bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Liberalism and the Crisis of Meaning in the 21st Century
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This chapter motivates the argument of the book by beginning with a crisis of meaning facing 21st century liberal governments. Liberal democracies in many countries in the Western world have faced deep challenges from populist movements of the left and the right. These movements provide their adherents with a sense of meaning and purpose that has been evacuated from the practice of liberal politics in the past half century. To best address this “meaning deficit” in contemporary liberalism, we should take our bearing from a form of liberalism that could engender a sense of meaning and purpose in its members. Unfortunately, the major current liberal theory, that of John Rawls, is not adequate for this moment. This book argues that instead Kant’s liberalism can provide the theoretical resources for a more meaningful liberalism In particular, the full force of Kant’s liberalism is revealed when we examine it against the backdrop of his early anthropological project, which demonstrates that Kant is a thinker much more attuned to human nature and our search for meaning than is often appreciated.
The Two Vocations of Human Nature in Kant’s Anthropology
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that Rousseau decisively shapes not only the substance of Kant’s revised account of our vocation—a moral vocation—but also the method Kant employs, a moral-genealogical approach that Kant says was “unknown to the ancients.” As in his earlier work, Kant offers a speculative history of genesis and development from the state of nature to constitutional order, but now he does so with regard to humanity, influenced by the famous speculative history provided in Rousseau’s second Discourse. The crucial insight Kant gleans from Rousseau is that we have two contradictory “vocations,” not one: our animal natures drive us to wholeness and community with others, while our human natures drive us to independence and distinctness from others.
Introduction
Authors: Glas Aarie
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the comparative regional study of conflictual peace in Southeast Asia and South America over five sections. First, it surveys trends in interstate peace and conflict in both Southeast Asia and South America in order to illustrate the puzzle at the heart of this book: the long, but conflictual peace of each region. The second section explores existing accounts of this reality, highlighting the role of state power, regional organizations, and norms and culture in shaping regional relations. The third section builds on this survey to advance the central argument of the book in brief: that regional peace is the product of communities of diplomatic practice that actively manage conflict in particular ways as a result of particular habitual dispositions. The fourth section outlines the central terms and concepts of this investigation and the fifth section presents the structure of the chapters that follow.
Habitual Dispositions and Conflict Management
Authors: Glas Aarie
Published: August 2022

This chapter takes the first step in accounting for the conflictual peace of both Southeast Asia and South America by advancing a theoretical framework attentive to the habitual dispositions of regional diplomatic communities of practice. The first section surveys scholarly accounts of the role of interstate norms, practices, and habits in shaping regional relations. From this survey, the chapter argues that while regularly siloed in relevant literatures, norms and practices are interrelated. The chapter advances the concept of habitual dispositions as one means to place these concepts in productive dialogue. The second section explicates the book’s theoretical framework and explores habitual dispositions in detail. In doing so, it draws attention to the role of power, norms, and organizational sites in shaping regional relations. The chapter concludes by arguing that habitual dispositions make stability in complex social interactions possible.
Practicing Peace in Southeast Asia
Authors: Glas Aarie
Published: August 2022

This chapter accounts for the conflictual peace of Southeast Asia over three sections. First, it introduces the case by surveying the history of conflict and cooperation in the region, highlighting the role of power, norms, and organizations. The second section outlines the existence of a Southeast Asian habitual disposition and draws attention to the relationship between norms and practices within the regional diplomatic community. The third section explores the effects of the region’s habitual disposition in two ways. First, it demonstrates the robustness of these qualities, showing that practitioners not only know these qualities to be self-evident but also know that they work effectively. Second, it explores a crucial case of regional conflict management: the ASEAN response to the 2011 Preah Vihear conflict. The chapter finds that the habitual disposition of Southeast Asia had a pacifying and protracting effect in this conflict while undergirding the wider conflictual peace of the region.
Calling for Explanation
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: August 2022

This book is the first comprehensive treatment of the idea that some facts call for explanation, an idea that underlies influential debates in metaethics, metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of religion. Special attention is given to reliability arguments in philosophy of mathematics and metaethics, and to fine-tuning arguments in philosophy of religion and cosmology. The book clarifies what it might mean to say that a fact calls for explanation, singling out an epistemic sense that is the focus of most of the book, and maps out possible views about which facts call for explanation and what kind of explanation they call for. It then develops a novel way of thinking about calling for explanation. It is argued that calling for explanation is a figurative form of speech without a fixed meaning. This in turn sheds new light on arguments premised on there being a fact that calls for explanation.
A new way of thinking about calling for explanation
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: August 2022

