bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoids and Their Receptors
Authors: Straiker Alex
Published: February 2008

Exogenous cannabinoids are ∼60 molecules with a similar structural motif found in marijuana and hashish. Some of these are psychoactive – the chief being Δ
9
‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
‐THC) – and have been found to exert their psychoactive effects via receptors in the body. The human body makes
endogenous
cannabinoids that are structurally distinct from exogenous cannabinoids. This combination of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and receptors form an important endogenous signalling system with roles in numerous aspects of brain function including memory, motor control, appetite, nausea and pain.
Neurons and Neural Networks: Computational Models
Authors: Rotstein Horacio G , Nadim Farzan
Published: February 2008

Neural networks produce electrical activity that is generated by the biophysical properties of the constituent neurons and synapses. Mathematical equations can be used to describe the electrical activity of neurons and neural networks and the underlying biophysical properties. These equations give rise to computational models of neurons and networks that can be analysed using mathematical techniques or numerically simulated with computers.
AMPAReceptors
Authors: Roche Katherine W , Isaac John TR
Published: February 2008

AMPA (α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid) receptors are the major excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). They mediate excitatory synaptic transmission between neurons and play a critical role in the synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory and neuronal development.
Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane
Authors: Weiner Joel H , Rothery Richard A
Published: February 2008

The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins and encloses the contents of the bacterial cell. Hydrophobic in nature, it acts as a barrier, preventing the leakage of the hydrophilic cytoplasmic constituents and protecting the inside of the cell from environmental insult.
Bacterial Taxis
Authors: Armitage Judith P
Published: February 2008

Bacteria swim by rotating semirigid helical flagella. They can swim at speeds of over 100 body lengths per second. They can sense a wide range of environmental signals; chemical changes, light, oxygen levels, changes in temperature and even the Earth's magnetic field. By temporally sampling their environment, they bias their overall direction of swimming to an optimum environment for growth.
Hydrocarbon Metabolism
Authors: Patzelt Heiko
Published: February 2008

Although originally biogenic, most aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are now xenobiotic to the environment. Some bioaccumulate and are potentially harmful. Most others are quickly degraded by specialized microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Vaccines:DNA
Authors: Ulmer Jeffrey B , Donnelly John J
Published: February 2008

Immunization by injection of plasmids encoding foreign proteins has successfully been used as a research tool and to elicit protective immune responses in animal models. Successful licensure of three deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines for animal health applications has recently been attained, including two for prevention of viral diseases and one for treatment of cancer in dogs. However, DNA vaccines have so far not been sufficiently potent in humans to support licensure. Hence, much effort has been undertaken to increase the potency of DNA vaccines.
Microorganisms: Applications in Molecular Biology
Authors: Keeney Jill B
Published: February 2008

Microorganisms, most notably yeast and bacteria, are used in research and industry for cloning genes, replicating DNA and producing purified proteins. Yeast, in particular, is widely used as a model organism for studying a variety of cell functions.
Restriction Enzymes
Authors: Mani Mala , Kandavelou Karthikeyan , Chandrasegaran Srinivasan
Published: February 2008

Type II restriction enzymes are the molecular scissors that catalyse the double‐strand cleavage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at specific base sequences. They are essential tools for manipulating DNA including but not limited to cloning, analysis and sequencing. Recent advances have made it possible to design and engineer chimaeric nucleases to target specific DNA sites within a genome thus making them useful tools to carry out gene therapy.
Hepatitis
C
Virus
Authors: Harris Mark
Published: February 2008

Hepatitis C virus is a positive‐sense ribonucleic acid virus that is parenterally transmitted and is associated with chronic liver disease – fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. It is a leading indicator for both liver transplant surgery and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment is limited to a combination of interferon and ribavirin and is only partially effective. Research into the biology of hepatitis C virus has been hampered until recently by the inability to propagate the virus in cell culture. However, this obstacle has now been overcome and there is now a new momentum that promises to reveal much about this virus, hopefully leading to new and more effective therapies.
Antigenic Variation in Microbial Evasion of Immune Responses
Authors: Kotwal Girish J , Kulkarni Amod P
Published: February 2008

