bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar wind and kinetic heliophysics
Authors: Marsch Eckart
Published: November 2018

Abstract. This paper reviews recent aspects of solar wind physics and elucidates the
role Alfvén waves play in solar wind acceleration and turbulence, which
prevail in the low corona and inner heliosphere. Our understanding of the
solar wind has made considerable progress based on remote sensing, in situ
measurements, kinetic simulation and fluid modeling. Further insights are
expected from such missions as the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter. The sources of the solar wind have been identified in the chromospheric
network, transition region and corona of the Sun. Alfvén waves excited by
reconnection in the network contribute to the driving of turbulence and
plasma flows in funnels and coronal holes. The dynamic solar magnetic field
causes solar wind variations over the solar cycle. Fast and slow solar wind
streams, as well as transient coronal mass ejections, are generated by the
Sun's magnetic activity. Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence originates at the Sun and evolves into
interplanetary space. The major Alfvén waves and minor magnetosonic waves,
with an admixture of pressure-balanced structures at various scales,
constitute heliophysical turbulence. Its spectra evolve radially and develop
anisotropies. Numerical simulations of turbulence spectra have reproduced key
observational features. Collisionless dissipation of fluctuations remains a
subject of intense research. Detailed measurements of particle velocity distributions have revealed
non-Maxwellian electrons, strongly anisotropic protons and heavy ion beams.
Besides macroscopic forces in the heliosphere, local wave–particle
interactions shape the distribution functions. They can be described by the
Boltzmann–Vlasov equation including collisions and waves. Kinetic simulations
permit us to better understand the combined evolution of particles and waves
in the heliosphere.
Filtration artefacts in bacterial community composition can affect the outcome of dissolved organic matter biolability assays
Authors: Dean Joshua F. , van Hal Jurgen R. , Dolman A. Johannes , Aerts Rien , Weedon James T.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Inland waters are large contributors
to global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in part due to the
vulnerability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to microbial decomposition
and respiration to CO2 during transport through aquatic systems. To
assess the degree of this vulnerability, aquatic DOM is often incubated in
standardized biolability assays. These assays isolate the dissolved fraction
of aquatic OM by size filtration prior to incubation. We test whether this
size selection has an impact on the bacterial community composition and the
consequent dynamics of DOM degradation using three different filtration
strategies: 0.2 µm (filtered and inoculated), 0.7 µm
(generally the most common DOM filter size) and 106 µm
(unfiltered). We found that bacterial community composition, based on 16S
rRNA amplicon sequencing, was significantly affected by the different filter
sizes. At the same time, the filtration strategy also affected the DOM
degradation dynamics, including the δ13C signature. However,
the dynamics of these two responses were decoupled, suggesting that
filtration primarily influences biolability assays through bacterial
abundance and the presence of their associated predators. By the end of the
41-day incubations all treatments tended to converge on a common total DOM
biolability level, with the 0.7 µm filtered incubations reaching
this point the quickest. These results suggest that assays used to assess the
total biolability of aquatic DOM should last long enough to remove filtration
artefacts in the microbial population. Filtration strategy should also be
taken into account when comparing results across biolability assays.
Sedproxy: a forward model for sediment-archived climate proxies
Authors: Dolman Andrew M. , Laepple Thomas
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Climate reconstructions based on proxy records recovered from
marine sediments, such as alkenone records or geochemical parameters measured
on foraminifera, play an important role in our understanding of the climate
system. They provide information about the state of the ocean ranging back
hundreds to millions of years and form the backbone of paleo-oceanography. However, there are many sources of uncertainty associated with the signal recovered from
sediment-archived proxies. These include
seasonal or depth-habitat biases in the recorded signal; a frequency-dependent reduction
in the amplitude of the recorded signal due to bioturbation of the sediment; aliasing of
high-frequency climate variation onto a nominally annual, decadal, or centennial
resolution signal; and additional sample processing and measurement error introduced when
the proxy signal is recovered. Here we present a forward model for sediment-archived proxies that jointly models the
above processes so that the magnitude of their separate and combined effects can be
investigated. Applications include the interpretation and analysis of uncertainty in
existing proxy records, parameter sensitivity analysis to optimize future studies, and
the generation of pseudo-proxy records that can be used to test reconstruction methods.
We provide examples, such as the simulation of individual foraminifera records, that
demonstrate the usefulness of the forward model for paleoclimate studies. The model is
implemented as an open-source R package, sedproxy, to which we welcome
collaborative contributions. We hope that use of sedproxy will contribute to a
better understanding of both the limitations and potential of marine sediment proxies to
inform researchers about earth's past climate.
Evaluating the timing and structure of the 4.2 ka event in the Indian summer monsoon domain from an annually resolved speleothem record from Northeast India
Authors: Kathayat Gayatri , Cheng Hai , Sinha Ashish , Berkelhammer Max , Zhang Haiwei , Duan Pengzhen , Li Hanying , Li Xianglei , Ning Youfeng , Edwards R. Lawrence
Published: November 2018

