bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Formations Analysis
Authors: Ensor Bradley E.
Published: January 2018

Gender relations and human agency are central to today’s dominant archaeological thought on social change. This chapter argues that Marxist analyses are appropriate for characterizing both class and gender relationships: the structural contexts for agency. However, the routine interpretation of a single mode of production for a group or population suggests only one type of social relation of production with only one social contradiction, which glosses over what are arguably more complex class and/or gender dynamics. Therefore, a social formations perspective is advocated whereby archaeologists can interpret multiple articulating modes or forms of production that create multiple contradictions and contexts structuring the possibilities for agency. In a case study on the prehispanic Chontal Maya, the framework identifies diverse contradictions within and among classes and genders in a tributary social formation having articulating forms of tributary and kinship modes. In another case study on the early Hohokam, the analysis leads to inferences on multiple age and gender contradictions within a social formation comprising articulating forms of the kinship mode, which suggests gendered agency altered relationships over time. The interpretations illustrate the framework’s capacity to identify multiple contexts for negotiating contradictions that better characterize the dynamic, complex lives of past peoples.
The Plantation Mode of Production
Authors: Delle James A.
Published: January 2018

The use of enslaved labour has long produced a conundrum in the analysis of the Capitalist Mode of Production. By considering the incorporation of slavery into a distinct colonial variant of Capitalism, this chapter explores the concept of the Plantation Mode of Production. To illustrate the utility of this concept, this chapter explores how the Plantation Mode of Production was manifested in coffee plantations in early 19th century Jamaica.
Why Did They Marry?
Authors: Picon François-René
Published: January 2018

The Guajiro are pastoralists, live in Colombia and Venezuela, and are divided into matrilineal clans. This chapter follows a marriage between two individuals who declared themselves married without the full approval of third parties over the course of twenty years. As time goes on, Picon suggests, the inappropriateness by which the marriage was created is forgotten, or the concerns the couple raised seem no longer relevant to the next generation as they reach adulthood and have children of their own. This strategy is a way to reproduce the group without needing to obey its wishes (or those of allied groups) completely.
Why Was There a Transition from an Elementary Kinship Structure to a Complex One?
Authors: Valentine Paul , Sims Lionel D.
Published: January 2018

During the 1930s in the Venezuelan village of San Carlos de Río Negro, the Baré practiced cross-cousin marriage. However, by the 1980s they married hypergamously among the Curripaco, Geral, and Criollos, all of whom had recently migrated to the village. There is considerable historical material on San Carlos, which when coupled with fieldwork, facilitate the formulation of a number of hypotheses to test what best accounts for this transformation of marital rules. Lévi-Strauss predicted the causes of the breakdown of elementary kinship structures and the creation of complex ones; this chapter suggests an alternative scenario. In a parallel case, Curripaco women migrated to San Carlos in the 1970s and 1980s, could marry someone employed directly or indirectly in the government project, Codesur (Comisión para el Desarrollo del Sur), and became incorporated into the complex kinship structure of this ex–rubber boom village. This chapter suggests their social transformation sheds light on the Baré transformation of some forty years earlier.
Waorani Marriage
Authors: Erickson Pamela I. , Beckerman Stephen , Yost James , Diaz Rosemary
Published: January 2018

The chapter records changes in Waorani marriage as acculturative forces reduce the power of young people’s parents to decide whom they must marry. With the arrival of missionaries, oil workers, anthropologists, and tourists, the social world has expanded; new possibilities for marriage have been presented and indeed encouraged by non-Waorani; new residential patterns and ways of making a living have reduced the influence of parents. There are more love matches, more extra-marital pregnancies, and fewer planned alliances between families. Most ethnographers who have worked with indigenous populations have probably noticed that with contact and acculturation, one of the first things to weaken is the authority of the older generation over the sexual behavior of the younger. Because of the dramatic history of the Waorani and the ethnographic attention they have received, this case is particularly well documented and instructive.
Challenging the Frontiers of Colonialism
Authors: Beaule Christine D.
Published: January 2018

The introductory chapter argues that the archaeology of colonialism is hindered by scholars’ tendencies to avoid drawing on research that crosses two specific intra-disciplinary divides. The first is the frontier between historic and prehistoric archaeology. The second frontier is between cases of colonialism or political aggression initiated by European historical powers during the Age of Exploration and non-Western polities. Drawing also on relevant research from history and Classics, it offers a set of working definitions for key terms.
This theoretical introduction offers the volume’s readers a new, productive approach to colonialism and imperialism by highlighting recent research in four areas of scholarship: prehistoric Western, historic Western, prehistoric non-Western, and historic non-Western case studies. It argues that theoretical foci such as community-level reorganization, social adaptations to epidemic disease, or ideological creolization are far more fruitful than adhering to a historically arbitrary tendency to avoid crossing disciplnary frontiers.
Contextualizing the Chinook at Contact
Authors: Wilson Douglas C. , Ames Kenneth M. , Smith Cameron M.
Published: January 2018