Antigenic variation is the means by which certain pathogenic microorganisms evade immune surveillance. Through a variety of mechanisms, the antigenicity of their surface proteins is varied, thereby preventing the host organism from mounting an effective immune response. This has serious public health consequences, e.g. the current human immunodeficiency virus pandemic and the looming influenza pandemic.
Immunodeficiency
Authors: Roberts Robert L , Stiehm E Richard
Published: February 2008

Immunodeficiency is a condition caused by one or more immune system defects and is characterized clinically by increased susceptibility to infections with consequent severe, acute, recurrent or chronic disease. An immunodeficiency disorder should be considered in anyone with infections that are unusually frequent, severe and resistant; without a symptom‐free interval; from an unusual organism or with unexpected or severe complications. Immunodeficiencies may be either primary or secondary.
Quorum Sensing
Authors: Holden Matthew TG , Diggle Stephen P , Williams Paul
Published: February 2008

Many bacterial processes are dependent on the presence of a population of cells. Quorum sensing is a term that has been coined to describe the ability of bacteria to sense the population of bacteria around them. Bacteria achieve this by detecting the concentration of signalling molecules that they secrete into the surrounding environment.
Evolution of Genome Organization
Authors: Stephan Wolfgang
Published: February 2008

Several features of chromosomes, such as chromosome number, polyploidy and the accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences near centromeres, reflect the evolutionary forces acting on eukaryotic genomes.
Repetitive
DNA
: Evolution
Authors: Stephan Wolfgang , Walsh Bruce
Published: February 2008

Repetitive DNA sequences form a substantial fraction of the genomes of most eukaryotes. Far from conferring fitness benefits to their host, in most cases repetitive sequences are maintained solely by their ability to replicate within the genome.
Molecular Evolution
Authors: Klein Jan
Published: February 2008

Molecular evolution is the process by which molecules of living forms diverge from one another over time. The study of molecular evolution embraces the evolution of the molecules themselves, their origins, how they change from taxon to taxon, the effects of these changes on function, and the integration of the molecules in the biochemical pathways of an organism. It also infers phylogenetic relationships and contributes to the formulation of general principles of evolution at the molecular level.
Molecular Evolution: Neutral Theory
Authors: Takahata Naoyuki
Published: February 2008

The neutral theory is shorthand for the theory that at the molecular level evolutionary changes and polymorphisms are mainly due to selectively neutral mutations; thus, their behaviour and fate are determined by mutation and random drift. The theory explains polymorphism as a transient phase of molecular evolution, and demands a dichotomy between molecular and phenotypic evolution.
Codon Usage in Molecular Evolution
Authors: Grantham Richard L
Published: February 2008

In protein synthesis, succeeding amino acids are indicated by a sequence of codons in the gene. A given amino acid may be represented by up to six codons, making a choice between synonymous codons possible; this permits the creation of an evolutionary pattern of codon usages.
Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas
Authors: Magrath Ian T
Published: February 2008

Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes – the predominant cells of the immune system – and their precursor cells. Lymphoid cell surface markers, clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangements and genetic lesions necessary for the induction of NHL (in particular, characteristic chromosomal translocations), can be considered as the defining characteristics of malignant lymphoid neoplasms, with the exception of the tumours of natural killer cells, which lack antigen receptor gene rearrangements. Appropriate treatment can control or cure most NHLs, treatment outcome depending upon the category and subtype of NHL and the extent of disease.
Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques
Authors: Power HJ
Published: February 2008

Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), a Belgian mathematician and astronomer whose studies of ‘social physics’ (
physique sociale
) broadened the use of statistics from error correction in astronomy to the social and life sciences.
Mouse Knockouts: Modifying the Mouse Genome by using Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mansouri Ahmed
Published: February 2008

Mouse embryonic stem cells are derived from the early embryo. They are pluripotent and can be genetically manipulated
in vitro
. This allows the modification of the mouse genome by gene targeting through homologous recombination, and by gene trapping approaches. Thus, mouse mutants that carry any desired mutation can be created. They represent a valuable tool to give new insights into normal and pathological processes, and to provide animal models for human genetic diseases.
Protein Structure Prediction
Authors: Skolnick Jeffrey
Published: February 2008

