bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK, FRAKSI N-HEKSAN, FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT, FRAKSI AIR DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb) TERHADAP Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Authors: Monica Sandy  , Siska Wardani Tatiana , Dwi Septiarini Anita
Published: January 2023

Daun pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb) adalah salah satu tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai antibakteri. Daun pegagan memiliki kandungan kimia flavonoid, tanin dan saponin. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air dari daun pegagan serta untuk mengetahui Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) dari fraksi teraktif daun pegagan terhadap pertumbuhan Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Serbuk daun pegagan dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 96%, kemudian difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan air. Ekstrak, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air diuji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi dan dilusi. Metode difusi dengan konsentrasi 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% dan Metode dilusi konsentrasi 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,12%, 1,56%, 0,78%, 0,39%, 0,195% dan 0,098% terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Hasil pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode difusi menunjukkan ekstrak, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi air daun pegagan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dengan adanya daya hambat. Fraksi etil asetat 20% paling efektif karena memiliki rata-rata daya hambat paling besar yaitu 13,67 mm. Hasil uji metode dilusi menunjukkan nilai KBM fraksi etil asetat yaitu 12,5%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat adalah fraksi teraktif.
Kata kunci: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Antibakteri, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Gambaran Kepuasan Pelanggan Terhadap Pelayanan Obat di Apotek Area Boyolali
Authors: Choirin Nisa Triya , Nazar Ahlul , Siska Wardani Tatiana , Tribudi Alif , Elmaya Yuni , Agus Santoso Aris Prio
Published: January 2023

Apotek adalah tempat tertentu, tempat pekerjaan kefarmasian pendistribusian obat, dan perbekalan kesehatan lainnya kepada warga. Tingkat kepuasan konsumen terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian merupakan salah satu pendukung perkembangan apotek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kepuasan pelanggan terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek daerah Boyolali. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif non eksperimental. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei langsung terhadap pelanggan apotek dengan memberikan kuesioner kepada responden. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 50 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian didominasi oleh perempuan (72%), rentang usia 20-22 tahun (44%). Petugas Apotek  memberikan informasi tentang efek samping obat dengan gap (- 0.12) dan tingkat kesesuaian (96.3%) dimensi reability merupakan dimensi yang paling memerlukan perbaikan karena tingkat kesesuaiannya terendah diantara yang lain yaitu (98.1%) dengan nilai kesenjagan (-0.06). Obat yang dijual di Apotek lengkap dan mutunya terjamin, Apotek memiliki ruang tunggu yang bersih dan nyaman, petugas Apotek memberikan pelayanan yang ramah dan petugas Apotek bersedia melayani konsultasi konsumen. Penelitian ini, menunjukkan sebagian besar pengunjung di Apotek area Boyolali memiliki persepsi yang baik terhadap pelayanan informasi obat Apotek.
Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Pelayanan Kefarmasian Beberapa Apotek di Samarinda
Authors: Yunita Bestari , Imtinan Ma’aly Desy , Saputra Pakiding Djaya , Aprilia Utama Yoanda , Siska Wardani Tatiana , Prio Agus Santoso Aris
Published: January 2023

Kepuasan pasien merupakan suatu hal yang abstrak dan hasilnya sangat bervariasi karena pada dasarnya sangat tergantung kepada masing-masing persepsi individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian yang diberikan pada beberapa apotek di Samarinda. Penelitian ini dianalisis secara deskriptif yaitu berdasarkan skala likert. Dengan mengukur indikator pertanyaan responsiveness, reliability, assurance, empathy, dan tangible. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei langsung terhadap pasien dengan memberikan kuisioner kepada responden. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 40 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukan  presentase sebesar 94,04% pada dimensi dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi ketanggapan sebesar 92,5% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi keyakinan sebesar 95,9% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi empati sebesar 95% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas, dimensi penampilan sebesar 93,12% dengan klasifikasi sangat puas. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengunjung di beberapa apotek samarinda merasa puas terhadap pelayanan kefarmasian yang diberikan.
Uji Aktivitas Antijamur Sediaan Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Srikaya (Annona Squamosa L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida Albicans
Authors: Ramonah Dewi , Dwi Pratiwi Ayu
Published: January 2023

Kandidiasis merupakan infeksi jamur yang paling sering terjadi pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh jamur Candida albicans. Jamur ini merupakan flora normal yang paling sering ditemukan di rongga mulut, kulit, saluran pencernaan, saluran reproduksi. Pencegahan kandidiasis didalam mulut dapat dicegah menggunakan obat kumur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bahwa sediaan obat kumur ekstrak daun srikaya (Annona squamosa L.) konsentrasi 1%, 5% dan 10% mempunyai daya antijamur terhadap Candida albicans. Ekstrak daun srikaya diekstraksi dengan metode remaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak kental yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan uji bebas etanol dan dilanjutkan dengan skrining fitokimia serta uji Kromatografi Lapis Tipis. Pengujian aktivitas antijamur ditandai dengan adanya zona bening disekitar sumuran yang akan diukur diameternya menggunakan jangka sorong. Hasil uji karakteristik fisik sediaan obat kumur ekstrak daun srikaya telah memenuhi persyaratan uji fisik pada uji pH dan uji viskositas. Hasil diameter zona bening pada pengujian antijamur sediaan obat kumur konsentrasi 1%, 5%, 10% dan kontrol positif didapatkan rerata berturut – turut sebesar 3,610±0,1547 mm; 7,550±0,1322 mm; 9,460±0,1596 mm; dan 12,335±0,1353 mm. Uji satistika menunjukkan bahwa hasil berdistribusi normal dan homogen. Uji anava satu jalan menunjukkan hasil diameter zona bening semua konsentrasi dan kontrol positif terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan.
Pengaruh Formulasi Spray Gel Minyak Nilam (Patchouli Oil) Dengan Basis Hidrokarbon Dan Absorbsi Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sediaan
Authors: Junvidya Heroweti  , Nurlaili Fitriani  , Danang Novianto Wibowo
Published: January 2023

