bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tragedy, Emotions
Authors: Hewitt Regina
Published: July 2017

Readers, writers, audiences, and scholars of tragedy have been preoccupied with the emotional effects of the genre since Aristotle made the catharsis of pity and fear part of its very definition. This preoccupation is prominent during the Romantic era, with William Hazlitt's Shakespeare criticism, for example, often alluding to the pity and terror evoked by the plays. For Hazlitt, as well as for the era's principal playwright Joanna Baillie, the function of catharsis is to enable observers to move beyond self‐centred concerns and sympathize with others, yet even in their writings, as in the theories of their predecessors and successors, catharsis remains an elusive concept. Though it clearly involves the management of emotions, it has inspired many different hypotheses about how the feelings at issue are purged or redirected towards some end.
Translations of Foreign Drama
Authors: Saglia Diego
Published: July 2017

Writing about foreign influences on early nineteenth‐century British dramaturgy, Allardyce Nicoll noted that the most powerful of these was the French, ‘and that far more widespread than in any preceding age’, to the extent that ‘[f]ully one‐half of the plays written between 1800 and 1850 must have been suggested by Parisian models, and many were literally adapted by English authors’ (Nicoll 1952–69, vol. 4: 79). This approximate figure covers both legitimate and illegitimate productions and depicts a situation that was not unlike that of other national theatres in which adaptations from preponderantly French works reaped considerable and lasting success. In the case of Britain, however, this phenomenon acquired specific features, as it clashed with attempts at defining a national dramatic school under Shakespeare's aegis, and because it disclosed the inability of contemporary playwrights to live up to that tradition.
Urban Poetry
Authors: Miller Christopher R.
Published: July 2017

Byron once joked that in a London park, visitors can ‘form a slight acquaintance with fresh air’. The observation harks back to the ancient Roman epigram,
rus in urbe
, which expressed the ideal of enjoying ‘the country in the city’. For as long as there have been cities, city dwellers have sought such oases; and for as long as there has been city poetry, writers have drawn contrasts between the urban and the rural – between sophistication and simplicity, commotion and tranquillity, innocence and experience. The historical contexts of those oppositions change, but what Raymond Williams (1973) has called their underlying ‘structures of feeling’ have persisted. As Williams points out, English literature has long idealized rustic modes of life, each generation looking back wistfully to a previous time, each one lamenting the waning of agrarian ways and expressing sadness or ambivalence about the expansion of the city. At the time that Byron made his sociological observation, London had become a metropolis of a million and a half residents and an aggregating centre for the country's agrarian wealth; and his contemporaries and immediate predecessors confronted
this fait accompli
with a mixture of alarm and exhilaration.
Visual and Verbal in Poetry
Authors: Behrendt Stephen C.
Published: July 2017

The Romantic era witnessed an explosion of printed materials that included both verbal and visual texts. Technological advances in papermaking, printing methods, and commercial marketing made it increasingly easy – both mechanically and economically – to incorporate the two artistic media on the printed page, producing interdisciplinary, or ‘multimedia’, texts that appealed to broad sectors of the growing British market for books and other printed materials. Texts of this sort were not intended solely for educated adult readers, however. Illustrated poetry texts, for example, constituted a less challenging reading experience for newly literate or developing readers, including children of all ages. Because the sonic, rhythmic, and mnemonic features of verse are particularly prominent, poetry provided a convenient and effective vehicle for moral, political, and civic instruction addressed to less advanced readers. The truth is that many of the ‘great’ Romantic poems that assumed canonical status among literary historians during the generations that followed were not necessarily the ones that were most read and enjoyed during the period. Byron's
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
was an overnight sensation that turned a touchy young aristocrat into one of the era's first literary celebrities, but its expensive early editions (the first was priced at 50 shillings) placed the poem well beyond the means of ordinary readers and ensured it an essentially aristocratic readership that could afford – quite literally – to indulge in the poem's famous
Weltschmerz
.
W
ainewright,
T
homas
G
riffiths
Authors: Simmons Clare A.
Published: July 2017

Thomas Griffiths Wainewright (1794–1847), artist, essayist, convicted forger, and alleged poisoner, was a significant early contributor to the
London Magazine
and a connoisseur of Romantic art. He was probably born at or near the family property at Turnham Green, Chiswick, then a western suburb of London. His mother Ann died at his birth, and his father Thomas Wainewright, a lawyer, died a few years later. The young Wainewright lived with his maternal grandfather Ralph Griffiths, the prosperous founder of the
Monthly Review
. When Ralph Griffiths died in 1803, he left most of his considerable property, including Linden House at Turnham Green, to his second wife and his son George by his first marriage. His grandson Thomas received £5200 invested as a 4 per cent annuity, giving him an annual income of about £200. The will explains this sum as precisely what was agreed as due to Wainewright's mother at the time of her marriage.
W
hite,
G
ilbert
Authors: Kelly Gary
Published: July 2017

Gilbert White, usually tagged ‘of Selborne’, was one of the most enduringly influential writers of the Romantic period. He was ‘of Selborne’ in several senses. He was born there on 18 July 1720 in the vicarage occupied by his grandfather. He grew up there, where his father, trained as a lawyer, had retired in his thirties to enjoy the country, and like his father he roamed the vicinity and knew it intimately. He lived most of his life and died there, on 26 June 1793. It was there that he wrote his
Natural History of Selborne
, widely celebrated as one of the major works of English literary prose.
Y
earsley,
A
nn, Prose
Authors: Andrews Kerri
Published: July 2017

