bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-population cooperative teaching–learning-based optimization for nonlinear equation systems
Authors: Zuowen Liao , Shuijia Li , Wenyin Gong , Qiong Gu
Published: May 2023

Solving nonlinear equation systems (NESs) requires locating different roots in one run. To effectively deal with NESs, a multi-population cooperative teaching–learning-based optimization, named MCTLBO, is presented. The innovations of MCTLBO are as follows: (i) two niching technique (crowding and improved speciation) are integrated into the algorithm to enhance population diversity; (ii) an adaptive selection scheme is proposed to select the learning rules in the teaching phase; (iii) the new learning rules based on experience learning are developed to promote the search efficiency in the teaching and learning phases. MCTLBO was tested on 30 classical problems and the experimental results show that MCTLBO has better root finding performance than other algorithms. In addition, MCTLBO achieves competitive results in eighteen new test sets.
Political ideology does not predict self-control in Stroop task performance: new evidence using an incentivized task
Authors: Dickinson David L.
Published: May 2023

An intriguing study concluded that political conservatives exhibited enhanced self-control using the Stroop task [Clarkson et al.: The self-control consequences of political ideology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 112(27): 8250–8253 (2015)]. We preregistered our plans to re-examine this finding using a larger, representative, incentivized, and ideologically balanced sample (n = 476). Across a variety of specifications, we report a consistent null effect of ideology on Stroop response latencies and the Stroop interference effect. These findings suggest that the previously reported result may not generalize. We conclude that there is no causal relationship between political ideology and self-control, as measured by the Stroop task.
Strain evolution in coal seam exposed to injected gas with different species for enhanced CBM extraction: a numerical observation
Authors: Fan Chaojun , Sun Hao , Zhu Zhijie , Luo Mingkun , Zhou Lijun , Yang Lei
Published: May 2023

The viscosity and density of different gases (CO2 and N2) vary with the gas species, composition and temperature, which may raise variant results of gas injection enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) extraction. The fluid–structure interaction within the coal seam was established to study the evolution of coal strain in the process of ECBM extraction by injecting CO2 or N2. After verifying the equations governing the interaction via experimental tests, the ECBM extraction by injecting different gases was simulated. The characteristics of coal strain induced by gas sorption was comprehensively analyzed. Results show that N2 has strong fluidity in coal fractures, leading to wider influencing range of injected N2 than that of injected CO2. Due to the greater affinity of CO2 to coal, the effect of gas displacement and competitive sorption is more obvious, manifesting in more likely to migrate towards the coal matrix. Compared with regular extraction, the CH4 content at 180d in CO2-ECBM and N2-ECBM extraction has decreased by 24.3% and 13.8%, respectively. The effect of gas extraction is CO2-ECBM > N2-ECBM > regular extraction. The coal strain induced by gas sorption mainly depends on the proportion of adsorbed gas in the coal matrix. The permeability evolution is opposite to the coal strain induced by gas sorption. For CO2-ECBM, the proportion of CH4 decreases gradually caused by the competitive sorption with CO2 in matrix, and the coal strain increases. The influencing factors on the coal strain are injection pressure, initial permeability, water saturation and extraction pressure in order. While for N2-ECBM, the influencing factors on the coal strain are initial permeability, injection pressure, water saturation and extraction pressure in order.
The rate of convergence of a generalization of Post–Widder operators and Rathore operators
Authors: Abel Ulrich , Gupta Vijay
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we study local approximation properties of certain gamma-type operators. They generalize the Post–Widder operators and the Rathore operators, and approximate locally integrable functions satisfying a certain growth condition on the infinite interval $$[0,\infty )$$

[
0
,
∞
)

. We derive the complete asymptotic expansion for these operators and prove a localization result. Also, we estimate the rate of convergence for functions of bounded variation.
Quantifying the probability and uncertainty of multiple-structure rupture for Taiwan
Authors: Chang Chieh-Chen , Chang Chih-Yu , Gao Jia-Cian , Chan Chung-Han
Published: May 2023

This study identifies structure pairs with the potential for simultaneous rupture in a coseismic period and quantifies their rupture recurrence intervals. To assess the potential for a multiple-structure rupture, we calculated the probability of Coulomb stress triggering between seismogenic structures in Taiwan. We assumed that a multiple-structure rupture would occur if two structures could trigger each other by enhancing the plane with thresholds of a Coulomb stress increase and the distance between the structures and identified various sets of seismogenic structure pairs accordingly. We discussed the uncertainty of multiple-structure pair identification from various thresholds of stress change and structure distances, effective friction coefficient, and rotation of rake angles. To estimate the recurrence intervals for multiple-structure ruptures, we implemented a scaling law and the Gutenberg-Richter law in which the slip rate could be partitioned based on the magnitudes of the individual structure and multiple-structure ruptures. Considering that one structure may be involved in multiple cases of multiple-structure ruptures, we developed new formulas for slip partitioning in a complex fault system. By implementing the range of rupture area and slip rate of each structure, the magnitudes and recurrence intervals of multiple-structure ruptures could be estimated. We discussed the epistemic uncertainties of recurrence interval from deviations of slip rate and rupture area, various empirical formula of rupture parameters. The multiple-structure rupture with a larger characteristic magnitude would be crucial for the safety evaluation of infrastructures.
From fundamental concepts to recent developments in the adhesive bonding technology: a general view
Authors: Borges Catarina S. P. , Akhavan-Safar Alireza , Tsokanas Panayiotis , Carbas Ricardo J. C. , Marques Eduardo A. S. , da Silva Lucas F. M.
Published: May 2023

