bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological performance and predation rate ofScolothrips longicornisPriesner fed onTetranychus urticaeKoch.
Authors: Pakyari Hajar , Atlihan Remzi
Published: April 2023

The life table and predation rate ofScolothrips longicornisPriesner fed onTetranychus urticaeKoch were examined at 26°C under laboratory conditions. The age‐stage, two‐sex life table was used to analyse the raw data in order to account for the varying developmental rates among individuals and both sexes. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), the net reproductive rate (R0), and the mean generation time (T) were 0.156 day−1, 1.168 day−1and 29.15 offspring, and 21.69 days, respectively.Scolothrips longicornisconsumed 18.40 and 24.47T. urticaeeggs during the first and second larval stages, respectively. The mean consumption rate for females and males during the longevity was 276.26 and 359.79 eggs of Two‐spotted spider mite, respectively. The net consumption rate, which considers survival, was 194.03T. urticaeeggs per individual. The transformation rate fromT. urticaepopulation to predatory thrips offspring was 8.9.
Microwave treatment effect on functional and pasting properties, and storage stability of white finger millet
Authors: Ananthu R. , Buvaneswaran Malini , Meena L. , Sunil C. K.
Published: April 2023

Microwave (MW) treatment is a promising technique in cereal processing to improve nutritional quality. The present study investigated the effect of MW power level and exposure time on white finger millet flour (WFMF). Nine different MW treatment combinations were taken based on power level (720 W, 840 W, and 900 W), and exposure time (2 min, 4 min, and 6 min), after the MW treatment the flours are stored at 45°C for 15 days for storage study. The physicochemical, functional, pasting properties, and storage stability of the treated flours were analyzed. According to the results of the study, MW power level and exposure time significantly (p < 0.05) affected the color, swelling power, and water and oil absorption index. The MW treatment reduces the free fatty acid (FFA) and peak viscosity of the samples. The storage study for up to 15 days reveals the changes in color, FFA, and pasting properties of the sample. During storage, the change in FFA content was higher in control untreated flour (CF) than MW treated samples. Due to the structural changes in the starch molecules, the viscosity of MW treated samples was reduced drastically than the CF sample. Results denote that both MW power level and exposure time had a significant effect to alter the functionality and storage stability of WFMF.

Practical Applications

White finger millet (WFM) is the major raw material used for numerous cereal‐based products. Microwave (MW) treatments are a novel and promising technology used in cereal processing. A study on changes in finger millet properties under MW treatment helps to improve/alter the functional properties of millet flour, which can be used in new product development. Based on the study, MW treatment significantly improves storage stability by reducing the free fatty acid content, so MW treatment can be used to maintain the quality of the WFM during the storage period to minimize storage losses.
How do valence and meaning interact? The contribution of semantic control
Authors: Souter Nicholas E. , Reddy Ariyana , Walker Jake , Marino Dávolos Julián , Jefferies Elizabeth
Published: April 2023

The hub‐and‐spoke model of semantic cognition proposes that conceptual representations in a heteromodal ‘hub’ interact with and emerge from modality‐specific features or ‘spokes’, including valence (whether a concept is positive or negative), along with visual and auditory features. As a result, valence congruency might facilitate our ability to link words conceptually. Semantic relatedness may similarly affect explicit judgements about valence. Moreover, conflict between meaning and valence may recruit semantic control processes. Here we tested these predictions using two‐alternative forced‐choice tasks, in which participants matched a probe word to one of two possible target words, based on either global meaning or valence. Experiment 1 examined timed responses in healthy young adults, while Experiment 2 examined decision accuracy in semantic aphasia patients with impaired controlled semantic retrieval following left hemisphere stroke. Across both experiments, semantically related targets facilitated valence matching, while related distractors impaired performance. Valence congruency was also found to facilitate semantic decision‐making. People with semantic aphasia showed impaired valence matching and had particular difficulty when semantically related distractors were presented, suggesting that the selective retrieval of valence information relies on semantic control processes. Taken together, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that automatic access to the global meaning of written words affects the processing of valence, and that the valence of words is also retrieved even when this feature is task‐irrelevant, affecting the efficiency of global semantic judgements.
The influence of dyad sex combination on patient self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care in multiple chronic conditions: An observational study
Authors: De Maria Maddalena , Erba Ilaria , Ferro Federico , Ausili Davide , Matarese Maria , Vellone Ercole
Published: April 2023

Introduction

We know that patient and caregiver sex influence patient self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care in multiple chronic conditions. However, the role of dyad sex combination (e.g., male patient and female caregiver, female patient and male caregiver, male patient and caregiver, and female patient and caregiver) in influencing patient self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care remains unexplored. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between patient and caregiver sex combination and patient self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care in multiple chronic conditions.

Design

Multicentre cross‐sectional study.

