bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Non-Destructive Testing in Inner Cavity with Ant-Nest Structure Based on Positron Annihilation
Authors: Liu Jian Tang , Zhao Min , Xiao Hui , Yao Min
Published: March 2017

The existing testing method could not accurately detect the defects in inner cavity with ant-nest structure in a part. The reasons are as follows: the shape of inner cavity is irregular, the distribution of wall thickness is uneven and the material composition is complex etc. A new testing method is proposed based on positron annihilation in this paper. The radionuclide solution is injected in inner cavity of the part and then produces positrons which would annihilate within 2 nanoseconds in the polylactide (PLA) material. The information of inner cavity is reflected by counting the γ photons produced by positron annihilation. The maximum likelihood estimation model (MLEM) with average compensation is established according to the detected γ photons. A 2D slice image sequence is obtained by order subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm which solves the MLEM. The targets such as defects in the 2D slice image need to be enhanced by OTSU algorithm. A 3D image is reconstructed by the enhanced 2D slice image sequence which is used to the detection and location of the defects in inner cavity. Two experiments under different environment are conducted which aim at different ant-nest structure parts. The parts are made of different material and made by different manufacture process. A good testing result of the parts with complex shaped inner cavity could be obtained. The results would not change with the change of external temperature or magnetic field and the testing precision can reach to millimeter level.
Spin-Polarized Positron Annihilation Study on Some Ferromagnets
Authors: Li Hui , Maekawa Masaki , Miyashita A. , Kawasuso Atsuo
Published: March 2017

We briefly review the spin-polarized positron annihilation experiments on some ferromagnets (Fe, Co, Ni, Gd, Co2MnSi, Co2MnAl and NiMnSb) using positron beams generated with 68Ge-68Ga sources. The differential DBAR spectra between majority and minority spin electrons are well interpreted by the first principles band structure calculation. This further provides information about the half-metallicity of the Heusler alloys. The surfaces of Fe, Co and Ni are more negatively spin-polarized, that is, there are more majority than minority spin electrons. To explain the observed spin polarization quantitatively, detailed theoretical calculations and further experiments are required.
Through Process Modelling of Rolling and Controlled Cooling of TRIP Assisted Bainitic Steel Rods and Prediction of the Retained Austenite in Products
Authors: Kuziak Roman , Kania Zofia , Pidvysots'kyy Valeriy , Roelofs Hans , Pernach Monika , Pietrzyk Maciej
Published: March 2017

Simulation of the rolling and controlled cooling sequence for bainitic steel rods was the general objective of the paper. The main focus was put on exploring possibility of prediction of the retained austenite occurrence in TRIP assisted bainitic steels. Existing discrete phase transformation models require long computing times and their application to optimization of industrial processes is limited. Therefore, a model based on the modified JMAK equation was proposed. The occurrence of the retained austenite was predicted by carbon distribution calculations in the austenite during bainite transformation. This model was implemented into the FE software for simulation of cooling of rods. The model was verified by comparison of results with the physical simulations during rolling in the pilot mill and during cooling. The first part of the paper contains thermal-mechanical-microstructural simulations of rod hot rolling process. The objective of this part was to determine temperature and grain size distribution at the rod cross section at the beginning of phase transformations. FE simulations of the cooling were performed next. Correlation between cooling parameters and the volume fraction of the retained austenite in rod was determined.
Challenges and Innovation in Steel Wire Production
Authors: Chabbi Lotfi , Hasler Stephan , Roelofs Hans , Haupt-Peter Heiko
Published: March 2017

Products and manufacturing processes of long-product producers are subject to constantly changing requirements, characterized by increasing demands on product quality and the efficient use of resources in production, combined with permanent cost pressures. For these reasons steel wire producers must constantly improve their innovation capacity to be able to meet increasing customer demands more flexibly and more efficiently. This awareness has been anchored at Swiss Steel AG, part of the Schmolz + Bickenbach Group, for many years and leads to more and new solutions in all corporate divisions.This article focuses on practical examples from the areas of process and product innovation. It discusses options for and the potentials and challenges of meeting current and future market needs.The successful implementation of new solutions requires an in-depth understanding as well as the application of knowledge throughout the entire process chain from development, production, sales to further processing and actual use of a product. The technical challenges are addressed as well as the opportunities presented when new approaches are sought.
Meditations in a churchyard: An exploration of Afrikaans graveyard poets and graveyard poetry
Authors: Taljaard-Gilson Gerda H.
Published: March 2017

