bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI and recruiting software: Ethical and legal implications
Authors: Fernández-Martínez Carmen , Fernández Alberto
Published: June 2020

In this article, we examine the state-of-the-art and current applications of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically for human resources (HR). We study whether, due to the experimental state of the algorithms used and the nature of training and test samples, a further control and auditing in the research community is necessary to guarantee fair and accurate results. In particular, we identify the positive and negative consequences of the usage of video-interview analysis via AI in recruiting processes as well as the main machine learning techniques used and their degrees of efficiency. We focus on some controversial characteristics that could lead to ethical and legal consequences for candidates, companies and states regarding discrimination in the job market (e.g. gender and race). There is a lack of regulation and a need for external and neutral auditing for the type of analyses done in interviews. We present a multi-agent architecture that aims at total legal compliance and more effective HR processes management.
Catalyzing learning with green chemistry undergraduate research
Authors: Welch Lindsey A
Published: June 2020

Green chemistry and sustainability are important concepts to incorporate into the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Through the development of innovative undergraduate chemistry research projects in these areas, retention of students in the physical sciences can be improved. This paper describes two projects in undergraduate catalysis research: hydrogenation of furfural and the esterification of biooil from pyrolyzed wood. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of furfural with Pd/C led to the production of furfuryl alcohol, furfuryl isopropyl ether, 2-methylfuran, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The metal chloride additives improved selectivity for furfuryl alcohol and furfuryl isopropyl ether. Catalytic conversion of pyrolyzed wood biooil in ethanol with a solid acid catalyst yielded ethyl esters, including ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate, as characterized by GC/MS These projects are described in the context of engaging undergraduate students in hands-on research for the purpose of improving retention and persistence, as well as preparing young scientists to enter graduate programs and the STEM workforce.
Oxidative stress and immune cell activation quantification in sepsis and non-sepsis critical care patients by neopterin/7,8-dihydroneopterin analysis
Authors: Baxter-Parker Gregory , Gaddam Ravinder Reddy , Moltchanova Elena , Carr Anitra , Shaw Geoff , Chambers Stephen , Gieseg Steven P.
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin are used as biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, but the effect of kidney function on these measurements has not been extensively explored. We examine the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation and kidney function in intensive patients and compare them to equivalent patients without sepsis.

Methods: 34 Intensive care patients were selected for the study, 14 without sepsis and 20 with. Both groups had equivalent levels of trauma, assessed by SAPS II, SOFA, and APACHE II and III scores. Plasma and urinary neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin + 7,8-dihydroneopterin) values were measured.

Results: Neopterin and total neopterin were significantly elevated in urine and plasma for multiple days in sepsis versus non-sepsis patients. Plasma neopterin and total neopterin have decreasing relationships with increased eGFR (p<0.008 and p<0.001, respectively). Plasma/urinary neopterin and total neopterin ratios demonstrate that total neopterin flux is more influenced by eGFR than neopterin, with significantce of p<0.02 and p<0.0002 respectively.

Conclusion: Sepsis patients present with greater levels of oxidative stress and immune system activation than non-sepsis patients of equal levels of trauma, as measured by neopterin and total neopterin. eGFR may need to be taken into account when accessing the level of inflammation from urinary neopterin measurements.
Liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review
Authors: Jalili Vahid , Barkhordari Abdullah , Ghiasvand Alireza
Published: June 2020

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds comprised of two or more fused benzene rings, which arise from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. These compounds have been of concern as carcinogens and mutagens for the past 50-60 years. Lately, they are also receiving attention as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Therefore, proper analytical methods are required for sampling and analyzing these compounds. In response to problems associated with the conventional methods like solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), many studies have focused on the miniaturization of different sample preparation techniques. In this regard, the use of different types of liquid phase microextraction (LPME) techniques has increased significantly during the recent few decades. LPME techniques are advantageous because they use single-step sample preparation and have shown a greater sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency than the conventional methods. In addition, these techniques have good potential for automation, to reduce the time and cost of analysis. This review focuses on the most important configurations of LPME including single‐drop microextraction (SDME), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) techniques used for the sampling and determination of PAHs in different samples, along with their cons and pros, as well as their prospects.
Multiscale acoustic emission of C/SiC mini-composites and damage identification using pattern recognition
Authors: Xie Chuyang , Gao Xiguang , Zhang Huajun , Song Yingdong
Published: June 2020

