bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prestige Gap
Authors: POWELL BRIAN , JACOBS JERRY A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents evidence from two small samples in the United States and in England that indicates that male and female incumbents in the same occupations are not accorded equal prestige. Respondents accorded men in traditionally male occupations, such as architecture, mining, and construction work, greater prestige than their female counterparts. Women received higher prestige ratings than men in such traditionally female occupations as elementary school teaching, nursing, and secretrial work. These differences persisted throughout the prestige hierarchy, and were most notable for male respondents. The implications of different ratings of male and female incumbents in the same occupations for theory and research are discussed.
Careers of Men and Women MBAs
Authors: TUCKER SHARON
Published: March 2007

Over the past three decades, male and female work roles have been rapidly changing. This study explored the varying experiences of men and women who received MBAs and started their careers in the fifties, sixties, and seventies. Qualitative analysis of intensive interview data was the method used. The findings were that women rarely held positions in business firms, choosing instead independent work or alternative settings such as universities. Women's salaries and authority lagged behind those of men, and they more often felt blocked from further advancement. Several propositions are advanced to explain the reluctance of women to enter or remain in business management.
Absenteeism in an Organizational Context
Authors: MARCUS PHILIP M. , SMITH CATHERINE B.
Published: March 2007

Research on absenteeism has led to the development of models that emphasize individual-level variables of satisfaction and job involvement but fail to recognize the social framework of absenteeism. Most studies investigate chiefly blue-collar workers in fairly routinized jobs; few studies cross industrial and occupational lines to white-collar or professional work. Our social model examines absenteeism in terms of alternatives available to employees each day and the consequences of absenteeism for workers and for employers. Beyond psychological and aggregated demographic variables, we consider the role of occupational and organizational processes and point to needs for cross-industry and cross-occupational studies of absenteeism.
U.S. Farm Women
Authors: ROSENFELD RACHEL A.
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from a 1980 national survey of farm women to describe the range of tasks and decisions in which they take part on their operations, some of the determinants of their participation, and the women's own feelings about the places they hold on their farms. These women were found to be involved in a wide range of farm tasks and decisions. The characteristics of the farm and farm labor force affected the extent of their involvement, as did factors that affect the extent of women's employment outside the home—education, age, presence of small children, husband's employment, experience, and region. These farm women tended to identify with their farms as a family unit and did not see themselves as some separate group called “farm women.” Yet over half said “yes” when asked if they considered themselves to be one of the farm's main operators, and over half said they could continue farming if something happened to their husbands.
Orientation Theory in Industry
Authors: BAUREISS GUNTER
Published: March 2007

Within the general framework of industrial sociology the social action approach is used to investigate the evaluative orientation of workers. Instrumental, bureaucratic, and solidaristic types of orientation, discussed by Goldthorpe et al. (1970), have shortcomings. This article offers an alternative perspective incorporating (a) Jung's telic orientation theory and its explanatory principle of reduction of uncertainty, (b) Parson's notions of social exchange and instrumental-expressive complexes of evaluative action or orientation, and (c) an ethical complex. The resulting instrumental, ethical, and expressive complexes are interpreted as three analytically distinct gradients of the uncertainty principle. These complexes form the basis on which evaluations by workers can be made. The utility of this modified theory of evaluative orientation is tested by applying it to an actual industrial setting. Data on workers' evaluations of the company, the supervisors, and their coworkers were collected. Factor analysis was performed to arrive at conceptual generalizations. The three factors yielded are interpreted as constructs of the workers' orientations. Separate factorial analyses according to company, type of technology, and skill level suggest some modification of these constructs.
A Critical View of Worker Participation in American Industry
Authors: FANTASIA RICK , CLAWSON DAN , GRAHAM GREGORY
Published: March 2007

Some analysts of worker participation have argued that it does not improve productivity as much as its proponents suggest, while others argue that it is an effective catalyst for expanding worker control over the labor process. This article examines the experience of worker participation and finds that the tendency is for such programs to weaken unions and limit workers' power in significant ways. In union workplaces, such programs disable existing grievance mechanisms and worker solidarity, while transferring knowledge from workers to management. In nonunion settings, worker participation programs can promote managerial attitudes, while either supplanting or preventing unionism.
Skill Reconsidered
Authors: RAY CAROL AXTELL
Published: March 2007

