bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiphase progenetic development shaped the brain of flying archosaurs
Authors: Beyrand Vincent , Voeten Dennis F. A. E. , Bureš Stanislav , Fernandez Vincent , Janáček Jiří , Jirák Daniel , Rauhut Oliver , Tafforeau Paul
Published: July 2019

The growing availability of virtual cranial endocasts of extinct and extant vertebrates has fueled the quest for endocranial characters that discriminate between phylogenetic groups and resolve their neural significances. We used geometric morphometrics to compare a phylogenetically and ecologically comprehensive data set of archosaurian endocasts along the deep evolutionary history of modern birds and found that this lineage experienced progressive elevation of encephalisation through several chapters of increased endocranial doming that we demonstrate to result from progenetic developments. Elevated encephalisation associated with progressive size reduction within Maniraptoriformes was secondarily exapted for flight by stem avialans. Within Mesozoic Avialae, endocranial doming increased in at least some Ornithurae, yet remained relatively modest in early Neornithes. During the Paleogene, volant non-neoavian birds retained ancestral levels of endocast doming where a broad neoavian niche diversification experienced heterochronic brain shape radiation, as did non-volant Palaeognathae. We infer comparable developments underlying the establishment of pterosaurian brain shapes.
Dependence of spin-orbit torque effective fields on magnetization uniformity in Ta/Co/Pt structure
Authors: Luo Feilong , Wong Qi Ying , Li Sihua , Tan Funan , Lim Gerard Joseph , Wang Xuan , Lew Wen Siang
Published: July 2019

The spin-orbit torque (SOT) effective fields, namely field-like and damping-like terms, depend on the thicknesses of heavy metal (HM) and ferromagnetic metal (FM) layers, in a stack comprising of HM/FM/HM or oxide. In this work, we report on the dependence of the SOT effective fields on the magnetization uniformity in the wires comprising of Ta/Co/Pt layer structure. SOT dependence on magnetization uniformity dependence was investigated by concurrent variation of the magnetization uniformity in Co layer and characterization of the SOT effective fields in each wire which excludes the layer thickness dependence influences. Our experimental results reveal that the field-like term decreases while the damping-like term increases with increasing Co magnetization uniformity. The magnetization uniformity influence on the effective fields is attributed to the spin Hall effect, which contributes to the SOT.
The Ustilago maydis null mutant strains of the RNA-binding protein UmRrm75 accumulate hydrogen peroxide and melanin
Authors: Rodríguez-Piña Alma Laura , Juárez-Montiel Margarita , Hernández-Sánchez Itzell Eurídice , Rodríguez-Hernández Aída Araceli , Bautista Elihú , Becerra-Flora Alicia , López-Villegas Edgar Oliver , Jiménez-Bremont Juan Francisco
Published: July 2019

Ustilago maydis is a dimorphic fungus that has emerged as a model organism for the study of fungal phytopathogenicity and RNA biology. In a previous study, we isolated the U. maydis UmRrm75 gene. The deletion of the UmRrm75 gene affected morphogenesis and pathogenicity. UmRrm75 gene encodes a protein containing three RNA recognition motifs. Here we determined that UmRrm75 has chaperone activity in Escherichia coli using the transcription anti-termination assay. Subsequently, we analyzed the growth of ΔUmRrm75 mutants at 15 °C and 37 °C, observing that mutant strains had reduced growth in comparison to parental strains. UmRrm75 gene expression was induced under these non-optimal temperatures. ΔUmRrm75 mutant colonies displayed a dark-brown color at 28 °C, which was confirmed to be melanin based on spectroscopic analysis and spectrometric data. Furthermore, ΔUmRrm75 mutant strains showed the presence of peroxisomes, and increased H2O2 levels, even at 28 °C. The ΔUmRrm75 mutant strains displayed a higher expression of redox-sensor UmYap1 gene and increased catalase activity than the parental strains. Our data show that deletion of the UmRrm75 gene results in higher levels of H2O2, increased melanin content, and abiotic stress sensitivity.
Development of the Self Optimising Kohonen Index Network (SKiNET) for Raman Spectroscopy Based Detection of Anatomical Eye Tissue
Authors: Banbury Carl , Mason Richard , Styles Iain , Eisenstein Neil , Clancy Michael , Belli Antonio , Logan Ann , Goldberg Oppenheimer Pola
Published: July 2019

Raman spectroscopy shows promise as a tool for timely diagnostics via in-vivo spectroscopy of the eye, for a number of ophthalmic diseases. By measuring the inelastic scattering of light, Raman spectroscopy is able to reveal detailed chemical characteristics, but is an inherently weak effect resulting in noisy complex signal, which is often difficult to analyse. Here, we embraced that noise to develop the self-optimising Kohonen index network (SKiNET), and provide a generic framework for multivariate analysis that simultaneously provides dimensionality reduction, feature extraction and multi-class classification as part of a seamless interface. The method was tested by classification of anatomical ex-vivo eye tissue segments from porcine eyes, yielding an accuracy >93% across 5 tissue types. Unlike traditional packages, the method performs data analysis directly in the web browser through modern web and cloud technologies as an open source extendable web app. The unprecedented accuracy and clarity of the SKiNET methodology has the potential to revolutionise the use of Raman spectroscopy for in-vivo applications.
Cigarette smoke exposure redirects Staphylococcus aureus to a virulence profile associated with persistent infection
Authors: Lacoma Alicia , Edwards Andrew M. , Young Bernadette C. , Domínguez José , Prat Cristina , Laabei Maisem
Published: July 2019

