bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclosporine A combined with medium/low dose prednisone in progressive IgA nephropathy
Authors: Xu Lin , Liu Zhong‐Cheng , Guan Guang‐Ju , Lv Xue‐Ai , Luo Qing
Published: May 2014

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine A (CsA) combined with medium/low dose prednisone in the treatment of progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Ninety‐six patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were enrolled in a prospective controlled clinical study. They were assigned into two groups and initially given either 0.6–0.8 mg/kg/day prednisone (maximum 40 mg/day) plus 3 mg/kg/day CsA (CsA group), or 1 mg/kg/day prednisone (maximum 60 mg/day) alone (steroid group). During therapy, the dose of prednisone was reduced in both groups and the dose of CsA was gradually tailed off over the first 3 months and maintained at 2 mg/kg/day in the CsA group. Urinary protein excretion, serum biochemical indexes, clinical efficacy and side effects of CsA were assayed. A significant decline in mean 24‐hour urinary protein excretion (p < 0.05) was observed 1 month after treatment in patients in the CsA group, which was observed 2 months after treatment in the steroid group. The decline in mean 24‐hour urinary protein excretion in the CsA group was more significant than in the steroid group. Serum albumin level increased significantly in the CsA group 2 months after therapy (p < 0.05). Moreover, at the end of the course, a higher remission rate was observed in patients with Lee's Grade III IgAN after combined treatment with prednisone and CsA (p < 0.05). No significant difference in clinical efficacy was observed in patients with Lee's Grade IV and Grade V IgAN between the two groups (p > 0.05). CsA at a dose of 2–3 mg/kg/day in combination with medium/low dose prednisone was effective in inducing remission of IgAN, especially for patients with Lee's Grade III IgAN, and is a safe and effective choice for short‐term treatment of patients with progressive IgAN.
Institutionalizing Penitential Life in Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Third Orders, Rules, and Canonical Legitimacy
Authors: More Alison
Published: May 2014

In the early thirteenth century, informal communities of pious lay women in urban areas of Northern Europe came to the attention of the Church. These women lived in their own homes or small communities, and played a prominent role in secular society. However, these women soon found themselves both the subject of controversy, and increasingly steered toward a monastic model. Attempts were made to create and institutionalize a “middling” status. These primarily took the form of the creation of “third orders” or “tertiary groups” attached to official religious orders. Using the example of the so-called Franciscan third order, this article explores the evolution and institutionalization of penitential life from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries. It both traces the evolution of the fictive Franciscan penitential order, and places it in its wider context. In so doing, it explores the norms and controversies associated with this way of life in later medieval and early modern religious culture.
The Inner Life of Doctrine: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Calvinist-Arminian Debate Among Methodists
Authors: Hindmarsh Bruce
Published: May 2014

A number of years ago I spent time at the John Rylands University Library in Manchester reading the manuscript letters of lay Methodists. One of these was written on May 19, 1740 by a young single mother with two children, offering a moving account of her conversion to Charles Wesley. The writer's name was Margaret Austin. At the end of her letter, just below her signature she added an emphatic postscript that summarized her religious experience: “Awakened by the Reverend Mr. Whitefield: convicted by the Reverend Mr. Jn Wesley: Converted by the Reverend Mr. Charles; for the truth of whose doctrine in the strength of the Lord I am ready to lay down my life.”
Path planning of the hybrid parallel robot for ankle rehabilitation
Authors: Rakhodaei Hamid , Saadat Mozafar , Rastegarpanah Alireza , Abdullah Che Zulkhairi
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a new configuration for ankle rehabilitation using a 9-DOF (degree of freedom) hybrid parallel robot. The robot contains nine linear actuators serially connecting two movable platforms and one stationary platform. The optimization is based on the singularity and dynamic analysis of the robot. The obtained data of the ankle motions from a series of experiments were applied to the model in order to investigate the motion of the end-effector and the force required for each actuator in a particular path. The end-effector tracking simulation results validated the proposed theoretical analysis of the required rehabilitation path of the foot.
NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF DYNAMIC PANEL MODELS WITH FIXED EFFECTS
Authors: Lee Yoonseok
Published: May 2014

This paper considers nonparametric estimation of autoregressive panel data models with fixed effects. A within-group type series estimator is developed and its convergence rate and asymptotic normality are derived. It is found that the series estimator is asymptotically biased and the bias could reduce the mean-square convergence rate compared with the cross-section cases. A bias corrected nonparametric estimator is developed.
First norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of green seaweed (Enteromorpha spp.) in South Korea
Authors: PARK J. H. , JEONG H. S. , LEE J. S. , LEE S. W. , CHOI Y. H. , CHOI S. J. , JOO I. S. , KIM Y. R. , PARK Y. K. , YOUN S. K.
Published: May 2014

