bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ХI International Symposium “Theory and Practice of Tax Reforms”
Authors: Mayburov I. A. , Ivanov Y. B. , Grinkevich A. M.
Published: November 2019

The article is prepared following the ХI International Symposium “Theory and Practice of Tax Reforms” held 30 June — 6 July 2019 in Tomsk Institute of Economics and Management, Tomsk State University. The subject of the discussion is theoretical and practical aspects of taxation and tax administration transformation in digital economy. In the symposium, 95 specialists from 40 Universities from 26 cities of six countries (Russia, Belorussia, Germany, China, Slovenia and Ukraine) and 35 higher educational institutions took part. The event was organized by Tomsk State University, Ural Federal University, St. Petersburg State University, Financial University, cientific-Research Center for Industrial Development Problems NAS Ukraine, and by Institute for Economic Strategies of Chinese Academy of Social Studies. The purpose of the Symposium is to discuss topical problems of tax systems reforming, elaboration of new theoretical-methodological approaches to the perfection of tax policies and taxation, forming creative groups to conduct joint studies in taxation. During the symposium, a plenary meeting, five thematic sections, a round table, administrative training, presentations of journals on taxes and taxation and a new monographic project were held. Within the limits of the symposium theoretical and practical aspects of taxation and tax administration transformation in digital economy are considered. The importance of such a symposium is linked to anticipated changes in the shere.
Climate Finance in the Context of Sustainable Development
Authors: Yakovlev I. A. , Kabir L. S.
Published: November 2019

The importance of the researchlies in the fact that the concept “climate finance” has not been clearly defined. To reach unambiguity in understanding and interpretation of the term for all the stakeholders is very important. That is because of several reasons. Firstly, it will help determine the level of fulfillment by states the crucial purpose of sustainable development to urgently deal with climate change and its consequences which were decided by the General Assembly of UN in 2015 up to the year of 2030. Secondly, it helps people making investment decisions about the projects dealing with climate change consequences mitigation to feel more confidently. Thirdly, it influences the quality and efficiency of newly forming national ecological policy.The purposeof the article is to systemize the notion of climate finance basing on the principles of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that is used as the intergovernmental basis for coordinating global reacting to climate change.

The article analyses different approaches to climate financing, fixed in UN Framework Convention on Climate Change documents, as well as the practice of climatically conditioned actions, discussed at a special session of UN on climate change and in current scientific research.It is concludedthat adaptation of conceptual novelties in the sphere of climate finance in order to achieve sustainable development requires effective policy and instruments, which is difficult to achieve in the conditions of not clearly defined processes and phenonena.
National and Planetary Interests in Preserving Balance between Nature and Economic Growth
Authors: Tkachenko A. A.
Published: November 2019

The subjects of the researchare international agreements on the environment protection and the national ecological policy. The importance of the research lies in the ongoing discussion about the role of developing countries in reducing unfavorable climate changes. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate that nowadays we need not only joint efforts of different groups of countries to restore the equilibrium in the “nature — society” system, but also a new economic growth policy philosophy. The article shortly analyses the history of the international cooperation development in the attempts to solve ecological problems within the framework of UN initiatives, and considers the stages of the cooperation and the role of Kyoto Protocol. The author examines the discussions about Paris Agreement, analyses its impact on the development of international and national efforts to achieve ecological climate aims, demonstrates the role of the positions and disagreements in G20 countries, as well as the role, goals and policy of decarbonization in modern economy.
Environmental Aspects of Cooperation in Atomic Industry at the Post-Soviet Space
Authors: Moreva E. L.
Published: November 2019

The importance of the research lies in crucial significance of atomic industry ecological effects for people vital functions that can greatly restrict the sector’s development. Overcoming unfavorable atomic industry environmental impact is often seen in a way of technical technological development when it is possible to prevent, mitigate and/or neutralize the negative effects from its operating. But this is just part of the solution. The subject of this research addresses the ecological impact of atomic operations on the economic activity of the atomic industry enterprises in the post-soviet space and on the ways of optimizing their productive institutional construction at different levels of trans-border regions.The purpose of the work is to define the meaning of negative impact anticipating for the growth and development of the atomic industry while implementing innovative projects of local / national levels; participating in international competition and interaction for integration on the post-soviet space.It is concluded that inventory-making has crucial importance for atomic industry development. At the local/national level within two-side contacts it is expressed in stimulating the subjects of the industry to transform and perfect by national stakeholders and foreign competitors. At the level of trans-border connections such influence has not become the basis for productive integration interaction and atomic complex development because of the specificity of their subjects’ interests. The adequate inventory-making in institutional construction could allow using the possible ecological impacts of atomic production for their development and consolidating as a driver of social economic development at the postsoviet space.
SUDÛR KÖKEN VE SÜREÇ AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR YAKLAŞIM
Authors: KARADENİZ İrfan
Published: November 2019

