bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
418 Activation of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Pathway in Obese Pre-Diabetic Individuals Improves Endothelial Function Independently of Weight Loss
Authors: Mashayekhi Mona , Beckman Joshua A. , Garner Erica M. , Nian Hui , Yu Chang , Howard Sara E. , Perkins Bradley , Devin Jessica K. , Koethe John R. , Brown Jonathan D. , Silver Heidi , Luther James M. , Brown Nancy J.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aimed to determine if GLP-1 receptor agonists exert beneficial effects on surrogate measures of cardiovascular function independently of weight loss. Our objective was to compare the outcomes between GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment versus a similar drug without cardiovascular benefit versus weight loss through diet alone. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We enrolled 88 individuals with obesity (BMI â‰¥ 30kg/m2) and pre-diabetes and randomized them in a 2:1:1 ratio to 14 weeks of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, or hypocaloric diet. Sitagliptin blocks degradation of endogenous GLP-1 but does not cause weight loss or lower adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Treatment was double-blinded and placebo-controlled for drug, and unblinded for diet. Primary endpoints were flow-mediated dilation (FMD) to assess endothelial vasodilatory function, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) to assess endothelial fibrinolytic function. We used a general linear model for each outcome and included gender as a covariate for FMD. Baseline characteristics were similar. Mean age was 50, with 32% men and 13% black. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: At 14 weeks, diet and liraglutide caused weight loss (diet -4.3 Â± 3.2 kg, P<0.01; liraglutide -2.7 Â± 3.2, P<0.01), while sitagliptin did not (-0.7 Â± 2.0, P=0.17). Diet did not improve FMD at 14 weeks compared to baseline (+0.9%, 95% CI [-1.5, 3.3], P=0.46). FMD tended to increase after liraglutide and sitagliptin but was not significant (liraglutide +1.2 [-0.3, 2.8], P=0.12; sitagliptin +1.6 [-0.6, 3.8], P=0.15). Given that liraglutide and sitagliptin work through the same GLP-1 pathway, we combined the liraglutide and sitagliptin groups for overall effect on FMD, which was significantly improved from baseline (+1.4 [0.1, 2.8], P=0.04). Diet and liraglutide improved PAI-1 at 14 weeks (diet -4.4U/mL, [-8.5, -0.2], P=0.04; liraglutide -3.4 [-6.0, -0.7], P=0.01), while sitagliptin did not (-1.4 [-5.1, 2.3], P=0.46). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Activation of the GLP-1 pathway by liraglutide or sitagliptin improves FMD independent of weight loss, while PAI-1 improvement is weight-loss dependent and is only seen after liraglutide or diet. Our study suggests the cardiovascular benefit of liraglutide may be due to combined improvements in endothelial vasodilatory and fibrinolytic function.
480 Mentor experience with the transition to remote learning in a summer research program
Authors: Ianni Phillip A. , Eakin Brenda L. , Woolford Susan , Byks-Jazayeri Christine C.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study examines faculty mentor experiences in a summer research program for students traditionally underrepresented in translational research. The objectives are to understand mentor perspectives of the program and how their views were impacted by the pandemic-related pivot to a remote format. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: During the summer research program, students work with a faculty mentor on an ongoing research project. Program staff pair students with diverse faculty members who share their research interests. Our program has traditionally been offered as a residential in-person program but in 2020 we moved swiftly to a fully remote learning format. Students continued to work on research projects remotely and interacted virtually with their faculty mentors. For the past five cohort years, we have collected comparable data about faculty perspectives of their program experience, which allows us to evaluate the impact of the remote format on the faculty experience compared to that of the in-person format. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For this study, we will examine data from five cohort years (2017-2021). A survey questionnaire was administered to mentors each year at the end of the summer research program. Data were collected on faculty satisfaction with the quality and amount of student work, the amount of time students spent on their projects, and how mentors communicated with students. In 2020 and 2021, three questions were added regarding satisfaction with the remote format. Quantitative data collected from both the in-person and remote cohorts will be compared using independent samples t-tests. Select quotes from open-ended qualitative questions will be used to illustrate mentors attitudes toward the program. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study addresses a gap in the literature about summer research programs, as previous work has primarily focused on trainees. As many training programs continue to remain remote or adopt hybrid models, these results have implications for the design of similar mentored research programs.
489 The implementation and impact of a mentored professional development program for clinical and translational research staff.
