bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suivi et optimisation d’une station de décontamination des eaux usées de la filière traitement de surface : abattement chimique et impact écotoxicologique
Authors: Charles Jérémie , Crini Grégorio , Sancey Bertrand , Trunfio Giuseppe , Badot Pierre-Marie , Morin-Crini Nadia , Minary Jean-François , Gavoille Sophie , Lagarrigue Céline , Torri Giangiacomo , Vismara Elena , Winterton Peter
Published: September 2012

Les traitements de surfaces (TS) utilisent des volumes importants d’eau et de produits chimiques dans leurs procédés de fabrication. Bien que des efforts considérables en matière d’amélioration des procédés aient été réalisés depuis 20 ans, la filière TS est encore considérée comme l’une des plus polluantes en matière de rejets. Le principal problème environnemental auquel est confrontée la filière est celui de la forte charge polluante des eaux issues de leurs procédés. Ces eaux usées sont complexes et difficiles à traiter car elles contiennent des polluants de nature et de concentration variables, et de plus susceptibles d’interactions. La législation étant de plus en plus exigeante dans de nombreux pays, les industriels tendent à réduire les impacts environnementaux. La technique de décontamination qui fait référence dans le secteur TS est la physico-chimie, qui consiste à insolubiliser les polluants par ajout de substances chimiques, et à séparer les deux phases eau-boue par un procédé physique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons analysé et optimisé pendant 24 mois le fonctionnement d’une station de traitement. Cet article présente les abattements chimiques obtenus suite aux différentes solutions d’optimisation validées en laboratoire puis transposées sur site industriel. L’optimisation de la station a permis de diminuer respectivement la charge organique, les nitrites et le zinc de 60 à 80 %, de 70 à 90 %, et de 70 à 95 %. Afin d’évaluer l’intérêt de chaque proposition d’optimisation, des tests écotoxicologiques normalisés de germination de graines de laitues ont été réalisés sur les effluents. La diminution des concentrations en polluants dans les eaux correspond à une diminution de l’impact du rejet sur la germination des graines. Des tests de croissance des plantes ont également confirmé le gain environnemental obtenu. Les tests biologiques proposés sont de bons indicateurs des concentrations en contaminants présents dans les eaux. Ces tests simples, peu onéreux et fiables peuvent être utilisés en routine pour évaluer les impacts d’un rejet.
Persistance des entérovirus dans les eaux usées à Yopougon, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kouassi Julien Momou , Akoua-Koffl Chantal , Traore Karim  Sory , Edgard Valéry  Adjogoua , Tieoulou Leontine , Boni Juste Géraud , Signo Paul  Koffi , Djako Sosthène Akre , Guidy Françoise , Traore Fanta , Houenou Pascal Valentin , Dosso Mireille
Published: September 2012

Plusieurs facteurs environnementaux contribuent au maintien de l’infectivité des entérovirus hors de l’organisme dans divers milieux hydriques pendant parfois de longues périodes. Cette étude effectuée in situ avait pour but : (i) d’isoler les entérovirus des eaux usées urbaines et lagunaires sur quatre lignées cellulaires, (ii) de suivre la distribution et la persistance de ces virus sous l’influence des facteurs environnementaux abiotiques. Les échantillons d'eaux usées ont été collectés à neuf points de prélèvement le long d'un canal dont l'écoulement débouche sur une lagune tropicale à Yopougon. Les entérovirus ont été concentrés par l’utilisation de DextranT40 et du Polyéthylène glycol 6000 selon des recommandations de l'OMS. Les mesures du pH, de la température, de la conductivité et de la salinité ont été effectuées sur site. La détermination des sulfates (SO42-) a été réalisée conformément à la HACH METHOD 8051.

Parmi les échantillons d'eaux usées brutes (n = 45) et lagunaire (n = 21), 68,9 % et 52,4 % respectivement se sont révélés positifs à l'isolement viral. La présence des entérovirus a été confirmée par RT-PCR dans 57,8 % et 42,8 % des échantillons d'eaux usées brutes et lagunaires. Nous avons observé pour des pluviométries de 0,4 mm et de 252,9 mm que des échantillons étaient positifs respectivement dans 44,4 % et 60,9 % des cas. Par ailleurs, les entérovirus infectieux ont été détectés en milieu lagunaire pour une gamme de températures oscillant de 26 oC à 30 oC. Ces valeurs se situent au-dessus du seuil de 22 oC où leur survie serait affectée dans les estuaires.

Cette étude semble démontrer que la valeur maximale du pH (pH Max = 9,57) et de la salinité (salinité Max = 10,7) couplée à d'autres facteurs environnementaux ne favoriserait pas la persistance des entérovirus.

