bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La liberación del reconocimiento
Authors: Prestifilippo Agustín Lucas , Correia Fábio Caires
Published: January 2021

La Teoría Crítica contemporánea presenta un curioso movimiento. Mientras que,  por un lado, solicita las categorías de Marx para dar cuenta del fenómeno reciente de la crisis del capitalismo neoliberal; al mismo tiempo, reconoce que esa teoría no puede decirlo todo, requiriendo de un acercamiento de su perspectiva hacia objetos y problemas ajenos, acaso obstruidos por los límites al interior de los cuales se habría desplazado su pensamiento. Una de las fuentes de inspiración más poderosas de este movimiento de ampliación cuyo saldo no es sino una verdadera heteroglosia filosófica, se encuentra en la teoría del espíritu del idealismo alemán, más precisamente en sus modulaciones hegelianas. El regreso a Hegel vendría motivado por la necesidad de indagar, como se observa en la obra de Axel Honneth, en los dilemas de los vínculos humanos en un mundo social signado por el fenómeno de la fragmentación. En este escrito nos detendremos en analizar algunos elementos de un reciente debate al interior de la Teoría Crítica contemporánea acerca del problema de la articulación entre reconocimiento y libertad, reconstruyendo las distintas estrategias de lectura de Hegel que aquí se ponen en movimiento.
face estética da epistemologia pragmaticista de Peirce
Authors: Ibri Ivo A.
Published: January 2021

A Estética, uma das ciências normativas da filosofia de Peirce, não tem por objeto o Belo, mas o Admirável, como sabem os estudiosos de sua obra. Contudo, não é imediatamente evidente essa distinção, uma vez que Admirabilidade traz em seu interior o predicado da beleza também. Quais, então, seriam as relações entre ambos esses conceitos? Por que a admirabilidade se credenciaria a ser um fim em si mesma da Estética e se constituir no fim último da Ética? Qual a natureza da experiência estética e como ela pode subsidiar a identificação do que seja o Admirável? Partindo da insistência de que há uma rede de conceitos na filosofia de Peirce, da Fenomenologia à sua Metafísica, que fornece um rico vocabulário para se refletir sobre tais questões, esse ensaio busca mostrar que há na natureza epistemológica do pragmaticismo uma eticidade que embora seja necessária não lhe é suficiente, requerendo-se que a Estética forneça os fins das ações que constituem revelação dos conceitos, à luz das categorias peircianas consideradas estruturantes das relações entre mundos interno e externo, tomados sob uma ótica radicalmente realista.
From Empirical Evidence to First Principles
Authors: Pirozelli Paulo
Published: January 2021

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions represented a milestone in the attempt to understand scientific development based on empirical observations. However, in the next decades after the publication of his book, history, psychology, and sociology became increasingly marginal in Kuhn’s discussions. In his last articles, Kuhn even suggested that philosophers should pay less attention to empirical data and focus more on “first principles.” The purpose of this article is, first, to describe this radical transformation in Kuhn’s methodological approach, from his initial naturalism to his later and more strict philosophical stance. Next, I present some of the alleged justifications for explaining this transition, such as his interest in problems more firmly attached to the philosophical tradition and a desire for greater acceptance within this community. Although these factors certainly played a role in explaining Kuhn’s change, I also believe that an important theoretical component exerts a fundamental function in this transition: the idea that scientific development is a kind of evolutionary process, which is better understood through the use of abstract theoretical models, instead of sparse observations of scientific activity.
Marx Selvagem?
Authors: Matos Marcos de Almeida
Published: January 2021

Resenha de Tible, Jean. Marx Selvagem. Quarta edição, São Paulo: Autonomia Literária, 2020.
Defesa do humano
Authors: Caprio Leite de Castro Fabio , Jung Luã
Published: January 2021

Resenha do livro de Thomas Fuchs.
Islamic Politics Configuration after New Order: PKB practice in Probolinggo, Indonesia
Authors: Humaidi Zuhri
Published: January 2021

After the 1998 reformation era, PKB becomes one of the parties that gained a good reputation. Interestingly, unlike NU in the 1940s to 1970s, when it actively took a part in electoral politics by carrying out the agenda of formalizing Islam, PKB sought to synthesize the value of Islam and Indonesia in the context of a pluralistic state and pay attention to secular issues such as political education. In Probolinggo, the issue of political education became one of the post-reform political issues. This paper aims to formulate political education as designed in PKB's political program, as well as the changing of the political Islam articulation after the reformation. To get accurate data and results, a political sociology approach was used to understand political education within the PKB platform, and to measure the extent to which the ideational formulation is capable of being implemented at the practical and local levels in Probolinggo. The data obtained were analyzed in three contexts; the context of social and political configuration in Probolinggo, the context of political transformation in NU, and the context of the articulation change of post-reform political Islam. The results concluded that PKB political education in Probolinggo faced several constraints, both structural and non-structural, while the relevance was to provide contextualization of the reformation at the national level, marking a shift in NU's political paradigm, as well as the transformation of post-New Order political Islam.
Representation of defense organizations in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2008-2019)
Authors: Medina-Contreras Juan , Sangro-Colón Pedro
Published: January 2021

