bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of growth, survivorship, seed production and shedding of eight weed species in a wheat crop in Western Australia
Authors: Borger Catherine P. D. , Hashem Abul , Gill Gurjeet S.
Published: September 2020

Development of integrated weed management strategies is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the demography of individual species. The current research established eight winter or summer weed species in a winter annual wheat cropping system at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, and investigated emergence of the first cohort of each species, survivorship, plant size, seed production and seed shedding over three years (2016–2019). The winter weeds Bromus diandrus and Lolium rigidum emerged at the same time as the wheat crop, and the initial cohort of marked plants had 100% survival to seed production in each year. By comparison, other winter weed species like Hordeum leporinum, Rumex hypogaeus, Sonchus oleraceus and Polygonum aviculare frequently emerged later than the crop and had a lower percentage of plants surviving to seed production. However, individual S. oleraceus and P. aviculare plants had the greatest seed production compared to other species. All winter weeds had variable patterns of seed shedding between years, with the exception of L. rigidum. Summer weed species emerged at the same time, but plants in the initial cohort of each species did not always survive to produce seed. The early emergence and high survivorship of B. diandrus indicates high competitive ability, but shedding commenced at a similar time to L. rigidum and harvest weed seed control may be a viable control method for this species.
The Political Economy of Collective Action, Inequality, and Development
Authors: Ferguson William D.
Published: September 2020

Why do some societies achieve high standards of living, relatively broad access to education and quality health care, serviceable infrastructure, predictable and largely impersonal legal procedures, and relatively accessible avenues to peaceful political expression, while others stagnate with guarded islands of extravagant wealth, surrounded by oceans of poverty, corrupt autocratic systems, and simmering conflicts—or even full-blown civil wars? Why, did South Korea, a dictatorship that faced devastating war from 1950-1954, and whose 1960 GDP per capita was half that of Mexico and twice that of India, have, by 2015, a per capita GDP that exceeded Mexico’s by a factor of three and India’s by a factor of 17—in addition to a largely peaceful transition to democracy? How might a society, trapped in stagnation, corruption, and repression, initiate and sustain processes of economic and political development?
Heat Transfer of rGO/CO3O4 Hybrid Nanomaterial-Based Nanofluids and Twisted Tape Configurations in a Tube
Authors: Syam Sundar L. , Venkata Ramana E. , Said Zafar , Pereira António M.B. , Sousa Antonio C.M.
Published: September 2020

The friction factor, thermal performance, and heat transfer are experimentally analyzed for reduced-graphene oxide/cobalt oxide (rGO/CO3O4) hybrid nanomaterial-based nanofluid circulating in a plain tube with and without twisted tape inserts having different pitches. The reduced-graphene oxide/cobalt oxide (rGO/CO3O4) hybrid nanomaterial is prepared using in situ/chemical reduction technique and then characterized with transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry. The experiments were conducted with different values of particle loading (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) and Reynolds number (2000–2,020,000). Three twisted tape inserts of helixes 285 mm, 190 mm, and 95 mm were used. The nanofluids was produced from the addition of the hybrid nanomaterial to water yield an increase, as compared to the basefluid (water), of the Nusselt number, which is further enhanced by increasing the nanoparticle loading. Therefore, when compared to water, the Nusselt number is enhanced by 25.65%, with no twisted tape and by 79.16% with twisted tape with helix of 95 mm for the nanofluid of 0.2% volume concentration. However, when compared to water, there is a slight friction factor penalty with the 0.2% particle loading of 1.11-times and 1.49-times for the plain tube and for the 95-mm twisted tape helix, respectively. The thermal performance factor gets enhanced by increasing the nanoparticles concentration of the hybrid nanofluids with or without twisted tape inserts, and it is always higher than one. Based on the experimental data, regression equations were developed for the Nusselt number and friction factor.
Metallic additive manufacturing for bone-interfacing implants
Authors: Sarker Avik , Leary Martin , Fox Kate
Published: September 2020

This review investigates the available metallic powder bed additive manufacturing technologies with respect to their basic principles and capabilities in terms of developing orthopedic implants. Detailed descriptions of commonly used metallic alloys employed for orthopedic applications are also presented. The relationship between implant surface properties and cellular attachment and the formation of bacterial colonies are also discussed. Accordingly, we show how different surface modification techniques have been applied to improve both the biointerface of metallic implants for enhanced osseointegration and to control the formation of biofilm to protect against implant infection. In addition, the future direction of metallic additive manufacturing in the case of improving bone interface has been discussed. This review aids in the design of bone-interfacing metallic implants fabricated by additive manufacturing processes, specifically accommodating enhanced biointerfaces for the next generation patient-specific orthopedic implants.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Thyroid Tumor Grading using Ultrasound B-mode Images
Authors: Shao Juntao , Zheng Jingjing , Zhang Bing
Published: September 2020