Ann Yearsley, variously known as ‘The Bristol Milkwoman’ or ‘Lactilla’, enjoyed considerable fame (and infamy) at the end of the eighteenth century, first as a poetical phenomenon discovered by the philanthropist Hannah More. She was born in 1753 in Clifton, near Bristol, to Ann Cromartie. Little is known about her father or her early years, but she seems to have been taught to read by her brother. Yearsley, like her mother, was a milkwoman, and worked in Clifton after her marriage to John Yearsley, a yeoman farmer, with whom she had several children. Some of these children died as infants and only two appear to have survived to adulthood. In her later years, Yearsley moved to live with her son in Melksham, Wiltshire, where her daughter had also taken up residence. She died there in 1806 but was buried back in Clifton.
Y
oung,
A
rthur
Authors: Harrison Gary
Published: July 2017

Arthur Young's agricultural writings are a prominent, though sometimes overlooked, feature of the literary landscape of eighteenth ‐and early‐ nineteenth‐century England. Important to agricultural and economic historians, Young's work often receives brief mention or a footnote in literary discussions of the picturesque, because his
Tours
and
Travels
intermingle descriptions of sublime and picturesque scenery among his observations of the soil, crops, husbandry, roads, industrial works, and rural society in England, Wales, and Ireland, and France, Spain, and Italy. Yet, critics from Raymond Williams and John Barrell to Benjamin Colbert and Frans de Bruyn have taken Young's work seriously for its unique place within, and influence on, the genres of travel writing and fiction. From 1768, when he published
A Six Weeks Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales
, through to 1810, when blindness forced him to discontinue his
Annals of Agriculture
, Young wrote a prodigious number of books, treatises, and essays on agricultural improvement and rural economy. This entry will focus on his
Tours
and
Travels
, for which he is best known.
Severe Plastic Deformation by Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Rolling: The Influence of the Deformation Path on Strain Distribution
Authors: Kliauga Andrea M. , Sordi Vitor L. , De Vincentis Natalia S. , Bolmaro Raúl E. , Schell Norbert , Brokmeier Heinz‐Günter
Published: July 2017

The present work compares two deformation techniques, rolling and Equal Channel Angular pressing (ECAP), and the response offered by three different materials that differ in Stacking Fault Energy (SFE): AA1010 Al, commercially pure Cu, and an austenitic stainless steel. The objective of this investigation is to study the effect of each deformation mode on tensile behavior, deformation mechanism, texture, and microstructure and to establish the influence of the stacking fault energy on said effects. The results show that the different strain paths of ECAP and rolling do not affect the strength, but rolling leads to an accentuated texture and thus to elastic and plastic anisotropy. This finding has practical relevance for micro manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, it is observed that lower SFE results in smaller domain size and higher dislocation density, which are microstructural details related to strength and to the work hardening capacity. Finally, both techniques are able to produce a high amount of high angle grain boundaries, a feature that characterizes refined microstructures. These processes operate at different strain rates; thus, in low SFE materials, a more effective grain fragmentation by deformation‐induced twins is observed after the ECAP process.
Bioinspired Spiky Micromotors Based on Sporopollenin Exine Capsules
Authors: Wang Hong , Potroz Michael G. , Jackman Joshua A. , Khezri Bahareh , Marić Tijana , Cho Nam‐Joon , Pumera Martin
Published: July 2017

The development of a micromotor with unique spiky morphology based on sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) is reported here. A widely abundant natural material extracted from sunflower pollen grains, the SECs are physically robust, highly monodisperse microcapsules that are ornamented with spiky appendages, opening the door to exploring bubble generation on this unique biomaterial surface. Partial platinum coating on the SEC surface enables catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide that leads to bubble‐propelled motion of individual SECs. Moreover, the hollow capsule architecture provides a large internal cavity for macromolecular encapsulation, as demonstrated here by the loading and transport of bovine serum albumin. Taking advantage of the sporopollenin biopolymer's capacity for heavy metal binding, it is further demonstrated that fluid mixing induced by the motion and bubble generation of the SEC micromotors dramatically improves heavy metal binding and removal. The bioinspired micromotors combine the advantageous properties of SECs with autonomous motion ability, resulting in a multifunctional platform for drug delivery and water purification applications.
Intramolecular Locked Dithioalkylbithiophene‐Based Semiconductors for High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Vegiraju Sureshraju , Chang Bo‐Chin , Priyanka Pragya , Huang Deng‐Yi , Wu Kuan‐Yi , Li Long‐Huan , Chang Wei‐Chieh , Lai Yi‐Yo , Hong Shao‐Huan , Yu Bo‐Chun , Wang Chien‐Lung , Chang Wen‐Jung , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Ming‐Chou , Facchetti Antonio
Published: July 2017

