bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESCAPE: a randomised controlled trial of computer‐tailored smoking cessation advice in primary care
Authors: Gilbert Hazel M. , Leurent Baptiste , Sutton Stephen , Alexis‐Garsee Camille , Morris Richard W. , Nazareth Irwin
Published: October 2012

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of tailored cessation advice reports, including levels of reading ability, compared with a generic self‐help booklet.

Design

Participants were randomised to receive standard non‐tailored information or to receive standard information plus a cessation advice report and a progress report, both tailored to individual characteristics.

Setting

One hundred and twenty‐three general practices located throughout the UK.

Participants

Questionnaires were mailed to 58 660 current cigarette smokers aged 18–65 years, identified from general practitioner records. Of the 6911 (11.8%) who completed the questionnaire, provided consent and were enrolled into the study, 6697 (11.4%) were included in the analysis.

Measurements

Follow‐up was by postal questionnaire sent six months after randomisation, or by telephone interview for participants failing to return the questionnaire. The primary outcome was self‐reported prolonged abstinence for at least three months at the six‐month follow‐up.

Findings

Quit rates on the primary outcome were not significantly different (3.2% versus 2.7%) (OR = 1.20, 95% CI [0.94, 1.54], P = 0.15). A significantly higher proportion of intervention group participants made a quit attempt during the follow‐up period (32.3% versus 29.6%; OR = 1.13, 95% CI [1.01, 1.26], P = 0.026).

Conclusion

ESCAPE, a brief tailored smoking cessation intervention delivered by post and designed to reach a wide population of smokers, appears to increase the rate at which smokers try to stop, but if there is an effect on prolonged abstinence it is small.
Graphic imagery is not sufficient for increased attention to cigarette warnings: the role of text captions
Authors: Brown Kyle G. , Reidy John G. , Weighall Anna R. , Arden Madelynne A.
Published: October 2012

Aims

The present study aims to assess the extent to which attention to UK cigarette warnings is attributable to the graphic nature of the content.

Design

A visual dot probe task was utilised, with the warnings serving as critical stimuli that were manipulated for the presence of graphic versus neutral image content, and the accompanying text caption. This mixed design yielded image content (graphic versus neutrally‐matched images) and presence (versus absence) of text caption as within subjects variables and smoking status as a between‐participants variable.

Setting

The experiment took place within the laboratories of a UK university.

Participants

Eighty‐six psychology undergraduates (51% smokers, 69% female), predominantly of Caucasian ethnicity took part.

Measurements

Reaction times towards probes replacing graphic images relative to probes replacing neutral images were utilised to create an index of attentional bias.

Findings

Bias scores (M = 10.20 ± 2.56) highlighted that the graphic image content of the warnings elicited attentional biases (relative to neutral images) for smokers. This only occurred in the presence of an accompanying text caption [t (43) = 3.950, P < 0.001] as opposed to when no caption was present [t (43) = 0.029, P = 0.977]. Non‐smokers showed no biases in both instances.

Conclusions

Graphic imagery on cigarette packets increases attentional capture, but only when accompanied by a text message about health risks.
Subtypes of disordered gamblers: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Nower Lia , Martins Silvia S. , Lin Keng‐Han , Blanco Carlos
Published: October 2012

Aims

To derive empirical subtypes of problem gamblers based on etiological and clinical characteristics described in the Pathways Model, using data from a nationally representative survey of US adults.

Design & measurement

Data were collected from structured diagnostic face‐to‐face interviews using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule DSM‐IV version IV (AUDADIS‐IV).

Setting

The study utilized data from US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).

Participants

All disordered gambling participants (n = 581) from a nationally representative cross‐sectional sample of civilian non‐institutionalized adults aged 18 years or older.

Findings

Latent class analyses indicated that the best‐fitting model was a three‐class solution. Those in the largest class (class 1: 50.76%, n = 295) reported the lowest overall levels of psychopathology including gambling problem severity and mood disorders. In contrast, respondents in class 2 (20.06%, n = 117) had a high probability of endorsing past‐year substance use disorders, moderate probabilities of having parents with alcohol/drug problems and of having a personality disorder, and the highest probability for past‐year mood disorders. Respondents in class 3 (29.18%, n = 169) had the highest probabilities of personality and prior‐to‐past year mood disorders, substance use disorders, separation/divorce, drinking‐related physical fights and parents with alcohol/drug problems and/or a history of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).

Conclusions

Three subtypes of disordered gamblers can be identified, roughly corresponding to the subtypes of the Pathways Model, ranging from a subgroup with low levels of gambling severity and psychopathology to one with high levels of gambling problem severity and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Pregnancy after bariatric surgery – a review of benefits and risks
Authors: KJÆR METTE MANDRUP , NILAS LISBETH
Published: October 2012

Background

When other weight loss attempts have failed, bariatric surgery offers a successful alternative for obesity. Since operations are performed during women's reproductive years, the number of pregnant women with prior bariatric surgery is increasing. Bariatric surgery results in restriction of food intake and/or malabsorption leading to weight loss, but may induce a risk for malnutrition and pregnancy complications.

