bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guards and Inmates in Conflict—Michigan Prisons (1981)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

If ever a state walked into a riot situation with its eyes wide open, choosing at each decision point the policy publicly identified as the more likely to bring on riots, Michigan was that state. Informed that the three prisons housing the toughest offenders in the state were unacceptably decrepit, the electorate chose not to replace them; moreover, they mandated that more and more prisoners be packed into the existing facilities. Corrections professionals warned for years that this must lead to disaster.
Introduction
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

It is more a matter of pain than pride to have felt the need to write such a book as sits before you. The title alone, The Decomposition of Sociology, is a long way from the title and hopes of my work but a short quarter of a century ago. At that time, I edited a volume entitled The New Sociology and a few years thereafter a collection of my papers presumptively called Professing Sociology. The reader is entitled to ask: what happened, and to whom? Is this “sea change” a real change in the functioning of a discipline gone sour, or has the author simply lost his way, gone sour on the discipline, as it were, and in the process drowned?
Prediction and Paradox in Society
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The identification of social science with social advocacy has reached such pandemic proportions in American sociology that it is time, indeed the time is long overdue, to step back from the precipice of partisanship if the worth of serious analysis is itself to be preserved. Instead of being a possible consequence of decent social research, advocacy has become the very cause of social research. We have taken the chief weakness in the structure of knowledge about society (namely, the propensity to ideological thinking) and turned it into a first principle of the research process.
Early Speculations and the Later Sacrificial Cults
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

Evidence of more speculative forms of thought comes at the end of a long tradition that saw humanity and the universe controlled by a host of divinities. These gods were not abandoned for philosophy but were revered in a cult that endeavoured to control cosmic forces by means of elaborate ritual sacrifices. In the last of the ten mandalas, or books, of the Rg-veda we find a number of hymns whose contents are quite different from the main corpus of the collection and which in most cases seem to be later than the main collection.
The Mystical and Ascetic Traditions
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

The doctrine of transmigration furthered the development of asceticism, and among the ascetics schools of mystics arose striving to achieve a sense of complete release from the trammels of the world. This movement was not a by-product of the doctrine of transmigration, though the latter may have encouraged its growth.
The Bhagavad-Gita and the Triumph of Theism
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

It is also the best-known Hindu text in the West, for it was the first to be translated into a European language (by the pioneer Sanskritist Charles Wilkins, in 1785), and versions of it exist in all the major languages of the world. It has been universally admired, a source of inspiration to mil lions of non-Hindus as well as to the descendants of those for whom it was originally composed.
The Ritual and Dharrna Literature and the New Hindu Orthodoxy
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we complete the discussion of classical Hinduism by expanding several of the topics previously introduced. We shall then briefly trace the developments in Hinduism to the present day, paying particular attention to those forms found in the West.
Spontaneous Current Sheets In Magnetic Fields
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

Expanding upon the ideas first proposed in his seminal book Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Eugene N. Parker here offers the first in-depth treatment of the magnetohydrodynamic theory of spontaneous magnetic discontinuities. In detailing his theory of the spontaneous formation of tangential discontinuities (current sheets) in a magnetic field embedded in highly conducting plasma, Parker shows how it can be used to explain the activity of the external magnetic fields of planets, stars, interstellar gas clouds, and galaxies, as well as the magnetic fields in laboratory plasmas. Provocative and fascinating, Spontaneous Current Sheets in Magnetic Fields presents a bold new theory that will excite interest and discussion throughout the space physics community.
Invariance, Degeneracy, and Continuous Solutions
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

The formation of tangential discontinuities, as an intrinsic part of the static equilibrium of a magnetic field B embedded in an infinitely conducting fluid, follows directly from the mathematical properties of the equilibrium equations.
Formal Structure of the Magnetostatic Equations
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the present chapter is to initiate a study of the formal mathematical solutions to the magnetostatic equations in the near vicinity of continuous invariant solutions. In Chapter 5 the investigation is extended to the general exact solutions of the magnetostatic equations, in the absence of any invariance. We begin with a cursory exposition of some of the known analytic solutions for continuous fields in three dimensions. The known continuous solutions all involve a degeneracy or invariance or one form or another.
The Optical Analogy
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

There is a basic geometrical relation between the magnitude and the pattern of a vector field F(r) in three, or more dimensions, called the optical analogy (Parker, 1981a, 1983, 1989a, 1991). The relation is based on the fact that the field lines of a potential field - coincide with the optical ray paths computed in an index of refraction .
Fluid Motions
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

