bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revising Z: Part II – logical development
Authors: Henson Martin C. , Reeves Steve
Published: August 2002

This is the second of two related papers. In “Revising Z: Part I - logic and semantics” (this journal) we introduced a simple specification logic Z

C

comprising a logic and a semantics (in ZF set theory). We then provided an interpretation for (a rational reconstruction of) the specification language Z within Z

C

. As a result we obtained a sound logic for Z, including the basic schema calculus. In this paper we extend the basic framework with more sophisticated features (including schema operations) and we mount a critique of a number of concepts used in Z. We further demonstrate that the complications and confusions which these concepts introduce can be avoided without compromising expressibility.
Parameterized Verification of Linear Networks using Automata as Invariants
Authors: Prasad Sistla A. , Gyuris Viktor
Published: August 2002

The paper proposes an induction based approach, that employs automata as inductive invariants, for verifying safety and liveness properties of linear networks of arbitrary size. The proposed method has been shown to be complete for verifying safety properties. Automated methods that check for correcteness of such families of networks are proposed. These methods are based on generating an invariant automaton from the correctness property which is also specified by an automaton. These methods have been implemented and successfully tested on some examples.
Hybrid Verifications of Reactive Programs
Authors: Roux Olivier , Rusu Vlad , Cassez Franck
Published: August 2002

We present in this paper some new language features and constructs, that allow the joint synchronous/asynchronous programming of reactive applications, as well as their formal verification.

We show that reactive applications may be dealt with from two points of view. First, from the
chronological
point of view, i.e., when reactions are instantaneous, generated by event occurrences in discrete time. Second, from the
chronometrical
point of view, when reactions have durations in dense time. This duality must be expressible in languages that allow a consistent programming of both
synchronous
and
asynchronous
features. The objective of mixing these dual approaches leads to model reactive systems by using
hybrid systems
, to deal simultaneously with both discrete and continuous phenomena. Furthermore, this must be followed by some verification of the application's properties, with respect to its behavioural and quantitative features.

We analyze several existing frameworks that meet these requirements, and propose our own approach based on the language E
lectre
.
‘The Standard Logic for Z’: A Clarification
Authors: King Steve
Published: August 2002

Some clarification is made of a recent article in Formal Aspects of Computing [Hen98]. Specifically, it is noted that the inconsistency found is in a draft logic, which is clearly unfinished. The latest news of the position of the Z Standards Panel on a logic for Z is given.
Formalising a Value-Passing Calculus in HOL
Authors: Nesi Monica
Published: August 2002

Milner's value-passing calculus for describing and reasoning about communicating systems is formalised in the HOL proof assistant. Based on a previously defined mechanisation of pure CCS (no data communication, only synchronisation) in HOL, value-passing agents are given behavioural semantics by translating them into pure agents. An interactive proof environment is derived that supports both reasoning about the value-passing calculus and verification of value-passing specifications, which are defined over an infinite value domain.
Social and Semiotic Analyses for Theorem Prover User Interface Design 1
Authors: Goguen Joseph
Published: August 2002

We describe an approach to user interface design based on ideas from social science, narratology (the theory of stories), cognitive science, and a new area called algebraic semiotics. Social analysis helps to identify certain roles for users with their associated requirements, and suggests ways to make proofs more understandable, while algebraic semiotics, which combines semiotics with algebraic specification, provides rigorous theories for interface functionality and for a certain technical notion of quality. We apply these techniques to designing user interfaces for a distributed cooperative theorem proving system, whose main component is a website generation and proof assistance tool called Kumo. This interface integrates formal proving, proof browsing, animation, informal explanation, and online background tutorials, drawing on a richer than usual notion of proof. Experience with using the interface is reported, and some conclusions are drawn.
Hoare Logic and Auxiliary Variables
Authors: Kleymann Thomas
Published: August 2002

Auxiliary variables are essential for specifying programs in Hoare Logic. They are required to relate the value of variables in different states. However, the axioms and rules of Hoare Logic turn a blind eye to the role of auxiliary variables. We stipulate a new structural rule for adjusting auxiliary variables when strengthening preconditions and weakening postconditions. Courtesy of this new rule, Hoare Logic is adaptation complete, which benefits software re-use. This property is responsible for a number of improvements. Relative completeness follows uniformly from the Most General Formula property. Moreover, one can show that Hoare Logic subsumes Vienna Development Method's (VDM) operation decomposition rules in that every derivation in VDM can be naturally embedded in Hoare Logic. Furthermore, the new treatment leads to a significant simplification in the presentation for verification calculi dealing with more interesting features such as recursion.
Modelling and Validation: AUTOFOCUS and Quest
Authors: Slotosch Oscar
Published: August 2002

We describe the graphical description techniques, their underlaying semantics and the validation techniques that have been applied to the FM99 example; furthermore we sketch the model and discuss the validation results we have obtained. A

UTO

F

OCUS

is the modelling tool, and the Quest environment connects the model to a broad spectrum of validation tools, including model checkers (SMV, SATO), theorem provers (VSE) and test tools (CTE). The original contribution, further publications, and A