Homeland security and defense are common themes in superhero films. The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is formed by more than twenty films made over the course of a decade (2008-2019), during the government of three different Presidents of the United States. In this paper we analyze the diminishing representation of real defense forces in the MCU films. How the interference of the superhero is used as a narrative excuse to suggest a lack of or deficiencies in the law concerning freedom and defense is also studied, as well as how the films make a metaphorical discourse about the historical reality after September 11th.
Inguinodynia: review of predisposing factors and management
Authors: BARBOSA CIRÊNIO DE ALMEIDA , OLIVEIRA DEBORAH CAMPOS , DE-MELO-DELGADO NATHÁLIA MOURA , MAFRA JÚLIA GALLO DE-ALVARENGA , SANTOS RONALD SOARES DOS , MOREIRA WEBER CHAVES
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT Herniorrhaphy is one of the most common surgical procedures, with an estimated 20 million operations performed annually worldwide. One of the common complications associated with this procedure is inguinodynia, defined as pain beyond three months after inguinal hernia surgery. In this review, we have addressed the main aspects of this complication with current articles, published in the last five years. Inguinodynia has a multifactorial nature and studies have shown that its development is related to the surgical technique and intrinsic factors of the patient that imply greater predisposition to this phenomenon. In this regard, it has been discussed which surgical techniques imply a lower incidence of this complication. Many studies have focused on understanding intrinsic features of each patient, both in physical and cognitive aspects, and how the approach of these factors can favor a better post-surgical recovery. The treatment of this condition is still challenging, and there are no established universal guidelines. We believe that due to its multifactorial nature, the treatment is hampered due to the individuality inguinodynia presentations.
Effects of a Preventive Intervention of Emotional Regulation in the School Context
Authors: Vieira Nathalia Santos da Costa , Prette Zilda Aparecida Pereira Del , Oliveira Amanda Margarida , Ribeiro Denise Fabiane , Silva Samantha Fernandes , Raimundo Eder Moreira , Teodoro Sofia Carvalho , Freitas Lucas Cordeiro , Guerra Leonor Bezerra
Published: January 2021

Abstract In early childhood education, socio-emotional learning is not always considered with appropriate planning nor based on scientific evidence. Aiming to analyze impact of an Emotional Regulation (ER) Intervention in school achievement and social skills (SS), fifty-five children from public schools were evaluated by Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), School Achievement Test (TDE) and Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR). After nine 50-minute meetings addressing ER strategies, evaluation of SS by the teacher indicated improvement in all aspects of SS in Intervention Group (IG) and worsening of the self-control in Comparison Group (CG). Self-evaluation of SS showed that IG overcame the initial difference in assertiveness and problem avoidance. Results suggest that ER programs can bring benefits to the development of SS.
“Tittus and Vespacia” and “Titus and Ondronicus” in Henslowe's Diary
Authors: Baker George P.
Published: January 2021

The entries in Henslowe's Diary as to “tittus and Vespacia” and “titus and Ondronicus” seem to me, if they be carefully considered, to support Mr. Fuller's conclusions in regard to the origin of Shakspere's Titus Andronicus. I believe, with him, that we have in the entries which he has quoted in his article the two plays he names as the sources for Shakspere's play—the original of G in “tittus and Vespacia”; the original of D in the “titus and Ondronicus” entered as “ne” Jan. 23, 1593–4, when the Sussex men were playing at the Rose./Note that the title-page of the first extant quarto (1600) says that the play was given by Pembroke's, Derby's, Sussex' and the Chamberlain's companies, and that—this is important—the order of the last two companies on this title-page is the order of their control of the play as shown in Henslowe's Diary. May it not be, then, that the assignment is correct and that the Pembroke and the Derby company, in the order named, used the play before the Sussex and the Chamberlain men ? I think if we assume, for the moment, that whoever put the statement on the title-page was thinking simply of a Titus Andronicus play and not of the special play before him, it may be shown that the statement was entirely correct, and that a Titus Andronicus play passed successively from Pembroke's company to Derby's, Sussex', and the Chamberlain's men. The fact that on this first quarto no author was named for the play may have helped in 'the treatment of two successive Andronicus plays as one.
XII.—The Episodes in Shakespeare's I. Henry VI
Authors: Henneman John Bell
Published: January 2021

The present paper is drawn from a number of notes gradually collected and is intended to be one of a series of studies upon those plays of Shakespeare belonging to his earliest dramatic period. It is a period of vital interest in Shakespeare's work, because artistically it is his formative one and historically it connects our greatest dramatist with his predecessors and with characteristic contemporary fashions and productions.
Contributions to the History of the Legend of Saint George, With Special Reference to the Sources of the French, German and Anglo-Saxon Metrical Versions
Authors: Matzke John E.
Published: January 2021

One of the earliest evidences of the existence of a legend of Saint George is found in a pronunciamento of Pope Gelasius, made in connection with the first Roman council of the year 494. In the presence of seventy bishops he endeavored to separate the canonical and authentic books of the Church from those which are to be looked upon as apocryphal. After mentioning the books of the Bible, the decisions of the councils, the church fathers, and the decrees of the Popes, he cites the Lives of Saints and Martyrs, and adds that some of these latter writings are justly viewed with suspicion, both because the names of their authors are unknown, and because their contents stamp them as being the compositions of heretics or sectarians; he then cites as examples “cujusdam Quirici et Julittae, sicut Georgii aliorumque hujusmodi passiones, quae ab hereticis perhibentur compositae.”
The Home of the Beves Saga
Authors: Hoyt Prentiss C.
Published: January 2021

The question of the original home of the Beves saga has often been discussed, but no satisfactory conclusion has been reached. The conjectures regarding it have been various, but as yet unconvincing.

