bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal and egional profiles of cytoskeletal protein accumulation in the rat brain following traumatic brain injury
Authors: KANAYAMA GEN , TAKEDA MASATOSHI , MORIHARA TAKASHI , MIYAMAE YASUYUKI , SHINOZAKI KAZUHIKO , NISHIKAWA TAKASHI , NIIGAWA HISAYOSHI , NISHIMURA TSUYOSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract To characterize the cytoskeletal aberration due to traumatic injury, temporal and regional profiles of changes in immunoreactivity of microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2), neurofilament heavy subunit protein (NFH) and heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) were investigated after different magnitudes of traumatic brain injury by fluid percussion. The experimental rat brain was perfusion‐fixed at 1, 6 and 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Conventional histological staining has demonstrated that the mildest traumatic brain injury (1.0 atm) induced no neuronal loss at the impact site and that neuron loss was apparent when traumatic brain injury was increased to 4.3 atm. The mildest traumatic brain injury, however, caused a significant increase in HSP72 immunoreactivity in the superficial cortical layers at the impact site as early as 1 hour after the injury. In the case of severe traumatic brain injury (4.3 atm), neuron loss was apparent in the area at the impact site, but the increase in HSP72 immunoreactivity was moderate, and it was observed only after 6 hours in the deep cortical layers under the necrotic area. The increased immunostaining of MAP2 was demonstrated in damaged axons and neuronal perikarya in the wider area surrounding the impact site at 6 and 24 hours after the injury. Six and 24 hours after the injury, perikaryal accumulation of neurofilament was observed, and the accumulated neurofilament was mostly phosphorylated. These results indicate that the severe traumatic brain injury of 4.3 atm triggers the abnormal accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in neuronal perikarya, most probably due to an impairment of axonal transport. It is implied that the increased expression of HSP72 may be involved in the protective process of neurons after traumatic brain injury.
Strain difference in behavioral response to a new environment in rats
Authors: NAKAGAWARA MICHIO , KUBOTA MASAHARU , ATOBE MASARU , KARIYA TETSUHIKO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Locomotor activity in rats throughout a 24‐hour period in a new environment was examined for strain differences and for the capacity for adaptation to that environment. Fischer 344 rats (F344), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar normotensive Kyoto rats (WKY) were used. The horizontal locomotor activity of individual rats was measured by photocell‐utilizing activity‐recording devices. The locomotor activity counts on the second day, after 1 day of adaptation, were compared with those after 5 days of adaptation (on the sixth day). In WKY, there was no difference in activity at any period of the day between the second and sixth days. In SHR, the locomotor activity on the second day between 6:00 h and 9:00 h (in the light phase) and between 24:00 h and 3:00 h (in the dark phase) was higher than on the sixth day. In F344, the locomotor activity on the second day between 18:00 h and 2:00 h was higher than on the sixth day. The capacity for adaptation in SHR and F344 was thus poorer than in WKY. The poor adaptation in SHR and F344 was similar to that in depressive patients induced by moving house. These findings suggested that SHR or F344 were suitable for depression research.
Two cases of pseudologia phantastica: Consideration from the viewpoint of forensic psychiatry
Authors: AKIMOTO HARUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Two male cases of pseudologia phantastica are reported. The first case regards unprecedented, indiscriminate murders by the use of the poison gas, sarin, and other unreasonable, almost unthinkable crimes allegedly commited by the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo, currently being examined in a criminal trial. On the basis of scrutiny of the publications of the founder of Aum Shinrikyo and his followers, as well as the founder's comments and his attitude in the courts, the author concludes that the founder of Aum is a typical pseudologia phantastica. Case 2 concerns the self‐styled Professor Tsuchiya who was apparently a swindler. At least three significant deceptions have been confirmed. The forensic implications of pseudologia phantastica are discussed, as is the necessity of psychiatric evidence to assist with smooth trial proceedings. The author stresses the importance of psychiatry in preventing crimes committed by persons with pseudologia phantastica.
Impact of sociodemographic and diabetes‐related characteristics on depressive state among non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic patients
Authors: MIYAOKA YOSHIKO , MIYAOKA HITOSHI , MOTOMIYA TETSUYA , KITAMURA SHIN‐ICHI , ASAI MASAHIRO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  One hundred and fifty‐one non‐insulin‐dependent diabetic patients were assessed to detect sociodemographic, psychological and disease‐related characteristics that were related to depressive state among diabetic patients. Depressive state in the patients was correlated with poor social support and low economic status, premorbid neurotic personality and the presence of complications, retinopathy in particular. However, depressive state did not correlate with age, gender, education, serum level of HbA1C or duration of diabetes. The severity of the depressive state in diabetic patients may vary with the cultural background of the patient and/or the country in which he or she is living. In treating diabetic patients, doctors need to pay special attention to these factors.
Recovery from neuroendocrinological abnormalities and frontal hypoperfusion after remission in a case with rapid cycling bipolar disorder
Authors: SHIMIZU EIJI , KODAMA KAZUHIKO , SAKAMOTO TADASHI , KOMATSU NAOYA , YAMANOUCHI NAOTO , OKALIA SHIN‐ICHI , SATO TOSHIO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  A 51‐year‐old Japanese woman who had been suffering from a rapid cycling affective disorder (RCAD) for 24 years responded to combined clonazepam and carbamazepine therapy. Before remission, she showed neuroendocrinological and neuroimaging abnormalities such as subclinical hypothyroidism with exaggerated response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) injection, non‐suppression on the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and hypofrontality in cerebral blood flow. Her symptoms improved remarkably soon after adjunctive clonazepam treatment. After remission, her biological markers gradually returned to normal. First, subclinical hypothyroidism improved 2 months after remission. Next, hypofrontality disappeared 18 months later. Furthermore, non‐suppression on the DST normalized 24 months later. The normalization of biologcal markers with apparent recovery from RCAD suggests a decreased risk of relapse into mood disorder. These findings reiterate the importance of following‐up on the biological markers in RCAD for years after remission.
Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials before, during and after an inferior alveolar nerve block in normal subjects
Authors: NARITA YUGO , NAGAI MASAHIKO , KUZUHARA SHIGEKI
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The changes of the trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential (TSEP) before, during and after inferior alveolar nerve block were serially recorded in six healthy subjects (33–43 years of age; mean age 38.0 years). In four subjects in whom successful nerve block was achieved, TSEP showed linear flattening of the wave form. The recovery of TSEP slightly preceded the recovery of threshold of the sensation to electrical stimulation and that of two‐point discrimination on the skin. In the remaining two subjects, in whom effective nerve block failed, TSEP showed no change in the wave form but did show slight prolongation of the latencies. We conclude that TSEP can be used as a method to confirm whether conduction anesthesia has been successful or unsuccessful.
Clinical investigation of the ICD‐10 subcategories for obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: TAGA CHIAKI , NAKAMURA MICHIHIKO , NISHIMURA ISAO , KANAYAMA HIDEHIKO , NAKAJIMA TERUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  To examine the validity of ICD‐10 subcategories for obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale (Y‐BOCS) was applied to 53 OCD patients. The ratios of Y‐BOCS compulsions subscore to obsessions subscore were calculated. The group with ratios around one consisted of patients diagnosed in three subcategories (F42.0, F42.1 and F42.2). This suggests that subjective subcategorization such as ICD‐10 may be inadequate to differentiate between predominantly obsessive and compulsive patients compared with differentiation by quantitative assessment such as the Y‐BOCS ratio. Thus, in selecting the appropriate therapeutic methods, we emphasize the usefulness of quantitative assessment in clinical settings.
Eating disorders in Japan: A review of the literature
Authors: NOGAMI YOSHIMI
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Although a form of eating disorders had been described by Kampo (Chinese traditional medicine) physicians during the last quarter of the 18th century, the modern study on eating disorders in Japan dates from the end of the 1950s. With the rapid increase in the number of cases, research activities have become very active recently. Both the past and present status of eating disorders and of research activities relating to then in Japan are not well known in other countries. This study concentrates on a review of the literature, with a focus on prevalence, etiology, and symptoms.
Differences in clinical characteristics between Tourette syndrome patients with and without ‘generalized tics' or coprolalia
Authors: KANO YUKIKO , OHTA MASATAKA , NAGAI YOKO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are differences in clinical characteristics between Tourette syndrome (TS) patients with and without ‘generalized tics’ (GT) which involve the entire body, and/or coprolalia. Subjects were 64 patients (55 males and 9 females, mean age, 17.4 ± 7.2 years) who visited Tokyo University's outpatient clinic of neuropsychiatry from 1974 to 1993 and who met criteria for Tourette's disorder of DSM‐III‐R. Data on clinical characteristics, including tic symptoms and courses of their development, complications and developmental histories, treatment and severity, were collected by systematic chart review of all subjects. Tourette syndrome patients with ‘generalized tics’ tended to show multiple complex vocal tics more frequently than TS patients without GT. Tourette syndrome patients with coprolalia tended to show significantly higher rates of copropraxia, echolalia, and ‘cleaning/washing’ compulsion than did the TS patients without coprolalia. Tourette syndrome patients with both GT and coprolalia were classified as the severest group in terms of tic symptoms and social impairment. Tourette syndrome patients who had neither of these morbidities were classified into the mildest group in all aspects. Generalized tics and coprolalia seemed to indicate the severest end of the TS spectrum and seemed to be related with a need of intensive treatment.
Test—retest reliability of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Revised
Authors: UEHARA TORU , SAKADO KAORU , SATO TETSUYA
Published: March 2008

