bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemia due to Ectopic Release of Insulin from a Paraganglioma
Authors: Uysal M. , Temiz S. , Gul N. , Yarman S. , Tanakol R. , Kapran Y.
Published: February 2007

Insulin-secreting pancreatic tumors and insulin-like growth hormone-secreting non-islet cell tumors can cause hypoglycemia. However, insulin-releasing paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma has almost never been reported. A 67-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital because of headache, palpitation, perspiration, faintness, frequent sense of hunger and absent-mindedness. These intermittent symptoms had begun approximately a year before admission. On physical examination, she had high blood pressure of 150/90 mm Hg. Hormonal studies demonstrated increased urinary norepinephrine levels, and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia was confirmed while the patient was symptomatic. Abdominal MRI revealed a retroperitoneal mass measuring 4.5 cm in the pancreatic region. She was treated with an alpha-blocking agent to control blood pressure preceding the removal of the mass. Histopathological diagnosis was paraganglioma, and immunohistochemically insulin staining in the neoplastic cells was demonstrated. Her blood pressure normalized and hypoglycemia relieved after the operation. The patient did not have recurrence of hypoglycemia after a year of follow-up. Paraganglioma is a rare tumor of the neural crest, and co-secretion of insulin and catecholamines has been reported only by a single case report in the literature. The present patient is another case with this co-secretion.
The place of food: mapping out the ‘local’ in local food systems
Authors: Feagan Robert
Published: February 2007

‘Local food systems’ movements, practices, and writings pose increasingly visible structures of resistance and counter-pressure to conventional globalizing food systems. The place of food seems to be the quiet centre of the discourses emerging with these movements. The purpose of this paper is to identify issues of ‘place’, which are variously described as the ‘local’and ‘community’ in the local food systems literature, and to do so in conjunction with the geographic discussion focused on questions and meanings around these spatial concepts. I see raising the profile of questions, complexity and potential of these concepts as an important role and challenge for the scholar-advocate in the realm of local food systems, and for geographers sorting through them. Both literatures benefit from such a foray. The paper concludes, following a ‘cautiously normative’ tone, that there is strong argument for emplacing our food systems, while simultaneously calling for careful circumspection and greater clarity regarding how we delineate and understand the ‘local’. Being conscious of the constructed nature of the ‘local’, ‘community’ and ‘place’ means seeing the importance of local social, cultural and ecological particularity in our everyday worlds, while also recognizing that we are reflexively and dialectially tied to many and diverse locals around the world.
An Equation for Young’s Modulus in Rubber-toughened PMMA as a Function of Strain Rate and Rubber Content
Authors: Gong Shiyun , Bandyopadhyay S.
Published: February 2007

Young’s modulus data in rubber-toughened PMMA system at low to medium cross head speeds are analyzed and formulated to reach an equation for Young’s modulus as a combined function of strain rate and rubber content. Data analysis using the software MATLAB is demonstrated. Young’s modulus values generated by the equation at given strain rates and rubber contents are found to have good agreement with experimental data.
Examining the Self-Other Dialogue through ‘Spirit’ and ‘Soul’
Authors: Sullivan Paul
Published: February 2007

Bakhtin’s dialogism is widely used to understand the mutual constitution of self and other in action. In this article, however, I argue that there is a second hinge to Bakhtin’s work that is currently underemphasized in the literature. This is his emphasis on the sense of action that accompanies dialogue. Bakhtin refers to action as sensed as ‘spirit’. In contrast, he refers to action relating to the other as ‘soul’. In this article, I outline these distinctions in Bakhtin’s thought before arguing that there is sometimes an intriguing and imaginative struggle between spirit and soul in dialogue. In this struggle, the distinctions between fantasy and reality can become blurred as the self risks potentially life-changing encounters with genuine others. The implications that this has for research practice in socio-cultural psychology are drawn out. In particular, I argue that the ‘spirit-soul’ distinction introduces a humanistic and optimistic view of the self-other relationship into cultural psychology.
Partisanship and Party System Institutionalization
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Weldon Steven
Published: February 2007

Party identification, the psychological bond between citizens and a political party, is one of the central variables in understanding political behavior. This article argues that such party ties are also a measure of party system institutionalization from the standpoint of the public. We apply Converse’s model of partisan learning to 36 nations surveyed as part of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. We find that electoral experience and parental socialization are strong sources of partisanship, but the third-wave democracies also display evidence of latent socialization carried over from the old regime. The results suggest that party identities can develop in new democracies if the party system creates the conditions to develop these bonds.
Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Post-Communist Societies
Authors: McAllister Ian , White Stephen
Published: February 2007

Political parties have a central role to play in democratic consolidation, yet we know comparatively little about how effectively they represent social cleavages in newly emerging democracies. Using the Lipset-Rokkan framework, this article examines the role of parties in articulating social cleavages in 14 established and 6 emerging democracies using the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems datasets. The results show that the social cleavages in the emerging democracies are similar to those of the established democracies, with religion and class predominating. Parties appear to be less effective in representing social cleavages in the emerging than in the established democracies.
Care staff attributions toward self-injurious behaviour exhibited by adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Snow Elizabeth , Langdon Peter E. , Reynolds Shirley
Published: February 2007

