bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“[A]s if some animal were dying in a slow but exquisite anguish”
Authors: Dubino Jeanne
Published: May 2021

Throughout her writing, Woolf includes brief descriptions of the killing, torture and trauma of individual animals: Peggy’s experimentation, presumably on guinea pigs, in The Years; Bob Brinsley pulling the wings off of a fly in “The Introduction”; Macalister’s boy cutting out a piece of a live fish and throwing it back into the water in To the Lighthouse; a kidnapped giant cockatoo shrieking in terror in Flush, and a dog’s flashbacks on witnessing this scene; and Giles stomping on a snake choking on a toad stuck in its mouth in Between the Acts. In these scenes, Woolf highlights animal suffering. By addressing human-animal encounters in the research lab, “pests” in the home, the fishes we eat, the pets we keep and the snakes we meet in a walk, Woolf, as Dubino shows, makes visible the impact of our human presence in the nonhuman animal world. Within these brief glimpses she reminds us of the toll that humanity, but especially patriarchy, as it is inflected by science, capitalism and war, takes on its fellow nonhuman creatures. This essay explores how comprehensively and feelingly Woolf portrays the ways that nonhuman animals suffer and how humans both inflict and perceive that suffering.
Woolf, Weeping Women, and the European mater dolorosa
Authors: Lowe Gill
Published: May 2021

The gendered maxim ‘men must work and women must weep’ comes from Charles Kingsley's 1851 ballad 'The Three Fishers'. Virginia Woolf appropriated 'Women Must Weep' for early version of Three Guineas, serialised in The Atlantic Monthly (1938). This chapter argues that the public nature of Woolf’s polemical anti-fascist essay may, concurrently, be read as a more intimate document about personal grief and grievance. For Woolf her sister, Vanessa Bell, was the weeping woman, devastated by the tragic death in 1937 of Julian Bell in the Spanish Civil War. Duncan Grant drafted posters (reproduced here) to raise money for refugee Spanish children, employing the trope of mothers cradling babies. Woolf’s contemporary, the German artist Käthe Kollwitz, a mother bereaved twice by war, repeated the poignant pietà image in numerous anti-war pieces. Picasso, inspired by Dora Maar whom he regarded privately as ‘the weeping woman’, created sixty mater dolorosa works in preparation for his immense elegiac public work, ‘Guernica’ (1937). The chapter traces the powerful aesthetic of the sorrowful mother as a European anti-war figure. It concludes by considering how this iconography has been used cross-culturally and trans-historically. The pietà has been gender-flipped, adapted and plagiarised in war photography, murals, comic books, manga, fashion, film and video.
Objectionable Objects
Authors: Mao Douglas
Published: May 2021

In “Objectionable Objects,” Douglas Mao asks what we can learn from modernist encounters with objects, or aspects of the object world, that inspire negative emotions. Focusing on a chapter in Wyndham Lewis’s 1932 novel Snooty Baronet, a pair of scenes in Jean-Paul Sartre’s La Nausée of 1938, and Michael Fried’s seminal 1967 essay “Art and Objecthood,” Mao observes that all three stage an opposition between the work of art or artist and mere objects—and that in all three cases, the former proves to be associated with the figure of the highly individuated, self-possessed, and coolly independent aristocrat while the latter, clamoring for the viewer to bestow significance upon them, evoke the needy masses, the importunate mob. This correlation makes a kind of sense: in a world where there is a distinction between hereditary aristocrats and other people, aristocrats have a claim to significance simply by being who they are, just as in a world where there is such a thing as art, works of art claim significance in their very existence, apart from productivity or use. But what, then, of the existential horror implied by a world of mostly meaningless things—the anxiety generated by mere objects?
“Twang the lyre and rattle the lexicon”
Authors: Kilgore-Caradec Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a general survey of how harps and lyres were used as poetic instruments as well as how they were referenced in modernist poetry. Harps and lyres were foundational to poetic composition in the laments and praise songs King David played with a harp resembling a begena, just as poets of the Ur dynasty had done before him. The oral tradition of accompanying poems with music from a harp or lyre ranged widely geographically from the China of Confucius to the skolias or banquet songs of ancient Greece. Harps and lyres continued to be in common use by Europe’s medieval troubadours. The very objects, harps and lyres have come to signify poetic tradition itself. As such, both words have been significantly used in the long tradition of English language poetry, and they have also been involved in war and war poetry. This chapter provides poetic examples showing the presence of harps and lyres in modernist poems, including the masculine and feminine modernisms of Britain and the United States (Yeats, Eliot, Pound, Sitwell, H.D., Moore, Millay, Auden and MacNeice) as well as African American modernisms.
The Furniture of Alter-Modernism
Authors: Boscagli Maurizia
Published: May 2021