This chapter proposes a new way of thinking about calling for explanation in light of the preceding arguments. It develops the view that calling for explanation is a figurative form of speech without a fixed meaning. Saying that a fact calls for explanation is like saying that some state of affairs calls for action in that the precise meaning of such claims is significantly dependent on context. This new way of thinking about calling for explanation helps explain the feeling of infelicity of claiming that a fact calls for explanation when the explanation is already known. The chapter ends by returning to the arguments presented in Chapter 1. It is argued that arguments premised on a claim about a fact calling for explanation are imprecise and often misleading.
Introduction
Authors: Schwarz Katarina
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the landscape of reparations debates, exploring the role of international law in this discourse. It evaluates critical questions of language relevant to discussion of the case for reparations for transatlantic enslavement, shifting from the dominant framing to engage grassroots and subaltern perspectives. It reviews the contested legal terrain of reparations in this context and introduces the foundational arguments presented in this book.
From the “Transatlantic Slave Trade” to the Maangamizi
Authors: Schwarz Katarina
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the injustices to which reparations claims speak—the history of transatlantic enslavement, the widespread system of abuses perpetrated against Africans and people of African descent, and the ongoing legacies of this system in the contemporary world. It engages key points of contention in the reparations debate related to the history of slavery, including the historical ubiquity of enslavement, indigenous African forms of enslavement, and the complicity of African actors in the transatlantic system. It also considers key features of the transatlantic system that may set it apart from other historical cases of slavery—the internationalization and racialization of the maangamizi.
Expanding Understandings of Reparatory Justice through Multiple Modalities of Redress
Authors: Schwarz Katarina
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks beyond the dominant focus on compensation to explore the various modalities of reparatory justice in international law and consider the implications of these different forms of redress on fundamental questions of reparability. Taking a broad approach, it examines reparations theory and practice in relation to satisfaction, restitution, compensation, cessation, and guarantees of non-repetition and non-recurrence. It looks in particular to the progressive reparations practice of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which provides an example of how responsive, multimodal reparations awards can be constructed in judicial practice. This provides the basis for reframing debates over whether reparations are appropriate in cases of historical injustice, accounting for the different forms of redress available in international law.
Reparatory Justice in Transition
Authors: Schwarz Katarina
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores reparations theory and practice in the context of transitional justice, accounting for the potential for the case for reparations for transatlantic enslavement to be decided through extralegal mechanisms. As the framework in which many reparatory justice programs have been delivered in practice, learning from this context provides important insights for considering reparations for slavery. This chapter examines the nature, objectives, and elements of reparatory justice in transitional justice, identifying similarities and departures from the international legal frameworks. It therefore provides insights into approaches to reparations that may be pursued in responding to transatlantic enslavement and other historic injustices, where legal mechanisms cannot, or do not, operate. It further highlights the relevance of reparatory transitional justice for the international legal system as a whole, in light of the injustices at the root of this system.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwarz Katarina
Published: August 2022

