bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of radiality constraints for power distribution networks
Authors: Trabuco Belotti Jônatas , Cavellucci Celso , Valadares Siqueira Hugo , Usberti Fábio Luiz
Published: January 2025

This work carried out an empirical study with the objective of determining the most efficient strategy in guaranteeing the radiality of the distribution network during the reconfiguration. The reconfiguration problem in a distribution network aims to reduce technical losses by changing the paths that energy takes through the network until it reaches consumers. In this problem, a mandatory constraint is to ensure that the network operates radially. However, the literature does not present a consensus on the best way to guarantee this restriction. Computational experiments were carried out using the two main methodologies in the literature: limiting the number of input edges; and search with removal of cycles in each partial solution. A third and new strategy was proposed as an alternative to the literature using the concept of minimal cuts in graphs. Computational tests showed that the strategy of limiting the number of input edges was the most efficient in ensuring radiality. We also point out a drawback in the applicability of this strategy to networks with high penetrations of distributed generation (DG). For this reason, our experiments also analyze the other strategies that are suitable for DG power flows. For this case, we show that the methodology proposed in this paper provides a better way to tackle modern networks arising from applications of smart grids.
A Novel Technique for Nasopharyngeal Stenosis Repair: Combined Transoral Robotic and Endonasal Approaches for Enhanced Visualization and Surgical Precision
Authors: Wagner Russel T. , Khalili Sammy , Henning Blake , Mundi Neil S.
Published: January 2025

Nasopharyngeal stenosis is a challenging condition characterized by a narrowed nasopharynx, leading to nasal congestion, impaired breathing, and recurrent sinus issues. In this report, we present a unique surgical approach that combines the use of both the Da Vinci Xi robot and a 70-degree nasal endoscope in a patient with a type II stenosis of the nasopharynx. The benefits of improved visualization, maneuverability, and precision of this novel combined approach are highlighted. It also highlights the benefit of using mitomycin C in minimizing the risk of re-stenosis. This previously undescribed technique can not only improve patient outcomes, but it also paves the way for future advancements and broader applications in robotically assisted procedures involving the skull base and oropharynx.
The Effect of Genotype Differences on Cardiac Involvement in Cases Diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Doğan Gizem , Sarıkaya Uzan Gamze , Güzin Yiğithan , Baydan Figen , Eliacık Kayı , Güven Barıs , Bakiler Ali Rahmi
Published: January 2025

Aim Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequently seen muscular disease in childhood. Cardiac involvement is extremely important in terms of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Different studies have shown that mutations occurring in various exons are cardioprotective or increase cardiac involvement in DMD cases. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of genotype differences on cardiac involvement in patients diagnosed with DMD with genetic analysis.

Material and Method A retrospective analysis of DMD patients followed up in the Muscle Diseases Centre of Health Sciences University Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital was done.

Results Evaluation was made of 120 male DMD patients with a mean age of 9.66 ± 5.10 years. According to the genetic analysis results, 76.7% deletions, 15.8% mutations, and 7.5% duplications were determined. Of the mutations determined, 65.8% were between exons 44 and 54, 17.5% between exons 1 and 18, and 9.2% between exons 19 and 43, 5.8% were non-sense mutations, and 1.7% were on exons >54. In the cases determined with cardiac involvement, the mean age of onset was 11.87 ± 3.11 years. When ejection fraction (EF) <56% or fractional shortening (FS) <28% was accepted as systolic dysfunction cardiac effect, 12.5% of the cases were determined with cardiac involvement. Of the cases determined with cardiac effects, 86.7% were aged >10 years. Electrocardiography was evaluated as normal in 54.5%, sinus tachycardia in 24.2%, short PR in 15.2%, and right and left ventricle hypertrophy in 8.1%. No statistically significant difference was determined in mutation types and location according to the age of cardiac involvement. The left ventricle (LV) posterior wall thickness value determined in the exon 44–54 group was higher than in DMD cases with other mutations. Although not statistically significant, an important result was that the LV posterior wall and IVSed values were evaluated to be high.

Conclusion The current study results and findings in literature have not found a clear relationship between genotypes and cardiac involvement in DMD cases.
Radiation exposure during cardiac interventions in CHD: German Registry 2012-2020
Authors: Tengler Anja , Michel Jörg , Arenz Claudia , Bauer UIrike , Beudt Jens , Horke Alexander , Kerst Gunter , Beckmann Andreas , Hofbeck Michael
Published: January 2025

