bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tribological Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon (a-C:H) Films on Aluminium Alloy Substrate under Different Substrate Bias Voltages
Authors: Gui X. , Su Y. Y. , Li S. Y. , Mei J. , Sun H. , Leng Yong Xiang , Huang N.
Published: June 2011

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited on aluminium alloy substrates by microwave electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition(ECR-PECVD) at different substrate pulse bias voltage. In order to enhance the interface bonding strength between the film and Al alloy substrate, a 50nm silicon film was firstly fabricated on aluminium alloy substrate by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The fiction and wear properties of the a-C:H films were evaluated using a ball-on-disk tribometer in air at room temperature. The results showed that the tribological properties of the a-C:H films decreased with the substrate bias voltage increased from -150 to -1000V. The a-C:H films deposited at -150V bias voltage had the best wear resistance.
Gas Sensing Properties of ZnO Thin Film/Si Heterojunction to Alcohols
Authors: Zhou Xiao Yan , Ma Ming , Xue Qing Zhong
Published: June 2011

The polycrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) film was deposited on p-Si substrate by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The structure and morphology of the ZnO thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), the energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The gas sensing properties of the ZnO/Si heterojunctions for alcohols with different chain lengths were investigated at room temperature. It is found that the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the ZnO/Si heterojunctions are sensitive to isopropanol, ethanol and methanol gas. We discussed a possible gas sensing mechanism of ZnO/Si heterojunction. The sensitivity of the ZnO/Si heterojunctions to the gases decreases from isopropanol to methanol and to ethanol at the same concentration. It can be explained by the volume effect and electron donating effect.
Synthesis Mechanism of Flame Synthesized Deformity Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ding Zhao Yong , Sun Bao Min , Guo Yong Hong , Jia Bin , Ding Xiao Lian
Published: June 2011

Pyramid shaped pyrolysis flame is a new method to synthesis carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Oxy-acetylene flame was used as the source of heat, CO as the source of carbon, and iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) as the source of catalyst. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to illustrate the experimental results. Our results show straight, uniform and high degree graphitization CNTs were produced whereas lots of deformity tubes were present, as bamboo-shaped tubes, filled tubes, diameter changed tubes, irregular tubes, etc. In order to understand the synthesis mechanism of deformity tube, many models were presented for the different shape tubes. Synthesizing bamboo-shaped tubes maybe decide by capillary siphon and the low melting state of catalyst particles. Besides capillary siphon and the low melting state of catalyst particles, filled tubes mainly connect with the continuous supply of catalyst atom clusters. The diameter changed tubes maybe influenced by the diameter changing of catalyst particles and the action of other materials. Irregular tubes maybe affect by temperature and other factors.
Growth of Carbon Nanotubes in Calcium Phosphate Matrix with Different Ca/P Molar Ratio
Authors: Lu Xiao Ying , Qiu Tian , Liu Jie Yu , Wu Bao Hua , Weng Jie
Published: June 2011

This paper reports that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be successfully grown from calcium phosphate matrix without additional catalysis of transition metal by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using acetylene as carbon source. There is a great difference in the CNT growth from the matrix prepared with the different initial Ca/P molar ratio. The matrix prepared with lower initial Ca/P molar ratio is favorable for the growth of CNTs. A number of multi-walled CNTs with the diameter of 25~40 nm and 15~25 nm can be produced from the matrix with initial Ca/P molar ratio of 1.5 and 1.625, respectively, while no CNTs can be grown from the matrix with initial Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67. Tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite crystallites with crystal size smaller than 50 nm besides carbon crystals are found in the as-obtained powders prepared with initial Ca/P molar ratio of 1.5 and 1.625. Compared with the growth of CNTs produced from all the matrixes, it is found that the CNTs grown from this matrix with Ca/P molar ratio of 1.5 have the longest tube length, cleanest and smoothest wall surface, and the content of CNTs is highest.
Non—Isothermal Differential Scanning Calorimetry Studies on Nanocrystallization Kinetics of Fe81Si3.5B13.5C2 Amorphous Alloy
Authors: Zhang Yu , Lu Wei , Yan Biao , Wang Yu Xin , Yang Ying
Published: June 2011

The nanocrystallization kinetics of the Fe81Si3.5B13.5C2amorphous alloy was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The apparent activation energy Ea, as well as the nucleation and growth kinetic parameters has been calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods. The changeable activation energy Eawith crystalline fraction α was obtained by the expended Friedman method without assuming the kinetic model function, and the average value of Eawas 364±20 kJ/mol. It was shown that the crystallization mechanism of initial stage (0<α<0.7) of the transformation was bulk crystallization with two and three dimensional nucleation graining growth which was controlled by diffusion. For the middle stage (0.7<α<0.9), the crystallization mechanism is surface crystallization with one dimensional nucleation graining growth at a near-zero nucleation rate. In the final stage(α>0.9)，the local Avrami exponents rose anomalously from 1.4 to about 2.0.
Controlled Hydrothermal Growth of CuO-Based Nanostructures from Copper Alginate
Authors: Wang Bing Bing , Kong Qing Shan , Sun Jian Ping , Yu Quan Feng , Ji Quan , Xia Yan Zhi
Published: June 2011

