bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adding biphasic insulin aspart 30 once or twice daily is more efficacious than optimizing oral antidiabetic treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bebakar W. M. W. , Chow C. C. , Kadir K. A. , Suwanwalaikorn S. , Vaz J. A. , Bech O. M. ,   BIAsp‐3021 study group
Published: June 2007

Aim:  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp30; NovoMix® 30) to existing oral antidiabetic agents (OADs) vs. optimizing OADs in a subgroup of Western Pacific patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral monotherapy or oral combination therapy.

Methods:  This 26‐week, multi‐centre, open‐labelled, randomized, two‐arm parallel trial consisted of a 2‐week screening period, followed by 24 weeks of treatment. Subjects randomized to BIAsp30 treatment (n = 129) received BIAsp30 once daily (o.d.) at dinnertime between Week 2 and Week 14, and those not reaching treatment targets were switched to twice daily (b.i.d.) BIAsp30 at Week 14 (n = 50). Subjects randomized to the OAD‐only arm (n = 63) continued with their previous OAD treatment and, in an attempt to reach treatment goals, the dose was optimized (but OAD unchanged) in accordance to local treatment practice and labelling.

Results:  Significantly greater reductions in HbA1c over Weeks 0–13 with BIAsp30 (o.d.) vs. OAD‐only treatment (1.16 vs. 0.58%; p < 0.001), and over Weeks 0–26, with BIAsp30 (o.d.) and BIAsp30 (b.i.d.) treatments vs. OAD‐only treatment (1.24 vs. 1.34 vs. 0.67%; p < 0.01). Hypoglycaemic episodes were reported in 54% of the patients in BIAsp30 (o.d. and b.i.d. pooled) and 30% of the patients in OAD‐only group. All episodes were minor or symptomatic, except for one in each treatment group, which was major.

Conclusions:  Initiating BIAsp30 treatment is a safe and more effective way to improve glycaemic control in Western Pacific patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral monotherapy or oral combination therapy compared with optimizing oral combination therapy alone. In patients not reaching treatment target on BIAsp30 (o.d.), treatment with BIAsp30 (b.i.d.) should be considered.
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin
Authors: Hermansen K. , Kipnes M. , Luo E. , Fanurik D. , Khatami H. , Stein P. ,   Sitagliptin Study 035 Group
Published: June 2007

Aim:  To assess the efficacy and safety of a 24‐week treatment with sitagliptin, a highly selective once‐daily oral dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control [glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.5% and ≤10.5%] while on glimepiride alone or in combination with metformin.

Methods:  After a screening, diet/exercise run‐in and drug wash‐off period, a glimepiride ± metformin dose titration/stabilization period and a 2‐week, single‐blind placebo run‐in, 441 patients (of ages 18–75 years) were randomized to receive the addition of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily or placebo in a 1 : 1 ratio for 24 weeks. Of these patients, 212 were on glimepiride (≥4 mg/day) monotherapy and 229 were on glimepiride (≥4 mg/day) plus metformin (≥1500 mg/day) combination therapy. Patients exceeding pre‐specified glycaemic thresholds during the double‐blind treatment period were provided open‐label rescue therapy (pioglitazone) until study end. The primary efficacy analysis evaluated the change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 24. Secondary efficacy endpoints included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2‐h post‐meal glucose and lipid measurements.

Results:  Mean baseline HbA1c was 8.34% in the sitagliptin and placebo groups. After 24 weeks, sitagliptin reduced HbA1c by 0.74% (p < 0.001) relative to placebo. In the subset of patients on glimepiride plus metformin, sitagliptin reduced HbA1c by 0.89% relative to placebo, compared with a reduction of 0.57% in the subset of patients on glimepiride alone. The addition of sitagliptin reduced FPG by 20.1 mg/dl (p < 0.001) and increased homeostasis model assessment‐β, a marker of β‐cell function, by 12% (p < 0.05) relative to placebo. In patients who underwent a meal tolerance test (n = 134), sitagliptin decreased 2‐h post‐prandial glucose (PPG) by 36.1 mg/dl (p < 0.001) relative to placebo. The addition of sitagliptin was generally well tolerated, although there was a higher incidence of overall (60 vs. 47%) and drug‐related adverse experiences (AEs) (15 vs. 7%) in the sitagliptin group than in the placebo group. This was largely because of a higher incidence of hypoglycaemia AEs (12 vs. 2%, respectively) in the sitagliptin group compared with the placebo group. Body weight modestly increased with sitagliptin relative to placebo (+0.8 vs. −0.4 kg; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily significantly improved glycaemic control and β‐cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride or glimepiride plus metformin therapy. The addition of sitagliptin was generally well tolerated, with a modest increase in hypoglycaemia and body weight, consistent with glimepiride therapy and the observed degree of glycaemic improvement.
The Multiple Faces of Post‐Traumatic Growth
Authors: Pat‐Horenczyk Ruth , Brom Danny
Published: June 2007

The concept of Post‐Traumatic Growth (PTG) creates an interesting challenge for researchers and theorists in the trauma field. Hobfoll et al. examine the concept and strengthen the need for refining the understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism. They raise and “zoom in” on central questions regarding this relatively new concept. Moreover, they significantly contribute to the emerging doubts about the positive nature of PTG and its adaptive significance. As a result of this article we can ask the question whether or not PTG should be promoted in the aftermath of disasters and adversities. In this commentary we will discuss the relationship between the current thinking on PTG and the development of the concepts of trauma and resilience. We will then critically discuss the research findings of Hobfoll and end with some comments on the differentiation between the cognitive and the action components of PTG presented by the authors.

