bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Appropriate Flow Rate Settings for Cell‐Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy and Change of Cytokine Concentrations in Ascites
Authors: Orimi Syouji , Mizuno Katsunari , Narahara Michihito , Umakosi Hideko , Kaihara Masanori , Hashimoto Masami
Published: October 2015

We examined appropriate flow rates for high collection rates of Total Protein (TP) and Albumin (Alb) and a change of IL‐6 concentrations in the cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) process. No significant changes were observed in IL‐6 concentration in the ascites storage test and the circulatory stimulation test. However, it was confirmed that the quantity of IL‐6 in the ascites decreased by means of filtration and concentration. In some cases, it quickly reached high concentration rates at a higher flow rate (200 mL/min) setting, but clogging or pressure increase has occurred in the hollow fiber filter. Therefore, it was concluded that a low flow rate (50 mL/min) setting was best and provides safer conditions for filtration and concentration in order to collect TP and Alb effectively and reuse it as autologous protein, which is the primary objective of CART.
Democratization after the Arab Spring: The Case of Egypt's Political Transition
Authors: Sarquís David J.
Published: October 2015

In a democracy, people live by the notion of absolute equality before the law. In practice, however, there are always many ways where the execution of the law often ends up favoring someone, usually the most powerful. This is dramatically true in less‐developed democracies, where the majority of the masses tend to feel displaced by members of the elite. This situation can help explain why there are so many skeptics of democracy in the developing nations. In Egypt, after the 2011 revolution and the 2012 elections, it became evident that the newly born Egyptian democracy will have to overcome a hostile environment full of skepticism, coupled with huge external challenges, such as keeping intact the peace treaty with Israel, the distribution of hydraulic resources agreement with the countries of Central Africa, and the preservation of equilibrium with their Arab neighbors—many of them fearful of democratic progress in the region.

Related Articles in this Politics & Policy Special Issue:

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 735‐739. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 827‐847. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00383.x/abstract

. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 848‐870. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00382.x/abstract

Related Media: Film Clips:

. 2012. “.” Accessed on July 23, 2012. Available online at http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/07/2012715234146640765.html

. 2012. “.” Accessed on June 21, 2012. Available online at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPSI2BX7cio

En una democracia se vive bajo el supuesto de absoluta igualdad ante la ley. Sin embargo en la práctica siempre hay formas en la que la ejecución de la ley termina favoreciendo a alguien, generalmente los más privilegiados. Esto es dramáticamente cierto en democracias menos desarrolladas, donde muchos ciudadanos pueden sentirse desplazados por miembros de la élite. Esto explica por qué hay tantos escépticos de la democracia en naciones en desarrollo. En Egipto después del levantamiento social de 2011 y las elecciones presidenciales en 2012 se volvió evidente que la nueva democracia tiene que superar un ambiente lleno de escepticismo, al igual que grandes retos externos como, mantener el tratado de paz con Israel, el acuerdo de distribución de recursos hidráulicos con países de África Central, y la preservación del equilibrio con sus vecinos Árabes—muchos de ellos cautelosos del progreso democrático en la región.
Toward an International Implementation of Public Policies in Human Rights: A Necessary Step in Every Democratization Process for Advancements in Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Zavala de Alba Luis Eduardo
Published: October 2015

The study and implementation of public policy has been one of the fastest developing fields in the sphere of social sciences. It has been expanded to include an ample range of approaches and academic fields. Likewise, it has been shown as more internationalized and comparative due to the circulation of policies among nations and the importance given to international regimes and organizations concerned with national policies. This article examines the need for an international implementation of a public policy on human rights combining three innovative fields to consider in every democratization process: first, a component on public and global governance; second, a constitutionalist element within international law; and finally, the duty to progressively realize economic and social rights according to the maximum available resources. These can and should be considered within the perspective and analysis of their impact on all democratization processes, which is the objective of this article.

Related Articles in this Politics & Policy Special Issue:

Luckhurst and Zavala de Alba. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 735‐739. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00388.x/abstract

Lagunes. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 802‐826. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00384.x/abstract

Sarquís. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 871‐903. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00381.x/abstract