Methods

We enrolled patients with multiple chronic conditions and caregiver dyads in outpatient and community settings from April 2017 to December 2019. We used the Self‐Care of Chronic Illness Inventory and the Caregiver Contribution to Self‐Care of Chronic Illness Inventory that measure, from the patient and caregiver perspective, self‐care maintenance (i.e., behaviors to maintain illness stability), self‐care monitoring (i.e., monitoring of illness signs and symptoms), and self‐care management (i.e., behaviors to manage signs and symptoms). We used multivariate analysis of covariance to evaluate the association between sex and self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care.

Results

We recruited 540 patient–caregiver dyads. Male patients cared by female caregivers performed higher self‐care maintenance compared to female patients cared by female caregivers. Female caregivers caring for female patients performed higher caregiver contribution to self‐care monitoring compared to male caregivers caring for female or male patients.

Conclusions

Clinicians should consider the influence of patient and caregiver sex combination on self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care in multiple chronic conditions to provide tailored interventions.

Clinical Relevance

Healthcare professionals should consider the patient and caregiver sex combination in the dyad to tailor better interventions aimed at improving patient self‐care and caregiver contribution to self‐care in multiple chronic conditions.
Instruments measuring practitioner performance of the complete examination and screening of neonates: A systematic review
Authors: Greene Liz M , Hegarty Josephine , O'Connell Rhona , Connaughton Breda , Coveney Kate , Hardie Philip , Horton Sally , Szafranska Marcelina , Murphy Margaret
Published: April 2023

Aim

The complete examination and screening of the neonate is a recommended assessment of neonatal well‐being conducted by appropriately trained medical, midwifery and nursing personnel at specific intervals during the first 6‐week post‐birth. Our aim was to identify and critically evaluate instruments that measure practitioner performance of this important assessment of neonatal health.

Methods

Using the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) methodology, a systematic review was undertaken.

Results

Four studies were identified as suitable for data extraction and analysis. This paper briefly describes the four instruments, discusses and compares the COSMIN analysis and ratings of each instrument. A recommendation for the instrument identified as the most suitable to measure practitioner performance is provided.

Conclusion

Most instruments were designed by educators to measure the performance of practitioners developing competence in the complete examination and screening of the neonate. Further development and piloting of instruments designed to measure the performance and continuing competence of qualified practitioners of the newborn examination are required.
Room air versus 100% oxygen for delivery room resuscitation of preterm neonates in low resource settings: A randomised, blinded, controlled trial
Authors: Liyakat Nishath A , Kumar Praveen , Sundaram Venkataseshan
Published: April 2023

Aim

International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR‐2020) report recommend starting delivery room resuscitation of all preterm neonates of <35 weeks' gestation with 21–30% oxygen. However, the correct initial oxygen concentration for resuscitation of preterm neonates in delivery room is inconclusive. In this blinded, randomised, controlled trial, we compared room air with 100% oxygen for oxidative stress and clinical outcomes in delivery room resuscitation of preterm neonates.

Methods

Preterm neonates 28–33 weeks' gestation requiring positive pressure ventilation at birth were randomly allocated to room air or 100% oxygen. Investigators, outcome assessors and data analysts were blinded. Rescue 100% oxygen was used whenever trial gas failed (need for positive pressure ventilation >60 s or chest compression). Primary outcome: Plasma 8‐isoprostane levels at 4 h of age. Secondary outcomes: mortality by discharge, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity and neurological status at 40 weeks post‐menstrual age. All subjects were followed till discharge. Intention to treat analysis was carried out.

Results

A total of 124 neonates were randomised to room air (n = 59) or 100% oxygen (n = 65). Isoprostane level at 4 h was similar in both the groups (median (interquartile range): 280 (180–430) vs. 250 (173–360) pg/mL, P = 0.47). No difference was observed in mortality and other clinical outcomes. Room air group had higher treatment failures (27 (46%) vs. 16 (25%); relative risk (RR) 1.9 (1.1–3.1)) and took longer time to establish regular respiration (230 ± 231 vs. 182 ± 261, mean difference = 48 (40, 136) seconds).

Conclusions

In preterm neonates 28–33 weeks' gestation requiring resuscitation in the delivery room, room air (21%) is not the correct concentration to initiate resuscitation. Larger controlled trials involving multiple centres in low‐ and middle‐income countries are immediately required for a conclusive answer.
Evaluation of product bioequivalence when subject blood volume necessitates limited sampling strategies
Authors: Martinez Marilyn N. , Gao Shasha
Published: April 2023

In a traditional blood level bioequivalence (BE) study, every subject provides drug concentrations at each blood sampling time. However, this approach is not suitable for animals whose blood volume limits or prohibits multiple sample collections. In our previous research, we presented an approach that can be applied to studies using a destructive sampling design where each animal provides only 1 blood sample that is then incorporated into a composite profile. Another situation we sometimes face is that of when the animals can contribute more than one sample but are still limited in the number of blood draws (e.g., 3) such that a complete profile per animal is not feasible. Unlike the destructive sampling situation, we cannot combine all blood samples into a single “composite” profile and ignore the correlation of values obtained from the same subject. To avoid the complexities associated with needing to include a covariance component among experimental units into the statistical model, we propose an approach whereby study subjects are randomly assigned to housing unit (e.g., cage or pen) and then randomly assigned to a sampling schedule within each housing unit. In doing so, housing unit rather than the individual subject serves as the experimental unit. This article provides an assessment of this alternative approach to assess product BE when only a limited number of samples can be obtained per study subject.
The efficacy of antibiotic and alpha‐blocker combination therapy versus antibiotic monotherapy in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: Widia Fina , Atmoko Widi , Agung Natanael Parningotan , Rahardjo Harrina Erlianti , Rasyid Nur , Birowo Ponco , Taher Akmal
Published: April 2023

