bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathways and Determinants of Atrocity Criminalization
Authors: Berlin Mark S.
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents a new, comprehensive dataset on the global spread of atrocity laws. It uses time-series statistical analyses to systematically test the book’s theory of atrocity criminalization against alternative explanations on global patterns of cases. The results provide strong support for four expectations that follow from the book’s main arguments. First, more democratic governments are more likely than autocratic ones to criminalize atrocities through targeted legislation. Second, on its own, the adoption of a new criminal code in a given state of any regime type greatly increases the likelihood that the state criminalizes atrocity offenses. Third, when governments do adopt new criminal codes, they are more likely to include atrocity offenses if the types of sources from which drafters are likely to borrow favor atrocity criminalization. Specifically, higher rates of atrocity law diffusion among regional legal peers and greater levels of embeddedness in networks influenced by the International Association of Penal Law are associated with greater likelihoods of including atrocity offenses in new criminal codes. Finally, the determinants of criminalization through criminal code reform are different than those of criminalization through targeted legislation, supporting the claim that these two pathways are the products of distinct behavioral dynamics.
When Criminal Code Reform Does Not Lead to Atrocity Criminalization
Authors: Berlin Mark S.
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines three negative cases—cases in which new criminal codes did not include atrocity offenses—to explore why the legal borrowing thesis does not hold in some otherwise favorable cases. The first two cases—Colombia in 1980 and Poland in 1969—shared with Guatemala much that made them prime candidates for the legal borrowing thesis. These included diffusion of atrocity criminalization among regional legal peers and strong ties between criminal code drafters and professional networks linked to the continental European criminal law tradition. This chapter shows that atrocity laws in Colombia and Poland’s draft codes were discarded at the last minute because they became politicized, though for different reasons. The third case—the Maldives in 2014—did not possess characteristics that made it favorable for the legal borrowing thesis. Nevertheless, it was a strong candidate for alternative explanations connecting criminal code reform to atrocity criminalization. This case is revealing, because it illustrates why these otherwise favorable conditions were insufficient for atrocity criminalization. The chapter shows that the drafters of the Maldivian code never considered including atrocity offenses, because their particular professional orientation and the sources they used for guidance did not favor them. Taken together, these three cases underscore the importance of professional-level mechanisms for understanding variation in the inclusion of international norms in new domestic institutions. They also illustrate conditions under which some of the mechanisms in the legal borrowing thesis may fail to obtain.
Reasons for Possession
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on the reasons given for falling prey to demons; how certain behaviour, acts, and places were dangerous in this respect. The rather down-to-earth and concrete explanations given by the laity are contrasted and compared with the examples given in didactic material. In the lay depositions questions of guilt did not stand out and often no causes for possession were offered; an accidentally swallowed demon may have been a method to exculpate oneself and alleviate the deviance caused by the disturbing symptoms. A generally accepted pattern of causality did not exist since local traditions and cultural and environmental differences played a role in explaining the reasons for demonic presence. Comparative analysis shows, for example, that the spiritual dangers of the wilderness and urban spaces were more emphasized as background reasons in the densely populated urban areas of Northern and Central Italy than in the rural North.
The Need for Control
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari
Published: April 2020

Demons concretely penetrated the body of the victim and occasionally possession cases had sexual connotations. In the didactic material, demonic presence was linked to women’s promiscuity, but ultimately the question was not one of women’s carnality or immorality, but of hierarchy—who was to define the proper religious practice. This chapter argues that disobedience towards clerical authorities was demonized; demonic sex and feminine lust served to propagate proper order, proper ritual practice, the position of the clergy, and the sanctity of a saint. For the victims, demons were a rhetorical resource revealing inner conflict, and turning one’s experiences into the language of the demonic may have been the only way to act out tribulations in a comprehensible manner. On a cultural level, cases with sexual undertones reveal the fears the ultimate uncontrollability of inner spirituality caused and show that chastity was a cultural sore point.
Conclusions
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari
Published: April 2020