Minyak Nilam (Patchouli oil) menunjukkan beberapa aktivitas farmakologi salah satunya yaitu sifat antibakteri. Kandungan minyak atsiri pada daun nilam mengandung patchouli alcohol sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi minyak nilam (Patchouli oil) dengan basis hidrokarbon dan basis absorpsi terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan spray gel. Salep dibuat menggunakan metode peleburan dengan variasi konsentrasi minyak nilam F1 5%, FII 7,5%, dan FIII 10% sebagai zat aktif dengan basis yang berbeda. Salep dilakukan uji sifat fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya lekat dan daya sebar. Hasil uji organoleptis dan homogenitas dianalisis secara deskriptif, sedangkan hasil pH, viskositas, daya sebar, dan daya lekat dianalisis secara statistik dengan  regresi linier, untuk melihat pengaruh variasi konsentrasi minyak nilam (Patchouli oil)  dengan basis hidrokarbon dan basis absorpsi terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salep minyak nilam dengan basis hidrokarbon memiliki warna putih tulang sedangkan pada basis absorpsi memiliki warna kuning muda. Salep dengan basis hidrokarbon dan absorpsi memiliki bau khas minyak nilam, bentuk semi padat dan tercampur secara homogen. Salep minyak nilam dengan basis hidrokarbon dan absorpsi berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan salep. Kenaikan konsentrasi minyak nilam dapat menurunkan viskositas dan daya lekat, tetapi menaikkan daya sebar dan pH sediaan.
Perbandingan Kadar Fenolik Total Dalam Minyak Atsiri dan Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Lawang (Illicium verum)
Authors: Kusumiati Marna , Angeline Ellsya
Published: January 2023

Bunga lawang (Illicium verum) merupakan tanaman obat yang memiliki aktivitas farmakologi seperti antioksidan, antimikroba, antijamur, antikanker, antiinflamasi, antiserangga, dan antidiare. Namun, belum pernah dilakukan perbandingan kadar fenolik total dari minyak atsiri dan ekstrak etanol dari bunga lawang. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kadar fenolik total dalam minyak atsiri dan ekstrak etanol bunga lawang. Minyak atsiri didapatkan dari destilasi air selama 1,5 jam sedangkan ekstrak etanol didapatkan dengan maserasi selama 48 jam dengan etanol 96% kemudian disaring dan diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator sehingga mendapatkan ekstrak kental. Penetapan kadar fenolik total dilakukan dengan spektrofotometri uv-vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar fenolik total yang lebih tinggi terdapat dalam minyak yaitu sebesar 40,53 mg/g, sedangkan dalam ekstrak sebesar 30,42 mg/g.
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Trietanolamin terhadap Aktivitas Tabir Surya Lotion Ekstrak Kulit Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Harjanti Reslely , Ayu Wikandita Kharisma , Nilawati Anita
Published: January 2023

Tabir surya merupakan jenis sediaan kosmetik yang berperan sebagai pelindung kulit terhadap dampak negatif sinar UV. Kulit buah nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) mengandung flavonoid dan tanin yang berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif dalam tabir surya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi, mengevaluasi mutu fisik dan stabilitas, serta mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi trietanolamin terhadap potensi tabir surya sediaan lotion. Kulit buah nanas dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% kemudian diformulasi menjadi sediaan lotion dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 20% dengan variasi konsentrasi trietanolamin pada formula 1 (2,5%), formula 2 (3%), formula 3 (3,5%). Lotion yang dibuat kemudian diuji mutu fisik sediaan meliputi organoleptis, homogenitas, daya sebar, daya lekat, viskositas, pH, tipe emulsi, dan stabilitas (cycling test) serta pengujian aktivitas tabir surya melalui nilai SPF. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah nanas mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, dan alkaloid. Lotion ekstrak kulit  buah nanas dengan variasi konsentrasi trietanolamin sebagai emulgator memenuhi mutu fisik dan stabilitas yang baik. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi trietanolamin sebagai emulgator maka semakin rendah nilai SPF yang dihasilkan. Nilai SPF yang diperoleh pada formula 1 memiliki nilai SPF yang paling tinggi yaitu 22,23 diikuti formula 2 dan 3 masing-masing sebesar 19,52 dan 16,30.
Farklı Kurutma Ön İşlemleri ve Yöntemlerinin Pırasanın (Allium Porrum L.) Fizikokimyasal ve Duyusal Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Altunkanat Hasret , Taşan Murat
Published: January 2023

