bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meal Patterns, Dietary Fat Intake and Pancreatic Enzyme Use in Preadolescent Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Schall Joan I , Bentley Tyrone , Stallings Virginia A
Published: December 2006

Objectives:

To describe the usual pattern of intake and adherence to cystic fibrosis (CF) food and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) recommendations in preadolescent children with CF and pancreatic insufficiency (PI).

Methods:

Children, 8 to 11 years old, with CF and PI were assessed for PERT adherence ratio (number taken/number prescribed per day) and energy and fat intake for 7 days (weighed food records), adherence to PERT and dietary recommendations, pulmonary function, growth status and stool fat malabsorption. Using the PERT adherence ratio, children were divided into good (≥80%), moderate (60% to 79%) and poor (<60%) adherence groups.

Results:

Of the 75 children (age, 9.3 ± 1.0 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 95 ± 14% predicted), 61% consumed less than 120% of energy intake, and 72% consumed less than 40% of calories as fat recommended for CF. Using the PERT adherence ratio (mean ± SD, 75 ± 14%), 29%, 61% and 9% of children had good, moderate and poor adherence, respectively. Better adherence to PERT was significantly associated with missing fewer snacks, higher energy intake, greater fat content of snacks and poorer growth status. About 85% of the children were in the 500 to 4000 lipase unit (LU) of PERT (LU/g fat per day) and 500 to 2500 LU/kg per body weight per meal guidelines, whereas only 58% to 68% were within the guidelines for snacks. Eleven percent of children always took PERT at an inappropriate time after meals.

Conclusions:

Most preadolescent children with CF and PI did not meet dietary recommendations. Future educational and behavioral interventions focused on increasing PERT adherence with snacks, fat content of meals and snacks, appropriate timing of enzymes and adjustment of PERT and meal fat content are suggested.
Dietary and Circulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cystic Fibrosis: Are They Related to Clinical Outcomes?
Authors: Colombo Carla , Bennato Veronica , Costantini Diana , Valmarana Lauretta , Daccò Valeria , Zazzeron Laura , Ghisleni Diana , Bruzzese Maria Grazia , Scaglioni Silvia , Riva Enrica , Agostoni Carlo
Published: December 2006

Objective:

To assess the relationship between dietary intakes, plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acid profile and clinical parameters in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) in comparison to healthy controls.

Patients and Methods:

A cross‐sectional survey including 37 patients with CF (ages 8.0 ± 2.9 yrs) and a reference group of 68 healthy children (ages 8.0 ± 0.7 yrs) was carried out by means of a food‐frequency questionnaire. At enrolment, all subjects underwent blood sampling for plasma PL fatty acids (FA). In CF patients, pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity), anthropometric measurements and the Shwachman score were also determined.

Results:

In CF patients, mean z score for weight and height (−0.35 ± 1.16 and −0.28 ± 0.99) were lower than controls (0.83 ± 1.73 and 0.55 ± 1.11, respectively). Patients with CF showed higher energy intakes (110 ± 43 kcal/d) compared with controls (75 ± 22 kcal/d; P < 0.0001), with higher intake of total (saturated and monounsaturated) fats and lower intake of polyunsaturated FA (3.9 ± 1.0% of total macronutrient intake vs 4.3 ± 1.2%, P = 0.05). In CF patients, plasma and PL levels of linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids were lower, whereas those of arachidonic acid were similar compared with controls. The Shwachman score showed significant positive associations with plasma PL levels of arachidonic acid and total n‐6 long‐chain FA (r = 0.32, P = 0.05, and r = 0.35, P = 0.03, respectively).

Conclusions:

The data give suggestions that fat intake and CF‐associated biomechanisms are bound in a vicious circle, concurring to create the clinical and biochemical picture of CF. The quantity and quality of fat supplementation in CF need careful attention to balance the fat supply with polyunsaturated FA.
The Prevalence of Long Bone Fractures in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Persad Rabindranath , Jaffer Iqbal , Issenman Robert M
Published: December 2006

Introduction:

The association of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with decreased bone mineral density is well recognized. In the adult population, up to 50% of IBD patients are reported to have osteopenia, correlating with an increase in the incidence of fractures as compared with controls. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fractures in a pediatric population with IBD as compared with healthy sibling controls (SC).

Patients and Methods:

The families of 209 patients with IBD were sent a questionnaire asking them to compare their children with IBD to a healthy sibling (non‐IBD).

Results:

Surveys were returned by 132 of the 209 families (63%). The sample characteristics of this sample closely resembled the overall clinic population for age (mean 14.3 vs 14.7 years), gender (53% vs 59% male) and diagnosis (58.1 vs 57.8 Crohn disease). Completed surveys described 263 children. Of the 132 with IBD 73 (55%) had Crohn disease, 52 (39%) had ulcerative colitis and 7 (6%) had indeterminate colitis. There were 76/132 males (age range, 4–18 years) with IBD and 64/131 males (age range, 1–26 years) in the sibling controls. Mean ages of the IBD sample 14.3 ±.3 was compared with 13.9 ± in SC. Of the total group, 73/263 (28%) reported ever having a fracture, 44 (60%) were siblings (SC), and 29 (40%) had IBD. Of the 29 children with IBD, 17 (59%) reported having a fracture after diagnosis including 2 who had fractures both before and after diagnosis. The total number of fractures reported was 96 (55 SC:41 IBD).

