bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limestone Blocks in the Lower Cretaceous Cuche Formation of the Central Range, Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Barr K. W.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of large blocks of fossiliferous Cretaceous limestone among the Lower Cretaceous shales of the Central Range area of Trinidad, B.W.I., has been known for many years, and several different modes of origin have been advanced. A critical exposure which shows the field relationships between the shales and limestone blocks is described, from which it is concluded that the limestone blocks were derived from the contemporaneous breaking up of limestone reefs, and the inclusion of such blocks, together with fore-reef breccia, in the adjacent shale deposits.
Illustrating the Laws of Morphometry
Authors: Chorley Richard J.
Published: May 2009

The new approach to quantitative morphometry, initiated by Horton (1945), has resulted in the recognition, measurement and comparison of the basic units of landscape geometry; the application to them of the principles governing the behaviour of open physical systems; and the testing and quantifying of the Davisian principles of landscape evolution. The laws of morphometry are here illustrated from three regions of maturely dissected sandstone terrain, lacking in differential gross structural control, and it is discovered that uniform, dimensionless ratios hold for their geometry.
A Megaphyton from the Limestone Coal Group in Fife
Authors: Goodlet G. A.
Published: May 2009

An early record of the occurrence ofMegaphytonin the Limestone Coal Group in Fife has been investigated and the identification confirmed. The specimen is here described and figured asMegaphyton Chalmersisp. nov.
The Taele Gravel near Thriplow, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Sparks B. W.
Published: May 2009

The erratics, weathering and surface relief of the Taele gravel south of Thriplow point to its being immediately post-Gipping (Saale) in age. On the other hand, its molluscan fauna is of a type usually considered to be characteristic of cold conditions associated with the last glaciation. It is concluded that this fauna is characteristic of a certain type of local conditions and not of a definite period in the Pleistocene.
Sutures and Septa in Jurassic Ammonite Systematics
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

In the suborder Ammonitina the form of the septa and sutures is strongly influenced by whorl-shape and is often highly variable within the species and even the inidvidual. Claims that septa and sutures are specially significant because they are “internal characters” are refuted, as are also claims for overriding priority in classification for particular parts of the sutures, or for details of their early pntogenetic stages, or for the inner surfaces of the septa. Interpretation of the form of the septa and sutures as primarily conditioned by external water pressure is challenged. A recent revision of two superfamilies on the basis of septal form is held to involve unnatural groupings.
Notes on the Petrology and Mineralogy of the Barrovian Metamorphic Zones
Authors: Snelling N. J.
Published: May 2009

The antipathetic relation between chloritoid and biotite in the lower metamorphic grades of the Barrovian zones and the genesis of the index minerals in the higher metamorphic grades are briefly discussed. The observed mineral assemblages of 13 new analyses of peltic schists are compared with the assemblage required by the mineralogical phase rule; good agreement exists provided allowance is made for magnesia acting as a separate component. Six new biotite analyses covering all of the Barrovian zones show an increase in the degree of replacement of Si**** by Al*** with increase in metamorphic grade. The ratio of FeO: MgO varies according to the associated ferromagnesian minerals and shows no regular relation to metamorphic grade.
The Fuller's Earth of Whatley, Somerset
Authors: Sylvester-Bradley P. C. , Hodson Frank , Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

The Fuller's Earth Clay of the Whatley district nowhere rests directly on the Palaeozoic rocks, but is always underlain by Inferior Oolite. The Fuller's Earth Rock of the district contains two distinctive and successive faunas, the upper of which bears a suite of ammonites hitherto unknown from rocks of this age. It is correlated with the Wattonensis Beds of the Dorset Fuller's Earth.
A note on the Pitchstones of Arran
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

Biotile is recognized as the dominant mineral of the arborescent, plumose, and scopulitic growths found in the Arran pitchstones. The chemical composition of the pitchstone group of glasses is briefly discussed in terms of the experimental data on the hydrous granite system.
Faulted Permian Dykes in the Highlands
Authors: Leedal G. P.
Published: May 2009

In the Arkaig district of Inverness-shire there is a well-defined suite of camptonite-monchiquite dykes, and several of them have been observed to be displaced laterally along sinistral faults. This provides direct evidence of transcurrent faulting in Permian or post-Permian times. Similar faulting may have occurred along the major northeasterly fracture lines of the Highlands.
Tertiary and Pleistocene Sediments from the Cape Verde Archipelago
Authors: Part Gerald M.
Published: May 2009

Tertiary and Pleistocene sediments, largely calcareous, and certain metamorphosed limestones, are described from the Cape Verde Archipelago.
A Note on Rhythmic Layering in the Ultrabasic Rocks of Rhum
Authors: Wager L. R. , Brown G. M.
Published: May 2009

Preliminary observations indicate that the rhythmically varied layers of ultrabasic rock in Rhum form part of a layered intrusion built up from below rather than a series of separate injections.
On a Discovery of Copper-Ore in the Torridonian Rocks of Sutherland
Authors: Fermor Lewis Leigh
Published: May 2009

