bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetism of Trinuclear Zn2Ln Complexes with 2,6‐Dipicolinoylbis(N,N‐diethylthiourea)
Authors: Pham Chien Thang , Nguyen Thu Ha , Trieu Thi Nguyet , Matsumoto Kenji , Nguyen Hung Huy
Published: September 2019

The bifunctional ligand 2,6‐dipicolinoylbis(N,N‐diethylthiourea) (H2L) readily reacts with mixtures of Zn(CH3COO)2 and LnCl3 in MeOH at ambient temperature with formation of trinuclear heterobimetallic complexes [Zn2Ln(L)2(OAc)3] (1a–1f) (Ln = Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er). The X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction and structural studies of the complexes revealed their isostructural nature, in which two doubly‐charged ligands {L2–} bind two Zn2+ ions with the terminal acylthiourea sites and one Ln3+ ion with the central 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxamide site. In the complexes, the coordination numbers of LnIII and ZnII ions are 9 and 5, respectively. Magnetic properties of the complexes were studied by temperature‐dependent dc magnetic measurements. The observed μeff values at room temperature are all closed to the calculated values. Fitting χM and M data of [Zn2Gd(L)2(OAc)3] (1d) shows a giso value of 1.94.
The closure of planar diffeomorphisms in Sobolev spaces
Authors: De Philippis G. , Pratelli A.
Published: September 2019

We characterize the (sequentially) weak and strong closure of planar diffeomorphisms in the Sobolev topology and we show that they always coincide. We also provide some sufficient condition for a planar map to be approximable by diffeomorphisms in terms of the connectedness of its counter-images, in the spirit of Young's characterisation of monotone functions. We finally show that the closure of diffeomorphisms in the Sobolev topology is strictly contained in the class
INV
introduced by Müller and Spector.
Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women
Authors: Davis Susan R. , Baber Rodney , Panay Nicholas , Bitzer Johannes , Perez Sonia Cerdas , Islam Rakibul M. , Kaunitz Andrew M. , Kingsberg Sheryl A. , Lambrinoudaki Irene , Liu James , Parish Sharon J. , Pinkerton JoAnn , Rymer Janice , Simon James A. , Vignozzi Linda , Wierman Margaret E.
Published: September 2019

This Statement is being simultaneously published in the journals Climacteric, Maturitas, Journal of Sexual Medicine, and Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism on behalf of the International Menopause Society, The European Menopause and Andropause Society, The International Society for Sexual Medicine, and The Endocrine Society, respectively.

This Position Statement has been endorsed by the International Menopause Society, The Endocrine Society, The European Menopause and Andropause Society, The International Society for Sexual Medicine, The International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health, The North American Menopause Society, The Federacion Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Climaterio y Menopausia, The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, The International Society of Endocrinology, The Endocrine Society of Australia, and The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
Are antidementia drugs associated with reduced mortality after a hospital emergency admission in the population with dementia aged 65 years and older?
Authors: Hapca Simona , Burton Jennifer Kirsty , Cvoro Vera , Reynish Emma , Donnan Peter T.
Published: September 2019

Introduction

People with dementia experience poor outcomes after hospital admission, with mortality being particularly high. There is no cure for dementia; antidementia medications have been shown to improve cognition and function, but their effect on mortality in real‐world settings is little known. This study examines associations between treatment with antidementia medication and mortality in older people with dementia after an emergency admission.

Methods

The design is a retrospective cohort study of people aged ≥65 years, with a diagnosis of dementia and an emergency hospital admission between 01/01/2010 and 31/12/2016. Two classes of antidementia medication were considered: the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. Mortality was examined using a Cox proportional hazards model with time‐varying covariates for the prescribing of antidementia medication before or on admission and during one‐year follow‐up, adjusted for demographics, comorbidity, and community prescribing including anticholinergic burden. Propensity score analysis was examined for treatment selection bias.

Results

There were 9142 patients with known dementia included in this study, of which 45.0% (n = 4110) received an antidementia medication before or on admission; 31.3% (n = 2864) were prescribed one of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 8.7% (n = 798) memantine, and 4.9% (n = 448) both. 32.9% (n = 1352) of these patients died in the year after admission, compared to 42.7% (n = 2148) of those with no antidementia medication on admission. The Cox model showed a significant reduction in mortality in patients treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.78, 95% CI 0.72–0.85) or memantine (HR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.86) or both (HR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.68–0.94). Sensitivity analysis by propensity score matching confirmed the associations between antidementia prescribing and reduced mortality.

