bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of the Lyme disease vaccine
Authors: Hsia Elizabeth C. , Chung James B. , Schwartz J. Sanford , Albert Daniel A.
Published: October 2002

Objective

A vaccine for Lyme disease was approved in 1998 for use in the US. Given the high cost of the vaccine, the low risk of Lyme disease in many areas, and the largely curable nature of the disease, the cost‐effectiveness of the vaccine in various risk groups is uncertain. This study was undertaken to examine the cost‐effectiveness of the Lyme disease vaccine and the factors that influence its cost‐effectiveness.

Methods

We constructed a Markov decision‐analysis model to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the Lyme disease vaccine in populations at various levels of risk for the disease. The probabilities of clinical events and costs were estimated from reports in the literature. Sensitivity analyses assessed the impact of potential variations of parameters on model results.

Results

At the average national incidence of Lyme disease (0.0067%), the incremental cost‐effectiveness of vaccination was ∼$1,600,000 per case averted when a yearly booster was given for 10 years after the standard initial vaccination regimen of 3 inoculations at 0, 1, and 12 months. For populations with an annual Lyme disease incidence of 1% (the incidence in several well‐defined geographical areas of the US), the incremental cost‐effectiveness was ∼$9,900 per case averted. Disease incidence had to exceed 10% before vaccination with yearly boosters became both more effective and more cost saving than no vaccination.

Conclusion

The Lyme disease vaccine is cost‐effective only for individuals who live in areas where Lyme disease is endemic and who are frequently exposed to ticks.
Monocytic fasciitis: A newly recognized clinical feature of tumor necrosis factor receptor dysfunction
Authors: Hull Keith M. , Wong Kondi , Wood Geryl M. , Chu Wei‐Sing , Kastner Daniel L.
Published: October 2002

Tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory syndrome that results from mutations in TNFRSF1A, the gene that encodes the 55‐kd tumor necrosis factor receptor. Clinically, patients present with recurrent episodes of fever in conjunction with localized inflammation at various sites. Myalgia is one of the most characteristic features of this syndrome and is frequently associated with an overlying erythematous, macular rash that, together with the myalgia, displays centrifugal migration. This has previously been believed to occur as a result of myositis. We describe herein the case of a 60‐year‐old man with TRAPS, in whom magnetic resonance imaging of the left thigh demonstrated edematous changes in the muscle compartments and surrounding soft tissues. A full‐thickness wedge biopsy was performed, and hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry analysis of the specimen demonstrated normal myofibrils but a severely destructive monocytic fasciitis. These results suggest that the myalgia experienced by individuals with TRAPS is due to a monocytic fasciitis and not to myositis.
Statistical presentation and analysis of ordered categorical outcome data in rheumatology journals
Authors: LaValley Michael P. , Felson David T.
Published: October 2002

Objective

To assess the appropriateness of presentation of summary measures and analysis of ordered categorical (ordinal) data in three rheumatology journals in 1999, and to consider differences between basic and clinical science articles.

Methods

Six hundred forty‐four full‐length articles from the 1999 editions of 3 rheumatology journals were evaluated for inclusion of an ordinal outcome. Articles were classified as basic or clinical science, and the appropriateness of presentation and analysis of the ordinal outcome were assessed. Chi‐square tests were used to evaluate difference in percentages.

Results

Ordinal outcomes were identified in 175 (27.2%) of 644 articles. Only 69 (39.4%) had appropriate data presentation, and 111 (63.4%) had appropriate data analysis. Appropriate presentation was seen less commonly in the basic science rather than the clinical science articles, but differences in the occurrence of appropriate analysis were not seen.

Conclusion

Ordinal data are common in rheumatology articles, but presentation usually does not conform to recommended guidelines.
Factors governing 310‐helix vs α‐helix formation in peptides: Percentage of Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid residues and sequence dependence
Authors: Crisma Marco , Bisson William , Formaggio Fernando , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Toniolo Claudio
Published: October 2002

As an additional step toward the dissection of the factors responsible for the onset of 310‐helix vs α‐helix in peptides, in this paper we describe the results of a three‐dimensional (3D) structural analysis by x‐ray diffraction of the Nα‐acylated heptapeptide alkylamide mBrBz–L‐Iva–L‐(αMe)Val–L‐Abu–L‐(αMe)Val–L‐(αMe)Phe–L‐(αMe)Val–L‐Iva–NHMe characterized by a single (L‐Abu3) Cα‐trisubstituted and six Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids. We find that in the crystal state this peptide is folded in a mixed helical structure with short elements of 310‐helix at either terminus and a central region of α‐helix. This finding, taken together with the published NMR and x‐ray diffraction data on the all Cα‐methylated parent sequence and its L‐Val2 analog (also the latter heptapeptide has a single Cα‐trisubstituted α‐amino acid) strongly supports the view that one Cα‐trisubstituted α‐amino acid inserted near the N‐terminus of an Nα‐acylated heptapeptide alkylamide sequence may be enough to switch a regular 310‐helix into an essentially α‐helical conformation. As a corollary of this work, the x‐ray diffraction structure of the Nα‐protected, C‐terminal tetrapeptide alkylamide Z–L‐(αMe)Val–L‐(αMe)Phe–L‐(αMe)Val–L‐Iva–NHMe, also reported here, is clearly indicative of the preference of this fully Cα‐methylated, short peptide for the 310‐helix. As the same terminally blocked sequence is mixed 310/α‐helical in the L‐Abu3 heptapeptide amide but regular 310‐helical in the tetrapeptide amide and in the parent heptapeptide amide, these results point to an evident plasticity even of a fully Cα‐methylated short peptide. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 236–245, 2002
Antibody production by a hybridoma cell line at high cell density is limited by two independent mechanisms
Authors: Gramer Michael J. , Britton Tracey L.
Published: October 2002