Bu çalışmada 1 cm dilim kalınlığında doğranan taze pırasalar (Allium porrum L.) suda ve tuzlu suda haşlama ön işlemlerinden geçirilerek tepsili ve mikrodalga kurutucularda kurutulmuştur. Tepsili kurutucuda 60oC sıcaklık, 2 m s-1 hava akım hızı, %10 bağıl nem ve 3 devir dk-1 tepsi devri ile çalışılmıştır. Mikrodalga kurutucuda ise pırasanın içeriğindeki su miktarının azalmasıyla birlikte kuruma süresinin uzamaması için farklı mikrodalga güç seviyelerinde çalışılmıştır. İlk 70 dakika için 3200 W, daha sonra belirli zaman aralıkları ile 4000, 4480 ve 5040 W olmak üzere güç seviyeleri kademeli olarak arttırılmıştır. Yapılan kurutma işlemleri sonucunda tepsili kurutucuda en hızlı kuruyan grup hiçbir ön işlem görmemiş kontrol grubu olurken, mikrodalga kurutucuda gerçekleşen kurutmada en hızlı kuruyan grup tuzlu suda haşlama grubu olmuştur. Kurutulmuş pırasalara toplam fenolik madde, DPPH, askorbik asit, pH, titre edilebilir toplam asitlik, rehidrasyon ve duyusal analizler uygulanmıştır. Toplam fenolik madde ve askorbik asit miktarı her iki kurutma metodunda da kontrol gruplarında en yüksek miktarda tespit edilmiştir. Rehidre olma özelliği en iyi olan grup genel olarak ön işlemli gruplar olmuştur. Duyusal analizde renk bakımından en iyi grup tepsili kurutucuda kurutulan kontrol grubu olurken, gevreklik bakımından en iyi özellik gösteren grubun genel olarak ön işlemli gruplar olduğu görülmüştür.
Մավազի Խաթունի 1590 թ. օսմանյան հարկացուցակը
Authors: Միրզաբեկյան Գեորգի
Published: January 2023

Մավազի Խաթունը 1590 թ. Երևանի վիլայեթի օսմանյան ընդարձակ հարկամատյանում Նախիջևան վարչաքաղաքական միավորի մաս է կազմել և ունեցել է նահիեի կարգավիճակ: Նրա մեջ են մտել ընդհանուր 8 գյուղ, որոնց տեղադրություններն ու աշխարհագրական դիրքը համապատասխանում է ներկայիս Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Վայոց ձորի հարավային մասին՝ Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետությանը սահմանակից շրջաններին: Հարկամատյանում բնակչությամբ աչքի է ընկել միայն երկու գյուղ՝ Լուվբինն ու Սուլթանբեկը (Բարձրունի), որի բնակիչները բացառապես հայեր էին՝ կազմելով 24 ընտանիք: Մավազի Խաթունի օսմանյան հարկացուցակի ուսումնասիրության շնորհիվ կարելի է պատկերացում կազմել գյուղերի սոցիալ-տնտեսական վիճակի մասին։ Սկզբնաղբյուրի համաձայն՝ Մավազի Խաթունի գյուղերում բնակչությունը մեծ մասամբ զբաղվում էր գյուղատնտեսությամբ, որի գործում նշանակալի էր ցորենի մշակության դերը: Լուվբինն ու Սուլթանբեկն ունեին տնտեսական նույն ներուժը: Այն գրեթե նույնական էր 1590 թ. Դարաշամբին, որն իր հերթին Նախիջևանի մաս էր կազմում:
В Османском подробном податном реестре Ереванского вилайета 1590 г. Мавази Хатун входил в состав административно-политической единицы Нахиджевана и выступал в качестве Нахие. В составе Мавази Хатуна было 8 сел, географическое расположение которых соответствует нынешней южной части Вайоц Дзора, граничащей с Нахиджеванской автономной республикой. В подробном реестре по своему населению выделяются только два села: Лувбин и Султанбек (Бардзруни), где жили только армяне -всего 24 семьи. Благодаря османскому податному реестру Мавази Хатуна можно составить представление о социально-экономическом положении сел. Согласно первоисточнику, в 1590 г. население этих сел в основном занималось сельским хозяйством. Лувбин и Султанбек обладали одинаковым экономическим потенциалом, идентичным с Дарашамбским регионом в 1590 г., который в свою очередь входил в состав Нахиджевана.
Mavazi Khatun was a part of administrative unit of Nakhijevan in the Extented Ottoman Tax Register of Yerevan Vilayet 1590 and had the status of Nahiye. In 1590 Mavazi Khatun consisted of eight villages, the location and geographical areas of which corresponds to the current southern part of Vayots Dzor, which borders to the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. According to the Ottoman Tax Register, only two villages were inhabited: Luvbin and Sultanbek (Bardzruni), population of which was exclusively Armenian and it consisted of 24 families. Owing to the study of the Extanted Ottoman Tax Registerit is possible to find out the socio-economic condition of the villages. According to the primary source, in 1590 the inhabitants were mainly engaged in agriculture, mostly producing wheat. Luvbin and Sultanbek had the same economic potential. It was almost identical to Darashamb region of 1590, which was also a part of Nakhijevan.
Պետականության փիլիսոփայական իմաստավորման հիմնախնդիրները
Authors: Ստեփանյան Վահագն
Published: January 2023

Պետականության հիմնախնդիրները կարևոր տեղ են զբաղեցրել քաղաքական-իրավական մտքի պատմությունում։ Հոդվածում բացահայտվում են պետականության փիլիսոփայական իմաստավորման էությունը, բովանդակությունը, գոյաբանական, իմացաբանական և արժեբանական կողմերը, ինչպես նաև պետականության փիլիսոփայական իմաստավորման հետ կապված հիմնախնդիրների շրջանակը։
Проблемы государственности занимали важное место в истории политико-правовой мысли. В статье раскрываются сущность и содержание философского понимания государственности, онтологические, эпистемологические/гносеологические и аксиологические аспекты, а также круг проблем, связанных с философским осмыслением государственности.
The problems of statehood occupied an important place in the history of political and legal thought. The article reveals the essence and content of the philosophical understanding of statehood, ontological, epistemological/gnoseological and axiological aspects, as well as a range of problems related to the philosophical understanding of state-hood.
Ռազմավարություն և կազմակերպական կառուցվածք
Authors: Սուվարյան Յուրի
Published: January 2023

