bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vincent Noce, La Collection Egoiste (The Selfish
Collector)
Authors: Prott Lyndel V.
Published: April 2008

Vincent Noce, La Collection Egoiste (The Selfish
Collector) pp. 328. J. C. Lattès, Paris, 2005. ISBN
2-7096-241-9.

Few people who follow cases relating to the illicit trade can have
missed the celebrated case of Stéfane Breitwieser, the Alsatian
misfit who stole, over a period of 8 or so years, hundreds of objects from
museums and churches to squirrel away in his attic rooms, or that of his
mother Mireille Stengel, who destroyed almost all of it by disposal in the
family garbage bin or by throwing it into a canal. This book, however,
shows just how much a dedicated investigative journalist can add to the
record, details that are not only useful in trying to understand the
mentality of Breitwieser (by no means an isolated case as this account
shows) and even more useful in showing the loopholes in the
investigations, the lack of coordination between countries, and the sheer
ineptitude of many institutions in securing their collections. Noce,
editor of the cultural section of the French newspaper
Libération, has joined the select company of Karl Meyer
(articles in the New York Times) and Peter Watson who have added
greatly to our knowledge of how the illicit trade works. French
journalists, too, are greatly helping expose the unsavory details of these
activities (see Noce's previous book Descente aux
Enchères and that of Emmanuel de Roux and Roland-Pierre
Paringaud, Razzia sur L'art).
Cultural property ethics
Authors: Merryman JH
Published: April 2008

After briefly discussing ethics in general, stating the public interest in cultural property, and positing that collecting and dealing in cultural objects are not inherently unethical activities, the writer contrasts ethical attitudes toward legal controls over the international movement of people and of cultural objects. He then discusses the ethical bases of cultural property export controls and ethical questions raised by dealing in and collecting cultural objects, and identifies particular applications of export controls that are ethically unproblematic or ethically clouded. He discusses the difficult area of antiquities and questions whether anyone involved in it - from source nations, archaeologists, and ethnographers to museums, collectors, and the art trade - has clean hands. Finally, he states a hypothetical case of invited theft and asks readers to decide what the ethical response would be.
Museums and ethics: long history, new developments
Authors: des Portes E
Published: April 2008

The International Council of Museums, with a broad-based membership of nearly one thousand museums throughout the world, adopted its Code of Professional Ethics in 1986. The Code addresses both institutional and professional ethics and sets standards for the development of internal policies dealing with acquisitions, cooperation, loans and exhibitions, authentication, valuation, documentation, and the special problems raised by human remains. Although described as a conservative document that could garner widespread support from museums located in both market and 'victim' nations, the Code nonetheless prohibits acquisition of material that was illegally exported from its country of origin or derives from unscientific excavation or destruction or damage to sites and monuments.
Architectural heritage: the paradox of its current state of risk
Authors: Burnham B
Published: April 2008

The treatment of movable and immovable heritage is markedly different. While movable objects are highly valued and carefully protected, their immovable equivalents are often under a serious cloud of threat. This peril is the result of global mismanagement, failure of governments to provide adequate funds for their maintenance, and lack of recognition by the public that these disappearing resources are assets of major value. Conservators of immovables face special ethical and practical concerns in their efforts to preserve cultural heritage within its context - depicted in this article as case histories from the World Monuments Watch list of endangered sites. The legal and procedural mechanisms that support this task are ineffectual in the face of rapid change. The field needs new methodologies that harness public appreciation of a site's 'sense of place' to guarantee its future.
A Syrian odyssey: the return of Syrian mosaics by the Newark museum
Authors: Miller SC
Published: April 2008

In 1971, the Newark Museum purchased a Roman mosaic, which, it later learned, had been stolen from the Syrian site of Apamea. Upon formal request for return of the mosaic, the museum arranged for its return with the assistance of the U.S. State Department. The museum received compensation from the dealer from whom the mosaic was purchased. This restitution was undertaken in the hope that future cooperation, including long-term loans of duplicate material, would be fostered, but the author concludes that this hope was never realized.
A collector's odyssey
Authors: White S
Published: April 2008

The author recounts the process of acquiring a work of art, focusing on one object but encapsulating the thoughts and experience of many years. In so doing, she reflects on the value added to the appreciation of artistic works and her joy in sharing this with others through public display of her collection.
Structure of glutamate analogs that activate the ON bipolar cell
metabotropic glutamate receptor in vertebrate retina
Authors: TIAN NING , SLAUGHTER MALCOLM M.
Published: April 2008

Although there are many glutamate receptors in the retina,
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) is an agonist that acts selectively
at metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR6) of ON bipolar cells. We
explored the properties of agonists that activate this receptor. The
effects of various glutamate analogs on the b-wave of the
electroretinogram (ERG) were used as a measure of their activity.
Conformational comparisons among agonists suggest that ligands in an
extended conformation preferentially bind to the ON bipolar synaptic
receptor. But this property is insufficient to explain the selectivity
of mGluR6 because some inactive glutamate analogs could also match this
extended conformation. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was
used to compare the electrostatic and steric potentials of agonists
with their action at the ON bipolar synapse. Steric potentials beneath
a plane defined by the three putative binding sites plays a key role in
determining agonist activity. The CoMFA model was used to predict the
activity of glutamate analogs and correlations between predicted and
measured activity support the model.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the outer plexiform layer in the
nob mouse shows no abnormalities
Authors: BALL SHERRY L. , PARDUE MACHELLE T. , MCCALL MAUREEN A. , GREGG RONALD G. , PEACHEY NEAL S.
Published: April 2008