Authors: Samuels Elias M. , Lyden Angela , Harrington Gloria , Eakin Brenda
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this evaluation is to show how the STEP.UP program promoted the professional development at Michigan Medicine by providing clinical and translational research staff an experienced research staff mentor in a structured 9-month program. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participant and mentor data was collected from application forms, online surveys, and interviews with both participating mentors and mentees. Validated assessments of mentoring competencies were administered. Participants were tracked over a period of four years with regular reviews of institutional records. Mentor and mentor data was also collected at the point of application each year and the application forms were aligned with NIH definitions for underrepresented populations in science in 2020. As part of a process of continuous programmatic improvement, a STEP.UP Advisory Board consisting of senior research staff and past mentors was involved in the identification, operationalization and evaluation of programmatic outcomes and is involve din the ongoing governance of this mentoring program. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Four cohorts of mentees and mentors have participated in this program since its inception. Mentees gained the greatest abilities in, Active listening, Establishing a relationship based on trust, Considering how personal and professional differences may impact expectations, and Working effectively with mentors/mentees whose personal background is different. Mentees reported the program contributed to their Career planning, Professional advancement, networking, personal growth, professional networks, and communication skills. Mentors reported learning about new professional techniques and areas of expertise. As of 2021, 75% the first cohort changed their job-classification since participating as did 25% of the second cohort and 100% of mentees have maintained research careers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The creation of this program in 2019 marked the beginning of a novel professional development opportunity at Michigan Medicine. The evaluation results show how STEP.UP contributes to advancing clinical and translational study teams and how it can inform and the identification of best practices in clinical and translational workforce development.
508 Comparing effectiveness and safety of levetiracetam loading doses among patients with status epilepticus.
Authors: De Los Santos Bertha , Barnes Brian J , Cohen Rose , Mangat Halinder
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our long-term goal is to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with status epilepticus through increasing the level of evidence surrounding guidelines. The specific objective of our proposed work is to compare the outcomes and adverse drug events between the Neurocritical Care and American Epilepsy Society levetiracetam dose recommendations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is a retrospective, single site, cohort study comparing outcomes of hospitalized patients with status epilepticus treated with levetiracetam bolus at the University of Kansas Health System. Patients outcomes will be compared based on levetiracetam bolus dose received. The primary outcome will be seizure reoccurrence within 24 hours. Secondary outcomes include number of additional anti-epileptic drugs administered, cumulative dose of benzodiazepines administered within 24 hours of levetiracetam bolus administration and incidence of adverse drug reactions. All study data will be extracted retrospectively from the EPIC chart review following patient list generation through the HERON i2b2 database query. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Aim 1 will characterize levetiracetam dosing among patients admitted to the University of Kansas Medical Center for status epilepticus during routine clinical care. We hypothesize that given the inconsistency in dosing recommendations from various professional societies and drug references, we will observe inconsistent dosing of levetiracetam among those hospitalized due to status epilepticus.

Aim 2 will evaluate effectiveness and safety across the various levetiracetam doses. We estimate that adherence to the higher weight-based dosing recommendations of the 2016 American Epilepsy Society guideline may result in improved outcomes with a similar frequency and severity of adverse drug events compared to lower/fixed-dose levetiracetam dose recommendation of the 2012 Neurocritical Care guideline. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Notable inconsistencies across the dosing recommendations for levetiracetam exist between the guidelines for treatment of status epilepticus and commonly used tertiary drug information databases. This variation in guidance may lead to differences in dosing and warrants further exploration to better support the management of status epilepticus.
511 Automation of Home Food Inventory Scoring to Standardize Reporting, Enhance Clinical Utility, and Operationalize Delivery of Personalized Behavioral Targets
Authors: Bean Melanie , Smith Danyel , Farthing Sarah , Adams Elizabeth , Naumann Thomas , Meyer Morgan
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Fulkerson Home Food Inventory (HFI) is widely used to assess the home food environment, a key target of behavioral weight loss trials. However, no standardized report is available. We created publicly available procedures to automate and standardize HFI reporting, yielding a personalized report to enhance this measures clinical utility. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Parents in the TEENS adolescent behavioral weight loss trial complete the HFI at 0-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12m and receive personalized reports at each timepoint. In REDCap, participants identify foods available in their home. HFI syntax is applied to calculate the obesogenic home food availability score. Categories of foods found are identified, with specific guidance provided to enhance their home food environment. Prior to automation, procedures were time intensive and error prone. To address this, HFI data are exported into Excel by a PowerShell (v7.2) command-line script using Python (v3.10) with the REDCap API. Results are calculated with F# (v6.0) using Microsoft Excel Interop API and inserted into a report template with F# using the Microsoft Publisher Interop API. This process is repeated at each timepoint. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The new automated procedures significantly reduce time to generate reports and enhance accuracy. Procedures yield a 2-page individualized report that includes the obesogenic home food environment score and identifies categories of healthy items found (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains) as well as areas of improvement (e.g., high-fat dairy products, processed meats). Specific items found in each category are identified. The report identifies food found in the home (e.g., chicken nuggets) with suggested healthier substitutions (e.g., lean chicken breast). This syntax and commands will be made publicly available for use in the scientific and clinical community. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These publicly available procedures optimize, automate, and standardize reporting for the HFI. Procedures improve efficiency within large-scale clinical trials and yield a personalized report to enhance the clinical utility of this measure and empower participants to make informed decisions about their health behaviors.
