bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РАННИЙ КОМПЛЕКС СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОГО МОГИЛЬНИКА ТАЗОВСКИЙ, "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Еньшин Д.Н. , Скочина С.Н. , Слепченко С.М.
Published: March 2022

Ранний комплекс могильника состоит из шести грунтовых погребений (№ 25, 52-56) подпрямоугольной формы, длиной 0,9-2 м, шириной 0,5 м, глубиной 10-30 см. Остатки погребальных конструкций могильных ям представлены тонкими слоями коры (бересты ) и плах. Дендрологический анализ породного состава показал, что некоторые фрагменты древесины относятся к лиственнице сибирской (Larix sibirica Ledeb.)1. Под усопшими, а также частично поверх них зафиксированы прослойки меха. Возрастной состав погребенных разнообразен: от детей до 3-х лет до взрослых 20-40 лет. В половом отношении доминируют умершие женского пола, индивид мужского пола один. Ориентация усопших - головой на юго-восток. Наиболее многочисленной группой сопроводительного инвентаря являются бронзовые украшения: коньковые шумящие подвески, трубчатые, вильчатые, зооморфные пронизи, зооморфные бляшки/нашивки, бляшки-«тройчатки», бубенцы, перстень и др. Особого внимания заслуживает накосный набор из погребения № 53 (стержневидная подвеска с головами кошачьих хищников на концах, серия трубчатых пронизей, коньковая шумящая подвеска) и набор украшений головы (орнитоморфные бляшки чередовались с лапчатыми подвесками, образуя круг). Холодное оружие представлено пятью ножами с бронзовыми рукоятями с зоо- и орнитоморфными навершиями, и клинком, предположительно, палаша. Схема размещения предметов в могилах включала преимущественно голову (изголовье), плечи, пояс, район берцовых костей ног.
АРХИТЕКТУРА ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ УНЕНЕН (ДРЕВНЕКИТОБОЙНАЯ КУЛЬТУРА ЧУКОТКИ, АЛЯСКИ И ГРЕНЛАНДИИ, XV-XIII ВВ. ДО Н.Э.), "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Гусев С.В.
Published: March 2022

Уникальность архитектурных традиций поселения древнекитобойной культуры Уненен состоит в использовании деревянных плах для настила пола. Ни на одном поселении преэскимосов, в том числе древнекитобойной культуры на мысе Коцебу, Аляска, древнеберингоморскской (оквикской) культуры, неоэскимосских культур Арктики, не зафиксировано подобного строительного приема. При этом прежние настилы не демонтировались, а на них укладывались новые слои настилов, количество которых достигало 5-6. Аналог строительного приема известен всем археологам из раскопок в Великом Новгороде, когда на одни мостовые укладывались новые, слой за слоем. Влажный слой города хорошо консервировал дерево мостовых. Для поселения Уненен такую роль играла мерзлота, когда с нарастанием культурного слоя росла и толща мерзлотного слоя, прекрасно сохранявшего всю органику. Уникальная сохранность органики на поселении Уненен выгодно отличает его от поселения древних китобоев на мысе Коцебу. Удалось проследить на протяжении 7 деревянных выкладок слои нарубленного и уложенного на деревянные плахи дерна, аналогичного по растительному составу дерну из близлежащей округи. На плахи укладывали дерн, затем дерн утаптывался в процессе хозяйственной деятельности и включал в себя фрагменты китового уса, древесных щепок, чешуйки яшмы, утерянные артефакты. В кв. 503-505/998-1000 выявлена площадка из плит. Площадка вытянута по склону в направлении с СЗ на ЮВ в сторону моря. Размеры площадки 210 85 см. Это была центральная площадка, а по сторонам от нее к северу, югу и востоку располагались вымостки (полы из деревянных плах) размерами около 2,5 2,5 м. Основным результатом работ на поселении Уненен в сезоне 2014 г. явилось исследование сооружения каркасно-столбовой конструкции. Площадь сооружения может быть определена по местонахождению опорных столбов из дерева. Опорные столбы из дерева расположены в кв. 505/999, 503-504/1001-1002, 501/1001, 502/1000, 502/999, 502-503/997. В центре сооружения находится коридорообразная площадка из плашмя уложенных каменных плит. Возможно, плиты в кв. 501-502/1002 являются продолжением коридорообразной выкладки или сползли по склону. Исходя из расстояний между опорными столбами, можно определить размеры сооружения в пределах 6 3 м. Сооружение было вытянуто по склону в направлении с СЗ на ЮВ в сторону моря. Центральной частью его была площадка из каменных плит.
НАУЧНОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ В.Н. ЧЕРНЕЦОВА В МУЗЕЙНОМ СОБРАНИИ ТОМСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, "II Международная конференция «Археология Арктики»"
Authors: Барсуков Е.В. , Коробейников И.Н.
Published: March 2022

