bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New True Triaxial Cell for Field Measurements on Rock Specimens and Its Use in the Characterization of Strain Localization on a Vosges Sandstone During a Plane Strain Compression Test
Authors: Bésuelle P. , Lanatà P.
Published: July 2016

A new experimental apparatus for rock-specimen analysis has been developed in Laboratoire 3SR (Grenoble) to characterize the evolution under loading of the deformation mode, placing particular attention on the onset of strain localization and the post-localization regime in rocks. The experimental apparatus can be configured to apply true triaxial or plane strain conditions on prismatic specimens, with a confining pressure of up to 100 MPa. The three principal stresses are independently controlled to apply true triaxial conditions. When applying plane strain conditions, the stress perpendicular to the observed specimen's surface is proportionally varied as a function of the loading applied on the specimen, to satisfy the condition of zero strain along this direction. The prismatic specimen can be observed under loading, because its surface, orthogonal with the direction of the intermediate principal stress, is in contact with a hard window (sapphire), thus allowing pictures to be taken throughout the test, as well as enabling full-field measurement. Photographs are analyzed by digital image correlation (DIC) to measure displacement and strain fields. The new true triaxial apparatus is presented here, first with a description of the experimental setup and mechanical characteristics of the cell. Then, the experimental procedure adopted to apply and assess the speckle pattern on the sample's surface, as required for DIC, is detailed. Finally, selected results from a test performed with the true triaxial device on a Vosges sandstone sample, performed in plane strain compression, are shown. The onset of strain localization and the shear bands' pattern evolution are shown by means of incremental strain fields obtained by DIC.
Significance of Energy Absorbing Layer in GFRP Composite on Flexural Response
Authors: Loganathan T. G. , Krishnamurthy R. , Chandrasekaran K.
Published: July 2016

The specific properties of glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) laminates have expanded its application in making automobile leaf springs. The cross ply laminate (0/R/2090/90/0 and 0/90/90/0) specimen of 25 % and 32 % fiber volume fraction are prepared by a hand lay-up technique with and without a uniquely processed energy absorbing (R-resin) layer in the lay-up. Experimental simulation of the leaf spring loading is done by considering the road tire interaction. The low frequency, constant amplitude cyclic loading was imposed on a cantilever composite specimen by an eccentric disc with an amplitude of 3 mm at 2.6 Hz, 4.6 Hz, and 8.6 Hz frequencies for 11 × 103, 22 × 103, and 33 × 103 cycles. The experiments are planned by Taguchi's DOE and L9 orthogonal array with two factors and three levels. The flexural modulus of the cyclic loaded specimen was obtained by a three-point bend test as per ASTM D790-03 [Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical insulating Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, www.astm.org]. Experimental results are statistically investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), and regression analysis. During the study, the critical value of loading frequency and cycle was observed for attaining enhanced flexural modulus. The presence of an energy absorbing resin layer enhances the sustainability of the composite leaf. The damage pattern with orthogonal interaction after loading was examined by the specimen morphology.
Creep and Quasi-Relaxation Examination of Artificially Aged Plasticized PVC
Authors: Kocsis D. , Deák G. , Kéki S. , Godó Z. A. , Horváth R.
Published: July 2016

This paper introduces long-term tensile and quasi-relaxation tests of polyvinylchloride (PVC) fibers. During creep, the longitudinal and cross-sectional changes were measured of unaged and aged PVC fibers loaded with the same weight. In the quasi-relaxation section, where deformation was frozen, the stress changes were determined. During the examination of the creep, the Poynting–Thomson model described the phenomenon with sufficient accuracy (min R2 0.9628) and the calculated parameter values characterized the aging process well. In the relaxed phase, the Poynting–Thomson model was not adequate, and, therefore, the second-order time derivatives were also involved in the applied model. Aging significantly resulted in parameter changes in this section as well.
Optimal Plans of Constant-Stress Accelerated Life Tests for the Lindley Distribution
Authors: Mohie El-Din M. M. , Abu-Youssef S. E. , Ali N. S. A. , Abd El-Raheem A. M.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the optimal plans for k-level constant-stress accelerated life test are presented for Lindley failure data under complete sampling. According to the log-linear life-stress relationship, the optimal proportion of test units allocated to each stress level is determined under D- and C-optimality criteria. Moreover, two real data sets are analyzed to illustrate the proposed procedures. Furthermore, the real data sets are used to show that the Lindley distribution can be a better model than one based on the exponential distribution. In addition, numerical examples are used to compare between the D-optimal plan, C-optimal plan, and traditional plan through asymptotic variance of maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs). Finally, some interesting conclusions are obtained.
Investigation of Critical Factors Determining the Accuracy of Binder Bond Strength Test to Evaluate Adhesion Properties of Asphalt Binders
Authors: Huang W. , Lv Q.
Published: July 2016

