bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutathione in the nucleus accumbens regulates motivation to exert reward-incentivized effort
Authors: Zalachoras Ioannis , Ramos-Fernández Eva , Hollis Fiona , Trovo Laura , Rodrigues João , Strasser Alina , Zanoletti Olivia , Steiner Pascal , Preitner Nicolas , Xin Lijing , Astori Simone , Sandi Carmen
Published: November 2022

Emerging evidence is implicating mitochondrial function and metabolism in the nucleus accumbens in motivated performance. However, the brain is vulnerable to excessive oxidative insults resulting from neurometabolic processes, and whether antioxidant levels in the nucleus accumbens contribute to motivated performance is not known. Here, we identify a critical role for glutathione (GSH), the most important endogenous antioxidant in the brain, in motivation. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at ultra-high field in both male humans and rodent populations, we establish that higher accumbal GSH levels are highly predictive of better, and particularly, steady performance over time in effort-related tasks. Causality was established in in vivo experiments in rats that, first, showed that downregulating GSH levels through micro-injections of the GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine in the nucleus accumbens impaired effort-based reward-incentivized performance. In addition, systemic treatment with the GSH precursor N-acetyl-cysteine increased accumbal GSH levels in rats and led to improved performance, potentially mediated by a cell-type-specific shift in glutamatergic inputs to accumbal medium spiny neurons. Our data indicate a close association between accumbal GSH levels and an individual’s capacity to exert reward-incentivized effort over time. They also suggest that improvement of accumbal antioxidant function may be a feasible approach to boost motivation.
The molecular basis of socially induced egg-size plasticity in honey bees
Authors: Han Bin , Wei Qiaohong , Amiri Esmaeil , Hu Han , Meng Lifeng , Strand Micheline K , Tarpy David R , Xu Shufa , Li Jianke , Rueppell Olav
Published: November 2022

Reproduction involves the investment of resources into offspring. Although variation in reproductive effort often affects the number of offspring, adjustments of propagule size are also found in numerous species, including the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera. However, the proximate causes of these adjustments are insufficiently understood, especially in oviparous species with complex social organization in which adaptive evolution is shaped by kin selection. Here, we show in a series of experiments that queens predictably and reversibly increase egg size in small colonies and decrease egg size in large colonies, while their ovary size changes in the opposite direction. Additional results suggest that these effects cannot be solely explained by egg-laying rate and are due to the queens’ perception of colony size. Egg-size plasticity is associated with quantitative changes of 290 ovarian proteins, most of which relate to energy metabolism, protein transport, and cytoskeleton. Based on functional and network analyses, we further study the small GTPase Rho1 as a candidate regulator of egg size. Spatio-temporal expression analysis via RNAscope and qPCR supports an important role of Rho1 in egg-size determination, and subsequent RNAi-mediated gene knockdown confirmed that Rho1 has a major effect on egg size in honey bees. These results elucidate how the social environment of the honey bee colony may be translated into a specific cellular process to adjust maternal investment into eggs. It remains to be studied how widespread this mechanism is and whether it has consequences for population dynamics and epigenetic influences on offspring phenotype in honey bees and other species.
The role of adolescent lifestyle habits in biological aging: A prospective twin study
Authors: Kankaanpää Anna , Tolvanen Asko , Heikkinen Aino , Kaprio Jaakko , Ollikainen Miina , Sillanpää Elina
Published: November 2022

Background:

Adolescence is a stage of fast growth and development. Exposures during puberty can have long-term effects on health in later life. This study aims to investigate the role of adolescent lifestyle in biological aging.

Methods:

The study participants originated from the longitudinal FinnTwin12 study (n = 5114). Adolescent lifestyle-related factors, including body mass index (BMI), leisure-time physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use, were based on self-reports and measured at ages 12, 14, and 17 years. For a subsample, blood-based DNA methylation (DNAm) was used to assess biological aging with six epigenetic aging measures in young adulthood (21–25 years, n = 824). A latent class analysis was conducted to identify patterns of lifestyle behaviors in adolescence, and differences between the subgroups in later biological aging were studied. Genetic and environmental influences on biological aging shared with lifestyle behavior patterns were estimated using quantitative genetic modeling.

Results:

We identified five subgroups of participants with different adolescent lifestyle behavior patterns. When DNAm GrimAge, DunedinPoAm, and DunedinPACE estimators were used, the class with the unhealthiest lifestyle and the class of participants with high BMI were biologically older than the classes with healthier lifestyle habits. The differences in lifestyle-related factors were maintained into young adulthood. Most of the variation in biological aging shared with adolescent lifestyle was explained by common genetic factors.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that an unhealthy lifestyle during pubertal years is associated with accelerated biological aging in young adulthood. Genetic pleiotropy may largely explain the observed associations.