El estudio y la implementación de las políticas públicas ha sido una de las áreas con el desarrollo más rápido en el campo de las ciencias sociales. Ésta ha sido mostrada como un área más internacionalista y comparativa gracias a la circulación de políticas entre naciones, y a la importancia dada a los regímenes y organizaciones internacionales enfocados en las políticas nacionales. Este artículo examina la necesidad de una implementación internacional de una política pública en derechos humanos combinando tres áreas innovadoras a considerar en cualquier proceso de democratización. Primero, un componente de gobernanza pública y global; segundo, un elemento constitucionalista dentro del derecho internacional, y por último el deber de avanzar progresivamente derechos sociales y económicos de acuerdo a la máxima disponibilidad de recursos. Estas pueden y deben ser consideradas dentro de la perspectiva y el análisis de su impacto de todos los procesos de democratización.
Does Time of Day Or Physician Experience Affect Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Thrombolysis? a Study from Finland
Authors: Curtze Sami , Meretoja Atte , Mustanoja Satu , Putaala Jukka , Lindberg Timo , Leppä Mika , Tiainen Marjaana , Atula Sari , Tatlisumak Turgut , Kaste Markku ,   for the Helsinki Stroke Thrombolysis Registry Group
Published: October 2015

Background

Maintaining a steady thrombolysis service for treatment of acute ischemic stroke 24 h/7 days is challenging. Diurnal and seasonal variability of stroke onset affects the clinical outcome of these patients.

Hypothesis

We state that a 24 h/7 days availability of stroke-trained physicians ameliorates weekend effects and other seasonal, weekday, or non-office-hour-related influences on outcome of ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis.

Methods

All consecutive ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombolysis at the Helsinki University Central Hospital were prospectively registered ( n = 1581). Patients with basilar artery occlusion ( n = 154) were excluded. Door-to-needle time, three-month clinical outcome as measured by the modified Rankin Scale dichotomized at 0 to 2 vs. 3 to 6, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were analyzed with logistic regression models adjusting for baseline variables. The treating physician was defined as experienced after 18 decisions made to give thrombolysis treatment.

Results

Door-to-needle time or clinical outcome did not differ with regard to time of day or season of presentation. Higher rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in spring (odds ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.03–4.11) and fall (odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.03–4.18). Physician experience reduced the door-to-needle time (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.32–0.50) but was not associated with patient outcome (modified Rankin scale 3 to 6, odds ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.59) or symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.51–1.27) rates.

Conclusions

Thrombolytic therapy can be delivered at a steady service level at all times. With proper training, less-experienced physicians can provide high quality thrombolysis, but experience translates into faster treatment.
The Affordable Care Act's Preventive Services Mandate: Breaking down the Barriers to Nationwide Access to Preventive Services
Authors: Cogan John Aloysius
Published: October 2015

The most prominent — and certainly the most controversial — feature of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the ACA, or the Act) is the so-called “individual mandate,” which attempts to address the problem of 50 million uninsured by requiring nearly all Americans, beginning in 2014, to obtain health insurance. While expanded access to health insurance has been both the cornerstone and the lightening rod of the ACA, the Act also contains significant public health provisions focusing on, among other things, promoting the availability of prevention and wellness services. Although these public health provisions have been greeted with mixed reviews, there has been very little discussion of what may be the ACA’s most significant public health feature: the preventive services mandate. In a bold stroke, the ACA changes the way evidence-based preventive services will be provided and paid for by private health insurance plans, Medicare, and Medicaid. By requiring these health plans to provide evidence-based preventive services with no out-of-pocket costs, the ACA transforms the U.S.’s public and private health care financing systems into vehicles for promoting public health.
Combating Obesity through the Built Environment: Is There a Clear Path to Success?
Authors: Khan Fazal
Published: October 2015

It is no secret that one of the biggest public health challenges facing this nation is the obesity epidemic. Two-thirds of adults and one-third of children and teens are either obese or overweight. For adults, the number of obese has doubled since 1980, and for children age 6-11 the number of obese has quadrupled. The epidemic has changed what we thought we knew about medicine. For example, until fairly recently, type 2 diabetes was known as “adult-onset” diabetes. But doctors have dropped this moniker as youth account for almost half of new type 2 diabetes in certain communities. Further, there has always been an assumption that life spans and health would improve with advancements in medicine and technology. However, obesity is related to over 20 major chronic diseases, and therefore obese children are more than twice as likely to die before the age of 55 compared to healthy-weight children. In other words, if trends are not reversed, America’s current generation of children are likely to have shorter life spans than their parents.
Improving Health Care Outcomes through Personalized Comparisons of Treatment Effectiveness Based on Electronic Health Records
Authors: Hoffman Sharona , Podgurski Andy
Published: October 2015