A description is given of nodules of copper-ore (ferruginous chalcocite) occurring in the Lower Torridonian rocks (Diabaig beds) at Clachtoll, N.W. of Lochinver, Sutherland.
Notes on the Geology of the Northern Part of the Ruwenzori Mountains
Authors: Johnson R. J. , McConnell R. B.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of the geology of the northern portion of the Ruwenzori Mountains. The rocks consist chiefly of a migmatitic series of biotite-gneiss passing to plagioclase-amphibolite uncomformably overlying these are rare occurrences of a slightly metamorphosed series of conglomerates, grits, quartzites, and tale-schists. The area is bounded by rift faults which strike N.N.E.– S.S.W. and the strike of the gneiss series is in general parallel to that direction with a steep westerly dip. Major rift faults arc described and evidence given to show that they are rejuvenations of Pre-Cambrian fault lines. Dextral tear-fault movement is implied with superimposed vertical component. Evidence indicates that faulting took place under compressional stress in Pre-Cambrian times, but that tension supervened at the later stages under light load. A steeply dipping faulting system striking W.N.W.–E.S.E. is also present, and has resulted in the southern blocks rising relative to the northern: in this system also, early compressional stress has been superseded by tension.
Note on the Alleged Purbeckian at Murzuch, Fezzan, Libya
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

The only fossiliferous representative of the Jurassic system reported to exist in Fezzan (Libya) is the thin freshwater limestone of Murzuch, which is supposed to be Purbeckian. Professor A. Desio (1938) first attributed this deposit to the Mesozoic and dubiously to the Cretaceous, but Pagni (1938) identified from it the Purbeckian gastropod Valvata helicoides Forbes and the Purbeckian plant Chara jaccardi Heer. On the strength of these determinations Professor Desio (1939, 1942) later stated that the Murzuch Limestone “should perhaps be referred to the lacustrine Upper Jurassic (Purbeckian)”. The gastro-pods, as shown in the figures by Pagni, however, do not resemble the true Valvata helicoides de Loriol ex Forbes MS. (refigured Arkell, 1941, p. 89, figs. 14 a, b, 60, 61, 62). During 1950 I pointed this out to Professor Desio. He kindly allows me to record that he as always doubtful about the age of the Murzuch Limestone and that he now considers it to be much younger, perhaps Pliocene.
The Tyne Tunnel
Authors: Armstrong G. , Kell J.
Published: May 2009

The following note refers to the geological features observed during the recent construction of tunnels under the River Tyne, with special reference to the relationship between the present and pre-Glacial courses of the river and the possibility of a Pleistocene (or later) beach level at 45 feet below O.D.
The Insertion of Septa in the Later Growth Stages of Palaeosmilia murchisoni (Edwards and Haime)
Authors: Coope G. R.
Published: May 2009

In the later growth stages of Palaeosmilia, minor septa are inserted simultaneously on both sides of each newly added major septum and they originate high up near the growing crest of this major septum. Thus, a minor septum occupies the interseptal space in which the next major septum will be inserted. The next major septum develops directly upon the axial edge of this minor septum and it originates deep down in the calyx. The similarity is pointed out between the septal insertion in Palaeosmilia and in the more typical aulophyllid (clisiophyllid) corals.
Diplograptus spinulosus sp. nov., from the Ordovician of Syria
Authors: Sudbury Margaret
Published: May 2009

Graptolites, found in Ordovician strata in a deep boring in northern Syria, are described as Diplograptus spinulosus Sudbury sp. nov.
The Lamellibranch Zones of the South Staffordshire Coalfield
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

Scarcely any information has been published regarding the palaeontological sequence in the Coal Measures of South Staffordshire. Some marine bands have been recorded (summarized in Whitehead, 1927, p. 31) and there are isolated records of non-marine lamellibranchs, including a number which were figured by Wheelton Hind (1894–6). Practically nothing is known, however, concerning the zonal succession of either the shells or plants in that area. Recently, through the kindness of Dr. C. J. Stubblefield, the writer has had an opportunity to study a small collection of shells obtained in South Staffordshire by the late H. W. Hughes and now in the Museum of the Geological Survey. The specimens have been collected from known horizons and have proved to be sufficient to enable the writer to fix zonal boundaries and thus to make some suggestions regarding the correlation of the marine horizons.
The Petrology of the Government Reserve Forest, Kodarma, Bihar (India)
Authors: Sharma N. L.
Published: May 2009

Kodarma is one of the most important centres for the production of muscovite mica in the mica-belt of the Hazaribagh district of Bihar. The Kodarma Reserve Forest, the petrology of which is here described, begins about 2 miles north-east of Kodarma Station and extends for a further distance of about 10 miles in that direction. It occupies an area of about 57 square miles.
On Fluoborite from Selibin, Malaya
Authors: Johnston R. W. , Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The Beatrice Mine at Selibin in the Federated Malay States formed a unique type of tin deposit characterized by its richness in cassiterite and the striking paragenesis of its contained minerals. The mine, now worked out, was developed in a pipe representing a replacement of Permo-Carboniferous dolomite near the margin of the Kledang granite of the Kinta Valley and a systematic account of the geology and petrology of the deposit has been given by Mr. E. S. Willbourn, Director of the Geological Survey (F.M.S.).1 In this account the principal minerals of the pipe were shown to be tremolite, talc, mica, fluorite, and a “hydrated magnesium borate” with cassiterite and arsenopyrite as the chief ore minerals.
Mineralogy of Some Permian Sediments from Western Australia
Authors: Higgins H. G. , Carroll Dorothy
Published: May 2009

