bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local and systemic effects of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir in a canine model
Authors: Chhetri Dinesh K. , Jahan‐Parwar Babak , Hart Stephen D. , Bhuta Sunita M. , Berke Gerald S. , Shapiro Nina L.
Published: November 2003

Objective: The safety of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir remains a concern. Our goal was to evaluate local and systemic effects of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir. Study Design: Animal study using a canine model. Methods: Two groups of three young beagle dogs (6 vocal folds in each group) were used. Subepithelial vocal fold injections were performed in each group biweekly for 6 months with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 37.5 mg cidofovir in a 0.5 mL volume. Direct laryngoscopy was performed at each injection interval. Complete blood cell count and renal parameters were measured at baseline and monthly thereafter. Histopathologic examination of the vocal folds was performed after the 6‐month injection period in one group of animals and after an additional 6‐month observation period in the second group. Results: Endomysial edema with muscle fiber separation and dose‐dependent atrophy and scarring of the vocal folds was present. Onset of atrophy and scarring was observed after 3,7, and 11 injections in the vocal folds injected with 37.5, 20, and 10 mg cidofovir, respectively. After the 6‐month observation period, recovery of histologic abnormalities was complete in the low‐dose (0, 2.5 mg) vocal folds, near complete in the intermediate‐dose (5, 10 mg) vocal folds, and no apparent recovery was seen in the high‐dose (20, 37.5 mg) vocal folds. Leukocyte count and renal parameters remained unchanged at up to 4.26 mg/kg body weight of systemic dose of cidofovir. Conclusions: Intralaryngeal cidofovir leads to dose‐dependent scarification of the vocal folds that appears irreversible at higher doses. Lower concentrations of this drug should be used in intralesional intralaryngeal use.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of immunolabeled neuromuscular junctions in the human thyroarytenoid muscle
Authors: Sheppert Andrew D. , Spirou George A. , Berrebi Albert S. , Garnett J. David
Published: November 2003

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to reveal the location of the neuromuscular junctions in a three‐dimensional reconstruction of the human thyroarytenoid muscle within the true vocal fold. Study Design: Immunohistochemical analysis of serially sectioned human true vocal folds was performed, followed by reconstruction in three dimensions using computer imaging software. Methods: Six fresh human larynges from autopsy were harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Eight vocal cords were studied from these six larynges. Five‐micron serial sections were collected throughout the entire vocal cord in an axial plane at 500‐μm intervals. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with anti‐synaptophysin antibody. A computer‐controlled imaging and reconstruction system was used to create a three‐dimensional reconstruction from the serial sections and to represent the location of the clustered band of neuromuscular junctions within each true vocal fold. The vocal cord was divided into equal thirds from anterior to posterior for statistical analysis. Results: The most neuromuscular junctions (74%) we're located in the middle third, and the least (7%) were found in the anterior third. The difference in anterior‐to‐posterior distribution was statistically significant in all eight specimens by χ2 analysis (P < .001). Conclusion: The distribution of neuromuscular junctions is not random within the human thyroarytenoid muscle. Because neuromuscular junctions are most highly concentrated in a band within the mid belly of the muscle, botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injection in patients with spasmodic dysphonia should be targeted to this region.
The resistance of maxillofacial reconstruction plates to biofilm formation in vitro
Authors: Emery Brian E. , Dixit Rahul , Formby C. Craig , Biedlingmaier John F.
Published: November 2003

Objectives/Hypothesis: Bacterial biofilms, bacteria surrounded by a protective glycocalyx, have been demonstrated on bioimplants placed within and outside of the head and neck region. The presence of the biofilm often makes decontamination of an infected implant impossible, requiring removal of the implant. Infections attributable to biofilm formation within the facial skeleton after reconstruction with implants may result in delayed union, fibrous union, malunion, nonunion, and malocclusion. These complications often require removal of the implant and secondary surgery. Although the incidence of infections necessitating implant removal is relatively low, the increased numbers of implants being placed make this a growing problem. Previous work in the authors laboratory has demonstrated a resistance to biofilm formation on different types of pressure‐equalizing tubes. The hypothesis evaluated in the study is that such resistance to biofilm formation is due to the inability of bacteria to adhere to the tubes because of the material's smoothness or surface charge. Study Design: A controlled observational study. Methods: Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the formation of biofilms in vitro for a common strain of Staphylococcus aureus on four implantable materials. The implantable materials included titanium and polylactide resorbable plates. Results: Consistent with the authors' prior findings, they were able to produce bacterial biofilm reliably on a silicone pressure equalizing tube but were unable to demonstrate biofilm formation on the titanium or resorbable implants. Conclusion: The absence of biofilm formation on these implants can best be explained by the surface charge or polarity properties of these materials. These findings are consistent with the relatively low incidence of infections among patients receiving these implants in maxillofacial applications.
Acute otitis media develops in the rat after intranasal challenge of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Eriksson Per Olof , Hellström Sten
Published: November 2003