Conclusion:

In this survey, we found no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of fracture in IBD patients compared with their normal siblings.
Efficacy of Granulocyte Apheresis in Pediatric Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ikeda Hitoshi , Ishimaru Yuki , Takayasu Hajime , Fujino Junko , Kisaki Yoshiyuki , Otani Yushi , Yamagishi Junko , Tahara Kazunori
Published: December 2006

Objectives:

Granulocyte apheresis (GCAP), involving the removal of granulocytes from the blood, may improve clinical symptoms and facilitate a reduction in the dose of steroids in adult patients with ulcerative colitis. As a preliminary trial, GCAP was used to taper the dose of steroids in 4 pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis.

Methods:

Three males and 1 female ranging from 11 to 17 years old were treated with GCAP once per week for 5 consecutive weeks/course. The ages of patients at clinical onset ranged from 8 to 12 years and the length of time from the clinical onset to GCAP treatment ranged from 28 to 58 months (median, 38.5 months).

Results:

In 2 patients, symptoms and signs indicating disease activity improved after 2 courses of GCAP. Laboratory data and endoscopic findings also improved after treatment and the clinical efficacy was judged to be excellent in these patients. In 1 patient, GCAP improved laboratory and endoscopic hallmarks, but bloody stools persisted. Finally, the treatment was ineffective in the fourth patient who eventually underwent surgery.

Conclusions:

GCAP is effective in improving clinical symptoms and may play an important role in converting steroid therapy to other treatments in children with steroid‐refractory or steroid‐dependent ulcerative colitis.
Arthur Harry Church, 1865-1937
Authors: Tansley Arthur George
Published: December 2006

Arthur Harry Church was born on 28 M arch, 1865, the son of a Plymouth saddler. At the age of 16 he became a pupil teacher at Ashburton Grammar School, and at 20 entered University College, Aberystwyth, where he stayed four years, taking the London B.Sc. degree. He then gained a science scholarship at Jesus College, Oxford, coming into residence in 1891, and the whole of the rest of his life was spent in the University city. In 1894 Church graduated in the first class of the Honour School of Botany, and in the same year was appointed demonstrator in the Department of Botany by Vines, who was then Sherardian Professor. In 1894 he took the London degree of D.Sc., from 1908 to 1912 was a Research Fellow of Jesus College, in 1921 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and from 1908 till his retirement under the age limit in 1930 he held the title of Lecturer in Botany. Thus for 36 years Church worked as teacher and investigator in one University Department. He died at his house in Oxford on 24 April 1937, aged 72.
On the effect of the gangetic alluvium on the plumb-line in northern India
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon
Published: December 2006

From some years past, the Annual Reports of the Survey of India, and of the Indian Government Board of Scientific Advice, have contained references to the remarkable character of the deflections of the plumb-line at stations near the southern edge of the Himalayas. These facts, and the explanation which has been adopted by Colonel S. G. Burrard, Surveyour-General for India, have recently been brought into prominece by the publication of a memoir on "The Origin of the Himalayas," certain parts of which are in contraction with the conclusions, regarding the structure of the range, that had been drawn from geological observations. Briefly stated, the geodetic facts are as follows. Along the southern edge of the Himalayas very high very high northerly deflections, amounting to about 40" of are, are found, which rapidly decrease in a southerly direction by about 30" in as many miles, after which the decrease becomes much more gradual, and ultimately, a southerly deflection comes in. In a northerly direction, also, there is a decrease of deflection, though not so rapid as to the south, and there is a decrease of deflection, though not so rapid as to the south, and stations up to 30 miles from the edge of the hills, in spite of being nearer to the main range, show a decreasing northerly deflection, which may be as much as 20" less than that of the marginal stations.
Note on osmotic pressure
Authors: Bousfield William Robert
Published: December 2006

The vapour pressure theory regards osmotic pressure as the pressure required to produce equilibrium between the pure solvent and the solution. Pressure applied to a solution increases its internal vapour pressure. If the compressed solution be on one aide of a semi-permeable partition and the pure solvent on the other, there is osmotic equilibrium when the com-pression of the solution brings its vapour pressure to equality with that of the solvent. So long ago as 1894 Ramsay* found that with a partition of palladium, permeable to hydrogen but not to nitrogen, the hydrogen pressures on each side tended to equality, notwithstanding the presence of nitrogen under pressure on one side, which it might have been supposed would have resisted tin- transpiration of the hydrogen. The bearing of this experiment on the problem of osmotic pressure was recognised by van’t Hoff, who observes that "it is very instructive as regards the means by which osmotic pressure is produced." But it was not till 1908 that the vapour pressure theory of osmotic pressure was developed on a finu foundation by Calendar. He demonstrated, by the method of the "vapour sieve" piston, the proposition that “any two solutions in equilibrium through any kind of membrane or capillary surface must have the same vapour pressures in respect of each of their constituents which is capable of diffusing through their surface of separation"—a generalisation of great importance for the theory of solutions. Findlay, in his admirable monograph, gives a very complete account of the contending theories of osmotic pressure, a review of which leaves no doubt that at the present moment the vapour pressure theory stands without a serious rival Some confusion of ideas still arises from the want of adherence to a strict definition of osmotic pressure to which numerical data from experimental measurements should he reduced. Tire following definitions appear to be tire outcome of tire vapour pressure theory :—
Definition
I.—The vapour pressure of a solution is the pressure of the vapour with which it is in equilibrium when under pressure of its own vapour only.
On the formula for black body radiation
Authors: Walker George Walker
Published: December 2006