Challenging behaviours may elicit negative emotional reactions and increase stress within care staff. The Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) was used to elicit spontaneous causal attributions of staff toward hypothetical clients with challenging behaviours. It was hypothesized that there would be relationships (1) between staff exposure to challenging behaviours and burnout, and (2) between staff cognitions and burnout. Using a cross-sectional correlational design, 41 care staff took part in a 10 minute interview about two vignettes depicting self-injurious behaviour. Staff also completed measures of demographic information and burnout. Participants made attributions toward self-injurious behaviour that were typically internal to the client, uncontrollable, unstable and specific.There was a significant association between number of clients cared for and emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. Staff who made fewer stable attributions had higher levels of burnout. There were no other relationships found between staff cognition and burnout. The LACS can be successfully employed in this context, and may have some benefits over other methods. Future research is required to explore the relationship between cognition and burnout.
Restraint and self-injury in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Jones Edwin , Allen David , Moore Kate , Phillips Bethan , Lowe Kathy
Published: February 2007

Most of the recent debate concerning the ethics of physical interventions has focused on the management of aggressive and destructive behaviours, neglecting the management of self-injurious behaviour.This is an important omission, given the extremely serious consequences that can arise from this form of challenging behaviour.The present article reviews types of restraint used to manage self-injury, prevalence of use, and main and side effects of restraint use. It describes some good practice standards and highlights the need for further research and debate in this complex area.
Platonic Sex: Perversion and Shôjo Anime (Part Two)
Authors: Lamarre Thomas
Published: February 2007

Carrying on from part one published in the July 2006 issue of animation: an interdisciplinary journal, part two continues its exploration of the animated series Chobitswith an eye to how it reads problems of media and technology almost exclusively in terms of human desire, much as psychoanalytic theory reads technology in terms of the weird substance of enjoyment. Part two takes up an analysis of partial objects and perversion in order to show how the materiality of manga and anime as media do not entirely disappear but haunt the dynamics of sexual enjoyment. Materiality returns in an evocation of ‘full blankness’ associated with the white manga page or transparent celluloid sheet, which allows Chobits to pervert the logic of suture and the associated dynamics of the male gaze. The nonhuman woman becomes the catalyst for ways of looking that appear to bypass relations with Others altogether, promising the production of entirely new worlds at some elemental level of perception.
BMP4, SCF, and hypoxia cooperatively regulate the expansion of murine stress erythroid progenitors
Authors: Perry John M. , Harandi Omid F. , Paulson Robert F.
Published: February 2007

The erythroid response to acute anemia relies on the rapid expansion in the spleen of a specialized population of erythroid progenitors termed stress BFU-E. This expansion requires BMP4/Madh5-dependent signaling in vivo; however, in vitro, BMP4 alone cannot recapitulate the expansion of stress BFU-E observed in vivo, which suggests that other signals are required. In this report we show that mutation of the Kit receptor results in a severe defect in the expansion of stress BFU-E, indicating a role for the Kit/SCF signaling pathway in stress erythropoiesis. In vitro analysis showed that BMP4 and SCF are necessary for the expansion of stress BFU-E, but only when spleen cells were cultured in BMP4 + SCF at low-oxygen concentrations did we recapitulate the expansion of stress BFU-E observed in vivo. Culturing spleen cells in BMP4, SCF under hypoxic conditions resulted in the preferential expansion of erythroid progenitors characterized by the expression of Kit, CD71, and TER119. This expression pattern is also seen in stress erythroid progenitors isolated from patients with sickle cell anemia and patients with β-thalassemia. Taken together these data demonstrate that SCF and hypoxia synergize with BMP4 to promote the expansion and differentiation of stress BFU-E during the recovery from acute anemia.
Human Adipose Tissue Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Gene Expression Is Not Related to Fat Cell Function or Adiponectin Level
Authors: Löfgren Patrik , Sjölin Eva , Wåhlen Kerstin , Hoffstedt Johan
Published: February 2007

Context: The cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1) is implicated in adipocyte function.

Objective: We investigated human adipose tissue CNR1 mRNA in relation to obesity, clinical and metabolic variables, adipocyte function, and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) levels.

Methods: We assessed sc fat biopsies from 96 obese and nonobese subjects and omental fat biopsies from 82 obese and nonobese subjects.

Results: The sc and omental adipose CNR1 gene expression were similar in obese and nonobese subjects. No association between either sc or omental adipose CNR1 mRNA levels and body mass index, waist circumference, plasma levels of glucose and insulin, lipids, or blood pressure was found. The sc and omental maximal adrenergic lipolytic activation as well as lipolytic adrenoceptor sensitivity were not related to CNR1 gene expression. Lipogenesis in sc adipocytes also showed no association with CNR1 mRNA levels. Finally, no relation was found between adipose CNR1 gene expression and ADIPOQ mRNA, adipose tissue adiponectin secretion, or circulating adiponectin.