The bond strength between asphalt and aggregates is a crucial parameter in evaluating the ability of asphalt mixture resistance to moisture-induced damage. Factors affecting the bond strength were investigated based on the binder bond strength (BBS) test. The effects of asphalt film thickness and loading rate on the results of the BBS test and the relationship between these two factors were further studied. Then, specimens were subjected to four moisture conditions to study the impact of water on the bond strength. Furthermore, the impact of the complex modulus on the bond strength was studied using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. Finally, the pull-off test results were compared with the findings obtained from the Hamburg wheel-tracking device (HWTD) test regarding the moisture sensitivity of mixtures under dry and wet conditions. Results indicate that the pull-off tensile strength (POTS) increased with an increase of the loading rate, whereas POTS decreased with the increase of the film thickness. It was proved that an equivalent relationship between these two factors existed in the BBS test. It is interesting that the measured POTS values were basically equal when the loading curves of the same asphalt overlap under different combinations of film thickness and loading rate. Water had a significant impact on the bond strength, and the moisture condition in the early state was important in determining the moisture sensitivity of the mixtures. Furthermore, POTS increased with the complex modulus of asphalt binder, whereas the phase angle of asphalt determined the extent to which the film thickness will affect the BBS test results. The comparison of the BBS and HWTD tests confirmed that the BBS test could address the mixture resistance to water damage.
Acceptance Sampling Plan Using Successive Sampling Over Two Successive Occasions
Authors: Azam M. , Nawaz S. , Arshad A. , Aslam M.
Published: July 2016

In this study, a variable acceptance sampling plan (ASP) based on best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) in successive sampling (SS) approach was designed. It was assumed that the underlying characteristic of interest follows normal distribution over the two succeeding occasions. The design of the proposed plan was presented for known and unknown sigma of normal distribution. The plan parameters were determined by using optimization approach for both situations, such that the provided consumer's and producer's risks are satisfied for the assigned values of acceptable quality level (AQL) and the limiting quality level (LQL). The efficiency of the proposed chart over the existing chart was discussed. The proposed plan was more efficient than the existing plan in terms of sample size. Industrial data were used for the application of the proposed sampling plan.
Modified Odometer Cell to Measure Electrical Resistivity of Clays Undergoing Consolidation Process
Authors: Naghibi M. , Abuel-Naga H. , Orense R.
Published: July 2016

Electrical resistivity is used widely to evaluate various soil behavior and properties. Furthermore, it controls the power consumption during the electro-osmosis consolidation process. This paper discusses the modifications made on the conventional odometer test apparatus to measure the electrical resistivity of a clay specimen undergoing consolidation at different vertical effective stress levels using the four-electrode Wenner array method. Extensive numerical calibrations were also conducted to investigate the effect of boundary conditions of the test set up on the electrical resistivity values and, based on the results obtained, a general calibration equation is introduced. The validity of the proposed calibration equation is confirmed experimentally using different materials with known electrical resistivity values. Finally, three different sets of electrical resistivity results during the consolidation process are presented and discussed from the modified odometer cell.
Influence of Moisture Conditioning on Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour of Bituminous Mixtures Used For Railway Trackbeds
Authors: Ramirez Cardona D. , Di Benedetto H. , Sauzeat C. , Calon N. , Saussine G.
Published: July 2016

The influence of moisture on the linear-viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures with and without polymer modified bitumen (PMB) to be used for railway trackbeds was addressed in this paper. Nowadays, the use of bituminous mixtures in railway trackbeds, particularly for new high-speed lines, is a common practice. The variation of the thermomechanical properties of bituminous mixtures needs to be characterized considering railway loading, circulation speed, and environmental exposure conditions. For this purpose, improved 3D complex modulus tests were performed on base-course type mixtures. A tri-dimensional constitutive model, called 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic creep elements and 1 Dashpot), was used to model the viscoelastic behavior of the materials. A moisture conditioning procedure was used to induce moisture damage to the mixtures. The thermomechanical properties of the materials are compared for the conditioned and non-conditioned states. Low variation of the linear viscoelastic behavior of the studied materials after moisture conditioning was observed. The results allowed assessing the interest of using polymer modified bitumen for bituminous mixtures to be used in railway trackbeds.
Measurement and Recording of Quenching Intensity in Workshop Conditions Based on Temperature Gradients
Authors: Liščić B.
Published: July 2016

The cooling characteristics of a liquid quenchant are usually determined by a laboratory test using a small cylindrical probe with one thermocouple in its geometrical center. The reasons why the results of the laboratory tests do not represent the real quenching intensity of quenching workpieces in workshop conditions are described. Instead, a new Liščić/Petrofer probe with a larger mass, having three thermocouples, is used for measurement and recording real quenching intensity during industrial practice. The working principle of this probe is the measurement of dynamic of heat extraction, which is best represented by the change of temperature gradients. The temperature gradient method and the Liščić/Petrofer probe are described using an example of quenching in mineral oil at room temperature, without agitation. Calculation of the heat-transfer coefficient, as well as distinctive characteristics of the cooling curves recorded and heat-transfer data calculated when using the Liščić/Petrofer probe is explained. For impartial analysis and use of results obtained by using the new probe, six characteristic criteria from the relevant diagrams are used. Based on selected tests with the new probe, the influence of quenchant temperature and agitation rate on the quenching intensity is shown in numerical form for mineral oil and for water. A series of 26 tests has proved that: (1) the results obtained by the new probe and method have provided information that is not obtainable from small laboratory probes; (2) the new method is sufficiently sensitive to clearly differentiate the results when changes of some quenching parameters (bath temperature or agitation rate) occur; and (3) the Liščić/Petrofer probe can be used for different kinds of liquid quenchants at different quenching conditions typically encountered in industrial practice.
Blocking sense‐strand activity improves potency, safety and specificity of anti‐hepatitis B virus short hairpin RNA
Authors: Michler Thomas , Große Stefanie , Mockenhaupt Stefan , Röder Natalie , Stückler Ferdinand , Knapp Bettina , Ko Chunkyu , Heikenwalder Mathias , Protzer Ulrike , Grimm Dirk
Published: July 2016