UTO

F

OCUS

can be downloaded from http://autofocus.in.tum.de.
Intraoperative Iatrogenic Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Chi‐Leung , Fan Sheung‐Tat , Lo Chung‐Mau , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin , Poon Ronnie Tung‐Ping , Wong John
Published: August 2002

Intraoperative iatrogenic rupture ofhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which can occur during hepaticresection when large tumors are being mobilized, may adversely affectthe operative outcome. Little information is available in theliterature on this serious intraoperative complication. The aim of thepresent study is to document iatrogenic rupture of HCC as a seriouscomplication during hepatic resection and its effects on the operativeand long‐term outcomes of patients with this complication. Aretrospective study was performed on all patients with intraoperativeiatrogenic rupture of HCC during hepatic resection from 1989 to 1997,and the operative and long‐term survival outcomes were compared withthose of patients without the complication. Among 194 patients whounderwent hepatic resection for a large HCC (? 5 cm) during the studyperiod, 8 (4.1%) had intraoperative iatrogenic rupture of the tumor.When compared with 186 patients with similar clinical parameters butwithout intraoperative rupture, patients with intraoperative rupturehad significantly more intraoperative blood loss (median 5.7 vs. 2.0 L;p = 0.01) and blood transfusion requirement (median3.1 vs 0.9 L; p = 0.02). On follow‐up, patients in theintraoperative rupture group had a significantly higher intraperitonealextrahepatic recurrence rate (33.3% vs. 2.9%; p =0.02) and significantly shorter survival (median 11.5 vs. 37.9 months,p = 0.04) when compared with patients without thecomplication. Intraoperative iatrogenic rupture is a seriouscomplication of hepatic resection for HCC because it is associated withincreased intraoperative blood loss, increased incidence ofintraperitoneal extrahepatic recurrence, and short survival. Extremecare should be taken during mobilization of the tumor, and analternative operative approach in the presence of a difficult hepaticresection of a large HCC may be required to avoid the complication.
Long‐Term Observation of Serum Thyroglobulin after Resection of Nontoxic Goiter and Relation to Ultrasonographically Demonstrated Relapse
Authors: Date John , Feldt‐Rasmussen Ulla , Blichert‐Toft Mogens , Hegedüs Lazlo , Graversen Hans P.
Published: August 2002

The object was to carry out a prospective study of the changes in serum thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin (Tg) following resection of nontoxic goiter and to investigate if there was a correlation to the pattern of relapse. A group of 39 consecutive patients, mainly with nodular, nontoxic goiter, were studied for 13 years following thyroidectomy. No thyroid hormone replacement therapy was given after surgery. The preoperative serum Tg level was elevated. After operation the mean serum Tg declined to a nadir of 43 μg/L at 1 year and subsequently increased to 90 μg/L at 10 years, with large individual differences. In 19 patients the serum Tg increased, in 1 it decreased, and in 19 no significant alteration was observed. Serum free thyroxine and triiodothyronine indices decreased following resection but achieved normal levels within 6 to 12 months. Serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone increased after resection, with a peak level 1 month after surgery, but it returned to normal levels at 1 year and remained stable for the rest of the period. At 13 years after resection the thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography in 30 of the patients. In 10 patients the thyroid volume was enlarged (≥ 28 ml). In this group a rise of average serum Tg after resection [ΔTg(10‐1 year)] of 133 μg/L was observed, compared to 26 μg/L in the 20 patients without sonographic relapse (volume < 28 ml). A positive correlation was demonstrated between serum ΔTg(10‐1 year) postsurgically and thyroid volume 13 years after surgery. However, an overlap was observed between the groups with and without ultrasonographic relapse, probably in part due to large differences in the Tg synthesis activity of different follicle cell clones. It is concluded that repeated serum Tg determinations may provide biochemical evidence of increased growth activity of thyroid remnants monitored after goiter resection.
Laparoscopic Treatment of Nonparasitic Liver Cysts: Adequate Selection of Patients and Surgical Technique
Authors: Gigot J. F. , Legrand M. , Hubens G. , de Canniere L. , Wibin E. , Deweer F. , Druart M. L. , Bertrand C. , Devriendt H. , Droissart R. , Tugilimana M. , Hauters P. , Vereecken L.
Published: August 2002

Results of laparoscopic fenestration in patients with a highly symptomatic solitary liver cyst (17 patients) or polycystic liver disease (PLD) (9 patients) were prospectively evaluated in a multicenter practice of general surgeons. Conversion to laparotomy was required in two patients because of inaccessible deep liver cyst in one and a diffuse form of PLD in the other. There was no mortality or major morbidity. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.6 days after successful laparoscopic procedures. During a mean follow‐up of 9 months, 23% of the patients had recurrence of symptoms and 38% had radiographic reappearance of cysts. Factors predicting failure included previous surgical treatment, deep‐sited cysts, incomplete deroofing technique, location in the right posterior segments of the liver, and a diffuse form of PLD with small cysts. Adequate selection of patients and type of cystic liver disease and meticulous and aggressive surgical technique are recommended.
Impact of lymph node metastasis on survival with early gastric cancer
Authors: Seto Yasuyuki , Nagawa Hirokazu , Muto Tetsuichiro
Published: August 2002