Funding:

This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (213506, 265240, 263278, 312073 to J.K., 297908 to M.O. and 341750, 346509 to E.S.), EC FP5 GenomEUtwin (J.K.), National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant HL104125), EC MC ITN Project EPITRAIN (J.K. and M.O.), the University of Helsinki Research Funds (M.O.), Sigrid Juselius Foundation (J.K. and M.O.), Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (6868), Juho Vainio Foundation (E.S.) and Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg foundation (E.S.).
Lightweight multi-scale network for small object detection
Authors: Li Li , Li Bingxue , Zhou Hongjuan
Published: November 2022

Small object detection is widely used in the real world. Detecting small objects in complex scenes is extremely difficult as they appear with low resolution. At present, many studies have made significant progress in improving the detection accuracy of small objects. However, some of them cannot balance the detection speed and accuracy well. To solve the above problems, a lightweight multi-scale network (LMSN) was proposed to exploit the multi-scale information in this article. Firstly, it explicitly modeled semantic information interactions at every scale via a multi-scale feature fusion unit. Secondly, the feature extraction capability of the network was intensified by a lightweight receptive field enhancement module. Finally, an efficient channel attention module was employed to enhance the feature representation capability. To validate our proposed network, we implemented extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets. The mAP of LMSN achieved 75.76% and 89.32% on PASCAL VOC and RSOD datasets, respectively, which is 5.79% and 11.14% higher than MobileNetv2-SSD. Notably, its inference speed was up to 61 FPS and 64 FPS, respectively. The experimental results confirm the validity of LMSN for small object detection.
A decade of invertebrate recruitment at Santa Catalina Island, California
Authors: Edmunds Peter J. , Clayton Jessica
Published: November 2022

Marine fouling communities have long provided model systems for studying the ecology of community development, and settlement plates are the tool of choice for this purpose. Decades of plate deployments provide a baseline against which present-day trends can be interpreted, with one classic trend being the ultimate dominance of plates by colonial and encrusting taxa. Here we report the results of annual deployments of settlement plates from 2010 to 2021 in the shallow sub-tidal of southern California, where the recruitment of invertebrates and algae was recorded photographically, and resolved to functional group (solitary, encrusting, and arborescent) and the lowest taxon possible. The communities on these plates differed among years, with trends in abundances varying by functional group and taxon; solitary taxa consistently were abundant, but encrusting taxa declined in abundance. Seawater temperature and the subsurface concentration of chlorophyll a differed among years, and there was a weak inverse association between temperature and the abundances of encrusting taxa. Long-term increases in seawater temperature therefore could serve as a mechanism causing fouling communities to change. Because of the prominence of encrusting taxa in fouling communities, the shifts in abundance of this functional group reported here may portend ecologically significant changes in fouling communities exposed to warmer seawater because of an alleviation of competition for a classically limiting resource (i.e., space).
ScanFold 2.0: a rapid approach for identifying potential structured RNA targets in genomes and transcriptomes
Authors: Andrews Ryan J. , Rouse Warren B. , O’Leary Collin A. , Booher Nicholas J. , Moss Walter N.
Published: November 2022

A major limiting factor in target discovery for both basic research and therapeutic intervention is the identification of structural and/or functional RNA elements in genomes and transcriptomes. This was the impetus for the original ScanFold algorithm, which provides maps of local RNA structural stability, evidence of sequence-ordered (potentially evolved) structure, and unique model structures comprised of recurring base pairs with the greatest structural bias. A key step in quantifying this propensity for ordered structure is the prediction of secondary structural stability for randomized sequences which, in the original implementation of ScanFold, is explicitly evaluated. This slow process has limited the rapid identification of ordered structures in large genomes/transcriptomes, which we seek to overcome in this current work introducing ScanFold 2.0. In this revised version of ScanFold, we no longer explicitly evaluate randomized sequence folding energy, but rather estimate it using a machine learning approach. For high randomization numbers, this can increase prediction speeds over 100-fold compared to ScanFold 1.0, allowing for the analysis of large sequences, as well as the use of additional folding algorithms that may be computationally expensive. In the testing of ScanFold 2.0, we re-evaluate the Zika, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2 genomes and compare both the consistency of results and the time of each run to ScanFold 1.0. We also re-evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 genome to assess the quality of ScanFold 2.0 predictions vs several biochemical structure probing datasets and compare the results to those of the original ScanFold program.
Programa integrado de vocabulario y conciencia fonológica para preescolares con trastorno de desarrollo del lenguaje
Authors:   Departamento de Fonoaudiología e Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Educación, Universidad de Chile, Julia Coloma Carmen , De Barbieri Zulema ,   Dirección de Desarrollo Académico, Vicerrectoría Académica, de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Santo Tomás, Silva Macarena ,   Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Educación, Universidad de Chile, Rojas Daniela ,   Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile
Published: November 2022

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el efecto que tiene un programa, que trabaja simultáneamente la conciencia fonológica y el vocabulario, en el incremento de estas habilidades en preescolares con trastorno de desarrollo del lenguaje (TDL). Para ello, se aplicó el programa a 20 preescolares con TDL que cursaban NT2. Además, se conformó un grupo control constituido por 23 niños con TDL del mismo nivel escolar. Los resultados mostraron que el trabajo simultáneo del vocabulario y la conciencia fonológica favorecen el desarrollo de ambas habilidades. Sin embargo, se observa un mayor impacto del programa en conciencia fonológica.
Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Performance in Social Studies Subject - the Case of Selected Senior High Schools in Sangnarigu District and Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana
Authors: Segkulu Lucy
Published: November 2022

