bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of DJ-1 and mTOR in Eutopic and Ectopic Endometria of Patients with Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
Authors: Guo Jiubai , Gao Jumei , Yu Xiaohong , Luo Hailian , Xiong Xiasi , Huang Ouping
Published: February 2015

Objective: Endometrial cells may aberrantly express molecules involved in invasion and migration, leading to endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of DJ-1 and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in ectopic and eutopic endometria of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Methods: Endometrial specimens were obtained from healthy non-menopausal women (n = 17) or patients with ovarian endometriotic cysts (n = 48) or adenomyosis (n = 30) during January 2011 to June 2012. The expressions of DJ-1 and p-mTOR were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting methods. Results: The expressions of DJ-1 and p-mTOR were significantly higher in the ectopic endometria than those in the eutopic endometria of endometriosis and adenomyosis patients or normal endometria (FDR < 0.05). DJ-1 expression was positively correlated with the p-mTOR expression no matter at endometriosis (r = 0.736, FDR < 0.001) or adenomyosis (r = 0.809, FDR < 0.001). Conclusion: DJ-1 protein may be involved in endometrial cells proliferation, migration and angiogenesis by modulating the PI3K/Akt/p-mTOR signaling pathway, which provides an underlying theoretical target for endometriosis and adenomyosis.
Surveillance, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome of Liver Cancer in Japan
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi
Published: February 2015

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. HCC is most common in Asia, but its prevalence is rapidly increasing in Western countries; consequently, HCC is a global medical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Japan is the only developed country that has experienced both hepatitis B-related and hepatitis C-related HCC and has a long history of innovation when it comes to new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, such as computed tomography angiography, anatomical resection, ablation, and transarterial chemoembolization. Among these innovations, a nationwide surveillance program was well established by the 1980s, and such a long-term national program does not exist anywhere else in the world. Summary: More than 60% of the initially detected HCCs in Japan are Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0 or A, which can undergo curative therapies such as resection, ablation, or transplantation. The recent 5-year survival rate of HCC patients in Japan was 43% and the median survival time was 50 months. In addition, both incidence and mortality rates are drastically declining as a result of the successful surveillance program, careful diagnostic flow, and extensive repeated treatments. Key Message: Japan's successful model in the surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of HCC should be adopted as widely as possible to improve the survival of HCC patients worldwide.
Hong Kong Consensus Recommendations on the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Poon Ronnie Tung-Ping , Cheung Tom Tan-To , Kwok Philip Chong-Hei , Lee Ann-Shing , Li Tat-Wing , Loke Kwok-Loon , Chan Stephen Lam , Cheung Moon-Tong , Lai Tak-Wing , Cheung Chin-Cheung , Cheung Foon-Yiu , Loo Ching-Kong , But Yiu-Kuen , Hsu Shing-Jih , Yu Simon Chun-Ho , Yau Thomas
Published: February 2015

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is particularly prevalent in Hong Kong because of the high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection; HCC is the fourth commonest cancer in men and the seventh commonest in women, and it is the third leading cause of cancer death in Hong Kong. The full spectrum of treatment modalities for HCC is available locally; however, there is currently no local consensus document detailing how these modalities should be used. Summary: In a series of meetings held between May and October 2013, a multidisciplinary group of Hong Kong clinicians − liver surgeons, medical oncologists, clinical oncologists, hepatologists, and interventional radiologists − convened to formulate local recommendations on HCC management. These recommendations consolidate the most current evidence pertaining to HCC treatment modalities, together with the latest thinking of practicing clinicians engaged in HCC management, and give detailed guidance on how to deploy these modalities effectively for patients in various disease stages. Key messages: Distinct from other regional guidelines, these recommendations provide guidance on the use of antiviral therapy to reduce the incidence of HCC in CHB patients with cirrhosis and to reduce recurrence of CHB-related HCC.
The FtsK Family of DNA Translocases Finds the Ends of Circles
Authors: Crozat Estelle , Rousseau Philippe , Fournes Florian , Cornet François
Published: February 2015

A global view of bacterial chromosome choreography during the cell cycle is emerging, highlighting as a next challenge the description of the molecular mechanisms and factors involved. Here, we review one such factor, the FtsK family of DNA translocases. FtsK is a powerful and fast translocase that reads chromosome polarity. It couples segregation of the chromosome with cell division and controls the last steps of segregation in time and space. The second model protein of the family SpoIIIE acts in the transfer of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome during sporulation. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms used by FtsK and SpoIIIE to segregate chromosomes with emphasis on the latest advances and open questions.
Does Our Gut Microbiome Predict Cardiovascular Risk?
Authors: Griffin Julian L. , Wang Xinzhu , Stanley Elizabeth
Published: February 2015