The impact of lymph node metastasis on the survival of early gastric cancer (EGC) cases remains controversial. A retrospective study of 621 patients with EGC undergoing gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy during the period 1966–1993 was performed to evaluate the influence of node involvement on long‐term outcomes. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 63 cases (10.1%). Two groups, EGC with and without node involvement, were compared with respect to long‐term results and various clinicopathologic factors. The median observation period was 123 months. EGC cases without metastatic nodes had significantly better outcomes than those with node involvement in terms of overall survival as well as survival excluding deaths due to diseases unrelated to the primary EGC. Survival rates for EGC patients with node involvement did not, however, differ significantly according to the number of metastatic nodes. Three factors‐submucosal invasion, large tumor size, and recurrence‐were significantly related to lymph node metastasis. Age, sex, family history of malignancy, histologic type, and multiple occurrence of gastric cancer were unrelated to the prevalence of node involvement. The frequency of recurrence in EGC cases without node involvement was low (1.8%, 10 of 558). Recurrence was not, however, exceptional in those with metastatic nodes (9.5%, 6 of 63). EGC patients with lymph node metastasis, even with only a single positive node, constitute a high risk group for EGC recurrence.
Reoperative Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Chao Tzu‐Chieh , Jeng Long‐Bin , Lin Jen‐Der , Chen Miin‐Fu
Published: August 2002

Reoperative thyroid surgery is an uncommon operation associated with a high complication rate. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 115 patients to study the incidence of complications after reoperative thyroid surgery. There were 107 women and 8 men (13.4:1.0) with an average age of 42.8 years (range 18–80 years). The most frequent indication for reoperation was completion thyroidectomy for a carcinoma identified by permanent sections (50 patients, 43.5%). Reoperative surgery was performed on 13
(11.3%) patients with recurrent thyroid cancer. The remaining 52 patients underwent reoperation for recurrent thyrotoxicosis (12 patients, 10.4%), recurrent nodular goiter (28 patients, 24.3%) or recurrent multinodular goiter (12 patients, 10.4%). Seven patients with recurrent nodular goiter and one patient with recurrent thyrotoxicosis underwent total thyroidectomy for the presence of malignancies that were identified by frozen sections. Overall, the interval between the initial and reoperative procedures ranged from 1 day to 33 years (2335 ± 272 days). The length of hospital stay was 5.8 ± 0.5 days. The length of time needed for reoperative thyroid surgery was 122.0 ± 6.2 minutes. There was no 30‐day perioperative mortality. The postoperative complications consisted of transient hypoparathyroidism in six patients (5.2%), permanent hypoparathyroidism in two patients (1.7%), transient RLN palsy in 3 patients (2.6%), and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in two patients (1.7%). Reoperative thyroid surgery can be performed safely with little morbidity to the patient.
Therapeutic Management of Rare Malignant Pancreatic Tumors in Children
Authors: Vossen Sandra , Goretzki Peter E. , Goebel Ulrich , Willnow Ulrich
Published: August 2002

Malignant pancreatic tumors in children are rare. The major problem for the clinician is a lack of experience and of accepted therapeutic strategies. Malignant pancreatic tumors in children show a pattern different from that in adults. In infants, especially pancreatoblastomas, solid cystic tumors of females, and endocrine carcinomas of the pancreas must be expected. We report our experience in three patients with malignant pancreatic tumors (one pancreatoblastoma and two malignant endocrine pancreatic carcinomas) and review the present literature with a focus on the typical clinical and biologic features and the presently recommended therapeutic strategies. Pancreatoblastomas and solid cystic tumors are mainly found in the head of the pancreas. Fibrotic capsules with rare, late metastases are characteristic of these tumors, indicating total resection to be an important therapeutic procedure. Pancreatoblastomas should additionally be treated with chemotherapy (ADM, IFO, cis‐PL, VP16). Endocrine carcinomas of the pancreas (malignant gastrinomas and malignant insulinomas) should also primarily be treated with radical surgery, including extensive lymph node dissection. In case of distant metastasis, local resection (liver) or somatostatin in combination with chemotherapy (streptozocin in the case of malignant insulinomas) may be used.
Anesthesia for Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Domínguez‐Cherit Guillermo , Gonzalez Raúl , Borunda Delia , Pedroza Jorge , Gonzalez‐Barranco Jorge , Herrera Miguel F.
Published: August 2002

Bariatric surgery is the most effective method for treating patients with morbid obesity, and participation of the anesthesiologist in the treatment of these patients is more and more frequent. Therefore it is important for anesthesiologists to be familiar with anatomic and physiologic implications and the pharmacologic changes associated with obesity, so they can offer optimal perioperative treatment. The present study describes a series of 37 patients with an average body mass index of 50.3 kg/m2 who underwent bariatric surgery in a third‐level teaching hospital in Mexico City. Preoperative assessment, airway management, perioperative treatment, and the incidence of complications are analyzed. We found a high frequency of associated diseases, among which diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension were the most prominent. Cardiorespiratory complications such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and obesity‐hypoventilation syndrome were particularly frequent (16.2% and 22.0%, respectively). Both general anesthesia and mixed anesthesia (peridural block plus light general anesthesia) were employed. The incidence of complications related to perioperative and anesthetic management was low. We discuss and propose protocols for the evaluation and management of airway and associated cardiorespiratory complications.
Effect of Protease Inhibitor on Ischemia‐reperfusion Injury to Rat Liver
Authors: Jung Sung‐Eun , Yun Ik‐Jin , Youn Yeo‐Kyu , Lee Joong‐Eui , Ha Jongwon , Noh Dong‐Young , Kim Sang‐Joon , Oh Seung Keun , Choe Kuk‐Jin
Published: August 2002

