bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Global Weizsäcker mass model with relativistic mean field shell correction*
Authors: Zhang W. , Li Z. Y. , Gao W. , Sun T. T.
Published: June 2022

A relativistic Weizsäcker mass model is proposed based on the single-particle levels and ground state deformations obtained in axial deformed relativistic mean field theory. The density functional of relativistic mean field theory is chosen as DD-LZ1, which can partially remove spurious shell closures. Compared with the fourth Weizsäcker-Skyrme mass model, the proposed model provides shell correction energies that exhibit wide spreading, and the root-mean-square mass deviation is 1.353 MeV. Further improvement is in progress.
Simulation of runaway electron production with CQL3D coupled to NIMROD
Authors: Petrov Yu.V. , Kim C.C. , Lao L.L. , Harvey R.W.
Published: June 2022

A coupling between two distinctly different codes—one magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and another kinetic—is achieved and applied for simulation of runaway electron (RE) production. The 3D initial value MHD code NIMROD simulates a DIII-D pure neon shattered pellet injection plasma quench including the propagation and ablation of the fragments, ionization and recombination of the impurities, and the radiated and transported energies. The field data from NIMROD is then used by the bounce-averaged Fokker–Planck Collisional QuasiLinear 3D (CQL3D) kinetic code to simulate the production of REs and their radial transport. The coupling procedure involves mapping of data between different grids and adjustment of the NIMROD toroidal electric field when REs appear. It is shown that without the radial transport, a large RE current is generated, up to 30% of the pre-pellet ohmic current. However, when the radial transport is included in CQL3D, the RE current is reduced to undetectable level, consistent with experiment. Various forms of the radial diffusion are surveyed to determine conditions when the fast electrons would not have time to be accelerated to relativistic energies before they are lost to chamber wall.
A Learner-Centered Syllabus-Based Approach to engaging master students into research activity
Authors: Vlasenko K , Rovenska O , Lovianova I , Tarasenkova N , Achkan V
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a vision of a team of researchers on solving a problem of engaging future Mathematics teachers into a research activity through implementing person-centred approach to learning and teaching. The authors of the given article present a designed Learner-Centered Syllabus of a training research workshop in Mathematical Analysis for Master students, majoring in Mathematics at teacher training universities. This study presents the structure, the components and the content of a Learner-Centered Syllabus. When giving content to the sections of the syllabus, the developers take into consideration the conditions for person-centredness; creating the atmosphere of acceptance and congruence; shaping in students the personal qualities, which contribute to their research activity; arranging collaboration; engaging students into the assessment process. The researchers in the present study identify orientation at self-development as a key concept of the course policy and make each section of the syllabus personal. The following sets of attributes were used to evaluate the designed Learner-Centered Syllabus: Community, Power and Control, Assessment and Evaluation. The experimental study was done over four years, two groups of Master students majoring in Mathematics became its participants. One group was given a conventional Content-Focused Syllabus of a training research workshop in Mathematical Analysis, while the second group received a Learner-Centered Syllabus, designed in accordance with the Person-Centered Approach to Teaching and Learning. The analysis of the findings of this experiment justified the effciency of creating a learning environment, which is determined by the emotional components, such as Congruence, Acceptance and Empathic understanding. The present paper also shows a positive impact of the syllabus on the degree of students’ motivation to choose the training research workshop in Mathematical Analysis.
Geometric interpretation and visualization of particular geometric concepts at metric spaces study
Authors: Kuz’mich V I , Kuzmich L V , Savchenko A G , Valko K V
Published: June 2022

The paper considers the issues of studying method of geometric properties of metric spaces. These questions arise when students learn the basic concepts of the metric spaces theory. Difficulty in the concepts understanding arises due to the lack of the geometric interpretation or appropriate visualization. To build a geometric interpretation of rectilinear and flat placement of points of metric space, it is proposed to build the appropriate analogues in two-dimensional and three-dimensional arithmetic Euclidean spaces. To visualize these concepts, it is proposed to use a dynamic geometric environment GeoGebra 3D. This approach allows to demonstrate both the similarity of individual geometric concepts of metric space with the corresponding concepts of Euclidean geometry, and cases of the “non-Euclidean”. The study is useful for teachers and students of higher education institutions majoring in physics and mathematics. Some examples can be used in the study of basic geometric concepts by students of secondary education, in-depth study of mathematics and in various types of informal education.
Experience in the development and implementation of a system of visualized teaching cases in Physics using a digital computer measuring system Einstein
Authors: Yu Golovko N , Goncharenko T L , Korobova I V
Published: June 2022

