bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Digital Intelligence
Authors: Omand David
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines digital intelligence and international views on its future regulation and reform. The chapter summarizes the lead up to the Snowden revelations in terms of how digital intelligence grew in response to changing demands and was enabled by private sector innovation and mediated through legal, Parliamentary and executive regulation. A common set of ethical principles based on human rights considerations to govern modern intelligence activity (both domestic and external) is proposed in the chapter. A three-layer model of security activity on the Internet is used: securing the use of the Internet for everyday economic and social life and for political and military affairs; the activity of law enforcement attempting to manage criminal threats on the Internet; and the work of secret intelligence and security agencies exploiting the Internet to gain information on their targets, including in support of law enforcement.
Energy Infrastructure Security in the Digital Age
Authors: Cai Tianxing
Published: January 2019

In this article, the current application of information technology in the energy infrastructure security will be introduced. The digital system can help us to identify the framework of energy infrastructure security, characterize the energy network, generate the strategy of self-recovery and handle the uncertainty of identified damage. It will also integrate the comprehensive evaluation of population distribution, roadway safety, the constraint of transportation routes, transportation capacity and capability for the optimal emergency response planning with the minimal potential impact to the community for the management of intelligent and secure energy infrastructure.
CSR in Cultural Organizations
Authors: Aiello Lucia , Dueñas María del Pilar Muñoz
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the authors approach the theme of the definition and classification of CSR for cultural organizations according to the major international literature review dealing with the issue. They argue for more theoretical discussion into the valorisation dynamics of CSR, drawing from the consideration that the CSR could be strategic for cultural organizations as a serious object of investigation despite its managerial and sustainability significance. Starting from the analysis of the main literature on CSR in cultural organizations context, the authors show a valorisation model. As a result, the aim of this chapter is to define the unique dynamics of the valorisation model for cultural organizations in a CSR perspective.
Green Attitudes and Thinking in The New Green Market
Authors: Florea Nicoleta Valentina
Published: January 2019

People are concerned by the implications of product consumption on their health, which is why they become followers of a healthy and sustainable lifestyle, using green products and becoming aware of a sustainable environment. To have a viable business and to respond to customers' needs, the organization must have an attractive product that offers utility, value, health, joy, and satisfaction to consumers. This chapter analyses a few approaches regarding the implementation of green marketing policies and the situation of green marketing in the world and in Romania. Green customers' behaviour in choosing a green product (using Markov chains), the impact this could have on the number of specialists and the surfaces used in ecological agriculture on green production (using a regression function) are also anaylsed, and the author developed some measures in order to improve companies' involvement in implementing green activities.
A Temporal Case Study of Green Business Initiatives of a Leading Firm in the Indian Hydrocarbon Industry
Authors: Chakraborty Kamalika , Verma Nishant K.
Published: January 2019

The effective functioning of modern business in the current day and age is incomplete without taking into consideration its extended impact on society and environment. In this respect companies need to continuously revisit and analyse their green initiatives to keep them relevant and contribute positively to the global cause. This book chapter provides a capable framework for organizations to conduct temporal analysis of their green initiatives and enable them to reflect on their current positions and strategize their future course of actions. Further, we analyse the green initiatives of the Indian Hydrocarbon Industry leader: Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) and trace its green journey across defined time periods thereby depicting the use of the developed framework in addressing the gap of temporal analysis in the literature.
Evaluating Factors Motivate Users on Green IT Readiness (Part 2)
Authors: Alsultanny Yas A. , Alnassar Fatma M.
Published: January 2019

Due to the advancement of information and communications technology, most of the businesses and services have transformed into an e-businesses and e-services. The organizations are facing a great deal of pressure from regulators to move toward green IT. The aim of this article is to evaluate the factors affecting on green IT readiness from the perspective of IT users, a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The questionnaire divided into two parts, the first part for demographics information, and the second part contains 34 statements divided into 6 factors. There are 460 respondents to the questionnaire. The results of the data analysis showed that the factors, technology and attitude have an agreed degree of agreement, while the practice, policy, governance, and green IT readiness have a neutral degree of agreement. The governance factor has the highest effect on green IT readiness. The article recommends the ministries of electricity must be increasing the awareness for green IT as part of their awareness for power consumption saving.
Psychological Factors Influencing the Managers' Intention to Adopt Green IS
Authors: Esfahani Mohammad Dalvi , Nilashi Mehrbakhsh , Rahman Azizah Abdul , Ghapanchi Amir Hossein , Zakaria Nor Hidayati
Published: January 2019

