bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological differences between insect venom‐allergic patients with and without immunotherapy and asymptomatically sensitized subjects
Authors: Arzt L. , Bokanovic D. , Schrautzer C. , Laipold K. , Möbs C. , Pfützner W. , Herzog S. A. , Vollmann J. , Reider N. , Bohle B. , Aberer W. , Sturm G. J.
Published: November 2017

Background

Currently available tests are unable to distinguish between asymptomatic sensitization and clinically relevant Hymenoptera venom allergy. A reliable serological marker to monitor venom immunotherapy (VIT) does also not exist. Our aim was to find reliable serological markers to predict tolerance to bee and vespid stings.

Methods

We included 77 asymptomatically sensitized subjects, 85 allergic patients with acute systemic sting reactions, and 61 allergic patients currently treated with VIT. Levels of sIgE and sIgG4 to bee and vespid venom, rApi m 1, and rVes v 5 were measured immediately after allergic sting reactions or before sting challenges and 4 weeks later. All sting challenges were tolerated. The inhibitory activity was determined using BAT inhibition and ELIFAB assay.

Results

Median sIgG4 levels were 96‐fold higher in VIT patients (P < .001) while sIgE/sIgG4 ratios were consistently lower (P < .001). The ELIFAB assay was paralleled by low sIgE/sIgG4 ratios in VIT patients, showing markedly higher allergen‐blocking capacity (P < .001). An almost complete inhibition of the basophil response was seen in all patients treated with vespid venom, but not in those treated with bee venom. Four weeks after the sting, sIgE and sIgG4 levels were increased in allergic and asymptomatically sensitized patients, but not in VIT patients.

Conclusion

Immunological responses after stings varied in bee and vespid venom‐allergic patients. In patients under VIT, sIgE and sIgG4 remained completely stable after sting challenges. Monitoring VIT efficacy was only possible in vespid venom allergy, and the sIgG4 threshold for rVes v 5 had the highest sensitivity to confirm tolerance. The BAT inhibition test was the most reliable tool to confirm tolerance on an individual basis.
Factors associated with deep circulation in the peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy zone in normal‐tension glaucoma with myopic disc
Authors: Kiyota Naoki , Kunikata Hiroshi , Takahashi Seri , Shiga Yukihiro , Omodaka Kazuko , Nakazawa Toru
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To investigate factors associated with choroidal microcirculation in the peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy (PPA) zone in eyes with normal‐tension glaucoma (NTG) and myopic disc.

Methods

In 100 eyes of 100 NTG patients with myopic disc and 20 eyes of 20 age‐matched myopic controls, 4.5 × 4.5 mm scans were made of the optic nerve head with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy (PPA) area and PPA superficial choroidal image intensity (PPA‐CI) were calculated with image j software. Clinical characteristics, laser speckle flowgraphy‐measured mean blur rate in the temporal tissue area (temporal MT), the central thresholds (the averaged standard automated perimetry‐measured visual field thresholds in the four paracentral points) and 3D‐OCT‐measured ganglion cell complex thickness in the papillomacular bundle (PMB‐GCCT) were recorded.

Results

The NTG patients had significantly lower intraocular pressure, PMB‐GCCT and central threshold values, and a larger PPA area, than the controls. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve to differentiate NTG with parafoveal scotoma (PFS) from controls was 0.76 for temporal MT, 0.85 for PPA‐CI and 0.87 for PMB‐GCCT. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that PPA‐CI was negatively correlated with age, pulse rate, best‐corrected visual acuity, axial length and PPA area, and positively correlated with temporal MT, PMB‐GCCT and the central thresholds.

Conclusion

Peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy (PPA)‐CI was associated with temporal MT, ageing, bradycardia, axial length elongation and changes in central retinal structure and visual function in patients with NTG and myopic disc. Thus, microcirculation deep within the PPA zone might be a clinically useful biomarker of PFS in NTG.
A Roman Egyptian Painting Workshop: Technical Investigation of the Portraits from Tebtunis, Egypt
Authors: Salvant J. , Williams J. , Ganio M. , Casadio F. , Daher C. , Sutherland K. , Monico L. , Vanmeert F. , De Meyer S. , Janssens K. , Cartwright C. , Walton M.
Published: November 2017

Roman‐period mummy portraits are considered to be ancient antecedents of modern portraiture. However, the techniques and materials used in their manufacture are not thoroughly understood. Analytical study of the pigments as well as the binding materials helps to address questions on what aspects of the painting practices originate from Pharaonic and/or Graeco‐Roman traditions, and can aid in determining the provenance of the raw materials from potential locations across the ancient Mediterranean and European worlds. Here, one of the largest assemblages of mummy portraits to remain intact since their excavation from the site of Tebtunis in Egypt was examined using multiple analytical techniques to address how they were made. The archaeological evidence suggests that these portraits were products of a single workshop and, correspondingly, they are found to be made using similar techniques and materials: wax‐based and lead white–rich paint combined with a variety of iron‐based pigments (including hematite, goethite and jarosite), as well as Egyptian blue, minium, indigo and madder lake to create subtle variations and tones.
Acquired In‐process Research Development and Earnings Management
Authors: Lee Junyoup , Lee Eunsuh , Kim Kevin H. , Paik Daniel Gyung H.
Published: November 2017

