bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iraq's future water requirements and crop productivity in relation to climate change (2020–2080)
Authors: sabah noor ,   mustafa Al-Mukhtar2, Shemal khalid
Published: August 2022

Crops water requirement under climate change effect in AL-Najaf city. CWR was predicted for three scenarios that were developed to anticipate the water requirements of crops in AL-Najaf governorate, Iraq under the effects of climate change. The prevailing situation at the time is called the reference scenario) (1988-2019a (, climate change scenario based on forecasted meteorological data from the GFDL-ESM2M model for two periods from 2020 to 2080 with 20-year steps (P1, and P2). To simulate the entire CWR and irrigation requirements for the current and future decades, the CROPWAT model (FAO, 1992) was utilized. Results employing both the GFDL-ESM2M models for periods (2020-2080) by one period (2020-2050) and the second period (2051-2080) demonstrate an increase in agricultural water requirements compared to the base climate. However, as a result of climate change, more irrigation will be needed in the future. Climate change, however, will result in a rise in irrigation needs in the future. Our findings indicate that the impact of climate change has resulted in a decline in agricultural output for important commodities like wheat and sorghum.
A New Drucker Yield Function for Orthorhombic Aggregate of Cubic Crystallitesand Its Related Function with Hershey Yield Function
Authors: Huang Mojia , Xiao Fengying , Lan Zhiwen
Published: August 2022

A new Drucker yield function for an orthorhombic aggregate of cubic crystallites is proposed. The related function κ(η) between the Drucker yield function and the Hershey yield function is determined. The Drucker yield function and the Hershey yield function with the related function κ(η) have good consistency. We get the yield stresses and the q-values of isotropic polycrystals from the Drucker yield function and the Hershey yield function under the biaxial tensional stretching. In the case of anisotropy, the uniaxial yield stress and q-value with effects of the texture coefficients and {the directional dependence} are derived from the new Drucker yield function. The parameters Yiso,κ ) can be determined by{ fitting the data of the Taylor--Bishop--Hill theory }under the biaxial tensional stretching. The material parameters (β,γ) are obtained by fitting the yield stress and the q-value of the Taylor--Bishop--Hill theory }under the uniaxial tensional stretching. The new Drucker yield function for the orthorhombic aggregate of cubic crystallites can precisely reproduce the predictions of the Taylor--Bishop--Hill theory. The plastic yield stress Yθ and the q-value qθ based on the new Drucker yield function under the uniaxial tensional stretching can fit the experimental data Yi, qi) of steel sheets and aluminium sheets very well. The material parameters (Yiso, βc4m0,γc4m0) of the new Drucker yield function are determined via the experimental data.
GraPE: fast and scalable Graph Processing and Embedding
Authors: Cappelletti Luca , Fontana Tommaso , Casiraghi Elena , Ravanmehr Vida , Callahan Tiffany , Joachimiak Marcin , Mungall Christopher , Reese Justin , Robinson Peter , Valentini Giorgio
Published: August 2022

Graph Representation Learning methods opened new possibilities for addressing complex,real-world problems represented by graphs. However, many graphs used in these applicationscomprise millions of nodes and billions of edges and are beyond the capabilities of current methodsand software implementations. We present GRAPE, a software resource for graph processing andrepresentation learning that is able to scale with big graphs by using specialized and smart datastructures, algorithms, and a fast parallel implementation. When compared with state of the artsoftware resources, GRAPE shows an improvement of orders of magnitude in empirical space andtime complexity, as well as a substantial and statistically significant improvement in edge predictionand node label prediction performance. Furthermore, GRAPE provides over 80,000 graphs fromthe literature and other sources, standardized interfaces allowing a straightforward integration ofthird-party libraries, 61 node embedding methods, 25 inference models, and 3 modular pipelinesto allow a FAIR and reproducible comparison of methods and libraries for graph processing andembedding.
Growth Regulator Survey for Activity in Inducing Parthenocarpy in the Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Mainland C. M. , Eck P.
Published: August 2022

An effective growth regulator treatment for inducing fruit set and parthenocarpic development in the highbush blueberry would restore a number of once productive varieties to profitable commercial use. The decline in productiveness of varieties such as Coville, Earliblue and Jersey has paralleled the decline in native pollinating insects such as the bumblebee (4). The use of commercial honeybees has not solved the fruit set problem in many cases because the problem varieties appear to be less attractive to the domesticated bees than are the fruitful varieties (4).
Fruiting Response of the Highbush Blueberry to Gibberellic Acid under Field Conditions1
Authors: Mainland C. M. , Eck P.
Published: August 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA) at 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ppm was applied to the highbush blueberry var. ‘Coville’ at bloom for 2 consecutive seasons in the field. Percentage fruit set was increased by all GA treatments in 1966. In 1967 yields were increased by the 100, 500 and 500 ppm caged treatments. GA-treated plants produced smaller berries that required a longer maturation period but were still of fresh market quality. The smallest and latest maturing fruit were seedless and were produced from caged plants receiving GA. No differences in mold incidence and percentage weight loss in storage were apparent between treated fruit and the control. Only fruit from caged plants receiving 500 ppm GA had refractive index values less than those of the control berries. The GA treatments did not reduce the number of flower buds formed in 1966 or 1967.
The Influence of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl-hydrazide (Alar) on Plant Growth, Inflorescence and Seed Development and Chemical Analysis of Barbarea verna, Land Cress1
Authors: Andrews Flood S.
Published: August 2022

