bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing attitudes and political correctness
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey
Published: February 2013

Political correctness creates new social agendas and areas of conformity by introducing new terms, redefining established words, and suppressing taboo terms and behaviors, all within a democratic framework. This article traces much earlier forms of political correctness in different social areas of changing conformity and taboo as new values and new dualisms have emerged. It discusses various kinds of semantic engineering, including word-formation, the generation of formulas and shifts of meaning. The political correctness debate has raised an important issue: whether social attitudes are indeed changed by alterations in the language. In rethinking this proposition, “changing attitudes” would mean adopting not only new terms but also new behaviors. One school of thought, which takes its cue from the initiatives of feminism, argues that changing the language is vital to changing attitudes. This article looks at the historical shift which essentially has been from realpolitik to the optional politics of values and lifestyle.
Toward an automated classification of Englishes
Authors: Wichmann Søren , Urban Matthias
Published: February 2013

As part of the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP), a simple method for comparing languages or language varieties has been developed. The method involves the comparison of words with the same meaning and the measurement of phonological differences between such words using a different version of the so-called Levenshtein distance (LD), which measures the number of substitutions, deletions, and insertions needed to turn one string of symbols into another. Subsequently distances between pairs of speech varieties can be obtained by averaging distances among the different words that are being compared. This approach was implemented by dialectologists working on Irish and Dutch, and has more recently been applied to several other languages and language families. This article describes a relatively new methodology, that of an automated lexicostatistics using the LD, which treats dialects and creoles in essentially the same way in investigating varieties of the English language.
The syntax-lexicon continuum
Authors: Broccias Cristiano
Published: February 2013

The lexicon is traditionally viewed as distinct from the syntax of a language. Standard accounts of the history of the English language have separate chapters on syntax and vocabulary. The underlying assumption is that the two are considered either implicitly or explicitly as separate linguistic components. However, various strands of cognitive linguistics such as Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar and Croft’s Radical Construction Grammar have argued that there are no clear-cut boundaries between what are traditionally called lexicon, syntax and morphology but, rather, that they form a continuum. This chapter first examines some of the synchronic arguments in favor of this proposal before offering some diachronic arguments. It also briefly discusses three cases studies (the way construction, the adjectival resultative construction and –ingly adverbs) which support a continuum.
Lifelong Learning for Professional Musicians
Authors: Smilde Rineke
Published: February 2013

This article explores the meaning of lifelong learning for professional musicians. It identifies three interrelated incentives that serve as anchors for musicians' self-identity throughout their lives: informal music-making; improvisation; and high-quality performance. It discusses how institutions and teachers can facilitate attitudes and capacities for lifelong learning. It concludes with recommendations for implementing lifelong learning in the education of professional musicians.
Empathy and Creativity in Group Musical Practices: Towards a Concept of Empathic Creativity
Authors: Cross Ian , Laurence Felicity , Rabinowitch Tal-Chen
Published: February 2013

This article examines the role of empathy in creative musical interaction. It first investigates the relationships between empathy and engagement in creative group musical activities. It then describes the ways in which empathy is related to processes that are significant in social interaction; these processes may either be automatic or volitional, reflectively rational, or emotionally embodied. The article then shows how structured musical group improvisations that emphasize other-directed behaviour can help children develop a sense of empathy. It concludes with a case-study involving the collaborative composition of songs by an adult and a group of children.
Technology and the Educator
Authors: Purves Ross
Published: February 2013

This article suggests that large-scale, complex technological installations are not necessarily the ones that offer the best professional development experiences to practitioners and educators. It explores how the economist E. F. Schumacher's concept of “intermediate technology” can be used to describe small, low-cost technological tools that pervade the daily working lives of music teachers. These tools are likely the ones that will support professional development.
Politics, Policy, and Music Education
Authors: Abeles Harold F.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses how music educators can participate in democracy by voting in elections. It urges music educators to vote for their own professional interest and for candidates who support music and music education.
Music Education and Some of Its Subfields: Thoughts about Future Priorities
Authors: Green Lucy
Published: February 2013

This article discusses some important issues in music education. Specifically, it identifies three substantial sub-fields under the umbrella of music education: education-in-music, music-education-research, and music-teacher-education. It considers some of the implications of dividing the field this particular way, especially with regards to the relationship between theory and practice within each sub-field.
Constructing Communities of Scholarship in Music Education
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses how music educational communities can be a mixed blessing. One of their disadvantages is that they can ossify musical beliefs and practices. They may be so focused on traditional practices that insularity, closed-mindedness, and parochialism on the part of community's members may make it difficult to adapt when changing circumstances and contexts require alternative ideas and practices. While forged around shared purposes and methods, communities also need to foster specialized functions and segmented groups that arise in the midst of specific and differing interests. The interplay of these forces can energize the system and open creative possibilities between sometimes contradictory purposes and approaches. The challenge for organizations is to find a balance between these forces. The creation of an international framework or organizational structure for music education scholarship is also discussed.
Internationalizing Music Education
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C.
Published: February 2013