Abstract. A large array of proxy records
suggests that the “4.2 ka event” marks an approximately
300-year long period (∼3.9 to 4.2 ka) of
major climate change across the globe. However, the climatic manifestation of
this event, including its onset, duration, and termination, remains less
clear in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) domain. Here, we present new oxygen
isotope (δ18O) data from a pair of speleothems (ML.1 and ML.2)
from Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India, that provide a high-resolution record of
ISM variability during a period (∼3.78 and 4.44 ka) that fully
encompasses the 4.2 ka event. The sub-annually to annually resolved ML.1
δ18O record is constrained by 18 230Th dates with an
average dating error of ±13 years (2σ) and a resolution of ∼40 years, which allows us to characterize the ISM variability with
unprecedented detail. The inferred pattern of ISM variability during the
period contemporaneous with the 4.2 ka event shares broad similarities and
key differences with the previous reconstructions of ISM from the Mawmluh
Cave and other proxy records from the region. Our data suggest that the ISM
intensity, in the context of the length of our record, abruptly decreased at
∼4.0 ka (∼±13 years), marking the onset of a multi-centennial
period of relatively reduced ISM, which was punctuated by at least two
multi-decadal droughts between ∼3.9 and 4.0 ka. The latter stands out
in contrast with some previous proxy reconstructions of the ISM, in which the
4.2 ka event has been depicted as a singular multi-centennial drought.
Measuring subaqueous progradation of the Wax Lake Delta with a model of flow direction divergence
Authors: Shaw John B. , Estep Justin D. , Whaling Amanda R. , Sanks Kelly M. , Edmonds Douglas A.
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Remotely sensed flow patterns can reveal the location of
the subaqueous distal tip of a distributary channel on a prograding river
delta. Morphodynamic feedbacks produce distributary channels that become
shallower over their final reaches before the unchannelized foreset slopes
basinward. The flow direction field over this morphology tends to diverge
and then converge, providing a diagnostic signature that can be captured in
flow or remote sensing data. A total of 21 measurements from the Wax Lake Delta
(WLD) in coastal Louisiana and 317 measurements from numerically simulated
deltas show that the transition from divergence to convergence occurs in a
distribution that is centered just downstream of the channel tip, on average
132 m in the case of the WLD. These data validate an inverse model for
remotely estimating subaqueous channel tip location. We apply this model to
33 images of the WLD between its initiation in 1974 and 2016. We find that
six
of the primary channels grew at rates of 60–80 m yr−1, while the remaining
channel grew at 116 m yr−1. We also show that the subaqueous delta planform
grew at a constant rate (1.72 km2 yr−1). Subaerial land area initially
grew at the same rate but slowed after about 1999. We explain this behavior
as a gradual decoupling of channel tip progradation and island aggradation
that may be common in maturing deltas.
Evaluating the Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere/Land 3.1 (GA/L3.1) and Global Atmosphere/Land 6.1 (GA/L6.1) land surface temperature. Outcomes of the SALSTICE campaign
Authors: Brooke Jennifer K. , Harlow R. Chawn , Scott Russel L. , Best Martin J. , Edwards John M. , Weeks Mark
Published: November 2018

Abstract. A limitation of the Met Office operational data assimilation scheme is that surface-sensitive infrared satellite sounding channels cannot be used during daytime periods where Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model background land surface temperature (LST) biases are greater than 2 K. The Met Office Unified Model (UM) has a significant cold LST bias in semi-arid regions when compared with satellite observations. UM LST biases were evaluated at global resolution and in a Limited Area Models (LAM) at 2.2 km resolution over the SALSTICE (Semi-Arid Land Surface Temperature and IASI Calibration Experiment) experimental domain in southeastern Arizona. This validation is in conjunction with eddy-covariance flux tower measurements. LST biases in the Global Atmosphere/Land 3.1 (GA/L3.1) configuration were largest in the mid-morning with respect to Terra (−13.6 ± 2.8 K at the Kendall Grassland site). The diurnal cycle of LST in Global Atmosphere/Land 6.1 (GA/L6.1) showed a significant improvement relative to GA/L3.1. The higher resolution LAM showed added value over the global configurations. The spatial distribution of the LST biases relative to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the modelled bare soil cover fraction were found to be moderately correlated (0.61 ± 0.08) during the daytime, which suggests that regions of cold LST bias are associated with low bare soil cover fraction. Coefficients of correlation with the shrub surface fractions followed the same trend as the bare soil cover fraction although with a less significant correlation (0.36 ± 0.09), and indicate that the sparse vegetation canopies in southeastern Arizona are not well represented in UM ancillary datasets. The x-component of the orographic slope was positively correlated with the LST bias (0.35 ± 0.06) and identified that regions of cold model LST bias are found on easterly slopes and regions of warm model LST bias are found on westerly slopes. An overestimate in the modelled turbulent heat and moisture fluxes at the eddy-covariance flux sites was found to be coincident with an underestimate in the ground heat flux.
A Conceptual Framework for Integration Development of GSFLOW Model: Concerns and Issues Identified and Addressed for Model Development Efficiency
Authors: Chen Chao , Ahmad Sajjad , Kalra Ajay
Published: November 2018