New accounting standards, namely SFAS 141 and 142, were adopted in 2001. The release of these two regulations offers a unique opportunity to explore how managers have changed their earnings manipulation behaviour by using In‐process Research and Development (IPR&D) costs. In this study, we examine whether and how the amount of IPR&D at the acquisition deals is associated with discretionary accruals, which serve as a proxy for earnings management. We use a sample of firms reporting acquired IPR&D over the period 1993–2007 with a matched group based on size and industry. Our results provide evidence that managers strategically use the IPR&D costs as an income‐decreasing earnings management tool, and SFAS 141 and 142 effectively reduced the use of IPR&D costs to manipulate earnings. Furthermore, we examine the effect of SFAS 141R, which was adopted in 2008, on earnings management by using IPR&D. We use a sample of firms reporting acquired IPR&D at the firm level over the period 1993–2011 with a matched group based on size and industry. Results indicate that IPR&D is no longer related to income‐decreasing earnings management after the adoption of SFAS 141R. These findings can help accounting regulators determine how to curb the misleading use of IPR&D for earnings management purposes.
Functional similarity analysis highlights ecosystem impacts and restoration needs
Authors: Pakeman Robin J. , Lewis Rob J.
Published: November 2017

Aims

To test a recently developed method of assessing functional β‐diversity – as the difference in location of the convex hull in trait space – as a means of assessing the impact of species loss and colonization over time on functional composition. This approach was tested using data from a survey and subsequent resurvey of Scottish coastal vegetation.

Location

Scotland, UK.

Results

Fixed dunes, slacks, unimproved grassland and mires showed the highest functional overlap through time (high correspondence in convex hull position between two surveys), while salt marsh, improved grassland and heath showed the lowest. Fixed dune was the most stable in terms of retaining the highest proportion of the original convex hull, while salt marsh was least stable. Salt marsh also showed the highest new functional space occupied, whilst mires and slacks showed the least colonization by functionally distinct species. Generally sites on the west coast of Scotland were most stable, while those on the east showed the greatest functional changes. Assessing functional β‐diversity provided a different picture to assessing species β‐diversity; high species turnover might have little impact on the functional characteristics of the vegetation, whereas the invasion of one functionally different species can have a sizeable impact on ecosystem processes.

Conclusions

The method proved effective in highlighting habitats and sites where species changes had the largest impact on the functional space occupied by the plant assemblage. The method provides complementary information to that derived from other types of analysis, including about the potential needs for improved management or full‐scale restoration.
Interactions of (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐Hydroxynorketamine, a Secondary Metabolite of (R,S)‐Ketamine, with Morphine
Authors: Lilius Tuomas O. , Viisanen Hanna , Jokinen Viljami , Niemi Mikko , Kalso Eija A. , Rauhala Pekka V.
Published: November 2017

Ketamine and its primary metabolite norketamine attenuate morphine tolerance by antagonising N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Ketamine is extensively metabolized to several other metabolites. The major secondary metabolite (2S,6S;2R,6R)‐hydroxynorketamine (6‐hydroxynorketamine) is not an NMDA antagonist. However, it may modulate nociception through negative allosteric modulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We studied whether 6‐hydroxynorketamine could affect nociception or the effects of morphine in acute or chronic administration settings. Male Sprague Dawley rats received subcutaneous 6‐hydroxynorketamine or ketamine alone or in combination with morphine, as a cotreatment during induction of morphine tolerance, and after the development of tolerance induced by subcutaneous minipumps administering 9.6 mg morphine daily. Tail flick, hot plate, paw pressure and rotarod tests were used. Brain and serum drug concentrations were quantified with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Ketamine (10 mg/kg), but not 6‐hydroxynorketamine (10 and 30 mg/kg), enhanced antinociception and decreased rotarod performance following acute administration either alone or combined with morphine. Ketamine efficiently attenuated morphine tolerance. Acutely administered 6‐hydroxynorketamine increased the brain concentration of morphine (by 60%), and brain and serum concentrations of 6‐hydroxynorketamine were doubled by morphine pre‐treatment. This pharmacokinetic interaction did not, however, lead to altered morphine tolerance. Co‐administration of 6‐hydroxynorketamine 20 mg/kg twice daily did not influence development of morphine tolerance. Even though morphine and 6‐hydroxynorketamine brain concentrations were increased after co‐administration, the pharmacokinetic interaction had no effect on acute morphine nociception or tolerance. These results indicate that 6‐hydroxynorketamine does not have antinociceptive properties or attenuate opioid tolerance in a similar way as ketamine.
A dubious defense of ‘after‐birth abortion’: A reply to Räsänen
Authors: Kaczor Christopher
Published: November 2017

