bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Metal-Azo Dyes and Their Optical and Thermal Properties as Recording Materials for DVD-R
Authors: Park Hyeyoung , Kim Eung-Ryul , Kim Dong Jin , Lee Haiwon
Published: September 2002

Four kinds of azo dyes and their metal-azo dyes were synthesized in order to obtain a high reflective index and better thermal stability as a recording material for DVD-R. Several kinds of novel azo dyes based on benzoic acid, 6-methoxybenzothiazole, benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acid, and benzimidazole have been synthesized. These azo dyes reacted with metal ions, such as Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Co2+, as ligands. All structures of the compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR analyses. The optical and thermal properties of azo dyes and their metal-azo dyes were characterized by UV-vis and TGA analyses. In the UV-vis spectra, the absorption maxima of metal-azo dyes show at longer wavelength than those of azo dyes. These spectral shifts are affected by substituent groups, electron-donating or -withdrawing groups, of azo dyes and metal ions. The metal-azo dyes were thermally stable up to 300 °C, which were confirmed by TGA analyses. Particularly, in the case of an azo dye complexed with Zn based on 6-methoxybenzothiazole, good absorption at 635 nm was observed, and its thermal stability was maintained up to 300 °C, with high refractive index of about 2.08.
Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995
Authors: Eker Elif , Georgieva Ludmila , Senichkina Ludmila , Kideys Ahmet E.
Published: September 2002

Species composition, abundance, and biomass of micro- (>15 μm) and nano- (<15 μm) phytoplankton were studied in the western and eastern Black Sea during March–April and October 1995. A total of 142 species were identified, of which >50% were dinoflagellates. Abundance and biomass values were lower during the March–April period (average 129 ± 28 thousand cells l−1 and 330 ± 124 μg l−1) than during the October period (average 364 ± 161 thousand cells l−1 and 1794 ± 515 μg l−1) and compared with previous investigations. Values for the north-westerly region were higher than for the southerly areas, probably owing to effects of the Danube river, but were much lower than previously reported, possibly indicating improved ecological conditions. In March–April, dinoflagellates (mainly Heterocapsa triquetra and Scrippsiella trochoideum) were the most important groups, whereas, in October, diatoms (mainly Pseudosolenia calcar-avis) and coccolithophores (Emiliania huxleyi) were dominant. Nanophytoplankton constituted 57% and 84% of total abundance and 8% and 3% of total biomass in spring and autumn, respectively. Microphytoplankton were dominant in the western Black Sea, whilst nanophytoplankton were dominant in the eastern region in spring.
Baltic Sea ice as a medium for storage of particulate matter and elements
Authors: Granskog M. A.
Published: September 2002

Ice samples taken along the Finnish coast were used to determine the amount and chemical composition of particulate matter. The amount of particulate matter varied substantially (from 2.8 to 12 405 mg l−1), some samples indicating entrainment of bottom sediments from water depths down to 10–15 m. The composition of particulate matter was highly divergent, but on average was comparable to the observed composition of suspended matter in the Baltic Sea.
Influence of salinity and suspended matter on benthos of an Arctic tidal flat
Authors: Weslawski Jan Marcin , Szymelfenig Maria , Zajaczkowski Marek , Keck Alexander
Published: September 2002

An Arctic tidal flat in Spitsbergen (Svalbard Archipelago) was studied along a transect from the river on the landward side to the adjacent fjord in July 1996 and 1997. The concentration of suspended particulate matter ranged from 500 mg l−1 in the river to 50–200 mg l−1 over the tidal flat and to less than 20 mg l−1 in the surface water of the fjord. Sedimentation rates ranged from 10 g m− 2 d− 1 close to the river mouth to 60 g m− 2 d− 1 on the tidal flat and reached maximum values of over 500 g m− 2 d− 1 just across the tidal flat break, characterized by a sharp salinity and depth gradient. Macrozoobenthos biomass increased from 1 g ww m− 2 in the tidal flat to over 50 g ww m− 2 in the fjord basin. The number of macrobenthos species increased from 3 to 70 across the steep depth/salinity gradient. Diversity was little different between stations exposed to heavy and low sedimentation in the fjord. The critical zone of environmental change appears to be very narrow and is situated just on the tidal shelf break, where zoobenthos changes as sharply as the salinity/depth gradients.
Current state of zoobenthos in two estuarine bays of the Barents and Kara Seas
Authors: Denisenko Stanislav , Sandler Henrick , Denisenko Nina , Rachor Eike
Published: September 2002

Benthic studies in two seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuaries include description of the faunal composition, biodiversity, quantitative distribution, and biogeographic structure of the fauna. Water temperature and salinity variations, bottom relief, and sediment composition are important features influencing the zoobenthos of Pechora Bay and Ob Bay. The inner parts of the bays are occupied by freshwater and brackish water fauna, while marine species occupy the mouths of the bays. Species diversity increases from the inner parts to the open sea, while the homogeneity of the community reflects the opposite tendency.
A role for the octameric ring protein, Translin, in mitotic cell division
Authors: Ishida Reiko , Okado Haruo , Sato Hiroko , Shionoiri Chieko , Aoki Katsunori , Kasai Masataka
Published: September 2002

