bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in the preparation and application of carbon nanocapsules
Authors: Hwang Kuo Chu
Published: September 2010

In this review paper, the processes for the fabrication of carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanospheres, carbon onions, onion-like carbons and metal-filled carbon nanocapsules are reviewed. These processes include carbon arc discharge, metal catalysed chemical vapour deposition, thermal pyrolysis of organometallics and nanodiamonds, electric arc in liquid (e.g. liquid N2, H2O and organic solvents), and microwave arcing. The applications of both hollow and metal-filled carbon nanocapsules/nanoparticles as x-ray target materials, nanolubricants, broadband electromagnetic wave absorbers, catalysts for organic reactions, electrode materials for batteries and electrochemical immunoassays, biomedical gene/drug transporters, etc are also reviewed. The future prospects are also discussed.
Induced and intrinsic superconductivity in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ferrier M , Kasumov A , Deblock R , Guéron S , Bouchiat H
Published: September 2010

Metallic single wall carbon nanotubes have attracted considerable interest as 1D quantum wires combining a low carrier density and a high mobility. It was believed for a long time that low temperature transport was exclusively dominated by the existence of unscreened Coulomb interactions leading to insulating behaviour at low temperature. However, experiments have also shown evidence of superconductivity in carbon nanotubes. We distinguish two fundamentally different physical situations. When carbon nanotubes are connected to superconducting electrodes, they exhibit proximity-induced superconductivity strongly dependent on the transmission of the electrodes. On the other hand, intrinsic superconductivity was also observed in suspended ropes of carbon nanotubes, in doped or very small diameter individual tubes. These experiments indicate the presence of attractive interactions in carbon nanotubes which overcome Coulomb repulsion at low temperature and enable investigation of superconductivity in a 1D limit never explored before.
A critical review of growth of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures on SiC (0 0 0 1): impact of growth environment
Authors: Lu Weijie , Boeckl John J , Mitchel William C
Published: September 2010

Graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) structures have promise for many electronic device applications and both have been grown on SiC through the decomposition of the substrate. It is well known that both graphene and aligned CNTs are grown under similar conditions with overlapping temperature and pressure ranges, but a fundamental understanding of the two types of growths is actively being researched. Moreover, various technical challenges need to be overcome to achieve improvement in the electronic and structural quality of these carbon-based nanostructures on SiC. Specifically, an understanding and control of the SiC surface graphitization process and interface structure needs to be established. In this review, we focus on graphene growth on SiC (0 0 0 1) (Si-face) as a model system in comparison with aligned CNT growth on SiC. The experimental growth aspects for graphene growth, including vacuum and ambient growth environments, and growth temperature are summarized, then proposed decomposition and growth mechanisms are discussed. Both thermal and chemical decomposition processes are presented and special emphasis is given to the role of growth process variations between laboratories. The chemical reactions driving the graphitization process and ultimately the carbon nanostructure growth on SiC are discussed. It is suggested that the composition of the residual gases in the growth environment is a critical parameter and that gas composition at the growth temperature should be monitored.
Epitaxial graphene electronic structure and transport
Authors: de Heer Walt A , Berger Claire , Wu Xiaosong , Sprinkle Mike , Hu Yike , Ruan Ming , Stroscio Joseph A , First Phillip N , Haddon Robert , Piot Benjamin , Faugeras Clément , Potemski Marek , Moon Jeong-Sun
Published: September 2010

Since its inception in 2001, the science and technology of epitaxial graphene on hexagonal silicon carbide has matured into a major international effort and is poised to become the first carbon electronics platform. A historical perspective is presented and the unique electronic properties of single and multilayered epitaxial graphenes on electronics grade silicon carbide are reviewed. Early results on transport and the field effect in Si-face grown graphene monolayers provided proof-of-principle demonstrations. Besides monolayer epitaxial graphene, attention is given to C-face grown multilayer graphene, which consists of electronically decoupled graphene sheets. Production, structure and electronic structure are reviewed. The electronic properties, interrogated using a wide variety of surface, electrical and optical probes, are discussed. An overview is given of recent developments of several device prototypes including resistance standards based on epitaxial graphene quantum Hall devices and new ultrahigh frequency analogue epitaxial graphene amplifiers.
Large homogeneous mono-/bi-layer graphene on 6H–SiC(0 0 0 1) and buffer layer elimination
Authors: Virojanadara C , Yakimova R , Zakharov A A , Johansson L I
Published: September 2010

In this paper we discuss and review results of recent studies of epitaxial growth of graphene on silicon carbide. The presentation is focused on high quality, large and uniform layer graphene growth on the SiC(0 0 0 1) surface and the results of using different growth techniques and parameters are compared. This is an important subject because access to high-quality graphene sheets on a suitable substrate plays a crucial role for future electronics applications involving patterning. Different techniques used to characterize the graphene grown are summarized. We moreover show that atomic hydrogen exposures can convert a monolayer graphene sample on SiC(0 0 0 1) to bi-layer graphene without the carbon buffer layer. Thus, a new process to prepare large, homogeneous stable bi-layer graphene sheets on SiC(0 0 0 1) is presented. The process is shown to be reversible and should be very attractive for various applications, including hydrogen storage.
A roadmap to high quality chemically prepared graphene
Authors: Gengler Régis Y N , Spyrou Konstantinos , Rudolf Petra
Published: September 2010

