bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual Radicalism
Authors: MacKinnon Richard , MacKinnon Lachlan
Published: September 2014

The making of songs is an important, yet under-explored tradition amongst steel workers throughout North America. Steel making has been an essential part of Cape Breton Island’s economy and landscape since the mid-nineteenth century. The first steel mill was constructed in Sydney Mines in the 1870s; a larger mill was built in the newly emerging city of Sydney, the island’s largest centre, by 1901. Distinctive traditions of work and leisure began to emerge amidst the grid-patterned streets and company-owned homes of workers and managers. In the early years of the twentieth century, a close-knit working-class consciousness had taken root in the steel making centre of Sydney, Cape Breton Island. Songs explore topics such as the harsh conditions of work in the steel plant, personalities and places, tragedies, the industrial conflicts of the 1920s, and the attitudes of workers toward management. Many are often tinged with satire and witty analysis of working-class life.

Sydney, as with many communities in North America, has profoundly experienced the process of deindustrialization in the latter part of the twentieth century. The last operating coal mines closed in Cape Breton the 1990s and the Sydney Steel plant shut its doors in 2000. This paper explores the questions: what role did songs about steel play in the development of class consciousness during the development of the steel industry in Sydney? Do songs play an equally significant role in the latter part of the twentieth century when the community was undergoing the process of deindustrialization? What types of songs about steel making and the steel mill are found in each of these significant periods in Sydney’s history? An exploration of some of these songs reveal much about how human beings respond to the processes of industrialization and deindustrialization.
Gringo/a as Sociolinguistic Fractal
Authors: Kane Stephanie C. , Manelis Klein Harriet E.
Published: September 2014

The polysemic term “gringo” inevitably mediates the negotiation of cultural identity for anthropologists carrying out fieldwork in Latin America. Drawing on experiences from the authors’ interactions in pursuit of professional goals, this analysis shows how nation, religion, gender, race, and the histories of colonization, migration, and alliance emerge and recede in kaleidoscopic encounters between hemispheric stereotypes and cross-cultural travelers. The intertwined personal experience narratives of ‘gringo-hood’ we present reveal the fractal character of knowledge and experience. This article, therefore, shows how linguistic, cultural, and especially folkloric interactions mediate the various dimensions of our socially situated experiences and the different forms of talk we encountered.
La patrimonialisation des formes musicales et artistiques
Authors: Charles-Dominique Luc
Published: September 2014

La notion de Patrimoine culturel immatériel (PCI) assez récemment formalisée sous l’égide de l’Unesco (2003), constitue l’aboutissement de deux siècles de politiques nationales à visées patrimoniales. Née d’une volonté de préservation et aussi du contexte européen de la création des identités nationales au xixe siècle, elle est totalement corrélée aux institutions sociales et politiques (notamment étatiques), à l’instauration progressive d’une mémoire collective nationale, aux notions protéiformes d’identité, depuis l’identité nationale aux multiples formes d’identités locales et micro-locales. Alors qu’elle épouse totalement les diverses formes de territorialisation culturelle, politique et l’ensemble des revendications qui s’y rattachent, la patrimonialisation est aujourd’hui à la fois un phénomène en expansion fulgurante et un objet d’études fécond pour les sciences humaines et sociales. Ces dernières s’interrogent en effet soit sur « l’émotion patrimoniale » individuelle ou institutionnelle, à la base du processus, soit sur la mise en place de la « machine patrimoniale », à savoir l’ensemble de la « chaîne patrimoniale », de ses phases successives et de ses acteurs, le tout étant aujourd’hui tellement répandu que certains n’hésitent plus à parler de « totalitarisme patrimonial » en regard des dangers de réification et de muséification des cultures qui pourraient en résulter. Alors qu’en France tout au moins, le secteur associatif des musiques et danses traditionnelles s’est rangé globalement derrière cette nouvelle bannière du PCI, cet article tente de faire de façon synthétique l’anthropologie de cette notion problématique.
Le paysage sonore de la Nouvelle-France
Authors: Plante Jean-François
Published: September 2014

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les recherches sur la musique en Nouvelle- France ont amené un éclairage nouveau sur divers aspects de cette pratique, qu’elle soit savante, traditionnelle ou amérindienne. Mais il nous a semblé qu’une étude du monde sonore dans lequel vivait les gens des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles nous permettrait d’en savoir plus sur les effets des sons, du bruit jusqu’à la musique, sur les comportements des individus. Le concept de paysage sonore de Murray Schafer nous a paru l’outil idéal pour mettre en forme une nouvelle approche qui nous permettra de lire de façon différente les sources de la Nouvelle-France.
Peut-on résister à la patrimonialisation ?
Authors: Palumbo Berardino
Published: September 2014

