bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovarian Hormones Contribute to High Levels of Binge‐Like Drinking by Female Mice
Authors: Satta Rosalba , Hilderbrand Elisa R. , Lasek Amy W.
Published: December 2017

Background

Recently, the incidence of binge drinking by women has increased. Binge drinking is detrimental to women's health, yet the biological mechanisms that promote excessive drinking by women are not well understood. One method of assessing binge‐like ethanol (EtOH) consumption in mice is the drinking in the dark (DID) test, in which mice drink sufficient EtOH to achieve intoxication. In this study, we directly compared male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice for DID and tested whether 17β‐estradiol (E2) contributes to DID. We also measured whether DID varies throughout the estrous cycle and whether repeated intermittent DID impacts the estrous cycle.

Methods

Male, female, and OVX C57BL/6J mice were tested for DID for 2 hours per day on days 1 to 3 and for 4 hours on day 4 using a single bottle containing 20% EtOH. To measure the effects of E2 on DID, OVX mice were treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) or vehicle daily starting 2 weeks prior to the drinking test and throughout the DID procedure. In a separate group of experiments, EtOH consumption and estrous cycle phase were measured in freely cycling mice that were drinking EtOH or water 5 days per week for 2 or 6 weeks.

Results

Female mice consumed more EtOH than male and OVX mice. Treatment with EB increased EtOH consumption by OVX mice compared with vehicle‐treated controls. However, EtOH intake did not vary across the estrous cycle, nor did long‐term DID alter the estrous cycle.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that ovarian hormones, specifically E2, contribute to increased EtOH consumption by female mice in the DID test. Although ovarian hormones contribute to this behavior, EtOH consumption is not affected by estrous cycle phase in freely cycling mice. This study provides a framework for understanding the factors that contribute to binge drinking in females.
Moving beyond vaping as a cessation‐only practice
Authors: Weier Megan
Published: December 2017

Commentary to: How do we determine the impact of e-cigarettes on cigarette smoking cessation or reduction? Review and recommendations for answering the research question with scientific rigor
Are we witnessing speciation? A case study of the species Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Chłond Dominik , Bugaj‐Nawrocka Agnieszka , Sawka‐Gądek Natalia
Published: December 2017

During our previous morphological and molecular studies, as well as modelling the environmental niche preferences of the genus Sirthenea Spinola, (Peiratinae), the distribution of the species S. flavipes (Stål, ) became one of the most interesting issues. This species has a very broad distribution range covering the southern part of western, central and eastern Asia. We observed two distinct types of colouration, each also exhibiting a certain degree of variability. Although both colour forms of the studied species show similar variability, the differences between them are so clear that they allow distinction of two populations that are separated by a geographical barrier. Morphology and colour variability are described for representatives of both populations. Genetic studies support the use of the distributional model for individuals in both populations, as well as a characteristic distribution of colour forms. Models which identified potentially suitable habitats based solely on climatic variables are prepared for both populations, as well as for the entire species, and predicted for the Last Glacial Maximum period. An analysis of ecoregions shows that both populations prefer areas with tree vegetation, such as tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biomes. Our studies show morphological divergence of these two discrete populations, reflecting an incipient stage of speciation.
Arterial distribution to the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Vazquez N. , Ríos C. , Sorriba V. , Pérez W.
Published: December 2017

This research is a study about the arterial vascularization of pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in pampas deer. For this study, 25 dead animals were used. The vascularization of the organs was investigated using a latex injection technique. Two animals were injected in the common carotid artery with contrast to cardiac angiography, and then, radiographs were taken. The aorta showed the two external iliac arteries, and after a short course, the aorta ended in two internal iliac arteries. The median sacral artery was originated from the dorsal surface cranially to the emergence of the internal iliac arteries. The last one gave off parietal (iliolumbar, cranial and caudal gluteal arteries) and visceral (umbilical and internal pudendal arteries) branches. The external iliac artery gave as first branch the deep circumflex iliac artery which was divided into a cranial and a caudal branch. After a short distance from the external iliac artery, the femoral and deep femoral arteries were originated. The deep femoral artery gave origin to the pudendoepigastric trunk and to the medial femoral circumflex artery. Based on the arterial distribution of the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in the pampas deer, it is concluded that the internal iliac artery has a pattern of intermediate development. In reference to the distribution of the external iliac artery and its branches, the pattern of development is the cranial tibial type.
Paternal HLA‐C is a risk factor in unexplained recurrent miscarriage
Authors: Meuleman Tess , Haasnoot Geert W. , van Lith Jan M. M. , Verduijn Willem , Bloemenkamp Kitty W. M. , Claas Frans H. J.
Published: December 2017

Problem

HLA‐C is the only classical HLA‐I antigen expressed on trophoblast. We hypothesized that the alloimmune response to paternal HLA‐C plays a role in unexplained recurrent miscarriage.