Discussion

Treatment with antidementia medication is associated with a reduction in risk of death in the year after an emergency hospital admission. Further research is required to determine if there is a causal relationship between treatment and mortality, and whether “symptomatic” therapy for dementia does have a disease‐modifying effect.
Accelerating parallel tempering: Quantile tempering algorithm (QuanTA)
Authors: Tawn Nicholas G. , Roberts Gareth O.
Published: September 2019

It is well known that traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods can fail to effectively explore the state space for multimodal problems. Parallel tempering is a well-established population approach for such target distributions involving a collection of particles indexed by temperature. However, this method can suffer dramatically from the curse of dimensionality. In this paper we introduce an improvement on parallel tempering called QuanTA. A comprehensive theoretical analysis quantifying the improved efficiency and scalability of the approach is given. Under weak regularity conditions, QuanTA gives accelerated mixing through the temperature space. Empirical evidence of the effectiveness of this new algorithm is illustrated on canonical examples.
The numbers of periodic orbits hidden at fixed points of holomorphic maps
Authors: QIAO JIANYONG , QU HONGYU , ZHANG GUANGYUAN
Published: September 2019

Let $f$ be an $n$-dimensional holomorphic map defined in a neighborhood of the origin such that the origin is an isolated fixed point of all of its iterates, and let ${\mathcal{N}}_{M}(f)$ denote the number of periodic orbits of $f$ of period $M$ hidden at the origin. Gorbovickis gives an efficient way of computing ${\mathcal{N}}_{M}(f)$ for a large class of holomorphic maps. Inspired by Gorbovickis’ work, we establish a similar method for computing ${\mathcal{N}}_{M}(f)$ for a much larger class of holomorphic germs, in particular, having arbitrary Jordan matrices as their linear parts. Moreover, we also give another proof of the result of Gorbovickis [On multi-dimensional Fatou bifurcation. Bull. Sci. Math.138(3)(2014) 356–375] using our method.
Stability of a temporally evolving natural convection boundary layer on an isothermal wall
Authors: Ke Junhao , Williamson N. , Armfield S. W. , McBain G. D. , Norris S. E.
Published: September 2019

The stability properties of a natural convection boundary layer adjacent to an isothermally heated vertical wall, with Prandtl number 0.71, are numerically investigated in the configuration of a temporally evolving parallel flow. The instantaneous linear stability of the flow is first investigated by solving the eigenvalue problem with a quasi-steady assumption, whereby the unsteady base flow is frozen in time. Temporal responses of the discrete perturbation modes are numerically obtained by solving the two-dimensional linearized disturbance equations using a ‘frozen’ base flow as an initial-value problem at various $Gr_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$, where $Gr_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ is the Grashof number based on the velocity integral boundary layer thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$. The resultant amplification rates of the discrete modes are compared with the quasi-steady eigenvalue analysis, and both two-dimensional and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the temporally evolving flow. The amplification rate predicted by the linear theory compares well with the result of direct numerical simulation up to a transition point. The extent of the linear regime where the perturbations linearly interact with the base flow is thus identified. The value of the transition $Gr_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$, according to the three-dimensional DNS results, is dependent on the initial perturbation amplitude. Beyond the transition point, the DNS results diverge from the linear stability predictions as nonlinear mechanisms become important.
Response for Forum in Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry
Authors: Appadurai Arjun
Published: September 2019

I am grateful for the responses to my essay on “repeat viewing” by Kabir, Mazumdar, and Wong, each of whom offers a sympathetic critical response, pointing to ways of elaborating and complicating my argument about the relationship of repetition to difference in Bollywood films. In this comment I stress issues of genre, history, and context.
Convergence and Restricted Preference Maximizing under Simple Majority Rule: Results from a Computer Simulation of Committee Choice in Two-Dimensional Space
Authors: Koehler David H.
Published: September 2019

Recent analyses of collective choice predict convergence among the outcomes of simple-majority decisions. I estimate the extent of convergence under restricted preference maximizing through a computer simulation of majority choice by committees in which individual decisions on proposal location and voting are constrained. The simulation generates distributions of majority-adopted proposals in two-dimensional space: nondeterministic outcomes of simple-majority choice. The proposal distributions provide data for a quantitative evaluation of the effects on convergence of relaxing conventional preference-maximizing assumptions. I find convergence of majority-adopted proposals in all cases, and that convergence increases under restricted proposal location. Moreover, under some voting restrictions, experiments yield stable outcomes that demonstrate remarkable convergence. I conclude that restricted preference maximizing generally increases the probability that simple-majority outcomes reflect the central tendency of member preference distributions. Since committees and legislatures are important formal procedures for democratic collective choice, this conclusion applies to a large class of political decisions.
Public Integrity. By J. Patrick Dobel. Baltimore, MD, and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 260p. $38.00.
Authors: Stark Andrew
Published: September 2019

Integrity is a shifty, furtive concept. Philosophers have had a
hard time defining the idea because it raises a couple of
recurrent perplexities. First, consider former Speaker Jim
Wright's remark that "integrity is . . . the state or quality of
being complete, undivided, [and] unbroken," or the Oxford
English Dictionary connotation of an "unbroken state" of
"material wholeness." The problem is that integrity, so
understood, seems to leave no room for the possibility of
individuals whose lives display any kind of self-critical revi-
sion, changes in course, or discontinuities over historical
time, or for those who compartmentalize, differentiate, and
assume conflicting roles across social space; in other words,
for all of us. We need, as Amelie Rorty has written ("Integ-
rity: Political, not Psychological," in Alan Montefiore and
David Vines, eds., Integrity in the Public and Private Domains,
1999), a far better account as to how and where "integration
and integrity . . . coincide".
Campaign Dynamics: The Race for Governor. By Thomas M. Carsey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 232p. $49.50.
Authors: Dometrius Nelson C.
Published: September 2019