This article outlines a German perspective for music education. It presents several reasons why increased global interaction in music education and research on music learning is needed despite barriers in language and national traditions.
Research Issues in Personal Music Identification
Authors: Madsen Clifford K.
Published: February 2013

This article begins with the author's recollections of his childhood years playing the cornet, leading up to his first time conducting a band in high school. He then discusses the how music is tied to self-identification. He calls for studies on why people learn to play musical instruments, including the sociological issues concerning status and the psychological issues relating to self-concept and personal motivation.
All Theoried Up and Nowhere to Go
Authors: Reimer Bennett
Published: February 2013

This article considers the influence of the National Society for the Study of Education Yearbook, Basic Concepts in Music Education (1958), on the actions of music teachers. The Yearbook strongly influenced emerging scholars working towards a doctorate in music education and searching for substantive ideas that would support their own contributions to their chosen vocation. Research-based efforts in music education have fostered impressive growth in further theory, but had little impact on school programs and practices. Several conditions in music education that support the separation of theory from practice are discussed.
On the Horizon
Authors: Kozlowski Steve W. J.
Published: February 2013

The collection of chapters in this handbook document the evolution of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology as a science and practice, our foundational methods for generating knowledge, and the broad range of actionable knowledge created by our science that can be applied to enrich employee well-being and to enhance the effectiveness of individuals, teams, and organizations. Each of the chapters provides an agenda for continued scientific progress and evidence to support practical applications. In that sense, the future of I/O psychology is solid. In this closing chapter, I advocate four desirable evolutionary themes that I believe would enhance the potential, relevance, and impact of the field going forward. It should strengthen its scientific foundation, increase its multi- and interdisciplinary linkages, focus on multilevel system dynamics as core capabilities, and improve the translation of I/O psychological science into evidence-based practice.
Team Learning: A Theoretical Integration and Review
Authors: Bell Bradford S. , Kozlowski Steve W. J. , Blawath Sabrina
Published: February 2013

With the increasing emphasis on work teams as the primary architecture of organizational structure, scholars have begun to focus attention on team learning, the processes that support it, and the important outcomes that depend on it. Although the literature addressing learning in teams is broad, it is also messy and fraught with conceptual confusion. This chapter presents a theoretical integration and review. The goal is to organize theory and research on team learning, identify actionable frameworks and findings, and emphasize promising targets for future research. We emphasize three theoretical foci in our examination of team learning, treating it as multilevel (individual and team, not individual or team), dynamic (iterative and progressive; a process not an outcome), and emergent (outcomes of team learning can manifest in different ways over time). The integrative theoretical heuristic distinguishes team learning process theories, supporting emergent states, team knowledge representations, and respective influences on team performance and effectiveness. Promising directions for theory development and research are discussed.
Strategic Human Resource Management
Authors: Snow Charles C. , Snell Scott A.
Published: February 2013

The essence of strategic human resource management (SHRM) is a systemic view of the management of a firm's human resources, as well as an orientation toward the future. The management of human resources must be linked to the organization's total management system, and human resource professionals must work to ensure that the organization anticipates its future human resource needs and is prepared to address them. Our chapter examines two perspectives on the strategic management of human resources. The first perspective is that of systemic fit, which characterizes much of the early SHRM research. This perspective focuses on planned human resource deployments and activities that achieve continuity over time, as well as consistency with other management decisions and actions. The other perspective, strategic resources and capabilities, characterizes much of the more recent SHRM research. This perspective focuses on the future and helps the organization to identify opportunities to use strategic human resource management to its competitive advantage. We review the empirical evidence related to both the systemic fit and strategic resources/capabilities perspectives, and we suggest future research directions for scholars in SHRM.
Cross-Cultural Organizational Psychology
Authors: Aycan Zeynep , Gelfand Michele J.
Published: February 2013

The chapter presents an overview of the cross-cultural organizational psychology literature with three specific aims: to provide future research direction based on a historical projection of the development of the field; to summarize the state-of-the-art literature in substansive areas, including recruitment and selection, nature of jobs, criteria for performance, work motivation, job attitudes, teamwork, leadership, conflict and negotiation; and to discuss challenges faced by cross-cultural researchers (e.g., level of analysis, interaction between cultural and organizational contingencies). Our review indicates that individualism-collectivism attracts the most research attention and accounts for substantial variation in organizational behavior across cultures. Our review also points out that the impact of cultural values on organizational phenomena vary depending on organizational and task-related contingencies. The need is identified to expand the cross-cultural industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology literature to include more research on cross-cultural interactions and culture-specific enactments of organizational behavior.
Work and Aging
Authors: Hedge Jerry W. , Borman Walter C.
Published: February 2013

