bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Central and Peripheral Effects of Cetirizine and Loratadine
Authors: Pechadre J.C. , Beudin P. , Eschalier A. , Trolese J.F. , Rihoux J.-P.
Published: January 2017

In a double-blind, crossover, randomized clinical pharmacological study performed on 10 healthy volunteers, peripheral and central effects of 10 mg cetirizine and 10 and 40 mg loratadine were compared. Cetirizine (10 mg) significantly ( P < 0.001) inhibited 10 or 100 mg/ml histamine-induced weals 2 and 6 h after drug intake. Cetirizine was more potent than 10 mg loratadine after 2 and 6 h, and was even more potent than 40 mg loratadine after 6 h. Neither drug affected subjective evaluation of central effects and cetirizine was completely devoid of electro-encephalographic (EEG) changes, whereas 10 and 40 mg loratadine induced only slight and limited EEG changes.
The Corticotrophin Releasing Factor Test: A Valuable and Rapid Procedure for the Differential Diagnosis of Hirsutism
Authors: Georgala S , Schulpis K , Tolis G
Published: January 2017

Plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, Δ4-androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were determined in 10 regularly menstruating hirsute women 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after intravenous injection of 100 μg corticotrophin releasing factor. The baseline concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Cortisol, progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were within the normal range, whereas the mean Δ4-androstenedione and testosterone concentrations were mildly elevated. The administration of corticotrophin releasing factor induced a rapid and significant increase in plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and Δ4-androstenedione after 60 min, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and testosterone concentrations were not significantly elevated. These findings suggest that the corticotrophin releasing factor test can readily be used as an out-patient procedure to exclude adrenal hirsutism.
Lowering of Plasma Viscosity by the Oral Administration of the Glycosaminoglycan Sulodexide in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Lunetta M , Salanitri T
Published: January 2017

The aim of the double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate whether oral administration of sulodexide, a medium molecular weight glycosaminoglycan, had an effect on whole blood, plasma and serum viscosity, and/or plasma fibrinogen concentrations. The drug was administered orally at a dose of 500 lipoproteinlipase releasing units twice daily for 1 month to two groups of 20 patients with peripheral vascular disease; one group was administered a placebo–drug sequence and the other a drug–placebo sequence. Orally administered sulodexide had a marked effect on plasma viscosity and on plasma fibrinogen concentrations, whereas there were no effects on whole blood viscosity. No significant side-effects were observed. The fact that sulodexide was highly effective, even after oral administration, suggests it may be useful for the treatment of patients with atheromatous vascular diseases of the lower limbs requiring chronic therapy.
Effect of Prostaglandin E1 on the Renin – Aldosterone System in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Okada S , Ichiki K , Tanokuchi S , Ishii K , Hamada H , Ota Z
Published: January 2017

The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the renin–aldosterone system was investigated in hospitalized patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presenting with continuous proteinuria but without nephrotic syndrome. Of the 20 patients studied, 10 had continuous positive proteinuria ≥ 200 mg/day and 10 had continuous positive proteinuria < 200 mg/day. Prostaglandin El (40 μg in 100 ml normal saline) was infused intravenously over 2 h twice daily for 4 weeks. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were determined by radioimmunoassay at 0 and 120 min after a frusemide injection given before the start of PGE1 treatment and during administration of PGE1 in week 4. The patients who had proteinuria < 200 mg/day showed significant decreases in the PRA0 and the ratio of PRA120:PRA0 and a decrease in the PAC120 during prostaglandin PGE1 administration. When the results for the two patient groups were combined, both the PAC120 and the PRA120 were found to be significantly lowered during administration of PGE1. The results indicate that PGE1 may be valuable in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, since the compound inhibited the increased reactivity of the renin–aldosterone system in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The Effect of Verapamil and Diltiazem on Alveolar Type II Cells during Warm and Cold Metabolic Ischaemia
Authors: Spaggiari L , Rusca M , Alfieri R , Petronini P G , Carbognani P , Cattelani L , Borghetti A F , Bobbio P
Published: January 2017

The alteration of cytosolic free calcium concentration is an important event during cellular ischaemia. Calcium channel blockers have been shown to be beneficial during experimental ischaemic organ protection. To investigate the mechanisms of this protection, the behaviour of type II pneumocyte cultures, subjected to warm and cold metabolic ischaemia (6 h), was studied. The cells were incubated in electrolytic solutions and treated with high doses of verapamil (10 mg/l) or diltiazem (100 mg/l). Alveolar type II epithelial cells were removed from adult rat lungs using the modified Dobbs' method. Cell viability was determined by analysis of the total protein content, and from the rate of protein synthesis as indicated by the [35S]methionine uptake assay. The results show that verapamil does not have a direct cytoprotective or cytotoxic effect on the incubated cells, but diltiazem seems to be toxic to the cells, especially during cold ischaemia when the toxicity is significant ( P < 0.05). Thus, the protection from ischaemia previously attributed to calcium channel blockers is ascribed to action on the blood vessels resulting in vasodilatation, rather than to a direct influence on cytosolic free calcium homeostasis.
Gastric Subcellular Organelle Fragility and Impaired Gastric Energy Charge Levels in Rats with Caerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis: Protective Effect of Anti-Ulcer Agent, Teprenone
Authors: Hirano T
Published: January 2017

