bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spin Selectivity in Electron Transfer in Photosystem I
Authors: Carmeli Itai , Kumar Karuppannan Senthil , Heifler Omri , Carmeli Chanoch , Naaman Ron
Published: July 2014

Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the most studied electron transfer (ET) systems in nature; it is found in plants, algae, and bacteria. The effect of the system structure and its electronic properties on the electron transfer rate and yield was investigated for years in details. In this work we show that not only those system properties affect the ET efficiency, but also the electrons’ spin. Using a newly developed spintronic device and a technique which enables control over the orientation of the PSI monolayer relative to the device (silver) surface, it was possible to evaluate the degree and direction of the spin polarization in ET in PSI. We find high‐spin selectivity throughout the entire ET path and establish that the spins of the electrons being transferred are aligned parallel to their momenta. The spin selectivity peaks at 300 K and vanishes at temperatures below about 150 K. A mechanism is suggested in which the chiral structure of the protein complex plays an important role in determining the high‐spin selectivity and its temperature dependence. Our observation of high light induced spin dependent ET in PSI introduces the possibility that spin may play an important role in ET in biology.
A Protein‐Based Pentavalent Inhibitor of the Cholera Toxin B‐Subunit
Authors: Branson Thomas R. , McAllister Tom E. , Garcia‐Hartjes Jaime , Fascione Martin A. , Ross James F. , Warriner Stuart L. , Wennekes Tom , Zuilhof Han , Turnbull W. Bruce
Published: July 2014

Protein toxins produced by bacteria are the cause of many life‐threatening diarrheal diseases. Many of these toxins, including cholera toxin (CT), enter the cell by first binding to glycolipids in the cell membrane. Inhibiting these multivalent protein/carbohydrate interactions would prevent the toxin from entering cells and causing diarrhea. Here we demonstrate that the site‐specific modification of a protein scaffold, which is perfectly matched in both size and valency to the target toxin, provides a convenient route to an effective multivalent inhibitor. The resulting pentavalent neoglycoprotein displays an inhibition potency (IC50) of 104 pM for the CT B‐subunit (CTB), which is the most potent pentavalent inhibitor for this target reported thus far. Complexation of the inhibitor and CTB resulted in a protein heterodimer. This inhibition strategy can potentially be applied to many multivalent receptors and also opens up new possibilities for protein assembly strategies.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Conjugated Dienes under Acid‐Free Conditions: Atom‐Economic Synthesis of β,γ‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Fang Xianjie , Li Haoquan , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2014

Carbonylation reactions constitute important methodologies for the synthesis of all kinds of carboxylic acid derivatives. The development of novel and better catalysts for these transformations is of interest for both academic and industrial research. Here, a benign palladium‐based catalyst system for the alkoxycarbonylation of conjugated dienes under acid‐free conditions has been developed. This atom‐efficient transformation provides straightforward access to a variety of β,γ‐unsaturated esters in good to excellent yields and often with high selectivities. As an industrially relevant example the (formal) synthesis of dimethyl adipate and ε‐caprolactam from 1,3‐butadiene is demonstrated.
An Unusual Protein–Protein Interaction through Coupled Unfolding and Binding
Authors: Yu Tae‐Kyung , Shin Seung‐A , Kim Eun‐Hee , Kim Sunghyun , Ryu Kyung‐Seok , Cheong Haekap , Ahn Hee‐Chul , Jon Sangyong , Suh Jeong‐Yong
Published: July 2014

Aptides, a novel class of high‐affinity peptides, recognize diverse molecular targets with high affinity and specificity. The solution structure of the aptide APT specifically bound to fibronectin extradomain B (EDB), which represents an unusual protein–protein interaction that involves coupled unfolding and binding, is reported. APT binding is accompanied by unfolding of the C‐terminal β strand of EDB, thereby permitting APT to interact with the freshly exposed hydrophobic interior surfaces of EDB. The β‐hairpin scaffold of APT drives the interaction by a β‐strand displacement mechanism, such that an intramolecular β sheet is replaced by an intermolecular β sheet. The unfolding of EDB perturbs the tight domain association between EDB and FN8 of fibronectin, thus highlighting its potential use as a scaffold that switches between stretched and bent conformations.
A High‐Pressure NMR Probe for Aqueous Geochemistry
Authors: Pautler Brent G. , Colla Christopher A. , Johnson Rene L. , Klavins Peter , Harley Stephen J. , Ohlin C. André , Sverjensky Dimitri A. , Walton Jeffrey H. , Casey William H.
Published: July 2014

A non‐magnetic piston‐cylinder pressure cell is presented for solution‐state NMR spectroscopy at geochemical pressures. The probe has been calibrated up to 20 kbar using in situ ruby fluorescence and allows for the measurement of pressure dependencies of a wide variety of NMR‐active nuclei with as little as 10 μL of sample in a microcoil. Initial 11B NMR spectroscopy of the H3BO3–catechol equilibria reveals a large pressure‐driven exchange rate and a negative pressure‐dependent activation volume, reflecting increased solvation and electrostriction upon boron‐catecholate formation. The inexpensive probe design doubles the current pressure range available for solution NMR spectroscopy and is particularly important to advance the field of aqueous geochemistry.
A Metal‐Free Three‐Component Reaction for the Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Thomas Joice , John Jubi , Parekh Nikita , Dehaen Wim
Published: July 2014