Method

Systematically conducted review addressing pregnancy after bariatric surgery using the PubMed and Cochrane databases.

Main outcome measures

Birthweight, gestational age, birth defects, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and mode of delivery.

Results

We included 17 articles in English, comparing pregnancies in women with prior bariatric surgery to pregnancies in a control group without this. There was considerable heterogeneity in study design and six of the studies included <50 women with bariatric surgery. Eight studies described lower birthweight and lower risk of macrosomia after bariatric surgery, but in six there was no difference. Five studies indicated a higher risk of small‐for‐gestational age infants, but only compared with non‐obese women or severely obese controls. There was no difference in gestational length. Only one study suggested a higher risk of birth defects after surgery. The maternal risk of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus was lower after bariatric surgery. Results regarding mode of delivery are conflicting.

Conclusion

Pregnancy after bariatric surgery seems safe but larger studies matching or adjusting for body mass index are needed to improve the surveillance of these pregnancies and to assist in preventing adverse outcomes.
Increase in impaired motor coordination in six‐year‐old German children between 1990 and 2007
Authors: Seelaender J , Fidler V , Hadders‐Algra M
Published: October 2012

Aim

To evaluate changes in prevalence of impaired motor coordination among 6‐year‐olds of a geographically defined area in Germany between the years 1990 and 2007.

Methods

Data from the obligatory school entrance examinations in the German state of North Rhine Westphalia between the years 1990 and 2007 were used. The number of children assessed per year varied from 81 517 to 124 086. The classification of impaired motor coordination was based on the combination of standardized screening and physicians’ clinical impression of need of treatment. Logistic regression modelling was performed to evaluate the changes in prevalence of impaired motor coordination.

Results

Between 1990 and 2007, the prevalence of impaired motor coordination rose from 2.5% to 8.9% in boys and from 0.8% to 3.6% in girls. As the standard error of these percentages is below 0.15%, the changes are highly statistically significant.

Conclusion

The prevalence of impaired motor coordination tripled during the last decades in North Rhine Westphalia. This may imply that the prevalence of Developmental Coordination Disorder also increased. Factors that may explain the increasing prevalence include the increase in surviving preterm infants, increasing parental age at child birth, maternal and child obesity and decreasing child mobility.
Review article: associations between immune activation, intestinal permeability and the irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Matricon J. , Meleine M. , Gelot A. , Piche T. , Dapoigny M. , Muller E. , Ardid D.
Published: October 2012

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, markedly impairing patients' quality of life. Drug development for IBS treatment has been hampered by the lack of understanding of IBS aetiology. In recent years, numerous data have emerged that suggest the involvement of immune activation in IBS, at least in a subset of patients.

Aim

To determine whether immune activation and intestinal permeabilisation are more frequently observed in IBS patients compared with healthy controls.

Methods

The scientific bibliography was searched using the following keywords: irritable bowel syndrome, inflammation, immune activation, permeabilisation, intestine, assay, histology and human. The retrieved studies, including blood, faecal and histological studies, were analysed to provide a comprehensive and structured overview of the available data including the type of assay, type of inflammatory marker investigated or intestinal segment studied.

Results

Immune activation was more frequently observed in IBS patients than in healthy controls. An increase in the number of mast cells and lymphocytes, an alteration in cytokine levels and intestinal permeabilisation were reported in IBS patients. No consistent changes in the numbers of B cells or enterochromaffin cells or in mucosal serotonin production were demonstrated.

Conclusions

The changes observed were modest and often heterogeneous among the studied population. Only appropriate interventions improving irritable bowel syndrome symptoms could highlight and confirm the role of immune activation in this pathophysiology.
Morphology of preimaginal stages of Lipara lucens (Diptera, Chloropidae) – a gall‐forming fly in the common reed (Phragmites australis)
Authors: Grochowska Maria
Published: October 2012

The article contains a complete description of the preimaginal stages of Lipara lucens Meigen, 1830, illustrated with 38 drawings. Previously published data on larval morphology are verified, and missing data are added. In descriptions of larvae, particular attention is paid to the facial mask, cephaloskeleton, anterior and posterior spiracles as well as locomotory structures. The morphological descriptions of the egg and pupa are supplemented with formerly unknown details. The article forms a basis for a complete description of the life history of this fly.
The downsides of national identification for minority groups in intergroup conflicts in assimilationist societies
Authors: Bilali Rezarta
Published: October 2012

