bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring and Mismeasuring Income Polarization
Authors: Hoffmann Rodolfo , Kassouf Ana Lucia
Published: March 2024

The main contribution of this paper is to clarify some of the misconceptions about income polarization indices observed in the existing literature. Our analysis explores the domain of measures of polarization of the income distribution, with a specific emphasis on elucidating the importance of distinguishing between bipolarization and multipolarization measures. Additionally, we assert that a valid polarization metric must satisfy the principle of scale-invariance. Furthermore, in cases where the income distribution is categorized into relatively poor and relatively rich, a valid bipolarization measure should consistently increase when regressive transfers occur from poorer to richer individuals and when progressive transfers occur between two poorer or two richer individuals. The study identifies instances where bipolarization measures that fail to satisfy these criteria have been employed in previous research, leading to erroneous conclusions. The research also provides a succinct analysis of the challenges faced by scholars in employing Esteban and Ray’s multipolarization measure and its adapted versions. The study pinpoints errors in previously published works, particularly in those using the Median Relative Polarization measure with an additive median adjustment. Additionally, a real-world illustration is presented that depicts a declining trend of the bipolarization of income distribution in Brazil from 2001 to 2015, coinciding with a decrease in inequality during this period.
A qualitative, theory-based exploration of facilitators and barriers for implementation of pharmacist prescribing in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Raisi Fatma Ali Al , Cunningham Scott , Stewart Derek
Published: March 2024

Background

While there is an accumulation of evidence that pharmacist prescribing is safe and effective, there is a lack of research on processes of implementation into practice, particularly for patients with complex clinical conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Aim

The aim was to explore the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of pharmacist prescribing for patients with CKD in the United Kingdom (UK).

Method

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with UK Renal Pharmacy Group members who were independent prescribers. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) underpinned the interview schedule. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and independently coded by two researchers. A thematic approach was used for analysis, with data generation continuing until saturation of themes. Ethical approval was granted.

Results

Data saturation was achieved following 14 interviews. Most interviewees were female (n=11), all had secondary care as their main practice setting, and were highly experienced prescribers with 8 having 11 or more years of prescribing practice. Interviewees were positive regarding the development of their prescribing practice. Facilitators and barriers emerged across all 5 of the CFIR domains. Key facilitators were aspects of inner setting (e.g., organisational support and communication) while key barriers were also related to inner setting, specifically the need for adequate structural and financial resources.

Conclusion

This theory-based study has illuminated the facilitators and barriers for the implementation of pharmacist prescribing in CKD. There is a need to consider the resources required for implementation of prescribing practice at an early stage of planning and development.
ICU admission preferences in the hypothetical event of acute critical illness: A survey of very old Norwegians and their next-of-kins
Authors: Schwarz Gabriele Leonie , Skaar Elisabeth , Miljeteig Ingrid , Hufthammer Karl Ove , Burns Karen E.A. , Kvåle Reidar , Flaatten Hans , Schaufel Margrethe Aase
Published: March 2024

Purpose
We aimed to explore older patients’ intensive care unit (ICU) admission preferences and their next-of-kins’ ability to predict these preferences.
Methods
We conducted a self-administered survey of a purposive sample of outpatients ≥ 80 years regarded as potential ICU candidates, and of their next-of-kins. We asked about the patients’ ICU admission preferences in three hypothetical scenarios of acute critical illness. Next-of-kin respondents were asked to make a proxy statement of the older respondent’s wishes regarding ICU admission. For each treatment choice, all respondents could provide their level of confidence. Additionally, we sought to identify demographic and healthcare-related characteristics that potentially influenced ICU admission preferences and proxy accuracy.
Results
Of 202 outpatients ≥ 80 years, equal proportions opted for (39%, CI 33–45%) and against (40%, CI 34–46%) ICU admission, and one in five (21%, CI 17–26%) did not wish to engage decision-making. Male gender, religiosity, and prior ICU experience increased the likelihood of older respondents opting for ICU admission. Although next-of-kins’ proxy statements had only weak agreement with the older respondents ICU admission preferences (52%, CI 45–59%), they significantly agreed with the next-of-kins’ own ICU admission preferences (79%, CI 73–84%). Decisional confidence was high for both older and the next-of-kin respondents.
Conclusion
There was substantial variation in the ICU admission preferences of very old patients. Although next-of-kins’ proxy statements regarding ICU admission preferences only weakly agreed with those of the older respondents, next-of-kins’ and older respondents’ confidence levels in rendering these judgments were high.
Rapid assessment of pre-service midwifery education in conflict settings: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Nigeria and Somalia
Authors: Iwu Emilia , Elnakib Shatha , Abdullahi Hawa , Abimiku Rejoice Helma , Maina Charity , Mohamed Asia , Ayodeji Kazeem Olalekan , Odonye George , Sunday Rifkatu , Grant Emilie , Tappis Hannah
Published: March 2024