In this paper, multiscale acoustic emission (AE) signal analysis was applied to acoustic emission data processing to classify the AE signals produced during the tensile process of C/SiC mini-composites. An established unsupervised clustering algorithm was provided to classify an unknown set of AE data into reasonable classes. In order to correctly match the obtained classes of the AE signals with the damage mode of the sample, three scales of materials were involved. Single fiber tensile test and fiber bundle tensile test were firstly performed to achieve the characteristics of AE signal of fiber fracture. Parameter analysis and waveform analysis were added to extract the different features of each class of signals in the In-situ tensile test of C/SiC mini-composite. The change of strain field on the sample surface analyzed by DIC (Digital Image Correlation) revealed the corresponding relationship between matrix cracking and AE signals. Microscopic examinationwas used to correlate the clusters to the damage mode. By analyzing the evolution process of signal activation for each class against the load, it also provided a reliable basis for the correlation between the obtained classes of the AE signals and the damage mechanism of the material.
Genomic Prediction with Genotype by Environment Interaction Analysis for Kernel Zinc Concentration in Tropical Maize Germplasm
Authors: Mageto Edna K , Crossa Jose , Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Dhliwayo Thanda , Palacios-Rojas Natalia , Lee Michael , Guo Rui , San Vicente Félix , Zhang Xuecai , Hindu Vemuri
Published: June 2020

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major risk factor for human health, affecting about 30% of the world’s population. To study the potential of genomic selection (GS) for maize with increased Zn concentration, an association panel and two doubled haploid (DH) populations were evaluated in three environments. Three genomic prediction models, M (M1: Environment + Line, M2: Environment + Line + Genomic, and M3: Environment + Line + Genomic + Genomic x Environment) incorporating main effects (lines and genomic) and the interaction between genomic and environment (G x E) were assessed to estimate the prediction ability (rMP) for each model. Two distinct cross-validation (CV) schemes simulating two genomic prediction breeding scenarios were used. CV1 predicts the performance of newly developed lines, whereas CV2 predicts the performance of lines tested in sparse multi-location trials. Predictions for Zn in CV1 ranged from -0.01 to 0.56 for DH1, 0.04 to 0.50 for DH2 and -0.001 to 0.47 for the association panel. For CV2, rMP values ranged from 0.67 to 0.71 for DH1, 0.40 to 0.56 for DH2 and 0.64 to 0.72 for the association panel. The genomic prediction model which included G x E had the highest average rMP for both CV1 (0.39 and 0.44) and CV2 (0.71 and 0.51) for the association panel and DH2 population, respectively. These results suggest that GS has potential to accelerate breeding for enhanced kernel Zn concentration by facilitating selection of superior genotypes.
From Biochemistry to Genetics in a Flash of Light
Authors: Bassler Bonnie L
Published: June 2020

The Genetics Society of America (GSA) Medal recognizes researchers who have made outstanding contributions to the field of genetics in the past 15 years. The 2019 GSA Medal is awarded to Bonnie L. Bassler of Princeton University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in recognition of her groundbreaking studies of bacterial chemical communication and regulation of group behaviors.
Strategic Orientation of Mexican Family-owned Businesses and Its Influence on Corporate Social Responsibility Practices
Authors: Aguilar José Luis Esparza , Maciel Argentina Soto , Sánchez José Luis Zapata , Hervert María de Jesús Pérez
Published: June 2020

The aim of this article was to determine whether the strategic orientation of family-owned businesses influences Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. For this purpose, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 245 family-owned businesses in the southern part of the southeastern Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Variables attributed to CSR measurements were environment, society, employees, and customers, as well as business-level strategies of prospector, analyzer, defender, and reactor as defined by Miles and Snow. Results showed that family-owned businesses with a strategic orientation as prospector and analyzer have higher development levels of CSR practices, reactor businesses demonstrated lower development levels of CSR practices. Prospector and analyzer businesses tend to be product developers and innovators in their respective markets.
State Neutrality, Business Elite and the Lack of Export Services Development in Chile: an Exploratory Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Lopez Dorotea , Munoz Felipe , Ahumada José Miguel
Published: June 2020

The process of economic development implies, among other things, the expansion of exports beyond natural resources and towards more knowledge intensive sectors. However, a common situation in developing countries is the lack of an ‘entrepreneurial push’ from economic and political elites in order to diversify such exports. The Chilean economy is not an exception as it is still characterized by an export basket anchored in natural resources, regardless the consensus among society on the importance of diversifying the Chilean economy towards new industrial and service sectors, both beyond and within natural resources. This paper focuses on the causes of the absence of such an ‘entrepreneurial push’ towards export service sector in Chile and, through a qualitative exploratory analysis of elite perceptions, presents the predominant hypothesis among key stakeholders.
The Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Instagram Fashion Purchase Intention: The Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Herjanto Halimin , Adiwijaya Michael , Wijaya Elizabeth , Semuel Hatane
Published: June 2020

To maintain the significantly positive influence of celebrity endorsement (CE) on Instagram user consumption behavior, scholars and business practitioners are motivated to have a better understanding of this phenomenon. Literature on CE focuses on its direct effect on attitude toward various brand components; however, this study takes a different approach by developing a new conceptual model and a set of hypotheses that aims to generate a better picture of the relationship between two brand components (brand image and brand trust) and repurchase intention. The present study also examines the moderating role of CE in the relationship between brand image and brand trust as well as repurchase intention.