The performances of deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) modeling and transfer learning (TF) for thyroid tumor grading using ultrasound imaging were evaluated. This retrospective study included input patient data (ultrasound B-mode image sets) assigned to the training group (115 participants) or testing group (28 participants). DCNN (ResNet50) and TF (ResNet50, ResNet101, ResNet152, VGG16, Inception V3, and DenseNet201), which trains a convolutional neural network that has been pre-trained on ImageNet, were used for image classification based on thyroid tumor grade. Supervised training was performed by using the DCNN or TF model to minimize the difference between the output data and clinical grading. The performances of the DCNN and TF models were assessed in the testing dataset with receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results showed that TF based on Resnet50 and VGG16 had better performance than DCNN (ResNet50) in differentiating thyroid tumor with areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUCs) curve more than 0.8. However, TF based on ResNet101, ResNet152, InceptionV3, and Densenet201 had equal or worse performances than DCNN (ResNet50) in grading thyroid tumor with AUCs less than 0.5. TF based on ResNet50 and VGG16 had a superior performance compared to DCNN (ResNet50) model for grading thyroid tumors based on ultrasound images.
Spectro-temporal glimpsing of speech in noise: Regularity and coherence of masking patterns reduces uncertainty and increases intelligibility
Authors: Fogerty Daniel , Sevich Victoria A. , Healy Eric W.
Published: September 2020

Adverse listening conditions involve glimpses of spectro-temporal speech information. This study investigated if the acoustic organization of the spectro-temporal masking pattern affects speech glimpsing in “checkerboard” noise. The regularity and coherence of the masking pattern was varied. Regularity was reduced by randomizing the spectral or temporal gating of the masking noise. Coherence involved the spectral alignment of frequency bands across time or the temporal alignment of gated onsets/offsets across frequency bands. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of spectral or temporal coherence. Experiment 2 investigated independent and combined factors of regularity and coherence. Performance was best in spectro-temporally modulated noise having larger glimpses. Generally, performance also improved as the regularity and coherence of masker fluctuations increased, with regularity having a stronger effect than coherence. An acoustic glimpsing model suggested that the effect of regularity (but not coherence) could be partially attributed to the availability of glimpses retained after energetic masking. Performance tended to be better with maskers that were spectrally coherent as compared to temporally coherent. Overall, performance was best when the spectro-temporal masking pattern imposed even spectral sampling and minimal temporal uncertainty, indicating that listeners use reliable masking patterns to aid in spectro-temporal speech glimpsing.
Muscle Fatigability After Hex-Bar Deadlift Exercise Performed With Fast or Slow Tempo
Authors: Collison Jay A. , Moran Jason , Zijdewind Inge , Hettinga Florentina J.
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To examine the differences in muscle fatigability after resistance exercise performed with fast tempo (FT) compared with slow tempo (ST). Methods: A total of 8 resistance-trained males completed FT and ST hexagonal-barbell deadlifts, consisting of 8 sets of 6 repetitions at 60% 3-repetition maximum, using a randomized crossover design. Each FT repetition was performed with maximal velocity, while each repetition during ST was performed with a 3-1-3 (eccentric/isometric/concentric) tempo (measured in seconds). Isometric maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary muscle activation, and evoked potentiated twitch torque of the knee extensors were determined using twitch interpolation before, during (set 4), and after exercise. Displacement–time data were measured during the protocols. Results: The mean bar velocity and total concentric work were higher for FT compared with ST (995 [166] W vs 233 [52] W; 0.87 [0.05] m/s vs 0.19 [0.05] m/s; 4.8 [0.8] kJ vs 3.7 [1.1] kJ). Maximal voluntary contraction torque, potentiated twitch, and voluntary muscle activation were significantly reduced after FT (−7.8% [9.2%]; −5.2% [9.2%], −8.7% [12.2%]) and ST (−11.2% [8.4%], −13.3% [8.1%], −1.8% [3.6%]). Conclusion: The decline in maximal voluntary force after both the FT and ST hexagonal-barbell deadlifts exercise was accompanied by a similar decline in contractile force and voluntary muscle activation.
Differences in Activity of the Brain Networks During Voluntary Motor Tasks Engaging the Local and Global Muscular Systems of the Lower Trunk
Authors: Gnat Rafael , Dziewońska Agata , Biały Maciej , Wieczorek Martyna
Published: September 2020

Low back pain constitutes a multidimensional problem of largely unknown origin. One of the recent theories explaining its frequent occurrence includes speculative statements on patterns of central nervous system activity associated with the control of so-called local and global muscles of the lower trunk. The objective of the study was to verify whether there is a difference in the activity of the brain during selective, voluntary contraction of the local and global abdominal muscles as assessed by functional MRI. Twenty healthy subjects participated. An experimental design was applied with repeated measurements of the blood-oxygen-level–dependent signal from the brain during voluntary contraction of the local and global abdominal muscles, performed in random order. Prior to registration, a 2-week training period was introduced, aiming to master the experimental motor tasks. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were processed using the FMRIB Software Library (Oxford, UK). Brain areas showing significant activations/deactivations were identified and averaged across all participants, and intercondition differential maps were computed. Areas of significant intercondition differences were linked to the corresponding anatomical structures and ascribed to the default mode functional brain network and to the sensorimotor network. Contraction of the local abdominal muscles elicited more pronounced activity of the brain cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. This suggests that motor control of the abdominal musculature consists of two modes of brain activity and that control of the local muscles may be a more challenging task for the brain. Moreover, contraction of the local muscles elicited more distinct deactivation of the default mode network, which may have implications for diagnostics and therapy of low back pain.
Looking at neurodevelopment through a big data lens
Authors: Briscoe James , Marín Oscar
Published: September 2020