Method of study

In a case‐control design, we included 100 women with at least three unexplained consecutive miscarriages along with their partners and children. For the first control group, we included 90 women with an uneventful singleton pregnancy without pregnancy complications in their history along with their children. The second control group consisted of 425 families. HLA‐C*07 and HLA‐C*17 frequencies, which are the most immunogenic HLA‐C antigens, along with HLA‐C mismatches, and the presence of specific HLA antibodies in the mother were determined.

Results

HLA‐C and HLA‐C*07 mismatches were significantly increased in couples with recurrent miscarriage compared to control subjects (P = .016, P = .008, respectively). The incidence of child‐specific HLA‐C*07/HLA‐C*17 antibodies was increased in women with recurrent miscarriage (P = .007).

Conclusion

The results show that HLA‐C incompatibility between couples is significantly associated with unexplained recurrent miscarriage.
Clinician factors associated with prescribing nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: A cross‐sectional survey of Australian obstetricians and general practitioners
Authors: Bar‐Zeev Yael , Bonevski Billie , Gruppetta Maree , Twyman Laura , Atkins Lou , Palazzi Kerrin , Oldmeadow Christopher , Gould Gillian S.
Published: December 2017

The use of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy has been debated but evidence suggests that it is safer than smoking. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with: (i) general practitioners and obstetricians from a college database; and (ii) general practitioners with a special interest in Indigenous health. General practitioners had higher odds of prescribing compared to obstetricians. Reading guidelines, confidence, viewing nicotine replacement therapy as safe, effective and with good adherence, also significantly increased the odds of prescription. Clear guidance regarding safety and efficacy, with practical clinical protocols, are required in order to reduce variation in prescribing rates across these clinicians.
Standing Up for Student Health: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach for Reducing Student Sedentary Behavior—Randomised Control Pilot Trial
Authors: Sui Wuyou , Prapavessis Harry
Published: December 2017

Background

Sedentary behavior (SB) has been associated with chronic diseases. University students are a high‐risk population for excessive SB. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if a Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) based intervention, specifically action and coping planning, would increase student break frequency and decrease duration.

Methods

Fifty‐two university students (14 men, mean age 23.5) were randomised into an 8‐week HAPA‐treatment (sedentary behavior) or HAPA‐control (nutrition) group. Participants completed an SB questionnaire that assessed break frequency and duration of student SB (Baseline, Weeks 1–6 Treatment, and Weeks 7–8 Follow‐up), and received behavioral counselling on either dietary information or SB (Baseline and Week 3).

Results

An intent‐to‐treat analysis revealed a significant group by time interaction effect for student break frequency (p = .05, ηρ2 = 0.27), and a non‐significant effect for student break duration (p = .10, ηρ2 = 0.23). For occupational (student) break frequency and duration, the large accompanying effect sizes favored the treatment group.

Conclusions

The current pilot study provides preliminary evidence for the potential of a HAPA‐based intervention for increasing student break frequency in full‐time university students.
Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir therapy in patients with hepatitis C‐related advanced decompensated liver disease (MELD ≥ 15)
Authors: McCaughan G. W. , Thwaites P. A. , Roberts S. K. , Strasser S. I. , Mitchell J. , Morales B. , Mason S. , Gow P. , Wigg A. , Tallis C. , Jeffrey G. , George J. , Thompson A. J. , Parker F. C. , Angus P. W. ,   the Australian Liver Association Clinical Research Network
Published: December 2017

Background

Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C has the potential to improve liver function in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Aims

To examine the virological response and effect of viral clearance in patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis all with MELD scores ≥15 following sofosbuvir/daclatasvir ± ribavirin.

Methods

We prospectively collected data on patients who commenced sofosbuvir/daclatasvir for 24‐weeks under the Australian patient supply program (TOSCAR) and analysed outcomes including sustained viral response at 12 weeks (SVR12), death and transplant.

Results

108 patients (M/F, 79/29; median age 56years; Child‐Pugh 10; MELD 16; genotype 1/3, 55/47) received sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and two also received ribavirin. On intention‐to‐treat, the SVR12 rate was 70% (76/108). Seventy‐eight patients completed 24‐weeks therapy. SVR12 was achieved in 56 of these patients on per‐protocol‐analysis (76%). SVR12 was 80% in genotype 1 compared to 69% in genotype 3. Thirty patients failed to complete therapy. In patients achieving SVR12, median MELD and Child‐Pugh fell from 16(IQR15‐17) to 14(12‐17) and 10(9‐11) to 8(7‐9), respectively (P<.001). In those who died, MELD increased from 16 to 23 at death (P=.036). Patients who required transplantation had a significantly higher baseline MELD (20) compared to those patients completing treatment (16) (P=.0010). The odds ratio for transplant in patients with baseline MELD ≥20 was 13.8(95%CI 2.78‐69.04).

Conclusions

SVR12 rates with sofosbuvir/daclatasvir in advanced liver disease are lower than in compensated disease. Although treatment improves MELD and Child‐Pugh in most patients, a significant proportion will die or require transplantation. In those with MELD ≥20, it may be better to delay treatment until post‐transplant.
Systematic review with network meta‐analysis: first‐ and second‐line pharmacotherapy for moderate‐severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Singh S. , Fumery M. , Sandborn W. J. , Murad M. H.
Published: December 2017

Background

There are limited data to inform positioning of agents for treating moderate‐severe ulcerative colitis (UC).