Eileen Gray’s choice to be her own woman, as well as her eclectic aesthetic, not attached to any particular school and, in fact, queering different design and architectural styles, might account for her relative obscurity after the 1930s. Gray’s work points to a different understanding of the modern, what I call here alter-modernism. This is an aesthetic in open contrast with the technological, productivist, and fast-paced view of modernity that lies at the core, even today, of the dominant narrative of modernism. To the accelerated and streamlined style of which Le Corbusier was one of the chief representatives, with its minimalism organized according to the principles of function, order, hygiene, heroic verticality, and visual exposure, Gray designed objects and spaces for the subjects excluded by the heroic heteromasculinity of the engineer. This essay pits the orientalizing, obsessive form of male specularity against another type, and use of, orientalism, that of the fin de siècle male aesthete, who turns to the ornamentation and decadence associated with “the Orient” in order to signal his homosexuality, in a coded aestheticism which Gray reworks in the two projects discussed here, La Pirogue and E. 1027.
Gauss Hypergeometric Representations of the Ferrers Function of the Second Kind
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, Cohl Howard S. , Park Justin ,   Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, Volkmer Hans ,   University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
Published: May 2021

We derive all eighteen Gauss hypergeometric representations for the Ferrers function of the second kind, each with a different argument. They are obtained from the eighteen hypergeometric representations of the associated Legendre function of the second kind by using a limit representation. For the 18 hypergeometric arguments which correspond to these representations, we give geometrical descriptions of the corresponding convergence regions in the complex plane. In addition, we consider a corresponding single sum Fourier expansion for the Ferrers function of the second kind. In four of the eighteen cases, the determination of the Ferrers function of the second kind requires the evaluation of the hypergeometric function separately above and below the branch cut at [1,infty). In order to complete these derivations, we use well-known results to derive expressions for the hypergeometric function above and below its branch cut. Finally we give a detailed review of the 1888 paper by Richard Olbricht who was the first to study hypergeometric representations of Legendre functions.
New and unpublished data about Bulgarian ground beetles from the tribes Pterostichini, Sphodrini and Platynini (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Teofilova Teodora
Published: May 2021

Bulgarian ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) fauna is relatively well studied but there are still many species and regions in the country which are not well researched. The present study aims at complementing the data about the distribution of the carabids from the tribes Pterostichini, Sphodrini, and Platynini, containing many diverse, interesting, and endemic species. It gives new records for 67 species and 23 zoogeographical regions in Bulgaria. The material was collected in the period from 1926 to 2021 through different sampling methods. Twenty-three species are recorded for the first time in different regions. Six species are reported for the second time in the regions where they were currently collected. Thirty-one species have not been reported for more than 20 years in Eastern and Middle Stara Planina Mts., Kraishte region, Boboshevo-Simitli valley, Sandanski-Petrich valley, Lyulin Mts., Vitosha Mts., Rila Mts., Pirin Mts., Slavyanka Mts., Thracian Lowland, and Sakar-Tundzha region. New altitude ranges are established for six of the species. The results contribute to the knowledge of the Bulgarian carabid fauna. Currently, 56 species of Pterostichini, 23 species of Sphodrini, and 36 species of Platynini are known from Bulgaria.
Analysis of fatty acid composition content in the plant components of antidiabetic herbal mixture by GC-MS
Authors: Savych Alona , Basaraba Roksolana , Muzyka Nataliіa , Ilashchuk Pavlina
Published: May 2021

Medical plants and their combinations due to the wide range of biologically active substances can influence on various links of the pathogenetic mechanism of development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. One of such combinations is an anidiabetic herbal mixture (Urtica dioica L. leaf, Rosa majalis L. fruits, Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaf, Mentha piperita L. herb and Taraxacum officinale L. roots) with established hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, pancreatoprotective activity in previous pharmacological study in vivo. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and establish the fatty acid content in the plant components of antidiabetic herbal mixture. Fatty acids were separated by validated method of of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into methyl esters. The result showed that Urtica dioica L. leaf and Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaf contain 12 fatty acids (8 saturated, 2 monounsaturated and 2 polyunsaturated), Rosa majalis L. fruits and Taraxacum officinale L. roots – 13 fatty acids (9 saturated, 2 monounsaturated and 2 polyunsaturated) and Mentha piperita L. herb – 14 fatty acids (10 saturated, 2 monounsaturated and 2 polyunsaturated). The predominant long-chain carboxylic acids in all plant raw materials were unsaturated fatty acids, their content was 55.3% in Urtica dioica L. leaf, 64.7% in Rosa majalis L. fruits, 60.5% in Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaf, 64.3% in Mentha piperita L. herb and 51.7% in Taraxacum officinale L. roots. This indicates the feasibility of including each component in the antidiabetic herbal mixture in order to form anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activity, due to the high content of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids.
Sedimentología de las tobas palustres pleistocenas y depósitos asociados del Valle del Ebrón (Cordillera Ibérica, España)
Authors: Ajuaba Stephen , Arenas Concha , Capezzuoli Enrico
Published: May 2021