Objectives/Hypothesis: The rat is a frequently used animal model for middle ear research. To date, acute otitis media (AOM) has been evoked after instillation of bacteria directly into the middle ear cavity or after traumatizing the tympanic membrane. The purpose of the study was to examine whether, with an intact tympanic membrane and middle ear cavity, intranasally deposited bacteria cause AOM and how tympanic membrane stimulation influences this procedure. Study Design: In vivo, murine model. Methods: In a rat model, Streptococcus pneumoniae, type 3, was intranasally inoculated for 5 consecutive days. The tympanic membrane was treated with saline or with compound 48/80 or was left untreated. The development of AOM was evaluated by otomicroscopy, light microscopy, and middle ear culture. Results: Ninety percent of the ears developed AOM. However, when the tympanic membranes were treated with saline or compound 48/80, only 40% and 57%, respectively, developed AOM. In all, 23 of 40 ears developed AOM and 20 ears showed growth of bacteria. Conclusion: Repeated intranasal deposition of S pneumoniae, type 3, causes AOM in the rat. The development of AOM can be influenced by tympanic membrane stimulation.
Solution structure of ribosomal protein S28E from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
Authors: Wu Bin , Yee Adelinda , Pineda‐Lucena Antonio , Semesi Anthony , Ramelot Theresa A. , Cort John R. , Jung Jin‐Won , Edwards Aled , Lee Weontae , Kennedy Michael , Arrowsmith Cheryl H.
Published: November 2003

The ribosomal protein S28E from the archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum is a component of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Sequence homologs of S28E are found only in archaea and eukaryotes. Here we report the three‐dimensional solution structure of S28E by NMR spectroscopy. S28E contains a globular region and a long C‐terminal tail protruding from the core. The globular region consists of four antiparallel β‐strands that are arranged in a Greek‐key topology. Unique features of S28E include an extended loop L2–3 that folds back onto the protein and a 12‐residue charged C‐terminal tail with no regular secondary structure and greater flexibility relative to the rest of the protein. The structural and surface resemblance to OB‐fold family of proteins and the presence of highly conserved basic residues suggest that S28E may bind to RNA. A broad positively charged surface extending over one side of the β‐barrel and into the flexible C terminus may present a putative binding site for RNA.
The Aesthete in Pittsburgh: Public Sculpture in an Ordinary American City
Authors: Carrier David
Published: November 2003

There is a great deal of public art in Pittsburgh. Surveying some examples of this public sculpture suggests some general lessons about the role of such art. Art in public spaces needs to be accessible to the public. One way to make it so is to present local history, commemorating local sports heroes, politicians or artists. Public art also needs to be placed in a way that is sensitive to local history. Most public art in Pittsburgh is not successful because it does not deal with the interesting history of that city. Much sculpture that is successful in a museum is not good public art, and some successful public art in Pittsburgh does not belong in a museum.
FIELD EXAMINATION OF PERCEPTUAL AND ENERGETIC BASES FOR INTERMITTENT LOCOMOTION BY RECENTLY-EMERGED BROOK CHARR IN STILL-WATER POOLS
Authors: McLaughlin  , Grant
Published: November 2003

This study describes the intermittent locomotion exhibited by recently-emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) foraging in still-water pools along the banks of streams, and examines perceptual and energetic bases for it. Distributions of hover (pause) and move durations for brook charr foraging in the field were highly variable among individuals. On average, charr exhibiting short hover durations exhibited long move durations, and vice versa. Our study supported the hypothesis that intermittent locomotion was associated with the perceptual challenges of detecting and capturing prey. When individuals switched between hovering and moving, they altered where they directed foraging attempts within the water column and, for benthic and midwater attempts, they experienced changes in the probability of capturing potential prey. Our study did not support alternative, energetic hypotheses suggesting that intermittent locomotion improves endurance or decreases energetic expenditures. A forcedswimming experiment in the field demonstrated that individual charr were easily capable of exercise periods 14 times longer than the move duration typically exhibited while foraging, and swimming speeds while moving were below the maximum sustainable speed reported for this species and life stage. In addition, video recordings revealed that swimming charr did not exhibit the burst-coast form of intermittent locomotion that can reduce the energetic cost of movement.
SNAKE-DIRECTED ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR OF ROCK SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS VARIEGATUS): POPULATION DIFFERENCES AND SNAKE-SPECIES DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Owings Donald , Coss Richard , McKernon Diane , Rowe Matthew , Arrowood Patricia
Published: November 2003