Employing an indigenous-centered perspective, this chapter explores the impact of material objects recovered from houses, hearths, and camp facilities received by the Chinook (at the mouth of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of North America) as gifts, purchased, used, modified, repaired and discarded. These materials come from the Middle Village (qí’qayaqilxam) component of the Station Camp/McGowan site (45PC106), a traditional summer village occupied recurrently by hunter-gatherer-fishers during the early fur-trade period (ca. A.D. 1788-1825). The manner in which new forms of capital, like glass trade beads, muskets, European and Chinese ceramics, copper and iron goods, and glass bottles, were integrated into Chinook economic and political systems is important in the study of colonialism and culture contact. Combined with ethnographic and ethnohistorical data, their use is contextualized within dramatic social and demographic changes in Chinook culture as it intersected with British and American commercial trade.
Power and Resilience
Authors: Barretto-Tesoro Grace , Hernandez Vito
Published: January 2018

The old town (Pinagbayanan) of San Juan in Batangas, Philippines was established along the coast of Tayabas Bay in the 1840s during the late Spanish Colonial Period. Popular history recounts its relocation 7 km inland to its current location in 1890 because of seasonal flooding. Geoarchaeological landscape data from two stone houses and the old church complex are used alongside ethnohistorical accounts to explore this period further. Archival documents document the conflict between the priest and the residents in transferring the town. By integrating these data, this chapter explores the power of the church and resilience of the townspeople. This argument analyzes how two prominent groups responded to the same flooding event in the context of local resilience and resistance to Spanish demands. The results are tied to the larger context of Spanish colonial occupation of the Philippines.
This Land Is My Land
Authors: Silverstein Jay E.
Published: January 2018

Ethnohistoric and archaeological data are used to explore frontier dynamics in the Late Postclassic conquest of the Chontal people of Oztuma by the Aztecs, in the Mexican state of Guerrero. Long situated as a frontier between the Aztec and Tarascan empires, the province of Oztuma provides a unique opportunity to challenge interpretations of Prehispanic colonialism by evaluating archaeological and ethnohistorical data concerning those indigenous to the province as well as those who arrived and settled as agents of the Aztec Empire. These data illustrates that the boundary between the Aztec and Tarascan Empires was shaped not only by imperial design and strategic necessity, but by a complex frontier dynamic in which conquered peoples were neither passive nor subdued. When opportunity appeared in the form of the destruction of the Aztec central government, local peoples contested the legitimacy of rule by the Nahuatl-speaking colonists.
The E Group as Timescape
Authors: Rice Prudence M.
Published: January 2018

Small, hand-modeled, anthropomorphic figurines of fired clay are abundant in Middle Preclassic (1000–350 BCE) Mesoamerica, especially Central Mexico, the Isthmus, and regions to the south. They are variably present in the southern Maya lowlands and virtually absent in the northern lowlands, raising many questions about their meanings and uses. I propose that Middle Preclassic lowland Maya ceramic figurines: 1) were manipulated in integrative community renewal rituals associated with females and maize, and celebrated in early versions of E Groups; and, more speculatively, 2) were icons related to development of head-variant glyphs used in the script-iconography of the 260-day sacred almanac.
Ordinary People and East–West Symbolism
Authors: Robin Cynthia
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the possibility that east-west symbolism is an enduring aspect of Maya culture that was initially developed in farmers' community centers and homes and later appropriated by society's nobility and encoded in hieroglyphic texts and images and enshrined in the monuments of major civic-centers. This chapter explores these ideas through the analysis of the central religious complex at the ancient Maya farming community of Chan in Belize. Chan’s central religious complex follows a construction sequence reminiscent of other E Groups, particularly the Cenote-style E Group, across the Maya area. It begins initially as a linear bedrock outcrop upon which architecture construction begins in the Late Preclassic (350 BCE-CE 0). The distance between the east and west structures of Chan’s central religious complex was always maintained throughout its architectural reconstruction history. If one of the functions of the west structure was viewing sunrise over the tripartite east structure, then maintaining a relative distance between the two structures could have been integral in maintaining lines of sight. Chan’s central religious complex was also a location for the burial of venerated ancestors, and those individuals from the community selected for veneration included men, women, and children.
E Groups and Ancestors
Authors: Brown M. Kathryn
Published: January 2018