Scholars have offered various critiques of Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva's controversial article, ‘After‐birth abortion: Why should the baby live?’ My book The Ethics of Abortion: Women's Rights, Human Life, and the Question of Justice presents four such critiques. First, Giubilini and Minerva argue from the deeply controversial to the even more controversial. Second, they presuppose a false view of personal identity called body‐self dualism. Third, their view cannot secure human equality. And fourth, their account of harm cannot account for harm found in some cases of murder. In the article, ‘Pro‐life arguments against infanticide and why they are not convincing’, J. Räsänen examines and finds wanting these four critiques. This essay responds to Räsänen's defense of infanticide and argues that his responses to the four objections fail.
Family and individual variables associated with young Filipino children's numeracy interest and competence
Authors: Cheung Sum Kwing , Yang Xiujie , Dulay Katrina May , McBride Catherine
Published: November 2017

Children's early numeracy outcomes set the foundation for mathematics learning in their future school years. This study examined how different family and individual variables were associated with the numeracy interest and competence of disadvantaged young children in the Philippines. The numeracy and literacy skills of 673 children living in low‐middle income communities were tested. Their parents were also asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, their home numeracy practices, attitudes about numeracy learning, and children's numeracy interest. Structural equation modelling analyses showed that children's numeracy interest was linked with their parents’ practices and attitudes. Children's numeracy competence, on the other hand, was related to their gender, age, socioeconomic status, and literacy abilities. These findings suggest that family and individual variables might play different roles in disadvantaged children's early numeracy development. Moreover, parents can be encouraged to make effective use of home numeracy experiences to promote their children's numeracy competence.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

In developed countries, home environment is occasionally found to link with early numeracy development.

Some individual variables are also found to play significant roles in early numeracy development.

What does this study add?

Among young Filipino children from disadvantaged backgrounds, home environment is related to numeracy interest.

Family socioeconomic status plays a significant role in early numeracy competence.

Early literacy and numeracy skills are interrelated with each other.
Pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of aberrant MYC expression in haematological cancers
Authors: Schick Markus , Habringer Stefan , Nilsson Jonas A. , Keller Ulrich
Published: November 2017

Identifying and therapeutically targeting cancer cell liabilities is of utmost importance in order to improve the treatment of patients with malignancies of poor prognosis. The MYC family genes (MYC, MYCN and MYCL) are among the most deregulated proto‐oncogenes in human cancer. Aberrant MYC expression is frequently associated with poor prognosis. Although many aspects of MYC‐mediated tumour biology are well characterized, there are currently no effective means for targeting MYC in a specific manner that have been established for clinical use. This review first discusses the role of MYC in the pathogenesis of haematopoietic malignancies, and secondly summarizes how insight into MYC functions could be translated into therapeutic approaches. In particular, we will address the possibilities of taking advantage of MYC‐induced cancer cell vulnerabilities that could be exploited in terms of synthetic lethal interactions.
Organizing artistic activities in a recurrent manner: (on the nature of) entrepreneurship in the performing arts
Authors: Bergamini Michela , Van de Velde Ward , Van Looy Bart , Visscher Klaasjan
Published: November 2017

A majority of performing arts organizations active in classical music, theatre, and contemporary dance rely on funding from “third parties” in order to organize productions in a recurrent manner. We adopt an entrepreneurial perspective to inform the debate on the economic sustainability of performing arts organizations: Is it a “deficit” in entrepreneurial orientation that condemns these organizations to financial dependence? Relying on a comparative case study design (n = 12), we distill a process model of performing arts entrepreneurship (PAE), which we compare with insights on innovative entrepreneurship. Our findings reveal that it is neither a lack of entrepreneurial dynamics nor the presence of opposing logics that creates dependence on multiple revenue streams. The introduction of a second revenue stream follows from adhering to artistic distinctiveness. Implications for practice and theory are elaborated.
High‐Ability Grouping: Benefits for Gifted Students’ Achievement Development Without Costs in Academic Self‐Concept
Authors: Preckel Franzis , Schmidt Isabelle , Stumpf Eva , Motschenbacher Monika , Vogl Katharina , Scherrer Vsevolod , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

Effects of full‐time ability grouping on students’ academic self‐concept (ASC) and mathematics achievement were investigated in the first 3 years of secondary school (four waves of measurement; students’ average age at first wave: 10.5 years). Students were primarily from middle and upper class families living in southern Germany. The study sample comprised 148 (60% male) students from 14 gifted classes and 148 (57% male) students from 25 regular classes (matched by propensity score matching). Data analyses involved multilevel and latent growth curve analyses. Findings revealed no evidence for contrast effects of class‐average achievement or assimilation effects of class type on students’ ASC. ASC remained stable over time. Students in gifted classes showed higher achievement gains than students in regular classes.
What is the optimal management of an intra‐operative air leak in a colorectal anastomosis?
Authors: Mitchem J. B. , Stafford C. , Francone T. D. , Roberts P. L. , Schoetz D. J. , Marcello P. W. , Ricciardi R.
Published: November 2017

Aim

An airtight anastomosis on intra‐operative leak testing has been previously demonstrated to be associated with a lower risk of clinically significant postoperative anastomotic leak following left‐sided colorectal anastomosis. However, to date, there is no consistently agreed upon method for management of an intra‐operative anastomotic leak. Therefore, we powered a noninferiority study to determine whether suture repair alone was an appropriate strategy for the management of an intra‐operative air leak.

