bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion Transport in Nanostructured Phosphonated Block Copolymers Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Jung Ha Young , Kim Onnuri , Park Moon Jeong
Published: April 2016

The morphology and conductivity of poly(styrenephosphonate‐b‐methylbutylene) block copolymers containing ionic liquids are investigated. The block copolymers display a series of well‐defined self‐assembled morphologies, i.e., lamellae, gyroid, hexagonal cylinder (HEX), body‐centered cubic, and A15 lattice, in the absence and presence of ionic liquids. The observation of an equilibrium A15 lattice for linear diblock copolymers, in contrast to a number of theoretical studies, is ascribed to the packing frustration accompanied by prevailing electrostatic interactions. The samples having the A15 lattice show a substantially higher morphology factors (0.83–0.96) than those with the HEX phases (0.42–0.69). This indicates the structural advantage of the A15 lattice with a well‐defined 3D symmetry over the 2D HEX structure for constructing less tortuous ion‐conduction pathways. This unprecedented study portends the rational design of nanostructured phosphonated polymer membranes with improved conductivity.

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Effects of Branch Content and Branch Length on Polyethylene Crystallization: Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Gao Rui , He Xuelian , Shao Yunqi , Hu Yanling , Zhang Haiyang , Liu Zhen , Liu Boping
Published: April 2016

Influences of branch content (BC) and branch length (BL) on isothermal crystallization of precisely branched polyethylene are studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Branch acts as a defect both in nucleation and crystal growth process. BC affects not only crystallization kinetics but also final morphologies. Crystallization rate and crystallinity decrease as BC increases. Morphology Regimes change from lamellae crystal to bundle crystal at critical BC (20/1000 C) because of different folding pattern. 50 CH2 is the critical methyl sequence length to form lamellae crystal. Lamellae thicknesses of final morphologies decrease in gradient corresponding to Morphologies Regimes. BL has no influence on the crystallization kinetics, and only affects the final morphologies when more branches inclusion happens with BL increasing. Trans‐rich phenomenon in pre‐crystalline state is observed. Crystallization process begins at the end of induction stage when trans state population reaches a critical value, and this value is independent of BC and BL.
Physical activity and dietary intake in BMI discordant identical twins
Authors: Doornweerd Stieneke , IJzerman Richard G. , van der Eijk Lotte , Neter Judith E. , van Dongen Jenny , van der Ploeg Hidde P. , de Geus Eco J.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Despite the latest discovery of obesity‐associated genes, the rapid rise in global obesity suggests a major role for environmental factors. This study investigated the influence of environmental factors on physical activity and dietary intake independent of genetic effects.

Methods

Sixteen female monozygotic twins aged 48.8 ± 9.8 years (range 37‐70) with a mean BMI discordance of 3.96 ± 2.1 kg/m2 (range 0.7‐8.2) were studied. Physical activity was determined using 7‐day accelerometry and dietary intake using 3‐day 24‐h recalls.

Results

Heavier cotwins were generally less physically active (mean activity counts × 1,000 per day ± SD; 505.5 ± 155.1 vs. 579.6 ± 185.4, P = 0.047) and tended to spend 6.1 min/day less in moderate to vigorous physical activity than leaner cotwins (P = 0.09). Energy intake did not significantly differ within pairs. Total fat intake (en%; P = 0.03), specifically monounsaturated fat (P < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fat (P = 0.08), was higher in the heavier cotwins.

Conclusions

After eliminating genetic effects, higher BMI is associated with lower overall and moderate to vigorous physical activity and higher intake of total fat, although the direction of causality cannot be determined. Future identification of the environmental factors responsible for these findings might contribute to developing new strategies in managing obesity.
A genome‐wide investigation of food addiction
Authors: Cornelis Marilyn C. , Flint Alan , Field Alison E. , Kraft Peter , Han Jiali , Rimm Eric B. , van Dam Rob M.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Evidence of parallels between drug addiction and eating behavior continues to accumulate. Genetic studies of addictive substances have yielded a number of susceptibility loci that point to common higher order genetic pathways underlying addiction. It was hypothesized that a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of food addiction would yield significant enrichment in genes and pathways linked to addiction.

Methods

A GWAS of food addiction, determined by the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS), was conducted among 9,314 women of European ancestry, and results for enrichment of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (n = 44), genes (n = 238), and pathways (n = 11) implicated in drug addiction were examined.

Results

Two loci met GW‐significance (P < 2.5 × 10−8) mapping to 17q21.31 and 11q13.4 that harbor genes with no obvious roles in eating behavior. GW results were significantly enriched for gene members of the MAPK signaling pathway (P = 0.02). No candidate SNP or gene for drug addiction was significantly associated with food addiction after correction for multiple testing.

Conclusions

In the first GWAS of mYFAS, suggestive loci worthy of further follow‐up were identified, but limited support was provided for shared genetic underpinnings of food addiction and drug addiction. The latter might be due to limited study power and knowledge of the genetics of drug addiction.
Proinflammatory and lipid biomarkers mediate metabolically healthy obesity: A proteomics study
Authors: Doumatey Ayo Priscille , Zhou Jie , Zhou Ming , Prieto DaRue , Rotimi Charles N. , Adeyemo Adebowale
Published: April 2016

Objective

The metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) phenotype is an important obesity subtype in which obesity is not accompanied by any metabolic comorbidity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, a shotgun proteomics approach to identify circulating biomolecules and pathways associated with MHO was used.