It has been found in many places that the mineralogy of a series of sediments varies according to the time of its deposition; and basal beds may not contain the same minerals, particularly the heavy minerals, as the upper beds of a series. This investigation was undertaken to see if there was any such variation throughout the vertical thickness of part of the Permian of North-West Australia.
The Relation of the Valves to the Pedicle in the Strophomenid Brachiopods
Authors: Arber Muriel A.
Published: May 2009

The relation of the valves to the pedicle is among the fundamental characters on the basis of which the phylum Brachiopoda has been divided into five orders (see Thomson, 1927). In a previous paper (Arber, 1939), I pointed out that, on this classification, the order Protremata cannot be regarded as a homogeneous group, since in the orthids the pedicle apparently emerged through an open delthyrium, while in the strophomenid Leptaena it emerged through an entirely separate foramen situated in the ventral valve. Schuchert in 1913 (p. 383) defined the whole superfamily Strophomenacea as being characterized by a pedicle which, when present, was small, and emerged at the apex of the valve. A pedicle-foramen is, however, by no means of universal occurrence, and its existence has also been often overlooked in systematic descriptions, so that, in spite of Schuchert's definition, some doubt has nevertheless remained as to whether the form of pedicle-opening found in Leptaena and a few closely allied genera is genuinely typical of the whole of the strophomenids, thus creating a developmental distinction between that group and the orthids. I have therefore examined as many as possible of the available specimens and descriptions of the strophomenids, with the results here recorded.
An Interpretation of certain Reversed Faults at Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire
Authors: Whittard W. F. , Hudson F. G.
Published: May 2009

Professor Reynolds has recently described from one of the Arnold Quarries, Chipping Sodbury, a section in which several beds of the Carboniferous Limestone were seen individually to be thrust over, or underthrust by, Rhaetic deposits (Text-fig. 2).1 No decision was made as to the origin of this structure.
Sedimentary Formations of Abnormal Thickness
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

For many years past the writer of the present note has devoted much thought to the problem of the origin of sedimentary series of enormous thickness, such as occur or are said to occur in many parts of the world. In one group of instances the answer is easy: that the great thickness is apparent and not real. Such for example are some types of delta deposit, where the material has been laid down on a submarine slope in a manner analogous to the formation of a railway embankment or a slag heap, by tipping trucks over the end. Here obviously the total attained by adding together the thicknesses of all the inclined layers is quite misleading. This effect may be seen in the foreset beds of almost any deltaic deposit on almost all scales, and its true nature is generally revealed by the occurrence of topset or bottomset, more or less horizontal beds above or below. This effect is very well seen on the south coast of Devon westwards from the mouth of the Exe, where for some miles the bright red New Red Sandstone strata, usually considered to be Permian, dip consistently eastwards at 25 or 30 degrees. The conditions of formation of these brilliantly red strata are obscure, but in one railway cutting at the eastern end an obvious horizontal topset bed proves clearly that the dip is deceptive, and that the real thickness at that point need not be much more than the small depth of the cutting.
Graptogonophores
Authors: Elles G. L.
Published: May 2009

The sac-like structures occasionally found in association with graptolite rhabdosomes have always attracted the attention of palaeontologists whenever recognized. They have very generally been regarded as of reproductive character, though in some cases doubt has been held as to whether they were really attached to the rhabdosome; any specimens showing attachment beyond the possibility of doubt are therefore valuable, and in the case of the specimens now figured this attachment is particularly clear.
Some problems of Geomorphology and Continental Relationships in British Guiana
Authors: Bishopp D. W.
Published: May 2009

Although our present knowledge of British Guiana— particularly in detail and in the southern part of the country—is far from complete, it appears timely to attempt a synthesis of some of the major facts that are known. The following account seeks to summarize some of the more pronounced features of form and structure; it raises the question of a large discontinuity or break from south to north along the course of the greatest river—the Essequibo; it seeks to interpret the meaning of the contrasted river-systems west and east of the Essequibo; it raises the question of subsidence in the Berbice Valley, and of the early Amazon drainage; and discusses the problem of continental drift from Africa in the light of du Toit's criteria.
Note on Three Himalayan Rivers
Authors: Davies L. M.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper (1940) I discussed the origins of the Indus, Jhelum, and Sutlej rivers. I suggested that the upper Jhelum resulted from the final severing of marine communications with Tibet by the rise of the north-west Himalayan axis at the close of Laki (Lower Eocene) times. The upper Indus probably originated rather later, from the overflow of Tibetan drainage ponded by the rise of this axis. The upper Sutlej I held to be much younger, and due to a geologically recent collapse of the main Himalayan axis along the line of an old (Gondwana) fault-trough.
On Gill-like Structures in the Eurypterida
Authors: Moore P. Fitzgerald
Published: May 2009