New 3,3′‐dithioalkyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene (SBT)‐based small molecular and polymeric semiconductors are synthesized by end‐capping or copolymerization with dithienothiophen‐2‐yl units. Single‐crystal, molecular orbital computations, and optical/electrochemical data indicate that the SBT core is completely planar, likely via S(alkyl)⋯S(thiophene) intramolecular locks. Therefore, compared to semiconductors based on the conventional 3,3′‐dialkyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene, the resulting SBT systems are planar (torsional angle <1°) and highly π‐conjugated. Charge transport is investigated for solution‐sheared films in field‐effect transistors demonstrating that SBT can enable good semiconducting materials with hole mobilities ranging from ≈0.03 to 1.7 cm2 V−1 s−1. Transport difference within this family is rationalized by film morphology, as accessed by grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction experiments.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aminodifluoroalkylation of Alkenes with α‐Bromodifluoroacetamides: Synthesis of 3,3‐Difluoropyrrolidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Lv Yunhe , Pu Weiya , Wang Qingqing , Chen Qian , Niu Jiejie , Zhang Qian
Published: July 2017

Copper‐catalyzed external‐oxidant‐free regioselective aminodifluoroalkylation of alkenes with readily available α‐bromodifluoroacetamides was realized. This reaction exhibits good functional group tolerance with respect to alkenes and α‐bromodifluoroacetamides in affording 3,3‐difluoropyrrolidin‐2‐ones. A mechanism involving copper‐catalyzed generation of a difluoroalkyl radical is proposed.

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Enhanced Biological Hydrogen Production from Escherichia coli with Surface Precipitated Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Bo , Zeng Cuiping , Chu Ka Him , Wu Dan , Yip Ho Yin , Ye Liqun , Wong Po Keung
Published: July 2017

The precipitation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles is induced on the surface of Escherichia coli, and the biological hydrogen production efficiency under visible light (VL) irradiation is investigated. When endogenous [Ni–Fe]‐hydrogenase is anaerobically induced, an additional 400 µmol of hydrogen gas is generated within 3 h from the hybrid system suspension (50 mL) under VL irradiation (2000 W m−2), corresponding to an increase in hydrogen production of ≈30%. The apparent quantum efficiencies of the hybrid system under 470 and 620 nm VL irradiation are 7.93% and 9.59%, respectively, which are higher than those of many photoheterotrophic bacteria. Furthermore, the mechanism of the enhanced hydrogen evolution is investigated. The interaction between photogenerated electrons and cells of E. coli is confirmed by heat‐treatment, electron‐scavenger, and separation studies. The acceleration of pyruvate generation, inhibition of lactate fermentation, increase of formate concentration, stimulation of hydrogenase activity, and elevation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)H/NAD ratio in the hybrid system are responsible for the enhanced hydrogen production. A feasibility study is also conducted using wastewater and natural sunlight for the hydrogen production by the hybrid system. An additional 120 µmol of hydrogen is generated from the hybrid system within 3 h under these conditions using natural resources.
Aerosol‐Jet‐Assisted Thin‐Film Growth of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites—A Means to Achieve High Quality, Defect‐Free Films for Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Bag Santanu , Deneault James R. , Durstock Michael F.
Published: July 2017

A high level of automation is desirable to facilitate the lab‐to‐fab process transfer of the emerging perovskite‐based solar technology. Here, an automated aerosol‐jet printing technique is introduced for precisely controlling the thin‐film perovskite growth in a planar heterojunction p–i–n solar cell device structure. The roles of some of the user defined parameters from a computer‐aided design file are studied for the reproducible fabrication of pure CH3NH3PbI3 thin films under near ambient conditions. Preliminary power conversion efficiencies up to 15.4% are achieved when such films are incorporated in a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate‐perovskite‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester type device format. It is further shown that the deposition of atomized materials in the form of a gaseous mist helps to form a highly uniform and PbI2 residue‐free CH3NH3PbI3 film and offers advantages over the conventional two‐step solution approach by avoiding the detrimental solid–liquid interface induced perovskite crystallization. Ultimately, by integrating full 3D motion control, the fabrication of perovskite layers directly on a 3D curved surface becomes possible. This work suggests that 3D automation with aerosol‐jet printing, once fully optimized, could form a universal platform for the lab‐to‐fab process transfer of solution‐based perovskite photovoltaics and steer development of new design strategies for numerous embedded structural power applications.
Two cases with intra‐aortic balloon pumping use for severe septic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hiromi Taro , Toida Chiaki , Muguruma Takashi , Hashiba Katsutaka , Doi Tomoki , Nakamura Kyota , Morimura Naoto
Published: July 2017

Cases

Septic cardiomyopathy is defined as a reversible left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Patients with severe septic cardiomyopathy have a high mortality rate, even if they receive conventional therapy. For those patients, previous reports showed intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) efficacy. We report two rare cases with IABP introduction leading them to drastic improvement, and survival from severe septic cardiomyopathy. Case 1 is a 78‐year‐old woman diagnosed with renal calculus pyelonephritis, septic shock, and septic cardiomyopathy. Case 2 is a 62‐year‐old man diagnosed with pneumonia, septic shock, and septic cardiomyopathy.

