bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The everyday risk work of Dutch child‐healthcare professionals: inferring ‘safe’ and ‘good’ parenting through trust, as mediated by a lens of gender and class
Authors: Veltkamp Gerlieke , Brown Patrick
Published: May 2017

Amidst intensifying policy concerns with children's wellbeing and development, healthcare professionals are required not only to assess risk of abuse and neglect, but to manage risk of ‘poor parenting’ more broadly. Drawing on 15 in‐depth interviews and non‐participant observations of 61 professional‐family interactions, across four preventative public health services for children in the Netherlands, we explored how professionals accomplished such risk work amid intractable uncertainties. Building inferences from brief encounters with families, professionals gauged the extent to which they trusted parents to care ‘appropriately’. This trust developed most readily with parents experienced as ‘familiar’ by the largely middle‐class female professionals. Harnessing Schutzian phenomenology, we analyse the related manifestations of social structure within the interactional‐dynamics and lifeworlds of risk assessment. We argue that social structures of gender, class and ethnicity can be seen as influential both through the differing potential for ‘we‐relationships’ to be formed and via the generalising and stereotyped knowledge applied in their absence.
Believing in Secularisation — Stories of Decline, Potential, and Resurgence
Authors: Nash David S
Published: May 2017

This article draws upon the methodology pioneered by the writer in Christian Ideals in British Culture: Stories of Belief in the Twentieth Century. This stressed the importance of narrative's ability to influence and shape both secular and religious responses to the world and Christian belief within it in Britain. Secularisation narratives and their influence in the twentieth century are the article's primary concern. Some, such as Jeffrey Cox, have already alluded to the fact that secularisation appeared to be something of a “story.” Alongside this, the conclusions from the recent work of the author indicated that the theory became infused with a series of clear narratives — with intentions, agendas, and messages. These had a series of storytellers/audiences and, lastly, often carried a palette of potentially didactic warnings. The article unpacks the significance of the secularisation narratives of “disenchantment,” “supply and demand failure,” “urbanisation, mobility, and decay,” “ideological discredit,” “triumph of (hard and social) science,” “consumer sovereignty and materialism,” “feminisation,” “the post‐secular,” and “cataclysms and golden ages.” It shows how these narratives shaped the response of the pro‐secular and defenders of Christian belief, as well as those who problematised the very relationship between the religious and the secular.
A Wholesome Cure for the Wounded Soul: Confession, Emotions, and Self in Eighteenth‐ and Nineteenth‐Century Catholicism
Authors: Hofman Elwin
Published: May 2017

This article explores how Catholic practices of auricular confession related to emotions and self in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, focusing on the situation in Belgium as a revealing case study. Relying on both prescriptive sources and depositions in criminal case records, it is argued that the sacrament of penance occupied a central place in everyday life, influencing modes of self‐reflection. Penitents were to examine their conscience, practise contrition, and overcome shame, so that they could be absolved of their sins and experience relief. An analysis of these practices reveals that, starting in the late eighteenth century, confession made a “turn inwards,” by putting a greater stress on depth, interiority, and relief.
Stakeholders’ perceptions of integrated rainwater management approaches in the Blue Nile Basin of the Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Mulema Annet A. , Lema Zelalem , Damtew Elias , Adie Aberra , Ogutu Zadoc , Duncan Alan J.
Published: May 2017

Previous approaches to improve soil and water management in the Ethiopian highlands have achieved marginal success. An integrated approach to rainwater management (RWM) has been piloted to address interrelated problems of land degradation, livestock feed shortage, and soil erosion, in an effort to improve the resilience of rural livelihoods. However, stakeholders’ perceptions about the approach have not been documented. Using data from in‐depth interviews, this study assesses stakeholders’ knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices in the Diga, Jeldu and Fogera districts of Ethiopia. Our study finds gender differences in knowledge and application of integrated RWM strategies amongst farmers. Stakeholders interviewed appreciate fodder development because it directly addresses land degradation and livestock feed shortage, and provides extra benefits to the households. There are differences in successful RWM practices across the districts. Planners, researchers and policy makers engaged in innovation platforms have an increased understanding of the tools to engage multiple stakeholders in planning for RWM. However, inflexible extension approaches and other contextual issues limit wide‐scale use of bottom‐up approaches. We conclude that approaches to RWM that are holistic and engage diverse stakeholders foster the uptake of innovations. Awareness creation, collaboration, capacity development, incentives, monitoring, political will and favorable gender norms are vital to the process.
The Capability of Raman Microspectroscopy to Differentiate Printing Inks
Authors: Johnson Chelsea E. , Martin Paul , Roberts Katherine A. , Trejos Tatiana , Corzo Ruthmara , Almirall Jose R. , Safer Alan M.
Published: May 2017

