bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTER-ANNUAL DIFFERENCE OF LAND SURFACE PHENOLOGY (LSP) TRANSACTION DATES USING TIME SERIES LANDSAT IMAGES
Authors: Li L. , Li J. , Yang H. , Jiang Z. , Zhao L.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Land surface phenology (LSP) is a kind of vital information for land cover classification and vegetation growth monitoring. Time series Landsat images, with the advantages of long observations and high spatial resolution, have been widely used in LSP identification. However, LSP transaction dates, such as start of season (SOS) and end of season (EOS), are highly influenced by the coarse temporal resolution. In this study, we compare the inter-annual difference of LSP SOS from 5 years interval, 10 years interval and all years interval Landsat images, and improve the SOS estimated model by considering the accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) of soil temperature and soil moisture. Results indicate that LSP SOS can serve as a good proxy for reflecting ground vegetation phenology, especially using 5 years interval Landsat images. Soil temperature and soil moisture have certain influence on SOS estimation, and the R-squared value reached 0.9 after model adjustment. This study can provide guidance for estimating suitable inter-annual LSP transaction dates under different sceneries in the future.
THE ISPRS-EUROSDR GEOBIM BENCHMARK 2019
Authors: Noardo F. , Arroyo Ohori K. , Biljecki F. , Ellul C. , Harrie L. , Krijnen T. , Kokla M. , Stoter J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Standardised data formats and data models are essential for data integration and interoperability, which in turn adds value to data by allowing its reuse in multiple contexts. For this reason, in recent years extensive efforts have been focused on standards development. When representing the built environment, 3D city models and Building Information Models are particularly relevant, and their integration is now required to underpin use cases that cover the full life-cycle of a built asset, including design and planning as well as operations and management, and to support legal applications such as cadastral systems. For those kinds of data, CityGML by the Open Geospatial Consortium and Industry Foundation Classes by buildingSMART are the most popular reference standards. However, many users report, often through informal channels, the difficulties of working with these formats. This paper summarizes the outcomes of the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019, a scientific initiative funded by ISPRS and EuroSDR to collect insights into the most relevant issues encountered in the management of CityGML and IFC within existing software. Alongside data management (import, visualisation, analysis, export) problems, issues of particular consequence in terms of integration relate to georeferencing IFC files and the conversions among the two kinds of formats and models. Thus, the benchmark was designed to explore these tasks in available software. Following analysis of the benchmark results, a key outcome is the impossibility to find clear patterns in the behaviour of tools, which consequently means there is no consistency in the implementation of standards. Although the results could seem disappointing, the criticality in managing these standards as they are was described and this awareness can be the starting point for further research or further standards development. Finally, this project was useful to gather a wide community around this topic, and the discussion about the GeoBIM-related issues was definitely pushed.
AN INTEGRATED MINERAL SPECTRAL LIBRARY USING SHARED DATA FOR HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING AND GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
Authors: Xie B. S. , Zhou S. Y. , Wu L. X.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Mineral spectral library (MSL) is the foundation of hyperspectral remote sensing, and a significant tool of storing and managing massive mineral spectral data to facilitate the matching or identifying of unknown rocks and minerals conveniently and fast. However, mineral spectral data are scattered and stored in different spectral libraries worldwide, which behave different spectral resolutions, mineral categories and measurement parameters, and hinder its application in field investigation, mineral identification, landcover identification and geological mapping. An integrated MSL using shared data is developed currently in Central South University, China, to improve the properties of MSL. We collected the shared spectral data and related information (e.g., mineral attribute data, spectrometer information, etc.) worldwide, performed data cleaning measures to retain the qualified spectral data and consolidated all the data in a common framework so as to establish a reliable and comprehensive dataset, and developed an integrated MSL for data management and diversified applications. The user can analysis the target spectrum with the spectrum absorption characteristic parameters, and match the measured spectral curve with the reference spectrum in the integrated MSL to find the most similar spectrum curve. It’s crucial to note that a new spectrum classifier was designed to limit the scope of matching for improving the efficiency of identification when the experimental sample lacks the specific information. The integrated MSL is developed in B/S and C/S website environments. A demonstration of functions of the integrated MSL and its preliminary applications are introduced in the article.
Circulation timescales of Atlantic Waters in the Arctic Ocean determined from anthropogenic radionuclides
Authors: Wefing Anne-Marie , Casacuberta Núria , Christl Marcus , Gruber Nicolas , Smith John N.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The inflow of Atlantic Waters to the Arctic Ocean is a crucial determinant for the future trajectory of this ocean basin with regard to warming, loss of sea-ice and ocean acidification. Yet many details of the fate and circulation of these waters within the Arctic remain unclear. Here, we use the two long-lived artificial radionuclides 129I and 236U together with two tracer age models to constrain the pathways and circulation times of Atlantic waters in the surface and in the mid-depth Atlantic layer (250–800 m depth). We thereby benefit from the unique time-dependent tagging of Atlantic waters by these two isotopes. In the surface layer, a binary mixing model yields tracer ages of Atlantic Waters between 9–16 years in the Amundsen Basin, 12–17 years in the Fram Strait (East Greenland Current) and up to 20 years in the Canada Basin, reflecting the pathways of Atlantic Waters through the Arctic and their exiting through Fram Strait. In the mid-depth Atlantic layer (250 to 800 m), the transit time distribution (TTD) model yields mean ages in the central Arctic ranging between 15 and 65 years, while the mode ages representing the most probable ages of the TTD range between 2 and 30 years. The estimated mean ages are overall in good agreement with previous studies using artificial radionuclides or ventilation tracers. Although we find the overall flow to be dominated by advection, the shift of the mode age towards a younger age compared to the mean age reflects also the presence of a substantial amount of lateral mixing. For applications interested in how fast signals are transported into the Arctic's interior, the mode age appears to be a suitable measure. The short mode ages obtained in this study suggest that changes in the properties of Atlantic Waters will quickly spread through the Arctic Ocean and can lead to relatively rapid changes throughout the upper water column in future years.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Smith Jackie
Published: August 2020