The term ‘kerkhofgedig’ (‘churchyard poem’) does not feature in academic discussions on Afrikaans poetry, neither does it appear in Cloete’s authoritative work of reference, Literêre terme en teorieë (1992). There are mainly three reasons for this omission in Afrikaans literature. In the first place the Afrikaans word ‘elegie’ (elegy) has become a superordinate for most poems dealing with grief or melancholy about a certain event or condition, for example, a lamentation, obituary poem, dirge, requiem, et cetera. Secondly, graveyard poetry is associated with (English) poems and poets from the 18th century, not with more contemporary Afrikaans poets. In the third place, the elegy and the churchyard poem are related poetic forms which share many characteristics, making it difficult to distinguish between the two genres. In Afrikaans literature the churchyard poem is therefore not regarded as an independent poetic form with unique features, as is the case with churchyard poetry in English, French, German and Dutch. Nevertheless, a number of Afrikaans poets have written churchyard poetry over the decades. In this article it will be determined whether Afrikaans graveyard poetry does in fact exist. This will be accomplished by providing a historical background to graveyard poetry and by comparing traditional graveyard poems to modern poems. Then churchyard poetry will be compared to the elegy. In conclusion a clear definition for graveyard poetry will be formulated. The following questions will consequently be answered: What is graveyard poetry and does it exist in Afrikaans?
Prevalence and renal pathology of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in wildlife in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ajayi Olusola L. , Antia Richard E. , Ojo Olufemi E. , Awoyomi Olajoju J. , Oyinlola Latifa A. , Ojebiyi Oluwabusola G.
Published: March 2017

There is paucity of information on the prevalence of leptospirosis in wildlife in Nigeria. This study investigated the prevalence and renal pathology of leptospirosis in wild animals in Southwest Nigeria. One hundred and five kidney samples were examined from 10 different wildlife species (antelope) greater cane rat (GCR), hare, African giant rat (AGR), tree hyrax, civet cat, monitor lizard, python, bushbuck and partridge) using a combination of Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris (EMJH) medium, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), Warthin– Starry silver stain (WSss) and immunohistochemistry. Chi-square test was used with confidence level set at 0.05 to ascertain associations between positive cases and sex and species. Eightytwo (78.1%) samples were culturally positive, while 67.7% (63/93), 57.0% (16/28) and 66.7% (8/12) were WSss, MAT and immunohistochemically positive, respectively. Interstitial nephritis (41.0%) and tubular nephrosis (81.0%) were the most prominent histopathological changes. Pathogenic Leptospira organisms were highest in GCR (32.1%) and antelope (14.3%). Serovars hardjo (11.54%), bratislava (3.9%), canicola (3.9%), icterohaemorrhagiae (15.4%), pomona (7.14%) gripptotyphosa (19.2%) and undetermined isolates were also detected in other animals. The result showed high prevalence of Leptospira infection in the wild and the possibility of domestic animals and humans contracting the disease. This study is the first documentation of evidence of pathogenic Leptospira species in wildlife in Nigeria.
Perceptions of public primary school teachers regarding noise-induced hearing loss in South Africa
Authors: Ehlert Katerina
Published: March 2017

Background: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is an increasingly growing problem in young children. This is attributed to recreational noise being the most common cause of this problem. In young children, hearing problems can delay language development and reduce academic achievements. South Africa, in particular, has limited information and protective measures regarding the conservation of hearing in school-aged children.Objectives: The main aim of the study was to determine the perception of primary school teachers regarding NIHL. The study also aimed to determine if any hearing conservation programmes are being implemented in schools and the need for training of primary school teachers regarding NIHL.Method: A survey was conducted. In order to cover the population of interest, the sampled schools in Pretoria were clustered into urban, semi-urban and rural areas.Results: The majority of the teachers included in this study are aware of NIHL and its effects. They, however, lack the necessary resources and knowledge to effectively use this information. Most (67.5%) of the teachers indicated that they have never been exposed to children with NIHL in a school setting. It was also found that the majority (84%) of the schools included in the study do not implement hearing screening and conservation programmes.Conclusion: Although the sample size was limited, the results correlate with other research in this field indicating a need for planning and implementation of hearing conservation programmes in schools, including training of teachers in order for these programmes to be effective.
Hausdorff dimension of the graph of an operator semistable Lévy process
Authors: Wedrich Lina
Published: March 2017

Let

X=\{X(t):t \geq 0\}

be an operator semistable Lévy process in

\mathbb{R}^d

with exponent

E

, where

E

is an invertible linear operator on

\mathbb{R}^d

. For an arbitrary Borel set

B \subseteq \mathbb{R}_+

we interpret the graph Gr

_X(B)=\{(t,X(t)):t\ in B\}

as a semi-selfsimilar process on

\mathbb{R}^{d+1}

, whose distribution is not full, and calculate the Hausdorff dimension of Gr

_X(B)

in terms of the real parts of the eigenvalues of the exponent

E

and the Hausdorff dimension of

B

.We use similar methods as applied in [16] and [8].
Теоремы о представлении и вариационные принципы для самосопряженных операторных матриц
Authors: Vladimirov Anton Alekseevich
Published: March 2017

На основе представления о тройках $\mathfrak{D}^+\hookrightarrow
\mathfrak{H}\hookrightarrow\mathfrak{D}^-$
гильбертовых пространств разрабатывается
аналог процедуры продолжения по Фридрихсу
для ряда неполуограниченных операторных матриц.
Дополнительно предлагается (формулируемый в тех же терминах)
общий подход к построению вариационных принципов
для собственных значений таких матриц.
Библиография: 10 названий.
Об определяемости вполне разложимых абелевых групп без кручения кольцами эндоморфизмов и некоторыми группами гомоморфизмов
Authors: Pushkova Tat'yana Aleksandrovna , Sebel'din Anatolii Mikhailovich
Published: March 2017