Insights from big data

The billions of neurons that make up the adult brain are organized into domains and circuits during development. High-resolution measurements such as those enabled by single-cell molecular profiling have revealed unexpected cellular diversity. Genomic tools are lending insight into mechanisms behind neurodevelopmental disorders. Briscoe and Marèn review the insights gained as big data analyses are applied to neurodevelopmental questions.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaz8627
Species-specific pace of development is associated with differences in protein stability
Authors: Rayon Teresa , Stamataki Despina , Perez-Carrasco Ruben , Garcia-Perez Lorena , Barrington Christopher , Melchionda Manuela , Exelby Katherine , Lazaro Jorge , Tybulewicz Victor L. J. , Fisher Elizabeth M. C. , Briscoe James
Published: September 2020

Setting the tempo for development

Many animals display similarities in their organization (body axis, organ systems, and so on). However, they can display vastly different life spans and thus must accommodate different developmental time scales. Two studies now compare human and mouse development (see the Perspective by Iwata and Vanderhaeghen). Matsuda
et al.
studied the mechanism by which the human segmentation clock displays an oscillation period of 5 to 6 hours, whereas the mouse period is 2 to 3 hours. They found that biochemical reactions, including protein degradation and delays in gene expression processes, were slower in human cells compared with their mouse counterparts. Rayon
et al.
looked at the developmental tempo of mouse and human embryonic stem cells as they differentiate to motor neurons in vitro. Neither the sensitivity of cells to signals nor the sequence of gene-regulatory elements could explain the differing pace of differentiation. Instead, a twofold increase in protein stability and cell cycle duration in human cells compared with mouse cells was correlated with the twofold slower rate of human differentiation. These studies show that global biochemical rates play a major role in setting the pace of development.

Science
, this issue p.
1450
, p.
eaba7667
; see also p.
1431
Species-specific segmentation clock periods are due to differential biochemical reaction speeds
Authors: Matsuda Mitsuhiro , Hayashi Hanako , Garcia-Ojalvo Jordi , Yoshioka-Kobayashi Kumiko , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Yamanaka Yoshihiro , Ikeya Makoto , Toguchida Junya , Alev Cantas , Ebisuya Miki
Published: September 2020

Setting the tempo for development

Many animals display similarities in their organization (body axis, organ systems, and so on). However, they can display vastly different life spans and thus must accommodate different developmental time scales. Two studies now compare human and mouse development (see the Perspective by Iwata and Vanderhaeghen). Matsuda
et al.
studied the mechanism by which the human segmentation clock displays an oscillation period of 5 to 6 hours, whereas the mouse period is 2 to 3 hours. They found that biochemical reactions, including protein degradation and delays in gene expression processes, were slower in human cells compared with their mouse counterparts. Rayon
et al.
looked at the developmental tempo of mouse and human embryonic stem cells as they differentiate to motor neurons in vitro. Neither the sensitivity of cells to signals nor the sequence of gene-regulatory elements could explain the differing pace of differentiation. Instead, a twofold increase in protein stability and cell cycle duration in human cells compared with mouse cells was correlated with the twofold slower rate of human differentiation. These studies show that global biochemical rates play a major role in setting the pace of development.

Science
, this issue p.
1450
, p.
eaba7667
; see also p.
1431
Diet posttranslationally modifies the mouse gut microbial proteome to modulate renal function
Authors: Lobel Lior , Cao Y. Grace , Fenn Kathrin , Glickman Jonathan N. , Garrett Wendy S.
Published: September 2020

Microbiota protect the kidneys

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) afflicts millions of people globally. The first-line treatment for CKD is dietary intervention, so there may be a gut microbiota–associated component. Lobel
et al.
investigated the mechanistic links between the microbiota and protein intake, because the protein metabolites indole and indoxyl sulfate are known uremic toxins (see the Perspective by Pluznick). The authors used a mouse model of CKD precipitated by a paucity of the dietary sulfur–containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. Bacterial metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids modulated indole production by sulfide inhibition of the enzyme tryptophanase, thus abrogating uremic toxicity by this metabolite in this model system.

Science
, this issue p.
1518
; see also p.
1426
Reversible structural transformations in supercooled liquid water from 135 to 245 K
Authors: Kringle Loni , Thornley Wyatt A. , Kay Bruce D. , Kimmel Greg A.
Published: September 2020

Supercooled water structures

Water displays a number of anomalous properties that are further enhanced in its supercooled state, but experimental studies at ambient pressure must obtain data before the onset of rapid crystallization at temperatures below ∼240 kelvin. Kringle
et al.
obtained infrared spectra of supercooled water films at temperatures between 135 and 235 kelvin that formed for a few nanoseconds by ultrafast heating and cooling. Supercooled water thermally equilibrates before crystallization above 170 kelvin, and over the range of temperatures studied, the structure of water was shown to be a linear combination of a high-density and a low-density liquid.