Editors introduction to Journal of World-Systems Research Vol. 26, No. 2
Anthropocene, Emissions Budget, and the Structural Crisis of the Capitalist World-System
Authors: Li Minqi
Published: August 2020

This paper evaluates the implications of global emissions budget distribution between three large geographical areas (China, OECD countries, and the rest of the world) in the context of Anthropocene and the structural crisis of the capitalist world system. Two plausible emissions distribution principles are considered. Under neither the inertia principle nor the equity principle, can continuing economic growth be made compatible with requirements of climate stabilization in all three regions. This conclusion does not change significantly when plausible acceleration of emissions intensity reduction in the future is taken into account. To limit global warming to not more than 2 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, at least two of the three large regions need to reorganize their economies to operate with zero or negative growth. Such a reorganization cannot be achieved under a capitalist economic system given the inherent tendency of capitalism towards endless accumulation. Neither is it likely to be achieved under any conceivable economic system dominated by market relations.
Impact of Financial Knowledge and Investment Experience on Investment Decision Making with and without Risk Tolerance Mediation
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Gulzar Muhammad Faisal , Shahzad Muhammad Aamir , Maqbool Muarif , Chaudhary Muhammad Hassan
Published: August 2020

This research will explore the relationship between financial knowledge, investment experience, and investment decision making. The primary dataset was obtained from the investors in Pakistan stock exchange located in the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The random sampling technique was used for the respondent selection. The comprehensive questionnaire contains the nominal, ordinal categorical scales for a survey response. The normality & reliability of the data were further verified by the statistical tests. The results estimated using the multiple regression analysis will be revealed in this study. This research will study the impact of the financial knowledge on investment decision making with and without the financial risk tolerance. Financial risk tolerance plays a mediating role during the process.
A Letter to Ludwig Wittgenstein
Authors: Gaudreau Lynda
Published: August 2020

Lynda Gaudreau’s current artistic research on asynchrony emerged from her choreographic practice. Asynchrony is the modification or disturbance of perception caused by a slight change in space and/or time within a work, and which, like a pebble, slips inside a machinery. This tiny friction between space and time heightens the audience’s attention. During her doctoral research (2018), she elaborated her conception of asynchrony through specific parameters, such as the hole/ gap, short circuit and fake space. These were organized into three dynamic axes: desynchronization, destruction, and editing. Her project eventually took the form of twenty-five fictional letters to various individuals - artists, thinkers and characters. They include letters to Pier Paolo Pasolini, Cedric Price, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster and a Sainte. The letter to Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the unpublished letters of this project. Begun during the live screening of the American presidential election in 2016, the letter integrates various recollections and texts about space, movement and time. It carries the reader into a choreographic and asynchronic experience, from one place to another, and into different times (live stream, recorded…). The letter to Ludwig Wittgenstein is a reflective enquiry into the relation between space and language, and the mobile nature of both.
Translanguaging as an ESL Learning strategy: A case study in Kuwait
Authors: Akbar Rahima Sayed Sulaiman , Taqi Hanan Ali
Published: August 2020

In the domain of teaching bilingual students, the issue of using the first language in a second-language based class has been widely controversial. While some studies have questioned the method of moving between the two languages—Translanguaging, others found it highly beneficial. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of Translanguaging on the learner’s performance and language learning. 34 consenting female students of English participated in oral and written exercises pre-and-post the use of Translanguaging. A short questionnaire was answered afterwards to elicit the participants’ perception on the use of Translanguaging as part of their classwork. Even though students did not believe that their ability to alternate between the two languages has placed them in a significantly enhanced comfort zone,  their higher grades post-Translanguaging indicate Translanguaging enhanced their understanding and enabled them to achieve higher levels of knowledge processing. Nevertheless, the participants’ language was not significantly affected by the process. Overall, we can conclude that Translanguaging in a bilingual classroom is effective in fully understanding the topic and the information provided, yet it does not help improve language proficiency.
Functional Time Series Analysis of Land Surface Temperature
Authors: Azumah Karim , Kube Ananda Omutokoh , Saeed Bashiru Imoro Ibn
Published: August 2020