Abstract  We describe the test‐retest reliability of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Revised (PDQ‐R), which was developed to assess DSM‐III‐R personality disorders (PD). Thirty patients, diagnosed clinically with PD, filled out the PDQ‐R twice at 1 month intervals after having undergone 8 weeks of treatment leading to moderate resolution of their acute axis‐I symptomatology. The chance‐corrected agreement was almost perfect for all DSM‐III‐R PD (K coefficients: 0.76–1.00). Dimensional scores for individual PD and the total PDQ‐Q score were highly correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficients: 0.62–0.99) and the mean of scores did not significantly differ between test and retest. Based on these results, we propose that highly reliable PD diagnoses are possible, even using a self‐report questionnaire, if the axis‐I symptoniatology of depression and anxiety have moderately subsided. These results clarify controversy over how and when reliable PD diagnoses may be obtained via a self‐report questionnaire in a clinical sample.
Computed tomographic study of aged schizophrenic patients
Authors: SENO HARUO , SHIBATA MASAHIRO , FUJIMOTO AKIHIKO , KURODA HIROYUKI , KANNO HIROSHI , ISHINO HIROSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The width of interhemispheric fissure, lateral ventricles and third ventricle were measured using cranial computed tomography (CT; linear method) in 45 elderly inpatients with chronic schizophrenia and in 28 age‐matched control subjects. Twenty‐three patients were men and 22 were women. In addition, Mini‐Mental State Examination, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and a subclass of BPRS were undertaken in all patients. There is a significant enlargement of the maximum width of the interhemispheric fissure (in both male and female) and a significant enlargement of ventricular system (more severe in men than in women) in aged schizophrenics, as seen with CT, compared with normal controls. These findings are consistent with previous studies of non‐aged schizophrenic patients. Based upon the relation between psychiatric symptoms and CT findings, the most striking is a significant negative correlation between the third ventricle enlargement and the positive and depressive symptoms in all patients. This result suggests that the advanced third ventricle enlargement may decrease these symptoms in aged schizophrenics.
An association study between the Cys311 variant of dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia in the Okinawan population
Authors: KANESHIMA MIZUE , RIGA TSUKASA , NAKAMOTO HARUO , NAGAMINE MASURU
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Neuroleptic drugs have a high affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2); therefore DRD2 is thought to be a candidate gene for schizophrenia. Arinami et al. have reported a positive association between schizophrenia and the Cys311 variant of the DRD2 gene. We determined the allele frequency of this polymorphism in 78 Okinawan schizophrenic patients and 112 control subjects. The patients and controls did not differ significantly in allele frequencies of Cys311.
Sleep quality in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An actigraphic study
Authors: DAGAN YARON , ZEEVI‐LURIA SHULAMIT , SEVER YONATAN , HALLIS DANA , YOVEL IFTAH , SADEH AVI , DOLEV ERAN
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The aim of the present study was to compare the sleep of 12 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with that of 12 normal controls. The children were examined in their natural environment, using continuous actigraphic monitoring over several consecutive nights, as well as undergoing subjective parental reports. It was hypothesized that children diagnosed with ADHD would suffer from reduced sleep quality than children without ADHD. This hypothesis was supported by the actigraphic measures, but not supported by the subjective parental reports. It was also found that the sleep quality of the two groups differed over the course of the night, which suggests a difference in sleep architecture. Various possible explanations for these findings, their implications regarding the relationship between sleep and ADHD, and the resulting treatment ramifications are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.
Excessive twitch movements in rapid eye movement sleep with daytime sleepiness
Authors: MIZUMA HIKARI , SAKAMOTO TETSURO
Published: March 2008