The state of the art of the field of protein structure prediction is reviewed. The strengths and weaknesses of the three general approaches, comparative modelling, threading and template‐free modelling, are discussed, and an overview of the results of the critical assessment of structure prediction (CASP) protein structure prediction experiments are summarized. The implications for protein structure prediction of the finding that the library of solved single domain protein structures is likely complete are examined. Recent advances in the modelling of membrane proteins and proteome scale protein structure predictions are presented. Finally, the key remaining unsolved proteins in protein structure prediction are described.
Species Problem – A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Richards Richard A
Published: February 2008

The
species problem
is that there are multiple ways to conceive species that divide up biodiversity in inconsistent ways, with no obvious solution. Philosophical analysis of the species problem has first, focused on the adequacy of particular species concepts and associated conceptual frameworks; and second, engaged issues relative to species realism, pluralism and ontology.
Alpine Ecosystems
Authors: Körner Christian
Published: February 2008

Of all land area of the globe (about 151 million km2), the alpine life zone covers around 3% or 4.5 million km2, which is one‐third less than the area of the vegetated arctic life zone of North America and Eurasia (largely tundra). The alpine life zone (just as the arctic life zone) is treeless, hence its lower boundary is the climatic, high elevation treeline. Its upper boundary is the upper limit of plant life. Both these boundaries are fragmented and represent gradual transition zones. The alpine zone covers a suite of ecosystems (e.g. grass and shrub heathlands), special microhabitats (e.g. rock crevices and springs) and includes isolated outposts of life.
Cp
G
Islands and DNA Methylation
Authors: Antequera Francisco
Published: February 2008

Methylated CpG dinucleotides at position 5 of cytosine are associated with transcriptional repression and an inactive chromatin conformation in mammals. CpG islands are nonmethylated, CpG‐rich regions of ∼1 kb that represent approximately 1% of the genome and contain promoters and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication origins.
Negative Regulatory Elements (
NREs
)
Authors: Hampsey Michael
Published: February 2008

Negative regulatory elements (NREs) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that repress gene expression. NREs can act locally to repress expression of individual genes, or globally to repress expression of an expansive chromosomal domain. In either case, NREs act as binding sites for specific proteins, which in turn interact with other factors either to block recruitment of ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase or to facilitate formation of heterochromatin.
Chromosome‐specific Repeats (Low‐copy Repeats)
Authors: Potier M‐C , Golfier G , Eichler EE
Published: February 2008

Low copy repeats or segmental duplications are duplicated blocks of genomic DNA ranging in size from 1 to 200 kb. They result from interchromosomal or intrachromosomal duplications.
Telomeric and Subtelomeric Repeat Sequences
Authors: Churikov Dmitri , Price Carolyn M
Published: February 2008

Telomeric repeats are the tandem arrays of a short G‐rich sequence that are present at the ends of most eukaryotic chromosomes. Subtelomeric sequences lie immediately proximal to the telomeric repeats and are composed of complex patchwork of low‐copy repeated sequences, segmental duplications and degenerate telomeric repeats.
Polyploid Origin of the Human Genome
Authors: Kasahara Masanori
Published: February 2008

Substantial evidence suggests that two rounds of tetraploidization (whole‐genome duplication) took place close to the origin of vertebrates; hence, the human genome is most likely paleooctoploid.
Promoters: Evolution
Authors: Gumucio Deborah L
Published: February 2008

Evolutionarily conserved promoter elements may direct similar patterns of gene expression in diverse species. Conversely, one of the most important mechanisms for the shaping of new species and new attributes is the evolution of new patterns of gene expression. Strategies aimed at identifying both conserved and evolving promoter elements will be major targets for future study.
Gene Duplication: Evolution
Authors: Li Wen‐Hsiung
Published: February 2008

Gene duplication is the major source of genetic novelties, because a duplicate copy may be free to change to a new function. Indeed, genome sequencing and statistical analyses have revealed that each eukaryotic genome contain numerous duplicate genes. Furthermore, there is evidence that a genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of vertebrates and this might has been important for the diversification and organismal complexity of vertebrates.
Evolution: Selectionist View
Authors: Wagner Andreas
Published: February 2008

The selectionist view of molecular evolution maintains that a large fraction of molecular variation seen in natural populations is due to beneficial mutations.
Evolution: Neutralist View
Authors: Wagner Andreas
Published: February 2008