Schistose and aciculate CuO nanostructures have been synthesized by a novel ammonia assisted hydrothermal method of copper alginate. The conversion processes of copper alginate are investigated by thermogravimetrics (TG) analyses under N2and air atmosphere. The morphology, structure, and composition of the obtained CuO are investigated using SEM,TEM and XRD. It is found that different temperature and pH value resulted in the morphology and structure evolution of CuO. Ammonia was used as structure-directing agent in the hydrothermal system. The aggregation state of the nanostructures was controlled by the temperature. Dispersive schistose structures about 1μm in diameter were synthesized with 0.5mL ammonia at different temperatures. Dispersive microspheres of about 4 μm in diameter were also synthesized with 1 mL ammonia. Microspheres composed of nanoneedles and nanoplates were synthesized at 120°C and 160°C, respectively. Moreover, a possible growth mechanism governing the formation of such a nanomicrostructure was primarily discussed.
Syntheses, Structure, and Properties of the Dimer Cu(DMAP)4(ClO4)2 (DMAP = 4-N, N-Dimethylaminopyridine)
Authors: Wang Li , Sun Dong Ping
Published: June 2011

The rational design and synthesis of discrete coordination architectures or polymeric coordination networks has received much attention recently, and hydrogen bonding andp-pstacking interactions are often employed in their construction. In this text, a strongly hydrogen-bonded dimer of the Cu(II) of 4-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), Cu(DMAP)4(ClO4)2, was synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. X-ray analysis indicates that this compound is a dimer structure and the coordination geometries around the two Cu(II) centers could be described as distorted octahedrons. In addition, the ClO4-anions are involved in hydrogen bonding connecting the dimeric units to give a three dimensional infinite network. The extension of this work to a similar type of supramolecular systems may be fundamental to the study of the bonding interactions present in the solid state.
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle/Silica Nanostructures
Authors: Jan Jeng Shiung , Chen Po Jui , Ho Yu Han
Published: June 2011

A novel approach is proposed to prepare organic-inorganic composite tubular structure by mineralizing silica and/or gold nanoparticle in the LbL assembled polypeptide multilayers films. Mesoporous silica (m-SiO2) and gold nanoparticle/mesoporous silica (Au NP/m-SiO2) tubes were prepared by subsequent calcination. The LbL assembled poly-L-lysine (PLL)/poly-L-tyrosine (PLT) multilayer film within the inner pores of polycarbonate templates acts as both a mineralizing agent and template for the formation of these materials. The as-prepared mesoporous SiO2and Au NP/m-SiO2tubes have well-defined structures. Gold nanoparticles with size smaller than 8 nm were immobilized in the silica network and the as-prepared Au NP/m-SiO2tubes exhibit good catalytic activity towards the reduction of p-nitrophenol. This approach may provide a facile and general method to synthesize organic-inorganic and metal-oxide nanocomposites with different composition and structures.
Synthesis, Characterization and Capacitive Behaviors of Nanoporous Carbons Obtained by Using the Template of Zeolite-13X/MCM-48 Biporous Molecular Sieve
Authors: Xu Huan , Gao Qiu Ming
Published: June 2011

Zeolite-13X/MCM-48 biporous molecular sieve has been synthesized in the mode of overgrowth of MCM-48 on the surface of pre-added zeolite 13X. This kind of biporous molecular sieve has been taken as the template to prepare nanoporous carbons by a two-step casting process with furfuryl alcohol and acetonitrile as the precursors. The structures and textures are characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption at 77 K and high-resolution transmission electron microcopy. The electrochemical performances of the as-prepared porous carbons were tested by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling in aqueous electrolyte. One of the carbon samples (labeled as C3-3) which is prepared by adding 5% zeolite-13X in the MCM-48 sol as the template and conducting acetonitrile chemical vapor deposition for 4 h after the impregnation of furfuryl alcohol. The C3-3 nanoporous carbon keeps the structure ordering and has the capacitance of 197 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1. The cycling performance of this carbon sample is excellent, which can maintain above 90% capacitance after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1.
Template-Free Synthesis and Properties of Polyaniline Nanostructures Doped with Different Oxidants
Authors: Yang He , Long Yun Ze , Ding Hang Jun
Published: June 2011

In this work, we report on conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures synthesized by a simplified template-free self-assembly method, which are doped with different oxidants such as ammonium persulfate (APS), FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3, and Fe2(SO4)3. It is found that the morphologies of the as-prepared PANI nanowires are dependent on the oxidant and the molar ratio of aniline to oxidant. The PANI nanostructures are semiconducting with room-temperature conductivity ranging from 10-2to 100S/cm, and the temperature dependence of conductivity follows three-dimensional Mott variable range hopping (3D Mott-VRH) model. In addition, the PANI pellets exhibit hydrophilic behavior.
Detection Trace Copper by Carbon Nanotube Chemically Modified Electrode via Flame Synthesis
Authors: Jiang Qi , Yang Rong , He Zheng Wen , Huang Bin , Zhao Yong
Published: June 2011

