bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of meteorological parameters in the seasonality of influenza viruses circulating in Northern Cameroon
Authors: Munshili Njifon Hermann Landry , Monamele Chavely Gwladys , Kengne Nde Cyprien , Vernet Marie‐Astrid , Bouba Gake , Tchatchouang Serges , Njankouo Mohamadou Ripa , Tapondjou Raphaël , Deweerdt Louis , Mbacham Wilfred , Njouom Richard
Published: September 2018

Background

Several studies have demonstrated the role of meteorological parameters in the seasonality of influenza viruses in tropical and subtropical regions, most importantly temperature, humidity, and rainfall.

Objectives

This study aimed to describe the influence of meteorological parameters in the seasonality of influenza viruses in Northern Cameroon, a region characterized by high temperatures.

Methods

This was a retrospective study performed in Garoua Cameroon from January 2014 to December 2016. Monthly proportions of confirmed influenza cases from six sentinel sites were considered as dependent variables, whereas monthly values of mean temperature, average relative humidity, and accumulated rainfall were considered as independent variables. A vector error correction model was used to determine the relationship between influenza activity and the meteorological variables.

Results and conclusion

Analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association between overall influenza activity and influenza A activity with respect to average relative humidity. A unit increase in humidity within a given month leads to more than 85% rise in the overall influenza and influenza A activity 2 months later. Meanwhile, none of the three meteorological variables could explain influenza B activity. This observation is essential in filling the gap of knowledge and could help in the prevention and control strategies to strengthen influenza surveillance program in Cameroon.
Gonad characterization and reproductive seasonality in Siphonaria lessonii (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Knack de Almeida Henrique , Giménez Juliana
Published: September 2018

Histological characterization of the hermaphroditic gonad (HG) and seasonality of gametogenesis were investigated in a population of Siphonaria lessonii from the coast of Buenos Aires Province (37°16′S, 56°58′W). Monthly analysis of the frequency of gametogenic stages, as well as the number and mean size of oocytes, were used to determine reproductive events over a 2‐year period (June 2012–May 2014). Female and male gametes were observed simultaneously within acini of adult individuals and continuously throughout the period studied. Oogenesis commenced in the beginning of austral autumn, with gonads characterized mainly by proliferation of female cells. From this moment, oocytes gradually increased in number and area until spring, when a large number of individuals were found in the evacuation stage. The same trend was observed from early gonad maturation to advanced stages, indicating that gonad development was closely related to the frequency of oocyte stages and to the area (size) of oocytes. Spermatogenesis was also observed as a continuous process throughout the year, although spent acini were more frequent from November until February. Reproductive seasonality and gametogenesis were associated with changes in temperature and day length.
Multiscale toughening of ZrB2‐SiC‐Graphene@ZrB2‐SiC dual composite ceramics
Authors: Cheng Yehong , Lyu Yang , Han Wenbo , Hu Ping , Zhou Shanbao , Zhang Xinghong
Published: September 2018

The design of bioinspired architectures is effective for increasing the toughness of ceramic materials. Particularly, a dual composite equiaxial architecture is ideal for fabricating weak interface‐toughened ZrB2‐SiC ceramics with isotropic performance. In this paper, ZrB2‐SiC‐Graphene@ZrB2‐SiC dual composite ceramics were synthesized via an innovative processing technique of granulating‐coating method. ZrB2‐20 vol.% SiC containing 30 vol.% Graphene was selected as weak interface to realize multiscale toughening and improve the thermal shock resistance of ZrB2‐SiC ceramic materials. The incorporation of ZrB2‐SiC‐Graphene weak interface into the ZrB2‐SiC matrix improved the damage tolerance and critical thermal shock temperature difference. The design of equiaxial structures moderated the anisotropy of performance in different planes. The graphene sheets incorporated in the ZrB2‐SiC‐Graphene interface phase played a key role in multiscale toughening, including macroscopic toughening of crack deflection and microcracks, and microscopic toughening of graphene bridging and pull‐out.
Pressure‐induced ferroelectric‐relaxor phase transition in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐based ceramics
Authors: Peng Ping , Nie Hengchang , Guo Weili , Cao Fei , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin
Published: September 2018

In this work, the effects of composition, temperature, and poling on the phase transition behavior under hydrostatic pressure of lead‐free (1‐x)[(0.98Bi0.5Na0.5Ti0.995Mn0.005O3‐0.02BiAlO3)]‐xNaNbO3 (BNT‐BA‐xNN) ceramics were investigated. It was found that hydrostatic pressure can induce a phase transformation from ferroelectric (FE) to relaxor (RE). Meanwhile, the FE‐RE phase transition pressure (PFR) tends to decrease as the NN addition increases. Moreover, increasing temperature exhibits a similar effect that is, reducing PFR. The reduced PFR were considered to result from the reduced FE stability and increasing proportion of RE phase. However, PFR was obviously enhanced after poling, which can be attributed to the induced FE phase and the formation of macrodomains with application of an electric field. These results will aid in understanding the phase transition behavior of BNT‐based relaxor ferroelectrics for applications under hydrostatic pressure.
Abnormal grain growth in (K, Na)NbO3‐based lead‐free piezoceramic powders
Authors: Thong Hao‐Cheng , Xu Ze , Zhao Chunlin , Lou Lu‐Yao , Chen Shi , Zuo Si‐Qing , Li Jing‐Feng , Wang Ke
Published: September 2018