Parametric modeling imposes rigid assumption on abstraction of physical characteristics of a phenomenon, which in case of model misspecification could give erroneous results. To address the drawbacks, efforts have been channeled on semi-parametric and nonparametric modeling and inference. This study focuses on constructing an estimator and consequently modeling a meteorological temperature time series first by constructing a penalized spline estimator based on cubic splines. The penalized spline estimator proposed, which are known to impose very minimal restrictions on estimation process, provides good fits to observed data with very attractive properties namely consistent as observed in values of the Mean Squared Error from the analysis. The results of our simulations compared favorably with the empirical analysis on average monthly meteorological temperature data obtained from Climate Knowledge Portal World Bank Organization on Ghana for periods 1901-2016.
BONHAM'S CASE: THE GHOST IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINE
Authors: Edwards R A
Published: August 2020

BONHAM'S CASE: THE GHOST IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINE
LORD DENNING & THE PUBLIC /PRIVATE DIVIDE
Authors: Oliver Dawn
Published: August 2020

LORD DENNING & THE PUBLIC /PRIVATE DIVIDE
THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IN JUDICIAL INQUIRIES
Authors: Nolan The Right Hon the Lord
Published: August 2020

THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IN JUDICIAL INQUIRIES
FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS-REGULATING "ATYPICAL" WORKING
Authors: Desmond Helen
Published: August 2020

FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS-REGULATING "ATYPICAL" WORKING
A THEME OF FAIRNESS REVISITED: LORD MANSFIELD'S LEGACY FOR A HOLISTIC THEORY OF CONTRACT TODAY
Authors: McCauliff C M A
Published: August 2020

A THEME OF FAIRNESS REVISITED: LORD MANSFIELD'S LEGACY FOR A HOLISTIC THEORY OF CONTRACT TODAY
WHO CONTROLS THE FAT CONTROLLER?
Authors: Alcock Alistair
Published: August 2020

Sir Topham Hatt, known to Thomas and all the other engines on the Isle of Sodor as the ‘Fat Controller’, started his career as a humble railway engineer. Yet he rose to become the Chairman and Chief Executive of the Railway Board. Sir Topham, of course, inhabited a simpler world than ours. He was not, for example, subject to the strictures of the Combined Code on Corporate Governance that recommends the separation of the posts of Chairman and Chief Executive. Nor was he subject to the slings and arrows faced by his recent real-life equivalent, Gerald Corbett of Railtrack, despite the appalling accident record of Sodor Railways, and of Thomas in particular. In fact there is a website pointing out that the Reverend Awdry’s railway books are really elaborate apologias for capitalism, with the Fat Controller as a benign boss and the engines as recalcitrant, albeit in Thomas’s case cheerful, communist workers.
MAGISTRATES’ COURTS CRIMINAL PRACTICE 2006
Authors: Edwards Susan
Published: August 2020

David Brewer (Jordan Publishing 2006), Pp 2422 (Hardback and Cd rom), ISBN 1 84661 011 7, Price £140.00 For many years, criminal practitioners have relied on Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence & Practice (Sweet and Maxwell, pp 3070, price £310 hardback and cd rom) as ‘the’ trusted aide and mentor to criminal practice in all courts. More recently, Blackstone’s Criminal Practice (Blackstone Press, now Oxford University Press, pp 2061, price £185 hardback and cd rom) has emerged as ‘the’ competitor. However, those who practise largely in the magistrate’s courts find Anthony and Berryman’s Magistrates’ Court Guide (LexisNexis Butterworths) essential reading.  Anthony and Berryman’s has its obvious limitations of size (750 pages) and therefore detail, it has its benefits too at just under £50.00.  Practitioners in the magistrate’s court find themselves using either Blackstone’s or Archbold together with Anthony and Berryman’s.
FOREWORD
Authors: Edwards Susan
Published: August 2020

Speech delivered by the Editor, Susan Edwards, at the reception hosted by Lord Slynn, the Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board, to celebrate the re-launch of the Journal in the Attlee Room at the House of Lords Thursday 1 February 2007.
THE PROHIBITION OF THE MUSLIM HEADSCARF: CONTRASTING INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES IN POLICY AND LAW
Authors: Welch Timothy
Published: August 2020