Cet article approche le heritage-scape comme un système taxinomique-institutionnel qui donne un sens global à des sites et des territoires particuliers, contribuant ainsi à un processus de déterritorialisation. En s’appuyant sur une analyse ethnographique du processus systématique de la construction du patrimoine dans le sud-est de la Sicile, cette recherche examine à la fois la construction du lieu en tant que marchandise patrimoniale et actif touristique, inscrivant ainsi la région dans le heritage-scape. L’article souligne notamment les effets des stéréotypes et de la simplification que ce processus implique, de même que les effets “créatifs” sociaux et politiques qu’une telle opération arrive à produire.
e-matériel
Authors: Galitzine-Loumpet Alexandra
Published: September 2014

Cet article analyse le développement des zones numériques de patrimoine culturel en Afrique centrale à travers les exemples d’un musée virtuel, le Musée national des Arts et Traditions du Gabon, et aussi du projet de la « Route des chefferies » dans les Grassland de l’ouest du Cameroun. Ces espaces virtuels construisent un objet singulier, représentant un état négocié de différents types de « conscience » patrimoniale, idéologiquement ouverts aux perspectives du public. Il vise donc à examiner comment collaborent différents acteurs nationaux et étrangers, les manières d’aborder l’impact et la puissance de la restructuration de ce battage médiatique sur des réalisations patrimoniales concrètes, et enfin, à analyser les différences entre les types de réalité virtuelle et de musées. L’article explore plus particulièrement l’émergence d’un nouveau statut pour le musée virtuel, un « musée-signe » qui est intégré dans le système sémiotique plus large du patrimoine.
Reinterpreting and Reforming the City
Authors: Copertino Domenico
Published: September 2014

Concepts and practices of patrimonialisation in the Middle East, although primarily imported from Europe during the last phase of Ottoman rule and the colonial mandate/period, have been reinterpreted and given new meanings and aims in the postcolonial era. I investigate a local re-conceptualisation of heritage practice, put forward by Damascenes involved in the heritage policies of Syria’s capital city. I also focus on the marginalisation of groups of people considered unfit to be part of the heritage, which is a common outcome of patrimonialisation. Finally, I explore some questions related to the ethnographical study of the global social spaces that are frequently labeled as “heritage-scapes.”
Traditional Food Heritage in Contemporary Tuscany
Authors: Badii Michela
Published: September 2014

This article aims to explore the creation of a heritage in traditional food in contemporary Tuscany. For this purpose, we will analyse the “social life” developing around the zolfino bean, a product which is a symbol of local tradition. The main subjects of the study are observed during their everyday lives in the local context in order to identify food heritage policies as well as the subjectivization processes emerging from below. In particular, we will look at the “battle” for labelling which highlights the controversial line between localisation and globalisation. This case study reveals the ambiguous nature of heritage policies which transform local capital into goods embodying a sense of “belonging to the territory” in terms of social access and lifestyle.
De la résis-danse à la crème de la discordance
Authors: Saidi Habib
Published: September 2014

Dans la foulée de la Révolution, le patrimoine culturel immatériel a fait l’objet d’un débat houleux en Tunisie. Il faut notamment penser aux expressions vestimentaires, artistiques, corporelles, culinaires et festives. Ce débat qui a donné lieu à quelques évènements violents, témoigne d’un malaise qui présidait depuis des décennies au rapport des Tunisiens au passé et à la mémoire collective. Autant dire qu’il renvoie à une crise latente qui n’a jamais été résolue et qui a éclaté telle une bombe à retardement en pleine face de tout le monde dès que l’autorité de l’État n’a plus été en mesure de la contenir par la force de la censure et de l’oppression. Afin de mieux saisir la teneur de ce bouleversement qui a divisé la Tunisie postrévolutionnaire entre modernistes et traditionnalistes, cet article fait état des expressions culturelles à la lumière desquelles le patrimoine culturel immatériel a été interpellé et disputé entre ces deux clans depuis la Révolution.
Loppis, vide-granges
Authors: Debary Octave
Published: September 2014

Que faire des objets usés qui ont accompagné notre quotidien, des objets que l’on ne souhaite plus conserver mais que l’on se refuse à jeter ? Après un temps d’usage et d’usure, se pose la question de leur devenir et par là, celle de leur transmission. Ce texte porte sur l’analyse de ventes, de ce qui en Suède, se nomme les Loppis. Situées en milieu rural, ces ventes sont effectuées durant l’été par des particuliers qui proposent leur vieux objets à vendre pendant plusieurs jours, voire semaines, dans leur grange ou leur jardin. Comparables aux ventes de garage en Amérique du Nord, aux vide-greniers ou brocantes en Europe, les Loppis ont la particularité d’engager les acheteurs à la recherche hasardeuse des lieux où elles se trouvent. Cette logique circulatoire et incertaine conduit à des échanges, des partages – d’espaces (on vient chez les gens) et de paroles (on parle avec eux) – qui tendent à se substituer à un échange monétaire. Les objets s’y échangent pour peu d’argent. Ils sont davantage transmis que vendus. Ainsi est assuré un devenir à des objets dont le travail de conservation se trouve délégué à un autre, de passage.
Digital Predistortion for Microwave Transmitters
Authors: Ghannouchi Fadhel , Hammi Oualid , Helaoui Mohamed
Published: September 2014

Microwave transmitters comprise the cascade of several subsystems. Among these subsystems, the power amplifier (PA) is identified to be the main source of nonlinearity. Thus, modeling and compensating for the transmitter nonlinearity is often trimmed down to the modeling and compensation of the power amplifier's nonlinearity. Such compensation allows for the use of power‐efficient and nonlinear PA topologies, which results in reducing the energy consumption and cost of wireless transmitters.

