bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symbiont diversity may help coral reefs survive moderate climate change
Authors: Baskett Marissa L. , Gaines Steven D. , Nisbet Roger M.
Published: February 2009

Given climate change, thermal stress‐related mass coral‐bleaching events present one of the greatest anthropogenic threats to coral reefs. While corals and their symbiotic algae may respond to future temperatures through genetic adaptation and shifts in community compositions, the climate may change too rapidly for coral response. To test this potential for response, here we develop a model of coral and symbiont ecological dynamics and symbiont evolutionary dynamics. Model results without variation in symbiont thermal tolerance predict coral reef collapse within decades under multiple future climate scenarios, consistent with previous threshold‐based predictions. However, model results with genetic or community‐level variation in symbiont thermal tolerance can predict coral reef persistence into the next century, provided low enough greenhouse gas emissions occur. Therefore, the level of greenhouse gas emissions will have a significant effect on the future of coral reefs, and accounting for biodiversity and biological dynamics is vital to estimating the size of this effect.
Decreasing annual nest counts in a globally important loggerhead sea turtle population
Authors: Witherington Blair , Kubilis Paul , Brost Beth , Meylan Anne
Published: February 2009

The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests on sand beaches, has both oceanic and neritic life stages, and migrates internationally. We analyzed an 18‐year time series of Index Nesting Beach Survey (Index) nest‐count data to describe spatial and temporal trends in loggerhead nesting on Florida (USA) beaches. The Index data were highly resolved: 368 fixed zones (mean length 0.88 km) were surveyed daily during annual 109‐day survey seasons. Spatial and seasonal coverage averaged 69% of estimated total nesting by loggerheads in the state. We carried out trend analyses on both annual survey‐region nest‐count totals (N = 18) and annual zone‐level nest densities (N = 18 × 368 = 6624). In both analyses, negative binomial regression models were used to fit restricted cubic spline curves to aggregated nest counts. Between 1989 and 2006, loggerhead nest counts on Florida Index beaches increased and then declined, with a net decrease over the 18‐year period. This pattern was evident in both a trend model of annual survey‐region nest‐count totals and a mixed‐effect, “single‐region” trend model of annual zone‐level nest densities that took into account both spatial and temporal correlation between counts. We also saw this pattern in a zone‐level model that allowed trend line shapes to vary between six coastal subregions. Annual mean zone‐level nest density declined significantly (−28%; 95% CI: −34% to −21%) between 1989 and 2006 and declined steeply (−43%; 95% CI: −48% to −39%) during 1998–2006. Rates of change in annual mean nest density varied more between coastal subregions during the “mostly increasing” period prior to 1998 than during the “steeply declining” period after 1998. The excellent fits (observed vs. expected count R2 > 0.91) of the mixed‐effect zone‐level models confirmed the presence of strong, positive, within‐zone autocorrelation (R > 0.93) between annual counts, indicating a remarkable year‐to‐year consistency in the longshore spatial distribution of nests over the survey region. We argue that the decline in annual loggerhead nest counts in peninsular Florida can best be explained by a decline in the number of adult female loggerheads in the population. Causes of this decline are explored.
Expression of IL-1β, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 on the Pressure Side of Gingiva under Orthodontic Loading
Authors: Lee Tae-Yeon , Lee Kee-Joon , Baik Hyoung-Seon
Published: February 2009

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that orthodontic pressure does not induce gene transcription of IL-1β, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in pressure gingival soft tissue.

Materials and Methods: A total of 14 male Wistar rats were used with three rats as no appliance controls and another three as the sham appliance group. On the 7th and the 14th day after orthodontic loading on the maxillary left molar, four rats were sacrificed, respectively. Maxillary right first molars served as the contralateral control side. A real-time RT-PCR for the excised gingiva was performed to measure the mRNA of IL-1β, MMP-9, and TIMP-1.

Results: Compared with the contralateral side, IL-1β mRNA from the pressure side significantly increased on the 7th day, then decreased on the 14th day (P < .05). MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA showed a significant constant increase on both the 7th and the 14th day (P < .05).

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Orthodontic loading led to increases in IL-1β, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 mRNA in pressure side gingiva in rats.
The Temporomandibular Joint in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient after Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Sasaguri Kenichi , Ishizaki-Takeuchi Rika , Kuramae Sakurako , Tanaka Eliana Midori , Sakurai Takashi , Sato Sadao
Published: February 2009

A 32-year-old Japanese female patient consulted the authors' dental clinic with a 4.5-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She complained of pain during mouth opening and difficulty in eating due to masticatory dysfunction caused by an anterior open bite. Imaging showed severe erosion and flattening of both condyles. RA stabilized after pharmacological therapy and became inactive during the orthodontic therapy aimed at reconstructing an optimal occlusion capable of promoting functional repositioning of the mandible. At present, 4 years and 2 months postretention, the reconstructed occlusion remains stable, and both condyles continue to be remodeled. The distance from reference position to intercuspal position has gradually decreased throughout the 4-year posttreatment and postretention periods. Orthodontic therapy that comprehensively reconstructs occlusion and enhances the functioning of the mandible can induce remodeling of eroded condyles, even those with a history of rheumatoid arthritis.
Tooth Whitening Effects on Bracket Bond Strength In Vivo
Authors: Mullins Joseph M. , Kao Elizabeth C. , Martin Chris A. , Gunel Erdogan , Ngan Peter
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the bracket survival rate of brackets bonded to bleached and unbleached teeth.

Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight patients who required comprehensive orthodontic treatment were included in the study. A split mouth technique was used with one arch exposed to in-office whitening gel containing 38% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes, while the unbleached arch served as the control. Patients were divided into two groups: Brackets bonded within 24 hours after bleaching and brackets bonded 2–3 weeks after bleaching. The bracket survival rate was computed using the log-rank test (Kaplan-Meier Analysis).

Results: A significantly higher rate of bracket failure was found with bleached teeth (16.6%) compared with unbleached teeth (1.8%) after 180 days. Brackets bonded within 24 hours of bleaching resulted in significantly higher clinical failure (14.5%) compared with those bonded after 3 weeks (2.1%). Adhesive Remnant Index scores of failed brackets revealed that the majority of failure in bleached teeth occurred in the enamel/resin interface.

Conclusions: The hypothesis was rejected. Brackets bonded within 24 hours after bleaching have a significantly higher risk for bond failure. Orthodontic bonding should be delayed for 2–3 weeks if patients have a history of in-office bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide.
Biomechanical Effects of Fixed Functional Appliance on Craniofacial Structures
Authors: Panigrahi Priyankar , Vineeth Varadarajan
Published: February 2009

Objective: To evaluate displacement and stress distribution on craniofacial structures associated with fixed functional therapy.

Materials and Methods: A finite element model of the human skull was constructed from sequential computed tomography images at 2-mm intervals using a dry adult human skull. In this study, linear, four-nodal, tetramesh and triangular shell elements were used with six degrees of freedom at each of their unstrained nodes: three translations (x, y, and z) and three rotations (around the x-, y-, and z-axes).

Results: The entire mandible moved anteroinferiorly. Maximum displacement was observed in the parasymphyseal and midsymphyseal regions. The pterygoid plate was displaced in a posterosuperior direction. The anteroinferior displacement of the mandibular dentition was most pronounced in the incisor region, while the maxillary dentition was displaced posterosuperiorly. The entire dentition experienced tensile stress except for the maxillary posterior teeth. Tensile stress was also demonstrated at point A, the pterygoid plates, and the mandible, and minimal compressive stress was demonstrated at anterior nasal spine. Maximum tensile stress and von Mises stresses occurred in the condylar neck and head.

Conclusion: Fixed functional therapy causes a posterosuperior displacement of the maxillary dentition and pterygoid plate and thus can contribute to the correction of Class II malocclusion. The displacement was more pronounced in the dentoalveolar region as compared to the skeletal displacement. All dentoalveolar structures experienced tensile stress, except for anterior nasal spine and the maxillary posterior teeth.
Piloting a Patient-based Questionnaire to Assess Patient Satisfaction with the Process of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: McNair Annalise , Drage Karen J. , Ireland Anthony J. , Sandy Jonathan R. , Williams Alison C.
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the scientific properties of a patient-based questionnaire developed to measure adolescent patient's satisfaction with the process of orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods: Forty-nine consecutive patients aged 9 to 17 years undergoing orthodontic treatment were asked to complete the questionnaire on two separate occasions. Test-retest reliability, readability, ease of administration, criterion validity, and construct validity were tested. All patients answered the questionnaire at time 1 and took part in the construct validity study. Ten patients took part in an ease of administration study and 17 patients took part in the criterion validity study.

Results: Thirty-one patients completed the questionnaire at time 2, giving a response rate of 63.3%. The test-retest reliability was excellent in one section, moderate in six sections, and poor in one. The questionnaire had a Flesch Reading Score of 79.8, equivalent to a reading age of 10 years and was easily administered in 5 to 15 minutes. Although the construct validity of the questionnaire was excellent in five of the six measures and moderate in the other, the criterion validity was poor for 7 of the 14 items selected to test.

Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the need to test a questionnaire before use in audit or research.
TMD in Consecutive Patients Referred for Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Abrahamsson Cecilia , Ekberg Ewa Carin , Henrikson Thor , Nilner Maria , Sunzel Bo , Bondemark Lars
Published: February 2009

Objective: To answer the question whether temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were more common in a group of individuals referred for orthognathic surgery than in a control group. The null hypothesis was that neither the frequency of signs and symptoms of TMD or diagnosed TMD would differ between the patient group and a control group.

