bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND THE CRITICAL PERIOD
Authors: Miteva Tanaskoska Hristina
Published: September 2021

Is there a critical period for second language acquisition? When should one begin learning a second language? These are questions that have always been present and they stiil have not become any less controversial or complex. There is not any specific age that could be determined or proclaimed to be the most appropriate. A lot of things must be taken into consideration with spesific emphasis on the goals of the learner. Whether reaching a native -like accent and proficency is the ultimate aim or obtaining a certain level that will enable an everyday communication? Since a great number of experiments and research have shown that both younger and older students can achieve high levels in their second language, a fair atribute and attention should be paid to both theories respectfully.It has been hypothesized that there is a critical period for second language acquisition as well as for first language acquisition. According to this theory there is a time in human development when the brain is predisposed for success in language learning. It is belived that some developmental changes in the brain affect the nature of language acquisition. Therefore, any language learning that occurs after the end of the critical period may not be based on innate biological structures belived to contribute to first language acquisition or second language acquisition in early childhood. The general learning abilites that the older learners depend on, are claimed to be less efective than the innate capacities available to young children. Most studies of the relationship between age of acquisition and second language development have focused on learners’pronounciation. It is frequently observed that most children from immigrant families eventually speak the language of their new community with native –like fluency and accent, while their parents quite often fall behind in this mastery even long after they had been living and working in the new community. Nevertheless, some researches argue that older learners may have one advantage: they appear to be able to learn faster in the early stages of second language learning. Age is one of the characteristics that determine the way in which an individual approaches second language learning. But the opportunities for learning (inside the classroom and outside), the motivation to learn , and individual differences in aptitude for language learning are also important determining factors that affect both rate of learning and eventual susscess in learning. It must be acknowledged that achieving native-like mastery of the second language is neither a realistic nor a neccessarilya desired goal for many second language learners in many educational contexts.
MODEL FOR BUILDING STABLE MOTIVATION FOR STUDING THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
Authors: Mihaylov Anastas
Published: September 2021

Studying the musical instrument is a longtime process aiming building technical and performing skills, cultivation of pupil’s musical taste and interest. But in the context of motivation it has a different aim- to influence on student’s motivation for achieving the above goals. There is a lack of the model which can help teachers to be aware of the process and have an influence on student’s motivation. This study strives to fill that gap presenting the model based on the Self Determination Theory for human’s motivation. The fundamental concepts of the theory are presented- basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and their relation. On this basis the model for building stable motivation is suggested as an attempt to adapt the Self Determination Theory to the needs of studying the musical instrument. Some practical aspects of the model are presented. The model is applied among 7-14 years old pupils attending guitar course, but taking into account the age characteristics it might be successfully used with students and adults. We hope that this study can be useful for professionals teaching different musical instruments as well as to provoke the future research in that specific field.
FROM CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT TO CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION
Authors: Panov Hilda
Published: September 2021

The last decade of the twentieth century is filled with numerous events which will mark the economic and social relations in our country for a long time. In terms with the whole changes that rose after the constitution of The Republic of Notrh Macedonia as an independent country, special emphasis is put on the model of the economic systemand the introduction of a new in accordance with the principles of the free market and the market economy.This change dictates adequate changes in the economic relations in the field of educational and the science-reseach system. In the field of education and upbringing management should be implemented as a contemporary process which includes the following activities: planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating and controling, without which modern educational process cannot be concieved.Therefore, the new techno-economic paradygma represents a nucleous of mutually connected technologically, organizational and managirial inovations whose advantage is in the new range of products and production systems and services without which a modern economic structure of the society cannot be imagined.Management in this respect shoulb be recognised and characterised with: managers’ knowledge, their skills and ability to run and to deal in conditions of market economy.The development of management as a separate field can be divided in various periods: Pre-scientific management, scientific management, human resources, refining , spreading and synthesis. Each of these periods is characterized with specific principles,functions,authors, researches and management schools.Management as a process, applicable in each environment (economic, non economic, governmental etc)including the basic functions or primary activities executed by the managers, enables each activity to be planned, to be orgnaised its implementation, to coordinate the implementation, to motivate,and run and to take corrective measurements should there be opposing in the implementation of the activities.
A MODEL FOR FORMING SOFT SKILLS THROUGH COGNITIVE MATHEMATICAL ACTIVITIES IN PRESCHOOL AGE
Authors: Dimitrova Krasimira
Published: September 2021