Le concept de développement post‐traumatique (PTG) soumet les chercheurs et théoriciens du traumatisme à un défi stimulant. Hobfoll & al. examinent ce concept et confirment la nécessité d’affiner l’appréhension du développement traumatique face au terrorisme. Ils soulèvent et se focalisent sur des questions majeures concernant cette notion relativement nouvelle. En outre, ils renforcent nettement les doutes qui apparaissent à propos de la nature positive du PTG et de sa fonction adaptative. Suite à la lecture de cet article se pose la question de savoir si oui ou non le PTG doit être mis en avant dans les retombées des désastres et malheurs. Dans ce commentaire, nous réfléchirons sur le rapport entre la conception actuelle du PTG et le développement des concepts de traumatisme et de résilience. Ensuite, nous passerons au crible les résultats d’Hobfoll et terminerons avec quelques considérations sur la différenciation des composantes cognition et action du PTG défendue par les auteurs.
Evaluating Resource Gain: Understanding and Misunderstanding Posttraumatic Growth
Authors: Tedeschi Richard G. , Calhoun Lawrence G. , Cann Arnie
Published: June 2007

In a response to an article by Hobfoll and colleagues, theoretical and empirical considerations regarding the concept of posttraumatic growth are reviewed. It is noted that posttraumatic growth should be assessed as such, with measures developed specifically to address this construct; that it follows a challenge to and re‐examination of core beliefs, not every bad experience; it can be influenced by many factors; it can coexist with distress during stages of the process without indicating that growth is unimportant or negative; and it can follow various trajectories, including ones where it may at first serve one function, but later involve personally transformative changes.

En réponse à un article de Hobfoll et al., des réflexions théoriques et empiriques concernant le concept de croissance post‐traumatique sont menées. On note que la croissance post‐traumatique doit être estimée à partir de mesures qui lui sont propres. Il est aussi souligné que la croissance post‐traumatique survient après un défi et un réexamen des croyances fondamentales et non après chaque expérience négative. La croissance post‐traumatique peut être influencée par de nombreux facteurs, elle peut coexister avec la détresse durant les étapes du processus sans que, pour autant, cela soit un indicateur d’une croissance négative ou peu importante. Enfin, elle peut suivre des trajectoires variées, y compris celles où elle remplit au départ une fonction et ultérieurement est impliquée directement dans des changements.
Currency Unions in Africa: Is the Trade Effect Substantial Enough to Justify their Formation?
Authors: Masson Paul R.
Published: June 2007

Using estimates that currency unions double trade, we quantify the welfare effects of forming currency unions for the African regional economic communities and for the African Union as a whole. The potential increase in trade is shown to be small, and much less than that resulting from the adoption of the euro. Allowing for increased African trade does not overturn the negative assessment of African currency unions, due to asymmetries in countries’ terms‐of‐trade shocks and their degree of fiscal discipline.
THE ASTONISHING REGULARITY OF SERVICE EMPLOYMENT EXPANSION
Authors: Schettkat Ronald
Published: June 2007

An update of Victor Fuchs analysis shows an astonishing regularity of the relationship between per capita income and service industry employment. The two major theoretical hypotheses for the growth of the service sector, shifts in final demand towards services and the technological stagnancy of services, are then analyzed. Theories achieve simplicity and clarity from radical assumptions and it is therefore not surprising that empirically both dimensions are relevant. Shifts in final demand to services—especially of private consumption, however, gained importance over the last decades indicating a fundamental change of the division of labor: the marketization of household production, which is analyzed finally.
The welfare state as a context for children's development: a study of the effects of unemployment and unemployment protection on reading literacy scores
Authors: Siddiqi Arjumand , Subramanian S.V. , Berkman Lisa , Hertzman Clyde , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: June 2007

Data were analysed from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to examine whether the relationship between parental unemployment status and child reading literacy is modified by the level of unemployment protection provided by the nation. The sample consisted of 61,946 children, nested in 3,918 schools among 17 market economies. The results of multi‐level analyses indicated that, after controlling for a range of individual, family and school covariates, children with unemployed fathers in all countries had significantly lower reading literacy scores than those of employed fathers (β = −8.84, SE = 2.01). The contextual effect of unemployment protection was not significant after accounting for fathers’ employment status (β = −18.63, SE = 16.26). However, there was a significant negative interaction between unemployment protection and fathers’ unemployment, yielding the unexpected suggestion that, in countries with higher levels of unemployment protection, children with unemployed fathers fare worse, both in relation to children with unemployed fathers in lower protection countries, and in comparison with children with employed fathers (β = −26.96, SE = 8.08). Possible explanations are advanced for this result, including the potential for a ‘discouraged child effect’ arising from the potential association between unemployment protection and higher local unemployment rates (though unemployment rates at the national level were not significant).
The politics of design: architecture, tall buildings and the skyline of central London
Authors: Charney Igal
Published: June 2007