The nature and arrangement of the “gills” of Eurypterids is not known in detail. A specimen of Slimonia in the Sedgwick Museum (No. A16237a), figured by Laurie (1893, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, p. 514), seems to show their structure and segmental arrangement better than any described elsewhere. Owing to the rather poor quality of Laurie's figure and to the important conclusions which follow a study of this specimen, it has been thought fit to re-describe it here.
A New Genus of Trilobites and other Fossils from Girvan
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: May 2009

A Small series of fossils, recently collected by Mr. James L. Begg mainly from the Ordovician beds of Girvan and sent to me for examination, include some interesting specimens amongst which is a species of trilobite which must be put in a new genus. My thanks are due to Mr. Andrew Ferguson, of the Geological Department of Glasgow University, for making the photographs of the specimens.
On the Boundary between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

The Cretaceous System of England, according to A. J. Jukes-Browne1 is “naturally divisible into two distinct and different series of strata”, namely a lower series consisting chiefly of sands and clays, and an upper series, consisting mainly of chalk. The succession on the whole is easy to unravel, and was correctly described (even before the name Cretaceous had been thought of) by Webster in his Letters, written in 1811 and published in 1816 in Sir Henry Englefield's Isle of Wight; it is almost exactly the same as we recognize it to-day. Two slight changes have been made, but they have been considered by some to be changes for the worse. Firstly, the beds to which the name“Greensand” had originally been applied by Smith and Webster2 are now called “Upper” Greensand, a term that has given rise to much confusion3; and, secondly, the “Ferruginous Sands” are now known as “Lower” Greensand, a name that was strongly condemned by workers like Fitton, Godwin-Austen, and Judd. It is on record4 that even Jukes-Browne admitted that he had long been endeavouring to do away with the awkward and misleading terms “Upper” and “Lower” Greensand ; but these names, though better not used without locality, have now become too familiar and are too useful for mapping to be abandoned entirely in favour of the more precise stage names Cenomanian, Albian, and Aptian.
The Hangnest Dolerite Sill, S.A
Authors: Walker F. , Poldervaart A.
Published: May 2009

A 500 ft. sill of dolerite from Hangnest in the Calvinia division of the Cape Province (South Africa) exemplifies very clearly two well-marked features of the thicker Karroo sills:—

(1) Very slight amount of crystallization-differentiation.

(2) Marked tendency to mobilize and react with the associated shales and siltstones.

A petrological and chemical study of this sill is given and the mechanism of the various processes discussed.
A Simple Device for the Construction of the Trace of the Axial “Plane” of a Competent Fold when the Centres of Curvature of the Components of the Curve are not known
Authors: Hobson G. D.
Published: May 2009

In the search for oil on asymmetrical anticlinal structures it is of prime importance to know the position of the axial “plane” of the fold, for it is never safe, even where asymmetry is only moderate, to drill a test well across the axial “plane” and so penetrate the steep flank. Where such a thing has happened, the evidence in regard to the oil prospects of the area can generally be ruled out as inconclusive, and in that way much money and effort have been wasted.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

While descriptions of new ammonites and of entirely new faunas are constantly being published, and (like progress in other sciences) seem, on the whole, to be rather welcomed, some palaeontologists are beginning to deplore the “smothering” of our science “by the abundance of its own material”. I do not agree that systematic palaeontology is in the chaotic state depicted by these authors; in any case, the description of new ammonites will continue. But the question of how authors deal with their “species” is rather different. It has been suggested that older authors, like Quenstedt, still had a very clear conception as to what constituted a “Formenkreis”, but that their successors have lost this sense. Yet as regards atomization of species I do not think that many of the younger palaeontologists will emulate the veteran A. v. Koenen's notorious example of splitting up into innumerable “species” what is virtually a single form of Platyknticeras. By way of contrast, Ilovaïsky, also at an advanced age, established an extraordinarily large number of varieties in a single species of Pavlovia, but his procedure similarly has not been repeated.
On the Palatoquadrate and Hyomandibula of Pleuracanthus sessilis Jordan
Authors: Moy-Thomas J. A. , White E. I.
Published: May 2009

Watson (1937) in his important work on Acanthodians demonstrated that the mode of jaw-suspension of this group and probably also that of the Arthrodira.Macropetalichthyida, Rhenanida, and Antiarchi was in a more primitive condition than in other Gnathostomes. The hyomandibula of these fishes played no important part in the suspension of the jaws, and the hyoidean gill-slit persisted as such, not being reduced to a spiracle. Watson introduced the name Aphetohyoidea (free hyoid) for the group containing all these fishes, distinguishing them from the more advanced Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
New Evidence Concerning the Original Order of Deposition of the Longmyndian Rocks
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

During the war a large new quarry was opened in the Longmyndian rocks of Haughmond Hill, Shropshire. It is near the south-east edge of the hill, to the west of the road running north from Upton Magna and one mile from the village. On the sketch-map in the Shrewsbury Memoir (p. 58) two arrows are shown, at about this locality, recording dips of 50° in a south-easterly direction. I was told that there was a very small quarry here before the large quarry was excavated. The present quarry is even larger than that near Haughmond Abbey (Shrewsbury Memoir, p. 48), on the north-west side of the Pre-Cambrian outcrop, and the two quarries offer extensive and splendidly displayed exposures of Longmyndian rocks, one in the coarse-grained Western Longmyndian and the other in the fine-grained Eastern Longmyndian.
The Cambrian – Ordovician Junction, Whitesand Bay, Pembrokeshire
Authors: Evans W. David
Published: May 2009