The octameric ring protein, Translin, demonstrates marked similarities to the family of helicase enzymes regarding its quaternary organization and dimerization of subunits. Here we show that the level of Translin closely parallels the proliferative state in various cell types. Expression is periodic during the cell cycle, with protein synthesis becoming maximal in the S and mitosis phases, consistent with a role in cell division. Moreover, induced overexpression of Translin was found to accelerate cell proliferation. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that Translin is localized at the centrosomes at prophase and the mitotic spindle at metaphase, then translocating to the spindle midbodies during cytokinesis. This novel localization is attributable to specific interactions with microtubules of the mitotic spindles, and especially γ‐tubulin. The results suggest that Translin participates in processes ensuring the segregation of chromosomes and cytokinesis.
PY motifs of Rod1 are required for binding to Rsp5 and for drug resistance
Authors: Andoh Tomoko , Hirata Yuzoh , Kikuchi Akira
Published: September 2002

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the overexpression of ROD1 confers resistance to o‐dinitrobenzene (o‐DNB), a representative of target drugs of glutathione S‐transferase. The roles of Rod1 in drug resistance have remained to be determined. We isolated the rog3 mutation as a suppressor mutation of the temperature sensitivity of the strain, in that two of the total four glycogen synthase kinase 3 homologs were deleted. Rog3 is homologous to Rod1, and its overexpression also conferred resistance to o‐DNB. Furthermore, these two proteins have PY‐motifs, and bound to Rsp5, a hect‐type ubiquitin ligase. The rsp5‐101 mutant showed sensitivity to o‐DNB as did the rod1 mutant, a mutant Rod1 containing altered PY motifs was defective in ability to bind to Rsp5 and in conferring o‐DNB resistance. These results suggest that interaction of Rod1 and Rsp5 is important for drug resistance.
Nesprin‐1α self‐associates and binds directly to emerin and lamin A in vitro
Authors: Mislow John M.K , Holaska James M , Kim Marian S , Lee Kenneth K , Segura-Totten Miriam , Wilson Katherine L , McNally Elizabeth M
Published: September 2002

Nesprin‐1α is a spectrin repeat (SR)‐containing, transmembrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and is highly expressed in muscle cells. A yeast two‐hybrid screen for nesprin‐1α‐interacting proteins showed that nesprin‐1α interacted with itself. Blot overlay experiments revealed that nesprin‐1α's third SR binds the fifth SR. The carboxy‐terminal half of nesprin‐1α directly bound lamin A, a nuclear intermediate filament protein. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that nesprin‐1α dimers bind directly to the nucleoplasmic domain of emerin, an inner nuclear membrane protein, with an affinity of 4 nM. Binding was optimal for full nucleoplasmic dimers of nesprin‐1α, since nesprin fragments SR1‐5 and SR5‐7 bound emerin as monomers with affinities of 53 nM and 250 mM, respectively. We propose that membrane‐anchored nesprin‐1α antiparallel dimers interact with both emerin and lamin A to provide scaffolding at the inner nuclear membrane.
On the regularity of the blow-up set for semilinear heat equations
Authors: Zaag Hatem
Published: September 2002

We consider

u(x,t)

a blow-up solution of

u_t=Δu+|u|^{p−1}u

where

u:ℝ^{N} \times \left[0,T\right)\rightarrow ℝ

,

p>1

,

(N−2)p<N+2

and either

u(0)⩾0

or

(3N−4)p<3N+8

. The blow-up set

S \subset ℝ^{N}

of

u

is the set of all blow-up points. Under a nondegeneracy condition, we show that if

S

is continuous, then it is a

C^1

manifold.

On considère

u(x,t)

une solution singulière de

u_t=Δu+|u|^{p−1}u

où

u:ℝ^{N} \times \left[0,T\right)\rightarrow ℝ

,

p>1

,

(N−2)p<N+2

et soit

u(0)⩾0

, soit

(3N−4)p<3N+8

. On définit l'ensemble singulier

S \subset ℝ^{N}

de

u

comme étant l'ensemble de tous les points d'explosion. Sous une certaine condition de non dégénérescence, on montre que si

S

est continu, alors c'est une variété de classe

C^1

.
Simultaneous selection for high yield and stability in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes
Authors: MEKBIB F.
Published: September 2002

Phenotypic yield stability is a trait of special interest for plant breeders and farmers. This value can be quantified if genotypes are evaluated in different environments. Common bean is the main cash crop and protein source of farmers in many lowland and mid-altitude areas of Ethiopia. An experiment was undertaken to evaluate common bean genotypes for yield performance at Alemaya, Bako and Nazreth in Ethiopia for 3 years. The yield performance of genotypes was subjected to stability analysis and yield-stability statistics were generated to aid the selection of genotypes that were high yielding and very stable. The significant genotype by environment interaction indicated that the relative performance of the varieties altered in the different environments. Genotype yield performance varied ranging from 1511–2216 kg/ha. Simultaneous selection for yield and yield-stability statistics using YS(i) statistics indicated that A 410, GLP x92, Mx-2500-19, G 2816, A-195, 997-CH-1173, Diacol calima, ICA 15541 and AND 635 were both high yielding and stable. Following this study, using farmers’ evaluation and other criteria, GLP x92 and G-2816 were identified as preferred genotypes and were released for further production.
Morphological and karyotypic characterization of intersex pigs with hernia inguinalis
Authors: TIRANTI I. N. , GENGHINI R. N. , GONZÁLEZ QUINTANA H. , WITTOUCK P.
Published: September 2002