Materials and Methods: A sample of 121 consecutive patients referred for orthognathic surgery at the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden, was interviewed and examined regarding signs and symptoms of TMD and headaches. A control group was formed by 56 age- and gender-matched individuals attending the Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Sweden, and Public Dental Health Clinic in Oxie, County of Skane, Sweden. TMD diagnoses were used according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD).

Results: The patient group showed more myofascial pain without limited opening, disc displacement with reduction, and arthralgia according to RDC/TMD than the control group. The patient group also had more symptoms and signs of TMD in general.

Conclusions: The null hypothesis was rejected because patients who were to be treated with orthognathic surgery had more signs and symptoms of TMD and higher frequency of diagnosed TMD compared with the matched control group.
Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded to Provisional Crown Materials Utilizing Two Different Adhesives
Authors: Rambhia Sameer , Heshmati Reza , Dhuru Virendra , Iacopino Anthony
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the shear bond strength of brackets bonded to provisional crown materials (PCMs) using two adhesive agents.

Materials and Methods: Four PCMs were tested: Integrity, Jet, Protemp, and Snap. Forty cylindrical specimens of 10 mm diameter × 5 mm were prepared for each PCM. Ten specimens from each group were bonded to one of the two brackets, Clarity or Victory, using one of the two adhesives, Fuji Ortho LC or Ortho Bracket Adhesive. The brackets were debonded in shear at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min, and the shear bond strength (SBS) was calculated. The type of failure was visually determined. The numeric data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple range test at α = .05.

Results: The mean SBSs ranged from 2.81 MPa to 9.65 MPa. There was a significant difference between Snap and the other three materials (P < .0001). There was no significant difference between the two brackets or the two adhesives (P > .05). The bond failure for all the specimens was of the adhesive type between the PCM and the adhesive resin.

Conclusions: The PCM Snap yielded a significantly lower mean SBS value compared to the other three materials. No significant differences were found between the brackets or the adhesives. The bond failure was of the adhesive type.
Regulation of the Response of the Adult Rat Condyle to Intermaxillary Asymmetric Force by the RANKL-OPG System
Authors: Xu Yue , Wu Tuojiang , Chen Yangxi , Zhang Zhiguang
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the RANKL-OPG system in the subchondral bone of adult rat condyles does not vary in response to different values of intermaxillary asymmetrical forces.

Materials and Methods: The mandibular rami of 160 Sprague-Dawley rats (3 months old) were subjected to unilateral traction in the anterior-superior direction using an elastic force. We used 120 g and 40 g as the initial elastic forces, and then removed the traction after 28 days. The expression of RANKL and OPG in the subchondral bone of the condyles was analyzed by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry.

Results: Different force levels induced similar changes in the expression of the OPG protein by 28 days. However, the effect of a 120-g elastic force on the expression of RANKL was stronger than that of a 40-g force. Because of the asynchrony of RANKL responses to external forces of different values, the values of RANKL/OPG ratio showed characteristic variation. The RANKL/ OPG ratio in the side treated with heavy force showed a distinct negative correlation with the value obtained when a light force was used.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Different values or traction force cause a variation of the RANKL/OPG ratio through the expression of RANKL protein, modulating the activities of bone remodeling in the subchondral bone of condyle.
Influence of Patient Financial Account Status on Orthodontic Appointment Attendance
Authors: Lindauer Steven J. , Powell Jacob A. , Leypoldt Brian C. , Tufekci Eser , Shroff Bhavna
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that the financial status of a patient's orthodontic contract and other patient and appointment characteristics have no influence on appointment attendance.

Materials and Methods: During a 6-week period, the last appointment of each active, non-Medicaid patient (n = 538) was recorded as either kept or missed. The financial status of the patient's contract, age, sex, method by which the appointment was made, and the type of appointment scheduled were recorded. Associations between each of these factors and appointment attendance were evaluated using χ2 analysis. In the case of patients who missed their appointment, attendance at the subsequent reappointment was also evaluated.

Results: The overall appointment failure rate was 12.3%. Males (16.2%) were significantly more likely than females (9.5%) to miss appointments (P = .02). Also, appointments made by postcard (28.2%) were more likely to be missed than those made in person (11.8%) or by phone (6.5%) (P = .003). The most significant factor affecting appointment attendance was the patient's financial status (P = .0001). Patients with accounts that were overdue (33.3%) or in collections (28.6%) were more likely to miss appointments than those whose accounts were current (10.5%). Of patients who missed their appointment (n = 66), 30% also missed the subsequent reappointment.

Conclusions: The null hypothesis was rejected. Patients with delinquent financial accounts were three times as likely to miss an orthodontic appointment as those whose contracts were current. Increased rates of missed orthodontic appointments were also found for males, patients scheduled by mailing a postcard, and patients who had missed their previous appointment.
Microbiological Evaluation of Octenidine Dihydrochloride Mouth Rinse after 5 Days' Use in Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Dogan Alev Aksoy , Cetin Emel Sesli , Hüssein Emad , Adiloglu Ali Kudret
Published: February 2009

Objective: To determine the absolute and relative antibacterial activity of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) against total and cariogenic bacteria in saliva samples of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances during 5 days of usage.

Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 5 male and 13 female subjects who were selected from patients in the Clinic of Orthodontics. Each patient was given physiologic saline (PS), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex (PVP-I), and OCT every morning for 5 days, each separated by a 2-week interval. Total and cariogenic bacteria in saliva samples of orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances were collected during 5 days of usage. Unstimulated saliva was collected as a baseline sample. Saliva samples were collected at 15 minutes, and on the second, third, and fifth day after rinsing the mouth with any of the solutions for 30 seconds, and bacterial counts were detected.

Results: OCT showed an ultimate reduction of total viable oral bacteria, Lactobacillus species, and Streptococcus mutans in vivo. OCT also had a significantly greater inhibitory effect than 0.2% CHX and 7.5% PVP-I, from the beginning of the study until the fifth day after the orthodontic appliances were bonded (P < .1).

Conclusions: OCT compared favorably with respect to CHX and PVP-I complex in orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances (P ≤ .1).
Thresholds for Clinically Significant Tooth-Size Discrepancy
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Uchikura Kenji , Ishida Katsuyuki , Shundo Isao , Sakaeda Kosuke , Shimooka Shohachi
Published: February 2009

Objective: To determine an appropriate threshold for clinically significant tooth-size discrepancy using both a Bolton standard deviation (SD) definition and a millimetric definition.

Materials and Methods: Mesiodistal tooth widths were measured in 250 pretreatment dental casts of patients with Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. The anterior and overall ratios and the required amount of maxillary and mandibular corrections were calculated. The casts were divided into small, normal, and large groups according to the anterior and overall ratios categorized by the Bolton SD definition, and into small, normal, and large groups according to the required amount of maxillary and mandibular corrections expressed in millimeters.

Results: The small and large anterior ratio groups which fell under the category of the 2 SD threshold did not always need maxillary or mandibular corrections greater than 2 mm, while the small and large overall ratio groups always needed maxillary and mandibular corrections greater than 2 mm. The small and large maxillary correction groups in the 2 mm threshold category did not always have anterior or overall ratios greater than 2 SDs from the Bolton mean. However, the small and large mandibular correction groups always had anterior ratios greater than 2 SDs and did not always have overall ratios greater than 2 SDs.

Conclusions: The tooth-size discrepancies could be better expressed in terms of both percentage and actual amount of millimeters required for correction. The ratios outside 2 SDs from the Bolton mean and the discrepancies requiring more than 2 mm of maxillary and/or mandibular corrections are recommendable as the appropriate thresholds for clinical significance.
Prognosis Prediction for Class III Malocclusion Treatment by Feature Wrapping Method
Authors: Kim Bo-Mi , Kang Bo-Yeong , Kim Hong-Gee , Baek Seung-Hak
Published: February 2009

Objective: To use the feature wrapping (FW) method to identify which cephalometric markers show the highest classification accuracy in prognosis prediction for Class III malocclusion and to compare the prediction accuracy between the FW method and conventional statistical methods such as discriminant analysis (DA).

Materials and Methods: The sample set consisted of 38 patients (15 boys and 23 girls, mean age 8.53 ± 1.36 years) who were diagnosed with Class III malocclusion and received both first-phase (orthopedic) and second-phase (fixed orthodontic) treatments. Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T0) and after first-phase treatment (T1) and after second-phase treatment and retention (T2). Based on the measurements taken at the T2 stage, the patients were allocated into good (n = 20) or poor (n = 18) prognosis groups. Forty-six cephalometric variables on T0 lateral cephalograms were analyzed by the FW method to identify key determinants for discriminating between the two groups. Sequential forward search (SFS) algorism and support vector machine (SVM) were used in conjunction with the FW method to improve classification accuracy. To compare the prediction accuracy of the FW method with conventional statistical methods, DA was performed for the same data set.

Results: AB to mandibular plane angle (°) and A to N-perpendicular (mm) were selected as the most accurate cephalometric predictors by both the FW and DA methods. However, classification accuracy was higher with the FW method (97.2%) compared with DA (92.1%), because the FW method with SFS and SVM has a more precise classification algorithm.

Conclusions: The FW method, which uses a learning algorithm, might be an effective alternative to DA for prognosis prediction.
Effects of Steroidal and Nonsteroidal Drugs on Tooth Movement and Root Resorption in the Rat Molar
Authors: Gonzales Carmen , Hotokezaka Hitoshi , Matsuo Ken-Ichiro , Shibazaki Tatsunori , Yozgatian Joseph H. , Darendeliler M. Ali , Yoshida Noriaki
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the administration of aspirin, acetaminophen, meloxicam, celecoxib, and prednisolone have no effect on root resorption and tooth movement.

