bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Impact of Cancer Screening
Authors: Rimer Caryn Lerman Barbara k.
Published: November 2023

Basic and medical science investigations have identified a growing number of factors that predispose to cancer. Risks related to precancerous lesions (Hutchinson et al., 1980) and to occupational exposures (Mason, Prorok, Neeld, & Vogler, 1986) have been researched widely. A variety of population-based and worksite screening programs have been implemented to identify individuals at increased risk for cancer by virtue of these factors. However, such programs are not without psychological costs (Lerman, Rimer, & Engstrom, 1991). The potential psychological sequelae of cancer screening are of particular concern, as these effects can deter adherence to recommended regimens for continued surveillance (Lerman, Rimer, Trock, Balshem, & Engstrom, 1990; Kash, Holland, Halper, & Miller, 1992; Lerman et al., 1993). Despite this, there has been little attention to the psychosocial impact of cancer screening.
Screening for Disease Detection and Prevention: Some Comments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Moum Torbjorn
Published: November 2023

Testing for disease and health risk today is done on a routine basis in all industrialized nations. Tests for diabetes, hypertension, urinary tract infection, and other disorders are most commonly performed on individuals in a doctor-patient relationship. The term screening, however, usually refers to large-scale testing that is organized as a program aimed at a defined population. Quite often such programs are carried out under public auspices.
Reproduction and Forest Decline of Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis (Yellow-Cedar) in Southeast Alaska, USA
Authors: Hennon Paul E , Shaw Charles G , Hansen Everett M
Published: November 2023

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (yellow-cedar, Alaska yellow-cedar) is an ecologically important and extremely valuable tree species in coastal Alaska. Its ecology, silvics, and methods of management, however, are poorly understood (Harris 1990, Hennon 1995). Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, which is now dying on more than 200,000 hectares (ha) of unmanaged forest in southeast Alaska, is suffering from the most severe forest decline in western North America (Fig. 3.1). In addition, this species has limited successful reproduction in many declining and healthy unmanaged forests in Alaska; numerous searches have failed to locate seedlings (Harris 1990). Forest managers are particularly concerned because C. nootkatensis is not frequently regenerating on sites harvested by logging.
Managing Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (Port-Orford-Cedar) to Control the Root Disease Caused by Phytophthora Lateralis in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Greenup Mel
Published: November 2023

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port-Orford-cedar) ranges along the Pacific Coast from Coos Bay, Oregon to Eureka, California, and eastward to the vicinity of Grants Pass, Oregon, and Redding, California (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). The species is highly adaptable and thrives on diverse soil types and sites in coastal and inland regions of the Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains of both southwest Oregon and northwest California. Within these forest regions, C. lawsoniana grows extensively on state, county, and private lands as well as on federal lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Siskiyou National Forest of Oregon and Six Rivers, Klamath, and Shasta-Trinity National Forests of California.
Impact of Hurricanes on Forests of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, USA
Authors: Conner William H
Published: November 2023

Hurricanes are common, but unpredictable, occurrences on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southeastern United States. There is evidence that 160,000 to 320,000 hurricanes have occurred in the area of the Florida keys during the past two million years (Ball et al. 1967). They occur about once every 20 years in south Florida (Lugo et al. 1976) and are even more common on the Gulf coast (Conner et al. 1989). South Carolina experienced 38 hurricanes between 1700 and 1983, or approximately one every seven years (Dukes 1984). Hurricane paths have been plotted for several time periods. Figure 18.1 shows hurricanes plotted for the years 1886-1963. As can be seen in the figure, the Gulf coast has been hit by more hurricanes than the Atlantic coast.
Chapter 03
Authors: Stannard David E
Published: November 2023

The Spain That Christopher Columbus and his crews left behind just before dawn on August 3, 1492, as they sailed forth from Palos and out into the Atlantic, was for most of its people a land of violence, squalor, treachery, and intolerance. In this respect Spain was no different from the rest of Europe.
Chapter 06
Authors: Stannard David E
Published: November 2023

Christopher Columbuss VIEWED himself as a man of divine destiny in an age of apocalyptic promise. He was unequivocally sure of himself. And one thing of which he was especially certain was that the world was going to end in 150 years. He had made the calculations himself, but they were based on his careful reading of a work entitled Imago Mundi, by the Catholic Cardinal and late Chancellor of the Univar City of Paris-and high priest at the Inquisition and execution of John Huss for heresy-Pierre daily. Written in 1410, though Columbus’s copy was printed in Louvain around 1480, Imago Mundi was an encyclopaedia of sorts for the instruction of lay people in the fields of Christianity-infused geography and cosmology.
Social Types in City Streets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