The formation of tangential discontinuities in a slowly convolving magnetic field produces a variety or different, and often high speed, motions of the electrically conducting fluid in which the field is embedded. The formation of discontinuities arises through the squashing together of two initially separate regions of field, producing a gap in the intervening flux surfaces and converting an X-type neutral point into two Y-type neutral points, as described in the foregoing chapters.
John Foxe’s Martyrs
Authors: Petersen Rodney L
Published: November 2023

The spiritual, as distinct from the institutional or political, history of the Christian Church was read by many through the visions andfigurae of the Apocalypse. By the middle of the sixteenth century, major representatives of Protestantism were contributing to a growing use of our text, finding in it a measure of self-identity and description of Protestant reform. This is particularly visible in England in the account of the martyrs in the writings of John Foxe. His efforts are furthered by Thomas Brightman, Joseph Mede, and Thomas Goodwin. Each of these biblical exegetes developed interpretations of our text that reflected important implications for the shape of Anglo-American piety, polity, and social policy. Here the trope quickly became the letter not only for purposes of self-identity but as a means to plot the way forward to the time when Christ would be visibly King in society.

The pattern for such a moral interpretation of history had been set on the Continent and by British authors reaching back to the days of John Wyclif, or even Bede the Venerable. Such reformers had associated a vision of perseverence in the truth with our text. On the Continent, Heinrich Bullinger had drawn attention to this theme with enduring significance for his English audience in his sermons on the Apocalypse. Preachers will preach and prophets prophesy, he had written. Persecution will come but it will not overwhelm God’s ministers until such time as they have finished their testimony. The gospel must be openly preached to all. God appoints a specific work for preachers, keeping them safe for their appointed time. We should thank God, Bullinger wrote in relation to our text, that:
Woman’s Work and Woman’s Calling in the Episcopal Church: Chkago, 1880-1989
Authors: Schultz Rima Lunin
Published: November 2023

Women’s participation in religion has been an impressive source of support for the development and maintenance of what has come to be the institutional structure of the American religious establishment. While women outnumbered men on the membership rolls as early as colonial times, it has only been in the second half of the twentieth century that women have begun to take their place in the governing councils of most of the Protestant denominations. Similarly, women have only recently become ordained ministers in the mainline churches. This recent integration of women into all aspects of worship and institutional life of the principal Protestant denominations comes at a time when these same religious bodies have declining influence in the national culture. Women are “implicated” in the decline or marginalization of church life by critics who point to the feminization of the ministry and national councils, and the rejection of the traditional role of the woman volunteer.
Ordained Women in the Episcopal Church: Their Impact on the Work and Structure of the Clergy
Authors: Prelinger Catherine M
Published: November 2023

The focus of our study is laywomen of the Episcopal Church. Nevertheless, so central to any consideration of the laity today is the response to women’s ordination, it seems imperative to include an essay on the structure of the clerical profession. The issues raised during the ordination struggle, many of which have surfaced again in the discussion of women in the episcopacy, have mobilized laywomen. According to Princeton sociologist Robert Wuthnow, in contrast to other religious groups, feminists among Episcopalians are more likely to attend church than nonfeminist Episcopalians.’Never mind what he, or his source, the General Social Survey Cumulative File, mean by feminist; the perceived solidarity between feminist churchgoers and women priests is unmistakable. This chapter raises three principal issues: (1) lay response to the female priesthood, (2) the accomplishments women priests them­ selves think they are promoting, and (3) an analysis of the structure of the clergy as it exists today from a historical perspective. I feel that we need this critique not simply to understand the status of the women clergy but also to engage in the discourse concerning professionalism
The Nature of the Human Condition: Humans as Symbolic
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

In the wonderful novel The Guide, by R. K. Narayan, the protagonist Raju learns of the power of the symbol. Just out of prison and needing to reflect on the direction his life must now take, Raju takes refuge in an abandoned Hindu temple. He is discovered here one day by Velan, a devout but troubled Hindu. Being a courteous and inquisitive man, Raju inquires into Velan’s life. As they discuss Velan’s pressing problems, Velan begins to mistake Raju for a holy man. Though no more than a rehabilitated travel guide and entrepreneur, Raju, by his association with a sacred place, takes on the power of a sacred symbol. The stone slab upon which he sits assumes ex cathedra status for Velan and for the gathering devout. Regardless of what Raju tells Velan about Raju’s former “profane” life and of his present hypocrisy, Velan continues to regard Raju as a holy man, so much so that he and the gathering worshippers expect Raju to pray down rain upon their drought-stricken land. In Eliadean terms, Raju has become a “hierophany,” a dialectical symbol of the sacred capable of mediating the powers of the cosmos.
The Goals of the New Humanism
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