En el registro geológico, los depósitos de tobas palustres extensos no son comunes. Este trabajo discute los factores para la formación y conservación de extensos depósitos palustres, tomando como ejemplo los depósitos del Pleistoceno medio-superior que se formaron en el tramo distal del sistema de tobas fluviales del río Ebrón (Cordillera Ibérica, en Teruel y Valencia). Los depósitos estudiados (área de Los Santos) constan de sedimentos detríticos en la base, asociados a incisiones fluviales profundas sobre el sustrato, seguidos por una sucesión de carbonatos con amplia variedad de facies tobáceas, con un mínimo de 19 m de espesor. Las facies más abundantes son los rudstones fitoclásticos, arenas y limos de carbonato con gasterópodos y ostrácodos, y los boundstones de tallos de plantas creciendo hacia arriba. Menos comunes son los boundstones de musgos y de tallos colgantes, y las calizas bioclásticas. Hasta cinco secuencias verticales de facies se han caracterizado. El modelo de facies corresponde al tramo al final de un sistema tobáceo fluvial escalonado con cascadas-barreras, en el que se formarían extensas áreas palustres, áreas encharcadas someras, algunas con estancamiento, y pequeñas cascadas. Las variaciones litológicas del sustrato pre-Cuaternario, desde rocas carbonáticas aguas arriba a rocas aluviales aguas abajo, permitió la formación de esa superficie amplia y de poca pendiente al final del sistema fluvial escalonado, en conjunto con facies de poca energía, lo cual apoya la ausencia de estromatolitos. Además, la escasez de procesos erosivos intensos permitiría que una densa cubierta de plantas hidrófilas prosperara en diversos ambientes, así como la acumulación y conservación de materia orgánica. El escaso espesor de la secuencia estudiada se relaciona con la disminución del contenido en calcio y bicarbonato disueltos en el agua (por la situación distal respecto a las fuentes alimentadas por el acuífero carbonatado) y la disminución de la intensidad de desgasificación de CO2 en ambientes de poca pendiente.
Empirical relationships between compressive and flexural strength of concrete containing recycled asphalt material for pavement applications using different specimen configurations
Authors: Marín-Uribe C.R. , Navarro-Gaete R.
Published: May 2021

The flexural strength of pavement concrete is generally deduced by testing beams or by applying empirical equations. In this investigation, concrete mixtures were manufactured, incorporating 0, 20, 50 and 100% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), by weight, as a replacement for natural aggregates. The compressive strength was measured using cubic specimens and the flexural strength was measured for three types of specimens; beam, semicircular (SCB) and modified beam. This study proposes logarithmic and power equations that allow the estimation of the flexural strength of a concrete mix that incorporates RAP as a function of its compressive strength. Linear or power models are proposed to predict beam flexural strength from SCB specimens and a logarithmic model for modified beam specimens. Statistical analyses show that the proposed prediction models can be considered sufficiently accurate and their use is justified.
Forecasting the Spread of COVID-19 and ICU Requirements
Authors: Podder Prajoy , Khamparia Aditya , Mondal M. Rubaiyat Hossain , Rahman Mohammad Atikur , Bharati Subrato
Published: May 2021

Since December 2019, the world is fighting against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This disease is caused by a novel coronavirus termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This work focuses on the applications of machine learning algorithms in the context of COVID-19. Firstly, regression analysis is performed to model the number of confirmed cases and death cases. Our experiments show that autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) can reliably model the increase in the number of confirmed cases and can predict future cases. Secondly, a number of classifiers are used to predict whether a COVID-19 patient needs to be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) or semi-ICU. For this, classification algorithms are applied to a dataset having 5644 samples. Using this dataset, the most significant attributes are selected using features selection by ExtraTrees classifier, and Proteina C reativa (mg/dL) is found to be the highest-ranked feature. In our experiments, random forest, logistic regression, support vector machine, XGBoost, stacking and voting classifiers are applied to the top 10 selected attributes of the dataset. Results show that random forest and hard voting classifiers achieve the highest classification accuracy values near 98%, and the highest recall value of 98% in predicting the need for admission into ICU/semi ICU units.
On the Mechanism of Silica Transition into Alumina Solutions in the Leaching of Nepheline Sinters
Authors: Siziakova Ekaterina , Ivanov Pavel
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the mechanism of transition of silicon to aluminate solutions in the process of leaching aluminum sinters in the production of alumina from nepheline. It was found that features of the transition in silica aluminate solutions by leaching cakes of various types relate to the structure of two-calcium silicate, and the dependence of reactions in the aluminate solution, its temperature and composition. A pattern has been established that determines the relationship between the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in the list and the concentration of silica in aluminate solutions after leaching.
The Use of Acrylic as a Structural Material in the Design of Translucent Elements of Deep-Submergence Vehicles
Authors: Gasratova Natalya A. , Zuev Victor S.
Published: May 2021

