bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 6-PEtN-α-D-GalpNAc-(1–>6)-β-D-Galp-(1–>4)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1–>3)-β-D-Galp-(1–>4)-β-D-Glcp, a Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysacharide structure, and biotin and protein conjugates thereof
Authors: Sundgren Andreas , Lahmann Martina , Oscarson Stefan
Published: July 2010

Background: In bacteria with truncated lipopolysaccharide structures, i.e., lacking the O-antigen polysaccharide part, core structures are exposed to the immune system upon infection and thus their use as carbohydrate surface antigens in glycoconjugate vaccines can be considered and investigated. One such suggested structure from Haemophilus influenzae LPS is the phosphorylated pentasaccharide 6-PEtN-α-D-GalpNAc-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp.

Results: Starting from a spacer-containing lactose derivative a suitably protected lacto-N-neotetraose tetrasaccharide structure was constructed through subsequential couplings with two thioglycoside donors, a glucosamine residue followed by a galactose derivative, using NIS/AgOTf as promoter. Removal of a silyl protecting group at the primary position of the non-reducing end residue afforded an acceptor to which the terminal α-galactosamine moiety was introduced using a 2-azido bromo sugar and halide assisted coupling conditions. Global deprotection afforded the non-phosphorylated target pentasaccharide, whereas removal of a silyl group from the primary position of the non-reducing end residue produced a free hydroxy group which was phosphorylated using H-phosphonate chemistry to yield the phosphoethanolamine-containing protected pentasaccharide. Partial deprotection afforded the phosphorylated target pentasaccharide with a free spacer amino group but with a protected phosphoethanolamino group. Conjugation of the spacer amino group to biotin or dimethyl squarate followed by deprotection of the phosphoethanolamino group and, in the case of the squarate derivative, further reaction with a protein then afforded the title conjugates.

Conclusion: An effective synthesis of a biologically interesting pentasaccharide structure has been accomplished. The target pentasaccharide, an α-GalNAc substituted lacto-N-neotetraose structure, comprises a phosphoethanolamine motif and a spacer aglycon. Through the spacer, biotin and protein conjugates of the title compound have been constructed to allow further use in biological experiments.
Frameworks for Patient Safety in the Nursing Curriculum
Authors: Chenot Teri M. , Daniel Larry G.
Published: July 2010

Patient safety has recently received a great deal of media coverage. Professional and regulatory agencies have indicated that patient safety education should be provided to health care workers to improve health outcomes. This study’s primary purpose was to gain a better understanding of the current status of patient safety awareness among prelicensure nursing students. Data were collected from two samples (
N
= 150 and 318), and nursing curricula were examined from seven institutions. Measurement integrity studies indicated that patient safety awareness can be measured validly and reliably. Demographic variables were correlated with patient safety awareness. A content analysis found that all of the participating nursing schools included at least three of the six core competencies of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) (
Cronenwett et al., 2007
) in their curriculum; one school exhibited all six. Our findings led to conclusions and recommendations for nurse educators and for future research on patient safety education in the nursing curriculum.
Frente conjetural: escritores brasileños de izquierda y el Estado Novo
Authors: Moreira Luiza F.
Published: July 2010

En el diario oficial del Estado Novo, la dictadura liderada por Getúlio Vargas en Brasil entre 1937 y 1945, un grupo de intelectuales organizaron una sección cultural, «Pensamento da América», dedicada a publicar traducciones de escritores de toda América. Basado en trabajo de archivo, este artículo reconstruye la trayectoria de esta sección cultural, desde un antifascismo y latinoamericanismo más bien en sordina durante 1941, hasta su papel de apoyo a la política exterior de Vargas durante la guerra, de 1942 en adelante. El artículo se ocupa, sobre todo, de explorar los contextos que abrieron el camino y establecieron los límites para las actividades de los intelectuales responsables de «Pensamento da América».
Lima masónica: las logias simbólicas y su progreso en el medio urbano a fines del siglo XIX
Authors: Chocano Magdalena
Published: July 2010

Este artículo presenta un análisis de la organización de la Gran Logia del Perú, fundada en 1882. A partir de las fuentes masónicas, se busca establecer la dinámica de cada logia y el carácter del accionar masónico. Finalmente, se examinan las actitudes políticas que fomentaron sus dirigentes y su actuación en la escena nacional donde desafiaron al exclusivismo católico.
Matrimonio, transgresión y conflicto en la región de Concepción. Chile en el siglo XIX
Authors: Vivallos Espinoza Carlos , Brito Peña Alejandra
Published: July 2010

Este artículo sostiene que las relaciones familiares aún en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en la región de Concepción mantienen fuertes vínculos de dependencia con la comunidad, en el marco de un incipiente proceso modernizador y en la declinación de la sociedad tradicional. Al llegar el siglo XX esos vínculos tenderán a desaparecer, y tanto las relaciones como los conflictos familiares y conyugales se relacionarán de forma precaria con la comunidad y en especial con el Estado. Los conflictos familiares en la segunda parte del siglo XIX se desarrollan, por tanto, en una etapa de transición desde formas religiosas de control desarrollada por la Iglesia Católica hacia prácticas seculares administradas por el Estado, en ambos casos circunscritas por el control y la sanción comunitaria.
Elites locales y economía política en la Mesoamérica posclásica: el caso de Molango (Señorío de Metztitlán)
Authors: Rovira Morgado Rossend
Published: July 2010