Efforts to identify and address the factors that affect the academic performance of students is key to achieving the aim of education. The study therefore sought to identify factors that influence the academic performance of social studies students in selected Senior High Schools (SHSs) within the Tamale Metropolis and Sangnarigu Districts of Northern Region of Ghana. The study adopted the multiple case study approach involving selected schools and participants with varied backgrounds and experiences in Social Studies. Teacher-related factors that affect the academic performance of students include the teachers’ teaching styles and methods as well as teachers’ academic qualification. Parent-related factors include inadequate parental support such as parents’ inability to provide textbooks and supplementary reading materials. Student-related factors include students’ inactivity during lessons while school-related factors include inadequate teaching and learning materials in the schools.  The study therefore recommends, among others, the need for parents and teachers to collaborate in ensuring that students have the right attitude towards teaching and learning of social studies.
Larger Intrinsic Rate Constants of Alpha-amylase is Possible if Intrinsic Forward Rate Constant is ≠ Diffusion limited Rate of Encounter
Authors: Udema Ikechukwu I.
Published: November 2022

Background: Previous research has shown that the intrinsic reverse (backward) and forward rate constants are larger than the effective or apparent rate constants for the formation and dissociation of an enzyme-substrate complex (ES). It is speculated that such intrinsic rate constants could be larger if an appropriate mathematical equation was adopted for their computation. 

Methods: Theoretical, experimental (Bernfeld method), and computational methods.

Objectives: 1) To rederive the equations for calculating the intrinsic rate constants for forward (k1) and reverse (i.e., backward) (k2) reactions; 2) to calculate the intrinsic rate constants; and 3) to                show that the probability (1/g) (or req(r)) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate is a              variable. 

Results and Discussion: The equations for the determination of k2 and k1 were rederived. Unlike previous findings, the intrinsic (reverse) first order rate, k2 and forward second order rate, k1 were larger than their apparent counterparts, but they were, however, very similar in magnitude. The intrinsic rate constants were much larger than previously reported values when the enzyme (E) total concentration [ET] was much less than substrate’s total concentration [ST]. The k1 and apparent forward second order rate (kf) values where [ET] is much less than [ST] were > where [ET] is less than [ST]. Therefore, the magnitude of the second order rate constant is a function of [ET]. The values of k1 and k2 where [ET] is much less than [ST] and vice-versa were respectively, 7.41 exp. (+6) L/mol. min and 81.34 exp. (+4) /min, and 15.76 exp. (+6) L/mol. min and 58.08 exp.(+4) /min. It was discovered that the probability (1/g) (or req(r))) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate with the possibility of mutual attraction is not constant. 

Conclusion: If the intrinsic forward rate constant (k1) is not equal to diffusion limited rate (kD) of encounter, the k1 and k2 values could be larger than values where k1 is equal to kD. The probability (1/g) (or req(r)) that an enzyme is at a distance from the substrate with the possibility of mutual attraction has been discovered to be a variable constant dependent on the concentration of the reaction mixture components and the enzyme's affinity for the substrate, and vice versa. Future research may attempt to derive an equation for the determination of an intrinsic catalytic rate constant for the formation of a product.
Docking Simulation Analysis of Natural Ingredients as Anti Virus SARS-Cov-2 on Helicase Inhibitors
Authors: Malau Nya Daniaty , Azahra St. Fatimah
Published: November 2022

Aims: To find active compounds from natural ingredients that have the potential to be antivirals of SARS-CoV-2.

Study Design: Simulation research.

Place and Duration of Study: Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics Education, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, between December 2021 and August 2022.

Methodology: The method used is a computational simulation commonly known as docking simulation or molecular docking. There are several steps taken, namely ligand and receptor preparation, docking simulation and analysis of simulation results.

Results: The results obtained were from 22 ligand compounds of natural material selected as helicase receptor inhibitors, 14 ligand compounds were found that met the requirements according to Lipinski's five rules, namely Emodin, Luteolin, Curcumin, Kaemferol, Quercetin, Myricetin, Scutellarein, 10-Gingerol, Shogaol, Mangostin, Piseatanol, Diallyl disulfide, Cyperotundone and Eugenol. Of the 14 ligand compounds simulated with helicase receptors, it turned out that 14 stable ligand compounds were used as helicase receptor inhibitors. However, among the 14 ligands, myricetin is the most stable ligand with the smallest Gibbs free energy value, which is -8.7 kcal/mol.