Научное наследие В.Н. Чернецова, выдающегося исследователя Сибири, хорошо известно не только у нас в стране, но и далеко за ее пределами. Архив ученого и его супруги В.И. Мошинской хранится в Томском государственном университете, в собрании Музея археологии и этнографии Сибири им. В.М. Флоринского (МАЭС ТГУ). Обстоятельства его передачи в музей неоднократно освещались в публикациях, а значительная часть полевых записей исследователя издана в 1987 г. (Рындина, Лукина, 1987). Материалы зарегистрированы в архивном фонде № 869 МАЭС ТГУ, в состав которого включены 157 индивидуально пронумерованных единиц хранения (дел). Их формирует огромный массив разнотипных источников, характеризующих исследовательскую деятельность Валерия Николаевича: дневники; отчеты, фотографии, рисунки, негативы на пленках и стеклянных пластинках. Особого внимания заслуживают записи исследователя на мансийском языке, сформированные в 16 дел. Практически каждое дело содержит листы-вкладыши. Тексты записаны В.Н. Чернецовым в период 1933-1938 гг. на территории проживания манси в бассейнах рек Обь, Сосьва, Ляпин, Тап, Конда. Важную часть архива составляют полевые записи ученого. Они формируют 26 тетрадей и блокнотов разного формата - около 1,5 тысячи рукописных листов. В состав собрания входят уникальные киноматериалы, снятые Валерием Николаевичем и его супругой Вандой Иосифовной Мошинской в ходе полевого сезона 1948 г. В процессе изучение архивного контекста и обстоятельств формирования фонда В.Н. Чернецова в архиве музея удалось вычленить комплекс неизвестных ранее документов. Выявленные источники формируют несколько групп: полевая документация; личная и деловая корреспонденция; фотографии местностей и фототеки предметов из различных музеев России; листы с мансийскими текстами, словари, тетради с лингвистическими упражнения по мансийскому языку; рабочие документы, связанные с научной деятельностью; документы административного характера, а также ранее неизвестные рукописи публикаций (В.И. Мошинская) и отчетные материалы (В.Н. Чернецов) по исследованию писаниц Урала (например, зафиксированы дневниковые записи 1927 г., имеющие отношение к исследованиям на р. Тагил). Не вызывает сомнений научная значимость этих материалов, позволяющих восполнить пробелы в характеристике исследовательского пути В.Н. Чернецова, а также их ценность для изучения истории исследования древних памятников (народов, языков) Урала и Сибири.
Powder Metallurgy Route for the Synthesis of Multiprincipal Element Alloys Sputtering Targets
Authors: Colombini Elena , Lassinantti Gualtieri Magdalena , Mortalò Cecilia , Deambrosis Silvia Maria , Montagner Francesco , Zin Valentina , Miorin Enrico , Valsecchi Giorgio , Fabrizio Monica , Veronesi Paolo
Published: March 2022

Sputter deposition of multiprincipal element alloys (MPEAs) is a relatively new field of research with high functional potential. The multicomponent design space is immense and practically unexplored. An important obstacle for academic research of such sputtered films is the availability of single‐alloy targets and technical difficulties in using cosputtering of multiple metal targets or powder targets. This article focuses on the development of a simple powder metallurgy route, including cold uniaxial pressing of powder mixtures followed by pressureless sintering, for the preparation of targets made of two common base alloys forming simple solid solutions, i.e., FeNiCrCo and FeNiCrMn. In addition, targets of the former one containing 10 at% Al are also prepared. The sintered pellets are composed of randomly oriented crystallites with face‐centered cubic structures and an optimum chemical homogeneity. Oxide inclusions and residual porosity, inherent to consolidation and sintering of metal precursors, are observed and possible solutions to overcome these challenging problems are discussed. Nevertheless, encouraging results from preliminary deposition tests of FeNiCrCoAl0.4using both direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high‐power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) are presented.
Intermolekulare Carbosilylierung von α‐Olefinen mit C(sp3)−C(sp)‐Bindungsknüpfung unter Neubildung von Silyliumionen
Authors: He Tao , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Klare Hendrik F. T. , Grimme Stefan , Oestreich Martin
Published: March 2022

Es wird über eine regioselektive Addition von Alkinylsilanen an nichtaktivierte, endständige Alkene berichtet. Die Reaktion wird durch Abfangen eines sterisch ungehinderten Silyliumions von einem silylierten Phenylacetylenderivat unter Bildung eines bissilylierten ketenartigen Carbokations eingeleitet. Diese lokal erzeugte Schlüsselzwischenstufe ist der tatsächliche Katalysator, der den Katalysecyclus über eine Abfolge von elektrophilen Additionsreaktionen von Silyliumionen und durch den β‐Siliciumeffekt stabilisierten Carbokationen aufrechterhält. Der berechnete Reaktionsmechanismus steht in vollständigem Einklang mit den experimentellen Befunden. Mit dieser vormals unbekannten Zweikomponentencarbosilylierung werden eine C(sp3)−C(sp)‐ und eine C(sp3)−Si‐Bindung atomökonomisch aufgebaut.
Photocontrollable Probes for Mitochondrial Protein Profiling
Authors: Guo Shuhong , Yuan Chaonan , Lang Wenjie , Hong Danqi , Liu Jian , Huang Jintao , Dong Jia , Ge Jingyan
Published: March 2022