Global aging of the workforce means that the human resource management landscape of tomorrow will be vastly different and more challenging than it is today. This chapter examines the aging workforce from an individual worker, organization, and societal perspective. It includes the latest thinking and research on physical attributes, cognitive abilities, knowledge, personality traits, and motivation, as they relate to aging. In addition, we discuss organizational norms and culture, age stereotyping, and age discrimination, as well as strategies for recruiting and hiring older workers, and job design and redesign to accommodate the effects of aging. The chapter also examines strategies for: training throughout the career life cycle; flexible work alternatives; developing employee benefit programs in ways that are attractive to older workers; and linking employee retention programs directly to knowledge retention tactics. A longer term human resource (HR) perspective for an aging workforce is also included by examining career planning and career management, succession planning, long-range workforce planning, and retirement planning. The chapter concludes with an agenda for where research and application should be directed in the future to address issues of an aging workforce.
The Nature of Organizational Psychology
Authors: Kozlowski Steve W. J.
Published: February 2013

Organizational psychology is the science of psychology applied to work and organizations. This field of inquiry spans more than a century and covers an increasingly diverse range of topics as the nature of work and organizations continue to evolve. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise overview of organizational psychology as a field of inquiry and the topics covered in this handbook, which endeavors to encapsulate key topics of research and application, summarize important research findings, and identify innovative directions for research and practice. The chapter is organized around four sections. First, it begins with a brief overview of the evolution of the concept of work and the changing career model to provide a backdrop to our examination of the psychology of organizations. Second, it describes several dialectic tensions—industrial and organizational psychology, employee well-being and organizational effectiveness, basic and applied science, science and practice activities, and individual and organizational levels—that characterize organizational psychology as an applied, translational science. The tensions are a source of challenges that require a dynamic balance, but they also create important synergies for the field. Third, I highlight important trends over the last 35 years in the evolution of the field—it is increasingly multilevel, encompassing teams, studying dynamic phenomena, and expanding its breadth of coverage—that are shaping the field, as well as its future. Finally, I close with a tour of the structure of the volume and the topics that illustrate the breadth and diversity of this field that studies the science of psychology applied to work and organizations.
A History of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Authors: Bryan Laura L. Koppes , Vinchur Andrew J.
Published: February 2013

This chapter is a historical overview of the evolution of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology both in the United States and abroad, from the late nineteenth century to its current incarnation as a complex, wide-ranging scientific and applied discipline. Contextual background is integrated with the development of science and practice from a chronological perspective, partitioning this history into seven somewhat arbitrary time periods. Following a discussion of pre-1900 precursors, we discuss the genesis of the field from 1900 to 1914, when dynamic cultural, economic, and other external forces influenced early efforts in areas such as advertising, fatigue, and selection. Industrial psychology became established from 1915 through 1919, due in large part to the work of the Division of Applied Psychology at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and to psychologists’ efforts in World War I. The period of 1920 to 1939 included the influential Hawthorne Studies and the maturation of industrial psychology, while 1940 to 1959 saw considerable expansion during World War II and its aftermath. This expansion continued during the period of 1960 to 1979, with “industrial” psychology now “industrial-organizational” psychology. We close with an overview of developments from 1980 to the present day.
Seeking the Holy Grail in Organizational Science: Uncovering Causality through Research Design
Authors: Hanges Paul J. , Wang Mo
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we focus on the importance of establishing causal relationships in the organizational sciences. Specifically, we provide an explicit definition of a causal relationship, identify several different forms that have been explored in the scientific literature, and discuss the conditions under which causality can be established. Specifically, we discuss the Campbell Causal Model (CCM), which emphasizes threats to causal interpretations and the elimination of these threats, as well as the Rubin Causal Model (RCM), which emphasizes the biasing effect of non-random assignment of participants to conditions (i.e., selection bias) and how to overcome this bias in observational research. A variety of quasi-experimentation designs (e.g., regression discontinuity approaches, longitudinal designs) that enable organizational science researchers to study phenomena in the field are discussed. We finish our chapter by considering the recent trend conceptualizing organizations as complex systems, and we argue that this perspective may change the kinds of causality questions that researchers ask in the future.
Multivariate Dynamics in Organizational Science
Authors: DeShon Richard P.
Published: February 2013