This article contends that supervisors and managers have been conceptually deskilled, and also extends traditional definitions of skill by adding and developing the concept of social skill. Definitions of social skill are formulated by the administrative and social sciences, often in response to the problems faced by organizational leaders, and usually based upon assumptions concerning the human nature of workers. Thus one facet of the work that managers do—the management process—is shaped by the reigning contemporary managerial ideologies embraced by organizational leaders.
Postretirement Workers in the Labor Force
Authors: FONTANA ANDREA , FREY JAMES H.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the return to the labor force of postretirement workers. Self-administered questionnaires determined the reasons for return to work, relation of current job to previous job and skills, money earned, job satisfaction, perceptions of management, and work values. The exploratory findings indicate that postretirement workers are satisfied with their new jobs and get along well with co-workers and management.
What is Skill?
Authors: ATTEWELL PAUL
Published: March 2007

The concept of skill plays an important role in sociological research, from studies of the labor process to debates over equal worth. This article provides a theoretical analysis of the ambiguities and difficulties involved in current sociological conceptions of skill, contrasting four distinct approaches to skill: positivist, ethnomethodological, Weberian, and Marxist. Some of the impasses in industrial sociology arguably stem from the fact that opposed traditions are using very different notions of skill or are blind to their own preconceptions regarding skill. The article draws out the implications of this for empirical research.
Technological Change in an Auto Assembly Plant
Authors: MILKMAN RUTH , PULLMAN CYDNEY
Published: March 2007

This article explores the impact of technological change and organizational restructuring on workers at the General Motors assembly plant in Linden, New Jersey. An in-plant worker survey was conducted as well as extensive interviews with workers, managers, and union officials. Changes in the plant polarized the work force: Skilled trades workers have experienced skill upgrading and gained more responsibility for maintaining and managing the new equipment, while production workers have undergone deskilling and find themselves increasingly subordinated to the new technology.
Dynamics of Asian Workplaces
Authors: HONG DOO-SEUNG
Published: March 2007

This essay reviews the highlights of five individual papers written independently for the special issue on East Asian dynamism of workplaces, raising the question of what are the factors that enabled the countries in the region to attain a rapid economic growth. It explores Asian, as distinct from Western, features linked to productivity in firms, such as Confucian ethics, familism, and group orientation. Asian societies, however, are now in great transition. Thus we are concerned with changes in work-related ethics and values among Asian workers. Confucian tradition, for example, which had been prevalent among Asians, has much weakened. Moreover, conflict is emergent though consensus and harmony are still emphasized. Taken altogether, this essay suggests that greater international scholarly dialogue and collaborative work are needed to enhance the understanding of intersocietal differences in the workplace.
“I Don't Feel Right Sized; I Feel Out-of-Work Sized”
Authors: SPALTER-ROTH ROBERTA , DEITCH CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to disentangle the effects of race and gender by examining what happens to Black, White, and Hispanic men and women as they reenter the job market after displacement from their previous jobs. The authors use data from the 1996 Displaced Worker Survey (a supplement to the February 1996 Current Population Survey) and focus on postdisplacement employment and earnings as the main dependent variables. Queuing theory is used to help understand the powerful ranking and sorting processes in a race- and gender-conscious job market. The authors find the distribution of displacement costs unequal. White men appear to head the post-displacement queue. White women experience a gender disadvantage. Black men lose as a result of their race and do not benefit from gender in most cases. Black women generally experience the double burden of race and gender. Hispanic men do appear to generally benefit from gender, but Hispanic women lose.
Effect of Diffusion and Heat Transfer in Eutectoid Solidification
Authors: Basu Rahul
Published: March 2007

A theoretical model is formulated to describe the processes of diffusion and heat transfer that occur in eutectoid solidification. Radial as well as unidirectional solute diffusion are considered in this formulation. The resultant non-linear differential equation is then linearised with the aid of the steady state solution of the heat flow equation in the solid. Evaluation of the order of magnitude of parameters occuring in this equation indicates the radial contribution to be dominant in the growth of the secondary fiber eutectic(oid) phase. Separation of variables and perturbation solutions using a suitable small parameter are then used to evaluate the steady state solution. It is found that a boundary layer exists where the concentration varies rapidly from the interface to the steady state value in the fiber, within a very small distance, about 10 microns. The boundary layer thickness and concentration differential across it are evaluated for a typical case.
Hygrothermal Influence on the Flexural Properties of Kevlar-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composites
Authors: Haque A. , Copeland C.W. , Zadoo D.P. , Jeelani S.
Published: March 2007

