bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the anisotropic properties for laser metal deposited Ti-6Al-4 V
Authors: Möller Mauritz , Ewald Ake , Weber Julian , Heilemann Markus , Herzog Dirk , Emmelmann Claus
Published: May 2017

Laser metal deposition (LMD) connected with milling processes offers the opportunity for an efficient, resource conserving manufacturing for large structural components made from Ti-6Al-4 V. Conventional manufacturing routes for example in the aerospace industry come along with up to 95% of the waste material that has to be machined from the bulk material. LMD is an additive manufacturing process building parts based on nozzle-fed powder by laser solidification. This technology offers unique advantages for the production of near net-shape parts. In contrast to the powder bed-based technologies, it also provides a higher productivity rate. Today, LMD lacks reproducible process strategies manufacturing large parts in narrow tolerances and predictable microstructural properties. The building height of a single layer and the geometrical shape of a three-dimensional shaped part alter progressively with increasing part dimensions, consecutively leading to a higher effort in the manufacturing-process development for such parts. To reduce this effort, in this paper, first the actual state of the anisotropic properties is investigated for LMD-manufactured parts to obtain thorough knowledge of the process and shape-related dependencies with the quality aims. A preliminary experimental investigation of the shape and process-dependent properties such as the microstructure (chemistry changes and grain sizes), mechanical properties (hardness), and geometry (tolerances) is conducted. Based on these results, an in-depth study with optimized parameter sets is carried out to identify the linkage between geometry, process parameters, and the quality criteria of the part, using methods such as light microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Vickers hardness, coordinate measuring, and laser scanning microscopy. For this purpose, representative shaped specimens are manufactured with the LMD-process through different optimized process strategies. The results give the opportunity to evaluate the impact of process parameter changes and the shape on the part quality such as mechanical properties, surface quality, and element loss. This is achieved through identifying the relationship between the input and the output factors from the experimental study, and their importance for part quality is assessed. It is shown that the complex correlation between the process parameters, the part geometry, and the resulting quality can be controlled with suitable process design in LMD-manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4 V parts. Finally, based on the summarized results, an outlook is given on tolerances for different quality aims.
Who Rules the World by Noam Chomsky
Authors: Rifawan Affabile , Bainus Arry
Published: May 2017

It is the political book of Chomsky in 2016. In his political book, Chomsky narrated it systemically with his expertise in linguistics and politics. It is focused on the how the world works and be arranged with the domination and indomitable of existing superpower that unequaled since the triumph of world war II. In the arrangement, the superpower rules the term of knowledge, power, and the system. In part of knwoledge, the labelling theory and construction of the term is the emphasizement of this writing. Meanwhile, on the power comparation, the capability of leadership and either tangible and intangible assets are very valuable. The system also indispensable in shaping the interaction between state and non state actors in ruling this world.
La sífilis y su carácter endémico en la ciudad de México
Authors: Márquez Morfín Lourdes
Published: May 2017

En esta investigación analizo el carácter endémico de la sífilis, y su repercusión entre los habitantes de la ciudad de México especialmente en el siglo XIX. Reviso la etiología de la sífilis, el diagnóstico clínico, las formas del contagio y las medidas para prevenirlo. La controversia en torno a la aplicación de la vacuna contra la viruela y la inoculación de la sífilis. Examino cuestiones relativas a su presencia entre grupos sociales, por sexo y edad, mediante la utilización de dos fuentes primarias: la primera, los documentos históricos: listas de enfermos que ingresaban al hospital y de los fallecidos en él con datos del lugar de origen, la edad, sexo y causa de muerte; estudios médicos de la época tales como tesis, tratados y publicaciones sobre el diagnóstico, profilaxis, prevención, las formas de contagio y los experimentos para obtener una vacuna. La segunda fuente de datos son los esqueletos de cientos de sus habitantes, con huellas de sífilis, como prueba fehaciente de la diseminación del contagio entre todas las capas de la sociedad capitalina, procedentes de cementerios, iglesia y hospitales de los siglos XVII al XIX. Las fuentes secundarias, en particular las investigaciones acerca de los hospitales, la salud pública y la prostitución, son temas centrales. El control sanitario y su relación con la prostitución en esa época son relevantes, ya que una de las muestras esqueléticas pertenece a San Juan de Dios, hospital donde fueron atendidos enfermos de sífilis y prostitutas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.
Sobre Magdalena Vences Vidal, Ecce María Venit. La Virgen de la Antigua en Iberoamérica
Authors: Sigaut Nelly
Published: May 2017

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Sobre Ernest Sánchez Santiró, Corte de caja. La Real Hacienda de Nueva España y el primer reformismo fiscal de los Borbones (1720-1755). Alcances y contradicciones
Authors: Martínez López-Cano María del Pilar
Published: May 2017

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Sobre Jean-Louis D'anglade, Un gran patrón barcelonnette en México: Joseph Ollivier y su familia, 1850-1932
Authors: Galindo Rodríguez José
Published: May 2017

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Guerra total: México y Europa, 1914
Authors: Knight Alan
Published: May 2017

