bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mucopolysaccharidosis: Secondarily Induced Abnormal Distribution of Lysosomal Isoenzymes
Authors: Kint J. A. , Dacremont G. , Carton D. , Orye E. , Hooft C.
Published: October 2006

Total activities of acid hydrolases in liver of two patients with mucopolysaccharidosis are decreased for β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase, and arylsulfatase A; total activities of four other hydrolases are normal or increased. The isoenzyme distribution of five hydrolases (β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase,
N
-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and α-galactosidase) is abnormal in that the isoelectric points (by isoelectric focusing) of these enzymes are more acid than in control liver. Along with the isoenzyme abnormalities different kinds of glycolipids were stored in kidney, liver, and brain. The isoenzyme abnormalities can be reproduced in vitro by addition of chondroitin sulfate to a homogenate of normal liver, suggesting that stable binding occurs between mucopolysaccharides and the hydrolase molecules. After the addition of chondroitin sulfate, the total activity of β-galactosidase is inhibited, whereas other hydrolases are affected only slightly or not at all.
Testicular Morphology in Rats Vasectomized as Adults
Authors: Plaut S. Michael
Published: October 2006

Vasectomy was performed on 63 rats at age 81 to 105 days. Examination 28 to 58 days later disclosed no significant reductions in testis size with respect to preoperative testis length and to testis length and weight in unoperated controls. The fact that the minimal atrophy observed was primarily left-sided suggested that these effects were artifacts of the procedure or systemic left-right differences in the animals.
Genetic Control of Gonadotrop Differentiation in the Platyfish,
Xiphophorus maculatus
(Poeciliidae)
Authors: Kallman Klaus D. , Schreibman Martin P. , Borkoski Valerie
Published: October 2006

A sex-linked gene controlling the age at which the gonadotrops of the pituitary gland differentiate has been discovered in
Xiphophorus maculatus
. Males homozygous for early differentiation become sexually mature between 10 and 16 weeks; those homozygous for late maturation between 22 and 40 weeks. Heterozygotes are intermediate. Since growth rate decreases when testes mature. the two classes of males differ significantly in adult size.
Mercury in the Greenland Ice Sheet: Further Data
Authors: Carr Roderick A. , Wilkniss Peter E.
Published: October 2006

New data support the contention that the mercury content of Greenland glacial ices has not increased dramatically in recent years but rather is distributed nonhomogeneously through the ice sheet.
Natural Abundance Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of the Canine Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Williams E. , Hamilton J. A. , Jain M. K. , Allerhand A. , Cordes E. H. , Ochs S.
Published: October 2006

The proton-decoupled natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the canine sciatic nerve is virtually identical to that of canine adipose tissue and markedly similar to that of liquid triolein. No resonances assignable to cholesterol, glycolipids, or sphingolipids are detectable in the sciatic nerve spectrum despite their abundance in the myelin sheath of this nerve. However, many such resonances are observed in lipid extracts of the nerve. Chromatographic analysis of specimens of canine and rabbit sciatic nerve has revealed that these contain sufficient triglyceride to account quantitatively for the observed spectrum. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and spin-labeling results for preparations containing myelin, especially those derived from the peripheral nerve, should be critically examined for experimental artifacts reflecting the triglyceride content.
Specific Suppression of Immune Responses
Authors: Rowley Donald A. , Fitch Frank W. , Stuart Frank P. , Köhler Heinz , Cosenza Humberto
Published: October 2006

The models we have discussed in detail demonstrate specific suppression of immune reactivity produced in normal adult animals by antibody and antigen. The mechanism of homeostasis of suppression in these models depends on continued exposure to antigen and on an active response by the host. The active response may include production of antibody directed against specific receptors as well as antibody directed against antigen. Thus, specific regulation of both antibody and cell mediated immunity to an antigen might be achieved by the use of only the biological agents of the response: antigen, antibody, and possibly antibody to receptors. The general implication is that these same biological agents are responsible for autoregulation of immune reactions occurring in nature. Presumably, these agents may be used to suppress or reverse immune responses for appropriate clinical objectives.
Oscillation of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Concentration during the Myocardial Contraction Cycle
Authors: Brooker Gary
Published: October 2006

The concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) rises and falls during each myocardial contraction cycle. Peak concentrations of cyclic AMP precede peak development of systolic tension. Epinephrine alters the normal oscillation in myocardial cyclic AMP and increases both diastolic and systolic concentrations of the cyclic nucleotide. These transient changes in myocardial cyclic AMP indicate a potential role for cyclic AMP as a beat-to-beat regulator of myocardial contractility.
Interstellar Hydrogen in Galaxies
Authors: Roberts Morton S.
Published: October 2006

Measurement of the 21-cm line radiation originating from the interstellar neutral hydrogen in a galaxy yields information on the total mass and total hydrogen content of the galaxy. The ratio of these two quantities is correlated with structural type in the sense that the later type galaxies contain a higher fraction of their total mass in the form of interstellar hydrogen. This ratio is one of the few physical parameters known to correlate with structural type. It need not, however, reflect an evolutionary sequence, such as more hydrogen implying a younger galaxy. Efficiency of conversion of hydrogen to stars can just as easily explain the correlation.

