bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uprooting Racism: The Role of Nurses in Cultivating Improved Maternal Outcomes for Black and African American Women
Authors: McMillian-Bohler Jacquelyn , Richard-Eaglin Angela
Published: February 2021

After controlling for education, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors, Black and African American patients in the United States are three to four times more likely to die in childbirth than are White patients. The literature is replete with strategies to improve maternal outcomes for Black and African American patients. Existing strategies focus on addressing poverty and individual risk factors to reduce maternal mortality, yet maternal outcomes are not improving for these patients in the United States. Recent literature suggests that a nuanced approach that considers the effects of individual and structural racism could improve maternal outcomes, especially for Black and African American patients. As nurses comprise the largest component of the health-care system, their collective power and influence can provide a powerful tool for dismantling structural racism. Some important concepts to consider regarding the care of the Black and African American population are cultural intelligence (CQ), allostatic load, and humanitarian ethos. By developing CQ and consistently including the four CQ capabilities (drive/motivation, knowledge/cognition, strategy/metacognition, and behavior/action) in all aspects of practice, nurses can help to uproot racism and cultivate experience to improve maternal health outcomes for Black and African American patients.
Recruiting Underrepresented Students for Nursing Schools
Authors: DeWitty Vernell P. , Byrd David A.
Published: February 2021

Preparing a richly diverse nursing student population is essential to improving health outcomes for the nation and achieving a robust supply of health-care providers who better reflect the society we serve. As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, cultural competence is necessary among health-care professionals in order to practice with cultural humility. Cultural humility refers to a commitment and active engagement in a lifelong learning process that allows individuals to better meet the complex health-care needs of patients, communities, and colleagues. The design of an effective recruitment strategy should be driven by the mission of the educational institution and aligned to reflect the targeted population of potential students. Recruitment efforts and activities should be designed to improve the ability to attract a diverse population and more firmly establish a continuing pipeline of possible students. This article presents strategies such as building relationships and partnerships with 2-year community colleges with upper division nursing programs, and employing technology solutions to enhance recruitment and admissions of a diverse pool of applicants. Technology solutions can help manage large applicant pools, help staff coordinate a communication campaign so there is frequent contact with prospects, and capture notes throughout the recruitment process that can be utilized in a holistic admission strategy. Recruitment is the first step; to address retention, students must be welcomed into an inclusive learning environment where they can successfully advance, in order to achieve the goal of a more diverse nursing workforce.
Rooting Out White Supremacy and Implementing Antiracism in Nursing Education
Authors: Koch Amie M.
Published: February 2021

Discussing racism is challenging for nurse educators and nursing students, because White privilege and racial inequities are deeply embedded and normalized in our societal structures. Avoiding the topic of racism in nursing education renders White supremacy invisible and serves to perpetuate racial discrimination and disparities in health care. Nursing education has the potential to train both faculty and students to recognize and dismantle oppressive attitudes, structures, and practices that have led to negative health outcomes for patients. Equipping nurse educators with the tools to understand and address White supremacy as well as to educate themselves and their students about antiracist language, self-care, and patient care is an important step toward promoting health and creating an antiracist society.
Entrenched White Supremacy in Nursing Education Administrative Structures
Authors: Carter Brigit Maria , Alexander G. Rumay
Published: February 2021

The National League for Nursing, the American Nurses Association, and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing each have published directives or position statements that support initiatives that would diversify faculty in nursing education; some initiatives very specifically address increasing diversity within nursing faculty leadership ranks. Despite support for these initiatives, there is a lack of faculty members of color in higher-level leadership positions in nursing academia. This article explores two questions that unfold contributing factors. Is the absence of faculty members of color due to historical exclusionary practices of institutional racism? Or is it due to components of internalized racism that may cause faculty members of color to devalue their own potential and ability to rise to leadership roles? Either answer helps explain how entrenched white supremacy continues to be a barrier to diversifying nursing academia. Are we strong enough to dismantle the obstacles to achieving diversity in nursing academic leadership?
Estrategias de marketing orientadas al consumo de la generaciÃ³n centennial
Authors: Madrigal-Moreno Flor , Madrigal-Moreno Salvador , BÃ©jar-Tinoco VÃ­ctor
Published: February 2021