Liver failure due to ischemia‐reperfusion injury, believed to be closely related to the generation of oxygen‐free radicals, is a serious problem during liver surgery. Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, suppresses the extracellular release of oxygen‐free radicals in the microvascular endothelium. To determine its effects on ischemia‐reperfusion injury to the liver, we performed experiments with rats. We divided the animals into two ischemia‐reperfusion groups: an experimental group, which underwent ischemic injury for 30 minutes, along with the infusion of gabexate mesilate, and a control group, which underwent injury only. Each group was then divided into four subgroups: ischemic injury only and 60‐, 120‐, and 180‐minute reperfusion injury. The test parameters were tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver and lung tissues. The experimental group had a significantly higher liver SOD and catalase levels and a significantly lower level of liver and lung MDA than the control groups. TNFα levels in the experimental groups were significantly lower during the early phase, but a comparison of IL‐6 levels between the two groups yielded no differences. Levels of lung catalase and SOD were not significantly different between the two groups. We concluded that protease inhibitor suppressed liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury, and that it was due to an increase of antioxidant or suppression of oxygen‐free radicals. The roles of TNFα and IL‐6 in liver reperfusion injury were not clear, though TNFα might have had an effect during the early phase. With liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury, the mechanism of lung involvement might be different from that of liver involvement.
Historical Evolution of Limb Amputation
Authors: Sachs Michael , Bojunga Jörg , Encke Albrecht
Published: August 2002

The amputation of a limb is one of the oldest surgical procedures. In the course of medical history operative techniques and surgical instruments have been improved continuously. As early as the first century Celsus described an amputation. A major step in the development of the operative technique was the introduction of an artery forceps by Paré during the sixteenth century. Nevertheless, due to a lack of analgesics and narcotics the operation had to take only a few minutes. Therefore the amputation was completed in one cut (i.e., detachment of the skin, muscles, and bone at the same level). This technique, known as “classic circular cut,” was modified several times in the following period: to reduce suture tension Petit recommended that we transect the skin first and the muscles and bone more proximally (“two‐stage circular cut,” 1718), and Bromfield approved that the skin be cut first, the muscles more proximally and the bone most proximal (“three‐stage circular cut,” 1773). Lowdham (1679), Verduyn (1696), and Langenbeck (1810) changed the operative technique in that they used a soft‐tissue flap to cover the bone without tension (“flap amputation”).
Density‐dependent growth and reproduction of the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata: a density manipulation experiment in a paddy field
Authors: Tanaka K. , Watanabe T. , Higuchi H. , Miyamoto K. , Yusa Y. , Kiyonaga T. , Kiyota H. , Suzuki Y. , Wada T.
Published: August 2002

To examine density dependence in the survival, growth, and reproduction of Pomacea canaliculata, we conducted an experiment in which snail densities were manipulated in a paddy field. We released paint‐marked snails of 15–20 mm shell height into 12 enclosures (pens) of 16 m2 at one of five densities – 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 snails per pen. The survival rate of released snails was 95% and was independent of snail density. The snail density had a significant effect on the growth and egg production of individual snails. This density dependence may have been caused by reduced food availability. The females at high density deposited fewer and smaller egg masses than those at low density, and consequently produced fewer eggs. The females at densities 8 and 16 deposited more than 3000 eggs per female, while the females at density 128 oviposited only 414 eggs. The total egg production per pen was, however, higher at higher snail density. The survival rates of juvenile snails were 21%–37% and were independent of adult density. The juvenile density was positively correlated with the total egg production per pen and hence was higher at higher adult density. However, the density of juveniles larger than 5 mm in shell height, i.e., juveniles that can survive an overwintering period, was not significantly different among density treatments. These results suggest that snail density after the overwintering period is independent of the density in the previous year. Thus, density dependence in growth and reproduction might regulate the population of P. canaliculata in paddies.
Ventral Surgical Approach to the Caudal Brain Stem in Dogs
Authors: Klopp Lisa S. , Simpson Stephen T. , Sorjonen Donald C. , Lenz Stephen D.
Published: August 2002

Objective— To develop a safe neurosurgical procedure that accessed the ventral pons and medulla of the dog primarily for the removal of brain stem neoplasms.

Study Design— In vivo study.

Methods— A cadaver study was performed on mesocephalic dog heads to develop a neurosurgical approach to the ventral brain stem. Based on this study, an approach to the ventral brain stem was developed by basioccipital craniectomy. This procedure was performed on 4 young neurologically normal Beagle dogs to assess morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. Morbidity was evaluated by subjective criteria, daily complete neurologic examinations, comparison of preoperative and postoperative brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER) tests, and postmortem examinations.

