bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Drinks: Ergolytic or Ergogenic?
Authors: Sillivent Joe , Blevins-McNaughton Jennifer , Peak Kayla
Published: September 2024

Despite the growing popularity of energy drinks, many do not realize the negative effects on the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of energy drink ingestion on estimated VO2max, heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively), rate pressure product (RPP), and RPE at rest and during exercise. Seven healthy adults (age: 24.3 ± 3.5 yrs; body mass: = 66.0 ± 2.2 kg) participated in this randomized double blind, crossover study. Subjects ingested a placebo (PL) or Redline (RL) energy drink (240ml; 250 mg caffeine) 40 minutes before maximal graded exercise test (GXT). Estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was lower in the RL trial (37.9±5.7 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) compared to the PL trial (39.7±6.5 ml∙kg-1∙min-1; P= 0.02). Although no significant differences were noted for the number of ectopic beats (ETB) between the trials, a five to one ratio for the RL and PL existed (RL = 106 total ectopic beats; PL = 21 total ectopic beats). Sub-maximal exercise heart demand (RPP: systolic BP x HR) at the same workload was considerably higher in the RL trial (224.9 ± 39.9 mmHg∙bts∙min-1; P=0.04) compared to PL (195.8 ± 22.9 mmHg∙bts∙min-1). Recovery DBP was significantly higher at one min. in the RL trial (51.6 ± 25.1 mmHg) compared to PL (25.4 ± 33.8 mmHg; P=0.05). Based on the results of this study, it was determined that energy drinks lowered estimated VO2max while elevating RPP and recovery DBP.
Decreases in Maximal Oxygen Uptake Among Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets Following Three Months Without Mandatory Physical Training
Authors: Liguori Gary , Krebsbach Kassie , Schuna John
Published: September 2024

During the academic year, Army ROTC cadets are required to participate in mandatory physical training; however, during summer months training is not required. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a change in cadet VO2max after the summer when training is not mandatory. Participants completed a graded exercise treadmill test to determine their VO2max in late spring of 2010 and again in early fall of 2010. Results indicated that over a three-month break from mandatory physical training, a significant decrease in VO2max was seen for both genders in ROTC cadets.
Actical Accelerometry Cut-points for Quantifying Levels of Exertion: Comparing Normal and Overweight Adults
Authors: Giffuni Jamie , McMurray Robert , Schwartz Todd , Berry Diane
Published: September 2024

Weight, body fatness and ambulatory pattern all have the potential to affect accelerometer output and cause differences in output between overweight and normal-weight adults. The purpose of this study was to determine if Actical (Philips Respironics, Bend, OR) activity count cut-points for moderate and vigorous intensity exercise are different for overweight adults compared to normal-weight adults. Overweight adults with BMI >25 kg/m² (n=29) and Normal-Weight adults (n=25) walked at 3.2 and 4.8 km∙h-1 and ran at 6.4 km∙h-1 on a treadmill while simultaneously wearing an Actical accelerometer and obtaining measurements of oxygen uptake. Counts per minute (counts∙min-1) were determined at 3 METS (moderate) and 6 METS (vigorous) using ROC curves. The counts∙min-1 at 3 METs was 1726 and 1923 counts∙min-1 for Overweight and Normal-Weight groups, respectively. The cut-points at 6 METs were 4117 and 4032 counts∙min-1 for Overweight and Normal-Weight groups, respectively. The differences between groups were not statistically significant (p>0.73 for both). Correlations between BMI and counts∙min-1 were not significant (p>0.05) at any speed for the Normal-Weight group but were significant at 3.2 and 4.8 km∙h-1 for the Overweight group. Although there appears to be some relationship between activity counts∙min-1 and BMI, the results suggest that similar cut-points may be used for normal weight and overweight adults. However, the greater variability in counts at each speed and lower ROC curve areas for overweight adults suggest that it is harder to classify the activity intensity of overweight subjects compared to normal weight subjects.
Kinematic Analysis of Four Plyometric Push-Up Variations
Authors: Moore Laura , Tankovich Michael , Riemann Bryan , Davies George
Published: September 2024

Plyometric research in the upper extremity is limited, with the effects of open-chain plyometric exercises being studied most. Kinematic and ground reaction force data concerning closed-chain upper extremity plyometrics has yet to be examined. Twenty-one recreationally active male subjects performed four variations of plyometric push-ups in a counterbalanced order. These included box drop push-ups from 3.8 cm, 7.6 cm, 11.4 cm heights, and clap push-ups. Kinematics of the trunk, dominant extremity and both hands were collected to examine peak flight, elbow flexion at ground contact, elbow displacement, and hand separation. Additionally peak vertical ground reaction force was measured under the dominant extremity. The 11.4 cm and clap push-ups had significantly higher peak flight than the other variations (P<.001). At ground contact, the elbow was in significantly greater flexion for the 3.8 cm and clap push-up compared to the other variations (P<.001). The clap push-up had significantly more elbow displacement than the other variations (P<.001) while hand separation was not significantly different between variations (P=.129). Peak vertical ground reaction force was significantly greater for the clap push-ups than for all other variations (P< .001). Despite similar flight heights between the 11.4 cm and clap push-ups, the greater peak vertical ground reaction force and elbow displacement of the clap push-ups indicates the clap push-up is the most intense of the variations examined. Understanding the kinematic variables involved will aid in the creation of a closed chain upper-extremity plyometric progression.
Concurrent Verbal Encouragement and Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performance in Females: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes
Authors: Bullinger Dyana , Hearon Christopher , Gaines Stacey , Daniel Michael
Published: September 2024

