bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trypsin inhibitor activities as defense mechanism of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) against pest attacks
Authors: Siregar U J , Situmorang I M , Pasaribu F A , Lestari A , Istikorini Y , Haneda N F
Published: September 2020

Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) plantation always suffers from a serious attack of stem borer, which is called Boktor (Xystrocera festiva Pascoe). This research aimed to investigate the presence of anti-pest substances, i.e. trypsin inhibitor on each part of a sengon tree, which might serve as a defense mechanism against the pest. Healthy and severely attacked sengon trees from Cianjur, Solomon, and Kediri provenances were sampled for their leaves, barks, and woods. Trypsin inhibitor activity from each sample was assayed using synthetic enzyme and substrate in a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed under Complete Randomized Design, using SPSS 11.5. Different provenances, tree condition, and part of tree gave significant effects on trypsin inhibitor activity. Healthy trees had a higher Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA) value compared to the pest-infected tree. The sengon tree tissue that had the highest TIA is the bark from healthy trees of Solomon provenance, with a value of 730.0403 TIU/mg. Obviously the bark is the first defense against the stem borer pest.
Effect of breeding technology and trunk axial position on shrinkage and quality of 10 year old teak wood as a furniture’s raw material
Authors: Suranto Y
Published: September 2020

Shortage on teak wood availability as material for furniture industry has been solved by developing tree breeding technology and decreasing on cut rotations. Three types of teak forest breeding technology being developed is called APB, KBK and JPP-PHT-1. Breeding technology was developed as an effort to get productive and hight quality of teak stands. Decreasing on cutting rotation encourages to increase young wood utilization. This study was aimed to determine the effect of breeding technology and axial stem position on teak wood shrinkages and wood quality of 10 years old. Nine trunk of 10 years old teak trees were harvested on forest areas of Nganjuk Forest District, East Java Province. These trees consisted of seedling grown by APB, KBK and JPP-PHT-1 breeding technology of which consisted of three trees on each kind of breeding technology. Three disks were taken from each trunk, namely from the butt, middle and upper parts. Wood shrinkages on tangential and radial and its ratio were measured based on British Standard method. Data were analyzed by using variance analysis arranged in blocked factorial and further testing were performed by using HSD Duncan. Wood quality was determined by using Suranto method. Results showed that interaction of twoo factors did not affect on tangential and radial shrikages and also tangential-radial ratio. Tree breeding technology very significantly affects on tangensial shrinkage and significanty effect on radial shrinkage. APB breeding technology produces the greatest tangential shrinkage (8.46), followed by KBK (6.62) and JPP-PHT-1 (6.59%). APB breeding technology produces the greatest radial shrinkage (5.51), followed by KBK (5.08) and JPP-PHT-1 (4.42%). The axial tree trunk position affects only on tangential and radial ratio. The stem base has a largest T/R ratio (1.84), followed by middle part (1.45) and upper part (1.26). In term of wood shrinkage, Breeding technology affects the wood quality. APB breeding technology produces the lowest timber quality (3.30), followed by JPP-PHT-1 (2.85), and KBK (2.78).
Study on East Sumba-originated natural pigments for coloring woven fabrics
Authors: Pasaribu G , Winarni I
Published: September 2020

East Sumba Regency has long been renowned as the production site for tightly woven items. These woven items afford high economy values, since they are produced with natural-coloring stuffs (renewable-pigments). Pigment-producing plants serve as one of valuable natural sources, which afford beneficial potency for coloring textiles in Indonesia, especially in developing products that sound “back-to-nature”. Relevantly, this research aimed to conduct technical assessment and processing of pigment-producing plants associated with natural coloring-agents for fabrics in East Sumba. The methods employed in-depth interviews with various parties, who played essential roles in processing of natural pigments from plant sources; pigment extraction; and chemical tests. Results revealed that utilization of natural pigments still kept going on nowadays by the community in East Sumba to produce tight-woven items. Extraction technique of natural renewable-pigments was still very simple by immersing pigment-producing plants in water. Likewise, so was the technique for coloring threads/yarns with natural pigments by dipping and immersing methods. There were three kinds of plant-derived natural pigments utilized most by the community, with their plant species origins comprising Wora/Nila (Indigofera erecta Thunb), Kambu (Morinda cf.citrifolia L.), and (Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore). Further, extraction technique using hot water brought out higher yields of extracted pigments and better fabric-coloring qualities. Activities of tight weaving were commonly used as additional income source. Besides taking considerable time for pigment production process, recipient markets were still not appropriately available. Moreover, currently raw material source for natural pigment became more difficult to obtain. Accordingly, a part of the community began mixing natural pigments with synthetic pigments. In future, pigment-producing plants should expectedly be cultivated more seriously to maintain natural-pigment stocks.
Characteristics of liquid smoke from several kinds of waste
Authors: Komarayati S , Gusmailina  , Hendra D , Winarni I
Published: September 2020