The hypotheses were tested using online survey data from 220 Indonesian respondents. To test the theoretical model, this study employs ordinary least square regression (OLS), as well as Baron and Kenny’s (1986) method to test moderating hypotheses. The results show that the hypothesized model of CE on brand image, brand trust and repurchase intention fits the data. In addition, the findings also demonstrate that CE moderates the relationship between brand image and brand trust, and between brand image and repurchase intention.

The findings offer important contributions to the academic by enriching the body of literature on online consumption behavior. They reveal the moderating effect of CE, and potentially inspire scholars to conduct further research. To business practitioners, this study suggests the importance of engaging with celebrities to endorse their brands. At the same time, to avoid the risk of reverse image, managers are recommended to think carefully about which celebrities are suitable to represent their brands.
Lithuanian dialect reserve. Social and geographical restrictions imposed on dialect mobility as reflected in direct attitudinal studies
Authors: Vaicekauskienė Loreta , Sausverde Ērika
Published: June 2020

The paper investigates a twofold attitude towards linguistic diversity in the Lithuanian-speaking community, where, on the one hand, the dialects are valorised as a national and ethnographic asset and, on the other hand, certain restrictions on their use are imposed because of association with a lower social value and negative stereotypes. Three direct attitudinal studies serve as an empirical basis for the research: a quantitative survey, qualitative interviews and an experiment with high-school students on stereotypical traits of the dialect speaker. When discussing future prospects of dialect change, the overt values of the speakers are compared with the findings of the speaker evaluation experiment that have revealed subconscious values of dialectal speech. The research has shown that compared to the Soviet times, the ideological climate regarding dialects has become more politically correct. Positive attitudes are most prominent at a declarative level and when regional identity and the speaker’s affiliation with a particular community have to be emphasised. Daily personal experiences, however, with the functionality of a dialect and evaluations of social and geographic mobility of dialect speakers, show a less favourable assessment of dialectal speech in comparison to the standard (non-dialectal) varieties. It is very much due to a frequent negative stereotyping of dialect speakers. The subconscious attitudes also reveal that the dialectal variability of speech has an arguably lower social meaning compared to the non-dialectal variability. The attitudes and practices of non-professional (lay) people may be claimed to reflect a double-faced standardization ideology of the Lithuanian language, which valorises dialects as an ecologic asset and at the same time limits their functioning by putting them in the reserve of “immobile” speakers.
Vowel lengthening as a sociolinguistic feature of Vilnius speech
Authors: Čičirkaitė Ramunė , Vaicekauskienė Loreta
Published: June 2020

The paper focuses on vowel lengthening in Vilnius speech. This feature has been stigmatised by Lithuanian language planners as a feature of Slavic origin, which has influenced Vilnius speech and therefore has to be avoided as non-standard and incorrect. The aim of the study was to find out how frequent the lengthening of short vowels is in the speech of Vilnius and how it depends on linguistic and social factors and self-monitoring of speech. The research is based on the classical Labovian interview with seventeen second and third generation residents of Vilnius (aged 18–40), 4.5 hours of speech in total.The research has shown that vowel lengthening is far from common in Vilnius speech. It depends largely on the type of syllable and the place of stress; the lengthening mostly affects just stressed syllables and usually in word stem. The lengthening of short inflectional endings, which is highly associated with Russian or Polish accent and regarded as the worst feature of urban speech, seems to be extremely rare. It has also been shown that the tendency to lengthen manifests itself quite consistently; informants who lengthen stressed vowels in the stem of the word more often than others tend to lengthen syllables at the end of the word. This applies to all contextual styles.In spite of relatively big individual difference in speech of informants, the research revealed that vowel lengthening in Vilnius speech is mostly used by the oldest of our informants and by men more than women. The dependence of vowel lengthening on contextual style turned out to be quite controversial and may point to the development of different speech norms in Vilnius.
Specific features of dialectal regional self-consciousness in cities and towns of Lithuania (based on sociolinguistic data)
Authors: Baranauskienė Viktorija , Krupickaitė Dovilė
Published: June 2020