Abnormal grain growth (AGG) is frequently observed in sintered (K, Na)NbO3 (KNN)‐based piezoceramics. However, in the present study, abnormal grain growth was unexpectedly discovered in calcined KNN‐based powders. To explain the phenomenon, three well‐established models that account for the AGG in sintered ceramics were discussed, including (a) liquid‐phase‐assisted grain growth, (b) two‐dimensional nucleation grain growth, and (c) complexion coexistence. However, the AGG in calcined powders was concluded to be none of them, but a consequence of the A‐site compositional inhomogeneity in the K2CO3‐Na2CO3‐Nb2O5 ternary system. Since repeated calcination and ball milling have low efficiency on solving AGG and the accompanied compositional inhomogeneity, abnormal grains were found to coexist with normal grains at a very high calcination temperature, that is, 1000°C. The compositional inhomogeneity is believed to be remaining even after sintering and consequently deteriorate the comprehensive performances, which might be a determinant for the unstable reproduction of KNN‐based piezoceramics.
Polarization switching dynamics and switchable diode effect in hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7 ceramics
Authors: Tong Bao Y. , Wang Shou Yu , Wong‐Ng Winnie , Zhang Xiongnan , Huang Cong , Zhao Hui , Liu Weifang
Published: September 2018

Hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7 (CTO) ceramics were synthesized by a solid‐state reaction method. Their polarization switching currents, dynamic processes of polarization‐switching, and leakage current properties were investigated. It was found that the dynamic polarization curves of CTO ceramics exhibit obvious dependence on the frequency of the driving electric fields. Moreover, CTO ceramics show a switchable diode effect. The underlying mechanism for the observed effects were proposed based on the interplaying between mobile charged defects and bound charges. The charged defects also lead to a decrease in the band gap of the CTO ceramic, as revealed by absorption spectrum analysis.
How a semantic diagram tool influences transaction costs during collaborative problem solving
Authors: Gu Xiaoqing , Cai Huiying
Published: September 2018

A semantic diagram tool is proposed in this study in order to structure collaborative problem solving (CPS) based on cognitive load theory (CLT). To investigate its effects on transaction cost and the deepening of user understandings, a comparative quasi‐experiment was designed and conducted with 49 participants from a university in East China. Analysis of group dialogic acts and self‐reported cognitive load showed that a semantic diagram tool can decrease transaction costs during CPS. It can thereby help collaborators invest less effort into those procedural conversations that are necessary for managing social interaction but which do not directly contribute to deepening collaborative learning in the task domain. Data analysis of pretested and posttested domain understanding suggested that learners achieved a greater depth of understanding after CPS supported by the semantic diagram tool. These findings are interpreted in terms of CLT. A semantic diagram tool can release the learner's limited working memory from procedural conversation, creating more working memory capacity for deepening problem understanding. Therefore, this study demonstrates one means whereby a semantic diagram tool functions as a promising technological support to structure CPS.
Para‐perirenal distribution of body fat is associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate regardless of other indices of adiposity in hypertensive patients
Authors: Geraci Giulio , Zammuto Marta Maria , Mattina Alessandro , Zanoli Luca , Geraci Calogero , Granata Antonio , Nardi Emilio , Fatuzzo Pasquale Mario , Cottone Santina , Mulè Giuseppe
Published: September 2018

Obesity is a well‐known risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. Recently, para‐perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness (PUFT) has shown to correlate with both total and visceral fat better than body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and other indices of obesity. Moreover, a local paracrine and mechanical action of the PUFT on kidney has been described in recent studies. Aim of our study was to assess the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and PUFT in comparison with other anthropometric and ultrasonographic indices of adiposity. Two hundred and ninety‐six hypertensive patients were enrolled. PUFT, cutis‐rectis thickness and rectis‐aorta thickness were obtained by ultrasonography. Anthropometric measures of adiposity were also measured. Estimated GFR was calculated using the CKD‐EPI equation. Higher PUFT values were observed in patients with impaired renal function (P < 0.001), whereas no differences in BMI and WC were shown between groups divided by GFR. PUFT significantly correlated with GFR in all patients (r = −0.284; P < 0.001), with no differences in groups divided by sex, diabetes, or BMI. This association held in multivariate analyses also after correction for confounding factors, including other adiposity indices (P < 0.001). When receiver operating characteristic curves were built to detect a eGFR < 60 mL/minutes per 1.73 m2, a PUFT value ≤3.725 cm showed a negative predictive value of 94.0%, with the largest area under the curve (AUC: 0.700) among the variables considered. In conclusion, the relationship between PUFT and GFR seems to be more accurate and less influenced by the bias affecting traditional indices of adiposity.
Morbid obesity and hypertension: The role of perirenal fat
Authors: Ricci Maria Anastasia , Scavizzi Matteo , Ministrini Stefano , De Vuono Stefano , Pucci Giacomo , Lupattelli Graziana
Published: September 2018