Research into making liquid smoke has been carried out using a 3 in 1 model furnace. The material used is waste consisting of wide leaf litter, a mixture of small leaf litter and mahogany bark. The results showed that the pH ranged from 3.82 to 4.69; specific gravity of 0.99. The content of phenol and acetic acid, liquid smoke, mahogany peel 0.34%, 0.62% and 0.86%, leaf litter mixture width 0.01% and 3.74% and small leaf litter mixture 0.06% and 0.88 %. From the results of the GCMS pyrolysis test, it was known that the acid derivatives, phenols and other components. The highest acid derived compound was obtained from liquid smoke of mixed litter of 66.53% relative and the lowest from liquid smoke of mixed leaf litter which was 8.78% relative. The highest phenol derivative content is from liquid smoke of mahogany bark of 29.45% relative and the lowest of liquid smoke of mixed litter is 4.92% relative. Liquid smoke obtained can be used as a trigger for plant growth and prevention of disease pests inplants.
The potency of wood based electricity production from critical land in Indonesia
Authors: Narendra B H , Siregar C A , Salim A G
Published: September 2020

Increasing demand for woody biomass as the fuel of renewable power plants must be anticipated by utilizing critical land through land rehabilitation activities using potential woody biomass species. However, there is a lack of information on the potency of such critical land. Therefore this study aims to explore the critical land area suitable for woody biomass cultivation and estimate the electricity production that can be generated from the utilization of the critical land. The study was conducted by determining the priority areas of integrated land to be rehabilitated, identifying the status and function of the critical land area, evaluating its suitability for the woody biomass cultivation, and calculating the potential output of electrical energy. The result shows that there are approximately 3.8 million hectares of critical land, which is suitable for producing woody biomass. This area consists of 2.3 million hectares of non state forest area and 1.5 million hectares of production forest area. The largest suitable area is located in the Sumatra region, while the smallest was in the Papua region. The suitable area potentially produces electricity as much as 102,953 GWh, should be able to supply electricity of 69.5 million households. Further, the biomass has the potential to be used as co-firing fuel in coal-based power plants to reduce the negative impacts of the use of coal.
A comparison of tree biometric performance of four tropical energy wood species
Authors: Yulianti M , Adinugroho W C , Krisnawati H
Published: September 2020

Four energy wood species, i.e. Weru(Albizia procera(Roxb.) Benth.), Akor(Acacia auriculiformisBenth), Pilang(Acacia leucophloea(Roxb.) Willd), and Kaliandra,(Calliandra calothyrsusMeisn.) that are suitable for substituting fossil energy in Indonesia were tested in experimental plots in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia. In this paper, we assessed the performance of the planted species of up to 3.5 years old by measuring and analyzing the significant biometric parameters (height, diameter, volume, and biomass) of the trees growing on the plots. In each measurement, tree diameter and height were recorded. Volume and biomass were calculated by using allometric equations. The results showed thatA. auriculiformisperformed better than the other three species in terms of height, diameter, volume, and biomass. The performance was then followed byC. calothyrsus, A. procera, andA. leucophloea.The mean annual increment of volume and biomass ofA. auriculiformiswas 12.90 m3/ha/yr and 7.32 tonnes/ha/yr, respectively.
Synthesis of polymeric isocyanate microcapsules via interfacial polymerization and their characterisation using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques
Authors: Lubis M A R , Suryanegara L , Pramesti M A
Published: September 2020

Wood adhesives are holding a key in improving the efficiency of using raw materials in the wood-based panel industry and in durability of the panels during their life in service. Massive progress has been made on research and development of wood adhesives over the past century, but many important challenges are still remaining. In this study, an alternative cross-linker for wood adhesives named microcapsules polymeric 4,4 methane diphenyl isocyanate (M-pMDI) were synthesized at different conditions via interfacial polymerization, and were characterized using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. Three factors were taken into account to examine the characteristics of M-pMDI, namely isocyanate content, microencapsulation temperature, and microencapsulation agitation rate. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the isocyanate (-N=C=O) groups of pMDI at 2,250 cm−1disappeared after microencapsulation due to the reaction of pMDI and ethylene glycol to form urethane (-R-NH-C=O-) linkages at 1,650 cm−1as microcapsules shell. Digital microscopy and micro confocal raman imaging hyperspectral spectroscopy confirmed the formation of microcapsules and urethane shell. The results showed that concentration of isocyanate remarkably affected the yield of M-pMDI, while microencapsulation temperature and agitation speed influence the formation of microcapsules itself. Prel-liminary investigation using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that free–NCO groups could be released by applying pressure. This study suggested that a combination of 5 mL of pMDI, 60°C of microencapsulation temperature, and 600 rpm of microencapsulation agitation speed could produce M-pMDI with high yield as an alternative cross-linker for wood adhesives in the future.
Surface modification of eco-friendly particleboard made from sorghum bagasse and citric acid sucrose adhesive
Authors: Kusumah S S , Massijaya S Y , Prasetyo K W , Sutiawan J , Lubis M A R , Hermawan D
Published: September 2020

