bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of blade rotational speeds on the performance of cassava milling machine
Authors: Ma’muri  , Novrinaldi  , Haryanto A , Kurniawan Y R , Pramono E K , Siregar Y H , Afifah N , Ekafitri R , Putra S A
Published: August 2024

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a food source of carbohydrates in Indonesia. Cassava flour is used as raw material for processed food products. A performance evaluation of the cassava milling machine has been carried out by varying the blade rotational speeds. There are three parameters related to machine performance and two parameters related to cassava flour. The machine performance parameters are capacity, electric power, and specific energy, while the cassava flour parameters are temperature and particle size distribution. The performance evaluation showed that the higher the blade rotational speeds, the higher the capacity and electrical power, at 8000 rpm the resulting capacity and electrical power are 465.5 kg/hour and 2418.8 W respectively. At the same blade rotational speeds, the lowest specific energy is also obtained, at 19,540.52 J/kg. In all variations of blade rotational speeds, there is an increase in temperature from cassava chips to cassava flour, an average of 2.7 °C. Meanwhile, the cassava flour particle size showed that in each variation of the blade rotational speed, the dominant flour size is 60-80 mesh. At a blade rotational speed of 8000 rpm, the cassava flour particle size of 60-80 mesh is the largest when compared to other blade rotational speeds at 45% of the cassava flour produced by flouring. Based on statistical analysis, by varying the blade rotational speeds, it is stated that there are no significant differences in the results of the performance parameters except for the flouring capacity parameter at blade rotational speeds of 8000 rpm.
Halal aspect and nutritional potential of telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower kombucha
Authors: Kushargina R , Rimbawan R , Dewi M , Damayanthi E , Dainy N C , Yunieswati W
Published: August 2024

Public awareness of halal aspects is increasing, especially for foods. Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) states that fermented drinks are halal if they contain alcohol below 0.5%. Several compounds are produced during the fermentation process in kombucha, including the compound ethanol (alcohol). This research aims to analyze the alcohol content and nutritional content of telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower kombucha drinks to fulfil halal aspects and nutritional potential. This research is an experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely storage time at five observation points (0 weeks, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks). The alcohol content was analyzed using a method using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection- Head Space (GC-FID). Nutrient content analysis consists of analysis of water, ash, energy, energy from fat and protein content, and carbohydrate analysis carried out by difference. Total sugar content was analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The alcohol content increases during the storage period. Alcohol content is in the range of 0.15-0.17%. This content meets halal aspects with a content of <0.5% following MUI regulations. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed that storage had no significant effect on alcohol content (p>0.05). Telang flower kombucha contains 117.46 calories of energy, 29.37 grams of carbohydrates, 0.02 grams of fat, 0.04 grams of protein, and 16 grams of sugar per 100 ml.
Assessing synthetic milk through the detection of anionic detergents in milk: a concise review
Authors: Julmohammad N , Tan E , Koh W Y , Soloi S
Published: August 2024

The emergence of synthetic milk as a deceptive method for economic gains involves the incorporation of adulterants such as starch, urea, inexpensive vegetable oils, glucose detergent, water, and preservatives. This fraudulent mixture, seamlessly integrated with pure milk, deceives consumers by maintaining a natural taste and appearance. However, this unethical practice poses significant health risks, particularly to vulnerable demographics like children, pregnant women, and individuals with compromised immune systems. Despite being prevalent in both developed and developing countries, this deceptive practice could extend to other regions, given the global demand for milk and dairy products. Various methods exist for detecting synthetic milk, and one prominent approach involves identifying anionic detergent, which serves as a key component in the production of synthetic milk, acting as an emulsifier for vegetable oils and other ingredients. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an in-depth review of the role of detergent in synthetic milk production, highlighting the evolution of detection technologies. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the strengths and limitations of the method for identifying anionic detergent in synthetic milk is presented.
Effect of javanese grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis Burm.) flour on chicken sausage physical properties and its microstructure
Authors: Iwansyah A C , Kristanti D , Andriansyah R C E , Pramareti G M J , Aditya I G M R A , Azzahra F L , NA Bakar S
Published: August 2024

Chicken is rich in protein, but it lacks mineral content. The use of edible insects to enrich the nutritional value, especially the mineral content, of processed chicken-based products such as chicken sausages can also affect their physical quality. The effect of edible insects on chicken sausages is rarely studied and needs further investigation. The purpose of this study was to fortify chicken sausage with Javanese grasshopper flour (Valanga nigricornis Burm.) and evaluate its physical properties. The experimental design employed a completely randomized design (CRD), with the following factors: levels of Javanese grasshopper flour (GF), including a control without GF (F0); 15% GF (F1); 10% GF (F2); and 5% GF (F3), each level was tested in triplicate. Physical properties, namely water holding capacity (WHC), pH, color, texture profile, and microstructure under scanning electron microscope (SEM), were measured. The results demonstrated that formulating chicken sausages with Javanese grasshopper flour significantly altered the physical properties and texture profile. Javanese grasshopper-fortified sausages exhibited low water retention, darker color, softer texture, and irregular aggregate microstructures. This study concludes that Javanese grasshopper flour can be utilized to fortify chicken sausages, resulting in 52.0-167.7% increase in water holding capacity, 5.1-37.9% decrease in hardness, and darker appearance expressed in lower L value by 7.6-24.7%.
Preservation effect of sodium alginate-based edible coating enriched with Siam Pontianak tangerine peel oil on chemical and microbiological properties of strawberry during refrigeration storage
Authors: Utami R , Annisa R R , Praseptiangga D , Nursiwi A , Sari A M , Ashari H , Ikarini I , Hanif Z
Published: August 2024