Abstract  A man who showed excessive twitch movement, such as fragmentary myclonus (FM) and periodic movements in sleep (PMS) predominantly during REM sleep, is reported. He complained of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). After examination, his twitch movements were shown not to accompany narcolepsy, and his EDS were considered to originate from nocturnal sleep disturbance caused by FM and PMS.
Correlation of middle latency auditory evoked potentials and cerebral blood flow changes
Authors: SUGIMOTO SEIICHIRO , HOSHI HIROAKI , SUGIMOTO AKIKO , OHI TAKEKAZU , MATSUKURA SHIGERU , WATANABE KATUSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The purpose of this study is to find the correlation between middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) and sound activated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies. This study was performed on six normal right‐handed volunteers with a mean age of 35.2 ± 7.6 years, using the split‐dose technique. First, a SPECT study was performed on subjects in blinded, awake and silent states. After bilateral ears were stimulated with a click sound, MLAEP and a second SPECT study were performed. Subtraction of the first SPECT from the second SPECT revealed a statistically significant increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the bilateral superior temporal region. Bilateral Na amplitudes of MLAEP had a statistically significant and good correlation with the percentages of CBF changes in the bilateral superior temporal region. The superior temporal cerebral blood flow activation can be expressed by electrophysiological activation. Moreover, correlation during the left Na components and left frontal and occipital lobe are discussed.
Dantrolene sodium reverses the increase in cAMP response element and TPA responsive element DNA‐binding activity in the rabbit brain following haloperidol administration and heat stress
Authors: TANII HISASHI , TANIGUCHI NORIO , TSUJIO ICHIRO , ASANUMA MASATO , IWATA EMI , KUDO TAKASHI , OGAWA NORIO , TAKEDA MASATOSHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Using electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay (EMSA), we examined DNA‐binding activity of cAMP response element (CRE), onto its responsive element CRE, as well as TPA responsive element (TRE) in the medial hypothalamus and striatum of the experimental rabbits administered with haloperidol under heat stress expo‐sure and studied the effects of dantrolene sodium to the transcriptional factor. In EMSA with nuclear extracts from the rabbit brain, the DNA‐binding activities of CRE and TRE in medial hypothalamus and striatum increased following haloperidol and heat stress. These increases were maintained by coadministration with atropine. The treatment with dantrolene sodium markedly reversed such increases. The alterations of activities of these transcriptional factors may reflect the therapeutic effect of dantrolene sodium.
Differences in symptom structure between panic attack and limited symptom panic attack: A study using cluster analysis
Authors: SHIOIRI TOSHIKI , SOMEYA TOSHIYUKI , FUJII KUMIKO , NOGUCHI TOSHIFUMI , TAKAHASHI SABURO
Published: March 2008