The current study considered the downsides of national identification for minority groups in intergroup conflicts in assimilationist societies. This study examined how, in the Turkish national context, the national and ethnic identifications of ethnic Turks (N = 103) and ethnic Kurds (N = 58) predict construals (i.e., conflict frames, attributions of responsibility, and severity of harm) of Turkish‐Kurdish conflict. The results indicated that, across groups, a shared national identification was associated with similar conflict construals in line with the official Turkish narrative, whereas ethnic identification was associated with opposing conflict construals that might help maintain the conflict. However, the conflict narrative related to national identification might produce a shared understanding of the conflict (i.e., more intergroup harmony) at the cost of neglecting the minority group's grievances in the conflict and legitimizing the status‐quo, thus hindering efforts to enhance the minority group's disadvantaged status.
Activity‐dependent regulation of the sumoylation machinery in rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Loriol Céline , Khayachi Anouar , Poupon Gwénola , Gwizdek Carole , Martin Stéphane
Published: October 2012

Background information

Sumoylation is a key post‐translational modification by which the Small Ubiquitin‐like MOdifier (SUMO) polypeptide is covalently attached to specific lysine residues of substrate proteins through a specific enzymatic pathway. Although sumoylation participates in the regulation of nuclear homeostasis, the sumoylation machinery is also expressed outside of the nucleus where little is still known regarding its non‐nuclear functions, particularly in the Central Nervous System (CNS). We recently reported that the sumoylation process is developmentally regulated in the rat CNS.

Results

Here, we demonstrate that there is an activity‐dependent redistribution of endogenous sumoylation enzymes in hippocampal neurons. By performing biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments on primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, we show that sumoylation and desumoylation enzymes are differentially redistributed in and out of synapses upon neuronal stimulation. This enzymatic redistribution in response to a neuronal depolarisation results in the transient decrease of sumoylated protein substrates at synapses.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data identify an activity‐dependent regulation of the sumoylation machinery in neurons that directly impacts on synaptic sumoylation levels. This process may provide a mechanism for neurons to adapt their physiological responses to changes occurring during neuronal activation.
Low‐Density Lipoprotein Levels in Patients With Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Kahn Mark R. , Kosmas Constantine E. , Wagman Gabriel , Serrao Gregory W. , Fallahi Arzhang , Grady Kathleen M. , Vittorio Timothy J.
Published: October 2012

Statins do not appear to have a significant benefit in heart failure (HF) as they do in coronary artery disease (CAD). Significant evidence exists that low serum cholesterol levels may be harmful in HF. This study sought to determine the optimal low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) level in patients hospitalized with acute HF. Patients were included if they presented to the hospital with acute HF and had a lipid panel drawn during admission. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality, and secondary outcomes were rates of major cardiovascular (CV) events, left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, and orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). A total of 2428 patients were followed for a mean of 2.9±2.2 years. For the entire cohort, when compared with those with LDL levels >130 mg/dL, all‐cause mortality was higher in those with LDL levels <71 mg/dL (hazard ratio, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–2.167; P<.01). Results were similar when analyzing patients with LVEF ≤40%, HF of ischemic etiology only, and in statin users. The rates of CV events, LVAD implantation, or OHT in any comparison did not differ. Low LDL levels (<71 mg/dL), similar to low total cholesterol levels, were associated with a poorer prognosis and higher overall mortality in patients with HF, regardless of etiology and systolic function.
Successful radiofrequency ablation of an anterior abdominal wall desmoid in familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Barrow E. , Newton K. , Rajashanker B. , Lee S. , Evans D. G. , Hill J.
Published: October 2012

Background

Desmoid tumours are an important cause of mortality in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). There are few effective treatment strategies. This report describes the use of radiofrequency ablation to debulk and palliate an abdominal wall desmoid tumour in FAP.

Methods

A 22 year old woman with FAP developed a large abdominal wall desmoid tumour after restorative proctocolectomy. The tumour was treated with 16 separate radiofrequency ablations. The follow up was 36 months from the first ablation.

Results

The procedure was well tolerated with minor complications; mild superficial cellulitis and skin ulceration occurred following only one of the ablation sessions. Repeated radiofrequency treatments resulted in a sustained reduction in size and symptoms from the desmoid tumour.

Conclusion

Given the low efficacy of treatments for desmoids in FAP, radiofrequency ablation appears to be a promising modality.
Systemic corticosteroid forCOPDexacerbations, whether the higher dose is better? A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Cheng Ting , Gong Yi , Guo Yi , Cheng QiJian , Zhou Min , Shi GuoChao , Wan HuanYing
Published: October 2012

Background

Systemic corticosteroids (SCS) have been shown to improve the outcome of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). However, the optimal dose remains controversial.

Objectives

We performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate whether high‐doseSCSis better.

Methods

We searchedPubMed,EMBASE,CPCI‐SandCENTRALdatabases, and references of reviews or meta‐analyses to identify randomized controlled trials usingSCSinAECOPD. We performed a routine meta‐analysis to evaluate the effects ofSCSon treatment failure rate and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) improvement compared with placebo inAECOPD. Subgroup analysis was performed by dividing the studies into a high‐dose group [initial dose ≥80 mg prednisone equivalent (PE)/day] and a low‐dose group (initial dose 30–80 mgPE/day) in all patients and in only inpatients. Meta‐regression was performed using initial dose as an independent factor. We classified the suspected adverse effects into several groups and combined them separately.