In February 2012, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in school A; a successive outbreak was reported at school B. A retrospective cohort study conducted in school A showed that seasoned green seaweed with radishes (relative risk 7·9, 95% confidence interval 1·1–56·2) was significantly associated with illness. Similarly, a case-control study of students at school B showed that cases were 5·1 (95% confidence interval 1·1–24·8) times more likely to have eaten seasoned green seaweed with pears. Multiple norovirus genotypes were detected in samples from students in schools A and B. Norovirus GII.6 isolated from schools A and B were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Green seaweed was supplied by company X, and norovirus GII.4 was isolated from samples of green seaweed. Green seaweed was assumed to be linked to these outbreaks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported norovirus outbreak associated with green seaweed.
Diclofenac is toxic to the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis: widening the diversity of raptors threatened by NSAID misuse in South Asia
Authors: SHARMA ANIL K. , SAINI MOHINI , SINGH SHAMBHU D. , PRAKASH VIBHU , DAS ASIT , BHARATHI DASAN R. , PANDEY SHAILEY , BOHARA DAULAL , GALLIGAN TOBY H. , GREEN RHYS E. , KNOPP DIETMAR , CUTHBERT RICHARD J.
Published: May 2014

Three Critically Endangered Gyps vultures endemic to South Asia continue to decline due to the use of diclofenac to treat livestock. High nephrotoxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures, leading to death, has been established by experiment and observation, in four out of five Gyps vulture species which occur in South Asia. Declines have also been observed in South Asia’s four other non-Gyps vulture species, but to date there has been no evidence about the importance of diclofenac as a potential cause. Neither is there any evidence on the toxicity of diclofenac to the Accipitridae other than vultures. In this study, gross and microscopic lesions and diclofenac tissue levels in Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis found at a cattle carcass dump in Rajasthan, India, show evidence of the toxicity of diclofenac for this species. These findings suggest the possibility that diclofenac is toxic to other accipitrid raptors and is therefore a potential threat to much wider range of scavenging species in South Asia.
Sex Definitions and Gender Practices
Authors: CREGAN KATE
Published: May 2014

In recent years the Australian parliament has been considering the rights to protection from discrimination of intersex and gender identity disorder (GID) people. In 2013 such protections were made law in the amendment to the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, which in turn has influenced Senate inquiries into the medical treatment of intersex people. This year’s Australian report describes the purview and the potential ramifications of the inquiry of the Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs, published in October 2013, into the involuntary or coerced sterilization of intersex people in Australia.
The problems that exist when considering the anatomic variability between the channels that permit interventricular shunting
Authors: Bailliard Frédérique , Spicer Diane E. , Mohun Timothy J. , Henry G. William , Anderson Robert H.
Published: May 2014

Although steps are being taken to produce a universally acceptable coding system for categorisation of the congenitally malformed hearts, obstacles remain in the search for consensus. One of the groups of lesions continuing to produce the greatest problems is those that permit interventricular shunting. The difficulties relate partly to the words used to describe the group itself, as those using Germanic languages describe the holes as ventricular septal defects, whereas those using Romance languages consider them to represent interventricular communications. The two terms, however, are not necessarily synonymous. Further disagreements relate to whether the lesions placed within the group should be sub-categorised on the basis of their geographical location within the ventricular mass, as opposed to the anatomic nature of their borders. In reality, attention to both the features is necessary if we are to recognise the full extent of phenotypic variability. In this review, we first review the evolution and theories of analysis naming the channels that permit interventricular shunting. We then demonstrate that embryologic techniques provide evidence that the changing morphology of the developing murine heart parallels the anatomy of the different lesions encountered in the congenitally malformed human heart. We suggest that, with attention paid to the temporal development of the normal murine heart, combined with a strict definition of the plane of separation between the right and left ventricular cavities, it will be feasible to produce a categorisation that is acceptable to all.
Universalising Aspirations: Community and Social Service in the Ismaʻili Imagination in Twentieth-Century South Asia and East Africa
Authors: MUKHERJEE SOUMEN
Published: May 2014

Taking the example of the Ismaʻilis in colonial South Asia and East Africa, this article examines some aspects of the complexities involved in the identity formation of communities seeking gradual redefinitions in a deterritorialised global context, reformulating notions of community membership in the process. The Ismaʻili case illustrates an intertwined history of the development of community identity, and a language of social service that became the hallmark of the community under a religious leadership that virtually redefined its position through a vigorous and increasing emphasis on the idiom of social commitment. At one level, this thrust marks a passage from the translocal to the global context, intelligible in terms of the conceptual rubric of global assemblages. At another level, the article also seeks to evaluate the nature of the community's diasporic experience in Africa. It suggests that the ideational framework and praxis of social service — and in more recent times grander developmental endeavours addressing the needs of both Ismaʻilis and non-Ismaʻilis across the world — both reflect, and are mutually constitutive of, more fundamental experiments with identity and repositioning of religious authority that the Ismaʻilis first witnessed in colonial South Asia and East Africa. This article is thus an effort to retrieve some of the continuities and ruptures in the historical process.
Contribution of food sources to the vitamin B12 status of South Indian children from a birth cohort recruited in the city of Mysore
Authors: Christian Anna M , Krishnaveni Ghattu V , Kehoe Sarah H , Veena Sargoor R , Khanum Rumana , Marley-Zagar Ella , Edwards Phil , Margetts Barrie M , Fall Caroline HD
Published: May 2014

Objective

There is evidence that subclinical vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is common in India. Vegetarianism is prevalent and therefore meat consumption is low. Our objective was to explore the contribution of B12-source foods and maternal B12 status during pregnancy to plasma B12 concentrations.