Theories in organizational science place increased emphasis on dynamic relations among multiple theoretically relevant variables. Variants of the hierarchical linear model provide the primary approach used to evaluate dynamic processes in organizational science. This model is well suited to the analysis of univariate outcomes with recursive relations. However, many theories in organizational science posit cycles of influence among multiple variables. The analysis of multivariate, non-recursive data structures requires a new analytic approach. The vector autoregressive model is presented as a useful approach for the analysis of longitudinal data that may possess dynamic cycles of influence among multiple variables. The implementation and applicability of this data analytic approach to the modeling and evaluation of organizational science theories is demonstrated using multiple examples.
Job Satisfaction and Job Affect
Authors: Judge Timothy A. , Hulin Charles L. , Dalal Reeshad S.
Published: February 2013

Job satisfactions—multidimensional psychological responses to one's job—have a long and rich tradition of research in psychology. Comparing and contrasting job attitudes with social attitudes, the present chapter presents various theoretical models of job attitudes. These theoretical approaches give rise to an integrative model which draws most heavily from the Cornell model of job attitudes. We then consider newer theoretical approaches, including engagement, affective events, personality, and unit-level satisfaction. Capitalizing on recent trends in personality, affect, and multilevel research, we also present a core self-evaluations multilevel model. We conclude with a discussion of measurement issues in job satisfaction research.
Workplace Mentoring: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Eby Lillian T.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the existing research on workplace mentoring from the perspective of both the protégé and the mentor. Factors related to the initiation, maturation, and decline of mentoring relationships are discussed, along with the major theoretical frameworks that have been used to study mentoring relationships and that show promise in pushing mentoring scholarship in new directions. Consistent with emerging research workplace mentoring, both the positive and potentially negative aspects of mentoring are highlighted in order to present a comprehensive perspective on this unique type of work relationship. The organizational context is also considered in terms of its influence on the initiation of workplace mentoring relationships, as well as the relational patterns that emerge in workplace mentoring relationships. Finally, methodological challenges associated with the study of mentoring are outlined and considered in terms of important avenues for future research on the topic.
New Linear Lipopeptides Produced by Pseudomonas cichorii SF1-54 Are Involved in Virulence, Swarming Motility, and Biofilm Formation
Authors: Pauwelyn Ellen , Huang Chien-Jui , Ongena Marc , Leclère Valérie , Jacques Philippe , Bleyaert Peter , Budzikiewicz Herbert , Schäfer Mathias , Höfte Monica
Published: February 2013

Pseudomonas cichorii is the causal agent of lettuce midrib rot, characterized by a dark-brown to green-black discoloration of the midrib. Formation of necrotic lesions by several plant-pathogenic pseudomonads is associated with production of phytotoxic lipopeptides, which contribute to virulence. Therefore, the ability of P. cichorii SF1-54 to produce lipopeptides was investigated. A cell-free culture filtrate of SF1-54 showed surfactant, antimicrobial, and phytotoxic activities which are typical for lipopeptides. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of P. cichorii SF1-54 culture filtrate revealed the presence of seven compounds with lipopeptide characteristics. Two related lipopeptides, named cichofactin A and B, were studied in more detail: they are linear lipopeptides with a decanoic and dodecanoic lipid chain, respectively, connected to the N-terminus of an eight-amino-acid peptide moiety. Both cichofactins are new members of the syringafactin lipopeptide family. Furthermore, two nonribosomal peptide synthethase-encoding genes, cifA and cifB, were identified as responsible for cichofactin biosynthesis. A cifAB deletion mutant no longer produced cichofactins and was impaired in swarming motility but showed enhanced biofilm formation. Upon spray inoculation on lettuce, the cichofactin-deficient mutant caused significantly less rotten midribs than the wild type, indicating that cichofactins are involved in pathogenicity of P. cichorii SF1-54. Further analysis revealed that P. cichorii isolates vary greatly in swarming motility and cichofactin production.
First Report of Stem and Leaf Anthracnose on Blueberry Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in China
Authors: Xu C. N. , Zhou Z. S. , Wu Y. X. , Chi F. M. , Ji Z. R. , Zhang H. J.
Published: February 2013