If humanity is to approximate a new humanism, there will naturally be some goals toward which it aims. Eliade never elaborated on the particular implications and expressions of the new humanism. So there are no definitive goals that he had in mind to which we can point. Nevertheless, it is possible to extrapolate recurring concepts throughout Eliade’s life work which constitute certain individual and cultural ambitions. We can refer to these ambitions, or goals, as archetypal variants on the primordial archetype of the new humanism. In fact, all the forms which comprise the morphology of the new humanism are archetypes which imitate the central archetype of the new humanism. And because these forms recur through innumerable variations, are we able to articulate what the new humanism might look like. For, true to the nature of archetypes, each time an archetype is repeated, in whatever guise, the repetition constitutes a return to the “beginning.” And though the designation “goals” implies ending, every ending is but another beginning. To modify, slightly, the archaic phenomenon of ritual repetition, each return to the “beginning” will differ somewhat from the previous return so that, whether it is at the personal, national, or global level, each step toward the new humanism will always be creatively “new.”
Conclusion
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to arrange Eliade’s oeuvre around the morphological structure of the new humanism. It was proposed that the new humanism is the primordial archetype of Eliade’s work and life and that it has a morphological nature. Eliade wrote on a range of subjects, and his theories as to human religiosity were meant to grasp wholistically the nature and quality of individual and religio cultural life. He also sought to lead cultures to deeper levels of meaning and creativity by having them persistently interact with their cultural “others.” It was thought that through these interactions cultures would bring to the surface their own already-existing structures of meaning.
Introduction
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

Although baptized, confirmed, and practically raised in the Episcopal Church, I was irresistibly drawn to the rhythms and sounds of another church from which people came away apparently more vitalized from their Sunday morning experience than I from mine. As a teenager in New Haven sitting in the cold, quiet pews among a reserved congregation, I would hear the swinging, hard beats of Daddy Grace’s san tified brass band next door drift through the open windows of the church in which I found myself. With the hidden glee of a captive audience, I savored those interruptions of the somber sermon and the even more somber choir singing. When I moved to New York City at the age of twenty, a close friend invited me to his small church, Paradise Baptist, that stood on a Harlem street corner. From that day on, I resolved always and only to attend the folk church.
“Kabiesile Shango!” A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Ritual Frames
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

According to some students of the Afro-Baptist church, the plaintiveness created by the archaic prayers and hymns during Devotion is a legacy of slavery that has lingered into the modem era as an expression of economic hardship (Wiley and Wiley 1984: 7). Following this line of thought, the plaintive sound, full of wailing and moaning, is part of a rhetoric of despair that finds expression in religious ritual: “For working-class Blacks the plaintive sound is necessary; it is consoling; it provides catharsis; and communicatively, it links the past with a present culture still groping for a respected place in the American environment” (Wiley and Wiley 1984: 9). Prayer, then, becomes an expression of sorrow, taking the form of pleading instead of praise. The lined hymns merely reflect this despair.
“Nothing New under the Sun”: The Variation of Speech and Song in the Afro-Baptist Ritual
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

We have seen how the linguistic switch from a European language to an African or creole language is a common signal for changing frames in several major African-derived rituals in the Americas. The problem is to determine whether or not the Afro-Baptist ritual fits this pattern of linguistic change in its ritual speech. Upon an initial, brief consideration, we know that Afro-Baptists, unlike Haitian or Trinidadian ritualists, do not have two distinct languages to mark the boundaries of their ritual frames. Lacking any form of African speech, the Afro-Baptist cannot switch from seventeenth-century English to Kikongo, as the Jamaican Kumina follower is able to do. What the Afro-Baptist has, however, is the ability to shift from an archaic and standard form of English to a vernacular variety of the same language particular to African-American speakers. This is exactly what occurs. To construct the Devotion prayers, the speakers in the first Afro-Baptist frame rely on biblical and other stock phrases, which make their speech resemble a more standardized, if not stilted, style of English. In the second frame, however, the preacher manipulates the black vernacular so that the frequency of its use increases as the emotional climax of the sermon develops. By marking the frames in this manner, the Afro-Baptist participates in a reinterpretation of African religious practice, which, as we have seen, continues in the Americas.
“Like a Ship”: Afro-Baptist Ritual Process
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