Design

Maternal plasma B12 concentrations were measured during pregnancy. Children’s dietary intakes and plasma B12 concentrations were measured at age 9·5 years; B12 and total energy intakes were calculated using food composition databases. We used linear regression to examine associations between maternal B12 status and children’s intakes of B12 and B12-source foods, and children’s plasma B12 concentrations.

Setting

South Indian city of Mysore and surrounding rural areas.

Subjects

Children from the Mysore Parthenon Birth Cohort (n 512, 47·1 % male).

Results

Three per cent of children were B12 deficient (<150 pmol/l). A further 14 % had ‘marginal’ B12 concentrations (150–221 pmol/l). Children’s total daily B12 intake and consumption frequencies of meat and fish, and micronutrient-enriched beverages were positively associated with plasma B12 concentrations (P=0·006, P=0·01 and P=0·04, respectively, adjusted for socio-economic indicators and maternal B12 status). Maternal pregnancy plasma B12 was associated with children’s plasma B12 concentrations, independent of current B12 intakes (P<0·001). Milk and curd (yoghurt) intakes were unrelated to B12 status.

Conclusions

Meat and fish are important B12 sources in this population. Micronutrient-enriched beverages appear to be important sources in our cohort, but their high sugar content necessitates care in their recommendation. Improving maternal B12 status in pregnancy may improve Indian children’s status.
Workfare – a Blast from the Past? Contemporary Work Conditionality for the Unemployed in Historical Perspective
Authors: Fletcher Del Roy
Published: May 2014

During 2011, the UK Government introduced the Mandatory Work Activity scheme, which requires JSA claimants to work in order to continue receiving benefit. Workfare has been viewed as a radical departure in the evolution of British labour market policy. However, an historical review of workfare in inter-war Britain reveals that the most recent proposals merely resuscitate a heritage of compelling the long-term unemployed to work for their benefit. Both then and now workfare has flourished in times of economic crisis, and particularly where Governments have pursued economic theories which exalt the market. Historical analysis reveals important continuities and changes in the nature of contemporary workfare.
Genebanks and genomics: how to interconnect data from both communities?
Authors: Finkers Richard , Chibon Pierre-Yves , van Treuren Rob , Visser Richard , van Hintum Theo
Published: May 2014

Genebanks are important suppliers of genetic resources to the genomics research community, and access to the resulting information will allow traditional genebank users to better select genetic material for their breeding and scientific programmes. We discuss herein a possible solution to interconnect these data automatically based on semantic web technology.
Sub-15-nm patterning of asymmetric metal electrodes and devices by adhesion lithography
Authors: Beesley David J. , Semple James , Krishnan Jagadamma Lethy , Amassian Aram , McLachlan Martyn A. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , deMello John C.
Published: May 2014

Coplanar electrodes formed from asymmetric metals separated on the nanometre length scale are essential elements of nanoscale photonic and electronic devices. Existing fabrication methods typically involve electron-beam lithography—a technique that enables high fidelity patterning but suffers from significant limitations in terms of low throughput, poor scalability to large areas and restrictive choice of substrate and electrode materials. Here, we describe a versatile method for the rapid fabrication of asymmetric nanogap electrodes that exploits the ability of selected self-assembled monolayers to attach conformally to a prepatterned metal layer and thereby weaken adhesion to a subsequently deposited metal film. The method may be carried out under ambient conditions using simple equipment and a minimum of processing steps, enabling the rapid fabrication of nanogap electrodes and optoelectronic devices with aspect ratios in excess of 100,000.
Polarization fatigue of organic ferroelectric capacitors
Authors: Zhao Dong , Katsouras Ilias , Li Mengyuan , Asadi Kamal , Tsurumi Junto , Glasser Gunnar , Takeya Jun , Blom Paul W. M. , de Leeuw Dago M.
Published: May 2014

The polarization of the ferroelectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE) decreases upon prolonged cycling. Understanding of this fatigue behavior is of great technological importance for the implementation of P(VDF-TrFE) in random-access memories. However, the origin of fatigue is still ambiguous. Here we investigate fatigue in thin-film capacitors by systematically varying the frequency and amplitude of the driving waveform. We show that the fatigue is due to delamination of the top electrode. The origin is accumulation of gases, expelled from the capacitor, under the impermeable top electrode. The gases are formed by electron-induced phase decomposition of P(VDF-TrFE), similar as reported for inorganic ferroelectric materials. When the gas barrier is removed and the waveform is adapted, a fatigue-free ferroelectric capacitor based on P(VDF-TrFE) is realized. The capacitor can be cycled for more than 108 times, approaching the programming cycle endurance of its inorganic ferroelectric counterparts.
Oxidation triggered atomic restructures enhancing the electrooxidation activities of carbon supported platinum–ruthenium catalysts
Authors: Huang Po-Chun , Chen Hong-Shuo , Liu Yu-Ting , Chen I-Li , Huang Sheng-Yang , Nguyen Ha M. , Wang Kuan-Wen , Hu Chi-Chang , Chen Tsan-Yao
Published: May 2014