Adhesive bonding is a constantly developing technique, and the volume of its industrial applications is rapidly increasing, which, in turn, requires improving the compatibility and performance of joining methods in specific applications. The industrial growth of adhesive bonding has also been linked to the broader implementation of composite materials and the increasing number of applications requiring joining dissimilar materials. Compared to traditional joining methods, adhesive bonding does not require local heating of the substrates or introducing holes or notches to them. It is instead a continuous joining method that promotes fewer regions of discontinuities and uniformity of the stress fields. Due to the industrial interest in this method, a substantial effort has been made to expand its range of applications and to provide the design tools that ensure it is a safe, reproducible, reliable, and durable process. The adhesive bonding research field is broad, ranging from adhesive formulation to evaluation of the final bonded structure. The present paper collects the relevant literature and discusses fundamental concepts and recent developments in the adhesive bonding technology, covering three essential topics: adhesive materials, joint designs and joint manufacturing methods, and joint modelling methods. Citing a wealth of relevant review papers, original papers, and book chapters, the paper intends to provide a coherent view of the state of the art, so the reader can identify the opportunities originating from the recent progresses in adhesive bonding.
Modern Economic Regulation
Authors: Decker Christopher
Published: May 2023

Economic regulation affects us all, shaping how we access essential services such as water, energy and transport, as well as how we communicate with one another in the digital world. Modern Economic Regulation describes the core insights of economic theory on which regulatory policies are based and connects this with evidence of how regulation is applied. It focuses on fundamental questions such as: why are certain industries regulated? What principles can inform regulation? How is regulation implemented? Which regulatory policies have been more, or less, effective in practice? All chapters in this second edition are fully updated to reflect the latest research and evidence, while five new chapters cover behavioural economics and the regulation of rail, aviation, payment systems and digital platforms. Each chapter contains discussion questions and topical case studies, and online materials include over 60 applied exercises that explore real-life regulatory problems from around the world.
The Injury Costs of Knapping
Authors: Gala Nicholas , Lycett Stephen J. , Bebber Michelle R. , Eren Metin I.
Published: May 2023

For at least three million years, knapping stone has been practiced by hominin societies large and small, past and present. Thus, understanding knapping, knappers, and knapping cultures is fundamental to anthropological research around the world. Although there is a general sense that stone knapping is inherently dangerous and can lead to injury, little is formally, specifically, or systematically known about the frequency, location, or severity of knapping injuries. Toward this end, we conducted a 31-question survey of modern knappers to better understand knapping risks. Responses from 173 survey participants suggest that knapping injuries are a real and persistent hazard, even though a majority of modern knappers use personal protective equipment. A variety of injuries (lacerations, punctures, aches, etc.) can occur on nearly any part of the body. The severity of injury sustained by some of our participants is shocking, and nearly one-quarter of respondents reported having sought or received professional medical attention for a flintknapping-related injury. Overall, the results of this survey suggest that there would have likely been serious, even fatal, costs to knappers in past societies. Such costs may have encouraged the deployment of any social learning capacities possessed by hominins or delayed the learning or exposure of young infants or children to knapping.
Nudges can be both autonomy-preserving and effective: evidence from a survey and quasi-field experiment
Authors: van Roekel Henrico , Giurge Laura M. , Schott Carina , Tummers Lars
Published: May 2023

Nudges are widely employed tools within organizations, but they are often criticized for harming autonomy and for being ineffective. We assess these two criticisms simultaneously: can nudges be both autonomy-preserving and effective in changing behavior? We developed three nudges – an opinion leader nudge, a rule-of-thumb and self-nudges – to reduce a particularly sticky behavior: email use. In a survey experiment of 4,112 healthcare employees, we tested their effect on perceived autonomy and subjective effectiveness. We also tested traditional policy instruments for comparison. Next, to assess objective effectiveness, we conducted a quasi-field experiment in a large healthcare organization with an estimate of 1,189 active email users. We found that each nudge in isolation, but especially when combined, was perceived to be both autonomy-preserving and effective, and more so than traditional policy instruments like an access limit or a monetary reward. We also found some evidence that the combination of all nudges decreased actual email use. This paper advances the literature by showing how innovations in nudge design improve nudges’ ability to be autonomy-preserving and effective.
Nonlinear chirped pulse amplification for a 100-W-class GHz femtosecond all-fiber laser system at 1.5 m
Authors: Fan Yiheng , Xiu Hao , Lin Wei , Chen Xuewen , Hu Xu , Wang Wenlong , Wen Junpeng , Tian Hao , Hao Molei , Wei Chiyi , Wang Luyi , Wei Xiaoming , Yang Zhongmin
Published: May 2023

In this work, we present a high-power, high-repetition-rate, all-fiber femtosecond laser system operating at 1.5

$\unicode{x3bc}$

m. This all-fiber laser system can deliver femtosecond pulses at a fundamental repetition rate of 10.6 GHz with an average output power of 106.4 W – the highest average power reported so far from an all-fiber femtosecond laser at 1.5

$\unicode{x3bc}$

m, to the best of our knowledge. By utilizing the soliton-effect-based pulse compression effect with optimized pre-chirping dispersion, the amplified pulses are compressed to 239 fs in an all-fiber configuration. Empowered by such a high-power ultrafast fiber laser system, we further explore the nonlinear interaction among transverse modes LP01, LP11 and LP21 that are expected to potentially exist in fiber laser systems using large-mode-area fibers. The intermodal modulational instability is theoretically investigated and subsequently identified in our experiments. Such a high-power all-fiber ultrafast laser without bulky free-space optics is anticipated to be a promising laser source for applications that specifically require compact and robust operation.
X-ray polarimetry and its application to strong-field quantum electrodynamics
Authors: Yu Qiqi , Xu Dirui , Shen Baifei , Cowan Thomas E. , Schlenvoigt Hans-Peter
Published: May 2023

Polarimetry is a highly sensitive method to quantify changes of the polarization state of light when passing through matter and is therefore widely applied in material science. The progress of synchrotron and X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources has led to significant developments of X-ray polarizers, opening perspectives for new applications of polarimetry to study source and beamline parameters as well as sample characteristics. X-ray polarimetry has shown to date a polarization purity of less than

$1.4\times {10}^{-11}$

, enabling the detection of very small signals from ultrafast phenomena. A prominent application is the detection of vacuum birefringence. Vacuum birefringence is predicted in quantum electrodynamics and is expected to be probed by combining an XFEL with a petawatt-class optical laser. We review how source and optical elements affect X-ray polarimeters in general and which qualities are required for the detection of vacuum birefringence.
FOREWORD Finding Balance in the Fight Against Gun Violence
Authors: Ulrich Michael R.
Published: May 2023

The United States is distinct among high-income countries for its problem with gun violence, with Americans 25 times more likely to be killed by gun homicide than people in other high-income countries.1 Suicides make up a majority of annual gun deaths — though that gap is closing as homicides are on the rise — and the U.S. accounts for 35% of global firearm suicides despite making up only 4% of the world’s population.2 More concerning, gun deaths are only getting worse. In 2021, firearm fatalities approached 50,000, the highest we have seen in at least 40 years.3 The increase in homicides in conjunction with lower crime overall further suggests an problem specifically with guns.4 As devastating as these deaths are, it does not come close to encompassing the mass toll of America’s gun violence epidemic — a toll that disproportionately impacts people of color, with the Black community suffering at the highest rates. A broader and more accurate view of what constitutes gun violence must become a part of the national discourse if we are going to develop effective strategies to combat this crisis.5
Equity in the Pandemic Treaty: Access and Benefit-Sharing as a Policy Device or a Rhetorical Device?
Authors: Hampton Abbie-Rose , Eccleston-Turner Mark , Rourke Michelle , Switzer Stephanie
Published: May 2023

Equity is a foundational concept for the new World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Treaty. WHO Member States are currently negotiating to turn this undefined concept into tangible outcomes by borrowing a policy mechanism from international environmental law: “access and benefit-sharing” (ABS).
Measuring time preferences in large surveys
Authors: Bechtel Michael M. , Jensen Amalie , McAllister Jordan H. , Scheve Kenneth
Published: May 2023

Time preferences may explain public opinion about a wide range of long-term policy problems with costs and benefits realized in the distant future. However, mass publics may discount these costs and benefits because they are later or because they are more uncertain. Standard methods to elicit individual-level time preferences tend to conflate risk and time attitudes and are susceptible to social desirability bias. A potential solution relies on a costly lab-experimental method, convex time budgets (CTB). We present and experimentally validate an affordable version of this approach for implementation in mass surveys. We find that the theoretically preferred CTB patience measure predicts attitudes toward a local, delayed investment problem but fails to predict support for more complex, future-oriented policies.
Identity Propaganda
Authors: Horz Carlo M.
Published: May 2023