Results

Our search yielded 12 studies involving 1172 patients.SCSuse was associated with a significant reduction in the treatment failure rate [risk ratio 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46–0.73] and improvement in ▵FEV1 (0.11 L; 95%CI: 0.08–0.14 L). The high‐dose regimen did not show superiority to the low‐dose regimen. No obvious correlation was found between theSCSeffect and the initial dose.SCSled to an obvious increase in hyperglycemia risk. However, the high‐dose group did not show obviously higher risk of adverse effects.

Conclusion

SCScan reduce treatment failure rate and improve lung function inAECOPD. The low‐dose regimen (initial dose 30–80 mg/dayPE) is proper for treatingAECOPD.
Comparison of communication and personal characteristics of living kidney donors and a matched quota sample
Authors: Smith Sandi W. , Hitt Rose , Nazione Samantha , Lauckner Carolyn , Park Hee Sun , Sung Randall , Leichtman Alan
Published: October 2012

Deceased organ donation does not meet the need for kidney transplants. Thus, it is important to examine topics relevant to kidney donors such as communication leading to the donation decision and donor characteristics. This study reports personal characteristics and communication leading to the decision to donate among living kidney donors and a demographically matched quota sample. Donors had higher scores for compassion, while non‐donors reported more volunteerism. Donors and non‐donors did not differ in conversation or conformity orientations of family communication styles. Only 4.7% of donors reported being asked to donate directly. Matched respondents reported feeling more comfortable than unsettled with the idea of being asked directly and indicated a preference to learn of the need directly or indirectly, giving them the option to volunteer. The majority of donors were giving to family members and friends, and the matched sample indicated greater willingness to donate to immediate family members, followed by friends. Practical implications of the findings are offered.
Risk of developmental delay increases exponentially as gestational age of preterm infants decreases
Authors: DE KLEINE MARTIN
Published: October 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Kerstjens et al. on pages 1096–1101 of this issue.
Psychometric and screening properties of the WHO‐5 well‐being index in adult outpatients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hajos T. R. S. , Pouwer F. , Skovlund S. E. , Den Oudsten B. L. , Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn P. H. L. M. , Tack C. J. , Snoek F. J.
Published: October 2012

Objective

The 5‐item World Health Organization well‐being index is a commonly used measure of emotional well‐being, but research on psychometric properties in outpatients with diabetes is scarce. We examined psychometric and screening properties for depression of this index in a large sample of Dutch outpatients with diabetes.

Methods

Patients with Type 1 (n = 384) and Type 2 (n = 549) diabetes from three outpatient clinics completed the WHO‐5 index, the nine‐item Patient Health Questionnaire, the Problem Areas in Diabetes survey and the Short Form‐12 health survey. Internal consistency of the WHO‐5 index was determined by Cronbach's alpha. The factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlations with the Patient Health Questionnaire, Problem Areas in Diabetes and the Short Form‐12 mental component scores. Sensitivity and specificity of the WHO‐5 index as depression screener were tested against two existing Patient Health Questionnaire cut‐off scores for depression using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

A one‐factor structure of the WHO‐5 index was verified by confirmatory factor analysis for patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the WHO‐5 index and the Patient Health Questionnaire scores, the Problem Areas in Diabetes scores and the Short Form‐12 mental component scores (r = 0.55–0.69, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that a WHO‐5 index cut‐off of < 50 performed best as an indication for likely depression, with sensitivity compared with a Patient Health Questionnaire score ≥ 10 and ≥ 12 of 79% and 88%, respectively, and specificity of 88% and 76%, respectively.

Conclusions

The WHO‐5 index is a short, psychometrically sound measure of emotional well‐being that appears suitable for use as screening test for likely depression in outpatients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Rimantadine and 2‐adamantanamine elicit local anesthesia to cutaneous nociceptive stimuli in a rat model
Authors: Hung Ching‐Hsia , Chu Chin‐Chen , Chen Yu‐Chung , Chen Yu‐Wen , Wang Jhi‐Joung
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate infiltrative cutaneous anesthesia of 2‐adamantanamine and rimantadine. After subcutaneous injections of drugs in rats, the blockade of cutaneous trunci muscle reflex by 2‐adamantanamine and rimantadine was evaluated. Lidocaine, a common local anesthetic, was used as control. We showed that rimantadine and 2‐adamantanamine as well as the local anesthetic lidocaine produced infiltrative anesthesia of skin in a dose‐dependent fashion. Saline (vehicle) group displayed no cutaneous anesthesia. The relative potency of these drugs was rimantadine [23.8 (21.1–26.8)] = lidocaine [26.4 (22.7–30.6)] > 2‐adamantanamine [64.6 (55.0–75.9)] (P < 0.01). On an equianesthetic basis [25% effective dose (ED25), ED50, and ED75], rimantadine and 2‐adamantanamine had longer duration of action than lidocaine (P < 0.05). Neither local injection of saline nor intraperitoneal administration of a large dose of drugs elicited cutaneous anesthesia (data not shown). These data demonstrated for the first time that rimantadine had a similar potent and longer duration of skin infiltrative anesthesia than did lidocaine, whereas 2‐adamantanamine had a less potency but longer duration of cutaneous anesthesia than did lidocaine.
Invasiveness risk of the tropical biofuel crop Jatropha curcas L. into adjacent land use systems: from the rumors to the experimental facts
Authors: Negussie Aklilu , Achten Wouter M. J. , Aerts Raf , Norgrove Lindsey , Sinkala Thomson , Hermy Martin , Muys Bart
Published: October 2012

