bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing electrical and tribological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix nanocomposite films by co-incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and silicon dioxide microparticles
Authors: Khun Nay Win , Loong Poh Yueh , Liu Erjia , Li Lin
Published: May 2015

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silicon dioxide microparticles (SiO2-MPs) were co-incorporated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrices to form PMMA/MWCNT-SiO2-MP nanocomposite films. The SiO2-MP content in the nanocomposite films was varied at a fixed MWCNT content of 4 wt% to investigate the effect of SiO2-MP content on the electrical and tribological properties of the PMMA/MWCNT-SiO2-MP nanocomposite films. The co-incorporation of MWCNTs and SiO2-MPs dramatically lowered the electrical resistance of the nanocomposite films compared to that of the PMMA film, while higher fractions of SiO2-MPs more effectively promoted the decrease in the electrical resistance of the nanocomposite films by improving the conductive networks formed by the MWCNTs in the PMMA matrices. Although the friction of the nanocomposite films significantly increased with increased SiO2-MP content due to the promoted mechanical interlocking between the surface asperities of two mating surfaces, the wear of the nanocomposite films was much less severe than that of the PMMA film during ball-on-disc tribological tests.
Aging hardening characteristic and electrical conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mo in situ composite
Authors: Wang Song , Zheng Tingting , Xie Ming , Chen Yongtai , Zhang Jiming
Published: May 2015

Cu-0.85Cr-0.5Zr-0.5Mo in situ composite was prepared by continuous casting, cold drawing, and aging treatment. By means of the analysis of microhardness, electrical conductivity, and transmission electron microscopy, the aging characteristics and microstructures of the in situ composite were investigated at different aging temperatures and aging times after cold deformation. The results show that the Cu-0.85Cr-0.5Zr-0.5Mo in situ composite has an excellent combination of the microhardness and electrical conductivity aged at 500°C for 4 h, and the microhardness and electrical conductivity reach 171 HV and 81.3% IACS, respectively. Small dispersed particles could strongly pin dislocations and stabilize the substructure from deformation. The main strengthening mechanisms for the in situ composite alloy are the work hardening and the secondary phase or interface strengthening. It was suggested that cold deformation before aging treatment can accelerate the precipitation of the secondary phase and improve the comprehensive properties of the Cu-Cr-Zr-Mo in situ composite.
Wall Pressure Measurements in a Convergent–Divergent Nozzle with Varying Inlet Asymmetry
Authors: Senthilkumar C. , Elangovan S. , Rathakrishnan E.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, flow separation of a convergent–divergent (C-D) nozzle is placed downstream of a supersonic flow delivered from Mach 2.0 nozzle is investigated. Static pressure measurements are conducted using pressure taps. The flow characteristics of straight and slanted entry C-D nozzle are investigated for various NPR of Mach 2.0 nozzle. The effect of asymmetry at inlet by providing 15°, 30°, 45° and 57° cut is analyzed. Particular attention is given to the location of the shock within the divergent section of the test nozzle. This location is examined as a function both NPR of Mach 2.0 nozzle and test nozzle inlet angle. Some of the measurements are favorably compared to previously developed theory. A Mach number ratio of 0.81 across the flow separation region was obtained.
3D printing of representation surfaces from tensor data of KH2PO4 and low-quartz utilizing the WinTensor software
Authors: Kaminsky Werner , Snyder Trevor , Stone-Sundberg Jennifer , Moeck Peter
Published: May 2015

Tensorial properties such as thermal expansion, optical rotation, the electro-optic effect, elastic constants, and many more are prepared with a Windows executable, WinTensor, for rendering a graphical representation that can be viewed on a monitor or printed out for a tangible 3D model. Examples of 3D printed representation surfaces in KH2PO4 and low-quartz are provided together with a summary of the state of the arts of 3D printing.
Synthesis and crystal structure of the two-dimensional coordination compound potassium oxo-bis(hydroxylamido)-pyridine-2, 3-dicarboxylato-vanadate(V)
Authors: Li Xiu-Cai , Zhang Heng-Qiang , Yang Qiong , Zhang Qi-Ying
Published: May 2015

The crystal structure of the title compound, K2[VO(C7H3O4N)(NH2O)2(H2O)]2, is composed of KO9 and VO5N2 polyhedra connected through pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate (2,3-dipicolinate) bridges. The VO5N2 coordination polyhedron is a pentagonal bipyramid, with hydroxylamido and dipicolinato ligands being bidentate. The axial positions are occupied by the terminal oxo ligand and one oxygen atom from a deprotonated carboxylate group. The oxygen atoms from hydroxylamido and the nitrogen atoms belonging either to the pyridine ring or to the hydroxylamido occupy the equatorial positions and form an approximate pentagonal plane. The irregular KO9 polyhedra are linked, sharing edges and planes to form infinite chains. These chains are linked by the dipicolinate bridges to form layers. The distorted VO5N2 polyhedron is grafted on to the layer by the dipicolinate carboxylate O atom. Adjacent layers are connected through N–H···O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supramolecular structure.
Synthesis and characterization of PbBaGeO4
Authors: Petschnig Lucas L. , Huppertz Hubert
Published: May 2015