Kadîm sorunlardan biri yaratıcının varlığı hakkındaysa; diğeri bir olan
yaratıcıdan çokluğun nasıl meydana geldiği hakkındadır. Antik felsefede
Plotinus’un ortaya atmış olduğu sudûr teorisi bu soruna bir cevap
mahiyetindedir. Mezkûr teori İslam dünyasında Kindî, Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ başta
olmak üzere birçok önemli filozof tarafından ele alınıp incelenmiş, belli
yönleriyle savunulmuş, Gazzâlî ve İbn Rüşd gibi filozoflar tarafından da tenkit
edilmiştir. İslam felsefesinde Tanrı ve âlem arasındaki ilişkileri ele alan
teoriler arasında mümtaz bir yeri teşkil eden bu teori hakkında ülkemizdeki ilk
kitap çalışması olması hasebiyle Sudûr Köken ve Süreç Açısından
Karşılaştırmalı Bir Yaklaşım isimli eserin alanda ciddi bir boşluğu
doldurduğu söylenebilir.
Ahlak ve Yasama İlkeleri
Authors: AYDIN Metin
Published: November 2019

Çalışma, Faydacı teorinin en temel metinlerinden biri olan An Inrtoduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'un Türkçe'ye 2017 yılında yapılan tercümesini konu edinir.
تبدُّل سبب الملك والآثار المترتِّبة عليه
Authors: DUMAN Soner , ALBAKKAR İbrahim
Published: November 2019

تهدف هذه الدِّراسة إلى بيان مسألة ترتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بحياة النَّاس
اليوميَّة؛ لا سيَّما في معاملاتهم الماليَّة وعلاقاتهم الاجتماعيَّة فيما بينهم،
وهي مسألة تبدُّل سبب الملك، وما ينتج عن هذا التَّبدُّل من الأحكام. مثال ذلك ظاهرة
الكسب الحرام؛ حيث ينتقل فيها المال من مِلكيَّة الكاسب إلى ملكيَّة جديدة بطريق
الوراثة أو بصورة من صور العقود النَّاقلة للملكيَّة كالبيع والهبة وغير ذلك، فهل
هذه الحرمة هي صفة عارضة تقتصر على ذمَّة الشَّخص الَّذي اكتسب المال بطريق
محرَّم؟ أم أنَّها صفة ملازمة للمال تنتقل معه إلى المالك الجديد؟ من خلال دراسة
مسألة تبدُّل سبب الملك يتَّضح أنَّ للأسباب الشَّرعيَّة أثرًا على الأشياء كما
للأسباب الواقعيَّة، فبالرَّغم من أنَّ المال لم يتبدَّل في حقيقته إلَّا أنَّ تَبدُّل سبب
تملُّكه جعله متبدِّلًا حكمًا وكأنَّ ذات
العين قد تغيَّرت.

لقد سار هذا البحث في دراسة تبدُّل سبب الملك والآثار المترتِّبة عليه من خلال دراسة القاعدة الفقهيَّة: "تبدُّل سبب الملك يقوم مقام تبدُّل
الذَّات" والصِّيغ الأخرى لها، ومقيِّداتها، ومستندها الشَّرعي، وحجيَّتها
عند الفقهاء، وذِكْر بعض الصُّور الَّتي بُنيت على هذه
القاعدة في العبادات والتَّبرعات والمعاملات الماليَّة؛ لاسيَّما معاملة الأفراد
الَّذين يكسبون الحرام، ثم انتقل البحث بعد ذلك إلى ذكر مجال تطبيق هذه القاعدة
الفقهيَّة في المعاملات المعاصرة؛ ومن أهم تلك الصُّور الَّتي يمكن أن نطبِّق
عليها هذه القاعدة: الكسب النَّاشئ عن الاستغلال الوظيفي، وتحوُّل المؤسَّسات
الماليَّة التِّجاريَّة إلى مؤسَّسات ماليَّة إسلاميَّة، والكسب الحاصل من
التَّعامل مع المصارف التِّجاريَّة، والكسب الحاصل من عقود التَّأمين، و الكسب النَّاشئ
عن المعاملات المشبوهة.

هذا وتكمن أهميَّة هذه الدِّراسة في عدم وجود دراسة سابقة مفردة تربط هذه
القاعدة بالتَّطبيقات الفقهيَّة؛ لا سيَّما المعاصرة منها، ودخول القاعدة في
الكثير من الفروع الفقهيَّة.
MENGGAGAS MODEL PENGEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN HARTA WAKAF TRADISIONAL
Authors: Diharto Awan Kostrad
Published: November 2019

Three people issues are: 1) the low quality of education, 2) the cost of increasingly expensive health care, and 3) lack of public welfare, has become a circle of "evil" interrelated and mutually influence one issue among others. Background on the issue tersebutlah, it is necessary that concrete efforts to revisit the idea of classical repertoire, especially Islamic instruments relating to poverty alleviation, one of which is "Waqf". Endowments aims to provide a benefit or benefits diwakafkan property to the person entitled to and used in accordance with teachings of Islamic Sharia. Waqf property in the financing model of traditional, classical fiqh book discusses five models of financing reconstruction waqf property, namely: First, the Loan; Second, Hukr (long-term lease contracts with a lump sum payment that is large enough in advance); Third, Al-Ijaratain (rent with two payments), the Fourth, add the addition of new waqf property and the fifth, onsite replacement (substitution) waqf property. This study develops and implements the fifth above.
Pendampingan Kemandirian Ekonomi Kerakyatan Melalui Program Pembuatan Pakan Alternatif Berbahan Baku Ampas Tahu dan Daun Talas Pada Komunitas Peternak Ikan Gurame Di Metro Utara Kota Metro
Authors: Subandi Subandi , Nur Asiyah  , Ida Fiteriani  , Mispani
Published: November 2019