Jatropha curcas L. produces seeds rich in non‐edible oil suitable for biodiesel but it has been categorized as invasive. Although not scientifically verified, this allegation has resulted in a cultivation ban in several countries. In this article we report an integrated series of observations and experimental findings from invasiveness research in Zambia. We studied the impacts of J. curcas plantations on adjacent land use systems focusing on spontaneous occurrence of seedlings, seed dispersal mechanisms, seed predation by animals, and germination success of dispersed seeds. No spontaneous regeneration was observed in land use systems adjacent to J. curcas plantations. Primary seed dispersal was limited, predominantly under the canopy of the mother plant. Rodents and shrews dispersed and predated J. curcas seeds and fruits. They transported the seeds up to 23 m from the sources and repositioned them in their burrows up to 0.7 m deep, but none of these seeds could establish. Germination experiments in adjacent land use systems revealed 4% germination success at the soil surface, and 65% if buried artificially at 1–2 cm depth, yet the latter is unlikely to occur under natural conditions. These findings show that J. curcas seeds may be dispersed by animals to adjacent land use systems, but no natural recruitment was observed given low germination on the surface and none in burrows. Altogether these results suggest that the plant currently does not show an elevated risk of invasion to adjacent land use systems, at least in the investigated case study. But more long‐term studies, also in other growing areas are needed to corroborate these results.
Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions
Authors: Ronsse Frederik , van Hecke Sven , Dickinson Dane , Prins Wolter
Published: October 2012

Biochar was produced by fixed‐bed slow pyrolysis from various feedstock biomasses under a range of process conditions. Feedstocks used were pine wood, wheat straw, green waste and dried algae. Process conditions varied were the highest treatment temperature (HTT) and residence time. The produced chars were characterized by proximate analysis, CHN‐elemental analysis, pH in solution, bomb calorimetry for higher heating value, N2 adsorption for BET surface area and two biological degradation assays (oxygen demand, carbon mineralization in soil). In proximate analysis, it was found that the fixed carbon content (expressed in wt% of dry and ash‐free biochar) in the biochar samples strongly depended on the intensity of the thermal treatment (i.e. higher temperatures and longer residence times in the pyrolysis process). The actual yield in fixed carbon (i.e. the biochar fixed carbon content expressed as wt% of the dry and ash‐free original feedstock biomass weight) was practically insensitive to the highest treatment temperature or residence time. The pH in solution, higher heating value and BET surface positively correlated with pyrolysis temperature. Finally, soil incubation tests showed that the addition of biochar to the soil initially marginally reduced the C‐mineralization rate compared against the control soil samples, for which a possible explanation could be that the soil microbial community needs to adapt to the new conditions. This effect was more pronounced when adding chars with high fixed carbon content (resulting from more severe thermal treatment), as chars with low fixed carbon content (produced through mild thermal treatment) had a larger amount of volatile, more easily biodegradable, carbon compounds.
A novel root‐end filling material based on hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate and polyacrylic acid
Authors: Chen Y.‐Z. , Lü X.‐Y. , Liu G.‐D.
Published: October 2012

Aim

To develop a novel root‐end filling material (NRFM) based on hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate and polyacrylic acid, to determine its chemical composition and to compare its physical properties and cytotoxicity with those of glass–ionomer cement (GIC) and grey Portland cement (GPC).

Methodology

The NRFM was prepared by blending distilled water with powders of hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate, solid polyacrylic acid, solid citric acid and sodium citrate. Chemical analysis was then performed by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Physical properties were compared with GIC and GPC regarding setting time, compressive strength, pH value and washout resistance; cytotoxicity was assessed using a transwell cell culture system.

Results

(i) The NRFM was primarily composed of HA, calcium polyacrylate and calcium citrate. (ii) The mean and standard deviation setting time of NRFM was 11.0 (0.8) min; its compressive strength was 25.6 (2.7) MPa and 38.2 (5.7) MPa at 1 and 7 days respectively. Its pH value ranged from 6.14 to 8.28 and it remained intact after the washout test, whereas GIC and GPC disintegrated. (iii) Dimethyl‐thiazol‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet (CV) assay revealed that cell‐viability on the NRFM was not significantly different form that of the negative control group after treatment for 24, 48 and 72 h.

