bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entanglement-enabled quantum kernels for enhanced feature mapping
Authors: Babu Anand , Ghatnekar Saurabh G. , Saxena Amit , Mandal Dipankar
Published: February 2025

Classical machine learning, extensively utilized across diverse domains, faces limitations in speed, efficiency, parallelism, and processing of complex datasets. In contrast, quantum machine learning algorithms offer significant advantages, including exponentially faster computations, enhanced data handling capabilities, inherent parallelism, and improved optimization for complex problems. In this study, we used the entanglement enhanced quantum kernel in a quantum support vector machine to train complex respiratory datasets. Compared to classical algorithms, our findings reveal that quantum support vector machine (QSVM) performs better with higher accuracy (45%) for complex respiratory datasets while maintaining comparable performance with linear datasets in contrast to their classical counterparts executed on a 2-qubit system. Through our study, we investigate the efficacy of the QSVM-Kernel algorithm in harnessing the enhanced dimensionality of the quantum Hilbert space for effectively training complex datasets.
Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of two-dimensional Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal modes
Authors: Franciscovich M. T. , McClung J. , Germaschewski K. , Ng C. S.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we present three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to study the stability of 2D Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal modes in a magnetized plasma with a finite background magnetic field. The simulations were performed using the Plasma Simulation Code [Germaschewski et al., J. Comput. Phys. 318, 305 (2016)], as in our recent study using 2D PIC simulations [McClung et al., Phys. Plasmas 31, 042302 (2024)], in order to see if and how the previous results would change with 3D effects. We found that solutions that are stable (unstable) in 2D simulations are still stable (unstable) in the new 3D simulations. However, the instability develops slower in 3D than in 2D and forms an unstable spiral wave structure that is in-phase along the axial direction. We have also simulated cases with an electron density bump at the center, in addition to cases with an electron density hole considered in our previous study and found differences in the unstable spiral wave structures between the two cases. Additionally, we have generalized our simulations to have an increased electron thermal velocity, as well as using initial conditions solved from the complete Vlasov–Maxwell system of equations. We found that these generalizations did not change the overall behavior of the simulations and the instability that evolves.
Group approach to geometric quantization of two physical groups
Authors: Bracken Paul
Published: February 2025

Physical systems as a rule are associated with a symmetry group. One way of quantizing the system is to use this symmetry group to construct a geometric form of quantization procedure. This group quantization procedure is discussed and illustrated here on two different systems. Group cohomology and extensions of groups play a key role. Many important groups in physics can be extended by the local U(1) group. The process is introduced here and applied to two nontrivial systems.
Photoelectron–remnant interaction effect on remnant wavefunction in low-kinetic energy electron detachment events
Authors: Kinyua Adam M. , Hratchian Hrant P. , Jarrold Caroline C. , Thompson Lee M.
Published: February 2025

Low-kinetic energy photoelectron detachment experiments have revealed the unexpected dependence of transition intensities on photon energy, which is hypothesized to result from time-dependent coupling between low-kinetic energy photoelectrons and the remnant molecule. This study explores how the kinetic energy and detachment axis of the photoelectron influence the interaction and modify the final remnant electronic structure. Using real-time simulations on several model systems (H2, NO, N2, and C2 hydrocarbons), this study demonstrates that electron–remnant interactions are strongly dependent on the detachment orientation, electron kinetic energy, and remnant electronic structure. The results reveal that higher kinetic energies lead to significant nonadiabatic transitions, while lower kinetic energies yield more adiabatic behavior. While generally lower kinetic energies show prolonged electron–remnant interactions, the extent of temporal and spatial interactions does not necessarily vary linearly with the kinetic energy, and the final remnant electronic structure is found to be very sensitive to the exact nature of the photoelectron–remnant interactions. In addition, the point charge model employed for the photoelectron provides a useful approach for the deconvolution of more complete simulations to provide deeper insights into the specific photoelectron–remnant interactions that determine the eventual remnant wavefunction. The findings underscore the importance of considering both temporal and spatial electron dynamics in understanding low-kinetic energy photodetachment processes and provide a foundation for a further exploration of electron–molecule interactions in the low-energy regime.
Ultrafast dynamics of hot carriers: Theoretical approaches based on real-time propagation of carrier distributions
Authors: Sjakste Jelena , Sen Raja , Vast Nathalie , Saint-Martin Jerome , Ghanem Mohammad , Dollfus Philippe , Murphy-Armando Felipe , Kanasaki Junichi
Published: February 2025