Political elites often employ propaganda to affect the behavior of a particular social group by altering its members' social identities. The empirical literature has demonstrated that this kind of ‘identity propaganda’ is generally effective at mobilizing citizens. However, while the consequences of being exposed to propaganda depend on its content, we know little about which factors shape propaganda content. To gain insight into the determinants of propaganda content, I analyze a game-theoretic model where a political elite proposes a new identity norm, and citizens affirm or reject it. I demonstrate that, in equilibrium, the propagandist exploits his agenda-setting power to design effective identity norms. I also show that more demanding identity norms can emerge when citizens’ mobilization costs are higher, or the propagandist can cheaply allocate material incentives. By contrast, the nature of strategic interaction among citizens has an ambiguous effect on identity norms.
Domination at Work: Resisting the Radical Diagnosis
Authors: Frye Harrison
Published: May 2023

Political theorists and philosophers have converged mainly on the following claim: workers face the threat of domination in the workplace. While many propose reforms to capitalism to address this domination, a growing chorus of radical Republicans argue that domination at work results from the capitalist distribution of ownership. In this paper, I argue that this focus on ownership is a mistake. Instead, I contend we ought to direct our attention to the role that managerial discretion plays in the firm's structure. My intention in advancing these two claims is to carve out space for a position that acknowledges the domination of workers, but does so in a way that is compatible with private ownership in the means of production.
Neoclassical transport in strong gradient regions of large aspect ratio tokamaks
Authors: Trinczek Silvia , Parra Felix I. , Catto Peter J. , Calvo Iván , Landreman Matt
Published: May 2023

We present a new neoclassical transport model for large aspect ratio tokamaks where the gradient scale lengths are of the size of the ion poloidal gyroradius. Previous work on neoclassical transport across transport barriers assumed large density and potential gradients but a small temperature gradient, or neglected the gradient of the mean parallel flow. Using large aspect ratio and low collisionality expansions, we relax these restrictive assumptions. We define a new set of variables based on conserved quantities, which simplifies the drift kinetic equation whilst keeping strong gradients, and derive equations describing the transport of particles, parallel momentum and energy by ions in the banana regime. The poloidally varying parts of density and electric potential are included. Studying contributions from both passing and trapped particles, we show that the resulting transport is dominated by trapped particles. We find that a non-zero neoclassical particle flux requires parallel momentum input which could be provided through interaction with turbulence or impurities. We derive upper and lower bounds for the energy flux across a transport barrier in both temperature and density and present example profiles and fluxes.
Homeland, magnet, and refuge: Mecca in the travels and imaginaries of Chinese Muslims
Authors: Jeong Janice Hyeju
Published: May 2023

Mecca is often conceptualized as a destination for theḥajjor a source of leverage for both western and Ottoman imperial states, and in the twentieth century, for Saudi national foreign policy and Islamist movements. While building on such transnational angles, this article views the city as a convergence point for diaspora populations, an intermediary site that has received and redirected the mobilities of sojourners, refugees, and exiles from different parts of Asia throughout the manifold turnovers of the twentieth century. The article focuses on a community of first- to third-generation settlers in the Hejaz who trace their other homes to different places in China proper. Using archival documents, travelogues, and ethnographic interviews, the article argues that the routes to Mecca, coupled with imaginaries of the city as a home place for Muslims worldwide, served as a rare constant orienting force that sustained two-directional mobilities of Chinese Muslim diasporas through the wars and revolutions of modern times.
Can ship travel contain COVID-19 outbreak after re-opening: a Bayesian meta-analysis
Authors: Hsu Chen-Yang , Chen Jia-Kun , Wikramaratna Paul S. , Yen Amy Ming-Fang , Chen Sam Li-Sheng , Chen Hsiu-Hsi , Lai Chao-Chih
Published: May 2023

Large gatherings of people on cruise ships and warships are often at high risk of COVID-19 infections. To assess the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 on warships and cruise ships and to quantify the effectiveness of the containment measures, the transmission coefficient (β), basic reproductive number (R0), and time to deploy containment measures were estimated by the Bayesian Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model. A meta-analysis was conducted to predict vaccine protection with or without non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). The analysis showed that implementing NPIs during voyages could reduce the transmission coefficients of SARS-CoV-2 by 50%. Two weeks into the voyage of a cruise that begins with 1 infected passenger out of a total of 3,711 passengers, we estimate there would be 45 (95% CI:25-71), 33 (95% CI:20-52), 18 (95% CI:11-26), 9 (95% CI:6-12), 4 (95% CI:3-5), and 2 (95% CI:2-2) final cases under 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% vaccine protection, respectively, without NPIs. The timeliness of strict NPIs along with implementing strict quarantine and isolation measures is imperative to contain COVID-19 cases in cruise ships. The spread of COVID-19 on ships was predicted to be limited in scenarios corresponding to at least 70% protection from prior vaccination, across all passengers and crew.
A pilot study of experiencing racial microaggressions, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and the role of psychological flexibility
Authors: Browning Morgan E. , Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Satterfield Sidney L. , Trisal Akshay V.
Published: May 2023

Background:

Experiencing racial microaggressions has clear effects on physical and psychological health, including obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (OCS). More research is needed to examine this link. Psychological flexibility is an important process to examine in this work.