Esta ponencia ofrece un análisis de la Revolución mexicana en su poco estudiada dimensión militar, ofreciendo una comparación con la guerra en Europa. Propone que ambas guerras fueron “totales”, por tanto es erróneo ver la Revolución como una “fiesta de balas” poco mortífera. Trata cinco temas: 1) el concepto de ‘guerra total’ (que incluye reclutamiento masivo y guerra industrial); 2) un análisis de la Revolución en estos términos (reclutamiento, bajas, costo demográfico y económico); 3) la transición de guerra ‘asimétrica’ a guerra convencional, c.1914; 4) la naturaleza de la guerra (en cuanto a tácticas, moral y armamentos); y 5) las consecuencias: la militarización, el legado de violencia y el papel de los veteranos en la política.
Javier Marín López, Los libros de polifonía de la Catedral de México, estudio y catálogo crítico
Authors: Miranda Ricardo
Published: May 2017

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Sobre Iván Valdez-Bubnov, Poder Naval y modernización del Estado: política de construcción naval española
Authors: Serrano José Manuel
Published: May 2017

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Presentación y análisis crítico del documento autobiográfico del general Cecilio García Alcaraz
Authors: Sánchez Amaro Luis
Published: May 2017

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Sobre Rafael Sagredo, Historia mínima de Chile
Authors: Zapata Francisco
Published: May 2017

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Sobre Aarón Grageda Bustamante (coord.), Intercambios, actores, enfoques. Pasajes de la historia latinoamericana en una perspectiva global
Authors: Grijalva Aidé
Published: May 2017

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El “Imperio informal” británico en América Latina: ¿realidad o ficción?
Authors: Garner Paul
Published: May 2017

Este artículo presenta un breve repaso de la historiografía sobre el Imperio Británico en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Se concentra en tres perspectivas: dos que dominaron la historiografía sobre la expansión imperial británica durante la segunda mitad de siglo XX –los conceptos de “imperialismo informal” y de “capitalismo de caballeros”. La tercera es más reciente: la descripción del historiador británico John Darwin  del Imperio Británico como un “proyecto imperial”. El texto se centra en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, hasta el fin de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1918. Busca poner en tela de juicio la validez del concepto de “imperio informal” como la clave para comprender las relaciones anglolatinoamericanas, y específicamente las anglo-mexicanas en esta época.
Los veneros del emperador. Impulso petrolero global, intereses y política del petróleo en México durante el Segundo Imperio, 1863-1867
Authors: Riguzzi Paolo , Gerali Francesco
Published: May 2017

El primer despertar del interés comercial por el petróleo en México tuvo lugar durante el gobierno imperial de Maximiliano de Habsburgo, en respuesta al impulso petrolero de corte global generado por el surgimiento de la explotación moderna del crudo en Estados Unidos. El propósito de este trabajo es el de explicar este auge del interés por el petróleo, medir sus manifestaciones principales, así como evaluar sus alcances y resultados. En particular, distinguiremos entre los empujes procedentes del exterior, las medidas promulgadas por Maximiliano y sus efectos, y los intereses y las expectativas de los actores domésticos ante la nueva oportunidad. Al mismo tiempo, evaluaremos el papel que este episodio de mediados de los años sesenta tuvo en el proceso de otorgamiento de un significado comercial al petróleo mexicano.
Sobre Jorge Silva, La producción y los precios agropecuarios en Michoacán en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Marichal Carlos
Published: May 2017

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Entre el protectorado y la República del Sagrado Corazón: el Ecuador garciano, 1860-1875
Authors: Buriano Ana
Published: May 2017

A partir del proyecto político que desarrolló García Moreno en Ecuador luego del fracaso de su oferta de protectorado a la Francia napoleónica (1859-1862), el artículo se interroga sobre el verdadero significado del “monarquismo” entre las formas de gobierno preferidas por los intentos de organización nacional en Latinoamérica. Apoyado en epistolario, actas de debates, hemerografía y otras fuentes rastrea la trabajosa construcción de ese proyecto entre el desánimo inicial y su final apelación nacionalista para mostrar el manejo de las circunstancias, el espíritu de combate, la capacidad de adaptación y reformulación bajo nuevos y cambiantes parámetros de esos conservadores ecuatorianos.
Risk Assessment of the Coping and Adaptation Mechanisms for Pastoralists to Climate Change and Variability: A Case Study of Kongelai Ward, West Pokot County, Kenya
Authors: Magal Raphael P. , Wambua Boniface N.
Published: May 2017