When Thomas A. Dorsey wrote “The Lord Will Make a Way Some how,” he had penned what was to become a very popular song among Afro-Baptists. Using the imagery of a ship on a stormy sea, Dorsey drew parallels between life’s troubles and the worshipper’s faith:
Something Happened
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Something happened in western europe in the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries. Sociology’s founders believed the task for their discipline was to define that something and to explain why it happened when and where it did. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim each dedicated their intellectual lives to that project. Over the past century sociologists and scholars in related fields have differed, and have defined themselves, in their identification of the salient features of the European transformation.1
Feudal Dynamics
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Max weber believed that feudal politics was about how “the individual holders of fiefs and benefices and the other possessors of appropriated powers exercised their authority,” how “these holders of privileges consociate[d] with one another for the purposes of concrete action,” and how “this system of alliances, which was unavoidable because of the resulting inelasticity, … developed into a chronic condition” ([1922] 1978, p. ro86). Weber’s principal interest in feudalism was to compare its structural and ideological rigidity with the dynamic of post-Reformation capitalism. Because of his pessimism about the possibilities for transformative action within feudal societies, Weber and his followers (with the significant exception of state-centered theorists whose work is considered in later chapters) did not attempt to identify the parameters and directions of feudal development.

Scholarship on feudal change has developed within two principal traditions. One focuses upon the growth of cities and long-distance trade. That scholarly tendency is addressed in chapter 3.1 The other examines the relationship between demographic cycles and changes in systems of land tenure and agrarian production. Debate within this discipline has generally been between non-Marxists who identify demographics as the independent variable and Marxists who view class struggle as the mediating force between population and relations of production.
A Dead End and a Detour: Spain and the Netherlands
Authors: Lachmann Richard
Published: November 2023

Spain and the netherlands charted paths of political and economic development different from those of England and France. Britain and France, even while they became the most powerful nations of Europe economically and militarily in the seventeenth century, were latecomers to imperialism. Britain and France benefited from and were affected by their colonies only marginally before the late seventeenth century, while Spain in the sixteenth century and then the Netherlands in the seventeenth century sustained great power status within Europe and were enriched by their non-European holdings.1
The Sh1’a in Islamic History
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Shi’a is an Arabic word, meaning party or faction. It was originally used of the Shi’atu ‘Ali, the party of faction of ‘Ali, of those who thought he should be caliph-that is, in modern language, the supporters of a candidate for political office. As described in the earliest Arabic historical narratives, they formed a group with a political and, in the initial stage, largely a personal choice, as the basis for their group actions. In time, the word came to denote one of the major divisions of the Islamic religious community.
Country and Freedom
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In the twelfth book of the Iliad, the Trojan hero Hector, dismissing the fears of Polydamas that inauspicious omens may presage a bad result in the impending battle, robustly assures him: “One omen is best, to fight for one’s country.”1 Hector was mistaken about the omen, since he himself was killed and Troy was doomed, but the duty to fight was not affected. Centuries later, the Roman poet Horace, in his Odes, goes a step further and asserts that “it is sweet and becoming to die for one’s country.”2 The Greek patris and the Latin patria, translated as country in the foregoing citations, are obviously related, and both derive from words meaning father. Both convey the meaning of paternal and ancestral home. In ancient Greek and Roman civilization, this usually meant a city-the normal unit of political identity, loyalty, and authority. A Greek or Roman was not merely a city-dweller; he was a citizen, in Greek polites, in Latin civis, with the right to share in the formation and conduct of the government of his city and a corresponding duty to fight and, if necessary, to die in its cause. In the Roman Empire, the unit of identity became larger and could extend from a city to a whole province or even to what we would nowadays call a country.
Moses: Biblical Antiquities 9–19
Authors: Murphy Frederick J
Published: November 2023

Moses is the most dominant figure in the Biblical Antiquities, as is evident in the sheer number of chapters devoted to him. The narratives about Moses in chapters 9-19 also concern the Exodus, the giving of the Law, and the first approaches to the land of Israel. These chapters lay the foundation for Israel itself, and so describe the presuppositions of the rest of the book. In Moses’ story, the tension between God’s mercy and God’s justice is particularly evident, and as the ideal mediator between God and humanity, Moses addresses it specifically.
Kenaz: Biblical Antiquities 25–29
Authors: Murphy Frederick J
Published: November 2023

LAB 25–28 contains the Kenaz cycle. Chapter 29 concerns the judgeship of Zebul, a minor figure who arranges the inheritance of Kenaz’s daughters. The attention devoted to Kenaz in the Biblical Antiquities has attracted much comment. Kenaz is little more than a name in the Bible. He is the father of the first judge, Othniel (Judg. 3:9, 11), the younger brother of Caleb. Josephus gives him a bit more space (Ant. 5.3.3 §§ 182–84). In the Biblical Antiquities, Othniel disappears and Kenaz becomes Caleb’s son and the first judge. He attains a prominence comparable only to Moses (LAB 9–19), Joshua (20–24), and Deborah (30–33). In Nickelsburg’s estimation, “It is evident that PseudoPhilo has created a character to serve his purpose.”1
The Future
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have offered a survey of the breadth and depth of the field of combustion. With this background it is tempting to try to predict what the future will bring to the subject. Historically, predictions have been notably inaccurate, especially for periods exceeding five years. There are tendencies to be overoptimistic about what can be accomplished in five years and especially overpessimistic about prospects for advances over much longer time periods. Totally unanticipated developments (witness the recent breakthrough in superconductivity) can entirely reverse projections for future progress. With these reservations in mind, some observations will be offered here on the possible future of combustion.
Pseudo-Dionysius
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2023