Abstract. In Coupled Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow (GSFLOW) model, the three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model (MODFLOW) plays a critical role of groundwater flow simulation, together with which the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) simulates the surface hydrologic processes. While the model development of each individual PRMS and MODFLOW model requires tremendous time and efforts, further integration development of these two models exerts additional concerns and issues due to different simulation realm, data communication, and computation algorithms. To address these concerns and issues in GSFLOW, the present paper proposes a conceptual framework from perspectives of: Model Conceptualization, Data Linkages and Transference, Model Calibration, and Sensitivity Analysis. As a demonstration, a MODFLOW groundwater flow system was developed and coupled with the PRMS model in the Lehman Creek watershed, eastern Nevada, resulting in a smooth and efficient integration as the hydrogeologic features were well captured and represented. The proposed conceptual integration framework with techniques and concerns identified substantially improves GSFLOW model development efficiency and help better model result interpretations. This may also find applications in other integrated hydrologic modelings.
SBDM v1.0: A scaling-based discretization method for the Geographical Detector Model
Authors: Meng Xiaoyu , Gao Xin , Li Shengyu , Huang Wenjing , Lei Jiaqiang
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Geographical Detector Model (GDM) can be used to assess the affinity between potential environmental factors and the response variables. If environmental factors entered are continuous, the first step for application of GDM is to discretize the continuous variable into category strata with an appropriate discretization method. Many one-dimensional discretization methods have been arbitrarily applied to GDM but failed to obtain the optimal strata of environmental factors, resulting in an inaccurate model output. In this paper, we present the Scaling-Based Discretization Method (SBDM) as a novel discretization method that can be used to obtain the optimal strata for GDM. The SBDM takes the power of determinant as a criterion function through upscaling and downscaling processes to obtain the optimal discretization. The software was tested with two case studies: (1) The distance to river was discretized with SBDM to reveal the effect of rivers on the sand cover ratio in the Maowusu (Mu Us) Sandy Land, northern China. The SBDM obtained more accurate information for the influence of rivers on the sand cover ratio than the results from Priori Knowledge discretization method. (2) Seven environmental factors were discretized using SBDM to detect potential associations between these factors and NDVI spatial pattern in Xinjiang, north-western China. Then we compared the q values from SBDM with the values from four commonly used one-dimensional discretization methods, demonstrating that for all considered factors, SBDM gets a larger q value than other methods. Collectively, SBDM offers a new way for data discretization that accurately reveals the relationship between controlling factors and response variables.
A propensity index for surface runoff on a karst plateau
Authors: Reszler Christian , Komma Jürgen , Stadler Hermann , Strobl Elmar , Blöschl Günter
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Karst aquifers are an important water resource, but are particularly
vulnerable to pollution due to the typically short residence times. As the
rainwater runs off on the surface it may collect contamination from faeces
and other sources, before infiltrating the surface. It is therefore important to understand
the spatial distribution of the frequency of surface runoff in karst areas.
This paper proposes a new field-mapping method for the ability of the
landscape to produce and convey surface runoff. The mapping method is based
on (i) prior spatial information (e.g. geological map, terrain model), (ii) a
visual assessment from a distance at the landscape scale (e.g. traces of
surface runoff) and (iii) local data collection in the field (e.g. soil
moisture, grain size distribution). The focus on variables that can be
assessed from a distance in the landscape makes the method suitable for
mapping larger areas than traditional field mapping. The mapping method is
developed and tested for the 60 km2 Hochschwab area in Austria. The
field mapping is used to specify a surface runoff propensity index which is
tested against the spatial distribution of observed sink holes in the area.
The mapping indicates that, in the study region, runoff occurs much more
frequently in the poorly karstified dolomitic areas than in the limestone
areas that are highly karstified. On dolomites, low permeable soils or debris
prevail, often resulting in a permanent surface drainage network. On
karstified limestone, sometimes overlaid by debris, surface runoff only
occurs through infiltration excess at high rainfall intensities. Overall the
analyses suggest that the mapping method is suitable for efficiently and
reliably identifying spatial patterns of the ability of the landscape to
produce and convey surface runoff in karst areas.
Towards a comprehensive view of dust events from multiple satellite and ground measurements: exemplified by the May 2017 East Asian dust storm
Authors: She Lu , Xue Yong , Guang Jie , Che Yahui , Fan Cheng , Li Ying , Xie Yanqing
Published: November 2018