Aim

To assess comparative efficacy and safety of different therapies as first‐line (biologic‐naïve) and second‐line (prior exposure to anti‐tumour necrosis factor(TNF)‐α) agents for moderate‐severe UC, through a systematic review and network meta‐analysis, and appraise quality of evidence (QoE) using grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Methods

We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with moderate‐severe UC treated with anti‐TNF agents, anti‐integrin agents and janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, as first‐line or second‐line agents, and compared with placebo or another active agent. Efficacy outcomes were induction/maintenance of remission and mucosal healing; and safety outcomes were serious adverse events and infections. Network meta‐analyses were performed, and ranking was assessed using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities.

Results

In biologic‐naïve patients (12 trials, no head‐to‐head comparisons), infliximab and vedolizumab were ranked highest for induction of clinical remission (infliximab: odds ratio [OR], 4.10 [95% confidence intervals [CI], 2.58‐6.52]; SUCRA,0.85; vedolizumab:SUCRA,0.82) and mucosal healing (infliximab:SUCRA,0.91; vedolizumab:SUCRA,0.81) (moderate QoE). In patients with prior anti‐TNF exposure (4 trials, no head‐to‐head comparisons), tofacitinib was ranked highest for induction of clinical remission (OR, 11.88 [2.32‐60.89]; SUCRA, 0.96) and mucosal healing (moderate QoE). Differences in trial design limited comparability of trials of maintenance therapy for efficacy. Vedolizumab was ranked safest in terms of serious adverse events (SUCRA, 0.91), and infection (SUCRA, 0.75) in maintenance trials.

Conclusions

Infliximab and vedolizumab are ranked highest as first‐line agents, and tofacitinib is ranked highest as second‐line agent, for induction of remission and mucosal healing in patients with moderate‐severe UC, based on indirect comparisons. Head‐to‐head trials are warranted to inform clinical decision‐making with greater confidence.
Situated responses to the post‐political city: An introduction
Authors: Richter Anna , Fitzpatrick Susan
Published: December 2017

It seems with the ever more complex instituting of aggressive neoliberal renewal policies comes an intensified effort to use the language of consensus and civic unity. The post‐political debate frames this discussion, and it is from this perspective that we propose a fuller consideration of urban renewal policy, and how these forces are embedded within the narrowing of what has been called the “properly political”. In bringing together accounts of the dynamic political life of communities and groups of interest who are confronting urban renewal policy in Glasgow, we make a case for recognising an intensification of political articulation, position‐taking and action. This recognition comes in response to the argument that we are currently experiencing a post‐political consensus and that democracy has been annulled in the process. We see evidence of a Polanyian “double movement” in which the construction of consensual publics is such a marked characteristic across different accounts, and how this appears to have opened up new critical spaces of debate and action within the various communities of interest. We therefore openly question the post‐political as a condition, or a process, which seemingly unfolds unimpeded. We fear that “post‐political” runs the risk of becoming a citational practice, that through repetition of the term, a narrowing of political articulation and action within the debate starts to occur. Our case studies aim to highlight the blind spots of the post‐political debate by focusing on the actually existing spaces of political articulation and position‐taking apparent in Glasgow.
Bad Apples? Attributions for Police Treatment of African Americans
Authors: Haider‐Markel Donald P. , Joslyn Mark R.
Published: December 2017

Numerous recent encounters between police officers and Black citizens have resulted in the deaths of African American men and have drawn renewed public scrutiny of police practices. We examine the public's attributions about these encounters. Does the public perceive violent confrontations between police officers and Black citizens as a result of broader problems in police practices or simply as isolated incidents? We employ attribution theory and social identity theory to understand how social and political identities influence beliefs about police use of force against African Americans. We argue that racial and political identities predispose individuals to believe certain attributional perspectives over others. We test several hypotheses using individual level survey data from two national surveys. Our findings suggest that racial and political identities strongly shape attributions, and these patterns have implications for public trust in government institutions and the ability of police to operate effectively. We conclude with recommendations for police and policymakers.
Effects of dietary protein level during rearing period and age at overfeeding on magret and foie gras quality in male mule ducks
Authors: Arroyo Julien , Molette Caroline , Lavigne Franck , Margetyal Carole , Amador Olivier , Dubois Jean‐Pierre , Fortun‐Lamothe Laurence
Published: December 2017

