bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytopathologic Evaluation of Image-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and Cell Block Correlation for Lung Neoplasm in a Tertiary Care Hospital VIMSAR, Burla - A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sahu Alaka , Gudaganatti Santosh , Pandey Swetalina
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an easy, minimally invasive and useful investigation, and is considered important next to imaging in the rapid diagnosis of lung neoplasm for the last few decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of image-guided FNAC in pulmonary neoplasm, analyse the results and correlate with cell block histopathological findings. METHODS This is a cross sectional study conducted over a period of two years, involving fifty patients. All the clinical and radiological data were studied from the consenting patient. Then they underwent image-guided FNAC. The cytology smears and cell blocks were evaluated simultaneously to stick out a definitive diagnosis. RESULTS Out of all the 50 cases, we found the necessary FNAC smears and cell block material only in 41 cases. The age range varied from 18 to 90 years with a peak in the fifth to sixth decades. Benign lesions were 4 and malignant were 23 as shown by cytology study. Malignancy was proved in 27 cases in histopathology. The most common tumour was adenocarcinoma (41 %) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (19.5 %). Complications after the procedure were minimal and were noted only in two cases. CONCLUSIONS Image-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of lung tumours provide uncomplicated, cost effective, and a rapid method, for reaching a reliable diagnosis for lung neoplasms with minimum complication. KEYWORDS FNAC, Histological Correlation, Pulmonary Neoplasm
Efficacy of Single Injection of Caudal Epidural Steroid in Chronic Lumbago-Sciatica Syndrome – A Retrospective Study from an Institute of National Importance (Bhopal)
Authors: Gupt Sandeep Kumar , Gulati Rachit , Benny Reni , Kothari Shashank Yeshwant
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) have been widely used for over 50 years in the treatment of back pain with or without radiculopathy. In this study, we intended to evaluate the effect of single caudal epidural steroid injection (CESI) in patients suffering from chronic lumbago-sciatica syndrome, resistant to conservative medical therapy. METHODS This was a retrospective study. CESI was performed on thirty-four patients suffering from chronic lumbago-sciatica syndrome, from April 2019 to March 2020. Single injection of caudal epidural steroid (40 mg Triamcinolone Acetonide) diluted with 10 ml. of sterile water was given guided by anatomic landmark, confirmed by “Whoosh” test and radiologically with dye. Patients were followed for 12 weeks using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) and North American spine society patient satisfaction index (NASS). Values were recorded before the injection and after the injection at 1 week, 3 week, 6 week and 12 week during follow-up. RESULTS Significant improvement in patient’s status was observed after CESI, as measured with NRS, ODI and NASS at one, three, six and twelve weeks as compared to pre injection (zero week) but no significant difference was observed at successive follow ups at first to third and third to six weeks. There was significant reversal of NRS and ODI Score from 6 week to 12 week follow-up. Sixty seven percent of patients were satisfied at the end of the follow-up and mild side-effects were reported in a few patients. CONCLUSIONS CESI is a safe, simple and cost-effective intervention procedure for the treatment of chronic lumbago-sciatica syndrome. It provides rapid pain relief and physical function improvement of the patient starting within a week. KEYWORDS Injections, Epidural, Sciatica, Low Back Pain
Should Codeine Still be Considered a WHO Essential Medicine?
Authors: Singu Boni , Verbeeck Roger K
Published: June 2021

Codeine continues to be widely used as an analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and antitussive agent. Its analgesic effect depends on its biotransformation to morphine, a strong opioid. The highly variable biotransformation of codeine to morphine, catalysed by CYP2D6, underlies the pronounced interindividual variability of its analgesic response. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that codeine administered alone has the poorest analgesic effect among all commonly used analgesics in acute postoperative pain. Moreover, it is highly unlikely that the low dose of codeine contributes to the pain-relieving effect of the non-opioid component in combination analgesic products. In addition, there is a lack of reliable clinical evidence to support the use of codeine as an antitussive in acute or chronic cough. Codeine use, through its active metabolite morphine, has the potential to lead to abuse and dependence. The World Health Organization (WHO) removed codeine from the essential medicines list for children in 2011. Based on the available information in the scientific literature on the efficacy and safety of codeine, the WHO should seriously consider removing it also from the list of essential medicines for adults, which would be a strong signal for all health professionals to prescribe and dispense codeine with the utmost caution.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS TOWARDS ADHD STUDENTS
Authors: Faizan Muhammad , Shah Syed Afzal , Seema Shahzadi , Naz Sadaf
Published: June 2021

Purpose of the study: This study was designed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practices of teachers toward ADHD students. The objectives of the study were to document the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the teachers regarding ADHD, to find out the difference between knowledge attitude and practices among different strata of teachers, and to find out the effect of age, experience, and qualification on knowledge, attitude, and practices of teachers towards ADHD. Methodology: Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 600 primary school teachers from 2469 primary school teachers of district Haripur. This instrument contained 29 statements. This scale has three dimensions. Knowledge (statements 1-17), Attitude (statements18-35), and Practices (statements 36-52). The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.76 which was got through the pilot study conducted on sixty teachers. Main findings: The results indicate that overall practices of teachers are the highest in comparison to Knowledge and Attitude. There was no significant difference between knowledge, practices, and attitudes about ADHD between different strata i-e Urban and Rural area primary teachers, Male and Female primary teachers, and public and Private primary teachers. Furthermore, experience, Age, and Qualification have a profound influence on primary teachers’ knowledge regarding ADHD. Teachers’ Qualification has a profound influence over primary teacher’s Attitude towards students with ADHD. Thus, qualification has a profound influence over primary teacher’s practices towards students with ADHD. Applications of the study: This study is applicable in the field of primary education where the teachers are assessed to find out their knowledge, attitude, and practices towards ADHD students. Novelty originality of this study: Much of the research is conducted in mainstream education but this research specifically explores the knowledge, attitude of teachers towards ADHD students. Therefore, this research is a torchbearer in this particular area of education.
CAMPO CONCEITUAL ADITIVO E O USO DE UM JOGO DO TIPO RPG NOS ANOS INICIAIS
Authors: Spinelli Kelly De Lima Azevedo
Published: June 2021