The exploration of the depths of the sea is an activity that is important for many branches of science; it is associated with the work of people and technology in extremely difficult external conditions, which, in their extremeness, are comparable, perhaps, only with the conquest of space. At the present stage, deep-sea surveys are carried out using various instruments, including manned ones. These machines do not belong to the class of military large-tonnage submarines, but to the so-called Bubble Subs. The hull, which is a translucent thick-walled spherical shell is the main characteristic feature of this type of underwater vehicle. The presented work lists the main problems faced by researchers in the strength analysis of such PMMA hulls. In particular, the issue of the significant difference between the results of calculations in cases where the material is considered as physically linear and as physically non-linear is disclosed in detail. In addition, the obtained numerical results are compared with the experimental data.
Investigation of Nanofiber Material Production by Catalytic Pyrolysis
Authors: Kolenchukov O.A. , Petrovsky E.A. , Mikhaylov A.Yu. , Bashmur K.A.
Published: May 2021

The article presents the most significant advantages and disadvantages inherent in methods for producing carbon nanomaterials. The most optimal method for obtaining nanofiber material has been determined, and today it is the method of low-temperature destruction (pyrolysis). The analysis of the catalysts with the identification of the most effective for the process of pyrolysis of associated gas. The operating characteristics of the experiment are described: temperature 600±50 °C; gas consumption per gram of catalyst 100 l/h; working medium: liquefied hydrogen. The results of research on the production of carbon nanofibers based on Nickel catalysts are presented. Photos of nanofibers of various sizes are presented.
The Changing of Deformation Properties of Flexo Plates in the Process of Swelling in Solvents
Authors: Konyukhov V.Yu. , Komarova L.Yu. , Rekus I.G.
Published: May 2021

The article covers the research on the changing of flexo plates' deformation properties during swelling in various solvents that are used in the printing industry. The acquired data was processed with the equation from the Kelvin-Voigt model, the constant models and times of relaxation of the initial and swelled photopolymer have been determined.
Quelques aspects de la géologie du parc marin du Saguenay - Saint-Laurent (Québec)
Authors: Lamontagne M
Published: May 2021

This short text and photos provide a brief overview of some of the geological features of the region around the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park (hereafter referred to as the Park). This text is brief and therefore includes only a minimum of information. Written
for non-specialist readers, it provides some basic concepts to help interpret and appreciate the geology of the Park.
Comparison of Peripheral Neurectomy vs. Medical Treatment for Migraine
Authors: Bajaj Jitin , Doddamani Ramesh , Chandra Sarat P , Ratre Shailendra , Parihar Vijay , Yadav Yadram , Sharma Dhananjaya
Published: May 2021

Background:

Migraine is a common form of primary neurologic headache. Many patients are chronic migraineurs and suffer from a significant disability and adverse effects of drugs. There are various surgical options available to treat migraines, including peripheral neurectomies.

Objective:

To study the surgical and functional outcomes of migraine surgeries using peripheral neurectomies and compare them with conservatively treated patients.

Materials and Methods:

Migraine patients who had a unilateral onset pain were given local bupivacaine block at the suspected trigger site, and those who were relieved were given the option for surgery. In the operative group, the peripheral nerve of the trigger site was lysed under local anesthesia. The conservative group was continued with the standard treatment. Evaluations with a baseline and 6 months visual analog score (VAS), migraine headache index (MHI), migraine disability assessment test (MIDAS), and pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) scores were done.

Results:

A total of 26 patients got benefitted with the local bupivacaine block, out of which 13 underwent surgery. At baseline, the VAS, MHI, MIDAS, and PSEQ scores were similar in both the groups. The operative group had significant (P < 0.001) improvement in all these parameters 6 months after the surgery. All patients of the operative group got free from prophylactic migraine treatment; however, 11 out of 13 patients still needed occasional use of analgesics. There was one complication of transient temporal numbness.

Conclusion:

Migraine surgery using peripheral neurectomies was more effective than chronic drug treatment in appropriately selected patients.
Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Singh Daljit , Dutta Gautam , Jagetia Anita , Singh Hukum , Srivastava Arvind K , Tandon Monica , Ganjoo Pragati
Published: May 2021

Background:

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a devastating condition causing significant patient discomfort and morbidity hampering quality of life. Of the many treatment options available, microvascular decompression (MVD) of the trigeminal nerve is widely performed. However, the procedure is not risk-free.

Objective:

The study aimed to describe our experience of treating TN via MVD and long-term follow-up of the patients treated by this modality.

Materials and Methods:

It is a 5-year retrospective analysis of the database of patients with idiopathic TN treated with MVD at our institute. A total of 106 patients fulfilling the criteria of idiopathic TN by International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd ed.ition and available for follow-up for at least 1-year post-procedure were included in the study.