The grown in situ carbon nanotube chemically modified electrode (GSCNT-CME) was prepared by growing carbon nanotube (CNT) in situ on the pretreated graphite electrode (GE) via a liquid ethanol ﬂame. The GSCNT-CME was applied to detect the trace copper in water. The researching results showed that the GSCNT-CME has good electrochemical detection sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of trace copper in water.
Development of a Polyurethane Nanocomposite Reinforced with Carbon Nanotube Composite Nanofibers
Authors: Chang Zhen Jun
Published: June 2011

Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite nanofibers with high melting point polyurethane (PUH) as matrix were fabricated by electrospinning method, which were later stacked alternately with low melting point polyurethane (PUL) films into composite nanofiber reinforced composites through a hot press treatment. The tensile modulus (30 wt.% composite nanofibers) reaches 54.3 MPa, 187% higher than that pure PUL film.
Effects of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bulk Nanocrystalline Fe3Al Based Alloy Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction
Authors: La Pei Qing , Lu Xue Feng , Yang Yang , Bai Ya Ping , Wei Yu Peng
Published: June 2011

The effects of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk nanocrystalline Fe3Al based alloy with 10 wt. % Ni prepared by aluminothermic reaction have been investigated. It was found that crystal structure of the alloy did not change after annealing at 600 and 800 °C, while it changed to ordered B2and nanocrystalline grains orientations became random after annealing at 1000 °C. Average grain sizes of the alloy changed a little after annealing at different temperatures. The alloy after annealing had a large plastic deformation in compression at room temperature and the alloy annealed at 800 °C had the highest compressive yield strength of 1351 MPa. The alloy without annealing had much lower flow stress and good creep property in compression at 800 and 1000°C.
Electron Beam Curing of Epoxide Modified MWNTs/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Lu Yan Yan , Li Hua , Liu He Zhou
Published: June 2011

Electron beam (EB) has been used in curing of polymers in view of its advantages over conventional curing processes including short curing time, lower thermal stress, reduction of hazardous chemical volatiles, higher production flexibility. Carbon nanotubes have been recognized as promising filler that can be used to change the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the polymer matrix composites. In this paper, EB curing of epoxide modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/epoxy composite has been investigated, and a bisphenol-A epoxy resin was used as matrix. MWNTs were chemical functionalized with epoxide monomer and the epoxide functionalized MWNTs were characterized by TG and FTIR. The gel content and Vicker’s hardness of the EB cured pure epoxy resin and the epoxide functionalized MWNTs/epoxy composites were measured and discussed as function of the concentration of the functionalized MWNTs. With the addition of epoxide modified MWNTs, both the gel content and Vicker’s hardness of the composites showed enhancement compared with EB cured pure epoxy.
Shrinkage Porosity Simulation of Spheroidal Graphite Iron Castings Based on Macro-Micro Models
Authors: Zheng Hong Liang , Sun Yu Cheng , Zhang Ning , Zhang Kai , Tian Xue Lei
Published: June 2011

Shrinkage porosity is often found in Spheroidal graphite iron (S. G. Iron) castings because of the mushy zone and special volume change during their solidification. Although the volume expansion is very important to the shrinkage porosity simulation of S.G. Iron castings, conventional methods for predicting the porosity defects do not consider it. A Series of macro-micro models such as macro heat transfer calculation and microstructure formation simulation are proposed to simulate the solidification of S. G. Iron castings. The nucleation and growth models are employed to calculate the accurate latent heat and volume change especially graphite expansion during the solidification. The pressure induced by graphite expansion is introduced as a parameter to predict the shrinkage porosity and a new shrinkage porosity criterion is developed. Cooling curves and solid fraction of each phase are compared with experimental castings. At the same time, the porosity area ratio of castings is compared with the results calculated by several porosity criterions. The results show that the new shrinkage porosity simulation criterion of S. G. Iron castings based on macro-micro models is accurate on shrinkage porosity shape, size and distribution simulation.
Simulation of Melting Infiltration Process of Phase Change Material in Fiber Porous Ceramic
Authors: Li Ping , Zeng Ling Ke , Wu Bo , Cheng Xiao Su , Wang Hui , Liu Ping An
Published: June 2011

According to the similarity of the infiltration continuous equation and the thermal conductivity differential equations, the infiltration model of molten salt to fiber porous ceramic is designed by using Fluent software. The results can reflect the actual process of melting infiltration. Furthermore, the influences of different infiltration ways on infiltration process, with the same volume but different radius pillar, are simulated. It is found that infiltration time can be shortened for pillar fibers porous ceramics with same volume. When increasing the radius, horizontal infiltration is superior to vertical infiltration for pillar fibers porous ceramics when <1 and vice versa.
An Improved Geometric Model to Predict Hot Spots of Castings
Authors: Xu Yan , Zhang Kai , Zheng Hong Liang , Sun Yu Cheng , Tian Xue Lei
Published: June 2011