514 Using text mining approaches to identify research trends – an exploratory analysis of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute publications from 2013-2021
Authors: Das Rosalina , Diaz Jessica , Dominguez Sheela , Issenberg Barry
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this project was to perform an exploratory analysis of the research themes of scientific publications from the Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute using text mining techniques and using bibliometric characterization and network analysis to further assess research trends. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Publications were identified from the Web of Science database using Miami CTSI grant numbers as search criteria for the period 2013-2021 and KL2 scholar publications. Following data pre-processing, topic modeling was performed using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm and cluster analysis in the R programming language. The resulting themes will be further analyzed by employing a citation-based impact assessment approach to identify trends over time. Network analysis of publications will be performed using the VOSviewer package to visualize publication networks using citation and co-authorship relations within each major theme and their evolution over time. Findings will be evaluated for alignment with institutional research strategy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: About 400 CTSI publications from 2013-2021 to date were used for analysis. Twenty topics and five major research themes were identified among the Miami CTSI publications – neuroscience, cancer, community and public health, metabolics, and HIV/infectious diseases. Top keywords within each topic were aligned with the most frequent author-assigned keywords for that topic. The CTSI research themes were also well-aligned with the institutional vision for research and focus areas. Trends using citations and networks for each research theme are currently being analyzed and results will be included in the overall findings post analysis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Text mining was successfully used in identifying topics and research themes for clinical and translational research publications of the Miami CTSI, and in combination with bibliometric characterization, will be helpful in shaping CTSI strategy and alignment with the universitys research priorities.
111 Characterizing Physician Suicide in the U.S. (2003-2017)
Authors: Borota Daniel , Nestadt Paul S.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Suicide is a growing public health problem with the rate of suicide increasing 33% since 1999. Physicians are not immune to this growing problem. Physicians represent a unique population that has been understudied with respect to suicide. The aim of the study is to investigate risk factors unique to physicians compared to the general population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System, a nationwide CDC database which aggregates information on violent deaths, we extracted demographic and circumstantial data on 172,135 suicide decedents â‰¥ 25 years old in participating states from 2003-2017. Of these, we found complete information regarding demographics, occupation, and circumstance for 160,159 suicide decedents. We separated suicide decedents by physician-status and compared 795 physicians to 159,364 non-physician decedents using chi-squared test. We then used multivariate logistic regression to examine differences in suicide method and circumstance by physician-status status, controlling for age, sex, and race. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compared to non-physicians, physicians were more likely to be male (84.5% vs 77.3%, p<0.001) and older (45.1% â‰¥65 vs. 17.8%, p<0.001). Controlling for demographics, physicians were less likely to complete suicide by firearm (aOR=0.60, 95%CI=0.51-0.71) but were more likely to suicide by overdose (aOR=1.41, 95%CI=1.13-1.77) or cutting (aOR=2.81, 95%CI=2.03-3.88). Physicians were more likely to have job related stressors (aOR=2.24, 95%Cl=1.83-2.74) and legal problems (aOR=2.34, 95%Cl=1.70-3.21). Physicians were also more likely to leave a suicide note (aOR=1.48, 95%Cl=1.26-1.73) but were less likely to be intoxicated on alcohol at time of death (aOR=0.76, 95%Cl=0.62-0.93). Physicians were no different than non-physicians in terms of financial or relational stressors. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Physicians are more likely to be male and older. Given their medical training, overdose and cutting may be more accessible and lethal methods for physicians. Physicians are more likely to leave a suicide note and less likely to be intoxicated, which may imply less impulsivity. Job stressors and legal problems may also contribute to physician suicide.