Tobacco smoking represents the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Smoking is a recognised risk factor for several pathologies and is detrimental to host immune surveillance and defence. However, the impact of smoking on microbial residents of the nasopharyngeal cavity, in contact with cigarette smoke (CS), is lacking. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that colonises the human nasopharynx and causes a wide range of infections. We investigated the impact of CS on specific virulence phenotypes important in S aureus pathogenesis. We observed strain-dependent differences following exposure to CS, namely growth inhibition, augmented biofilm formation, increased invasion of, and persistence within, bronchial alveolar epithelial cells. Additionally, we confirm the critical role of a functional accessory gene regulator (Agr) system in mediating increased biofilm development and host cell invasion and persistence following CS exposure. Furthermore, CS exposure resulted in reduced toxin production. Importantly, exposure of S aureus to CS accelerated the frequency of mutations and resulted in a significant increase in gentamicin-resistant small colony variant (SCV) formation. Mutational analysis revealed that CS induced SCVs emerge via the SOS response DNA mutagenic repair system. Taken together, our results suggest that CS redirects certain S aureus strains to a virulence profile associated with persistence.
Cr2Te3 Thin Films for Integration in Magnetic Topological Insulator Heterostructures
Authors: Burn D. M. , Duffy L. B. , Fujita R. , Zhang S. L. , Figueroa A. I. , Herrero-Martin J. , van der Laan G. , Hesjedal T.
Published: July 2019

Chromium telluride compounds are promising ferromagnets for proximity coupling to magnetic topological insulators (MTIs) of the Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)2(Se,Te)3 class of materials as they share the same elements, thus simplifying thin film growth, as well as due to their compatible crystal structure. Recently, it has been demonstrated that high quality (001)-oriented Cr2Te3 thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy can be grown on c-plane sapphire substrate. Here, we present a magnetic and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the chemical and magnetic properties of Cr2Te3 thin films. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measured at the Cr L2,3 edges gives information about the local electronic and magnetic structure of the Cr ions. We further demonstrate the overgrowth of Cr2Te3 (001) thin films by high-quality Cr-doped Sb2Te3 films. The magnetic properties of the layers have been characterized and our results provide a starting point for refining the physical models of the complex magnetic ordering in Cr2Te3 thin films, and their integration into advanced MTI heterostructures for quantum device applications.
Relationship between device acceptance and patient-reported outcomes in Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) recipients
Authors: Tosto Crispino , Adamo Luigi , Craddock Heidi , Di Blasi Maria , Girgenti Rosario , Clemenza Francesco , Carney Robert M. , Ewald Gregory
Published: July 2019

The number of Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) implanted each year is rising. Nevertheless, there are minimal data on device acceptance after LVAD implant, and on its relationship with patient-reported outcomes. We designed a cross-sectional study to address this knowledge gap and test the hypothesis that low device acceptance is associated with poorer quality of life, depression and anxiety. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess quality of life (12-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire quality of life subscale), level of anxiety (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; GAD-7), level of depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9) and device acceptance (Florida Patient Acceptance Survey; FPAS) to 101 consecutive patients presenting to LVAD clinic. Regression analysis showed a strong correlation between device acceptance and both psychological distress (p < 0.001) and quality of life (p < 0.001). Analysis of the sub-scales of the FPAS showed that patients had significant body image concerns, but return to function and device-related distress were the main drivers of the observed correlation between device acceptance and patient well-being. Younger age was associated with lower device acceptance (r = 0.36, p < 0.001) and lower quality of life (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that interventions targeting device acceptance should be explored to improve outcomes in LVAD recipients.
Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and wild-type like fALS SOD1 mutants produce cytotoxic quantities of H2O2 via cysteine-dependent redox short-circuit
Authors: Bakavayev Shamchal , Chetrit Nimrod , Zvagelsky Tatiana , Mansour Rasha , Vyazmensky Maria , Barak Zeev , Israelson Adrian , Engel Stanislav
Published: July 2019

The Cu/Zn−superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. In addition to this principal reaction, the enzyme is known to catalyze, with various efficiencies, several redox side-reactions using alternative substrates, including biological thiols, all involving the catalytic copper in the enzyme’s active-site, which is relatively surface exposed. The accessibility and reactivity of the catalytic copper is known to increase upon SOD1 misfolding, structural alterations caused by a mutation or environmental stresses. These competing side-reactions can lead to the formation of particularly toxic ROS, which have been proposed to contribute to oxidative damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons. Here, we demonstrated that metal-saturated SOD1WT (holo-SOD1WT) and a familial ALS (fALS) catalytically active SOD1 mutant, SOD1G93A, are capable, under defined metabolic circumstances, to generate cytotoxic quantities of H2O2 through cysteine (CSH)/glutathione (GSH) redox short-circuit. Such activity may drain GSH stores, therefore discharging cellular antioxidant potential. By analyzing the distribution of thiol compounds throughout the CNS, the location of potential hot-spots of ROS production can be deduced. These hot-spots may constitute the origin of oxidative damage to neurons in ALS.
A Statistical Test for Differential Network Analysis Based on Inference of Gaussian Graphical Model
Authors: He Hao , Cao Shaolong , Zhang Ji-gang , Shen Hui , Wang Yu-Ping , Deng Hong-wen
Published: July 2019