Conclusion: We found no association of human adipose tissue CNR1 mRNA expression with measures of body fat, metabolic parameters, fat cell function, or ADIPOQ expression. These data do not suggest a major role of human adipose CNR1 in fat cell function or metabolic disease development.
Distinct Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 and 2 in Regulating Cell Survival and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Xian Wa , Schwertfeger Kathryn L. , Rosen Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2007

Two related receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and 2 (FGFR1 and FGFR2), exert distinct effects during carcinogenesis. To examine FGFR1 and FGFR2 signaling in polarized epithelia, we have developed an in vitro three-dimensional HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell culture model combined with a chemically inducible FGFR (iFGFR) dimerization system. Although activation of both RTKs led to reinitiation of cell proliferation and loss of cell polarity, only iFGFR1 activation induced cell survival and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. In contrast, iFGFR2 activation induced cell apoptosis even in the cells in direct contact with the extracellular matrix. Activation of iFGFR2, but not iFGFR1, led to rapid receptor down-regulation and transient activation of downstream signaling, which were partially rescued by Cbl small interfering RNA knockdown or the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Importantly, inhibition of proteasome activity in iFGFR2-activated structures led to epithelial to mesenchymal transition and invasive phenotypes resembling those observed after iFGFR1 activation. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, that the duration of downstream signaling determines the distinct phenotypes mediated by very homologous RTKs in three-dimensional cultures.
Effects of St. John's Wort Supplementation on Ibuprofen Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Bell Edward C , Ravis William R , Lloyd Kimberly Braxton , Stokes Thomas J
Published: February 2007

Background:

St. John's wort is a popular herbal supplement that has been involved in various herb–drug interactions. Experimental findings suggest that the supplement may impact CYP2C9 metabolism. CYP2C9 is responsible for the irreversible metabolism of ibuprofen,

Objective:

To examine the effect of 3 weeks of St. John's wort administration on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen.

Methods:

Eight male subjects participated in this study. The single-dose pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen were evaluated before and after 21 days of St. John's wort administration. Plasma ibuprofen concentrations were determined, using a stereoselective, reversed-phase HPLC assay. Model independent methods were used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of each ibuprofen enantiomer. Data were analyzed by 2 way ANOVA testing and confidence interval testing.

Results:

S(+)-ibuprofen mean ± SD AUC and maximum concentration (Cmax) values were 131.6 ± 26.8 μg•h/mL and 31.8 ± 7.33 μg/mL, respectively, for control samples and 122.4 ± 32.9 μg•h/mL and 33.6 ± 7.83 μg/mL, respectively, after St. John's wort treatment. R(–)-ibuprofen mean AUC and Cmaxvalues were 85.1 ± 26.6 μg•h/mL and 28.4 ± 8.72 μg/mL, respectively, for control samples and 87.7 ± 30.1 μg•h/mL and 30.0 ± 8.97 μg/mL, respectively, for St. John's wort treatment samples. St. John's wort administration resulted in no significant effects on the Cmaxand AUC of either stereoisomer. A 31% decrease in S(+)-ibuprofen mean residence time (p = 0.02) was observed.

Conclusions:

St. John's wort administration for 21 days had no apparent clinically important impact on the single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of S(+)- and R(–)-ibuprofen. Although St. John's wort treatment appears to significantly reduce the mean residence time of S-ibuprofen, no ibuprofen dose adjustments appear warranted when the drug is administered orally with St. John's wort, due to the lack of significant change observed in ibuprofen AUC and Cmaxfor either enantiomer.
Particle properties of hydrothermal ammonium-bearing illite-smectite
Authors: Šucha Vladimír , Uhlík Peter , Madejová Jana , Petit Sabine , Kraus Ivan , Puškelová L’ubica
Published: February 2007

Mixed-layer illite-smectite with high degree of ordering (rectorite-like clay) and with three types of interlayer cations — K+, Na+ and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">NH4+, was determined in the high-sulfide epithermal mineralization of the Western Carpathian Mountains. The tobelitic portion of the clay comprises 5–10%. Ammonium was detected both by chemical analysis and by Fourier transform infrared analysis. Some of the ammonium can be assigned to a poorly bound form, not fully fixed in the illitic interlayer. The finest size fraction separated from the samples behaves differently from the rest of the sample. It contains two layers of water molecules in the expandable interlayers as determined by X-ray diffraction, whereas coarser fractions have only one water layer in the interlayers.
Optimal Sobolev inequalities on complete Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded below and positive injectivity radius
Authors: Hebey Emmanuel
Published: February 2007

The concept of best constants for Sobolev embeddings appeared to be crucial for solving limiting cases of some partial differential equations. A striking example where it has played a major role is given by the very famous Yamabe problem. While the situation is well understood for compact manifolds, things are less clear when dealing with complete manifolds. Aubin proved in '76 that optimal Sobolev inequalities are valid for complete manifolds with bounded sectional curvature and positive injectivity radius. We prove here that the result still holds if the bound on the sectional curvature is replaced by a lower bound on the Ricci curvature (a much weaker assumption). We also get estimates for the remaining constants.
Capacitary estimates and the local behavior of solutions of nonlinear subelliptic equations
Authors: Capogna Luca , Danielli Donatella , Garofalo Nicola
Published: February 2007