Our previous attempt to model the stationary phase of production‐scale hollow‐fiber bioreactors using a scaled‐down micro hollow‐fiber bioreactor resulted in a predicted antibody production rate that was three‐ to fourfold lower than the actual value (Gramer and Poeschl, 2000). Medium limitations were suspected as the reason for the discrepancy. In this study, various increases in medium feed rate were implemented in the micro bioreactor by increasing the diameter of the silicone tubing that houses the hollow fibers. Because larger diameter tubing may induce oxygen limitations, we also explored the effect of medium recirculation to enhance oxygenation. Antibody production in the micro bioreactor increased both as a result of increased medium supply and due to medium recirculation. However, these parameters increased antibody production through two independent mechanisms. The increased medium supply resulted in a higher cell‐specific antibody production rate, but not a higher viable cell density. Medium circulation resulted in the support of a higher viable cell density, but had little effect on the cell‐specific secretion rate. The two mechanisms of enhanced antibody production were additive, demonstrating that simultaneous parameters can limit antibody production by this cell line in a hollow‐fiber system. When the medium feed and circulation rates were increased to a volumetrically proportional scale, scale‐up predictions from the micro bioreactor matched the actual data from the production‐scale system to within 15%. These data demonstrate the usefulness of the micro bioreactor for characterizing cell growth and limiting mechanisms at high cell densities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 277–283, 2002.
Mass transfer effects on the reaction rate for heterogeneously distributed immobilized yeast cells
Authors: Gutenwik Jan , Nilsson Bernt , Axelsson Anders
Published: October 2002

Here we examine the efficiency of different immobilized cell gradients applied to immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting glucose to ethanol. We developed a simulation model to fully study the competing effects of mass transfer hindrance and kinetics. It is based on a diffusion‐reaction model and can be used to analyze the different cell concentration profiles inside an immobilized gel bead, in terms of effectiveness factors, productivity, and mass flux. The internal diffusion coefficient, which varies with the local cell concentration, as well as the external mass transfer, is taken into account when describing the efficiency. Although the diffusion hindrance is greater at higher cell concentrations, high cell concentration is still advantageous in the present case because the increase in reaction rate outweighs the diffusion hindrance. Thus, high cell concentrations contribute to increased productivity. The influence of the cell concentration gradient on the efficiency of the beads is negligible. Within the range of cell profiles studied it has been established that the location of the cells within the bead is of lesser importance. However, a steep cell gradient increases the importance of the external mass transfer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 664–673, 2002.
Analysis of growth rate effects on productivity of recombinant Escherichia coli populations using molecular mechanism models
Authors: Lee Sun Bok , Bailey James E.
Published: October 2002

The influence of growth rate on Escherichia coli plasmid content and expression of a cloned‐gene product has been described by a mathematical model based upon the molecular mechanism of λdv plasmid replication and known relationships between growth rate and transcription and translation activities of the host cell. The model simulates correctly decreases in plasmid content with increasing growth rate as observed experimentally for pBR322, NR1, R1, and Col E1 plasmids. A maximum with respect to growth rate in intracellular product accumulation is indicated by the model, as is a transient overshoot in product concentration following a shift from smaller to larger growth rate. Available data, although very limited, show the same trends. These results, obtained without parameter or kinetic form adjustments or manipulation, clearly illustrate the advantages of kinetic descriptions of recombinant systems based upon the pertinent molecular mechanisms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 550–557, 2002.
End‐of‐life care in nursing homes: the interface of policy, research, and practice
Authors: Blevins Dean , Deason‐Howell Lucinda M.
Published: October 2002

Much attention has begun to focus on the quality of care for persons near the end of life. Palliative care, especially through hospice, has generated much discussion as possibly the most holistic care available. Consideration of how chronically ill older adults receive such care as a result of public policy can benefit from adopting a multidimensional perspective. This paper adopts Bronfenbrenner's ecological model to understand current end‐of‐life care for nursing home residents, followed by consideration of how each of these dimensions or levels of influence can be used to foster both research agendas and policy reforms to improve end‐of‐life care of nursing home residents. Specifically, the benefits of considering the influence of such policy initiatives as the Medicare hospice benefit and the Patient Self‐Determination Act (PSDA) on end‐of‐life care in nursing homes and the means through which policy can be informed by clinical research is emphasized. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Professional perpetrators: sex offenders who use their employment to target and sexually abuse the children with whom they work
Authors: Sullivan Joe , Beech Anthony
Published: October 2002