In a recent paper I should that the experimental data with regard to "black body" radiation could be represented exceedingly well by an empirical formula for the radiation function at temperature
θ
, and wave-length λ, vic.:-
ϕ
(
θ
, λ) =
kθ
5
{ λ
θ
/λ
2
θ
2
+
a
2
}
4
. I further indicated an electric system which gives rise to an emission function which is a generalised form of the above empirical expression.
The diffusion of electrons through a slit
Authors: Mackie J. H. , Townsend John Sealy Edward
Published: December 2006

In a paper on “The Motion of Electrons in Gases,” by Prof. Townsend and Mr. Tizard* it was shown how, by measuring the lateral diffusion of a stream of electrons in an electric field, it is possible to find
k
the factor by which the energy of agitation of the electrons exceeds that of the surrounding molecules. The ions come at a uniform rate through a slit S of width 2
a
in a large metal plate A, and traverse a distance
c
in the direction of an electric force Z. The plane of the plate A may be taken as that of
xy
, the origin of co-ordinates being the centre of the slit which latter is taken parallel to the axis of
y
. The ions are received on three insulated electrodes,
c
1
c
2
,
C
3
, which were portions of a disc of diameter 7 cm.,
c
2
being a narrow strip 5 mm. wide, cut from the centre of the disc and insulated by narrow air gaps from the two electrodes,
c
1
c
3
, on each side of it. The electric field between A and the electrodes C was maintained constant by a series of rings of diameter 7 cm., kept at uniformly decreasing potentials. In this case the differential equation giving the distribution
n
of electrons in the electric field is ∇
2
n
= 41 Z/
k
. ∂
n
/∂
z
. If
q
is defined to be ∫
ndy
, this equation becomes ∂
2
q
/∂
x
2
+ ∂
2
q
/∂
z
2
= 41 Z/
k
. ∂
q
/∂
z
. If
n
1
n
2
,
n
3
are the charges received by the electrodes
c
1
,
c
2
,
c
3
, it is shown that the values of Z/
k
can be found by determining the ratio R =
n
2
/(
n
1
+
n
2
+
n
3
),
i
.
e
. the value of
k
corresponding to any Z can be found. Experiments had previously been performed in which a circular stream of ions was collected on concentric circular electrodes, and from the results it appeared that the term ∂
2
n
/∂
z
2
was small compared with the others. By neglecting this term, Prof. Townsend obtained a solution of the differential equation in a simple form and plotted a curve with co-ordinates R and Z/
k
.
The pressure of a degenerate electron gas and related problems
Authors: Eddington Arthur Stanley
Published: December 2006

1- The "ordinary" formula for the minimum electron pressure P corresponding to an electron density σ is of form P = Kσ. It has been generally accepted that this is a non-relativistic approximation, applying only to slow-moving electrons; and a "relativistic" formula has been given, intended to take account of change of mass with velocity. In a recent paper I have contended that the "ordinary" formula is the exact relativistic solution of the problem, and that the "relativistic" formula rests on a misconception. Since a decision on this point has far-reaching consequences in the theory of dense stars, and, moreover, has a fundamental bearing on the union of quantum theory with relativity theory, it has seemed desirable to supplement my earlier paper. I think the earlier paper makes it clear that whether the "relativistic" formula is right or wrong, existing proofs of it cannot be accepted. Briefly, the fallacy lies in the fact that the cell-divison of phase space is obtained by
standing waves
, but these are assigned an energy which has been derived for
progressive waves
. If this is not simply a mistake, it is a step which requires careful justification; and up to the present no one seems to have given any reason why one should assume that the energy or hamiltonian of standing waves is the same as that of pro-gressive waves. We may recall that the energy of plane progressive waves is easily calculated, because by a Lorentz transformation they are converted into waves advancing along the time-axis, and the energy is then the rest-energy of the particle; if the Lorentz transformation is applied to standing waves no such simplification results, and the reduction of the particle to rest involves an involves an altogether different type of transformation.
The behaviour of an osglim lamp I-Introudction, drift, equilibrium and A. C. bridge measurements
Authors: Richardson Lewis Fry
Published: December 2006