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is becoming increasingly popular in China as a nutritional berry crop. With the expansion of blueberry production, many diseases have become widespread in different regions of China. In August of 2012, stem and leaf spots symptomatic of anthracnose were sporadically observed on highbush blueberries in a field located in Liaoning, China, where approximately 15% of plants were diseased. Symptoms first appeared as yellow to reddish, irregularly-shaped lesions on leaves and stems. The lesions then expanded, becoming dark brown in the center and surrounded by a reddish halo. Leaf and stem tissues (5 × 5 mm) were cut from the lesion margins and surface-disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by three rinses with sterile water before placing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 28°C. Colonies were initially white, becoming grayish-white to gray with yellow spore masses. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, and cylindrical with rounded ends, measuring 15.0 to 25.0 × 4.0 to 7.5 μm. No teleomorph was observed. The fungus was tentatively identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (PenZ.) PenZ & Sacc. (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) based on morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia (1). Genomic DNA was extracted from isolate XCG1 and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS1–5.8S-ITS2) was amplified with primer pairs ITS1 and ITS4. BLAST searches showed 99% identity with C. gloeosporioides isolates in GenBank (Accession No. AF272779). The sequence of isolate XCG1 (C. gloeosporioides) was deposited into GenBank (JX878503). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 2-year-old potted blueberries, cv. Berkeley. Stems and leaves of 10 potted blueberry plants were wounded with a sterilized needle and sprayed with a suspension of 105 conidia per ml of sterilized water. Five healthy potted plants were inoculated with sterilized water as control. Dark brown lesions surrounded by reddish halos developed on all inoculated leaves and stems after 7 days, and the pathogen was reisolated from lesions of 50% of inoculated plants as described above. The colony and conidial morphology were identical to the original isolate XCG1. No symptoms developed on the control plants. The causal agent of anthracnose on blueberry was identified as C. gloeosporioides on the basis of morphological and molecular characteristics, and its pathogenicity was confirmed with Koch's postulates. Worldwide, it has been reported that blueberry anthracnose might be caused by C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides (2). However, we did not isolate C. acutatum during this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem and leaf anthracnose of blueberry caused by C. gloeosporioides in China.

References: (1) J. M. E. Mourde. No 315. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971. (2) N. Verma, et al. Plant Pathol. 55:442, 2006.
First Report of Meloidogyne marylandi Infecting Bermudagrass in Costa Rica
Authors: Salazar L. , Gómez M. , Flores L. , Gómez-Alpízar L.
Published: February 2013

Bermudagrass plants (Cynodon dactylon cv. 419) from a soccer field in Santa Ana, San Jose Province, Costa Rica, were found with symptoms of decline with dried leaves and leaf yellowing in patches in February 2012. Roots of the affected plants presented small and smooth galls and protruding egg masses similar to those associated with root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. Morphometric and molecular analyses were conducted to identify the species present. Morphological measurements from 30 second-stage juveniles and perineal patterns from 10 adult females matched the description of Meloidogyne marylandi Jepson and Golden. Body length averaged 429.5 ± 18.5 (range: 392 to 459) μm, mean width averaged 16.0 ± 1.3 (range: 13.2 to 18.0) μm, stylet lengths averaged 10.7 ± 1.0 (range: 9.1 to 13.4) μm, dorsal gland orifice from stylet base averaged 2.8 ± 0.3 (range: 2.4 to 3.4) μm, tail lengths averaged 60.9 ± 4.9 (range: 45.5 to 74.7) μm, and the hyaline region of the tails averaged 12.4 ± 1.4 (range: 8.6 to 14.8) μm. Lower average tail length and hyaline tail terminal differentiate M. marylandi from the closely related species M. graminis, the grass root-knot nematode, that can also parasitize bermudagrass (1). Hemizonid position was posterior to the excretory pore. The overall shape of the perineal patterns was ovoid, and the dorsal arch was medium high with lateral lines and coarse striae. Males were rarely observed. DNA was extracted from 10 single mature females. Amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA region between COII and the lRNA gene was accomplished with primers C2F3 (5′-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3′) and 1108 (5′-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3′) (2). A PCR product approximately 520 bp in length was obtained and the sequence (GenBank Accession Nos. KC473862 and KC473863) was compared with those in GenBank using BLAST and showed 99 to 100% identity with known sequences of M. marylandi (JN241916.1, JN241905.1, JN241917.1, JN241921.1, and JN241955.1) (3). Phylogenetic analysis with maximum likelihood (MEGA v.5.0) (4) of those sequences placed the Meloidogyne sp. from Costa Rica in a clade (100% bootstrap support) that included only M. marylandi sequences available from the GenBank database, thus confirming its identity. In addition, digestion of the PCR product with SspI restriction enzyme produced a four band pattern similar to what has been reported for M. marylandi from Israel and United States (Maryland) and this approach is considered useful for the separation of M. marylandi from M. graminis (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode M. marylandi in Costa Rica.