Carsey presents a sound piece of research planted solidly in
two fields: voting behavior and state politics. The primary
thrust is testing a model of campaign strategy and voter
reaction. Carsey takes advantage, as have many recently, of
the steadily accumulating state campaign and exit polling
data. Although not nearly as rich as the American National
Election Survey (ANES) in content, these data provide
reliable state samples and an abundance of cases in each
state, which the ANES seldom does. We now often can use
the states as true social science laboratories of democracy-
expanding N without adding the confounding factors that
plague across-time comparisons of national elections.
Pitiful Plaintiffs: Child Welfare Litigation and the Federal Courts. By Susan Gluck Mezey. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. 209p. $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Gormley William T.
Published: September 2019

In 1988 the American Civil Liberties Union filed a class
action lawsuit against the Illinois Department of Children
and Family Services (DCFS), on behalf of B. H., a 17-year-
old youth in foster care, and nearly 20,000 other children
forced to live outside their home because of abuse and
neglect. Attorneys accused the DCFS, responsible for pro-
tecting and placing such children, with violations of Illinois
statutes and the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. B. H., for example, had been placed in ten
different settings despite clear evidence that children require
continuity of care for their emotional growth.
Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society. By Joseph P. Viteritti. Washington, DC: Brookings, 1999. 284p. $29.95.
Authors: Hanus Jerome J.
Published: September 2019

The contours of the school choice debate are by now familiar
to public policy students, but a lack of agreement about the
appropriate weights to be given to the variables affecting the
subject continues to splinter their ranks. On the surface,
there appears to be a consensus that the latest scores on
standardized tests will resolve the uncertainty as to which
type of education, public or private, is most effective, but a
dip into the literature quickly dispels any such hope. The only
thing clear is that nonpublic schools, even with one financial
hand tied behind them, do not perform any more poorly than
public ones. Consequently, Viteritti wisely gives short shrift
to the byzantine methodological distinctions made by re-
searchers and, instead, focuses on the normative questions.
The Market Approach to Education: An Analysis of America’s First Voucher Program. By John F. Witte. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 221p. $29.95.
Authors: Mintrom Michael
Published: September 2019

John F. Witte has been prominent in the academic discourse
surrounding market-like reforms of public education. In the
two-volume Choice and Control in American Education
(1990), Witte and his coeditor, William S. Clune, assembled
an impressive collection of analytical essays and literature
reviews that highlighted relevant theoretical concerns and
showcased the insights from practice available at the time. In
September 1990, Witte was appointed the state's evaluator of
the pioneering Milwaukee, Wisconsin, voucher program.
Polities: Authority, Identities, and Change. By Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. 476p. $49.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Cioffi-Revilla Claudio
Published: September 2019

This complex, ambitious, and large book seeks to question,
reformulate, and enhance the scope (and methods) of inter-
national relations theories, particularly those formulated
within a realist framework. The authors question that frame-
work, the Westphalian model of putatively unitary nation-
states, quantitative methods of empirical investigation, and
the levels-of-analysis paradigm. The breadth of their critique
is extensive and, consequently, highly ambitious. Rather than
approach international relations as a system of unitary
nation-states inspired by realist principles, which is arguably
a partial and simplified portrayal of contemporary research,
the authors favor a complex system of "overlapping, layered,
and linked polities" that have both horizontal and vertical
dimensions. The latter dimension is particularly important, as
it concerns patterns of authority, identity (including ethnic-
ity), and institutions that compete for the loyalty of individ-
uals.
The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century. By Robert Gilpin, with the assistance of Jean Millis Gilpin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 373p. $29.95.
Authors: Ostry Sylvia
Published: September 2019

The word globalization first appeared in the second half of the
1980s and now has become the most ubiquitous in the
language of international relations. It has spawned a new
vocabulary: globaloney (Why all the hype when the global
economy was more integrated in the age of Queen Victo-
ria?): globaphobia (the new, mainly mistaken, backlash);
globeratti (the members of the international nongovernmen-
tal organizations [INGOs] who travel around the world from
conference to conference, except when they are on the
Internet mobilizing for the next conference), and so on. For
Robert Gilpin, among the world's most eminent scholars of
international relations, globalization is insightfully defined as
the deepening and widening integration of the world econ-
omy by trade, financial flows, investment, and technology.
Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. By Stephen Krasner. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 207p. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Cronin Bruce
Published: September 2019

Few concepts in international relations have aroused as much
debate and emotion among political leaders, activists, and
scholars as that of sovereignty. Diplomats continually invoke
it, transnational organizations attempt to circumvent it, and
scholars debate its meaning and wonder whether globaliza-
tion is making it obsolete. Yet, most accept the premise that
sovereignty is not only the foundation of our international
system but also one of the few consequential institutions we
have in world politics.
Conditional fee agreements: the courts and parliament in unison
Authors: Andrews N.H.
Published: September 2019