In 1940 Professor O. T. Jones published in the Geological Magazine significant observations on certain of the Lower Palaeozoic contacts in north Pembrokeshire. His detailed inspection of the Solva-Caerfai contact at Caerfai Bay, and the Arenig-Lingula Flag junction at Whitesand Bay, revealed erosional and depositional features which clearly established hitherto debatable lines of unconformity. In addition, his results have aroused much needed assiduity in the interpretation and inspection of formational breaks in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks. Shearing and structural deformities, as well as the emplacement of cleavage, frequently mask such erosional and depositional features but, as Professor Jones has demonstrated, vestiges of them sometimes remain.
Petrology of a Wealden Sandstone at Clock House, Capel, Surrey
Authors: Allen P.
Published: May 2009

The topmost band of sandstone in the Weald Clay at Capel (6) is now exposed for 100 yards, and varies in thickness from 8 inches at the southern end of the face to 1 foot at the northern end. The stone is glauconitic and highly micaceous, and carries so much fresh biotite on certain bedding-planes that they are heavily darkened. Flakes of biotite and muscovite commonly reach 2 mm. in diameter, and occasionally 3 mm. No petrological facies like it is known in the older Hastings Beds outcropping to the south and south-east. The petrography of the sandstone therefore merits description, and some discussion of the problems which it raises.
On Magma-Types and their Nomenclature
Authors: Wells M. K. , Wells A. K.
Published: May 2009

In the discussion on a paper read recently by A, G. MacGregor on Scottish Carboniferous volcanicity,1 one of us, speaking on behalf of both, raised some points concerning the nomenclature of magma-types which we feel are worth amplifying. The points at issue concern firstly the use of the terms “tholeiite” and “olivinebasalt” when applied to fundamental magmas, and secondly the propriety of referring to the suites of rock-types supposed to be derived from them as “calc-alkali” and “alkali” respectively.
On Fossils from Antigua, and the Age of the Seaforth Limestone
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

During a recent visit to Antigua, West Indies, Dr. C. T. Trechmann collected some fossils from the Middle Oligocene Antigua Formation, and a small but important series from the Seaforth Limestone at Seaforth. Both collections included corals. Dr. Trechmann has already published his results (1941); it is the object of the present paper to deal with the corals, and especially with those from the Seaforth Limestone, because of the conclusive evidence they afford of the age of that formation.
Hinge Structure in Carbonicola pseudorobusta Trueman and Related Species
Authors: MacLennan Rhona M.
Published: May 2009

Wheelton hind in his Monograph on Carbonicola gave a critical review of what was known about hinge structure in that genus up to 1896; he described and figured the hinge structure in various species of Carbonicola, notably in shells which he referred to C. acuta (Sowerby). Since that time little has been published about hinge structure in Carbonicola. A paper by M. C. March on the structure and relationships of Carbonicola appears only to have been published in abstract (1913): In that, mention was made of the specialization of the ligament and “cardinal plateau” in the hinge line of Carbonicola, the “cardinal plateau” being grooved for the reception of an internal ligament. It was also stated that hinge structure was absent in C. antiqua, poorly represented in C. turgida and similar forms, and most highly developed in C. aquilina.
A Road Section near Guy's Hill, Jamaica
Authors: Matley C. A. , Raw Frank
Published: May 2009

The rocks exposed along the road between Linstead and Guy's Hill, Jamaica, were described by Dr. C. T. Trechmann in this magazine in 1936 (pp. 259–260). The chief object of his account was to prove that the igneous rocks there were intrusions later than the associated Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones, which, according to him, had been metamorphosed into hornfelses, some of which, he stated later (1937, p. 561), he knew to have an “igneous” appearance under the microscope, “which tends to support my contention that in Jamaica we have sedimentaries altered in situ into rocks that would ordinarily be classified as igneous.” Dissent from his descriptions and interpretations was expressed by C. A. M. (Matley, 1937, pp. 501–3), the criticisms being mainly based on an examination of Trechmann's own microscope slides by F. R. A visit to Jamaica by C. A. M. in 1939 allowed him to study this road and to collect a suite of rocks for petrological examination. The results show that Trechmann's interpretation cannot be sustained. There is no granodiorite or other plutonic rock present, no metamorphism hornfelsing the sedimentary rocks, and no igneous intrusions into the Tertiary limestones.
Shore Platforms
Authors: Hills E. Sherbon
Published: May 2009

The use of the terms “normal” and “abnormal” in relation to shore-platforms has led to confusion and should be discontinued. Processes operative in the formation of shore platforms are analysed from Victorian examples. The effects of water-layer weathering, growth of marine organisms, breakers, and waves of translation on sheltered and open coasts and on various rocks (including a special study of platforms in aeolianites) are discussed.
On the Genus Corynoides Nicholson
Authors: Strachan Isles
Published: May 2009

The Ordovician genus Corynoides Nicholson has until recently been very imperfectly known and generally neglected. Its development and peculiar morphology are discussed, but its systematic position amongst the graptolites remains doubtful. Four European species are here described and figured, one being new, and American species are briefly discussed.
An Early List of Strata by William Smith
Authors: Douglas J. A. , Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