Methods

The subjects were 20 African‐American women: 10 MHO cases and 10 metabolically abnormal individuals with obesity (MAO) controls. Serum proteins were detected and quantified using label‐free proteomics. Differential expression of proteins between the two groups was analyzed, and the list of differentially expressed proteins was analyzed to determine enriched biological pathways.

Results

Twenty proteins were differentially expressed between MHO and controls. These proteins included: hemoglobin subunits (HBA1, P = 6.00 × 10−18), haptoglobin‐related protein (HPR, P = 1.2 × 10−15), apolipoproteins (APOB‐100, P = 1.50 × 10−40; APOA4, P = 1.1 × 10−14), retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4, P = 7.1 × 10−08), and CRP (P = 2.0 × 10−04). MHO was associated with lower levels of proinflammatory and higher levels of anti‐inflammatory biomarkers when compared with MAO. Pathway analysis showed enrichment of lipids and inflammatory pathways, including LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR activation, and acute phase response signaling.

Conclusions

These findings suggested that protection from dysregulated inflammatory and lipid processes were primary molecular hallmarks of MHO. The candidate biomarkers (AHSG, RBP4, and APOA4) identified in this study are potential prognostic markers for MHO.
How preparation and modification parameters affect PB‐PEO polymersome properties in aqueous solution
Authors: Habel Joachim , Ogbonna Anayo , Larsen Nanna , Krabbe Simon , Almdal Kristoffer , Hélix‐Nielsen Claus
Published: April 2016

The effect of formation and modification methods on the physical properties of polymersomes is critical for their use in applications relying on their ability to mimic functional properties of biological membranes. In this study, we compared two formation methods for polymersomes made from polybutadiene‐polyethylene oxide diblock copolymers: detergent‐mediated film rehydration (DFR) and solvent evaporation (SE). DFR‐prepared polymersomes showed a three times higher permeability compared to SE‐prepared polymersomes as revealed by stopped‐flow light scattering. SE‐prepared polymersomes broke down faster to structures <50 nm diameter when processed with extrusion, which was more pronounced at 5 mg mL−1, compared to 10, 20, and 25 mg mL−1. Our results indicate that the bilayer of SE‐prepared polymersomes has a lower apparent fluidity. We also investigated the role of n‐octyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (OG), a detergent typically used for reconstitution of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers. Specifically, we compared dialysis and biobeads for OG removal to investigate the influence of these methods on bilayer conformation and polymer rearrangement following detergent removal. There was no significant difference found between method, temperature, or time within each method. Our findings provide insight on how biocompatible polymersome production affects the physical properties of the resulting polymersomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1581–1592
Efficient yellow and green emitting InGaN/GaN nanostructured QW materials and LEDs
Authors: Nakajima Yoshitake , Lin Yenting , Dapkus Paul Daniel
Published: April 2016

Efficient green emitting LEDs and monolithic white light emitting LEDs require the extension of the range of efficient light emission in the GaN/InGaN materials system. We demonstrate high efficiency green and yellow light emitting multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown on GaN nanostripe templates. The structures show promise for realizing high efficiency phosphor – free white LEDs. The nanostripe dimensions range from 100 to 300 nm and have separations that range from 300 nm to 1 μm. The MOCVD growth conditions strongly affect surfaces expressed in the GaN nanostripes whose sidewalls can be controlled to be nearly vertical or inclined and intersecting. Single quantum well (QW) structures are grown on these different stripes. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement shows that QW grown on stripes with the {10−11} surfaces and triangular shape emit the longest peak wavelength and highly efficient PL emission peak wavelengths as long as 570 nm are realized. PL and electroluminescence (EL) spectra show narrow linewidth that is comparable to the planar case and CL studies further demonstrate the uniform emission wavelength along the sidewalls of the structures. Finally, we have grown and fabricated green emitting LEDs on {10−11} faceted nanostripes with promising device characteristics.
Multiple role of dislocations in the heteroepitaxial growth of diamond: A brief review
Authors: Schreck Matthias , Mayr Michael , Klein Oliver , Fischer Martin , Gsell Stefan , Sartori André Frota , Gallheber Björn‐Christoph
Published: April 2016