Strawberry is one of the most popular, nutritious, and valuable fruits. However, it has a short shelf life. Preservation by sodium alginate-based edible coating enriched with tangerine peel oil could maintain the physical quality of strawberries during refrigeration storage. However, its effect on chemical and microbiological properties has yet to be reported. This research evaluated the effect of sodium alginate-based edible coating enriched with Siam Pontianak tangerine (Citrus nobilis var. Microcarpa) peel oil at various concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%) on strawberries’ chemical and microbiological properties during six days of storage in a refrigerator. The non-coated sample was also prepared as a control. The results showed that the treatments affected the quality of strawberries, including pH, vitamin C, total titratable acidity, and total plate count, except moisture content. The incorporation of 0.5 and 0.7% Siam Pontianak tangerine peel oil into an edible coating based on sodium alginate is a better approach to preserving strawberry quality than other methods. This finding suggests that the Siam Pontianak tangerine peel essential oil can be used as a natural preservative agent to extend the shelf life of strawberries.
Characterization of chili during storage with treatment of packaging type and modification of the atmosphere packaging
Authors: Siswanto N , Nurhikmat A , Amdani RZ , Kobarsih M , Prayogi S , Hatmi RU , Dameswary AH , Kusumaningrum A , Fadillah Y
Published: August 2024

Fresh chilies have a very short shelf life, so maximum post-harvest handling is required so that the chilies do not immediately become deteriorated and experience a higher rate of shrinkage. Several studies have been carried out to extend the shelf life of chilies, but the results are still not optimal. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of packaging type and air modification in the packaging room on the physicochemical characteristics of chili products during storage. Storage treatment uses PP plastic packaging and embossed nylon and modified air in the packaging with 3-5% O2 and control air. The results of the chili storage study for 14 days showed that the activity value of air treatment emboss O2 = 0.9896, emboss control = 0.9909, PP O2 = 0.9899 and PP control = 0.9937. For air content in the emboss O2 treatment = 79.68, emboss control = 81.46, PP O2 = 80.30 and PP control = 80.22. For the pH value in the emboss O2 treatment = 5.16, emboss control = 6.26, PP O2 = 5.11 and PP control = 6.03. For color value a in the emboss O2 treatment = 33.07, emboss control = 29.94, PP O2 = 31.68 and PP control = 30.83. The results of the research show that the values of water activity, water content, treatment and color values in the O2 embossed treatment at room temperature [EOR] and in the Polyethylene/PP treatment at cold temperatures [PPOC] have better chili quality values, this shows that the two treatments can support better chili quality during storage.
The isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from Indonesian traditional fermented food
Authors: Basuki W , Sunaryanto R , Layly I R , Rudiyono
Published: August 2024

Indigenous Indonesian fermented food is considered a source of probiotics because it usually contains lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Some LAB strains meet the requirement to be probiotics with some functional properties for positive health impacts. However, those functional properties of probiotics have not been fully investigated and need to be continued to complete. To investigate more about LAB from traditional Indonesian fermented foods, the isolation and identification of LAB from some traditional Indonesian fermented foods was done. It was isolated LAB from kimchi (Tangerang), mandai (Banjarmasin), menteng fruit (Banjarmasin), petis (Tangerang and Semarang), salty vegetable (Tangerang), fermented cassava (Tangerang), and fermented durian (Lampung). LAB was isolated in MRS medium with 1% CaCO3, then isolates were characterized biochemically by Gram staining and catalase test. Twenty-one isolates were characterized as gram-positive, and catalase-negative. This strain was further identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the sequences were then checked for similarities using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The result showed that 2 strains of Weissella paramesenteroides found was from Kimci, 1 strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus from mandai, 2 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum from menteng fruit, 1 strain of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides from petis Tangerang, 1 strain Bacillus sp from petis Semarang, 1 strain Lactobacillus plantarum from salty vegetable, 2 strain Weissella paramesenteroides from fermented cassava, 4 strain Lactobacillus plantarum and 2 strain Lactobacillus sp
from tempoyak.
Effect of vitamins and zinc fortification on sensory properties and nutritional value in a functional biscuit
Authors: Widjayanti R D E , Aji G K , Laily N , Sukarti I , Purwanta H , Purwoto H
Published: August 2024