Results— Three dogs developed a transient cough but were neurologically normal after surgery. One dog was euthanatized within 12 hours of surgery because of severe postoperative morbidity associated with basilar artery disruption due to improper development of the craniectomy. Prolongations of postoperative BAER latencies were observed in 2 dogs but did not appear to be associated with clinical deficits or histopathologic changes in the brain stem. Minimal histopathologic changes were observed except in the dog with basilar artery disruption. Results of this study indicate that, although technically challenging, this procedure can be performed with minimal morbidity.

Clinical Implications— The main indication for this procedure is surgical reduction or biopsy of ventrally located brain stem neoplasms in dogs. The major disadvantage is anatomic restrictions that prevent access to laterally oriented ventral brain stem masses.
Pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs
Authors: Fransson Boel A. , Bagley Rodney S. , Gay John M. , Silver Gena M. , Gokhale Sanjeev , Sanders Sean , Connors Rebecca L. , Gavin Patrick R.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine factors associated with the occurrence of pneumonia after intracranial surgery in dogs.

Study Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—Forty‐nine client‐owned dogs.

Methods—The medical records of 49 dogs with space‐occupying intracranial disease that underwent craniotomy were reviewed. Development of pneumonia after surgery was considered highly likely in 12 dogs (affected dogs) based on clinical signs, including acute dyspnea or coughing in association with typical radiographic findings or abnormal transtracheal wash results. Pneumonia was confirmed in 6 dogs based on necropsy findings. Affected dogs were compared with 37 dogs that did not develop pneumonia (unaffected dogs) subsequent to intracranial surgery. Based on the medical records of affected dogs, determinations were made regarding time between development of pneumonia and surgery, surgical procedure, intracranial lesion type, and intracranial lesion location. Risk factors examined for both affected and unaffected dogs included level of consciousness, body position during the postoperative recovery period, duration of anesthesia, occurrence of vomiting or regurgitation, presence of seizures, cranial nerve deficiencies, and the presence of megaesophagus before and after surgery. We also compared the feeding protocol after surgery for each group.

Results—Pneumonia typically occurred within the first week after surgery (median, 6.5 days); however, this was variable (range, 1–96 days). Of the factors that were present within 24 hours before the clinical signs of pneumonia, vomiting or regurgitation and megaesophagus were found to be significant risk factors. Dogs that vomited or regurgitated were 2.71 times more likely to develop pneumonia than dogs that did not. Vomiting or regurgitation occurred in 63% of the dogs that developed pneumonia in this cohort. Dogs with megaesophagus were 9.25 times more likely to develop pneumonia than dogs without megaesophagus. Seven dogs with pneumonia died. Five of these 7 dogs appeared to have died as a direct sequel to pneumonia.

Conclusions—Dogs undergoing craniectomies for space‐occupying intracranial disease may be at higher risk for development of pneumonia due to several factors, including vomiting, regurgitation, and megaesophagus.
Comparison of the Recurrence Rate of Gastric Dilatation with or Without Volvulus in Dogs after Circumcostal Gastropexy Versus Gastrocolopexy
Authors: Eggertsdóttir Anna V. , Stigen Øyvind , Lønaas Lars , Langeland Marianne , Devor Morten , Vibe‐Petersen Gunvor , Eriksen Thomas
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the recurrence rate of acute gastric dilatation with or without volvulus (GDV) after circumcostal gastropexy (CCGP) or gastrocolopexy (GCP) in dogs.

Study Design—A prospective, double‐blind, multicenter, randomized, controlled, clinical trial with two groups (A and B).

Animals—Fifty‐four client‐owned dogs presented for treatment of GDV.

Methods—Dogs with acute GDV that had not previously had a gastropexy performed were included. The preoperative treatment before gastropexy was standardized. A CCGP was performed on dogs in group A, and a GCP was performed on dogs in group B. Postoperative treatment was standardized, but deviation did occur according to the special needs of particular patients. A minimal follow‐up time of 180 days was required for dogs not excluded from the study. The median follow‐up time in group A was 700 days; in group B, it was 400 days. The occurrence of abdominal pain and gastrointestinal problems after surgery were recorded by the owners.

Results—There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate of GDV between the two groups. At the end of the study, the recurrence rate was 9% and 20% in group A and in group B, respectively.

Conclusions—Both surgical techniques are effective in preventing recurrence of GDV.
The Prevalence of Malignant Neoplasia in Feline Renal‐Transplant Recipients
Authors: Wooldridge John D. , Gregory Clare R. , Mathews Kyle G. , Aronson Lillian R. , Kyles Andrew E.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine the prevalence of malignant neoplasia in a group of feline renal‐transplant recipients (FRTR).

Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.

Animals—Ninety‐five consecutive client‐owned FRTR treated at the University of California, Davis, between 1987 and 1997.

Methods—Medical records of the 95 cats were examined. The time to occurrence and type of malignant neoplasia, if present, was determined.