Professionals who use their work as a cover for targeting and sexually abusing children have become the focus of public, media and legislative concerns in recent years. In the past 15 years, scandal after scandal has led to review investigations and public inquiries. These in turn have led to legislative changes to help improve childcare practices and prevent perpetrators from gaining access to children through institutions and organizations. This paper explores the literature and research studies which examine institutional abuse and professional perpetrators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creation of an intra‐atrial communication with a new Amplatzer shunt prosthesis: Preliminary results in a swine model
Authors: Kong Huafu , Gu Xiaoping , Titus Jack L. , Kim Tae‐Hoon , Urness Myra , Han Young‐Min , Hessliein Peter , Bass John , Chun Meelee , Hunter David W.
Published: October 2002

A nitinol shunt device was applied in six minipigs to create a precise intra‐atrial shunt. This self‐expanding shunt device consists of two retention disks of 2–8 mm, a 4 mm connecting waist with a 10 mm eccentric hole. It requires a 7 Fr introducer sheath. The device is attached to the delivery cable with a microscrew. Placement technique is identical to that of Amplatzer septal occluder. Balloon dilation was performed immediately and 1 month after placement. One animal died from general anesthesia before device placement. Left atrial angiography showed a patent intra‐atrial shunt in 5/5 pigs immediately and 4/4 in 1‐ to 3‐month follow up. Postmortem examination demonstrated patent shunts partially or completely neoendothelialized. The shunt device was found to be an effective and safe way to create a permanent atrial communication. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:267–271. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous management of access site complications
Authors: Samal Aditya K. , White Christopher J.
Published: October 2002

Percutaneous cardiac catheterization and endovascular procedures are associated with complications at the vascular access site. While surgery has been the traditional treatment for vascular access complications, the current state of the art permits percutaneous management of many access site complications. Surgical repair may be required only when percutaneous methods fail, are not available, or are unsuitable. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:12–23. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A chemometric study of amino acid transport through liquid membranes using UV‐vis spectroscopy
Authors: Antunes Alexandre M. , Ferreira Márcia M. C. , Volpe Pedro L. O.
Published: October 2002

The extraction of amino acids at 298 K through hydrophobic liquid membranes is studied using the bulk liquid membrane (BLM) method. The transport of different mixtures of phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) in a buffer solution (pH 1.5) was monitored with a diode array spectrometer by recording their UV‐vis spectra at the receiving phase in small time intervals for 30 min. The apparatus used consisted of a Schulmann cell with the buffer solution as the source phase, reverse micelles of Aerosol‐OT (AOT) in chloroform as the liquid membrane, and a buffer solution at pH 9.0 as the receiving phase. The ordinary least squares (OLS) method was applied separately to each mixture, using the experimental spectra of pure compounds. The transport rates, which are given by the slope of the kinetic curves, were found to be very small, of the order of 10−5, 10−6 and 10−7 mol l−1 min−1 for Phe, Trp and Try respectively. The trilinear decomposition (TLD) method was used to estimate the kinetic profiles for each compound in the ternary mixtures and also their transport rates. They are in fair agreement with those obtained by OLS. Tyr basically does not cross the membrane, so two new experiments were carried out using binary mixtures of Phe and Trp. Their transport rates are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained for the ternary mixtures, and in this case the agreement between TLD and OLS results is excellent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survey of factors determining the circularly polarised luminescence of macrocyclic lanthanide complexes in solution
Authors: Bruce James I. , Parker David , Lopinski Stefan , Peacock Robert D.
Published: October 2002

The development of emissive lanthanide complexes as structural or reactive probes to signal changes in their local chiral or ionic environment has been inhibited by the lack of understanding of correlating structural and electronic spectral information. The definition of relatively rigid enantiopure macrocyclic lanthanide complexes, whose inter‐ and intramolecular exchange dynamics have been defined, offers scope for remedying this situation. Chiral axially symmetric lanthanide complexes in solution give rise to large emission dissymmetry values (gem) in CPL spectra. The sign and magnitude of gem are determined by the degree of twist about the principal axis, which is predicted to be a maximum at ±22.5°, and by the site symmetry and local ligand field. In particular, the polarisability of the ligand donor atoms, especially for any axial donor, is very important. Examples of each case are discussed for structurally related cationic Eu(III) complexes. Chirality 14:562–567, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐grade gliomas in patients with prior systemic malignancies
Authors: Maluf Fernando C. , DeAngelis Lisa M. , Raizer Jeffrey J. , Abrey Lauren E.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The current study was conducted to characterize the impact of a prior malignancy on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of high‐grade glioma.

METHODS

A retrospective study of 21 patients with a histologic diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), or anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) after a prior diagnosis of solid tumor or hematologic malignancy was conducted. Glioma histology (GBM vs. AA/AO), patient age (≤ 60 years vs. > 60 years), and extent of resection (biopsy vs. subtotal vs. complete) were evaluated for their prognostic influence.