Abstract: Metro City has business units more than 99% in the small and medium micro business sector, BPS 2016 data, including types of freshwater fish production. Metro City produces pond water fish production of 2,122.01 tons per year, in two sub-districts namely North Metro and Central Metro. This community service aims to explore information about strengthening the community in the knowledge and skills sector to farm carp through feed making and farming. This service used the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) method, by using this method can develop the community of carp farmers, economically independent become a prosperous life. The stages of research are carried out through several steps: Firstly, the data is collected through Focus Group Discussion. Secondly, understanding the farming and alternative feeds making through trainings. Thirdy, strengthening capacity by carrying out post-harvest management of carp. And the fourth, forming the pockets of carp farming community to facilitate the information of results of assistance easily. From the results of assistance, the conclusions area: 1). Strengthen knowledge together by using the assisted process, 2). Strengthen the skills of alternative feeds making in the carp farming community, 3). Formed the pockets of carp farming community, from the those things that produce the economic prosperity of the community through the management and farming the carp.
Halkla İlişkiler Perspektifinden Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Projeleri: Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: DEMİR ASKEROĞLU Emel
Published: November 2019

Yoğun rekabet ortamında şirketler sosyal bir amacı destekleme
ihtiyacı duymaktadır. Böylelikle hedef kitlesi ile arasında bir ilişki kurma
imkânı bulmaktadır. Günümüzde bireylerin toplumsal sorunlara duyarlı olması,
ürün ve hizmet tercihlerinde farklı kriterleri de göz önünde bulundurmasına
sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada halkla ilişkiler perspektifinden kurumsal sosyal
sorumluluk projelerinin inandırıcığına yönelik algıyı ortaya çıkarmak
amaçlanmaktadır. Bir meslek yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerinde nicel araştırma
yöntemlerinden yüz yüze anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Basit
rastlantısal örneklem yöntemi ile seçilen 250 kişi ile gerçekleştirilen
çalışmanın örneklemi, bir MYO’nun 5 farklı programında eğitim gören birinci ve
ikinci sınıf öğrencileri arasından seçilmiştir. Araştırma sonucu elde edilen
verilerin analizi SPSS 22 programı ile yapılmış ve %95 güven düzeyi ile
çalışılmıştır. İşletmelerin faaliyet gösterdikleri toplumların ihtiyaçlarına
uygun olarak gerçekleştirilen çevre, sağlık, eğitim, kültür-sanat alanlarında
gerçekleştirilen kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk projelerinin meslek yüksekokulu
öğrencileri tarafından hangi koşullarda inandırıcı algılandığı ve toplumun
hangi alanlarda projelere ihtiyaç duyduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Araştırma sonuçlarına göre öğrenciler öncelikli olarak toplumun sorunlarına
yönelik eksikliklerin giderilmesi gerektiğini verdikleri yanıtlar ile dile
getirmektedir. Özellikle eğitim, sağlık, çevre gibi temel sorunların çözümü
için projelere öncelik istemektedirler. Daha sonraki aşamada kültür-sanat
faaliyetleri yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle ülkelerin sorunlarına duyarlılık
gösteren projeler gerçekleştirmek önemli hale gelmektedir.
Etiology and frequency of respiratory distress in neonates: A cross sectional study conducted in tertiary care hospital, Lahore.
Authors: Ali Mirza Liaqat , Jabbar Naila , Hannan Abdul , - Azher
Published: November 2019

Respiratory distress in neonate defines as when rate of respiration is greater than sixty in one minute, nasal flaring, grunting and intercostal / sub coastal recession is present. Various causes are reported of respiratory distress in new born. Objectives: To determine frequency of respiratory distress in new born and to Find frequency of various etiologies of respiratory distress in full term newborn admitted up to the age of 24 hours of birth in Study Design: Cross sectional studies. Setting: Neonatal unit of Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Period: From February 10, 2016 till August 10, 2016. Material and Method: SPSS v-20 was used for analysis of data like name, age, sex, gestational age, maternal record of pregnancy and fetus for etiologies of respiratory distress. Results: There were 100(66.7%) male and 50(33.3%) females in this study. The mean gestational age of these newborn was 39.51±1.51 weeks. Respiratory distress was seen in 16(10.7%) of the cases. Transient tachypnea seen in 4(25%) of the cases, Meconium aspiration syndrome was diagnosed in 2(12.5%), Pneumothorax in 3(18.8%), Congenital pneumonia in 2 (12.5%), Sepsis in 6(37.5%) and Birth asphyxia 2 (12.5%) of early neonatal age were the common observed causes. Conclusion: Respiratory distress was 1/10 of the cases. The commonest etiologies were Sepsis preceding to Respiratory distress syndrome, MAS (Meconium Aspiration Syndrome), TTN (Transient Tacyhpnea of Newborn), Pneumothorax, Congenital pneumonia, Birth asphyxia.
Frequency of deep infection of the sternal wound in diabetic patients utilizing skeletonized versus pedicled harvesting technique of internal thoracic artery after CABG surgery.
Authors: Tanveer Riffat , Khan Asad , Musharaf Muhammad , Nasreen Amina
Published: November 2019

