bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generative AI and criminal law
Authors: Panattoni Beatrice
Published: January 2025

Several criminal offenses can originate from or culminate with the creation of content. Sexual abuse can be committed by producing intimate materials without the subject’s consent, while incitement to violence or self-harm can begin with a conversation. When the task of generating content is entrusted to artificial intelligence (AI), it becomes necessary to explore the risks of this technology. AI changes criminal affordances because it creates new kinds of harmful content, it amplifies the range of recipients, and it can exploit cognitive vulnerabilities to manipulate user behavior. Given this evolving landscape, the question is whether policies aimed at fighting Generative AI-related harms should include criminal law. The bulk of criminal law scholarship to date would not criminalize AI harms on the theory that AI lacks moral agency. Even so, the field of AI might need criminal law, precisely because it entails a moral responsibility. When a serious harm occurs, responsibility needs to be distributed considering the guilt of the agents involved, and, if it is lacking, it needs to fall back because of their innocence. Thus, legal systems need to start exploring whether and how guilt can be preserved when the actus reus is completely or partially delegated to Generative AI.
Transcendental Julia sets of minimal Hausdorff dimension
Authors: BURKART JACK , LAZEBNIK KIRILL
Published: January 2025

We show the existence of transcendental entire functions

$f: \mathbb {C} \rightarrow \mathbb {C}$

with Hausdorff-dimension

$1$

Julia sets, such that every Fatou component of f has infinite inner connectivity. We also show that there exist singleton complementary components of any Fatou component of f, answering a question of Rippon and Stallard [Eremenko points and the structure of the escaping set. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.372(5) (2019), 3083–3111]. Our proof relies on a quasiconformal-surgery approach developed by Burkart and Lazebnik [Interpolation of power mappings. Rev. Mat. Iberoam.39(3) (2023), 1181–1200].
A comparison of different chemical control application methods for managing Elaeagnus pungens in South Carolina
Authors: Darr Molly N. , Nottingham Louis B. , Steele Janet W. , Evans Timothy L. , Coyle David R.
Published: January 2025

Several Elaeagnus species (autumn olive [E. umbellata (Thunb.)], Russian olive [E. angustifolia (L.)], and thorny olive [E. pungens (Thunb.)]) are invasive in North America. Elaeagnus pungens is prevalent throughout much of the southeastern United States, commonly overtaking wooded and natural areas, bottomlands, and roadsides. While many management methods including several herbicide treatments have been evaluated, efficacy of these methods can vary based on the size and density of the target plants. Further, personal communication with land managers revealed a lack of information that incorporated application effort, duration and associated cost into treatment efficacy and usefulness. We evaluated three herbicide application methods using the free acid formulation of triclopyr in an E. pungens infested forest in South Carolina, United States to determine the effectiveness of each application method. We estimated pre-treatment E. pungens biomass and destructively harvested all live material post treatment to obtain actual biomass values. Foliar herbicide application was ineffective, but both cut stump and basal bark application nearly eliminated E. pungens in the treatment plots. The basal bark application took slightly more time to complete than cut stump treatments but was described as less physically demanding by applicators. Based on treatment efficacy and time required, the basal bark application method seems most prudent for controlling E. pungens in these areas. These results will help land managers more effectively use their resources for invasive woody plant control.
A Hamiltonian Dysthe equation for hydroelastic waves in a compressed ice sheet
Authors: Guyenne Philippe , Kairzhan Adilbek , Sulem Catherine
Published: January 2025

Nonlinear hydroelastic waves along a compressed ice sheet lying on top of a two-dimensional fluid of infinite depth are investigated. Based on a Hamiltonian formulation of this problem and by applying techniques from Hamiltonian perturbation theory, a Hamiltonian Dysthe equation is derived for the slowly varying envelope of modulated wavetrains. This derivation is further complicated here by the presence of cubic resonances for which a detailed analysis is given. A Birkhoff normal form transformation is introduced to eliminate non-resonant triads while accommodating resonant ones. It also provides a non-perturbative scheme to reconstruct the ice-sheet deformation from the wave envelope. Linear predictions on the modulational instability of Stokes waves in sea ice are established, and implications for the existence of solitary wave packets are discussed for a range of values of ice compression relative to ice bending. This Dysthe equation is solved numerically to test these predictions. Its numerical solutions are compared with direct simulations of the full Euler system, and very good agreement is observed.
Analysis of 42 Years of Cosmic Ray Measurements by the Neutron Monitor at Lomnický štít Observatory
Authors: Kisvárdai Imre , Štempel Filip , Randuška Lukáš , Mackovjak Šimon , Langer Ronald , Strhárský Igor , Kubančák Ján
Published: January 2025