Background: Since patients with congenital heart defects (CHD) frequently require life-long medical care and repeat invasive treatment, radiation exposure during interventional procedures is a relevant issue concerning potential radiation related risks. Therefore, an analysis on radiation data from the German Registry for Cardiac Operations and Interventions in patients with CHD was performed.
Methods: From January 2012 until December 2020 a total of 28,374 cardiac catheter interventions were recorded. 8 specified interventions were selected for evaluation: ASD/PFO, PDA and VSD occlusion, CoA balloon dilatation and stent implantation, aortic valvuloplasty, pulmonary valvuloplasty and transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation. Radiation exposure data included total fluoroscopy time (TFT), dose area product (DAP) and DAP per body weight (DAP/BW).
Results: The cohort accounted for 9,350 procedures including 3,426 ASD/PFO occlusions, 2,039 PDA occlusions, 599 aortic and 1,536 pulmonary valvuloplasties, 383 balloon dilatations resp. 496 stent implantations for CoA, 168 VSD occlusions and 703 TPVI. 610 ASD/PFO procedures (17.8%) were performed without radiation. Median annual TFT, DAP and DAP/BW showed a continuous decrease while radiation burden correlated with intervention complexity: For ASD/PFO and PDA occlusion, aortic and pulmonary valvuloplasty and balloon dilatation of CoA median DAP/BW was <20.0 µGy*m²/kg, while median values of 26.3 µGy*m²/kg and 31.6 µGy*m²/kg were noted for stenting of CoA and VSD closure. Radiation burden was highest in TPVI with a median DAP/BW of 79.4 µGy*m²/kg.
Conclusion: A decrease of radiation exposure was found in 8 cardiac interventions from 1/2012 – 12/2020. Comparison with international registries revealed a good quality of radiation protection.
Exploring Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid–Liquid Extraction as a Benign Alternative for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Padinhattath Sachind Prabha , Shaibuna M. , Gardas Ramesh L.
Published: January 2025

The uncontrolled release of industrial effluents containing micropollutants (MPs), dyes, and heavy metal ions contaminates natural water bodies posing threats to health and the environment. Conventional treatment methods often struggle with challenges such as prolonged processing time, low specificity, and risk of producing secondary pollutants. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) technique utilizing ionic liquids (ILs) has emerged as a viable alternative for the elimination of contaminants from wastewater. ILs, characterized by minimal volatility and tunable physicochemical properties, facilitate the precise elimination of contaminants from industrial effluent. IL-LLE streamlines the experimental setup, lowers energy consumption, promotes recyclability for reuse, enhances mechanistic understanding, and hence provides a sustainable alternative to industrial effluent treatment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of IL-LLE approaches for wastewater treatment,
commencing with an overview of the historical evolution of ILs, tracing their progression from initial research to contemporary and advanced applications. The article primarily examines the practical applications of IL-LLE, demonstrating how these approaches are employed to efficiently remove diverse contaminants from both simulated and actual industrial wastewater samples. As a whole, the review consolidates the versatility and efficiency of IL-based LLE in addressing various challenges in wastewater treatment.
Factors Predicting Recurrence and Resolution of Chronic SDH after Surgery
Authors: Vyas Shashin N. , Sharma Achal
Published: January 2025

Background Chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) is notoriously known to have high recurrence rates after surgery. We followed the course of 100 postoperative patients to determine the various stipulated factors associated with recurrence.

Materials and Methods In our study of 100 patients, there was a significant association with the size of SDH, amount of midline shift, increasing age, less duration of primary injury, and the increasing incidence of delayed resolution and recurrence. Also, the membrane of the patients with recurrent SDH was found to have a collection of neutrophils, plasma cells, histiocytes, and lymphocytes.

Conclusion Large size of SDH, increasing age, and recent injury were significant determining factors for delayed resolution and recurrence.
Safety and Efficacy of CT-Guided Percutaneous Cryoablation of Large Angiomyolipomas: Case Series and Review of Literature
Authors: Dijkstra Madelon , Gentile Nicole T. , Gu Khloe , Peña Costantino S. , Narayanan Govindarajan
Published: January 2025

To evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of percutaneous cryoablation of large renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs), three patients with large predominantly fat-containing AMLs measuring over 4 cm were treated with cryoablation. Two patients underwent cryoablation alone and one patient underwent selective arterial embolization followed by cryoablation. All patients were followed up with cross-sectional imaging. All procedures were performed safely and successfully. The first two patients had no side effects or complications. The third patient developed tachycardia following the procedure that required additional cardiac monitoring and resolved without difficulty. The follow-up imaging demonstrated reduction in size of the AMLs in all three patients. CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation is a minimally invasive, viable, and safe treatment option for large AMLs without a significant vascular component while improving the patient's clinical outcomes.
Resonance absorption of sound under the competitive effect of saddle points on electron drift
Authors: Kabanov A. E. , Burma N. G. , Fil’ V. D.
Published: January 2025

A new type of magnetoacoustic resonance, viz., the extremal drift of charge carriers in which competing contributions are made by the two saddle points at the opposite regions of the cyclotron orbits, is experimentally discovered and interpreted.
Dynamics of self-trapping of high-energy 3p-excitations in solid neon
Authors: Belov A. G. , Svishchev V. N. , Fugol’ I. Ya.
Published: January 2025

Radiative transitions from high-energy 3p-states of solid neon are measured in the interval 585−750 nm. Each band of the 3pi→3sk is found to be due to the self-trapping of excitons in atomic-type states. The energy released during the self-trapping of excitons near the free crystal surface causes an ejection of 3p-excited atoms into vacuum followed by emission. For self-trapping in the bulk, the process is accompanied by a rearrangement of the lattice which follows the pattern of plastic deformation. The role of the recombination processes in the formation of 3p-excited states is discussed.
Low-temperature specific heat of GaS, GaSe, and GaTe
Authors: Aldzhanov M. A.
Published: January 2025