Results—Nine of 95 cats (9.5%) developed apparently de novo malignant neoplasia after receiving renal allografts. The predominant type of neoplasm was lymphoma. The median time to diagnosis of neoplasia in these 9 patients was 9.0 months after transplantation, whereas the median survival time was 14.0 months after transplantation. This compares with a median survival time of 22 months after transplantation for cats that died for reasons other than development of malignant neoplasia.

Conclusions—Although these transplant recipients were not compared with a control population, it would appear that, as in humans, malignant neoplasia is encountered with greater‐than‐expected frequency after renal transplantation and immunosuppression in cats.

Clinical Significance—The apparent propensity to develop malignant neoplasia after renal transplantation and immunosuppression in cats is a fatal complication of which owners and clinicians should be aware.
Intermolecular Interactions and Electrical Properties in Thin Films of Tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc(II)
Authors: SCHLETTWEIN D. , MEYER J. P. , JAEGER N. I.
Published: August 2002

Tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc ( TPyTAPZn ) can be looked at as a substituted phthalocyanine. Thin films of TPyTAPZn were prepared on quartz glass by physical vapour deposition under high-vacuum conditions. During the deposition, island growth was observed by a characteristic change in the electrical conduction, indicating an increasing number of conduction pathways along the film. Deposition conditions could be optimized to yield an ordered rather than amorphous growth as detected by a characteristic absorption band in the visible range, strongly red-shifted from the absorption of the monomeric molecule in solution. A negative Seebeck coefficient confirmed n-type conduction for TPyTAPZn . In temperature-dependent measurements of the electrical conductivity and thermopower across the samples an activation energy of 0.31 eV was established for the conductivity and of 0.04 eV for charge carrier generation. From this difference it is concluded that a thermally activated charge carrier transport mechanism (hopping) rather than delocalized conduction (band model) is dominant in TPyTAPZn . Photoconduction turned out to be rather small in these samples, although light was absorbed quite efficiently. The time dependence of photoconduction indicated a significant trap density. Interaction with ammonia or triethylamine in the gas phase led to an increase in the conductivity; oxygen or water led to a decrease. The time dependence of these interactions indicated that triethylamine and water were only reacting with the surface region, whereas NH 3 and O 2 were also diffusing into the bulk of the films.
The functions of freezing in the social interactions of juvenile high‐ and low‐aggressive mice
Authors: Bauer Daniel J. , Gariépy Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2002

Selectively bred low‐aggressive mice are frequently observed to freeze on social contact, despite the fact that this behavior was never a direct target of selection. To elucidate this finding, the present research aimed to identify the possible functions freezing may serve in social interactions. It was hypothesized that freezing may modify social interactions through self‐regulatory mechanisms and/or via its modulating effects on the actions of social partners. These hypotheses were evaluated with respect to the sequential changes observed over the course of a 10‐min dyadic test in freezing, social reactivity, and approaches among juvenile (24–30‐day‐old) mice from the NC900 and NC100 high‐ and low‐aggressive lines. Analyses of the patterns of social interactions between subjects and partners revealed two primary results. First, freezing was more than an expression of fear; it also functioned as a regulator of emotional arousal, as suggested by the substantial reduction of reactive behaviors seen in animals that showed high levels of freezing. Second, freezing functioned to facilitate high levels of affiliative social interaction with social partners. The implications of these results for understanding how the differentiation of the NC900 and NC100 occurred within microevolution and development are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 27:463–475, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring internalized oppression and healing strategies
Authors: Rosenwasser Penny
Published: August 2002

Jewish women use collaborative inquiry to heal from internalized anti‐Semitism. They build community by using action‐reflection cycles, wholistic ways of knowing, emotional probing, and validity procedures.
Learning from the inquiries: Lessons for using collaborative inquiry as an adult learning strategy
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Kasl Elizabeth
Published: August 2002

Discerning insights from the cases, the editors comment on presentational knowing's pivotal role in learning from experience, the reciprocity between personal development and social action, and structural issues to consider when facilitating CI.
Monoterpene and wood dust exposures: Work‐related symptoms among Finnish sawmill workers
Authors: Rosenberg Christina , Liukkonen Tuula , Kallas‐Tarpila Tarja , Ruonakangas Anne , Ranta Riikka , Nurminen Markku , Welling Irma , Jäppinen Paavo
Published: August 2002

Background

Monoterpenes and wood dust are released into the work environment during sawing of fresh wood. Symptoms related to exposure to monoterpenes and wood dust include irritation of the eyes, mucous membrane, and skin.

Methods

We studied 22 sawhouse workers who process pine and spruce in 1997–99. Exposure to monoterpenes was assessed by determining monoterpenes in air and verbenols in urine by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection. Wood dust was determined gravimetrically. A questionnaire was used to evaluate work‐related subjective symptoms.

Results

Exposures to monoterpenes (geometric mean, GM) among sawhouse workers were 61–138 mg/m3 and 2.0–13 mg/m3 during processing of pine and spruce, respectively. Urinary verbenol correlated well with worker exposure to the α‐pinene fraction of monoterpenes. The inhalable dust concentration in the breathing zone was 0.5– 2.2 mg/m3 during pine processing and 0.4–1.9 mg/m3 during spruce processing. The prevalence of symptoms, in the eyes or respiratory tract, was high during both seasons and in connection with either tree species.