In the world which globalizes and levels out the differences of language dialects, their usage becomes an expression of a natural ethnic identity. The studies of their actual changes can reveal the ongoing processes in society. Unfortunately, studies of this kind are very few. To the authors’ knowledge, there has been no research focusing on regional patterns of dialect usage. Based on the data provided by the research project Sociolinguistic Map of Lithuania: Towns and Villages, the authors analyse the use of dialects in 67 towns of Lithuania with the population exceeding 3,000 people. The aim of the article is to determine regional peculiarities of sociolinguistic use and attitudes towards dialects, i.e. the distribution patterns of regional identity.The first section of the article is devoted to the opinions about the links of the distribution of the most beautiful, most common, most prestigious and hardly understandable dialects to the ethnographic regional structure of Lithuania. It has been determined that in smaller Lithuanian towns, especially the ones situated in the regional kernels, the usage of the dialects is still vital and regional identity is still very strong, whereas the residents of big towns, except Klaipėda, value the dialect of the region of their origin more than the dialect of their current region. The Žemaitija and Aukštaitija regions are dialectically strongest in Lithuania. Their dialects tend to spread. Meanwhile, the positions of the dialect in the small region of Dzūkija and regional identity of its population are weaker.The second section analyses opinions about the value of dialects and the necessity to preserve them. The residents of regions and towns with homogeneous ethnic structure are more determined to encourage the younger generation to use their native dialect. The same attitude is also characteristic of the population residing in kernels of regions.
Pyttipanna – it is serious! Names for food – some comments when compiling a Swedish-Lithuanian dictionary
Authors: Sausverde Ērika
Published: June 2020

A Swede making a sandwich will use the word pålägg in reference to what s/he puts on a slice of bread – cheese, ham, sausage etc. In cafeterias in Sweden one can often come across a notice - påtår ingår ‘refill included’. How should the Swedish pålägg and påtår be rendered in Lithuanian?The paper deals with some issues of lexicographic practice arising in the process of compiling a forthcoming Swedish-Lithuanian dictionary. It will include about 30 000 word entries and a large number of expressions. Swedish-Lithuanian lexicography is a rather new field in Lithuania, which has determined the pioneering character of the present investigation.The paper aims at identifying certain tendencies in the search of equivalents to names for food. The words discussed include Swedish examples like knäckebröd, palt, pepparkaka, pyttipanna, pålägg, påtår, pölsa, wienerbröd and some others. The paper also discusses some more general issues pertaining to the field of language and food and some strategies adopted by a fiction translator and lexicographer.The examples demonstrate the complexity of the lexicographer’s task when searching for equivalents to both rather exotic and very simple Swedish dishes, which is be due to the absence of tradition of consuming the dishes by Lithuanians. Despite identical raw food products (potatoes, meat, bread), in the course of history the Swedish and the Lithuanian cuisine have taken differing paths of development and experienced different influences. In some specific cases one can find a rather precise equivalent to an ‘exotic’ dish (cf. SE pölsa, similar to EN haggis, LT košeliena). Meanwhile, a search of an equivalent to some ordinary, casual dish or food product can become a real challenge to a lexicographer resulting in a ‘near’ equivalent with a descriptive or an expository comment, cf. SE knäckebröd, EN crisp bread, LT ‘traški (švediška) duona’; SE wienerbröd, EN Danish pastry, LT ‘sluoksniuotos tešlos bandelė su įdaru’; also cf. SE pyttipanna, similar to EN hash or bubble and squeak, LT ‘patiekalas iš mėsos gabalėlių, bulvių ir daržovių (ypač apie keptus (pietų) likučius)’. The lexicographer’s demanding task requires an interdisciplinary approach, an in-depth knowledge in different fields of research, familiarity with changing culture-specific realia and attention to detail.The field of language and food is rather new in Lithuania. It opens up new interesting research perspectives to lexicography, discourse analysis, culture studies, etc.
On the use of semantic calques in academic legal written language
Authors: Gedzevičienė Dalia
Published: June 2020

The use of semantic calques in academic legal written language is the focus of the present article. Semantic calques are words in new irregular meanings. The following two groups of semantic calques in academic legal written language are distinguished: old calques, which are produced in the Lithuanian language due to the impact of the Russian language, and new calques, which have been produced in the Lithuanian language due the impact of the English language. The most frequently used calques of the first group are the verbs (pa)talpinti, atstatyti, sutikti, naudoti and their derivatives, the adjectives pilnas, -a, vieningas, -a and their derivatives, the noun saugiklis.The most frequently used calques of the second group are the adjectives pilotinis, harmoningas, -a, the verb harmonizuoti and the noun harmonizavimas. The present paper aims to identify the key reasons why some semantic calques spread in the academic language of the law. According to the contact between the user of the calque and the foreign language of its origin, the article distinguishes two types of reasons: primary and secondary. Primary reasons (concerned with the direct contact between the user of the calque and the language of origin) can be divided into three general reasons: (1) life among bilingual population; (2) the author of the text is a non-native speaker of Lithuanian; (3) the author relies on secondary written sources (research papers, documents, legal acts) in foreign languages, especially on its non-professional translation. Secondary reasons are concerned with an indirect contact between the user of the calque and the language of origin. In many cases the user of the calque does not know the foreign language from which the calque has been adopted. Semantic calques are copied from administrative language (legal acts, codes), public spoken language and are the result of imitation. Due to secondary reasons the calque appearing in a narrow peripheral field of standard language is further transferred into general usage. The analysis of the texts has demonstrated that in most cases semantic calques spread in academic legal written language due to extralinguistic factors. For example, Soviet occupation is one of them, when Russian in fact had the status of a state language. Now we are in a different situation, when the EU membership requires that all legal acts be translated into national languages of all member states.
Introduction
Authors: Šeškauskienė Inesa , Ramonienė Meilutė
Published: June 2020