The hygrothermal influence on the flexural properties of unidirectional Kevlar 49-graphite/epoxy hybrid composite was investigated in the temperature range -50°C to 150°C. Moisture was introduced into the specimen by immersion in distilled water. Two material lay-ups were used in this investigation. In Kev 49/T-300/Kev 49, Kevlar 49 and graphite prepreg are used as outer and center layer, respectively and in T-300/Kev 49/T-300, it was vice-versa. In both cases the tapes were alternated until the total thickness was achieved. Data for the determination of flexural strength and modulus were generated at various temperatures for both dry and saturated specimens. The results show that both flexural strength and modulus change with the ply sequence of hybrid lami nates. The flexural strength and modulus of Kev 49/T-300/Kev 49 are relatively higher than those of T-300/Kev 49/T-300. The apparent flexural strength decrease with the in crease of temperature in the range 23°C to 150°C. The addition of moisture further degrades the flexural strength in the same temperature range. At low temperature (-50°C) the addition of moisture resulted in an increase in the flexural strength of Kev 49/T-300/Kev 49. Both tensile and compressive failures take place in flexural test and the failure mode changes with the aging condition.
Eddy Current Inspection of Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Lane S.S. , Moore R.H. , Groger H.P. , Gandhe G.V. , Griffin O.H.
Published: March 2007

A brief tutorial on eddy current nondestructive inspection is presented, re viewing the fundamentals of this technique and the application to inspection of composite materials. It is argued that eddy current methods should be sensitive to the presence of broken fibers caused by damage in conductive composite materials, such as graph ite/epoxy. Experimental work has shown that eddy currents are sensitive to inclusions, ten sile failure and impact damage but not to delaminations. Therefore eddy currents can be used to search for the first three defect types and to evaluate the extent of damage in delaminated composite materials.
Effects of Load Train Alignment on the Fatigue Failure Characteristics of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials
Authors: Razvan A. , Simonds R.A. , Reifsnider K.L. , Stinchcomb W.W.
Published: March 2007

The effect of load train alignment on the fatigue life, remaining strength, and fracture behavior of unidirectional graphite epoxy laminates was studied. Eight-ply, unidirectional graphite/epoxy specimens with a layer of release cloth embedded at the mid plane were examined. The remaining quasi-static strength of specimens containing fatigue damage was relatively unaffected by alignment; however, alignment was found to greatly influence the fatigue life of the specimens, especially at low load levels. Misalignment ef fects are very evident in the S-N diagram of the laminate.
Investigation of Successive Failure Modes in Graphite/Epoxy Laminated Composite Beams
Authors: Greif R. , Chapon E.
Published: March 2007

The determination of failure modes in composite materials is often difficult to characterize because of the composition and variety of these materials. Several theoreti cal failure theories have been proposed, but no single one is accurate for every composite material; most of them predict only the first failure. Since most composites structures may still carry load after one or more plies have failed, the behavior of composite laminates is investigated beyond the first failure. This article presents a theoretical and experimental in vestigation of the successive failure modes of graphite epoxy laminated beams. Two failure theories are used: the maximum stress and the Tsai-Wu failure theories. Calculations are based on laminated plate theory.
Share-A-Home: A Unique Community-Based Residential Alternative for the Dependent Elderly
Authors: Wayland Harkey P. , Traxler Herbert G.
Published: March 2007

The lack of an adequate range and supply of community-based residential alternatives for the dependent elderly is a major con tributing factor to premature institutionalization. A residential program originated in Florida, called Share-A-Home, is one option that warrants greater attention by gerontologists, community planners, and other professionals.
Youth's Attitudes Toward the Elderly
Authors: Sanders Gregory F. , Montgomery James E. , Pittman Joe F. , Balkwell Carolyn
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the attitudes of 35 male and 122 female college students toward six target groups of elderly individuals: males and females aged 65-74, 75-99 and 100 or older. A twenty-item semantic differential scale was used. Findings support the conclusion that the elderly are perceived as a heterogeneous group with age being an important discriminator, and with gender being less potent but, nevertheless, important. Older target groups were perceived less favorably than younger target groups, but actual values of attitude scores indicate that the least favorable means were in a neutral affect range rather than the more extreme negative range of possible scores. Finally, the effects of several characteristics of respondents on attitudes toward the elderly were examined. Only modest differences were found, suggesting that perceived differences between target groups are widely shared. Implications are discussed.
Long-Term Care Planning by Informal Helpers: Likelihood of Shared Households and Institutional Placement
Authors: Stoller Eleanor Palo
Published: March 2007

I examine informal helpers' expectations surrounding possible strategies for meeting long-term care needs. Data were gathered through personal interviews with a linear probability sample of community-based elderly and their informal helpers. I used discriminant analysis to assess the impact of caregiving demands, assistance the elder person provided, anticipated difficulties in shared households, competing demands on caregiver's time, and relationship to the elder on the anticipated likelihoods of selecting shared households or institutional placements among 255 informal helpers who would be involved in long-term care decisions. Assistance the older person provided to the helper increased the anticipated likelihood of shared households and decreased that of institutional placements.
The Elderly Mentally Retarded Person: Current Perspectives and Future Directions
Authors: Sison Gustave F. P. , Cotten Paul D.
Published: March 2007