The mitochondrion is the core site of cell signaling, energy metabolism and biosynthesis. Here, taking advantage of activity‐based probes, we synthesized two photocontrollable probes (YGH‐1 and YGH‐2), composed of a mitochondrial localization moiety “triphenylphosphonium”, a photo‐triggered group to achieve spatially and temporally controlled protein capture, and an alkyne group to enrich the labeled protein. Proteomic validation was further carried out to facilitate identification of the mitochondrial proteome in HeLa cells. The results show that half of the identified protein hits (∼300) labeled by YGH‐1 and YGH‐2 belong to mitochondria, and are mostly localized in the mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane. Our results provide a new tool for spatial and temporal analysis of subcellular proteomes.
C‐Nitrosothioformamide: A Donor Template for Dual Release of HNO and H2S
Authors: Kelly Shane S. , Ni Xiang , Yuen Vivian , Radford Miles N. , Xian Ming
Published: March 2022

C‐Nitrosothioformamide was demonstrated to be a donor template for dual release of HNO and COS triggered by a retro‐Diels‐Alder reaction. COS is an H2S precursor in the presence of carbonic anhydrase. This process produces HNO and H2S in a slow but steady manner. As such, the direct reaction between HNO and H2S under this situation appears to be minor. This may provide a useful tool for studying the synergistic effects of HNO and H2S.
Young woman with hypophosphatasia: A case report
Authors: Siami Haleh , Parsamanesh Negin , Besharati Kivi Shahin
Published: March 2022

Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited disease defined by teeth and bone mineralization impairment leading to depletion of tissue non‐specific alkaline phosphatase. We define a young woman diagnosed with hypophosphatasia (after several times alkaline phosphatase levels were low) was discovered following femoral fracture. A 30‐year‐old woman who presented for a history of early permanent teeth loss during the last 5 years and HPP‐like symptoms in family history and bone radiograph verified bowing, deficient mineralization, and symmetrical subtrochanteric stress fractures of femurs was referred to our clinic for further management. Blood test findings defined raised phosphorus levels on two occasions at 6.2 and 5.7 mg/dl and insufficient 25‐hydroxy vitamin D level. HPP early diagnosis and adequate treatment, depending on the clinical symptoms along with laboratory tests, could be effective in decreasing the suffering of the disease and side effects.
Electrocatalysts Derived from Copper Complexes Transform CO into C2+ Products Effectively in a Flow Cell
Authors: Ren Shaoxuan , Zhang Zishuai , Lees Eric W. , Fink Arthur G. , Melo Luke , Hunt Camden , Dvorak David J. , Yu Wu Wen , Grant Edward R. , Berlinguette Curtis P.
Published: March 2022

Electrochemical reactors that electrolytically convert CO2 into higher‐value chemicals and fuels often pass a concentrated hydroxide electrolyte across the cathode. This strongly alkaline medium converts the majority of CO2 into unreactive HCO3− and CO32− byproducts rather than into CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) products. The electrolysis of CO (instead of CO2) does not suffer from this undesirable reaction chemistry because CO does not react with OH−. Moreover, CO can be more readily reduced into products containing two or more carbon atoms (i. e., C2+ products) compared to CO2. We demonstrate here that an electrocatalyst layer derived from copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) mediates this conversion effectively in a flow cell. This catalyst achieved a 25 % higher selectivity for acetate formation at 200 mA/cm2 than a known state‐of‐art oxide‐derived Cu catalyst tested in the same flow cell. A gas diffusion electrode coated with CuPc electrolyzed CO into C2+ products at high rates of product formation (i. e., current densities ≥200 mA/cm2), and at high faradaic efficiencies for C2+ production (FEC2+; >70 % at 200 mA/cm2). While operando Raman spectroscopy did not reveal evidence of structural changes to the copper molecular complex, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that the catalyst undergoes conversion to a metallic copper species during catalysis. Notwithstanding, the ligand environment about the metal still impacts catalysis, which we demonstrated through the study of a homologous CuPc bearing ethoxy substituents. These findings reveal new strategies for using metal complexes for the formation of carbon‐neutral chemicals and fuels at industrially relevant conditions.
Topologically‐Interlocked Minicircles as Probes of DNA Topology and DNA–Protein Interactions
Authors: Rajendran Arivazhagan , Krishnamurthy Kirankumar , Park Seojeong , Nakata Eiji , Kwon Youngjoo , Morii Takashi
Published: March 2022

Invited for the cover of this issue are Prof. Takashi Morii and co‐workers at Kyoto University and Ewha Womans University. The cover image depicts the graphical design and atomic force microscopic (AFM) images of the synthesized topologically‐interlocked DNA catenane and rotaxanes inside a frame‐shaped DNA origami. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202200108.
Prioritization and sequential exclusion of articles in systematic reviews
Authors: Saif‐Ur‐Rahman K. M. , Hasan Md. , Hossain Shahed , Anwar Iqbal , Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Yatsuya Hiroshi
Published: March 2022