Results:

Of the 106 patients, 58 (54.7%) were female and 48 (45.3%) were male with a mean age of 55 years (range 22–75 years). Vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve was seen in all cases; arterial compression in 82%, both artery and vein 14.5% while unidentified vessels were the culprit in 3.8% of the patients. There were no intra- or post-operative deaths. The best response was achieved at 1 month following the procedure where 85% of the patients achieved excellent outcomes.

Conclusion:

In experienced hands, MVD is still a safe and cost-effective modality over a myriad of treatment options available for TN in patients of all ages. The absence of adhesions, indentations, and distortion of the trigeminal nerve are positive predictors of excellent outcomes in the long run.
Role of Functional Neuroimaging in Primary Headache Disorders
Authors: Naegel Steffen , Obermann Mark
Published: May 2021

Background:

Key structures for the pathophysiology of primary headache disorders such as migraine, cluster headache, and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias were identified by imaging in the past years.

Objective:

Available data on functional imaging in primary headache disorders are summarized in this review.

Material and Methods:

We performed a MEDLINE search on December 27th, 2020 using the search terms “primary headache” AND “imaging” that returned 453 results in English, out of which 137 were labeled reviews. All articles were evaluated for content and relevance for this narrative review.

Results:

The structure depicted most consistently using functional imaging in different states of primary headaches (without and with pain) was the posterior hypothalamus. Whole-brain imaging techniques such as resting-state functional resonance imaging showed a wide-ranging association of cortical and subcortical areas with human nociceptive processing in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the different TACs. Similarities of distinct groups of primary headache disorders, as well as their differences in brain activation across these disorders, were highlighted.

Conclusion:

The importance of neuroimaging research from clinical practice point of view remains the reliable and objective distinction of each individual pain syndrome from one another. This will help to make the correct clinical diagnosis and pave the way for better and effective treatment in the future. More research will be necessary to fulfill this unmet need.
SUNCT and SUNA
Authors: Duggal Ashish K , Chowdhury Debashish
Published: May 2021

Background:

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with autonomic symptoms (SUNA) are rare and disabling primary headache disorders that are subtypes of Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNHA).

Aim:

The aim of this narrative review was to provide a comprehensive update on headache phenotype, pathophysiology, and various treatment options available for SUNCT and SUNA.

Methods:

References for this review were identified by searches of articles published in the English language in PubMed between 1978 and October 2020 using “short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT)”, “short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with autonomic symptoms (SUNA)”, “short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNHA)”, “trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias” as keywords in various combinations.

Results:

Of a potential 1103 articles, seven case series describing clinical characteristics of SUNCT/SUNA patients were identified for this review. For symptomatic/secondary SUNCT/SUNA, 53 individual case reports, and one case series were reviewed. One placebo-controlled trial and 11 open-label case series that evaluated various medical and surgical treatments in SUNCT/SUNA were also reviewed. Available literature suggests that SUNCT and SUNA are subtypes of the same disorder characterized by severe side locked short duration headache with ipsilateral prominent cranial autonomic symptoms and signs. Pathophysiology may involve both peripheral and central mechanisms. Lamotrigine is the most effective preventive therapy while intravenous lidocaine is the most efficacious drug as transitional therapy for severe disabling attacks. Surgical options including microvascular decompression in those having neurovascular conflict, occipital nerve stimulation, and hypothalamic deep brain stimulation can be alternative treatment options for medically refractory patients.
Cervicogenic Headache
Authors: Verma Satish , Tripathi Manjari , Chandra P Sarat
Published: May 2021

Background:

Cervicogenic headache is a distinct type of headache described in 1980s by Sjaastad, a Norwegian neurologist. It is a not so uncommon headache, which is usually under-diagnosed resulting in suboptimal quality-of-life.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to review the current recommendations on diagnosis and management of cervicogenic headache.

Methods and Material:

A PubMed search was done for the recent articles on 'cervicogenic headache' published in English literature with the aim of recognizing the current perspectives on cervicogenic headache.

Results:

The diagnosis of cervicogenic headache is based on clinical criteria mentioned by the International Headache Society (IHS) and Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group (CHISG). Cervical nerve block may confirm the nociceptive source in majority of cases and is included in CHISG criteria. Non-invasive diagnostic methods like echogenicity of muscles, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) are proposed by some authors for avoiding complications associated with blocks. Mainstay of management is physical therapy. Surgical interventions for cervical degenerative disease may relief an associated headache but such interventions are not performed solely for cervicogenic headache.

Conclusion:

Headaches with a cervical spine nociceptive source are increasingly being recognized. Current diagnostic criteria and management options are reviewed here.
Acute Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Yang Chun-Pai , Huang Kuo-Ting , Chang Ching-Mao , Yang Cheng-Chia , Wang Shuu-Jiun
Published: May 2021

Background:

Migraine is the most prevalent neurological disorder and the leading cause of disability in individuals under 50 years of age. Two types of migraine therapies have been defined: acute therapy (abortive or symptomatic treatment), the purpose of which is to interrupt migraine attacks, and preventive treatment (prophylactic treatment), the purpose of which is to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.