The low-temperature specific heats of layered compounds GaS, GaSe, and GaTe are analyzed by using the theory of heat capacity of highly anisotropic crystals with different degrees of anisotropy.
Electromagnetic mechanism of pulse nonlinearity suppression in metals
Authors: Krokhin A. A. , Makarov N. M. , Yampol’skii V. A.
Published: January 2025

A new mechanism leading to a suppression of pulse nonlinearity in metals is discovered. It is due to the electromagnetic “tail” propagating in the sample and accompanying a sound pulse. The tail is produced by electrons trapped by an acoustic wave. The theory explains a number of transient phenomena observed in experiments [V.D. Fil et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 47, 207 (1982)].
Anderson localization and superconductivity in La2−xMxCuO4−y (M = Sr, Ba, Hf)
Authors: Mikhailov I. G. , Morozovskii A. E. , Tolpygo S. K.
Published: January 2025

The oxygen-nonstoichiometric compound La2CuO4−y exhibits Anderson’s localization of charge carriers with a localization radius close to the interatomic distance. The dependences of the Δ = Ec — EF (Ec being the mobility threshold) and localization radius on the degree of doping by di- and tetravalent metals are investigated. The regularities of variation in electric properties upon doping are shown to be typical of the Anderson metal–insulator transition.
Peculiarities of thermo-emf in pure indium at low temperatures
Authors: Mezhov-Deglin L. P. , Neminskii A. M.
Published: January 2025

A sharp variation in the temperature dependence of the thermo-emf of pure indium observed at temperatures T < 4 K can be attributed to the freezing of the electron–phonon transitions between the electron and hole sheets of the indium Fermi surface.
Ultrasensitive iontronic pressure sensor based on microstructure ionogel dielectric layer for wearable electronics
Authors: Kou Hairong , Pang Yuhang , Yang Libo , Zhang Xiaoyong , Shang Zhenzhen , Zhang Lei , Zhang Liang , Shi Yixin , Gui Zhiguo , Ye Youwen , Song Shijie
Published: January 2025

Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin, healthcare, and intelligent robotics. Traditional capacitive pressure sensors, however, face the problem of low sensitivity, which limits their wider application. In this paper, a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured ionization layer is fabricated by a sandwich-type process, with a low-cost and simple process of inverted molding with sandpapers being used to form a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer ionic film with double-sided microstructure as the dielectric layer of the sensor, with silver nanowires as electrodes. The operating mechanism of this iontronic pressure sensor is analyzed using a graphical method, and the sensor is tested on a pressure platform. The test results show that the sensor has ultrahigh pressure sensitivities of 3.744 and 1.689 kPa−1 at low (0–20 kPa) and high (20–800 kPa) pressures, respectively, as well as a rapid response time (100 ms), and it exhibits good stability and repeatability. The sensor can be used for sensitive monitoring of activities such as finger bending, and for facial expression (smile, frown) recognition, as well as speech recognition.
Polarity dependent predictable and random resistive switching in forming-free unipolar memristors
Authors: Rayapati Venkata Rao , Vegesna Sahitya Varma , Bhat Vinayak Jayram , Blaschke Daniel , Diegel Marco , Dellith Andrea , Dellith Jan , Bürger Danilo , Skorupa Ilona , Schmidt Heidemarie
Published: January 2025

Polycrystalline, hexagonal HoMnO3 thin films sandwiched between an un-patterned Pt/Ti bottom electrode and a circularly patterned Al top electrode reveal forming-free, polarity dependent predictable and random, unipolar resistive switching with stable retention, and a resistance ratio between high resistance state (HRS) and low resistance state (LRS) larger than 104. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to describe the HoMnO3 memristor as a three-layered capacitor structure. Based on the energy band diagram of the HoMnO3 structure under applied negative and positive write bias, polarity dependent, predictable, and random resistive switching is explained. Furthermore, the conductance in LRS until RESET and in HRS until SET has been investigated. The conductance in LRS is large and constant until RESET bias is reached. The conductance in HRS increases from nearly zero to quantum conductance G0 (2e2/h) until SET bias is reached.
Countering detector manipulation attacks in quantum communication through detector self-testing
Authors: Shen Lijiong , Kurtsiefer Christian
Published: January 2025

In practical quantum key distribution systems, imperfect physical devices open security loopholes that challenge the core promise of this technology. Apart from various side channels, a vulnerability of single-photon detectors to blinding attacks has been one of the biggest concerns and has been addressed both by technical means as well as advanced protocols. In this work, we present a countermeasure against such attacks based on self-testing of detectors to confirm their intended operation without relying on specific aspects of their inner working and to reveal any manipulation attempts. We experimentally demonstrate this countermeasure with a typical InGaAs avalanche photodetector, but the scheme can be easily implemented with any single photon detector.
Structural properties and recrystallization effects in ion beam modified B20-type FeGe films
Authors: Liu Jiangteng , Schoell Ryan , Zhang Xiyue S. , Yang Hongbin , Venuti M. B. , Paik Hanjong , Muller David A. , Lu Tzu-Ming , Hattar Khalid , Eley Serena
Published: January 2025