The study was undertaken in Kongelai Ward, West Pokot County, because of its vulnerability to changing and erratic rainfall pattern which has adversely affected pastoralism. The research focused on better understanding of climate change and variability on two climatic factors, rainfall and temperature, in order to provide insights on pastoralistsâ€™ risk management adaptations at a micro-level. In addition, it investigated the use of Indigenous Knowledge. Pearson chi square test was performed to test the hypothesis on whether there is an association between climate variability and change, and coping and adaptation strategies utilized by the Pokot community. Both primary and secondary data was used. Household questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and key informants interviews were used to collect primary data at household and community levels. Primary data (through questionnaires) was collected from a sample survey of 98 households taken from 5,596 households. multi-stage sampling technique was used, and information obtained was analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Results indicated that, 94% of the farmers use Indigenous knowledge. Coping strategies include: Selling livestock (90%), relief food supply (90%), cash/food-for-work (71%), Slaughter of old and weak livestock (58%), consumption of wild fruits (33%), consumption of bush products, (50%), off-farm employment (30%), and minimization of food for consumption (84%). Diversification of livelihood (92%), Livestock mobility (94%), sending children to school (56%), Strategic livestock feed (35%), Develop water sources (15%),Change in diet consumption (78%),Livestock off-take (25%),Storage of pasture (35%), were identified as some of the most commonly used adaptation strategies. Recommendations include; better planning and target interventions, Awareness creation on environment, alternative income source, support pastoralists adaptation and coping strategies, enhancement of extension services, documentation and dissemination of indigenous knowledge, and enhance pastoralistsâ€™ resilience to drought and heat stressesÂ
Release Activity of Encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum NBRC 3070 in Optimum Alginate - Aloe vera Matrices during Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) Exposure
Authors: Sallehudin Nur Syahirah , Khalil Khalilah Abdul , Musa Maslinda , Yazid Hifa Nazirah Mohd , Yusof Anida
Published: May 2017

Probiotic encapsulation approach has the potential to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. Because of the promising preclinical and clinical results, probiotics have been incorporated into a range of products. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the encapsulation process and the conditions prevailing in the gut. Thus in this study, the release activity of encapsulated L. plantarum NBRC 3070 and Aloe vera gel within alginate coated chitosan matrices during simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) exposure were investigated. There were four groups of beads prepared in this study: 1) Encapsulated probiotic and Aloe vera within alginate beads (chitosan coated), 2) Encapsulated probiotic within alginate beads (chitosan coated), 3) Encapsulated probiotic and Aloe vera within alginate beads (uncoated) and 4) Encapsulated probiotic alone within alginate beads (uncoated). Encapsulation process was carried out using extrusion method. The optimized composition of alginate matrix (1.34% w/v) and Aloe vera gel (1.99% w/v) were used.Â  In order to investigate their release activity, all beads were exposed in Simulated Gastric (SGF) at pH 2.5 and Simulated Intestinal Fluids (SIF) at pH 6.5 for 120 min and 270 min, respectively. Based on the findings, alginate-Aloe vera beads with chitosan coated was able to protect L. plantarum NBRC 3070 during SGF exposure with only 1 log10 cfu/mL reduction. The presence of Aloe vera gel in the beads improved the survivability of the cells. Encapsulated cells were observed successfully slow released of cells from the beads after exposure in SIF. Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) result had shown that cross link activity of the optimum alginate-Aloe vera with chitosan coating resulted in better survival of cells after simulated gastro and able to deliver sufficient probiotic dose to intestinal region. The combinations were able to improve encapsulated cells survivability during low acidic environment passage and release activity into the intestinal target region.Â  Â
The Role of L. plantarum as an Immunomodulator Secretion of Transforming Growth Factor-Î²1, Transforming Growth Factor-Î²3, and Interferon-Î± Macrophages and Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Shintawati Rita , Sudigdoadi Sunarjati , Madjid Tita Husnitawati , Sutedja Endang
Published: May 2017

This research aims to see the effect of L.plantarum in modulating the secretion of Transforming Growth Factor-TGFÎ²1, TGFÎ²3 macrophages and fibroblasts, Interferon-IFNÎ± macrophages, and to analyze the possibility of L.plantarum potency in supporting the process of scarless wound healing. The culture of peritoneal macrophages was treated with L.plantarum for 24 hours, while another macrophage was S.aureus stimulated for 6 hours before treatment of L.plantarum for 24 hours. The formed supernatant was separated and centrifuged to serve as a treatment on the culture of rat dermal fibroblasts for 24 hours. The supernatant was then separated and centrifuged; its cytokine level was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-ELISA. Treatment of L.plantarum with medium and high doses increased the secretion of IFNa macrophages compared with the control; all L.plantarum doses can stimulate the secretion of TGFÎ²1 fibroblast and TGFÎ²3 macrophage significantly, but it does not affect the secretion of TGFÎ²1 macrophages. It can be concluded that L.plantarum increased the secretion of IFNÎ± macrophages higher than the treatment preceded by S.aureus stimulation. The secretion of TGFÎ²1 fibroblasts and TGFÎ²3 fibroblasts also increased, but it was not as high as L.plantarum treatment stimulated by S.aureus. Therefore, the application of L.plantarum to support the process of wound healing, prophylactic of the excessive scar and fibrosis can be researched further.
A Study on Problems Related to Work Life Balance among Women Employees in Information Technology Sector, Chennai
Authors: Jothimani Deivasigamani , Shankar Dr.
Published: May 2017