Objective:

This paper reviews research advances in new agents for acute therapy of migraine.

Material and Methods:

This review provides an overview of emerging new drugs for acute treatment of migraine based on clinical evidence and summarizes the milestones of different stages of clinical development.

Results:

Two new formulations of sumatriptan, DFN-11 (3 mg doses of subcutaneous sumatriptan) and DFN-02 (a nasal spray of sumatriptan 10 mg and a permeation-enhancing excipient), have been developed, and both of them showed a fast-onset action with efficacy for acute treatment of migraine with fewer adverse events. New drug discovery programs shifted the focus to the development of ditans, a group of antimigraine drugs targeting 5-HT1F receptors. Only lasmiditan has progressed to phase III clinical trials and was finally approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for acute migraine treatment. The other target for acute therapy is CGRP receptor antagonists, namely, gepants. Ubrogepant and rimegepant demonstrated statistically significant efficacy, and both were recently approved by the FDA. These 5-HT1F receptor agonists and CGRP receptor antagonists did not cause vasoconstriction, offering advantages over the current mainstay of specific acute migraine treatment.

Conclusions:

Overall, these new agents have expanded the available acute therapies for migraine treatment and will likely change the strategy with which we treat patients with migraine in the future.
Home healthcare in Iran
Authors: Masoumi Nasrin , Hosseinzadeh Mina , VanSon Catherine , Ghezeljeh Tahereh Najafi
Published: May 2021

Background:

Healthcare is changing from a focus on acute care health issues to one of managing chronic conditions. This change has resulted in the development of home health-care systems as a way of managing chronic conditions outside the hospital. The aim of this study was to analyze the concept of home healthcare using a hybrid model.

Materials and Methods:

This hybrid concept analysis consisted of three phases: theoretical, fieldwork, and analytical. Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and Scopus were searched with related terms in the theoretical phase. In the fieldwork phase, six professionals with experience in home healthcare were interviewed and after each interview, qualitative content analysis was conducted. During the final phase, descriptions and themes from the first two phases were combined.

Results:

In the theoretical phase, the definition of home healthcare included descriptions answering the Who, What, When, Where, and Why questions. In the fieldwork phase, the results were divided into three areas: 1-comprehensive care; 2-extent of services; and 3-outcomes. The final analysis phase of this study indicated that the home health-care concept is a comprehensive, professional, and holistic care system accompanied by medical services and professionals whose goals are to support an individual's health and provide care in their home. Healthcare provided in one's home was found to preserve a patient's dignity and reduce health-care costs.

Conclusions:

The definition of the home healthcare concept establishes a foundation for developing a comprehensive home health-care system. This concept analysis for home healthcare could be a guide for future studies.
Home Care Nurses’ Attitude Towards and Knowledge of Home Palliative Care in Iran
Authors: Dehghannezhad Javad , Hassankhani Hadi , Taleghani Fariba , Rahmani Azad , SattarPour Simin , Sanaat Zohreh
Published: May 2021

Background:

Chronic and cancer diseases are expected to rise with the growing population of the elderly in the world. Home palliative care might be a possible solution for improving these patients' quality of life; therefore, the present study sets out to investigate home care nurses' attitude towards and knowledge of home palliative care.

Materials and Methods:

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study (2018-19), in which 168 home care nurses and nursing assistants in East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) were included (2018). The questionnaire used was specifically designed by Shimizu et al. in 2016 for determining the nurses' attitude towards and knowledge of home care. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA).

Results:

In this study, 95 (56.60%) and 113 (67.90%) of the participants were found to have negative attitudes and limited knowledge, respectively. The other participants seemed to have neutral attitudes towards and average knowledge of home palliative care. The Mean (SD) attitude score on terminal home care was estimated 2.33 (0.83), and the knowledge score on dying care was calculated 41.76%, which were the lowest in comparison with the scores of other dimensions.

Conclusions:

The home care nurses' attitude towards and knowledge of home palliative care were found to be negative and limited, respectively, which underscores the need to endeavor to improve the attitude towards home care and the knowledge of dying care.
Nurse Managers’ Perceptions and Experiences during the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Deldar Kolsoum , Froutan Razieh , Ebadi Abbas
Published: May 2021

Background:

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemics are an international threat to global health and health systems and then healthcare providers. Nurses' managers who are responsible for organizing the nurses and their activities grapple with even more challenges, which are overlooked. This study was conducted to elaborate on the nurse managers' experiences facing the Coronavirus pandemic.

Materials and Methods:

This study adopted a conventional approach to qualitative content analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 nurse managers working at the University Hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from April 5, 2020 to June 15, 2020. The interviews continued until data saturation. Data analysis was performed using the method proposed by Lundman and Graneheim.