The unsustainable growth in U.S. health care costs is in large part attributable to the rising costs of pharmaceuticals and medical devices and to unnecessary medical procedures. This fact has led health reform advocates and policymakers to place considerable hope in the idea that increased government support for research on the comparative effectiveness of medical treatments will eventually help to reduce health care expenses by informing patients, health care providers, and payers about which treatments for common conditions are effective and which are not. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) has shown in some cases that expensive but commonly used treatments are significantly less effective than relatively inexpensive alternatives. Critics warn, however, that CER will homogenize patient care, limit patient choices, and lead to improper health care rationing and even to the denial of lifesaving treatments.
Effect of Financial Relationships on the Behaviors of Health Care Professionals: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Robertson Christopher , Rose Susannah , Kesselheim Aaron S.
Published: October 2015

Physicians, scholars, and policymakers continue to be concerned about conflicts of interests among health care providers. At least two main types of objections to conflicts of interest exist. Conflicts of interests may be intrinsically troublesome if they violate providers’ fiduciary duties to their patients or they contribute to loss of trust in health care professionals and the health care system. Conflicts of interest may also be problematic in practice if they bias the decisions made by providers, adversely impacting patient outcomes or wastefully increasing health care costs. This latter objection may be observed in differences in the prescriptions written, procedures performed, or costs billed by health care professionals who have conflicting interests, when compared to those that do not have such financial relationships.
Physicians Have a Responsibility to Meet the Health Care Needs of Society
Authors: Brett Allan S.
Published: October 2015

In one of the televised debates among Republican primary candidates for the 2012 U.S. presidential election, moderator Wolf Blitzer presented this hypothetical case to candidate Ron Paul:

A healthy 30 year old young man has a good job, makes a good living, but decides — you know what — ‘I’m not going to spend 200 or 300 dollars a month for health insurance because I’m healthy, I don’t need it.’ But something terrible happens, all of a sudden he needs it. Who’s going to pay if he goes into a coma?

Paul, known for his libertarian views, initially responded that the patient “should assume responsibility for himself,” and that he should have purchased a major medical policy before he became ill.
Expanding Choice through Defined Contributions: Overcoming a Non-Participatory Health Care Economy
Authors: Moffit Robert E.
Published: October 2015

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the Affordable Care Act) is the law of the land. But it faces an uncertain future.

During congressional deliberations on the 2,700-page legislation leading up to its enactment, from February to March 2010, not one major survey recorded majority support for the legislation. Since its enactment, popular opposition to the Affordable Care Act has hardened, and was a significant factor in the 2010 congressional election, in which Democrats lost 63 seats and Republicans regained the majority in the House of Representatives. Ballot initiatives in Missouri and Ohio, showcasing popular opposition to the individual mandate, passed in 2010 with overwhelming majorities. While the United States Supreme Court in National Federation of Independent Business et al. v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566 ( 2012), declared the mandate on the states to expand Medicaid unconstitutionally coercive, the majority of the Justices also upheld the individual mandate as a permissible tax. The new law thus emerged as a central topic in the 2012 election.
Beyond Human Subjects: Risk, Ethics, and Clinical Development of Nanomedicines
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: October 2015

Like all policies, contemporary human research policies are the product of their history. The scandals and traumas motivating their creation — the Nazi doctors trials, Tuskegee, the Milgram experiment on obedience — however different in their particulars, all share a common narrative: a scientist, pursuing valued social ends, runs roughshod over the personal interests of disadvantaged human subjects. From the Nuremberg code through the latest revisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, research ethics policies have sought to erect a sphere of protection around the latter.

As a consequence of this history, all major policies start with a well-rehearsed model of human investigations. Clinical research is viewed as an encounter between investigators and volunteers. The clinical investigator is given certain duties. The human volunteer has certain moral entitlements. What is ethically at stake in human investigations inheres in the nature and quality of the interactions between investigators and volunteers. These interactions involve an asymmetry because the investigator has privileged knowledge and influence.
The Troubling Persistence of Race in Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Kahn Jonathan
Published: October 2015

In 1878, Friedrich Engels famously wrote that on the road to realizing the communist utopia, “the state is not abolished, it withers away.” In a similar manner, biomedical researchers telling us that come the promised land of individualized genomic medicine, the need for using race will also “wither away” in the face of scientific progress. Such millennial hopes are, no doubt, sincere, but they enable the continued casual proliferation of racial categories throughout biomedical research, product development, marketing, and clinical practice. My contrasting quotation to frame this article is drawn from the 20th century pioneer of rock and roll, Buddy Holly (né Charles Hardin Holley) whose 1957 hit “Not Fade Away” begins with the line, “I’m gonna tell you how it's gonna be” — the point being that far from withering away, race is persisting even as genomic milestones are being reached and passed.
Ethical Dimensions of Disparities in Depression Research and Treatment in the Pharmacogenomic Era
Authors: Parker Lisa S. , Satkoske Valerie B.
Published: October 2015