This concluding chapter maps the case for reparations across the relevant frameworks of international law, highlighting the imperial foundations of international legal thought in relation to transatlantic enslavement. Through this lens, it destabilizes the orthodox position on the legal arguments related to reparations, that slavery was definitively and internationally ‘legal at the time’. This provides space for reconceptualization of the case for reparatory justice. The challenges presented by international legal mechanisms in practice are reviewed and acknowledged. Nonetheless, this chapter outlines the relevance of international legal frameworks in considering the case for reparations in extralegal contexts, looking beyond the law. It further considers the importance of reparations discourse, even in the absence of conclusions on specific cases.
The Space Between
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the philosophy and psychology of perspective taking and criticizes the way it is currently theorized. Psychologists make a distinction between imagine-self and imagine-other, neither of which describes what people usually do when they put themselves in another’s situation. Philosophers often talk as if we would need to transform ourselves into the other person, as much as possible, in order to be able to understand them from this point of view. But that is neither possible nor desirable, I argue. Instead, we should aim for what I call “the space between.” In this space we understand the other person from their position in a web of interests and relationships, but we use our own background knowledge and humanity. This way of understanding mirrors the way we understand our past selves, particularly when we have undergone important changes. As such, understanding others using perspective taking is no less possible or precise than is understanding ourselves in the past.
What Is a Perspective?
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes what a perspective is and why it matters. It begins by describing the revolution in painting during the Renaissance, when painting in perspective was invented. Looking at what a perspective does in figurative art helps us recognize that our own way of seeing is perspectival too. But this is not all. The way we refer to ourselves—using ‘I’—is perspectival too, as is our way of imagining and thinking about things. This is brought out by the important work of early phenomenologists, such as Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. Because we are embodied animal beings and the world is incredibly complex, we exist in the world in a way that is essentially perspectival. We are not first impassive and disinterested perceivers, as much philosophy appears to assume. Instead, we are primarily beings that want to survive and thrive. The world presents itself to us in that light.
Getting Interpersonal
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the notion of an interactor perspective, sometimes called a second-person perspective. The way we view the world is not simply from either an agent or an observer point of view. Much of the time, we are engaged with other people. There is a fair amount of evidence that when we interact with others it affects our own way of thinking, but not because we observe others—we are too busy engaging with them to do so—but because we are interacting with them. The chapter discusses a wide range of different psychological experiments that demonstrate how being engaged with others affects how we see things, how we feel, and how we interact. It also takes inspiration from the psychoanalytic literature on the interesting relationship between therapist and patient.
Knowing You
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents the most common types of objections to perspective taking. Critics object that we are not very good at imagining being in situations that are very different from ones we have been in, we are poor at using our experiences to recreate the experiences of others, we tend to focalize and ignore relevant information when we use the imagination, and we have little ability to recreate visceral experiences. As a result, perspective taking is rarely successful in capturing other people’s experiences, the argument goes. But perspective taking isn’t primarily concerned with predicting the fine details of other people’s psychology, the chapter argues. It is concerned with the overall significance of what others think, feel, and do. Perspective taking captures some of the things we care most about: our relationship to others; their relationship to us or to other people; their attitudes, such as respect, disdain, care, or hostility; what matters to them; and so on.
Being Impartial
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