When rats were given a supramaximal dose of caerulein (infused intravenously at 5 μg/kg.h for 4 h) they developed acute pancreatitis characterized by significantly raised amylase levels in the blood. In this model of acute pancreatitis, reduced gastric adenylate energy charge levels were observed, and the leakage of the lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin B, from gastric lysosomes and of the mitochondrial enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, from gastric mitochondria were both significantly accelerated compared with the control group. The intragastric administration of the anti-ulcer agent, teprenone, at a dose of 5 mg/kg (twice before caerulein infusion) significantly inhibited this gastric damage accompanying acute pancreatitis. These results suggest that gastric subcellular organelle fragility may play an important role in the pathogenesis of impaired gastric energy metabolism accompanying acute pancreatitis, and indicate the possible usefulness of teprenone in preventing this gastric damage.
Lipoperoxidation Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Erythrocyte Membranes. 1. Protective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761)
Authors: Köse K , Dog˜an P
Published: January 2017

The antioxidant potential of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on healthy human erythrocyte membranes was investigated. Lipoperoxidation was induced in erythrocyte suspensions using hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of EGb 761 at 37 °C; malondialdehyde production was determined as the indicator of lipoperoxidation during the incubation period. The results for EGb 761 at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 125, 250 and 500 μg/ml suggest that the antioxidant potential of EGb 761 in erythrocyte membranes increases with dose. Similarly, using different incubation periods (0, 15, 30, 45 or 60 min) indicated that the antioxidant effect of EGb 761 increased by the incubation time.
Lipoperoxidation Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Köse K , Dog˜an P
Published: January 2017

An in vitro model using healthy human erythrocyte suspensions was used to compare the antioxidant effect of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) with those of water-soluble (ascorbic acid, glutathione and uric acid) and lipid-soluble (α-tocopherol and retinol acetate) antioxidants. Lipid peroxidation was induced by hydrogen peroxide in the absence (control) and presence of antioxidants at low (25 μg/ml) and high (250 μg/ml) concentrations. Malondialdehyde production was determined as the indicator of lipid peroxidation during the incubation period. The results suggest that all of the antioxidants, except ascorbic acid, have antioxidant potential in this system in a concentration-dependent manner. When the antioxidants were compared, EGb 761 was found to be more effective than water-soluble antioxidants, and as effective as lipid-soluble antioxidants. Among the lipid-soluble antioxidants there was no significant difference in potency between α-tocopherol and retinol acetate, but uric acid was the most potent of the water-soluble antioxidants. The antioxidant potency of EGb 761 appears to be comparable with that of the well-known antioxidants α-tocopherol and retinol acetate.
Faecal Triglycerides and Fatty Acids in the Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Insufficiency and Intestinal Malabsorption in Patients with Low fat Intakes
Authors: Nakamura T , Takebe K , Tando Y , Arai Y , Yamada N , Ishii M , Kikuchi H , Imamura K
Published: January 2017

To investigate possible parameters for the differential diagnosis of steatorrhoea in patients with low fat intakes, faecal specimens were analysed from 15 patients with steatorrhoea due to chronic pancreatitis and seven patients with steatorrhoea due to intestinal malabsorption. The fat intakes of the patients ranged from 30.1 to 60 g, less than the average in American and European patients. The group with pancreatic steatorrhoea showed a significantly lower faecal output than the group with intestinal steatorrhoea but the two groups did not differ significantly in their total faecal fat excretion or concentration. The percentage triglycerides and the molecular ratio of triglycerides to fatty acids in the faeces were significantly higher ( P < 0.01) in the group with pancreatic steatorrhoea than in those with intestinal steatorrhoea. The molecular percentage ratio of triglycerides to fatty acids was 6.8 ± 2.2 for the chronic pancreatitis group and 2.4 ± 1.0 for the intestinal malabsorption group; while the respective faecal hydroxy fatty acid contents were 3.1 ± 3.6% and 10.1 ± 3.3% (means ± SDs). These latter two parameters appeared to be the most valuable for distinguishing the two forms of steatorrhoea.
Evaluation of Anti-HTLV-1 Antibody in Primary Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Namie S , Shimamine R , Ichinose H , Nishikawa Y , Ideguchi M , Ozono Y , Harada T , Hara K
Published: January 2017

Human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is known to cause adult T-cell leukaemia. The prevalence of anti-HTLV-1 antibody in haemodialysis patients has been reported to be higher than that in the general population. The anti-HTLV-1 antibody-positive rate in patients with primary glomerulonephritis in the Nagasaki district, an endemic area of HTLV-1, was evaluated. The antibody-positive rates in patients with primary glomerulonephritis (9.9%) and in haemodialysis patients (18.4%) were significantly higher than the rate in general blood donors (6.6%). Of 142 patients with primary glomerulonephritis, 14 (9.9%) were positive for the antibody; histological evaluation of these patients showed minor glomerular abnormality in one, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in eight (IgA nephropathy in six and non-IgA nephropathy in two), membranous nephropathy in three, and crescentic glomerulonephritis in two. Evaluation of 10 antibody-positive patients by immunofluorescent microscopy showed immunocomplex-type nephritis in nine, suggesting the involvement of HTLV-1-associated antigen in the development and progression of glomerulonephritis.
Essential Fatty Acids: The Effects of Dietary Supplementation among Children with Recurrent Respiratory Infections
Authors: Venuta A , Spanò C , Laudizi L , Bettelli F , Beverelli A , Turchetto E
Published: January 2017