Materials and Methods: A mesial force of 50 g was applied to the left maxillary first molars of sixty 10-week-old male Wistar rats using nickel titanium closed coil springs attached to the cervical area of the incisors. The rats were randomly divided into 12 groups of 5 each. High and low doses of aspirin, acetaminophen, meloxicam, celecoxib, and prednisolone were administered via drinking water for 2 weeks. The experimental control group had tooth movement but received no drug. The negative control group received neither tooth movement nor drugs. The amount of tooth movement was measured on digitized lateral cephalometric radiographs. Rats were sacrificed after 2 weeks. Mesial and distal roots (distobuccal and distopalatal) were examined using scanning electron and three-dimensional (3D) scanning laser microscopes. The surface area, depth, volume, and roughness of the root resorption craters were measured.

Results: When compared with experimental control rats, only prednisolone- and high-dose celecoxib-treated groups showed significantly less root resorption and less tooth movement. Although low dose celecoxib-treated group significantly decreased the tooth movement, root resorption was similar to the control group. Furthermore, resorption craters showed a smoother surface in the prednisolone-treated rats.

Conclusions: The hypothesis was rejected. Administration of prednisolone and high-dose celecoxib reduces root resorption and interferes with tooth movement in rats. Both drugs may interfere in the arachidonic acid cascade depending on dose thresholds.
Changes in Incisor Third-Order Inclination Resulting from Vertical Variation in Lingual Bracket Placement
Authors: Knösel Michael , Jung Klaus , Gripp-Rudolph Liliam , Attin Thomas , Attin Rengin , Sadat-Khonsari Reza , Kubein-Meesenburg Dietmar , Bauss Oskar
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that third-order measurements are not correlated to lingual incisor features seen on radiographs.

Material and Methods: The lateral headfilms of 38 untreated, norm-occlusion subjects without incisor abrasions or restorations were used for third-order measurements of upper and lower central incisors and assessment of the inclination of four sites suitable for lingual bracket placement with reference to the occlusal plane perpendicular. Lingual sections were determined by the tangents at the incisal fossa (S1), at the transition plateau between incisal fossa and the cingulum (S2), by a constructed line reaching from the incisal tip to the cingulum (S3), and by a tangent at the cingulum convexity (S4). Third-order angles were also assessed on corresponding dental casts using an incisor inclination gauge. Regression analysis was performed using the third-order measurements of both methods as the dependent variables and the inclination of the lingual enamel sections (S1, S2, S3, S4) as the independent variables.

Results: The null hypothesis was rejected. For the most common bracket application sites located on the lingual shovel (S1 and S2), third-order inclination changes of 0.4–0.7 degrees are expected for each degree of change in the inclination of the lingual surface. The impact of bracket placement errors on third-order angulation is similar between sections S1 and S2 and the cingulum convexity (S4). Section S3 proved to be least affected by interindividual variation.

Conclusion: The third-order measurements are correlated to lingual incisor features. Accordingly, third-order changes resulting from variation in lingual bracket placement can be individually predicted from radiographic assessments.
Effects of Maxillary Protraction and Fixed Appliance Therapy on the Pharyngeal Airway
Authors: Kaygısız Emine , Tuncer Burcu Baloş , Yüksel Sema , Tuncer Cumhur , Yıldız Cem
Published: February 2009

Objective: To evaluate the long-term outcome of treatment with reverse headgear in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion diagnosed as maxillary deficient.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients (11 girls, 14 boys; mean age, 11.32 years) treated with a reverse headgear appliance were included in this study. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 4-year follow-up cephalometric radiographs were obtained; linear, angular, and area measurements were performed. Comparison of treatment and observation changes was performed using a paired t-test.

Results: A significant increase was found in the forward movement of the maxilla, which was maintained 4 years after reverse headgear treatment. Treatment changes revealed significant increases in the sagittal dimensions and area of nasopharyngeal airway and remained significant at the end of the 4-year follow-up period. The oropharyngeal airway area increased nonsignificantly after the treatment, but significant increases occurred during the follow-up period.

Conclusions: In young individuals diagnosed with maxillary deficiency treated with reverse headgear, the nasopharyngeal airway dimensions were improved after the treatment, and favorable effects of the treatment remained over the posttreatment period of 4 years.
Reliability of the Adhesive Remnant Index Score System with Different Magnifications
Authors: Montasser Mona A. , Drummond James L.
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores show no differences when examined under different magnifications.

Materials and Methods: The study included 80 upper human premolars. Stainless steel brackets were bonded to the specimens with Transbond XT light cure adhesive and Transbond Plus Self Etch Primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif, USA). The brackets were debonded 24 hours after bonding with a universal testing machine (LLOYD Instruments, Segensworth, Fareham, England) at a cross head speed of 2.00 mm/min. The adhesive remnant was evaluated after debonding with the naked eye and under 10× and 20× magnification (Mag) using the 4-point scale described by Årtun and Bergland.