Les interactions entre ces eaux et les populations le long du canal et en aval exposent celles-ci à des risques sanitaires multiples.
Arsenic mitigation measures in Bangladesh
Authors: Zaved Kaiser Khan Mohammad
Published: September 2012

The scale of arsenic toxicity of the groundwater in Bangladesh is greater than any environmental debacle in the history of human civilization. The main route of arsenic accumulation in the human body is the ingestion of arsenic tainted water. Because of the undetectable nature of arsenic poisoning at the early stage and lack of awareness due to mass illiteracy, poverty and malnutrition, arsenic related ailments may cause death. However, this paper mainly discusses arsenic mitigation measures in Bangladesh. Although a piped surface water supply after treatment is the absolute solution to get rid of this crisis, the weak economic background of Bangladesh does not support supplying such water to every corner of rural areas. Hence research groups have developed their own methods to suit the local environment, using locally available materials and approaches based on the common method of arsenic removal: use of oxidizing agents, followed by flocculation and precipitation. Again, among different alternative water supply options, deep tubewells, which have been used by the communities in Bangladesh during the past few decades, appear to be a more suitable alternate option. Moreover, household-based arsenic filters can be a good choice if proper maintenance can be done.
Analyse des services d'eau non conventionnels dans les quartiers à habitat spontané : cas du quartier EBA'A dans la périphérie de la ville de Yaoundé (région du centre au Cameroun)
Authors: Ndongo Barthelémy , Ngnikam Emmanuel , Mbouendeu Stéphane Lako
Published: September 2012

Cet article présente une analyse du service d’eau non conventionnel (service n’ayant fait l’objet d’aucune convention (cahier de charge, contrat, norme ou règlement, etc.), et donc organisé de façon intuitive par les utilisateurs) d’un quartier à habitat spontané de la périphérie de Yaoundé (EBA’A). L’étude aura consisté à : identifier les caractéristiques de ce service, relever les contraintes auxquelles ses usagers sont soumis, identifier les principaux déterminants de satisfaction de la clientèle et définir les perspectives d’amélioration de ce service. Pour cela, une enquête ménage a été effectuée dans le quartier sur un échantillon représentatif de la population étudiée. Cette enquête fut complétée par des observations et mesures faites sur le terrain. L’analyse des données collectées révèle que les services d’eau locaux non conventionnels s’appuient sur des ouvrages de desserte autonomes qui sont considérablement éloignés des usagers. Ce type de service semble contraignant pour les ménages d’EBA’A, et ce, plus sur le plan des conditions d’approvisionnement que du coût du service. C’est pourquoi, en guise d’amélioration, les ménages souhaitent avoir un service d’eau potable proche et permanent, même si son coût demeure élevé. Cependant, il existe un seuil de 2,10 $•m-3 pour ces populations. Dans ces conditions, un délai de paiement des factures d’au moins dix jours, avec des interruptions de service n’excédant pas trois jours, semble tolérable pour ces ménages. Ainsi, les services d’eau potable non conventionnels pourraient s’avérer être des alternatives d’accès à l’eau potable satisfaisantes dans les quartiers défavorisés, à condition qu’ils soient proches des usagers, permanents, et qu’ils aient un coût supportable par les ménages.
Anthropogenic carbon and water masses in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Castaño-Carrera M , Pardo PC , Álvarez M , Lavín A , Rodríguez C , Carballo R , Ríos AF , Pérez FF
Published: September 2012

As part of the VACLAN (Climate Variability in the North Atlantic) project, a section covering the Bay of Biscay was sampled in September 2005. This work estimates the distribution of the different water masses in the region using an extended optimum multiparametric method and analyzes water mass distribution of anthropogenic carbon as calculated using two different approaches. The Eastern North Atlantic Central Water layer is mainly constituted by its subpolar component and Mediterranean Water appears very diluted, its dilution increasing northeastward. In relation to the anthropogenic carbon inventory, small differences were found between the two different methods used, 95 vs 87 mol C m–2, though both show the same distribution pattern, the concentration decreasing with depth. Eastern North Atlantic Central Water presents the highest anthropogenic carbon inventory, supporting more than 50% of the total column (52%). This work confirms the relevant role of the Bay of Biscay as a sink zone in the oceanic circulation.
Meridional changes in water mass distributions off NW Africa during November 2007/2008
Authors: Pastor MV , Peña-Izquierdo J , Pelegrí JL , Marrero-Díaz Á
Published: September 2012

An optimum multiparameter analysis was applied to a data set for the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, gathered during November of two consecutive years and spanning from 16 to 36º N. This data set covers over 20º of latitude with good meridional and zonal resolution over the whole coastal transition zone. The contribution from six water types in the depth range between 100 and 2000 m is solved. In the 100 to 700 m depth range the central waters of southern and northern origin meet abruptly at the Cape Verde Frontal Zone. This front traditionally has been reported to stretch from Cape Blanc, at about 21.5º N, to the Cape Verde Islands, but in our case it penetrates as far as 24º N over the continental slope. South of 21º N latitude we actually find a less saline and more oxygenated variety of South Atlantic Central Water, which we ascribe to less diluted equatorial waters. In the 700 to 1500 m depth range the dominant water type is a diluted form of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), whose influence smoothly disappears north of the Canary Islands as it is replaced by Mediterranean Water (MW); at latitudes where both water masses coexist, we observe MW offshore while AAIW is found near-shore. North Atlantic Deep Water is the dominating water type below about 1300/1700 m depth south/north of the Canary Islands; this abrupt change in depth suggests the existence of different paths for the deep waters reaching both sides of the archipelago.
Preparation of Azido Containing Oligonucleotides Through Diazo Transfer Reaction
Authors: Lartia Rémy , Bonnat Laureen , Murat Pierre , Defrancq Eric
Published: September 2012

