bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Stereotypes and Perceptions of Representatives' Ideologies in U.S. House Elections
Authors: Jacobsmeier Matthew L.
Published: April 2014

I examine the hypothesis that race affects citizens' perceptions of candidates' ideologies. In the past, systematic tests of this hypothesis have relied almost entirely on data drawn from experiments. While experimental research designs have contributed much to the analysis of political stereotypes and heuristics, the extent to which experimental research on this hypothesis is externally valid is open to question. Moreover, experimental approaches are not well‐suited to estimating the magnitude of the effects of stereotypes in real‐world situations, especially in the context of complex political phenomena such as election campaigns. In this article, I develop a statistical model of the effects of race on perceptions of candidates' ideologies and estimate the model using data on incumbent candidates from the American National Election Studies. The results suggest that, ceteris paribus, white citizens will tend to perceive black candidates to be more liberal than ideologically similar white candidates. In contrast, the perceptions of black respondents are not affected by the race of candidates, although black respondents' perceptions are more strongly correlated with candidates' positions on issues of particular interest to minorities than the perceptions of white respondents. I discuss the implications of these findings with respect to descriptive representation in the United States, the accountability of office holders, and the study of voting behavior.
Phosphorylation signalling through the Legionella quorum sensing histidine kinases LqsS and LqsT converges on the response regulator LqsR
Authors: Schell Ursula , Kessler Aline , Hilbi Hubert
Published: April 2014

The environmental bacterium Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a life‐threatening pneumonia. For cell–cell communication the bacteria employ the autoinducer LAI‐1 (3‐hydroxypentadecane‐4‐one), which is produced and detected by the Lqs (Legionella quorum sensing) system. The system comprises the autoinducer synthase LqsA, the putative sensor kinases LqsS and LqsT, and the prototypic response regulator LqsR. Lqs‐regulated processes include L. pneumophila‐phagocyte interactions, production of extracellular filaments, and natural competence. Using biochemical approaches we show here that LqsS and LqsT are autophosphorylated by [γ‐32P]‐ATP at a conserved histidine residue (H200 or H204) located in their cytoplasmic histidine kinase domain. Pull‐down assays revealed that LqsS and LqsT are bound by LqsR or phospho‐LqsR. Dependent on the conserved receiver domain aspartate (D108), the response regulator prevented autophosphorylation of both sensor kinases by catalysing the dephosphorylation of phospho‐LqsS or phospho‐LqsT. Moreover, LqsR formed dimers upon phosphorylation at D108 by either acetyl‐phosphate or phospho‐LqsT. Finally, upon heterologous production in Escherichia coli, LqsT (but not LqsS) was autophosphorylated by ATP, and LqsR prevented the autophosphorylation by catalysing the dephosphorylation of phospho‐LqsT. In summary, these results indicate that phosphorylation signalling through the Legionella quorum sensing histidine kinases LqsS and LqsT converges on the response regulator LqsR.
The Tomato spotted wilt virus cell‐to‐cell movement protein (NSM) triggers a hypersensitive response in Sw‐5‐containing resistant tomato lines and in Nicotiana benthamiana transformed with the functional Sw‐5b resistance gene copy
Authors: Hallwass Mariana , de Oliveira Athos Silva , de Campos Dianese Erico , Lohuis Dick , Boiteux Leonardo Silva , Inoue‐Nagata Alice Kazuko , Resende Renato O. , Kormelink Richard
Published: April 2014

Although the Sw‐5 gene cluster has been cloned, and Sw‐5b has been identified as the functional gene copy that confers resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), its avirulence (Avr) determinant has not been identified to date. Nicotiana tabacum ‘SR1‘ plants transformed with a copy of the Sw‐5b gene are immune without producing a clear visual response on challenge with TSWV, whereas it is shown here that N. benthamiana transformed with Sw‐5b gives a rapid and conspicuous hypersensitive response (HR). Using these plants, from all structural and non‐structural TSWV proteins tested, the TSWV cell‐to‐cell movement protein (NSM) was confirmed as the Avr determinant using a Potato virus X (PVX) replicon or a non‐replicative pEAQ‐HT expression vector system. HR was induced in Sw‐5b‐transgenic N. benthamiana as well as in resistant near‐isogenic tomato lines after agroinfiltration with a functional cell‐to‐cell movement protein (NSM) from a resistance‐inducing (RI) TSWV strain (BR‐01), but not with NSM from a Sw‐5 resistance‐breaking (RB) strain (GRAU). This is the first biological demonstration that Sw‐5‐mediated resistance is triggered by the TSWV NSM cell‐to‐cell movement protein.
Is Unilateralism Always Bad? Negotiation Lessons from Israel's “Unilateral” Gaza Withdrawal
Authors: Mnookin Robert H. , Eiran Ehud , Gilad Shula
Published: April 2014

Using the 2005 unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza as a case study, this article exposes an apparent paradox: circumstances may exist in which an outcome that serves the interests of parties to a conflict cannot be achieved through bilateral negotiation but can be achieved by unilateral action. Although the withdrawal was seen at the time as serving the interests of both the Israeli government and the Palestinians, we argue that the same result could not have been achieved through bilateral negotiations. “Behind‐the‐table” internal conflicts on each side would have made it impossible for the leaders to agree on the scope of these negotiations.

Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's success in implementing his Gaza withdrawal was attributable in significant measure to his ability to maintain ambiguity about his long‐run plans for the West Bank. Only by focusing attention on Gaza was he able to build the necessary coalition to implement the controversial move. The Palestinian leaders, on the other hand, could never have agreed to come to the table to negotiate about Gaza alone — they would have insisted that the scope of any negotiations address a broad range of final status issues.

In this article, we identify some of the lessons that the Gaza example teaches regarding the utility and limits of unilateralism as well as the benefits and potential costs of employing ambiguity as a strategy to help accomplish a controversial move. Finally, we also explore the aftermath of the withdrawal and its many missed opportunities for improving the outcome. We suggest that, even when acting unilaterally, leaders should carefully consider the probable impact of their actions on the internal conflicts of their adversaries.
Turning Points and Conflict Transformation in Mediation
Authors: Jameson Jessica Katz , Sohan Donna , Hodge Jenette
Published: April 2014

This study used a turning point framework to identify discourse that changed the nature of a mediation interaction from adversarial to cooperative. Based on Daniel Druckman's discussion of turning points, we performed a text analysis of mediation transcripts to identify disputant‐initiated and mediator‐initiated precipitants and departures in role‐played mediations. Comparing the discourse of precipitants and departures in mediations that achieved agreement only (resolution) with those that reached both agreement and evidence of relationship change (transformation) allowed us to extend previous turning point research by identifying some features of interaction in mediation that can lead to transformative outcomes. This study has implications for applying the turning point framework to mediation and practical implications for mediators.
Abiotic and biotic stress combinations
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro , Rivero Rosa M. , Shulaev Vladimir , Blumwald Eduardo , Mittler Ron
Published: April 2014

Environmental stress conditions such as drought, heat, salinity, cold, or pathogen infection can have a devastating impact on plant growth and yield under field conditions. Nevertheless, the effects of these stresses on plants are typically being studied under controlled growth conditions in the laboratory. The field environment is very different from the controlled conditions used in laboratory studies, and often involves the simultaneous exposure of plants to more than one abiotic and/or biotic stress condition, such as a combination of drought and heat, drought and cold, salinity and heat, or any of the major abiotic stresses combined with pathogen infection. Recent studies have revealed that the response of plants to combinations of two or more stress conditions is unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the response of plants to each of the different stresses applied individually. Moreover, the simultaneous occurrence of different stresses results in a high degree of complexity in plant responses, as the responses to the combined stresses are largely controlled by different, and sometimes opposing, signaling pathways that may interact and inhibit each other. In this review, we will provide an update on recent studies focusing on the response of plants to a combination of different stresses. In particular, we will address how different stress responses are integrated and how they impact plant growth and physiological traits.

Contents

Summary
32

I.
Introduction
32

II.
Effects of stress combination on growth, yield and physiological traits in plants and crops
34

III.
The complexity of stress response signaling during stress combination
38

IV.
Conclusions
39

Acknowledgements
41

References
41
The artificial pancreas: current status and future prospects in the management of diabetes
Authors: Peyser Thomas , Dassau Eyal , Breton Marc , Skyler Jay S.
Published: April 2014

Recent advances in insulins, insulin pumps, continuous glucose‐monitoring systems, and control algorithms have resulted in an acceleration of progress in the development of artificial pancreas devices. This review discusses progress in the development of external systems that are based on subcutaneous drug delivery and subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring. There are two major system‐level approaches to achieving closed‐loop control of blood glucose in diabetic individuals. The unihormonal approach uses insulin to reduce blood glucose and relies on complex safety mitigation algorithms to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. The bihormonal approach uses both insulin to lower blood glucose and glucagon to raise blood glucose, and also relies on complex algorithms to provide for safety of the user. There are several major strategies for the design of control algorithms and supervision control for application to the artificial pancreas: proportional–integral–derivative, model predictive control, fuzzy logic, and safety supervision designs. Advances in artificial pancreas research in the first decade of this century were based on the ongoing computer revolution and miniaturization of electronic technology. The advent of modern smartphones has created the ability to utilize smartphone technology as the engineering centerpiece of an artificial pancreas. With these advances, an artificial or bionic pancreas is within reach.
Geometric morphometric evaluations of a randomized prospective split‐mouth study on modes of ligation and reverse‐curve mechanics
Authors: Čelar A. G. , Onodera K. , Bertl M. H. , Astl E. , Bantleon H.‐P. , Sato S. , Mitteroecker P.
Published: April 2014

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate tooth position after six and 9 months of orthodontics with conventional brackets on one side of the dentition and ligature‐less brackets on the other.

Setting and sample population

Orthodontic Division, Vienna Medical University. Twenty patients aged 22.5 ± 5.7 years, symmetrical malocclusion and arch form, no premolar extraction.