Conclusion

The novel root‐end filling material (NRFM) is a promising root‐end filling material with good physicochemical properties and low cytotoxicity.
Immunogenicity of a quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine delivered using a blow‐fill‐seal device in adults: a randomized, active‐controlled study*
Authors: Sheldon Eric A. , Jeanfreau Robert , Sliman Joseph A. , Charenkavanich Supoat , Rousculp Matthew D. , Dubovsky Filip , Mallory Raburn M.
Published: October 2012

Please cite this paper as: Sheldon et al. (2013) Immunogenicity of a quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine delivered using a blow‐fill‐seal device in adults: a randomized, active‐controlled study. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(6), 1142–1150.

Background  Influenza B strains from two distinct lineages (Yamagata and Victoria) have cocirculated over recent years. Current seasonal vaccines contain a single B lineage resulting in frequent mismatches between the vaccine strain and the circulating strain. An Ann Arbor strain quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (Q/LAIV) containing B strains from both lineages is being developed to address this issue.

Objectives  The goal of this study was to evaluate whether Q/LAIV administered intranasally as a single dose to a single nostril, using a blow‐fill‐seal (BFS) delivery system had a similar immunogenicity and safety profile compared with the licensed trivalent vaccine delivered using the Accuspray device.

Patients/Methods  Adults aged 18–49 years were randomized to receive one intranasal dose of Q/LAIV delivered using a BFS device (Q/LAIV‐BFS; n = 1202) or one of two trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines (T/LAIV) containing one of the corresponding B strains (total T/LAIV, n = 598). Primary endpoints were the post‐vaccination strain‐specific serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody geometric mean titers for each strain. Secondary immunogenicity endpoints, safety, and acceptability of the BFS device were also assessed.

Results  Q/LAIV was immunogenically non‐inferior to T/LAIV for all four influenza strains. Secondary immunogenicity outcomes were consistent with the primary endpoint. Solicited symptoms and AEs were comparable in both groups. Subjects considered the BFS device to be acceptable.

Conclusions  Immune responses to vaccination with Ann Arbor strain Q/LAIV‐BFS were non‐inferior to those with T/LAIV. Q/LAIV may confer broader protection against seasonal influenza B by targeting both major influenza B lineages.
Identification of transferrin in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua epidermal mucus
Authors: Easy R. H. , Trippel E. A. , Burt M. D. B. , Cone D. K.
Published: October 2012

The previously unreported presence of transferrin in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua epidermal mucus is described. A less destructive sampling method, which may result in decreased epidermal tissue damage, is discussed.
A new record of whale shark Rhincodon typus in Brazilian waters: a report of association with Caranx crysos
Authors: Andrades R. , Pinheiro H. T. , Santos R. G. , Martins A. S. , Costa P. A. S.
Published: October 2012

In May 2011, a Rhincodon typus was sighted on the continental shelf of the central Brazilian coast, in the vicinity of a gas platform. During the video record, an interspecific following association was observed between a Caranx crysos school and the R. typus.
Adolescents and their networks of social support: real connections in real lives?
Authors: McGrath Brian , Brennan M. A. , Dolan Pat , Barnett Rosemary
Published: October 2012

Social support is widely seen as an integral component for coping with the stresses of everyday life. While there are various sources and types of support potentially available to young people, it is perhaps less obvious the extent to which young people differentially experience these sources and types. Anecdotal evidence suggests that context, culture and other factors unique to local life shape the many dimensions of social support for youth. In this paper, we seek to examine this research need in more detail by focusing on a broad range of factors shaping youth social support and youth well‐being. Drawing on mixed methods research, we examine social support evidence for adolescents in Florida, USA, and Offaly, Ireland. Through this research, we investigate how the connection between social support and well‐being bears out in these two different socio‐cultural contexts; second, we seek to understand whether types and sources of social support differ among youth in both countries; and what relationship exists between well‐being and types and sources of support. Comparing similar measures of social support across two distinct societal contexts allows us to determine similarities and differences, while also providing suggestions for application that can shape future programmes and policy.
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis: report of five cases in Chile
Authors: Sandoval Mauricio , Farias María Magdalena , Gonzalez Sergio
Published: October 2012

Background  Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an acquired autoimmune sub‐epidermal vesiculobullous disease characterized by continuous linear IgA deposit on the basement membrane zone, as visualized on direct immunofluorescence microscopy. LABD can affect both adults and children. The disease is very uncommon, with a still unknown incidence in the South American population.

Materials and methods  All confirmed cases of LABD by histological and immunofluorescence in our hospital were studied.

Results  The confirmed cases were three females and two males, aged from 8 to 87 years. Precipitant events associated with LABD were drug consumption (non‐steroid inflammatory agents in two cases) and ulcerative colitis (one case). Most of our patients were treated with dapsone, resulting in remission.