The elderly retarded population continues to grow rapidly, yet there remains a lack of understanding regarding many of the characteristics and needs of these individuals. The aging retarded person presents unique difficulties to care providers because of inconsistencies in population definition, lack of coordination between resources for the aging and retarded, and past neglect in the research literature. The literature regarding the elderly retarded individual is reviewed relative to (1) physical, behavioral, and emotional characteristics, (2) service delivery and programming needs, and (3) suggestions for improved research methodology which emphasize a consumer-oriented knowledge base. Caveats regarding the application of programming mandates for mentally retarded individuals to an aging population are also presented. Future work relating to elderly retarded individuals must take into consideration the rapidly shifting nature of the population through changes in the quality of health care, extent of programming, and governmental policies concerning care of the aged and the mentally retarded person.
Role of Cooperative Extension in Congregate Nutrition Programs for the Elderly
Authors: Newhouse Janette K. , Scott Elaine D. , Hertzler Ann A. , McAuley William J.
Published: March 2007

We explored the nature of programming between the Cooperative Extension Service and the Congregate Nutrition Services Program at the national level. Our findings indicate that home economics extension staff carry out many diverse roles with respect to congregate nutrition programs and that topics covered in instruction by extension staff cover a wide range of areas. Only about 20% of respondents viewed programming for congregate nutrition programs as a priority area in their states, but 66% viewed it as important. The discussion focuses on the value of interagency coordination and the development of a comprehensive program package as ways of enhancing extension's role in congregate nutrition service programs.
An Emergent Theoretical Model for Interventions Encouraging Physical Activity (Mall Walking) Among Older Adults
Authors: Duncan Harriet H. , Travis Shirley S. , McAuley William J.
Published: March 2007

The meaning of and motivations for mall walking among older adults over the age of 60 are explored based on the findings of a qualitative study of mall walkers at a single site. Findings suggest that elements of three extant theoretical frameworks are relevant for promoting physical activity in this age group: (a) symbolic interactionism, (b) social cognitive theory, and (c) social breakdown and competence. This article proposes a synthesis of certain aspects of these three theoretical orientations into a theoretical model for interventions encouraging a popular type of unsupervised physical activity, mall walking, among independent, community-dwelling older adults.
Images of Man and Social Control: Correlates and Consequences
Authors: Steffensmeier Darrell J. , Steffensmeier Renee Hoffman
Published: March 2007

Drawing on the theoretical writings of Stoll, Erickson and Friedson, the following report empirically examines how images of man and ideologies of deviance influence the ways in which individuals respond to deviant acts and deviant actors. The specific image of deviance dealt with in this research consists of expectations or beliefs about the perceived permanence of the deviant behavior and the extent to which the deviant is perceived to be incapable of change. This image of deviance is referred to in this report as the future behavior image of deviants (FBID). Experimental and survey data are used to provide information on both correlates and consequences of FBID. The consequences of FBID were operationalized in terms of both attitudinal and behavioral responses to shoplifting. In addition, since the shoplifting incidents were staged and involved the experimental manipulation of shoplifter's appearance (hippie vs. straight), the joint effects of reactions to shoplifting of appearance and acceptance of FBID are examined. It was found that while acceptance of FBID was not significantly related to reactions to shoplifting, there was a major interaction effect between acceptance of FBID and appearance. It was concluded that for low acceptors the appearance variable was a stronger determinant of reactions than for high acceptors of FBID. It was argued that low acceptors of FBID responded more to the identity in question than to the shoplifting behavior, whereas high acceptors responded more to the shoplifting behavior and less to the shoplifter's identity. This finding suggests that the relationship between images of deviation and reactions to deviance is more complex than that offered either in Stoll's or Erickson's analysis, neither of whom dealt with the effects that positive or negative identities of the deviant might have on this relationship.
Two Approaches to Police Ethics
Authors: Heffernan William C.
Published: March 2007