The use of diazo transfer reagent, imidazole‐1‐sulfonyl azide hydrochloride (ISAHC), in the presence of Cu2+ cation enables clean and efficient conversion of aminated oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) into their azido counterparts under mild conditions. ODNs bearing amino tether either at the 3′, 5′, or any internal position could be modified in this way, thus demonstrating the versatility of this reaction. The method also benefits from the commercial availability or easy access by routine automated DNA synthesis of amino‐containing oligodeoxyribonucleotide starting material. Easy access to such azido‐modified ODNs is of great interest for conjugation in particular through copper catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC reaction). Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 50:4.50.1‐4.50.7. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Commentary on ‘Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in children (published trials only)’
Authors: Parker Michelle , Shah Samir S.
Published: September 2012

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Wang K, Shun‐Shin M, Gill P, Perera R, Harnden A. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in children (published trials only). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD002744. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002744.pub4.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Adrenalectomy and Castration in the Genetically Obese (OB/OB) Mouse
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki , Ohshim Kihachi , Peterson Margaret , Swerdloff Ronald S. , Bray George A.
Published: September 2012

The present studies have tested the hypothesis that adrenalectomy could modify the phenotypic expression of genetic obesity by examining the effects of adrenalectomy on the function of the gonadal system in lean and ob/ob mice. Corticosterone concentrations were undetectable in the adrenalectomized animals. Adrenalectomy significantly slowed the weight gain of obese mice in comparison to sham‐adrenalectomized controls. Gonadectomy had no independent effect on weight gain. The testes, prostate, and seminal vesicles in the ob/ob mice were significantly smaller than in the lean animals. Castration lowered the weights of the prostate and seminal vesicles in the lean mice to weights close to those observed in the castrated ob/ob mice. Castration significantly increased the concentrations of LH and FSH in both ob/ob and lean mice, but the absolute concentrations were higher in the lean mice in both conditions. Adrenalectomy per se had no effect on the concentration of LH, FSH, or testosterone or on the weights of the prostate or seminal vesicles. These data indicate that adrenalectomy has no effect on the physiologic control of the reproductive system in genetically obese mice, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the defect in the ob/ob mouse is a modulator of steroid action which over expresses glucocorticoid effects and under expresses gonadal steroid effects.
Weight Cycling: A Review of the Animal Literature
Authors: Reed George W , Hill James O.
Published: September 2012

This review critically evaluates the animal literature concerning the effects of weight cycling on factors related to development of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Although human studies have been used to retrospectively examine the relationship between fluctuations in body weight and a variety of disease markers, direct causal links between weight cycling and negative health effects have been inferred from a series of scientific publications using animals as subjects. We use data from 24 such publications to evaluate evidence for and against a series of hypotheses that have been suggested regarding weight cycling and health. Although there are some intriguing results, there is currently little evidence to support any of these hypotheses. However, methodological limitations were identified in many of these studies, and caution should be used in making definitive decisions about weight cycling. Weight cycling studies could be improved by including more appropriate controls, comparing controls to weight cycling animals at more appropriate time points, and giving more attention to potential effects of diet composition. While more careful research is needed, at this time we conclude that the published animal literature does not justify any warnings about the hazards of weight cycling.
Level of Preadipocyte Growth Factor in Rat Adipose Tissue which Specifically Permits the Proliferation of Preadipocytes Is Affected by Restricted Energy Intake
Authors: Aoki Naohito , Kawada Teruo , Sugimoto Etsuro
Published: September 2012

We previously reported the presence of a protein growth factor in rat adipose tissue which specifically permits the proliferation of 3T3‐L1 and Obl771 preadipocytes [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990;171:905–912, ref. 1] and which is hereinafter referred to as PAGF (preadipocyte growth factor). In this study, the effects of long‐term restricted energy intake on the PAGF activity in rat epididymal and perirenal adipose tissue toward 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were investigated. When rats were subjected to restricted energy intake for three weeks, PAGF activity increased with energy intake. The body weight, epididymal and perirenal fat depot weights and glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity also increased with the energy intake, whereas the lactate dehydrogenase activity remained almost constant in all energy intake groups. These results suggest that the PAGF in fat depots functions in response to energy intake and contributes to the de novo formation of adipocytes and the growth of adipose tissue. This factor may provide a useful tool for further elucidation of the relationship between energy storage in adipose tissue and adipose tissue development.
Segregation Analysis of Body Mass Index in an Unselected French‐Canadian Sample: The Québec Family Study
Authors: Rice Treva , Borecki Ingrid B. , Bouchard Claude , Ruo RD.C.
Published: September 2012