RESULTS

Of the 21 patients studied, 17 had GBM, 3 had AA, and 1 patient had high‐grade AO. There were 25 systemic carcinomas diagnosed in 21 patients (18 solid tumors including breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and melanoma and 7 hematologic malignancies). The glioma occurred within a previous radiation field in only three patients, two of whom had solid tumors and one of whom had a childhood hematologic malignancy. Surgical resection was the initial treatment for the brain tumor in 17 patients, and the majority of patients received radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Four patients who initially were misdiagnosed as having brain metastases received whole brain radiation therapy as their initial treatment, thereby compromising optimal care. The overall median survival for all the patients in the current study was 14 months (range, 1–44 months) from the time of brain tumor diagnosis. The extent of resection was found to be the only prognostic variable that was associated with survival (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Secondary glioma may occur in patients as a consequence of therapy for a prior malignancy, but most often represents a sporadic event. The outcome and recommended treatment are identical to those for patients with primary gliomas. Accurate diagnosis is essential; neuroimaging often is suggestive of a primary brain tumor and should initiate surgical intervention so that histopathology can be obtained early and appropriate treatment instituted. Cancer 2002;94:3219–24. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10595
The bleeding risk index
Authors: Elting Linda S. , Martin Charles G. , Kurtin Danna J. , Cantor Scott B. , Rubenstein Edward B. , Rodriguez Saul , Kanesan Krishnakumari , Vadhan‐Raj Saroj , Benjamin Robert S.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The correlation between platelet count and bleeding has been well described, although no formal methods for applying this information to clinical decisions are available. The authors developed a clinical prediction rule to guide the prophylactic use of platelet transfusions among patients with lymphoma or solid tumors.

METHODS

The Bleeding Risk Index (BRI) was developed from logistic regression analysis of a randomly selected 750‐chemotherapy cycle derivation set using data from Day 1 of cycles. The sensitivity and specificity of a BRI‐based prophylaxis strategy were compared in a 512‐cycle validation set with two strategies based on initiation of prophylaxis when platelet counts fell below thresholds of 20,000 per μL or 10,000 per μL.

RESULTS

Factors that were predictive of bleeding included any prior episode of bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 5.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.2–14.0), treatment with a drug affecting platelet function (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.0–12.6), bone marrow metastases (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.7–10.8), a baseline platelet count < 75,000 per μL (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.4–8.9), genitourinary or gynecologic malignancy (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3–8.2), a Zubrod performance status score > 2 (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4–8.5), and treatment with agents that were highly toxic to the bone marrow (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0–5.4). Compared with 20,000 and 10,000 platelet threshold strategies, the BRI‐based strategy provided the best trade‐off between sensitivity for major bleeding episodes (80%) and specificity for any bleeding (84%).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with lymphoma or solid tumors who are at high risk of bleeding can be identified reliably on Day 1 of a chemotherapy cycle. An individualized, BRI‐based approach to bleeding prophylaxis provides a highly sensitive and specific alternative to traditional, nonindividualized platelet threshold strategies. Cancer 2002;94:3252–62. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10603
Pretreatment prognostic factors for survival in patients with advanced urothelial tumors treated in a phase I/II trial with paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine
Authors: Bellmunt Joaquim , Albanell Joan , Paz‐Ares Luis , Climent Miguel A. , González‐Larriba Jose L. , Carles Joan , de la Cruz Juan J. , Guillem Vicente , Díaz‐Rubio Eduardo , Cortés‐Funes Hernan , Baselga José
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

New chemotherapeutic agents, including paclitaxel and gemcitabine, are active in advanced bladder carcinoma, and combination regimens with these agents have shown promising results. Unlike conventional chemotherapy regimens, such as methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin, there are no data available on key predictive factors for response and survival with these novel agents. Since this information is needed for selection of patients for these new combinations and for stratification purposes in ongoing randomized trials, the authors aimed to study the predictive factors for response and survival to the current regimen containing cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine.

METHODS

The authors studied 56 patients with advanced urothelial tumors treated on a Phase I/II trial of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine (TCG) to identify pretreatment characteristics that were prognostic for survival using this novel combination. The pretreatment characteristics analyzed were age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, histopathology (pure transitional versus other), visceral (liver, lung, or bone) metastasis, number of sites of disease, lactate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin.

RESULTS

The factors that were associated with a worse survival in univariate analysis were performance status > 0, presence of visceral metastasis, and more than one site of malignant disease. In a multivariate model, performance status (P = 0.044) and visceral disease (P = 0.008) showed independent statistical significance for decreased survival. Patients were then grouped based on these two independent prognostic factors. Median survival times in the groups of patients with zero, one, or two of these risk factors were 32.8 months, 17 months, and 9.6 months, respectively (P = 0.0005).