This article gives an overview of the nonlinear PA behavior and the origins of intermodulation distortions in this subsystem. It defines the most used distortion quantification metrics and the different types of distortions. Power amplifier modeling and digital predistortion principles are explained. The procedure and identification steps of digital predistortion are highlighted, and the different models used in digital predistortion technique are covered. Advanced digital predistortion models for linearizing the impairments in multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) PAs, dual‐band PAs, and quadrature modulators are also covered.
Barriers to the Open Government Data Agenda: Taking a Multi‐Level Perspective
Authors: Martin Chris
Published: September 2014

A loose coalition of advocates for Open Government Data (OGD) argue that such data has the potential to have a transformative impact by catalyzing innovation across sectors of the economy and by fostering democratic participation and engagement. However, there is limited evidence to date of the OGD agenda having such a transformative impact. This article applies the Multi‐level Perspective (MLP); an approach more typically applied to study transitions to a sustainable society, to explore the nature of the barriers currently faced by the OGD agenda. It argues that such barriers exist in two forms: implementation barriers and barriers to use. The empirical results presented include survey responses measuring the perceptions of U.K. OGD community members of 33 barriers to the OGD data agenda. These results are analyzed to identify implications for OGD policy and practice. The article concludes with a start at establishing a theoretical grounding for the study of barriers to the OGD agenda.
Use of an entropy‐based metric in multiobjective calibration to improve model performance
Authors: Pechlivanidis I. G. , Jackson B. , McMillan H. , Gupta H.
Published: September 2014

Parameter estimation for hydrological models is complicated for many reasons, one of which is the arbitrary emphasis placed, by most traditional measures of fit, on various magnitudes of the model residuals. Recent research has called for the development of robust diagnostic measures that provide insights into which model structural components and/or data may be inadequate. In this regard, the flow duration curve (FDC) represents the historical variability of flow and is considered to be an informative signature of catchment behavior. Here we investigate the potential of using the recently developed conditioned entropy difference metric (CED) in combination with the Kling‐Gupta efficiency (KGE). The CED respects the static information contained in the flow frequency distribution (and hence the FDC), but does not explicitly characterize temporal dynamics. The KGE reweights the importance of various hydrograph components (correlation, bias, variability) in a way that has been demonstrated to provide better model calibrations than the commonly used Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency, while being explicitly time sensitive. We employ both measures within a multiobjective calibration framework and achieve better performance over the full range of flows than obtained by single‐criteria approaches, or by the common multiobjective approach that uses log‐transformed and untransformed data to balance fitting of low and high flow periods. The investigation highlights the potential of CED to complement KGE (and vice versa) during model identification. It is possible that some of the complementarity is due to CED representing more information from moments >2 than KGE or other common metrics. We therefore suggest that an interesting way forward would be to extend KGE to include higher moments, i.e., use different moments as multiple criteria.
Nonlinear time‐series modeling of unconfined groundwater head
Authors: Peterson T. J. , Western A. W.
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a nonlinear transfer function noise model for time‐series modeling of unconfined groundwater hydrographs. The motivation for its development was that existing groundwater time‐series models were unable to simulate large recharge events and multiyear droughts. This was because existing methods do not partition rainfall to runoff and do not account for nonlinear soil water drainage. To account for these nonlinear processes, a vertically integrated soil moisture module was added to an existing transfer function noise model. The soil moisture module has a highly flexible structure that allowed 84 different forms to be built. Application of the time‐series model requires numerical calibration of parameters for the transfer functions, noise model and, for the nonlinear models, the soil moisture module. This was undertaken using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy (CMA‐ES) global calibration scheme. However, reproducible calibration to the global optima was challenging and a number of modifications were required to the transfer function noise model. In trialing the 84 nonlinear models and 2 linear models, each was applied to eleven observation bores within a paired catchment study area in Great Western, Victoria, Australia. In comparison with existing groundwater hydrograph time‐series models, the proposed nonlinear time‐series model performed significantly better at all observation bores during calibration and evaluation periods. Both the linear and nonlinear models were also used to quantify the impact of revegetation within the paired catchment; however, results were inconclusive, which is likely due to time‐series data for the state of the revegetation being unavailable. By analyzing the application of 84 nonlinear models to each bore, an optimal structure for the soil moisture module was identified. It is unlikely, however, that this model structure would be appropriate for all climates and geologies. To encourage further investigations, open‐source code for the highly flexible groundwater time‐series modeling framework is available and we invite others to develop new models.
Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time‐variable gravity data
Authors: Velicogna I. , Sutterley T. C. , van den Broeke M. R.
Published: September 2014