Graphene was discovered half a decade ago and proved the existence of a two-dimensional system which becomes stable as a result of 3D corrugation. It appeared very quickly that this exceptional material had truly outstanding electronic, mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Consequently a broad range of applications appeared, as the graphene science speedily moved forward. Since then, a lot of effort has been devoted not only to the study of graphene but also to its fabrication. Here we review the chemical approaches to graphene production, their advantages as well as their downsides. Our aim is to draw a roadmap of today's most reliable path to high quality graphene via chemical preparation.
The fascinating physics of carbon surfaces: first-principles study of hydrogen on C(0 0 1), C(1 1 1) and graphene
Authors: Marsili Margherita , Pulci Olivia
Published: September 2010

With the aid of ab initio, parameter free calculations based on density-functional and many-body perturbation theory, we investigate the electronic band structure and electron affinity of diamond surfaces. We focus on clean, ideal (0 0 1) and (1 1 1) surfaces and on the effect of hydrogen adsorption. Also single sheets of graphane, that is graphene functionalized upon hydrogen, are investigated. At full H-coverage nearly free electron states (NFESs) appear near the conduction band minimum in all the systems under study. At the same time, the electron affinity is strongly reduced becoming negative for the hydrogenated diamond surfaces, and almost zero in graphane. The effects of quasi-particle corrections on the electron affinity and on the NFESs are discussed.
Diamond growth by chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Gracio J J , Fan Q H , Madaleno J C
Published: September 2010

This paper reviews the growth of diamond by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). It includes the following seven parts: (1) Properties of diamond: this part briefly introduces the unique properties of diamond and their origin and lists some of the most common diamond applications. (2) Growth of diamond by CVD: this part reviews the history and the methods of growing CVD diamond. (3) Mechanisms of CVD diamond growth: this part discusses the current understanding on the growth of metastable diamond from the vapour phase. (4) Characterization of CVD diamond: we discuss the two most common techniques, Raman and XRD, which have been intensively employed for characterizing CVD diamond. (5) CVD diamond growth characteristics: this part demonstrates the characteristics of diamond nucleation and growth on various types of substrate materials. (6) Nanocrystalline diamond: in this section, we present an introduction to the growth mechanisms of nanocrystalline diamond and discuss their Raman features.

This paper provides necessary information for those who are starting to work in the field of CVD diamond, as well as for those who need a relatively complete picture of the growth of CVD diamond.
Growth and characterization of nanodiamond layers prepared using the plasma-enhanced linear antennas microwave CVD system
Authors: Fendrych Frantisek , Taylor Andrew , Peksa Ladislav , Kratochvilova Irena , Vlcek Jan , Rezacova Vladimira , Petrak Vaclav , Kluiber Zdenek , Fekete Ladislav , Liehr Michael , Nesladek Milos
Published: September 2010

Industrial applications of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond grown on large area substrates, 3D shapes, at low substrate temperatures and on standard engineering substrate materials require novel plasma concepts. Based on the pioneering work of the group at AIST in Japan, the high-density coaxial delivery type of plasmas has been explored (Tsugawa et al 2006 New Diamond Front. Carbon Technol.
16 337–46). However, an important challenge is to obtain commercially interesting growth rates at very low substrate temperatures. In this work we introduce the concept of novel linear antenna sources, designed at Leybold Optics Dresden, using high-frequency pulsed MW discharge with a high plasma density. This type of pulse discharges leads to the preparation of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin films, compared with ultra-NCD thin films prepared in (Tsugawa et al 2006 New Diamond Front. Carbon Technol.
16 337–46). We present optical emission spectroscopy data for the CH4–CO2–H2 gas chemistry and we discuss the basic properties of the NCD films grown.
Low drift and small hysteresis characteristics of diamond electrolyte-solution-gate FET
Authors: Sasaki Yoshinori , Kawarada Hiroshi
Published: September 2010