Biscuits are a popular baked food product known for their extended shelf life. Fortification with essential vitamins and minerals becomes imperative to enhance their nutritional values. This study aimed to enrich a functional biscuit with key nutrients, including vitamins C, D, and E, as well as the mineral zinc. A sensory parameter was examined by performing 9 point-hedonic scales for color, aroma, taste, and overall liking test, showing 1 as the lowest liking score, and 9 as the highest liking value. Proximate, vitamins and mineral analyses were performed to study the macro- and micronutrient content of the biscuits. The findings demonstrated that fortification with vitamins and minerals did not significantly alter the sensory attributes of the functional biscuit (P >0.05). This study found that color, aroma, taste, and overall impression exhibited trivial variations (P >0.05)) between the original and fortified biscuits, with scores of 5.55 vs. 5.50, 6.68 vs. 6.59, 6.09 vs. 5.95, and 6.18 vs. 6.00, respectively. Importantly, the study effectively increased the nutritional content of the biscuit through fortification per serving size of 35 g, 0.00 vs 2.36 mcg, 0.95 vs 5.84 mg, 0.00 vs 39.31 mg, and 0.90 vs 7.47 mg for vitamin C, D, E, and zinc, respectively. This study also showed the total energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat content for each serving size of the original and fortified biscuits, resulting in 160.01 vs 161.92 kcal, 2.69 vs 2.67 g, 21.11 vs 21.70 g, and 7.20 vs 7.16 g, respectively. In conclusion, fortifying vitamins and zinc in the functional biscuit effectively heightened its nutritional profile of vitamins and minerals, while sensory properties remained largely unaffected.
Comparison of Murraya microbiological contamination and total flavonoid content on various drying methods
Authors: Safrina D , Susanti D , Putra A D P , Adi M B S , Wijaya N R
Published: August 2024

Kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) is one of the ingredients in Herbal Medicine formulation to treat overweight. The herbal medicine raw materials used must be safe and efficacious. Improper post-harvest handling during the drying process can reduce the quality of simplicia regarding microbial contamination and chemical content. In this study, drying is carried out using several methods, namely sun drying, cabinet oven, room oven, bed dryer, and a combination of drying methods (sunlight-room oven, sunlight-cabinet oven, bed dryer-room oven, and bed dryer-cabinet oven) to determine how the drying methods affect M. paniculata simplicia’s microbial contaminations and the content of total flavonoids. The experimental trial was designed with a randomized block design and three replications. The parameters observed were microbial contamination (Total Plate Count and Total Yeast Mold Count) and the total flavonoid content of simplicia. The F test analyzed and further tested the data with orthogonal contrast using Microsoft Excel. The outcomes demonstrated that various drying techniques had highly diverse impacts on bacterial and fungal contamination of the simplicia. There was a significant difference in the total plate count of simplicia between the single drying method and the combination method. Significant differences in fungal contamination were obtained using the combination method of drying in the sunlight-room oven with the sun-cabinet oven drying. The drying process using a cabinet oven and sunlight-cabinet oven combination produced the highest total flavonoid content. However, drying using a combination method of sunlight-cabinet oven does not meet the requirements in terms of microbial contamination. Drying using the cabinet oven method produces the best quality simplicia regarding safety and efficacy.
Effect of different types of pectin on the physicochemical, rheology, and sensory properties of low-fat yogurt
Authors: Julmohammad N , Rayang D O A , Maklin S N , Tan E
Published: August 2024

Low-fat yogurt has been defined to contain fat content of not more than 2.0 percent as per The Code of Federal Regulations, FDA, U.S. Nevertheless, the reduced fat content affects the physicochemical properties of yogurt by weakened texture, poor body, syneresis, and sensory quality. This is due to fat globules that govern the protein linkages that are responsible for the yogurt’s texture and firmness. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the physicochemical, rheology properties, and to determine the sensory properties and overall acceptability of low-fat yogurt enriched with different types of pectin. Pectin helps improve the gel characteristics, rheology, and microstructure of set yogurt through interactions with the casein network. Two different types of pectins are used which are low-methoxyl pectin (LMP) and high-methoxyl pectin (HMP). For each type, two different concentrations were used which are 0.5% and 1.0% for both types of pectin. Analysis such as pH measurement, titrable acidity, color measurement, water holding capacity measurement, syneresis measurement, viscosity measurement, microbial analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were conducted. The results from the analysis above were subjected to two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test. The addition of LMP (0.5% and 1.0%) showed a positive effect on the quality of yogurt with primary attributes compared to the pectin added with HMP and control sample. In conclusion, the low-fat yogurt had a positive effect due to the enrichment of the pectin. Sample 4 which is the low-fat yogurt with 1.0% of LMP showed better properties compared to other samples.
Physicochemical change and sensory quality profile of koji fermented-sorghum during the fermentation process using Aspergillus oryzae culture.
Authors: Kam N , Sianto D
Published: August 2024