Material and Methods

Prospective split‐mouth study, 0.022‐inch SmartClip self‐ligating brackets assigned randomly to the left or right dentition, conventional 0.018‐inch brackets on the other side. 52 dental landmarks, digitized on plaster casts, represented dental arches at baseline (t0), 6 months and 9 months (t1, t2). During t0–t1, we used 0.016 and 0.014 x 0.025 inch superelastic wires, during t1–t2 connected reverse‐curve hemiarch wires: 0.017 x 0.025 inch ß‐titanium on the ligature‐less side, and 0.016 x 0.022 inch Elgiloy multiloop wires on conventional brackets. Morphometric analyses were used to assess differences in dental arch shapes.

Results

Neither initial alignment nor the reverse‐curve phase showed statistically significant differences between ligature‐less and conventional brackets in moving teeth.

Conclusion

Morphometric shape analyses corroborated current evidence that self‐ligating brackets were no more effective than conventional brackets with steel ligatures after 6‐month initial alignment. From months 6–9 treatment with ß‐titanium reverse‐curve wires on 0.022‐inch ligature‐less brackets resulted in similar tooth positions as accomplished by Elgiloy multiloop wires on 0.018‐inch steel‐ligature‐tied brackets.
Habitat structure and body size distributions: cross‐ecosystem comparison for taxa with determinate and indeterminate growth
Authors: Nash Kirsty L. , Allen Craig R. , Barichievy Chris , Nyström Magnus , Sundstrom Shana , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: April 2014

Habitat structure across multiple spatial and temporal scales has been proposed as a key driver of body size distributions for associated communities. Thus, understanding the relationship between habitat and body size is fundamental to developing predictions regarding the influence of habitat change on animal communities. Much of the work assessing the relationship between habitat structure and body size distributions has focused on terrestrial taxa with determinate growth, and has primarily analysed discontinuities (gaps) in the distribution of species mean sizes (species size relationships or SSRs). The suitability of this approach for taxa with indeterminate growth has yet to be determined. We provide a cross‐ecosystem comparison of bird (determinate growth) and fish (indeterminate growth) body mass distributions using four independent data sets. We evaluate three size distribution indices: SSRs, species size–density relationships (SSDRs) and individual size–density relationships (ISDRs), and two types of analysis: looking for either discontinuities or abundance patterns and multi‐modality in the distributions. To assess the respective suitability of these three indices and two analytical approaches for understanding habitat–size relationships in different ecosystems, we compare their ability to differentiate bird or fish communities found within contrasting habitat conditions. All three indices of body size distribution are useful for examining the relationship between cross‐scale patterns of habitat structure and size for species with determinate growth, such as birds. In contrast, for species with indeterminate growth such as fish, the relationship between habitat structure and body size may be masked when using mean summary metrics, and thus individual‐level data (ISDRs) are more useful. Furthermore, ISDRs, which have traditionally been used to study aquatic systems, present a potentially useful common currency for comparing body size distributions across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
The acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration to temperature in the C3–C4 intermediate Salsola divaricata: induction of high respiratory CO2 release under low temperature
Authors: GANDIN ANTHONY , KOTEYEVA NURIA K. , VOZNESENSKAYA ELENA V. , EDWARDS GERALD E. , COUSINS ASAPH B.
Published: April 2014

Photosynthesis in C3–C4 intermediates reduces carbon loss by photorespiration through refixing photorespired CO2 within bundle sheath cells. This is beneficial under warm temperatures where rates of photorespiration are high; however, it is unknown how photosynthesis in C3–C4 plants acclimates to growth under cold conditions. Therefore, the cold tolerance of the C3–C4 Salsola divaricata was tested to determine whether it reverts to C3 photosynthesis when grown under low temperatures. Plants were grown under cold (15/10 °C), moderate (25/18 °C) or hot (35/25 °C) day/night temperatures and analysed to determine how photosynthesis, respiration and C3–C4 features acclimate to these growth conditions. The CO2 compensation point and net rates of CO2 assimilation in cold‐grown plants changed dramatically when measured in response to temperature. However, this was not due to the loss of C3–C4 intermediacy, but rather to a large increase in mitochondrial respiration supported primarily by the non‐phosphorylating alternative oxidative pathway (AOP) and, to a lesser degree, the cytochrome oxidative pathway (COP). The increase in respiration and AOP capacity in cold‐grown plants likely protects against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria and photodamage in chloroplasts by consuming excess reductant via the alternative mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain.
The actor–partner interdependence model for categorical dyadic data: A user‐friendly guide to GEE
Authors: LOEYS TOM , COOK WILLIAM , DE SMET OLIVIA , WIETZKER ANNE , BUYSSE ANN
Published: April 2014