Interest in a single gene etiology for obesity, as assessed by the body mass index (BMI), has been spurred recently by reports of a putative recessive major gene for extreme values, which accounts for as much as 40% of the variance. The major gene hypothesis was evaluated here in the Québec Family Study, a random sample of 375 French‐Canadian volunteer families. This report represents one component in a more complete investigation of obesity in these families. In contrast to the recent studies, a major gene hypothesis for BMI was not verified here. Although there was a major effect, it did not conform to a Mendelian pattern of transmission. A multifactorial component (i.e., polygenic and/or common environmental factors) accounted for 42% of the phenotypic variance. In addition, evidence of heterogeneity between the generations was found. The heterogeneity was traced to the major non‐Mendelian component (which accounted for 0.01% of the variance in parents and over 40% in offspring) rather than to the multifactorial one. These results would suggest that a simple recessive gene mixed model may not be sufficient to explain the familial distribution of the BMI. Several factors which may have contributed to these results include temporal trends and surrogate effects such as those related to variation in body composition and energy balance components. (OBESITY RESEARCH 1993; 1:288–294)
Duration of Improved Muscle Glucose Uptake After Acute Exercise in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Betts Jeffery J. , Sherman William M. , Reed Michael J. , Gao Jiaping P.
Published: September 2012

Skeletal muscle is insulin resistant in the obese Zucker rat. Endurance training reduces muscle insulin resistance, but the effects of a single acute exercise session on muscle insulin resistance in the obese Zucker rat are unknown. Therefore, insulin responsiveness of muscle glucose uptake was measured in 15‐week‐old obese rats either 1, 48, or 72 hours after two hours of intermittent exercise (3030 min; work:rest). Hindlimbs of sedentary lean (LS) and obese (OS) rats and exercised obese (OE) rats were perfused after a 10‐hour fast under both basal (0 mU.ml−1) and maximal (20 mU.ml−1) insulin concentrations to measure net glucose uptake. Insulin responsiveness of net glucose uptake was significantly reduced in OS compared to LS (8.5 ± 1.6 vs 15.3 ± 2.0 μmol.g−1.h−1, respectively). Compared to OS, insulin responsiveness of net glucose uptake was significantly increased by 56% and 80% at 1 hour and 48 hours after acute exercise. However, 72 hours after acute exercise, the increased insulin responsiveness of net glucose uptake was no longer evident. These results indicate that improved responsiveness of muscle glucose uptake persists for at least 48 hours after two hours of acute intermittent exercise in 15‐week‐old obese Zucker rats. (OBESITY RESEARCH 1993; 1:295–302)
Is DL‐Fenfluramine a Potentially Helpful Drug Therapy in Overweight Adolescent Subjects?
Authors: Pedrinolu Filippo , Cuvuliere Humberto , Lima Nicoluu , Medeiros‐Neto Geraldo
Published: September 2012

We have studied the therapeutic effects of two different doses (30 mg and 60 mg, twice daily) of DL‐fen‐fluramine (DL‐F) in, respectively, prepuberal (11–13 years old) and adolescent subjects (14–17 years old). Sixty‐eight obese subjects were recruited for this study (22 boys, 36 girls, aged 10–17 years old) with body mass index ranging from 24.5 to 44.0 kg/m2, absolute weight ranging from 37.0 to 119.5 kg and % over IBW ranging from 122% to 260%. Results were compared to a placebo treated group of obese adolescent patients (n=17), 6 boys and 11 girls, aged 10–17 years old, BMI ranging from 26–44 kg/m2, absolute weight 53.1 to 96.5 kg, and with 129% to 253% over IBW. In the DL‐F‐treated subjects most patients (n=41) had a continuous weight loss during 12 months but 27 individuals were unable to lose any additional weight after the initial 6 months of the trial. Taken together 65% of all patients lost weight during DL‐F treatment (12 months) whereas only 17.4% of the placebo group lost a significant (>10% BMI) amount of excess weight. Also the placebo group had a higher withdrawal rate (57%) as compared with the DL‐F‐treated group (24%). There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease of the mean & SD of the BMI (at 6 and 12 months of therapy). No significant change of the BMI was observed for control group. Minor adverse side effects consisted of a brief period of drowsiness and dry mouth. Our findings indicated that the continuous administration of DL‐Fenfluramine might help obese adolescent subjects adhere to a diet and to maintain the weight loss achieved without major or harmful adverse effects.
Do Obese Eat Faster Than Lean Subjects? Food Intake Studies in Pima Indian Men
Authors: Rising Russell , Larson D. Enette , Ravussin Eric
Published: September 2012

Food intake rate has previously been derived from observation of eating behavior in laboratory settings or in public eating establishments. Although it has been suggested that obese individuals eat faster than lean individuals, observations of such an “obese eating style” have yielded mixed results. In the present study, the relationship between ad‐libitum food intake rate and obesity was evaluated over 4 days on a metabolic ward in 28 healthy Pima Indian men (Mean ± SD; 29 ± 7 y, 100.4 ± 27.1 kg, 33 ± 10% body fat) using an automated food selection system containing a large variety of foods.