The neutralist view of molecular evolution maintains that the vast amount of molecular variation seen in natural populations is largely due to neutral mutations.
Gene Expression Databases
Authors: Brazma Alvis , Sarkans Ugis
Published: February 2008

Gene expression databases store information about the absolute or relative abundance of gene transcription products in various biological samples, such as cells from a particular tissue in a particular organism, or a particular cell line. These databases allow one to access, select, retrieve and combine for analysis gene expression datasets generated by one's own or other laboratories.
DNAReplication
Authors: Zannis‐Hadjopoulos Maria
Published: February 2008

Deoxyribonucleic acid replication is the process leading to the duplication of genetic material in an organism.
Dating Mutations
Authors: Colombo Roberto
Published: February 2008

The age of a mutation can be estimated from the decay of linkage disequilibrium with flanking or intragenic polymorphisms because of recombination and mutation and from the frequency of the mutation itself as a consequence of genetic drift. Several methods have been proposed, and the results from their applications can be combined with population data to provide a critical view of the origin and natural history of the mutation.
Repetitive Elements and Human Disorders
Authors: Hedges Dale J , Deininger Prescott L
Published: February 2008

Repetitive sequences, consisting largely of transposable elements (TEs), comprise over 50% of the mammalian genome. Ongoing proliferation of human TEs results in a significant level of disease‐causing mutations. More frequently than insertional mutagenesis, TEs participate in nonallelic recombinations that generate both germ‐line and somatic mutations. Further exacerbating the deleterious nature of TEs, the protein products of some autonomous elements have been demonstrated to generate double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breaks, which have themselves been established as potent inducers of genetic instability. Other repetitive genomic sequence, such as segmental duplications and microsatellites (particularly triplet repeats), also promote genetic instability resulting in disease phenotypes.
Y
Chromosome
Authors: Tyler‐Smith Chris
Published: February 2008

The Y chromosome has a key role in human sex determination and carries the male sex‐determining gene,
SRY
. As a consequence of this function, it has unique genetic properties such as a large region that is haploid and escapes meiotic recombination, and unique physical properties such as low gene but high repeated sequence density. The sequence of the euchromatic half of the chromosome has been determined in one individual, and this is accelerating systematic studies of both sequence and structural variation in the population and their phenotypic consequences.
Purifying Selection: Action on Silent Sites
Authors: Nielsen R , Akashi H
Published: February 2008

The role of selection on silent‐site evolution in humans is controversial. Mounting evidence suggests that selection for optimal base composition, codon usage or both may be common.
rRNAGenes: Evolution
Authors: Gonzalez Iris L , Sylvester James E
Published: February 2008

The large ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene arrays undergo concerted evolution on both homologous and nonhomologous chromosomes, but coding and noncoding parts of the ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) unit are not homogenized to the same extent and at the same rate. We do not know if this is due to selection pressure, to localized recombination or gene conversions. New findings regarding array organization have raised the possibility that there are isolated clusters that only homogenize among/within themselves. It is not known if these noncanonical clusters are functional or not.
Metagenomics and Microbial Communities
Authors: Handelsman Jo
Published: February 2008

Metagenomics is the genomic analysis of microbial communities. This new science provides access to organisms that are recalcitrant to culturing, as are the vast majority of microorganisms on Earth. Metagenomics thereby offers a first peek at the wide variety of life that has never been studied, thus providing new insight into the structure and function of ecosystems as diverse as the oceans and the human gastrointestinal tract.
Species Richness: Small Scale
Authors: Brown Rebecca L , Jacobs Lee Anne , Peet Robert K
Published: February 2008

Species richness, defined as the number of species per unit area, is perhaps the simplest measure of biodiversity. Understanding the factors that affect and are affected by small‐scale species richness is fundamental to community ecology.
Genetics and Tradition as Competing Sources of Knowledge of Human History
Authors: Egorova Yulia
Published: February 2008

Recent genetic studies aiming to reconstruct the history of human migrations made a claim to be able to contribute to the writing of history. However, because such projects are closely linked to sociocultural ideas about the categorization of identity, race and ethnicity, they have raised a number of controversial cultural and political issues and are likely to have important potential socio‐political consequences. Though some such studies played a positive role helping the researched communities to reaffirm their identity, other projects yielded results that contradicted local narratives of origin.
Plant Virus Silencing Suppressors and
RNA
Silencing in Plants
Authors: Qu Feng , Morris T Jack
Published: February 2008