Ante el panorama político de constantes fluctuaciones en el juego de lealtades y subordinaciones señoriales que definió la Mesoamérica del Horizonte Posclásico Tardío (1350-1521 d.C.), las elites locales pudieron haber mostrado diversos niveles de dependencia hacia diferentes entidades políticas hegemónicas. En el presente artículo focalizamos nuestro estudio en el caso de la localidad mexicana de Molango de Escamilla (Estado de Hidalgo). Los datos etnohistóricos que aportamos sugieren que Molango —dependiente del señorío de Metztitlán durante la época prehispánica— muestra fuertes vinculaciones con el próximo señorío de Huejutla y con el Imperio de la Triple Alianza. Proponemos que esta ambivalencia de relaciones políticas se inserta en la necesidad de mantener el control de recursos económicos estratégicos y del acceso a los canales de abasto comercial.
Structure and Optical Properties of Magnetron-Sputtered SiOx Layers with Silicon Nanoparticles
Authors: Khomenkova L. , Korsunska N. , Stara T. , Goldstein Y. , Jedrzejewski J. , Savir E. , Sada C. , Emirov Y.
Published: July 2010

The properties of SiOx layer prepared by magnetron sputtering is studied by photoluminescence Auger and SIMS methods. The depth distribution of emission characteristics and chemical composition is obtained. It is shown that as-sputtered SiOx layers are non-emitted and characterized by homogeneous enough chemical composition. High-temperature annealing in nitrogen atmosphere stimulates not only the Si nanocrystal formation but also the redistribution of silicon and the appearance of Si depleted region near layer-substrate interface. The last process is found to be dependent on excess Si content. It is found that decrease of silicon content in the depth of annealed layers is followed by the decrease of particle sizes that is proved by the blue shift of photoluminescence maximum. The possible reasons of the appearance of Si depleted region are discussed.
Synthesis and Lithium Ion Conductivities of Zirconium Phosphate-Based Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Ide Kazuto , Suzuki Shinya , Miyayama Masaru
Published: July 2010

The lithium ion conducting properties of lithium- and MⅣ (M = Al, In, Y)-doped zirconium pyrophosphates synthesized via solid state reaction were investigated. The ionic conductivity of the compounds increased with increasing Li content. The activation energy of LixMxZr1-xP2O7 decreased as the lattice parameter increased owing to the enlargement of the size of bottleneck between the cavities. Li0.55(Li0.15Y0.1Zr0.75)P2O7 with a high Li content and a large lattice parameter exhibited a conductivity of 1.7×10-3 S cm-1 at 350 °C, which is sufficient for its application as a solid electrolyte for sensors.
Effect of Metal-Dielectric Interfaces on Tunability in Barium Strontium Titanate Thin-Film Capacitor
Authors: Horiuchi Naohiro , Hoshina Takuya , Takeda Hiroaki , Sakurai Osamu , Tsurumi Takaaki
Published: July 2010

We investigated an influence of interface layer on a tunability of parallel plate (Ba, Sr)TiO3 thin film capacitors. BST thin film capacitors with top electrode of Pt, Au and Ag were fabricated. BST films had thickness of 40, 60, 80 and 120nm. The tunability increased with increasing the BST film thickness. Considering the interfaces between BST films and electrodes as Schottky junctions, depletion layers were formed in the interfaces depending on the difference of the work function of metal electrodes. Larger external bias voltages were applied to the depletion layer than interior BST film, because the permittivity in the depletion layer was smaller than that in interior BST film. Therefore, the depletion layer lowered the tunability. Tunability decreased with increasing the thickness of the depletion layers.
Effect of Al2O3 Additives in PZT-Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Teranishi Keisuke , Azuma Tomohisa , Hirose Masakazu
Published: July 2010

The effect of adding Al2O3 to the PZT-PMN solid solution material for use for ceramic resonator was investigated. It has been found that when the amount of Al2O3 added to PZT-PMN is 0.3　wt% or below, it exists inside the crystal lattice as Al3+ ion and increases the stability of oscillation frequency over application of heat (heat resistance). It has been found that when more than 0.3　wt% of Al2O3 is added, the Al3+ ion that remained undoped will exist at grain boundary as secondary phase, and increase the strength.
Relationship between Aluminum and Lithium and Annealing for Reducing Lithium Contamination in Aluminum-Implanted Zinc Oxide
Authors: Sakaguchi Isao , Matsumoto Kenji , Ohgaki Takeshi , Hishita Shunichi , Adachi Yutaka , Nakagawa Tsubasa , Watanabe Ken , Ohashi Naoki , Haneda Hajime
Published: July 2010

The relationship between Al and Li during diffusion was studied using Al-implanted ZnO. The Al donor in ZnO acts to increase the concentration of Li contamination from the atmosphere during the annealing. It is difficult to decompose the relationship formed by diffusion between Al and Li during high-temperature annealing. The most effective method to decompose the relationship is to anneal the as-implanted ZnO at a pressure of 5×10-3 torr. This annealing increases the Al solubility limit because the ZnO surface evaporates.
Effects of LiF Addition in Lithium Ion Conductor La0.56Li0.33TiO3
Authors: Komiya Itta , Nakao Keisuke , Yamagiwa Kiyofumi , Kuwano Jun
Published: July 2010