Millions of microbes are found in the human gut, and are collectively referred as the gut microbiota. Recent studies have estimated that the microbiota genome contains 100-fold more genes than the host genome. These microbiota contribute to digestion by processing energy substrates unutilized by the host, with about half of the total genome of the gut microbiota being related to central carbon and amino acid metabolism as well as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Therefore, the gut microbiome and its interaction with the host influences many aspects of health and disease, including the composition of biofluids such as urine and blood plasma. Metabolomics is uniquely suited to capture these functional host-microbe interactions. This review aims at providing an overview of recent metabolomics evidence of gut microbiota-host metabolic interactions with a specific focus on cardiovascular disease and related aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, the emphasis is given on the complexities of translating these metabolite signatures as potential clinical biomarkers, as the composition and activity of gut microbiome change with many factors, particularly with diet, with special reference to trimethylamine-oxide.
Oxidative Stress Causes Imbalance of Renal Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) Components and Hypertension in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Luo Hao , Wang Xinquan , Chen Caiyu , Wang Jialiang , Zou Xue , Li Chuanwei , Xu Zaicheng , Yang Xiaoli , Shi Weibin , Zeng Chunyu
Published: February 2015

Background

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, especially in obesity‐related hypertension. The natriuretic and antinatriuretic components of the renal renin angiotensin system (
RAS
) maintain sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. Here, we test the hypothesis that increased oxidative stress leads to the imbalance of
RAS
components and hypertension in obese Zucker rats.

Methods and Results

Lean and obese rats received vehicle or tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic in the drinking water for 4 weeks. Compared with vehicle‐treated lean rats, vehicle‐treated obese rats exhibited higher blood pressure and increased renal oxidative stress, accompanied by increased diuretic and natriuretic responses to
AT
1
R antagonist (Candesartan) and
AT
2
R agonist (
CGP
‐42112A) and reduced diuretic and natriuretic response to MasR agonist (Ang‐[1 to 7]). Moreover, obese rats had higher
ACE
,
AT
1
R and
AT
2
R, lower
ACE
2 and MasR expressions in the kidney. All of the above‐mentioned abnormalities were reversed to some degree by tempol treatment. In primary cultures of renal proximal tubular (
RPT
) cells from lean and obese rats, tempol treatment also increased
AT
2
R,
ACE
2, and MasR expressions but decreased
AT
1
R and
ACE
expressions in obese rats.

Conclusions

Taken together, our study indicated that the imbalance of renal
RAS
components was associated with increased oxidative stress in obese rats. Furthermore, antioxidant treatment with tempol reversed the imbalance of renal
RAS
components and led to diuresis and natriuresis, which, at least in part, explains the blood pressure‐lowering effect of antioxidant supplementation in obesity‐related hypertension.
Which Teachers Choose a Defined Contribution Pension Plan? Evidence from the Florida Retirement System
Authors: Chingos Matthew M. , West Martin R.
Published: February 2015

Since 2002, public school teachers in Florida have been permitted to choose between a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) retirement plan. We exploit this unique policy environment to study new teachers’ revealed preferences over pension plan structures. Roughly 30 percent of teachers hired between 2003 and 2008 selected the DC plan, despite the fact that teachers not actively deciding within six months were defaulted into the DB plan. The share choosing the DC plan was higher among teachers with advanced degrees, math and science teachers, and teachers in charter schools. It was lower among special education teachers and especially among black and Hispanic teachers. There was only a slight relationship between plan choice and teacher value added to student achievement, with teachers in the bottom value-added quartile roughly 2 percentage points less likely to choose the DC option.
Religious Neutrality and the Government’s Freedom of Speech in the Jurisprudence of the us Supreme Court
Authors: Koltay András
Published: February 2015

The issue of the use of religious symbols by the State, the Government, the Municipalities and Courts has emerged as a practical constitutional problem during the last quarter of a century. Contradictory examples of us Supreme Court jurisprudence prove that this issue is among the constitutional ‘hard cases’. The relatively recent appearance of the problem clearly indicates the ways in which American social conditions have changed and the transformation of us society’s attitude to religion.
A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords
Authors: BREEDY ODALISCA , CAIRNS STEPHEN D. , HÄUSSERMANN VERENA
Published: February 2015

A new species, Swiftia comauensis, is described from Chile. It occurs in shallow waters from 18 to 59 m in the Patagonian fjord region and seems to be endemic to the northern part of the region. The species is characterized by having straggly colonies with sparse branching and long drooping branches, prominent polyp mounds, and long, thin spindles; the colonies are bright orange with pale yellow polyp mounds. A sharp decline in colony abundance was observed between 2003 and 2013, and in January 2014 a proposal was submitted to the IUCN for the addition of this taxon to the Red List of Threatened Species.
Do national welfare systems have an influence on interdisciplinary collaborations within schools of social work and their communities? The case of the Nordic countries
Authors: Hutchinson Gunn S , Korazim-Kőrösy Yossi
Published: February 2015

This study of educational programs in schools of social work in the Nordic countries focuses on interdisciplinary collaboration in teaching, research, field practice, and community involvement. The study makes comparisons with similar studies in the United States, Israel, Canada, and Hungary. It takes those studies a step further by discussing whether the national welfare system influences interdisciplinary collaboration in the educational programs in the respective countries.
Social work in health care: An international perspective
Authors: Pockett Rosalie , Beddoe Liz
Published: February 2015