Eco-friendly particleboard made from sweet sorghum bagasse bonded with citric acid and sucrose was developed and met the minimum requirement of JIS standard. The surface roughness of particleboard which is important for coating with thin overlays, however did not measure yet. Therefore, the effect of particle size composition in surface modification of particleboard on the physical and mechanical properties of the panel was investigated. Sorghum bagasse has been used as raw materials in the manufacturing of three-layer particleboard. The composition of coarse particle (core layer) and fine particle (face and back layers) in the fabrication of particleboard was varied into four compositions such as A (0 (face): 100 (core): 0 (back), B (12.75:75:12.75), C (25:50:25), D (37.5:25:37.5)). Particleboard was bonded with 20 wt% of citric acid-sucrose (CAS) adhesive based on dry weight of particle and hot-pressing at 15 MPa and 200°C for 10 minutes. Dimension and target density of particleboards were 30 x 30 x 0.9 and 0.8 g/cm3, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated according to JIS A 5908-2003. The Moisture Content (MC), Thickness Swelling (TS), Water Absorbtion (WA), Internal Bonding (IB) strength, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) values of the particleboard satisfied the requirements for the type 8 JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The particleboard made of composition C had lowest value of surface roughness. The addition of fine particle ratio on the surface layer lowered the WA and TS of the particleboard and slightly increased the IB strength. Further, the MOE and MOR of the particleboard was not affected by increasing fine particles on the surface layer. This study suggests that particle size composition remarkably affects the physical and internal bonding strength of particleboard, while it has less interference to the mechanical properties.
Physical mechanical properties of plywood made from lesser known wood veneers bonded with phenol formaldehyde adhesive
Authors: Sutiawan J , Nurhanifah  , Anggiriani S , Hermawan D , Massijaya MY , Sulastiningsih IM , Abdillah IB
Published: September 2020

Indonesia plywood production becomes the third-largest after wood particle and pulp production. However, this production is not supported by the continuous availability of wood as raw materials, so the use of less-known wood species such as mempisang wood can be considered as alternative raw materials for plywood. This study aims to develop plywood from mempisang wood and investigate the effect of glue spread on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood. The plywood consisted of three veneers glued with various glue spread of phenol-formaldehyde resin (250 g/m2, 275 g/m2, dan 300 g/m2) using single spread method. The plywood was hot-compressed at 130°C for 5 minutes with specific pressures at 10 kg/cm2. Physical-mechanical properties of plywood were carried out based on JAS 233-2003. The higher of glue spread slightly improves the physical and mechanical properties of the mempisang plywood. The Moisture Content (MC), and Shear Strength (SS) values of the plywood satisfied the requirements for the JAS 233-2003 standard. The best level of glue spread of the plywood glued with 300 g/m2 phenol-formaldehyde.
Physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete with the addition of crude palm oil production wastes
Authors: Budiman I , Sari Y W , Dewi N M
Published: September 2020

The increased area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia followed by increased production and amount of palm oil waste. One of the waste products of palm oil produced from the process of purifying Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE). This research will utilize SBE waste as sand substitution material in concrete manufacture. The addition of natural fiber from the Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) in the manufacture of concrete is expected to increase the mechanical strength of concrete that meets the SNI requirements. The process of making concrete begins by mixing all ingredients, stirring, moulding, compacting manual, and curing for 28 days. Concrete making is done by substituting SBE by 10%, 30%, and 50% based on sand weight, and fiber by 2%, 4%, and 6% based on sample volume. The results showed that the substitution of 28.98% SBE for sand weight, and 5.95% EFB based on Light Weight Concrete (LWC) volume, produced concrete with the best properties.
Physical properties of impregnated sengon wood by monoethylen glycol and nano silica from betung bamboo sticks
Authors: Rahayu I S , Zaini L H , Nandika D , Darmawan W , Prihatini E , Agustian R
Published: September 2020

Sengon wood(Falcataria moluccana)is a fast-growing species that has low dimensional stability and density. The purposes of this study were to analyze the effect of impregnation treatment by using MEG(monoethylen glycol)and nano silica from betung bamboo sticks on the dimensional stability and density of sengon wood and to identify the characteristics of impregnated sengon wood. The treatments were consisted of untreated (water treated), 50% MEG (MEG), 0.5% nano silica in 50% MEG (MEGsilica 0.5%), 0.75% nano silica in 50% MEG (MEGsilica 0.75%) and 1% nano silica in 50% MEG (MEGsilica 1%). Weight percent gain, anti-swelling efficiency, water uptake, bulking effect, and density were affected by the treatments. It was due to the coverage of MEG and nano silica on cell walls and vessels of sengon wood (SEM analysis). Also, the presence of nano silica in wood treated (SEM-EDX analysis). The cristalinity of sengon wood decreases because MEG is amourphous. FT-IR showed there was no MEG bonds with sengon wood cell wall components or between nano silica and sengon wood. The optimum treatment for sengon wood was MEGsilika 1%.
Improvement of physical properties of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) through the impregnation of nano-SiO2 and melamin formaldehyde furfuril alcohol copolymer
Authors: Prihatini E , Maddu A , Rahayu I S , Kurniati M , Darmawan W
Published: September 2020