This paper proposes a comprehensive framework of the individual factors that influence organizational decision-makers to adopt Green information systems (IS), based on a review of psychological theories and empirical studies on Green IS and technology adoption. The objectives of this paper are, firstly, to explain that the adoption of Green IS by managers is directly influenced by their intention, which is assumed to be influenced by their attitude towards Green IS, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and personal norms. In the framework, attitude towards Green IS is influenced by managers' positive and negative affect in response to Green IS. The findings of this study show that subjective norms are reflected from three sources containing primary, secondary and work referents. Perceived behavioral control includes self-efficacy, monetary cost–benefit assessment and the ethical climate of the organization. Personal norms are influenced by awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibilities and personal values including self-transcendence and self-enhancement. Secondly, the paper aims to assess the importance of the individual factors that influence the organizational decision-makers to adopt Green IS. Accordingly, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied to rank the importance of the factors incorporated in the proposed framework. The data for this study is collected by conducting an online survey through a structured questionnaire-based instrument comprising 5-point Likert-type scales. The findings of this study contribute to the Green IS literature by improving the decision-making process in IS adoption for the purpose of environmental sustainability enhancement. It is hoped that the proposed model would help to clarify the relative importance of the psychological and socio-demographic factors influencing the adoption of Green IS by organizational decision-makers.
Sustainable Consumption and Green Marketing in Developing Countries
Authors: Obayelu Abiodun Elijah
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an insight into why Green Marketing (GM) and Sustainable Consumption (SC) of green products are subject of research and discussion in contemporary society. It analyzed the extent of GM in developing countries using cases of Nigeria and Kenya, factors influencing GM, the benefits of GM on the environment and firms, and the challenges. The study is both exploratory with the use of structured literature review of publications in peer reviewed academic journals on GM and SC, and empirical in nature. The findings on respondents rating of factors influencing green purchase behavior showed that concern for health and environment was considered as the most important in Nigeria, while in Kenya it was social awareness and value. For an effective GM and SC, government at all levels has a role of creating awareness to boost green knowledge through educative campaign programs and enforcing green agenda. Government can make regulations relating to GM and ensure SC by lowering the cost when compared to the conventional marketing
Green Tourism and the Ambiguities of Sustainability Discourse
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox , Lewis Joshua A.
Published: January 2019

This paper uses a case study of the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood in New Orleans to examine the relationships between green tourism and sustainability discourse in shaping the post-Katrina rebuilding process. Specially, we draw on long-term ethnographic field observations to highlight the tensions between abstract and idealized conceptions of sustainability and the complicated realities of uneven rebuilding and neighborhood disinvestment. We focus on changes in the tourism sector since Hurricane Katrina, the promotion of green tourism through actor Brad Pitt's Make It Right (MIR) Foundation, and the ambiguities and paradoxes of sustainability discourse. Overall, our goal is to develop a critical understanding of niche tourism in a disaster-devastated neighborhood and highlight the ways in which unspoken norms about sustainability create political-economic blind-spots to the ways in which socio-spatial inequalities, disinvestment, and entrenched social problems structure life in the city and the Lower Ninth Ward.
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Authors: Harrington Rachel A. , Driskell Shannon O. , Johnston Christopher J. , Browning Christine A. , Niess Margaret L.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the literature regarding implementation of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework in the preparation and support of mathematics teachers. A comprehensive literature review was performed on over a decade of relevant peer-reviewed publications and dissertations since the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) first identified technology as a fundamental principle of good mathematics programs. The results indicate that TPACK has become a foundational framework in the research. Specific studies highlighted in this paper show that, while individual components of TPACK are illustrated in the literature, the field is still lacking sufficient examples of these components acting as a “total package” (Niess, 2008). Programs that develop and support mathematics teachers need more guidance from researchers regarding the best ways to realize the vision of NCTM.
Interactive Whiteboards
Authors: Goodson-Espy Tracy , Poling Lisa
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the literature on the use of Interactive Whiteboards (IWBs) in secondary mathematics instruction and notes barriers and achievements. The chapter links the use of IWBs to models for teaching Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Specifically, it proposes ways in which pre-service secondary mathematics teachers can be prepared to use IWBs to help their students develop understanding of critical mathematics ideas while engaging with worthwhile mathematical tasks and engaging in meaningful discourse.
Mobile Learning
Authors: Ntuli Esther , Suh Sylvia
Published: January 2019

Teachers are encouraged to remain current by embracing and integrating new technologies effectively into their teaching processes. Ubiquitous technologies such as mobile devices are found in all settings including K-12 learning environments. This chapter discusses findings from an action research study. The findings reveal that mobile learning is still in its infancy stage in most K-12 learning environments and there is need for effective integration of mobile technologies into the curriculum. This chapter offers suggestions and strategies on how teachers could integrate mobile technologies into teaching and learning processes. Finally, this chapter provides an insight into some of the critical factors that need to be in place to ensure seamless transition, integration, and sustained implementation of mobile learning.
Year-long 500°C Operational Demonstration of Up-scaled 4H-SiC JFET Integrated Circuits
Authors: Neudeck Philip G. , Spry David J. , Krasowski Michael J. , Prokop Norman F. , Beheim Glenn M. , Chen Liang-Yu , Chang Carl W.
Published: January 2019