Time has come to form a new education system. This is confirmed by the UNESCO initiative on the future of education for 2050 and thereafter and provides an opportunity to understand how education can shape the future of humanity and the planet. Today, the development of ICT, artificial intelligence, digital platforms and information growth are agents of change in the educational process. The amount of information in the world doubles every day; information-oriented society (a community connected to each other and the world through information and technology) is being formed. Open information systems, global educational networks, interacting digital resources, developing digital educational and information resources provide an opportunity to improve the quality of education. In view of this, special information educational resources are developed in accordance with the trends of science, regional context, individual characteristics and needs of students. In recent years, STEM education has been actively developing both in the world and in Ukraine. This contributes to students’ involvement into STEM disciplines, and young people’s choosing engineering professions. This article substantiates the feasibility of developing a system of visualized teaching cases in Physics. A classification of educational cases is proposed. The paper describes the experience of development and introduction of visualized cases using a combination of Google-services and digital computer measuring system Einstein in the process of teaching Physics as a STEM-discipline. The method of organization of classes with the help of digital computer measuring complex Einstein in the context of situational teaching of Physics is suggested. The article also presents the analysis of the results of implementation of the system of visualized Physics teaching cases into educational process on the basis of Physics and Educational Technologies Laboratory of Kherson State University.
Relationship between achievement in physics and mathematics and family functioning
Authors: Stojanović M. , Aksentijević T.
Published: June 2022

The development of pedagogical-psychological theories causes an increase in the number of examined factors (cognitive and non-cognitive). One of the non-cognitive factors is the family environment, so the paper deals with determining the connection between success in physics and mathematics and family functioning. In the research, 80 seventh and eighth-grade elementary school students participated. The constructed questionnaire included eight dimensions of family functioning: cohesion, flexibility, disunity, networking, chaos, rigidity, family communication, and family satisfaction. Results showed that students whose parents are married achieve significantly higher scores on all four mentioned scales. The children whose parents are divorced achieved the lowest marks. Also, the dimensions of communication and family satisfaction are rate as good. The chaotic component was influenced by parents‘ level of education, where the highest value was expressed by students whose parents are at the primary school level. This component proved to be important for students’ achievements in mathematics. Achievements in physics were influenced by the level of cohesion, whose increase also caused a higher student achievement. Family environment is an important factor determining students’ development, functioning, and school success, so it is important to monitor its impact and train teachers to work with students from dysfunctional families.
Systematic analysis of digital tools to provide STEM and science education
Authors: Shapovalov Ye B , Bilyk Z I , Usenko S A , Shapovalov V B
Published: June 2022

Recently, attention is paid to conceptual aspects of STEM or particular usage of specific tools during STEM. This paper is devoted to systemize all digital tools used during STEM classes. It is proposed to systemize all equipment into instrumental, computer simulation, and modern ones (VR, AR, and AI and 3d-modelling). It is proved the dominant role of computer simulation and modern instruments during providing STEM classes due to their simplicity and absence of necessity of expensive equipment usage. Using any of the described tools do not guaranty providing STEM, but they can be used as an element of the STEM didactic approach.
A study of confinement induced surface structure of P3HT and P3HT/PCBM blend using grazing incidence diffraction
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Kumar Sunil , Singh Amarjeet
Published: June 2022

Thin films of P3HT and its blend with PCBM were investigated for vertical segregation of the crystalline structure using grazing incidence diffraction. The films were cast from a solution (P3HT/PCBM) on silicon substrates using the spin-coating technique, and their thickness (170–580 Å) were determined using x-ray reflectivity. In the grazing incidence diffraction technique, the scattered intensity is measured below and above the critical angle of incidence to distinguish the surface structure from the structure of the film underneath. We obtained a diffraction peak due to the lamellar alignment of P3HT perpendicular to the substrate. For thick films of pristine P3HT, the surface was more crystalline as compared to that of the entire film. In the blend films, the surface was found to be amorphous with crystalline structure underneath. The substrate interaction strongly influenced the crystal formation upon annealing at 110 °C as the structure of thicker films (∼600 Å) was strongly modified, whereas that of thinner films (170–290 Å) was negligibly affected.
Field deployable atomics package for an optical lattice clock
Authors: Kale Yogeshwar B , Singh Alok , Gellesch Markus , Jones Jonathan M , Morris David , Aldous Matthew , Bongs Kai , Singh Yeshpal
Published: June 2022