In the nob mouse, a mutation in nyctalopin results in a loss
of signal transmission from photoreceptors to depolarizing bipolar
cells (DBCs). We used immunohistochemical techniques to assess the
expression pattern of proteins found at either the photoreceptor
terminal or bipolar cell dendrites within the outer plexiform layer. We
labeled normal and nob retinas with antibodies against mGluR6,
PKC, G0α, bassoon, PSD-95, the α1F
subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, trkB, and dystrophin. All
labeling patterns in nob and normal retinas were comparable to
those previously reported in mouse retina. Our results indicate that
the absence of nyctalopin does not disrupt the expression pattern of
other proteins known to be required for synaptic transmission.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to the baseline noise
of retinal ganglion cells
Authors: GOTTESMAN JON , MILLER ROBERT F.
Published: April 2008

Whole-cell recordings of tiger salamander ganglion cells were
obtained using a superfused retinal slice preparation. Membrane current
fluctuations were recorded under voltage-clamp conditions with cells
usually held at −70 mV. Current fluctuations at rest (Mg2+ =
1 mM) were reduced by adding d-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate
(d-AP7). Resting fluctuations were increased by adding
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or by removing extracellular
Mg2+. These increased fluctuations were blocked by d-AP7.
Blocking NMDA receptors under control conditions also reduced a tonic
inward current by −1 to −15 pA. Fluctuation analysis of
current noise shows that the noise power spectrum measured in the presence of NMDA is similar to that measured under Mg2+-free conditions. We conclude that NMDA receptors are active in cells held at −70 mV even in
the presence of 1 mM Mg2+. We believe this activation is due to
the presence of endogenous glutamate in the retina. The observations of this
study strongly suggest that NMDA receptors contribute to the resting noise
and conductance properties of retinal ganglion cells. Our results suggest
NMDA receptors are activated by an ambient level of extracellular glutamate
whose source has yet to be determined.
Endocannabinoids in the intact retina:3H-anandamide uptake, fatty acid amide hydrolase immunoreactivity and hydrolysis of anandamide
Authors: GLASER SHERRYE T. , DEUTSCH DALE G. , STUDHOLME KEITH M. , ZIMOV SARAH , YAZULLA STEPHEN
Published: April 2008

There is much evidence for an endocannabinoid system in the retina. However, neither the distribution of endocannabinoid uptake, the regulation of endocannabinoid levels, nor the role of endocannabinoid metabolism have been investigated in the retina. Here we focused on one endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), and its major hydrolyzing enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in the goldfish retina. Immunoblots of FAAH immunoreactivity (IR) in goldfish retina, brain and rat retina, and brain homogenates showed a single band at 61 kDa that was blocked by preadsorption with peptide antigen. Specific FAAH IR (blocked by preadsorption) was most prominent over Müller cells and cone inner segments. Weaker label was observed over some amacrine cells, rare cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer, and in four lamina in the inner plexiform layer. FAAH activity assays showed that goldfish-retinal and brain homogenates hydrolyzed AEA at rates comparable to rat brain homogenate, and the hydrolysis was inhibited by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) andN-(4 hydroxyphenyl)-arachidonamide (AM404), withIC50s of 21 nM and 1.5 μM, respectively. Cellular3H-AEA uptake in the intact retina was determined byin vitroautoradiography. Silver-grain accumulation at 20°C was most prominent over cone photoreceptors and Müller cells. Uptake was significantly reduced when retinas were incubated at 4°C, or preincubated with 100 nM MAFP or 10 μM AM404. There was no differential effect of blocking conditions on the distribution of silver grains over cones or Müller cells. The codistribution of FAAH IR and3H-AEA uptake in cones and Müller cells suggests that the bulk clearance of AEA in the retina occurs as a consequence of a concentration gradient created by FAAH activity. We conclude that endocannabinoids are present in the goldfish retina and underlay the electrophysiological effects of cannabinoid ligands previously shown on goldfish cones and bipolar cells.
Homotypic constraints dominate positioning of on- and off-center beta retinal ganglion cells
Authors: EGLEN STEPHEN J. , DIGGLE PETER J. , TROY JOHN B.
Published: April 2008