The correlation and physical interconnection between space weather indices and cosmic ray flux has been well‐established with extensive literature on the topic. Our investigation is centered on the relationships among the solar radio flux, geomagnetic field activity, and cosmic ray flux, as observed by the Neutron Monitor at the Lomnický štít Observatory in Slovakia. We processed the raw neutron monitor data, generating the first publicly accessible data set spanning 42 years. The curated continuous data are available in.csv format in hourly resolution from December 1981 to July 2023 and in minute resolution from January 2001 to July 2023 (Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10790915). Validation of this processed data was accomplished by identifying distinctive events within the data set. As part of the selection of events for case studies, we report the discovery of TGE‐s visible in the data. Applying the Pearson method for statistical analysis, we quantified the linear correlation of the data sets. Additionally, a prediction power score was computed to reveal potential non‐linear relationships. Our findings demonstrate a significant anti‐correlation between cosmic ray and solar radio flux with a correlation coefficient of −0.74, coupled with a positive correlation concerning geomagnetic field strength. We also found that the neutron monitor measurements correlate better with a delay of 7–21 hr applied to the geomagnetic field strength data. The correlation between these data sets is further improved when inspecting periods of extreme solar events only. Lastly, the computed prediction power score of 0.22 for neutron flux in the context of geomagnetic field strength presents exciting possibilities for developing real‐time geomagnetic storm prediction models based on cosmic ray measurements.
Potassium Isotope Evidence for Origin of Archean TTG Rocks From Seawater‐Hydrothermally Altered Oceanic Crust
Authors: Xiong D.‐Y. , Wang X.‐L. , Li W. , Zheng Y.‐F. , Anhaeusser C. R. , Hofmann A. , Wang D. , Li J.‐Y.
Published: January 2025

Tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite (TTG) rocks constitute a crucial part of the Archean continental crust, yet their origins remain contentious. It is critical to decipher their source nature and hydration mechanism. This paper presents a study of whole‐rock K stable isotopes in well‐preserved ca. 3.51–3.42 Ga TTG rocks and associated mafic rocks from the Barberton granitoid‐greenstone terrane (BGGT) in the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. The results show for the first time a substantial δ41K variation from −0.69 ± 0.07‰ to −0.32 ± 0.05‰ (2SD) for the Paleoarchean mafic rocks, exceeding the present mantle δ41K range from −0.6 to −0.3‰. This variation can be well explained by the seawater‐hydrothermal alteration at different temperatures. Similarly, the Paleoarchean TTGs exhibit a wide δ41K range from −0.55 ± 0.04‰ to 0.07 ± 0.08‰ (2SD). In combination with available zircon δ18O values of 5.07–6.02‰, it is evident that Archean TTGs would be derived from partial melting of the seawater‐hydrothermally altered oceanic crust (AOC). The distinct K‐O isotope signatures demonstrate that the hydration of Archean mafic crust is caused by the hydrothermal alteration at mid‐ocean ridges during seafloor spreading. The variable K‐O isotope compositions in the Archean TTGs signify a series of processes that are dominated by the seawater‐hydrothermally altered AOC in a Wilson cycle from divergence through convergence to rifting of Archean oceanic plates. This offers a viable mechanism for TTG petrogenesis and the growth of continental crust in the Archean.
Impact of Ekman Pumping on the Meridional Coherence of the AMOC
Authors: Fraser Neil J. , Fox Alan D. , Cunningham Stuart A.
Published: January 2025

The effect of wind‐induced vertical velocity on the meridional coherence of Atlantic meridional overtuning circulation (AMOC) is examined using theory, observations, and a numerical model. Two cases are considered: (a) the AMOC computed in depth coordinates and (b) the AMOC computed in isopycnal coordinates. In depth space, the difference between the AMOC at different latitudes is largely explained by vertical transport across the depth surface induced by Ekman pumping. In density space, this difference is explained by Ekman‐driven heave of the neutral surface separating the upper and lower limbs. This adiabatic “sloshing” changes the relative volumes of the upper and lower AMOC limbs, obscuring the distribution and advection of the diapycnal transports which characterize the AMOC.
Altitude‐Dependent Plasma Parameter Variations of Synthetic EISCAT UHF and VHF Incoherent Scatter Spectra Calculated From TIE‐GCM Results
Authors: Günzkofer Florian , Stober Gunter , Heymann Frank , Tjulin Anders , Borries Claudia
Published: January 2025

Incoherent scatter radar measurements rely on the application of a priori parameters from empirical models to initialize the analysis of incoherent scatter spectra. Currently, there is a need to transform ionosphere models to enable reliable space weather predictions through data assimilation of observations. Very often the data assimilation relies on electron densities measured with incoherent scatter radars. Erroneous a priori parameters would lead to the assimilation of inaccurate and physically inconsistent data depending on the ionospheric model. It might therefore be beneficial to assimilate the entire radar spectrum and infer the plasma parameters from the assimilated spectrum by applying the a priori parameters as given by the model. To assess the potential assimilation of incoherent scatter spectra into models, we investigate synthetic EISCAT incoherent scatter spectra calculated from TIE‐GCM results. At F1 region altitudes, the atomic‐to‐molecular ion ratio strongly affects the shape of the incoherent scatter spectrum. Since the vertical profiles of the atomic‐to‐molecular ion ratio are distinctly different in the EISCAT a priori model and TIE‐GCM, the assimilation of single plasma parameters induces additional, unbalanced forces into the model. A similar problem arises in the E region due to different ion‐neutral collision frequency profiles. These problems could be solved by assimilation of the entire incoherent scatter spectrum followed by an in‐model evaluation of the plasma parameters. We demonstrate the effect of different a priori profiles on the spectral analysis and how the derived plasma parameters are changing when leveraging a more comprehensive approach of using forward modeling with TIE‐GCM.
The Mono Lake and Laschamps Geomagnetic Excursions Recorded by Sediments in the Drake Passage
Authors: Nowaczyk Norbert R. , Jiabo Liu , Lamy Frank , Lembke‐Jene Lester , Arz Helge W.
Published: January 2025