Science
, this issue p.
1490
Following the microscopic pathway to adsorption through chemisorption and physisorption wells
Authors: Borodin Dmitriy , Rahinov Igor , Shirhatti Pranav R. , Huang Meng , Kandratsenka Alexander , Auerbach Daniel J. , Zhong Tianli , Guo Hua , Schwarzer Dirk , Kitsopoulos Theofanis N. , Wodtke Alec M.
Published: September 2020

Nature of the molecule-surface encounter

Adsorption is an important initial step in all heterogeneous chemical processes. However, detailed adsorption dynamics are complex and challenging to follow experimentally. Using the fact that vibrationally excited carbon monoxide molecules can be trapped on the Au(111) surface with all degrees of freedom being equilibrated except the vibrational ones, Borodin
et al.
show that the vibrational relaxation time can serve as an internal clock to follow the microscopic pathways of adsorption and equilibration on the surface. On the basis of molecular beam experiments and theoretical modeling of this prototypical system, the authors reveal the intricate interplay between physisorption and chemisorption states. These observed characteristics are relevant to many other heterogeneous systems.

Science
, this issue p.
1461
Longitudinal immune profiling reveals key myeloid signatures associated with COVID-19
Authors: Mann Elizabeth R. , Menon Madhvi , Knight Sean Blandin , Konkel Joanne E. , Jagger Christopher , Shaw Tovah N. , Krishnan Siddharth , Rattray Magnus , Ustianowski Andrew , Bakerly Nawar Diar , Dark Paul , Lord Graham M. , Simpson Angela , Felton Timothy , Ho Ling-Pei ,   NIHR Respiratory TRC, Feldmann Marc ,   CIRCO, Grainger John R. , Hussell Tracy
Published: September 2020

Longitudinal analysis of the immune response in patients with COVID-19 identifies a myeloid signature associated with severe disease.
Impact of Loading Dose of Caspofungin in Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment for Severe Candidiasis Infections in Patients in Intensive Care Units: the CASPOLOAD Study
Authors: Bailly Sébastien , Gautier-Veyret Elodie , Lê Minh P. , Bouadma Lila , Andremont Olivier , Neuville Mathilde , Mourvillier Bruno , Sonneville Romain , Magalhaes Eric , Lebut Jordane , Radjou Aguila , Smonig Roland , Wolff Michel , Massias Laurent , Dupuis Claire , Timsit Jean-François
Published: September 2020

This study evaluated the impact of a high loading dose of caspofungin (CAS) on the pharmacokinetics of CAS and the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) target attainment in patients in intensive care units (ICU). ICU patients requiring CAS treatment were prospectively included to receive a 140-mg loading dose of CAS. Plasma CAS concentrations (0, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 24 h postinfusion) were determined to develop a two-compartmental population PK model. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed and the probabilities of target attainment (PTAs) were computed using previously published MICs.
Supplemental Material: Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ecemiş fault zone and adjacent basins, central Anatolia, Turkey during the transition from Arabia-Eurasia collision to escape tectonics
Authors: Umhoefer P.J. , al. et
Published: September 2020

Consists of geochronology and thermochronology data, and methods related to those data. Geochronology data are from 40Ar/39Ar dating of volcanic rocks and U-Pb analysis of detrital zircons, while thermochronology data are from apatite and zircon fission-track and apatite helium cooling ages.
Supplemental Material: Formation and paleogeographic evolution of the Palawan continental terrane along the Southeast Asian margin revealed by detrital fingerprints
Authors: Cao Licheng , Shao Lei , al. et
Published: September 2020

Methodology and supplemental figures and tables.
Coronavirus infection in neonates: a systematic review
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Cavallin Francesco , Cavicchiolo Maria Elena , Borellini Martina , Calgaro Serena , Baraldi Eugenio
Published: September 2020

Objective

To summarise currently reported neonatal cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods

A search strategy was designed to retrieve all articles published from 1 December 2019 to 12 May 2020, by combining the terms ‘coronavirus’ OR ‘covid’ OR ‘SARS-CoV-2’) AND (‘neonat*’ OR ‘newborn’) in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedRxiv, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review and the WHO COVID-19 database, with no language restrictions. Quality of studies was evaluated by using a specific tool for assessment of case reports and/or case series.

Results

Twenty-six observational studies (18 case reports and 8 case series) with 44 newborns with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the final analysis. Studies were mainly from China and Italy. Half of neonates had a documented contact with the infected mother and one out of three infected neonates was admitted from home. Median age at diagnosis was 5 days. One out of four neonates was asymptomatic, and the remaining showed mild symptoms typical of acute respiratory infections and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority of neonates were left in spontaneous breathing (room air) and had good prognosis after a median duration of hospitalisation of 10 days.

Conclusions

Most neonates with SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic or presented mild symptoms, generally were left in spontaneous breathing and had a good prognosis after median 10 days of hospitalisation. Large epidemiological and clinical cohort studies, as well as the implementation of collaborative networks, are needed to improve the understanding of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates.
ICD-10-AM codes for cirrhosis and related complications: key performance considerations for population and healthcare studies
Authors: Hayward Kelly L , Johnson Amy L , Mckillen Benjamin J , Burke Niall T , Bansal Vikas , Horsfall Leigh U , Hartel Gunter , Moser Chris , Powell Elizabeth E , Valery Patricia C
Published: September 2020

Objective

The utility of International Classiﬁcation of Diseases (ICD) codes relies on the accuracy of clinical reporting and administrative coding, which may be influenced by country-specific codes and coding rules. This study explores the accuracy and limitations of the Australian Modification of the 10th revision of ICD (ICD-10-AM) to detect the presence of cirrhosis and a subset of key complications for the purpose of future large-scale epidemiological research and healthcare studies.