The aim of this trial was to study the effects of dietary protein content during the rearing period on the performance of mule ducks, according to age at overfeeding (O). Ducks (n = 612) were divided into four groups differing in the protein content in the diet offered during the starting period (S, 0–20 days; Sl vs. Sh: 150 vs. 175 g/kg crude protein (CP)) and growing‐finishing period (GF; 21–67 or 81 days, depending on age at O; GFl vs. GFh: 133 vs. 152 g/kg CP). The relative weight of pectoral muscle was lower when ducks were fed a low protein diet during S (−5%, P < 0.01) or GF period (−6%, P < 0.001) at 68 days and higher in ducks of the SlGFh group (+6%; P < 0.05) at 82 days. Both foie gras and magret weights fell when ducks were fed Sl or GFl (P < 0.05 and < 0.01). Mortality during the O period was higher in ducks fed the Sl diet and overfed at late age (7.4% vs. 0%; P < 0.01). In conclusion, a reduction in the dietary protein supply should be recommended only during the GF period for ducks overfed at a late age.
Mode of birth and postnatal health‐related quality of life after one previous cesarean in three European countries
Authors: Fobelets Maaike , Beeckman Katrien , Buyl Ronald , Daly Déirdre , Sinclair Marlene , Healy Patricia , Grylka‐Baeschlin Susanne , Nicoletti Jane , Gross Mechthild M. , Morano Sandra , Putman Koen
Published: December 2017

Background

How a woman gives birth can affect her health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). This study explored HRQoL at 3 months postpartum in women with a history of one previous cesarean in three European countries.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal survey, embedded within a cluster randomized trial in three countries, exploring women's postnatal HRQoL up to 3 months postpartum. The Short‐Form Six‐Dimensions (SF‐6D) was used to measure HRQoL, and multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship with mode of birth.

Results

Complete data were available from 880 women. Women with a spontaneous vaginal birth had the highest HRQoL scores, whereas women with an emergency repeat cesarean (P = .01) had the lowest. Postnatal readmission of the mother (P = .03), having public health insurance (P = .04), and a low antenatal HRQoL score (P < .01) contributes to poorer HRQoL scores. More specifically, women with a spontaneous vaginal birth had significantly higher HRQoL scores on the vitality dimension compared with women with an emergency repeat cesarean (P = .04).

Conclusions

In women with low‐risk factors, repeat cesareans result in a poorer HRQoL compared with vaginal birth. When there are no contraindications for vaginal birth, women with a history of one previous cesarean should be encouraged to give birth vaginally rather than have an elective repeat cesarean.
Geographical and intrapopulation variation in the diet of a threatened marine predator, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea)
Authors: Henning Barbara , de Sá Carvalho Benilton , Pires Mathias M. , Bassoi Manuela , Marigo Juliana , Bertozzi Carolina , Araújo Márcio S.
Published: December 2017

Understanding diet variation is a major concern when developing conservation guidelines for threatened species, especially for marine predators whose prey availability can be reduced by commercial fisheries. Diet can vary in geographically structured populations due to variation in prey availability and within a location due to the effects of season, sex, age, and individual. However, these sources of variation are seldom considered together in dietary studies. We analyzed diet variation at the geographical and intrapopulation levels in the franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) by analyzing samples of stomach contents from individuals incidentally caught by artisanal fisheries. We investigated the geographical (Northern, Central, and Southern regions of the São Paulo State coast, Brazil) and intrapopulation effects of season, sex, and age. We used the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation method to test for significance of the proportional similarity index, which measures the overlap between diet compositions. We found that diet varied across different levels, from the geographical to the individual level, including the effects of season, sex, and age. Diet variation as a function of age suggests an ontogenetic diet shift. Our findings indicate that ecological processes within local stocks should inform management at the local geographic scale. Evidence for ecological differences between franciscana stocks is of great significance for the conservation of this threatened species.
Circulating microRNA signature of steroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Li Zheng , Jiang Chao , Li Xingye , Wu William K.K. , Chen Xi , Zhu Shibai , Ye Chanhua , Chan Matthew T.V. , Qian Wenwei
Published: December 2017

Objectives

Steroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common orthopaedic disease of which early detection remains clinically challenging. Accumulating evidences indicated that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) plays vital roles in the development of several bone diseases. However, the association between circulating miRNAs and steroid‐induced ONFH remains elusive.

Materials and methods

miRNA microarray was performed to identify the differentially abundant miRNAs in the serums of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with steroid‐induced ONFH as compared with SLE control and healthy control group. We predicted the potential functions of these differentially abundant miRNAs using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses and reconstructed the regulatory networks of miRNA‐mRNA interactions.

Results

Our data indicated that there were 11 differentially abundant miRNAs (2 upregulated and 9 downregulated) between SLE‐ONFH group and healthy control group and 42 differentially abundant miRNAs (14 upregulated and 28 downregulated) between SLE‐ONFH group and SLE control group. We also predicted the potential functions of these differentially abundant miRNAs using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses and reconstructed the regulatory networks of miRNA‐mRNA interactions.