Method

This is a retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively collected data from a tertiary care referral centre. We included all consecutive patients with left‐sided colorectal or ileorectal anastomoses and evidence of air leak during intra‐operative leak testing. Patients were excluded if proximal diversion was planned preoperatively, a pre‐existing proximal diversion was present at the time of surgery or an anastomosis was ultimately unable to be completed. The primary outcome measure was clinically significant anastomotic leak, as defined by the Surgical Infection Study Group at 30 days.

Results

From a sample of 2360 patients, 119 had an intra‐operative air leak during leak testing. Sixty‐eight patients underwent suture repair alone and 51 underwent proximal diversion or anastomotic reconstruction. The clinically significant leak rate was 9% (6/68; 95% CI: 2–15%) in the suture repair alone arm and 0% (0/51) in the diversion or reconstruction arm.

Conclusion

Suture repair alone does not meet the criteria for noninferiority for the management of intra‐operative air leak during left‐sided colorectal anastomosis. Further repair of intra‐operative air leak by suture repair alone should be reconsidered given these findings.
Emerging adulthood and Type 1 diabetes: insights from the DAWN2 Study
Authors: Vallis M. , Willaing I. , Holt R. I. G.
Published: November 2017

Aims

To compare clinical, psychological, education and social variables in emerging adults (aged 18–30 years) with Type 1 diabetes with their adult counterparts aged >30 years.

Methods

A single assessment multinational sample was surveyed as part of the larger second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study. Participants completed a series of surveys incorporating demographic as well as clinical questions (comorbidities, hypoglycaemia) and validated self‐report scales concerning psychosocial (health impact, quality of life, beliefs and attitudes, self‐management behaviours, healthcare experience and family support) and diabetes education factors.

Results

Emerging adults differed from adults aged >30 years with regard to a number of psychosocial variables. Emerging adults reported better overall quality of life, social support and support from their healthcare team compared with adults aged >30 years of age; however, emerging adults experienced greater diabetes‐specific distress and were less engaged in self‐management. Diabetes education was related to a number of indicators, while experience of discrimination was harmful, but these impacts did not differ between emerging adults and adults aged >30 years. An analysis of geographical regions suggested that emerging adults in North America and Europe had better well‐being than older adults, while the opposite was observed in Asia.

Conclusions

Emerging adults, particularly those in the later phase (ages 25–30 years) are especially at risk in terms of diabetes‐specific distress. There is a need for novel interventions to meet the needs of these vulnerable emerging adults more effectively.
Practical strategies for improving outcomes in T2DM: The potential role of pioglitazone and DPP4 inhibitors
Authors: Del Prato Stefano , Chilton Robert
Published: November 2017

T2DM is a complex disease underlined by multiple pathogenic defects responsible for the development and progression of hyperglycaemia. Each of these factors can now be tackled in a more targeted manner thanks to glucose‐lowering drugs that have been made available in the past 2 to 3 decades. Recognition of the multiplicity of the mechanisms underlying hyperglycaemia calls for treatments that address more than 1 of these mechanisms, with more emphasis placed on the earlier use of combination therapies. Although chronic hyperglycaemia contributes to and amplifies cardiovascular risk, several trials have failed to show a marked effect from intensive glycaemic control. During the past 10 years, the effect of specific glucose‐lowering agents on cardiovascular risk has been explored with dedicated trials. Overall, the cardiovascular safety of the new glucose‐lowering agents has been proven with some of the trials summarized in this review, showing significant reduction of cardiovascular risk. Against this background, pioglitazone, in addition to exerting a sustained glucose‐lowering effect, also has ancillary metabolic actions of potential interest in addressing the cardiovascular risk of T2DM, such as preservation of beta‐cell mass and function. As such, it seems a logical agent to combine with other oral anti‐hyperglycaemic agents, including dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4i). DPP4i, which may also have a potential to preserve beta‐cell function, is available as a fixed‐dose combination with pioglitazone, and could, potentially, attenuate some of the side effects of pioglitazone, particularly if a lower dose of the thiazolidinedione is used. This review critically discusses the potential for early combination of pioglitazone and DPP4i.
Uric acid lowering in relation to HbA1c reductions with the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin
Authors: Ouchi Motoshi , Oba Kenzo , Kaku Kohei , Suganami Hideki , Yoshida Akihiro , Fukunaka Yasunori , Jutabha Promsuk , Morita Asuka , Otani Naoyuki , Hayashi Keitaro , Fujita Tomoe , Suzuki Tatsuya , Yasutake Masahiro , Anzai Naohiko
Published: November 2017