This work describes recent progress in the design, processing, and testing of significantly up-scaled complex 500°C–durable 4H-SiC junction field effect transistor (JFET) integrated circuit (IC) technology with two-level interconnect undergoing development at NASA Glenn Research Center. For the first time, stable electrical operation of semiconductor ICs for more than 1 y at 500°C in an air atmosphere is reported. These groundbreaking durability results were attained on two-level interconnect JFET demonstration ICs with 175 or more transistors on each chip. This corresponds to a more than 7-fold increase in 500°C–durable circuit complexity from the 24-transistor ring oscillator ICs reported at HiTEC 2016. These results advance the technology foundation for realizing long-term durable 500°C ICs with increased functional capability for combustion engine sensing and control, planetary exploration, deep-well drilling monitoring, and other harsh-environment applications.
Trait-based evaluation of plant assemblages in traditional farm ponds in Korea: Ecological and management implications
Authors: Yoon Sungsoo , Kim GoWoon , Choi Ho , Byun Chaeho , Lee Dowon
Published: January 2019

The Korean traditional farm pond called dumbeong is an important rural landscape element that supports local biodiversity and is useful in irrigating agricultural fields during dry periods. This study assesses how plant communities in dumbeongs respond to adjacent land use, water depth, open-water surface, and nutrient levels and irrigation usage. Plant functional and species groups, based on trait and species data respectively from 20 dumbeongs in Seocheon-gun, South Korea, were classified by hierarchical analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling. Relationships between the plant community composition and explanatory variables at both the species and functional group levels were tested through redundancy analysis. The results showed that irrigation usage prevented nutrient accumulation and water depth reduction of the ponds, and we found water depth was the only significant factor that determined plant composition at both species and functional group levels. The plant functional groups were more useful than plant species in predicting plant composition in dumbeongs, owing to their collective response to water depth and open-water surface. Our results demonstrate that management practices of dumbeong, such as periodic drainage, sediment removal and control of dominant plant species, alter its plant communities and thus need to be considered for biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes.
HIV AND LYMPHOMA: FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY TO CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Re Alessandro , Cattaneo Chiara , Rossi Giuseppe
Published: January 2019

Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus are at increased risk for developing both non Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL). Even if this risk has decreased for NHL after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), they remain the most common AIDS-related cancer in the developed world. They are almost always of B-cell origin, and some specific lymphoma types are more common than others. Some of these lymphoma types can occur in both HIV-uninfected and infected patients, while others preferentially develop in the context of AIDS. HIV-associated lymphoma differ from lymphoma in the HIV negative population in that they more often present with advanced disease, systemic symptoms, and extranodal involvement and are frequently associated with oncogenic viruses (EBV and/or HHV-8). Before the introduction of cART, most of these patients could not tolerate the treatment strategies routinely employed in the HIV-negative population. The widespread use of cART has allowed for the delivery of full-dose and dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens with improved outcomes that nowadays can be compared to those seen in non-HIV infected patients. However, a great deal of attention should be paid to opportunistic infections and other infectious complications, cART-chemotherapy interactions, and potential cumulative toxicity. In the context of relatively sparse prospective and randomized trials, the optimal treatment of AIDS-related lymphomas remains a challenge, particularly in patients with severe immunosuppression. This paper will address epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies in HIV-associated NHL and HL.
SOLUBLE ST2 AND CD163 AS POTENTIALBIOMARKERS TO DIFFERENTIATE PRIMARY HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS FROM MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION SYNDROME
Authors: Gao Zhuo , Wang Yini , Wang Jingshi , Zhang Jia , Wang Zhao
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background and Objective: The differentiation of primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) poses a challenge to hematologists. The aim of this study was (1) to compare the levels of soluble ST2 (sST2), sCD163, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-18 in patients with pHLH and MAS and (2) to investigate whether they can help differentiate the two diseases.

Methods: A total of 54 participants were recruited in this study, including 12 pHLH patients, 22 MAS patients and 20 healthy subjects. We measured the levels of sST2 and sCD163 in serum by ELISA. The serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-18 were detected using a Luminex 200 instrument.

Results: The serum levels of sST2 and sCD163 in MAS patients were markedly higher than that in pHLH patients (363.13 ± 307.24 ng/ml vs 80.75 ± 87.04 ng/ml, P = 0.004; 3532.72 ± 2479.68 ng/ml vs 1731.96 ± 1262.07 ng/ml, P = 0.046). There was no significant difference in the expression of IFN-γ (306.89 ± 281.60 pg/ml vs 562.43 ± 399.86 pg/ml), IL-10 (20.40 ± 30.49 pg/ml vs 8.3 ± 13.14 pg/ml), IL-18 (463.33 ± 597.04 pg/ml vs 1247.82 ± 1318.58 pg/ml) and TNF-α (61.48 ± 84.69 pg/ml vs 106.10 ±77.21 pg/ml) between pHLH and MAS.