The atomic structure of carbon supported bimetallic nanocatalysts can be manipulated by oxidation treatment.
Colorimetric determination of thiol compounds in serum based on Fe-MIL-88NH2 metal–organic framework as peroxidase mimetics
Authors: Jiang Zhongwei , Liu Yali , Hu Xiaoli , Li Yuanfang
Published: May 2014

A new method for rapid and sensitive detection of biothiols has been developed based on the competitive reaction between TMB and thiol compounds with ˙OH in Fe-MIL-88NH2/H2O2 catalytic oxidation system.
Simultaneous determination of six fluoroquinolones in milk by validated QuEChERS-DLLME HPLC-FLD
Authors: Karami-Osboo Rouhollah , Shojaee Mohammad Hossein , Miri Ramin , Kobarfard Farzad , Javidnia Katayoun
Published: May 2014

We developed a novel, simple, fast and environmentally friendly extraction method (QuEChERS-DLLME) for the determination of fluoroquinolones in milk samples.
Biaxial aromatics with face-on/edge-on stacking adaptability: an STM/STS study of 1D nanowires assembled via rotatable ethynyls
Authors: Lee Shern-Long , Wu Hung-Jen , Hsu Yu-Ju , Chen Hsiu-Hui , Hsu Hsiu-Fu , Chen Chun-hsien
Published: May 2014

Biaxial aromatics with face-on/edge-on stacking adaptability.
Quantitative studies of crystal nucleation at constant supersaturation: experimental data and models
Authors: Sear Richard P.
Published: May 2014

Crystallisation starts with nucleation, which is rather poorly understood.
Crystal structures and hydrogen bond analysis of five amino acid conjugates of terephthalic and benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acids
Authors: Karmakar Anirban , Oliver Clive L. , Platero-Prats Ana E. , Laurila Elina , Öhrström Lars
Published: May 2014

This amino acid derived (red&blue) π-stacked (green) hydrogen bonded (striped) dimer forms a pcu-net with water molecules in the narrow channels. Four related molecules are also presented and all were subjected to graph set and Hirshfeld surface analyses.
Preparation and characterization of SiC@CNT coaxial nanocables using CNTs as a template
Authors: Qi Xiaoxia , Zhai Guangmei , Liang Jian , Ma Shufang , Liu Xuguang , Xu Bingshe
Published: May 2014

Novel one-dimensional SiC@carbon nanotube (CNT) coaxial nanocables have been successfully fabricated by using a carbothermal chemical vapor deposition method.
Contamination-resistant silica antireflective coating with closed ordered mesopores
Authors: Sun Jinghua , Zhang Qinghua , Ding Ruimin , Lv Haibing , Yan Hongwei , Yuan Xiaodong , Xu Yao
Published: May 2014

Silica antireflective coating with ordered mesopores closed by long chain fluoroalkylxane has high environmental stability.
Charge-carrier dynamics in vapour-deposited films of the organolead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3−xClx
Authors: Wehrenfennig Christian , Liu Mingzhen , Snaith Henry J. , Johnston Michael B. , Herz Laura M.
Published: May 2014

High charge-carrier mobilities and recombination lifetimes are revealed for CH3NH3PbI3−xClxfilms made by dual-source evaporation. Extracted diffusion lengths approach 3 microns, underlining the high suitability of the evaporated perovskite for planar-heterojunction solar cells.
Assessing diffusion in enzyme loaded sol–gel matrices
Authors: Barreira Gustavo , Ferreira Ana S. D. , Vidinha Pedro , Cabral Joaquim M. S. , Martinho José M. G. , Lima João Carlos , Cabrita Eurico J. , Barreiros Susana
Published: May 2014

Assessing the diffusion of solvent and reaction species within a sol–gel matrix using pulsed field gradient spin echo HR-MAS NMR.
Polyiminofluorene with conjugated benzimidazolylpyridine substituent groups: optical properties, ionochromism and coordinative self-assembly into electrochromic films
Authors: Cheng Kalie , Tieke Bernd
Published: May 2014

A new polyiminofluorene with conjugated bis(methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine ligands in the side chain has been synthesized. Ionochromism of the polymer and electrochromic behaviour after coordinative layer-by-layer assembly into ultrathin films are described.
Understanding the electron density reorganization upon stacking vs. H-bonding interaction in methyl gallate–caffeine complexes
Authors: Estévez Laura , Sánchez-Lozano Marta , Mosquera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2014