We use Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) monthly gravity fields to determine the regional acceleration in ice mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica for 2003–2013. We find that the total mass loss is controlled by only a few regions. In Greenland, the southeast and northwest generate 70% of the loss (280±58 Gt/yr) mostly from ice dynamics, the southwest accounts for 54% of the total acceleration in loss (25.4±1.2 Gt/yr2) from a decrease in surface mass balance (SMB), followed by the northwest (34%), and we find no significant acceleration in the northeast. In Antarctica, the Amundsen Sea (AS) sector and the Antarctic Peninsula account for 64% and 17%, respectively, of the total loss (180±10 Gt/yr) mainly from ice dynamics. The AS sector contributes most of the acceleration in loss (11±4 Gt/yr2), and Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica, is the only sector with a significant mass gain due to a local increase in SMB (63±5 Gt/yr).
Seismic reflectivity effects from seasonal seafloor temperature variation
Authors: Wood Warren T. , Martin Kylara M. , Jung Wooyeol , Sample John
Published: September 2014

The effects of seasonal temperature variation on sound speed contrasts at the seafloor are usually considered negligible in the analysis of seismic data but may be significant at large incidence angles (offsets) important for inversion of sediment elastic properties, or long‐range acoustic transmission. In coastal areas, the maximum annual seafloor temperature variation can be several degrees Celsius or more, corresponding to a sound speed variation of 30 m/s or more. Thermal pulses propagate via conduction several meters into the seafloor resulting in a damped quasi‐sinusoidal temperature profile with predictable wave number characteristics. The oscillating seasonal and spatial character of this signal creates a time‐ and frequency‐dependent effect on the elastic seafloor reflectivity. Results of numerical simulations show that the expected temperature profile for most sediment types and porosities will have the strongest affect on frequencies between about 60 and 600 Hz, at incidence angles greater than about 50°.
Subglacial Lake Vostok not expected to discharge water
Authors: Richter Andreas , Popov Sergey V. , Schröder Ludwig , Schwabe Joachim , Ewert Heiko , Scheinert Mirko , Horwath Martin , Dietrich Reinhard
Published: September 2014

The question whether Antarctica's largest lake, subglacial Lake Vostok, exchanges water is of interdisciplinary relevance but has been undecided so far. We present the potential pathway, outlet location, and threshold height of subglacial water discharge from this lake based on a quantitative evaluation of the fluid potential. If water left Lake Vostok, it would flow toward Ross Ice Shelf. Discharge would occur first to the east of the southern tip of the lake. At this location the bedrock threshold is 91 ± 23 m higher than the hydrostatic equipotential level of Lake Vostok. It is concluded that Lake Vostok is not likely to reach this level within climatic timescales and that no discharge of liquid water is to be expected. We show that in absence of the ice sheet the Lake Vostok depression would harbor a lake significantly deeper and larger than the present aquifer.
Observed decline in Titan's thermospheric methane due to solar cycle drivers
Authors: Westlake J. H. , Waite J. H. , Bell J. M. , Perryman R.
Published: September 2014

We present Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer observations of Titan's N2 and CH4 from Cassini flybys of Titan spanning the time period from 2004 to 2013 representing 9 years of in situ neutral density observations. This data reveal an upward trend in CH4 mixing ratios during the extended solar minimum encountered prior to 2011 followed by a downward trend in the mixing ratios of CH4 after the onset of solar maximum conditions in 2011. Through modeling studies using the time‐dependent Titan Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model we show that this trend is due to enhanced photodestruction of CH4 in Titan's thermosphere from the increased solar EUV/UV flux during solar maximum times. The enhanced photodestruction of the methane leads to an increase in production of large hydrocarbons as observed in the enhanced production of large hydrocarbon ions and a twofold increase in the downward flux of C2 and larger hydrocarbons during solar maximum. Methane in the thermosphere is resupplied through upward flux from the lower thermosphere and stratosphere resulting in a refilling of the thermospheric methane on timescales of three Earth years. From this calculation it is expected that Titan's thermospheric methane will recover in the 2015 timeframe.
Paleomagnetism and U‐Pb zircon geochronology of Lower Cretaceous lava flows from the western Lhasa terrane: New constraints on the India‐Asia collision process and intracontinental deformation within Asia
Authors: Ma Yiming , Yang Tianshui , Yang Zhenyu , Zhang Shihong , Wu Huaichun , Li Haiyan , Li Huaikun , Chen Weiwei , Zhang Junhong , Ding Jikai
Published: September 2014

