedès Basin, cobras were living in a mosaic environment, surviving through different phases characterized by different environmental features.
Two‐Dimensional MXene‐Based Electrocatalysts: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Kaleem Shabbir Muhammad , Arif Fozia , Asghar Haleema , Irum Memon Sanam , Khanum Urooj , Akhtar Javeed , Ali Akbar , Ramzan Zeeshan , Aziz Aliya , Memon Ayaz Ali , Hussain Thebo Khalid
Published: July 2024

MXene, regarded as cutting‐edge two‐dimensional (2D) materials, have been widely explored in various applications due to their remarkable flexibility, high specific surface area, good mechanical strength, and interesting electrical conductivity. Recently, 2D MXene has served as a ideal platform for the design and development of electrocatalysts with high activity, selectivity, and stability. This review article provides a detailed description of the structural engineering of MXene‐based electrocatalysts and summarizes the uses of 2D MXene in hydrogen evolution reactions, nitrogen reduction reactions, oxygen evolution reactions, oxygen reduction reactions, and methanol/ethanol oxidation. Then, key issues and prospects for 2D MXene as a next‐generation platform in fundamental research and real‐world electrocatalysis applications are discussed. Emphasis will be given to material design and enhancement techniques. Finally, future research directions are suggested to improve the efficiency of MXene‐based electrocatalysts.
Polystyrene Microplastics Degradation by Microbial Consortium From Jakarta Bay
Authors: Yolanda Della Mariam , Anggiani Milani , Agung Mochamad Untung Kurnia , Anggraeni Santi Rukminita , Afianti Nur Fitriah
Published: July 2024

The continuously increasing accumulation of microplastics in the environment, such as polystyrene (PS), has posed an ecological and health threat. However, the information and biodegradation capability of plastics, including polystyrene, was still in the infancy stage in Indonesia. This study explored the potential of microbial consortia from Jakarta Bay to degrade polystyrene microplastics. The consortia were obtained from plastic waste with biofilms on their surfaces, collected from three stations in Jakarta Bay. The research enriched the biofilm's consortia using 1/10 Zobell marine broth media supplemented with 0.1% PS microplastics. Using enriched cultures, biodegradation tests were performed in a mineral salt medium with 0.2% PS microplastics as a sole carbon source for 60 days at 27°C, 120 rpm. Microbial consortia from Jakarta Bay showed an ability to perform polystyrene biodegradation. The calculated weight loss of the microplastics after 60 days of incubation was between 4% and 6.4%. The biodegradation of PS microplastics by the microbial consortium was also indicated by FTIR spectra, which showed changes in functional group transmittances and were confirmed by SEM data showing holes formation on PS surfaces. The results provide a baseline study for further research development in Indonesia's polystyrene biodegradation technology and management.
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma presenting as a foreign body induced intrathoracic abscess in a dog
Authors: Brady Emily Charlotte , Owen Laura , Wong Hannah , Kortum Andre , Herrtage Michael Edward
Published: July 2024

A 9‐year‐old, male, entire Irish setter was referred for further investigation of a chronic cough, anorexia, weight loss and lethargy. Computed tomography revealed a large ovoid encapsulated lesion, with a gas and fluid attenuating centre, and an intralesional mineral opacity. The lesion ran close to the caudal oesophagus, and extended cranially within the pulmonary parenchyma. Endoscopy revealed a communication between the lumen of the distal oesophagus and the lesion, which contained a purulent discharge and plant material. Based on the computed tomography and endoscopic findings, the diagnosis was expected to be a thoracic abscess, secondary to foreign body migration or penetration; however, surgical resection and histopathological analysis of the lesion revealed an oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This case details the unusual presentation of an oesophageal adenocarcinoma, with endoscopic and computed tomography findings that mimicked a thoracic abscess with an intralesional foreign body.
Anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor for the co‐digestion of toilet blackwater and kitchen waste
Authors: Zhao Xincheng , Ji Guixia , Li Runshan , Li Jiao , Meng Qingchen , Wu Chengyang , Liu Hongbo
Published: July 2024