Esta investigaciÃ³n muestra el comportamiento de consumo de la generaciÃ³n centennial, particularmente su orientaciÃ³n al consumo responsable. El objetivo de esta investigaciÃ³n es identificar cÃ³mo las estrategias de marketing han incidido en el tipo de consumo que los centennials, asÃ­ como la orientaciÃ³n al consumo responsable identificando la percepciÃ³n que tienen de los productos ecolÃ³gicos y de las empresas que realizan prÃ¡cticas socialmente responsables, para identificar si la decisiÃ³n de compra se basa en las prÃ¡cticas responsables o en modas y tendencias de consumo. La investigaciÃ³n es documental. En primera instancia, se llevÃ³ a cabo la recuperaciÃ³n y revisiÃ³n de literatura actualizada como artÃ­culos cientÃ­ficos, journals especializados en marketing y comportamiento del consumidor, asÃ­ como memorias de congresos. En un segundo momento, se realizÃ³ un anÃ¡lisis de cada documento para poder llegar a las conclusiones en las que se define el comportamiento de consumo de los centennials. Los principales hallazgos de esta investigaciÃ³n muestran una orientaciÃ³n y conciencia ecolÃ³gica evidente en el consumo de bienes y servicios. No obstante, tambiÃ©n se identifica que las modas, el sentido de pertenencia, y el precio de los productos de este grupo generacional inciden en la toma de decisiones.
 
This research shows the consumption behavior of the centennial generation, particularly its orientation towards responsible consumption. The objective of this research is to identify how marketing strategies have influenced the type of consumption that centennials have, as well as the orientation towards responsible consumption, identifying the perception they have of organic products and of companies that carry out socially responsible practices, to identify whether the purchase decision is based on responsible practices or consumer trends and fashions. This is documentary research. In the first instance, the recovery and review of updated literature such as scientific articles, specialized journals on marketing and consumer behavior, as well as conference proceedings were carried out. In a second moment, an analysis of each document was carried out to reach the conclusions in which the consumption behavior of centennials is defined. The main findings of this research show an evident ecological orientation and awareness in the consumption of goods and services. However, it is also identified that the fashions, the sense of belonging, and the price of the products of this generational group influence decision-making.
Reflexiones sobre la educación inclusiva en Colombia: estado de la cuestión
Authors: Reina Avila Katherine Gabriela , Lara Buitrago Paola Andrea
Published: February 2021

El presente artículo es una revisión documental de artículos académicos publicados en revistas especializadas, relacionados a la educación inclusiva y la enseñanza del inglés en Colombia en un período de tiempo comprendido entre 2006 y 2019. Se realizó un riguroso análisis de contenido con instrumentos de recolección de información como: fichas temáticas y matrices categoriales. Los resultados fueron agrupados en las siguientes categorías: concepto de educación inclusiva, legislación y normatividad, experiencias en contextos educativos, estudios sobre educación inclusiva y formas de enseñanza. Se concluye que, a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados por el gobierno colombiano, las instituciones educativas, los docentes e investigadores, aún se requiere mayor investigación sobre la enseñanza del inglés a estudiantes de inclusión para garantizar educación de calidad a esta población estudiantil.
Modified short version of the oral health impact profile for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment
Authors: Barrera-Chaparro Judith Patricia , Plaza-Ruíz Sonia Patricia , Camacho-Usaquén Tania , Pasuy-Caicedo Jairo Andrés , Villamizar-Rivera Ada Katherine
Published: February 2021

Aim: To derive and validate a short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) in Spanish to measure oral health quality of life (OHRQoL) for subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods: Cross-sectional study (data for sensitivity to change analysis were collected longitudinally). The data of 400 subjects (27.34 years, SD 11.66 years, 231 women, and 169 men) were used to develop a short-form instrument, and the data of 126 other subjects (25.95 years, SD 12.39 years, 62 women, and 64 men) were used for its validation. The original OHIPs were translated into Spanish using an iterative forward-backward sequence. After face and content validity were evaluated by an expert committee, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was used to derive the Spanish short-form instrument (OHIP-S14 Ortho). To validate the OHIP-S14 Ortho, validity (content validity assessed by EFA, construct validity assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), discriminative validity assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and reliability (internal consistency assessed by Cronbach’s α test-retest, and inter-observer reliability assessed by correlation coefficients) were evaluated. Sensitivity to change and usefulness of the scale were also evaluated. Results: The OHIP-S14 Ortho included only six of the items in Slade´s original OHIP-14 short-form. A two-factor structure with adequate discriminative validity was found. High internal consistency (α=0.912), excellent inter-observer (Lin’s correlation=0.97±0.011; rho= 0.97), test-retest agreement (Lin’s correlation=0.80±0.059) and adequate sensitivity to change were also found. Conclusions: The OHIP-S14 Ortho is a valid and reliable instrument to measure OHRQoL in Spanish-speaking patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.
Ciclos tecnológicos e evolução da base de conhecimento
Authors: Avanci Vanessa de Lima , Urraca-Ruiz Ana
Published: February 2021