Objectives

This study attempted to explore the efficacy of a combination of alpha‐blockers and antibiotics compared with antibiotic monotherapy in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Methods

We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane/CENTRAL, EBSCOHost/CINAHL, ProQuest, and Scopus on January 2020. Randomized controlled trials comparing antibiotic monotherapy with combination therapy of antibiotics and alpha‐blockers in CP/CPPS patients lasting at least 4 weeks were included. The study eligibility assessment, data extraction, and study quality assessment were carried out by each author independently and in duplication.

Results

A total of six low‐ to high‐quality studies with 396 patients were included in the study. Two reviews reported lower National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH‐CPSI) total scores in the monotherapy arm at Week 6. Only one study reported otherwise. On Day 90, the NIH‐CPSI score was found to be lower in the combination group. In the pain, urinary, and quality‐of‐life domain, most studies agree that combination therapy is not superior to monotherapy. However, on Day 90, all domains were found to be lower in the combination therapy. Responder rates were found to vary between studies. Only four out of six studies reported a response rate. Responder rates were lower in the combination group at 6 weeks of observation. On Day 90, responder rates were found to be better in the combination group.

Conclusions

The combination therapy of antibiotics and alpha‐blockers is not substantially better than antibiotic monotherapy in the first 6 weeks of treatment for CP/CPPS patients. This might not be applicable to a longer duration of treatment.
Estimation of feeding strategies of spotted seals (Phoca largha) migrating to three regions in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Takano Nobumichi , Kanaiwa Minoru , Kobayashi Mari
Published: April 2023

To understand the current feeding habits of spotted seals, this study estimates feeding strategies based on region, season, growth stage, and sex through the results of stomach content analyses, and compares its findings with feeding habits of the past. As a result of permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), region, season, growth stage, and sex were detected as significant. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), hierarchical cluster analysis, and the growth stages were categorized into age classes: Age 0 to age 4 years were classified as young, and age 5 and older were classified as adult. For the seasons, November and December were classified as winter, and February to May was classified as spring. And clustering with flexible mixture modeling, samples were divided into eight feeding strategies. In Rebun, the feeding strategy consisting of Octopodidae species showed a high total energy value and appeared at a high occurrence rate for both young and adult. In Saroma, Osmeridae species in winter and Clupeidae species in spring showed a high proportion. Both Osmeridae and Clupeidae species showed a high proportion in both seasons, all growth stages, and both sexes. In Rausu, adult was particularly dominant in Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogramma) in spring, while young appeared at a high rate in Ammodytidae species. The present study has shown that seals have become particularly dependent on fish in all layers of the marine environment. In addition to drastic changes in their environment, the increase in the number of individuals of a competing species that is Steller sea lions in Rebun, and a decrease in fishery resources have made it impossible for spotted seals to take advantage of their high‐energy feeding strategy mainly composed of Alaska pollock both Rebun and Rausu. As a result, regional differences in feeding strategies for both Rebun and Rausu have become more clearly differentiated than in the past, and the seals have flexibly changed their feeding strategies to accommodate the availability of prey species in their particular region. This study has succeeded in accurately classifying the feeding strategies of spotted seals in three disparate regions of Hokkaido and has revealed significant temporal and regional differences.
Equilibria of time‐inconsistent stopping for one‐dimensional diffusion processes
Authors: Bayraktar Erhan , Wang Zhenhua , Zhou Zhou
Published: April 2023

We consider three equilibrium concepts proposed in the literature for time‐inconsistent stopping problems, including mild equilibria (introduced in Huang and Nguyen‐Huu (2018)), weak equilibria (introduced in Christensen and Lindensjö (2018)), and strong equilibria (introduced in Bayraktar et al. (2021)). The discount function is assumed to be log subadditive and the underlying process is one‐dimensional diffusion. We first provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the characterization of weak equilibria. The smooth‐fit condition is obtained as a by‐product. Next, based on the characterization of weak equilibria, we show that an optimal mild equilibrium is also weak. Then we provide conditions under which a weak equilibrium is strong. We further show that an optimal mild equilibrium is also strong under a certain condition. Finally, we provide several examples including one showing a weak equilibrium may not be strong, and another one showing a strong equilibrium may not be optimal mild.
Isolation by resistance explains genetic diversity in theArremonbrushfinches of northern Mesoamerica
Authors: Moreno‐Contreras Israel , Llanes‐Quevedo Alexander , Sánchez‐González Luis A. , Arizmendi María del Coro , Navarro‐Sigüenza Adolfo G.
Published: April 2023