Accumulation of fat in renal sinus and hilum is associated with hypertension development. We evaluated the relationship between perirenal fat and hypertension in a population of morbidly obese patients and the potential variations after sleeve‐gastrectomy. Two hundred and eighty‐four morbidly obese patients were included in the study, and 126 underwent sleeve‐gastrectomy. At baseline and 10‐12 months after surgery, we evaluated anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glycometabolic, and lipidic assessment, and performed an ultrasonographic evaluation of visceral fat area and perirenal fat thickness. The perirenal fat thickness in hypertensive obese was higher than in nonhypertensive (13.6 ± 4.8 vs 11.6 ± 4.1, P = 0.001). It showed a significant direct correlation with age, waist circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), insulinemia, HOMA‐IR, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine. The independent predictors (R2 = 0.129) of SBP were perirenal fat thickness (β = 0.160, P = 0.022) and age (β = 0.175, P = 0.011). After surgery, perirenal fat thickness significantly decreased (from 13 ± 4 to 9 ± 4 mm, P <0.001). In the 89 hypertensive obese patients who underwent sleeve‐gastrectomy, we observed a significant decrease in antihypertensive medications needed. Sixteen patients suspended therapy. The perirenal fat thickness in obese patients could be a valuable tool to define the risk of developing hypertension, providing the clinician with an additional parameter to define those who need a more aggressive treatment and could benefit most from bariatric surgery.
Heme oxygenase‐1 induction mediates chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to pharmorubicin by promoting autophagy via PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Pei Lei , Kong Yirong , Shao Changfeng , Yue Xiao , Wang Zongling , Zhang Na
Published: September 2018

Background

Concerns about breast cancer had become the most dangerous cancer to women over the world, more and more anti‐cancer agents are developed to treat this malignancy. Pharmorubicin is a cytotoxic drug, widely used in the treatment of breast cancer, but its role is limited because of chemoresistance produced by cells. This study focused on exploring the influence of autophagy on the resistance of pharmorubicin in breast cancer cells.

Methods

The cell survival of breast cancer cells was detected by MTT. The mRNA expression of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) was tested by qRT‐PCR. The protein expression of HO‐1, autophagic proteins (LC3‐I,LC3‐II and Beclin‐1), PI3K and Akt was detected by Western blot. Cell autophagy was examined by Cyto‐ID Autophagy Detection Kit.

Results

After being treated with pharmorubicin, the expression of HO‐1 and autophagy related proteins was significantly enhanced, but the cell survival ratio in the two cell lines decreased. After autophagy was inhibited, HO‐1 expression in two cells was down‐regulated. When pharmorubicin‐resistant cells were transfected with si‐HO‐1, the cell survival decreased and the protein expression of HO‐1, autophagic proteins (LC3‐II/LC3‐I and Beclin‐1) as well as autophagy were all down‐regulated, while in pharmorubicin‐resistant cells transfected with pcDNA3.1‐HO‐1, the results were reverse. When the PI3K or Akt was inhibited, PI3K, p‐Akt, HO‐1, autophagic proteins and autophagy were decreased remarkably.

Conclusion

It was proved that HO‐1 induction mediated chemoresistance of pharmorubicin in breast cancer cells by promoting autophagy via PI3K/Akt pathway.
Multispecies biofilms between Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua with resident microbiota isolated from apple juice processing equipment
Authors: Agustín María del Rosario , Brugnoni Lorena
Published: September 2018

When testing conditions that prevail in fruit juice industry it was found that Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and a wild strain of Listeria innocua were highly hydrophobic, expressed swimming and twitching, co‐aggregated with yeast cells and produced exopolysaccharide, all characteristics that would favor the adhesive process. In mono‐species biofilms, L. innocua adhered on stainless steel at significantly higher counts than L. monocytogenes achieving values of 6.64 ± 0.01 and 5.80 ± 0.21 log CFU/cm2. In dual species biofilms with resident yeasts, L. innocua cells counts increase significantly in the presence of Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei and decrease significantly in the presence of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida kefyr. When cocultured with Candida tropicalis, the cell numbers of L. monocytogenes had a significant increase. These results revealed synergic and antagonistic interactions among species.

Practical applications

The study supports the plausibility that interactions between L. monocytogenes and members of resident microbiota, such as C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. kefyr, and R. mucilaginosa, might play an important role for the survival and dissemination of L. monocytogenes. Apple juice processing conditions was used as simulation of the real condition in fruit juice processing environment and these results will alert to fruit juice industry to adopt the best cleaning and disinfecting practices against Listeria.
Redox proteomics and amyloid β‐peptide: insights into Alzheimer disease
Authors: Butterfield D. Allan , Boyd‐Kimball Debra
Published: September 2018