PbBaGeO4was prepared by high-temperature solid-state synthesis at 900 °C in a platinum crucible from lead(II) oxide, barium carbonate, and germanium(IV) oxide. This compound crystallizes with the BaNdGaO4structure type in the orthorhombic space groupP212121(no. 19). The structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data:a= 1021.6(2),b= 763.4(2),c= 618.1(2) pm,V= 482.1(2) Å3, and residuals ofR1= 0.0373 andwR2= 0.0730 for all data. Next to structural data, Raman spectroscopic data of PbBaGeO4are reported.
Mussurana montana (Franco, Marques & Puorto, 1997) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae): noteworthy records and an updated distribution map
Authors: Costa Henrique C. , Santos Patrícia Silva , Laia Wanderlei Pereira , Garcia Paulo C. A. , Bérnils Renato Silveira
Published: May 2015

Mussurana montana is a poorly known dipsadid snake endemic to elevated areas in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. After the examination of specimens deposited in scientific collections, we update the distribution range of M. montana with five new locality records, including its first record from the state of Rio de Janeiro, and a new northernmost and easternmost record in the state of Minas Gerais. These new data reinforce the distribution of M. montana within the mountain ranges of Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, from 750–1,610 m above sea level.
Effects of Electrical Stress and High-Energy Electron Irradiation on the InGaP/GaAs Heterojunction Phototransistor
Authors: Than Phuc Hong , Uchida Kazuo , Makino Takahiro , Ohshima Takeshi , Nozaki Shinji
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we discuss the characteristics of the InGaP/GaAs heterojunction phototransistors (HPTs) before and after the electrical stress at room temperature and assess the effectiveness of the emitter-ledge passivation. Although an electrical stress given to the phototransistors by keeping a collector current density of 37 A/cm2 for 1 hour at room temperature was too small to affect the room-temperature common-emitter current gain and photocurrent of both HPTs with and without the emitter-ledge passivation, they showed a significant decrease at 420 K due to the room-temperature electrical stress. Nevertheless, the room-temperature common-emitter current gain and photocurrent of the HPT with the emitter-ledge passivation were still higher than those of the HPT without the emitter-ledge passivation. The effectiveness of the emitter-ledge passivation against the electrical stress was more significant than that on the current gain in the dark. In addition to the electrical stress experiment, for a potential application of the InGaP/GaAs HPTs in space, we will irradiate the HPTs with 1-MeV electrons at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Both current gain and photocurrent decreased significantly after the electron irradiation. In contrast to the electrical stress, the damage due to the high-energy electron irradiation is a bulk-related phenomenon, and the emitter-ledge passivation does not seem to suppress the degradation.
Hybrid Laser – Arc Welding Applied in Longitudinal Joints for Hydrocarbon Conduction Pipes
Authors: Fernández Tavitas Raúl J. , Garcés Rocío Saldaña , López Cortéz Víctor H.
Published: May 2015

In this paper the effect of hybrid laser arc welding on longitudinal joints for pipes of 1.27cm thick is investigated. For the investigation, an API X70 steel was welded with the HLAW process and then subjected to tensile, bending and micro hardness tests under standards for pipe manufacturing. Images of the weld seams were taken to observe the structure and size of the weld zones. Analysis was made by light microscopy to determine the phases present in the weld zones and to observe if there is a variation of grain size in the weld zones that adversely affects the mechanical properties of the API X70 steel. Results show that the mechanical properties of the joints meet the requirements for their use in pipe manufacturing; one reason is the low thickness of the weld zone that barely affects the original properties of API X70 steel. Also the presence of bainite in the microstructure of weld zones provides resistance to the joints.
Analysis of the Mechanical Behavior of a Paperboard Profile
Authors: Rico M. , Sandoval J. M. , Flores L.A. , Muñoz N. , Tamayo P.A. , González R. G.
Published: May 2015

This paper shows the technological development for manufacturing corner angle sections or cardboard. Its manufacture involves splicing sheets (liners) of different weight Kraft papers joined with white glue. The thickness and strength of each profile is determined by the amount of spliced leaves and paperweight. There are two types of finishing in the profile, which are: natural finish Kraft wrapping paper and the white paper envelope. The second one is used to print images or logos on the exterior face for advertising purposes. They can withstand bending stresses for supporting buckling in horizontal and vertical position. These profiles are mainly used for packaging, protect corners, transportation and storage. A machine for manufacturing specialized linear process to obtain the required thickness is used. In this article, the basic load of an angular profile is analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS 14 ®. Mechanical design considerations based on the mechanics of composite materials and the theory of laminated beams are considered. With the results of this analysis, load capacities like bending, buckling and deformation profiles are obtained. Furthermore, a comparison of three thicknesses of angular profiles supporting the mentioned loads is also presented.
Häufigkeit puerperaler Erkrankungen während der ersten 10 Tage post partum bei Stuten
Authors: Hussein H. A. , Loose M. , Wehrend A.
Published: May 2015