Abstract We had investigated the clinical characteristics of panic disorder (PD) in a Japanese outpatient population comprised of more than 250 patients diagnosed as having PD during a 13‐year study period and observed that some PD patients had both panic attacks (PA) and limited symptom panic attacks (LPA). In the criteria for PD based on the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition‐revised (DSM‐III‐R), episodes involving four or more symptoms are classified as PA, while those involving fewer than four symptoms are described as LPA. Therefore, LPA is identified as part of an episode of PA, since the difference between the two episodes is only in the number of symptoms. However, some recent research suggests that there is a distinct subgroup of individuals who suffer LPA. Using cluster analysis, we investigated the differences between PA and LPA groups in terms of the structures of several panic symptoms, which included anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobia and 13 clinical symptoms based on the DSM‐III‐R at the time of panic attacks, in 247 patients with PD. Cluster analysis revealed clusters of three and four panic symptoms in the PA group and LPA group, respectively, and there were also differences in symptom structure between the two groups. These results suggest that there may be a subgroup of individuals who show LPA among PD patients.
The effect of methamphetamine on histamine release in the rat hypothalamus
Authors: ITO CHIHIRO , ONODERA KENJI , YAMATODANI ATSUSI , WATANABE TAKEHIKO , SATO MITSUMOTO
Published: March 2008

Abstract In the present study, the effect of methamphetamine (MAP) on histamine (HA) release measured by in vivo brain microdialysis in the rat hypothalamus was investigated. Administration of MAP (3 mg/kg) significantly increase HA release from 40 to 160 min after the injection. This finding suggests that a moderate dose of MAP activates the hypothalamic HA neuron system, which may be related to effects of MAP on intrinsic biological rhythms.
A case of Turner syndrome with schizophrenia: Genetic relationship between Turner syndrome and psychosis
Authors: KAWANISHI CHIAKI , KONO MASAAKI , ONISHI HIDEKI , ISHII NORIO , ISHII KAZUHIKO
Published: March 2008

Abstract An 82‐year‐old woman with Turner syndrome and schizophrenia, and her 46‐year‐old daughter with schizophrenia are described. 45X/46XX chromosomal mosaicism was identified in the peripheral leukocytes of the mother, who showed several Turner dysmorphisms and cavum septi pellucidum in the brain. She had a normal reproductive life‐span. The daughter resembled the mother in terms of schizophrenic symptoms, but she did not show any signs of Turner dysmorphism or chromosomal abnormality. The phenotype‐karyotype relationship of Turner syndrome and the genetic relationship with psychosis are discussed.
Pharmacotherapy for personality disorders
Authors: HORI AKIRA
Published: March 2008

Abstract Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for personality disorders (PD) were reviewed, and the indications concluded were as follows:(1) Severe cases of both Borderline Personality Disorder (BDP) and Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) respond to low dose antipsychotic drugs resulting in improvement of a broad spectrum of symptoms. They also respond to monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Amitriptyline causes a paradoxical effect. (2) Borderline personality disorder with behavioral dyscontrol responds to carbamazepine which reduces actual episodes of dyscontrol, to an antipsychotic drug and to MAOI. Alprazolam is associated with an increase in suicidality and dyscontrol. Borderline personal disorder or Histrionic Personality Disorder with a tendency to suicide, responds to a depot antipsychotic drug. Personality disorders with aggressive behavior respond to lithium. Moderately severe PD with explosive behavior respond to oxazepam, but at a dose where the side effect is sedation. (3) Borderline personality disorder and SPD with psychotic symptoms respond to an antipsychotic drug which improves psychotic symptoms as well as neurotic symptoms. Emotionally Unstable Character Disorder with a disturbance of mood swings, responds to lithium. Adolescent PD respond to an antipsychotic drug. (4) Comorbid atypical depression of histrionic personality and BPD respond to MAOI or imipramine. Comorbid neurotic disorder of PD responds to dothiepin. Comorbid social phobia of avoidant and dependent PD responds to MAOI.
Social support and pregnancy:I. Factorial structure and psychosocial correlates of perceived social support
Authors: KITAMURA TOSHINORI , TODA MARI A. , SHIMA SATORU , SUGAWARA KENSUKE , SUGAWARA MASUMI
Published: March 2008

Abstract In a questionnaire survey among 1329 first‐trimester pregnant women, social support providers were divided by factor analysis into husband, ‘premarital network’ (parents and friends) and ‘postmarital network’ (children and mother‐in‐law), while social support contents were divided into ‘given’ (emotional, informational and instrumental support) and ‘giving’ (nurturing opportunity and general confiding). The husband was most frequently nominated by the woman as the support provider in both of these categories. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a husband's poor ‘given’ support was predicted by the presence of premenstrual irritability, a lower level of the woman's own education, her smoking habits and past experience of pregnancy termination, while a husband's poor ‘giving’ support was predicted by current older age, smoking habits and past experience of delivery.
Social support and pregnancy:II. Its relationship with depressive symptoms among Japanese women
Authors: KITAMURA TOSHINOFU , TODA MARI A. , SHIMA SATORU , SUGAWARA KENSUKE , SUGAWARA MASUMI
Published: March 2008