A metal‐free three‐component reaction to synthesize 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles from readily available building blocks, such as aldehydes, nitroalkanes, and organic azides, is described. The process is enabled by an organocatalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of the formyl group with the nitro compound, which is followed by the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the azide to the activated alkene. The reaction features an excellent substrate scope, and the products are obtained with high yield and regioselectivity. This method can be utilized for the synthesis of fused triazole heterocycles and materials with several triazole moieties.
Development of Multinuclear Polymeric Nanoparticles as Robust Protein Nanocarriers
Authors: Wu Jun , Kamaly Nazila , Shi Jinjun , Zhao Lili , Xiao Zeyu , Hollett Geoffrey , John Rohit , Ray Shaunak , Xu Xiaoyang , Zhang Xueqing , Kantoff Philip W. , Farokhzad Omid C.
Published: July 2014

One limitation of current biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles is their inability to effectively encapsulate and sustainably release proteins while maintaining protein bioactivity. Here we report the engineering of PLGA–polycation nanoparticles with a core–shell structure that act as a robust vector for the encapsulation and delivery of proteins and peptides. The optimized nanoparticles can load high amounts of proteins (>20 % of nanoparticles by weight) in aqueous solution without organic solvents through electrostatic interactions by simple mixing, thereby forming nanospheres in seconds with diameters <200 nm. The relationship between nanosphere size, surface charge, PLGA–polycation composition, and protein loading is also investigated. The stable nanosphere complexes contain multiple PLGA–polycation nanoparticles, surrounded by large amounts of protein. This study highlights a novel strategy for the delivery of proteins and other relevant molecules.
Chemoselective one‐pot synthesis of terphenyl derivatives by sequential directed C―H functionalization–Suzuki coupling
Authors: Ren Limin , Chu Wenyi , Guan Dinghui , Hou Yanjun , Wang Man , Yuan Xiaobin , Sun Zhizhong
Published: July 2014

A simple and efficient route for the preparation of terphenyl derivatives via palladium‐catalyzed sequential directed C―H arylation/Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling in ‘one‐pot’ has been developed. 4,4′‐(Cyclohexane‐1,1‐diyl)diphenol is an essential ligand. This reaction can tolerate a series of functional groups and provides the terphenyl derivatives in moderate to good yield. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textile‐surface interfacial asymmetric polymerization
Authors: Goto Hiromasa , Jwa Jinmi , Nakajima Kuniharu , Wang Aohan
Published: July 2014

This research demonstrated that polymerization of aniline on cellulose produces chiroptically active composites. Polymerization of aniline in the presence of cotton fibers consisting of chiral cellulose are performed to prepare a polyaniline (PANI)/cotton composite. The polymerization is conducted at the cotton interface. The resultant PANI/cotton composite shows chiroptical activity elucidated with diffuse reflectance circular dichroism. In this reaction, textile‐surface interfacial asymmetric polymerization is performed with imprinting of chiral structure from the cotton as a natural chiroptically active polymer to the PANI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41118.
Green polycarbonates prepared by the copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides
Authors: Taherimehr Masoumeh , Pescarmona Paolo P.
Published: July 2014

Polycarbonates can be prepared by the copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide as an inexpensive, abundant, nontoxic, and renewable feedstock. This review covers the synthesis, the physicochemical properties, and the growing applications of this class of green polymers. The review has been conceived to provide a useful tool for the researchers who are new to this field, as well as to offer an updated overview for those who are already actively working on this topic. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41141.
Preparation of oligochitosan via In situ enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan by amylase in [Gly]BF4 ionic liquid/water homogeneous system
Authors: Yuan Bing , Li Lu , Xie Congxia , Liu Kun , Yu Shitao
Published: July 2014

The preparation of oligochitosan with excellent performance via in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan by amylase in ionic liquid system is reported. It has been found that [Gly]BF4 ionic liquid leads to the good solubility and assistant degradation for chitosan, as well as good biocompatibility for amylase. In the homogeneous system that contained 1.0 g chitosan (degree of deacetylation = 88.5%) and 99.0 g 2 wt % [Gly]BF4 aqueous solution, oligochitosan with 2200 viscosity‐average molecular weight has been obtained after 0.12 g amylase being used for 3 h at 50°C and pH 5.0. This result is superior to that conducted in acetic acid system. Moreover, [Gly]BF4 can be easily separated from the product and reused with only slight performance loss (oligochitosan product with 2700 viscosity‐average molecular weight has been obtained after [Gly]BF4 being reused for five times). In addition, the mechanism for enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan in [Gly]BF4 ionic liquid has been described. The research on the moisture‐absorption, ‐retention, and antibacterial activity of oligochitosan product shows that the smaller molecular weight would bring the better moisture‐absorption and antibacterial properties. The oligochitosan product with 2200 viscosity‐average molecular weight exhibits preferable antibacterial properties to S. aureus and E. coli. At the same time, the moisture‐absorption and ‐retention capacity of the above product can reach 32% (relative humidity (RH) = 43%), 62% (RH = 81%), and 150% (RH = 43%), 35% (dry silica gel) respectively. The enzymatic preparation of oligochitosan through [Gly]BF4 ionic liquid/water homogeneous system can be an efficient and environment‐friendly method for academics and industry. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41152.
A NOVEL TYPE OF HEMOCYTES LOCALIZING MELANIZATION WITH HIGH‐SPREADING BEHAVIOR IN MYTHIMNA SEPARATA
Authors: Kato Yoshiaki , Yoshida Tatsuhiro , Miura Ken , Tanaka Toshiharu , Nakamatsu Yutaka , Ochiai Masanori
Published: July 2014