References: (1) A. M. Golden. J. Nematol. 21:453, 1989. (2) T. O. Powers and T. S. Harris. J. Nematol. 25:1, 1993. (3) M. A. McClure et al. Plant Dis. 96:635, 2012. (4) K. Tamura et al. Mol Biol Evol. 28:2731, 2011.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera fusca on Herba eupatorii in China
Authors: Ding J. P. , Pei D. L. , Zhang Q. C. , Hong Q. C. , Ren Y. Z. , Li C. W.
Published: February 2013

Herba eupatorii, one of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs, belongs to the Asteraceae family. In June 2012, a previously unknown disease, tentatively identified as powdery mildew, was observed on H. eupatorii growing in Shangqiu, in eastern Henan Province, China. Symptoms began as white mycelium partially covering upper leaf surfaces; as the disease progressed, it spread to cover entire leaf surfaces. The infected leaves became yellow and necrotic at advanced stages of infection. Specimens consisting of infected leaves were maintained at the Plant-Microbe Interaction Laboratory at Shangqiu Normal University. Microscopic observations of the morphology of the fungus revealed oval primary conidia measuring 18 to 27 × 15 to 22 μm. A long unbranched germ tube that germinated laterally from the ends of conidia was observed in some samples. Conidiophores were cylindrical, simple unbranched, and composed of a basal cell with a swollen base and three to six barrel-shaped conidia formed in chains, measuring 112 to 180 × 9 to 12 μm. Mycelial appressoria were nipple-shaped. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. To verify the identity of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA was amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers (3) and sequenced. The sequences were deposited as GenBank Accession No. JX546297. Comparison with sequences in the GenBank database revealed that the ITS sequence was 100% homologous with the sequence of Podosphaera fusca on Calendula officinalis (AB525914) (2) and Syneilesis palmata (AB040349) (1). The ITS sequence analysis verified that the causal agent was P. fusca, which is reported to be a cosmopolitan powdery mildew fungus, parasitic on numerous plant species in the Asteraceae family. Koch's postulates were completed by inoculating healthy H. eupatorii plants with a conidial suspension (prepared in distilled water) of 105 conidia/ml collected from infected plants. Five plants were sprayed until the suspension ran off the leaves, while five additional plants were sprayed with distilled water as a control. Plants were maintained in a climate cell under the following conditions: day, 24°C, 16 h; night, 20°C, 8 h; 85% humidity. After 10 days, inoculated plants developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field, whereas control plants remained healthy. Further examination showed that the inoculated plants were infected by P. fusca. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. fusca affecting H. eupatorii in China. Because there are no fungicides labeled for use on this plant, the appearance of powdery mildew caused by P. fusca could result in substantial production loss of H. eupatorii.

References: (1) T. Hirata et al. Can. J. Bot. 78:1521, 2000. (2) S. Takamatsu et al. Persoonia 24:38, 2010. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
Basal metabolic rate, maximum thermogenic capacity and aerobic scope in rodents: interaction between environmental temperature and torpor use
Authors: Careau Vincent
Published: February 2013

When torpid animals arouse and warm up to restore normal body temperature (
T
b
), they produce heat at levels that can reach up to 10 times basal metabolic rate (BMR), close to the cold-induced summit metabolism (VO
2
-sum). Because torpor is an adaptation aimed at conserving energy over periods of low ambient temperature (
T
a
) and food availability, selective forces that have led to the evolution of torpor may have simultaneously favoured high thermogenic capacity (i.e. VO
2
-sum) relative to the maintenance costs (i.e. BMR), hence a higher factorial aerobic scope (FAS; the ratio of VO
2
-sum to BMR). My objective was to test this adaptive hypothesis using a phylogenetically informed comparative approach with data on BMR and VO
2
-sum in rodents. I found a strong negative correlation between FAS and the average of the daily minimum
T
a
(
T
min
) in species using torpor, which was due to differential effects of
T
a
on BMR (but not VO
2
-sum) in species that use torpor compared with species that do not. In addition, FAS was negatively correlated with the lowest torpid
T
b
in a subset of nine species. These results suggest that in species using torpor, selective forces may have acted to maximize the efficiency of thermogenic capacity (VO
2
-sum) relative to maintenance costs (BMR), resulting in an increasing FAS with decreasing
T
a
.
Host nutrition alters the variance in parasite transmission potential
Authors: Vale Pedro F. , Choisy Marc , Little Tom J.
Published: February 2013