Differential network analysis investigates how the network of connected genes changes from one condition to another and has become a prevalent tool to provide a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the molecular etiology of complex diseases. Based on the asymptotically normal estimation of large Gaussian graphical model (GGM) in the high-dimensional setting, we developed a computationally efficient test for differential network analysis through testing the equality of two precision matrices, which summarize the conditional dependence network structures of the genes. Additionally, we applied a multiple testing procedure to infer the differential network structure with false discovery rate (FDR) control. Through extensive simulation studies with different combinations of parameters including sample size, number of vertices, level of heterogeneity and graph structure, we demonstrated that our method performed much better than the current available methods in terms of accuracy and computational time. In real data analysis on lung adenocarcinoma, we revealed a differential network with 3503 nodes and 2550 edges, which consisted of 50 clusters with an FDR threshold at 0.05. Many of the top gene pairs in the differential network have been reported relevant to human cancers. Our method represents a powerful tool of network analysis for high-dimensional biological data.
Biopolymers as bone substitutes: a review
Authors: Kashirina Anastasiia , Yao Yongtao , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: July 2019

Human bones have unique structure and characteristics, and replacing a natural bone in the case of bone fracture or bone diseases is a very complicated problem.
Cysteine-based redox-responsive nanoparticles for small-molecule agent delivery
Authors: Wang Liying , You Xinru , Lou Qi , He Siyu , Zhang Junfu , Dai Chunlei , Zhao Meng , Zhao Minyi , Hu Hai , Wu Jun
Published: July 2019

To overcome the drawbacks of small-molecule agents (SMAs), a biocompatible and redox-responsive polymeric nanoplatform for the promising delivery of a variety of hydrophobic SMAs was systemically explored in this research.
Design and photophysical studies of iridium(iii)–cobalt(iii) dyads and their application for dihydrogen photo-evolution
Authors: Lentz Cédric , Schott Olivier , Auvray Thomas , Hanan Garry S. , Elias Benjamin
Published: July 2019

We report several new dyads constituted of cationic iridium(iii) photosensitizers and cobalt(iii) catalyst connected via free pendant pyridine on the photosensitizers.
Polyoxometalate-based high-spin cluster systems: a NMR relaxivity study up to 1.4 GHz/33 T
Authors: Ibrahim Masooma , Krämer Steffen , Schork Nicolas , Guthausen Gisela
Published: July 2019

Paramagnetic polyoxometalates are of special interest with regard to their application as alternative contrast agents in nonhuman magnetic resonance imaging which is increasingly used in materials science and process engineering.
Structure and bonding in reduced boron and aluminium complexes with formazanate ligands
Authors: Mondol Ranajit , Otten Edwin
Published: July 2019

A comparison of structure and bonding in reduced formazanate B/Al complexes and their ligand-benzylated products is described. The kinetics of homolytic N–C(benzyl) bond cleavage in the latter compounds is studied.
Syntheses and photoluminescence of copper(i) halide complexes containing dimethylthiophene bidentate phosphine ligands
Authors: Wei Qiong , Chen Hong-Ting , Liu Li , Zhong Xin-Xin , Wang Lei , Li Fa-Bao , Cong Heng-Jiang , Wong Wai-Yeung , Alamry Khalid A. , Qin Hai-Mei
Published: July 2019

Neutral dinuclear four-coordinate Cu(i) halide complexes containing thiophene exhibit intense bluish green to yellow green emission in the solid state at room temperature.
An enzymatic Finkelstein reaction: fluorinase catalyses direct halogen exchange
Authors: Lowe Phillip T. , Cobb Steven L. , O'Hagan David
Published: July 2019

The fluorinase enzyme catalyses a direct displacement of bromide and iodide by fluoride ion from 5′-bromodeoxyadenosine and 5′-iododeoxyadenosine respectively to form 5′-fluorodeoxyadenosine in the absence of l-methionine or S-adenosyl-l-methionine.
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Bi2S3 polycrystals through an electroless nickel plating process
Authors: Chang Yi , Yang Qiong-Lian , Guo Jun , Feng Jing , Ge Zhen-Hua
Published: July 2019

Bi2S3 is an eco-friendly alternative compound for thermoelectric devices.
Solid-supported cyanoborohydride cartridges for automation of reductive amination radiochemistry
Authors: Allott Louis , Barnes Chris , Brickute Diana , Leung Sau Fung Jacob , Aboagye Eric O.
Published: July 2019