Personalized medicine with its promise of developing interventions tailored to an individual's health need and genetically related response to treatment might seem a promising antidote to the documented underutilization of standard depression treatments by African Americans. In addition, understanding depression not merely in biochemical terms but also in genetic terms might seem to counter cultural beliefs and stigma that attach to depression when conceived as a mood or behavioral problem under an individual's control. After all, if there is one thing for which a person is not responsible and cannot be blamed, it is her genes. Nevertheless, for multiple reasons, a personalized medical approach to depression treatment, and its attendant conceptualization of depression and treatment response as genetically influenced, present the risk of exacerbating well-documented disparities in access to, and utilization of, treatment for depression among African-American and Caucasian elderly adults.
Practical Steps to Community Engaged Research: From Inputs to Outcomes
Authors: Isler Malika Roman , Corbie-Smith Giselle
Published: October 2015

For decades, the dominant research paradigm has included trials conducted in clinical settings with little involvement from communities. However, concerns about the relevance and applicability of the processes or outcomes of such research have led to calls for greater community engagement in the research process. As such, there has been a shift in emphasis from simply recruiting research participants from community settings to engaging community members more broadly in all aspects of the research process. The move toward community engaged research (CEnR) is in part driven by the recognition that inclusion of diverse perspectives in multidisciplinary teams is essential to addressing complex problems. Investigators have come to recognize the inherent value of engaging community members as collaborators in multidisciplinary teams that are conducting research on issues of concern to communities. The insider perspective from community members is now recognized as essential in designing effective and well-received recruitment strategies, culturally appropriate measures, and identifying meaningful and broad-reaching venues for dissemination.
Revolution or Reform in Human Subjects Research Oversight
Authors: Joffe Steven
Published: October 2015

Over the past 40 years, a complex review and oversight system has grown within the United States and internationally to regulate the conduct of human subjects research. This system developed in response to revelations of abuses of human subjects in experiments such as those conducted in the Nazi concentration camps, the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies, and the studies described by Beecher in his 1966 article in theNew England Journal of Medicine. The oversight system is based on a foundation, first implemented by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) in 1966 and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1971, of prior review and approval of a written experimental protocol by an independent committee. The World Medical Association articulated the ethical centrality of independent review in its 1975 revision of theDeclaration of Helsinki, and the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research endorsed the requirement in its flagshipBelmont Report.
Questions Concerning the Clinical Translation of Cell-Based Interventions under an Innovation Pathway
Authors: Sugarman Jeremy
Published: October 2015

Criticisms of the traditional clinical research pathway and its extensive oversight often focus on proposals for deregulation or assert that as in clinical treatment, clinical research should always offer benefit to patient-subjects. Proponents of medical innovation take a different, middle path, arguing that innovation is distinguishable from both research and treatment. This article considers this third pathway by examining stem cell-based innovation.

Stem cell-based medical innovation is one pathway toward clinical translation. In fact, such an approach was taken in developing umbilical cord blood transplantation, which is now widely viewed as a safe and effective means for treating a range of malignant and non-malignant conditions. While the Guidelines for the Clinical Translation of Stem Cells created by the International Society for Clinical Research (ISSCR) provide an approach to clinical translation that involves “responsible innovation” as an alternative to clinical research, there are at least four sets of unanswered questions regarding the use of an innovation pathway in this context that warrant careful attention.
IRB Decision-Making with Imperfect Knowledge: A Framework for Evidence-Based Research Ethics Review
Authors: Anderson Emily E. , DuBois James M.
Published: October 2015

Institutional Review Board (IRB) decisions hinge on the availability and interpretation of information. This is demonstrated by the following well-known historical example. In 2001, 24-year-old Ellen Roche died from respiratory distress and organ failure as a result of her participation in a study at Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center. The non-therapeutic physiological study, “Mechanisms of Deep Inspiration-Induced Airway Relaxation,” was designed to examine airway hyperresponsiveness in healthy individuals in order to better understand the pathophysiology of asthma. Participants inhaled hexamethonium, a chemical ganglionic blocker that was not FDA-approved for use as specified in the experimental protocol. Risks of inhaling hexamethonium, including lung damage, had been reported in the 1950s and ‘60s. An investigation conducted after Roche's death determined that the study's principal investigator had failed to adequately search the medical literature; the protocol submitted for IRB review cited articles indexed in online literature databases that went back only as far as the 1970s.
Rethinking Local Institutional Review Board (IRB) Review at State Health Departments: Implications for a Consolidated, Independent Public Health IRB
Authors: Perlman David
Published: October 2015