Objectives: After coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, infection of the sternum is a serious issue as it would adversely affect the mortality of patient. Left internal thoracic artery (LITA) has significant benefits but after its utilization occurrence of sternal infection is documented especially in diabetic patients due to impairment in blood flow of sternum. Our objective was to document the frequency of deep infection of the sternal wound in patients with diabetes utilizing skeletonized versus pedicled harvesting technique of the left ITA after CABG Surgery in our population. Study Design: An observational study was retrospectively done. Setting: National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi. Period: January 2013 to October 2015. Material and Methods: The sample size of the study was determined to be a total of two hundred and twenty patients who had primary, isolated and elective CABG surgery. One hundred and ten patients were included in whom skeletonized left ITA was utilized and in one hundred and ten patients pedicled left ITA was utilized. We used the statistical Chi square test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Deep infection of the sternal wound occurred in 3.64% of the patients with diabetes in whom the pedicled left ITA was utilized and did not occur in any of the diabetic patients in whom the skeletonized left ITA was utilized. Post CABG surgery frequency of deep infection of the sternal wound was greater in those patients in whom the LITA was harvested utilizing the pedicled technique (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is decreased frequency of deep infection of the sternal wound in patients with diabetes utilizing the skeletonized harvesting technique of the left ITA after CABG Surgery.
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus taking oral antidiabetic drug metformin
Authors: Kumar Gunesh , Laghari Jamil , Memon Sadat , Qazi Nasreen , Shahani Muhammad Yaqoob , Jamali Shahnawaz
Published: November 2019

Objectives: To assess the outcome of vitamin D as adjunctive therapy in reducing the serum level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in type 2 diabetic patients taking anti-diabetic drug metformin. Study Design: An Observational study. Setting: This study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro in collaboration with Sindh Institute of Endocrinology & Diabetes (SIED) Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. Period: December 2017 to May 2018. Material and Methods: We carried out this study on 140 patients. Diagnosed patients of type 2 DM With duration more than 5 years, age between 35 to 60 years, HbA1c equal to or more than 6.0%, and diabetic patients which were on metformin and had vitamin D deficiency (level less than 30ng/ml) were included in the study. Results: Total 140 type 2 diabetic patients were taken in study. At baseline, in Group B, mean HbA1c ± SD was 7.92±1.54 while at 3 months intervention, in Group B, mean HbA1c ± SD was 7.18±1.53. No significant difference in HbA1c between Group A and B at baseline and after three months of intervention (P value = 0.46). The mean value of vitamin D before supplementation was 16.23±3.45 vs 28.96±5.25 after 3 months supplementation. There was a significant increase in 25 (OH) D levels after vitamin D supplementation after 3 months. (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Supplementation of vitamin D did not show any effect on blood sugar control in our patients with type 2 DM.
Prevalence of odontogenic infections and their risk factors among the general population of Hyderabad, Pakistan.
Authors: Anwar Khurram , Irfan Naveed , Arain Mudassar Iqbal , Shahnaz Saira
Published: November 2019

Objectives: Oral health performs a central part in general health which is associated with good oral hygiene. Teeth and their supporting (periodontal) structures are considered most important to oral health. Therefore, Most prevalent oral diseases such as odontogenic infections (dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease) gum disease, oral mucosal and congenital dental problems are foremost oral health dilemma in general population. Objective: The main objective of current study was to find out the Prevalence of odontogenic infections and their risk factors among the general population. Study Design: This is a descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: Dental patients who came to different dental clinical settings of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Period: August to December 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 300 patient’s data were collected. In current study, the variables of interest are microbial odontogenic infections such as dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease were included in study. Following risk factors were explored: gender, age, residence, education level, disease duration, smoking, family history, and tooth paste habit. All information/data were personally collected by interview technique and oral cavity examination. The observational data were reported in the specific form and used descriptive statistics to find out the results. Results: A total of 300 dental patients having various infections such as gingivitis (47%), dental caries (20.7%) and periodontal infection (32.3%) were reported in this study. Of these, 162(54%) were females and 138(46%) of males. The most common age of patients i.e. 41.7% were from 41 to 60 years. Education status showed that 86% of the dental patients had education and 35.3% had family history of dental diseases. Factors such as mostly duration of diseases were > 6 months(33.7%) and almost 66% patients has habit of cleaning the teeths, However, Calculus and tarta deposited in 62.7% patients teeth. Smoking (21.3%) and 46.6% patients used sweet foods on daily purpose. Moreover, amoxicillin most frequently prescribed antimicrobial agent 39% followed by metronidazole 32.7%. Conclusion: Dental diseases are common public health problem among our society, poor oral hygiene & dietary habits and deposition of calculus are associated factors for odontogenic infections. Moreover, prescribing pattern shows that Amoxicillin and Metronidazole has been considered as first-line treatment for oral infections. Therefore, oral hygiene education, dietary and proper cleaning of teeth habits and dental visit at early stage of disease should be recommended for patients to avoid and cure dental odontogenic infections.
Comparison of perioperative magnesium sulphate infusion with placebo for postoperative analgesia.
Authors: Mussrat Ranna , Zahoor Afifa , Khan Muhammad Ahmad , Ahmad Shakeel
Published: November 2019