Outcome

In both cases, despite conventional therapy for cardiomyopathy, including high‐dose catecholamine therapy, shock was not reversed, and the IABP was inserted. Circulatory status was improved after the introduction of the IABP.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that an IABP can be useful for salvaging patients with septic cardiomyopathy who do not respond to conventional therapy.
Catalytic Nitrene Transfer To Alkynes: A Novel and Versatile Route for the Synthesis of Sulfinamides and Isothiazoles
Authors: Rodríguez Manuel R. , Beltrán Álvaro , Mudarra Ángel L. , Álvarez Eleuterio , Maseras Feliu , Díaz‐Requejo M. Mar , Pérez Pedro J.
Published: July 2017

A novel transformation is reported for the reaction of terminal or internal alkynes with the nitrene precursor PhI=NTs (Ts=p‐toluenesulfonyl) in the presence of catalytic amounts of TpBr3Cu(NCMe) (TpBr3=hydrotris(3,4,5‐tribromo‐pyrazolylborate). Two products containing an imine functionality have been isolated from the reaction mixtures, identified as sulfinamides and isothiazoles. The former correspond to the formal reduction of the sulfone group into sulfoxide, whereas the latter involves the insertion of an alkyne carbon atom into the aromatic ring of the N‐tosyl moiety.
Antimicrobial polyurethane foams having cationic ammonium groups
Authors: Udabe Esther , Isik Mehmet , Sardon Haritz , Irusta Lourdes , Salsamendi Maitane , Sun Zhe , Zheng Zhiqiang , Yan Feng , Mecerreyes David
Published: July 2017

Polyurethane foams were prepared by using functional quaternary ammonium monomers to endow the porous materials with antimicrobial properties. For this purpose, tri‐ and tetra‐hydroxyl functional quaternary ammonium compounds were synthesized and used as a triol and tetraol monomer in a polyurethane foam formulation. By this method, the cationic ammonium group is chemically incorporated into the polyurethane backbone. Polyurethane foams containing different amounts of the quaternary ammonium functional group were prepared and characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, carbon solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. The antimicrobial properties of the cationic polyurethane foams were evaluated toward Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, respectively. Polyurethane foams containing more than 20% of quaternary ammonium component display high antimicrobial activity and can be used for several applications requiring antimicrobial properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45473.
Salmon calcitonin‐loaded PLGA microspheres/calcium phosphate cement composites for osteoblast proliferation
Authors: Wu Ruixue , Ma Bin , Zhou Qiang , Tang Cui
Published: July 2017

To improve the efficacy of salmon calcitonin (SCT) on disuse osteoporosis‐induced bone fracture, the sustained‐release vehicles delivered to bone fractures should be developed. In this study, SCT‐loaded poly(d,l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microspheres (SCT‐PLGA MS) with 20 kDa‐COOH and 40 kDa‐COOH (SCT‐PLGA‐20 COOH MS and SCT‐PLGA‐40 COOH MS) are incorporated into calcium phosphate cement (CPC) at various mass ratios. The cumulative release and mechanical properties of SCT‐PLGA MS/CPC composites decrease as PLGA MS/CPC mass ratio increase. Scanning electron microscopy images and the mass loss of composites indicate the MS from 20% SCT‐PLGA MS/CPC composites have mostly degraded after 8 weeks. In addition, SCT released from the 20% SCT‐PLGA‐20 MS/CPC composites significantly facilitate proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3‐E1 cells. In conclusion, 20% SCT‐PLGA‐20 COOH MS/CPC composites exhibit the sustained drug release, proper CPC degradation, good mechanical properties, and preferable osteoblast proliferation, which would be beneficial to their in vivo applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45486.
Testing the exclusion capabilities and durability of the Sharksafe Barrier to determine its viability as an eco‐friendly alternative to current shark culling methodologies
Authors: O'Connell C.P. , Andreotti S. , Rutzen M. , Meӱer M. , Matthee C.A.
Published: July 2017

Following a shark attack, local governments often rapidly respond by implementing indiscriminate shark culls. These culls have been demonstrated to have substantial localized and adverse effects on a variety of marine organisms, and therefore there is an increasing need for an eco‐friendly alternative that maximizes both beachgoer and marine organismal safety.

In response to such culls, the novel magnetic barrier technology, the Sharksafe Barrier was developed and rigorously tested on a variety of sharks implicated in shark attacks (e.g. bull sharks – Carcharhinus leucas and white sharks – Carcharodon carcharias). Although these studies exhibited promise in shark swim pattern manipulation and C. leucas exclusion, research was lacking in assessing if the technology could serve as an alternative to shark nets, or more specifically, if it could exclude motivated C. carcharias from bait.

Using a 13 m × 13 m square exclusion zone, this study aimed to test the C. carcharias exclusion capabilities of the Sharksafe Barrier while additionally assessing the long‐term structural integrity of the system.

After 34 trials and approximately 255 hours of total video collected over two years, data illustrate that all interacting C. carcharias were successfully excluded from the baited Sharksafe Barrier region, whereas teleosts and other small elasmobranch species were not. In addition, the long‐term deployment potential of this barrier system held promise owing to its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions.

Therefore, with the successful exclusion of a second large shark species, C. carcharias, from a baited region, continued long‐term research and implementation of this system at other locations should be considered to assess its viability and overall success as a bather and shark protection system.
Tourism impact on stream fish measured with an ecological and a behavioural indicator
Authors: Bessa Eduardo , Geffroy Benjamin , Gonçalves‐De‐Freitas Eliane
Published: July 2017

As nature‐based tourism grows, its impacts on aquatic ecosystems follow, requiring effective management techniques to conserve river integrity. Nevertheless, strong indicators of tourism impacts are scarce and have seldom been studied for many species.