We have investigated drift and hysteresis characteristics on an electrolyte-solution-gate field-effect transistor (SGFET) with a unique structure using polycrystalline diamond and verified the possibility as chemical sensors and biosensors. Silicon-based ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) have not yet solved such time-related issues due to the chemical instability of the passivation layer covering on SiO2 and that is why the Si-ISFET is not wide spread. First of all, we have confirmed that the pH sensitivities of oxygen- and amine-terminated diamond surfaces are 20 mV/pH and 48 mV/pH, respectively, whereas that of hydrogen-terminated surface is only 7 mV/pH. Drift characteristics measurement on diamond SGFET reveals that diamond SGFETs with any surface termination are more stable in electrolyte solution than Si-ISFETs with typical passivation membranes. Hysteresis width, which is known to be a more serious cause of measurement error than drift, proves to be 0.39 mV on amine-terminated SGFET. This is less than 1/10 compared with common Si3N4-ISFET. These results can be explained by high tolerance of diamond against ions in solution due to intrinsic chemical stability and densely packed structure of diamond itself. In this work, we bear out that diamond SGFET is a promising platform for highly sensitive biosensor application owing to the superiority in terms of time response and resulting measurement accuracy.
GALAXY CLUSTERING TOPOLOGY IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY MAIN
GALAXY SAMPLE: A TEST FOR GALAXY FORMATION MODELS
Authors: Choi Yun-Young , Park Changbom , Kim Juhan , Gott J. Richard , Weinberg David H. , Vogeley Michael S. , Kim Sungsoo S.
Published: September 2010

We measure the topology of the main galaxy distribution using the Seventh Data
Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, examining the dependence of galaxy
clustering topology on galaxy properties. The observational results are used to
test galaxy formation models. A volume-limited sample defined by
Mr
< −20.19 enables us to measure the
genus curve with an amplitude of G = 378 at
6 h
−1 Mpc smoothing scale, with 4.8% uncertainty
including all systematics and cosmic variance. The clustering topology over the
smoothing length interval from 6 to 10 h
−1 Mpc
reveals a mild scale dependence for the shift (Δν) and void abundance
(AV
) parameters of the genus curve. We find
substantial bias in the topology of galaxy clustering with respect to the
predicted topology of the matter distribution, which varies with luminosity,
morphology, color, and the smoothing scale of the density field. The
distribution of relatively brighter galaxies shows a greater prevalence of
isolated clusters and more percolated voids. Even though early (late)-type
galaxies show topology similar to that of red (blue) galaxies, the morphology
dependence of topology is not identical to the color dependence. In particular,
the void abundance parameter AV
depends on
morphology more strongly than on color. We test five galaxy assignment schemes
applied to cosmological N-body simulations of a ΛCDM universe
to generate mock galaxies: the halo–galaxy one-to-one correspondence model, the
halo occupation distribution model, and three implementations of semi-analytic
models (SAMs). None of the models reproduces all aspects of the observed
clustering topology; the deviations vary from one model to another but include
statistically significant discrepancies in the abundance of isolated voids or
isolated clusters and the amplitude and overall shift of the genus curve. SAM
predictions of the topology color dependence are usually correct in sign but
incorrect in magnitude. Our topology tests indicate that, in these models, voids
should be emptier and more connected and the threshold for galaxy formation
should be at lower densities.
Outdated Views of Qualitative Methods: Time to Move On
Authors: Collier David , Brady Henry E. , Seawright Jason
Published: September 2010

Both qualitative and quantitative research routinely fall short, producing misleading causal inferences. Because these weaknesses are in part different, we are convinced that multimethod strategies are productive. Each approach can provide additional leverage that helps address shortcomings of the other. This position is quite distinct from that of Beck, who believes that the two types of analysis cannot be adjoined. We review examples of adjoining that Beck dismisses, based on what we see as his outdated view of qualitative methods. By contrast, we show that these examples demonstrate how qualitative and quantitative analysis can work together.
N termini of apPDE4 isoforms are responsible for targeting the isoforms to different cellular membranes
Authors: Jang Deok-Jin , Park Soo-Won , Lee Jin-A , Lee Changhoon , Chae Yeon-Su , Park Hyungju , Kim Min-Jeong , Choi Sun-Lim , Lee Nuribalhae , Kim Hyoung , Kaang Bong-Kiun
Published: September 2010

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to play a key role in the compartmentalization of cAMP signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular localization of different PDE isoforms are not understood. In this study, we have found that each of the supershort, short, and long forms of apPDE4 showed distinct localization in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and both plasma membrane and presynaptic terminals, respectively. The N-terminal 20 amino acids of the long form of apPDE4 were involved in presynaptic terminal targeting by binding to several lipids. In addition, the N terminus of the short form of apPDE4 bound to several lipids including phosphoinositols, thereby targeting the plasma membrane. Overexpression of the long and the short forms, but not the supershort form attenuated 5-HT-induced membrane hyperexcitability. Finally, the knockdown of apPDE4s in sensory neurons impaired both short-term and long-term facilitation. Thus, these results suggest that apPDE4s can participate in the regulation of cAMP signaling through specific subcellular localization by means of lipid binding activities.
Nucleus-Independent Control of the Rubisco Operon by the Plastid-Encoded Transcription Factor Ycf30 in the Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Authors: Minoda Ayumi , Weber Andreas P.M. , Tanaka Kan , Miyagishima Shin-ya
Published: September 2010