Results: ARI scores were significantly different at different magnifications (P = .018). Scores were not significantly different when evaluated with the naked eye and under 10× Mag (P = .102). Scores were significantly different under 20× Mag and with the naked eye (P = .014); under 20× Mag, score 0 decreased from 12 to 6 and score 2 increased from 14 to 20 and also under 20× Mag and under 10× Mag (P = .046); the under 20× Mag score 1 decreased from 40 to 38 and score 3 increased from 14 to 16.

Conclusion: ARI scores were significantly different under 20× Mag, where score 0 decreased and score 2 increased compared with the naked eye, while score 1 decreased and score 3 increased compared with 10× Mag.
Effects of Buccal Corridors on Smile Esthetics in Japanese
Authors: Ioi Hideki , Nakata Shunsuke , Counts Amy L.
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the amount of buccal corridor has no influence on smile evaluations of Japanese orthodontists and dental students.

Materials and Methods: One photograph of a smiling female, displaying first molar to first molar, was constructed. Buccal corridors were modified digitally in 5% increments, from 0% to 25% buccal corridor compared with the inner commissural width. Using a visual analog scale (VAS), 32 Japanese orthodontists and 55 Japanese dental students rated the attractiveness of six smiles with altered buccal corridors. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare the distributions of the median scores between the male and female raters for each of the rater groups. Differences in the median esthetic scores were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. We used 15% VAS difference to determine the clinical significance of the esthetic scores.

Results: There was no significant difference in judging the effects of buccal corridors on the smile attractiveness between the male and female raters for both the orthodontists and dental students. There were significant differences in the median esthetic scores for both the orthodontists and dental students. The median esthetic score decreased to become clinically significant from 10% to 25% buccal corridor for both the orthodontists and dental students.

Conclusions: The hypothesis was rejected. Both the orthodontists and dental students preferred broader smiles to medium or narrow smiles.
Socket Sclerosis—An Obstacle for Orthodontic Space Closure?
Authors: Baumgaertel Sebastian
Published: February 2009

Background: Socket sclerosis is a rare reaction to tooth extraction resulting in high-density bone in the center of the alveolar process, where, under normal circumstances, cancellous bone is to be expected.

Materials and Methods: In an adult orthodontic patient, routine extractions of the mandibular first permanent bicuspids were performed, resulting in socket sclerosis and unsuccessful orthodontic space closure. Orthodontic mini-implants were inserted to augment anchorage and aid in space closure.

Results: In the presence of socket sclerosis, conventional orthodontic mechanics failed to close the extraction spaces. However, with absolute anchorage in place, space closure occurred at a nearly normal rate. After treatment, no signs of socket sclerosis were discernible on the periapical radiographs.

Conclusion: Socket sclerosis can be an obstacle for orthodontic space closure if traditional mechanics are employed. However, mini-implant–reinforced anchorage can lead to successful space closure, resulting in complete resolution of the sclerotic sites.
Malposition of Unerupted Mandibular Second Premolar in Children with Palatally Displaced Canines
Authors: Shalish Miri , Chaushu Stella , Wasserstein Atalia
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the hypotheses that (1) the distal angulation of unerupted mandibular premolar (MnP2) is significantly greater in children with palatally displaced canines (PDC) than in those in a control sample; and (2) delayed tooth formation is significantly more frequent in children with both malposed MnP2 and PDC than in children with PDC only.

Materials and Methods: We examined retrospectively panoramic radiographs from 43 patients with PDC who had no previous orthodontics. A control sample consisted of age- and sex-matched patients. The distal angle formed between the long axis of MnP2 and the tangent to the inferior border was measured. Dental age was evaluated using the Koch classification.

Results: A significant difference was observed between the mean inclination of the right side MnP2 in the PDC group (75.4 degrees) and that of the control group (85.8 degrees). This difference was highly statistically significant (P < .0001). The same evaluation was carried out for the left side, with similar results. The average dental age was found to be delayed in patients who showed both abnormalities (malposed MnP2 and PDC) compared with patients who showed the PDC anomaly only.

Conclusion: Both hypotheses are retained. Statistically, PDC and MnP2 malposition are significantly associated suggesting a common genetic etiology, despite taking place on opposite jaws. While the presence of PDC or MnP2 anomaly has been associated with a delay in tooth formation, we find the presence of both anomalies to show a more profound delay. Our findings suggest a delay in tooth formation as a possible common genetic mechanism for these 2 malposition anomalies.
Upper Incisor Position and Bony Support in Untreated Patients as Seen on CBCT
Authors: Gracco Antonio , Lombardo Luca , Mancuso Giulia , Gravina Vincenzo , Siciliani Giuseppe
Published: February 2009

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no correlations between the morphology of the upper jaw, the position of the upper incisors, and facial type.

Materials and Methods: From a sample of 191 patients, the FMA angle was used to select 20 short face type, 20 norm face type, and 20 long face type patients, aged 12 to 40 years. Using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), tomography was carried out on sagittal sections corresponding to the four upper incisors. Some parameters defining the dentoskeletal relationships, the alveolar thickness, the alveolar height, and the dental movement were measured. The measurements were processed using analysis of variance and Tukey's test.