Genetic differentiation between and within natural populations is the result of the joint effects of neutral and adaptative processes. In addition, the spatial arrangement of the landscape promotes connectivity or creates barriers to gene flow, directly affecting speciation processes. In this study, we carried out a landscape genomics analysis using NextRAD data from a montane forest specialist bird complex, the Mesoamerican Chestnut‐capped/Green‐striped Brushfinch of the genusArremon. Specifically, we examined population genomic structure using different assignment methods and genomic differentiation and diversity, and we tested alternative genetic isolation hypotheses at the individual level (e.g., isolation by barrier, IBB; isolation by environment, IBE; isolation by resistance, IBR). We found well‐delimited genomic structuring (K = 5) across Mesoamerican montane forests in the studied group. Individual‐level genetic distances among major montane ranges were mainly explained by IBR hypotheses in this sedentary Neotropical taxon. Our results uncover genetic distances/differentiation and patterns of gene flow in allopatric species that support the role of tropical mountains as spatial landscape drivers of biodiversity. IBR clearly supports a pattern of conserved niche‐tracking of suitable habitat conditions and topographic complexity throughout glacial‐interglacial dynamics.
Forgiveness and the Novelty of Christian Ethics
Authors: Errington Andrew
Published: April 2023

Christian faith, and particularly Christian Ethics, must wrestle with the questions of novelty and continuity posed by Scripture's declaration that a new thing has occurred with the advent of Jesus Christ. The contrasting perspectives on the Law by Thomas Aquinas and Herman Bavinck focus these questions and suggest that forgiveness is an important point of reference for answering them. The importance of forgiveness in Christ's moral teaching suggests that Christian Ethics is marked out by a distinctive awareness of time. The impact of this reorganisation is already apparent in many places in the New Testament, including the posture we see taken towards political authority.
Effects of treatment cessation and re‐treatment in randomized controlled trials of prucalopride in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation
Authors: Hinson Jimmy , Achenbach Heinrich , Terreri Brian , Boules Mena
Published: April 2023

Background

Prucalopride is a selective, high‐affinity serotonin type 4 receptor agonist approved for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in adults. We investigated the impact of prucalopride cessation and re‐treatment on efficacy and safety.

Methods

Data were from two randomized controlled trials in adults with CIC. In a dose‐finding trial, complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBMs) and treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were assessed during a 4‐week run‐out period after a 4‐week treatment period (TP; prucalopride 0.5–4 mg once daily or placebo). In a re‐treatment trial, CSBMs and TEAEs were assessed during two 4‐week TPs (prucalopride 4 mg once daily or placebo) separated by a 2‐ or 4‐week washout period.

Key Results

In the dose‐finding trial (N = 234; 43–48 patients/group), mean CSBMs/week and the proportion of responders (≥3 CSBMs/week) were higher with prucalopride than placebo during the TP, but similar in all groups 1–4 weeks after treatment cessation. TEAEs were less frequent following treatment cessation. In the re‐treatment trial (efficacy analyses: prucalopride, n = 189; placebo, n = 205), the proportion of responders was similar in both TPs and significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) with prucalopride (TP1, 38.6%; TP2, 36.0%) than placebo (TP1, 10.7%; TP2, 11.2%). Most patients who responded to prucalopride in TP1 responded again in TP2 (71.2%). TEAEs were less frequent in TP2 than TP1.

Conclusions and Inferences

Prucalopride cessation resulted in a loss of clinical effect to baseline levels within 7 days. Similar efficacy and safety were observed between TP1 and TP2 after prucalopride was re‐initiated following a washout period.
Prevalence and description of disorders of gut–brain interaction in Spain according to the results of the Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Study
Authors: Flores‐Arriaga Joel , Aso María C. , Izagirre Arantzazu , Sperber Ami D. , Palsson Olafur S. , Bangdiwala Shrikant I. , Lanas Ángel , Bujanda Luis , Lobo Beatriz , Alonso‐Cotoner Carmen , Sánchez‐Pla Álex , Santos Javier
Published: April 2023

Background

Data for Spain from the Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Study on the disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) were used to assess the national and regional prevalence of all 22 DGBI, the percentage of respondents meeting diagnostic criteria for at least one DGBI, and the impact on burden of disease in our country.

Methods

Data were collected through an anonymous, nationwide, and secure Internet survey with multiple built‐in quality‐assurance techniques that included the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire and an in‐depth supplemental questionnaire.

Key Results

The survey was completed by 2072 adult Spanish participants (50.2% female) with a mean age of 45.67 ± 15.44 years with a good representative national distribution. 43.6% (41.5%–45.8%) met diagnostic criteria for at least one DGBI, with 8.2% for any esophageal disorder, 12.1% for any gastroduodenal disorder, 30.1% for any bowel disorder, and 11.5% for any anorectal disorder. Functional constipation was the most prevalent DGBI in Spain (12.8%). We found that proctalgia fugax (9.3%), unspecified bowel disorders (10.8%), and functional dysphagia (5.6%) showed unexplained high rates in our country. DGBI rates were higher for women. Having any DGBI was negatively associated with psychosocial variables (including quality of life, somatization, and concern about digestive problems), and associated with increased healthcare utilization.