Fig. 1 shows the relation between the voltage across the osglim and the current through it during various periodic disturbances. We see a tangle of curves intersecting each other, and one of them even intersecting itself. Evidently there are many varieties of behaviour to be discussed. An attempt will be made to formulate a single law that shall apply to them all. Briefly, the first clue is that each loop except the self-intersection may be regarded as the deformation of a circle and that the equilibrium states, shown by the dotted line in fig. 1, are the deformation of a diameter of that circle. The experiments here described, although in themselves plain physics, have been pursued in the hope that the resulting empirical equations may afterwards be applies, with due caution, to some of the more mechanistic parts of psychology. How this may be is explained by quoting the summary of a paper in the
Psychological Review
(Richardson 1930):
The thermoelastic properties of muscle and their molecular interpretation
Authors: Meyer Kurt H. , Picken L. E. R.
Published: December 2006

The effect of temperature change on the elastic force exerted by a stretched, unstimulated muscle at constant length has been investigated. At small and large elongations, the temperature coefficient is negative: the muscle behaves like a normal solid. At intermediate elongations the coefficient is positive and the elastic force increases more rapidly than the absolute temperature. From this behaviour the following conclusions about the structure of muscle and the origin of the elastic force may be drawn: (
a
) The elastic system of muscle (and in particular that of the fibrils) consists of flexible, primary-valence chain molecules, the arrangement of which in the resting muscle is random and highly probable, but becomes ordered and less probable in the stretched muscle. Thermal agitation tends to provoke a return to the original, unordered condition.
Rotatory dispersion in the amine series. IV. The optical activity of diamines.
Authors: Baldwin W. C. G.
Published: December 2006

In Parts I and II of this series (Lowry and Baldwin 1937; Baldwin 1937), attempts were made to account for the effects on rotatory power which are observed when a simple optically active amine is ionized through neutra-lization by a mineral acid. It was found that the simple amino bases could be classified roughly into two groups, viz. (
a
) those whose specific rotation undergoes a large change of magnitude or even of sign on neutralization, and (
b
) a few which do not show this “acid effect ”. It was also shown that, when the “acid effect” occurs, (i) the amino group is usually in close proxi-mity to an asymmetric carbon grouping; (ii) this configuration leads to circular dichroism of the absorption bands of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, and thus to a large induced rotation due to the amino group; (iii) this induced rotation is eliminated on neutralization of the base, the rotatory power is reduced, and may even change in sign; whilst at the same time the dispersion constant in a Drude equation for the rotatory dispersion is displaced towards the Schumann region, owing to the elimina-tion of absorption bands at longer wave-lengths. Confirmation of these results is found in the investigations of Raman spectra by Freymann and Freymann (1936), who showed that the frequencies characteristic of the basic NH radical disappear when the nitrogen atom becomes quadrivalent. In the work now described, it is shown that ionization by mere neutralization is not the only mechanism by which the “acid effect” can be produced. If it be correct to attribute the phenomenon in, say,
d
-secondary butylamine to the lone pair of electrons, the same type of effect should be observed when these electrons become bound in
any
way; and Table I shows that, in fact, conversion to a quaternary bromide leads to a result similar to that produced by simple ionization. The “acid effect” may there-fore be associated directly with the existence of induced dissymmetry in the amino group. The reversal of sign in the case of d-triethylbutylammonium bromide is of particular interest, since it invalidates the general rule for the determination of configuration put forward by Boys in 1934. Nevertheless, his model finds great success when its application is restricted to the —CH—NH
2
- CH
3
residue, and only one anomaly can be found when it is applied to the compounds of the amine series as described in Part II. These effects are, how-ever, by no means general, as was shown by a full investigation of 1:1'- diamino-
cyclo
butane-
spirocyclo
butane (Lowry and Baldwin 1937). In this simple case ionization actually led to an
increase
in molecular rotatory power, and the assumption was made that a configuration such as is offered by a classical asymmetrical carbon grouping is usually necessary for development of induced dissymmetry in the amino group, and that molecular dissymmetry alone does not necessarily lead to the same activation of the lone pair of electrons on the amino nitrogen.
The specific heat of
β
- brass
Authors: Eisenschitz R.
Published: December 2006

The specific heat of
β
-brass as measured by Sykes (1935) and by Moser (1936) shows an anomalous rise beginning at 160° C a sharp maximum- a λ-point-is reached and the specific heat drops abruptly to low values, the whole drop taking place with in 7°. Moser states that this drop is steep but continuous. Both authors obtain a slope of 0·03 cal./degree
2
g. approximately by interpolating between their experimental values. The thermal expansion coefficient goes parallel with the specific heat and has a maximum of similar shape (Steinwehr and Schulze 1934). This phenomenon is explained as the transition of the Cu and Zn atoms from an ordered arrangement to disorder.
A further study of the problem of nuclear isomerism: the application of the method of coincidence counting to the investigation of theγ-rays emitted by uranium Z and the radioactive silver Ag106
Authors: Feather Norman , Dunworth J. V.
Published: December 2006