The compositions La0.56Li0.33TiO2.95F0.05•xLiF (x=0-025) were prepared by addition of LiF to the disordered form of the well-known Li ion conductor La0.56Li0.33TiO3. Although the total conductivities improved, there was no change in the bulk conductivity with LiF addition. No reflections due to LiF were observed in their XRD patterns, and the profiles and the chemical shifts of their 19F MAS-NMR resonances were almost the same as those of LiF. The results indicate that no substitution of F takes place, and that the added LiF acts simply as a sintering assistant agent.
Effects of Zr and Y Addition on the Electrical Degradation Characteristics of ZnO Varistors
Authors: Akiyama Yuji , Fukumori Ai , Takada Masayuki , Sato Yuuki , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: July 2010

The effects of the addition of Y or both Y and Zr to Bi-Mn-Co-Sb-Si-Cr-Ni-added ZnO varistors on the varistor voltage and the tolerance characteristics of electrical degradation were investigated. The deterioration of the tolerance characteristics of electrical degradation by the addition of Y was probably caused by an increase in the number of willemite (Zn2SiO4)-type particles or a decrease in the number of spinel (Zn2.33Sb0.67O4)-type particles, but this deterioration was reduced by adding Zr. Moreover, the reduction in the average ZnO grain size due to the addition of Y was a major factor in the increased varistor voltage, and the ZnO grain growth was inhibited by the formation of an un-known compound after adding Y. The varistor voltage of a varistor with 2 mol% added Y increased by approximately 50% compared to a varistor with no Y added.
Analysis of Oxygen Vacancy Trapping at [001] Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in Barium Titanate by Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Oyama Takashi , Wada Nobuyuki , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

The role of grain boundaries (GBs) in the diffusion of oxygen vacancies (VO••s) in barium titanate (BaTiO3) and its mechanism were investigated using atomistic simulation techniques. It was found that GBs trapped VO••s at specific sites in the course of the diffusion, and the excess energy reflecting structural distortion of the GB was closely related to the availability of the trapping. GBs therefore act as a resistance of the diffusion of VO••s, suggesting that electrical degradation of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), which is derived from vacancy diffusion, enables to be additionally improved by controlling GB structures in BaTiO3-based dielectrics.
Discharge Current Measurement and Depolarization Property of Lead-Free Niobate Piezoceramics
Authors: Matsudo Hitoshi , Kakimoto Kenichi , Kagomiya Isao
Published: July 2010

Lead-free Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) piezoelectric ceramics was synthesized by an ordinal solid state reaction method. The ceramics was electrically poled under 3 kV/mm at 150 oC for 30 min. The discharge current-flow was measured for the poled ceramics at the heating rate of 1 oC/min from room temperature up to 500 oC. The two sharp peaks were observed at 209 and 417 oC. These temperatures were corresponded to orthorhombic-tetragonal (TO-T) and tetragonal-cubic (TC) phase transition temperatures, respectively. The sharp peaks were mainly originated from the decrease of the spontaneous polarization. Additionally, the several large broad patterns were also observed at 280, 363 and 375 oC, According to the electromechanical coupling factor kp, which is the indicative parameter of the polarization, mainly decreased at TO-T and TC. These broad peaks were not associated with the spontaneous polarization. The peaks seem to have been originated from the discharge current of the oxygen ion migration on elevating temperature inside the poled NKN ceramics.
Ion Exchange of Layer Structured Niobate Cs4Nb6O17•3H2O and its Application as Cathode Material in a Rechargeable Lithium Battery
Authors: Ohashi Masao
Published: July 2010

The layer structured niobate Cs4Nb6O17•3H2O has been prepared in a solid state reaction using Cs2CO3 and Nb2O5 at 1073 K. Ion exchange reactions of Cs+ in the interlayer space were studied in aqueous solutions. The single phases of lithium, sodium and hydrogen ion exchange products were obtained and they also contained interlayer water. The interlayer water of the lithium ion exchange product was removed by heating at 453 K in a vacuum. The resulting niobate Cs0.26Li3.01H0.73Nb6O17 was evaluated for its use as the cathode in a rechargeable lithium battery. The cathode exhibited discharge and charge capacities of 120 and 110 mAhg-1 for the first cycle in the voltage range of 1.5 – 4.2 V. The amount of Li+ intercalated and deintercalated were 4.0 and 3.6 of the formula unit, respectively.
Structural Shape Optimization Using an Adaptive Simulated Annealing
Authors: El Alem W. , El Hami A. , Ellaia Rachid
Published: July 2010

In structural design optimization, numerical techniques are increasingly used. In typical structural optimization problems there may be many locally minimum configurations. For that reason, the application of a global method, which may escape from the locally minimum points, remain essential. In this paper, a new hybrid simulated annealing algorithm for global optimization with constraints is proposed. We have developed a new algorithm called Adaptive Simulated Annealing algorithm (ASA); ASA is a series of modifications done to the Basic Simulated Annealing algorithm ( BSA) that gives the region containing the global solution of an objective function. In addition, the stochastic method Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA), for solving unconstrained optimization problems, is used to refine the solution. We also propose Penalty SPSA (PSPSA) for solving constrained optimization problems. The constraints are handled using exterior point penalty functions. The proposed method is applicable for any problem where the topology of the structure is not fixed, it is simple and capable of handling problems subject to any number of nonlinear constraints. Extensive tests on the ASA as a global optimization method are presented, its performance as a viable optimization method is demonstrated by applying it first to a series of benchmark functions with 2 - 30 dimensions and then it is used in structural design to demonstrate its applicability and efficiency. It is found that the best results are obtained by ASA compared to those provided by the commercial software ANSYS.
Graft Interpenetrating Continuous Epoxy-Polysiloxane Polymeric Network
Authors: Djilali Toufik , Nassiet Valérie , Hassoune-Rhabbour Bouchra
Published: July 2010