Ziel dieser Studie war, durch Auswertung von Patientendaten die Häufigkeit puerperaler Erkrankungen bei Zuchtstuten in den ersten 10 Tagen nach der Geburt darzustellen. Material und Methode: In einer Universitätsklinik wurden für einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren die Patientendaten von 308 Zuchtstuten mit puerperalen Störungen ausgewertet, die innerhalb der ersten 10 Tage post partum vorgestellt wurden. Dabei erfolgte eine Differenzierung zwischen Erkrankungen, die bei Erstuntersuchung diagnostiziert werden konnten, und Erkrankungen, die sich während des Aufenthalts in der Klinik entwickelten. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 21 Krankheitsbilder diagnostiziert, wobei Nachgeburtsverhaltung, Lochiometra und Verletzungen des Perineums am häufigsten vorkamen. Bei vielen Stuten konnte mehr als ein Krankheitsbild nachgewiesen werden. Bei Stuten mit einer Retentio secundinarum bestanden am häufigsten zusätzlich Dammrisse, gefolgt von Tieren, die ebenfalls an einer Lochiometra erkrankt waren. Stuten mit Lochiometra wiesen häufig gleichzeitig Nachgeburtsverhaltung und Geburtsverletzungen auf. Bei einem Teil der Stuten entwickelten sich weitere Erkrankungen. Bei Stuten mit Retentio secundinarum war dies am häufigsten eine Lochiometra, gefolgt von puerperaler Hufrehe und Thrombophlebitis. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Datenerhebung zeigt, dass bei Stuten mit puerperalen Störungen relativ häufig mehrere Erkrankungen diagnostiziert wurden. Daher muss bei Stuten mit einer puerperalen Erkrankung in einem hohen Prozentsatz mit dem Vorliegen weiterer Erkrankungen gerechnet werden.
Burning Controls Barb Goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) in California Grasslands for at Least 7 Years
Authors: Marty Jaymee T. , Sweet Sara B. , Buck-Diaz Jennifer J.
Published: May 2015

Barb goatgrass is an invasive annual grass from the Mediterranean region that negatively affects both native plant biodiversity and the forage quality of grasslands. Prescribed burning may be the best landscape-level tool available to manage invasive species like barb goatgrass while also enhancing biodiversity, but few studies have quantified the long-term effects of fire on goatgrass and the rest of the plant community. We assessed the effects of fire on an invading front of barb goatgrass on a private ranch in Sacramento County, CA. We established burned and unburned treatment plots within the goatgrass-infested area and used prescribed fire to burn the treatment plots in June 2005. We monitored plant-community composition before burning and for 7 consecutive yr following the burn. Additionally, we tested the viability of goatgrass seeds in both burned and unburned plots. One year after the burn, goatgrass cover in burned plots was 3% compared with 21% in unburned plots. This reduction in goatgrass cover was still strong 2 yr after the burn (burned, 6%; unburned, 27%) and weaker but still statistically significant for 4 of the next 5 yr. The burn also reduced germination of goatgrass seed by 99% as indicated by seed-viability tests conducted in the laboratory. The native plant community responded positively to the burn treatment in the first year following the burn with an increase in native diversity in burned plots vs. unburned plots, but the effect was not detectable in subsequent years. Nonnative annual forb species cover also increased in the first year following the burn. Our study shows that a single springtime burn can result in a short-term boost in native species diversity, reduced seed germination of barb goatgrass to near zero, and reduced cover of barb goatgrass for at least 7 yr after the burn.
Estudo da Gestão e Disposição Final dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) no Município de Campo Grande (MS)
Authors: Medeiros Dayane Freitas de , Lopes José Carlos De Jesus
Published: May 2015

No Brasil, em agosto de 2010, foi instituída a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) tentando-se nortear estratégias que agreguem valor aos resíduos e propiciem inclusão e controle social, instruindo o Estado para o adequado manejo, seguindo padrões internacionais. Com o intuito de constatar o grau de envolvimento e percepção da economia de Campo Grande em um novo prisma de desenvolvimento, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as operacionalidades do tratamento e disposição final dos RSU em Campo Grande, pós-promulgação da Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos, Lei n° 12.305, através de visita ao aterro controlado do município, qual a gestão e destinação dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) na capital de Mato Grosso do Sul, utilizando-se de técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa, sendo elas a descritiva e a exploratória. Foi constatado que o município ainda se encontra distante dos padrões acordados e dos modelos internacionais de sustentabilidade. Management and Final Disposal of Urban Solid Wastes in Campo Grande, Brazil ABSTRACT: The National Policy for Solid Wastes was established in Brazil in August 2010 to monitor strategies that aggregate rate to wastes and provide inclusion and social control so that the State would acquire adequate management according to international standards. Current assay analyzed the operationality of the treatment and final disposal of solid wastes in Campo Grande MS Brazil so that the degree of involvement and perception of the economy of Campo Grande could be assessed within a new development phase. The above occurred after the publication of Law 12305 on the National Policy for Solid Wastes when a visit was planned to the sewage treatment landfill of the municipality to evaluate the management and disposal of Solid Wastes in the capital city of Mato Grosso do Sul by quality, descriptive and exploratory research techniques. Results show that the municipality is a long way off from standards and international models of sustainability. KEYWORDS: Sustainable Development; Environment; National Policy for Solid Wastes
Rede Brasil Rural: Inovação no Contexto da Agricultura Familiar
Authors: Carvalho Clesiane De Oliveira , Dos Santos Antonio Carlos , Carvalho Glauco Rodrigues
Published: May 2015