Anaerobic co‐digestion using an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) can separate the sludge retention time and hydraulic retention time, retaining the biomass for efficient degradation and the use of less expensive large pore‐size membrane materials and more sustainable dynamic membranes (DMs). Therefore, anaerobic co‐digestion of toilet blackwater (BW) and kitchen waste (KW) using an AnDMBR was hypothesized to increase the potential for co‐digestion. Here, the efficiency and stability of AnDMBR in anaerobic co‐digestion of toilet BW and KW were investigated. DM morphology and structural characteristics, filtration properties, and composition, as well as membrane contamination and membrane regeneration mechanisms, were investigated. Average daily biogas yields of the reactor in two membrane cycles before and after cleaning were 788.67 and 746.09 ml/g volatile solids, with average methane content of 66.64% and 67.27% and average COD removal efficiencies of 82.03% and 80.96%, respectively. The results showed that the bioreactor obtained good performance and stability. During the stabilization phase of the DM operation, the flux was maintained between 43.65 and 65.15 L/m2/h. DM was mainly composed of organic and inorganic elements. Off‐line cleaning facilitated DM regulation and regeneration, restoring new Anaerobic morphology and structure.

Practitioner Points

High efficiency co‐digestion of BW and KW was realized in the DMBR system.

Average daily biogas yields before and after membrane cleaning were 788.67 and 746.09 ml/g volatile solids.

Off‐line cleaning facilitated DM regulation and regeneration as well as system stability.

The flux was maintained between 43.65 and 65.15 L/m2/h during operation.
Cognitive bias and contextual information management: Considerations for forensic handwriting examinations
Authors: Bird Carolyne , Jones Kylie , Ballantyne Kaye
Published: July 2024

As for other largely subjective perceptual and cognitive processes, the forensic analysis and interpretation of handwriting is potentially susceptible to bias. Cognitive bias may subconsciously influence the outcome of specific tasks at any point in an examination, during pre‐analysis, analysis, comparison, interpretation and/or reporting of results. One class of cognitive bias, contextual bias, may arise from information provided by the client, results reported from other forensic disciplines within a laboratory or the content of the questioned and/or known material itself. The base rate information (i.e., examiner knowledge, experience, and innate beliefs) associated with the type and range of examinations an examiner has previously encountered may also lead to bias. Bias introduced at any stage of the examination process, and even prior to the examination (e.g., when deciding what is collected for examination) may affect the examination outcome.

This Overview focuses on contextual information management (CIM) protocols that are used to remove potentially biasing task‐irrelevant case information from the view of the reporting forensic handwriting examiner (FHE). Where laboratory resources and logistics allow for these procedures to be in place, they should be applied as part of the pre‐analysis stage of the examination process that is, at a stage in the examination prior to the reporting FHE accessing the examination material or associated documentation. Also highlighted are some additional procedures that have been proposed by others to minimize the opportunity for cognitive bias to arise in handwriting examinations.

This article is categorized under:

Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative
Significance of variable thermal conductivity and suction/injection in unsteady MHD mixed convection flow of Casson Williamson nanofluid through heat and mass transport with gyrotactic microorganisms
Authors: Abd‐Alla Abdelmooty Mohamed , Thabet Esraa N. , Hosham Hany A. , El‐Kabeir S. M. M.
Published: July 2024