An atomics package is the heart of any atom based quantum sensing device. Here we report on the realisation of a field deployable atomics package for alkaline earth atoms, e.g. Sr or Yb. In terms of size (∼121 L), weight (<75 kg) and power (∼320 W), it is the smallest package to date which is designed to load Sr atoms into an optical lattice. It consists of an ultra-high vacuum assembly (<4 L), lasers, magnetic field coils & optics required for cooling & trapping as well as a module for imaging & detection. The package can routinely produce ultra cold and dense samples of 1.6 × 105
88Sr atoms trapped in a 1D optical lattice in less than a second. Its robustness has been demonstrated by conducting two transportation campaigns within out-of-the-lab environments. This advancement will have impact not only on transportable optical clock development but also will influence the wider areas of quantum science and technologies, particularly requiring field deployable cold atom based quantum sensors.
Neural network training with highly incomplete medical datasets
Authors: Chang Yu-Wei , Natali Laura , Jamialahmadi Oveis , Romeo Stefano , Pereira Joana B , Volpe Giovanni
Published: June 2022

Neural network training and validation rely on the availability of large high-quality datasets. However, in many cases only incomplete datasets are available, particularly in health care applications, where each patient typically undergoes different clinical procedures or can drop out of a study. Since the data to train the neural networks need to be complete, most studies discard the incomplete datapoints, which reduces the size of the training data, or impute the missing features, which can lead to artifacts. Alas, both approaches are inadequate when a large portion of the data is missing. Here, we introduce GapNet, an alternative deep-learning training approach that can use highly incomplete datasets without overfitting or introducing artefacts. First, the dataset is split into subsets of samples containing all values for a certain cluster of features. Then, these subsets are used to train individual neural networks. Finally, this ensemble of neural networks is combined into a single neural network whose training is fine-tuned using all complete datapoints. Using two highly incomplete real-world medical datasets, we show that GapNet improves the identification of patients with underlying Alzheimer’s disease pathology and of patients at risk of hospitalization due to Covid-19. Compared to commonly used imputation methods, this improvement suggests that GapNet can become a general tool to handle incomplete medical datasets.
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Education
Authors: Hytten Kathy
Published: June 2022

108 entries

This edited collection provides a comprehensive, global, invitational, and accessible overview of contemporary issues in the field of philosophy of education. It includes a wide range topics, ideas, and diverse perspectives from around the world. Each chapter is an in-depth exploration of a philosophic topic or issue relevant to teaching, education, pedagogy, and/or schooling. Authors include well-known and emerging scholars who write in invitational ways to a non-specialist audience. Taken together, the chapter authors illuminate the kinds of questions that philosophers ask about education and schooling, and the tools and resources they bring to bear on these questions. They show the ways in which educational philosophers uncover fundamental assumptions, describe relationships among ideas, analyze concepts, unpack taken-for-granted claims, connect disparate viewpoints, identify the validity and consistency of claims, unsettle commonsense, propose hypothetical experiments, provide critical commentary on ideas, render givens as contingent, explore the interactions of ideas and experience, and offer alternative possibilities.

The volume is organized into ten sections: philosophical traditions and explorations in education; non-Western, indigenous, and post/decolonial philosophies of education; race, gender, sexuality, and marginalized perspectives; globalization, democracy, and citizenship education; ethics, justice, morality, and character education; philosophical issues in research and educational practice; philosophical issues and controversies in K-12 education; philosophy of childhood, parenting, upbringing, and formation; philosophical issues in arts and aesthetics in education; and contemporary topics and issues in philosophy of education.
matOptimize: a parallel tree optimization method enables online phylogenetics for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Ye Cheng , Thornlow Bryan , Hinrichs Angie , Kramer Alexander , Mirchandani Cade , Torvi Devika , Lanfear Robert , Corbett-Detig Russell , Turakhia Yatish
Published: June 2022

Motivation

Phylogenetic tree optimization is necessary for precise analysis of evolutionary and transmission dynamics, but existing tools are inadequate for handling the scale and pace of data produced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. One transformative approach, online phylogenetics, aims to incrementally add samples to an ever-growing phylogeny, but there are no previously existing approaches that can efficiently optimize this vast phylogeny under the time constraints of the pandemic.

Results

Here, we present matOptimize, a fast and memory-efficient phylogenetic tree optimization tool based on parsimony that can be parallelized across multiple CPU threads and nodes, and provides orders of magnitude improvement in runtime and peak memory usage compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. We have developed this method particularly to address the pressing need during the COVID-19 pandemic for daily maintenance and optimization of a comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny. matOptimize is currently helping refine on a daily basis possibly the largest-ever phylogenetic tree, containing millions of SARS-CoV-2 sequences.