After 2000 a handful of very tall buildings were approved in central London, a circumstance that challenged well‐established planning practices in that part of the city. Their promotion by Ken Livingstone, the mayor, but opposition to them by conservation groups, seemed to signal a fierce campaign ahead; in fact, it was all over in an instant. This article examines how this debate was framed to dismiss the arguments and concerns of those who oppose tall buildings. To make tall buildings acceptable, London's mayor drew on the merits associated with iconic architecture and high‐profile architects. Under Livingstone's incumbency tall buildings were affirmed by the expertise and clout of global architects who provided legitimacy for mayoral ambitions to reach for the sky. Stressing the significance of high‐quality design and iconic architecture helped to wear down deep‐rooted antagonism and to channel the debate to improving the aesthetic qualities of London, a goal that enjoys wide consensus.
Platelet counting in platelet concentrates with various automated hematology analyzers
Authors: Dijkstra‐Tiekstra Margriet J. , Kuipers Willeke , Setroikromo Airies C. , De Wildt‐Eggen Janny
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Hematology analyzers use impedance, optical, and/or immunologic techniques for counting platelets (PLTs). PLT counting in whole blood has been validated thoroughly; however, this is not the case for PLT counting in PLT concentrates (PCs), in which red cells (RBCs) are absent. Therefore, this study is focused on PLT counting in PCs to study use of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), carryover, and accuracy of the analyzers.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In total six hematology analyzers (AcT 8, Beckman Coulter; ADVIA 2120, Bayer; Cell‐Dyn 4000, Abbott; Onyx, Beckman Coulter; K4500, Sysmex; and XT 2000i, Sysmex) were tested for PLT counting. PC samples with various PLT concentrations were made (0‐1700 × 109/L) and measured 10 times. Carryover was determined five times.

RESULTS: PC samples (1000 × 109 PLTs/L) in EDTA tubes showed significantly higher PLT counts than samples in “dry” tubes for all analyzers except for the Cell‐Dyn 4000 with the impedance technique. Carryover was not more than 0.3 percent for all analyzers. The K4500 showed the most accurate results, whereas the Cell‐Dyn 4000 with the impedance technique had low accuracy due to an overestimation of more than 20 percent.

CONCLUSION: Most tested analyzers seemed to be suitable for counting PLTs in PCs. All hematology analyzers should be validated for counting PLTs in absence of RBCs as is the case in PCs, in addition to validation of PLT counting in whole blood.
Effect of gamma irradiation with 30 Gy on the coagulation system in leukoreduced fresh‐frozen plasma
Authors: Weisbach Volker , Strobel Julian , Hahn Brigitte , Rödel Franz , Lotter Michael , Zingsem Jürgen , Ringwald Jürgen , Eckstein Reinhold
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation with 30 Gy on the coagulation system in leukoreduced fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 74 FFP units that had been stored for 352 ± 103 days below −30°C, the following variables were determined in parallel in an irradiated and not irradiated half: prothrombin time (PT); activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); thrombin time; antithrombin III; protein C; protein S; von Willebrand factor antigen; ristocetin cofactor; plasminogen–α2‐antiplasmin; the coagulation factors fibrinogen, factor (F)II, FV, FVII, VIII, F IX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII, and activated factor XII (FXIIa); D‐dimer; fibrin monomer; thrombin–antithrombin complex; prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1+2); plasmin–α2‐antiplasmin complexes (PAPs); and platelet factor 4. The FVII activity ratio was assayed to quantify activation of FVII.

RESULTS: Irradiation with 30 Gy resulted in a reduction of APTT (35.0 ± 4.1 sec vs. 34.4 ± 4.1 sec; p = 0.00000006) and PT (89.8 ± 8.2% vs. 90.7 ± 8.0%; p = 0.002) and a significant increase of the activities of the coagulation factors FII, FV, FVII, F IX, FX, and FXII. FVIII activity decreased from 118 ± 31 to 116 ± 32 percent (p = 0.02). Activation of the coagulation system was shown by an increase in the FVII activity ratio (1.19 ± 0.29 vs. 1.31 ± 0.34; p = 0.0000001), FXIIa (0.81 ± 0.50 ng/mL vs. 0.90 ± 0.51 ng/mL; p = 0.006), and F1+2 (1.19 ± 0.20 nmol/L vs. 1.24 ± 0.20 nmol/L; p = 0.000005) after irradiation with 30 Gy, whereas an increase of PAP (16.2 ± 11.5 ng/mL vs. 20.2 ± 12.0 ng/mL; p = 0.0004) demonstrated activation of the fibrinolytic system. No negative influence of irradiation with 30 Gy on inhibitors of coagulation was observed.

CONCLUSION: Gamma irradiation of leukoreduced FFPs with 30 Gy results in a significant but very weak activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system in FFPs.
Interruption of agitation of platelet concentrates: a multicenter in vitro study by the BEST Collaborative on the effects of shipping platelets
Authors: Dumont Larry J. , Gulliksson Hans , Van Der Meer Pieter F. , Murphy Scott , Nixon Janice G. , De Wildt‐Eggen Janny , VandenBroeke Tania , AuBuchon James P.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Transported platelets (PLTs) are not under continuous agitation. The aim of this study was to determine whether PLTs shipped between 24 and 48 hours would be able to maintain a pH22°C value of 6.5 at the end of 7 days of storage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Six laboratories prepared leukoreduced PLTs. PLT pools were divided into low and high PLT concentration with paired shipped (20‐43 hr) and unshipped controls. Units were under continuous agitation at 22 ± 2°C when not being transported. In vitro measures including pH, pO2, and pCO2 were determined over 7 days.