The last chapter returns to the idea, broached in the introduction, that perspective taking makes us more, not less, objective and impartial. We start out by looking at the anti-empathic turn in contract law, which brings out the logic behind the view of impersonal impartiality. This takes us to the question of how to determine intent in a non-biased way, which brings us back to perspective taking. But why we should go through the arduous work of taking other people’s perspectives, sometimes several of them, and comparing them to our own if we can simply take the view of an Impartial Spectator or Ideal Observer? The problem with such a spectator, the chapter argues, is that although it may be unmoved by human biases and weakness, it is, in essence, inhuman. It is a big mistake to adopt such a viewpoint when we are concerned with human affairs. Instead, we should aim for a commonwealth of distinctively human perspectives balanced against one another.
Mock Ritual in the Modern Era
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Beginning with the French eighteenth century and concluding in the present, this book explores complex interrelations between ritual and mockery, which is not infrequently the unofficial face of claims to rationality. The book is particularly concerned with how the mocking and parodying of ritual often associated with modern rationalism may itself become ritualized, and other ways in which supposedly sham ritual may survive its “outing.” Just as the very concept of ritual is seen by anthropologists and others as intimately related to modernity (at once the site of its invention and the reflection of an antiritualism associated with secular societies), so this book traces the evolution of what the authors call mock ritual, in various forms, throughout the modern era, relying on literary, historical, and anthropological texts as well as encyclopedias, newspapers, and films. It places famous eighteenth- and nineteenth-century authors in dialogue with contemporary popular culture, from Diderot, Sterne, and Flaubert to the TV shows Survivor and Judge Judy, and from Voltaire to the Charlie Hebdo tragedy of 2015. The authors’ use of literary texts in addressing anthropological questions has precedents in the work of Georges Bataille, among others, who viewed literature as “the principal heir” and a continuation of “the game of religions.” Ritualistic and mock ritualistic aspects of comedy and ridicule are considered along with those, notably, of sexuality, medicine, art, education, and justice. In addition to a chapter on dueling, the book contains a postscript that considers various aspects of these subjects in the contemporary world.
Mock Ritual and the Emergence of Objectivity in Madame Bovary
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Whereas earlier chapters were devoted principally to works from or about the Enlightenment, this analysis of Madame Bovary shifts attention to the nineteenth century. Gustave Flaubert offers striking elaborations of the book’s central themes—mockery, ritual, and evolving relations between the sacred and the secular, including science, especially medicine—but also a highly original treatment of artistic technique that is also linked to the problem of mockery. While he is often celebrated for his precocious modernity, or even his anticipation of so-called postmodernity, Flaubert is also famed for his obsession with la bêtise, modern stupidity: Enlightenment’s blindness (of the kind illustrated by the pharmacist Homais). Other themes include medical bleeding, the apparent decline of religion, and the ritualistic dimensions of education and erotic love. Debates surrounding the emergence of the novel’s “objective” narrative technique are also treated, emphasizing Flaubert’s portrayal of his art as itself a kind of mock ritual.
Charlie Hebdo
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Just as the opening chapters highlight mockery in French Enlightenment critiques of religious ritual, so the authors now turn to contemporary parody of religion and the spectacular resurgence of Enlightenment thinking in the wake of the attack on the caricaturists of Charlie Hebdo. As has been widely observed, the journalists slain by Islamist extremists were quickly associated with the secular and quasi-sacred right to freedom of expression, and particularly with the writings of Voltaire. As with Voltaire, the authors observe how Charlie’s mockery of ritual is itself subject to mock ritualization. This kind of paradox is also emphasized by one of the fiercest critics of the “Je suis Charlie” movement, Emmanuel Todd, who claims that public displays of French national unity and secular tolerance in the weeks following the assassinations were in reality a front for the scapegoating of Muslims. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Michel Houellebecq’s novel Submission.
Why Refugee Solutions?
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter frames the book as a response to the failure of modern refugee policy to address contemporary realities of forced displacement. It links the book to previous critiques of refugee policy and conversations about reforming the refugee regime. While there has been a lot of scholarship on specific refugee policies and populations, this book is distinct in its focus on all three of the major refugee solutions. Next, it introduces the key perspectives of social work, human rights, and sustainable development, which are combined to examine global refugee policy. The author’s perspective in approaching this topic is discussed from their background in human rights and social work practice. The comparative case study methodology is introduced and related to policy analysis. The chapter concludes by outlining the rest of the book.
Voluntary Repatriation to the Country of Origin
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter defines the first durable solution of voluntary repatriation and related concepts, such as nonrefoulement, forced repatriation, assisted repatriation, and spontaneous repatriation. It explains how voluntary repatriation has been applied amidst shifting ideological and political concerns, and highlights where voluntary repatriation programs have been successful. The chapter shows who is eligible for voluntary repatriation; what benefits are offered to returnees, such as cash incentives and transportation assistance; and the delivery and financing mechanisms. Key factors of consent and self-determination, the politics of stakeholders, reintegration, and minority vs. majority return are discussed. This chapter sets the context for the case study.
The Case of Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter illustrates a new model of socio-economic integration based on sustainable development that benefits host and refugee communities alike. The chapter presents Kalobeyei’s context, discusses its market-based approach, and its innovative programs, such as e-voucher food aid and cash for housing. In addition, its sustainable agriculture and energy programs are also discussed. These are assessed along with Kalobeyei’s impact on the local host community. This case underscores the indispensable developmental component of local integration. The chapter argues for increased socio-economic integration, as opposed to narrow legal integration. The chapter concludes with implications for strengthening local integration, such as incorporating sustainable developmental approaches to facilitate integration. Local integration must be strengthened as it will likely continue to be the world’s main de facto durable solution, given how ongoing conflicts foreclose repatriation and political reluctance diminishes resettlement.
Resettlement to a Third Country
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter defines the third and final durable solution of third country resettlement. Its evolution is traced, noting exemplar programs and recent trends, including the rise in resettlement after the Syrian civil war and the precipitous decline in resettlement led by former U.S. President Trump. The chapter shows how third country resettlement has mainly been used by the West to support ideological and foreign policy goals. It reviews how the process of resettlement works, including eligibility and screening; the benefits provided such as cash, housing, healthcare, and employment support; the delivery mechanisms, such as state-based and public–private partnerships, and its financing. It compares various resettlement approaches and provides an overview of most resettlement programs. It raises key issues affecting resettlement, including its place as the durable solution of last resort, its relationship with asylum, and the challenges faced by resettled refugees.
Digital Oracles
Authors: Graham S. Scott
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses attention on the rhetoric of medical futurism and efforts to fundamentally transform and reshape healthcare through advances in artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, the chapter investigates efforts to displace diagnostics and recenter prognostics as the first art of medicine. The oracular orientation of AI has the potential to improve clinical care, so if new technological systems can reliably predict patient outcomes, then we have a better chance of bringing the right interventions to bear at the right time. However, the chapter also details how accepting these proposed transformations of medicine requires investing significant, and often misplaced, trust in new digital systems. And in closing, the chapter reflects on the extent to which misplaced trust fuels what Meredith Broussard calls “technochauvinism” in some areas of health AI.
Regulating Health AI
Authors: Graham S. Scott
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that efforts to regulate artificial intelligence (AI) broadly and health-specific recommendations from bioethics should be brought together in mutual conversation. In so doing, the chapter reviews recent proposals for broad AI regulation in U.S., U.K., and EU contexts alongside targeted recommendations for health AI. It argues that the broad commitments of critical algorithm studies and Ethical AI can help support a stronger foundation for justice-oriented technology development in health AI. It also argues that the specific methodological and governance recommendations from bioethics can productively inform efforts to effectively regulate AI broadly. The chapter closes with an exploration of how insights from science and technology policy can support best practices for community-centered regulation.
The Centrality of Harm and Its Reduction to Crime and Societal Responses to Crime
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia
Published: August 2022