We establish sharp capacitary estimates for Carnot-Carathéodory rings associated to a system of vector fields of Hörmander type. Such estimates are instrumental to the study of the local behavior of singular solutions of a wide class of nonlinear subelliptic equations. One of the main results is a generalization of fundamental estimates obtained independently by Sanchez-Calle and Nagel, Stein and Wainger.
Asymptotics for large time of solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger and Hartree equations
Authors: Hayashi Nakao , Naumkin Pavel I.
Published: February 2007

We study the asymptotic behavior in time of solutions to the Cauchy problems for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a critical power nonlinearity and the Hartree equation. We prove the existence of modified scattering states and the sharp time decay estimate in the uniform norm of solutions to the Cauchy problem with small initial data. This estimate is very important for the proof of the existence of modified scattering states to the nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a critical nonlinearity and the Hartree equation. In order to derive the desired estimates we introduce a certain phase function since the previous methods, based solely on a priori estimates of the operator x + it ∇ acting on the solution without specifying any phase function, do not work for the critical case under consideration. The well-known nonexistence of the usual L 2 scattering states shows that our result is sharp.
The Effros-Maréchal topology in the space of von Neumann algebras
Authors: Haagerup Uffe , Winsløw Carl
Published: February 2007

New concepts of limes inferior and limes superior in the space of von Neumann algebras on a fixed Hilbert space are defined, and the topology corresponding to these notions is related to earlier works of Effros and Marechal. A main technical result is that the commutant operation is a homeomorphism on the space of von Neumann algebras with this topology. Further, the topological properties of several classes and types of von Neumann factors (regarded as subspaces) are determined, and also continuity-type results for Tomita-Takesaki theory are proved. Some applications to subfactor theory are given.
Arcs and wedges on sandwiched surface singularities
Authors: Lejeune-Jalabert Monique , Reguera-López Ana J.
Published: February 2007

A wedge on a surface singularity ( S, P ) is a formal parametrization of S by power series in two variables, locally at P . A genericity condition, which is expected to be enough to guarantee that a wedge lifts to the minimal desingularization of the surface, is proved to be so if the singularity is sandwiched.
Rank rigidity of Euclidean polyhedra
Authors: Ballmann Werner , Brin Michael
Published: February 2007

A Euclidean polyhedron (a simplicial complex whose simplices are Euclidean) of nonpositive curvature (in the sense of Alexandrov) has rank ≥ 2 if every finite geodesic segment is a side of a flat rectangle. We prove that if a three-dimensional, geodesically complete, simply connected Euclidean polyhedron X of rank ≥ 2 and of nonpositive curvature admits a cocompact and properly discontinuous group of isometries, then X is either a Riemannian product or a thick Euclidean building of type [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] or [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /].
Strichartz estimates for second order hyperbolic operators with nonsmooth coefficients, II
Authors: Tataru Daniel
Published: February 2007

In an earlier work we have proved some estimates of Strichartz type for second order hyperbolic operators with C s coefficients for 0 ≤ s ≤ 1. Here we improve these estimates and extend the range of s to 0 ≤ s ≤ 2. In particular for s = 2 we obtain the full Strichartz estimates.
The Blaschke conjecture and great circle fibrations of spheres
Authors: McKay Benjamin
Published: February 2007

We construct an explicit diffeomorphism taking any fibration of a sphere by great circles into the Hopf fibration. We use elementary differential geometry, and no surgery or K -theory, to carry out the construction—indeed the diffeomorphism is a local (differential) invariant, algebraic in derivatives. This result is new only for 5 dimensional spheres, but our new method of proof is elementary.
Lugendam Formae Sine Virginitate Reliquit : Reading Pyrene and the Transformation of Landscape in Silius' Punica 3
Authors: Augoustakis Antony
Published: February 2007

In Punica3, the poet manipulates the complexities
of traditional representations of Hercules to illustrate how Hannibal
imitates the demigod's conduct as it is portrayed in the aetiological
tale of Pyrene's rape and death. Just as Pyrene's blood stains the
homonymous mountains in Spain, Hannibal's army is afflicted with much
woe and suffering when crossing the Alps. Verbal echoes from Pyrene's
dismemberment throughout the book confirm that the female is not viewed
as an object of pathos but rather as a sign "posted" in the narrative
in order to foreshadow, but not avert, the disasters that await the
male protagonist.
Nyaung-gan: A Preliminary Note on a Bronze Age Cemetery near Mandalay, Myanmar (Burma)
Authors: Moore Elizabeth , Pauk Pauk
Published: February 2007