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging and characterized pathologically by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurite and synapse loss. Amyloid beta‐peptide (1–42) [Aβ(1–42)], a major component of senile plaques, is neurotoxic and induces oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Redox proteomics has been used to identify proteins oxidatively modified by Aβ(1–42) in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss these proteins in the context of those identified to be oxidatively modified in animal models of AD, and human studies including familial AD, pre‐clinical AD (PCAD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early AD, late AD, Down syndrome (DS), and DS with AD (DS/AD). These redox proteomics studies indicate that Aβ(1–42)‐mediated oxidative stress occurs early in AD pathogenesis and results in altered antioxidant and cellular detoxification defenses, decreased energy yielding metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, loss of synaptic plasticity and cell structure, neuroinflammation, impaired protein folding and degradation, and altered signal transduction. Improved access to biomarker imaging and the identification of lifestyle interventions or treatments to reduce Aβ production could be beneficial in preventing or delaying the progression of AD.

image

This article is part of the special issue "Proteomics".
Atrioventricular accessory pathways in 89 dogs: Clinical features and outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation
Authors: Wright Kathy N. , Connor Chad E. , Irvin Holly M. , Knilans Timothy K. , Webber Dawn , Kass Philip H.
Published: September 2018

Background

Atrioventricular accessory pathways (APs) in dogs have been reported rarely. Data regarding clinical presentation and long‐term outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) are limited.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To study clinical features, electrophysiologic characteristics, and outcome of RFCA in dogs with APs.

Animals

Eighty‐nine dogs presented consecutively for RFCA of APs.

Methods

Case series.

Results

Labrador retrievers (47.2% of dogs) and male dogs (67.4% of dogs) were most commonly affected. Labrador retrievers were more likely to be male than non‐Labrador breeds (P = .043). Clinical signs were nonspecific and most commonly included lethargy and gastrointestinal signs. Concealed APs were more prevalent in Labrador retrievers than other breeds (P = .001). Right‐sided APs (91.7%) predominated over left‐sided (8.3%). Tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy (TICM) occurred in 46.1% of dogs, with complete resolution or substantial improvement noted on one‐month postablation echocardiograms. Radiofrequency catheter ablation successfully eliminated AP conduction long term in 98.8% of dogs in which it was performed. Complications occurred in 5/89 dogs. Recurrence in 3 dogs was eliminated long term with a second procedure.

Clinical Importance/Conclusions

Accessory pathways are challenging to recognize in dogs because of nonspecific clinical signs, frequency of concealed APs that show no evidence of their presence during sinus rhythm, and intermittent occurrence of tachyarrhythmias resulting from APs. Tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy commonly occurs with AP‐mediated tachycardias and should be considered in any dog presenting with a dilated cardiomyopathic phenotype because of its good long‐term prognosis with rhythm control. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is a highly effective method for eliminating AP conduction and providing long‐term resolution.
Utility of C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Authors: Mittelman Neil S. , Stefanovski Darko , Johnson Amy L.
Published: September 2018

Background

Accurate antemortem EPM diagnosis requires evidence of intrathecal antibody production. Some advocate the use of acute phase proteins in addition to serology, which alone results in substantial false positives.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine if serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) or serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were elevated in cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) compared to other neurological diseases.

Animals

25 clinical cases of equine neurological disease: EPM (10), cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) (10), neuroborreliosis (2), equine motor neuron disease (1), degenerative myelopathy (1), and leukoencephalomalacia (1).

Methods

Serum and CSF CRP and SAA were measured. Selection criteria included neurologic disease, antemortem diagnosis of EPM or CVSM, or postmortem diagnosis of EPM, CVSM, or other neurologic disease, and availability of serological results and archived samples for testing.

Results

Serum SAA and serum CRP levels were generally undetectable or low in horses with EPM (median CRP ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1‐14.4 mg/L; median SAA ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1‐6.11 mg/L) and CVSM (median CRP ≤0.1, ≤0.1‐2.41 mg/L; median SAA ≤0.1mg/L, ≤0.1‐13.88 mg/L). CSF CRP and SAA for horses with EPM (median CRP 3.35 mg/l, 0.19‐13.43 mg/l; median SAA ≤0.1 mg/L, ≤0.1‐2.4 mg/L) and CVSM (median CRP 4.015 mg/L, 0.16‐9.62 mg/L; median SAA 0.62 mg/L, ≤0.1‐2.91 mg/L) were also undetectable or low. Kruskal–Wallis test showed no statistically significant differences between serum CRP (P = .14), serum SAA (P = .79), spinal fluid CRP (P = .65), or spinal fluid SAA between horses with EPM and CVSM (P = .52).

Conclusion

Neither SAA nor CRP in serum or CSF aid diagnosis of EPM.
Seizure occurrence in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Erlen Alexander , Potschka Heidrun , Volk Holger A. , Sauter‐Louis Carola , O'Neill Dan G.
Published: September 2018

Background

Primary‐care veterinary clinical records can offer data to determine generalizable epidemiological data on seizures occurrence in the dog population.

Objectives

To identify and examine epidemiologic characteristics of seizure occurrence in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK participating in the VetCompass™ Programme.

Animals

455,553 dogs in VetCompass™’.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis estimated the 1‐year period prevalence and risk factors for dogs with seizures during 2013.