Beta retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the cat are classified as either on-center or off-center, according to their response to light. The cell bodies of these on- and off-center RGCs are spatially distributed into regular patterns, known as retinal mosaics. In this paper, we investigate the nature of spatial dependencies between the positioning of on- and off-center RGCs by analysing maps of RGCs and simulating these patterns. We introduce principled approaches to parameter estimation, along with likelihood-based techniques to evaluate different hypotheses. Spatial constraints between cells within-type and between-type are assumed to be controlled by two univariate interaction functions and one bivariate interaction function. By making different assumptions on the shape of the bivariate interaction function, we can compare the hypothesis of statistical independence against the alternative hypothesis of functional independence, where interactions between type are limited to preventing somal overlap. Our findings suggest that the mosaics of on- and off-center beta RGCs are likely to be generated assuming functional independence between the two types. By contrast, allowing a more general form of bivariate interaction function did not improve the likelihood of generating the observed maps. On- and off-center beta RGCs are therefore likely to be positioned subject only to homotypic constraints and the physical constraint that no two somas of opposite type can occupy the same position.
Cone visual pigments of aquatic mammals
Authors: NEWMAN LUCY A. , ROBINSON PHYLLIS R.
Published: April 2008

It has long been hypothesized that the visual systems of animals are evolutionarily adapted to their visual environment. The entrance many millions of years ago of mammals into the sea gave these new aquatic mammals completely novel visual surroundings with respect to light availability and predominant wavelengths. This study examines the cone opsins of marine mammals, hypothesizing, based on previous studies [Fasick et al. (1998) and Levenson & Dizon (2003)], that the deep-dwelling marine mammals would not have color vision because the pressure to maintain color vision in the dark monochromatic ocean environment has been relaxed. Short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) and long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone opsin genes from two orders (CetaceaandSirenia) and an additional suborder (Pinnipedia) of aquatic mammals were amplified from genomic DNA (for SWS) and cDNA (for LWS) by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. All animals studied from the orderCetaceahave SWS pseudogenes, whereas a representative from the orderSireniahas an intact SWS gene, for which the corresponding mRNA was found in the retina. One of the pinnipeds studied (harp seal) has an SWS pseudogene, while another species (harbor seal) appeared to have an intact SWS gene. However, no SWS cone opsin mRNA was found in the harbor seal retina, suggesting a promoter or splice site mutation preventing transcription of the gene. The LWS opsins from the different species were expressed in mammalian cells and reconstituted with the 11-cis-retinal chromophore in order to determine maximal absorption wavelengths (λmax) for each. The deeper dwelling Cetacean species had blue shifted λmaxvalues compared to shallower-dwelling aquatic species. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that in the monochromatic oceanic habitat, the pressure to maintain color vision has been relaxed and mutations are retained in the SWS genes, resulting in pseudogenes. Additionally, LWS opsins are retained in the retina and, in deeper-dwelling animals, are blue shifted in λmax.
Cone and rod inputs to murine retinal ganglion cells: Evidence of
cone opsin specific channels
Authors: EKESTEN BJORN , GOURAS PETER
Published: April 2008

To identify ultraviolet (UV) and middle- (M) wavelength-sensitive cone
and rod signals in murine retinal ganglion cells, single ganglion cell
responses were studied in anesthetized, light-adapted C57/BL6 mice
with tungsten microelectrodes driven through the sclera and vitreous to
the neural retina. One hundred fifty-four ganglion cells were examined in
43 retinas of 34 mice. The retina was stimulated with diffuse flashes
and/or pulses of ultraviolet (360 nm) or green (520 nm) light in the
presence and absence of a strong steady orange adapting light. Twelve
ganglion cells were studied in the dark-adapted retina in order to
identify the signals of rods. Three functionally different types of
ganglion cells were found: (1) phasic responding cells (31%) with no
spontaneous activity and large impulse amplitudes; (2) tonic responding
cells (60%) with irregular, low frequency (5–10 Hz) spontaneous
activity and smaller impulse amplitudes; and (3) metronome-like cells (9%)
with regular, relatively high-frequency (20–40 Hz) spontaneous
activity. A few cells (1%) had habituating responses. Every cell
encountered was affected by diffuse stimulation. The more common two types
were excited at either the ON or OFF or at both the ON and OFF phases of
stimulation. Type III cells had weaker responses, sometimes only inhibited
by turning off a light. In the light-adapted state, most cells received
signals of the same polarity from UV- and M-cones but UV-cone inputs were
usually more dominant, especially in ventral retina. A fraction of cells
received signals from only UV- (18%) or only M- (3%) cones. In rare cases
(2%) these cone inputs had an opposite polarity on the same cell. In the
dark-adapted state, all cells were at least four or five logarithmic units
more sensitive and more to green than ultraviolet light. The results
indicate that co-expression of both UV-and M-cone opsins cannot be
ubiquitous in murine retina. Some cones, especially UV cones, exist
without the presence of any functional M-cone opsin. This must be the case
to explain the presence of ganglion cells that receive inputs only from
UV-cones and others that receive inputs of opposite polarity from UV- and
M-cones. The results support the hypothesis that murine retina has the
physiological capacity to relay signals to the brain that allow the
sensing of chromatic contrast and color vision.
Children's emotion processing: Relations to emotionality and
aggression
Authors: SCHULTZ DAVID , IZARD CARROLL E. , BEAR GEORGE
Published: April 2008