The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the snake-directed antipredator behavior of rock squirrels; (2) to assess whether rock squirrels distinguish nonvenomous gopher snakes from venomous rattlesnakes; (3) to compare antisnake behavior in a snake-rare urban site and a snake-abundant wilderness site as a means of assessing whether natural selection or experience has generated population differences in behavior; (4) to assess snake densities in the two study sites; (5) to compare the antisnake behavior of rock squirrels with that of their closest relatives, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), a species that appears to differ from rock squirrels in exhibiting marked sexual-size dimorphism; and (6) to gather additional data on sexual size dimorphism in these two ground squirrel species. We tethered nonvenomous gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and venomous western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) in the field near burrows of marked squirrels and videotaped the ensuing interactions. Rock squirrels from both urban and wilderness populations confronted snakes while waving their fluffed tails from side to side, throwing substrate at the snakes, and even attacking snakes on occasion. Survey data confirmed large differences in snake densities between the two sites. Squirrels from the snake-abundant wilderness site distinguished rattlesnakes from gopher snakes, but squirrels from the snake-rare urban site did not. Since these squirrels show similar evidence of selection from snakes, as revealed by their equivalent physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom, we attributed these behavioral differences to the effects of snake experience. Rock squirrel antisnake behavior was very similar to that of California ground squirrels. Where the two species' behavior was dissimilar, the differences may be due in part to the interspecies variation in sexual size dimorphism confirmed in this study, and to the greater number of rattlesnake species that rock squirrels encounter.
MULTI-MALE MATING BY PAIRED AND UNPAIRED FEMALE PRAIRIE VOLES (MICROTUS OCHROGASTER)
Authors: Wolff Jerry , Mech Stephen , Dunlap Aimee , Hodges Karen
Published: November 2003

Promiscuous mating is common in female rodents; however what role the female plays in this choice of mates is not clear. Also, whether MMM occurs in the reportedly socially monogamous prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, and what role mate-guarding plays in deterring MMM is not known. We conducted two experiments to determine if female prairie voles that were not mate-guarded would copulate with multiple males during a given oestrous period. In experiment 1 using females that were unpaired, we allowed females to choose among three males that were tethered and unable to interact with one another, thus eliminating male-male competition and mate guarding. MMM occurred in 55% of 47 trials. Females mated most often with males with whom they spent the most time, thus social preference was a good predictor of sexual preference. The tendency to mate with multiple males increased over time, thus the length of time a male mate guards can affect paternity. In experiment 2 with females that had been paired with a male and were in post-partum oestrus, 5 of 12 (42%) females mated with more than one male and 3 of 12 (25%) females deserted their paired mate and paired with a new novel male. Thus multi-male mating was similar for paired and unpaired females. Our results suggest that female prairie voles that are not mate-guarded will mate with multiple partners.
THE EFFECT OF THE SEX OF AN AUDIENCE ON MALE-MALE DISPLAYS OF SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH (BETTA SPLENDENS)
Authors: Matos Ricardo , McGregor Peter
Published: November 2003

Communication in the natural environment often involves more than a simple sender-receiver dyad because signals may be detected by more than one individual (i.e. communication occurs in networks). The presence of individuals other than those involved in the signalling interaction has been shown to change signallers' behaviour. Previous experiments have shown that intra-sexual communication of male fighting fish (Betta splendens) is affected by the presence of a female but not by a male conspecific. However the experimental design did not allow the effect of the sex of the audience to be compared. We used an experimental design that allowed direct investigation of the effect of the sex of an audience on male-male fighting fish interactions. Our results show that the sex of a conspecific audience influences male-male aggressive displays. When a male audience was present subjects attempted significantly more bites and spent less time near the opponent than with a female audience. The results of this experiment support the view that the presence and sex of an audience is important in determining how individuals should display during an interaction.
The Dynamic Evolution of International Organizations: The Case of the World Bank
Authors:   Shihata
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Russian International Lawyers in Emigration
Authors:   Butler
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Wilhelm G Grewe. The Epochs of International Law
Authors:   Macalister Smith,   Haggenmacher
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Chinese Legal Culture
Authors:   Jian
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Professor Wang Tieya As I Knew Him
Authors:   Zhao
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Professor Wang Tieya: My Friend, Critic, Colleague and Example
Authors:   Yee
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
He is Worthy of his Fame
Authors:   Zheng
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The “Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy”
Authors:   Roscher
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
“Humanity”, “Civilization” and “the International Community” in the Late Imperial Russian Mirror- Three Ideas “Topical for Our Days”
Authors:   Myles
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Learned Writings of Professor G.I. Tunkin
Authors:   Butler
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Family of "Civilized" States and Japan; A Story of Humiliation, Assimilation, Defiance and Confrantation
Authors: Anand
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
UN Targeted Sanctions, Legal Safeguards and the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Cameron Iain
Published: November 2003

The introduction of Security Council targeted financial and travel sanctions against individuals involves a qualitative change in Security Council sanctions policy, which has previously been directed against governmental entities. Targeted sanctions can be a useful weapon in the international community's attempts to pressurize repressive regimes into accepting change. However, there is a problem in using against individuals, a powerful international law mechanism designed for pressurizing states. Individuals' rights under domestic and international law can be severely affected by such sanctions. The blacklists created under Resolutions 1333 and 1390 cause particular problems, as these are quasi-criminal in nature and in practice entail an allegation that the targeted persons are terrorists or terrorist associates. However, there is no international legal mechanism for checking or reviewing the accuracy of the information forming the basis of a sanctions committee blacklisting or the necessity for, and proportionality of, measures adopted. The implementation against non-governmental or quasi-governmental entities of targeted Security Council sanctions in European states is almost certainly contrary to European human rights norms, in particular, the right of access to court under Article 6 ECHR. There is thus a conflict between obligations under the United Nations Charter (UNC) on the one hand and the ECHR (and for EU states, EC law) on the other. Mechanisms can, however, be created which provide a broadly similar level of protection to that provided by Article 6 ECHR while maintaining whatever effectiveness targeted sanctions possess, so there is no logical incompatibility between obligations under the ECHR and Security Council sanctions.
The effect of wall emissivity on radiator heat output
Authors: Beck S BM , Blakey S G , Chung M C
Published: November 2003