Background: There is a dearth of evidence on the scale, scope and quality of midwifery education programs in conflict-affected settings. This study sought to assess the extent to which midwifery pre-service education programs meet national and global standards, and to explore how conflict affects pre-service midwifery education in Yobe State Nigeria and the Benadir and Galgaduud regions of Somalia.
Methods: A rapid assessment of midwifery education programs was conducted in the two midwifery education programs in Yobe State, Nigeria and in seven purposively selected programs in Somalia using an adaptation of the Midwifery Education Rapid Assessment Tool.Information was collected through interviews with program leadership, teachers, students, and clinical preceptors during school and clinical practice site visits. Researchers adapted the tool to reflect national and international standards, incorporating supplementary questions to capture considerations specific to conflict-affected contexts. Data were analyzed by program and country using Stata and Excel.
Results: In Nigeria, each school met 17 and 18 standards, respectively, out of 22 across assessment domains (77.3% - 81.8%). In contrast, in Somalia, schools met between 6 to 10 standards out of the 18 standards for which data was available (33.3% - 55.6%). The biggest gaps in Somalia were in leadership, infrastructure and resources. No schools in either setting had sufficient space or clinical practice sites that met International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) criteria, and only two were led by midwives. In Nigeria, all infrastructure, curriculum and student- and regulatory-related standards examined were met, but gaps were identified in program staffing and preceptor capacity, and support for faculty and clinical practice-sites. In both countries, none of the programs met the average number of clinical practice experiences stipulated in the ICM guidelines due to a lack of teaching hospitals. Students in both countries felt safe on campus but did not feel safe traveling to and from the schools and clinical practice sites.
Conclusions:More investment in midwifery education is needed to ensure international standards for quality education are met. Proactive measures are needed to enhance student safety between school and practice settings in conflict-affected settings. By addressing these gaps, we can strive toward improving midwifery education.
Associations Between Body Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality Among Individuals with Psoriasis: Results from the NHANES database retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wei ZhiHong , Nie GuanHua , Sadik Christian D , Shan Dan
Published: March 2024

Background
Previous findings imply a potential positive association between BMI and all-cause mortality in individuals with psoriasis, yet direct evidence remains absent. This study aimed to fill this gap.
Methods
We utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the periods 2003–2006 and 2009–2014. Participants' BMI was categorized as lean (< 25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30), and obese (BMI ≥ 30). Psoriasis status was determined through self-reporting. The main outcome measured was all-cause mortality up to December 2019. We accounted for multiple covariates, such as sociodemographic factors and histories of smoking and alcohol consumption. Our statistical analyses mainly included Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) and Multivariate Cox Regression (MCR). We also applied propensity score matching (PSM) to verify the robustness of our findings.
Results
Among 22,876 participants, 618 (2.70%) reported a history of psoriasis. An overall effect from the MCR analysis showed that, among individuals with psoriasis, a higher baseline BMI was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, noting a 5.5% rise in mortality risk per BMI unit [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.004–1.110, p = 0.035]. This significant relationship persisted after PSM. A statistically significant positive correlation was consistent among males, smokers, and individuals younger than 60. However, no such association was found in individuals without a history of psoriasis. Additionally, no significant difference in mortality risk was found between lean and overweight groups with psoriasis, according to the RCS regression and stratified analysis.
Conclusions
Our findings indicated a trend that, higher BMIs significantly correlated with increased risks of all-cause mortality in people with psoriasis, particularly among obese ones. However, the impact of being overweight on this relationship remains underexplored. Moreover, the necessity to employ alternative metrics beyond BMI for body fat assessment to further investigate these associations is critical.
Electrochemical characterization of Cu film fabricated via wire arc additive manufacturing in oxic groundwater
Authors: Kim Gha-Young , Jang Junhyuk , Woo Jeong-Hyun , Jung Yang-Il , Lee Young-Ho , Yoon Seok
Published: March 2024

We investigated the electrochemical corrosion behavior of Cu films fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) as a candidate canister material for deep geological disposal (DGD). The investigation was conducted in an oxic groundwater solution. The initial corrosion potential and corrosion current density of the WAAM-Cu film obtained from potentiodynamic measurements were similar to those of conventionally fabricated Cu (forged Cu) in oxic groundwater, regardless of the addition of chloride ions. To investigate the long-term corrosion behavior, WAAM-Cu was immersed in a chloride-added oxic groundwater environment for 120 d, and open-circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed at specific time intervals. The total polarization resistance of the WAAM-Cu was lower than that of the forged Cu; this was possibly due to the difference in the structural properties of the copper oxide layer formed on the surface. Surface analysis revealed that general corrosion occurred on the WAAM-Cu; however, the surface roughness was higher than that of forged Cu. Moreover, delamination of the corroded layer of the WAAM-Cu was observed. To ensure corrosion resistance and long-term stability in the context of DGD repository conditions, further research is necessary to optimize the WAAM technique for the fabrication of Cu films.
CD133 expression is associated with less DNA repair, better response to chemotherapy and survival in ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer
Authors: Sato Takumi , Oshi Masanori , Huang Jing Li , Chida Kohei , Roy Arya Mariam , Endo Itaru , Takabe Kazuaki
Published: March 2024