Aims:

This study aimed to examine if, while controlling for depression and anxiety, experiences of microaggressions and psychological flexibility helped explain OCD symptoms within a university-affiliated sample (undergraduate, graduate and law students). This was a pilot exploration of the relationships across themes.

Method:

Initial baseline data from a longitudinal study of psychological flexibility, OCD symptoms, depression, anxiety and experience of microaggressions was utilized. Correlations and regressions were utilized to examine which OCD symptom dimensions were associated with experiencing racial microaggressions in addition to anxiety and depression, and the added role of psychological flexibility was examined.

Results:

OCD symptoms, experiences of microaggressions and psychological flexibility were correlated. Experiences of racial microaggressions explained responsibility for harm and contamination OCD symptoms above and beyond psychological distress. Exploratory results support the relevance of psychological flexibility.

Conclusion:

Results support other work that experiences of racial microaggressions help explain OCS and they add some support for psychological flexibility as a relevant risk or protective factor for mental health in marginalized populations. These topics should be studied longitudinally with continued consideration of all OCD themes, larger sample sizes, intersecting identities, clinical samples, and continued exploration of psychological flexibility and mindfulness and values-based treatments.
Introduction to the symposium on the shadow economy, tax behaviour, and institutions
Authors: Granda Catalina , Kogler Christoph
Published: May 2023

This JOIE symposium features some of the most influential papers presented in the seventh version of the conference onThe shadow economy, tax behaviour, and institutions. Accordingly, it brings together contributions from several disciplines and schools of thought in the social sciences and the humanities exploring such issues as the role of formal and informal institutions in understanding the shadow economy, the importance of social aversion in the motivations for tax compliance, and the dual nature of corruption. This introduction lays out the scope of the symposium, summarises the preceding literature on the topic, and provides a brief outline of each contributing article, noting that, although each paper focuses on a different economic and cultural context, they share several elements in common with alternative theories addressing the institutional, psychological, and sociological aspects of tax law compliance and other appropriate behaviours.
Human Genetics Society of Australasia Position Statement: Genetic Testing and Personal Insurance Products in Australia
Authors: McInerney-Leo Aideen M. , Ayres Samantha , Boyle Jackie , Jacobs Chris , Newson Ainsley J.
Published: May 2023

The expansion of genetic and genomic testing in clinical practice and research, and the growing market for direct-to-consumer genomic testing has led to increased awareness about the impact of this form of testing on insurance. Genetic or genomic information can be requested by providers of mutually rated insurance products, who may then use it when setting premiums or determining eligibility for cover under a particular product. Australian insurers are subject to relevant legislation and an industry led standard that was updated in 2019 to introduce a moratorium on the use of genetic test results in life insurance underwriting for policies <AU$500K. The Human Genetics Society of Australasia has updated its position statement on genetic testing and life insurance to account for these changes and to increase the scope of the statement to include a wider range of personally-rated insurance products, such as life, critical care, and income protection products. Recommendations include that: providers of professional education involving genetics should include ethical, legal, and social aspects of insurance discrimination in their curricula; the Australian Government take a more active role in regulating use of genetic information in personal insurance; that information obtained in the course of a research project be excluded; insurers seek expert advice when making underwriting decisions regarding genetic testing; and engagement between the insurance industry, regulators, and the genetics profession be improved.
Informational Justice, Organizational Communication, and Job Insecurity in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hughes Ian M. , Keith Melissa G. , Gallagher Christopher M.
Published: May 2023

Abstract: The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic were a time of great job insecurity. Knowledge of how such feelings of insecurity were mitigated during a time of crisis has important implications for the development of future interventions. Drawing from uncertainty management theory (UMT), we explored the impact of informational justice perceptions on the effects of job insecurity in a sample collected during the early stages of the pandemic (March–May 2020). The findings indicated that informational justice buffered the impacts of job insecurity on employee life satisfaction and perceived ability to perform. Furthermore, the source of information regarding COVID-19-related job changes mattered for predicting informational justice perceptions. Our findings bolster UMT and have important practical implications for future times of crisis.
Surface Water Isoscape Modeling in the Himalayan Region: An Alternative for Moisture Source Investigation, Hydrograph Separation, and Paleolatitude Estimation
Authors: Dar Tanveer , Rai Nachiketa , Bhat Mohd Aadil , Kumar Sudhir , Jahan Akhtar
Published: May 2023