This study evaluated whether microhabitat use and activity period of a variety of fish species are effective for assessing tourism impacts in a headwater stream in which recreation (snorkelling) occurs. Microhabitat use and activity period of the most representative fish were observed in river stretches used for recreation and compared with reference stretches.

Fish neither altered microhabitat use nor became more cryptic owing to tourism, maybe because they have evolved to occupy a certain microhabitat and cannot inhabit others, thus making habitat use a poor indicator of tourism impact.

Fish respond to the presence of tourists by changing the promptness to begin and end activity, making the time of activity a good indicator of tourism impact, which can be easily assessed by tourism managers or government agencies and used to control the environmental impact of recreation involving fish.

It is suggested that aquatic conservation protocols should include local indicators, and that behavioural indicators (activity period) might be more relevant than ecological indicators (microhabitat use) for early recognition of tourism impacts. These findings can be extended to the conservation of other fish communities subject to intensive tourism and with a strong circadian rhythm, such as coral reef fishes.
Localization and functional analysis of the insect‐specific RabX4 in the brain of Bombyx mori
Authors: Uno Tomohide , Furutani Masayuki , Sakamoto Katsuhiko , Uno Yuichi , Kanamaru Kengo , Mizoguchi Akira , Hiragaki Susumu , Takeda Makio
Published: July 2017

Rab proteins are small monomeric GTPases/GTP‐binding proteins, which form the largest branch of the Ras superfamily. The different Rab GTPases are localized to the cytosolic face of specific intracellular membranes, where they function as regulators of distinct steps in membrane trafficking. RabX4 is an insect‐specific Rab protein that has no close homolog in vertebrates. There is little information about insect‐specific Rab proteins. RabX4 was expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified. Antibodies against Bombyx mori RabX4 were produced in rabbits for western immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting of neural tissues revealed a single band, at approximately 26 kD. RabX4‐like immunohistochemical reactivity was restricted to neurons of the pars intercerebralis and dorsolateral protocerebrum in the brain. Further immunohistochemical analysis revealed that RabX4 colocalized with Rab6 and bombyxin in the corpus allatum, a neuronal organ that secretes neuropeptides synthesized in the brain into the hemolymph. RabX4 expression in the frontal ganglion, part of the insect stomatogastric nervous system that is found in most insect orders, was restricted to two neurons on the outer region and did not colocalize with allatotropin or Rab6. Furthermore, RNA interference of RabX4 decreased bombyxin expression levels in the brain. These findings suggest that RabX4 is involved in the neurosecretion of a secretory organ in Bombyx mori.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of clevidipine and its primary metabolite H152/81 in rats
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhao Lanting , Li Tengfei , Yang Wen , Li Qian , Sun Luning , Ding Li
Published: July 2017

This present study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution characteristics of clevidipine and its primary metabolite H152/81 in rats following a single intravenous administration of clevidipine butyrate injectable emulsion. For this study, a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was established and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of clevidipine and H152/81 in rat whole blood and various tissues. A Hedera ODS‐2 column with two gradient elution programs was employed for the troubleshooting of matrix effect on the detection of analytes among different biological samples. The experimental data showed that clevidipine represented quick elimination from blood with a half‐life of about 4.3 min and rapid distribution in all of the investigated tissues after administration; the highest concentration of clevidipine was found in the heart whereas the lowest concentration was detected in the liver. In addition, clevidipine was almost undetectable in most tissues except for heart and brain at 90 min post‐dosing, suggesting that there was no apparent long‐term accumulation in rat tissues. For H152/81, the peak concentration of 3714 ± 319 ng/mL occurred at 0.129 ± 0.048 h, the half‐life was 10.08 ± 1.45 h and area under the concentration–time curve was 42091 ± 3812 ng h/mL after drug administration. In addition, H152/81 was found at significant concentration levels in all tissues, in descending order of lung, kidney, heart, liver, spleen and brain at each time point. The results of current study offer useful clues for better understanding the distribution and metabolism of clevidipine butyrate injectable emulsion in vivo.
CTO revascularization: Obstacles and options in balloon nonpenetrable lesions
Authors: Topaz On
Published: July 2017

Key Points

CTO lesions resisting balloon crossing are located in moderate/severe tortuous coronary arteries contain more moderate/severe calcification burden and carry a higher J‐CTO score as compared with balloon crossable CTO lesions.

CTO lesions resisting balloon crossing do not constitute a homogenous group. In 25% of the patients, the resisting CTO was caused by stent restenosis and thrombus is an integral component of CTO in addition to calcium and fibrosis.

The excimer laser and rotational/orbital atherectomy are among useful debulking technologies capable of creating a “pilot recanalization channel” in the CTO that enables completion of the revasularization.
The importance of vision
Authors: Henry Timothy D. , Henry Christopher R.
Published: July 2017

Key Points

Based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 8 studies, involving 2,559 subjects, both interventional cardiologists (3.21) and cardiac cath lab staff (2.76) had a significantly higher relative risk of posterior lens opacity than the control group.

It is essential to provide “best practice” in radiation dose management and lead shielding in the cath lab with the standard “As Low As Reasonably Achievable”!