This study applies Raman microspectroscopy to differentiate the chemical components in printing inks of different brands, colors, and type using the 532 nm and 785 nm excitation wavelengths. Spectra were collected from 319 inks (78 inkjet, 76 toner, 79 offset, and 86 intaglio) representing various colors. Comparisons were performed to calculate discrimination capability percentages for each ink type. Overall, Raman microspectroscopy differentiates according to the following hierarchy: intaglio (96%), inkjet (92%), offset (90%), and toner (61%). The ability of Raman microspectroscopy to differentiate between same‐colored inks from different brands was dependent on the color and ink analyzed. Based on ink color, the discrimination capability ranged from 75 to 94% (inkjet), 0 to 86% (toner), and 0 to 77% (offset). Copper phthalocyanine was detected in cyan inks and various intaglio inks, while carbon black was identified in black inkjet, offset, and intaglio inks.
Randomised clinical trial: mesalazine versus placebo in the prevention of diverticulitis recurrence
Authors: Kruis W. , Kardalinos V. , Eisenbach T. , Lukas M. , Vich T. , Bunganic I. , Pokrotnieks J. , Derova J. , Kondrackiene J. , Safadi R. , Tuculanu D. , Tulassay Z. , Banai J. , Curtin A. , Dorofeyev A. E. , Zakko S. F. , Ferreira N. , Björck S. , Diez Alonso M. M. , Mäkelä J. , Talley N. J. , Dilger K. , Greinwald R. , Mohrbacher R. , Spiller R.
Published: May 2017

Background

Previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the efficacy of mesalazine in the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis.

Aim

To investigate the efficacy and safety of mesalazine granules in the prevention of recurrence of diverticulitis after acute uncomplicated diverticulitis.

Methods

Two phase 3, randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind multicentre trials (SAG‐37 and SAG‐51) investigated mesalazine granules in patients with prior episodes (<6 months) of uncomplicated left‐sided diverticulitis. Patients were randomised to receive either 3 g mesalazine once daily or placebo (SAG‐37, n=345) or to receive either 1.5 g mesalazine once daily, 3 g once daily or placebo for 96 weeks (SAG‐51, n=330). The primary endpoint was the proportion of recurrence‐free patients during 48 weeks (SAG‐37 and SAG‐51) or 96 weeks (SAG‐51) of treatment.

Results

Mesalazine did not increase the proportion of recurrence‐free patients over 48 or 96 weeks compared to placebo. In SAG‐37, the proportion of recurrence‐free patients during 48 weeks was 67.9% with mesalazine and 74.4% with placebo (P=.226). In SAG‐51, the proportion of recurrence‐free patients over 48 weeks was 46.0% with 1.5 g mesalazine, 52.0% with 3 g mesalazine and 58.0% with placebo (P=.860 for 3 g mesalazine vs placebo) and over 96 weeks 6.9%, 9.8% and 23.1% respectively (P=.980 for 3 g mesalazine vs placebo). Patients with only one diverticulitis episode in the year prior to study entry had a lower recurrence risk compared to >1 episode. Safety data revealed no new adverse events.

Conclusion

Mesalazine was not superior to placebo in preventing recurrence of diverticulitis.
Modulatory features of the novel spider toxin μ‐TRTX‐Df1a isolated from the venom of the spider Davus fasciatus
Authors: Cardoso Fernanda C , Dekan Zoltan , Smith Jennifer J , Deuis Jennifer R , Vetter Irina , Herzig Volker , Alewood Paul F , King Glenn F , Lewis Richard J
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose

Naturally occurring dysfunction of voltage‐gated sodium (NaV) channels results in complex disorders such as chronic pain, making these channels an attractive target for new therapies. In the pursuit of novel NaV modulators, we investigated spider venoms for new inhibitors of NaV channels.

Experimental Approach

We used high‐throughput screens to identify a NaV modulator in venom of the spider Davus fasciatus. Further characterization of this venom peptide was undertaken using fluorescent and electrophysiological assays, molecular modelling and a rodent pain model.

Key Results

We identified a potent NaV inhibitor named μ‐TRTX‐Df1a. This 34‐residue peptide fully inhibited responses mediated by NaV1.7 endogenously expressed in SH‐SY5Y cells. Df1a also inhibited voltage‐gated calcium (CaV3) currents but had no activity against the voltage‐gated potassium (KV2) channel. The modelled structure of Df1a, which contains an inhibitor cystine knot motif, is reminiscent of the NaV channel toxin ProTx‐I. Electrophysiology revealed that Df1a inhibits all NaV subtypes tested (hNaV1.1–1.7). Df1a also slowed fast inactivation of NaV1.1, NaV1.3 and NaV1.5 and modified the voltage‐dependence of activation and inactivation of most of the NaV subtypes. Df1a preferentially binds to the domain II voltage‐sensor and has additional interactions with the voltage sensors domains III and IV, which probably explains its modulatory features. Df1a was analgesic in vivo, reversing the spontaneous pain behaviours induced by the NaV activator OD1.