Lepidopteran larvae show a cellular response to invading foreign substances that are larger than hemocytes, for example, parasitoid eggs or larvae. This response is called hemocyte encapsulation and is often accompanied by phenoloxidase (PO)‐catalyzed melanization. In the present study, we artificially transplanted endoparasitoid larvae and small glass fragments into the hemocoel of the common armyworm, Mythimna separata. We observed that the host larva showed a cellular response and that, 2–4 h after transplantation, melanin formation was spatially confined to the surface of the encapsulated substances. We further noted that specific morphological hemocytes surrounded by melanin formation became attached to the surface of the foreign substances. We designated these hemocytes hyperspread cells (HSCs) on the basis of their specific characteristics and circumferential spread. We confirmed the occurrence of prophenoloxidase (PPO)/phenoloxidase (PO) on the periphery of the HSCs and in the substance secreted around the HSCs by using anti‐PPO antibody. We were unable to detect PPO‐mRNA in HSCs by using in situ hybridization, although we showed that oenocytoids contained PPO‐mRNA and PPO protein. We used light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to discriminate five main types of circulating M. separata hemocytes. We observed that HSCs differed from plasmatocytes, but spread out well. Further, during the encapsulation process, HSCs appeared to provide a localized melanization spot on the surface of foreign invaders.
Packaging guest proteins into the encapsulin nanocompartment from Rhodococcus erythropolis N771
Authors: Tamura Akio , Fukutani Yosuke , Takami Taku , Fujii Motoko , Nakaguchi Yuki , Murakami Yoshihiko , Noguchi Keiichi , Yohda Masafumi , Odaka Masafumi
Published: July 2014

The encapsulin nanocompartment from Rhodococcus erythropolis N771 (Reencapsulin) was expressed and purified in wild‐type and C‐terminally His‐tagged forms. Negative‐stained transmission electron microscopy, field‐flow fractionation combined with multi‐angle light scattering and dynamic light scattering analyses showed that 60 Reencapsulin monomers were assembled as a spherical particle with a diameter of 28 nm. Heterogeneous guest proteins such as EGFP and firefly luciferase were packaged into the internal cavity of the Reencapsulin nanocompartment by fusing the C‐terminal 37‐amino‐acid sequence of the R. erythropolis N771 DypB peroxidase to the C‐terminus. Reencapsulin has the potential to package target proteins in its internal cavity and/or display them on its external surface, making it a feasible carrier for nanotechnology applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 13–20. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance
Authors: Chasin CJ DeLuzio
Published: July 2014

Despite some increased visibility in recent years, the asexual community and asexuality generally remain largely unknown. Aiming to demystify asexuality, this paper discusses the context of anti‐asexual animosity in which the (largely American) asexual community is situated. Specifically, the asexual community constructed itself in response to hostility, including explicit anti‐asexual discrimination, homophobia against asexual people perceived to be lesbian or gay, and the negative impact of (implicit) pathologising low sexual desire. This theoretical paper outlines some of the unique challenges asexual people face negotiating identities and relationships; the collective sense‐making strategies they use (generating language and discourse) to do so; and why these things are central to understanding asexual people's experiences. This is accomplished through a purposeful review of literature and a case study of the Asexual Visibility and Education Network as an asexual community space. Understanding the challenges asexual people face and the resources they invoke to overcome them helps applied psychologists develop the cultural competence they need to work effectively with the asexual people they will encounter. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chemistry and Biology of 6‐Hydroxyceramide, the Youngest Member of the Human Sphingolipid Family
Authors: Kováčik Andrej , Roh Jaroslav , Vávrová Kateřina
Published: July 2014

Sphingolipids are crucial for the life of the cell. In land‐dwelling mammals, they are equally important outside the cell—in the extracellular space of the skin barrier—because they prevent loss of water. Although a large body of research has elucidated many of the functions of sphingolipids, their extensive structural diversity remains intriguing. A new class of sphingolipids based on 6‐hydroxylated sphingosine has recently been identified in human skin. Abnormal levels of these 6‐hydroxylated ceramides have repeatedly been observed in atopic dermatitis; however, neither the biosynthesis nor the roles of these unique ceramide subclasses have been established in the human body. In this Minireview, we summarize the current knowledge of 6‐hydroxyceramides, including their discovery, structure, stereochemistry, occurrence in healthy and diseased human epidermis, and synthetic approaches to 6‐hydroxysphingosine and related ceramides.
Tuning Regioisomer Reactivity in Catalysis using Bifunctional Metal–Organic Frameworks with Mixed Linkers
Authors: Xu Xiaoying , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. , Ranocchiari Marco
Published: July 2014