Chloroplasts originated from a cyanobacterium, which was engulfed by a primitive eukaryotic host cell. During evolution, chloroplasts have largely lost their autonomy due to the loss of many genes from their own genomes. Consequently, expression of genes encoded in the chloroplast genome is mainly controlled by the factors transferred from the cytosol to chloroplasts. However, chloroplast genomes of glaucophytes and red algae have retained some transcription factors (hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame 27 to 30 [Ycf27–Ycf30]) that are absent from green algae and land plants. Here, we show that the red algal chloroplast up-regulates transcription of the Rubisco operon rbcLS-cbbX via Ycf30 independently of nuclear control. Light-induced transcriptional activation of the Rubisco operon was observed in chloroplasts isolated from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. The activation was suppressed by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. These results suggest that chloroplast autonomously regulates transcription of the Rubisco operon in response to the activation of photosynthesis driven by the light. Transcriptional activation of the Rubisco operon was specifically repressed by the addition of anti-Ycf30 antibodies. Furthermore, reduced NADP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, and 3-phosphoglyceric acid triggered the up-regulation of Rubisco transcription in the dark, and the activation was dependent on Ycf30. Thus, red algal chloroplasts have retained a nucleus-independent transcriptional regulation of the Rubisco operon to respond to environmental changes. The autonomous system would have been necessary for the initial fixation of cyanobacterial photosynthesis in the ancient nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic host. It has remained functional in the red algal chloroplast over evolutionary time.
39. On the Larval Anatomy of the Gout‐Fly of Barley (Chlorops teniopus Meig.) and two Related Acalyptrate Muscids, with Notes on their Winter Host‐Plants.
Authors: Frew J. G. H.
Published: September 2010

Summary.

The external and internal anatomy of the mature larva of Chlorops tœniopus are described in detail.

The external anatomy of the first and second larval instars is compared with that of the third instar and points of difference noted. The puparium and the egg are also described.

The external anatomy of the third larval instar and the puparium of Meromyza nigriventris and of Balioptera combinata are described and compared with the corresponding stages of Chlorops tœnaiopus.

The winter host‐plants of the three species are given, together with a list of eleven grasses which have been examined but do not serve as winter hosts for any of the above species.
Clinical application of static fluorescence‐based cytometry, Cellscan, in cutaneous adverse drug reaction
Authors: SALAMEH Fares , KRAVITZ Martine Szyper , BARZILAI Aviv , BAUM Sharon , SHOENFELD Yehuda , SCHIFFENBAUER Yael , TRUBNIYKOV Ela , TRAU Henri
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Cellscan in identifying culprit drugs causing cutaneous adverse drug reaction. It was a prospective study with 3 months follow up conducted at the Departments of Dermatology, Internal Medicine and Dermatology Outpatient Clinic, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. The study included 36 patients with cutaneous reaction suspected to be secondary to drugs, treated with a total number of 148 drugs. All patients and drugs were classified to three probability groups according to accepted clinical criteria. The effectiveness of the Cellscan test in identifying the culprit drug was addressed according to the clinical probability for cutaneous drug reaction, the drug class and the type of rash. Data analysis according to the clinical probability for cutaneous drug reaction revealed that patients in the moderate and high probability groups had a high test sensitivity of 77.7% and 83.3% with specificity of 71% and 63%, respectively, in identifying the culprit drug. Classifying the data according to drug classes, revealed that for the antibiotic and cardiovascular drug classes the sensitivity of the test was 100% and 92% with specificity of 83.3% and 55.5%, respectively, in identifying the culprit drug. Finally, the classification of patients according to the type of rash revealed a high evaluating accuracy for culprit drugs in maculopapular rashes with sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 60.4%, respectively. The results of this study imply that the Cellscan test is it a good practical tool for identifying the culprit drug in cutaneous adverse drug reaction.
Review article: understanding adherence to medication in ulcerative colitis – innovative thinking and evolving concepts
Authors: Kane S. V. , Robinson A.
Published: September 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1051–1058

Background  Non‐adherence to medication is an important challenge in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that non‐adherence affects 40–60% of UC patients, and has a substantial impact on the course of the disease. In one study, non‐adherence was associated with a five‐fold increase in the risk of relapse.

Aim  We review factors contributing to non‐adherence to UC therapy, and emerging concepts in addressing the problem.

Methods  A search of the published literature on adherence to medication, combined with the authors’ knowledge of the field.

Results  Adherence is a complex, multifactorial issue, with factors varying between patients and changing over time. Identifying patients at risk of non‐adherence is a key first step in targeting interventions to improve adherence. However, investigations of single factors that affect adherence have provided conflicting evidence. Evaluating physical and perceptual barriers to adherence, and acknowledging the role of patients’ beliefs and concerns regarding treatment provide valuable insights into the causes of non‐adherence. This allows development of targeted interventions to improve adherence to UC therapy. Clinical tools to identify patients at risk of non‐adherence are being developed to facilitate this approach.