Ռազմավարությունը կազմակերպության փիլիսոփայությունն է, որն արտահայտում է նրա մրցակցային նպատակները, գործողությունների և ռեսուրսների բաշխման գերակայությունները, իսկ դրա հիմնավորվածությունը զգալիորեն պայմանավորված է մշակման մեթոդաբանությամբ և կազմակերպական կառուցվածքը գլխավորողի՝ առաջնորդի կերպարով, այսինքն՝ նրա գիտելիքների մակարդակով ու ղեկավարման ոճով՝ որպես կառավարչական որոշումների ընդունման առաջին սուբյեկտի։ Համապատասխան լիազոր մարմինների կողմից ռազմավարության ընտրությանը հաջորդող նրանց կառավարչական որոշումը կառավարման կազմակերպական կառուցվածքի սահմանումն է, որին ներկայացվող պահանջներից են՝ համապա-տասխանությունը ռազմավարությամբ սահմանված կազմակերպության նպատակների իրագործմանը, աշխատանքի մասնագիտական և ոլորտային բաժանմանը, Մ. Վեբերի ձևակերպած ռացիոնալ բյուրոկրատիայի բնութագրերին, գիտատեխնոլոգիական բարձր տեմպերով փոփոխությունների պայմաններում լինել ճկուն և հարմարվողական, ապահովել կառավարման ապարատի օպտիմալացումը։
Стратегия является философией организации, которая выражает ее конкурентные цели, приоритеты распределения ресурсов и действий. Обоснованность стратегии существенным образом обусловлена методологией её разработки, а также образом, т.е. уровнем интеллекта и стиля руководства организационной структуры – его лидера как первого субъекта принятия управленческих решений. Следующим управленческим решением после принятия стратегии соответствующими уполномоченными органами является утверждение организационной структуры управления, которая должна учесть определенные требования: соответствовать реализации определенных стратегией целей организации, профессиональному и отраслевому разделению труда, характеристикам рациональной бюрократии, сформулированным М. Вебером, быть гибкими и адаптивными в условиях изменений высоких темпов научно-технологических процессов, обеспечить оптимизацию управленческого аппарата.
Strategy is the organization's philosophy, which expresses its competitive goals, priorities for actions and resource distribution. Its validity is significantly determined by the development methodology and the character of the person leading the organizational structure - the leader, i.e. the level of his knowledge and management style, as the first subject of making administrative decisions. The administrative decision of the joint-authorized bodies following the selection of the strategy is the definition of the organizational structure of the management, which is one of the requirements for the joint assignment. Among the requirements included in it are: co-responsibility for the implementation of the goals of the organization defined by strategy, professional and sectoral division of work, being flexible and adaptable to the characteristics of the rational bureaucracy formulated by M. Weber, to ensure the optimization of the administrative ap-paratus in the conditions of high-speed scientific and technological changes.
Holiness and asceticism: Saint Margaret of Hungary (1242–1270)
Authors: Kerékjártó Ágnes , Klima Gyula
Published: January 2023

Saint Margaret of Hungary was born on 27 January 1242, at a time when Hungary was in desperate need of exemplary personalities. She was the ninth child King Béla IV of Hungary (1206-1270) and the Byzantine imperial princess Maria Laskarina (1206-1270), during the Mongol invasion. Her birth was preceded by tragic historical and family events. On 11 April 1241, the country perished at the Battle of Muhi. King Béla was forced to flee for his life on horseback and sought help from the Austrian Prince Frederick of Babenberg (1211-1246). However, instead of ensuring protection, Frederick robbed and blackmailed him. After his ally’s betrayal, Béla, his wife, six daughters and his son Stephen set off for Zagreb. On the way, her younger brother, Prince Kálmán, died of the grave injuries he had sustained at Muhi. The heroic prince was buried in secret in the Dominican monastery of Mary Magdalene in Chazma [Čazma, Croatia]. Protected by the rest of his faithful, Béla continued his journey towards the Adriatic Sea, the army of Kadan Khan pursuing him. Finally, he took his family to safety in the rock fortress of Klissza (today: Klis, Croatia) in Dalmatia. Here, an outbreak of the bubonic plague took the lives of their two daughters, thirteen-year-old Catherine and St. Margaret’s namesake, sixteen year old Margaret. They were laid to rest in a single stone coffin in the cathedral of Spalato (today: Split, Croatia). Under the dark shadow of their country’s ruination as the queen was expecting their ninth child, they vowed to dedicate their unborn child, if a girl, to God in thanks for the deliverance of themselves and Hungary.
Written records at places of authentication in the Árpád era
Authors: Kőfalvi Tamás
Published: January 2023

Places of authentication (loca credibilia) were a special institution in the Hungarian legal development, unique at a European level too, which obtained significant prestige and social acceptance through the connection of law and written records. Their existence eclipsed the institution of public notaries which was more widespread in Western Europe. Their activities were complex and wide, and covered civil law, criminal law and public administration law as we perceive them today. The degree of their integration into the Hungarian legal system is shown by the fact that they were indispensable – albeit to varying extents at times – in the functioning of Hungary until practically the 19th century. The study of their charters is crucial for medieval church history, legal history, cultural history, institutional history, the history of estates and families, and a number of other sub-disciplines of historical science. This is justified not only by the content of the charters they issued, but also by their number: around a third of the surviving charters from medieval Hungary were issued by places of authentication. Their importance is only enhanced by their micro-historical value, as they provide glimpses into everyday lives, despite their official nature.
Current and expected results of genetic research on the Árpád dynasty
Authors: Neparáczki Endre
Published: January 2023

Two undoubtedly outstanding figures of early Hungarian history are Álmos and his son, Prince Árpád, whose name is associated with the conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the establishment of Hungarian central power. However, thanks to their successful policies, they not only laid the foundations of the later Christian Kingdom of Hungary, but their names also mark the beginning of the first Hungarian royal dynasty, the Árpád dynasty (or, as Simon Kézai called it, the Turul clan), which ruled for nearly 300 years. Their role was therefore of paramount importance in shaping the Hungarian identity that can already be found in written medieval Hungarian sources. Thanks to dynamic technological developments as well, the study of early Hungarian history and the origins of prominent families has in the last decade been joined by the discipline of archaeogenetics, which focuses on the study of human DNA.
Use of seals in the Árpád era
Authors: Novák Ádám
Published: January 2023