Total energy intake averaged 18829 ± 3299 kJ/d consisting of 47 ± 4,40 ± 3, and 13 ± 1 percent of carbohydrate, fat and protein, respectively. The average meal duration was 25 ± 7 min. Food intake rate was 68 ± 21 g/min while carbohydrate, fat and protein intake rates were 23 ± 6, 9 ± 3 and 6 ± 2 g/min, respectively. Food intake rate correlated negatively with %body fat (1=0.61, P<0.01). Similar relationships were found between the intake rates of carbohydrate, fat and protein and body fatness. Only prospective studies will indicate whether a slow food intake rate may contribute to the etiology of obesity by possibly reducing satiety.
Plasticity of Brain α‐Adrenoceptors During the Development of Diet‐Induced Obesity in the Rat
Authors: Levin Barry E. , Hamm Michael W.
Published: September 2012

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats, which are prone to develop diet‐induced obesity (DIO) on a high energy (HE) diet can be separated from rats which are diet‐resistant (DR) by several prospective tests. Using such tests, chow‐fed DR‐prone rats have higher binding of 3H paraminoclonidine (PAC) to brain α2‐adrenoceptors than do DIO‐prone rats. These differences disappear after 3 months on a HE diet. To study the predictive value of these tests and possible associated changes in presynaptic membrane composition, brain α1‐(1nM 3H prazosin) and α2‐adrenoceptor (1nM 3H PAC) binding and synaptosomal fatty acid composition were assessed in 3‐month‐old male rats separated by weight gain into DR and DIO groups after 1 month on a HE diet. DIO had comparable total caloric intake but gained 30% and 43% more weight and were hyperinsulinemic compared to DR and chow‐fed rats, respectively. After 1 month on a HE diet, DR rats still had 15%‐53% higher 3H PAC binding than DIO and/or chow‐fed rats in 14 of 16 brain areas assessed. A phenotype effect was present primarily in the amygdala where DR rats had higher 3H PAC binding than DIO rats. A diet effect was seen in some hypothalamic nuclei where both DR and DIO rats had higher 3H PAC binding than chow‐fed rats. Conversely, DIO rats had 14%–21% higher 3H prazosin binding than DR rats in 3 brain areas. Changes in brain synaptosomal membranes' fatty acids reflected both phenotype and diet effects. Thus, while diet composition affects presynaptic membrane composition and α2‐adrenoceptor binding in both DR and DIO rats, the predominance of plasticity of these parameters is limited to the brains of DR rats. This suggests that such plasticity may be an important determinant of the ability to resist the development of diet‐induced obesity on a HE diet.
Development and Validation of Computed Tomography Derived Anthropometric Regression Equations for Estimating Abdominal Adipose Tissue Distribution
Authors: Kekes‐Szabo Tamas , Hunter Gary R. , Nyikos Ildiko , Nicholson Christal , Snyder Scott , Berland Lincoln
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to develop multiple regression equations for predicting computed tomography (CT) derived intra‐abdominal (IAF), subcutaneous (SCF), and total (TOTF= IAF+SCF) abdominal adipose tissue areas from anthropometric measures in adult white males with a large range of age (18–71 years) and percent body fat (2.0–40.6); and (2) to validate the new and existing equations that used similar Hounsfield Units (HU) for determining IAF for estimating these fat depots. One hundred fifty‐one white male subjects had IAF, SCF, and TOTF determined by a single CT scan, skinfold and circumference measures taken and body density determined. Linear intra‐correlations and factor analysis procedures were used to identify variables for inclusion in stepwise multiple regression solutions. IAF was estimated from age, waist circumference, the sum of mid‐thigh and lower thigh circumferences, and vertical abdominal skinfold. SCF was estimated from age, umbilicus circumference, chest and suprailiac skinfolds. TOTF was estimated from age, body mass index (BMI), chest skinfold, and umbilicus circumference. R2 for IAF, SCF, and TOTF was .73, .77, and .86 respectively. The existing and the new equations were validated on an independent sub‐sample of 51 subjects. The only existing equation that met validation criteria had a validation R2 = .67 for IAF. All three new equations met validation criteria with R 2 validations of .75, .79, and .85 for IAF, SCF, and TOTF respectively. It is concluded that the new equations might be used as an inexpensive estimation of IAF, SCF, and TOTF in adult white males varying greatly in age and percent body fat.
LY226936 Administered Orally and Centrally to Obese Zucker Rats Suppresses Food Intake and Body Weight Gain
Authors: Shaw Walter N. , Clemens James A. , Parietta Jill A.
Published: September 2012

LY226936, methylcarbamothoic acid‐S‐(4,5‐dihydro‐2‐thiazolyl) ester, is a new compound that, when administered to obese Zucker rats, caused reduced food intake. LY226936 reduced the food consumption after a single oral dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg. On chronic oral administration to meal‐fed obese (5 to 35 mg/kg. once daily) and to fed obese and lean (15 mg/kg. twice daily) Zucker rats, LY226936 reduced food intake and body weight gain for periods ranging from 40 to 48 days. The effect on both parameters was statistically significant. There is no evidence in our studies that tolerance to the actions of LY226936 developed. LY226936 decreased the consumption of both high carbohydrate and high fat diets. Food consumption of meal‐fed obese Zucker rats was reduced significantly each time a single dose of 10 ugm LY226936 per rat was infused intracerebroventricularly. None of the receptors studied (mu and kappa opioid, CCK, serotonin, neuropeptide Y, galinin, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid) appeared to bind LY226936 and therefore, appear not to be involved in the depression of food intake by the obese Zucker rat.
Antiobesity and Antidiabetic β‐agonists: Lessons Learned and Questions to be Answered
Authors: Yen Terence T.
Published: September 2012

In several species of obese animals, a group of phenethanolamine β‐agonists stimulates lipolysis and thermogenesis, resulting in the loss of body fat and weight. Brown adipose tissue is considered to be the major target tissue for the antiobesity activity of these compounds. Independent of this antiobesity activity, some of these compounds are also antidiabetic and increase muscle mass.