Conclusion: Patients with pHLH and MAS show some differences in cytokine profiles. The elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-18 and TNF-α can contribute to the diagnosis of HLH, but may not discriminate pHLH from MAS. Levels of sST2 and sCD163 may serve as markers to distinguish pHLH from MAS.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AMONGST SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA PATIENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI TEACHING HOSPITAL, NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS
Authors: Bukar Audu Abdullahi , Sulaiman Mohammad Maina , Ladu Adama Isa , Abba Aisha Mohammed , Ahmed Mohammed Kabir , Marama Gideon Thomas , Abjah Usman Ali Medugu
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Involvement of the kidneys in patient with sickle cell anaemia is a well recognized chronic complication of this disorder. The index study seeks to determine the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) and to identify risk factors associated with its development.Methodology: The subjects consisted of adolescents and adults with HbSS recruited sequentially from the adult haematology outpatient clinic and Day care ward of the unit. Clinical variables including age of diagnosis of SCA, frequency of vaso-occlusive crisis and transfusion therapy, as well as laboratory data including haematological profile, renal function test were obtained from routine blood result. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) using the ‘modification of diet in renal disease’ (MDRD) formula..Results: Two hundred and eighty-four HbSS patients were recruited. The prevalence of CKD amongst them was 38.9%.  Further stratification of the patients based on eGFR showed that sixty-nine (26.8%) had hyperfiltration; 35 (13.6%) stage 1 CKD; 53 (20.6%) stage 2 CKD; 61 (23.7%) stage 3 CKD; 30 (11.7%) stage 4 CKD and 9 (3.5%) had end stage renal disease. There was significant association between eGFR and clinical parameters such as age (r -0.353, p=0.000), SBP (r -0.148, p= 0.021), DBP (r -0.213, p=0.001) and total number of blood received (r -0.276, p=0.000); and laboratory parameters such as  PCV (r 0.371, p=0.000); urea ( r 0.527, p=000 ); creatinine (r 0.625, p=0.000) and uric acid  ( r -0.419, p=0.000).ConclusionThe present study has revealed a high prevalence of CKD amongst patients with SCA in this region. Various clinical and laboratory predictors of eGFR were also identified. Monitoring and detection of early stages of these groups of patients may allow for interventions which may delay progression into advance stages and ESRD.
A Developmental Perspective on Behaviors of New Faculty Transition into Higher Education
Authors: Kilbourne Brianne F. , Bowman Thomas G. , Mazerolle Stephanie M.
Published: January 2019

Context:

The responsibilities of new faculty members can be stressful because of the expectations of research, teaching, service, and for some, administration. The strain from transition and role complexity can impact faculty members' perceptions of the experience and therefore professional development.

Objective:

To understand how individual characteristics and behaviors influenced development of new faculty during their transition from doctoral students to faculty members.

Design:

Qualitative phenomenology study.

Setting:

Higher education institutions with Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-accredited athletic training programs.

Patients or Other Participants:

Sixteen junior faculty (7 males, 9 females, age = 32 ± 3.5 years) representing 7 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts and 14 different higher education institutions participated.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

A semistructured telephone interview protocol was used to examine the experiences of junior faculty within their first 3 years of a faculty role. Interviews were coded inductively using a psychosocial developmental interpretive lens. Credibility was established with saturation of the findings and researcher triangulation.

Results:

The data revealed 3 individual behavioral characteristics positively influenced the development of junior faculty through transition: (1) adaptive perfectionism, (2) competence gained through experience, and (3) the use of a mentor network. Our participants adapted personal expectations in light of outcomes that differed from personal standards; gained competence by seeking experience before, during, and after their doctoral studies; and used a mentor network to ease transition.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that individuals who are able to reflect on their performance and self-adjust personal standards and/or behaviors have a positive perception related to their ability to be successful during transition. Competence gained through experience apart from doctoral assistantships appears to facilitate the transition into higher education. Also, the creation and maintenance of a mentor network that provides a variety of support from multiple sources appears to improve transition by providing comradery, security, and help.
Estratagemas de la posverdad
Authors: Carrera Pilar
Published: January 2019

El concepto de posverdad se ha convertido en un lugar común, en una palabra de moda que se usa para denominar tanto la supuesta superación de un estado previo en el que, al parecer, la verdad era la norma, como para legitimar determinados procedimientos que tienen mucho más que ver con la esfera del poder (incluido el discursivo) que con la de la verdad. Este artículo analiza el sustrato y las y ramificaciones de dicho concepto, vinculándolo con nociones como “los hechos (objetivos)”, el supuesto declive de Europa, la información en el entorno digital o la posmodernidad. Partiendo de la naturaleza aporística del discurso dominante sobre la posverdad, se determina su uso en cuanto estratagema retórica con una fuerte carga ideológica y vinculado a formas de pensamiento conservadoras o regresivas, tanto en lo teórico como en lo social, lo político o lo cultural. Se concluye proponiendo un acercamiento dialéctico a la noción de posverdad, esto es, una aproximación que tenga en cuenta sus dimensiones retórica, política, material e ideológica.
Educación Transmedia. De los contenidos generados por los usuarios a los contenidos generados por los estudiantes
Authors: Scolari Carlos A. , Lugo Rodríguez Nohemi , Masanet Maria-José
Published: January 2019