It is difficult to match the causes of exclusion among two independent review authors after screening the title and abstract or full texts in systematic reviews. We have proposed the prioritization and sequential exclusion approach to reduce the subjectivity in reporting reasons for exclusion. This approach might reduce the burden of mismatched numbers while describing the cause of exclusion.
Circulating HBV RNA: From biology to clinical applications
Authors: Deng Rui , Liu Shi , Shen Sheng , Guo Haitao , Sun Jian
Published: March 2022

Chronic HBV infection can hardly be cured due to the persistence of an intrahepatic pool of viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) transcription template, which is refractory to current antivirals. The direct analyses of cccDNA quantity and transcriptional activity require an invasive biopsy. Recently, circulating HBV RNA has been identified as a promising noninvasive surrogate marker of cccDNA and can be used for monitoring disease progression and predicting prognosis of patients with chronic HBV infection. To better understand this surrogate biomarker of cccDNA, we reviewed the current knowledge about the molecular characteristics and potential clinical applications of circulating HBV RNA. Specifically, we summarized the reported species and existing forms of circulating HBV RNA and discussed their biogenesis and the capacity of de novo infection by RNA virions. Moreover, we described the potential applications of circulating HBV RNA in different clinical scenarios, such as classifying the phases of chronic HBV infection, analyzing sustained on‐treatment and off‐treatment outcomes of treated patients, as well as predicting HCC development. Perspectives on future research of circulating HBV RNA were also proposed in this review.
Antiapoptotic and anti‐inflammatory effects of Pparγ agonist, pioglitazone, reversed Dox‐induced cardiotoxicity through mediating of miR‐130a downregulation in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Pakravan Golnaz , Peymani Maryam , Abedpoor Navid , Safaeinejad Zahra , Yadegari Mehrdad , Derakhshan Maryam , Nasr Esfahani Mohammad Hossein , Ghaedi Kamran
Published: March 2022

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an antitumor agent widely used in cancer therapy, with notable side effects of cardiac toxicity. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), is a transcriptional factor with antiapoptotic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Recently we indicated that cardiac toxicity of Dox was due to upregulation of miR‐130a and further suppressive effect on cardiac Pparγ in vitro. In this study, we extended our proposed hypothesis in vivo. To achieve this, pioglitazone (Pio) and GW9662 were used as the specific agonist and antagonist of Pparγ to treat Dox‐injected mice. Heart function, apoptosis, and inflammation in heart tissue were studied. Pretreatment of Dox‐injected mice with Pio resulted in elevated expression of Pparγ and suppression of miR‐130a. However, GW9662 pretreatment was unable to increase miR‐130a expression. Pio pretreatment led to partially cardiac toxicity limitation of Dox whereas GW9662 caused heart damage. Finally, our observation determined that activation of Pparγ was not adequate to reverse the Dox‐induced toxicity completely.
Gymnemic acid protects murine pancreatic β‐cells by moderating hyperglycemic stress‐induced inflammation and apoptosis in type 1 diabetic rats
Authors: Kannan Pugazhendhi , Karthikeyan Porkodi , Subramaniam Nirmala , Mohan Thangarajeswari , Gopinath Bhavani , Chakrapani Lakshmi N. , Palanivelu Shanthi , Raghunathan Malathi , Periandavan Kalaiselvi
Published: March 2022

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic immune‐mediated disease caused by pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction with consequent severe insulin deficiency. Exacerbated blood glucose levels can cause oxidative stress in the pancreatic β‐cells, which leads to inflammation, and apoptosis resulting in islet dysfunction. Although massive studies have been carried out to elucidate the causative factors for β‐cell damage in diabetes, the therapeutic approach to pancreatic β‐cell damage has not been extensively studied. Hence, the present study has been designed to delineate the role of gymnemic acid (GA) in protecting pancreatic β‐cells in diabetic animals, with special reference to inflammation and apoptosis. Our data revealed that the treatment with GA significantly reverted the alteration in both biochemical and histochemical observations in young diabetic rats. Moreover, treatment with the GA downregulates the expression of proinflammatory markers (nuclear factor‐κB, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐[IL]‐6, and IL‐1β), proapoptotic proteins (Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase‐3), as well as upregulates the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2 in diabetic rats. These findings suggest that the anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic nature of GA mitigates β‐cell damage in hyperglycemic rats.
Preclinical activity of fluvastatin‐loaded self‐nanoemulsifying delivery system against breast cancer models: Emphasis on apoptosis
Authors: Elimam Hanan , Hussein Jihan , Abdel‐Latif Yasmin , Abdel‐Aziz Amal Kamal , El‐Say Khalid M.
Published: March 2022