Abstract. One or several aspects of the
source, distribution, transport, and optical properties of airborne dust have
been characterized using different types of satellite and ground
measurements, each with unique advantages. In this study, a dust event that occurred over the
East Asia area in May 2017 was exemplified to demonstrate how all the above-mentioned aspects of a dust event can be pictured by combining the advantages
of different satellite and ground measurements. The data used included the
Himawari-8 satellite Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) true-colour images, the
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO)
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol vertical
profiles, the Aura satellite Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol index
images, and the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol
properties and the ground station particulate matter (PM) measurements. From
the multi-satellite/sensor (AHI, CALIOP, and OMI) time series observations,
the dust storm was found to originate from the Gobi Desert on the morning of
3 May 2017 and transport north-eastward to the Bering Sea, eastward to the
Korean Peninsula and Japan, and southward to south-central China. The air
quality in China deteriorated drastically: the PM10 (PM < 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations measured at some air quality
stations located in northern China reached 4333 µg m−3. At the
AOE_Baotou, Beijing, Xuzhou-CUMT, and Ussuriysk AERONET sites,
the maximum aerosol optical depth values reached 2.96, 2.13, 2.87, and 0.65
and the extinction Ångström exponent dropped to 0.023, 0.068, 0.03,
and 0.097, respectively. The dust storm also induced unusual aerosol spectral
single-scattering albedo and volume size distribution.
Roads and landslides in Nepal: how development affects environmental risk
Authors: McAdoo Brian G. , Quak Michelle , Gnyawali Kaushal R. , Adhikari Basanta R. , Devkota Sanjaya , Rajbhandari Purna Lal , Sudmeier-Rieux Karen
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The number of deaths from landslides in Nepal has been increasing
dramatically due to a complex combination of earthquakes, climate change, and
an explosion of informal road construction that destabilizes slopes during
the rainy season. This trend will likely rise as development continues,
especially as China's Belt and Road Initiative seeks to construct three major
trunk roads through the Nepali Himalaya that adjacent communities will seek
to tie in to with poorly constructed roads. To determine the effect of these
informal roads on generating landslides, we compare the distance between
roads and landslides triggered by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake with those
triggered by monsoon rainfalls, as well as a set of randomly located
landslides to determine if the spatial correlation is strong enough to
further imply causation. If roads are indeed causing landslides, we should
see a clustering of rainfall-triggered landslides closer to the roads that
accumulate and focus the water that facilitates failure. We find that in
addition to a concentration of landslides in landscapes with more developed,
agriculturally viable soils, that the rainfall-triggered landslides are more
than twice as likely to occur within 100 m of a road than the landslides
generated by the earthquake. The oversteepened slopes, poor water drainage
and debris management provide the necessary conditions for failure during
heavy monsoonal rains. Based on these findings, geoscientists, planners and
policymakers must consider how road development affects the physical (and
ecological), socio-political and economic factors that increase risk in
exposed communities, alongside ecologically and financially sustainable
solutions such as green roads.
Impact of Audit Committee on Organizational Performance of Listed Hotels and Travels in Sri Lanka
Authors: Balagobei Saseela , Velnampy Thirunavukkarasu
Published: November 2018

The audit committee is one of the key elements in the corporate governance structure that helps to control and monitor management in the organization. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of audit committee on organizational performance of listed hotels and travels in Sri Lanka. The sample consists of 15 listed hotels and travels in Sri Lanka. In this study, data was collected from secondary sources and hypotheses are examined by using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis (Eviews). The results reveal that audit committee attributes such as AC independence, AC experts and AC meetings have a significant impact on organizational performance of listed hotels and travels in Sri Lanka. Further audit committee size is not found to have a significant impact on the organizational performance. The findings could be useful to regulators in other jurisdiction who are looking at ways to enhance the effectiveness of AC, overall firm governance and enhance the organizational performance.
Why All Faculty Should Have a Seat at the Assessment Table
Authors: Danley-Scott Jennifer , Scott Gray
Published: November 2018

While faculty are often treated as a homogenous group in literature discussing student learning outcomes assessment, this should not be the case. Drawing on responses to a national survey, we show that full-time faculty, both tenure-line and non-tenure-line, are likely to be invited to help design and give feedback on assessments implemented in disciplines, institutions, and classes. Full-time faculty are also likely to be invited to interpret the assessment results and offer feedback on how to use the results to close the loop. Part-time faculty members are not as likely as their full-time colleagues to be invited to participate in the various stages of the assessment loop. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Nietzsche: Old and New Questions
Authors: Clark Maudemarie
Published: November 2018

This essay is one of ten contributions to a special editorial feature in The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 49.2 (Autumn 2018), in which authors were invited to address the following questions: What is the future of Nietzsche studies? What are the most pressing questions its scholars should address? What texts and issues demand our urgent attention? And as we turn to these issues, what methodological and interpretive principles should guide us? The editorship hopes this collection will provide a starting point for discussions about the most fruitful directions for Nietzsche scholarship to take and the most promising avenues for building on the best recent work.
The Effects of Laser Energy, Repetition of Pulse Laser, Wavelength, and Temperature on Silver Nano-Particles
Authors: Aldosari F. M. , Azzeer A. M. , Hassib A. M.
Published: November 2018