THE developments noted here show that conditional fee agreements have become a significant, perhaps even the dominant, means of securing access to civil justice. The political popularity of such agreements is not hard to explain. Since 1949, civil legal aid has enabled the less well-off to litigate in the ordinary courts. But it is notorious that many people are excluded from justice, either because they are deterred by the size of the potential contribution to a legally-aided action or because their modest means disentitle them altogether from that system. Furthermore, legal aid is perceived by Treasury officials to be an excessive drain on the fisc.
Negligence–Vicarious Liability of Health Authorities–Diagnosis of Dyslexia
Authors: Hedley Steve
Published: September 2019

Dyslexia is a specific difficulty in learning how to use written notation, not attributable to generally low intellectual performance, emotional difficulties, or external factors. While its existence as a condition in its own right had been suspected for over a century, it is only much more recently that relatively definite tests for its existence have been developed. Even now, no one test can conclusively show its presence or absence. Local education authorities must provide for the special educational needs of children under their care, though it is settled law that the authorities cannot themselves be sued for breach of those duties (X (Minors) v. Bedfordshire C.C. [1995] 2 A.C. 633). However, X contains strong dicta that where the plaintiff can demonstrate negligence by particular members of staff, such as educational psychologists, then those members of staff will be personally liable, and the authority will be vicariously liable. Phelps v. Hillingdon L.B.C. [1999] 1 W.L.R. 500 raises the question whether this is actually so. The Court of Appeal, reversing Garland J., have now held that there is no such liability. The court heard that even if (contrary to their view) the plaintiff in the case could establish professional negligence by an educational psychologist through failure to diagnose her dyslexia, and that this negligence caused her appreciable harm, none the less she had no cause of action.
Rescission of Settlement for Mistake and Non-Disclosure
Authors: McBride Nicholas J.
Published: September 2019

Mr. Naeem and Mr. Mohammad (“the plaintiffs”) were employed by the Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (“B.C.C.I.”). They were made compulsorily redundant in 1990. In 1998, the plaintiffs, seeking to take advantage of the decision of the House of Lords in Malik v. B.C.C.I. [1997] 3 All E.R. 1, sued B.C.C.I. for “stigma damages”–damages designed to compensate the plaintiffs for the difficulties they had experienced in obtaining work because they were associated, in prospective employers' minds, with the dishonest way in which B.C.C.I. was run. However, there was a problem. Shortly after being made redundant, each of the plaintiffs had agreed to accept a sum equivalent to one month's gross pay “. . . in full and final settlement of all or any claims whether under statute, Common law, or in Equity of whatsoever nature that exist or may exist . . .”. Having entered into this agreement (“the B.C.C.I. settlement”), were the plaintiffs precluded from pursuing their claims against B.C.C.I. for stigma damages? In B.C.C.I. v. Ali [1999] 2 All E.R. 1005, Lightman J. said the answer was “yes”.
Proprietary Estoppel and Wills
Authors: Milne Patrick
Published: September 2019

When is a promise to benefit someone on one's death an enforceable promise? This was the question for the High Court in Gillett v. Holt and Another [1998] 3 All E.R. 917. As Carnwath J. recognised, the difficulty lies in reconciling proprietary estoppel with the principle that “[s]ubject to specific exceptions (such as for dependants), the right to decide, and change one's mind as to, the devolution of one's estate is a basic and well understood feature of English law”.
Electronic Eavesdropping and Anomalies in the Law of Evidence
Authors: Spencer J.R.
Published: September 2019

There is nothing wrong with the Court of Appeal decision in R. v. Aujla [1998] 2 Cr.App.R. 16. Almost everything is wrong, however, with the law that the court was called on to interpret, and the decision is interesting because it shows this up.
AFAF LUTFIAL-SAYYID MARSOT, Women and Men in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt, Modern Middle East Series (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995). Pp. 198.
Authors: POLLARD LISA
Published: September 2019

In Women and Men in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt, the historian Afaf Marsot
has set for herself the task of shattering myths about Egyptian history and the manner in which it
is written.
VINCENT J. CORNELL, Realm of the Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998). Pp. 442.
Authors: HOFFMAN VALERIE J.
Published: September 2019