В данной работе описаны условия
для некоторой векторной группы $C$,
необходимые и достаточные для того,
чтобы класс вполне разложимых абелевых групп без кручения
был $_CEH$-классом.
Библиография: 10 названий.
О неравенстве типа Сидона для дискретных ортонормированных систем
Authors: Radomskii Artyom Olegovich
Published: March 2017

В работе доказывается неравенство типа Сидона для
дискретных ортонормированных систем специального вида,
частным случаем которых является система Уолша.
Библиография: 7 названий.
Constraining sector-specific CO2 and CH4 emissions in the US
Authors: Miller Scot M. , Michalak Anna M.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. This review paper explores recent efforts to estimate state- and national-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from individual anthropogenic source sectors in the US. Nearly all state and national climate change regulations in the US target specific source sectors, and detailed monitoring of individual sectors presents a greater challenge than monitoring total emissions. We particularly focus on opportunities to synthesize disparate types of information on emissions, including emission inventory data and atmospheric greenhouse gas data.We find that inventory estimates of sector-specific CO2 emissions are sufficiently accurate for policy evaluation at the national scale but that uncertainties increase at state and local levels. CH4 emission inventories are highly uncertain for all source sectors at all spatial scales, in part because of the complex, spatially variable relationships between economic activity and CH4 emissions. In contrast to inventory estimates, top-down estimates use measurements of atmospheric mixing ratios to infer emissions at the surface; thus far, these efforts have had some success identifying urban CO2 emissions and have successfully identified sector-specific CH4 emissions in several opportunistic cases. We also describe a number of forward-looking opportunities that would aid efforts to estimate sector-specific emissions: fully combine existing top-down datasets, expand intensive aircraft measurement campaigns and measurements of secondary tracers, and improve the economic and demographic data (e.g., activity data) that drive emission inventories. These steps would better synthesize inventory and top-down data to support sector-specific emission reduction policies.
Copepod faecal pellet transfer through the meso- and bathypelagic layers in the Southern Ocean in spring
Authors: Belcher Anna , Manno Clara , Ward Peter , Henson Stephanie A. , Sanders Richard , Tarling Geraint A.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The faecal pellets (FPs) of zooplankton can be important vehicles for the transfer of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the deep ocean, often making large contributions to carbon sequestration. However, the routes by which these FPs reach the deep ocean have yet to be fully resolved. We address this by comparing estimates of copepod FP production to measurements of copepod FP size, shape, and number in the upper mesopelagic (175–205 m) using Marine Snow Catchers, and in the bathypelagic using sediment traps (1500–2000 m). The study is focussed on the Scotia Sea, which contains some of the most productive regions in the Southern Ocean, where epipelagic FP production is likely to be high. We found that, although the size distribution of the copepod community suggests that high numbers of small FPs are produced in the epipelagic, small FPs are rare in the deeper layers, implying that they are not transferred efficiently to depth. Consequently, small FPs make only a minor contribution to FP fluxes in the meso- and bathypelagic, particularly in terms of carbon. The dominant FPs in the upper mesopelagic were cylindrical and elliptical, while ovoid FPs were dominant in the bathypelagic. The change in FP morphology, as well as size distribution, points to the repacking of surface FPs in the mesopelagic and in situ production in the lower meso- and bathypelagic, which may be augmented by inputs of FPs via zooplankton vertical migrations. The flux of carbon to the deeper layers within the Southern Ocean is therefore strongly modulated by meso- and bathypelagic zooplankton, meaning that the community structure in these zones has a major impact on the efficiency of FP transfer to depth.
The subduction dichotomy of strong plates and weak slabs
Authors: Petersen Robert I. , Stegman Dave R. , Tackley Paul J.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A key element of plate tectonics on Earth is that the lithosphere is subducting into the mantle. Subduction results from forces that bend and pull the lithosphere into the interior of the Earth. Once subducted, lithospheric slabs are further modified by dynamic forces in the mantle, and their sinking is inhibited by the increase in viscosity of the lower mantle. These forces are resisted by the material strength of the lithosphere. Using geodynamic models, we investigate several subduction models, wherein we control material strength by setting a maximum viscosity for the surface plates and the subducted slabs independently. We find that models characterized by a dichotomy of lithosphere strengths produce a spectrum of results that are comparable to interpretations of observations of subduction on Earth. These models have strong lithospheric plates at the surface, which promotes Earth-like single-sided subduction. At the same time, these models have weakened lithospheric subducted slabs which can more easily bend to either lie flat or fold into a slab pile atop the lower mantle, reproducing the spectrum of slab morphologies that have been interpreted from images of seismic tomography.
Some notes on Tagalog prosody and scrambling
Authors: Richards Norvin
Published: March 2017