Conclusions & Inferences

We provide the first comprehensive data on the prevalence and burden of all DGBI in Spain using the Rome IV criteria. The enormous burden of DGBI in Spain highlights the need for specialized training and future research.
Characterization of leaf trichomes and their influence on surface wettability of Salsola ferganica, an annual halophyte in the desert
Authors: Liu Yanxia , Hanati Alayi , Lan Haiyan
Published: April 2023

Many organisms use functional surfaces to collect water from the atmosphere. Salsola ferganica Drob. is one of the most abundant plants in desert regions and thrives in extreme environments with multiple but limited water resources, including dew and fog; however, its mechanisms of water harvesting remain unclear. We investigated trichome structural characteristics and their influence on the surface wettability of S. ferganica leaves using a variety of approaches (scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, immunolabelling staining, x‐ray diffractometry, and infrared spectroscopy). Microstructural observations revealed that the trichomes of S. ferganica presented a curved upper part, the ‘spindle node’‐like structure in the middle, and the micro‐grooves structure in between; such unique structures may aid in capturing moisture from the air. The physicochemical characteristics of the trichome surface, including hydrophobic functional groups, hydrophilic pectins, and low crystallinity, may enhance the adhesion of water drops to trichomes. Furthermore, we discovered that the piliferous S. ferganica leaves were more effective in retaining water than the glabrous S. aralocaspica leaves, and the dense trichome layer exhibited a significantly unwettable surface (high contact angle with droplets), whereas the individual trichomes retained water effectively (more so under drought conditions). The combination of these two properties is consistent with the ‘rose petal effect’, which describes rough surfaces that are hydrophobic but exhibit high adhesion with water. These factors suggest that the evolutionary optimisation of water acquisition by coupling relevant microstructures with the physicochemical properties of trichomes enables S. ferganica to survive harsh conditions in the seedling stage.
Nitrogen control of transpiration in grapevine
Authors: Faralli Michele , Bianchedi Pier Luigi , Moser Claudio , Bontempo Luana , Bertamini Massimo
Published: April 2023

Transpiration per unit of leaf area is the end‐product of the root‐to‐leaf water transport within the plant, and it is regulated by a series of morpho‐physiological resistances and hierarchical signals. The rate of water transpired sustains a series of processes such as nutrient absorption and leaf evaporative cooling, with stomata being the end‐valves that maintain the optimal water loss under specific degrees of evaporative demand and soil moisture conditions. Previous work provided evidence of a partial modulation of water flux following nitrogen availability linking high nitrate availability with tight stomatal control of transpiration in several species. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that stomatal control of transpiration, among others signals, is partially modulated by soil nitrate () availability in grapevine, with reduced availability (alkaline soil pH, reduced fertilization, and distancing source) associated with decreased water‐use efficiency and higher transpiration. We observed a general trend when was limiting with plants increasing either stomatal conductance or root‐shoot ratio in four independent experiments with strong associations between leaf water status, stomatal behavior, root aquaporins expression, and xylem sap pH. Carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures confirm the proximal measurements, suggesting the robustness of the signal that persists over weeks and under different gradients of availability and leaf nitrogen content. Nighttime stomatal conductance was unaffected by manipulation treatments, while application of high vapor pressure deficit conditions nullifies the differences between treatments. Genotypic variation for transpiration increase under limited availability was observed between rootstocks indicating that breeding (e.g., for high soil pH tolerance) unintentionally selected for enhanced mass flow nutrient acquisition under restrictive or nutrient‐buffered conditions. We provide evidence of a series of specific traits modulated by availability and suggest that fertilization is a potential candidate for optimizing grapevine water‐use efficiency and root exploration under the climate‐change scenario.
Charles Goodsell: A weaver of the tapestry of public administration
Authors: Barth Thomas J.
Published: April 2023

Our society has the habit of writing about exemplars after they are no longer with us; this is certainly important and beneficial but misses the opportunity to engage them in a personal reflection on their lives and the contributions/lessons they most want to share. This essay is intended to address this common oversight by sharing the marvelous 61‐year career of Charles Goodsell, by first recounting his still active professional journey and closing with his own personal advice to academics, practitioners, and students.
Total reward preferences in the recruitment and retention of county chief administrative officers: Applying a push/pull theory of motivation
Authors: Lasseter Dan , Daman Alex
Published: April 2023

Monetary rewards have historically played a prominent role in public employee turnover. Additionally, non‐monetary rewards such as internal environmental factors contribute to the ability to recruit, retain, and satisfy public employees. Our research seeks to apply the push and pull theory of motivation to the total reward (intrinsic and extrinsic rewards) preferences of county chief administrative officers (CAOs) in the state of Georgia. CAOs typically have job titles such as County Administrator or County Manager. In understanding which rewards are most valued by CAOs, local governments can better understand the ways their CAOs value different rewards. In other words, which rewards are most likely to “pull” a CAO to another position; and conversely, does the lack of certain rewards “push” CAOs towards other jurisdictions or even other careers? In addition, this research aims to examine whether demographic variables of CAOs impacts total reward preferences.
A cognitive network perspective for public administration and policy
Authors: Ertan Güneş , Siciliano Michael D.
Published: April 2023

