bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship and the Division of Ownership in New Ventures
Authors: Demougin Dominique , Fabel Oliver
Published: January 2007

The current study investigates a tripartite incentive contract between an innovator supplying an intellectual asset, a professional assigned to productive tasks, and a consulting firm specializing in matching ideas and professional skills. A rather simple pure tripartite partnership implements the consultant's expected profit maximum and maximizes the project's expected surplus. The liquidity‐constrained professional is compensated by receiving a share of one half in the new venture. The consultant's and the innovator's shares reflect the relative value of search. However, the consultant's optimal search effort to find an appropriate production partner is inefficiently low.
Compensation Dispersion Between and Within Hierarchical Levels
Authors: Ortín‐Ángel Pedro , Salas‐Fumás Vicente
Published: January 2007

This paper studies the dispersion around the expected compensation of workers before and after controlling for hierarchical positions in cross‐section data samples. From data for Spanish managers, we find that this dispersion decreases with education and work experience before entering the current job and increases with job tenure. This finding contrasts with previous research that finds a positive association between compensation dispersion and education and work experience. We explain the new finding through a model of learning that separates compensation dispersion between jobs and within jobs (hierarchical positions). The model takes advantage of the information revealed when workers are promoted to their current hierarchical positions and allows for more robust tests of learning theories.
An Empirical Analysis of Planned Obsolescence
Authors: Iizuka Toshiaki
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the decision to introduce new products by durable goods producers. Conventional wisdom suggests that durable goods producers introduce new products to kill off used products. However, used units may not compete with new units if initial price can capture the present value of all future transactions. Using new data from the textbook market, I find that publishers revise editions more frequently when competition from used textbooks increases. This suggests the presence of planned obsolescence. However, the time since the previous revision also significantly affects revision decisions, indicating that publishers' frequent revision cannot be attributed to planned obsolescence alone.
Quantification of nucleated red blood cells in allogeneic marrow graft and impact of processing on recovery
Authors: Marolleau Jean‐Pierre , Vanneaux Valérie , Rea Delphine , Ternaux Brigitte , Delasse Veronique , Hubert Valérie , Chantre Elisabeth , Traineau Richard , Robin Marie , Benbunan Marc , Socié Gerard , Larghero Jérôme
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND: In allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), a higher nucleated and CD34+ cell dose has been reported to improve various outcomes. Other cell types, such as lymphocyte subsets, also influenced BMT results. While nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) represent a subset of bone marrow (BM) cell subpopulation, the question of their quantification in BM grafts and the impact of BM processing on their recovery has not been addressed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a prospective study on 77 BM products, NRBCs were enumerated by flow cytometry and the recovery analyzed after manipulation. Because NRBCs could compromise white blood cell count, the impact of NRBC count on CD34+ cell percentage and total nucleated cell (TNC) dose were also determined.

RESULTS: The mean percentage of NRBCs in BM grafts was 21.6 percent (range, 7.8%‐40.9%). Mean NRBC recoveries after BM concentration or RBC depletion were 98.4 and 28.7 percent, respectively, close to those obtained for TNC cells (88.6 and 31.3%, respectively). When corrected with NRBC count, the mean percentages of corrected CD34+ cell and TNC dose were significantly modified when compared with uncorrected values, whatever the type of BM manipulation.

CONCLUSION: Our data show that NRBC quantification might be of importance to improve quality control of BM products and to evaluate the influence of NRBCs cell dose on outcomes after BMT.
McLeod phenotype without the McLeod syndrome
Authors: Walker Ruth H. , Danek Adrian , Uttner Ingo , Offner Robert , Reid Marion , Lee Soohee
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND:McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome is a late‐onset X‐linked multisystem disorder affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems, red blood cells (RBCs), and internal organs. A variety of mutations have been found in the responsible gene (XK) including single nonsense and missense mutations, nucleotide mutations at or near the splice junctions of introns ofXK, and different deletion mutations. To date no clear phenotype‐genotype correlation is apparent. The clinical details of one case of McLeod phenotype without apparent neuromuscular abnormalities have been reported. Here the clinical details of two additional cases are presented, of which the genetic details have previously been published.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Two asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases at ages expected to manifest the McLeod syndrome (MLS) were evaluated. The first case had been authenticated as a genuine McLeod both by serology and by genotyping (R222G missense mutation) and the second case had a mutation inXK(IVS2+5G>A) and by serology exhibited very weak Kx antigen and no detectable Kell antigens, except extremely low k antigen by adsorption‐elution technique. The patients were examined for hematologic, neurologic, and other clinical abnormalities.

RESULTS:Despite documented McLeod phenotype on RBCs, and identified mutations ofXK, neurologic and other clinical findings were minimal at ages expected to manifest MLS.