Except for the very latest systems, the total mass of a spiral does not appear to be correlated with type.

Red shifts of galaxies measured at optical wavelengths and at 21 cm are in excellent agreement. The form of the Doppler expression has been shown to hold over a wavelength range of 5 × 105.

All spirals earlier than type Ir which have been studied with adequate resolution show a central minimum in their hydrogen distribution. The region of maximum projected HI surface density occurs at some distance from the center. In the earlier type spirals the optical arms are located in the region of this maximum surface density. In the later type spirals the maximum HI density and prominent optical arms are less well correlated and, at times, are anticorrelated.

Detailed studies of the HI distribution and motions within a galaxy require the high relative resolution of beam synthesis arrays. We may expect significant new information from such studies, which are now in progress. Filled-aperture telescopes will supply the necessary observations at zero spacing and vital statistical information on large numbers of galaxies, peculiar systems and groups and clusters of galaxies. The two types of telescope systems will complement one another. In the near future we should have a much better description of spiral galaxies and, we hope, a better understanding of these systems.
Status of Women Microbiologists
Authors: Kashket Eva Ruth , Robbins Mary Louise , Leive Loretta , Huang Alice S.
Published: October 2006

The general picture that emerges from this study is that the woman microbiologist, upon entering the professional job market, faces (i) slower advancement; (ii) restricted extramural recognition; and (iii) fewer positions of a supervisory or administrative nature, when compared to men. Most striking is the salary differential, which increases with increasing educational level, with increasing rank, and with increasing seniority.

From the beginning of her professional training, the woman microbiologist feels handicapped by lack of encouragement and proper role models. She generally receives little advice regarding her professional future and rarely feels pushed to take the most challenging position. Should she be married, she feels that her mobility is severely restricted. Even though the subjective nature of these feelings may be interpreted as projections of failure, subtle inducements for women to stay at lower levels may well exist, in addition to more objective measurements, such as lower salary levels and slower professional advancement.

Despite these handicaps, professional women continue to work. As a group, they work for the same reasons that men do, they work as long and as hard as men do, and they remain at their positions as long as men do. Women and men rate themselves equally as to job performance, degree of independence, and publication rate.

On the basis of this study, it should not be surprising that women professionals are less visible than men and that only a small proportion of women become what is considered successful by the usual external criteria. If women were to receive continued encouragement, scientific contact, and professional recognition at each stage of their professional lives, they would undoubtedly become more visible.

The lack of encouragement and self-confidence leading to isolation, which then leads to lack of recognition, is a vicious circle that must be broken for the woman professional. This can be done most easily for the beginning student. For older women, there must be increased placement in positions of responsibility and visibility. Protective practices that discourage women from entering arenas of competition can only be viewed as discrimination on the basis of sex, since women professionals are rarely given the choice between being protected and being independent.

Unexpectedly, this study illustrates the lower status of another group of individuals who are considered deviants from the expected roles of the established society—single men with doctorates, who were found in the positions predominately filled by women.

In conclusion, this study of a select group of scientists probably has general applicability to all women professionals in their roles vis--vis men. Examination and documentation of discriminatory practices based on sex points to the areas in which women must direct their demands for equality.
Nonhistone Chromosomal Proteins and Gene Regulation
Authors: Stein Gary S. , Spelsberg Thomas C. , Kleinsmith Lewis J.
Published: October 2006

Evidence from several model systems suggests that nonhistone chromosomal proteins may regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells. The data indicate that the synthesis of new species of nonhistone chromosomal proteins as well as modifications of preexisting nonhistone chromosomal proteins are involved in the control of transcription. However, from the vast number of proteins included in this class, it is apparent that, in addition to regulating the transcription of defined genome loci, the nonhistone chromosomal proteins include enzymes that have a general function, proteins that are involved in determining the structure of chromatin, as well as proteins that serve as recognition sites for binding of regulatory macromolecules. The presence of a nucleoplasmic pool of nonhistone chromosomal proteins which may exchange with the chromatin has also been reported (
89
). While it is clear that the nonhistone chromosomal proteins play a key role in the regulation of gene expression, the exact manner in which they interact with the genome to initiate, modify, or augment the transcription of specific RNA molecules remains to be resolved.
Site of Biosynthesis of Galactolipids in Spinach Chloroplasts
Authors: Douce R.
Published: October 2006

The envelope of the spinach chloroplast is the site of galactolipid synthesis.
Immunoglobulin Structure: Amino Terminal Sequences of Mouse Myeloma Proteins That Bind Phosphorylcholine
Authors: Barstad P. , Rudikoff S. , Potter M. , Cohn M. , Konigsberg W. , Hood L.
Published: October 2006