Discussion  Our series confirms the heterogeneous clinical features of this uncommon disease in concordance with a larger series of patients reported in the literature.
A simple intervention to reinforce awareness of tanning bed use and skin cancer in non‐medical skin care professionals in Southern California
Authors: Ng Angie T. , Chang Anne Lynn S. , Cockburn Myles , Peng David H.
Published: October 2012

Background  (i) To assess the baseline knowledge of non‐medical skin care professionals (estheticians, cosmetologists, massage therapists) on tanning bed use and its association with melanoma; and (ii) to provide preliminary evidence of the potential impact of a fast and simple educational intervention on tanning beds and melanoma on the awareness of non‐medical skin care professionals towards skin cancer prevention.

Methods  A pre‐intervention survey was administered to non‐medical skin care professional at salons or spas in Southern California to assess baseline knowledge on tanning and skin cancer. This was followed immediately by a 10‐minute oral presentation on tanning bed use and its association with melanoma. One month later, a post‐intervention survey was distributed to individuals who attended the initial oral presentation.

Results  Significant changes pre‐ and post‐intervention were found in non‐medical skin care professionals’ answer responses to the following: (i) increased speaking to clients about cancer risk with tanning bed use 42–66% (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.39, 4.30)]; (ii) decreased personal tanning bed use (23–15% [OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.37, 1.00]); and (iii) decreased belief that tanning beds are an excellent cosmetic tool (29–20% [OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.38, 0.96]).

Conclusion  This study provides preliminary evidence that non‐medical skin care professionals could be an important source of primary prevention information for reducing the burden of melanoma.
Comparative efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment in oral lichen planus: a randomized double‐blind trial
Authors: Sonthalia Sidharth , Singal Archana
Published: October 2012

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common disease of the oral mucosa with worldwide distribution and overall prevalence of 0.5–2.2%. Its etiology remains unclear, although the role of autoimmunity is supported by its association with other autoimmune diseases and the presence of auto‐cytotoxic T cell clones in the lesions. Although many options for treating symptomatic OLP are available, no therapy is curative. This trial compared treatments with topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment. Forty patients with histologically proven symptomatic OLP were divided into two groups of 20 to receive clobetasol propionate (0.05%) ointment or tacrolimus (0.1%) ointment for eight weeks. Follow‐up for all patients included three visits during the treatment course and one post‐treatment visit. At each visit, objective improvement in the lesions was assessed by two independent investigators. The primary outcome measure was defined as the percentage of patients attaining complete response at eight weeks. Secondary outcome measures were the percentages of patients attaining complete or partial response at 8 and 12 weeks. Patient‐observed improvement was evaluated at each visit. Demographic parameters and pretreatment disease characteristics were comparable between the groups. The mean net clinical score (NCS) declined progressively from baseline at each follow‐up visit in both groups. In the clobetasol group, the mean NCS declined from 8.00 ± 2.65 at baseline to 2.00 ± 1.49 at 12 weeks. In the tacrolimus group, the mean NCS declined from 7.78 ± 3.25 at baseline to 1.31 ± 1.06 at 12 weeks. At each visit, the decline in mean NCS from baseline was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in both groups. Complete response rates of 40% and 70%, respectively, were achieved in the clobetasol and tacrolimus groups (P = 0.057). The percentages of patients reporting “good” or “very good” treatment responses at week 8 were 74% in the clobetasol group and 100% in the tacrolimus group (P > 0.05). No severe adverse events were reported. Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment is an effective alternative to topical steroid and may be considered as a first‐line therapy in OLP.
Angular artery perforator‐based transposition flap for the reconstruction of midface defect
Authors: Kim Sang Wha , Kim Youn Hwan , Kim Jeong Tae
Published: October 2012

Background  Midface defect is often seen due to trauma, neoplasm, and infection. It is important to avoid tension and distortion of the local structures and to provide skin color and texture match. We present the technique of angular artery perforator‐based transposition flap for small to moderate size defect of the midface.

Materials and methods  Between 2002 and 2009, 17 patients underwent operations for the reconstruction of midface defect. After tumor excision, perforators were found at the medial aspect of the defect along the nasolabial fold. Considering the change of the defect shape and primary closure of the donor site, the width and length of the flap was determined. The flap elevated disto‐proximally and transposed to the defect without tension. The donor site was closed first with partial undermining.

Results  Besides one patient with partial wound dehiscence of the donor site, all the flaps healed uneventfully. The patients were satisfied with the final result esthetically and functionally.

Conclusion  The angular artery perforator‐based transposition flap takes advantage of the nasolabial flap and perforator flap, and it is a simple and fast procedure. Therefore, it may be an alternative for the reconstruction of midface defect.
Family‐based association study in Tunisian familial psoriasis
Authors: Ammar Myriam , Bouchlaka‐Souissi Chiraz , Zaraa Ines , Helms Cindy , Doss Nejib , Bouazizi Fatma , Dhaoui Raouf , Ossman Amel Ben , Ammar‐el Gaied Amel Ben , Mokni Mourad
Published: October 2012

Background  The pathogenesis of all forms of psoriasis remains obscure. Segregation analysis and twin studies together with ethnic differences in disease frequency all point to an underlying genetic susceptibility to psoriasis, which is both complex and likely to reflect the action of a number of genes.

Materials and methods  In the present study, we performed a family‐based association study, and a transmission dysequilibrium test using the PLINK program, in a set of seven Tunisian multiplex families using a panel of 96 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms localized in several regions across the genome. Ninety‐five of them were reported to be associated with psoriasis in different populations.

Results  Besides the confirmation of association between previous associated regions: 6p, 1p, 2p, 13q, 14q, and 20p, and cutaneous psoriasis, we identified a new association with the rs1249564 in the IL17RD gene.

Conclusion  Our results support the complex genetic basis of psoriasis.
Factor structure in the Camberwell Assessment of Need–Patient Version: The correlations with dimensions of illness, personality and quality of life of schizophrenia patients
Authors: Ritsner Michael S. , Lisker Alexander , Arbitman Marina , Grinshpoon Alexander
Published: October 2012

Aim:  To investigate the factor structure underlying the Camberwell Assessment of Need–Patient Version (CANSAS‐P) items in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

Method:  Factor, correlation and regression analyses were performed for dimensions of CANSAS‐P, illness, personality and quality of life (QOL) related variables in 95 stabilized patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

Results:  Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four‐factor model that explains 50.4% of the total variance of the 20 CANSAS‐P items. The factors ‘Social disability’, ‘Information processing disability’, ‘Emotional processing disability’, and ‘Coping disability’ showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient 0.67–0.77). The CANSAS‐P subscale scores positively correlated with severity of symptoms, distress (r ranged from 0.34 to 0.45), while negatively associated with general functioning (r = −0.34), friend (r = −0.46) and family support (r = −0.41), satisfaction with medicine (r = −0.35), general activities (r = −0.40), and general QOL (r = −0.35) (all P < 0.001). Severity of illness, symptoms, emotional distress and emotion‐oriented coping were positive predictors; friend support, QOL general activities, life satisfaction and satisfaction with medicine were negative predictors of the CANSAS‐P subscale scores. The effect size (f2) for these predictors ranged from medium to quite large (f2 = 0.28–1.13), and they explain from 23% to 46% of the variability in CANSAS‐P subscales.

Conclusions:  A four‐factor structure mode, including social and cognitive functioning, emotion responsivity and coping with daily challenges, appears to fit CANSAS‐P items. These subscales may contribute to research and improve treatment of psychiatric patients.
Prolactin concentrations during aripiprazole treatment in relation to sex, plasma drugs concentrations and genetic polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor and cytochrome P450 2D6 in Japanese patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Nagai Goyo , Mihara Kazuo , Nakamura Akifumi , Suzuki Takeshi , Nemoto Kenji , Kagawa Shoko , Ohta Ikuya , Arakaki Hajime , Kondo Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2012

Aims

The authors investigated the correlation between prolactin concentrations during aripiprazole treatment and various factors, including age, sex, plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, and genetic polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and cytochrome P450(CYP)2D6.

Methods

The subjects were 70 inpatients with schizophrenia (36 men and 34 women), receiving fixed doses of aripiprazole (24 mg in 45 cases and 12 mg in 25 cases) for periods of between 2 and 30 weeks. Prolactin concentrations were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole were measured using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The genotypes of Taq1A, −141C Ins/Del DRD2 and CYP2D6 were detected by polymerase chain reaction methods.

Results

Prolactin concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men (8.9 ± 7.5 vs 3.4 ± 3.0 ng/mL, P < 0.001). No correlations were found between prolactin concentrations and plasma concentrations of aripiprazole, dehydroaripiprazole or the sum of the two compounds. Prolactin concentrations were not affected by any polymorphism.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that only sex plays a significant role in prolactin concentrations during aripiprazole treatment.
Mental health nursing and physical health care: A cross‐sectional study of nurses' attitudes, practice, and perceived training needs for the physical health care of people with severe mental illness
Authors: Robson Debbie , Haddad Mark , Gray Richard , Gournay Kevin
Published: October 2012

Mental health nurses have a key role in improving the physical health of people with a serious mental illness, however, there have been few studies of their attitudes or the extent of their involvement in this work. The aim of this study was to examine mental health nurses' attitudes to physical health care and explore associations with their practice and training. A postal questionnaire survey including the Physical Health Attitude Scale for mental health nurses (PHASe) was used within a UK mental health trust. The 52% (n = 585) of staff who responded reported varying levels of physical health practice; this most frequently involved providing dietary and exercise advice and less frequently included advice regarding cancer screening and smoking cessation. Having received post‐registration physical health‐care training and working in inpatient settings was associated with greater reported involvement. More positive attitudes were also evident for nurses who had attended post‐registration physical health training or had an additional adult/general nursing qualification. Overall, the attitudes of mental health nurses towards physical health care appear positive and the willingness of nurses to take on these roles needs to be recognized. However, there are areas where nurses in our sample were more ambivalent such as cancer screening and smoking cessation.