O referente artigo propõe discutir e apresentar as contribuições da Teoria dos Campos Conceituais no processo de aprendizagem de conceitos aditivos, vinculado à utilização do jogo de tabuleiro do tipo RPG envolvendo de forma implícita, diferentes situações problemas referente a operações de adição e subtração em uma turma de 3º Ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal da cidade de Garanhuns-PE. Este artigo estruturou em pré-teste, intervenção pedagógica com o auxílio do jogo do tipo RPG e a aplicação de um pós-teste. Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa de campo, com caráter de pesquisa exploratória, que proporciona a discussão teórica, aplicação de pré e pós-testes contendo resoluções de problemas aditivos e a intervenção com o jogo. De antemão podemos afirmar que o jogo do tipo RPG teve significado aos alunos do 3º Ano do Ensino Fundamental que utilizaram de diferentes estratégias e raciocínio contido nas resoluções dos problemas aditivo presente no jogo.
DANIŞTAY KARARLARI IŞIĞINDA İDARİ İSTİKRAR İLKESİNİN İDARİ YARGILAMA HUKUKUNA ÖNEMLİ YANSIMALARI
Authors: YILMAZ Harun
Published: June 2021

Hukuka bağlı bir devle􀄴 e toplumsal ilişkilerin sağlıklı şekilde

sürmesine verdikleri katkı ile anlam kazanan hukukun genel ilkeleri,

bir arada yaşamanın gereklerini ortaya koyabilme amacına hizmet

eden ve toplumsal uzlaşma neticesinde varlıkları kabul gören kurallar

bütünüdür. Bir içtihat hukuku olan idare hukukunda da hukukun genel

ilkelerinin anlam ve önemi göz ardı edilemez. Zira hukukun genel

ilkeleri, idari yargı organlarının uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde sıklıkla

kullandıkları başvuru kaynaklarıdır. İdare hukukuna hakim hukukun

genel ilkelerinden birisi de idari istikrar ilkesidir. İdari istikrar ilkesi, hem

bireyler yararına ortaya çıkan hukuki durumların korunması, hem de

kamu hizmetlerinin sürekli ve düzenli biçimde yürütülmesi hususunda

dikkate değer etki ve sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bunun yanında idari

istikrar ilkesi, idari yargılama hukuku için de değerli bir referanstır.

Çalışmada idari istikrar ilkesinin idari yargılama hukukuna ait kural ve

kurumlar üzerindeki etkileri yargı kararları ışığında incelenmiştir.
BÖLGE ADLİYE MAHKEMESİ CUMHURİYET BAŞSAVCILIĞININ İTİRAZ YETKİSİ KAPSAMINDAKİ KARARLAR
Authors: ARTUÇ Mustafa
Published: June 2021

Ceza muhakemesinde istinaf kanun yolunun kabul edilmesi ile

birlikte bir kısım kararların, istinaf kanun yolunda kesinleşecek olması,

bu kararların en azından bir kez daha denetimi için, çareler üretilmesine

neden olmuştur. İşte bu amaçla, BAM Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığına

da, ceza dairelerinin kesin nitelikteki kararlarına karşı başvuru yolu

tanınmıştır. Hangi kararlara karşı bu yolun tanındığı hususu CMK’nın

308/A maddesinde yer alan “Bölge adliye mahkemeleri ceza dairelerinin

kesin nitelikteki kararlarına karşı” düzenlemesinden ve CMK’nın 286.

Maddesinde yer alan hangi kararların temyiz edilemeyeceğine ilişkin

hükümden çıkarmak mümkündür.
ANAYASA YARGISINDA OYLARIN EŞİTLİĞİ
Authors: VURAL Hasan Sayim
Published: June 2021

Anayasa yargısının yargılama usulleri, genellikle, heyetler halinde

çalışmaya ve görüşme, oylama ve oyçokluğuyla karar alma esaslarına

dayalıdır. Oylama sonucunda oyların eşitliği durumunun ortaya çıkması,

halledilmesi gerekli bir meseleye yol açmaktadır: Karşıt yöndeki oylar

eşit sayıda olduğunda, mahkemeler nasıl bir yol izleyecektir; veyahut,

nasıl bir karara varıldığı kabul edilecektir?

Bu yazıda, ilkin karşılaştırmalı hukuk bakış açısıyla anayasa

yargısında oyların eşitliği üzerinde durularak bu meseleye yönelik

olarak getirilen farklı yaklaşımlar ele alınmaktadır. Ardından, Türkiye

örneğine bakılarak, Anayasa, Anayasa Mahkemesi İçtüzüğü ve 6216

sayılı Kanunla belirlenen çerçeve içinde oyların eşitliğine yönelik olarak

getirilen çözüm incelenmekte ve Anayasa Mahkemesinin konuya ilişkin

içtihadı ile uygulamasından örnekler ortaya konulmaktadır.
CEZA KOVUŞTURMALARININ AKTARILMASI
Authors: SAVAŞÇI TEMİZ Bilgehan
Published: June 2021