This chapter shows how demonic possession was conceptualized as a lived experience of religion and argues that the diabolical had many functions within the miraculous. Lived religion as a methodological tool, a way to read the depositions of canonization processes, displays the way lay people used demons (not vice versa) in singling out and dealing with uncertainties in their lives. Religion-as-lived was built upon corporeal experiences; the performative space religion created was made real for the individual and the community by embodied signs and practices. As a fluid rhetorical resource, demons also facilitated a contribution to the construction of society and culture. The differences between lay and clerical spheres were visible when demonic possession involved female sexuality or the position of the clergy. Geographical differences demonstrate the limits of the Church’s universalizing discourse and challenge strict categorizations concerning gender, the demonic, and even medieval Europe as a single, coherent unity.
Shouting down the Dead
Authors: Tacoma Laurens E.
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyses the fourth characteristic of Roman political culture, the ambiguities that could occur in those situations where members of political institutions tried to exercise real power and influence decisions. As their power was nominal rather than real, strategies arose that could be used to force decisions regardless. The tensions surrounding imperial successions are fully visible in a report preserved in the Historia Augusta of the senate meeting that was held directly after Commodus’ death in AD 192. In the face of the impossibility of conducting proper debates about the most important issues, political institutions would increasingly resort to a strategy that was commonly employed by large theatre audiences: that of shouting collectively. As shouts expressed the collective consensus, they supposedly showed true feeling. Acclamations were therefore difficult to ignore. In the crisis-like atmosphere that surrounded imperial successions, the use of acclamations helped the senate to reclaim lost territory, frame issues in a way that buttressed its own position, and thus regain the initiative. It cornered the ruler to whom the acclamations were directed: he was placed in a position in which he could hardly ignore what was asked of him. Despite appearances, however, the acclamations constituted a dialogue rather than presenting the ruler with a fait accompli. Given the actual power relations, the ruler still had room to make his own decisions, no matter how great was the pressure that would be exerted.
Introduction
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book’s main arguments and ideas, and situates the morality of defensive force in the wider literature. The chapter contains a discussion of the book’s scope and method. The chapter also sets out one of the main themes of the book; that we cannot understand the morality of defensive force until we ask and answer deeper questions about how the use of defensive force fits with a more general account of justice and moral rights. By closely studying the morality of defensive force, the chapter concludes, we also reach a deeper understanding of the way moral rights work, and their role in securing just relations between persons.
The Vietnam SME Data, 2005–15
Authors: Berkel Hanna , Rand John , Tarp Finn , Trifkovic Neda
Published: April 2020

Since the initiation of the Doi Moi reforms in 1986, it is widely believed that Vietnam’s small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have critical characteristics that contribute to the country’s impressive economic and social development over recent decades. Specifically, SMEs represent a source of economic growth, savings, job creation, and increased competition. Despite their vast potential, general knowledge on their characteristics as well as the opportunities and constraints they were facing was lacking, thus making it difficult for evidence-based government policy recommendations to be formulated. This chapter sheds light on the Vietnam SME database covering surveys over 2005–15, and represents the basis for the analytical work in books chapters. The authors outline the purpose behind the data collection—including sample design, firm and owner characteristics, attrition—comparing the data with the characteristics of Vietnam’s overall enterprise population.
Families and the Emergence of Literary History
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

At the same time as composing, editing, translating works and getting them published, producers of family literature commented on how the works inflected, and were inflected by, the social status of the families from which they emanated. In other words, the process of producing family literature included social commentary on that process. Some of these commentators went a step further. Attempting to take an overview of the field of literary and learned production in France, they highlighted the role within it of families; and they viewed that role through the lens of social hierarchy. The two writers who did this more than any others were François Grudé de la Croix du Maine and Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, to whom Chapters 13 and 14 are devoted, respectively.
Assembling the Times in the Metamorphoses, Filocolo, and Franklin’s Tale
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

This chapter tracks the legacy of a depiction of temporal magic in Ovid’s Metamorphoses: Medea’s creation of extra years for her aged father-in-law Aeson. In the Filocolo, Boccaccio adapts the Medea episode to depict a different kind of temporal magic: the generation of a May Garden in January. This section of the Filocolo was, in turn, the source for Chaucer’s Franklin’s Tale. And although Chaucer does not appear to have gone back to Ovid directly, I propose that the tale nevertheless bears the mediated traces of Ovidian poetics. For Ovid associates Medea’s magic with dynamic processes of digression and collection that avoid settling into a single, overarching pattern. This kind of action, where formation unfolds improvisationally in time, resisting stopping points or interpretive codas, has analogues in both Dorigen’s lament and in the Canterbury Tales as a whole.
How Much Is Enough in the Monk’s Tale?
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

This chapter unpacks a problem in writing the lives of powerful men: how can individual people be extracted from the kinds of physical dependency that characterize life within time? In Petrarch’s De viris illustribus, great men are shown to consume both matter and people around them. Boccaccio’s De casibus virorum illustrium explores the implications of such dependency, depicting powerful men who try, and fail, to police the boundaries of their bodies and lives. Chaucer picks up this dynamic as he models the Monk’s Tale on the De casibus, and he explores other kinds of dependency as well. Indeed, in the Monk’s Tale, texts emerge as dependent upon their readers’ time and attention to help bring their form into being.
Afterword
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