Design/method

ICD-10-AM codes in a random sample of 540 admitted patient encounters at a major Australian tertiary hospital were compared with data abstracted from patients’ medical records by four blinded clinicians. Accuracy of individual codes and grouped combinations was determined by calculating sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ).

Results

The PPVs for ‘grouped cirrhosis’ codes (0.96), hepatocellular carcinoma (0.97) ascites (0.97) and ‘grouped varices’ (0.95) were good (κ all >0.60). However, codes under-detected the prevalence of cirrhosis, ascites and varices (sensitivity 81.4%, 61.9% and 61.3%, respectively). Overall accuracy was lower for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (‘grouped’ PPV 0.75; κ 0.73) and the poorest for encephalopathy (‘grouped’ PPV 0.55; κ 0.21). To optimise detection of cirrhosis-related encounters, an ICD-10-AM code algorithm was constructed and validated in an independent cohort of 116 patients with known cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Multiple ICD-10-AM codes should be considered when using administrative databases to study the burden of cirrhosis and its complications in Australia, to avoid underestimation of the prevalence, morbidity, mortality and related resource utilisation from this burgeoning chronic disease.
Reaching the paediatric chest pain audience outside of ambulatory clinic using internet-based education
Authors: Powell Adam W , Ritzenthaler Zachary , Powell Katherine W , Camper Rachel , Madsen Nicholas L
Published: September 2020

Paediatric chest pain is common, yet there remain significant barriers to educating and reassuring patients and their families. In July 2014, a blog titled6 Questions to Ask When Your Child Complains of Chest Painwas posted to the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center website to help educate children and parents about paediatric chest pain. The enhanced interactions through internet-based resources create the opportunity to address chest pain in a way that both educate and provide reassurance. Through the reassurance, there is the potential to meaningfully reduce patient stress all while also decreasing medical costs and potential medical visits.
Management of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV2 infection: a prospective observational study
Authors: Ibrahim Chokkiyil Ponnambath Hafis , Lobko Fatma Oleks , Alchamat Ghalia Abou , Swilam Waleed Gamal , Wani Saleema Rasool , Said Soha Tohamy , Weber Stefan , Bosio Paul
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To assess the clinical risk of mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV2 and transmission during rooming in and breast feeding in infants born to mothers with COVID-19.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

A large tertiary maternal and neonatal care centre based in the UAE.

Participants

Infants born to mothers diagnosed to have COVID-19 at the time of delivery, born between 1 April and 15 June 2020.

Main outcome measures

Rate of transmission of SARS-CoV2 from mother to infant (vertical or horizontal) while rooming in and breast feeding in hospital and post discharge and associated morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period.

Results

73 infants were born to mothers with COVID-19 at the time of delivery. Two infants tested positive for SARS-CoV2 after birth—one had respiratory symptoms related to other causes and the other infant remained well. 57 of mother–infant dyads who were well enough, roomed in while in hospital and all were breast fed. All surviving infants were followed up by telephone at 2 weeks and 4 weeks (or from the patient record review if still on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Majority of the discharged infants were still rooming in with mothers (95% at 2 weeks, 99% at 4 weeks) and still breast fed (99% at 2 weeks, 99% at 4 weeks). None of the infants developed any significant health issues or developed symptoms attributable to SARS-CoV2.

Conclusions

The risk of mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV2, vertically or horizontally, in the perinatal period is very low. Breast feeding and rooming in can be practised safely with adequate infection control precautions with negligible clinical risk to the infant.
Common infections, mental health problems and healthcare use in people with inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study protocol
Authors: Irving Peter , Barrett Kevin , Tang Daniel , Nijher Monica , de Lusignan Simon
Published: September 2020

Introduction

People with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of pneumonia and herpes zoster, yet other common infection types have not been explored. Anxiety and depression are more prevalent in IBD; however, the impact of these conditions on primary care healthcare use in IBD is not known.

Methods and analysis

We will perform two retrospective studies using a large English population-based primary care cohort to compare the following outcomes in people with IBD and matched controls: incident infections (Study 1) and prevalent mental health problems and healthcare use, overall and in those with and without mental health problems (Study 2). All adults registered with general practices contributing to Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database between 1 January 2014 and 1 January 2019 are eligible. Infection outcomes comprise the incidence of common infections (upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, acute bronchitis, influenza and influenza-like illnesses, skin infections, herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections, genital infections, urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal infections) and any viral infection. Mental health and healthcare use outcomes are: prevalence of depressive episodes; anxiety episodes; recurrent depression; rates of primary care and emergency secondary care visits; primary-care issued sick notes (reflecting time off work). Analyses will be adjusted for sociodemographic factors recorded in the primary care record.

Discussion

These studies will quantify the infection risk in IBD, the excess burden of anxiety and depression in a population-based IBD cohort, and the impact of mental health conditions on healthcare use and time off work. Greater understanding and awareness of infection risk and common mental health issues will benefit people with IBD and healthcare practitioners and will guide policy makers as allocation of resource may be guided by the real-world information produced by these studies.