The variation in the heat output of panel radiators obtained by altering the emissivity of the wall behind them has been examined. This work was conducted through experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The results indicate that the presence of a high emissivity (black, such as the usual painted or wallpapered) surface to the wall increases the mass flow rate and air velocity behind the heat source compared to a reflective material. This is due to the radiation heat transfer to the wall creating an additional convecting surface behind the radiator. The results imply that the heat transfer rate can be increased by 20% through the use of a black instead of a reflective wall. The work concentrated on the air-gap behind the radiator, so these results will not be directly applicable to a normal radiator. An extrapolation indicates that the output of single bank (plate) radiator will be increased by 10% and a double radiator by 5%. Wall surface temperature results indicate that a reflective wall does indeed decrease the heat loss through the wall. The trend shown in the data obtained from the CFD analysis agreed well with the experimental results. The flow and temperature plots obtained from the CFD work help to explain the heat exchange and fluid flow processes that take place between the radiator and the wall. This understanding should lead the engineer to a better consideration of radiator placement and design.
Characterizing an electrostatic gripping device for the automated handling of non-rigid materials
Authors: Zhang Z , Chestney J A , Sarhadi M
Published: November 2003

Electrostatic forces can be used for handling non-rigid materials such as fabrics in an automated manufacturing environment but little understanding exists as to how electrostatic gripping forces may be generated on different types of materials and how such forces are related dynamically to the properties of materials being handled and to the design parameters of a gripping device. As such, the design and operation of electrostatic gripping devices must be based on a trial-and-error process. This paper presents a theoretical understanding of the dynamic processes of force generation and removal in a single-pole electrostatic gripping device. Mathematical equations are presented, relating the device's performance (i.e. the gripping force, the pick-up and release times) to various design parameters as well as to the properties of materials being handled. Experimental study is carried out in conjunction with the theoretical analysis to characterize the devices for practical material handling applications. The design and operation of a large gripping device for materials handling tasks in aerospace applications are discussed.
Parameter optimization by Taguchi methods for finishing advanced ceramic balls using a novel eccentric lapping machine
Authors: Kang J , Hadfield M
Published: November 2003

The final finishing process of advanced ceramic balls used in hybrid precision bearings constitutes two-thirds of the total manufacturing cost, and hence effective and economic finishing methods and processes are critical to their widespread application. A novel eccentric lapping machine is designed and manufactured. Hot isostatically pressed silicon nitride ball blanks (diameter 13.25mm) are used to investigate the feasibility of accelerating the ball finishing process while maintaining high surface quality. Taguchi methods are used during the first step of finishing to optimize lapping parameters; the L9 (34) four-parameter, three-level orthogonal array is used to design the experiment. Experimental results reveal that this novel eccentric lapping method is very promising; a material removal rate of 40 μm/h is achievable. The optimum lapping condition is found to be high speed, high load and high paste concentration with 60 μm diamond particles. The analysis of variance shows that the most significant lapping parameter is lapping load, which accounts for 50 per cent of the total, followed by lapping speed (31 per cent); the particle size and paste concentration only account for 12 per cent and 7 per cent respectively. A comparison with previous lapping experiments and the mechanism of material removal are also discussed briefly.
Research in General Dental Practice: Evaluation of the Clinical Use of a New Composite System by General Dental Practitioners
Authors: Li Raymond W , Pang Arthur W , Sun Frank
Published: November 2003

Introduction

The purpose of the study was to evaluate a recently introduced aesthetic restorative system in respect of: • Presentation and organisation of the package. • Its handling characteristics. • Its polishability. • Shade selection procedures and aesthetic outcome.

Material and method

The material, Esthet.X Micro Matrix system (Dents-ply), was evaluated by general dental practitioners from a clinical research group known as PEER (Product and Equipment Evaluation and Research). The evaluators were asked to use the material, following manufacturer's instructions, in a variety of cases. A questionnaire was designed specifically for this study and the questions were directed to both the dentists and their dental nurses. The results were analysed statistically and represented in visual analogue scales.