RESULTS: Ninety‐two PLT components from 24 pools were eligible for analysis. One unshipped control and three shipped products failed to maintain a pH22°C value of 6.5 through 7 days. In vitro characteristics were maintained slightly better over 7 days of storage in the unshipped control arms. PLT concentration, shipping time, and their interaction were significant determinants of the final pH at the end of storage (p  < 0.05). Lactate generation rate increased by 35 ± 2 (mean ± SE) µmol per 1012 PLTs per hour over baseline during shipping (p  < 0.0001). After restoration of standard blood banking conditions with agitation, this rate dropped 24 ± 2 µmol per 1012 PLTs per hour (p  < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: PLTs in plasma shipped for at least 20 to 24 hours maintain a pH22°C value of 6.5 for 7 days. A longer shipping time may result in a pH22°C value of 6.5. During shipping, glycolysis was up regulated in these PLTs resulting in increased lactic acid production. After restoration of agitation, shipped products down regulated glycolysis. These effects should be accounted for in the development of PLT storage and transportation systems.
Implementation of ISBT 128, a quality system, a standardized bar code labeling of blood products worldwide, electronic transfusion pathway: four years of experience in Norway
Authors: Aandahl Gerd Selset , Knutsen Teresa Risopatron , Nafstad Kjersti
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: In today's world of multinational disaster relief programs, blood collected and processed in one country may be used in another. A great deal of important information is carried by a blood product label. Given the concerns about safety and traceability, it is important to use globally unique blood product coding and labeling system.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 1994 the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) gave a group, ICCBBA (formerly called International Council for Commonality in Blood Banking Automation), the responsibility for implementing a new, safe international system for coding and labeling blood products. This new system is based on 128 bar code symbology and is called ISBT 128. This study describes how ISBT 128 was implemented in blood banks in Norway.

RESULTS: As soon as a couple of the most central blood banks implemented the system and started to use it in 2001, they found that it was much easier to handle than their old systems. There were two different software systems being used that were ISBT 128‐compliant. The facilities started to export and import blood products to each other. The “foreign” blood products were easily scanned into “own” inventory. They were reluctant to order blood products from blood banks not using ISBT 128. Because of the success in the Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine at the University Hospital of Akershus and some other blood banks in Norway, the Norwegian Health Authorities advised all the blood banks to implement ISBT 128.

CONCLUSION: The use of ISBT 128 has been a success from the very beginning.
Comparison of two automated nucleic acid testing systems for simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA
Authors: Margaritis Angelo R. , Brown Stewart M. , Seed Clive R. , Kiely Philip , D'Agostino Bruno , Keller Anthony J.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Recently developed nucleic acid testing (NAT) assays incorporating simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) have made HBV NAT screening more feasible for blood services. This study compared the performance of two “multiplex” NAT assays and their automated testing platforms.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The HBV NAT yield rate was estimated by testing 10,397 Hong Kong (HK) donor samples concurrently on the PROCLEIX ULTRIO (Ultrio) assay as individual donor samples with the TIGRIS and on the cobas TaqScreen multiplex (cobas MPX) test in pools of 6 with the cobas s 201. Analytical sensitivity was assessed by probit analysis of diluted international standards and operational performance was compared.

RESULTS: Each system detected two different HBV NAT yield samples for a combined rate of 0.04 percent. One additional sample was reactive on the cobas MPX test but remained unresolved. The 95 percent detection limits for HIV‐1, HBV, and HCV were 42.2, 12.2, and 2.0 IU per mL, respectively, for Ultrio and 50.5, 8.4, and 6.0 IU per mL for the cobas MPX. The invalid test and failed run rates were 0.05 and 2.92 percent, respectively, for the TIGRIS and 2.39 and 5.53 percent for the cobas s 201.

CONCLUSION: Clinical sensitivity for HBV in HK blood donors was equivalent, as was the analytical sensitivity for HIV‐1 and HBV; however, the Ultrio assay had a higher analytical sensitivity for HCV. Despite a shorter downtime and mean time of repair for the cobas s 201, the TIGRIS demonstrated better overall operational performance.
Immune modulation and microchimerism after unmodified versus leukoreduced allogeneic red blood cell transfusion in cancer patients: results of a randomized study
Authors: Lapierre Valérie , Aupérin Anne , Robinet Eric , Ferrand Christophe , Oubouzar Nadia , Tramalloni Dominique , Saas Philippe , Debaene Bertrand , Lasser Philippe , Tiberghien Pierre
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) has been associated with immunomodulatory effects. Persistence of donor cells in the recipient may be contributive.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized single‐center trial was conducted to compare microchimerism and immune responses in 35 patients undergoing cancer surgery and transfused perioperatively with either unmodified RBCs (UN‐RBCs, n = 18) or leukoreduced RBCs (LR‐RBCs, n = 17). Biologic parameters included microchimerism assessment peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) phenotyping, cytokine production by stimulated PBMNCs, FoxP3 gene expression, and T‐cell repertoire (TCR) analysis.