The activity of two bifunctional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with IRMOF‐9 topology that contain amino, phosphine oxide and methyl groups is described. The amino group acts as an active site for the Knoevenagel condensation of ortho, meta or para nitrobenzaldehyde and malononitrile, while the non‐active site diphenylphosphoryl or methyl group moderate the spatial characteristics inside the MOF pores. The functional groups induce a unique catalytic response. The reaction activity was enhanced when catalysed by MOFs comparing with aniline, whereas the phosphine oxide retards formation of the ortho isomer product.
Synthesis of a Photostable Near‐Infrared‐Absorbing Photosensitizer for Selective Photodamage to Cancer Cells
Authors: Hsieh Tung‐Sheng , Wu Jhen‐Yi , Chang Cheng‐Chung
Published: July 2014

A new class of near‐infrared (NIR)‐absorptive (>900 nm) photosensitizer based on a phenothiazinium scaffold is reported. The stable solid compound, o‐DAP, the oxidative form of 3,7‐bis(4‐methylaminophenyl)‐10H‐phenothiazine, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS, singlet oxygen and superoxide) under appropriate irradiation conditions. After biologically evaluating the intracellular uptake, localization, and phototoxicity of this compound, it was concluded that o‐DAP is photostable and a potential selective photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent under either NIR or white light irradiation because its photodamage is more efficient in cancer cells than in normal cells and is without significant dark toxicity. This is very rare for photosensitizers in PDT applications.
Silanol‐Based Surfactants: Synthetic Access and Properties of an Innovative Class of Environmentally Benign Detergents
Authors: Hurkes Natascha , Ehmann Heike M. A. , List Martina , Spirk Stefan , Bussiek Malte , Belaj Ferdinand , Pietschnig Rudolf
Published: July 2014

Herein, environmentally friendly surfactants based on new silanols as substitutes for the isoelectronic phosphonates were explored. Surface tensions of aqueous solutions are significantly reduced, particularly with those silanols that feature a high ratio of organic moiety to silanol. Besides their use as surfactants, their potential as coating agents for hydrophilic oxide surfaces was investigated for the example of glass substrates. In the solid‐state sheet structures with silanol, double layers are present, in which the sheet spacing varies with the alkyl‐chain length.
Dynamic Simulation of Fixed‐Bed Methanation Reactors
Authors: Rönsch Stefan , Matthischke Steffi , Müller Markus , Eichler Philipp
Published: July 2014

Eine Möglichkeit für die bedarfsgerechte Nutzung von Biomasse ist deren thermochemische Vergasung. Das erzeugte Gas kann entsprechend den Marktgegebenheiten direkt zur Stromerzeugung genutzt oder Methanisierungsreaktoren zugeführt und anschließend im Erdgasnetz gespeichert werden. Eine Voraussetzung dafür sind lastflexible Methanisierungsreaktoren. Daher wird hier der lastflexible Betrieb der Methanisierung anhand eines dynamischen Simulationsmodells untersucht und bewertet. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass es bei Laststeigerungen ohne geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen zu einer Überhitzung der Katalysatoren kommen kann.
Pelleted Xylit‐Wood‐Mixtures: Part 1 – Drying and Hygroscopic Sorption Behaviour
Authors: Lehmann Bastian , Schröder Hans‐Werner , Wollenberg Ralf , Repke Jens‐Uwe
Published: July 2014

Der bisher wenig genutzte Reststoff Braunkohlenxylit lässt sich mittels Feuchtpelletierverfahren zu Brennstoffpellets verarbeiten, wobei dem Trocknungsprozess der Rohpellets zentrale Bedeutung zukommt. Trocknungs‐ und Sorptionsversuche belegen eine aus agglomerationstechnischer Sicht vorteilhafte Schrumpfung der Agglomerate im Verlauf der Trocknung bzw. bei der Wasserentbindung. Weiterhin zeigen die Agglomerate eine Trocknung in zwei Abschnitten. Dabei wird die Trocknungsgeschwindigkeit in erster Linie von der Lufttemperatur beeinflusst. Die Pelletzusammensetzung ist nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung.
DNA–Osmium Complexes: Recent Developments in the Operative Chemical Analysis of DNA Epigenetic Modifications
Authors: Okamoto Akimitsu
Published: July 2014

The development of a reaction for the detection of one epigenetic modification in a long DNA strand is a chemically and biologically challenging research subject. Herein, we report and discuss the formation of 5‐methylcytosine–osmium complexes that are used as the basis for a bisulfite‐free chemical assay for DNA methylation analysis. Osmium in the oxidized state reacts with C5‐methylated pyrimidines in the presence of a bipyridine ligand to give a stable ternary complex. On the basis of this reaction, an adenine derivative with a tethered bipyridine moiety has been designed for sequence‐specific osmium complex formation. Osmium complexation is then achieved by hybridization of a short DNA molecule containing this functional nucleotide to a target DNA sequence and results in the formation of a cross‐linked structure. This novel concept of methylation‐specific reaction, based on a straightforward chemical process, expands the range of methods available for the analysis of epigenetic modifications. Advantages of the described method include amplification‐insensitive detection, 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine complexation, and visualization through methylation‐specific in situ hybridization.
4‐Benzothiazole‐7‐hydroxyindolinyl Diaryl Ureas Are Potent P2Y1 Antagonists with Favorable Pharmacokinetics: Low Clearance and Small Volume of Distribution
Authors: Qiao Jennifer X. , Wang Tammy C. , Hiebert Sheldon , Hu Carol H. , Schumacher William A. , Spronk Steven A. , Clark Charles G. , Han Ying , Hua Ji , Price Laura A. , Shen Hong , Chacko Silvi A. , Everlof Gerry , Bostwick Jeffrey S. , Steinbacher Thomas E. , Li Yi‐Xin , Huang Christine S. , Seiffert Dietmar A. , Rehfuss Robert , Wexler Ruth R. , Lam Patrick Y. S.
Published: July 2014