The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) has been widely used for the analysis of pairs of individuals who interact with each other. The goal of this article is to detail in a nontechnical way how the APIM for binary or count outcomes can be implemented and how actor and partner effects can be estimated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) methodology. Both SPSS‐ and SAS‐syntax needed to estimate the model and the interpretation of the output are illustrated using data from a study exploring the effect of satisfaction with the relationship before the breakup on unwanted pursuit behavior after the breakup in formerly married partners. The use of this GEE method will allow researchers to test a wide array of research hypotheses.
Support marshaling for romantic relationships: Empirical validation of a support marshaling typology
Authors: CROWLEY JOHN P. , FAW MEARA H.
Published: April 2014

Research has demonstrated that network support for a romantic relationship often plays a crucial role in the relationship's success. Despite this knowledge, it is not uncommon for romantic couples to encounter network opposition for their relationship, and little research has evaluated what the romantic partners do in this situation. Using “social contextual theory” as its foundation (M. R. Parks, , ), this study evaluates a previously proposed typology (J. P. Crowley, ) explicating the variety of strategies an individual can use to marshal support for his or her romantic relationship. In addition, the study examines different variables that can influence an individual's decision to use certain support marshaling strategies. Future applications of the typology and its implications are also explored.
Activation of Sperm EGFR by Light Irradiation is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Shahar Shiran , Hillman Pnina , Lubart Rachel , Ickowicz Debby , Breitbart Haim
Published: April 2014

To acquire fertilization competence, spermatozoa must undergo several biochemical and motility changes in the female reproductive tract, collectively called capacitation. Actin polymerization and the development of hyperactivated motility (HAM) are part of the capacitation process. In a recent study, we showed that irradiation of human sperm with visible light stimulates HAM through a mechanism involving reactive‐oxygen‐species (ROS), Ca2+ influx, protein kinases A (PKA), and sarcoma protein kinase (Src). Here, we showed that this effect of light on HAM is mediated by ROS‐dependent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interestingly, ROS‐mediated HAM even when the EGFR was activated by EGF, the physiological ligand of EGFR. Light irradiation stimulated ROS‐dependent actin polymerization, and this effect was abrogated by PBP10, a peptide which activates the actin‐severing protein, gelsolin, and causes actin‐depolymerization in human sperm. Light‐stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Src‐dependent gelsolin, resulting in enhanced HAM. Thus, light irradiation stimulates HAM through a mechanism involving Src‐mediated actin polymerization. Light‐stimulated HAM and in vitro‐fertilization (IVF) rate in mouse sperm, and these effects were mediated by ROS and EGFR. In conclusion, we show here that irradiation of sperm with visible light, enhances their fertilization capacity via a mechanism requiring ROS, EGFR and HAM.
Cadmium exposure affects iron acquisition in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings
Authors: Astolfi Stefania , Ortolani Maria R. , Catarcione Giulio , Paolacci Anna R. , Cesco Stefano , Pinton Roberto , Ciaffi Mario
Published: April 2014

This study addresses the question of the interference between iron (Fe) nutrition and cadmium (Cd) toxicity at the level of growth performance, phytosiderophores (PS) release, micronutrient accumulation and expression of genes involved in Fe homeostasis in barley seedlings, a plant with strategy II‐based response to Fe shortage. Cd exposure induced responses similar to those of genuine Fe deficiency also in Fe‐sufficient plants. Most genes involved in PS biosynthesis and secretion (HvNAS3, HvNAS4, HvNAS6, HvNAS7, HvNAAT‐A, HvDMAS1 and HvTOM1) induced by Fe deprivation were also significantly upregulated in the presence of Cd under Fe sufficient conditions. Accordingly, the enhanced expression of these genes in roots under Cd exposure was accompanied by an increase of PS release. However, induced expression of HvIRO2 and the downregulation of HvIDEF1 and HvIRT1, after Cd exposure, suggested the presence of a pathway that induces HvIRO2‐mediated PS biosynthesis under Cd stress, which probably is not simply caused by Fe deficiency. The downregulation of HvIRT1 and HvNramp5 may represent a protective mechanism at transcriptional level against further Cd uptake by these transporters. These results likely indicate that Cd itself may be able to activate Fe acquisition mechanism in an Fe‐independent manner.
National and Ethnic Identities: Dual and Extreme Identities amongst the Coloured Population of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
Authors: Isaacs‐Martin Wendy
Published: April 2014

A popular maxim in South Africa, a legacy of apartheid thinking, is that the Coloured population does not possess an ethnic identity and that, secondly, in post‐apartheid popular thought, that the group does not embrace the collective national identity. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the Coloured population is not a homogenous group in terms of political thought and primary language, and yet the group reflects ethnic consciousness. The study focused on a population sample (n = 215) in the port city of Port Elizabeth, where the majority of Coloured people in the Eastern Cape Province are located. The findings revealed that the majority of the Coloured population support collective national identity. Another finding is that a significant proportion of the Coloured population regard their ethnic identity as salient. The conclusions drawn were, firstly, that the group showed ‘extreme’ identity preferences rather than dual identities; secondly, that language played a role in determining the primary collective identity amongst the group.
Searching for a Homeland: The Territorial Dimension in the Zionist Movement and the Boundaries of Jewish Nationalism
Authors: Conforti Yitzhak
Published: April 2014