Introducción: En la última década un fantasma ha recorrido los estudios de comunicación: lasnarrativas transmedia (transmedia storytelling). Nacida en el ámbito de la investigación sobre losnuevos modelos narrativos participativos, la cualidad de transmedia no tardó en convertirse en unflexible adjetivo que se adhirió a infinidad de sustantivos (ficción transmedia, periodismo transmedia, etc.). En este contexto no tardaron en aparecer experiencias o referencias teóricas a la educacióntransmedia. Metodología: El presente artículo repasa y reflexiona sobre estos conceptos para evitarabusos semánticos y avanza en una caracterización de las posibles aplicaciones de las lógicas de lasnarrativas transmedia a los procesos de aprendizaje. Para ello, se analiza un estudio de caso basado enuna experiencia de lecto-escritura llevado a cabo en un centro de educación secundaria de Barcelona.Este análisis se ubica en el cruce entre educación, medios, narrativa y culturas participativas.Resultados y conclusiones: La intervención resultó posible y deseable para el aprendizaje y creó unadisposición positiva hacia la narrativa.
Seasonal Food Insecurity in Haydom, Tanzania, Is Associated with Low Birthweight and Acute Malnutrition: Results from the MAL-ED Study
Authors: Rogawski McQuade Elizabeth T. , Clark Stephen , Bayo Eliwaza , Scharf Rebecca J. , DeBoer Mark D. , Patil Crystal L. , Gratz Jean C. , Houpt Eric R. , Svensen Erling , Mduma Estomih R. , Platts-Mills James A.
Published: January 2019

In rural agricultural communities in Africa, particularly those with a single annual harvest, the preharvest period has been associated with increased food insecurity. We estimated the association between seasonal food insecurity and childhood malnutrition in Haydom, Tanzania. Children enrolled in a birth cohort study were followed twice weekly to document food intake and monthly for anthropometry until the age of 2 years. Household food insecurity was reported by caregivers every 6 months. We modeled the seasonality of food insecurity and food consumption, and estimated the impact of birth season on enrollment weight and subsequent malnutrition. Finally, we described the seasonality of admissions for acute malnutrition at a local referral hospital (Haydom Lutheran Hospital) from 2010 to 2015. Food insecurity was highly seasonal, with a peak from December to February. Children born during these 3 months had an average 0.35 z-score (95% CI: 0.12, 0.58) lower enrollment weight than children born in other months. In addition, weight-for-length z-scores measured in these months were on average 0.15 z-scores lower (95% CI: 0.10, 0.20) than that in other months, adjusting for enrollment weight and seasonal infectious diseases, and this disparity was sustained up to the age of 2 years. Correspondingly, the number of admissions with acute malnutrition at the local hospital was highest at this time, with twice as many cases in December–February compared with June–August. We identified acute and chronic malnutrition associated with seasonal food insecurity and intake. Targeting of prenatal care and child-feeding interventions during high food insecurity months may help reduce child malnutrition.
Staggered Wage Net Discount Rates: Comment
Authors: Krueger Kurt V.
Published: January 2019