The modern children grow and develop in an extremely dynamic environment. They are surrounded by a variety of information and many digital devices. The ways of processing and using knowledge, as well as the formation of specific skills, are based on the child's personal experiences and social contacts. The community responsible for the development and upbringing of the growing generation - parents, school, kindergarten, educational institutions - are confronted with the complex task of preparing children for their lives in the future. The dynamic with which all spheres of social life are developing makes it difficult to predict how to educate children today so they will be ready for the life that awaits them. Traditional learning, which has proven its importance, needs to build on so-called 21st century skills - communication skills, critical thinking, collaboration, digital literacy. It is necessary to identify important and up-to-date knowledge and skills that should be proposed to children in their current cognitive activities. Contextual competencies or so-called "soft skills" are part of the key competences for human success at every stage of its development. Under soft skills, we understand competences for: communication, tolerance, tolerance, mutual assistance, empathy, teamwork, leadership, negotiation, decision making, creativity, etc. The formation of these important personality skills starts at an early age and key factors are the family, community, educational and social institutions with which the child interacts. The modern society based on technology and information forms a digital generation of children. Technologies offer and support communication and team interaction models. To protect the teenage generation from the dangers of technology - cyber-dependence, isolation, and associal behavior - a variety of cognitive and training patterns need to be applied to seek balance between tradition, modernity and the future. Educators who work with children are directly involved in the process of their preparation for their future lives. This fact determines the importance of the professional training of future teachers. They have to be prepared to bring out the most important theoretical and methodological themes and to present them to the children in an interesting and entertaining way. This article proposes a model for the organization of cognitive mathematical activities for children from a preschool age (5-7 years), in which soft skills such as critical thinking, knowledge transfer, creativity, etc. are being developed. An interdisciplinary approach is underpinned in the model. The proposed methodological solutions are derived from work in the 2018/19 school year with students who are taught for kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE FORMING OF THE MILITARY PROFESSIONAL QUALITIES DURING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
Authors: Georgiev Marin
Published: September 2021

The military professional forming of the Cadets results from the mission of “Vasil Levski National Military University” and is the core of their training process. Despite of this, the made efforts not always achieve the desired results during the training of each cadet as versatile office. All these require the military professional realization of the cadets to be subjected to an overall and profound analysis and on that base to find out the achievements, to reveal the weaknesses and difficulties of the process, to identify the reasons for them and to outline the directions and means for its improvement.
DIFFICULTIES IN DEFINING SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Simeonov Simeon
Published: September 2021

Social policy should be seen as an activity that guarantees the security of those affected by the risks of labour, family and life. In a broader sense, social policy regulates a very broad range of social relationships that relate to employment, income, education, and others. Social security can therefore be seen as the main objective of social policy. In modern concepts, social security is perceived as a system of public rules, institutions and social payments that enable the dignified exitense of every person, who in an unusual state of vitality. Social security can therefore be seen as a set of measures to protect people in an unusual situation. Forms of social security: social security coverage; social assistance; social provision. Apart from thier nature, purpose and funding, social security and social assistance differ according to the principles of organization and management. Social assistance is a decentralized system, and social security can be centralized or decentralized depending on the principles adopted. Through these forms of social security, people receive material security for their existence on the basis of common and unified rules. In any case, however, not always will the indigent be covered by these forms of social security, regardless of their social protection needs. It is possible that even socially protected persons may be in need because of the low income recevied by this system. In such cases the intervention of social assistance is needed as a means of "plugging the holes". For the sake of clarity, social security can be defined as the first defense net, and social assistance as the second defense net, i.e. social assistance must take on the part of the population which, for one or other reason, does not fall from or land either from the upper levels of the social protection system or when the level of this protection has been insufficient or it provides social protection from the last instance.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK, PREREQUISITES FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE LABOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Sotirov Branko , Sakakushev Boris
Published: September 2021