The afterward briefly summarizes the key arguments of this book: that formation does not end at any one privileged moment, but, rather, that readers help bring form into being; and that the history of form and that of readers is thus intertwined. It then brings this argument to bear upon the House of Fame. It suggests that, drawing upon the afterlife as it is depicted in Dante’s Commedia, Fame’s domain depicts a synchronic realm of reception located outside of any one reader’s temporal experience. Yet this world soon dissolves back into diachronic time and the history of lived acts of reading.
Explaining Differentiation in EU Treaties
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter offers an empirical analysis of the conditions under which member states negotiate opt-outs from EU reform and enlargement treaties, covering all treaties since the Maastricht Treaty on European Union. The analysis suggests that constitutional and instrumental logics of differentiation co-exist in European integration. In reform treaties, differentiated integration tends to be driven by wealthy member states with Eurosceptic governments and populations that hold comparatively exclusive national identity conceptions. In contrast, in enlargements, comparatively poor member states that cause distributional concerns, have weak governance capacity, and require help in meeting the competitive pressures of membership are the main source of differentiation. The chapter also shows evidence of path-dependent differentiation. Once countries have opted out of a policy area, these initial opt-outs trigger further differentiation over time.
Directors’ Duties
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the law on directors’ duties, as restated in the Companies Act 2006, other than the core duty of loyalty which is discussed in Chapter 2. It covers the duty of care, the duty to act within powers, the duty to exercise independent judgement, and, most importantly, the application of fiduciary duties to various types of conflict of interest. Many of the most interesting doctrinal questions about company law arise in this area and it is righly placed at the center of many company law courses. However, it may that other sets of rules, discussed in earlier chapters, are more important in practice in the regulation of internal company relations. In addition to the substantive law, the remedies available in respect of breaches are analysed, as is the freedom of shareholders to waive breaches of duty, both after and before the event.
Creditors
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

Because of limited liability, creditor protection has always been a feature of company law. Large creditors can contract ex ante for customised protection and the law facilitates this in various ways, notably by the creation of the floating charge. Non-adjusting creditors require the protection of mandatory rules, at least in some situations. Creditor protection in relation to companies in the vicinity of insolvency is now well established, not only through ‘wrongful trading’ but also via transaction invalidity rules and directors’ disqualification. For going-concern companies the emphasis is on rules restricting the shifting assets to shareholders via distributions and associated rules relating to the maintenance of capital.
Introduction
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

The introduction situates the study within ancient and modern discussions about the relative value of oral and written language. It begins with Plato’s portrayal of a discussion between Socrates and Phaedrus and then shows how similar discussions about oral language occur in the works of the Apostle Paul, Papias, and contemporary New Testament scholars. These discussions approach the value of the written word on the basis of what it is not instead of what it is, what it cannot do instead of what it can. In contrast, this study will concentrate on what the written word contributes distinctly to the transmission process. The chapter ends by clarifying, in light of previous Gospels scholarship, that the book’s main question is not why Jesus followers textualized the Jesus tradition but what difference it made to its reception history.
The Book as Artifact
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 lays out the methodology of the study. It introduces William A. Johnson’s theory of ancient reading cultures and Jan Assmann’s theory of cultural memory (kulturelles Gedächtnis) and cultural texts (kulturelle Texte). A key aspect of Johnson’s theory is the “bookroll-as-object.” He demonstrates that in some cultural contexts, the scroll as a material object became an emblem of group identity. A key aspect of Assmann’s theory is that texts cross the threshold from collective memory to cultural memory by means of textualization. Additionally, Assmann describes manuscripts as part of the decorated material culture of a group, and thereby also sees them as symbols of group identity. Both of these scholars point to how manuscripts, as part of a group’s material culture, contributed to the processes of identity construction and maintenance.
The Competitive Textualization of the Synoptic Tradition
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