Under certain conditions, fall and spring applications of Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) at 5,000 ppm delayed inflorescence development of land cress plants 12 to 14 days following cold induction of winter. Alar-treated plants were greener, shorter and more compact; pods were smaller in length and diameter. Seeds of Alar-treated plants were delayed in maturity, smaller, and had a much lower per cent of germination. Chemical analysis showed that immature, Alar-treated greenhouse plants were higher in protein and lower in nitrates than untreated plants. Under a favorable, cool, field environment, plants of all treatments were higher in protein and Alar caused no increase.
The Relationship between Rooting Cofactors of Easy and Difficult-to-root Cuttings of Three Clones of Rhododendron1
Authors: Choong Il Lee , McGuire John J. , Kitchin John T.
Published: August 2022

The level of endogenous root-promoting and inhibiting substances in 3 clones of rhododendron were compared at seasonal intervals in order to study the clonal and seasonal variation in rooting response of cuttings. The highest levels of 4 rooting cofactors in any season were found in both stem and leaf tissue of Rhododendron cv. ‘Cunningham’s White’ followed by ‘English Roseum’. The clone ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ contained the least amount of the rooting cofactors. An inhibitor was often found in all clones, but it appeared less responsible for clonal differences in rooting response than variation in levels of the rooting cofactors. Rooting cofactor levels contained in the stem tissue of ‘Cunningham’s White’ were not less than those in the leaf tissue. In contrast, cofactor levels present in the stem tissue of ‘English Roseum’ and ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ were less than those in the leaf tissue. The promoting activity of rooting cofactors in all tissues of the clones increased in September and decreased again in November to the level of July extract. The inhibitor found in the July extracts disappeared in September and reappeared in November.

Rooting of cuttings of ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ was significantly improved by grafting a leaf and bud scion of ‘Cunningham’s White’. On the other hand, scions of ‘Dr. H. C. Dresselhuys’ resulted in decreased rooting of cuttings of ‘Cunningham’s White‘. Rooting capacity of ‘English Roseum’ was less affected by a leaf and bud scion of other clones of Rhododendron.
Effect of Cultivation and Nitrogen Levels on Storage Quality, Yield and Color Grade of Starking ‘Red Delicious’ Apple Grown Under Grass Sod1
Authors: Mason J. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Starking Red Delicious’ trees 15 years old on seedling rootstocks were fertilized with 5 levels of N as ammonium nitrate from 0.165 to 3.0 lb. per tree applied in a narrow band from 1961 to 1966 and cultivated at a shallow depth with a rotavator each year in March and May, March alone, or not at all.

Evaluation of fruit quality at harvest time showed that there was no significant effect of N level or cultivation treatments on fruit color. Pressure test was reduced by the higher N treatments but soluble solids concentration was highest at the medium N applications. Titratable acidity was reduced by the higher N treatments but cultivation treatments had no effect. Flesh color of the fruit was the most sensitive of several tests made, higher N and more cultivation causing greener flesh. In tests at the end of storage life, pressure test and titratable acidity were still reduced by the higher N treatments. There was little effect on soluble solids, per cent rots or storage scald. Again, cultivation treatments had no effect.

There was very little difference in yield among the N treatments except at the lowest levels of 0.5 and 0.165 lb. This effect was most marked with no cultivation. The N content of the leaves was increased by the N treatments from approximately 2.1% at the lowest level to approximately 2.4% at the highest level. There was no effect on terminal length or trunk circumference.

It was shown that grass sod with or without moderate cultivation could largely override the effect of a very wide range of N levels. There was a deleterious effect only at very low N levels combined with no cultivation.
Effect of Cycocel and Abscisic Acid on Bud Growth of Redblush Grapefruit1
Authors: Young Roger , Cooper W. C.
Published: August 2022

‘Redblush’ grapefruit seedlings, with and without leaves, were sprayed 1 to 5 times with 100 to 1000 ppm abscisic acid or 500 to 3000 ppm cycocel. Plants were subsequently exposed to several day/night temperature regimes which included 70°/50°, 90°/70°, and 95°/95°F. Both abscisic acid and cycocel delayed bud growth of leafy and defoliated seedlings. Abscisic acid was more effective than cycocel, and both compounds were most effective in delaying bud growth at lower temperatures, higher concentrations, and with more than one application. Abscisic acid was more toxic than cycocel, and both compounds were more toxic to defoliated plants than to leafy plants. Gibberellic acid overcame a correlative bud inhibition by the leaves, and abscisic acid decreased the effect of gibberellic acid.
Pericarp Anatomy of Crack-Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Cotner S. D. , Burns E. E. , Leeper P. W.
Published: August 2022

The pericarp anatomy and vascular system of crack-resistant and susceptible tomato fruits was studied. Concentric crack resistance is possibly due to the configuration of the epidermal cells and the arrangement of the vascular system. Fruits showing resistance to concentric cracking possessed flattened epidermal cells. No consistent anatomical differences occurred to account for radial crack resistance. Fruits resistant to both types of cracking have a more extensive vascular system. Results indicate that the distribution of water absorbed by the fruit may be a factor in crack susceptibility or resistance.
A Comparison of Maturation and Composition of ‘Valencia’ Oranges in Some Major Subtropical Zones of the United States1
Authors: Reuther Walter , Rasmussen G. K. , Hilgeman R. H. , Cahoon G. A. , Cooper W. C.
Published: August 2022

Comparisons were made of the composition of ‘Valencia’ oranges, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, from orchards in 6 major climatic zones used for citrus culture in the U. S. Six orchards, selected in a compact area in each location, were measured and sampled at intervals during 2 crop seasons. The locations were: Orlando, Fla.; Weslaco, Tex.; Tempe, Ariz.; Indio, Calif.; Riverside, Calif.; Santa Paula, Calif. Statistical evaluations showed that the seasonal trends for most measurements differed significantly among locations.