The objective is to design a joint, suitable for use from low to high temperature by combination of two adhesives along the overlap length in single lap joint. This mixed modulus concept is called Multi-module Bond line (MMBL). At high temperatures, a brittle adhesive (high modulus) in the middle of the joint retains the strength and transfers the entire load. At low temperatures, a ductile adhesive at the ends of the joint is the load-bearing adhesive. The first part of this work deals with the formulation of adhesives with differend stiffnesses to be used in the MMBL concept. Starting from a DGEBA resin/DETDA hardener system, different contents of amine terminated polysiloxane modifiers are added to the original mixture. A phase-separated structure is observed via scanning electron microscopy. The thermal, mechanical and dynamic viscoelastic properties of polysiloxane modified epoxy networks are studied. The second part of this paper will present the infinite element study of the assembly with two formulated adhesives in order to verify if they respect the MMBL concept.
Metal-Containing Polyurethanes: An Overview
Authors: Senthilkumar Natarajan , Luqman Mohammad
Published: July 2010

The combination of the concept of metallopolymers with urethane chemistry offers a versatile approach for the synthesis of new polyurethane materials. Polyurethanes are a distinct class of materials with tremendous industrial importance, and it is of interest to develop these materials with modified thermal and liquid crystalline behavior for advanced applications. Generally, polyurethanes suffer a major disadvantage of poor thermal stability. This can be improved upon by chemical modification of their structures by the incorporation of thermally stable heterocyclic ring structures along with transition metals. Metal-containing polyurethanes prepared from a polymeric diol, diisocyanate and a metal containing diol (metallodiol and metallomesogenic diol) as a chain extender are attracting contemporary research interest. The addition of a polymeric diol (polyol) induces flexibility to the polyurethane by reducing the glass transition temperature, increases its solubility and imparts elastomeric properties. Multifunctional polymers are materials poised for applications in different avenues with preference for plastic electronics. An introduction-cum-overview of synthesis and applications of metal-containing polyurethanes is presented in this chapter.
Synthesis, Characterization & Impedance Studies of some New Nano Filtration Membranes
Authors: Padaki Mahesh , Hegde Chitrakar , Isloor Arun Mohan
Published: July 2010

In the recent years membrane technology has gained significant attention from polymer chemists all around the world due to their attractive features such as efficiency, low costs, low energy costs and as effective solutions to longstanding problems in the chemical industries. Membrane technologies have been widely applied in the separation of liquids and even gases. Many separation problems can be solved economically by nanofiltration alone or in combination with other separation processes. This study aimed to synthesize polysulfone based nanofiltration membranes using DIPS (diffusion induced phase separation) technique. Newly synthesized polymer membranes were subjected to Infra red spectral and water uptake studies. Membranes were also characterized using electrochemical spectroscopy for their proton conducting property. Their surface morphology is visualized by SEM.
A Novel Single-Site Catalyst for Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Venkataramani Sriram , Kannan Tharanikkarasu
Published: July 2010

A novel single-site catalyst was prepared from N-pheneyldiethanolamine and titanium tetrachloride and characterized using spectroscopic methods such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Infra Red (IR) spectroscopy. It was prepared insitu and used to polymerize ethylene along with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as co-catalyst. The turnover frequency for ethylene polymerization was found to be 350 g and 550g polymer/mol catalyst/h for 1 bar and at 2 bar respectively. As the turn over frequency at the studied reaction conditions is good, the present N-pheneyldiethanolamine-based catalyst is a good single-site catalyst for olefin polymerization
Optimization of Manufacturing Conditions for Activated Carbon from Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) Bean Waste by Chemical Activation
Authors: Pechyen Chiravoot , Aht-Ong Duangdao , Sricharoenchaikul Viboon , Atong Duangduen
Published: July 2010

Pyrolysis is one form of energy recovery process which has the potential to generate oil, gas and char products. The char becomes an attractive by-product, with applications including production of activated carbons that is useful as a sorbent for wastewater treatment and air pollution control. In this work, activated carbon was prepared from Coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) bean waste collected from local coffee houses. Char from pyrolysis of coffee bean waste at 900 °C contained high fixed carbon and low volatile content that was favorable for subsequent activation process. The char was activated via chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at five different NaOH : char ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1) and heat treated at 400°C for 15 minutes using a fixed bed reactor under nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 100 mL/min. Result shows that NaOH works effectively as dehydration reagent around 400°C. Under the experimental conditions investigated, impregnation ratio of 1.0 was found to be suitable for producing high-surface area activated carbon. The surface area and total pore volume of activated carbons, which were determined by application of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and t-plot methods, were achieved as high as 802 m2/g and 0.80 cm3/g, respectively. The chemically activated carbons were found to be mainly type I carbons and had high adsorption property (Methylene blue adsorption = 284 mg/g and Iodine number = 1070 mg/g).
Pyrolysis of Solid Waste by Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Li Ling , Luo Xue Gang
Published: July 2010