This chapter demonstrates the centrality of harm, including its reduction, to crime and societal responses to crime, irrespective of the ambiguity of “crime,” itself, by exploring harm’s place in legal history, legal theory, and criminology and related fields, and by considering the relevance of harm and harm reduction in criminal policy and the governance of security. The chapter concludes that harm’s centrality is often implicit in contemporary discourse on crime, but it manifests explicitly in legal history and theory and emerges in principle, if not through widespread or consistent practice, from deliberations and debate on key phases of criminal policy, starting with criminalization. As for the governance of security, which encompasses but transcends criminal policy, the chapter shows the centrality of harm and its reduction to the concepts of security and risk and to related business practices, policies, and management methods, although criminology does not often make the connection.
An Application of the Framework to Cocaine Trafficking in Belgium (with Comparisons to other Applications to Drug and Human Trafficking in Europe)
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents an empirical application of the harm assessment framework to cocaine trafficking in Belgium and, for insight to the framework’s reliability and robustness, compares the results to those of two other applications in Europe. The principal application, the first of its kind, employed data from criminal justice sources and interviews from 2003 to 2011. Trafficking involved air, sea, and land import, export, and wholesale distribution, accompanied by violence, corruption, and money laundering and enabling cocaine dealing and cocaine use, the latter of which was outside the scope of the assessment. The results across all interests and bearers suggest cocaine trafficking generated a small set of notable harms in Belgium in our period of analysis, mostly deriving from policy and involving perpetrators. This and the comparative applications shed new light on the consequences of trafficking activities, but, while suggesting the reliability and robustness of the framework, they also highlight some remaining analytical challenges.
The Case for Harm and Harm Assessment
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents the authors’ concluding thoughts and closing arguments in the case for taking on harm—and its reduction—and conducting systematic, empirical harm assessments to support deliberations on criminal and related policy. After recalling the book’s central aim, main findings, and accomplishments, the chapter considers methodological lessons from applying the harm assessment framework. Then, it turns to broader themes of criminology and policy. It argues, first, that criminology would benefit from expanding its mission to include harm and target harm reduction and from positioning harm assessment as a core task and, second, that systematic, empirical harm-based policy analysis can contribute to decisions about criminal policy and the governance of security, ranging widely from criminalization, to sentencing, to prevention. The chapter also explores possible contributions of a harm-based approach to other policy fields, as through tort law, and to advancing justice.
Ideology and Mass Killing
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan
Published: August 2022

In research on ‘mass killings’ such as genocides and campaigns of state terror, the role of ideology is hotly debated. For some scholars, ideologies are crucial in providing the extremist goals and hatreds that motivate ideologically committed killers. But other scholars are sceptical, contending that perpetrators of mass killing rarely seem ideologically committed, and that rational self-interest or powerful social pressures are more important drivers of violence than ideology. In Ideology and Mass Killing, Jonathan Leader Maynard challenges both these prevailing views, advancing an alternative ‘neo-ideological’ perspective which fundamentally retheorizes the ideological foundations of violence against civilians and synthesizes an emphasis of ideologies, strategic interests, and social pressures. Integrating research from political science, political psychology, history, and sociology, the book demonstrates that ideological justifications are central to the explanation of mass killings, but in ways that go beyond committed belief. Such ideological justifications revolve, moreover, not around extraordinary political goals or hatreds, but radicalized versions of conventional, widely accepted ideas that underpin the politics of security in ordinary societies across the world. Ideology and Mass Killing then substantiates this account through four contrasting case studies of mass killing—Stalinist repression in the USSR 1930-38, the Allied area bombing of Germany and Japan 1940-45, mass atrocities in the Guatemalan civil war 1978-83, and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. This represents the first volume to offer a dedicated, comparative theory of ideology’s role in mass killing, while also developing a powerful new account of how ideology affects violence and politics more generally.
Semiconductor Nanophotonics
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra
Published: August 2022