Purpose: CD133, a cancer stem cells (CSC) marker, has been reported to be associated with treatment resistance and worse survival in triple-negative breast cancer (BC). However, the clinical relevance of CD133 expression in ER-positive/HER2-negative (ER+/HER2-) BC, the most abundant subtype, remains unknown.
Methods: The BC cohorts from the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC, n = 1904) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 1065) were used to obtain biological variables and gene expression data.
Results: Epithelial cells were the exclusive source of CD133 gene expression in a bulk BC. CD133-high ER+/HER2- BC was associated with CD24, NOTCH1, DLL1, and ALDH1A1 gene expressions, as well as with WNT/β-Catenin, Hedgehog, and Notchsignaling pathways, all characteristic for CSC. Consistent with a CSC phenotype, CD133-low BC was enriched with gene sets related to cell proliferation, such as G2M Checkpoint, MYC Targets V1, E2F Targets, and Ki67 gene expression. CD133-low BC was also linked with enrichment of genes related to DNA repair, such as BRCA1, E2F1, E2F4, CDK1/2. On the other hand, CD133-high tumors had proinflammatory microenvironment, higher activity of immune cells, and higher expression of genes related to inflammation and immune response. Finally, CD133-high tumors had better pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in GSE25066 cohort and better disease-free survival and overall survival in both TCGA and METABRIC cohorts.
Conclusion: CD133-high ER+/HER2- BC was associated with CSC phenotype such as less cell proliferation and DNA repair, but also with enhanced inflammation, better response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and better prognosis.
Forecasting the Classification of Soil Systems by Using Python Programming
Authors: Krishna T. Sai , Chittaranjan M. , Rafi Shaik Mohammad , Priya M. Yamini , Babu G. Kalyan , Bhogesh B. , Prasanth G.
Published: March 2024

Soil classification, as delineated by recognized systems such as the Indian Standard (IS) classification, Textural Classification, and the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), constitutes a fundamental aspect of soil science and engineering. These systems furnish a structured framework for organizing soils according to their physical and mechanical attributes, facilitating the comprehension and comparison of soil traits across diverse regions and projects. In recent times, the integration of computational tools, notably Python programming, has empowered researchers to refine the precision and efficacy of soil classification endeavors. Python's adaptability and rich libraries render it a favored platform for constructing predictive models capable of projecting soil classifications based on various input parameters, including sieve analysis outcomes, plastic limit, liquid limit, and other pivotal soil characteristics. The present research initiative aims to harness Python programming to prognosticate soil system classifications, with specific emphasis on the IS classification, Textural Classification, and the USCS. By assimilating the stipulated guidelines and criteria from these classification systems, the study endeavors to formulate a comprehensive predictive model adept at accurately classifying soils into their respective categories based on established soil parameters. Leveraging Python programming furnishes researchers with a robust medium for preprocessing soil data, deploying machine learning algorithms, and assessing model efficacy in predicting soil classifications. By leveraging Python's data manipulation and analytical capabilities, this research aspires to furnish an advanced framework for enhancing the efficiency and precision of soil classification processes in alignment with the IS classification standards.
Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Zambia: A secondary data analysis of 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Mbele Whiteson , Jassey Babucarr
Published: March 2024

Background
Globally, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years. In Zambia, adolescent pregnancy contributes to adverse maternal and newborn outcomes, perpetuating intergenerational cycles of poverty and limiting opportunities for education and economic empowerment among young mothers. This study explored factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Zambia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 2,996 adolescents aged 15–19 years were included in the analysis. This study utilized the socioecological model to select potential influencing factors for adolescent pregnancy. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22 software.
Results
The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was 29.9%. Most adolescents had no sexual partners (59.0%), and 49.7% had initiated sexual intercourse. Factors independently associated with adolescent pregnancy included increasing age, marital status (AOR = 5.4; 95% CI: 3.7, 7.9), knowledge about contraception (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 9.8), use of contraception (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 9.8), literacy level (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.6), and exposure to family planning messages in newspapers or magazines (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 6.4). Other factors included wealth status (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.1 for richer versus richest, AOR = 3.8; 95% CI: 1.9, 7.6 for middle versus richest, AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7, 6.8 for poor versus richest, AOR = 4.2; 95% CI: 2.0, 8.9 for poorer versus richest) and age at first sexual intercourse (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.4 for 15–17 versus 18–19, AOR = 3.8; 95% CI: 2.1, 6.9 for less than 15 versus 18–19).
Conclusion
Key determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Zambia include older age, early marriage, low literacy, low socioeconomic status, early sexual initiation, and limited exposure to family planning messages via newspapers. Interventions to address this problem should include behavioral change communication strategies that discourage early sexual debut, especially among older adolescents. Furthermore, leveraging media platforms, particularly newspapers, in disseminating accurate messages on contraception and enforcing statutory laws on the legal age of marriage are crucial efforts in addressing this problem.
“Preconceptional paternal caloric restriction of high-fat diet-induced obesity in Wistar rats dysregulates the metabolism of their offspring via AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.”
Authors: Rachakatla Anuradha , Myadara Srinivas , Motha Sathyavani , Kondeti Suresh , MN Muralidhar , Rao Kalashikam Rajender
Published: March 2024