To better understand the India‐Asia collisional process and intracontinental deformation within Asia, a paleomagnetic study has been conducted on the Qushenla Formation lava flows dated at ~132–120 Ma from the Yanhu area in the western Lhasa terrane. Stepwise thermal demagnetization isolates stable characteristic remanent magnetizations, which include dual polarity and pass fold tests at a 99% confidence level, indicating primary magnetizations. The tilt‐corrected site‐mean direction for 51 sites is D = 28.2°, I = 34.5°, and k = 74.3° with α95 = 2.3°, corresponding to a paleopole at 61.4°N, 192.9°E (A95 = 2.1°). Our new paleomagnetic data, combined with previous Cretaceous volcanic paleomagnetic data from the Lhasa terrane, show that the precollisional southern margin of Asia was at ~16.8°N with a relatively E‐W alignment and that the Lhasa terrane did not experience significantly discrepant north‐south movement although local vertical axis rotations did take place after the Cretaceous. Comparison with the apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) of India and the Cretaceous‐Paleocene paleopoles of the Tethyan Himalaya shows that the India‐Asia collision was at ~54.3 Ma and the Greater India during the Paleocene had a large northern extent of ~2000 km (~18.1°) beyond its present northern margin. Comparison with the Cretaceous Eurasian APWP indicates that a latitudinal convergence of ~1000 km has taken place between the Lhasa terrane and Eurasia since the India‐Asia collision. The amount of north‐south shortening deduced from Cretaceous paleomagnetic data is consistent with that accommodated by the Cenozoic fold and thrust belts between the Lhasa terrane and the Hexi corridor.
Willingness to pay and willingness to work for improvements of municipal and community‐managed water services
Authors: Vásquez William F.
Published: September 2014

This study investigates household preferences, in labor time and monetary terms, for improved water services in Guatemala using sequential contingent valuation questions. The household survey was implemented in areas served by municipal and community‐managed systems, which allows for comparing household preferences under those governance approaches. Results show that respondents with municipal services are willing to pay a substantial increase (more than 200%) in their water bills for reliable supplies of safe drinking water. They are also willing to work approximately 19 h per month for such improved services when labor hours are proposed as the payment vehicle. In contrast, households with community‐managed services are not willing to pay or work for service improvements, even though they report to be quite dissatisfied with current services. Policy implications are discussed.
Self‐Catalytic Growth of β‐Ga2O3 Nanostructures by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kumar Sudheer , Tessarek Christian , Sarau George , Christiansen Silke , Singh Rajendra
Published: September 2014

In this work, we have studied the synthesis of single crystalline self‐catalyzed beta gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) nanostructures by chemical vapor deposition technique. We have adopted a new approach to grow the nanostructures instead of using conventional foreign metal nano‐catalyst based‐approaches. The as‐grown nanostructures including nanowires and nanosheets (NSHs) were grown on spin‐coated Ga2O3 films. The structural studies such as X‐ray diffraction, Raman and transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigations on the nanostructures showed monoclinic phase of Ga2O3 and single crystalline structure. Furthermore, high‐resolution TEM with a selected area electron diffraction pattern recorded on a single β‐Ga2O3 nanowire and nanosheet verified their single crystalline nature, having [001] as favorable growth direction. The energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy‐elemental mapping of as‐grown nanostructures indicated uniform distribution of Ga and O. Cathodoluminescence imaging and spectrum revealed excellent luminescence characteristics of nanostructures with a broad UV‐blue emission band (1.80–4.20 eV nm) centered at 2.64 eV. This study also highlights the growth mechanism of NSHs. These β‐Ga2O3 nanostructures have great potential in nanofunctional devices.
Rationally Designed Dynamic Protein Hydrogels with Reversibly Tunable Mechanical Properties
Authors: Kong Na , Peng Qing , Li Hongbin
Published: September 2014

Protein hydrogels have attracted considerable interest due to their potential applications in biomedical engineering. Creating protein hydrogels with dynamic mechanical properties is challenging. Here, the engineering of a novel, rationally designed protein‐hydrogel is reported that translates molecular level protein folding‐unfolding conformational changes into macroscopic reversibly tunable mechanical properties based on a redox controlled protein folding‐unfolding switch. This novel protein folding switch is constructed from a designed mutually exclusive protein. Via oxidation and reduction of an engineered disulfide bond, the protein folding switch can switch its conformation between folded and unfolded states, leading to a drastic change of protein's effective chain length and mechanical compliance. This redox‐responsive protein can be readily photochemically crosslinked into solid hydrogels, in which molecular level conformational changes (folding‐unfolding) can result in significant macroscopic changes in hydrogel's physical and mechanical properties due to the change of the effective chain length between two crosslinking points in the protein hydrogel network. It is found that when reduced, the hydrogel swells and is mechanically compliant; when oxidized, it swells to a less extent and becomes resilient and stiffer, exhibiting an up to fivefold increase in its Young's modulus. The changes of the mechanical and physical properties of this hydrogel are fully reversible and can be cycled using redox potential. This novel protein hydrogel with dynamic mechanical and physical properties could find numerous applications in material sciences and tissue engineering.
A general and robust approach for defining and solving microkinetic catalytic systems
Authors: Gusmão Gabriel S. , Christopher Phillip
Published: September 2014