Trial registration number

NCT03836612.
Accuracy of weight estimation methods in adults, adolescents and children: a prospective study
Authors: Cattermole Giles N , Manirafasha Appolinaire
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Weight estimation of both adult and paediatric patients is often necessary in emergency or low-resource settings when it is not possible to weigh the patient. There are many methods for paediatric weight estimation, but no standard methods for adults. PAWPER and Mercy tapes are used in children, but have not been assessed in adults. The primary aim of this study was to assess weight estimation methods in patients of all ages.

Methods

Patients were prospectively recruited from emergency and outpatient departments in Kigali, Rwanda. Participants (or guardians) were asked to estimate weight. Investigators collected weight, height, mid-arm circumference (MAC) and humeral-length data. In all participants, estimates of weight were calculated from height and MAC (PAWPER methods), MAC and humeral length (Mercy method). In children, Broselow measurements and age-based formulae were also used. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of estimates within 20% of actual weight (p20).

Results

We recruited 947 participants: 307 children, 309 adolescents and 331 adults. For p20, the best methods were: in children, guardian estimate (90.2%) and PAWPER XL-MAC (89.3%); in adolescents, PAWPER XL-MAC (91.3%) and guardian estimate (90.9%); in adults, participant estimate (98.5%) and PAWPER XL-MAC (83.7%). In all age groups, there was a trend of decreasing weight estimation with increasing actual weight.

Conclusion

This prospective study of weight estimation methods across all age groups is the first adult study of PAWPER and Mercy methods. In children, age-based rules performed poorly. In patients of all ages, the PAWPER XL-MAC and guardian/participant estimates of weight were the most reliable and we would recommend their use in this setting.
Expression of the immunoproteasome subunit β5i in non-small cell lung carcinomas
Authors: Kiuchi Takayuki , Tomaru Utano , Ishizu Akihiro , Imagawa Makoto , Iwasaki Sari , Suzuki Akira , Otsuka Noriyuki , Ohhara Yoshihito , Kinoshita Ichiro , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Dosaka-Akita Hirotoshi , Kasahara Masanori
Published: September 2020

Aim

The immunoproteasome is a specific proteasome isoform whose proteolytic activity enhances the generation of antigenic peptides to be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to CD8+T cells. Physiologically, it is expressed abundantly in immune cells and is induced in somatic cells by cytokines, especially interferon-γ. Recently, variable expression of immunoproteasomes has been demonstrated in different types of cancers. However, the clinical significance of immunoproteasome expression in malignant tumours is poorly understood. In this study, we performed clinicopathological evaluation of immunoproteasome subunit β5i in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs).

Methods

Tumour tissues were collected from 155 patients with NSCLCs, and immunohistochemical analysis for β5i was performed in relation to the prognosis of patients.

Results

High expression of β5i was found in about 20% of all NSCLCs and was found significantly more frequently (40%) in the adenocarcinoma subset. High expression of β5i was associated with a better 5-year relative survival rate in patients with pStage I to II adenocarcinoma and was also a significant and independent favourable prognostic factor in adenocarcinoma patients. In addition, when we performed in vitro analysis using NSCLC cell lines, combined treatment with the immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor ONX0914 and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 enhanced cell death in β5i-expressing NSCLC cell lines.

Conclusion

The expression of immunoproteasome can be explored as both a prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in NSCLCs. Since immunoproteasomes have crucial role in the antigen presentation, further studies may help to provide essential knowledge for therapeutic strategies in anticancer immunotherapy.
Enhanced lipid biosynthesis in human tumor-induced macrophages contributes to their protumoral characteristics
Authors: Rabold Katrin , Aschenbrenner Anna , Thiele Christoph , Boahen Collins K , Schiltmans Alexander , Smit Johannes W A , Schultze Joachim L , Netea Mihai G , Adema Gosse J , Netea-Maier Romana T
Published: September 2020

Background

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (TC) and neuroblastoma (NB), being associated with a poor prognosis for patients. However, little is known about how tumors steer the specific metabolic phenotype and function of TAMs.

Methods

In a human coculture model, transcriptome, metabolome and lipidome analysis were performed on TC-induced and NB-induced macrophages. The metabolic shift was correlated to functional readouts, such as cytokine production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, including pharmacological inhibition of metabolic pathways.

Results

Based on transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we observed a strong upregulation of lipid biosynthesis pathways in TAMs. Subsequently, lipidome analysis revealed that tumor-induced macrophages have an increased total lipid content and enriched levels of intracellular lipids, especially phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelins. Strikingly, this metabolic shift in lipid synthesis contributes to their protumoral functional characteristics: blocking key enzymes of lipid biosynthesis in the tumor-induced macrophages reversed the increased inflammatory cytokines and the capacity to produce ROS, two well-known protumoral factors in the TME.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data show that tumor cells can stimulate lipid biosynthesis in macrophages to induce protumoral cytokine and ROS responses and advocate lipid biosynthesis as a potential therapeutic target to reprogram the TME.
Tobacco and tobacco branding in films most popular in the UK from 2009 to 2017
Authors: Barker Alexander , Cranwell Jo , Fitzpatrick Iona , Whittamore Kathy , Alfayad Khaldoon , Haridy Amira , Murray Rachael , Britton John
Published: September 2020

Background

Exposure to tobacco content in films is a cause of smoking uptake in young people. In an earlier study, we reported that tobacco content occurred in 70% of UK box office films popular between 1989 and 2008. We now report an analysis of tobacco content in a sample of the top grossing UK box office films between 2009 and 2017, and of population exposure resulting from audience exposure to the 2017 films.