Statins trigger apoptotic cell death in some types of growing tumor cells in a cholesterol‐lowering‐independent manner. Self‐nanoemulsifying delivery systems (SNEDs) are potentially effective for the suppression of breast cancer development. This study aims to investigate the potential anticancer activity of fluvastatin (FLV)‐SNEDs in breast cancer while comparing it with FLV in vitro as well as in vivo exploiting/using MDA‐MB‐231 and Erhlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)‐bearing mice, respectively. Biochemical analysis of liver and kidney functions, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological examinations of such tumor tissues were performed showing the potentiality of SNEDs as a nanocarrier for antitumor agents. FLV‐SNEDs demonstrated more potent anticancer activity compared to FLV on MDA‐MB‐231 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. In vivo experiments on the EAC‐bearing mice model indicated that FLV and—to a greater extent—FLV‐SNEDs ameliorated EAC‐induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. FLV or FLV‐SNEDs evidently reduced the percent of Ki‐67 +ve EAC cells by 57.5% and 86.5% in comparison to the vehicle‐treated EAC group. In addition, FLV or FLV‐SNEDs decreased Bcl‐2 levels in serum and liver specimens. In contrast, FLV or FLV‐SNEDs significantly activated the executioner caspase‐3. Simultaneously, both FLV and FLV‐SNEDs stimulated p53 signaling and modulated Bcl‐2 protein levels in treated cells. Collectively, these results support the contribution of apoptotic cell death in mediating the anticancer activities of FLV and FLV‐SNEDs against murine EAC model in vivo. This study provides new understandings of how FLV and FLV‐SNEDs regulate EAC cell viability via upregulation of p53 signaling, and through modulation of cleaved caspase‐3 as well as antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 marker.
Mitochondria–actin cytoskeleton crosstalk in cell migration
Authors: Yadav Tarun , Gau David , Roy Partha
Published: March 2022

Mitochondria perform diverse functions in the cell and their roles during processes such as cell survival, differentiation, and migration are increasingly being appreciated. Mitochondrial and actin cytoskeletal networks not only interact with each other, but this multifaceted interaction shapes their functional dynamics. The interrelation between mitochondria and the actin cytoskeleton extends far beyond the requirement of mitochondrial ATP generation to power actin dynamics, and impinges upon several major aspects of cellular physiology. Being situated at the hub of cell signaling pathways, mitochondrial function can alter the activity of actin regulatory proteins and therefore modulate the processes downstream of actin dynamics such as cellular migration. As we will discuss, this regulation is highly nuanced and operates at multiple levels allowing mitochondria to occupy a strategic position in the regulation of migration, as well as pathological events that rely on aberrant cell motility such as cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the crosstalk that exists between mitochondria and actin regulatory proteins, and further emphasize on how this interaction holds importance in cell migration in normal as well as dysregulated scenarios as in cancer.
Pathologically Verified Corticobasal Degeneration Mimicking Richardson's Syndrome Coexisting with Clinically and Radiologically Shunt‐Responsive Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Saitoh Yuji , Iwasaki Masaki , Mizutani Masashi , Kimura Yukio , Hasegawa Masato , Sato Noriko , Takao Masaki , Takahashi Yuji
Published: March 2022

Background

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) manifests as gait instability, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence. This clinical triad of NPH sometimes occurs with ventriculomegaly in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Patients with pathologically verified neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), have received antemortem diagnoses of NPH.

Objectives

This study presents clinical and pathological features of a patient with pathologically verified corticobasal degeneration (CBD) coexisting with clinically shunt‐responsive NPH.

Methods

We performed clinical, radiological, and pathological evaluations in a patient with CBD whose antemortem diagnosis was PSP Richardson's syndrome (PSP‐RS) coexisting with shunt‐responsive NPH.

Results

A 59‐year‐old woman developed bradykinesia and gait instability and then frequent falls, urinary incontinence, and supranuclear vertical gaze palsy followed. At 63 years of age, her gait disturbance and urinary incontinence had deteriorated rapidly, and cognitive impairment was disclosed. There were typical findings of NPH with ventriculomegaly and disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus as well as a 2‐layer appearance with decreased and increased cerebral blood perfusion. Shunt placement ameliorated gait instability for more than 1 year and improved radiological indicators of NPH. However, atrophy of the midbrain progressed with time after transient increases in size. Although the antemortem diagnosis was probable PSP‐RS, pathological evaluation verified CBD. There were severe discontinuities of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles and subependymal rarefaction and gliosis with tau‐positive deposition.

Conclusions

Shunt surgery could ameliorate NPH symptoms in patients with 4‐repeat tauopathies. Careful assessments of clinical findings are necessary to predict the benefits of shunts as a therapeutic option for patients with neurodegenerative diseases coexisting with NPH.
Existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic equation using genus theory
Authors: Razani Abdolrahman , Figueiredo Giovany M.
Published: March 2022

Using genus theory, the existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic equation involving the subcritical growth is proved. Also, by using Krasnoselskii genus and Clark's theorem, the existence of ‐pairs of distinct solutions is proved. Finally, the existence of infinitely many solutions for an anisotropic equation involving the critical growth is studied.
Responsivity enhancement techniques for CMOS source‐driven terahertz detectors
Authors: Wu Hao , Fu Haipeng , Meng Fanyi , Ma Kaixue
Published: March 2022