A solid-supported cyanoborohydride cartridge was designed to facilitate the automated production of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers synthesised via reductive amination chemistry.
How student-centred teaching in quantum chemistry affects students’ experiences of learning and motivation—a self-determination theory perspective
Authors: Partanen Lauri
Published: July 2019

This paper represents the second contribution from an action research study on a bachelor-level quantum chemistry and spectroscopy course. In the proposed instructional model, active learning principles are extended outside lectures to form a student-centred course structure. The new model resulted in superior learning outcomes compared to a class where active learning elements were limited to course lectures, as demonstrated by previous research. In this article, I try to understand this improvement through an analysis of student motivation and experiences in the framework of self-determination theory. Based on my analysis of student feedback data and interviews, tasks that facilitated direct interaction with peers or course staff were seen as key factors in enhancing learning and motivation. In addition, the presence of various interconnected course components that supported students at different stages of the learning process was experienced as central to learning. Together, these two publications demonstrate that the incorporation of active learning principles outside lectures can substantially improve both learning and motivation.
Development of Gold-PAGE: towards the electrophoretic analysis of sulphurous biopolymers
Authors: Taylor Emerald R. , Cavuoto Silvia , Beal David M. , Caujolle Sophie , Podoleanu Adrian , Serpell Christopher J.
Published: July 2019

Gold nanoparticles, encapsulated within polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels, can discriminate between number of type of sulphur modifications in DNA strands.
Low molecular weight PEG–PLGA polymers provide a superior matrix for conjugated polymer nanoparticles in terms of physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and optical/photoacoustic performance
Authors: Abelha Thais Fedatto , Neumann Paul Robert , Holthof Joost , Dreiss Cécile A. , Alexander Cameron , Green Mark , Dailey Lea Ann
Published: July 2019

Low molecular weight PEG-PLGA improves optical and photoacoustic properties of PCPDTBT nanoparticles.
Tuning the Bi3+-photoemission color over the entire visible region by manipulating secondary cations modulation in the ScVxP1−xO4:Bi3+ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solution
Authors: Kang Fengwen , Sun Guohuan , Boutinaud Philippe , Gao Fei , Wang Zhenhu , Lu Jian , Li Yang Yang , Xiao Sanshui
Published: July 2019

Manipulating the secondary cation ratio in the ScVxP1−xO4:Bi3+ solid solution allows tuning of the excitation tail from 340 to 425 nm and the corresponding emission maximum from 455 to 641 nm, without significant reabsorption.
Active PKG II inhibited the growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells through blocking Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways
Authors: Wu Yan , Cai Qin , Li Wei , Cai Zhensheng , Liu Ying , Li Hongfan , Pang Ji , Chen Yongchang
Published: July 2019

Despite advances in chemotherapy, ovarian cancer (OC) is still the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. So, it is imperative to explore its mechanism and find novel targets to improve the outcome. Type II cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) has been recently reported to inhibit proliferation and metastasis in several tumors. The present study is to clarify the effect of PKG II combined with l-arginine (l-Arg) on OC cells. SKOV3 and A2780 cells were infected with adenovirus coding cDNA of PKG II to increase PKG II expression and l-Arg was applied to activate this kinase. CCK8 assay, Transwell migration and TUNEL assay were applied to detect the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of the OC cells, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the level of total and phosphorylated proteins. Our results showed that co-treatment with PKG II and l-Arg inhibited EGF-induced proliferation and the expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), Cyclin E and N-Cadherin, whereas up-regulated the expression of E-Cadherin, abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of EGF, prevented the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as blocked EGF-triggered Raf-MEK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. Our results suggested that PKG II activated by l-Arg could inhibit proliferation and migration and promote the apoptosis of OC cells. Based on the above results and our previous data, it is speculated that PKG II is an inhibitor of cancer with extensive effects.
Membrane dynamics in cell migration
Authors: Llanses Martinez Montserrat , Rainero Elena
Published: July 2019

Migration of cells is required in multiple tissue-level processes, such as in inflammation or cancer metastasis. Endocytosis is an extremely regulated cellular process by which cells uptake extracellular molecules or internalise cell surface receptors. While the role of endocytosis of focal adhesions (FA) and plasma membrane (PM) turnover at the leading edge of migratory cells is wide known, the contribution of endocytic proteins per se in migration has been frequently disregarded. In this review, we describe the novel functions of the most well-known endocytic proteins in cancer cell migration, focusing on clathrin, caveolin, flotillins and GRAF1. In addition, we highlight the relevance of the macropinocytic pathway in amoeboid-like cell migration.
Neuromuscular Development in Neonates and Postnatal Infants: Implications for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Therapy for Dysphagia
Authors: Epperson Hannah E. , Sandage Mary J.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The aim of the current study was to review neuromuscular development, summarize the current body of evidence describing the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) therapy in infants, and identify possible contraindications for the use of NMES in the neonate and young infant.

Method

After a review of the literature describing neuromuscular development, we created a timeline of the developmental processes. Key milestones were determined, and a literature search was conducted to identify potential effects of electrical stimulation on this process.