In the synthesis of epitaxial heterostructures with appreciable lattice misfit, dislocations represent a crucial linear defect. Since device quality is typically deteriorated by their presence, minimizing the dislocation density by optimized growth strategies is a key challenge for R&D. This especially holds also for the system diamond‐on‐iridium with its difference in lattice constants of more than 7%. As a consequence of this misfit, the initial dislocation density is very high. In this review we discuss different aspects of dislocations in heteroepitaxial diamond growth. They vary from mutual interaction mechanisms for an efficient reduction in density, over interaction with surface structures, their crucial role in the formation of intrinsic stress, their presumable role in formation of highly anisotropic stress and also their role as sink for the segregation of boron dopants. Finally, it is pointed out that the dislocation mediated stress formation may be used intentionally to strengthen devices by formation of compressively stressed surface layers. The present article is focused on recent studies from the authors’ research group.
Two Major Bile Acids in the Hornbills, (24R,25S)‐3α,7α,24‐Trihydroxy‐5β‐cholestan‐27‐oyl Taurine and Its 12α‐Hydroxy Derivative
Authors: Satoh Rika , Ogata Hiroaki , Saito Tetsuya , Zhou Biao , Omura Kaoru , Kurabuchi Satoshi , Mitamura Kuniko , Ikegawa Shigeo , Hagey Lee R. , Hofmann Alan F. , Iida Takashi
Published: April 2016

Two major bile acids were isolated from the gallbladder bile of two hornbill species from the Bucerotidae family of the avian order Bucerotiformes Buceros bicornis (great hornbill) and Penelopides panini (Visayan tarictic hornbill). Their structures were determined to be 3α,7α,24‐dihydroxy‐5β‐cholestan‐27‐oic acid and its 12α‐hydroxy derivative, 3α,7α,12α,24‐tetrahydroxy‐5β‐cholestan‐27‐oic acid (varanic acid, VA), both present in bile as their corresponding taurine amidates. The four diastereomers of varanic acid were synthesized and their assigned structures were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. VA and its 12‐deoxy derivative were found to have a (24R,25S)‐configuration. 13 additional hornbill species were also analyzed by HPLC and showed similar bile acid patterns to B. bicornis and P. panini. The previous stereochemical assignment for (24R,25S)‐VA isolated from the bile of varanid lizards and the Gila monster should now be revised to the (24S,25S)‐configuration.
Novel Poly(linolenic acid) Graft Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Properties
Authors: Allı Abdulkadir , Arı Yurdagül , Gökçen Muharrem
Published: April 2016

A poly(linolenic acid)‐g‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) graft copolymer was synthesized from polymeric linolenic acid peroxide possessing peroxide groups in the main chain by free radical polymerization of tert‐butyl acrylate. Graft copolymers having structures of poly(linolenic acid)‐g‐poly(caprolactone)‐g‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) were synthesized from polymeric linolenic acid, possessing peroxide groups on the main chain by the combination of free radical polymerization of tert‐butyl acrylate and ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in one‐pot. The obtained graft copolymers were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Furthermore, Au/n‐Si diodes were fabricated with and without poly(linolenic acid)‐g‐poly(caprolactone)‐g‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐4 to form a new interfacial polymeric layer for the purpose of investigating this polymer's conformity in electronic applications. Some main electrical characteristics of these diodes were investigated using experimental current–voltage measurements in the dark and at room temperature.
A Short Note on Some Historical Accounts from the IFAN Manuscripts Collection
Authors: Nobili Mauro
Published: April 2016

The IFAN manuscript collection, including severalfonds, is a very rich repository of mostly Arabic materials coming from different regions of the former Afrique Occidentale Française. Notwithstanding some of these manuscripts have been explored by historians since the colonial period, the potential of this collection is still untapped. This note focuses on some historical accounts from the Fonds Brevié, Fonds Vieillard, and Fonds Gaden.
U.S. Energy Secretary Says Paris Accord Cuts Are Not Enough
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2016

Moniz foresees progress on climate change in the United States no matter who wins the U.S. presidential election.
Arctic Sea Ice Extent May Shrink Below 2012 Record Low
Authors: Gannon Megan
Published: April 2016

Satellite data, field measurements, and readings from "snow buoys" reveal ice thickness patterns similar to those preceding the lowest recorded sea ice extent, which was reached nearly 4 years ago.
Naringin ameliorates bone loss induced by sciatic neurectomy and increases Semaphorin 3A expression in denervated bone
Authors: Ma Xinlong , Lv Jianwei , Sun Xiaolei , Ma Jianxiong , Xing Guosheng , Wang Ying , Sun Lei , Wang Jianbao , Li Fengbo , Li Yanjun , Zhao Zhihu
Published: April 2016

Naringin maintains bone mass in various osteoporosis models, while its effect on bone in disuse osteoporosis has not been reported. The present study explores whether naringin can prevent disuse osteoporosis induced by unilateral sciatic neurectomy (USN) and whether the Semaphorin 3A-induced Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is involved in the osteoprotection of naringin. Naringin dose-dependently prevented the deterioration of bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular structure and biomechanical strength in femur due to USN. Naringin increased bone formation but inhibited resorption, as indicated by bone-turnover markers in blood and urine and the histological staining of Osteocalcin (OCN) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in femur. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) and active β-catenin protein decreased after USN and could be restored by naringin to the levels of the sham-operated rats. In addition, naringin in vitro promoted the differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibited osteoclastic differentiation. Our studies suggest that the down-regulation of Sema3A and the subsequent inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling may be some of the mechanisms involved in USN-induced osteoporosis. Naringin could increase the expression of Sema3A and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling to prevent disuse osteoporosis induced by denervation. Thus, naringin functions in bone maintenance and could be a promising therapeutic alternative in preventing disuse osteoporosis.
Formation of pH-responsive drug-delivery systems by electrospinning of vesicle-templated nanocapsule solutions
Authors: Li W. , Tan X. N. , Luo T. , Huang X. , Wang Q. , Yang Y. J. , Wang M. J. , Liu L. F.
Published: April 2016