Three female pigs, one with bilateral and two with unilateral hernia inguinalis, from farms near Río Cuarto, Argentina were studied to assess the hypothesis of intersexuality due to porcine freemartinism. Karyotype analysis of lymphocyte cultures was carried out to look for XX/XY chromosome chimerism. Examination of anatomical and histological characteristics of sexual organs was also performed to describe possible sexual tract abnormalities. The animal with the bilateral hernia inguinalis was shown to be a case of true hermaphroditism. Externally it had female genitalia and inside the abdomen, on the left side, one mature ovary and one testis were located. On the right side of the hernia, a scrotal ovotestis was present. All cytogenetically analysed lymphocytes had the female karyotype. The two animals having unilateral hernia and lymphocyte sexual chromosome chimerism were porcine freemartin.
Responses of wheat grain yield and quality to seed rate
Authors: GOODING M. J. , PINYOSINWAT A. , ELLIS R. H.
Published: September 2002

Four field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of seed rate on yield and quality of wheat. Despite some small and inconsistent effects of seed rate on radiation-use efficiency and harvest index, the responses of PAR interception, above-ground biomass and grain yield generally followed similar asymptotic increases as seed rate increased. In one experiment, when nitrogen fertilizer was withheld, biomass and grain yields did not respond to increases in seed rate despite increases in PAR interception. In one experiment, grain yield followed a parabolic response to seed rate with apparent reductions in yield at very high seed rates. Plants compensated for low population densities by increased production and survival of tillers and, to a lesser extent, increased grain numbers per ear. Net tiller production continued until the main stems flowered or later. Effects of seed rate on grain specific weight and thousand grain weight were small and inconsistent. Hagberg falling number increased linearly with seed rate in three experiments, associated with quicker maturation of the crop. Grain protein concentration declined with increase in sowing rate according to linear divided by linear or linear plus exponential models depending on whether the grain yield response was asymptotic or parabolic. Discolouration of the grain with blackpoint increased with seed rate in the most susceptible cultivar, namely Hereward. The economic consequences of these effects on yield and quality are discussed.
Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality
Authors: GHANBARI-BONJAR A. , LEE H. C.
Published: September 2002

Sole crops and intercrops of field beans (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), at three nitrogen rates, were evaluated for production of whole crop forage in two field experiments, one spring and one autumn drilled, on Imperial College at Wye farm, UK, during 1997–1998. Forage quality attributes measured were crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ash content. In both experiments, dry matter (DM) and percentage dry matter (DM%) were improved by intercropping compared with beans sole crops. Intercropping enhanced CP and NDF contents and WSC compared with beans and wheat sole crops, respectively. Nitrogen (N) applications up to 75 kg/ha produced the optimal intercrop forage yield and crude protein content. This input of N is smaller than that for other forage crops.
The terrible toll of post-colonial ‘rebel movements’ in Africa: towards an explanation of the violence against the peasantry
Authors: Mkandawire Thandika
Published: September 2002

Many post-independence rebel movements in Africa have unleashed extremely brutal forms of violence, especially against the peasantry. Such violence, which has bewildered many observers, cannot be explained by reference to African ‘culture’, nor as an expression of rational self-interest. Instead, it must be seen in the light of the essentially urban issues that have fomented rebellion, which cannot however be successfully pursued in major towns, where incumbent regimes possess a monopoly of force. Retreating to the countryside, however, rebels can rarely swim among the peasantry like Mao's fishes in the sea. The African rural setting is generally deeply inimical to liberation war, because peasants enjoy direct control over their own land, and surplus expropriation takes place through the market, rather than through an exploitative landlord class. The African situation, too, has tended to favour ‘roving’ rather than ‘stationary’ rebellions, in Olson's terms; many rebels are merely passing through the countryside, on their way to seek power in towns. Having little in common with the peasantry, and nothing to offer it, they resort to violence as the only way to control it. However incoherent their objectives, and however brutal their methods, rebellions nonetheless reflect a serious urban malaise that needs to be addressed.
Government recognition in Somalia and regional political stability in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2002