In recent years, computational approaches which couple density functional theory (DFT)-based description of the electron–phonon and phonon–phonon scattering rates with the Boltzmann transport equation have been shown to obtain the electron and thermal transport characteristics of many 3D and 2D semiconductors in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. At the same time, progress in the DFT-based description of the electron–phonon scattering has also allowed to describe the non-equilibrium relaxation dynamics of hot or photo-excited electrons in several materials, in very good agreement with time-resolved spectroscopy experiments. In the latter case, as the time-resolved spectroscopy techniques provide the possibility to monitor transient material characteristics evolving on the femtosecond and attosecond time scales, the time evolution of photo-excited, nonthermal carrier distributions has to be described. Similarly, reliable theoretical approaches are needed to describe the transient transport properties of devices involving high energy carriers. In this review, we aim to discuss recent progress in coupling the ab initio description of materials, especially that of the electron–phonon scattering, with the time-dependent approaches describing the time evolution of the out-of-equilibrium carrier distributions, in the context of time-resolved spectroscopy experiments as well as in the context of transport simulations. We point out the computational limitations common to all numerical approaches, which describe time propagation of strongly out-of-equilibrium carrier distributions in 3D materials, and discuss the methods used to overcome them.
Division of flow at open channel bifurcations
Authors: Gumgum Firat
Published: February 2025

This review study explores and discusses key works on flow division at open channel bifurcations, aiming to describe the phenomenon, summarize the state-of-the-art, and serve an easily accessible resource for researchers. The study focuses on channels with rigid-bed and subcritical inflow conditions. It provides a comprehensive examination of the mechanics of flow division, including the resulting flow structures and flow features. The study also evaluates theoretical and empirical models proposed to address the discharge distribution problem at bifurcations, assessing their performance. Furthermore, it proposes refinements to existing equations and graphical methods for estimating flow characteristics and flow rates. Finally, it identifies critical gaps in the literature and suggests directions for future research.
Water vapor adsorption in Devonian Marcellus shale kerogen: Experiment and molecular simulation
Authors: Wang Xingzhe , Liu Yu , Sang Guijie , Mao Liguang , Gao Tengwei
Published: February 2025

Water plays significant roles in shale gas accumulation and extraction, yet the interactions between water and shale kerogen are still unclear due to the complexity of the natural pore system and molecular structure of kerogen. This study investigates the adsorption mechanism of water vapor in shale kerogen by analyzing the dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) experimental results, combined with molecular simulations based on a realistic model of Marcellus shale kerogen. Pore characteristics from low-pressure nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption, as well as scanning electron microscopy, were used to further understand water vapor adsorption. The experimental and simulation results reveal that the condensation of water vapor exhibits a significant pore size effect. Water vapor condenses more readily in pores smaller than 1.5 nm, while in larger pores, it primarily adsorbs on the surface. Within the pore structure of shale kerogen, the vast majority of water vapor resides in the micropores of the shale kerogen matrix. Mesopores and macropores occupy ∼10% of the total specific surface area, with less than 5% of the water molecules adsorbed on the surfaces of mesopores and macropores. DVS experiments indicate that the amount of water vapor adsorption increases rapidly when the relative humidity exceeds 80%. Molecular simulation results show that this increase is due to the condensation of water vapor in the ultra-micropores (<1 nm) of the kerogen matrix. The larger free space in mesopores and macropores is not conducive to the condensation of water vapor.
A data-driven reduced-order model framework for predicting turbulent channel flows
Authors: Yang Shi , Jiang Zhou , Wang Jianchun , Zhang Liang
Published: February 2025

The study of reduced-order models (ROMs) for flow fields is crucial in flow control, flow prediction, and digital twin applications. ROM provides a powerful tool for reducing the computational cost of simulating flow phenomena, making it indispensable in the aforementioned fields. Although various ROMs have been recently proposed, most are limited to simple flow structures with prominent flow features. The applicability and accuracy of existing methods remain limited in more complex flow scenarios. Therefore, we propose a novel data-driven ROM framework. This framework first extracts spatiotemporal evolution features of the flow field using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). It then applies the K-means clustering algorithm to categorize the POD modes based on their frequency and constructs a long short-term memory prediction model for each cluster. In this case study, three-dimensional incompressible channel flows with varying domain sizes and Reynolds numbers were examined. The results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits good statistical consistency with large eddy simulation for the prediction of various statistical properties and structures of velocity fields. Under the optimal hyperparameter settings, the model achieved minimum prediction errors of 5.6%, 3.8%, and 4.1% for the streamwise velocity components in the three channel flow examined cases. Furthermore, the model demonstrated superior accuracy compared with other methods for channel flow predictions within a similar computational time. Finally, the sensitivity of the model to different input–output time steps and the number of neurons was investigated.
Beam instability in a plasma microwave amplifier with an absorber
Authors: Kartashov I. N. , Kuzelev M. V. , Tumanov A. V.
Published: February 2025

The beam-plasma instability development in a plasma microwave amplifier with an absorber uniform along the length of the system is considered. The addition of an absorber to the system is due to the need to suppress parasitic feedback. In this case, the presence of an absorber leads to a modification of the system's electrodynamic properties. Increments of beam-plasma instability are calculated, and parameter regions are determined when self-excitation of the amplifier does not occur. Efficiency of conversion of electron energy into energy of the amplified waves and the effect of absorber on it are estimated.
Enhanced near-infrared photoresponse of SnS2 nanosheets by Er–Yb co-doping
Authors: Wang Lei , Huang Tengfei , Hou Ruipeng , Yang Baocheng
Published: February 2025