Current antithrombotic discovery efforts target compounds that are highly efficacious in thrombus reduction with less bleeding liability than the standard of care. Preclinical data suggest that P2Y1 antagonists may have lower bleeding liabilities than P2Y12 antagonists while providing similar antithrombotic efficacy. This article describes our continuous SAR efforts in a series of 7‐hydroxyindolinyl diaryl ureas. When dosed orally, 4‐trifluoromethyl‐7‐hydroxy‐3,3‐dimethylindolinyl analogue 4 was highly efficacious in a model of arterial thrombosis in rats with limited bleeding. The chemically labile CF3 group in 4 was then transformed to various groups via a novel one‐step synthesis, yielding a series of potent P2Y1 antagonists. Among them, the 4‐benzothiazole‐substituted indolines had desirable PK properties in rats, specifically, low clearance and small volume of distribution. In addition, compound 40 had high i.v. exposure and modest bioavailability, giving it the best overall profile.
Aptamer‐Based Universal Fluorometric Sensors Based on Allosteric Modulation of RNA–Peptide Interactions
Authors: Endoh Tamaki , Sugimoto Naoki
Published: July 2014

Aptamers are single‐stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that serve as molecular recognition units. Aptamers targeting a range of biologically relevant molecules have been developed using selection methods and functional aptamer domains, called riboswitches, are found in natural genomic sequences. Aptamers can be used as starting points for the design of biosensors for diagnostic applications. In this study, we demonstrate a simple strategy to detect binding of an apamer to its target molecule via a fluorometric signal resulting from allosteric suppression of an RNA–peptide interaction. The broad applicability was demonstrated by detection of seven different target molecules—one drug, two antibiotics, and four natural metabolites. This strategy will enable the construction of universal biosensors for various target molecules.
Disparities in perceived unmet need for supportive services among patients with lung cancer in the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium
Authors: John Dolly A. , Kawachi Ichiro , Lathan Christopher S. , Ayanian John Z.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

The authors investigated the prevalence, determinants of, and disparities in any perceived unmet need for 8 supportive services (home nurse, support group, psychological services, social worker, physical/occupational rehabilitation, pain management, spiritual counseling, and smoking cessation) by race/ethnicity and nativity and how it is associated with perceived quality of care among US patients with lung cancer.

METHODS

Data from a multiregional, multihealth system representative cohort of 4334 newly diagnosed patients were analyzed. Binomial logistic regression models adjusted for patient clustering.

RESULTS

Patients with any perceived unmet need (9% overall) included 7% of white–US‐born (USB), 9% of white–foreign‐born (FB), 13% of black‐USB, 8% of Latino‐USB, 24% of Latino‐FB, 4% of Asian/Pacific Islander (API)‐USB, 14% of API‐FB, and 11% of “other” patients (P < .001). Even after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, health system and health care access, and need, black‐USB, Latino‐FB, and Asian‐FB patients were more likely to perceive an unmet need than white‐USB patients by 5.1, 10.9, and 5.6 percentage points, respectively (all P<.05). Being younger, female, never married, uninsured, a current smoker, or under surrogate care or having comorbidity, anxiety/depression, or a cost/insurance barrier to getting tests/treatments were associated with any unmet need. Patients with any unmet need were more likely to rate care as less‐than‐“excellent” by 13 percentage points than patients with no unmet need (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Significant disparities in unmet supportive service need by race/ethnicity and nativity highlight immigrants with lung cancer as being particularly underserved. Eliminating disparities in access to needed supportive services is essential for delivering patient‐centered, equitable cancer care. Cancer 2014;120:3178–3191. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Exercise‐induced lung cancer regression: Mechanistic findings from a mouse model
Authors: Higgins Kristin A. , Park Dongkyoo , Lee Gee Young , Curran Walter J. , Deng Xingming
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

It has been demonstrated that regular exercise improves the quality of life in patients undergoing treatment for lung cancer and has been associated with reductions in cancer‐specific mortality in patients with colon and breast cancer. The direct effects of cardiovascular exercise on lung cancer tumor biology, however, remain unknown. The authors evaluated the effects of cardiovascular exercise in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

Luciferase‐tagged A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells were injected through the tail vein of nude male mice. Then, the mice underwent weekly bioluminescent imaging until lung tumors were clearly identified. After lung tumors were identified, the mice were randomized to daily wheel running versus no wheel running, and they were imaged weekly. After 4 weeks, all mice were killed, and the lung tumors were harvested. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted on tumor tissues to identify potential differences in protein expression levels in exercising mice versus sedentary mice.

RESULTS

Lung tumors in exercising mice grew significantly more slowly relative to sedentary mice. There was no change in the development of metastatic lesions between the 2 groups. Protein analysis by Western blot or immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased p53 protein levels in exercising mice relative to sedentary mice as well as increased mediators of apoptosis, including Bax and active caspase 3, in tumor tissues. In both groups of mice, no normal tissue toxicity was observed in other organs.