The objectives of each economic organization can only be achieved as a result of the joint work of all its staff. They are most effectively achieved, provided they are in tune with the external environment and the factors in it. Also the motivation of staff plays critical role in this, and not the least, the selection of the staff and its objectvely examined competencies. The purpose of recruiting staff into the organization is to create a job reserve, taking into account the following circumstances: future change in organizational and staff relations, dismissals, relocations, retirement, premature termination of employment contracts, modification of the nature of the production program. Before making a decision to recruit new emploees, it is appropriate to identify other alternative options that can be used in the company. These include: extra work and increased work intensity; structural reorganization and use of new production schemes; reengineering; attracting specialized companies to carry out certain types of activities. Recruitment is a responsible task and the optimal number of staff needs to be taken into account when deciding how to do so. An insufficient number of workers, can have consequences, some of which may be a failure of the production program, occurrence of accidents at work, conflict situations in the collective. Labor surpluses lead to an increase in financial costs related to wages, a reduction in the interest in qualitative and highly skilled labor, the leave of skilled workers. The principal and main resource of each organization is the people who work in it. Therefore, the greatest importance should be given to the study of issues relating to the management of their behavior at work, the motivation of their activities. It is workers who create the production of the organization, and although machines and appliances have become "masters" of many technological processes, the role of man in the organization not only does not diminish but is constantly increasing. In today's dynamic economic development, people working in companies are too important, but also costly. That is why the people working in the organization are the main subject of management. The management of the company creates the personnel, establishes the system of relations between the people in the organization, allows to create the necessary conditions for the fullest manifestation of the employees' productive capacities and their intensive development, contributes to their training and growth. Management should create conditions in which workers feel satisfied with their work in the organization.
VIKTORIAN ERA AND THE “CRITICAL” REALISATION
Authors: Ibraimi Memeti Suzana
Published: September 2021

This paper provides an explanation of the term "Victorian" that was created shortly after the First World War. This term has remained in daily use and implies Victorianism in its entirety as a kind of period of domination of "micro-bourgeoisie”. The Industrial Revolution brought and consolidated the factory system and the new capitalist class of society, industrialists, on the one hand, and the working class, on the other hand, which became the two dominant classes of society in sharp contrast to one another. These new features gave British society the stamp that until then had been a bourgeous-aristocratic hybrid society. For such a bourgeous society, at the peak of its development has been characteristic and rapid development of science and technology, which has greatly influenced the formation of a new social ideology. Regarding this, Darwin's biological research results had a greater impact on it. Throughout this period, there were also reactions to different intelligence views. Some aspects of these reactions have exerted ideological influence on literature. For such society, the rapid development of science and technology was characteristic of its development, which has also influenced the formation of a new social ideology. Overall, we can say that "Victorianism" is an ideological complex issue of English Bourgeoisie, in the era when England reached the highest points of its power. In addition to the aristocracy and the old commercial and financial bourgeoisie, intelligence and intellectuals were present. The Victorian period was an era of paradoxes. It was an era of religion and against religion, an era of progress and optimism, and an era of poverty and pessimism, an era of "male rule" but also an era of emancipation of women. In addition to these paradoxes, it was also a "par excellence" era of the novel.
On the issue of technical diagnostics of polyethylene gas pipelines
Authors: Kuznetsov A. V. , Zubailov G. I.
Published: September 2021

The article presents the comparative characteristics of polyethylene pipes after a 50-year period of operation, lists the factors affecting the physical and mechanical properties of pipes and requiring consideration when conducting research. Practical possibilities of assessing the technical condition of long-term operating polyethylene gas pipelines and approaches to extending their service life are considered.
Dependence of the properties of epoxy foams on the composition
Authors: Alikin M. B. , Polyakova Yu. V. , Panfilov D. A. , Dvorko I. M.
Published: September 2021