Conclusion and Implications

μ‐TRTX‐Df1a shows potential as a new molecule for the development of drugs to treat pain disorders mediated by voltage‐gated ion channels.
Location of implant‐retained fixed dentures affects oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Hara Maoko , Matsumoto Takashi , Yokoyama Sawako , Higuchi Daisuke , Baba Kazuyoshi
Published: May 2017

Background

The effects of the locations of dental implants on treatment outcomes, as evaluated by oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) assessment, remain controversial.

Purpose

To investigate the association between the locations of dental implants and changes in OHRQoL.

Materials and methods

Sixty‐eight subjects received implant treatment in the anterior or posterior region and completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) questionnaire before and after treatment. Change in OHIP summary scores and the 4 dimension scores were calculated to evaluate the effects of implant treatment on OHRQoL.

Results

The mean Oro‐facial Appearance score for the anterior group was significantly higher than that for the posterior group (10.4 ± 5.1 and 7.2 ± 3.8, respectively; P ＝ .005; Effect size = 0.63) at baseline. All questionnaire scores were significantly improved following implant treatment in both groups, and no significant group differences were observed at follow‐up. Regression analysis revealed a significant association between the locations of most anterior implants and changes in the Oro‐facial Appearance score (adjusted R2 = 0.073; P = .015).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the locations of dental implants influence OHRQoL impairments and improvements after treatment. This information might be useful in clinical decision‐making.
Phenotype and natural history of variant late infantile ceroid‐lipofuscinosis 5
Authors: Simonati Alessandro , Williams Ruth E , Nardocci Nardo , Laine Minna , Battini Roberta , Schulz Angela , Garavaglia Barbara , Moro Francesca , Pezzini Francesco , Santorelli Filippo M
Published: May 2017

Aim

To characterize the phenotypic profile of a cohort of children affected with CLN5, a rare form of neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis (NCL), and to trace the features of the natural history of the disease.

Method

Records of 15 children (nine males, six females) were obtained from the data sets of the DEM‐CHILD International NCL Registry. Disease progression was measured by rating six functional domains at different time points along the disease course. All patients underwent mutation analysis of the CLN5 gene and ultrastructural investigations of peripheral tissues. Expression of the gene product, pCLN5, was characterized in vitro in six patients.

Results

Disease onset was at 2 to 7 years 6 months of age: impaired learning and cognition were the most common early symptoms. Seizures occurred relatively late (median age 8y) and were the presenting symptoms in two children. Nine mutations were detected in 30 alleles, including six mutations predicting a truncated protein. Mixed cytosomes were observed by electron microscopy. Differences of disease progression were observed in two groups of patients and could be related to their genetic profile.

Interpretation

Clinical features in a multicentre cohort of patients with CLN5 confirm that cognitive difficulties are early clinical markers of this condition. Severe mutations were associated with a more rapid decline of neurological function.
Circadian clustering of spontaneous epileptic seizures emerges after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus
Authors: Pitsch Julika , Becker Albert J. , Schoch Susanne , Müller Johannes Alexander , de Curtis Marco , Gnatkovsky Vadym
Published: May 2017

Objective

Seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis are thought to develop with various latency intervals after an initial transient brain insult. To study seizure dynamics after an initial transient precipitating insult in a systematic fashion, we utilized continuous video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring after the induction of status epilepticus (SE) in a mouse MTLE model.

Methods

Continuous 24/7 video/telemetric hippocampal EEG recordings in the systemic pilocarpine MTLE mouse model.

Results

After SE, we observed emerging seizures interfering with the circadian EEG rhythms. The physiologic circadian EEG pattern of mice was transiently suppressed for 2.9 (mean) ± (SEM) 0.5 days after SE. This period was accompanied predominately by nonconvulsive seizure activity, followed by convulsive seizures at later stages. After the circadian rhythm was restored, spontaneous generalized seizures occurred mainly in a clustered manner in a narrow time window between 4 and 7 p.m. (light cycle 7 a.m./7 p.m.). Moreover, we demonstrate that depth‐electrode implantation surgery transiently disturbs the physiologic EEG circadian cycle; variation of the time point of SE induction after electrode insertion surgery revealed a substantial impact on the epilepsy phenotype, which was more severe when SE occurred after postsurgical reappearance of EEG circadian cycling.

Significance

These data have several experimental and pathophysiologic implications. The impact of depth‐electrode surgery on the phenotype has to be tightly controlled. In mice monitored after pilocarpine‐induced SE, the “epileptogenesis” period is characterized by the dynamics of epileptiform activity toward behavioral recurrent seizure patterns. The striking clustering of spontaneous seizures at the transition from sleep to activity stages of mice has to be taken into account for future studies on the model. Improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the circadian dynamics of seizure threshold remains an intriguing task for the future.
A Feminist Approach to Immigrant Admissions
Authors: Higgins Peter
Published: May 2017