CONCLUSIONS

Daily cardiovascular exercise appears to mitigate the growth of lung adenocarcinoma tumors, possibly by activation of the p53 tumor suppressor function and increased apoptosis. Cancer 2014;120:3302–3310. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Hierarchical Graphene‐Rich Carbon Materials with Trace Nonprecious Metals for High‐Performance Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Yining , Zhou Wei , Nie Hongjiao , Wu Baoshan , Zhang Huamin
Published: July 2014

Sluggish kinetic characteristics of the electrode reactions and low electrode space utilization for solid Li2O2 deposition are limiting factors for Li–O2 batteries. In this work, iron‐/cobalt‐doped micron‐sized honeycomb‐like carbon (Fe‐MHC, Co‐MHC) with a hierarchical pore structure is prepared by using nano‐CaCO3 as a template. The effect of the transition‐metal nanoparticles as a second template on further pore construction and optimization is presented. As graphitization catalysts, the added transition metals also affect the formation of the graphene‐rich structure in the carbon framework. As a result, the obtained hierarchical carbon materials doped with trace metals exhibit higher electrochemical catalytic activity and stability than non‐doped samples. In particular, an enhanced discharge capacity as high as 9260 mAh g−1 is achieved for the Fe‐MHC cathode, which is attributed to its enlarged pore volume and high utilization of the electrode space.
Ultraviolet‐Induced Fluorescence of Polydopamine‐Coated Emulsion Droplets
Authors: Quignard Sandrine , d'Ischia Marco , Chen Yong , Fattaccioli Jacques
Published: July 2014

Polydopamine (PDA), a multifunctional biomaterial with strong adhesion and coating properties, exhibits melanin‐like optoelectronic properties but is virtually devoid of intrinsic fluorescence. Herein we disclose the first PDA‐based system that can develop fluorescence without chemical manipulation. The polymerization of dopamine in the presence of oil microdroplets results in the formation of smooth PDA‐coated core–shell droplets, which develop a bright and persistent fluorescence upon UVA illumination. The fluorescence induction depends on the excitation wavelength, the nature of the oil, and oxidation and buffer conditions, suggesting photo‐oxidation of PDA components within the oil matrix, which shields the developing fluorophores from water quenching. Peroxyl radical scavengers enhance the fluorescence, whereas hydrogen peroxide induces quenching. The new system holds potential interest for imaging and tocopherol sensing applications.
Network structure, perception level, and participants' welfares
Authors: Li Yongli , Wu Chong , Gülen Gülşah , Wang Jing
Published: July 2014

Based on a market consisting of one monopoly and several customers who are embedded in an economic network, we study how the different perception levels about the network structure affect the two kinds of participants' welfares, and then provide some good strategies for the monopoly to mine the information of the network structure. The above question is the embodiment of the “complex structure and its corresponding functions” question often mentioned in the field of complexity science. We apply a two‐stage game to solve for the optimal pricing and consumption at different perception levels of the monopoly and further utilize simulation analysis to explore the influence patterns. We also discuss how this theoretic model can be applied to a real world problem by introducing the statistical exponential random graph model and its estimation method. Further, the main findings have specific policy implications on uncovering network information and demonstrate that it is possible for the policy‐maker to design some win–win mechanisms for uplifting both the monopoly's profit and the whole customers' welfare at the same time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 349–362, 2015
Vertical Distribution of Overpotentials and Irreversible Charge Losses in Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Klink Stefan , Schuhmann Wolfgang , La Mantia Fabio
Published: July 2014

Porous lithium ion battery electrodes are characterized using a vertical distribution of cross‐currents. In an appropriate simplification, this distribution can be described by a transmission line model (TLM) consisting of infinitely thin electrode layers. To investigate the vertical distribution of currents, overpotentials, and irreversible charge losses in a porous graphite electrode in situ, a multi‐layered working electrode (MWE) was developed as the experimental analogue of a TLM. In this MWE, each layer is in ionic contact but electrically insulated from the other layers by a porous separator. It was found that the negative graphite electrodes get lithiated and delithiated stage‐by‐stage and layer‐by‐layer. Several mass‐transport‐ as well as non‐mass‐transport‐limited processes could be identified. Local current densities can reach double the average, especially on the outermost layer at the beginning of each intercalation stage. Furthermore, graphite particles close to the counter electrode act as “electrochemical sieve” reducing the impurities present in the electrolyte such as water.
Early experiences: Building up the tools to face the challenges of adult life
Authors: Branchi Igor , Cirulli Francesca
Published: July 2014

A supportive early environment can strengthen the developing individual and build the foundation for a lifelong health. By contrast, severe stress can alter brain architecture and lead to increased susceptibility for psychopathology. There is a growing emphasis on setting up models that recapitulate the complexity of the perinatal environment, particularly the social experiences, on developmental trajectories. Special attention is paid, on the one hand, to the role of the mother in programming the behavioral, neuroendocrine and metabolic development of the offspring and, on the other, to the relevance of the social interactions with mother and peers in building up the adult individual. Overall, these studies confirm the strong and complex influence of the early ecological niche on adult brain function and behavior and illustrate how a comparative approach provides an important contribution to unravel the mechanisms underlying increased risk for mental illness in a translational perspective. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1661–1674, 2014.
The dammed Missouri: prospects for recovering Lewis and Clark's River
Authors: Johnson W. Carter , Volke Malia A. , Scott Michael L. , Dixon Mark D.
Published: July 2014