The present paper explores a two‐dimensional mixed bio‐convective unsteady viscous hydro‐magnetic Casson Williamson nanofluid flow model with heat and mass transport incorporating motile microorganisms towards a stretchy spinning disc. The flow concept is accomplished by rotating a stretched disc with a time‐varying angular velocity. By applying a magnetic field normal to the axial direction, a magnetic interaction is taken into consideration. The Casson Williamson nanofluid contains nanosized particles suspended with swimming motile microorganisms and the rotation of the disc is exhibited by buoyancy forces, thermophoresis, suction/injection, zero mass flux conditions, variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating and so forth. The obtained flow narrating differential equations of the model are transformed into ordinary differential system. This is accomplished by simulating boundary value problems using the shooting technique using the ‘ND‐Solve’ approach included in the Mathematica software (Mathematica 12). The implications of the engaged parameters such as Williamson fluid parameter, Casson fluid (CF) parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter and so forth, on both axial and radial velocities, temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and microorganisms are explained by means of graphical and tabular constructions. This paper's validity has been confirmed and its findings align with those of other previously published papers. Furthermore, it is found that both the axial and radial velocity profiles are seen to be diminishing functions of the CF parameter. The identified observation may have theoretical implications for a number of engineering procedures, solar energy systems, biofuel cells and extrusion system improvement. Moreover, this work finds application in micro‐fabrication techniques and the chemical industry.
The influence functional in open holography: entanglement and Rényi entropies
Authors: Pelliconi Pietro , Sonner Julian
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Open quantum systems are defined as ordinary unitary quantum theories coupled to a set of external degrees of freedom, which are introduced to take on the rôle of an unobserved environment. Here we study examples of open quantum field theories, with the aid of the so-called Feynman-Vernon Influence Functional (“IF”), including field theories that arise in holographic duality. We interpret the system in the presence of an IF as an open effective field theory, able to capture the effect of the unobserved environment. Our main focus is on computing Rényi and entanglement entropies in such systems, whose description from the IF, or “open EFT”, point of view we develop in this paper. The issue of computing the entanglement-Rényi entropies in open quantum systems is surprisingly rich, and we point out how different prescriptions for the IF may be appropriate depending on the application of choice. A striking application of our methods concerns the fine-grained entropy of subsystems when including gravity in the setup, for example when considering the Hawking radiation emitted by black holes. In this case we show that one prescription for the IF leads to answers consistent with unitary evolution, while the other merely reproduces standard EFT results, well known to be inconsistent with unitary global evolution. We establish these results for asymptotically AdS gravity in arbitrary dimensions, and illustrate them with explicit analytical expressions for the IF in the case of matter-coupled JT gravity in two dimensions.
On the deep superstring spectrum
Authors: Basile Thomas , Markou Chrysoula
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We propose a covariant method of constructing entire trajectories of physical states in superstring theory in the critical dimension. It is inspired by a recently developed covariant technology of excavating bosonic string trajectories, that is facilitated by the observation that the Virasoro constraints can be written as linear combinations of lowering operators of a bigger algebra, namely a symplectic algebra, which is Howe dual to the spacetime Lorentz algebra. For superstrings, it is the orthosymplectic algebra that appears instead, with its lowest weight states forming the simplest class of physical trajectories in the NS sector. To construct the simplest class in the R sector, the lowest weight states need to be supplemented with other states, which we determine. Deeper trajectories are then constructed by acting with suitable combinations of the raising operators of the orthosymplectic algebra, which we illustrate with several examples.
Minimally extended current algebras of toroidal conformal field theories
Authors: Jockers Hans , Sarve Maik , Zadeh Ida G.
Published: July 2024

Abstract

It is well-known that families of two-dimensional toroidal conformal field theories possess a dense subset of rational toroidal conformal field theories, which makes such families an interesting testing ground about rationality of conformal field theories in families in general. Rational toroidal conformal field theories possess an extended chiral and anti-chiral algebra known as W-algebras. Their partition functions decompose into a finite sum of products of holomorphic and anti-holomorphic characters of these W-algebras. Instead of considering these characters, we decompose the partition functions into products of characters of minimal extensions of $$ \hat{\mathfrak{u}}(1) $$

u
̂

1

current algebras, which already appear for rational conformal field theories with target space S1. We present an explicit construction that determines such decompositions. While these decompositions are not unique, they are universal in the sense that any rational toroidal conformal field theory with a target space torus of arbitrary dimension admits such decompositions. We illustrate these decompositions with a few representative examples of rational toroidal conformal field theories with two- and three-dimensional target space tori.
Position-space renormalization schemes for four-quark operators in HQET
Authors: Lin Joshua , Detmold William , Meinel Stefan
Published: July 2024

Abstract

X-space schemes are gauge-invariant, regulator-independent renormalization schemes that are defined by requiring position-space correlation functions of gauge-invariant operators to be equal to their noninteracting values at particular kinematic points. These schemes can be used to nonperturbatively renormalize composite operators in Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD), and by computing matching coefficients between the X-space scheme and $$ \overline{\textrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

in the dimensionally-regulated continuum, matrix elements calculated with LQCD can be converted to $$ \overline{\textrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