Results:

Participants described their experiences about facing COVID-19 pandemic into three categories of 'facing the personnel's mental health', 'Managerial and equipment provision challenges', and 'adaptability and exultation process', with 13 sub-categories.

Conclusions:

Dealing with critical conditions could make the frontline managers, and specially nurse managers, face serious challenges. However, in case of proper crisis management andadaptation of sufficient supporting strategies, these threats could turn into an opportunity to exault the individuals and consequently the organizations engaged.
The Effect of an Educational Intervention based on Pender's Health Promotion Model on Treatment Adherence in the Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Faroughi Forough , Shahriari Mohsen , Keshvari Mahrokh , Shirani Farymah
Published: May 2021

Background:

Increasing of hospitalization rates of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) management have created major challenge for the health system. Poor adherence to treatment is one of the main reasons for treatment failure, prolongation of treatment, and increase care costs. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) on adherence in patients with CAD.

Materials and Methods:

This randomized controlled clinical trial was held in an educational hospital in Isfahan, Iran, February 2018–May 2019. Data were collected from 64 patients with CAD, before, 1 and 3 months after the intervention. The instrument used included treatment adherence questionnaire and a checklist Pender's HPM. The study group received dietary, exercise, and medication education based on Pender's HPM in four sessions which were held in 4 weeks. The control group received the routine educational program of the hospital. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA, independent t, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney tests via SPSS software.

Results:

The mean score of treatment adherence was significantly different between two groups in one (z = 5.28, df = 2, p < 0.001) and three (z = 4.51, df = 2, p < 0.001) months after the intervention. The mean (SD) of treatment adherence in the study group was 139.82 (27.44) 3 months after the intervention.

Conclusions:

Educational intervention based on Pender's HPM is more effective on treatment adherence than the routine method in the patients with CAD. It is recommended to integrate the Pender's HPM as a nursing care program for these patients.
Factors Contributing to Mother–Daughter Talk about Sexual Health Education in an Iranian Urban Adolescent Population
Authors: Harchegani Maryam Torki , Dastoorpoor Maryam , Javadnoori Mojgan , SHiralinia KHadijeh
Published: May 2021

Background:

Parent–adolescent dialog on sexual issues reduces high-risk sexual behavior in adolescents. However, many adolescents are deprived of such training. Several factors may affect the sexual dialog between parents and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with mother–adolescent daughter dialog on sexual health matters in Iran.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 363 female adolescents aged 14-18 years in Ahvaz-Iran, between June 2015 and January 2016. Data collection was conducted utilizing multi-stage cluster sampling in high schools using the Parent–adolescent sexual dialog questionnaire and the parent–adolescent general dialogue questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed using content and face validity and their reliability was confirmed through internal consistency. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, independent one-sample and two-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Post-HOC (Duncan) test.

Results:

The mean score of mother–daughter sexual dialog had a significant relationship with mother's education (F = 4.03, p > 0.003), adolescent's major (F = 4.48, p < 0.004), mother–daughter general communication (p < 0.001), and emotional relationship with parents (F = 6.47, p < 0.002). The more is the mother–daughter general communication, the more will be their sexual communication (p < 0.001). There was no relationship between the score of mother–daughter sexual communication and the age of mother or adolescent, parents' job, parents' marital status, and having sisters (p = 0.86).

Conclusions:

Some demographic characteristics of parents and adolescents, and the parent–adolescent emotional relationship can affect the communication between them about sexual issues. So efforts to enhance this communication should consider these factors as mediator variables.
Association of attachment anxiety and satisfaction with nasal surgery
Authors: Saragusty C. , Berant E. , Yaniv E.
Published: May 2021

AIM: To investigate the possible contribution of attachment anxiety (AA) to satisfaction with the outcome of surgery. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with chronic sinusitis who were scheduled for FESS with septoplasty were asked to complete a panel of self-report measures assessing attachment style, quality of life, mental health, and degree of facial pain and nasal obstruction. The questionnaires were filled out two weeks before surgery and one month after surgery. One surgeon performed all procedures. RESULTS: Participants were divided into two groups according to AA scores: high anxiety in attachment and low anxiety in attachment. Postoperatively, the group as a whole showed significant improvement in quality of life, positive thoughts and improvement in pain and sinus congestion. The high AA group reported a significantly lower quality of life than the low AA group. There was an inverse correlation between AA and well-being before and after surgery, and between AA and pain amelioration after surgery. A positive correlation was noted between AA and mental distress. CONCLUSIONS: Even a basic personality factor such as AA can significantly impact patient satisfaction with surgery outcome. Surgeons performing surgery should bear in mind that success is partly related to the patient`s mental state and personality.
Nasal polyps do not contain olfactory structures
Authors: Bhutta M.F. , Al-Shaikh S. , Latif M. , Lee R. , Uraiby J.
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND: Nasal polyposis can lead to olfactory dysfunction, either due to physical obstruction of the olfactory cleft or physiological disruption of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Where medical therapy has failed to relieve symptoms of nasal polyposis, surgical excision can be considered. However, removal of polyps medial to the middle turbinate is controversial: some believe this will relieve physical obstruction to odourants, others state that removal here risks excising olfactory neuroepithelium. METHODS: We stained 25 nasal polypectomy samples from the area medial to the middle turbinate with olfactory marker protein. RESULTS: We confirmed that our staining method worked on normal olfactory tissue. However, no positive staining of nasal polyps was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: We conclude that nasal polyps medial to the middle turbinate do not contain olfactory neurons, and surgical excision is not contraindicated.
Contribution of the medial orbital floor to endoscopic orbital decompression
Authors: Swartz J.M. , Weitzel E.K. , McMains K.C.
Published: May 2021