To examine the effect of concurrent verbal encouragement on the performance of the WAnT in female athletes vs. female non-athletes. College-age female subjects were recruited where ten of the subjects were intercollegiate athletes (ATH, n1=10) and the nine were non-athletes (NON, n2=9). The WAnT was novel to all subjects and the subjects were blinded to the study’s purpose. Prior to the experimental trials, subjects were measured for body composition and performed a familiarity WAnT trial without verbal encouragement. Subjects then performed the WAnT twice, once with concurrent verbal encouragement (VE) and once without (NVE), in a balanced cross-over design. Peak (PP) and mean power (MP), and total work (TW) were compared between ATH and NON across VE and NVE using an ANOVA (1 between, 1 within), α=0.05. ATH and NON did not differ (p>0.05) in age or body composition with the exception of fat-free mass which differed significantly (ATH=53.7±6.6, NON=46.1±5.7 kg) (p<0.05). A significant (p<0.05) main effect for ATH/NON was observed where ATH outperformed NON when pooled across VE/NVE trials for PP (ATH=13.0±1.4, NON=11.3±1.7 W·kg-1), MP (ATH=7.7±1.1, NON=6.7±0.9 W·kg-1) and TW (ATH=232±35, NON=201±26 J·kg-1). When pooled across all subjects (ATH and NON), the VE/NVE trials did not differ (p>0.05) for PP (VE=12.4±1.7, NVE=12.0±1.9 W·kg-1), MP (VE=7.3±1.1, NVE=7.2±1.2 W·kg-1) and TW (VE=219±33, NVE=215±35 J·kg-1). The ATH/NON interaction with VE/NVE was not significant (p>0.05). Concurrent verbal encouragement does not affect performance on the WAnT in females, nor does it affect WAnT performance in female athletes and non-athletes differently.
"Gestão diferencial dos ilegalismos" e a seletividade do sistema penitenciário brasileiro
Authors: Oliveira Leandro Matheus Barbosa de,
Published: September 2024

Diante do cenário de intensificação do encarceramento em massa ao longo dos anos e a sua não necessária correspondência em atingir, de forma satisfatória, as pretensões de promoção da ressocialização de criminosos e a prevenção de crimes, no contexto das relações de poder em uma sociedade capitalista, faz-se necessário compreender melhor qual o papel das prisões nesse jogo de forças políticas, assim como também qual o seu impacto/reflexo sobre a desigualdade social e a exclusão dos economicamente menos favorecidos. Conjuntamente ao levantamento de dados junto ao Infopen – Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias -, o presente trabalho possui o objetivo de demonstrar que o encarceramento em massa está intimamente relacionado com a gestão diferencial dos ilegalismos, dentro da dinâmica sócio-política das relações de poder, por recair sobre uma parcela específica de uma população marginalizada, bem como em um tipo específico de criminalidade, revelando assim o caráter de seletividade do sistema penal através da atuação dos aparelhos de justiça criminal brasileiros.
Psicologia aplicada ao interrogatório policial
Authors: Avelar Karen Hellen Esteves de,
Published: September 2024

O presente artigo científico, cujo título é “Psicologia aplicada ao interrogatório policial”, apresenta, num primeiro momento, algumas nuances atinentes ao interrogatório policial, distinguindo-o da entrevista, e ainda questões adjacentes, como argumentação, manipulação e confissão. Num segundo momento, trata sobre a análise psicológica na comunicação não verbal, focando nos aspectos que geram maior contribuição para a investigação policial e/ou psicologia forense. Perpassa, ainda, pela análise das emoções por meio da metodologia FACS (Facial Action Coding System). Por fim, chama a atenção do profissional de segurança pública sobre a falibilidade da percepção humana, de modo a trazer maior consciência na interpretação da análise de credibilidade (comunicação não verbal). O conteúdo da presente obra habilita o leitor a refletir sobre o reconhecimento das incongruências emocionais do emissor que interage, identificando nelas pontos quentes de um discurso ou contexto que precisa ser melhor investigado. Salienta, ainda, os aspectos psicológicos que acompanham tais incongruências com o escopo de extrair a verdade que subjaz à versão do investigado e, em última instância, a confissão, respeitando sempre os princípios éticos constitucionais.
Profissão, profissionalismo e formação policial: Representações de uma polícia catatônica
Authors: Caldas Vinícius Augusto Ribeiro , Almeida Leandro
Published: September 2024

O presente trabalho apresenta a socialização presente no ensino e formação profissional desenvolvido nas escolas de formação e academias de polícia e suas consequências para a formação do futuro policial com vistas à profissionalização da organização Policial. O objetivo do estudo foi discutir e compreender como o processo de formação técnica profissional impacta no perfil sociocultural do policial. Buscou-se verificar o processo de socialização realizado pela formação policial e sua relevância na construção das representações sociais dos sujeitos acerca do que é ser policial.
De l’écriture mondaine à l’écriture moraliste : regard critique et changement d’éthos chez Sévigné
Authors: Gérard Louise
Published: September 2024