This article addresses the relationship between territorial borders and ethnic boundaries in the Zionist movement. Beginning with the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903, the distinction between these two components of the Zionist movement rose to the forefront of the Zionist consciousness. The argument over the Uganda proposal revealed the differing preferences of political and practical Zionism. But this argument, which ended with the rejection of the Uganda plan in 1905, did not terminate the discussion of the relationship between ‘the people’ and ‘the land’. The aspiration of Zionism's central stream to establish a Jewish nation‐state in Palestine was challenged by political groups on the right and on the left, each of which emphasized either the ethnic or the territorial component. While Palestinian Zionism reinforced the territorial component during the 1920s and ’30s, the 1937 partition plan of the Peel Commission returned the issue of the relationship between the people and the land to the centre ring of political decision‐making. This article demonstrates that the attempt of the central stream of the Zionist movement to balance between the people and the land, between the ethnic and the territorial components, defined the boundaries of Zionism during the period discussed.
Greek and French: A New Vision of the Catalan National Myth of Origin at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century through Sculpture
Authors: Rodríguez Samaniego Cristina
Published: April 2014

The principal aim of this article is to present a new vision of the founding myth of a Greek Catalonia, expressed and vindicated at the beginning of the twentieth century during Noucentisme. At that time, the cultural origins of Catalan society were linked to a colonial Greek heritage that was never fully proven. The text analyses this particular idea in a new light, and tries to establish the extent to which this cultural construction came from France and how it influenced Catalan visual arts. Tanagra‐type sculpture acts as the unifying factor in the text.
A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito's Image in Serbian and Croatian Textbooks, 1974–2010
Authors: Pavasović Trošt Tamara
Published: April 2014

Mass media have traditionally played a significant role in creating and maintaining romanticized images of political leaders. Josip Broz Tito was particularly successful in maintaining his public image and using it as an anchor for a ‘united’ Yugoslavia, despite many controversies and inconsistencies. After the collapse of communism and almost thirty years after his death, his personality cult still persists in countries of the former Yugoslavia, albeit to a varying extent and utilizing different kinds of discourse. This article examines the influence of the media on the creation and maintenance of Tito's personality cult, via the medium of history textbooks in Serbia and Croatia. It utilizes content analysis of textbook discourse across three time periods: during Tito's rule, during the conflicts of the 1990s, and in contemporary textbooks up through 2010, resulting in a systematic comparative study of the evolution of Tito's personality cult across time and space.
Primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Kertesz Andrew , Harciarek Michał
Published: April 2014

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a progressive loss of specific language functions with relative sparing of other cognitive domains at least for the first few years of the illness. Based on the constellation of symptoms, PPA has been recently classified into a nonfluent, semantic, or logopenic variant. Nonfluent variant PPA is characterized by dysfluent and effortful speech, often combined with agrammatism. Also, some patients have initially predominant apraxia of speech. The neuroimaging findings in nfvPPA are in most cases progressive atrophy within the left inferior, opercular, and insular regions. Pathology is a tauopathy (FTLD‐T), most often Pick's disease or CBD. Semantic variant PPA, on the other hand is characterized by fluent, but circumlocutory speech, then severe anomia and word‐finding difficulties, all being associated with a progressive loss of lexical‐semantic knowledge. As the disease progresses, the semantic impairment typically becomes multimodal. The clinical picture of svPPA is often associated with atrophy of the anterior regions of the temporal lobes, usually more prominent on the left side. The majority of these patients have TDP‐43 pathology. The third, most recently described form of PPA is the logopenic variant characterized by decreased spontaneous speech output with frequent word‐finding pauses, phonologic parahpasias, and repetition deficits. It resembles aphasia in Alzheimer's disease. Imaging abnormalities in lvPPA have been predominantly found in the left temporo‐parietal junction area, and the pathological changes have been often those of AD.
Parameter Change Test for Poisson Autoregressive Models
Authors: Kang Jiwon , Lee Sangyeol
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we consider the problem of testing for a parameter change in Poisson autoregressive models. We suggest two types of cumulative sum (CUSUM) tests, namely, those based on estimates and residuals. We first demonstrate that the conditional maximum likelihood estimator (CMLE) is strongly consistent and asymptotically normal and then construct the CMLE‐based CUSUM test. It is shown that under regularity conditions, its limiting null distribution is a function of independent Brownian bridges. Next, we construct the residual‐based CUSUM test and derive its limiting null distribution. Simulation results are provided for illustration. A real‐data analysis is performed on data for polio incidence and campylobacteriosis infections.
Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Attempt among a Primary Care Sample of Adolescents Engaging in Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Authors: Jenkins Abigail L. , Singer Jonathan , Conner Bradley T. , Calhoun Shawna , Diamond Guy
Published: April 2014