An important element of contemporary social work is the influence of international trends on the contexts of practice. In this article, we will critically examine aspects of globalisation and the relationships between health inequalities and social inequalities and the implications for social work practice. Giles called on social workers to develop a ‘health equality imagination’; however, the challenge for practitioners on a day-to-day basis is how to integrate such an imagination into their work. A number of suggested approaches towards a greater engagement in addressing health inequalities in social work practice, education and research are also presented.
Prevalence and Predictors of Surveillance Cameras in Law Enforcement
Authors: Schuck Amie M.
Published: February 2015

Using data from more than 2,500 law enforcement agencies, the goal of this study was to identify predictors of advanced surveillance technologies. The findings suggest that the adoption of modern surveillance cameras is neither uniform nor comprehensive and that the adoption process is ongoing with agency officials implementing and discontinuing technologies over time. Most important, stakeholders both inside and outside the organization have the greatest influence on the adoption process, and cameras in vehicles and mobile devices are most prevalent in improvised communities. As cameras become smaller and less expensive, they have the potential to democratize surveillance and equalize the relationship between the police and the public during encounters. However, the democratization effect will only occur if implementation is widespread and all segments of the community have an equal voice in the process. The research findings suggest that significant progress still needs to be made in these areas.
Creative geographic methods: knowing, representing, intervening. On composing place and page
Authors: Hawkins Harriet
Published: February 2015

Creative Geographies, methods of experimental ‘art-full’ research that have creative practices at their heart, have become increasingly vibrant of late. These research strategies, which see geographers working as and in collaboration with a range of arts practitioners, re-cast geography’s interdisciplinary relationship with arts and humanities subjects and practices as well as its own intradisciplinary relations. Amidst the vibrancy of this creative ‘re-turn’, a series of important questions are cohering around how exactly, and for whom, these methods are creative and critical. If the potential of creative methods for both researching and living differently is to be achieved then it is important we spend time reflecting on these and other questions. To begin these reflections this article tells three stories of creative doings that concern knowing, representing and intervening in place. These creative doings came about in the course of ethnographic work with the participatory arts project Caravanserai led by artist Annie Lovejoy, and among other outputs resulted in the collaborative artists’ book insites (2010). From a focus on these three sets of creative doings come larger concerns, principally around how the materialities, technologies and aesthetics of different art forms might enable various ways of knowing and conceptual experiments, as well as concerns around skill and expertise. These latter query what it is that geographers do and what it is that visual artists do, seeking to appreciate the expert as well as the amateur and what might be gained through learning to practice – in other words, how our creative methods might not only focus on finished products but also what can be learned in the processes of creative doings. Drawing the article together is a concern to understand better the work creative methods can do in the world in terms of enabling us to research and to live differently.
Vaccination in children with allergy to non active vaccine components
Authors: Franceschini Fabrizio , Bottau Paolo , Caimmi Silvia , Crisafulli Giuseppe , Lucia Liotti , Peroni Diego , Saretta Francesca , Vernich Mario , Povesi Dascola Carlotta , Caffarelli Carlo
Published: February 2015

Childhood immunisation is one of the greatest public health successes of the last century. Vaccines contain an active component (the antigen) which induces the immune response. They may also contain additional components such as preservatives, additives, adjuvants and traces of other substances. This review provides information about risks of hypersensitivity reactions to components of vaccines. Furthermore, recommendations to avoid or reduce reactions to vaccine components have been detailed.
The role of the cerebral ganglia in the venom-induced behavioral manipulation of cockroaches stung by the parasitoid jewel wasp
Authors: Kaiser Maayan , Libersat Frederic
Published: February 2015

The jewel wasp stings cockroaches and injects venom into their cerebral ganglia, namely the subesophageal ganglion (SOG) and supraesophageal ganglion (SupOG). The venom induces a long-term hypokinetic state, during which the stung cockroach shows little or no spontaneous walking. It was shown that venom injection to the SOG reduces neuronal activity, thereby suggesting a similar effect of venom injection in the SupOG. Paradoxically, SupOG-ablated cockroaches show increased spontaneous walking in comparison with control. Yet most of the venom in the SupOG of cockroaches is primarily concentrated in and around the central complex (CX). Thus the venom could chiefly decrease activity in the CX to contribute to the hypokinetic state. Our first aim was to resolve this discrepancy by using a combination of behavioral and neuropharmacological tools. Our results show that the CX is necessary for the initiation of spontaneous walking, and that focal injection of procaine to the CX is sufficient to induce the decrease in spontaneous walking. Furthermore, it was shown that artificial venom injection to the SOG decreases walking. Hence our second aim was to test the interactions between the SupOG and SOG in the venom-induced behavioral manipulation. We show that, in the absence of the inhibitory control of the SupOG on walking initiation, injection of venom in the SOG alone by the wasp is sufficient to induce the hypokinetic state. To summarize, we show that venom injection to either the SOG or the CX of the SupOG is, by itself, sufficient to decrease walking.
Photooxidation and Photoluminescence of Triarylmethane Dye-Conjugated Zinc Complexes: Optical Anisotropy and Optical Activity Emerging from Distinct Crystal Packing Modes
Authors: Takeda Saori , Yamada Hiroka , Takezawa Shunpei , Yoshikawa Isao , Seino Hidetake , Matsumura Kazunari , Houjou Hirohiko
Published: February 2015