The features of the technological process of obtaining foams based on epoxy resin are considered. The influence of the concentration of the components of the composition on the physical and mechanical properties and morphology of the resulting materials is studied. The results of the study of the physical and mechanical properties of the developed epoxy foams are presented. The possibility of obtaining foams with a wide range of adjustable performance properties is shown.
Policing during a global health pandemic: Exploring the stress and well-being of police and their families
Authors: Drew Jacqueline M. , Martin Sherri
Published: September 2021

Law enforcement personnel attend critical incidents that are typically short-lived and geographically confined. However, the recent global health pandemic potentially impacts on every officer, every shift, throughout the world. This research is one of the first survey studies of stress and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on United States police and their families. The study found that the pandemic has created additional stress for police and their families, elevating stress levels in an already highly stressed population. For police officers, sources of stress were predominately associated with the fear of infecting their families and the enforcement of restrictions. The stress created by the pandemic exceeds that of other commonly experienced critical incidents in policing. The current findings indicate that police and their families expect to experience longer-term, harmful mental health impacts. This research provides important insights for police agencies, as well as those who work to support and improve the well-being of police. The pandemic is impacting now on the current stress levels of police and is likely to create a legacy that must be managed into the future.
Trauma survivors and the media: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Cherry Tamara K.
Published: September 2021

While much has been written about how the media covers traumatic events, little is known about the impact of the media on trauma survivors. This, despite the fact that crime coverage has been a staple of daily news cycles for several decades. Likewise, little has been written about the training and methods of the journalists who cover these events, or the impact of this coverage on the journalists. Based on 71 qualitative surveys and interviews with homicide and traffic fatality survivors, and 22 qualitative surveys of journalists, this article serves to describe five main themes regarding survivor experiences: 1) Prior experience with the media; 2) First encounters with the media; 3) Negative impacts of the media; 4) Positive impacts of the media; and 5) Advice for various stakeholders. Additionally, this article will describe three main themes highlighted by the journalists: 1) Trauma-informed training and guidelines; 2) Comfort in contacting survivors; and 3) Personal impact of reporting on trauma. These findings illustrate a clear gap in services available to survivors, in particular in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events when media attention is often at its highest, as well as a lack of support for journalists covering these events.
Polychaetes as bioindicators of environmental pollution: Impact of bisphenol A on the reproduction rate of Ophryotrocha diadema (Åkesson, 1976) (Eunicida: Dorvilleidae)
Authors: Ruberto Stefano , Buono Daniele , Santovito Alfredo
Published: September 2021

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most used additives in the production of many plastic products and may be released into the environment by commonly used products, such as food containers and polycarbonate bottles. BPA is recognized as an endocrine disruptor able to produce adverse effects on the reproduction system of benthonic and pelagic species. Polychaetes of the genus Ophryotrocha are small worms living amongst the interstitial fauna in nutrient-rich and polluted habitats. Owing to easy rearing in the laboratory and short generation times, this species is a useful model organism for studying different biological aspects. This study describes the effects of different BPA concentrations on egg production in Ophryotrocha diadema. We tested six different concentrations of BPA in a 5-week experiment. Strong negative correlation between BPA concentrations and the number of eggs produced was found. The t-test revealed a significant reduction in egg production after exposure to BPA concentrations over 1461.1 μg/L. The latter concentration value is higher than that observed in the marine environment, although for many species of crustaceans, echinoderms and isopods, the impairment of reproductive function was observed even at much lower BPA concentrations.
Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe
Authors:   Finnish Meteorological Institute, Ruosteenoja Kimmo
Published: September 2021

In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
LEVEL OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE AND COMMITMENT OF BACHOK DISTRICT SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
Authors: Mohd Yaakob Mohd Faiz , Mustapai Noraida , Wan Yakob Wan Rosni , Tuan Mat Tuan Roslina
Published: September 2021