This special issue of the journal Taikomoji kalbotyra/Applied Linguistics includes papers written on the basis of the presentations given at the International Applied Linguistics Conference Languages and People: Space, Time, Identity held in Vilnius University October 3-4, 2013. The Conference was organized by the Department of Lithuanian Studies of Vilnius University and the Lithuanian Association of Applied Linguistics (LITAKA). The total number of the Conference participants amounted to 60; they came from 12 countries: Australia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Hong Kong, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States of America. The plenary speakers of the Conference, world-known linguists Antonella Sorace (UK), Joseph Lo Bianco (Australia) and Mark Davies (USA), gave very impressive presentations on bilingualism and language acquisition, language planning and policy, language corpora as a powerful tool in language learning and teaching.
Non-word repetition test: research into Lithuanian monolingual and Lithuanian-English bilingual children
Authors: Krivickaitė Eglė
Published: June 2020

The majority of studies comparing the language development of monolingual and bilingual children have found that bilinguals’ lexicon in each language is smaller than that of a comparable monolingual age-peers (Pearson et al. 1997; Werker et. al. 2009). Some studies have found that same-ages bilingual and monolingual children have relatively equal sized vocabularies when the vocabularies of both languages is taken into account (Bialystok 2001; Werker et al. 2009).The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to introduce the Lithuanian non-word repetition test; 2) to present the results of a test, when monolingual (Lithuanian) and bilingual (L1 – Lithuanian, L2 – English) children had to produce Lithuanian non-words. The main focus of the study was to investigate the performance of monolinguals and bilinguals during the test in reference to word length and word complexity, namely consonant clusters.The test results with monolingual and bilingual children have shown that the length of the word is a very important indicator: repetition accuracy was found to decline with the increasing number of syllables in both monolingual and bilingual groups. The results of the complexity demonstrated that both groups were better when performing initial clusters rather than medial clusters, especially in longer words (mostly 4-syllable). The study has shown that the test results improve with age: older monolingual and bilingual children repeat non-words more accurately than younger children.The overall Lithuanian non-word repetition test results show that bilinguals repeat non-words less accurately than monolinguals. In the future, more children should participate in the non-word repetition test.
Endowed Value or Imposed Heritage? Attitudes of Russian-Speaking Lithuanian Citizens towards their Native Language
Authors: Lichačiova Ala , Markova Svetlana
Published: June 2020

So far there has been no detailed research done in Lithuania that would allow to analyze the attitudes of the Russian-speaking citizens towards their native language. In this article, an attempt is made to determine the subtle relation between the Lithuanian citizens of non-Lithuanian nationality and the Russian language which is considered to be native in their families, while they either are Russians or identify themselves as Russians.Certain questions concerning this problem are taken into consideration: do Russian-speaking citizens feel good about using their native language; do they feel affinity to Russia as their symbolic homeland or the mother country of their language; do they want their children to have a good command of Russian and consider it their native language; is their relationship with their native language affected by the manifestation of Russophobia in public discourse and mass media.The data of the sociolinguistic projects Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Lithuanian Cities (2007–2009) and A Sociolinguistic Map of Lithuania (2010–2012) focussing on Vilnius, Klaipėda and Visaginas is discussed. These cities have been selected as the ones with the largest Russian-speaking population as compared to other regions of Lithuania.The analysis of in-depth interviews reveals that for the Russian-speaking people in Lithuania the native language remains the only real indicator of their ethnic self-identification. Most of the respondents do not regard Russia as a country close to them in terms of lifestyle and mentality, they do not perceive Russia as a symbolic concept defining their self-identity; it is for them the space of their mother tongue. The respondents claim that they value their mother tongue, see it as emotionally closest and stress the relation between the Russian language and culture as well as the pragmatic value of knowing Russian nowadays. Young respondents declare that they intend to do their best to pass their mother tongue to their future children.However, the intentions of the Russian-speaking people of Lithuania to support the vitality of their native language, which requires more effort than is usual for people living in the environment of a different language. In the Lithuanian media and online comment sections, ethnic and linguistic intolerance towards local people who speak another language is livened up periodically. Therefore Russian-speaking residents of Lithuania need to be psychologically strong in order to resist the pressure of public discourse and to sustain their native language.
Use of the word barbekiu and its representation in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian
Authors: Murmulaitytė Daiva
Published: June 2020