There is a clear need for better data to quantitate the radiation risk and to design innovative strategies to decrease that risk.
Percutaneous coronary intervention after a surgeon says, “no way”
Authors: Butman Samuel M.
Published: July 2017

Key Points

The rate of surgical turndowns (1.5–2.5%) in this report that went on to PCI is relatively consistent across centers.

Unprotected left main intervention in patients turned down for surgery has high hospital mortality.

With certain caveats, the HEART Team approach to these unique patients may be the answer
Radiation‐associated lens changes in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: Results from the IC‐CATARACT (CATaracts Attributed to RAdiation in the CaTh lab) study
Authors: Karatasakis Aris , Brilakis Harilaos S. , Danek Barbara A. , Karacsonyi Judit , Martinez‐Parachini Jose Roberto , Nguyen‐Trong Phuong‐Khanh J. , Alame Aya J. , Roesle Michele K. , Rangan Bavana V. , Rosenfield Kenneth , Mehran Roxana , Mahmud Ehtisham , Chambers Charles E. , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil S.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To examine the relationship between occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and the prevalence of lens changes in interventional cardiologists (ICs) and catheterization laboratory (“cath‐lab”) staff.

Background

Exposure to ionizing radiation is associated with the development of lens opacities. ICs and cath‐lab staff can receive high doses of ionizing radiation without protection, and may thus be at risk for lens opacity formation.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study at an interventional cardiology conference. Study participants completed a questionnaire pertaining to occupational exposure to radiation and potential confounders for the development of cataracts, followed by slit‐lamp examination and grading of lens findings.

Results

A total of 117 attendees participated in the study, including 99 (85%; 49 ± 11 years‐old; 82% male) with occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and 18 (15%; 39 ± 12 years‐old; 61% male) unexposed controls. The prevalence of overall cortical and posterior subcapsular lens changes (including subclinical findings) was higher in exposed participants compared with controls (47 vs. 17%, P = 0.015). Occupational exposure and age over 60 were independent predictors of lens changes (odds ratio [95% CI]: 6.07 [1.38–43.45] and 7.72 [1.60–43.34], respectively). The prevalence of frank opacities was low and similar between the two groups (14 vs. 6%, P = 0.461). Most lens findings consisted of subclinical changes in the periphery of the lens without impact on visual acuity.

Conclusions

Compared with unexposed controls, ICs and cath‐lab staff had a higher prevalence of lens changes that may be attributable to ionizing radiation exposure. While most of these changes were subclinical, they are important due to the potential to progress to clinical symptoms, highlighting the importance of minimizing staff radiation exposure.
Stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: The role of revascularization
Authors: Aksut Baran , Starling Randall , Kapadia Samir
Published: July 2017

The aim of this review is to present existing evidence of revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. A literature review was performed for trials studying revascularization, via CABG or PCI, in patients with CAD and LV dysfunction. Pivotal, high‐quality trials have investigated revascularization with CABG in stable CAD and LV dysfunction. CASS demonstrated improved 10‐year survival in the surgical group compared to medically treated patients. While 56‐month follow‐up of the STICH trial found no statistically significant difference between CABG and medical therapy in patients with stable CAD and LV dysfunction, the long‐term follow‐up at 10 years (STICHES) demonstrated that CABG did significantly decrease death from any cause and all secondary outcomes. However, these pivotal trials have focused solely on surgical revascularization. Comparable studies regarding outcomes after contemporary PCI methods in this particular subset of patients are severely lacking. More recent studies have included very small numbers of patients with reduced EF. In conclusion, given advances in surgical and non‐invasive fields, studies investigating long‐term effects of PCI versus CABG, including combined hybrid revascularization techniques are warranted. This review sets the stage for a high‐quality randomized, controlled trial comparing revascularization with PCI versus CABG in patients with stable CAD and LV dysfunction.
Use of 3‐D digital subtraction rotational angiography during cardiac catheterization of infants and adults with congenital heart diseases
Authors: Surendran Sushitha , Waller B. Rush , Elijovich Lucas , Agrawal Vijaykumar , Kuhls‐Gilcrist Andrew , Johnson Jason , Fagan Thomas , Sathanandam Shyam K.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To compare image quality, radiation and contrast doses required to obtain 3D‐Digital subtraction rotational angiography (3D‐DSRA) with 3D‐Digital rotational angiography (3D‐DRA) in infants (children ≤ 2 years of age) and adults with congenital heart diseases (ACHD).

Background

3D‐DRA can be performed with radiation doses comparable to bi‐plane cine‐angiography. However, 3D‐DRA in infants requires a large contrast volume. The resolution of 3D‐DRA performed in ACHD patients is limited by their soft tissue density. We hypothesized that the use of 3D‐DSRA could help alleviate these concerns.

Methods

Radiation (DAP) and contrast doses required to obtain 3D‐DSRA was compared with 3D‐DRA in 15 age‐, size‐, and intervention‐matched infants and 15 ACHD patients. The diagnostic quality and utility of these two modalities were scored by 4 qualified independent observers.