Interpersonal conflict is a very common and unavoidable phenomenon in any organization including schools. Therefore, it requires an approach to handle it to ensure the effectiveness of the organization on an ongoing basis, and whether directly or indirectly it affects the commitment of teachers in the school. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of the conflict management style of teachers, especially in day secondary schools in the district of Bachok, Kelantan. A total of 173 teachers from five schools in the Bachok district in Kelantan participated in this study. The results of the study show that the level of each dimension of conflict management is at a high level. While the level of each dimension of teacher commitment is also at a high level. In addition, the results of the study showed that there were no significant differences in conflict management styles based on gender, age, teaching experience, and educational level. Researchers have suggested that the MOE take several initiatives to reduce conflict among teachers by providing exposure through training, courses, workshops, and seminars on effective and constructive conflict management to increase teachers' commitment towards further excellence in the field of education today.
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE (HRQoL) OF ACADEMICIANS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES, MALAYSIA
Authors: Abd Hamid Nur Zainie , Ibrahim Shamsinar , Razali Hasyimah , Mansor Kamarul Ariffin
Published: September 2021

This empirical paper presents findings from a study concerning the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of academicians in Malaysian publicly-funded universities. The main objective of the study was to compare the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of the academicians in the selected public universities with the key indicators of the overall and the eight health domains of general Malaysian population norms. A structured e-mail survey was created that includes a link to the validated Short Form 36 (SF-36) items. An e-mail was sent to all respondents of nine randomly selected public universities using registered organisational e-mail to collect the data. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the data. The percentage of responses was 34.55% and 1235 data were deemed to be usable. The ratio of men to women was 1:1.42. The overall mean score of the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in the study was juxtaposed with the overall mean score of the recommended Malaysian general population norms of 65.0. The accumulated score was 50.60, which is lower than the recommended value. All mean scores of the eight-health domain were also lower than recommended mean scores of the general Malaysian population for each health domain. Moreover, gender analysis indicated that male academicians had higher Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for all the health domains except for Role-Physical (RP) and Social Functioning (SF). Given the lower Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among academicians than the general population, fair attention should be given by the government and policy-makers to the state of their health, physically and mentally, to ensure continuous improvements in education.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTS' EXPECTATIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN HO CHI MINH CITY, VIET NAM
Authors: Tuan Pham Van
Published: September 2021

Mental health has a great influence on the quality of life and learning outcomes of students. This problem is related to many different factors. It is necessary to clarify the current state of mental health and influencing factors, thereby taking appropriate measures to take care of the mental health of students and help them study effectively. This study examined mental health and parents' expectations on a sample of 242 randomly selected students at a number of high schools in Ho Chi Minh City. Through the DASS42 tool and the scale designed by the research team, the research results showed that the level of parents' expectations for students is not high; the percentage of students with stress is 43.7%, anxiety is 38.6%, depression is 35%, in which the percentage of students with severe and very severe problems are: stress 12.3%, anxiety 10.3%, depression 6.9%, students' mental health problems are closely correlated; Parental expectations are correlated with student mental health problems and are likely to report 12.6% to 15% variability in student mental health problems.
USING REMOTE SENSING IN STUDY OF EL NIÑO EXTREME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1997/1998 AND 2015/2016
Authors: Kemarau Ricky Anak , Eboy Oliver Valentine
Published: September 2021

The years 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 saw the occurrence of El Niño occur among the worst in human history. Until now there is still a lack of research in studying the degree of El Niño's strength impact on climate and weather, especially in the tropic region. The objective of this study is to study the effectiveness of remote sensing technology in identifying the differences between the 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 El Niño events. This study uses six satellite data and temperature data from the Malaysia Meteorology Department (MMD). The first step of remote sensing data will be through pre-processing, converting digital Numbers (DN) to Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results of the study found that there was a change in the pattern of LST columns during the 1997/1998 and 2015/2016 El Niño events. Spatial patterns change based on Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) values. The results of this study are important because of the importance of spatial information to those responsible for preparing measures to overcome and reduce the impact of El Niño on the population. at the developing country level, including Malaysia, there is still a lack of information technology infrastructure in channeling useful information to the community. Through the information, this spatial information provides critical hot spot information that needs more attention.
Application of AI for Analysis of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors:   IT Professional, Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur (Rajasthan), India., Pandey Harsh , Shivnani Arjun ,   IT Professional, Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur (Rajasthan), India., Chauhan Aryaman ,   IT Professional, Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur (Rajasthan), India., Singh Aditya Pratap ,   IT Professional, Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur (Rajasthan), India., Khadakban Pauras ,   IT Professional, Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur (Rajasthan), India.
Published: September 2021