A year after the establishment of the Transitional National Government (TNG), Somalia and in particular the southern part of the country remained fragmented and riven by armed confrontations between clans and faction leaders. The TNG succeeded in re-assuming Somalia's seat in the United Nations and all relevant regional organisations, while the breakaway north-western region of ‘Somaliland’ failed to gain any international recognition, despite the widely acknowledged establishment of a relatively stable administration. This paper tries to explain this apparent discrepancy by arguing that state or government recognition is an instrument of international relations, designed to influence rather than passively acknowledge political reality. In Somalia, granting or withholding recognition to one or other political leadership has been driven by specific interests, thus complicating the process of political stabilisation and national reconciliation.
The Kwik Hoo Tong Trading Society of Semarang, Java: A Chinese Business Network in Late Colonial Asia
Authors: Post Peter
Published: September 2002

The main argument of this article is that the middlemen paradigm which since the Second World War has come to dominate academic writings and popular perceptions of Chinese business in late colonial Indonesia is generally flawed, and has hindered the development of a more nuanced picture of the nature of Chinese economic activity in pre-war Southeast Asia.
Estimating the number of green and loggerhead turtles nesting annually in the Mediterranean
Authors: Broderick Annette C. , Glen Fiona , Godley Brendan J. , Hays Graeme C.
Published: September 2002

Most species of marine turtle breed every two or more years and it is the norm for females to lay more than one clutch of eggs within a nesting season. Knowing the interval between breeding seasons and the clutch frequency (number of clutches laid by an individual in a breeding season) of females allows us to assess the status of a nesting population. At Alagadi Beach, Northern Cyprus, over a period of 6 years (1995–2000), we attributed 96% of green Chelonia mydas and 80% of loggerhead Caretta caretta turtle clutches to known individual females. This intensive level of monitoring enabled us to estimate the clutch frequency for both species. Using four different methods we estimated clutch frequency to be 2.9–3.1 clutches per female for green turtles and 1.8–2.2 clutches per female for loggerhead turtles. The median interval between nesting seasons for green turtles was 3 years, and for loggerhead turtles it was 2 years. Utilizing these parameters and available data from other beaches that are monitored regularly, we estimate that there are 2,280–2,787 logger-head and 339–360 green turtles nesting annually at these sites in the Mediterranean. This highlights the Critically Endangered status of this population of green turtles. Furthermore, as conventional beach patrols underestimate clutch frequency, these population estimates are likely to be optimistic.
Morality as a Rational Requirement
Authors: Baggini Julian
Published: September 2002

John Searle has recently produced an argument for strong altruism which rests on the recognition that ‘I believe my need for help is a reason for you to help me’. The argument fails to recognize the difference between ‘a reason for me for you to help me’ and ‘a reason for you for you to help me.’ These are two logically distinct types of reason and the existence of one can never therefore be enough to establish the existence of the other. The existence of this logical gap is a major obstacle for any argument for morality as a rational requirement that attempts to universalise from reasons individual persons have to act morally.
Partnerships, performance and primary care: developing integrated services for older people in England
Authors: GLENDINNING CAROLINE , COLEMAN ANNA , RUMMERY KIRSTEIN
Published: September 2002

The development of health services in England is currently shaped by three key factors: the active involvement of front-line health professionals (particularly family doctors – general practitioners) in decisions about resource allocation and service development priorities; the promotion of ‘partnerships’ between health and other organisations in order to deliver ‘joined-up’ services; and the close performance management of organisations and professionals to ensure that they meet externally prescribed objectives and targets. This paper considers the implications and impact of these factors on the development of services for older people. It discusses whether, under these circumstances, health service developments are likely to address some of the most pressing needs of older people.
Interview with Kal Holsti
Authors: Jones Adam
Published: September 2002

Kalevi J. Holsti retired from his position as Killam Professor Emeritus in the Political Science Department of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, in June 1999. Prof. Holsti's long and wide-ranging career has produced a number of classic works in the IR field, among them The Dividing Discipline (1985), International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (7th edn., 1994), Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989 (1991), and The State, War, and the State of War (1996). The following interview was conducted in January 2001 in Vancouver. A number of alterations were subsequently made to the raw transcript in consultation with Prof. Holsti.
Infant mortality, flies and horses in later-nineteenth-century towns: a case study of Preston
Authors: MORGAN NIGEL
Published: September 2002

None of the recent studies stimulated by debates on the causes of the ‘demographic transition’ since the mid-nineteenth century has yet explained the anomaly that, while all other indices of mortality declined, rates of infant mortality were static or even rising in the last decades of the century. This case study of Preston shows that an explosive growth in the population of horses in expanding towns was probably responsible for sustaining, or even enhancing, levels of infant mortality due to enteric diseases spread by flies which bred in horse manure.
Developing linguistic literacy: a comprehensive
model
Authors: RAVID DORIT , TOLCHINSKY LILIANA
Published: September 2002