Disordered iron germanium (FeGe) has recently garnered interest as a testbed for a variety of magnetic phenomena as well as for use in magnetic memory and logic applications. This is partially owing to its ability to host skyrmions and antiskyrmions—nanoscale whirlpools of magnetic moments that could serve as information carriers in spintronic devices. In particular, a tunable skyrmion–antiskyrmion system may be created through precise control of the defect landscape in B20-phase FeGe, motivating the development of methods to systematically tune disorder in this material and understand the ensuing structural properties. To this end, we investigate a route for modifying magnetic properties in FeGe. In particular, we irradiate epitaxial B20-phase FeGe films with 2.8 MeV Au4+ ions, which creates a dispersion of amorphized regions that may preferentially host antiskyrmions at densities controlled by the irradiation fluence. To further tune the disorder landscape, we conduct a systematic electron diffraction study with in situ annealing, demonstrating the ability to recrystallize controllable fractions of the material at temperatures ranging from ∼150 to 250 °C. Finally, we describe the crystallization kinetics using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov model, finding that the growth of crystalline grains is consistent with diffusion-controlled one-to-two dimensional growth with a decreasing nucleation rate.
Impurity-induced step pinning and recovery in MOVPE-grown (100) β-Ga2O3 film
Authors: Chou Ta-Shun , Rehm Jana , Bin Anooz Saud , Wouters Charlotte , Ernst Owen , Akhtar Arub , Galazka Zbigniew , Albrecht Martin , Fiedler Andreas , Popp Andreas
Published: January 2025

This study focuses on the impact of high-doping impurities (>1018 cm−3) on the morphology of homoepitaxially grown (100) 4° off β-Ga2O3 film, as well as incorporating insights from the Cabrera–Vermilyea model (C–V model). Using atomic force microscopy imaging, we reveal that under low-supersaturation conditions, dopant-induced impurities lead to irregular step formation and growth stalling, inducing the step-bunching formation consistent with C–V model predictions. Conversely, higher supersaturation conditions restore desired step-flow morphology, resembling low-impurity growth states. It is also shown that the step-bunching formed under lower supersaturation conditions and high-impurity concentration might induce unwanted structural defects and compensate the free carriers. These findings underscore the delicate interplay between dopant concentrations, growth morphology, and supersaturation in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy-grown (100) β-Ga2O3 films, providing a comprehensive understanding of optimizing their electrical properties with respect to power electronics applications.
Segregation-induced co-passivation effect of S and Cl on CdTe grain boundaries
Authors: Wang Man , Wang Dan , Liu Haochen , Rahman Sara , Ye Honggang , Yu Jinying , Wu Yelong
Published: January 2025

The efficiency of polycrystalline CdTe solar cells can be significantly enhanced through CdCl2 treatment. However, while this treatment promotes the diffusion of sulfur (S) into CdTe, the improvement cannot be solely attributed to chlorine (Cl); S may also play a crucial role. In this study, using first-principles calculations, we investigated the effects of S and Cl co-doping on the electronic properties of CdTe Σ3 (112) Te-core GBs. The Σ3 (112) Te-core GBs present challenges due to deep gap states caused by Te-Te and Cd-Cd wrong bonds. Notably, the segregation behavior of S dopants within the GBs suggests their potential to significantly influence the electronic properties. When co-doped with Cl, it is evident that S is more likely to occupy interstitial sites rather than substituting for Te atoms under Te-rich conditions. The co-passivation of S and Cl at the GBs can eliminate all gap states, thereby enhancing electrical performance. These findings provide insights into the synergistic effects of dopants on GBs and propose a promising strategy to improve the performance of CdTe solar cells through doping.
Structural health detection sensor based on RFID technology
Authors: Wang Bo , Yuan Yifeng , Wang Ke , Cao Shengli , Song Yalun , Feng Male
Published: January 2025

In order to achieve structural health monitoring, a frequency-domain-based chipless radio-frequency identification sensor has been studied. The sensor is composed of an octagonal patch antenna and a Taconic CER-10 substrate, with overall dimensions of 24 × 24 × 1.27 mm3. Crack detection and strain detection simulations were conducted in the 3–6 and 6–12 GHz dual-frequency bands using HFSS. The results show that the sensor's resonant frequency decreases under tensile strain and increases under compressive strain. As the width, depth, and length of structural cracks increase, the sensor's resonant frequency shifts to lower frequencies. The designed structural health monitoring sensor can detect structural strain and damage with millimeter-level resolution through resonant frequency shifts. The sensor's maximum strain capacities under three different mechanical strains are −40% to 90%, −70% to 120%, and −40% to 90%, respectively. The sensor can detect changes in crack width, depth, and length without deformation, demonstrating a linear relationship between crack expansion and resonant frequency.
The deflection and unsteadiness of the supersonic streamwise vortex interacting with the compression waves
Authors: Ding Haofeng , Zhao Yuxin , Yang Rui , Jin Jiahui , Wang Qi , Wei Feng
Published: January 2025

The deflection and unsteadiness of the supersonic streamwise vortex interacting with the compression waves are experimentally investigated using a nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering technique. Under the influence of the compression waves, the spatial evolution of the vortex is significantly different from that of the undisturbed vortex. The diameter of the vortex core decreases continuously due to adverse pressure gradient, with a statistical reduction of approximately 19.1% at the most downstream position of the compression waves. Analyses of gray fluctuations reveal that the compression waves significantly increase the unsteadiness of the vortex.
Ultrasonic probes and echo time algorithms in ultrasonic gas flow measurement systems: Progress and perspectives
Authors: Wei Zihui , Zhao Xinyue , Han Lintao , Zhao Ning , Fang Lide
Published: January 2025