The Drake Passage is characterized by strong ocean currents barely allowing the deposition of fine grained sediments. Only in smaller basins protected from these currents sediments are able to settle more or less continuously. Two sediment cores from within the Drake Passage were subjected to magnetostratigraphic analyses. In one core inclinations are too steep while they are too shallow in the other one. Tentatively, directions of both cores were slightly tilted so that the maximum of the inclination distribution aligns with the direction of a geocentric axial dipole. Inclination variations then correlate fairly well, while declinations still show only little congruence. This is interpreted as the result of locally varying bottom currents partly biasing the remanence acquisition processes. Nevertheless, due to the high latitude of the coring site at 58°S, the field vector is mostly dominated by inclination and intensity variations. Directional variations during the documented Mono Lake (34.5 ka) and Laschamps (41.0 ka) geomagnetic excursions are only slightly changed by the applied tilt‐correction and afterward correlate very well from core to core. The Mono Lake excursion is characterized by shallow inclinations only, indicating a non‐axial dipolar field geometry. The field vector during the Laschamps excursion reaches a fully reversed direction. Both excursions are associated with clear minima in paleointensity. During the Laschamps excursion even a slight field recovery can be observed during the reversed phase of the field vector. Both excursions in Drake Passage sediments are terminated fairly abruptly followed by a more or less steep increase in paleointensity.
Temporal Dynamics of Open Ocean Polynyas Influenced by Sea Ice and Climatic Impacts in the West Cosmonaut Sea
Authors: Hao Guanghua , Shen Hui , Wang Anliang , Sun Yongming
Published: January 2025

Open ocean polynyas, regions of open water surrounded by sea ice, frequently occur in the West Cosmonaut Sea, an Antarctic marginal sea in the southern Indian Ocean sector. These polynyas play a crucial role in regional energy exchange and influence Antarctic atmospheric processes. This study examines the spatial and temporal distribution of the West Cosmonaut Sea polynyas (WCP) from 1979 to 2023, using sea ice concentration (SIC) data collected from May to August. Our results reveal that a pronounced winter sea ice decline promotes the embayment shape formation, precursor to WCP with open water encircled on three sides by sea ice, mainly open on the northeast side. Statistical analysis identifies regions between 62.0–67°S and 28.0–50.0°E, centered near 65°S, 41°E, as hotspots of polynya occurrence. The annual mean WCP area ranges from 2.0 × 103 to 0.7 × 105 km2, with maximum yearly extents between 3.6 × 103 to 1.5 × 105 km2. The yearly accumulated lasting time spans 3–20 days, exhibiting interannual variability with periodicities of 2–3 years and 4–8 years, partially modulated by the Southern Annular Mode. Since 1987, the duration of WCP events has markedly increased, though a decline has been observed since 2012, likely linked to variations in SIC within the embayment. Enhanced wind stress curl supports WCP formation, increases precipitation, and contributes to polynya closure. WCP dynamics amplify evaporation, latent and sensible heat flux, further highlighting the complex interplay between the atmosphere and the ocean in the Antarctic.
Magnesium Isotope Fractionation During Basalt Weathering: An Index of Weathering Fluxes and CO2 Consumption
Authors: Luo Kai , Ma Jin‐Long , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Wei Gang‐Jian , Zhu Guan‐Hong , Zeng Ti , Wang Zhi‐Bing
Published: January 2025

The weathering of silicate rocks exerts a significant control on the weathering fluxes of metals and atmospheric CO2 consumption. In this study, we present new magnesium (Mg) isotope data from a basalt weathering profile in Hainan Island, South China, to investigate Mg isotope fractionation and calculate weathering fluxes and CO2 consumption. The Mg mobility (τMg,Ti) in saprolites decreases from −34.1% to −95.7%. The δ26Mg values in saprolites vary from −0.25 ± 0.07‰ to 0.43 ± 0.07‰, higher than those of the parent rock (−0.25 ± 0.07 ‰). The significant Mg loss during the formation and decomposition of clay minerals influences Mg isotope fractionation, particularly with changes in kaolinite structure under different pH conditions, which prefer heavy Mg isotopes. By applying a mass balance model, we have developed a novel method to calculate weathering fluxes based on the weathering profile, yielding Mg elemental fluxes (MgFlux) of 2.45–5.85 mol/cm2/Myr, Mg isotopic fluxes (δ26MgFlux) of −0.44 to −0.04‰/mol/cm2/Myr, and CO2 consumption of 2.3 × 1012 mol/yr for the weathering outputs of basaltic rocks. This highlights the crucial role of basalt weathering in global carbon sequestration. Our findings improve the understanding of Mg cycling and isotope fractionation in epigenetic environments and facilitate the quantification of weathering fluxes and atmospheric CO2 consumption during basalt weathering.
Initial Closure of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Paleo‐Tethyan Ocean: Constraints Based on New Paleomagnetic Data From the Middle Triassic Volcanic‐Sedimentary Sequence, Southern Qiangtang Terrane
Authors: Ma Xingduo , Tan Xiaodong , Li Yalin , Wang Chengshan , Han Zhongpeng , Li Shuai , Li Zijian , Yang Bo , Song Jizheng
Published: January 2025