As bases de conhecimento são sistemas altamente complexos e representam combinações, arranjos de unidades de conhecimento para resolver problemas em específicos períodos de tempo. Quando os ciclos tecnológicos avançam, as bases de conhecimento evoluem. Nos últimos 30 anos, identificamos duas ondas tecnológicas. A primeira começou com os sete paradigmas tecnológicos da década de 1980 (microeletrônica, computadores, telecomunicações, audiovisual, novos materiais, semicondutores e biotecnologia). A segunda surgiu com as chamadas tecnologias habilitadoras (nanotecnologia, micro e nanoeletrônica, biotecnologia industrial, fotônica, materiais avançados e manufatura avançada) a partir dos anos 2000. Este artigo analisa a evolução das propriedades e da complexidade da base de conhecimento mundial entre 1978-2016 considerando o surgimento destes paradigmas. Usando dados de patentes e análise de redes, o trabalho calcula indicadores de variedade, coerência, distância cognitiva e convergência da base de conhecimento. Os resultados confirmam que os paradigmas tecnológicos da década de 1980 levaram a um aumento da diversificação e da complexidade da base de conhecimento por meio de uma convergência 'para fora', ou seja, entre tecnologias não relacionadas. A chegada dos microparadigmas dos anos 2000 revela uma retração da base de conhecimento que evolui 'para dentro', isto é, por trajetórias previamente estabelecidas.
Revelando as essências da Educação Maker
Authors: Soster Tatiana Sansone
Published: February 2021

Esse estudo revela os elementos da Educação Maker através da análise teórica e das práticas. A pesquisa inspira-se na abordagem fenomenológica. Como resultado observa-se que a proposta teórica e a realização das práticas se aproximam em muitos elementos, havendo poucas características divergentes e muitas complementares. Pode-se afirmar que a Educação Maker está em construção e, portanto, ainda apresenta resultados pedagógicos de aprendizagem aquém de sua teoria, especialmente no que diz respeito à formação crítica de sujeitos e integração da prática Maker com todas as áreas de conhecimento abordadas no contexto escolar através do currículo. Ao final, apresenta-se um quadro sintético com os elementos da Educação Maker, construído a partir da análise, discussão e acompanhamento da teoria e das práticas observadas.
Autobiografia e Teoria do Discurso: uma possibilidade de desconstruir discursos das políticas curriculares de formação de professores no Brasil
Authors: Bastos Craveiro Clarissa
Published: February 2021

Este estudo apresenta uma possibilidade de re-significar os discursos das políticas de formação de professores por meio da narrativa autobiográfica como um caminho de criticismo e mudanças nos discursos da escola. Discursos políticos têm procurado padronizar como os professores devem desempenhar suas funções de ensino e, assim, contribuir com a aprendizagem de seus alunos. Discordamos das propostas que tentam padronizar identidades dos professores. A partir de estudos já realizados no campo das políticas curriculares, por meio de um projeto de pesquisa em andamento, buscamos o desafio de dialogar com as propostas autobiográficas de William Pinar, Madeleine Grumet e Teresa Strong-Wilson re-visitando a compreensão de currere. Argumentamos com esses autores que a autobiografia é um processo associativo, cultural, constituído de conhecimento e prática. Por esse caminho, buscamos manter diálogos entre as pesquisas de política curricular da formação de professores, trazendo a abordagem discursiva da Teoria do Discurso. O desafio do diálogo proposto entre essas teorias é repensar os significados das políticas curriculares na escola com os professores.
Tuberculosis: Development of New Drugs and Treatment Regimens
Authors: Soedarsono Soedarsono
Published: February 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) still becomes a public health crisis. Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) becomes a concern as the increasing DR-TB cases in countries with high TB burden. The 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) guideline recommended a combination of TB treatment consisting of 2 months of intensive phase with isoniazid (H), rifampisin (R), pyrazinamid (Z), and ethambutol (E), followed by 4 months of continuation phase with HR daily. WHO has updated DR-TB treatment guidelines several times. In 2016, WHO recommended shorter regimen and individual regimen based on certain conditions. The most updated 2020 WHO guideline recommended the short regimen consisting of all oral drugs as well as changes in the grouping of medicines used in DR-TB regimens in longer/individual regimens. Bedaquiline, delamanid, pretomanid, and sutezolid are new drugs which have been studied for their uses as anti-TB drugs (ATD). Bedaquilin and delamanid, which have passed phase 3 trials, have been approved and recommended by WHO for DR-TB treatment. Repurposed drugs have been used for DR-TB treatment during the time of evaluation of drugs list and regimens for DR-TB treatment. Fluoroquinolones, clofazimine, linezolid, carbapenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are repurposed drugs. TB and DR-TB management will be updated at any time, based on the latest findings in studies, to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of current treatments. Prevention of active TB disease by the treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) is also a critical component of the end TB strategy by WHO. Therefore, the development of new drugs for the LTBI treatment is also needed.
Prevalence of Pneumonia Severity in Children under 5 Years Old at Primary Health Care of Tambakrejo, Surabaya
Authors: Ihtasya Shofia , Setyoningrum Retno Asih , Kusumaningrum Deby
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Pneumonia is the world-leading cause of death in children under five years old and most prevalent in developing country. Proper initial diagnosis will determine further management, because pneumonia and severe pneumonia have different treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of pneumonia severity in children under five years old at primary health setting. Methods: This study was a cross – sectional descriptive study on medical records of children aged 2 to 59 months with pneumonia at primary health care of Tambakrejo, Surabaya from September to December 2017. Severity of pneumonia is classified using its clinical sign such as fast breathing, fever, chest indrawing, and general danger sign. The data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel and statistically analyzed with SPSS IBM 20. Results: There were 31 respondents that were diagnosed with pneumonia at primary health care of Tambakrejo, Surabaya from September to December 2017. Most of the children diagnosed with pneumonia were aged 12 to 59 months (61.3%) and 22.6 % of the children had severe pneumonia. Conclusion: Distribution of severity case of pneumonia at primary health care of Tambakrejo, Surabaya showed that there were more case of pneumonia with fast breathing than severe pneumonia or pneumonia with any general danger sign. Most of them were diagnosed at 12 to 59 months with a good nutritional status.
Profile of Patients with Mitral Stenosis in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya in January 2015 – December 2017
Authors: Gunawan Nadia Mulyanti , Budiarto Raden Mohammad , Andriati Andriati
Published: February 2021