Abstract In a questionnaire survey among 1329 first‐trimester pregnant women, both the husband support measures and unwanted pregnancy (‘stressor’ agent in pregnancy) showed significant effects on an elevated score of the cognitive disturbance subscale of the Zung's self‐rating depression scale (SDS), while only unwanted pregnancies showed an effect on an elevated score of the dysphoric mood subscale of the SDS. However, no interaction was observed between the husband support measures and unwanted pregnancy, therefore the effect of the husband's social support on the cognitive disturbance score was not that of a buffer, but rather a main effector. Finally, multiple regression analyses showed that the dysphoric mood score was preceded by unwanted pregnancy, premenstrual irritability, public self‐consciousness, and maternal overprotection; while the cognitive disturbance score was preceded by unwanted pregnancy, husband reduced ‘given’ and ‘giving’ support, maternal reduced care and overprotection, paternal reduced care, low annual income, low private self‐consciousness, and smoking. These findings suggest that the husband's support for a pregnant woman is effective only in reducing cognitive symptoms, and that different symptomatic constellations have different sets of psychosocial correlates.
Latent cerebral artery stenoses on magnetic resonance angiography in a patient diagnosed as probable Alzheimer disease
Authors: ISHIBASHI KEN‐ICHI , TANAKA KUNIAKI , NAKABAYASHI TETSUO , NAKAMURA MOTOAKI , UCHIYAMA MAKOTO , OKAWA MASAKO
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 65‐year‐old woman with hypertension developed slowly progressive memory disturbance and disorientation. She was diagnosed as having Alzheimer‐type dementia according to clinical criteria. Later her cognitive deterioration was noted to fluctuate in parallel to her blood pressure. Magnetic resonance angiography and single photon emission computed tomography showed bilateral middle cerebral artery stenoses and middle cerebral artery watershed dominant hypoperfusion. It is postulated that the patient's cognitive disturbance may have originated from vascular lesions.
A lasting change in trazodone response after non‐convulsive electroshock therapy for medication‐resistant senile depression
Authors: SHEN HAOWEI , AWATA SHUICHI , KONNO MICHIKO , SATO MITSUMOTO
Published: March 2008

Abstract A senile patient showed a dramatic recovery from medication‐resistant depression after non‐convulsive electro‐shock therapy (nc‐EST), with a lasting change in response to trazodone, which mainly acts as a serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor. This result suggests that a change in the serotonin reuptake mechanism may be involved in the effect of nc‐EST on depression.
Idiopathic hypersomnia
Authors: BILLIARD MICHEL , MERLE CORINNE , CARLANDER BER TRAND , ONDZE BASILE , ALVAREZ DANIEL , BESSET ALAIN
Published: March 2008

Abstract Identification of idiopathic hypersomnia dates back 20 years only. It typically consists of prolonged nocturnal sleep, great difficulty waking up in the morning or at the end of a nap, and constant or recurrent excessive daytime sleepiness. Complete and incomplete forms are encountered. Twenty‐three subjects fulfilling ICSD criteria are reported with clinical, polysomnographic and immunogenetic data. Considering differential diagnosis is an important step in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia. Idiopathic hypersomnia is much less frequent than narcolepsy. A strong genetic component is suggested by the high proportion of familial cases. No association with HLA has been evidenced to date.
Influence of cedar essence on spontaneous activity and sleep of rats and human daytime nap
Authors: SANO ATSUKO , SEI HIROYOSHI , SENO HIROMASA , MORITA YUSUKE , MORITOKI HIDEKI
Published: March 2008

Abstract We investigated whether exposure to the odor of extracted cedar essence (CE) has (i) an influence on spontaneous activity and Sleep‐wake states of rats and (ii) a sleep‐promoting effect on human daytime nap after taking an ordinary night's sleep. In rats exposed to CE, spontaneous activities and amount of wake were significantly decreased, while the amount of non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was significantly increased. In human daytime nap, NREM sleep stage 2 latency was significantly shortened after exposure to CE.
Topographic mapping of electroencephalography coherence in hypnagogic state
Authors: TANAKA HIDEKI , HAYASHI MITSUO , HORI TADAO
Published: March 2008

Abstract The present study examined the topographic characteristics of hypnagogic electroencephalography (EEG), using topographic mapping of EEG power and coherence corresponding to nine EEG stages (Hori's hypnagogic EEG stages). EEG stages 1 and 2, the EEG stages 3–8, and the EEG stage 9 each correspond with standard sleep stage W, 1 and 2, respectively. The dominant topographic components of delta and theta activities increased clearly from the vertex sharp‐wave stage (the EEG stages 6 and 7) in the anterior‐central areas. The dominant topographic component of alpha 3 activities increased clearly from the EEG stage 9 in the anterior‐central areas. The dominant topographic component of sigma activities increased clearly from the EEG stage 8 in the central‐parietal area. These results suggested basic sleep process might start before the onset of sleep stage 2 or of the manually scored spindles.
A negative component on event related potential recorded in the drowsy state
Authors: SERINE ATSUSHI , NIIYAMA YOSHITSUGU , FUJIWARA RYUICHI , SATOH NAOKI , FUSHIMI MASAHITO , KUTSUZAWA OSAMU , HISHIKAWA YASUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Behavior of event related potential (ERP) components in the drowsy state was examined in nine subjects using oddball paradigm. A component with peak latency of 300 msec, N300, was superimposed on ERP in the drowsy state. N300 appeared also in stage 1 of NREM sleep and closely resembled vertex sharp wave evoked by sound stimulation in both scalp distribution and peak latency. It was suggested that N300 recorded in the drowsy state and vertex sharp wave recorded in stage 1 of NREM sleep are generated by the identical synchronizing mechanism in the brain.
Some sensory stimuli generate spontaneous K‐complexes
Authors: FUSHIMI MASAHITO , NIIYAMA YOSHITSUGU , FUJIWARA RYUICHI , SATOH NAOKI , HISHIKAWA YASUO
Published: March 2008