Dionysius the Areopagite is the peudonymous author of an influential body of early (about 500 AD) Christian theological texts. The Pseudo-Dionysian writings offer a synthesis of Christian dogma and Neo-platonic thought. Their leading idea which has made them the charter of Christian mysticism, is the intimate union between God and the soul and the progressive deification of man. In this book, Paul Rorem examines and elucidates these difficult texts and explores their profound influence on medieval theology both in the East and west. As Rorem shows, the Pseudo-Dionysian writings were regarded almost as a "Summa Theologica" in the Eastern Church. In the West, they were commented on by virtually all of the great medieval theologians. Thomas Aquinas alone cites Dionysius is some 1,700 places. Rorem is co-translator of the 1984 edition (Paulist Press) of the complete Pseudo-Dionysius (the first English-language edition in modern times) and provided the notes, indices, and bibliography. The present book will make these texts more accessible to both scholars and students. A comprehensive bibliography of secondary sources will be included.
The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2023

The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy consists of the author’s systematic interpretation of Christianity’s main rites, which provides him several occasions to discuss hierarchical theory in general and the role of the clergy in particular. The words “Dionysius the Elder to Timothy the Fellow-Elder” (369, 195) serve less as a heading for the first chapter than as a subtitle to the overall book. As already mentioned with regard to The Celestial Hierarchy, the subtitle is probably an early editorial addition rather than original with the author, since this very chapter concludes by implying that the author is writing not as an elder to a fellow-elder but as one hierarch or bishop to another, passing on privileged information pertinent to that office (377AB, 199-200). The first chapter title continues, “What is the tradition of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and what is its purpose?” On the one hand, this is quite descriptive of the contents of chapter 1. On the other hand, the body of the text itself refers to the human hierarchy only as “our hierarchy” and never as “the ecclesiastical hierarchy.” The adjective ecclesiastical appears only once within the text, and there it refers to the assembled body of worshipers, as does every appearance of its noun form, ekklesia. Neither form ever refers to the whole structure of churchly ranks and rites.
The Mystical Theology
Authors: Rorem Paul
Published: November 2023

The Mystical Theology, for all its influence and importance, is remarkably short, only about five pages of text. The inviting brevity and its centrality to the corpus might suggest that this essay could itself conveniently represent the Pseudo-Dionysian system.1 Yet precisely in its brevity and density, the work resists quick comprehension and will mislead a reader who is unaware of its overall context. Several crucial facets of the Areopagite’s thought-amply explained elsewhere and now essential to the accurate interpretation of The Mystical Theology-are here compressed into a single word or omitted altogether. The Mystical Theology explicitly summarizes some previous works, such as The Divine Names, and thus indicates that the author did not intend to use this treatise as an introduction to his thought. The Mystical Theology is thus a brief summary or even the climax of Dionysian thought, but so compressed a summary of such complex thought that it cannot stand alone, or as the first of his works. It will here be quoted in full, line by line, accompanied by interpretive commentary. Because the work itself summarizes most of the Dionysian system, the comments will integrate material from previous parts in order to summarize and to conclude this commentary on the whole of the Dionysian corpus. Conversely, when a significant Dionysian theme, such as the angels or hierarchical authority, is not discussed in The Mystical Theology, this omission too will be investigated. There are difficult questions about the relationship of this treatise to the others, and doubts about the consistency of the overall corpus. Finally, the use and misuse of this seminal essay in the history of Christian mysticism will also be surveyed. Even before quoting the beginning of chapter 1, the title of the treatise itself, The Mystical Theology, invites comment and scrutiny, the kind given in previous parts to the titles added by editors to the chapters of Dionysius’ other works. In this case, both mystical and theology need clarification.
Going Through The Storm
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