RESULTS: Microchimerism was documented in 8 of 18 patients after UN‐RBC transfusion while absent after LR‐RBC transfusion (0/17; p = 0.001). After UN‐RBC transfusion, microchimerism was associated with increased interleukin (IL)‐10 production (p = 0.02), reduced TCR alteration (p = 0.04), and reduced CD56+ cell counts (p = 0.02) when compared to recipients without evidence for microchimerism. FoxP3 gene expression did not differ significantly between both treatment groups nor with the presence or absence of microchimerism in the UN‐RBC group. Finally, after an initial early decrease after surgery and transfusion, IL‐12 production increased and more significantly so after UN‐RBC transfusion versus LR‐RBC transfusion (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSION: UN‐RBC–induced microchimerism is associated with specific immunomodulatory effects in cancer patients who received transfusions during surgery.
Reduced expression of CD47 during murine red blood cell (RBC) senescence and its role in RBC clearance from the circulation
Authors: Khandelwal Sanjay , Van Rooijen Nico , Saxena Rajiv K.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Almost 2 percent of murine blood red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed each day and are replaced by fresh RBCs generated through the process of erythropoiesis. RBCs to be destroyed are phagocytosed by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system, especially in the spleen. CD47 molecules on RBCs may regulate the susceptibility of RBC to destruction by phagocytosis because its recognition by inhibitory receptor (signal regulatory protein α) on macrophages sends a negative signal, which if sufficiently strong, may abort the phagocytic response altogether. The aim of this study was to investigate whether age‐dependent changes in CD47 expression on circulating RBCs have a role in destruction of senescent RBCs by macrophages.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A two‐step in vivo biotinylation method for labeling mouse RBCs in vivo was used to track the CD47 expression levels as well as the turnover of circulating RBCs of defined age groups.

RESULTS: Our results indicate that CD47 expression levels decrease on circulating RBCs throughout their life span in circulation. The oldest RBCs in circulation have 30 percent lower mean expression of CD47 than the youngest RBCs. Depletion of macrophages by administration of clodronate‐loaded liposomes resulted in a significant decrease in the mean expression of CD47 on RBCs of all age groups and a significant accumulation of senescent RBCs in blood and spleen. A decrease in mean expression of CD47 and accumulation of senescent RBCs in macrophage‐depleted mice were significantly higher for spleen RBCs compared to blood RBCs.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide supportive evidence for a role of decreasing CD47 expression on aging circulating RBCs in their destruction by macrophages.
The Effects of Statins and Renin‐Angiotensin System Blockers on Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Following Antral Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: CHEKAKIE M. OBADAH AL , AKAR JOSEPH G. , WANG FEI , MURADI HAZEM AL , WU JOSEPH , SANTUCCI PETER , VARMA NIRAJ , WILBER DAVID J
Published: June 2007

Introduction: Ablation has emerged as a major treatment option for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, this procedure is limited by a significant rate of AF recurrence. We aimed to examine the effects of statins, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐I), and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) on the recurrence rate of AF following ablation.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 177 consecutive patients (mean age = 56 ± 11 yrs, 69% males) who underwent ablation for paroxysmal (n = 132) or persistent AF (n = 45). Patients were treated with ACE‐I (n = 31) or ARB (n = 18) or statins (n = 50) prior to ablation and for the duration of follow‐up.

Results: After a mean follow‐up of 13.8 ± 8.6 months, 72% of patients were free of AF. For patients taking statins, 33 of 50 (60%) were free of AF. In patients treated with ACE‐I, 17 of 31 (55%) were free from AF, while in the group of patients treated with ARB, 17 of 18 (94%) were free from AF. Using Cox regression analysis to correct for baseline variables, treatment with statins did not decrease the recurrence rate (HR = 1.10 [95% CI: 0.55–2.27] p = 0.79); nor did treatment with renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockers (HR 0.94 [95% CI: 0.46–1.93] p = 0.87). However, subgroup analysis showed that treatment with ARB was associated with a trend towards lower AF recurrence [HR 0.17, (95% CI: 0.02–1.34) p = 0.09].

Conclusions: Even though statins and RAS blockers possess anti‐inflammatory properties, they did not decrease the recurrence of AF following ablation. However, the subset of patients taking ARB exhibited a trend towards lower AF recurrence. Larger, randomized studies are needed to address this observation.
Thermal and Electric Properties in Hot‐Pressed ZrB2–MoSi2–SiC Composites
Authors: Guo Shuqi , Kagawa Yutaka , Nishimura Toshiyuki , Tanaka Hidehiko
Published: June 2007

The thermal and electrical properties of MoSi2and/or SiC‐containing ZrB2‐based composites and the effects of MoSi2and SiC contents were examined in hot‐pressed ZrB2–MoSi2–SiC composites. The thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the ZrB2–MoSi2–SiC composites were measured at room temperature by a nanoflash technique and a current–voltage method, respectively. The results indicate that the thermal and electrical conductivities of ZrB2–MoSi2–SiC composites are dependent on the amount of MoSi2and SiC. The thermal conductivities observed for all of the compositions were more than 75 W·(m·K)−1. A maximum conductivity of 97.55 W·(m·K)−1was measured for the 20 vol% MoSi2‐30 vol% SiC‐containing ZrB2composite. On the other hand, the electrical conductivities observed for all of the compositions were in the range from 4.07 × 10–8.11 × 10 Ω−1·cm−1.
Flower‐Like SiO2‐Coated Polymer/Fe3O4 Composite Microspheres of Super‐Paramagnetic Properties: Preparation via A Polymeric Microgel Template Method
Authors: Wang Gongzheng , Zhang Ying , Fang Yu , Gu Zhongze
Published: June 2007