CONCLUSIONS:The differentXKmutations may have different effects upon theXKgene product and thus may account for the variable phenotype.
Comparison of detection ability of learned odors between males and females in the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes
Authors: Takasu Keiji , Rains Glen C. , Lewis W. Joe
Published: January 2007

Although female parasitic wasps are known to learn to associate odors with hosts and food, the ability of males to learn and detect odors has been neglected. We conducted laboratory experiments to compare the detection ability of learned odors between males and females in the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We first conditioned males and females to associate sucrose water with methyl benzoate, 3‐octanone, or cyclohexanone, and then observed their behavior toward various concentrations (40 ng l−1−4 mg l−1) of the trained odors. Conditioned male wasps responded as well as female wasps to various concentrations of the three odors. Response times by wasps to these three odors were not significantly different between sexes. For the three odors, response times of both sexes were longer at the intermediate concentrations (40–400 µg l−1) than the higher or lower concentrations. The present study suggests that M. croceipes males can learn and respond to the three chemicals tested as well as the females, and conditioned males are as sensitive to learned odors as conditioned females. By using their sensitive learning and odor‐detection capabilities, M. croceipes males could search for food sources as efficiently as females under natural conditions.
The Hawthorne Aspect of T. S. Eliot's Coriolan
Authors: Narayana Chandran K.
Published: January 2007

Allusion is generally understood as a textual maneuver that calls into play remembered fragments and transfigured motifs in literature. While pursuing an allusive trail, readers sometimes neglect to consider the detours, certain errant trips a narrative prompts them to make in memory. This essay reads T. S. Eliot's Coriolan fragments alongside Nathaniel Hawthorne's ‘‘My Kinsman, Major Molineux,’’ both texts featuring young men's errancy and rebellion leading to their respective realities of life. On an allusive trail a reader is a quester; allegory aligns readers and characters in fiction in their common pursuit for the meanings they seek. While parallels, correspondences, and repetitions are remarkable, readers are not always obliged to seek the arresting ground of an empirical ‘‘source.’’ The reading here shows how Eliot appears to have reworked a large Hawthornian paradigm involving American colonial history and an individual American's progress in life. It illustrates further how allusion is both a tribute to tradition and a repudiation of its authority, a detail we remark both in Robin and the ‘‘hero’’ of Coriolan fragments. Both Eliot and Hawthorne before him have been, therefore, sensitive to the burden of paternal inheritance, an aspect Eliot's allusive practice in particular makes clear when he draws upon Hawthorne. Eliot's ‘‘Hawthorne aspect’’ thus enables us to see for once the advantage of looking away from a professed allusive lead in the title (Shakespeare's Coriolanus) but towards another paternal link the poet appears to have suppressed (Hawthorne's American tale).
Interclinician disparity in periodontal decision making: need for consensus statements on surgical treatment
Authors: Cosyn J. , De Bruyn H.
Published: January 2007

Background and Objective:  The clinical factors involved in the decision‐making process for surgical treatment have been described. However, there is still little standardization of the criteria upon which such a decision should be based. The impact of this lack of practice guidelines on the recommendation of surgery in clinical practice is unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the recommendation of surgical therapy during the corrective/reparative treatment phase by trained clinicians with various backgrounds on the basis of clinical data.

Material and Methods:  Fifteen clinicians (10 periodontal students and/or recent graduates from two dental schools and five experienced practitioners) were asked to make a treatment decision (surgery or no surgery) at a tooth level. Therefore, they were given 23 initially treated patients with details on demographics and smoking habits. Radiographs and clinical information on 573 teeth at baseline (prior to root debridement) and at 9 mo of follow‐up were provided.

Results:  Clinicians interpret clinical data quite differently in their advice of surgery when practice guidelines are not provided, as the results showed high variation in surgical recommendation. Experienced practitioners showed most variation, with a range from 13 to 50% in surgical recommendation. Clinicians linked to a training center shared a common treatment philosophy as to when periodontal surgery should be performed. This philosophy differed markedly among the two dental schools. Most disagreement among the 15 clinicians was found for deep pockets and for multirooted teeth. Disease status, tooth type, age, and full‐mouth plaque levels had a significant impact on decision making.