Upon his arrival in the North, Frederick Douglass found, to his utter astonishment, "persons who could speak of the singing among slaves as the evidence of their contentment and happiness." As late as 1903, W.E.B. Du Bois observed that African American spirituals had led naive whites to believe that "life was joyous to the black slave, careless and happy." While these misconceptions have largely disappeared, the history of African American culture--and its importance to American history as a whole--is still a subject little understood by the majority of Americans. In Going Through the Storm, Sterling Stuckey offers a compelling look at one of the world's richest cultural traditions. He traces the fertile legacy of African American art from its roots in tribal myth, through its blossoming in slave music and dance, to its fruition in the great gospel-singing movements of the 1960s. In the process he shows how this tradition, grounded as it was in adversity, represents one of the great triumphs of the human spirit: slaves and their descendants, by way of Negro spirituals, the blues, and jazz, transformed the pain of oppression into a transcendent and timeless beauty. And, as he explores these various styles, Stuckey reveals that the development of a distinctive African American aesthetic follows (and helps illuminate) the course of the nation's history. In a series of engaging, lucidly written essays, Going Through the Storm covers the entire spectrum of African American culture, offering along the way many fresh and important insights. Within the context of slavery and slave music, Stuckey presents a new look at the foundations of black nationalism and the civil rights movement. In his eloquent reflections on Paul Robeson, he shows how black art offers a commentary on the human spirit so genuine and resonant that its appeal has reached across the boundaries of race to touch most of humanity. Writing of Herman Melville, he demonstrates how the great novelist was struck with the importance of African culture in history--and the reciprocal relationship of history to African culture--and carefully explored this theme in Benito Cereno. Frederick Douglass is presented for the first time as a major theorist of African American culture, one whose thought is profoundly relevant to our current debates on culture and race. And, perhaps most important, Stuckey explains that because black artists have been deeply interested for so long in the question of oppression, their art is of particular use to historians. In what amounts to nothing less than a revolutionary approach, Stuckey considers the uses of music as history, arguing that an easing of barriers between academic disciplines will lead to a better understanding of human life in general. A timely, readable, and often moving volume, Going Through the Storm not only expands our understanding of black music, dance, literature, and folklore, but provides a new vantage point from which to view the entire landscape of American culture.
Through the Prism of Folklore: The Black Ethos in Slavery
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

It is not excessive to argue that some historians, because they have been so preoccupied with demonstrating the absence of significant slave re volts, conspiracies, and “day to day” resistance among slaves, have presented information on slave behavior and thought which is incomplete indeed. They have, in short, devoted very little attention to trying to get “inside” slaves to discover what bondsmen thought about their condition. Small wonder we have been saddled with so many stereotypical treatments of slave thought and behavior. Though we do not know enough about the institution of slavery or the slave experience to state with great precision how slaves felt about their condition, it is reasonably clear that slavery, however draconic and well supervised, was not the hermetically sealed monolith-destructive to the majority of slave personalities-that some historians would have us believe. The works of Herbert Aptheker, Kenneth Stampp, Richard Wade, and the Bauers, allowing for differences in approach and purpose, indicate that slavery, despite its brutality, was not so “closed” that it robbed most of the slaves of their humanity.
Classical Black Nationalist Thought
Authors: Stuckey Sterling
Published: November 2023

The precise details of certain experiences that bear directly on black nationalism will remain forever enshrouded in obscurity-the degree to which Africans during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries continued to think positively of their ancestral home; the extent to which they preferred living apart from white people; the length of time the majority of them remained essentially African in America; and the exact nature of Pan-African acculturation, the process by which differences between Africans from various parts of Africa, the West Indies, and North America were virtually destroyed on the anvil of American slavery. But we do know something of the broad contours of these developments, and that is more than sufficient to suggest that many of the ingredients of black nationalism, together with the conditions necessary for their perpetuation, were very much in evidence by the time the forces of slavery were becoming, as the third decade of the nineteenth century opened, more entrenched than ever.
Egocentric Rationality
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: November 2023

Egocentric epistemology is concerned with the perspectives of individual believers and the goal of having an accurate and comprehensive belief system. This characterizes at least in a rough way its subject matter, but more needs to be said about the exact nature of both the goal and the perspective.
The Laughter of One: Sweetness and Light in Franklin and Edwards
Authors: Sweet Leonard I
Published: November 2023

Benjamin Franklin was known to enjoy writing, in the mornings, in his bedroom, in the nude. Jonathan Edwards, who was known to strip his opponents bare intellectually, did some of his best writing in the woods, even while on horseback, returning to town with pieces of white paper pinned to his jacket looking less the august, dignified figure of the Puritan pastor than a misbegotten mess caught in a snowstorm. The two masterminds and “archsymbols”1 of the eighteenth century were very different carriers of the comic touch. Inevitably one contrasts these New World prodigies, Edwards and Franklin. By the birth of the “exemplary” Puritan (Edwards) and the archetypal Yankee (Franklin)/ Puritan communal culture had essentially given way to Yankee individualistic society. Born in the same decade, in the same province, this son of a clergyman never met this son dedicated to be a clergyman. The closest they came was in shared sources, subjects, even sites. The Shippen House in Philadelphia, the home where the beautiful wife of the man known for barbecuing sinners over the coal pits of hell died, is also the home where Franklin introduced his battery-operated spit, America’s first rotisserie.
Reason, Rhythm, and Style
Authors: Levin David
Published: November 2023