The impact of dietary supplementation with essential fatty acids (EFA) on recurrent respiratory infections (RRI) in children was evaluated by means of a randomized crossover double-blind study. Linoleic acid (596 mg/day) and alpha-linolenic acid (855 mg/day) as a commercial preparation or placebo (olive oil) were administered for two consecutive winter seasons (November to February, T0 – T120) to 20 children affected by RRI, aged between 36 and 49 months. Plasma levels of n-3 and n-6 metabolites increased after the administration of EFA. The number of infective episodes, days' fever and days' absence from school were reduced significantly during the observation period (extended from T120 to T180) in children receiving EFA supplementation. Our results suggest that n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids may play a favourable role in the defence mechanism of these subjects.
Bioavailability of a New Sustained-Release Anhydrous Theophylline Product
Authors: Tatsis G , Tsoukalas G , Haviaras A , Peristerakis A , Filaditaki V , Orfanidou D , Anagnostou E
Published: January 2017

The bioavailability of a new sustained-release anhydrous theophylline product (Theophylline Lavipharm®) was evaluated and compared with the bioavailability of a well-established product, Theodur®. Two groups of 12 healthy non-smokers were given single doses of 200 or 300 mg of each product and two groups of 12 patients with asthma or chronic obstructive lung disease were given doses of 200 or 300 mg of each product every 12 h for 5-day periods. The values of the area under the plasma theophylline concentration against time curve (AUC), the maximum plasma theophylline concentration ( Cmax) and the time taken to reach Cmax (Tmax) for the two products did not differ significantly in the healthy groups or in the patients. The minimum and the average plasma theophylline concentrations and the fluctuation index were also calculated for the patients and there were no significant differences between the values for the two products. The new anhydrous theophylline product, Theophylline Lavipharm®, appears to show very similar bioavailability to Theodur®. No adverse reactions to the new product were reported.
The Effect of Silicol Gel Compared with Placebo on Papulopustular Acne and Sebum Production. A Double-Blind Study
Authors: Lassus A
Published: January 2017

Altogether 30 patients (19 females and 11 males), mean age 19 years, were divided randomly into two groups. All patients had chronic papulopustular acne of the face. A total of 15 patients were treated topically with Silicol gel for 20 min twice daily for 6 weeks and the remaining 15 patients were treated with a placebo gel in a similar fashion. A clinical evaluation was carried out at baseline, and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. The clinical variables evaluated were as follows: number of comedones, papules, pustules and cysts on a standard area of the left cheek (area 5 × 5 cm) and measurement of sebum production on the same area by the use of Sebumeter SM 810 PC (Courage and Khazaka, Ltd, Germany). No concomitant treatment was allowed during the study period. One patient using Silicol gel withdrew after 2 weeks of treatment because of severe irritation of the facial skin, leaving 29 patients who could be evaluated. In the active group, the number of comedones decreased from a mean of 48.5 to 15.1 after 6 weeks of treatment. The corresponding figures for papules were 10.7 and 1.0, for pustules 6.8 and 0, and for cysts 0.6 and 0. In the placebo group no improvement could be observed. There was a highly significant difference in efficacy between the two groups ( P < 0.001) in favour of the actively treated group. The mean sebum index was 193 at baseline and 88 after 6 weeks. Correspondingly, in the placebo group the mean sebum index at baseline was 187 and after 6 weeks 179. This difference between the two groups was also statistically significant ( P < 0.001). After a short follow-up period (3 months) no deterioration was observed in the 14 ‘active’ patients, showing either complete cure or improvement.
Effect of Pyridone Carboxylic Acid Anti-microbials on the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species In Vitro
Authors: Akamatsu H , Niwa Y , Sasaki H , Matoba Y , Asada Y , Horio T
Published: January 2017

The effects of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and balofloxacin on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels generated by human neutrophils was examined in vitro; ROS generated in a cell-free, xanthine–xanthine oxidase system was also assessed. The species investigated were superoxide radical anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH·). Both ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin markedly decreased the levels of O2−, H2O2 and OH· generated by human neutrophils. On the other hand, these drugs did not affect any of the ROS examined in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Balofloxacin showed no significant effect on ROS generated by either system. The present study indicates that ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin may exert an anti-inflammatory action by reducing the potent ROS species excessively generated by neutrophils at the sites of inflammation.
Sexual Desire in Men: Effects of Oral Ingestion of a Product Derived from Fertilized Eggs
Authors: Eskeland B , Thom E , Svendsen KOB
Published: January 2017

A commercial product, Libido® (Libid, Libbido, Erosom and Ardorare, names used in different markets), which is based on components derived from fertilized, partly incubated chickens' eggs, has been used to treat diminished sexual desire in men. The results from two double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled experiments indicate that Libido has a significant enhancing effect on sexual desire in men with normal and reduced sexual drive. Over periods as short as 2 weeks, 58% of the participants with low sexual desire noticed improvement as assessed using a visual analogue scale. Data obtained from consumers suggest significant effects on the frequency of sexual intercourse, on increased self-esteem, on the level of happiness, and on stamina. In a separate Swedish study, 84% of 31 men reported increased sexual desire during 3 weeks on Libido. It takes 1 – 2 weeks of regular use of Libido (3g twice daily) before noticeable changes are observed.
Effects of Sevoflurane Anaesthesia on Renal Function
Authors: Nishimori A , Tanaka K , Ueno K , Kitayama Y , Nakamura K , Hiranaka T , Kim M
Published: January 2017