Over time, E Groups come to have a funerary function housing burials of important ancestors. Using the data recovered from the Preclassic Period (1000 BCE-250 CE) E Group at the site of Xunantunich (Benque Viejo), Belize, I trace the development and elaboration of ritual and mortuary practices from the early Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BCE) to the Terminal Preclassic or Protoclassic Period (0-250 CE). I explore the transformation of Xunantunich’s Preclassic E Group from a venue for communal solar and maize rituals, to a sacred space also associated with commemoration of ancestors and elite individuals. I examine the ephemeral traces that ritual activities often leave behind such as fire features and perishable altars. Additionally, from the layout of architectural features found within the E Group plaza itself, such as paved ramps, I address the role of processions in early ritual practices. Although the built environment can encode important messages, it is through activities like commemorative events that those messages are embodied and transformed into collective and social memories. Ritual activities like feasts, processions, and burial rituals performed at sacred locations made these places powerful, so that they became part of both the physical and ideological landscape of an ancient community.
More Than Smoke and Mirrors
Authors: Dowd Anne S.
Published: January 2018

The relationship of social organization to architectural standardization in Maya cities sheds light on urban planning and political structure–specifically changes in cultural complexity. What does variability in standardized E Group architecture tell us about diversity in Maya society, especially insofar as it concerns religion? Temporal variability in archaeoastronomical alignment patterning shows shifts from earlier Preclassic (1000 BCE-250 CE) horizon-based solar solstice/equinox calendar dates to Classic Period (250-950 CE) examples emphasizing zenith passage, possibly based on interaction with people from Teotihuacán. Data from temples and specialized architecture associated with E Groups have the potential to show how sites differed from one another regionally in the way religious institutions formed around calendar keeping and solar celebration. Trends in the construction of E Group complexes though time and across space are related to the tempo and mode of internal cultural developments, such as emerging bureaucracies, hallmarks of complexity related to occupational specialization. Building elaboration in religious precincts, such as increasing temple room size, number, and relative proportion relates to the expansion or contraction of priesthoods responsible for the seasonal festivals and other public (investiture) or private (prophecy) ceremonies in Maya centers.
Food and Furs at French Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Nassaney Michael S. , Martin Terrance J.
Published: January 2018

Fort St. Joseph was an important French trading post in the western Great Lakes for nearly a century. Furs and provisions from the region were exchanged for imported goods such as cloth, metal tools, and glass beads, among other objects used in daily life. Zooarchaeological investigations conducted at the site for over a decade have yielded copious amounts of animal bones along with artifacts and features associated with collecting and processing animals for furs and food. An examination of archaeological remains from the site provides insights into animal exploitation patterns and their role in subsistence and exchange.
Landscapes of Forgetting and the Materiality of Enslavement
Authors: Whitson Erin N.
Published: January 2018

Forgetfulness can be a violent act. In discussing Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, Walter Schroeder writes that “the French, Spanish, and Americans shied away from using the words esclave, esclavo, and slave except in official documents” (2002:12, n.11). Modern landscapes and historical narratives of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri similarly reflect a semi-purposeful “forgetfulness” on enslaved individuals within the region. This chapter provides a detailed case study of such an instance of “forgetfulness” on an ethnically French house lot in the Middle Mississippi River valley. A comparison between objects found to be associated with class, gender, and ethnicity from both the still-standing Janis house and a no-longer-standing outbuilding just behind the main house provided insight into both the decisions made by the French in the design of the property’s space and the materiality of Francophone slavery in the Illinois Country. This chapter ultimately addresses the materiality of enslavement within ethnically French communities in North America.
Ernest, Hadley, and Italy
Authors: Donaldson Scott
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers an overview of Hemingway’s early Italian experiences, with a particular emphasis on how he introduced his first wife, Hadley Richardson, to his Italian haunts. Donaldson synthesizes major studies of Hemingway and his first wife to offer a cogent historical context for Hemingway’s first wife and her indoctrination into Hemingway’s Italian world.
Torcello
Authors: Zorzi Rosella Mamoli
Published: January 2018

This chapter identifies the small island of Torcello as central to Hemingway’s Italian vision, as well as an important part of previous writers’ engagement with northern Italy. Zorzi offers an Italian’s historical view of the island in the lagoon and how writers such as John Ruskin, Henry James, and William Dean Howells viewed it. The chapter also describes Hemingway’s activities in Torcello and how they affected his own art.
Hemingway at Lignano Sabbiadoro and in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Authors: Lorigliola Davide
Published: January 2018

Lorigliola details Hemingway’s experiences in this small area in northern Italy, the writer’s associations with various members of the Italian aristocracies, and then speculates about how that might inform of his writing and his life in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
“What If You Are Not Built That Way?”
Authors: Roos Michael Kim
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the relationship between Frederic Henry and the Priest as illustrative of the novel’s dialectic between faith and science. Roos argues that the teasing between Officer Rinaldi (a doctor) and the Priest (representative of faith) suggests a broader thematic divide that Hemingway wanted to explore. The chapter describes the importance of H. G. Wells’s The Outline of History and argues for its influence on Hemingway and A Farewell to Arms.
The Italian Translation of Across the River
Authors: Pozzi Piero Ambrogio
Published: January 2018