To study the effects of temperature, wavelength, laser energy, and repetition of pulsed laser on the silver nanoparticles. The laser induced photoacoustic technique has been used to study photoacoustic properties of silver nanoparticles. The study found a direct correlation between the wavelength and the concentration of the photoacoustic signal. Moreover, an indirect correlation was predicted between the temperature and concentration of the photoacoustic signals. The laser energy was found out to be 355 nm at a constant repetition rate of 2 Hz and the repetition rate of 2 Hz was also selected for the entire measurements. The photoacoustic properties of silver nanoparticles were significantly affected by wavelength, temperature, repetition of pulsed laser, and input energy as predicted by the data collected from the study.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4
Authors: Ding Alice
Published: November 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2018.
Visibility of Sustainable Development Efforts: Assessment of Kentucky Trail Towns
Authors: Koo Jayoung
Published: November 2018

Many communities work on trail projects as opportunities for sustainable development. Kentucky Trail Towns are accomplishing certification through a systematic state-wide program that guides communities, established in geographically advantageous locations, through a resource-based approach to community and economic development. Kentucky Trail Town communities proactively assess and explore physical assets, economic feasibility, and marketing strategies to capitalize on trails associated with adventure tourism. Since 2013, 17 Kentucky Trail Town certifications have been celebrated, particularly in and around publicly protected and managed areas, such as national and state parks and trail systems among other types of recreational destinations pertaining to adventure tourism.

This study systematically evaluated 16 Kentucky Trail Towns with a focus on wayfinding systems and communication of trail-related amenities and services emphasized in the program guidelines. This study found the effectiveness of trail towns in Kentucky to be in its infancy from a short-term perspective. As a long-term strategy, Kentucky Trail Towns should continue their efforts to sustain and strengthen their relationships between core areas of town and major destination trails along with implementing visible indicators throughout the community. Further planning and design considerations can complement existing trails to enhance visitor experiences while also supporting the host community to preserve their landscape characteristics and place identity.
Livelihood Assets and Activities in Two East Coast Communities of Zanzibar and Implications for Vulnerability to Climate Change and Non-Climate Risks
Authors: Makame Makame Omar , Salum Layla Ali , Kangalawe Richard Y. M.
Published: November 2018

Climate variability related events such as drought and associated food shortages are not new along the coast of Zanzibar, but are projected to increase with the impacts of global climate change. This paper examines the ‘internal’ characteristics that make Zanzibar’s coastal communities vulnerable to these and other changes, focusing on the factors that affect adaptive capacity (i.e. household and community assets) and sensitivity (i.e. livelihood activities and diversification). The sustainable livelihood approach and framework, especially the five capitals or assets, provided a lens to examine households’ capital stocks and the factors influencing access to these, as well as the outcomes for livelihood activities. Access to different capitals and assets were found to affect the range and choices of livelihood activities available to households as well as their ability to cope and adapt to existing and new risk. Our analysis shows how households on the drier and harsher east coast of the Zanzibar islands are particularly sensitive to climate variability and change in concert with other livelihoods challenges. This is primarily due to their high dependence on natural-resource based livelihood activities, which are already facing pressures. Moreover, low levels of most livelihood capitals limit the choices households have and undermine their adaptive capacity and ability to bounce back from climate and other shocks and stressors.
Mathematical Model of Benefits and Costs of Coal Mining Environmental
Authors: Juniah Restu , Dalimi Rinaldy , Suparmoko M. , Moersidik SetyoS
Published: November 2018

Environmental sustainability is a key issue of the coal mining sector. This is because the impact of damages on activities undertaken in this sector is deemed vulnerable to environmental sustainability. The damage that occurs has an impact on environmental unsustainability. The value of environmental sustainability is set forth in the Government Regulation No. 46 of 2017 on Environmental Economic Instruments. Under this regulation, any activity that has an impact on the environment including the coal mining sector shall assess the damage it causes. The mathematical model of environmental benefits and cost of coal mining discovered by Juniah (2013), is an expansion of the extended mathematical model of the benefits and costs of Munasinghe (1997). This model can be used and implemented to assess environmental losses and determine the value of environmental sustainability of coal mining as intended by the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia. The environmental losses can be minimized by utilizing water void mine as raw water. This model can also be used by government, stakeholders, and mining investors to assess the sustainability of the coal mining environment for the resulting externalities, and the utilization of mine void water as raw water.
Eurocentrism and the Contribution of Ibn Khaldun to the Growth of Sociology
Authors: Rameez Aboobacker
Published: November 2018