Sorghum although rich in nutrients is known to have a low digestibility rate which hinders their usage. In this research, sorghum was subjected to koji fermentation to increase its digestibility rate. Koji fermentation, which utilizes the Aspergillus
oryzae mold, is known for its ability to hydrolyze carbohydrates and protein in food products. Three different boiling times (5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 20 minutes) and three different fermentation times (2 days, 4 days, and 8 days) fermentation were done and the digestibility rate will be expressed as the reduced sugar content, total soluble protein content, and degree of hydrolysis. The result showed that sorghum boiled for 20 minutes and fermented for 8 days, produced the highest reducing sugar content and the highest degree of hydrolysis which were 45.6 mg/g and 77.3%, respectively. While sorghum that had been boiled for 20 minutes and fermented for 2 days showed the highest soluble protein, 21.8 mg/g. Sorghum boiled for 20 minutes was then chosen as the best treatment along with different fermentation times to ferment sorghum before being applied to the sorbet formulation. Throughout the sensory evaluation, the highest acceptance was from koji sorbet made from 4 days of fermentation and 20 minutes of boiling time was the most preferred in sensory with moderate likeness. The sorbet also can be considered as a high protein and light fat food based on its nutritional value with >13% protein content and <5% fat content per serving.
Optimizing protein, energy, and protein degradable ratios to enhance in vitro ruminal fermentation and reduce methane gas emission
Authors: Putri Ezi Masdia , Zain Mardiati , Warly Lili , Hermon  , Negara Windu , Ibrahim Alek , Baihaqi Zein Ahmad
Published: August 2024

The traditional approach to feeding ruminant is based on the needs of protein and energy to enhance production and productivity. It is crucial to note the protein degradability in feed as microbial rumen needs ammonia from rumen degradable protein (RDP), while ruminant needs bypass protein also known as rumen undegradable protein (RUP) alongside microbial crude protein. Through the use of an in vitro technique, the recent study aimed to determine the optimal level of protein, energy, and RDP:RUP ratio in the diet of beef cattle by observing VFA partial production, protozoa population, and methane gas emissions. Various dietary treatments were formulated (based on dry matter content) comprised three protein levels (12%, 14%, and 16%), two energy levels (65% and 70%), and three RDP:RUP ratio levels(55:45 for low RDP, 60:40 for medium RDP, and 65:35 for high RDP). The study followed 3x3x2 factorial randomized block design with three replications. The dietary treatments were incubated with buffered rumen fluid. This study showed acetic, propionic, and butyric acid production were influenced by protein, energy, RD:RUP ratio (P<0.05). Meanwhile, protozoa population and methane gas emission were reduce by dietary protein, energy, and RDP:RUP ratio. In summary, dietary protein, energy, and RDP:RUP ratio impacts the production of VFA, protozoa population, and methane gas emissions. The diet comprising 14% dietary protein, 70% energy, and 60%:40% of RDP: RUP optimizes the production of VFA, while simultaneously reducing protozoa population and methane gas emissions.
Partial sequence analysis of mitochondrial D-loop gene in tukong chicken
Authors: Tribudi Y A , Natsir M H , Ulfah M , Sari A P Z N L , Ibrahim A , Nurgiartiningsih V M A
Published: August 2024

Tukong chicken is called the rumples (no tailbone) chicken in Indonesia. This research was done to determine whether the D-loop in mitochondrial DNA might be used to distinguish between the Tukong chicken and other local chickens. The D-loop region’s first 630 base pairs were amplified and successfully sequenced. Our research displayed 34 nucleotide variants based on the alignment between the Tukong and GenBank of Gallus (25 accession number) sequences of Indonesian local chicken and several exotic chicken breeds. However, there were no specific mutations for Tukong chicken. The Tajima’s neutrality test showed that from 31 sequences and 34 total sites, the nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.013. The phylogenetic analysis by the maximum-likelihood method revealed that the Tukong chicken was in a different clade from the Araucana, Nunukan, and Piao chickens, which have similar rumples phenotypes. Meanwhile, the local chicken of Indonesia (Kampung Sumatera, Pelung, Cemani, and Bekikuk) and the Tukong chicken are closely related. It can be concluded that based on the partial D-loop sequences, the Tukong chicken is more closely related to Indonesian local chicken despite its different morphological appearance.
Production and nutrients value of local forage plant in the coastal region of Lebak-Banten
Authors: Fanindi A , Isbandi  , Sutedi E. , Sajimin  , Herdiawan I. , Harmini H. , Baehaki  , Setiawan A. , Solihat I.
Published: August 2024

The coastal region of Lebak-Banten is home to 30% of the total buffalo population in the Lebak district. To develop the buffalo population in the area, forage plants (FP) need to be available year-round. However, the coastal region is categorized as a marginal area due to its limitations such as high salinity and partial acidity. Developing FP in the coastal area involves introducing superior, salinity or acidity tolerant FP, or increasing production of local FP through cultivation techniques. Research was conducted using a survey method based on distance from the beach (25-100 m, 1 km, and 5 km), reflecting the relocation habits of farmers during both dry and rainy seasons The result of the exploration were cultivated in the Ciawi experimental garden utilizing a randomized completely block design with 5 replications. Cultivated grass was also observed, and the parameters measured were productivity and nutritional value of the forage. Results showed that 15 types of FP could be grown on acidic land, and 5 types on saline land. Axonopus grass had the highest production on a 1m2 area, while Illat Kerbau grass had the highest production per clump. In the saline land, Jotang grass (Comelina benghalensis 1238.33 g/m2) and Japanese grass (584.40 g/m2) had the highest productions. The highest production after planting was achieved with Binuangeun grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium (38.77 g/clump) and Benggala (Panicum maximum) cv Mombasa grass (2846.7 g/clump) for local and cultivated grasses, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential for developing local grass varieties tolerant to salinity or acidity through breeding or cultivation techniques to achieve optimal production.
The use of body measurements to estimate body, carcass, meat and bone weight of young Jawarandu bucks
Authors: Luthfi N , Sumadi  , Suryani H S , Rianto E
Published: August 2024