It is very important to predict the hot spots of castings properly, which is known as a criterion for riser design. In this paper, an improved geometric model for hot spot prediction is proposed, and subsequently, its application to hot spot analysis is presented. As we know, the heat dissipation potential of a location in a casting depends on its distance to the heat transfer surfaces. In a meshed casting, the reciprocal of distance from a certain cell to surfaces is calculated at all the six orthogonal directions, by which the heat dissipation potentials of every cell will be evaluated considering the influences of the neighboring grids. With the improved geometric model, there is no iteration during calculation, and only twice of cell traverse is required. The first traverse gets the distance reciprocal and the second focuses on the heat dissipation potential. The result of this model, which turns out similar to that of procedures based on heat transfer equations, reflects solidification sequence in a casting, hence the hot spots will be known instantaneously. Obviously this geometric model ignores many conditions during solidification process. However, messages like locations of hot spots are shown much faster and more conveniently than that of procedures based on heat transfer equations. Therefore, it is believed that it will shorten much time for casting technology design.
Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Cu-P-RE Weathering Steels via the Electrochemical Means
Authors: Yue Li Jie , Wang Long Mei
Published: June 2011

The corrosion behaviors and corrosion resistance of Cu-P-RE weathering steels and plain carbon steel Q235 were studied by dry-wet cycle immersion test. A weight-loss method was used to measure the corrosion rates of all steel samples. The results show the corrosion rates of Cu-P-RE weathering steels are much lower than that of Q235 steel. The corrosion resistance of the weathering steels with different rare earth contents is distinguishing. The corrosion resistance of rust layer on the weathering steels and their anticorrosive mechanism were investigated by the electrochemical means of polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectra technique (EIS). The results indicate that the electrochemical means can be used to analyze characteristics of the rust layer on the weathering steels effectively. The 10PCuRE steels have excellent corrosion-resistant performance because of their positive corrosion potentials and large resistance of rust layer. An equivalent circuit was proposed to represent the steel/solution interface reaction process. Some quantitative electrochemical parameters such as rust layer resistance and polarization impedance were deduced from electrochemical impedance spectra of the steels, which can effectively estimate the protective ability of rust layer. There are two different diffusion processes, which are semi-infinite diffusion and finite thickness diffusion, in rust layer on the RE weathering steels. The protective ability of inner rust layer on the weathering steels can be evaluated by the polarization impedance of finite thickness diffusion.
Hydrogen Bond of Polyaspartic Ester Polyurea Coatings and its Influence on Aging Behavior
Authors: Lu Ping , Zhang Jing , Huang Wei Bo , Liu Xu Dong
Published: June 2011

Two types of polyurea coatings based on polyaspartic esters (PAE) (PAE-F1 and PAE-F2) were exposed in salt fog environments and outdoor for different time periods. The aging behaviors of two types of coatings were evaluated by using electronic tensile testing machine, glossmeter and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the salt fog had a significant effect on the gloss loss, hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl in PAE-F1 and PAE-F2 were 77.1% and 74.9% respectively by the results obtained from FTIR analysis. The index of gloss loss, strength change rate and elongation at break change rate of PAE-F1 and PAE-F2 coatings kept well exposed in outdoor and salt fog environment after 350 days. All test results indicated that PAE coating has excellent aging resistance; PAE-F1 with higher degree of hydrogen bond was more orderly structural and better aging resistant than PAE-F2 coating.
Infrared Thermal Wave Quantitative Evaluation for Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Li Xiao Xia , Wu Nai Ming , Zhao Shi Bin , Chen Da Peng , Cai Na
Published: June 2011

Infrared thermal wave testing is a non-contact inspection technique that maps the surface temperature of an object after some energy is applied to it. The mechanism of pulsed infrared thermal wave testing was analyzed in detail. Glass fiber reinforced composite was tested by infrared thermal wave testing. Some intensive research on quantitative defect evaluation was developed. Through analysis of the temperature-time curve of two points over a suspected defective location and over a sound area on material surface, the change rule of temperature difference was found. It provided a basis for depth quantitative evaluation. According to the peculiarity of infrared image, an image enhancement approach based on mathematical morphology was adopted, which solve the problem of poor contrast and low signal-to-noise ratio caused by pulse heating. And an image processing program was developed to extract the size information of defects.
Analytical Interatomic Potential for HCP-Scandium
Authors: Fan K.M. , Yang Li , Peng Shu Ming , Long Xing Gui , Wu Z.C. , Zu Xiao Tao
Published: June 2011

A reactive interatomic potential based on an analytical bond-order scheme is developed for hexagonal close-packed (hcp) scandium, and the model is fitted to the lattice parameters, elastic constants, cohesive energy and vacancy formation energy of scandium. The potential was used to calculate the structural energy differences of bcc-hcp, fcc-hcp, sc-hcp and diamond-hcp, as well as self-interstitial atom (SIA) formation energy, vacancy migration energy, divacancy binding energy, surface energy and stacking fault energy. The developed potential is shown to be able to reproduce energetics and structural properties of hcp-scandium.
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy Investigation of Hot-Extruded Al-20Si-0.35RE Alloy
Authors: Wang Yu Xin , Yan Biao , Gao Wei , Zhang Yu , Liao Wen Jun , Chen Wei Wei , Lu Wei
Published: June 2011