Conclusions

These findings corroborated the idea that circulating miRNAs play significant roles in the development of ONFH and may serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Pharmacogenetic Analysis of the Model‐Based Pharmacokinetics of Five Anti‐HIV Drugs: How Does This Influence the Effect of Aging?
Authors: Chen Jingxian , Akhtari Farida S. , Wagner Michael J. , Suzuki Oscar , Wiltshire Tim , Motsinger‐Reif Alison A. , Dumond Julie B.
Published: December 2017

Analysis of aging and pharmacogenetics (PGx) on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics (PKs) could inform precision dosing for older human HIV‐infected patients. Seventy‐four participants receiving either atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV) or efavirenz (EFV) with tenofovir/emtricitabine (TFV/FTC) provided PK and PGx information. Aging‐PGx‐PK association and interaction analyses were conducted using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple linear regression, and Random Forest ensemble methods. Our analyses associated unbound ATV disposition with multidrug resistance protein (MRP)4, RTV with P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), and EFV with cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B6 and MRP4 genetic variants. The clearance and cellular distribution of TFV were associated with P‐gp, MRP2, and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), and FTC parameters were associated with organic cation transporters (OCTs) and MRP2 genetic variants. Notably, p16INK4a expression, a cellular aging marker, predicted EFV and FTC PK when genetic factors were adjusted. Both age and p16INK4a expression interacted with PGx on ATV and TFV disposition, implying potential dose adjustment based on aging may depend on genetic background.
The Advantage of Natural Farming as an Eco‐Friendly Way of Living: Practice and Discourse on the “Learners’ Fields” in Fukuoka, Japan
Authors: Fukuda Kaoru
Published: December 2017

This article is based on participant‐observation research among a small group of people who practice Natural Farming (Shizennō) in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Natural Farming differs from organic farming in that practitioners do not plow the land, use fertilizers or agrochemicals, or try to eliminate weeds and insects. The members of the group chose this method primarily to improve self‐sufficiency in an ecological way, but they were also attracted to the way of life working closely with and “in harmony with” nature. This research reveals that, although the productivity of Natural Farming per land area is about the same as that of mainstream organic farming, the higher labor intensity hinders commercialization. The absence of commercial intention, however, appears to be an “advantage” that makes Natural Farming easy to start for laypersons. Above all, Natural Farming gives practitioners not only an improved self‐sufficiency, but a feeling that they are getting to know the essence of nature.
Contiguous verrucous proliferations in syringocystadenoma papilliferum: A retrospective analysis with additional evaluation via mutation‐specific BRAFV600E immunohistochemistry
Authors: Friedman Ben J. , Sahu Joya , Solomides Charalambos C. , Connolly Deirdre M. , Lee Jason B.
Published: December 2017

Background

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) is an uncommon cutaneous adnexal proliferation. There have been several reports describing collision lesions of SCAP and verruca, although little is known about the frequency of this association. Molecular testing has revealed the BRAFV600E mutation in a large proportion of SCAP cases, although its expression pattern has not been previously evaluated.

Methods

In this retrospective analysis, we explored the potential histopathological association between verruca and SCAP. We also evaluated mutation‐specific BRAFV600E expression in these lesions by immunohistochemistry. Cases of SCAP diagnosed over a 7‐year period were closely reviewed for the presence of contiguous verrucous proliferations. Additional sections were cut and stained using the BRAFV600E‐specific clone VE1 antibody.

Results

Contiguous verrucous proliferations were identified in 9 out of 12 identified cases. Furthermore, expression of the BRAFV600E mutation was identified in 7 out of 12 cases. Interestingly, in SCAP associated with endophytic verrucous proliferations (n = 4), expression of BRAFV600E was found in both the glandular and the contiguous hyperplastic squamous epithelium.

Conclusion

Overall, these findings suggest that contiguous verrucous proliferations in SCAP are common. Both components of the neoplasm may express the BRAFV600E mutation, which is suggestive of a common origin.
Use and effectiveness of a fixed‐ratio combination of insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) in a real‐world population with type 2 diabetes: Results from a European, multicentre, retrospective chart review study
Authors: Price Hermione , Blüher Matthias , Prager Rudolf , Phan Tra‐Mi , Thorsted Brian L. , Schultes Bernd ,   for the EXTRA study group
Published: December 2017

Aims

To describe the real‐world use and effectiveness of IDegLira, a fixed‐ratio combination of the basal insulin degludec, and the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) liraglutide.

Materials and Methods

This European, multicentre, retrospective chart review comprised adults (n = 611) with type 2 diabetes, who started IDegLira ≥6 months before data collection. Clinical characteristics were assessed at baseline (defined as the most recent recording during the 6 months before the first IDegLira prescription) and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (± 45 days for each time point) after commencing IDegLira, where data were available.

Results

Baseline regimens included non‐injectable medications (19%), basal insulin (19%), GLP‐1RA (10%), free combination therapy (insulin/GLP‐1RA, 24%) and multiple daily‐dose insulin injections (MDI, 28%), all ± oral antidiabetic drugs. After 6 months, significant glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reductions were observed in patients overall and in all subgroups (−10 mmol/mol [−0.9%] overall; P < .0001), and a significant reduction in mean body weight (−0.7 kg; P < .05) was observed in patients overall and in patients receiving MDI (−2.4 kg; P < .0001). The mean IDegLira dose was 22, 30 and 32 dose steps at initiation, and at 6 and 12 months follow‐up, respectively. In total, only 67 patients reached the maximum 50 dose steps, with most coming from the free combination therapy (n = 31) or MDI (n = 15) baseline regimen groups. Hypoglycaemia rates were reduced by 82% (rate ratio 0.18; P < .0001) in the 6‐month period after vs before IDegLira initiation. Overall, a total of 12 patients experienced 15 events in the 6 months after IDegLira initiation.