Ceza kovuşturmalarının aktarılması, suçluların iadesi, yabancı

kararların tanınması ve hükümlülerin nakli ile birlikte uluslararası

işbirliğini öngören adli yardımlaşma kurumlarından birisidir. Tüm

dünyada gi􀄴 ikçe artan insan ve mal trafi ği sınır aşan suçların da

işlenmesini artırmış, bir devle􀄴 e suç işleyen failin başka bir ülkeye

kaçması sık rastlanan bir durum olmuştur. Ceza hukukunda birden fazla

devletin yargılama yetkisi olması halinde yargı makamları arasındaki

yetki uyuşmazlıklarının çözümü özel hukuka göre daha zordur. Ceza

kovuşturmalarının aktarılması ile devletler arasındaki yargı yetkisi

uyuşmazlıkları önlenmeye çalışılmakta, adli işlemlerin daha etkin, usul

ekonomisine uygun ve adil biçimde yürütülebilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Bu kurumun önemi soruşturmadan cezanın infazına kadar tüm ceza

muhakemesi sürecinin aktarılmasına imkân sağlamasıdır. Kurum

ile aktarılma olmasaydı cezasız kalabilecek suçluların yargılanması

mümkün hale getirilmektedir. Çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan

Türkiye’nin taraf olduğu 1972 tarihli Ceza Kovuşturmalarının

Aktarılmasına Dair Avrupa Sözleşmesi ceza alanında kovuşturmaların

aktarılmasına dair araçlara, ceza kovuşturmalarının çokluğuna, ilgili

kişilerin birçok kez kovuşturulma ve mahkûm olma riskine karşı

korunmasına ilişkin hükümler içeren çok önemli uluslararası bir

metindir. Çalışmada öncelikle kovuşturmaların aktarılma nedenleri

sonrasında ise Ceza Kovuşturmalarının Aktarılmasına Dair Avrupa

Sözleşmesi’nde yer alan düzenlemeler 6706 Sayılı Cezai Konularda

Uluslararası Adli İşbirliği Kanunu’nun ilgili hükümleri de dikkate

alınarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.
SUÇUN NİTELİKLİ HALLERİNE DAİR CEZA ARTIRIM VEYA İNDİRİMLERİNİN BASİT YARGILAMA USULÜNÜN UYGULANABİLİRLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
Authors: ŞAHİN İsmail
Published: June 2021

5271 sayılı Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun 251 ve 252. maddelerinde

basit yargılama usulü isimlendirmesiyle özel bir muhakeme usulü

kabul edilmiştir. Bu usulün uygulanabilmesi için gerekli objektif

şartlardan birisi, yargılama konusu suçun adli para cezası ve/veya üst

sınırı iki yıl ya da daha az süreli hapis cezası ile cezalandırılmasıdır.

Cezaya dair bu sınırın tespitinde suçun nitelikli hallerine dair artırım

veya indirimlerin dikkate alınıp alınmayacağı hususunda kanuni bir

düzenleme bulunmamaktadır. Mevzuatımızda CMK’nın 47/3, 75/5, 81/1,

100/4, 125/3, 150/3, 171/2, 196/2, 234/1-a-3, 239/1, 251/1, 253/1-c, 272/3-b,

286/2-d ve 286/2-g; 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 71/2, 75/1; 5395

sayılı Çocuk Koruma Kanunu’nun 19/2, 21 ve 5726 sayılı Tanık Koruma

Kanunu’nun 3/1-a, b maddeleri açısından da benzer bir durum söz

konusudur. TCK’nın 15, 66/3 ve 5235 sayılı Kanun’un 14. maddesinde

ise nitelikli hallerin dikkate alınıp alınmayacağı düzenlenmiştir.

Basit yargılama usulü açısından sorunun çözümüne dair öğreti ve

yargı kararlarında farklı fi kirler ileri sürülmüştür. Çalışmamızda, bu

farklı görüşler ile mevzuatımızdaki benzer düzenlemelerden bazıları

incelenmekte ve soruna dair çözüm önerisi sunulmaktadır.
HUKUKİ GÜVENLİK İLKESİNİN KAVRAMSAL GELİŞİMİ
Authors: ÇAPTUĞ Mehpare
Published: June 2021

Hukuk devleti ilkesinin bir gereği olarak hukuki güvenlik, hukukun

uygulanmasındaki belirsizlik veya ani değişim riskini ortadan

kaldırmaya yönelik bir garanti veya koruma olarak tanımlanabilir.

Hukuki güvenlik ilkesinin doğru tanımlanması, ilkenin içeriğinin doğru

belirlenmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, geçmişten günümüze

ulusal ve uluslararası hukukta hukuki güvenliğin kavramsal gelişiminin

analiz edilmesi faydalı olacaktır.

Son zamanlarda, özellikle Avrupa Adalet Divanı kararlarında sıkça yer

verilmeye başlanan hukuki güvenlik ilkesi, hukuki güvenlik kavramını

gündemde tutmaktadır. Uluslararası hukukun yansıması olarak

ulusal hukukta da yer verilmeye başlanan hukuki güvenlik kavramı

günden güne yargısal içtihatlarla şekillenerek hukuk sistemlerinde

yerini almaktadır. Hukuki güvenliğin oldukça geniş bir kullanım alanı

olmakla birlikte, kavramsal boyuĴa yeknesaklığın sağlanması önem arz

etmektedir.
CEZA MAHKEMESİ KARARLARININ DEVLET MEMURLUĞUNDAN ÇIKARMA CEZASINA ETKİSİ
Authors: KURT Sümeyra Sena
Published: June 2021