The amino terminal sequences of five light and heavy immunoglobulin chains from myeloma proteins of the BALB/c mouse with binding activity to phosphorylcholine are presented. Except for a single substitution in position 4, all five heavy chains have identical amino terminal sequences through the first hypervariable region. Proteins which share unique (idiotypic) antigenic determinants are identical through the first hypervariable region of their light and heavy chains. Proteins with differing idiotypic determinants have light chains of differing amino acid sequence. These observations suggest that the heavy chain plays a more important role than the light chain in determining the phosphorylcholine binding site.
Venus: Atmospheric Motion and Structure from Mariner 10 Pictures
Authors: Murray Bruce C. , Belton Michael J. S. , Danielson G. Edward , Davies Merton E. , Gault Donald , Hapke Bruce , O'Leary Brian , Strom Robert G. , Suomi Verner , Trask Newell
Published: October 2006

The Mariner 10 television cameras imaged the planet Venus in the visible and near ultraviolet for a period of 8 days at resolutions ranging from 100 meters to 130 kilometers. The general pattern of the atmospheric circulation in the upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric region is displayed in the pictures. Atmospheric flow is symmetrical between north and south hemispheres. The equatorial motions are zonal (east-west) at approximately 100 meters per second, consistent with the previously inferred 4-day retrograde rotation. Angular velocity increases with latitude. The subsolar region, and the region downwind from it, show evidence of large-scale convection that persists in spite of the main zonal motion. Dynamical interaction between the zonal motion and the relatively stationary region of convection is evidenced by bowlike waves.
Localization of Apolipoprotein B in Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Glickman R. M. , Khorana J. , Kilgore A.
Published: October 2006

Indirect immunofluorescence techniques were employed to determine the distribution within intestinal epithelial cells of apolipoprotein B, a protein essential for the normal transport of fat. Isolated intestinal cells were prepared from rats either during active lipid absorption or after biliary diversion. Specific immunofluorescence from an antiserum to apolipoprotein B was detected in the apical portion of epithelial cells from bile-diverted animals, demonstrating that a pool of apolipoprotein B is present in the nonabsorptive epithelial cell and may be a component of intestinal cell membranes. During lipid absorption in normal rats, an early and sustained increase in immunofluorescence was demonstrated, consistent with an increased synthesis of apolipoprotein B during lipid absorption. This study demonstrates the presence of apolipoprotein B within intestinal epithelium and provides evidence for the participation of this apoprotein in intestinal lipid transport.
Heterocytolysis by Macrophages Activated by Bacillus Calmette-Gurin: Lysosome Exocytosis into Tumor Cells
Authors: Hibbs John B.
Published: October 2006

The cytotoxic activity of activated macrophages against tumorigenic target cells appears to be mediated by lysosomal enzymes of activated macrophage origin. Lysosomes of activated macrophages are secreted directly into the cytoplasm of susceptible target cells, which subsequently undergo heterolysis. This reaction can be inhibited by agents which prevent the exocytosis of macrophage lysosomes (hydrocortisone) or which interfere with the action of lysosomal enzymes (trypan blue).
Natural Marine Oil Seepage
Authors: Wilson R. D. , Monaghan P. H. , Osanik A. , Price L. C. , Rogers M. A.
Published: October 2006

The probable range of seepage into the marine environment is 0.2 × 10
6
to 6.0 × 10
6
metric tons per year. Within this range the best estimate for the present marine seepage worldwide is on the order of 0.6 × 10
6
metric tons per year. This estimate is based on the presumption that only a few other areas around the world are as seepage-prone as southern California. Measurements of seeps and seepage rates are too few to allow an accurate estimation by observation and measurement techniques alone. Seepage potential can, however, be related to geologic criteria, and these provide sound bases for marine seepage assessment.

On the basis of this estimate, areas of high seepage potential contribute about 45 percent of the worldwide seepage, areas of moderate seepage about 55 percent, and areas of low seepage less than 1 percent. The situation varies somewhat from ocean to ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, areas of high seep potential are by far the major contributors. In the Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans, areas of moderate seep potential are most significant because areas of high seep potential are relatively rare in these realms. The circum-Pacific area is the area of greatest seepage; it contributes about 40 percent of the world's total.
A Greater Gondwanaland
Authors: Crawford A. R.
Published: October 2006

Gondwanaland at its maximum extent included Tibet, the Tarim Basin block, and parts of northern China. Tibet lay between India and Western Australia as submerged continental crust. The Himalayas are of intracontinental origin. The Tien Shan lie along the former oceanic boundary of Gondwanaland.
Meteors and Meteorites Detected by Infrasound
Authors: Donn William L. , Balachandran Nambath K.
Published: October 2006

The Lamont-Doherty tripartite array of microphones has detected acoustic signals from meteors. These signals yield trace velocities which vary rapidly from supersonic to nearly infinite values for successive waves or wave groups, indicating a rapidly moving source. The trajectory is constructed on the basis of an assumption of reasonable path elevations. With a second array it would be possible to obtain more positive trajectory fixes and probable ground impact locations. Initial results suggest that most acoustic meteors are meteorite-type objects rather than the low-density objects commonly detected at high elevations by photographic and radio techniques.
Bryozoan Monticules: Excurrent Water Outlets?
Authors: Banta W. C. , McKinney F. K. , Zimmer R. L.
Published: October 2006

Monticules, regularly arranged modified areas on Paleozoic Bryozoa, may represent regions from which water currents produced by lophophores of adjacent feeding zoids escaped. Such circulation patterns have been observed in Recent forms.
Effects of the Scopes Trial
Authors: Grabiner Judith V. , Miller Peter D.
Published: October 2006