As globalization has turn out to be the norm of the day, issues like these seem to have taken a back seat for quite a while. Work life â€œimbalanceâ€ has over the time attracted apprehension because of the over increasing troubles related to worker health declining levels of efficiency and productivity at the employee level, and boredom at work place. The difference also has a off putting impact in the personal life of working people some of which has developed to be social hazards like infertility due to high stress levels, growing number of divorces, beginning of nuclear families. Professional of the present day appears to be more involved in work that gives them bigger elasticity at work. Working community has diverse needs at different stages of their life. As a result, people strive for balance in their working hours and their personal commitments. Work life balance has now become a sensitive issue because it offers obvious benefits to organizations and its employees. Organizations can now focus on grooming their employees who these days are not merely regarded as work but considered as the human capital of the organization. This can go to a large extent help in retaining employee which may also be seen as an important driving force.
Effect of Concentrator, Blade Diameter and Blade Number on the Savonius Wind Turbine Performance
Authors: Alit Ida Bagus , Sutanto Rudy , Mara I Made , Mirmanto Mirmanto
Published: May 2017

Savonius turbine is a type of vertical-axis wind turbines. The turbine has a potential to be developed as it has a simple construction and is suitable for low wind speeds. However, the turbine is still rarely used because of the low efficiency of the turbine compared to other turbines. The low efficiency of the turbine is due to the negative moment. Some efforts have been done to reduce the negative moment such as by adding a wind concentrator. The wind concentrator can steer the incoming wind toward the turbine blades that generate positive moments, consequently, the generated power increases. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the number and diameter of the Savonius blade wind turbine with an additional concentrator. The concentrator had a concentration ratio of 6:1 and it was tested at the lower wind speeds of 2-5 m/s. The result shows that adding a wind concentrator can increase the rotational speed of the rotor, power coefficient, and the turbine power. The Savonius turbine with two blades has the best performance compared to the three and four blades. The Savonius blade wind turbine with the rotor diameter of 12 cm is the best Savonius turbine for the concentration ratio of 6:1.
P-Coretractable and Strongly P-Coretractable Modules
Authors: Hadi Inaam Mohammed Ali , Al-aeashi Shukur Neamah
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we introduce the notion of P-coretractable module . Some basic properties of this class of modules are investigated and some relationships between these modules and other related concepts are introduced . Also , we give the notion of strongly P-coretractable and study it comparison with P-coretractable , moreover the mono-P-coretractable concept are introduced and studied .
Main Inventory Management Elements on Reducing Storage Cost
Authors: Mohamed Entsar Kouni
Published: May 2017

Industrial sector in Libya needs modernization process that will upgrade the level of its local industrial Companies, and allowing them to achieve the highest possible level to compete globally. Although there is no sufficient accounting information system in place to calculate the considerably high storage cost, this study pointed out some factors that might affect it. This study, based on an academic and theoretical literatures regarding the factors that believed to affect the process of reducing storage cost as well as conducting some statistical analyses to the study sample which are the workers and managers in mixing and mobilization factory in Zawia. The results shed the light on the number of indications, which can be generalizable to future research, for instance; choosing right suppliers, using Kanban, and purchasing contracts.Â
Discourse Analysis of Teacher Talk: Code Switching in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Classrooms in Thailand
Authors: Domalewska Dorota
Published: May 2017

This paper presents the results of a study on pedagogical functions of code switching in teacher discourse in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) classroom in a Thai university. The data was collected by means of structured classroom observation, field notes, and audio recordings. The findings suggest that code switching is used primarily for a preventive purpose; the explanation is given in L1 because otherwise the lesson would not be understandable for the students, mainly due to the students’ low proficiency level. The instructor alternates languages in order to substitute words and phrases in another language and to emphasize content words and learning points that are the focus of the lesson. Self-repetition is the most frequently used emphasis technique. Furthermore, the lecturer code switches in order to give lucid clarification of difficult concepts and clear confusion, which facilitates learning.
Effects of Teachers’ Non-cognitive Skills on Students Achievements in the Educational System: Implications for Teacher Training Programmes in Botswana
Authors: Adedoyin Omobola O , Chisiyanwa L. A. , Mensah J.
Published: May 2017

The training of teachers in institutions of higher learning emphasises on the knowledge of the subject matter and pedagogical skills or teaching methodologies. These are cognitive skills a teacher should possess for effective teaching in the educational system. But recently non- cognitive skills have been identified or suggested as also having an impact on learning outcomes. This research study examined the effect of  teachers’ non-cognitive skills on students’ achievements in the educational system as perceived by students. A questionnaire was developed and administered to a sample of three hundred (300) 2016 fresh undergraduate students at BA ISAGO University, who had just finished from different Senior Secondary Schools in Botswana.  The undergraduate students’ responses were subjected to Factor analysis. From the factor analysis, six (6) factors emerged with eigen values greater than one as the most important non-cognitive skills that Botswana teachers should possess which were as follows; Perseverance, Accommodating, Efficiency, Caring, Consideration and motivational skills that were perceived as teachers should possess for effective academic achievements by students. The undergraduate students’ responses were also tested for significance with respect to gender and school location of students. Recommendations were made for the Botswana educational system and also implications for teacher training programmes in Botswana.
Analysis and Comparison of Mean Sea Level Discrepancy in Manila and Legazpi Bays using Geodetic Leveling, Gravity Field and Oceanographic Approaches
Authors: Reyes Rosalie Bandojo , Carpena Gerard , Zaragosa Xavier
Published: May 2017