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a promising target for therapies based on RNA interference (RNAi) since it replicates via RNA transcripts that are vulnerable to RNAi silencing. Clinical translation of RNAi technology, however, requires improvements in potency, specificity and safety. To this end, we systematically compared different strategies to express anti‐HBV short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a pre‐clinical immunocompetent hepatitis B mouse model. Using recombinant Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) 8 vectors for delivery, we either (i) embedded the shRNA in an artificial mi(cro)RNA under a liver‐specific promoter; (ii) co‐expressed Argonaute‐2, a rate‐limiting cellular factor whose saturation with excess RNAi triggers can be toxic; or (iii) co‐delivered a decoy (“TuD”) directed against the shRNA sense strand to curb off‐target gene regulation. Remarkably, all three strategies minimised adverse side effects as compared to a conventional shRNA vector that caused weight loss, liver damage and dysregulation of > 100 hepatic genes. Importantly, the novel AAV8 vector co‐expressing anti‐HBV shRNA and TuD outperformed all other strategies regarding efficiency and persistence of HBV knock‐down, thus showing substantial promise for clinical translation.
Fine-Scale Human Population Structure in Southern Africa Reflects Ecogeographic Boundaries
Authors: Uren Caitlin , Kim Minju , Martin Alicia R , Bobo Dean , Gignoux Christopher R , van Helden Paul D , Möller Marlo , Hoal Eileen G , Henn Brenna M
Published: July 2016

Recent genetic studies have established that the KhoeSan populations of southern Africa are distinct from all other African populations and have remained largely isolated during human prehistory until ∼2000 years ago. Dozens of different KhoeSan groups exist, belonging to three different language families, but very little is known about their population history. We examine new genome-wide polymorphism data and whole mitochondrial genomes for >100 South Africans from the ≠Khomani San and Nama populations of the Northern Cape, analyzed in conjunction with 19 additional southern African populations. Our analyses reveal fine-scale population structure in and around the Kalahari Desert. Surprisingly, this structure does not always correspond to linguistic or subsistence categories as previously suggested, but rather reflects the role of geographic barriers and the ecology of the greater Kalahari Basin. Regardless of subsistence strategy, the indigenous Khoe-speaking Nama pastoralists and the N|u-speaking ≠Khomani (formerly hunter-gatherers) share ancestry with other Khoe-speaking forager populations that form a rim around the Kalahari Desert. We reconstruct earlier migration patterns and estimate that the southern Kalahari populations were among the last to experience gene flow from Bantu speakers, ∼14 generations ago. We conclude that local adoption of pastoralism, at least by the Nama, appears to have been primarily a cultural process with limited genetic impact from eastern Africa.
Identification of the Target of the Retrograde Response that Mediates Replicative Lifespan Extension inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jiang James C , Stumpferl Stefan W , Tiwari Anurag , Qin Qian , Rodriguez-Quiñones José F , Jazwinski S Michal
Published: July 2016

The retrograde response signals mitochondrial status to the nucleus, compensating for accumulating mitochondrial dysfunction during Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging and extending replicative lifespan. The histone acetylase Gcn5 is required for activation of nuclear genes and lifespan extension in the retrograde response. It is part of the transcriptional coactivators SAGA and SLIK, but it is not known which of these complexes is involved. Genetic manipulation showed that these complexes perform interchangeably in the retrograde response. These results, along with the finding that the histone deacetylase Sir2 was required for a robust retrograde response informed a bioinformatics screen that reduced to four the candidate genes causal for longevity of the 410 retrograde response target genes. Of the four, only deletion of PHO84 suppressed lifespan extension. Retrograde-response activation of PHO84 displayed some preference for SAGA. Increased PHO84 messenger RNA levels from a second copy of the gene in cells in which the retrograde response is not activated achieved >80% of the lifespan extension observed in the retrograde response. Our studies resolve questions involving the roles of SLIK and SAGA in the retrograde response, pointing to the cooperation of these complexes in gene activation. They also finally pinpoint the gene that is both necessary and sufficient to extend replicative lifespan in the retrograde response. The finding that this gene is PHO84 opens up a new set of questions about the mechanisms involved, as this gene is known to have pleiotropic effects.
Divergent Transactivation of Maize Storage Protein Zein Genes by the Transcription Factors Opaque2 and OHPs
Authors: Yang Jun , Ji Chen , Wu Yongrui
Published: July 2016