Bauman and Schap have a history of studying the statistical properties of net discount rates. In this Journal, Baumann and Schap (2018) recently examined wage net discount rates (WNDRs) constructed from January 1980 to May 2016. This comment is intended to open discussion as to why there is a disconnect between WNDR science such as Bauman and Schap and many of the WNDRs that appear in the practice of forensic economics.
Aircraft-based measurements of High Arctic springtime aerosol show evidence for vertically varying sources, transport and composition
Authors: Willis Megan D. , Bozem Heiko , Kunkel Daniel , Lee Alex K. Y. , Schulz Hannes , Burkart Julia , Aliabadi Amir A. , Herber Andreas B. , Leaitch W. Richard , Abbatt Jonathan P. D.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The sources, chemical transformations and removal mechanisms of aerosol
transported to the Arctic are key factors that control Arctic
aerosol–climate interactions. Our understanding of sources and processes is
limited by a lack of vertically resolved observations in remote Arctic
regions. We present vertically resolved observations of trace gases and
aerosol composition in High Arctic springtime, made largely north of
80∘ N, during the NETCARE campaign. Trace gas gradients observed on
these flights defined the polar dome as north of 66–68∘ 30′ N
and below potential temperatures of 283.5–287.5 K. In the polar dome, we
observe evidence for vertically varying source regions and chemical
processing. These vertical changes in sources and chemistry lead to
systematic variation in aerosol composition as a function of potential
temperature. We show evidence for sources of aerosol with higher organic
aerosol (OA), ammonium and refractory black carbon (rBC) content in the upper
polar dome. Based on FLEXPART-ECMWF calculations, air masses sampled at all
levels inside the polar dome (i.e., potential temperature <280.5 K, altitude <∼3.5 km) subsided during transport
over transport times of at least 10 days. Air masses at the lowest potential
temperatures, in the lower polar dome, had spent long periods (>10 days)
in the Arctic, while air masses in the upper polar dome had entered the
Arctic more recently. Variations in aerosol composition were closely related
to transport history. In the lower polar dome, the measured sub-micron
aerosol mass was dominated by sulfate (mean 74 %), with lower contributions from rBC (1 %), ammonium (4 %) and OA
(20 %). At higher altitudes and higher potential temperatures, OA,
ammonium and rBC contributed 42 %, 8 % and 2 % of aerosol mass,
respectively. A qualitative indication for the presence of sea salt showed
that sodium chloride contributed to sub-micron aerosol in the lower polar
dome, but was not detectable in the upper polar dome. Our observations
highlight the differences in Arctic aerosol chemistry observed at
surface-based sites and the aerosol transported throughout the depth of the
Arctic troposphere in spring.
Verification of anthropogenic VOC emission inventory through
ambient measurements and satellite retrievals
Authors: Li Jing , Hao Yufang , Simayi Maimaiti , Shi Yuqi , Xi Ziyan , Xie Shaodong
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Improving the accuracy of the anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emission inventory is essential for reducing air pollution. In this study, we established an emission inventory of anthropogenic VOCs in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region of China for 2015 based on the emission factor (EF) method. Online ambient VOC observations were conducted in one urban area of Beijing in January, April, July, and October, which respectively represented winter, spring, summer, and autumn in 2015. Furthermore, the developed emission inventory was evaluated by a comprehensive verification system based on the measurements and satellite retrieval results. Firstly, emissions of the individual species of the emission inventory were evaluated according to the ambient measurements and emission ratios versus carbon monoxide (CO). Secondly, the source structure of the emission inventory was evaluated using source appointment with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Thirdly, the spatial distribution of the developed emission inventory was evaluated by a satellite-derived emission inventory. According to the results of the emission inventory, the total anthropogenic VOC emissions in the BTH region were 3277.66 Gg in 2015. Online measurements showed that the average mixing ratio of VOCs in Beijing was approximately 49.94 ppbv in 2015, ranging from 10.67 ppbv to 245.54 ppbv. The annual emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) derived from the measurements were significantly consistent with the results of the emission inventory. Based on the PMF results and the emission inventory, it is clearly evident that vehicle-related emissions dominate the composition of anthropogenic VOCs in Beijing. The spatial correlation between the emission inventory and satellite inversion result was significant (p < 0.01) with a correlation coefficient of 0.75. However, there were discrepancies between the relative contributions of fuel combustion, emissions of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), and halocarbons from the measurements and inventory. To obtain a more accurate emission inventory, we propose the investigation of the household coal consumption, the adjustment of EFs based on the latest pollution control policies, and the verification of the source profiles of OVOCs and halocarbons.
Development of a balloon-borne instrument
for CO2 vertical profile observations in the troposphere
Authors: Ouchi Mai , Matsumi Yutaka , Nakayama Tomoki , Shimizu Kensaku , Sawada Takehiko , Machida Toshinobu , Matsueda Hidekazu , Sawa Yousuke , Morino Isamu , Uchino Osamu , Tanaka Tomoaki , Imasu Ryoichi
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A novel, practical observation system for measuring tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations using a non-dispersive infrared analyzer carried by a small helium-filled balloon (CO2 sonde), has been developed for the first time. Onboard calibrations, using CO2 standard gases, is possible to measure the vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2 accurately with a 240–400 m altitude resolution. The standard deviations (1σ) of the measured mixing ratios in the laboratory experiments using a vacuum chamber at a temperature of 298 K were approximately 0.6 ppm at 1010 hPa and 1.2 ppm at 250 hPa. Compared with in situ aircraft data, although the difference up to the altitude of 7 km was 0.6 ± 1.2 ppm, this bias and difference were within the precision of the CO2 sonde. In field experiments, the CO2 sonde detected an increase in CO2 concentration in an urban area and a decrease in a forested area near the surface. The CO2 sonde was shown to be a useful instrument for observing and monitoring the vertical profiles of CO2 concentration in the troposphere.
Simulated single-layer forest canopies delay Northern Hemisphere snowmelt
Authors: Todt Markus , Rutter Nick , Fletcher Christopher G. , Wake Leanne M.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Single-layer vegetation schemes have been found to overestimate diurnal cycles in longwave radiation beneath forest canopies. This study derives a correction from forest stand-scale simulations, which reduces diurnal cycles of sub-canopy longwave radiation. Correction factors are subsequently implemented in land-only simulations of the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) in order to assess the impact on snow cover. Nighttime underestimations of sub-canopy longwave radiation outweigh daytime overestimations, which leads to underestimated averages over the snow cover season. As a result, snow temperatures are underestimated and snowmelt is delayed in CLM4.5 across evergreen boreal forests. Increasing insolation and day length change the impact of overestimated diurnal cycles on daily average sub-canopy longwave radiation throughout the snowmelt season. Consequently, delay in snowmelt is more substantial where winters are warm and snowmelt occurs early, which results in a shortened snowmelt duration across boreal forests.
Awareness of and experience with online outsourcing journalism labor markets: A benchmark study of freelance journalists
Authors: Hoag Anne , Grzeslo Jenna
Published: January 2019