A agricultura familiar representa um segmento de grande importância econômica e social para o meio rural brasileiro. Devido a essa importância, observa-se um crescente interesse do governo por esse segmento, que se materializa em forma de políticas públicas. Dessa forma, em 2011, o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA) criou o Programa Rede Brasil Rural, uma ferramenta virtual que visa facilitar o contato entre as cooperativas e associações de produtores rurais e os fornecedores de insumos, a logística de transporte e os consumidores públicos e privados. O principal objetivo da rede é auxiliar na comercialização, seja dos insumos necessários à produção, seja dos produtos procedentes da agricultura familiar através de uma plataforma eletrônica. O propósito do Programa Rede Brasil Rural é inserir novos conceitos e ampliar o limite geográfico de comercialização para o segmento através do comércio eletrônico. O objetivo desse estudo é escrever os mecanismos de funcionamento da Rede Brasil Rural, as medidas adotadas pelo governo para implantação do programa, os principais parceiros, as Contribuições que a rede proporcionará à agricultura familiar, além dos desafios a serem superados. Rural Brazil Net Work: Innovation Within The Family Agriculture Context ABSTRACT: Family agriculture is a segment of high economic and social importance for the Brazilian rural region. There is an increasing interest by the government manifested in public policies. The Ministry of Agrarian Development established in 2011 the Rural Brazil Network Program, a virtual tool that facilitates contact between cooperatives and associations of rural producers, suppliers, transport logistics and public and private consumers. The network´s main aim is the commercialization of required production supplies and of products produced by family agriculture through an electronic platform. Rural Brazil Network Program inserts new concepts and amplifies the geographical limit of commercialization for the segment through electronic commerce. Current analysis describes the functioning of the Rural Brazil Network Program, the measures worked by the government to adopt the program, the main partners, the contributions that the network provides to family agriculture and the challenges that should be coped with. KEYWORDS: Family Agriculture; Agricultural Commercialization; Electronic Commercialization; Rural Brazil Network
Spatiotemporal fire dynamics in mixed‐conifer and aspen forests in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado, USA
Authors: Tepley Alan J. , Veblen Thomas T.
Published: May 2015

Mixed‐severity fire regimes may be the most extensive yet poorly understood fire regimes of western North America. Understanding their long‐term spatiotemporal dynamics is central to debates regarding altered fire regimes and the need for restoration in the context of changing climate and nearly a century of active fire suppression. However, the complexity of fire patterns and forest stand and landscape structures characteristic of mixed‐severity regimes poses a substantial challenge to understanding their long‐term dynamics. In this study, we develop analysis methods aimed at understanding the fire‐driven forest dynamics of mixed‐severity systems and apply them in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. We sampled fire scars, stand structure, and >4300 tree ages across two 1340‐ha landscapes (Williams Creek and Squaretop Mountain) that span the environmental gradient of montane mixed‐conifer and aspen forests. New approaches were applied to identify pulses of tree recruitment, evaluate climate and fire as potential drivers of synchronous recruitment pulses, and combine fire scar and recruitment data to reconstruct fires. The reconstructions provided detailed fire history for each stand, which in turn was used to develop a fire‐severity metric, compare fire frequency and severity by forest type, and develop a simulation procedure to evaluate the degree to which tree regeneration depended on fire by species within each forest type.

Twenty fires were reconstructed since 1685 at Williams Creek and 13 fires since 1748 at Squaretop Mountain. Patterns of fire severity varied within each fire and over successive events, including high‐severity patches of hundreds of hectares in both study areas. Dry mixed‐conifer forests experienced relatively short fire intervals (mean 21 years) and low fire severity, and regeneration of the main conifer species was largely dependent on open conditions sustained over successive fires. Moist mixed‐conifer forests experienced longer fire intervals (mean 32 years) and a broader range of severities, and fire‐caused canopy openings were important for initiating pulses of tree recruitment. Most (83%) aspen stands included two or more post‐fire cohorts. The methods presented here can be adapted to other mixed‐severity systems to better understand their long‐term spatial and temporal dynamics and develop restoration priorities.
Imaging spectroscopy algorithms for mapping canopy foliar chemical and morphological traits and their uncertainties
Authors: Singh Aditya , Serbin Shawn P. , McNeil Brenden E. , Kingdon Clayton C. , Townsend Philip A.
Published: May 2015

