bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: is the combination of probe‐to‐bone test and plain radiography sufficient for high‐risk inpatients?
Authors: Aragón‐Sánchez J. , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Lázaro‐Martínez J. L.
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 191–194 (2011)

Aims  To investigate the accuracy of the sequential combination of the probe‐to‐bone test and plain X‐rays for diagnosing osteomyelitis in the foot of patients with diabetes.

Methods  We prospectively compiled data on a series of 338 patients with diabetes with 356 episodes of foot infection who were hospitalized in the Diabetic Foot Unit of La Paloma Hospital from 1 October 2002 to 31 April 2010. For each patient we did a probe‐to‐bone test at the time of the initial evaluation and then obtained plain X‐rays of the involved foot. All patients with positive results on either the probe‐to‐bone test or plain X‐ray underwent an appropriate surgical procedure, which included obtaining a bone specimen that was processed for histology and culture. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios of the procedures, using the histopathological diagnosis of osteomyelitis as the criterion standard.

Results  Overall, 72.4% of patients had histologically proven osteomyelitis, 85.2% of whom had positive bone culture. The performance characteristics of both the probe‐to‐bone test and plain X‐rays were excellent. The sequential diagnostic approach had a sensitivity of 0.97, specificity of 0.92, positive predictive value of 0.97, negative predictive value of 0.93, positive likelihood ratio of 12.8 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.02. Only 6.6% of patients with negative results on both diagnostic studies had osteomyelitis.

Conclusions  Clinicians seeing patients in a setting similar to ours (specialized diabetic foot unit with a high prevalence of osteomyelitis) can confidently diagnose diabetic foot osteomyelitis when either the probe‐to‐bone test or a plain X‐ray, or especially both, are positive.
THE ETHICS OF MANAGING AFFECTIVE AND EMOTIONAL STATES TO IMPROVE INFORMED CONSENT: AUTONOMY, COMPREHENSION, AND VOLUNTARINESS
Authors: BRAUDE HILLEL , KIMMELMAN JONATHAN
Published: October 2010

Over the past several decades the ‘affective revolution’ in cognitive psychology has emphasized the critical role affect and emotion play in human decision‐making. Drawing on this affective literature, various commentators have recently proposed strategies for managing therapeutic expectation that use contextual, symbolic, or emotive interventions in the consent process to convey information or enhance comprehension. In this paper, we examine whether affective consent interventions that target affect and emotion can be reconciled with widely accepted standards for autonomous action. More specifically, the ethics of affective consent interventions is assessed in terms of key elements of autonomy, comprehension and voluntariness. While there may appear to be a moral obligation to manage the affective environment to ensure valid informed consent, in circumstances where volunteers may be prone to problematic therapeutic expectancy, this moral obligation needs to be weighed against the potential risks of human instrumentalization. At this point in time we do not have enough information to be able to justify clearly the programmatic manipulation of human subjects' affective states. The lack of knowledge about affective interventions requires corresponding caution in its ethical justification.
WITHDRAWAL OF ARTIFICIAL NUTRITION AND HYDRATION FOR PATIENTS IN A PERMANENT VEGETATIVE STATE: CHANGING TACK
Authors: CONSTABLE CATHERINE
Published: October 2010

In the United States, the decision of whether to withdraw or continue to provide artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) for patients in a permanent vegetative state (PVS) is placed largely in the hands of surrogate decision‐makers, such as spouses and immediate family members. This practice would seem to be consistent with a strong national emphasis on autonomy and patient‐centered healthcare. When there is ambiguity as to the patient's advanced wishes, the presumption has been that decisions should weigh in favor of maintaining life, and therefore, that it is the withdrawal rather than the continuation of ANH that requires particular justification. I will argue that this default position should be reversed. Instead, I will argue that the burden of justification lies with those who would continue artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH), and in the absence of knowledge as to the patient's advanced wishes, it is better to discontinue ANH. In particular, I will argue that among patients in PVS, there is not a compelling interest in being kept alive; that in general, we commit a worse violation of autonomy by continuing ANH when the patient's wishes are unknown; and that more likely than not, the maintenance of ANH as a bridge to a theoretical future time of recovery goes against the best interests of the patient.
ON TAYLOR'S JUSTIFICATION OF MEDICAL INFORMED CONSENT
Authors: VARELIUS JUKKA
Published: October 2010

In contemporary Western biomedical ethics, informed consent practices are commonly justified in terms of the intrinsic value of patient autonomy. James Stacey Taylor maintains that this conception of the moral grounding of medical informed consent is mistaken. On the basis of his reasoning to that effect, Taylor argues that medical informed consent is justified by the instrumental value of personal autonomy. In this article, I examine whether Taylor's justification of medical informed consent is plausible.
TOTAL BRAIN DEATH: A REPLY TO ALAN SHEWMON
Authors: LEE PATRICK , GRISEZ GERMAIN
Published: October 2010