Availability and implementation

The matOptimize code is freely available as part of the UShER package (https://github.com/yatisht/usher) and can also be installed via bioconda (https://bioconda.github.io/recipes/usher/README.html). All scripts we used to perform the experiments in this manuscript are available at https://github.com/yceh/matOptimize-experiments.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Linking α-synuclein-induced synaptopathy and neural network dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Kulkarni Aishwarya S , Burns Matthew R , Brundin Patrik , Wesson Daniel W
Published: June 2022

The prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease is characterized by aggregation of the misfolded pathogenic protein α-synuclein in select neural centres, co-occurring with non-motor symptoms including sensory and cognitive loss, and emotional disturbances. It is unclear whether neuronal loss is significant during the prodrome. Underlying these symptoms are synaptic impairments and aberrant neural network activity. However, the relationships between synaptic defects and network-level perturbations are not established. In experimental models, pathological α-synuclein not only impacts neurotransmission at the synaptic level, but also leads to changes in brain network-level oscillatory dynamics—both of which likely contribute to non-motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease. Here we draw upon research from both human subjects and experimental models to propose a ‘synapse to network prodrome cascade’ wherein before overt cell death, pathological α-synuclein induces synaptic loss and contributes to aberrant network activity, which then gives rise to prodromal symptomology. As the disease progresses, abnormal patterns of neural activity ultimately lead to neuronal loss and clinical progression of disease. Finally, we outline goals and research needed to unravel the basis of functional impairments in Parkinson’s disease and other α-synucleinopathies.
From learners to users—errors, innovations, and universals
Authors: Ranta Elina
Published: June 2022

This paper looks into the dilemma of what counts as a grammatical ‘learner error’ in ELT on the basis of recent results from English variationist research and English as a lingua franca research. Examples from these studies show that features often perceived as ‘errors’ for EFL speakers also occur in ESL production—where they are called ‘innovations’—and even in English as a native language (ENL) production—where the term ‘spoken language universal’ would seem more appropriate. It is proposed that the traditional categorization of English speakers into EFL, ESL, and ENL actually hinders us from seeing the linguistic realities of the English-speaking world, disfavouring EFL speakers in particular. The paper calls for ELT to see EFL speakers as users of the language rather than learners in order to acknowledge their grammatical creativity as similar to that of other speakers of English.
Pandemic-Related Social Disruption and Well-Being in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Robbertz Abigail S , Cohen Lindsey L , Armistead Lisa P , Reed Bonney
Published: June 2022

Objective

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted everyone, but there are few data regarding how the pandemic has influenced the lives of children with gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. This cross-sectional study assessed pandemic-related social disruption (PRSD) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease (CD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and the potential buffering effect of the parent–child relationship.

Methods

A survey completed between September and December 2020 asked 146 children (ages 8–17) diagnosed with IBD (n = 44), CD (n = 81), or IBS (n = 51) and 185 parents how the pandemic has contributed to social disruption (i.e., financial stability, COVID-19 exposure, school changes, GI needs, and isolation) and their social–emotional well-being. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the role of social disruption on well-being, and the moderating effect of the parent–child relationship.

Results

Increased social disruption predicted worse parent, β = 0.24, p = .02, and child well-being, β = 0.38, p < .01. The parent–child relationship moderated the relationship between parent and child well-being, β = 0.21, p = .03. Strong parent–child relationships predicted a positive association between parent and child well-being, β = 0.23, p = .003, whereas medium, β = 0.09, p = .14, and poor, β = −0.06, p = .52, relationships did not.

Conclusions

PRSD negatively impacted the well-being of children with GI conditions, and the parent–child relationship moderated this relationship. These findings are relevant to pediatric psychologists treating the physical and mental health needs of children with GI conditions and their parents.
Simplexviruses Successfully Adapt to Their Host by Fine-Tuning Immune Responses
Authors: Mozzi Alessandra , Cagliani Rachele , Pontremoli Chiara , Forni Diego , Saulle Irma , Saresella Marina , Pozzoli Uberto , Cappelletti Gioia , Vantaggiato Chiara , Clerici Mario , Biasin Mara , Sironi Manuela
Published: June 2022