A number of unique problems plague human research protection efforts at United States (US) State and Territorial Departments of Health (DOHs). The first problem is related to the number of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) operated by and Federalwide Assurances (FWAs) held by DOHs. The lack of these two essential regulatory human research protection program mechanisms points to a possible inadequacy of infrastructure at DOHs for protecting human subjects. The second and third problems are related to the use and interpretation of research protection laws and regulations at DOHs. Parsing public health activities into research or practice (1) can be vexing and (2) likely produces variability in (a) how individual DOHs make the determination between research and practice and (b) the outcomes of such decisions for the same or similar projects. A related problem is that DOH or Institutional Review Board (IRB) officials might misclassify public health practice activities as research (and vice versa), which can have costly, adverse consequences.
What Research Ethics Should Learn from Genomics and Society Research: Lessons from the ELSI Congress of 2011
Authors: Henderson Gail E. , Juengst Eric T. , King Nancy M. P. , Kuczynski Kristine , Michie Marsha
Published: October 2015

In much the same way that genomic technologies are changing the complexion of biomedical research, the issues they generate are changing the agenda of IRBs and research ethics. Many of the biggest challenges facing traditional research ethics today — privacy and confidentiality of research subjects; ownership, control, and sharing of research data; return of results and incidental findings; the relevance of group interests and harms; the scope of informed consent; and the relative importance of the therapeutic misconception — have become important policy issues over the last 20 years because of the ways they have been magnified by genomic research efforts. Research that examines the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of human genomics research has become a burgeoning international field of scholarship over the last 20 years, thanks in part to its support first by the genome research funding bodies in the U.S. and then by national science agencies in other countries.
Public Health and the Law
Authors: Hodge James G.
Published: October 2015

Major advances, ground-breaking scholarship, and new programs in public health law over the past several decades have helped define and reform the field. The extent to which public health law is established as a distinct topic for graduate academic study, however, is uncertain. In the early 1990s, the numbers of academics whose work focused largely on public health law were few. Only a handful of schools of law, public health, and medicine regularly offered core courses in public health law (although many graduate courses in health law, bio-ethics, or public health policy featured select public health law topics). Collectively, these courses laid a strong foundation of instruction in public health law. Still, questions remain as to whether public health law has progressed as a topic of academic pursuit in American graduate institutions. Who is teaching core courses in public health law? Where are these courses taught? How are they designed and what specific topics are covered?
China's Import–exchange Rate Linkage: Evidence from the China‐bound Exports of Japan and Korea
Authors: Huh Chan‐Guk , Zhu Guangyao
Published: October 2015

This paper examines how the China‐bound exports of Japan and Korea are related to exchange rates, motivated by the fact that processing trade makes up a large proportion of China's trade, and that Japan and Korea are the leading source countries for processing imports. Because processing imports are inputs for exports, the link between such imports and China's exchange rates are ambiguous. We estimate export functions that include China's RMB real effective exchange rates (REER) along with bilateral real exchange rates (BRER) using Johansen's cointegration method and find that the RMB REER significantly affects Japanese and Korean exports to China, even more so than BRER in most cases examined. These two exchange rates appear in the export equations with opposite signs. Subsequently, we use the estimated model to illustrate the importance of accounting for a concurrent change in BRER when analyzing the effects of a hypothetical RMB revaluation on China's trade balances despite the apparently weak imports–BRER linkage.
Influence of capture method, habitat quality and individual traits on blood parameters of free‐ranging lace monitors (Varanus varius)
Authors: Scheelings TF , Jessop TS
Published: October 2015

Objective  The aims of this study were to determine baseline reference intervals for haematological and serum biochemical parameters in lace monitors, and to examine whether such values were influenced by capture method, expected differences in habitat food resource availability and a lizard's body size and body condition.

Methods  Thirty‐three wild Victorian lace monitors (Varanus varius) of unknown age and sex were captured by noose pole or aluminium box trap from Cape Conran in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia.

Results  No statistical differences between the two capture methods were noted for haematology. There was a significant difference in the serum glucose concentrations between the two methods of capture (higher concentration in box‐trapped animals) because of a physiological response to capture stress. Habitat food quality did not appear to influence haematology or serum biochemistry. The packed cell volume (PCV) for the lace monitors was 0.29–0.43 L/L. Lymphocytes were identified as the most common leucocyte. The haemoprotozoan parasite, Haemogregarina varanicola, was found in all 33 blood samples. No correlation could be made between parasite burden and PCV, serum globulins or serum proteins, but animals in poor body condition were more likely to harbour large numbers of parasites.