Pozzi analyzes Fernanda Pivano’s definitive translations of The Old Man and the Sea and Across the River and into the Trees and identifies the many inconsistencies and errors. He argues convincingly for the need for a new, corrected translation. Pozzi goes on to interpret various symbols in Across the River and into the Trees, particularly the cryptic references in the scandalous sex scene in the gondola. Pozzi argues that Hemingway was making reference to Marlene Dietrich in that notorious chapter thirteen.
Dear Children (Good and Bad), You Are Cordially Invited to a Roasting of Instructional Literature
Authors: Cobb Cam
Published: January 2018

Cobb discusses the often neglected fables that Hemingway wrote in the early 1950s, locating them within the genre of children’s literature. Cobb surveys the history and language and conventions of children’s literature and discusses unexpected ways that Hemingway’s writing might be included. Cobb finds that Hemingway is lampooning the instructional aspect of children’s literature at the same time that he is exploiting its conventions.
Introduction
Authors: Pero Allan , Phillips Gyllian
Published: January 2018

The Many Façades of Edith Sitwell examines Sitwell through the lens of biography and autobiography, through the camera lens, and through the identity and work of the poet-scholar-critic. The contributors, leading scholars in Sitwell studies, explore her long, diverse career as a poet, critic, novelist, and celebrity. The essays in this volume reflect the idea that Sitwell was highly and deliberately self-fashioned: she was flamboyant, eccentric, ornate, and original. She set out to make herself a genius in the public imagination. The chapters make a case for the inextricably entwined nature of persona and poetry.
A Stranger’s Conversations with Life
Authors: Greene Richard
Published: January 2018

Chapter 3 is a reflection on the theory and methodology of literary biography, based on the author’s experience of writing a life of Edith Sitwell whose autobiographical accounts are often not factual. For many years, literary biographers have placed their trust in a method akin to logical positivism – with an emphasis on recording obscure facts judged according to a true/false binary. Since many of Sitwell’s anecdotes (and those of other authors) are tall tales, parables of identity, or personal myths, their real value as evidence has been misunderstood. Many biographies fail to develop narratives, themes, or pathways of significance, and become instead enormous dumping grounds for undigested facts. The truth of biography, the chapter argues, lies in the interplay of carefully delineated personal, literary, social, and cultural narratives.
“Glittering like the wind”
Authors: Phillips Gyllian
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Edith Sitwell’s relationship with other women writers of her time and the idea of “women’s writing.” Although often considered to be anti-feminist, Sitwell strove to articulate what she called a “female poetry” in the face of dismissal by male critics. This chapter argues that her intertextual dialogues with Algernon Swinburne, Gertrude Stein, and H.D. help to build an aesthetic practice outside the rigid masculinity of traditional modernism. From all three poets, Sitwell gleans both methodology, focused on the physicality of poetic language, and ideology, focused on representations of women’s voices. From Swinburne comes the romantic and doomed Sappho, from Stein the invisible wife “Sacred Emily,” and from H.D. the voice of lost-but-found Eurydice. However, in her intertextual responses to each of these, Sitwell also revises the work of the earlier writers. In Swinburne, Stein, and H.D. the poem represents the voice of the woman as lost. However, in Sitwell’s poetry, the very physical properties of words, rhyme, meter, assonance, and so on reinforce the idea that the voicing of the poem is always present.
Willy Ley
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

This book is an academic biography of Willy Ley (1906-1969), an influential American science writer and rocket expert. During the 1940s and 1950s, Ley became a scientific celebrity in the United States. He wrote dozens of books and hundreds of articles popularizing a future of interplanetary travel and Americans in space. Additionally, Ley appeared on radio and television programs, such as Face the Nation and Disney’s “Man in Space.” He gave countless interviews to journalists, who turned to him as America’s recognized authority on rockets and space travel. Through his books, articles, and consulting work for television and film, Ley inspired Americans of all ages to imagine a trip to the Moon or Mars via rocket ship. More than any other writer, he campaigned to make the dream become a reality. He served as the publicist of the early Space Age, before engineers and astronauts took center stage in the limelight. This biography explores his legacy as a science writer, public figure, and spaceflight advocate. It also situates that legacy within a network of other science writers, public intellectuals, and historians of science. By exploring the broader scene of writers, journalists, and the publishing world of New York City, this book reveals the nexus of popular science, Cold War politics, and anti-totalitarian rhetoric throughout public discourse and popular culture.
Introduction
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