Primate herpes simplex viruses are species-specific and relatively harmless to their natural hosts. However, cross-species transmission is often associated with severe disease, as exemplified by the virulence of macacine herpesvirus 1 (B virus) in humans. We performed a genome-wide scan for signals of adaptation of simplexviruses to their hominin hosts. Among core genes, we found evidence of episodic positive selection in three glycoproteins, with several selected sites located in antigenic determinants. Positively selected noncore genes were found to be involved in different immune-escape mechanisms. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1/HSV-2 encoded product (ICP47) of one of these genes is known to down-modulate major histocompatibility complex class I expression. This feature is not shared with B virus, which instead up-regulates Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G, an immunomodulatory molecule. By in vitro expression of different ICP47 mutants, we functionally characterized the selection signals. Results indicated that the selected sites do not represent the sole determinants of binding to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Conversely, the amino acid status at these sites was sufficient to determine HLA-G up-regulation. In fact, both HSV-1 and HSV-2 ICP47 induced HLA-G when mutated to recapitulate residues in B virus, whereas the mutated version of B virus ICP47 failed to determine HLA-G expression. These differences might contribute to the severity of B virus infection in humans. Importantly, they indicate that the evolution of ICP47 in HSV-1/HSV-2 led to the loss of an immunosuppressive effect. Thus, related simplexviruses finely tune the balance between immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory pathways to promote successful co-existence with their primate hosts.
Evaluation of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody levels in coronavirus disease breakthrough infection during immunosuppressive therapy in a patient with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease
Authors: Wada Takuma Tsuzuki , Yokota Kazuhiro , Sakai Sakon , Soma Machika , Kajiyama Hiroshi , Tarumoto Norihito , Maesaki Shigefumi , Maeda Takuya , Nagata Makoto , Mimura Toshihide
Published: June 2022

Herein, we report the case of a 67-year-old man with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine breakthrough infection during immunosuppressive therapy for connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). The patient received glucocorticoids combined with tacrolimus as maintenance therapy. His serum anti-SARS-CoV-2-immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were extremely low at the onset of COVID-19 pneumonia, even after the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). After treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia, the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG antibodies increased. These results indicated a lack of the ability to produce neutralising antibodies from immune cells despite the booster vaccination. Therefore, we suggest that advanced-age patients with CTD-ILD receiving immunosuppressive therapy with polypharmacy require consistent personal protection, vaccination of close caregivers, increased awareness, and booster vaccination. Moreover, we recommend that tacrolimus should be withdrawn for a while after vaccination under controlled conditions.
Efficacy and toxicity with radiation field designs and concurrent temozolomide for CNS lymphoma
Authors: Laucis Anna M , Selwa Katherine , Sun Yilun , Kim Michelle M , Cuneo Kyle C , Lawrence Theodore S , Wahl Daniel R , Junck Larry , Umemura Yoshie
Published: June 2022

Background

There is no consensus on the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma refractory to first-line methotrexate-based chemotherapy. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is sometimes used but may result in unacceptable neurocognitive dysfunction. We examined the efficacy and toxicities of WBRT with or without concurrent temozolomide in CNS lymphoma treatment.

Methods

This single-institution IRB-approved retrospective study included adults with CNS lymphoma who received WBRT, either consolidative low-dose WBRT alone or low-dose WBRT with a focal boost to residual disease and were previously treated with high-dose methotrexate. The relationships between the WBRT regimen, concurrent temozolomide, and clinical outcomes and toxicities were assessed using proportional hazards and logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 45 patients with a median age of 64 years (range 24–74) treated from 2004 to 2019 were included. In total, 20 patients received concurrent temozolomide. In the WBRT + Boost cohort (n = 32), concurrent temozolomide resulted in better 2-year overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) (73% OS and 66% PFS) compared to patients treated without concurrent temozolomide (44% OS and 24% PFS). On multivariate analysis, concurrent temozolomide was associated with significantly better PFS (HR 0.28, P = .02). There were no significant differences between the two radiation groups or between those treated with or without concurrent temozolomide, with respect to significant acute hematologic, non-hematologic, and long-term neurocognitive toxicities (P > .05).