Background
Obesity is a metabolic syndrome whereallelic and environmental variations together determine the susceptibility of an individual tothe disease. Caloric restriction (CR) is a nutritional dietary strategy recognized to be beneficial as a weight loss regime in obese individuals.Preconceptional parental CR is proven to have detrimental effects on the health and development of their offspring. As yet studies on maternal CR effect on their offspring are well established but paternal CR studies are not progressing. In current study, the impact of different paternal CR regimes in diet-induced obese male Wistar rats (WNIN), on their offspring concerning metabolic syndrome are addressed.
Methods
High-fat diet-induced obese male Wistar rats were subjected to caloric restriction of 50% (HFCR-I) and 40% (HFCR-II) and then they were mated with normal females. The male parent’s reproductive function was assessed by sperm parameters and their DNMT’s mRNA expression levels were also examined. The offspring’s metabolic function was assessed by physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters.
Results
The HFCR-I male parents have shown reduced body weights, compromised male fertility and reduced DNA methylation activity. Further, the HFCR-I offspring showed attenuation of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway, which is associated with the progression of proinflammatory status and oxidative stress. In line, the HFCR-I offspring also developed altered glucose and lipid homeostasis by exhibiting impaired glucose tolerance & insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia and steatosis. However, these effects were largely mitigated in HFCR-II offspring. Regarding the obesogenic effects, female offspring exhibited greater susceptibility than male offspring, suggesting that females are more prone to the influences of the paternal diet.
Conclusion
The findings highlight that HFCR-I resulted in paternal undernutrition, impacting the health of offspring, whereas HFCR-II largely restored the effects of a high-fat diet on their offspring. As a result, moderate caloric restriction has emerged as an effective weight loss strategy with minimal implications on future generations. This underscores the shared responsibility of fathers in contributing to sperm-specific epigenetic imprints that influence the health of adult offspring.
RETRACTED: EA-GAN: Enhanced Attention Generative Adversarial Network applied to hair removal in dermoscopy images
Authors: Halladja Ghada , Djebbar Akila , Boulemden Ahmed , Melouah Ahlem , Mebarki Yousra
Published: March 2024

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Assessing the relationship between mental workload, sleep quality, and work fatigue among oil and gas workers in Jambi Province: A Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)
Authors: Kusmawan David
Published: March 2024

Background: Occupational fatigue among oil and gas workers can have perilous consequences related to safety, health, economy, and wellbeing aspect. This makes it necessary to discover major factors related to fatigue and implement appropriate prevention programs and education. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between mental workload, sleep quality, and occupational fatigue in oil and gas office workers in Jambi Province.
Design and methods: Mental workload, sleep quality, and occupational fatigue were measured using the NASA-Total Load Index (TLX), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Indonesian Questionnaire Measuring Feelings of Work Fatigue (KAUPK2), respectively. A Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was used to determine the association between mental workload, sleep quality, and occupational fatigue.
Results: Out of the 117 oil and gas workers in Jambi Province who participated in this study, 58.6% were male, 54.3% had Senior High School or less, 85.3% were not smoking, and 88.8% were married. The mean with a standard deviation of body height, weight, and mass index were 165.35 ± 5.46 cm, 64.65 ± 6.89 kg, and 23.64 ± 2.23, respectively. Respondents had working experience from 0.17 to 34 years with a mean of 16.23 and a standard deviation of 8.93 years. The PLS-SEM model illustrated that the direct effect of mental workload on occupational fatigue was not significant (path coefficient: 0.179; p <0.036). Meanwhile, the mental workload had a significant effect on sleep quality (path coefficient: -0.405; p 0.000), which significantly affected fatigue (path coefficient: -0.035; p = 0.709). This indicated that the effect of workload on fatigue was fully mediated by sleep quality.
Conclusions: The effect of sleep quality was very significant to overcome the fatigue level of an employee when the mental workload increases. This study revealed that occupational fatigue may be reduced by implementing mental workload coping strategies, regularly measuring, and a sleep hygiene program among oil and gas workers.
Harnessing the Power of Pressurized Separation: Revolutionizing Crude Oil Processing and Storage for Optimal Performance.
Authors: JOHNSON NNADIKWE , Sunday Ume Cyril , Andrew . Nwosi Hezekiah
Published: March 2024