Conclusion: An active ingredient compound has been found that has the potential as an antivirus sars-COV-2 in the Helicase receptor, Myricetin from clove plants (Syzygium aromaticum). These results can be used as a basis for drug development for the development of SARS-COV-2 antivirus in the future.
Diagnosis and Management of Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Authors: Cabrera Elizabeth , Crespo Gonzalo , VanWagner Lisa B.
Published: November 2022

This JAMA Insights Clinical Review discusses the diagnosis and management of hereditary hemochromatosis, including clinical and laboratory characteristics, gene testing and interpretation, and the role of imaging and liver biopsy.
Association Between Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and Fracture Risk
Authors: Daya Natalie R. , Fretz Anna , Martin Seth S. , Lutsey Pamela L. , Echouffo-Tcheugui Justin B. , Selvin Elizabeth , Juraschek Stephen P.
Published: November 2022

Importance

Clinical hyperthyroidism accelerates bone resorption without compensatory bone formation, reducing bone density and increasing the risk of fracture. The association between subclinical hyperthyroidism and fracture risk is less clear.

Objective

To investigate the association of endogenous subclinical thyroid dysfunction and fracture risk, independent of clinical confounders.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included 10 946 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of community-dwelling individuals conducted from 1987-1989 through December 31, 2019, in Washington County, Maryland; Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; and the suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Participants were not taking thyroid medications and had no history of fractures.

Exposures

Thyrotropin and free thyroxine levels were measured at visit 2 (1990-1992). Subclinical hyperthyroidism was defined as a thyrotropin level lower than 0.56 mIU/L, subclinical hypothyroidism as a thyrotropin level higher than 5.1 mIU/L, and euthyroidism as a thyrotropin level of 0.56 to 5.1 mIU/L, with normal free thyroxine levels from 0.85 to 1.4 ng/dL.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incident fracture was ascertained using hospitalization discharge codes through 2019 and linkage to inpatient and outpatient Medicare claims through 2018.

Results

Of 10 946 participants (54.3% women; mean [SD] age, 57 [5.7] years), 93.0% had euthyroidism, 2.6% had subclinical hyperthyroidism, and 4.4% had subclinical hypothyroidism. During a median follow-up of 21 years (IQR, 13.0-27.3 years), there were 3556 incident fractures (167.1 per 10 000 person-years). The adjusted hazard ratios of fracture were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.09-1.65) for those with subclinical hyperthyroidism and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.77-1.05) for those with subclinical hypothyroidism compared with individuals with euthyroidism. Among those with normal free thyroxine levels, thyrotropin levels in the lower-than-normal range were significantly associated with higher fracture-related hospitalization risk; fracture risk was greater among individuals with thyrotropin concentrations below 0.56 mIU/L.

Conclusions and Relevance

This community-based cohort study suggests that subclinical hyperthyroidism was an independent risk factor associated with fracture. The increased risk for fracture among individuals with a thyrotropin level lower than 0.56 mIU/L highlights a potential role for more aggressive screening and monitoring of patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism to prevent bone mineral disease.
Digital radiography image quality evaluation using various phantoms and software
Authors: Tsalafoutas Ioannis A. , AlKhazzam Shady , Tsapaki Virginia , AlNaemi Huda , Kharita Mohammed Hassan
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To investigate the effect of the exposure parameters on image quality (IQ) metrics of phantom images, obtained automatically using software or from visual evaluation.

Methods

Three commercial phantoms and a homemade phantom constructed according to the instructions given in the IAEA Human Health Series No. 39 publication were used, along with the respective software that estimate automatically various IQ metrics. Images with various exposure parameters were acquired in a digital radiography (DR) unit. For the commercial phantoms, visual evaluations were also performed. The IQ scores obtained were analyzed to investigate the effects of increasing incident air kerma (IAK), tube potential (kVp), additional filtration, and acquisition protocol on IQ.

Results

The effects of the exposure parameters on the IQ metrics, determined with the commercial and the IAEA phantoms, were not the same. For example, clear trends of improvement of IQ scores with increased IAK and reduction of most IQ scores with increased kVp were observed mostly with the IAEA phantom, but not with the commercial phantoms (for both automatic and visual scoring methods). For all phantoms, the maximum variations in IQ scores observed for repeated identical exposures were almost always below 10% with automatic evaluation whereas, for visual evaluation, reached 17%.

Conclusions

Failure to detect some expected trends with the complex commercial phantoms may be attributed to the fact that IQ in DR is more strongly affected by the post‐processing procedures, which may mask the effect of other parameters on IQ, something that was not observed with the simple IAEA phantom.
Flexible Battery‐Free Wireless Sensor Array Based on Functional Gradient‐Structured Wood for Pressure and Temperature Monitoring
Authors: Zhang Gaoqiang , Li Peng , Wang Xue , Xia Yushu , Yang Jin
Published: November 2022