The determination of the mean sea level (MSL) is very important in geodetic measurements. However, the accelerating rise in sea level brought about by climate change introduces uncertainties in present observations. While the effects of accelerated sea level rise vary according to geographical location, local climatological and geophysical conditions (e.g. geodynamics or tectonic activities) may contribute significantly to its overall effect. This effect may result to elevations that are not homogeneously distributed throughout the country, meaning that benchmark height determined from two different reference MSLs will give different values.Â Geodetic leveling is the classical approach in propagating heights landward but this is not applicable on lands separated by large bodies of water. This is a problem for an archipelagic country such as the Philippines. As an alternative to geodetic leveling approach, gravity field and oceanographic approaches were tested to determine the discrepancy between local MSLs. The results from these alternative approaches were compared with the result of the geodetic leveling approach that was used for validation. The MSLs used for Manila and Legazpi Bays were the averaging of 19 years tidal observations from 1990-2008 and 1989-2007 respectively.Based on the results of this study, the MSL in Manila Bay is higher by 23.6 cm than the MSL in Legazpi Bay determined from geodetic leveling approach. The oceanographic approach showed a 19.5 cm difference between the two bays, which is 4.1 cm off with the with geodetic leveling approach value. Among the three gravity field models evaluated, EIGEN-6C4 gave the closest value to the geodetic leveling approach computed MSL difference. The gravity field approach computed difference between the two locations is 24.2 cm, which differs by only 0.6 cm than the geodetic leveling approach value. Therefore, it can be concluded that the gravity field approach can be used as an alternative method to for inter-island height unification. However, further investigation should be conducted since only two locations were considered.
Searching Web Documents Using a Fuzzy-Based Method
Authors: Fischetti Enrico , Nappi Aniello
Published: May 2017

Web searching could be more fruitful if a user could easily find documents which satisfy his/her needs in terms of structure, format and contents. Herein a solution through a fuzzy linguistic description of the document is proposed, a linguistic variant of standard metadata types. Linguistic expressions are used to qualitatively represent both meta-information and user needs and a matching system is developed to select the most compatible documents with the user profile. The documents retrieved by a web search engine are organized in clusters and ordered in each cluster.
Nonstructural Flood Control using Multi-reservoir Operation
Authors: Bayat Babak
Published: May 2017

Nonstructural flood damage minimization through optimizing a short term multi-reservoir system operation is considered in this paper using a simulation-based optimization model. The well known evolutionary computation technique of particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been combined with a simulation model of river flood routing. The hydraulic routing model includes numerical solution of unsteady gradually varied flow equations by Preissmann method. The developed model has been used in a three-reservoir system as a real case study southwest of Iran. The results show applicability and efficiency of the proposed simulation-optimization model in determining optimal reservoir releases.
RECENSIONES
Authors: GAPP Revista
Published: May 2017

Recensiones
El paradigma del cliente en la gestión pública
Authors: Richards Sue
Published: May 2017

El paradigma del cliente en la gestión pública
La evaluación de políticas públicas y su institucionalización en España
Authors: Garde Roca Juan Antonio
Published: May 2017

Este artículo describe las dificultades actuales para que la evaluación de las políticas públicas se convierta en un elemento central de la buena gobernanza; La relación sistémica se revisa entre la evaluación y la institucionalización, también revisa las nuevas formas y usos que la evaluación debe adoptar en la sociedad del conocimiento, y su documento de racionalización de los recursos públicos y promotor de la calidad del gasto. La diversidad de actores que participan en las políticas y la complejidad de la toma de decisiones en. Se recuerdan las actuales prácticas democráticas; Se enuncian algunos efectos positivos para el mejoramiento del diseño de políticas y para el fortalecimiento de la calidad democrática, derivados de la institucionalización de la evaluación. El artículo concluye con una propuesta de definición del sistema público de evaluación y las principales características operativas que tiene la Agencia Estatal para la Evaluación de las Políticas Públicas y la Calidad de los Servicios.
Evaluación de las experiencias participativas en la gestión local de Cataluña: potencialidades y amenazas
Authors: Castellà Carola , Jorba Laia
Published: May 2017