Conclusions

In this study, concurrent temozolomide with radiotherapy in CNS lymphoma was associated with better PFS and was well tolerated. Low-dose WBRT with a boost is a safe and reasonable treatment approach for focal refractory disease. Prospective research that includes rigorous neurocognitive assessments is now warranted.
Three Problems
Authors: Dove Guy
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the ways in which abstract concepts threaten grounded cognition. The author argues that abstract concepts pose at least three distinct theoretical challenges: the problems of generalization, disembodiment, and flexibility. The problem of generalization emerges in the context of conceptual hierarchies where higher-level concepts are more abstract than lower-level concepts. It is hard to see how such abstractions can be captured solely by means of primary sensorimotor representations. The problem of disembodiment arises because some abstract concepts lack any clear connections to our immediate experiences. Such concepts are not likely to arise from merely abstracting away from experiential particulars. Finally, the problem of flexibility arises because the content of abstract concepts tends to vary more in response to context than the content of concrete concepts. Each of these imperils the hypothesis that conceptual processing depends entirely on simulations of experience. Any successful account of grounded cognition must address all of them.
Hierarchies and Hubs
Authors: Dove Guy
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on the problem generalization raised by abstract concepts. After demonstrating that multimodal and multilevel structure are common design features of human action, emotion, and perception systems, the author proposes that higher-level representations help us generalize and abstract away from experiential particulars. This hypothesis is supported by neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence implicating these sorts of representations in conceptual processing. Evidence from neuropsychological case studies also suggests that conceptual content is encoded through the interaction of higher-level heteromodal “hubs” with lower-level experiential “spokes.” It concludes that an account of grounded cognition that posits hierarchical organization is well-positioned to address the problem of generalization.
Heterogeneity
Authors: Dove Guy
Published: June 2022

This chapter defends the claim that abstract concepts are heterogeneous. It reviews the emerging body of evidence suggesting that different types of abstract concepts are grounded in different ways. Abstract concepts can be distinguished in terms of the degree to which they evoke action, emotion, exteroceptive, interoceptive, and linguistic systems. Some appear to rely more on sensorimotor features, others appear to rely more on emotions or inner experiences, and others still appear to rely more on verbal associations. The author discusses how our ability to process abstract concepts of various stripes is dependent on the multidimensional nature of our conceptual system.
Gendered History of Immigration and Political Socialization in the Election of Asians
Authors: Lien Pei-te , Filler Nicole
Published: June 2022

This chapter opens with a brief review of the gendered history of immigration and settlement patterns of the Asian population by major ethnic or national origins. This historical account helps contextualize the significance of international migration in the political socialization of pioneering women and men in elective offices and other trailblazers in each Asian ethnic community. The narration follows chronological order by the year of winning the first office, segmented by geographic state, ethnicity, and gender. The information presented is salvaged from scarce and scattered accounts of these pioneers regarding their family background, political socialization, and motivation to run for the first office. The chapter interprets the impacts of immigration generation, traumatic political events, ethnic and gender identities, and family class background on the socialization and politicization of those individuals elected to office after the political “firsts,” all of which have played a significant role in the development of political incorporation in each major Asian ethnic community to the present day.
Conclusion
Authors: Lien Pei-te , Filler Nicole
Published: June 2022

The chapter summarizes the political trajectories of APAEOs through the stories of two pioneering male California state legislators. Their encounters of racism are compared to what happened to a group of mostly female APAEOs serving in different offices and localities during the Covid-19 era. The chapter then contrasts the assimilationist with the proactive reactions of APAEOs to anti-Asian hate. It highlights the specific ways of advancing justice by APAEOs serving at national, state, and local levels of office in 2020–21. Through case studies of Hmong Americans, the chapter showcases a new generation of APAEOs who achieved subnational incorporation by engaging local nonethnic, ethnic, women-centered, and/or partisan organizations and groups. It then presents a systematic analysis of the growing roles of nonpartisan ethnic and nonethnic but women-centered and mostly partisan organizations in building the political infrastructure for APA incorporation and empowerment. In closing, the chapter reminds readers of the heritage of advancing justice by APAEOs.
The Grand Design
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

This book examines the development of the ‘grand design’ and various subsequent attempts to develop a peaceful international order, as well as its implications for the current international peace architecture. The theories and doctrines related to peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and other tools used to end war and conflict, raise a range of long-standing questions about the evolution and integrity of the international peace architecture. This is a term that has begun to appear in the context of peacebuilding through the UN, the African Union, and the broader constellation or alphabet soup of international actors, from transitional civil society, to the UN system, the EU, OSCE, NATO, other regional actors, the international legal system, and the IFIs. This book proposes that there have been six main theoretical-historical stages in this process, which have produced a substantial, though fragile, international architecture, always entangled with, and hindered by, what might be described as a counter-peace framework.
A Sketch of the International Peace Architecture
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter sketches the overall framework of dominant sediments, layers, or stages in the modern peace architecture in historical, theoretical, and policy terms. It does so partly to show how contingent the latter are on shifting forces in history, in which peace architectures emerge after systemic war, being based upon the last systemic threat, but rarely the next.
Dark Satanic Mills
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