CONCLUSIONS

A pretreatment performance status > 0 and the presence of visceral metastasis have a profound impact on survival when using the TCG regimen. These two variables will be used to stratify patients in the upcoming Phase III randomized trial comparing this TGC regimen with a gemcitabine/cisplatin regimen in advanced urothelial tumors. Cancer 2002;95:751–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10762
Multiple mechanisms of rhabdom shedding in the lateral eye of Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Sacunas Robert B. , Papuga M. Owen , Malone Michael A. , Pearson Anthony C. , Marjanovic Milos , Stroope Darrell G. , Weiner William W. , Chamberlain Steven C. , Battelle Barbara‐Anne
Published: October 2002

Rhabdom shedding in horseshoe crab lateral eye photoreceptors was studied with anti‐opsin and anti‐arrestin immunocytochemistry. Two, possibly three, distinct shedding mechanisms were revealed in animals maintained in natural lighting. Transient rhabdom shedding, triggered by dawn, is a brief, synchronous event that removes up to 10% of the rhabdom membrane. Whorls of rhabdomeral membrane break into vesicles and form compact multivesicular bodies. These debris particles are immunoreactive for opsin and are of a relatively uniform size, averaging approximately 2 μm2 in area. Transient shedding requires that input from circadian efferent fibers to the retina precedes the light trigger, and cutting the optic nerve blocks efferent input and transient shedding. Light‐driven rhabdom shedding is a progressive process. Rhabdomeral membrane is removed by coated vesicles that accumulate into loosely packed multivesicular bodies. These debris particles label with antibodies directed against opsin, arrestin, and adaptin, and they have a large distribution of sizes, averaging almost 6 μm2 in area and ranging up to 25 μm2 or more. The amount of rhabdomeral membrane removed by light‐driven shedding has seasonal variation and depends on latitude. Light‐driven shedding does not require circadian efferent input. A possible third shedding mechanism, light‐independent shedding, is observed when transient shedding is blocked either by 48 hours of darkness or by cutting the optic nerve. Small particles, averaging 1.8 μm2 in area, exhibiting opsin but not arrestin immunoreactivity can then be found in the cytoplasm surrounding the rhabdom. The nature of light‐independent shedding is not yet clear. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:26–42, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine and nitric oxide control both flickering and steady‐light–induced cone contraction and horizontal cell spinule formation in the teleost (carp) retina: Serial interaction of dopamine and nitric oxide
Authors: Haamedi Sakineh N. , Djamgoz Mustafa B.A.
Published: October 2002

Adaptation to ambient light, which is an important characteristic of the vertebrate visual system, involves cellular and subcellular (synaptic) plasticity of the retina. The present study investigated dopamine (DA) and nitric oxide (NO) as possible neurochemical modulators controlling cone photomechanical movements (PMMs) and horizontal cell (HC) spinules in relation to steady and flickering light adaptation in the carp retina. Haloperidol (HAL; a nonspecific DA receptor blocker) or cPTIO (a NO scavenger) largely inhibited the cone PMMs and HC spinule formation induced by either steady or flickering light. These results suggested that both DA and NO could be involved in the light‐adaptation changes induced by either pattern of input and that DA and NO effects may not be completely independent. The possibility that NO and DA interact serially was evaluated pharmacologically by cross‐antagonist application (i.e., DA + cPTIO or NO + HAL). When a NO donor was coapplied with HAL to dark‐adapted eyecups, normal light‐adaptive cone PMMs and HC spinules occurred. In contrast, when DA was applied in the presence of cPTIO, the dark‐adapted state persisted. It was concluded 1) that DA and NO are both light‐adaptive neurochemicals, released in the retina during either steady or flickering light; 2) that the effects of DA and NO on light‐adaptive cone PMMs and HC spinules do not occur in parallel; and 3) that NO and DA act mainly in series, specifically as follows: Light → DA → NO → Cone PMMs + HC spinules. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:120–128, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of intraglomerular dendritic tufts of mitral cells and their contacts with olfactory nerve terminals and calbindin‐immunoreactive type 2 periglomerular neurons
Authors: Kosaka Katsuko , Aika Yusuke , Toida Kazunori , Kosaka Toshio
Published: October 2002

Intraglomerular dendritic tufts of Golgi‐impregnated and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)‐labeled mitral cells in the rat main olfactory bulb were analyzed in detail. In particular, the relationships of BDA‐labeled tufts with olfactory nerve (ON) terminals and processes of calbindin D‐28K‐immunoreactive (CB‐IR) cells were investigated with confocal laser‐scanning light microscopic (CLSM) and electron microscopic (EM) analyses. CB‐IR cells were type 2 periglomerular cells that restricted their processes in the ON‐free (non‐ON) zone of the glomerulus and received few synapses from ON terminals. The mitral tufts varied in complexity, but individual branches were rather simple, smooth processes that bore some branchlets and spines and extended more or less in a straight line or a gentle curve rather than winding tortuously within glomeruli as though they did not consider the compartmental organization, which consisted of ON and non‐ON zones that interdigitated in a complex manner with one another. Conventional EM analysis revealed that both thin and thick, presumed proximal branches of mitral/tufted cell dendritic tufts received asymmetrical synapses from ON terminals. Correlated CLSM‐EM analysis confirmed direct contacts between the BDA‐ and CB‐labeled processes detected in the CLSM examinations, and synapses were recognized at some of those sites. Furthermore, ON terminals and CB‐IR processes were distributed on both proximal and distal dendritic branches in a more or less mosaic pattern. These findings revealed that, on the mitral dendritic tufts, ON terminals and processes of type 2 periglomerular neurons were not clearly segregated proximodistally but, rather, were arranged in a mosaic pattern, which may be important in fine tuning the output from individual glomeruli. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:219–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the heart and aorta of Manduca sexta
Authors: Davis Norman T. , Dulcis Davide , Hildebrand John G.
Published: October 2002