Adequate control of post-operative pain is very essential to reduce discomfort and early recovery after surgery. Role of adjuvant drugs along with conventional analgesic drugs have gained popularity in recent years, out of which MgSO4 is one of them. Objectives: To compare mean duration of postoperative analgesia between perioperative infusion of magnesium sulfate versus placebo in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Nishtar Medical University/Hospital Multan. Period: March-2018 to Dec-2018. Material and Methods: A total number of 100 patients admitted for upper abdominal surgery in the Department of Surgery, Nishtar Hospital Multan were included in this analysis. Group A received 50 mg/kg i/v of MgSO4 in 0.9% N/S at induction and 15 mg/kg MgS04 per hour, 6 hours postoperatively. While group B received 100 ml of 0.9% N/S at induction and 500 ml of 0.9% N/S 6 hours postoperatively. Post-op pain score was noted at 01 and 06 hours after surgery. Time for requirement of first rescue analgesia was also noted. Results: Mean post-op pain (VAS score) after 01 hour of surgery was 2.7+0.43 in MgSO4 group versus 4.1+0.82 in control group (p-value <0.001). VAS score after 06 hours was 1.9+0.31 in MgSO4 group versus 2.3+0.63 in control (p-value <0.001). Time of first rescue analgesia was prolonged in MgSO4 group; 105.9+12.7 minutes versus 67.8+15.3 minutes in control group with p-value <0.001. Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate increases the duration of postoperative analgesia and can be used as an adjunct since this molecule is inexpensive, relatively harmless, and the biological basis for its potential anti-nociceptive effect is promising.
Risk factors and fetomaternal outcome in pregnancy with thrombocytopenia.
Authors: Qureshi Aasma Naz , - Sakina , Taqi Tabinda , Khatoon Hafiza , Ahmed Irfan
Published: November 2019

Objectives: To find out the risk factors and their effects on mother and fetus in pregnancy with thrombocytopenia. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Period: Six months (1st July 2016 to 31st December 2016). Material and Methods: Total 96 patients with gestational age >24 weeks having platelet count below 150X109/L were included in the study. Patients admitted throughout patient clinic department of obstetrics & Gynecology at Liaqat University Hospital. Those patients having platelet count below 150X109/L were registered for study. Proforma filled which include Patients demographics details, gestational age, complete blood count (Having platelet count) other important investigations like coagulation profile (PT, APTT), Ultrasound and LFT noted in proforma SPSS version used for analysis. Descriptive statics were calculated frequency and percentages were drawn for the study. Results: Risk factors related to thrombocytopenia included PIH18 (18.8%), preeclampsia 14(14.6%), eclampsia 10(10.3%), HELLP Syndrome 6(6.3%), Viral Hepatitis 12(12.5%) and in 36(37.5%) no risk factors was found. Maternal complication were placental abruption21 (21.8%) post partam hemorrhage 14(14.6%). 7(7.3%) were transferred to ICU and 02(2.1%) maternal death was seen. Fetal outcome include low Apgar score of <6 in 17(17.7%), low birth weight 16(16.7%) and NICU admission 11(11.5%). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia is a common finding in pregnancy careful diagnosis is important to distinguish serious causes from mild then to manage mother and fetus appropriately. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcome in significant number of pregnant woman.
Acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients frequency of various etiologies.
Authors: Alam Khan Shahzad , Mirbahar Ahsan-Ullah , Qadir Mehboob
Published: November 2019

Objectives: To identify magnitude of various etiologies causing acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospital admitted patients at Nishtar hospital, Multan. Study Design: Cross sectional observational study. Setting: Medical Unit-IV, Nishtar Hospital and Medical University, Multan. Period: The study span was six month extending from February 2018 to July 2018. Material and Methods: In our setting, we took a sample of 383 patients admitted to medical unit- IV for variety of medical conditions using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Patients having an age range of 30-70 years and either gender were taken. Those patients who had previously deranged kidney functions, Reno grafting, snake envenomation and kalapathar (PPD) poisoning were not considered for study. Results: The age of patients ranged from 36 years to 62 years and had a mean of 47.94±8.14 years. There were54% male and 46% female patients in our setting. The most common presenting medical disorders requiring indoor admission were pulmonary diseases seen in 38.9% patients then hepatobiliary disorders 27.4%, infections 24% and diabetes 9.6%. Out of 383 patients, 107(27.9%) patients had AKI. It was more prevalent (p=0.000) diabetic patients 46%, hepatobiliary disorders 36.1%, infectious diseases 27.1% and then respiratory tract diseases 18.1%. While working on etiological causes of AKI, we found drugs were frequent inciting factor, present in 39.3% patients then was sepsis 19.6%, volume loss 17.7% and hypotension 8.5%. Combined fluid depletion plus sepsis was noted in 6.5% patients followed by sepsis plus drugs in 4.6% and sepsis plus drugs plus hypotension seen in 3.7% patients. However, drugs were major contributory factor of AKI in patients having hepatobiliary diseases 65.8% and diabetes 35.3%. In patients of respiratory tract diseases having AKI, fluid loss 36.0% and sepsis 28.6% were recurring findings. Among patients of infectious diseases, sepsis 40% and drugs 28% were more common. Conclusion: Occurrence of Acute kidney injury among hospitalized patients was statistically significant (p=0.000) in patients with diabetes mellitus and hepatobiliary disease at the time of admission. While noting etiological factors, it was seen that drugs were the most prevalent followed by septicemia, then hypovolemia among the factors responsible for AKI.
Evaluation of the positive predictive value of atypical thyroid cytology cases according to the Bethesda system taking histopathology as gold standard.
Authors: Hamid Shireen , Rehman Aman ur , Baig Muhammad Kashif , Aslam Uzma , Heena Nausheen , Hameed Sadia
Published: November 2019