Conclusions

The highest monoterpene concentration (GM), in the breathing zone, measured during processing of pine, was less than one‐fourth of the Finnish occupational exposure limit (OEL, 570 mg/m3). Verbenol concentrations in postshift urine samples reflected accurately the exposure to monoterpenes. The concentrations of inhalable dust (GM) were less than one‐half the Finnish OEL (5 mg/m3). No significant differences in dust exposure were observed among tree species processed. Work‐related symptoms appeared to correlate with monoterpene exposure during processing of pine and with wood dust exposure during processing of spruce. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:38–53, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lead exposure in mexican radiator repair workers
Authors: Dykeman Ronald , Aguilar‐Madrid Guadalupe , Smith Tom , Juárez‐Pérez Cuauhtemoc Arturo , Piacitelli Gregory M. , Hu Howard , Hernandez‐Avila Mauricio
Published: August 2002

Background

Lead exposure was investigated among 73 Mexican radiator repair workers (RRWs), 12 members of their family (4 children and 8 wives), and 36 working controls. RRWs were employed at 4 radiator repair shops in Mexico City and 27 shops in Cuernavaca and surrounding areas.

Methods

Exposure was assessed directly through the use of personal air sampling and hand wipe samples. In addition, industrial hygiene inspections were performed and detailed questionnaires were administered. Blood lead levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).

Results

The mean (SD) values for blood lead of the RRWs, 35.5 (13.5) μg/dl, was significantly greater than the same values for the working controls, 13.6 (8.7) μg/dl; P < 001. After excluding a single outlier (247 μg/m3), air lead levels ranged from 0 to 99 μg/m3 with a mean (SD) value of 19 (23) μg/m3 (median = 7.9 μg/m3). In a final multivariate regression model of elevated blood lead levels, the strongest predictors were smoking (vs. non‐smoking), the number of radiators repaired per day on average, and the use (vs. non‐use) of a uniform while at work, which were associated with blood lead elevations of 11.4 μg/dl, 1.95 μg/dl/radiator/day, and 16.4 μg/dl, respectively (all P < .05). Uniform use was probably a risk factor because they were not laundered regularly and consequently served as reservoir of contamination on which RRWs frequently wiped their hands.

Conclusions

Lead exposure is a significant problem of radiator repair work, a small industry that is abundant in Mexico and other developing countries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:179–187, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are psychosocial factors, risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist?: A review of the epidemiological literature
Authors: Bongers Paulien M. , Kremer Anja M. , Laak Jolanda ter
Published: August 2002

Background

In 1993, an extensive review on the role of psychosocial factors in the development of musculoskeletal problems was published by Bongers et al (1993). Since then, additional reviews on this topic have been published; however, none of these focussed on upper limb problems.

Methods

In this systematic review, the methodological quality of all studies was assessed and levels of evidence were apriori defined.

Results

The large majority of the studies reported an association between at least one work‐related psychosocial factor and adverse upper extremity symptoms or signs. High‐perceived job stress was consistently associated with all upper extremity problems (UEP) in high and lower quality studies. Although not often studied, non‐work‐related stress was also consistently associated with UEP. In addition, there was some evidence for a relationship between high job demands and UEP, although the results did not meet the pre‐set criterion for consistency.

Conclusions

High job stress and non‐work‐related stress reactions are consistently associated with UEP. In addition, high job demands is also in most studies associated with these disorders. Firm conclusions on the role of these factors in the etiology of UEP are not possible due to the cross‐sectional nature of most studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:315–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ApoE ϵ3‐haplotype modulates Alzheimer beta‐amyloid deposition in the brain
Authors: Myllykangas Liisa , Polvikoski Tuomo , Reunanen Karoliina , Wavrant‐De Vrieze Fabienne , Ellis Clare , Hernandez Dena , Sulkava Raimo , Kontula Kimmo , Verkkoniemi Auli , Notkola Irma‐Leena , Hardy John , Perez‐Tur Jordi , Haltia Matti J. , Tienari Pentti J.
Published: August 2002

ApoE ϵ4 allele increases the risk of late‐onset Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as the amount of beta‐amyloid deposition in the brain. Because half of AD patients do not have ApoE ϵ4, it is important to search for other determinants of ApoE that modify AD risk. We tested whether the haplotype background of the most common ApoE allele, ϵ3, influences brain amyloid deposition or the risk of neuropathologically verified AD in a population‐based sample of elderly Finns. To exclude the effects of ApoE protein polymorphism we focused these analyses on subjects homozygous for ϵ3. Haplotypes were defined using polymorphisms at positions − 491 and − 219 of the ApoE promoter and at position +113 of intron‐1. We found that ϵ3‐haplotypes containing the promoter allele − 219T were associated with reduced amyloid deposition and reduced risk of neuropathologically verified AD as compared to ϵ3‐haplotypes containing − 219G. The functional polymorphism(s) responsible for the haplotypic difference remains to be identified. These results indicate that there is significant allelic variation in the ApoE gene region, which modulates brain amyloid deposition and AD risk, independent of the ApoE protein polymorphism. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No evidence for submicroscopic 22qter deletions in patients with features suggestive for Angelman syndrome
Authors: de Vries Bert BA , Tyson Jess , Winter Robin M , Malcolm Sue
Published: August 2002