A series of hexanuclear zinc complexes was prepared using a triarylmethane (TAM)-based ligand. Depending on the alkyl chains at the peripheral position of the complex, the complexes crystallized as needles, octahedral crystals, or both. A needle crystal consisting of molecular columns in which P- and M-forms of propeller-shaped complexes were alternately stacked. Octahedral crystals had an enantiomeric cubic system. All crystals were photooxidized under UV irradiation to yield the corresponding TAM dyes with characteristic absorption (ca. 540 nm) and emission (ca. 600 nm) spectra. The crystals with the columnar packing structure exhibited linearly polarized emission, while the crystals with the cubic system did not show noticeable dichroism in either absorption or emission. The differences in photophysical properties among the complexes with various alkanoic groups were interpreted in terms of the spatial arrangement of the TAM dye molecules in the crystals.
Establishing the cultural identity of the west in the early Cold War: a conceptual approach
Authors: Papadimitriou Despina
Published: February 2015

This article examines the conceptual features of the semantic field constructed in the west in the early Cold War and the basic concepts and notions that framed the Cold War ideologically in the west, such as democracy versus totalitarianism; universal freedom and freedom of the spirit versus totalitarian oppression; welfare democracies versus poverty and exploitation; and Christianity, family and traditions versus communism. The transnational character of the antitotalitarian discourse under investigation followed the linear border of the universal ideological division as opposed to the horizon of the various enduring realities in the domestic scene.
Institutional and conceptual transformations of philosophy of history
Authors: Ivanova Ivelina , Hristov Todor
Published: February 2015

The paper presents the findings of two studies on the current transformations of philosophy of history. The paper claims that those transformations outline a research field more appropriately defined as historical knowledge studies, and focused on the conditions of possibility, operation, structure, institutional praxis, critical potential and political relevance of our knowledge about history. The study provides an outline of the emergence of new problems and topics in philosophy of history based on an analysis of the contents of a prominent journal crucial to the development of the field, History and Theory, which has hosted many important debates on historical knowledge since the 1960s and whose editorial policy is recognised for its pluralism. This account of the transformation of the research field is supplemented by the findings of a study of the institutional localisation and geographic distribution of university courses in philosophy of history.

 
Narrative engulfment: the public intellectual and narrative misrepresentation
Authors: Cohen Sande
Published: February 2015

Narrative Engulfment: The Public Intellectual and Narrative
The characteristics and trends of historical writing in the People’s Republic of China since 1978
Authors: Zhang Xupeng
Published: February 2015

The December 1978 decision at the third plenary session of the eleventh central committee of the Chinese Communist Party to implement reform and opening-up marks an important watershed in historical studies in contemporary China. With this in mind, historical studies in contemporary China can be conveniently subdivided into three periods: the period from the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the start of the Cultural Revolution (1949–1966); the Cultural Revolution period (1966–1976); and the period starting with reform and opening-up, or the “new period” (1978 onwards). This paper gives a comprehensive survey on historical writing in the People’s Republic of China since 1978. The paper has three parts. The first is about how and why Chinese historians have turned away from traditional political history to cultural and social histories. The second part analyses four paradigms in contemporary historical research in China: the revolutionary history paradigm, modernisation paradigm, postmodern paradigm and global history paradigm. The third part reviews world history studies in China and lists four methods that have successively been employed, namely total/integral history, modernisation history, the history of civilisational exchange and global history. The paper concludes that it is incumbent on Chinese historians to be sensitive to all foreign historiographies while steadfastly adhering to the best Chinese traditions, for only in this way can a unique and worthy model of Chinese historiography emerge.
Tartu–Moscow school of semiotics and history
Authors: Boyko Taras
Published: February 2015

The article examines and contextualises a corpus of ideas by members of the Tartu–Moscow (semiotic) school, which was dedicated to various issues connected with theoretical aspects of history, historiography, the historian’s craft, and the nature of historical research per se.
Review of Vasileios Syros's, Marsilius of Padua at the Intersection of Ancient and Medieval Traditions of Political Thought
Authors: Tounta Eleni
Published: February 2015

Review of: Vasileios Syros, Marsilius of Padua at the Intersection of Ancient and Medieval Traditions of Political Thought, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012, pp. x + 305
 
Review of Nikos Demertzis, Eleni Paschaloudi and Giorgos Antoniou (eds), Εμφύλιος: Πολιτισμικό τραύμα
Authors: Dalkavoukis Vasilis
Published: February 2015

Nikos Demertzis, Eleni Paschaloudi and Giorgos Antoniou (eds), Εμφύλιος: Πολιτισμικό τραύμα [Civil war: cultural trauma], Athens: Alexandria, 2013. 351 pp.
Solid phase extraction of ayurvedic lipid based formulations for the analysis and the determination of active botanical ingredients by HPTLC
Authors: Selvakumar Vijaya , Duraipandi Selvakumar
Published: February 2015