Objectives: For the past 20 years Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has evolved as the most sensitive diagnostic tool for the initial screening of patients with thyroid nodules. Unfortunately FNAC is complicated by a recognized false negative rate of approximately 5%. The clinicians could face the difficulty in the management of patient when a cytological diagnosis is atypical only. The objective of study is to evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) of atypical thyroid cytology cases according to the Bethesda system taking histopathology as gold standard. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology at Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Period: Six months i.e. from 25.11.2014 to 25.5.2015. Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with solitary thyroid nodules in the outpatient department and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included after evaluation by thyroid function tests and thyroid scan, FNAC was performed and reported according to Bethesda system of thyroid reporting. Later on, cases underwent lobectomy, total or hemi-thyroidectomy, the tissue was received in 10% formalin solution in our pathology department and then processed, stained and examined. FNAC results of atypical cases were then compared with the definitive histological diagnosis which were considered the gold standard. The slides were examined and any differences were sought by consensus of two pathologists. Eighty cases were observed with 95% confidence level, 11% margin of error, using non-probability purposive sampling technique for sample collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 15 (P value <0.05). Results: The mean age of patients was 38 years with SD ± 2.16. There were 22 (28%) males and 58 (72%) females in our study. In this study, positive predictive value for Atypia of undetermined significance/ Follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), follicular neoplasm (FN), suspicious for malignancy and positive for malignancy were 33.3%, 25%, 66.6% and 100% respectively. Overall PPV of atypical cytology was 35.71%. Overall accuracy of FNAC was 86.30%, 87.50% sensitivity and 86.15% specificity, PPV value 43.75% and negative predictive value was 98.25%. Conclusion: Results showed that Bethesda system of reporting is helpful for the management of patients who falls in to undetermined categories as it categorically divide atypical cytology cases in to three definite categories  AUS, FN and suspicious for malignancy and these categories have different risks of malignancy. Thus can help to determine a better patient outcome due to proper clinical management of thyroid swellings.
Comparison of oral health status among normal and disabled children of Karachi, Pakistan.
Authors: Azfar Marium , Quershi Sameer , Omer Ahmed , Abid Khadijah
Published: November 2019

Objectives: To compare the oral hygiene status of normal children with hearing and speech impaired and Down syndrome children. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Special needs children school, Deaf Reach School & a public school of Karachi, Pakistan. Period: 6 months from October 2017 to April 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 210 children of age 7-15 years of either gender were enrolled in the study; 70 hearing & speech impaired children, 70 Down syndrome children and 70 normal children were randomly selected for comparison. After taking informed consent the subjects were examined for dental status. Oral hygiene status was assessed by using oral hygiene index‑simplified (OHI-S). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: Out of 70 hearing and speech impaired children, majority had fair hygiene status (41.4%), 38.6% had good hygiene status and only 20% had poor hygiene status. Out of 70 Down syndrome children, majority had good hygiene status (45.7%), 28.6% had fair hygiene status and only 25.7% had poor hygiene status. Out of 70 normal children, majority had good hygiene status (68.6%), 20% had fair hygiene status and only 11.4% had poor hygiene status. Conclusion: The high proportion of poor oral health was observed among children with hearing and speech impairment and Down syndrome as compared to normal children. Hence, there is a high need for an epidemiological survey followed by the comprehensive dental care programs for disabled children as well as efforts should be made to spread the awareness and importance of oral health among these children and their family because everyone deserves the opportunity of good oral health and hygiene.”
Association of Pre-hypertension with blood groups in young population.
Authors: Altaf Benash , Jawed Shireen , Behram Fakiha , Ali Khan Zeeshan , Naz Shakeela
Published: November 2019