Based on the pharmacological profile of these com‐pounds, a npeceptor was proposed and character‐ized in mouse, rat, and humans. The 133‐receptor in brown adipose tissue has been suggested to mediate the antiobesity activity of these 13‐agonists. Whether this receptor is responsible for the antidiabetic activ‐ity and whether there is a linkage between the antiobesity/antidiabetic activity and the nutrient par‐titioning activity is not clear.

Clinical trials with these mixed 13‐agonists showed marginal antiobesity effects when caloric intake of subjects was restricted. Insulin sensitivity was also improved in some of the trials designed to test the antidiabetic activity of these compounds. Side effects included tachycardia and tremor. To eliminate these side effects, a second generation of compounds was selected for its agonist activity on rat D3‐receptors. Clinical trials with these compounds have shown lit‐tle increase of energy expenditure even at high doses.

Successful development of an antiohesity and antidi‐abetic drug from this class of compounds will require the elucidation of the physiological role of the human 133‐receptor and the regulatory mecha‐nism between fuel efficiency and feeding behavior.
The Relationship Between Daytime and Nighttime Food Intake in an Obese Night‐Eater
Authors: Aronoff Nancy J. , Geliebter Allan , Hashim Saini A. , Zaimmit Gary K.
Published: September 2012

Some obese individuals consume food during awakenings from nighttime sleep. Three studies were conducted on a 28‐year‐old morbidly obese male with chronic sleeping complaints and insignificant weight loss, despite self‐reported daily caloric restriction: I. For 3 mo, the subject recorded food intake for 24‐h periods. Mean daytime intake was 1286 kcal ± 386 (SD), and mean nighttime intake was 1036 kcal ± 487 (SD). Caloric values of daytime and nighttime intake were negatively correlated, r = −0.22, df= 82, p<.05. II. Seven consecutive 24‐h food intake recordings were obtained with an automated formula dispenser when the subject was an inpatient on a metabolic ward and received ad libitum formula as his sole food source. Mean daytime intake was 1245 ± 662 (SD), and mean nighttime intake was 231 ± 236 (SD). There was a non‐significant negative correlation between daytime and nighttime intake, r = ‐0.32, df = 5, NS. III. The subject underwent polysomnographic studies on 2 non‐consecutive nights, following the administration of either a low (600 kcal) or high (1800 kcal) daytime caloric condition. The subject, upon awakening from nighttime sleep, could eat from a platter of sandwich quarters placed at his bedside. The addition of 1200 kcal to daytime intake decreased nighttime intake by 654 kcal, or by 55% of the additional calories delivered during the day. The three studies (I, II, and III) show that daytime food intake can be negatively correlated with nighttime intake, and that daytime intake can influence nighttime intake in a documented obese night‐eater.
Major Gene Influence on the Propensity to Store Fat in Trunk Versus Extremity Depots: Evidence From the Québec Family Study
Authors: Borecki Ingrid B. , Rice Treva , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude , Rao D.C.
Published: September 2012

Regional fat distribution is related to higher risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, independent of general obesity. In particular, a centralized pattern of fat deposition, characterized by greater abdominal stores relative to extremity stores, is associated with a higher propensity to metabolic complications. Motivated by these considerations, we have initiated a systematic investigation of several measures of regional fat distribution aimed at the identification of possible major gene effects. Two measures approximate the size of subcutaneous fat stores: the sum of six skinfold thicknesses (SF6 = abdominal + suprailiac + subscapular + calf + triceps‐+ biceps), and the sum of three trunk skinfold thicknesses (TSF3 = abdominal + suprailiac + subscapular). Both of these phenotypes are highly correlated with total fat mass, 0. 83 and 0.78 for SF6 and TSF3, respectively. The trunk to extremity ratio [TER = TSF3 / (calf + triceps + biceps)] is perhaps the most important of these phenotypes insofar as it is an index of centralized obesity; it is modestly correlated with fat mass (r = 0.18). Each of these phenotypes was adjusted for total fat mass by regression prior to analysis so that we could examine genetic effects on these measures of regional fat distribution without the confounding influence of the determinants of fat mass itself. Segregation analysis of SF6 and TSF3 controlled for total fat mass suggests the presence of a major effect underlying the observed phenotypic distribution; however, tests on the transmission probabilities did not substantiate the segregation of a Mendelian gene. Despite the sexual dimorphism in the expression of the TER, the distribution of age‐, generation‐, sex‐, and fat mass‐adjusted TER was not significantly heterogeneous comparing males to females. Consistent evidence of a recessive major gene determinant was obtained, accounting for 37% of the phenotypic variance with the frequency of the gene leading to high values of the TER being 0.35. This finding suggests that further studies to investigate the role of specific candidate genes are warranted.
The Relationship Between Weight and Psychological Functioning Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Friedman Michael A. , Wilfley Denise E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Rodin Judith
Published: September 2012