Ayurvedic lipid based formulations falling under Sneha Kalpana in ayurvedic formulary were made by boiling the polyherbal decoction with oil or ghee with paste of other botanicals until the evaporation of water. The lipid nature and the contents of oil or ghee were tending to interfere with the determination of active botanical ingredients (ABIs) from Ayurvedic lipid based formulations in preparing the samples for the chromatographic analysis. Most of the earlier methods used for the sample preparation for the analysis of ayurvedic lipid based formulations were utilized either dissolving directly in a nonpolar solvent or liquid-liquid extraction with aqueous methanol (mostly 90% methanol) in determination of ABIs by HPLC, HPTLC and GC. Solid phase extraction on silica gel columns using hexane and 90% methanol was performed for the sample preparation. Both fractions were analyzed by HPTLC analysis on pre-coated silica gel 60 GF254 aluminium plates using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol (7:2:1) as mobile phase. The results have shown that the ABIs were maximally extracted in the methanol, the polar fraction whereas the non-polar fraction by hexane did not show the presence of ABIs. The visualization under UV light followed by densitometric analysis have shown an increased number of spots as well as highly concentrated spots with respect to the sample prepared from the formulation dissolved in hexane. The samples prepared by solid phase extraction produced the clear spots with good resolution in HPTLC when compared to the samples prepared by conventional methods and can be used for the determination and quantification of ABIs in these formulations.
Culture and complexity through English as a lingua franca: rethinking competences and pedagogy in ELT
Authors: Baker Will
Published: February 2015

English as a lingua franca (ELF) research highlights the complexity and fluidity of culture in intercultural communication through English. ELF users draw on, construct, and move between global, national, and local orientations towards cultural characterisations. Thus, the relationship between language and culture is best approached as situated and emergent. However, this has challenged previous representations of culture, particularly those centred predominantly on nation states, which are prevalent in English language teaching (ELT) practices and the associated conceptions of communicative and intercultural communicative competence. Two key questions which are then brought to the fore are: how are we to best understand such multifarious characterisations of culture in intercultural communication through ELF and what implications, if any, does this have for ELT and the teaching of culture in language teaching? In relation to the first question, this paper will discuss how complexity theory offers a framework for understanding culture as a constantly changing but nonetheless meaningful category in ELF research, whilst avoiding essentialism and reductionism. This underpins the response to the second question, whereby any formulations of intercultural competence offered as an aim in language pedagogy must also eschew these simplistic and essentialist cultural characterisations. Furthermore, the manner of simplification prevalent in approaches to culture in the ELT language classroom will be critically questioned. It will be argued that such simplification easily leads into essentialist representations of language and culture in ELT and an over representation of “Anglophone cultures.” The paper will conclude with a number of suggestions and examples for how such complex understandings of culture and language through ELF can be meaningfully incorporated into pedagogic practice.
Control of Slag-Dragging Effects at the Metal–Slag Interface through Electromagnetic Brake in a Slab Mold
Authors: Morales R. D. , García-Hernández S. , Calderón-Ramos I. , Salazar-Campoy María , de J. Barreto J.
Published: February 2015

Turbulent flow when steel is delivered through a nozzle in a slab mold induces dragging forces at the metal–slag interface that entrain slag droplets into the metal bulk. These dragging effects are discontinuous and correspond to the velocity fluctuations of turbulence at that interface which themselves, are dependent on nozzle immersion, nozzle design, mold width and casting speed. Slag viscosity and density, metal viscosity and slag layer thickness are employed to estimate that critical velocity which is embodied in a critical capillary number for some established mold operating conditions. This approach permits the link between all operating variables including flux chemistry and nozzle design with the interface instability. A relationship between the capillary number and the magnetic field strength used to brake the liquid steel is established which is used to assure the interface stability for any operating condition and flux chemistry.
Patents for Drugs and the Right to Development in International Law
Authors: Owoeye Olasupo Ayodeji
Published: February 2015

This article explores the connection of health to human and socio-economic development and the protection of pharmaceutical patents. It examines the concept of development and the right to development in international law in the context of access to medicines and patents protection. The provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Agreement on Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) that are significant to the pursuit of development are discussed. The article argues that there is a cognisable right to development in international law that is well recognised in international trade law and the pursuit of development should be duly taken into account in the negotiation and implementation of trade and IP agreements. The article highlights the potential danger in eroding the flexibilities in the TRIPS Agreement through the negotiation of free trade agreements and emphasises the need for IP and trade agreements to sufficiently accommodate and recognise legitimate measures genuinely taken to enhance national development. It is argued that developing countries should have a national IP implementation plan that can effectively enhance their human development objectives.
Surface Polariton Mode Densities
Authors: Eckhardt W.
Published: February 2015

Starting from the Green functions of the electromagnetic (EM) field in two adjacent dielectric half-spaces, the surface and bulk contributions to the EM-density of states are discussed. The mode densities determine the thermodynamic properties of the radiation field.
Dipole Moment Functions of HF and HI Molecules Using an Anharmonic Potential
Authors: Kluckner Manfred H. , Rao B. Sesh
Published: February 2015