Seals used to authenticate documents are reference sources in the special area between written and material sources. They were indispensable starting points for the study of Árpád-era history. The Golden Bull, our most important medieval document with legal power, was named after the golden seal it was certified with. Royal seals, combined with the results of numismatic studies, have enabled researchers to reconstruct the heraldic programme of the Hungarian kings. The seals of church figures and institutions provided sources for art historians to help examine changes in the artistic styles of the Árpád era. The seals of secular officials grant insight into the use of coat of arms by ancient clans, and a collection of these imprints provide important family history data for a period with very few sources. This is precisely why the present study cannot undertake to give a detailed account of the emergence, development and certain aspects of seal usage in the Árpád era. Fortunately, this work was carried out in sufficient depth by the historical research of recent centuries, thanks to the collections of Jesuit historiographers, the depositaries of Hungarian diplomacy and sphragistics, and to cultivators of art history research as well as scholars of the related sciences, such as numismatics, genealogy, archontology and heraldry. Apart from the fact that the writer of this paper is not able to, the size of the study also limits the possibility for writing such a synthesis. Therefore, a brief definition of seals and a list of their types is provided below. Royal seals and the sealing customs of ecclesiastical and secular officials are summarised without striving to provide an exhaustive summary.
The topographical development of Székesfehérvár in the Árpád era
Authors: Reich Szabina
Published: January 2023

The geographical location of the area largely determined the development and expansion of the medieval civitas. Székesfehérvár [in short: Fehérvár] is situated on island-like elevations at the junction of depressions formed by two perpendicular faults in the southern opening of the Mór valley towards Mezőföld.
Hospes rights and Árpád-era towns
Authors: Blazovich László
Published: January 2023

The great migration upset the geographical location and legal order of the peoples who had lived in Europe until then, and gave birth to new states; nevertheless, the migration of individuals and groups for various reasons did not stop there. Movements from north to south and vice versa continued, but the dominant direction was from west to east. Overpopulation was the driving force behind much of the migration. In the north, the Frisians and the Dutch set off towards the Polish territories and the Principality of Kiev, while further south, many of the Walloons and French began their migratory journeys. Many of them reached the Carpathian Basin, probably at that time already travelling along the Danube, or rather its valley. In time, these peoples were followed by the Germans. These foreigners with free status were called hospes, ‘guests’ or ‘guest settlers’ in Hungary, regardless of their social status, whether they were clerics, knights, craftsmen or peasants. Later, Hungarians and Slavs who migrated individually and in groups within the territory of Hungary were also called hospes.
PENGARUH BERAT DAN FREKUENSI PEMUTARAN TELUR TERHADAP FERTILITAS, MORTALITAS, DAN DAYA TETAS AYAM BURAS
Authors: Safitri Trisna , Purdiyanto Joko
Published: January 2023

Kebutuhan protein hewani yang berasal dari telur dan daging unggas terus mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Peningkatan konsumsi tersebut disebabkan oleh meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pentingnya pemenuhan protein hewani. Sehingga perlu peningkatan produksi ungags terutama ayam dengan penetasan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh berat dan frekuensi pemutaran pada proses penetasan agar hasil yang didapatkan lebih baik. Penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Unggas Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Madura. Jl. Raya panglegur KM. 3,5 Pamekasan. Menggunakan Mesin Penetas dengan kapasitas 100 butir telur dan telur yang digunakan sebanyak 80 butir. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial, terdiri dari 2 kelompok (BT1 < 40gram, BT2 > 40gram), 4 perlakuan ( P0 : Kontrol, P1 : frekuensi pemutaran 4 kali, P2 : frekuensi pemutaran 6 kali, P3 : frekuensi pemutaran 8 kali, dengan jumlah ulangan 10 kali. Parameter yang diukur meliputi : bobot telur, suhu, frekuensi pemutaran, fertilitas, mortalitas, dan daya tetas. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam.
Effect of virtual reality application on the delivery stages length and maternal satisfaction
Authors: Rahman Wafaa Kamel Sadek Abd El , Soliman Hanaa Abd Elhady , Saber Nahed Mousa
Published: January 2023

Background: One of the key measures of the caliber of care given is how satisfied mothers are with their birth experiences. The use of non-pharmacological treatments can make childbirth a pleasant experience for the mother. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of virtual reality applications on the delivery stages length and maternal satisfaction. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used to conduct this study. Setting: The study was carried out at the labor unit in (the obstetrics & gynecology department) at Mansoura University Hospital Subjects and method: A purposive sample of 200 pregnant women was recruited in this study; the studied pregnant women were assigned into two groups, with 100 pregnant women in each group (the intervention (virtual reality ) and control groups).  Tools: two tools were used to collect data: Tool (1): A structured interviewing questionnaire and Tool (II): The Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale. Results: The present study revealed that the maternal childbirth satisfaction means score in the virtual reality group was higher than that of the control group (P< 0.001). The length of the active and second phases of parturition in the virtual reality group was significantly lower than that of the control group.
Prophylaxis of Fungal Infections in Transplant Patients:What has Changed in Recent Years?
Authors: Silva Mariana Araujo Mendes , Callera Fernando , Leão Mariella Vieira Pereira
Published: January 2023