Readers may choose their own villain in the story we have told. Like us, some will find the greatest culpability in the scientific community itself, for the large-scale failure to pay attention to the teaching of science in the high schools. Others will blame the textbook authors and publishers for pursuing sales rather than quality. Some will attach blame to the politicians who exploited antievolution sentiment to get into, or remain, in office. Others will blame the conservative Protestant clergy. Some may blame the whole educational system for failing to teach Americans how to evaluate evidence. And many will blame the evolutionists for bringing the matter up in the first place. But whatever the lesson one wishes to draw from the history of biology textbooks since the Scopes trial, we think the story itself is worth knowing. That the textbooks could have downgraded their treatment of evolution with almost nobody noticing is the greatest tragedy of all.
Human Serum Albumin Phenotype Activation in Mouse Hepatoma-Human Leukocyte Cell Hybrids
Authors: Darlington Gretchen J. , Bernhard Hans Peter , Ruddle Frank H.
Published: October 2006

Murine hepatoma cells that secreted mouse serum albumin were fused with human leukocytes that did not produce albumin. The resulting hybrids secreted both mouse and human serum albumin, as demonstrated by immuno-electrophoretic techniques. The activation of the human genome suggests that mapping genes governing specialized functions in somatic cell hybrids may be accomplished by using adifferentiated human cells as a parental line.
Antibody to Leukemia Virus: Widespread Occurrence in Inbred Mice
Authors: Nowinski Robert C. , Kaehler Susan L.
Published: October 2006

Mice from a wide variety of inbred strains produce immunoglobulin G antibody against murine leukemia virus. This is contrary to the common view that the mouse is immunologically tolerant to its endogenous leukemia virus.
Rapid Asymptotic Species Accumulation in Phytophagous Insect Communities: The Pests of Cacao
Authors: Strong Donald R.
Published: October 2006

The number of cacao insect pests is described by a species-area curve. Either annual cacao productivity or area in cultivation of the crop predicts the number of associated insect pest species, when the world's cacao-producing regions are compared. Analysis of covariance does not discriminate different species-area regressions for native as opposed to nonnative cacao-producing regions; the numbers of insect pest species per unit area of cacao in regions of long-standing cultivation do not exceed the numbers in regions of recent introduction. This demonstrates that the number of cacao insect pest species rises rapidly to an asymptote set by the area in cultivation in each region.
Trilobites and the Origin of Arthropods
Authors: Cisne John L.
Published: October 2006

While the question of whether the Arthropoda represent more than one phylum of animals is debatable, the jointed exoskeleton, a fundamental feature of arthropods, evolved independently in two groups that shared a worm-like common ancestor. The two major branches of Arthropoda, the primitively marine TCC and the primitively terrestrial (with one exception) Uniramia, independently arrived at arthropodization as the solution to the same problems of adaptation of the body mechanical system. New discoveries on trilobite anatomy show the unity of TCC as a group that shared a trilobite-like ancestor near the beginning of the Cambrian. With change in the constituency of Arthropoda through geologic time, the ways in which it would be categorized as a taxonomic group have also changed. The seeming isolation of the major modern arthropod groups is in large part an artifact of extinction of primitive intermediate forms such as trilobites which, in the Early Paleozoic, made the Arthropoda more diverse in basic modes of body organization than the group is at present.

The appearance of fossilizable hard parts in arthropods resulted from shift in supporting function from the body cavity, primitively a hydrostatic skeleton, to the cuticle, which came to be strengthened in becoming an exoskeleton. Energetic efficiency, more than protection from predators or evolutionary size increase in itself, was probably the impetus behind the transition. On the scale provided by the general evolutionary trend toward progressive specialization of segments, TCC became arthropodized at earlier stages than did Uniramia. Among TCC, the shift may have been driven by the evolution of locomotory and feeding mechanisms that were exclusively geared to an aqueous medium.
Sulfates as Pollution Particulates: Catalytic Formation on Carbon (Soot) Particles
Authors: Novakov T. , Chang S. G. , Harker A. B.
Published: October 2006

Experimental evidence (obtained by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) is presented which shows that finely divided carbon (soot) particles may play a major role in the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in polluted atmospheres. The results obtained with sulfates produced in the laboratory by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide on graphite particles and combustion-produced soot particles are compared with the properties and behavior of ambient sulfates. The proposed sulfur dioxide oxidation mechanism is qualitatively consistent with field observations.
Relation between the Major Histocompatibility (B) Locus and Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Obese Chickens
Authors: Bacon Larry D. , Kite Joseph H. , Rose Noel R.
Published: October 2006

Obese strain chickens develop circulating autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and lymphocytic infiltration of their thyroids during aging. Two alleles,
B
1
and
B
4
, are found with high gene frequency at the major histocompatibility (
B
) locus. Greater pathology and higher antibody titers are observed in
B
1
B
1
and
B
1
B
4
birds than in their
B
4
B
4
siblings.
Antarctic Glacial History from Analyses of Ice-Rafted Deposits in Marine Sediments: New Model and Initial Tests
Authors: Watkins Norman D. , Keany John , Ledbetter Michael T. , Huang Ter-Chien
Published: October 2006