Vincent Cornell's Realm of the Saint is a masterly work, indisputably
authoritative, the result of more than twenty years of research on Sufism in Morocco and
Al-Andalus. Drawing on a critical reading of a vast array of textual sources, including
hagiographies, histories, didactic treatises, devotional works, and poetry, this book brings to light
material that has been virtually untouched in academic studies on Moroccan Sufism. As Cornell
points out, Morocco has become a paradigm for the anthropological analysis of Sufism, but the
vast archival resources of Morocco had been hitherto largely untouched by academicians.
Through detailed analysis of the lives of many Sufi saints as presented in hagiographical literature,
exploring both the ideological and sociological dimensions of sainthood in the Moroccan context,
he convincingly argues that the “doctor” versus “saint” topos that
prevails in the anthropological literature does not do justice to the reality of pre-modern
Moroccan Sufism. He also deconstructs the centrality of “maraboutism” and
rurality in Moroccan Sufism. Cornell compares his findings with studies of saints in Europe by
scholars such as Peter Brown and Thomas Heffernan, as well as with the Weberian theories of
charismatic leadership that have prevailed among social scientists, displaying an extraordinary
range of competence in the literature of several academic disciplines. It is a rarity to find a scholar
of Cornell's deep understanding of Arabic and Islamic tradition who also places his
research within the broader context of the study of religion. Nevertheless, scholars outside Islamic
studies are unlikely to read this book because of its length, excessive detail, and frequent use of
Arabic terms, despite the presence of a glossary of technical terms at the end of the book.
MOHAMMED SAWAIE, Azmat al-mustalah al-[ayn]arabi fi al-qarn al-tasi[ayn] [ayn]ashar “La crise de la terminologie arabe au XIXe siècle. Introduction historique générale” (Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1999). Pp. 163.
Authors: ELKHAFAIFI HUSSEIN M.
Published: September 2019

In this slim volume, Mohammed Sawaie has expanded and enhanced his earlier work in the
field of the lexical history of Arabic. By focusing primarily on the efforts of two distinguished
Arab lexicographers, (Ahmad) Faris al-Shidyaq and Rifa[ayn]a Rafi[ayn] al-Tahtawi, Sawaie
creates a lucid and readable discourse on the state of the Arabic language in the 19th century. He
includes material from original contemporary Arabic sources as well as from European writers.
Sawaie gives a detailed account of the challenges faced by Arab writers and scholars as their
countries were flooded with new ideas. Western innovations in areas already familiar, such as
agriculture, as well as modern technological developments created an immediate need for new
words to describe and explain these novel concepts.
PAUL STEPHENSON, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A
Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204 (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2000). Pp. 364. $74.95.
Authors: Bartusis Mark
Published: September 2019

Perhaps the Byzantine Empire's most significant achievement during its thousand-year
history was the civilizing of its northern neighbors, the Slavs, through Christianization and
political tutelage. The process was not entirely altruistic; rather, it was designed to secure the
empire's northern border against the Slavs and other peoples. This border shifted over time,
sometimes embracing the entire Balkan peninsula as far as the Danube to modern Croatia,
sometimes comprising little more than the Thracian littoral and a few isolated areas in the south of
the Greek peninsula.
ZIBA MIR-HOSSEINI, Islam and Gender: The
Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999).
Pp. 329.
Authors: Tohidi Nayereh
Published: September 2019

This book is unique in several ways. It is the product of unprecedented research collaboration
between a Muslim feminist female anthropologist (Ziba Mir-Hosseini), based and educated in the
West, and a Muslim feminist male cleric (Hujjat al-Islam Sayyid Muhsin Sa[ayin]id Zadih),
based and educated in Islamic seminaries in Iran. For the first time, the Qom seminary
(Hawzih)—the center of religious and political power of Shi[ayin]i
clerics—opened its doors to a feminist female scholar, letting her engage in a face-to-face
encounter on gender issues with several prominent Islamic ulema (clerical scholars). Much of the
book is a transcription of dialogues between Mir-Hosseini and eminent clerics in the Iranian
religious seminaries in the city of Qom. The central concern of these dialogues is the way religious
knowledge is produced in Shi[ayin]i Islam and the complex relationship among the believer,
religious authority, and political action.
Homoclinic bifurcations in a liquid crystal flow
Authors: PEACOCK T. , MULLIN T.
Published: September 2019

The results of an experimental study of electrohydrodynamic convection in a liquid
crystal are presented. Investigations concerned a small-aspect-ratio device so that finite
geometry effects could be exploited to study the mechanisms by which complicated
flows were organized. The results have been related to ideas on Shil'nikov dynamics
and gluing bifurcations in low-dimensional dynamical systems.
Compressible plume dynamics and stability
Authors: RAST MARK PETER
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a numerical study of the dynamics and stability
of two-dimensional
thermal plumes in a significantly stratified layer. Motivated by stellar

envelope convection in which radiative cooling at the star's photosphere
drives
vigorous down flows, we examine cool plumes descending through an adiabatically
stratified
layer of increasing density with depth. Such flows are inaccessible by
laboratory experiments,
yet are important to the understanding of heat and momentum transport,

magnetic field generation, and acoustic excitation in stars like the Sun.
We find that
the structure of thermal plumes in a stratified compressible medium is
significantly
different from that in an incompressible one, with pressure perturbations
playing
an important dynamical role. Additionally, we find that the plumes are
subject to
vigorous secondary instabilities even in a quiescent background medium.
While the
flows studied are not fully turbulent but transitional, the nature of the
compressive
instabilities and their influence on subsequent flow evolution suggests
that advective
detrainment of fluid from the plume region results. Simplified plume models
assuming
a hydrostatic pressure distribution and velocity-proportional entrainment
may thus
be inappropriate in this context.
A flow-front instability in viscous gravity currents
Authors: SNYDER DON , TAIT STEPHEN
Published: September 2019