Objective: The present work aimed to review the invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and antifungal prophylaxis used in the last 20 years in transplant patients to identify the changes that occurred in this period and discuss the most current conducts. Methods: This is a systematic review in which the PubMed database was used, in which scientific articles from the last 20 years were selected, covering clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews of the literature and meta-analyses. Results: According to the present study, posaconazole and voriconazole are the antifungal drugs of choice for IFI prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, as posaconazole is not available in the public health system in Brazil, the most viable option remains voriconazole. Regarding IFI prophylaxis in solid organ transplantation (SOT), it was observed that there are variations depending on the transplanted target organ, and there is no evidence of its need in kidney transplantation. Although azoles are also the most used and bring clear benefits in liver and lung transplantation, some current studies have placed echinocandins on the same level, encouraging their use to prevent IFI in these patients. Conclusion: In the last five years, there has been a great shortage of clinical trials comparing different antifungal prophylaxis. New studies are needed to establish the most appropriate protocols for each condition and profile of the transplanted patient.
L’amicizia con Gladio Gemma negli anni del nostro insegnamento a Modena
Authors: Lariccia Sergio
Published: January 2023

The friendship with Gladio Gemma in the years of ours teaching in the University of Modena

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. I fatti della politica e l’ambizione di contribuire alle esigenze di armonizzazione costituzionale e allo sviluppo della vita democratica in Italia - 3. Il concilio Vaticano Il e le trasformazioni della società italiana negli anni sessanta - 4. Il dibattito culturale e politico sulla riforma della legislazione ecclesiastica.

ABSTRACT: Individuals and experiences that, in the years between 1962 and 1970, had an important influence on the civic and political growth of the author and Gladio Gemma. New focus was given to the issue of relations between the State and the Catholic Church in the late fifties. The Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 and the transformation of Italian society in the 1960s. Tendencies in the jurisprudence on the theme of relations between the state and religious confessions. The cultural and political debate on the reform of ecclesiastical legislation.
Un Maestro per le giovani generazioni di studiosi di diritto ecclesiastico e di diritto ecclesiale, che si pongono domande più che offrire risposte (a proposito della raccolta di saggi, Lo spirito del diritto ecclesiale. Scritti scelti di R. Bertolino)
Authors: Mantineo Antonino
Published: January 2023

A leading guide for the new generations of Ecclesiastical and Canon Law scholars, the ones who got questions instead of offering answers

ABDTRACT: These brief notes just pretend to suggest some issues concerning a deepened anthology of essays written by an influential scholar, presented and collected by his colleagues of different approaches and generations. It definitely means to underline peculiar and still not completely explored issues in both Ecclesiastical and Canon Law: the liberty of conscience and the importance of religious freedom in defending fundamental human rights, the scientific purpose to investigate and analyse the still ongoing relevance of a renewed "Church" for a changing world. Rinaldo Bertolino's thoughts seem in this sense a gift to the youngest scholars, encouraging them to have more questions than answers.
Ancora in tema di porto del velo islamico e discriminazione della lavoratrice nelle aziende private
Authors: Licastro Angelo
Published: January 2023

Still about wearing the Islamic headscarf and employee discrimination in private undertakings

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the development of the jurisprudence of Court of Justice of the European Union on the right to wear an Islamic headscarf at work. In the recent CJEU cases it has been reaffirmed that the employer’s rules do not constitute direct discrimination; however, it has been made clear that a policy of neutrality can justify objectively a difference of treatment indirectly based on religion or belief whether it meets a “genuine need” on the part of the undertaking. This test in most cases is not very different from the one concerning the presence of the “genuine occupational requirements”. The need to seek appropriate forms of composition between the freedom of the worker and the freedom of the company may make anti-discrimination protection under the ground of “religion” weaker than that under the other grounds covered by EU anti-discrimination law; but this is a consequence of the fact that the ground of discrimination constituted by “religion or belief” has been taken by the Court in close connection with the freedom protected by Article 10 EUCFR.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa introduttiva - 2. Il quadro dei principi di diritto fissati dalla Corte di giustizia in tema di porto del velo islamico nei luoghi di lavoro privato - 3. Il problema dell’individuazione del parametro della “situazione analoga” nel giudizio di comparazione volto ad accertare una discriminazione diretta per motivi religiosi - 4. Alla ricerca delle ragioni in base alle quali si dà per scontata la non praticabilità di una comparazione “esterna” ai dipendenti aziendali di un medesimo datore di lavoro - 5. I termini di una corretta comparazione interna ai dipendenti dell’azienda - 6. L’improponibilità, sul piano sostanziale, di una piena equiparazione del fattore di rischio legato all’esternazione delle convinzioni “religiose” a quello legato all’esternazione di convinzioni “filosofiche” e “politiche” - 7. La presunta migliore adattabilità dello schema della discriminazione indiretta in rapporto a una materia che richiede una peculiare opera di composizione tra distinte libertà fondamentali adeguata alle caratteristiche dell’azienda e alle mansioni svolte dalla lavoratrice - 8. La questione dei limiti di ammissibilità di disposizioni nazionali più favorevoli - 9. Considerazioni conclusive.
Notas sobre la teoría de la validez de la norma canónica: existencia, validez formal, validez material, vigencia, eficacia y efectividad
Authors: Castro Trapote Jorge
Published: January 2023

Notes on the theory of the validity of the canonical norm: existence, formal validity, substantive validity, efficacy and effectiveness

SOMMARIO: 1. Planteamiento: proseguir la intuición inicial de la Escuela laica italiana y corregir la actual ‘canonizatio práctica’ - 2. La rationabilitas como elemento central de la teoría de la norma canónica - 3. Conveniencia de la teoría de la norma canónica - 4. Notas sobre la teoría de la validez de la norma canónica - 5. Existencia / Inexistencia - 6.I. Validez formal / Invalidez formal; Validez material / Invalidez material - 6.II. Origen y necesidad de la distinción - 6.III. Dos tipos de normas humanas: principios y reglas - 6.IV. El principio de jerarquía normativa: formal, material y estructural - 7. Vigencia / Falta de vigencia - 8. Eficacia / Ineficacia - 9. Efectividad / Inefectividad - 10. Conclusión.