This study investigated whether Body Mass Index (BMI) was associated with various aspects of psychological functioning in a sample of largely Caucasian adolescent girls. Three hundred sixty‐five adolescent girls ranging from ages 14 through 19 were assessed for general psychological functioning utilizing the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R), and functioning specific to eating, shape and weight utilizing the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). Excess weight was associated with higher scores on the Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Thinness subscales of the EDI. Excess weight was not, however, associated with general psychopathology or any of the subscales of the SCL‐90‐R. The results suggest that excess weight may carry risk for pathology specifically related to eating, shape and weight in adolescent girls, but not for general forms of psychopathology.
Obesity Level and Attrition: Support for Patient‐Treatment Matching in Obesity Treatment
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Guise Barrie J. , Niaura Raymond S.
Published: September 2012

Obesity treatment studies report attrition rates front 20% to 45%. To reduce attrition, researchers have proposed matching patients to treatment based upon level of obesity. The current study attempted to validate the commonly held assumption that a mismatch between obesity level and treatment will promote attrition. The level of obesity and attrition rates of 39 adults who enrolled in a 12‐session behavior therapy program were examined. As obesity level increased, so did attrition. Sixty‐nine percent of subjects with mild obesity, 43% of subjects with moderate obesity and 0% of subjects with severe obesity completed treatment.
Human Body Composition and the Epidemiology of Chronic Disease
Authors: Baumgartner Richard N. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Roche Alex F.
Published: September 2012

Obesity and body fat distribution (FD) are established risk factors for chronic diseases. The body mass index (BMI) and the waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) are used conventionally as indices of obesity and FD in epidemiological studies. Although some general limitations of these indices are recognized, others that affect their use in relative risks for disease are not well recognized. These include effects of sex, ethnicity, and especially age on the relationships between these indices and body composition, which can result in substantial misclassification of obesity and FD. There is considerable variability in body composition for any BMI, and some individuals with low BMIs have as much fat as those with high BMIs. This results in poor sensitivity for classifying levels of body fatness (e.g., too many “false negatives,” or overweight individuals classified as not overweight), and relative risks are attenuated across all categories of BMI. A more serious problem, however, is that at different ages the same levels of BMI correspond to different amounts of fat and fat‐free mass. Data from the Rosetta Study and the New Mexico Aging Process Study show that older adults have, on average, more fat than younger adults at any BMI, due to the loss of muscle mass with age. As a result, the sensitivity of BMI cutpoints with respect to body fatness decreases with age, and the use of a fixed cutpoint for all ages results in “differential mis‐classification bias.” Taken together, these issues sug‐ gest that the increases with age in the prevalences of overweight and obesity, and in the risks for chronic diseases, may be mis‐estimated using BMI. Similar issues may affect the use of WHR for estimating prevalences and associated risks of FD. New field methods for estimating body composition are available that can be applied in large, epidemiologic follow‐up studies of chronic diseases. These methods will allow epidemiologists to consider, for example, whether it is increased fat, or the replacement of fat‐free mass with fat, with age that is associated with risk for chronic disease.
The Association of Body Weight, Dietary Intake, and Energy Expenditure with Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition
Authors: Lawson Olga J. , Williamson Donald A. , Champagne Catherine M. , DeLany James P. , Brooks Ellen R. , Howat Paula M. , Wozniak Patricia J. , Bray George A. , Ryan Donna H.
Published: September 2012

LAWSON, OLGA J, DONALD A WILLIAMSON, CATHERINE M CHAMPAGNE, JAMES P DELANY, ELLEN R BROOKS, PAULA M HOWAT, PATRICIA J WOZNIAK, GEORGE A BRAY AND DONNA H RYAN. The association of body weight, dietary intake, and energy expenditure with dietary restraint and disinhibition. Obes Res. 1995;3:153–161.

The hypotheses that dieting and/or overeating are associated with adiposity, eating disturbances, and lowered energy expenditure were tested in this study. A sample of 44 premenopausal women scoring high and low on measures of dietary restraint and disinhibition of dietary control, as measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, was studied. A 2 × 2 factorial design was employed (High/Low Restraint x High/Low Disinhibition). Dependent variables were: body composition, dietary intake, activity, resting metabolic rate, and thermic effect of food. Unrestrained overeaters (Low Restraint/High Disinhibition group) were very obese. High Dietary Restraint was associated with intent to diet and controlled eating. High scores on the Disinhibition Scale were associated with episodic overeating. Groups did not differ in resting metabolic rate (controlled for fat‐free mass). Lower thermic effect of food was found to be associated with the obesity found in High Disinhibition subjects. Thus, Dietary Restraint was not associated with significant adverse effects upon physical or psychological health. High Disinhibition, however, was associated with adiposity and significant disturbances of eating.
Body Mass Index and Coronary Artery Disease in African‐Americans
Authors: Adams‐Campbell Lucile L. , Periston Reginald L. , Kim Kyung Sook , Mensah Ernest
Published: September 2012