Introduction: The most common valvular heart disease is mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis is an abnormality of the heart valve which causes reduced blood flow from the left atria to the left ventricle due to narrowing of mitral valve orifice during its opening motion. If the condition continues, it will result in complications. The most common complications are pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and stroke. Appropriate treatment for mitral stenosis may produce more favorable prognosis in these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the profile of patients with mitral stenosis in Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from January 2015 to December 2017. It is expected that mitral stenosis can be detected earlier, thus the appropriate treatment can be administered promptly and further complications can be prevented. Methods: This study was a descriptive retrospective study with cross-sectional approach and accidental sampling method obtained from the inpatients medical records of patients diagnosed with mitral stenosis from echocardiography in Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from January 2015 to December 2017. The variables were age, gender, disease severity, and the patient’s educational background. The data was processed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS version 20. Results:  This study obtained 41 patients who met the inclusion criteria, then the patients were categorized according to their age, gender, disease severity, and educational background. The results of the study showed that the subjects were dominated by those of productive age at 30-39 years old (39%), the most prevalent gender was female (85.4%), severe disease severity (85.4%), and educational level was from high school (85.4%). Conclusion: The majority of the patients with mitral stenosis were from productive age, female, with severe disease severity, and educational background from middle educational level (high school).
La discapacidad en la normativa de España y Alemania: comparativa terminológico-conceptual para traductores
Authors: Martín García Marta , Varela Salinas María José
Published: February 2021

Este artículo estudia la terminología relacionada con las personas con discapacidad que se emplea en el marco legislativo de España y Alemania. Por lo tanto, ofrecemos una visión general comparando los respectivos marcos legislativos de ambos países y describiendo los diferentes tipos de ayuda y las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos para garantizar la no discriminación y la igualdad de trato para las personas con discapacidad. Se ha extraído la terminología especializada para que sirva de referencia a los traductores e intérpretes que trabajan en este tema.
El tratamiento de los antropónimos y topónimos en las dos traducciones al español de Tawq al-Hamama de Ibn Hazm
Authors: Jouini Khemais
Published: February 2021

En el presente trabajo nos vamos a centrar, desde una perspectiva traductológica, en el análisis de los antropónimos y topónimos  utilizados en las dos traducciones al español de Tawq al-Hamama de Ibn Hazm al-andalusí, debido a su frecuencia de aparición como marcadores culturales de este importante texto de la literatura árabe clásica. El tratamiento de los antropónimos y topónimos supone uno de los aspectos más problemáticos en los que se producen errores con más frecuencia, por lo que se le ofrece al traductor un abanico de opciones de estrategias para su trasvase a la lengua meta. El fin del presente trabajo es comprobar cuáles son las estrategias de traducción más habituales en las dos versiones de la obra Ibn Hazm. Procuramos identificar los casos que nos permitan analizar las dos versiones meta, observar cómo han resuelto los traductores los problemas traductológicos a los que se han enfrentado y comprobar en qué casos hay similitudes y/o divergencias respecto de estas estrategias, y hasta qué medida aportan mayor o menor domesticación y naturalización a los antropónimos y topónimos de la obra en la lengua meta.
Latest Quaternary Active Faulting and Paleoearthquakes on the Southern Segment of the Xiaojiang Fault Zone, SE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Guo Peng , Han Zhujun , Dong Shaopeng , Mao Zebin , Hu Nan , Gao Fan , Li Jiani
Published: February 2021