519 The Research Unit Network (RUN) as a Learning Research System
Authors: Subramain Maran , Wangui-Verry Jackline M. , Sprenger Kimberly J. , Ball Charity , Goins Janette L. , Barlow Patrick B. , Comellas Alejandro P.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: CTRUs support clinical research. RUN is a Learning Research System that is created to enhance CTSA and non-CTSA research units capacity through implementing, assessing, and disseminating discoveries in methods, approaches, education, and training in clinical and translational science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The RUN association began in July 2018 with eight universities. The association has grown to 44 hospitals, research, and academic institutions (including 36 CTSA institutions). A RUN Discussion Forum has been approved by the National Center for Advancing Science (NCATS) and utilized by RUN. The Discussion Forums are created with the goal of advancing CTSA Program objectives in high priority areas of clinical and translational science. RUN actively engages members through in depth scheduled monthly meeting discussions with various relevant topics regarding the development and evaluation of clinical trials metrics, benchmarks, and scholarly publication and presentation activities. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Topics covered in RUN monthly meetings include research units general budget guidelines, staff recruitment and retainment strategies, EPIC use in scheduling CRU research visits, and PPE for investigational drugs in context of USP800 requirements. RUN members vary in geographic location, type of clinical research (outpatient vs inpatient), resources, and research subject volume. They are engaged in online discussion and learning opportunities to improve translational science practices. A recent article titled “Impact of COVID-19 on Clinical Research Units (CRUs)” in JCTS is an example of best practices learned by RUN members and shared with the broader research community. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: RUN as a Learning Research System enhances clinical and translational research unit capacity and efficiency, encouraging collaboration to contribute with improving public health. This network is aligned with the CTSAs mission of developing innovative solutions to improve translational science.
113 Identifying Barriers to HPV-Vaccination in the US Veteran Population
Authors: Chidambaram Smrithi , Mazul Angela , Chang Su-Hsin , Zevallos Jose
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: In the United States, oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is the leading human papilloma-virus (HPV) related malignancy, and OPC rates are increasing among the US veteran population. The purpose of this study is to identify demographic and regional factors that may be associated with low HPV-vaccination rates among the US veteran population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study will use Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative data to create a national cross-sectional cohort of veterans ages 18-45 with a VHA primary care visit from 2018-2020. HPV-vaccination status of each subject (initiation of vaccination series, completion of vaccination regimen, and age vaccinated) will be determined. Differences in the prevalence of HPV-vaccination by smoking status, geographic location, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and rural-urban context will be examined in the unadjusted analysis. Factors associated with low HPV-vaccination rates in the VHA will be identified using multivariable logistic regression to model no (vs any) HPV-vaccination, no completion (vs completion) of HPV-vaccination recommendations, and non-routine (vs routine) HPV-vaccination: RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In 2019, HPV-vaccination guidelines were expanded to include some adults between the ages of 26-45, making many young veterans in the VHA eligible for vaccination. From this study’s recently generated dataset, more than 1.2 million subjects (n=1,219,896) met the study inclusion criteria. Extrapolating from trends in the civilian population, it is anticipated that HPV-vaccination rates will be lower among African Americans compared to non-Hispanic Caucasian Americans, within the South Central and Southeastern regions of the US, and in rural communities. This study will define a veteran’s geographic location by their associated Veteran Affairs Integrated Service Network (or VISN), which are groups responsible for healthcare planning and resource allocation in particular regions of the US: DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Identifying factors associated with low HPV-vaccination rates within the VHA will be the first step to reducing future incidence of HPV-related cancer burden among US veterans. Assessing geographic variability in vaccination rates by VISNs will create the potential to generate targeted interventions within an existing VHA framework.
122 “It’s okay with our culture but were in a different place and we have to show respect”: Marshallese migration and the impact on exclusive breastfeeding initiation
Authors: Ayers Britni L. , Purvis Rachel S. , Bogulski Cari A. , Kim Yeary Karen H. , McElfish Pearl Anna
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Pacific Islanders have some of the lowest rates of initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding compared to other racial women once they migrate to the United States. The purpose of this study is to identify infant feeding initiation, beliefs, and experiences of Marshallese women living in the United States soon after delivery. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study used an exploratory, descriptive qualitative design with 36 Marshallese women residing in the United States from July 2019 to July 2020. A Community Based Participatory Research Approach was used to design and implement the study. This approach enables the respect and integration of Marshallese cultural values and practices into every aspect of the research All study plans and documents – including recruitment plans and forms, consent plans and forms, retention plans, quantitative surveys, and qualitative interview guides – were developed in partnership with Marshallese research team members. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Two themes emerged: 1) Infant Feeding Initiation and Practices; and 2) Concerns of Breastfeeding in Public. Within the first theme, two subthemes emerged: 1) Breast and Formula-Feeding; and 2) Return to Work. Within the second theme, two subthemes emerged: 1) Personal Beliefs about Breastfeeding in Public; and 2) Acculturation and Breastfeeding in Public. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to document beliefs about exclusive breastfeeding initiation among Marshallese women living in the United States. Findings from this study can be used to develop health education programs to improve exclusive breastfeeding and can be used to stimulate future research in the area of breastfeeding among Pacific Islander women.