Dans cet article, nous entendons montrer la pluralité des postures critiques de Sévigné, pluralité que certaines lettres condensent à la manière d’un échafaudage. Le texte sévignéen accueille en effet, comme beaucoup de correspondances, la densité d’une existence : celle d’une actrice – négociant son pouvoir dans le monde réel ; et d’une autrice – élaborant un texte. Ce sont deux tendances d’une même écriture qui observe et juge le monde. Les deux premières parties de notre article sont consacrées à l’analyse de ces deux postures d’épistolière. L’une, mondaine et normative, arrime la lettre à l’action contemporaine ; l’autre, moraliste et philosophique, élargit le cercle des lecteurs possibles, et ainsi élargit le champ d’action de la lettre. Dans une troisième partie, nous analysons la manière dont s’articulent ces deux éthos critiques, à l’aune d’un extrait de la lettre du 5 janvier 1674. Il s’agit pour nous de mieux comprendre les points de passage entre persiflage, satire et réflexivité philosophique. En ce sens la lettre sévignéenne se révèle le genre adéquat pour penser la continuité de ces registres critiques.
« Payer son contingent à la société » : la question de la traduction dans la correspondance de la présidente Durey de Meinières et d’Elizabeth Montagu
Authors: Gladu Kim
Published: September 2024

Lorsqu’elle épouse Jean-Baptiste-François Durey de Meinières en 1765, Octavie Belot met un terme, du moins en apparence, à une courte carrière littéraire marquée par la traduction d’ouvrages anglais et la publication de quelques essais. Or, après son second mariage, la nouvelle présidente Durey de Meinières entretiendra une correspondance importante avec plusieurs hommes de lettres tels que Voltaire, Hume, Helvétius ou François Devaux, mais aussi avec la bluestocking Elizabeth Montagu, entre 1776 et 1792. Lorsque Montagu lui demande de traduire en français son Essay on Shakespear, Octavie Durey de Meinières trouve une occasion de renouveler ses idées sur la traduction, mais hésite à s’engager dans un projet qui signifierait une opposition publique à Voltaire, qui avait fortement critiqué le dramaturge anglais. Les lettres de la présidente Durey de Meinières adressées à Elizabeth Montagu offrent ainsi une occasion inédite d’observer les enjeux qui se cachent derrière la traduction et qui dépassent la sphère proprement littéraire. La traduction ne représentant plus le gagne-pain de Meinières, le souci de maintenir un réseau de contacts influent vaut plus que la gloire bien mitigée qu’aurait rapporté la traduction de l’essai de Montagu. Et encore une fois, c’est en mettant en évidence sa condition de femme qu’elle réussit à se sortir de cette situation socialement dangereuse, en faisant de ce qu’on pourrait considérer comme un handicap une arme rhétorique lui permettant de ménager les alliances formées par le biais de l’épistolaire.
Allemannsrettens omstridte natur
Authors: Viken Arvid
Published: September 2024

Dette Ottar-heftet handler om naturbruk i lys av sedvaner, tradisjoner og nye trender som utfordrer allemannsretten, et prinsipp lovfestet i friluftsloven fra 1957. Loven gir alle tilgang til norsk utmark. Blant dagens utfordringer er at det i dag er langt flere brukere enn den gang loven ble vedtatt, og at ny teknologi og nye ferdselsmåter utgjør et press på natur og lokalsamfunn. Derfor er naturbruk til tider preget av friksjoner og motsetninger. Artiklene er skrevet innen et prosjekt som er kalt «Allemannsrettens omstridte natur», finansiert av Norges forskningsråd.
Laying the foundations for selective-fish guidance using electricity: multi-species response to pulsed direct currents
Authors: Miller Mhairi , Sharkh Suleiman M. , Kemp Paul S.
Published: September 2024

To develop effective technology that employs electric fields to simultaneously guide valued freshwater fish whilst limiting the range expansion of undesirable invasive species, there is a need to quantify the electrosensitivity of multiple families. This experimental study quantified the electrosensitivity of two carp species that, in UK, are invasive (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio) and compared the values with those previously obtained for adult European eel (Anguilla anguilla), a species of conservation concern in Europe. Electric field strengths (V/cm) required to elicit physiological responses (twitch, loss of orientation and tetany) were identified across four pulsed direct current (PDC) electric waveforms (single pulse-2 Hz, double pulse-2 Hz, single pulse-3 Hz and double pulse-3 Hz). Grass carp were sensitive to differences in waveform with tetany exhibited at lower field strengths in the single pulse-2 Hz treatment. Both cyprinid species responded similarly and were less sensitive to PDC than adult European eel, although loss of orientation occurred at lower field strengths for grass than common carp in the single pulse-3 Hz waveform treatment. This variation in electrosensitivity, likely due to differences in body length, indicates potential for electric fields to selectively guide fish in areas where invasive and native species occur in sympatry.
The Impact of Social Media on Students' Awareness and Engagement with Social Issues
Authors: Agarwal Disha , Kushwaha Govind Singh , Anand Basu , Mishra Ishita , Sharma Komal
Published: September 2024