An integrated analysis was performed with data from 4 phase 2 and phase 3 studies of tofogliflozin in which patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus received the sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin for up to 24 weeks. Sex differences, baseline haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum uric acid (UA) levels, and log10‐transformed urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase ratio were significantly correlated with the reduction in serum UA levels at both 4 and 24 weeks in multivariate analysis (respectively, P < .0001). The decrease in HbA1c levels was greatest in the group with the highest baseline HbA1c level (quartile 4; HbA1c > 8.6%) and lowest in the group with the lowest baseline HbA1c level (quartile 1; HbA1c ≤ 7.4%). The decrease in serum UA levels was greatest in the quartile 1 group and lowest in the quartile 4 group. In most groups, the maximum decrease in serum UA levels was seen in the first 4 weeks, while the maximum decrease in HbA1c was seen at week 24. Thus, serum UA levels were significantly decreased in patients with moderate HbA1c levels.
Translesional pressure gradient and leptomeningeal collateral status in symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis
Authors: Leng X. , Lan L. , Ip H. L. , Fan F. , Ma S. H. , Ma K. , Liu H. , Yan Z. , Liu J. , Abrigo J. , Soo Y. O. Y. , Liebeskind D. S. , Wong K. S. , Leung T. W.
Published: November 2017

Background and purpose

Leptomeningeal collateral (LMC) status governs the prognosis of large artery occlusive stroke, although factors determining LMC status are not fully elucidated. The aim was to investigate metrics affecting LMC status in such patients by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models based on computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack attributed to atherosclerotic M1 middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis (50%–99%) were recruited. Demographic, clinical and imaging data of these patients were collected. Ipsilesional LMC status was graded as good or poor by assessing the laterality of anterior and posterior cerebral arteries in CTA. A CFD model based on CTA was constructed to reflect focal hemodynamics in the distal internal carotid artery, M1 MCA and A1 anterior cerebral artery. Pressure gradients were calculated across culprit MCA stenotic lesions in CFD models. Predictors for good LMC status were sought in univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Amongst the 85 patients enrolled (mean age 61.5 ± 10.9 years), 38 (44.7%) had good ipsilesional LMC status. The mean pressure gradient across MCA lesions was 14.8 ± 18.1 mmHg. Advanced age (P = 0.030) and a larger translesional pressure gradient (P = 0.029) independently predicted good LMCs. A lower fasting blood glucose level also showed a trend for good LMCs (P = 0.058).

Conclusions

Our study suggested a correlation between translesional pressure gradient and maturation of LMCs in intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Further studies with more exquisite and dynamic monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics and LMC evolution are needed to verify the current findings.
Internal fit of three‐unit fixed dental prostheses produced by computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing and the lost‐wax metal casting technique assessed using the triple‐scan protocol
Authors: Dahl Bjørn E. , Dahl Jon E. , Rønold Hans J.
Published: November 2017

Suboptimal adaptation of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) can lead to technical and biological complications. It is unclear if the computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique improves adaptation of FDPs compared with FDPs made using the lost‐wax and metal casting technique. Three‐unit FDPs were manufactured by CAD/CAM based on digital impression of a typodont model. The FDPs were made from one of five materials: pre‐sintered zirconium dioxide; hot isostatic pressed zirconium dioxide; lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic; milled cobalt‐chromium; and laser‐sintered cobalt‐chromium. The FDPs made using the lost‐wax and metal casting technique were used as reference. The fit of the FDPs was analysed using the triple‐scan method. The fit was evaluated for both single abutments and three‐unit FDPs. The average cement space varied between 50 μm and 300 μm. Insignificant differences in internal fit were observed between the CAD/CAM‐manufactured FDPs, and none of the FPDs had cement spaces that were statistically significantly different from those of the reference FDP. For all FDPs, the cement space at a marginal band 0.5–1.0 mm from the preparation margin was less than 100 μm. The milled cobalt‐chromium FDP had the closest fit. The cement space of FDPs produced using the CAD/CAM technique was similar to that of FDPs produced using the conventional lost‐wax and metal casting technique.
Oral keratinocytes synthesize CTACK: A new insight into the pathophysiology of the oral mucosa
Authors: Marshall Alison , Celentano Antonio , Cirillo Nicola , McCullough Michael , Porter Stephen
Published: November 2017

The skin‐associated chemokine CTACK plays a key role in many inflammatory conditions and could be instrumental in the pathophysiology of tissue‐specific immunological diseases such as oral lichen planus (OLP). In this study, we investigated, by RT‐PCR, ELISA, chemotaxis assays, and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS), the production of CTACK in oral keratinocytes, its expression in tissues from normal and OLP patients, and its role in T‐cell recruitment.CTACK was produced by the oral epithelium, and it affects chemotaxis of memory CLA+ cells to the oral epithelium. CTACK mRNA was expressed constitutively in primary oral epithelium and was increased during pro‐inflammatory IFN‐γ treatment. We found a constitutive production of CTACK at a protein level in oral primary cells that increased after IFN‐γ treatment. Moreover, we confirmed that CTACK attracts memory T cells and those T cells that express CLA above the level of basal migration.
Translational Family Science and Forgiveness: A Healthy Symbiotic Relationship?
Authors: Fincham Frank D.
Published: November 2017