Rare earth (RE) ions are important dopants to modulate semiconductor properties because of their abundant energy levels. Herein, a simple Er–Yb co-doping strategy was developed to enhance the near-infrared optoelectronic properties of SnS2 nanosheets. The constructed device based on Er–Yb co-doping SnS2 has a detectivity of ∼4.97 × 108 Jones at 980 nm. The enhanced photoresponse of the doped system at 980 nm could be attributed to the upconversion behavior of the Er–Yb ion pairs. The Yb3+ ions as sensitizers significantly enhance the upconversion emission and near-infrared photoresponse properties of the material. The energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions can occur between different layers of co-doping nanosheets by investigating the properties of the constructed SnS2:Er/SnS2:Yb homojunction nanosheets. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Er or Yb doping introduces slight structural and charge distribution changes owing to the similarity in the metal–atom coordination structure between SnS2 and RE sulfide. Our study demonstrates that RE doping is an effective way to improve the near-infrared photoresponse of 2D materials and clarifies the relationship between luminescence and photoelectric properties.
Wind farm layout optimization in complex terrain considering wind turbine fatigue load constraint
Authors: Liu Weijie , Peng Liuliu , Huang Guoqing , Yang Qingshan , Jiang Yan , Wang Binbin
Published: February 2025

Currently, mountainous wind farm layout optimization generally does not take fatigue loads into account. However, due to the complexity of the mountainous flow characteristics, layout optimization focusing solely on power generation may lead to excessive fatigue loads on certain turbines, which could affect the long-term profitability of the entire wind farm. To address this issue, this study proposes a wind farm layout optimization approach for complex terrain considering wind turbine fatigue load constraint. This approach consists of three basic parts, i.e., computational fluid dynamics, complex-terrain wake model, and fatigue load surrogate model. These basic parts are used to obtain a wind resource map for complex terrain, calculate wake effects, and rapidly predict fatigue loads of wind turbines, respectively. After that, an optimization framework in complex terrain is presented in which the objective function and load constraint are involved. The core of the optimization framework is that only solutions that satisfy the fatigue load constraint will be further optimized. Finally, a case study was utilized to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results showed that neglecting load constraint in the layout optimization of wind farm in complex terrain can lead to significant load increases of some wind turbines. By incorporating a reasonable load constraint, a substantial increase in power generation can be achieved while controlling turbine loads within acceptable ranges. However, this approach may sacrifice power generation if the constraints are prescribed to be too strict.
Direct measurement of thermal Knudsen forces in rarefied gas environments
Authors: Acosta Greg I. , Jarzembski Amun , Ghashami Mohammad
Published: February 2025

At micro- and nanoscales, momentum transfer between surfaces is influenced by various physical mechanisms, including quantum fluctuations, electromagnetic interactions, electric charges, and the dynamics of (rarefied) gases. Under non-isothermal conditions, rarefied gases give rise to thermal Knudsen forces whose magnitudes strongly depend on the gas species and surface characteristics. Knudsen forces are particularly relevant in nanotechnology, optical manipulation, and aerospace systems, where gas rarefaction occurs due to highly confined geometries, sub-micrometer length scales, and reduced particle densities. Despite their significance, predictive modeling of Knudsen forces is limited by a lack of comprehensive experimental data across diverse materials and surface morphologies. In this work, we present a highly sensitive and adaptable measurement platform capable of directly quantifying Knudsen forces using a suspended, interchangeable micro-cantilever within controlled rarefied helium and nitrogen environments. The system integrates optical fiber interferometry to precisely capture out-of-plane displacements at sub-micrometer resolution, driven by Knudsen forces. From the empirical data, we derive a robust correlation linking the magnitudes of Knudsen forces to energy accommodation coefficients, offering deeper insights into the underlying gas–surface interaction mechanisms.
Enhanced piezoelectricity in TiSXY monolayers based on electronegative polar moments effect
Authors: Tang Dai-Song , Luo Yu-Qing , Zhu Dan-Yang , Wang Jun-Hui , Shao Xian-Tong , Cui Shou-Xin , Wang Xiao-Chun
Published: February 2025

It is a challenge to find the relationship between the microscopic property of atoms in monolayers and the macroscopic piezoelectricity of monolayer. By first-principles calculation, we find not only the super-dipole moment (SDM) effect but also the electronegative polar moments (EPMs) effect, which can lead to the remarkable piezoelectricity in TiSXY monolayers. The SDM and EPM effects can deepen the understanding of the piezoelectric physical mechanism and provide the design strategy for ultrathin nano-devices.
Propeller boss cap fins on efficiency and wake instability mechanism
Authors: Yu Jiawei , Zhou Bo , Yi Wenxin , Zou Jiahe , Han Xiaoshuang , Luo Wenqing
Published: February 2025