The spatial distribution of water isotopes provides essential scientific data for understanding many hydrological, paleoclimate, and ecological processes. The limited isotopic data across the Himalayan River Basins (HRB) obstructs the study of basin‐scale hydrological processes. New data of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen from Indus, in combination with a comprehensive compiled data set from HRB, was used for the first time to create isoscapes (δ18O and d‐excess) for specifically representing surface water. The δ18O and d‐excess isoscape define a clear isotopic distinction along a topographic gradient from south to north and west to east that could be reproduced (predicted) by using a Geographically weighted Regression Model (GWRM) based on surface heterogeneity by considering a combination of predictors (precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, runoff, elevation, slope, aspect, and land use landcover). The d‐excess isoscape demonstrates more complicated spatial variability, owing to differential moisture inputs from westerlies and the Indian Summer Monsoon, as well as secondary evaporation processes in the region. GWRM isoscapes have been able to compute the fractional contributions from different water sources across HRB. The model‐derived predicted δ18O and elevation values suggest a second‐order polynomial relationship that represents the Isotopic Lapse Rate more accurately than a linear one. The GWRM predictive isoscapes are sufficiently accurate to serve as a good proxy for the influence of moisture source and runoff estimation, palaeoecological studies, climate reconstruction, and changes in hydrological processes because of climate change. Therefore, GWRM can be applied to other regions where data is lacking.
A Global Climate Model Performance Atlas for the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics Based on Regional Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
Authors: Brands S. , Fernández‐Granja J. A. , Bedia J. , Casanueva A. , Fernández J.
Published: May 2023

The performance of 61 global climate models participating in CMIP5 and 6 is evaluated for the Southern Hemisphere extratropics in terms of typical regional‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns. These patterns are known to be linked with a number of key variables in atmospheric physics and chemistry and provide an overarching concept for model evaluation. First, hemispheric‐wide error and ranking maps are provided for each model and regional details are described. Then, the results are compared with those obtained in a companion study for the Northern Hemisphere. For most models, the average error magnitude and ranking position is similar on both hemispheres, ruling out systematic tuning toward either of the two. CMIP6 models perform better on average than CMIP5 models and the interactive simulation of more climate system components does not deteriorate the results for most model families. Better performance is associated with higher resolution in the atmosphere, following a non‐linear relationship.
Ultra-resolution scalable microprinting
Authors: Vidler Callum , Crozier Kenneth , Collins David
Published: May 2023

Projection micro stereolithography (PµSL) is a digital light processing (DLP) based printing technique for producing structured microparts. In this approach there is often a tradeoff between the largest object that can be printed and the minimum feature size, with higher resolution generally reducing the overall extent of the structure. The ability to produce structures with high spatial resolution and large overall volume, however, is immensely important for the creation of hierarchical materials, microfluidic devices and bioinspired constructs. In this work, we report a low-cost system with 1 µm optical resolution, representing the highest resolution system yet developed for the creation of micro-structured parts whose overall dimensions are nevertheless on the order of centimeters. To do so, we examine the limits at which PµSL can be applied at scale as a function of energy dosage, resin composition, cure depth and in-plane feature resolution. In doing so we develop a unique exposure composition approach that allows us to greatly improve the resolution of printed features. This ability to construct high-resolution scalable microstructures has the potential to accelerate advances in emerging areas, including 3D metamaterials, tissue engineering and bioinspired constructs.
Visualization of Nanomechanical Properties of Polymer Composites Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Liang Xiaobin
Published: May 2023

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is considered an advanced tool for microscopic study of materials study due to its capabilities for nanoscale spatial characterization. Over the past two decades, the AFM-based nanomechanical characterization technique has been extensively used to investigate the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of polymeric materials. This technique enables direct visualization of the micromechanical properties of material surfaces and is referred to as the AFM nanomechanics technique. This review discusses the application of this technique in the study of polymer composites with a specific focus on the significant advances made in tracking the microscopic deformation behavior and visualizing the microscopic stress distributions of materials.
Multibreed genomic prediction using summary statistics and a breed-origin-of-alleles approach
Authors: Clasen J. B. , Fikse W. F. , Su G. , Karaman E.
Published: May 2023

Because of an increasing interest in crossbreeding between dairy breeds in dairy cattle herds, farmers are requesting breeding values for crossbred animals. However, genomically enhanced breeding values are difficult to predict in crossbred populations because the genetic make-up of crossbred individuals is unlikely to follow the same pattern as for purebreds. Furthermore, sharing genotype and phenotype information between breed populations are not always possible, which means that genetic merit (GM) for crossbred animals may be predicted without the information needed from some pure breeds, resulting in low prediction accuracy. This simulation study investigated the consequences of using summary statistics from single-breed genomic predictions for some or all pure breeds in two- and three-breed rotational crosses, rather than their raw data. A genomic prediction model taking into account the breed-origin of alleles (BOA) was considered. Because of a high genomic correlation between the breeds simulated (0.62–0.87), the prediction accuracies using the BOA approach were similar to a joint model, assuming homogeneous SNP effects for these breeds. Having a reference population with summary statistics available from all pure breeds and full phenotype and genotype information from crossbreds yielded almost as high prediction accuracies (0.720–0.768) as having a reference population with full information from all pure breeds and crossbreds (0.753–0.789). Lacking information from the pure breeds yielded much lower prediction accuracies (0.590–0.676). Furthermore, including crossbred animals in a combined reference population also benefitted prediction accuracies in the purebred animals, especially for the smallest breed population.
Coronavirus sampling and surveillance in bats from 1996–2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cohen Lily E. , Fagre Anna C. , Chen Binqi , Carlson Colin J. , Becker Daniel J.
Published: May 2023