Recent approaches for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts have relied on first‐principles‐based microkinetic modeling to efficiently screen large phase spaces of catalytic materials for optimal activity and selectivity. Microkinetic modeling allows the calculation of catalytic rate and selectivity under a given set of conditions without a priori assumptions of rate or selectivity controlling steps by simultaneously solving nonlinear algebraic equations comprising species mass balances bound by the pseudo steady‐state approximation. We introduce a general approach to define and solve microkinetic systems that relies solely on its stoichiometric matrix and kinetic parameters of considered reaction steps. Our approach relies on linearization of the microkinetic system, enabling analytical calculation of system derivatives for use in quasi‐Newton solution schemes that exhibit excellent robustness and efficiency with minimal dependence on initial conditions. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 188–199, 2015
Amine‐Responsive Adaptable Nanospaces: Fluorescent Porous Coordination Polymer for Molecular Recognition
Authors: Haldar Ritesh , Matsuda Ryotaro , Kitagawa Susumu , George Subi J. , Maji Tapas Kumar
Published: September 2014

Flexible and dynamic porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with well‐defined nanospaces composed of chromophoric organic linkers provide a scaffold for encapsulation of versatile guest molecules through noncovalent interactions. PCPs thus provide a potential platform for molecular recognition. Herein, we report a flexible 3D supramolecular framework {[Zn(ndc)(o‐phen)]⋅DMF}n (o‐phen=1,10‐phenanthroline, ndc=2,6‐napthalenedicarboxylate) with confined nanospaces that can accommodate different electron‐donating aromatic amine guests with selective turn‐on emission signaling. This system serves as a molecular recognition platform through an emission‐readout process. Such unprecedented tunable emission with different amines is attributed to its emissive charge‐transfer (CT) complexation with o‐phen linkers. In certain cases this CT emission is further amplified by energy transfer from the chromophoric linker unit ndc, as evidenced by single‐crystal X‐ray structural characterization.
An Organocatalytic Azide–Aldehyde [3+2] Cycloaddition: High‐Yielding Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Shashank Adluri B. , Karthik S.
Published: September 2014

An organocatalytic azide–aldehyde [3+2] cycloaddition (organo‐click) reaction of a variety of enolizable aldehydes is reported. The organo‐click reaction is characterized by a high rate and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easily available substrates with simple operation, and excellent yields with a broad spectrum of substrates. It constitutes an alternative to the previously known CuAAC, RuAAC, and IrAAC click reactions.
Hydrogels from dextran and soybean oil by UV photo‐polymerization
Authors: Omer Rebaz A. , Hughes Alan , Hama Jawameer Rasool , Wang Wenxin , Tai Hongyun
Published: September 2014

In this work, hydrogels were synthesized by UV photo‐polymerization of hydrophilic dextran functionalized with acrylate groups (Dex‐A) and hydrophobic acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The acrylation of dextran was accomplished by reacting dextran (Mw 70,000 g mol−1) with acryloyl chloride and pyridine. The Dex‐A was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Five rigid hydrogels were prepared using the weight ratios of Dex‐A and AESO as 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, and 50/50. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The experimental results demonstrated that the swelling and release profiles of the Dex‐A/AESO hydrogels can be tailored by varying the ratio of Dex‐A and AESO thus varying the balance of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the network structures and the crosslinking density. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41446.
Polymerization reactions of epoxidized soybean oil and maleate esters of oil‐soluble resoles
Authors: Cavusoglu Jesmi , Çaylı Gökhan
Published: September 2014

In this study, the polymerization reactions of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with the maleate half‐esters of oil‐soluble resoles and the properties of the final products were demonstrated. The maleate half‐esters of the dimeric oil‐soluble resoles were obtained by the esterification reaction of maleic anhydride with a p‐tertiary butyl phenol (p‐TBP) resole and p‐nonyl phenol resole resins in the first step. The monomers were characterized by IR and 1H‐NMR techniques. Then, the oil‐soluble resole maleates were polymerized with ESO to obtain tough and load‐bearing thermoset materials. The thermal and mechanical properties of the materials were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile strength testing. The tensile strengths and storage moduli of the crosslinked polymers varied between 0.17 and 13 MPa and 10 and 1088 MPa, respectively. The elongation percentages of the materials were between 1 and 128%. The thermal resistance of the thermosets was measured as the 5% weight loss temperature. The reaction product of the ESO and maleate ester of p‐TBP showed the highest 5% weight loss at 247°C. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41457.
A novel polymer chain growing mode and styrene copolymer prepared with low molecular weight copolymer of α‐methylstyrene and styrene as macroinitiator
Authors: Liu Qian , Liu Lianying , Ma Yuhong , Zhao Changwen , Yang Wantai
Published: September 2014

A new polymer chain growth mode, having multiple potential chain propagation sites, initiated by oligomer of α‐methylstyrene (AMS) and styrene (St) (PAS) is presented in this article. The effects of PAS content, AMS fraction in PAS and reaction temperature on bulk polymerization of St have been investigated. It is demonstrated that the PAS performed as macroinitiator in the polymerization of St. The average molecular weights of products increase significantly with the evolution of the polymerization, which is different from conventional free radical polymerization. With 20 wt % macroinitiator, the molecular weights increase from 1.21 × 105 to 3.00 × 105 with the monomer conversion increasing from 15.3 to 83.0%. This unique feature is tentatively attributed to both the reversible polymerization–depolymerization of AMS segments at high temperature which could generate more than one propagation sites in a polymer chain and the combination termination of St free radical polymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41460.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazole Derivatives Bearing the ortho‐Hydroxy‐N‐acylhydrazone Moiety as Potent Antitumor Agents
Authors: Ma Junjie , Zhang Guangyan , Han Xiaoqi , Bao Guanglong , Wang Lihui , Zhai Xin , Gong Ping
Published: September 2014