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was used to study and compare the pyrolysis of the solid residues of pulping black liquor, turmeric industry wastewater, and rice stalk. The results showed that the higher heating value of the solid residues of turmeric industry wastewater and pulping black liquor, rice stalk were 15165.54, 10226.36, 16849.73 kJ/kg respectively. The decompose process of solid residues of turmeric industry wastewater and rice stalk were all concentrated in the 200 °C to 400 °C, while the solid residues of the pulping black liquor was from 200 °C to 600 °C. The DTGmax of solid residues of turmeric industry water was 14.95%•min-1 at 353.1 °C when heating rate at 50 °C min-1, and that of rice stalk was 41.85 %•min-1 at 338.4 °C, the solid residues of pulping black liquor pyrolysis peak was 30.35 %•min-1 at 870.3 °C. The study offered pyrolysis characteristics statistics about solid residues of pulping black liquor and turmeric industry wastewater, rice stalk to obtained valuable information about these solid wastes for fuel that can be potentially generated by pyrolysis.
Process Feasibility Study on Thermal-Plasma System for HFC-23 Decomposition
Authors: Lee Joong Kee , Cho Kyu Young , Lee Sang Deuk , Lee Hwa Young , Chang Won Young , Lim Jong Choo
Published: July 2010

A feasibility study on the use of a thermal plasma process for the destruction of HFC-23 is carried out in comparison with an incineration process. The material and energy balances for both processes are calculated using the commercial simulator, Pro/II (ver. 8.0). Based on the computational analysis, the volume of the plasma process and NOx and CO2 emissions in the plasma process are 25, 10 and 40% of those in the incineration process, respectively. Therefore, more compact units can be employed in the plasma process. However, the operating cost of the plasma process would be higher than that of the incineration process using LNG as a fuel.
Modeling of the Stress in 13Cr Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Welds by Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Yu Jun Hui , Zou De Ning , Han Ying , Chen Zhi Yu
Published: July 2010

In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANN) has been proposed to determine the stresses of 13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) welds based on various deformation temperatures and strains using experimental data from tensile tests. The experiments provided the required data for training and testing. A three layer feed-forward network, deformation temperature and strain as input parameters while stress as the output, was trained with automated regularization (AR) algorithm for preventing overfitting. The results showed that the best ﬁtting training dataset was obtained with ten units in the hidden layer, which made it possible to predict stress accurately. The correlation coefficients (R-value) between experiments and prediction for the training and testing dataset were 0.9980 and 0.9943, respectively, the biggest absolute relative error (ARE) was 6.060 %. As seen that the ANN model was an efficient quantitative tool to evaluate and predict the deformation behavior of type 13Cr SMSS welds during tensile test under different temperatures and strains.
Scale and Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency of a Novel Terpolymer
Authors: Wu Ming , Xue Juan Qin , Yu Li Hua , Ma Xiao Na , Zhu Jun
Published: July 2010

A terpolymer AA-HPA-SVS was synthesized from acrylic acid (AA), 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) and sodium vinyl sulfonate (SVS) by following a free radical polymerization procedure. The scale and corrosion inhibition efficiency and dispersion ability of the terpolymer were studied. The results showed that the AA-HPA-SVS terpolymer had good antiscaling properties towards calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, and good dispersion ability towards ferric oxide. The scale inhibiting efficiency of the terpolymer can reach to 95% and 93% for CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2 respectively when the dosage was 20mg/L. Its corrosion inhibition efficiency towards carbon steel was improved greatly when sodium molybdate was added. When 150mg/L sodium molybdate dehydrate was added to 20 mg/L terpolymer, the corrosion inhibition rate can reach to 85%.
Effect of Pore Diameter Distribution on Heat Transfer Capacity of Lotus-Type Porous Copper Heat Sink for Air Cooling
Authors: Chiba Hiroshi , Ogushi T. , Ueno Shunkichi , Nakajima Hideo
Published: July 2010

Lotus-type porous metal with many straight pores is attractive as a heat sink because larger heat transfer capacity is obtained due to the small diameter of the pores. The heat transfer capacity of the lotus-type porous copper heat sink was calculated using the model with the pores of uniform diameters. However, actual lotus-type porous metals have a distribution of pore diameter. In the present work, we investigated the lotus-type porous copper fin model by considering size distribution of the lotus-type porous copper fin. Prediction of the heat transfer characteristics for the lotus-type porous copper heat sink shows a good agreement with the experimental data.
Evaluating Durability and Burying Characteristic of PVC Pipe
Authors: Lee Hyun Dong , Kwak Pill Jae , Lee Joo Yeon
Published: July 2010

Currently, there are cast iron pipe, protective coating steel pipe, PE pipe, GRP (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Pipe), PVC pipe etc in use in Korea. Since there is rather very low recognition of synthetic resins pipe among those in case of Korea, the kind of pipes for use is very few compared with the actual performance. Once analyzing foreign data, synthetic resin pipes are widely used in even drainpipe and items for piping such as connecting parts are diverse and accessories of piping for general use are being laid underground. It is necessary to mine pipes with selection of various kinds of pipes considering surrounding environment and local circumstances in Korea. This study evaluated the features of soil pressure using load-strain feature and simulated scale down box test through 3-point deflection test for the evaluation of basic features by vertical load such as breakage of PVC pipe and leakage in mining environment in which live loads and cavity exist.
Effects of Oxygen Plasma Treated Carbon Nanotube Coating Basalt Filaments
Authors: Wu Hong Yan , Zhang Wei , Zhang Ying Chen , Qiu Yi Ping
Published: July 2010