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlights a need for evidence-based strategies to monitor bat viruses. We performed a systematic review of coronavirus sampling (testing for RNA positivity) in bats globally. We identified 110 studies published between 2005 and 2020 that collectively reported positivity from 89,752 bat samples. We compiled 2,274 records of infection prevalence at the finest methodological, spatiotemporal and phylogenetic level of detail possible from public records into an open, static database named datacov, together with metadata on sampling and diagnostic methods. We found substantial heterogeneity in viral prevalence across studies, reflecting spatiotemporal variation in viral dynamics and methodological differences. Meta-analysis identified sample type and sampling design as the best predictors of prevalence, with virus detection maximized in rectal and faecal samples and by repeat sampling of the same site. Fewer than one in five studies collected and reported longitudinal data, and euthanasia did not improve virus detection. We show that bat sampling before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was concentrated in China, with research gaps in South Asia, the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa, and in subfamilies of phyllostomid bats. We propose that surveillance strategies should address these gaps to improve global health security and enable the origins of zoonotic coronaviruses to be identified.
The impact of rare protein coding genetic variation on adult cognitive function
Authors: Chen Chia-Yen , Tian Ruoyu , Ge Tian , Lam Max , Sanchez-Andrade Gabriela , Singh Tarjinder , Urpa Lea , Liu Jimmy Z. , Sanderson Mark , Rowley Christine , Ironfield Holly , Fang Terry ,   Biogen Biobank Team,   The SUPER-Finland study, Kyttälä Aija , Elliott Amanda , Kämpe Anders , Sourander Andre , Tuulio-Henriksson Annamari , Solismaa Anssi , Tanskanen Antti , Ahola-Olli Ari , Mustonen Arto , Honkasalo Arttu , Wegelius Asko , Mazumder Atiqul , Toivola Auli , Neale Benjamin , Hietala Elina , Saarentaus Elmo , Cederlöf Erik , Isometsä Erkki , Taipale Heidi , Västrik Imre , Suvisaari Jaana , Tiihonen Jari , Hietala Jarmo , Ahti Johan , Lintunen Jonne , Lönnqvist Jouko , Veijola Juha , Moghadampour Julia , Niemi-Pynttäri Jussi , Lahdensuo Kaisla , Häkkinen Katja , Hakakari Katriina , Suokas Kimmo , Taivalantti Marjo , Lähteenvuo Markku , Kerkelä Martta , Holm Minna , Lindberg Nina , Ristiluoma Noora , Kampman Olli , Pietiläinen Olli , Kajanne Risto , Lång-Tonteri Sari , Niemelä Solja , Hyman Steven E. , Rask Susanna , Männynsalo Teemu , Paunio Tiina , Jukuri Tuomas , Kiiskinen Tuomo , Kieseppä Tuula , Mäkipelto Ville , Haaki Willehard , Misiewicz Zuzanna ,   The Northern Finland Intellectual Disability study, Kurki Mitja I. , Körkkö Jarmo , Moilanen Jukka , Kuismin Outi , Daly Mark , Palotie Aarno , Tsai Ellen A. , Huang Hailiang , Hurles Matthew E. , Gerety Sebastian S. , Lencz Todd , Runz Heiko
Published: May 2023

Compelling evidence suggests that human cognitive function is strongly influenced by genetics. Here, we conduct a large-scale exome study to examine whether rare protein-coding variants impact cognitive function in the adult population (n = 485,930). We identify eight genes (ADGRB2, KDM5B, GIGYF1, ANKRD12, SLC8A1, RC3H2, CACNA1A and BCAS3) that are associated with adult cognitive function through rare coding variants with large effects. Rare genetic architecture for cognitive function partially overlaps with that of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the case of KDM5B we show how the genetic dosage of one of these genes may determine the variability of cognitive, behavioral and molecular traits in mice and humans. We further provide evidence that rare and common variants overlap in association signals and contribute additively to cognitive function. Our study introduces the relevance of rare coding variants for cognitive function and unveils high-impact monogenic contributions to how cognitive function is distributed in the normal adult population.
Nonmonotone invasion landscape by noise-aware control of metastasis activator levels
Authors: Wan Yiming , Cohen Joseph , Szenk Mariola , Farquhar Kevin S. , Coraci Damiano , Krzysztoń Rafał , Azukas Joshua , Van Nest Nicholas , Smashnov Alex , Chern Yi-Jye , De Martino Daniela , Nguyen Long Chi , Bien Harold , Bravo-Cordero Jose Javier , Chan Chia-Hsin , Rosner Marsha Rich , Balázsi Gábor
Published: May 2023