Law and state policy towards the Muslim headscarf differs widely from country to country.1 Western states in which the wearing of the headscarf is, or has been, a contentious issue, tend to follow one of two broad theoretical approaches: assimilationalist or culturally pluralist, although rarely in a pure form. Often policy will be made up of one, whilst containing threads of the other.   This article will focus on the law and state policy predominantly in six countries where the headscarf issue has arisen, and where different political or legal approaches have been adopted, giving rise to different results or consequences. Often the veil debates in each country will give rise to the same broad issues. For example, integration, religious freedom, secularity and health and safety are all debated in respect of the Muslim headscarf. However, it is often the case that one issue will be more important or prevalent in one particular country than in another.  For example in the UK integration has been highlighted in the recent debates, but in the US the concerns rest with the concept of religious freedom, per se. In France and Turkey there has been a need to protect secularism, where the veil has been particularly attacked as a form of pressure by Muslims on others or else regarded as a symbol of the oppression of women. Bans on the headscarf have been attempted in Germany based on employment law and in Canada on health and safety grounds.  In other European countries concerns have centred on immigration issues or public security. State policy tends to be driven by various factors including the particular state’s historical makeup, immigration and demography, public opinion and political pressure, as well as the theoretical issues which underlie and inform the debate.
Charkaoui v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 SCC 9 (23 February 2007), Docket 30762, 30929, 31178
Authors: Scutt Jocelynne
Published: August 2020

A BEACON AGAINST THE PASSAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF REPRESSIVE LAWFollowing the felling, by aircraft, of the twin towers of the New York World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001, Western democracies have each passed a raft of ‘anti-terrorist’ or security legislation consistently criticised for breaching human and civil rights. On February 23rd 2007 the Canadian Supreme Court unanimously determined that provisions of Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001 (Canada) purporting to protect citizens from terrorism and terrorists infringe the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ‘the Charter’).1 Albeit not going as far as the Applicants wished, the decision is an affirmation that governments and parliaments do not have carte blanche for restricting the rights of persons within a state’s borders in the name of protection and security.
R Ex P Raissi v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Court of Appeal, (Civil Division) [2008] All ER (D) 215 (Feb)
Authors: Opadokun Bolanle
Published: August 2020

GUILTY BY ASSOCIATION?The case of Lotfi Raissi, an Algerian pilot, who was denied compensation under the ex gratia scheme has been reported by many national newspapers. It is likely that we have not heard the last of it, as it is possible for the Secretary of State to appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal to the House of Lords. The case1 concerned a judicial review appeal application by Mr Raissi. On September 21st 2001, he was arrested in his home following a letter dated September 17th 2001, from the United States Embassy in London addressed to the Metropolitan Police asking them for information about him. The FBI believed that Raissi may have been involved in the September 11th 2001 atrocities. There was also a further request, from the United States Embassy to the United Kingdom government on September 27th 2001, to arrest Raissi for extradition purposes. It was alleged that he had given false information to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) when he wanted to renew his licence.
SHAREHOLDERS RIGHTS
Authors: Alcock Alistair
Published: August 2020

Robin Hollington QC, 5th ed, (Sweet & Maxwell, London 2007) Hardback ISBN 9781847030221 £155Now in its fifth edition, this work by a leading practitioner in the area has become very well established. Despite its name, it covers a wide area, setting possible shareholder claims in the general framework of company law, separate legal personality, the statutory contract, majority rule and a quite detailed look at directors’ duties.
Spread Trustee Company Ltd v Hutcheson
Authors: Shearman Jennifer , Pearce Robert
Published: August 2020

EXEMPTING A trustee for gross negligenceCan an exemption clause exclude a trustee’s liability for gross negligence? That was the question which the Privy Council was required to consider in this appeal from the Guernsey Courts. Guernsey has developed substantial activities in finance and trusts, and now has legislation (the Trusts (Guernsey) Law 2007) creating a legal framework for this business. The legislative framework was first introduced in 1989, and amended in 1990. The effect of an exemption clause had never been considered in litigation in Guernsey prior to the introduction of legislation.
R v Clinton and others
Authors: Slater James
Published: August 2020

SEXUAL INFIDELITY AND LOSS OF SELF-CONTROL: CONTEXT OR CAMOUFLAGE?R v Clinton and others involved three appeals from trial on various matters concerning the “loss of control” partial defence to murder created by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 („the Act‟).1 This case commentary is concerned with the appeal of Jon Jacques Clinton, as it addressed the ambit of the Act‟s controversial exclusion of sexual infidelity from the grounds upon which a defendant can base her loss of self-control.2 The Court of Appeal‟s decision (Lord Chief Justice, Henriques J, Gloster J) is not uncontroversial itself, since it has significantly reduced the potential ambit of this exclusion.
PROTECTING PRIVATE PROPERTY IN CHINA - WHOSE PROPERTY?
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang
Published: August 2020