It is generally believed that sociology originated in Europe in the 19th century and the paternity of the discipline is commonly attributed to the French sociologist August Comte. However, reflections of a sociological nature were observed and found in the work of 14th century North African historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun. However, such contribution of Ibn Khaldun is little acknowledged by European scholars in their works. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine how Eurocentrism is embedded in the writing of the European scholars and unpacks the contribution of Ibn Khaldun in the growth of Sociology. In the first part of essay, I argue that the perspective of European scholars are mainly Eurocentric and parochial in their accounts on culture, language and other aspects of non-European society. In the second part of the essay, I argue Ibn Khaldun’s contribution to the field of sociology is largely ignored, though his contributions dealt with the society and human character, political organization and government, differences between rural and urban populations, kinship, social solidarity, and the interplay between economic conditions and social organizations. Nevertheless, I argue that though Ibn Khaldun’s ideas have hugely impressed some of European thinkers in the 19th century prompting them to regard him as the progenitor of sociology, question remains as to how his ideas and theories have been appropriated by contemporary social scientists in their works.
Las respuestas lectoras en niños preadolescentes: Espejo de la agresión
Authors: C. Cuperman Raquel
Published: November 2018

This study used picture books from the field of literature for children and young people to detect the roles of bully and victim taken on by adolescents in a school of high socioeconomic status in Bogotá, Colombia. Readers' responses arising from literary discussions pointed to conflicts of social inequality and intolerance. These were cross-checked with a questionnaire on television preferences; a questionnaire on identification with bullies and victims in TV series; notes taken by the observer of the school's pupils; a questionnaire on the frequency of bullying suffered and carried out.Elements common to all the above tools were sought. The data compiled allowed certain pupils to be identified as taking part in different bullying roles; these pupils showed preferences for violence on television, gave a greater number of performative responses and showed no cognitive empathy with victims in stories. In general, rather than identifying with a particular character, they displayed a need to justify violence on the part of humans. The study indicated that the guided post-reading discussions could reflect social circumstances and inequality and aggressiveness in communal life.
Cambios de código en niños mientras juegan videojuegos
Authors: Robles Hmilowicz Armando
Published: November 2018

El trabajo analiza los cambios de código en niños bilingües en el contexto de los juegos de vídeo. Para ello emplea el análisis interaccional sobre un corpus integrado por interacciones de una pareja de hermanos con padres mexicanos que viven desde hace 10 años en Estados Unidos, mientras juegan videojuegos. La familia se encuentra de vacaciones en México, por lo que además de interactuar entre sí, los niños interactúan con otros niños (sus primos), dando origen a distintas situaciones comunicativas que son analizadas. Se distingue el uso de dos tipos de cambio de código para el contexto del videojuego: cambios de orientación interna (relacionados directamente con el videojuego) y cambios de orientación externa (no relacionados con el juego en sí). El estudio pone a prueba la utilidad de estas categorías y propone que los cambios de código pueden formar parte de un repertorio de recursos comunicativos que los niños están aprendiendo a utilizar en este contexto novedoso, por lo cual puede resultar interesante desde un punto de vista didáctico.
El paper de la mediació en el desenvolupament de la competència literària: Disseny i aplicació d'una intervenció didàctica
Authors: Amat i Castells Vanesa
Published: November 2018

Aquest article presenta l’experiència de planificació i desenvolupament d’una intervenció didàctica per millorar la competència literària d’un grup d’alumnes de segon curs d’educació primària. S’analitza el paper de mediació que exerceix la mestra en activitats de diàleg al voltant de la lectura de diversos àlbums il·lustrats, centrant-se en dos aspectes: d’una banda, en la creació i utilització d’un recurs didàctic per fomentar l’expressió dels infants en clau literària i, de l’altra, en les intervencions de la docent com a participant i guia en el transcurs de les discussions.
Actuar per parlar. La dramatització com a instrument didàctic per a l’adquisició lingüística i la formació literària
Authors: Luengo Bravo Antonio
Published: November 2018

La dramatització és un instrument que pot promoure l’adquisició lingüística i la formació literària de l’alumnat nouvingut a les aules d’acollida del nostre país. Els jocs dramàtics, a més de ser instruments eficaços per superar bloquejos expressius i promoure que l’alumnat es llenci a parlar, constitueixen un marc comunicatiu en el que utilitzar el català de forma significativa. A més, la possibilitat de dramatitzar textos permet treballar a fons la seva comprensió i la seva interpretació. i crear un vincle afectiu amb l’adolescent, promovent la discussió sobre aspectes de l’obra, tot utilitzant la llengua oral. Amb la voluntat de crear pràctiques innovadores en l’acollida d’alumnat nouvingut a través de la dramatització com a instrument didàctic per a l’adquisició lingüística i la formació literària es presenta aquest article, les conclusions del qual es basen en els resultats d’una recerca, situada en el marc de les aplicacions de la literatura en contextos plurilingües que constitueix un primer apropament a la dramatització des de la didàctica de la llengua i la literatura.
The Interactional Architecture of the Language Classroom
Authors: Seedhouse Paul
Published: November 2018