A novel nanofibrous membrane, which contains chitosan/sodium alginate nanocapsules constructed by vesicle systems, has been fabricated via an electrospinning process as a drug-delivery system.
Iron–naphthalenedicarboxylic acid gels and their high efficiency in removing arsenic(v)
Authors: Sui Jianfei , Wang Lihuan , Zhao Wenrong , Hao Jingcheng
Published: April 2016

Metal–organic gels of 3D microflowers comprising nanosheets were easily produced for ultrahigh removal of arsenic(v) in water.
Cation–halide transport through peptide pores containing aminopicolinic acid
Authors: Basak Debajyoti , Sridhar Sucheta , Bera Amal K. , Madhavan Nandita
Published: April 2016

Aminopicolinic acid incorporated peptides form pores that promote cation–halide co-transport across lipid bilayers and do not show a closed state.
Recent applications in natural product synthesis of dihydrofuran and -pyran formation by ring-closing alkene metathesis
Authors: Jacques Reece , Pal Ritashree , Parker Nicholas A. , Sear Claire E. , Smith Peter W. , Ribaucourt Aubert , Hodgson David M.
Published: April 2016

Examples from 2003 to 2015 of ring-closing alkene metathesis (RCM) in the generation of dihydro-furans or -pyrans for natural product synthesis, are reviewed.
Trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed highly regioselective bromocyclization of styrene-type carboxylic acid
Authors: Chen Tao , Yeung Ying-Yeung
Published: April 2016

A trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed highly 6-endo regioselective bromocyclization of styrene-type carboxylic acid has been developed.
Substitution driven structural and magnetic transformation in Ca-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Chauhan Sunil , Kumar Manoj , Chhoker Sandeep , Katyal S. C. , Singh M.
Published: April 2016

Bi1−xCaxFeO3; (x = 0–0.20) nanoparticles were synthesized by tartaric acid based sol–gel route.
Experimental and theoretical studies of molecular complexes of theophylline with some phenylboronic acids
Authors: TalwelkarShimpi Mayura , Öberg Sven , Giri Lopamudra , Pedireddi V. R.
Published: April 2016

Molecular complexes of active pharmaceutical ingredient theophylline withp-substituted-chloro, -bromo, -iodo and -hydroxyphenylboronic acids as well as 1,4-phenylene-bis-boronic acid have been reported.
Synthesis and characterization of carbosilane dendrimer–sodium montmorillonite clay nanocomposites. Experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Strašák Tomáš , Malý Marek , Müllerová Monika , Čermák Jan , Kormunda Martin , Čapková Pavla , Matoušek Jindřich , Červenková Šťastná Lucie , Rejnek Jaroslav , Holubová Jana , Jandová Věra , Čépe Klára
Published: April 2016

Novel organic/inorganic hybrid materials with carbosilane fillers were developed.
Tunable photoluminescence in Lu3Al5O12–Lu2CaMg2Si3O12 solid solution phosphors manipulated by synchronous ions co-substitution
Authors: Chen Yi-Bo , Tang Zheng-Bin , Xu Xiao-Shan , Feng Ding-Hong , Wang Zi-Zhou , Liu Zhao-Qing
Published: April 2016

Structure evolution and tunable photoluminescence in Lu3Al5O12–Lu2CaMg2Si3O12 solid-solution phosphors can be easily manipulated by synchronous ions co-substitution.
Palladium catalyzed domino reaction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via double C–H functionalization: one-pot synthesis of triazolo[1,5-f]phenanthridines
Authors: Kumar Avnish , Shinde Sundar S. , Tiwari Dharmendra Kumar , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Likhar Pravin R.
Published: April 2016

A palladium catalyzed domino reaction of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles involving homo- and heterocondensation is presented. The approach provides a simple, straight forward and a facile route to access triazolo[1,5-f]phenanthridines in high yields.
Mitochondrial dynamics, quality control and miRNA regulation in skeletal muscle: implications for obesity and related metabolic disease
Authors: Dahlmans Dennis , Houzelle Alexandre , Schrauwen Patrick , Hoeks Joris
Published: April 2016

The western dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle largely contributes to the growing epidemic of obesity. Mitochondria are at the front line of cellular energy homoeostasis and are implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. In recent years, novel aspects in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, such as mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial protein quality control and post-transcriptional regulation of genes coding for mitochondrial proteins, have emerged. In this review, we discuss the recent findings concerning the dysregulation of these processes in skeletal muscle in obesogenic conditions.
Perspective: Polarizable continuum models for quantum-mechanical descriptions
Authors: Lipparini Filippo , Mennucci Benedetta
Published: April 2016