Results: At the upper central incisors, short face type patients presented a greater alveolar bone thickness than long face type patients. In short face type and norm face type subjects the root apex of the upper incisors was farther away from the lingual cortex than in the long face type patients. At the central incisors the alveolar thickness was greater and the lingual cortex was higher with respect to the lateral incisors in all three facial types.

Conclusion: At the upper incisors, facial type is statistically significantly correlated with both alveolar bone thickness and distance between the root apex and lingual cortex.
Association of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings with outcome in dogs with presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion: 42 cases (2000–2007)
Authors: De Risio Luisa , Adams Vicki , Dennis Ruth , McConnell Fraser J.
Published: February 2009

Objective—To assess associations of severity of neurologic signs (neurologic score), involvement of an intumescence, and findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with interval to recovery and outcome in dogs with presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusions.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—42 dogs with presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusions.

Procedures—Medical records and magnetic resonance (MR) images of dogs evaluated from 2000 through 2007 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were acute onset of nonprogressive myelopathy following trauma or strenuous exercise, MRI of the spine performed within 7 days after onset, MRI findings consistent with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusions, and complete medical records and follow-up.

Results—Clinical neuroanatomic localization of lesions was to the C1-C5 (n = 6), C6-T2 (6), T3-L3 (28), and L4-S3 (2) spinal cord segments. Median neurologic score was 3.5. Median duration of follow-up was 804 days (range, 3 to 2,134 days) after onset of neurologic signs. Outcome was successful in 28 (67%) dogs and unsuccessful in 14 (33%) dogs. Severity of neurologic signs, extent of the intramedullary hyperintensity on sagittal and transverse T2-weighted MR images, and detection of intramedullary hypointensity on GRE images were all associated with outcome on univariate analysis. Results of multivariate analysis suggested that maximal cross-sectional area of the intramedullary hyperintensity on transverse T2-weighted MR images was the best predictor of outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance—Clinical and MRI findings can help predict outcome in dogs with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusions.
Successful treatment of a sinonasal cryptococcal granuloma in a horse
Authors: Cruz V. Claudia , Sommardahl Carla S. , Chapman Elizabeth A. , Fry Michael M. , Schumacher Jim
Published: February 2009

Case Description—A 12-year-old 500-kg (1,100-lb) American Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of chronic mucopurulent, bloody discharge from the left nostril, inspiratory dyspnea, and respiratory noise.

Clinical Findings—The horse had severe inspiratory dyspnea and stertorous respiration with no airflow from the left nostril. A temporary tracheostomy was performed. Endoscopy revealed a tan mass protruding from the left middle nasal meatus into the left common nasal meatus; it extended caudally into the nasopharynx and around the caudal edge of the nasal septum into the right nasal cavity. Radiographically, a soft tissue opacity was evident in most of the left nasal cavity and left paranasal sinuses. Cytologic examination of mass tissue revealed evidence of pyogranulomatous rhinitis; thickly encapsulated, budding yeast typical of Cryptococcus neoformans were detected.

Treatment and Outcome—While the horse was sedated and in a standing position, the fungal granuloma was removed from the paranasal sinuses. Treatment with fluconazole (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h for 4 weeks) was initiated; enilconazole (50 mL of a 10% solution) was instilled into the paranasal sinuses every other day (7 lavages). Six weeks after surgery, infection had not recurred and epithelialization appeared normal in the left paranasal sinuses.

Clinical Relevance—In horses with cryptococcosis of the paranasal sinuses, surgical removal of granulomatous lesions and systemic and topical administrations of antifungal drugs may be curative. Successful surgery may be performed in standing horses. Concommitant removal of a large portion of the conchae allows follow-up rhinoscopic evaluation of the paranasal sinuses.
Use of computed tomography to diagnose new bone formation associated with desmitis of the proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament in third metacarpal or third metatarsal bones of three horses
Authors: Launois Marc T. , Vandeweerd Jean-Michel E. F. , Perrin Roland A. R. , Brogniez Laurent , Desbrosse Francis G. , Clegg Peter D.
Published: February 2009

Case Description—3 horses with lameness localized to the proximal aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus.

Clinical Findings—All horses had evidence of problems that originated from the proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament (PASL), including signs of pain on palpation, positive results of diagnostic nerve blocks, ultrasonographic detection of enlargement and diffuse areas of reduced echogenicity in the proximal region of insertion of the ligament, and radiographic detection of increased mineral opacity in the proximal aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus. Desmitis of the PASL was diagnosed in each horse; however, conservative treatment failed to improve the lameness. The horses were taken to surgery for splitting of the PASL and osteostixis of the proximal aspect of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone. At that time, the proximal aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus was evaluated via computed tomography (CT), which identified new bone formation at the proximal aspect of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone that had not already been identified.