In 1856 Whitman also wrote his newspaper essay, “Broadway,” which opens: “The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that street, like Broadway, is a thoroughfare, a mart, and a promenade altogether, its representative character is yet more striking.”1 In the 1850s, Broadway proper was the two miles between the Bowling Green and 14th Street and traversed most of the “walking city,” as historians now call the old compact cities. Whitman recounted the temporal rhythm of the street around the clock and the synchronized parade of its social types.
Us and Them
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

The new industrial order after mid-century created and aggregated new economic classes and enlarged and segregated them into adjacent and highly visible neighborhoods. Popular labeling of urban social groups burgeoned after about 1880 in response to the New Immigration from southern and eastern Europe and, in the case of class, to the harsh political ecomony of the Gilded Age.
Escapes from the Ghetto
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

True to its policy, the leaders of the Bielski otriad soon invited another group from Nowogr6dek ghetto. This group was to join relatives and friends already in the forest. Among the invited was Sonia Boldo, an outgoing and attractive young girl, who had an uncle, an aunt, two cousins, and a close friend, Chaja Bielski, in the otriad.
The Partisan Network
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

After being exposed to German terror, the Jews in Western Belorussia remembered the Soviet occupation as being the “good old days.” They would ask, “Since the Russians were good to us in the past why should the Soviet partisans not be good to us now? Now that we have a common enemy, the USSR has even more reason to protect us.” Jews expected the Russians to help.
The “Big Hunt”
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

When the Bielski otriad reached the Nalibocka forest in summer 1943, the Russian partisan movement had already granted it some legitimacy. Tuvia and his people had come to a place more fully controlled by the Soviets. Here many guerilla detachments had already established their bases, including the headquarters of General Platon, head of the Russian partisans for the Baranowicze region.
Keeping Order
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

“Put a partisan’s jacket on the ground and it will begin to walk.” Lice, the permanent inhabitants of partisan garments, were credited with this unexpected motion. Overcrowding, no change of clothes, and limited washing-all acted as an invitation to these insidious pests. Lice are stubborn. Once they establish residence they are difficult to dislodge. Inevitably, filth and lice lead to disease. Aware of this connection, Tuvia supported those who could improve the otriad’s cleanliness. Because Riva Reich qualified for such work he assigned her to double duty: nursing and sanitary inspection of the camp. Every morning she walked through the otriad checking its hygiene. When she finished this overall survey, she stepped inside the kitchen and into several ziemlankas. But Riva was only one of several women who took turns watching over the camp’s cleanliness.
Extra Points
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Professional football has climbed swiftly and quite steadily in the affections of sports fans since the 1958 NFL championship game. There have been a few bumps along the way, but by and large the NFL’s saga has been one of spectacular success. Roughly 40 percent of American adults described themselves as NFL fans in a 1991 survey for the Sports Marketing Group. Only 31 percent said they were baseball fans and, ominously for major league baseball’s future, twice as many in the eighteen to twenty-four-year age group preferred pro football to baseball.
The Incubation Period Distribution
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

The incubation period is the time between infection and the diagnosis of AIDS. Infected individuals remain seronegative until they develop detectable HIV antibodies, usually within several months (Figure I.4). This event is called seroconversion. Although we define the incubation period as the time from infection to AIDS diagnosis, many studies cannot identify the dates of infection and only provide information about the time from seroconversion to AIDS. However, the time between infection and seroconversion is relatively short (approximate median is 2 months; see Section 4.7) compared to the median of the time from seroconversion to AIDS (approximate median is IO years). Accordingly, we also use incubation period to refer to the time from seroconversion to AIDS. In fact, many published studies on the incubation distribution implicitly use this latter operational definition. Incubation periods are extremely variable and some are very long.
Synthesizing Data Sources and Methods for Assessing the Scope of the Epidemic
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

In the preceeding chapters, we reviewed four methodological approaches for assessing the scope of the epidemic: surveys of HIV prevalence (Chapter 3); extrapolations of the AIDS incidence curve (Chapter 7); back-calculation methods (Chapter 8); and epidemic models of HIV transmission (Chapter 9). The objective of this chapter is to briefly review the strengths and limitations of these methodologies and to consider hybrid approaches that combine information from various sources. In particular, we review hybrid approaches that have been proposed for studying pediatric AIDS, for forecasting AIDS incidence in developing countries, and for forecasting in small geographic areas.
Developing and Evaluating New Therapies and Vaccines
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