D. Alan Shewmon has advanced a well‐documented challenge to the widely accepted total brain death criterion for death of the human being. We show that Shewmon's argument against this criterion is unsound, though he does refute the standard argument for that criterion. We advance a distinct argument for the total brain death criterion and answer likely objections. Since human beings are rational animals – sentient organisms of a specific type – the loss of the radical capacity for sentience (the capacity to sense or to develop the capacity to sense) involves a substantial change, the passing away of the human organism. In human beings total brain death involves the complete loss of the radical capacity for sentience, and so in human beings total brain death is death.
EXPLOITATIONS AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS: THE NECESSITY OF IDENTIFYING THE MULTIPLE FORMS OF EXPLOITATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL TRIALS
Authors: SNYDER JEREMY
Published: October 2010

Human subject trials of pharmaceuticals in low and middle income countries (LMICs) have been associated with the moral wrong of exploitation on two grounds. First, these trials may include a placebo control arm even when proven treatments for a condition are in use in other (usually wealthier) parts of the world. Second, the trial researchers or sponsors may fail to make a successful treatment developed through the trial available to either the trial participants or the host community following the trial.

Many commentators have argued that a single form of exploitation takes place during human subject research in LMICs. These commentators do not, however, agree as to what kind of moral wrong exploitation is or when exploitation is morally impermissible. In this paper, I have two primary goals. First, I will argue for a taxonomy of exploitation that identifies three distinct forms of exploitation. While each of these forms of exploitation has its critics, I will argue that they can each be developed into plausible accounts of exploitation tied to different vulnerabilities and different forms of wrongdoing. Second, I will argue that each of these forms of exploitation can coexist in single situations, including human subject trials of pharmaceuticals. This lesson is important, since different forms of exploitation in a single relationship can influence, among other things, whether the relationship is morally permissible.
ORPHANED AT CONCEPTION: THE UNCANNY OFFSPRING OF EMBRYOS
Authors: SPARROW ROBERT
Published: October 2010

A number of advances in assisted reproduction have been greeted by the accusation that they would produce children ‘without parents’. In this paper I will argue that while to date these accusations have been false, there is a limited but important sense in which they would be true of children born of a reproductive technology that is now on the horizon. If our genetic parents are those individuals from whom we have inherited 50% of our genes, then, unlike in any other reproductive scenario, children who were conceived from gametes derived from stem cell lines derived from discarded IVF embryos would have no genetic parents! This paper defends this claim and investigates its ethical implications. I argue that there are reasons to think that the creation of such embryos might be morally superior to the existing alternatives in an important set of circumstances.
AN UNDIGNIFIED BIOETHICS: THERE IS NO METHOD IN THIS MADNESS
Authors: DE MELO‐MARTÍN INMACULADA
Published: October 2010

In a recent article, Alasdair Cochrane argues for the need to have an undignified bioethics. His is not, of course, a call to transform bioethics into an inelegant, pathetic discipline, or one failing to meet appropriate disciplinary standards. His is a call to simply eliminate the concept of human dignity from bioethical discourse. Here I argue that he fails to make his case. I first show that several of the flaws that Cochrane identifies are not flaws of the conceptions of dignity he discusses but rather flaws of his, often problematic, understanding of such conceptions. Second, I argue that Cochrane's case against the concept of human dignity goes too far. I thus show that were one to agree that these are indeed flaws that require that we discard our ethical concepts, then following Cochrane's recommendations would commit us not only to an undignified bioethics, i.e. a bioethics without dignity, but to a bioethics without much ethics at all.
“I Did Not Wash My Feet with that Woman”: Using Dramatic Performance to Teach Biblical Studies
Authors: Torbett David
Published: October 2010

The student dramatic performance is an effective way for undergraduates to learn biblical studies. In this article I will give an example of a dramatic performance assignment that I developed over a number of courses and used most recently and most successfully in an undergraduate course in the Hebrew Bible at a small liberal arts college in the Midwest/Appalachian region in 2008. Drawing on my own experience as a teacher, as well as on the ideas of philosophers, educators, playwrights, and biblical scholars, I will explain why such performances are effective teaching tools. I will also give guidance on how to use dramatic performances effectively. I intend to show that the success of this assignment depends on, and ultimately validates, two basic trusts: trust in the intellectual and creative capacity of students, as well as trust in the wealth of meaning in the biblical text.
Erotic Education: Elaborating a Feminist and Faith‐Based Pedagogy for Experiential Learning in Religious Studies
Authors: Carbine Rosemary P.
Published: October 2010