Wood polymer nano composites (WPnC) based on nano-SiO2 were prepared by the impregnation of nano-SiO2 and melamine formaldehyde-furfuryl alcohol copolymer. The objectives of this research were to analyze the effect of impregnation of nano-SiO2 and Melamine Formaldehyde Furfuryl Alcohol (MFFA) copolymers on the physical properties of jabon wood and to characterize treated jabon wood. Impregnation method improved the physical properties of jabon wood. Density of jabon become 0.56 g/cm3, weight percent gain (WPG) is 68.34%, Anti-Swelling Efficiency (ASE) is 46.66%, bulking effect (BE) is 7.55%, water uptake (WU) is 75.49%. WPnC composites were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and SEM-EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). FTIR results showed that the Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching vibration hand slighty shifts toward a higher wave number. It indicated a reaction between nano-SiO2 and wood. XRD studies indicated a decrease in crystallinity of the composites. SEM images observed distribution of nano SiO2 in the composites.
Tannin adhesive made from snakeskin fruit and its application for laminated wood
Authors: Virginia G F , Suhasman S , Agussalim A
Published: September 2020

Snakeskin fruit called Salak is one type of tropical fruit that is widely grown in Indonesia. Salak fruit peels are known to contain a certain amount of tannin. This research explores the potential of rind salak fruit as the latest alternative adhesive. The extract from the rind had a tannin content of 1.85% and Stiasny number 76.67%. The results showed that the tannin extract of rind salak fruit was reactive to formaldehyde. Characteristics of Tannin Resorsinol Formadehyde (TRF) adhesives with variation in resorcinol concentration have a significant effect on its viscosity, gelatinization, and solid content. Utilizitaion of recorcinol 15% in TRF adhesive formula resulting a highest bonding strength of produced laminated wood. The value was 67.85 kg/cm3 with 53.3% wood failure on laminated wood. Those result indicated that utilization of tannin based adhesive from skin of salak fruit is very potential as an alternative raw material for bio adhesive.
Effects of compression ratio on physical and mechanical properties of bamboo oriented strand board
Authors: Maulana S , Sumardi I , Wistara N J , Kim N H , Febrianto F
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of a bamboo-oriented strand board (BOSB) under various compression ratios. The raw material of BOSB was betung (Dendrocalamus asper) strand that steamed and followed by rinsing with a 1% NaOH solution. BOSB with the dimensions of 30 × 30 × 0.9 cm3 were manufactured with a compression ratio of five levels i.e. 1.15; 1.25; 1.35; 1.44; and 1.54. Three layers of BOSB were made with a shelling ratio of 50:50. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive (SC=43%) was added with 8% concentration, while paraffin was used as much as 1% of the dry weight of the oven strand. Strand geometry evaluation was carried out on 100 strands randomly. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated according to JIS A 5908-2003. The results showed that relatively homogeny strand geometry in this research was suitable to manufacture of BOSB. Increasing in BOSB compression ratio up to 1.54 increased mechanical properties. However, the increase of the BOSB compression ratio was decreased the dimensional stability. The optimum BOSB compression ratio was 1.35.
Verification of seismic resistant performance of developed original cross-laminated timber core structure method by shaking table experiment
Authors: Gunawan I , Moritani K , Isoda H , Mori T , Shinohara M , Noda T , Hosomi R , Kurumada S , Makita T
Published: September 2020

In recent years, development of wood engineering is gradually increasing. Instead of using many wood columns, cross laminated timber is expected for constructing spacious open space building. Since cross-laminated timber has high rigidity and strength, cross-laminated timber is expected to be used as earthquake resistant wall or floor diaphragm that makes the span of building can be increased and the position of the wall can be adjusted openly. In order to optimize the performance of cross-laminated timber for open space building, original cross laminated timber core structure method was developed. In this paper, the development concept of original cross laminated timber core structure method will be explained. In this method, the joint connection for each element such as joint connection for wall-concrete foundation, wall-beam, and wall to hanging wall was also developed. The experiment to verify the strength and rigidity of each connection has been conducted and the result will be described. The shaking table experiment of 3-story open space building constructed by original cross laminated timber structure using varies earthquake waves was conducted. In this experiment natural period, shear force for each floor, story drift, and building response data is taken. The result shows the structure designed by original CLT core structure method is satisfy the requirement based on Japan cross-laminated panel structure regulation.
Performance of helical router bit in milling of composite boards
Authors: Pangestu K T P , Darmawan W , Nandika D , Wahyudi I , Usuki H
Published: September 2020