Innervation of the heart and aorta of Manduca sexta was studied by using anatomic, neuronal tracing and immunocytochemical techniques. The study was undertaken to provide a foundation for investigating the neural mechanisms controlling cardiac reversal in adults. Lateral cardiac nerves were not found in the larval or adult heart. The larval heart and aorta seem to lack innervation, but a neurohemal system for the release of a cardioactive peptide is associated with the larval alary muscles. At adult metamorphosis, this neurohemal system regresses, and, at the same time, processes grow onto the anterior aorta. These processes seem to be neurohemal and originate from two pairs of neurosecretory cells located in the subesophageal ganglion. This system is immunoreactive to cardioactive peptides and may function, therefore, in hormonal modulation of the activity of the adult heart. Also during metamorphosis, synaptic innervation develops on the terminal heart chamber, and this innervation is from axons extending through the seventh and eighth dorsal nerves of the terminal abdominal ganglion. These axons originate from cells that have been identified as serial homologs of motor neuron‐1 of other abdominal ganglia. These neurons are immunoreactive to a cardioactive peptide, and this peptide probably modulates the synaptic innervation of the terminal heart chamber. During metamorphosis, the target of the motor neurons‐1 of the seventh and eighth segments becomes respecified from larval skeletal muscles to the terminal chamber of the adult heart. J. Comp. Neurol. 4406:245–260, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An example of facade colour design of mass housing
Authors: Ünver Rengin , Dokuzer Öztürk Leyla
Published: October 2002

The colours and architectural characteristics of building facades are the major factors affecting the general appearance of cities. When cities are examined from various perspectives, first impressions are obtained from the geometrical forms and facade colours of buildings. The facade colour arrangements should reflect the features of the region and buildings. In this context various features of natural and artificial environments such as plant life, water elements, climate, and historical texture should be examined, and a facade colour arrangement should be designed according to the examination results. In addition, the other factors effective in determining the colour and style of a building, such as social‐cultural background of the society and traditional and natural building materials, should not be forgotten because in some regions traditional buildings with special construction styles, materials, and colours create a specific identity for the settlements and cities. The aims of this article are to elucidate the colour contrast, colour arrangement, and colour design stages of mass housing and to explain the colour design of Bizimkent Mass Housing, which was constructed in a new dwelling zone in Istanbul, Turkey, as an example of such an arrangement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 291–299, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10068
Parallel visualization of gigabyte datasets in GeoFEM
Authors: Fujishiro Issei , Chen Li , Takeshima Yuriko , Nakamura Hiroko , Suzuki Yasuko
Published: October 2002

An initial overview of parallel visualization in the GeoFEM software system is provided. Our visualization subsystem offers many kinds of parallel visualization methods for the users to visualize their huge finite‐element analysis datasets for scalar, vector and/or tensor fields at a reasonable cost. A polygonal simplification scheme is developed to make the transmission and rendition of output graphic primitives more efficient. A salient feature of the subsystem lies in its capability in the automatic setting of visualization parameter values based on the analysis of scalar/flow field topology and volumetric coherence, to improve the quality of visualization results with a minimized number of batch re‐executions. Representative experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of our subsystem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel iterative solvers for unstructured grids using a directive/MPI hybrid programming model for the GeoFEM platform on SMP cluster architectures
Authors: Nakajima Kengo , Okuda Hiroshi
Published: October 2002

In this paper, an efficient parallel iterative method for unstructured grids developed by the authors for shared memory symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) cluster architectures on the GeoFEM platform is presented. The method is based on a three‐level hybrid parallel programming model, including message passing for inter‐SMP node communication, loop directives for intra‐SMP node parallelization and vectorization for each processing element (PE). Simple 3D elastic linear problems with more than $10^8$ degrees of freedom have been solved by $3\times3$ block ICCG(0) with additive Schwarz domain decomposition and PDJDS/CM‐RCM reordering on 16 SMP nodes of a Hitachi SR8000 parallel computer, achieving a performance of 20 Gflops. The PDJDS/CM‐RCM reordering method provides excellent vector and parallel performance in SMP nodes, and is essential for parallelization of forward/backward substitution in IC/ILU factorization with global data dependency. The method developed was also tested on an NEC SX‐4 and attained 969 Mflops (48.5% of peak performance) using a single processor. The additive Schwarz domain decomposition method provides robustness for the GeoFEM parallel iterative solvers with localized preconditioning. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidence in psychodiagnosis: what makes us so sure?
Authors: Smith J. David , Dumont Frank
Published: October 2002