This essay explores intersections among Jesuit, Quaker, and feminist theologies and pedagogies of social justice education in order to propose and elaborate an innovative theoretical and theological framework for experiential learning in religious studies that prioritizes relationality, called erotic education. This essay then applies the relational rationale of erotic education to interpret the author's design of a service or community‐based learning component in a course about contemporary U.S. Christian social justice movements, offered in both religiously‐affiliated and religiously‐inspired liberal arts colleges. The course case study not only chronicles the author's evolving pedagogical praxis as a feminist theologian teaching in Jesuit and Quaker institutions, but also is grounded in how the author's course embodies erotic education, that is, how specific objectives, learning practices, and assignments build and bolster relationships among students (in peer‐to‐peer small groups inside and outside the classroom) as well as among students and their community sites. In developing this framework and implementing it within this particular course, the author argues that erotic education emphasizes the naming and training of our existential desires for interpersonal relations in order to upbuild not only the individual but also the common good.
A Spectrum Pedagogy for Christian Ethics: Respecting Difference without Resorting to Relativism
Authors: Heim Joel J. , Scovill Nelia Beth
Published: October 2010

This paper presents an overview of a newly developed spectrum pedagogy of Christian ethics that emerged from the authors' experience of teaching a contemporary Christian ethics course for seven years. A spectrum pedagogy is a comprehensive approach to teaching Christian ethics that combines the modeling of key dispositions using specific tools (issue‐specific spectrums and ethical theories) and learning experiences (engaging multiple positions and responding to concrete situations). The pedagogy gains its name from the issue‐specific spectrums used by instructors to orient students to contemporary debate on a given issue and by students in their ethical reflection. The goal of this pedagogy is to empower students to construct their own responses while respecting differing viewpoints without resorting to relativism. This article surveys the essential elements of a “spectrum pedagogy,” describes its implementation into a semester‐long course, and identifies multiple benefits of using this pedagogy.
Manchester's Bust Regime?
Authors: HARDING ALAN , HARLOE MICHAEL , REES JAMES
Published: October 2010

This essay updates the once vibrant political economy literature on Manchester and argues that good governance, as well as good fortune, underpinned an uneven but strong urban‐regional renaissance from the late 1980s through the economic boom period leading up to the financial crisis. After establishing the case for making this claim, it goes on to consider the extent to which Manchester and its broader city‐region has proven resilient in the face of recession and is likely to be affected by the fall‐out that will result from UK government attempts to manage the second phase of the crisis through swingeing public expenditure cuts and fundamental policy realignment. It concludes by anticipating whether a radically changed economic and political environment is likely to lead to the continuation, collapse or recalibration of Manchester's unique and emergent city‐regional governance arrangements.

Réactualisant les textes d’économie politique autrefois enflammés qui traitaient du cas de Manchester, cet article affirme qu’une bonne gouvernance, alliée à un peu de chance, a pu étayer une renaissance, inégale mais solide, de cette région métropolitaine à partir de la fin des années 1980 et tout au long de la période d’essor économique qui a précédé la crise financière. Après avoir présenté les arguments à l’appui de cette affirmation, il s’intéresse à la mesure dans laquelle Manchester et sa région métropolitaine ont su résister à la récession, mais risquent d’être affectées par les répercussions des tentatives du gouvernement britannique cherchant à gérer la deuxième phase de la crise au moyen de coupes sombres dans les dépenses publiques et d’un réalignement fondamental de l’action publique. La conclusion étudie si, dans un contexte économique et politique totalement différent, les dispositifs uniques de gouvernance de Manchester qui s’instauraient à l’échelon de la région métropolitaine sont susceptibles de perdurer, de se disloquer ou de se reconfigurer.
One‐stage reconstruction of deep facial defects with a single layer dermal regeneration template
Authors: Koenen W. , Felcht M. , Vockenroth K. , Sassmann G. , Goerdt S. , Faulhaber J.
Published: October 2010

Background  The reconstruction of deep facial wounds in oncological surgery is challenging. Especially for elderly multimorbid patients, a rapid procedure with acceptable aesthetic and reliable functional outcome is required. Recently, a new single layer skin substitute was developed. Integra® dermal regeneration template single layer (IDRT‐SL) allows one‐stage surgery in combination with split thickness skin grafting. However, no study has yet analysed the efficiency of IDRT‐SL treatment.

Objectives  To evaluate applicability and efficiency of the IDRT‐SL treatment in combination with split thickness skin grafting for a one‐step closure of deep facial surgical wounds in elderly multimorbid patients.

Patients/Methods  This prospective study analysed the functional and aesthetic outcome after reconstruction with an IDRT‐SL template and an immediate split thickness skin graft in the face (80 ± 3 years; >3 concomitant diseases).

Results  Nine tumours, four basal cell carcinoma, two lentigo maligna, one spinal cell carcinoma, one lentigo maligna melanoma and one Bowen carcinoma were resected. Five defects were located on the nose and four on the cheek. The mean defect size was 11 ± 3 cm2. All but one graft were taken completely without any complication. One patient suffered from a partial graft loss (30%). All defects showed significant shrinkage of 61 ± 4%.