124 Enhancing Inclusion of Older Adults in Research: What do Older Adults Think?
Authors: Zauflik Meredith , Brown Kim , Zebroski Derrik , Eckstrom Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Older adults are included in clinical research infrequently compared to their burden of chronic illness. The goal for this study is to learn from older adults about their lived experiences with research and use this knowledge to develop tools and solutions aimed at increasing their inclusion. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study utilized the 5T Model (developed by Duke CTSA) and Community Engagement Studio (CES) (developed by Vanderbilt CTSA) to connect and engage with community experts (older adults and those who work with older adults) in Oregon. Two CES were completed with 14 community experts and 4 investigators interested in including older adults in their studies. Participants took part in a 2-hour facilitated discussion to gain insight from their perspectives on research. The 5T Model was shared with participants and used to guide the discussion and elicit feedback on the model and identify gaps in resources and training needed for investigators to enhance inclusion of older adults in research. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Trust, relationships, education, and diversity were themes identified across all of the 5Ts. Participants discussed the need for inclusion and diversity within research, with an emphasis on those at the oldest ages, rural populations, and lower socioeconomic status. Participants acknowledged both investigators and participants require more education, with a great need for improving health literacy for research participants. Participants saw trust and relationships as an integral part of older adult inclusion in research, with the relationship being not only that between investigator and participant, but between them and the communities that support older adults, including family members. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlighted the voices of older adult research participants, allowing for participant-informed findings and solution development. Future directions will focus on developing and refining tools and resources for investigators and expanding to other underrepresented populations.
139 Engaging the public in bidirectional communications to increase research literacy and improve the health of Indiana residents through All IN for Health
Authors: Claxton Gina , Delp Lynsey , Hudson Brenda , Drury Christine
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: All IN for Health has initiated social media engagement strategies to create bi-directional communication around improved health and research literacy with the public. In addition, the All IN for Healths community-led advisory board, comprised of diverse individuals and organizations, will provide insight on research design and dissemination. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CTSI) has committed to enhancing the publics engagement efforts in the All IN for Health program. This program was established in 2017 to improve the health of Indiana residents through the promotion of health resources and opportunities to participate in research. In 2021, the Indiana CTSI decided to integrate public engagement more formally. An official collaboration with the Indiana CTSIs Community Health Partnerships program was created, a digital engagement specialist was hired, and several new community and population health advisory board members were welcomed for quarterly meetings representing the rural and urban areas of the state, faith-based communities, health departments, and underrepresented groups in research. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A social media campaign, informed by the All IN for Health advisory board was launched in November 2021, and the advisory board has been meeting on a quarterly basis. All IN for Healths established priority area is currently COVID-19 vaccination uptake, and our prioritized audiences are underserved and under resourced in urban and rural communities, and minoritized populations. All IN for Health has posted approximately 20 times per month on topics including COVID-19, Alzeheimers Disease, Diabetes, fitness, mental health, and research studies with a goal to increase followers and engagements by 20%. The hope is that this engagement will also result in an increase in the monthly e-newsletter subscribers and study volunteer registry participants. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: All IN for Health has initiated new public engagement efforts to increase the value of the services offered to Indiana residents. Through consultation and co-design with members of the public and dissemination of research opportunities All IN for Health will be better suited to improve health and research literacy.
142 A Community Mini-Grant Program: Community Leaders and Academic Partners Work Together to Improve Health in Appalachian Kentucky
Authors: Hall Ashley G. , Kern Philip A. , Mudd-Martin
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Through the Community Mini-Grant program, the University of Kentucky Center for Clinical and Translational Science Community Engagement and Research Core (CERC) provides a unique funding mechanism designed to empower community response by supporting local solutions to complex health issues facing central Appalachian Kentucky communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Four $2500 grants are awarded annually to Appalachian organizations to implement evidence-based programs responsive to community-identified priority health needs. The CERC also supports program implementation and evaluation by facilitating collaborations between the organizations, community practitioners, and academic researchers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Since inception, grants have been awarded to 20 community organizations in 14 Appalachian counties. Health issues addressed have ranged from Alzheimers disease, cancer treatment and prevention, obesity, healthy lifestyle, and chronic disease management and prevention. Evidence-based programs have focused on improving health outcomes among older adults, caregivers, youth, children, women and infants, and families. Program outcomes have included immediate health benefits and long-term benefits resulting from community adoption of and ongoing financial support for programs. As example, results of an evidence-based educational program to improve diabetic foot assessment among clinicians in a large Appalachian healthcare network resulted in establishment of a traveling podiatrist program. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Community mini-grant recipients have successfully implemented projects that address the most significant health disparities in the region. Also of benefit are expanded partnerships that are foundational to the creation of new academic-community collaborations to address the challenging health issues of Appalachian populations in Kentucky.