Maize transcription factors (TFs) opaque2 (O2) and the O2 heterodimerizing proteins (OHP1 and OHP2) originated from an ancient segmental duplication. The 22-kDa (z1C) and 19-kDa (z1A, z1B, and z1D) α-zeins are the most abundant storage proteins in maize endosperm. O2 is known to regulate α-zein gene expression, but its target motifs in the 19-kDa α-zein gene promoters have not been identified. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of α-zein genes by these TFs are also not well understood. In this study, we found that the O2 binding motifs in the α-zein gene promoters are quite flexible, with ACGT being present in the z1C and z1A promoters and a variant, ACAT, being present in the z1B and z1D promoters. OHPs recognized and transactivated all of the α-zein promoters, although to much lower levels than did O2. In the presence of O2, the suppression of OHPs did not cause a significant reduction in the transcription of α-zein genes, but in the absence of O2, OHPs were critical for the expression of residual levels of α-zeins. These findings demonstrated that O2 is the primary TF and that OHPs function as minor TFs in this process. This relationship is the converse of that involved in 27-kDa γ-zein gene regulation, indicating that the specificities of O2 and the OHPs for regulating zein genes diverged after gene duplication. The prolamine-box binding factor by itself has limited transactivation activity, but it promotes the binding of O2 to O2 motifs, resulting in the synergistic transactivation of α-zein genes.
Comparing the Statistical Fate of Paralogous and Orthologous Sequences
Authors: Massip Florian , Sheinman Michael , Schbath Sophie , Arndt Peter F
Published: July 2016

For several decades, sequence alignment has been a widely used tool in bioinformatics. For instance, finding homologous sequences with a known function in large databases is used to get insight into the function of nonannotated genomic regions. Very efficient tools like BLAST have been developed to identify and rank possible homologous sequences. To estimate the significance of the homology, the ranking of alignment scores takes a background model for random sequences into account. Using this model we can estimate the probability to find two exactly matching subsequences by chance in two unrelated sequences. For two homologous sequences, the corresponding probability is much higher, which allows us to identify them. Here we focus on the distribution of lengths of exact sequence matches between protein-coding regions of pairs of evolutionarily distant genomes. We show that this distribution exhibits a power-law tail with an exponent α=−5. Developing a simple model of sequence evolution by substitutions and segmental duplications, we show analytically and computationally that paralogous and orthologous gene pairs contribute differently to this distribution. Our model explains the differences observed in the comparison of coding and noncoding parts of genomes, thus providing a better understanding of statistical properties of genomic sequences and their evolution.
Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of the Chipola River basin in Florida and southeast Alabama, USA: a faunistic survey
Authors: Denson Dana R. , Rasmussen Andrew K. , Harris Steven C.
Published: July 2016

A field survey of caddisflies of the Chipola River basin in Florida and Alabama was carried out from 2006 through 2012. Adults were collected at 54 sites. Most were stream collections, but three were lakes. In total, 122 samples were taken. Approximately 32,000 individuals were identified, comprising 143 species, 40 genera, and 18 families. Two species represent new Florida state records. Three species are new to science. The majority of species were Leptoceridae, Hydroptilidae, Hydropsychidae, and Polycentropodidae. Most abundant families were Hydroptilidae, Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae, and Psychomyiidae. A few species/families were largely or entirely confined to specific water body and habitat types, but most were broadly distributed. There was no apparent correlation between stream size and taxa richness. Rarer habitat-specialists were more commonly found in small tributaries than main stem sites. In general, there was a decrease in taxa richness from upstream to downstream in the river’s main stem.
Checklist of chelonians from the upper Madeira River and the lower Madeira-Purus interfluvium (Brazilian Amazon), including a range expansion for Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia, 1849
Authors: Keller Claudia , Villamarín Francisco , Bernhard Rafael , Félix da Silva Daniely
Published: July 2016

We present data on occurrence of chelonians for the Madeira River (southwestern Amazon, Brazil). Sampling was undertaken along the BR-319 Highway in the Madeira-Purus interfluvium and along a 125‑km stretch of the upper Madeira River. Findings were contrasted with a checklist of species expected to occur in the region according to current distribution maps, and with literature data for the Madeira subbasin. Out of 12 expected species, we recorded five in the Madeira-Purus interfluvium (three other species were registered by other recent voucher-based studies in the region), and eight species in the upper Madeira region. Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) and P. unifilis Troschel, 1848 occurred below and inbetween the upper Madeira rapids. Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia, 1849 had its range extended by over 700 km, but may be limited upriver by the rapids. Mesoclemmys gibba (Schweigger, 1812) and M. raniceps Gray, 1855 occurred sympatrically along the river. Chelonian diversity along the lower and upper Madeira appears to be complementary.
Relações e narrativas: o enredo no candomblé da Bahia
Authors: Flaksman Clara
Published: July 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o conceito de “enredo” e alguns dos sentidos em que a noção se desdobra nas religiões de matriz africana, especificamente no candomblé. A pesquisa de campo que deu origem a esta reflexão foi feita no terreiro Ilê Iyá Omi Axé Iyamasé (mais conhecido como Gantois), em Salvador, Bahia. O argumento central aqui contido é de que o uso frequente do termo “enredo” no cotidiano é reflexo de um modo de existência múltiplo, um modelo de relacionamento intrinsecamente ligado ao candomblé, e que a sua análise enquanto conceito pode indicar uma via de acesso para a compreensão de um aspecto fundamental das religiões de matriz africana no Brasil.
Ligando a corrente: Ensaio sobre a relação entre espiritualidade e socialidade nas irmandades religiosas de matriz africana no Vale do Itapemirim
Authors: Goltara Diogo Bonadiman
Published: July 2016