Polarizable continuum solvation models are nowadays the most popular approach to describe solvent effects in the context of quantum mechanical calculations. Unexpectedly, despite their widespread use in all branches of quantum chemistry and beyond, important aspects of both their theoretical formulation and numerical implementation are still not completely understood. In particular, in this perspective we focus on the numerical issues of their implementation when applied to large systems and on the theoretical framework needed to treat time dependent problems and excited states or to deal with electronic correlation. Possible extensions beyond a purely electrostatic model and generalizations to environments beyond common solvents are also critically presented and discussed. Finally, some possible new theoretical approaches and numerical strategies are suggested to overcome the obstacles which still prevent a full exploitation of these models.
Continuous inhibitory signaling by both SHP-1 and SHIP-1 pathways is required to maintain unresponsiveness of anergic B cells
Authors: Getahun Andrew , Beavers Nicole A. , Larson Sandy R. , Shlomchik Mark J. , Cambier John C.
Published: April 2016

Many autoreactive B cells persist in the periphery in a state of unresponsiveness called anergy. This unresponsiveness is rapidly reversible, requiring continuous BCR interaction with self-antigen and resultant regulatory signaling for its maintenance. Using adoptive transfer of anergic B cells with subsequent acute induction of gene deletion or expression, we demonstrate that the continuous activities of independent inhibitory signaling pathways involving the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 are required to maintain anergy. Acute breach of anergy by compromise of either of these pathways leads to rapid cell activation, proliferation, and generation of short-lived plasma cells that reside in extrafollicular foci. Results are consistent with predicted/observed reduction in the Lyn–SHIP-1–PTEN–SHP-1 axis function in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
Immune activation of the host cell induces drug tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liu Yancheng , Tan Shumin , Huang Lu , Abramovitch Robert B. , Rohde Kyle H. , Zimmerman Matthew D. , Chen Chao , Dartois Véronique , VanderVen Brian C. , Russell David G.
Published: April 2016

Successful chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must eradicate the bacterium within the context of its host cell. However, our understanding of the impact of this environment on antimycobacterial drug action remains incomplete. Intriguingly, we find that Mtb in myeloid cells isolated from the lungs of experimentally infected mice exhibit tolerance to both isoniazid and rifampin to a degree proportional to the activation status of the host cells. These data are confirmed by in vitro infections of resting versus activated macrophages where cytokine-mediated activation renders Mtb tolerant to four frontline drugs. Transcriptional analysis of intracellular Mtb exposed to drugs identified a set of genes common to all four drugs. The data imply a causal linkage between a loss of fitness caused by drug action and Mtb’s sensitivity to host-derived stresses. Interestingly, the environmental context exerts a more dominant impact on Mtb gene expression than the pressure on the drugs’ primary targets. Mtb’s stress responses to drugs resemble those mobilized after cytokine activation of the host cell. Although host-derived stresses are antimicrobial in nature, they negatively affect drug efficacy. Together, our findings demonstrate that the macrophage environment dominates Mtb’s response to drug pressure and suggest novel routes for future drug discovery programs.
Having to science the hell out of it‡
Authors: Pauly Daniel
Published: April 2016

A first-person account of the scientific career of the fishery scientist Daniel Pauly is given, starting with his studies in Germany and his work on a coastal lagoon in Ghana in 1971, through his trawl fisheries surveys in Indonesia (1975–1976), his work at the International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management in the Philippines (1979–mid-1990s), and his transition to the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada. Emphasis is given to the widely used major products of his and his collaborators' work (ELEFAN, Ecopath and FishBase) and to the Sea Around Us, a 15-year research activity that he led, which culminated in a reconstruction of global marine fisheries catches from 1950 to 2010, and which discovered a strong decline in catches since the mid-1990s.
Balanced harvest: utopia, failure, or a functional strategy?
Authors: Kolding Jeppe , Garcia Serge M. , Zhou Shijie , Heino Mikko
Published: April 2016

Since “balanced harvest” was proposed in 2010 as a possible tool in the operationalization of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF), the concept gained extensive international attention. Because maintaining ecosystem structure and achieving maximum sustainable yields have become two of the key international legal obligations in fisheries management, balanced harvest is as topical as ever. An international workshop on balanced harvest, organized by the IUCN Fisheries Expert Group at FAO headquarters in 2014, reviewed the progress in the field and discussed its prospects and challenges. Several articles in this theme set, mostly based on presentations from the workshop, discuss ecological, economical, legal, social, and operational issues surrounding the key management goals. Progress is being made on understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of balanced harvest and its practical feasibility. Yet, a basic debate on the concept of balanced harvest continues. To move the EAF forward, we anticipate and encourage further research and discussion on balanced harvest and similar ideas.
Commensurabilities between ETNOs: a Monte Carlo survey
Authors: de la Fuente Marcos C. , de la Fuente Marcos R.
Published: April 2016