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the impact of social media on university students' awareness and engagement with social issues.
Study Design: The study followed a cross-sectional study design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, over a period of three months from March 2024 to June 2024.
Methodology: A convenience sampling technique was used to select 100 students, predominantly male (74.00%), mostly aged 18-24 years (56.00%), with the majority from the College of Agriculture (75.00%). Data were collected using a structured Google form survey assessing social media usage, awareness of social issues, and engagement behaviors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.
Results: The study found that social media significantly enhances awareness of social issues, with (54.00%) of respondents rating their awareness as high after exposure, compared to (31.00%) before social media exposure. Engagement levels were moderate, with (58.00%) of students participating in online campaigns and (46.00%) moderately likely to engage in social issues after exposure. Key actions taken included sharing posts (53.00%), volunteering (45.00%), attending events and donating (42.00%), and using hashtags (33.00%).
Conclusion: The results demonstrate that social media is a powerful tool for enhancing awareness and encouraging civic engagement among university students, suggesting its potential for driving meaningful social change.
Service Quality and Customer Perceived Value as Predictors of Cooperative Members Satisfaction
Authors: Manzano Bernadeth S.
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to identify the aspects of Service Quality and Customer Perceived Value that significantly predict cooperative Member Satisfaction, thereby providing insights into enhancing member retention and loyalty within cooperatives. A quantitative, non-experimental correlational methodology was employed, surveying 361 cooperative members in Kapalong, Davao del Norte. Systematic random sampling was used to ensure representativeness. Data were analyzed using mean scores, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings indicated that respondents exhibited significantly high levels of Service Quality, Customer Perceived Value, and Member Satisfaction. A significant correlation was found between Customer Perceived Value and Member Satisfaction. Key domains of Customer Perceived Value, including emotional value, functional value (price), social value, functional value (installations), functional value (professionalism), and functional value (service quality), were identified as predictors of Member Satisfaction. This research confirms the principles of value-percept theory and the Expectancy-Disconfirmation Paradigm (EDP), contributing to the understanding of how perceived value influences member satisfaction in cooperative settings. The results underscore the importance of these factors in strategic planning and service improvement initiatives within cooperatives.
COVID-19 and Pulmonary Embolism: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management
Authors: Tahniyath Uzma , V Deepika , S Maheshwari , M Alekhya
Published: September 2024

Global public health has suffered greatly as a result of the coronavirus illness 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic; yet when vaccinations against Covid-19 are available, they have contributed to the containment of the spread of SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, there have been isolated reports of vaccine-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) following viral vector vaccinations (Ad26.COV2 vaccine, AdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine).One of the most effective ways to address the global health issue as the new SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads around the world is immunization against COVID-19.This condition manifests as thrombocytopenia, the formation of an autoantibody against platelet-factor 4,and widespread thrombosis in unusual places, mainly in the cerebral venous. (PF4). The human Freia receptor on platelets can be bound by the PF4 autoantibody, which can then cause the platelets to aggregate. This is an uncommon side effect that closely mimics the clinical presentation of the traditional immune-mediated HIT illness that develops after heparin exposure. We will talk about the recently reported side effect known as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT),which can happen after receiving specific COVID-19 vaccinations, in this Spotlight. Since the vaccinations have been employed, questions have been raised about their safety. Following the COVID-19 vaccine, the most frequent side effects include local reactions at the injection site and general systemic symptoms like fever, headache, weariness, and myalgia. These side effects could appear shortly after immunization and go away quickly. Nonetheless, a few uncommon cases of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) have been documented, mostly in relation to vaccinations utilizing viral vectors. Platelet expression of spike protein and subsequent immune response, platelet expression of other adenoviral proteins and subsequent reactions, the role of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), the direct interaction between adenoviral vector and platelets, the cross-reactivity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with PF4, the cross-reactivity of anti-adenovirus antibodies and PF4 interaction between spike protein and platelets. Because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can activate platelets, thrombocytopenia while rare in the first presentation may also be an indicator of the severity of the disease. The spike protein-angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) connection causes this directly, and the activation of coagulation and inflammation causes it indirectly. In COVID-19, dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems is a significant contributing factor to thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.
Effect of Various Potting Media on the Growth and Root Development of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spp.) Cuttings
Authors: Phule Sucheta S. , Khanvilkar M. H. , Kulkarni M. M. , Dalvi N. V. , Dhopavkar R. V. , Pawar P. R.
Published: September 2024

The study aims to enhance the propagation efficiency of Bougainvillea, a popular ornamental plant, by evaluating the effects of different potting media on its growth and root development. The experiment was conducted over 180 days using Bougainvillea hardwood cuttings and was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The study revealed that a mixture of soil, sand, FYM, and vermicompost significantly improved plant height, stem girth, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, root weight, and survival rate compared to other treatments, highlighting its potential as an optimal potting medium for Bougainvillea propagation.The highest root length was recorded in the combination of Soil +Sand + Rice husk (1:1:1).
Value Addition to Cotton in Telangana State: An Economic Analysis
Authors: M N Shwetha , Devi I. Shakuntala , Lavanya T. , Meena A.
Published: September 2024