Resumo Partindo de etnografia realizada na região sul do Espírito Santo, este artigo descreve a transversalidade das relações sociais e espirituais entre comunidades remanescentes de quilombos privilegiando o conceito de “corrente espiritual”, uma força conjuntiva que atua entre pessoas e entidades invisíveis em várias de suas manifestações. Por meio de coletivos de filhas e filhos de santo que se visitam ritualmente durante todo o ano, conhecidos na região por “bate-flecha”, a corrente costura-se entre as comunidades, mantendo um ciclo de obrigações e de poderes que flui entre elas.
Regime de discurso e laços sociais: o silêncio e a escrita monástica na primeira metade do século XII
Authors: Castanho Gabriel de C. G.
Published: July 2016

Resumo Momento de importante expansão urbana e econômica, o século XII foi também marcado por vozes que clamavam pelos desertos europeus. Social e religiosamente, esse foi um tempo marcado pela tensão entre a reestruturação da vida em comunidade e a valorização do isolamento eremítico. O aparecimento dos monges cartuxos (talvez a mais importante ordem eremítica medieval), ocorrido nesse contexto, oferece uma ocasião privilegiada para o estudo do que venho chamando de “monopólio da solidão” (o controle do isolamento pela Ecclesia). Pretendo aqui demonstrar como a escrita e o silêncio (ligados ao studium e à noção de comunicação “per litteras”) constituem um verdadeiro “regime de discurso” responsável por solucionar dialeticamente a contradição existente entre o propositum eremítico de abandono do mundo e sua inserção na comunidade eclesial.
Identidade social, mídia televisiva e construção histórico-cultural da memória coletiva: o caso de um movimento sociorreligioso no Brasil
Authors: Castro Alexandre de Carvalho , Dusilek Sérgio Ricardo Gonçalves , Silva Clemir Fernandes
Published: July 2016

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar por que os batistas brasileiros, para preservarem sua identidade social, tendem a esquecer sócio-historicamente o fato de que receberam, via sua mais destacada liderança, a concessão de um canal de televisão no início dos anos 1980. Uma vez que se trata de um processo de esquecimento organizado, o referencial teórico implicado na pesquisa foi o dos estudos de memória social, com dados metodologicamente coletados através de entrevistas e levantamento de fontes documentais. Tal procedimento permitiu constatar que, a fim de reiterar uma identidade social respeitável e calcada nas doutrinas bíblicas, os batistas tenderam a construir uma memória coletiva, nas últimas três décadas, tanto a partir do esquecimento de vinculações com a ditadura militar, quanto do esquecimento de falhas morais apontadas em escândalos midiáticos.
“Religiões Públicas” ou religiões na Esfera Pública? Para uma crítica ao conceito de campo religioso de Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Montero Paula
Published: July 2016

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma releitura crítica da contribuição de Pierre Bourdieu para o campo de estudo das religiões. Demonstraremos inicialmente como o conceito de campo alargou a noção clássica de religião. Em seguida, evidenciaremos por que a dimensão estrutural subjacente ao conceito não consegue dar conta de muitas das dimensões do secularismo contemporâneo, em particular o modo como a esfera pública vem sendo modelada pela presença pública das religiões. Finalmente, partindo da contribuição de autores pós-bourdiesianos para uma definição pragmatista da arena pública, tais como Daniel Cefaï e outros, sugerimos deslocar o olhar sobre as religiões em suas relações com o poder, perguntando-nos não tanto o que as religiões fazem na esfera pública, mas, sobretudo, o que a publicidade faz da religião.
A Universalidade da Condição Secular
Authors: Dutra Roberto
Published: July 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é reconstruir o conceito de secularização a partir da teoria da diferenciação funcional de Niklas Luhmann. Esta teoria fornece elementos robustos tanto para definir de forma precisa o conceito de secularização como também para apreender o seu significado para as relações entre religião e sociedade no mundo atual. A tese central é que a secularização deve ser concebida como a principal consequência da diferenciação dos subsistemas sociais para a vida religiosa, podendo ser definida como a necessidade, enfrentada por toda e qualquer religião deste mundo, de ter que construir suas crenças e práticas em um mundo ordenado por referências não religiosas.
La violencia contra mujeres en comunidades transnacionales de San Luis Potosí, México: un problema de salud pública
Authors: Flores Yesica Yolanda Rangel
Published: July 2016

Resumen: La violencia contra las mujeres es un problema mundial, dado el impacto que tiene en la calidad de vida de quienes la viven, bajo la complicidad de una cultura patriarcal y un Estado que la invisibiliza. Este artículo busca hacer visibles los contextos de violencia en que viven mujeres "parejas de migrantes" en las localidades de origen, problematizando cómo atentan contra su salud física y mental. Se trató de un estudio cualitativo con enfoque en la antropología interpretativa, con 21 mujeres de localidades rurales y urbanas de San Luis Potosí, México; se aplicaron entrevistas desde el marco de historia de la vida cotidiana y análisis de discurso. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres viven mayor violencia cuando sus parejas migran, nuevas formas de violencia se cometen contra ellas, y los ámbitos en que la sufren incluyen el doméstico y el comunitario. La violencia contra las mujeres constituye un problema de salud pública que debe atenderse desde un marco sensible a las dinámicas sociales y culturales que caracterizan los contextos en que se aplican los programas de salud.
Percepção, conhecimento e uso de medicamentos genéricos no Sul do Brasil: o que mudou entre 2002 e 2012?
Authors: Guttier Marília Cruz , Silveira Marysabel Pinto Telis , Luiza Vera Lucia , Bertoldi Andréa Dâmaso
Published: July 2016