Approximately 4.5% to 7.0% of hospitalized patients suffer from pressure ulcers. Mitigating risks for pressure ulcers through sensors remains a challenge and a high requirement. A simple, low‐cost, battery‐free, multi‐parameter passive wireless flexible sensor (MPWFS) for all‐around pressure and temperature monitoring to prevent pressure ulcers is developed. The pressure sensing unit is fabricated with functional gradient‐structured balsa wood and has high sensitivity of 0.34 kPa−1 with a wide detection range of 0–20 kPa. The temperature sensing unit, which is 0.4 mm × 0.2 mm, is embedded in the surface of the pressure sensing unit, enabling temperature monitoring with a resolution of 0.1 °C. The flexible Radio Frequency energy‐harvesting unit, data acquisition, and processing, as well as Bluetooth‐Low‐Energy wireless transmission, are integrated within a 20 mm × 20 mm unit. It acquires continuous temperature and pressure data without a battery at any position more than 1 m away from the power transmitter. Moreover, the combination of the sensor array design with a mobile terminal provides the MPWFS's various benefits, including tracking changes in the supine posture, warning about pressure ulcers, and monitoring falls out of bed. This study presents a new method for long‐term bedridden patient care.
A Dual‐Network Nerve Adhesive with Enhanced Adhesion Strength Promotes Transected Peripheral Nerve Repair
Authors: Xue Wen , Shi Wen , Kuss Mitchell , Kong Yunfan , Alimi Olawale A , Wang Han‐Jun , DiMaio Dominick J , Yu Cunjiang , Duan Bin
Published: November 2022

Peripheral nerve transection has a high prevalence and results in functional loss of affected limbs. The current clinical treatment using suture anastomosis significantly limits nerve recovery due to severe inflammation, secondary damage, and fibrosis. Fibrin glue, a commercial nerve adhesive as an alternative, avoids secondary damage but suffers from poor adhesion strength. To address their limitations, a highly efficacious nerve adhesive based on dual‐cross‐linking of dopamine‐isothiocyanate modified hyaluronic acid and decellularized nerve matrix is reportedr. This dual‐network nerve adhesive (DNNA) shows controllable gelation behaviors feasible for surgical applications, robust adhesion strength, and promotes axonal outgrowth in vitro. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy is tested using a rat‐based sciatic nerve transection model. The DNNA decreases fibrosis and accelerates axon/myelin debris clearance at 10 days post‐surgery, compared to suture and commercial fibrin glue treatments. At 10 weeks post‐surgery, the strong adhesion and bioactivity allow DNNA to significantly decrease intraneural inflammation and fibrosis, enhance axon connection and remyelination, aid motor and sensory function recovery, as well as improve muscle contraction, compared to suture and fibrin treatments. Overall, this dual‐network hydrogel with robust adhesion provides a rapid and highly efficacious nerve transection treatment to facilitate nerve repair and neuromuscular function recovery.
Core–Shell Carbon Nanofibers‐NiFe Structure on 3D Porous Carbon Foam: Facilitating a Promising Trajectory toward Decarbonizing Energy Production
Authors: Pham Tung Ngoc , Samikannu Ajaikumar , Vincze Zsuzsanna , Zettinig Peter , Tesfalidet Solomon , Wågberg Thomas , Mikkola Jyri‐Pekka
Published: November 2022

In this work, a low‐cost, light‐weight, highly efficient, and durable electrode in which NiFe‐layered double hydroxide is electrodeposited on a carbon nanofiber (CNF) core supported on a carbon foam (CF) is introduced. The resulting 3D NiFe‐CNFs‐CF electrode shows excellent oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction performance in alkaline media. When used as an anode and a cathode in the same cell, a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is achieved, at a cell voltage of 1.65 V. Moreover, good stability over a long testing time (50 h) is demonstrated. The ternary hybrid electrode gives rise to an excellent performance‐to‐weight ratio owing to its very low bulk density (≈34 mg cm−3) inherited from super lightweight components composed of CF and CNFs. The developed electrode can potentially be used in large‐scale alkaline water electrolysis, in facilities such as offshore hydrogen production platforms, which can complement the variable renewable energy production of wind farms through hydrogen storage and fuel cells.
Fish farming systems diversity and implications in the Republic of Benin: Fish farm types and their economic performance
Authors: Adegbola Ygue Patrice , Crinot Geraud Fabrice , Arouna Aminou
Published: November 2022

Fish farming is promoted in the Republic of Benin to meet the demands of fish consumption and increase exports to neighbouring countries. Targeting fish farm policy interventions to increase the efficiency of heterogeneous fish farming systems is a challenge. Farm type delineation allows for simplifying the diversity in fish farming systems. Multivariate statistical techniques combined with the Calinski and Harabasz pseudo F statistic and bootstrapping were applied to determine the realistic number of fish farm types. Four fish farm types were identified and characterised based on farm intensity, species diversification, and the management capacity of operators. Furthermore, profits and both labour and capital productivity increased continuously from the extensive fish farms to the semi‐intensive farms. They also vary widely within farm types across the country. These farm types may be supported by appropriate fish farming promotion policy interventions. Most importantly, training programs must be tailored to each farm type to strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of the fish farmers.
In and out of control: Personal control and consumer behavior
Authors: Cutright Keisha M. , Wu Eugenia C.
Published: November 2022

Although personal control is a fundamental human need, research has not yet systematically examined how it functions in consumer and marketplace settings. This article reviews and integrates the existing research on the topic to provide a greater understanding of how personal control and consumer behavior shape and inform one another. We first integrate multiple streams of research to discuss the conceptualization and antecedents of personal control. We then propose an organizing framework that identifies two ways in which feelings of low control shape consumer behavior: through motivating consumers to look for a sense of order and structure in their consumption environments and through motivating consumers to use consumption activities to reestablish feelings of control. We close by highlighting several future research directions for advancing the current understanding of how personal control and marketing relate.
American College of Rheumatology Guidance for COVID‐19 Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases: Version 5
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Johnson Sindhu R. , Anthony Donald D. , Arasaratnam Reuben J. , Baden Lindsey R. , Bass Anne R. , Calabrese Cassandra , Gravallese Ellen M. , Harpaz Rafael , Kroger Andrew , Sadun Rebecca E. , Turner Amy S. , Williams Eleanor Anderson , Mikuls Ted R.
Published: November 2022

Objective

To provide guidance to rheumatology providers on the use of COVID‐19 vaccines for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs).