The strain rate sensitivity of Oxygen plasma treated carbon nanotube sol-gel coating Basalt and concurrent microstructural evolution investigated. Both the materials are strain rate sensitive and the change in index parameter of strain rate sensitivity with strain reflects the change in micromechanisms of deformation and mode of fracture. From the SEM micrographs, an increase in surface roughness can observed and the degree of fibrillation decreased after helium and oxygen plasma treatment. Contact angle analysis showed the treated Basalt filament had lower contact angles than the untreated one. Based on FTIR results, the change of wettability and surface energy is attributable to polar groups on the fiber surface introduced by the treatments. Deformation processes in the Oxygen plasma treated carbon nano tube sol-gel coating Basalt involved craze-tearing and brittle mode of fracture, while plasma treated carbon nano tube in nano-composites filaments predominantly characterized by wedge, ridge tearing, fibrillation and brittle fracture. Depend yield stress of the Oxygen plasma treated carbon nanotube sol-gel coating Basalt with strain rate follows Eyring’s equation.
Experimental Study on Thermal Characteristics of Environment-Friendly Blocks with Water-Absorbing Polymer
Authors: Park Jong Bin , Kim Ree Ho , Lee Sang Ho , Pyun Hee Bum
Published: July 2010

Urbanization together with increased population and industrialization has increased impermeable areas including asphalt and concrete pavement, leading to potential dangers of environmental disasters in urban area. While environmental pavements have been investigated to mitigate these problems in some countries such as Germany and Japan, little work has been done in Korea. Furthermore, most studies on environmental pavements have focused on permeable asphalt pavements.
This study was intended to develop new materials for water-absorbing pavement blocks to control pavement temperature and storm water runoff. Bottom ash, which is a coal combustion by-products, was used as a composing material for these blocks. A polymer with water absorption ratio of 76% was used as a water-retention material for the pavement blocks. The effect of block compositions on mechanical characteristics, compressive strength and porosity were examined as well as thermal characteristics. This water-absorbing polymer is likely to be suitable to be used with the bottom ash blocks. The time required to fill the pores of the blocks with the polymer ranged from 9 to 14 sec, indication that the polymer can be readily applied to the blocks. The final products with optimum compositions satisfied the Korean Standard for blocks and possessed an excellent water-retentive ability. Experiments are ongoing to measure the properties of the blocks for further application as a new construction material.
3D Free Form Fabrication Using the Pivoting Side Trowel with Ceramic Material
Authors: Kwon Hong Kyu , Jang Moo Kyung
Published: July 2010

This paper presents our concepts and initial investigation of a novel construction automation approach using a new layered fabrication process called Contour Crafting (CC). The process aims at automated construction of whole houses as well as sub-components. The potential of CC became evident from the initial investigations and experiments with various materials and geometries. Using this process, a single house or a colony of houses, each with possibly a different design, may be automatically constructed in a single run. CC uses computer control to take advantage of the superior surface forming capability of trowels to create large intricate structures with smooth and accurate surfaces.
Use of Fly Ash as Bonding Material on Low Thermal Expansion Porous Materials
Authors: Juárez-Ramírez Isaías , Zaldivar-Cadena Antonio , Torres-Martínez Leticia M. , Suárez-Vázquez Santiago I. , Sánchez-Vázquez Astrid , Matsumaru Koji , Ishizaki Kozo
Published: July 2010

In this work it was determined the effect of fly ash (FA) as bonding material during the fabrication of low thermal expansion porous materials. SiC, fly ash, Vitrified Bonding Material (VBM), and LiAlSiO4 powders were used as raw materials. Porous materials were sintered at 850°C and 950°C after manual milling and mechanical milling in a planetary ball milling at 800 RPM. SEM micrographs showed the presence of porous materials, and it was observed that fly ash particles did not melt at 850°C. However if sintering temperature increases at 950°C, FA starts to melt and it is forming bridges between SiC particles. Thermal expansion values were around 3.0x10-6 K-1. According to these results, it seems that it is possible to have a favorable synergy between FA and VBM to fabricate SiC porous materials with low thermal expansion values.
The Development of Solid Fabric Filter for CSOs Treatment
Authors: Oh Hye Cheol , Kim Seog Ku , Kang Sung Won , Yun Sang Leen , Ahn Jae Hwan
Published: July 2010

The cost for nonpoint source in urban area tends to increase as it's distanced farther from the pollution source. Thus it's more effective to dispose of the pollution at the pollution source. It becomes more difficult when nonpoint source is flowed into the surface water by stormwater. In case of combined sewer, increasing stormwater on impermeable surface causes the Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) containing the high level of pollutants which runs into the water system through the storm overflow diverging tank without treatment process. A huge amount of CSOs is generated instantly and as it carries the pollutants on impermeable surface as well as the deposits in sewage pipe, it's necessary to develop the technology for treatment of CSOs. This study was intended to develop the solid fabric filter which will be suitable for treatment of CSOs and the characteristic and performance of solid fabric filter were evaluated.
Effect of SiC Particle Size on Anti-Oxidation Behavior of C/B4C/SiC Composite
Authors: Sano Hideaki , Zheng Guo Bin , Uchiyama Yasuo
Published: July 2010