Abstract The present study was performed in order to determine whether spontaneous K‐complex are induced by sensory stimuli. Electroencephalogram (EEG) segments in stage 2 sleep containing an evoked K‐complex or spontaneous K‐complex were separately averaged with respect to the peak of N300, one of the main components constituting the K‐complex. Small negative and positive components were found immediately before the main components of spontaneous K‐complex in averaged EEG. These two components were judged to correspond to N100 and P200 induced by the sound stimulus. The present findings suggest that the spontaneous K‐complex is not a spontaneous phenomenon but that it is induced by sensory stimuli.
Alcohol effect on sleep electroencephalography by fast Fourier transformation
Authors: KOBAYASHI TOSHIO , MISAKI KIWAMU , NAKAGAWA HIROKI , OKUDA KYOKO , OTA TADAAKI , KANDA IZUMI , ISAKI KIMINORI , KOSINO YOSIFUMI , FUKUDA HIDEMICHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract The influence of alcohol (ethanol) on sleep was investigated in 10 men. Polysomnography (PS) was recorded on a baseline night (BL‐N) and an ethanol (0.8 g/kg) night (Et‐N). On visual score rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was reduced, REM latency was prolonged on Et‐N as compared to BL‐N. Using the fast Fourier transformation method, electroencephalographic power density of REM sleep in δ frequencies band and in the 10–12 Hz range of non‐REM sleep were enhanced. REM sleep and non‐RJEM sleep changes were prominent in the second‐half and first‐half of the night, respectively.
Validity of sleep log compared with actigraphic Sleep‐wake state
Authors: USUI AKIRA , ISHIZUKA YOSHIKAZU , OBINATA ICHIO , OKADO TAMIO , FUKUZAWA HITOSHI , KANBA SHIGENOBU
Published: March 2008

Abstract Seven women and 11 men, mean age 30.1 years, kept a sleep log for 5–7 days, and their wrist activity was monitored each minute. Sleep‐wake state in the sleep log and actigraphic sleep‐wake state were compared, and the sensitivity and specificity of the sleep log were calculated for each subject. The ratio of agreement between these two parameters was computed for each subject. The sensitivity and specificity of the sleep log were 72.73–97.56% (mean 86.71%) and 92.85–99.68% (mean 97.04%), respectively. The agreement ratio was 87.30–97.85% (93.48%), but 1‐h agreement ratios from midnight dropped during the sleep onset period.
The effects of time constant on electrooculographic recording of slow eye movements during the wake‐sleep transition
Authors: HIROSHIGE YOSHIHARU
Published: March 2008

Abstract This study examines distortions in electrooculogram (EOG) wave form of slow eye movements (SEM) during the wake‐sleep transition. Distortions in AC‐coupled EOG, which were evaluated by computing Pearson's product‐moment correlation coefficient between DC‐ and AC‐coupled EOG, decreased as a function of time constants (0.3, 3 and 6 s) and showed SEM‐dependent changes. Time constants of longer than 3.0 s should be chosen to reliably recognize SEM.
Development of an analysis system for 24‐hour blood pressure and heart rate variability in the rat
Authors: ICHIMARU YUHEI , KUWAKI TOMOYUKI
Published: March 2008

Abstract We have developed a system to evaluate 24‐h changes of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure variability (BPV) in free moving rat. As a sensor to monitor electrocardiogram, we used the telemetry system. Analog data were sent to an analog to digital converter directly. The data were digitized at a sampling frequency of 1250 Hz and digitally stored on a computer. RR‐intervals (difference of successive RR in electrocardiogram) were calculated using custom designed programs. Circadian change of the blood pressure and heart rate variability were calculated. We suggest that the system is a powerful tool in the evaluation of circadian changes of hemodynamics and autonomic nervous function in free moving rats.
Cerebral blood volume in the sleep measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: SHIOTSUKA S. , ATSUMI Y. , OGATA S. , YAMAMOTO R. , IGAWA M. , TAKAHASHI K. , HIRASAWA H. , KOYAMA K. , MAKI A. , YAMASHITA Y. , KOIZUMI H. , TORU M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract We investigated the relationship between hemodynamic changes in the cortex measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the polysomnographic changes during sleep. Four healthy male volunteers participated in the study. Near‐infrared spectroscopy measuring and polysomnographic recordings were done simultaneously during sleep. In many case, oxy‐hemoglobin (oxy‐Hb) decreased and deoxy‐hemoglobin (deoxy‐Hb) increased during the transition from wakefulness to sleep, and oxy‐Hb increased toward deep sleep. Oxy‐Hb and deoxy‐Hb had larger fluctuations during REM sleep than those during non‐REM sleep. During REM sleep, oxy‐Hb often showed a lower level and deoxy‐Hb showed a higher level than those during the preceding and following non‐REM sleep.
Diurnal variation in baseline heart rate of anencephalic fetuses
Authors: MURO MASAMI , SHONO HIDEAKI , ITO YUJI , SUGIMORI HAJIME
Published: March 2008

Abstract The diurnal change in baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) of four anencephalic fetuses at 20, 23, 24 and 30 weeks of gestation were examined. The mean baseline FHR in 00.00–06.00 h, 06.00–12.00 h, 12.00–18.00 h and 18.00–24.00 h were compared by one‐factor ANOVA and Scheffe's test in each case. The diurnal variations in baseline FHR were recognized in all subjects (P < 0.01). In 3/4 subjects, the lowest values were at 00.00–06.00 h. The diurnal variation in baseline FHR might be caused by maternal factors because it was present even in the anencephalic fetuses that had no central nervous system having the oscillators of the circadian rhythm.
Video analysis of gross body movements during sleep
Authors: SHIMOHIRA MASAYUKI , SHIIKI TOSHIHIDE , SUGIMOTO JUNKO , OHSAWA YUKIKO , FUKUMIZU MICHIO , HASEGAWA TAKESHI , IWAKAWA YOSHIHIDE , NOMURA YOSHIKO , SEGAWA MASAYA
Published: March 2008