Many asteroids in the main and trans-Neptunian belts are trapped in mean motion resonances with Jupiter and Neptune, respectively. As a side effect, they experience accidental commensurabilities among themselves. These commensurabilities define characteristic patterns that can be used to trace the source of the observed resonant behaviour. Here, we explore systematically the existence of commensurabilities between the known ETNOs using their heliocentric and barycentric semimajor axes, their uncertainties, and Monte Carlo techniques. We find that the commensurability patterns present in the known ETNO population resemble those found in the main and trans-Neptunian belts. Although based on small number statistics, such patterns can only be properly explained if most, if not all, of the known ETNOs are subjected to the resonant gravitational perturbations of yet undetected trans-Plutonian planets. We show explicitly that some of the statistically significant commensurabilities are compatible with the Planet Nine hypothesis; in particular, a number of objects may be trapped in the 5:3 and 3:1 mean motion resonances with a putative Planet Nine with semimajor axis ∼700 au.
Heteronuclear Efimov resonances in ultracold quantum gases
Authors: Ulmanis Juris , Häfner Stephan , Kuhnle Eva D. , Weidemüller Matthias
Published: April 2016

The Efimov scenario is a universal three-body effect addressing many areas of modern quantum physics. It plays an important role in the transition between few- and many-body physics and has enabled important breakthroughs in the understanding of the universal few-body theory. We review the basic concepts of the Efimov scenario with specific emphasis on the similarities and differences between homonuclear and heteronuclear systems. In the latter scenario, the existence of a second, independently tunable interaction parameter enables novel few-body phenomena that are universal and have no counterexamples in the homonuclear case. We discuss recent experimental approaches using ultracold atomic gases with magnetically tunable interactions and elucidate the role of short-range interactions in the emergence of universal and non-universal behavior.
Relationship between Annualized Case Volume and Mortality in Sepsis
Authors: Gu Wan-Jie , Wu Xiang-Dong , Zhou Quan , Zhang Juan , Wang Fei , Ma Zheng-Liang , Gu Xiao-Ping
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbstract

A dose–response meta-analysis (10 studies, 3.4 M patients, 0.83 M deaths) demonstrated a consistent dose–response relationship with lower mortality in higher volume hospitals with up to 400 cases (intensive care unit, emergency department) per year; above this level, the outcomes plateaued. The findings were consistent across subgroups and may help plan optimal centralization of care.

Background

The relationship between annualized case volume and mortality in patients with sepsis is not fully understood. The authors performed a dose–response meta-analysis to assess the effect of annualized case volume on mortality among patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit, emergency department, or hospital, hypothesizing that higher annualized case volume may lead to lower mortality.

Methods

The authors searched PubMed and Embase through July 2015 to identify observational studies that examined the relationship between annualized case volume and mortality in sepsis. The predefined outcome was mortality. Odds ratios with 95% CIs were pooled using a random-effects model.

Results

Ten studies involving 3,495,921 participants and 834,009 deaths were included. The pooled estimate suggested that annualized case volume was inversely associated with mortality (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.89; P = 0.001), with high heterogeneity (I
2 = 96.6%). The relationship was consistent in most subgroup analyses and robust in sensitivity analysis. Dose–response analysis identified a nonlinear relationship between annualized case volume and mortality (P for nonlinearity less than 0.001).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis confirmed the study hypothesis and provided strong evidence for an inverse and a nonlinear dose–response relationship between annualized case volume and mortality in patients with sepsis. Variations in cutoff values of category for annualized case volume across studies may mainly result in the overall heterogeneity. Future studies should uncover the mechanism of volume–mortality relationship and standardize the cutoff values of category for annualized case volume in patients with sepsis.
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Intestinal Microcirculation and Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in Endotoxemic Rats
Authors: Yeh Yu-Chang , Wu Chun-Yu , Cheng Ya-Jung , Liu Chih-Min , Hsiao Jong-Kai , Chan Wing-Sum , Wu Zong-Gin , Yu Linda Chia-Hui , Sun Wei-Zen
Published: April 2016

Background

Dexmedetomidine reduces cytokine production in septic patients and reduces inflammation and mortality in experimental models of endotoxemia and sepsis. This study investigated whether dexmedetomidine attenuates endothelial dysfunction, intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction, and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in endotoxemic rats.

Methods

Ninety-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following four groups: (1) Sham; (2) lipopolysaccharide, received IV lipopolysaccharide 15 and 10 mg/kg at 0 and 120 min; (3) dexmedetomidine, received IV dexmedetomidine for 240 min; and (4) lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine, received both lipopolysaccharide and dexmedetomidine. Sidestream dark-field videomicroscope, tissue oxygen monitor, and full-field laser perfusion image were used to investigate the microcirculation of the terminal ileum. Serum endocan level was measured. The Ussing chamber permeability assay, lumen-to-blood gadodiamide passage by magnetic resonance imaging, and bacterial translocation were conducted to determine epithelial barrier function. Mucosal apoptotic levels and tight junctional integrity were also examined.

Results

The density of perfused small vessels in mucosa, serosal muscular layer, and Peyer patch in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group was higher than that of the lipopolysaccharide group. Serum endocan level was lower in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group. Mucosal ratio of cleaved to full-length occludin and spleen bacterial counts were significantly lower in the lipopolysaccharide + dexmedetomidine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group.