Result

The material was found to be useful and generally well received. Its use was thought to be technique sensitive but good to excellent results can be achieved. Areas where the evaluators thought the product could be improved were also discussed.
Gold(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Electron‐Rich Arenes to Methyl Vinyl Ketone
Authors: Dyker Gerald , Muth Enrico , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Ding Li
Published: November 2003

For the reaction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones with electron‐rich arenes catalyzed by gold(III) chloride both, a Friedel–Crafts‐type mechanism and an initial metallation, are evaluated. Gold(III) chloride has proven to be an efficient catalyst under very moderate reaction conditions, however, in the case of sterically demanding products HBF4 turned out to be the superior catalyst.
Titelbild: Self‐Assembled Microarrays of Attoliter Molecular Vessels (Angew. Chem. 45/2003)
Authors: Stamou Dimitrios , Duschl Claus , Delamarche Emmanuel , Vogel Horst
Published: November 2003

Parallel, schnell und einfach verläuft die Selbstorganisation von nanometergroßen Komponenten zu funktionalen Einheiten. D. Stamou, H. Vogel et al. beschreiben in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 5738 ff., wie die Erkennung zwischen Rezeptor und Ligand bei der Erzeugung eines zweidimensionalen Mikroarrays aus Attoliter‐Gefäßen genutzt wird, mit dessen Hilfe die Moleküle biologisch aktiver Verbindungen parallel detektiert, identifiziert und gehandhabt werden können.
Strained Heterocycles in Radical Chemistry
Authors: Gansäuer Andreas , Lauterbach Thorsten , Narayan Sanjay
Published: November 2003

Over the last few decades the use of radicals in synthesis has witnessed an explosive growth through introduction of efficient chain and electron‐transfer reactions. Strained heterocycles, in particular, have emerged as a highly versatile and readily available class of radical precursors. The generation of carbinyl radicals of heterocycles has resulted in many elegant applications of heteroatom‐centered radicals, such as β fragmentations, cyclizations, and intramolecular hydrogen atom abstractions. Direct electron transfer to strained heterocycles has been realized through the use of arene radical anions. The method combines the virtues of radical and organometallic chemistry to yield useful functionalized organolithium compounds. Epoxides have been opened with high regioselectivity by titanocene(III) reagents in either stoichiometric or catalytic quantities to yield β‐titanoxy radicals. This development has resulted in many new applications in natural product synthesis.
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembled Microarrays of Attoliter Molecular Vessels (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45/2003)
Authors: Stamou Dimitrios , Duschl Claus , Delamarche Emmanuel , Vogel Horst
Published: November 2003

Parallel, fast, and effortless self‐assembly of nanosized components results in their organization of into functional objects. In their Communication on page 5580 ff., Stamou, Vogel, et al. describe how receptor–ligand recognition allows the assembly of single attoliter molecular vessels in a two‐dimensional array format, thus allowing the rapid detection, identification, and manipulation of biologically active compounds in a parallel manner.
Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Docking Studies of New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors of the Bispyridinium Type
Authors: Kapková Petra , Stiefl Nikolaus , Sürig Ulf , Engels Bernd , Baumann Knut , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: November 2003

A novel series of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors of the bispyridinium type was synthesized and the inhibitory activity against AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) measured. In essence, the substitution pattern influenced the inhibitory potency against AChE, where the most active bispyridiniumoxime (TMB‐4) was bisbenzyl substituted followed by monobenzyl substituted, bismethyl substituted, and unsubstituted derivatives of TMB‐4. Hence, the bisbenzyl ether of TMB‐4 was further investigated. In order to obtain diverse lipophilic and electronic properties for these bisbenzyl bispyridinium derivatives (so‐called DUO series), the lateral ring substitution was systematically varied. The lowest IC50 value against AChE found thus far in the DUO series was 0.34 μM. Docking studies were carried out to elucidate the differences in biological activity. A general binding mode for nearly all compounds could be identified by these investigations. In this binding mode, the docked ligands span the narrow, deeply buried active‐site gorge, interacting with Trp84 at the bottom of the gorge, Tyr334 or Phe331 halfway down the gorge, and Trp279 at the peripheral anionic site at the mouth of the gorge. For specific ligands, additional interactions were found which helped to explain their deviating activity. Based on the promising characteristics of the novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors presented, a series of structurally related, optimized candidates will be developed.
Terpenoids with a New Skeleton and Novel Triterpenoids with Anti‐inflammatory Effects from Garcinia subelliptica
Authors: Weng Jing‐Ru , Lin Chun‐Nan , Tsao Lo‐Ti , Wang Jih‐Pyang
Published: November 2003

Three novel phloroglucinol derivatives, garcinielliptones F (1), H (3), and I (4), and two novel terpenoids, garcinielliptones G (2) and J (5), with a new skeleton have been isolated from the seeds of Garcinia subelliptica. Their structures, including relative configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and computer‐generated molecular modeling. Compound 1 showed potent inhibitory effects on the release of β‐glucuronidase and lysozyme from rat neutrophils that had been stimulated with formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB). This effect was concentration‐dependent with IC50 values of 26.9±2.6 and 20.0±1.3 μM, respectively. Compound 1 also showed a potent concentration‐dependent inhibitory effect on superoxide anion generation in rat neutrophils stimulated with fMLP/CB, with an IC50 value of 17.0±0.9 μM. Compound 4 showed a potent inhibitory effect on NO production in culture media of N9 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in a concentration‐dependent manner with an IC50 value of 7.4±0.2 μM.
Attitudes of medical oncologists toward palliative care for patients with advanced and incurable cancer
Authors: Cherny Nathan I. , Catane Raphael
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND AND METHODS

In part of a quality improvement program, the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) surveyed its membership regarding their involvement in and attitudes toward the palliative care (PC) of patients with advanced cancer.