N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AA) copolymer microgels P(NIPAM ‐co‐AA) with different amount of AA were prepared by using a reverse suspension polymerization technique. The polymeric microgels were used firstly as micro‐containers to include Fe3O4 nanoparticles and then as micro‐reactors to control the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). In this way, various super‐paramagnetic composite microspheres (P(NIPAM‐AA)/Fe3O4/SiO2) with different morphologies were prepared. It was demonstrated that the morphologies of the composite microspheres could be tailored to a certain extent by either varying the ratio of the two monomer units in the template microgels or the amount of SiO2 deposited. The sensitivity of the composite microspheres to an external magnetic field was determined by the amount of Fe3O4 included. The magnetic responsibility of the composite microspheres, and the ease of modifying the surfaces may make the microspheres of important use in the mild separation of bioactive materials, loading of active materials, and radiation and shock absorption, etc.
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Zirconium Diboride‐Based Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Wang Hailong , Wang Chang‐An , Yao Xuefeng , Fang Daining
Published: June 2007

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) reinforced by nano‐SiC whiskers has been prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Of most interest is the densification of ZrB2–SiCw composites accomplished by SPS at a temperature as low as 1550°C. The relative density of ZrB2–SiCw composites could reach to 97% with an average grain size of 2–3 μm. Both flexural strength and fracture toughness of the composites were improved with increasing amount of SiCw. Flexural strengths ranged from 416 MPa for monolithic ZrB2to over 545 MPa for ZrB2–15 vol% SiCw composites. Similarly, fracture toughness also increased from 5.46 MPa·m1/2to more than 6.81 MPa·m1/2in the same composition range. The relative density of ZrB2–SiCw composites could be further improved to near 100% by adding some sintering aids such as AlN and Si3N4; however, the effects of different sintering additives on the mechanical properties of the composites were different.
Chemical Interaction Between LiF and MgAl2O4Spinel During Sintering
Authors: Rozenburg K. , Reimanis I. E. , Kleebe H.‐J. , Cook Ron L.
Published: June 2007

Reactions between LiF and MgAl2O4at temperatures up to 1500°C are examined with a variety of tools, including differential scanning calorimetry, thermo‐gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. LiAlO2and MgF2are found to be the active reaction products at these temperatures. A transient liquid phase comprising MgF2and LiF forms at intermediate temperatures, but then is consumed at higher temperatures during the reformation of MgAl2O4. If processed as an uncompacted powder mixture, all of the initial LiF in the system eventually vaporizes at temperatures exceeding 1300°C. A new reaction sequence relevant to the densification of LiF‐doped MgAl2O4spinel is proposed.
Low‐Temperature Preparation of Ba5Nb4O15 Ceramics Through a Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Hsiao Yu‐Jen , Chang Yen‐Hwei , Chang Yee‐Shin , Fang Te‐Hua
Published: June 2007

Hexagonal Ba5Nb4O15 nanorods and microdisks were synthesized by a sol–gel process at temperatures of 700°–900°C. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. The visible light absorption edges of the Ba5Nb4O15 nanorods and microdisks corresponded to the band gap energies of 3.63 and 3.70 eV, respectively. This shows that the nanorod and microdisk‐type structures are promising candidates for application in the miniaturization of microwave components.
Global Model for Calculating Room‐Temperature Glass Density from the Composition
Authors: Fluegel Alexander
Published: June 2007

A large silicate glass density database including 6719 compositions, obtained from SciGlass© and other published sources, was systematically analyzed for agreement among room‐temperature density data reported in the literature in 1030 different studies from various investigators. It was found that the literature data agree very well. Using just 101 of the initial 6719 degrees of freedom, 99.8% of the measured density data variance could be reproduced by an empirical polynomial model. The standard error of the developed model was 0.019 g/cm3.
A New Ternary Nanolaminate Carbide: Ti3SnC2
Authors: Dubois Sylvain , Cabioc'h Thierry , Chartier Patrick , Gauthier Véronique , Jaouen Michel
Published: June 2007

We report on the synthesis of Tin+1SnCn (MAX phases) by hot isostatic pressing starting with titanium, tin, and carbon powders. In addition to the already known Ti2SnC compound (211 MAX phase), a new 312 MAX phase, Ti3SnC2, is formed. Its lattice parameters, deduced from Rietveld analysis of X‐ray diffraction patterns, are found to be a=0.31366 nm and c=1.8650 nm.
Formation of Calcium Phosphate Whiskers in Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Solutions at 90°C
Authors: Tas A. Cuneyt
Published: June 2007