Abstract Gross body movements (GM) during sleep, classified into four GM types by the involved parts of body, were evaluated using two‐dimensional video analysis in five normal children aged 4–12 years. The rate of occurrence of all GM types showed apparent sleep stage dependency. Among four GM types, GM‐1 (GM with axial rotation) was the most frequent. Averaged duration of GM‐1 was the longest. A total of 77.2% of GM‐1 started with the contraction of chin muscle and 35% of total sleep changes (tSC) were related to GM. A total of 5.6% of tSC following GM shifted to the deeper stage. Further evaluation is necessary in order to understand the physiological mechanism of GM.
A longitudinal study of the development of daytime sleepiness in children
Authors: ISHIHARA KANEYOSHI , MIYAKE SUSUMU
Published: March 2008

Abstract This study aims to (i) investigate longitudinally developmental changes of diurnal variations of body temperature and sleepiness in preschool and school‐age children and (ii) investigate the effect of acute 2 h sleep reduction on daytime sleepiness over a 3 year period. Three subjects were evaluated over three consecutive days:two control days and one 2 h sleep reduction day. A sleep latency test was conducted five times each day at 2 h intervals from 10.00 h, and oral temperature measured every hour. The results showed that (i) daytime sleepiness was high and decreased with increasing age, (ii) an afternoon dip occurred with pubertal development, (iii) effects of sleep loss generally increased daytime sleepiness, in particular at 10.00 h, and (iv) temperature acrophase was delayed with age.
Sleep disorder in children with autism
Authors: TAIRA MASAO , TAKASE MIKI , SASAKI HIDEO
Published: March 2008

Abstract Eighty‐eight children with autism, living in a suburb of Tokyo, were examined by questionnaire from 21 July to 31 August. Experienced sleep disorders were observed in 56 children; 44 of whom had sleep disorders before 3 years old. The average age when sleep disorders were seen to have stopped was 5 years old. The most common problem was difficulty falling sleep (n= 23), followed by frequent awakening during sleep time (n= 19), then early morning awakening (n= 11). Bed‐wetting was observed in 22 children.
Gender differences in self‐evaluated sleep quality and activity of middle‐aged and aged subjects
Authors: SAKAKIBARA SATOSHI , KOHSAKA MASAKO , KOBAYASHI RIKO , HONMA HIROSHI , FUKUDA NORIKO , KOYAMA TSUKASA
Published: March 2008

Abstract In order to investigate the gender difference of sleep and activity in middle‐aged and aged individuals, home‐based sleep was self‐evaluated for sleep quality and activity for 5 nights in 20 healthy adults (50–76 years old; 11 women, nine men). There was no significant gender difference for subjective sleep quality. However, the activity level and movement index at night were significantly higher in men than in women, and the activity level during the day was significantly lower in men than in women. The objective sleep quality of men was significantly worse than that of women, however, subjective sleep quality does not differ.
Correlation between daytime activities and night sleep of aged individuals estimated by wrist activity and sleep log
Authors: HASHIMOTO TOMOKO , KOBAYASHI TOSHINORI
Published: March 2008

Abstract The daytime and night‐time activities in 15 aged subjects was studied using a wrist‐worn activity device. A significant negative correlation between the amount of daytime and night‐time activities was found (γ= 0.26, P < 0.01). There was a significant gender difference relating to the amount of daytime activity; women had significantly greater amount of daytime activity than did the men (P < 0.001). These results suggest that aged people with higher daytime activity sleep better than those with lower daytime activity and that nocturnal sleep in women may be less disturbed.
Periodic limb movements and sleep‐wake disorder
Authors: NOZAWA TANEYOSHI , ICHIKAWA HIROO , TAKEUCHI TORU
Published: March 2008

Abstract The relationship of periodic limb movements (PLM) and Sleep‐wake disorders in 11 patients was investigated. Two patients complained of insomnia. A patient with cervical spinal canal stenosis had a complaint of difficulty in initiating sleep. Movement index (MI) was 51 and PLM arousal index was 8. A patient with chronic hemodialysis had a complaint of difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep. MI was 79 and PLM arousal index was 51. One patient with myotonic dystrophy showed 79 in MI and 3 in PLM arousal index. It is suspected that myotonic dystrophy is less sensitive to stimuli during sleep (i.e. PLM). These results suggest that the sleep‐wake disorders associated with PLM relate to the threshold of awakening.
Motor activity rhythm in dementia with delirium
Authors: HONMA HIROSHI , KOHSAKA MASAKO , SUZUKI IHOKO , FUKUDA NORIKO , KOBAYASHI RIKO , SAKAKIBARA SATOSHI , MATUBARA SHIGEHIRO , KOYAMA TUKASA
Published: March 2008