Results

Current evidence supporting the use of NMES in the pediatric population is limited and of poor quality. Contraindications of the use of NMES in the neonate and young infant were identified, including (a) inhibited expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule that is vital for neuromuscular development, (b) alteration of muscle fiber type metabolic profile away from intended muscle fiber type morphology, and (c) interruption of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor synthesis during neuromuscular junction development.

Conclusion

The use of NMES for the treatment of dysphagia in the neonate and young infant may influence early neuromuscular development in a manner that is not currently well understood. Future research is needed to further understand the effects of NMES on the developing neuromuscular system.
Competitive analysis for stochastic influenza model with constant vaccination strategy
Authors: Baleanu Dumitru , Raza Ali , Rafiq Muhammad , Arif Muhammad Shoaib , Ali Muhammad Asghar
Published: July 2019

This manuscript discusses a competitive analysis of stochastic influenza model with constant vaccination strategy. The stochastic influenza model is comparatively more pragmatic versus the deterministic influenza model. The effect of influenza generation number holds in the stochastic model. If the value of this number is less than one, this situation will help us to control the disease in a population. A greater than one value of this threshold number shows the persistence of disease to become endemic. The proposed structure for the stochastic influenza model as stochastic non‐standard finite difference scheme conserve all vital characteristics like positivity, boundedness and dynamical consistency defined by Mickens.
Impact of PRF design on GMTI performance of MIMO‐SAR for hypersonic platform with curved trajectory
Authors: Zhou Rui , Sun Jinping , Zhao Qixin , Qi Yaolong
Published: July 2019

Compared with the conventional single‐channel sampling or azimuth multichannel sampling of SAR system, the multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) sampling has the potential to realise the high‐resolution wide swath (HRWS) imaging and the ground moving target indication (GMTI) simultaneously. As a key parameter in the design of SAR system, the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) has important impacts on the performances of HRWS and GMTI. From this perspective, the impacts of PRF design on GMTI performance of MIMO‐SAR for hypersonic platform with curved trajectory have been analysed here. Specifically, the steering vectors of the ambiguous clutter and moving target are derived first under the curved trajectory model. Furthermore, according to MIMO‐SAR system parameters, the optimum PRF design is simulated from the aspects of the blind velocity, the spatial ambiguity, and the detection probability. Finally, the real clutter data are further used to verify the effectiveness of PRF design on GMTI performance optimisation.
High‐precision motion compensation for very‐high‐resolution SAR imaging
Authors: Zhuang Long , Xu Daobao
Published: July 2019

A precise motion compensation method is proposed to achieve very‐high‐resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. The very‐high‐resolution is designed to achieve higher than 0.1 m resolution. For very‐high‐resolution SAR with wider integration angle, it implies that there exists phase error caused by the squint angle. Further, the phase error between the margin and the centre of the beam is azimuth variant. The proposed two‐step motion compensation method can effectively overcome the shortcomings of the normal method and achieve. The real data results with well‐focused very‐high‐resolution SAR images demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Resolution analysis for geostationary spaceborne‐airborne bistatic forward‐looking SAR
Authors: Ke Meng , Yin Wei , Zhang Tianyi , Yang Yanjiao , Ding Zegang
Published: July 2019

Owing to the spatial separation of transmitter and receiver, bistatic SAR is able to image the area in front of the moving direction of transmitter or receiver, but the geometry model is more complex than that of monostatic SAR, which brings great difficulties to system design and imaging process. Besides, the special geometry configuration of geostationary spaceborne‐airborne bistatic forward‐looking SAR results in non‐orthogonal and non‐uniform ground resolution, which is not considered in the traditional range and azimuth resolution. To solve this problem, the resolution ellipse based on the generalised ambiguity function (GAF) is used to maintain the best and worst ground resolution in the resolution cell. The receiver's flight direction is designed to obtain the optimal uniform ground resolution distribution, which has great value for system design and the receiver's path planning. Finally, the accuracy of the resolution ellipse and correctness of the deduced formulas are verified by simulation.
Simulation‐based configurations study of active millimetre‐wave imaging system for personal security
Authors: You Yan , Qiao LingBo , Zhao ZiRan
Published: July 2019

Active millimetre‐wave (mm‐wave) imaging techniques and systems have been widely investigated and developed, due to their ability to detect personal carried concealed weapons and other contraband, at airports and other secure locations. Up to date, several imaging configurations have been tested or proposed for active mm‐wave personal security imaging system by different institutes, and each one focuses mainly on one configuration. To have visualised data or figures of different imaging system configurations, here, the authors build the simulation model of each imaging system for Feko software. Comparisons of different configurations to image the same object are provided based on simulation. The transmitting antenna number, receiving antenna number, and the reconstruction images are presented.
Reducing the internal compressive stress of the microelectroformed layer by adjusting the current densities
Authors: Zhao Zhong , Chen Ji'an , Li Chong , Fang Jiwen , Ouyang Chun
Published: July 2019