Kamu hizmetlerinin yürütülmesinde idarenin insan unsurunu

oluşturan memurlar, kimi zaman aynı fi iliyle hem ceza hukuku

kurallarını hem de memurlar için öngörülen disiplin hukuku kurallarını

ihlal edebilmektedir. Devlet Memurları Kanunu, 131. maddesinde

böyle bir durumda ceza kovuşturmasına başlanmış olmasının disiplin

kovuşturmasını geciktiremeyeceğini hüküm altına almıştır. Genel kural

bu hüküm çerçevesinde ceza kovuşturması ile disiplin soruşturmasının

bağımsız yürütülmesi olsa da bu durum mutlak anlamda geçerli

olmamaktadır. Sorun, ceza mahkemesi tarafından verilen kararların

disiplin cezaları -özelde devlet memurluğundan çıkarma cezası- üzerinde

ne zaman etkili olacağı veya ne zaman etkisiz kalacağı noktasında

ortaya çıkmaktadır. Devlet memurluğundan çıkarma cezası, şüphesiz,

memur disiplin hukukunda öngörülen yaptırımların en ağır olanıdır. Bu

bakımdan konunun özel olarak devlet memurluğundan çıkarma cezası

bakımından incelenmiş olması önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, ceza mahkemesi

tarafından verilen her karar devlet memurluğundan çıkarma cezasına

etkisi bakımından ulaşılan Danıştay kararlarıyla ayrı ayrı incelenmiş ve

bahsi geçen sorun açıklığa kavuşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.
PAY SAHİBİ TARAFINDAN AÇILAN SORUMLULUK DAVASINDA YARGILAMA GİDERLERİNİN PAY SAHİBİ İLE ŞİRKET ARASINDA PAYLAŞTIRILMASI (MEDENÎ USÛL HUKUKU KAPSAMINDA BİR İNCELEME)
Authors: KÖROĞLU Anıl
Published: June 2021

Pay sahibi, şirketin uğradığı zararları tazmin etmek için ilgililere karşı

sorumluluk davası açabilir. Bu dava medenî usûl hukuku bakımından

çeşitli özellikler gösterir. Bu özelliklerden birisi de yargılama giderleri

bakımından ortaya çıkar. Mahkeme, bazı durumlarda, yargılama

giderlerini davayı kaybeden pay sahibi ile davada yer almayan şirket

arasında paylaştırabilir. Mahkemenin bu yönde bir karar verebilmesi

için TTK m. 555, II hükmündeki şartların gerçekleşmesi gerekir. Söz

konusu düzenleme, yargılama giderlerinden sorumluluğa ilişkin Hukuk

Muhakemeleri Kanunu’ndaki (HMK) genel düzenlemeden farklıdır.

HMK m. 326, I hükmü uyarınca, yargılama giderlerinden aleyhine

hüküm verilen taraf sorumludur. Oysaki TTK m. 555, II hükmündeki

şartlar mevcutsa davayı kaybeden pay sahibi yargılama giderlerinin bir

kısmından sorumlu tutulmayabilir. Ayrıca, TTK m. 555, II hükmüyle

yargılamada taraf olarak yer almayan bir kimse aleyhine yargılama

giderlerine hükmedilmesine izin verilmiştir. Böyle bir durum medenî

usûl hukukunda istisnaîdir. Çalışmada bu maddenin amacı ve şartları,

HMK’nın ilgili maddeleri ile ilişkisi ve davada yer almayan şirketin

hukukî dinlenilme hakkı incelenmiş; madde ile hedefl enen amaca

ulaşılabilmesi için bazı değişiklik önerileri sunulmuştur.
CEZA MUHAKEMESİNDE BASİT YARGILAMA VE ADİL YARGILANMA HAKKI
Authors: KARAKEHYA Hakan , İNCE TUNÇER Asuman
Published: June 2021

Basit yargılama usulü 7188 sayılı kanunla, 2019 yılında hukukumuza

girmiş alternatif bir cezai uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemidir. Diğer alternatif

çözüm yöntemleri gibi basit yargılama usulüyle de mahkemelerin iş

yükünün azaltılması ve böylelikle mevcut diğer davaların daha kısa

sürede bitirilmesine imkan sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bununla

birlikte, alternatif çözüm yollarından her biri, adil yargılanma hakkı

başta olmak üzere birçok temel hakka ve anayasal ilkeye müdahalede

bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, alternatif çözüm yollarının kullanılması,

adalet sistemi bakımından zorunluluk arz etse de söz konusu

kurumların hukuk devletinin bir gereği olarak anayasal sınırlar

içerisinde düzenleme altına alınması gerekir. Çalışmamızda basit

yargılama usulü, adil yargılanma hakkı ve diğer bazı anayasal ilkeler

açısından değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Bu bağlamda öncelikle

basit yargılama usulüne ilişkin açıklamalar yapılmış, daha sonra

ceza muhakemesinde alternatif çözüm yollarından faydalanmanın

zorunluluğu ve adil yargılanma hakkının gereklerine ilişkin tespitlerde

bulunulmuştur. Son olarak ise basit yargılama usulünün adil yargılanma

hakkı ve diğer bazı anayasal ilkeler bakımından değerlendirmesi

yapılmıştır.
HAKARET SUÇU VE AİHM KARARLARINDA İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜNÜN SINIRLARI
Authors: DOĞAN Recep
Published: June 2021

Bu makalede, bireyin manevi varlığını, saygınlığını, şeref ve itibarını

hedeflediği ve bu değerlere zarar verdiği için, genel tahkir suçu olarak

kabul edilen ve 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun (TCK) 125 ve devamı

maddelerinde şerefe karşı suçlar başlığı altında düzenlenen hakaret suçu

ele alınıp tartışılacaktır. Hakaret suçunun hukuki konusu, suçun maddi

ve manevi unsuru, suçun fail ve mağdurunun kimler olabileceği, suçun

farklı işleniş biçimleri incelenecektir. Ardından, hakaret suçuna ilişkin

hükümlerin yorumlanmasına ve uygulanmasına ilişkin Türkiye’deki

mevcut durumun, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin (AİHS)2 ifade

özgürlüğünün sınırlarına ilişkin 10/2 maddesiyle uyumlu olup olmadığı,

Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin (AİHM) temel içtihatları ve

Türkiye aleyhine verdiği kararlar ışığında incelenip açıklanacaktır.