In March of 1987, only 6 years after AIDS was defined, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of 3’-azido-2’-3’ dideoxythymidine (AZT), now called zidovudine, for the treatment of severe HIV infection. This remarkable progress was based on the isolation of HIV in 1983 and 1984 and its characterization as a lymphotropic retrovirus (Chapter l).
After the Diagnosis: Coping with a Sense of Loss
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

When a couple plan to have a baby, the one thing they hope will not happen to them is having a child with a disability. If a couple is particularly worried, the mother undergoes amniocentesis; if the results are normal, parents are generally reassured. When the baby is born, if the delivery has gone well and the baby comes out healthy, everyone is joyous. A large percentage of physical and developmental anomalies are detected around the time of birth, so if the baby appears normal then, everyone stops worrying about having a baby with a disability. Almost always, at birth, the autistic baby is believed to be normal. Although a very small number of mothers felt there was something odd about their autistic baby from birth, most feel that there was nothing wrong.
Family Issues
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

Before parents of an autistic child were parents of an autistic child, they were a couple. Before they met, they were individuals with their own separate identities. In the process of meeting the extraordinary demands of raising an autistic child, it is very possible for the husband and wife to lose each other, and for each parent to begin to lose his or her identity separate from the child. In this chapter we’ll discuss family issues. This will include how feelings and expectations about parenting are different when the child is autistic, and how having an autistic child in the family can affect siblings. Families have available to them various types of social support, and in this chapter we’ll discuss the roles of relatives and friends. Finally, we’ll discuss what is often the most difficult issue for families with an autistic child—deciding when and why a residential placement might provide better care than keeping a child at home.
Selecting a Classroom: Assessing Teachers, Aides, and Student Composition
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

In working with the school system to find an appropriate educational program for a child, parents and their consultants can have the opportunity to visit existing classrooms to determine whether the staff and the curriculum of a particular class will meet the educational needs of their child. In this chapter, we’ll discuss what kind of classroom may be best for a particular child, what to look for as you observe staff, and the necessary preconditions there should be before agreeing to have a child placed in a particular class. The qualities of every class change with the addition of each new student. Therefore, observations need to focus on how the available resources could be applied to the specific needs of the child you are planning to place in a given classroom. As each new year of special education is planned, parents should take the opportunity to consider their child’s educational alternatives before sitting down to the next (or first) IEP meeting where the agreement for the next year’s education plan will be written down, agreed to, and signed.
The Vanguard of Reform
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

If Pierre-Louis Lacretelle was “hardly a barrister except in name” in the waning years of the Old Regime, he was in good company. While the majority of Parisian lawyers continued to go about routine business, the elite of the profession concerned themselves with what can only be called politics. Every case they fought had two audiences, the judges and “public opinion,” and two purposes, the vindication of their clients and the implementation of enlightened reform. In some respects, these goals were not materially different from Elie de Beaumont’s at the time of the Calas affair. The idea was still to join “philosophic,” in the eighteenth century sense of the word, to jurisprudence. The context, however, had changed drastically. For one thing, following the Maupeou crisis and the fiasco of Linguet’s disbarment, barristers no longer had to fear the censorial disapproval of the Order. Furthermore, the broader political realm itself had grown more sympathetic.
Mirrors of Destruction
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

This book examines the relationship between total war, state-organized genocide, and the emergence of modern identity. Omer Bartov demonstrates that, in the twentieth century, there have been intimate links between military conflict, mass murder of civilian populations, and the definition and categorization of groups and individuals. The Holocaust, he argues, can only be understood within the context of the century’s predilection to apply systematic and destructive methods to resolve conflicts over identity. His study follows the changing relationships between Jews and non-Jews in France and Germany from the outbreak of World War I to the present. He takes a close look at the glorification of war between 1914–18 and examines the pacifist reaction in interwar France to show how it contributed to a climate of collaboration with dictatorship and mass murder. He also provides detailed analyses of modern apocalyptic visions and pursuits for internal enemies. The book is an important new perspective on some of the most crucial issues of our time.
Contexts to the Conflict
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

When he refused to operate on the Bollinger baby, Harry Haiselden became the first Western physician in modern times to publicly permit the death of a potentially savable newborn. But he was neither the first to openly advocate such a policy nor the first to implement it in private.