Answers to the question of immigrant admissions (what policies governing the admission and exclusion of nonrefugee foreigners may states justly adopt?) have been debated extensively by political philosophers since the 1980s. A wide variety of normative approaches to the question have been taken, but very nearly zero have been expressly feminist. Generalizing from Alison Jaggar's articulation of a feminist methodological approach to the political morality of abortion, this article proposes a feminist methodological approach to immigrant admissions. This article does not defend a substantive view on what policies states ought to adopt, but it does describe several features of our social world that are salient for a feminist methodological approach to the assessment of the justice of states’ immigrant admissions policies.
Demand and Revenue Management of Deteriorating Inventory on the Internet: An Empirical Study of Flash Sales Markets
Authors: Sodero Anníbal C. , Rabinovich Elliot
Published: May 2017

In this study, we investigate demand and revenue management of deteriorating inventory in flash sales markets (FSM). Retailers operating FSM source excess inventories of products from secondary markets in fixed lot sizes and offer them as part of deals that get no replenishments and expire after running for predetermined periods (e.g., 24 hr) or when they sell out, whichever occurs first. We develop a demand forecasting model that incorporates the effects of sentiments conveyed by consumers in discussion forum posts associated with different deals on the deals’ empirical demand rates. We then conduct a survival analysis to find that the empirical demand rates projected from our forecasting model are significant predictors of the deals’ actual time to stockout, even after controlling for their initial inventory provisions and markdowns. We also find that the predicted effects of these demand rates on stockout times are stronger at low markdowns. Our investigation offers insights into different strategies that sellers operating FSM can pursue to improve their inventory performance. These strategies involve decisions that sellers must make both a priori, before deals start, and a posteriori, according to real‐time detection of departures from projected demand rates as deals run their course.
Express with caution: Epitope tags and cDNA variants effects on hERG channel trafficking, half‐life and function
Authors: Osterbur Badhey Marika L. , Bertalovitz Alexander C. , McDonald Thomas V.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Genetic mutations in KCNH2, which encodes hERG, the alpha subunit of the potassium channel responsible for the IKr current, cause long QT syndrome (LQTS), an inherited cardiac arrhythmia disorder. Electrophysiology techniques are used to correlate genotype with molecular phenotype to determine which mutations identified in patients diagnosed with LQTS are disease causing, and which are benign. These investigations are usually done using heterologous expression in cell lines, and often, epitope fusion tags are used to enable isolation and identification of the protein of interest.

Methods and results

Here, we demonstrate through electrophysiology techniques and immunohistochemistry, that both N‐terminal and C‐terminal myc fusion tags may perturb hERG protein channel expression and kinetics of the IKr current. We also characterize the impact of 2 previously reported inadvertent cDNA variants on hERG channel expression and half‐life.

Conclusion

Our results underscore the importance of careful characterization of the impact of epitope fusion tags and of confirming complete sequence accuracy prior to genotype‐phenotype studies for ion channel proteins such as hERG.
A randomised controlled trial of an iPad‐based application to complement early behavioural intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew J.O. , Granich Joanna , Alvares Gail , Busacca Margherita , Cooper Matthew N. , Dass Alena , Duong Thi , Harper Rajes , Marshall Wendy , Richdale Amanda , Rodwell Tania , Trembath David , Vellanki Pratibha , Moore Dennis W. , Anderson Angelika
Published: May 2017

Background

Technology‐based interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have proliferated, but few have been evaluated within the context of a randomised controlled trial (RCT). This RCT evaluated the efficacy of one technology‐based early intervention programme (Therapy Outcomes By You; TOBY) in young children with ASD.

Methods

TOBY is an app‐based learning curriculum designed for children and parents as a complement to early behavioural intervention. Eighty children (16 female) were recruited to this RCT within 12 months of receiving a diagnosis of ASD (M age = 3.38; SD = 0.69) and randomised to receive either treatment‐as‐usual (community‐based intervention, n = 39) or the TOBY therapy (at least 20 min/day) plus treatment‐as‐usual (n = 41) for a period of 6 months. Outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months postbaseline. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000738628; www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365463).

Results

Children in the TOBY intervention group averaged 19 min/day engaging with the app in the first 3 months, but only 2 min/day during the second 3 months. There was no group difference in scores on the primary outcome, the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist, at either the 3‐ or 6‐month follow‐up. However, significant improvements at the 6‐month follow‐up were observed in the TOBY intervention group relative to the treatment‐as‐usual group on three secondary outcomes: the Fine Motor and Visual Reception subscales of the Mullen Scale of Early Learning and the Total Words Understood scale of the MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Index. Statistical trends towards improvement in the TOBY intervention group were observed on measures of adaptive function, although these decreased in magnitude from the 3‐ to 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that technology‐based interventions may provide a relatively low‐cost addition to existing therapist‐delivered interventions for children with ASD. However, sustained use of the app over the full 6‐month period was a challenge for most families.
Reproductive characteristics of pike‐characids Boulengerella cuvieri (Ctenoluciidae) in the middle Xingu River, Eastern Amazon
Authors: Mendes Y. A. , Ferreira M. A. P. , Lobato C. M. C. , Silva G. M. F. , Montag L. F. A. , Rocha R. M.
Published: May 2017