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la evaluación de la gestión local y las prácticas participativas, que se habían desarrollado como nuevas formas de democracia profunda.Consideramos la evaluación como un paso necesario del proceso de gestión, y también la última etapa, una fase de madurez, de la perspectiva participativa.En este contexto, evaluamos algunas experiencias participativas, impulsadas por los gobiernos locales y financiadas por el gobierno supralocal. Teniendo en cuenta algunas dimensiones contextuales, como la naturaleza de los municipios, su historia participativa y el tipo de proyecto que desarrollan, analizamos el proceso en sí y sus resultados.Vemos que los municipios tienen diferentes concepciones de participación e implementación, en consecuencia, diferentes estrategias para desarrollar estos procesos, motivando básicamente la participación asociativa, abriendo muy pocas líneas para la cooperación interdepartamental, no utilizando prácticas innovadoras cuando faltan algunos profesionales y, finalmente, considerando las prácticas participativas marginales, en lugar de estructurales.Aun así, teniendo en cuenta algunas debilidades, los procesos analizados nos muestran, por un lado, la extensión y diversidad de estas herramientas a nivel local, y por el otro, algunas potencialidades y oportunidades importantes.
Europeización y gobierno local: la Iniciativa EQUAL
Authors: Morata Francesc
Published: May 2017

El principio del partenariado constituye uno de los elementos clave del modelo de gobernanza que impulsa la Comisión Europea en el ámbito de la cohesión económica y social (Brunazzo 2004). Éste se inspira en el consenso sobre la necesidad de generar las condiciones de una estrecha cooperación entre los distintos actores públicos, los sectores económicos y los agentes sociales mediante la creación de redes de políticas públicas. Introducido por primera vez en la reforma de los Fondos Estructurales de 1988 y reformulado posteriormente en 1993 y 1999, el partenariado persigue un doble objetivo vertical y horizontal: la integración de los distintos niveles de gobierno, y de los actores públicos y privados en la elaboración y la implementación de las políticas contempladas. Desde el punto normativo, el partenariado se configura como una fuente de interdependencias, ya que preconiza la conexión en red del conjunto de los actores con el objetivo de mancomunar las ideas, los intereses, las competencias y los recursos financieros necesarios para la definición de los problemas y para su solución efectiva.
Cyst formation after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain arteriovenous malformations: a systematic review
Authors: Ilyas Adeel , Chen Ching-Jen , Ding Dale , Mastorakos Panagiotis , Taylor Davis G. , Pomeraniec I. Jonathan , Lee Cheng-Chia , Sheehan Jason
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE

Cyst formation can occasionally occur after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Given the limited data regarding post-SRS cyst formation in patients with AVM, the time course, natural history, and management of this delayed complication are poorly defined. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the incidence, time course, and optimal management of cyst formation after SRS for AVMs.

METHODS

A literature review was performed using PubMed to identify studies reporting cyst formation in AVM patients treated with SRS. Baseline and outcomes data, including the incidence and management of post-SRS cysts, were extracted from each study that reported follow-up duration. The mean time to cyst formation was calculated from the subset of studies that reported individual patient data.

RESULTS

Based on pooled data from 22 studies comprising the incidence analysis, the overall rate of post-SRS cyst formation was 3.0% (78/2619 patients). Among the 26 post-SRS cyst patients with available AVM obliteration data, nidal obliteration was achieved in 20 (76.9%). Of the 64 cyst patients with available symptomatology and management data, 21 (32.8%) were symptomatic; 21 cysts (32.8%) were treated with surgical intervention, whereas the remaining 43 (67.2%) were managed conservatively. Based on a subset of 19 studies reporting individual time-to-cyst-formation data from 63 patients, the mean latency period to post-SRS cyst formation was 78 months (6.5 years).

CONCLUSIONS

Cyst formation is an uncommon complication after SRS for AVMs, with a relatively long latency period. The majority of post-SRS cysts are asymptomatic and can be managed conservatively, although enlarging or symptomatic cysts may require surgical intervention. Long-term follow-up of AVM patients is crucial to the appropriate diagnosis and management of post-SRS cysts.
Some Contributions of Organic Chemistry to the Study of the Biosynthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Hanson James R.
Published: May 2017

The development over the last 100 years of organic chemists’ contributions to the understanding of the biosynthesis of natural products is reviewed. The transitions from speculation to labelling experiments and to the current role of genomics are exemplified, particularly from terpenoid biosynthesis.
Cellular automata model for human articular chondrocytes migration, proliferation and cell death: An in vitro validation
Authors: Vaca-González J.J. , Gutiérrez M.L. , Guevara J.M. , Garzón-Alvarado D.A.
Published: May 2017

Articular cartilage is characterized by low cell density of only one cell type, chondrocytes, and has limited self-healing properties. When articular cartilage is affected by traumatic injuries, a therapeutic strategy such as autologous chondrocyte implantation is usually proposed for its treatment. This approach requires in vitro chondrocyte expansion to yield high cell number for cell transplantation. To improve the efficiency of this procedure, it is necessary to assess cell dynamics such as migration, proliferation and cell death during culture. Computational models such as cellular automata can be used to simulate cell dynamics in order to enhance the result of cell culture procedures. This methodology has been implemented for several cell types; however, an experimental validation is required for each one. For this reason, in this research a cellular automata model, based on random-walk theory, was devised in order to predict articular chondrocyte behavior in monolayer culture during cell expansion. Results demonstrated that the cellular automata model corresponded to cell dynamics and computed-accurate quantitative results. Moreover, it was possible to observe that cell dynamics depend on weighted probabilities derived from experimental data and cell behavior varies according to the cell culture period. Thus, depending on whether cells were just seeded or proliferated exponentially, culture time probabilities differed in percentages in the CA model. Furthermore, in the experimental assessment a decreased chondrocyte proliferation was observed along with increased passage number. This approach is expected to having other uses as in enhancing articular cartilage therapies based on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Improving Reproducibility of Phenotypic Assessments in the DyW Mouse Model of Laminin-α2 Related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Willmann Raffaella , Gordish-Dressman Heather , Meinen Sarina , Rüegg Markus A. , Yu Qing , Nagaraju Kanneboyina , Kumar Ayar , Girgenrath Mahasweta , Coffey Caroline B.M. , Cruz Vivian , Van Ry Pam M. , Bogdanik Laurent , Lutz Cathleen , Rutkowski Anne , Burkin Dean J.
Published: May 2017