Chapter 4 traces instances where the Synoptic authors self-consciously draw attention to their tradition’s status as written in bids for authority, often in reference to prior Gospels that they consider inferior. An initial section introduces the terms “textual self-consciousness” and “competitive textualization.” Following this section, the chapter addresses moments in each of the Synoptic Gospels where the author or authors draw attention to their status as written tradition. For Mark, the chapter highlights Mark 13:14, though it also shows how Mark is aware of Jewish Scriptures and positions himself with reference to them. For Matthew, the chapter makes an original scholarly contribution by focusing upon Matthew 1:1’s reference to the Gospel as a biblos (“book”), which shows that what Mark considered a “gospel” Matthew considered a “book.” For Luke, the chapter focuses upon the Lukan prologue of Luke 1:1–4, and specifically Luke’s awareness that he is entering a market for Jesus books by writing his Gospel.
The Competitive Textualization of Johannine and Thomasine Tradition
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 presents the presence of competitive textualization in John’s Gospel and the Gospel of Thomas. The chapter argues that the Gospel of John claims superiority to prior Jesus books at John 20:30–31 and 21:24–25, the so-called Johannine “colophons.” Particularly in reference to the knowledge of other Jesus books reflected in John 21:24–25, the chapter also suggests that these texts support arguments that the author of John’s Gospel knew one or more of the Synoptic Gospels. The chapter then highlights how the incipit of the Gospel of Thomas continues attempts to outbid predecessors by portraying its Gospel as dictated directly from Jesus.
Conclusion
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

The conclusion briefly restates the main argument of the book and notes that the gospel-as-manuscript is the connecting thread between Mark’s textualization of the Jesus tradition in the first century and the eventual intertwining of public reading in assembly and canonical status by the fourth and fifth centuries. It particularly highlights the continuance of competitive textualization in Origen’s discussion of the writing of the Gospels in his Homilies on Luke. Also discussed briefly are heresiological charges against Gospel authors and the burning of books in moments of persecution. The conclusion also proposes a few areas for future research.
The Use and Abuse of Mathematical Economics
Authors: Hudson Michael
Published: April 2020

There was no statistical measurement of the debts that wracked the Greek and Roman economies, or of overall output, its distribution and value. We now have such measures, but can we say that mathematics provides the key to understanding the major economic problems of our time? More specifically, has the marginalist and monetarist application of mathematics become so nearsighted as to lose sight of the economy’s structural problems? The education of modern economists consists largely of higher mathematics, which are used more in an abstract metaphysical way than one that aims at empirically measuring society’s underlying trends If today’s economics has become less relevant to the social problems that formed the subject matter of classical political economy a century ago, its scope has narrowed in large part because of the technocratic role played by mathematics. This chapter explores whether this has been an inherent and inevitable development.
Bringing Economics into the Third Millennium
Authors: Fullbrook Edward
Published: April 2020

Many economists, including heterodox ones, seem unaware of the hold on and significance of the orthodox notion of economics as a ‘science’ of individual choice, the individual being conceived atomisticly. It is this idea—which pervades the economist’s mindset—that economics is the ‘science’ of the choices of isolated individuals with fixed and quantified preferences that, on the one hand, enables economics to proceed in a formalistic manner and, on the other, justifies its ignoring economic phenomena that do not fit its methodology and this narrow agenda. This chapter proposes a diagnosis and an antidote.
New Perspectives and Sources
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

In recent decades a number of scholars have discussed new issues like Sikh identity, martyrdom in the Sikh tradition, and caste and gender in the Sikh social order. At the same time, new perspectives have developed on the Sikh scripture (Adi Granth) and the Dasam Granth as well as the legacy of Guru Gobind Singh. The literature produced at the court of Guru Gobind Singh has come to be seen as a contemporary source of great importance. Sikh literature of the eighteenth century period has also been explored by scholars in different disciplines. These new issues and sources are taken up in this chapter, along with the main sources in Persian and English.
From Birth to Manhood (1666–85)
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

The early life of Guru Gobind Singh falls into three phases: (a) his birth in Patna in 1666 and his stay there for about 5 years; (b) his residence and literary and military education at Makhowal till the martyrdom of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, in 1675; and (c) the young Guru’s activity from 1676 to 1785 when he began to hunt as a part of his martial activity, to use the legendary ‘Ranjit Nagara’ (the drum of victory), and to keep elephants, which were not devoid of political significance. The chief of the adjoining of state of Kahlur became increasingly insistent on a formal acknowledgement of his authority by the Guru who persisted in refusal. In a situation of acute tension Guru Gobind Das decided to accept invitation of the chief of Sirmaur to reside in his territory.
Negotiations with Aurangzeb (1705–7)
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

Guru Gobind Singh managed to reach Kangar in Malwa after great losses. His two elder sons died fighting in the battle of Chamkaur and his two younger sons were put to death by Wazir Khan, the Muhgal faujdar of Sirhind, on their refusal to accept Islam. Guru Gobind Singh wrote to the emperor how his subordinates had set aside solemn oaths and attacked him and the Khalsa after the evacuation of Anandpur. In fact, the Guru had to fight another battle against Wazir Khan at Khidrana, now known as Muktsar, before he reached Talwandi Sabo (Guru ki Kashi) and stayed there till October 1706. Aurangzeb responded to the letter (called Zafarnama) and invited the Guru for a personal meeting to which he agreed. But Aurangzeb died on 20 February 1707, and Guru Gobind Singh decided to support Prince Mu‘azzam (now Bahadur Shah) in the war of succession.
Women in the Archives
Authors: Murmu Maroona
Published: April 2020