In this study, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulation methods are used to analyze the propeller boss cap fins (PBCF) parameter matching and wake field dynamics characteristics of propeller. The new PBCF optimizes the pressure field behind the hub cap by interfering with the wake flow, reducing torque, increasing thrust, and improving the propeller efficiency of the optimized PBCF by 2.433%. On this basis, the effects of weakened hub vortex on tip and sheet vortices after installation of PBCF are summarized, and the resulting wake instability is analyzed. After installing PBCF, the weakened hub vortex tended to interact with each other and from clusters. Furthermore, the interaction of the sheet vortices is influenced by the PBCF, and the deformation of sheet vortices changes. In particular, the reduction in the tip vortex to vortex distance after installation of PBCF occurred further downstream. In the far field, the wake field is disrupted and chaotic. It is shown that the installation of PBCF changes the characteristics of wake field and improves the efficiency of propeller.
Optimizing PEMFC parameter identification using improved pufferfish algorithm and CNN
Authors: Li Ji , Bastani Changiz
Published: February 2025

In this research, a novel approach has been proposed for enhancing the accuracy of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and an improved optimization method (called the improved pufferfish optimization algorithm). This method has been suggested to improve the predictive performance of the model by optimizing the estimation of PEMFC parameters. The results with almost 2.5-unit training error for the PEMFC parameter using sample data during training provide a promising output for the system. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method with acceptable errors and good performance on the identification of parameters for PEMFCs over diverse circumstances. The yield voltage–current curves predicted by the optimized CNN model display a high degree of correlation with the empirical voltage–current curves, clearly proving the accuracy of the achieved CNN model and its ability to learn the underlying relationship, thus helping to improve the PEMFC parameter estimation.
High thermal durability and thermoelectric performance with ultra-low thermal conductivity in n-type single-walled carbon nanotube films by controlling dopant concentration with cationic surfactant
Authors: Yamamoto Hisatoshi , Amezawa Takuya , Okano Yutaro , Hoshino Koki , Ochiai Shuya , Sunaga Kento , Miyake Shugo , Takashiri Masayuki
Published: February 2025

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising candidates for use in thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to power Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. For practical applications, the major challenge for SWCNTs is improving the thermoelectric performance and thermal durability of n-type SWCNT films. Here, SWCNT inks were prepared using a dopant, which is a cationic surfactant of dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DODMAC), by changing the mass ratio of DODMAC/SWCNT. The SWCNT films were fabricated by vacuum filtering, followed by heat treatment at 423 K. The in-plane thermoelectric properties were measured at 300 K, and the Seebeck coefficient changed from positive to negative values when the DODMAC/SWCNT was 10−2. The highest dimensionless figure-of-merit, ZT, of 1.0 × 10−2 was exhibited at a DODMAC/SWCNT of 80, which was close to saturation concentration. This ZT was achieved mainly because the thermal conductivity decreased significantly to 0.16 W/(m · K), and it is currently one of the highest values among those of n-type SWCNT films with various dopants. To demonstrate power generation, we fabricated a SWCNT-TEG consisting of n-type SWCNT films with the highest ZT. The SWCNT-TEG exhibited an output voltage of 24 mV and a maximum power of 0.9 μW at a temperature difference of 80 K. Furthermore, to investigate the thermal durability of n-type SWCNT films, thermal cycling tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 300 to 423 K. The SWCNT film with a DODMAC/SWCNT of 80 exhibited the highest durability. These findings will contribute to the widespread use of SWCNT-TEGs as power sources for IoT sensors.
Distinct effects of Na and heavy alkali (K, Rb) incorporation in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Guan Yinglin , Zhang Qinglin , Xiao Ye , Wen Minru , Huang Le
Published: February 2025

Density functional theory calculations are performed to explore the nature of the alkali incorporation in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. It is revealed that all the alkalis (Na, K, Rb) prefer to accumulate in the surface region of the absorber with occupying Cu sites. A hole barrier can be introduced in the absorber surface region, and the electron barrier at CdS/CuInSe2 interface is nearly changed after alkali incorporation. Distinct effects of Na and heavier alkalis (K and Rb) are explored. Post-deposition treatment (PDT) with Na leads to form NaxCu1−xInSe2 in the near-surface region. While monoclinic KInSe2 (or RbInSe2) secondary phase tends to form at the surface during K (or Rb) PDT. The hole barrier introduced by Na PDT can be much lower than that in the case of heavy alkali PDT due to the limited Na solubility in NaxCu1−xInSe2. The improved VOC in CIGS solar cells by heavy alkali PDT is mainly attributed to the absence of interfacial states and the elimination of isolated InCu and VCu defects in the surface region.
Axisymmetric numerical simulation of a conducting drop impact onto a deep pool under a vertical uniform magnetic field: Vortex rings and swinging jets
Authors: Wu Shuang , Thoraval Marie-Jean , Peng Haoping , Zhang Jie , Ni Ming-Jiu
Published: February 2025