Infanticide had been practiced in much of the ancient world. Greek and Roman fathers legally could kill their babies for any reason at all. Common motives ranged from domestic economics to religious ritual, but selective destruction of the unhealthy was among the most widely-approved. In classical Greece, exposure was used both to dispose of visibly impaired newborns and to weed out those with invisible weaknesses. Both Plato and Aristotle recommended legally requiring the death of clearly deformed infants. Such a compulsory system existed in Sparta and under the Laws of the Twelve Tables in Rome. But exposing apparently healthy babies in order to detect hidden defects was officially discouraged as too unselective.
There Have Been Frequent Flooding and Sea-Level Change Events on Earth
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Someone once said that there is nothing like a waiting noose to focus the mind. It is possible to argue that the mind is equally focused by waters rising above one’s feet of clay. Most of the people in the world still live along watercourses or near seacoasts, as water is a life-sustaining element. But water, impelled by planetary forces and following its own agenda, often rises up and destroys. Floods are so common, in fact, that we tend to lose track of them as a matter of importance in a catalog of natural disasters. Few floods cause great, concentrated losses of life, except the ones that-remote from our lives--carry off tens of thousands of citizens in places like Bangladesh. We are more apt to think of floods as photographs of people making do, sloshing around in a few feet of water in the aftermath of a hurricane or surprisingly heavy rainstorm, their houses full of muck, their tax and other records, perhaps, a soggy mass of useless pulp.
Then Along Came Man and Man Has Effected Vast Environmental Changes on a Local and Regional Scale
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Up to this point we have been looking at the Earth’s activities and their effects on climate, on life in general, and more recently on mankind itself. But now, when we look at mankind’s effects on the natural environment, we have hit the fast-forward button. We are dealing with a far different time scale. The historical record goes back only around 7,000 years, and even human prehistory-perhaps some 50,000 years-is but an instant in geologic time. Humans have always had some effect on their environment-for example, by the time of the Romans, water pollution was a moderate problem-but only locally, here and there. By 1800, water pollution had become a regional problem in numerous areas around the world. But the most noticeable environmental changes have come about since then, essentially with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. It is not just the total effects that are of interest; far more important are the rates of change. For if continued indefinitely at increasing rates, the Earth would become largely uninhabitable.
Hard Times for Diversity
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

Biological riches are the most dependable kind of wealth. Money, if it ever appears, is easily lost. Possessions are equally vulnerable. A good name takes effort to maintain-it can be erased by a momentary carelessness or, in this era of computer files and insatiable news media, by the carelessness of others. Art and architecture are destroyed by war and vandalized by time. Health vanishes; happiness can disappear like silver maple leaves at the approach of winter. Nobody is proof against such changes. But the diversity of living species and communities, even when locally diminished, remains, a cup that fills itself at every opportunity, although not always with the same wine. One would think that the value of natural and cultural diversity would be obvious to each new generation. Not ours.
Ecosystem Health
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

when I first became aware of environmental problems, in the 1960s, the environmentalists of the day commonly said that Lake Erie was dead. Even though it is difficult to imagine a lake as a corpse, the image was a vivid one and did much to arouse interest in pollution and other legitimate environmental concerns. Of course the lake was not dead, although its best friends were having trouble recognizing it. Perhaps it would have been better to say that the lake was in ill health.
Asking Unaskable Questions A Case Study
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

There aren’t many people whose mere thoughts are more interesting than their way of making money, their private sex lives, the story of their miraculous recovery, their method for training police dogs or losing weight, or their six gourmet recipes for leftover broccoli. Garrett Hardin, professor emeritus of human ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara, is one of the precious few: the original thinker’s original thinker.
The Jazz Tradition
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

‘The best one-volume history of jazz. ’ That is how the American Music Guide described the book that Louis Armstrong once said ‘held ol ’ Satch spellbound ‘. A unique blend of history and criticism, this lively and perceptive book includes chapters on such jazz giants as King Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, John Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman. In addition to an expanded essay on Count Basie, this revised edition also includes pieces on Eric Dolphy, Bill Evans, and the World Saxophone Quartet.
John Lewis And The Modern Jall Quartet Modem Conservative
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

One could say that the Modern Jazz Quartet actually began in 1946 as the rhythm section of Dizzy Gillespie ‘s orchestra: two years later, in fact, four titles were rather obscurely recorded by Milt Jackson, John Lewis, Kenny Clarke, Al Jackson on bass, plus Chano Pozo on Conga drum. However, in August 1951 the “Milt Jackson Quartet “ assembled for a recording date, and its members decided they liked playing together. Percy Heath came in on bass for Ray Brown, Milt Jackson on vibraphone, John Lewis on piano, Kenny Clarke on drums. Lewis soon became musical director, and the group was called the Modern Jazz Quartet. Success was gradual, and the Quar tet ‘s career was interrupted several times as its members briefly took other jobs. Then in 1955, Clarke left and Connie Kay became the group ‘s drummer.
Miles Davis A Man Walking
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