Aims: The following study was taken up to quantify the value addition to the seed cotton at various stages of processing in the Telangana state and to workout cost and returns of cotton processing at different stages.
Methodology: A sample of 10 ginning mills, 10 spinning mills, 10 weaving mills, one dyeing and printing mill and one garment manufacturing unit were chosen for the study. Using a structured schedule, the required information was collected by the respondent by employing personal interview technique. The data collected from various processing units was presented in tabular format and the economics of the processing units were estimated using a simple tabular analysis.
Results: Cotton is one such crop which undergoes multiple level of processing from ginning to garment manufacturing. The final product of one level serves as the raw material for the next level. The value addition during ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing and garment manufacturing was estimated at Rs 401.24/q seed cotton, Rs. 3,138.65/q lint, Rs. 5,292.79/q yarn, Rs. 5,573.52/q greige fabric and Rs. 11,082.35/q finished fabric respectively. It was also estimated that the total net value addition to one quintal of cotton at various stages was Rs. 6745.62.
Conclusion: The cost incurred towards processing and value addition per unit was increased along different stages of the processing. Highest value addition was seen in garment manufacturing unit followed by dyeing mill, weaving mills, spinning mills and ginning mills.
Cell wall glycopolymers of Firmicutes and their role as nonprotein adhesins
Authors: Schade Jessica , Weidenmaier Christopher
Published: July 2016

Cell wall glycopolymers (CWGs) of gram‐positive bacteria have gained increasing interest with respect to their role in colonization and infection. In most gram‐positive pathogens they constitute a large fraction of the cell wall biomass and represent major cell envelope determinants. Depending on their chemical structure they modulate interaction with complement factors and play roles in immune evasion or serve as nonprotein adhesins that mediate, especially under dynamic conditions, attachment to different host cell types. In particular, covalently peptidoglycan‐attached CWGs that extend well above the cell wall seem to interact with glyco‐receptors on host cell surfaces. For example, in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the cell wall‐attached teichoic acid (WTA) has been identified as a major CWG adhesin. A recent report indicates that a type‐F scavenger receptor, termed SR‐F1 (SREC‐I), is the predominant WTA receptor in the nasal cavity and that WTA–SREC‐I interaction plays an important role in S. aureus nasal colonization. Therefore, understanding the role of CWGs in complex processes that mediate colonization and infection will allow novel insights into the mechanisms of host–microbiota interaction.
The Role of Emission Layer Morphology on the Enhanced Performance of Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Quantum Dot‐Semiconducting Polymer Hybrids
Authors: Fokina Ana , Lee Yeonkyung , Chang Jun Hyuk , Park Myeongjin , Sung Younghun , Bae Wan Ki , Char Kookheon , Lee Changhee , Zentel Rudolf
Published: July 2016

The influence of the morphology of quantum dot (QD)‐semiconducting polymer hybrid emission layers on the performance of quantum dot‐based light emitting diodes (QLEDs) is systematically investigated. Chemically grafted QD‐semiconducting polymer hybrids are fabricated by the ligand exchange procedure between CdSe/CdxZn1−xS QDs and a new block copolymer consisting of a carbazole‐based electroactive block with a low highest occupied molecular orbital level and a disulfide‐based anchor block. The performance of QLEDs with hybrid emission layers is compared with QLEDs utilizing QD‐only and physically mixed QD/polymer emission layers. It is shown that only in the emission layers formed by chemically grafted hybrids QDs are evenly distributed throughout the semiconducting polymer matrix. This leads to improved charge transport balance and suppressed photoluminescence quenching of QDs. As a result, hybrid QLEDs with the peak external quantum efficiency of 5.6% and the peak luminance of 21 707 cd m−2 which outperform the conventional devices with QD‐only emission layers are fabricated.
Disulfides as Sulfonylating Precursors for the Synthesis of Sulfone‐Containing Oxindoles
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Zhong , Ji Peng‐Yi , Liu Yu‐Feng , Xu Jing‐Wen , Guo Can‐Cheng
Published: July 2016

The first facile one‐pot synthesis of sulfone‐containing oxindoles with easily accessible disulfides as the sulfonylating precursors is described. This reaction occurs smoothly under transition metal‐free conditions and shows excellent functional group tolerance, allowing the facile and efficient green synthesis of various sulfone‐containing oxindoles in aqueous solution. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that both water (H2O) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) can be the oxygen source of the sulfone groups in the products.