Conclusions  One‐stage reconstruction with a combination of IDRT‐SL and split thickness skin grafting is an elegant, easy and rapid method to treat deep skin defects. The take rates, functional and early cosmetic outcome are promising. This new method should be considered for selected cases of elderly multimorbid patients with deep facial wounds.
Evidence of the efficacy of alcohol lavage in the phenolization treatment of ingrown toenails
Authors: Cordoba Diaz D. , Losa Iglesias M.E. , Cordoba Diaz M. , Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R.
Published: October 2010

Background  For treatment of ingrown toenails, a phenolization is often chosen. Many reports describe an intra‐operative irrigation or lavage of the wound with various types of alcohol to neutralize any residual phenol from this treatment. There are conflicting reports in the literature as to whether a true neutralization is required or merely effective removal of excess phenol.

Objective  The aim of our study was to analyse the suitability and effectiveness of the alcohol lavage step during the treatment of ingrown toenails with a phenolization procedure.

Methods  We performed an in vitro study using human skin and a diffusion cell apparatus to measure the amount of phenol remaining after various lavage washes. The effect of phenol evaporation was also examined.

Results  There was no measurable amount of phenol collected after each experiment, suggesting that diffusion of phenol through the skin does not exist. The open compartment test had significantly less phenol recovered compared with the occluded compartment test, indicating phenol evaporation.

Study limitations  None.

Conclusions  An alcohol lavage step after the phenolization procedure can be a suitable and effective means of diluting and removing any excess or residual phenol from the exposed area.
Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP: The Case of Ukraine
Authors: GAWRICH ANDREA , MELNYKOVSKA INNA , SCHWEICKERT RAINER
Published: October 2010

This article contributes to the integration of Neighbourhood Europeanization in the literature on Europeanization. Based on insights from Membership and Enlargement Europeanization, we reveal important inconsistencies of Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP as well as a lack of robust empirical support for its effectiveness. We define core dimensions and determinants of Neighbourhood Europeanization and implement this analytical framework for the case of Ukraine. The analysis clearly demonstrates substantial asymmetries in ENP policy across the three dimensions we chose – democracy promotion, economic co‐operation and JHA, which clearly reflect the inconsistency of the ENP concept: top‐down formulation of EU interests combined with weak conditionality. ENP inconsistencies could however be overcome through widening linkages and improving financial support to mobilize and strengthen positive local support of EU demands and rewards.
Uneven Integration: Economic and Monetary Union in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: EPSTEIN RACHEL A. , JOHNSON JULIET
Published: October 2010

Although central and eastern European states widely adopted central bank independence in the 1990s, many later baulked at meeting the Maastricht criteria and adopting the euro. We employ two key variables – regime and institutional discontinuity at the domestic level and the credibility of international institutions' policies – to explain these different responses to the requirements of economic and monetary union.
Service Liberalization in the Enlarged EU: A Race to the Bottom or the Emergence of Transnational Political Conflict?
Authors: LINDSTROM NICOLE
Published: October 2010

Concerns that eastward enlargement will spur a race to the bottom in wages and social protection figured prominently in two cases before the ECJ: Laval and Viking. Each case considered whether industrial action to uphold collective bargaining agreements violate single market laws. Government observations divided between old and new Member States, with the former supporting the unions' position and the latter the employers'. With the ECJ ultimately ruling with the employers and against the expressed preferences of most old Member States and unions, the rulings furthered the cause of liberalization in the enlarged EU, but also mobilized political opposition.
Mission Impossible? The Potential for Franco–German Leadership in the Enlarged EU
Authors: SCHILD JOACHIM
Published: October 2010

This article examines the potential for Franco–German leadership in the EU‐27. Leadership in the sense of shared leadership to achieve collective European goals can be exercised in different ways: by promoting the deepening and/or widening of European integration, by the active search for European compromises on disputed issues or by means of crisis management in European affairs. The Franco–German potential for performing such a leading role inside the European Union can be seen as being a function of French and German formal and informal power resources, of the shape of the institutional environments in different EU policy fields, of the prevailing preference configurations and issue coalitions in the Council and of the deliberate political strategies of French and German political leaders. The article analyses how far the enlargement of the European Union to 27 Member States has eroded the combined leadership capacities of France and Germany. Under specific conditions and circumstances – which should be less frequent in the EU‐27 than before – the two European core countries might still be able to provide the kind of leadership which an enlarged Union needs perhaps more than ever.
Fitting statistical models in bivariate allometry
Authors: Packard Gary C. , Birchard Geoffrey F. , Boardman Thomas J.
Published: October 2010