Objectives: Pakistan has highest mortality rate due to hypertension and its complications. Hypertension is a squealed of Pre- hypertension which is believed to start at adolescent and continue to adulthood. Association of blood group with hypertension is evident but still hypothesized. This study aims to find the frequency of prehypertension and its association with blood group. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting:  Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad. Period: 15 March’18 to 15 Sep’18. Material and Methods:  It was comprised of in comprised of 100 MBBS students. Demographic data including age, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and BMI was determined. Blood group was determined with help of conventional slide method. Blood pressure was measured by auscultatory method. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 21. Continuous variables are given in mean and standard deviation. Categorical data was given in frequency and percentages. P value≤ 0.05 is taken as significant. Results: Out of 100 participants most common blood group was group ‘O’ (43%) followed by B (35 %) and AB (13%) and A (9%).36% of total population was pre-hypertensive and 64% were normotensive. Prehypertension is most commonly found in blood group ‘A’ (77%) followed by blood group ‘O’ (46.5%). Significant difference was found in means of SBP (p value= 0.001*) and DBP (p value= 0.000*) among the various blood groups. Conclusion: Most common blood group in studied population was ‘O’ although hypertension was most commonly observed in blood group A followed by ‘O’.
Serum uric acid concentration (SUAC): A useful tool to assess extent and severity of chronic plaque psoriasis in Pakistani population.
Authors: Ahmed Hafiz Bashir , Lal Deepa Mohan , Pirzado Muhammad Suleman , Rashid Ajmal , Anwar Irfan , Malkani Sanam
Published: November 2019

Objectives: Psoriasis is a systemic chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Psoriasis can lead to multiple complications and co-morbidities. It has also been observed that raised serum uric acid levels predispose to gouty arthritis and also thought to be a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The basic aim of this study was to ascertain level of serum uric acid in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and control cases which might be a useful tool for assessing the extent and severity of chronic plaque psoriasis. Study Design: Case control study. Setting: At Outpatient’s Department (OPD) of Department of Dermatology, PNS Shifa, Karachi. Period: From January 2013 to December 2016. Material & Methods: One hundred and ninety four (194) patients were taken in this study and 97 patients were biopsy proven cases of psoriasis and 97 other participants included as control cases reporting to OPD with other complaint like acne, hair fall and fungal infections. After written and informed consent, 5ml of venous blood was drawn in sterile syringe and using gel sample tube to see the serum uric acid levels. On the basis of laboratory reports the elevated serum uric acid level in psoriatic versus normal controls was recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Results: There were 54.6% (106/194) male and 45.4% (88/194) female. Elevated serum uric level was 4.5 times (Approximate of 4.46) more common in cases than control group (OR: 4.46 95%CI: 1.83 to 10.91). Conclusion: Raised levels of serum Uric acid have been seen frequently in psoriatic patients. Early treatment for higher levels of serum uric acid might play a critical role in the better treatment of psoriatic patients. These results revealed that serum uric acid concentration (SUAC) of psoriasis may play a vital role in assessing the complex multifactorial etiology of the psoriasis, severity and other possible metabolic factors.
Diagnostic accuracy of perfusion-CT using Peak Enhancement Intensity (PEI) in detecting high grade pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma keeping histopathology as gold standard.
Authors: Raouf Abdul , Bukhari Adeela Abid , Arshad Natasha , Ahsan Muhammad
Published: November 2019

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the pancreas and is associated with a very poor prognosis, being worldwide one of the leading cause of cancer related death. The pre-operative correct identification of this group of patients is very important to minimize unnecessary resections but remains difficult owing to the post-operative assessment of some factors such as tumor resection margins and grading. Perfusion CT (P-CT) is a new imaging technique able to provide qualitative and quantitative information on perfusion parameters of tissues, which have been demonstrated to be correlated with histological markers of angiogenesis. Objectives: To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of CT perfusion using PEI in detecting high grade pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma keeping histopathology as gold standard. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Radiology department of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: 6 months after approval from June, 2016 to Nov, 2016. Material and Methods: Permission for research was sought from hospital ethical committee. Patients were collected from OPD & indoor of Radiology and surgical department of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Confounding variables were controlled by restriction (by excluding the subjects with history of metastatic disease or chemotherapy). CT-Perfusion examination was performed with the patient in supine position on a 128 slice Optima Multi detector CT scanner. Image guided (CT guided) biopsy was done on all patients and specimen was sent to the hospital pathology lab and histopathology was done by senior pathologist, who kept blinded to perfusion-CT analysis. Results: In this study, out of 100 cases, the diagnostic accuracy of CT perfusion using PEI in detecting high grade pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma keeping histopathology as gold standard was recorded as 90.59%, 91.49%, 92.31%, 89.58% and 91% for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy rate. Conclusion: We concluded that diagnostic accuracy of CT perfusion using PEI is higher in detection of high grade pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma keeping histopathology as gold standard.
Optimal PV Allocation & Minimal tap-Changing Transformers Achieving Best Distribution Voltage Profile & Minimum Losses in Active Distribution Networks
Authors: Soliman Hisham M. , Elhaffar Abdelsalam , Albadi Mohammed
Published: November 2019