Ultrasonic gas flowmeters employ non-intrusive measurement techniques, characterized by rapid responsiveness and exceptional anti-interference capabilities. These attributes not only minimize disruption to the gas during measurement but also facilitate dynamic process control while ensuring robust performance under complex operational conditions. This paper provides an overview of the key components of ultrasonic gas measurement systems, briefly summarizing the fundamental principles of commonly used measurement methods. After focusing on the evolution of transducer structures and materials within ultrasonic probes, it categorizes different types of transducers and outlines the latest designs of excitation circuits in both hardware and software. The review also critically assesses the determination of echo signal reception characteristics and the accuracy and effectiveness of time-of-flight calculations. Based on innovative analyses of the critical nodes within the measurement system's components, a framework system is established for corresponding measurement scenarios. The measurement results show that the repeatability error of the new transducer remains below 0.3%. The optimized signal processing method expands the measurable flow range to 30–1200 m3/h, and the zero drift is reduced to approximately half of the system's original zero drift. This paper aims to provide clear guidance for researchers and professionals in related industries, enabling them to conduct more in-depth studies based on their research interest and enhancing their understanding of ultrasonic measurements.
Mapping essential oral healthcare for the Australian context
Authors: Nguyen Tan Minh , Lin Clare , Hall Martin , Calache Hanny
Published: January 2025

Australia’s universal healthcare scheme, Medicare, has largely excluded oral healthcare resulting in inequitable access to affordable, essential oral healthcare. To achieve inclusion of oral health within Australia’s universal healthcare scheme, it is necessary to identify and define the dental services that constitute essential oral healthcare. This perspective paper explores how essential oral healthcare should be considered for the Australian context and to align with the World Health Organization’s approach to universal health coverage that includes oral health.
Mercury in an Australian sclerophyll Eucalyptus forest and emissions from fuel reduction prescribed burning
Authors: Taylor James R. , Schneider Larissa , Fostier Anne-Helene , Keith Heather , Cao Fei , Davies Peter , Cary Geoffrey J. , Haberle Simon G. , Lawrence Susan
Published: January 2025

Environmental context Understanding how mercury cycles through the environment is crucial for protecting ecosystems and human health. Our study is among the first to measure mercury concentrations in Eucalyptus forest soils and litter and estimate emissions from prescribed burns, addressing a significant gap in current knowledge. These new data enhance our understanding of mercury cycling in Australia and contribute to the global information on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury. Rationale Research on mercury in Australian soils and litter is sparse. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by investigating mercury pools in soil and litter in a eucalypt forest in Victoria, Australia. Methodology We analysed total mercury concentrations in O and A horizon soils, and twig, bark and leaf litter. Soil samples were collected from an area affected by a prescribed burn and unburned areas. Additionally, soil samples from the base of tree stems were taken in unburned areas. The organic matter content of all soil samples was also assessed. Results In unburned soils, mean mercury concentrations at the base of tree stems, in the O-horizon and A horizon were 143 ± 61, 112 ± 71 and 56 ± 30 ng g−1 respectively. In burned soils, mean mercury concentrations in the O and A horizons were 91 ± 63  and 46 ± 19 ng g−1 respectively. Mercury concentrations in leaf, bark and twig litter averaged 71 ± 11, 21 ± 13 and 8 ± 4 ng g−1 respectively. The emission factor was estimated as 0.247 g Hg ha−1. Discussion The studied sclerophyll forest represents a significant mercury reservoir. Burning did not significantly alter the mercury burden in soil; however, emissions of mercury from litter did occur. This finding underscores the need for more comprehensive research into mercury cycling in Australia and suggests that prescribed burning practices should account for potential mercury emissions.
No evidence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 infection in scavengers of wild rabbits in Australia
Authors: Smith Ina L. , Huang Nina , Pavy Megan , Gofton Alexander , Fahri Omid , Kardia Egi , Mourant Roslyn , Chong Sammi , Jenckel Maria , Hall Robyn N. , Strive Tanja
Published: January 2025