This article provides a summary of some of the key ideas of Seedhouse (2004). The study applies Conversation Analysis (CA) methodology to an extensive and varied database of language lessons from around the world and attempts to answer the question ‘How is L2 classroom interaction organised?’ The main thesis is that there is a reflexive relationship between pedagogy and interaction in the L2 classroom. This means that there is a two-way, mutually dependent relationship. Furthermore, this relationship is the foundation of the organisation of interaction in L2 classrooms. The omnipresent and unique feature of the L2 classroom is this reflexive relationship between pedagogy and interaction. So whoever is taking part in L2 classroom interaction and whatever the particular activity during which the interactants are speaking the L2, they are always displaying to one another their analyses of the current state of the evolving relationship between pedagogy and interaction and acting on the basis of these analyses. So interaction in the L2 classroom is based on the relationship between pedagogy and interaction. Interactants are constantly analysing this relationship and displaying their analyses in their talk. An example of data analysis is provided, including discussion of socially distributed cognition and learning.
Editor's Notes
Authors: Dooly Melinda
Published: November 2018

Comenzamos este volumen con nuestras autores invitadas, la Dra. Annie Pilote, la Dra. Magnan Marie-Odile y la Dra. Cynthia Groff (...) tres artículos son seleccionandos  de las Jornadas Interuniversitárias de Investigación en Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura (...).
New media, new communicative genres and inclusive technology-mediated L2 pedagogy: A conversation with Steve Thorne
Authors: Antoniadou Victoria
Published: November 2018

Professor Steve Thorne is well-known for his work on second and foreign language development and Internet-mediated communicative activity. He is identified with the study of language use, communication dynamics and technology-mediated foreign, second, and plurilingual language learning, occurring within and outside of formal educational settings. His work draws on sociocultural and cultural-historical approaches to language development and he is particularly interested in multiplayer online gaming environments, the "cultures of use" of Internet communication tools, and intercultural communication. Professor Thorne is currently a faculty member in the Department of World Languages and Literatures at Portland State University in the United States and the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. The following interview took place in April 2011 on the occasion of the EUROCALL CMC & Teacher Education SIGs Annual Workshop in Barcelona, in which Professor Thorne was the keynote speaker.
Ressenya: El tractament integrat de les llengües
Authors: Méndez i Navarro Anna Maria
Published: November 2018

El Tractament Integrat de les Llengües (Graó) includes seven articles from academics and researchers which have an integrated approach of the areas of language as an object of debate and study. The volume is organised around the following thematic areas: a) the processing of language use; b) knowledge of discursive situations and types of texts; c) the continuity between language use and metalinguistic activity and d) awareness of linguistic diversity and language attitudes.
Editor's Notes
Authors: Dooly Melinda
Published: November 2018

We have an exciting volume to close the year 2011 with a variety of articles on relevant topics in language and literature teaching and learning. ...
A Dialogic Model for Telecollaboration
Authors: Helm Francesca
Published: November 2018

En contextos de aprendizaje de idiomas, telecolaboración se entiende como el intercambio intercultural, facilitado vía Internet, entre las personas de diferentes orígenes culturales / nacionales. La interacción es construida en un contexto institucional con el objetivo de desarrollar tanto las habilidades lingüísticas como las competencias comunicativas e interculturales. En general, los estudiantes interactúan entre sí sobre temas "seguros" y, posteriormente, reflexionan y discuten sobre sus interacciones con los profesores y compañeros. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo dialógico de telecolaboración que rompe con esta tradición, ya que implica la interacción sobre temas que se consideran de división o conflictivos, a través del diálogo en grupos dirigidos por mediadores capacitados (dentro del Programa Connect Soliya). Se ilustran las diferencias entre este modelo de telecolaboración y los modelos tradicionales. La autora presenta los resultados de un estudio de investigación que analiza la evaluación de los participantes de este programa, como perciben el papel de los mediadores y los resultados personales de aprendizaje
Tareas de escritura y géneros discursivos en los libros de texto
Authors: González Caravaca Gema
Published: November 2018

Este trabajo presenta el análisis de las tareas de escritura en dos libros de texto del primer curso de Secundaria en España. En el análisis es fundamental observar la incorporación del concepto de género discursivo frente al más tradicional de tipo textual. Se han tenido en cuenta diversos aspectos: los tipos textuales y géneros discursivos que se estudian; el empleo de textos reales o adaptados como modelos y los objetivos de las tareas de escritura. Por último, se tiene en cuenta cómo se plantea el proceso de escritura y el modelo que subyace tras él. Del análisis realizado, se concluye que el proceso del aprendizaje de la escritura propuesto en las obras estudiadas sigue un modelo lineal en el cual no se favorecen la recursividad y la autoevaluación.
Una didàctica ‘sociolingüística’ de les llengües?
Authors: Nussbaum Luci
Published: November 2018