Understanding the geodynamics of the Tethys requires solid constraints on the evolution of the Tethyan Ocean. However, the exact closure time of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Paleo‐Tethyan Ocean remains poorly defined. To address this issue, we report a combined paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and petrographic study of the Middle Triassic (∼240 Ma) volcanic‐sedimentary sequence of the southern Qiangtang Terrane. Magnetite, along with minor amounts of pyrrhotite and hematite, are the magnetic carriers in the limestone, whereas magnetite and titanomagnetite constitute the principal magnetic carriers in the volcanic rocks. After tilt correction, the analysis of characteristic remanent magnetizations (ChRMs) from 18 sites yielded a mean direction of Ds = 55.4°, Is = 36.2°, α95s = 6.4°, and k = 29.9. The volcanic rock sites effectively averaged out the paleomagnetic secular variation, and the overall ChRMs passed the fold test. The determined paleomagnetic pole at 39.4°N, 175.6°E, with A95 = 5.7°, indicates a paleolatitude of ∼20.1 ± 5.7°N. A comparison of paleolatitudes between the northern and southern Qiangtang terranes reveals that the Longmu Co–Shuanghu Paleo‐Tethyan Ocean was initially closed before or during the Middle Triassic. Available geological observations, including magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentological records from the northern and southern Qiangtang terranes and the suture zone indicate a closure time ranging from late Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic. Thus, the combined geological records and paleomagnetic results suggest that the LongmuCo–Shuanghu Paleo‐Tethyan Ocean was initially closed in the late Middle Triassic.
Dilute Species Transport During Generalized Newtonian Fluid Flow in Porous Medium Systems
Authors: Bowers Christopher A. , Miller Cass T.
Published: January 2025

Dilute species transport in generalized Newtonian fluids (GNFs) is typically described using explanatory empirical approaches assuming a traditional Fickian form, which is an approach that lacks predictive ability for systems and conditions not specifically investigated. Dilute species transport was investigated for a wide range of Cross and Carreau fluids flowing through a set of monodisperse and polydisperse sphere pack porous media. Both microscale and macroscale simulations were performed to demonstrate that GNF fluid flow can be predicted based upon Newtonian characterization of the media and rheological characterization of the fluid. Dilute species transport was shown to have a Fickian limit with dispersivity dependent on the porous media, fluid properties, and the flow rate in a nonlinear fashion. Dimensionless analysis and symbolic regression was used to deduce an explanatory and predictive function to describe dispersivity in terms of relevant system properties, enabling prediction of dilute species transport for GNFs flowing through porous media that does not require any non‐Newtonian experiments or parameter estimation.
Effect of regional crosstalk between sympathetic nerves and sensory nerves on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritic pain
Authors: Ma Zhangyu , Wan Qianqian , Qin Wenpin , Qin Wen , Yan Janfei , Zhu Yina , Wang Yuzhu , Ma Yuxuan , Wan Meichen , Han Xiaoxiao , Zhao Haoyan , Hou Yuxuan , Tay Franklin R. , Niu Lina , Jiao Kai
Published: January 2025

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) is a common disease often accompanied by pain, seriously affecting physical and mental health of patients. Abnormal innervation at the osteochondral junction has been considered as a predominant origin of arthralgia, while the specific mechanism mediating pain remains unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanism of TMJ-OA pain, an abnormal joint loading model was used to induce TMJ-OA pain. We found that during the development of TMJ-OA, the increased innervation of sympathetic nerve of subchondral bone precedes that of sensory nerves. Furthermore, these two types of nerves are spatially closely associated. Additionally, it was discovered that activation of sympathetic neural signals promotes osteoarthritic pain in mice, whereas blocking these signals effectively alleviates pain. In vitro experiments also confirmed that norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons promotes the activation and axonal growth of sensory neurons. Moreover, we also discovered that through releasing norepinephrine, regional sympathetic nerves of subchondral bone were found to regulate growth and activation of local sensory nerves synergistically with other pain regulators. This study identified the role of regional sympathetic nerves in mediating pain in TMJ-OA. It sheds light on a new mechanism of abnormal innervation at the osteochondral junction and the regional crosstalk between peripheral nerves, providing a potential target for treating TMJ-OA pain.
Spatial tumor immune heterogeneity facilitates subtype co-existence and therapy response in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Klein Lukas , Tu Mengyu , Krebs Niklas , Urbach Laura , Grimm Daniela , Latif Muhammad Umair , Penz Frederike , Blandau Anna , Wu Xueyan , Samuel Rebecca Diya , Küffer Stefan , Wegwitz Florian , Chan Nathan , Aliar Kazeera , Vyas Foram , Kishore Uday , Hessmann Elisabeth , Trumpp Andreas , Espinet Elisa , Papantonis Argyris , Khokha Rama , Ellenrieder Volker , Grünwald Barbara T. , Singh Shiv K.
Published: January 2025

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) displays a high degree of spatial subtype heterogeneity and co-existence, linked to a diverse microenvironment and worse clinical outcome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, by combining preclinical models, multi-center clinical, transcriptomic, proteomic, and patient bioimaging data, we identify an interplay between neoplastic intrinsic AP1 transcription factor dichotomy and extrinsic macrophages driving subtype co-existence and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. ATAC-, ChIP-, and RNA-seq analyses reveal that JUNB/AP1- and HDAC-mediated epigenetic programs repress pro-inflammatory signatures in tumor cells, antagonizing cJUN/AP1 signaling, favoring a therapy-responsive classical neoplastic state. This dichotomous regulation is amplified via regional TNF-α+ macrophages, which associates with a reactive phenotype and reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration in patients. Consequently, combined preclinical anti-TNF-α immunotherapy and chemotherapy reduces macrophages and promotes CD3+/CD8+ T cell infiltration in basal-like PDAC, improving survival. Hence, tumor cell-intrinsic epigenetic programs, together with extrinsic microenvironmental cues, facilitate intratumoral subtype heterogeneity and disease progression.
Fast barrier-free switching in synthetic antiferromagnets
Authors: Dzhezherya Yu , Kalita V. , Polynchuk P. , Kravets A. , Korenivski V. , Kruchinin S. , Bellucci S.
Published: January 2025