A novel series of benzothiazole derivatives bearing the ortho‐hydroxy‐N‐acylhydrazone moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their procaspase‐3 kinase activation activities and antiproliferative activities against five cancer cell lines (NCI‐H226, SK‐N‐SH, HT29, MKN‐45, and MDA‐MB‐231). Most target compounds showed moderate to excellent cytotoxic activity against all five tested cancer lines. The most promising compound 18e (procaspase‐3 EC50 = 0.31 µM) with IC50 values ranging from 0.24 to 0.92µM against all tested cell lines was 4.24–12.2 times more active than PAC‐1 (procaspase‐3 EC50 = 0.41 µM). Structure–activity relationship studies indicated that the phenyl group on the 2‐hydroxyphenyl ring (moiety A) was critical for pharmacological activity in vitro. In addition, introduction of a benzyloxyl group on moiety A and a mono‐electron‐withdrawing group at the 4‐position of the benzyloxyl group were more favorable for antitumor activity. Moreover, reduction of the electron density in the phenyl ring of the benzyloxy group led to a dramatic decrease in the procaspase‐3 kinase activation activity.
The effect of selected “desirable difficulties” on the ability to recall anatomy information
Authors: Dobson John L. , Linderholm Tracy
Published: September 2014

“Desirable difficulties” is a theory from cognitive science used to promote learning in a variety of contexts. The basic premise is that creating a cognitively challenging environment at the learning acquisition phase, by actively engaging learners in the retrieval of to‐be‐learned materials, promotes long‐term retention. In this study, the degree of desirable difficulties was varied to identify how cognitively challenging the learning acquisition phase must be to benefit university‐level students' learning of anatomy concepts. This is important to investigate as applied studies of desirable difficulties are less frequent than laboratory‐based studies and the implementation of this principle may need to be tailored to the specific field of study, such as anatomy. As such, a read‐read‐read‐read (R‐R‐R‐R) condition was compared to read‐generate‐read‐generate (R‐G‐R‐G) and read‐test‐read‐test (R‐T‐R‐T) conditions. The three conditions varied in terms of how effortful the retrieval task was during the learning acquisition phase. R‐R‐R‐R required little effort because participants passively read the materials four times. R‐G‐R‐G required some effort to generate a response as participants completed a word fragment task during the learning acquisition phase. R‐T‐R‐T was thought to be most demanding as participants performed a free recall task twice during the learning phase. With regard to the absolute amount of anatomy information recalled, the R‐T‐R‐T condition was superior at both immediate and delayed (one week) assessment points. Thus, instructors and learners of anatomy would benefit from embedding more free recall components, or self‐testing, into university‐level course work or study practices. Anat Sci Educ 8: 395–403. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Structural studies of “aggregation‐prone” peptide‐analogues of teleostean egg chorion ZPB proteins
Authors: Louros Nikolaos N. , Petronikolou Nektaria , Karamanos Theodoros , Cordopatis Paul , Iconomidou Vassiliki A. , Hamodrakas Stavros J.
Published: September 2014

Egg envelopes of vertebrates are composed of a family of proteins called zona pellucida (ZP) proteins, which are distinguished by the presence of a common structural polymerizing motif, known as ZP domain. Teleostean fish chorion is a fibrous structure, consisting of protein members of the ZPB/ZP1 and the ZPC/ZP3 families, which are incorporated as tandemly repeating heterodimers inside chorion fibers. Computational analysis of multiple ZPB/ZP1 proteins from several teleostean species, reveals two potential “aggregation‐prone” sequence segments, forming a specific polymerization interface (AG interface). These two peptides were synthesized and results are presented in this work from transmission electron microscopy, Congo red staining, X‐ray fiber diffraction and ATR FT‐IR, which clearly display the ability of these peptides to self‐aggregate, forming amyloid‐like fibrils. This, most probably implies that the AG interface of ZPB/ZP1 proteins plays an important role for the formation of the repeating ZPB‐ZPC heterodimers, which constitute teleostean chorion fibrils. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 427–436, 2014.
Foam stability: The importance of film size and the micellar structuring phenomenon
Authors: Lee Jongju , Nikolov Alex , Wasan Darsh
Published: September 2014