L’escola actual acull alumnat amb experiències sociolingüístiques i competències diverses en les diferents llengües amb què han estat en contacte. Tot i així, l’escola proposa l’ensenyament separat de les llengües, sense tenir molt en compte les pràctiques quotidianes de l’alumnat. En aquest text, es revisen algunes visions actuals del plurilingüisme, entès, d’una banda, com a capacitat de les persones de triar recursos adequats a cada situació, i, d’altra banda, com a repertori útil per fer front a problemes de comunicació. Així mateix, es discuteix el paper de les pràctiques plurilingües en l’adquisició de noves competències i la necessitat que la didàctica de les llengües incorpori activitats plurilingües en la programació de l’ensenyament.
RESISTANCE TO WEAR AS A FUNCTION
OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND SELECTED
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MICROALLOYED
STEEL WITH BORON
Authors: KONAT Łukasz , NAPIÓRKOWSKI Jerzy , KOŁAKOWSKI Karol
Published: November 2018

The paper presents the structure and the results of abrasive wear resistance tests
of XAR®600, TBL PLUS, and B27 steel. As a result of the tests conducted by
means of light and scanning microscopy, it has been proven that these types of
steel are characterised by subtle differences in their structures, affecting their
strength and performance properties. In the delivered condition, all types of
steel are characterised by a fine-grained structure with post-martensitic
orientation with insets of carbide phases. The structural type of the discussed
steel types disclosed in the course of the research, as well as the results of the
conducted spectral analyses of the chemical composition, indicate that their
properties are shaped in the course of specialist procedures of
thermomechanical rolling. According to the above-mentioned test results, it can
be concluded that the analysed steel types were designed in compliance with the
canons of materials engineering in relation to low-alloy steel resistant to
abrasive wear. Due to this, the obtained results of the structural tests of
XAR®600, TBL PLUS, and B27 steel were subjected to verification in the
course of abrasive wear resistance tests by means of the “spinning bowl”
method. The tests, conducted in real soil masses – loamy sand, light clay, and
normal clay, compared with the results of hardness measurements, indicated
a strict dependence of abrasive wear resistance ratios as a function of structure
and the heat treatment condition of the tested types of steel. All the obtained test
results were referred to 38GSA steel in a normalised condition.
EVALUATION OF LUBRICATION EFFICIENCY
BASED ON WEAR DURING VARIABLE LOADS
AND SLIDING VELOCITIES
Authors: KRAWIEC Stanisław , KRAWIEC Michał , LEŚNIEWSKI Tadeusz
Published: November 2018

The results of the tribological studies on the lubrication efficiency of greases
evaluated based on tribological tests performed at varying pressure p and
rubbing speed v are presented. For the efficiency criterion, the volume of wear
VF(d) obtained from the regression equations of wear was adopted (wear
F (d) = f (F, v)). Six different lubricants were tested; two of them were
commercial greases, and four of them were compositions based on them, including conventional solid greases (PTFE, tin, copper, and boron nitride). The
experiment was carried out on a four-ball extreme pressure tester according to
a rotatable design on five levels. For each of the selected lubricants, a regression
function was developed that defined wear as a function of rubbing speed and
load. The volume of the obtained wear VF(d) was calculated and relevant
conclusions were drawn.
CHANGES OF SURFACE LAYER PROPERTIES IN GEAR TEETH AFTER SHOT PEENING
Authors: TAGOWSKI Michał , CZARNECKI Henryk
Published: November 2018

Considering the phenomenon during teeth cooperation in a toothed gear and produced loads within the macro and micro areas of contact surface, one should be paying attention to the type and condition of the surface layer. Shot peening is often recommended, especially for gears particularly loaded in addition to hardening by heat treatment. Therefore, the study presents hardness changes in tooth surface layers after shot peening, when the surfaces had been previously carburized and quenched. The article presents hardness distribution over the depth of the teeth. Measurements were made on oblique polished and etched surface, which allows the identification of the microhardness near the outer surface and through the depth up to the core. Furthermore, based on data analysis obtained from X-ray diffraction, the amount of retained austenite was estimated and changes in the metallographic structure after shot peening were illustrated.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF SINGLE-DISC CLUTCHES DURING REPEATED ENGAGEMENTS
Authors: ABDULLAH Oday I. , SABRI Laith Abed , Abd Al-SAHB Wassan S.
Published: November 2018

Most of the failures in the sliding systems occur due to the high thermal stresses, which generated at the interface between the contacting surfaces due to sliding between parts, such as friction clutches and brakes. In this paper, the thermal behaviour of a single-disc clutch is investigated. The surface temperatures of the friction clutch disc will be increased during repeated engagements, in some cases, will lead to premature failure of the clutch disc. In order to avoid this kind of failure, it the surface temperature should be calculated with high accuracy to know the maximum working temperature of the friction system. In this work, the temperature distributions are computed during four repeated engagements at regular intervals (5 s) for the same energy dissipation. Three-dimensional finite element models are used to simulate the typical friction clutch disc.