By the early ‘fifties, it may have seemed that the productive career of trumpeter and fluegelhornist Miles Davis was just about over. Between 1950 and 1954 his work had become uneven. Obvious aspects of his style had already been si phoned off and popularized by several trumpeters, particularly on the West Coast. And in the East meanwhile there had arrived a young man named Clifford Brown, whose work brought together some of the best aspects of modern trumpet-a sort of synthesis of Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and most particularly Fats Navarro.
Sarah Vaughan The Meaning of Self-Discovery
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

In the 1950s it was said that Sarah Vaughan made two kinds of recordings. With her trio of piano, bass, and drums, she offered more or less informal and spontaneous treatments of standard American popular songs largely intended for a following that already knew her work and knew what it wanted of her. With large, studio-assembled groups, she did mostly current material in a more subdued manner in search of listeners that she had not yet reached.
Charlie Mingus The Pivotal Instrument
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

How is one to judge the contributions of Charles Mingus? They are probably sizable, we expect, even before we have thought much about them or decided exactly what they are. And when we do try to decide what they are, the question begins to get complicated. Mingus was, on the face of it, an ensemble leader, but one who seemed to change his ideas of what kind and what size of ensemble he wanted to lead. He was a bass player and evidently an innovative one. And he was a composer.
John Coltrane A Man in the Middle
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

John Coltrane had his followers, imitators, and popularizers from the time that he was first a member of Miles Davis ‘s quintet in 1955. There were musicians who show the effect of his playing at almost every stage of his career, and that fact reminds us that he was an importantjazzman. It also reminds us of how much his playing changed during his lifetime. Or perhaps one should say, how often it changed, because on the surface at least, some of the changes seemed to come abruptly, almost as though some phases of Coltrane ‘s career were not evolutionary exactly, but deliberate.
World Saxophone Quartet Four in One
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Wynton Marsalis was not the first jazz musician to have per formed “classical “ music. He had centered his attention fully on jazz by the late 1980s, but when he played Bach and Haydn he was surely the most widely accepted jazzman ever to have undertaken the European classics. Marsalis was also obviously one of the most outstanding young jazz musicians to have come along in over a decade. His work might be called a synthesis, a summary, with surpassing virtuosity, of every thing that jazz trumpet had achieved and had ever been. But Marsalis was not the first about whom such a statement might have been made; a decade earlier, it was obvious that Stanley Cowell (for one) was a comparable virtuoso for jazz piano and its history.
Voluntary Health Agencies
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

Organized activities outside of government for a health objective are another part of the national health system in virtually every country. The health objectives may be very different and the strategies employed quite diverse, but health services are influenced in some way.
Economic Support of Health Systems
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

Of all the features of a country that influence its health system, none is more important than the economic level. Beyond its basic influence on people’s health, the country’s economic level determines the size of expenditures in the national health system. In 1987, according to the World Bank, health system expenditures in all industrialized countries amounted to $670 per person per year, in developing countries of middle income, it came to $31 per capita, and in very low income developing countries it was $9 per capita. These enormously different per person expenditures obviously paid for very different amounts and quality of health resources and health services.
Health Regulation and Legislation
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

The supervision of activities within a health organization is an important aspect of health administration, as discussed in Chapter 10. When some sort of central authority exercises control over activities in the open market of a society, it may be termed regulation. When that type of control is embodied in a law enacted by government (at various levels), it constitutes one category of health legislation. Pursuant to certain broad public authorities established under health legislation, an official agency may issue further detailed instructions, which are also known as regulations .
Health Programs for Certain Disorders
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

In every health system there are organized efforts to cope with special disorders, varying with epidemiological conditions. The oldest of these efforts have concerned the control of communicable diseases, but with the changing picture of morbidity and mortality in countries, other objectives of disease control have become prominent. In this chapter we shall examine the principal strategies of disease control under five major categories: (I) communicable diseases, (2) sexually transmitted diseases, (3) mental disorders, (4) chronic noncommunicable diseases, and (5) dental disease.
Correspondence and Disquotation
Authors: David Marian
Published: November 2023