The effects of sevoflurane on renal function were investigated in 34 patients anaesthetized with sevoflurane. Based on preoperative serum creatinine levels, patients were classified into three groups: Group 1 ( n = 25) had normal renal function (serum creatinine < 1.0 mg/dl); Group 2 ( n = 5) had slight renal dysfunction (1.0 ≤ serum creatinine < 1.5 mg/dl); Group 3 ( n = 4) had moderate renal dysfunction (serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl). Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine volume were measured preoperatively, and at Days 0, 1, 2, 7 and 28 after operation. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen showed no significant postoperative differences ( P < 0.05) in each group, whereas urine volume showed a significant increase until Day 2, with no further changes thereafter. Our results suggest that sevoflurane anaesthesia causes no significant renal damage in patients with normal and insufficient renal function under normal-duration anaesthesia within 3 – 4 h.
Low Frequency of Adenylate Kinase Release into Cerebrospinal Fluid during Balanced, Normotensive Anaesthesia and a Non-Orthognathic Surgical Procedure
Authors: Enlund M , Mentell O , Edmark L , Ronquist G
Published: January 2017

Activity of strictly intracellular enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may indicate leakage from dysfunctional brain cells. Increased activity of adenylate kinase (AK) in the CSF is indicative of brain cell injury arising from several sources, among them orthognathic surgery. The mechanism in the latter case is obscure, but the use of an oscillating saw which generates vibrations, and the site of surgery close to the brain may be contributing factors. Anaesthesia may also play a role. In the present study, CSF-AK activity was measured after hysterectomy and was compared with activity after orthognathic surgery in two other studies. Four of 19 patients (21%) in the present study expressed pathological activity, compared with 34 of 47 (72%) orthognathic patients in the two other studies. No firm conclusion may be drawn from historical comparisons, and the difference in activity seen between the two types of surgery might not necessarily be the result of surgical factors. Until this is investigated further, however, we conclude that there may be a difference in postoperative CSF-AK activity between orthognathic and lower abdominal surgery.
Staphylococcus Aureus in the Anterior Nares and Subungual Spaces of the Hands in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Nishijima S , Namura S , Higashida T , Kawai S
Published: January 2017

We examined the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the anterior nares and the subungual spaces of the hands of patients with atopic dermatitis to determine whether the presence of S. aureus at these sites may contribute to the aggravation of the dermatitic skin lesions. The prevalence of S. aureus in the anterior nares of patients with atopic dermatitis was over five times higher than that in the anterior nares of patients with other skin diseases or in healthy adult controls, and the prevalence of S. aureus in the subungual spaces was 10 times higher in patients with atopic dermatitis than in those with other skin diseases or in controls. Both the anterior nares and the subungual spaces of the hands are important reservoirs of S. aureus in atopic dermatitis. The phage type of S. aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares is similar to that of the strains isolated from the subungual spaces.
Colloidal Silicic Acid for the Treatment of Psoriatic Skin Lesions, Arthropathy and Onychopathy. A Pilot Study
Authors: Lassus A
Published: January 2017

In a randomized, double-blind study, patients with chronic plaque-type psoriasis were either treated with 30 ml colloidal silicic acid gel, orally, daily, and topically with the same gel ( n = 15), or were treated identically with placebo gel ( n = 15) for 3 months. One stable psoriatic lesion on the knee or elbow was treated topically and followed throughout the study. Five patients in the treated group and seven controls had psoriatic arthropathy and 11 treated patients and 12 controls had psoriatic onychopathy. Three treated patients and six controls withdrew because of skin irritation or lack of efficacy. In the treated group there were clear improvements in scaling, induration and erythema after treatment. The nail changes were cured in five of 10 evaluable patients in the treated group and joint pain was reduced by almost half in the four evaluable patients with arthropathy. There were no such improvements in the placebo group.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das histochemische Verhalten amyloider, fibrinoider und hyaliner Ablagerungen in der Gefässwand verschiedener Säugetiere und Vögel; II. Kohlenhydrate
Authors: Hilgenfeld M. , Jakob W.
Published: January 2017

Use of histochemical techniques for the detection of carbohydrates showed variable quantities of glycoproteins in deposits of amyloid, fibrinoid, and hyaline in vessel walls. Staining with alcian blue demonstrated acid mucopolysaccharides in vascular deposits of amyloid. After proteolysis acid mucopolysaccharides were also found in vascular hyaline. Fibrinoid, however, did not tend to bind alcian blue.
Klossiella hydromyos n.sp. from the Kidneys of an Australian Water Rat (Hydromys chrysogaster)
Authors: Winter H. , Watt D.
Published: January 2017

Klossiella hydromyos from the kidney of an Australian water rat ( Hydromys chrysogaster) is reported as a new species. Numerous examples of the various stages of the sporogonic cycle were observed in the epithelium of the kidney tubules. In addition there were also schizonts, mainly in the glomeruli and to a lesser extent in the renal vessels
A Congenital Defect in the Spinal Cord of the Manx Cat
Authors: Martin A. H.
Published: January 2017

The lumbar part of the spinal cords of two Manx kittens showed syringomyelia associated with spina bifida occulta. The syringomyelia may have been caused by a secondary mechanism, such as occlusion of blood vessels, that occurred after formation of the spinal cord. There was no apparent hyperplasia of neural tissue. Incomplete fusion of vertebral arches may also have been caused in part by such a vascular defect.
Membranous Glomerulonephritis in Dogs Infected with Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Casey H. W. , Splitter G. A.
Published: January 2017