Plants use ribonucleic acid (RNA) silencing to target virus RNAs for degradation, whereas plant viruses have evolved to encode strong suppressors of RNA silencing in response. Known targets of virus‐encoded suppressors include all major steps/components of the RNA silencing pathway(s).
The Mouse Genome as a Rodent Model in Evolutionary Studies
Authors: Vamathevan Jessica , Holbrook Joanna D , Emes Richard D
Published: February 2008

The mouse genome provides a model mammalian system for comparative genomics, enabling discernment of the biological function of human genes. In particular the mouse genome sequence provides an unrivalled resource for medical bioscience, in encouraging a deeper understanding of the evolutionary history of potential drug targets.
An Evolutionary Framework for Common Disease
Authors: Luca Francesca , Di Rienzo Anna
Published: February 2008

Susceptibility alleles for common diseases are a subset of all natural genetic variation; as such they are jointly shaped by random drift and natural selection. Computer simulation and empirical studies show that models of purifying selection and adaptive evolution apply to risk alleles for common diseases. These models have important implications for the design of disease‐mapping studies.
Transcription Factor‐binding Sites: Recent Evolution in the Human Lineage
Authors: Göttgens Berthold
Published: February 2008

Alteration in transcriptional regulatory mechanisms represents an important platform for evolutionary change yet relatively little is known about the extent to which evolution of transcriptional control mechanisms has contributed to recent human evolution. Recent computational analysis suggests that a significant proportion of functional human–chimpanzee sequence differences may affect regulatory elements thus opening up a fruitful avenue for future research to identify pathways underlying recent human evolution and diversity as well as disease predisposition.
The Contribution of Frameshift Translation to the Generation of Novel Human Proteins
Authors: Okamura Kohji , Scherer Stephen W
Published: February 2008

The creation of novel proteins is not simply ascribed to duplication of homologous sequences, but can be largely explained by frameshift translation. A deficiency of the TpA dinucleotide in protein‐coding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences renders them tolerant of frameshift mutations by minimizing the opportunity for premature stop codons, and involvement of both strands can increase genomic complexity. This supports the suggestion that new coding sequences evolve from existing or ancestral exons rather than from nonexonic sequences.
A method for the continuous calculation of the age of labeled red blood cells
Authors: Lindsell Christopher J. , Franco Robert S. , Smith Eric P. , Joiner Clinton H. , Cohen Robert M.
Published: February 2008

New methods for labeling red blood cells (RBC) and monitoring their survival have made it possible to explore changes in the properties of RBC as they age in the circulation. We have adapted a method, originally developed for studying wild animals, to calculate the age of a random sample of labeled RBC from their survival curve. We also show how this method can be expanded to allow continuous calculation of the mean age of the labeled RBC population at any time after labeling. It is expected that this analytical approach will be useful in the study of age‐dependent RBC changes. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo maintenance therapy with denileukin diftitox (Ontak®) in a patient with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma is associated with prolonged remission
Authors: Wong Bryan Y. , Ma Yupo , Fitzwilson Robert , Dang Nam H.
Published: February 2008

Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) is an aggressive form of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), associated with poor prognosis and without standard approach to treatment. Denileukin diftitox (Ontak®) is a synthetic fusion protein combining the receptor‐binding domain of interleukin‐2 to the enzymatically active portion of diphtheria toxin. While approved for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, it has demonstrated activity in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas of both T‐cell and B‐cell origin. This report documents the first case of de novo maintenance therapy with denileukin diftitox sustaining an ongoing complete response at the molecular level for 2 years in a patient with PTCL. Am. J. Hematol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, structure determination and chemoselective catalytic studies of amino acids complexes of osmium(II)
Authors: Sarfraz Raja A. , Kazi Tasneem G. , Iqbal Shahid , Afridi Hassan I. , Jamali Mohammad K. , Jalbani Nusrat , Arain M. B.
Published: February 2008