Contrasts between the latitudinal distributions of ice-rafted debris deposited in deep-sea sediments during Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods are predicted by a new model. The model requires the existence of a restricted zone where rates of deposition of ice-rafted debris are essentially independent of glacial-interglacial cycles. Initial tests and published results show that the concept is valid in the Southern Ocean and that it provides a new means of diagnosing major migrations of climatic zones.
Community Structure of Coral Reefs on Opposite Sides of the Isthmus of Panama
Authors: Porter James W.
Published: October 2006

Competition for space among reef corals includes interspecific destruction by extracoelenteric digestion, rapid growth, and overtopping. No Caribbean species excels in all strategies, and on western Caribbean coral reefs there is a positive correlation between coral abundance and diversity. On eastern Pacific coral reefs, however,
Pocillopora damicornis
excludes other corals, and on these reefs there is an inverse relation between coral abundance and diversity, except in areas where disturbances, such as
Acanthaster
predation, offset space monopolization.
Local-Regional Anesthesia during Childbirth: Effect on Newborn Behaviors
Authors: Standley Kay , Soule A. Bradley , Copans Stuart A. , Duchowny Michael S.
Published: October 2006

Administration of local-regional anesthesia during normal deliveries was correlated significantly with newborn behaviors as evaluated by the Brazelton neonatal assessment scale. Three days after birth, infants whose mothers received local-regional anesthesia were more irritable and motorically less mature than those infants whose mothers were not medicated.
Environmental and Evolutionary Stability in Bivalve Mollusks
Authors: Thayer Charles W.
Published: October 2006

There is no relationship between environmental stability [as indicated by infaunal (stable) versus epifaunal (unstable) habits] and the generic duration of extinct marine bivalve mollusks when the effects of cosmopolitanism (which is associated with long generic durations) and other paleontological "noise" are excluded. This is contrary to the "depauperate gene pool" hypothesis of extinctions.
Product Liability and the Technical Expert
Authors: Piehler Henry R. , Twerski Aaron D. , Weinstein Alvin S. , Donaher William A.
Published: October 2006

The refinement of the product liability litigation process requires a continuing substantive dialogue between the legal and technical communities. The common problem-solving orientation of the two disciplines bodes well for such interaction. We have shared in the exciting beginnings of this legal-technical interaction and hope that in the field of product liability such joint efforts will lead to a more sophisticated and technologically sound litigation process, one in which the technologist can be true to himself while operating within a strong and responsive adversary system.
The Postspinel Phases in the Mg
2
SiO
4
-Fe
2
SiO
4
System
Authors: Ming Li-Chung , Bassett William A.
Published: October 2006

Samples of olivine (Fo
0
Fa
100
, Fo
60
Fa
40
, Fo
80
Fa
20
, and Fo
100
Fa
0
) and of spinel (Fo
50
Fa
50
, Fo
0
Fa
100
, where Fo is forsterite and Fa is fayalite) were subjected to pressures up to 250 kilobars in a diamond anvil press and were heated in situ up to ∼1700°C by an infrared beam from a continuous-wave YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser. The brightness temperature was determined from the intensity of incandescence of the sample by means of an optical pyrometer. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples, obtained after quenching and unloading, show conclusively that these compositions disproportionate to (Mg,Fe)O and SiO
2
(stishovite) under these conditions.
Agglomeration of Ash in Fluidized Beds Gasifying Coal: The Godel Phenomenon
Authors: Yerushalmi Joseph , Kolodney Morris , Graff Robert A. , Squires Arthur M. , Harvey Richard D.
Published: October 2006

In a bed of anthracite or bituminous coke fluidized by air at 10 to 15 meters per second at 1200° to 1400°C, molten ash forms beads on the surface of a coke particle, some exuding from its interior. The beads merge and detach themselves to grow further as loose fluidized ash agglomerates of low carbon content.
Anthropocentrism: A Modern Version
Authors: Murdy W. H.
Published: October 2006

Anthropocentrism is proposed as a valid and necessary point of view for mankind to adopt for consideration of his place in nature. Our current ecological problems do not stem from an anthropocentric attitude per se, but from one too narrowly conceived. Anthropocentrism is consistent with a philosophy that affirms the essential interrelatedness of things and that values all items in nature since no event is without some effect on wholes of which we are parts. The ecological crisis is viewed as an inevitable crisis in human evolution. Through cultures knowledge becomes cumulative. A crisis occurs when our knowledge of nature, which determines our power to exploit nature, exceeds our knowledge of how to use knowledge for our own survival and for improvement in the quality of our lives. An anthropocentric belief in the value, meaningfulness, and creative potential of the human phenomenon is considered a necessary motivating factor to participatory evolution which, in turn, may be requisite to the future survival of the human species and its cultural values.
Light Flashes Observed by Astronauts on Skylab 4
Authors: Pinsky L. S. , Osborne W. Z. , Hoffman R. A. , Bailey J. V.
Published: October 2006