Conclusion:  The substantial variation in recommending surgery calls for consensus statements on surgical treatment.
Chronic melatonin treatment reduces the age‐dependent inflammatory process in senescence‐accelerated mice
Authors: Rodríguez María I. , Escames Germaine , López Luis C. , López Ana , García José A. , Ortiz Francisco , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  It is hypothesized that, besides increased free radical production, aging is a process also related to inflammation. Thus, female and male senescence‐accelerated (SAMP8) and senescence‐resistant (SAMR1) mice of 5 and 10 months of age were studied to assess this hypothesis. Plasma from these mice was processed to determine nitric oxide (NO), and pro‐inflammatory [interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐2, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor] and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10) cytokines. The results show the presence of an age‐dependent increase in IFN‐γ and TNF‐α and a reduction in IL‐2 levels, with minor changes in the remaining cytokines. Moreover, age was associated with a significant increase in NO levels. Chronic melatonin administration between 1 and 10 months of age counteracted the age‐dependent production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and NO, reducing them to the levels found at 5 months of age. Melatonin also reduced the levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokines. The results of this study suggest the existence of an inflammatory process during aging and further support that melatonin behaves as an essential molecule against aging, for its anti‐inflammatory properties together with its antioxidative role reported elsewhere.
Skin conductance; validation of Skicon‐200EX® compared to the original model, Skicon‐100®
Authors: O'goshi Ken‐ichiro , Serup Jørgen
Published: January 2007

Background/purpose: Measurement of skin surface and stratum corneum (SC) hydration during experimental trials needs devices with acceptable precision under conditions ranging from decreased, and normal to high hydration. The aim of this study was to validate the recent model of a commonly used device for measurement of skin conductance (Skicon‐200EX®) vs. the original model (Skicon‐100®) introduced 20 years ago.

Methods: Twenty‐six healthy Danish volunteers (16 women and 10 men, aged between 22 and 67, with a median age of 42 years) were studied using the Skicon‐100®and the Skicon‐200EX® mounted with three different probes. Normal skin of the cheek, forearm, antecubital fossa, palm, lower leg, and popliteal fossa was studied. The sorption–desorption test was performed on the forearm.

Result: The two instruments displayed closely correlated conductance levels. However, the Skicon‐200EX® displayed systematically 1.6‐fold higher values than the Skicon‐100®. Different body sites showed different levels depending on anatomical regions. The three probes measured systematically different levels with the original probe measuring lower values. The sorption–desorption test showed high skin conductance values which peaked a few minutes after hydration, in accordance with the original experiments of Tagami.

Conclusion: The two Skicon® instruments evaluated in this study correlated well, however, they displayed different levels depending on instrument main body and probes. Overall, the Skicon‐200EX® gave 1.6‐fold higher value, and this instrument might be more sensitive than the original device, Skicon‐100®. In scientific reports, the type of instrument main body as well as probe shall be clearly specified.
Combination of features from skin pattern and ABCD analysis for lesion classification
Authors: She Zhishun , Liu Y. , Damatoa A.
Published: January 2007

Background/Purpose: It is known that the standard features for lesion classification are ABCD features, that is, asymmetry, border irregularity, colour variegation and diameter of lesion. However, the observation that skin patterning tends to be disrupted by malignant but not by benign skin lesions suggests that measurements of skin pattern disruption on simply captured white light optical skin images could be a useful contribution to a diagnostic feature set. Previous work using both skin line direction and intensity for lesion classification was encouraging. But these features have not been combined with the ABCD features. This paper explores the possibility of combing features from skin pattern and ABCD analysis to enhance classification performance.

Methods: The skin line direction and intensity were extracted from a local tensor matrix of skin pattern. Meanwhile, ABCD analysis was conducted to generate six features. They were asymmetry, border irregularity, colour (red, green and blue) variegations and diameter of lesion. The eight features of each case were combined using a principal component analysis (PCA) to produce two dominant features for lesion classification.

Results: A larger set of images containing malignant melanoma (MM) and benign naevi were processed as above and the scatter plot in a two‐dimensional dominant feature space showed excellent separation of benign and malignant lesions. An ROC (receiver operating characteristic) plot enclosed an area of 0.94.

Conclusions: The classification results showed that the individual features have a limited discrimination capability and the combined features were promising to distinguish MM from benign lesion.
Simultaneous determination of the nonlinear‐elastic properties of skin and subcutaneous tissue in unconfined compression tests
Authors: Wu John Z. , Cutlip Robert G. , Andrew Michael E. , Dong Ren G.
Published: January 2007

Background/aims:The compressive nonlinear‐elastic properties of soft tissues are usually determined using unconfined compression tests. To determine the nonlinear‐elastic behavior of skin and subcutaneous tissue using a conventional approach, the skin and subcutaneous tissue had to be separated before testing. Using such an approach, measurement errors may be increased as a consequence of the reduced specimen dimensions and cumulative experimental errors. In the present study, we propose a novel method to determine the nonlinear‐elastic behaviors of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue simultaneously using specimens of skin/subcutaneous composites.

Methods:The stress/strain curves of skin and subcutaneous tissues are derived from stress/strain curves of soft tissue specimens with different skin/subcutaneous height ratios. There is no need to separate the skin from the subcutaneous tissue in the tests, thereby improving the reliability and reducing measurement errors. In order to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach, unconfined compression tests with skin/subcutaneous tissues collected from the front paws of pigs were conducted.