Observations on flowering showed that full-bloom occurred from 1 to 2 months later in the Far-Western locations than in Texas and Florida. The extremes of the interval between an thesis and the beginning of ripening (a 9 to 1 ratio of total soluble solids to acid in juice) varied from 71/2 to 81/2 months in Weslaco, to 14 to 15 months in Santa Paula, but earliness or lateness of maturity could not be relatd in any simple, obvious manner to the characteristic of the seasonal temperature regimes in the 6 locations. In general, rinds were thinner, smoother and slower to color, and fruits larger, and juicier in Orlando and Weslaco than in the Far-Western locations. Total soluble solids and ascorbic acid in juice at comparable stages of maturity were not influenced in a predictable manner by location, although significant differences occurred in a given season. Of the juice constituents, the acids appear to be the most consistently influenced by climatic conditions during the rapid growth and maturation periods of fruit development. The warmer the climate, the more rapid was the rate of decrease of total acid concentration. Seediness of fruit was influenced by both location and season. Measurements of comparable samples of fruit obtained from widely divergent climatic parameters suggest that the numerous growth and metabolic processes involved in ripening of citrus fruits have independent internal controlling mechanisms. Apparently these processes interact in different ways with external environmental factors, and are not dominated by a pervasive, common internal maturity factor.
Seasonal Fluctuations of Amino Acids, Organic Acids, and Simple Sugars in ‘Elberta’ Peach and ‘Chinese’ Apricot Flower Buds During and After Rest1
Authors: El-Mansy Hussein I. , Walker David R.
Published: August 2022

Fifteen amino acids, 5 organic acids, and 3 sugars were identified and measured quantitatively during and after the rest period of ‘Elberta’ peach and ‘Chinese’ apricot flower buds. Total amino acids increased just prior to the completion of rest in peach buds. Proline and alanine were the predominant amino acids in peach buds. Glutamic acid and proline were predominant during rest. Aspartic acid, serine, and phenylalanine increased considerably after rest was completed. Total organic acids increased slightly in peach buds after rest, while malic and citric acids showed considerable increases. In apricot buds, total organic acids increased 8-fold after the rest period was completed in mid-winter. Much of the increase which occurred, mainly in the last sampling before bloom, was attributed to fumaric, citric, pyruvic, succinic, and malic acids. After completion of rest, the sugars increased from 3- to 9-fold in peach and more than 2-fold in apricot buds.
Chromosome Numbers of Ten Species and Clones in the Genus Psidium1
Authors: Hirano R. T. , Nakasone H. Y.
Published: August 2022

Polyploidy within Psidium guajava appears to be uncommon but the genus Psidium is represented by di-, tetra-, hexa- and octoploid species. The species and their respective chromosome numbers are: P. guajava and P. polycarpum, 2n = 22; P. guineense and P. cujavillus, 2n = 44; P. friedrichsthalianum (El Salvador), 2n = 44; P. friedrichsthalianum (Costa Rica), 2n = 66; P. cattleianum f. lucidum, 2n = 66. Two plants of P. cattleianum were found to be 2n = 77, a heptaploid number, but whether these plants represent horticultural variants has not been established.

Close resemblance in vegetative characters of the species and gross appearance of the chromosomes of P. guajava and P. polycarpum on the one hand and those of P. guineense and P. cujavillus on the other casts some doubt as to their identities.
Feasibility of Using the Meadow Vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus to Bioassay the Nutritive Value and Culinary Quality of Some Carrot Inbred Lines and Hybrids1
Authors: Lane R. P. , Peterson C. E. , Elliott F. C.
Published: August 2022

A consistent preference by the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, for the roots of certain inbred carrot lines and hybrids observed in field plantings suggested the possibility of using these animals to evaluate carrot breeding material for nutritive value and culinary quality. In a preliminary field test, 50 carrot lines representing the full range of feeding damage were planted in a confined feeding experiment. Lines showing no damage and severe damage were selected for controlled feeding trials and further evaluation.