Vibration-rotation wave functions for HF and HI are computed by solving the radial Schroedinger wave equation numerically using an anharmonic potential function with seven adjustable parameters. With these wave functions the matrix elements of [(r - re)/re]n are computed. These are then applied in a least squares fit to experimentally measured values of the electric dipole matrix elements to yield the dipole moment coefficients M0, M1,..., M5 .
IR Studies of Crystalline Methanol Films with Textures
Authors: Fischer F. , Fuhrich R.
Published: February 2015

When amorphous methanol films, deposited at 78 K on a substrate already covered by a thin crystalline methanol layer, are crystallized above 104 K they obtain a growth texture. This can be seen from relative intensity alterations of IR bands related to the hydrogen bondings. Another growth texture is obtained by depositing the film at 145 K. Large spherulites are seen between crossed polarizers. Other alterations of IR bands are observed. From the interpretation of this dichroism we learn about the growth mechanism. The relations of polymer chains with hydrogen bonds to those with covalent bonds are discussed. Isothermal sublimation can be studied from the linear decrease of a single IR band. This allows to determine the heat of sublimation.
Dipole Moments and Configurations of Triaryl Acrilonitriles
Authors: Carbone D. , Chisari A. , Montoneri E. , Pappalardo G. C. , Scarlata G.
Published: February 2015

The electric dipole moments of trans-1,2 diaryl acrilonitrile 1 and of a series of triaryl acrilonitriles 2-14 were measured in benzene solution at 25 °C. A mesomeric moment of 0.4 D was found to act between the phenyl-and the nitrile groups through the vinylic bond in triaryl acrilonitrile 2. For this molecule the direction of action of the total molecular moment was calculated and used to evaluate theoretical moments for the possible E and Z configurations of some unsymmetrical derivative compounds of the series. The configuration was settled for each com-pound on the basis of comparison between experimental and calculated dipole moment values.
On the Operator Formulation of the Polyatomic Molecule Partition Function
Authors: Bohmann J. , Witschel W.
Published: February 2015

The Nielsen Hamiltonian of the general polyatomic molecule including anharmonicity and its resonances, Coriolis-coupling and its resonances, and rotation-vibration interaction are treated by statistical perturbation theory in its operator form. By generating function methods and operator theorems, which are treated in an appendix, cumbersome calculations with non-commuting operators are avoided. The results for H2O and SO2 agree very well with accurate numerical calculations from the literature. Qualitative conclusions on the convergence of the perturbation series are drawn from the numerical calculations for model systems.
The Molecular Structure and Hydrogen Bond Geometry in Liquid Formamide: Electron, Neutron, and X-Ray Diffraction Studies
Authors: Kálmán E. , Serke I. , Pálinkás G. , Zeidler M. D. , Wiesmann F. J. , Bertagnolli H. , Chieux P.
Published: February 2015

Electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction patterns of liquid formamide have been measured at a temperature of 25 °C. Analysis of the diffraction data yields the molecular structure and the average geometry of the hydrogen bond. The molecular parameters obtained from liquid diffraction experiments are in good agreement with those from gas electron diffraction for the free molecule. The mean O…N and O…H hydrogen bond distances are 2.9 Å and 1.9 Å, respectively. Four H-bonds per molecule are found on the average. The deviation of the H-bonds from the linearity is estimated.
The Volume Change on Ion-Pairing of Symmetrical Electrolytes
Authors: Marcus Y.
Published: February 2015

The increase in the standard partial molar volume of a symmetrical electrolyte on ion-pairing, ΔV∞, calculated from the experimental association constant at ambient pressure, the isothermal compressibility, the dielectric constant of the solvent and its pressure coefficient, is as good a measure of this quantity as values calculated from more elaborate experimental procedures, such as the pressure coefficient of the association constant or high precision density determinations in dilute solutions.
Tunneling Through the Opaque Inverted Parabola
Authors: Ni G.-J. , Wonneberger W.
Published: February 2015

The inverted parabola remains an exactly solvable tunneling barrier when imaginary parts are added to the potential. They represent the effect of particle absorption. In the limit of strong absorption (“opaque barrier”) convenient limiting forms for the tunneling probability are derived using asymptotic expansions of the exact scattering solution. An application to Zener tunneling is made and the result is compared to the case of tunneling under viscous dissipation. Significant differences are found between these two approaches to tunneling under dissipation.
Direkte Methoden bei Überstruktureffekten von höherem Index/ Direct Methods in the Case of Superstructure Effects of a Higher Index
Authors: Böhme Reinhild
Published: February 2015

Superstructure effects take place with structures satisfying a pseudotranslation t. We discuss how to apply direct methods for the phase determination of the weak reflexions for structures where the index of t is larger than 2 and the atoms satisfy the pseudotranslation exactly or not at all.
Assignment of the UV-Photoelectron Spectrum of Tetrasulfur Tetranitride
Authors: Palmer M. H.
Published: February 2015

Ab initio configuration interaction calculations of the ground and doublet states of S4N4 show changes in the order of states relative to a large basis set Koopmans’ Theorem order. Consequential changes in the assignment of the UV-photoelectron spectrum are reported.
A Temperature Variation of Debye-Waller Factor for Alkali and Noble Metals
Authors: Jani A. R. , Gohel V. B.
Published: February 2015

Debye-Waller factors at different temperatures of four alkali and three noble metals have been computed on the basis of a screened shell phenomenological model. The theoretical values are compared with existing experimental data. Particularly for lithium and potassium, most recent experimental information has been included. A critical examination of the results reveals a satis­factory agreement between the theoretical and experimental findings.
Kinetic Energy Release and Energy Partitioning During the Ionic Fragmentation in Metastable Ions
Authors: El-Kader F. H. Abd , El-Fattah M. S. Abd
Published: February 2015

The kinetic energy released in the unimolecular decomposition of some metastable transitions has been investigated. It was found to have a significant temperature dependence in cases of H‘ loss from molecular ions. This is attributed to the tunelling of H• atom through the centrifugal barrier.