In the microelectromechanical systems area, micrometal devices can be fabricated by microelectroforming process. However, since the defect mechanism of crystal growth, the electroformed layer suffers from the large internal compressive stress. To reduce the large internal compressive stress, the effects of different current densities on the internal compressive stress are investigated. From the view of dislocation density, the mechanism to reduce the compressive stress by adjusting the current densities has been researched originally. The electroforming experiments were processed by several current densities. The dislocation density was measured by the X‐ray diffraction method. The compressive stress was tested by side incline method. The nanocrystal structure was observed by the transmission electron microscopy method. The experimental results show that the dislocation density was decreased along with the decreasing of the current density, as well as the compressive stress. The mechanisms are that the crystal structures including the crystallite size, the microcrystal distortion and the dislocation density can be refined by adjusting the small current densities. Then, the compressive stress becomes lower. This work contributes to fabricate the electroformed layer with low internal compressive stress.
Near-infrared polarimetric study of near-Earth object 252P/LINEAR: an implication of scattered light from the evolved dust particles
Authors: Kwon Yuna G. , Ishiguro Masateru , Kwon Jungmi , Kuroda Daisuke , Im Myungshin , Choi Changsu , Tamura Motohide , Nagayama Takahiro , Kawai Nobuyuki , Watanabe Jun-Ichi
Published: July 2019

Context.Comets undergo resurfacing due to solar radiation, while their primordial interiors remain unchanged. Multi-epoch observations of comets enable us to characterize a change in sublimation pattern as a function of heliocentric distance, which in turn provides information on the dust environments of comets.

Aims.We aim to constrain the size and porosity of ejected dust particles from comet 252P/LINEAR and their evolution near perihelion via near-infrared (NIR) multiband polarimetry. A close approach of the comet to the Earth in March 2016 (~0.036 au) provided a rare opportunity for the sampling of the comet at high spatial resolution.

Methods.We made NIRJHKS-band (1.25–2.25μm) polarimetric observations of the comet for 12 days near perihelion, interspersed between broadband optical (0.48–0.80μm) imaging observations over four months. In addition, a dynamical simulation of the comet was performed 1000 yr backward in time.

Results.We detected two discontinuous brightness enhancements of 252P/LINEAR. Before the first enhancement, the NIR polarization degrees of the comet were far lower than those of ordinary comets at a given phase angle. Soon after the activation, however, they increased by ~13% at most, showing unusual blue polarimetric color over theJandHbands (−2.55%μm−1on average) and bluing of the dust color in bothJ−HandH−KS. Throughout the event, the polarization vector was marginally aligned perpendicular to the scattering plane (i.e.,θr= 4.6°–10.9°). The subsequent postperihelion reactivation of the comet lasted for approximately 1.5 months, with a factor of ~30 times pre-activation dust mass-loss rates in theRCband.

Conclusions.The marked increase in the polarization degree with blue NIR polarimetric color is reminiscent of the behavior of a fragmenting comet D/1999 S4 (LINEAR). The most plausible scenario for the observed polarimetric properties of 252P/LINEAR is an ejection of predominantly large (well within the geometrical optics regime) and compact dust particles from the desiccated surface layer. We conjecture that the more intense solar heating that the comet has received in the near-Earth orbit would cause the paucity of small fluffy dust particles around the nucleus of the comet.
Multivariable statistical analysis of spectrophotometry and spectra of (162173) Ryugu as observed by JAXA Hayabusa2 mission
Authors: Barucci M. A. , Hasselmann P. H. , Fulchignoni M. , Honda R. , Yokota Y. , Sugita S. , Kitazato K. , Deshapriya J. D. P. , Perna D. , Tatsumi E. , Domingue D. , Morota T. , Kameda S. , Iwata T. , Abe M. , Ohtake M. , Matsuura S. , Matsuoka M. , Hiroi T. , Nakamura T. , Kouyama T. , Suzuki H. , Yamada M. , Sakatani N. , Honda C. , Ogawa K. , Hayakawa M. , Yoshioka K. , Cho Y. , Sawada H. , Takir D. , Vilas F. , Hirata N. , Hirata N. , Tanaka S. , Yamamoto Y. , Yoshikawa M. , Watanabe S. , Tsuda Y.
Published: July 2019

Context.Starting from late June 2018, the JAXA asteroid sample return mission Hayabusa2 acquired a large quantity of resolved images and spectra of the surface of the asteroid (162173) Ryugu.

Aims.By studying the visible and near-infrared spectral behavior across the surface of Ryugu using a statistical analysis, we aim to distinguish spectral homogeneous groups and to detect the small heterogeneities. This allows us to better constrain the surface composition variations.

Methods.In order to isolate and interpret the difference in the asteroid surface spectral behavior, we applied theG-mode multivariate statistical analysis to a set of pixels containing information of (i) the visible ONC-T spectrophotometry, and (ii) the near-infrared NIRS3 spectra thereby obtaining automatic statistical clustering at different confidence levels.

Results.The analysis of both ONC-T and NIRS3 data allows us to highlight small spectral variations on the Ryugu surface. At a 3σconfidence level, only two groups are evident, while going down to 2σmore groups are obtained with differences in spectral slope and band depth.