Laminin-α2 related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (LAMA2-CMD) is a progressive muscle disease caused by partial or complete deficiency of laminin-211, a skeletal muscle extracellular matrix protein. In the last decade, basic science research has queried underlying disease mechanisms in existing LAMA2-CMD murine models and identified possible clinical targets and pharmacological interventions. Experimental rigor in preclinical studies is critical to efficiently and accurately quantify both negative and positive results, degree of efficiency of potential therapeutics and determine whether to move a compound forward for additional preclinical testing. In this review, we compare published available data measured to assess three common parameters in the widely used mouse model DyW, that mimics LAMA2-CMD, we quantify variability and analyse its possible sources. Finally, on the basis of this analysis, we suggest standard set of assessments and the use of available standardized protocols, to reduce variability of outcomes in the future and to improve the value of preclinical research.
Symptoms, cancer‐related distress, and overall distress may contribute to racial disparities in the outcomes of patients with early‐stage breast cancer
Authors: Barton Mary Kay
Published: May 2017

Key Points

Only 60% of AA women with early‐stage BC received at least 85% of the prescribed adjuvant chemotherapy within the prescribed timeframe.

The number of symptoms and symptom distress were related to the ability to receive timely, full‐dose adjuvant chemotherapy.

These findings provide an actionable area in which to potentially decrease cancer treatment disparities.
Cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction—Major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual
Authors: Rice Thomas W. , Gress Donna M. , Patil Deepa T. , Hofstetter Wayne L. , Kelsen David P. , Blackstone Eugene H.
Published: May 2017

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

New to the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual for epithelial cancers of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction are separate, temporally related cancer classifications: 1) before treatment decision (clinical); 2) after esophagectomy alone (pathologic); and 3) after preresection therapy followed by esophagectomy (postneoadjuvant pathologic). The addition of clinical and postneoadjuvant pathologic stage groupings was driven by a lack of correspondence of survival, and thus prognosis, between both clinical and postneoadjuvant pathologic cancer categories (facts about the cancer) and pathologic categories. This was revealed by a machine‐learning analysis of 6‐continent data from the Worldwide Esophageal Cancer Collaboration, with consensus of the AJCC Upper GI Expert Panel. Survival is markedly affected by histopathologic cell type (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma) in clinically and pathologically staged patients, requiring separate stage grouping for each cell type. However, postneoadjuvant pathologic stage groups are identical. For the future, more refined and granular data are needed. This requires: 1) more accurate clinical staging; 2) innovative solutions to pathologic staging challenges in endoscopically resected cancers; 3) integration of genomics into staging; and 4) precision cancer care with targeted therapy. It is the responsibility of the oncology team to accurately determine and record registry data, which requires eliminating both common errors and those related to incompleteness and inconsistency. Despite the new complexity of eighth edition staging of cancers of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction, these key concepts and new directions will facilitate precision cancer care. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:304–317. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Intensive versus Minimal Standard Dosage for Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Parapiboon Watanyu , Jamratpan Treechada
Published: May 2017

Background

Dosage for peritoneal dialysis (PD) in acute kidney injury (AKI) is controversial. This study aims to find benefits and risks of intensive versus minimal standard dosage of PD in AKI.

Methods

In a tertiary-hospital, 93 AKI patients who required PD between May 2015 and January 2016 were enrolled in a randomized, open-label controlled study. Patients were randomized to intensive group (> 30 L) and minimal standard group (< 20 L) of PD volume per day for the first 2 consecutive days. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes were peritonitis rate, dialysis dependence, and PD leakage.

Results

Seventy-five patients were analyzed (intensive PD n = 39; minimal standard PD n = 36). Mean age was 60 years. Most patients were in critical care (72% unstable hemodynamic, mean APACHE II score 26.2). Kt/V delivery per session was 0.61 and 0.38 in intensive and minimal standard PD dosage for the first 2 consecutive sessions. According to intention-to-treat analysis, the in-hospital mortality rate of intensive PD dosage was not significantly different from the minimal standard PD dosage (79% vs 63%, relative risk [RR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80 to 1.51, p = 0.13). The dialysis dependence rate and PD leakage were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The rate of PD peritonitis was slightly higher in the intensive PD dosage group (15.3% vs 8.3%, p = 0.34).