Several attempts have been made in recent years to formulate a general explanation for what appear to be recurring patterns of allometric variation in morphology, physiology, and ecology of both plants and animals (e.g.the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, the Allometric Cascade, the Metabolic‐Level Boundaries hypothesis). However, published estimates for parameters in allometric equations often are inaccurate, owing to undetected bias introduced by the traditional method for fitting lines to empirical data. The traditional method entails fitting a straight line to logarithmic transformations of the original data and then back‐transforming the resulting equation to the arithmetic scale. Because of fundamental changes in distributions attending transformation of predictor and response variables, the traditional practice may cause influential outliers to go undetected, and it may result in an underparameterized model being fitted to the data. Also, substantial bias may be introduced by the insidious rotational distortion that accompanies regression analyses performed on logarithms. Consequently, the aforementioned patterns of allometric variation may be illusions, and the theoretical explanations may be wide of the mark. Problems attending the traditional procedure can be largely avoided in future research simply by performing preliminary analyses on arithmetic values and by validating fitted equations in the arithmetic domain. The goal of most allometric research is to characterize relationships between biological variables and body size, and this is done most effectively with data expressed in the units of measurement. Back‐transforming from a straight line fitted to logarithms is not a generally reliable way to estimate an allometric equation in the original scale.
Leaf traits and decomposition in tropical rainforests: revisiting some commonly held views and towards a new hypothesis
Authors: Hättenschwiler Stephan , Coq Sylvain , Barantal Sandra , Handa Ira Tanya
Published: October 2010

Proper estimates of decomposition are essential for tropical forests, given their key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. However, the current paradigm for litter decomposition is insufficient to account for recent observations and may limit model predictions for highly diverse tropical ecosystems. In light of recent findings from a nutrient‐poor Amazonian rainforest, we revisit the commonly held views that: litter traits are a mere legacy of live leaf traits; nitrogen (N) and lignin are the key litter traits controlling decomposition; and favourable climatic conditions result in rapid decomposition in tropical forests. Substantial interspecific variation in litter phosphorus (P) was found to be unrelated to variation in green leaves. Litter nutrients explained no variation in decomposition, which instead was controlled primarily by nonlignin litter C compounds at low concentrations with important soil fauna effects. Despite near‐optimal climatic conditions, tropical litter decomposition proceeded more slowly than in a climatically less favourable temperate forest. We suggest that slow decomposition in the studied rainforest results from a syndrome of poor litter C quality beyond a simple lignin control, enforcing energy starvation of decomposers. We hypothesize that the litter trait syndrome in nutrient‐poor tropical rainforests may have evolved to increase plant access to limiting nutrients via mycorrhizal associations.
Doping and musculoskeletal system: short‐term and long‐lasting effects of doping agents
Authors: Nikolopoulos Dimitrios D. , Spiliopoulou Chara , Theocharis Stamatios E.
Published: October 2010

Doping is a problem that has plagued the world of competition and sports for ages. Even before the dawn of Olympic history in ancient Greece, competitors have looked for artificial means to improve athletic performance. Since ancient times, athletes have attempted to gain an unfair competitive advantage through the use of doping substances. A Prohibited List of doping substances and methods banned in sports is published yearly by the World Anti‐Doping Agency. Among the substances included are steroidal and peptide hormones and their modulators, stimulants, glucocorticosteroids, β2‐agonists, diuretics and masking agents, narcotics, and cannabinoids. Blood doping, tampering, infusions, and gene doping are examples of prohibited methods indicated on the List. Apart from the unethical aspect of doping, as it abrogates fair‐play’s principle, it is extremely important to consider the hazards it presents to the health and well‐being of athletes. The referred negative effects for the athlete’s health have to do, on the one hand, by the high doses of the performance‐enhancing agents and on the other hand, by the relentless, superhuman strict training that the elite or amateur athletes put their muscles, bones, and joints. The purpose of this article is to highlight the early and the long‐lasting consequences of the doping abuse on bone and muscle metabolism.
The attraction–similarity model and dating couples: Projection, perceived similarity, and psychological benefits
Authors: MORRY MARIAN M. , KITO MIE , ORTIZ LINDSEY
Published: October 2010

According to the attraction–similarity model, relationship quality leads to perceptions of partner–self similarity. Relationship quality and perceived similarity then provide psychological benefits for the perceiver. Across 3 studies, relationship quality positively predicted perceptions of similarity. Study 1 indicated that for moderate, but not low, relationship‐relevant traits, individuals projected the self onto the dating partner as a way of perceiving similarities. In Study 2, priming high, as opposed to low, relationship quality led to greater perceived similarity on the moderately relevant traits. Study 3 indicated greater perceived similarity between self and dating partner than between self and average same‐gender student on the moderately relevant traits. Relationship quality and perceived similarity with the dating partner on the moderately relevant traits also predicted psychological benefits.
The Ethics of Sin Taxes
Authors: Green Rebecca
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
The current global economic crisis is forcing governments to consider a variety of methods to generate funds for infrastructure. In the United States, smoking‐related illness and an obesity epidemic are forcing public health institutions to consider a variety of methods to influence health behaviors of entire target groups. In this paper, the author uses a public health nursing model, the Public Health Code of Ethics (Public Health Leadership Society, 2002), the American Nurses' Association (ANA) Code of Ethics (2001), and other relevant ethical theory to weigh and balance the arguments for and against the use of sin taxes. A position advocating the limited use of sin taxes is supported as a reasonable stance for the public health professional.
Women Philosophers in the Ancient Greek World: Donning the Mantle
Authors: Wider Kathleen
Published: October 2010