161 Barriers to Kidney Transplant Waitlisting among Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease in Puerto Rico
Authors: Vélez-López Bryan , de Jesús-Gonzalez Nilka
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The prevalence of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in PR has increased in the last decade along with an aging population, while waitlisted patients have decreased. Our objective is to compare clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with ESKD on dialysis who are waitlisted from those who are not waitlisted. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Retrospective study of all patients with ESKD who received dialysis in PR from 2013-2019, based on the United States Renal Data System data. Variables: (1)waitlisting status (yes or no; waitlisting date); (2)sociodemographics (age at dialysis initiation, sex, zip-code area, health insurance type, and employment status); and (3)clinical characteristics (dialysis initiation date, primary diagnosis of renal disease, comorbidities including obesity, diabetes, peripherovascular/cardiovascular disease, cancer, etc.). Statistics: (1)descriptive statistics (continuous - central tendency [mean, median] and dispersion [standard deviation, interquartile range]; and categorical [frequencies and percentages]); (2)Chi-square test, Students t-test, and Mann Whitney U test to evaluate differences. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect patients on dialysis not waitlisted will be older and have more comorbidities than those who are on dialysis and waitlisted. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Kidney transplant is the choice of therapy for ESKD and its benefits are better quality of life, improved survival, and best long term-cost effectiveness. If our hypothesis is true, findings will highlight the importance of characterizing which patients with ESKD on dialysis are kidney transplant candidates when considering barriers to waitlisting.
166 Predicting 30 Day Return Hospital Admissions in Patients with COVID-19 Discharged from the Emergency Department: A national retrospective cohort study
Authors: Beiser David , Jarou Zach , Puskarich Michael , Vrablik Marie , Rosenman Elizabeth , McDonald Samuel , Kline Jeffrey
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Identification of COVID-19 patients at risk for deterioration following discharge from the emergency department (ED) remains a clinical challenge. Our objective was to develop a prediction model that identifies COVID-19 patients at risk for return and hospital admission within 30 days of ED discharge. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed a retrospective cohort study of discharged adult ED patients (n = 7,529) with SARS-CoV-2 infection from 116 unique hospitals contributing to the national REgistry of suspected COVID-19 in EmeRgency care (RECOVER). The primary outcome was return hospital admission within 30 days. Models were developed using Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Gradient Boosted Machine (GBM), Random Forest (RF), and least absolute shrinkage and selection (LASSO) approaches. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among COVID-19 patients discharged from the ED on their index encounter, 571 (7.6%) returned for hospital admission within 30 days. The machine learning (ML) models (GBM, RF,: and LASSO) performed similarly. The RF model yielded a test AUC of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71–0.78) with a sensitivity of 0.46 (0.39-0.54) and specificity of 0.84 (0.82-0.85). Predictive variables including: lowest oxygen saturation, temperature; or history of hypertension,: diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or obesity, were common to all ML models. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A predictive model identifying adult ED patients with COVID-19 at risk for return hospital admission within 30 days is feasible. Ensemble/boot-strapped classification methods outperform the single tree CART method. Future efforts may focus on the application of ML models in the hospital setting to optimize allocation of follow up resources.
169 Removing Barriers and Facilitating Career Pathways of Hispanic Research Workforce
Authors: de Laurido Lourdes E. Soto , Frontera Walter , Ramos Carlamarie Noboa , Huertas Aracelis
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Hispanic-In-Research Capability Endowment Phase (HiREC) Phase I Award supports research academic formation of researchers in Puerto Rico. Since 2011, HiREC provided critical infrastructure resources to develop the Clinical and Translational Research (CTR) workforce. We explored the awardees research career advancements and outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The target population of Phase I Award was young faculty and early-career investigators admitted to the Postdoctoral Master of Science in CTR Program. Eleven awardees were supported from 2011to 2020. A survey was administered via REDCap platform and all awardees were invited by email to participate. Data was collected from 03/15/21 to 05/15/21, including weekly follow-up by email and text messages to increase response rate and 100% responded. Descriptive analyses were performed in SPSS VS 27. The 63.6% was female and 54.6% MD. Most were Hispanic faculty and investigators (36.4%) or were at the clinical practice (36.4%). The 45.5% were affiliated to an academic institution or healthcare entrepreneur RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Awardees top career goals were: combine research & teaching-faculty (36.4%), clinical practice (36.4%) and Principal Investigator (PI) in a research institution (36.4%). The 81.8% of awardees achieved those goals and 18.2% are working-on it. A total of 57 grants were submitted (M=10, SD=10.9) and 42.1% funded. Most awardees submitted grants as PI (45.6%) or Co-I (42.1%). Additional outcomes were: 49 peer-reviewed publications, 67 posters and 21 oral presentations. Awardees expressed that this award: provided resources and necessary tools to support the research career pathway; served to develop essential research capabilities, knowledge and skills; and was a unique opportunity to protected-time for research. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: HiREC provided resources, opportunities, and tools to remove barriers and facilitate career pathways of Hispanic investigators. Awardees achieved their career goals, their grant success rate was over 40%; received R-grants awards and published over 45 articles. This award model developed promising Hispanic researchers.