Context Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2/b/GI.2) is the only representative of the genus Lagovirus that is known to fatally infect multiple lagomorph species. RHDV2 is the dominant lagovirus circulating in rabbits in Australia, where some lagoviruses are used for deliberate biological control of European rabbits, a major environmental and agricultural pest in this country. Evidence of exposure to lagoviruses has been reported for a range of species that feed on rabbits, and the reduced host specificity of RHDV2 compared with RHDV1 has occasionally raised concerns, especially in a biocontrol context. Aim We investigated evidence of exposure to RHDV2 in 99 individual feral foxes, cats, dogs and pigs and then we aimed to test these animals for evidence of a productive infection. Methods Sera were analysed for the presence of antibodies to RHDV2, and faeces and tissues for the presence of viral RNA. We made provisions for downstream analysis of liver tissues by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and histopathology should they return a positive RT-qPCR result, to further investigate any evidence of productive virus infection. We also infected RHDV2 in hepatobiliary organoids derived from cats and foxes to test for possible infection. Key results We detected serum antibodies and viral RNA in faeces indicative of ingestion of RHDV2-infected rabbits, but found no evidence for productive infection with RHDV2. Furthermore, no RHDV2 replication was seen in hepatobiliary organoids derived from foxes and cats after in vitro infection with RHDV2. Conclusion RHDV2 does not infect scavengers of rabbits, such as foxes, dogs, cats and pigs. Implications This study has provided insights into the safety of this strain.
Gravitation as a Statistical Theory on the Light Cone
Authors: Isidro J M , Paganini Claudio Francesco , Pesci Alessandro
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we will explore Padmanabhan’s mesoscopic, statistical approach to gravity [62] with a twist. The general picture of his approach is that spacetime is made of large numbers of localized quantum degrees of freedom. Padmanabhan assumed that the degrees of freedom of a given quantum state of geometry contribute, after averaging over fluctuations, a vector degree of freedom for spacetime at a point. For null vectors, this can be regarded as corresponding to one single vector, i.e. a pure state, for the statistical ensemble on the light cone at every point. In the present paper, we consider instead the case where the states of the gravitational degrees of freedom are spread out and overlap, with only probabilistic information on which of them determines the actual spacetime at a point. In the continuum limit, this corresponds to a mixed state for the statistical ensemble on the light cone at every point.This change in assumptions leads to some interesting observations. When we define a statistical ensemble on the light cone, its variance ``knows'' about the interior of the light cone. As an intriguing consequence, we find that the cosmological constant can be related to the variance over the light cone.With a mixed state, we can no longer derive the gravitational field equations from an entropy functional. Here, instead, we show that a naive implementation of the measure of a mixed state on the light cone in the variation principle leads to modified measure theories (MMT) as the grand canonical ensemble and allows one to reframe unimodular gravity as the canonical ensemble of a statistical theory on the light cone.
High Q-factor Mie lattice resonance generated from out-of-plane magnetic dipole in all-dielectric defected semi-cylinder metasurface array
Authors: Zhang Lei , Liang Kunlin , Sun Chengchen , Tu Shijuan , Fu Qin , Feng Shuai , Du Qingguo , Li Zhengying , Xu Fei
Published: January 2025

Due to the weak far-ﬁeld radiation and strong local ﬁeld enhancement properties of Mie lattice resonances, transmission resonance with signiﬁcant high Q factor is achieved which could be used in applications such as refractive index sensing, ﬁltering and nano lasing. In this paper, we design an semi-cylinder with cuboid defect metasurface array working in the near-infrared, where a resonance with extremely narrow linewidth in transmission spectrum has been demonstrated at the wavelength of 870.9408 nm. The full width at half-maximum of the resonance is as narrow as 0.0032 nm with a corresponding Q factor of 272169. According to distributions of the electric ﬁeld and displacement current, it is conﬁrmed that the narrow linewidth resonance is generated from the Mie lattice resonance which is originated from the coupling between the out-of-plane magnetic dipole mode with Rayleigh Anomalous diﬀraction. It is further veriﬁed that the out-of-plane magnetic dipole mode is excited due to the induced defect in the semi-cylinder. When being applied in refractive sensing, a sensitivity and a ﬁgure of merit of 333 nm/RIU and 104063 RIU-1 are numerically achieved simultaneously. Our study here provide a new way for achieving resonances with high Q-factors.
Role of spin-orbit coupling for the band splitting in ⍺-Sb and ⍺-Bi on SiC(0001)
Authors: Yaegashi Ken , Sugawara Katsuaki , Takahashi Takashi , Sato Takafumi
Published: January 2025

Monolayer atomic thin ﬁlms of group-V elements have a high potential for application in spintronics and valleytronics because of their unique crystal structure and strong spin-orbit coupling. We fabricated Sb and Bi monolayers on a SiC(0001) substrate by the molecular-beam-epitaxy method and studied the electronic structure by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and ﬁrst-principles calculations. The fabricated Sb ﬁlm shows the (√3×√3)R30º superstructure associated with the formation of ⍺-Sb, and exhibits a semiconducting nature with a band gap of more than 1.8 eV. Spin-resolved ARPES measurements of isostructural ⍺-Bi revealed the in-plane spin polarization for the topmost valence band, demonstrating its Rashbasplittingof nature due to the space-inversion-symmetry breaking. We discuss the originobserved characteristic band structure and its similarity and difference between Sband Bi.
Coupling of single nanodiamonds hosting SiV color centers to plasmonic double bowtie microantennas
Authors: Lindner Sarah , Rahbany Nancy , Pauly Christoph , Gines Laia , Mandal Soumen , Williams Oliver A , Muzha Andreas , Krueger Anke , Bachelot Renaud , Couteau Christophe , Becher Christoph
Published: January 2025