The activation energies of the reverse reactions “εr
≠” and the kinetic energy released “TB” have been determined for the loss of H• from acetonitrile and elimination of HCN from benzonitrile. The partitioning energy quotients q=TB/εr
≠ are found = 0.91 and 0.58 for acetonitrile and benzonitrile respectively.
Notizen: Spectroscopic and Kinetic Characteristics of HȮ2 and Ȯ2
- Species Studied by Pulse Radiolysis
Authors: Getoff Nikola , Prucha Michaela
Published: February 2015

The formation and decay of HȮ2 and Ȯ2
- transients was reinvestigated using oxygenated aqueous t-butanol solutions in the pH range from 1.5 to about 8. The ob­tained spectroscopic and kinetic characteristics of both superoxide radical forms are: for HȮ2 λmax = 230 nm (ε230 = 130 m2 mol-1), 2k (HȮ2 + HȮ2) = (3.7 ± 0.2) x 106 dm3 mol-1 and Ȯ2
- λmax = 245 nm (ε245 = 215 m2 mol-1), 2k (Ȯ2
- + Ȯ2
-) < 10 dm3 mol-1 s-1.
Superconductivity and Critical Field Strengths of Palladium-Boron-Hydrogen Alloys
Authors: Brodowsky H. , Fleischhauer J.
Published: February 2015

Transition temperatures and critical field strengths have been observed on superconducting palladium-boron-hydrogen alloys with different boron to hydrogen ratios. Homogeneous samples. prepared by equilibrium methods, exhibit superconductivity above 3.5 K for boron contents less than x = 0.07 (x = mole boron/mole palladium). Palladium-boron alloys need less hydrogen for reaching a Fixed transition temperature than boron free alloys. Critical field strengths for Tc = 0 K increase linearly with increasing boron content and reach 3.3 · 105 A/m at x = 0.044
Molecular Structure and Mesomorphic Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals — I
Authors: Osman Maged A.
Published: February 2015

The influence of molecular structure on the mesomorphic properties of thermotropic liquid crystals is discussed. The role of intermolecular attractive and repulsive (steric) forces in determining the packing and consequently the mesomorphic behaviour of the molecules is described. A correlation between the geometry of the rigid core of the molecules and the mesomorphic properties is found. The intermolecular separation strongly influences the thermodynamic stability of the mesophase. Alkyl chains do not only fill in spaces but also take part in the molecular interactions and affect the packing
ESR Study of the Impregnation Process of Silica Gels with CU(NO3 )2 · 6H2O
Authors: Burlamacchi Leo
Published: February 2015

The use of electron spin resonance in the study of the different steps in the impregnation process of hydrated Cu(NO3)2 onto silica gels with pore size of 20, 50 and 100 nm is described. The desolvation step with concomitant beginning of the salt decomposition step occurred at ~100 °C in silica with pores of 50 and 100 nm while a temperature higher than 200 °C were necessary for 20 nm pores. In the range 300 to 500 °C the decomposition step was completed and the adsorption of Cu(II) on ≡ SiO- surface sites started. Well-defined localization was completed after heating at 650 °C. The bond features of the surface adsorbed Cu(II) species are also described.
Unrestricted Harmonic Balance
Authors: Seelig Friedrich Franz
Published: February 2015

The method of Unrestricted Harmonie Balance (UHB) is a generally applicable procedure to determine the Fourier coefficients and constants of motion (frequency, velocity) of non-linear periodic phenomena in time and space and was outlined and applied to various problems in chemistry in preceding papers. Here the truncation error is investigated by comparing the UHB results for various truncation harmonics N with the rigorous analytical solution for the Kepler problem which is one of the rare examples of an exactly solvable non-linear problem.
Kinetics of the UV-Photopolymerization in TS Diacetylene Single Crystals as Studied by Time Resolved Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Niederwald H. , Schwoerer M.
Published: February 2015

The intermediate products A, B, C, D, E and V of the UV initiated solid state polymerization in single crystals of 2,4 hexadiynylene bis (p-toluene sulfonate), particulary their kinetics, have been studied by time resolved optical absorption spectroscopy in the temperature range between 180 and 300 K. The description by a simple kinetic model states that A to E react in a direct sequence by monomer addition, which is thermally activated. The activation energies range from 0.25 to 0.30 eV per monomer. At 300 K the reaction rate constants are of the order of 106 s-1. - Product V is interpreted as a superposition of several long chain oligomers with reactive carbene chain ends. The reaction V → Polymer is thermally activated with an activation energy of 0,4 eV per monomer. - The fluorescence spectrum of the monomer crystal has been measured for the first time by use of a fast detection system. It is discussed with respect to its significance for the polymerization initiating step. - Deuterium isotope effects on the polymer absorption energy and on reaction kinetics are reported.
The Molecular Structure of Pentafluorobenzene Sulphonyl Chloride
Authors: Vajda Erzsébet , Hargittai István
Published: February 2015