Two kinds ofproblems are encountered in police ethics, and different approaches are neededfor each. The first set of issues centers around integrity: taking bribes, giving perjured testimony, or inflicting serious harm on suspects through use of illegalforce. These are instances of obvious misconduct. For that reason, the approach police officers need is not ethical analysis (in most cases, that would be superfluous) but instead one thatfocuses on creating in officers the disposition to do what is right. By contrast, the second set involves hard choices in law enforcement, with ethical analysis thus needed to supplement our uncertain judgments of right and wrong. Furthermore, analysis can also help pre-service criminal justice students acquire the skills needed to make informed judgments of their own about the hard choices they will later encounter as police officers. Both approaches can be expected to play important roles in the education ofpolicepersonnel as law enforcement continues its development towardprofessional maturity.
A Case Study of Mental Health Professionals' Input into Juvenile Court Decision Making
Authors: Morash Merry
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the common practice of employing masters level mental health professionals (social workers and psychologists) rather than bachelors level probation officers to prepare presentence reports in juvenile court settings. Using a before-and-after research design, the study identified and compared the process of decision making, the severity of decisions, and recidivism as reflected in the presentence reports of mental health professionals and probation officers. The major findings indicate that the employment of mental health professionals moved the court away from a legalistic decision model, where punishments were tailored to the seriousness of past andpresent delinquent behavior, and resulted in more severe case dispositions for offenders. Furthermore, the professionals' input did not produce a reduction in recidivism. The article concludes by stressing the need to avoid increased intervention unless there is a clear demonstration of benefit. Additionally, several topics are suggestedforfuture research relating to professionals' input into the juvenile court decision-making process.
Victims and Victims' Rights Activists: Attitudes Toward Criminal Justice Officials and Victim-Related Issues
Authors: Smith Brent L.
Published: March 2007

Grass-roots victims' rights organizations have had substantial success in recent years regarding legislative changes supportive of victim issues. The movement, however, has avoided empirical scrutiny, perhaps due to the diverse nature of local groups. This paper compares data collected from one of these organizations in a Southern state with a sample of non-activist victims. Demographic and attitudinal data reveal significant differences between activist and nonactivist victims. The analysis suggests that, due to such differences, the victims' rights movement may not adequately represent the needs or desires of all victims. Instead, depending upon the demographic composition of local victims groups, the focus of advocated legislative change may vary significantly.
Prosecutors as Crime Creators: The Case of Prenatal Drug Use
Authors: Maschke Karen J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines prosecutors' adoption of the crime creator role in matters surrounding prenatal drug use. By interpreting substantive criminal statutes expansively, prosecutors attempted to criminalize women's prenatal behavior. Their crime creation activities were carried out against the backdrop of the war on drugs and the contemporary child protection movement. Although the courts rejected prosecutors' attempts to criminalize prenatal drug use, questions remain about whether this social problem should be criminalized. Moreover, prosecutors' crime creation activities raise questions about the appropriate use of discretionary authority and reveal the tensions between the desire to convict and the obligation to seek justice.
A Study of Probation and Parole Supervision Fee Collection in Alabama
Authors: Morgan Kathryn
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings from a study of the fee collection practice in Alabama. A total of 151 probation and parole officers in Alabama responded to a questionnaire regarding probation and parole fee collection. The results indicate that all 54 field offices collect fees for supervision and that officers generally favor the practice. The greatest concern was voiced about the process by which fee collection is accomplished, which to many is time-consuming and distracts from supervision responsibilities.
Solid waste management in Onitsha, Nigeria
Authors: Agunwamba J.C. , Ukpai O.K. , Onyebuenyi I.C.
Published: March 2007

Waste management in the municipality of Onitsha is handled by division of the municipality into six sanitation zones. Refuse is discharged into 1.5 m3 containers in the residential areas while 1.6 m3 containers and built-up dumps are used in the commercial, industrial and some residential areas. Vehi cles for waste collection include open tippers, side loaders, liftable container trucks and rear-loading compactors. A san itary landfill is the main method used for waste disposal; in addition, open dumps, a controlled landfill, and animal feed ing are employed. In order to help in future waste manage ment analysis and strategies in the Onitsha municipality, two- thirds of a 5 m3 truck loads of solid wastes were separated into components and their percentages by weight obtained. Refuse analysis indicated a high percentage of vegeta ble/putrescible and paper/wood products while the generation rate is 0.53 kg per capita per day. It was found that a great part of the budget (77%) was spent on collection and haulage leaving a minor amount (23%) for waste disposal. The adop tion of modem waste management practices should be emphasised in order to achieve greater efficiency.
Improving Employee Acceptance Toward Performance Appraisal and Merit Pay Systems
Authors: Gabris Gerald T. , Ihrke Douglas M.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the attitudinal findings of an ongoing study of county government professionals regarding a newly implemented performance appraisal and merit pay system More specifically, the study explores whether these attitudes change from before to after implementation ofthese systems Finally, the study examines whether leadership credibility and other variables in any way enhance the chances for success in implementing these human resource technologies The findings indicate, for example, that leader credibility and motivation to change on the part of the leader signifi cantly increases employee acceptance toward performance appraisal and merit pay
A Public Personnel Policy To Help Management Cope in the 1980s
Authors: Beckman Norman , Hellings James P.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies the ten major public personnel management policy goals that the Intergovernmental Personnel Act program is emphasizing. In outlining these "policy goals," the authors focus on ways in which effective personnel management can contribute to the efficacy of other management functions and to program delivery in general. Implicit in the discussion is the belief that all individuals interested in the governmental personnel function should pay more attention to the development of a framework of priorities for personnel policies in the 1980's.
Employment Preference for Veterans: Montana's Restrictive Approach
Authors: Tompkins Jonathan
Published: March 2007