An extreme inclination angle of helical cutting tool edge has been developed in milling of new commercially composite boards. The purpose of this research was to investigate wear resistance, chip formation, surface roughness, and noise level of helical edge router bits in milling composite boards. The composite boards of wood plastic composite, laminated veneer lumber, and strand board were cut by the helical edge router bits (helical angle 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75°) in a computer numerical control router. The results show that the helical edges provide better wear resistance, smoother surface of machined composite boards, and lower noise emission compared to the conventional edge (0°). Edge wear, surface roughness, and noise level decreased with increasing helix angle of the edge router bits. The differences in structure among the composite boards resulted in the difference in cutting tool wear, chip formation, surface roughness, and noise level phenomenon. The 75° inclination angle of router bit provided the highest wear resistance, better surface of machined composite board, and the lowest noise level.
Wood decay diagnostic of Joannesia princeps Vellozo at Bali Botanical Garden using arborsonic acoustic 3D tomograph
Authors: Hanum S F , Iryadi R , Rahayu A , Bangun T M , Darma I D P , Sutomo
Published: September 2020

Living collection such as tree in botanical garden has hazard risk. Tree hazard risk must be evaluated to give safety for visitor and employee. However, standing tree with decay wood inside is often the cause of tree failure. Internal tree defect such as wood decay cannot be seen only from visual investigation but must be done with ArborSonic acoustic tomograph to get accurate result. The objective of this research was to diagnostics wood decay in the stand of Joannesia princeps Vellozo tree using visual investigation and ArborSonic measurement technology. The result shows Joannesia princeps has severe damage cause of wood decay especially in the base of the trunk. Wood decay percentage range from 21-49%. The alleged caused of this damage is stem borer and termites. This information give advantage for Bali Botanical Garden manager to minimize this tree hazard risk by doing activity such as crown pruning, give hazard risk tree sign to limit activity around this tree and do pest management.
Sustainability of masoyi (Cryptocarya Massoy (Oken) Kosterm) for essential oil industry materials
Authors: Yeny I , Darwo  , Nuroniah H S
Published: September 2020

Excessive exploitation without cultivation caused harvest of masoyi (Cryptocarya Massoy (Oken) Kosterm) from forest to be more difficult. Cultivation outside of natural habitat becomes important to ensure sustainable masoyi oil production. This research presents information on the prospects for cultivation and growth rates of masoyi plants outside natural habitats. The research method used a plot design conducted at three locations, namely (1) Haurbentes Research Forest, Bogor Regency, West Java Province; (2) Boalemo Protection Forest Management Unit (PFMU), Gorontalo Province; and (3) community land in East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The results showed that the soil characteristics in the Haurbentes Research Forest were more suitable for masoyi plant growth. This is because the Haurbentes area has a texture of clay dust, climate classification tipe A. However, the characteristics of growing areas in Boalemo and East Lombok showed that masoyi plants were still able to grow. Thus, masoyi plants have the potential to be cultivated outside their natural habitat.
Health asessment of large and old trees in Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta
Authors: Nandika D , Kusuma H , Kusumawardhani D T , Rumiyati E , Tata  , Karlinasari L , Siregar I Z
Published: September 2020

Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) or Ragunan Zoo in Jakarta is the largest zoo in Indonesia. The zoo has around 52,700 trees that serve as part of the landscape and shades for animals and visitors. However, the presence of the trees in zoo also carries some risks, such as broken branches or even falling trees, that may threaten the safety of the animals, visitors, and infrastructures. Because most of the trees are large and old with high historical and ecological values, their health needs to be evaluated regularly. A study was conducted to evaluate it with around fifty selected trees, particularly the ones that were old and located closest to the targets (i.e. animals, visitors, infrastructures). The evaluation used visual observation as well as integrated with sonic tomography technology. The result showed that five trees (10%) were healthy and safe, 31 trees (62%) were healthy and fairly safe, 12 trees (24%) were less healthy and fairly dangerous, and the rest trees were unhealthy or dangerous and very dangerous. The most common defects found in them are poor tree architecture (62%), root problems (58%), and codominant trunks or branches (40%). Therefore, it is vital to take care of the tree health in Ragunan Zoo. Trees with the risk of endangering its surroundings need to be cut off immediately. Biomechanics on sloping trees with codominant trunks need to be strengthened with the help of dynamic bracing sling system and support.
Knowledge transfer on sustainable bamboo forest management through social capital approach in Ngada Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Prasetyo B D , Ekawati D , Djaenudin D , Suryandari E Y , Indartik  , Handoyo  , Sari G K , Pamungkas D
Published: September 2020