RESULTS

Of 895 members who responded, 82.5% were European and 12.1% were American. Sixty‐nine percent of respondents reported that patients with advanced cancer constituted a major proportion of their practice; for 22% of respondents, patients with advanced cancer constituted most of their practice. Only a minority of respondents collaborated often with a PC care specialist (35%), a palliative home care service (38%), an in‐patient hospice (26%), or a psychologist (33%). In response to questions regarding specific involvement in PC clinical tasks, respondents were involved more commonly in treating physical symptoms, such as pain (93%), fatigue (84%), and nausea/emesis (84%), than in managing psychological symptoms and end‐of‐life care issues, such as depression/anxiety (65%), existential distress (29%), or delirium (12%). Forty‐three percent of respondents reported that they directly administered end‐of‐life care often, and 74% reported that they derived satisfaction from their involvement in end‐of‐life care. Overall, 88.4% of respondents endorsed the belief that medical oncologists should coordinate the end‐of‐life care for their patients, but a substantial minority (42%) felt that they were trained inadequately for this task. Positive attitudes toward PC were correlated highly with the degree of direct involvement in PC practice. Practitioners in private practice or teaching hospitals had substantially more positive attitudes regarding PC compared with physicians based in comprehensive cancer centers (P < 0.05). Although most of the responding medical oncologists expressed positive views regarding their involvement in the PC of patients with advanced cancer and dying patients, 15% of respondents had pervasively negative views.

CONCLUSIONS

Most ESMO oncologists recognize the importance of PC and supportive care for patients with advanced cancer. Despite this, many are prepared inadequately for these tasks, and actual participation levels commonly are suboptimal. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Studies on an Oxidative 1,4‐Addition to s‐trans‐1,3‐Dienes, a Key Reaction in a Strigol Total Synthesis
Authors: Galkina Anna , Buff (née Kranz) Angelika , Schulz (née Samson) Emmanuelle , Hennig Lothar , Findeisen Matthias , Reinhard Gerd , Oehme Ramona , Welzel Peter
Published: November 2003

Oxidation of 4,6‐heptadienoic acid systems with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of diphenyl diselenide leads to 5‐(3‐hydroxypropenyl)dihydrofuran‐2‐one systems with defined relative configuration at the 4 and 7 positions (carboxylic acid numbering). A system having a six‐membered ring as part of the s‐trans‐diene system was an intermediate in a strigol total synthesis; a second system lacking the six‐membered ring is the subject of the present publication. We accomplished a stereoselective synthesis of the diene system by (i) trapping a π‐allyl palladium complex with lithium diphenylphosphinite to give an allylic diphenylphosphane oxide and (ii) a subsequent Horner−Wittig reaction. The species that brings about the oxidative 1,4‐addition is benzeneperoxyseleninic acid. We also report observations that shed some light on the mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
[2+2+2]‐Cycloaddition of 4‐Hydroxy‐Substituted Enediynes to 2‐Hydroxy‐Substituted Decahydrophenanthrenes
Authors: Groth Ulrich , Richter Norbert , Kalogerakis Aris
Published: November 2003

Enediynes rac‐4 were prepared in seven steps with an overall yield of 31% starting from 4‐pentyn‐1‐ol (5). A cobalt mediated [2+2+2]‐cycloaddition of these enediynes and subsequent removal of the metal fragment afforded the decahydrophenanthrenes rac‐3/13 in 37−56% yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Voltammetry Under Microfluidic Control, a Flow Cell Aproach
Authors: Yunus K. , Fisher A. C.
Published: November 2003

A generic approach to the design, construction and experimental characterization of novel microelectrochemical reactors (MECR) is presented. Structurally well‐defined rectangular microchannels incorporating electrochemical sensors were fabricated using a propriety photosensitive glass and photolithographic techniques. Microelectrode sensors were produced via evaporation to yield, gold, silver or platinum bands of approximate lengths 10–50 μm. The approach outlined permits cells of dimensions in the range: height 50–100 μm, width 100–500 μm and length 1–3 cm to be accurately constructed, in single or array configurations and were characterized via a voltammetric study utilizing electrolyte solutions containingN,N,N′N′‐Tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine. In all cases, the test cells were constructed so that the three dimensional hydrodynamic boundary layer within the cells would significantly influence the reagent transport and therefore the observed current density at the microelectrodes. The current/flow rate relationship observed was analogous to the response of the observed within the macroscopic channel flow cells, where typically the cell design is restricted to configurations where a two dimensional transport analysis can be performed.
Chemical composition of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Morocco—a seasonal variation
Authors: Zrira S. , Elamrani A. , Benjilali B.
Published: November 2003