A major goal of remote sensing is the development of generalizable algorithms to repeatedly and accurately map ecosystem properties across space and time. Imaging spectroscopy has great potential to map vegetation traits that cannot be retrieved from broadband spectral data, but rarely have such methods been tested across broad regions. Here we illustrate a general approach for estimating key foliar chemical and morphological traits through space and time using NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS‐Classic). We apply partial least squares regression (PLSR) to data from 237 field plots within 51 images acquired between 2008 and 2011. Using a series of 500 randomized 50/50 subsets of the original data, we generated spatially explicit maps of seven traits (leaf mass per area (Marea), percentage nitrogen, carbon, fiber, lignin, and cellulose, and isotopic nitrogen concentration, δ15N) as well as pixel‐wise uncertainties in their estimates based on error propagation in the analytical methods. BothMareaand %N PLSR models had aR2> 0.85. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) for both variables were less than 9% of the range of data. Fiber and lignin were predicted withR2> 0.65 and carbon and cellulose withR2> 0.45. AlthoughR2of %C and cellulose were lower thanMareaand %N, the measured variability of these constituents (especially %C) was also lower, and their RMSE values were beneath 12% of the range in overall variability. Model performance for δ15N was the lowest (R2= 0.48, RMSE = 0.95‰), but within 15% of the observed range. The resulting maps of chemical and morphological traits, together with their overall uncertainties, represent a first‐of‐its‐kind approach for examining the spatiotemporal patterns of forest functioning and nutrient cycling across a broad range of temperate and sub‐boreal ecosystems. These results offer an alternative to categorical maps of functional or physiognomic types by providing non‐discrete maps (i.e., on a continuum) of traits that define those functional types. A key contribution of this work is the ability to assign retrieval uncertainties by pixel, a requirement to enable assimilation of these data products into ecosystem modeling frameworks to constrain carbon and nutrient cycling projections.
Electroencephalography Coherence, Memory Vividness, and Emotional Valence Effects of Bilateral Eye Movements During Unpleasant Memory Recall and Subsequent Free Association: Implications for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Authors: Yaggie Matthew , Stevens Larry , Miller Seth , Abbott Angela , Woodruff Chad , Getchis Mike , Stevens Sean , Sherlin Leslie , Keller Brandon , Daiss Suzanne
Published: May 2015

This study examined the effects of bilateral stimulation during unpleasant memory recall followed by free association, similar to Phase 4 of EMDR therapy. Forty-six female nonpatients were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: bilateral eye movements (BEMs), eye fixation with background movements (BDM), or eye fixation (Dot) control, each while recalling a moderately unpleasant memory and each followed by free association to the memory. Electroencephalography recordings were conducted on these participants during the 1-minute free association of the original memory after each of five administrations of the conditions. Results revealed only trend increases in Beta interhemispheric coherence following BEMs. However, statistically significant increases in Right Frontal Theta and Beta intrahemispheric coherences were found following BEMs, with similar trend increases for Left Frontal Theta and Beta and for Right Frontal Gamma. Cortical electrode maps are presented for these Beta coherence effects. Ratings of imagery vividness and emotional valence were collected after each set of eye movements plus free associations and showed a significant decrease across all conditions. Results are discussed within the context of a proposed integrated 2-stage cortical coherence model. Suggestions are made for future research, including investigation of possible implications for treatment of traumatic brain injury.
Experimental Determination of the Effect of Pressure on Fluid Loss for Linear and Crosslinked Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Sanchez Reyes J.. , Hutchins R. D. , Parris M. D.
Published: May 2015

Recent studies have offered evidence of unique shear viscosity loss of borate-crosslinked fracturing fluids when exposed to hydrostatic pressures, such as those encountered during deepwater hydraulic fracturing. This phenomenon can have important implications for proppant transport and for the resulting fracture geometry that needs to be accounted for in fracture design. Another important aspect for fracture design is the fluid loss. Because crosslinked fluids have superior fluid-loss characteristics compared with linear polymers, the question arises as to whether fluid loss of borate-crosslinked formulations is also affected by pressure. Fluid loss is a fundamental property in hydraulic-fracturing treatments and may dictate the attainable fracture geometry and the retained conductivity. Prior knowledge of fluid loss is also important for designing special additives to overcome the effect of excessive fluid loss.

This experimental study was designed to determine the pressure effect on linear guar and both borate- and zirconium-crosslinked polymers. The concept of melt point used for the viscosity dependence was incorporated to select fluids. A unique high-pressure/high-temperature fluid-loss apparatus was developed for the experimental testing. Test parameters varied from 160 to 260°F, 1,000 to 9,000 psi, and 0.1- to 10-md sandstone cores. Spurt and fluid-loss coefficients were determined and compared to determine the pressure effect.