The two new half sandwich amino acids complexes of osmium, i.e. [Os(η6‐p‐cymene)(κ1‐N‐(rac)‐phenylglycine methylester)Cl2] (A) and [Os(η6‐p‐cymene)(κ1‐N,N′‐(S)‐phenylalanineamido)Cl] (B) have been synthesized and employed for chemoselective reduction of ketones (nine α,β‐unsaturated ketones and three saturated ketones). The complexes were characterized by spectroscopic as well as analytical methods; their solid structures were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Both of the osmium complexes catalyze the reduction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones to saturated ketones via isomerization of the initially produced allylic alcohols. The reducible substrates were studied to obtain information on the steric and electronic factors which may affect the interaction of the substrate with the metal center and, thus, control the selectivity of the hydrogen‐transfer reductions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ferrocenyl glycopeptides as electrochemical probes to detect autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis patients' sera
Authors: Real‐Fernández Feliciana , Colson Amélie , Bayardon Jérome , Nuti Francesca , Peroni Elisa , Meunier‐Prest Rita , Lolli Francesco , Chelli Mario , Darcel Christophe , Jugé Sylvain , Papini Anna Maria
Published: February 2008

Glycopeptide analogues of CSF114(Glc), modified at N‐terminus with new ferrocenyl carboxylic acid and a new ferrocenyl‐thiphosphino amino acid, were used to implement a new electrochemical biosensor for autoantibody detection in multiple sclerosis. The ferrocenyl moiety of these “electrochemical probes” did not affect autoantibody recognition both in SP‐ELISA and in inhibition experiments. By electrochemical monitoring the interactions of the modified peptides Fc‐CSF114(Glc) and 4‐FcPhP(S)Abu‐CSF114(Glc) with the autoantibodies, we demonstrated that autoantibodies could be detected with a sensitivity comparable to ELISA method. The new electrochemical probes can be proposed to characterize autoantibodies as biomarkers of multiple sclerosis by a simple, rapid, and reproducible cyclic voltammetry‐based diagnostic methodology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 488–495, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Large scale motions in a biosensor protein glucose oxidase: A combined approach by QENS, normal mode analysis, and molecular dynamics studies
Authors: Tatke Sujit S. , Loong Chun K. , D'Souza Nicolas , Schoephoerster Richard T. , Prabhakaran M.
Published: February 2008

The characteristics of the glucose oxidase were studied using a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques. Quasi elastic neutron scattering experiments were used to obtain the vibrational frequencies of the protein. These were compared to theoretical results obtained by normal mode analysis. Results indicate a good match between the experimental and theoretical values. Molecular dynamic simulation with covariant analysis was used to study the structure and dynamics of glucose oxidase. Various parameters like the radius of gyration, root mean square fluctuations, solvent accessibility were studied for evaluating the structural stability of the protein. The frequency of vibration calculated from the three methods is used to derive the large scale motions. Theses studies were used to predict the suitable lysine residues for linkage with carbon nanotubes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 582–594, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Conformations of β‐amino acid residues in peptides: X‐ray diffraction studies of peptides containing the achiral residue 1‐aminocyclohexaneacetic acid, β3,3Ac6c
Authors: Vasudev Prema G. , Rai Rajkishor , Shamala Narayanaswamy , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: February 2008

The conformational preferences of the 3,3‐disubstituted β‐amino acid residue, 1‐aminocyclohexaneacetic acid (β3,3Ac6c) have been investigated by determining the crystal structures of the parent amino acid, the hydrochloride derivative, 10 protected derivatives and di and tripeptides. The symmetrical cyclohexyl substituent at the β‐position restricts the values of the torsion angles ϕ (NCβ) and θ (CβCα) to approximatelygauchevalues (±60°). Relatively few intramolecularly hydrogen bonded conformations are observed. In the dipeptide Boc‐β3,3Ac6c‐β3,3Ac6c‐NHMe a C6hydrogen bond is observed. In Piv‐Pro‐β3,3Ac6c‐NHMe a C11hydrogen bonded hybrid αβ turn is characterized. In a majority of cases the amino group occupies the axial position in the cyclohexane ring. The conformations observed are compared with crystallographically observed structures for other β‐residues, including β2,2Ac6c. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 138–150, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of new multimeric erythropoietin receptor agonists
Authors: Vadas Oscar , Hartley Oliver , Rose Keith
Published: February 2008