The introduction provides an overview of Ley’s life and importance. It also presents a complex argument about the key features of romantic, popular science during the twentieth century. The section makes interdisciplinary connections between German and American romantic science, popular science, and media studies, while providing a brief introduction to Ley, his legacy, and the themes of the book.
Death of a Science in Germany
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Ley’s perceptions of the decline of amateur rocketry, due to the rise of totalitarianism and pseudoscience during the early 1930s. It follows Ley’s attempts to save the agenda from becoming militarized and secretive. Eventually, Ley fled Nazi Germany when his international correspondence was monitored. He had made a career as a publicist of rockets and space travel. Under the Nazi regime, such publicity was forbidden and dangerous.
Adventures of a Romantic Naturalist
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter follows Ley’s early years in the United States during the late 1930s. By analyzing his turn toward general science writing on topics such as natural history and zoology, the chapter begins to take readers into the world of the New York City publishing industry and the array of science writers and scientific intellectuals who attempted to educate millions of Americans about the wonders of science and technology. This section also relates Ley’s work in the popular history of science to the popularization activities of other intellectuals, including historians of science.
An Engineer’s Postwar Dreams
Authors: Buss Jared S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Ley’s immediate postwar years during the late 1940s. During this stage of his career, he became both a practicing rocket researcher and America’s recognized rocket expert. As Americans clamored for information about V-2 rockets and the German engineers (now living in the United States), Ley desperately tried to establish himself as a rocket engineer, working on peaceful applications of spaceflight technologies. This chapter explores the deep tensions between Ley and von Braun, prior to the publication of Ley/Bonestell’s The Conquest of Space (1949).
Hybrid Poetics in Old English Verse
Authors: Maring Heather
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 proposes that oral-traditional and literate features of a text do not correlate with a Germanic past and a Christian present. Instead, poets treat these modes of communication, simultaneously, as part of their poetic inheritance. In order to better describe how hybrid signs communicate, this chapter surveys defining characteristics of oral traditions (i.e., metonymy as described in the theory of Immanent Art), rituals (i.e., ritual signification), and literate traditions (i.e., medieval hermeneutics). The chapter explores oral-connected, oral-literate, and ritual signs in Exeter Riddle 30a/b to demonstrate how hybrid poetics can further our understanding of an Old English poem.
Introduction
Authors: Vetter Lara
Published: January 2018

The introduction describes H.D.’s traumatic experience of World War II and its aftermath, documenting her heightened interest in global politics from the late 1930s to the late 1940s, as well as her abandonment of a lifelong pacifist stance in the face of rising Nazism. Taking into account the scope of her entire career, the Introduction suggests a shift from static to more dynamic modes of writing, culminating in the historical fiction and epic poetry that dominate the postwar years. It contextualizes her work within the context of scholarship on late modernism, including other work by women of the period on gender and imperialism, and concludes with a summary of the book’s chapters.
Stature at Tikal Revisited
Authors: Wright Lori E. , Vásquez Mario A.
Published: January 2018

Lori Wright and Mario Vásquez take a new look at William Haviland’s classic (1967) study to reexamine stature variation at the Maya center of Tikal, Guatemala, spanning the Preclassic through the Terminal Classic periods (1 B.C.–A.D. 950). They also include new samples and stable isotope data to develop an understanding of temporal and social variation in Maya growth processes. The results demonstrate that archaeological distinctions between elites and commoners are associated with weak overall correlations between hierarchy and stature. Still, significantly shorter women are found in mid- and low status domestic settings that correlate to isotopic indications of poorer nutrition and stunted growth. Tentatively, middle and lower status male stature may have declined slightly over the span of Tikal’s history, perhaps indicating subtly declining nutrition as Classic Maya society peaked and faded.
Status-Based Differences in Health in the Late Prehistoric East Tennessee
Authors: Betsinger Tracy K.
Published: January 2018

Late prehistoric eastern Tennessee polities provide a setting to examine relationships between biological stress and increasing emphasis on intensive maize agriculture, sedentism, population size, and differential access to protein-based dietary resources. This chapter compares bioarchaeological patterns between two Mississippian palisaded sites in Eastern Tennessee during the local Dallas Phase, A.D. 1300–1500. Toqua was a multi-mound center likely home to the main chief or chiefs of the region, while Citico was a smaller, palisaded locale with a single mound. Statistically significant patterns demonstrate that non-elites from Toqua possessed higher prevalence of all stress markers. Sex-based divisions are also noted in their mortuary program, with males typically interred in mounds and women in the village; Betsinger attributes this to simultaneous heterarchical expressions of different activity spheres. Further, there are few biological disparities between elite and non-elite females, which is considered the result of elite-sponsored, male-centered feasting that drove expressions of inequality during the twilight of the Mississippian era.
Middle Sicán Mortuary Archaeology, Skeletal Biology, and Genetic Structures in Late Pre-Hispanic South America
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. , Shimada Izumi , Shinoda Ken-ichi , Muno Sarah
Published: January 2018