An account is here given of the recent discovery at Oxford of a hitherto unrecorded MS. in William Smith's handwriting, giving the list of Strata as known to him in 1797 and differing in some respects from the famous list dictated by him two years later at Bath to the Rev. B. Richardson and the Rev. Joseph Townsend, a copy of which is preserved in the Geological Society's collection. The list is reproduced here in its original form and spelling, together with a number of annotations.
Kyanite-Gneiss within a Thermal Aureole
Authors: MacKenzie W. S.
Published: May 2009

This preliminary note records two discoveries in the Ross of Mull. Kyanite is considerably more widespread in the Moine rocks than previous investigations have indicated. Where the kyanite-gneiss enters the thermal aureole of the granite, large andalusite paramorphs are formed from kyanite.
On Two Rounded Boulders from an Anthracite Seam, South Wales
Authors: Dix Emily
Published: May 2009

In 1942 (p. 21) the author described the occurrence, petrological characters and origin of fourteen rounded boulders found in and associated with coal seams in South Wales. Recently W. D. Ware discovered another two boulders or erratics as they are sometimes called, amongst coal on the picking belt, probably derived from the Dulais Seam, at the Cefn Coed Colliery. Three specimens have already been noted at this colliery (1942, pp. 27, 28), one found in situ in the bottom coal of the Dulais Seam and the other two in coal probably derived from this seam.
New Coal Basin of the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Andronov I.
Published: May 2009

Until quite recently only a few specialists, even in the Soviet Union, knew about the Poltava and Bredin anthracite deposits in the Southern Urals. Under the stern conditions of war, however, this coal basin in the east of the Soviet Union has sprung to economic life. A new power base has been set up, new shafts sunk, all of them working and with reserves of coal before them sufficient for many years. Many of the Bredin pits contain coking coal, and the Poltava-Bredin coal district will soon be able to supply many of the large Urals works with high-quality fuel.
Evidence of Fissure Eruption in the Tertiary Lava Plateau of North-East Ireland
Authors: Patterson E. M.
Published: May 2009

An example is described of a dyke feeding a lava flow in the Tertiary basalt plateau of North-East Ireland. The dyke has an erratic course and branches into several veinlets, but otherwise it displays the usual characters of a dyke. Continuity between dyke and flow is seen in five places in the restricted area of outcrop of the flow. The possible relationship of the dykes and volcanic plugs of Antrim to the plateau lavas is briefly discussed.
The Direction of Origin of the Kalahari Sand of Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Bond Geoffrey
Published: May 2009

The Kalahari Sand formation extends over a large part of the territory of Southern Rhodesia, and it has been estimated that it covers 12 per cent of the surface of the Colony.
A Deep Bore in the Cleveland Hills
Authors: Fowler A.
Published: May 2009

Carboniferous.—The Carboniferous rocks in the bore have a thickness of 2,443 feet, and extend from 3,840 to 6,283 feet.
Rhabdocrinus n.g. from the Scottish Carboniferous Limestone
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

When describing the Scottish species Poteriocrinus scotocarbonarius, doubts were expressed about the propriety of assigning it to Poteriocrinus (Wright, 1937, p. 402, 1939–40, p. 17). Before creating a new genus, however, it was considered desirable to make an examination of one of the chief figured specimens of the genotype species P. crassus Miller and to compare it with P. plicatus Austin. Up to the present it has not been possible to do this, and such an outcome seems unlikely for some time to come. In view of the great amount of work that has been done on this and allied genera in recent years, it is now reasonably certain that our Scottish forms are quite distinct from any English or American species or genera hitherto described. Hence the new genus Rhabdocrinus now proposed. The name Poteriocrinus is now discarded in favour of the original Poteriocrinites (Bassler, 1938, Moore and Laudon, 1943). The genotype species was described by Miller in 1821. The specimen illustrated by him as fig. 1 on the plate opposite p. 69 is intended to portray a complete cup apparently from the right posterior side. It has a few columnals attached. According to this figure the radials have horseshoe-shaped facets. The Austins state that this figure is a restoration, and they give an illustration of the same specimen from the same position (Austin, T. and T., 1843–7, pi. 8, fig. 3c, p. 74). Here also the radial facets are not well shown. There is accordingly still a slight doubt regarding these structures on this specimen. On Miller's plate, however, are several figures of detached radials and on the plate opposite p. 67 is a diagrammatic representation of the complete cup of P. crassus. All these figures show radials with horseshoe-shaped facets and a distinct articulating cross ridge, the facets themselves only occupying part of the upper surface of the radials. This type of structure is taken as typical of the genus Poteriocrinites. In the new genus now proposed the facets are quite different in shape and occupy nearly all the upper surfaces of the radials with no trace whatsoever of a cross ridge. The pattern of the surfaces in fact consists of a series of fine crenulations or striations which cross the facets in a transverse direction, i.e. from front to back. In addition, some facets are characterized by little pustules and prominences which are more commonly observed near the centre and towards the back or interior surface of the facets. These features constitute the chief distinguishing character of the new genus. As to the family to which Rhabdocrinus should be assigned, it clearly does not belong to the Poteriocrinitidae as now defined (Moore and Laudon, 1943, p. 54, fig. 5), and since it is impossible under prevailing conditions to trace any known family to which it can be referred, the matter is left open at present.
A Comment on a New Area of Slumped Beds in Denbighshire
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper on the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks of the district around Gwytherin, North-Western Denbighshire, Professor Boswell deals with an area which lies to the south of the Llangerniew district that I mapped and described a few years ago.
Notes on Certain Upper Devonian Brachiopods Figured by Whidborne
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: May 2009