The molecular geometry of pentafluorobenzene sulphonyl chloride is characterized by the following bond lengths (rg) and bond angles from an electron diffraction study: C-F 132.6 ± 0.3 pm, C-C 13971 ± 0.7 pm, S=O 141.5 ± 0.3 pm, S-Cl 202.7 ± 0.5 pm, C-S 179.8 ± 0.6 pm. C-S-Cl 104.8 ± 0.8°, C-S=O 108.2 ± 0.6°, O = S=O 123.6 ±1.0°, Cl-S=O 105.3 ±0.2°. The molecular model is asymmetric; the benzene ring is rotated by 61.8 ± 2.2° relative to the plane containing the S-Cl bond and bisecting the O = S = O angle. The benzene ring is not distorted considerably.
MNDO Studies on Malononitrile Dimerization
Authors: Mirek Julian , Buda Andrzej
Published: February 2015

The reaction path of malononitrile dimerization, the intermediates and the tautomerism of the final product have been investigated by the MNDO method. The results are in good agreement with experimental data. The mechanism has a barrier height of about 88 kJ/mol and involves an intermediate which passes to the most stable tautomer through intermolecular proton transfer.
The Inverse Mean Field Method and the Energy Dependence of the Nuclear Potential
Authors: Hefter E. F. , Gridnev K. A.
Published: February 2015

The foundations of the inverse mean field method (Imefim) and its relation to traditional approaches are discussed. Imefim predicts the energy dependence of the real central (nuclear) part of the optical model potential to have the functional form (1 + eEp)-3 . Treating for the time being the constant e as an adjustable parameter, this prediction is shown to compare nicely with well-established formal and heuristic results.
Semiempirical Studies of Core Electron Binding Energies Part 10. The SCC-MO Calculations on some Purines
Authors: Maksić Z. B. , Rupnik K. , Veseli A.
Published: February 2015

The solid state binding energies of 8-azaguanine, 8-azaxanthine, hypoxanthine and xanthine were calculated by using semiempirical self-consistent charge intramolecular electrostatic potentials expressed in the point-charge approximation. The results are essentially in good agree-ment with the experimental data giving in the same time a very simple and transparent inter-pretation of ESCA spectra which is close to the chemical intuition. Splitting of some unresolved N(1s) peaks is proposed and separate binding energies are attributed to particular nitrogen atoms. Since the point-charge model describes a number of molecular properties, it is concluded that formal atomic charges are meaningful within the adopted theoretical framework despite the fact that they can not be defined in a unique fashion. The relaxation energy and work functions of the studied molecular crystals are briefly discussed.
On the Photodecomposition of ClONO2 in the Middle Ultraviolet
Authors: Knauth H.-D. , Schindler R. N.
Published: February 2015

Photodecomposition of gaseous ClONO2 was investigated in a static system at wavelengths 265 nm and 313 nm. From the quantitative determination of the products O2 , N2O5, and ClO15NO2 formed, and from Φ(-ClONO2) it is concluded that the predominant primary step is ClONO2 + h v → Cl + NO3 (3).
On the Band Structure of Möbius Polymers
Authors: Polansky Oskar E.
Published: February 2015

The π-band structure of Möbius polymers (M) is compared with that of the open strip (F) and the cylindrical form (R) of the polymer considered. Under certain conditions, the bands of all these forms coincide. This is to be expected also for the σ-bands within the framework of extended Hückel theory.
Fluorescence of Trans-4-Cyano-4′-dimethylaminostilbene; No Evidence for a TICT State
Authors: Gruen Henry , Görner Helmut
Published: February 2015

The fluorescence properties of trans-4-cyano-4′-dimethylaminostilbene (trans-1) and a rigid analogue, in which the dimethylaminophenyl group is replaced by an indoline ring, trans-l-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(5-[2,3-dihydro]N-methylindolyl)ethylene (trans-2) were studied in 20 solvents. The quantum yields of fluorescence (Φf) and of trans→cis photoisomerization (Φt→c) as well as the fluorescence maximum (ν̃f) and the bandwidth (⊿ν̃f) were examined. The activation energies (range: 3.5-7.8 kcal/mol) obtained from <2>f and <£t_c measurements are nearly the same for 1 and 2 in a given solvent. Φf , ν̃f and ⊿ν̃f as a function of solvent polarity and temperature show similar trends for 1 and 2. No dual emission was observed for either of the cyanostilbenes. These findings indicate that a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state is not involved in the relaxation process of the first excited trans singlet state (1t*). The main deactivation pathway of 1t* competing with fluorescence is trans→cis photoisomerization by twisting about the C = C double bond in the first excited singlet state for both.