This article explores how translational family science might be instantiated by considering research on forgiveness in close relationships. Relevant historical context is provided to traverse ground in multiple disciplines in an attempt to avoid repetition of past errors. The translational science continuum (T1 to T4) is considered and specific examples of each type of translation are outlined. A set of explicitly stated implications are offered in the course of the analysis. These implications speak to lessons that can be learned for translational family science from the examination of forgiveness in a relationship context as well as mandates for forgiveness research that become apparent when research on this construct is viewed through the lens of translational family science. The potential for a healthy symbiotic relationship between translational family science and research on forgiveness in relationships is explored.
Proteomic profiling of TGFBI‐null mouse corneas reveals only minor changes in matrix composition supportive of TGFBI knockdown as therapy against TGFBI‐linked corneal dystrophies
Authors: Poulsen Ebbe Toftgaard , Runager Kasper , Nielsen Nadia Sukusu , Lukassen Marie V. , Thomsen Karen , Snider Paige , Simmons Olga , Vorum Henrik , Conway Simon J. , Enghild Jan J.
Published: November 2017

TGFBIp is a constituent of the extracellular matrix in many human tissues including the cornea, where it is one of the most abundant proteins expressed. TGFBIp interacts with Type I, II, IV, VI, and XII collagens as well as several members of the integrin family, suggesting it plays an important role in maintaining structural integrity and possibly corneal transparency as well. Significantly, more than 60 point mutations within the TGFBI gene have been reported to result in aberrant TGFBIp folding and aggregation in the cornea, resulting in severe visual impairment and blindness. Several studies have focused on targeting TGFBIp in the cornea as a therapeutic approach to treat TGFBI‐linked corneal dystrophies, but the effect of this approach on corneal homeostasis and matrix integrity remained unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the histological and proteomic profiles of corneas from TGFBI‐deficient mice as well as potential redundant functions of the paralogous protein POSTN. The absence of TGFBIp in mouse corneas did not grossly affect the collagen scaffold, and POSTN is unable to compensate for loss of TGFBIp. Proteomic comparison of wild‐type and TGFBI−/− mice revealed 11 proteins were differentially regulated, including Type VI and XII collagens. However, as these alterations did not manifest at the macroscopic and behavioral levels, these data support partial or complete TGFBI knockdown as a potential therapy against TGFBI‐linked corneal dystrophies. Lastly, in situ hybridization verified TGFBI mRNA in the epithelial cells but not in other cell types, supportive of a therapy directed specifically at this lineage.
The influence of piston shape on air‐spring fatigue life
Authors: Oman S. , Nagode M.
Published: November 2017

This paper presents how the piston shape of an air‐spring can influence both its load‐deflection characteristic and the fatigue life. Two piston shapes are considered in this study for which load‐deflection characteristics and fatigue lives are compared. A method for the estimation of air‐spring fatigue life is upgraded by adding the influence of the mean stress level and afterwards used together with finite element analysis to predict the fatigue life and, ultimately, the timing and global location of failure within the air‐spring. These predictions are then compared with measured results and show good agreement thus proving the validity of the method used here for calculating fatigue life. Both experimental and predicted results show that the highest fatigue life can be expected if a noncylindrical, back tapered piston is used. This is only the case if the air‐spring is mounted at its optimal design height as the study also shows that moving away from optimal design height does have a detrimental effect on the fatigue life of back tapered air‐springs. This is due to the appearance of higher stress amplitudes in the flex member during operation. Such stress amplitudes and consequently fatigue damage can be reduced by avoiding sharp transitions in the piston design that cause additional bending of the flex member in a direction opposite to the deflection in the flex member fold.
The Effectiveness of Video‐Based Shadowing and Tracking Pronunciation Exercises for Foreign Language Learners
Authors: Martinsen Rob , Montgomery Cherice , Willardson Véronique
Published: November 2017

This exploratory classroom study investigated the effects of two video‐assisted pronunciation interventions on the French pronunciation of 12 males and 7 females (n = 19) enrolled in a fourth‐year high school French class. Interventions occurred three times per week over a semester and required participants to repeat what they heard while watching subtitled, cultural videos in French—both during class and in self‐directed computer‐lab exercises. Researchers assessed the improvement in pronunciation performance using pre‐ and posttests consisting of both read‐aloud and oral free response tasks. Statistically significant improvements were observed on both tasks, with the most striking on the read‐aloud task. Participants’ perceptions of interventions were also examined using both qualitative and quantitative surveys, which indicated that students appreciated the authenticity and learning autonomy of the self‐directed exercises. Findings suggest that distributed practice through culturally contextualized, video‐based interventions may offer an engaging way to incorporate explicit pronunciation instruction into the high school classroom.
Soil pH as the chief modifier for regional nitrous oxide emissions: New evidence and implications for global estimates and mitigation
Authors: Wang Yajing , Guo Jingheng , Vogt Rolf David , Mulder Jan , Wang Jingguo , Zhang Xiaoshan
Published: November 2017