Amaury Duval 1 places the scene of the story in France at Antonne, but without giving definite grounds for this supposition. Turnbull 2 and Kölbing3 both adopt this view without argument. Pio Rajna4 was the first to suggest a Germanic home for the saga, locating Hanstone (Hamtoun) on the continent near the French border of Germany. The arguments given are unimportant, but this view of the origin has been accepted by Gaston Paris,5 although he takes exception to Rajna's wildest suppositions as to the name Hanstone. Albert Stimming6 has exposed the weakness of Rajna's reasoning, but even he leaves the question still unsettled. Later in his introduction, he gives impartially the arguments in favor of French as well as those in favor of Germanic origin, but does not regard them as sufficient ground for forming an opinion. These comprise the conjectures thus far advanced, and all are weakly supported and inconclusive.
The Appositive Participle in Anglo-Saxon
Authors: M.C.
Published: January 2021

The twofold nature of the participle is sufficiently attested by the fact that it is universally defined as a verbal adjective. The genesis of this twofold nature has been interestingly discussed by Brugmann (I. F., v 88 ff.; Gr. Gr. §§ 479 f.) and by Delbrück (II, p. 477). Mine is the humbler task of pointing out the various manifestations of this dual nature as exemplified in the appositive use of the participle in Anglo-Saxon; to which is appended a brief survey of the same phenomena in the other Germanic languages. This is by no means an easy task, since the same participle may be dominantly adjectival in one sentence, prevailingly verbal in another, and equally divided between the two in a third. Of course, too, a participle may be used as a noun; but in such case it ceases to be a participle; hence in this paper no account is taken of the substantivized participle. However, certain adverbial uses of the participle are treated.
The Møjebro Runic Stone and the Runic Ligature for ng
Authors: Hempl George
Published: January 2021

At Hageby, two Swedish miles from Upsala, there is preserved a runic stone originally standing at Møjebro in Hageby Socken and Hagunda Hærad. It is of the hardest red quartz and feldspar, 8 1/2 Swedish feet high and 5 Swedish feet at broadest. Cut into one side is the figure of a man mounted on a horse, with rein and saddle cloth. He has on a sort of corselet and is brandishing a sword in his right hand—not the left, as sometimes stated. The face is turned slightly away from the observer, who sees the left side and the back of the horseman. On the inside of the arm, just above the elbow, is a peculiar round protuberance. Above the figure is the inscription, running from edge to edge of the stone. All the letters but the lowest one at the right are distinct, and all are normal with the exception of the dotted cross. Stephens gives (Runic Monuments, i, p. 179, 180, and Handbook, p. 11, 12) both the old inferior cut, drawn about the middle of the 17th century and publisht in Göransson's Bautil in 1750, and the superior reproduction, drawn by Prof. Carl Säve, of Upsala, in 1862. My cut is after the latter, with the correction of the first letter, as explained below.
Patrons of Letters in Norfolk and Suffolk, c. 1450
Authors: Moore Samuel
Published: January 2021

Lydgate's St. Edmund was written between 1434 and 1439, probably nearer the former than the latter date. Within a few years after 1439 we meet with the writings of Osbern Bokenham, a member of the house of Austin friars at Stoke Glare in the southwestern corner of Suffolk. Altho the two poets were attached by their sympathies to opposite political parties, Lydgate being a staunch Lancastrian and Bokenham an ardent Yorkist, the monk of Bury had no warmer admirer than the friar of Stoke Clare. We cannot be sure that they knew each other personally, but since they lived within less than twenty miles of each other and were both fond of society, if appears very probable. Not only does Bokenham allude again and again to Lydgate (usually coupling his name with those of Chaucer and Gower), but on one occasion he mentions a particular work of Lydgate's, the Life of Our Lady.
Recent Progress of the Landsmaal Movement in Norway
Authors: Thomas Calvin
Published: January 2021

Suppose that fifty or sixty years ago the idea had taken root in these United States that we ought to have a national American language; that as a free people, with a destiny of our own to carve out, we ought not to depend on a foren nation for the most important of all the instruments of civilization. Suppose, further, that some more or less competent scholar, by way of providing an American language, had carefully investigated a number of our local dialects and had made a sort of composit grammar and dictionary of them, standardizing the spelling on historical principles. Imagine, finally, a powerful and persistent effort to bring this language into use by means of legislation. Making all these suppositions, one has a rough analogy to what is now going on in the little rock-ribbed kingdom of Norway.
Some Early Italian Parallels to the Locution The Sick Man of the East
Authors: Livingston A. A.
Published: January 2021