Conclusions.The identified groups have been associated with main morphological surface features. The spectral slope variations that characterize the small groups obtained by ONC-T data analysis, are interpreted as a consequence of space weathering with the presence of more or less fresh material and/or the different grain sizes of the regolith. The variations found analyzing the NIRS3 data are attributed to slightly different contents of hydrated material and different regolith sizes. The distribution on the Ryugu surface of the groups obtained by the analysis of the two instruments indicates a clear spectral dichotomy both between the east and west, and the north and south hemispheres. Small sized regolith grains associated to the redder spectra seem concentrated in the southwestern part of the body.
Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor
Authors: Vigan A. , N’Diaye M. , Dohlen K. , Sauvage J.-F. , Milli J. , Zins G. , Petit C. , Wahhaj Z. , Cantalloube F. , Caillat A. , Costille A. , Le Merrer J. , Carlotti A. , Beuzit J.-L. , Mouillet D.
Published: July 2019

Second-generation exoplanet imagers using extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) and coronagraphy have demonstrated their great potential for studying close circumstellar environments and for detecting new companions and helping to understand their physical properties. However, at very small angular separation, their performance in contrast is limited by several factors: diffraction by the complex telescope pupil (central obscuration and spiders) not perfectly canceled by the coronagraph, residual dynamic wavefront errors, chromatic wavefront errors, and wavefront errors resulting from noncommon path aberrations (NCPAs). These latter are differential aberrations between the visible wavefront sensing path of the ExAO system and the near-infrared science path in which the coronagraph is located. In a previous work, we demonstrated the use of a Zernike wavefront sensor called ZELDA for sensing NCPAs in the VLT/SPHERE exoplanet imager and their compensation with the high-order deformable mirror of the instrument. These early tests on the internal light source led to encouraging results for the attenuation of the quasi-static speckles at very small separation. In the present work, we move to the next step with the on-sky validation of NCPA compensation with ZELDA. With an improved procedure for the compensation of NCPAs, we start by reproducing previous results on the internal source. We show that the amount of aberration integrated between 1 and 15 cycles/pupil (c/p) is decreased by a factor of approximately five, which translates into a gain in raw contrast of between 2 and 3 at separations below 300 mas. On sky, we demonstrate that NCPA compensation works in closed loop, leading to an attenuation of the amount of aberration by a factor of approximately two. However, we identify a loss of sensitivity for the sensor that is only partly explained by the difference in Strehl ratio between the internal and on-sky measurements. Our simulations show that the impact of ExAO residuals on ZELDA measurements is negligible for integration times beyond a few tenths of a second. Coronagraphic imaging on sky is improved in raw contrast by a factor of 2.5 at most in the ExAO-corrected region. We use coronagraphic image reconstruction based on a detailed model of the instrument to demonstrate that both internal and on-sky raw contrasts can be precisely explained, and we establish that the observed performance after NCPA compensation is no longer limited by an improper compensation for aberration but by the current apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph design. We finally conclude that a coronagraph upgrade combined to a proper NCPA compensation scheme could easily bring a gain in raw contrast of a factor of two to three below 200 mas.
Three new species of Synodontella (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae), gill parasites of Synodontis spp. (Siluriformes, Mochokidae) from Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Bouah Enoutchy F. , N’Douba Valentin , Pariselle Antoine
Published: July 2019

Four species of Synodontella, including three new, are reported from three species of Synodontis (S. ocellifer, S. nigrita, and S. velifer) from north-western Côte d’Ivoire. Synodontella melanoptera Dossou & Euzet, 1993 was found on the gills of S. nigrita and S. velifer and was already known from the gills of S. melanopterus in Benin and the gills of S. obesus and S. rebeli in Cameroon. The new species are Synodontella speroadotevii n. sp. from S. nigrita (type-host), S. velifer and S. ocellifer, and Synodontella bagoueensis n. sp. and Synodontella akengboi n. sp., both from S. velifer (type-host for both), S. nigrita and S. ocellifer. The new species differ from the other species of Synodontella mainly in the morphology of their male copulatory organs (MCO): Synodontella speroadotevii has a two-part penis (one being a hollow tube and the other a flattened tube); Synodontella bagoueensis has a wide G-shaped penis with a sub-terminal opening; and Synodontella akengboi has a simple narrow J-shaped penis. Synodontella speroadotevii differs from Synodontella bagoueensis and Synodontella akengboi in the shape of the dorsal transverse bar, which shows no protuberance, and also in the morphology of the MCO. Synodontella bagoueensis differs from the other two species in that it has a dorsal transverse bar that is V-shaped and a G-shaped MCO. Synodontella akengboi differs from the two other species in having a J-shaped MCO and in the size of its ventral and dorsal anchors which, contrary to the other two species, are almost similar.
Einwilligung nach Aufklärung – ein juristisches Update
Authors: Biermann Elmar
Published: July 2019

Die Indikation allein reicht zur Rechtfertigung des ärztlichen Eingriffes nicht. Hinzukommen muss die Einwilligung des durch einen Arzt aufgeklärten Patienten. Sind anstelle des Patienten andere Personen berechtigt, für ihn zu entscheiden, so sind diese aufzuklären. Dabei ist der Patient über sämtliche für die Einwilligung wesentlichen Umstände rechtzeitig und verständlich aufzuklären, ggf. unter Hinzuziehung eines Sprachmittlers bei fremdsprachigen Patienten.
Juristische Stellvertreter in der Medizin: Bevollmächtigte und Betreuer
Authors: Neitzke Gerald
Published: July 2019