Nanometre sized structures made of semiconductors, insulators and metals and grown by modern growth technologies or by chemical synthesis exhibit novel electronic and optical phenomena due to confinement of electrons and photons. Strong interactions between electrons and photons in narrow regions lead to inhibited spontaneous emission, thresholdless laser operation, and Bose Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities. Generation of sub-wavelength radiation by surface Plasmon-polaritons at metal-semiconductor interfaces, creation of photonic band gap in dielectrics, and realization of nanometer sized semiconductor or insulator structures with negative permittivity and permeability, known as metamaterials, are further examples in the area of nanophotonics. The studies help develop Spasers and plasmonic nanolasers of subwavelength dimensions, paving the way to use plasmonics in future data centres and high speed computers working at THz bandwidth with less than a few fJ/bit dissipation. The present book intends to serveas a textbook for graduate students and researchers intending to have introductory ideas of semiconductor nanophotonics. It gives an introduction to electron-photon interactions in quantum wells, wires and dots and then discusses the processes in microcavities, photonic band gaps and metamaterials and related applications. The phenomena and device applications under strong light-matter interactions are discussed by mostly using classical and semi-classical theories. Numerous examples and problems accompany each chapter.
Extraction from coordinate structures
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the Coordinate Structure Constraint, or CSC, Ross’ generalization stating that conjuncts may not be extracted from coordinate structures (the ‘Conjunct Constraint’), and that elements contained within conjuncts may not be extracted from coordinate structures (the ‘Element Constraint’). We demonstrate the applicability of the CSC across several movement types, languages, and conjunctions. However, we also identify several counterexamples to the CSC. The first is the possibility of Across-The-Board extraction, also discovered by Ross. Others include the possibility of extracting whole conjuncts, in violation of the Conjunct Constraint, in languages like Serbo-Croatian, the SLF-construction found in many Germanic languages, and several asymmetric extraction patterns apparently licensed by discourse-semantic ‘scenarios’, which is the focus of Chapters 4-6.
Discourse calls the shots
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces Kehler’s Humean taxonomy of discourse relations, and explains Kehler’s use of that taxonomy to formalize Lakoff’s generalizations about discourse-semantic ‘scenarios’ which license asymmetric extraction from coordinate structures. This approach to extraction from coordinate structures stands in opposition to the approaches surveyed in Chapter 4, as it relies on discourse semantics rather than syntax. However, Lakoff’s project, properly formalized, is shown to be untenable, because Lakoff’s Type C scenario (involving the discourse relation result) is a special case of the Type A scenario (involving the discourse relation occasion), but the Type C extraction pattern is distinct from the Type A extraction pattern. Moreover, there are regularities among examples of Lakoff’s Type B scenario which do not follow from Kehler’s formalization in terms of the discourse relation violated expectation. Overall, in this chapter we conclude that discourse relations cannot directly account for the asymmetric extraction patterns that Lakoff observed.
Conclusion
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert
Published: August 2022

The final chapter summarizes the choice points identified in the previous five chapters, and the interrelationships among them. We return to our dichotomy between ‘syntax calls the shots’ and ‘discourse calls the shots’, and emphasize that a complete analysis of the complex empirical patterns laid out in Chapters 2–6 will need a pluralistic approach, with full consideration given to the roles of syntax, discourse semantics, and the interface between the two, in addition to performance factors such as processing. The chapter concludes by listing several pieces of unfinished business, ranging from concrete empirical concerns (for instance, we have very little data on asymmetric extraction from coordinate structures in understudied languages) to theoretical implications, such syntactic and semantic similarities between conjuncts and adjuncts, and implications for syntactic theories of locality.
Traditions and Innovations
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le
Published: August 2022

Irenaeus of Lyons draws on previous heresiographical tradition but advances it in novel ways. He performs a polemical alignment of heresy and paganism, suggesting that heresy derives essentially from paganism in its rhetoric, doctrine, and behaviour. Heretics are akin to sophists and as such are subject to the same criticisms the sophists faced. Irenaeus appeals to the virtue of simplicity to counter what he casts as the complicated schemes of the heretics. He emphasizes the divisiveness of heretics and the divisions among their sects. Irenaeus goes beyond Justin in emphasizing not simply the otherness of the sects, but depicting them as faith-negating divergences following an inferior line of succession. By doing so, Irenaeus paradoxically incorporates heresy into the identity of orthodoxy.
Clement of Alexandria’s Heresiological Account in Stromateis VII
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le
Published: August 2022