This paper outlines some facts of Tagalog prosody. The basic pitch excursions of Tagalog turn out to be remarkably similar to those of Irish, as described by Elfner (2012; 2015). After discussing in some detail the properties of Tagalog pitch rises and falls, and their sensitivity to the position of stress and of prosodic word boundaries, I make an observation about the interaction of word order with pitch peak height. It turns out that objects are generally higher-pitched than subjects would be in the same position, both in VOS and in VSO order; interestingly, this generalization is blind to the “Philippine-style voice” system, and makes reference only to thematic subjects and objects. I speculate that this generalization represents the Tagalog expression of nuclear stress: objects, no matter where they are in the Tagalog sentence, receive nuclear stress, realized as a heightened pitch peak.This article is part of Special Collection: Prosody and Constituent Structure
Business Coevolution: Considerations from the Mobile Telecommunication Sector in Latin America Economy
Authors: Rivera-Rodríguez Hugo-Alberto , Pulgarín Sergio-Andrés
Published: March 2017

The dynamic and interaction between companies and the environment leads to atypical emergences addressed by the strategic business direction mainstream. In this document the introduction of CoEvolutionary Relationships is presented to explain how some groups of companies that are facing business turbulence, not only survive, but grow rapidly in an internal dynamic space and transformational environment, becoming an attractive investment option. To explain this phenomenon, the field of mobile telecommunications in Colombia is studied, applying a mixed methodology that includes semi-structured interviews and the analysis of documentary content (ADC). The findings reflect a structural link between a turbulent environment and a group of companies that developed growth in their sector despite the turmoil.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 13, No. 4
Authors: Zhang Jenny
Published: March 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2017.
The Role of the Jordanian Banking Sector in Economic Development
Authors: Al-abedallat Abedalfattah Zuhair
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the Jordanian banking sector on economic development that was measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It aims to identify the role of the Jordanian banking sector in the support of economic development through the study of the size of the credit facilities offered by banks.The study relied on descriptive and analytic method, as well as on field study. The population of this study represents the working banks in Jordan, which offers various banking services to the customers. The tool of the study include data of credit facilities, banking deposits for Jordanian banking sector, and gross domestic product that were collected from the annual financial status of Jordanian Central Bank for the period (2000- 2015).The study found that there is a significant statistical impact of the factors (the deposits of the banking sector, Credit facilities) on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The study rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis for the two hypotheses. Also, the study recommended that the Jordanian banking sector should expand in the granting of credit facilities to all economic sectors.
Treatment of Specific NDMA Precursors by Biofiltration
Authors: Marti Erica J. , Dickenson Eric R.V. , Trenholm Rebecca A. , Batista Jacimaria R.
Published: March 2017

Removal of targeted N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors during non‐optimized biofiltration of tertiary‐filtered wastewater was investigated. The study evaluated removal for one spiked model chloramine‐reactive precursor—i.e., ranitidine (RAN)—and three spiked model ozone‐reactive precursors—i.e., daminozide (DMZ), 1,1,1’,1’‐tetramethyl‐4,4’‐(methylene‐di‐p‐phenylene)disemicarbazide (TMDS), and 2‐furaldehyde dimethylhydrazone (2‐F‐DMH). Biofiltration was assessed using three parallel, anthracite‐containing, 100 mL/min columns operated at three empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 5, 10, and 20 min. Precursor removals for the 20 EBCT column were not significant for RAN and were up to 80.8 ± 16.2% for DMZ, 26.1 ± 20.6% for 2‐F‐DMH, and 24.3 ± 10.0% for TMDS. EBCT correlated only with TMDS removal, and dissolved oxygen concentration correlated with 2‐F‐DMH and TMDS removals, indicating the possible importance of aerobic conditions for these two compounds. Biotransformation was likely the main removal mechanism, and the order for precursor removal was DMZ » 2‐F‐DMH ~ TMDS > RAN.
Consider Your Leak Detection Options
Authors: Van Arsdel John H.
Published: March 2017

Water pipe leakage accounts for billions of gallons of water lost daily throughout the world. Past and current practices have contributed to the variety of available approaches that can help your utility protect its most valuable resource.
CANARY Eases Water Quality Event Detection
Authors: Hall John , Panguluri Sri , Murray Regan , Burkhardt Jonathan
Published: March 2017

A free software tool from the US Environmental Protection Agency was put through its paces at a midsize water utility and bolstered the utility's water quality event‐detection capabilities.
Richard Kalmin. Migrating Tales: The Talmud’s Narratives and their Historical Context
Authors: Simkovich Malka Z.
Published: March 2017

No abstract is available.
The Suitability of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal Supplementation to Commercial Diets on the Growth and Survival of Oreochromis niloticus Fry
Authors: Caturao Romeo , Atilano Michel , Urbina Rexie
Published: March 2017