In laboratory ad libitum feeding tests, all carrot diets were inferior to control diets. There was no relationship between vole preference and the nutritive value of the carrots as measured by the growth response of weanling voles. However, vole preference showed a significant positive correlation with the sucrose content of the roots while a significant negative correlation was found between preference and total reducing sugars. Neither growth response nor vole preference was correlated with crude fiber, protein, or total carbohydrates. No correlation was found between taste panel scores for overall rating of carrot samples and ad lib. feeding indexes by the voles.
Measurement and Classification of Genetic Variability in Horseradish1
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Carmer S. G. , Courter J. W.
Published: August 2022

The genetic variability of 20 cultivars of horseradish, Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey., & Scherb., was measured and classified. These cultivars were chosen from a gene pool containing over 400 cultivars, and collectively they appeared to represent the extreme and intermediate forms of variability found in horseradish. Two methods of classification were compared. One classification was based on 2 highly diagnostic characters that showed the extreme and intermediate limits of the germplasm in the form of a scatter diagram. The other classification was based on 40 characters. For this classification methods of numerical taxonomy were used to show the germplasm complex by scatter diagrams and phenograms. The two classifications appeared to be equal in defining the extreme limits of the genetic variability. The main area of disagreement was found among the relative positions of the intermediate forms or genotypes. The use of scatter diagrams as an aid to the selection and conservation of genetic variability for future use is discussed.
Effects of Cyclic Anaerobiosis on Pome Fruits1
Authors: MacLean D. C. , Dedolph R. R. , Dilley D. R. , Dewey D. H.
Published: August 2022

The production of CO2 by apple and pear fruit was measured during and after alternating 12-hr exposures to air and N2 atmospheres. Typical stimulation of CO2 evolution in the absence of O2 was observed. Five or more anaerobic cycles imparted a permanent reduction on the subsequent aerobic respiration rate. The differences between control respiration and aerobic CO2 evolution by fruit exposed to cyclic anaerobiosis indicated that the capacity for aerobic respiration was reduced by the early anaerobic cycles. Suppression of the anaerobic stimulation of CO2 production was observed after several cycles suggesting that the capacity for fermentation was accumulatively impaired. Subsequent measurements of physical characteristics showed that flesh softening and chlorophyll degradation, processes which generally coincide during ripening, were differentially affected by cyclic anaerobiosis. Apple scald was induced by anaerobiosis. Pear fruits subjected to anaerobic cycles or continuous anaerobiosis did not ripen during the 14-day poststorage period at 21°C.
A Histological Study of Abscission Layer Formation in Cherry Fruits During Maturation1
Authors: Stösser R. , Rasmussen H. P. , Bukovac M. J.
Published: August 2022

Abscission layer formation during fruit maturation of sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L., occurred between the fruit and the pedicel. No abscission layer was formed between the pedicel and the spur. The abscission layer was first evident 12-15 days before fruit maturity. This layer was composed of 5-8 rows of cells in the transition zone between the fruit and pedicel and was first identified by its low affinity for haematoxylin. Cell separation occurred without rupturing of cell walls. Later cell wall collapse was apparent. Cells immediately distal and proximal to the line of separation were thin walled and prone to separate easily. No abscission layer was formed through the vascular bundles and no cell division was noted during layer formation. Abscission layer formation was observed in detached sour cherry fruit which was histologically similar to that observed in vivo. There was a close relationship between abscission layer formation and force required to separate the fruit from its pedicel. No abscission layer was observed, in the transition zone between the fruit and pedicel in the sweet cherry, Prunus avium L.
Cold Hardening in ‘Redblush’ Grapefruit as Related to Sugars and Water Soluble Proteins1
Authors: Young Roger
Published: August 2022

‘Redblush’ grapefruit seedlings were exposed to hardening temperatures in the presence and absence of light. Both reducing and non-reducing sugars increased in leaves and wood of hardened plants and non-reducing sugars increased in roots of hardened plants. The primary sugars involved were glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Plants exposed to hardening temperatures in the dark did not harden, and water soluble proteins did not materially change in the leaves during hardening in the light.

Lower temperatures were required to kill leaves without ice on the surface than with ice, and lower temperatures were required to kill hardened leaves. Hardened leaves developed a small capacity to recover from cell dehydration due to ice nucleation indicating changes in protoplasm stability and membranes during hardening
The Effect of Fertilization on Yield, Growth and Mineral Composition of Southern Peas1
Authors: Stewart F. B. , Reed M.
Published: August 2022

In a basic fertility study with the ‘Princess Anne’ a black-eye variety of southern peas, utilizing a Woodstown sandy loam soil in terra cotta tiles under outside field conditions, an application of 30 lb. N/A increased the yield of pods at green shell maturity in 1 out of 2 years. Yields increased both years with increasing rate of P application up to and including 200 lb. P/A. Applied K did not increase yields when the soil tested medium or high in available K.

Highly significant increases in plant growth resulted from increasing rates of P application, but plant growth was not appreciably affected by applied N and K. The plant content of P and K increased with the application of each respective element; however, the application of P resulted in a reduction in the level of K in the plants. Applied N did not materially influence the level of N in the plants but did increase the plant content of Ca and Mg; whereas applied K reduced the level of Ca and Mg in the plant.
Pollen Germination and Compatibility Studies of some Psidium Species1
Authors: Hirano R. T. , Nakasone H. Y.
Published: August 2022

Pollen of Psidium guajava L. germinated at pH levels of 4.5-7.0 up to 33 hr after anthesis. Germination of fresh pollen was depressed at pH 7.0 but germination of older pollen was enhanced. Pollen 1-2 days old which failed to germinate in vitro still induced fruit set when used in pollination, indicating that it was still functional.

Pollen germination in vitro of the species studied varied considerably. Generally, pollen of species with high chromosome numbers germinated poorly.