The importance of protecting private property in China has now ascended to the same level as that of safeguarding public assets which has traditionally been a top priority for socialist nations. This article will firstly and heavily expound on the rationale behind the availability and at certain times the marginalisation of protecting private property de jure and de facto during some momentous stages in modern Chinese history. It will then touch on a lingering problem relevant to today’s Chinese society arising from the drainage of state assets, a phenomenon having occurred in the transformation process of China’s economic regimes over the most recent decades. It finally argues that while protecting the right to lawful private property is not a matter in dispute, pursuing the protection of private property shall in no way lead to the weakening of sticking to the core value of justice and egalitarianism, a key to ensuring a sound socialist institution.
CONSUMER CAPTURE AND THE LEGAL SERVICES ACT 2007
Authors: Sinnamon Tim
Published: August 2020

It is now nearly 7 years since the Legal Services Act 2007 (LSA) was brought onto the statute books. It is now 5 years since the major provisions of the Act became effective. For those unfamiliar with the Act, it is a blockbuster piece of legislation which in its entirety runs to 214 sections (covering 120 pages) and 24 Schedules which make up the remainder of the total 389 pages.The LSA 2007 sought to fundamentally recalibrate the regulation of the legal services market. To achieve this, the Act introduced a new tier of oversight regulation, above the then existing regulators of legal services. This new oversight regulator, called the Legal Services Board (LSB) is armed with an arsenal of statutory powers. The LSA 2007 also established a new ombudsman in the form of the Office of Legal Complaints.
REVISITING TRUSTEES' DECISIONS: IS PITT V HOLT THE FINAL WORD ON THE RULE IN RE HASTINGS-BASS?
Authors: Pearce Robert
Published: August 2020

Not every decision we make is a good one. The power to make decisions includes the power to make bad choices as well as good ones. Unless there is some other factor, such as the exercise of undue influence, the overbearing of will through duress, or a mistake, good and bad decisions are equally enforceable in law. It might be thought that the same rule applies to decisions made by trustees, even though their decisions generally relate to the interests of the beneficiaries, rather than to their own interests. Of course, if the decision is so bad that it amounts to a breach of trust, and loss is thereby caused to the trust fund, then the breach might expose the trustees to liability to the beneficiaries. It was against this background that what became known as the rule in Re Hastings-Bass achieved prominence. A series of first instance decisions permitted trustees in some instances to backtrack on a decision which had unintended effects or consequences. The rule became subject to criticism, and was reviewed by the Supreme Court in Futter v HMRC on appeal from Pitt v Holt in the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Supreme Court substantially limits the scope of the rule, and identifies three circumstances where the decisions of trustees can be reversed: namely where there has been an operative mistake; excessive execution; or inadequate deliberation. This article explores the three dimensions to the rule in Re Hastings-Bass and identifies a number  of difficulties with the decision in Futter v HMRC.
SSH...DON’T TELL THE CHILDREN! NO DUTY TO WARN DESCENDANTS THAT THEY MAY HAVE INHERITED A SERIOUS MEDICAL CONDITION
Authors: Dyer Karen
Published: August 2020

In this edition of the Denning Law Journal we are celebrating the 800 years of the Magna Carta, but compared to some  declarations  the Magna Carta is a mere fledgling.  Those with knowledge of the medical profession will be well versed in the Hippocratic Oath, which garnered a fundamental role in medical training during the Hellenic period. In more recent years, the Hippocratic Oath has been revitalised in the form of the Declaration of Geneva, and is still used as part of medical training today. Over time the Oath has been modified to adopt a more progressive stance, nevertheless in one key ethical principle remains untouched, that of confidentiality.
THE LEGAL DUEL: THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND DRUG ACCESS ISSUES
Authors: Sundaram Jae
Published: August 2020

The problem of access to medicines became acute with the entry of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement in 1995 and caught a number of developing countries around the world, unawares. Brenda P Mey’s book on access to drugs issues is a study of this particular problem faced in two developing countries, namely India and Kenya in the aftermath of the implementation of the TRIPS compliant patent legislation. The two developing countries taken up for study are geographically located in two different continents, namely Asia and Africa with differing backgrounds and strikingly similar problems. Dr Mey’s book is a brainchild of her PhD thesis of the same title, and a library reference work in every sense. It showcases her talents as a researcher and analyst on the subject matter of lack of access to medicines (in this case India and Kenya) as a direct result from the implementation of TRIPS Agreement, which grants an extended patent protection to pharmaceutical and chemical products besides others.
OFFSHORE OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE: IN PURSUIT OF A UNIFORM INTERNATIONAL CIVIL LIABILITY REGIME
Authors: Sundaram Jae
Published: August 2020