Clement’s fullest treatment of heresy is found in the seventh book of the Stromateis. While openness to inquiry is an important disposition of the ‘true gnostic’ or elite Christian, heretics are like Sceptics in pressing their inquiry too far. Intellectual error thus borders on moral error, although to be culpable there must be conscious error or intent to deceive; this creates a distinction between the heresiarch and the ordinary heretic, the latter of whom through grace may be led back to the truth. The criterion of truth is the Scriptures, which although shared between heretics and the church have yielded their fruit—or given birth—only for the latter group. While heretics are similar to Jews and pagans in this regard, they are nevertheless in more serious error than either of them, as they not only fail to grasp but actively adulterate the truth.
Conclusion
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le
Published: August 2022

Christianity’s diversity in its origins is illustrated by the ways in which disagreements are described and dissidents denoted. The lack of any common pattern of exclusion demonstrates that the churches do not all have the same sense of their identity, and that norms of belonging change from one context to another. Forced to acknowledge that the disagreement was internal, ancient heresiology—in order to restore otherness and to legitimate separation—was led to a precise definition of rules of practice and reflection in the areas where it encountered adversaries, and made these into ecclesiastical norms: tradition, succession, Scripture. Successive manoeuvres of differentiation, aiming to exclude, produce what could be called the heresiological paradox: the progressive refining of the theme of otherness ends up interiorizing heresy, drawing it into the heart of Christianity.
Introduction
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

The Introduction starts with Samuel Harsnett’s account of licensing John Hayward’s history of Henry IV. The book came under suspicion because of its dedication to the disgraced Earl of Essex. Harsnett claimed he had licensed it without reading it, as was apparently normal. This is remarkable both because it contrasts markedly with the heavy annotation of censors to be found on some surviving play scripts and also because it typifies how seemingly innocuous texts—both books and plays—could be suspected of ‘dangerous matter’ when authorities took an interest in them. Jonson’s Sejanus is an example of the latter and the play is examined in detail as an instance of the problems facing anyone interested in censorship of the drama (and how these change in the light of new scholarship). The Introduction concludes with a discussion of the limited materials to have survived from the Masters of the Revels.
1586–1592
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

In 1586, Decrees for Orders in Printing changed the licensing of printed books, placing a church High Commission in charge, using clerical licensers. Why did this not expand to licensing plays for performance? Scandalous attacks on the church hierarchy by ‘Martin Marprelate’ involved the players, despite Tilney’s attempts to restrain them. His powers are still limited: a commission to regulate playing is suggested, involving both the City and the church, as well as Tilney, but nothing comes of it. The City tries to buy Tilney out, but fails. The chapter concludes with reflections on Christopher Marlowe: despite his notoriety there is no evidence that Tilney censored his plays. Only posthumously was Dr Faustus subject to Parliament’s 1606 Act of Abuses, forbidding blasphemous reference to God, Christ, and the Holy Spirit on stage.
The ‘Little Eyases’ and the Early Years of James’s Reign
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the King’s Men’s lost play about the Gowrie plot against James and concludes the Introduction’s discussion of Jonson’s Sejanus. But it mainly examines the scandalous plays of the Queen’s Revels company mentioned in Chapter 5a, notably Daniel’s own Philotas, Chapman, Marston, and Jonson’s Eastward Ho!, Day’s The Isle of Gulls, Chapman’s Byron plays, together with an unnamed play about James’s ‘Scottish mines’. These latter items so exasperated the king that he withdrew the company’s warrant in 1608. The punishment was more aimed at its management than at the ‘boys’, who by now were fully grown. Their playhouse, the Blackfriars, passed to the King’s Men. A new grouping of ‘boys’ assembled at the Whitefriars playhouse and regained the Queen’s Revels title in 1610, but their days were limited. That year Tilney died and Buc became undisputed Master of the Revels, with authority over all companies under royal patronage.
Technology and the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic had a brutal impact on the life of human beings around the globe. As of March 2020, SARS-CoV-2, a virus provoking severe acute respiratory syndrome, had spread from China to the rest of the world. Billions of people experienced severe limitations to their fundamental rights to move, work, and engage in physical contact with other human beings. Technology supported the global effort to respond to the health emergency and provided a lifeline for economies. Digital services allowed families to be in contact through videoconference applications or social networks. E-commerce fuelled home-delivery services to locked-down households. Technology made telework possible when offices were not accessible. But technology played a double role. It exacerbated the opportunity gap between those who could use it for studying or working and those who could not, facilitating the spread of misleading information on the virus, and shifting economic value to dominant digital companies, aggravating those concentration tendencies that have been increasingly observed in online markets. While the pandemic has undoubtedly pushed the economy to become more digitized, the outstanding question is how much of that level of digitization will be retained by business and users alike after the pandemic is over.
The Data Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Data is an essential input to the digital economy. As we have seen in the case of connectivity, a digital economy and society cannot prosper without a flourishing data economy behind it. However, the data value chain poses difficult challenges to policymakers, giving rise to complex and novel issues. Several important economic structural features associated with data and lack of transparency or competition often lead data markets to malfunction. Public policy can intervene, fostering competition and realigning the incentives of market players with those of society to achieve higher welfare levels. The European Union’s institutions have been very active in the area, setting global standards for privacy protection with the 2018 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and designing actions to support the development and uptake of data analytics in Europe.
The Horizons of Humanity
Authors: Sussman David
Published: August 2022