In distribution systems, voltage levels of the various buses should be maintained within the permissible limits for satisfactory operation of all electrical installations and equipment.  The task of voltage control is closely associated with fluctuating load conditions and corresponding requirements of reactive power compensation. The problem of load bus voltage optimization in distribution systems that have distributed generation (DG) has recently become an issue. In Oman, the distribution code limits the load bus voltage variations within ±6% of the nominal value. Several voltage control methods are employed in active distribution systems with a high share of photovoltaic systems (PV) to keep the voltage levels within the desirable limits. In addition to the constraint of targeting the best voltage profile, another constraint has to be achieved which is the minimum loss in the distribution network. An optimised solution for voltage of load busses with on-load tap-changing (OLTC) tarnsformers and PV sources is presesnted in this paper. This study addresses the problem of optimizing the injected power from PV systems associated with the facilities of tap-changing transformers, as it is an important means of controlling voltage throughout the system.  To avoid violating tap-changing constraints, a method is depicted for determining the minimal changes in transformer taps to control voltage levels with distributed PV sources.  The taps of a range + 5 to -15 %, can be achieved by tap-changing transformers. The OLTC operation was designed to keep the secondary bus within the voltage standard for MV networks.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization Model for Determining the Probability of Failure on Demand of the Safety Instrumented System
Authors: Aburawwash Ahmed H. , Eissa Moustafa Mohammed , Barakat Azza F. , Hafez Hossam M.
Published: November 2019

A more accurate determination for the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) of the Safety Instrumented System (SIS) contributes to more SIS realiability, thereby ensuring more safety and lower cost. IEC 61508 and ISA TR.84.02 provide the PFD detemination formulas. However, these formulas suffer from an uncertaity issue due to the inclusion of uncertainty sources, which, including high redundant systems architectures, cannot be assessed, have perfect proof test assumption, and are neglegted in partial stroke testing (PST) of impact on the system PFD. On the other hand, determining the values of PFD variables to achieve the target risk reduction involves daunting efforts and consumes time. This paper proposes a new approach for system PFD determination and PFD variables optimization that contributes to reduce the uncertainty problem. A higher redundant system can be assessed by generalizing the PFD formula into KooN architecture without neglecting the diagnostic coverage factor (DC) and common cause failures (CCF). In order to simulate the proof test effectiveness, the Proof Test Coverage (PTC) factor has been incorporated into the formula. Additionally, the system PFD value has been improved by incorporating PST for the final control element into the formula. The new developed formula is modelled using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) artificial technique. The GA model saves time and effort to examine system PFD and estimate near optimal values for PFD variables. The proposed model has been applicated on SIS design for crude oil test separator using MATLAB. The comparison between the proposed model and PFD formulas provided by IEC 61508 and ISA TR.84.02 showed that the proposed GA model can assess any system structure and simulate industrial reality. Furthermore, the cost and associated implementation testing activities are reduced.
Forward for inaugural issue of Hydro Science & Marine Engineering
Authors: Zhao Ming
Published: November 2019

It is with great pleasure that we present this inaugural issue of Hydro Science & Marine Engineering (HSME), a peer-reviewed journal for academics to freely disseminate research findings in areas including but not limited to; Marine Biotechnology, Irrigation and Drainage, Ocean Engineering, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hydraulics, Surface and Groundwater Hydrology, Sediment Transport, Climate Change, Water Quality and Pollution control, Coastal Protection and Lake/Shore Environment. High standard research and developments in the above areas are crucial for sustainable development and environmental protection. The mission of HSME is to provide researchers with an ideal forum to publicize academic research and exchange information on all the above topics.
A Foreword from the Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Chen Chin-Ling
Published: November 2019

Due to the advancement of information technology, Journal of Electronic & Information Systems aims to discover innovative methods, theories and studies in its field by publishing original articles, case studies and comprehensive reviews. Journal of Electronic & Information Systems provides a wide range of readers and authors. A good communication platform, in the expectation, the first issue of the first volume was first published.Journal of Electronic & Information Systems publishes original research papers that it has officially applied for the electronic ISSN (Online) to be 2661-3204. The current Vol. 1 No. 1 will be issued with electronic publications.
Stereological Evaluation of Precipitates within Ferrite Grains in Heat-Treated 1.25Cr0.5Mo Steel Previously Exposed to Service
Authors: Fernández-Fuentes Rafael , Scotti Americo , Cruz-Crespo Amado , Silva González Roberto , Ariza Rafael , Alcântara Nelson Guedes de
Published: November 2019

The objective of this work was to study the effect of the heat treatment and further operation aging on the stereological parameters (size, quantity and volume fraction) of precipitates within ferrite grains of a creep-resistant 1.25Cr0.5Mo steel after long-term operation. The heat treatment was similar to the treatment that is carried out in industrial steam pipelines after welding (post weld heat treatment - PWHT) during installation and/or repairing. The operation aging corresponds to a subsequent long in-service operation after repairing. To determine the stereological parameters, SEM digital images were taken from samples of this material after conditions of in-service-aged (after long-term operation), in-service-aged and heat-treated (simulating repairing) and in-service-aged, heat-treated and in-laboratory aged (simulating subsequent long-term operation after repairing). The results indicate that the changes in the stereological parameters of the precipitates within ferrite grains after PWHT is associated with the coarsening process of the within-ferrite-grain precipitates as well as stabilizing the microstructure, since the material aging after PWHT of an in-serviced aged material would not change the stereological parameters.