The kinetic stability of SDS foam was probed using Bartsch method at concentrations above CMC (0.03 M and 0.06 M) and below CMC (0.006 M). The foam created from the higher concentration (0.06 M) of micellar solution was more kinetically stable than that produced from the 0.03 M SDS solution and showed a stepwise decrease. On the other hand, the foam produced from SDS surfactant concentration below CMC (0.006 M) did not show such a behaviour and the height remained more or less constant. The effect of the foam lamella size on the bulk foam stability was also investigated. It was found that the critical lamella area is independent of the hydrostatic pressure. And, it took longer to reach the critical lamella area in the 0.06 M SDS system than to reach the critical lamella area in the 0.03 M SDS system. We probed the foam stability by studying the stability of a single foam lamella and observed the micellar layering phenomenon. We found 5 film thickness transitions in the case of 0.06 M SDS system and 3 thickness transitions for 0.03 M SDS system. Therefore, the foam lamella formed from the 0.06 M SDS solution is kinetically more stable than that formed from the 0.03 M SDS solution because the better layering structure in the former case slows down the liquid film drainage. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates that both the size of the foam lamella and the micellar concentration are important factors in controlling the bulk foam stability.
Process intensification in methane generation during anaerobic digestion of Napier grass using supercritical carbon dioxide combined with acid hydrolysis pre‐treatment
Authors: Hude Moreshwar P. , Yadav Ganapati D.
Published: September 2014

Napier grass was subjected to pre‐treatment techniques such as thermal acid hydrolysis and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and combination of both. Anaerobic batch digestion was conducted using activated sludge mixed microbial consortia for 15 days. Parameters influencing scCO2 hydrolysis were optimized. scCO2‐acid and acid pre‐treatment gave maximum production of biogas, which was 2.5 times higher than that without pre‐treatment. The optimum condition were 100 °C and 99 atm pressure, supercritical carbon dioxide, 0.6 % w/v sulphuric acid, time 1 h. The highest methane yield of the pre‐treated samples were 118 ml CH4/g total solids added. The production of hydrolysate and volatile fatty acids during pre‐treatment ensures increase in chemical oxygen demand levels which promotes methane productivity. These results indicated that scCO2 with acid hydrolysis pre‐treatment could be an effective method for increasing biodegradability and improving methane yield of Napier grass.
Two‐phase flow in metal monoliths: Hydrodynamics and liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Deshpande Jaydeep B. , Gosavi Abha , Kulkarni Amol A.
Published: September 2014

This work aims to explore the application of metal monoliths as a scale‐up option for efficient liquid‐liquid extraction. The pressure drop, mass transfer and residence time distribution are measured for low Ca (∼10−5) with monoliths having three different cell densities. The cross‐over section between two monoliths was seen to enhance mixing in the column. However, the RTD of two‐phase liquid‐liquid up‐flow was inferior to the single phase RTD. For higher cell density substrates, the cross‐over zones seem to cause trapping of slugs due to non‐superimposing channel ends. Relatively high shear rates through the film of continuous phase helped enhance the mass transfer rates, thereby helping to achieve the desired extraction in a short column. The entrance sections and cross‐over zones between the monoliths adversely affected the extraction for higher cell density monoliths. The analysis of data supports use of low cell density monolith for better performance and scale up.
Development of a thermodynamic model of aqueous solution suited for foods and biological media. Part B: Prediction of standard formation properties
Authors: Toure Oumar , Audonnet Fabrice , Lebert André , Dussap Claude‐Gilles
Published: September 2014

In food and biological processes, aqueous complexes cover a wide diversity of species and the presence of several phases. The modelling of such processes must take into account these specificities, which require a generalization of the existing thermodynamic models of aqueous solutions.

The chemical potential (the molar Gibbs free energy) of a given compound is an important variable to characterize the physical‐chemical properties at equilibrium. Its value depends on two parameters: the Gibbs free energy of formation and the activity coefficient. Both are linked to a chosen reference state. Then, the main thermodynamic modelling task consists in the prediction and/or the collection of formation properties data and in the development of a predictive model of activity coefficients.

In this study, a method of prediction of the gas phase formation properties of several organic molecules of interest in foods and biological media using the same input data as those of the COSMO‐RS model (i.e., results of quantum DFT/COSMO calculations) is introduced. This kind of fully predictive approach allows the treatment of conformations. This is its main advantage compared to classical group contribution methods.

For fifteen of the studied molecules, the Gibbs free energies of formation predicted at infinite dilution in water are also calculated and compared to experimental data.
Modelling of pyrolysis in a high capacity thermo balance
Authors: Marias Frederic , Santacreu Stephanie Delage
Published: September 2014

This paper deals with the two dimensional modelling of transient pyrolysis of biomass in a fixed bed. The model that is developed mainly relies on the theory of volume averaging. This model includes heat and mass transfer and pyrolysis reaction. It allows the prediction of temperature, moisture content organic material content, and char content, as well as the prediction of internal evolution of the composition of the gas held and released from the sample under investigation.

This model is used in order to describe pine wood pyrolysis taking place in a macro thermobalance which is also presented in the paper. Comparison of the numerical results with the experimental ones, in terms of mass loss of the sample, shows good agreement and validates the model. A deeper analysis of the results allows a better understanding of the processes involved in the thermal degradation.