The new borrowing barbekiu has not been included into dictionaries of the Lithuanian language so far, except for the Dictionary of Internationalisms (2001, 2008) and its internet version Interleksis. Due to the frequent use of the word, barbekiu is going to be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.The present paper analyses the semantic structure of the borrowing, its use and normative recommendations, investigates dictionary entries of barbecue and its synonym grill as given in a number of English, Latvian, Russian, and Polish dictionaries.The use of the borrowing barbekiu in the Lithuanian language shows a slightly different semantic structure of the word than that offered in the dictionaries of the donor (English) language. On the whole, the findings of this research show that the semantic structure of the borrowing barbecue in the recipient languages differs from its semantic structure in the English language.Finally, the paper offers several tentative dictionary entries for the word barbekiu and its Lithuanian equivalents, which could be included into the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. In addition to the two meanings of the word that have already been discussed by language planners (i.e. barbecue as a ‘baking device’ and as a ‘certain steak’), the proposed dictionary entries would contain additional, more frequent meanings: ‘a way of preparing a certain kind of food’ and ‘a party in which food is prepared in this way’.
Accentuation of Nominal Words in the Vilnius Speech: de Saussure and Fortunatov’s synchronic law
Authors: Urbanavičienė Jolita
Published: June 2020

The article presents the research on how Vilnians follow the main synchronic accentuation law of the Lithuanian language – de Saussure and Fortunatov’s (SF) synchronic law. The research aims at evaluation of whether the stress of nominal words is often not placed on attracting endings; whether accentuation tendencies of Vilnians are predetermined by external (social) factors – age, gender, education; what impact on the accentuation of townsmen is made by dialects. The empirical research material includes 30 direct interviews recorded from 18–75 year-old Vilnians (total number includes 26 hours of records). Sociolinguistic variables were coded via the language element analysis programme CLAN, statistical significance of the results was analysed through SPSS (ANOVA and t-tests). SF law was chosen as the axis of the research, which effect (accentuation of attractive endings) is to be linked with standard language accentuation system. Weakened SF law effect (the stress falls on stems preceding attractive endings) is to be linked with levelling of accents specific for eastern highlanders subdialects and accentuation system changes related with it: accentuation of column model, hypercorrection accentuation and accentuation variability. It was established that in view of accentuation the Vilnius speech is not homogenous. The divide separating most likely two individual phonological systems is between the older (over 50 years old) and two younger generations (18-29 years old and 30-49 years old). In the vertical of language variety, situated between dialect and standard language, older Vilnians language, formed and influenced mostly by eastern highlander’s subdialect, is closer to dialect, whilst middle and younger generation Vilnian’s speech is closer to standard language. In older generation of Vilnians speech 59 % of nominal words with attractive endings are accentuated in stems, whilst in two younger generations (Vilnians urbanolect) – vice versa: 58-63% attractive endings are accentuated by SF law. The research showed statistically significant influence of the age, gender, social status of the informants and activity developed by them on accentuation tendencies. More rare application of SF law is to be linked with the category of male gender, low social status and traditional activity (of industrial enterprises). More frequent application of SF law is to be linked with female gender, high social status and modern activity (of knowledge enterprises, service areas).
Corpus Analysis of Russian and English Resources in Vilnius Adolescents’ Speech
Authors: Vyšniauskienė Inga
Published: June 2020

This paper presents the quantitative analysis of Russian and English resources in Vilnius adolescents’ language. The analysis draws on Vilnius Adolescents’ Language Corpus data, documenting the linguistic practices of 10–16 year old adolescents from differently socially and ethnically marked Vilnius neighbourhoods. The research has revealed strong correlation between ethnic marking of Vilnius neighbourhoods and both frequency as well as lexico-functional variation of Russian resources. Creativity, playfulness, situational strategic use of Russian resources characterize the language of adolescents from ethnically marked neighbourhoods. In contrast, Russian resources among adolescents in ethnically unmarked neighbourhoods have been limited to slang and swearing. In addition, Russian resources may correlate with such values as toughness and masculinity as they were twice more frequent among boys (from ethnically unmarked neighbourhoods) than girls. English resources are available to adolescents through computer-mediated communication, popular culture. Accordingly, the frequency of English resources and lexico-functional categories are similar among adolescents irrespective of the ethnic marking of the district. Generally, Vilnius adolescents’ practices of using Russian and English resources can hardly be described as one system. It is rather an open, dynamic interplay of different sub-systems having their internal organization, norms, which correlate with gender or ethnic marking of Vilnius neighbourhoods.
What does “language” mean for its users? Constructing a theoretical model of a notion of language in the public space
Authors: Vukotić Vuk
Published: June 2020