Preliminary excavations were made in 1998 at a cemetery south of Nyaung-gan Village, near Mandalay, in central Myanmar (Burma). The site is located on the edge of a volcanic crater; there are nearby copper deposits. Three main types of artifacts were recovered from the excavation: ceramics, stone rings, and bronzes. Survey of the surrounding area includes possible smelting and stone ring production sites. Much remains to be learned about the Nyaung-gan cemetery, but it is already clear that the finds from the site contribute greatly to the knowledge of Myanmar prehistory.
Early Settlement of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Authors: Martinsson-Wallin Helene , Crockford Susan J
Published: February 2007

Extensive archaeological investigations on Rapa Nui were initiated by the Norwegian Expedition to the island in 1955 -1956. An evaluation of the evidence for early settlement and discussion of the origin of the initial population are presented. The earliest settlement activity on the island was subsequently found at Anakena cove during the Kon-Tiki Museum expedition in 1987. A reanalysis of the material remains and a new osteological analysis of the fish remains from the early Anakena site are presented. This, together with analyses of cultural remains from other settlement sites on Rapa Nui and on other islands in Polynesia, forms the base for an intra- and interisland comparative analysis and discussion of the origin of the initial settlement on Rapa Nui.
Radiocarbon Ages for Two Sites on Ua Huka, Marquesas
Authors: Conte Eric , Anderson Atholl
Published: February 2007

Radiocarbon dates are presented and discussed for two sites with
deep stratigraphy on Ua Huka Island, Marquesas. The lowest layer at
the Hokatu site dates to the eleventh to thirteenth centuries A.D. At
Hatuana, earlier radiocarbon-age estimates extended to the sixth to
ninth centuries A.D. New results from the Waikato and Oxford
Radiocarbon laboratories indicate that the lower levels at Hatuana are
no older than about the fourteenth century.
Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria
Authors: Okeke Phil E.
Published: February 2007

This article provides a brief review of the place of tradition in restructuring women's social status and rights in contemporary Africa. Using Nigeria as a case study, the analysis traces women's historical progression from the pre-colonial era, their absorption into the colonial society, and progress in the post-independence era. The paper outlines their legal status over this entire period as a crucial basis for initiating the struggle to improve their social position. The final section makes a case, outlining the challenges, for reconfiguring the cultural basis for advancing their social status and rights. The author draws attention to certain developments on the international scene which could boost women's struggle to improve their lot across the continent. As noted in the analysis, one cannot overlook the specificity of women's experiences across the continent as well as the complexity of social relations which give meaning to gender as category of analysis. Hence, the purpose of this article is to highlight an important factor which the struggle for African women's rights and social status must confront, using the example of women in a specific social context.
Structural Adjustment and Emerging Urban Form in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Yeboah Ian E. A.
Published: February 2007

Researchers have postulated the emergence of new urban forms in the Third World (TW), which are characterized by either a deconcentration of urban functions to peri-urban or smaller cities (polycentric), or a fusion of urban and rural functions ( desakota ). This paper provides empirical evidence, in the form of the phenomenal growth of Accra, on emerging urban forms. It argues that Accra's growth is a quality residential sprawl with unicentric tendencies, rather than either a deconcentration of urban functions or a fusion of urban and rural functions. For Accra, globalization, economic growth, and Structural Adjustment have helped the state provide enabling circumstances for global and local factors to contribute to the city's expansion. Based on the case of Accra, the paper raises a series of questions that relate to generalization, planning, and the management of sub-Saharan African cities (SSACs) .
"My Grandfather's Gun was Called Field of Children ": Ecological History as Indictment of State Development Policy
Authors: Strickland Bradford
Published: February 2007

This ethnographic article tells a village's ecological history on the border of the South Luangwa National Park in eastern Zambia. It examines history-telling as a form of critique of state management of local hunting and wildlife in relation to the development of health, education and agricultural services. It explores how villages construct political identities that are resistant to state policies as they commemorate the past in history-telling and local memorials.
Naming a Theatre in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Bruin Hanne M. de
Published: February 2007

Perhaps a rose by any other name would indeed smell as sweet, but a lot of people might be upset if they suddenly had to call a rose by something less familiar. How they might feel may be measured by the emotional controversies that continue to swirl around the appropriate names for certain forms of Asian theatre. ATJ has more than once discussed the problem with regard to traditional Chinese theatre. In the present article, Hanne M. de Bruin examines the issues surrounding the name for the folk theatre of Tamil Nadu, India—usually known as terukkuttu (one of several possible spellings), but which some now prefer to call kattaikkuttu . De Bruin's position as a theatre researcher not only gives her firsthand insights based on her own participation in the debate but, as she notes, also clouds the issues because of her status as a foreign scholar. In her essay, De Bruin closely examines the sociopolitical ramifications of the naming problem.
Hope: A Modern Chinese Play by Yang Qian
Authors: Yang Qian , O'Donnell Mary Ann
Published: February 2007