One in five adolescents in the United States has engaged in nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI), one in eight have had serious thoughts of suicide, and one in 25 have attempted suicide. Research suggests that NSSI may increase risk for suicide attempt, yet little is known about the relationship between NSSI and suicidal ideation or attempts. In a primary care setting, 1,561 youth aged 14–24 years completed a brief, comprehensive, mental health screen as part of a routine well visit to determine which factors were most likely to predict suicidal ideation and attempt among youth engaging in NSSI. Results of recursive partitioning revealed that current depression and history of alcohol use best differentiated youth engaging in NSSI with low versus high risk for suicidal ideation and attempts. This simple algorithm is presented as a clinical screening tool that might aid medical providers in determining which youth would benefit from more intensive assessment and intervention.
Assisting nonsoil specialists to identify soil types for land management: an approach using a soil identification key and toposequence models
Authors: Grealish G. J. , Fitzpatrick R. W.
Published: April 2014

Conventional soil survey information is often unclear except to specialists. An approach using soil toposequences and a soil identification key was used to aid the translation of soil survey information into a form suitable for a nonspecialist audience with a case study from Brunei. Soil Taxonomy was used to characterize the major soil types; however, to assist end users, a complementary special‐purpose soil classification system was developed in the form of a soil identification key using plain language terms in English that were also translated into Malay. Easily recognized soil features such as depth, colour and texture were used to categorize soils to match Soil Taxonomy classes. To complement the soil identification key, conceptual soil toposequence models presented the soil distribution patterns in a visual format that local land users understood. Legacy soil survey information along with a widespread distribution of 172 soil sites from 35 traverses in 16 study areas provided a dataset to develop and test soil toposequence models and the soil identification key which both proved reliable and robust. The approach demonstrated in Brunei could be applied to other countries and landscapes.
Detecting the stepwise propagation of the Eastern Sicily thrust belt (Italy): insight from thermal and thermochronological constraints
Authors: Di Paolo Lea , Olivetti Valerio , Corrado Sveva , Aldega Luca , Balestrieri Maria Laura , Maniscalco Rosanna
Published: April 2014

An extensive dataset of vitrinite reflectance, FTIR parameters on organic matter, illite content in mixed layers illite‐smectite, apatite fission tracks and U‐Th/He dating has been used to reconstruct the stepwise propagation of the Eastern Sicily fold‐and‐thrust belt during Late Palaeogene and Neogene times. The results indicate that the fold‐and‐thrust belt is divisible into two levels of thermal maturity. These levels consist of a less evolved level of thermal maturity that records limited sedimentary burial and minor heating, and a more evolved level of thermal maturity that indicates tectonic burial and exhumation at different times. Deformation and exhumation of shallowly buried units are linked to wedge forward propagation by low‐angle thrusts, whereas the evolution of deeply buried units is associated with tectonic imbrications by duplex formation and steep thrusts. The two tectonic styles alternate during evolution of the fold‐and‐thrust belt under low erosion rates.
Localized Vibration of a Microtubule Surrounded by Randomly Distributed Cross Linkers
Authors: Jin M. Z. , Ru C. Q.
Published: April 2014

Based on finite element simulation, the present work studies free vibration of a microtubule surrounded by 3D randomly distributed cross linkers in living cells. A basic result of the present work is that transverse vibration modes associated with the lowest frequencies are highly localized, in sharp contrast to the through-length modes predicted by the commonly used classic elastic foundation model. Our simulations show that the deflected length of localized modes increases with increasing frequency and approaches the entire length of microtubule when frequency approaches the minimum classic frequency given by the elastic foundation model. In particular, unlike the length-sensitive classic frequencies predicted by the elastic foundation model, the lowest frequencies of localized modes predicted by the present model are insensitive to the length of microtubules and are at least 50% lower than the minimum classic frequency for infinitely long microtubules and could be one order of magnitude lower than the minimum classic frequency for shorter microtubules (only a few microns in length). These results suggest that the existing elastic foundation model may have overestimated the lowest frequencies of microtubules in vivo. Finally, based on our simulation results, some empirical relations are proposed for the critical (lowest) frequency of localized modes and the associated wave length. Compared to the classic elastic foundation model, the localized vibration modes and the associated wave lengths predicted by the present model are in better agreement with some known experimental observations.
Evaluation of a biomimetic poly(ε-caprolactone)/β-tricalcium phosphate multispiral scaffold for bone tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Baykan Esra , Koc Aysel , Eser Elcin Ayse , Murat Elcin Yasar
Published: April 2014