A significant amount of marine oil pollution is vessel-source with another being non-vessel-source originating from offshore oil platform operations. The world has witnessed a number of oil spill disasters since the 1950s including the Deepwater Horizon incident in the United States, the Montara Wellhead Platform in Australia and the continuing oil spill incidents in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Technological advances mean that offshore operators now venture further out from coastlines to explore for, and exploit hydrocarbon reserves, thus increasing the crude oil output, and also the possibility of oil pollution incidents from offshore platforms. The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1969 and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Oil Pollution Damage 1971 were developed under the leadership of the International Maritime Organization in response to the increasing incidents of vessel-source oil pollution of the marine environment. Since the entry into force of these Conventions the membership has increased and the incidents of vessel-source oil pollution reduced. Efforts made by the Comité Maritime International (CMI), as early as in 1977, to develop a uniform civil liability convention for claims arising from offshore operations did not come to fruition, and very little progress has been made in finding a solution. Currently, there is no uniform international civil liability regime in place for oil pollution compensation claims arising for damages caused by offshore operations. This article explores the reasons behind the lack of a coherent legal framework to process civil liability claims arising from offshore oil spill incidents, especially when a comprehensive international regulation exists to govern vessel-source and other related forms of marine oil pollution. It argues that the lack of leadership to find a solution is proving to be highly damaging and that there is a strong case and an urgent need to establish a uniform international offshore oil spill liability regime. The article looks at existing regimes, both regional and national, as a way forward to develop an international regime for oil pollution compensation for damages arising from offshore activities.
UNIVERSITY OF BUCKINGHAM CENTRE FOR EXTRACTIVE ENERGY STUDIES
Authors: Egede Hephzibah , Hatchard John
Published: August 2020

The University of Buckingham Centre for Extractive Energy Studies (UBCEES) offers a uniquely holistic approach to the study of extractive energy. This ranges from issues of good governance and accountability, combating corruption and asset recovery, on to the legal, fiscal and competition issues relating to the actual process of the extraction and carriage of energy resources and its environmental and social impact. It also explores contemporary issues relating to the exploitation and extraction of offshore energy from the sea, fracking, community and labour rights in the global extractive energy sector, including indigenous community participation in the decision-making process of the ownership and the sustainable management of energy resources.
COMMUNITY PROPERTY CLAIMS IN THE PERSONHOOD PERSPECTIVE: PART 1
Authors: Pratt Natalie
Published: August 2020

Under the property and personhood theory the projection by individuals of their personhood into the physical world gives rise to property claims over tangible objects and natural resources. However, the property and personhood theory is generally used as a justification for private property, and it is not clear whether a community personhood can be extended into the physical world, giving rise to communal claims over natural resources, such as land. The property and personhood theory distinguishes between two types of proprietary claim: fungible and personal. Fungible property refers to property that is held purely instrumentally, whereas personal property is property that is bound up with the holder, and should be protected against competing fungible claims. This two-part article argues that community claims to property can be justified by the property and personhood theory, and that the law should recognize these claims, although it fails to do so. The personal claim should establish a community’s entitlement to a natural resource and prevail over the fungible claim of a private landowner. However, current practice does not prioritise the community claim, because the claim is not universally understood. The dominant voice in property narrative is not that of a cohesive and mutual self-interest group, but rather the self-interested individual. Recent legislative amendments have purported to implement the policy of empowering local communities, in particular by increasing community participation in deciding on the use and allocation of resources. However, these policies have proved little more than a Trojan Horse that have perpetuated the favouring of the private property holder over a community claim.
Rational Tax Enforcement
Authors: Keith of Kinkel The Rt Hon Lord
Published: August 2020

Rational Tax Enforcement
The History of a Hunt for Simplicity and Coherence in the Field of 'Ownership', 'Possession', 'Property' and 'Title'
Authors: McClure Lisa , Stebbings Chantal , Goldberg Gordon
Published: August 2020

The History of a Hunt for Simplicity and Coherence in the Field of 'Ownership', 'Possession', 'Property' and 'Title'
Judicial Review of the Exercise of Public Power
Authors: Sinclair Michael
Published: August 2020

Judicial Review of the Exercise of Public Power
They Call It 'Teleological'
Authors: Slynn of Hadley Lord
Published: August 2020

They Call It 'Teleological'
Intestacy Reforms - The Way Things Were, 1952
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: August 2020

Intestacy Reforms - The Way Things Were, 1952
Conditional Payments and Insolvency - The Quistclose Trust
Authors: McCormack Gerard
Published: August 2020

Conditional Payments and Insolvency - The Quistclose Trust
College football and the Vegas line: Deconstruction and arbitrage
Authors: Mirabile McDonald Paul , Witte Mark David
Published: August 2020

We examine the Vegas line in college football games by employing two separate regression models to deconstruct the Vegas line and actual margin of victory for 4,590 unique contests from the 2005 through 2011 seasons. A comparison of these two models suggests which factors represent a true relationship with the margin of victory and which reflect bettor biases. An additional model of the margin of victory illustrates which factors the Vegas line systematically misrepresents. The authors find a number of factors inadequately priced in the Vegas line that help explain variation in the actual margin of victory. Using a holdout dataset comprised of the 2012 and 2013 seasons we identify the magnitude of any mispricing and opportunities for arbitrage. We exploit this mispricing to develop and evaluate profitable betting strategies. A strategy betting on the top 35% mispriced games yields 55% correct picks and a 2.7% APY.  A second strategy in which only the top 8% of mispriced games are bet yields 59% correct picks and a 5.9% APY.
A Note on Sandroni-Shmaya Belief Elicitation Mechanism
Authors: Carvalho Arthur
Published: August 2020