Methods

A task force was assembled that included 9 rheumatologists/immunologists, 2 infectious diseases specialists, and 2 public health physicians. After agreeing on scoping questions, an evidence report was created that summarized the published literature and publicly available data regarding COVID‐19 vaccine efficacy and safety, as well as literature for other vaccines in RMD patients. Task force members rated their agreement with draft consensus statements on a 9‐point numerical scoring system, using a modified Delphi process and the RAND/University of California Los Angeles Appropriateness Method, with refinement and iteration over 2 sessions. Consensus was determined based on the distribution of ratings.

Results

Despite a paucity of direct evidence, statements were developed by the task force and agreed upon with consensus to provide guidance for use of the COVID‐19 vaccines, including supplemental/booster dosing, in RMD patients and to offer recommendations regarding the use and timing of immunomodulatory therapies around the time of vaccination.

Conclusion

These guidance statements are intended to provide direction to rheumatology health care providers on how to best use COVID‐19 vaccines and to facilitate implementation of vaccination strategies for RMD patients.
Accuracy of prostate cancer screening recommendations for high‐risk populations on YouTube and TikTok
Authors: Abramson Max , Feiertag Nathan , Javidi Darius , Babar Mustufa , Loeb Stacy , Watts Kara
Published: November 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate content quality and racial/ethnic representation, particularly of high‐risk cohorts, of prostate cancer screening videos on YouTube (YT) and TikTok (TK).

Materials and Methods

The top 50 videos populated for the search term ‘prostate cancer screening’ on YT and TK that met inclusion criteria were retrieved in a cache‐cleared browser. Three reviewers analysed all videos using validated criteria for the quality of consumer health information (DISCERN and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool [PEMAT]). High quality was defined as follows: DISCERN ≥ 4, PEMAT understandability ≥75% and PEMAT actionability ≥75%. A 5‐point Likert scale was used to demonstrate the level of misinformation compared to American Urological Association and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Perceived race and ethnicity of people in the videos were assessed by consensus approach.

Results

TK videos were shorter (median 3.7 vs. 0.5 min, p < 0.001) and had more views per month (5437.5 vs. 19.3, p = 0.03) than YT videos. Perceived Black and Hispanic representation was present in 10% and 6% of YT videos and 20% and 12% of TK videos, respectively. High‐risk racial/ethnic groups were explicitly discussed in 46% of YT videos and 8% of TK videos. A total of 98% of YT videos and 100% of TK videos had low‐ to moderate‐quality consumer health information, and 88% of YT videos and 100% of TK videos had moderate to high levels of misinformation based on screening guidelines.

Conclusions

YT and TK videos about prostate cancer screening are widely viewed but do not provide quality consumer health information. Black and Hispanic men remain under‐represented on both platforms, and high‐risk racial groups were not discussed in most videos despite the importance for screening criteria. The low understandability and actionability, significant misinformation and lack of diversity in online videos support the need for higher quality videos with adequate attention to high‐risk ethnic cohorts.
Inspired to donate: How donors' social class impacts charitable donations
Authors: Zhao Xiaohong , Chen Binglin , Jin Pei
Published: November 2022

Previous research has found that donors' social class affects their own charitable giving. This research explores the effect of donors' social class on others' donation behavior. Specifically, we propose that individuals feel more inspired to engage in prosocial behavior after learning about low‐social‐class donors (vs. high‐social‐class donors) perform the giving behavior. A series of five studies, combining online and experimental data, provide converging support for this proposition and its underlying mechanism of inspiration. Furthermore, we show that the effect of donors' social class on individuals' donation behavior is attenuated when the donation currency is goods (instead of money). The article concludes with implications for the marketing of charities and prosocial behaviors.
Drought then wildfire reveals a compound disturbance in a resprouting forest
Authors: Walden Lewis , Fontaine Joseph B. , Ruthrof Katinka X. , Matusick George , Harper Richard J.
Published: November 2022