QTAIM analysis of selected subcomplexes contained in methyl gallate-caffeine crystal indicate: a) significant differences between electron density reorganization involved in H-bonds and stacking interactions; b) cooperative effects are only significant when bond paths associated to homomonomeric hydrogen bonds are found.
Capacity improved robust lossless image watermarking
Authors: Thabit Rasha , Khoo Bee Ee
Published: May 2014

Nowadays, the lossless watermarking methods that can resist attacks have attracted more attention. Obtaining a robust lossless watermarking was at the cost of reducing the capacity and the watermarked image quality. This study presents a new robust lossless watermarking scheme in the transform domain where the Slantlet transform (SLT) has been applied to transform the host image and blocks of the SLT coefficients have been selected for the embedding process. The histograms of the selected blocks are modified according to a predefined threshold value to carry the watermark bits. The overflow/underflow of the pixel values have been avoided by using a pixel adjustment method as a post‐processing step. In the proposed scheme, the original host image can be recovered without any distortion after the hidden watermark has been extracted and the watermark can withstand different kinds of attacks. In comparison with the previous methods, the proposed scheme has higher embedding capacity, better robustness against unintentional attacks and improved visual quality. The results of the experiments prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Predictive sentence processing in L2 and L1
Authors: Kaan Edith
Published: May 2014

There is ample evidence that native speakers anticipate upcoming information at various levels during sentence comprehension. In contrast, some studies on late second-language (L2) learners support the view that L2 learners do not anticipate information during processing, or at least, not to the same extent as native speakers do. In the current paper, I propose that native and L2 speakers are underlyingly the same as far as sentence processing mechanisms are concerned, and that potential differences in anticipatory behavior can be accounted for by the same factors that drive individual differences in native speakers; in particular, differences in frequency biases, competing information, the accuracy and consistency of the lexical representation, and task-induced effects. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Two suppletive adjectives in Megleno-Romanian
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: May 2014

This study involves the existence in Megleno-Romanian dialects of a lexically suppletive distinction between singular and plural forms of the adjectives meaning ‘small’ and ‘big’. The phenomenon has gone largely unnoticed both by comparative Romance linguists and by morphological theorists yet it is both typologically surprising and theoretically significant. Analysis of a remarkably similar phenomenon in mainland Scandinavian languages led Börjars and Vincent (2011) to propose a considerably attenuated version of Maiden’s claim (2004) that lexical synonymy can drive the diachronic emergence of suppletion. My close investigation of the the source of the suppletion in Megleno-Romanian, and consideration of the Scandinavian facts in the light of the Megleno-Romanian data, will show that in fact the emergence of suppletion in just these adjectives constitutes excellent evidence for the claim that lexical synonymy favours suppletion.
Poeta en Christiania
Authors: Pellicer Juan Lopez
Published: May 2014

¿Qué otra cosa puede ser la literatura
Effects of Surgically Implanting Radio Transmitters in Juvenile Largemouth Bass
Authors: Thompson Brandon C. , Porak Wesley , Allen Micheal S.
Published: May 2014

Recent advances in the technology of miniature radio transmitters have allowed researchers to study smaller fish, including juveniles, for which behavioral information is lacking. Transmitters selected should have minimal effects on tagged fish so that inferences may be made about untagged individuals. Our objective was to evaluate the short‐term effects of surgically inserted dummy transmitters (1.2–2.7% of the fish's body weight) on growth and predator avoidance in 90–120‐mm hatchery‐reared Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. We compared growth and predator avoidance between tagged and untagged (control) fish in tanks. Mortality of tagged and control fish was variable by tank and was most commonly caused by columnaris, a fish disease widespread in aquaculture. A slight impairment of growth for tagged fish (difference of as much as 1.19% body weight gained per day) was observed during experiments run for 21 and 30 d. At the conclusion of each growth experiment, most fish had shed their suture and incisions had completely healed. No incidents of transmitter expulsion occurred in either growth experiment. During the predation trials, 49% of both tagged fish and controls were eaten by predators, suggesting that the radio tags did not affect the fish's vulnerability to predation. Despite some mortality observed in the laboratory and slight growth impairment in tagged fish, predation studies implied that the ability to avoid predators was not affected in tagged individuals. Therefore, we conclude that surgical implantation of radio transmitters can be a valid tagging technique for examining the behavior of juvenile Largemouth Bass in short‐term field studies.
Advantages and Challenges of Genetic Stock Identification in Fish Stocks with Low Genetic Resolution
Authors: Araujo H. Andres , Candy John R. , Beacham Terry D. , White Bruce , Wallace Colin
Published: May 2014