The municipal government of Shenzhen, China, does not sponsor a huaju (modern spoken drama) troupe. 1 At the same time, the Ministry of Propaganda still controls cultural production. Consequently, Shenzhen thespians must creatively manipulate the state apparatus in order to secure approval ( pizhun ) for dramatic productions. But, as the playwright's introduction to Xiwang (Hope, 1997) indicates, the lack of institutional support for huaju has also produced a unique opportunity not only to redefine the relationship between artistic production and the Chinese state but also to push the envelope of acceptable plots, style, and form. A journalist by profession, Yang Qian came to the attention of the huaju public when the National Experimental Theatre of China staged his play Guyi Shanghai (Intentional Injury, 1994). In 1997, he registered Ling Ri Yue (Zero Sun Moon)—the first experimental theatre troupe in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone—as a social club, a gesture that finessed and restructured the administrative organization of huaju in Shenzhen.
Contemplating Peonies: A Symposium on Three Productions of Tang Xianzu's Peony Pavilion
Authors: Jain Susan Pertel
Published: February 2007

Recently a spate of strikingly different productions brought a Chinese classic, The Peony Pavilion , to international attention. Struck by this phenomenon, the editor of ATJ asked its outgoing associate editor, Susan Pertel Jain, a Chinese theatre specialist who had worked on one of the productions, to gather comments on them from various scholars. The result is the following series of brief essays by Judith T. Zeitlin, David Rolston, and Catherine Swatek.
Emptying the Sea by the Bucketful: The Dilemma in Cambodian Theatre
Authors: Diamond Catherine
Published: February 2007

From the perspective of the French colonialists and
contemporary tour producers, Cambodian classical dance has been the
star of Cambodia's performing arts, overshadowing the other theatrical
forms. Yike, bassac, lakhaoun niyeay, andsbek touchall have
taken second place for political as well as aesthetic reasons. During
the 1990s when the United Nations and other aid agencies were helping
Cambodia recover from the effects of civil war and foreign occupation,
the performing arts relied heavily on foreign aid to sustain them. This
essay questions both the renewed focus on the classical dance and the
reliance on foreign funds for performance inside the country—and
asks whether such aid will in the long term benefit the performing arts
and artists or create a dependence that lessens their own initiative
and local audience interaction.
Umbuik Mudo and the Magic Flute: A Randai Dance-Drama
Authors: Pauka Kirstin , Askovic Ivana , Polk Barbara
Published: February 2007

This first English-language publication of arandai
play from West Sumatra is based on the script prepared for a student
production staged in 2001 at the University of Hawai'i, Manoa,
by one of the translators, Kirstin Pauka, who also introduces the play
and its staging.
Train Wrecks to Typhoid Fever: The Development of Railroad Medicine Organizations, 1850 to World War I
Authors: Aldrich Mark
Published: February 2007

From their beginning American railroads developed medical arrangements to care for the large number of workers and passengers they killed or injured. After the Civil War, both labor unrest and liability concerns led them to expand and formalize these arrangements, and three forms of organization arose. Western roads, facing an almost complete lack of medical facilities, developed employee-funded hospital organizations. In the east, companies created medical organizations under a salaried chief surgeon and contracted with local physicians to provide care. A third model, pioneered by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in the 1880s, devised a beneficial society that provided medical care and compensation for injured workers. Although these organizations involved both contract practice and group hospitalization, the AMA seems to have ignored them. In the 1880s railroad physicians developed their own organizations, including the National Association of Railway Surgeons, in which they discussed problems of professionalization and such medical matters as "railway spine." Concern with costs and labor turnover also led the carriers into preventive medicine. Some roads provided smallpox and typhoid vaccinations, campaigned against malaria, improved passenger-car sanitation, required physical examinations of their employees, and trained them in first aid. By World War I, railroad medical organizations provided care to nearly two million employees and employment to about 10 percent of all physicians.
The Expurgation of Medical Books in Sixteenth-Century Spain
Authors: Front Dov
Published: February 2007

Medical books figured prominently on lists of scientific books censured or expurgated by ecclesiastic authorities in the second half of the sixteenth century. A systematic examination of this censorship is still wanting. The following study, which describes and explains the mechanism of expurgation of centuria iv in Amatus Lusitanus's description of medical cases (Lyons edition, 1580), is an example of the sort of questions and information that can be drawn from such an examination. In particular, the expurgation of Amatus's discussion of false conception suffered by a nun is analyzed. Amatus did not rule out the possibility of natural virginal pregnancy, and in doing so he relied on medical authorities (Averroes) as well as on a Hebrew rabbinical source ( Alphabet of Ben Sira ).
The "Foul Disease" and Privacy: The Effects of Venereal Disease and Patient Demand on the Medical Marketplace in Early Modern London
Authors: Siena Kevin P.
Published: February 2007

This article examines medical advertisements for venereal disease treatment from late Stuart London. It explores how privacy issues influenced the services provided by early modern venereologists. It shows that practitioners who sought to get ahead in the competitive field of venereology began to offer private treatment at a time when other physicians seem not to have provided that service. Therefore, market forces such as patient demand had an innovatory effect on early modern medical ethics. The same dynamic that caused venereal patients to seek privacy also led them to demand a practitioner of their own sex. Infected women clearly wished to be treated by a female practitioner. Many male practitioners forged partnerships with women in order to attract female clientele. These partnerships were frequently based on familial connections, most often between husband and wife. The presence of widespread VD in London helped sustain a sizable number of female practitioners who specialized in venereology.
Edwin Klebs's Grundversuche
Authors: Carter K. Codell
Published: February 2007