Marian David defends the correspondence theory of truth against the disquotational theory of truth, its current major rival. The correspondence theory asserts that truth is a philosophically rich and profound notion which needs serious explanation. Disquotationalism is a radically deflationary philosophy of truth inspired by Tarski and propagated by Quine and others. It rejects the correspondence theory, insists truth is anemic, and advances an “anti-theory” of truth that is essentially a collection of platitudes: “Snow is white” is true only if snow is actually white; “Grass is green” is true only if grass is actually green. According to disquotationalists the only profound insight about truth is that it lacks profundity. David contrasts the correspondence theory with disquotationalism and then develops the latter position in rich detail – more than has been available in previous literature – to show its faults. He demonstrates that disquotationalism is not a tenable theory of truth, as it has too many absurd consequences.
The Athenians and Their Environment
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

In 387/6 the Athenians had to yield to the power of the Spartans, who had the approval and active support of the Persian king. So it is proper to pause and ask what manner of men the Athenians were, what sort of Greek neighbors they dealt with, and in what form Persian power confronted them. This chapter will therefore deal with the size of the Athenian population, its wealth, and its supply of food. It will proceed to the constitution and political scene in Athens. Other Greek states will be noted briefly; not much needs to be said about them. Persia, on the other hand, is less well understood. From time to time in the fourth century Athenian policy responded to developments in the northwest frontier of the Persian Empire, a “frontier” that embraced Asia Minor, Cyprus, and Egypt. An excursus will be needed and will lead to consideration of the war in Cyprus, which induced Artaxerxes to listen to Tiribazos and Antalkidas in 388/7.
Love Bound: Andriana Savorgnan, Common Whore, Courtesan, and Noble Wife
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

“I believe you should make your daughter Pippa a whore,” Antonia concluded after listening to Nanna contrast the dishonesties of her life as a nun and a wife with the successes of her life as a whore. So Pietro Aretino, the famous sixteenth-century writer and polemicist, had his women narrators conclude their discussion of the best life for a woman in his sixteenth-century satire the Sei giornate. Antonia summed up their reasoning: “the nun is a traitor to her sacred vows, the wife an assassin of holy matrimony; but the whore attacks neither the convent nor the husband. In fact … her shop sells that which she has to sell. So be open-handed with Pippa and make her a whore from the start.
The Women Priests of Latisana: Apollonia Madizza and the Ties That Bind
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord; and the prayer of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will raise him up; and if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. And he called the twelve together and gave them power and authority over all demons and to cure diseases, and he sent them out to preach the kingdom of God and to heal.
The Impact and Promise of the Cognitive Revolution
Authors: Sperry Roger W
Published: November 2023

Reflecting on a century past with an eye to the future, what I have to say is colored in no small part by a concern long shared with the late B. F. Skinner, namely, “Can the American Psychological Association, or any other organization, count on another hundred years?” Skinner’s answer became increasingly less optimistic, especially in his last decade, concluding, “The more we learn about human behavior, the less and less promising appear the prospects.” My own answer, reflecting a similar vein of increasing concern, sees a possible ray of hope in psychology’s cognitive revolution and what it could mean in bringing new perspectives, beliefs, and values-in short, new mindsets and a new way of thinking-much needed if humanity is to survive the next century.
A Bioenergeticist’s Revenge
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

You Probably Think It’S Easy being a bioenergeticist, spending day after day interconverting kilocalories and kilojoules and trying to think about the reaction changes of entropy along the metabolic pathways. Well, I don’t want to complain, but those of us working in the thermodynamic foundations of biology don’t get a lot of respect.
Brighten The Corner Where You Are
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

A While Ago I was scheduled to take a very early morning flight out of Newark Airport. Since there was no easy way to get to the terminal from New Haven at that hour of the day, I opted to spend the night in New York at the Yale Club. The location somehow reminded me that I hadn’t seen one of my undergraduate roommates for some time, so I called and we arranged to meet for dinner at the club. We formerly would see each other every couple of years, but somehow the periods had spaced out over time.
Madame Pele
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

CALL ME A VULCANOPHILE. While Ishmael may feel the call of the sea, I am drawn to the sights and sounds and brimstone odor of molten lava pouring from the ground. Watching this birth of new land is for me a religious experience, the alpha and omega of planetary death and resurrection all combined in a single event. It is difficult to arrange one’s vacations around such episodic events as lava flows, so great flexibility is necessary. It is New Year’s Day, and I find myself on board a plane flying from Kahului, Maui, to Hilo, Hawaii. I have no automobile or room reservations. In short, in a Thoreauvian sense, I am free. But to be free today is either to be rich enough to buy one’s way out of any snags or to be willing to take a backpack and live in any setting that nature provides. I fit neither category, being a victim of a modicum of middle-class respectability, the great enemy of freedom. My only chance for liberty is an occasional attempt at Emersonian self-reliance.
Dirty Neoplatonists
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO has always held a strange position in the pantheon of great American universities. Midwestern yet cosmopolitan, it has been the home of a highly innovative, if considerably idiosyncratic, collection of scholars in a variety of disciplines. Site of a great classical revival, it was described in the 1940s as a Baptist institution where atheist professors taught Roman Catholic philosophy to Jewish undergraduates.