Genetic stock identification (GSI) is widely applied to mixed‐stock fisheries for many commercially exploited species. However, the accuracy of GSI depends on the level of differentiation among stocks. To evaluate our ability to estimate contributions in mixed‐stock fisheries of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, a species with limited population genetic differentiation, we analyzed 46 odd‐year Pink Salmon stocks belonging to a baseline of genotypes from southern British Columbia, the Fraser River, and Puget Sound. Samples were obtained without replacement from the baseline (known mixtures), and 16 microsatellite loci were used for analysis with two software packages (cBayes and ONCOR) to evaluate the accuracy of using this marker set to identify the correct region, subregion, and spawning site. The correct subregion was identified for Pink Salmon from southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. However, incorrect assignments were observed for the Fraser River subregions and the stock‐specific estimates. In addition, we used simulated baselines with the average genetic differentiation index FST ranging from 0.0007 to 0.04 (the range of FST values observed in Pink Salmon stocks) to identify biases in the GSI software programs. The results suggested that stock‐level genetic identification is subject to significant biases (>15%) when the average FST among baseline stocks is less than 0.01. ONCOR was more accurate than cBayes in identifying the correct stock at small mean FST values (<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the software packages at larger FST values. Our results can help to improve GSI methods and to identify their limitations, especially for stocks with low genetic separation.
Proximate Composition and Energy Density of Stream‐Maturing Adult Steelhead during Upstream Migration, Sexual Maturity, and Kelt Emigration
Authors: Penney Zachary L. , Moffitt Christine M.
Published: May 2014

In anadromous salmonids, muscle tissue provides the primary source of energy to support spawning migrations and spawning. We examined changes in the lipid content, protein content, and energy density of white muscle collected from stream‐maturing Snake River–Columbia River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss during several phases of reproduction. At a basinwide scale, we estimated that between early freshwater entry and postspawning (kelt) emigration, the lipid content of white muscle was reduced by 94% to levels less than 1% of wet tissue weight. Lipid was depleted more rapidly than protein during the reproductive cycle and afterward provided the only remaining somatic energy source for the postspawning migration. We found that protein content was consistently higher in sexually mature male steelhead than in females, suggesting that energy allocation prior to reproduction varies between the sexes. In kelts, the lipid content, protein content, and energy density of white muscle were significantly higher in good‐condition individuals than in poor‐condition fish. Fork length was positively correlated with both protein content and energy density in kelts, suggesting that larger kelts have higher somatic energy than smaller kelts. We found no evidence of significant interannual variation in lipid, protein, and energy density of sexually mature steelhead and steelhead kelts. Postspawning survival of steelhead is likely limited by the low energy density of kelts, and our data lend support to observations of low iteroparity rates in this and other populations of inland stream‐maturing steelhead.
Development of a Multimetric Index for Fish Assemblages in a Cold Tailwater in Tennessee
Authors: Ivasauskas Tomas J. , Bettoli Phillip W.
Published: May 2014

Tailwaters downstream of hypolimnetic‐release hydropeaking dams exhibit a unique combination of stressors that affects the structure and function of resident fish assemblages. We developed a statistically and biologically defensible multimetric index of fish assemblages for the Caney Fork River below Center Hill Dam, Tennessee. Fish assemblages were sampled at five sites using boat‐mounted and backpack electrofishing gear from fall 2009 through summer 2011. A multivariate statistical approach was used to select metrics that best reflected the downstream gradients in abiotic variables. Five metrics derived from boat electrofishing samples and four metrics derived from backpack electrofishing samples were selected for incorporation into the index based on their high correlation with environmental data. The nine metrics demonstrated predictable patterns of increase or decrease with increasing distance downstream of the dam. The multimetric index generally exhibited a pattern of increasing scores with increasing distance from the dam, indicating a downstream recovery gradient in fish assemblage composition. The index can be used to monitor anticipated changes in the fish communities of the Caney Fork River when repairs to Center Hill Dam are completed later this decade, resulting in altered dam operations.
Fishing for Resilience
Authors: Pope Kevin L. , Allen Craig R. , Angeler David G.
Published: May 2014

Management approaches that focus on social–ecological systems—systems comprised of ecosystems, landscapes, and humans—are needed to secure the sustainability of inland recreational fisheries without jeopardizing the integrity of the underlying social and ecological components. Resilience management can be useful because it focuses on providing recreational capacity for fishermen under a variety of conditions while assuring that the social–ecological system is not pushed to a critical threshold that would result in a new, undesired system regime. Resilience management is based on a system perspective that accounts for the possible regimes a system could manifest. It aims to enhance system properties that allow continued maintenance of the system in a desired regime in which multiple goods and services, including recreational capacity, are provided. In this forum paper, we provide an overview of the potential of a resilience approach to the management of recreational fisheries and highlight the scientific and administrative challenges to its successful implementation.
Russkii Obraz and the politics of “managed nationalism”
Authors: Horvath Robert
Published: May 2014

This article examines the rise ofRusskii Obraz,a Russian ultranationalist organization whose leaders cultivated a neo-fascist ideology and collaborated with skinhead gangs. Despite its extremism,Russkii Obrazplayed an important role in the Kremlin's “managed nationalism,” a set of measures to manipulate the nationalist sector of the political arena. During 2008–2009,Russkii Obrazcollaborated closely with pro-Kremlin youth organizations and enjoyed privileged access to Russia's tightly controlled public sphere. This article argues that the key toRusskii Obraz'sbrief ascendancy was its duality, its capacity to project moderation in public and extremism in private. For several years, this duality enabledRusskii Obrazto participate in public life while building a support base in the skinhead subculture. But the two projects collided when the security organs exposedRusskii Obraz'slinks to an ultranationalist death-squad. Nevertheless, official indulgence ofRusskii Obrazcannot be attributed merely to ignorance of its violent potential. This indulgence also reflected the fact that it was precisely those at the neo-fascist limits of the political spectrum who were most willing to collaborate in the regime's efforts to suppress demands for democratization.
The segment as the minimal planning unit in speech production: Evidence based on absolute response latencies
Authors: Kawamoto Alan H. , Liu Qiang , Lee Ria J. , Grebe Patricia R.
Published: May 2014