Bamboo is known as multi-purposes plants and currently, has potentially used as wood substitution products. The demand for bamboo from industrial sector is even higher. Although many countries have practiced bamboo cultivation, in Indonesia Bamboo tends to be allowed to grow naturally and still lack of treatment. The threat of unsustainable exploitation can cause the decreasing of bamboo productivity and lead to its scarcity. The sustainable bamboo forest management system then emerged as a solution. But the knowledge of such system has not been transmitted massively among bamboo farmers and owners. This paper will discuss the transfer of knowledge on sustainable bamboo forest management using social capital as an approach. This paper uses data from research project conducted in 2018 to 2019, which is located in Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The results indicated that social capitals such as trust, organizations, social networks, and norms or rules are embedded with social institutions that exist among community. This research shows thatSa’oand BUMDes could be the most potential media as a means on transferring knowledge about sustainable bamboo forest systems. Both can be used as an entry point for any actors to run a small-scale bamboo industry development program. However, there are some potential obstacles could be occurred during the process of knowledge transfer, such as in-group feeling among indigenous community, the assumption that bamboo is a social good, not an economic good, do not concerned with the commercialization of bamboo, the complexity of inheritance law in the customary (adat) system, and the involvement ofadatelites in political practices related local elections.
Elementary branching: waves, rays, decoherence
Authors: Berry M V
Published: September 2020

The ‘elementary particle’ of branched flow is the splitting of waves and rays into localised branches at an individual cusped caustic. Localisation is the result of noise in the incident beam: decoherence for waves, here modelled analytically by random phases, or irregularity in the rays, here modelled by transverse smoothing. The two models coincide as the localisation emerges with increasing noise.
Pre-protection strategy performed in processable aqueous dispersions of TiS2 nanosheets to fabricate laminar films with improved electric properties
Authors: Ding Wenjun , Jiang Qinglin , Liu Guoqiang , Xu Liming , Liu Peng , Liu Jing , Jiang Fengxing , Liu Peipei , Liu Congcong , Xu Jingkun
Published: September 2020

Processable aqueous dispersions of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) nanosheets show extraordinary promise in assembling laminar films for a variety of applications but are usually limited by the oxidation of adsorbed water molecular on the edge and defect regions, which damage the stability of the colloidal solution and electric properties of the resulted films. In this work, we developed a pre-protection strategy by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) as the protective agent into TiS2 nanosheets aqueous dispersions. The introduction of EDTA-2Na can effectively slow down the adsorption and decomposition of confined water molecules and enhance the oxidation resistance of TiS2 nanosheets in the colloidal solution. Compared with the untreated TiS2 nanosheets, the storage time of the pre-protected nanosheets in aqueous dispersions can be significantly improved, and the electrical conductivity of prepared laminar films as thermoelectric materials also increased from 2.43 × 103 S m−1 to 1.51 × 104 S m−1. Our exploration provides a new concept performed in aqueous solution for the protection of TMDs nanosheets, which can be adopted to fabricate TMDs films with stable electric properties by controlling the assembly process of colloidal chemistry
Preparation and photocatalytic properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 for H2 production
Authors: Wang Jiansheng , Zeng Xiongfeng , Zhao Yingna , Zhang Wenli
Published: September 2020

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production under visible light irradiation has been reported together with CZTS nanoparticles prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and hydrothermal method, respectively. CZTS thin film provided higher H2 production rate (68.68 μmol · g−1 · h−1), which was 32 times higher than that of CZTS nanoparticles (2.08 μmol · g−1 · h−1) without loading any noble metals. What’s more, photocatalytic activity of CZTS thin film remained 94% after 48 h which confirmed the good stability and reusability of CZTS thin film. CZTS thin film is a potential and durable candidate for photocatalysis.
Comprehensive investigation into the stability of Varian and Elekta kV imaging systems during arc delivery
Authors: Wright Brendon , Hassan Ghulam Mubashar , Mukwada Godfrey , Ebert Martin , Goodall Simon , Sabet Mahsheed , Rowshanfarzad Pejman
Published: September 2020

In radiotherapy treatments utilizing accelerator gantry rotation, gantry-mounted kilovoltage (kV) imaging systems have become integral to treatment verification. The accuracy of such verification depends on the stability of the imaging components during gantry rotation. In this study, a simple measurement method and accurate algorithm are introduced for investigation of the kV panel and source movement during gantry rotation. The method is based on images of a ball-bearing phantom combined with a Winston-Lutz phantom, and determines the movements of all the mechanical parameters of the kV imaging system relative to the reference at zero gantry angle. Analysis was performed on different linear accelerators and both gantry rotation directions. The precision of the method was tested and was less than 0.04 mm. This method is suitable to be included in the quality assurance testing of linacs to monitor the kV imaging system performance and provides additional mechanical information that previous tests cannot.
Cosmological constant caused by observer-induced boundary condition
Authors: Stenflo Jan O
Published: September 2020

The evolution of the wave function in quantum mechanics is deterministic like that of classical waves. Only when we bring in observers the fundamentally different quantum reality emerges. Similarly the introduction of observers changes the nature of spacetime by causing a split between past and future, concepts that are not well defined in the observer-free world. The induced temporal boundary leads to a resonance condition for the oscillatory vacuum solutions of the metric in Euclidean time. It corresponds to an exponential de Sitter evolution in real time, which can be represented by a cosmological constant