Methods

Occurrence of tobacco intervals (actual tobacco use, implied use, appearance of smoking paraphernalia or branding) was measured by 5 min interval coding in the 15 most commercially successful films in the UK in each year from 2009 to 2017. A nationally representative survey was used to estimate population exposure to the top 15 films from 2017.

Results

We coded 3248 intervals from the 135 films. Tobacco content appeared in 245 intervals (8%, 95% CI 7% to 9%) across 56 (41%, 95% CI 33% to 49%) films. Tobacco content occurred in films in all BBFC age ratings, and 36 (64%, 95% CI 51% to 77%) of films containing tobacco imagery were classified as suitable for viewing by people aged under 15 years. Although less prevalent than in our earlier study, there was no evidence of a secular decline in tobacco content during this study period. The top 15 films from 2017 delivered approximately 21.6 (95% CI 21.06–22.14) million tobacco impressions to young people aged 10–18 years in the UK.

Conclusions

Tobacco content continues to appear in UK Box Office films and is widely seen by young people, representing a major driver of smoking uptake.
Detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria from Ixodes ricinus carried by pets in Tuscany, Italy
Authors: Chisu Valentina , Foxi Cipriano , Masu Gabriella , D' Amaddio Barbara , Masala Giovanna
Published: September 2020

Background

Ticks are vectors of disease‐causing pathogens that pose a serious threat to animals and people. Dogs and cats are exposed to tick infestation in multiple ways and can easily transport infected ticks into domestic environments and potentially transfer them to people. Pet owners are at increased risk of picking up ticks from their pets and developing tickborne diseases. This study aims to detect the presence of pathogens of potential public health interest in ticks removed from cats and dogs in Tuscany, Italy.

Methods

The collected ticks were screened for the presence of protozoan (Theileria species and Babesia species) and bacterial (Rickettsia species, Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Chlamydia species, Bartonella species and Coxiella burnetii) pathogens using PCR.

Results

PCR and sequencing analysis revealed that 3 per cent of the ticks were PCR‐positive for the presence of Rickettsia helvetica DNA, 5 per cent of ticks were PCR‐positive for Bartonella henselae DNA, and 46 per cent of ticks were PCR‐positive for Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus DNA. None of the examined ticks was PCR‐positive for Theileria species, Babesia species, Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia canis or Coxiella burnetii DNA.

Conclusion

The results of this preliminary study highlight the importance of monitoring companion animals as indicators to evaluate the health status of their owners. Preventive measures are necessary to limit the spread of zoonotic pathogens from companion animals to people within the home environment.
Neonatal fluoxetine exposure delays reflex ontogeny, somatic development, and food intake similarly in male and female rats
Authors: Campos Raquel de Medeiros Maia , Toscano Ana Elisa , Gouveia Henrique José Cavalcanti Bezerra , Lacerda Diego Cabral , Pereira Sabrina da Conceição , Paz Isla Ariadny Amaral de Souza Gonzaga , Dantas Alves Jakssuel Sebastion , Manhães-de-Castro Raul
Published: September 2020

Serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neuromodulator and plays a critical role in brain development. Changes in 5-HT signaling during the perinatal period can affect neural development and may result in behavioral changes in adulthood; however, further investigations are necessary including both sexes to study possible differences. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of neonatal treatment with fluoxetine on the development of male and female offspring. The animals were divided into four groups according to sex and treatment. The experimental groups received fluoxetine at 10 mg·kg−1 (1 μL/g of body weight (bw)) and the animals of control group received saline solution 0.9% (1 μL/g of bw) from postnatal days 1–21. In the neonatal period, reflex ontogeny, somatic development, physical features, and food intake were recorded. In the postnatal period (until day 31) bw and post-weaning food intake were recorded. Chronic administration of fluoxetine in the neonatal period caused a delay in the reflex ontogeny and somatic development, as well as reduction of lactation, post-weaning bw, and post-weaning food intake in rats. No difference was found between the sexes. These changes reaffirm that serotonin plays an important role in regulating the plasticity of the brain during the early development period, but without sex differences.
Cosmological viscous fluid models describing infinite time singularities in f(T) gravity
Authors: Boko R. D. , Houndjo M. J. S.
Published: September 2020