Portrayals of Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards as representative men go back at least as far as the historian George Bancroft. In the 1840s Bancroft labeled Franklin “the sublime of common sense” and portrayed Edwards as the transcendently spiritual Protestant who had given Calvinism its “political euthanasia” by identifying virtue with love.1 Variations on that central contrast have enriched our understanding of Franklin and Edwards in the twentieth century, and I have not come here to question their value. But since my own brief contributions to the colloquy have sought to refine the central contrast by delineating similarities between the two great contemporaries, I trust you to consider letting me extend those lines this evening without forgetting the important differences. My most recent essay on Franklin and Edwards portrayed them and Cotton Mather as energetic writers who strove to reconcile their duty to be humble and their strong, proud wills by acting virtuously in the world for the glory of God or the public good.2 Tonight I should like to study more closely and hear more clearly the language in which Franklin and Edwards wrote.
Christ And The Spirit
Authors: Colle Ralph Del
Published: November 2023

This is a study of Spirit-Christology--a contemporary theological model of the relationship between Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. Del Colle measures this christological model against trinitarian theology and tests its viability. He investigates in particular the development of a Roman Catholic Spirit-Christology, which has arisen from within the modern neoscholastic theological tradition. Contrary to other interpreters, Del Colle argues that an incarnational christology and a Spirit-Christology are not conflicting but complementary and that this is recognized by the older and deeper tradition. In conclusion, he seeks to demonstrate the productivity of the Spirit-Christological model in reference to three major areas of concern for contemporary systematic theology: cultural pluralism and diversity, emancipation and social praxis, and inter-religious dialogue.
“Christ and the Spirit:” Spirit-christology in the Neo-scholastic Tradition
Authors: Colle Ralph Del
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we concluded by listing the most important dogmatic issues that attend a pneumatological christology in the Orthodox tradition. We also kept in view the Catholic theological tradition, which we subjected critically to the insights of the East; or, more accurately, we let the East speak its most salient criticisms of its Western relative ”s pneumatology and trinitarianism. In that process a number of issues arose in these loci (including also the theology of grace) that we must now address directly out of the context of the Latin trinitarian tradition. Of the different choices possible I have chosen to focus on a particular trajectory within modem neo-scholasticism, mainly because it raises the specific issues that are germane to this study.
“Grace and Presence:” Issues for a Catholic Spirit-christology
Authors: Colle Ralph Del
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we introduced the neo-scholastic paradigm and explored its productivity for Spirit-christology. Popes Leo XIII and Pius XII strongly suggest the pneumatological dimension of ecclesial existence and hint at its formative influence in christology as well. Matthias Scheeben and Emile Mersch articulate the basics of Spirit-christology when they affirm and explicate the Spirit ”s role in the incarnation, the paschal mystery, the communication of grace, and the life of the church.
“Purified, as by Fire”: Republicanism Imperiled and Reaffirmed, 1801–1815
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

No one personifies better than Thomas Jefferson the essential elements of a distinctively American approach to foreign policy. “He thought of America the way we like to think of ourselves,” Robert Tucker and David Hendrickson have written, “and saw its significance as we still do, in terms larger than itself.” Like his countrymen at the time and since, Jefferson drew a sharp distinction between the “high moral purpose” that animated America and the “low motives of power and expediency that drove others.” He disclaimed ambition for the United States, and when engaged in disputes with other nations often took the high ground of moral principle. In theory, at least, he rejected the mechanisms of traditional European diplomacy. Viewing war as the foremost enemy of liberty, he claimed to spurn force as an instrument of diplomacy, preferring, as he put it, the “Quaker system.” After the buffeting of the 1790s, he yearned for disengagement from Europe, speaking of “divorce” from Britain and France and even a China-like isolation from the outside world. “The promise of Jefferson’s statecraft,” Tucker and Hendrickson conclude, “was thus of a new diplomacy, based on the confidence of a free and virtuous people, that would secure ends founded on the natural and universal rights of man, by means that escaped war and its corruptions.”
“Last Best Hope”: The Union, the Confederacy, and Civil War Diplomacy, 1861–1877
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