This study evaluated the reproductive characteristics of pike‐characids, Boulengerella cuvieri, during the hydrological cycle in the Xingu River, eastern Amazon. The sex ratio was 1:1 and the gonado‐somatic index and relative frequency of maturation stages indicate a short breeding season of single phase spawning that coincides with a filling and flood period. Mean standard length at first sexual maturity for female B. cuvieri was estimated to be 22·9 cm.
Arabidopsis adaptor protein 1G is critical for pollen development
Authors: Feng Chong , Wang Jia‐Gang , Liu Hai‐Hong , Li Sha , Zhang Yan
Published: May 2017

Pollen development is a pre‐requisite for sexual reproduction of angiosperms, during which various cellular activities are involved. Pollen development accompanies dynamic remodeling of vacuoles through fission and fusion, disruption of which often compromises pollen viability. We previously reported that the Y subunit of adaptor protein 1 (AP1G) mediates synergid degeneration during pollen tube reception. Here, we demonstrate that AP1G is essential for pollen development. AP1G loss‐of‐function resulted in male gametophytic lethality due to defective pollen development. By ultrastructural analysis and fluorescence labeling, we demonstrate that AP1G loss‐of‐function compromised dynamic vacuolar remodeling during pollen development and impaired vacuolar acidification of pollen. Results presented here support a key role of vacuoles in gametophytic pollen development.
The Almost Unbearable Lightness of Personality
Authors: Allik Jüri
Published: May 2017

Researchers seem to believe that accepting the reality of personality traits inevitably leads to a dogma about the incredible complexity of these traits and their judgment. This article challenges this thesis and its assertion that the accuracy of personality judgment can only be achieved when a “good target” or a “good trait” is being judged using “good information,” and when a “good judge” makes the judgment. It is argued that because trait dimensions are universally applicable to all persons, there is no stable ranking of good targets. The independence of major personality dimensions is incompatible with the distinction between good and bad traits. There seems to be no privileged source of information because information is everywhere, and its retrieval requires unsophisticated skills. Because of the simplicity of the task, it is usually impossible to determine who a good judge is. A new thesis of simplicity is proposed as a guide through equally plausible personality theories.
Normal, Regular, and Standard: Scaling the Body through Fecal Microbial Transplants
Authors: Wolf‐Meyer Matthew J.
Published: May 2017

In 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a workshop to determine the risks and benefits associated with the experimental use of fecal microbial transplants to treat Clostridium difficile and other gastroenterological disorders. By focusing on the proceedings of the NIH–FDA workshop on the treatment of the human microbiome, the question of how medicine colonizes human bodies through microbial transplants raises questions about what an individual body is, how determinative of human health the microbiome is, and what the limits of molecular biomedicine are when the microbiome is taken into consideration. In the workshop presentations and discussion of this emerging treatment, experts used ideas about the normal, regular, and standard to move between scales of bodily analysis, from the microbial to the body politic, demonstrating how the individual and society are deeply influenced by the unruly community of microbial symbiotes that humans host.
Long‐term outcomes of Metacognitive Narrative Psychotherapy for people diagnosed with schizophrenia
Authors: Schweitzer Robert D. , Greben Melissa , Bargenquast Rebecca
Published: May 2017

Objectives

This study investigated long‐term outcomes of Metacognitive Narrative Psychotherapy. Previous studies have shown the approach to be effective in enhancing recovery and metacognition in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Design

A 2‐year longitudinal follow‐up case study design.

Methods

Eight people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia received an average of 52 sessions over 13–26 months. Follow‐up interviews were conducted and self‐report measures administered at approximately 2 years (22–30 months) post‐completion of therapy.

Results

The majority of participants demonstrated reliable improvement from pre‐treatment to 2‐year follow‐up on one or more of the outcome measures with some variation in patterns of improvement.

Conclusions

This study provides the first evidence that therapeutic gains in recovery and metacognition during Metacognitive Narrative Psychotherapy for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be maintained at 2‐year follow‐up. Larger, controlled trials are warranted to ascertain the most important factors contributing to the facilitation and maintenance of gains over time.

Practitioner points

Research demonstrates the value of longer‐term psychotherapy for patients with more severe and longer‐term difficulties resulting from psychotic spectrum disorders.