Air‐dried aerial parts of Pistacia lentiscus L. collected from different regions of Morocco (Mehdia, Oulmes and Chaouen) were water‐distilled to produce oil in 0.2% yields. The chemical composition of P. lentiscus oils changes from a region to another. The variations in chemical composition are important between plant populations. A total of 45 constituents were identiﬁed. The major oil components of P. lentiscus from Oulmes were α‐pinene (16.5–38.5%), β‐myrcene (10.2–11.5%) and limonene (6.8–9.8%), while terpinen‐4‐ol (32.7–43.8%), α‐pinene (7.1–13.5%) and bornyl acetate (6.8–10.3%) were the main constituents of Chaouen oil. For P. lentiscus from Mehdia, terpinen‐4‐ol (14.5–19.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5–10.3%) and limonene (6.7–8.1%) were the major components. The effect of harvesting time on the oil production and chemical composition was also examined at different vegetative stages (December–June). For the three locations, the best oil content was obtained during the ﬂowering period March–June. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction, separation and isolation of essential oils from natural matrices by supercritical CO2
Authors: Marongiu Bruno , Piras Alessandra , Pani Federica , Porcedda Silvia , Ballero Mauro
Published: November 2003

Dried and ground leaves of different plants from Sardinia (Italy), such as Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton and Inula graveolens (L.) Desf., were used for supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide (CO2) to isolate the corresponding extracts. The vegetable fragrances were isolated from the supercritical extract by means of a fractional separation technique. GC–MS analysis of the extracts allowed identiﬁcation of the oil constituents. The process was carried out operating at 90 bar and 50 °C in the extraction vessel, at 90 bar and below ‐5 °C in the ﬁrst separator to selectively precipitate the cuticular waxes, and at a pressure of 15–20 bar and temperatures in the range 15–21 °C in the second vessel to recover the volatile oil. The hydrodistilled oils showed some important differences. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing sample sizes in genome scans: Group sequential study designs with futility stops
Authors: König Inke R. , Schäfer Helmut , Ziegler Andreas , Müller Hans‐Helge
Published: November 2003

Group sequential study designs can greatly facilitate analyses of genetic linkage in complex traits. We recently proposed designs allowing stopping investigations early if the result is significant (König et al. [2001] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:590–600), thereby decreasing average sample sizes under the alternative hypothesis. However, average sample sizes were slightly increased under the null hypothesis. We now present designs where the analysis of markers is additionally stopped in case of futility, i.e., if the probability for significant results is sufficiently low. These sequential designs are applied to linkage analyses of single loci. We calculated sample sizes, time points, and critical boundaries for all analyses for 2‐ and 3‐stage designs at an overall significance level of 0.0001. To confirm the validity of asymptotic approximations, Monte Carlo simulations were performed. The utility is demonstrated analyzing genome scan data provided for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12. Application of the novel sequential designs yields tremendous decreases in average sample sizes, regardless of the size of the underlying genetic effect at investigated loci. Depending on the applied design, almost half of the sample size is spared on average. These enormous savings are expected to have a special impact on costs and time of large‐scale studies such as genome scans. Genet Epidemiol 25:339–349, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritability of LDL peak particle diameter in the Quebec Family Study
Authors: Bossé Yohan , Vohl Marie‐Claude , Després Jean‐Pierre , Lamarche Benoît , Rice Treva , Rao D.C. , Bouchard Claude , Pérusse Louis
Published: November 2003

LDL size has been associated with the risk of coronary heart disease. The objective of the present study was to verify whether familial factors influence LDL peak particle diameter (LDL‐PPD), a quantitative trait reflecting the size of the major LDL subclass. LDL‐PPD was measured by 2–16% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis in 681 members of 236 nuclear families participating in the Quebec Family Study. LDL‐PPD was adjusted for age (LDL‐PPD1), age and body mass index (LDL‐PPD2), or age, body mass index, and plasma triglyceride levels (LDL‐PPD3) separately in men and women. The residual scores were used to test for familial aggregation, using an ANOVA and to compute maximum likelihood estimates of familial correlations. The ANOVA test revealed that family lines accounted for 47.4%, 46.7%, and 48.9% of the variance in the LDL‐PPD1, LDL‐PPD2, and LDL‐PPD3 phenotypes, respectively. The pattern of familial correlations revealed no significant spouse correlations but significant parent‐offspring and sibling correlations for the three LDL‐PPD phenotypes, with maximal heritability estimates of 59%, 58%, and 52% for LDL‐PPD1, LDL‐PPD2, and LDL‐PPD3, respectively. These results suggest that LDL‐PPD strongly aggregates in families, and that the familial resemblance appears to be primarily attributable to genetic factors. Genes responsible for this genetic contribution remain to be identified. Genet Epidemiol 25:375–381, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcium and fluoride release from ion exchange polyphasic systems
Authors: Torrado Anna , Valiente Manuel
Published: November 2003