Bioarchaeological study of human remains in the heartland of the Middle Sicán culture (A.D. 900–1100) in Peru’s northern Lambayeque Valley Complex bring together many lines of biological and archaeological data drawn from 35 years of research. The authors demonstrate strongly institutionalized expressions of social hierarchy between elite ethnic Sicán lords and the lower status ethnic Muchik people living throughout the valley. Comparisons of skeletal stress markers between the two groups point to lower status Muchik enduring measurably greater morbidity, more physically demanding lifestyles, and lower quality diets. However, higher-status individuals revealed unique examples of interpersonal violence, perhaps related to risks associated with their political station. Analysis of mtDNA and tooth size variation indicates that social inequality also shaped their gene pool, such that elite Sicán and commoner Muchik groups did not widely intermarry. Klaus et al. propose these biological differences can be explained within the theoretical construct of embodiment, and that differences in resource access was one of several factors contributing to the collapse of the Middle Sicán political and religious system.
Epilogue
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

The epilogue affirms that the old Anglophone African diaspora in the West is characterized by considerable ethnic, national, socioeconomic, sociocultural, religious, and political diversity as well as by markedly different interplays of race, class, and gender in different geographical locations and microcontexts. Black diasporic sensibilities perpetually renew and transform themselves in response to the limitless variety of life experiences in the diaspora. Nevertheless, rather than merely emphasizing black diversity for its own sake, this book has repeatedly brought the discussion back to the original propellers of the old African diaspora. This book’s diasporic hermeneutics have highlighted the historical origin of the old African diaspora in the Middle Passage and slavery and the cultural mediation of the collective memory of this ur-event. This emphasis on the old African diaspora’s origin in an event has anchored this book’s approach to diaspora in a racially antiessentialist understanding of black diasporic identity formation. Middle Passage narratives both mourn the lives that were lost as a result of the Atlantic slave trade and highlight the survivors’ innovative strategies of survival, acclimatization, and resistance. These themes, in modified yet recognizable forms, are also powerfully present in the novels about later black migrations analyzed in this book.
“So Warlike a Disposition”
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how interactions with Carolina influenced Catawba militarism. In the early eighteenth century, Catawba warriors began to serve as ethnic soldiers, auxiliaries for the English colonies. These exploits provided an important venue for men to achieve notoriety, but triggered cycles of retaliation with other American Indian polities. To facilitate their military operations, defend their homes, and access the main trading path, the Catawba clustered their towns near Nation Ford. This military orientation contributed to the geopolitical persistence of the Catawba Nation, but also led to a precarious state of affairs. The ways in which Catawba men, women, and children experienced these conditions are considered, along with evidence for an episode of food insecurity in the 1750s. Militarism also encouraged the incorporation of refugees into Catawba communities, but little is known about how this process actually took place. The concepts of coalescence and ethnogenesis are used to frame questions later addressed through the examination of archaeological data in chapters 6 and 7.
Water from Stone
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

Florida houses the densest concentration of artesian springs in the world. However, many springs are imperilled by pollution, development, and groundwater extraction. Archaeologists have long recognized the importance of springs in the past, but typically focus solely on their ecological capacities. Meanwhile, contemporary conservation narratives rely on a trope of timeless, pristine springs that likewise downplays their historical significance. This book draws on recent archaeological research at a number of springs to examine their long-term significance and the relevance of archaeological knowledge to modern conservation efforts. Inspired by phenomenological philosophy, historical ecology, and entanglement theory, it develops an approach that foregrounds springs as places of social interaction with deep historical import.
The results of archaeological fieldwork, GIS-based spatial analyses, paleohydrological reconstructions, and lithic provenance and technological studies are presented. This work demonstrates the scale of human interaction with springs and decouples their significance from ecological productivity. Throughout their history, springs have been gathering places that brought together far-flung peoples. Many springs became sanctified in this context, as a result of their unique aesthetic qualities and the indelible marks left by past gatherings. The book further deconstructs the notion of “pristine spring” as a conservation goal and argues that, rather than looking back, conservation must target desirable future states. Springs continue to be social gathering places today. Conservation efforts should encourage this sociality while promoting personal experience of springs and greater historical consciousness. This will foster a sense of reverence for springs that bolsters public sentiment and political will for conservation.
Springs on the Move
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter expands the scope of inquiry to other springs, both within and outside the St. Johns River valley. It presents the results of archaeological reconnaissance at Silver Springs. The artifacts recovered during this survey include an abundance of lithic debitage and tools, far outstripping the known assemblages from other springs in the region. Raw material suitable for the production of flaked stone tools is absent in the St. Johns River valley. The chapter uses least-cost modelling to examine the optimal pathways for the movement of toolstone from source areas in western peninsular Florida to Silver Springs and three sites in the St. Johns River valley with ample lithic assemblages. This is done to evaluate the hypothesis that Silver Springs and places like it were gateways or conduits for the movement of people and objects into the valley. The proposed least-cost paths are evaluated with lithic provenance and debitage data.
Mississippian Origins
Authors: Wilson Gregory D. , Sullivan Lynne P.
Published: January 2018