We describe an instability that appears at the front
of laminar gravity currents as they
intrude into a viscous, miscible ambient fluid. The instability causes
a current to
segment into fingers aligned with its direction of flow. In the case of
currents flowing
along a rigid floor into a less dense fluid, the case of primary interest
here, two
mechanisms can produce this instability. The first is gravitational and
arises because
the nose of the gravity current is elevated above the floor and overrides
a buoyantly
unstable layer of ambient liquid. The second is a form of viscous fingering
analogous
to a Saffman–Taylor instability in a Hele-Shaw cell. Whereas the
ambient fluid must
be more viscous than the current in order for the latter instability to
occur, the
gravitational instability can occur even if the ambient fluid is less viscous,
as long as
it is viscous enough to elevate the nose of the current and trap a layer
of ambient fluid.
For the gravitational mechanism, which is most important when the current
and
ambient fluids have comparable viscosities, the wavelength when the instability
first
appears is proportional to a length scale constructed with the viscosity,
the flux and the
buoyancy. The Saffman–Taylor-type mechanism is most important when
the ambient
liquid is much more viscous than the current. We have carried out experiments
with
miscible fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell that show that, at the onset of instability,
the ratio
of the finger wavelength to the cell width is a constant approximately
equal to 2. This
result is explained by using the principle that the flow tends to minimize
the dissipation
associated with the finger perturbation. For the gravity currents with
high viscosity
ratios, the ratio of the wavelength to the current thickness is also a
constant of about
2, apparently consistent with the same mechanism. But, further analysis
of this
instability mechanism is required in order to assess its role in wavelength
selection for
gravity currents.
Silent Partners: SOE's French Indo-China Section, 1943–1945
Authors: THOMAS MARTIN
Published: September 2019

Pursued over the last two years of the Pacific war, the Free French effort

to organize and direct an effective resistance to the Japanese occupation of

Indo-China ended in military failure. Characterized by administrative

complexity, inadequate supplies and attenuated communications, Gaullist

insurgency was marred by Free France's de facto reliance upon Admiral

Louis Mountbatten's South East Asia Command (SEAC). While the

re-conquest of Malaya and Burma remained incomplete, British backing for

a resistance network in Indo-China was bound to be limited. And as British

interest in the final re-conquest of their own territories climaxed in the

spring and summer of 1945, so material provision for the French in

Indo-China inevitably declined. Although Mountbatten consistently supported

his Free French protégés, Churchill, in particular, was

reluctant to take issue with his American allies. Neither the US government

nor American commanders in China and the Pacific supported Free French

methods and objectives. By 1945, the American Office of Strategic Services

(OSS), dedicated to supporting guerrilla warfare and resistance

organization, and the Office of War Information (OWI), which disseminated

US propaganda, were developing independent contacts inside northern

Indo-China. As a result, the OSS increasingly endorsed the one truly

effective resistance movement: Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh coalition.
Distant Thunder: The Regional Economies of Southwest China and the Impact of the Great Depression
Authors: WRIGHT TIM
Published: September 2019

A study of the impact of the 1930s World Depression on Southwest China

intersects with two major controversies in modern Chinese economic

history. First, there is still substantial disagreement over the severity

of the impact of the Depression on China. The ‘traditional’

interpretation inside China has focused on the ‘bankruptcy’ of

the economy in the 1930s (of which the Depression was one but not the only

cause). While many aspects of the ‘bankruptcy’ and ‘stagnation’

theses have more recently been discarded or modified by Chinese scholars,

recognition is still made of the gravity of the crisis of the 1930s: China's

leading historian of its modern economy, Wu Chengming, writes in the third

volume of the History of Chinese Capitalism: ‘The economic

crisis of 1932–1935 was, with the exception of the wars of invasion

launched by foreign countries, the single most severe blow to the Chinese

economy’.
Tollwut in Q? Ein Versuch über Mt 12.43–5/Lk 11.24–6
Authors: ONUKI TAKASHI
Published: September 2019

Der ursprüngliche Erzähler von Mt 12.43–45/Lk 11.24–26 stellt sich das vertriebene άκάθαρτον πνεύμα im Bilde eines von Hydrophobie befallenen tollwütigen Hundes vor. Daraus erklärt sich das auffällige Benehmen des unreinen Geistes, der in άνυδροι τόποι Ruhe sucht, aber keine findet. Die Verbindung der Tollwut mit Dämonologie findet sich zwar im hellenistischen Bereich selten, ist aber im frühjüdisch-christlichen Bereich recht häufig. Sie ist, obwohl die Belege weitgehend späteren Datums sind, auch für die Entstehungszeit des Textes annehmbar, weil es sich hierbei um Alltagswissen handelt, das sich anders als andere soziale Institutionen nur ganz langsam verändert.
Telomere length in depression and association with therapeutic response to electroconvulsive therapy and cognitive side-effects
Authors: Ryan Karen M. , McLoughlin Declan M.
Published: September 2019

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most acutely effective treatment for severe treatment-resistant depression. However, there are concerns about its cognitive side-effects and we cannot yet confidently predict who will experience these. Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes that maintain genomic integrity. In somatic cells, telomeres shorten with each cell division. Telomere length (TL) can thus provide a measure of ‘biological’ aging. TL appears to be reduced in depression, though results are mixed. We sought to test the following hypotheses: (1) that TL would be shorter in patients with depression compared to controls; (2) that TL would be a predictor of response to ECT; and (3) that shorter TL would predict cognitive side-effects following ECT.