When psychologists are asked to estimate the probability that their clinical judgments are correct, they often reveal an overconfidence effect. In an effort to identify sources of unwarranted confidence in clinical judgment, this study examined the relationship between four different inferential biases (dispositionism, confirmationism, data‐search truncation, and narrow problem construal) and diagnostic confidence in the context of a psychological assessment task. Thirty‐six clinicians were individually presented a written client case‐file to read and clinically interpret aloud. Analyses of participants' verbal protocols revealed that dispositionism alone accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in psychodiagnostic confidence scores. These results indicate that dispositionally‐driven assessments tend to be expressed with the highest levels of confidence. The roles that professional psychology and psychology in general play in propagating this bias are considered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytomorphologic features of papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the parotid
Authors: Kapila Kusum , Verma Kusum
Published: October 2002

The fine‐needle aspiration cytology findings in four cases of recently classified cystadenocarcinoma of the parotid gland are reported. In three cases a recurrent tumor was aspirated. Smear preparations in all four cases were cellular, with numerous papillary projections, single cells, and sheets of cells in varying proportion in a proteinaceous to mucoid background. The background mucin was in varying proportions. The cells were cuboidal to tall columnar with basal nuclei and mild pleomorphism. The cytoplasm was dense in three cases with variable amounts of mucin. In one case (Case 4) the epithelial cells resembled mucin‐secreting goblet cells, while in another case (Case 1) the cytoplasm showed multiple vacuolations. Mitosis was rare. Lymphoid tissue was seen in one case while macrophages and giant cells were seen in two cases. Epidermoid differentiation was absent in all four cases. Pathologic evaluation of the resected tumor confirmed the cytologic diagnosis. Clinical and radiologic evaluation failed to reveal any other potential primary site. Papillary cystadenocarcinomas of the parotid are rare but can be accurately diagnosed on FNAC. However, they need to be differentiated from mucoepidermoid and papillary acinic cell tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:392–397. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunolocalization of glucose transporter 1 and 3 in the placenta: Application to cytodiagnosis of Papanicolaou smear
Authors: Sato Misako , Nakamura Yasushi , Sogawa Tukumi , Yang Qifeng , Taniguchi Takeshi , Taniguchi Emiko , Kagiya Tomoko , Nakamura Misa , Mori Ichiro , Kakudo Kennichi
Published: October 2002

A positive immunostaining for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) was exclusively localized in microvilli on the free surface of syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta. An enhanced immunoreaction for glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) was elicited in the cell membrane of intermediate trophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts. Neither GLUT1 nor GLUT3 was positive in decidual cells and epithelial components from cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Cervicovaginal smears from six pregnant women containing atypical cells of unknown origin were subjected to immunocytochemical testing with antibodies against GLUT1 and GLUT3. Atypical cells in smears from two pregnant women were found to be positive for GLUT3 while no specific immunoreaction for GLUT1 was elicited, indicating their origin from either intermediate trophoblasts or cytotrophoblasts. Through the use of antibodies against vimentin and cytokeratin 17, GLUT3‐negative atypical cells were further sorted into decidual cells and epithelial components from cervical dysplasia, respectively. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:373–379. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of recurrent granulosa cell tumor: Case report with differential diagnosis and immunocytochemistry
Authors: Ylagan Lourdes R. , Middleton William D. , Dehner Louis P.
Published: October 2002

We report a case of an adult‐type granulosa cell tumor of the ovary which was diagnosed in a 20‐yr‐old woman. After a 21‐yr disease‐free interval, she developed a pelvic recurrence, followed by a splenic metastasis and, more recently, omental masses. This report is concerned with the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of the granulosa cell tumor in the latter site and corroboration of the interpretation by immunocytochemistry. Only one previous case is similar to the present one documenting the role of immunocytochemistry in the evaluation of suspected metastatic granulosa cell tumor. The cytopathologic features of metastatic granular cell tumor have been described in a limited number of previous reports. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:38–41. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses, calcium channel agonist‐antagonist modulation effects, and nitric oxide release studies of [3‐(Benzenesulfonyl)furoxan‐4‐yloxy]alkyl 1,4‐Dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐5‐nitro‐4‐(2‐trifluoromethylphenyl, benzofurazan‐4‐yl, 2‐, 3‐, or 4‐pyridyl)‐3‐pyridinecarboxylates
Authors: Vo Dean , Nguyen Jeffrey‐Tri , McEwen Carol‐Anne , Shan Rudong , Knaus Edward E.
Published: October 2002