Parkinson's disease is an issue of the central tactile framework that impacts advancement provoking shudders. The tangible cell is hurt in the frontal cortex causing dopamine levels to drop which prompts the condition. Parkinson's is a reformist ailment that causes degeneration of the frontal cortex, provoking both motor and mental issues. While Dysphonia is a voice issue that causes mandatory fits in the larynx muscle, this is one of its indications. While, Bradykinesia, which is ordinarily described as slowness of improvements, is one of the cardinal signs of Parkinson's sickness (PD). Essential clinical rating scales are used usually to measure bradykinesia in routine clinical practice albeit this kind of examination is uneven. It requires clinical investigation, and it can happen starting from the age of 6. Along these lines, this is a starter study that endeavors to recognize connections between Parkinson's contamination factors for basic unmistakable verification of the sickness. There are 1 million cases in India. It is hence reasonable to acknowledge that there is a connection between a patient's ability to talk/make and the development towards Parkinson's as these limits rot as time propels. The mark of the examination was to survey the features of the sound data and the hour of contorting drawing as an extent of bradykinesia. Henceforth to make strong proof that vocalization data and the handwriting test from a patient can assist with dissecting whether they experience the evil impacts of Parkinson's. As needs be, it is at first anticipated that there is an association between the two. We attempt to run distinctive AI classifiers on the data in wants to show up at a high consistency rate that is facilitated with a reasonable runtime. The dataset managed is procured from a new report by the journal, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, of various limits of voice repeat. The actual assessment obtained a consistency speed of 95.58% hence we want to show up at a rate close to this or possibly to beat it.
The Power of English in Pakistan: Exploring the Views of University Students
Authors: Asra Khan  , Hussain Irshad , Khatoon Zohra
Published: September 2021

Pakistan is a multilingual country with Urdu as its national language. It is entrenched in one of the post-colonial effects; the influence of the English language and the power which it exerts in Pakistan with regards to the ever advancing global world. The case study aims at voicing the views of university students in a hope that their concerns are addressed at national level, which will ultimately lead to equity in English language classrooms in Pakistan. It seeks to explore the views of Banking and Finance students of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, about the power which English language holds and the multiple ways it is exerted. Forty (40) students, taken through random sampling technique were the participants of study. Quantitative data were collected by administering a questionnaire; whereas, an interview protocol was used for collecting qualitative data. The tools collected data in six categories namely increase in self-confidence, seeking admission in foreign universities, a marker of modernity and social class, attaining a lucrative job, basic schooling and a tag of a good student. The results of the study demonstrated that English language holds a great deal of Power in Pakistan in different walks of life as well as in education of students.

Keywords: English in Pakistan, Education, Power of English
Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Bioactivity of Andrographis paniculata (Nees)
Authors: Owoade Abiodun O.
Published: September 2021

Background: Medicinal plants are natural sources of antioxidants effective in the treatment of radical mediated diseases. This study evaluated the in-vitro antioxidant and phytochemical constituents of the methanolic leaves extract of Andrographis paniculata .
Methods: Fresh A. paniculata leaves were harvested from a local far m, air -dried and extracted with methanol. Chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory potentials of the extract were determined
Results: The extract of A. paniculata concentration-dependently scavenges 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acids) (ABTS) radicals. It scavenges nitric oxide radicals with IC50 of 145.99 μg/ml compared to 167.17 μg/ml of standard ascorbic acid and has 41% activity of standard ascorbic acid ferric reducing power. The extract also inhibited the induction of lipid peroxidation and α-Amylase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The phytochemical assays employed revealed the presence of various phytochemicals in the extract. Further analysis with gas-chromatography revealed the possible presence of Andrographolide, Deoxyandrographolide, Apigenin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Methyl vanillate, Methyl Caffeate, Beta-sitosterol, Vanillic acid in the extract. The total phenolics content was found to be 29.11mg GAE/g, and proximate analysis revealed the moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash, and Nitrogen free extract to be 21.89%, 5.66%, 8.74%, 0.95%, 6.87%, and 55.89% respectively.
Conclusion: The plant A. paniculata demonstrated good antioxidant potentials and contain various phytochemicals. Therefore, it could be inferred that the effectiveness of A. paniculata as a medicinal plant could be due to the presence of various phenolics and antioxidant compounds in the plant.
Synergetic Treatment of Ascorbic Acid and Nicotine Ameliorates Aluminium Induced Neurotoxicity in the Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rat
Authors: Abayomi Taiwo A.
Published: September 2021