Pollination studies indicated partial self incompatibility in all species studied. Reciprocal interspecific crosses showed pronounced differences in compatibility.
Mode of Action of Ascorbic Acid in Inducing Selective Abscission of Citrus Fruit, Citrus sinensis, Osbeck1
Authors: Yehoshua S. Ben , Eaks I. L.
Published: August 2022

Ascorbic acid (AA) application at relatively high concentration, 1-5% w/v, accelerated abscission of fruit more than of leaves and increased the ethylene production of both organs by about 10 fold. This selective abscission may be related to the following factors: a) the internal ethylene concentration rises in treated fruit up to levels above 1 ppm whereas its concentration in treated leaves is estimated to be lower; b) leaves incorporate less ascorbic acid than fruit; c) A A induces a marked injury to the fruit’s rind and little to no visible injury to leaves.

Ascorbic acid treatment increased the sensitivity of both leaves and fruit to external ethylene and increased the respiratory activity of both. This rise in fruit respiration might be related to the increase in internal ethylene and injury.
Relationship of Nutrition and Fruit Quality of Wolcott Blueberries Grown in Sand Culture1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Kushman L. J.
Published: August 2022

One hundred 2-year old ‘Wolcott’ blueberry plants were grown in sand culture with 5 levels each of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg and fruited in 1962 and 1963 in the greenhouse. The content of each of the 5 nutrient-elements in the leaves varied widely. Level of N affected the number of leaves and fruit per plant (+, −), fruit size (−), acidity (−), and ripening date (+), and the fruit-to-leaf ratio (F/L) of the bush (+). Foliar levels of P greater than 0.40% were associated with foliar interveinal chlorosis and abscission; low levels of P were associated with few leaves, a high F/L, and low berry weight. Leaves containing between 0.28 and 0.36% K showed foliar deficiency symptoms of K. High K was associated with high fruit acidity. No effects of nutrition upon the keeping quality of fruit were noted. High F/L had a greater effect than treatments upon fruit and was related to late ripening, low soluble-solids, and small size of the berries. With bushes having a high F/L, fruit weight and soluble solids decreased as the harvest season progressed until the ratio was between 1 and 2; thereafter, soluble solids content increased. Content of soluble solids varied inversely with per cent of crop ripening at a given time until a F/L between 1 to 2 was reached.
Interaction of Temperature and Light Intensity On Flowering of Capsicum frutescens var grossum cv. ‘California Wonder’1
Authors: Deli J. , Tiessen H.
Published: August 2022

Pepper seedlings, cv. ‘California Wonder’, were exposed for 25 days to a 17 hr photoperiod at a light intensity of 800 to 1600 ft-c and a night temperature of 12 or 18°C. The treatments were initiated when the third, fourth, of fifth true leaf was 1 cm long.

More flowers were produced, as a result of increased branching, on plants exposed to the low temperature (12°) or low light intensity (800 ft-c). The response to the temperature and light treatments was greater if the treatment was initiated when the third true leaf was 1 cm long. The low temperature increased the number of days to first anthesis and decreased the number of nodes to the first flower, while light intensity had no influence on either the time of flowering or number of nodes to the first flower.
Insect Pollination of Strawberries1
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: August 2022

The exclusion of pollinating insects by covering strawberry plots with screen cages during bloom resulted in significant yield reductions and delayed fruit maturity in each of 4 years of tests. Fruit size of the cultivars ‘Tennessee Beauty’ and ‘Earlibelle’ was reduced as a result of caging but no significant size reduction occurred in caged plots of the cultivar ‘Blakemore’. A much higher per cent of fruit from caged plots was malformed and misshapen than fruit from uncaged plots or plots caged with honeybees.

Comparisons of data from plots in which insects were excluded with plots caged with honeybees and plots covered with open cages indicate that the results obtained from caging are primarily due to incomplete pollination as a result of insect exclusion. The data obtained support the conclusion that insect pollination is beneficial in strawberry production and that native bee conservation should be practiced in the vicinity of strawberry plantations.
Observations on Sterility of Induced Autotetraploid Watermelons1
Authors: Lower R. L. , Johnson K. W.
Published: August 2022

Autotetraploid watermelons were produced by treating the growing points of diploid seedlings with aqueous colchicine solution or by soaking diploid seeds in colchicine solution. The soaking method was more effective.

Diploid pollen was apparently more viable than tetra-ploid pollen. Examination of germinating tetraploid pollen revealed that while over two-thirds germinated normally a small percentage sent forth 2, 3 or 4 normalsized pollen tubes or a single bifurcated tube. Germinating diploid pollen always put forth only one unbranched pollen tube. Tetraploid plants did not set fruit when pollinated with pollen from tetraploids; however, they did set fruit when pollinated with pollen from diploids.

Cytological observations were made of pollen mother cells of both diploid and tetraploid plants. Meiosis in diploids was regular; however, irregularities were observed in tetraploids. Examination of some pollen mother cells of tetraploids at the quartette stage revealed micro sporocytes in addition to the 4 microspores. The abnormal quartette formations and lower pollen viability of tetraploids were believed associated with irregularities observed at meiosis. Preliminary investigations of megaspore formation revealed no apparent differences between the diploid and tetraploid megaspores. Although meiotic irregularities were found, a sufficient amount of apparently viable pollen was observed. A physiological basis for the self-sterility is suggested.
Relationship of Turnip Mosaic Virus Susceptibility and Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae) Resistance in Lettuce1
Authors: Zink F. W. , Duffus James E.
Published: August 2022