Results/Conclusion:Using the proposed approach, stress/strain relationships of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue were derived from data determined in eight unconfined compression tests. The obtained stress/strain curves were consistent with published experimental data. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed approach is not only more efficient but also more reliable.
Can dermal thickness measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy assist in determining osteoporosis risk?
Authors: Cagle Perri E. , Dyson Mary , Gajewski Byron , Lukert Barbara
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose: A study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between dermal thickness and bone density. Ninety‐eight female subjects were recruited from a population of patients attending a university hospital osteoporosis clinic. The subject population ranged in age from 30 to 88 years with a mean age of 60. The weight range was from 91 to 274 pounds, mean 142 pounds.

Methods: Dermal thickness measurements were taken at the right forearm using a Longport high resolution 20 MHz ultrasound scanner. Bone density measurements were taken using a GE Lunar Prodigy DXA scanner at both hips.

Results: Statistical analysis using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the skin measurements showed that the dermal measurement technique was highly reliable (CI=0.87, 0.92). Linear regression was used to examine the value of dermal thickness as a predictor of bone density. The correlation coefficient between dermal thickness and hip T score was statistically significant in the positive direction (corr.=0.304, P=0.001). We further investigated the relationship between dermal thickness and T scores using penalized splines.

Conclusion: This analysis indicated that the strongest association with bone density occurred between 1.0 and 1.5 mm of dermal thickness. In those subjects identified as having osteoporosis dermal thickness measure of ≥1.04 corresponds to 4% of the subjects having osteoporosis. If dermal thickness is <1.04 then 23% have osteoporosis.
Non‐epithelial oral mucosal progenitor cell populations
Authors: Stephens P , Genever P
Published: January 2007

This review considers the potential existence and role of stem or progenitor cell populations within the non‐epithelial tissues of the oral mucosa. Currently, there is little published evidence supporting this hypothesis; however, because of the similarities in structure and function of the oral mucosa and skin, findings within the dermis of the skin may potentially reflect the situation within the oral mucosa. Over recent years, the identification of the skin as a local reservoir of adult stem cell populations and the idea that multipotent cell populations exist within the dermal tissues of skin has gained increasing credibility. Indeed, numerous multipotent progenitor cells have been identified within the dermis and resident appendages, all capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages. Furthermore, a number of these cell populations have been implicated in the repair of these tissues following injury. There is increasing evidence suggesting that such populations of progenitor cells may also reside within the lamina propria. In this respect, the ability to isolate large numbers of multipotent progenitor cells from a tissue which when biopsied heals without a scar would be of great interest scientifically and commercially, particularly with respect to future therapeutic applications and the developing discipline of tissue engineering.
A Simple Borehole Dilution Technique in Measuring Horizontal Ground Water Flow
Authors: Pitrak M. , Mares S. , Kobr M.
Published: January 2007

Borehole dilution techniques use repeated fluid column profiling after establishment of an initial uniform condition to monitor the rate at which ambient ground water moves into a borehole. Application of the dilution technique in a monitoring well makes it possible to estimate the horizontal Darcy flow velocity of ground water in the aquifer surrounding the borehole. Previous investigators have demonstrated the technique using either relatively concentrated saline solutions or deionized water to produce a fluid column with properties distinctly different from those of local ground water. We present a new dilution technique using the food color Brilliant Blue FCF (Euro code E‐133) to mark the fluid column and using a specially constructed photometric sensor to characterize the dilution of this dye over time. The effective application of this technique is documented by two practical examples.
An Excel Macro for Generating Trilinear Plots
Authors: Shikaze Steven G. , Crowe Allan S.
Published: January 2007

This computer note describes a method for creating trilinear plots in Microsoft Excel. Macros have been created in MS Excel’s internal language: Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). A simple form has been set up to allow the user to input data from an Excel worksheet. The VBA macro is used to convert the triangular data (which consist of three columns of percentage data) into X‐Y data. The macro then generates the axes, labels, and grid for the trilinear plot. The X‐Y data are plotted as scatter data in Excel. By providing this macro in Excel, users can create trilinear plots in a quick, inexpensive manner.
William Barton Rogers and the Southern Sieve: Revisiting Science, Slavery, and Higher Learning in the Old South
Authors: Angulo A. J.
Published: January 2007

William Barton Rogers, conceptual founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pursued two interrelated careers in nineteenth-century America: one centered on his activities in science and the other on his higher educational reform efforts. His scientific peers knew him as a geologist and natural philosopher, director of the first geological survey of Virginia, author of over one hundred publications in science, and promoter of professionalization. His colleagues in higher education, meanwhile, thought of him as the reform-minded professor at the College of William and Mary and the University of Virginia, who later left the South and established one of America's first technological institutes. Comparatively little has been written about either of these areas of Rogers's life and career. We know much more about the scientific and educational thought of such figures as Louis Agassiz at Harvard, Benjamin Silliman at Yale, Joseph Henry at Princeton, and Alexander Dallas Bache at the helm of the Coast Survey. The literature on Rogers, by comparison, has offered little insight into his life and even less about his relationship to broader developments in nineteenth-century science and higher learning.
Thomas Nast and the Public School of the 1870s
Authors: Justice Benjamin
Published: January 2007