Background: Though the neuroprotective roles of ascorbic acid are well established, the therapeutic role of nicotine in various neurological disorders is attracting increasing attention. This study evaluated the putative ameliorative role of the synergetic treatment of nicotine and ascorbic acid against neurodegenerative consequences associated with free radical species and amyloid plaques generation in adult male Wistar rats
Methods: A total of 35 Wistar rats were distributed into five groups labeled A-E. Group A served as the control group; animals in group B were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for 21 days. Group C animals were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 14mg/kg body weight of nicotine for 21 days. Group D was treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 100mg/kg bodyweight of ascorbic acid for 21 days. Group E animals were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 100mg/kg bodyweight of ascorbic acid and 14mg/kg body weight of nicotine. On completion of treatments, the prefrontal cortex was excised and processed for biochemical and histochemical examinations.
Results: Oxidative stress was evident from the diminished level of catalase and glutathione per oxidase and elevated lipid peroxidation levels in animals administered with aluminium in addition to the presence of amyloid plaques in these animals. However, synergetic administration of ascorbic acid and nicotine attenuated these oxidative and histochemical perturbations induced by aluminium.
Conclusion: Synergetic treatment with ascorbic acid and nicotine provided better ameliorative potential against aluminium-induced neurotoxicity compared to either ascorbic acid or nicotine treatments alone
Lantana camara: Phyto-constituents and Antimicrobial Activity Study
Authors: Oladoye Sunday O.
Published: September 2021

Background: The development of resistance by pathogenic organisms has caused renewed interest in medicinal plants as alternative antimicrobial agents in treating diseases and infections. Lantana camara is an evergreen shrub commonly found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, different parts of the plant have been used traditionally in the treatment of fever, diarrheal, scabies, cold, skin infections etc. This study therefore, seeks to investigate the phytochemical composition and potential of Lantana camara extracts as an alternative antimicrobial agents.
Methods: According to standard methods in this study, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Lantana camara leaves extracts was done. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract were evaluated against gram-positive and negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi) and fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspegillus fumigatus, Fusarium poae, and Fusarium solani) using well-diffusion and mycelia inhibition method, respectively.
Results: Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids, with tannins (70.454 ± 0.002 mg/g) found to be abundant in ethanolic extract. The extracts displayed moderate to high inhibitory activities on the tested strains with E.coli and A. flavus highly inhibited by the extracts.
Conclusion: The present study clearly showed that the crude extracts are rich in diverse phytochemicals and are potential sources of antimicrobial principles that could be used in the management of diseases and infections.
Standardised Metrics and Methods for Synthetic Tabular Data Evaluation
Authors: Hernandez Mikel , Epelde Gorka , Alberdi Ane , Cilla Rodrigo , Rankin Debbie
Published: September 2021