Two dedicated light flash observing sessions were conducted by one of the crewmen during the Skylab 4 mission. Analyses of his observations reveal a strong correlation between flash frequency and primary cosmic-ray flux, and an even stronger correlation between flash frequency and the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner belt trapped radiation. Calculations indicate that an all-proton inner belt probably cannot produce the observed SAA flash rate, and they suggest that there may exist a previously unobserved inner belt flux of multiply charged nuclei.
Solar Absorption in a Stratosphere Perturbed by NO

x

Injection
Authors: Luther Frederick M.
Published: October 2006

The changes in the solar absorption by nitrogen dioxide and ozone induced by the injection of NO

x

(oxides of nitrogen) in the stratosphere are complementary, even though the nitrogen dioxide absorption is only a small fraction of the ozone absorption for an unperturbed stratosphere. The factors causing this effect are described, and an analysis is made of the perturbed solar radiation budget.
Trajectory of the Mt. St. Augustine 1976 Eruption Ash Cloud
Authors: Meinel Aden B. , Meinel Marjorie P. , Shaw Glenn E.
Published: October 2006

The ash clouds from the 23 January 1976 eruption of Mt. St. Augustine in Alaska drifted over Arizona on 25 January at an altitude of 6 kilometers as deduced from air trajectories and the observation of an unusual cloud.
Global Cooling?
Authors: Damon Paul E. , Kunen Steven M.
Published: October 2006

The world's inhabitants, including Scientists, live primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. It is quite natural to be concerned about events that occur close to home and neglect faraway events. Hence, it is not surprising that so little attention has been given to the Southern Hemisphere. Evidence for global cooling has been based, in large part, on a severe cooling trend at high northern latitudes. This article points out that the Northern Hemisphere cooling trend appears to be out of phase with a warming trend at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. The data are scanty. We cannot be sure that these temperature fluctuations are not the result of natural causes. However, it seems most likely that human activity has already significantly perturbed the atmospheric weather system. The effect of particulate matter pollution should be most severe in the highly populated and industrialized Northern Hemisphere. Because of the rapid diffusion of CO
2
molecules within the atmosphere, both hemispheres will be subject to warming due to the atmospheric (greenhouse) effect as the CO
2
content of the atmosphere builds up from the combustion of fossil fuels. Because of the differential effects of the two major sources of atmospheric pollution, the CO
2
greenhouse effect warming trend should first become evident in the Southern Hemisphere. The socioeconomic and political consequences of climate change are profound. We need an early warning system such as would be provided by a more intensive international world weather watch, particularly at high northern and southern latitudes.
Radar Characteristics of Viking 1 Landing Sites
Authors: Tyler G. L. , Campbell D. B. , Downs G. S. , Green R. R. , Moore Henry J.
Published: October 2006

Radar observations of Mars at centimeter wavelengths in May, June, and July 1976 provided estimates of surface roughness and reflectivity in three potential landing areas for Viking 1. Surface roughness is characterized by the distribution of surface landing slopes or tilts on lateral scales of the order of 1 to 10 meters; measurements of surface reflectivity are indicators of bulk surface density in the uppermost few centimeters. By these measures, the Viking 1 landing site at 47.5°W, 22.4°N is rougher than the martian average, although it may be near the martian average for elevations accessible to Viking, and is estimated to be near the Mars average in reflectivity. The AINW site at the center of Chryse Planitia, 43.5°W, 23.4°N, may be an area of anomalous radar characteristics, indicative of extreme, small-scale roughness, very low surface density, or a combination of these two characteristics, Low signal-to-noise ratio observations of the original Chryse site at 34°W, 19.5°N indicate that that area is at least twice as rough as the Mars average.
The Atmosphere of Mars near the Surface: Isotope Ratios and Upper Limits on Noble Gases
Authors: Biemann K. , Owen T. , Rushneck D. R. , LaFleur A. L. , Howarth D. W.
Published: October 2006

Several new analyses of the martian atmosphere have been carried out with the mass spectrometer in the molecular analysis experiment. The ratios of abundant isotopes of carbon and oxygen are within 10 percent of terrestrial values, whereas nitrogen-15 is considerably enriched on Mars. We have detected argon-38 and set new limits on abundances of krypton and xenon. The limit on krypton is sufficiently low to suggest that the inventories of volatile substances on Mars and on Earth may be distinctly different.
Fine Particles on Mars: Observations with the Viking 1 Lander Cameras
Authors: Mutch Thomas A. , Arvidson Raymond E. , Binder Alan B. , Huck Friedrich O. , Levinthal Elliott C. , Liebes Sidney , Morris Elliot C. , Nummedal Dag , Pollack James B. , Sagan Carl
Published: October 2006

Drifts of fine-grained sediment are present in the vicinity of the Viking 1 lander. Many drifts occur in the lees of large boulders. Morphologic analysis indicates that the last dynamic event was one of general deflation for at least some drifts. Particle cohesion implies that there is a distinct small-particle upturn in the threshold velocity-particle size curve; the apparent absence of the most easily moved particles (150 micrometers in diameter) may be due to their preferential transport to other regions or their preferential collisional destruction. A twilight rescan with lander cameras indicates a substantial amount of red dust with mean radius on the order of 1 micrometer in the atmosphere.
Deep-Sea Macroplanktonic Sea Cucumbers: Suspended Sediment Feeders Captured from Deep Submergence Vehicle
Authors: Barnes Anthony T. , Quetin Langdon B. , Childress James J. , Pawson David L.
Published: October 2006