In this study, the osteogenic potential of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) on a biomimetic poly(ε-caprolactone)/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/β-TCP) composite scaffold composed of parallel concentric fibrous membranes was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. PCL/β-TCP composite membranes were prepared by electrospinning and characterized by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). rBM-MSCs were seeded on three-dimensional multispiral scaffolds prepared by the assembly of composite membranes. The cell-scaffold constructs were cultured in osteogenic medium for 4 weeks. Histochemical studies and biochemical assays confirmed the osteogenic differentiation of rBM-MSCs inside the scaffold by documenting the dense mineralized extracellular matrix formation starting from the second week of culture. In the in vivo part of the study, cell-scaffold constructs precultured for 7 days were implanted subcutaneously into the epigastric groin fascia of Wistar rats for a duration of 6 months. Ectopic bone-tissue like formation was documented by using computerized tomography, confocal laser microscopy, SEM, and histochemistry. In vivo findings indicated that the biomimetic multispiral scaffold seeded with rBM-MSCs supports the ectopic formation of new bone tissue in Wistar rats.
Self-Controlled Practice Within a Fixed Time Period Facilitates the Learning of a Basketball Set Shot
Authors: Post Phillip G. , Fairbrother Jeffrey T. , Barros Joao A. C. , Kulpa J. D.
Published: April 2014

Allowing self-control over various modes of instructional support has been shown to facilitate motor learning. Most research has examined factors that directly altered task-relevant information on a trial-to-trial basis (e.g., feedback). Recent research suggests that self-control (SC) effects extend to the manipulation of other types of factors (e.g., total number of practice trials completed). This research also illustrated that learners sometimes select a very small amount of practice when given latitude to do so. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of SC practice within a fixed time period on the learning of a basketball set shot. SC participants chose when to attempt each shot within two 15-min practice sessions, thereby controlling both the total number of shots taken and the spacing of shots. Yoked participants completed the same number of shots as their SC counterparts. Spacing of shots was also matched across groups. The SC group was more accurate and had higher form scores and longer preshot times during retention. These findings provided additional support for the generalizability of SC effects and extended prior research, showing that autonomy over total practice duration was not a prerequisite for the observed effects.
Encouragement is Nothing Without Control: Factors Influencing the Development of Reaching and Face Preference
Authors: Libertus Klaus , Needham Amy
Published: April 2014

Four parent-guided training procedures aimed at facilitating independent reaching were compared in 36 three-month-old infants recruited for this study and 36 infants taken from previously published reports. Training procedures systematically varied whether parental encouragement to act on external objects was provided, and whether self-produced experiences of moving an object were present. Reaching behavior was assessed before and after training, and face preference was measured after training by recording infants’ eye gaze in a visual-preference task. Results showed that simultaneous experiences of parental encouragement and self-produced object motion encouraged successful reaching and face preference. Neither experience in isolation was effective, indicating that both external encouragement and self-produced action experiences are necessary to facilitate successful reaching. However, experiences with self-produced object motion increased infants’ face preference. This result provides evidence for a developmental link between self-produced motor experiences and the emergence of face preference in three-month-old infants.
An Application of the Expectancy-Value Model to Understand Adolescents’ Performance and Engagement in Physical Education
Authors: Yli-Piipari Sami , Kokkonen Juha
Published: April 2014

The study examined the role of motivation in students’ performance and engagement in elementary and middle school physical education. Cross-lagged relationships between performance and engagement were investigated across Grades 6–9. A total of 763 (365 girls, 398 boys) Finnish school students (11- to 12-year old) were followed across three years. Students’ expectancy beliefs, attainment, intrinsic interest, utility value, and effort were measured using self-report questionnaires, whereas grades were retrieved from the school records. The study showed expectancy beliefs and intrinsic interest values to explain performance, whereas attainment values for girls and intrinsic interest value for boys facilitated the engagement. Although girls and boys were differently motivated, these differences were stable across time. This study supports the utility of the Expectancy-Values Model as a framework to understand motivation. We recommend educators to facilitate students’ expectancy beliefs, importance, and intrinsic interest to increase students’ performance and engagement in school physical education.
Ultrafast Switching to a Stable Hidden Quantum State in an Electronic Crystal
Authors: Stojchevska L. , Vaskivskyi I. , Mertelj T. , Kusar P. , Svetin D. , Brazovskii S. , Mihailovic D.
Published: April 2014

Exposing a Hidden State

Shining intense laser light on a material can temporarily alter its properties. The effect usually subsides after a few picoseconds, unless the system is trapped in a metastable state, in which case the transient period may last as long as microseconds.

Stojchevska
et al.

(p.
177
) observed that, following exposure to a 35-femtosecond laser pulse, the layered dichalcogenide
1T
-TaS
2
entered a stable “hidden” state not present in the equilibrium phase diagram and stayed there indefinitely. The switch to the hidden state could be reversed by heat or a train of laser pulses. Because the switch alters the sample's conducting properties, the phenomenon might also lead to practical applications.
Organic Matter Stoichiometry, Flux, and Oxygen Control Nitrogen Loss in the Ocean
Authors: Babbin Andrew R. , Keil Richard G. , Devol Allan H. , Ward Bess B.
Published: April 2014

Understanding N Loss

Biologically available nitrogen (N) is essential for marine plants, and shortage of N limits photosynthesis. Marine N can be removed by denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) processes, but what controls the balance between these two pathways?

Babbin
et al.