Online outsourcing markets (OOMs), those sites that connect buyers and sellers of digital labor, have grown dramatically, attracting a global cadre of freelance workers. Journalism OOMs are beginning to have an impact on the buying and selling of freelance journalism. This paper is an exploration of early effects, reporting findings of a survey (n=453) of freelance journalists who use OOMs and those who don’t, or don’t yet. The paper reviews recent scholarship on OOMs and freelance journalists. Freelance journalists were asked about their awareness of and experience with journalism OOMs. Considering OOMs only recently started diffusing, analysis shows a relatively high level of awareness and use of OOMs, plus perceptions about their value for obtaining work, working conditions and monetary and intrinsic rewards.
RUBBER BLEND AND FILLER EFFECTS ON DAMAGE MECHANISMS UNDER MONOTONIC AND FATIGUE LOADING
Authors: Sridharan Harini , Chanda Jagannath , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra
Published: January 2019

To appreciate the nature and failure mode of elastomers, it is important to understand their fracture behavior. There are various factors that influence the fracture characteristics of rubber vulcanizates, namely, temperature, strain rate, and type of loading. In this research, fracture behavior of gum and carbon black filled rubber compounds having 100 parts natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and 60–40 NR/BR blend is reported. The effect of strain rate, temperature, and carbon black on tensile strength, fracture/tearing energy, and crack growth is detailed. Based on our investigation, we have determined BR to be more sensitive to temperature change than NR. Also, contrasting behavior is observed for gum and filled polymer blends.

Tensile and fatigue tests were performed on a universal testing machine and tear and fatigue analyzer, respectively. The tested samples were also examined in the scanning electron microscope to obtain high-resolution imaging of fracture surfaces. The samples tested under monotonic loading provide smoother surfaces by showing the phase separation in comparison with fatigue loading.
Data Management, Technology, and Public Policy: The Implementation of Next Generation 911 and Its Connection to Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network at Public Safety Answering Points
Authors: Seeman Elaine , Kleckley James , Holloway James E.
Published: January 2019

Enhanced 911 call systems face the transition to Next Generation 911 (NG911) driven by the ubiquity of smart phones and other digital technologies. NG911 services include data management and databases to gather, process and store NG911 call and location data. Federal NG911 policies to implement and fund NG911 and consolidate PSAPs are insufficient to timely further NG911 services and fully integrate NG911 with the Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN). Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) need NG911 emergency service IP networks (ESInets) to receive 911 emergency calls and NPSBN to deliver these calls and data to first responders.
Using students’ smartphones to learn a nursing skill: Students’ perspectives
Authors: Epstein Iris , Bertram Mavoy
Published: December 2018

The increase in nursing students’ enrollment in post-secondary education, hospital restructuring and limited clinical placements have shifted nurses’ education to require more e-learning platforms. E-learning uses information and communication technologies to support interactions with content, learning activities and with others; and to facilitate self-reflection. Using smartphones’ video applications in a hybrid course can support learning. Most nursing students own smartphones and use them to create videos, however, their perspectives on using their smartphones to support learning a nursing skill is limited. This mixed method pilot study explored undergraduate nursing students’ perspectives on using their smartphones to record, and later receive feedback from their peers and faculty when learning a nursing skill.  Twenty-six students completed questionnaires and seven students participated in a follow-up focus group. Two overarching themes emerged: (a) technical and (b) adaptive challenges. Students identified technical challenges in using their devices and how this influenced knowledge application. Others highlighted that the activity helped them to reflect and relate to self, others and their environments. The clinical, educational, ethical and research implications of this teaching-learning strategy will be discussed.
Real-time Inferential Analytics Based on Online Databases of Trends: A Breakthrough Within the Discipline of Digital Epidemiology of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Al-Imam Ahmed , Khalid Usama , Al-Hadithi Nawfal , Kaouche Dawoude
Published: January 2019