The size and asymmetry effects of MOSFET detectors operating in a source‐driven configuration on responsivity are discussed in this paper. Seven MOSFET detectors with different sizes and structures are fabricated in a standard 55 nm CMOS technology. At 2.58 THz, the measurement results show that for the symmetric device, the minimum size MOSFET can achieve a higher responsivity, and for the asymmetric device, when the ratio of the source channel width to the drain channel width reaches 4:1 or higher, the asymmetric detector can achieve a higher responsivity than the detector based on the minimum size device available in the process. The best responsivity of the 2.03 kV/W is achieved by the asymmetry structure MOSFET detector with the ratio of the source channel width to the drain channel width reaching 4:1.
Dynamic brain ADC variations over the cardiac cycle and their relation to tissue strain assessed with DENSE at high‐field MRI
Authors: Sloots Jacob‐Jan , Froeling Martijn , Biessels Geert Jan , Zwanenburg Jaco J. M.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The ADC of brain tissue slightly varies over the cardiac cycle. This variation could reflect physiology, including mixing of the interstitial fluid, relevant for brain waste clearance. However, it is known from cardiac diffusion imaging that tissue deformation by itself affects the magnitude of the MRI signal, leading to artificial ADC variations as well. This study investigates to what extent tissue deformation causes artificial ADC variations in the brain.

Theory and Methods

We implemented a high‐field MRI sequence with stimulated echo acquisition mode that simultaneously measures brain tissue deformation and ADC. Based on the measured tissue deformation, we simulated the artificial ADC variation by combining established theoretical frameworks and compared the results with the measured ADC variation. We acquired data in 8 healthy volunteers with diffusion weighting b = 300 and b = 1000 s/mm2.

Results

Apparent diffusion coefficient variation was largest in the feet‐to‐head direction and showed the largest deviation from the mean ADC at peak systole. Artificial ADC variation estimated from tissue deformation was 1.3 ± 0.37·10−5 mm2/s in the feet‐to‐head direction for gray matter, and 0.75 ± 0.29·10−5 mm2/s for white matter. The measured ADC variation in the feet‐to‐head direction was 5.6·10−5 ± 1.5·10−5 mm2/s for gray matter and 3.2·10−5 ± 1.0·10−5 mm2/s for white matter, which was a factor of 3.5 ± 0.82 and 3.4 ± 0.57 larger than the artificial diffusion variations. The measured diffusion variations in the right‐to‐left/anterior‐to‐posterior direction were a factor of 1.5 ± 1.0/1.7 ± 1.4 and 2.0 ± 0.91/2.5 ± 0.94 larger than the artificial diffusion variations for gray matter and white matter, respectively.

Conclusion

Apparent diffusion coefficient variations in the brain likely largely reflect physiology.
Effect of OHMIC heating and ultrasound on functional properties of biodegradable gelatin‐based films
Authors: de Vargas Victoria Hermes , Flôres Simone Hickmann , Mercali Giovana Domeneghini , Marczak Ligia Damasceno Ferreira
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ohmic heating (OH) and ultrasound (US) on the functional properties of biodegradable gelatin‐based films. For OH, electric field strength (30–120 V) and exposure time (5–20 min) were evaluated; for US, intensity (50%–100%) and the exposure time (5–20 min) were investigated. Regarding OH, higher mechanical properties (tensile strength and Young's modulus) values were obtained at the lowest electric field strength applied, regardless of the exposure time. For US, tensile strength and Young's modulus values significantly increased with increasing the US intensity and exposure time. Films produced with OH and US with optimized properties were compared to a control film (produced by conventional heating). X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that films produced by US and OH showed a more ordered structure, with a higher crystallinity index, and were more thermally stable. The most pronounced effects on mechanical properties were obtained using OH: tensile strength increased from 1.53 MPa (control) to 3.86 MPa. US application reduced film opacity, resulting in a more transparent film with a smoother surface. Both treatments also significantly decreased the water vapor permeability but did not affect film thickness, moisture content, water solubility, and biodegradability.
Band Structure and Lattice Vibration of Elemental Tellurium Investigated by Temperature‐Dependent Mid‐and‐Far Infrared Transmission and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Dong-Qin , Zhu Liang-Qing , Wang Jun-Li , Xia Wei , Zhang Jin-Zhong , Jiang Kai , Shang Li-Yan , Li Ya-Wei , Hu Zhi-Gao
Published: March 2022

Tellurium (Te) recently attracts much attention owing to its peculiar band structure arousing high‐efficiency thermoelectricity and layered crystal structure suitable for band engineering. Herein, the temperature evolution of band structure and lattice vibration in Te single crystal are studied by mid‐and‐far infrared transmission (7500–370 and 680–30 cm−1) and Raman spectra measurements. Mid‐infrared absorption spectra confirm Te is a narrow indirect gap semiconductor, in which the direct (indirect) bandgap is about 0.333 (0.325) eV, the two upper valence bands (H4 and H5) and the third valence band (H6) being about 0.333, 0.42, and 0.76 eV, respectively, below the conduction‐band minima at 5 K. Meanwhile, the direct and indirect gaps of Te reveal non‐monotonic variation from 5 to 290 K due to the competition between electron–phonon interaction and lattice thermal expansion, which is well described by the modified Manoogian–Leclerc model. Moreover, the temperature evolution of Raman and far‐infrared transmission spectra proves there are two kinds of phonons in Te, which originates from the different thermal expansion of Te atoms along parallel and vertical directions of spiral chain. Thus, the anisotropic thermal expansion in Te is indicated and a reference for studying thermoelectricity of Te‐based optoelectronic devices is provided.
Utility based approach in individualized optimal dose selection using machine learning methods
Authors: Li Pin , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Boonstra Philip S. , Lawrence Theodore S. , Schipper Matthew J.
Published: March 2022