Results

The overall 1‐year period prevalence for dogs having at least one seizure during 2013 was 0.82% (95% CI 0.79‐0.84). Multivariable modelling identified breeds with elevated odd ratios [OR] compared with the Labrador Retriever (e.g. Pug OR: 3.41 95% CI 2.71‐4.28, P < 0.001). Males had higher risk for seizures (Male/Entire OR: 1.47 95% CI 1.30–1.66; Male/Neutered OR: 1.34 95% CI 1.19–1.51) compared to entire females. Age (3.00 ‐ ≤ 6.00 OR: 2.13 95% CI 1.90‐2.39, P < 0.001, compared to animals aged 0.50–≤ 3.00 years), and bodyweight (≥ 40.00kg, OR: 1.24 95% CI 1.08–1.41, P = 0.002, compared to animals weighing < 10.0 kg) were identified as risk factors for seizures.

Conclusion and clinical Importance

Seizures are a relatively common clinical finding in dogs. The results for breed, age, sex and bodyweight as risk factors can assist veterinarians in refining differential diagnosis lists for dogs reported with behaviors that may have been seizures. In addition, the prevalence values reported here can support pharmacovigilance with baseline data from the overall population.
Presumptive non‐cirrhotic bleeding esophageal varices in a dog
Authors: Myers Marc , Scrivani Peter V. , Simpson Kenneth W.
Published: September 2018

An 8‐year‐old male American Staffordshire terrier was admitted for evaluation of chronic episodes of ptyalism and hematemesis after exercise. Abnormalities were not detected on routine clinicopathological tests, thoracic radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography. Endoscopic examination revealed a labyrinthine network of severely distended, hemorrhagic esophageal blood vessels. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated a network of para‐esophageal vessels that communicated with the celiac artery caudally and the brachiocephalic trunk cranially, consistent with a diagnosis of non‐cirrhotic esophageal varices. This is a report of exercise, ptyalism, and hematemesis secondary to presumptive, non‐cirrhotic, bleeding esophageal varices in a dog.
Survival associated with cerebrospinal fluid analysis in downer adult dairy cows: A retrospective study (2006‐2014)
Authors: Bilodeau Marie‐Ève , Achard Damien , Francoz David , Grimes Carolyn , Desrochers André , Nichols Sylvain , Babkine Marie , Fecteau Gilles
Published: September 2018

Background

Threshold values for total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of downer dairy cows suggestive of a spinal cord lesion were recently published.

Objectives

Determine short‐ and long‐term survival of downer cows that underwent CSF analysis using the reported threshold values. Evaluate the prognostic value of these threshold values to predict short‐ and long‐term survival.

Animals

Two hundred and fourteen downer adult dairy cows that underwent CSF analysis during hospitalization at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire (CHUV) of the Université de Montréal.

Methods

Retrospective study. Medical records of downer adult dairy cows presented to the hospital between January 2006 and October 2014 for which CSF analysis results were available were studied. Short‐term (discharge from hospital) and long‐term (completion of lactation) survival were determined and compared in accordance with CSF TNCC and protein concentration, using a Chi‐square test.

Results

Cows with CSF TNCC and/or protein concentration above the threshold values had a significantly lower short‐term survival rate (P = .02). The odds of nonsurvival of cows with one or both CSF values above the threshold values was 2.16 times higher than the odds for cows with values under the threshold values. CSF TNCC >4.5 cells/μL had sensitivity and specificity of 17.3% (95% CI: 10.7%‐25.7%) and 92.3% (95% CI: 85.4%‐96.6%), respectively, for predicting short‐term nonsurvival. CSF protein concentration >0.39 g/L had sensitivity and specificity of 20.9% (95% CI: 13.7%‐29.7%) and 91.4% (95% CI: 84.2%‐96.0%), respectively.

Conclusions

CSF analysis above threshold values used in this study is associated with increased odds of short‐term nonsurvival.
Determination of milk/plasma ratio and milk and plasma pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin after intramuscular administration in lactating cows
Authors: Ozdemir Zeynep , Tras Bunyamin , Uney Kamil , Eser Faki Hatice , Besoluk Tugba Melike
Published: September 2018

This study was conducted to determine the passage ratio of amoxicillin into milk and its pharmacokinetics in milk and plasma after intramuscular administration. Five healthy dairy cows (Holstein, weighing 450–500 kg, aged 2–4 years) were used in this study. They received single intramuscular amoxicillin at a dose of 14 mg/kg body weight. Blood and milk samples were collected prior to drug administration (0); after 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min; and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hr after administration. The plasma and milk concentrations of amoxicillin were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The passage ratio of amoxicillin into milk and plasma was determined using bothAUC‐based calculation and milk and plasma concentrations at sampling times; it was calculated 0.46 and 0.52, respectively. The terminal half‐life and mean residence time of amoxicillin were 6.05 and 8.60 hr in plasma and 2.62 and 5.35 hr in milk, respectively. TheCmax2levels of amoxicillin in plasma and milk were measured as 1,096 and 457 ng/ml, respectively. It was observed that amoxicillin exhibited a secondary peak in plasma and milk. This study was the first to report on the passage ratio of amoxicillin into milk in lactating cows.
Latent trajectories of infant breast milk consumption in the United States
Authors: Whipps Mackenzie D.M. , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Demirci Jill R.
Published: September 2018