The results indicate that the fluid-loss behavior of fluids comprising borate-crosslinked guar is susceptible to moderate pressure effects. In particular, spurt losses increased with pressure, whereas fluid-loss coefficients were independent of pressure. The increase in spurt loss varied from 316% for Bandera core (0.1 to 0.4 md) to 1,533% for Parker core (3 to 10 md) when pressure increased from 1,100 to 9,000 psi, exhibiting a pronounced dependency on permeability. Conversely, the fluid-loss behavior for linear guar or derivatized guar (carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar) crosslinked with zirconium was not influenced by pressure. The implications of these findings for hydraulic-fracturing applications are also discussed.
Multi-objective optimisation of the operation of a water distribution network
Authors: Mulholland Michael , Latifi M. Abderrazak , Purdon Andrew , Buckley Christopher , Brouckaert Christopher
Published: May 2015

The aim of the present paper was to move water through a reservoir network in such a way as to meet consumer demands and level constraints, minimise the cost of electricity, and minimise the loss of chlorine. This was to be achieved by choosing the switching intervals of reservoir inlet pumps and valves, at the same time complying with the allowed minimum interval size of each device. Switching combinations that threatened to exceed constraints were rejected heuristically. Flows were balanced by linear programming (LP). The genetic algorithm gave confidence in the near-optimality of its solutions, through the well-defined Pareto fronts between the competing objectives. The method was applied to a 16-reservoir water distribution system in Durban, South Africa. Comparison with an equivalent ‘dead-band’ control showed a 30% improvement in a weighted objective.
Outcomes, costs and cost–effectiveness of treating hepatitis C with direct acting antivirals
Authors: Stahmeyer Jona T , Rossol Siegbert , Krauth Christian
Published: May 2015

Hepatitis C is a global public health burden. Long-term consequences are the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Introduction of different direct acting antivirals targeting the hepatitis C proteins has considerably increased rates of sustained viral response. First active substances introduced in 2011 were NS3/4A protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir. In 2013/2014 the second generation of direct acting antivirals sofosbuvir, simeprevir, daclatasvir, ledipasvir and 3D therapy containing ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir followed. This review focuses on treatment outcomes and costs of introduced direct acting antivirals. We provide an overview on SVR-rates in clinical trials and clinical practice, treatment costs in different countries as well as results of cost–effectiveness analyses for different treatment strategies.
Experimental investigation on partial pool boiling heat transfer in pure liquids
Authors: Fazel Seyed , Hosseyni Goharshad
Published: May 2015

Saturated partial pool boiling heat transfer has been experimentally
investigated on a horizontal rod heater. The boiling liquids are including
water and ethanol. The heating section is made by various materials including
SS316, copper, aluminum and brass. Experiments have been performed at several
degrees of surface roughness ranging between 30 and 360 micrometer average
vertical deviation. The measurements are including boiling heat transfer
coefficient, bubble departing diameter and frequency and also nucleation site
density. The data have been compared to major existing correlations. It is
shown that experimental data do not match with major correlations at the
entire range of experiments with acceptable accuracy. In this article, the
boiling heat transfer area has been divided in two complementary areas, the
induced forced convection area and the boiling affected area. Based on two
dimensionless groups, including E?tv?s and Roshko numbers, a semi-empirical
model have been proposed to predict the boiling heat transfer coefficient. It
is shown that the proposed model provides improved performance in prediction
of the boiling heat transfer coefficient in comparison with to existing
correlations.
Individual and collective responses to large carnivore management: the roles of trust, representation, knowledge spheres, communication and leadership
Authors: Sjölander‐Lindqvist Annelie , Johansson Maria , Sandström Camilla
Published: May 2015

Overseeing the continued recovery, dispersal and management of large carnivore populations while simultaneously considering human viability and welfare requires delicately balancing local concerns for rural communities' livelihood prospects and property vulnerability with international concerns for saving threatened species. In this article, we propose an integrated analytical perspective to elucidate how competing interests and power relationships influence the governance and management of contested wildlife resources. However, simply identifying these patterns is not enough. It is also imperative that the interrelationships between broader biophysical, social, political, economic, and cultural contexts and histories be explored in order to describe, analyze and better understand how and why individual and collective responses vary. In doing this, we drew from findings from a variety of social science disciplines (environmental communication, environmental psychology, human ecology, human geography, political science, public administration and social anthropology) and, here, present how social science approaches can enhance understanding of the different layers and contexts of contested natural resource management. Highlighting the individual, socio‐cultural, political and institutional dimensions, the article concludes by identifying five recurrent concepts that must be understood and consciously applied to large carnivore governance and management: 1) establishment of trust between people and groups interacting on the subject; 2) fair representation of stakeholder interests; 3) acknowledgement of the different knowledge‐spheres, including those based on personal experiences, culture and tradition, and science; 4) communication, based on dialogue about pluralistic perspectives, to collectively formulate and agree on set goals; and 5) leadership emphasising empowerment.
Collaborative management in wolf licensed hunting: the dilemmas of public managers in moving collaboration forward
Authors: Cinque Serena
Published: May 2015