Proper fish nutrition and adequate feeding are necessary for high fish production. The study was conducted to determine the suitability of M. oleifera leaf meal supplementation to commercial diets on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fry until fingerling size. Seven experimental diets were used with three replicates each arranged in a complete randomized design. Treatments 1, 3 and 5 were given commercial diets only, treatments 2, 4, and 6 with 10% M. oleifera leaves and 90% commercial diets. Treatment 7 was the control with rice bran. Each treatment was stocked with 50 fry with an average weight of 1.76+0.112 and an average length of 47.65+1.78 and feed for two months. Data gathered were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA to determine significant difference among treatments. Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine the significant difference between treatment means. All test used 0.05 level of significance. Results showed significant differences among treatments. Treatment 4 had the highest average weight of 6.83+0.145 g, an average length of 65.97+0.251 mm, and survival rate of 86.0+2.646% after eight weeks of culture. Growth and survival of Oreochromis niloticus could be enhanced by adding 10% dried M. oleifera leaf meal supplementation to commercial diet.
Color Enhancing, Center Spot, Rainbow and Star as Improvised Filters for DSLR Camera
Authors: Perlas Caesar Ziggy
Published: March 2017

Camera lens filters are important in digital photography. More people have their personal DSLR cameras in their household. The study developed an improvised filters utilizing cheap materials that are available in the local outlet retailers. Once the materials are purchased, these filters can be prepared and done at home. Cutting and pasting are the skills needed to create the filter. The camera was operated in full manual mode so the photographer was able to control the photography. Visual quality of the shots were exhibited and evaluated. Evaluation of the filters was presented into three different areas of focus; (1) Rating as to color enhancing, center spot and rainbow filters; (2) Quality of the filter effects to the photography; and (3) Correct exposure, focus and clarity of the photos. Photography instructors and practitioners evaluated the outputs and presented their comments and suggestions. Improvised Color Enhancing, Center Spot and Rainbow Filters have a perfect rating in the expected result according to its purpose, good quality of effect and appropriate in exposure, focus, and clarity. The Star Filters were rated satisfactory because the best result can be achieved using one layer of the filter instead of two layers. The outputs are highly recommended improvised filters for DSLR camera.
Drivers to Adolescent Pregnancy
Authors: Gapulan Dyan
Published: March 2017

In the local state college in Negros Occidental, Philippines, data from the Guidance Office confirmed an increased cases in adolescent pregnancy in the last three years. With the use of the phenomenological approach utilizing in-depth interview, this study looked into the circumstances in the lives of the pregnant adolescent students which led to their early pregnancy. These pregnant adolescents were enrolled during the 2nd semester of the academic year 2015-2016 in the State College in Negros Occidental. Purposive sampling was employed to identify the participants of this research. Exploring the participants' narratives, common patterns or themes were observed. Circumstances which have led to their pregnancy are divided into 2 broad themes. Inherent Factors which are in their search for love, some life-changing decisions and their lack of awareness about sex. Adventitious Factors, on the other hand, are the family's social interaction and being deceived by her partner. The results were used as a basis for formulating an intervention program for the pregnant adolescents, which was intended to develop some of their necessary life skills and also implement a massive campaign regarding adolescent sexuality as identified in this research.
Task-Based Approach as an Effective Tool in Developing Pragmatic Competence
Authors: Rayon, Jr. Leo D.
Published: March 2017

The challenge of realizing the value of pragmatic competence development in the current curriculum has been a long struggle in most language classes across the globe. This struggle initiated few researches from scholars on language learning who specifically explored the role classroom approaches in pragmatic development, but still less attention is given to these approaches. The study aimed to find out the relative effectiveness of task-based approach in developing the pragmatic competence of college students. It employed the experimental type of research called pretest-post-test non-equivalent group design. The respondents were the first year college students enrolled in a writing subject. The data were collected using a researcher-made pragmatic competence test anchored on Bowers, Huisingh, and LoGiudice's Pragmatic Tasks Framework (2005). Results showed that the experimental group after being taught with task-based approach improved their pragmatic task competence in making inferences, sequencing, decoding implied meaning, supplying appropriate maxims, considering politeness, summarizing, and providing solutions to language problems. It can be posited that tasks as center of language teaching would develop and enhance the language learners' pragmatic competence. The study recommends the use of task-based approach to innovate language instruction and enhance students' potentials in pragmatic development.
Pre-service Preparation of Elementary School Teachers for Inclusive Education in Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Authors: Aranas Therese June , Cabahug Ruth
Published: March 2017

The continuous push for 'ducation for All' suggests that there will be more learners with disability or exceptionality attending inclusive classrooms.  The study attempted to look at how higher education institutions in Northern Mindanao or Region 10 were preparing non-special education elementary school teachers for inclusive education.  Employing qualitative curriculum content analysis, 252 syllabi of the foundational courses in 21 Bachelor of Elementary Education degree programs for non-special education majors were examined to determine how they addressed literature-based inclusion competencies.  The findings are reflective of those in similar studies. One or two introductory theoretical courses in special education were required in preparing elementary school teachers for inclusive education. Analysis revealed few cases of moderate to high coverage of the inclusion competencies in understanding exceptionality, collaboration, inclusive instructional strategies, and inclusive assessment under the professional education courses.  There was a predominantly zero-to-low coverage of the inclusion competencies related to the concept of inclusive education and classroom management.  The limited coverage of literature-based inclusion competencies prompted recommendations for the enhancement of elementary teacher education programs to effectively prepare teachers for inclusive classrooms.
The Effect of Weblog on the Filipino Learners' Writing Performance
Authors: Ugsad Rothelia Maria
Published: March 2017