Patterns of breastfeeding over time are not currently well understood. Limited qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that there may be latent subgroups of mothers in the United States following very different trajectories of breast milk provision for their infants. This study used a quantitative modelling method (group‐based trajectory modelling) to identify and describe these subgroups. Using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (n = 3,023), the authors identified four distinct trajectories of breastfeeding intensity, each of which included a substantial subset of the total sample. A model with four groups fit the data well by objective and conceptual standards. Bivariate associations were analysed, and significant difference between trajectory group membership was found on an array of maternal and family determinants, including maternal demographics, hospital experience, and psychosocial resources, as well as on postweaning perceptions. These associations were used to create group profiles for each subgroup. Controlling for sociodemographic covariates, we also found that trajectory membership was significantly associated with several health outcomes for the target child 6 years later, including certain infections, picky eating, and health care utilization; trajectory group membership was also associated with maternal breastfeeding of subsequent children and maternal body mass index (BMI) at Year 6. Child BMI z‐score and maternal breast cancer diagnosis were not significantly different across trajectory groups after accounting for confounding covariates, nor was time missed from school for the target child. Though exploratory, the initial identification and description of these four subgroups suggest future directions using breastfeeding trajectory methods, with potential implications for measurement, intervention development, and targeting.
Mother's dietary diversity and association with stunting among children <2 years old in a low socio‐economic environment: A case–control study in an urban care setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Mahamudul , Islam M. Munirul , Mubarak Eman , Haque Md. Ahshanul , Choudhury Nuzhat , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: September 2018

Mothers are often responsible for preparing nutritious foods in their households. However, the quality of mother's diets is often neglected, which may affect both mother's and child's nutrition. Because no single food contains all necessary nutrients, diversity in dietary sources is needed to ensure a quality diet. We aimed to study the association between mother's dietary diversity and stunting in children <2 years attending Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b, a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A case–control study (n = 296) was conducted from November 2016 to February 2017. Data were collected from mothers of stunted children <2 years (length‐for‐age z score [LAZ] < −2) as “cases” and nonstunted (LAZ ≥ −1) children <2 years as “controls.” Mothers were asked to recall consumption of 10 defined food groups 24 hr prior to the interview as per Guidelines for Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women. Among the mothers of cases, 58% consumed <5 food groups during the last 24 hr, compared with 45% in control mothers (P = 0.03). Children whose mothers consumed <5 food groups were 1.7 times more likely to be stunted than children whose mothers consumed ≥5 food groups (P = 0.04). Intake of food groups such as pulses, dairy, eggs, and vitamin A rich fruit was higher in control mothers. Proportion of mother's illiteracy, short stature, monthly family income <BDT 11,480, absence of bank account, and poor sanitation was also found to be higher in stunted group. Further study particularly intervention or longitudinal study to see the causality of mother's dietary diversity with child stunting is recommended.
What we measure … and what we should measure in medical education
Authors: Boulet John R , Durning Steven J
Published: September 2018

Context

As the practice of medicine evolves, the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to provide patient care will continue to change. These competency‐based changes will necessitate the restructuring of assessment systems. High‐quality assessment programmes are needed to fulfil health professions education's contract with society.

Objectives

We discuss several issues that are important to consider when developing assessments in health professions education. We organise the discussion along the continuum of medical education, outlining the tension between what has been deemed important to measure and what should be measured. We also attempt to alleviate some of the apprehension associated with measuring evolving competencies by discussing how emerging technologies, including simulation and artificial intelligence, can play a role.

Methods

We focus our thoughts on the assessment of competencies that, at least historically, have been difficult to measure. We highlight several assessment challenges, discuss some of the important issues concerning the validity of assessment scores, and argue that medical educators must do a better job of justifying their use of specific assessment strategies.

Discussion

As in most professions, there are clear tensions in medicine in relation to what should be assessed, who should be responsible for administering assessment content, and how much evidence should be gathered to support the evaluation process. Although there have been advances in assessment practices, there is still room for improvement. From the student's, resident's and practising physician's perspectives, assessments need to be relevant. Knowledge is certainly required, but there are other qualities and attributes that are important, and perhaps far more important. Research efforts spent now on delineating what makes a good physician, and on aligning new and upcoming assessment tools with the relevant competencies, will ensure that assessment practices, whether aimed at establishing competence or at fostering learning, are effective with respect to their primary goal: to produce qualified physicians.
Autopsy case of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease presenting with early disease pathology
Authors: Iwasaki Yasushi , Kato Hiroko , Ando Tetsuo , Akagi Akio , Mimuro Maya , Miyahara Hiroaki , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Yoshida Mari
Published: September 2018