The application of the method of coincidence conuting by electrical means to the study of essentially nuclear phenomena was made first by Bothe and v. Baeyer in 1935. Since that time, and chiefly as the result of further experiments carried out in Heidelberg, much important information has been obtained by the use of this method. It is the object of the present paper to describe the application of the method to the elucidation of certain features of the problem of isomerism in redioactive nuclei. As pointed out in a discussion of this problem by Feather and Bretscher (1938), if such isomerism is to be explained in terms of close nuclear states differing considerably in nuclear spin, it is frequently to be expected that the disintegration is to be explained in terms of close unclear states differing considerably in unclear spin, it is frequently to be expected that the disintegration of one or other isomeric uncleus will be followed by the emission of two or more quanta ofγ-radiation in succession. The aim of the coincidence experiments, therefore, was to explore this possibility in a number of cases—and particularly to look for evidence of pairedγ-rays following theβ-disintegration of uranium Z, as suggested in Paper I. Clear evidence of the latter effect has been found, and the case of isomerism in radioactive silver (Ag106) has also been studied with positive results. Since the information provided by the coincidence method cannot profitably be discussed without data concerning the particel radiations emitted by the isomeric nuclei as well, full details of absorption measurements on theβ- andγ-radiations from the radioactive silver are also given in this paper. During the investigation one of us (N. F) has been responsible chiefly for the absorption measurements, using a single counter, the other (J. V. D.) for the coincidence experiments with two counter. The artificially redioactive sources were prepared for us in the High Voltage Laboratory and we are greatly indebted to the workers in that Laboratory, and particularly to Dr W. E. Burcham, for their efficient and kind co-operation in this under-taking.
Mathematical modelling of heat and mass transfer in agricultural grain drying
Authors: Laws N. , Parry J. L. , Lighthill Michael James
Published: December 2006

Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of grain drying are now widely used in agricultural engineering research. Several models have been proposed to describe the heat and mass transfer processes involved in the drying of agricultural products. Most of these models, however, have been derived under assumptions that are not explicitly stated and that restrict their applications from the outset. Furthermore, it is not always clear what differences, if any, exist between various models. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general framework from which mathematical models for any type of drier may be derived. We illustrate the use of this framework by deducing equations for the four basic types of convective grain drier, namely fixed bed, crossflow, concurrent flow and counterflow. Finally we discuss some of the differences between the models thus obtained and those of other workers.
On the relative attractions of sulphuric acid for water, under particular circumstances: with suggestion of means of improving the ordinary process of manufacturing sulphuric acid
Authors: Watson Henry Hough , Dalton John
Published: December 2006

The object of the inquiry detailed in the present paper is to determine at what degree of concentration the affinity of sulphuric acid for aqueous vapour is equal to that of anhydrous space for the same vapour at given temperatures. It has long been known that concentrated sulphuric acid abstracts moisture from the atmosphere, but the amount and the rate of this absorption have never been ascertained with accuracy; and consequently, in applying this acid to purposes of exsiccation, the experimenter has often been at a loss to know whether the acid was sufficiently strong to render the space in which it was confined perfectly anhydrous. By placing portions of the acid, previously weighed, and diluted with known quantities of water, under the receiver of an air-pump, with equal portions of concentrated acid, of the specific gravity 1·8428, in similar dishes, the author ascertained that the dilute acid could be concentrated to the specific gravity 1·814, at a temperature varying from 65° to 57°: whence he concludes that acid of such strength is capable of drying a vacuum when the temperature does not exceed 57°. By making similar experiments in air, the author compared together the weights lost by ten grains of dilute sulphuric acid of the specific gravity 1·135, at three different periods of the day for six days, taking note of the dew-point and the temperature; and infers that when the affinity of space for vapour, or the evaporating force, is equal to 0·15 of an inch of mercury, it is just able to balance the affinity for water of sulphuric acid of the specific gravity 1·249. The author next instituted a series of experiments to ascertain whether the evaporation of water from dilute sulphuric acid is capable of being carried on to the same extent in air as in vacuo, and found that the evaporating force of air exerted upon such acid is less than that of a vacuum at the same temperature. He observes that his experiments offer conclusive evidence that the evaporation of water is not owing to the existence of a chemical affinity between the vapour of the liquid and atmospheric air; but thinks that they favour the notion that the obstruction to this process in the open atmosphere is rather owing to the pressure than to the
inertiæ
of the particles of air. He is also of opinion that improvements will hereafter arise from this inquiry with regard to the economical management of the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid, which process would be greatly expedited by the regulated admission of steam into the condensing chambers kept at a constant high temperature.
Extracts from a Meteorological Journal kept at Allenheads, in the county of Northumberland
Authors: Walton William
Published: December 2006

The general result of these observations, which were recorded twice each day, namely, at 9 a. m., and at 3 p. m., during the whole of the year 1839, is, that the mean temperature taken at those times was 44° 8'; the mean height of the barometer, corrected and reduced to the temperature of 32°, was 28.401 inches, and the quantity of rain in the year was 55.71 inches. The author subjoins several remarks on the conclusions deducible from an examination of the tables.
On the proportions of the prevailing winds, the mean temperature, and depth of rain in the climate of London, computed through a cycle of Eighteen Years, or periods of the Moon’s declination
Authors: Howard Luke
Published: December 2006