The main goal of this research was to simulate a high-pressure (HP) separator to assess how changes in operational factors affect the properties of the products generated. The objective was to improve the efficiency of crude oil processing and storage by analyzing these impacts. The study involved comparing simulation outcomes from two software platforms, namely CHEMCAD and UniSim, to evaluate their effectiveness in modeling and optimizing the separation process.The research outcomes indicated a high level of agreement between the simulated results and actual industrial data, validating their accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out to fine-tune the process parameters, focusing on adjusting key gas stream properties such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate to optimize the separation process effectively. This analysis provided valuable insights into the system dynamics and highlighted areas for potential process enhancement. Notably, the study revealed that increasing the separator inlet pressure from 30 to 80 bar resulted in significant improvements in The adjustment in separator inlet pressure resulted in a notable reduction in the outlet gas flow rate from 1202 to 871.15 kmol/h, accompanied by an increase in the methane mole fraction from 0.69 to 0.74. Moreover, the rise in pressure led to an escalation in the preheater heating duty from 8.71 to 11.48 GJ/h. Conversely, the simulation findings demonstrated that raising the temperature of the separator feed stream from 43 to 83 ◦C caused a surge in the outlet gas stream flow rate from 871.15 to 1142.98 kmol/h.Furthermore, the variation in temperature led to a decrease in the methane concentration in the gas output and consequently lowered the heating duty required by the heat exchanger. Additionally, the research findings indicated that augmenting the inlet feed flow rate did not yield a substantial effect on the methane gas concentration in the final product..
Factors Influencing Accuracy, Interpretability and Reproducibility in the use of Machine Learning in Biology
Authors: Martinez Kaitlyn M. , Wilding Kristen , Llewellyn Trent R. , Jacobsen Daniel E. , Montoya Makaela M. , Kubicek-Sutherland Jessica Z. , Batni Sweta , Manore Carrie , Mukundan Harshini
Published: March 2024

The complexity and variability of biological data has promoted the increased use of machine learning methods to understand processes and predict outcomes. These same features complicate reliable, reproducible, interpretable, and responsible use of such methods, resulting in questionable relevance of the derived outcomes. Here we systematically explore challenges associated with applying machine learning to predict and understand biological processes using a well characterized in vitro experimental system. We evaluated factors that vary while applying machine learning classifers: 1) type of biochemical signature (transcripts vs. proteins), data curation methods (pre- and post-processing), and 3) choice of machine learning classifier. Using accuracy, generalizability, interpretability, and reproducibility as metrics, we found that the above factors significantly modulate outcomes even within a simple model system. Our results caution against the unregulated use of machine learning methods in the biological sciences, and strongly advocate the need for data standards and validation tool-kits for such studies.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Different Winglet Configurations on The Lift and Drag Characteristics of BWB Aircraft
Authors: Ishrak Md. Shah , Shuvo Md. Adnan Nur Bhuiyan , Tasnim Faria , Patnailo Sidharth Sankar
Published: March 2024

Sustainable aviation is currently a major concern since people are constantly relying on aircraft for transport over long distances in a short amount of time. Newer technologies are constantly being developed to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency of existing aircraft and improve fuel conservation. Winglets are one such technology. Our research focuses on how different winglet designs affect the lift and drag characteristics of blended-wing body aircrafts; the concept of these designs is currently being researched and compared to that of the base model with no winglet. The models were subjected to both computational and experimental analyses at three different velocities and six angles of attack to determine the lift and drag values resulting from various winglet configurations. The results showed that Split Fence had the best performance in both computational and experimental analyses, with an L/D of 10.608 at a 5° angle of attack during the CFD analysis compared to 5.52 for the base model. The Spikelet and the Spike Scimitar Winglet also showed high aerodynamic efficiency. The C-Winglet, however, showed poorer performance than did the other winglets. The insights from this research can help optimize winglet designs and explore the design of BWB aircraft, leading to substantial reductions in fuel consumption and carbon emissions in the aviation industry.
Effect of Air Intake Temperatures on the Air-Water Harvester Performance
Authors: Mirmanto M. , Nurpatria N. , Hendra J. K.
Published: March 2024

During the dry season, some parts of Indonesia experience drought and a clean water crisis, resulting in scarcity and difficulty in drinking water. One of the solutions to solve this problem is to use an air-water harvester machine that produces water from the air. Since the intake air temperature affected the water yield, the article examined the relationship between the engine intake air temperature and the machine’s performance. The study aimed to determine the performance of the air-water harvester machine at various air intake temperatures. The research was carried out experimentally for a refrigerant working fluid R134a. The rotary-type 1/4 PK compressor was used to realize the research. The air temperatures entering the condensing unit varied between 30, 35, and 40 °C. The results showed that the highest average water mass obtained was 0.34 kg at a temperature variation of 30 °C. The highest total heat absorbed by the condensing unit from the air of 184 W occurred at a temperature variation of 40 °C. Overall, an increase in the air intake temperatures allowed for a decrease in the performance of the air-water harvester machine by more than 5 %.
Production Factors Affecting the Longevity and Quality of Flowering Plants
Authors: Nell Terril A.
Published: March 2024