Although wolf recolonization can be considered a success in terms of population increase and geographical dispersal, the return of grey wolves Canis lupus to rural central Sweden has caused frustration and discontent among local stakeholders. Farmers and hunters living in — or adjacent to — wolf territories perceive the political decision to support wolf recovery as intruding on local lives and restricting opportunities for small‐scale farming and hunting. They feel that decision‐makers have left the consequences of wolf recovery policies unaddressed. To overcome the failure of previous policies and increase local consensus, in October 2009 the Swedish parliament passed a resolution concerning the introduction of licensed hunting on wolves as a measure expected to promote local acceptance and facilitate dialogue among different parties. In doing so, the Parliament delegated to the regional authorities the responsibility to organize, coordinate and implement licensed hunting in the administrative counties concerned.

According to Swedish wolf hunting regulations, the regional authorities are to be involved not only in the achievement of primary policy goals, but are also expected to overcome antagonism and conflict through collaboration. Questioning the normative idea which suggests that public managers are expected simply to implement national legislation at the local level, this paper argues that managers create practices and establish routines that enable them to cope with problems related to the realization of collaborative management. Through a combination of participant observations and semi‐structured interviews conducted with authorities and field‐staff in four administrative counties during the implementation of licensed hunting, this paper concludes that in order to understand how collaborative management of natural resources works, greater attention has to be directed to the way public managers organize their activities, how they cope with their mandate and how they themselves relate to networks of actors.
Editorial
Authors: Trahar Sheila
Published: May 2015

Transnational higher education (TNHE) is a term used for a range of international activities but most commonly it describes programmes where students are located in a different country from the degree-awarding institution. Partnership models include distance learning, dual degrees, franchising and ‘flying faculty’, where academics from the degree-awarding institution fly to another country to teach a programme there. TNHE partnerships are established between institutions for several reasons, not least because of the increase in marketisation of higher education together with the reduction in public funding in many contexts. Interrogating how ‘commercial imperatives nest with academic integrity’ (Sidhu and Christie 2014: 2) is important as many TNHE partnerships are established between ‘Northern’ universities, in particular from Anglo-Celtic countries such as Australia, the U.K. and the U.S.A., and those from the ‘South’ or the ‘East’. Care needs to be taken, therefore, in exercising academic integrity in learning, teaching and assessment in contexts with different academic traditions from those of the degree-awarding institution.
Understanding the transnational higher education landscape
Authors: Caruana Viv , Montgomery Catherine
Published: May 2015

This article presents a comprehensive review of research on transnational higher education published between 2006 and 2014. It aims to provide an overview of a highly complex field that is both nascent and shifting, with research developing unevenly and concentrated in particular areas. This overview will enable academics working in transnational higher education to place their practice in the wider context of socio-political and cultural discourses. The review adopts the concept of positionality, which defines individuals and/or groups not in terms of fixed identities but by their shifting location within networks of relationships as a means of understanding the changing landscape.
Imagining oneself
Authors: Haines Kevin
Published: May 2015

This article uses a narrative approach to investigate the learning experiences of third-year medical students in a transnational higher educational setting, specifically during an elective period abroad. The students evaluate their learning experiences in an unfamiliar environment both in relation to previous learning and in relation to their possible or imagined future professional identities. Through this process, these students demonstrate how learning may take place through participation outside or alongside the formal curriculum, in the informal and the hidden curriculum (Leask and Bridge 2013). These narrative evaluations represent a reflective resource for the learners and their peers. They may also provide other stakeholders in transnational higher educational settings, including teachers, programme coordinators, educational managers and policy-makers, with an understanding of the experiences of mobile students in the informal curriculum.
Learning and teaching on transnational higher education programmes in Hong Kong
Authors: Trahar Sheila
Published: May 2015

Transnational higher education is the term that is most commonly used to describe programmes that allow students to obtain a degree from an overseas university in their local context. Such programmes are often marketed on their similarity with those offered at home by the overseas university. Perhaps as a consequence, the related literature focuses on 'problems' that are encountered in the 'other' environment, particularly when academic staff travel to the host country to deliver the teaching. Transnational programmes, however, offer rich opportunities for developing cultural capability in students and academics through a sensitively internationalised curriculum. This article uses an autoethnographic approach to discuss teaching and learning in transnational programmes that are delivered in a postcolonial context (Hong Kong) by a university that is in the former colonising country (U.K.). Its aim is to illustrate how, by embracing the complexities, transnational higher education programmes can enrich learning and teaching in both the host and the home context.
Substrate based zooperiphyton communities and some physicocehmical features of Dhanmondi lake, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Hosain Md Eilious , Kabir AKM Nazrul , Naser M Niamul
Published: May 2015