Conclusion

The study finding suggests that dexmedetomidine protects against intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in endotoxemic rats by attenuating intestinal microcirculatory dysfunction and reducing mucosal cell death and tight junctional damage. (Anesthesiology 2016; 125:355-67)
Acetabular and femoral remodeling after varus derotational osteotomy in cerebral palsy: the effect of age and Gross Motor Function Classification Level
Authors: Shore Benjamin J. , Powell Dustin , Miller Patricia E. , Matheney Travis H. , Snyder Brian D.
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the degree of acetabular and femoral remodeling after isolated varus derotation osteotomy (VDRO) in children with cerebral palsy. This retrospective review investigated 56 children (103 hips) who underwent VDROs for spastic hip displacement between 1994 and 2007. The average age of the patients at surgery was 7.7 years and the follow-up duration was 7.8 years (range 5–11 years). The acetabular index showed a significant linear decrease (P<0.001), with children of less than 6 years showing the greatest correction (P<0.001). VDRO without pelvic osteotomy does result in a mild improvement in acetabular dysplasia over time, with greater rates of correction found in children of less than 6 years old. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Study – Level IV.
Hand and wrist tuberculosis in paediatric patients – our experience in 44 patients
Authors: Prakash Jatin , Mehtani Anil
Published: April 2016

Skeletal tuberculosis (TB) of the hand and wrist is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all osteoarticular TB. Although rare, TB of the hand and wrist is a cause of major morbidity. A common feature among all available reports on TB of the hand and wrist was a delay in diagnosis, causing residual stiffness and pain after treatment. Minimal initial symptoms, rarity of the lesion and ability of wrist TB to mimic more common pathologies account for the delay. Skeletal TB may behave differently in this age compared with the adult population. Further, the disease may affect the growing bone, causing residual deformities. The paucity of studies from different countries, coupled with a difficulty in diagnosis resulting in major morbidity, led us to carry out a study on this topic. A total of 44 patients with skeletal lesions in the hand and wrist were studied. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy. Patients were started on multidrug antitubercular treatment (ATT). Those not responding were scheduled for debridement. All patients were assessed using the Green O’Brian scoring system. All these patients were studied separately for clinical presentation, nutritional status (Rainey–Mcdonald nutritional index), time from onset of symptoms to presentation, treatment required, prognosis and complications. The proximal phalanx of the fourth digit and the metacarpal of the fifth digit were the most commonly involved bones in our series, with five cases of each. The capitate was the most common carpal bone, followed by the lunate. The duration of symptoms ranged from 5 weeks to 24 weeks (mean: 7.6 weeks). Most of these patients presented with complaints of pain, followed by swelling. 13 patients did not respond favourably to ATT over an 8-week period and were scheduled for surgery. Three of these patients had multidrug resistance. There was one case of a pathological fracture in our series and seven cases of arthritis/residual significant pain at the end of follow-up. For all the other patients, the results were excellent. A very high index of suspicion, MRI and early biopsy are required for a timely diagnosis of skeletal TB of the hand and wrist. Early commencement of ATT was the most important factor for good results. The possibility of multidrug resistance should be kept in mind for patients not responding to treatment.
Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Bravi Francesca , Tavani Alessandra , Bosetti Cristina , Boffetta Paolo , La Vecchia Carlo
Published: April 2016

An inverse association has been reported between coffee drinking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver disease (CLD), but its magnitude is still unclear. Thus, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies that investigated the association between coffee consumption and the risk of HCC or CLD. We separately estimated the relative risk (RR) of the two conditions, for regular, low, and high consumption compared with no or occasional coffee consumption; we also calculated the summary RR for an increment of one cup of coffee per day. Twelve studies on HCC (3414 cases) and six studies on CLD (1463 cases) were identified. The summary RRs for HCC were 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.78] for regular, 0.78 (95% CI: 0.66–0.91) for low, and 0.50 (95% CI: 0.43–0.58) for high coffee consumption, respectively. The summary RR for an increment of one cup per day was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81–0.90). The summary RRs for CLD were 0.62 (95% CI: 0.47–0.82) for regular, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59–0.88) for low, 0.35 (95% CI: 0.22–0.56) for high, and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65–0.83) for an increment of one cup per day. The present meta-analysis provides a precise quantification of the inverse relation between coffee consumption and the risk of HCC, and adds evidence to the presence of an even stronger negative association with CLD.
In Vitro Effects of Pantoprazole on Platelet Aggregation in Blood Samples From Clopidogrel and Aspirin-treated Patients
Authors: Karlsson Elias , Holm Manne , van der Linden Jan A.
Published: April 2016