The frequency and intensity of forest disturbances, such as drought and fire, are increasing globally, with an increased likelihood of multiple disturbance events occurring in short succession. Disturbances layered over one another may influence the likelihood or intensity of subsequent events (a linked disturbance) or impact response and recovery trajectories (a compound disturbance), with substantial implications for ecological spatiotemporal vulnerability. This study evaluates evidence for disturbance interactions of drought followed by wildfire in a resprouting eucalypt‐dominated forest (the Northern Jarrah Forest) in southwestern Australia. Sites were stratified by drought (high, low), from previous modeling and ground validation, and fire severity (high, moderate, unburnt), via remote sensing using the relative difference normalized burn ratio (RdNBR). Evidence of a linked disturbance was assessed via fine fuel consumption and fire severity. Compound disturbance effects were quantified at stand scale (canopy height, quadratic mean diameter, stem density) and stem scale (mortality). There was no evidence of prior drought influencing fine fuel consumption or fire severity and, hence, no evidence of a linked disturbance. However, compound disturbance effects were evident; stands previously affected by drought experienced smaller shifts in canopy height, quadratic mean diameter, and stem density than stands without prior drought impact. At the stem scale, size and fire severity were the strongest determinants of stem survival. Proportional resprouting height was greater in high drought sites than in low drought sites (p < 0.01), meaning, structurally, the low drought stands decreased in height more than the high drought stands. Thus, a legacy of the drought was evident after the wildfire. Although these resprouting eucalypt forests have been regarded as particularly resilient, this study illustrates how multiple disturbances can overwhelm the larger tree component and promote an abundance of smaller stems. We suggest that this is early evidence of a structural destabilization of these forests under a more fire‐prone, hotter, and drier future climate.
How does invasion degree shape alpha and beta diversity of freshwater fish at a regional scale?
Authors: Gavioli Anna , Milardi Marco , Soininen Janne , Soana Elisa , Lanzoni Mattia , Castaldelli Giuseppe
Published: November 2022

Freshwater ecosystems appear more vulnerable to biodiversity loss due to several anthropogenic disturbances and freshwater fish are particularly vulnerable to these impacts. We aimed to (1) identify the contribution of land use, spatial variables, and invasion degree in determining freshwater fish alpha (i.e., species richness) and beta (i.e., local contributions to beta diversity, LCBD) diversity, evaluating also the relationship between invasion degree and nestedness (nes) and turnover (sim) components of beta diversity. (2) Investigate the relationship between alpha diversity and LCBD, under the hypothesis that alpha diversity and LCBD correlate negatively and (3) investigate the relationship between species contributions to beta diversity (SCBD) and species occurrence, hypothesizing that non‐native species show a lower contribution to beta diversity. The linear mixed models and the partition of R2 retained the invasion degree as the most important variables explaining alpha and beta diversity, having a positive relationship with both diversity components. Furthermore, land use related to human impacts had a positive influence on alpha diversity, whereas it showed a negative effect on LCBD. Regression model further showed that invasion degree related positively with sim, but negatively with nes, suggesting that non‐native species were involved in the replacement of native species in the fish community. Alpha diversity and LCBD showed a weak positive correlation, meaning that sites with low species richness have higher LCBD. SCBD scaled positively with species occurrence highlighting that rarer species contribute less to SCBD. Finally, native and exotic species contributed similarly to beta diversity. These results suggest that invasion degree plays a central role in shaping alpha and beta diversity in stream fish, more than land use features reflecting habitat alteration or other geospatial variables. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate separately the native and the non‐native components of biotic communities to identify linkages between invasion dynamics and biodiversity loss.
Regenerable aerogel‐based thermogalvanic cells for efficient low‐grade heat harvesting from solar radiation and interfacial solar evaporation systems
Authors: Zhao Jingyuan , Wu Xuan , Yu Huimin , Wang Yida , Wu Pan , Yang Xiaofei , Chu Dewei , Owens Gary , Xu Haolan
Published: November 2022

Direct conversion of low‐grade heat into electricity by thermal electrochemical cells is a promising strategy for energy generation. For stable heat‐to‐electricity conversion, maintaining a low‐grade heat induced temperature difference between the cell electrodes is essential. Here, a thermogalvanic cell consisting of a cellulose fiber‐based porous aerogel, a liquid electrolyte, a reduced graphene oxide light absorber, and carbon nanotube‐based electrodes is designed for low‐grade thermal energy harvesting and conversion. The low thermal conductivity of the porous cellulose aerogel enables limited heat transfer from the hot side to the cold side, and thermal energy management effectively reduces heat loss from the hot side to the environment. Thus, a sustainable temperature difference between the electrodes is maintained and a corresponding maximum power output of 6.94 mW m−2 is achieved under natural solar irradiation. The obtained thermal electrochemical cells are also integrated into an enclosed interfacial solar evaporation device to harvest the latent heat released from vapor condensation for electricity generation. In addition, the thermal electrochemical cells can be regenerated after 18 months of storage and show no performance degradation. This design thus offers a novel alternative strategy for practical low‐grade heat harvesting.