The present study focuses on political events in Montana in 1983 as changes in its veterans' preference law were debated and legislated. It analyzes the problems that veterans' preference requirements pose for personnel management and the actions taken by one state in response to them. Analysis of this case indicates that the restrictions placed on the scope of employment preference for veterans resulted, in large part, from concerns over the effects of veterans' preference requirements upon equal employment opportunities for women Similar concerns may be reflected in recent efforts by other states to restrict employment preference for veterans
The "Hadacol" of the Eighties: Paying Senior Public Managers for Performance
Authors: Sherwood Frank , Wechsler Barton
Published: March 2007

While merit pay for senior managers is widely thought to be an attractive inducement to im proved performance, most plans fail to achieve their intended results. Studies of senior managers in various jurisdictions suggest that there is little perceived linkage between performance ratings and pay increases. Similarly, managers report that merit pay is, at best, a minimal incentive as compared to other factors. These findings suggest that merit is the "Hadacol" of the eighties. Like patent medicines of the past, merit pay for senior managers makes many promises, but generally fails to live up to them.
Merit Pay Enters With a Whimper: the Initial Federal Civil Service Reform Experience
Authors: Daley Dennis
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the impact of the Federal merit pay system on motivation. The 1980 Federal Employee Attitude Survey includes a sample of mid-level managers and supervisors (GS 13-19) and SESers who actually experienced a merit pay cycle. This enables us to analyze the differences between merit pay recipients and nonrecipients. Basically, there were no major differences. Merit pay recipients do not appear to be any more motivated nor do they perceive their organizations as being more effective or responsive.
Network Power in Collaborative Planning
Authors: Booher David E. , Innes Judith E.
Published: March 2007

This article makes a case that collaborative planning is becoming more important because it can result in network power. Collaborative policy processes are increasingly in use as ways of achieving results in an era distinguished by rapid change, social and political fragmentation, rapid high volume information flow, global interdependence, and conflicting values. Network power can be thought of as a flow of power in which participants all share. It comes into being most effectively when three conditions govern the relationship of agents in a collaborative network: diversity, interdependence, and authentic dialogue (DIAD). Like a complex adaptive system, the DIAD network as a whole is more capable of learning and adaptation in the face of fragmentation and rapid change than a set of disconnected agents. Planners have many roles in such networks, and planning education needs to incorporate new subject matter to better prepare planners for these roles.
Property Taxes and the Birth and Intraregional Location of New Firms
Authors: Howland Mane
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to identify conditions that encourage local entrepreneurship and to test whether local property tax rates and abatement pro grams influence the birth and intraregional location of new firms This paper tests a model of the location of new firms in the machine tool and electronic components industries in 106 counties in the states of New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The findings indicate that property tax rates and the existence of a local tax abatement program do not influence the generation or location of new firms within the region Instead, there is evidence that wage rates, the size of the pool of potential entrepreneurs, localiza tion economies, distance from a labor force, and urbanization economies in a county influence where new firm births will occur
Toward a Synthesis of Contemporary Planning Theories
Authors: Lim Gill-Chin
Published: March 2007

Since the erosion of confidence in the rational model of planning, sharp divergence between different planning theories has been observed. This paper provides a synthetic framework of planning theories in which the nature of diversity in planning is elucidated. It is argued theoretically that planning requires three different dimensions of knowledge — technical, intersubjective, and critico ethical. The theoretical analysis is followed by some reflections on current practice in planning that support the main theoretical argument. In conclusion, the paper suggests the complementariness of different planning theories and proposes reformulation of the epistemological basis of planning.
Formalizing the Informal? The Transformation of Cairo's Refuse Collection System
Authors: Assaad Ragui
Published: March 2007