Conclusion  The results of this study may be used as a basis for evaluating health in lace monitors.
The Teaching Brain and the End of the Empty Vessel
Authors: Rodriguez Vanessa
Published: October 2015

I am excited to present this special section that explores the teaching brain. The goal of the series is to facilitate a transition in the lens on teaching from an empty vessel to a phenomenon as dynamic, variable, and context‐dependent as learning. This transformation will likely push all of us to reevaluate our understanding and research on teaching. Over the coming year, each issue will provide several articles that seek to shed light on a different aspect of this burgeoning new area of research. This issue opens the series with a piece designed to lay out the conceptual framework and evidence base for a new way to think about teaching: the teaching brain. Next, Michael Chazan gives an archeological grounding for the existence of teaching in the earliest ancestors ofHomo sapiens. Sidney Strauss and Margalit Ziv then describe how teaching is a fundamental human cognitive ability. Together, these articles begin to create a paradigm shift in the definition of teaching. We look forward to an exciting journey.
Normalizing Denominational Statistics with Demographic Data: The Case of the United Church of Canada
Authors: Wilkins‐Laflamme Sarah
Published: October 2015

En contexte canadien, un type de données a été sous‐employé dans l'étude des tendances religieuses contemporaines: les données ecclésiales. Cet article détaille les avantages et les limites de telles statistiques en analysant l’évolution de certains indicateurs clés de l’Église Unie du Canada au cours des quatre dernières décennies. Des données de membership, de baptêmes d'enfants et de funérailles se retrouvent à l’étude. Celles‐ci sont comparées avec des données démographiques provenant de quatre régions canadiennes. Les résultats indiquent que presque toutes les statistiques de l’Église Unie sont en déclin par rapport à la société en général depuis les années 1970. Toutefois, il existe des variations régionales, notamment dans les provinces de l’Atlantique qui sont caractérisées par des déclins moins importants et plus tardifs.
1967–2007: The Gruppe 47 as a Cultural Heimat1
Authors: Braun Rebecca
Published: October 2015

This paper looks in detail at how the Gruppe 47 has been presented in the media since its official demise in 1967, and considers why the group still has a high level of symbolic capital decades after its active participation in the German literary field. Focusing on previously unresearched TV documentary material from the 1960s, ‘70s, ‘80s, ‘90s, and 2000s, it posits that the group's enduring importance in the German cultural landscape can be traced to the way it has been narratively and visually reconstructed within the mythologizing, emotive, and widely resonant terms of the Heimat discourse. Drawing on various philosophical and conceptual approaches to Heimat and applying them specifically to the context of a country's perceived cultural tradition, I conceive of the Gruppe 47 as a “cultural Heimat” for the economically and culturally dominant white, middle‐class German literary field. In so doing, I show how a specifically literary culture can be repackaged in the age of mass media to carry important debates about national identity and symbolize the search for an elusive collective cultural heritage.
The Middle Voice in Günter Grass'sIm Krebsgang1
Authors: Baker Gary L.
Published: October 2015

Günter Grass's 2002 novellaIm Krebsgangis just one piece of historical fiction in a long line of works that deal with German suffering in the context of the atrocities perpetrated by the Germans in the Second World War. This essay analyzes the relationship between the narrative's treatment of the victim‐perpetrator binary together with the active‐passive postures of its generationally connected characters. The article demonstrates that the story's main character and narrator, Paul Pokriefke, occupies a painful and conflicted stance in the middle of these dichotomies. John Peradotto's work on the Odyssey provides a fitting framework for this approach. He shows how the central figure of the Homeric epic is also caught in a middle voice existence signified by the potential dual translation of his name in the active and passive voices. In his family tale of trauma and disaster, Grass demonstrates Pokriefke's middle position not only generationally, politically and attitudinally, but also by presenting a narrator who cannot always find a place in his own syntax.
The Possessed: The Demonic and Demonized East and West in Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg and Dostoevsky's Demons
Authors: Kuznetsova Irina
Published: October 2015

The demonic is one of the major leitmotifs in Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg. Like no other leitmotif, it unites in one image two major themes of Mann's text: the fascination with death and the deep‐seated cultural opposition between East and West. In this manner Mann's novel aligns the crisis of West European civilization with an external demonic influence coming from the East. Mann's construction of the demonic in his novel can be traced, on the one hand, to his reflection on contemporary East/West issues. On the other hand, Mann's perception of demonism derives from his enthusiastic reception and subsequent rejection of Feodor Dostoevsky's political and philosophical views, particularly as expressed in his novel Demons (1872). I argue that, despite distancing himself from Dostoevsky amid his political conversion from conservatism to liberalism, Mann still borrows one of Dostoevsky's most controversial ideas—association of the loss of national identity with a devil's pact.
The Stale Specter of Nazism: Historical Burdens and Skewed Optics in F. C. Delius'sDie Flatterzunge
Authors: Broadbent Philip
Published: October 2015