I was therefore not surprised to hear, some years ago, the story of someone finding in a University of Chicago men’s room the following graffito: “X is a dirty Neoplatonist.” X was unknown to me, so I refrain from repeating the name of the target individual. At Harvard that handwriting on the wall would have been pretentious; at Yale it would have been theater of the absurd; but at Chicago it was serious business. In subsequent days I have pondered what is so bad about being a Neoplatonist. And at last I have finally been led to an answer by reading articles on artificial intelligence.
Quadrivial Pursuits
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

THERE HAS BEEN A LOT OF TALK around universities lately about core curricula, the canon, the culturally excluded, and a variety of related topics. I both welcome and sometimes tire of these discussions because real engagement doesn’t quite seem to take place. In an effort to see the world from a different perspective, let’s try to think about the evolution of universities and seek some insights from the past.

In the Middle Ages, curriculum at all levels was determined in large part by the range of intellectual interest and the dominance of the Church in European education. As the universities emerged, a system of instruction was developed along the following lines:

1. Propaedeutics-Latin and Holy Writ. This was canon in the strictest sense, establishing the ecclesiastical foundations of education.

2. The trivium the lower level of the seven liberal arts, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, and logic. These were, and are, tools of thought to proceed to the next level.

3. The quadrivium the upper-level liberal arts, consisting of geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.

4. Philosophy the highest level of education, which was much less narrowly spelled out than the other levels.
A Living Library
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

BACK IN THE EARLY DAYS of classification of organisms, zoos and botanical gardens kept living type specimens of each species for purposes of identifying and comparing unknowns. For backup, museums kept preserved specimens. As the number of known species began to grow dramatically, the task became increasingly difficult, and the discovery of microorganisms added a whole new dimension to the problem.

Preserving strains of microbes requires either continuous cultivation by serial passage or preparation of dried or frozen samples of those cultures that will survive these harsh procedures. At first, in the late 1800s, each investigator maintained his own strains, and other scientists obtained cell lines from the individuals who isolated them. There were serious problems with these procedures. Organisms evolve under continuous laboratory culture, and there is the ever-present danger of contamination.

In response to the need for standardized strains for research and commerce, scientists in various countries established type collections. In the United States at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, C.E.A. Winslow founded in 1913 a Bacteriological Collection and Bureau for the Distribution of Bacterial Cultures.
A Window In Time
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

THE SEARCH FOR LIFE’S ORIGINS is one of those quests that animate the spiritual side of our intellectual endeavors. Although we cannot tell at present exactly how life came to be, findings of the past 20 years in geology, biology, meteorology, and astrophysics enable us to pin down with surprising precision the date the ancestors of current living forms made their appearance on earth.

Knowledge of past life has come to us mainly through fossils, the hardened remains of plants and animals or the mineralized traces of those remains. Almost all of the fossils that fill our great museums and illuminate our biological past, however, are quite recent arrivals on a planet whose beginnings go back to somewhere between 4.5 and 4.6 billion years ago. The great age of fossils-the Phanerozoic Age-covers the most recent 570 million years, or only about one-eighth of the total time that the planet has existed.
Phronesis: Medicine’s Indispensable Virtue
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Few words are as easily misconstrued as prudence. In its contemporary usage, it suggests timidity, undue concern for self-interest, unwillingness to take risks, a narrow pragmatism, and a range of other, less than admirable traits. Yet, in the ancient and medieval worlds, prudence was the capstone virtue, the link between the intellectual and the moral life. In this chapter, we argue that prudence, properly construed, is an indispensable virtue of the medical life, essential to the telos of medicine-a right and good healing action for a particular patient-and essential as well to the telos of the physician qua human being, the life of fulfillment and flourishing.
Justice
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Several years ago, medical ethics and the philosophy of medicine were little concerned with issues of cost containment and access to health care. Still less was there evidence of interest in theories of justice that might drive an equitable health delivery system. That situation has now changed. It has changed dramatically. Issues in economics and social justice have now come to predominate in medical ethics debates. Earlier, we asked if modem health care institutions can compete in today’s marketplace and still maintain their fundamental commitments. At risk is the proper respect to be shown to each individual served by the institution. The same question holds for the health care provider. Under pressure to be an entrepreneur, can these professionals survive while maintaining a commitment to justice?
Temperance
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Given the almost obscene drives encouraged by our modern culture, it is difficult to imagine that any individual, much less a physician, can easily exercise the virtue of temperance. In a society that legitimates conspicuous self-indulgence, the temptations against temperance are many. They range widely, from substance abuse by professionals to the inappropriate use of modern medical technology. Traditionally, temperance is seen as a virtue that controls one’s appetites for food, drink, and sex. But we wish to expand this view to cover some of the more usual temptations of modern professionalism. We do so, as in our other chapters, by first delineating the classical notions of the virtue, then the contemporary extremes that are avoided by cultivating this virtue, and finally, the implications of the virtue for the life of a physician today.
Integrity
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