Membranous glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in five dogs with patent Dirofilaria immitis infections. Electron-dense deposits were present on the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane. An immunofluorescent study demonstrated immunoglobulins in the capillary wall and mesangium of the glomeruli. The glomerular lesions were considered to represent an immune complex form of glomerulonephritis induced by the D. immitis infection.
Cytology of Tracheobronchial Aspirates in Horses
Authors: Beech J.
Published: January 2017

Tracheobronchial aspirates were obtained from 27 normal horses and from 57 horses with respiratory disease. Aspirates from normal horses contained mainly ciliated columnar epithelial cells, mononuclear cells, a few neutrophils and mucus. Aspirates from horses with acute suppurative bronchopneumonias or chronic bronchiolitis had predominantly neutrophils and usually large amounts of mucus; in severe suppurative inflammatory diseases, many of the cells were degenerated, and there were coils of fibrinous material resembling Curschmann's spirals. Eosinophils were rarely found, even from horses with histories suggestive of allergic respiratory disease. Aspirates from horses with epistaxis frequently had macrophages with intracytoplasmic green globules (hemosiderin). Tracheobronchial aspirates occasionally revealed subclinical lung disease. Four horses with no clinical signs of lung disease and lungs that were unremarkable on percussion and normal on auscultation had aspirates suggestive of inflammation; histologic examination confirmed bronchiolitis.
Histology of Salivary Gland Infarction in the Dog
Authors: Kelly D. F. , Lucke V. M. , Denny H. R. , Lane J. G.
Published: January 2017

Salivary gland infarction was found in two adult dogs. The main changes were ischaemic necrosis, capsular fibrosis and regenerative hyperplasia of surviving ductal epithelium. Necrosis of arterial tunica media and thrombosis were found only in the infarcted parts of the salivary glands. The lesions appeared to be confined to the salivary glands; no cause of the infarction was found.
Chronic Canine Distemper Virus Encephalitis in Mature Dogs
Authors: Vandevelde M. , Kristensen B. , Braund K. G. , Greene C. E. , Swango L. J. , Hoerlein B. F.
Published: January 2017

Five dogs 2 to 8 years old with old dog encephalitis were compared to five other dogs, 4 to 8 1/2 years old, with prolonged multifocal demyelinating distemper encephalitis. The dogs with old dog encephalitis had a diffuse panencephalitis involving most areas of the central nervous system with relative sparing of the cerebellum. The clinical signs were related to the cortical and subcortical lesions. The other dogs had severe focal necrotizing lesions mostly in the cerebellum and in the vicinity of the fourth ventricle; clinical signs were related to brainstem and spinal cord lesions. Viral isolation attempts were unsuccessful in the dogs with old dog encephalitis. In two dogs with multifocal encephalitis, canine distemper virus was isolated in tissue culture. The differences in lesions, clinical signs and observations in vitro indicate differences in pathogenesis between old dog encephalitis and multifocal demyelinating distemper encephalitis although both diseases may be caused by the same agent.
Unusual Psammoma Bodies in an Extracranial Syncytial Meningioma from a Dog
Authors: Fagerland J. A. , Greve J. H.
Published: January 2017

An epidural neoplasm was removed from the right side of the third cervical vertebra of a Blue Tick Hound dog. By light microscopy the tumor was classified as a syncytial meningioma containing psammoma bodies that were histochemically positive for calcium salts, but negative for reticulum fibers and collagen. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had numerous processes and desmosomes. Cytoplasmic fibrils were sparse. Coated cytoplasmic vesicles frequently were fused with plasma membranes. The psammoma bodies were not within the cytoplasm, but were in spaces continous with the extracellular space. The bodies were composed of a medium electron-dense matrix; a crystalline, highly electron-dense center; and, sometimes, short fibrils embedded in the granular matrix.
Chronic Eosinophilic Dermatitis: A Manifestation of a Multisystemic, Eosinophilic, Epitheliotropic Disease in Five Horses
Authors: Wilkie J. S. Nimmo , Yager J. A. , Nation P. N. , Clark E. G. , Townsend H. G. G. , Baird J. D.
Published: January 2017

A generalized, chronic, progressive, exfoliative dermatitis in five horses is described. Histologically, the lesion is characterized by a superficial and deep perivascular dermatitis which is eosinophil-rich with a marked lymphocytic and plasmacytic component, accompanied by marked acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. More severe cases progress to a lichenoid pattern with the same cellular composition with focal eosinophilic spongiosis and eosinophilic subcorneal pustules. Clinically, the disease is associated with chronic, severe weight loss and is fulminating. The skin lesions are accompanied by lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic infiltrates and formation of eosinophilic granulomas in other epithelial organs, most noticeably the pancreas, in which a chronic, fibrosing pancreatitis develops. Other epithelial organs involved to various degrees are salivary glands, the gastrointestinal system, including the oral cavity and esophagus, biliary epithelium and bronchial epithelium. The etiology of this disease is unknown.
Chronic Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Persistent Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Infection
Authors: Roth L. , King J. M. , Hornbuckle W. E. , Harvey H. J. , Tennant B. C.
Published: January 2017