Positron annihilation spectroscopy is a nondestructive evaluation method which is sensitive to study the microdefects of materials. In this article, hypereutectic Al-20Si-0.35RE (wt.%) pre-alloyed powders was synthesized by using the water atomization method. The pre-alloyed powders were subsequently hot extruded with pressure of 250~500 MPa at 300°C. The effect of pressure of hot-extrusion on the evolution of microdefects in Al-20Si-0.35RE alloy was investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy, electrical conductivity tests and hardness tests. It was shown that the accretion of pressure led to an apparent increase in conductivity and microhardness. For all samples, the hot-extrusion causes a pronounced change in positron annihilation related parameters signaling the variation of microdefects. The results of hardness tests and the electrical conductivity tests are varied following with the positron annihilation spectroscopy. Possible mechanisms of the influence of hot-extrusion on the behavior of microdefects are discussed.
Structural Characterization of MMT Modified by Acrylamide
Authors: Zhang Zeng Zhi , Ma Dan Dan
Published: June 2011

Carbon pillared MMT was prepared from Na-MMT modified by acrylamide. The structural behavior of the MMT and AM/modified MMT were characterized by TG-DTA and DSC. The analysis of modified MMT showed that: the lamellar structure of carbon pillared MMT increases clearly with the carbonization temperature. In the experiment temperature range, the higher the heating temperature, the more significantly carbonization properties of MMT exhibited, and the more apertures of Pillared MMT developed. In the test MMT lamellar spacing of the carbide change with the heating treatment temperature, d001 value of the MMT augmented to the largest when carbonization temperature reach 200°C; the average pore size of treated MMT was larger than untreated MMT, the pore size became the largest average at 400 °C.
Study on the Complex of Sodium Tungstate and Urotropine as Inhibitors against Stainless Steel Corrosion in the NaCl Solution
Authors: Song Qiang , Qiu Xing Qi
Published: June 2011

The corrosion weight loss method and polarization curve measurement were conducted to study the effects of the complex inhibitor of sodium tungstate and urotropine on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel in the 3.5% NaCl solution. The results indicated that the complex inhibitor has good synergistic inhibitory effect for stainless steel in the NaCl solution. Combining sodium tungstate and urotrpine at a total concentration of 500 mg/L, when the mass ratio of sodium tungstate to urotrpine was 7:3, the inhibitory effect was optimum. In addition, the probable inhibitory mechanism was analyzed.
Finite Element Modelling for Internal Bionic Architecture Optimization of Artificial Human Bones
Authors: Yang Li Jun , Zhou Lian , Dang Xi Nan , Wang Li Li , Chen Qiao Fu
Published: June 2011

Clinical medicine shows that the scaffold of artificial human bone must have a certain porosity, good connectivity and adequate mechanical strength. Controlled porosity, pore size, shape and interconnectivity of the scaffold heavily influence the structural strength, transport properties, and the micro-environment for cells and tissue in-growth. In this paper, finite element analysis software was used. A micro-porous unit with mechanical properties similar to the natural bone was produced. Then the interconnected scaffold of tissue with a specific porosity and gradient pore was built according to the optimized micro-porous unit. It was confirmed that the porosity and elastic modulus of the mold were within the bounds of human bone. Analysis using ADINA8.3 ensured that the mold had satisfactory mechanical properties of bone. Finally, STL files were generated by the software and the mold was manufactured using SLS.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in the Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Davis Margot K. , Virani Sean A.
Published: June 2011

The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex clinical syndrome in which dysfunction of either the heart or the kidneys affects the functioning of the other organ system. Many therapies used in heart failure have further detrimental effects on renal function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a relatively new form of device therapy that reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. This review will discuss the effects of CRT on renal function in patients with CRS, the impact of baseline renal function on response to CRT, and potential risks associated with CRT in this unique population.
Effects of the Use of Non-Calcium Phosphate Binders in the Control and Outcome of Vascular Calcifications: A Review of Clinical Trials on CKD Patients
Authors: Bolasco Piergiorgio
Published: June 2011

Vascular calcifications produce a high impact on morbidity and mortality rates in patients affected by chronic kidney disease and mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Effects are manifested from the more advanced stages of CKD (stages 3-4), particularly in patients undergoing dialysis (CKD5D). In recent years, a large number of therapeutic options have been successfully used in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), despite eliciting less marked effects on nonbone calcifications associated with CKD-MBD. In addition to the use of Vitamin D and analogues, more recently treatment with calcimimetic drugs has also been undertaken. The present paper aims to analyze comparative and efficacy studies undertaken to assess particularly the impact on morbidity and mortality rates of non-calcium phosphate binders. Moreover, the mechanism of action underlying the depositing of calcium and phosphate along blood vessel walls, irrespective of the specific contribution provided in reducing the typical phosphate levels observed in CKD largely at more advanced stages of the disease, will be investigated. The aim of this paper therefore is to evaluate which phosphate binders are characterised by the above action and the mechanisms through which these are manifested.
Inflammatory Mechanisms of Organ Crosstalk during Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: White Laura E. , Hassoun Heitham T.
Published: June 2011