We numerically investigate the impact of an electrically conducting drop on a deep pool of the same liquid under an external vertical magnetic field. An improved volume of fluid method and adaptive mesh refinement are employed in an axisymmetric coordinate system to maximize computational efficiency. The induced Lorentz force is treated as an external body force. In a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Re∈[700,12 000]) for varying Weber numbers (We∈[40,500]), we categorize the impact phenomena into three categories: no vortex shedding, main vortex shedding, and Kármán vortex street. Thus, a phase diagram is provided in aspects of vortex structures and jet morphologies. The increased magnetic field or surface tension always acts to restrain splash. They can both exhibit a transition from no vortex shedding to main vortex shedding. However, surface tension in the higher Reynolds number region suppresses all kinds of ejecta strongly. Still, it has little impact on vortex rings, while the vertical magnetic field affects vortex rings and decelerates the global outward radial movement of splash jets. Interestingly, as the vortex ring continuously sheds at the two extreme points of curvature and a Kármán vortex street emerges, the first emerged jet ejecta tends to swing between the narrow gap near the neck region. Its gradually slowing down swing frequency correlates with the von Kármán vortex street strongly. Finally, results demonstrate that vertical magnetic fields have non-monotonic effects on swings of the ejecta at the beginning when the jet happens.
Transient rotating magnetohydrodynamic electroosmotic flow using time-fractional Caputo–Fabrizio derivative
Authors: Zheng Jiaxuan , Jian Yongjun
Published: February 2025

An exact solution of transient magnetohydrodynamic electroosmotic flow with time-fractional Caputo–Fabrizio derivative in a rotating frame is acquired by taking the Laplace transform into account. The fluid flow is driven by the electric field force and Lorentz forces contributed by the applied electric and magnetic fields. Variations in the velocity field are presented with different parameters. Results show that the fractional fluid flow has an oscillating phenomenon for the larger fractional parameter, but it is not obvious compared with the ordinary fluid. Additionally, the time required to attain the steady state is shorter for the larger Hartmann number, and the Ekman spiral of the flow velocity becomes prominent with the enhancement of the ratio of applied electric fields.
Addressing productivity of supplementation of weaners and replacement females in the seasonally dry rangelands of northern Australia: a modelling approach
Authors: Niethe G. , Quigley S. P. , Holmes P. R. , Callaghan M. J. , Schatz T. J. , McLennan S. R. , Poppi D. P.
Published: February 2025

Context Increasing cow reproduction rates and annual liveweight gain present the best opportunity for maximising profitability of cattle herds in the seasonally dry rangelands of northern Australia. Herd-management and feed-base strategies exist and target heifer reproduction, liveweight of steers, and herd structure to increase whole-of-herd productivity. Aims To use a desk-top model to determine the effect of supplementation in the first or second dry season after weaning on the break-even thresholds of the long-term productivity and profitability of an entire beef enterprise in response to changes in supplement costs and steer prices. Methods Whole-of-herd desktop analyses were conducted using an Excel© version of the Breedcow Dynama software on a modelled cattle breeding herd in the Victoria River District and Katherine regions of the Northern Territory, Australia. Key results Gross margins across the entire herd were increased in response to supplementation of weaners to achieve an extra 0.3 kg/day liveweight gain in the first dry season, with a break-even threshold of AU$678/t of supplement when steer prices were AU$3.50/kg liveweight. A concentrated supplementation period of heifers in the second dry season after weaning to achieve 0.8 kg/day had a break-even threshold of AU$696/t at the same price structure. Conclusions At recent steer prices and supplement costs, feeding all weaners in the first dry season after weaning, or just the heifer cohort for a short duration in the second dry season after weaning increased gross margins across the entire cattle herd and altered herd structure. The application of a sensitivity analysis demonstrated the steer price and supplement-cost thresholds, at which weaner supplementation is likely to be profitable. Implications These results have provided evidence and a framework for decision-making to assess the potential financial benefits associated with weaner and yearling heifer supplementation. The approach and results will assist producers to make tactical or strategic decisions on the adoption of weaner supplementation and the development of novel feeding systems in cattle breeding herds located in the seasonally dry rangelands of northern Australia within prevailing economic conditions. Moreover, they have provided target supplement costs by which to identify potential new supplements or feeding scenarios.
Oral COVID-19 antiviral prescribing in Australian general practice – a retrospective observational study
Authors: Thomas Judith , Kamalakkannan Abbish , Prgomet Mirela , Gardner Karina , McGuire Precious , Campbell Geoffrey , Georgiou Andrew
Published: February 2025