This paper argues that there were women involved with philosophy on a fairly constant basis throughout Greek antiquity. It does so by tracing the lives and where extant the writings of these women. However, since the sources, both ancient and modern, from which we derive our knowledge about these women are so sexist and easily distort our view of these women and their accomplishments, the paper also discusses the manner in which their histories come down to us as well as the histories themselves. It discusses in detail the following women: the Pythagorean women philosophers of the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., Aspasia and Diotima of the 5th century B.C., Arete, Hipparchia, Pamphile and the women Epicureans—all from the 4th century B.C. the five logician daughters of a famous Stoic philosopher of the 3rd century B.C., and finally Hypatia who lived in the 4th century A.D.
The Politics of Self‐Respect: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Meyers Diana T
Published: October 2010

Recent liberal moral and political philosophy has placed great emphasis on the good of self‐respect. But it is not always evident what is involved in self‐respect, nor is it evident how societies can promote it. Assuming that self‐respect is highly desirable, I begin by considering how people can live in a self‐respecting fashion, and I argue that autonomous envisaging and fulfillment of one's own life plans is necessary for self‐respect. I next turn to the question of how societal implementation of rights may affect self‐respect, and I urge that discretionary rights, which allow people to decline the benefits they confer, support self‐respect more effectively than mandatory rights, which forbid people to refuse the benefits they confer. I conclude by examining the import of these contentions for feminist theory. I believe that my arguments are of particular concern to women because women have traditionally been victimized by a mandatory right to play a distinctively “feminine” role which has undermined their self‐respect.
Preparing the Way For a Feminist Praxis
Authors: Nye Andrea
Published: October 2010

Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex identifies the philosophical vantage point from which she will survey the situation of women as existentialist. The ways in which she must later compromise that committment to theory in order to remain true to her feminist insights foreshadow recent developments in feminist ethics and epistemology.
Nature and Nurture: A False Dichotomy?
Authors: Purdy Laura
Published: October 2010

Nancy Tuana holds that the nature/nurture dichotomy does not accurately represent the world and hence that a whole series of assumptions about human nature is mistaken. She rejects both biological determinism and alternative interactionist views. I argue that although her arguments and political concerns do rule out any kind of simple biological determinism, they do not show that the alternative interactionist view is untenable: in fact, she uses the distinction in her attempt to demolish it. I argue that the assumption that “nature” implies fixity is the source of difficulties here, not the dichotomy itself.
Female Friendship: Contra Chodorow and Dinnerstein
Authors: Raymond Janice
Published: October 2010

The author critiques two widely-used works in Women's Studies for their hetero-relational content and the ways in which they minimize the necessity for affinities between women. Dinnerstein and Chodorow give us in theory what movies such as Kramer vs. Kramer depict in the film. It is not co-parenting and the inclusion of the male in an equal parenting role that will remedy present “sexual arrangements,” without first giving attention to women's relations with each other.
Through A Glass Darkly: Paradigms Of Equality And The Search For A Woman's Jurisprudence
Authors: Krieger Linda J.
Published: October 2010

In this article, Ms. Krieger explores the controversy concerning pregnancy disability leave presented by the case of California Federal Savings v. Guerra in light of Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific paradigm change and Carol Gilligan's theory regarding sex differences in moral reasoning. She argues that the controversy reflects a period of paradigm crisis in equality jurisprudence, brought about in part by the recent inclusion of greater numbers of women into the jurisprudential community.
The Logic of Special Rights
Authors: Green Paul
Published: October 2010

Linda Krieger's paper in this volume relies on the concepts of “equal” and “special” rights, and I focus my attention upon the bivalent view of equality which justifies the creation of special rights. Krieger argues, I point out, that equality of effect is a fundamentally more just consideration than equality of treatment, and special rights allow disad-vantaged groups to achieve this equality of effect.
Do Good Feminists Compete?
Authors: Davion Victoria
Published: October 2010

In this paper I argue against the view widely held among feminists that nurturing and competition are incompatible. I also explore the following two more specific objections against competition: (1) competitions are “mini-wars” which encourage hatred; (2) while not “miniwars,” competitions foster a war-like mentality. Underlying these objections is the fear that too strong a sense of self makes war likely by severing connection with others. I argue that because patriarchy encourages women to have too little sense of self, some competition may be useful.
The Unity of Language
Authors: Nye Andrea
Published: October 2010