The American Civil War was an event of great international importance.1 Union and Confederate leaders recognized that their success or failure might swing on actions taken or not taken by the European great powers. European leaders, in turn, saw enticing opportunities and grave threats in the conflagration across the Atlantic. For Europeans, the Civil War also had momentous ideological implications. Conservatives welcomed the breakup of the Union, which some had long predicted, hoping that it would eliminate the menace of U.S.-style democracy throughout the world. Along with President Abraham Lincoln, on the other hand, liberals viewed the Union as the “last best hope of earth,” agreeing that upon its survival hinged the future of republicanism for “the whole family of man.”2 The triumph of the Union, as Lincoln seems to have understood, ensured that within a short time the United States would emerge as a major world power.
Gulliver’s Troubles: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Limits of Power, 1961–1968
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

In his inaugural address, delivered on a blustery, bitterly cold day in January 1961, John F. Kennedy set forth in the starkest terms his nation’s universalist approach to foreign policy in the heyday of the Cold War. The United States, he vowed, would “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty.” In practice, Kennedy found the world much less susceptible to U.S. influence than his soaring inaugural rhetoric proclaimed. By the time of his November 1963 assassination, he had begun to reassess some of the most basic Cold War assumptions. But it was his successor, Lyndon Baines Johnson, who would confront head-on the limits of U.S. power in a changing international system. LBJ’s drastic 1965 escalation of the war in Vietnam produced no more than a stalemate. His withdrawal from the presidential race on March 31, 1968, just seven years after Kennedy’s inauguration, the product in large part of simultaneous foreign policy crises in North Korea, the world economy, and Vietnam, made clear the inability of the nation to bear the burden as Kennedy had pledged. March 1968, in the words of authors Evan Thomas and Walter Isaacson, represented the “high-water mark of U.S. [postwar] hegemony.”
Foreign Policy in an Age of Dissonance, 1974–1981
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

This is not the alliance as it once seemed,” the venerable London Economist fretted in a somber article entitled “The Fading of America” printed just days before the fall of Saigon in April 1975. The Economist found solace in its belief that Europe remained important to the United States while Vietnam had always been “at the farthest stretch of the American arm.” But obvious changes in the national mood on the eve of defeat in war still raised fears that “the pulling in of burned American fingers could affect Europe too.”
Dynamics and Fluctuations of the Order Parameter
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

To start talking about quantum fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter, one must first establish the laws of the classical dynamics of the condensate wave function. Conceptually, it seems reasonable to abandon the microscopic approach and proceed directly from the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau model. The static version of this model has been used with great success to interpret the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of both the first and second kind of superconductors. A well-written review of these topics can be found in the monographs by de Gennes (1966) and Tinkham (1975).
Microscopic Theory of Superconducting Tunneling
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 we discussed the effect of dissipation on the MQT by introducing the concept of effective Euclidean action. For ohmic friction, this action was determined by a phenomenological model in which the tunneling particle is coupled to an ensemble of environmental harmonic oscillators. Such a model provides a suitable description of a resistively shunted Josephson junction for which the MQT takes place in the space of the phase variable.This phase variable couples to “dissipative” currents in the shunting resistor via the Josephson relation (4.4); according to this relation, the voltage drop across the junction is proportional to the rate of change of the phase.
The Politics of Myth
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 I indicated several ways in which myth could potentially be employed in attempts to change the nature of existing social formations. I suggested that, among other possibilities, one might struggle to deprive an established myth of its authority; one might agitate for the elevation of a lesser narrative to the status of myth; or one might modify the details in an accepted myth’s standard narration or advance new lines of interpretation for it. The time has now come to put flesh on these bare bones and provide some examples.
The Uses of Anomaly
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

A well-known myth of ancient India relates that after having engaged in an inconclusive combat, the god Indra and the demon Namuci concluded a pact of friendship. Namuci, however, took advantage of this pact and stole from Indra the miraculous and highly prized ritual intoxicant known as soma. Thereupon Indra sought help from several other deities, recounting to them the nature of his pact with the demon,1 “I have sworn to Namuci thus: ‘I will not kill you by day, nor by night; not with a staff, nor with a bow; not with an open hand, nor with a clenched fist; not with anything dry, nor anything wet.’ Yet he has stolen my soma. Please help steal it back!” And after exacting a goodly price-a share in the soma-offerings that form the core of Vedic ritual-the others extended their assistance, “They poured out the froth of the waters as a weapon, saying, ‘Neither dry, nor wet.’ With that froth, Indra cut off Namuci’s head when the night was giving way to dawn, saying, ‘Neither day, nor night.’ “2 Thus ends the encounter and the story, a seemingly simple point having been established: There is no contract without its loophole.