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication during inpatient hospitalization, and clinical outcomes remain poor despite advancements in renal replacement therapy. AKI in the setting of multiple organ failure (MOF) remains a formidable challenge to clinicians and incurs an unacceptably high mortality rate. Kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) incites a proinflammatory cascade and releases cellular and soluble mediators with systemic implications for remote organ injury. Evidence from preclinical models cites mechanisms of organ crosstalk during ischemic AKI including the expression of cellular adhesion molecules, lymphocyte trafficking, release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and modification of the host innate and adaptive immune response systems. In this paper, the influence of kidney IRI on systemic inflammation and distant organ injury will be examined. Recent experimental data and evolving concepts of organ crosstalk during ischemic AKI will also be discussed in detail.
Storage conditions of wet corn distillers' grains with solubles in combination with other feeds and understanding the effects on performance of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Ramirez-Ramirez H. A. , Geis A. R. , Heine C. S. , Clark K. J. , Gehman A. M. , Kononoff P. J.
Published: June 2011

Ramirez-Ramirez, H. A., Geis, A. R., Heine, C. S., Clark, K. J., Gehman, A. M. and Kononoff, P. J. 2011. Storage conditions of wet corn distillers’ grains with solubles in combination with other feeds and understanding the effects on performance of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 331–339. Wet distillers’ grains are commonly stored in polyethylene silo bags until needed for feeding. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the nature of ensiling wet distillers’ grains with soluble (WDGS) alone or in combination with other feeds. A 3×4×3 factorial experiment was conducted in which 36 mixtures were made using three loads of distillers’ grains stored at varying levels with three feeds (corn silage, ground corn, and brome hay). In all mixtures, the addition of feeds to WDGS increased the pH of stored material. The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding WDGS on milk production. Twenty Holstein cows were used in a 4×5 Youden square. Prior to initiation of the study, WDGS were stored alone (WDGS) or mixed with either 12% ground corn (DM basis) (WDGS+C), 15% brome hay (DM basis) (WDGS+H) or 15% corn silage (DM basis) (WDGS+CS) in polyethylene silo bags. Animals were assigned to one of five treatments during each 21-d period. A diet not containing WDGS was formulated (Control), along with one containing 30% WDGS (DM basis) (WDGS). Three additional diets, similar to the WDGS treatment, were formulated to include one of the three blends of WDGS with corn (WDGS+C), brome hay (WDGS+H) or corn silage (WDGS+CS). Dry matter intake (DMI) was affected by diet and, compared with Control (21.9 kg d−1±0.70 kg d−1), was greater for WDGS (23.8±0.70 kg d−1) and WDGS+C (23.7±0.70 kg d−1). Milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and fat yield were not affected by treatment. These results suggest that dairy rations can be formulated to include stored WDGS at 30% DM without negative effects on milk production and composition.
‘A Slice of Life’: Food Narratives and Menus from Mass-Observers in 1982 and 1945
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Uprichard Emma
Published: June 2011

This paper reports on an analysis of hitherto unexamined documentary data on food held within the UK Mass Observation Archive (MOA). In particular it discusses responses to the 1982 Winter Directive which asked MOA correspondents about their experiences of food and eating, and the food diaries submitted by MOA panel members in 1945. What is striking about these data is the extent to which memories of food and eating are interwoven with recollections of the lifecourse; in particular social relations, family life, and work. It seems asking people about food generates insight into aspects of everyday life. In essence, memories of food provide a crucial and potentially overlooked medium for developing an appreciation of social change. We propose the concept ‘food narratives’ to capture the essence of these reflections because they reveal something more than personal stories; they are both individual and collective experiences in that personal food narratives draw upon shared cultural repertoires, generational memories, and tensions between age cohorts. Food narratives are embodied and embedded in social networks, socio-cultural contexts and socio-economic epochs. Thus the daily menus recorded in 1945 and memories scribed in 1982 do not simply communicate what people ate, liked and disliked but throw light on two contrasting moments of British history; the end of the second world war and an era of transition, reform, individualization, diversity which was taking place in the early 1980s.
Power and Resistance: A Case Study of Satire on the Internet
Authors: Tang Lijun , Bhattacharya Syamantak
Published: June 2011