Color centers are promising single-photon emitters owing to their operation at room temperature and high photostability. In particular, using nanodiamonds as a host material is of interest for sensing and metrology. Furthermore, being a solid-state system allows for incorporation to photonic systems to tune both the emission intensity and photoluminescence spectrum and therefore adapt the individual color center to desired properties. We show successful coupling of a single nanodiamond hosting silicon-vacancy color centers to a plasmonic double bowtie antenna structure. To predict the spectrum of the coupled system, the photoluminescence spectrum of the SiV centers was measured before the coupling process and convoluted with the antenna resonance spectrum. After transferring the nanodiamond to the antenna the combined spectrum was measured again. The measurement agrees well with the calculated prediction of the coupled system and therefore confirms successful coupling.
Study of the effect of circular p-GaN gate on the DC characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Zhu Yanxu , Wang Yuhan , Luo Dan , Yang Xiaolong , Li Qian , Fei Baoliang , Gong Yanfei
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we use Silvaco-ATLAS two-dimensional numerical simulation to calculate the performance of two different circular-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT device models. The influence of the special circular-gate structure on the DC characteristics of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT device is studied and compared with that of conventional devices. Compared with conventional, the threshold voltage of the drain-center and source-center circular-gate devices increased from 1.1 V to 1.5 V, while the transconductance improved from 245 mS/mm to 328 mS/mm and 285 mS/mm respectively. In the on-state of devices, the maximum saturation output current increased from 536 mA/mm to 620 mA/mm and 650 mA/mm. Furthermore, the breakdown voltage of the source-center circular-gate device rose from 765 V to 870 V compared to conventional devices; however, for the drain-center circular-gate device it was only at 685 V due to concentrated electric fields outside the drain region—this limitation can be effectively addressed by increasing the drain area. Simulation results demonstrate that circular-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices can avoid edge effects, improve electric field distribution, and alleviate self-heating effects.
Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiode Fabricated With an AlGaN/AlN Superlattice for UV Light Detection
Authors: Wang Tong-Wen , Sharma Mukta , Tsai Chia-Lung , Zhang Jin-Rong
Published: January 2025

We designed and fabricated a nonplanar metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD), incorporating a 30-pair Al0.5Ga0.5N/AlN superlattice (SL) absorption layer on a GaN on a sapphire substrate. In contrast to conventional PDs featuring a 100-nm-thick Al0.25Ga0.75N epilayer, our proposed PDs with the higher Al content of Al0.5Ga0.5N/AlN SLs did not exhibit degradation in epiwafer quality. Furthermore, we observed that the use of Al0.5Ga0.5N/AlN SLs resulted in a higher optical gain, specifically achieving voltage-dependent photoresponsivity in the MSM PDs. This improvement was observed with both the ohmic-type Ti/Al/Ni/Au (top) and the Schottky-type Ni/Au (bottom) electrodes, as well as with two Ni/Au Schottky metal electrodes. With the incorporation of Al0.5Ga0.5N/AlN SLs, our proposed MSM PDs with an Ohmic/Schottky-type electrode configuration showcased an enhanced photoresponsivity of 1129.8 A/W at ‒5 V in comparison to MSM PDs employing two Schottky-type electrodes. Moreover, by utilizing the Al0.5Ga0.5N/AlN SL absorption layer, we achieved an increased light current to dark current ratio, reaching 3.66 × 105 biasing at a ‒7 V. Following the implementation of our proposed MSM PDs with an Ohmic/Schottky-type electrode configuration, the gain ratio improvement underscores the efficacy of this approach. Subsequently, the fabricated device's transient response, demonstrating enhanced output performance, was analyzed using an in-house optical transmission setup. The estimated 3-dB cut-off frequency of this proposed MSM PD was found to be approximately 1.2 MHz.
Personalized μ-transcranial alternating current stimulation improves online brain-computer interface control
Authors: Liu Deland Hu , Kumar Satyam , Alawieh Hussein , Racz Frigyes Samuel , Millan Jose del R
Published: January 2025

Objective. A motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) enables users to engage with external environments by capturing and decoding electroencephalography (EEG) signals associated with the imagined movement of specific limbs. Despite significant advancements in BCI technologies over the past 40 years, a notable challenge remains: many users lack BCI proficiency, unable to produce sufficiently distinct and reliable MI brain patterns, hence leading to low classification rates in their BCIs. The objective of this study is to enhance the online performance of MI-BCIs in a personalized, biomarker-driven approach using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Approach. Previous studies have identified that the peak power spectral density (PSD) value in sensorimotor idling rhythms is a neural correlate of participants’ upper limb MI-BCI performances. In this active-controlled, single-blind study, we applied 20 minutes of tACS at the participant-specific, peak µ frequency in resting-state sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs), with the goal of enhancing resting-state µ SMRs. Main Results. After tACS, we observed significant improvements in event-related desynchronizations (ERDs) of µ sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs), and in the performance of an online MI-BCI that decodes left versus right hand commands in healthy participants (N=10) —but not in an active control-stimulation control group (N=10). Lastly, we showed a significant correlation between the resting-state µ SMRs and µ ERD, offering a mechanistic interpretation behind the observed changes in online BCI performances. Significance. Our research lays the groundwork for future non-invasive interventions designed to enhance BCI performances, thereby improving the independence and interactions of individuals who rely on these systems.
Adaptive anomaly detection disruption prediction starting from first discharge on tokamak
Authors: Ai Xinkun , Zheng Wei , Zhang Ming , Ding Yong Hua , Chen Dalong , Chen Zhongyong , Guo Bihao , Shen Chengshuo , Wang Nengchao , Yang Zhoujun , Chen Zhipeng , Pan Yuan , Shen Biao , Xiao Bingjia
Published: January 2025