The present study concerns the kinetics of ion exchange accompanied by CaF2 precipitation in tri‐phasic and quadri‐phasic systems involving a weak base anionic exchanger and a carboxylic cationic exchanger in the F− and Ca2+ forms, respectively, in contact with a solution of artificial saliva. It was shown that in both systems the rate of Ca2+ release from the cationic exchanger is much lower than that of F− from the anionic one. The rate of release for both ions, controlled by intraparticle diffusion, has been characterized by a Fick's law model. The kinetic parameters of effective rate of release (B) and diffusion coefficient (D) of the respective ion in the resin phase depend on the type of resin and the presence of different numbers of phases. The amount of the precipitate crystallizing on the surface of the resin beads depends on the type of the ion exchange resin, its particle size and on the ratio of resin components. By varying this ratio and the particle size of the ion exchangers it is possible to accomplish the precipitation mostly on the larger surface of the ionic exchanger. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Pyruvate: An in vivo marker of cestodal infestation of the human brain on proton MR spectroscopy
Authors: Jayakumar Peruvamba N. , Srikanth Subbamma G. , Chandrashekar Hoskote S. , Kovoor Jerry M.E. , Shankar Susarla K. , Anandh Balasubramaniam
Published: November 2003

Purpose

To study intracranial cestodal cysts using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in an effort to identify metabolite(s) that may help in recognizing the parasitic etiology and, perhaps, viability of such tapeworm cysts. Cestodal infestations of the human central nervous system (CNS)—cysticercosis and hydatidosis—are not rare. Identification of a scolex is considered diagnostic of cysticercosis on imaging. In its absence, however, the features are non‐specific.

Materials and Methods

Three patients with intracranial hydatid cysts and 13 patients with intracranial cysticercal cysts (four intraventricular, seven parenchymal, and two subarachnoid racemose cysts) were studied on a 1.5‐T MR system. In vivo 1H MRS was performed by multivoxel two‐dimensional hybrid chemical shift imaging technique (TE = 135 msec). In vitro 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization [MALDI]) were performed on excised cysticercal and hydatid cyst fluid. MALDI spectra for pyruvate and succinate were also obtained.

Results

Alanine, pyruvate, and acetate were seen in all the three hydatid cysts. Lactate was seen in racemose cysticercal cysts. A large resonance at 2.4 ppm, confirmed as pyruvate at mass spectroscopy, was seen in 13 cestodal cysts. Pyruvate was not seen in one each of racemose, intraventricular, and parenchymal cysticercal cysts.

Conclusion

Pyruvate is the predominant metabolite in cestodal cysts infesting the human CNS. It may be a marker of parasitic etiology and perhaps that of viability of such intracranial cysts. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:675–680. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uterine peristalsis shown on cine MR imaging using ultrafast sequence
Authors: Nakai Asako , Togashi Kaori , Yamaoka Toshihide , Fujiwara Toshitaka , Ueda Hiroyuki , Koyama Takashi , Kobayashi Hisataka , Kagimura Tatsuo , Fujii Shingo , Konishi Junji
Published: November 2003

Purpose

To demonstrate and evaluate uterine peristalsis on cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using ultrafast imaging.

Materials and Methods

Serial MR uterine images (300) were obtained from 15 normal volunteers over four menstrual phases using true fast imaging with steady‐state precession (true FISP) technique over 117 seconds and videotaped. Three radiologists independently evaluated videotapes of 59 studies. Uterine peristalsis was defined as wavy movements of subendometrial myometrium or endometrium. Interobserver reliability was evaluated using a Kappa coefficient. Fifty‐four studies obtained in appropriate phases were analyzed.

Results

Cine MRI displayed uterine peristalsis in 30 of 59 studies; consensus reading showed direction in 23 studies. Reliability between the final consensus of the recognition of uterine peristalsis and those of the three readers was extremely concordant, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.908. Wave direction was cervico‐fundal in follicular and periovulatory phases, with frequency of contraction waves being 1.2–2.3 per minute in positive studies.

Conclusion

Uterine peristalsis was demonstrated on cine MR using ultrafast MRI. Direction and frequency of peristaltic waves are closely related to menstrual cycle phases. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the JMRI website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1053‐1807/suppmat/index.html.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:726–733. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Auto‐SENSE perfusion imaging of the whole human heart
Authors: Köstler Herbert , Sandstede Jörn J.W. , Lipke Claudia , Landschütz Wilfried , Beer Meinrad , Hahn Dietbert
Published: November 2003

Purpose

To show the application of auto‐sensitivity encoding (SENSE)—a self‐calibrating parallel imaging technique—to first pass perfusion imaging of the whole human heart.

Materials and Methods

The self‐calibrating parallel imaging method auto‐SENSE was implemented for a saturation recovery turbo‐fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) sequence on a 1.5‐T scanner using a standard four‐element body phased array coil. By reducing the acquisition time per slice by a factor of two compared to conventional turbo FLASH imaging, the number of imaged slices could be doubled to six to ten with an unchanged temporal resolution of one image per heartbeat. This technique has been tested in eight healthy volunteers for contrast‐enhanced heart perfusion imaging.

Results

Auto‐SENSE heart perfusion imaging with improved coverage of the human heart could be performed successfully in all volunteers. A first quantitative comparison of perfusion values between the auto‐SENSE and the non‐SENSE techniques shows good agreement.

Conclusion

Auto‐SENSE allows perfusion imaging of the whole human heart without gaps. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:702–708. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.