The Xiaojiang fault zone (XJFZ) is an important part of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, acting as the eastern boundary of the Chuan-Dian block on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and accommodating the lateral extrusion of the block. The faulting activity and paleoseismic history on the southern segment of the XJFZ remain poorly understood. Here, trench excavations and radiocarbon dating revealed that four recent surface-rupturing paleoearthquakes have occurred on the Jianshui fault (JSF) in the southern segment of the XJFZ since ~15370 yr BP. The ages of these events, labeled E4-E1 from oldest to youngest, are limited to the following time ranges: 15360-12755, 10845-6900, 1455-670, and 635-145 yr BP, respectively. The most recent event E1 was most likely the 1606 Jianshui earthquake. These events appear to occur unregularly in time. The time interval between the last two events is 726±235 yr, and the average recurrence interval for all four events is 4589±3132 yr. The deformed strata show that the JSF is characterized kinematically by transtension, which likely respond to the apparent change in the direction of clockwise rotation of the Chuan-Dian block around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Combined with the analysis of the neighboring NW-striking faults, our study suggests that the south-southeastward motion of the Chuan-Dian block is likely to be firstly accommodated in part by the right-lateral shear and dip-slip motions of the Qujiang and Shiping faults and continues across the Red River fault zone, then is transmitted southward along the Dien Bien Phu fault. Therefore, the southern segment of the XJFZ plays a dominant role in the tectonic deformation of the southeastern Chuan-Dian block, with a high seismic hazard.
Subspace Ensemble Randomized Maximum Likelihood with Local Analysis for Time-Lapse-Seismic-Data Assimilation
Authors: Silva Neto Gilson Moura , Soares Ricardo Vasconcellos , Evensen Geir , Davolio Alessandra , Schiozer Denis José
Published: February 2021

Time-lapse-seismic-data assimilation has been drawing the reservoir-engineering community's attention over the past few years. One of the advantages of including this kind of data to improve the reservoir-flow models is that it provides complementary information compared with the wells' production data. Ensemble-based methods are some of the standard tools used to calibrate reservoir models using time-lapse seismic data. One of the drawbacks of assimilating time-lapse seismic data involves the large data sets, mainly for large reservoir models. This situation leads to high-dimensional problems that demand significant computational resources to process and store the matrices when using conventional and straightforward methods. Another known issue associated with the ensemble-based methods is the limited ensemble sizes, which cause spurious correlations between the data and the parameters and limit the degrees of freedom. In this work, we propose a data-assimilation scheme using an efficient implementation of the subspace ensemble randomized maximum likelihood (SEnRML) method with local analysis. This method reduces the computational requirements for assimilating large data sets because the number of operations scales linearly with the number of observed data points. Furthermore, by implementing it with local analysis, we reduce the memory requirements at each update step and mitigate the effects of the limited ensemble sizes. We test two local analysis approaches: one distance-based approach and one correlation-based approach. We apply these implementations to two synthetic time-lapse-seismic-data-assimilation cases, one 2D example, and one field-scale application that mimics some of the real-field challenges. We compare the results with reference solutions and with the known ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) using Kalman gain distance-based localization. The results show that our method can efficiently assimilate time-lapse seismic data, leading to updated models that are comparable with other straightforward methods. The correlation-based local analysis approach provided results similar to the distance-based approach, with the advantage that the former can be applied to data and parameters that do not have specific spatial positions.
A 3D-reconstruction-based study on the ocular volume of Chinese children with high myopia
Authors: Jiang Xiaodan , Deng Hongwei , Ke Junlong , Wang Fanyin , Li Shuang , Jiang Yanni , Wang Mingyue
Published: February 2021

Background: Highly myopic eyes differ in morphology from emmetropic eyes, and the correct estimation of the vitreous volume is difficult. To explore an effective method to estimate ocular volume using refractive factors in children.Methods: This is a retrospective study of children with high myopia who visited the Shenzhen Shekou People's Hospital (July-December 2018) before undergoing posterior scleral reinforcement surgery. Data on refractive factors and ocular 3D reconstruction imaging based on high-end CT were collected for linear correlation and linear regression analyses.Results: Ten patients (20 eyes) were included. There are nine males and one female. They were 4 to 12 years of age. The spherical equivalent ranges from +0.25 to -20.00 D. The cylindrical equivalent ranges from -0.50 to -6.25 D. The axial length ranges from 21.78 to 33.90 mm. The corneal curvature (mean) ranges from 42.44 to 46.75. The 3D reconstruction of the CT images shows that the ocular volume ranges from 4.591 to 10.988 ml. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes decreases with the increase of diopter and total curvature, both presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficients being -0.776 (P<0.001) and -0.633 (P=0.003), respectively. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes increases with the increasing axial length, also presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficient being 0.939 (P<0.001).Conclusions: In children, the ocular volume is negatively and linearly correlated with the diopter and curvature, and positively and linearly correlated with the axial length.
Comparison of various orgainc acids for xylo-oligosaccharide productions in term of pKa values and combined severity
Authors: Cao Rou , Liu Xinlu , Guo Jianming , Xu Yong
Published: February 2021