We examined the relations between emotionality, emotion processing,
and aggression in 182 first- and second-grade children. Consistent with
Tomkins' and Izard's theoretical predictions, emotionality
correlated with emotion processing. In particular, the happiness
component of emotionality correlated with emotion attribution accuracy
and empathy, the anger component correlated with anger attribution bias
and empathy, and the fear component correlated with fear attribution
bias. Multiple emotion processing deficits—including emotion
attribution accuracy, anger attribution bias, and self-report of
empathy—placed children at risk for heightened levels of
teacher-reported aggression. Mediational analyses revealed that an
emotion processing risk index fit a model of significant partial
mediation between happiness and aggression but not between anger and
aggression. The results suggest the multifaceted manner in which
children's emotion experiences may influence the development of
aggressive tendencies. The authors thank
the teachers, staff, parents, and students of the Smyrna, DE, school
district for their enthusiastic participation in this project and the
dedicated work of Fran Haskins and our many research assistants at the
University of Delaware.
Exuberant and inhibited toddlers: Stability of temperament and risk for problem behavior
Authors: Stifter Cynthia A. , Putnam Samuel , Jahromi Laudan
Published: April 2008

Temperament, effortful control, and problem behaviors at 4.5 years were assessed in 72 children classified as exuberant, inhibited, and low reactive as 2-year-olds. Exuberant toddlers were more positive, socially responsive to novel persons, less shy, and rated as having more problem behaviors, including externalizing and internalizing behaviors, than other children as preschoolers. Two forms of effortful control, the ability to delay a response and the ability to produce a subdominant response, were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors, whereas expressing more negative affect (relative to positive/neutral affect) when disappointed was related to more internalizing behaviors. Interaction effects implicated high levels of unregulated emotion during disappointment as a risk factor for problem behaviors in exuberant children.
Maternal prenatal smoking, parental antisocial behavior, and early childhood physical aggression
Authors: Huijbregts Stephan C. J. , Séguin Jean R. , Zoccolillo Mark , Boivin Michel , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: April 2008

This study investigated joint effects of maternal prenatal smoking and parental history of antisocial behavior on physical aggression between ages 17 and 42 months in a population sample of children born in Québec (N = 1,745). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant main effects of maternal prenatal smoking and a significant interaction between maternal prenatal smoking and mother's history of antisocial behavior in the prediction of children's probability to display high and rising physical aggression. The interaction indicated that the effects of heavy smoking during pregnancy (≥10 cigarettes/day) were greater when the mother also had a serious history of antisocial behavior. The effects remained significant after the introduction of control variables (e.g., hostile-reactive parenting, family functioning, parental separation/divorce, family income, and maternal education). Another significant interaction not accounted for by control variables was observed for maternal prenatal smoking and family income, indicating more serious effects of maternal prenatal smoking under relatively low-income, conditions. Both interactions indicate critical adversities that, in combination with maternal prenatal smoking, have supra-additive effects on (the development of) physical aggression during early childhood. These findings may have implications for the selection of intervention targets and strategies.
Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms
Authors: MacDonald Helen Z. , Beeghly Marjorie , Grant-Knight Wanda , Augustyn Marilyn , Woods Ryan W. , Cabral Howard , Rose-Jacobs Ruth , Saxe Glenn N. , Frank Deborah A.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether children with a history of disorganized attachment in infancy were more likely than children without a history of disorganized attachment to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at school age following trauma exposure. The sample consisted of 78 8.5-year-old children from a larger, ongoing prospective study evaluating the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) on children's growth and development from birth to adolescence. At the 12-month visit, children's attachment status was scored from videotapes of infant–caregiver dyads in Ainsworth's strange situation. At the 8.5-year visit, children were administered the Violence Exposure Scale—Revised, a child-report trauma exposure inventory, and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents by an experienced clinical psychologist masked to children's attachment status and IUCE status. Sixteen of the 78 children (21%) were classified as insecure–disorganized/insecure–other at 12 months. Poisson regressions covarying IUCE, gender, and continuity of maternal care indicated that disorganized attachment status at 12 months, compared with nondisorganized attachment status, significantly predicted both higher avoidance cluster PTSD symptoms and higher reexperiencing cluster PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that the quality of early dyadic relationships may be linked to differences in children's later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event.
Understanding the association between adolescent marijuana use and later serious drug use: Gateway effect or developmental trajectory?
Authors: Cleveland H. Harrington , Wiebe Richard P.
Published: April 2008

Because marijuana use often precedes the use of other psychoactive substances, it has been characterized as a gateway to these other substances. The present study used data from both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Youth (Add Health) to examine the “gateway effect” role of earlier marijuana on later hard drug use. Difference score analyses reveal that within-pair differences in earlier marijuana use, controlling for differences in earlier hard drug use, and peer marijuana use predicted later within-pair hard drug use differences for DZ twin pairs. In contrast, earlier differences in marijuana use among MZ twin pairs did not predict later hard drug use differences. Rather than supporting the interpretation that earlier marijuana use “triggers” later hard drug use, these results suggest that the longitudinal pattern of drug use that has been interpreted as the “gateway effect” might be better conceptualized as a genetically influenced developmental trajectory.
A prospective study of child maltreatment and self-injurious behavior in a community sample
Authors: Yates Tuppett M. , Carlson Elizabeth A. , Egeland Byron
Published: April 2008