A mosaic disease of Lactuca sativa L. is described and the causal agent identified as turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Extensive infection reduces the yield appreciably or may destroy entirely the value of the crop. A survey of L. sativa cultivars indicated that TuMV susceptibility is restricted to mildew resistant: crisphead types: ‘Calmar’, ‘E-4’, ‘Imperial 410’, ‘Imperial Triumph’, ‘Valrio’, ‘Valtemp’, and ‘Valverde’. Circumstantial evidence indicates that TuMV susceptibility in cv. ‘Calmar’, ‘Imperial 410’, ‘Valrio’, ‘Valtemp’, and ‘Valverde’ stems from the mildew resistant L. serriola L. (P.I. 91532). TuMV and mildew resistant cultivars are: butterhead type ‘May King’, ‘Meikoningin’, ‘Proeftuin’s Blackpool’, ‘Ventura’; leaf type ‘Red Salad Bowl’, ‘Salad Trim’; cos type ‘Valmaine’. Seed collections of L. serriola from the Santa Clara and Salinas Valleys of California produced plants that fell into 3 classifications: a) TuMV-resistant, mildew-resistant; b) TuMV-resistant, mildew-susceptible, and c) TuMV-susceptible, mildew-resistant. No plants in L. sativa or L. serriola were susceptible to both TuMV and mildew. Extreme resistance to TuMV was demontrated in L. sativa and L. serriola. TuMV-susceptible L. sativa cultivars showed differences in tolerance to symptom expression and resistance to infection. In L. serriola a resistance connected with a hypersensitivity reaction was observed. All isolates of TuMV collected were capable of infecting susceptible L. sativa cultivars. L. sativa cv. ‘Calmar’ and ‘Valverde’ systemically infected with TuMV did not transmit the virus through the seed. L. serriola systemically infected with TuMV failed to produce seed.
Fruit Tissue Injury in Apricots, Prunus armeniaca L., and Sweet Cherries, Prunus avium L., as a Result of a Late Spring Freeze1
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: August 2022

Effects of freeze injury to the various tissues of young developing fruits were studied anatomically and illustrated by photomicrographs. Samples had been obtained just prior to the freeze so that normal and injured tissues can be compared.

In the apricot, disrupted tissue appeared in the following areas: vascular bundle tissues in the mesocarp, general destruction of the endocarp, ovullary tissue destruction with separation of the outer and inner integuments and a distinct injury occurring in the chalazal end of the ovule.

The same general pattern of tissue injury occurred for the sweet cherries as that which was evident in the apricot. However, injury at the base of the fruit was not as intense as that of the apricot. The ‘Stark Gold’ cherry, which was 2-3 days later in development than the ‘Starting Hardy Giant’, was less severely injured because the floral cup base provided some protection. It also had 4-6 hypodermal layers as compared to 2 layers in the ‘Starking Hardy Giant’.
Response of Baccara Roses to Saline Irrigation1
Authors: Yaron B. , Zieslin N. , Halevy A. H.
Published: August 2022

One year old ‘Baccara’ roses budded on Rosa chinensis cv. ‘Major’ were planted in large containers and irrigated for 90 days with water containing various salinity levels (ca. 0.4 to 7.8 EC × 103). Salinization was obtained by either chloride or nitrate salts. Irrigation with water containing chlorides was more detrimental than with water containing nitrates at the same level of salinity. Stem and leaf growth and water uptake decreased with increasing soil salinity. A slight decrease was noticed even at 2.0 mmhos/cm, containing chlorides, the damage increasing with time, indicating a cumulative effect of soil salinity even at low salinity level.
Influence of Curing, Variety, Size of Root, Evacuation Time and Holding Time Upon the Accuracy of Intercellular Space Measurements of Sweetpotato Roots1
Authors: Kushman L. J. , Pope D. T.
Published: August 2022

Intercellular space measurements of ‘Nugget’ and ‘Centennial’ sweetpotatoes were significantly different due to variety, evacuation and holding periods, and the interaction of curing with evacuation and holding periods but not different because of curing alone, root length, dry-matter content, or uncorrected specific gravity. To determine intercellular space accurately, evacuation time should be no less than 10 min and holding in water after evacuation no less than 15 min.
Histological Studies of Gamma Irradiation Artichoke Heads
Authors: Wali Y. A. , Abdel-Salam A. S.
Published: August 2022

The effect of ionizing radiation (10 to 100 kr of gamma rays) on cells of mature artichoke heads was studied. Spongy parenchyma cells of outer bracts separated following radiation and ruptured as the dose increased. The number of parenchyma cells increased with 10 kr treatment but decreased with doses higher than that. Following doses of 10 kr to the edible portion, some xylem vessels were blocked.
Effect of Irrigation on Soil Temperature, Potato Yield and Specific Gravity During Early Summer1
Authors: Motes J. E. , Greig J. K.
Published: August 2022

‘Kennebec’ and ‘Irish Cobbler’ potatoes were irrigated when 1/3 or 2/3 of available soil moisture was depleted in a 3-year study. Control plots were not irrigated. Soil temperatures at 4-inch depth were equal in irrigated and non-irrigated soils one year and 2° and 7°F (1.1° and 3.9°C) cooler in irrigated soils the other 2 seasons.