We analytically solve the Landau-Lifshitz equations for the collective magnetization dynamics in a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) nanoparticle and uncover a regime of barrier-free switching under a short small-amplitude magnetic field pulse applied perpendicular to the SAF plane. We give examples of specific implementations for forming such low-power and ultra-fast switching pulses. For fully optical, resonant, barrier-free SAF switching we estimate the power per write operation to be $$ \sim 100 $$

∼
100

 pJ, 10–100 times smaller than for conventional quasi-static rotation, which should be attractive for memory applications.
A multi-level analysis of motor and behavioural dynamics in 9-month-old preterm and term-born infants during changing emotional and interactive contexts
Authors: Chua Yu Wei , Jiménez-Sánchez Lorena , Ledsham Victoria , O’Carroll Sinéad , Cox Ralf F. A. , Andonovic Ivan , Tachtatzis Christos , Boardman James P. , Fletcher-Watson Sue , Rowe Philip , Delafield-Butt Jonathan
Published: January 2025

Computational analysis of infant movement has significant potential to reveal markers of developmental health. We report two studies employing dynamic analyses of motor kinematics and motor behaviours, which characterise movement at two levels, in 9-month-old infants. We investigate the effect of preterm birth (< 33 weeks of gestation) and the effect of changing emotional and social-interactive contexts in the still-face paradigm. First, multiscale permutation entropy was employed to analyse acceleration kinematic timeseries data collected from Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors on infants’ torso, wrists, and ankles (N = 32: 10 term; 22 preterm). Second, Recurrence Quantification Analysis was used to characterise patterns of second-to-second behavioural changes, from observationally coded behavioural timeseries on infants’ emotional self-regulation (N = 111: 61 term; 50 preterm). We found frequency-specific effects of context on permutation entropy. Relative to infants born at term (> 37 weeks of gestation), infants born preterm showed greater permutation entropy in their left ankle and torso movements, but not in right ankle or wrist movements. We did not find effects of preterm birth or emotional context on micro-level behavioural dynamics. Our methodology and findings inform future work using multiscale entropy to study infant development. Dynamic analysis of behaviour is a relatively young field, and applications to emotional self-regulation requires further methodological development.
Mucosal-adapted bacteriophages as a preventive strategy for a lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge in mice
Authors: Coelho Luiz Felipe Leomil , de Souza Terceti Mateus , Neto Sergio Pereira Lima , Amaral Raíne Piva , dos Santos Ana Luisa Cauvila , Gozzi William Permagnani , de Carvalho Bianca Andrade , da Cunha Gustavo Aparecido , Durante Maria Fernanda Romboli , Sanchietta Lais , Marangoni Giovana Soares , Gabriel Matheus Luca Carotta , Malaquias Luiz Cosme Cotta , Celis Eliana Leonor Hurtado , de Souza Apolinário Giovanna , Araujo Junior João Pessoa , de Oliveira Carine Ervolino , Queiroz Victoria Fulgencio , Magno de Freitas Almeida Gabriel
Published: January 2025

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an emergent threat due to the antimicrobial resistance crisis. Bacteriophages (phages) are promising agents for phage therapy approaches against P. aeruginosa. It has been proposed that metazoans harbor phages on their mucosal surfaces, and this could be exploited for the rational design of prophylactic phage therapy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of phage-mucus interaction to prevent infections caused by P. aeruginosa. We isolated two phages capable of infecting P. aeruginosa. Both are similar in morphology and closely related genetically. However, phage VAC3 is more efficient in replicating in mucin-exposed P. aeruginosa in vitro and is preferentially held in the respiratory tract of C57BL/6 mice. Pre-treatment with VAC3 phage protects mice from a lethal dose of P. aeruginosa while VAC1 does not. This shows that phages adapted to mucosal conditions have potential to be applied as prophylactic measures against an ESKAPE pathogen.
Investigation on the doping of dyes in single crystalline anhydrous guanine microplatelets and their optical properties
Authors: Guo Dongmei , Zhang Ying , Liang Chuyi , Hao Jingyan , Gonzalez Clara , Gao Juan , Ma Yurong
Published: January 2025

β-AG crystalline microplatelets with different colors and high reflection intensities were synthesized by incorporating cationic/molecular dyes in guanine crystals.
Promoted solubilization and desorption of petroleum hydrocarbons to remediate contaminated soils using Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Yang Yi , Ma Yi , Huang Tingting , Song Xiaoming , Zhang Yinqing , Zhu Lingyan
Published: January 2025

HCOOH/H2SO4 hydrolysis was applied to prepare cellulose nanocrystals (FSCNCs), and Pickering emulsions stabilized by FSCNCs could effectively remove petroleum hydrocarbons from soil.
Solid-state aromatic nucleophilic fluorination: a rapid, practical, and environmentally friendly route to N-heteroaryl fluorides
Authors: Kubota Koji , Makino Tetsu , Kondo Keisuke , Seo Tamae , Jin Mingoo , Ito Hajime
Published: January 2025