The wide diffusion through Europe of our modern locution the sick man of the East is due to circumstances largely factitious. At no time has the epithet been conspicuously just, as those meddling too intimately in Turkish affairs have found to their sorrow. And we shall see herewith that at the beginning of its vogue, a half century ago, it was by no means novel. As a matter of fact, the locution gained its foothold in journalism from a striking diplomatic incident; and it has derived its vitality from that vague hostility, partly religious, partly humanitarian, and largely ill-informed, with which the commercial interests of the Christian Occident have watched Turkish affairs in Armenia and the Asiatic colonies. The expression began to have wide currency in 1854. It seems that early in the previous year the British chargé d'affaires in St. Petersburg had a conversation with the Emperor Nicholas regarding Turkish conditions. This talk was ostensibly en gentilhomme, as the phrase went, and should not properly have been reported: in diplomacy, every conversation with a sovereign is in confidence. It is quite possible, however, that the Emperor actually intended thus informally to publish his attitude toward the Porte, without entering into binding declarations or agreements. At any rate, from the correspondence of Sir George Seymour with his home office the matter crept into the public press, much in the following tenor: Nicholas, referring to the bad condition of Turkey, said: “Tenez, nous avons sur les bras un homme malade, un homme gravement malade; ce sera, je vous le dis franchement, un grand malheur, si, un de ces jours, il devait nous échapper, surtout avant que toutes les dispositions nécessaires fussent prises.” Seymour replied: “Votre Majesté est si gracieuse qu'elle me permettra de lui faire encore une observation. Votre Majesté daignera m'excuser si je lui fais observer que c'est à l'homme généreux et fort de ménager l'homme malade et faible.” The Emperor was so pleased with this metaphor that in another conversation some days later he returned to the subject in similar terms: “I am less anxious to know what shall be done with the sick man, than to arrange with England what shall not be done.” To Seymour's objection that there was “no reason to think he was dying,” Nicholas insisted: “The sick man is dying.” This sinister revelation of Russia's attitude, coming at a crisis of public interest in the East, and combined with the undiplomatic language in which it was expressed—partly too with the unconventional manner in which Seymour failed to respect the Emperor's confidence,—assured the incident and the locution wide publicity. The expression, with various modifications of form and connotation, has since been revived at every important moment in Ottoman history.
XX.—Wilhelm Hauff's Specific Relation to Walter Scott
Authors: Thompson Garrett W.
Published: January 2021

In 1899 Dr. C. W. Eastman read a paper before the Modern Language Association, in which he maintained that of all Scott's novels Ivanhoe served Hauff most completely as the source of his historical romance, Lichtenstein. In 1903 this claim was disputed by Dr. W. H. Carruth, who thro the same channel advanced his reasons for believing that Waverley and not Ivanhoe was the model in question. A year later Max Schuster in a monograph discussed Hauff's relation to his historical sources; and almost simultaneously the whole problem of his historical and literary dependence was treated by Max Drescher. Incisive and scholarly as these inquiries are, it has seemed to us in the light of our own studies that one phase of the matter still offered opportunity for further investigation. The evidence of Hauff's attitude toward Walter Scott is by no means meagre or indirect; and we have never been able to persuade ourselves that this specific relation has been adequately determined. In any case it is insufficient merely to ask whether Waverley or Ivanhoe was the prototype, or, as Drescher did, arbitrarily to choose only six of Scott's novels for comparison. The situation demanded rather a most careful study of all the works to which Hauff had access, and an equally careful analysis of the evidence thus obtained.
XXV.—The Lincoln Cordwainers' Pageant
Authors: Craig Hardin
Published: January 2021

In determining whether the Lincoln mystery plays were processional like those of York and Chester or were acted on a fixed stage, it is important to know whether the St. Anne's Day Sights, about which there is a considerable amount of information, were merely floats or real plays. They are regarded as plays by Mr. Chambers and by Mr. A. F. Leach. A recently discovered account book of the Lincoln Cordwainers' Company, preserved in the Free Public Library, indicates what part the Cordwainers took in the St. Anne's day celebration and what the nature of the spectacle was. The Cordwainers were to maintain and send forth annually in the procession of St. Anne's day a pageant, called the Pageant of Bethlehem. This was not a play, and there is no evidence to show that they were responsible for a play at any season of the year. Their entries of expenses indicate a very different form of dramatic activity from that of the Weavers of Coventry and other companies in that city where the companies maintained plays.
Some of Longfellow's Sources for the Second Part of Evangeline
Authors: Hill Murray Gardner
Published: January 2021

At the end of a somewhat severe criticism of Evangeline, Theodore Parker said, “American readers may well thank the author for a poem, so wholly American in its incidents, its geography, and its setting.” The careful reader of the poem today naturally wonders at the poet's sources for all this knowledge of American geography and scenery, especially of that part of the country called “the west”; for, although he had visited only one of the places pictured, namely Philadelphia, he has shown a remarkably accurate knowledge of the details of the various regions. A great deal has been written concerning the historical basis of Part One, but little attention has been paid to the underlying sources of Part Two. The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the material which was used by Longfellow in this second Part.
XIV.—The Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds
Authors: Thompson Elbert N. S.
Published: January 2021