In 1997 the first trombone player of the Berlin German Opera signed his tab in a hotel bar in Tel Aviv “Adolf Hitler.” F. C. Delius's novel,Die Flatterzunge, fictionalizes this event in order to explore why an educated individual would wish to identify himself with Hitler. Set in the late 1990s, Delius's text exploits the real event in Tel Aviv to explore Germany's fetishized relationship to its past in the wake of reunification. While the text critiques the negation of history as an ethical compass for the collective, it also takes to task a collective obsession with the past that consistently frames how the present is seen. Framed in this way, the questioning of the historical optic challenges New Right revisionists who advocate individual memory in place of collective forms of remembering and at the same time asks whether history must continue to be the method of engaging with and representing contemporary Germany.
Good Bye Lenin, Hello Movie Industry! Eine Unterrichtseinheit zur DDR
Authors: Mittler Alexandra
Published: October 2015

Im Artikel wird eine Unterrichtseinheit zum Thema DDR vorgestellt, deren Ziel es ist, den StudentInnen einen Überblick über verschiedene Themenbereiche zu geben. Die Unterrichtseinheit behandelt nicht nur die geschichtlichen Ereignisse, sondern auch das Alltagsleben in der DDR, die Stasi und die Wende. Die Unterrichtseinheit verbindet bekannte Filme wie Das Lebender Anderen, Good Bye, Lenin! und Sonnenallee mit anderen Materialien wie Webseiten, Filmbücher und Artikel, an Hand derer die StudentInnen diese Themen erarbeiten können.
Post‐Multicultural Anxieties? Reparations and the Trajectories of Indigenous Citizenship inLaGuajira,Colombia
Authors: Jaramillo Pablo
Published: October 2015

La participación del estado en la simultánea marginalización, atención y cuidado de las poblaciones étnicas invita a re‐examinar las condiciones, formas e implicaciones de las ciudadanías indígenas contemporáneas, caracterizadas por Postero (2007), para el caso de Bolivia, como “post‐multiculturales.” Este artículo se centra en cómo la reciente reparación de “víctimas indígenas,” resultado principalmente de violencia paramilitar en el norte de Colombia, fue el escenario de una radicalización del discurso sobre la ciudadanía indígena entre las personas y organizaciones implicadas. El artículo presta atención a las preocupaciones expresadas por personas directamente involucradas en la creciente articulación entre reparación, política social y ciudadanía, quienes han visto su “indigenidad” asociada a victimización y vulnerabilidad. Los datos en los cuales se basa este artículo son resultado de trece meses de trabajo de campo etnográfico entre el año 2007 y 2008 con indígenas víctimas de los paramilitares en La Guajira colombiana.
Citizens or Anticitizens? Afro‐Descendants and Counternarcotics Policing in Multicultural Nicaragua
Authors: Goett Jennifer
Published: October 2015

Este artículo examina la ciudadanía multicultural y la vigilancia antinarcóticos en Nicaragua como dos formas contradictorias de gubermentalidad posrevolucionaria dirigida a la población afrodescendiente en la Costa Atlántica de este país. Mientras el multiculturalismo representa una modalidad de gobernanza y diferencia cultural, la vigilancia antinarcóticos se basa en tecnologías de control que codifican las diferencias raciales, particularmente la negritud, como negativo y amenazante para el cuerpo político mestizo. El efecto político de estas estrategias coemergentes de gobernanza es profundo, simultáneamente empoderando, estigmatizando y radicalizando el activismo multicultural y la resistencia dentro de las comunidades afrodescendientes. Esos efectos respaldan el argumento central de este trabajo: para entender cómo el multiculturalismo posrevolucionario opera políticamente debemos mirar más allá de las iniciativas multiculturales y examinar otras tácticas de gobernanza que involucran a los sujetos multiculturales.
Legislative Reallocation: How Compliance with Federal Legislative Initiatives Can Redistribute Water Resources
Authors: Benson Melinda Harm
Published: October 2015

Water allocation in the United States generally occurs through state administrative processes. Compliance with Federal legislative initiatives, however, can require the reallocation of water resources. Laws enacted to achieve protection of environmental, wildland and wildlife resources have increasingly played a role in the allocation of water, particularly in the West. This Article examines Washington's Methow Valley as a case study in which efforts to recover threatened and endangered aquatic species have achieved reallocations of water resources to protect environmental values. After a brief outline of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and its requirements, it examines how the ESA's consultation process requires private irrigators to limit water withdrawal to meet the biological and reproductive needs of ESA listed species. Constitutional constraints on legislative reallocation stemming from the U.S. Constitution's “Takings” clause are also discussed as an important limit on this power.
The Homeless Shelter Family Experience: Examining the Influence of Physical Living Conditions on Perceptions of Internal Control, Crowding, Privacy, and Related Issues
Authors: Pable Jill
Published: October 2015