A simple mechanochemical protocol for solid-state aromatic nucleophilic fluorination using potassium fluoride (KF) and quaternary ammonium salts was developed.
Nitroxide radical contrast agents for safe magnetic resonance imaging: progress, challenges, and perspectives
Authors: Yuan Xunchun , Yu Haojie , Wang Li , Uddin Md Alim , Ouyang Chenguang
Published: January 2025

NRCAs: an effective substitute for metal-based MRI contrast agents.
A bimetallic catalyst of Fe–Co nanocomposite encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanotubes for colorimetric monitoring and degradation of hydroquinone in rivers
Authors: Liao Yuan , Zhang Xumin , Li Xiaomin , Lin Lingling , Shi Yindi , Chen Dongping
Published: January 2025

In this study, we developed an encapsulating bimetallic nanoparticle strategy to construct nanocomposites with Fe–Co dual sites inserted into nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes.
Thermomechanical and mechanical analysis of polylactic acid/polyhydroxyalkanoate/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) binary and ternary blends
Authors: Sabalina Alisa , Platnieks Oskars , Gaidukova Gerda , Aunins Arturs , Eiduks Toms Valdemars , Gaidukovs Sergejs
Published: January 2025

Research is increasingly focused on developing biodegradable polymers from renewable agricultural resources. Polymer blends, combining multiple polymers, deliver improved ductility and toughness while remaining cost-effective compared to specialized copolymers.
Potent EGFR/PARP-1 inhibition by spirooxindole-triazole hybrids for targeted liver cancer therapy
Authors: Nafie Mohamed S. , Ali M. , Alwehaibi Moayad Abdullah , Alayyaf Abdulmajeed Abdullah , Al-Muhanna Muhanna K. , Almuqati Naif S. , Alghamdi Abdullah A. , Haukka Matti , Tariq Syeda Sumayya , Ul-Haq Zaheer , Barakat Assem
Published: January 2025

A novel spirooxindole-triazole conjugate was synthesized, characterized as potent anti-liver cancer agent through apoptosis and EGFR/PARP-1 inhibition.
Interaction of light with gas–liquid interfaces: influence on photon absorption in continuous-flow photoreactors
Authors: Schuurmans Jasper H. A. , Zondag Stefan D. A. , Chaudhuri Arnab , Claros Miguel , van der Schaaf John , Noël Timothy
Published: January 2025

Light interacts with gas–liquid interfaces, yet photon absorption losses in a capillary and high-shear reactor are minimal. Reflection, refraction and scattering extend the optical path length, enhancing photon absorption when bubbles are small.
Dehydration of xylose to furfural in a biphasic system: catalyst selection and kinetic modelling discrimination
Authors: Soukup-Carne Dominik , Hillman Ben , Parlett Christopher M. A. , Fan Xiaolei , Esteban Jesús
Published: January 2025

A kinetic model for the biphasic production of furfural from xylose is presented after discrimination.
Cephalopod chromatophores contain photosensitizing nanostructures that may facilitate light sensing and signaling in the skin
Authors: Kim Taehwan , Bower Duncan Q. , Deravi Leila F.
Published: January 2025

The photoexcited charge transfer properties of cephalopod chromatophore granules are examined within a photovoltaic cell. Photoconversion efficiency up to 0.81 ± 0.14% is recorded, highlighting a new function for these unique biomaterials.
Modelling and control stability analysis of grid‐connected bifacial PV power generation systems using virtual synchronous generator technology
Authors: Yi Jianbo , Gu Yujie , Xu Ran , Zhang Zhenyuan , Huang Qi
Published: January 2025

In recent years, bifacial solar panels are accelerating to replace single‐side PV devices in traditional PV power generation system due to their high utilisation rate and price advantages. This makes the stability and control strategy of grid‐connected bifacial PV systems (GCBPVS) to be different from the traditional method after it is connected to the power systems. This paper fully considers each detailed module in GCBPVS using virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology and derives the small‐signal model of the fully grid‐connected (GC) system using the linearisation method of each sub‐module. Then, it analyses the small disturbance stability and oscillation mode characteristics of GCBPVS by combining the effects of partial system parameters change on eigenvalues. Especially for the key parameters that affect the control stability of the system, this paper proposes a novel global optimisation design method of key control parameters to reform the distribution of system eigenvalues and improve the stability of GCBPVS. Finally, case simulation and result analysis show that the accuracy of the above small‐signal model is very high and the related stabilisation control method is very effective. In addition, hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL) experiments demonstrate that the proposed control method has strong engineering practicability and is better suitable for application.
Power oscillation suppression strategy of VSG based on finite‐time Hamiltonian method
Authors: Xiaomei Guo , Li Yonggang , Zhou Yichen
Published: January 2025

In order to improve the stability of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) system and suppress the power oscillation, a power oscillation suppression strategy of VSG based on the finite‐time Hamiltonian method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the traditional VSG control, the port‐controlled Hamiltonian with dissipation model for the active power closed‐loop circuit of the VSG grid‐connected inverter is established by considering additional control inputs. Secondly, a Hamiltonian finite‐time controller design method based on interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control is proposed to achieve finite‐time stability of the system. The Hamiltonian function is designed as a fractional power form by energy shaping, and the convergence speed of the system is accelerated by damping injection so that the system can quickly stabilize at the expected balance point. Then, the designed Hamiltonian function is taken as the Lyapunov function to analyse the system stability and calculate the convergence time of the VSG system. Finally, the simulation and hardware in the loop verification results show the effectiveness and great potential of this proposed controller in shortening the power oscillation time.
Ohmic heating in the upper atmosphere of hot exoplanets
Authors: Strugarek A. , García Muñoz A. , Brun A. S. , Paul A.
Published: January 2025