PROBLEM: This study explores contribution of the orbital floor to mechanical outcomes of orbital decompressions. METHOD OF STUDY: Endoscopic medial wall orbital decompressions with and without extensive medial orbital floor removal (OFR) were performed on opposite sides of ten thawed fresh-frozen cadaver heads Bone removal was compared on pre- and post-dissection CT scans and after orbital exenteration. RESULTS: Bony removal in the anterior orbital apex was significantly better after OFR (117 vs 66, p < 0.0001). An average of 10.3% (range 0 - 45.5%) of the orbital floor directly under the globe was removed with the OFR technique. The orbital floor preservation (OFP) technique resulted in average bone removal of 3.6 cm2, whereas OFR decompression resulted in average of 5.7 cm2 (p = 0.0003). Post-operative recession of the globe was significant in both arms of the study relative to the unoperated state (OFP averaged 2.99 mm decompression, p = 0.001 and OFR averaged 4.25 mm decompression, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic removal of the medial orbital floor when performed in addition to medial wall decompression removes > 60% more orbital bone and an additional 51 of orbital apex bone. Extensive endoscopic removal of the mid-portion of the medial orbital floor results in bone loss beneath the globe itself.
Exceptional Prices of Medical and Other Supplies during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ecuador
Authors: Ortiz-Prado Esteban , Fernandez-Naranjo Raul , Torres-Berru Yeferson , Lowe Rachel , Torres Irene
Published: May 2021

Shortages of essential supplies used to prevent, diagnose, and treat COVID-19 have been a global concern, and price speculation and hikes may have negatively influenced access. This study identifies variability in prices of products acquired through government-driven contracts in Ecuador during the early pandemic response, when the highest mortality rates were registered in a single day. Data were obtained from the National Public Procurement Service (SERCOP) database between March 1 and July 31, 2020. A statistical descriptive analysis was conducted to extract relevant measures for commonly purchased products, medical devices, pharmaceutical drugs, and other goods. Among the most frequently purchased products, the greatest amounts were spent on face masks (US$4.5 million), acetaminophen (US$2.2 million), and reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay kits (US$1.8 million). Prices varied greatly, depending on each individual contract and on the number of units purchased; some were exceptionally higher than their market value. Compared with 2019, the mean price of medical examination gloves increased up to 1,307%, acetaminophen 500 mg pills, up to 796%, and oxygen flasks, 30.8%. In a context of budgetary constraints that actually required an effective use of available funds, speculative price hikes may have limited patient access to health care and the protection of the general population and health care workers. COVID-19 vaccine allocations to privileged individuals have also been widely reported. Price caps and other forms of regulation, as well as greater scrutiny and transparency of government-driven purchases, and investment in local production, are warranted in Ecuador for improved infectious disease prevention.
Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines
Authors:   E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Published: May 2021

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.

This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.
Recent Temperature and Rainfall Characteristics in Dodoma Region, Central Tanzania (1961 – 2013)
Authors: Myeya Helena Elias
Published: May 2021

This paper presents the recent temperature and rainfall characteristics in Dodoma region, central Tanzania. The study used archival temperature and rainfall data for the past 53 years (1961 – 2013). Simple linear trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test were used to establish and test for rainfall and temperature trends through Microsoft Excel (2010) and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20). Results for both minimum and maximum temperature indicate a significant increased trend (p=0.000, p=0.001) respectively at 0.05 significance level. Conversely, non-significant decreasing and increasing rainfall trends were noted for Bahi, Mpwapwa and Dodoma (p=0.532, p=0.473, p=0.629) respectively, at 0.05 significance level. Results further indicate that rainfall variability in the study area is influenced by local, regional and global variations. From the results, it is noted that temperature and rainfall have both significant and insignificant changes. It is recommended that the observed increased temperature and declined rainfall requires more adaptation strategies than usual to reduce adverse effects as climate variability is expected to further increase in the near future.