Conclusion

In real‐world practice, after 6 months and at a moderate dose, IDegLira resulted in substantial reductions in HbA1c and body weight, with a reduced risk of hypoglycaemia.
Reversibility of myocardial metabolism and remodelling in morbidly obese patients 6 months after bariatric surgery
Authors: Hannukainen Jarna C. , Lautamäki Riikka , Pärkkä Jussi , Strandberg Marjatta , Saunavaara Virva , Hurme Saija , Soinio Minna , Dadson Prince , Virtanen Kirsi A. , Grönroos Tove , Forsback Sarita , Salminen Paulina , Iozzo Patricia , Nuutila Pirjo
Published: December 2017

Aims

To study myocardial substrate uptake, structure and function, before and after bariatric surgery, to clarify the interaction between myocardial metabolism and cardiac remodelling in morbid obesity.

Methods

We studied 46 obese patients (age 44 ± 10 years, body mass index [BMI] 42 ± 4 kg/m2), including 18 with type 2 diabetes (T2D) before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and 25 healthy age‐matched control group subjects. Myocardial fasting free fatty acid uptake (MFAU) and insulin‐stimulated myocardial glucose uptake (MGU) were measured using positron‐emission tomography. Myocardial structure and function, and myocardial triglyceride content (MTGC) and intrathoracic fat were measured using magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results

The morbidly obese study participants, with or without T2D, had cardiac hypertrophy, impaired myocardial function and substrate metabolism compared with the control group. Surgery led to marked weight reduction and remission of T2D in most of the participants. Postoperatively, myocardial function and structure improved and myocardial substrate metabolism normalized. Intrathoracic fat, but not MTGC, was reduced. Before surgery, BMI and MFAU correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy, and BMI, age and intrathoracic fat mass were the main variables associated with cardiac function. The improvement in whole‐body insulin sensitivity correlated positively with the increase in MGU and the decrease in MFAU.

Conclusions

In the present study, obesity and age, rather than myocardial substrate uptake, were the causes of cardiac remodelling in morbidly obese patients with or without T2D. Cardiac remodelling and impaired myocardial substrate metabolism are reversible after surgically induced weight loss and amelioration of T2D.
DOES THE SAMARITAN'S DILEMMA MATTER? EVIDENCE FROM U.S. AGRICULTURE
Authors: Deryugina Tatyana , Kirwan Barrett
Published: December 2017

The Samaritan's dilemma posits a downside to charity: recipients may rely on free aid instead of their own efforts. Anecdotally, the expectation of free assistance is thought to be important for decisions about insurance and risky behavior in numerous settings, but reliable empirical evidence is scarce. We estimate whether the Samaritan's dilemma exists in U.S. agriculture, where both private crop insurance and frequent federal disaster assistance are present. We find that bailout expectations are qualitatively and quantitatively important for the insurance decision. Furthermore, aid expectations reduce both expenditure on farm inputs and subsequent crop revenue. (JEL D72, H84, Q18)
ASSIMILATION IN THE RISK PREFERENCES OF SPOUSES
Authors: Di Falco Salvatore , Vieider Ferdinand M.
Published: December 2017

We use correlations in the risk preferences of spouses as a testbed of whether preferences are socially transmitted, rather than being innate as traditionally assumed in economics. We obtain rich measurements of the risk preferences of cohabiting spouses in the rural Ethiopian highlands. This allows us to use correlation coefficients at the level of the couple in regression analysis. We find a strong correlation between the strength of the correlation in risk preferences within a couple and how long a couple has been married. This provides direct evidence for assimilation in the risk preference of spouses, and thus for social transmission of preferences. Assortative mating appears to be less important. (JEL C93, D03, D80, O12)
Improving Index Mutual Fund Risk Perception: Increase Financial Literacy or Communicate Better?
Authors: de Goeij Peter , Van Campenhout Geert , Subotič Marjana
Published: December 2017

We investigate the effect of financial literacy and index mutual fund risk disclosure format on investors’ risk perception by examining the risk disclosure part in the Key Investor Information Document (KIID) for UCITS funds in Europe. Using an experimental survey administered to 244 university students we find that both financial literacy and the KIID risk representation affect investors’ risk level perception accuracy. In addition, we find indications that financial literacy is less important if the complexity of the risk decision framework is reduced, although in our samle this effect is weak. Our results indicate that as an alternative to efforts taken to stimulate financial literacy, policy makers can effectively impact investors’ risk assessment by presenting a risk indicator that simplifies the decision framework for all investors, irrespective of their level of financial literacy.
Compositional turnover in host and parasite communities does not change network structure
Authors: Dallas Tad , Poisot Timothée
Published: December 2017