Method

We assessed TL in whole blood DNA collected from severely depressed patients (n = 100) recruited as part of the EFFECT-Dep Trial and healthy controls (n = 80) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mood and selected cognitive measures, including global cognition, re-orientation time, and autobiographical memory, were obtained pre-/post-ECT and from controls.

Results

Our results indicate that TL does not differ between patients with depression compared to controls. TL itself was not associated with mood ratings and did not predict the therapeutic response to ECT. Furthermore, shorter baseline TL is not a predictor of cognitive side-effects post-ECT.

Conclusions

Overall, TL assessed by PCR does not represent a useful biomarker for predicting the therapeutic outcomes or risk for selected cognitive deficits following ECT.
Limitations on current explanations of category-specific agnosia
Authors: Bub Daniel , Bukach Cindy
Published: September 2019

The HIT framework accepts a number of assumptions that are widely held as plausible or even well established in the literature on category-specific agnosia. We point out that a number of these elementary conjectures, now almost taken for granted, have received little in the way of convincing empirical support.
Are we losing control?
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: September 2019

Most students are trained in using but not in actively choosing a research methodology. I support Hertwig and Ortmann's call for more rationality in the use of methodology. I comment on additional practices that sacrifice experimental control to the experimenter's convenience, and on the strange fact that such laissez-faire attitudes and rigid intolerance actually co-exist in psychological research programs.
What is structural similarity and is it greater in living things?
Authors: Laws Keith R.
Published: September 2019

Humphreys and Forde (H&F) propose that greater within- category structural similarity makes living things more difficult to name. However, recent studies show that normal subjects find it easier to name living than nonliving things when these are matched across category for potential artefacts. Additionally, at the level of single pixels, visual overlap appears to be greater for nonliving things.
Do operant behaviors replicate?
Authors: Grantham Todd
Published: September 2019

Operant conditioning is not a selection process. According to Hull et al., selection processes require entities that reproduce to form lineages. However, since operant behaviors do not reproduce, operant conditioning is not a selection process.
About numbers as a semantic category
Authors: Thioux Marc , Turconi Eva , Palmers Emanuelle , Seron Xavier
Published: September 2019

Humphreys & Forde concentrate on the living/nonliving dissociation. However, further dissociations have been reported, including selective loss or preservation in recognizing body parts and numbers. This commentary outlines the relevance of the number category for understanding the organising principles of semantic memory.
Choice output and choice processing: An analogy to similarity
Authors: Markman Arthur B
Published: September 2019

The target article suggests that many practices of experimental economists are preferable to those used by psychologists studying judgment and decision making. The advantages of the psychological approach become clear when the focus of research shifts from choice output to choice processes. I illustrate this point with an example from research on similarity comparisons.
Selection: Information and replication of the operant
Authors: Spiga Ralph
Published: September 2019

Selection as a mode of causation is central to operant psychology. Response variation and selection by consequences corresponds to phenotypic variation, to differential survivability, and to reproduction of variants. In natural selection, genes code for phylogenic history but no analogous processes exists for coding behavioral history. Neuroscience suggests potential processes but the conceptual status of these events requires clarification.
FORGIVING THE DEAD
Authors: Bell Macalester
Published: September 2019

Resentment and other hard feelings may outlive their targets, and people often express a desire to overcome these feelings through forgiveness. While some see forgiving the dead as an important moral accomplishment, others deny that genuine forgiveness of the dead is coherent, let alone desirable or valuable. According to one line of thought, forgiveness is something we do for certain reasons, such as the offender’s expressed contrition. Given that the dead cannot express remorse, forgiveness of the dead is impossible. Others see the apparent coherence and moral importance of forgiving the dead as a reason to give up on the idea that forgiveness is conditional upon the offender’s remorse. According to these philosophers, forgiveness of the dead poses no special problems; forgiveness of the dead, like forgiveness of the living, is not contingent upon the offender’s contrition. I steer a path between these two positions in such a way as to bring out an important aspect of forgiveness that is not adequately addressed in the literature: I argue that forgiving the dead may be perfectly coherent and morally valuable even though the dead cannot ask for forgiveness or engage in reparative activities. A full appreciation of the relational character of forgiveness allows us to make sense of forgiving the dead.
THE FALLIBILITY PARADOX
Authors: Sripada Chandra
Published: September 2019