In the decade and a half after the Civil War, the American public school rose and fell as a central issue in national and state politics. After a relative calm on matters of education during and immediately after the War, the Republican Party and Catholic Church leaders in the late 1860s and early 1870s joined a bitter battle of words over the future of public education—who should control it, how should it be financed, and what should it teach about religion. These battles often reflected very different world views. Leading Protestant ministers and Republican politicians waved the threat of a rising antidemocratic “Catholic menace” as the new bloody shirt and championed their own educational ideal as a remedy—religiously neutral, ethnically and racially inclusive common schools. While Democrats tended to downplay school issues, Catholic Church leaders countered with their own screed: common schools were hardly common, embodying either inherently Protestant notions of religion or the atheism of no true religious creed at all. New York City became the epicenter of these cataclysmic debates, and the brilliant cartoonist Thomas Nast immortalized the Radical Republican side of the issue in the pages ofHarper's Weekly.
Female-Teacher Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Ontario, Canada
Authors: Cavanagh Sheila L.
Published: January 2007

[The Romans] created the cult of the Vestal Virgins, high-minded priestesses of the goddess Vesta, Guardian Angel of Mankind and Keeper of the Hearth. These priestesses were educated in special normal training schools, were forbidden to marry, were subjected to drastic moral codes, and were accorded social position of preeminence.

Spinster teachers were hired so frequently in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that they eventually became an important part of the cultural landscape.

Single women seem forever to unnerve, anger and unwittingly scare large swaths of the population, both female and male.”
Epistemology for the Masses: The Origins of “The Scientific Method” in American Schools
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2007

In the widely disseminated Harvard reportGeneral Education in a Free Society(1945), the authors of the section on science teaching in the schools made passing reference to the portrayal of the scientific method in the existing curriculum. Rather than simply noting its inadequacy in representing the process of scientific research, they could not resist the urge to deliver a more scathing commentary. “Nothing could be more stultifying, and, perhaps more important, nothing is further from the procedure of the scientist,” they insisted, “than a rigorous tabular progression through the supposed ‘steps' of the scientific method, with perhaps the further requirement that the student not only memorize but follow this sequence in his attempt to understand natural phenomena.” This indictment was followed in 1951 by similar comments from Harvard president James B. Conant in his bookScience and Common Sense. Conant's criticism of what he called the “alleged scientific method,” seemed to resonate with interested readers of the time. The eminent wartime research director Vannevar Bush, writing in theSaturday Review, praised him for making it “crystal clear that there is no such thing as the scientific method.” “The elegant definition ofthescientific method that we have read for years,” he noted approvingly, “comes in for the dissection it has long needed.” Another reviewer hailed Conant's “service to the community [in] briefing the busy citizen on the way in which sciencereallyworks,” noting also that he had “effectively demolished] conventional twaddle aboutthescientific method.”
“The Gospel Of Work Does Not Save Souls”: Conceptions Of Industrial And Agricultural Education For Africans In the Cape Colony, 1890–1930
Authors: Paterson Andrew
Published: January 2007

Charles T. Loram was an important proponent of fashioning African education in ways that would best meet the needs of the colonial system. In the 1920s, Loram championed adapting the colonial curriculum away from “bookishness” towards a manual and agricultural orientation in order to meet the “needs” of rural Africans, as white settlers defined them. As his ideas on adaptation matured, Loram wrote an influential book, The Education of the South African Native in 1917, in which he stated: “On the necessity of industrial training for the Natives of South Africa there is remarkable unanimity. Government commissions and officials, missionaries and students of the Native Question, and the general public all agree that industrial training should be made the chief end of Native education.” What is interesting about this statement is the certainty with which Loram attributed consensus on the question of industrial training to all white colonial interest groups. Loram claimed “unanimity” in order to strengthen his argument for the particular form of industrial education that he favored. Yet, even though colonial actors ostensibly agreed on the need for “industrial education,” they lacked a common definition of “industrial education” which raises the question: were they agreeing to the same thing?
A “Dying Light” or a Newborn Enlightenment: Religion and Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Schwehn Mark
Published: January 2007