B4C and SiC particle-dispersed carbon composite were fabricated from calcined pitch coke, B4C and SiC with various particle size by grinding and then pressureless sintering. During non-isothermal oxidation test up to 1400°C in air atmosphere, oxidation behavior of the C/B4C/SiC composite was clarified by means of calculation of kinetic parameters using experimental data of mass change, gas formation of CO2, and oxygen gas consumption. Amount of the matrix carbon oxidized above 800°C in the composite with SiC particle of 0.4 µm and 0.9 µm in size was less than that in the composite with SiC particle of 50 nm and 1.8 µm in size. The oxidation of the matrix carbon was shown to depend upon the formation of B2O3 glass below 800°C oxidation, and that of SiO2 glass above 800°C. The composite containing SiC with 20 nm in size was stable against oxidation above 1400°C except the temperature ranging from 900°C to 1100°C.
Efficiency Evaluations of Filter Media for Reduction of Non Point Source in Urban Area
Authors: Kim Seog Ku , Oh Hye Cheol , Kang Sung Won , Yun Sang Leen , Ahn Jae Hwan
Published: July 2010

In this study, to effectively control urban non point source pollution, natural and artificial materials which were processed in various ways were charged as a filter media in a real size urban non point source pollution plant(EcoTank) and compared and evaluated the efficiency of filtering solid and organic compounds. The efficiency of filter media was evaluated after collecting dust from urban surface and artificially producing runoffs to evaluate runoff control efficiency of pollutants that caused from pollution in urban streets. To evaluate the efficiency of pollutants runoff control depending on different filter types, EPP(Expanded polypropylene), GAC(Granular activated carbon), Zeolite, Mix-1(EPP in the upper part, GAC in the lower part), Mix-2(GAC in the upper part, EPP in the lower part) was charged to the EcoTank and conducted experiments in an identical condition[6]. As a result of the filter evaluation using real size reactor, EPP was identified as the best filter media for non point source pollution runoff control, and the efficiency was in the following order: EPP > Mix-1 > Mix-2 > GAC > Zeolite.
Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Half-Heusler Zr-Ni-Sn Alloy Processed by Mechanically Alloying and Hot Pressing
Authors: Kim Il Ho , Kwon Joon Chul , Lee Young Geun , Yoon Man Soon , Ryu Sung Lim , Kim Whan Gi , Ur Soon Chul
Published: July 2010

Recent search for novel thermoelectric materials has revealed a new class of compounds with half-Heusler structure as good candidates for higher performance thermoelectric conversion [1-2], since the structure was first found [3]. The unit cell of the half-Heusler with a space group F4¯ 3m consists of 4 interpenetrating cubic lattices. The crystallographic sites (0,0,0) and (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) are occupied by two different transition metals, the (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) site is occupied by Sn, Sb, or Bi, and the site (3/4, 3/4, 3/4) is empty [4,5]. Candidates with this structure for the investigation would be categorized into the combination of (Ti/Zr/Hf)(Co/Ni/Pt)(Sb/Sn/Bi) [4-6].
Studies on the Molecular Chain Conformation and Morphology of Konjac Glucomannan in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Long Xiao Yan , Luo Xue Gang , Bai Ju , Zhu Jia Feng
Published: July 2010

The molecular chain conformation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) was studied by multi-angle laser light scatter (MALLS) and differential refractive index detector (RI) with GPC. The absolute Molecular weight (MW), toot-mean-square ratio of gyration (1/2), second viral coefficient and molecular weight distribution (MWD) were 5.38×105g•mol-1, 201.9 nm, 1.18×10-2 mol mL g-2 and 1.07, respectively by MALLS when KGM concentration was 1 mg mL-1. RI with GPC was used to determine MW and MWD of five different concentration of KGM aqueous solution. MW varied from 7.46×105 to 6.34×105 g•mol-1 when KGM concentration ranged from 0.05 to1.00 mg mL-1, but MWD was all about 1.06. Mark-Houwink equation was established as η=5.19×10-3 MW 0.92. The morphology of konjac glucomannan was observed by atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The image showed that KGM in aqueous solution was displayed with reticulation. The results obtained show that KGM in aqueous solution is displayed with reticulation; molecular chain is rigid; molecular scale increases with decreasing KGM concentration in aqueous solution.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aminoalky Cellulose
Authors: Zhu Hen Ga , Lin Xiao Yan , Luo Xue Gang , Zhang Jian Ping
Published: July 2010

Aminoalky cellulose (AmAC) had been synthesized from chloro-deoxy- hydroxyethylcellulose (CDHC), which was prepared from hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) chlorinated with thionyl chloride and then aminated by ethylenediamine. The structures of HEC and AmAC were characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The results showed that amino groups from ethylenediamine were grafted onto the HEC after a series of reactions. Compared with the HEC, AmAC had a rougher surface. Effects of experimental parameters on yield and chlorine content of CDHC, yield of AmAC and adsorption quantity for trinitrotoluene (TNT) of AmAC were also studied. Both the yield and chlorine content of CDHC were the highest when 25ml of thionyl chloride was used. Reaction time and dosage of ethylenediamine in the preparing process of AmAC had a great influence on the adsorption ability of AmAC for TNT, but little effect on yield of AmAC. With increased from 80 °C to 120 °C, although the reaction temperature affected slightly the adsorption quantity of AmAC for TNT, the yield of AmAC declined sharply from 1.1 g to 0.55 g. Adsorption amount of AmAC for TNT could reach up to 59.66 mg•g-1 at optimal conditions.
Boron Nitride Doped Transparent Polycrystalline Silicon Nitride Ceramics
Authors: Joshi Bhupendra , Lee Hyun Hwi , Kim Seung Ho , Fu Zheng Yi , Niihara Koichi , Lee Soo Wohn
Published: July 2010