A study was carried out to determine the relationship between body measurements and body weight, carcass weight and meat weight of Jawarandu bucks in Indonesia. This study used 103 young Jawarandu bucks (6–8 months old). The samples of the young Jawarandu bucks were taken using purposive sampling method in, Salatiga City. Central Java Province, Indonesia. The parameters observed were body height at withers (WH), body length (BL), chest girth (CG), chest width (CW), chest depth (CD), body weight (BW), carcass weight (CW), meat weight (MW), bone weight (BnW) and meat-bone ratio (MBR). The data obtained were analysed by correlation and regression models. In this study, body measurements were highly correlated (P<0.01) with BW, CW, MW and BnW (r = 0.52 – 0.87). The regression model showed that BW, CW, BnW and MBR were affected by WH, BL, HG; CW and CD. The multiple linear regression between body measurements and meat weight showed that the equation for predicting MW of young Jawarandu bucks (R2 = 0.91) was Y = -14,53 + 0,10X1 + 0,34X2 + 0,07X3 + 0,06X4 - 0,53X5. In conclusion, body size could be used to predict the body, carcass, meat and bone weight of Jawarandu bucks.
Assessing the productive potential of high-yielding rice varieties on acid sulfate soils in the tidal swampland of Central Kalimantan
Authors: Khairullah Izhar , Saleh Muhammad
Published: August 2024

Tidal swampland holds significant agricultural potential including cultivating rice. Farmers in these regions typically cultivate local rice varieties. Breeding rice techniques have led to the development of superior rice well-suited to thrive in tidal swamplands. This research was conducted on acid sulfate soil within a tidal swampland located in Terusan Karya Village, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan, during the 2021 dry season. The study employed a completely randomized block design with two replications. The experimental treatments comprised nine high-yielding rice varieties: Inpari IR Nutri Zinc, Cakrabuana Agritan, Inpari 3, Inpari 32, Inpari 42, Inpari 47, Inpara 2, Inpara 8, and Inpara 10. The parameters were observed, including plant height, panicle number per hill, panicle length, and grain yield. The high-yielding varieties of rice planted in acid sulfate tidal swamplands exhibit varying growth and yield performances. Grain yields of rice ranged from 5.45 to 7.30 t ha−1 of dry-milled grain. The highest grain yield was shown by Inpari 3 (7.30 t ha−1) and Inpari 32 (7.04 t ha−1). High heritability values are indicated by the traits of dry harvest and milled grains, while wide variability is shown by characters such as plant height, panicle length, grain dry harvest, and dry milled.
Agronomic performance of Ciherang near-isogenic lines for nitrogen use efficiency trait in irrigated lowland paddy field
Authors: Hairmansis A , Hermanasari R , Lestari A P , Yullianida Y , Kurniawan M R , Margaret S , Sitaresmi T , Wibowo B P , Yunani N , Nugraha Y , Obara M
Published: August 2024

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that affects plant growth and productivity. The consumption of N fertilizer is continuously increasing with the rapid demand for agricultural production. However, the rise in N fertilizer utilization causes higher production costs and leads to a negative impact on the environment. Improvement in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice plants is therefore important for sustainable rice production to reduce N fertilizer consumption while maintaining high grain yield. To improve the NUE of Indonesian elite cultivars, near-isogenic lines (NILs) with Ciherang genetic background have been developed by introducing genes related to N use efficiency, qRL6.1, and actpk1 through backcross breeding. Preliminary yield trials were conducted to evaluate the agronomic performance of CiherangNILqRL6.1 and CiherangNILactpk1 rice lines under optimum N fertilizer conditions in irrigated lowland fields for two seasons, wet season 2021/2022 and dry season 2022. Observations were performed on flowering time, biomass, yield, and yield component of NILs and Ciherang. The result from this preliminary observation indicated that under optimum N fertilizer, the agronomic performance of the NILs was comparable to Ciherang as the genetic background. Some NILs showed higher grain yield compared to Ciherang and were selected for further experiments to evaluate their performance under different N fertilizer conditions.
Multiplication of apical and axillary shoots of coffee arabica using various types of cytokinins
Authors: Ibrahim M S D , Sari L , Noorrohmah S , Hartati R S , Udarno L , Randriani E , Ernawati  , Wardiana E , Dewi A K
Published: August 2024