Reasons-responsiveness theories of moral responsibility are currently among the most popular. Here, I present the fallibility paradox, a novel challenge to these views. The paradox involves an agent who is performing a somewhat demanding psychological task across an extended sequence of trials and who is deeply committed to doing her very best at this task. Her action-issuing psychological processes are outstandingly reliable, so she meets the criterion of being reasons-responsive on every single trial. But she is human after all, so it is inevitable that she will make rare errors. The reasons-responsiveness view, it is claimed, is forced to reach a highly counterintuitive conclusion: she is morally responsible for these rare errors, even though making rare errors is something she is powerless to prevent. I review various replies that a reasons-responsiveness theorist might offer, arguing that none of these replies adequately addresses the challenge.
FORGIVING AS EMOTIONAL DISTANCING
Authors: Amaya Santiago
Published: September 2019

In this essay, I present an account of forgiveness as a process of emotional distancing. The central claim is that, understood in these terms, forgiveness does not require a change in judgment. Rationally forgiving someone, in other words, does not require that one judges the significance of the wrongdoing differently or that one comes to the conclusion that the attitudes behind it have changed in a favorable way. The model shows in what sense forgiving is inherently social, shows why we should be pluralists about it, and provides a basis for arguing against the existence of necessary conditions of forgiving.
BONE MINERAL DENSITY TESTING IN SOCIAL CONTEXT
Authors: Kazanjian Arminée , Green Carolyn J. , Bassett Ken , Brunger Fern
Published: September 2019

Bone mineral density (BMD) testing of healthy women continues to increase,
despite widespread discrediting of this test as a valid means to predict
fracture risk. To find an explanation for this expanding utilization, we turn
to the literature of sociology and political science. Two interdisciplinary
approaches proved particularly useful in critical examination of technologies
related to women and aging: feminist analysis and cross-cultural analysis. BMD
testing has grown because it is marketed in ways that draw upon and perpetuate
two trends in western popular culture: a) the medical model of the aging
female body; and b) the fear of aging, with its associated disability,
dependency, and immobility. The feedback loop between popular and scientific
knowledge has created and perpetuated the notion that the aging female body is
a diseased body. The trend toward defining osteoporosis entirely on the basis
of BMD diagnostic criteria has resulted in the transformation of a risk factor
into a disease entity. As the onus for managing risk falls increasingly on
women as individuals, and as they strive to reach the preferred ideal of
normality, the area that defines normality on the continuum is shrinking,
while that defining abnormality is increasing. The power relations and private
interests served by this altered continuum remain largely unexamined. The
effect, however, is to encourage the demand for screening and diagnostic
technologies, giving rise to the rapid diffusion of such technologies, even
where the research evidence does not support their use.
RHYME AND REASON: AN INTRODUCTION TO MINIMALIST SYNTAX.Juan Uriagareka. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. Pp. xlii + 669. $75.00 cloth,
$45.00 paper.
Authors: Foster-Cohen Susan
Published: September 2019

Despite the energetically enthusiastic assertions of the publisher and of Piatelli-Palmirini, who
offers an extensive foreword beginning “This dialogue is a gem,” I found that this
enormous book did not live up to its hype. I was hoping to find an engaging discussion—in
a format I liked from the earlier Lasnik and Uriagareka A course in GB syntax
(1988)—that would bring me up to date on the Minimalist Program, from a position
somewhere mid-GB. However, I rarely felt the dialogue was intended to welcome the uninitiated.
First, its style is irritating, with attempts to be cute that just end up being distracting. Second,
many parts of the discussion seem much more aimed at colleagues and rivals on the inside than
those members of the larger community for whom the book is designed (as suggested, at least, by
the blurb). This is particularly a shame, given that Piatelli-Palmirini's preface explicitly says,
patronizingly, that the book will be good for those applied linguists who get irritated with
constant change in linguistic theory (p. xxxiv).
Cohomology and projectivity of modules for finite group schemes
Authors: BENDEL CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: September 2019

Let G be a finite group scheme over a field k, that is, an affine group scheme whose
coordinate ring k[G] is finite dimensional. The dual algebra
k[G]* ≡ Homk(k[G], k)
is then a finite dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebra. Indeed, there is an equivalence
of categories between finite group schemes and finite dimensional cocommutative
Hopf algebras (cf. [19]). Further the representation theory of G is equivalent
to that of k[G]*. Many familiar objects can be considered in this context. For example,
any finite group G can be considered as a finite group scheme. In this case,
the algebra k[G]* is simply the group algebra kG. Over a field of characteristic
p > 0, the restricted enveloping algebra u([gfr ]) of a
p-restricted Lie algebra [gfr ] is a finite
dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebra. Also, the mod-p Steenrod algebra is graded
cocommutative so that some finite dimensional Hopf subalgebras are such algebras.

Over the past thirty years, there has been extensive study of the modular representation
theory (i.e. over a field of positive characteristic p > 0) of such algebras,
particularly in regards to understanding cohomology and determining projectivity
of modules. This paper is primarily interested in the following two questions:

Questions1·1. Let G be a finite group scheme G over a field k
of characteristic p > 0, and let M be a rational G-module.

(a) Does there exist a family of subgroup schemes of G which detects whether M is projective?

(b) Does there exist a family of subgroup schemes of G which detects whether a
cohomology class z ∈ ExtnG(M, M)
(for M finite dimensional) is nilpotent?