Conclusions  To help patients adhere better to maintenance therapy for UC, it is vital to consider patients’ beliefs and concerns, and to evaluate and address both physical and perceptual barriers to adherence.
Clinical trial: oral zinc in hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Takuma Y. , Nouso K. , Makino Y. , Hayashi M. , Takahashi H.
Published: September 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1080–1090

Background  Hepatic encephalopathy has a negative effect on patient health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). Zinc supplementation has been effective with regard to altered nitrogen metabolism.

Aim  To investigate the effectiveness of oral zinc supplementation on hepatic encephalopathy and HRQOL.

Methods  Seventy‐nine cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy were randomized to receive 225 mg of polaprezinc in addition to standard therapies of a protein‐restricted diet including branched‐chain amino acid and lactulose, or to continue only standard therapies for 6 months. The change of HRQOL by Short Form‐36, hepatic encephalopathy grade, laboratory parameters, and neuropsychological (NP) tests were compared at baseline and at 6 months. We also evaluated via multivariate analysis whether zinc supplementation and clinical variables correlated with the changes in physical component scale (PCS) and mental component scale (MCS) between the two visits.

Results  Zinc supplementation significantly improved the PCS (P = 0.04), but not the MCS (P = 0.95). Zinc supplementation significantly decreased hepatic encephalopathy grade and blood ammonia levels (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01), and improved Child‐Pugh score and NP tests compared with standard therapy (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, zinc supplementation was significantly associated with improvement in PCS (P = 0.03), whereas it was not significantly associated with change in MCS (P = 0.98).

Conclusion  Zinc supplementation is effective in hepatic encephalopathy and consequently improves patients HRQOL.
Theoretical considerations in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease: implications for nursing practice
Authors: Gholizadeh Leila , Davidson Patricia , Salamonson Yenna , Worrall‐Carter Linda
Published: September 2010

Aims and objectives.  This article describes the theoretical foundation of risk perception as a key component of changing deleterious health behaviours associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, perception in increasing cardiovascular risk‐reducing behaviours in a socio‐cultural framework is discussed, and an empirical development conceptual model presented.

Background.  Perception of risk is strongly linked with health‐seeking behaviours. Understanding how to reduce risk and maximise cardiovascular health is an increasing focus of clinicians, researchers and policy makers. Increasing cultural diversity in contemporary society means that nurses need to develop and evaluate interventions in this context.

Design.  An integrative literature review.

Method.  An integrative literature review method was used to assess conceptual models relating to risk perception of developing CVD. On the basis of the findings, a model was developed to inform future intervention studies, considering individual, social and cultural factors.

Discussion.  Studies examining CVD and health behaviours report that there is limited concordance between actual and perceived risk in people with CVD. This mismatch risk likely impedes the adoption of risk‐reducing behaviours.

Conclusion.  There is a critical need to develop interventions for enhancing an accurate perception of CVD risk considering not only individual but social factors.

Relevance to clinical practice.  There is limited correlation between knowledge and behaviours, and health behaviours are influenced by individual, social and cultural factors. Appraising the congruence between actual and perceived risk is an important step in developing effective care plans to reduce cardiovascular risk.
To what extent does the oral shift report stimulate learning among nursing students? A qualitative study*
Authors: Skaalvik Mari W , Normann Hans K , Henriksen Nils
Published: September 2010

Aim and objective.  The aim of this study was to describe oral shift reporting and to discuss whether it stimulates learning for nursing students in clinical rotations in nursing homes. The goal was to investigate aspects that are important for oral shift report to be instructive for nursing students.

Background.  Nursing students’ clinical learning experiences are important components of their professional development. Oral shift reporting serves several purposes and provides an opportunity for professional communication that supports both educational and social functions for nursing students during clinical practice.

Design.  A qualitative study.

Methods.  The study features both field work with field notes and qualitative research interviews was conducted in 2006. Twelve third‐year nursing students and their supervising nurses (n = 11) participated in the study.

Results.  The nursing students described a range of experiences with oral shift reports. Some perceived little educational benefit from the oral shift reports, while others felt that both the form and the content of the oral shift reports were useful. The students’ experiences corroborated the statements provided by the supervising nurses in the nursing homes.

Conclusions.  We conclude that oral shift reporting may be an important learning opportunity. This is especially true when nursing students engage in professional discussions with their colleagues and superiors. Our findings suggest solutions to improve the learning value of the oral shift reporting process for nursing students.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Oral shift reporting can stimulate learning if it includes consultation and discussion between nursing students and the nursing staff.
Developing a Chinese quality of life in dementia instrument for patients with early‐to‐moderate dementia: an exploratory test of validity
Authors: Chiu Yi‐Chen , Chiu Yen‐Feng , Hsu Wen‐Chuin , Lee Shwu‐Hua , Chen Sien‐Tsong , Kao Hui‐Yi
Published: September 2010

Aims.  The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese Dementia Quality of Life instrument, which included testing the different pathways through theoretical quality of life domains (self‐esteem, feelings of belonging and sense of aesthetics) to reach outcomes of positive and negative affect.