Treatment and Outcome—In all horses, the newly formed bone was removed surgically under radiographic and CT guidance, and the splitting and osteostixis that had been planned were performed. After rehabilitation, all horses returned to full training at 6 months after surgery. All horses responded well to the surgical treatment and were sound 8 months afterward.

Clinical Relevance—Use of CT imaging should be considered in lame horses with pain associated with the proximal aspect of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones that does not improve with conservative treatment.
Making Space for Sociability: How Children Animate the Public Realm in Suburbia
Authors: Corcoran Mary P. , Gray Jane , Peillon Michel
Published: February 2009

This article aims to demonstrate the significant role children play in new suburban communities, and in particular, the extent to which their circuits of sociability contribute to social cohesion in the suburbs. The discussion is located within the field of sociology of childhood, which argues that children are active agents who help to create and sustain social bonds within their neighborhoods. Drawing on focus group discussions and short essays by children on “The place where I live,” we paint a picture of how suburban life is interpreted and experienced from a child's perspective. We argue that children develop a particular suburban sensibility that structures their view of their estate, the wider neighborhood, and the metropolitan core. Although children express considerable degrees of satisfaction with suburban life, they are critical of the forces that increasingly limit their access to suburban public space.
Civic Engagement and Governance in the Urban-Rural Fringe: Evidence from Ireland
Authors: Mahon Marie , Fahy Frances , Ó Cinnéide Micheál , Gallagher Brenda
Published: February 2009

The urban-rural fringe in Ireland harbors diverse and often competing visions of place that unfold against a backdrop of rapid physical and socio-economic change. The desire to develop and articulate a shared sense of belonging rooted in place might be reasonably expected to lead to community-level expression through diverse local organizations. These in turn become embedded in wider institutionalized systems of governance. The importance of place vision, and the extent of civic engagement to create and protect such a vision, is the focus of this article. The ongoing and predominantly developer-led transformation of fringe locations has coincided with a shift from government to governance (particularly at local level) and associated changes in power relationships among various stakeholders. This article investigates the extent to which residents of fringe locations perceive themselves as part of local governance processes and explores the implications of such perceptions for citizenship and local democracy.
The Greatness of Human Possibilities: Competing Orientations and Their Solutions
Authors: Devall Bill
Published: February 2009

Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger. Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.

J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks. A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.
High Frequency Waves Propagating in Octagonal Bars: a Low Cost Computation Algorithm
Authors: Marzani Alessandro , Bartoli Ivan
Published: February 2009

In this paper a hybrid semi-analytical Finite Element formulation is proposed to efficiently calculate the time dependent response due to stress waves propagating in a slender solid with uniform cross-section when excited by impulsive forces. The formulation takes advantage of the direct and inverse Fourier transform to formulate and solve the governing wave equation. The framework is applied to an octagonal viscoelastic isotropic steel bar.
Self-organization of Dynamic Distributed Computational Systems Applying Principles of Integrative Activity of Brain Neuronal Assemblies
Authors: Burmakin Eugene , Fingelkurts Alexander A. , Fingelkurts Andrew A.
Published: February 2009

This paper presents a method for self-organization of the distributed systems operating in a dynamic context. We propose the use of a simple biologically (cognitive neuroscience) inspired method for system configuration that allows allocating most of the computational load to off-line in order to improve the scalability property of the system. The method proposed has less computational burden at runtime than traditional system adaptation approaches.
A Convenient Synthesis of Type A Procyanidins
Authors: Kraus George A. , Yuan Yi , Kempema Aaron
Published: February 2009

Type A procyanidins can be synthesized in good yields from the condensation of benzopyrilium salts 8 and either catechin or phloroglucinol.
Discrepancy Between ASTER- and MODIS- Derived Land Surface Temperatures: Terrain Effects
Authors: Liu Yuanbo , Noumi Yousuke , Yamaguchi Yasushi
Published: February 2009

The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) are onboard the same satellite platform NASA TERRA. Both MODIS and ASTER offer routine retrieval of land surface temperatures (LSTs), and the ASTER- and MODIS-retrieved LST products have been used worldwide. Because a large fraction of the earth surface consists of mountainous areas, variations in elevation, terrain slope and aspect angles can cause biases in the retrieved LSTs. However, terrain-induced effects are generally neglected in most satellite retrievals, which may generate discrepancy between ASTER and MODIS LSTs. In this paper, we reported the terrain effects on the LST discrepancy with a case examination over a relief area at the Loess Plateau of China. Results showed that the terrain-induced effects were not major, but nevertheless important for the total LST discrepancy. A large local slope did not necessarily lead to a large LST discrepancy. The angle of emitted radiance was more important than the angle of local slope in generating the LST discrepancy. Specifically, the conventional terrain correction may be unsuitable for densely vegetated areas. The distribution of ASTER-to-MODIS emissivity suggested that the terrain correction was included in the generalized split window (GSW) based approach used to rectify MODIS LSTs. Further study should include the classification-induced uncertainty in emissivity for reliable use of satellite-retrieved LSTs over relief areas.