-renormalized matrix elements. Using X-space schemes for Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET) operators has the additional benefit that appropriate ratios of position-space correlation functions cancel the power-divergent static-quark self-energy of Lattice HQET nonperturbatively. This work presents the O(αS) matching coefficients between X-space renormalized four-quark flavor-nonsinglet HQET operators relevant for the lifetimes of charm- and bottom-hadrons, and four-quark HQET operators relevant for mixing between neutral mesons containing a heavy quark, such as B − $$ \overline{B} $$

B
¯

mixing.
Revisiting azimuthal angular asymmetries in diffractive di-jet production
Authors: Shao Ding Yu , Shi Yu , Zhang Cheng , Zhou Jian , Zhou Ya-jin
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We explore the impact of initial state soft gluon radiations on the azimuthal angle asymmetries in photo-production of hard di-jet via coherent diffraction in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions, as well as in electron-proton (ep) and electron-nucleus (eA) collisions. The primary production mechanism is identified as the diffractive production of two hard jets, accompanied by a collinear gluon emission along the beam direction. In contrast, the diffractive exclusive di-jet production, where the initial state radiation is absent, is suppressed due to color transparency. Our analysis shows that azimuthal asymmetries, traditionally attributed to final state gluon emissions, are reduced by the presence of initial state radiations. The sensitivity of azimuthal asymmetries to both initial and final state radiations suggests that they could provide novel insights into the mechanisms of di-jet production in diffractive processes.
Conformal field theory on $$ T\overline{T} $$-deformed space and correlators from dynamical coordinate transformations
Authors: Hirano Shinji , Shigemori Masaki
Published: July 2024

We study the map between two descriptions of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of conformal field theory (CFT): one is the defining description as a deformation of CFT by the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-operator. The other is an alternative description as the undeformed CFT on the dynamical $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed space that backreacts to the state or operator insertions, reminiscent of the theory of gravity. Instead of adopting the topological gravity description, we develop a more literal CFT-based operator formalism that facilitates systematic and straightforward computations of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformation of the stress tensor, operators, and their correlators, while rederiving known results in the literature. Along the way, we discuss the backreaction to the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed space in response to local operators and exhibit the hard-disk and free-space structures in the UV-cutoff and Hagedorn phases, respectively, suggested by Cardy-Doyon and Jiang. To capitalize on the alternative description of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed CFT, we focus on the correlators of semi-heavy operators, i.e., the operators of large conformal dimension ∆ ≫ $$ \sqrt{c} $$

c

, and show an intuitive and simple way to obtain the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed correlators from those of the undeformed CFT on the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-deformed space via dynamical coordinate transformations. This may have implications in the holographic dual description, pointing towards a working dictionary for a class of matter correlators in the cutoff AdS picture.
Quantum entanglement and Bell inequality violation in semi-leptonic top decays
Authors: Han Tao , Low Matthew , Wu Tong Arthur
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Quantum entanglement is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics. Recently, studies have explored entanglement in the $$ t\overline{t} $$
t