This study deals with the zooperiphyton communities of Dhanmondi lake, Dhaka, Bangladesh using bamboo, mehegoni and rain tree sticks as substrates along with some physicochemical features of the lake water. It was revealed that zooperiphyton communities constitute protozoa, rotifera, copepoda, cladocera, ostracoda, conchostraca, insect larvae, oligochaeta, nematoda and mollusca. Rotifera (41%), protozoa (31%) and ostracoda (14%) were the dominant groups of zooperiphyton. Among protozoans, Epistylis sp. (52%) and Arcella sp. (20%); among rotifera, Rotaria neptunia (32.88%), Anuraeopsis fissa (17%) and Brachionus angularis (12%); among copepoda, naupleus (52%) and Cyclops sp. (32%); among cladoceran, Chydorus sp. (28%); among ostracods, Cypris sp. (100%); among molluscs, Bellamya sp. (75%) and Brotia sp. (22%) were found to be the most dominant species. The average number of zooperiphyton was 43023.55 ± 5891.34 individual m-2 recorded from all substrates. During the study period, the physicochemical features of water of Dhanmondi lake were found to be suitable for aquatic biota. It can help in enhancing the productivity as well as sustain the aesthetic value of the lake.Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(1): 61-71, 2013
Effects of temperature, relative humidity and host on the biology of anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: pteromalidae)
Authors: Ahmed KN , Hasan MR , Ahmed H , Hannan MA , Ghose SK
Published: May 2015

Developmental period of the pteromalid wasp Anisopteromalus calandrae, was observed in the laboratory using two types of hosts at different constant temperature and relative humidity. The developmental period ranged from 28.6 ± 6.6 days at 20°C temperature and 90% R.H. to 10.7 ± 2.1 days at 35°C and 90% R.H. Mating of the adult parasites occurred shortly after emergence at all the temperature regimes and relative humidities under study period. The female started laying eggs within 1 day at 25, 30 and 35°C and in about 1.5  2.0 days at 20°C. Relative humidity had no appreciable effect on oviposition. The incubation period was 2.1 ± 0.1 days at 20°C and 50% R.H. The larval period decreased from 9.3 ± 0.1 days at 20°C to 3.2 ± 0.1 days at 35°C. The relative humidity played no pronounced effect on the larval durations. The developmental period from egg to adult with Rhizopertha dominica as host was found to be shorter, being approximately one day less than that of S. oryzae as host. The duration of developmental period of male was less than that of female irrespective of temperatures and relative humidity conditions. The pupal period in female individuals decreased from 15.5 ± 0.1 days at 20ºC to 5.1 ± 0.1 days at 35ºC. The variations in relative humidity at different constant temperatures lengthened the pupal period to a lesser extent as was revealed form the experiments performed.Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(1): 87-96, 2013
RETRACTED: Autoantibodies in Renal Diseases – Clinical Significance and Recent Developments in Serological Detection
Authors: Mastroianni-Kirsztajn Gianna , Hornig Nora , Schlumberger Wolfgang
Published: May 2015

Autoimmune dysfunctions are the “bête noire” in a range of debilitating nephropathies. Autoimmune-mediated damage to the kidneys can be triggered by autoantibodies directed against specific proteins or renal structures, for example, the phospholipase A2 receptor or the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in glomerular diseases such as primary membranous nephropathy or Goodpasture’s disease. Moreover, secondary damage to the kidney can be part of the wide-reaching effects of systemic autoimmune diseases such as vasculitis or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – the latter counts lupus nephritis among its most severe manifestations. Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by non-organ-specific autoantibodies, directed for example against neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens in systemic vasculitis and against double-stranded DNA and nucleosomes in SLE. A large variety of innovative and highly specific and sensitive autoantibody tests have been developed in the last years that are available to identify autoimmune kidney diseases at an early stage. Thus, serological in vitro diagnostics allow for appropriate interventional therapy in order to prevent disease progression often resulting in need of dialysis and transplantation.
3-D CFD Modeling for Parametric Study in a 300-MWe One-Stage Oxygen-Blown Entrained-Bed Coal Gasifier
Authors: Park Sang , Jeong Hyo , Hwang Jungho
Published: May 2015

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the gasification performance in a one-stage, entrained-bed coal gasifier (Shell Coal Gasification Process (SCGP) gasifier) was performed, for the first time. The parametric study used various O2/coal and steam/coal ratios, and the modeling used a commercial code, ANSYS FLUENT. CFD modeling was conducted by solving the steady-state Navier–Stokes and energy equations using the Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Gas-phase chemical reactions were solved with the Finite–Rate/Eddy–Dissipation Model. The CFD model was verified with actual operating data of Demkolec demo Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) facility in Netherlands that used Drayton coal. For Illinois #6 coal, the CFD model was compared with ASPEN Plus results reported in National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). For design coal used in the SCGP gasifier in Korea, carbon conversion efficiency, cold gas efficiency, temperature, and species mole fractions at the gasifier exit were calculated and the results were compared with those obtained by using ASPEN Plus-Kinetic. The optimal O2/coal and steam/coal ratios were 0.7 and 0.05, respectively, for the selected operating conditions.