Results

Both in infants and adults, the median contrast volume for 3D‐DSRA was lower than 3D‐DRA (0.98 vs. 1.81 mL/kg; P < 0.001 and 0.92 vs. 1.4 mL/kg; P < 0.001, respectively) with an increased DAP (median: 188 vs. 128 cGy cm2; P = 0.068 and 659 vs. 427 cGy cm2; P = 0.045, respectively). The diagnostic quality and utility scores for rotational‐angiography, and 3D‐reconstruction were superior for 3D‐DSRA (score = 94 vs. 80%, P = 0.03 and 90 vs.79%, P = 0.01, respectively) and equivalent for multi‐planar‐reformation and 3D‐roadmapping in ACHD patients compared with 3D‐DRA. All scores for both modalities were equivalent for infants.

Conclusions

3D‐DSRA can be acquired using lower contrast volume with a mildly higher radiation dose than 3D‐DRA in infants and ACHD patients. The diagnostic quality and utility scores for 3D‐DSRA were higher in ACHD patients and equivalent for infants compared with 3D‐DRA.
Clinical outcomes with reservoir‐based polymer‐free amphilimus‐eluting stents in real‐world patients according to diabetes mellitus and complexity: The INVESTIG8 registry
Authors: Sardella Gennaro , Stella Pieter , Chiarito Mauro , Leone Antonio M. , Balian Vruyr , Prosperi Franco , Sorropago Giovanni , Mancone Massimo , Calcagno Simone , Briguori Carlo , Stefanini Giulio G.
Published: July 2017

Background

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) remain at higher risk of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention despite the use of contemporary drug‐eluting stents. The Cre8 amphilimus‐eluting stent (AES) has shown promising results in DM patients. Whether this holds true irrespective of patient's clinical and angiographic complexity is unknown.

Methods

Five hundred and ninety five consecutive patients (738 lesions) undergoing AES implantation were included in the INVESTIG8 multicenter registry. Patients were stratified according to DM status and further stratified according to patients' complexity. The prespecified primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF)–defined as the composite of cardiac death, target‐vessel myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization (TLR).

Results

DM patients were more often complex as compared to non‐DM patients (70% vs. 61%, P = 0.015). At 18‐month follow‐up, there was a trend to a higher TLF rate in DM than in non‐DM patients (6.9% vs. 3.5%, P = 0.063). This was largely driven by a markedly higher risk of TLF among complex DM patients as compared to simple DM patients (8.9% vs. 2.4%, P = 0.053). A multivariate analysis identified complexity (HR 6.11, 95% CI: 1.42–26.2) but not DM (HR 1.59; 95% CI 0.71–3.56) as an independent predictor of TLF. Of note, TLR rates were similar between DM and non‐DM patients (3.3% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.228).

Conclusions

In this real‐world, multicenter registry the Cre8 AES showed favorable clinical outcomes in DM patients. Increased risk of TLF appears to be driven by patients' complexity rather than DM status. These findings will need to be confirmed in a large‐scale randomized trial.
Rapid Synthesis of Rhodium–Palladium Alloy Nanocatalysts
Authors: Piburn Graham W. , Li Hao , Kunal Pranaw , Henkelman Graeme , Humphrey Simon M.
Published: July 2017

The chemistry of metastable RhPd alloys is not well understood, and well‐characterized nanoparticle (NP) examples remain rare. Well‐defined and near‐monodisperse RhPd NPs were prepared in a simple one‐pot approach by using microwave‐assisted or conventional heating in reaction times as short as 30 s. The catalytic hydrogenation activity of supported RhPd NP catalysts revealed that short synthesis times resulted in the most‐active and most‐stable hydrogenation catalysts, whereas longer synthesis times promoted partial Rh‐Pd core–shell segregation. Relative to Rh NPs, RhPd NPs resisted deactivation over longer reaction times. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to estimate the binding energies of H and alkenes on (1 1 1) Rh, Pd, and Rh0.5Pd0.5 surfaces. The DFT results concurred with experiment and concluded that the alkene hydrogenation activity trend was of the order Pd<RhPd<Rh. Rh‐to‐Pd charge‐transfer in the RhPd alloys was found to play an important role in modulating the H binding energy.
A Toolbox of Chromones and Quinolones for Measuring a Wide Range of ATP Concentrations
Authors: Pivovarenko Vasyl G. , Bugera Oleksandra , Humbert Nicolas , Klymchenko Andrey S. , Mély Yves
Published: July 2017

A series of 26 3‐hydroxychromones, three bis‐flavonols and four 3‐hydroxyquinolones were studied to evaluate their fluorescence response to interaction with ATP in buffer. The dyes differ by the total charge, the size and number of their aromatic units, as well as the position or electron‐donating ability of their substituents. All of them were suggested to form complexes with ATP of 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometry, which can be evidenced by their bright fluorescence and their 3000–6000 cm−1 red‐shifted excitation band. These fluorescent complexes allow detection of ATP concentrations over 3 orders of magnitude, whereas most other known probes cover no more than two orders. In total, the dyes allow ATP detection from 0.001 to 57 mm. In addition, most of the dye–ATP complexes can be excited in the visible and monitored in the red region of the spectrum. The response amplitude of the described dyes to ATP is as high as for the best known probes. Considering that complexation takes place at neutral pH, the studied dyes form a toolbox of fluorescent probes for intensiometric and ratiometric measurements of ATP concentration in a broad concentration range. Finally, the obtained results stimulate the idea that most of natural 3‐hydroxyflavones in living cells may form complexes with ATP.
Engaging the Terminal: Promoting Halogen Bonding Interactions with Uranyl Oxo Atoms
Authors: Carter Korey P. , Kalaj Mark , Surbella Robert G. , Ducati Lucas C. , Autschbach Jochen , Cahill Christopher L.
Published: July 2017