Background: Methods to produce XOS have been intensively investigated, including enzymatic hydrolysis, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis is currently the most widely used method to produce XOS due to its advantages of fewer processing steps, stronger raw material adaptability, higher yield, and better reproducibility. Especially, organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and xylonic acid work better as compared with mineral acids. However, the catalytic mechanism of different organic acids has been little studied. In this paper, four different organic acids, including formic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid were selected to compare their hydrolytic effects.Results: Using pKa values as the benchmark, the yield of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) increased with the increasing value of pKa. The yield of XOS was 37% when hydrolyzed by 5% acetic acid (pKa=4.75) at 170℃ for 20 min. Combined severity (CS), a parameter associated with temperature and reaction time was proposed, was proposed to evaluate the hydrolysis effect. The results of CS were consistent with that of pKa values on both the yield of XOS and the inhibitor.Conclusion: The results based on pKa values and combined severity, a parameter associated with temperature and reaction time, concluded that acetic acid is a preferred catalyst. Combining the techno-economic analysis and environmental benefits, acetic acid hydrolysis process has lower factory production costs, and it is also an important metabolite and a carbon source for wastewater anaerobic biological treatment. In conclusion, production of xylo-oligosaccharides by acetic acid is an inexpensive, environment-friendly, and sustainable processing technique.
Baseline blood count levels increase odds of cytopenia among CML patients in Kenya: a case control study
Authors: McLigeyo Angela , Rajab Jamilla , Oyiro Peter , Ezzi Mohammed , Bett Yatich , Ong'ondi Matilda , Odhiambo Andrew , Mwanzi Sitna , Abinya Nicholas Othieno -
Published: February 2021

Background
Imatinib is the gold standard for the treatment of all phases of Philadelphia positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). During treatment, patients may develop cytopenia. We aimed to study the baseline characteristics and factors associated with cytopenia at a Nairobi Hospital.
Methods
This was a retrospective case-control study of patients aged ≥ 18 years on follow-up at the Glivec International Patient Access Program (GIPAP) clinic from 2007–2015. The cases consisted of CML patients on imatinib who developed cytopenia. The controls were CML patients on imatinib who did not develop cytopenia. Baseline socio – demographic, clinical, hematologic, and molecular data were retrieved from patients’ files. Chi square or fishers’ exact tests were used to analyze for differences between cytopenia and no cytopenia. Binary logistic regressions were employed to identify relationships. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to identify independent predictors of cytopenia. Odds ratios (OR) were presented including the 95% confidence intervals and respective p values.
Results
A total of 201 patients were studied. Males were 52%, 42% were aged 36–50 years, 70% had symptoms for > 12 months before diagnosis, 78.6% had B symptoms at baseline, 80% had a moderate splenomegaly at baseline, 40% and 37.4% developed cytopenia within 3 months and 3–6 months respectively after imatinib initiation. Baseline neutrophilia, neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia was found in 68%, 11%, 11%, 23.5% and 11% respectively. Baseline hemoglobin, neutrophil and platelet level were significantly different between the cytopenia and the no cytopenia group. On univariable analysis, baseline anemia with hb < 7.9g/dL (p = 0.002), neutropenia (p = 0.001), neutrophilia > 100,000/mm3 (p = 0.002) and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.001) increased the odds of developing cytopenia. On multivariable analysis, baseline anaemia (p value < 0.002), neutropenia (p value < 0.001), thrombocytopenia (p value, < 0.001) and thrombocytosis (p value, 0.033) increased the odds of developing cytopenia.
Conclusion
Odds of cytopenia were higher in presence of baseline cytopenia and thrombocytosis. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for these patients.
Soft Tissue Profile Changes in Patients With Class II malocclusion
Authors: Milutinovic Jovana , Stamenkovic Zorana , Zelic Ksenija , Marinkovic Nemanja , Nedeljkovic Nenad
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify the soft tissue profile outcomes of orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients and to determine if these changes are related with different treatment protocol.MethodsThe sample of this study consisted of 50 Caucasian patients [22 males; 28 females], with a mean age of 15.8 years. The sample was divided in two groups (both groups treated with multibracket therapy): first group was non-extraction group [25 patients] treated first with the Herbst appliance, and second group was four premolars extraction group [25 patients] treated with a multibracket appliance. The patients’ pre- and post-treatment profile photographs were used, and the soft tissue landmarks were identified. Afterwards, the angular parameters were determined on each photo. Paired-sample t-test was used for intragroup comparisons. For testing the differences in all parameter values between groups, two-sample t test was used.ResultsThe improvement in the non-extraction group was evident in the decrease of the nasomental angle [P=0.02], the angle representing the projection of the upper lip to the chin [P=0.01], as well as the upper lip angle [P=0.01]. On the other hand, the nasolabial angle increased significantly [P=0.01], as well as the mentolabial angle [P=0.02]. In the extraction group, the nasolabial angle showed a significant increase [P=0.03]. Two soft tissue variables showed significant differences between the groups: the total facial angle or facial convexity including the nose [P=0.04] and the angle presenting the projection of the upper lip to chin [P=0.01].ConclusionsThe patients treated without extractions showed a significant improvement of the convex profile and favorable soft tissue changes in the lower third of the face. The orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusions induce positive effects on the soft tissue facial profile, which depends on different treatment protocols.
The validation of Corona Anxiety Questionnaire in Iranian Population
Authors: Mehraeen Morteza , Heydari Mohammad Reza , Joulaei Hassan , Faghih Marjan
Published: February 2021