The patient was a Japanese woman who experienced a decrease in activity and gait disturbance as the initial symptoms at the age of 86, followed by disorientation and memory dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive cortical regions with hyperintensity in diffusion‐weighted images, and these regions showed swelling in T2‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The medial occipital cortex and striatum showed no apparent hyperintensity on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI). Mild myoclonus was detected, and the patient died 10 months after the onset of symptoms; she did not enter the akinetic mutism state. The patient's brain weighed 1050 g, and neuropathological examination showed extensive characteristic various‐sized and non‐confluent (VaSNoC) vacuoles in the cerebral cortex. These vacuoles were observable macroscopically by loupe on images of hematoxylin and eosin‐stained tissue. Gliosis, hypertrophic astrocytosis, and neuron loss were generally mild in character. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining showed very mild diffuse‐synaptic‐type PrP deposition in the cerebral gray matter. These clinicopathological findings led us to several conclusions relative to the early disease pathology of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: (i) spongiform change was not found in the medial occipital cortex, which corresponds to the results of DWI; (ii) VaSNoC‐type spongiform changes, extensively recognized in the cerebral cortex, corresponded to the DWI findings showing continued hyperintensity with higher brightness, and T2‐weighted and FLAIR images findings showing a swelling; and (iii) spongiform changes first appear in the deeper layer and subsequently in the superficial layer in the cerebral cortex.
The influence of voltage‐gated sodium channels on human gastrointestinal nociception
Authors: Coates Matthew D. , Vrana Kent E. , Ruiz‐Velasco Victor
Published: September 2018

Background

Abdominal pain is a frequent and persistent problem in the most common gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Pain adversely impacts quality of life, incurs significant healthcare expenditures, and remains a challenging issue to manage with few safe therapeutic options currently available. It is imperative that new methods are developed for identifying and treating this symptom. A variety of peripherally active neuroendocrine signaling elements have the capability to influence gastrointestinal pain perception. A large and growing body of evidence suggests that voltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play a critical role in the development and modulation of nociceptive signaling associated with the gut. Several VGSC isoforms demonstrate significant promise as potential targets for improved diagnosis and treatment of gut‐based disorders associated with hyper‐ and hyposensitivity to abdominal pain.

Purpose

In this article, we critically review key investigations that have evaluated the potential role that VGSCs play in visceral nociception and discuss recent advances related to this topic. Specifically, we discuss the following: (a) what is known about the structure and basic function of VGSCs, (b) the role that each VGSC plays in gut nociception, particularly as it relates to human physiology, and (c) potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses of VGSCs to manage disorders associated with chronic abdominal pain.
Endoflip vs high‐definition manometry in the assessment of fecal incontinence: A data‐driven unsupervised comparison
Authors: Zifan Ali , Sun Catherine , Gourcerol Guillaume , Leroi Anne M. , Mittal Ravinder K.
Published: September 2018

Background

How much anal sphincter dysfunction contributes to fecal incontinence (FI) is not clear. High‐definition anorectal manometry (HDAM) and functional luminal imaging probe (Endoflip) are two new techniques to study anal sphincter function.

Aims

The goal was to compare the diagnostic utility of HDAM and Endoflip using optimal feature(s) in each modality for FI diagnosis. Methods: Blinded classification was carried out on 70 female subjects (32 FI & 38 controls), using 3 prominent machine‐learning clustering techniques, with 3 distance metrics. For HDAM, descriptive statistics, shape, and textural features characterizing the spatial relationship of pixels in the HDAM high‐pressure zone, and for Endoflip, permutations of pressure and CSA combinations (ie, multiplication, division, or individually) at rest and squeeze were tested.

Results

Intramodality: (a) Endoflip: Best clustering was obtained using the combination of the ratio of CSA over pressure at 40 and 50 mL at rest, which had significantly better specificity (P < 0.001) than using only pressure at 50 mL, no difference in sensitivity (P = 0.68). (b) HDAM: clustering using textural information at rest had significantly higher specificity compared to using only the maximal pressure at rest (P < 0.001). Intermodality: Clustering results using optimal features were not significantly different with respect to sensitivity or specificity (P > 0.05). Optimal Endoflip feature set differed significantly in specificity compared to HDAM maximal pressure at both rest (P < 0.001) and squeeze (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Defective anal closure function is fairly sensitive and highly specific in diagnosing FI. Using optimal feature sets, HDAM and Endoflip perform in a similar fashion in diagnosing FI, but are not complementary.
Gastric motor and sensory function in health assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: Establishment of reference intervals for the Nottingham test meal in healthy subjects
Authors: Parker Helen , Hoad Caroline L , Tucker Emily , Costigan Carolyn , Marciani Luca , Gowland Penny , Fox Mark
Published: September 2018

Background

Current investigations of gastric emptying rarely identify the cause of symptoms or provide a definitive diagnosis in patients with dyspepsia. This study assessed gastric function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the modular “Nottingham test meal” (NTM) in healthy volunteers (HVs).

Methods

The NTM comprises (a) 400 mL liquid nutrient (0.75 kcal/mL) labeled with Gadolinium‐DOTA and (b) an optional solid component (12 agar‐beads [0 kcal]). Filling sensations were documented. MRI measurements of gastric volume, emptying, contraction wave frequency, and secretion were obtained using validated methods.