In conjunction with prospective ratings of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect) and measures of dissociation and somatization, this study examined prospective pathways between child maltreatment and nonsuicidal, direct self-injurious behavior (SIB; e.g., cutting, burning, self-hitting). Ongoing participants in the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N= 164; 83 males, 81 females) completed a semistructured interview about SIB when they were 26 years old. SIB emerged as a heterogeneous and prominent phenomenon in this low-income, mixed-gender, community sample. Child sexual abuse predictedrecurrentinjuring (i.e., three or more events;n= 13), whereas child physical abuse appeared more salient forintermittentinjuring (i.e., one to two events;n= 13). Moreover, these relations appeared largely independent of risk factors that have been associated with child maltreatment and/or SIB, including child cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, maternal life stress, familial disruption, and childhood exposure to partner violence. Dissociation and somatization were related to SIB and, to a lesser degree, child maltreatment. However, only dissociation emerged as a significant mediator of the observed relation between child sexual abuse and recurrent SIB. The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which SIB is viewed as a compensatory regulatory strategy in posttraumatic adaptation.
Biotechnology and the Fear of Frankenstein
Authors: CAMPBELL COURTNEY S.
Published: April 2008

It is a commonplace in the scientific and corporate discourse
advocating biotechnology that the public is largely uneducated or
scientifically illiterate when it comes to understanding the research
methods and goals of biotechnology. Public dissent from biotechnology
is, in this understanding, based exclusively in irrational fears. The
way to dispel these public fears is for scientists in the research
community and among corporate culture to engage in education of the
public. At one level, it is argued that public educational forums will
provide the information the public needs to make an informed choice
about the scientific, ethical, and social implications of biotechnology
or will provide guidance on such practical questions as whether to
consume genetically modified food. However, the educational agenda is
not quite that innocent of normative intent: rather, the assumption is
that information the public is provided about biotechnology will
persuade them of its benefits, its minimal risks, and its ultimate
prospects for reshaping our world for the good of all. Objections to
biotechnology will then largely dissipate, perhaps voiced occasionally
by extremists who will represent the inevitable Luddite resistance to
all things technological.
Stem Cells, Sex, and Procreation
Authors: HARRIS JOHN
Published: April 2008

Sex is not the answer to everything, though young men think it
is, but it may be the answer to the intractable debate over
the ethics of human embryonic stem cell research. In this paper, I
advance one ethical principle that, as yet, has not received the
attention its platitudinous character would seem to merit.
If found acceptable, this principle would permit the beneficial use of
any embryonic or fetal tissue that would, by default, be lost or
destroyed. More important, I make two appeals to consistency, or to
parity of reasoning, that I believe show that no one who either has
used or intends to use sexual reproduction as their means of
procreation, nor indeed anyone who has unprotected
heterosexual intercourse, nor anyone who finds in vitro fertilization
(IVF) acceptable, nor anyone who believes that abortion is ever
permissible can consistently object on principle to human
embryo research nor to the use of embryonic stem cells for research or
therapy.
Use and Abuse of Empirical Knowledge in Contemporary Bioethics: A
Critical Analysis of Empirical Arguments Employed in the Controversy
Surrounding Stem Cell Research
Authors: SOLBAKK JAN HELGE
Published: April 2008

In two articles about the controversy surrounding stem cell
research, Søren Holm claims that no argument has
so far been advanced in the debate to justify the necessity of
destructive research on human embryos for the therapeutic potential of
stem cell research to be achieved, and that it is up to the scientists
themselves to produce “convincing arguments” for their
case. This seemingly defeatist statement on behalf of
bioethics originates from the viewpoint that neither a reiteration of
old arguments about the moral status of the human embryo nor the
generation of new arguments of the same kind are likely to have any
positive bearing on the controversy; on the other hand, the impact of
science on the current debate is unquestionable, due to three
“partially independent” developments:
Legislative Research Bans on Human Cloning
Authors: SHAPIRO ROBYN S.
Published: April 2008

Recently, the U.S. House of Representatives voted, for the second
time in two years, to ban all human-cloning research, whether the
research involves reproduction or creating cells that might be used to
understand and treat disease. As I explain in this article, the proposed
legislation has important implications not only for human cloning research
but also for research in general.
Buffalo Eyes: A Take on the Global HIV Epidemic
Authors: TROTTER GRIFFIN
Published: April 2008

According to Native American myths, there once roamed an Eye
Juggler—a humanoid deity who could detach his eyes and juggle
them. His talents were of no special appeal to members of the
various tribes, given that it is quite possible to hunt buffalo,
prepare meals, or play stickball without tossing around your eyes.
However, there was a white man who grew interested in the Eye Juggler.
Sensing great utility in detachable eyes—for spying, or looking
two ways at once—the white man formulated a deal. He would trade
away his wealth in return for the Eye Juggler's gift. To this
proposition the Juggler agreed, but also issued a warning. If the eyes
stay detached for very long, they rot and cannot be used.
CQ Sources/Bibliography
Authors: Young Judith Schaeffer
Published: April 2008