During the 1980s, when I first began to study the nature and the history of higher education in the United States, I relied quite heavily upon Laurence R. Veysey'sThe Emergence of the American University, Given my own particular interests, as much personal as they were professional, in the relationship between religion and higher learning, I found myself constantly returning to Veysey in preference to other syntheses for a densely textured, lucidly written, always thoughtful account of the change from a largely Christian network of mid-nineteenth century colleges to a system of higher education dominated by the secular research university. Veysey's account has by now been largely superseded, especially after the 1980s, in part by histories that, unlike Veysey's, maintain close attention to religion, both during the period that he focused upon and beyond it up to at least the period during which he wrote his book (the 1960s). Even so, both in its details and in its overall design,The Emergence of the American Universityhas proven to be remarkably durable, some of it quite prescient, and I believe that it can still be profitably used to consider what positive role, if any, religion might play in strengthening the character of higher education in the United States today.
Reconsidering Schools and the American Welfare State
Authors: Cohen Miriam
Published: January 2007

Recalling her experience as an exchange teacher in Birmingham, England, in 1938-39, in the midst of the Great Depression, Oregon teacher Mary Kelly, wrote:

When I witnessed the first ‘leaving’ day … in one of the Birmingham schools and learned that as soon as the majority of the English children were fourteen they were through with regular schooling forever, I almost shed tears.

“Do you mean that those girls will never go to high school?” I asked.

“Yes it is true.”

“Will they have jobs or will they be idle?”

“The Education Department will place most of them in positions in homes, shops or factories ….”

There were no graduation exercises, no lovely new dresses, no parents or relatives invited. I thought of my high-school graduation, which possibly would never have been if education was not free, because the means were limited. Still another graduation after going through college on nothing a year permitted me to take up teaching … . To me, at that moment, there was nothing more precious than democracy and I mean theAmerican way.
Basque Schools in Navarre: The Early Stages, 1931-1936
Authors: López-Goñi Irene
Published: January 2007

The Basque School, as well as a type of school, is an educational phenomenon that emerged and underwent most of its development during the twentieth century. Some initial confusion existed between the terms “Basque school,” “bilingual school” and “ikastola,” due to the undefined nature of the Basque model of schooling during this early period. These schools introduced a new model of education and pursued a common aim: to restore the Basque language and culture. Past research on ikastolas during the time of the Republic shows that the choice of term varied in Navarre according to the school's geographical location. Though there had been earlier initiatives, the Basque schools appeared in Navarra with the advent of Spain's Second Republic in 1931 and survived until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. During the Franco regime, Basques attempted to restart the educational project throughout the whole of Spanish Basque Country. Navarra's first ikastola of this new era was set up in 1963, giving rise to an educational movement that continues to maintain a strong impetus in the new millennium and has become a point of reference for both linguists and educationalists.
Dilettantes and Over-Specialization”: Diagnosing and Treating Nazism at West German Universities after World War II
Authors: Pepin Craig K.
Published: January 2007

After 1945, the words “anti-fascist education” appeared much less frequently in the western zones of occupied Germany than in the Soviet zone, but the concerns expressed by the phrase were shared by all occupying powers: How could education help prevent a resurgence of Nazism? For the American and British occupation authorities, and to a lesser extent, the French, the answer was to “reeducate” for democracy. The leaders of German universities in the western zones answered this question differently. Drawing on the traditional German “idea of the university,” German professors stressed the inculcation of morality through Bildung or character formation. In practical terms, this meant very little change in curriculum, course content, or educational structure: Only a rededication to university traditions supposedly uncompromised and unaffected by Nazism could lead German higher education, and by extension Germany, away from fascism.
Contested Namesakes: East Berlin School Names under Communism and in Reunified Germany
Authors: Plum Catherine
Published: January 2007

Within weeks and months of the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, numerous busts and portraits of school namesakes disappeared from the foyers, hallways, and “tradition rooms” (Traditionszimmer) of East Berlin schools and were relegated to trash bins. In 1990 municipal authorities formalized this spontaneous purge of school identities by eliminating the names of all schools in eastern Berlin. Over the course of the 1990s administrators, teachers, and students in the newly restructured schools began to discuss a wide range of new school identities.
Education's Inequity: Opposition to Black Higher Education in Antebellum Connecticut
Authors: Moss Hilary J.
Published: January 2007

New Haven, thou hast rashly done a deed,Which shrouds thy glory in a black eclipse;Whereof in view the hearts of good men bleed,The friend, yet, strange to tell, the foe of light!Preceptor of the age, yet dost denyTo Brethren—countrymen—the common rightTheir empty minds with knowledge to supply!Encourager of learning-science-artsYet hostile to a race who fain would learn!When from the dust a sable brother starts,Suffering thy cheeks with angry fire to burn!Would I might give the honors of Old Yale,To blot from history's page this most disgraceful tale.—William Lloyd Garrison, October 8, 1831.