Writing is a daunting task for Filipino college students. However, in the midst of cyberspace and social networks, this study sought to determine the effect of the weblog as a motivational tool on the writing performance of Bachelor of Arts in Communication 1st year college students of Palompon Institute of Technology, Philippines. Using the pretest-posttest control group design, the students enrolled in Communication Skills II were randomly assigned to either the weblog group or the paper-and-pen group. A writing test was used both as a pretest and posttest, which was scored using Jacobs (1981) ESL Composition Profile. The data were treated using the mean and t-tests for both dependent and independent samples. Results revealed that the students' initial writing performance was more or less on the same level while the post writing performance of the weblog group was better than the paper-and-pen group. Students in both groups benefited considerably from the use of their respective writing tools, but weblog is a more motivating tool than the paper and pen in the development of the students' writing ability. Students then need a writing tool in whatever form to improve their writing ability, but they perform better if they use a weblog instead of paper and pen.
Feeding Practices of Children Under-Five in an Industrialized City in Cebu
Authors: Sta. Teresa Marjorie , Rufo Francis Jemuel , Largo Geneve
Published: March 2017

About bout 30% of children under five years old were stunted as a consequence of poor feeding practices and repeated infections. The study determined the feeding practice of mothers of under-five children in Naga City, Cebu, Philippines. The study utilized the descriptive method involving 330 respondents in five districts of the City of Naga, Cebu. Questionnaire was used in data collection and it was translated to Cebuano to extract the necessary data from the respondents. The findings showed the majority of the children under-five year-old were breastfed by their mothers immediately after birth. Furthermore, nearly all respondents did not practice exclusive breastfeeding, however, a considerable number of respondents continue to breastfeed after six months. Plain water, vitamins or medicines and clear broth topped the list of liquids introduced by the respondents, while vitamin A-rich vegetables, foods rich in carbohydrates and iodine-rich foods ranked first, second and third respectively in the list of solid foods for complementary feeding. Most of the respondents did not introduce products that are fortified with iron. Breastfeeding practices in urban areas lack knowledge of the importance of iron-fortified complementary feeding as well as exclusive breastfeeding.
Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Martinique, French West Indies: A Community-based Epidemiological Study
Authors: Lacoste J , Merle S , Ballon N , Charles-Nicolas A , Ursulet G , Messiah A
Published: March 2017

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in the population of Martinique, as part of the survey entitled ‘Mental Health in the General Population – Images and Realities’ (Santé Mentale en Population Générale – Images et Réalités). The survey was a multicentre epidemiological study in the general population, conducted in mainland France and French overseas islands between 1997 and 2006, under the authority of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Training and Research in Mental Health (Lille, France). Methods: The study took place in 2000. Participants aged 18 years or over were recruited in public places, using the quota sampling method, and interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results: A total of 900 participants (52.7% women) with a mean age of 43 years completed the survey. Lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder was 29%. Mood (15%) and anxiety disorders (17%) were the most frequent. The rate of suicide attempts was low (4.2% lifetime), while the frequency of suicidal thoughts was high (11% past month) and similar to the frequency in mainland France. Conclusion: Mental disorders, especially mood and anxiety disorders, were as frequent in Martinique as in mainland France. The lower rates of suicide attempts, in spite of high rates of suicidal thoughts, might deserve further investigation. Our results should strengthen the development
of a system of diagnosis and care for these disorders, especially to prevent suicidal
behaviours and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Death receptor 3 signaling enhances proliferation of human regulatory T cells
Authors: Bittner Sebastian , Knoll Gertrud , Ehrenschwender Martin
Published: March 2017

Exploiting regulatory T cells (Tregs) to control aberrant immune reactions is a promising therapeutic approach, but is hampered by their relative paucity. In mice, activation of death receptor 3 (DR3), a member of the TNF‐receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), increases Treg frequency and efficiently controls exuberant immune activation. For human Tregs, neither DR3 expression nor potential functions have been described. Here, we show that human Tregs express DR3 and demonstrate DR3‐mediated activation of p38, ERK, and NFκB. DR3 stimulation enhances Treg expansion ex vivo while retaining their suppressive capacity. In summary, our results establish a functional role for DR3 signaling in human Tregs and could potentially help to tailor Treg‐based therapies.
Drift waves, intense parallel electric fields, and turbulence associated with asymmetric magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause
Authors: Ergun R. E. , Chen L.‐J. , Wilder F. D. , Ahmadi N. , Eriksson S. , Usanova M. E. , Goodrich K. A. , Holmes J. C. , Sturner A. P. , Malaspina D. M. , Newman D. L. , Torbert R. B. , Argall M. R. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Burch J. L. , Webster J. M. , Drake J. F. , Price L. , Cassak P. A. , Swisdak M. , Shay M. A. , Graham D. B. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. , Dorelli J. C. , Gershman D. , Avanov L. , Hesse M. , Lavraud B. , Le Contel O. , Retino A. , Phan T. D. , Goldman M. V. , Stawarz J. E. , Schwartz S. J. , Eastwood J. P. , Hwang K.‐J. , Nakamura R. , Wang S.
Published: March 2017