Background.  Perceived quality of life in dementia has been conceptualised based on dementia stages. However, the relationships among quality of life domains are unclear in patients with dementia with a Mini‐Mental State Examination >10.

Design.  Cross‐sectional study.

Methods.  Older people (n = 110) were consecutively recruited from memory disorder clinics and community wellness centres (controls). Of these participants, 27 were controls, 39 were diagnosed with questionable dementia and 44 with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The instrument was back translated and validated.

Results.  The instrument has good overall internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0·84–0·94). Item‐total correlation coefficients, indicating construct validity, were all significant, except for one item. anova showed that controls, patients with questionable dementia and those with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer’s disease differed significantly in scores on Sense of Aesthetics subscale. Instrument total score and scores on three of five subscales (not Feelings of Belonging) differed significantly between control and dementia groups, but not between patients with questionable dementia and those with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Factor analyses showed two inconsistencies with the instrument’s prior conceptualisation, namely the Self‐Esteem and Negative Affect subscales. The Positive Affect path model was supported but not the Negative Affect path model.

Conclusions.  This patient‐reported Dementia Quality of Life instrument has acceptable psychometric properties in Taiwanese patients with dementia with a Mini‐Mental State Examination score >10.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The Chinese Dementia Quality of Life instrument can be used to assess subjective quality of life in Taiwanese patients with dementia with a Mini‐Mental State Examination score >10.
An audit of the adequacy of acute wound care documentation of surgical inpatients
Authors: Gartlan Jan , Smith Anne , Clennett Sue , Walshe Denise , Tomlinson‐Smith Ann , Boas Lory , Robinson Andrew
Published: September 2010

Aims and objectives.  This study examined the degree to which acute wound care documentation by doctors and nurses meets the standards set in the Australian Wound Management Association guidelines, focusing on clinical history with regard to the wound, wound characteristics, evidence of a management plan and factors such as wound pain.

Background.  Wound care documentation is an important component of ‘best practice’ wound management. Evidence suggests that wound documentation by hospital staff is often ad hoc and incomplete.

Design.  Survey.

Method.  An audit of acute wound care documentation of inpatients admitted to a surgical ward was conducted in 2006 using the progress notes of 49 acute inpatients in a regional Australian hospital. The audit focused on wound documentation on admission and during dressing changes.

Results.  The findings demonstrated that, whereas doctors and nurses documented different aspects of the wound on admission, three quarters of patients had no documentation of wound margins and over half had no documentation of wound dimensions, exudate and wound bed. Whereas 122 dressing changes were documented by nurses and 103 by doctors, only 75 (60%) were reviewed by both medical and nursing staff. Doctors and nurses tended to document different aspects of dressing changes; however, in more than half the cases, there was no documentation about wound bed, margins, exudate and state of surrounding skin, whereas wound dimensions and skin sensation were recorded in less than 5%.

Conclusion.  Wound care documentation by doctors and nurses does not meet the Australian standard. The findings suggest there is ineffective communication about wound care in the multidisciplinary setting of the hospital.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The article concludes that hospitals need to engage medical and nursing staff in collaborative processes to identify the issues that underpin poor wound documentation and to implement interventions to ensure best practice is achieved.
Understanding culture and culture management in the English NHS: a comparison of professional and patient perspectives
Authors: Konteh Frederick H. , Mannion Russell , Davies Huw T. O.
Published: September 2010

Rationale and objectives  The growing interest in patient‐focused health care in the National Health System (NHS), especially in the wake of high‐profile failures in clinical practice, has underlined the need to involve patients in the design and evaluation of organizational change management programmes at the local level. This includes an evaluation of the relevance of culture and how culture might be assessed and managed in the delivery of high‐quality and safe care. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the perspectives of health care professionals and patient representatives on purposeful attempts to manage culture change in the English NHS.

Methods  We used the mixed approach, but with more quantitative than qualitative data. A postal questionnaire survey of clinical governance leads and patient representatives from 276 NHS trusts was followed up with a focus group discussion of eight of the survey participants and semi‐structured interviews with 18, including health care professionals and patient representatives from various organizations. We used spss to analyse the survey data and Atlas.ti to analyse the qualitative data.

Results and conclusions  Both clinical governance leads and patient representatives considered culture management and change to be integral to quality and safety improvement efforts. However, clinical governance leads were more positive than patient representatives about anticipated results from ongoing efforts to manage culture change at the local level. Further, in spite of general agreement on various attributes for culture assessment efforts, there was a striking difference in the level of importance respondents attached to blame free (more important to clinical governance managers) and customization (more important to patient representatives).
Dose–response relationship between physiotherapy resource provision with function and balance improvements in patients following stroke: a multi‐centre observational study
Authors: Haines Terry P. , Kuys Suzanne , Clarke Jane , Morrison Greg , Bew Paul
Published: September 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  Inpatient rehabilitation of patients following stroke can be resource intensive, with optimal models of service delivery unclear. This study investigates the dose–response curves between physiotherapy service delivery variables and balance and function clinical outcomes.