Resumo: Este estudo compara a percepção, conhecimento e uso de medicamentos genéricos em adultos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, por meio de dois estudos transversais de base populacional realizados em 2002 e 2012. Os desfechos estudados foram: (a) prevalência de utilização de medicamentos genéricos; (b) proporção de uso de medicamentos genéricos entre os demais medicamentos; (c) percepção dos usuários sobre preço e qualidade dos medicamentos genéricos; (d) conhecimento dos usuários sobre medicamentos genéricos; e (e) estratégias de aquisição de medicamentos. A prevalência de uso de medicamentos genéricos aumentou de 3,6% (IC95%: 3,0-4,3) para 26,1% (IC95%: 24,5-27,7) no período de dez anos. A percepção sobre preço e qualidade dos medicamentos genéricos se manteve estável, a identificação das características que diferenciam os medicamentos genéricos dos demais medicamentos melhorou (p < 0,001) e o erro de classificação de medicamento diminuiu (p < 0,001). Houve um aumento significativo na estratégia de aquisição de medicamentos pela substituição do medicamento prescrito pelo medicamento genérico. Entre 2002 e 2012, aumentou o conhecimento e uso de medicamentos genéricos, enquanto a percepção quanto ao menor preço e qualidade equivalente mantiveram-se elevadas.
Preparedness for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games: hospital treatment capacity in georeferenced areas
Authors: Freitas Carolina Figueiredo , Osorio-de-Castro Claudia Garcia Serpa , Shoaf Kimberley Irene , Silva Raulino Sabino da , Miranda Elaine Silva
Published: July 2016

Abstract: Recently, Brazil has hosted mass events with recognized international relevance. The 2014 FIFA World Cup was held in 12 Brazilian state capitals and health sector preparedness drew on the history of other World Cups and Brazil's own experience with the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. The current article aims to analyze the treatment capacity of hospital facilities in georeferenced areas for sports events in the 2016 Olympic Games in the city of Rio de Janeiro, based on a model built drawing on references from the literature. Source of data were Brazilian health databases and the Rio 2016 website. Sports venues for the Olympic Games and surrounding hospitals in a 10km radius were located by geoprocessing and designated a "health area" referring to the probable inflow of persons to be treated in case of hospital referral. Six different factors were used to calculate needs for surge and one was used to calculate needs in case of disasters (20/1,000). Hospital treatment capacity is defined by the coincidence of beds and life support equipment, namely the number of cardiac monitors (electrocardiographs) and ventilators in each hospital unit. Maracanã followed by the Olympic Stadium (Engenhão) and the Sambódromo would have the highest single demand for hospitalizations (1,572, 1,200 and 600, respectively). Hospital treatment capacity proved capable of accommodating surges, but insufficient in cases of mass casualties. In mass events most treatments involve easy clinical management, it is expected that the current capacity will not have negative consequences for participants.
Frequency of self-reported sexual aggression and victimization in Brazil: a literature review
Authors: Winzer Lylla
Published: July 2016

Abstract: The lack of official data on rape has been a challenge for researchers in Brazil. Two recently published studies were based on law enforcement and medical records. Although these studies represent important progress in research on rape in the country, they have several limitations. In order to obtain more realistic rates, the current article reviews Brazilian studies on self-reported sexual aggression and victimization in individuals over 14 years of age. Forty-one studies were identified through electronic searches and reference verification. From 1% to 40% of women and 1% to 35% of men reported some form of victimization in the previous year. The male perpetration incidence ranged from 2% to 44%. Despite the wide variability, these rates were much higher than those provided by official data. The results suggest that sexual orientation is associated with vulnerability. Mixed findings were found concerning race. Most studies were based on convenience samples and focused on female victimization. Male victimization has received increasing attention, but studies on self-reported perpetration are still limited.
Ecuaciones para la evaluación de la composición corporal en niños y adolescentes
Authors: Curilem-Gatica Cristian , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Fernando , Almagià-Flores Atilio , Yuing-Farías Tuillang , Berral-de-la-Rosa Francisco José
Published: July 2016

Resumen: El uso del índice de masa corporal (IMC) es el más masivo a nivel mundial y a pesar de existir recomendaciones para su interpretación en relación al sexo, edad y raza, normalmente se estandariza su entendimiento, aumentando el error en el resultado y en la clasificación del estado nutricional. El uso de la composición corporal entrega información de mayor relevancia que el IMC, siendo la masa grasa y la masa muscular las principales. Esta comunicación presenta una revisión de las ecuaciones existentes y propone aquellas más simples y con menor error de estimación para ser usadas como una herramienta que reemplace o complemente al IMC, favoreciendo una mejor comprensión e interpretación del estado nutricional y nivel de actividad física.
Formas de aprendizagem e graus de inovação de produto no Brasil: uma análise exploratória dos padrões setoriais de aprendizagem
Authors: Bittencourt Pablo Felipe , Britto Jorge Nogueira de Paiva , Giglio Ricardo
Published: July 2016