Context. Exoplanets on close-in orbits are subject to intense X-ray and ultraviolet (XUV) irradiation from their star. Their atmosphere heats up, sometimes to the point where it will thermally escape from the gravitational potential of the planet. Nonetheless, XUV is not the only source of heating in such atmospheres. Indeed, close-in exoplanets are embedded in a medium (the stellar wind) with strong magnetic fields that can significantly vary along the orbit. Variations in this magnetic field can induce currents in the upper atmosphere, which dissipate and locally heat it up through Ohmic heating.

Aims. The aim of this work is to quantify Ohmic heating in the upper atmosphere of hot exoplanets, due to an external time-varying magnetic field, and to compare it to the XUV heating.

Methods. Ohmic heating depends strongly on the conductivity properties of the upper atmosphere. We developed a 1D formalism to assess the level and the localization of Ohmic heating depending on the conductivity profile. The formalism is applied to the specific cases of Trappist-1 b and π Men c.

Results. Ohmic heating can reach values up to 10−3 erg s−1 cm−3 in the upper atmospheres of hot exoplanets. It is expected to be stronger the closer the planet and the lower its central star mass, as these conditions maximize the strength of the ambient magnetic field around the planet. The location of maximal heating depends on the conductivity profile (but does not necessarily occurs at the peak of conductivity) and, in particular, on the existence and strength of a steady planetary field. Such extra heating can play a role in the thermal budget of the escaping atmosphere when the planetary atmospheric magnetic fields is between 0.01 and 1 G.

Conclusions. We confirm that Ohmic heating can play an important role in setting the thermal budget of the upper atmosphere of hot exoplanets and can even surpass the XUV heating in the most favorable cases. When it is strong, a corollary is that the upper atmosphere screens efficiently time-varying external magnetic fields, preventing them from penetrating deeper in the atmosphere or even within the planet itself. We find that both Trappist-1b and π Men c are likely being subjected to intense Ohmic heating.
A look into some of the fine properties of functions with bounded $\mathcal A$-variation
Authors: Arroyo Rabasa Adolfo , Skorobogatova Anna
Published: January 2025

We establish certain fine properties for functions of bounded $\mathcal A$-variation known in the classical $BV$ setting. Here, $\mathcal A$ is a $k$th order constant-coefficient homogeneous linear differential operator with a finite-dimensional kernel (also known as a complex-elliptic operator). We prove that if $\mathcal A u$ can be represented by a finite Radon measure, then the potential $u$ has one-sided $L^p$-approximate limits on Lipschitz hypersurfaces, and, more generally, on countably rectifiable sets of codimension one. We use this to give pointwise characterizations of the (functional) interior and exterior traces. We also establish a quantitative scale-dependent continuity result, which allows us to prove that the Lebesgue discontinuity set has zero $(n-1)$-dimensional Riesz capacity. Lastly, we introduce a decomposition that reduces the complexity of analyzing $k$th-order operators to that of first-order methods and allows us to establish the $k$th order $L^p$-differentiability of $BV^{\mathcal A}$ maps.
Electrolyte effect on electrochemically controlled polymerizations
Authors: Hern Zachary , Massad Ramzi , Diaconescu Paula
Published: January 2025

Electrochemically controlled redox-switchable polymerization uses an electric potential to bias the monomer selectivity of a catalyst. Many ferrocene-appended catalysts can exist in two oxidation states, a neutral reduced state and an oxidized cationic state. Electrochemical generation of the oxidized cationic state produces a charged species whose counteranion is determined by the identity of the supporting electrolyte anion. Herein, we investigate the role the counteranion has on monomer selectivity and polymerization kinetics. We found minimal differences in monomer selectivity in the reduced state, however, in the oxidized state, the coordinating ability of the counteranion greatly influenced the rate of polymerization. We also show how activity differences governed by the choice of electrolyte can be utilized to access desired diblock copolymers.
When Endovascular Interventions for Endoleaks Fail
Authors: Delbono Luciano , Beaulieu Robert J.
Published: January 2025

In the appropriate patient population, endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) has become the standard of care for abdominal aortic aneurysms. While the initial success rates of EVAR are very high, reinterventions occur in a significant minority of patients, most of which consist of the repair of endoleaks. When indicated, such procedures are typically performed via endovascular or percutaneous approaches; however, in certain patients, these minimally invasive repairs fail. In these patients, surgical techniques can be used to treat the endoleaks. This article describes the open surgical techniques used in the repair of endoleaks where standard endovascular techniques fail.
Dielectric properties of liquid solutions of neon and normal hydrogen
Authors: Pashkov V. V. , Lobko M. P. , Marinin V. S.
Published: January 2025

The dielectric constant of the liquid phase of solutions of neon and normal hydrogen was measured by the resonance method in the temperature range 25−31.14 K. The molar polarizability of the solutions was determined. The experimental results are discussed within the framework of the theoretical Onsager–Böttcher model using an ellipsoidal cavity.
Magnetothermal emf of phonon drag in uncompensated metals with open Fermi surfaces at low temperatures
Authors: Il’evskiĭ V. I. , Kopeliovich A. I.
Published: January 2025