A novel, one‐pot technique of synthesizing calcium phosphate whiskers was developed. Commercially available β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐Ca3(PO4)2) powders were aged in unstirred 30% H2O2 solutions at 90°C for 48 h in ordinary glass media bottles. Resultant samples consisted of whiskers (200 nm wide and 5 μm‐long) of a biphasic mixture of octacalcium phosphate (OCP: Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O) and carbonated apatitic (apatite‐like) calcium phosphate (Ap‐CaP). As‐formed whiskers possessed a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.46 and a BET surface area of 8 m2/g. Upon soaking these whiskers in a Tris‐HCl‐buffered SBF solution of 27 mM HCO3− for 6 days, Ca/P molar ratio and surface area values were increased to 1.60 and 52 m2/g, respectively. The technique, owing to its simplicity, may prove useful in providing large amounts of biocompatible short whiskers for numerous technology sectors.
First‐Principles Investigation of the Atomic and Electronic Structures of α‐Al2O3(0001)/Ni(111) Interfaces
Authors: Shi Siqi , Tanaka Shingo , Kohyama Masanori
Published: June 2007

Atomic and electronic structures of α‐Al2O3(0001)/Ni(111) interfaces have been investigated using the first‐principles pseudopotential method. Models with different rigid‐body translations parallel to the interface for both the O‐terminated and Al‐terminated interfaces are examined in order to clarify the overall features. Results indicate that the interface stoichiometry as well as the interface configuration has significant effects on the adhesive and electronic properties. The bonding nature of the O‐terminated interfaces is explained by strong ionic and Ni‐3d/O‐2p orbital hybridization interactions, and that of the Al‐terminated interfaces is explained mainly by image‐charge like electrostatic and Ni–Al hybridization interactions, although there is some Ni–O hybridization for the O‐site model. Orbital hybridization and adhesive energies are larger than those in the corresponding Al2O3/Cu interfaces, because Ni has higher activity for making bonds with ceramics than Cu.
Relaxor Behavior and Dielectric Properties of MgTiO3‐Doped BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 Composite Ceramics for Tunable Applications
Authors: Chou Xiujian , Zhai Jiwei , Yao Xi
Published: June 2007

MgTiO3‐doped BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 (BZT) composite ceramics have been prepared by the conventional solid‐state route. The dielectric nonlinear characteristics and relaxor behavior of these composite ceramics have been investigated. The secondary‐phase BaMg6Ti6O19 is formed among BZT composite ceramics with the increase of MgTiO3. BZT composite ceramics show typical diffuse phase transition characteristic and ferroelectric relaxor behavior. The dielectric constant of BZT composite ceramics can be tailored from thousands to hundreds by manipulating the addition of MgTiO3. The dielectric loss still keeps around 0.001 and the tunability is above 20% at a dc‐applied electric field of 25 kV/cm. Suitable dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high tunability of this kind of composite ceramics can be useful for potential microwave tunable applications.
Fabrication of Net‐Shape Functionally Graded Composites by Electrophoretic Deposition and Sintering: Modeling and Experimentation
Authors: Olevsky E. A. , Wang X. , Maximenko A. , Meyers M. A.
Published: June 2007

It is shown that electrophoretic deposition (EPD) sintering is a technological sequence that is capable of producing net‐shape bulk functionally graded materials (FGM). By controlling the shape of the deposition electrode, components of complex shapes can be obtained. To enable sintering net‐shape capabilities, a novel optimization algorithm and procedure for the fabrication of net‐shape functionally graded composites by EPD and sintering has been developed. The initial shape of the green specimen produced by EPD is designed in such a way that the required final shape is achieved after sintering‐imposed distortions. The optimization is based on a special innovative iteration procedure that is derived from the solution of the inverse sintering problem: the sintering process is modeled in the “backward movie” regime using the continuum theory of sintering incorporated into a finite‐element code. The experiments verifying the modeling approach include the synthesis by EPD of Al2O3/ZrO2 3‐D (FGM) structures. In order to consolidate green parts shaped by EPD, post‐EPD sintering is used. The fabricated deposits are characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The experimentally observed shape change of the FGM specimen obtained by EPD and sintering is compared with theoretical predictions.
Dispositional and Situational Moderators of the Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Work Tension
Authors: Brouer Robyn , Harris Ken
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the relationship between leader–member exchange (LMX) and experienced work tension. The dispositional moderators of positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) and the situational moderator of frequency of interaction with the supervisor are included. We tested these relationships in a sample of 537 employees from various organizations. Specifically, we found that high NA coupled with high LMX produced the highest levels of work tension. Additionally, low frequency of interaction with the supervisor coupled with high LMX produced the highest levels of work tension. Finally, we found that the lowest levels of work tension were reported when individuals had high PA, high LMX, and high frequency of interaction with their supervisors.
Acculturation Attitudes: A Comparison of Measurement Methods1
Authors: Arends‐Tóth Judit , Van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: June 2007

Three measurement methods (1, 2, or 4 statements) to assess acculturation attitudes were compared in 2 studies involving Turkish immigrants in The Netherlands. Each measurement method revealed support for differentiation between acculturation in the public and the private domains. The Turkish culture was more valued than the Dutch culture in the private domain, while both cultures were about equally favored in the public domain. A direct comparison of the 3 measurement methods found evidence for a general method factor on which all 3 measurement methods loaded, and an acculturation attitude factor with positive loadings for 2 indicators (private and public domains). The 2‐statement measurement method addressing public and private life domains was found to provide a short, though comprehensive instrument.
A Positive Role Model May Stimulate Career‐Oriented Behavior1
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Peiró José Maria , Griffioen Chris
Published: June 2007