Method  This was a multi‐centre (15 sites), prospective, cohort study involving patients (n = 288) admitted for rehabilitation following stroke conducted across two states in Australia. Physiotherapy department resource provision variables were collected and examined for association with change in patient function and balance outcomes (Functional Independence Measure, step test, functional reach test) measured at admission and discharge from inpatient care.

Results  A greater amount of log‐transformed physiotherapy department resource provision was associated with greater improvement in the functional independence measure [Regression coefficient (95% CI): 4.05 (1.15, 6.95)] and functional reach test [46.43 (17.03, 75.84)], while physiotherapist time provided to patients was associated with greater improvement for the step test [0.15 (0.03, 0.28)], and functional reach [0.35 (0.19, 0.52)].

Conclusion  Receiving a higher rate of physiotherapist input is an important factor in attaining a greater amount of recovery in function and balance outcomes; however, the improvement by patients who received the greatest amount of input was highly variable.
Histological changes in the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa
Authors: Huang Hui‐Pi , Little Christopher J. L. , McNeil Pauline E.
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to better characterise the gross anatomy of the normal ear canal, and to compare histological features of the normal ear canal to those affected by chronic otitis externa. In 40 normal ears from 20 dogs, the length of the annular and auricular cartilage was 1.2 ± 0.2 and 4.1 ± 0.9 cm, respectively; overall length of the external ear canal was 5.3 ± 1.0 cm. The maximal internal diameter at the distal end of the external ear canal, the proximal opening of the auricular cartilage and the proximal end of the annular cartilage was 5.8 ± 1.5, 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.5 ± 0.1 cm, respectively. Body weight correlated positively with the overall length and diameter of the distal end of the ear canal (r = 0.78,P < 0.001;r = 0.42,P < 0.05). Morphometric evaluation was carried in 28 clinically healthy ears of 14 dogs, and 15 otitic ears of 13 dogs. Histological features of this integument revealed that the density and distribution of sebaceous and ceruminous gland tissue exhibits marked variation between individuals. Nevertheless, general patterns were observed; sebaceous tissue increases gradually from the proximal to the distal parts of the ear canal, whilst ceruminous gland tissue by contrast decreases. In otitic canine ears, the distribution of sebaceous and ceruminous glandular tissue was similar to normal ears but the glands became larger and hyperplastic (P < 0.05). Density of hair follicles was not different between healthy and otitic ears (P = 0.16), but the hair follicles became hyperplastic in otitic ears.
White pines,Ribes, and blister rust: integration and action
Authors: Hunt R. S. , Geils B. W. , Hummer K. E.
Published: September 2010

The preceding articles in this series review the history, biology and management of white pine blister rust in North America, Europe and eastern Asia. In this integration, we connect and discuss seven recurring themes important for understanding and managing epidemics ofCronartium ribicolain the white pines (five‐needle pines in subgenusStrobus). Information and action priorities for research and management of the pathogen, telial and aecial hosts, and their interactions are listed in a detailed Appendix. Syntheses focused on genetics, plant disease, invasive species or forest management have provided alternative but knowledgeable lessons on the white pine blister rust pathosystem. Two critical issues for the conservation of white pines are to sustain ecosystems affected by blister rust and to maintain genetic diversity for adaptive traits such as disease resistance. Forest genetics includes tree improvement and molecular techniques for research; their application can increase rust resistance by artificial and natural selection. Silviculture augments genetics with methods to deploy and enhance resistance as well as to regenerate and tend white pine stands. Although cultivated or wildRibesmight serve as inoculum sources, silviculture and horticulture can reduce the risk of serious impacts from blister rust using genetics for breeding and epidemiology for hazard assessment and disease control. Climate change threatens to cause major alterations in temperature and precipitation regimes, resulting in maladapted conifers succumbing to various diseases and insect outbreaks. In contrast, many white pine species have broad ecological ranges and are tolerant of harsh environments—traits that permit successful establishment and growth over wide geographic and altitudinal zones. Given appropriate management, white pines could thrive as valuable commercial and ecologically important keystone species. In an uncertain environment, adaptive management provides a learning and participatory approach for sustaining resilient ecosystems.
Die Gallenfarbstoffe im Harn der Haustiere
Authors: Berger H.‐J.
Published: September 2010

Im Harn der Herbivoren (Pferd, Rind) ist wie beim Menschen (Baumgärtel) und beim Hund (Sattler) unter physiologischen Verhältnissen nur Stercobilin und nicht Urobilin nachzuweisen.

Bei kranken Hunden treten neben der physiologischen Stercobilinogenurie auch eine Bilirubinurie und eine Urobilinogenurie auf. Die Ursachen für die beim kranken Hund oft zu beobachtende Bilirubinurie müssen noch durch weitere Untersuchungen geklärt werden.