Observations of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause often display asymmetric structures that are accompanied by strong magnetic field (B) fluctuations and large‐amplitude parallel electric fields (E||). The B turbulence is most intense at frequencies above the ion cyclotron frequency and below the lower hybrid frequency. The B fluctuations are consistent with a thin, oscillating current sheet that is corrugated along the electron flow direction (along the X line), which is a type of electromagnetic drift wave. Near the X line, electron flow is primarily due to a Hall electric field, which diverts ion flow in asymmetric reconnection and accompanies the instability. Importantly, the drift waves appear to drive strong parallel currents which, in turn, generate large‐amplitude (~100 mV/m) E|| in the form of nonlinear waves and structures. These observations suggest that turbulence may be common in asymmetric reconnection, penetrate into the electron diffusion region, and possibly influence the magnetic reconnection process.
The Mars crustal magnetic field control of plasma boundary locations and atmospheric loss: MHD prediction and comparison with MAVEN
Authors: Fang Xiaohua , Ma Yingjuan , Masunaga Kei , Dong Yaxue , Brain David , Halekas Jasper , Lillis Robert , Jakosky Bruce , Connerney Jack , Grebowsky Joseph , Dong Chuanfei
Published: March 2017

We present results from a global Mars time‐dependent MHD simulation under constant solar wind and solar radiation impact considering inherent magnetic field variations due to continuous planetary rotation. We calculate the 3‐D shapes and locations of the bow shock (BS) and the induced magnetospheric boundary (IMB) and then examine their dynamic changes with time. We develop a physics‐based, empirical algorithm to effectively summarize the multidimensional crustal field distribution. It is found that by organizing the model results using this new approach, the Mars crustal field shows a clear, significant influence on both the IMB and the BS. Specifically, quantitative relationships have been established between the field distribution and the mean boundary distances and the cross‐section areas in the terminator plane for both of the boundaries. The model‐predicted relationships are further verified by the observations from the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. Our analysis shows that the boundaries are collectively affected by the global crustal field distribution, which, however, cannot be simply parameterized by a local parameter like the widely used subsolar longitude. Our calculations show that the variability of the intrinsic crustal field distribution in Mars‐centered Solar Orbital itself may account for ∼60% of the variation in total atmospheric loss, when external drivers are static. It is found that the crustal field has not only a shielding effect for atmospheric loss but also an escape‐fostering effect by positively affecting the transterminator ion flow cross‐section area.
Synchrotron tomographic quantification of strain and fracture during simulated thermal maturation of an organic‐rich shale, UK Kimmeridge Clay
Authors: Figueroa Pilz Fernando , Dowey Patrick J. , Fauchille Anne‐Laure , Courtois Loic , Bay Brian , Ma Lin , Taylor Kevin G. , Mecklenburgh Julian , Lee Peter D.
Published: March 2017

Analyzing the development of fracture networks in shale is important to understand both hydrocarbon migration pathways within and from source rocks and the effectiveness of hydraulic stimulation upon shale reservoirs. Here we use time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray tomography to quantify in four dimensions (3‐D plus time) the development of fractures during the accelerated maturation of an organic‐rich mudstone (the UK Kimmeridge Clay), with the aim of determining the nature and timing of crack initiation. Electron microscopy (EM, both scanning backscattered and energy dispersive) was used to correlatively characterize the microstructure of the sample preheating and postheating. The tomographic data were analyzed by using digital volume correlation (DVC) to measure the three‐dimensional displacements between subsequent time/heating steps allowing the strain fields surrounding each crack to be calculated, enabling crack opening modes to be determined. Quantification of the strain eigenvectors just before crack propagation suggests that the main mode driving crack initiation is the opening displacement perpendicular to the bedding, mode I. Further, detailed investigation of the DVC measured strain evolution revealed the complex interaction of the laminar clay matrix and the maximum principal strain on incipient crack nucleation. Full field DVC also allowed accurate calculation of the coefficients of thermal expansion (8 × 10−5/°C perpendicular and 6.2 × 10−5/°C parallel to the bedding plane). These results demonstrate how correlative imaging (using synchrotron tomography, DVC, and EM) can be used to elucidate the influence of shale microstructure on its anisotropic mechanical behavior.
The impact of storms and stratification on sediment transport in the Rhine region of freshwater influence
Authors: Flores Raúl P. , Rijnsburger Sabine , Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Souza Alejandro J. , Pietrzak Julie D.
Published: March 2017