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas that also plays the primary role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is known as the major reason for atmospheric N2O increase. Empirical bottom‐up models therefore estimate agricultural N2O inventories using N loading as the sole predictor, disregarding the regional heterogeneities in soil inherent response to external N loading. Several environmental factors have been found to influence the response in soil N2O emission to N fertilization, but their interdependence and relative importance have not been addressed properly. Here, we show that soil pH is the chief factor explaining regional disparities in N2O emission, using a global meta‐analysis of 1,104 field measurements. The emission factor (EF) of N2O increases significantly (p < .001) with soil pH decrease. The default EF value of 1.0%, according to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for agricultural soils, occurs at soil pH 6.76. Moreover, changes in EF with N fertilization (i.e. ΔEF) is also negatively correlated (p < .001) with soil pH. This indicates that N2O emission in acidic soils is more sensitive to changing N fertilization than that in alkaline soils. Incorporating our findings into bottom‐up models has significant consequences for regional and global N2O emission inventories and reconciling them with those from top‐down models. Moreover, our results allow region‐specific development of tailor‐made N2O mitigation measures in agriculture.
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Variable Oxidation State Oxides: Protocol and Pitfalls
Authors: Yang Shui‐Yuan , Zhang Ruo‐Xi , Jiang Shao‐Yong , Xie Jing
Published: November 2017

Electron probe microanalysis of geological oxide materials relies on stoichiometric considerations to estimate the content of undetermined oxygen and thus calculateZAF(atomic number, absorption, fluorescence) matrix correction factors, requiring the valences of cations in the corresponding software to be unambiguously defined. However, stoichiometricZAFcorrections may be problematic in the presence of other undetermined elements or variable valence state cations. Herein, we analyse several oxides containing such cations, that is magnetite (Fe3O4), haematite (Fe2O3), hausmannite (Mn3O4) and cuprite (Cu2O). We compare data re‐calculated for incorrect valence states (Method 1) with reference values, revealing incorrect results, due to an incorrect amount of oxygen used in the matrix correction. Some solid‐solution series of haematite and magnetite were also modelled in CalcZAFprogram to prove the relative errors when the incorrect oxygen is used. To resolve these issues, we describe two accurate methods. Method 2 uses the true valence states of analysed elements. In Method 3, all cations are analysed as metals, with the content of undetermined oxygen determined by difference. AsEPMAsoftware does not allow the use of non‐integer valences, Method 3 is applicable to cations with non‐integer or dubious valences in cases where these non‐integer valences cannot be defined.
Torsional fatigue resistance of pathfinding instruments manufactured from several nickel‐titanium alloys
Authors: Alcalde M. P. , Duarte M. A. H. , Bramante C. M. , Tanomaru‐filho M. , Vasconcelos B. C. , Só M. V. R. , Vivan R. R.
Published: November 2017

Aim

To evaluate the torsional properties of pathfinding nickel‐titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments manufactured from several NiTi alloys, ProGlider (M‐wire), Hyflex GPF (conventional NiTi Wire and controlled memory wire), Logic (conventional NiTi wire and controlled memory wire) and Mtwo (conventional NiTi wire).

Methodology

A total of 56 NiTi instruments from Glidepath rotary systems (n = 8) were used: Logic (size 25, .01 taper), Logic CM (size 25, .01 taper), ProGlider (size 16, .02 taper), Hyflex GPF (size 15, .01 taper), Hyflex GPF CM (size 15, .02 taper; size 20, .02 taper) and Mtwo (size 10, .04 taper). The torsion tests were performed based on ISO 3630‐1 (1992). Three millimetres of each instrument tip was clamped to a small load cell by a lever arm linked to the torsion axis. Data were analysed using a one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey test with a significance level at a = 5%.

Results

The Logic size 25, .01 taper had significantly higher torsional strength values (P < 0.05). The ProGlider was significantly different when compared with Hyflex GPF size 15, .01 taper and size 15, .02 taper (P < 0.05). The Logic CM size 25, .01 taper had significantly higher torsional strength than Hyflex GPF size 15, .01 taper and size 15, .02 taper (P < 0.05). No difference was found amongst Mtwo size 10, .04 taper and Hyflex GPF groups (size 15, .01 taper; size 15, .02 taper; size 20, .02 taper). In relation to the angle of rotation, Logic CM size 25, .01 taper and Hyflex GPF size 15, .01 taper had the highest angle values (P < 0.05). The ProGlider had the lowest angle values in comparison with all the groups (P < 0.05) followed by Mtwo size 10, .04 taper. The Logic size 25, .01 taper had significantly higher angle of rotation values than ProGlider and Mtwo size 10, .04 taper (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The Logic size 25, .01 taper instrument made of conventional NiTi alloy had the highest torsional strength of all instruments tested. In addition, the ProGlider instrument manufactured from M‐Wire alloy had the lowest angle of rotation to fracture in comparison with the other instruments.
Silicon nitride bioceramics in healthcare
Authors: Rahaman Mohamed , Xiao Wei
Published: November 2017