The quality and longevity of flowering potted plants and cut flowers are affected by the cultivar grown and cultural practices used during production. Preharvest factors may account for 70% of the life of flowering plants. Longevity is directly related to the cultivar grown. In potted chrysanthemums, longevity has been increased by 100% by carefully selecting a long-lasting variety. Cultural factors, such as fertilization practices, may increase longevity by 40% to 50%. Chrysanthemums grown without fertilizer during the final 3 weeks of production lasted 10 to 14 days longer than plants receiving fertilizer for the entire crop. Flower and plant quality is influenced by cultivar and cultural practices. Poinsettia bract edge burn, a marginal burn or spotting on the bracts, appears to be caused by a calcium deficiency that may be triggered by use of cool day temperatures or warm night temperatures and use of cultivars sensitive to this disorder. Light compensation point and carbohydrate status of the plant at flowering have not been related to differences observed in flower longevity and quality.
Development of Multimedia Software for Plant Materials Courses and the Landscape Industry—A Developer's Perspective
Authors: Kling Gary , Lindsey Christopher , Zampardo Mark
Published: March 2024

The authors present a case study of the progress and development of UIPLANTS from its inception to marketing. Topics such as determining the objectives of the software program, choosing equipment, authoring software, hardware, personnel, and funding will be addressed. The authors will lead the audience through the path of development and show how the product being produced evolves as each of the above factors change in time. Included in the presentation will be issues relating to copyrights, patents, publishers, and royalties. The effects of continuous evaluation and testing of software development will be demonstrated. Also discussed will be changes in software development as influenced by each of these factors. The presentation will include future development of UIPLANTS as it is being modified to meet industry needs.
Shoot Micropropagation in Vitis as a Source of Leaf-derived Embryogenic Cultures
Authors: Meyerson M. , Benton C.M. , Gray D.J.
Published: March 2024

Micropropagation of Vitis bourquiniana Lenoir `Black Spanish', V. champini Planchon `Dog Ridge', Vitis hybrids (`Blanc du Bois', `Himrod', and `Niagara Seedless'), V. rotundifolia Michx. (`Carlos' and `Dixie'), and V. vinifera L. (`Autumn Seedless', `Cabernet Sauvignon', `Carignane', `French Colombard', `Ruby Cabernet', and `Tokay') was accomplished. Shoot tips taken from micropropagated plants in long-term culture were inoculated onto solidified C2D medium containing 5 μM benzyladenine. Culture times consisting of either one or two 4-week cycles were compared for effect on shoot number. A range of response among cultivars tested was noted. The best-responding variety was V. champini `Dog Ridge', with 5.8 shoots per apex. All other varieties were less prolific. When shoot micropropagation from nodal explants and apices was compared, so significant difference was noted. In vitro micropropagation offers rapid clonal production of grape and is a source of sterile leaf explant material for embryogenic cultures, which, in turn, are useful target for genetic transformation.
The Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Timing on `Beauregard' Sweetpotato Yield and Quality
Authors: Schultheis Jonathan R. , Jester W.R. , Averre Charles W.
Published: March 2024

Sweetpotato yield and quality are influenced by a N fertilization program. These studies were conducted to evaluate the effect that different N rates and application times had on the yield and quality of Beauregard roots. Three experiments were conducted in separate locations in North Carolina: One in 1992 to evaluate N rates of 28 to 56 kg·ha–1; and two in 1994 that evaluated nitrogen rate and time of N application. In 1994, N timing using single applications (21, 28, and 35 days after planting) were compared with split applications (10–21 and 21–35 days after planting). Also, in 1994, N rates for the season was varied from 0 to 42 kg·ha–1 comparing single and split applications. No yield differences were detected when N rate was varied from 14 to 56 kg·ha–1. However, the application of at least 14 kg N/ha increased yield when compared with the control (0 kg N/ha). The highest yield of US #1 marketable roots was obtained when all N was applied at 21, 28, or 35 days compared with split applications made at 10 and 21 days after planting. Roots tended to be shorter with single vs. split N applications.
Comparison of Specific Electrode Techniques for Measuring Bell Pepper Petiole Sap Nitrate Concentration
Authors: Taber H.G. , Cox D.F. , Smith B.C. , Klock K.A.
Published: March 2024