The livers of 16 woodchucks with naturally acquired chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus were examined both grossly and histologically in 14 biopsy specimens and seven necropsy specimens. Fifteen woodchucks had lesions characteristic of chronic hepatitis; ten of these had chronic active hepatitis, four had chronic persistent hepatitis, and one had cirrhosis with nodular regeneration. In one woodchuck there was massive hepatic necrosis attributed to infection with an unclassified protozoan. Thirteen woodchucks had primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Metastasis to the lung was observed in only one woodchuck. These results were compared to liver lesions in 149 woodchuck hepatitis virus-negative woodchucks. Chronic hepatitis comparable to that associated with woodchuck hepatitis virus infection was not observed in woodchuck hepatitis virus-negative woodchucks although in one, a single, small hepatocellular adenoma was found.
Tumors in Dwarf Galagos (Galagoides demidovii)
Authors: Brack M.
Published: January 2017

Three spontaneously occurring tumors are described in dwarf galagos. One tumor was a subcutaneous fibrous histiocytoma in the left inguinal area of an adult male; the other two were bile duct carcinomas in a seven-year-old male and a four-year-old female. Both bile duct carcinomas had remarkable invasive and metastasizing capacities.
Cytochemical Characterization of Leukemic Cells from 20 Dogs
Authors: Facklam N. R. , Kociba G. J.
Published: January 2017

The hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 20 leukemic dogs and 22 control dogs were characterized using a battery of cytochemical stains. The results of cytochemical staining led to modification of the diagnoses based on clinical, hematologic and histologic findings in seven (35%) of the leukemias. Sudan black B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic markers in both the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was present in the granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not the blasts of leukemic dogs. Alkaline phosphatase-positive staining of granulocytic precursors was a consistent finding in granulocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia, and alkaline phosphatasepositive lymphoblasts were seen in 38% of lymphocytic leukemias. Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase-positive staining marked monocytes in both control and leukemic dogs. Cytochemical staining was found to be a valuable diagnostic aid in the classification of leukemias in the dog.
Pelger-Huët Anomaly in Cats
Authors: Latimer K. S. , Rakich P. M. , Thompson D. F.
Published: January 2017

Pelger-Huët anomaly was diagnosed in a young male cat on the basis of persistent nuclear hyposegmentation of blood granulocytes, absence of clinical disease or feline leukemia virus infection, and demonstration of genetic transmission of the anomaly. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes had significantly less nuclear segmentation when compared to similar leukocyte types from a control cat. On smears of bone marrow, megakaryocytes also appeared hyposegmented. A test mating with an unaffected queen produced a litter of five kittens (three males, two females). One male and one female kitten had the Pelger-Huët trait on examination of blood smears. Autosomal dominant transmission of this anomaly is suspected based on these findings.
Myelopoiesis and Marrow Adherent Cells in Estradiol-Treated Mice
Authors: Gaunt S. D. , Pierce K. R.
Published: January 2017

Myelopoiesis and marrow adherent cells were evaluated in C57B1/6J mice at two and four weeks after treatment with 0.1 mg 17β-estradiol cyclopentylpropionate. Estradiol-treated mice were lymphopenic and eosinopenic at two and four weeks; in addition, neutropenia occurred at four weeks. Numbers of lymphoid, granulocytic, and erythroid cells were decreased in the marrow at two and four weeks. The numbers of granulocyte-macrophage and fibroblant colony-forming units in the humeral marrow were also decreased at two and four weeks. However, the hematopoietic ability of marrow adherent cells was unchanged in estradiol-treated mice. Thymic cortical atrophy, metaphyseal osteosclerosis, and neutrophilic infiltration of the uterus occurred in estradiol-treated mice.
Plagues We Have Known
Authors: Fernández-Armesto Felipe
Published: January 2017

THROUGHOUT HISTORY, HUMANITY HAS BEEN BESET BY PLAGUES THAT HAVE DEVASTATED POPULATIONS, RUINED ECONOMIES AND BROUGHT STATES AND RULERS TO THE VERGE OF COLLAPSE. IS AIDS DIFFERENT? OR DOES HISTORY HAVE SOMETHING TO TEACH US?
What Future Democracy?
Authors: Rana Aziz
Published: January 2017

THE THREAT POSED BY AIDS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA PLAYS NO PART IN CURRENT DISCUSSIONS OF THE IMPACT OF THE DISEASE
Sex, Lies and HIV
Authors: Hassan Abdelsalam
Published: January 2017

ISLAMIC ATTITUDES TO AIDS COMBINE A CASTIGATION OF ‘MODERN WESTERN VALUES’ WITH DENIAL AND CENSORSHIP IN MUSLIM SOCIETIES
Defying the Silence
Authors: Lucie-Smit Edward
Published: January 2017

UNLIKE THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN OTHER CREATIVE FIELDS, ARTISTS IN THE USA HAVE SET OUT TO PORTRAY THOSE THINGS ABOUT AIDS THAT GOVERNMENTS AND SOCIETY CHOOSE TO IGNORE
Priests and Pressmen
Authors: Nkosi Lewis
Published: January 2017

South Africa: The Press and the Politics of Liberation by Chenhamo C. Chimutengwende Barbican Books 200pp £4.95

Christians or Capitalists, Christianity and Politics in South Africa by Cosmas Desmond The Bowerdean Press 160pp £3.90
Experiment That Failed
Authors: Harding Colin
Published: January 2017