Incentive-compatible methods for eliciting beliefs, such as proper scoring rules, often rely on strong assumptions about how humans behave when making decisions under risk and uncertainty. For example, standard proper scoring rules assume that humans are risk neutral, an assumption that is often violated in practice. Under such an assumption, proper scoring rules induce honest reporting of beliefs, in a sense that experts maximize their expected scores from a proper scoring rule by honestly reporting their beliefs.Sandroni and Shmaya [Economic Theory Bulletin, volume 1, issue 1, 2013] suggested a remarkable mechanism based on proper scoring rules that induces honest reporting of beliefs without any assumptions on experts’ risk attitudes. In particular, the authors claimed that the mechanism relies only on the natural assumptions of probabilistic sophistication and dominance. We suggest in this paper that the reduction of compound lotteries axiom is another assumption required for Sandroni and Shmaya’s mechanism to induce honest reporting of beliefs. We further elaborate on the implications of such an extra assumption in light of recent findings regarding the reduction of compound lotteries axiom.
The Structure of Prediction Market Research: Important Publications and Research Clusters
Authors: Klingert Frank M. A.
Published: August 2020

This research paper identifies the most important publications and research clusters in the field of prediction markets. Two literature reviews in 2007 and 2014 have already shown a rising number of publications and classified them into several classes. However, the a priori selection of classes limited the analysis. Furthermore, it is still not quantitatively measured which publications have influenced prediction market research most. This research paper extends the existing literature based on the analysis of more than 18,000 citations. Thus, it identifies the most important publications and relevant research topics. It indicates that prediction market research relies primarily on publications within its own field. This paper concludes that some publications have already become “classic” and four main research clusters have emerged: Efficient information aggregation, manipulation, innovation markets and forecasting elections.
Stock Price Jumps and News Sentiment: A Case of Investor Overreaction
Authors: Apparaju Vinay Kumar , Kumar Ashwani , Yadav Ritu
Published: August 2020

The research paper develops an understanding on how news based sentiment capture investor behaviour reflected in price jumps in stock markets. It compares the impact on two models of stock price jumps; the non-parametric model proposed by BNS and the wavelet based method. The study is also a perspective on the semi strong form of market efficiencyUsing the high frequency data from the stock and options market along with the actual high frequency news data from Bloomberg, the two alternative methodologies of jumps have been tested. In addition, options trades have been simulated to see whether profits can be earned from the news sentiment captured by jumps.Methodologically, jumps based on wavelets were found to be better related  with the news sentiment compared to the BNS method. Also,   the news sentiment based jumps were found to present opportunities in the simulated trades that could be exploited for earning profits suggesting that investors overreact.The paper uses an innovative method for computation of the news based sentiment. To the best of our knowledge, the paper is the first to evaluate jumps and news sentiment using the actual news data. A perspective on the semi strong form of market efficiency is presented, that too by departing from the event study based models.
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST ISSUE FROM THE EDITOR LEIGHTON VAUGHAN WILLIAMS
Authors: Vaughan Williams Leighton
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST ISSUE FROM THE EDITOR LEIGHTON VAUGHAN WILLIAMS
LOGARITHMIC MARKETS CORING RULES FOR MODULAR COMBINATORIAL INFORMATION AGGREGATION
Authors: Hanson Robin
Published: August 2020

In practice, scoring rules elicit good probability estimates from individuals, while betting markets elicit good consensus estimates from groups. Market scoring rules combine these features, eliciting estimates from individuals or groups, with groups costing no more than individuals. Regarding a bet on one event given another event, only logarithmic versions preserve the probability of the given event. Logarithmic versions also preserve the conditional probabilities of other events, and so preserve conditional independence relations. Given logarithmic rules that elicit relative probabilities of base event pairs, it costs no more to elicit estimates on all combinations of these base events.
PREDICTION MARKETS: PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN SMALL MARKETS AND BEHAVIOURS OBSERVED
Authors: Christiansen Jed D
Published: August 2020

This paper discusses a series of prediction markets created and operated in the summer of 2006 to measure calibration and behaviour of small-scale prediction markets. The research finds that small markets are very well calibrated and determines a potential minimum threshold of participation to ensure well-calibrated results. The results also established the markets as very efficient at predicting small probabilities. Behavioural aspects of markets are also examined. Trader behavioural types are assessed and categorised; while a small group of traders were extremely active, over half of all traders rarely traded. Market manipulation is examined and found to be occasionally effective, though only in very small markets. Finally, incentives to trade are discussed; these markets were effective with no incentives for trading at all.
PRICE BIASES IN A PREDICTION MARKET: NFL CONTRACTS ON TRADESPORTS
Authors: Borghesi Richard
Published: August 2020