Patients with monosomy 22q13.3 → qter have, in addition to (usually severe) developmental delay, hypotonia, severe expressive language delay leading to absence of speech, pervasive developmental abnormalities, and subtle facial anomalies. Thus far, it has been one of the more common submicroscopic telomere deletions seen in patients with mental retardation. Due to the phenotypic overlap between monosomy 22q13.3 and Angelman syndrome (AS), 44 patients with AS features but without one of the characteristic molecular 15q abnormalities were tested for 22qter deletions. In the study group, 31/44 (70%) were heterozygous for locus D22S163 with probe cMS607 (distance 0.125 Mb from telomere). The remaining 13/44 (30%) patients were heterozygous for one or more of four microsatellite markers centromeric from D22S163 in the 22qter region (distances 1.5–4.3 Mb from telomere). Based on the present study, there is no evidence that patients with an “Angelman‐like” phenotype are more likely to have a 22qter deletion than other individuals with mental retardation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and genetic variability of glycogen storage disease type IIIa: Seven novel AGL gene mutations in the mediterranean area
Authors: Lucchiari S. , Fogh I. , Prelle A. , Parini R. , Bresolin N. , Melis D. , Fiori L. , Scarlato G. , Comi G. P.
Published: August 2002

Deficiency of amylo‐1,6‐glucosidase, 4‐α‐glucanotransferase enzyme (AGL or glycogen debrancher enzyme) is responsible for glycogen storage disease type III, a rare autosomal recessive disorder of glycogen metabolism. The AGL gene is located on chromosome 1p21, and contains 35 exons translated in a monomeric protein product. The disease has recognized clinical and biochemical heterogeneity, reflecting the genotype–phenotype heterogeneity among different subjects. The clinical manifestations of GSD III are represented by hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, short stature and, in a number of subjects, cardiomyopathy and myopathy. In this article, we discuss the genotypic–phenotypic heterogeneity of GSD III by the molecular characterization of mutations responsible for the disease on a collection of 18 independent alleles from the Mediterranean area. We identified by heteroduplex band shift, DNA direct sequencing, and restriction analysis, seven novel mutations (four nonsense point‐mutations: R34X, S530X, R1218X, W1398X; two microinsertions: 1072insT and 4724insAA; and one bp deletion: 676ΔG), together with two new cases carrying a IVS21 + 1 G → A splicing site mutation previously described in Italian patients. Altogether, 15 alleles were characterized. The correlation between type of mutation and clinical severity was studied in six patients in whom both mutated alleles were detected. Our data confirm the extreme genetic heterogeneity of this disease, thus precluding a strategy of mutation finding based on screening of recurrent common mutations. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significant impact of the highly informative (CA)n repeat polymorphism of the APOA‐II gene on the plasma APOA‐II concentrations and HDL subfractions: The ECTIM study
Authors: Brousseau Thierry , Dupuy‐Gorce Anne‐Marie , Evans Alun , Arveiler Dominique , Ruidavets Jean‐Bernard , Haas Bernadette , Cambou Jean‐Pierre , Luc Gérald , Ducimetière Pierre , Amouyel Philippe , Helbecque Nicole
Published: August 2002

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are heterogeneous in their apolipoprotein composition and the role of apolipoprotein A‐II (APOA‐II) in HDL structure and metabolism is poorly understood. Yet, studies of naturally occurring variations of APOA‐II in mice and experiments in transgenic mice overexpressing the APOA‐II gene (APOA‐II) have shown that APOA‐II expression influences APOA‐II plasma levels and HDL size and composition. In humans, two RFLPs (BstNI and MspI) have been described in the APOA‐II gene. These RFLPs, however, have been inconstantly associated with variations in APOA‐II plasma levels. In particular, the large multicentric ECTIM Study did not show any significant effect of the two RFLPs. Other polymorphisms consisting of repetitive sequences have been proposed as more informative markers than RFLPs. Thus, data from the ECTIM Study were reconsidered by integrating the additional information obtained from a highly informative multiallelic (CA)n‐repeat polymorphism located in the second intron of the gene. The population study was composed of 763 non‐treated male controls and 594 cases of myocardial infarction. In controls, the (CA)19 allele was associated with significantly decreased APOA‐II (P < 0.0009) and LpA‐II:A‐I (P < 0.02) plasma levels. Although the APOA‐I plasma levels were not affected by the polymorphism, the (CA)19 allele was associated with an increased LpA‐I/LpA‐II:A‐I ratio (P < 0.004). No effect, however, could be detected on myocardial infarction. Study of the linkage disequilibrium and the estimation of haplotype frequencies indicated that the impact of the APOA‐II locus could hardly be detected by using the BstNI and MspI RFLPs. These data revive interest in evaluating the role of the APOA‐II locus in the control of APOA‐II plasma levels and HDL composition. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.