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Impacts of Increased Corn Ethanol Production on Price Asymmetry and Market Linkages in Fed Cattle Markets
Authors: Han Sungill , Chung Chanjin , Surathkal Prasanna
Published: July 2016

This study compares price transmission behaviors between pre‐ and post‐EPA (Energy Policy Act) periods to investigate the impact of increased production of corn ethanol on price transmission behaviors between five regional fed cattle markets in the United States: Colorado, Iowa‐Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas‐Oklahoma. Econometric models used in this study consider potential nonlinearity and asymmetry in price transmissions using threshold autoregression and threshold error correction methods, and generalized impulse response functions. Overall, the surge of corn ethanol production after the EPA enactment appears to lead lower integration and slower price adjustment between markets, particularly between noncorn‐belt and corn‐belt markets. Our analysis also finds strong evidence of the existence of threshold effects and limited evidence of asymmetric price responses in the short and long run for both pre‐ and post‐EPA periods. [EconLit citations: C32, Q13].
Fulminant neuromyelitis optica in a Finnish woman – a case report
Authors: Kaivorinne Anna‐Lotta , Lintunen Janne , Baumann Peter
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Neuromyelitis optica is a rare inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that predominantly targets the optic nerves and spinal cord. Our case represents an unusual and severe course of neuromyelitis optica. Despite several forms of treatment, our patient died after a severe and short‐term attack.
Concise Synthesis of Astellatol Core Skeleton
Authors: Zhao Nan , Xie Shengling , Chen Gui , Xu Jing
Published: July 2016

A ten‐step, enantiospecific synthesis of the highly challenging core skeleton of sesterterpenoid astellatol has been achieved. Key transformations of this strategy include a facile, convergent construction of the tricyclic motif and a SmI2‐induced reductive radical cyclization that forms the pivotal cyclobutane ring.
Effect of Ru on corrosion resistance of high Cr content superalloy
Authors: Liu E.‐Z. , Guan X.‐R.
Published: July 2016

Effects of Ru on the corrosion resistance of Ni‐base superalloys are still controversial. In the paper, the influence of Ru on the hot corrosion behaviour of Ni‐based superalloys containing a higher level of Cr was investigated. Results show that corrosion resistance of the superalloy with high Cr content is enhanced with the increase of Ru. The reason for this is that the addition of Ru increases the segregation degree of Cr and Mo in the interdendritic region and promotes the formation of a continuous Al2O3 and Cr2O3 layer adjacent to the superalloy.
Long‐Term River Icing Dynamics in Discontinuous Permafrost, Subarctic Canadian Shield
Authors: Morse P. D. , Wolfe S. A.
Published: July 2016

Icing development in the subarctic Canadian Shield is statistically related to antecedent autumn rainfall and periodic warming intervals in winter. Here, we integrate observations of streamflow, meteorology, and river icing dynamics at the Baker Creek Research Basin, Northwest Territories. We demonstrate that icing development is concordant with winter runoff yield, which is influenced by antecedent autumn rainfall as part of a storage threshold‐mediated hydrologic regime that is characteristic of Canadian Shield hydrology. Icing development in Baker Creek typically occurs only if winter runoff is accompanied by frequent warming intervals. Icing dynamics in Baker Creek may now be largely controlled by air temperatures, since runoff in winter has been common since 1997. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Permafrost and Periglacial © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Outsiders to Insiders? Strategies and Practices of American Film Distributors in Postwar Italy
Authors: MISKELL PETER , NICOLI MARINA
Published: July 2016

This article examines the impact of structural changes in the postwar film industry on the activities and effectiveness of the foreign distribution subsidiaries of American firms. As these subsidiaries saw their regular supply of films from their in-house Hollywood studios decline, they sought out alternative sources of product content, often from local markets. Unable to rely on the traditional “ownership” advantages bestowed on them by their parent firms, these subsidiaries increasingly needed to integrate into local networks and forge closer relationships with local producers and exhibitors. Our focus is on Italy, one of the most important film markets for US companies in the 1960s. We collect data on the box office revenues and screen time allocated to every film released into the first-run cinema market and compare the effectiveness of American versus Italian distributors in maximizing the exposure of their most popular films. We explore the attempts by US firms to form partnerships with Italian distributors and producers. Finally, we examine available archival records to reveal the detailed activities of US distribution offices in Italy and their attempts to integrate into local business networks. We conclude that while US subsidiaries did not fully succeed in becoming “insiders” within the Italian film industry in this period, they did actively work toward such an objective.
III.—Multiplicative Ideal Theory and Rings of Quotients. I.
Authors: Findlay George D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

By means of a generalized ring of quotients multiplicative ideal theory is studied in an arbitrary (associative) ring. A suitable generalization of the concept of maximal order is given and factorization theorems are obtained for the nonsingular (two sided) ideals, which generalize the theorems of Artin and E. Noether.
Effects of metal organic framework Fe-BTC on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Authors: Yang Yanjing , Bai Yang , Zhao Fengqi , Yao Ergang , Yi Jianhua , Xuan Chunlei , Chen Sanping
Published: July 2016

Fe-BTC effectively enhances the thermal decomposition of AP and improves the combustion properties of BAMO–THF propellant with AP as the oxidizer.
Covalently functionalized graphene oxide and quaternized polysulfone nanocomposite membranes for fuel cells
Authors: Liu Jie , Qu Rong , Peng Pai , Liu Wan , Chen Dongzhi , Zhang Hongwei , Liu Xiaohong
Published: July 2016

Anion-exchange membranes based on quaternized polysulfone and modified graphene oxide showed good alkaline stability.
Corrosion control in the tubing steel of oil wells during matrix acidizing operations
Authors: Migahed M. A. , Zaki E. G. , Shaban M. M.
Published: July 2016

Dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DDBAB) was used as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel pipelines in 8% sulfamic acid solution during matrix acidizing operations.
Insight into photon conversion of Nd3+ doped low temperature grown p and n type tin oxide thin films
Authors: Bouras K. , Schmerber G. , Aureau D. , Rinnert H. , Ferblantier G. , Fix T. , Colis S. , Bazylewski P. , Leedahl B. , Etcheberry A. , Chang G. S. , Dinia A. , Slaoui A.
Published: July 2016

p and n type SnOx thin films are successfully functionalized with optically active Nd3+ ions for efficient UV photon conversion.
Enzymatic synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-based semi-aromatic polyamides: enzymatic polymerization kinetics, effect of diamine chain length and thermal properties
Authors: Jiang Yi , Maniar Dina , Woortman Albert J. J. , Loos Katja
Published: July 2016

Sustainable FDCA-based semi-aromatic polyamides are produced via enzymatic polymerization. The enzymatic polymerization kinetics, effect of diamine chain length, and thermal properties of the resulting polyamides are investigated.
Determination of Heterodera glycines Virulence Phenotypes Occurring in South Dakota
Authors: Acharya K. , Tande C. , Byamukama E.
Published: July 2016

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most important yield-limiting pathogen of soybean in the United States. In South Dakota, SCN has been found in 29 counties, as of 2016, and continues to spread. Determining the virulence phenotypes (HG types) of the SCN populations can reveal the diversity of the SCN populations and the sources of resistance that would be most effective for SCN management. To determine the HG types prevalent in South Dakota, 250 soil samples were collected from at least three arbitrarily selected fields in each of the 28 counties with fields previously found to be infested with SCN. SCN was detected in 82 fields (33%), and combined egg and juvenile counts ranged from 200 to 65,200 per 100 cm3 of soil. Eggs and juveniles were extracted from each soil sample and were used to infest seven SCN HG type test indicator soybean lines and ‘Williams 82’ as the susceptible check. A female index (FI) was calculated based on the number of females found on each indicator line relative to those on the susceptible check. A FI equal to or greater than 10% in any line was assigned as that HG type. Out of 73 SCN populations for which HG type tests were done, 63% had FI ≥10% on PI 548316 (indicator line #7), 25% on PI 88788 (#2), 19% on PI 209332 (#5), 7% on PI 548402 (#1), 4% on PI 90736 (#3), and 4% on PI 89722 (#6). None of the SCN populations had FI ≥10% on PI 437654 (indicator line #4). The most prevalent HG types were 0, 2.5.7, and 7. These accounted for 81% of all the HG types determined for the samples tested. HG types with ≥10% reproduction on indicator lines PI 88788, PI 209332, and PI 548317 were most prevalent in the soil samples tested, suggesting that the use of these sources of resistance for developing SCN resistant cultivars should be avoided. For sustainable SCN management, use of resistant cultivars should be rotated with nonhost crops and cultivars with different sources of resistance.
Modelling N and Dry Matter Partitioning between Leaf and Stem of Wheat under Varying N Supply
Authors: Ratjen A. M. , Kage H.
Published: July 2016

The fraction of dry matter and nitrogen (N) allocated to leaves is of high importance for wheat crop simulators, because it has an impact on N demand, evapotranspiration, light interception and light use efficiency. For the vegetative phase of wheat, a robust empiric description of the influence of N nutrition status (NNI) on this pattern is still pending. We investigated the influence of NNI on leaf: stem partitioning of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), until end of leaf growth. The evaluation based on N rate experiments (0–320 kg N ha−1) from three subsequent seasons (2003/4 to 2005/6), with five modern bread wheat cultivars, carried out near Kiel (northern Germany). A previously published model was adapted for describing the influence of NNI on dry matter partitioning. Starting from the allometric leaf: stem relationship of situations with NNI ≥1, a correction term was used, to describe the partitioning under varying N supply. The correction term assumes a linear increase of the stem fraction, proportional to the difference between a NNI threshold and actual NNI. The allometric partitioning was found to shift towards stem fraction, if the NNI falls below 1.38. The slope of the relative increase was determined with 0.6. Both dimensionless parameters of the correction term were found to be highly significant. The second aim was to quantify how N status impacts the N allocation between shoot organs. Dry matter‐based N dilution curves were fitted for stem (plateau power) and leaf (plateau linear), for situations with sufficient N supply (NNI ≥1). The ‘expected’ shoot N demand was calculated as a function of observed dry matter and N dilution for both organs. The N deficit was defined as difference between expected and observed shoot N. Plotting stem against shoot N deficit reveals that 63 % of the shoot deficit was allocated to the stem (R2 = 0.98). Implications for crop modelling are discussed.
Occupational Segregation and the (Mis)allocation of Talent
Authors: Pothier David
Published: July 2016