Sap nitrate was determined with the ion-selective electrodes, HACH combination nitrate electrode, and the CARDY nitrate meter on pepper petioles over five sample dates (n = 160). The electrode values were compared to the Cd reduction method performed on a Lachat automated ion analyzer with flow injection analysis. Thirty petioles were collected from plots of each of several N rate studies and the sap expressed by a hand-held garlic press. Correlation among the techniques were similar (r > 0.9), but the CARDY meter constantly read 100 to 175 ppm higher than the HACH. Across all dates the standard deviation of the difference, compared with the Cd reduction, for the HACH = 16 ppm, while for the CARDY it was 50. While the CARDY meter is easier to use and has fewer steps, the HACH electrode values were closer to the true readings and less erratic. One must use care when interpreting nitrate sufficiency value ranges with different quick-test techniques.
Preplant Calcium Affects Onion Bulb Quality and Shelf-life
Authors: Randle William M.
Published: March 2024

Field-grown `Granex 33' onions were subjected to four preplant calcium (Ca) treatments and evaluated for bulb quality and shelf-life over two seasons. Mature, cured bulbs were analyzed at harvest and after 1, 2, and 3 months of 4C storage. As preplant calcium increased, percentage of seed stems decreased, yield and soluble solids concentration increased, and then decreased, bulb firmness increased. Bulb pungency was unaffected by Ca fertility, except at the highest treatment. Percent bulb rot during storage first decreased with increasing Ca fertility, but then increased at the highest Ca treatment.
Diallel Analysis for Rain Check in Tomato
Authors: Emmons Cheryld L. , Scott J.W.
Published: March 2024

To investigate the genetic control of rain check (cuticle cracking) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), a full diallel cross including five parents ranging from very resistant to very susceptible was grown in late spring 1994. A randomized complete-block design with four replications was used and the proportion of fruit showing check was measured on all mature fruit from eight plants per replication at three harvests. Analysis of variance indicated significant (P < 0.0001) variation for line, harvest, and line by harvest interaction. The proportion of fruit affected increased with each successive harvest. Reciprocal differences were tested on a by-harvest basis and found to be nonsignificant. Reciprocals were combined and a Hayman's analysis was performed on a by-harvest basis on the means. Additive effects on variance were significant (P < 0.05) for all harvests. Under high environmental stress (harvest 3), dominance effects were negative and significant (P < 0.05). Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.54 to 0.67 and increased with increasing environmental stress. General combining ability was significant for all harvests, whereas specific combining ability was significant only for harvest 3 (P < 0.05).
Evidence for Genetic Variability in the Speed of Cold Acclimation among Tuber-bearing Wild Potato Species
Authors: Vega-Semorile Sandra E. , Bamberg John B. , Palta Jiwan P.
Published: March 2024

Frost damage to the foliage is a common problem where potatoes are grown, and results in significant reductions in tuber yield. Frost injury also limits the cultivation of high-yielding S. tuberosum cultivars in the mountain regions of Central and South America, where potato is a staple crop. Recent studies have shown that some wild potato species possess a high degree of non-acclimated frost tolerance (growing in normal conditions) as well as high cold acclimation capacity (able to increase frost tolerance upon exposure to cold). Natural frosts affecting potatoes are of two types: a) late spring or early fall frost, where the minimum temperature during the frost episode can be very low; b) frost during the growing season, where the minimum temperature during the frost episode is not as low. It is expected that potato species able to acclimate rapidly would survive better from the latter type of frosts, whereas species having higher acclimation capacity might have a great chance to survive better from the former type of frosts. The objective of this study was to find out if there is genetic variability for the speed of acclimation among different tuber-bearing wild potato species. The species used were: S. acaule, S. commersonii, S. megistacrolobum, S. multidissectum, S. polytrichon, S. sanctae-rosae, and S. toralapanum. Relative freezing tolerance of these species was measured during cold acclimation. Preliminary results suggest that there are differences in the speed of acclimation among these species. We found that these species can be divided into four groups: i) non-acclimators; ii) rapid acclimators, with low to medium acclimation capacity; iii) slow acclimators, with low to medium acclimation capacity; iv) slow acclimators, with high acclimation capacity. We plan to use this information in our breeding program aimed at improving the freezing tolerance of potatoes.
Crop Load Effects on Irrigated and Non-irrigated Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless
Authors: Williams Larry E.
Published: March 2024

A study was conducted to determine the effects of crop removal on gas exchange parameters of `Thompson Seedless' grapevines grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Vines were either irrigated at full ET or not irrigated throughout the growing season. Clusters were removed subsequent to veraison, when the fruit soluble solids were ≈15° Brix. Reductions in leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured within 1 day of fruit removal for both irrigation treatments and remained such until the end of the experiment. The greatest reduction in A due to crop removal on a diurnal basis was with the non-irrigated vines between 0800 and 1000 hr. The reduction in A subsequent to crop removal was not the result of an accumulation of either starch or sugars in leaf tissue. The greater reduction in A of non-irrigated vines after fruit removal may have been due to the lack of strong, alternate sinks as vegetative growth was minimal due to water stress during the experimental period.
Development of Scar Markers Tightly Linked to the CTV Resistance Gene in Poncirus trifoliata
Authors: Deng Zhan'ao , Gmitter Fred G. , Xiao Shunyuan , Huang Shu
Published: March 2024