The Whidborne Collection of Devonian fossils from Devon and Cornwall now in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, contains the majority of the specimens and nearly all the types described and figured by him in his memoir published by the Palaeontographical Society, vols. xlii-lii, between the years 1889–1898. The following notes have been made on a re-examination of certain of his Upper Devonian specimens in the light of more recent work and other material, though unfortunately many of the fossils are too imperfectly preserved for a satisfactory determination. A comparison of several of the species with those of Sowerby's types described and figured in 1840 has been of much value. Those specimens in the Whidborne collection which require no further remarks or are so poor that a correct identification is deemed at present impossible are omitted.
Notes on Certain Upper Devonian Brachiopods figured by Whidborne
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: May 2009

Whidborne gave a composite description of certain specimens from the Upper Devonian of Pilton and other localities which he grouped together and ascribed to the Carboniferous species P. (Buxtonia) scabriculus Mart. (Whidborne, 1897, 170, pi. xx, figs. 16–18, pi. xxi, fig. 12), but he considered that it was difficult to distinguish some of them from those which he ascribed to Strophalosia productoides. We cannot agree with his reference of any of them to Martin's Carboniferous species. The best preserved and first example [H. 286] which he figured (1897, pi. xx, fig. 16) is a pedicle-valve from “Smoking House Lane”. It has a transversely subquadrate shape with subrectangular cardinal angles not produced; the body is strongly arched longitudinally but only moderately convex transversely, and it has a weak median longitudinal depression, but descends steeply on each side to the smalt ears; it is covered by regular continuous rounded costae of equal size, about fifty in number, some of which bifurcate at about one-third to two-thirds their length, and very few of them show any small swellings on their course as in P. scabriulus; a few faint narrow concentric rugae are traceable on the posterior third of the body producing weak coarse reticulation; the umbo is very broad, rounded and incurved, projecting over the hinge-line; the ears, which are much depressed but not sharply marked off from the body, are triangular in shape and are crossed by a few narrow concentric rugae which bifurcate somewhat irregularly before reaching the hinge-line; a few large coarse spinose tubercles or spine-bases lie near the junction of the body with the ears. This pedicle-valve is sufficiently preserved to indicate a distinct species, for which the name porteri is proposed.
Notes on Certain Upper Devonian Brachiopods figured by Whidborne
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: May 2009

Dehée (1929, p. 26) has pointed out that there has been much confusion and difficulty in distinguishingA. concentricafromA. (Cleiothyridina) roissyi, and Weller (1914, p. 473) referred to Davidson's too broad interpretation of that species. One impression [H. 251] from Poleshill which Whidborne figured (1897, pl. xviii, fig. 3) under the latter name does not possess the characteristic spinosity ofA. (Cl.) roissyi, but agrees instead withA. concentricawhich is a typical Devonian species characteristic of the Upper Devonian, as Dehée remarks who figures examples of it (1929, p. 26, pl. iv, figs. 4−6) from Etroeungt.
Contact Metamorphism at Maddocks Hill near Wellington, Shropshire
Authors: Chapman Randolph W.
Published: May 2009

A large basic sill intrudes the Shineton shale (Cambrian) at Maddocks Hill, east of the Wrekin, near Wellington, Shropshire. An old quarry exposes the contact and reveals that the shale close by has been recrystallized to a hard, compact hornfels, the intensity of alteration decreasing away from the contact. Thin sections show that the metamorphic effect was solely thermal, the rock having been completely recrystallized, and biotite having been generated under conditions of the amphibolite facies. The metamorphism is compared with that brought about by other basic hypabyssal intrusions.
Olivine-bearing and other Basic Hornfelses around the Insch Igneous Mass, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Sadashivaiah M. S.
Published: May 2009

Basic hornfelses occurring at the contact of slates and olivinenorite are ascribed to influx of Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, Mn, and P from the gabbro magma into the sedimentary rocks. This kind of basic front, unlike those postulated for acid bodies, has a basic back.
The Origin of the Fenland Meres: Fenland Homologues of the Norfolk Broads
Authors: Jennings J. N.
Published: May 2009

A section from the extinct waterway of the Little Ouse to the former Red Mere in west Suffolk is described, which shows that the lake mans succeed the clay flanges extending from the roddon silts. Thus the Fenland Meres formed in the course of the Coastal or Upper Silts transgression of the Fenland Basin, during which raised banks of silt were built along the tidal waterways, and these ponded back the fresh water. The Meres are shown to be roughly similar in age and manner of formation to the Norfolk Broads.
On the Ages of Certain Upper Tertiary Beds of Peninsular India and Ceylon
Authors: Eames F. E.
Published: May 2009