In-vitro shoot multiplication presents a promising avenue for replicating the genetic characteristics of parent plants, commonly utilized in various plant biotechnological techniques such as mutation replication, protoplast fusion, anther culture, and genetic engineering. The primary aim of this research was to assess the impact of different cytokinins on the proliferation of apical and axillary shoots in Arabica coffee multiplication. A Completely Randomized Factorial Design was employed, considering two factors: explant source and cytokinin type. Explants were sourced from both apical and axillary branches of AS2K Arabica coffee plantlets. Three cytokinins, namely 6-Benzyl adenine purine (BAP), isopentenyl adenine (2-IP), and kinetin, were incorporated into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) 1962 basal medium at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/l. The findings revealed significant effects of all three cytokinins on shoot number, plantlet height, and leaf growth, albeit without influencing root development. Notably, axillary shoot-derived explants demonstrated a more pronounced effect on shoot count compared to those from apical shoots. Among the cytokinin treatments assessed, BAP at a concentration of 2 mg/l in the MS medium yielded optimal results for propagating the AS2K variety of Arabica coffee, thus representing the recommended medium for this purpose.
The preliminary test of the “Ide-Cabe” application on chili seed production
Authors: Kirana R , Hermanto C , Suwarningsih W , Khotimah P H , Rozie A F , Arisal A , Riswantini D , Nugraheni E , Munandar D , Ahmadi N R , Gaswanto R , Harmanto
Published: August 2024

Qualified seeds are the key to the success of chili cultivation. One of the indicators of qualified seeds is the high genetic purity. “Ide-Cabe” is a deep learning application that is developed to identify the genetic purity of chili varieties in the early stage of chili growth. This research aimed to test the application of “Ide-Cabe” in chili seed production has been conducted in the research station of IVEGRI from June to July 2022. The hypothesis proposed in this study is that the application of “Ide-Cabe” recognizes target varieties with a high level of accuracy. The application was tested on the seed production of three chili varieties (Ciko, Kencana, and Tanjung 2). The data obtained from the application was processed statistically using univariate statistics and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results showed that the “Ide-Cabe” application in general was able to recognize chili varieties at the early stages of chili growth. The application of “Ide-Cabe” was able to recognize the Ciko variety by 98%, but it has not been able to recognize the varieties of Kencana and Tanjung 2. The results of the research become the input to the application development team to improve the accuracy of the application through the addition of the number and variety of data sets.
Detection of phytoconstituents present in Spirulina platensis extract by GC-MS analysis and their formulation activities against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae
Authors: Noveriza R , Salsabila H R , Agustini N W S , Priadi D , Deswina P , Adi E Binnaryo M , Melati  , Rusmin D , Sukamto
Published: August 2024

Spirulina platensis represents promising sources of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. This study aimed to determine the active compounds in S. platensis extracts (SpE) formulation with three different solvents and in vitro testing against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vaniliae. This study was conducted from January to July 2023. Identification of the active compounds present in the three SpE formulations was carried out using the GC-MS method. The effectiveness of SpE formulations was carried out with an inhibition test on F. oxysporum using a completely randomized design (CRD). Based on the results of GC-MS analysis, it is known that the main compounds present in the SpE formulation with ethanol solvent (F1) are trilinolein (48.35%), nonadecatriene (12.50%) and cis-9-hexadecenal (6.47%). SpE formulations using ethyl acetate solvent (F2) are cis-9-hexadecenal (19.53%) and benzene dicarboxylic acid (10.73%). SpE formulations using hexane solvent (F3) are oxacycloheptadec (24.83%) and octadecanoic acid (10.41%). Based on the results of Particle Size Analysis (PSA), it is known that the F1 formulation measures 59.22 µm, the F2 (7.22 µm), and the F3 (7.84 µm). The effectiveness testing of the three formulations showed that the SpE formulation with different solvents effectively inhibited the growth of the fungus F. oxysporum with an average inhibition of 8.41% - 100% compared to the control. F2 treatment with 10% and 15% concentrations resulted in the highest inhibition effect, namely 100%. The 10% and 15% concentrations in the F1 treatment were 8.41% and 39.67%, respectively. The F3 treatment produced 0% inhibition because the growth of the fungus F. oxysporum was better than that of the control. This study implies that SpE formulation with ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents has the potential as an antifungal, especially for F. oxysporum. From this study, the active compounds that act as antifungals are cis-9-hexadecenal, benzene dicarboxylic acid and diisooctyl phthalate.
Evaluation of three different DNA extraction methods for the detection of Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Paradisa Y B , Hidayat S H , Saputra A , Wahyuni  , Hartati N S , Prananingrum P , Herliana L , Chairunisa  , Zainuddin IM , Indrayani S , Sulistyowati Y , Perdani AY , Fidriyanto R , Adi EBM
Published: August 2024

Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) from the genus Begomovirus infecting Chili pepper plant can cause significant yield losses. PepYLCV infection can lead the development of mosaic yellow, mottled pattern and yellowing leaves, which can be challenging in disease management and control. Developing effective detection methods for PepYLCV is a critical disease management and crop loss mitigation. The Begomovirus viruses have extremely low viral concentrations and are limited to the phloem and vascular system. DNA extraction is an important step in PepYLCV detection. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of three DNA extraction methods: phenol-based extraction, CTAB-based extraction, and the GeneJET Plant Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Scientific™). These methods were evaluated for their performance to identified the presence of PepYLCV DNA and provide accurate results for further analyses. DNA samples were extracted from two varieties including Red Habanero and F8 012328-6-2-1-1-3-1, and were subsequently amplified using Krusty Homer’s primers. The results showed that all three extraction methods possess the capability to identify PepYLCV. Based on the results, DNA extraction employing the CTAB-based method yields DNA with higher concentration and purity levels. Additionally, this method proves to be cost-effective and proficient in generating higher DNA concentrations.
Investigation on the mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites for the application of ceiling panels
Authors: Yeshiwas Teshager Awoke , Yigezu Belete Sirhabizu , Desalegn Yiene Molla
Published: August 2024

Wood-plastic composites are relatively novel composite materials that consist of a blend of wood flour waste with high-density polyethylene and polypropylene plastic waste, designed for use in ceiling applications. Various samples were produced using different ratios from the total weight, including 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60, with sieve sizes of 0.425 mm, 1.18 mm, and 2 mm. The composites were created by melting plastics and sawdust at a temperature of 1800c utilizing the hot-press moldings technique employing diverse formulations. The properties of sample composites were analyzed experimentally based on ASTM standards to investigate water absorption levels as well as flexural strength, impact resistance hardness along with surface morphology via the design of experiments. This research study indicates that nine composite formulations consisting of HDPE and PP plastics combined with wood flour can produce favorable physio-mechanical properties. Among these various combination specimens tested in this study FS3/FC30N exhibited excellent physio-mechanical properties; including desirable values such as water absorption level at 5.5103%, flexural strength at 61.12 Mpa, impact resistance measuring 33.45 J cm−2, and hardness rating up to 80 RHB. Thus it is highly recommended for use in chipboard ceiling panel applications due to its potential benefits.
High-density 3D-NAND flash with dual-string select line (D-SSL)
Authors: Kwak Been , Kwon Daewoong , Yun Jang-Gn
Published: August 2024

In this study, high-density 3D-NAND flash memory is proposed. Using D-SSL, lateral shrink of cell area can be achieved by distinguishing two strings in a word-line (WL). We verify erase/program and read characteristics using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations with rigorous calibrated condition. The proposed high density NAND flash has normally-on state SSLs through additional process and electrical treatment. In the conventional reference NAND flash, the cell string connected to the bit-line (BL) is distinguished by WL cut (WLC). On the other hand, in the proposed high density NAND flash, the cell string is selected by utilizing the normally-on state SSLs using trapped hole and doped arsenic at the intersection of SSL1 and SSL2. Compared with the conventional scheme, the proposed D-SSL exhibits almost same erase/program and read characteristics. Consequently, the proposed D-SSL scheme can increase memory density with reduced number of WLCs by distinguishing strings using D-SSL.
Helicopter cockpit speech recognition method based on transfer learning and context biasing
Authors: Wang Guotao , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Shicheng , Wu Qianyu , Teng Yuru
Published: August 2024

Currently, Chinese speech recognition technology is generally designed for common domains, primarily focusing on accurate recognition of standard Mandarin Chinese in low-noise environments. However, helicopter cockpit speech presents unique challenges, characterized by high-noise environments, specific industry jargon, low contextual relevance, and a lack of publicly available datasets. To address these issues, this paper proposes a helicopter cockpit speech recognition method based on transfer learning and context biasing. By fine-tuning a general speech recognition model, we aim to better adapt it to the characteristics of speech in helicopter cockpits. This study explores noise reduction processing, context biasing, and speed perturbation in helicopter cockpit speech data. Combining pre-trained models with language models, we conduct transfer training to develop a specialized model for helicopter cockpit speech recognition. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is validated using a real dataset. Experimental results show that, on the helicopter speech dataset, this method reduces the word error rate from 72.69% to 12.58%. Furthermore, this approach provides an effective solution for small-sample speech recognition, enhancing model performance on limited datasets.
Evaluating the bio-functionalities of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy after surface modification using electrical discharge machining
Authors: Singh Vijender , Katyal Puneet , Kumar Kamal , Sharma Neeraj , Kumar Ajay
Published: August 2024

The present work evaluates the influence of surface modification on the bio-functionalities of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy in terms of apatite formation, metal ion release rate and anti-bacterial activities. The surface modification in the form of change in surface integrity, and increases in the exposed surface area, has been achieved using wire-electrical discharge machining (WEDM) and electrical discharge μ-drilling(EDD). Due to high discharge energies, molten material will deposit on the parent material (recast layer), which increases the surface roughness (parent surface 0.5 μm to 2.34 μm) and hardness (patent material 304VH to 385VH) after subsequent re-solidification and quenching. Surface roughness and hardness near the micro-drilled hole are observed to increase. After surface modification, the apatite formation is increased on Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy with increasing immersion time and the ion released rate was found lowest on the WEDMed surface as compared to micro drilled and polished surface. Field-emission electron scanning microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) observations confirmed the presence of phosphate and calcium ions on the WEDMed surface and nearby the micro-drilled surface. The variation in colour of the simulated body fluid (SBF) after the immersion of WEDMed, EDD, and polished samples indicates the variable effecton pH levels of the SBF solution for three types of samples.The anti-bacterial bioactivity of Ti-6Al-7Nb was found to be better on the WEDMed surface as compared to polished surfaces, which is due to the formation of a rutile-TiO2 layer on WEDMed surface.
Waveform optimization for future wireless communication: numerical simulation under mobile and vehicular scenarios in 5G and beyond
Authors: Mishra Tarun , Upadhyaya Vivek , Mathur Garima
Published: August 2024