Citrus tristiza virus (CTV) is the most-significant viral pathogen of citrus in the world. Rapid decline of trees on sour orange and stem pitting of grapefruit and sweet orange, two diseases induced by CTV, severely jeopardize citrus production worldwide. It is recognized that all future rootstocks should be resistant to this virus, and scion resistance to stem pitting stains is desirable. To facilitate introgression of the CTV resistance gene from Poncirus trifoliata and development of CTV-resistant varieties in citrus, gene mapping projects have been initiated and more than a dozen RAPD markers have been identified with tight linkage to the resistance gene. As part of our efforts to use marker-assisted selection with a large number of crosses, and ultimately to accomplish map-based cloning of the CTV resistance gene, we have been converting the most tightly linked RAPD markers into SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) markers by cloning, sequencing the marker fragments, and designing locus-specific primers. One codominant and several dominant SCARs have been developed thus far. The updated progress and utilization of these SCARs in marker-assisted selection and possibly in characterization of a BAC library will be presented and discussed.
Ethylene Evolution, Respiration, and Mold Development Studies in Some Selected Rubus Genotypes
Authors: Cummaragunta J. , Schlimme D.V. , Walsh C.S. , Swartz H.J. , Watada A.E.
Published: March 2024

In 1993, we studied the postharvest behavior of 25 Rubus genotypes. Included in the study were named cultivars from Europe and North America, advanced selections from the Univ. of Maryland Cooperative Breeding Program, species and raspberry interspecific hybrids, with R. phenicolasius, R. pungens oldhamii R sumatranus, and R parvifolius. Wide variation exists in the ethylene production rates of these genotypes. The difference between the lowest ethylene producer, R. phenicolasius, and the highest ethylene evolver, HTCC-6t (R. lasiostylus), was four orders of magnitude. Ethylene evolution rate and percentage mold were not correlated. Ethylene production and respiration rates were also measured using a flowthrough system. No single pattern was characteristic of all genotypes. Red raspberries were the highest ethylene producers and showed an ethylene and respiratory climacteric. Blackberries were low ethylene producers. Interspecific hybrids showed varied postharvest behaviors. The behavior observed in these interspecific hybrids may explain some of the conflicting reports on the postharvest behavior of blackberries and raspberries. In general heattolerant species such as blackberry, R. occidentalis, R. parvifolius exhibited lower rates of respiration and ethylene evolution than species from cool, temperate areas like R. idaeus.
Early Performance of Four Apple Cultivars on Mark and M.26 Rootstocks
Authors: Schupp James R.
Published: March 2024

To evaluate the interactions between cultivar and rootstock, four apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars, `Pioneer Mac', `Marshall McIntosh', `Ginger Gold', and `Empire' on two rootstocks, M.26 and Mark, were planted in a split-plot design. After 5 years, `Pioneer Mac' and `Ginger Gold' had larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) on M.26 than on Mark. `Marshall McIntosh' and `Empire' had larger TCSA on Mark than on M.26. Precocity, expressed as both number of flower clusters and yield, was greater for trees on Mark for all cultivars except `Ginger Gold', which had greater flower cluster numbers and yield on M.26. Fruit size was variable from year to year, depending on crop load; however, `Pioneer Mac' and `Ginger Gold' usually produced the largest fruit, while `Empire' consistently produced the smallest fruit—'Ginger Gold' appears to be incompatible on Mark. The results of this study demonstrate that cultivar × rootstock interactions can be significant and need to be considered when rootstock and planting density recommendations are made.
Growth and Potential of Root Regeneration of Trees Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-coated Fabric
Authors: Iraqi Driss , Duchesne Isabelle , Rioux Jacques-André
Published: March 2024

The most widespread deformation observed in container production is root circling. Consequently, root circling often reduces growth, root regeneration, and tree anchorage at transplanting time. The objectives of this study were to test the effectiveness of Cu(OH)2 lined containers on restriction of root tips, tree growth, and potential root regeneration (PRR). Two species were used in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Acer saccharinum. Species were grown for one season in containers lined with one of six combinations of polymer (P) (0, 30, and 60 g·m–2) and copper (Cu) (0%,0.4%, and 0.8%) -coated fabric. Two other treatments were included as controls: a plastic container and a fabric container. Seedlings of each species were harvest twice: at the first season and after being transplanted from 10- to 75-liter containers. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with six repetitions. Results of root circling length and dry weight indicate good restriction of root tips for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu) for all species. However, treatments did not cause any reduction in stem height, trunk diameter, or stem and root dry weight. At the end of the transplanting season, PRR was greater for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu), especially for green ash. No significant differences were observed between a plastic fabric and the two treatments cited for the other growth parameters. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed throughout the experiment.