(p.
406
, published online 10 April) tested the effects of stoichiometry on N removal in the lab and found that the balance of N loss processes depends on the stoichiometry of the source organic material.
Toughening Elastomers with Sacrificial Bonds and Watching Them Break
Authors: Ducrot Etienne , Chen Yulan , Bulters Markus , Sijbesma Rint P. , Creton Costantino
Published: April 2014

Toughening Up Elastomers

Elastomers are soft polymer materials widely used in industry and daily life. Inspired by recent work on double-network hydrogels,

Ducrot
et al.

(p.
186
; see the Perspective by

Gong

) designed interpenetrated network elastomers that contained isotropically prestretched chains as the first network. Double- and triple-network structures yielded elastomers with very high strength and toughness in comparison with the corresponding single networks.
Oral Antibiotic Raises Hopes of Eradicating Yaws
Authors: Maurice John
Published: April 2014

With a simple new tool available, yaws has joined the disease eradication hit list.
Draft Genome Sequences of Six Strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Early Mortality Syndrome/Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Shrimp in Thailand
Authors: Kondo Hidehiro , Tinwongger Sasiwipa , Proespraiwong Porranee , Mavichak Rapeepat , Unajak Sasimanas , Nozaki Reiko , Hirono Ikuo
Published: April 2014

Some strains of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. We sequenced 3 AHPND and 3 non-AHPND strains and found that all of them lacked the pathogenicity island relevant to human infection. A unique sequence encoding a type IV pilus/type IV secretion system was found in 3 AHPND strains.
Draft Genome Sequence of Methanol-Utilizing
Methylophilus
sp. Strain OH31, Isolated from Pond Sediment in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kugo Takahiro , Kitagawa Wataru , Shimomura Yoshinori , Yamagishi Takuya , Tanaka Michiko , Sone Teruo , Asano Kozo , Kamagata Yoichi
Published: April 2014

Methylophilus
sp. strain OH31 was isolated from the sediment of the Ohno pond at Hokkaido University. Strain OH31 utilizes methanol as its energy source. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of
Methylophilus
sp. strain OH31.
Genome Sequence of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111, a Cystic Fibrosis Airway Isolate
Authors: Carlier Aurelien , Agnoli Kirsty , Pessi Gabriella , Suppiger Angela , Jenul Christian , Schmid Nadine , Tümmler Burkhard , Pinto-Carbo Marta , Eberl Leo
Published: April 2014

The
Burkholderia cepacia
complex (BCC) is a group of related bacterial species that are commonly isolated from environmental samples. Members of the BCC can cause respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients and immunocompromised individuals. We report here the genome sequence of
Burkholderia cenocepacia
H111, a well-studied model strain of the BCC.
Phylogeny of the Clinically Relevant Species of the Emerging Fungus Trichoderma and Their Antifungal Susceptibilities
Authors: Sandoval-Denis Marcelo , Sutton Deanna A. , Cano-Lira José F. , Gené Josepa , Fothergill Annette W. , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Guarro Josep
Published: April 2014

A set of 73 isolates of the emerging fungus
Trichoderma
isolated from human and animal clinical specimens were characterized morphologically and molecularly using a multilocus sequence analysis that included the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and fragments of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (
Tef1
), endochitinase CHI18-5 (
Chi18-5
), and actin 1 (
Act1
) genes. The most frequent species was
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
(26%), followed by
Trichoderma citrinoviride
(18%), the
Hypocrea lixii/Trichoderma harzianum
species complex (15%), the newly described species
Trichoderma bissettii
(12%), and
Trichoderma orientale
(11%). The most common anatomical sites of isolation in human clinical specimens were the respiratory tract (40%), followed by deep tissue (30%) and superficial tissues (26%), while all the animal-associated isolates were obtained from superficial tissue samples. Susceptibilities of the isolates to eight antifungal drugs
in vitro
showed mostly high MICs, except for voriconazole and the echinocandins.
Long-Term Stability at −20°C of Aspergillus Galactomannan in Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens
Authors: Wheat L. Joseph , Nguyen M. Hong , Alexander Barbara D. , Denning David , Caliendo Angela M. , Lyon G. Marshall , Baden Lindsey R. , Marty Francisco M. , Clancy Cornelius , Kirsch Emily , Noth Pamela , Witt John , Sugrue Michele , Wingard John R.
Published: April 2014

Research to develop and validate novel methods for diagnosis of aspergillosis based on detection of galactomannan requires the use of clinical specimens that have been stored frozen. Data indicating that galactomannan remains stable when frozen are scant. The objective of this study was to determine the stability of galactomannan in clinical specimens stored at −20°C that were positive in the Platelia
Aspergillus
enzyme immunoassay when initially tested. Prospective real-time testing of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid pools from positive and negative patient specimens showed no decline in galactomannan index (GMI) over 11 months at −20°C and no development of positive reactions in the negative-control pool. Retrospective testing of positive specimens that had been stored at −20°C for 5 years showed that 28 of 30 serum (
n
= 15) or BAL (
n
= 15) specimens remained positive. These findings support the use of frozen serum or BAL specimens stored for at least 5 years in evaluation of diagnostic tests based on detection of galactomannan.