This is a position paper modelling the domain of linguistic literacy and
its development through the life span. It aims to provide a framework
for the analysis of language development in the school years, integrating
sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic notions of variation, language awareness, and literacy in a comprehensive model. The paper focuses on those
aspects of literacy competence that are expressed in language as well as
aspects of linguistic knowledge that are affected by literacy competence,
tracing the route that children take in appropriating linguistic literacy as
part of their cognitive abilities and examining the effect of literacy on
language across development. Our view of linguistic literacy consists of
one defining feature: control over linguistic variation from both a user-dependent (‘lectal’) and a context-dependent (modality, genre, and
register) perspective; of one concomitant process: metalanguage and its
role in language development; and of one condition: familiarity with
writing and written language from two aspects: written language as
discourse style – the recognition that the kind of language used for
writing is essentially different from the one used for speech; and written
language as a notational system – the perception and growing command
of the representational system that is used in the written modality.
Linguistic literacy is viewed as a constituent of language knowledge
characterized by the availability of multiple linguistic resources and by
the ability to consciously access one's own linguistic knowledge and to
view language from various perspectives.
Investigating literacy development and language acquisition. Reply to commentaries on ‘Developing linguistic literacy: a comprehensive model’
Authors: RAVID DORIT , TOLCHINSKY LILIANA
Published: September 2002

The model under discussion was elaborated in response to our need to
construct a general, explicit and integrative framework for the seemingly
different strands of research that we and our associates have carried out in the
last decade or so. The findings of these studies made it increasingly clear to
us that it is impossible to account for the dramatic changes in language
knowledge and language use in children and adolescents within the boundaries of current research paradigms in language acquisition. Our goal was
thus to relate later language acquisition and children's increasing cognitive
abilities to literacy development in a motivated way, focusing on germane
themes in socio-linguistics and discourse analysis, on the one hand, and
facets of written language, on the other.
Group theoretic conditions for existence of
robust relative homoclinic trajectories
Authors: ASHWIN PETER , MONTALDI JAMES
Published: September 2002

We consider robust relative homoclinic trajectories (RHTs) for G-equivariant vector
fields. We give some conditions on the group and representation that imply existence
of equivariant vector fields with such trajectories. Using these results we show very
simply that abelian groups cannot exhibit relative homoclinic trajectories. Examining a set of group theoretic conditions that
imply existence of RHTs, we construct
some new examples of robust relative homoclinic trajectories. We also classify RHTs
of the dihedral and low order symmetric groups by means of their symmetries.
Newton filtrations, graded algebras and codimension of
non-degenerate ideals
Authors: BIVIÀ-AUSINA CARLES , FUKUI TOSHIZUMI , SAIA MARCELO JOSÉ
Published: September 2002

We investigate a generalization of the method introduced by Kouchnirenko to
compute the codimension (colength) of an ideal under a certain non-degeneracy condition on a given system of generators of I. We also discuss Newton non-degenerate
ideals and give characterizations using the notion of reductions and Newton polyhedra of ideals.
Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Laotian immigrants and refugees 7–20 years after resettlement in Australia
Authors: DE SILVA S. , SAYKAO P. , KELLY H. , MACINTYRE C. R. , RYAN N. , LEYDON J. , BIGGS B-A.
Published: September 2002

During the period 1974–91 large numbers of Southeast Asian immigrants and refugees were resettled in Western countries, including Australia. Health screening during this period demonstrated that intestinal parasite infections were common. A cross-sectional survey of 95 Laotian settlers who arrived in Australia on average 12 years prior to the study was conducted to determine if chronic intestinal parasite infections were prevalent in this group. Twenty-three participants had positive Strongyloides stercoralis test results (22 with positive serology, including 1 with S. stercoralis larvae detected in faeces and another with larvae and equivocal serology). Of these 23 participants, 18 (78%) had an elevated eosinophil count. Two patients had eggs of Opisthorchis spp. identified by faecal microscopy. The detection of chronic strongyloidiasis in Laotian settlers is a concern because of the potential serious morbidity associated with this pathogen.
Prevalence of the genes for shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among clinical isolates of shigella in Israel
Authors: YAVZORI M. , COHEN D. , ORR N.
Published: September 2002

Two enterotoxins, shigella enterotoxin 1 (SHET1) and shigella enterotoxin 2 (SHET2) have been recently characterized and are believed to play a role in the clinical manifestation of shigellosis. One hundred and twenty-one isolates of Shigella spp. of 13 different serotypes and variants and 10 isolates of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) isolated in Israel, were examined by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of SHET1 and SHET2 genes. SHET1 was only prevalent among isolates of S. flexneri 2a while SHET2 was found in all the serotypes that were tested except for several isolates of S. flexneri 1b that lost their virulence plasmid during storage. In addition, we found that the S. flexneri 2a vaccine strain T-32 Istrati contains the gene encoding for SHET1 but not that encoding for SHET2, suggesting that the latter is located within a large deletion occurring in the 140 Mda plasmid of this S. flexneri 2a non-invasive vaccine strain.
Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: serotype distribution and patient characteristics in The Netherlands, 1976–95
Authors: AOUAJ Y. , SPANJAARD L. , VAN LEEUWEN N. , DANKERT J.
Published: September 2002