175 The Unfinished Journey towards Transplant Equity: an analysis of racial/ethnic disparities for children in the post-KAS era
Authors: Charnaya Olga , Zeiser Laura , Ben-Gurion Dolev Yisar , Goldber Aviva , Segev Dorry L. , Massie Allan , Garonzik-Wang Jacqueline , Verghese Priya
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Disparities in pediatric kidney transplantation (KT) result in reduced access and worse outcomes for minority children. We aimed to assess the impact of recent systemic changes on these disparities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients utilizing data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). We compared access to transplantation, time to deceased donor kidney transplant (DDKT), and allograft failure (ACGF) using Cox proportional hazards in the 4 years preceding KAS to the 4 years post-KAS implementation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compared to the pre-KAS era, patients post-KAS were more likely to be pre-emptively listed (26.8% vs 38.1%, p<0.001) and pre-emptively transplanted (23.8% vs 28.0%, p<0.001), however these benefits were not uniform across racial groups. Only 12.7% and 15.7% of Black and Hispanic children received a pre-emptive transplant compared to 29.6%, 49.8% and 54.4% of White, Asian and Other race children respectively. Compared to White children, Black and Hispanic children had a lower likelihood of transplant listing within 2 years of first dialysis service aHR 0.67 (0.59-0.76) and 0.82 (0.73-0.92), in the post-KAS era. Time to DDKT after listing was comparable across all racial groups in both eras. Black children have disproportionally worse 5-yr ACGF, aHR 1.50 (1.08-2.09), p=0.02. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: After KAS implementation there remains equity in time to DDKT, however disparities persist in transplant listing and ACGF among Black children. Further studies are needed to identify granular SES factors impacting delayed referral and systemic barriers to transplant, as well as risk factors for poor allograft outcomes among minority children.
182 Addressing Health Disparities through an Innovative University-Community Vaccination and Food Access Model
Authors: Kimiecik Carlyn , Crawford Elizabeth , Gonzalvo Jasmine D. , Conklin Megan , Crowe Susie , Keiner Kathy Hahn , Dugan Sandra , Smith Jordan , Barnett Erik , Estell Sarah , Williams Bob , Zubler Peter , A Omolola , Pastakia Sonak
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To describe and evaluate an innovative university-community vaccination and food access model for minority, immigrant, and underserved individuals experiencing food insecurity during a global pandemic. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Purdue University Center for Health Equity and Innovation (CHEqI) partnered with the two largest food banks in the Midwest and Walgreens to offer free COVID-19 and Flu vaccinations alongside food distribution. Goals included addressing food insecurity, increasing vaccine access, and decreasing vaccine hesitancy. CHEqI acquired funding, recruited volunteers and interpreters, assessed interest and addressed vaccine hesitancy. Food bank/pantry partners distributed food and provided access to clientele and marketing assistance. Walgreens procured, administered, and documented vaccinations. The Model accommodated drive-through and indoor processes. Unidentifiable observational and self-report data were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed to characterize program outcomes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 11 vaccination events occurred between June and October 2021 at three food bank/pantry locations. Of these 11 events, nine (82%) were drive-through and two (18%) took place indoors, eight (72%) offered COVID-19 vaccinations only, and three (27%) offered both COVID-19 and Flu vaccinations. Food was distributed to a total of 5,108 families and 416 vaccines (314 COVID, 102 Flu) were administered. Of the 396 individuals who received at least one vaccine, 20 (5%) received both a COVID and Flu vaccine. Of the 386 individuals who received at least one vaccine and reported their sex, 194 (50%) identified as female and the average age of those who received at least one vaccine was 45 years old. Of those who reported race (N = 228) or ethnicity (N = 253), 43% identified as Black or African American and 53% identified as LatinX. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings offer an innovative vaccination and food access model for diverse individuals experiencing food insecurity during a global pandemic. By drawing on cost effective, accessible, and culturally contextualized practices to optimize the reach and quality of vaccination services we can improve access barriers and mitigate health disparities.