Λ
=
2

π

2

/

r

u

2

, where r

u
is the radius of the particle horizon at the epoch when the observer exists. For the present epoch we get a value of Λ that agrees with the observed value within 2σ of the observational errors. This explanation resolves the cosmic coincidence problem. Our epoch in cosmic history does not herald the onset of an inflationary phase driven by some dark energy. We show that the observed accelerated expansion that is deduced from the redshifts is an ‘edge effect’ due to the observer-induced boundary and not representative of the intrinsic evolution. The new theory satisfies the BBN (Big Bang nucleosynthesis) and CMB (cosmic microwave background) observational constraints equally well as the concordance model of standard cosmology. There is no link between the dark energy and dark matter problems. Previous conclusions that dark matter is mainly non-baryonic are not affected.
A variational approach to the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture
Authors: Berman Robert , Boucksom Sébastien , Jonsson Mattias
Published: September 2020

We give a variational proof of a version of the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture for twisted Kähler–Einstein currents, and use this to express the greatest (twisted) Ricci lower bound in terms of a purely algebro-geometric stability threshold. Our approach does not involve a continuity method or the Cheeger–Colding–Tian theory, and uses instead pluripotential theory and valuations. Along the way, we study the relationship between geodesic rays and non-Archimedean metrics.
Weighted Alexandrov–Fenchel inequalities in hyperbolic space and a conjecture of Ge, Wang, and Wu
Authors: Girão Frederico , Pinheiro Diego , Pinheiro Neilha , Rodrigues Diego
Published: September 2020

We consider a conjecture made by Ge, Wang, and Wu regarding weighted Alexandrov–Fenchel inequalities for horospherically convex hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space (a bound, for some physically motivated weight function, of the weighted integral of the

k
k

th mean curvature in terms of the area of the hypersurface). We prove an inequality very similar to the conjectured one. Moreover, when

k
k

is zero and the ambient space has dimension three, we give a counterexample to the conjectured inequality.
Bounds on the torsion subgroups of Néron–Severi groups
Authors: Kweon Hyuk Jun
Published: September 2020

Let

X
↪

P

r

X \hookrightarrow \mathbb {P}^r

be a smooth projective variety defined by homogeneous polynomials of degree

≤
d

\leq d

. We give an explicit upper bound on the order of the torsion subgroup

(
NS
⁡
X

)

t
o
r

(\operatorname {NS} X)_{\mathrm {tor}}

of the Néron–Severi group of

X
X

. The bound is derived from an explicit upper bound on the number of irreducible components of the scheme

C
D
i
v

n

⁡
X

\operatorname {\mathbf {CDiv}}_n X

parametrizing the effective Cartier divisors of degree

n
n

on

X
X

. We also give an upper bound on the number of generators of

(
NS
⁡
X
)
[

ℓ
∞

]

(\operatorname {NS} X)[\ell ^\infty ]

uniform as

ℓ
≠

c
h
a
r

k

\ell \neq \mathrm {char} k

varies.
Care Starts at Home: Emotional State and Appeals to Altruism may Reduce Demand for Overused Health Services in the UK
Authors: Powell Philip A , Roberts Jennifer , Gabbay Mark , Consedine Nathan S
Published: September 2020

Background

Overuse of unnecessary services, screening tests, and treatments is an ongoing problem for national health care systems. Overuse is at least partly driven by patient demand.

Purpose

This study examined whether altering patients’ emotional state and appealing to patient altruism would reduce demand for three commonly overused UK health services.

Methods

In an online experiment, 1,267 UK volunteers were randomized to anxiety, compassion, or neutral conditions before viewing three overuse vignettes. In each vignette, use of the health service was recommended against by the doctor and participants were further randomized to one of three altruism frames, emphasizing the impact of overuse on the self, the self and others locally, or the self and others nationally. Participants rated the likelihood that they would pursue the health service and, assuming that they did not, how long they would be willing-to-wait for it.

Results

Altruism frame had a small effect on intentions to use the health service. Those in the local or national (vs. self) frame were 4.7 and 6.1 percentage points, respectively, less likely to ask for the service. Emotion induction had no direct effect on outcomes. However, self-reporting higher levels of anxiety or compassion post-induction was associated with a small, greater likelihood in intentions to ask for the health service or willingness-to-wait, respectively. No interactions between frame and emotion were observed.

Conclusions

As a low-cost initiative, emphasizing the benefits to the self and local or national communities could be embedded in appeals designed to appropriately reduce health care overuse in the UK.
Environmental hazards increase the fall risk among residents of long-term care facilities: a prospective study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Jiang Yu , Xia Qinghua , Zhou Peng , Jiang Shuo , Diwan Vinod K , Xu Biao
Published: September 2020

Background

Falls are one of the most common safety concerns in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

Objective

To evaluate the associations between the environmental hazards and the fall risk in LTCF residents.

Design

Prospective study with 12-month follow-up.

Setting

Twenty-five LTCFs in a central district of Shanghai.

Subjects

A total of 739 older people participated and 605 were followed up for 1 year.

Methods

Environmental hazards were measured using a 75-item Environment Assessment Checklist, and the associations between environmental hazards and falls were analysed using univariate and multilevel logistic regressions.