Two hundred and seven cases of listeria meningitis that occurred in The Netherlands over 20 years were reviewed to study associations between Listeria monocytogenes serotype, age, underlying disease, and outcome. The mean annual incidence per 100000 population was 0·12 in 1981–90, decreasing to 0·07 in 1991–5. Underlying disease was present in 50% of non-neonatal patients, most often haematological malignancy (15%) and the use of immunosuppressive therapy (14%). The meningitis-related case fatality rate was 16%; a significantly higher rate was associated with the presence of underlying disease (30%) or age [ges ]70 years (29%). Serotype 4b was most frequent (65%) and L. monocytogenes types 1/2a, 1/2b, or 1/2c (30% of cases) were significantly more often isolated from non-neonatal patients with underlying disease, suggesting a higher virulence of listerial serotype 4b.
Prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in Norwegian hedgehog populations associated with two human disease outbreaks
Authors: HANDELAND K. , REFSUM T. , JOHANSEN B. S. , HOLSTAD G. , KNUTSEN G. , SOLBERG I. , SCHULZE J. , KAPPERUD G.
Published: September 2002

Faecal carriage of salmonella was investigated in 320 hedgehogs from Moss municipality in south-eastern Norway, Askøy, Bergen and Os municipalities in central-western Norway, and five municipalities in south-western and central Norway. The sampling in Moss was carried out 1 year after a human outbreak of salmonellosis, whereas the sampling in Askøy, Bergen and Os was carried out during a human outbreak. Both outbreaks were caused by Salmonella Typhimurium 4,5,12[ratio ]i[ratio ]1,2. No salmonella were detected in the hedgehogs from south-western (0/115) and central (0/24) Norway. Thirty-nine percent (39/99) of the animals sampled on Jeløy, and 41% (34/82) of those from Askøy, Bergen and Os, carried S. Typhimurium 4,5,12[ratio ]i[ratio ]1,2. The PFGE profile of isolates from hedgehogs and human beings were identical within each of the two outbreak areas. A significantly higher carrier rate of S. Typhimurium occurred among hedgehogs sampled at feeding places, compared to those caught elsewhere. The salmonella-infected hedgehog populations most likely constituted the primary source of infection during both of the human disease outbreaks, and the Norwegian hedgehog is suggested as a reservoir host of S. Typhimurium 4,5,12[ratio ]i[ratio ]1,2.
Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from human sporadic and outbreak cases
Authors: HEIR E. , LINDSTEDT B.-A. , NYGÅRD I. , VARDUND T. , HASSELTVEDT V. , KAPPERUD G.
Published: September 2002

The molecular epidemiology of a representative collection of sporadic foreign and domestically acquired Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolates from Norwegian patients in 1996–9 was studied by numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Three subclusters (E5, F1 and G1) comprised 47% of the 102 sporadic isolates investigated and 45% of the domestically acquired isolates fell in subclusters E5 and F1. Distinct seasonal and geographic variations were evident for these strains which have been responsible for both local outbreaks (E5) and a national epidemic (F1) where salmonella-infected hedgehogs and birds constituted the suggested primary source of infection. Subcluster G1 was dominated by imported multi-resistant definitive type (DT) 104 isolates. All multi-resistant isolates contained integron-associated gene cassette-structures. This study presents valuable information on the relative significance, geographic distribution and antibiotic resistance features of distinct S. Typhimurium clones causing human salmonellosis among Norwegians.
Life on a limb: ecology of the tree agama (Acanthocercus a. atricollis) in southern Africa
Authors: Reaney Leeann T. , Whiting Martin J.
Published: September 2002

One hundred and sixty‐four museum specimens of the tree agama Acanthocercus a. atricollis were measured and dissected to examine sexual size dimorphism, reproduction and diet. Foraging mode and behaviour were also quantified in a wild population to obtain a broader picture of their foraging ecology and to test the hypothesis that tree agamas are ambush foragers. Males and females did not differ significantly in snout–vent length (SVL) or tail length; however, mature males had larger heads than females of the same body size. The smallest female showing sexual maturity was 96 mm SVL and the smallest male was 82 mm SVL. Mean clutch size was 11.3 and was positively correlated with female body size. Reproduction was seasonal and male and female reproductive cycles were synchronous. Testicular volume was greatest during August–September and females contained enlarged follicles during August–December and showed no evidence of multiple clutching. Tree agamas fed on a broad spectrum of arthropods (10 orders), including millipedes, which other lizard taxa have been reported to avoid. Gut contents were dominated numerically by ants (92%), followed by beetles (4%). Volumetrically, orthopterans (26.8%) were most important, followed by beetles (26.3%) and ants (17.9%). Compared to adults, juvenile diet by volume was dominated by ants and consisted of fewer large prey items (e.g. beetles and orthopterans). Seasonal effects in both prey diversity and volume were evident. Tree agamas are classic ambush foragers. They spent only 4% of their time moving and made few movements per minute (mean = 0.4). When stationary, adult tree agamas positioned themselves on tree trunks (34.7%), on lateral branches (41.8%) and occasionally, on the ground (23.4%). No evidence of trophic partitioning (intraspecific niche divergence hypothesis) was found and field observations revealed that males defend territories and engage in combat. This supports the idea that selection may be favouring larger head size in males, as an outcome of male contest competition.
Parallel and Distributed Haskells
Authors: TRINDER P. W. , LOIDL H.-W. , POINTON R. F.
Published: September 2002