In the late 1820s, African Americans’ access to primary and religious instruction expanded significantly throughout the urban Northeast, yet barriers to their higher education remained firm. Segregated in public “African” schools, blacks were also barred from most private academies. Collegiate education similarly remained out of reach. In response, an alliance of black and white abolitionists launched a campaign to build a separate “African” college in 1831. Two ministers, one black, Peter Williams from New York, the other white, Simeon Jocelyn from New Haven, led the endeavor. After much consideration, they selected New Haven, Connecticut to house the new institution, believing that in “no place in the Union” is the “situation [of blacks] more comfortable, or the prejudices of a community weaker against them.” On September 5, 1831, Williams and Jocelyn announced their intentions. Their timing could not have been worse.
Science World, High School Girls, and the Prospect of Scientific Careers, 1957–1963
Authors: Terzian Sevan G.
Published: January 2007

A host of scholars have illuminated the ways in which schools and other institutions have created and then sustained a vast gender gap in the scientific professions. Many of these studies have focused on overt discrimination: deliberate efforts by men to prevent the entry of women into scientific pursuits. Others have identified subtle and culturally mediated processes that have often led girls away from scientific courses and careers. This article examines rhetorically lofty, but qualified, efforts to encourage women's interest in science, and it demonstrates how even these attempts may have contributed to the gender gap in the scientific professions. Specifically, it focuses on the portrayal of women scientists in a high school science magazine,Science World, and analyzes its ambiguous messages to high school girls about the possibility of careers in science. This essay employs ideas about curricular self-selection and the formulation of career aspirations in interpreting the depiction of female scientists in issues from the time of the magazine's founding in 1957 to 1963, the year Betty Friedan publishedThe Feminine Mystiqueand the symbolic dawn of the liberal feminist movement. During these years, the United States government funded numerous educational initiatives in response to the Soviet Union's launching of Sputnik to attract more students to the scientific professions. In addition, professional scientists revised high school curricula in physics and biology to foster public rationality, critical thinking, and greater appreciation of scientific inquiry. The late postwar era also marked the beginning of greater female participation in the sciences.
Degeneration of Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Begins in the Early Disease Process of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Orimo Satoshi , Takahashi Atsushi , Uchihara Toshiki , Mori Fumiaki , Kakita Akiyoshi , Wakabayashi Koichi , Takahashi Hitoshi
Published: January 2007

Decreased cardiac uptake of meta‐iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) on [123I] MIBG myocardial scintigraphy has been reported in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which suggests involvement of the cardiac sympathetic nerve in the early disease process of PD. For confirmation, we immunohistochemically examined cardiac tissue, sympathetic ganglia and medulla oblongata of 20 patients with incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD), which is thought to be a presymptomatic stage of PD, and 10 control subjects, using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neurofilament (NF). Immunoreactive nerve fibers of fascicles in the epicardium were well preserved in 10 of the 20 patients with ILBD and in the control subjects. In contrast, TH‐immunoreactive nerve fibers had nearly disappeared in six subjects and were moderately decreased in four of the 20 patients with ILBD. Neuronal cell loss in the dorsal vagal nucleus and the sympathetic ganglia was not detectable in any of the ILBD patients examined. These findings suggest that degeneration of the cardiac sympathetic nerve begins in the early disease process of PD and that it occurs before neuronal cell loss in the dorsal vagal nucleus.
Neuronal Intranuclear and Neuropil Inclusions for Pathological Assessment of Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Maat‐Schieman Marion , Roos Raymund , Losekoot Monique , Dorsman Josephine , Welling‐Graafland Corrie , Hegeman‐Kleinn Ingrid , Broeyer Freerk , Breuning Martijn , Van Duinen Sjoerd
Published: January 2007

To evaluate the usefulness of neuronal intranuclear inclusions and neuropil inclusions for the pathological assessment of Huntington’s disease (HD), their presence in neocortex was assessed by ubiquitin and N‐terminal huntingtin immunohistochemistry in a consecutive series of 195 autopsy brains of individuals with a positive or tentative clinical diagnosis of, or at risk for, HD. The findings were correlated with striatal pathology (n = 190), CAG repeat length (n = 85) and original pathological diagnosis (n = 186). The antibodies detected both these inclusions in 181 patients with HD pathology ≥ Vonsattel et al’s grade I, five patients lacking striatal tissue for review, and two at‐risk individuals with grade 0 and grade I HD pathology, respectively. One patient with HD‐like pathology and two patients and four at‐risk individuals without HD pathology lacked HD inclusions. In the genetically analyzed cases, the inclusions were exclusively and consistently observed in association with repeat expansion [(CAG)n ≥ 39, n = 81]. Thirteen inclusion‐positive cases, including the grade 0 at‐risk individual, had a false negative original pathological diagnosis of HD and four had an unjustly questionable diagnosis. A false positive diagnosis was made in the inclusion‐negative case with HD‐like pathology. These results indicate that immunohistochemical analysis for HD inclusions facilitates the pathological evaluation of HD and enhances its accuracy.
CALCULATION OF DECAY WIDTHS FOR ppμ* IN ADIABATIC REPRESENTATION METHOD USING A VARIATIONAL PROCEDURE
Authors: ESKANDARI M. R.
Published: January 2007