Parents with children are a growing segment of the U.S. homeless population. Sources indicate that homeless shelter dormitory bedrooms are highly crowded with low privacy, which may affect quality of experience that lead to residents’ perceived loss of control and helplessness. Research suggests that personal environmental control features may lessen these effects and increase a resident's sense of internal control (that outcomes are based on one's own behavior). Internal control can support one's motivation to seek a permanent place to live and find employment. To enhance the sense of internal control, the author of this study altered a homeless shelter bedroom, adding a series of control features including lighting for reading, bed curtains, and increased storage. This case study then examined perceptions of bedroom controls, and the features’ effects on the sense of internal control and related issues. The two shelter parents perceived that their unaltered bedrooms were crowded, lacked privacy, and were stressful because their possessions could not be stored. Their children did not wish to stay in the bedrooms, and reportedly increased misbehavior. The altered bedroom was perceived as more private and less crowded than the unaltered room (with unchanged square footage), and supported the parents’ need for child monitoring and ability to act as an authority figure. One parent reported that the bedroom reduced her stress level, and preliminary data suggests her sense of internal control increased. Observations of increased territoriality and personalization further supported this finding.
Selling City Futures: The Financialization of Urban Redevelopment Policy
Authors: Weber Rachel
Published: October 2015

abstract

This article examines the specific mechanisms that have allowed global financial markets to penetrate deeply into the activities of U.S. cities. A flood of yield‐seeking capital poured into municipal debt instruments in the late 1990s, but not all cities or instruments were equally successful in attracting it. Capital gravitated toward those local governments that could readily convert the income streams of public assets into new financial instruments and that could minimize the risk of nonpayment due to the actions of nonfinancial claimants. This article follows the case of Chicago from 1996 through 2007 as the city government subsidized development projects with borrowed money using a once‐obscure instrument called Tax Increment Financing (TIF). TIF allows municipalities to bundle and sell off the rights to future property tax revenues from designated parts of the city. The City of Chicago improved the appearance of these speculative instruments by segmenting and sequencing TIF debt instruments in ways that made them look less idiosyncratic and by exerting strong political control over the processes of development and property tax assessment. In doing so, Chicago not only attracted billions of dollars in global capital but also contributed to a dangerous oversupply of commercial real estate.
Consulting in Changing Times and New Cultural Contexts
Authors: Beckwith Deanne
Published: October 2015

Life as a design consultant may seem like freedom, especially when seen from the four walls of a corporate design department. But it takes work to build long‐term relationships with clients, gumption to prove oneself over and over again, and a lot of design experience to bring to the table.
Designers and Marketers: Toward a Shared Understanding
Authors: Beverland Michael B. , Farrelly Francis J.
Published: October 2015

Designers and marketers tend to take different approaches to new product development. These authors suggest that both approaches are valid, and that a better understanding between them should make for better and more innovative products.
Nurturing Creativity Through Cognitive Design Therapy
Authors: Whitlock Gary
Published: October 2015

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, great psychologists all. What can they teach us about identifying and nurturing creative intelligence?
Financial Institutions and Non‐Governmental Organizations: An Advocacy Partnership for Sustainable Capital Markets?
Authors: Waygood Steve
Published: October 2015

In this article, the Chief Responsibility Officer for Aviva Investors examines the potential for financial institutions (FIs) to work in partnership with non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in advocating changes to public policy that promote sustainable capital markets. Many NGOs have argued that the current form of global economic growth is unsustainable—and they routinely engage in public policy advocacy. However, such advocacy has generally proved ineffective, in large part because most NGOs have a very limited understanding of how capital markets function.

Investors, for their part, are increasingly recognizing that key aspects of the global economy are on an unsustainable footing. And some are concerned about the negative implications for the long‐term value of their assets. But with a few notable exceptions, they have not made systematic efforts to work with governments to correct the market failures.

NGO‐FI advocacy partnerships could identify specific cases of systemic or sectoral market failures, and recommend long‐term changes to the sectoral operating environment that would affect the cash flows and values of companies operating within that sector in ways designed to “internalize” the effects of negative social and environmental externalities. To foster the development of such partnerships, there is a need for academia to develop learning forums that stimulate the exchange of ideas between the executives within NGOs and FIs in an environment of mutual trust and respect.