In 1876, discussions of the role of microorganisms in disease causation focused on anthrax and wound infections, and even in respect to these diseases there was controversy. In a series of papers on the pathologicality of bacteria, Edwin Klebs identified four " Grundversuche " (fundamental tests) that provided a basis for his own research strategy. The Grundversuche can be read as the following hypotheses: first, all bacteria are pathological; second, bacteria never occur spontaneously; third, every disease is caused only by bacteria; and fourth, the bacteria that cause distinguishable disease are distinguishable. Although some of these hypotheses are literally false, together they constitute part of a rational basis for a bacterial theory of disease, and, as such, they mark a true revolution in etiological thought.
"Summus atque felicissimus salium": The Medical Relevance of the Liquor alkahest
Authors: Porto Paulo A.
Published: February 2007

This paper analyzes the development of the concept of alkahest from its origins in the Paracelsian corpus to its mature form in the works of Joan Baptista van Helmont (1579-1644) and his successors. Historians of science have usually focused on the chemical aspects of the alkahest, taking into account especially the claims that it was a substance capable of dissolving all kinds of matter. This paper shows the medical implications of the alkahest: it was not only a "solvent," but an important means of revealing nature's secrets and of producing medicines. The properties ascribed to the alkahest fit perfectly within Helmontian theories about matter, disease, and cure.
"And Hold the Bondman Still": Biogeography and Utopia in Slave and Serf Narratives
Authors: MacKay John
Published: February 2007

This article reads the contrasting topographies structuring autobiographical narratives by US slaves and Russian serfs as constitutive of specific imaginings of freedom and constraints on freedom. It argues for seeing the classic "passage" of the bondsman from slavery to freedom as a kind of "passing" involving the manipulation of categories provided by dominant racial (US) or state (Russia) ideologies. The final inability of the bondsman to "pass" into a space of true freedom forces us to posit a fourth space, beyond those of bondage, liberty, or exile. This (non-)space is utopia, perceived largely though the way the putative goal of the escaping slave falls short of being a true "land of liberty."
Sites of Memory: Women's Autoethnographies from Rural France
Authors: Reed-Danahay Deborah
Published: February 2007

At the same time that France's family farms declined in number during the latter half of the twentieth century, they increasingly became a site of collective memory and nostalgia. The published life stories of three French farm women, born in 1880, 1900, and 1919, illustrate the discursive frameworks through which gendered rural lives are constructed in contemporary autobiographical genres.
Genius and the Dutiful Life: Ray Monk's Wittgenstein and the Biography of the Philosopher as Sub-Genre
Authors: Freadman Richard
Published: February 2007

This article argues for the existence of the "biography of the philosopher" as a sub-genre of life writing, and identifies a number of coordinates that assist in characterizing the writing, reading, and interpretation of examples of this sub-genre. Exemplifying the need to consider biographies of philosophers on a case-by-case basis, a reading of Ray Monk's biography of Wittgenstein in light of these coordinates reveals a resemblance between Wittgenstein's later thought and Monk's biographical methodology.
"Germany's 'Brown Babies' Must Be Helped! Will You?": U.S. Adoption Plans for Afro-German Children, 1950-1955
Authors: Lemke Muniz de Faria Yara-Colette
Published: February 2007

This essay explores the debate that arose around the adoption of Black German children by African American parents and the subsequent immigration of these children to the United States. Using a comparative approach, the article probes the underlying internal social and political controversies in postwar Germany and the United States that led to and accompanied these events, concluding that both the plans for and practical implementation of the adoption of these Black German children abroad was an complex and contradictory attempt to solve the "problem" a German-born Black population was seen to pose.
The "Power" and "Sequelae" of Audre Lorde's Syntactical Strategies
Authors: Rudnitsky Lexi
Published: February 2007

Essayist, memoir-writer, university professor--Audre Lorde, in describing her work to Adrienne Rich, stated plainly: "I write poetry." Yet in the relatively small body of literature about her work (no full-length book exists), only a fraction focuses on her poetry. And even this criticism tends to treat her poetry as if it were prose. That is, it looks at content without taking into account formal structures. Such works paraphrase her poems and smooth over difficult syntax in order to reveal their true "meaning" or underlying "message." But to ignore the ways in which Lorde disrupts traditional syntax is to ignore the very premise of her poetic project. By examining "Power" and "Sequelae," two poems from The Black Unicorn, this article argues that Lorde's innovative use of syntax has a pointed objective: that of complicating the subject position, undermining monolithic categories of identity, and demonstrating that difference is not only consistent with creativity, but constitutive of it. It is only by considering how formal structures complement, dramatize, and produce meaning that we can truly approach an understanding of Lorde's poetry, which, for too long, has been overlooked or misread.
The Transnational Ga(y)ze: Constructing the East European Object of Desire in Gay Film and Pornography after the Fall of the Wall
Authors: Radel Nicholas F.
Published: February 2007