Background This study aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of oral COVID-19 antiviral prescribing in Australian general practice. Methods The study was a retrospective observational cohort study. Routinely collected, de-identified, Australian general practice consultation and prescription data was used with permission from participating primary health networks, from 938 general practices between March 2022 and September 2023. Study cohorts were patients aged ≥15 encompassing (i) an ‘antiviral cohort’ comprising patient records with ≥1 oral COVID-19 antiviral prescription/s and (ii) a ‘comparison cohort’ of remaining records. Primary outcome measures were the frequency and type of oral COVID-19 antivirals prescribed, and sociodemographic and health characteristics of patients prescribed antivirals. Secondary measures were the frequency of antiviral repeat prescribing and consultation modality. Results Within the study population of 3,813,051 patients, oral COVID-19 antivirals were prescribed to 3.39% (129,267) of patients including 14.79% (82,215/555,757) of patients aged ≥70 years. Molnupiravir prescribing exceeded nirmatrelvir–ritonavir across all study months. Proportionally, antiviral prescribing was higher in the female population (74,709/2,059,676: 3.63%), Victoria (81,184/2,222,837: 3.65%), residing in high socioeconomic advantage areas (87,530/2,224,501: 3.93%), and ages 80–84 years (16,419/100,911: 16.27%). Of patients prescribed COVID-19 antivirals, 7.27% (9402/129,267) had repeat prescribing. Cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions were the most prevalent chronic diagnoses, and telehealth (58,660/107,727: 54.45%) exceeded face-to-face consultations. Conclusions Oral COVID-19 antiviral prescribing volumes in general practice may serve as an indicator of periods of increased transmission of COVID-19, through increases in prescribing activity. Telehealth exceeding face-to-face for oral COVID-19 antiviral prescribing supports continued access to telehealth to reduce exposure to COVID-19 and provide time-critical access to treatment.
Bacterial species with different nanocolony morphologies have distinct flow-dependent colonization behaviors
Authors: Hallinen Kelsey M. , Bodine Steven P. , Stone Howard A. , Muir Tom W. , Wingreen Ned S. , Gitai Zemer
Published: February 2025

Fluid flows are dominant features of many bacterial environments, and flow can often impact bacterial behaviors in unexpected ways. For example, the most common type of cardiovascular infection is heart valve colonization by gram-positive bacteria like
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Enterococcus faecalis
(endocarditis). This behavior is counterintuitive because heart valves experience high shear rates that would naively be expected to reduce colonization. To determine whether these bacteria preferentially colonize higher shear rate environments, we developed a microfluidic system to quantify the effect of flow conditions on the colonization of
S. aureus
and
E. faecalis
. We find that the preferential colonization in high flow of both species is not specific to heart valves and can be found in simple configurations lacking any host factors. This behavior enables bacteria that are outcompeted in low flow to dominate in high flow. Surprisingly, experimental and computational studies reveal that the two species achieve this behavior via distinct mechanisms.
S. aureus
grows in cell clusters and produces a dispersal signal whose transport is affected by shear rate. Meanwhile,
E. faecalis
grows in linear chains whose mechanical properties result in less dispersal in the presence of higher shear force. In addition to establishing two divergent mechanisms by which these bacteria each preferentially colonize high-flow environments, our findings highlight the importance of understanding bacterial behaviors at the level of collective interactions among cells. These results suggest that distinct multicellular nanocolony morphologies have previously unappreciated costs and benefits in different environments, like those introduced by fluid flow.
Adaptability in metaphors for translators’ self-concepts
Authors: Gebbia Chiara Astrid
Published: February 2025

In the ever-changing language industry, translation experts are required to be ‘adaptive agents’. This study uses
metaphors of self-concepts (i.e. personal metaphors) to access the cognitive aspects of the self that are enacted by students and
professionals before and after performing a task. Translators whose metaphors show richness are expected to perform better, with
their metaphors changing as they are exposed to different tasks. Such metaphor dynamicity is thus thought to be related to
adaptability.

Personal metaphors were collected via linguistic prompts and naturally in questionnaires/interviews about
participants’ backgrounds and professional opinions. While the study found a relation between metaphor dynamicity and performance,
no definitive conclusions could be drawn on metaphor richness. This led to the hypothesis that dynamic personal metaphors of
adaptability (e.g., a translator is a chameleon; a jack of all trades) can be linked to better performance. The study also
suggests that incorporating metaphors and self-concepts in translator training could enhance adaptability in translation.
The potential of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technologies to mitigate biotic stress in plants
Authors: Jahan Israt , Angon Prodipto Bishnu , Mou Sharah Jabeen , Zannat Meskul , Antu Uttam Biswas , Alam Md. Mahabub , Sweety Akivha Akter , Islam Md. Shafiul , Sakil Md. Arif
Published: February 2025

Plant development is mainly impacted by biotic stresses, including disease and pests, reducing agricultural production. Genome editing methods have high efficiency, controlled, and directional editing qualities, so their use in agriculture has increased significantly in recent years. Breeding-resistant variants might greatly benefit from the deployment of genome editing methods. These strategies have produced amazing results when it comes to the resistant breeding of significant agricultural crops. One of the most effective, practical, and quick methods for successfully manipulating the target gene is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. The Cas9 protein, an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, causes a site-specific double-strand break that starts a DNA repair process and modifies the genome. Despite possessing two layers of defensive mechanisms: Effectors-triggered immunity (ETI) and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, plants are susceptible to phytopathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses). The genome has been edited using CRISPR-Cas technology to strengthen plant immunity and provide long-term resistance to pathogens and insects. To improve plant life and resistance, this review explains the functions of CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing in plants against various biotic stresses. This review also points out the limitations of CRISPR-Cas systems, which will be the subject of future research.
Determination of optical properties of a single-mode class-A laser amplifier using the noise fluxes generated by cavity Langevin force
Authors: jahanpanah jafar , Rahdar A A , Hashemi Dastjerdi D
Published: February 2025