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo é ampliar a compreensão da dinâmica da inovação das firmas brasileiras. Para isso, indicadores de tipos de aprendizagem e graus de inovação foram construídos, e suas relações testadas econometricamente. Dentre os resultados, além de diferenças setoriais significativas, destacamos: (i) que inovações de maior grau decorrem de formas de aprendizagem que combinam conhecimentos codificados (como os advindos das fontes avançadas de C&T) com tácitos (frutos de interação com clientes, por exemplo); (ii) que as inovações de menor grau derivam, quase que exclusivamente, da aprendizagem de conhecimentos tácitos e, que, (iii) os clientes são sempre fontes importantes aos processos de inovação. Desta última constatação, levantamos a hipótese de que a limitada dinâmica inovadora das firmas brasileiras pode ser explicada por um aprisionamento à qualidade das demandas de seus clientes. O estímulo às exportações é a principal recomendação de política derivada, por admitir-se que clientes mais sofisticados poderão induzir trajetórias tecnológicas mais promissoras.
Fluxo de capitais, diferencial de juros e o modelo de crescimento com restrição no balanço de pagamentos: uma perspectiva teórica
Authors: Dávila-Fernández Marwil J.
Published: July 2016

Resumo: O trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o debate em torno do crescimento econômico de longo prazo, esclarecendo aspectos dos modelos de crescimento com restrição no Balanço de Pagamentos (BP). Formalizamos um modelo teórico em que o investimento externo direto é diferenciado do investimento em carteira na determinação da taxa de crescimento compatível com a restrição externa, de modo que parte do fluxo de capitais decorre do diferencial das taxas de juros doméstica, internacional e do prêmio de risco.
Marx e as "robinsonadas" da Economia Política
Authors: Augusto André Guimarães
Published: July 2016

Resumo: Neste artigo é resgatada a crítica de Marx às "robinsonadas" da Economia Política. Com isso, Marx observa que a Economia Política toma como ponto de partida o indivíduo isolado e sem determinações sociais, o indivíduo tal como é supostamente posto pela natureza representado na imagem de Robinson Crusoé em sua ilha. Seguindo o método da crítica ontológica de Marx, as "robinsonadas" da Economia Política são apreendidas como uma representação teórica ilusória de condições realmente existentes na sociedade capitalista. Na primeira parte do artigo, será resgatada a "robinsonada" da Economia Política, procurando-se sintetizar sua concepção de homem e de sociedade. Será indicada também a perenidade dessa concepção no pensamento econômico, em seus traços gerais. Na terceira parte do artigo, é indicada a crítica ontológica de Marx às "robinsonadas" apontando sua origem nas condições reais da reprodução material na sociedade capitalista. Finalmente é resgatado o tema do indivíduo em Marx, indicando que a crítica de Marx às "robinsonadas" não implica que Marx não dê importância ou desconheça o indivíduo teórica e eticamente.
Fecundidade e participação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro
Authors: Cunha Marina Silva , Vasconcelos Marcos Roberto
Published: July 2016

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa os determinantes da fecundidade e da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. São utilizadas as informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio do IBGE, de 1995 até 2009, e o modelo probit bivariado. Conforme o esperado, observou-se queda da fecundidade e aumento da participação no período estudado, bem como efeito negativo dos salários na probabilidade de fecundidade e positivo na probabilidade de participação no mercado de trabalho. Além disso, outras variáveis de controle incluídas relacionadas às características pessoais, condição na família e local de residência também afetam a fecundidade e a inserção das mulheres. Ademais, verificou-se que, na cauda inferior da distribuição da renda domiciliar, o efeito dos salários na fecundidade é maior, mas, no caso do engajamento no mercado de trabalho, é menor.
Segregação ocupacional no mercado de trabalho segundo cor e nível de escolaridade no Brasil contemporâneo
Authors: Ribeiro Rosana , Araújo Guilherme Silva
Published: July 2016

Resumo: O propósito deste artigo é analisar a segregação ocupacional segundo cor e nível de escolaridade no período de 2002 a 2012. A segregação ocupacional é mensurada por meio dos índices. Esses índices revelam maior segregação ocupacional entre brancas ou negras do que entre negros ou brancos, apesar de que esse diferencial se reduziu no intervalo temporal. Contudo, os patamares de segregação ocupacional entre brancos ou negros que têm 15 anos ou mais de estudo se elevaram, ao passo que, entre negras ou brancas, se reduziram. Vale ressaltar que a maioria das pessoas que exerce cargo de dirigentes são homens. Ou seja, esse resultado é no mínimo preocupante. Ademais, o patamar de segregação ocupacional entre pessoas do sexo masculino - brancos ou negros com maior nível de escolaridade - não se reduz, embora a proporção de homens negros mais escolarizados se elevou. A adoção de ações afirmativas no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, bem como a melhora da qualidade da educação, poderia contribuir para mitigar essa segregação ocupacional.
Was it Uruguay or coffee? The causes of the beef jerky industry's decline in southern Brazil (1850 - 1889)
Authors: Pereira Thales A. Zamberlan
Published: July 2016