U.S. No. 1 yield of ‘Kennebec’ was greater with irrigation when 1/3 available moisture was depleted in a low rainfall and high temperature season. ‘Irish Cobbler’, the same season, produced greatest yield by irrigating when 2/3 available moisture was depleted. Number of U.S. No. 1 tubers differed between seasons and followed yield trends. Specific gravity and number and weight of tubers were all inversely related to air and soil temperatures. Air and soil temperatures apparently are the major factors affecting potato yield under Kansas growing conditions.
Distribution of Soluble Components and Quality Factors in the Edible Portion of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Ting S. V.
Published: August 2022

There was a definite trend of increasing titratable acidity and decreasing soluble solids from the periphery of the segments toward the core in ‘Pineapple’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges and in ‘Marsh’ and ‘Duncan’ grapefruit. Soluble solids generally increased along the axis of the fruit from the stem regions toward the stylar end. Titratable acidity was higher at the central regions than at either end. Ratios of soluble solids to acid varied from 9.6 to 20.5 at different positions in ‘Valencia’ orange and from 5.5 to 12.5 in ‘Marsh’ grapefruit. Reducing sugars were lower and non-reducing sugars higher at the stem and stylar ends than at the central regions of both oranges and grapefruit. Ratios of nonreducing to reducing sugars decreased from both ends and from the periphery towards the central core. Total nitrogen and vitamin C were slightly higher in the stem halves than in the stylar halves and higher at the core than at the periphery.
Strawberry Achene Set and Berry Development as Affected by Captan Sprays1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Chen L. I.
Published: August 2022

When sprayed after anther dehiscence, captan (N-(trichloromethylthio) cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxyimide) decreased strawberry achene set and berry development in the greenhouse and increased the proportion of misshapen fruits. Pollination of unsprayed pistils from sprayed anthers was not as effective in setting achenes as was control pollination of sprayed pistils. Sprays applied to pistils either just before or just after pollination decreased achene set. Achene set was not affected by spraying one day after pollination. Captan seemed to act directly upon pollen germination and neither upon the receptivity of the stigma nor upon pollen tube growth in the style or on fertilization.
Storage Conditions for Allium cepa, L., Pollen1
Authors: Kwan S. C. , Hamson A. R. , Campbell W. F.
Published: August 2022

Freshly dehisced pollen of Allium cepa L. was stored under various conditions of temperature and relative humidity for up to 198 days. One series of treatments was freeze dried before storage. The degree of viability was determined by germination percentages at periodic intervals. Germination of approximately 60% of the initial germination was maintained in pollen samples freeze dried and stored at −18° and 5% relative humidity. Without freeze drying, approximately 38% of initial germination was maintained in samples of onion pollen stored 198 days at −18° and 10% relative humidity. Pollen stored at −18° and 80% relative humidity germinated 34% of initial germination after 56 days of storage and gradually declined to 4% by 170 days.
Genetic Heterogeneity in the Histogenic Layers of Apple1
Authors: Dayton D. F.
Published: August 2022

The technique of disbudding to force development of adventitious buds was used to test for possible genetic heterogeneity in tissues derived from the internal histogenic layers of several apple varieties and strains. Following treatment of 1-year old trees in the greenhouse, adventitious buds were readily produced by 5 strains of ‘Delicious’ and by ‘McIntosh’, but none by ‘Golden Delicious’ in 3 successive years of trial. Fruiting trees developed from adventitious bud growth indicated considerable heterogeneity among the histogenic layers of several of the source varieties. Adventitious trees of ‘Starkrimson’ closely resembled the source variety in fruit characters and in fruiting and growth habits as did most of those of ‘Redspur’. Three adventitious trees of ‘Redspur’ were markedly different in fruiting and growth habits, indicating the existence of internal chimeras. Adventitious trees of ‘Richared’ and ‘Bridgham Red Delicious’ produced fruit with pigmentation closely resembling that of the original ‘Delicious’, indicating that these sports probably resulted from mutations in L I of the growing point. A late-coloring sport of ‘Starking’ produced 3 adventitious trees each representing a different class of pigmentation intensity of the fruit. A striped sport of ‘McIntosh’ produced trees with fruits having an entirely blushed pattern of color development, thus striped-fruited forms of this variety probably resulted from undesirable mutations in L I. The strong tendency to produce adventitious buds probably accounts for an important fraction of the unusually large number of ‘Delicious’ sports.
Susceptibility of Evergreen Hosts to the Juniper Blight Fungus, Phomopsis juniperovora, Under Epidemic Conditions1
Authors: Schoeneweiss Donald F.
Published: August 2022

Relative damage due to juniper blight under field conditions was recorded on 188 species, varieties, and cultivars of juniper, cypress, false-cypress, and arborvitae during 2 out of 3 years of epidemic conditions in Illinois. Wide variation in relative susceptibility to blight was observed among the various hosts examined. No blight damage was recorded on 5 of 7 false-cypresses, 27 of 146 junipers, and 4 of 37 arborvitae examined in 1967 and 1968 at the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, and at 3 large commercial nurseries in the state.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Sulfur Nutrition of the Cranberry in Sand Culture1
Authors: Torio Joyce C. , Eck Paul
Published: August 2022