Key Results

Gastric function was measured in a population of 73 HVs stratified for age and sex. NTM induced moderate satiety and fullness. Labeled fluid was observed in the small bowel in all subjects after meal ingestion (“early‐phase” GE). Secretion was rapid such that postprandial gastric content volume was often greater than meal volume (GCV0 > 400 mL), and there was increasing dilution of the meal during the study (P < 0.001). Gastric half‐time was median 66‐minutes (95% reference interval 35 to 161‐minutes [“late‐phase” GE]). The number of intact agar beads in the stomach was 7/12 (58%) at 60‐minutes and 1/12 (8%) at 120‐minutes. Age, bodyweight and sex had measurable effects on gastric function; however, these were small compared to inter‐individual variation for most metrics.

Conclusions and Inferences

Reference intervals are presented for MRI measurements of gastric function assessed for the mixed liquid/solid NTM. Studies in patients will determine which metrics are of clinical value and also whether the reference intervals presented here offer optimal diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
Functions of stone cells and oleoresin terpenes in the conifer defense syndrome
Authors: Whitehill Justin G. A. , Yuen Macaire M. S. , Henderson Hannah , Madilao Lina , Kshatriya Kristina , Bryan Jennifer , Jaquish Barry , Bohlmann Jörg
Published: September 2018

Conifers depend on complex defense systems against herbivores. Stone cells (SC) and oleoresin are physical and chemical defenses of Sitka spruce that have been separately studied in previous work.

Weevil oviposit at the tip of the previous year's apical shoot (PYAS). We investigated interactions between weevil larvae and trees in controlled oviposition experiments with resistant (R) and susceptible (S) Sitka spruce. R trees have an abundance of SC in the PYAS cortex. SC are mostly absent in S trees. R trees and S trees also differ in the composition of oleoresin terpenes. Transcriptomes of R and S trees revealed differences in long‐term weevil‐induced responses.

Performance of larvae was significantly reduced on R trees compared with S trees under experimental conditions that mimicked natural oviposition behavior at apical shoot tips and may be attributed to the effects of SC. In oviposition experiments designed for larvae to feed below the area of highest SC abundance, larvae showed an unusual feeding behavior and oleoresin appeared to function as the major defense.

The results support a role for both SC and oleoresin terpenes and possible synergies between these traits in the defense syndrome of weevil‐resistant Sitka spruce.
Parental transposable element loads influence their dynamics in young Nicotiana hybrids and allotetraploids
Authors: Mhiri Corinne , Parisod Christian , Daniel Julien , Petit Maud , Lim K. Yoong , Dorlhac de Borne François , Kovarik Ales , Leitch Andrew R. , Grandbastien Marie‐Angèle
Published: September 2018

The genomic shock hypothesis suggests that allopolyploidy is associated with genome changes driven by transposable elements, as a response to imbalances between parental insertion loads. To explore this hypothesis, we compared three allotetraploids, Nicotiana arentsii, N. rustica and N. tabacum, which arose over comparable time frames from hybridisation between increasingly divergent diploid species.

We used sequence‐specific amplification polymorphism (SSAP) to compare the dynamics of six transposable elements in these allopolyploids, their diploid progenitors and in corresponding synthetic hybrids.

We show that element‐specific dynamics in young Nicotiana allopolyploids reflect their dynamics in diploid progenitors. Transposable element mobilisation is not concomitant with immediate genome merger, but occurs within the first generations of allopolyploid formation. In natural allopolyploids, such mobilisations correlate with imbalances in the repeat profile of the parental species, which increases with their genetic divergence. Other restructuring leading to locus loss is immediate, nonrandom and targeted at specific subgenomes, independently of cross orientation.

The correlation between transposable element mobilisation in allopolyploids and quantitative imbalances in parental transposable element loads supports the genome shock hypothesis proposed by McClintock.
Annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes in homeostasis and injury: implications for regenerative strategies
Authors: Torre Olivia M. , Mroz Victoria , Bartelstein Meredith K. , Huang Alice H. , Iatridis James C.
Published: September 2018

Despite considerable efforts to develop cellular, molecular, and structural repair strategies and restore intervertebral disk function after injury, the basic biology underlying intervertebral disk healing remains poorly understood. Remarkably, little is known about the origins of cell populations residing within the annulus fibrosus, or their phenotypes, heterogeneity, and roles during healing. This review focuses on recent literature highlighting the intrinsic and extrinsic cell types of the annulus fibrosus in the context of the injury and healing environment. Spatial, morphological, functional, and transcriptional signatures of annulus fibrosus cells are reviewed, including inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells, which we propose to be referred to as annulocytes. The annulus also contains peripheral cells, interlamellar cells, and potential resident stem/progenitor cells, as well as macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells following injury. Phases of annulus fibrosus healing include inflammation and recruitment of immune cells, cell proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and matrix remodeling. However, annulus fibrosus healing commonly involves limited remodeling, with granulation tissues remaining, and the development of chronic inflammatory states. Identifying annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes during health, injury, and degeneration will inform reparative regeneration strategies aimed at improving annulus fibrosus healing.