Observations in situ confirm the swimming and feeding behavior in previously unreported dense assemblages of the holothurian
Peniagone diaphana
, at a depth of 2000 meters, off southern California. Proximate analysis of captured specimens indicates that this organism may represent a numerically significant, but low organic content member of many near-bottom deep-sea communities.
Electron Plasma Oscillations Associated with Type III Radio Bursts
Authors: Gurnett Donald A. , Anderson Roger R.
Published: October 2006

Plasma wave electric field measurements with the solar orbiting Helios spacecraft have shown that intense (approximately 10 millivolts per meter) electron plasma oscillations occur in association with type III solar radio bursts. These observations confirm the basic mechanism, proposed in 1958, that type III radio emissions are produced by intense electron plasma oscillations excited in the solar corona by electrons ejected from a solar flare.
Computer Simulations of Self-Assembled Membranes
Authors: Drouffe J.-M. , Maggs A. C. , Leibler S.
Published: October 2006

Molecular dynamics simulations in three dimensions of particles that self-assemble to form two-dimensional, membrane-like objects are presented. Anisotropic, multibody forces, chosen so as to mimic real interactions between amphiphilic molecules, generate a finite rigidity and compressibility of the assembled membranes, as well as a finite line tension at their free edges. This model and its generalizations can be used to study a large class of phenomena taking place in fluctuating membranes. For instance, both fluid and solid-like phases, separated by a phase transition, are obtained and some of the large-scale properties of these membranes studied. In particular, thermal undulations of quasi-spherical fluid vesicles are analyzed, in a manner similar to recent experiments in lipid systems.
Correlation Between Lipid Synthesis in Tumor Cells and Their Sensitivity to Humoral Immune Attack
Authors: Schlager Seymour I. , Ohanian Sarkis H.
Published: October 2006

Prolonged incubation of two antigenically distinct, chemically induced guinea pig hepatomas with relatively high concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs or metabolic inhibitors increases their susceptibility to killing by antibody and complement. This effect is reversible when the cells are cultured in the absence of the drugs. The drug-induced sensitivity and the ability of the cells to recover their resistance to killing are directly correlated to their ability to synthesize complex lipids.
Crocodile with Laterally Compressed Snout: First Find in Australia
Authors: Molnar R. E.
Published: October 2006

A crocodilian skull exhibiting a high, laterally compressed snout has been found in a cave in north Queensland. No teeth are preserved, but elliptical alveoli suggest a ziphodont dentition. This is the first known occurrence of such a crocodilian in Australia and probably the most recent in the world. The specimen is not referable to any known species.
Enhancement of Photochemical Smog by
N
,
N
′-Diethylhydroxylamine in Polluted Ambient Air
Authors: Pitts James N. , Smith Jerome P. , Fitz Dennis R. , Grosjean Daniel
Published: October 2006

A recent proposal for controlling photochemical smog by the addition to ambient air of 0.03 to 0.05 part per million of diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) is shown to be invalid. The addition of DEHA in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 part per million to ambient air irradiated with sunlight in a dual outdoor environmental chamber caused marked increases in the rates of formation and concentrations of ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and light-scattering particles.
Fright Posture of the Plesiopid Fish
Calloplesiops altivelis
: An Example of Batesian Mimicry
Authors: McCosker John E.
Published: October 2006

When frightened by a predator, the plesiopid fish,
Calloplesiops altivelis
, adopts a posture and appearance that mimics the head of a noxious moray eel
Gymnothorax meleagris
. Tests indicate that the mimicry is Batesian and not Müllerian. Unlike the strategy of other reef-fish prey species, which hide when threatened, the
Calloplesiops's
strategy is one of intimidation.
Long-Term Effects of an Oil Spill on Populations of the Salt-Marsh Crab
Uca pugnax
Authors: Krebs Charles T. , Burns Kathryn A.
Published: October 2006

A spill of fuel oil at West Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1969, contaminated contiguous salt marshes with up to 6000 micrograms of oil per gram (ppm) of wet mud and affected local populations of
Uca pugnax
. Directly related to high-sediment oil content were reduced crab density, reduced ratio of females to males, reduced juvenile settlement, heavy overwinter mortality, incorporation of oil into body tissues, behavioral disorders such as locomotor impairment, and abnormal burrow construction. Concentrations of weathered fuel oil greater than 1000 ppm were directly toxic to adults, while those of 100 to 200 ppm were toxic to juveniles. Cumulative effects occurred at lower concentrations. Recovery of the marsh from this relatively small oil spill is still incomplete after 7 years.
Science in Europe
/The Antinuclear Movement Takes Hold
Authors: Hawkes Nigel
Published: October 2006

Five months after the announcement of President Carter's nonproliferation policy, the common wisdom in this country is that Europe has hardly wavered in its rush toward nuclear power. The cry that "Europe will do what it wants whether the United States builds a breeder or not" is often heard from American nuclear interests, with apparent justification as the State Department has shown little visible progress in negotiating new agreements and some signs of retreating from its original goals.