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is biocompatible and stable in vivo, and these properties, when combined with its superior mechanical properties, make Si3N4an attractive ceramic implant material in some healthcare applications, particularly in orthopedic surgery. Si3N4is used in spinal fusion surgery, is under development for use as bearings in joint replacement, and is being considered for use as dental implants. While Si3N4implants are currently created using conventional ceramic processing techniques, additive manufacturing provides the capacity to create custom implants with the required anatomical shape, precise dimensions, and well‐controlled microstructure. Si3N4can be created with a smooth or microrough surface topography, and its surface chemistry can be varied from a silica‐rich to a predominantly silicon‐amine composition, which can influence the response of cells, tissues, and bacteria in vivo. Si3N4implants have shown attractive osseointegration and antimicrobial activity in vivo, while Si3N4bearings have shown low wear rates when articulating against itself or against polyethylene. The objective of this article is to review recent developments in the design, processing, and evaluation of Si3N4implants for healthcare applications.
Estimates of Global Bilateral Migration Flows by Gender between 1960 and 20151
Authors: Abel Guy J.
Published: November 2017

An indirect estimation method is used to derive country to country migration flows from changes in global bilateral stock data. Estimates are obtained over five- and 10-year periods between 1960 and 2015 by gender, providing a comprehensive picture of past migration patterns. The estimated total of global international migrant flows generally increases over the 55-year time frame. The global rate of migration over five- and 10-year periods fluctuate at around 0.65 and 1.25 percent of the population, respectively. The sensitivity of estimates to alternative input stock and demographic data are explored.
Doing what we can, but knowing our place: Being an ally to promote consumer leadership in mental health
Authors: Happell Brenda , Scholz Brett
Published: November 2017

Consumer participation in all aspects of mental health services is clearly articulated as an expectation of contemporary mental health policy. Consumer leadership has been demonstrated to be beneficial to mental health services. Barriers to implementation have limited the realization of this goal. In this discursive paper, we argue that non‐consumers who support consumer partnerships and leadership (known as ‘allies’) have an important role to play in facilitating and supporting consumers in leadership roles. Allies currently have more potential to influence resource allocation, and might be viewed more credibly by their peers than consumer leaders themselves. We call for allies to ensure their role is one of support and facilitation (doing what they can), rather than directing the content or speaking on behalf of the consumer movement (knowing their place). In the present study, we address the importance of allies for the consumer movement. It proposes some ‘rules of engagement’ to ensure that allies do not intentionally or otherwise encroach on consumer knowledge and expertise, so that they maintain the important position of supporting consumers and facilitating the valuing and use of consumer knowledge, expertise, and ultimately, leadership.
Screening for risk of violence using service users’ self‐perceptions: A prospective study from an acute mental health unit
Authors: Lockertsen Øyvind , Procter Nicolas , Vatnar Solveig Karin Bø , Færden Ann , Eriksen Bjørn Magne S. , Roaldset John Olav , Varvin Sverre
Published: November 2017

Service users’ self‐perception of risk has rarely been emphasized in violence risk assessments. A recent review pointed to the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, because different perspectives may provide a deeper and improved understanding of risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate service users’ perceptions of their own risk of committing violence, using a self‐report risk scale, to determine the feasibility and efficacy of this potential violence risk marker during acute mental health hospitalization. All service users admitted to a psychiatric emergency hospital in Norway during one calendar year were included (N = 512). Nearly 80% self‐reported no risk or low risk; only seven (1.4%) reported moderate risk or high risk. Service users who reported moderate risk, high risk, don't know, or won't answer were more likely to be violent (OR = 4.65, 95% CI = 2.79–7.74) compared with those who reported no risk or low risk. There was a significant gender interaction with higher OR for women on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Although the OR was higher for women, women's violence rate (11.0%) was almost half that of men (21.8%). For women, sensitivity and specificity were 0.55 and 0.88, respectively; corresponding values for men were 0.40 and 0.80. Inclusion of self‐perception of violence risk is the first step towards service users’ collaborative involvement in violence prediction; these results indicate that self‐perception can contribute to violence risk assessments in acute mental health settings. Findings also indicate that there are gender differences in these assessments.
I had no other option: Women, electroconvulsive therapy, and informed consent
Authors: Clarke Karen‐Ann , Barnes Margaret , Ross Dyann
Published: November 2017

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a controversial procedure used in the management of depression. Whilst it may be administered under mental health legislation, it is usually given to people who voluntarily consent. At the practice level, the consent process for ECT requires a detailed explanation of the procedure. The person consenting must have capacity to make this decision, and consent must be given freely and without coercion. Research using a feminist narrative approach unexpectedly highlighted the issue of potential coercion in the context of explaining the procedure. In‐depth interviews were used to understand seven women's accounts of deciding to receive ECT. A thematic analysis of their narratives uncovered a shared concern with how they consented to the treatment. Four subthemes were identified that related to the way in which they provided their consent: (i) ‘Not enough information’; (ii) ‘I had no other choice’; (iii) ‘Just go along with it’; and (iv) ‘Lacking capacity’. A consent process that includes elements of passive coercion and a lack of timely and appropriate information influences the way some women make decisions. These factors can disempower women at the point of decision‐making. A practice shift is needed where women are enabled to have control over decisions. Further, there is a need to adhere more rigorously to noncoercive practice when obtaining consent.