Gay pornography employing men from formerly Communist Eastern Europe, including My Polish Waiter (1994), can be seen as acculturation narratives in which the Eastern European acts as a marker in the construction of American gay identities. These films thus formulate contemporary gay culture at the center of post-Cold War political and economic relations.
The Staging of the Bourgeois Imaginary in The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover (1990)
Authors: Johnston Ruth D.
Published: February 2007

Against a backdrop of theorizations of the bourgeois subject and the grotesque body, abjection, and carnival, this essay analyzes the function of the "demarcating imperative" manifested in the spatial and temporal structures of The Cook, the Thief, His Wife, and Her Lover (1990) and relates these to its spectacles of disgust on the one hand and to the critique of consumer society on the other.
Gauging a Revolution: 16mm Film and the Rise of the Pornographic Feature
Authors: Schaefer Eric
Published: February 2007

This article suggests that during the late 1960s the introduction of 16mm film technology into an adult film marketplace dominated by 35mm production and exhibition precipitated a series of industrial adjustments that resulted in the development of the hardcore narrative feature.
Historiography and Sinification: Music in Chinese Cinema of the 1930s
Authors: Yueh-yu Yeh
Published: February 2007

Sinification, in the sense of rendering Chinese, or indigenizing a foreign medium, has been a dominant discourse in Chinese film historiography. This article analyzes film music in Chinese cinema of the 1930s and argues that sinification should not be taken as a natural or inevitable process but instead should be viewed as a conditional, negotiated practice, subject to intertwined industrial and political mediations.
Global Cinderella: Sabrina (1954), Hollywood, and Postwar Internationalism
Authors: Smith Dina M.
Published: February 2007

Discourses on U.S. postwar foreign policy have found their way into Hollywood fare, particularly Billy Wilder's Cinderella films, such as Sabrina (1954). These films cast the period's gendered, dominant foreign policy discourses in the terms of the Hollywood Cinderella romance: orphan Europe can be seduced by American assistance.
Masculinity on the Front: John Huston's The Red Badge of Courage (1951) Revisited
Authors: DeBona Guerric
Published: February 2007

John Huston's Red Badge of Courage (1951) is a marvelous
example of literary capital under the strain of Cold War politics,
the changing face of MGM, and a maverick director. Archival material
reproduced and explicated in this essay suggests what might have been.
Ambiguous Ecologies: Stardom's Domestic Mise-en-Scene
Authors: Dixon Simon
Published: February 2007

The private lives of film stars are strangely contiguous with
their roles. Consequently, a film star's home becomes an ambiguous
ecology: part dwelling, part location. Hollywood's domestic staging in
promotional/publicity photo shoots exposes the semifictional condition
of the mechanism of stardom and suggests a cross-pollination between the
art of the film industry and the life of suburban Los Angeles. Further,
a star's masculinity as displayed through décor provides a measure
of Hollywood's gendering of domestic space.
AIDS References in the Critical Reception of David Cronenberg: "It May Not Be Such a Bad Disease after All"
Authors: Mathijs Ernest
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that reception studies need to pay
greater attention to topical and rhetorical references in film
criticism. Specifically, the article analyzes references to AIDS in
criticism of the films of David Cronenberg, with particular emphasis
on The Fly (1986).
From Rolling Thunder to Reggae: Imagining Squatter Settlements in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Goddard Michael
Published: February 2007

As Papua New Guinea's well-publicized "law and order" problem continues unabated, calls are often made for the destruction of squatter settlements and the dispersal of their inhabitants as a solution to urban crime. This article examines the popular imagery of urban "squatter settlements" in Papua New Guinea, which represents them as criminogenic habitats of unemployed and impoverished migrants. The imagery is generally as misleading as that of squatter and shanty environments elsewhere in the third world—a topic that is familiar in critical academic literature. But it is argued here that the shared imagery cannot be submitted to an analysis that simply draws on political-economic generalizations about housing and marginalization in "developing" nations. The notion of squatter settlements in the independent nation of Papua New Guinea has a specific origin in the imagination and attitudes of Europeans in the preceding colonial period. The historical transformations through which the imagery has been perpetuated are examined to understand how present-day urban Papua New Guineans can continue to demonize settlements in the face of lived experience that contradicts this censorious discourse.
Academic Persistence Among Native American College Students
Authors: Jackson Aaron P. , Smith Steven A , Hill Curtis L
Published: February 2007

Qualitative interviews with 15 successful Native American college students
who grew up on reservations identified the following themes related
to their persistence in college: (a) family support, (b) structured
social support, (c) faculty/staff warmth, (d) exposure to college and
vocations, (e) developing independence and assertiveness, (f) reliance
on spiritual resources, (g) dealing with racism, (h) nonlinear path,
and (i) paradoxical cultural pressure. The results indicated a need for
stable mentoring relationships and programmatic support.