The paper examines recent attempts to bring Cairo's traditional refuse collection system under municipal control. Although essentially informal, this system had a well-defined set of internal rules, rights, and sanctioning mechanisms that evolved over several decades in response to a changing external environment. Attempts by the municipal authorities to "modernize" waste collection in Cairo by issuing licenses to large corporate contractors amounted to a confrontation between its legal regulatory authority and the existing informal system. After a process of contestation, mediation, negotiation, and adjustment, a new arrangement emerged in which the informal service providers selectively adopted institutional forms that could be legally recognized by municipal authorities, while retaining the personalized and flexible practices that were central to their informal system.
Public Finance and Transit-Oriented Planning: New Evidence from Southern California
Authors: Boarnet Marlon G. , Crane Randall
Published: March 2007

Local governments seem to be continually strapped for funds. While the revenue-generating role of their planners is often discussed, it is rarely investigated in any detail. We address this research gap by considering the fiscal nature of land use policy in transitoriented development. A massive and influential literature has explored the potential for leveraging rail system investments by locating high density residential developments near commuter rail stations. The feasibility and focus of these strategies have been questioned, however, in the face of evidence that local government support for these projects is mixed at best. To explain this behavior, we examine the role basic fiscal conditions play in the decision to zone land near all existing and proposed commuter rail stations in southern California. The analysis indicates that stationarea zoning depends significantly on community public finances. The results underscore how the practice of transitoriented development must account not only for travel behavior and the broader goals of any given urban design, but also for the selfinterested nature of municipal planning.
The Roles of Universities in Comnunity-Building Initiatives
Authors: Rubin Victor
Published: March 2007

Community-building initiatives in American inner-cities combine resident organizing, neighborhood economic development, reform and integration of human services, and collaboration among diverse organizations into a more comprehensive approach to community renewal. As these initiatives have proliferated, universities-often led by their programs in urban planning-have played varied and important roles. They have assisted in the creation of the initiatives, provided guidance and feedback, contributed technical expertise and financial support, and evaluated the outcomes. In this article, I examine the roles played by universities in three distinct community-building activities in Oakland, California, over a five-year period. Using three cases and other experiences in the same city, I outline four types of lessons for universitycommunity partnerships. The lessons affirm that the contributions that universities can make to community-building are very important-and that the process of maintaining an effective partnership is complex, with a number of potential pitfalls.
Uniqueness in G1obalization: Physical Development of Traditional Settlements in Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Authors: Saleh Mohammed Abdullah Eben
Published: March 2007

The traditional settlements of the Asir region of southwestern Saudi Arabia were developed primarily for agriculture and the utilization of available natural resources. During the last four decades, the economy has moved away from its agricultural base, although it still contributes an important share to the economy. The rapid development and growth of the building industry in Saudi Arabia has resulted in an emerging globalization trend, whereby the settlements witnessed drastic changes in their social and physical structures. This paper focuses on globalization and coflicts surrounding the modernization of tradtional societies and identifies development issues likely to dominate the future of Asir. The globalization process, mainly the result of foreign (mostly Western) influence and the rapid expansion of the Saudi economy, has been detrimental to the preservation of local traditional architecture and to the quality of life in traditional communities, especially the settlements of the Asir region. This work views the effects of this process and proposes some areas, including government policy, climate and terrain, and religion, that may be exploited to help the country maintain a sense of uniqueness in a global world.
Ethnic Identity Beliefs of Young Adults and Their Parents in Families of Mexican Descent
Authors: Okagaki Lynn , Moore Denise K.
Published: March 2007

Goodnow’s (1992) two-step model of intergeneration agreement was applied to parental socialization of ethnic identity. Young adults of Mexican descent (M = 20.3 years, SD =3.1) completed questionnaires on their ethnic beliefs, their perceptions of their parents’ beliefs, and their relationships with their parents. Parents of the young adults answered questions about their own ethnic beliefs and their childrearing goals and practices. The relation between parents’beliefs and young adults’beliefs was mediated by young adults’ perceptions of their parents’ beliefs. The difference between young adults’ beliefs and their mother’s beliefs was a function of the accuracy of young adults’perceptions of their mother’s beliefs and their desire to be like their mothers. The difference between young adults’beliefs and their father’s beliefs was a function of the accuracy of young adults’ perceptions of their father’s beliefs.
Homeless Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Adults on the Texas-Mexico Border
Authors: Tan P. Philip , Ryan Ellen
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts the demographics, familial relationships, vocational backgrounds, and personal experiences of homeless Hispanic adults with non-Hispanic adults living in the southwest border region of the United States. Using the “point in time” technique, data were collected from 280 homeless adults (198 Hispanics and 82 non-Hispanics) in El Paso, Texas, in 1998. The data revealed that the Hispanic and non-Hispanic groups differed regarding their gender composition, language spoken, religious affiliation, educational experiences, and domiciles. The probability of individuals from the two groups who were married, had children, had relatives in the area, and had a medical problem differed. Similarly, the ratios of individuals who were migrant workers, and who worked at jobs that required skills also differed. In addition, the Hispanic and non-Hispanic groups were distinguishable by their reasons for being homeless, what they considered the most important service provided by shelters, and what gave them hope during difficult times. By outlining the uniqueness of homeless Hispanics and contrasting them to their non-Hispanic counterparts, this study provides a better insight into the characteristics of homeless persons who live in the southwest border region of the United States.
Attitudes of Hispanics and Anglos Surrounding a Workforce Diversity Intervention
Authors: Hood Jacqueline N. , Muller Helen J. , Seitz Patricia
Published: March 2007