The Discourses of Sir Joshua Reynolds formulate a theory of painting which elevates that art to a kinship with the then more firmly established art of poetry. On the ground that painting is no mere handicraft, the great president of the Royal Academy recommended to his pupils “not the industry of the hands, but of the mind,” and insisted that a successful painter “stands in need of more knowledge than is to be picked off his palette.” This general assertion is then amplified, in one of the most significant passages of the lectures. “Every man,” Reynolds continued, “whose business is description, ought to be tolerably conversant with the poets, … that he may imbibe a poetical spirit, and enlarge his stock of ideas. He ought not to be wholly unacquainted with that part of philosophy which gives an insight into human nature… . He ought to know something concerning the mind, as well as a great deal concerning the body of man.”
XVIII.—Hué de Rotelande's Ipomédon and Chrétien De Troyes
Authors: Gay Lucy M.
Published: January 2021

Kölbing in his work on the Ipomédon of Hue de Rotelande finds in this charming romance of the latter half of the twelfth century the “tendenz, characterzeichnung und handlung,” that class it unmistakably with the romances of the Round Table, and recognizes most particularly upon it the influence of the Charette and the Yvain of Chrétien de Troyes.
The Vision Delectable of Alfonso de la Torre and Maimonides's Guide of the Perplexed
Authors: Crawford J. P. Wickersham
Published: January 2021

The Visión Delectable was composed by Alfonso de la Torre, probably between the years 1430 and 1440, at the request of don Juan de Beamonte, for the instruction of the young Prince Carlos of Viana. This work, which gained its author the epithet of el gran filósofo among his contemporaries, was published about the year 1480 and subsequently appeared in several Castilian editions. It was translated into Catalan in 1484, and into Italian by Domenico Delphini in 1556, without mention of the original author. This Italian version was re-translated into Spanish by a Spanish Jew, Francisco de Cáceres, and published at Frankfort in 1623.
VII.—The Rise of a Theory of Stage Presentation in England During the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Campbell Lily B.
Published: January 2021

Stage history has generally been regarded by the student of the arts as a thing apart. It has been assumed that the stage has developed its own art, influenced only by the art of the stage in other lands or in other times. In general, this assumption seems to me unjustified. Rather, the stage should, I believe, be regarded as giving expression in its art to the dominant artistic theory of the time. It is only in its medium of expression that the art of the stage differs from the other arts; its fundamental artistic theory is that held in common with the other arts. Certainly, it seems to me, it is only in this fashion that one can account for the changes in the theory of dramatic presentation that came about within the compass of the eighteenth century. It is my purpose in this paper, therefore, to show the development of the theory of acting in England in the eighteenth century, and to show that in its development the theory of acting followed the general artistic theory of the day.
IX.—The Dramas of George Henry Boker
Authors: Quinn Arthur Hobson
Published: January 2021

Notwithstanding the pre-eminence of George Henry Boker in our dramatic literature before the Civil War, an eminence not seriously threatened in America except by Robert Montgomery Bird, no accurate account of his life has been published and nowhere is available even a trustworthy statement of the productions of his plays. Several of his dramas remain unpublished in manuscript and even their existence is known apparently to but few. I shall not. attempt here to go into detail concerning his life, but will endeavor to give the facts concerning his plays that have come to light in the course of my examination of the Boker manuscripts kindly placed at my disposal by Mrs. George Boker, the daughter-in-law of the dramatist.
XII.—Spenser, Lady Carey, and the Complaints Volume
Authors: Emerson Oliver Farrar
Published: January 2021

The proposal of Dr. P. W. Long to connect Lady Carey with the Amoretti of Spenser, interesting as it is, has perhaps not met with universal acceptance. It seems to rest on too slender a thread of evidence for overthrow of the traditional and more natural explanation of the sonnets as belonging to Spenser's own courtship. Without debating that question, however, so far as Dr. Long's suggestion rests upon a public promise of Spenser to “display” “in ampler wise” his “good will” to Lady Carey, I propose another explanation of how that promise was fulfilled. In addition I shall attempt a somewhat fuller examination than has hitherto been made of Spenser's volume called Complaints.
Spenser's Muiopotmos as an Allegory
Authors: Lyons Jessie M.
Published: January 2021

Most readers of Spenser's Muiopotmos will recall Professor Palgrave's comments upon the poem in his essays on The Minor Poem of Spenser. He said in part: “The lyric regarded from this point of view, is as light and fanciful, as winged and ethereal, as Clarion himself: the sunshine of the Summer's day which it describes glitters through it: the musical ripple of rhyme and metre is unbroken.” Then, finding but a fantastically slight connection between the episodes of the tapestries and the story of Clarion, Mr. Palgrave further summed up his comment upon the poem: “The tale hence seems even more inconsecutive than Mother Hubbard's; it neither is a whole as a story, an allegory, nor a moralization; and one asks in what humour a poet so sage and serious as Spenser, an artist so finished, can have painted this picture?—a question for sufficient answer to which he might have pointed triumphantly to the exquisiteness with which the fairy web is wrought and embroidered; to the poet's right, now and then, to be fancy free.”
Schiller als Sprecher
Authors: Funke Von Erich
Published: January 2021