Bile pigments in the urine in domestic animals

In the urine of herbivora (horse, ox), as in man (Baumgärtel) and dog (Sattler), only stercobilin is present under normal conditions. Urobilin is absent.

In sick dogs, in addition to a stercobilinogenuria, there is also bilirubin and urobilinogen in the urine. The causes of the bilirubinuria which is so common in sick dogs require further study.

Les pigments biliaires dans l'urine des animaux domestiques

Dans l'urine des herbivores (cheval, boeuf), on ne peut déceler dans des conditions physiologiques que de la stercobiline chez l'homme (Baumgärtel) et chez le chien (Sattler) et jamais d'urobiline.

Chez les chiens malades on observe outre une stercobilinogènurie physiologique une bilirubinurie et une urobilinogénurie. Les causes produisant chez le chien malade une bilirubinurie souvent constatée devront encore faire l'objet d'études ultérieures.

Los pigmentos biliares en la orina de los animales domésticos

En la orina de los herbívoros (caballo y vaca) sólo se identifica estercobilinal y nourobilina, al igual que sucede en el hombre (Baumgärtel) y en el perro (Sattler).

En los perros enfermos, al lado de la estercobilina fisiológica, también aparece una bilirrubinuria y una urobilinogenuria. Las causas de la bilirrubinuria que frecuentemente se observa en el perro enfermo deben aclararse mediante nuevas investigaciones.
Nocardiosis in the dog in the Sudan
Authors: Awad F. I.
Published: September 2010

1. Two cases of canine nocardiosis are described.

2.N. asteroideswas isolated from both cases.

3. The morphological, cultural and pathogenic characteristics as well as the antibiotic sensitivity of the organism are given.

4. Since 1942, 7 cases of canine nocardiosis have seen reported from Sudan.

Narcodiose beim Hund im Sudan

1. Es werden 2 Fälle von Norcardiose beim Hund im Sudan beschrieben.

2. In beiden Fällen wurde N. asteroides isoliert.

3. Die morphologischen, kulturellen und pathogenen Besonderheiten sowie die antibiotische Empfindlichkeit der Keime werden angegeben.

4. Seit 1942 wurden aus dem Sudan über 7 Fälle von Nocardiose beim Hund berichtet.

La nocardiose chez le chien au Soudan

1. L'auteur décrit deux cas de nocardiose chez le chien au Soudan.

2. Dans les 2 cas on isola N. asteroides.

3. L'auteur précise les particularités morphologiques, bactériologiques et pathogènes des germes ainsi que leur sensibilité aux antibiotiques.

4. Depuis 1942 on a signalé au Soudan 7 cas de nocardiose chez le chien.

Nocardiosis canina en el Sudán

1. Se describen 2 casos de nocardiosis del perro en el Sudán.

2. En ambos casos se aisló N. asteroides.

3. Indícanse las características morfológicas, culturales y patógenas, así como la sensibilidad antibiótica de los gérmenes.

4. Desde 1942, desde el Sudán se informó sobre 7 casos de nocardiosis en el perro.
Selected Ovarian Ultrasonographic Characteristics During Vernal Transition are Useful to Estimate Time of First Ovulation of the Year
Authors: Atayde LM , Rocha A
Published: September 2010

Contents

It is important to get mares pregnant as early as possible after vernal transition and thus, identification signs of impending 1st ovulation of the year are warranted. To identify clinical indicators of an approaching first ovulation of the year, mares were teased with a stallion for oestrous detection starting January 3 and subjected to ultrasonographic examination. Day of first appearance of uterus oedema, follicular wall invagination, intrafollicular echogenicity, double contour of the follicle wall, increase in granulosa thickness, follicular wall hyperechogenicity and appearance of pear‐shaped follicles was registered, as well as follicle diameter and number. Seventy per cent of the mares had anovulatory oestrous periods of 4.6 ± 3.6 days, with an interoestroual interval of 12.5 ± 12.2 days. Number of anovulatory oestruses per mare was 2.4 ± 2.3. Uterine oedema occurred in 77% of the mares, 32.4 ± 25.6 days before ovulation. Invagination of the follicular wall appeared in 44.4% of the animals, 24.5 ± 18.4 days before ovulation. Intrafollicular echogenicity was seen in all mares and double contour of the follicle was seen in 77% of the animals. Both last two characteristics appeared 1–72 days before ovulation. Increased thickness of the granulosa occurred in 66% of the mares, 1–19 days before ovulation. Pear‐shaped follicles and follicular wall hyperechogenicity were detected 3 or less days before the first ovulation, in 44.4% and 55.5% of mares, respectively. Mean number of follicles >15 mm decreased at least 16 days before ovulation. We concluded that no isolated characteristic was a reliable indicator. However, increase in granulosa thickness, formation of a pear‐shaped follicle and follicular wall hyperechogenicity, associated with the reduction of the number of follicles >15 mm in diameter to <3, resulted in the first ovulation of the year in 44–67% of the transitional mares, 1–19 days after the characteristics appeared.