Nearly a quarter century has passed since Smith’s (1990) seminal volume The Mississippian Emergence was published. That volume, through a set of collected works, was the first to attempt a region-wide synthesis of what was known and thought about Mississippian origins. This introductory chapter contextualizes the work of the contributing authors in several ways. We begin by defining some key terms used throughout the chapters and volume, and then we examine the history of grand theory and paradigmatic shifts in the study of Mississippian origins to illuminate the routes that led to today’s thinking. This section includes an assessment of the current status of social theory in Mississippian studies. Special emphasis is placed on a discussion of cultural entanglements, a topic common to most of the contributions and that addresses the ways in which the various regional traditions that archaeologists recognize as Mississippian were negotiated. The final section considers the broad sweep of Mississippianization and its impacts on later developments across the Eastern Woodlands.
The Hollywood Site (9RI1) and the Foundations of Mississippian in the Middle Savannah River Valley
Authors: King Adam , Thornock Christopher L. , Stephenson Keith
Published: January 2018

In this chapter we explore the role of the Hollywood site in the development of a unique version of Mississippian political culture that emerged along the middle Savannah River Valley. We argue this variant of Mississippian was inspired by the coming together of material culture, belief traditions, and people from the Central Mississippi valley and the middle Savannah valley. Those divergent traditions and practices were entangled through a set of mortuary rituals emplaced within Hollywood’s Mound B. What resulted was a new settlement system, emphasis on monumentality, and ceremonialism that was a unique historical creation.
Mississippian Beginnings
Authors: Anderson David G.
Published: January 2018

The emergence of the complex societies of the late prehistoric era in Eastern North America has been the subject of extensive research in recent years, resulting in a new appreciation for how these changes played out at specific sites and across the region. Concern with variation within local historical trajectories, the movements and practices of peoples, and detailed site reconstructions have replaced the broad general neoevolutionary approaches that characterized research on Mississippian origins a generation ago. Aided by a wealth of new fieldwork and analytical tools, our understanding of the Mississippian emergence and what is meant by Mississippian itself has become much clearer in recent years, as has our knowledge of events at specific sites.
The Principles of Ritual Logic
Authors: Ugolini Beatrice
Published: January 2018

The practice of occultism is an alternative phenomenon in respect of the ordinary modalities of the dominant religious institutions in a given historical period. On occasion, however, this practice is not confined to the context of deviance but can lead to the commission of criminal actions. It is therefore useful to highlight the means of reasoning, even if seemingly incomprehensible, which forms the basis of the accomplishment of magical acts. Contrary to what one may think, the world of occultism is not something improvised and insensate, yet it is characterised by principles that govern what could be defined as a “ritual logic”, endowed with its own peculiar internal coherence that guide the actions of those who still practice magic today. Considering primarily the occultist writings and the history of magic, this article seeks to identify such principles in order to begin to comprehend not only one of the most historically representative domains of deviance, but also the motivations of the offenders and victims involved in ritual crimes.
The role of MMP-1 and FGFR4-R388 gene polymorphisms in pituitary adenoma
Authors: Zlatkutė Eglė , Liutkevičienė Rasa , Vilkevičiūtė Alvita , Glebauskienė Brigita , Kriaučiūnienė Loresa , Jakštienė Silvija , Žaliūnienė Dalia
Published: January 2018

Background. The pathogenesis of pituitary adenoma (PA) is complex and poorly understood. It is thought that PA has a multifactorial aetiology; genetic factors also have an impact on PA development. Since MMP1 and FGFR4 genes play an important role in tumour growth, differentiation and progression, we decided to determine if the frequency of the genotypes of MMP-1 and FGFR4-R388 polymorphisms influence the development of PA.
Materials and methods. The study enrolled n = 100 patients with PA and n = 200 healthy controls (reference group). The genotyping tests of MMP-1 and FGFR4-R388 were carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
Results. The polymorphism in the MMP-1 gene 1G/1G genotype was more frequent in the group of invasive PA than in the control group: 28.6% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.044. The 1G/2G genotype was more frequent in females of the control group compared to PA group females: 50.3% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.011. The polymorphism in the MMP-1 gene 1G/1G genotype was more frequent in the active PA group than in the control group: 28.4% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.044. FGFR4-R388 did not play any predominant role in PA development.
Conclusion. The MMP-1 gene 1G/1G may play a role in invasive and active PA development.
Morphological Realization of Nouns: Trends in Actual Usage
Authors: Vaičiakauskienė Sonata
Published: January 2018