In this paper, I study how occupational segregation affects the allocation of talent in a competitive labour market. I propose a model of occupational choice in which heterogeneous workers must rely on their social contacts to acquire job‐vacancy information. While occupational segregation implies benefits in terms of job‐finding probability, it also leads to allocative inefficiencies. Efficient and equilibrium outcomes differ due to a network externality that leads workers to segregate too little, and a pecuniary externality that leads workers to segregate too much. Which effect dominates depends on the elasticity of wages to changes in the degree of occupational segregation.
Swift Reliability Test Methodology of 100G High-Speed, Energy-efficient Electro-Absorption Modulated Lasers (EML) for Green Datacenter Networks
Authors: Huang Jack Jia-Sheng , Jan Yu-Heng , Chang Jesse , Hsu Yi-Ching , Ren Dawei , Chou Emin
Published: July 2016

High-speed transceivers are receiving great interest due to the demand for huge data traffic and information storage capacities in the Big Data era. Recently, 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) has become an IEEE standardized data communication protocol. The 100G quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP) transceiver is one of the key technological enablers in the high-speed optical networks. In this paper, we study the reliability current dependence for the four-lambda QSFP (4x25G) EML devices that are employed in the 100G QSFP transceivers. In order to meet the energy-efficient and environmental requirements, we develop a swift reliability test methodology that can provide fast, accurate reliability assessment to ensure robust long-term field performance. We discuss the acceleration factor and extrapolation for the energy-efficient reliability test.
Manual and Cognitive Dual Tasks Contribute to Fall-Risk Differentiation in Posturography Measures
Authors: Sample Renee Beach , Jackson Kurt , Kinney Allison L. , Diestelkamp Wiebke S. , Reinert Senia Smoot , Bigelow Kimberly Edginton
Published: July 2016

Falls occur in 33% of older adults each year, some leading to moderate to severe injuries. To reduce falls and fall-related injuries, it is important to identify individuals with subtle risk factors elevating their likelihood of falling. The objective of this study was to determine how postural sway measures differed between fallers and nonfallers under standard and dual-task conditions. Quietstanding posturography measures were collected from 150 older adults during standard, cognitive, manual, and cognitive+manual tasks, and analyzed through traditional and nonlinear analyses. Of the traditional measures, M/L sway range and 95% confidence ellipse sway area showed statistically significant differences in all 4 test conditions between fallers and nonfallers. Although the manual dual task showed the most stable balance, effect sizes demonstrated larger differences between fallers and nonfallers. Nonlinear analysis revealed M/L sample entropy and M/L α-scaling exponent differentiating between fallers and nonfallers, with the cognitive task demonstrating larger differences. Based on the results, it is recommended to: (1) apply M/L sway range and 95% confidence ellipse area, (2) use the manual task to differentiate between fallers and nonfallers when using traditional analyses, and (3) use the cognitive task and M/L alpha and M/L sample entropy when using nonlinear analyses.
Physical and numerical modelling of a geogrid-reinforced incremental concrete panel retaining wall
Authors: Yu Yan , Bathurst Richard J. , Allen Tony M. , Nelson Renald
Published: July 2016

The paper presents the numerical modelling details using the finite difference method (FDM) to simulate the performance of a well-instrumented geogrid-reinforced incremental concrete panel soil retaining wall. Two different constitutive models were investigated for the backfill soil (linear elastic–plastic model and nonlinear elastic–plastic model). Both constant stiffness and strain-dependent secant stiffness models were used for the reinforcement elements. The paper provides valuable lessons to modellers to simulate the performance of this type of earth retaining structure. For example, parametric investigation of the effect of a constant Young’s modulus ranging from 40 to 120 MPa for the linear-elastic Mohr–Coulomb model had only minor influence on the wall facing displacements and reinforcement loads. However, the choice of magnitude of transient compaction pressure near the facing can result in large differences in facing displacements. The paper also demonstrates that the method of construction including the location, sequence, and stiffness of the temporary supports used to construct the wall plays an important role on measured and predicted wall performance. The physical measurements reported in this paper provide a benchmark for numerical modellers to verify other numerical models for walls of the type investigated here.
Fast and exact discrete geodesic computation based on triangle-oriented wavefront propagation
Authors: Qin Yipeng , Han Xiaoguang , Yu Hongchuan , Yu Yizhou , Zhang Jianjun
Published: July 2016

Computing discrete geodesic distance over triangle meshes is one of the fundamental problems in computational geometry and computer graphics. In this problem, an effective window pruning strategy can significantly affect the actual running time. Due to its importance, we conduct an in-depth study of window pruning operations in this paper, and produce an exhaustive list of scenarios where one window can make another window partially or completely redundant. To identify a maximal number of redundant windows using such pairwise cross checking, we propose a set of procedures to synchronize local window propagation within the same triangle by simultaneously propagating a collection of windows from one triangle edge to its two opposite edges. On the basis of such synchronized window propagation, we design a new geodesic computation algorithm based on a triangle-oriented region growing scheme. Our geodesic algorithm can remove most of the redundant windows at the earliest possible stage, thus significantly reducing computational cost and memory usage at later stages. In addition, by adopting triangles instead of windows as the primitive in propagation management, our algorithm significantly cuts down the data management overhead. As a result, it runs 4--15 times faster than MMP and ICH algorithms, 2-4 times faster than FWP-MMP and FWP-CH algorithms, and also incurs the least memory usage.