The goal in personalized medicine is to individualize treatment using patient characteristics and improve health outcomes. Selection of optimal dose must balance the effect of dose on both treatment efficacy and toxicity outcomes. We consider a setting with one binary efficacy and one binary toxicity outcome. The goal is to find the optimal dose for each patient using clinical features and biomarkers from available dataset. We propose to use flexible machine learning methods such as random forest and Gaussian process models to build models for efficacy and toxicity depending on dose and biomarkers. A copula is used to model the joint distribution of the two outcomes and the estimates are constrained to have non‐decreasing dose‐efficacy and dose‐toxicity relationships. Numerical utilities are elicited from clinicians for each potential bivariate outcome. For each patient, the optimal dose is chosen to maximize the posterior mean of the utility function. We also propose alternative approaches to optimal dose selection by adding additional toxicity based constraints and an approach taking into account the uncertainty in the estimation of the utility function. The proposed methods are evaluated in a simulation study to compare expected utility outcomes under various estimated optimal dose rules. Gaussian process models tended to have better performance than random forest. Enforcing monotonicity during modeling provided small benefits. Whether and how, correlation between efficacy and toxicity, was modeled, had little effect on performance. The proposed methods are illustrated with a study of patients with liver cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.
CeO2 Functionalized Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxide for Efficient Catalytic Oxygen‐Evolving Reaction
Authors: Li Yanyan , Zhang Xinyu , Zheng Zhiping
Published: March 2022

Water splitting to produce hydrogen is an effective means to alleviate the energy crisis. The anodic oxygen‐evolving reaction (OER) limits the overall efficiency due to its high energy barrier. To address this, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with high catalytic activities have been widely studied, especially those modified with CeO2, either bound to the surface or doped into interior. However, experimental evidence for the atomic‐level understanding of the mechanism for the enhanced catalytic performance is conspicuously missing. Herein, anchoring CeO2 nanoparticles onto Co LDH, based on the thoughts of loading capacity and size effect to regulate the properties of the interface and to optimize the performance, is attempted. The electronic interactions are studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), revealing electron transfer from Co2+ to Ce4+ that leads to an increase in Co3+. The strong Lewis acidity of Co3+ helps the binding of OH−, which is conducive to the formation and transformation of oxygen‐containing intermediates. Providing evidence is the formation of one of the key intermediates Co‐OOH at a sizably reduced potential as monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy. With this work, the atomic level correlation of site‐specific electronic interactions with the enhanced catalytic performance is clearly established.
Gelation‐Assisted Assembly of Large‐Area, Highly Aligned, and Environmentally Stable MXene Films with an Excellent Trade‐Off between Mechanical and Electrical Properties
Authors: Huang Xianwu , Huang Jiahui , Zhou Guishu , Wei Yanwei , Wu Peiyi , Dong Angang , Yang Dong
Published: March 2022

Layered MXene films have shown enormous potential for wide applications due to their high electrical conductivity and unique laminated microstructure. However, the intrinsic susceptibility to oxidation and the mechanical fragility of MXene films are the two major bottlenecks that prevent their widespread industrial applications. Here, a facile yet efficient assembly strategy is proposed to address these issues by increasing the alignment and compactness of MXene layers as well as strengthening the interlayer interactions. This method involves the gelation of MXene flakes with a multifunctional inorganic “mortar” polymer (ammonium polyphosphate, APP) followed by quasi‐solid‐state assembly enabled by a mechanical rolling process, by which the 3D gel network is transformed into 2D freestanding MXene films with unprecedented flake alignment and compactness. Besides, due to the multiple molecular‐level interactions (hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding, and electrostatic force) between APP and MXene flakes, the resultant MXene‐APP film (MAF) displays high mechanical strength (286.4 ± 20.3 MPa) and excellent electrical conductivity (8012.4 ± 325.6 S cm−1), along with remarkable environmental stability. As an application demonstration, MAF exhibits outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness with long‐term durability, highlighting the great potential of this gelation‐assisted assembly strategy in fabricating large‐area, high‐performance MXene films for diverse real‐world applications.
2D π‐conjugated metal–organic frameworks for CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Yang Deren , Wang Xun
Published: March 2022

Electrochemically converting CO2 molecules into valuable chemicals and fuels opens up a promising route to utilize CO2 source. To overcome the low efficiency and durability that hinder its practical applications, tremendous research efforts have been devoted to nano‐level or atomic‐level catalyst design. The advent of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provides novel opportunities for CO2 reduction catalysts, which may integrate the respective advantages of traditional catalysts and single‐atom catalysts. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in two‐dimensional (2D) π‐conjugated MOF catalysts and discuss their practical applications in CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). First, we systematically introduce the development of electrocatalysts for CO2RR applications. Meanwhile, various types of 2D porphyrin/phthalocyanine‐based MOFs and corresponding electrocatalytic performances arising from active‐site engineering, surface reconstruction, and thickness control are briefly overviewed. Finally, we highlight their major challenges and opportunities facing CO2RR, and hope that this review can offer new insight into MOF catalyst design.
A new criterion for $$\mathcal {M}, \mathcal {N}$$-adhesivity, with an application to hierarchical graphs
Authors: Castelnovo Davide , Gadducci Fabio , Miculan Marino
Published: March 2022