Decreasing similarity between ecological communities with increasing geographic distance (i.e. distance‐decay) is a common biogeographical observation in free‐living communities, and a slightly less common observation for parasite communities. Ecological networks of interacting species may adhere to a similar pattern of decreasing interaction similarity with increasing geographic distance, especially if species interactions are maintained across space. We extend this further, examining if host–parasite networks – independent of host and parasite species identities – become more structurally dissimilar with increasing geographic distance. Utilizing a global database of helminth parasite occurrence records, we find evidence for distance‐decay relationships in host and parasite communities at both regional and global scales, but fail to detect similar relationships in network structural similarity. Host and parasite community similarity were strongly related, and both decayed rapidly with increasing geographic distance, typically resulting in complete dissimilarity after approximately 2500 km. Our failure to detect a decay in network structural similarity suggests the possibility that different host and parasite species are filling the same functional roles in interaction networks, or that variation in network similarity may be better explained by other geographic variables or aspects of host and parasite ecology.
Postnatal separation prevents the development of prenatal stress‐induced anxiety in association with changes in oestrogen receptor and oxytocin immunoreactivity in female mandarin vole (Microtus mandarinus) offspring
Authors: He Fengqin , Wang Zijian , Guo Guanlin
Published: December 2017

Oestrogen has both anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects because of variation in opposing action on alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) estrogen receptors in the medial preoptic area (mPOA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (MeA). Oxytocin (OT) reverses some of the anxiogenic effects of oestrogen in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). Because anxiety disorders are twice as common in women as in men, and oestrogen and OT are more important in females, we examined interactions between prenatal restraint stress (GS) and postnatal early short‐term maternal separation (MS) and female mandarin vole behaviour, estrogen receptors and OT. The results show that adult female offspring from GS/noMS mothers showed increased anxiety in open‐field and elevated plus‐maze tests and had lower serum 17‐beta‐oestradiol (E2) levels than female offspring from GS/MS, noGS/MS and noGS/noMS mothers. GS/noMS females had more immunoreactive neurons for ERα in several brain regions and less ERβ‐ and OT‐immunoreactive neurons in brain areas compared to GS/MS, noGS/MS and noGS/noMS offspring. Interestingly, noGS/MS and GS/MS offspring were similar to noGS/noMS offspring in that they did not develop anxiety as adults. We propose that MS alters the serum concentration of E2 and that the ERβ/ERα ratio and OT level in the brain may be responsible for the decrease in anxiety‐like behaviour in adult female offspring initially exposed to anxiety‐inducing conditions via an adverse foetal environment.
Atypical presentations of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors
Authors: Stark Jessica , Friedman Elliott , Thompson Stephen , Von Allmen Gretchen , Bhattacharjee Meenakshi , Tandon Nitin
Published: December 2017

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNETs) are World Health Organization grade 1 neoplasms, typically present as isolated cortical lesions with no associated edema. We present 3 rare cases of DNETs that were atypical in location (all were subcortical and 1 was bilateral), 2 of which displayed substantial growth over time. All 3 cases presented with seizures that were not well controlled on medications, followed by a successful cure of the epilepsy when these lesions were removed. These cases uniquely illustrate that DNETs can be present throughout the brain and may generate seizures even in a subcortical location, possibly due to containing neurons with the potential for aberrant microcircuitry. The slow, nonmalignant proliferation of these lesions may engage epileptogenic networks, leading to the onset of seizures. These cases carry implications for the management of these surgically treatable lesions. Thus far, there have only been a handful of cases of growth reported in nonmalignant DNETs, and 2 of these cases displayed growth over the interval of monitoring.
Resident Fathers' Positive Engagement, Family Poverty, and Change in Child Behavior Problems
Authors: Lee Jin‐kyung , Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah J.
Published: December 2017

Objective

To investigate the role of fathers' positive engagement as a protective factor in the development of children's behavior problems and whether this buffering effect differs by family poverty status.

Background

Children who have behavior problems at early ages are more likely to show persistent behavior problems over time. Fathers' roles in the development and persistence of child behavior problems have been less investigated than mothers' roles.

Method

Longitudinal survey data from 762 constant‐resident‐father families participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were used. Mothers reported on children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems when the focal child was 5 and 9 years of age, and fathers reported on their frequency of positive engagement with children at child age 5. Data were analyzed using moderated moderation regression analyses.

Results

Children living in greater family poverty at age 5 showed more internalizing and externalizing behavior problems at age 9, but greater positive engagement by fathers weakened the association between family poverty and children's later behavior problems. Moreover, fathers' positive engagement appeared to disrupt continuity in internalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood for children in families living below the poverty level.

Conclusion

Fathers' positive engagement may serve as a protective factor for children's social–emotional development.