This study examined the effects of social comparison among students in their final year of study. Participants were presented with a fictitious interview with a new graduate who was either successful or unsuccessful in the job market. Exposure to the successful target led to a higher degree of inspiration, identification, and proactive career behavior than did exposure to the unsuccessful target. The higher participants were in social comparison orientation (dispositional tendency to compare oneself with others), the more they identified with the targets and the more proactive career behavior they showed. This suggests that, overall, comparing oneself with others may inspire individuals to actively work on their careers.
Adolescent Parental Attachment and Academic Motivation and Performance in Early Adolescence1
Authors: Duchesne Stéphane , Larose Simon
Published: June 2007

In this study, the links between adolescents' attachment to parents and academic motivation and performance were examined while considering problem behaviors and perceived teacher support as potential mediators of those links. Participants were 121 early adolescents who completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) to assess the quality of attachment to their mothers and fathers. Adolescents' attachment to both parents was positively associated with academic motivation. These significant links were mediated by adolescents' perceptions of support from teachers. Results are discussed in light of the different mechanisms that can relate attachment quality to adolescents' academic motivation and performance.
The Theory of Planned Behavior Without Compatibility? Beyond Method Bias and Past Trivial Associations1
Authors: Kaiser Florian G. , Schultz P. Wesley , Scheuthle Hannah
Published: June 2007

Overreliance on one measurement approach can challenge accurate statements about reality, as findings can represent by‐products of the compulsory measurement paradigm. Within the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the compatibility principle represents one such strictly imposed paradigm. Using 2 cross‐sectional surveys of 1,394 volunteers and involving structural equation models, we demonstrate that the widely employed practice of measuring TPB constructs is confounded with method‐implied bias. This means the theory cannot conclusively reveal origins of a behavior. Our results also suggest that on an aggregated level, when method bias is eliminated, its constructs are linked in hypothesized ways. Adopting a more general model—thus, adopting a more traitlike conceptualization of attitudes—has interesting implications for social psychology and its current trends.
Who Do We Tell and Whom Do We Tell On? Gossip as a Strategy for Status Enhancement1
Authors: McAndrew Francis T. , Bell Emily K. , Garcia Contitta Maria
Published: June 2007

College students ranked the interest value of 12 different gossip scenarios; likelihood of spreading the gossip; and the people to whom they would be most likely to tell the gossip, depending on whether the gossip was about male or female professors, relatives, friends, acquaintances, strangers, or a same‐sex rival or a romantic partner. Damaging, negative news about rivals and positive news about friends and lovers was especially prized and likely to be passed on. Aside from romantic partners, males and females were more interested in information about same‐sex others than about opposite‐sex others. Overall, men were most likely to confide in their romantic partners, but females were equally likely to share gossip with their lovers and their same‐sex friends.
Distinctive expression of myelomonocytic markers and down‐regulation of CD34 in acute myelogenous leukaemia with FLT3 tandem duplication and nucleophosmin mutation
Authors: Mori Yasuo , Yoshimoto Goichi , Kumano Takashi , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Iino Tadafumi , Takenaka Katsuto , Iwasaki Hiromi , Harada Naoki , Kinukawa Naoko , Nagafuji Koji , Teshima Takanori , Shimoda Kazuya , Akashi Koichi , Harada Mine
Published: June 2007

Objective:  Patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) show co‐existing frequently internal tandem duplications of FLT3 (FLT3‐ITD) and mutations of nucleophosmin (NPM1‐Mt). We investigated the biological and clinical significance of FLT3‐ITD and/or NPM1‐Mt in this context.

Methods:  We analysed 89 AML patients according to whether NPM1 and FLT3‐ITD were single mutants, double mutants, or wild type for both.

Results:  FLT3‐ITD was detected in 19 of 89 patients (21.3%), while NPM1‐Mt was detected in 19 of 89 patients (21.3%); eight of 89 patients (9.0%) carried both FLT3‐ITD and NPM1‐Mt. By multivariate analysis, white blood cell count and peripheral blood blast cell count at diagnosis were significantly higher in patients with FLT3‐ITD but not in those with only NPM1‐Mt. NPM1‐Mt was significantly related to female gender, normal karyotype, and M4 or M5 disease according to French–American–British criteria. In addition, leukaemic blast cells with NPM1‐Mt, FLT3‐ITD, or both expressed CD34 less frequently than wild‐type blasts (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.005 respectively), while myelomonocytic markers such as CD11b and CD14 were expressed more frequently in patients with NPM1‐Mt.

Conclusion:  FLT3‐ITD may increase potential for cell proliferation to produce a leukaemic population; NPM1‐Mt may cause cells to develop along the myelomonocytic lineage. Extensive analyses and detailed experiments will be required to clarify how NPM1 and FLT3 mutations interact in leukaemogenesis.
Oral sodium clodronate induced osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient with myeloma
Authors: Montazeri Amir H , Erskine J Gordon , McQuaker I Grant
Published: June 2007

Bisphosphonate therapy has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of skeletal complications in patients with myeloma. Several recent reports have described osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) associated with bisphosphonates. These reports mainly demonstrate an association between ONJ and potent i.v. bisphosphonates. We report a case of ONJ in a patient with myeloma, who had only been treated with oral sodium clodronate. While the degree of risk for osteonecrosis in patients taking oral bisphosphonates, such as clodronate, remains uncertain it would be prudent to consider carefully the indications for the use of these agents to minimise the risk of ONJ.