This article introduces the concept of cognitive social structures to public administration and policy scholars. Cognitive social structures are the perceptions, or mental maps, actors hold of the relationships that exist among the members of their network. These perceptions and their accuracy have implications for actor behavior, decisions, and outcomes. The literature on network cognitions has developed in the fields of psychology and organization studies but has yet to be applied in public administration and policy. We provide an overview of cognitive social structure research. We then demonstrate the theoretical and practical implications cognitive social structures hold for our field by examining applications in two research areas—implementation and leadership. We argue that using a network cognition perspective can help researchers and practitioners to better explain and pursue important organizational and interorganizational phenomena. We hope this article fosters new dialogue on the role of network cognitions in public administration and policy.
Getting a Worker: Recruiters, Culture, and On‐the‐Job Skilling1
Authors: Wilder Keenan
Published: April 2023

This article explores the relationship between employer hiring for skill and cultural matching. Using 68 semi‐structured interviews with recruiters and human resources professionals, I argue that costly on‐the‐job skilling can push employers to try to stabilize their workforce by, among other things, hiring socially similar applicants. Recruiters for high turnover cost roles considered cultural matching essential to their work, while in other cases it played little to no role. I conclude by discussing the implications of hiring‐for‐fit and on‐the‐job skilling for scholarship on labor markets and social inequality.
Growing superdiverse, growing apart—Modes of incorporation of international migrants in rural areas
Authors: Stachowski Jakub , Rasmussen Bente
Published: April 2023

This article analyses the perceived impact of international migration on host rural communities from the perspectives of local stakeholders. Based on in‐depth interviews conducted in two rural locales in Norway, we identify a consensus about the indispensability of international labour migrants for the demographic and economic sustenance of the host rural communities. At the same time, the perspectives of stakeholders convey a complex picture of labour migration. The perceived impact of international migration is related to the tempo of migration and to the prior local history of migration that affects how it is represented and handled locally. Depending on the context, international migration may be treated as a common‐place phenomenon or as a force that profoundly affects the conception of the local community. Our findings illustrate a socio‐spatial variation of responses to international migration locally and suggest the emergence of new local social divisions along the growing superdiversity of rural communities.
Noninvasive imaging exploration of phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica using high‐frequency ultrasound and optical coherence tomography: Can biopsy of PPK patients be avoided?
Authors: Lee Jenna , Benavides Juliana , Manwar Rayyan , Puyana Carolina , May Julia , Tsoukas Maria , Avanaki Kamran
Published: April 2023

Background

Phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica (PPK) is a distinct and rare type of epidermal nevus syndrome characterized by coexisting nonepidermolytic organoid sebaceous nevus (SN) with one or more speckled lentiginous nevi (SLN). Atypical nevi including compound Spitz and compound dysplastic may manifest within regions of SLN. Patients with PPK, or similar atypical nevus syndromes, may be subject to a significant lifetime number of biopsies, leading to pain, scarring, anxiety, financial burden, and decreased quality of life. The current literature includes case reports, genetics, and associated extracutaneous symptoms of PPK, but use of noninvasive imaging techniques have not been explored. We aim to investigate the value of high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in discriminating morphological features of pigmented lesions and nevus sebaceous within one patient with PPK.

Materials and methods

Two modalities, (1) HFUS imaging, based on acoustic properties and (2) OCT imaging, based on optical properties, were used to image a patient with PPK. Benign pigmented lesions, which may raise clinical suspicion for significant atypia, and nevus sebaceous, were selected on different areas of the body to be studied.

Results

Five pigmented lesions and one area of nevus sebaceous were imaged and analyzed for noninvasive features. Distinct patterns of hypoechoic features were seen on HFUS and OCT.

Conclusion

HFUS provides a deep view of the tissue, with ability to differentiate gross structures beneath the skin. OCT provides a smaller penetration depth and a higher resolution. We have described noninvasive features of atypical nevi and nevus sebaceous on HFUS and OCT, which indicate benign etiology.
Immunogenetics of HLA‐B: SNP, allele, and haplotype diversity in populations from different continents and ancestry backgrounds
Authors: Silva Nayane dos Santos Brito , Souza Andreia da Silva , Andrade Heloisa de Souza , Pereira Raphaela Neto , Castro Camila Ferreira Bannwart , Vince Nicolas , Limou Sophie , Naslavsky Michel Satya , Zatz Mayana , Duarte Yeda Aparecida de Oliveira , Mendes‐Junior Celso Teixeira , Castelli Erick da Cruz
Published: April 2023