A group of racemic 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐5‐nitro‐3‐pyridinecarboxylates possessing either a C‐4 2‐trifluoromethylphenyl (22–24), benzofurazan‐4‐yl (42–44), 2‐pyridyl (45–47), 3‐pyridyl (48–50), or 4‐pyridyl (51–53), substituent in conjunction with a nitric oxide donor C‐3 ester [3‐(benzenesulfonyl)furoxan‐4‐yloxy]alkyl substituent were synthesized using modified Hantzsch reactions. Compounds 45–53 having a C‐4 2‐, 3‐, or 4‐pyridyl substituent exhibited more potent in vitro calcium channel antagonist activity (IC50's in the 0.46 to 5.23 μM range) on guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle (GPILSM) than related analogs having a C‐4 2‐trilfuoromethylphenyl (22–24) or benzofurazan‐4‐yl (42, 44) substituent (IC50 ≥ 29.91 mM). The point of attachment of the pyridyl ring (2‐, 3‐, or 4‐), and the length of the C‐3 ester alkyl spacer [‐CH2(CH2)n, n=1–3], were not determinants of smooth muscle calcium channel antagonist activity. Replacement of the C‐3 ester methyl substituent of Bay K 8644, or the ester isopropyl substituent of the 4‐(pyridyl) isomers 4a‐c by a [3‐(benzensulfonyl)furoxan‐4‐yloxy]alkyl moiety retained the desired calcium channel agonist (positive inotropic) effect on guinea pig left atrium (GPLA). Compounds having C‐4 3‐pyridyl (48–50), or 4‐pyridyl (51–53), substituents were the most potent cardiac positive inotropes (EC50's in the 3.02 to 19.74 μM range) relative to the reference drug Bay K 8644 IC50=0.77 μM). The % nitric oxide released in vitro in the presence of L‐cysteine for this group of compounds was higher (36–74% range) than for the reference drug glycerol trinitrate (20%). A quantitative structure‐activity analysis showed an inverse correlation between a molecular weight (MW) descriptor and % nitric oxide released. Model hybrid (calcium channel modulation, nitric oxide donor) compounds that show dual cardioselective agonist (positive inotropic)/smooth muscle selective antagonist activities constitute a novel type of 1,4‐dihydropyridine calcium channel modulator that provides a potential drug design concept targeted toward the treatment of congestive heart failure, and is a useful probe to study the structure‐function relationship of calcium channels. Drug. Dev. Res. 56:1–16, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EEG asymmetry, power, and temperament in children
Authors: McManis Mark H. , Kagan Jerome , Snidman Nancy C. , Woodward Sue A.
Published: October 2002

Measures of EEG spectral power, lateral asymmetry in the frontal and parietal areas, and social behavior with an examiner were analyzed on 166 children, 10 to 12 years old, who were participating in a longitudinal study of the temperamental contributions to social behavior. Loss of 8‐ to 13‐Hz power (alpha band) on the right, compared with the left, frontal area (right frontal active) was most prevalent among children who were classified as high reactive at 4 months and were highly fearful at 14 and 21 months. Second, greater frontal power in the 14‐ to 30‐Hz band (beta) at rest was correlated with the tendency to be right frontal active. Finally, spontaneous talkativeness with an unfamiliar examiner was associated with right frontal activation and high alpha power for boys, but with right frontal activation and high beta power for girls. Right frontal activation is most characteristic of children who begin life with a temperamental bias favoring high reactivity and who develop a fearful reaction to unfamiliar events in the second year of life. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 169–177, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10053
Expression, gene regulation, and roles of Fisp12/CTGF in developing tooth germs
Authors: Shimo Tsuyoshi , Wu Changshan , Billings Paul C. , Piddington Ronald , Rosenbloom Joel , Pacifici Maurizio , Koyama Eiki
Published: October 2002

Odontogenesis involves multiple events, including tissue–tissue interactions, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms of regulation are far from clear. Because Fisp12/CTGF is a signaling protein involved in similar events in other systems, we asked whether it is expressed in developing tooth germs and what roles it may have. Indeed, Fisp12/CTGF transcripts were first expressed by dental laminas, invaginating epithelium, and condensing mesenchyme at the bud stage, and then became abundant in enamel knot and preameloblasts. Fisp12/CTGF was present not only in inner dental epithelium but also in stratum intermedium and underlying dental mesenchyme. Fisp12/CTGF expression decreased markedly in secreting ameloblasts. Tissue reconstitution experiments showed that Fisp12/CTGF expression in dental epithelium required interaction with mesenchyme but was maintained by treatment of epithelium with transforming growth factor‐1, a factor regulating Fisp12/CTGF expression in other systems, or with bone morphogenetic protein‐2. Loss‐of‐function studies using CTGF neutralizing antibodies revealed that interference with endogenous factor action in tooth germ explants led to a severe inhibition of proliferation in both epithelium and mesenchyme and a marked delay in cytodifferentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Treatment of dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells in culture with recombinant CTGF stimulated cell proliferation, whereas treatment with neutralizing antibodies inhibited it. The data demonstrate for the first time that Fisp12/CTGF is expressed during odontogenesis. Expression is confined to specific sites and times, is regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and critical soluble factors, and appears to be needed for proliferation and differentiation along both ameloblast and odontoblast cell lineages. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac looping in experimental conditions: Effects of extraembryonic forces
Authors: Voronov Dmitry A. , Taber Larry A.
Published: October 2002

The chick embryo is a popular experimental model used to study the mechanisms of cardiac looping. To facilitate oxygen transport, researchers typically culture the embryo on the surface of the medium. Such preparations, however, expose the embryo and the heart to surface tension that is not present in ovo. This study investigates the influence that surface and extraembryonic membrane tensions have on looping morphology. To eliminate surface tension, we developed a technique in which the embryo is cultured under a thin layer of fluid. To eliminate membrane tension, the membrane was removed. Our results show that both tensions can affect looping, with surface tension potentially having a much greater effect. Moreover, we show that surface tension can alter results in one classic looping experiment. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.