In addition to its natural ligand, the receptor for erythropoietin can be activated by small peptides known as erythropoietin mimetic peptides (EMPs). Although EMPs are less potent than the natural ligand, EMP dimers, consisting of two EMPs joined via a linker, have been shown to exhibit significantly improved activity compared to the corresponding monomers, with potency approaching that of the native hormone. In this study, we used a panel of novel EMP dimers to explore the effects of linker length and EMP attachment site on potency. The EC50 values obtained in an EPO‐dependent proliferation assay indicated that, as has been shown with similar molecules, EMP dimerization can lead to increases in potency of more than 2 orders of magnitude. We found that both C‐terminal and N‐terminal attachment of the linker to EMP was tolerated, and that, with the exception of the shortest linker, all of the linker lengths tested provided a similar increase in potency. In follow‐up work devised to explore the potential benefit of contacting additional cell surface EPO receptors, we designed a tetrameric template consisting of lysine‐based dimers joined via commercial PEG linkers of various molecular weights. Evaluation of the resulting molecules indicated a clear effect of PEG linker size on activity, while the “dimer of dimer” with the shortest linker exhibited 10‐fold lower potency than the corresponding dimer, the longest tetramer increased potency by fivefold. We discuss the implications of these results for the further development of EMP multimers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 496–502, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Non‐bioengineered silk gland fibroin protein: Characterization and evaluation of matrices for potential tissue engineering applications
Authors: Mandal Biman B. , Kundu Subhas C.
Published: February 2008

The possibility of using wild non‐mulberry silk protein as a biopolymer remains unexplored compared to domesticated mulberry silk protein. One of the main reasons for this was for not having any suitable method of extraction of silk protein fibroin from cocoons and silk glands. In this study non‐bioengineered non‐mulberry silk gland fibroin protein from tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta, is regenerated and characterized using 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The new technique is important and unique because it uses a mild surfactant for fibroin dissolution and is advantageous over other previous reported techniques using chaotropic salts. Fabricated fibroin films are smooth as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. Circular dichroism spectrometry along with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction reveal random coil/α‐helix conformations in regenerated fibroin which transform to β‐sheets, resulting in crystalline structure and protein insolubility through ethanol treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry shows an increase in glass transition (Tg) temperature and enhanced degradation temperature on alcohol treatment. Enhanced cell attachment and viability of AH927 feline fibroblasts were observed on fibroin matrices. Higher mechanical strength along with controllable water stability of regenerated gland fibroin films make non‐mulberry Indian tropical tasar silk gland fibroin protein a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 1237–1250. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitric oxide reduction in BioDeNOx reactors: Kinetics and mechanism
Authors: van der Maas Peter , Manconi Isabella , Klapwijk Bram , Lens Piet
Published: February 2008