Abstract: What caused the decline of beef jerky production in Brazil? The main sustenance for slaves, beef jerky was the most important industry in southern Brazil. Nevertheless, by 1850, producers were already worried that they could not compete with Uruguayan industry. Traditional interpretations attribute this decline to the differences in productivity between labor markets; indeed, Brazil utilized slave labor,whereas Uruguay had abolished slavery in 1842. Recent research also raises the possibility of a Brazilian "Dutch disease",which resulted from the coffee export boom. We test both hypotheses and argue that Brazilian production's decline was associated with structural changes in demand for low-quality meat. Trade protection policies created disincentives for Brazilian producers to increase productivity and diversify its cattle industry.
Clinical and virological characteristics of calves experimentally infected with a Brazilian isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1a
Authors: Quadros Luana Marchi , Jardim José Conrado dos Santos , Merchioratto Ingryd , Brum Mário Celso Sperotto
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT: To study the pathogenicity of the Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1a 241.10 isolate, four calves were intranasally inoculated with a viral suspension containing 107.2 TCID50 mL-1. One calf was left uninoculated and kept in contact with the other calves to investigate viral transmissibility. After inoculation, the animals were monitored daily for clinical signs of infection. The presence of the virus in the blood and nasal secretions was confirmed by virus isolation in cell culture. White blood cells were quantified prior to and every 3 days after infection, and the presence of antibodies was checked every 7 days, starting at day 0 until day 42 post-inoculation (pi). After infection, nasal and ocular serous secretions were observed between days 1 and 5 pi, along with a mild cough from days 2 to 4 pi; however, no severe clinical signs were present. Body temperature was slightly elevated between days 4 and 6 pi. The control calf did not develop any of the signs observed in the infected animals. Cell culture-mediated virus isolation confirmed viremia between days 4 and 8 pi and the presence of the virus in the nasal secretions between days 1 and 10 pi. All infected animals showed a decrease in white blood cell count. Antibodies could be detected from day 14 pi, and these levels remained high until day 35 pi. The control calf had no viremia, viral presence in nasal secretions, or positive serology, indicating the absence of viral transmission. Thus, isolate BVDV 1a 241.10 has low pathogenicity and transmissibility but retains immunosuppressive capacity.
Ocular lubricants: what is the best choice?
Authors: Araújo Daniela Macedo Lins de , Galera Paula Diniz
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT: Ocular lubricants are used to supplement one or more layers of the lacrimal film. They are often prescribed to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and other diseases of ocular surface in humans. These lubricants may also protect the ocular surface and promote epithelial regeneration. The active component of ocular lubricants is the lubricating agent. The key properties of different lubricating agents are the electrolyte composition, osmolarity, and addition of preservatives. Although lacrimomimetics are not typically used to treat KCS in dogs, they can be used as an adjunctive therapy. Knowledge of the properties of lacrimomimetics will help in making the appropriate therapeutic choice.
Effects of season, sex and age on the diet of Homonota fasciata (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) from Monte region of Argentina
Authors: Cocilio Rodrigo A. Nieva , Blanco Graciela M. , Acosta Juan C.
Published: July 2016

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the diet of the gecko Homonota fasciata (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) in a population from Monte of San Juan Province, Argentina, and to analyze possible temporal, sexual, and ontogenetic variations in feeding behavior. We determined the total volume, number, and occurrence frequency of each prey item and calculated the relative importance indexes. We also assessed trophic diversity and trophic equity. Homonota fasciata had a generalist and diverse diet based on arthropods, including insects and arachnids. Individuals adopted a passive 'sit and wait' foraging strategy. There were seasonal-, sex-, and age-related variations in the trophic spectra. The results of this study provide a valuable contribution to our understanding of the biology of this species, with implications for the establishment of management guidelines both for the species and its habitat.
Políticas públicas coordenadas e presidencialismo de coalizão: o caso do PROMESO
Authors: Rocha Neto João Mendes da , Borges Djalma Freire
Published: July 2016

Resumo As políticas públicas têm sido estudadas com base em diferentes aspectos teóricos. No entanto, ainda persiste uma lacuna nas questões relacionadas à integração de ações das agências governamentais. Essas dimensões, quando estudadas, pouco se aproximam da perspectiva dos impactos decorrentes da arquitetura do presidencialismo de coalizão sobre as políticas públicas, que, no caso brasileiro, corrobora sua fragmentação e competição entre agências governamentais que deveriam atuar de forma integrada. Este artigo objetiva identificar onde esse problema se manifesta e o ponto de inflexão entre o discurso da ação coordenada e a implementação que evidencia o contrário. Para demonstrar como isso ocorre foi escolhido o Programa de Promoção da Sustentabilidade de Espaços Sub-Regionais (Promeso), que tem agendas compartilhadas como um de seus importantes instrumentos. A elaboração da pesquisa demandou uma revisão teórica que se debruçou sobre a arquitetura institucional do presidencialismo de coalizão e dos partidos políticos, além de adotar, na pesquisa empírica, a base de dados da Secretaria de Orçamento Federal (SOF/MPOG) e do Sistema Integrado de Administração Financeira do Governo (Siafi/MF), que permitiram espacializar a distribuição dos recursos públicos segundo as lógicas partidárias e regionalizadas, e consultar documentos oficiais do Ministério da Integração Nacional (MI) que caracterizam o programa objeto deste estudo. A pesquisa comprovou que o presidencialismo de coalizão afeta diretamente as políticas públicas, evidenciando um caráter competitivo entre as agências do governo federal, em razão das lógicas particularizadas, determinadas pelos dirigentes dessas instituições.