The addition of h- BN to a polycrystalline Si3N4 was to increase the fracture toughness and other mechanical properties such as flexural strength and hardness of the material. The hot pressed samples were prepared from the mixture of α-Si3N4, AlN, MgO and h-BN. The composite contained from 0 to 2 wt.% BN powder with sintering aids (9% AlN + 3% MgO). The transparency, mechanical properties and microstructure of hot pressed polycrystalline Si3N4-BN composite materials were investigated by UV/VIS spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The transparency decreased with increasing the content of h-BN into Si3N4.
A Model of Calculating Contact Length between Stock and Roll during Plate Rolling
Authors: Sun Qi , Pang Yu Hua , Liu Chang Rui , Yu Hai Feng , Lu Bin , Zhang Mei Ming
Published: July 2010

Due to the complexity of the actual rolling process, asymmetrical conditions of deformation zone can cause front end bending or lead to poor shape, profile or quality of the product, as well as reducing productivity. Therefore it is important to study the geometric parameters of deformation zone in order to determine the work parameters accurately during rolling. Because the stock is often inclined when it enters the rolls, the deformation zone is asymmetrical. In this investigation, a model of calculating contact length between stock and roll precisely is deduced according to the theory of rolling. The results by theoretical calculation and experiment prove that the projected arc is raised while the stock enters the rolls serious asymmetrically, as well as the increase of the entrance thickness of the rolling stock and the decrease of the exit thickness of the rolled stock.
Effects of the Cooling Rate on the Solidification Microstructure of Cu-Ni Alloy
Authors: Yuan Jia Wei , Pang Yu Hua , Hu Yang Lei , Sun Qi , Liu Dong , Yang Yan Hui
Published: July 2010

The effect of cooling rate on the solidification microstructure of Cu-Ni alloy is investigated here. The Cu-Ni alloy was prepared in a main frequency furnace with three different molds made of silica sand, graphite, and low carbon steel in the foundry. The simulation software of diathermanous-flowing-stress coupling PROCAST is used to simulate the Cu-Ni alloy solidification process about temperature field with the three molds. The microstructures of the alloys have been studied through the optical microscopy (OM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), together with the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).The results show that the grain average size and the primary and secondary dendrite arm space were obviously reduced with the increase of cooling rate. The dendrite and interdendrite element segregation also decreases with increasing cooling rate.
Evaluation Methods of Energy-Storable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Saito Yosuke , Iwata Kentaro , Uchida Satoshi , Kubo Takaya , Segawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

Energy-storable dye-sensitized solar cell (ES-DSSC), which possesses a unique three-electrode system composed of a photoanode, a counter electrode and a charge-storage electrode, is a practical solar rechargeable battery. The ES-DSSC is able to yield output power even in the dark after photocharging and suppress the fluctuation of the output power under the capricious solar irradiation. In this study, the evaluation methods of the ES-DSSC performances were investigated toward their practical use under various illumination conditions. The ES-DSSCs were found to be able to work even under low light intensity. Unlike conventional DSSC array, the ES-DSSC array coupled in a series connection gave a stable output voltage when one of the cells or both cells were shadowed.
In Vitro Bioactivity, Cytotoxicity and Blood Compatibility of Anti-Bacterial Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Titanium Coatings
Authors: Chen Yi Kai , Zheng Xue Bin , Li Ba Oe , Xie You Tao , Ding Chuan Xian
Published: July 2010

Biomaterials with good biocompatibility and anti-bacterial property were becoming attractive to researchers, so we used the chemical method to produce anti-bacterial vacuum plasma sprayed titanium coatings and studied In vitro bioactivity, cytotoxicity and blood compatibility of the anti-bacterial coatings in this paper. In order to evaluate the bioactivity of the treated titanium coatings, the coatings were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The treated titanium coatings showed good bioactivity in this experiment. Two different methods were used to assess the cytocompatibility of the treated titanium coatings. One was extract test; the other was direct contact test. The results indicated that cells spread and adhered well on the coatings. The blood compatibility of the coatings was evaluated by haemolysis ratios. The hemolysis ratios of the coatings were below 2%, indicating of nonhemolysis for the coatings.
Preparation of Textured PZT/LaNiO3 Films on LaAlO3 Substrates by Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Liu Qian Li , Zhao Gao Yang , Mao Kai Li , Chen Yuan Qing
Published: July 2010

Using La(NO3)3•nH2O and Ni(CH3COO)2•4H2O as starting materials, alcohol mixed with methoxyethanol as solvent, the LaNiO3 (LNO) solution was prepared. Using this solution, conducting LNO films with sheet resistance of 10Ω were obtained. XRD and HRTEM indicate that the LNO films are epitaxially grown on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates. Using Pb(CH3COO)2•3H2O, La(NO3)3•nH2O, Ti(OC4H9)4, Zr(OC4H9)4 as starting materials, the PZT films were prepared on the LNO films. The PZT films are c-oriented. The as-prepared PZT film has a remanent polarization of 34.7µC/cm2, superior to the PZT film with random orientation and a remanent polarization of 18.4µC/cm2 prepared on ITO/quartz substrate.