In order to contextualise texts produced by upper-caste, middle-class bhadramahila, and to get an overview of the condition of women in general in the Bengal Presidency, this chapter uses the conventional archive—official records, censuses, contemporary newspaper reportage, and excerpts from journals. Dealing with the social and cultural base and materialist background that gave impetus to women to write, this chapter will try to provide a holistic picture of similarity and difference between the sensibilities, cultural idioms, lifestyle, and living conditions of women of various strata. In general, though the bhadramahila’s social location and individual positioning in the household differed from that of the lower-caste/class women, they shared cultural experiences and social and domestic conditions that find reflection in literary productions. The trajectories of colonial modernity, conjugal conditions, caste system, female education, and the emerging public sphere are negotiated to highlight the complex manner in which the bhadramahila began to assert her self-identity in print.
Domesticity
Authors: Murmu Maroona
Published: April 2020

Critical questioning of broad framework of normative assumptions regarding womanly duties is studied in this chapter through close reading of Kailashbashini Debi’s polemical piece Hindu Mahilaganer Heenabastha and Swarnakumari Gupta’s didactic tract Usha Chinta Arthat Adhunik Arya Mahilaganer Abasthya Sambandhe Kayekti Katha. Beginning as an expression of femininity rather than a rebellion against it, they conceded that women bear innate potency and dedication to deliver these socially sanctioned duties. However, they chose domesticity as a vocal and publicly confessed pledge for gaining access to freedom, location, and power from which they entrust men with equal responsibility to make an orderly home. As agential voices with an enhanced moral role, they made an effort to transcend the prescribed ideal of domesticated, self-denying, self-regulating, self-effacing, and self-cancelling subjectivities. While Kailashbashini adopts the civilising-cum-nationalist critique of societal mores with a linear trajectory of progress in keeping with the project of creation of modern patriotic citizens/subjects, Swarnakumari, with her liberal-nationalist consciousness, seeks progress in re-establishment of Aryan/shastric societal order as a remedy to women’s fallen condition. Maintaining an exquisite balance and adroitly negotiating power equations, both the authors subverted certain indigenous patriarchal ideals of domesticity/conjugality (through contestation of non-consensual child marriage, kulin polygamy, non-allowance of widow remarriage) and colonial projection of ideal femininity (through debunking of the bibi or memsahib). Their complex contestations from within made them non-compliant within the discourse of domesticity.
Internationalizing the Western Liberal Constitution
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces United Nations Constitutional Assistance’s historical origins non-chronologically through Ralph Wilde’s family of Foreign Territorial Administration (FTA) policy institutions. It reveals that the following entities internationalized the Western liberal constitution: States, groups of state groups of state representatives, and the League of Nations (including the Permanent Mandates Commission. These predecessors of the UN did so to achieve four common ends: free markets, the rule of law, good governance (including natural resources’ exploitation), and civilized standards, aimed at emancipating women. This chapter establishes that the Constitution gives rise to, and works with each of Wilde’s FTA or international territorial administration, ITA institutions toward common ends. Wilde’s Family reflects the conceptual relations that Chapter 2 established. Wilde’s Family comprises symbiotic parent-child Policy Institutions: The Constitution’s internationalized making and FTA/ITA. On this basis, this chapter argues that Wilde’s Family must be reframed to admit the former: The Parent policy institution.
Fourth Study
Authors: Govind Nikhil
Published: April 2020

The fourth chapter stays within this older tradition. Saratchandra Chatterjee’s Srikanta is to many the canonical Indian novel—it too is a bildung, following the protagonist from a wayward rural childhood into adulthood via many quests for livelihood and love. The protagonist Srikanta is far removed from a typical bourgeois clerical life. His life is often made via several fascinating female protagonists who educate him into the joys of non-conformity and courage. The chapter also includes a discussion of Rabindranath Tagore’s Garden—though less appreciated, the Garden is a fine meditation on illness and love. Unlike the infinitely mobile characters in Srikanta (male and female), here the ill female protagonist watches the world unfold in front of her (including her husband’s interest in another woman) even as she lies pinned to a bed.
Revisiting The Political Economy of Development in India
Authors: Chatterjee Elizabeth , McCartney Matthew
Published: April 2020