In this paper the author investigates the periodical variations of the winds, rain and temperature, corresponding to the conditions of the moon’s declination, in a manner similar to that he has already followed in the case of the barometrical variations, on a period of years extending from 1815 to 1832 inclusive. In each case he gives tables of the average quantities for each week, at the middle of which the moon is in the equator, or else has either attained its maximum north or south declination. He thus finds that a north-east wind is most promoted by the constant solar influence which causes it, when the moon is about the equator, going from north to south; that a south-east wind, in like manner, prevails most when the moon is proceeding to acquire a southern declination ; that winds from the south and west blow more when the moon is in her mean degrees of declination, going either way, than with a full north or south declination ; and that a north-west wind, the common summer and fair weather wind of the climate, affects, in like manner, the mean declination, in either direction, in preference to the north or south, and most when the moon is coming north. He finds the average annual depth of rain, falling in the neighbourhood of London, is 25’17 inches.
II. On some effects of transmitting electric currents through magnetised electrolytes
Authors: Gore George
Published: December 2006

This communication treats of a class of electro-magnetic rotations observed and examined by the author. The rotations are produced in liquids by means of axial electric currents, either in the interior of vertical magnets, electro or permanent, or near the poles of such magnets, and differ from rotations previously produced in liquids placed in those positions, by the absence of radial currents, to the influence of which rotations in the interior of hollow magnets have hitherto been ascribed. It is here shown that a column of an electrolyte placed under similar conditions to an iron wire or rod, when subjected to electro-magnetic torsion (
i. e
., enclosed by an electro-magnetic helix, and traversed axially by an electric current), is twisted in a similar manner to the wire or bar. This effect, however, in the case of a liquid is not limited to paramagnetic substances, nor is the direction of torsion altered by the magnetic character of the liquid.
III. On the working of the harmonic analyser at the meteorological office
Authors: Scott Robert Henry , Curtis Richard H.
Published: December 2006

On the 9th of May, 1878, Sir W. Thomson exhibited to the Society a model of an integrating machine, which consisted of a series of five of the disk, globe, and cylinder integrators, which had been devised two years earlier by his brother Prof. James Thomson, and a description of which will be found in the “Proceedings of the Royal Society,” vol. xxiv, p. 262. Sir W. Thomson’s paper describing this model will be found in vol. xxvii of the “Proceedings,” p. 371; and reference should be made to both these papers for an explanation of the principle of the machine. In the communication last named it is stated that the machine was about to be “handed over to the Meteorological Office, to be brought immediately into practical work.” The model was received at the Office in the course of the month, and was at once set in action; the results of the preliminary trials, when obtained, being referred to a Committee consisting of the late Prof. H. J. S. Smith and Prof. Stokes, who, on the 5th of July following, submitted to the Meteorological Council a favourable report on the performance of the model.
II. Note on the madreporite of
cribrella ocellata
Authors: Dunham Herbert E. , Carpenter Philip Herbert
Published: December 2006

I have a series of vertical longitudinal (radial) sections carried through the madreporite, &c., of a full-grown specimen of
Cribrella ocellata
: in this series the madreporic canals have a peculiar relation to the stone canal or water-tube.
Croonian lecture .— On some relations between host and parasite in certainepidemic diseases of plants
Authors: Ward Harry Marshall
Published: December 2006

I thought I could not better respond to the honour of the invita­tion to give the Croonian Lecture this year than by choosing a subject from the domain of plant pathology, which should, at least, have the merit of being of general interest and importance, and it seemed probable that an account of some of the more conspicuous features and recent results of the study of certain fungoid dis­eases might be so placed before you that it should illustrate not only the kind of progress which plant pathology is making, but also show how dependent that progress is, and must be, on the advances of physiology.
On the physical relation of chloroform to blood.
Authors: Waller Augustus Desire
Published: December 2006

In connection with the preliminary communication by Moore and Roaf on certain physical and chemical properties of solutions of chloro­form in water, saline, serum, and hæmoglobin,* it may be of interest to publish the following communication.
The advancing front of the train of waves emitted by a theoretical Hertzian oscillator.
Authors: Love Augustus Edward Hough
Published: December 2006

The waves emitted by Hertz’s oscillator have been identified with those due to a vibrating electric doublet, that is to say, to a singular point (of a certain type) of the electromagnetic equations. In air or in free æther these equations may be written in the forms 1/c ∂/∂
t
(X, Y, Z) = curl (
α, β, γ
) } —1/c ∂/∂
t
(
α, β, γ
) = curl (X, Y, Z) } . . . . (1), in which c is the velocity of radiation, (X, Y, Z) denotes the electric force measured in electrostatic units, (
α, β, γ
) denotes the magnetic force measured in electromagnetic units. These equations are nearly identical with those which have been used by Hertz. They differ from the latter in that c is here written for the quantity which Hertz wrote 1/A, and they differ also in the signs of the right-hand members. The reason for the latter difference is that Hertz used a left-handed system of axes of
x, y, z
; but it is on many grounds more convenient to use a right-handed system, as will be done here.
The fossil flora of the Culm Measures of North-west Devon, and the palæobotanical evidence with regard to the age of the beds.
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell , Hughes Thomas Mckenny
Published: December 2006