Interaction between breaking-induced vortices and near-bed structures. Part 1. Experimental and theoretical investigation
Authors: Brocchini Maurizio , Marini Francesco , Postacchini Matteo , Zitti Gianluca , Falchi Massimo , Xie Zhihua
Published: April 2022

The present work describes the vortex–vortex interactions observed during laboratory experiments, where a single regular water wave is allowed to travel over a discontinuous rigid bed promoting the generation of both near-bed and surface vortices. While near-bed vortices are generated by the flow separation occurring at the bed discontinuity, surface vortices are induced by the wave breaking in conjunction with a breaking-induced jet. A ‘backward breaking’ (previously observed in the case of solitary waves) occurs at the air–water interface downstream of the discontinuity and generates a surface anticlockwise vortex that interacts with the near-bed clockwise vortex. With the vortex–vortex interaction influenced by many physical mechanisms, a point-vortex model, by which vortices evolve under both self-advection (in relation to both free surface and seabed) and mutual interaction, has been implemented to separately investigate the vortex- and wave-induced dynamics. The available data indicate that both self-advection and mutual interaction are the governing mechanisms for the downward motion of the surface vortex, with the effect of the breaking-induced jet being negligible. The same two mechanisms, combined with the mean flow, are responsible for the almost horizontal and oscillating path of the near-bed vortex. The investigation of the vortex paths allow us to group the performed tests into three distinct classes, each characterized by a specific range of wave nonlinearity. The time evolution of the main variables characterizing the vortices (e.g. circulation, kinetic energy, enstrophy, radius) and their maximum values increase with the wave nonlinearity, such dependences being described by synthetic best-fit formulas.
Social Groups as the Source of Political Belief Systems: Fresh Evidence on an Old Theory
Authors: ELDER ELIZABETH MITCHELL , O’BRIAN NEIL A.
Published: April 2022

We present novel evidence that attitudes toward nonpartisan social groups structure political belief systems. First, we show that most Americans have a rich knowledge of the social groups that support and oppose group-related policies. This knowledge often exceeds people’s awareness of where Democrats and Republicans stand on these same issues. Then, we show that this knowledge promotes what Philip Converse called ideological coherence: Americans who know which groups support and oppose a policy are more likely to hold stable policy positions over time and to organize their attitudes into consistently liberal or conservative bundles. In the twentieth century, knowledge of social groups’ issue positions rivaled knowledge of parties’ positions in its ability to generate attitude stability and constraint. However, as party identification has strengthened in recent decades, knowledge of parties’ positions has become the most important source of structure in most Americans’ belief systems.
Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffaL.) supplementation increases butyrate synthesis and reduces inflammatory cells, attenuating the formation of aberrant crypt foci in BALB/c mice induced to pre-neoplastic lesions
Authors: Bernardes Andressa Ladeira , Moraes Luís Fernando de Sousa , Cruz Bruna Cristina dos Santos , da Conceição Lisiane Lopes , de Oliveira Leandro Licursi , Sarandy Mariaurea Matias , Gonçalves Reggiani Vilela , Peluzio Maria do Carmo Gouveia
Published: April 2022

The development of colorectal cancer involves some morphological changes, and in the initial stage, pre-neoplastic lesions called aberrant crypt foci (ACF) appear. Thus, an intervention with sources of bioactive compounds such asHibiscus sabdariffaL., rich in phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, could attenuate the risk of developing these lesions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 5 % and 10 % supplementation of dehydratedH. sabdariffacalyces (DHSC) during the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced pre-neoplastic lesions in male BALB/c mice. The characterisation of DHSC was carried out. Thein vivoexperiment lasted 12 weeks, and the animals were randomly divided into three experimental groups: the control group (CON) and the supplemented groups with 5 % DHSC and 10 % DHSC. The activities of liver enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase were determined. In addition, ACF, SCFA, presence of inflammatory infiltrates, goblet cells and leucocytes in the colonic mucosa were quantified. There was a significant reduction in ACF and the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the colon of animals in groups 5DHSC and 10DHSC. In addition, the 10DHSC group showed an increase in the activity of the CAT enzyme, in the production of butyrate and in the presence of natural killer cells in the colon, in addition to more hypertrophied goblet cells. Based on these findings, it is suggested that DHSC supplementation may be recommended to attenuate cellular responses in the early stage of pre-neoplastic lesions.
The Rise of Swedish Social Democracy
Authors: Boix Carles , Magyar Zsuzsanna
Published: April 2022

We examine the rise and mobilizational dynamics of social democracy, employing data reported by the Swedish authorities on the distribution of voting eligibility, turnout and partisan vote in local elections during the 1910s at a high level of disaggregation (by narrow income segments and administrative units). In line with the existing literature, we show that electoral socialism depended on both the extension of the suffrage to its ‘natural’ electorate, that is, the urban working class, and the organizational capacity of trade unions and other civic associations. In addition, we show that socialist support was not uniform within the working class – even for a highly homogeneous society. Instead, the social-democratic vote was initially stronger among low- to middle-income workers, only expanding to poor voters later in time. We complement our local data with an interwar panel analysis of socialist vote and post-war survey data.