We present measurements of along and across‐shore sediment transport in a region of the Dutch coast 10 km north of the Rhine River mouth. This section of the coast is characterized by strong vertical density stratification because it is within the midfield region of the Rhine region of freshwater influence, where processes typical of the far‐field, such as tidal straining, are modified by the passage of distinct freshwater lenses at the surface. The experiment captured two storms, and a wide range of wind, wave, tidal and stratification conditions. We focus primarily on the mechanisms leading to cross‐shore sediment flux at a mooring location in 12 m of water, which are responsible for the exchange of sediment between the nearshore and the inner shelf. Net transport during storms was directed offshore and influenced by cross‐shelf winds, while net transport during spring tides was determined by the mean state of stratification. Tidal straining dominated during neap tides; however, cross‐shore transport was negligible due to small sediment concentrations. The passage of freshwater lenses manifested as strong pulses of offshore transport primarily during spring tides. We observe that both barotropic and baroclinic processes are relevant for cross‐shore transport at depth and, since transport rates due to these competing processes were similar, the net transport direction will be determined by the frequency and sequencing of these modes of transport. Based on our observations, we find that wind and wave‐driven transport during storms tends move fine sediment offshore, while calmer, more stratified conditions move it back onshore.
The 2014 Lake Askja rockslide‐induced tsunami: Optimization of numerical tsunami model using observed data
Authors: Gylfadóttir Sigríður Sif , Kim Jihwan , Helgason Jón Kristinn , Brynjólfsson Sveinn , Höskuldsson Ármann , Jóhannesson Tómas , Harbitz Carl Bonnevie , Løvholt Finn
Published: March 2017

A large rockslide was released from the inner Askja caldera into Lake Askja, Iceland, on 21 July 2014. Upon entering the lake, it caused a large tsunami that traveled about ∼3 km across the lake and inundated the shore with vertical runup measuring up to 60–80 m. Following the event, comprehensive field data were collected, including GPS measurements of the inundation and multibeam echo soundings of the lake bathymetry. Using this exhaustive data set, numerical modeling of the tsunami has been conducted using both a nonlinear shallow water model and a Boussinesq‐type model that includes frequency dispersion. To constrain unknown landslide parameters, a global optimization algorithm, Differential Evolution, was employed, resulting in a parameter set that minimized the deviation from measured inundation. The tsunami model of Lake Askja is the first example where we have been able to utilize field data to show that frequency dispersion is needed to explain the tsunami wave radiation pattern and that shallow water theory falls short. We were able to fit the trend in tsunami runup observations around the entire lake using the Boussinesq model. In contrast, the shallow water model gave a different runup pattern and produced pronounced offsets in certain areas. The well‐documented Lake Askja tsunami thus provided a unique opportunity to explore and capture the essential physics of landslide tsunami generation and propagation through numerical modeling. Moreover, the study of the event is important because this dispersive nature is likely to occur for other subaerial impact tsunamis.
A numerical investigation into the importance of bed permeability on determining flow structures over river dunes
Authors: Sinha Sumit , Hardy Richard J. , Blois Gianluca , Best James L. , Sambrook Smith Gregory H.
Published: March 2017

Although permeable sediments dominate the majority of natural environments past work concerning bed form dynamics has considered the bed to be impermeable, and has generally neglected flow between the hyporheic zone and boundary layer. Herein, we present results detailing numerically modeled flow which allow the effects of bed permeability on bed form dynamics to be assessed. Simulation of an isolated impermeable bed form over a permeable bed shows that flow is forced into the bed upstream of the dune and returns to the boundary layer at the leeside, in the form of returning jets that generate horseshoe‐shaped vortices. The returning flow significantly influences the leeside flow, modifying the separation zone, lifting the shear layer adjoining the separation zone away from the bed. Simulation of a permeable dune on a permeable bed reveals even greater modifications as the flow through the dune negates the formation of any flow separation in the leeside. With two dunes placed in series the flow over the downstream dune is influenced by the developing boundary layer on the leeside of the upstream dune. For the permeable bed case, the upwelling flow lifts the separated flow from the bed, modifies the shear layer through the coalescence with vortices generated, and causes the shear layer to undulate rather than be parallel to the bed. These results demonstrate the significant effect that bed permeability has on the flow over bed forms that may be critical in affecting the flux of water and nutrients.
On the electrophonic generation of audio frequency sound by meteors
Authors: Kelley Michael C. , Price Colin
Published: March 2017

Recorded for centuries, people can hear and see meteors nearly concurrently. Electromagnetic energy clearly propagates at the speed of light and converts to sound (called electrophonics) when coupled to metals. An explanation for the electromagnetic energy source is suggested. Coma ions around the meteor head can easily travel across magnetic field lines up to ~120 km. The electrons, however, are tied to magnetic field lines, since they must gyrate around the field above ~75 km. A large ambipolar electric field must be generated to conserve charge neutrality. This localized electric field maps to the E region then drives a large Hall current that launches the electromagnetic wave. Using antenna theory and following, a power flux of over 10−8 W/m2 at the ground is found. Electrophonic conversion to sound efficiency then needs to be only 0.1% to explain why humans can hear and see meteors nearly concurrently.