Prensa: Apertura y Limites by Luis Peirano, Eduardo Ballón, Leyla Bartet and Gilberto Valdez Desco Lima 1978, 241pp

Introducción a la Historia de Ios Medios de Comunicación en el Perú by Juan Gargurevich Editorial Horizonte Lima 1977, 217pp
My Book and the School Library
Authors: Klein Norma
Published: January 2017

The American writer of children's books describes how she successfully defended her Confessions of an Only Child before a school board meeting
ABC Color & Radio Nanduti
Authors: Journalists Paraguayan
Published: January 2017

How Aldo Zuccolillo and Humberto Rubin have tried to provide a platform for critical voices
My Friend, Leonid Borodin
Authors: Vladimov Georgy
Published: January 2017

Fearless novelist who has served two prison sentences
Offending the high priests
Authors: Grass Gunter
Published: January 2017

What follows is the text of a speech read on 14 February 1992 at Stationers Hall, London, on the third anniversary of the fatwa against Salman Rushdie.
Clouds of witness
Authors: Rich Vera
Published: January 2017

Belarusian victims of the fallout from Chernobyl are finding it difficult to get their version of events onto the agenda
Sadiq al-Saygh: a two-edged sword
Authors: Ruston Ursula
Published: January 2017

There are no journalists in Iraq, says an exiled poet, only spies and agents provocateurs
Rabin's two legacies
Authors: Ron James
Published: January 2017

From Israeli soldiers, testimony to their brutal treatment of Palestinians during Yitzhak Rabin's government
Another American, God help us, century
Authors: Glass Charles
Published: January 2017

How stands the Union on the threshold of the last election of the American century? Not well, sir, not well. Time to rewrite the Constitution? Yes, indeed, sir
Infections, Toxic Chemicals and Dietary Peptides Binding to Lymphocyte Receptors and Tissue Enzymes are Major Instigators of Autoimmunity in Autism
Authors: Vojdani A. , Pangborn J.B. , Vojdani E. , Cooper E.L.
Published: January 2017

Similar to many complex autoimmune diseases, genetic and environmental factors including diet, infection and xenobiotics play a critical role in the development of autism. In this study, we postulated that infectious agent antigens such as streptokinase, dietary peptides (gliadin and casein) and ethyl mercury (xenobiotic) bind to different lymphocyte receptors and tissue enzyme (DPP IV or CD26). We assessed this hypothesis first by measuring IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against CD26, CD69, streptokinase (SK), gliadin and casein peptides and against ethyl mercury bound to human serum albumin in patients with autism. A significant percentage of children with autism developed anti-SK, anti-gliadin and casein peptides and anti-ethyl mercury antibodies, concomitant with the appearance of anti-CD26 and anti-CD69 autoantibodies. These antibodies are synthesized as a result of SK, gliadin, casein and ethyl mercury binding to CD26 and CD69, indicating that they are specific. Immune absorption demonstrated that only specific antigens, like CD26, were capable of significantly reducing serum anti-CD26 levels. However, for direct demonstration of SK, gliadin, casein and ethyl mercury to CD26 or CD69, microtiter wells were coated with CD26 or CD69 alone or in combination with SK, gliadin, casein or ethyl mercury and then reacted with enzyme labeled rabbit anti-CD26 or anti-CD69. Adding these molecules to CD26 or CD69 resulted in 28–86 % inhibition of CD26 or CD69 binding to anti-CD26 or anti-CD69 antibodies. The highest % binding of these antigens or peptides to CD26 or CD69 was attributed to SK and the lowest to casein peptides. We, therefore, propose that bacterial antigens (SK), dietary peptides (gliadin, casein) and Thimerosal (ethyl mercury) in individuals with pre-disposing HLA molecules, bind to CD26 or CD69 and induce antibodies against these molecules. In conclusion, this study is apparently the first to demonstrate that dietary peptides, bacterial toxins and xenobiotics bind to lymphocyte receptors and/or tissue enzymes, resulting in autoimmune reaction in children with autism.
Metadoxine in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Alcoholism: A Review
Authors: Addolorato G. , Ancona C. , Capristo E. , Gasbarrini G.
Published: January 2017

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are responsible for a wide variety of medical problems. The pharmacotherapeutic aspect of alcoholism includes the use of drugs, with different actions and objectives. Among them, metadoxine seems to be of interest. Metadoxine is able to accelerate the elimination of alcohol from the blood and tissues, to help restore the functional structure of the liver and to relieve neuro-psychological disorders associated with alcohol intoxication. Metadoxine also seems to be safe; in more than 15 years of post-marketing surveillance only minor aspecific and reversible events were monitored in patients exposed to the treatment. In this review the preclinical and clinical results obtained using metadoxine in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication are reported.
An Experimental Analysis of the Catecholamines in Hyperglycemia and Acidosis-Induced Rat Brain
Authors: Ramakrishnan R. , Nazer M.Y. , Suthanthirarajan N. , Namasivayam A.
Published: January 2017