Metacognitive Narrative Psychotherapy has been demonstrated to facilitate improvement in a proportion of patients who present with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Components of Metacognitive Narrative Psychotherapy can be incorporated into a range of therapeutic approaches for the benefit of patients.
The time course of indirect moral judgment in gossip processing modulated by different agents
Authors: Peng Xiaozhe , Jiao Can , Cui Fang , Chen Qingfei , Li Peng , Li Hong
Published: May 2017

Previous studies have investigated personal moral violations with different references (i.e., the protagonists in moral scenarios are the participants themselves or unknown other individuals). However, the roles of various agents in moral judgments have remained unclear. In the present study, ERPs were used to investigate moral judgments when the participants viewed gossip that described (im)moral behaviors committed by different agents (self, friend, celebrity). The results demonstrate that the P2 and late positive component (LPC) correspond to two successive processes of indirect moral judgment when individuals process gossip. Specifically, the P2 amplitude in the celebrity condition was more sensitive in distinguishing immoral behaviors from moral behaviors than that in the other two conditions, whereas the moral valence effect on the LPC was predominately driven by the self‐reference. These findings expand our current understanding of moral judgments in a gossip evaluation task and demonstrate that the early processing of gossip depends on both the entertainment value of the agent and the salience of moral behaviors. Processing in the later stage reflects reactions to intensified affective stimuli, or reflects cognitive effort that was required to resolve the conflict between negative gossip about self and the self‐positivity bias.
Legislative Behaviour Absent Re-Election Incentives: Findings from a Natural Experiment in the Arkansas Senate
Authors: Titiunik Rocío , Feher Andrew
Published: May 2017

We analyse the effect of removing re-election incentives on the individual legislative participation of state lawmakers by using an original study based on the random assignment of term length that occurs in the Arkansas Senate, which in turn induces the random assignment of the total number of terms each senator may serve. Across five measures of legislative output—bills introduced, bills passed, bills cosponsored, resolutions and abstention rates, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of no effect. Since our sample is small, we adopt two strategies in our statistical analysis: we perform randomization-based inference to ensure that our tests adequately control size, and we use tests of equivalence to avoid incorrectly concluding that the effects are null because of low power. We also use bounds as a robustness check to address attrition in our original experimental sample.
Understanding heavy mineral enrichment using a three‐dimensional numerical model
Authors: Bartzke Gerhard , Schmeeckle Mark W. , Huhn Katrin
Published: May 2017

Layered deposits of relatively light and heavy minerals can be found in many aquatic environments. Quantification of the physical processes which lead to the fine‐scale layering of these deposits is often limited with flumes or in situ field experiments. Therefore, the following research questions were addressed: (i) how can selective grain entrainment be numerically simulated and quantified; (ii) how does a mixed bed turn into a fully layered bed; and (iii) is there any relation between heavy mineral content and bed stability? Herein, a three‐dimensional numerical model was used as an alternative measure to study the fine‐scale process of density segregation during transport. The three‐dimensional model simulates particle transport in water by combining a turbulence‐resolving large eddy simulation with a discrete element model prescribing the motion of individual grains. The granular bed of 0·004 m in height consisted of 200 000 spherical particles (D50 = 500 μm). Five suites of experiments were designed in which the concentration ratio of heavy (5000 kg m−3) to light particles (i.e. 2560 kg m−3) was increased from 6%, 15%, 35%, 60% to 80%. All beds were tested for 10 sec at a predefined flow speed of 0·3 m sec−1. Analysis of the particle behaviour in the interior of the beds showed that the lighter particles segregated from the heavy particles with increasing time. The latter accumulated at the bottom of the domain, forming a layer, whereas the lighter particles were transported over the layer forming sweeps. Particles below the heavy particle layer indicated that the layer was able to armour the particles below. Consequentially, enrichment of heavy minerals in a layer is controlled by the segregation of a heavy mineral fraction from the light counterpart, which enhances current understanding of heavy mineral placer formation.
Residential Transience and Substance Use Disorder Are Independently Associated with Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Attempts in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adults
Authors: Forman‐Hoffman Valerie L. , Glasheen Cristie , Ridenour Ty A.
Published: May 2017

This study tests the association between past‐year residential transience (RT), substance use disorder (SUD), major depressive episode (MDE), and suicidal outcomes in a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized, civilian, community‐dwelling adults who participated in the 2008–2013 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. RT, SUD, and MDE were each significantly associated with suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts in models adjusted for each other and sociodemographic covariates. Because RT is independently associated with each suicidal outcome, even when there is no co‐occurring SUD or MDE, assessment of RT should occur when screening for suicide.
The Determinants of Cross‐National Variation in Migrants’ Access to Rights
Authors: Hosoki Ralph Ittonen
Published: May 2017

States vary in the degree to which rights enjoyed by the native citizenry are conferred upon foreign nationals, and rarely do non‐nationals fully enjoy comparable rights unless they naturalize. Extant studies on cross‐national variations in access to citizenship are largely qualitative and limited to Western liberal democracies, making generalizable claims difficult, and there is limited theorization on the impact of exogenous global influences on citizenship and nationality laws. This cross‐national study utilizes Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to adjudicate between world cultural and domestic economic, political, and demographic explanations for migrants’ access to rights, using minimum residency length requirement for naturalization as a proxy measure. Results show that international non‐governmental organization (INGO) membership is the strongest predictor of cross‐national variance in minimum residency length requirements, suggesting that the diffusion of world cultural human rights scripts through cultural linkages with INGOs influences a state's willingness to confer the ultimate means to legal membership and rights.
The DRB1*15:11 allele discovered in a Taiwanese unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lin P. Y.
Published: May 2017