Parallel and distributed languages specify computations on multiple processors and have a
computation language to describe the algorithm, i.e. what to compute, and a coordination
language to describe how to organise the computations across the processors. Haskell has been
used as the computation language for a wide variety of parallel and distributed languages,
and this paper is a comprehensive survey of implemented languages. We outline parallel and
distributed language concepts and classify Haskell extensions using them. Similar example
programs are used to illustrate and contrast the coordination languages, and the comparison
is facilitated by the common computation language. A lazy language is not an obvious choice
for parallel or distributed computation, and we address the question of why Haskell is a
common functional computation language.
Species limits within Grey-headed Quail-dove Geotrygon caniceps and implications for the conservation of a globally
threatened species
Authors: Garrido Orlando H. , Kirwan Guy M. , Capper David R.
Published: September 2002

Grey-headed Quail-dove Geotrygon caniceps has traditionally been considered a polytypic species endemic to Cuba
and the Dominican Republic and treated as globally threatened within the most recent Red Data Book (BirdLife
International 2000). Chapman (1917) described Geotrygon leucometopius of Hispaniola as specifically distinct from
G. caniceps of Cuba based on 10 specimens, taken by Rollo Beck in the Dominican Republic. Subsequently, Bond
(1936, 1956) merged leucometopius within caniceps, an arrangement that has persisted, unchallenged in the technical
literature, until the present. Through examination of 76 specimens, extensive field experience of Cuban birds, and less
exhaustive fieldwork in the Dominican Republic, we re-evaluate the taxonomic status of the Hispaniolan population,
identifying consistent differences in coloration, tail length and characteristics of the second to fifth primaries between
it and the Cuban population. Based on these differences, we suggest that caniceps (endemic to Cuba) and leucometopius
(restricted to the Dominican Republic) be henceforth resurrected to species status. We were unable to undertake a
complete analysis of the vocalizations of the two forms, due to the lack of definite recordings from Hispaniola, but
present sonograms and notes concerning Cuban birds. Further work, including molecular analyses, would be clearly
desirable to test our hypothesis. Both forms are undoubtedly declining due to habitat destruction and hunting, and both
certainly qualify as Vulnerable under current IUCN criteria. Indeed, leucometopius may even qualify as Endangered
under the range criterion. Its status requires particularly careful monitoring, while new information, published since
the BirdLife International (2000) review of globally threatened birds, suggests that the range
even of nominate caniceps
is considerably smaller than previously considered.
Sterling, International Monetary Reform and Britain's Applications to Join the European Economic Community in the 1960s
Authors: Schenk Catherine
Published: September 2002

Throughout the 1960s the international monetary system crumbled in a gradual process which was punctuated by a series of crises. The international community proposed, debated and ultimately procrastinated over major reforms, and opted instead for ad hoc ‘plumbing’ solutions such as the Gold Pool and bilateral currency swaps. While this turmoil unfolded, Britain made repeated attempts to join the European Economic Community. This article shows that while monetary issues were not as often publicly discussed, they were a crucial factor in the negotiations for British membership. It also aims to bring together the discussions on the reform of the international monetary system in the 1960s with those on the enlargement of the EC.
Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships
Authors: Pinto António Costa
Published: September 2002

This article considers four dictatorships that have each been associated with European fascism: Portuguese Salazarism, Spanish Francoism, Italian Fascism and German National Socialism. It seeks to ascertain the ‘locus’ of political decision-making authority, the composition and the recruitment channels of the dictatorships' ministerial elites during the fascist era. The interaction between the single party, the government, the state apparatus and civil society appears fundamental if we are to achieve an understanding of the different ways in which the various dictatorships of the fascist era functioned. The party and its ancillary organisations were not simply parallel institutions: they attempted to gain control of the bureaucracy and select the governing elite – forcing some dictatorships towards an unstable equilibrium in the process, even while they were the central agents for the creation and maintenance of the leader's charismatic authority. The article focuses on an analysis of the gradations of these tensions that may be illustrated by the eventual emergence of a weaker or stronger ‘dualism of power’. This ‘dualism of power’ appears to be the determining factor in explanations for the typological and classificatory variations used to qualify those dictatorships that have been historically associated with fascism, and which have been variously defined as ‘authoritarian’ and ‘totalitarian’, or as ‘authoritarian’ and ‘fascist’.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY WITH CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE: A SELECTIVE REVIEW OF KEY ISSUES
Authors: Stallard Paul
Published: September 2002

The growing interest in the use of cognitive behaviour therapy with children and young people has been encouraged by emerging evidence suggesting that CBT is effective with a wide range of child disorders. Typically, models and techniques developed for work with adults have been extended downwards and applied to children. This review questions the appropriateness of this approach and selectively identifies a number of key issues that need to be addressed. The absence of developmentally appropriate theoretical models to understand the onset and maintenance of maladaptive cognitive processes in children is highlighted. This lack of a coherent theoretical framework has led to a proliferation of diverse interventions falling under the general umbrella of cognitive behaviour therapy with the predominant emphasis being behavioural, rather than cognitive. Developmental factors, the nature, extent and type of cognitive processes in children and the important role of the parent in the onset and treatment of childhood problems have received comparatively little attention. There is a need to understand more about the cognitive processes of children and young people and to develop robust and testable developmentally appropriate theoretical models. In turn this will begin to address the question of which specific cognitive behaviour therapy programmes are effective for which childhood problems.
CAN A “RELAPSE PREVENTION” MODULE FACILITATE THE TRANSFER OF TRAINING?
Authors: Milne Derek , Westerman Colin , Hanner Seirian
Published: September 2002