We examine deviations between the prices and values of binary options listed on Tradesports.com, an online prediction market.  Our analysis shows that NFL sides contracts are overpriced on average, indicating that this market may be characterized by a shortage of sellers.  We also find that overpricing is more pronounced immediately after information shocks occur, especially when the news is negative.  Additionally, while prior research suggests that differences between asset prices and values should be symmetric around the market-price-midpoint of $50, we find that this divergence is instead larger for low-priced contracts.  Finally, we demonstrate that a simple rule designed to exploit the identified biases enables a highly profitable trading strategy.
PREDICTION MARKETS AS A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF POLITICAL RISK
Authors: Berrgfjord O
Published: August 2020

Recently, several prediction markets for various events have been launched. The literature so far has focused on the predictive power of such markets. This paper considers such markets as tools for management of political risk. It outlines a model for use and pricing of such assets, and discusses the various benefits of a well-functioning, liquid prediction market for political decisions.
HIERARCHICAL BAYES PREDICTION FOR THE 2008 US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Authors: Sinha Pankaj , Bansal Ashok K.
Published: August 2020

In this paper a procedure is developed to derive the predictive density function of a future observation for prediction in a multiple regression model under hierarchical priors for the vector parameter. The derived predictive density function is applied for prediction in a multiple regression model given in Fair (2002) to study the effect of fluctuations in economic variables on voting behavior in U.S. presidential election. Numerical illustrations suggest that the predictive performance of Fair’s model is good under hierarchical Bayes setup, except for the 1992 election. Fair’s model under hierarchical Bayes setup indicates that the forthcoming 2008 US presidential election is likely to be a very close election slightly tilted towards Republicans. It is likely that republicans will get 50.90% vote with probability for win 0.550 in the 2008 US presidential election
PREDICTION MARKETS AS A MEDICAL FORECASTING TOOL: DEMAND FOR HOSPITAL SERVICES
Authors: Rajakovich David
Published: August 2020

BackgroundThis paper presents the outcome of a study conducted at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital in which a prediction market was established in order to forecast demand for services. To the researcher’s knowledge, it does not appear that prediction markets have been previously utilized in a healthcare environment.PurposesThe purpose of this study is to provide evidence for the effective use of prediction markets in a healthcare environment.Methodology and ApproachThe study was conducted over a period of one week, and involved sixty-five participants. Each was asked to provide an estimate for demand for services at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. Characteristics gathered for each participant included level of education, occupation, directorate, number of years worked for the hospital, and number of years worked for the National Health Service. FindingsThe study confirms the effectiveness of prediction markets to forecast future events as overall hospital demand was forecasted with an error of only 0.3%. The prediction market was less successful in predicting demand for services for each department, which the researcher attributes to the small sample size and lack of diversity of participants. Additionally, only a very small percentage of the characteristics captured registered a statistically significant correlation with the accuracy of the estimate. Further studies should focus on different characteristics and/or use a larger sample size to either confirm or refute the existence of such characteristics. Practical Implications The findings of this work could potentially be used as an innovative way to augment the forecasting function for a wide range of healthcare facilities. With the preliminary success of this study to forecast demand, further research in the field is warranted.
UNDERSTANDING THE PLOTT-WIT-YANG PARADOX
Authors: Kalakovic Katarina , Ortmann Andreas
Published: August 2020

Plott, Wit & Yang (2003) conduct a betting market experiment and find: First, information was aggregated. This suggests that traders updated their private information based on observed market odds. Second, a model based only on the use of private information seems to fit their data best. The authors call this paradoxical. Because the original data are lost, we replicate their experiment. Our results suggest that the paradox seems due to aggregate rather than individual level data analysis. We analyze the individual level data and explain the paradoxical results reported in Plott et al. (2003).We would like to thank Charles R. Plott and Peter Katuščák for invaluable comments
IMPROVING FORECASTING ACCURACY IN CORPORATE PREDICTION MARKETS – A CASE STUDY IN THE AUSTRIAN MOBILE COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY
Authors: Waitz Martin , Mild Andreas
Published: August 2020

Corporate prediction markets forecast business issues like market shares, sales volumes or the success rates of new product developments. The improvement of its accuracy is a major topic in prediction market research. Mostly, such markets are using a continuous double auction market mechanism. We propose a method that aggregates the data provided by such a prediction market in a different way by only accounting for the most knowledgeable market participants. We demonstrate its predictive ability with a real world experiment.We want to thank Günter Fädler from pro:kons, an Austrian provider of prediction markets, for his support and providing us with the data sets used in this paper.