Background: Anxiety is an evolutionary mental status that alerts a person from possible dangers: inside or outside dangers. One of the external dangers that threaten global society these days is Corona's disease. It has reported since 2020 January in Iran and has killed more than 8000 people during 5 month. But someone are unaware of the importance and danger of Corona or they don't consider any reason to worry. The aim of this study was to design and standardize a special questionnaire for corona anxiety in the Iranian population. Because of it, with the help of 10 psychologists and psychiatrics found 8 scales and wrote 36 question. Questionnaire asked from 523 internet operators by porsline.ir all over Iran. Method: To assess the reliability, kappa statistic was calculated and for construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. Convergent and discriminant validity was checked using Spearman correlation and for content validity index (CVR) was used. Result: Reliability for the most items was high. Questionnaire showed excellent convergent and discriminant validity except for social support subscale. The results of categorical confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of the eight-factor model of the Corona Anxiety Scales-36. Furthermore, the average of CVR was higher than acceptance level (0.62). Conclusion: The findings showed that the corona anxiety questionnaire is a questionnaire with appropriate validity and reliability for use in anxiety related to the unknown corona disease.
Meiotic Drive in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia compared with other Malignant Blood Disorders
Authors: Jønsson Viggo , Awan Haneef , Jones Neil Deaton , Johannesen Tom Børge , Thøgersen Klaus , Steig Bjarni á , Andorsdottir Gudrid , Tjønnfjord Geir Erland
Published: February 2021

Studies of families with two or more cases of malignant blood disorders (lympoproliferative and/or myeloproliferative) provide a description of the pathway of susceptibility down through the generations towards the proband. The united observations fit into a non-Mendelian operational model consisting of parental genomic imprinting combined with feto-maternal microchimerism. Male affected relatives of a proband are predominant in paternal lines with maternal imprinting, while female affected relatives are predominant in lines with maternal affiliation and paternal imprinting. The findings suggest the influence of a so-called polymorphic equilibrium with segregation distortion related to parental imprinting (fitness optimalization). In the generations before a proband, affected relatives with the same diagnosis may covariate, viz. be present with a higher frequency than expected (relative superiority); or contravariate, that is a lower frequency than expected (mutual minority). Covariation has been observed especially among affected relatives with multiple myeloma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and some few other diagnoses. Contravariation is only seen among affected relatives with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The dynamic drive of susceptibility in an affected family with birth order effect and/or anticipation is regarded as an additional polymorphic equilibrium with segregation distortion caused by feto-maternal microchimerism.
Solar Thermochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Fuel via MnFe2O4 based Two-Step Redox Cycle
Authors: Bhosale Rahul
Published: February 2021

Thermodynamic efficiency analysis of [[EQUATION]] based CO 2 splitting (CDS) cycle is reported. HSC Chemistry software is used for performing the calculations allied with the model developed. By maintaining the reduction nonstoichiometry equal to 0.1, variations in the thermal energy required to drive the cycle ( [[EQUATION]] ) and solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency ( [[EQUATION]] ) as a function of the ratio of the molar flow rate of inert sweep gas ( [[EQUATION]] ) to the molar flow rate [[EQUATION]] ( [[EQUATION]] ), i.e., [[EQUATION]] , reduction temperature ( [[EQUATION]] ), and gas-to-gas heat recovery effectiveness ( [[EQUATION]] ) are studied. The rise in [[EQUATION]] is responsible for the decrease in [[EQUATION]] . At [[EQUATION]] = 0.7, [[EQUATION]] increases from 176.0 kW to 271.7 kW when [[EQUATION]] escalates from 10 to 100. Conversely, [[EQUATION]] reduces from 14.9% to 9.9% due to the similar increment in [[EQUATION]] . The difference between [[EQUATION]] at [[EQUATION]] = 10 and 100 decreases from 363.3 kW to 19.2 kW as [[EQUATION]] rises from 0.0 to 0.9. As [[EQUATION]] and subsequently [[EQUATION]] reduces as a function of [[EQUATION]] , [[EQUATION]] increases noticeably. At [[EQUATION]] equal to 0.9 and [[EQUATION]] equal to 10 as well as 20, the maximum [[EQUATION]] equal to 17.5% is realized.
Case Report of Patient with IgG4-Related Disease and Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Li Zhihao , Zheng Zongyu , Jin Meishan , Wang Weigang
Published: February 2021