The environmental conditions experienced by hosts are known to affect their mean parasite transmission potential. How different conditions may affect the variance of transmission potential has received less attention, but is an important question for disease management, especially if specific ecological contexts are more likely to foster a few extremely infectious hosts. Using the obligate-killing bacteriumPasteuria ramosaand its crustacean hostDaphnia magna, we analysed how host nutrition affected the variance of individual parasite loads, and, therefore, transmission potential. Under low food, individual parasite loads showed similar mean and variance, following a Poisson distribution. By contrast, among well-nourished hosts, parasite loads were right-skewed and overdispersed, following a negative binomial distribution. Abundant food may, therefore, yield individuals causing potentially more transmission than the population average. Measuring both the mean and variance of individual parasite loads in controlled experimental infections may offer a useful way of revealing risk factors for potential highly infectious hosts.
Michael John Seaton. 16 January 1923 — 29 May 2007
Authors: Burke Philip G. , Storey Peter J.
Published: February 2013

Mike Seaton was an outstanding atomic physicist and astrophysicist with a wide range of research interests. His work at University College London (UCL), where he spent all his professional career, laid the foundations of the modern theory of electron–atom and electron–ion collisions and the crucial role of this theory and associated calculations in the analysis of astronomical spectra. His work in astrophysics ranged from seminal papers on the central stars of planetary nebulae and density diagnostics, using forbidden lines, to the Seaton extinction curve, the theory of diffusion in stars and many other topics. Indeed, in the 1950s and 1960s Mike was publishing papers on a whole range of topics that each became major research areas in the years that followed. For example, Mike’s collaboration over some 30 years with Donald Osterbrock laid the foundation of our understanding of physical processes in planetary nebulae. In addition, while on sabbatical at the Institut d’astrophysique de Paris in 1954–55 Mike began a highly influential series of papers on quantum defect theory (QDT); applications of this theory were to resonance phenomena in electron–ion collisions and to photoionization. In addition, Mike led major research programmes on radiative recombination in gaseous nebulae and on dielectronic recombination. Mike and his group at UCL were leaders in the development of general computer codes for atomic structure and collision processes. This made possible the first accurate electron–Fe
ii
calculation. Major initiatives that grew out of the availability of these computer codes were the international Opacity Project, proposed and led by Mike, and the international Iron Project proposed by and initially led by David Hummer. These projects, which involved collaboration with research workers from many countries, have been of crucial importance, solving many problems in atomic physics and astronomy. Mike Seaton was President of the Royal Astronomical Society for the period 1978–81, and his tenure at UCL coincided with the golden age of atomic astrophysics, for which he was largely responsible.
Asymptotics for metamaterials and photonic crystals
Authors: Antonakakis T. , Craster R. V. , Guenneau S.
Published: February 2013

Metamaterial and photonic crystal structures are central to modern optics and are typically created from multiple elementary repeating cells. We demonstrate how one replaces such structures asymptotically by a continuum, and therefore by a set of equations, that captures the behaviour of potentially high-frequency waves propagating through a periodic medium. The high-frequency homogenization that we use recovers the classical homogenization coefficients in the low-frequency long-wavelength limit. The theory is specifically developed in electromagnetics for two-dimensional square lattices where every cell contains an arbitrary hole with Neumann boundary conditions at its surface and implemented numerically for cylinders and split-ring resonators. Illustrative numerical examples include lensing via all-angle negative refraction, as well as omni-directive antenna, endoscope and cloaking effects. We also highlight the importance of choosing the correct Brillouin zone and the potential of missing interesting physical effects depending upon the path chosen.
Two DNA-encoded strategies for increasing expression with opposing effects on promoter dynamics and transcriptional noise
Authors: Dadiani Maya , van Dijk David , Segal Barak , Field Yair , Ben-Artzi Gil , Raveh-Sadka Tali , Levo Michal , Kaplow Irene , Weinberger Adina , Segal Eran
Published: February 2013

Individual cells from a genetically identical population exhibit substantial variation in gene expression. A significant part of this variation is due to noise in the process of transcription that is intrinsic to each gene, and is determined by factors such as the rate with which the promoter transitions between transcriptionally active and inactive states, and the number of transcripts produced during the active state. However, we have a limited understanding of how the DNA sequence affects such promoter dynamics. Here, we used single-cell time-lapse microscopy to compare the effect on transcriptional dynamics of two distinct types of sequence changes in the promoter that can each increase the mean expression of a cell population by similar amounts but through different mechanisms. We show that increasing expression by strengthening a transcription factor binding site results in slower promoter dynamics and higher noise as compared with increasing expression by adding nucleosome-disfavoring sequences. Our results suggest that when achieving the same mean expression, the strategy of using stronger binding sites results in a larger number of transcripts produced from the active state, whereas the strategy of adding nucleosome-disfavoring sequences results in a higher frequency of promoter transitions between active and inactive states. In the latter strategy, this increased sampling of the active state likely reduces the expression variability of the cell population. Our study thus demonstrates the effect of cis-regulatory elements on expression variability and points to concrete types of sequence changes that may allow partial decoupling of expression level and noise.
GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE8 and STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 Are Required for Ploidy Consistency of the Sexual Reproduction System inArabidopsis
Authors: De Storme Nico , De Schrijver Joachim , Van Criekinge Wim , Wewer Vera , Dörmann Peter , Geelen Danny
Published: February 2013