Pranab Bardhan’s 1984 book The Political Economy of Development in India (PEDI) has had enduring influence. For students of Indian political economy it quickly became a scholarly touchstone. In the years since publication, however, political economy has fallen out of favour in South Asian studies. The contributors to this volume revive class analysis to interrogate India’s great transformation since the 1980s. This chapter outlines Bardhan’s key analytical tools, his innovative fusion of Marxist and rational-choice theory, and his diagnosis of India’s deep collective-action problems as a result of fierce competition between dominant classes. It then surveys the chapters that follow, which together find striking continuities in contemporary Indian political economy in the face of three decades of liberalization.
Rethinking the ‘Dominant Proprietary Classes’
Authors: Fernandes Leela
Published: April 2020

In recent years, there has been a surge in scholarship on India’s middle classes, much of it focused on questions of identity formation and consumption practices. Yet there remains an analytical vacuum in such descriptive understandings. Pranab Bardhan’s concept of dominant proprietary classes provides an important avenue that can begin to deepen our understanding of the relationship between the middle classes and development in India. This chapter suggests that the middle classes rely on the systemic appropriation of public resources, in the face of its ideological support for liberalization. This appropriation of the public surplus contributes to the reproduction of inequality through longstanding structural processes.
The project: a geometry of fiction
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: April 2020

It is unlikely that this book will attract screaming headlines from the tabloid newspapers. If it does, a typically misleading banner might read ‘Imagination, Yes—Knowledge, No.’ The first bit is fine, the second is wrong, but a hasty reading and the desire for a simple message may give rise to it. Hoping to avoid such mistakes I will briefly outline the project....
Affective imagining
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3’s distinction between the world and representations of the world is here put to further uses, this time to consider how we should classify such states as ‘fearing (or fearing for) fictional characters’. It is argued that these states have appropriateness conditions, just as fears for one’s friends and neighbours have. But the appropriateness conditions are very different and we are right to draw a distinction in kind between emotions directed at things assumed to be real and those ‘quasi-emotions’ directed at the avowedly fictional. Whether we say that these two kinds are both emotion-kinds, or instead that only one of them is strikes me as a less easily settled, less interesting, and possibly verbal question.
Wise authors?
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: April 2020

This chapter continues the theme of reliability. To the extent that we rely on the deliverances of science, that is not because we have a personal faith in the integrity of the scientists responsible for the results in question but because we have confidence in the practices and institutions of science itself. I suggest that, in this respect, we find a contrast between science and the world of fiction-makers and their audiences. I then raise some questions about the psychology of artistic creativity and its relation to that great theme of literature and quality fictions of all kinds: the mind. Finally, I take a look at the general idea of expertise, asking where we can expect to find it and where an illusion of expertise is more likely. I suggest that the idea of the ‘wise author’, able to see further into the depths of moral psychology than the rest of us, is something we have reason to be suspicious of.
Miscarriages of Justice and Procedural Change
Authors: Hodgson Jacqueline S.
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces some of the common themes in miscarriages of justice across jurisdictions, before going on to focus on responses to the Outreau affair, the investigation of an alleged pedophile ring in northern France in which the weaknesses of the instruction process, ultimately, led to the collapse of the case and to three separate commissions of enquiry. The high-profile Outreau affair became a touchstone for the weaknesses of the French system, demonstrating the dangers of concentrating power in the hands of magistrats who, despite their constitutional independence and truth-seeking ideology, routinely failed to challenge or interrogate the perspectives of fellow judges or prosecutors, replicating the tunnel vision of the police investigation and undercutting the role of the defense. Reforms tempered but did not challenge the inquisitorial ideal, extending the principle of contradictoire. Ultimately, however, despite public attention and three commissions of enquiry, many proposals were never implemented.
Why some places are left behind: urban adjustment to trade and policy shocks
Authors: Venables Anthony J
Published: April 2020

Economic adjustment to trade and policy shocks is hampered by the fact that some sectors tend to cluster, so are hard to initiate in new places. This can give rise to persistent spatial disparities between cities within a country. The paper sets out a two-sector model in which cities divide into those producing tradable goods or services subject to agglomeration economies, and those only producing non-tradables for the national market. If import competition destroys some established tradable sectors, then affected cities fail to attract new tradable activities and switch to just produce non-tradables. Full employment is maintained (we assume perfect markets and price flexibility) but disparities between the two types of cities are increased. All non-tradable cities experience real income loss, while remaining tradable cities boom. The main beneficiaries are land-owners in remaining tradable cities, but there may be aggregate loss as the country ends up with too many cities producing non-tradables, and too few with internationally competitive activities. Fiscal policy has opposite effects in the two types of cities, with fiscal contraction causing decline in cities producing non-tradables, increasing activity in cities producing tradable goods, widening spatial disparities, and in the process increasing the share of rent in the economy.
17Performance, Theater, Drama
Authors: Kastleman Rebecca
Published: April 2020