t
¯

system at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) when both the top quark and anti-top quark decay leptonically. Entanglement is detected via correlations between the polarizations of the top and anti-top and these polarizations are measured through the angles of the decay products of the top and anti-top. In this work, we propose searching for evidence of quantum entanglement in the semi-leptonic decay channel where the final state includes one lepton, one neutrino, two b-flavor tagged jets, and two light jets from the W decay. We find that this channel is both easier to reconstruct and has a larger effective quantity of data than the fully leptonic channel. As a result, the semi-leptonic channel is 60% more sensitive to quantum entanglement and a factor of 3 more sensitive to Bell inequality violation, compared to the leptonic channel. In 139 fb−1 (3 ab−1) of data at the LHC (HL-LHC), it should be feasible to measure entanglement at a precision of ≲ 3% (0.7%). Detecting Bell inequality violation, on the other hand, is more challenging. With 300 fb−1 (3 ab−1) of integrated luminosity at the LHC Run-3 (HL-LHC), we expect a sensitivity of 1.3σ (4.1σ). In our study, we utilize a realistic parametric fitting procedure to optimally recover the true angular distributions from detector effects. Compared to unfolding this procedure yields more stable results.
Yang-Mills field from fuzzy sphere quantum Kaluza-Klein model
Authors: Liu Chengcheng , Majid Shahn
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Using the framework of quantum Riemannian geometry, we show that gravity on the product of spacetime and a fuzzy sphere is equivalent under minimal assumptions to gravity on spacetime, an su2-valued Yang-Mills field Aμi and a real-symmetric-matrix valued Liouville-sigma model field hij for gravity on the fuzzy sphere. Moreover, a massless real scalar field on the product appears as a tower of scalar fields on spacetime, with one for each internal integer spin l representation of SU(2), minimally coupled to Aμi and with mass depending on l and the fuzzy sphere size. For discrete values of the deformation parameter, the fuzzy spheres can be reduced to matrix algebras M2j+1(ℂ) for j any non-negative half-integer, and in this case only integer spins 0 ≤ l ≤ 2j appear in the multiplet. Thus, for j = 1 a massless field on the product appears as a massless SU(2) internal spin 0 field, a massive internal spin 1 field and a massive internal spin 2 field, in mass ratio 0, 1,$$ \sqrt{3} $$

3

respectively, which we conjecture could arise in connection with an approximate SU(2) flavour symmetry.
Treibhausgasäquivalente und Nutzwasserverbrauch durch dermatologische Produktprobenverpackungen
Authors: Niebel Dennis , Schweig Carolina , Luhmann Esther , Saha Susanne
Published: July 2024

Hintergrund

Unter Sampling versteht man das kostenlose Anbieten kleiner Produktproben. Dabei kann die Verpackung in einem Missverhältnis zum Inhalt stehen, dies führt zu Rohstoffverbrauch und bei mangelnder Recyclingfähigkeit zu Umweltbelastungen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Berechnungen zum Verhältnis zwischen Verpackungs- und Produktgewicht für im Sampling gängige Verpackungsarten (Sachet, Tube, Tiegel) dermatologischer Produktproben dargelegt. Die Zweckmäßigkeit des Samplings wird unter Berücksichtigung umweltrelevanter und betriebswirtschaftlicher Kriterien diskutiert.

Material und Methoden

Insgesamt wurden 43 dermatologische Produktproben unterschiedlicher Hersteller händisch verwogen und klassifiziert. Verpackungen wurden in ihrem strukturellen Aufbau zerlegt. Die anteiligen Gewichte bzw. das Gewicht der Flaschen/Tuben wurden mit Datenbankwerten für den jeweiligen Stoff (Material) bezüglich Treibhausgasäquivalenten (CO2eq) und Brauchwasser verrechnet. Anschließend wurde eine Gesamtsumme für den Impact der jeweiligen Verpackung gebildet. Hierbei wurden nur das Material und dessen Herstellungs- und Verarbeitungsprozess berücksichtigt, weil zu Transport, Gebrauchsnutzen und End-of-Life (EoL) der Verpackungen keine validen Informationen vorlagen.

Ergebnisse

Die kleinste und leichteste Produktprobe (1,24 g) generiert ca. 15 g CO2eq und ca. 700 ml Nutzwasserverbrauch. Die größte und schwerste Produktprobe (37 g) generierte 53 g CO2eq bei 5,78 l Nutzwasserverbrauch. Unter Annahme einer jährlichen Abgabemenge von 10 Mio. Einheiten der hier untersuchten 43 Produktproben entstehen ca. 8000 t CO2eq nur durch die Verpackungen. Weiterhin fallen 880.000.000 l Wasserverbrauch und ca. 2300 t Verpackungsabfall an.

Diskussion

Sampling weist ein ungünstiges Verhältnis zwischen CO2eq/Wasserverbrauch und Nutzen auf, insbesondere im Vergleich zu größeren Verkaufsverpackungen. Produktproben werden jährlich millionenfach in Arztpraxen, Kliniken und Apotheken und insbesondere in der Dermatologie verteilt. Die Praxis des Samplings ist ökologisch und ökonomisch zu hinterfragen.