The world's dams and reservoirs are aging. The ecological effects of a half‐century or more of flow regulation and sediment alteration are becoming apparent. What remains of the highly dynamic channel and riparian ecosystem of the Missouri River described by Lewis and Clark has become static. Recent long‐term studies have determined that some of the impacts on the Missouri River ecosystem turned out as predicted, such as the failure of cottonwood‐dominated riparian forests to successfully establish and survive on a broad scale. Other changes were surprises, such as the effect of disease eliminating a formerly dominant tree species and the appearance of mainstem and tributary deltas affecting channel slope, floodplain hydrology, and vegetation. Restoration of the river's hydrologic and sediment regime has been delayed long enough that the chances of functional ecosystem restoration have been greatly reduced and complicated. Two phases are now needed to attempt to restore the riparian ecosystem: one to repair the effects of post‐dam changes (channel incision, bank stabilization) and another to reestablish pre‐dam flow and sediment regimes. The prospects for restoration of this valuable ecosystem, rich in history and in goods and services provided to the public, are dim. Time has diminished the chances that restoration or even rehabilitation can be achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of human antigen‐specific regulatory T cells with high suppressive function
Authors: Noyan Fatih , Lee Young‐Seon , Zimmermann Katharina , Hardtke‐Wolenski Matthias , Taubert Richard , Warnecke Gregor , Knoefel Ann‐Kathrin , Schulde Elvira , Olek Sven , Manns Michael P. , Jaeckel Elmar
Published: July 2014

Adoptive transfer of regulatory T (Treg) cells could be an alternative to chronic immunosuppression for prevention of allogeneic graft rejection. While polyspecific Treg cells can prevent immune responses under lymphopenic conditions, Ag‐specific Treg cells are needed to treat autoimmunity and graft rejection. Yet, reliable markers for Ag‐specific Treg cells are missing. We report that latency‐associated peptide (LAP) and glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) can identify human Ag‐specific Treg cells. In addition, we show that the depletion of CD154+ cells from LAP+ or GARP+ Treg cells increases the Treg‐cell purity to over 90%, as assessed by epigenetic analysis. These Ag‐specific Treg cells can be isolated magnetically and might contribute to the development of GMP‐based protocols. In addition, Ag‐specific Treg cells are functionally far superior to CD4+CD25high or CD4+CD25highCD127low Treg cells in vitro and in preventing strong alloreactions in humanized mice. They could, therefore, have a high therapeutic potential for the control of alloimmune, autoimmune, and allergic immune responses in patients.
The Buildup of Eight‐Vertex Tetrametallaborane Clusters: Bisdisphenoidal versus Tetracapped Tetrahedral Structures
Authors: Lupan Alexandru , King R. Bruce
Published: July 2014

The experimental structures of Cp4M4B4H4 (M = Co, Ni) are both bisdisphenoids. However, in the cobalt compound, the metal atoms are located at the four degree 5 vertices, whereas in the nickel compound the metal atoms are located at the four degree 4 vertices. Density functional theory has shown these structures to be the lowest‐energy structures by the substantial margins of around 23 and 15 kcal/mol for M = Co and Ni, respectively. The unknown analogous tetraferraborane Cp4Fe4B4H4 was predicted to have a different type of structure, namely a tetracapped tetrahedron, with the iron atoms at the four degree 6 vertices, similarly to the experimental structure of the valence isoelectronic Cp4Fe4(μ3‐CO)4. The experimentally unknown Cp4M4B2H2 and Cp4M4 systems have also been optimized. Addition of BH units to either Cp4M4B2H2 or Cp4M4 to give the corresponding Cp4M4B4H4 derivatives has been predicted to be extremely exothermic.
Ingroup and outgroup support for upward mobility: Divergent responses to ingroup identification in low status groups
Authors: Van Laar Colette , Bleeker Dennis , Ellemers Naomi , Meijer Eline
Published: July 2014

Members of groups with low societal status can pursue individual upward mobility to improve their status. We examine the conditions under which ingroup and outgroup members are most inclined to support such upward mobility attempts. Whereas both ingroup and outgroup supports are important, there may be tension: dissociation from the low status group may lower ingroup support, whereas association with the low status group may lower outgroup support. Ingroup association can be expressed by communicating one's affective involvement or by behaving in line with typical ingroup practices. As predicted, studies 1 and 2 show that support from the low status ingroup depends more on affective involvement than on behavioral identity expression (BIE). In contrast, studies 3–5 show that support from the high status group is more driven by the upwardly mobile individual's BIE. Mediational analyses show that these opposite patterns are driven by differential processes, prompted by the group's respective positions in the social hierarchy. The findings provide insight into how members of low status groups negotiate the competing demands of the high and low status groups as they pursue upward mobility. Moreover, they show how affective involvement and BIE differentially affect ingroup support and outgroup opposition. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Investigation of Interoceptive Sensitivity in Eating Disorders Using a Heartbeat Detection Task and a Self‐report Measure
Authors: Eshkevari Ertimiss , Rieger Elizabeth , Musiat Peter , Treasure Janet
Published: July 2014

Background

Interoception has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs).