During the 1920s and 1930s, ‘Jerusalem’ became more widely known and performed among various communities, helping to build up a sense of national identity after the devastation caused by the First World War. This chapter describes its various uses—in church congregations, in anthologies produced for various Christian organizations as well as for secular collections, and by the Women’s Institute—as well as how the poem and song (which assumed the status of a hymn for some, for others that of an anthem) represented conflicting imperial and socialist visions of British society in the lead up to the Second World War.
The Background
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Atomism and mechanism were reintroduced into European natural philosophy by Galileo and Descartes. Opposing the ‘mechanical philosophy’ as both atheistic and inadequate to the explanation of many phenomena, especially generation, biological functions, and chemistry, some theorists demanded a greater range of active powers and/or a more active role for God in maintaining the universe. Newton’s work legitimised reference to both. A different tack was taken by Leibniz, who retained a conservative form of mechanism but at the same time dematerialised the atom and proposed a form of panvitalism. Kant’s own largely unsuccessful struggles with the problems of life and matter are to be understood against this challenging background.
Civilization, Extinction, and Moral Effort
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Enlightenment pessimism was the dialectical complement to the more familiar Enlightenment optimism based in signs of technological progress and faith in the guiding hand of Providence. Eighteenth century Europeans were disheartened by unremitting warfare, the immiseration of the peasantry, the mania for conquest, and the stumbling blocks to reform posed by autocratic rulers. New threats to complacency—and incentives to Epicurean hedonism—emerged in palaeological evidence for the extinction of entire species and widening scepticism over the immortality of the soul and the joys and compensations of heaven. Kant’s view of human nature became increasingly dark, but he strongly resisted the arguments of Rousseau and Herder regarding the corrupting influence of civilisation and the European domination of the globe.
Political Settlements and Development
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian
Published: June 2022

Few concepts have captured the imagination of the conflict and development communities in recent years as powerfully as the idea of a ‘political settlement’. At its most ambitious, ‘political settlements analysis’ (PSA) promises to explain why conflicts occur and states collapse, the conditions for their successful rehabilitation, different developmental pathways from peace, and how to better fit development policy to country context. Yet despite the meteoric rise of the term and its tremendous promise, not all is well in the world of PSA. Rival definitions of the concept abound; there are disagreements about its scope and the way it should be used; a growing schism between conflict specialists and economists; basic concepts are ambiguous; and little progress has been made on measurement. This book consequently has three main aims. The first is to argue for a revised definition of a political settlement, capable of unifying its diverse strands. The second is to put the concept on a more solid theoretical and scientific footing, providing a method for measuring and categorizing political settlements, using both qualitative case studies and a large-n statistical analysis to illustrate its potential. And the third is to examine the implications of the findings for mainstream social science analysis and for policymakers.
The Early Years
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

The 1870 marriage of Allen Griggs and Emma Hodge and the birth of Sutton E. Griggs two years later, which occurred in Chatfield, Texas, resulted from two migration trajectories by slaveholders and the people they owned. The Hodges left Kentucky for Texas and established the community of Chatfield. The Griggses moved from Georgia to Grimes County, Texas, and later relocated to Chatfield. Following emancipation, Allen Griggs became literate and a devout Baptist. Despite the ever-present threat of white-on-black violence, he and his family prospered, and in 1875 they moved to Dallas where he became the pastor of the New Hope Baptist Church. Sutton Griggs attended public schools in Dallas until the age of 13 when he began attending Bishop College. He completed both the college preparatory and collegiate curriculums at an accelerated rate, graduating with honors at the age of 18, and returned to Dallas to work as a teacher.
Conclusion
Authors: Gruesser John Cullen
Published: June 2022

Following Sutton E. Griggs’s departure from Nashville, he changed his priorities, allegiances, and approaches. He led Memphis’s Tabernacle Baptist Church, worked with the city’s white power structure, and elaborated the Science of Collective Efficiency, designed to modify black behavior. Griggs often tangled with editors and columnists of black newspapers, including the Chicago Defender. Another battle occurred between him and R. H. Boyd, contributing to the 1915 splintering of the National Baptist Convention. In 1928, he recorded sermons that relate to pivotal themes and motifs in his novels. Griggs frequently occupied liminal positions, forcing him to mediate between different factions. In his novels he strives to transcend the “in-between” positions in which he and other African Americans found themselves by adopting a dialogical approach. Beyond his writings, Griggs’s legacy includes American Baptist Theological Seminary and the Griggs Business and Practical Arts College, which his widow Emma named in his honor.
Early Modern Drama at the Universities
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