Mevcut durumun AİHM içtihatlarıyla uyumlu hale getirilmesi için

yapılması gereken düzenlemeler hakkında bazı değerlendirme ve

önerilerde bulunulacaktır.
TÜRK HUKUKUNDA “GEÇİCİ KANUN” VE “GEÇİCİ MADDE” KAVRAMLARI ÜZERİNE
Authors: İBA Şeref , BAKIRCI Fahri
Published: June 2021

Geçici kanunlar ve geçici maddeler kanun yapım tekniğinin en

çetrefi lli sorun alanlarından birisidir. Temel hak ve özgürlükler,

kazanılmış haklar, toplumsal barış, mağduriyetlerin giderilmesinde

çok önemli işlevleri olan geçici maddelere uygulama aşamasında

gereken özen gösterilmemekte ve geçici madde olarak düzenlenmesi

gereken hususlar normal madde, normal madde olarak düzenlenmesi

gereken hususlar geçici madde olarak düzenlenmektedir. Öte yandan

geçici maddelerin görüşme yönteminin diğerlerinden farklılaştırılması,

geçici maddelerle getirilen önemli düzenlemelerin yeterince müzakere

edilmemesiyle sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu tür sonuçların önüne geçmek

için geçici madde ile ilgili tanımlama, ayrıştırmaların yapılması ve

standartların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu makale bu tür bir çabanın

ürünüdür.
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ YOL AYRIMINDA MI?
Authors: ARSAVA Ayşe Füsun
Published: June 2021

AB günümüzde Brexit, dış ticaret politikası alanlarında doğan krizlerle

mücadele etmektedir. AB bu bağlamda krizlerin etkin şekilde üstesinden

gelinmesini temin eden demokratik bir model arayışı içindedir.

Makalede bu arayış içinde oluşturulan AB’nin demokratik temellerini

güçlendiren, ancak sürecin tıkanmasına yol açma olasılığı olan yeni

çözüm mekanizmalarının AB’de yaşanan güncel krizlere uygulanması

değerlendirilmektedir.
Comparative Study of the Distribution and Localization of Neuroglobin Expression in the Mammalian Brain: A Literature Review
Authors: Mawolo James Blackar , Akiti Caselia
Published: June 2021

Neuroglobin (Ngb) was recently identified as a member of the vertebrate hemoglobin family. Several studies have been conducted on Ngb in mammals, but none have compared its expression and localization among different mammals. This review compared the distribution and localization of Ngb expression and explained the different functions of Ngb in the brains of mammals. Intel’s integrated performance primitive (IPP) analysis was employed to obtain the expression levels in each region of the mammalian brain. Ngb is widely expressed in the adult yak brain and distributed in different areas, similar to its expression in cattle. The relative expression of the Ngb gene in the cerebral cortex (262.69 ± 9.19) was significantly higher than that in the cerebellar cortex (137.00 ± 7.29), hippocampus (1.00 ± 0.22), medulla oblongata (3.43 ± 0.76), striatum (7.65 ± 0.61) and olfactory bulb (2.14 ± 1.22). Findings in the rat brain showed low Ngb protein expression. The mouse brain showed Ngb over expression in a transgenic variant (Ngb-Tg), while in the human brain, the level of Ngb was higher in the hypothalamus, amygdala and pontine tegmental nuclei than in other parts of the brain. The expression levels, distribution and localization of Ngb differ across the brains of different mammals, so it is appropriate to explore the precise distribution and localization of Ngb before comparison or analysis in these mammals.
Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics of Native Chicken Reared under Backyard and Farm Setting in Karnataka
Authors: Bai Anusha , Ruban S. Wilfred , Spandan P.V. , Barry Ahlen IG , Kumar S. Naveen , Indresh H.C. , Nagaraja C.S.
Published: June 2021

Background: The commercial rearing of native chicken has been gaining importance due to higher demand for natural and organic meat. In this context the present study was designed to compare the carcass and meat quality characteristics of native chicken reared under backyard system as compared to native chicken reared under farm setting in Karnataka. Methods: Sixty (30 backyard and 30 farm reared) native birds were used to evaluate the carcass characteristics viz., dressing per cent, yield of cut up parts and meat bone ratio. Breast muscle was used to evaluate physico-chemical (pH, WHC, colour, drip loss and cooking loss), compositional (proximate composition, cholesterol content and collagen content), structural characteristics (muscle fibre diameter, sarcomere length, shear force) and sensory characteristics. Result: A significant difference (P less than 0.05) in live weight, carcass weight and dressing per centage was evident in backyard native chicken (BNC) and farm reared native chicken with higher weight being recorded in FNC, whereas no significance could be observed in yield of various primal cuts between them. Physico-chemical and compositional characteristics revealed no significant difference, whereas farm reared birds had lower shear force and collagen compared to backyard birds. Sensory evaluation revealed no negative influence on any of the eating quality indicating that commercial rearing of native chicken could be advocated for faster growth of native birds without compromising on the quality of meat.
Evaluation of Indoxacarb 14.5 SC against Green Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Management through Front Line Demonstrations
Authors: Choudhary Mamta Devi , Jat Arjun Singh , Bamboriya Sumitra Devi , kumari Anop
Published: June 2021

Front Line Demonstration on foliar application of broad spectrum insecticide Indoxacarb 14.5 SC for control of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in green gram was conducted on farmers field in Nagaur district during 2019-20. Through the demonstration of the technology, 35.1% increase in green gram production has been observed with the production of 6.35 q/ha as compared to farmer’s practice (4.7 q/ha). Under demonstrated practices farmer were advised to alternate spray of the given insecticide on appropriate time. Under demonstrated practices, farmers got maximum net return of 21,667 Rs./ha, whereas, it was 12,285 Rs./ha in farmer’s practices.
Oat Floral Biology and Factors Affecting Seed Set
Authors: Hilli Harshavardan J. , Kapoor Rahul , . Amandeep
Published: June 2021