Engaging the nominally terminal oxo atoms of the linear uranyl (UO22+) cation in non‐covalent interactions represents both a significant challenge and opportunity within the field of actinide hybrid materials. An approach has been developed for promoting oxo atom participation in a range of non‐covalent interactions, through judicious choice of electron donating equatorial ligands and appropriately polarizable halogen‐donor atoms. As such, a family of uranyl hybrid materials was generated based on a combination of 2,5‐dihalobenzoic acid and aromatic, chelating N‐donor ligands. Delineation of criteria for oxo participation in halogen bonding interactions has been achieved by preparing materials containing 2,5‐dichloro‐ (25diClBA) and 2,5‐dibromobenzoic acid (25diBrBA) coupled with 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) (1 and 2), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) (3–5), 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (terpy) (6–8), or 4′‐chloro‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (Cl‐terpy) (9–10), which have been characterized through single crystal X‐ray diffraction, Raman, Infrared (IR), and luminescence spectroscopy, as well as through density functional calculations of electrostatic potentials. Looking comprehensively, these results are compared with recently published analogues featuring 2,5‐diiodobenzoic acid which indicate that although inclusion of a capping ligand in the uranyl first coordination sphere is important, it is the polarizability of the selected halogen atom that ultimately drives halogen bonding interactions with the uranyl oxo atoms.
Effects of high‐intensity aerobic interval training on cardiovascular disease risk in testicular cancer survivors: A phase 2 randomized controlled trial
Authors: Adams Scott C. , DeLorey Darren S. , Davenport Margie H. , Stickland Michael K. , Fairey Adrian S. , North Scott , Szczotka Alexander , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Testicular cancer survivors (TCS) have an increased risk of treatment‐related cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may limit their overall survival. We evaluated the effects of high‐intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT) on traditional and novel CVD risk factors and surrogate markers of mortality in a population‐based sample of TCS.

METHODS

This phase 2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02459132) randomly assigned 63 TCS to usual care (UC) or 12 weeks of supervised HIIT (ie, alternating periods of vigorous‐intensity and light‐intensity aerobic exercise). The primary outcome was peak aerobic fitness (VO2peak) assessed via a treadmill‐based maximal cardiorespiratory exercise test. Secondary endpoints included CVD risk (eg, Framingham Risk Score), arterial health, parasympathetic nervous system function, and blood‐based biomarkers.

RESULTS

Postintervention VO2peak data were obtained for 61 participants (97%). HIIT participants attended 99% of the exercise sessions and achieved 98% of the target exercise intensity. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that HIIT was superior to UC for improving VO2peak (adjusted between‐group mean difference, 3.7 mL O2/kg/min; 95% confidence interval, 2.4‐5.1 [P<.001]) and multiple secondary outcomes including CVD risk (P = .011), arterial thickness (P<.001), arterial stiffness (P<.001), postexercise parasympathetic reactivation (P = .001), inflammation (P = .045), and low‐density lipoprotein (P = .014). Overall, HIIT reduced the prevalence of modifiable CVD risk factors by 20% compared with UC.

CONCLUSIONS

This randomized trial provides the first evidence that HIIT improves cardiorespiratory fitness, multiple pathways of CVD risk, and surrogate markers of mortality in TCS. These findings have important implications for the management of TCS. Further research concerning the long‐term effects of HIIT on CVD morbidity and mortality in TCS is warranted. Cancer 2017;123:4057‐65. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Additive neurogenesis supported by multiple stem cell populations mediates adult spinal cord development: A spatiotemporal statistical mapping analysis in a teleost model of indeterminate growth
Authors: Sîrbulescu Ruxandra F. , Ilieş Iulian , Meyer Annette , Zupanc Günther K.H.
Published: July 2017

The knifefish Apteronotus leptorhynchus exhibits indeterminate growth throughout adulthood. This phenomenon extends to the spinal cord, presumably through the continuous addition of new neurons and glial cells. However, little is known about the developmental dynamics of cells added during adult growth. The present work characterizes the structural and functional development of the adult spinal cord in this model organism through a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal dynamics of new cells at various developmental stages. This analysis, based on a novel statistical mapping approach, revealed within the adult spinal cord a wide distribution of both mitotically active and quiescent Sox2‐expressing stem/progenitor cells (SPCs). While such cells are particularly concentrated within the ependymal layer near the central canal, the majority of them reside in the parenchyma, resembling the distribution of SPCs observed in the mammalian spinal cord. The active SPCs in the adult knifefish spinal cord give rise to transit amplifying progenitor cells that undergo a few additional mitotic divisions before developing into Hu C/D+ neurons and S100+ glial cells. There is no evidence of long‐distance migration of the newborn cells. The persistence of cell proliferation and differentiation, combined with low levels of apoptosis, leads to a continuous addition of cells to the existing tissue. Newly generated neurons have functional and behavioral relevance, as indicated by the integration of axons of new electromotor neurons into the electric organ of these weakly electric fish. This results in a gradual increase in the amplitude of the electric organ discharge during adult development. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1269–1307, 2017