A minimal amount of information about a word must be phonologically and phonetically encoded before a person can begin to utter that word. Most researchers assume that the minimum is the complete word or possibly the initial syllable. However, there is some evidence that the initial segment is sufficient based on longer durations when the initial segment is primed. In two experiments in which the initial segment of a monosyllabic word is primed or not primed, we present additional evidence based on very short absolute response times determined on the basis of acoustic and articulatory onset relative to presentation of the complete target. We argue that the previous failures to find very short absolute response times when the initial segment is primed are due in part to the exclusive use of acoustic onset as a measure of response latency, the exclusion of responses with very short acoustic latencies, the manner of articulation of the initial segment (i.e., plosive vs. nonplosive), and individual differences. Theoretical implications of the segment as the minimal planning unit are considered.
Generalized sampling and the stable and accurate reconstruction of piecewise analytic functions from their Fourier coefficients
Authors: Adcock Ben , Hansen Anders
Published: May 2014

Suppose that the first

m
m

Fourier coefficients of a piecewise analytic function are given. Direct expansion in a Fourier series suffers from the Gibbs phenomenon and lacks uniform convergence. Nonetheless, in this paper we show that, under very broad conditions, it is always possible to recover an

n
n

-term expansion in a different system of functions using only these coefficients. Such an expansion can be made arbitrarily close to the best possible

n
n

-term expansion in the given system. Thus, if a piecewise polynomial basis is employed, for example, exponential convergence can be restored. The resulting method is linear, numerically stable and can be implemented efficiently in only

O

(
n
m
)

\mathcal {O} \left (n m\right )

operations.

A key issue is how the parameter

m
m

must scale in comparison to

n
n

to ensure such recovery. We derive analytical estimates for this scaling for large classes of polynomial and piecewise polynomial bases. In particular, we show that in many important cases, including the case of piecewise Chebyshev polynomials, this scaling is quadratic:

m
=

O

(

n
2

)

m=\mathcal {O}\left (n^2\right )

. Therefore, with a system of polynomials that the user is essentially free to choose, one can restore exponential accuracy in

n
n

and root-exponential accuracy in

m
m

. This generalizes a result proved recently for piecewise Legendre polynomials.
Fibrinogen Concentrate Does Not Suppress Endogenous Fibrinogen Synthesis in a 24-hour Porcine Trauma Model
Authors: Zentai Christian , Braunschweig Till , Schnabel Jonas , Rose Michael , Rossaint Rolf , Grottke Oliver
Published: May 2014

Background:

Fibrinogen concentrate may reduce blood loss after trauma. However, its effect on endogenous fibrinogen synthesis is unknown. The authors investigated the effect of exogenous human fibrinogen on endogenous fibrinogen metabolism in a 24-h porcine trauma model.

Methods:

Coagulopathy was induced in 20 German Landrace pigs by hemodilution and blunt liver injury. Animals were randomized to receive fibrinogen concentrate (100 mg/kg; infusion beginning 20 min postinjury and lasting approximately 10 min) or saline. Fibrinogen concentration, thromboelastometry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fibrinogen genes in liver tissue samples were recorded. Internal organs were examined histologically for emboli.

Results:

Coagulation parameters were impaired and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were reduced before starting infusion of fibrinogen concentrate/saline. Twenty minutes after starting infusion, exogenous fibrinogen supplementation had increased plasma fibrinogen concentration versus controls (171 ± 19 vs. 63 ± 10 mg/dl [mean ± SD for Multifibren U]; 185 ± 30 vs. 41 ± 4 mg/dl [Thrombin reagent]; P < 0.05 for both comparisons). The between-group difference in plasma fibrinogen concentration diminished thereafter, with maximum concentrations in both groups observed at approximately 24 h, that is, during the acute-phase reaction after trauma. Fibrinogen supplementation did not down-regulate endogenous fibrinogen synthesis (no between-group differences in fibrinogen messenger RNA). Total postinjury blood loss was significantly lower in the fibrinogen group (1,062 ± 216 vs. 1,643 ± 244 ml; P < 0.001). No signs of thromboembolism were observed.