Synthetic Tabular Data Generation (STDG) is a potentially valuable technology with great promise to augment real data and preserve privacy. However, prior to adoption, an empirical assessment of synthetic tabular data (STD) is required across the three dimensions of resemblance, utility, and privacy, trying to find a trade-off between them. A lack of standardised and objective metrics and methods has been found targeting this assessment in the literature and neither an organised pipeline or process for coordinating this evaluation has been identified. Therefore, in this work we propose a collection of metrics and methods to evaluate STD in the previously defined dimensions, presenting a meaningful orchestration of them and a pipeline unifying all of them. Additionally, we present a methodology to categorise STDG approaches performance for each dimension. Finally, we conducted an extensive analysis and evaluation to verify the usability of the proposed pipeline across six healthcare-related datasets, using four STDG approaches. The results of these analyses showed that the proposed pipeline can effectively be used to evaluate and benchmark the STD generated with one or more different STDG approaches, helping the scientific community to select the most suitable approaches for their data and application of interest.
Study of the specific toxic effects of the substance 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil, the original non-nucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Retroviridae; Orthoretrovirinae; Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus 1) reverse transcriptase
Authors: Gaidai E. A. , Kryshen K. L. , Jain (Korsakova) E. A. , Demchenko D. V. , Kargopol’tseva D. R. , Katel’nikova A. E. , Gaidai D. S. , Balabanyan V. Yu.
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Combination antiretroviral therapy is currently the main component of treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. At the same time, the high mutational potential of the virus and the frequency of side effects of existing drugs dictate the need for the development and preclinical study of new, more effective and safer compounds.The aim of the study is to evaluate the specific types of toxicity of a new non-nucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA revertase) (NNRTI) based on the substance 1-[2-(2-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl]-6-methyluracil, a benzophenone derivative.Material and methods. The study investigated reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxic (in micronucleus test in and comet assay) and allergenic properties of the test itemcompound. It was tested on three species of animals in two doses: the estimated therapeutic dose (1 TD) and its tenfold equivalent (10 TD). Taking into account the metabolic coefficients, the doses for rats (Rattus) were 9 and 90 mg/kg, for mice (Mus musculus), 21 and 210 mg/kg, and for guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), 8 and 80 mg/kg, respectively.Results and discussion. According to the obtained results, a favorable safety profile of the tested compound was established. Negative effects on the immune system, reproductive function, the body of pregnant animals and the fetus were not observed, as well as the compound did not have genotoxic and allergenic properties.Conclusion. These data allows to consider the studied compound as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Potential of application of the RNA interference phenomenon in the treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19
Authors: Pashkov E. A. , Korchevaya E. R. , Faizuloev E. B. , Svitich O. A. , Pashkov E. P. , Nechaev D. N. , Zverev V. V.
Published: September 2021

COVID-19 has killed more than 4 million people to date and is the most significant global health problem. The first recorded case of COVID-19 had been noted in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and already on March 11, 2020, World Health Organization declared a pandemic due to the rapid spread of this infection. In addition to the damage to the respiratory system, SARS-CoV-2 is capable of causing severe complications that can affect almost all organ systems. Due to the insufficient effectiveness of the COVID-19 therapy, there is an urgent need to develop effective specific medicines. Among the known approaches to the creation of antiviral drugs, a very promising direction is the development of drugs whose action is mediated by the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi). A small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule suppresses the expression of a target gene in this regulatory pathway. The phenomenon of RNAi makes it possible to quickly create a whole series of highly effective antiviral drugs, if the matrix RNA (mRNA) sequence of the target viral protein is known. This review examines the possibility of clinical application of siRNAs aimed at suppressing reproduction of the SARS-CoV-2, taking into account the experience of similar studies using SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection models. It is important to remember that the effectiveness of siRNA molecules targeting viral genes may decrease due to the formation of viral resistance. In this regard, the design of siRNAs targeting the cellular factors necessary for the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 deserves special attention.
Development and formation of the doctrine of the object of criminal acts in the system of public procurement and in the economy in the pre-revolutionary period
Authors: Dolinko Vasily
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the development and formation in the pre-revolutionary period of time of the doctrine of the object of a criminal act in public procurement and in the field of economics as public relations. The article draws parallels between pre-revolutionary and modern legislation in the aspect of comparing the ways of specifying the object of a crime in the legislation. The study also examines the significance of the object of the crime for the construction of the system of the Special part of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation, for the qualification of crimes, as well as the impact on the formulation and place of individual norms in the system of the Special Part of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation.