bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducing Performance Budgeting in Jamaica
Authors: Marshalleck Edith G. , Lehan Edward A.
Published: January 2008

As a key component of a World Bank‐financed Administrative Reform Programme, the Government of Jamaica began a phased implementation of performance Budgeting in 1985–86. Under the leadership of the Finance Ministry's Budget Division. Just under 70 per cent of the Government's 50 appropriation units will have applied performance budgeting during the 1988/89 financial year. The remaining units are scheduled for conversion in 1989–90. Expressing the Government's determination to establish productivity‐oriented managerial environments throughout its administrative service, 1,000 front line supervisors have been assigned the basic responsibility for the formulation and execution of performance budgets. These “cost centre managers”, most of whom had no responsibility for budgeting in the traditional system, are going through a management skills development programme, embracing classroom instruction, practice and on‐the‐job technical assistance. Significant institutional changes are also involved including: (1) the reorientation of the Budget Division, (2) the development of Ministry budget functions, (3) the reorganisation of accounting practices to provide required support for performance budgeting, (4) the development of management services support for cost centre managers and, (5) the establishment of productivity‐oriented training programmes.
Corporations without National Boundaries
Authors: Natale Samuel M. , Sora Sebastian A. , Madden Tara
Published: January 2008

Globalization blurs the boundaries of national identity and national differences between corporations. It is increasingly necessary for corporations to identify with a plethora of nations and cultures. Countries that had never been considered major participants in world trade have suddenly emerged as major economic powers. In the past two decades, world trade has expanded from $200 billion to over $4 trillion (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 1993). Yet, the USA's participation in world trade measured as a proportion of world market share has declined drastically. In the early 1950s the USA accounted for nearly 25 per cent of world exports (adjusted for World War II); in 1991 this figure had declined to 12 per cent (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 1993). In 1987 the USA had a trade deficit of $166 billion, larger than that of any other nation (McEnery and DesHarnais, 1990, p. 43). This situation demonstrates a need for American corporations to develop products with a global consciousness in a cross‐cultural context. It is essential that managers acquire cross‐cultural understanding and skills. International business competition requires managers to have not only a knowledge of how to be a global player, but also the ability to implement that knowledge. In response to this, cross‐cultural managers must deal with certain fundamental issues. Three of the most essential issues are: communication, adaptable management strategies that transcend cultural differences, and sufficient investment in human resources.
The Product of Our Environment
Authors: Callan Roger John
Published: January 2008

The importance of Japan as an economic competitor in the world marketplace gives special significance to stereotypes and prejudice that non‐Japanese hold concerning these people. There is a feeling, for example, that the Japanese are wonderful imitators of other people's ideas and inventions, but have yet to produce a world‐class invention of their own. The Japanese are said to think alike, work alike, act alike and generally be so homogeneous that it is hard to imagine a culture emphasizing individuality flourishing in the island nation. As with all such stereotypes, there is probably a kernel of truth in these, but they ill serve anybody hoping to trade or in any way get to know a society so successful that it has become one of the world's pre‐eminent industrial powers where only 50 years ago it lay in ruins and defeat. There must be much more to this society than lockstep regimentation and slavish copying of what the world outside affords.
Cross‐cultural Co‐operation: A Meaningful Challenge
Authors: Hummels Harry
Published: January 2008

In 1993 Dutch aircraft constructor Fokker was taken over by Deutsche Aerospace, better known as Dasa. Only a few months later Fokker announced yet another major intervention in its organization. On 14 February 1994 the employees were informed about the plans for a third reorganization in three years. As a result, in the coming months 1,900 — out of 8,200 — employees will lose (some part of) their jobs. In his statement to the press the chairman of the board of directors — Van Duinen — expressed his feelings for those concerned, but added:
Crossing Cultures: New Directions for International Research
Authors: Sullivan Sherry E.
Published: January 2008

Over the past decade, researchers and managers alike have begun to recognize that we are in the “age of globalization”. Examples of the increasing integration of nations and businesses include:
Cross‐cultural Currents
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: January 2008

Internal audit is a suitable canvass on which to explore cross‐cultural themes since these professionals possess a bird's eye view of an organization, and frequently swoop on their prey for short periods. It is vital in these short skirmishes, which nowadays tend to result in constructive and positive recommendations (Vinten, 1986), for cross‐cultural currents to be considered. The issue may arise within one country, with the cultural and ethnic diversity of the workforce, especially in a multinational enterprise, or as one steps over national boundaries to visit other countries. William T. Thornhill wrote a stimulating text on “Auditing Non‐US Operations” (Thornhill, 1984). Its emphasis was on international organizations as a whole, and the problems and issues to which they give rise. These ranged from customs, laws and regulations, languages, religions and government which the author misleadingly refers to as “simple” problems, to the “complex” problems of economics, foreign exchange, credit, import‐export problems and restrictions, ethics, and integrity of controls.
The Influence of Mexican Culture on the Uses of US Management Theory in Mexico
Authors: Wilhelm Paul G.
Published: January 2008

Introduction The recent approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement will draw more foreign companies to Mexico because of the cheaper labour available, high quality work, and close proximity to the US. New investment regulations came into effect in 1989, and Mexico has attracted US$23 billion in foreign investment, two thirds of which has gone into the local stock market, with a much smaller share going into fixed investment in plant and equipment (Moffett, 1992). Mexico is currently enjoying economic growth and attracting even more foreign investments. However, companies currently located in Mexico have obtained mixed results which create reluctance to expand existing projects or to invest further.
Cross‐cultural negotiation behavioural differences: domestic‐focused versus worldwide‐oriented firms
Authors: Gulbro Robert , Herbig Paul
Published: January 2008

In this age of the global economy, cross‐cultural negotiation is becoming an increasingly important part of the management and marketing process for nearly every firm. Compares the cross‐cultural negotiation behaviour and differences in the perceived processes between those firms which consider themselves North American‐focused and those firms which report a worldwide or international outlook. Proposes several hypotheses, reports significant differences between the two groups and provides analysis.
A cross‐national study of work beliefs in three countries: the People's Republic of China, Venezuela and the USA
Authors: Nicholson Joel D. , Stepina Lee P.
Published: January 2008

Examines work beliefs across three nations (The People's Republic of China (PRC), the USA and Venezuela) using Buchholz's work belief scales. Finds strong support for the proposition that work belief systems vary across cultures. Specifically, the work ethic was found to be strongest in the PRC and weaker in the USA and Venezuela. Venezuelans were the strongest in organizational belief system scores. Indicates fundamental differences in motivation to work in the three countries. Discusses specific results and provides conclusions.
Six country comparisons: from Brazil to Japan
Authors: Morden Tony
Published: January 2008

Compares the cultures and management styles of six countries: The Netherlands, Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Korea and Spain. The comparative analysis is based on country background, national culture, business culture, business organization, working practices and relations, and management style.
The Individualism‐Collectivism Construct: An Etic‐emic Analysis in an Organizational Context
Authors: Abraham Rebecca
Published: January 2008

This study is an extension of an etic‐emic analysis of the individualism‐collectivism construct at the sociopsychological level to an organizational context. At the first level of comparison, strong and weak etics were extracted to permit comparability of values. At the second level, emic elements were produced to provide a basis of intercultural comparisons. Purely individualistic, purely collectivist and multidimensional factors emerged for the ten nations under consideration.
Managing Diversity in the Workplace
Authors: Bolen Lynne , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: January 2008

In the changing demographics of American society, workplace diversity is today's reality. Organisations that refuse to recognise this fact risk failure in the future. Managing diversity is a business issue, not a moral, social, or legal concern. The challenge is not creating a diverse workforce, but empowering one. It is about enlightening managers to persuade a diverse workforce to raise its productivity by utilising all members to their fullest potential, thereby increasing profitability or effectiveness. Diversity refers not just to race and gender, but encompasses differences such as ages, merged companies, union/non‐union, exempt/non‐exempt, organisational newcomers and organisational oldtimers. The goal is to get the level of performance from a heterogeneous group that was formerly attained by the homogeneous group. Learning to manage diversity makes companies more competitive. In order to effectively manage diversity, organisational culture change is usually necessary.
The Chinese Commonwealth: Implications of the Overseas Chinese
Authors: Herbig Paul , Shao Alan
Published: January 2008

The Overseas Chinese, the Chinese Commonwealth, or the Chinese Web, consists of companies formed by Chinese who are found outside of China and inside other countries, such as, the United States, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia. These Chinese entrepreneurs work under a set of familial, cultural, and relationship values. They help one another and protect each others businesses. Non‐Chinese companies are now realising the potential growth of this unofficial Chinese economy. This network was first formed by family relationships. However, foreign companies outside this web may find it easier to enter by linking themselves into joint ventures, marriages, political opportunities or just by having some common culture. This Chinese economy is starting to grow approximately by 5% each year. These Chinese entrepreneurs are not cluttered in a single region, as it is in the case of North America, Europe, and Japan. But yet, these potential marketers are failing to realise the importance and the power of this growing economy.
Culture, Management and Organisations in Arab Countries: A Review of Research Findings
Authors: Atiyyah Hamid S.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this article is twofold: to identify the characteristics of research on organisation and management in Arab countries and to find out whether research results support the culture‐free hypothesis or not. A thorough search of sixteen journals, research monographs, books and theses produced only 35 empirical studies. Most of these studies were exploratory, descriptive, and used small convenient samples. Although some findings supported the culture‐bound hypothesis, major conceptual and methodological weaknesses in these studies throw doubt upon the validity of their results.
Recognising The Value of Cross Cultural Diversity in International Management Development Programmes
Authors: Burt George , Desai Caroline , Harry Wes
Published: January 2008

There is a growing requirement for multi‐cultural, transnationally competent managers in to‐day's global economy. However, the impact of culture, positive and negative, on management development programmes is often recognised, but not formally addressed. The cultural diversity of students undertaking management development programmes, such as an MBA, presents great opportunities to business school educators to facilitate the development of vital cross cultural management skills. Management development programmes traditionally address interpersonal skills development. However, based on our experience presented here, providing training to develop cross cultural skills specifically will be of growing importance to students, business schools and multinational companies, as they consider the effectiveness of management development programmes. This article sets out several of the key cross cultural issues which we have identified as relevant to management development programmes in an attempt to highlight the important impact of culture on students and teaching practice. These issues include teaching methods, tutor/student and peer group feedback, working in groups and cultural approaches to learning. We believe that such cultural issues can have a dra matic effect on students experience of management development programmes. We suggest a possible framework for initiating and developing cross cultural skills so that cultural richness can be taken from the classroom into the global boardroom.
Cultural Cues to Conducting Business in Venezuela
Authors: Herbig Paul , Castro Leila
Published: January 2008

Analyses various characteristics of the Venezuelan culture and describes some obstacles that foreign companies face when doing business in Venezuela.
International Corporate Alliances and Financial Structure: A Comparative Study on the Turkish Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Ugurlu Mine
Published: January 2008

This article rests on a comparative study between Turkish firms that form international corporate alliances and domestic firms in the same industry. The findings indicate that firms with foreign partners are not significantly different from domestic firms with respect to the degree of competition and turbulence in the environment, type of technology used, diversification policy, risk taking propensity and goals of top management. Resting on this finding, which allows for the control of several variables affecting the financing decision, the impact of international diversification on capital structure is investigated. The results indicate that firms which join in foreign alliances are similar to domestic firms with respect to capital structure. The research reveals that firms with foreign partners have lower performance and are younger than domestic firms. This finding is supported with the evidence for the negative relation between performance and tendency to perceive international diversification as a new source of finance. Consequently, foreign alliances seem to constitute a means for capital provision and rapid growth for the recently established and low performing firms which have limited access to external sources of financing.
Cross‐cultural Management: An Economic Issue Too!
Authors: Ford Joseph W.
Published: January 2008

US firms have long since recognized the economic necessity of expanding their market overseas; however instead of adopting cross‐cultural management strategies used by their European and Asian counterparts, US firms proceed with an ethnocentric or geocentric viewpoint. Provides an outline of EuroDisney as an ethnocentric example and lists cultural mistakes; supplies McDonald's Moscow experience as a famous geocentric example and outlines cultural challenges. Illustrates several connected realities which managers should acknowledge and expresses the view that cross‐cultural management affairs cannot be explained by economic methods.
Cross‐cultural Management and the Development of Organizational Science
Authors: Kabasakal Hayat
Published: January 2008

Provides concise examples of the importance of culture in the development of organizational science, management, education and practices of international or multinational companies.
Assessing National Competitive Superiority:An Importance‐Performance Matrix Approach
Authors: Meng Leong Siew , Tiong Tan Chin
Published: January 2008

It is well‐accepted that effective strategy is founded on continuous and diagnostic monitoring of one's competitive position. Evidence revealing the skills and resources affording the greatest leverage on future cost and differentiation advantages is particularly critical. Businesses that succeed are those which develop distinctive competences and manage for lowest delivered cost or differentiation through superior customer value.
Prospects for Promotion of “Wild” Shrimp in Japan: Implications for Australian Exporters
Authors: Williams Steve C.
Published: January 2008

Japan is the world's largest and most valuable market for shrimp. Per capita annual consumption is over 2kg annually, far greater than the United States (1kg) and the European Community (0.5kg).
An Empirical Test of the Generic Concept of Marketing: The Use of Marketing Positions in the Australian Public Sector
Authors: Graham Peter
Published: January 2008

The generic concept of marketing was first articulated some twenty years ago. It has since become the dominant paradigm in the marketing discipline. The concept has been supported in the literature by extensive reference to case studies. However, no systematic attempt to test the concept as a whole has been reported.
Perceptions and Strategies of Canadian Industrial Technology Marketers in Developing Countries of Pacific Asia
Authors: Hung C.L.
Published: January 2008

There are only a few dozen Canadian companies which market industrial technology in developing countries of Pacific Asia. A survey of there perceptions and strategies indicates that while they believe there is no shortage of opportunities and no insurmountable market barriers in the region, it is important to have a well conceived marketing plan and be realistic in the expectations. On the whole, they are satisfied with their experience. Hopefully, this will induce more Canadian industrial companies to explore the Pacific Asia market and in turn help to realize Canada's potential in the region.
A Cross‐cultural Study of Children's Consumer Socialization in Hong Kong, New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States
Authors: McNeal James U. , Viswanathan Vish R. , Yeh Chyon‐Hwa
Published: January 2008

A new research program has been established that determines the nature and extent of consumer socialization of children throughout the industrialized world. The first three nations' children to be studied were those in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Taiwan. This paper describes this program, the results of the three consumer socialization studies, and provides cross‐comparisons among the three nations and the United States.
Service Quality and The Overseas' Student: Some Australian Experiences
Authors: Soutar Geoffrey N. , McNeil Margaret M. , Lim Kwee
Published: January 2008

The paper examines the perceptions of overseas' students of the service quality delivered by 10 educational institutions in Western Australia. Their expectations in relation to service quality are also measured using the SERVQUAL model. Groups of students with distinct expectations are identified and these groups are plotted on a perceptual space diagram together with the 10 institutions. This provides a useful tool for market segmentation and diagnostic work to improve service quality dimensions.
Distribution Reform and Retail Structure in China: An Empirical Analysis of Entries and Exits of Enterprises
Authors: Chow Kong Wing Clement
Published: January 2008

This paper studies which aggregate socio‐economic factors determine the long run entry and exit process of the retail sector at the provincial level by using a data set of 30 provinces over eight years (1985–1992). The following results are obtained: (1) All predictor variables, especially population growth rate, average wage rate and employees per store, have statistically significant effects on the entry and exit process. Per capita national income, store per capita, average wage, mobility are significant in accounting for the variations in sales per store. (2) The 1988 austerity programme only affected the short run variable, sales per store but not the long run variable, store per capita. This suggests that the short run recession induced by the austerity programme could not affect the long term trend of the retail sector.
The Antecedents and Consequences of Role Stress Among Chinese Salespersons: An Exploratory Study in Hong Kong
Authors: Sin Leo Y.M. , Yau Oliver H.M.
Published: January 2008

Data from 295 salespersons of a life insurance company in Hong Kong were used to test the relationships among organizational variables, role stress variables, job satisfaction, and propensity to leave. Based on previous conceptual and empirical work on role stress, an integrative method was estimated and analyzed by using a confirmatory methodology. Findings showed the data fitted the proposed model well. The results suggest that an awareness of the antecedents and consequences of role stress among life insurance salespersons can be of value to both marketing academicians and professionals.
The New Features of Marketing Environment in The People's Republic of China
Authors: Wei Shan
Published: January 2008

China's economic reform has brought about dramatic changes in the marketing environment. In this paper, several new features of the marketing environment in China are identified by examining the process and results of the reform. The paper concludes that the market has become a dominant factor in China's economy, but the effect of the old planned system still exists, conflicting with the new market system and making the marketing environment more complicated.
The Use of Channel Integration as a Strategic Option: A Study of Hong Kong Clothing Manufacturers
Authors: Chan T.S.
Published: January 2008

This paper explores the changes in Hong Kong clothing manufacturing firms regarding the development of vertical and horizontal channel integration as a strategic option in international marketing. Analyses of data suggested that Hong Kong clothing manufacturers are increasingly integrating forwardly by utilizing foreign based channel intermediaries, as well as establishing internalized export departments and overseas sales offices to handle their export functions. In addition, a dominant trend of horizontal integration exists in the form of expansion of outward processing facilities in southern China. Such developments aim to take advantage of the lower cost production so as to remain competitive with low cost producers from other less developed/developing countries.
Consumer Behaviour Patterns Among Chinese Children
Authors: McNeal James U. , Yeh Chyon‐Hwa
Published: January 2008

Explores the consumer behaviour patterns of urban Chinese children as a primary and an influence market. Examines, as primary customers, their income, spending and saving pattern. Finds that they have two different types of income, save over half of it, and spend the rest on snack items, and the largest portion on school‐related items. Analyses their influence on the spending behaviour of their parents and grandparents among 25 product categories and the results reveal that they influence around two‐thirds of parents' purchases. Also considers role of age and gender on children's consumer behaviour. Discusses some marketing implications.
Chinese Consumers' Perception of Alpha‐Numeric Brand Names
Authors: Hoon Ang Swee
Published: January 2008

Two studies were conducted to examine Chinese consumers' responses to alpha‐numeric brand names. Results of the first study found that certain letters and numbers were considered to be luckier than others. The lucky letters and numbers were A, S, and 8, while the unlucky ones were F, Z, and 4. Reasons for the perceived luckiness of the numbers were based on homonym and phonetics; whilst for the letters, they were based on the association with the educational grade and position in the alphabet. In the second study, the results showed that products with lucky alpha‐numeric brand names were perceived to be luckier, and have better quality and success than those with unlucky brand names. Additionally, brand names with a lucky number were perceived more favourably than those with a lucky letter even though the accompanying letter/number was unlucky. Offers theoretical and managerial implications and suggests directions for future research.
Impacts of Currency Fluctuations on Japanese Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Chadee Doren D. , Crow Don
Published: January 2008

The Japanese currency has appreciated substantially against most other currencies over the last two decades. During the same time Japan has become one of the world's largest providers of FDI. Japan's share of total FDI outflows increased from about 6 percent during the late 70's to 21 percent in 1990 while its share of the total stock of FDI in the world increased from less than 1 percent in 1960 to more than 13 percent in 1993. Not surprisingly, Japan's role in international business in general and its FDI activities, in particular, have attracted considerable attention from researchers world wide. However, much of this attention has been directed towards the patterns and determinants of Japanese foreign direct investment, in particular to the United States. The impact of changes in the value of the Yen on Japanese FDI has been largely overlooked. Thus, this paper fills an important gap in the literature by focusing on the influence of changes of the exchange rate on Japanese foreign direct investment. A comprehensive simultaneous equa‐tion model of Japanese FDI is developed on a regional level to gauge the extent to which currency fluctuations affect Japanese FDI activities. The results suggest that the exchange rate is an effective mechanism through which to influence FDI. Thus, the exchange rate should not be overlooked by the World Trade Organisation in its efforts to further liberalise investment through the Multilateral Agreement on Investment.
WOMEN and WORKING TIME
Authors: Rothwell Sheila
Published: January 2008

The current debate on work‐sharing and shorter working hours is still largely conducted in terms of changes to men's working hours. ‘The old pattern of the 8‐hour day, 5‐day week, from 16–65 can no longer be taken for granted’, cry the pundits — but it has never been the norm for half the population. In Britain, France, the USA and Scandinavian countries women are now over 40 per cent of the labour force. Why, then, is so much time and energy spent researching and searching for ‘new patterns of work’ when a range of these already exist in women's working lives?
WOMEN AND CO‐OPERATIVE VENTURES
Authors: Blake Jenny
Published: January 2008

The traditional male model of 9 to 5 working hours, a vertical career structure and a separation of home and work lives has been “feminised” by some women, who seem to have welcomed the “superwoman” role. However, for a vast majority of females such a role is not only unattractive but also impossible. They do not have specialised qualifications or highly marketable skills; they may also lack both the confidence and the motivation to achieve “success” in the superwoman style. What other options might, however, be available to women who wish to work, but who have other demands and constraints in their lives? This short article aims to describe a few of the range of “co‐operative ventures” — using this term in its widest sense — which are currently operating, and which may in themselves act as stimulants and models to other people, particularly women.
THE JOB SATISFACTION OF WOMEN IN BRITAIN
Authors: Beaumont P.R. , Partridge M.
Published: January 2008

In examining the relatively disadvantaged labour market position of women in Britain existing studies have overwhelmingly concentrated on the issues of pay and their occupational distribution in the workforce. The issue of job satisfaction has been scarcely touched upon. To illustrate, in Jain and Sloane's recent book on race and sex discrimination in the U.S.A., Canada, and Britain, which was published in 1981, there is only a single, one page reference to job satisfaction in their index The relative absence of such studies is particularly unfortunate given that job satisfaction is arguably the ultimate aim and hope that many people have with regard to employment. In making this statement we do, of course, acknowledge the potential importance of the distinction between satisfaction in a job and satisfaction with a job; the latter being essentially the perspective of instrumentally orientated workers who view a job as simply the means of obtaining satisfaction elswhere in their life.
Women in Trade Unions
Authors: Suchard Hazel
Published: January 2008

In most countries, the more favourable the political climate towards labour, the greater the degree of labour organisation. However, a favourable political climate does not appear to equate womens participation and leadership in trade unions with that of mens.
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN
Authors: Atsumi Ikuko
Published: January 2008

Following the classification in Alvin Toffler's The Third Wave, the women's movement is definitely a representative of post‐industrial society. Yet in Japan, the second wave of industrialisation and the third have come very close together, hitting a society with deep‐rooted sex role traditions. Thus it is natural that the women's movements in Japan differ from those in the West, yet Japanese feminists, too are moving toward the ultimate goal of a society which will maximise choice and freedom for every individual.
Affirmative Action in TRW Inc.
Authors: Pressman Fuentes Sonia , Pressman Fuentes Sonia
Published: January 2008

Affirmative Action in the USA involves a broad panoply of activities designed to ensure the integration of women, minorities, persons with disabilities and the over‐40 veterans of the Vietnam era at all levels of a company's work force. Such activities are described for one company, TRW Inc.
Review of ‘Women and Public Policies’
Authors: Gelb Joyce , Lief Palley Marion , Ellis Valerie
Published: January 2008

Professors Gelb and Palley have set out to examine the evolution of the feminist ‘movement’ in the 1960s and 1970s and their emergence as an effective pressure group within the American political system. They refer to the feminist ‘movement’, recognising that there are several components to it, and define ‘feminism’ as ‘a movement seeking to operationalise self determination for women in political, economic, and social roles’.
A Comparison of Ethics of Female Students, Male Students, Business Executives and Women Managers
Authors: Boulgarides James D.
Published: January 2008

This article presents empirical data on such questions as, will the business person of tomorrow be more honest than the business person of today? Are women more ethical than men? Will the increasing entry of women into business and managerial respon‐sibility have any impact on ethical behaviour in business?
The Compatability of Family and Employment
Authors: Jaeckel Monika
Published: January 2008

Results of a comparative study of maternity/parental leave measures in five European countries indicate that as long as there is no change in society's assessment of gainful employment and household chores, women in all countries will be burdened with this contradiction.
Sex Role Portrayals In Print Advertisements: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Ho Suk‐ching
Published: January 2008

Women have always been stereotyped in advertising. It is evident that women in Hong Kong are subject to the same level of stereotyping as those in the US. As more and more women do paid work they are fast becoming consumers for all kinds of products and services; it is good business to produce advertisements that represent women as they see themselves today.
Progressing Slowly: Equality Legislation in Japan
Authors: Herold Renate
Published: January 2008

Japan's Ministry of Labour is expected to propose an equality law in order to adjust Japanese laws to the spirit of the Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, which Japan is to ratify in 1985. The Japan Federation of Employers' Associations are objecting strongly to the prospect of having to employ everyone according to qualification without differentiating according to sex.
The Process of Occupational Desegregation
Authors: Rives Janet M.
Published: January 2008

Research has shown that occupational segregation by sex is one of the determinants of male‐female earnings differences. Some claim that occupational segregation is the major cause but others suggest that intra‐occupational earnings differences are more important. This study examines the truth of this.
The purpose and craft of networking — a justification and an exploration from a British perspective
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jenny
Published: January 2008

Networking for executive and professional women are a means of supporting, encouraging and helping each other, maximising career potential and promoting feelings of security and self‐worth.
Women at Work in the European Community 50 Questions, 50 Answers
Authors: Jonkheere Christine , Gerard Florence
Published: January 2008

This article is a marginally shortened version of Supplement No. 15 to Women in Europe. The European Community answers a series of 50 questions relating to women and employment.
A Legislative Programme for Affirmative Action
Authors: Ziller Alison
Published: January 2008

A legal requirement for equal employment opportunity programmes in government agencies in the State of New South Wales, Australia was introduced in 1980. The article looks at the history and workings of this legislation.
Women Managers in Hong Kong: Traditional Barriers and Emerging Trends
Authors: Ho Suk‐ching
Published: January 2008

The current status of women in management in Hong Kong is examined and some of the factors affecting their movement into non‐traditional roles and status are highlighted.
Women into Science and Engineering
Authors: Platt of Writtle Baroness
Published: January 2008

The text of the Dame Caroline Haslett Memorial Lecture for 1984 given to the Royal Arts Society, covering recent developments in science and engineering education and training opportunities for women, with particular emphasis on the achievements of 1984, the year designated Women Into Science and Engineering (WISE).
Changes in Occupational Segregation in Britain, 1971–1981
Authors: Rosser M.J. , Mallier A.T.
Published: January 2008

Although there have been significant increases in female representation in several previously male‐dominated occupations, when the occupational structure of the labour force as a whole is considered the changes in segregation have been only marginal. There has been some movement of females into predominantly male occupations, but little movement in the reverse direction. A comparison of the Great Britain Census of Population (using the Classification of Occupations 1970 system) for 1971 and 1981 shows that the overall pattern has changed little during the ten‐year period. Possibly the decade 1981–1991 will see greater changes as the impact of more recent legislation (including the Sexual Discrimination Act) has time to take effect.
Affirmative Action: Australian Attempts to Remove Disadvantage
Authors: Kramar Robin
Published: January 2008

The implementation of the Australian government's affirmative actioning proposals, promoting equal treatment for women in organisations, will reduce some elements of disadvantage faced by women in the labour market. Employment practices directly discriminating against women will be replaced by practices which do not overly acknowledge the sex of the applicant, and the employment of women in a diverse range of occupations will be given credence by the organisation's formal statement of commitment to equal employment opportunity. Attempts to remove disadvantage will have to start from the present work structures which are outcomes of actions and bargains between groups in which women have not played a significant part. Unless the trade union movement is given a more prominent role in the development and implementation of affirmative action programmes, these programmes will create further division in the workforce, as the reassessment of concepts underpinning personnel practices may cause much hostility among employees.
The Contribution of the European Economic Community to Equality Between Women and Men
Authors: Alexander Morag
Published: January 2008

The three equality Directives binding on EEC member states, draft legislation, the Action Programme 1982–1985 and numerous other initiatives, demonstrate the substantial contribution made by the European Community to equality between women and men. The Directives have been enforced with vigour and member states are in no doubt that failure to comply will result in legal action before the Court of Justice. The new action programme promised for 1986–1990 will aim to consolidate gains and propose action at the source of areas where women continue to suffer disadvantage.
Equal Opportunity Developments in Banking ‐An International Perspective
Authors: Povall Margery
Published: January 2008

The traditional and conservative image of the banking sector now misrepresents the true situation. Banks are in a process of experimentation, rethinking and change. Within this context efforts to create greater equality of opportunity for women must be made, since women form a larger proportion of the labour force in banks than in the economy as a whole. Characteristics of the industry and the position of women within it are examined in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Britain, Canada and the USA. Some of the issues related to change, and key efforts to bring about equality of opportunity in any organisation, are addressed. Both internal and external factors have contributed to and inhibited change.
The Typical Pioneer: Does She Exist?
Authors: Clement Sarah
Published: January 2008

An analysis of the relevant literature has demonstrated that many similarities exist between Pioneers (women working or hoping to work in male‐dominated occupations) and Traditionals (women working in or hoping to work in female‐dominated occupations). Clearly background, personality, motivation and attitudes alone are relatively poor predictors of preference for entry into traditionally male occupations. Therefore the typical Pioneer, which earlier research has attempted to identify, does not exist. The ways in which women's personal characteristics influence occupational choice and work entry should be placed within a wider context to include the external, structural and situational factors which inhibit and facilitate women's entry into male‐dominated occupations. A more qualitative approach is needed rather than the standard questionnaire methods.
Exploring the Dark: women, power and work
Authors: Cutmore‐Smith Julia
Published: January 2008

“The dark” has long been associated with women. An attempt is made here to show how the “dark” can be seen as a valuable and significant concept for women understanding themselves as women and their situation for developing a view towards the concept of “power”. Women, as women, have a responsibility to themselves and others to make their voices heard and to become aware of their particular strengths and to develop these strengths both inside and outside existing organisations. Most current organisations are “male‐dominated” and “male” in approach. Both men and women are frequently unaware of the extent to which they are influenced and operating from a gender‐specific approach. Men and women can equally shape their organisations when women reclaim their strengths and refuse their position as a less important, less informed, “minority” status. The issues of conflict and trust in organisations and problem areas in relationships between women are explored.
Potential for Change An examination of Assertiveness Training with Severely Socially Disadvantaged Women
Authors: Sears Maureen
Published: January 2008

Assertiveness Training (AT) can be a means of developing a perceptual framework in which it is possible to analyse specific situations which have resulted in women feeling confused, frustrated and diminished. The focus and aim of AT is to engage in practising behavioural strategies which question and challenge the cultural roles and gender expectations which relegate women to an inferior status in society. It usually involves group members in identifying areas of common concern and then agreeing a programme of structural exercises. These enable the exploration of stressful situations and alternative ways of handling them. A course run for eight women on a council estate who have experienced negative labelling by virtue of their social circumstances is described.
Chinese Women Under the Reformed Rural Economy ‐ Will They Be Better Off?
Authors: Ho Suk‐ching
Published: January 2008

With the implementation of economic reforms in the countryside the family is again becoming the basic unit of production, which decides what work to do and where, who should perform which tasks, and how income and profits should be spent. Socialist principles should ensure that benefits accrue to women from the economic reforms but they are also creating new problems. Following a general discussion of women's roles in the economy and the nature of the present reforms, the article gives detailed consideration to three areas of particular concern to women: obtaining education, relieving household chores, and restraining birth rates. The author suggests that the traditional preference for sons is a further factor working against women's interests.
WOMEN MANAGERS: FITTING THE MOULD OR MOULDING THE FIT?
Authors: Coppolino Yolanda , Seath Carol B.
Published: January 2008

Introduction & Objectives Women have been participating in management roles in corporations in growing numbers over the past decade. These roles have been predominantly male, grounded in values and systems created by men and managed by standards using the male perspective. By and large, the territory is unfamiliar to women; excluding their repertoire of experiences, skills, needs and value system.
The Feminal Consumer
Authors: O'Neill Gerard
Published: January 2008

Introduction We live increasingly in ‘womanly times’. In a world in which work is of diminishing importance for those in employment (other than solely as a means to an end) and in which other values, particularly those of the family, are a renewed source of motivation in people's lives. We need therefore to examine these trends, to highlight the nature of changing aspirations and inspirations in our lives and to assess how and why these developments will affect consumer markets.
Success Patterns of Professional Women: A Study of 452 Women Architects
Authors: Boulgarides James D.
Published: January 2008

This is a report on a survey investigating the work and backgrounds of women architects in order to identify factors influencing success, as measured by salary and self‐assessment. The relationship between their decision styles and values were also examined.
The Challenge of becoming a Professional Chartered Accountant and a Mother in early adulthood
Authors: Harel‐Giasson Francine , Marchis‐Mouren Marie‐Francoise , Martel Louise
Published: January 2008

This study comprised interviews with 60 women chartered accountants in Quebec. It revealed their strong professional identity, strategies for reconciling family and career at the birth of their first child and the dilemma they face when considering a second child. The importance of organisational innovation is also discussed
AUSTRALIA RECONSTRUCTED: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CREATION OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Kramar Robin
Published: January 2008

The article examines the relationship between equal employment opportunity and the search for more efficient organisational and industrial structures in Australia.
OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION AND WOMEN'S WORK IN INDIA
Authors: Liddle Joanna
Published: January 2008

The article evaluates the adequacy of the data on employment activity for an understanding of women's work. It looks at how men and women are distributed in the labour force in India and how far the sexes are segregated into different types of work. Finally, the article examines the particular characteristics of women's work in India, and looks at how these differ from the distinctive patterns of women's work in the West.
WOMEN AND TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA
Authors: Rohini P.H.
Published: January 2008

Trade unions in India accept that large numbers of women have to work if they and their families are to survive. However, women are also expected to take responsibility for running the home and raising the children. Remedies proposed by‐trade unions have been aimed at helping the woman worker take on the double burden, rather than relieving her of part of it.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE: WHO ARE THE OFFENDERS?
Authors: Savery Lawson K. , Halsted A.C.
Published: January 2008

Considerable research has been conducted into the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace, although most of this research has been undertaken in the United States, particularly since the 1970's (Mackinnon, 1979; Rowe, 1981; Collins and Blodgeth, 1981). In 1974, for example, a group of women, almost equally black and white and with economic backgrounds ranging from very affluent to poor, discovered a common thread in their employment careers, which Farley (1980, p.1) summed up, saying:
Do Children Make a Difference in the Mental Health of Dual Earner Partners?: A Cross‐National Study
Authors: Sekaran Uma , Tadisina Suresh K.
Published: January 2008

Societies the world over are currently experiencing a common phenomenon ‐ a greater rise in the number of two‐paycheck families than ever before! Knowing the stresses of rearing a family while simultaneously pursuing a dual‐earner lifestyle, two‐earner couples in many societies are also presumably experiencing the same dilemma ‐ whether or not to bear and raise children while simultaneously pursuing careers. In a sense, the very family rubric may be said to be currently at the crossroads. Controversies such as the “mommy track” (1989), and the mixed messages that are sent to working couples by societal culture, organisational values, and personal beliefs do not help to relieve the experienced tensions of the working couples either. It is important for dual‐career family members to know how parental status and the number of children impact on the quality of their experienced life, which is ultimately reflected in the state of their mental health. Being knowledgeable about this would help dual‐earner partners to make educated decisions regarding their desired family size.
Determinants of Women's Career Aspirations
Authors: Nowak Margaret J. , Ward Steven
Published: January 2008

Still, (1986) has claimed that representation of women in management is low and has changed little since the late 60s. There may be structural reasons for this, in particular concentration of women in a relatively restricted spread of occupations and industries. Perceived lack of long term career commitment by women has also been put forward as a factor (Still, 1986; Rosenfeld, 1979). Interaction will exist between women's human capital investments and career commitment. It is also claimed that women may have lower motivation to succeed and that this could account for their low participation rates in upper management (Albrech, 1978; O'Leary, 1974).