In this paper we explore the state parameter behaviour of the interacting viscous dark energy inf(T) gravity. Using constant deceleration parameter we investigate the cosmological implications of the viscosity and interaction between the dark components (energy and matter) in terms of Redshift. So doing, the viscosity and the interaction between the two fluids are parameterized by constants$$\delta $$δand$$\xi $$ξrespectively. In the later part of the paper, we explore some bulk viscosity models describing Little Rip and Pseudo Rip future singularities withinf(T) modified gravity. We obtain gravitational equations of motion for viscous dark energy coupled with dark matter. Solving these equations, we found analytic expressions for characteristic properties of these cosmological models.
Search for lepton flavour violating muon decay mediated by a new light particle in the MEG experiment
Authors: Baldini A. M. , Berg F. , Biasotti M. , Boca G. , Cattaneo P. W. , Cavoto G. , Cei F. , Chiappini M. , Chiarello G. , Chiri C. , Corvaglia A. , de Bari A. , De Gerone M. , Francesconi M. , Galli L. , Gatti F. , Grancagnolo F. , Grassi M. , Grigoriev D. N. , Hildebrandt M. , Hodge Z. , Ieki K. , Ignatov F. , Iwai R. , Iwamoto T. , Kobayashi S. , Kettle P.-R. , Kyle W. , Khomutov N. , Kolesnikov A. , Kravchuk N. , Kuchinskiy N. , Libeiro T. , Lim G. M. A. , Malyshev V. , Matsuzawa N. , Meucci M. , Mihara S. , Molzon W. , Mori Toshinori , Mtchedilishvili A. , Nakao M. , Natori H. , Nicolò D. , Nishiguchi H. , Nishimura M. , Ogawa S. , Onda R. , Ootani W. , Oya A. , Palo D. , Panareo M. , Papa A. , Pettinacci V. , Pizzigoni G. , Popov A. , Renga F. , Ritt S. , Rozhdestvensky A. , Rossella M. , Sawada R. , Schwendimann P. , Signorelli G. , Stoykov A. , Tassielli G. F. , Toyoda K. , Uchiyama Y. , Usami M. , Voena C. , Yanai K. , Yudin Yu. V.
Published: September 2020

We present the first direct search for lepton flavour violating muon decay mediated by a new light particle X, $$\upmu ^+ \rightarrow \mathrm {e}^+\mathrm {X}, \mathrm {X} \rightarrow \upgamma \upgamma \ $$

μ
+

→

e

+

X
,
X
→
γ
γ

. This search uses a dataset resulting from $$7.5\times 10^{14}$$

7.5
×

10
14

stopped muons collected by the MEG experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institut in the period 2009–2013. No significant excess is found in the mass region 20–45 MeV/c$$^2$$

2

for lifetimes below 40 ps, and we set the most stringent branching ratio upper limits in the mass region of 20–40 MeV/c$$^2$$

2

, down to $${\mathcal {O}}(10^{-11})$$

O
(

10

-
11

)

at 90% confidence level.
Application of the statistical Taguchi method to optimize the properties of WC preforms to produce W-ZrC composites using reactive infiltration by molten Zr2 Cu
Authors: Najafzadehkhoee Aliasghar , Habibolahzadeh Ali , Qods Fathallah , Vakhshouri Maryam , Polkowski Wojciech , Hvizdos Pavol
Published: September 2020

In this work, an orthogonal array design (OAD), OA16, was utilized to study the parameters statistically for the fabrication of WC preforms. The effects of prominent parameters of gel-casting i.e., gelation agent (sodium alginate to calcium phosphate ratio), size of initial WC powder, WC powder loading and also two other parameters such as pre-sintering temperature and time on the relative density, porosity and flexural strength of the WC preforms were examined. The effects of these factors on WC preforms were investigated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of ANOVA showed that the size of initial WC powder as the most significant parameter affecting the porosity and flexural strength. Flexural strength of 33 MPa and porosity of 51% were achieved for the WC preform with 25 vol.% WC, size of initial powder of 0.9 [Formula: see text]m, pre-sintering temperature of [Formula: see text]C and pre-sintering time of 4 h. XRD results and SEM micrographs of the optimized WC preforms and the resulted W–ZrC composite showed a uniform porous microstructure and uniform distribution of phases (W and ZrC), respectively.
OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN LASER WELDING OF HASTELLOY C-276 USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: SAMPREET K. R. , MAHIDHAR VASAREDDY , NARAYANAN R. KARTHIC , KANNAN T. DEEPAN BHARATHI
Published: September 2020

In this paper, an effort is made to determine the optimized parameters in laser welding of Hastelloy C-276 using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). CO2 Laser welding was performed on a sheet of thickness 1.6[Formula: see text]mm based on Taguchi L27 orthogonal array. Laser power, welding speed and shielding gas flow rate were chosen as input parameters and Bead width, depth of Penetration and Microhardness were measured for assessing the weld quality. ANN was applied for modeling the welding process parameters i.e. heat input, welding speed and gas flow rate. Various learning algorithms such as Batch Back Propagation (BBP), Incremental Back Propagation (IBP), Quick Propagation (QP) and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) were comprehensively tested for estimating the output parameters and a comparison was also made among them, with respect to prediction accuracy. BBP method was found to be the best learning algorithm. Experimental validation test was performed based on the ANN and GA predicted optimized responses and this welding input parameters provided satisfactory weld metal characteristics in terms of penetration depth, bead width and microhardness.
A note on modular Frobenius groups
Authors: Cao Huiqin , Zeng Jiwen
Published: September 2020

It is well known that Frobenius groups can be defined by their complement subgroups. But until now we cannot use a complement subgroup to define a modular Frobenius group. In the present paper, a generalization of Frobenius complements is used as a characterization of a class of modular Frobenius groups. In fact, we build a connection between modular Frobenius groups and Frobenius–Wielandt groups.