Implications

Emphasizing fathers' positive engagement in prevention and intervention programs designed to lower children's risk for behavior problems may have potential value.
Inhibition of spinal p38 MAPK prevents articular neutrophil infiltration in experimental arthritis via sympathetic activation
Authors: Kanashiro Alexandre , Franchin Marcelo , Bassi Gabriel Shimizu , Reis Santana Dênis Augusto , Cunha Thiago Mattar , Cunha Fernando Queiróz , Ulloa Luis , Rodrigues Gerson Jonathan
Published: December 2017

The central nervous system controls the innate immunity by modulating efferent neuronal networks. Recently, we have reported that central brain stimulation inhibits inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigate whether spinal p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) affects joint inflammation in experimental arthritis. Firstly, we observed that intra‐articular administration of zymosan in mice induces the phosphorylation of the spinal cord p38 MAPK. In addition, we demonstrated that spinal p38 MAPK inhibition with intrathecal injection of SB203580, a conventional and well‐characterized inhibitor, prevents knee joint neutrophil recruitment, edema formation, experimental score and cytokine production. This local anti‐inflammatory effect was completely abolished with chemical sympathectomy (guanethidine) and beta‐adrenergic receptors blockade (nadolol). In conclusion, our results suggest that pharmacological strategies involving the modulation of spinal p38 MAPK circuit can prevent joint inflammation via sympathetic networks and beta‐adrenoceptors activation.
Output Growth Decomposition in the Presence of Input Quality Effects: A Stochastic Frontier Approach
Authors: Rim Limam Yasmina , Garzarelli Giampaolo , Miller Stephen M.
Published: December 2017

How do physical capital accumulation and total factor productivity (TFP) individually add to economic growth? We approach this question from the perspective of the quality of physical capital and labor, namely the age of physical capital and human capital. We build a unique dataset by explicitly calculating the age of physical capital for each country and each year of our time frame and estimate a stochastic frontier production function incorporating input quality in five regions of countries (Africa, East Asia, Latin America, South Asia and West). Physical capital accumulation generally proves much more important than either the improved quality of factors or TFP growth in explaining output growth. The age of capital decreases growth in all regions except in Africa, while human capital increases growth in all regions except in East Asia.
In situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of temporary soft denture liner materials at different time intervals
Authors: Araújo Célio U. , Basting Roberta T.
Published: December 2017

Objective

To perform an in situ evaluation of surface roughness and micromorphology of two soft liner materials for dentures at different time intervals.

Background

The surface roughness of materials may influence the adhesion of micro‐organisms and inflammation of the mucosal tissues. The in situ evaluation of surface roughness and the micromorphology of soft liner materials over the course of time may present results different from those of in vitro studies, considering the constant presence of saliva and food, the changes in temperature and the pH level in the oral cavity.

Materials and methods

Forty‐eight rectangular specimens of each of the two soft liner materials were fabricated: a silicone‐based material (Mucopren Soft) and an acrylic resin‐based material (Trusoft). The specimens were placed in the dentures of 12 participants (n = 12), and the materials were evaluated for surface roughness and micromorphology at different time intervals: 0, 7, 30 and 60 days. Roughness (Ra) was evaluated by means of a roughness tester. Surface micromorphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Analysis of variance for randomised block design and Tukey's test showed that surface roughness values were lower in the groups using the silicone‐based material at all the time intervals (P < .0001). The average surface roughness was higher at time interval 0 than at the other intervals, for both materials (P < .0001). The surface micromorphology showed that the silicone material presented a more regular and smoother surface than the acrylic resin‐based material.

Conclusion

The surface roughness of acrylic resin‐based and silicone‐based denture soft liner materials decreased after 7 days of evaluation, leading to a smoother surface over time. The silicone‐based material showed lower roughness values and a smoother surface than the acrylic resin‐based material, thereby making it preferred when selecting more appropriate material, due its tendency to promote less biofilm build‐up.
A comparison of perennial ryegrass‐ and tall fescue‐based swards with or without a cropping component for dairy production: Animal production, herbage characteristics and financial performance from a 3‐year farmlet trial
Authors: Lee J. M. , Clark D. A. , Clark C. E. F. , Waugh C. D. , Roach C. G. , Minneé E. M. K. , Glassey C. B. , Woodward S. L. , Woodfield D. R. , Chapman D. F.
Published: December 2017

Perennial ryegrass/white clover swards have some limitations in temperate grazed dairying systems. This study tested the hypothesis that farmlets based on alternative species would be equally or more profitable than those perennial ryegrass‐based, and would produce more herbage in summer‐dry conditions. Six farmlets were established; three with perennial ryegrass‐ and three with tall fescue‐based swards. For each grass species, one farmlet was solely based on grass‐clover swards while the other two had either chicory‐red clover or lucerne crops planted on 20%–25% of the area. Animal‐ and herbage performance‐related variables were measured for 3 years, and calculated financial performance was evaluated. Using tall fescue improved total annual herbage yield compared with perennial ryegrass, but animal production and operating profit were lower. This was likely due to the reduced yield and nutritive value of tall fescue during spring and an associated decline in daily milksolids production. The deficit in spring milksolids production was never recovered, despite greater herbage production from tall fescue during summer/autumn. Incorporating chicory‐red clover or lucerne crops reduced both annual herbage and milksolids production. This reduced farm income, while increasing operating expenses as the farmlets required crop renewal and more purchased supplementary feed to maintain feed supply. Under the conditions of this study (i.e., partial irrigation, high nitrogen supply), changing the forage base from perennial ryegrass to tall fescue did not improve animal production or profitability, nor did incorporation of crops on 20%–25% of the farmlet area.