In India, oat is grown as fodder crop during Rabi season in north-western and central parts of the country and is now even extending to eastern region as well. The only commercially cultivated species in the genus Avena are Avena sativa, Avena nuda and Avena byzantine. Oat flowers are bit delicate when compared to other cereal floral structure and seed set is influenced by many factors during artificial hybridisation. This paper includes about floral biology of oat crop and also the various factors responsible for seed set during hybridisation viz effect of Interval Between Emasculation and Pollination, effect of temperature for seed set and any Injury to floral Parts during hybridisation.
Rajdeep (IET 17713): A New Rainfed Lowland High Yielding Rice Variety for Semideep Situation
Authors: Dana Indrani , Chatterjee Sitesh
Published: June 2021

In eastern India, more than 13.0 million ha of rice lands are affected by excess water and periodically suffer from flash floods and complete submergence. Most of the traditional and adapted rice varieties of this situation are low yielders. To overcome these problems the high yielding rice variety (HYV), Rajdeep (IET 17713) has been developed by Rice Research Station, Government of West Bengal, Chinsurah, Hooghly as high yielding rice variety for semideep water situation. Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of promising semideep water rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under lowland situation during wet season of 2002-2013. Performance of Rajdeep, semideep water rice was better and therefore it was released. It is tolerant to sheath blight, sheath rot diseases and stem borer, leaf folder insect-pests. The high yielding semideep rice variety, Rajdeep exhibited superiority over national check (Sabita), regional check (Purnendu) and local check tested in different locations under All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) trials during kharif, 2002-2003 conducted by ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabed, India. This variety was also tested in multi-locational yield trials (2003-2013) along with check variety Swarna-Sub 1/ Bhudeb at different locations of West Bengal. After testing at national level as well as at state level, based on yield performance of the variety, the HYV semideep rice variety Rajdeep was released and notified by Government of India in the Gazette of India vide Notification No. S.O. 1007(E) on 30th March, 2017.
Understanding the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) Program and a Step-by-step Guide for its use in Life Science Research
Authors: Samal Kailash Chandra , Sahoo Jyoti Prakash , Behera Laxmipreeya , Dash Trupti
Published: June 2021

Bioinformatics is the new branch of science which deals with the acquisition, storage, analysis and dissemination of biological data with the help of computer science and information technology. It has the enormous ability to analyze a vast quantity of biological data quickly and cost-effectively. In the past decades, enormous sequence information has been generated due to the advances in DNA and protein sequencing techniques. Estimating similarities between biological sequences is becoming necessary to obtain hidden information present within the sequence and to trace evolutionary relationship exist within the sequences. This sequence comparison can be achieved by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). So BLAST has become a fundamental tools of life science research. Hence it is essential to know how to do sequence comparison using BLAST and how to accurately interpret the BLAST output data. The present article aims to familiarize the biologists and researchers with different BLAST programs and their use in research program.
Management of Cumin Blight Disease on Farmer’s Field
Authors: Jat B.L. , . Nidhi , Singh Gopichand , Kumawat Pushpa
Published: June 2021

In Nagaur district cumin blight disease management trial was conducted through on-farm trial during the year 2020-21. Cumin seed yield of 9.74 q/ha was obtained under demonstration technology as compared to farmer’s practice (7.81 q/ha). The percent seed yield under demonstrations was 25% over the farmer’s practices. Under demonstrated practices, farmers got maximum net return of Rs. 89055/ha. Whereas, it was of Rs. 65215/ha under farmer’s practices. The incremental benefit cost ratio was 1:3.37 under demonstrations as compared to 1:2.8 in farmer’s practices.
Molecular and Cultures based Diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in Vaccinated and Non Vaccinated Poultry Flocks
Authors: Shinde Ritesh S. , Chauhan Harshad C. , Patel Sandip S. , Sharma Kishan Kumar , Patel Arun C. , Shrimali Mehul D. , Mohapatra Sushil Kumar , Chandel Bharat Singh
Published: June 2021

Background: In recent years, Infectious bursal disease is continuously occurring even after vaccination in India and requires an inclusive diagnosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to diagnose IBD through molecular and culture methods. Methods: One pooled sample, from each of 54 flocks having birds with IBD like symptoms, was collected. History of bird type, age and vaccination was recorded. Samples were subjected to RT-PCR, egg embryo culture and chicken fibroblast cells culture. Result: A total of 49669 out of 517900 (9.59 %) of birds, aging 3-6 weeks, were displaying the signs similar to IBD.In RT-PCR, 21 (38.88%) samples were found positive which belonged to11 (52.38%) vaccinated and 10 (47.62%) unvaccinated flocks.The RT-PCR positive samples were successfully cultivated for the virus through egg embryo and cell culture. The CEF culture was found least sensitive compared to egg embryo culture and RT-PCR.
Growth and Instability in Oilseed Prices – A Case of Amreli Market in Gujarat
Authors: Dudhat A.S. , Yadav Pushpa , Shiyani R.L.
Published: June 2021