Research into language ideologies is a fast growing field of research, especially within its critical paradigm, highlighting reproductions of dominant and often repressive ideologies about language (racism, sexism, nationalism, etc.). On the other hand, the other, cognitive paradigm has contributed to the field of language ideology by way of closer insights into the world of the speaker, providing a more subtle understanding of the cognitive processes at work behind attitudes to language and ideologies of language. Some of the studies employing the cognitive approach have also looked to how “language” is conceptualised in public discourse. In spite of the differences in the material and the foci in these studies, re-occurring patterns have begun to emerge. This paper offers a systematic review of these studies in order to answer the question “What elements of notions of language have been identified in the research on public debates about language?”. The aim of this review is to create a theoretical model of the “public notions of language”, which would explain differences in understanding of language in public debates. A total of 12 studies examining public notions of language have been collected, analysed and their findings synthesized into a model of a public notion of language. Three key elements construct the notion of language: (1) the function of language, (2) the identification of linguistic expertise, or who the bearer of true/good language is and (3) the identification of language variety which is representative of the language users.
The Acquisition of Requests in the Speech of Lithuanian Children
Authors: Kavaliauskaitė Viktorija
Published: June 2020

This work focuses on early development of requests and investigates how and when these illocutionary acts are acquired by Lithuanian children. There are various ways to ask someone to do something. Expression of requests can vary according to the degree of directness depending on social context. These requests indicate communicative competence, development of pragmatics and politeness rules. The key aim of this study was to investigate types of requests and the sequence of those types first emerging in child speech.The study was based on the longitudinal data of two Lithuanian children, a girl Monika, aged 1;8–2;8, and a boy Elvijus, aged 1;6–2;7. The requests were also analyzed in child directed speech. According to the degree of directness and different types of requests, they were classified into direct (explicit performatives, imperatives, want / obligation statements, prohibitions), conventionally indirect (references to preconditions, hortatives) and non-conventionally indirect requests (hints, warnings).The results of the study demonstrate that direct requests were acquired first and they were the most common in children’s speech and in child directed speech. Firstly, the children formulate requests with nouns, the adverb more, verbs in 2SG imperative, the infinitive and hortative in 1PL present tense, they also use the modal verb want. Later, requests with nouns, infinitive and future tense disappear, the children’s requests start to resemble child directed requests. It was noticed that at the end of the second year the children started using formal and indirect requests. At the beginning of the third year, they acquire the basics how to formulate requests. Presumably, other Lithuanian children could demonstrate similar developmental patterns.
The semantics of spatial prepositions: the main trends of research
Authors: Stasiūnaitė Ieva
Published: June 2020

The paper overviews the main trends of research into the semantics of spatial prepositions, as demonstrated by a plethora of papers on linguistic data from a variety of languages. The more traditional approach focuses on the locative meaning with respect to other words—both syntagmatically and in paradigms, thus ruling out pragmatics—and considers multiple senses of the same preposition to be arbitrary. In contrast, the modern framework employs the principles of cognitive linguistics for semantic analysis, highlighting the conceptual structuring of entities or relations in extralinguistic reality. On the basis of geometric, functional, and other relations between the figure and the ground, it attempts to explicate not only prepositional synonymy, but also extensive polysemy as a form of categorisation. As a consequence, the distinct meanings of a preposition are considered to be related, deriving either from the prototypical sense or any other sense which is related to it, and arranged in a network. The modern line of investigation may provide more possibilities for researchers interested in one language and/or in cross-linguistic studies, thus contributing to the development of lexicography, translation, and other fields of applied linguistics.
Usage of languages in Pabradė (based on public notices)
Authors: Gruodytė Joana
Published: June 2020