The article analyzes morphological realization of Lithuanian nouns. This synchronic work aims to analyze the variation of Lithuanian noun forms and, most importantly, to compare the trends in the usage of forms with codified general language norms. Based on results obtained using a survey questionnaire method, the productivity of noun flexions is studied. The survey is grounded on comparative and analytical-descriptive methods. Quantitative analysis was also carried out to assess the trends. The results of the morphological realization survey on Lithuanian nouns show that the variation of the forms of the analysed part of speech is also typical of contemporary usage. The study revealed that the nouns of mixed declension (i and consonant stem) frequently adopt masculine declension noun flexions, namely, the (i) a stem, which is particularly typical of singular ablative forms. Attention should be paid to the fact that nouns of mixed declension still tend to preserve singular genitive flexion in contemporary usage. Preservation of this flexion is likely to be related to the principle of iconicity. It is important to state that the consolidation of productive flexions of nouns is related to the category of the masculine gender – the unmarked member of the masculine:feminine opposition. To sum up, it may be concluded that normative language publications should be more oriented to the development of natural language and the trends in real usage, and reflect the habits and expectations of the language users.
Problems of Comparative Research into Lithuanian and Latvian Collective Memory: The Concepts of Memory of the Balts and of Baltic Regional Memory
Authors: Jonkutė Viktorija
Published: January 2018

The present article deals with the concepts of regional collective memory and intercultural identity actualized in Lithuanian and Latvian comparative cultural studies. The phenomena of memory of the Baltic region (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) and memory of the Balts (Lithuanians, Latvians), their differences and intersections are briefly discussed in the research part. The former is defined as a geopolitical regional construction, and the latter as a result of traditional common ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic development of two Baltic nations. Some examples of the usage of the term Baltic in literature and literary studies highlight the problems of the concept of regional memory and cases of newly interpreted or unsystematically used terminology. Lithuanian translations of the title of the poems Baltijas eleģijas (The Baltic Elegies) by Ivars Ivasks, Am Baltischen Meer (The Baltic Sea) by Durs Grünbein, or the essay Bałtowie (The Balts) by Czesław Miłosz could stand as examples. Developing the concept and the research field of Baltic (Latvians and Lithuanians) memory, several possible perspectives of comparative studies of Lithuanian and Latvian collective memory are suggested. Memories of exile and migration, the areas of the Lithuanian-Latvian border, the capital cities Riga and Vilnius, the periods of independence and between the wars, and the Holocaust could be taken as places of memory revealing historiographical parallels.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

The conclusion notes that we are living in a time when traditional liberal democratic politics is in decay, but where it is not yet clear what is emerging in its place. The author argues that this stasis creates the possibility for the re-emergence of an emancipatory anti-racism.
Conclusion
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

The conclusion reviews and reflects on main themes. It emphasises the fact that Bank of Scotland continues, despite the end of HBOS and the elegiac tone of this study. It returns to the idea of ‘salvage ethnography’ and its applicability in this case, and interrogates the idea, present throughout the book, that the original fieldwork data presents us with some signs of the dysfunctions that would lead HBOS into crisis. It considers the tensions between ethnographic and historical modes of understanding and explanation, and the challenges of generalising from particular cases. It reviews the key concepts of culture, change, and identity that structure the central ethnographic chapters. Finally, it situates the study within the evolution of the author’s ideas since the time of the original research.
Introduction: ‘I dote on Tasso’
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

The introduction demonstrates the continuing popularity of Tasso’s troubled life and epic poem in England up to the late nineteenth century via a fictional conversation in George Eliot’s final novel. It then gives an overview of knowledge of Tasso’s works and life in England by the end of the sixteenth century, using John Eliot’s translated comments in his Ortho-epia Gallica (1593) as a starting point. The final part of the introduction considers Milton’s knowledge of Tasso’s apparent madness in the mid-seventeenth century, probably acquired from his first-hand acquaintance with the great Italian poet’s last patron and earliest biographer, Giovanni Battista Manso.
‘There are as many Tassos as there are Hamlets’: representations of Tasso’s life in England
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

During the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, attention in England focused increasingly on the troubled life of the poet, who came to be regarded as ‘a prototype of the Romantic poet, loving passionately but hopelessly and above his station, ...chained in a lunatic’s cell’. In the fifth chapter the second principal strand of this study traces and analyses the development of such views about Tasso himself, from the earliest English biographical account by Henry Layng in 1748 to the last at the start of the twentieth century. It also examines the many imaginative engagements with aspects of the poet’s legendary biography, such as his apparent madness and prolonged imprisonment in Ferrara as a result of his supposed love for Leonora d’Este, the Duke’s sister, which were to become a prominent feature of English and European responses to him in the nineteenth century. It focuses particularly on Lord Byron’s impassioned ventriloquisation of the Italian poet’s voice in The Lament of Tasso (1817).