Cases of immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) along with renal cell carcinoma are extremely rare. In this study, we report on a 61-year-old male who was diagnosed with both IgG4-RD and renal cell carcinoma. We examined the period beginning 13 years before the renal cancer diagnosis to two months after surgical removal of the tumor. IgG4-RD is an immune-mediated disease that leads to the formation of multi-system masses. It affects almost every organ and is challenging to diagnose and cure in clinical settings [1]. In this case, we report the clinical data, surgical methods, pathology, and immunohistochemical characteristics of a patient who was diagnosed with IgG4-RD 7 years ago and diagnosed with a tumor in the left kidney by our department in August 2020.
WITHDRAWN: Real-time Multiple-Workflow Scheduling in Cloud Environment
Authors: Ma Xiaojin , Xu Huahu , Gao Honghao , Bian Minjie
Published: February 2021

With the development of cloud computing, an increasing number of applications in different fields have been deployed to the cloud. In this process, the real-time scheduling of multiple workflows composed of tasks from these different applications must consider various influencing factors which strongly affect scheduling performance. This paper proposes a real-time multiple-workflow scheduling (RMWS) scheme to schedule workflows dynamically with minimum cost under different deadline constraints. Due to the uncertainty of workflow arrival time and specification, RMWS dynamically allocates tasks and divides the scheduling process into three stages. First, when a new workflow arrives, the latest start time and the latest finish time of each task are calculated according to the deadline, and the subdeadline of each task is obtained by probabilistic upward ranking. Then, each ready task is allocated according to its subdeadline and the increased cost of the virtual machine (VM). Meanwhile, only one waiting task can be assigned to each VM to reduce delay fluctuations. Finally, when the task is completed on the assigned VM, all the parameters of the relevant tasks are updated before allocating them to appropriate VMs. The experimental results based on four real-world workflow traces show that the proposed algorithm is superior to two state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of total rental cost, resource utilization, success rate and deadline deviation under different conditions.
A generalization of intrinsic geometry and an affine connection representation of gauge fields
Authors: Man Zhao-Hui
Published: February 2021

There are two ways to unify gravitational field and gauge field. One is to represent gravitational field as principal bundle connection, and the other is to represent gauge field as affine connection. Poincare gauge theory and metric-affine gauge theory adopt the first approach. This paper adopts the second.

We show a generalization of Riemannian geometry and a new affine connection, and apply them to establishing a unified coordinate description of gauge field and gravitational field. It has the following advantages.

(i) Gauge field and gravitational field have the same affine connection representation, and can be described by a unified spatial frame.

(ii) Time can be regarded as the total metric with respect to all dimensions of internal coordinate space and external coordinate space. On-shell can be regarded as gradient direction. Quantum theory can be regarded as a geometric theory of distribution of gradient directions. Hence, gravitational theory and quantum theory obtain the same view of time and space and a unified description of evolution in affine connection representation of gauge fields.

(iii) Chiral asymmetry, coupling constants, MNS mixing and CKM mixing can appear spontaneously in affine connection representation, while in $U(1) \times SU(2)\times SU(3)$ principal bundle connection representation they can just only be artificially set up. Some principles and postulates of the conventional theories that are based on principal bundle connection representation can be turned into theorems in affine connection representation, so they are not necessary to be regarded as principles or postulates anymore.
Gut Microbiota-Derived Inosine From Dietary Barley Leaf Supplementation Attenuates Colitis Through PPARγ Signaling Activation
Authors: Li Daotong , Feng Yu , Tian Meiling , Ji Junfu , Hu Xiaosong , Chen Fang
Published: February 2021

Background
Ulcerative colitis is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal homeostasis dysregulation. Barley leaf (BL) has a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine with potential health-promoting effects on intestinal functions. However, its mechanism of action is not yet clear. Here, we explore the potential modulating roles of gut microbial metabolites of BL to protect against colitis and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Results
Using 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis, we first found that dietary supplementation of BL ameliorated dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. The mechanisms by which BL protected against DSS-induced colitis were resulted from improved intestinal mucosal barrier functions via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ signaling. In addition, metabolomic profiling analysis showed that the gut microbiota modulated BL-induced metabolic reprograming in the colonic tissues particularly by the enhancement of glycolysis process. Notably, dietary BL supplementation resulted in enrichment of microbiota-derived purine metabolite inosine, which could activate PPARγ signaling in human colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, exogenous treatment of inosine reproduced the similar protective effects as BL to protect against DSS-induced colitis through improving adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)/PPARγ-dependent mucosal barrier functions.
Conclusions
Overall, our findings suggest that the gut microbiota-inosine-A2AR/PPARγ axis plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, which may represent a novel approach for colitis prevention via manipulation of the gut microbial purine metabolite.