HLA‐B is among the most variable gene in the human genome. This gene encodes a key molecule for antigen presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cell modulation. Despite the myriad of studies evaluating its coding region (with an emphasis on exons 2 and 3), few studies evaluated introns and regulatory sequences in real population samples. Thus, HLA‐B variability is probably underestimated. We applied a bioinformatics pipeline tailored for HLA genes on 5347 samples from 80 different populations, which includes more than 1000 admixed Brazilians, to evaluate the HLA‐B variability (SNPs, indels, MNPs, alleles, and haplotypes) in exons, introns, and regulatory regions. We observed 610 variable sites throughout HLA‐B; the most frequent variants are shared worldwide. However, the haplotype distribution is geographically structured. We detected 920 full‐length haplotypes (exons, introns, and untranslated regions) encoding 239 different protein sequences. HLA‐B gene diversity is higher in admixed populations and Europeans while lower in African ancestry individuals. Each HLA‐B allele group is associated with specific promoter sequences. This HLA‐B variation resource may improve HLA imputation accuracy and disease‐association studies and provide evolutionary insights regarding HLA‐B genetic diversity in human populations.
The humoral and cellular response tomRNA SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine is influenced byHLApolymorphisms
Authors: Bertinetto Francesca Eleonora , Magistroni Paola , Mazzola Gina Adriana , Costa Cristina , Elena Garino , Alizzi Silvia , Scozzari Gitana , Migliore Enrica , Galassi Claudia , Ciccone Giovannino , Ricciardelli Guido , Scarmozzino Antonio , Angelone Lorenzo , Cassoni Paola , Cavallo Rossana , Vaisitti Tiziana , Deaglio Silvia , Amoroso Antonio ,   the Collaborative Group
Published: April 2023

Host genetic variability contributes to susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 evolution and the role of HLA system has not clearly emerged, suggesting the involvement of other factors. Studying response to vaccination with Spyke protein mRNA represents an ideal model to highlight whether the humoral or cellular responses are influenced by HLA. Four hundred and sixteen workers, vaccinated with Comirnaty beginning 2021, were selected within the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino.” The humoral response was determined with the LIAISON® kit, while the analysis of the cellular response was performed with the Quantiferon SARS‐CoV‐2 assay, for the S1 (receptor‐binding domain; Ag1) and S1 and S2 (Ag2) subunits of the Spyke protein. Six HLA loci were typed by next‐generation sequencing. Associations between HLA and vaccine response were performed with univariate and multivariate analyses. An association was found betweenA*03:01,B*40:02andDPB1*06:01and high antibody concentration and betweenA*24:02,B*08:01andC*07:01and low humoral responses. The haplotypeHLA‐A*01:01 ~ B1*08:01 ~ C*07:01 ~ DRB1*03:01 ~ DQB1*02:01conferred an increased risk of low humoral response. Considering cellular responses, 50% of the vaccinated subjects responded against Ag1 and 59% against Ag2. Carriers ofDRB1*15:01displayed a higher cellular response both to Ag1 and Ag2 compared to the rest of the cohort. Similarly,DRB1*13:02predisposed to a robust cellular response to Ag1 and Ag2, whileDRB1*11:04showed an opposite trend. Cellular and humoral responses to Comirnaty are influenced by HLA. Humoral response is mainly associated to class I alleles, withA*03:01, previously associated to protection against severe COVID‐19, and response to vaccination, standing out. Cellular response predominantly involves class II alleles, withDRB1*15:01andDPB1*13:01prevailing. Affinity analysis for Spyke peptides is generally in line with the association results.
Impact of International Investment Agreements on Japanese FDI: A firm‐level analysis†
Authors: Urata Shujiro , Baek Youngmin
Published: April 2023

In this study, we examine the impact of Japan's International Investment Agreements (IIAs) on the locational choice of Japanese firms' foreign direct investment (FDI) by considering the quality of IIAs. We estimate the conditional logit model covering 12,435 FDI cases by 3838 Japanese companies in 92 host countries, 16 manufacturing sectors and 12 non‐manufacturing sectors from 2000 to 2019. We found that the presence of IIAs, particularly comprehensive and high‐level ones, has a positive impact on Japan's FDI. On the contrary, the past incidence of investor–state disputes has a negative impact. These effects are found to be particularly strong for FDI by small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises. High regulatory quality is found to attract FDI, whereas the positive impact of IIAs in attracting FDI is strong in a country with a low regulatory quality.
Intraocular neuroectodermal embryonal tumor in two rabbits
Authors: Co Carmon , Brakel Kelsey , Pinard Chantale L. , Foster Robert A.
Published: April 2023

Spontaneous intraocular tumors are rarely reported in rabbits, despite their widespread use as laboratory animals. We describe two cases of intraocular neuroectodermal embryonal tumors, formerly primitive neuroectodermal tumors, in young rabbits. Histologically, both tumors exhibited prominent rosette or pseudorosettes, consistent with the histomorphology seen in human tumors. The neuroectodermal subtype is supported by immunoreactivity for the neuronal markers, SRY‐box transcription factor 2, microtubule‐associated protein 2, neuronal nuclear protein, and neuron‐specific enolase. In one of the rabbits, there was metastasis to the contralateral conjunctiva. Intraocular neoplasms can occur in young rabbits and eyes with refractory disease should be enucleated for clinical management.
Prevalence of asymptomatic infections of Chlamydia psittaci in psittacine birds in Korea
Authors: Lee Hye‐Jin , Lee O‐Mi , Kang Sung‐Il , Yeo Yong‐Gu , Jeong Ji‐Yeon , Kwon Yong‐Kuk , Kang Min‐Su
Published: April 2023