Plasma disruption presents a significant challenge in tokamak fusion, especially in large-size devices like ITER, where it causes severe damage. While current data-driven machine learning methods perform well in disruption prediction, they require extensive discharge data for model training. However, future tokamaks will begin operations without any prior data, making it difficult to train data-driven disruption predictors and select appropriate hyperparameters during the early operation period. In this period disruption prediction also aims to support safe exploration of operation range and accumulate necessary data to develop advanced prediction models. Thus, predictors must adapt to evolving plasma states during this exploration phase. To address these challenges, this study further develops the Enhanced Convolutional Autoencoder Anomaly Detection (E-CAAD) predictor and proposes a cross-tokamak adaptive transfer method based on E-CAAD. By training the E-CAAD model on data from existing devices, the predictor can effectively distinguish between disruption precursor and non-disruption samples in new device, enabling disruption prediction from the first shot on the new device. Additionally, adaptive learning from scratch and alarm threshold adaptive adjustment strategies are proposed to enable model automatically adapt to changes in the discharge scenario. The adaptive learning strategy enables the predictor to fully use scarce data during the early operation of the new device while rapidly adapting to changes in the discharge scenario. The threshold adaptive adjustment strategy addresses the challenge of selecting alarm thresholds on new devices where the validation set is lacking, ensuring that the alarm thresholds adapt to changes in the discharge scenario. Finally, the experiment transferring the model from J-TEXT to EAST exhibit that this method enables disruption prediction from the first shot on EAST, allowing the predictor to adapt to changes in the discharge scenario and maintain high prediction performance.
Land conversions not climate effects are the dominant indirect consequenceof sun-driven CO2 capture, conversion, and sequestration
Authors: Adam Moritz , Kleinen Thomas , May Matthias , Rehfeld Kira
Published: January 2025

Removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is required for mitigating climate change. Large-scale direct air capture combined with injecting CO2 into geological formations could retain carbon long-term, but demands a substantial amount of energy, pipeline infrastructure, and suitable sites for gaseous storage. Here, we study Earth system impacts of modular, sun-powered process chains, which combine direct air capture with (electro)chemical conversion of the captured CO2 into liquid or solid sink products and subsequent product storage (sDACCCS). Drawing on a novel explicit representation of CO2 removal in a state-of-the-art Earth system model, we find that these process chains can be renewably powered and have minimal implications for the climate and carbon cycle. However, to stabilize the planetary temperature two degrees above pre-industrial levels, CO2 capturing, conversion, and associated energy harvest demand up to 0.46% of the global land area in a high-efficiency scenario. This global land footprint increases to 2.82% when assuming present-day technology and pushing to the bounds of removal. Mitigating historical emission burdens within individual countries in this high-removal scenario requires converting an area equivalent to 40% of the European Union's agricultural land. Scenarios assuming successful technological development could halve this environmental burden, but it is uncertain to what degree they could materialize. Therefore, ambitious decarbonization is vital to reduce the risk of land use conflicts if efficiencies remain lower than expected.
BKT transitions of the XY and six-state clock models on the various two-dimensional lattices
Authors: Okabe Yutaka , Otsuka Hiromi
Published: January 2025

In a two-dimensional (2D) spin system, the XY model, characterized by planar rotational symmetry, exhibits a unique phenomenon known as the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition. In contrast, the clock model, which introduces discrete rotational symmetry, exhibits the BKT transition at two different temperatures due to this discreteness.In this study, we numerically investigate the BKT transition for XY and six-state clock models over various two-dimensional lattices. We employ two primary methods: the Monte Carlo method, which analyzes the size dependence of the ratio of the correlation functions for two different distances, and a machine-learning approach to classify the different phases --- namely, the low-temperature ordered phase, the intermediate BKT phase, and the high-temperature disordered phase.We identify the BKT transition temperatures for the XY and six-state models on honeycomb, kagome, and diced lattices. Combined with the previously calculated data for the triangular lattice, we then compare these values with the second-order phase transition temperatures of the 2D Ising model, for which exact solutions are known. Our results indicate that the ratio of the BKT transition temperatures for each lattice relative to the Ising model transition temperatures are close, although the values are not universal. 
Microwave synthesis of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots and the application in bilirubin sensing
Authors: Pang Shu , Chang Xinyu , Xu Lin , Wu Jiazhen
Published: January 2025

Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) is a new type of graphite like nanomaterial, which exhibited well chemical stability, unique fluorescence characteristics, and excellent biocompatibility. The conventional hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 generally requires a long-term reaction at high temperature and high pressure. Herein, we have developed a simple and fast MoS2 QDs synthesis scheme using microwave heating, and further modified the surface of MoS2 QDs using 3-aminophenylboronic acid. The 3- aminophenylboronic acid modified MoS2 QDs (B-MoS2 QDs) were further coated by a zinc-based metal-organic backbone (ZIF-8) in a solution containing zinc ions and 2-methylimidazolium. The constructed nanohybrid B-MoS2@ZIF-8 were successfully applied to the visualization and rapid detection of bilirubin based on the ratiometric fluorescence changes. The linear range for bilirubin detection is 0.2-75 μmol•L-1, and detection limit is 0.017 μmol•L-1.