These CQ sources were compiled by Judith Schaeffer Young.
Death to Dust: What Happens to Dead Bodies? (2nd ed.), by
Kenneth V. Iserson. Tucson, Ariz.: Galen Press, 2001. 821 pp. $48.95.
Authors: Moskop John C.
Published: April 2008

In this second edition of Death to Dust: What Happens to Dead
Bodies?, emergency physician/bioethicist Kenneth Iserson has
revised and expanded the original 1994 edition. The second edition
improves on its predecessor in several ways. First, it updates
information on several important topics, such as rates of organ
donation and the number of patients awaiting organ transplantation.
Second, it includes new information in a number of topic areas, such as
embalming, mummification, and cryonics. Third, the design of the book,
including the page layout, graphs, and illustrations, is much clearer
and more attractive. The goals and organization of the second edition,
however, remain unchanged from the first.
2005 APSA Teaching and Learning Conference Track
Summaries: Track One: Civic Education/Engagement
Authors: Frederking Lauretta , Malone Christopher , McCartney Alison Millett
Published: April 2008

The civic engagement track participants represented research
institutions, four-year liberal arts institutions, and secondary
schools. Although our teaching experiences, pedagogical approaches,
and subject matter specialties varied greatly, we embraced this
diversity as an opportunity to share common concerns about teaching
civic engagement.
2005 APSA Teaching and Learning Conference Track
Summaries: Track Four: Global Perspectives/International
Methods
Authors: Sachleben Mark , Brittingham Michael , Young Kathleen
Published: April 2008

The track on Global Perspectives/International Models brought
together faculty working in a variety of settings, including high
schools, two- and four-year colleges, and research universities in
the United States as well as overseas. But this diverse group was
firmly rooted in the shared experiences of similar problems and
goals and a commitment to undergraduate education. The track
provided an opportunity for instructors of political science to
exchange information, develop a series of recommendations, and lay
the groundwork for a network of scholar-teachers.
Reflections on Congressional Government
at 120 and Congress at 216
Authors: Price David E.
Published: April 2008

When I was looking for a quotation to garnish the introduction to my
doctoral dissertation on Senate committees, I turned, like hundreds
of graduate students before and since, to Woodrow Wilson's
Congressional Government. “Congress in session
is Congress on public exhibition,” he wrote (1885) and I quoted
(1972), “whilst Congress in its committee-rooms is Congress at
work.” But the book deserves better than simply to be mined for
quotations. As Wilson's doctoral dissertation, it offers insights
into his developing political thought. It illumines the operations
of the national government during what was indeed a period of
congressional and standing-committee ascendancy, although Wilson's
account was neither objective nor totally reliable. And it prompts
reflection on certain recurring dilemmas in the practice of American
democracy. This essay is adapted
from a presentation at the Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars, November 14, 2005.
Reflections on the APSA Report on Graduate Education:
International Students and Their Teacher Training
Authors: Okura Masako Rachel
Published: April 2008

The January 2005 issue of PS: Political Science and
Politics carried a report compiled by the APSA Task
Force on Graduate Education which provides numerous suggestions to
political science programs nationwide on preparing graduate students
for professional careers, improving mentoring and advising, and
revising financial package/plans to support ABDs in their final
stretch (Beltran et al. 2005). Among those proposals was a section
specifically designed to address unique problems international
students, international graduate assistants (IGA), and international
graduate student instructors (IGSI) face at U.S. institutions:
How International Are Undergraduate Political Science Programs at Liberal Arts and Sciences Colleges and Universities in the Midwest?
Authors: Ishiyama John , Breuning Marijke
Published: April 2008

Internationalization is a hot topic on college and university campuses today. It is also one of the hot button topics facing the APSA (see Varshney 2004; Breuning 2005). Although relatively recent to APSA, internationalizing the higher education curriculum has long been a concern of educational scholars. Arum (1987) identifies three areas in which campuses can pursue internationalization: promoting the international content of curricula, tracking the international movement of scholars and students, and providing technical assistance and educational cooperation programs that engage American education in efforts abroad. Rivers (1994) adds a fourth dimension: promoting awareness of other cultures and ways of thinking through extracurricular cross-cultural experiences, which would ideally include outreach to the surrounding community.
Treasurer's Report: New Initiatives (and a Balanced
Budget) Mark Successful 2005
Authors: Affigne Tony
Published: April 2008

As we approach the fourth quarter of fiscal 2006, the American
Political Science Association is financially sound, able to support
a wide range of professional programs and projects to serve the
membership. This strong condition arises from a solidly positive
balance of assets against liabilities, and an operating budget
well-matched to APSA's current scope and activities.
Fred Homer
Authors: Hubbell Larry
Published: April 2008

Fred Homer, a political science professor at the University of
Wyoming, died of heart failure on January 1, 2006, at the age of
66.
Richard L. Merritt
Authors: Kolodziej Edward A.
Published: April 2008