This chapter will examine the virtue of integrity and its subsidiary, intellectual honesty, in light of the many dangers of compromise that occur, especially in biomedical research. Integrity, by its very connotation, defines for us the nature of the individual who integrates all of the virtues. To say that someone possesses integrity is to claim that that person is almost predictable about responses to specific situations, that he or she can integrate all the virtues into a whole and can prudentially judge the relative importance in each situation of principles, rules, guidelines, precepts, and the other virtues in reaching a decision to act. Clearly, a virtuous physician and a virtuous patient, working in a concert of interests that is the doctor patient relationship, must possess this virtue to bring about the healing aim of the relationship.
Self-Effacement
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

One of the least popular virtues of our time in medicine must be the virtue of self effacement. Because of the tremendous narcissism of our age and the power of medicine we discussed in Chapter 10, putting others and their needs first is a difficult task. The professions today are afflicted with a species of moral malaise that may prove fatal to their moral identities and perilous to our whole society. The malaise is manifest in a growing conviction, even among conscientious doctors, that it is no longer possible to practice their professions within traditional ethical constraints. For reasons that are explained below, this discussion focuses on medicine and obliquely considers the other learned professions, law and ministry. More specifically, the belief is taking hold that unless they look out for their own interests, professionals will be crushed by the forces of commercialization, competition, government regulation, malpractice, advertising, public and media hostility, and a host of other inimical socio-economic forces.
Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

On the night of August 17, 1823, the distinctly African sounds of blaring shell-horns and beating drums signalled the start of one of the most massive slave rebellions in the history of the Western Hemisphere, the uprising in the British colony of Demerara (now Guyana). That evening, nine to twelve thousand slaves surrounded the main houses of about sixty plantations, armed with cutlasses, knives fastened on poles, and guns. They broke down doors, smashed windows, commandeered arms and ammunition, and put their masters and overseers in the stocks. Intent on avoiding a blood bath (over three days of fighting, colonial forces took the lives of more than 255 slaves, while only two or three white men were killed), the rebels spoke of “rights,” and planned to present their grievances to the governor. For a few days, the slaves succeeded in turning the world upside down, treating masters the way masters had always treated slaves. Retaliation from colonial officials would be swift, bloody, and brutal. In Crowns of Glory, Emilia Viotti da Costa tells the riveting story of a pivotal moment in the history of slavery. Studying the complaints brought by slaves to the office of the Protector of Slaves, she reconstructs the experience of slavery through the eyes of the Demerara slaves themselves. Da Costa also draws on eyewitness accounts, official records, and private journals (most notably the diary of John Smith, one of four ministers sent by the London Missionary Society to convert Demerara’s “heathen”), to paint a vivid portrait of a society in transition, shaken to its foundations by the recent revolutions in America, France, and Haiti. Smith and his wife, Jane, the planters and colonial politicians, and the leaders of the rebellion emerge as flesh-and-blood individuals, players trapped in a complex political game none of them could fully understand. Unravelling the complex web of events leading up to the climactic rebellion, Da Costa explains how Smith, a dedicated but inexperienced minister who arrived at the Le Resouvenir plantation confident that all faithful missionaries would win “a crown of glory that fadeth not away,” could seven years later find himself convicted by court martial of fostering rebellion amongst the slaves, and sentenced to be hanged by the neck until dead. She details the colonials’ orgy of repression following the rebellion--scores of slaves were sentenced more or less at random to grisly public executions and ritualistic floggings, and Smith died in his cell before news arrived that the Crown had granted him mercy--and shows how it fueled the anti-slavery movement in Britain, leading to the abolishment of slavery in the colonies ten years later. Casting new light on the nuances of racial relations in the colonies, the inevitable clash between the missionaries’ message of Christian brotherhood and a social order based on masters and slaves, and the larger historical forces that were profoundly eroding the institution of slavery itself, Crowns of Glory is an original and unforgettable book.