This year saw the continued expansion of four vibrant conversations within the field of theater and performance studies. The first section of this review, ‘World Stages and Their Borders’, features scholarship that explores how theaters represent worlds beyond the nation’s territorial and symbolic boundaries. The second section, ‘Performing Critical Temporalities’, considers studies of minoritarian performance that engage with the lived experience of time. In the third section, ‘Theater After Liveness’, I discuss scholarship on modern drama that is in dialogue with theories of performance as a live event. A fourth section considers new works on the nineteenth-century theater, showing how ‘Celebrity, Publicity, and Amateurism’ are entwined. Finally, a brief concluding note outlines significant biographies and reference works released within the past year.
Phosphite Integrated in Late Blight Treatment Strategies in Starch Potato Does Not Cause Residues in the Starch Product
Authors: Liljeroth Erland , Lankinen Åsa , Andreasson Erik , Alexandersson Erik
Published: April 2020

Currently available fungicides against potato late blight are effective but there are concerns about the sustainability of frequent applications and the risks of fungicide resistance. Therefore, we investigated how potassium phosphite can be integrated into late blight control programs with reduced fungicides in field trials. Phosphite was somewhat less effective than the conventional fungicides at suppressing late blight in the foliage, and the tubers contained less starch. However, when we reduced the amount of phosphite and combined it with reduced amounts of conventional fungicides, we observed no differences in disease suppression, total yields, and tuber starch contents compared with the full treatments with conventional fungicides. The amount of phosphite detected in the harvested tubers was linearly associated with the amount of phosphite applied to the foliage. Our analyses indicate that phosphite could replace some fungicides without exceeding the current European Union standards for the maximum residue levels in potato tubers. No phosphite was detected in the starch from the tubers. In 1 of 2 years, early blight (caused by Alternaria solani) was less severe in the phosphite treatments than in the treatments without phosphite. The integration of phosphite into current treatment strategies would reduce the dependence on conventional fungicides.
The Wheat Dwarf India Virus-Betasatellite Complex Has a Wider Host Range Than Previously Reported
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Kumar Sachin , Kianian Shahryar F.
Published: April 2020

Wheat dwarf India virus (WDIV) and associated alphasatellite and betasatellite have been documented to infect wheat (Triticum aestivum). Here, we report, for the first time, presence of WDIV and the associated Ageratum yellow leaf curl betasatellite (AYLCB) in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in addition to wheat. However, surprisingly, the previously reported alphasatellites were not detected in the WDIV-positive barley, sugarcane, and wheat samples. The virus and betasatellite detected from barley, sugarcane, and wheat showed high levels of sequence identity to the previously reported WDIV and AYLCB. The study shows that WDIV may have much wider host range than previously documented.
Using a Diagnostic OSCE to Discern Deficit From Disability in Struggling Students
Authors: Patwari Rahul , Ferro-Lusk Marie , Finley Ellenkate , Meeks Lisa M.
Published: April 2020

Problem

When medical students with disabilities fail, identifying the underlying cause is challenging. Faculty unfamiliar with disability-related barriers or accommodations may falsely attribute academic struggles to disability. Fear of legal action may prompt inappropriate promotion of students with disabilities who are struggling to meet competencies. Therefore, a clear understanding of the origin of difficulty is critical to determining an appropriate response to the student’s failure, including revision of accommodations, academic remediation, probation, and dismissal.

Approach

A large Midwestern medical college created an innovative approach to differentiate between disability-related barriers and academic deficits by creating a diagnostic objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The goal of this OSCE was to determine the need for additional or refined accommodations versus clinical remediation, and to guide future decision making about a student on academic probation. Using 3 simulated cases that drew on a cross section of clinical knowledge, a team of clinical and disability specialists observed a disabled student to determine the origin of that student’s difficulties in a clinical rotation.

Outcomes

Using the diagnostic OSCE, the team quickly identified clinical reasoning and fund of knowledge deficits, and need for further accommodations. As a result, the team was able to remediate the clinical deficits, augment the current accommodations in vivo, and determine the potential impact on performance. The team approach was documented and facilitated the legally required interactive process for determining additional barriers, efficacy of existing accommodations, and need for additional reasonable accommodations. All parties reported a positive experience. The collective knowledge and expertise of the team helped confirm the origin of the deficit: a fundamental lack of knowledge and reasoning skills versus a disability-related barrier.