One nucleotide substitution at residue 227 of HLA‐DRB1*15:02:01:01 results in a new allele, HLA‐DRB1*15:11.
Chronic electromyograms in treadmill running SOD1 mice reveal early changes in muscle activation
Authors: Quinlan Katharina A. , Kajtaz Elma , Ciolino Jody D. , Imhoff‐Manuel Rebecca D. , Tresch Matthew C. , Heckman Charles J. , Tysseling Vicki M.
Published: May 2017

Key points

The present study demonstrates that electromyograms (EMGs) obtained during locomotor activity in mice were effective for identification of early physiological markers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These measures could be used to evaluate therapeutic intervention strategies in animal models of ALS.

Several parameters of locomotor activity were shifted early in the disease time course in SOD1G93A mice, especially when the treadmill was inclined, including intermuscular phase, burst skew and amplitude of the locomotor bursts.

The results of the present study indicate that early compensatory changes may be taking place within the neural network controlling locomotor activity, including spinal interneurons.

Locomotor EMGs could have potential use as a clinical diagnostic tool.

To improve our understanding of early disease mechanisms and to identify reliable biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, we measured electromyogram (EMG) activity in hind limb muscles of SOD1G93A mice. By contrast to clinical diagnostic measures using EMGs, which are performed on quiescent patients, we monitored activity during treadmill running aiming to detect presymptomatic changes in motor patterning. Chronic EMG electrodes were implanted into vastus lateralis, biceps femoris posterior, lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in mice from postnatal day 55 to 100 and the results obtained were assessed using linear mixed models. We evaluated differences in parameters related to EMG amplitude (peak and area) and timing (phase and skew, a measure of burst shape) when animals ran on level and inclined treadmills. There were significant changes in both the timing of activity and the amplitude of EMG bursts in SOD1G93A mice. Significant differences between wild‐type and SOD1G93A mice were mainly observed when animals locomoted on inclined treadmills. All muscles had significant effects of mutation that were independent of age. These novel results indicate (i) locomotor EMG activity might be an early measure of disease onset; (ii) alterations in locomotor patterning may reflect changes in neuronal drive and compensation at the network level including altered activity of spinal interneurons; and (iii) the increased power output necessary on an inclined treadmill was important in revealing altered activity in SOD1G93A mice.
Dynamic and programmable self-assembly of micro-rafts at the air-water interface
Authors: Wang Wendong , Giltinan Joshua , Zakharchenko Svetlana , Sitti Metin
Published: May 2017

We built an out-of-equilibrium material system by designing competing interactions that are both dissipative and programmable.
Simple technologies and diverse food strategies of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Huaca Prieta, Coastal Peru
Authors: Dillehay Tom D. , Goodbred Steve , Pino Mario , Vásquez Sánchez Víctor F. , Tham Teresa Rosales , Adovasio James , Collins Michael B. , Netherly Patricia J. , Hastorf Christine A. , Chiou Katherine L. , Piperno Dolores , Rey Isabel , Velchoff Nancy
Published: May 2017

Recent archaeological work in Peru suggests a slower-paced movement of early humans along the Pacific coast.
New Ebola outbreak rings alarm bells early
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: May 2017

Deadly virus resurfaces in the DRC, and for the first time, a vaccine is an option
Courts ponder how public animal reports must be
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: May 2017

Two U.S. cases pit push for transparency against concerns about privacy
Jupiter’s interior and deep atmosphere: The initial pole-to-pole passes with the Juno spacecraft
Authors: Bolton S. J. , Adriani A. , Adumitroaie V. , Allison M. , Anderson J. , Atreya S. , Bloxham J. , Brown S. , Connerney J. E. P. , DeJong E. , Folkner W. , Gautier D. , Grassi D. , Gulkis S. , Guillot T. , Hansen C. , Hubbard W. B. , Iess L. , Ingersoll A. , Janssen M. , Jorgensen J. , Kaspi Y. , Levin S. M. , Li C. , Lunine J. , Miguel Y. , Mura A. , Orton G. , Owen T. , Ravine M. , Smith E. , Steffes P. , Stone E. , Stevenson D. , Thorne R. , Waite J. , Durante D. , Ebert R. W. , Greathouse T. K. , Hue V. , Parisi M. , Szalay J. R. , Wilson R.
Published: May 2017

Juno swoops around giant Jupiter

Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in our solar system. NASA's Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter on 4 July 2016 and made its first close pass on 27 August 2016. Bolton
et al.
present results from Juno's flight just above the cloud tops, including images of weather in the polar regions and measurements of the magnetic and gravitational fields. Juno also used microwaves to peer below the visible surface, spotting gas welling up from the deep interior. Connerney
et al.
measured Jupiter's aurorae and plasma environment, both as Juno approached the planet and during its first close orbit.