Past studies on print and TV satire have revealed that satire can be seen as a site of resistance to power. In light of this, interesting questions can be raised regarding Internet satire: what does the Internet contribute to the resistance and what kind of power relation is played out on this site? Using an example from China, this paper reveals that like its print and TV counterparts, Internet satire reflects a widespread feeling of powerlessness, rather than offering the general public any political power. However, the Internet helps to push the symbolic power of satire to a higher level. This is because it makes satire a tool for the grassroots which facilitates the creation and spread of satirical ideas, and also helps to release and stimulate the enormous reserve of public wit and wisdom. As a result, satire on the Internet has the potential to generate a chain of related satirical work, which can create a satire movement and subject power to sustained shame and ridicule.
Sensing Hadley cell with space lidar
Authors: Sun W. , Lin B.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. This letter shows that the extent of the Hadley cell could reliably be estimated by measuring the height of the uppermost super-thin clouds in the troposphere with space-borne lidar. Through consecutive multi-year measurements of the height of the uppermost super-thin clouds, a good estimation of the expansion of the Hadley cell could be obtained.
Near infrared nadir sounding of vertical column densities: methodology and application to SCIAMACHY
Authors: Gimeno García S. , Schreier F. , Lichtenberg G. , Slijkhuis S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Nadir observations with the shortwave infrared channels of SCIAMACHY onboard the ENVISAT satellite can be used to derive information on atmospheric gases such as CO, CH4, N2O, CO2, and H2O. For the operational level 1b–2 processing of SCIAMACHY data a new retrieval code BIRRA (Beer InfraRed Retrieval Algorithm) has been developed: BIRRA performs a nonlinear least squares fit of the measured radiance, where molecular concentration vertical profiles are scaled to fit the observed data. Here we present the forward modeling (radiative transfer) and inversion (least squares optimization) fundamentals of the code along with the further processing steps required to generate higher level products such as global distributions and time series. Moreover, various aspects of level 1 (observed spectra) and auxiliary input data relevant for successful retrievals are discussed. BIRRA is currently used for operational analysis of carbon monoxide vertical column densities from SCIAMACHY channel 8 observations, and is being prepared for methane retrievals using channel 6 spectra. A set of representative CO retrievals and first CH4 results are presented to demonstrate BIRRA's capabilities.
The Birmingham Mid-Head Resection Arthroplasty - Minimum Two Year Clinical and Radiological Follow-Up: An Independent Single Surgeon Series
Authors: Rahman Luthfur , Muirhead-Allwood Sarah K.
Published: June 2011

We report the results of the Birmingham Mid-Head Resection Arthroplasty (BMHR) for patients with poor femoral head bone quality where standard hip resurfacing is contraindicated. This is a clinical and radiological follow-up of the first 35 consecutive procedures (34 patients, 16 male, 18 female) performed by an independent surgeon. The mean follow-up was 2.8 years (2.1 to 4.1) and no patients were lost to follow-up. The mean age at the time of surgery was 50.4 years (23.8 to 69.4). There were no failures. The mean HHS improved from 46.6 (25 to 70) pre-operatively to 96.1 (72 to 100) post-operatively. The mean OHS was 36.4 (19 to 53) pre-operatively and 14.2 (12 to 34) post-operatively. The mean WOMAC score was 45.6 (7 to 92) pre-operatively and 4.3 (0 to 28) post-operatively. The mean UCLA activity score was 4.5 (1 to 9) pre-operatively and 7.6 (5 to 10) post-operatively. Radiographic analysis did not show any adverse features such as stress shielding, loosening or femoral neck narrowing. The BMHR provides an excellent alternative to conventional total hip arthroplasty in patients with poor femoral head bone quality who are not suitable for standard resurfacing.
Letting the “Bi-Word” “Rule” in Joel 2:17
Authors: Linville James R.
Published: June 2011

This paper addresses the word משׁל in Joel 2:17 which is
usually taken as משׁל II “to rule” or משׁל I, the latter being either a verb “to
use a proverb” or a noun “byword”. A review of the scholarly discussions
demonstrates that the plausibility of both roots, although only the nominal form
of root I should be recognized. A close look at Jer. 24:9 and other roughly
comparable constructions reaffirms this. The impasse between the two roots in
Joel 2:17 can be solved by recognizing a double entendre or even identifying משׁל
as a “pivot” word. This polysemy has a role in the rhetoric of the passage and
in the overall complexity and richness of Joel’s imagery.
Regulating ‘sons’ and ‘daughters’ in the Torah and in
Proverbs: Some Preliminary Insights
Authors: Brenner Athalya
Published: June 2011

This essay traces, in general lines, how the regulations a
society presents as normative may reveal its deepest uncertainties, more so than
its implied praxis. The case study chosen will be a vertical (chronologically
and textually intersecting) as well as horizontal enquiry (from the Torah to
Proverbs) into gendered regulations concerning second-generation members of the
community.
On the meaning of קשת נחושה
Authors: Pinker Aron
Published: June 2011

Iconographic evidence and textual analysis is used to
support the notion that קשת נחושה in 2 Sam 22:35 = Ps 18:35 and Job 20:24 is a
double-convex bow.
Job, Hopeful or Hopeless? The Significance of גם in Job 16:19
and Job’s Changing Conceptions of Death
Authors: Kummerow David
Published: June 2011

Failing to take into account the use of the particle גם in
Job 16:19 and Job’s changing conception of death has leaded many to argue that
Job abandons his hope in God. However, attention to these two issues leads to
the conclusion that Job remains confident in God. Firstly, גם is used in
16:19-21 by Job to highlight his supplementation of his previous
characterisation of God as his violent enemy (16:7-18), viz. that God is his
witness, advocate, and friend. Secondly, it is unclear what leads Job to change
his conception of death in his speeches from initial positivity to later
negativity if not for his hope in God. Collaborative support is thus adduced for
the contention that Job’s hope continues to centre upon God.
Fetal pads as a clue to the diagnosis of Pitt–Hopkins syndrome
Authors: Lehalle Daphne , Williams Charles , Siu Victoria Mok , Clayton‐Smith Jill
Published: June 2011

Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (PHS) is characterized by severe mental retardation, characteristic facial features including a wide mouth and intermittent overbreathing. It is due to abnormalities of the TCF4 gene at 18q21.1 and over 50 cases have now been reported in the literature. The clinical features overlap significantly with those of Angelman, Rett, and Mowat–Wilson syndromes. We have observed prominent fetal pads as a feature in several individuals with PHS and suggested that this is a useful clinical sign which helps to distinguish PHS from other conditions in the differential diagnosis and may guide genetic testing. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial trisomy 8 mosaicism due to a pseudoisodicentric chromosome 8
Authors: Leon Eyby , Jamal Seema M. , Zou Ying S. , Milunsky Jeff M.
Published: June 2011

Chromosome 8 is the largest autosome in which mosaic trisomy is compatible with life. Constitutional trisomy 8 (T8) is estimated to occur in approximately 0.1% of all recognized pregnancies. The estimated frequency of trisomy 8 mosaicism (T8M), also known as Warkany syndrome, is about 1/25,000 to 50,000 liveborns, and is found to be more prevalent in males than females, 5:1. T8M is known to demonstrate extreme clinical variability affecting multiple systems including central nervous, ocular, cardiac, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal. There appears to be little correlation between the level of mosaicism and the extent of the clinical phenotype. Additionally, the exact mechanism that causes the severity of phenotype in patients with T8M remains unknown. We report on a mildly dysmorphic male patient with partial low‐level T8M due to a pseudoisodicentric chromosome 8 with normal 6.0 SNP microarray and high resolution chromosome analyses in lymphocytes. The aneuploidy was detected in fibroblasts and confirmed by FISH in lymphocytes. This report elaborates further the clinical variability seen in trisomy 8 mosaicism. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trisomy 18: Experience of a reference hospital from the south of Brazil
Authors: Rosa Rafael F.M. , Rosa Rosana C.M. , Lorenzen Marina B. , de Moraes Felipe N. , Graziadio Carla , Zen Paulo R.G. , Paskulin Giorgio A.
Published: June 2011

Trisomy 18 is a chromosomal syndrome characterized by a broad clinical picture, as well as a very reserved prognosis. The aim of our study was to verify the clinical characteristics and survival of patients diagnosed in a referral hospital in southern Brazil. Our sample consisted of 31 patients, 22 were female (71%), ages ranging from 1 to 1,395 days (median 14 days). The majority had a single cell lineage with full trisomy of chromosome 18 (94%). Concerning pregnancy complications, pre‐eclampsia was the main abnormality described (17%). Fetal ultrasound was performed in 23 cases, and the most frequent abnormalities were polyhydramnios (41%) and intrauterine growth retardation (27%). There were no reports of prenatal identification of the syndrome. Most patients were born by cesarean due to pregnancy and fetal complications and about half of the cases were premature. Congenital heart defects represented the main major malformation observed (94%). Thirty patients (97%) progressed to death (survival ranged from 2 to 780 days, and 87% died within the first 6 months of life). Trisomy 18 is a serious chromosomal disorder with limited survival. Abnormalities of pregnancy appear to be frequent, which can lead to complications for both fetus and mother. The prenatal identification of these patients in our country is still inadequate, resulting in important implications for genetic counseling and management of these patients and their families. And this makes the possibility of interruption of pregnancy, regardless of ethical factors involved, an unlikely option. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly
Authors: Viswanathan Anand , Greenberg Steven M.
Published: June 2011

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) results from deposition of β‐amyloid in the media and adventitia of small arteries and capillaries of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex and is a major cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive impairment in the elderly. CAA is associated with a high prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease, including cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities. Although advanced CAA is present in approximately ¼ of brains with Alzheimer disease (AD), fewer than half of CAA cases meet pathologic criteria for AD. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of CAA and focus on new imaging modalities and laboratory biomarkers that may aid in the clinical diagnosis of individuals with the disease. Ann Neurol 2011;70:871–880
In situ entrapment of urease in cryogels of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide): An effective strategy for noncovalent immobilization of enzymes
Authors: Petrov Petar , Pavlova Severina , Tsvetanov Christo B. , Topalova Yana , Dimkov Raycho
Published: June 2011

Supermacroporous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) cryogels containing urease were prepared via UV irradiation technique and hydrogen peroxide as initiator. Specifically, due to the cryostructuration phenomenon urease molecules were embedded into the dense cryogel walls. Thus, although the enzyme is physically entrapped, the system exhibited remarkable resistance against leaking due to the dense polymer network formed in the cryogel walls. The immobilized urease can catalyze the hydrolysis of urea in a broad temperature range in both batch and flow regime. The interconnected macropores assist for unhindered diffusion of the substrate and reaction products through the gel, thus, paving the way for consecutive reuse at a constant activity, in contrast to the conventional PNIPAAm hydrogel. Due to the spongy‐like morphology PNIPAAm cryogels containing urease can be exploited as highly permeable membrane for direct removal of traces of urea from continuously flowing feed solutions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011