Organizations increasingly make use of diversity training programs to develop a climate of acceptance and cooperation, yet the effectiveness of these interventions is unclear. This study examines changes in attitudes of Hispanic and Anglo men and women before and after an intervention that focused on diversity competency. Results reveal that attitudes toward diversity differ by racioethnic gender group at the start of the intervention and that attitudes change differentially by racioethnic gender group. Anglo women’s attitudes, in general, moved in a positive direction more so than other groups’, whereas Hispanic women consistently seemed to be the most tolerant of others. Anglo males appeared to be the least tolerant of others. Implications of the results are explored with regard to diversity intervention and future research.
Self-Esteem, Cultural Identity, and Generation Status as Determinants of Hispanic Acculturation
Authors: Valentine Sean
Published: March 2007

The impact of self-esteem, cultural identity, and generation status on acculturation was empirically examined using a sample of 110 Hispanic American college students. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that self-esteem and generation status positively influenced acculturation, whereas Hispanic cultural identity negatively affected acculturation. A discussion of these findings and the study’s limitations are presented and the implications for future research are outlined.
Cultural Differences in Individualism? Just Artifact.
Authors: Kagan Spencer , Zahn G. Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Previous research has provided discrepant findings with regard to the presence or absence of a cultural difference in strength of individualistic motivation among Mexican American and Anglo American children. To test the hypothesis of a cultural difference, and to explore the nature of different individualism measures, two individualism measures were administered to 733 Anglo American, Mexican American, and black children. Results indicated age but not cultural differences in strength of individualistic motivation, and that one measure of individualism, the Social Orientation Choice-Card, is confounded with competitiveness. That artifact remains the most plausible explanation of what was presumed to be a cultural difference.
Psychology in Pre-Columbian Mexico
Authors: Padilla Amado M. , De Snyder V. Nelly Salgado
Published: March 2007

Aztec psychological thought is described in this paper. The Pre-Columbian world of the Aztecs was characterized by Spanish chroniclers as being as sophisticated in the sciences and medicine as anything found in Europe at the time of the conquest of Mexico. This knowledge included a belief structure about the development of personality and the way in which Aztec society socialized the person. Concepts of psychological equilibrium and well-being are also found within Aztec medicine. Psychological dysfunctions were identified by Aztec healers and "talking" therapies not unlike today's psychotherapeutic techniques could be found.
Has Dunn's Monograph Been Shot Down in Flames-Author Reactions to the Preceding Critiques of it
Authors: Dunn Lloyd M.
Published: March 2007

Reactions to the articles on Dunn's monograph are presented, and four major counter arguments are stressed: (a) Hispanic professionals are doing a disservice to Hispanic students by explaining away their poor test performance and not spreading the blame among the Hispanic community; (b) Bilingual education hinders Hispanic students because it removes them from mainstream students from whom they could learn; (c) Retention and improvement of psychological tests is encouraged, with standardization and single norming of tests rather than multiple norms; and (d) If Hispanics are to become velleducated productive members of our society, blame for low IQ scores should be shared by the Hispanic community and problem solving strategies developed. Suggestions for policy makers and educators to increase the equality of education for Hispanic children are highlighted.
An Early Career Focused Study of Hispanic American College Graduates in Business
Authors: Penley Larry E. , Gould Sam , de la Vina Lynda , Murphy Kurt
Published: March 2007

Despite substantial growth in the population of Hispanics in the United States, there has been little research associated with their career behavior and experiences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which there are differentially reported career strategies, career expectations, and perceivedfairness of treatment by Hispanic graduates of colleges of business in early stages of their careers. A secondary purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which identification with the Hispanic culture is associated with differences in these same career-related issues. Results provide little evidence of differential use of career strategies or lower career expectations by Hispanics when compared with non-Hispanic whites. There is also little evidence of differential results as a function of the degree of identification with the culture. A substantial proportion of the Hispanic sample reported discrimination due to ethnic background, and a substantial number of females (both Hispanic and non-Hispanic) reported sexbased discrimination. These results are analyzed in terms of their impact on career prospects for Hispanics.