The noise feature of a single-mode class-A laser amplifier is investigated by solving the Maxell-Bloch equations of motion in the presence of the fluctuation force of cavity Langevin. The aim is to calculate the simultaneous fluctuations that are superimposed on the amplitude and phase of the cavity electric field, as well as the atomic population inversion. The correlation function of these fluctuations yields the amplitude, phase, and spontaneous emission noise fluxes, respectively. The amplitude and spontaneous emission noise fluxes exhibit the Lorentzian profiles in both the below-threshold state and the injection-locking region of the above-threshold state. While noise is typically viewed negatively in science and engineering, this research highlights its positive role as a valuable tool for measuring the optical properties of a laser amplifier. For instance, the degree of first-order temporal coherence (DFOTC) is derived by taking the Fourier transform of the amplitude noise flux. The damping rate of DFOTC is associated with the coherence time of the light emitted by the laser amplifier. Furthermore, the uncertainty relation between noise bandwidth and coherence time is confirmed. Finally, it is demonstrated that the input pumping noise flux, together with the output amplitude and spontaneous emission noise fluxes, satisfy the principle of flux conservation.
Transforming Power System Operations: A Case Study of SCADA/EMS in Bhutan
Authors: Chophel Ugyen , Samten  , Yangden Kinley , Tshomo Karma
Published: February 2025

Despite possessing a considerable quantity of hydropower resources, Bhutan has only utilized approximately 8% of its total potential. However, the presence of multiple international transmission lines to evacuate excess power to India, along with a significant increase in local electricity demand since 2007, has necessitated the development of a structured power sector and the adoption of advanced technology to ensure the reliable operation of the power system. In pursuit of centralized monitoring and control of Bhutan’s power system, the country opted to implement state-of-the-art Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System / Energy Management System (SCADA/EMS) technology in 2009. It has two regional control centers of respective regions reporting to the main control center in Thimphu. This paper articulates the experiences and lessons learned from operating the SCADA/EMS system, offering valuable insights to system operators, SCADA engineers, policymakers, regulatory authority, and power utilities alike.
Correlation of electrical impedance values to blood sugar levels of mice (Mus musculus) with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Pundjung Juswono Unggul , Rahadi Santoso Didik , Sulistya Widodo Chomsin
Published: February 2025

Electrical impedance is one of the electrical properties of cells that can be used to identify cell and tissue damage. Several previous studies have shown that electrical impedance can be used to study the correlation between electrical properties and the condition of biological materials. Impedance has the potential to be an alternative method in non-invasive metabolic disease screening. This study aims to analyze the correlation between electrical impedance values and blood sugar levels in mice (Mus musculus) when suffering from diabetes mellitus. The experimental animals used in this study were 90 male mice (Mus musculus). The mice were divided into six groups consisting of mice that were not injected with streptozotocin (T1) and mice that were injected with streptozotocin at doses of 10 mg/mL (T2), 15 mg/mL (T3), 20 mg/mL (T4), 25 mg/mL (T5), and 30 mg/mL (T6). All groups of mice had their electrical impedance values and blood sugar levels measured. Our findings show that the higher the blood sugar level, the lower the electrical impedance value. At a frequency of 1000 Hz, a correlation factor value (r = − 0.93) was obtained, indicating a close relationship between blood sugar levels and electrical impedance. The correlation between the two is inversely proportional. The electrical impedance value decreased by 13% (T2), 19% (T3), 24% (T4), 28% (T5), and 37% (T6) compared to (T1). The Nyquist plot results of the real Z-component are 4745.3 Ω (T1), 4199.3 Ω (T2), 3992.5 Ω (T3), 3844.5 Ω (T4), 3650.8 Ω (T5), 3457 Ω (T6), while the imaginary Z-component are 192.8 Ω (T1), −21 Ω (T2), −41.1 Ω (T3), −43.4 Ω (T4), −43.4 Ω (T5), and −33 Ω (T6). When blood sugar levels are high, the Nyquist plots of the real Z- and imaginary Z-components shift lower to the left.
Study of the dirac equation with hylleraas potential and Position-Dependent Mass (PDM) under the influence of the external magnetic field
Authors: Lestari Dwi , Permatahati L K , Suparmi A. , Cari C. , Setyanto F.N.
Published: February 2025

We investigated the solutions of the Dirac equation with the position-dependent mass (PDM) and external magnetic field particles for the Hylleraas potential using the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. The relativistic energy eigenvalues and the wave function were obtained Analytically. We compute the energy spectra and the wave function using Mathlab software. The plots of the energy spectra were presented with respect to various values of the quantum number, magnetic field, PDM parameters, and potential parameters. The influence of those parameters on energy levels was analyzed. From the results, it is shown that relativistic energy decreases as the quantum number, potential parameter, and magnetic field increase. The results are in agreement with recent study.
Effects of calcination temperature on Ca/P ratio of calcium phosphate from freshwater snails (Sulcospira testudinaria) shells
Authors: Siswo Nugroho Bintoro , Wahyuni Dwiria , Asri Asifa , Lirawanto Arif
Published: February 2025

Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics, including hydroxyapatite (HAp), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and tetra-calcium phosphate (TTCP), demonstrate applicability in the restoration of damaged hard tissues such as bones and teeth. CaP can be fabricated from natural calcium oxide (CaO) materials, such as freshwater snails (Sulcospira testudinaria). In this study, we investigate the influence of the calcination temperature of freshwater snail shells on the calcium per phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio in the produced CaP to obtain HAp. Characterization was performed using a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to analyze the sample’s morphology and calculate Ca/P ratio. The calcination process, conducted for 1 h with temperature variations at 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C, was complemented by the synthesis of CaO using a hydrothermal method. SEM analysis indicates that particle morphology becomes smoother and more uniform at higher temperatures, specifically at 1000°C and 1100°C. EDX analysis reveals that the variation in calcination temperature does not significantly affect the Ca/P ratio. While the Ca/P ratio in this study does not align with the commercial standard for HAp, it suggests the presence of TTCP. Nevertheless, This study shows the potential to achieve convergence between the synthesized HAp and the commercial standard by increasing the calcination time during the synthesis process.
The effect of elemental contents on the dielectric permittivity of nickel laterite ores at 2.5 GHz
Authors: Agusu La , Muhammad A. J. , Sulhajib S. , Darusman L. M. , Sudiana I. N. , Safiuddin L. O. , Iwamoto T. , Terui Y. , Karya I. P. A. , Nakagawa K. , Nishiumi T. , Asano T. , Mitsudo S. , Ishikawa Y. , Fujii Y. , Tatematsu Y.
Published: February 2025

The rising demand for nickel, a critical component in Li-ion battery cathodes, highlights the need for sustainable nickel processing methods that minimize carbon emissions. However, current pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques for nickel processing yield significant CO2 emissions, necessitating a transition to greener technologies. The electrical permittivity constant is a crucial parameter in microwave processing technology. This study investigates the dielectric permittivity of nickel laterites, measured from 50 samples with nickel content ranging from 0.9% to 2.2%. The nickel content was quantified using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while the permittivity constants (real part, 𝓔’, and imaginary part, 𝓔”) were determined using the cavity perturbation method at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. The results revealed 𝓔’ values ranging from 2.8 to 4.1, with loss tangents (tan δ = 𝓔”/𝓔’) varying from 0.047 to 0.108. Notably, 𝓔’ and tan δ exhibited positive correlations with increasing nickel and iron contents, while the presence of other elements such as Si, Mg, Al, Co, and Mn negatively impacted both parameters. These findings suggest that microwave heating presents a viable alternative for nickel processing across a wide range of nickel contents, offering the potential for lower carbon emissions compared to traditional methods. The correlation between permittivity constants and elemental composition provides critical insights for optimizing microwave processing in nickel smelting, positioning this technology as a promising candidate for sustainable mineral processing.
Investigations of the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Co-Ni-Al by X-ray Kossel microdiffraction
Authors: Langer E , Potapov L P , Kopeček J
Published: February 2025

The ternary compound Co-Ni-Al was investigated by the X-ray Kossel microdiffraction as a member of this material class of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys for the first time. Thereby monocrystals with the nominal chemical composition Co38Ni33Al29 were initially studied in the austenitic phase, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the complex behaviour of this material by means of a further diffraction method with a high informational content. While in the present two phase structure the precipitates could be clearly identified and confirmed as face-centred cubic cobalt solid solution by the Kossel diffraction, whereas for the expected B2-structure only 2 of the needed 5 superstructure reflections could be proved by means of the Kossel technique. A possible explanation lies besides the reason of a weak reflection intensity in a very strong discrepancy of 21 % of the ideal stoichiometric composition of (Co, Ni)50Al50 in the investigated (Co, Ni)71Al29. As known from the literature to maintain the B2-structure under such conditions is only possible by the formation of an enormous number of so-called constitutional crystal defects, which could be used to explain the non-verified superstructure reflections. Moreover, the local lattice constant of the main crystal phase β was determined to a = (0.2855 ± 0,0002) nm by the Kossel technique.
A Critical Comment on Proportionality in the Mass Surveillance Jurisprudence of the CJEU and the ECtHR
Authors: Dalla Corte Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

Data retention, bulk collection, and (mass) surveillance measures constitute serious interferences with individuals’ fundamental rights and freedoms, most notably their rights to the respect for private life and to the protection of personal data. European apex courts—the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights—assess the legitimacy of such interferences against the limitation clauses present in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and in the European Convention on Human Rights respectively. Chapter 4, through a systematic hermeneutical analysis of the case law of the CJEU and the ECtHR, provides a critical opinion on the proportionality testing and limitations analysis carried out by both apex courts when adjudicating cases relating to mass surveillance matters. It argues, in essence, that there is a ‘value vacuum’ in both courts’ mass surveillance jurisprudence which might be due, at least in part, to how both courts carry out their lato sensu proportionality test.