Hyperglycemia and acidosis are the hallmarks of diabetes. Since these factors play an important role in diabetic complications, we have studied the brain catecholamine levels in hyperglycemic and acidotic conditions per se. Experimentally induced hyperglycemia and acidosis are accompanied by significant alterations in the catecholamine levels in discrete areas of the brain. We and others have shown that chronic or acute diabetes in animals, as well as in humans results in altered neurotransmitter levels. In the present study, hyperglycemia maintained by daily external administration of glucose for thirty days showed increased level of dopamine in striatum and hippocampus, elevation of norepinephrine in hippocampus, and increased level of epinephrine in hypothalamus, midbrain and pons medulla. The ammonium chloride induced acidosis demonstrated significant elevation of dopamine in midbrain and significant increase of norepinephrine in hypothalamus and midbrain, and increased level of epinephrine in hypothalamus, pons medulla and cerebral cortex. On the other hand, sodium acetoacetate induced acidosis did not show any significant change in the level of catecholamines in any of the areas studied. In conclusion, the changes in catecholamine levels observed in experimentally induced hyperglycemic as well as in acidotic conditions are closely related to the changes observed in spontaneous or alloxan or streptozotocin diabetic animals, thereby suggesting that these conditions may be responsible for the changes observed in diabetic animals.
Attenuation of Leukocyte β2-Integrin Expression by Antithrombin-III
Authors: Gritti D. , Malinverno A. , Gasparetto C. , Wiedermann C.J. , Ricevuti G.
Published: January 2017

Antithrombin-III exerts antiinflammatory effects via ligation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Here we show in vitro that recombinant human antithrombin-III attenuates CD11b/CD18 expression of activated neutrophils and monocytes in whole blood ex vivo. As leukocyte integrin expression is triggered by extracorporeal circulation, this observation may be of relevance for pharmacological treatment during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Growth Hormone Antibodies Formation in Patients Treated with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
Authors: Ahangari G. , Ostadali M.R. , Rabani A. , Rashidian J. , Sanati M.H. , Zarindast M.R.
Published: January 2017

Human growth hormone (hGH) is normally produced by acidophilic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to produce rhGH. There have been reports of immunological reactions in patients treated with rhGH. For this reason, it is necessary to check sera of patients for presence of antibody against rhGH. Forty-seven children were treated for up to 6 months with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH-Novo), 0.1 IU/Kg body weight, subcutaneously, three times weekly. The magnitude of growth response was similar to those expected from clinical experience with pituitary growth hormone. We examined sera for specific antibodies against rhGH by ELISA methods. Four patients developed serum antibodies against growth hormone. The analysis of these four sera by Dot blotting method also showed presence of antibodies against rhGH. In the sera of treated patients, pre-incubated with different concentration of rhGH, specific antibodies were detected by neutralizing assay. This finding was confirmed by ELISA technique. In conclusion, the main concern with anti-GH antibodies could be their ability to neutralize circulating growth hormone and inhibition its growth promoting effect.
Multiple Viral/Self Immunological Cross-Reactivity in Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibody Positive Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients is Associated with the Possession of HLA B51
Authors: Bogdanos D.-P. , Lenzi M. , Okamoto M. , Rigopoulou E. I. , Muratori P. , Ma Y. , Muratori L. , Tsantoulas D. , Mieli-Vergani G. , Bianchi F. B. , Vergani D.
Published: January 2017

Liver Kidney Microsomal autoantibody type 1(LKM1) directed to cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) characterises autoimmune hepatitis type-2 (AIH-2), but is also found in a proportion of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients, CYP2D6252 – 271 being a major B- cell autoepitope. Molecular mimicry and immunological cross-reactivity between CYP2D6252 – 271, HCV polyprotein and the infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been suggested as triggers for the induction of LKM1, but reactivity and cross-reactivity to the relevant sequences have not been investigated experimentally. CYP2D6252 – 271 and its viral homologues were constructed and tested by ELISA in the sera of 46 chronically infected HCV patients, 23 of whom were LKM1 positive. Reactivity to the E1 HCV and ICP4 HSV1 mimics was frequently found in HCV infected patients irrespectively of their LKM1 status; viral/self cross-reactivity (as indicated by inhibition studies), however, was present in the only 2 of the 23 LKM1 seropositive HCV patients, who possessed the HLA allotype B51. Our results indicate that in HCV infected patients virus/self cross-reactivity is dependent on a specific immunogenetic background, a finding awaiting confirmation by studies in larger series of patients.
Synergistic Combination of N-Acetylcysteine and Ribavirin to Protect from Lethal Influenza Viral Infection in a Mouse Model
Authors: Ghezzi P. , Ungheri D.
Published: January 2017

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary damage during viral infections. In a previous study we observed a significant improvement of survival of influenza-infected mice with NAC, 1g/kg divided in two daily administrations, for 8 days including a pretreatment on day 1 before infection. In order to test NAC in a more realistic model, we studied the effect of combined treatment with NAC and the antiviral drug, ribavirin. Since in the present work we wanted to test a possible synergistic effect by combination of NAC and ribavirin, we used a different NAC's treatment regimen (1 g/kg, once a day for 4 days) that, alone, did not significantly protect mice from death. Mice (12 per group) infected intranasally with a lethal dose of influenza A virus APR/8. NAC was given as a single daily dose of 1000 mg/kg starting from 4 h after infection and until day 4 after infection, in association with ribavirin (100 mg/kg, ip). End-point evaluation was 14-day survival. With this schedule survival in infected mice was 17%, it was not significantly changed by NAC (25%). Survival increased to 58% with ribavirin and to 92% (n=12) with a combined treatment with ribavirin and NAC. This suggest that antioxidant therapy can increase survival by either improving the defenses against virus or by protecting from the pathogenesis of lung inflammation.