But popular protest against nuclear power has reached a pitch in Europe that would be barely imaginable today in this country, and the political strength of the antinuclear forces has become formidable, not only in Sweden where nuclear power was a pivotal issue last year, but across the continent. West Germany's research minister recently predicted that that country's two ruling coalition parties will vote for a complete moratorium on nuclear construction when they meet this fall, and some observers predict that any moratorium contingent on creation of a waste disposal site could last up to 12 years. Beyond public opposition, the plutonium breeder is running into trouble in Germany for many of the same reasons it has in the United States; program delays, safety concerns, and cost overruns threaten to undermine the claim that it can one day become an economically competitive energy source.

Nuclear opposition is far from being a single-issue movement in Europe, as groups of many political persuasions embrace it for their own reasons. But as the following report by Nigel Hawkes details, the Carter administration policy is not the only thing holding back nuclear power in Europe.—W.D.M.
The Role of the T Cell Receptor in Positive and Negative Selection of Developing T Cells
Authors: Blackman Marcia , Kappler John , Marrack Philippa
Published: October 2006

Although many combinations of αβ T cell receptors are available to the T cells in any given organism, far fewer are actually used by mature T cells. The combinations used are limited by two selective processes, positive selection of T cells bearing receptors that will be useful to the host, and clonal elimination or inactivation of T cells bearing receptors that will be damaging to the host. The ways in which these two apparently contradictory processes occur, and the hypotheses that have been suggested to reconcile them, are discussed.
3β-Hydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one: a Possible Precursor of α-Ecdysone Biosynthesis
Authors: Sakurai Syo , Ikekawa Nobuo , Ohtaki Tetsuya , Chino Haruo
Published: October 2006

The conversion of cholesterol into 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one has been demonstrated to occur in prothoracic glands of last instar larvae of the silkworm,
Bombyx mori
. Incubation of glands containing radiolabeled 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholestan-6-one results in the disappearance of this sterol from the glands and the concomitant appearance of radiolabeled α-ecdysone in the medium. The observations suggest that the sterol is an intermediate in the synthesis of α-ecdysone.
Veatchine: Coexistence of Epimers in a Crystal Structure
Authors: De Camp Wilson H. , Pelletier S. William
Published: October 2006

An x-ray crystal structure determination of veatchine, a C
20
-diterpenoid alkaloid, reveals the coexistence of molecules which differ in configuration at one of seven asymmetric carbon atoms. This disorder between epimers demonstrates the stability of both forms, and accounts for the doubling of certain peaks in the magnetic resonance spectra of this and related alkaloids.
Mercury Dispersal from Lode Sources in the Kuskokwim River Drainage, Alaska
Authors: Nelson Hans , Larsen Bradley R. , Jenne Everett A. , Sorg Dennis H.
Published: October 2006

The Kuskokwim River is not industrially polluted, but it does have an anomalous mercury content due to cinnabar particles in bottom sediments near natural mineralized sources; the mercury content is rapidly diluted downstream by physical mixing with other sediments. Mercury anomalies extend the greatest distance downstream in the tributaries, the finest size fraction of bottom sediment, the riverbank deposits, the suspended sediment, and water; the last two of these categories contribute the bulk of the mercury to the marine environment.
Viking First Encounter of Phobos: Preliminary Results
Authors: Tolson R. H. , Duxbury T. C. , Born G. H. , Christensen E. J. , Diehl R. E. , Farless D. , Hildebrand C. E. , Mitchell R. T. , Molko P. M. , Morabito L. A. , Palluconi F. D. , Reichert R. J. , Taraji H. , Veverka J. , Neugebauer G. , Findlay J. T.
Published: October 2006

During the last 2 weeks of February 1977, an intensive scientific investigation of the martian satellite Phobos was conducted by the Viking Orbiter-1 (VO-1) spacecraft. More than 125 television pictures were obtained during this period and infrared observations were made. About 80 percent of the illuminated hemisphere was imaged at a resolution of about 30 meters. Higher resolution images of limited areas were also obtained. Flyby distances within 80 kilometers of the surface were achieved. An estimate of the mass of Phobos (
GM
) was obtained by observing the effect of Phobos's gravity on the orbit of VO-1 as sensed by Earth-based radiometric tracking. Preliminary results indicate a value of
GM
of 0.00066 ± 0.00012 cubic kilometer per second squared (standard deviation of 3) and a mean density of about 1.9 ± 0.6 gram per cubic centimeter (standard deviation of 3). This low density, together with the low albedo and the recently determined spectral reflectance, suggest that Phobos is compositionally similar to type I carbonaceous chondrites. Thus, either this object formed in the outer part of the asteroid belt or Lewis's theory that such material cannot condense at 1.5 astronomical units is incorrect. The data on Phobos obtained during this first encounter period are comparable in quantity to all of the data on Mars returned by Mariner flights 4, 6, and 7.