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of two approaches to staff training. Multidisciplinary mental health staff, receiving a standard training programme (N = 45), were compared on multiple measures with an experimental group (N = 11), receiving a programme featuring a “relapse prevention” module. This module was designed to improve the transfer of the training. The staff receiving the relapse prevention module reported significantly greater generalization of the training. Participant variables, the delivery of the training and work environment factors did not appear to explain this favourable finding. It is concluded tentatively that a relapse prevention module shows promise as a facilitator of the transfer of training in psychosocial interventions for severe mental illness.
Modeling of Mixing in 96‐Well Microplates Observed with Fluorescence Indicators
Authors: Weiss Svenja , John Gernot T. , Klimant Ingo , Heinzle Elmar
Published: September 2002

Mixing in 96‐well microplates was studied using soluble pH indicators and a fluorescence pH sensor. Small amounts of alkali were added with the aid of a multichannel pipet, a piston pump, and a piezoelectric actuator. Mixing patterns were observed visually using a video camera. Addition of drops each of about 1 nL with the piezoelectric actuator resulted in umbrella and double‐disklike shapes. Convective mixing was mainly observed in the upper part of the well, whereas the lower part was only mixed quickly when using the multichannel pipet and the piston pump with an addition volume of 5 μL or larger. Estimated mixing times were between a few seconds and several minutes. Mixing by liquid dispensing was much more effective than by shaking. A mixing model consisting of 21 elements could describe mixing dynamics observed by the dissolved fluorescence dye and by the optical immobilized pH sensor. This model can be applied for designing pH control in microplates or for design of kinetic experiments with liquid addition.
Consumption of atmospheric methane by soils: A process‐based model
Authors: Ridgwell Andy J. , Marshall Stewart J. , Gregson Keith
Published: September 2002

A process‐based model for the consumption of atmospheric methane (CH4) by soils was developed to identify the most important factors affecting uptake rates and to determine whether the current uncertainties in the estimated size of the global soil sink might be reduced. Descriptions of diffusion and microbial oxidation processes, which together determine the CH4 flux, were included. The results suggest that the global sink strength lies within the range 20–51 Tg yr−1 CH4, with a preferred value of 38 Tg yr−1 CH4. Dry tropical ecosystems account for almost a third of this total. Here microbial activity rather than diffusion is limiting uptake. It is also in these areas that the impact of any intensification in agriculture will be the most pronounced, with a possible future reduction in uptake in excess of 3 Tg yr−1 CH4. This is in contrast to the overall impact of global warming, which is expected to leave the size of the global soil sink relatively unchanged.
Land use change and biogeochemical controls of nitrogen oxide emissions from soils in eastern Amazonia
Authors: Verchot Louis V. , Davidson Eric A. , Cattânio Henrique , Ackerman Ilse L. , Erickson Heather E. , Keller Michael
Published: September 2002

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effects of land use change on N oxide fluxes from soil in seasonally dry, eastern Amazonia and (2) evaluate the “hole‐in‐the‐pipe” model in a field setting where N availability varies among land uses and soil moisture varies among seasons. We measured N oxide flux from an old‐growth forest, a 20‐year‐old secondary forest, an active pasture, and a degraded pasture. We also measured soil water content, soil inorganic N stocks, net N mineralization and nitrification potential. To determine the effects of pasture age on N oxide flux, we measured gas fluxes at a chronosequence of pastures (0‐13 years). In the land use study, N2O fluxes followed the order: primary forest (2.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1) > secondary forest (0.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1) > active pasture (0.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1) ≥ degraded pasture (0.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and NO fluxes followed the order: primary forest (1.5 kg N ha y−11) > degraded pasture (0.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1) > active pasture (0.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1) ≥ secondary forest (0.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1). In the chronosequence study, no trend in N oxide emissions with pasture age was apparent, but emissions from pastures were lower than from the forest.Total N oxide flux correlated with a laboratory measure of nitrification potential (r2 = 0.85).The ratio N2O:NO correlated with soil water content (r2 = 0.56). Parameterization of the model accounted for variability in N oxide emissions across land uses and seasons and the model application revealed the importance of studying both N oxide gases simultaneously. Model predictions for six independent sites agreed well with observed fluxes, suggesting that the model may be applicable at a broader scale. The consistently low annual emissions of N2O estimated for all of the Amazonian pastures that we studied suggest that conversions of tropical forests to cattle pastures may not in the long term cause a significant increase in the contribution of soil emissions to atmospheric N2O or NO.