Conclusion

Among AKI patients who required PD, there was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between intensive and minimal standard PD dosage.
Effects of A Comprehensive Predialysis Education Program on the Home Dialysis Therapies: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Shukla Ashutosh M. , Easom Andrea , Singh Manisha , Pandey Richa , Rotaru Dumitru , Wen Xuerong , Shah Sudhir V.
Published: May 2017

Background

Improvement in the rates of home dialysis has been a desirable but difficult-to-achieve target for United States nephrology. Provision of comprehensive predialysis education (CPE) in institutes with established home dialysis programs has been shown to facilitate a higher home dialysis choice amongst chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Unfortunately, limited data have shown the efficacy of such programs in the United States or in institutes with small home dialysis (HoD) programs.

Methods

We report the retrospective findings examining the efficacy of a CPE program in the early period after its establishment, with reference to its impact on the choice and growth of a small HoD program.

Results

Over the initial 22 months since its inception, 108 patients were enrolled in the CPE clinic. Seventy percent of patients receiving CPE chose HoD, of which 55% chose peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 15% chose home hemodialysis (HHD). Rates of HoD choice were similar across the spectrum of socio-economic variables. Of just over half (54.6%) of those choosing to return for more than 1 session, 25.3%, changed their modality preference after the first education session, and nearly all reached a final modality selection by the end of the third visit. Initiation of the CPE program resulted in a 216% growth in HoD census over the same period and resulted in near doubling of HoD prevalence to 38% of all dialysis patients.

Conclusions

Comprehensive patient education improves the choice and prevalence of HoD therapies. We further find that 3 sessions of CPE may provide needed resources for the large majority of subjects for adequate decision-making.
Mubarak and the Islamists: Why Did the “Honeymoon” End?
Authors: Al-Awadi Hesham
Published: May 2017

This article argues that the reasons behind Egyptian President Husni Mubarak's policy changes towards moderate Islamists was based on their ability to provide social services via an organized network of contacts. The outcome of this was that Islamists gained informal legitimacy from
society but not from the state. This legitimacy was politicized to impel the state officially to recognize the Islamists, but instead of conceding to Islamist pressures, the state launched an offensive campaign to uproot their influence.
The Palestinian-Transjordanian Rift: Economic Might and Political Power in Jordan
Authors: Reiter Yitzhak
Published: May 2017

The political developments in Jordan since the events of 1970-71 shaped the Palestinian community and Transjordanian society (mostly tribal) into two conflicting ethnic groups. The Jordanian Palestinians are a political minority, while simultaneously constituting a slim demographic
majority yielding economic strength through dominance in the private economic sector, a matter that is a source of heightened inter-communal tensions. Analyzing data on the 500 largest economic concerns in Jordan and on the 173 companies that were traded on the Jordanian stock exchange in
1995-1996 leads to the conclusion that the prevailing image of a dichotomous, sector-based economy grounded in Transjordanian and Palestinian ethnic groups receives empirical corroboration. Following a discussion on the nature of the Jordanian economic élite in terms of the overall
political system, the author concludes that the economic influence of wealthy Palestinians does not extend to the political realm. Thus, even the most prosperous individuals (or family corporations) in Jordan do not constitute a pressure group or a known and particular lobbying force, neither
as businessmen nor as sub-groups on the basis of extraction. The Palestinians' financial activity in Jordan and their control of the banking sector give them, as a group, a special status with inherent political implications. Progress toward economic and political liberalization will enable
the Palestinians to yield more meaningful political influence in the future.
Dissent in Iranian Elections: Reasons and Implications
Authors: Samii William A.
Published: May 2017

Unelected institutions and individuals in Iran can counteract the initiatives of their elected counterparts, and President Muhammad Khatami's legislative efforts to change this situation failed. The Iranian public's reaction to this can be measured quantitatively by looking at falling
voter participation figures and by the number of spoiled ballots. This article analyzes the implications of this reality for the regime's popularity and survival, and for the time in which the system could change.
Democratic Attitudes and Practices in Iraq, 1921-1958
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: May 2017

The prevalent perception is that democracy is untenable in Iraq because, it is argued, the country has an authoritarian political culture and no history of democratic institutions. This article presents a counter-narrative that shows that Iraq and its people do not necessarily suffer
from an immutable democratic deficit. Focusing on the 1921-1958 era, periods of democratic attitudes and practices are chronicled and traditions of political pluralism and experience with representative political institutions are demonstrated.
Iraq's Chemical Weapons Legacy: What Others Might Learn from Saddam
Authors: Russell Richard L.
Published: May 2017

Iraq's experience with chemical weapons provides ample lessons for nation-states looking to redress their conventional military shortcomings. Nation-states are likely to learn from Saddam that chemical weapons are useful for waging war against nation-states ill-prepared to fight on
a chemical battlefield as well as against internal insurgents and rebellious civilians. Most significantly, nation-states studying Iraq's experience are likely to conclude that chemical weapons are not a “poor man's nuclear weapon” and that only nuclear weapons can deter potential
adversaries including the United States.