The carboniferous rocks which occupy an area of 1200 square miles in Devon, Somerset, and Cornwall, are generally known as the Culm Measures, a name first applied to them by Sedgwick and Murchison in 1838; the word "culm” being an ancient Devonshire term for the impure coal, which is confined to one horizon in these beds in the neighbourhood of Bideford. Sedgwick and Murchison, in their classic memoir on the physical structure of Devonshire (1840), instituted a twofold division of these rocks, the Upper and the Lower Culm Measures, and this classification is maintained here. At the present time, our knowledge of the Lower Culm Measures is on an altogether different footing to any which we possess of the Upper division.
The lethal concentration of acids and bases in respect of
Paramœcium aurelia
.
Authors: Barratt J. O. Wakelin , Horsley Victor Alexander Haden
Published: December 2006

The present investigation arose out of a research on chemiotaxis, in the course of which it became apparent that a pre-condition of the correct understanding of the nature of chemiotaxis is the quantitative determination of (1) the concentration of the acid and alkaline solutions employed for the study of chemiotactic phenomena, and also of (2) the absolute weight of Paramœcia (or other organisms) added to such solutions. So long as these data are unknown, chemiotaxis can only be investigated qualitatively, and such facts as are ascertainable solely by means of quantitative observations lie beyond the limits of research. In order that the acid and alkaline liquids employed may be readily comparable one with another, equimolecular solutions are employed in this investigation.
The absorption and thermal evolution of gases occluded in charcoal at low temperatures.
Authors: Dewar James
Published: December 2006

During the year 1874—5, in association with the late Professor Tait, a research was undertaken which involved the production of very perfect vacua, and with the object of improving on the then known methods, dense charcoal was employed as an efficient absorbent of traces of any gaseous residuum. An account of these experiments communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh appeared in ‘Nature,’ July 15, 1875, under the title of “ Charcoal Vacua.”
On the wetting of cotton by water and by water vapour.
Authors: Masson David Orme
Published: December 2006

If two thermometers, one of which has its bulb protected by a close covering of ordinary cotton wool, be simultaneously immersed in the same water, all being originally at the same temperature, the protected thermometer shows a marked rise, while the naked one undergoes no perceptible change. Heat is, therefore, generated locally by the wetting of the cotton covering.
Air resistance encountered by projectiles at velocities up to 4500 feet per second.
Authors: Mallock Henry Reginald Arnulph
Published: December 2006

The work done by Prof. Bashforth on the subject of air resistance is so well known that I need hardly refer to it except to say that his results have, with minor alterations, been confirmed by subsequent experimenters. The greater part of Professor Bashforth’s work related to velocities under 2500 feet per second, and the object of the present experiments was to examine the co-efficient of air resistance at higher speeds.
The electrical conductivity and other properties of sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution, as elucidating the mechanism of conduction.
Authors: Bousfield William Robert , Lowry Thomas Martin , Armstrong Henry Edward
Published: December 2006

The original object of the research was to investigate the decay, as the temperature rises, in the “ionising” properties of water; which is manifest, especially in the case of the alkalies, in the inflected character of the curves expressing the relation between temperature and conductivity in aqueous solutions.
On the group IV lines of silicium.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman , Baxandall F. E.
Published: December 2006

In previous communications to the Royal Society an account was given of the behaviour of the lines of silicium under varying experimental conditions, and as a result of this enquiry, the lines were divided into four distinctive groups.
On the presence of tyrosinases in the skins of some pigmented vertebrates.—Preliminary note.
Authors: Durham Florence M. , Bateson William
Published: December 2006

In the course of an investigation of the “heredity of coat-colour in mice,” the necessity for further knowledge, concerning the formation of pigment, became evident.
Note on a means of producing a high-voltage continuous or ‘Pertinacious’ current.
Authors: Lodge Oliver Joseph
Published: December 2006

The methods hitherto employed for propelling a current through very high resistance have involved the use either of a very large static inductive machine, such as that of Wimshurst and others, or a battery of a very large number of cells, as employed by De la Rue, Trowbridge, etc. The author finds that by the use of high-tension mercury-rectifiers the same result can be attained with ordinary sources of supply,
e.g
., by transforming and utilising the current from any steady or alternating main.
The effect of liquid air temperatures on the mechanical and other properties of iron and its alloys.
Authors: Dewar James , Hadfield Robert Abbott
Published: December 2006

As many iron alloys have shown anomalous results in their physical behaviour at ordinary temperatures, it became advisable to ascertain the exact effect of very low temperatures upon such bodies, and, accordingly, a series of tests were carried out on standard iron and iron alloyed with other elements, the specimens being selected from a large collection made by one of the authors, which is located at the Hecla Works, Sheffield. In the course of the enquiry some 500 specimens have been examined, and the detailed description of each test will appear later on in a special Monograph. In the meantime the more important results are submitted to the Royal Society.
The theory of photographic processes: On the chemical dynamics of development.
Authors: Sheppard S. E. , Mees Charles Edward Kenneth , Ramsay William
Published: December 2006