This article presents a quantitative study of public notices in Pabradė. It continues the research of the linguistic landscape of Pabradė started in 2008. The data has been collected by taking pictures of different texts in the public spaces of the area. The analysis focuses on the languages used (in their written form) in this small (population 5,542) multinational town. Pabradė is home to more than five nationalities, with Poles constituting the largest ethnic group (42.5%). In 2015, pictures of public notices on five of the town’s bulletin boards and in other places were taken three times (in January, May, and December). At first, the pictures of all notices were taken; then 400 different notices were selected. The material was classified according to the method of execution (handwritten, typewritten, handwritten/typewritten), the language of the notice, the number and sequence of the languages used (in multilingual notices). The languages were then verified for prevalence and the way such prevalence was manifested.The town’s monolingual notices are mostly written in Lithuanian, Russian, and Polish; some notices are bilingual and trilingual. A count of notices written in the languages of the ethnic groups residing in the town has shown that notices in Lithuanian prevail, whereas those in Polish constitute the smallest number. The analysis of language importance in bilingual and trilingual notices has also revealed a unique position of the Lithuanian (state) language: it is the language most frequently employed in the notices; it is used in all bilingual and trilingual notices.The studies of the texts (graffiti and notices on the bridges) photographed in 2008 and 2015 revealed very similar tendencies: texts in Lithuanian prevail, texts in Polish constitute an absolute minority, and the proportion of texts in Russian is similar (10.7% and 15.5%, respectively). The only difference was identified in the number of texts written in English. It is used more often in graffiti on bridges than in other notices in the town. Apparently, this is due to the difference in the age of their authors and potential readers of such texts; it also depends on the purpose of writing.
Review. Ramutė Dabrytė, Rūta Sakalauskaitė, Dalia Pakalniškienė (sud.). 2014. Rinkis vardą lietuvišką: lietuviškų vardų žodynėlis. Vilnius: Versus aureus, 336 p.
Authors: Sinkevičiūtė Daiva
Published: June 2020

This is a review of a book dealing with Lithuanian proper names.
Les étudiants algériens face au français
Authors: Bedjaoui Nabila
Published: June 2020

L’Algérie est le deuxième pays francophone après la France. 132 ans de colonisation ont été suffisants pour implanter cette langue dans l’esprit des Algériens. Après l’indépendance, les français ont certes quitté l’Algérie, mais ils ont laissé derrière eux leur langue qui s’est immiscée jusque dans la langue arabe, et est devenue de la sorte une partie de l’identité du locuteur algérien. L’avènement de l’arabisation, a fait basculer la balance, en imposant l’utilisation de la langue arabe, seule, dans tous les domaines et dans toutes les institutions. Le français est devenu langue étrangère, voire étrange, dans certaines parties du pays. L’université n’a pas été épargnée par ces changements de statut opérés sur la langue française. L’étudiant algérien trouve, désormais, des difficultés à l’appréhender. De ce fait ses études ne se déroulent pas dans de bonnes conditions. Une prise en charge de l’enseignement de la langue française à l’université algérienne s’impose.

Algerian students and the French language

Algeria is the second largest French - speaking country after France. 132 years of colonization were sufficient to implant this language in the minds of Algerians. After leaving Algeria, the French left behind their language, which has interfered in the Arabic language, and has thus become part of the identity of the Algerian speaker. The advent of arabization has tipped the scales, imposing the use of the Arabic language in all areas and in all institutions. In some parts ofthe country, French has become a foreign language. Algerian students  find it difficult to understand. The situation of French has become rather cumbersome. Therefore, it becomes essential to preserve French at Algerian universities.

Key words: Algeria; arabization; French; education; specialty; level.
Efecto del calentamiento activo y de diferentes intervalos de recuperación sobre el rendimiento en natación
Authors: Quirós Vásquez Armando , Carpio-Rivera Elizabeth , Salazar-Rojas Walter
Published: June 2020

Propósito: Determinar el efecto del calentamiento activo con diferentes intervalos de recuperación en el rendimiento deportivo, en las pruebas de 50 y 200 metros libre. Metodología: Participaron 17 atletas (edad 13,5 ± 2,18 años), inscritos ante la Federación Costarricense de Deportes Acuáticos, con experiencia de entrenamiento y competición de 4,47 ± 1,28 años. Previo a la ejecución de las pruebas 50 y 200 metros libre, se realizaron 4 condiciones experimentales: Control (sin realizar calentamiento); Calentamiento (960 m) + descanso 20 min; Calentamiento (960 m) + descanso 10 min; Calentamiento (960 m) sin descanso. El orden de ejecución de las pruebas (50 y 200 metros libre) y la ejecución de las condiciones experimentales, fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante ANOVA de una vía de medidas repetidas, p <0,05. Resultados: No existió diferencia significativa en el rendimiento en una prueba de 50m libre (F=0,83, p= 0,48) ni en la prueba de 200m libre (F=0,88, p= 0,46), al realizar un calentamiento activo respecto a no realizarlo. No hubo influencia de los diferentes tiempos de recuperación en el rendimiento en ambas pruebas. Se observaron diferentes patrones de respuesta individual a las condiciones experimentales. Conclusión: De manera grupal, en nadadores jóvenes con poca experiencia, ejecutar un calentamiento activo previo a las pruebas de 50 y 200 metros libre, no mejora el rendimiento. Se recomienda que el entrenador ponga atención a la respuesta individualizada, para que elija el mejor protocolo (calentamiento o no) para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de sus atletas.