Jeder Patient hat Rechte. Ein zentrales Recht ist die Zustimmung oder Ablehnung einer medizinisch indizierten Behandlung nach Aufklärung 1. Für einen Patienten, der seine Rechte zum Beispiel wegen einer Bewusstlosigkeit, Demenz oder anderen psychiatrischen Erkrankung nicht selbst wahrnehmen kann, muss ein juristischer Stellvertreter diese Aufgaben übernehmen. Dieser Beitrag stellt dar, wie Bevollmächtigte oder Betreuer in die Entscheidungsfindung eingebunden werden müssen.
19 G aspiration needle versus 19 G core biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Ching-Companioni Rafael A. , Diehl David L. , Johal Amitpal S. , Confer Bradley D. , Khara Harshit S.
Published: July 2019

Background Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) is a safe and effective method for accomplishing parenchymal liver biopsy. The aim of this study was to compare a 19 G aspiration needle (FNA) with a 19 G Franseen-tip core biopsy needle (FNB) for EUS-LB.

Methods This was a prospective, parallel group, randomized trial comparing the tissue yields and adequacy of a 19 G FNA needle vs. a 19 G FNB needle for EUS-LB. The primary outcome was length of the longest piece of liver core specimen. Secondary outcomes were aggregate specimen length, number of complete portal triads (CPTs), and adverse events. One transgastric pass and one transduodenal pass were performed with the same needle in each patient. Specimen lengths were measured before and after histological processing.

Results 40 patients referred for EUS-LB were randomized to either the FNA group (n = 20) or the FNB group (n = 20). Both groups had similar patient characteristics. FNB biopsies yielded longer mean (standard deviation) specimen lengths (pre-processing mean 2.09 cm [0.41] vs. mean 1.47 cm [0.46], and post-processing mean 1.78 cm [0.66] vs. mean 1.05 cm [0.42]; both P < 0.001), a longer aggregate specimen length (pre-processing mean 15.78 cm [5.19] vs. 10.89 cm [4.38]; P = 0.003), and more CPTs (mean 42.6 25 vs 18.1 [9.3]; P < 0.001) compared with the FNA needle. There were no severe adverse events or difference in adverse event rate between the two needles. Post-biopsy pain was noted in 37.5 %.

Conclusion EUS-LB using the FNB needle delivered longer liver biopsy specimens with more CPTs than the regular (non-core) needle.
Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Secondary Cleft Alveolar Bone Grafting
Authors: Desai Anil Kumar , Kumar Niranjan , Dikhit Punit , Koikude Srikanth B. , Bhaduri Saurav
Published: July 2019

The main objective of this article is to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) for secondary alveolar bone grafting. Patients between 9 and 14 years of age were included in study and were divided in two groups: Group 1—iliac bone with PRF and group 2—iliac bone without PRF. Radiographic assessment was done preoperatively, immediate postoperatively, and at 3, 6, and 9 months, respectively. Vertical bone height was assessed using 4-point scale. In group 1, 14 patients showed grade 1 resorption at 3 months and at 6 and 9 months all patients showed grade 1 resorption. In group 2, 16 patients had grade 1 resorption at 3 months, 2 patients had grade 2 resorption at 6 months, and 6 patients had grade 2 resorption at 9 months. Use of PRF growth factor with autogenous bone results in greater osteogenic effect which increases new bone regeneration and better wound healing.
Formation of Acetals and Ketals from Carbonyl Compounds: A New and Highly Efficient Method Inspired by Cationic Palladium
Authors: Mensah Enoch A. , Green Shawn D. , West Jesse , Kindoll Tyler , Lazaro-Martinez Brenda
Published: July 2019

The development of a new, highly efficient, and simple method for masking carbonyl groups as acetals and ketals is described. This methodology relies on the nature of the palladium catalyst to direct the acetalization/ketalization reaction. This new protocol is mild and proceed with a very low catalyst loading at ambient temperatures. The method has been extended to a wide variety of different carbonyl compounds with various steric encumbrances to form the corresponding acetals and ketals in excellent yields.
Neonatal Resuscitation: State of the Art
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Galderisi Alfonso
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study is to revise novel evidence and forthcoming clinical trials that focused on the gap of knowledge raised during the 2015 guidelines for neonatal resuscitation. Literature search on main topics on neonatal resuscitation published after 2015 edition of the consensus on science and guidelines was performed. Only relevant articles (mainly randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and meta-analyses) were included and presented as descriptive review. In the past years, new RCTs and/or meta-analyses have become available on umbilical cord clamping and umbilical cord milking, oxygen concentrations to start resuscitation in term and preterm infants, use of laryngeal mask, sustained lung inflation, less invasive surfactant administration, and heart rate assessment. Despite the increasing available literature on neonatal resuscitation in the past years, many interventions are still performed without robust scientific evidence. Adequately powered and well-designed RCTs are needed to optimize management of neonates at birth.