Richard L. Merritt, Emeritus Research Professor in Communications and
professor of political science at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, died on Saturday, November 19, 2005. He had
suffered from Parkinson's for several years and fell at his home a
week before his death.
DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI AND THE BURDENS OF NINEVEH
Authors: Stauffer Andrew M.
Published: April 2008

IN HIS LATE PLAY,Sardanapalus(1821), Byron repeatedly presents questions of legacy, as the Assyrian monarch struggles to determine what his reign will mean to future eras. The drama ends with Sardanapalus and his beloved slave, Myrrha, atop a suicidal pyre meant to destroy the palace as the rebellious satraps close in–the pyre also to be the king's final monument, the act by which posterity will remember him. Indeed, he imagines his flaming destruction will produce “a light/To lesson ages, rebel nations, and/Voluptuous princes,” even though “Time shall quench full many/A people's records, and a hero's acts;/Sweep empire after empire, like this first/Of empires, into nothing” (V.i.440–45). In the event, Sardanapalus's last words on the matter come in the form of a satire on the Egyptian pyramids, those proud Ozymandian monuments which time has turned into sites of confusion: [I]n this blazing palace,And its enormous walls of reeking ruin,We leave a nobler monument than EgyptHath piled in her brick mountains, o'er dead kings,Orkine, for none know whether those proud pilesBe for their monarch, or their ox-god Apis:So much for monuments that have forgottenTheir very record! (V.i.480–87)
THE LONG HISTORY OF “IN SHORT”: MR. MICAWBER, LETTER-WRITERS, AND LITERARY MEN
Authors: Rotunno Laura
Published: April 2008

“‘LETTERS!’ … ‘I BELIEVE HE DREAMS IN LETTERS!’” so exclaims Betsey Trotwood of Mr. Micawber, the epistolary aficionado of Charles Dickens'sDavid Copperfield(664; ch. 54). David's aunt Betsey is not the only one to wonder at Micawber's prolific, albeit prolix, nature. His letters have made him a favorite of nineteenth- and twentieth-century readers alike; his “in short” has become one of the most memorable Dickensian tag-lines. But however much attention Micawber's epistolary endeavors garner, this notice fails to raise him to the position of respected writer–the position reserved for the eponymous hero of the novel. In the usual line of thinking, David stands as the ideal literary man while Micawber molders in the world of fantasy and comedy in which J. B. Priestley, James Kincaid, and J. Hillis Miller so securely position him.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY ANDDAVID COPPERFIELD'S TEMPORALITIES OF LOSS
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: April 2008

GLOSSING FREUD'S FAMOUS EXAMPLEof “shine on the nose/glance at the nose” (Glanz auf der Nase), Christopher Pye suggests that the familiar account of the fetish (as a simulacrum standing in for a missing object) does not capture what is exemplary about the example, that is, the way the act of looking is crystallized in the object seen, a shine equated with a glance. In that conflation, one can recognize the ultimate grounds for the fetish's captivating properties, as well as the entire economy of repudiation and renewed loss it embodies. Not simply a reassuring compromise object in place of a loss, the fetish actively plays out and shores against that originating split in the experience of being inscribed within– ‘fascinated’ by–the gaze as it derives from elsewhere. (176 n.17)
VAMPIRIC AFFINITIES: MINA HARKER AND THE PARADOX OF FEMININITY IN BRAM STOKER'SDRACULA
Authors: Prescott Charles E. , Giorgio Grace A.
Published: April 2008

AFTER MINA HARKERawakens from Count Dracula's vampiric embrace, she asks the men around her, but more pointedly herself, “What have I done to deserve such a fate, I who have tried to walk in meekness and righteousness all my days?” (285, ch. 21). As she recounts this perverse seduction in her own words, however, she contradicts her earlier disavowal: “strangely enough, I did not want to hinder him” (284). These conflicting statements capture the peculiar double bind with which Mina struggles throughout Bram Stoker'sDracula(1897). Many critics concentrate on Dracula himself and the men who do battle with him; interestingly, the novel also develops Mina's complex subjectivity through her unspoken but deep affinity with the vampire. Van Helsing's paranoid observation, “Madam Mina, our poor, dear Madam Mina, is changing” (319; ch. 24), epitomizes shifting cultural anxieties at the moment when a long-standing ideological conception of proper femininity comes under suspicious attack. Although nothing seems more natural to Mina than her desire to help her husband in the public sphere while maintaining an intimate friendship with Lucy Westenra in the private, these familiar roles become estranged by the new taxonomies of deviancy popularized during the late nineteenth century.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES FOR VICTORIAN RESEARCHERS–2005 AND BEYOND
Authors: Everett Glenn
Published: April 2008

IF SCHOLARShave a role model, he might be Umberto Eco's Brother William of Baskerville. Certainly our notion of the activity of scholarship–an investigator reading in a great library, alive to the treasures collected there–altered little from the Middle Ages through the twentieth century and still persists at the beginning of the twenty-first; but by the end of this century, the practice of scholarship will have changed utterly, and the scholar will require quite different skills from those that graduate students are being equipped with today.
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER: VICTORIAN AGE CONSTRUCTION AND THE SPECULAR SELF
Authors: Heath Kay
Published: April 2008

AT AGE FIFTY-TWO, THOMAS HARDYwas beginning to feel uneasy about aging. On October 11, 1892, he wrote to his friend Arthur Blomfield: “Hurt my tooth at breakfast-time. I look in the glass. Am conscious of the humiliating sorriness of my earthly tabernacle…. Why should a man's mind have been thrown into such close, sad, sensational, inexplicable relations with such a precarious object as his own body!” (F. Hardy 13–14). This moment of specular disgust was ultimately recorded in a poem: I look into my glass,And view my wasting skin,And say, “Would God it came to passMy heart had shrunk as thin!”For then, I, undistrestBy hearts grown cold to me,Could lonely wait my endless restWith equanimity.But Time, to make me grieve,Part steals, lets part abide;And shakes this fragile frame at eveWith throbbings of noontide. (T. Hardy,Complete Poems81)
“THE SECRETS OF GOOD BREWING, THE FOLLY OF STINGINESS”:ADAM BEDE'S CARNIVAL
Authors: Hennelly Mark M.
Published: April 2008

… the arrival of the ale made an agreeable diversion; for Adam had to give his opinion of the new tap, which could not be otherwise than complimentary to Mrs Poyser; and then followed a discussion on the secrets of good brewing, the folly of stinginess in ‘hopping,’ and the doubtful economy of a farmer's making his own malt. Mrs Poyser had so many opportunities of expressing herself with weight on these subjects, that by the time supper was ended, the ale mug refilled, and Mr Poyser's pipe alight, she was once more in high good-humour, and ready, at Adam's request, to fetch the broken spinning-wheel for his inspection.

—George Eliot,Adam Bede
ARIADNE AND THE RIPPLED NOSE: PORTRAIT LIKENESSES IN MIDDLEMARCH
Authors: Hollander Elizabeth
Published: April 2008

LOOKING BACK to an earlier moment in its own cultural history, no Victorian novel works harder than Middlemarch at the integration of art and life, in terms of both the issues it addresses and its method of composition. Central to this effort is the art-related sequence (chapters 19–21) in which Will Ladislaw encounters the newly married Casaubons on their honeymoon in Rome. In the Belvedere Gallery of the Vatican with a painter friend, Will discovers Dorothea standing lost in thought near a famous Hellenistic sculpture of a sleeping, bare-breasted woman. Struck by the congruity of poses in two such different figures, Will's friend Naumann is on fire to paint Dorothea, and a few days later, rather in spite of himself, Will brings the Casaubons to Naumann's studio. Here, in one of the most broadly comic scenes in the novel, the painter persuades Casaubon to pose as Thomas Aquinas for a historical portrait, slyly securing his sketch of Dorothea during breaks in the sitting. Throughout the sequence, Will engages in aesthetic discourse first with Naumann, then with Dorothea, introducing her to the hugeness of art and, incidentally, to the smallness of her husband.
POSSESSED INDIVIDUALISM IN GEORGE ELIOT'SDANIEL DERONDA
Authors: Willburn Sarah
Published: April 2008

[Harris and a female follower] told me about the fays while I was up at Fountain Grove; how at first a little “Two-in-one” would move into a person's breast as soon as they could find entrance, and then clearing a space would begin to build their house; soon they would have a garden and plant fruit-trees; and then little baby fays would be born. The fays have many babies, and so they keep and keep on enlarging the spaces and filling them full of beautiful houses, gardens, and groves, till at last the whole being, to the very extremities of fingers and toes, is all a fairy universe, a world of loveliness. Just think of having lovely little fays bathing in the veins.

—A Sister in the New Life, Santa Rosa, California, June 9, 1881
SOUND AND SCENTS
Authors: Gates Barbara T.
Published: April 2008

AFTER MORE THAN A DECADEscrutinizing the importance of sight in the nineteenth century, Victorian scholars are training their own sights on other senses. Books like Jonathan Crary'sTechniques of the Observer(MIT 1990), James Krasner'sEntangled Eye(Oxford 1992), and Kate Flint'sThe Victorians and the Visual Imagination(Cambridge 2000)–studies that revolutionized our understanding of why and how sight mattered in Victorian culture–have recently been complemented by books like the two under review here. Janice Carlisle'sCommon Scents: Comparative Encounters in High-Victorian Fictionand John M. Picker'sVictorian Soundscapeshave much in common. While focusing on a sense other than sight, each shifts gracefully between Victorian culture and literature, and each demonstrates concern with class and gender. Both books can certainly awaken a reader to a new recognition of what it meant to be alive during an era of rapid change and rampant class-consciousness. We sniff out others along with the characters in Carlisle's chosen novels and retreat to our own quiet studies with sighs of relief as we read about Picker's Victorian scholars' and illustrators' attempts to create soundproof studies in order to exclude the cries and clatter of London streets. As we do so, it is all but impossible to come away without a refreshed perception of what it meant to be a middle-class Victorian male, besieged by the smell of an alluring woman or the annoying sound of a persistent organ grinder.