During the course of researches upon the Cainozoic faunas of Burma, Pakistan, India, and Ceylon, the writer has compiled a list of all the species that have been recorded, and has assessed the accuracy of the information from the points of view of both specific identification and age. As a consequence, he has been led to believe that current opinions as to the ages of certain horizons may have to be modified, and that in other cases the evidence of age is much less certain than was believed. The faunas here discussed are those of the Miocene beds of Ceylon, of the Quilon limestone, of the Pliocene of Karikal, and of the Cuddalore sandstones.
On a Section of the Balclatchie Beds at Craighead Quarry, near Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Anderson F. W. , Pringle J.
Published: May 2009

In recent years the stratigraphical position of the Craighead Limestone, as assigned by Lapworth (1882) and by Peach and Home (1899), has been questioned by such competent geologists as Ulrich (1930), O. T.Jones (1935), and Cowper Reed (1935); any new evidence having a bearing on the age of the limestone is therefore worthy of being placed on record.
Cravenechinus, a New Type of Echinoid from the Carboniferous Limestone
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

The remarkable specimen here described was collected in 1938 by Mr. W. S. Pitcher during an excursion of the Chelsea Polytechnic Geological Field Club to Yorkshire, and was presented by him to the British Museum in December of that year. The specimen was found in a stone in a dry-wall, but there is little room for doubt that it came originally from the immediate vicinity, for the matrix can be matched with part of the D1 limestones exposed there.
Notes on Some Lamellibranchs from Quarrel Hill, Girvan
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: May 2009

A small collection of fossils from the Upper Ordovician of Quarrel Hill, Girvan, made recently by Mr. James L. Begg, is remarkable for the number and character of the lamellibranchs, several of which appear to be new. Their affinities are chiefly with those of the Ordovician of the United States and are consequently of special interest.
The Stratigraphy and Structure of the Arenaceous Formation of the Main Range Foothills, F.M.S
Authors: Richardson J. A.
Published: May 2009

The evidence relating to the problems raised by the Arenaceous Formation of the Main Range Foothills may be summarized thus:—

(i) The Foothills are built as a rule of predominantly arenaceous sediments; belts of quartzite-conglomerate occur and argillaceous types generally are interspersed with the coarser grained rocks.

(ii) Lithological variations northwards and southwards along the strike of the Formation, and eastwards and westwards through its strati-graphical succession are very great.

(iii) No fossils have been found anywhere in these rocks and their age is consequently not definitely known.

(iv) The Foothills have obviously been the site of orogenic pressures and metamorphism, and they appear to have formed a buttress against which the Permocarboniferous rocks have been moulded by forces from east-south-east or east.

(v) There is a persistent difference of 10° to 20° between the general strike of the Foothills Formation and that of the Permocarboniferous Formation along the eastern margin of the Foothills in the 35-mile tract examined by the writer. This fact cannot be accepted as proof that an angular unconformity exists because structural complexities dependent upon (iv) above can also afford a satisfactory explanation of this divergence of strike.

(vi) Scrivenor has mapped the Foothills Formation as Triassic, so that its easterly dip below the Permocarboniferous must, on this hypothesis, be due to overfolding.

(vii) Between the western margin of the Foothills and the Main Range granite, occur rocks, many of them strongly metamorphosed, which may originally have been calcareous shales, pyroclasts, and impure limestones, presumed, on lithological grounds, to be of Permocarboniferous age. Their alteration has been so profound that no transitional types have been discovered between thorough-going amphibole- and epidote-schists and the presumed parental calcareous sediments. Metamorphosed argillaceous and arenaceous rocks accompany them.
Notes on Some Cretaceous Fossils
Authors: Wright C. W. , Wright E. V.
Published: May 2009

The only species of Scaphites hitherto identified from the Holaster planus Zone of England is S. geinitzi d’Orbigny, which occurs commonly both in the Chalk Rock and in the normal facies of the zone in many parts of the country.
Sedimentation and the Problem of the Gneisses
Authors: Mennell F. P. , Bulawayo S. R.
Published: May 2009

From under the thick blanket of sediments of pre-Karroo age (i.e. Carboniferous or older) which so largely preponderate in the South African stratigraphical column, there protrude immense masses of crystalline rock. In Southern Rhodesia these last consist of granite interrupted at times by still older metamorphic schists, but in places round the borders of the colony, and over the frontier in Portuguese East Africa, they are replaced by gneisses. Recent work has indicated that some of the gneiss is younger than the schists, in spite of the less altered condition of the latter. It is currently accepted, following Maufe, that the gneisses of the northern part of Mashonaland and the southern part of Northern Rhodesia are the metamorphosed representatives of the Lomagundi beds, equivalent to the Transvaal System of the south. The chief difficulty in the way of accepting this view was the presence of less altered limestones and other pre-Karroo sediments resting on the upturned edges of the gneisses and crystalline limestones along some of the Zambezi tributaries. These strata might well be taken to represent the Transvaal System, but the recognition of the widespread distribution of the still younger Waterberg System (= Kundelungu, of the Congo) removes the difficulty introduced by the presence in the area of sediments with a considerable resemblance to the Transvaal beds.