In sexually reproducing plants, the meiocyte-producing archesporal cell lineage is maintained at the diploid state to consolidate the formation of haploid gametes. In search of molecular factors that regulate this ploidy consistency, we isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, called enlarged tetrad2 (et2), which produces tetraploid meiocytes through the stochastic occurrence of premeiotic endomitosis. Endomitotic polyploidization events were induced by alterations in cell wall formation, and similar cytokinetic defects were sporadically observed in other tissues, including cotyledons and leaves. ET2 encodes GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE8 (GSL8), a callose synthase that mediates the deposition of callose at developing cell plates, root hairs, and plasmodesmata. Unlike other gsl8 mutants, in which defects in cell plate formation are seedling lethal, cytokinetic defects in et2 predominantly occur in flowers and have little effect on vegetative growth and development. Similarly, mutations in STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (SMT2), a major sterol biosynthesis enzyme, also lead to weak cytokinetic defects, primarily in the flowers. In addition, SMT2 allelic mutants also generate tetraploid meiocytes through the ectopic induction of premeiotic endomitosis. These observations demonstrate that appropriate callose and sterol biosynthesis are required for maintaining the ploidy level of the premeiotic germ lineage and that subtle defects in cytokinesis may lead to diploid gametes and polyploid offspring.
Quantifying amorphous and crystalline phase content with the atomic pair distribution function
Authors: Peterson Joseph , TenCate James , Proffen Thomas , Darling Timothy , Nakotte Heinz , Page Katharine
Published: February 2013

Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is a long-established technique for studying the local structure of amorphous and disordered crystalline materials. In today's increasingly complex materials landscape, the coexistence of amorphous and crystalline phases within single samples is not uncommon. Though a couple of reports have been published studying samples with amorphous and crystalline phases utilizing PDF analysis, to date little has been done to determine the sensitivity that the method currently has in resolving such contributions. This article reports a series of experiments that have been conducted on samples with known ratios of crystalline quartz and amorphous glassy silica to examine this question in detail. Systematic methods are proposed to obtain the best possible resolution in samples with unknown phase ratios and some problems that one might encounter during analysis are discussed.
Generation and applications of structure envelopes for porous metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Yakovenko Andrey A. , Reibenspies Joseph H. , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Zhou Hong-Cai
Published: February 2013

The synthesis of polycrystalline, as opposed to single-crystalline, porous materials, such as zeolites and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), is usually beneficial because the former have shorter synthesis times and higher yields. However, the structural determination of these materials using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data is usually complicated. Recently, several methods for the structural investigation of zeolite polycrystalline materials have been developed, taking advantage of the structural characteristics of zeolites. Nevertheless, these techniques have rarely been applied in the structure determination of a MOF even though, with the electron-density contrast between the metal-containing units and pore regions, the construction of a structure envelope, the surface between high- and low-electron-density regions, should be straightforward for a MOF. Herein an example of such structure solution of MOFs based on PXRD data is presented. To start, a Patterson map was generated from powder diffraction intensities. From this map, structure factor phases for several of the strongest reflections were extracted and a structure envelope (SE) of a MOF was subsequently constructed. This envelope, together with all extracted reflection intensities, was used as input to theSUPERFLIPsoftware and a charge-flipping (CF) structure solution was performed. This structure solution method has been tested on the PXRD data of both activated (solvent removed from the pores;dmin= 0.78 Å) and as-synthesized (dmin= 1.20 Å) samples of HKUST-1. In both cases, our method has led to structure solutions. In fact, charge-flipping calculations using SE provided correct solutions in minutes (6 min for activated and 3 min for as-synthesized samples), while regular charge flipping or charge flipping with histogram matching calculation provided meaningful solutions only after several hours. To confirm the applicability of structure envelopes to low-symmetry MOFs, the structure of monoclinic PCN-200 has been solvedviaCF+SE calculations.
FabIO: easy access to two-dimensional X-ray detector images in Python
Authors: Knudsen Erik B. , Sørensen Henning O. , Wright Jonathan P. , Goret Gaël , Kieffer Jérôme
Published: February 2013

FabIO is a Python module written for easy and transparent reading of raw two-dimensional data from various X-ray detectors. The module provides a function for reading any image and returning a fabioimage object which contains both metadata (header information) and the raw data. All fabioimage objects offer additional methods to extract information about the image and to open other detector images from the same data series.