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are multicarrier regulating systems developed for quick communication. OFDM and its improved multi-carrier regulation technique employ equally distributed orthogonal sub-carriers for the transmission of data. These sub-carriers are modified using a conventional tweak plot, maintaining full information rates comparable to single carrier regulation schemes. The research also compares the two 5G modulation techniques, FBMC and UFMC, to OFDM, the 4G communication modulation technology. To evaluate the benefits of each contender, we compare important characteristics of different modulation approaches. The research compares the 5G modulation techniques FBMC and UFMC to OFDM, focusing on factors like power spectrum density, spectral efficiency, Bit Error rate, and Peak to Average Power Radio. To boost channel capacity and decrease interferences, the approach merges three alternative 5G waveforms under the LTE-V paradigm which is a specialized mode or configuration of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology designed specifically for vehicular communication. MATLAB simulations show that FBMC performs better in terms of BER and capacity. In scenarios characterized by high interference due to power domain multiplexing and vehicular environment, FBMC demonstrates a maximum capacity that is 3.5 times greater than OFDM. However, in low-interference conditions, FBMC’s capacity exceeds UFMC’s by only a marginal 5%.
Scaling traffic variables from sensors sample to the entire city at high spatiotemporal resolution with machine learning: applications to the Paris megacity
Authors: Bonnemaizon Xavier , Ciais Philippe , Zhou Chuanlong , Arous Simon Ben , Davis Steven J , Megel Nicolas
Published: August 2024

Road transportation accounts for up to 35% of carbon dioxide and 49% of nitrogen oxides emissions in the Paris region. However, estimates of city traffic patterns are often incomplete and of coarse spatio-temporal resolution, even where extensive networks of sensors exist. This study uses a machine learning approach to analyze data from 2086 magnetic road sensors across Paris, generating a detailed dataset of hourly traffic flow and road occupancy covering 6846 road segments from 2018 to 2022. Our model captures flow and occupancy with a symmetric mean absolute percentage error of 37% and 54% respectively, providing high-resolution insights into traffic patterns. These insights allow for the creation of a comprehensive map of hourly transportation patterns in Paris, offering a robust framework for assessing traffic variables for each significant road link in the city. The model’s ability to incorporate an emission factor based on the mean speed of the vehicle fleet, derived from flow and occupancy data, holds promise for developing a detailed CO2 and pollutant inventory. This methodology is not limited to Paris; it can be applied to other urban centers with similar data availability, highlighting its potential as a versatile tool for sustainable urban monitoring.
Perfect matching problems in cluster algebras and number theory
Authors: Schiffler Ralf
Published: August 2024

This paper is a slightly extended version of the talk I gave at the Open Problems in Algebraic Combinatorics conference at the University of Minnesota in May 2022. We introduce two strict order relations on lattice paths and formulate several open problems. The topic is related to Markov numbers, the Lagrange spectrum, snake graphs and the cluster algebra of the once punctured torus.

Our lattice paths are required to proceed by North and East steps and never go over the diagonal. To define the order relations, we first construct a snake graph

G

(
ω
)

\mathcal {G}(\omega )

and a band graph

G

(
ω
)

¯

\overline {\mathcal {G}(\omega )}

for every such lattice path

ω
\omega

. The first order relation

>
M

>_M

is given by the number of perfect matchings of the snake graphs. The second order relation

>
L

>_L

is given by the Lagrange number of a quadratic irrational associated to the band graph.
Problems in the enumeration of tilings
Authors: Lai Tri
Published: August 2024

Enumeration of tilings is the mathematical study concerning the total number of coverings of regions by similar pieces without gaps or overlaps. Enumeration of tilings has become a vibrant subfield of combinatorics with connections and applications to diverse mathematical areas. In 1999, James Propp published his well-known list of 32 open problems in the field. The list has got much attention from experts around the world. After two decades, most of the problems on the list have been solved. In this paper, we propose a new set of tiling problems. This survey paper contributes to the Open Problems in Algebraic Combinatorics 2022 conference (OPAC 2022) at the University of Minnesota.
Collective Agency and Objective/Normative Representations
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides a review and novel analysis of the literature of preschoolers’ shared cognition based on the principles of collective agency and objective/normative representations. As preschool youngsters are becoming ever more competent and independent as individual agents, they are at the same time becoming ever more dependent on the social group in which they live. To find their way in the group children must not only make many of their own decisions, but they must also conform to the way things are conventionally and normatively done in the group—such that they are able to collaborate and communicate effectively with all its members, including those they have never met before. Preschool youngsters are gradually coming to identify with a collective “we,” encompassing not just collaborative partners of the moment but everyone who identifies with “our” ways of doing things.