Science
, this issue p.
821
, p.
826
Quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution
Authors: Boss J. M. , Cujia K. S. , Zopes J. , Degen C. L.
Published: May 2017

Enhancing quantum sensing

The quantum properties of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond can be used as an atomic compass needle that is sensitive to tiny variations in magnetic field. Schmitt
et al.
and Boss
et al.
successfully enhanced this sensitivity by several orders of magnitude (see the Perspective by Jordan). They applied a sequence of pulses to the NV center, the timing of which was set by and compared with a highly stable oscillator. This allowed them to measure the frequency of an oscillating magnetic field (megahertz bandwidth) with submillihertz resolution. Such enhanced precision measurement could be applied, for example, to improve nuclear magnetic resonance-based imaging protocols of single molecules.

Science
, this issue p.
832
, p.
837
; see also p.
802
RNA polymerase motions during promoter melting
Authors: Feklistov Andrey , Bae Brian , Hauver Jesse , Lass-Napiorkowska Agnieszka , Kalesse Markus , Glaus Florian , Altmann Karl-Heinz , Heyduk Tomasz , Landick Robert , Darst Seth A.
Published: May 2017

Trapping RNA polymerase in the act

The enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP) finds promoter elements in the genome, separates (or “melts”) the DNA strands, and transcribes the template DNA strand to give RNA. A mobile clamp in RNAP plays a key role in initiating transcription. Feklistov
et al.
locked the clamp of bacterial RNAP in distinct conformations by using small molecules. They then used fluorescent probes to monitor binding as the promoter DNA was separated. Unexpectedly, they found that the clamp transiently closed to nucleate DNA melting, opened to load single-stranded DNA into the active site, and then closed around the template strand to start transcription.

Science
, this issue p.
863
Classical-quantum sensors keep better time
Authors: Jordan Andrew N.
Published: May 2017

Diamond spin centers dramatically improve measurements of magnetic-field frequency
Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis Infections
Authors: Bouchemal Kawthar , Bories Christian , Loiseau Philippe M.
Published: May 2017

The last estimated annual incidence ofTrichomonas vaginalisworldwide exceeds that of chlamydia and gonorrhea combined. This critical review updates the state of the art on advances inT. vaginalisdiagnostics and strategies for treatment and prevention of trichomoniasis. In particular, new data on treatment outcomes for topical administration of formulations are reviewed and discussed.
Investigation of Kingella kingae Invasive Infection Outbreaks in Day Care Facilities: Assessment of a Rapid Genotyping Tool Targeting the DNA Uptake Sequence
Authors: Bidet Philippe , Tran Quang Violaine , Yagusky Pablo , Birgy André , Bonacorsi Stéphane , Basmaci Romain
Published: May 2017

Outbreaks of
Kingella kingae
invasive infections have recently been reported in day care centers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that although the invasive strains had widespread dissemination in the day care population, less virulent strains were also circulating in the facilities. However, these typing tools are costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive and provide delayed results. A study was conducted to assess the performance of a rapid and cost-effective genotyping tool targeting the DNA uptake sequence (DUS) in the investigation of outbreaks of
K. kingae
disease. DUS typing (DUST) patterns of each strain from 7 different clusters were compared to distinguish genotypically linked strains from others. PFGE and, when available, MLST results were used as gold standards. DUST was assessed on 80
K. kingae
isolates from Nir-Itzhak (
n
= 14), Tel-Nof (
n
= 14), Palmahim (
n
= 5), Umm-al-Fahm (
n
= 7), Eilat (
n
= 8), Nevatim (
n
= 15) in Israel and Paris, France (
n
= 17). A unique DUST pattern was involved in the Nir-Itzhak, Palmahim, Umm-al-Fahm, and Paris episodes. Two DUST patterns were found in Eilat, whereas at least 3 were identified in the Tel-Nof and Nevatim episodes. In total, 11 (13.8%) children carried a
K. kingae
isolate that differed from the outbreak strain. These results were concordant with those obtained with the traditional PFGE and MLST methods. DUST appears to be sensitive and specific in distinguishing the invasive outbreak strain from others in asymptomatic carriers and could be useful to limit unnecessary exposure of the entire day care population to selective antibiotic pressure.
Advances Afoot in Microbiology
Authors: Patel Robin , Karon Brad S.
Published: May 2017

In 2016, the American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium to examine point-of-care (POC) microbiology testing and to evaluate its effects on clinical microbiology. Colloquium participants included representatives from clinical microbiology laboratories, industry, and the government, who together made recommendations regarding the implementation, oversight, and evaluation of POC microbiology testing. The colloquium report is timely and well written (V. Dolen et al.,
Changing Diagnostic Paradigms for Microbiology
, 2017,
https://www.asm.org/index.php/colloquium-reports/item/6421-changing-diagnostic-paradigms-for-microbiology?utm_source=Commentary&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=diagnostics
). Emerging POC microbiology tests, especially nucleic acid amplification tests, have the potential to advance medical care.