‘Early Black’ cranberry plants were grown for 3 seasons in sand culture in the greenhouse at high and low levels of N, P, K and S in a factorial design. Weekly application of a 60 ppm N solution produced excessive runner growth despite a decline in N content of the leaf to less than 1% by the 3rd season. It is suggested that vine growth may be used as a diagnostic tool in addition to leaf N to ascertain N sufficiency in cranberry. Flower production was greater on plants treated at the high N rate but the per cent fruit set was lower as compared to that of plants treated with the low N rate. Interactions between N and S in solution were observed with respect to runner and flower production. More uprights were produced by plants receiving the high level of K than the low level. N, P, and K composition of leaves decreased in each progressive growing season. By the third season, values were in the range reported for surveys of commercial plantings. Berry K and S contents were higher than previously reported values. The fruit of the cranberry apparently serves as a K sink. Berry K was nearly 3 times as great as leaf K.
Factors Influencing Petaloidy Expression in the Carrot, Daucus carota L.1
Authors: Eisa H. M. , Wallace D. H.
Published: August 2022

Several vernalized lots of petaloid male sterile carrots were grown under 3 temperature regimes ranging from 50-80°F. The degree of petaloidy increased as temperature increased. Variable petaloid morphology within plants, within umbels, and within single flowers was probably caused by variation in microenvironmental factors. Externally applied chemicals neither promoted nor retarded petaloidy. Transmission across a graft union of the factors responsible for petaloidy expression was not detected.
Tolerance of Rootstocks and Established Malus, Pyrus, and Prunus Trees to Terbacil1
Authors: Putnam A. R. , Price H. C.
Published: August 2022

Several annual and perennial weed species were effectively controlled with 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) in orchards. One-year-old seedling rootstocks of peach, Prunus persica, (L.) Patsch, were most tolerant to terbacil; pear, Pyrus communis, L., and apple, Malus sylvestris, L., seedlings were intermediate; the East Malling (EM) VII clone, Mazzard, Prunus avium, L., and Mahaleb cherry, Prunus mahaleb, L., seedlings were most susceptible. Both surface and soil incorporated applications were toxic, indicating that terbacil was readily leached into the root zone. Applications were made in 2 and 6-year-old experimental blocks and in commercial orchards (age 2–15 years) from 1965 to 1968. No major damage was observed on apple, peach, tart cherry or sweet cherry trees that were established 3 years or longer. Toxicity symptoms manifested as veinal chlorosis were occasionally observed on sandy loam soils at rates 2–3 fold greater than required for satisfactory weed control.
Air and Soil Temperature and Phosphorus Effects on Mineral Uptake and Distribution in the Pea Plant1
Authors: Adedipe N. O. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: August 2022

The effects of 4 air and soil temperature regimes and 3 levels of P on the concentrations and total contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in pea plant tissues were investigated in controlled environments. There were generally no significant interaction effects between temperature regimes and applied P when contents of these minerals were expressed as per cent of dry matter. When contents were expressed as total uptake into the various tissues there were significant interactions for all 5 minerals.

At the pre-fruiting growth stages, tissue concentration of P generally increased with applied P, particularly at the highest rate. P concentration responses at the 10th node stage were similar to those at the 6th node, but there was a reversal of these effects at full bloom. The warm air temperature of 30°/21°C (day/night) generally increased P concentration but depressed total uptake compared with a temperature of 21°/13°. The increases were largely due to concentration effects resulting from smaller plants. Increases in P concentration at the high soil temperature of 18°, compared with 10°, were absolute because they occurred regardless of plant size. Applied P increased the total uptake of minerals as well as their translocation into the seed.
The Relationship Between Trunk Cross-sectional Area and Weight of Apple Trees1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Roberts A. N.
Published: August 2022

Trunk cross-sectional area was found to bear a linear relationship to total above-ground weight of apple trees. From these data, it is suggested that trunk measurements can be used to estimate the potential bearing surface of any orchard tree as long as it has not been pruned heavily to prevent crowding. This relationship permits the calculation of yield efficiency as fruit weight per cm2 trunk cross-section. Estimates were made of maximum bearing surface potential (tree weight) per acre (as cm2 trunk area) for several kinds of tree fruits and nuts.
Quality of Brassica carinata as a Green Leafy Vegetable1
Authors: Stephens Thomas S. , Saldana Guadalupe , Griffiths Francis P. , Cowley W. R.
Published: August 2022

Brassica carinata has an excellent potential as a green leafy vegetable for production in the Southwest. The flavor of the cooked, canned or frozen greens is somewhat milder than collard greens without the pungency of mustard greens. The percentage of moisture, titratable acidity, pH, Brix, ascorbic acid, protein, ash and calcium are similar in amounts to collards, cabbage, spinach and mustard greens. The percentage of oxalic acid is considerably less than the amounts reported in spinach.
Statistical Analysis of Flower Temperatures in the Carnation1
Authors: Hanan Joe J.
Published: August 2022

Petal surface temperatures and temperature differentials between the petal surfaces and air, and between the petal surfaces and bottom of the calyx of fully open, red and white Dianthus caryophyllus flowers were examined under a variety of environmental conditions and transparent covers with the aid of an infrared thermometer. A number of multiple linear regression analyses were run on the data. Under certain conditions of wind velocity, solar radiation and air temperature, differentials of red carnation flowers exceeded 10° C, whereas white flowers were close to ambient air temperature. Lower radiant energy transmission by a cover reduced the effect of radiation level upon flower temperature, but increased petal surface temperatures and the differential between the petal surfaces and bottom of the flower. The differences were sufficient to partially explain results obtained in actual practice, to identify undesirable environmental parameters, and to emphasize a hitherto neglected area of research.