Wir sind heuté in der Lage, die Stimmen der bedeutenden Männer unserer Zeit auf Sprechplatte und Film der Nachwelt überliefern zu können, doch die Stimmen der großen Geister früherer Zeitalter sind fur immer mit dem letzten Atemzug ihrer Träger verstummt. So wenig die Nachwelt dem Mimen Kränze flicht, weil es ihr unmoglich ist, sich noch von seiner Darstellung hinreifien zu lassen, ebensowenig wird sie bewundernd oder gerührt der lebendigen Rede des großen Dichters lauschen können, der selbst ins Grab gesunken nur noch in seinen Werken lebt.
English Metre Once More
Authors: Scholl Evelyn H.
Published: January 2021

Although hundreds of books and articles have been written on the subject, there is still no agreement upon the question: What is the basis of English metre? There have been three schools of metrics: that of a strict count of syllables; that of accent; and that of equal times. The latest work which I have found to consider a strict count of syllables the sole basis of English metre was published in Heidelberg in 1902. But both of the other schools have their representatives today. It is my purpose to raise the question once more, and to throw light upon it from a hitherto unexplored source of unusual value, The English School of Lutenist Song Writers. I hope to show that the theory of equal times marked by stress best explains the varying phenomena of modern English verse, and especially the inclusion in metrical verse of such extremely irregular poems as “The Listeners” by De la Mare. And I hope also to clarify several metrical terms: the so-called “trochaic substitution” in iambic metre, the “caesura,” and the “run-on line.”
Dickens Versus Thackeray: The Garrick Club Affair
Authors: Ray Gordon N.
Published: January 2021

It may seem surprising that there is reason today to reexamine a more or less public episode in the lives of two major English writers of the last century. For nearly seventy years there has existed among biographers of Dickens what might almost be termed an official version of the so-called Garrick Club affair, that provided by Edmund Yates in his Recollections and Experiences of 1884. Because of the absence of an authoritative Thackerayan biographical tradition, there has been no full statement of Thackeray's side of the case. Thackeray's biographers have tended to rely instead on Yates's testimony not merely for much of the detail but even for the structure of their narratives of this incident in his life. Some of them have supplemented Recollections and Experiences with John Cordy Jeaffreson's Book of Recollections (1894) and more recently with the late Walter Dexter's edition of Dickens' Letters (1938) and with my edition of Thackeray's Letters and Private Papers (1945-46), but by relying primarily on Yates instead of thinking the problem through for themselves, they have arrived at much the same story as that provided by Dickens' biographers. Malcolm Elwin's Thackeray: a Personality (1932) constitutes an honorable exception to this generalization, but Elwin did not attempt a comprehensive treatment of the Garrick Club affair, nor did he have access to much significant manuscript material which has come to light since he wrote.
The Themes of Immortality and Natural Piety in Wordsworth's Immortality Ode
Authors: Raysor Thomas M.
Published: January 2021

There is a well-known note in A. C. Bradley's Oxford Lectures on Poetry (pp. 139-141) which defines Wordsworth's “sense or consciousness of ‘immortality’” as “at once a consciousness that he … is potentially infinite, and a consciousness that ‘he’ belongs to, is part of, is the home of, or is, an ‘active principle’ which is eternal, indivisible, and the ‘soul of all the worlds’.” Bradley quotes (very incorrectly) three passages from the Excursion as evidence that we “remain entirely outside Wordsworth's mind” if we read ‘immortality’ without extending the conception to mean infinity, and quotes again from the Prelude a passage to illustrate “the mind's infinity or immortality,” as if the concepts are not merely related but synonymous.
Elizabethan Actors: Men or Marionettes?
Authors: Rosenberg Marvin
Published: January 2021

A good deal of critical energy has gone in recent years into the attempt to demonstrate that even the best Elizabethan actors were some kind of human marionettes. Some twenty years ago Miss M. C. Bradbrook wrote: the “general consensus of opinion on Elizabethan acting” was this: “There would be comparatively little business, and gesture would be formalised. Conventional movement and heightened delivery would be necessary to carry off the dramatic illusion.” Since then various articles in learned journals and sections of scholarly books have supported the “formalist” attitude, which now comes to this: that the Elizabethan dramatist's words were all that really counted, and that his actors were trained to be graceful, mannered mouthpieces who recited the dramatic poetry without letting their personalities or their personal ideas of the part played color the performance in any way; they acted formally, not naturally; they did not portray character, they symbolized it. Formalism has tended toward a rigid orthodoxy, although, as we shall see, one of the modern champions of the single style, Professor Harbage, seems to have moved away from his first strict view in the direction of a more liberal formalist attitude of the kind represented by S. L. Bethell. Bethell, frankly facing the rich and lively variety of the Elizabethan plays, noted scenes demanding something like “natural” treatment, and so he allowed a second, relaxed style subordinate to a conventional technique, or sometimes mixed with it. He also saw, as separate modes, the clowning, which he regarded as non-naturalistic, and the elements of vaudeville. But for the regular drama, he argued, “the poetry and its decent delivery were the only real essentials” and “I have no doubt that the formal manner of delivery was used.” The depersonalized actors, Bethell felt, could have made no “addition of ‘personality’ or ‘creativity‘” to their lines; they let the lines tell what the character was, instead of trying to be the character.
Chaucer the Pilgrim
Authors: Donaldson E. Talbot
Published: January 2021