A major pharmacological assumption is that lowering disease-promoting protein levels is generally beneficial. For example, inhibiting metastasis activator BACH1 is proposed to decrease cancer metastases. Testing such assumptions requires approaches to measure disease phenotypes while precisely adjusting disease-promoting protein levels. Here we developed a two-step strategy to integrate protein-level tuning, noise-aware synthetic gene circuits into a well-defined human genomic safe harbor locus. Unexpectedly, engineered MDA-MB-231 metastatic human breast cancer cells become more, then less and then more invasive as we tune BACH1 levels up, irrespective of the native BACH1. BACH1 expression shifts in invading cells, and expression of BACH1ʼs transcriptional targets confirm BACH1ʼs nonmonotone phenotypic and regulatory effects. Thus, chemical inhibition of BACH1 could have unwanted effects on invasion. Additionally, BACH1ʼs expression variability aids invasion at high BACH1 expression. Overall, precisely engineered, noise-aware protein-level control is necessary and important to unravel disease effects of genes to improve clinical drug efficacy.
Surveying the global landscape of post-transcriptional regulators
Authors: Reynaud Kendra , McGeachy Anna M. , Noble David , Meacham Zuriah A. , Ingolia Nicholas T.
Published: May 2023

Numerous proteins regulate gene expression by modulating mRNA translation and decay. To uncover the full scope of these post-transcriptional regulators, we conducted an unbiased survey that quantifies regulatory activity across the budding yeast proteome and delineates the protein domains responsible for these effects. Our approach couples a tethered function assay with quantitative single-cell fluorescence measurements to analyze ~50,000 protein fragments and determine their effects on a tethered mRNA. We characterize hundreds of strong regulators, which are enriched for canonical and unconventional mRNA-binding proteins. Regulatory activity typically maps outside the RNA-binding domains themselves, highlighting a modular architecture that separates mRNA targeting from post-transcriptional regulation. Activity often aligns with intrinsically disordered regions that can interact with other proteins, even in core mRNA translation and degradation factors. Our results thus reveal networks of interacting proteins that control mRNA fate and illuminate the molecular basis for post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Analysis-ready optical underwater images of Manganese-nodule covered seafloor of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone
Authors: Mbani Benson , Greinert Jens
Published: May 2023

We provide a sequence of analysis-ready optical underwater images from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the Pacific Ocean. The images were originally recorded using a towed camera sledge that photographed a seabed covered with polymetallic manganese-nodules, at an average water depth of 4,250 meters. The original degradation in visual quality and inconsistent scale among individual raw images due to different altitude implies that they are not scientifically comparable in their original form. Here, we present analysis-ready images that have already been pre-processed to account for this degradation. We also provide accompanying metadata for each image, which includes their geographic coordinates, depth of the seafloor, absolute scale (cm/pixel), and seafloor habitat class obtained from a previous study. The provided images are thus directly usable by the marine scientific community e.g., to train machine learning models for seafloor substrate classification and megafauna detection.
COVID-19 vaccination, risk-compensatory behaviours, and contacts in the UK
Authors: Buckell John , Jones Joel , Matthews Philippa C. , Diamond Sir Ian , Rourke Emma , Studley Ruth , Cook Duncan , Walker Ann Sarah , Pouwels Koen B. ,   the COVID-19 Infection Survey Team, Thomas Tina , Ayoubkhani Daniel , Black Russell , Felton Antonio , Crees Megan , Jones Joel , Lloyd Lina , Sutherland Esther , Pritchard Emma , Vihta Karina-Doris , Doherty George , Kavanagh James , Chau Kevin K. , Hatch Stephanie B. , Ebner Daniel , Ferreira Lucas Martins , Christott Thomas , Dejnirattisai Wanwisa , Mongkolsapaya Juthathip , Cameron Sarah , Tamblin-Hopper Phoebe , Wolna Magda , Brown Rachael , Cornall Richard , Screaton Gavin , Cox Stuart , Paddon Kevin , James Tim , House Thomas , Robotham Julie , Birrell Paul , Jordan Helena , Sheppard Tim , Athey Graham , Moody Dan , Curry Leigh , Brereton Pamela , Jarvis Ian , Godsmark Anna , Morris George , Mallick Bobby , Eeles Phil , Hay Jodie , VanSteenhouse Harper , Lee Jessica , White Sean , Evans Tim , Bloemberg Lisa , Allison Katie , Pandya Anouska , Davis Sophie , Conway David I. , MacLeod Margaret , Cunningham Chris , Lythgoe Katrina , Bonsall David , Golubchik Tanya , Fryer Helen
Published: May 2023

The physiological effects of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) are well documented, yet the behavioural effects not well known. Risk compensation suggests that gains in personal safety, as a result of vaccination, are offset by increases in risky behaviour, such as socialising, commuting and working outside the home. This is potentially important because transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is driven by contacts, which could be amplified by vaccine-related risk compensation. Here, we show that behaviours were overall unrelated to personal vaccination, but—adjusting for variation in mitigation policies—were responsive to the level of vaccination in the wider population: individuals in the UK were risk compensating when rates of vaccination were rising. This effect was observed across four nations of the UK, each of which varied policies autonomously.