The thermo-emf of the phonon drag of a metal in a strong magnetic field under conditions when the dominant relaxation mechanism is small-angle electron–phonon scattering is studied. It is pointed out that the role of Umklapp processes in the thermo-emf differs fundamentally from their role in electrical conductivity: here the escape of electrons to infinity, determined by the U processes, in p space is not required. As a result, the significant anisotropy of the thermo-emf is not linked in the general case with U processes. It is shown, however, that in noble metals, in which the “phonon wind” affects primarily the electrons from small necks in the Fermi surface, the anisotropy of the thermo-emf Sxx (x⊥H) and of the electrical conductivity are similar to some extent, though they have a different physical origin. The effect of the crystallographic symmetry on the dependence of the thermo-emf on the strong magnetic field is studied. It is shown that there is a significant difference in the behavior of the adiabatic thermo-emf measured and Sxx. An explanation is proposed for a number of experimentally observed features of the thermo-emf.
Hindered rotation of diatomic molecules in an hcp lattice
Authors: Sumarokov V. V. , Freĭman Yu. A.
Published: January 2025

The spectra of the hindered rotation of diatomic molecules in an atomic hcp lattice with an arbitrary ratio c/a of lattice constants is calculated. We determine the contribution of the hindered rotation of impurity molecules to the heat capacity and the thermal expansion of the solid solutions. We come to the conclusion that the motion of rotators in an hcp lattice is freer than it is in an fcc lattice. Comparison with the experimental data on the heat capacity and thermal expansion for solid solutions of N2 and CO in Ar and Kr indicates that these solid solutions have an fcc structure at low temperatures.
Superconducting properties of amorphous gallium antimonide under pressure
Authors: Il’ina M. A.
Published: January 2025

Superconductivity in α-GaSb under pressure has been detected at pressures starting at P ≃ 3.5 GPa. The critical temperature has been studied as a function of the temperature for P ≃ 3.5−12.0 GPa and has been found to depend on the type of doping for P = 3.5−5.2 GPa.
Exciton-stimulated diffusion of xenon impurity in krypton cryocrystals
Authors: Fugol’ I. Ya. , Belov A. G. , Yurtaeva E. M. , Svishchev V. N.
Published: January 2025

The intensity distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic luminescence as a function of the duration of irradiation by low-energy electrons was studied in xenon-krypton solid solutions. Low-temperature accelerated diffusion of xenon impurity atoms was observed at low concentrations. It is shown that this diffusion is stimulated by free excitons of the matrix, and a possible mechanism for this process is proposed. The restructuring of the structure of the solution is described qualitatively based on a model of the transport of excitations in the matrix. The coefficient of exciton-stimulated diffusion is evaluated. The influence of defects in the crystal lattice on the kinetics of the diffusion process is studied.
Anomaly in the thermal expansion of orientationally disordered CD4–Kr solutions and the problem of an octupole glass
Authors: Isakina A. P. , Kokshenev V. B. , Prokhvatilov A. I.
Published: January 2025

X-ray structural studies of orientationally disordered solid solutions (CD4)x Kr1−x were performed in the temperature range 4.5 K < T < 90 K and for concentrations 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.6. Anomalous behavior of the lattice parameters, molar volumes, and coefficients of thermal expansion was observed at temperatures T < 20 K. This behavior is linked with the cooperative character of the hindering of the rotational motion of the deuteromethane molecules. Comparison of the temperature-concentration dependences of the coefficients of thermal expansion obtained with the analogous results for quadrupole disordered systems (ortho-para mixtures of hydrogen) made it possible to determine the temperature range of the expected transition into the state of the hypothetical octupole glass for the CD4-Kr solution studied: Tg = 2.3 ±0.7 K. Theoretical values of the critical temperature of the transition into the octupole glass state are presented.
Relaxation of nonuniform states in type-I superconductors
Authors: Nechiporenko I. N.
Published: January 2025

The relaxation of nonuniform states in type-I superconductors near the n–s phase transition in magnetic fields is studied by analyzing the equation for order parameter relaxation in superconductors. With the help of the Ginzburg-Landau equations, the phenomenological Lifshits relaxation constant for the s-state is determined and possible quenching and nucleation rates of the s-phase are estimated.
Nature of the high-frequency absorption at the spin-flop transition in CuCl2 · 2H2O
Authors: Dan’shin N. K. , Zel’tser A. S.
Published: January 2025

The absorption of microwave power at the spin-flop transition in CuCl2 · 2H2O on the high-frequency branch of the AFMR is studied. It is shown that the nature of the absorption in the frequency gap is associated with the fact that the wings of the AFMR lines reach the boundaries of the phases. In the case when the intermediate state is formed this should lead to nonresonant excitations of domains of coexisting phases.
Theory of the magnetic properties of Ising antiferromagnets with antiferromagnetic intrasublattice interaction
Authors: Bugriĭ A. I. , Loktev V. M.
Published: January 2025

The transition in an external magnetic field from the state of a two-sublattice antiferromagnet (AFM) into the paramagnetic (ferromagnetic) state is studied for the example of an exactly solvable model of two coupled chains of Ising spins with competing exchange couplings. It is shown that at low temperatures this transition occurs in two stages via the formation of an equilibrium many-sublattice spin structure, commensurate with the period of the chain, in the endpoint region. The H–T phase diagram of the model studied is constructed.