This paper identifies the founding project of traditional philosophy of language as an attempt to unify the diversity and individuality of spoken language in order to produce a transpersonal intelligibility. The supposed necessary truth that we cannot directly understand what others say which underlies such a project is exposed as a willful avoidance of the discourse of others typical of masculine styles of communication.
Celibacy and Its Implications For Autonomy
Authors: Watson Candace
Published: October 2010

This paper connects celibacy to autonomy, which is derived from economic, emotional, and sexual self-determination. Although society attempts to control and define women's sexuality, the celibate woman who masturbates can retrieve her sexuality without the massive social rearrangements which are necessary for economic and emotional liberation. Because masturbation is accessible and singular, sexual autonomy is available to a woman who chooses celibacy, regardless of the other exigencies in her life, as illustrated in the example here from popular literature.
Justifying Feminist Social Science
Authors: Alcoff Linda
Published: October 2010

In this paper I set out the problem of feminist social science as the need to explain and justify its method of theory choice in relation to both its own theories and those of androcentric social science. In doing this, it needs to avoid both a positivism which denies the impact of values on scientific theory-choice and a radical relativism which undercuts the emancipatory potential of feminist research. From the relevant literature I offer two possible solutions: the Holistic and the Constructivist models of theory-choice. I then rate these models according to what extent they solve the problem of feminist social science. I argue that the principal distinction between these models is in their contrasting conceptions of truth. Solving the problem of feminist social science will require understanding that what is at stake in the debate is our conception of truth. This understanding will serve to clarify, though not resolve, the various approaches to and disagreements over methodologies and explanations in feminist social science.
John Dewey and Evelyn Fox Keller: A Shared Epistemological Tradition
Authors: Heldke Lisa
Published: October 2010

In this paper, I undertake an exploration of the similarities I find between the epistemological projects of John Dewey and Evelyn Fox Keller. These similarities, I suggest, warrant considering Dewey and Keller to share membership in an epistemological tradition, a tradition I label the “Coresponsible Option.” In my examination, I focus on Dewey's and Keller's ontological assertion that we live in a world that is an inextricable mixture of certainty and chance, and on their resultant conception of inquiry as a communal relationship.
The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology
Authors:   The Biology and Gender Study Group, Beldecos Athena , Bailey Sarah , Gilbert Scott , Hicks Karen , Kenschaft Lori , Niemczyk Nancy , Rosenberg Rebecca , Schaertel Stephanie , Wedel Andrew
Published: October 2010

Biology is seen not merely as a privileged oppressor of women but as a co-victim of masculinist social assumptions. We see feminist critique as one of the normative controls that any scientist must perform whenever analyzing data, and we seek to demonstrate what has happened when this control has not been utilized. Narratives of fertilization and sex determination traditionally have been modeled on the cultural patterns of male/female interaction, leading to gender associations being placed on cells and their components. We also find that when gender biases are controlled, new perceptions of these intracellular and extracellular relationships emerge.
Women and the Mismeasure Of Thought
Authors: Genova Judith
Published: October 2010

Recent attempts by the neurological and psychological communities to articulate thought differences between women and men continue to mismeasure thought, especially women's thought. To challenge the claims of hemispheric specialization and lateralization studies, I argue three points: 1) given more sophisticated biological models, brain researchers cannot assume that differences, should they exist, between women and men are purely a result of innate structures; 2) the distinction currently being drawn between verbal/spatial thinking abilities is fraught with ideological commitments that undermine the intelligibility of the distinction; 3) the model of thinking as information processing which underlies all this research confuses thinking with internal processing strategies.
Feminist Perspectives on Science
Authors: Imber Barbara , Tuana Nancy
Published: October 2010

In this issue ofHypatiathere is a consensus that science is not value-neutral and that cultural/political concerns enter into the epistemology, methodology and conclusions of scientific theory and practice. In future dialogues the question that needs to be further addressed is the precise role political concerns should play in the formulation of a feminist theory and practice of science.
Dyke Methods or Principles for the Discovery/Creation of the Withstanding∗
Authors: Trebilcot Joyce
Published: October 2010

Alarmed by the domination inherent in the patriarchal idea of truth, the author sketches principles that allow her to develop accounts of reality—to “do theory”—without implying that others should agree. This epistemological setting supports differences among wimmin that are expressed in different understandings of the world; it also supports agreement.
Recipes for Theory Making
Authors: Heldke Lisa
Published: October 2010

This is a paper about philosophical inquiry and cooking. In it, I suggest that thinking about cooking can illuminate our understanding of other forms of inquiry. Specifically, I think it provides us with one way to circumvent the dilemma of absolutism and relativism.