This is the first history of Oxford and Cambridge drama in the Tudor and Stuart period. It guides the reader through the theatrical experiences of students at university in early modern England, following them on the journey from schoolboys to scholars to graduates in the workplace. Early Modern Drama at the Universities is structured to make the subject as accessible as possible, mitigating the difficulties of this sizeable and complex body of evidence. The hundreds of plays we have inherited from Oxford and Cambridge are steeped in Classical culture, and the academic establishment’s bias against print culture means that most evidence remains in manuscript form. Opening up these plays to a wider readership, this study carves three main roads into the corpus, introducing key institutions, intertexts, and individuals. For the first time we can see the extent to which institutional culture made the drama what it is: pedagogically-inspired, homosocial, and self-reflexive. Early Modern Drama at the Universities argues that it was primarily on a college level that students lived, worked, and proved themselves to the community, and that if we are to understand university drama as a whole, we must create it from the building blocks of individual college histories.
Scholar-soldiers Take on Roman Comedy
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

One character type, the boastful, vainglorious buffoon, appears again and again on the university stage. The term for this stock character, miles gloriosus (or ‘braggart soldier’), comes from the Miles Gloriosus of Plautus from c.206 bc, which features Pyrgopolynices, a blustering man of words pretending to be a brave man of action. Chapter 3 argues that this ironic contrast between word and action is an important reason why this particular character flourished in the university environment: scholars enjoyed pushing wordplay to extremes and satirizing the academic business of rhetorical eloquence. Keen to enjoy more of the braggart’s entertaining personality, students set about writing new speeches for him (usually in Latin, aping Plautus’ own style) and creating new scenes in which he could appear. Together, the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century milites gloriosi represent an important example of the neo-Latin (‘new-Latin’) tradition which dominated creative writing at the universities, and academic culture at large, during the early modern period.
University Drama in Print
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

Chapter 6 illuminates attitudes towards the idea of the printed play at Oxford and Cambridge, explaining why publishing one’s work was an unusual thing to do. Those plays which made it into print are discussed here against the backdrop of a pre-existing bias against print culture and the assumption that a play which originates in academe was not suitable for and devalued by the world of commerce. By contrast, the tradition of circulation by manuscript, which operated through a peer-to-peer system of private networks, suffered no such stigma. This chapter investigates the reactions which university men had to seeing their work in print, sometimes without their consent, and the ways in which they attempted to curate or rescue their reputations as scholars. The different points of view offered by figures such as Abraham Cowley, Jasper Heywood, William Alabaster, Matthew Gwinne, and Peter Hausted nuance our understanding of what academic drama was or should be.
Bounded Citizenship
Authors: Roy Anupama
Published: June 2022

Two tendencies emerged out of the Citizenship Amendment Act 2003: a hyphenated citizenship associated with the NRC, which made citizenship contingent on conditions of descent specific to the state of Assam and national citizenship associated with the CAA which made religion a distinguishability principle in the creation of bounded citizenship. This chapter examines the discursive frameworks surrounding the CAA, the different figuration of the ‘illegal migrant’ when compared to the NRC, the idea of national citizenship based on the concept of a homeland, and the assertion of parliamentary sovereignty through law-making powers of the Parliament. Through a detailed examination of the debates in the Constituent Assembly on the question ‘who is an Indian citizen’, and the debates in the Parliament in December 2019 on the CAA, this chapter discusses the ideological framing of citizenship in the constituent moment and how it was interpreted in 2019. In doing so, the chapter also examines ideas of popular sovereignty, the question of the source of law-making powers of the Parliament and its limits. It explores the notion of power as it elaborates itself through populism and plays out in everyday politics driven by the political rationality of the ruling class.
‘The one who calls you is trustworthy’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the trustworthiness of God, together with human trust in the God who, through Christ, has revealed God’s trustworthiness in a radically unexpected way. It considers the risks involved both for God, who must trust humanity ‘therapeutically’ to respond to the Christ event, and for human beings, who must trust that God has done a ‘new thing’, put their trust in Jesus Christ as God’s son, and trust themselves not to fail in trust. It considers the implications of the trust relationship variously for Jews and gentiles, and its relation to covenant and law. It investigates the relationships between trust and belief, trust and reliance, and divine trust and omniscience. The final section explores how a number of New Testament writers draw on a scriptural vision of God as creator which puts care, and the trust intrinsic to it, at the heart of the divine‒human relationship. It shows how Genesis is often invoked to affirm that Christ, as the one who pre-exists with God and participates in creation, is trustworthy as God is trustworthy, and exists in the same relationship of trust and care with the faithful as does Godself. These passages have a strong eschatological orientation, affirming that trust in God and Christ will ultimately restore humanity, and, with humanity, creation as a whole to the divine‒human relationship for which it was created. This restoration is not only humanity’s, but creation’s best hope for itself in the present time.