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine a heart beat detection task (HBDT) as an objective index of interoceptive sensitivity in individuals with an ED.

Method

The self‐report interoceptive deficits subscale of the Eating Disorders Inventory 3 was also used.

Results

The results of the HBDT demonstrated no significant difference between individuals with an ED and healthy controls. However, performance on this task also did not appear to be different from that expected by chance. Thus, these results cast doubt on the utility of the present HBDT for measuring interoceptive sensitivity.

Conclusion

Overall, the findings indicate that further research is needed to develop valid, objective measures of interoceptive sensitivity to be used in EDs, so as to overcome the reliance on the Eating Disorders Inventory 3 self‐report subscale and to determine how such measures relate to ED and general psychopathology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Mixture productivity of cassava‐based cropping system and food security under humid tropical conditions
Authors: Adekunle Yewande A. , Olowe Victor I. , Olasantan Faucett O. , Okeleye Kehinde A. , Adetiloye Phillip O. , Odedina Joy N.
Published: July 2014

The two field trials evaluated the performance of sesame (var. PBTil) and sunflower (var. Isaanka) intercropped with cassava (var. TMS 30572 and TME 1) in a cassava‐based cropping system with a view to studying the phenology of the component crops and establishing mixture productivity in terms of biological efficiency (land equivalent ratio [LER] and area time equivalency ratio [ATER]), intercrop compatibility land equivalent coefficient (LEC) and economic efficiency (monetary advantage index [MAI] and cassava yield equivalent [CYE]) of the systems under humid tropical conditions during the early and late cropping seasons of 2003/2004. Intercropping highly significantly (P < 0.01) delayed number of days to flowering, physiological maturity and height at both stages, seed yield and yield attributes of sesame and sunflower relative to their monocrops. Similarly, intercropping highly significantly (P < 0.01) reduced number of leaves and plant height at 2, 3, 4 and 12 months after planting (MAP), number and weight of tubers per plant, mean tuber weight and tuber yield of cassava relative to their monocrops. The six intercropping systems recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher biological efficiency (LER > 1.00 in both plantings and ATER > 1.00 in the late planting) than their respective monocrops and relatively high intercrop compatibility (LEC > 0.037 and 0.25). Based on MAI and CYE, TME 1/Ses/Sun, TMS 30572/Ses/Sun and TMS 30572/Sun were the three most economically efficient cropping systems, especially in the late and more preferred planting season and are hereby recommended to prospective growers for cultivation, economic empowerment, and reduction of household food insecurity.
A study of structural and functional connectivity in early Alzheimer's disease using rest fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Balachandar R. , John J. P. , Saini J. , Kumar K. J. , Joshi H. , Sadanand S. , Aiyappan S. , Sivakumar P. T. , Loganathan S. , Varghese M. , Bharath S.
Published: July 2014

Background/objectives

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition where in early diagnosis and interventions are key policy priorities in dementia services and research. We studied the functional and structural connectivity in mild AD to determine the nature of connectivity changes that coexist with neurocognitive deficits in the early stages of AD.

Methods

Fifteen mild AD subjects and 15 cognitively healthy controls (CHc) matched for age and gender, underwent detailed neurocognitive assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of resting state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Rest fMRI was analyzed using dual regression approach and DTI by voxel wise statistics.

Results

Patients with mild AD had significantly lower functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network and increased FC within the executive network. The mild AD group scored significantly lower in all domains of cognition compared with CHc. But fractional anisotropy did not significantly (p < 0.05) differ between the groups.

Conclusion

Resting state functional connectivity alterations are noted during initial stages of cognitive decline in AD, even when there are no significant white matter microstructural changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The salience network in the apathy of late‐life depression
Authors: Yuen Genevieve S. , Gunning‐Dixon Faith M. , Hoptman Matthew J. , AbdelMalak Bassem , McGovern Amanda R. , Seirup Joanna K. , Alexopoulos George S.
Published: July 2014

Objective

Apathy is prevalent in late‐life depression and predicts poor response to antidepressants, chronicity of depression, disability, and greater burden to caregivers. However, little is known about its neurobiology. Salience processing provides motivational context to stimuli. The aim of this study was to examine the salience network (SN) resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) pattern in elderly depressed subjects with and without apathy.

Methods

Resting‐state functional MRI data were collected from 16 non‐demented, non‐MCI, elderly depressed subjects and 10 normal elderly subjects who were psychotropic‐free for at least 2 weeks. The depressed group included 7 elderly, depressed subjects with high comorbid apathy and 9 with low apathy. We analyzed the rsFC patterns of the right anterior insular cortex (rAI), a primary node of the SN.

Results

Relative to non‐apathetic depressed elderly, depressed elderly subjects with high apathy had decreased rsFC of the rAI to dorsal anterior cingulate and to subcortical/limbic components of the SN. Depressed elderly subjects with high apathy also exhibited increased rsFC of the rAI to right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right posterior cingulate cortex when compared to non‐apathetic depressed elderly.

Conclusions

Elderly depressed subjects with high apathy display decreased intrinsic rsFC of the SN and an altered pattern of SN rsFC to the right DLPFC node of the central executive network when compared to elderly non‐apathetic depressed and normal, elderly subjects. These results suggest a unique biological signature of the apathy of late‐life depression and may implicate a role for the rAI and SN in motivated behavior. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.