Results

The incidence of falls was 0.291 per person with 11 items/LTCF of hazards on average. The most common hazard items were inadequate/inappropriate handrails (96% LTCFs; odds ratio (OR) for falls: 1.88 [95% confidence interval: 1.13–3.13]), unsafe floors (92% LTCFs; 2.50 [1.11–5.61]) and poor lighting (84% LTCFs; 2.01 [1.10–3.66]). Environmental hazards were most frequently distributed in bedrooms (96% LTCFs), shared toilets/showers (80% LTCFs) and individual toilets/showers (68%LTCFs) and accounted for 20% of the differences in falls occurrence among the LTCFs. After adjusting for individual intrinsic and fall-related behavioural factors, it is found that having more than eight environmental hazard items increased the fall risk among older residents (adjusted OR = 4.01 [1.37–11.73]). Environmental hazards and toilet visits at night showed significant associations with falls (adjusted OR = 5.97 [1.10–32.29]).

Conclusions

The high prevalence of environmental hazards associated with falls highlights the urgency of improving environmental safety in LTCFs and the need of environmental safety policies, resource allocation and interventions in falls prevention.
Automated download and clean-up of family-specific databases for kmer-based virus identification
Authors: Allesøe Rosa L , Lemvigh Camilla K , Phan My V T , Clausen Philip T L C , Florensa Alfred F , Koopmans Marion P G , Lund Ole , Cotten Matthew
Published: September 2020

Here, we present an automated pipeline for Download Of NCBI Entries (DONE) and continuous updating of a local sequence database based on user-specified queries. The database can be created with either protein or nucleotide sequences containing all entries or complete genomes only. The pipeline can automatically clean the database by removing entries with matches to a database of user-specified sequence contaminants. The default contamination entries include sequences from the UniVec database of plasmids, marker genes and sequencing adapters from NCBI, an E.coli genome, rRNA sequences, vectors and satellite sequences. Furthermore, duplicates are removed and the database is automatically screened for sequences from green fluorescent protein, luciferase and antibiotic resistance genes that might be present in some GenBank viral entries, and could lead to false positives in virus identification. For utilizing the database, we present a useful opportunity for dealing with possible human contamination. We show the applicability of DONE by downloading a virus database comprising 37 virus families. We observed an average increase of 16 776 new entries downloaded per month for the 37 families. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of a custom database compared to a standard reference database for classifying both simulated and real sequence data.

Availabilityand implementation

The DONE pipeline for downloading and cleaning is deposited in a publicly available repository (https://bitbucket.org/genomicepidemiology/done/src/master/).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Varmole: a biologically drop-connect deep neural network model for prioritizing disease risk variants and genes
Authors: Nguyen Nam D , Jin Ting , Wang Daifeng
Published: September 2020

Population studies such as genome-wide association study have identified a variety of genomic variants associated with human diseases. To further understand potential mechanisms of disease variants, recent statistical methods associate functional omic data (e.g. gene expression) with genotype and phenotype and link variants to individual genes. However, how to interpret molecular mechanisms from such associations, especially across omics, is still challenging. To address this problem, we developed an interpretable deep learning method, Varmole, to simultaneously reveal genomic functions and mechanisms while predicting phenotype from genotype. In particular, Varmole embeds multi-omic networks into a deep neural network architecture and prioritizes variants, genes and regulatory linkages via biological drop-connect without needing prior feature selections.

Availability and implementation

Varmole is available as a Python tool on GitHub at https://github.com/daifengwanglab/Varmole.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effect of ticagrelor monotherapy on mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials including 26 143 patients
Authors: Hong Sung-Jin , Ahn Chul-Min , Kim Jung-Sun , Kim Byeong-Keuk , Ko Young-Guk , Choi Donghoon , Jang Yangsoo , Hong Myeong-Ki
Published: September 2020

Aims

Optimal timing and strategy of antiplatelet monotherapy after dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisting of aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor for patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is still being debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT after PCI on mortality.

Methods and results

A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using PubMed to search for ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT comparing conventional DAPT in patients who underwent PCI. Three randomized trials encompassing 26 143 patients [ticagrelor monotherapy after 1–3 months of DAPT (n = 13 062) vs. conventional therapy (n = 13 081)] were included. The efficacy endpoint of all-cause mortality was significantly lower with the ticagrelor monotherapy group vs. the conventional therapy group [risk ratio (RR) = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.98; P = 0.03; I2 = 0%; number needed to treat for benefit (NNTB) = 320]. The safety endpoint of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding was also significantly lower with the ticagrelor monotherapy group vs. the conventional therapy group (RR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.49–0.92; P = 0.01; I2 = 65%; NNTB = 156). There were no significant differences in ischaemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis. The favourable effects of the ticagrelor monotherapy vs. the conventional therapy on all-cause mortality and BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding were consistent in the subset of patients presenting acute coronary syndromes (n = 15 157).

Conclusion

Ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT of 1–3 months was associated with decreased all-cause mortality and BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding not offset by increase of cardiac death, ischaemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis.