bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Disappeared of Latin America
Authors: Quigley Thomas E.
Published: September 2018

Involuntary disappearance within the Latin American region has been a frightening phenomenon over the past decade. Here I will deal with the two salient cases of Chile and Argentina, with briefer reference to other countries.

Involuntary disappearances, in the sense I will use the term, involve the arrest or surreptitious kidnapping of persons thought to be out of sympathy with the regime in power, carried out by agents of the government or by semi-legal organizations abetted by, if not fully responsible to, the authorities; the disappeared person is not heard from again, and the fact of his or her arrest, incarceration, or assassination is, in the situations we are dealing with, routinely denied by the agencies of government. In numerous instances, especially in Chile, the person's very existence is officially denied until government documents attesting to the person's birth, identity card number, etc. are brought forth.
"The U.S. Has Done Well in the Mideast, But I Would Like to See It Do Even More"
Authors: G.A.G.
Published: September 2018

At the bottom of the Persian Gulf, controlling the Western approaches to the waterway now so crucial to the wellbeing and existence of the Western world, stands the virtually unknown country of Oman. Once, two hundred years ago, the legendary seafaring empire of Muscat and Oman, it stretched from Mozambique and Zanzibar to Pakistan. Today, it is a vast land span of a thousand miles of sea line with a small population of approximately 1.5 million Omanis and about 100,000 Pakistani and Indian laborers.

Only ten years ago—in 1969 and 70—Oman was one of the most backward countries in the entire world. The old sultan kept his people in medieval times. The gates to Muscat, which lies in an easily encompassable half-moon surrounded by jagged mountains, were closed every night at seven, and anyone caught outside was summarily shot, for why would he be outside if he were not making trouble? Poverty was Oriental in its intensity, and the modern world—whether sun glasses or cigarettes or bicycles or the most minimal of health care and education—was banned, often on pain of death.
OPEC is Acting in Self-Defense
Authors: Allen Loring
Published: September 2018

Two hundred oil specialists from around the world met in Vienna late last fall to talk with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC. As owners of two-thirds of world oil reserves and seven-eighths of oil exports, OPEC's members can make the future they want come true. Their conference in Venezuela last month only confirms this.

OPEC's headquarters is a squat, square building along the Danube Canal almost in the shadow of St. Stephen's Cathedral. Thirty-five countries sent official representatives, and though the United States sought no invitation, twenty Americans were on hand—about half from oil companies, the others researchers and scholars. The speeches were somber, even gloomy, reflecting troubled waters ahead.
Camp David and Beyond: A View From the Third World
Authors: Shah Mowahid H.
Published: September 2018

On the heels of Andrew Young's departure from the United Nations amid much publicity concerning U»S. failure to involve the Palestinians in Middle East negotiations, heads of state and representatives from ninety-two countries and three independence movements convened at the Sixth Summit Conference of Non-Aligned Nations hosted by Dr. Fidel Castro at Havana, Cuba.

The Havana Declaration of September, 1979, adopted by the Non-Aligned Conference—perhaps the most powerful of Third World forums—censured the Camp David accords as a U.S. attempt to “obtain partial solutions that are favorable to Zionist aims and underwrite the gains of Israeli aggression at the expense of the Palestinian people.” In an international environment in which the United States increasingly finds itself in the minority on the majority of world issues, Third World attitudes toward the Camp David accords—of which the Havana Declaration is but the latest evidence—merit serious consideration.
On Preventing Genocide
Authors: Fein Helen
Published: September 2018

Now is the time to consider how we will react to the next genocide. Although the hope that the judgments at Nuremberg would deter genocide and similar crimes against humanity in the postwar world, genocides have occurred without sanction since 1945. The best-documented cases I have studied include the attempted annihilation of Buddhism in Tibet by China (1950-59), the selective genocide of the Hutus in Burundi by the Government of Burundi (1972), the genocidal slaughter of Hindus in East Pakistan by the Government of Pakistan (1971), and the extermination of the Ache Indians of Paraguay from 1971 onward with the toleration or complicity of the Government of Paraguay.

Under the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia it has been estimated that about 2 million, or three out of ten Cambodians, were killed or died due to the regime's policies. Whether these murders, termed “auto-genocide” by Anthony Paul, fit the definition of genocide under the Genocide Convention is open to question.
An African Balance Sheet
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

It hardly seems possible that two decades have elapsed since the floodtide of African independence. We have become so accustomed to associating Africa with newness that we are apt to forget that the premier states of independent Africa—Ghana and Sudan—are coming up on their twenty-fifth anniversaries of freedom from colonial rule. The scant score of years has seen some remarkable transformations. Nigeria, whose first decade was blighted by Africa's bloodiest civil war, has emerged not merely as a regional power but a major world actor. Second only to Saudi Arabia as a supplier of oil to the United States, Nigeria is able to exert a degree of influence on this country unequaled among the states of the African continent.
Birth of an Island-Nation
Authors: Read James M.
Published: September 2018

St. Lucia, one of the British West Indies and the most recent to achieve independence (February 22, 1979), provides a case study of a tiny island-state's prospects for development. It is also the prototype of a Caribbean nation in the throes of choosing whether to remain in the Western camp or to follow the way of Fidel Castro and his Grenadian ally, Maurice Bishop.
Copihue: A Story
Authors: O'Mara Richard
Published: September 2018

When at last they allowed him in he saw that they had begun work on the Moneda. They had rebuilt the bombed portions of the walls. They put new mortar over the scorched parts and they refilled the bullet holes. But the rubble remained piled up inside. He suspected they took it out at night. It was another country, more placid. Compared to the way it had been it was now a cemetery. But that metaphor had been overused. After dark, a liquid silence filled the streets. The military curfew was enforced; night prowlers were shot, it was said. The iron gates of the Hotel Crillon clanged shut at eight o'clock. He had made it back just in time.
NPTII: No Miracles in Geneva
Authors: Geyer Alan
Published: September 2018

Throughout 1980 the moral buffer zone between domestic and world politics has been widening dangerously. Because our communications media have been preoccupied with presidential and senatorial election campaigns—and because those campaigns have been almost totally innocent of any rational deliberation over foreign policy— the American people have learned little about the realities of, for example, the nuclear arms race.
Subsidizing Qaddafi's Utopia
Authors: Anderson Lisa
Published: September 2018

How has the government of Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi, so often described as a madman, survived the denunciations of Western powers, the insults of Arab leaders, and the opposition of Libyan dissidents for almost fifteen years? What are his goals, his sources of support, and the prospects for his country? The answers to these questions lie in the personality of Qaddafi himself, the history of the country he leads, the nature of the regime he has imposed, and the international system in which he operates.

Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi is, by his own admission—indeed, at his own insistence—a revolutionary. He prides himself on being considered an outlaw in a world where, as he sees it, the law itself is unjust.
Far Beyond the Good Neighbor Policy
Authors: Gannon Francis X.
Published: September 2018

As President Carter prepared for his first official visit to Mexico in February, 1979, to discuss, among other things, U.S. access to its neighbor's new-found oil, the U.S. secretary of energy, James R. Schlesinger, warned that the security of the Western democracies could be completely undermined if instability became endemic in the Persian Gulf and the flow of oil to Europe, Japan, and the United States was sharply curtailed.

There was considerable irony in this situation. As columnist James Reston observed in the New York Times, the president was not going to Mexico "to deal with the price of Mexican gas—though that is an immediate and divisive problem—but with the price of neglect.
Democratic Messages From Brazil
Authors: Jacqueney Theodore
Published: September 2018

Brazil grows good coffee and grotesque military despots. Now increasing numbers of courageous Brazilians are trying to recultivate democracy. Under the military regime that has ruled Brazil for the last fourteen-and-a-half years, torture and executions have been widespread, although the predations of the notorious "death squads" have abated in recent years. Perhaps ten thousand people, however, remain in political exile. Nearly five thousand more are official "nonpersons," with political and civil rights annulled, passports and travel rights withdrawn, and employment or business opportunities curtailed.
Reflections on American Religion
Authors: Nuechterlein James A.
Published: September 2018

America is a religious nation, but its historians, like most of its intellectuals, tend to be secular. As a result, American religious history has remained until relatively recently an intellectually underdeveloped field. The prevailing liberal and secular biases of most historians produced overviews of church history notable for anachronistic judgments and a general tendency to miss the point of religious experience. The history of American religion was regularly written from a perspective in which the chief ends of faith were liberty of conscience and the transformation of the social order. (These comments apply particularly to what might be termed the textbook consensus on American religion; they are less true of monographic studies or of the myriad—and often filiopietistic—denominational histories. As Herbert Butterfield noted almost fifty years ago in The Whig Interpretation of History, whig biases normally crop up in broad historical overviews rather than in detailed researches.)
Sowing Mexican Petroleum
Authors: Meissner Frank
Published: September 2018

Throughout most of the twentieth century Mexico's rural sector has been an open sore. In the years following the 1910-17 revolution, large private estates were expropriated by the government and divided into tiny plots for distribution to landless peasants. But political power soon passed from the countryside to the cities. The peasants, victorious in the revolution, were largely neglected by subsequent “revolutionary” governments.

As a result, the near-feudal social conditions of nineteenth-century Mexico were perpetuated. Most peasants, lacking credit, seeds, fertilizer, machinery, and education, were scarcely able to feed their own families. With each new generation the tiny plots were further subdivided and more and more farmers were forced to migrate to cities or to follow seasonal crop harvests as far north as the United States.
A Contagion of Peace
Authors: Zahn Gordon C.
Published: September 2018

Easter, 1982, marked the nineteenth anniversary of Pope John XXIII's greatest encyclical, Pacem in Terris (“Peace on Earth“), a document whose impact, rather than diminishing, shows every indication of growing in the years to come. The encyclical, I should explain, has had a special meaning for me. As one of a ridiculously small band of self-styled Catholic “pacificists,” who had experienced during World War II the unwillingness of our fellow communicants to accept us as anything more than a “lunatic fringe,” u was always necessary for us to scratch for whatever support might be found in respectable sources—a reference to Scripture here, an episcopal or papal utterence there. Imagine my joy, then, when suddenly we had a whole encyclical we could call our own!
The Great Illegal Alien Debate
Authors: Smardz Zofia J.
Published: September 2018

Odeh Mutawe Korian was late for his deportation hearing. His brother and an interpreter sat ill at ease in the chamber where the immigration judge and the government prosecutor exchanged annoyed glances as the minutes ticked by. At 9:15 A.M., fifteen minutes late, an unshaven, disheveled little man rushed in followed by two Immigration Service agents, nodded curtly at no one in particular, and slumped into a chair. He stared morosely at a spot on the table before him.

“Please remove your hat,” the judge said. The little man reached up to tear off his beret without shifting his gaze, avoiding all the eyes fixed upon him.
Cambodia: The Ambiguities
Authors: Ablin David A. , Hood Marlowe
Published: September 2018

Since 1970 Cambodia has experienced a coup d'état, civil war, saturation bombing, revolution, genocide, invasion, occupation, and famine. This spring is the tenth anniversary of the Communist revolutions that swept Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos in 1975. For Cambodians, and anyone concerned with that much-punished country, it is an opportunity to reflect—and mourn.

No name is more closely tied with Cambodia's postwar history than that of Prince Norodom Sihanouk. Placed on the throne by French colonial authorities in 1941 at the age of nineteen, Sihanouk gained international fame during his Croisade Royale pour l' Independence, which reached fruition with the Geneva Accords of 1954. Abdicating shortly thereafter, Sihanouk formed a political party that swept the first National Assembly elections. He ruled without interruption until 1970.
The Art of Spying
Authors: Koltz Newton
Published: September 2018

To my knowledge I've met only one true spy. He didn't disappoint me.

Some years ago I was visiting a writer friend in Washington who lived in a large luxury apartment complex a mile or so northwest of the Watergate. Because it was close enough to evening to justify our consuming something stronger than tea, and because we felt that it would be more enjoyable to do so with company, we decided to visit a friend of the writer’s who lived in the same complex. The friend had been one of the CIA’s top people in Vietnam, but when I met him he was retired from the Agency—or so he said.

He was a tall fellow, about fifty years old, fit, goodlooking, with a graying, aristrocratic mane of hair and a well-tanned face—the kind of man advertisers like to place at the helm of a sixty-foot sloop. And he was as witty, charming, and intelligent as he was good-looking. In fact, he was much fun to talk to—no simple cold war party line from him, you bet. Whatever line he followed was way beyond that.
Goethe’s Weltanschauung
Authors: Groos Arthur
Published: September 2018

Until fairly recently it was a general assumption throughout the Western world that educated men of every nation, language, and class shared a common tradition based upon the heritage of classical antiquity. Latin, the universal language of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, remained the focus of education as well as the language of learned discourse until well into the eighteenth century. James Boswell could still avoid being arrested for espionage in Germany in 1764 by explaining himself in Latin; but except for such an anachronistic "adventure (as Boswell called it), the classics had already surrendered their influence outside the classroom to the Babel of modern languages and literatures. The peace and unity of the Christian Middle Ages, Novalis lamented nostalgically in 1799, had degenerated into European diversity and conflict.
The Question of Détente
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J.
Published: September 2018

Détente is one of those concepts that perhaps only a theologian is qualified to discuss, because it is a general, abstract concept that can mean anything to anybody. Indeed, the main attraction of the concept lies in this generality and abstractness. Obviously, you cannot come out against detente and in favor of bigger and better tensions. No more than you can come out against peace and in favor of war. Or in favor of hatred and against the brotherhood of man. Thus we are dealing with a concept that in itself is perfectly meaningless. It means nothing to say that there is détente between the United States and the Soviet Union without going down the list of points of tension and asking yourself what has happened with those tensions because of a so-called détente.
Nationalism, Identity, and a More Secure World Order
Authors: Smart Ninian
Published: September 2018

Human beings find their dignity and honor in their identities. In the modern world, for various reasons, the most powerful form of identity has become national or ethnic identity. It is this that makes nationalism a more powerful force in shaping feelings and determining the structures of our world than even the great ideologies and religions. This fact is often obscured because we conduct political debate in terms of philosophies, whether they concentrate on economic arrangements or on constitutional structures: The confrontations are posed in terms of capitalism and socialism, democracy and totalitarianism, liberalism and Marxism. These are not, of course, unimportant issues, but they operate mostly within the matrix of the nationstate. The common assumption is that each state should have its nation and each nation its state.
The Death of Bhutto and the Future of Pakistan
Authors: Shah Mowahid H.
Published: September 2018

In the early hours of Wednesday, April 4, 1979, the engimatic life of ex-Premier Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was ended by a hangman's noose, at the express direction of General Mohammed Zia ul-Haq, whom Bhutto a few years ago had lifted from virtual obscurity to be his. chief of staff. Pakistan's most formidable politician died after a nineteen-month legal battle over charges that he had conspired to murder a political opponent. The death watch for Bhutto may be over— but not the turbulence in Pakistan.

Carved out of British India in 1947, Pakistan was created in response to Muslim nationalism articulated by a visionary lawyer, Mohammed Ali Jinnah. To date the country is still struggling to validate its creation.
New Zealand: Troubles in Paradise
Authors: Finkelstein David
Published: September 2018

Lulled by a serene exterior and enchanted by exquisite scenery, visitors to New Zealand continue to look upon it as “God's own country.” Roughly the size of Japan or the state of Colorado and populated by ten million cows, seventy million sheep, and a mere three million people, how could it be otherwise? Even the venerable James Reston has swallowed the line that New Zealanders are free of the problems that vex the rest of the world. “Otherwise, all is as silent here as the sheep in the fields,” he wrote after a visit to the Antipodes several years ago, “and this may be their most serious dilemma. For they make no trouble and therefore make no news.” No news, perhaps, but like most places throughout the world, New Zealand has its troubles.

For the past decade New Zealand has been having increasingly serious economic difficulties; and since the country is generally twelve to eighteen months behind major international economic movements, predictions are that conditions will continue to deteriorate, at least through 1983.
David Halberstam Tells Stories About Important People
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: September 2018

The Powers That Be is the transcript of a talkfest. One must imagine the raconteur among friends: The dinner was excellent, the drinks are plentiful, and the audience is sympathetic, eager to enjoy and to believe. Best of all, the storyteller has stories to tell. As he explains, he has spent five years cozing with the great and the near-the-great, mining stories comic and sad, racy and droll, but all touched by certified celebrity and therefore worthy of attention. Covering forty years of the movers and shakers, and the moved and shaken, in the communications media, the transcript is not unlike 770 closeprinted pages of People magazine. Pseudo-sophisticates who think themselves above that sort of thing ignore the fact that Halberstam's gossip is in the service of a very solemn thesis. That thesis, repeated frequently lest the drowsy miss it, is that the media, especially television, have revolutionized American politics and society. Indeed they have taken over.
American and Soviet Perspectives on Human Rights
Authors: Berman Harold J.
Published: September 2018

With the rapidly increasing interdependence of all people who inhabit the planet Earth, it has become widely accepted that the ways in which a country acts toward its own citizens may also have important consequences for citizens of other countries. More particularly, a state that systematically represses the fundamental rights of its own subjects is apt to be viewed as a potential threat to the peace and security of other states as well. This view is supported by the United Nations Charter, which expressly links the cause of human rights with the cause of world peace.
Versailles Plus Sixty
Authors: Shepardson Donald E.
Published: September 2018

Never since ancient times,” wrote Frank Dilnot for the New York Times, “has a Continent received an individual with the expectation and interest that Europe will receive President Wilson….” The assessment was accurate. When Woodrow Wilson arrived in France on December 13, 1918, a month before the opening of the peace conference at Versailles, he came as the savior of Europe and was welcomed as such.

The trip to Europe was a gamble, one he himself had said would be the “greatest success or the supreme tragedy” of history. He realized that the statesmen of Europe did not want him at the peace conference, and for that reason alone he felt he must go. For him the conference would be a struggle between the forces of good, of the New Diplomacy, and the forces of the Old Diplomacy, which had brought about the Great War and were still being pursued by the statesmen of Europe. “Europe is still governed by the same reactionary forces which controlled this country until a few years ago. But I am satisfied that if necessary I can reach the peoples of Europe over the heads ortheir Rulers.” During the war itself Wilson's methods and goals had been resented by Allied leaders, but he had gone ahead in spite of them and had succeeded in obtaining an armistice based on the Fourteen Points. In securing the peace, he would use the same methods.
Guatemalan Shoeshine Boy
Authors: Jacob Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2018

The shoeshine boy is a permanent, though far from motionless, part of the landscape of Latin America's city centers. Barefoot, in tattered clothing, and with dirty faces and hands, Latin America's shoeshine boys crowd parks and squares, prowl up and down city streets, and pass in and out of office buildings and stores in search of customers for their services. They are everywhere; even the most casual tourist finds it difficult to avoid them. Tagging after the obvious North American, they ask, in heavy Spanish accents, “Shoeshine, mister? Shoeshine, mister?”
The Buddhist and the Secular
Authors: Buultjens Ralph
Published: September 2018

Religion and the process of modernization have encountered each other with dramatic consequences in various parts of the world. Southeast Asia is now undergoing such an encounter, with consequences still to be determined. For Buddhism presents itself in this encounter in ways that are quite different from those of other religions.

Recent trends in international politics suggest the beginnings of a new relationship between the industrial nations of the world and the Third World countries. The traditional worldview of the affluent—in which developing nations were assigned a secondary or supporting role—has undergone a radical change as these states increasingly influence global events.
Spain's Democratic Transition—a Progress Report
Authors: Martin Benjamin
Published: September 2018

To many Spaniards the country's journey back to democratic rule probably seems like a wild toboggan ride. The hectic succession of developments this year has done little to belie that impression.

During December, 1978, Spain's post-Franco constitution was adopted and the parliamentary elections that took place within three months, on March 1, resulted in major changes in the political balance. Then, on April 3, came the first municipal elections Spain has held since the Thirties, producing unprecedented gains for the Left. By May what little political calm the country managed to preserve was diminished even further by the onset of a severe crisis within the Socialist Workers' party, the country's second most important political force. The midyear negotiations between Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez and the major political groups did arrive at long last at an accord on autonomy status for the Basque and Catalonian regions, a development that served to break up a major political logjam.
The Press, The State & The Bomb
Authors: Manoff Robert Karl
Published: September 2018

For most reporters the atomic age began with a press release. "It's a statement from the president, "Assistant White House Press Secretary Eben Ayers told those gathered at the Monday-morning briefing on August 6, 1945, and he began to read:

Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese Army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. It had more than two thousand times the blast power of the British "Grand Slam" which is the largest bomb ever yet used in the history of warfare....

It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the sun draws its powers has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East.
The Necessity of the Improbable
Authors: Geyer Alan
Published: September 2018

Day after day after day the dreary drumfire of belligerent words and deeds rolled out of Jimmy Carter's Washington while the U.N. Special Session on Disarmament was meeting in New York during May and June. This first world disarmament assembly in forty-six years was made hostage to a small retinue of image-makers who persuaded a besieged president that, for domestic reasons, he must keep up a relentless fusillade of tough anti-Soviet talk and gestures, avoiding any taint of appeasement.

So Jimmy Carter came to believe he could not risk offering any significant policy initiatives toward a new international disarmament program. He was even persuaded that he should personally boycott the Special Session—though he was president of the host country for the largest U.N. aggregation of summit-level personalities since Nikita Khrushchev banged his shoe eighteen years ago. As press secretary Jody Powell explained it, the president was “too busy” preparing major addresses for NATO and the U.S. Naval Academy to appear at the United Nations. The fact that the dates for the Special Session had been set before Carter's inauguration—and spread from May 23 to the end of June—did not find any reflection in Powell's announcement.
Can NEG placement have negative consequences (for efficient processing)? A bilingual test case
Authors: LIPSKI JOHN M.
Published: September 2018

The present study examines the relative processing efficiency of two typologically diverse configurations of sentential negation: immediately preverbal NEG and unbounded clause-final NEG. In order to effect a head-to-head comparison, the data are drawn from a bilingual speech community in the Afro-Colombian village of San Basilio de Palenque, in which two lexically cognate languages are in contact, differing principally in the placement of the sentential negator: Spanish (preverbal NEG) and the Afro-Hispanic creole language Palenquero (clause-final NEG). The results of a series of experiments suggest that preverbal negation is quite robust, while processing of clause-final negation is degraded under increased cognitive demands. Contextual and pragmatic cues ameliorate the processing of likely negative utterances, while unbounded clause-final negation is more vulnerable in ambiguous utterances. The contrasting behavior of Spanish and Palenquero negation highlights the possible role of processing mechanisms as contributing to typological differences among languages.
Alternative habitat: the importance of the Nanpu Saltpans for migratory waterbirds in the Chinese Yellow Sea
Authors: LEI WEIPAN , MASERO JOSÉ A. , PIERSMA THEUNIS , ZHU BINGRUN , YANG HONG-YAN , ZHANG ZHENGWANG
Published: September 2018

The natural coastal wetlands of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF) are disappearing at alarming rates, leading to rapid declines of many populations of waterbirds in the most species-rich flyway in the world. The identification and assessment of possible alternative habitats that may buffer the loss of natural wetlands should, therefore, be a priority for the conservation of migratory waterbirds using this flyway. Coastal saltpans are functional wetlands that support large numbers of waterbirds worldwide. The Nanpu Saltpans in the northern Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea in China are one of the largest (290 km2) saltpan complexes in the world. In this paper, we document the value of the Nanpu Saltpans for supporting waterbirds. The surveys, carried out from 2013 to 2016, included waterbird counts in the saltpans (93 km2) at high and low tide and on the adjacent natural tidal flats (57 km2) at low tide. Of the 89 waterbird species recorded, 27 had maximum counts exceeding the 1% threshold value of estimated flyway populations. The maximum counts of waterbirds in northward migration and southward migration in the Nanpu Saltpans were 96,000 and 93,500, respectively, including both foraging and roosting birds; these figures do not account for turnover, so the total number of birds using the site is likely to be higher. The maximum counts on the adjacent tidal flats at low tide amounted to 73,000 and 20,000 waterbirds during northward and southward migration, respectively, and most of them were foraging birds. In the boreal winter, few birds fed in the saltpans, but several thousand fed on the tidal flats. Waterbirds used the inland ponds (2.0–18.0 km from the intertidal area) mainly for feeding both during low tide and high tide and used the nearshore ponds (0.3–4.3 km from the intertidal area) mainly for high-tide roosting. Some species, such as Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis, Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta, and Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus, occurred mainly in the saltpans; other species preferred tidal flats, such as Red Knot Calidris canutus, Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica, Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata, Relict Gull Larus relictus, and Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola. This study clearly demonstrates the joint ecological function of the Nanpu Saltpan complex and adjacent tidal flats as a key staging area for waterbirds in the EAAF, and as such both urgently warrant protected status.
Modelling bilingual lexical processing: A research agenda and desiderabilia
Authors: DIJKSTRA TON , WAHL ALEXANDER , BUYTENHUIJS FRANKA , VAN HALEM NINO , AL-JIBOURI ZINA , DE KORTE MARCEL , REKKÉ STEVEN
Published: September 2018

Like the BIA model (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 1998; van Heuven, Dijkstra & Grainger, 1998) and the BIA+ model (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002), the Multilink model is a symbolic, localist-connectionist, interactive model for lexical processing in the visual domain. In our view, thesymbolicnature of Multilink makes it attractive and easily interpretable, even in relation to brain activity (Page, 2000, p. 501; 2017). Symbolic localist-connectionist models have a long tradition and have been applied to many different areas of cognitive research (e.g., Grainger & Jacobs, 1998). As a consequence, a lot is known about their properties and limitations (e.g., Bowers, 2009). These models can also easily be organized hierarchically in a cognitive functional way, and they have a reasonable degree of flexibility while still being falsifiable. Thus, despite the availability of other sophisticated frameworks for modeling language processes, a lot can still be gained from localist models.
Incidence of abdominal obesity and its risk factors among Tehranian adults
Authors: Barzin Maryam , Piri Zahra , Serahati Sara , Valizadeh Majid , Azizi Fereidoun , Hosseinpanah Farhad
Published: September 2018

Objective

Abdominal obesity (AO) is a relative risk factor for cardiovascular events. We aimed to determine the 6-year incidence of AO and its risk factors among Tehranian adults.

Design/Setting/Subjects

In this population-based cohort study, non-abdominally obese participants, aged ≥20 years, were followed for incidence of AO. Cumulative incidence and incidence rate of AO were calculated for each sex. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine the association of potential risk factors including age, BMI, dysmetabolic state, smoking, marital status, educational level and physical activity (PA).

Results

A total of 5044 participants (1912 men) were followed for a median of 6 years. Mean age was 37·7 (sd 13·5) years at baseline, with mean BMI of 24·3 (sd 3·1) kg/m2 (men, 23·0 (sd 2·4) kg/m2; women, 25·0 (sd 3·2) kg/m2). During follow-up, 3093 (1373 men) developed AO with total cumulative incidence of 76·02, 83·59 and 70·90 %, for the whole population, men and women, respectively. Corresponding incidence rates were 96·0, 138·7 and 77·1 per 1000 person-years. The highest incidence rate was observed during their 30s and 50s, in men and women, respectively. Subjects with dysmetabolic state in both sexes, married women, men with lower PA and higher educational levels at baseline were at higher risk of AO.

Conclusions

The incidence of AO is high among Tehranian adults, especially in young men. The risk factors for developing AO should be highlighted to halt this growing trend of AO.
Facility infrastructure of primary health services regarding tuberculosis control: a countrywide cross-sectional study
Authors: Baumgarten Alexandre , Hilgert Juliana B. , Pinto Ione C. , Zacharias Fabiana C. M. , Bulgarelli Alexandre F.
Published: September 2018

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health problem in many countries, including Brazil. Primary health care (PHC) services are a set of important services with infrastructure and resources to diagnose, treat, and cure several diseases, including the TB.

Aim

The aim of this study is to analyse aspects of the facility infrastructure of Brazilian PHC, regarding the control and treatment of TB from a countrywide perspective.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study based on PHC services. Data were collected from 38,812 health centres and were assessed by means of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality Primary Care. The outcome was obtained by the presence and availability of the following infrastructure items: air circulation in the consultation room, refrigerator, individual protective equipment, plastic jar for sputum examination, and TB notification form of the primary care information system. Poisson regression was used to calculate the prevalence ratio.

Findings

Of the 38,812 evaluated centres, only 1628 (4.2%) presented a positive result regarding the outcome. Primary health centres, among all types of centres, presented the highest quality of facility infrastructure for TB control. Centres with large workloads, as well as those that presented a list of offered services and a welcoming consulting room, also presented the highest quality infrastructure. The present study shows that major improvements should be made to the infrastructure to reach a satisfactory TB control in Brazil.
STYLE AND PERSONHOOD: THE CASE OF THE AMASIS PAINTER
Authors: Whitley James
Published: September 2018

For archaeologists discussion of style is unavoidable. Within classical archaeology ‘style’ is closely associated with connoisseurship as practised by J. D. Beazley. Style identifies individuals, artistic personalities such as the Amasis Painter. This notion of style necessarily overlaps with another debate within both anthropology and prehistoric archaeology (personhood) which also touches on an older discussion within classical studies. These two debates have remained strangers to each other. The article explores these issues in relation to the iconography of hares and arming scenes. Notions of personhood and agency force us to re-evaluate such iconography and its effectiveness as narrative.
Examining Forest Structure With Terrestrial Lidar: Suggestions and Novel Techniques Based on Comparisons Between Scanners and Forest Treatments
Authors: Donager Jonathon J. , Sankey Temuulen Ts. , Sankey Joel B. , Sanchez Meador Andrew J. , Springer Abraham E. , Bailey John D.
Published: September 2018

Terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) provide a tool to assess and monitor forest structure across forest landscapes. We present TLS methods, suggestions, and mapped guidelines for planning TLS acquisitions at varying scales and forest densities. We examined rates of point‐density decline with distance from two TLS that acquire data at relatively high and low point density and found that the rates were nearly identical between scanners (pvalue <0.01), suggesting that our findings are applicable to a range of TLS types. Using unique, TLS‐adapted processing methods, we determined the relative accuracy of TLS‐derived plot‐scale estimates of tree height, diameter‐at‐breast‐height, height‐to‐canopy, tree counts, as well as treatment‐scale tree density and patch metrics, using both high point density and low point density TLS among thinned and nonthinned forest treatments. The high‐density TLS consistently provides more accurate estimates of plot‐level metrics (R2 = 0.46 to 0.87) than the low‐density TLS (R2 = −0.14 to 0.53). At treatment scales, tree density estimates are similar among scanners (R2 = 0.95 vs. 0.71), as are canopy cover and patch metrics. We develop and present the normalized density‐distance index (NDDI), which can account for up to 59% of the variance in estimate error and can be used to guide TLS‐data acquisition plans. This index indicates whether a given location has generally higher point density (higher NDDI) relative to the distance from the scanner and can be used as a proxy for uncertainty. Using NDDI as a guide for fair comparison between scanners, both plot‐ and treatment‐scale estimates improved.
Gas Transfer by Breaking Waves
Authors: Deike Luc , Melville W. Kendall
Published: September 2018

The transfer of gases at the ocean‐atmosphere interface impacts weather and climate from local to global scales, with carbon dioxide (CO2) key to marine life and ecosystems, and dimethyl sulfide affecting aerosols and atmospheric processes. However, the bubble‐mediated gas transfer, associated with breaking waves has remained poorly constrained. We present a spectral framework for bubble‐mediated gas transfer, computed from a mechanistic model for air bubble entrainment at the breaking wave scale combined with a chemical model. Gas transfer is upscaled to the ocean scale by evaluating air entrainment at all wave scales using wave and wave breaking statistics. The obtained CO2 gas transfer velocity reproduces the variability of historical parameterizations and recent field measurements, with very good accuracy. We propose a wind‐wave parameterization that collapses all available data, which can be directly implemented in ocean‐wave models or used with remote sensing of the ocean surface to infer gas transfer.
Coupled Model Biases Breed Spurious Low‐Frequency Variability in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Coats Sloan , Smerdon Jason E. , Zhang Lei
Published: September 2018

Coupled general circulation model (GCM) biases in the tropical Pacific are substantial, including a westward extended cold sea surface temperature (SST) bias linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Investigation of internal climate variability at centennial timescales using multicentury control integrations of 27 GCMs suggests that a Pacific Centennial Oscillation emerges in GCMs with too strong ENSO variability in the equatorial Pacific, including westward extended SST variability. Using a stochastic model of climate variability (Hasselmann type), we diagnose such centennial SST variance in the western equatorial Pacific. The consistency of a simple stochastic model with complex GCMs suggests that a previously defined Pacific Centennial Oscillation may be driven by biases in high‐frequency ENSO forcing in the western equatorial Pacific. A cautious evaluation of long‐term trends in the tropical Pacific from GCMs is necessary because significant trends in historical and future simulations are possible consequences of biases in simulated internal variability alone.
Combined Scattering of Outer Radiation Belt Electrons by Simultaneously Occurring Chorus, Exohiss, and Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Hua Man , Ni Binbin , Fu Song , Gu Xudong , Xiang Zheng , Cao Xing , Zhang Wenxun , He Ying , Huang He , Lou Yuequn , Zhang Yang
Published: September 2018

We report a typical event that fast magnetosonic (MS) waves, exohiss, and two‐band chorus waves occurred simultaneously on the dayside observed by Van Allen Probes on 25 December 2013. By combining calculations of electron diffusion coefficients and 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we quantitatively analyze the combined scattering effect of multiple waves to demonstrate that the net impact of combined scattering does not simply depend on the wave intensity dominance of various plasma waves. Although the observed MS waves are most intense, the electron butterfly distribution is inhibited by exohiss and chorus, and electrons are considerably accelerated by combined scattering of MS and chorus waves. The simulated electron pitch angle distributions exhibit the variation trend consistent with the observations. Our results strongly suggest that competition and cooperation between resonant interactions with concurrently occurring magnetospheric waves need to be carefully treated in modeling and comprehending the radiation belt electron dynamics.
A Limit for the Values of the Dst Geomagnetic Index
Authors: Acero F. J. , Vaquero J. M. , Gallego M. C. , García J. A.
Published: September 2018

The study of the extreme weather space events is important for a technological‐dependent society. Extreme value theory could be decisive to characterize those extreme events in order to have the knowledge to make decisions in technological, economic, and social matters, in all fields with possible impacts. In this work, the hourly values of the Dst geomagnetic index have been studied for the period 1957–2014 using the peaks‐over‐threshold technique. The shape parameter obtained from the fit of the generalized Pareto distribution to the extreme values of the |Dst| index leads to a negative value implying an upper bound for this time series. This result is relevant because the estimation of this limit for the extreme values leads to 850 nT as the highest expected value for this geomagnetic index. Thus, from the previous characterization of the Carrington geomagnetic storm and our results, it could be considered the worst‐case scenario.
Surface Pond Energy Absorption Across Four Himalayan Glaciers Accounts for 1/8 of Total Catchment Ice Loss
Authors: Miles Evan S. , Willis Ian , Buri Pascal , Steiner Jakob F. , Arnold Neil S. , Pellicciotti Francesca
Published: September 2018

Glaciers in High Mountain Asia, many of which exhibit surface debris, contain the largest volume of ice outside of the polar regions. Many contain supraglacial pond networks that enhance melt rates locally, but no large‐scale assessment of their impact on melt rates exists. Here we use surface energy balance modeling forced using locally measured meteorological data and monthly satellite‐derived pond distributions to estimate the total melt enhancement for the four main glaciers within the 400‐km2 Langtang catchment, Nepal, for a 6‐month period in 2014. Ponds account for 0.20 ± 0.03 m/year of surface melt, representing a local melt enhancement of a factor of 14 ± 3 compared with the debris‐covered area, and equivalent to 12.5 ± 2.0% of total catchment ice loss. Given the prevalence of supraglacial ponds across the region, our results suggest that effective incorporation of melt enhancement by ponds is essential for accurate predictions of future mass balance change in the region.
MiR-423-5p in brain metastasis: potential role in diagnostics and molecular biology
Authors: Sun Guogui , Ding Xiao , Bi Nan , Wu Lihong , Wang Jingbo , Zhang WenJue , Dong Xin , Lv Ning , Song Yongmei , Zhan Qimin , Wang LuHua
Published: September 2018

During the last several years, a growing number of studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in cancer metastasis. Brain metastasis (BM) is a frequent complication of lung adenocarcinoma (LAD), and the incidence of locally advanced LAD with BM can be as high as 30–50%. This study was performed to identify the miRNA expression patterns of LAD with BM and to determine the biological role that miRNAs play in tumorigenesis. To this end, we conducted microarray and quantitative PCR analyses to evaluate BM-related miRNAs independently validated from a total of 155 patients with LAD. A series of in vivo and in vitro assays were also conducted to verify the impact of miRNAs on BM. We found significantly increased expression of miR-423-5p, and BM was predicted in non-small cell lung cancer when compared to LAD without BM. We next examined the function of miR-423-5p and discovered that it significantly promoted colony formation, cell motility, migration, and invasion in vitro. We computationally and experimentally confirmed that metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) was a direct miR-423-5p target. Through a combination of image, histological, and molecular analyses, we found that miR-423-5p overexpression significantly increased tumor burden, local invasion, and distant BM. The level of MTSS1 expression was inversely correlated with miR-423-5p upregulation in the LAD specimens and was associated with survival of patients with BM. MiR-423-5p promoted BM in LAD and inhibited MTSS1 expression. Together, these results show that MiR-423-5p has the potential to be a marker of BM and/or a therapeutic target in LAD.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Idelalisib promotes Bim-dependent apoptosis through AKT/FoxO3a in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yue Dan , Sun Xun
Published: September 2018

Idelalisib, a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, has been approved by the FDA for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma treatment and for follicular lymphoma treatment when combined with rituximab. However, the mechanisms of effective action of idelalisib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In the current study, we aimed to investigate how idelalisib inhibits the growth of HCC cells and enhances the effects of other chemotherapeutic drugs. Our results show that idelalisib treatment promotes Bim induction in HCC via the FoxO3a pathway following PI3K/AKT inactivation. Moreover, our results show that Bim is required for idelalisib-mediated apoptosis in HCC. Idelalisib also synergizes with sorafenib or doxorubicin to induce significant apoptosis in HCC, and Bim is also necessary for the induction of apoptosis by cotreatment. Furthermore, a xenograft experiment reveals that the Bim deficiency abolishes apoptosis and antitumor effects of idelalisib in vivo. In summary, our results indicate a key role of Bim in mediating the antitumor effects of idelalisib in HCC. Our results also support the clinical significance of the drug.