Biological reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to di‐nitrogen (N2) gas in aqueous Fe(II)EDTA2− solutions is a key reaction in BioDeNOx, a novel process for NOx removal from flue gases. The mechanism and kinetics of the first step of NO reduction, that is, the conversion of NO to N2O, was determined in batch experiments using various types of inocula. Experiments were performed in Fe(II)EDTA2− medium (5–25 mM) under BioDeNOx reactor conditions (55°C, pH 7.2 ± 0.2) with ethanol as external electron donor. BioDeNOx reactor mixed liquor gave the highest NO reduction rates (±0.34 ${\rm nmol}\,{\rm s}^{ - 1} \,{\rm mg}_{{\rm prot}}^{ - 1} $) with an estimated Km value for NO lower than 10 nM. The specific NO (to N2O) reduction rate depended on the NO (aq) and Fe(II)EDTA2− concentration as well as the temperature. The experimental results, complemented with kinetic and thermodynamic considerations, show that Fe(II)EDTA2−, and not ethanol, is the primary electron donor for NO reduction, that is, the BioDeNOx reactor medium (the redox system Fe(II)EDTA2−/Fe(III)EDTA−) interferes with the NO reduction electron transfer chain and thus enhances the NO denitrification rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 1099–1107. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Calculations of KH and (KH)2 in Solid Hydrogen.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New AA′BWO6 Perovskites Exhibiting Simultaneous Ordering of A‐Site and B‐Site Cations.
Authors: King Graham , Thimmaiah Srinivasa , Dwivedi Akansha , Woodward Patrick M.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence Properties of Cu‐Activated BaZnOS Phosphor.
Authors: Xia Yujuan , Huang Fuqiang , Wang Wendeng , Wang Anbao , Shi Jianlin
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Method to Synthesize Polyhedral Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanofibers.
Authors: Lin Liang‐xu , Zheng Ying , Li Zhao‐hui , Shen Xiao‐nv , Wei Ke‐mei
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Solubility of Cobalt(IV) in Li8SiO6.
Authors: Muehle Claus , Jansen Martin
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of CexCo4Ge6Se6.
Authors: Lin Qiyin , Smalley Arwyn L. E. , Johnson David C. , Martin J. , Nolas G. S.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iterative Approach to Polyketide‐Type Structures: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,3‐Polyols Utilizing the Catalytic Asymmetric Overman Esterification.
Authors: Binder Joerg T. , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Asymmetric β‐Amination and Multicomponent syn‐Selective Diamination of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Jiang Hao , Nielsen Johanne B. , Nielsen Martin , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Chiral Hydroxyoxazolines Based on Ketopinic Acid and Their Use in the Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Barroso Santiago , Blay Gonzalo , Cardona Luz , Pedro Jose R.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 7‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 2‐Oxa‐4‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]non‐3‐ene Derivatives by Base‐Promoted Heterocyclization of Alkyl N‐(cis(trans)‐3,trans(cis)‐4‐Dibromocyclohex‐1‐yl)carbamates and N‐(cis(trans)‐3,trans (cis)‐4‐Dibromocyclohex‐1‐yl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroacetamides.
Authors: Gomez‐Sanchez Elena , Soriano Elena , Marco‐Contelles Jose
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [RuCl2(PPh3)(PNN′)] Complexes as Efficient Catalysts in Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones (I).
Authors: Del Zotto Alessandro , Baratta Walter , Ballico Maurizio , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Rigo Pierluigi
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of 1,5‐Diketones. Part 1. Halogenation of Aryl‐Substituted Pent‐2‐ene‐1,5‐diones, Pentane‐1,5‐diones, and Their Fused Analogues.
Authors: Pchelintseva N. V. , Tsimbalenko D. A. , Fedotova O. V.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: InCl3/I2‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Trimethylsilyl Ethers and Allylsilanes via an in situ Derived Combined Lewis Acid of InCl3 and Me3SiI.
Authors: Saito Takahiro , Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Triallylaluminum to α,β‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes to Produce 4,5‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Shen Kao‐Hsien , Liu Ju‐Tsung , Wu Yih‐Ru , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Nitroethanol Ethers by Alcoholysis of Oxiranes.
Authors: Gras Jean‐Louis , Daoubi Mourad , Collado Isidro G.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Direct Dehydrative Approach for Diaryliodonium(III) Salts in Fluoroalcohol Media.
Authors: Dohi Toshifumi , Ito Motoki , Morimoto Koji , Minamitsuji Yutaka , Takenaga Naoko , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Scope of the Suzuki—Miyaura Aminoethylation Reaction Using Organotrifluoroborates.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Jean‐Gerard Ludivine
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Petasis Borono‐Mannich Reaction and Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds via Transient Allyl Boronates Generated by Palladium‐Catalyzed Substitution of Allyl Alcohols. An Efficient One‐Pot Route to Stereodefined α‐Amino Acids and Homoallyl Alcohols.
Authors: Selander Nicklas , Kipke Andreas , Sebelius Sara , Szabo Kalman J.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Sulfuric Acid as an Efficient Solid Acid Catalyst for Friedel—Crafts Acylation Using Anhydrides.
Authors: Alizadeh A. , Khodaei M. M. , Nazari E.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine, an Efficient Ligand for the Heck Reaction in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Evdokimov D. V. , Bumagin N. A.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Chlorides at Atmospheric Pressure: The Dual Role of Sodium Phenoxide.
Authors: Martinelli Joseph R. , Clark Thomas P. , Watson Donald A. , Munday Rachel H. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Activation of tropos 2,2′‐Biphenol with Cinchonine Generates an Effective Catalyst for the Asymmetric Strecker Reaction of N‐Tosyl‐Protected Aldimines and Ketoimines.
Authors: Wang Jun , Hu Xiaolei , Jiang Jun , Gou Shaohua , Huang Xiao , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: February 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.