Background: Epidemiological sciences have been evolving at an exponential rate paralleled only by the comparable growth within the discipline of data science. Digital epidemiological studies are playing a vital role in medical science analytics for the past few decades. To date, there are no published attempts at deploying the use of real-time analytics in connection with the disciplines of Dentistry or Medicine. Aims and Objectives: We deployed a real-time statistical analysis in connection with topics in Dental Anatomy and Dental Pathology represented by the maxillary sinus, posterior maxillary teeth, related oral pathology. The purpose is to infer the digital epidemiology based on a continuous stream of raw data retrieved from Google Trends database. Materials and Methods: Statistical analysis was carried out via Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS version 24. Google Trends database was used to retrieve data for digital epidemiology. Real-time analysis and the statistical inference were based on encoding a programming script using Python high-level programming language. A systematic review of the literature was carried out via PubMed-NCBI, the Cochrane Library, and Elsevier databases. Results: The comprehensive review of the literature, based on specific keywords search, yielded 491813 published studies. These were distributed as 488884 (PubMed-NCBI), 1611 (the Cochrane Library), and 1318 (Elsevier). However, there was no single study attempting real-time analytics. Nevertheless, we succeeded in achieving an automated real-time stream of data accompanied by a statistical inference based on data extrapolated from Google Trends. Conclusion: Real-time analytics are of considerable impact when implemented in biological and life sciences as they will tremendously reduce the required resources for research. Predictive analytics, based on artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms, can be the next step to be deployed in continuation of the real-time systems to prognosticate changes in the temporal trends and the digital epidemiology of phenomena of interest.
Critical Writing Skills in Legal Education. Special Issue on Active Learning and Teaching in Legal Education
Authors: van Klink Bart , Francot Lyana
Published: January 2019

Critical Writing Skills in Legal Education. Special Issue on Active Learning and Teaching in Legal Education

In legal education, criticism is conceived as an academic activity. As lecturers, we expect from students more than just the expression of their opinion; they have to evaluate and criticize a certain practice, building on a sound argumentation and provide suggestions on how to improve this practice. Criticism not only entails a negative judgment but is also constructive since it aims at changing the current state of affairs that it rejects (for some reason or other). In this article, we want to show how we train critical writing in the legal skills course for first-year law students (Juridische vaardigheden) at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. We start with a general characterization of the skill of critical writing on the basis of four questions: 1. Why should we train critical writing? 2. What does criticism mean in a legal context? 3. How to carry out legal criticism? and 4. How to derive recommendations from the criticism raised? Subsequently, we discuss, as an illustration to the last two questions, the Dutch Urgenda case, which gave rise to a lively debate in the Netherlands on the role of the judge. Finally, we show how we have applied our general understanding of critical writing to our legal skills course. We describe the didactic approach followed and our experiences with it.
De mooie held geveld
Authors: Nelen Hans , van Gemert Frank
Published: January 2019

Fall into disgrace; some introductory observations

In the introductory article of this special issue on the downfall of popular heroes, some relevant aspects in relation to the general theme are explored. Who are considered to be heroes and which elements are relevant to understand the process heroes may go through when they start sliding on the slippery slope, and, eventually, fall into the abyss of disgrace? What is the role that (social) media play in the demolition of their reputation and how do heroes perceive their own downfall and respond to it? The theoretical concept that is used in this article is Howard Becker’s master status and, in particular, the notion that the master status of a fallen hero surpasses and contaminates all other statuses, previously possessed by an individual.
Gevallen helden van bedrijfsleven en openbaar bestuur
Authors: Huisman Wim , Lesmeister Dennis
Published: January 2019

Fallen heroes of business and public office. The ‘fall from grace’ in white-collar crime

In criminology, it is generally assumed that the high social status of white-collar offenders prevents them of being targeted by criminal law enforcement. But when they do, they suffer greater social and economic damage because of this high social status. Empirical research on the consequences of criminal law enforcement and conviction for white-collar offenders is scarce, and limited to the US and the UK. This paper used biographies of convicted former executives in business and public office in the Netherlands, to analyse these consequences and the process of the ‘fall from grace’ of white-collar offenders. The consequences are described in four life-domains: health, the private sphere, the occupational sphere and the social sphere. The results show that Dutch executives, in line with findings for the Anglo-American white-collar offenders, experience status degradation and suffer much collateral damage of criminal law enforcement. After the initial horror of imprisonment, they endure prison life fairly well. Individual competences and remaining social and economic capital enable them to return to normal life, although they cannot return to pre-conviction levels of social status.
Gevallen helden en geheugenoorlogen in voormalige Sovjetstaten
Authors: Siegel Dina
Published: January 2019

Fallen heroes and memory-wars in former Soviet states

The relocation or destruction of the monuments of Soviet heroes in our times is in fact a process of replacement of one myth by the other. The commemoration of historical events has become the subject of struggle and manipulation of political power. The Soviet era is today the subject of divergent interpretations, ranging from nostalgia to denial, depending on the cultural, ethnic and socio-economic context in which these memories take place. In this article the processes are analysed, in which Lithuanians and Georgians change the meaning of symbols of their past in the attempt to redefine history and determine the fate of their fallen heroes.