Next Steps

The next step is to formalize this process to ensure appropriate evaluation of students with disabilities.
The Change to Pass/Fail Scoring for Step 1 in the Context of COVID-19: Implications for the Transition to Residency Process
Authors: Whelan Alison J.
Published: April 2020

In this Invited Commentary, the author considers the February 2020 announcement that scoring on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 will change to pass/fail no sooner than January 2022 and its effects on the transition to residency process in the context of both the recommendations of the Invitational Conference on USMLE Scoring (InCUS) held in March 2019 and the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020. The author suggests that the medical education community must embrace any positive changes that come about as a result of the pandemic while continuing to systematically review the strengths and areas for improvement in the current transition to residency process.

In its recommendations, InCUS provided a thoughtful set of action priorities and an effective process to work together, which can inform and guide the work ahead. The COVID-19 pandemic is dominating the educational and clinical environments and is now the biggest disruptor in all aspects of life, not just medical education. It is the responsibility of leaders in medical education to have a vision for and then implement an improved continuum of education that maintains the core values of the field and fits the health care delivery needs of today and the future.
Mycosis fungoides development after combined immune checkpoint blockade therapy in a patient with malignant melanoma: a case report
Authors: Shin Junyoung , Ho Lee Dae , Lee Woo-Jin , Park Chan-Sik
Published: April 2020

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy can induce immune-related toxicity, but cutaneous lymphoma development has not been reported. A 56-year-old woman presented with two well-demarcated erythematous macules on the right sole and vitiligo on her extremities. Her facial melanoma had been treated with combination therapy (ipilimumab and pembrolizumab), followed by pembrolizumab monotherapy, a year prior. Microscopy revealed small-to-medium-sized lymphocytes permeating along with the basal epidermal layer. These were immuno-positive for CD2, CD3, and CD5, and showed complete CD7 loss; CD30, TCR-beta F1, and PD-1 were also detected. They exclusively expressed CD8, not CD4, and had a Ki-67 labeling index of 30–40%. Epstein–Barr virus in-situ hybridization was negative. Clonal T-cell receptor beta and gamma chain gene rearrangements were detected. Hence, the lesions were diagnosed as mycosis fungoides. This is the first report of mycosis fungoides development after anti-melanoma immunotherapy. The patient is currently on steroid ointments and phototherapy.
Effect of Gaze Angle During the Vertical Video Head Impulse Test Across Two Devices in Healthy Adults and Subjects With Vestibular Loss
Authors: Patterson Jessie , Rodriguez Amanda , Barin Kamran , Janky Kristen L.
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of gaze angle on vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain using two different video head impulse (vHIT) devices in healthy adults and subjects with bilateral vestibular loss (BVL).

Study Design:

Prospective study.

Setting:

Hospital research laboratory.

Subjects:

Twenty-four healthy adults (mean [standard deviation {SD}] age = 32 [4.8]; 23–42; 8 men) and four subjects with previously diagnosed BVL (mean age [SD] = 32 [8.2]; 21–40; 3 men) participated.

Intervention:

Vertical canal vHIT was administered with two different devices using three gaze angles (–45 degrees, 0 degree, +45 degrees). These devices have different gain calculation algorithms and different head and gaze angle protocols.

Main Outcome Measures:

Vertical canal gain and presence or absence of reset saccades.

Results:

A significant stepwise reduction in vHIT gain was noted as gaze moved away from the plane of the canals stimulated (from –45 degrees to 0 degree, to +45 degrees) for both healthy adults and subjects with BVL. vHIT gain was able to separate the two groups using gaze angles –45 degrees and 0 degree.

Conclusions:

In spite of their differences in gain algorithm and recommended head position and gaze angle, each device was able to appropriately separate healthy adults from subjects with BVL with high sensitivity/specificity.
Intraparotid Superficial Temporal Artery Arteriovenous Malformation Causing Persistent Pulsatile Tinnitus
Authors: Selleck Anne Morgan , O’Connell Brendan , Patel Samip , Clark Joseph Madison
Published: April 2020

Objectives:

This article discusses the diagnosis, imaging workup, and management of a rare cause of pulsatile tinnitus: intraparotid arteriovenous malformation.

Patient:

A single patient with a superficial temporal arteriovenous malformation diagnosed by carotid duplex causing pulsatile tinnitus that failed initial surgical management. Repeat imaging failed to identify a cause for the persistent tinnitus.

Intervention:

Reoperation with a parotid approach based on physical exam findings.

Results:

Removal of a more proximal arteriovenous malformation in the parotid gland resulted in long-term resolution of the patient's pulsatile tinnitus.

Conclusions:

Physical examination is essential in the workup and management of pulsatile tinnitus. Imaging is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of pulsatile tinnitus but should not be solely relied upon.