Platelet inhibition during treatment with the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel is prone to great interindividual variability and is believed to be affected by several factors such as genetics and drug–drug interactions. Proton pump inhibitors have been shown to interfere with the liver metabolism of clopidogrel. However, there are limited data on any direct effects proton pump inhibitors may have on clopidogrel. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the in vitro addition of pantoprazole affects platelet aggregation in blood samples from clopidogrel and aspirin-treated patients. Blood samples were drawn from 66 patients on clopidogrel and aspirin who underwent coronary angiography. Platelet aggregation was analyzed using the bed-side Plateletworks assay before and after the addition of 2 different amounts of pantoprazole. The addition of 2.5 μL (4 mg/mL) pantoprazole, final concentration 0.01 mg/mL, was followed by a significant reduction (26%, P ≤ 0.001) of platelet aggregation, which was further reduced (39%, P ≤ 0.001) when a higher dose, 10 μL (4 mg/mL), final concentration 0.04 mg/mL, was added. In conclusion, platelet aggregation was significantly decreased by in vitro addition of pantoprazole. To explore the clinical relevance of this, future studies are needed.
Chinese Herbal Cardiotonic Pill Stabilizes Vulnerable Plaques in Rabbits by Decreasing the Expression of Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Xiaonan , Li Changjiang , Rong Yuanyuan , Xiao Yawei , Xu Xinsheng , Yao Guihua , Jiang Guihua , Zhang Mei
Published: April 2016

The cardiotonic pill (CP), consisting of a mixture of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Notoginseng, and Borneolum Syntheticum, has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Adhesion molecules, including intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, are involved in the development of vulnerable plaque. We investigated the effect of the CP in a rabbit model of vulnerable plaque established by local transfection with p53 gene. Compared with the control group, rabbits with vulnerable plaque showed a significantly lower intima-media thickness and plaque burden after CP treatment for 12 weeks. Moreover, the reduction in rate of plaque rupture and vulnerability index was similar. On enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry analysis, the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was inhibited with CP treatment. CP treatment could postpone atherosclerotic plaque development and stabilize vulnerable plaque by inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecules in treatment of cardiovascular disease.
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN A YOUNG HIV-INFECTED PATIENT ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
Authors: Lenci Lucas T. , Chin Eric K. , Almeida David R. P.
Published: April 2016

Purpose:

To report a case of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in a young human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patient recently started on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Methods:

Case report observation of a 33-year-old HIV-infected patient who developed a CRAO after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Results:

Elevated triglycerides caused by starting highly active antiretroviral therapy preceded the development of CRAO in an HIV-infected patient.

Conclusion:

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is an important complication of HIV therapy, which can ultimately lead to cardiovascular disease. An unusual case of a young patient developing a CRAO after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy is reported. In the patient, the authors expound that elevated lipids from efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir resulted in carotid atherosclerosis, ultimately leading to CRAO. Eye care providers, as well as the internal medicine colleagues, should be aware of the possibility of this devastating condition in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy.
Reduce Driveline Trauma Through Stabilization and Exit Site Management: 30 Days Feasibility Results from the Multicenter RESIST Study
Authors: Stahovich Marcia , Sundareswaran Kartik S. , Fox Sarah , Hallinan William , Blood Peggy , Chen Leway , Pamboukian Salpy V. , Chinn Raymond , Farrar David J. , Pagani Francis D. , Blue Laura
Published: April 2016

The percutaneous lead management kit (PLMK) was developed for the HeartMate 2 (HM2) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to reduce trauma at the exit site and to maintain a clean environment. REduce Driveline Trauma through StabIlization and Exit Site ManagemenT (RESIST) was a multicenter, prospective, nonrandomized study designed to evaluate the feasibility of the PLMK for managing the HM2 driveline exit site. Fifty patients were enrolled at five sites at a median of 495 days post-HM2 implant; 92% (46 of 50) of patients used the PLMK for a minimum of 30 days. At 30 days, more patients found the PLMK to be extremely comfortable (80% vs. 37%, p < 0.001) and extremely effective at stabilizing the driveline (82% vs. 40%, p < 0.001) compared with each center’s standard of care. Frequency of dressing changes was 6–7 days or higher for 85% of the patients with PLMK. Three patients developed driveline infection while on PLMK (6%, 0.15 events per patient year), and 35 patients continued to use the PLMK after 6 months. The PLMK is easy to use, increases patient comfort, and increases driveline stability with a dressing change frequency of 6–7 days.
Patients Awaiting Heart Transplantation on HVAD Support for Greater Than 2 Years
Authors: Aaronson Keith D. , Silvestry Scott C. , Maltais Simon , Mallidi Hari R. , Frazier O. H. , Boyce Steven W. , Leadley Katrin , Najarian Kevin B. , Slaughter Mark S. , Pagani Francis D.
Published: April 2016

Advanced heart failure patients who are classified as bridge to transplant (BTT) often remain on mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for long durations because of the limited supply of donor organs. Here, we present the outcomes of patients who have been supported by the HeartWare ventricular assist device system for more than 2 years. In the HeartWare BTT and continued access protocol trial, 74 of the 382 total patients (19.4%) had more than 2 years of MCS with a mean time of 1,045 days on device. The long-term group was more frequently female, was nonwhite, and had Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profiles 4–7. Postimplant adverse event rates including bleeding, cardiac arrhythmia, infection, stroke, renal dysfunction, and right heart failure were less frequent in the long-term cohort. In addition, the long-term cohort displayed significant improvements in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score, EuroQOL-5D Overall Health State Score, and 6 minute walk scores from baseline values. The rate of heart transplantation was lower for the long-term cohort, which may have been a result of their sex and blood type. However, most of these patients are still listed for cardiac transplantation and maintained their quality of life profiles through 3 years of support.