Verisimilitude in a work of fiction is not without its attendant dangers, the chief of which is that the responses it stimulates in the reader may be those appropriate not so much to an imaginative production as to an historical one or to a piece of reporting. History and reporting are, of course, honorable in themselves, but if we react to a poet as though he were an historian or a reporter, we do him somewhat less than justice. I am under the impression that many readers, too much influenced by Chaucer's brilliant verisimilitude, tend to regard his famous pilgrimage to Canterbury as significant not because it is a great fiction, but because it seems to be a remarkable record of a fourteenth-century pilgrimage. A remarkable record it may be, but if we treat it too narrowly as such there are going to be certain casualties among the elements that make up the fiction. Perhaps first among these elements is the fictional reporter, Chaucer the pilgrim, and the role he plays in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales and in the links between them. I think it time that he was rescued from the comparatively dull record of history and put back into his poem. He is not really Chaucer the poet—nor, for that matter, is either the poet, or the poem's protagonist, that Geoffrey Chaucer frequently mentioned in contemporary historical records as a distinguished civil servant, but never as a poet. The fact that these are three separate entities does not, naturally, exclude the probability—or rather the certainty—that they bore a close resemblance to one another, and that, indeed, they frequently got together in the same body. But that does not excuse us from keeping them distinct from one another, difficult as their close resemblance makes our task.
Der Aristarchus: Eine Neuwertung
Authors: von Faber du Faur Von Curt
Published: January 2021

Der aufstieg zum hohen Stil in deutscher Sprache war die Aufgabe, vor die das 17. Jahrhundert sich gestellt sah. Opitz war der erste, der einen klaren Begriff davon besass. Er trat auf als der grosse Ordner, und in dieser Hinsicht vielleicht kann man ihm vorklassischen Rang zugestehen. Wo vor ihm Tasten und Ungefähr herrschte, schuf er klare Regeln. Mit dem ihm eigenen Sinn für das Richtige und Durchführbare beschränkte er sich auf Weniges, auf das was sauber unterschied und trennte. Er gestaltete ein Sprachbild, dem der Naturlaut fehlte, aber dem verständiger Ausdruck möglich war. Seine Aufgabe war der der Plejade in Frankreich ähnlich, aber insofern verschieden, als er strenger sich gegen die Dialekte absondern musste. Alle Lieblichkeit, Innigkeit und Süsse des Volkslieds schwand dahin, die neuen Formen haben etwas Ausgesägtes, aber die Zacken passen ineinander, und die Geschichte hat Opitz bestätigt: nach ihm entstand eine der höchsten, reichsten und wendigsten Dichtersprachen.
Mrs. Mary Davys: Forerunner of Fielding
Authors: McBurney William H.
Published: January 2021

After the scores of “secret histories,” “authentick memoirs,” and “true relations” written by Mrs. Eliza Haywood and other female novelists of the 1720's, the four volumes of fiction by Mrs. Mary Davys produce much the same “cheerful, sunshiny, breezy” effect that Coleridge attributed to Fielding's work, in contrast to “the close, hot, day-dreamy continuity of Richardson.” The double comparison is more than subjectively valid, for Mrs. Davys stands in much the same relation to Fielding's ebullient masculine genius that Mrs. Haywood's distressed damsels do to Richardson's heroines—both as a forerunner and as an influence upon the early eighteenth-century reading public.

Many of the qualities which distinguish Mrs. Davys from her contemporaries may be explained by her background and by the circumstances under which her works were written and published. She was born in Dublin in 1674 and married the Reverend Peter Davys, a friend of Jonathan Swift and headmaster of the free school attached to St. Patrick's. Swift considered the marriage an indiscretion on the headmaster's part but, indiscreet or not, it was apparently a happy one until Davys'early death in 1698. Soon after this, his young widow “went for mere want to England.” She appeared briefly in London in 1700 and then settled in York where she lived for the next fifteen years. Little is known of her during this period. Swift's correspondence and his Journal to Stella indicate that she occasionally visited London, that she tried by various ruses to maintain contact with him from York, and that he grudgingly sent her several sums of money before his return to Ireland in 1714. Such irregular charity could hardly have been sufficient for the most frugal existence, and from pictures of life in a York boarding house and the recurrent character of a settled but good-natured female companion in her plays and novels, one may conjecture that Mrs. Davys enacted a similar role in private life.
Editor's Column
Authors: Schaefer William D.
Published: January 2021