Avian chlamydiosis is an acute or chronic bacterial disease of birds. Chlamydia psittaci is the primary agent of the disease. It is also an important zoonotic pathogen. Chlamydia avium and Chlamydia gallinacea have also been recognized as potential causative agents of the disease. Clinical signs of this disease can vary in severity. Asymptomatic infections of Chlamydia have commonly been reported in various birds worldwide. In this study, we investigated the distribution of Chlamydia species in healthy psittacine birds in Korea. A total of 263 samples (pharyngeal/cloacal swabs and faeces) were collected from psittacine birds of 26 species in five zoos, five parrot farms and seven parrot cafes between 2020 and 2021. Ages of these birds had a wide range (1 month to 30 years). During sample collection, no bird showed any clinical signs indicating diseases such as chlamydiosis. Samples were tested for the presence of Chlamydia spp. using real‐time PCR assays. Chlamydia spp. were detected in 168 (63.9%) samples and C. psittaci was detected in 96 (36.5%) samples. However, C. avium and C. gallinacea were not detected. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of asymptomatic infections in birds among three types of housing environments. Regarding ompA genotypes, 87 C. psittaci‐positive samples had genotype A based on sequence analysis (n = 28) and genotype‐specific real‐time PCR (n = 59). Other positive samples were untyped (n = 9). Overall findings showed high prevalence of asymptomatic infections of C. psittaci in psittacine birds in Korea, posing a significant hazard to public health.
Intercultural Communication in the Perspective of Orientalism and Colonialism Against Islamophobia
Authors: Warjio Warjio , Kembaren Mardiah Mawar
Published: April 2023

So far, Islamophobia has been understood primarily as a contemporary phenomenon and from a Western perspective. This fact is exacerbated by misunderstanding Islam's presence in the West. Islamophobia is not a new phenomenon. It has integrated into Western society and has its dynamics. The era of colonialism and the emergence of orientalism played an important role in intellectual discourse that is rarely expressed today. This article will go over two important topics: The first is to demonstrate the historical presence of Muslims in the West. Second, understand it from a colonial and Orientalist standpoint.
Verification of the Public Discourse and Accountability of Mayors on Local TV: The Case of Ecuador
Authors: Suing Abel , Ordóñez Kruzkaya , Lomas Pablo
Published: April 2023

The purpose of the research is to determine the veracity and contexts of the statements of Ecuador's mayors using fact-checking methodology. The research questions are: Are the public testimonies of mayors presented in local television news programmes true? What are the circumstances in which mayors present their speeches? To what extent does local journalism contextualize the mayors' statements? The research is descriptive and relational, using qualitative methodology based on the Ecuador Chequea protocol, focus groups and semi-structured interviews. A sample of audiovisual pieces broadcast between February 2020 and March 2022 was obtained. The statements are grouped in 10 axes, showing correspondence with the functions determined in the law. The statements of the governors are true, the proximity helps direct accountability, but weaknesses such as excessive prominence, publicity and short-term interests can be appreciated. Analyses of the quality of the declarations are needed, in broad pieces and with the corresponding cultural and political contexts. Efforts to make public administration transparent is a key aspect of open and e-government that will be achieved as long as citizens' information literacy is achieved.
Chemosensory cells in the respiratory tract as crucial regulators of innate immune responses
Authors: Hollenhorst Monika I. , Krasteva‐Christ Gabriela
Published: April 2023

During recent years chemosensory cells in extraoral tissues have been established as mediators for the detection and regulation of innate immune processes in response to pathogens. Under physiological conditions, chemosensory cells are present throughout the respiratory epithelium of the upper and lower airways as well as in the main olfactory epithelium. Additionally, they emerge in the alveolar region of the lung upon viral infections. Chemosensory cells in the upper and the lower airways detect signalling molecules from gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria as well as aeroallergens and fungi. Upon stimulation they release multiple molecules, such as the transmitter acetylcholine, the cysteinyl leukotriene E4 and the cytokine interleukin‐25, which act as autocrine and paracrine signals and thereby orchestrate the innate immune responses in the respiratory system. Activation of chemosensory cells stimulates various immune cells, e.g. type 2 innate lymphoid cells, modulates mucociliary clearance and induces a protective neurogenic inflammation. This review compiles and discusses recent findings regarding chemosensory cell function in the respiratory tract.

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Surveillance of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on monitored free-ranging giant anteaters and on road-killed anteaters and armadillos in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwestern Brazil
Authors: Martins Thiago F. , Yogui Débora R. , Alves Mario H. , Kluyber Danilo , Massocato Gabriel , Labruna Marcelo B. , Desbiez Arnaud L. J.
Published: April 2023

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