ABSTRACT: Canonical science, since its birth, has contributed to the progress of canon law when it has maintained a dialogue with the juridical theory and dogmatic of each epoch. In this direction, the Italian secular school gave canonical science a decisive impulse, later paralyzed as a result of some theories such as the canonizatio of Vincenzo del Giudice. The dialogue between canon law and juridical science is necessary to extract the progress made by the 1983 Code with the formalization of fundamental rights. With some excesses corrected thanks to the proposals of Lombardia and Hervada, the original intuition of the Italian secular school was correct and it is convenient to accompany and clarify the growing protagonism of the legislative activity of the Church. From this perspective favorable to dialogue with juridical science, revalued by the call to interdisciplinarity of the Apostolic Constitution Veritatis Gaudium, the article continues the reflection on the canonical norm raised with various nuances by the doctrine, and offers some notes on the theory of the validity of the canonical norm.
SPATHIAN (LOWER TRIASSIC) CONODONTS FROM THE TIROLITES CASSIANUS BEDS IN PALEOTETHYS-ISSUED NORTH DOBROGEA OROGEN (ROMANIA)
Authors: KOLAR-JURKOVŠEK TEA , CHEN YAN-LONG , GRĂDINARU EUGEN , JURKOVŠEK BOGDAN
Published: January 2023

The paper documents a conodont fauna from Lower Triassic deposits of Paleotethys-issued North Dobrogea Orogen. The studied strata exposed in the Tulcea Veche Quarry are characterized by the presence of diversified molluscs, including the ammonoid Tirolites cassianus (Quenstedt) and the bivalve Crittendenia decidens (Bittner). The site also represents the type locality of the coelacanth fish Dobrogeria aegyssensis Cavin & Grădinaru. The recovered conodont fauna is marked by Icriospathodus crassatus (Orchard), Neospathodus robustispinus Zhao & Orchard, Novispathodus abruptus (Orchard), Nv. brochus (Orchard), Nv. aff. brochus (Orchard), Tr. ex gr. homeri (Bender), Tr. hungaricus (Kozur & Mostler), Tr. ex gr. hungaricus (Kozur & Mostler), Tr. symmetricus (Orchard), Tr. aff. symmetricus (Orchard), and Triassospathodus sp. that is correlated with the Tr. symmetricus Zone.
LOPINGIAN (LATE PERMIAN) PALYNOMORPHS FROM THE CADEBY FORMATION, CADEBY QUARRY, YORKSHIRE, UK
Authors: STEPHENSON MICHAEL H. , MCLEAN DUNCAN
Published: January 2023

Seventeen samples from the Cadeby Formation (Lopingian, Permian, EZ1) of Cadeby Quarry near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, UK, yielded organic residues including phytoclasts, cuticle, unstructured tissue and generally well-preserved palynomorphs. The palynomorph assemblages are dominated by taeniate and non-taeniate bisaccate pollen including Klausipollenites schaubergeri, Limitisporites rectus, Lueckisporites virkkiae and Taeniaesporites noviaulensis. The assemblages are generally similar to those from the English Midlands described from Kimberley Railway Cutting and the Haughton Hall Borehole, Nottinghamshire and those from the Marl Slate Formation (lower EZ1) of the Durham Sub-basin at Claxheugh Rock and Crime Rigg Quarry and to the mid EZ1 of the Salterford Farm Borehole and Woolsthorpe Bridge Borehole. The excellent preservation of the assemblages allows the recognition that Dicappipollenites Tiwari & Vijaya 1995 is a junior synonym of Lueckisporites Potonié & Klaus emend. Clarke 1965.

The presence of rare microphytoplankton and microforaminiferal test linings indicate a neashore marine environment. The clastic (and organic) content of the Cadeby Formation, part of a dominantly carbonate succession, may represent erosion and transport of material from the hinterland reflecting a wetter climatic period, though the alternation of clastic and carbonate sedimentation in the section at Cadeby suggests some wet/dry palaeoclimatic cyclicity.
PALEOCLIMATE AND PALEOENVIRONMENT IN NORTH-WESTERN ITALY (SOUTHERN ALPS) DURING THE LAST GLACIAL STAGE: THE SMALL-MAMMAL RECORD FROM THE BUCO DEL FRATE CAVE (PREVALLE – BRESCIA)
Authors: BONA FABIO , BAIONI MARCO , CILLI ELISABETTA
Published: January 2023

The palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental data obtained by the study of the Buco del Frate cave small-mammals indicate that, around 40,000 years ago (MIS3), the eastern part of the province of Brescia, immediately to the west of Lake Garda, was characterised by the presence of open taiga environment and watercourses crossing the plain facing the cave.
Specifically, the palaeoclimatic conditions of this part of north-western Italy around 40,000 years ago – compared to climate data for the years 1960-90 measured at Ghedi, 20 km southwest of the Buco del Frate cave – involved average temperatures some 4° C cooler and rainfall some 30% lower.
Based on the collected data we show that the western part of the Po Valley, west of Lake Garda, was characterized by a steppe-like environment, not too different from the almost contemporaneous site of Settepolesini di Bondeno (Ferrara), defined as "mammoth steppe".
We also note that the western Po Valley, if compared with deposits from high- and medium-mountain contexts in the same area, was characterized by a more steppe-like environment. Indeed, the mountain settings, in perhaps more sheltered areas, indicate the presence of environments with more trees (or, at least, bushes).
Dimensione, rilievo e rilevanza del Terzo Settore. Qualche riflessione a margine della sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 131 del 2020
Authors: Ferro Giancarlo Antonio
Published: January 2023

La sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 131 del 2020 ha chiarito i caratteri essenziali del c.d. “statuto costituzionale” del Terzo Settore, soprattutto alla luce delle novità introdotte dal Codice del Terzo Settore. In particolare, la pronuncia si sofferma sulla connessione tra principio di solidarietà sociale e principio disussidiarietà orizzontale. L’Autore prende spunto da tale pronuncia e ricostruisce il dibattito sul tema in una triplice prospettiva d’indagine. Infine, lo scritto evidenzia alcuni profili problematici lasciati irrisolti dalla sentenza
Dal Terzo Settore all'“économie sociale et solidaire” in Francia.Il “turismo sociale e solidale”: un modello di sviluppo equo e sostenibile
Authors: Colella Luigi
Published: January 2023

Il "Terzo Settore" ha assunto un ruolo centrale nelle più importanti economie degli stati democratici. In una prospettiva comparata, il contributo analizza i principi e la normativa sul terzo settore in Francia e ripercorre le fasi del processo evolutivo. Illustra il passaggio dal terzo settore all'economia sociale e solidale in Francia attraverso l'esame dei principi della "legge ESS" del 2014. In particolare, si sofferma sul rapporto tra Terzo settore e "Turismo sociale e solidale" nel sistema francese dove il turismo sociale e solidale è sempre più considerato un modello di tutela integrale della persona e di sviluppo equo e sostenibile
Rognoni e la lotta alla mafia
Authors: Ciconte Enzo
Published: January 2023

Anche sulla base della constatazione del ruolo forse troppo marginale attribuito ad oggi dalla storiografia sull’Italia repubblicana a Virginio Rognoni, il saggio ricostruisce il suo contributo nella lotta alla mafia in quel quinquennio drammatico (1978-1983) in cui fu chiamato alla carica di Ministro degli Interni.
Avances recientes en el diseño de nanoemulsiones: conceptos y tendencias sobre nanocosmeticos
Authors: Monroy Ruth , Pereira Juan
Published: January 2023

La industria cosmética ha experimentado un auge en los últimos años como uno de los mercados que tiene un enorme potencial de crecimiento. Los productos cosméticos que contienen nanoemulsiones (NE), como portadores de compuestos activos, pueden moverse a través del estrato córneo, promoviendo la liberación de activos hacia la dermis. Los ingredientes activos lipofílicos que presentan mayor interés en el cuidado de la piel son: la vitamina E, el licopeno, carotenoides, los polifenoles, o coenzima Q-10 o simplemente las fragancias no alcohólicas. El pequeño tamaño de las gotas de la fase dispersa es otro factor que conﬁere características ﬁsicoquímicas y biológicas importantes. Impide la ﬂoculación y la coalescencia de las nanoemulsiones, y los movimientos brownianos son suﬁcientes para superar la sedimentación de las gotas por gravedad. Además, el tamaño reducido de las gotas también proporciona una mejor deposición sobre la piel y penetración, lo que permite una entrega eﬁciente de ingredientes activos en comparación con los vehículos convencionales. En esta revisión se destacan algunas contribuciones cientíﬁcos-tecnológicas importantes, se presenta una revisión documental sobre los métodos de elaboración de nanoemulsiones, tanto de alta energía como de baja energía, así como los avances y desarrollos resaltantes sobre nanocosméticos.
Modelo de estimación del coeficiente de rugosidad de Manning en función de la granulometría en el río Santa, sector Recuay – Carhuaz, Áncash, Perú
Authors: Díaz-Salas Abelardo , Guevara-Pérez Edilberto , Rosales-Cueva Juan
Published: January 2023

Dado a que la ecuación de Manning es uno de los métodos de aplicación más utilizados para determinar el caudal en ríos no aforados, se llevó a cabo una investigación para establecer un modelo para determinar el coeficiente de rugosidad (n), en un sector montañoso del río Santa en el departamento de Ancash, Perú. Lo novedoso del modelo está en su simplicidad ya que solo usa como variable de entrada el diámetro efectivo (di), del material de río obtenido del análisis de granulometría. Se utilizaron tres procedimientos de estimación, medición de velocidades, ecuación de Manning y modelo de Cowan y para el análisis, modelos de correlación y regresión lineal y no lineal; la bondad de ajuste se efectuó con la prueba t de Student. Los resultados se validaron con mediciones de campo de las características hidráulicas del tramo en ocho puntos de muestreo y análisis granulométrico de las muestras de material de fondo. El modelo de mejor ajuste para la estimación del coeficiente de rugosidad de Manning es el potencial, siendo su expresión matemática n=0,0429 (d10)0,1371 $ con un coeficiente de determinación de R2=0,956.
Measuring angular coordinates in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) positioning systems and developing a new phase-metric method for goniometric control of UAVs
Authors: Kuzichkin O. R. , Vasilyev G. S. , Surzhik D. I. , Grecheneva A. V. , Kurilov I. A. , Kharchuk S. M.
Published: January 2023

For the safe operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), an eﬀective Automatic Control System (ACS) is necessary, which for successful operation requires high accuracy of the initial information about the UAV’s position in space. Based on the analysis of the shortcomings of the known orientation systems, a phase-metric method of goniometric (angular) control based on accelerometric and gyroscopic transducers for positioning the UAV is proposed, which has a higher accuracy and a wider range of measurement angles. The conducted study showed that in a wide range of rotation angles from 10 to 90 degrees, the root mean square error (RMS) of the results of calculating the rotation angle using the phase-metric method is 8,78 times less than the RMS of the results of calculating the rotation angle using the arctangent function. Reducing the error determines the eﬀectiveness of the proposed method in UAV control systems.