The decay process of meta-stable [Formula: see text] muonic molecules produced in hydrogen isotopes is investigated. J and ν are ro-vibrational quantum numbers. This muonic molecular ion is formed in collisions of excited pμ(2s) atoms with H2 molecules. Decay of the [Formula: see text] opens a path for the muon from pμ(2s) to pμ(1s). A scattering-theoretical model, employing a new wave function, is introduced for this process. Variational numerical calculation for decay widths of three low states of [Formula: see text] is performed using adiabatic representation method.
SIMULTANEOUS ONSET OF CONDENSATION OF MOLECULES AND ATOMS IN AN ATTRACTIVE FERMI GAS OF ATOMS
Authors: HAN FUXIANG , LEI MINGHAO , WU E
Published: January 2007

The self-consistent equations for the order parameters of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of molecules and Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) condensation of atoms in a Fermi gas of atoms with an attractive two-body interaction between atoms have been derived within the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov approximation from the path integral representation of the grand partition function. We have found that the order parameters for BEC and BCS are proportional to each other, which implies that BEC and BCS onsets simultaneously. We have also found that the common critical temperature of BEC and BCS increases as the average number of molecules increases and that the atom-molecule coupling enhances the common critical temperature.
Gameplay, Interactive Drama, and Training: Authoring Edutainment Stories for Online Players (AESOP)
Authors: Silverman Barry G , Johns Michael , Weaver Ransom , Mosley Josh
Published: January 2007

This paper describes initial efforts at providing some of the technological advances of the videogame genres in a coherent, accessible format to teams of educators. By providing these capabilities inside an interactive drama generator, we believe that the full potential of educational games may eventually be realized. Sections 1 and 2 postulate three goals for reaching that objective: a toolset for interactive drama authoring, ways to insulate authors from game engines, and reusable digital casts to facilitate composability. Sections 3 and 4 present progress on those tools and an in-depth case study that made use of the resulting toolset to create a large interactive drama. We close with lessons learned to date and a look at the remaining challenges: the unpleasant reality that state-of-the-art tools are not yet able to boost the productivity of edutainment authors.
Thermally and Dynamically Induced Pressure Features over Complex Terrain from High-Resolution Analyses
Authors: Bica Benedikt , Knabl Thomas , Steinacker Reinhold , Ratheiser Matthias , Dorninger Manfred , Lotteraner Christoph , Schneider Stefan , Chimani Barbara , Gepp Wolfgang , Tschannett Simon
Published: January 2007

Within the Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis (VERA) Climatology (VERACLIM) project, the complex influence of topographic structures on the spatial distribution of meteorological parameters has been investigated and evaluated climatologically. VERACLIM is aimed to generate a set of high-resolution analyses (lower meso-β-scale) of various meteorological parameters on a climatological basis. It tried to combine both the high spatial resolution provided by the VERA scheme that was used and the high temporal resolution of a comprehensive synoptic dataset of the last two decades, which was retrieved from ECMWF’s Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System (MARS). In the present study, the interpolated fields of reduced pressure of 3-hourly synoptic data over the Alpine region are evaluated climatologically. Using high temporal and spatial resolution, the authors were able to investigate both thermally and dynamically induced mesoscale pressure phenomena such as “Stau,” associated with trans-Alpine flows, blocking by the Alps, and local pressure extrema, as well as thermal lows and thermal high pressure zones. Comparisons are made between the mean course of reduced pressure at given grid points and the averaged divergence of the 10-m wind field in the Alpine region. It is shown that, climatologically, Alpine pumping and thermally induced pressure patterns have a similar frequency and intensity. For the latter ones, the buildup and cutback processes are described. Moreover, the frequency and intensity of pressure-related mesoscale features in the Alpine region over the last decades are investigated.
An Approach of Radar Reflectivity Data Assimilation and Its Assessment with the Inland QPF of Typhoon Rusa (2002) at Landfall
Authors: Xiao Qingnong , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Sun Juanzhen , Lee Wen-Chau , Barker Dale M. , Lim Eunha
Published: January 2007

A radar reflectivity data assimilation scheme was developed within the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The model total water mixing ratio was used as a control variable. A warm-rain process, its linear, and its adjoint were incorporated into the system to partition the moisture and hydrometeor increments. The observation operator for radar reflectivity was developed and incorporated into the 3DVAR. With a single reflectivity observation, the multivariate structures of the analysis increments that included cloud water and rainwater mixing ratio increments were examined. Using the onshore Doppler radar data from Jindo, South Korea, the capability of the radar reflectivity assimilation for the landfalling Typhoon Rusa (2002) was assessed. Verifications of inland quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) of Typhoon Rusa (2002) showed positive impacts of assimilating radar reflectivity data on the short-range QPF.