This paper examines Christine Korsgaard’s attempts to derive Kantian morality from a supposedly unmoralized understanding of rational agency, simply as such. It argues that although Korsgaard does not succeed in this effort, she still establishes an important conclusion. The proper moral of Korsgaard’s story is not that Kantian ethical norms are presupposed by rational agency per se. Instead, what she really shows is that such norms are implicit in the distinctively modern, liberal form of practical self-consciousness that we happen to inhabit as the result of wholly contingent historical processes. Although this more modest conclusion does, in a sense, relativize Kantian morality to a particular kind of cultural formation, the paper argues that this relativization is mostly harmless for practical intents and purposes.
Finite Valuers and the Problem of Vulnerability to Unmitigated Loss
Authors: Street Sharon
Published: August 2022

The Holy Grail of secular analytic metaethics—or, better, the “Non-Holy Grail”—would be a clear, informative, intuitively satisfying account of the subject matter of ethics that both (1) vindicates a strong form of ethical objectivity, while (2) avoiding any hint of metaphysical or epistemological mystery. For anyone who hasn’t given up on the search for the Non-Holy Grail, this paper suggests that there is no better stepping-off point than the path that Korsgaard’s work in metaethics has laid out for us. The paper briefly characterizes this path, called the generic constructivist strategy for vindicating the objectivity of ethics. It then works to implement one part of the strategy, the part that involves identifying a problem that faces all valuers simply in virtue of their being valuers at all. The paper argues that all finite valuers face what can be called the problem of vulnerability to unmitigated loss.
A Question of One’s Own
Authors: Ebels-Duggan Kyla
Published: August 2022

A modest constructivism that endorses the constructivist account of moral concepts, but gives up on the idea of deriving normative conceptions from them, retains most of the advantages of the more ambitious view that embraces both theses. It can address Prichard’s Dilemma and parry metaphysical and epistemological challenges. It cannot answer all intelligible skeptical questions. But this paper argues that it can answer all those that are ours in Christine Korsgaard’s important sense.
The Two Normativities
Authors: Velleman J. David
Published: August 2022

The normativity of language and the normativity of reasons are mutually independent: the disjunction between “is” and “ought” bears no philosophically significant relation to the disjunction between reason and passion—except, of course, that both were asserted by Hume. Beginning with this observation, this paper outlines a constitutivist conception of normativity, leading to the conclusion that metaethics is not a normative discipline.
Shadows of the Self
Authors: Pallikkathayil Japa
Published: August 2022

This paper argues that one’s authority to issue advance directives governing one’s medical care is limited in ways that have not been appreciated. It focuses on advance directives issued by people who go on to suffer from dementia. An adequate account of decision-making for those with dementia should be able to do justice to two related aspects of that condition. First, for practical purposes, sufferers of dementia both are and are not the same people they were before. Second, the “otherness” of the demented self reflects an unraveling rather than a becoming. The demented self is not a new self but rather the same old self in the process of disintegrating. The paper suggests that Christine Korsgaard’s treatment of personal identity provides a helpful framework for understanding these aspects of dementia. It also gives an account of decision-making for those with dementia that is sensitive to these aspects of dementia.