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Malignant undifferentiated epithelioid neoplasms with MAML2 rearrangements: A clinicopathologic study of seven cases demonstrating a heterogenous entity
Authors: Dermawan Josephine K. , DiNapoli Sara E. , Sukhadia Purvil , Mullaney Kerry A. , Gladdy Rebecca , Healey John H. , Agaimy Abbas , Cleven Arjen H. , Suurmeijer Albert J. H. , Dickson Brendan C. , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: November 2022

Among mesenchymal tumors, MAML2 gene rearrangements have been described in a subset of composite hemangioendothelioma and myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS). However, we have recently encountered MAML2‐related fusions in a group of seven undifferentiated malignant epithelioid neoplasms that do not fit well to any established pathologic entities. The patients included five males and two female, aged 41–71 years old (median 65 years). The tumors involved the deep soft tissue of extremities (hip, knee, arm, hand), abdominal wall, and the retroperitoneum. Microscopically, the tumors consisted of solid sheets of atypical epithelioid to histiocytoid cells with abundant cytoplasm. Prominent mitotic activity and necrosis were present in 4 cases. In 3 cases, the cells displayed hyperchromatic nuclei or conspicuous macronucleoli, and were admixed with background histiocytoid cells and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), the neoplastic cells had a nonspecific phenotype. On targeted RNA sequencing, MAML2 was the 3′ partner and fused to YAP1 (4 cases), ARHGAP42 (2 cases), and ENDOD1 (1 case). Two cases with YAP1::MAML2 harbored concurrent RAF kinase fusions (RBMS3::RAF1 and AGK::BRAF, respectively). In 2 cases with targeted DNA sequencing, mutations in TP53, RB1 and PTEN were detected in 1 case, and PDGFRB mutations, CCNE1 amplifications and CDKN2A/2B deletion were detected in another case, which showed strong and diffuse PDGFRB expression by IHC. Of the 4 cases with detailed clinical history (median follow‐up period 8 months), three developed distant metastatic disease (one of which died of disease); one case remained free of disease 3 years following surgical excision. In conclusion, we describe a heterogeneous series of MAML2‐rearranged undifferentiated malignant epithelioid neoplasms, a subset of which may overlap with a recently described MIFS variant with YAP1::MAML2 fusions, further expanding the clinicopathologic spectrum of mesenchymal neoplasms with recurrent MAML2 gene rearrangements.
Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity and deep learning classification in multifrequency bands in autism spectrum disorder: A multisite functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Ma Huibin , Cao Yikang , Li Mengting , Zhan Linlin , Xie Zhou , Huang Lina , Gao Yanyan , Jia Xize
Published: November 2022

Previous studies have explored resting‐state functional connectivity (rs‐FC) of the amygdala in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether there are frequency‐specific FC alterations of the amygdala in ASD and whether FC in specific frequency bands can be used to distinguish patients with ASD from typical controls (TCs). Data from 306 patients with ASD and 314 age‐matched and sex‐matched TCs were collected from 28 sites in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange database. The bilateral amygdala, defined as the seed regions, was used to perform seed‐based FC analyses in the conventional, slow‐5, and slow‐4 frequency bands at each site. Image‐based meta‐analyses were used to obtain consistent brain regions across 28 sites in the three frequency bands. By combining generative adversarial networks and deep neural networks, a deep learning approach was applied to distinguish patients with ASD from TCs. The meta‐analysis results showed frequency band specificity of FC in ASD, which was reflected in the slow‐5 frequency band instead of the conventional and slow‐4 frequency bands. The deep learning results showed that, compared with the conventional and slow‐4 frequency bands, the slow‐5 frequency band exhibited a higher accuracy of 74.73%, precision of 74.58%, recall of 75.05%, and area under the curve of 0.811 to distinguish patients with ASD from TCs. These findings may help us to understand the pathological mechanisms of ASD and provide preliminary guidance for the clinical diagnosis of ASD.
Benchmarking the generalizability of brain age models: Challenges posed by scanner variance and prediction bias
Authors: Jirsaraie Robert J. , Kaufmann Tobias , Bashyam Vishnu , Erus Guray , Luby Joan L. , Westlye Lars T. , Davatzikos Christos , Barch Deanna M. , Sotiras Aristeidis
Published: November 2022

Machine learning has been increasingly applied to neuroimaging data to predict age, deriving a personalized biomarker with potential clinical applications. The scientific and clinical value of these models depends on their applicability to independently acquired scans from diverse sources. Accordingly, we evaluated the generalizability of two brain age models that were trained across the lifespan by applying them to three distinct early‐life samples with participants aged 8–22 years. These models were chosen based on the size and diversity of their training data, but they also differed greatly in their processing methods and predictive algorithms. Specifically, one brain age model was built by applying gradient tree boosting (GTB) to extracted features of cortical thickness, surface area, and brain volume. The other model applied a 2D convolutional neural network (DBN) to minimally preprocessed slices of T1‐weighted scans. Additional model variants were created to understand how generalizability changed when each model was trained with data that became more similar to the test samples in terms of age and acquisition protocols. Our results illustrated numerous trade‐offs. The GTB predictions were relatively more accurate overall and yielded more reliable predictions when applied to lower quality scans. In contrast, the DBN displayed the most utility in detecting associations between brain age gaps and cognitive functioning. Broadly speaking, the largest limitations affecting generalizability were acquisition protocol differences and biased brain age estimates. If such confounds could eventually be removed without post‐hoc corrections, brain age predictions may have greater utility as personalized biomarkers of healthy aging.