Abstract Using an actigraph, the activity patterns in 13 demented patients with delirium were examined. We analyzed the data of the eight patients, wearing the actigraphs for more than 10 days. They were classified into four types:type A, nocturnal delirium type; type B, wandering type; type C, hypobulia type; and type D, lying down type. The day to day activity variation was most prominent in type A and seemingly the least in type B. The dominant period of activity rhythm was nearly 24 h in all cases. Additional 12‐h period was observed in type C. Actigraphs might become useful in making therapeutic decisions regarding demented patients with delirium.
Treatment of insomnia by concomitant therapy with Zopiclone and Aniracetam in patients with cerebral infarction, cerebroatrophy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease
Authors: KATSUNUMA H. , SHIMIZU T. , OGAWA K. , KUBO H. , ISHIDA H. , YOSHIHAMA A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract For insomniac patients, sleeping drags are used; in addition, concomitant therapy with other drugs has been tried in an effort to prevent a decrease in the effects due to long‐term continuous use. This report presents the results of a study on the sleeping effects in nine aged patients with insomnia associated with cerebrovascular and non‐cerebrovascular disorders who received concomitant therapy with Zopiclone and Aniracetam. The treatment in 7/9 cases (78%) was found to be effective, showing more than 50% prolongation of sleeping time, and in two cases (22%) was found to be ineffective. We discuss the mechanism of action referring to the literature.
A case of insufficient sleep syndrome
Authors: YOSHIKAWA NORIHITO , SUZUKI SIGERU , ISHIMOTO TAKAHIRO , MATSUMOTO MIKI , MIYAGISHI TSUTOMU
Published: March 2008

Abstract All night polysomnographic evaluation (PSG) soon after admission and at the late period of admission revealed an atypically high sleep efficiency and a prolonged total sleep time. Sleep onset latency and distribution of REM and NREM sleep stages were like those of normal sleepers. On REM latency, while it was remarkably reduced (25.0 min) soon after admission and sleep onset REM period (SOREMP) was found, at the late period of admission it was prolonged and SOREMP was not found. Giving multiple sleep latency test with polysomnography, soon after admission subjective excessive daytime sleepiness had already improved and mean sleep latency (13.2 min) was within normal range. However, SOREMP appeared twice in five tests. We considered that the appearance at the early period of admission was the result of REM pressure growing.
An animal model for pregnancy‐associated sleep disorder
Authors: KIMURA MAYUMI , ZHANG SHI‐QING , INOUÉ SHOJIRO
Published: March 2008

Abstract We studied basic sleep changes in pregnant rats in order to understand how pregnancy alters sleep. In the rat, pregnancy increased nocturnal non REM sleep across the entire period but increased REM sleep only in the early period. By the end of pregnancy, diurnal sleep was decreased, showing that pregnancy in rats causes biphasic sleep changes as it does in humans. Termination of pregnancy returned the enhanced sleep to baseline as in the estrous cycle. Therefore, significant changes in the pattern of sleep occurred during pregnancy in rats, suggesting that the animal model may contribute to understanding the mechanism of sleep disorders related to human pregnancy.
Usefulness of arousal for the diagnosis of sleep breathing disorder
Authors: YAMASHIRO YOSHIHIRO , SUGANUMA YASUAKI , HOSAKA KIMIO , UCHIDA KOU
Published: March 2008

Abstract We hypothesize that breathing disorder related arousal index (B‐ArI) can differentiate sleep breathing disorder from simple snorer when apnea hypopnea index (AHI) is low. We studied 54 patients using polysomnography. Breathing disorder related arousal (B‐Ar) was defined as arousal accompanied by apnea, hypopnea, desaturation or snort. Mean AHI was 44.2 ± 34.0/h, and B‐ArI correlated significantly with AHI, desaturation index, percentage total sleep time with SpO2 below 90%. Breathing disorder related arousal index was greater than AHI when AHI was below 20. In 11/54 patients, AHI was below 10, and B‐ArI more than 10. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure was applied to six patients and showed reduced B‐ArI. Breathing disorder related arousal index may be one of the useful indices for the diagnosis of sleep breathing disorder when AHI is less than 10.
Alteration of esophageal pressure in sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: MIKAMI AKIRA , WATANABE TAKUYA , MOTONISHI MASAMICHI , HONDA HIDEHARU , KYOTANI KYOKO , URUHA SHIGEHIKO , TERASHIMA KIYOJI , TESHIMA YOSHIO , SUGITA YOSHIRO
Published: March 2008

Abstract We investigated the alteration of esophageal pressure (Pes) in 10 patients with upper‐airway sleep‐disordered breathing (UASDB) and the relationship among Pes, breathing patterns and EEG arousals. Increased negative Pes without apnea or hypopnea, appeared not only in upper airway resistance syndrome but also in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. This phenomenon produced frequent EEG microarousals leading to sleep fragmentation and daytime sleepiness. Moreover, increased negative Pes occasionally continued for more than 20 min without an EEG arousal, which might be considered to be one of the factors to cause complications of UASDB.
Prevalence of ischemic heart disease among patients with sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: MAEKAWA MASATO , SHIOMI TOSHIAKI , USUI KENGO , SASANABE RYUJIRO , KOBAYASHI TADASHI
Published: March 2008

Abstract We investigated the prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and the presence of coronary risk factors involved in the onset of IHD in 386 subjects with suspected SAS due to heavy snoring. The prevalence of IHD among patients with untreated SAS was found to be 23.8%, and the percentage of patients having SAS complicated with IHD was high among those with moderate or severe SAS. Sleep apnea syndrome patients with IHD also showed high prevalences of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. It appears that sleep apnea aggravates the factors that cause coronary vascular disorders, and is involved in the onset of IHD.