The growth and instability in oilseed prices in Amreli district of Gujarat have been estimated for the period from 1995-96 to 2016-17 using various statistical methods. The instability index suggested by Cuddy and Della was employed. Commensurate with the objectives of study, time series data on prices of major oilseed crops viz grown in the district were collected and compiled. The findings emerged from the study revealed a high level of instability in case of the sesamum black and white, but it showed moderate instability in the price of castor and bunch type as well as semi spreading varieties of groundnut. The results of correlation analysis indicated integration between oilseed prices. Higher association was noticed between the prices of the two varieties of the same crop. It was also observed that price of castor is closely related with groundnut than the sesamum whereas the lowest association was observed between prices of groundnut bunch type and sesamum white. Research and policy support is needed for raising productivity in the rain-fed areas and also for insulating the crop sector from year-to-year variations in price. The study has suggested that development of assured storage facility, market integration, market price forecast, agricultural practices, farmer-friendly insurance schemes and better weather forecasting would provide a sound shield to growth and price instability in the district.
The Implementation of criminal sanctions as ius puniendi
Authors: Hamid Adnan , Hasbullah Hasbullah
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate and assess and seek to answer comprehensively related to the implementation of criminal sanctions for entrepreneurs who pay below the minimum wage in Indonesia. As the object of research is manpower and criminal law which must be used as a tool for social control and as an obligation of the state to implement it, ius puniendi. This research is normative legal research using quantitative methods. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of criminal sanctions is very necessary and becomes a critical issue as a form of protection for workers to ensure the basic rights of workers to obtain a minimum wage. Efforts that must be made by the government are implementing criminal sanctions consistently, implementing literacy programs and sharing information, implementing socialization programs with a dialogical approach that involves the participation of the wider community, improving the quality of public services based on professional human resources and utilizing communication and information technology. to prevent and minimize the occurrence of various forms of violations of labor law and criminal law, especially with regard to the provisions of the minimum wage.
Numerical Methods I
Authors: Obsieger Boris
Published: June 2021

Textbook of several universities. 2nd edition.

The color edition is also available at Glasstree Bookstore. It is recommended for students.

The series of books Numerical Methods is written primarily for students at technical universities, but also as a useful handbook for engineers, PhD students and scientists.

This volume introduces the reader into numeral systems and representation of numbers in digital computers. Possibly the most important part of this book are descriptions of differences between constant and random variables, related types of errors and error propagation. These topics are supplemented with various types of regression analyses. Finally, direct and iterative methods for finding roots of polynomials are explained.

Practical application is supported by 77 examples and 13 algorithms. For reasons of simplicity, algorithms are written in pseudo-code, so they can easily be included in any computer program.
Gendered Dimensions of Trade: Evidence from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Kaushalendra Pratap , . Saumya , Rathore Chetna K.
Published: June 2021

International trade has traditionally played an essential role in driving women-centric economic empowerment. Women’s participation as owners or managers has remained consistently low over the years. In India's case, a previous study conducted by UNDP revealed that women entrepreneurs preferred engaging in informal cross-border business as it was less risky with no tax burdens and their discomfort in dealing with male customs officials (UNDP, 2016). One of the critical limitations of active business engagement is socio-economic and cultural restriction, especially at the grassroots level. The case in Arunachal Pradesh is no different, as the concept of entrepreneurship of women in this field is a relatively recent phenomenon. In Arunachal Pradesh, the market is mainly controlled by women, yet women's participation in small and medium enterprises is less in number. In this context, the current paper discusses the nature of women entrepreneurs’ role in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and cross-border trade. It unveils the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Arunachal Pradesh and along with industrial and policy-related bottlenecks. The discussion is based on the primary data collected from the women-led/managed/owned MSMEs to study the gender dimensions of trade in Arunachal Pradesh. The findings of the study are that women entrepreneurship primarily gravitates around smaller-sized firms, with most women-led enterprises accounting for micro-enterprises in the formal sector. Like elsewhere in Arunachal Pradesh too, there remain socio-economic and cultural restrictions, especially at the grassroots level. Women lag in terms of awareness about import and export, technology, and dedicated bank accounts.
Submitted: 16 October 2020; Revised: 18 March 2021; Accepted: 08 April 2021
Juxtaposing Farmers’ Suicides and Climate Change Vulnerability: An Empirical Analysis of Indian States
Authors: Gummadi Sridevi , Jyotishi Amalendu , G Jagadeesh
Published: June 2021

India’s overall ranking on the Global Climate Risk Index has been deteriorating in recent years, making it more vulnerable to climate risks. It has been indicated in the literature that climate change is also associated with agrarian distress. However, empirical analyses are scanty on this, especially in the Indian context. In this analytical exercise, we tried to explore the association between farmers’ suicides and climate change vulnerability across Indian states. Using data from various sources, we arrive at an Agrarian Vulnerability Index and juxtaposed that with farmers’ suicide data between 1996 to 2015 collected from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). We noted a strong association between climate change vulnerability and farmers’ suicides. The essence of this analysis is to indicate and understand the broad trends and associations. This research, in the process, informs and presses for a systematic, more comprehensive study with an agenda at micro and meso levels to understand the nuances of this association.

Submitted: 01 November 2020; Revised: 11 January 2021; Accepted: 29 April 2021
Enhancing Oneness through a Co-Housing Community
Authors: Madathil Thankamoniyan Nandana , Jagadisan Sharmila
Published: June 2021

Many of us live in conventional housing facilities, and recent changes in the demographic shift and economic changes create a more significant impact and reshape the spaces we live, work, etc. Modern life makes it challenging to find an answer for the housing crisis and social change, and this, when paired with a safety and security crisis, we can see the decline in meaningful social connections, isolation, leading to sparse human interactions and a lack of vibrant community life. These issues, in turn, threaten not just the quality of life but also human well-being. In response, architecture must create an inclusive urban fabric that meets all groups of people’s social, physical and economic needs. One way to deal with these issues is by revisiting previous models of inhabitation, analysing and modifying them in order to achieve a sustainable living model. This study aims to understand and compare the existing models of co-housing communities across the globe and provide insights into how the concept of co-housing is evolving and how it is likely to impact India. A survey has been conducted with 150 people of diverse age groups to understand the needs and trends of people and further by developing a framework for co-housing communities in an urban setting, where it has the potential to offer a different scale of social organisation and to provide a supportive housing environment emphasising more on sustainable lifestyle practices. Architecture must enhance a person’s lifestyle, and co-housing can catalyse the same.