AS PMLA BEGINS its third year of publishing articles accepted under our now not-so-new editorial policy, it occurs to me that in writing these “Editor's Columns” I have failed to stress what is perhaps the most radical feature of the new policy—the idea that PMLA is intended to be read. Most of the articles written for scholarly journals are not, I think, so intended, not, at least, at the time they first appear in print. They are written to be consulted, not necessarily today but at some time in the future, probably the distant future. Articles in PMLA are also, of course, intended for future consultation, but the hope is that, unlike most scholarly articles, those appearing in PMLA—which have had up to nine favorable readings before acceptance—are of such importance that they can be read by scholars with the same interest, if not fervor, that one brings to the reading of an article in, say, Harper's or The New Yorker. Recognizing that the articles for scholarly journals are traditionally not expected to entrance and delight readers in the same way that New Yorker articles are expected to entrance and delight, one still hopes that there are in each issue of PMLA at least a few articles that can be read on receipt with something approaching pleasure.
I. American Bibliography for 1923
Authors: Baugh Albert C. , Foerster Norman , Lancaster H. Carrington , Crawford J. P. Wickersham , Shumway Daniel B.
Published: January 2021

Members of the Association are requested to see that copies of monographs, studies or dissertations in the field of the Modern Languages which may appear in University series during the current year be sent to the editor of the appropriate section of the American Bibliography.
American Bibliography for 1925
Authors: Baugh Albert C. , Foerster Norman , Lancaster H. Carrington , Crawford J. P. Wickersham , Shumway Daniel B.
Published: January 2021

Members of the Association are requested to see that copies of monographs, studies or dissertations in the field of the Modern Language which may be printed privately or in University series during the current year be sent to the editor of the appropriate section of the American Bibliography.
Report of the Executive Secretary
Authors: Schaefer William David
Published: January 2021

These are not the best of years for our Association, or, I suspect, for any professional association involved with higher education. The problems are, of course, financial, problems on which I hardly need elaborate since they are problems with which, in our colleges and universities as well as in our homes, we are all familiar. I do feel obliged to make a few comments on the Association's financial crisis before concluding this report, but, since this is the season to be jolly, I prefer to begin on a happier note by discussing recent developments that I think are of special importance to the Association.
Report of the Midwest Modern Language Association
Authors: Bruns Gerald L.
Published: January 2021

The Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Midwest Modern Language Association will take place 4-6 November 1976, at the Chase-Park Plaza Hotel in St. Louis, Missouri. The opening General Session, 4 November, 8:00 p.m., will feature poetry readings by Howard Nemerov, Laurence Lieberman, and Felix Stefanile. In addition to the regular meetings of the MMLA sections, the following forums will convene: “American Indian Literature,” “Are Scholarly Journals Obsolete?,” “Contemporary Missouri Poetry,” “Literature and Revolution in the Bicentennial Year,” “Neo-Medievalism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” “Principles of Teaching Composition,” “The American Revolution and the French Enlightenment,” “The Fourteenth-Century Mystics,” “The Historical Study of Style,” “What Is a Genre?,” and “Didactic Science Fiction: Sages, Malcontents, and Nuts.” There will be seminars on Colette, Dante, Robert Frost, and creative writing, as well as a series of debates: “Gertrude Stein: Radical Feminist or Aesthetic Snob?,” “Is Fiction Obsolete?,” and “Is Poetry Obsolete?” And there will be a special Bicentennial lecture by Hugh Kenner of Johns Hopkins University.
Report of the South Atlantic Modern Language Association
Authors: Bratton Edward W.
Published: January 2021

The 1976 convention of the South Atlantic Modern Language Association will be held at the new Peachtree Center Plaza Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, 4-6 November. Chairmen of several of the eighty special interest and affiliated meetings comprising the convention have designated Bicentennial themes for their programs in keeping with the nation's celebration of her 200th birthday. Convention preregistration and special housing rates on rooms blocked for SAMLA use are restricted to members of the Association, but persons interested in joining SAMLA and receiving full convention information can do so by forwarding annual dues of $7.00 (graduate students, $2.00; joint husband-wife, $9.00) by no later than 1 October to: SAMLA, Box 8410, U. T. Station, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916.
Report of the Rocky Mountain Modem Language Association
Authors: Hancock Joel
Published: January 2021

Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the site of the 1976 RMMLA Convention. The cochairmen of the local arrangements committee, Margretta LeRoy and Rex Kleitz (Coll. of Santa Fe, Santa Fe, N. M. 87501), promise an exciting meeting influenced by the city's Southwestern charm. Persons interested in attending the event will receive information after sending membership dues ($8.00 regular, $10.00 husband/wife, $5.00 graduate student) to RMMLA, Annex 2056, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112.
Modern Language Scholarship: An Enquiry
Authors: Nitze William Albert
Published: January 2021

In choosing this text from my favorite Old French poet, I have no designs on my audience. Be undisturbed; the Red Knight of Arthurian romance shall not obtrude his countenance here and it is indifferent to me—on this occasion—whether there are fairy-mistresses or not. Nor am I, as some of you might think, making the ambitious attempt of defending anew the Pierian Spring. Poetry today needs no defence, unless it be the défense d'imprimer, which applies to us all, poets and philologs alike, when our knowledge and inspiration lag, and the product is not worthy of the producer. My task is at once more prosaic and more definite. I propose merely to stand my ground, as a Modern Language teacher and scholar; to state, in my own way, what I think we are about, as one convinced of the value of our profession in itself and to others—despite the blight of misgivings and protests, from one quarter and another, which periodically threatens us with ruin. This, then, is the Spring which your Chairman—like so many Chairmen before him—would defend and, if possible, protect against contamination.