Conclusions:

Administration of human fibrinogen concentrate did not down-regulate endogenous porcine fibrinogen synthesis. The effect on plasma fibrinogen concentration was most pronounced at 20 min but nonsignificant at approximately 24 h.
Control of mitochondrial integrity in ageing and disease
Authors: Szklarczyk Radek , Nooteboom Marco , Osiewacz Heinz D.
Published: May 2014

Various molecular and cellular pathways are active in eukaryotes to control the quality and integrity of mitochondria. These pathways are involved in keeping a ‘healthy’ population of this essential organelle during the lifetime of the organism. Quality control (QC) systems counteract processes that lead to organellar dysfunction manifesting as degenerative diseases and ageing. We discuss disease- and ageing-related pathways involved in mitochondrial QC: mtDNA repair and reorganization, regeneration of oxidized amino acids, refolding and degradation of severely damaged proteins, degradation of whole mitochondria by mitophagy and finally programmed cell death. The control of the integrity of mtDNA and regulation of its expression is essential to remodel single proteins as well as mitochondrial complexes that determine mitochondrial functions. The redundancy of components, such as proteases, and the hierarchies of the QC raise questions about crosstalk between systems and their precise regulation. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms on the genomic, proteomic, organellar and cellular levels holds the key for the development of interventions for mitochondrial dysfunctions, degenerative processes, ageing and age-related diseases resulting from impairments of mitochondria.
The costs of being male: are there sex-specific effects of uniparental mitochondrial inheritance?
Authors: Beekman Madeleine , Dowling Damian K. , Aanen Duur K.
Published: May 2014

Eukaryotic cells typically contain numerous mitochondria, each with multiple copies of their own genome, the mtDNA. Uniparental transmission of mitochondria, usually via the mother, prevents the mixing of mtDNA from different individuals. While on the one hand, this should resolve the potential for selection for fast-replicating mtDNA variants that reduce organismal fitness, maternal inheritance will, in theory, come with another set of problems that are specifically relevant to males. Maternal inheritance implies that the mitochondrial genome is never transmitted through males, and thus selection can target only the mtDNA sequence when carried by females. A consequence is that mtDNA mutations that confer male-biased phenotypic expression will be prone to evade selection, and accumulate. Here, we review the evidence from the ecological, evolutionary and medical literature for male specificity of mtDNA mutations affecting fertility, health and ageing. While such effects have been discovered experimentally in the laboratory, their relevance to natural populations—including the human population—remains unclear. We suggest that the existence of male expression-biased mtDNA mutations is likely to be a broad phenomenon, but that these mutations remain cryptic owing to the presence of counter-adapted nuclear compensatory modifier mutations, which offset their deleterious effects.
Does autophagy mediate age-dependent effect of dietary restriction responses in the filamentous fungus
Podospora anserina
?
Authors: van Diepeningen Anne D. , Engelmoer Daniël J. P. , Sellem Carole H. , Huberts Daphne H. E. W. , Slakhorst S. Marijke , Sainsard-Chanet Annie , Zwaan Bas J. , Hoekstra Rolf F. , Debets Alfons J. M.
Published: May 2014

Autophagy is a well-conserved catabolic process, involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal/vacuolar machinery. Autophagy is typically induced by nutrient starvation and has a role in nutrient recycling, cellular differentiation, degradation and programmed cell death. Another common response in eukaryotes is the extension of lifespan through dietary restriction (DR). We studied a link between DR and autophagy in the filamentous fungus
Podospora anserina
, a multicellular model organism for ageing studies and mitochondrial deterioration. While both carbon and nitrogen restriction extends lifespan in
P. anserina,
the size of the effect varied with the amount and type of restricted nutrient. Natural genetic variation for the DR response exists. Whereas a switch to carbon restriction up to halfway through the lifetime resulted in extreme lifespan extension for wild-type
P. anserina
, all autophagy-deficient strains had a shorter time window in which ageing could be delayed by DR. Under nitrogen limitation, only Pa
Atg1
and Pa
Atg8
mediate the effect of lifespan extension; the other autophagy-deficient mutants Pa
PspA
and Pa
Uth1
had a similar response as wild-type. Our results thus show that the ageing process impinges on the DR response and that this at least in part involves the genetic regulation of autophagy.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of polyphenol oxidase fromJuglans regia(jrPPO1)
Authors: Zekiri Florime , Bijelic Aleksandar , Molitor Christian , Rompel Annette
Published: May 2014

Tyrosinase is a type 3 copper enzyme that catalyzes theortho-hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols as well as their subsequent oxidation to quinones, which are precursors for the biosynthesis of melanins. The first plant tyrosinase from walnut leaves (Juglans regia) was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. During the purification, two forms of the enzyme differing only in their C-termini [jrPPO1(Asp101–Pro444) andjrPPO1(Asp101–Arg445)] were obtained. The most abundant formjrPPO1(Asp101–Arg445), as described in Zekiriet al.[Phytochemistry(2014),101, 5–15], was crystallized, resulting in crystals that belonged to space groupC121, with unit-cell parametersa= 115.56,b= 91.90,c= 86.87 Å, α = 90, β = 130.186, γ = 90°, and diffracted to 2.39 Å resolution. Crystals were only obtained from solutions containing at least 30% polyethylene glycol 5000 monomethyl ether in a close-to-neutral pH range.