Historical and Introductory
.—The following work was undertaken with the view of applying physico-chemical methods to the study of photographic development. Although, as has been pointed out by Ostwald, the problem falls in the province of chemical dynamics, but little systematic work has been done from this point of view. The increasing use of gelatino-bromide films in connection with radiation phenomena make a greater knowledge of the laws describing development and exposure very desirable, while the importance of the photographic industry needs no comment.
On europium and its ultra-violet spectrum.
Authors: Crookes William
Published: December 2006

Europium was discovered in 1901 by Demarcay, accompanying samarium, from which he separated it by fractional crystallisation of the double nitrates of magnesium and the earths. Demarcay considered that his new earth was identical with De Boisbaudran’s Zϵ and Zζ, and was the same which I had announced in 1885 as giving an extremely sharp red line in the phosphorescent spectrum at wave-length 609—an earth which in 1889 I said was a new one, and designated by the name of Sδ. I detected the earth Sδ during an examination of the phosphorescent spectra given by some of the fractions of samaria and of yttria, neither of the earths being pure.
On a relation between autumnal rainfall and the yield of wheat of the following year.—Preliminary note.
Authors: Shaw William Napier
Published: December 2006

By autumn, in this note, is to be understood the period from the 36th to the 48th week, both inclusive, of the year, as represented in the
Weekly Weather Report
of the Meteorological Office; it covers the months of September, October, and November, approximately. The rainfall to be referred to is the average amount in inches, for the “Principal Wheat Producing Districts,” for the period mentioned, in successive years. The amounts are taken from the summaries of the
Weekly Weather
Report.
The ascent of water in trees.
Authors: Ewart Alfred James , Darwin Francis
Published: December 2006

As the result of a series of experimental observations bearing upon this problem, the author has been led to the conclusions stated in brief below. The flow of water through open vessels filled with sap takes place in accordance with Poiseuille’s formula for the flow through rigid cylindrical tubes, divergences being due to the presence of irregular internal thickenings in the vessels, and to local constrictions or deviations from the circular outline.
Real and complex asymptotic symmetries in quantum gravity, irreducible representations, polygons, polyhedra, and theA, D, Eseries
Authors: McCarthy Patrick J. , Smith F. T.
Published: December 2006

The Bondi-Metzner-Sachs groupBis the common asymptotic group of all asymptotically flat (lorentzian) space-times, and is the best candidate for the universal symmetry group of general relativity. However, in quantum gravity, complexified or euclidean versions of general relativity are frequently considered, and the question arises: Are there similar symmetry groups for these versions of the theory? In this paper it is shown that there are such analogues ofBand a variety of further ones, either real in any signature, or complex. The relationships between these various groups are described. Irreducible unitary representations (IRS) of the complexificationCBofBitself are analysed. It is proved that all induced IRS ofCBarise from IRS ofcompact'little groups’. It follows that some IRS ofCBare controlled by the IRS of the ‘A,D,E' series of finite symmetry groups of regular polygons and polyhedra in ordinary euclidean 3-space. Possible applications to quantum gravity are indicated.
Structure and expression of differentiation antigens on functional subclasses of primary sensory neurons
Authors: Jessell Thomas Michael , Dodd Jane , Iggo Ainsley , Iversen Leslie Lars , Cervero F.
Published: December 2006

Subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion neurons can be distinguished on the basis of their peripheral receptive properties, spinal terminal arbors and neuropeptide content. We have used monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to define antigenic determinants on functional populations of DRG neurons projecting to the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Three MAbs recognize defined carbohydrate epitopes associated with lacto- and globo-series glycolipids that constitute the stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs) 1, 3 and 4. SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 are present in the cytoplasm of about 10% of DRG neurons in adult rat. These neurons are distinct from those that contain substance P, somatostatin or the fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase enzyme, FRAP. SSEA-1 is present in a small percentage of DRG neurons. SSEAs are present on the surface ofDRG neurons maintained in dissociated cell culture: 6 % are SSEA-1
+
, 7% are SSEA-3
+
and 10- 15% are SSEA-4
+
. MAbs LD2, KH10, TC6 and TD10 identify epitopes expressed coincidently in 25% of small DRG neurons that project to lamina II of the dorsal horn. All somatostatin- but less than 1 % of substance P-immunoreactive DRG neurons express these antigens. MAb LA4 labels a distinct population of small DRG neurons that also projects to lamina II. There is extensive overlap between LA4
+
neurons and those that contain FRAP. Antigens recognized by these MAbs are expressed on the surface of 10—20% of DRG neurons in culture. Preliminary biochemical studies suggest that these antigens may be glycolipids. Molecules bearing carbohydrate differentiation antigens may be involved in the development and specification of sensory connections in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
The description of an instrument invented divers years ago by Dr Christopher Wren, for drawing the out-lines of any object in perspective
Authors: Wren Christopher
Published: December 2006

See
Fig
. I, wherein
A
. is a small
sight
with a short arm B. which may be turn’d round about, and mov’d up and down the small Cylinder CD, which is screw d into the piece
ED
. at
D
. this piece
E D
moving round about the Center
E
; by which means the Sight may be remov’d either towards
R
or
F
.