The paper is divided into two sections. In the first, I sketch the background against which my project is situated. In the second, I develop an account of cooking as inquiry, by exploring five aspects of recipe creation and use.
Woman as Metaphor1
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: October 2010

Women's activities and relations to men are persistent metaphors for man's projects. I query the prominence of these and the lack of equivalent metaphors where men are the metaphoric vehicle for women and women's activities. Women's role as metaphor results from her otherness and her relational and mediational importance in men's lives. Otherness, mediation, and relation characterize the role of metaphor in language and thought. This congruence between metaphor and women makes the metaphor of woman especially potent in man's conceptual economy.
Response
Authors: Raymond Janice G.
Published: October 2010

This essay is a response to the comments and critique, included in this issue, of Claudia Card and Marilyn Friedman to my book, A Passion for Friends. In this response, I emphasize the crucial distinction between female separation and dissociation from the world, so as to register the difference between the positive and negative separations in which women are engaged. I also expand the discussion of individuality and individualism. The latter has arisen within the context of a feminist liberal campaign for sexual liberation which defends, among other things, sadomasochism, prostitution, pornography, and surrogacy.
Welfare Cuts and the Ascendance of Market Patriarchy
Authors: Friedman Marilyn
Published: October 2010

Recent welfare cuts have revealed that the patriarchal control of women's domestic labor has been significantly relocated from the home and the governmental bureaucracy to the marketplace. Through the sale of domestic and reproductive labor, many low income women have come to occupy a class position in relation to middle and upper income families which parallels the position occupied by the traditional wife in relation to her husband.
On Nancy Fraser's “Women, Welfare and the Politics of Need Interpretation”
Authors: Landesman Bruce M.
Published: October 2010

In “Women, Welfare and the Politics of Need Interpretation,” Nancy Fraser pursues a “meaning-oriented” inquiry intended to illuminate the gender bias of the American welfare system in order to aid feminists and their allies in the continuing political struggles over the welfare system. For Fraser the fundamental issues are over judgments about what women need—“need interpretation.” I argue that although her analysis of the system is vivid and provocative, it is inadequate as a contribution either to political theory or practical strategy. Fraser substitutes a search for patterns and meanings for careful clarification and defense of political values. She leaves needs without foundation and does not explore the capacities for change in modem liberal states. The meanings she reveals provide us neither with a sound basis for judgments on political values nor with a strategy for improvement.
Competition, Recognition, and Approval-Seeking
Authors: Davion Victoria
Published: October 2010

Here I support my position in “Do Good Feminists Compete?” against the suggestion that competing with others weakens rather than strengthens one's sense of self.
The Body Politics of Julia Kristeva
Authors: Butler Judith
Published: October 2010

Julia Kristeva attempts to expose the limits of Lacan's theory of language by revealing the semiotic dimension of language that it excludes. She argues that the semiotic potential of language is subversive, and describes the semiotic as a poetic-maternal linguistic practice that disrupts the symbolic, understood as culturally intelligible rule-governed speech. In the course of arguing that the semiotic contests the universality of the Symbolic, Kristeva makes several theoretical moves which end up consolidating the power of the Symbolic and paternal authority generally. She defends a maternal instinct as a pre-discursive biological necessity, thereby naturalizing a specific cultural configuration of maternity. In her use of psychoanalytic theory, she ends up claiming the cultural unintelligibility of lesbianism. Her distinction between the semiotic and the Symbolic operates to foreclose a cultural investigation into the genesis of precisely those feminine principles for which she claims a pre-discursive, naturalistic ontology. Although she claims that the maternal aspects of language are repressed in Symbolic speech and provide a critical possibility of displacing the hegemony of the paternal/symbolic, her very descriptions of the maternal appear to accept rather than contest the inevitable hegemony of the Symbolic. In conclusion, this essay offers a genealogical critique of the maternal discourse in Kristeva and suggests that recourse to the maternal does not constitute a subversive strategy as Kristeva appears to assume.
The Gender/Science System: Response to Kelly Oliver
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox
Published: October 2010

I welcome the opportunity to respond to Kelly Oliver's critique of my paper published earlier in this journal for at least three reasons: out of respect for the tradition of intellectual exchange to which Oliver's invitation tacitly appeals; because the issues are of quite general importance, even far beyond feminist theory; and out of fidelity to the goals of contemporary feminist theory, central to which I take to be the unravelling of classical dichotomies. This commitment inspires me to protest the current tendency among some feminist critics to tacitly reinforce (often under the name of “deconstruction”) the very dichotomy between objectivism and relativism which I and others have sought to undermine. Here, as always, the tell-tale marks of such oppositional reconstructions are to be found in the collapse and obliteration of distinctions internal to the categories under questions.
A Call to Heal Medicine
Authors: Holmes Helen Bequaert
Published: October 2010

Authors in this special Hypatia issue seem called to heal ethics, medicine, and the new field — medical ethics. After explaining why feminists should feel this calling, I group authors” contributions as responses to questions: 1. Why hasn't medical ethics already healed medicine? 2. What role should “caring” play? 3. Must we first heal science? 4. Are we calling health a virtue? 5. Why haven't the many medical ethics books helped? 6. How do our sisters in sociology support us?