There are limited data available concerning the influence of obesity, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor, in relationship to coronary artery disease (CAD). This is of considerable importance to African‐Americans since African‐Americans have one of the world's highest CAD mortality rates coupled with the fact that obesity is extremely prevalent in this population. The present study assessed the relationship between body mass index and CAD in African‐Americans undergoing coronary angiography. Eight hundred sixty‐six available cardiac catheterization reports between the years 1983 through 1990 were retrospectively reviewed at Howard University Hospital in Washington, D.C. CAD was prevalent in 59.6% and 41.2%, males and females, respectively. Among the males overweight and obesity were found in 22.4% and 20.9%, respectively, compared to 39.6% and 30.6% for females. An upside‐down U‐shaped relationship between BMI and CAD was found. The interpretation of this finding is that being overweight is associated with increased risk of CAD compared to the lean and obese.
DNA Polymorphisms in the α2‐ and β2 Adrenoceptor Genes and Regional Fat Distribution in Humans: Association and Linkage Studies
Authors: Oppert Jean‐Michel , Tourville Julie , Chagnon Monique , Mauriége Pascale , Dionne France T. , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude
Published: September 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in the α2‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor genes and body fat distribution in humans. Skinfold thickness measurements and genetic analyses (Southern blot) were performed on 280 individuals (142 parents and 138 offsprings) from the Québec Family Study. Using the association study design in unrelated adults, women but not men carrying the 6.3‐kb allele of an α2A‐adrenoceptor/DraI RFLP had a significantly higher trunk to extremity skinfold ratio (= sum of subscapular + suprailiac + abdominal skinfolddsum of biceps + triceps + medial calf skinfolds) compared to women without the allele (1.44 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.33; p<0.005 after adjustment for age, p<0.002 after adjustment for age and body mass index or for age and subcutaneous fat). Using the sib‐pair linkage procedure, a significant inverse relationship was found between the proportion of alleles identical by descent shared by sibs at the α2A RFLP marker locus and the squared differences of thetrunk to extremity skinfold ratio (p = 0.02 after adjustment for age or for age and body mass index or for age and subcutaneous fat). For a β‐adrenoceptor/ BanI RFLP, no significant association or linkage was found between fat distribution indicators and the marker. These results suggest that α2A‐adrenoceptor gene variability detected with DraI is associated with a relative subcutaneous fat pattern favoring accumulation of truncal‐abdominal fat in women, and that the α2A‐adrenoceptogr ene, or a locus in close proximity, may be linked to body fat distribution in humans independently of the overall level of fatness.
Obesity in Children: Recent Advances in Energy Metabolism and Body Composition
Authors: Goran Michael I. , Figuewa Reinaldo , McGloin Aileen , Nguyen Von , Treuth Margarita S. , Nagy Tim R.
Published: September 2012

In this paper we review recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition studies in pre‐pubescent children and the relationship to childhood obesity. Our review on energy expenditure focusses on studies of total energy expenditure using doubly labeled water, the role of energy expenditure in the development of obesity, and the determinants of resting energy expenditure in children. The relatively few studies that have examined the regulation of energy and macronutrient intake in children are also reviewed. In terms of body composition, we focus on recent methodological studies that have developed existing techniques for application to the pediatric population, including dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical resistance. Lastly, we review existing information relating to measurement and alteration of body fat distribution in children.
Resistance to Aging‐Associated Obesity in Capsaicin‐Desensitized Rats One Year after Treatment
Authors: Melnyk Anna , Himms‐Hagen Jean
Published: September 2012

Previous studies demonstrated reduced weight of abdominal white adipose tissue depots and of carcass fat in capsaicin‐desensitized (Cap‐Des) rats up to 8 months after treatment. The objective of the present study was to find out whether aging‐associated obesity and hyperplasia of retroperitoneal white adipose tissue was prevented in older (13.5 month old) Cap‐Des rats, one year after treatment with Cap (done when they were 1.5 months old). The prevalence of obesity is known to increase in rats by this age. Abdominal white adipose tissue depots weighed less in old Cap‐Des rats, both epididymal (9% less) and retroperitoneal (30% less). The number of mature white adipocytes was 28% less in the retroperitoneal depot but was not significantly different in the epididymal depot. Adipocyte size was not different. Carcass fat was less, both total and as percent of body weight. Food intake was normal for their reduced body size. The exponential increase in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue weight characteristic of aging rats that are becoming obese was virtually absent in Cap‐Des rats. We conclude that lack of function of capsaicin‐sensitive afferent autonomic nerves, known to be destroyed in Cap‐Des rats, results in an alteration in energy balance conducive to leanness. We suggest that the attenuated age‐associated increase in circulating CGRP (derived mainly from capsaicin‐sensitive nerves) in the Cap‐Des rat results in a lower degree of aging‐associated insulin‐resistance, hence in a lesser degree of obesity.
The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Obesity
Authors: Chalew Stuart , Nagel Heinz , Shore Shirah
Published: September 2012

The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis normally maintains the concentration of Cortisol within a narrow range with a diurnal variation characterized by higher Cortisol concentrations in the morning and reduced levels in the evening. Excessive or deficient secretion of Cortisol is associated with pathologic changes. Obesity has been linked with age, sex and racial alterations in the functioning of the HP A axis which are reviewed. The possible relationship of altered HPA axis activity with the long‐term complications of obesity are considered.