Submitted: 29 November 2020; Revised: 18 December 2020; Accepted: 14 April 2021
Harbouring Resilience and Hope: India’s Encounter with COVID
Authors: Agnimitra Neera
Published: June 2021

As India traverses its journey through the humongous COVID crisis, it has encountered the most distressing times. The two successive waves of the dreaded virus have wreaked havoc with the lives of people, causing surging infections, innumerable hospitalisations, and the most tragic loss of life. While the unprecedented economic and social disruptions caused by the contingency have been devastating for all, its most disproportionate impact has been borne by the impoverished and marginalised constituencies. Yet, amongst it all, the country and its people have demonstrated incredible grit and resolve to confront the odds. Compassion and camaraderie have prevailed, as the state and civil society have persevered to reach out in myriad ways to confront the disease and support those who have been impacted. Even though the crisis is far from over, and the imperative of extending the critical healing touch to scores of survivors takes centre space, hope abounds that India shall strive on and emerge stronger.
Economic, Social and Demographic Impact of Burmese Invasion of Manipur
Authors: Ningthoujam Yaiphaba
Published: June 2021

Adversarial relationship best describes the history between the Kingdom of Manipur and Burma. As expected between neighbours, there had been frequent wars, alliance formation through intermarriages, trade ties, and cultural exchanges. The watershed in the bilateral relationships was the Burmese occupation during 1819-1826; a period described as the ‘Seven Years Devastation’. It was the last and the most destructive in the series of invasions that befalls the Kingdom of Manipur. Considered the darkest phase, the seven years left an indelible mark in the mindset of the Manipuris. The trail of destruction and devastation that the invading Burmese armies left in the psyche of the Manipuris are still retold in the popular folklore, ballads, and enacted in plays. It had left a penetrating impact on the social, economic, demographic, cultural, and even foreign relations of Manipur.

Submitted: 28 May 2020; Revised: 02 December, 2020; Accepted: 26 February 2021
Exploring the Perspectives of Basic School Ghanaian Language Teachers on the Integration of ICTs in Teaching and Learning
Authors: Nyamekye Ernest , Baffour-Koduah Daniel , Asare Esther
Published: June 2021

Since the advent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), teaching and learning have somewhat taken a paradigm shift. It is, thus, imperative for teachers in all disciplines to appreciate the essence of integrating ICTs in teaching and learning. In this regard, this study sought to explore Basic School Ghanaian Language teachers’ perceptions of ICT integration in Ghanaian language teaching. The study employed a descriptive survey design. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain data from 205 teachers in the Bono, Bono East and Ahafo region of Ghana. Analysis of data collected through a self-developed questionnaire reveals that Ghanaian language teachers exhibit a positive perception of ICT integration in education. However, in practice, they tend to integrate ICT in their instruction on occasional basis. Also, it was revealed that a lack of financial support for ICT resources and lack of in-service training on ICT use were factors that militated against ICT integration in Ghanaian language teaching. Finally, the study revealed a statistically significant difference between degree holders and diploma holders’ perception of ICT integration in teaching and learning Ghanaian language.
Geografia e terceira idade
Authors: Godoi Guilherme , Oliveira Francismara
Published: June 2021

Os alunos que frequentam a EJA apresentam características diversas, há os jovens, os adultos e as pessoas da terceira idade. Devido a essa diversidade dos alunos, essa modalidade de ensino demanda uma estruturação curricular e pedagógica diferenciada, para que assim alcance sua proposta formativa. Nesse contexto, é importante que o docente conheça o aluno, investigue os alcances, dificuldades e saberes dos estudantes, para assim definir caminhos metodológicos adequados para o desenvolvimento da leitura geográfica do mundo. Diante disso, o presente artigo objetivou relacionar os saberes da Geografia e da cartografia escolar na terceira idade, investigando as noções espaciais envolvidas no processo de alfabetização cartográfica na Educação de Jovens e Adultos e as ideias acerca da Geografia presente no ideário de pessoas da terceira idade. Para tanto, toma como aporte a teoria piagetiana sobre a representação do espaço e caracteriza-se como estudo de caso. Participaram dois adultos: Participante A (64 anos) e Participante B (66 anos). O método clínico piagetiano fundamentou a coleta dos dados, realizada por meio do experimento Mapa da Aldeia e entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados do experimento indicaram características típicas do período operatório concreto, nas quais os participantes apresentavam dificuldades em estabelecer abstrações acerca da perspectiva vertical e redução proporcional em escala. Já a entrevista permitiu conhecer aspectos da trajetória de vida dos participantes, e suas ideias sobre a Geografia, enquanto campo de pesquisa que relaciona a natureza e o bem-estar social (Participante A) e como campo educacional para o desenvolvimento e aprendizado (Participante B).
Restituir a contemplação no ensino de Geografia:
Authors: Bonomo Lorena
Published: June 2021

Neste trabalho, a temática do ensino de Geografia é atravessada pela restituição de uma concepção de contemplação, colocada como princípio lógico da produção do pensamento, em destaque o pensamento geográfico. Desse modo, elabora-se uma defesa da observação atenta, detida, intencional, refletida, como modo de compor e elaborar o saber a partir da experiência fotográfica. Considerando a produção de imagens via fotografia como uma linguagem e como campo que desvia da passividade, coloca-se a centralidade na autoria e a ação da aprendizagem compartilhada entre professores e estudantes. Na atividade educativa narrada emerge o singular subúrbio carioca, como lugar vivido, e como âmbito de olhar e de análise é destacado, conectando sua produção social com as práticas sociais/espaciais cotidianas capturadas. Apoiadas na obra de Gomes (2013), as seções desta comunicação, permeadas por fotografias, são intituladas: ponto de vista, composição e exposição, discutindo como tais atributos destinam as imagens e permitem lançar perguntas geográficas sobre o habitar. Em suas considerações finais, inspirada em Massey (2009) trata-se da imaginação geográfica, colocando-a como potência relacionada a contemplação, provocando a dimensão pública inerente aos modos de geo-grafar o mundo.