Adhesive categoriesprovide an abstract framework for the algebraic approach to rewriting theory, where many general results can be recast and uniformly proved. However, checking that a model satisfies the adhesivity properties is sometimes far from immediate. In this paper we present a new criterion giving a sufficient condition for$$\mathcal {M},\mathcal {N}$$M,N-adhesivity, a generalisation of the original notion of adhesivity. We apply it to several existing categories, and in particular tohierarchical graphs, a formalism that is notoriously difficult to fit in the mould of algebraic approaches to rewriting and for which various alternative definitions float around.
A Faithful and Quantitative Notion of Distant Reduction for Generalized Applications
Authors: Santo José Espírito , Kesner Delia , Peyrot Loïc
Published: March 2022

We introduce a call-by-name lambda-calculus$$\lambda J$$λJwith generalized applications which integrates a notion of distant reduction that allows to unblock$$\beta $$β-redexes without resorting to the permutative conversions of generalized applications. We show strong normalization of simply typed terms, and we then fully characterize strong normalization by means of a quantitative typing system. This characterization uses a non-trivial inductive definition of strong normalization –that we relate to others in the literature–, which is based on a weak-head normalizing strategy. Our calculus relates to explicit substitution calculi by means of a translation between the two formalisms which is faithful, in the sense that it preserves strong normalization. We show that our calculus$$\lambda J$$λJand the well-know calculus$$\varLambda J$$ΛJdetermine equivalent notions of strong normalization. As a consequence,$$\varLambda J$$ΛJinherits a faithful translation into explicit substitutions, and its strong normalization can be characterized by the quantitative typing system designed for$$\lambda J$$λJ, despite the fact that quantitative subject reduction fails for permutative conversions.
Uniform Guarded Fragments
Authors: Jaakkola Reijo
Published: March 2022

In this paper we prove that the uniform one-dimensional guarded fragment, which is a natural polyadic generalization of guarded two-variable logic, has the Craig interpolation property. We will also prove that the satisfiability problem of uniform guarded fragment is NExpTime-complete.
Categorical Foundations of Gradient-Based Learning
Authors: Cruttwell Geoffrey S. H. , Gavranović Bruno , Ghani Neil , Wilson Paul , Zanasi Fabio
Published: March 2022

We propose a categorical semantics of gradient-based machine learning algorithms in terms of lenses, parametric maps, and reverse derivative categories. This foundation provides a powerful explanatory and unifying framework: it encompasses a variety of gradient descent algorithms such as ADAM, AdaGrad, and Nesterov momentum, as well as a variety of loss functions such as MSE and Softmax cross-entropy, shedding new light on their similarities and differences. Our approach to gradient-based learning has examples generalising beyond the familiar continuous domains (modelled in categories of smooth maps) and can be realized in the discrete setting of boolean circuits. Finally, we demonstrate the practical significance of our framework with an implementation in Python.
Linearity and Uniqueness: An Entente Cordiale
Authors: Marshall Danielle , Vollmer Michael , Orchard Dominic
Published: March 2022

Substructural type systems are growing in popularity because they allow for a resourceful interpretation of data which can be used to rule out various software bugs. Indeed, substructurality is finally taking hold in modern programming; Haskell now has linear types roughly based on Girard’s linear logic but integrated via graded function arrows, Clean has uniqueness types designed to ensure that values have at most a single reference to them, and Rust has an intricate ownership system for guaranteeing memory safety. But despite this broad range of resourceful type systems, there is comparatively little understanding of their relative strengths and weaknesses or whether their underlying frameworks can be unified. There is often confusion about whether linearity and uniqueness are essentially the same, or are instead ‘dual’ to one another, or somewhere in between. This paper formalises the relationship between these two well-studied but rarely contrasted ideas, building on two distinct bodies of literature, showing that it is possible and advantageous to have both linear and unique types in the same type system. We study the guarantees of the resulting system and provide a practical implementation in the graded modal setting of the Granule language, adding a third kind of modality alongside coeffect and effect modalities. We then demonstrate via a benchmark that our implementation benefits from expected efficiency gains enabled by adding uniqueness to a language that already has a linear basis.
A Predicate Transformer for Choreographies
Authors: Jongmans Sung-Shik , van den Bos Petra
Published: March 2022

Construction and analysis of distributed systems is difficult; choreographic programming is a deadlock-freedom-by-construction approach to simplify it. In this paper, we present a new theory of choreographic programming. It supports for the first time: construction of distributed systems that require decentralised decision making (i.e., if/while-statements with multiparty conditions); analysis of distributed systems to provide not only deadlock freedom but also functional correctness (i.e., pre/postcondition reasoning). Both contributions are enabled by a single new technique, namely a predicate transformer for choreographies.
PEQtest: Testing Functional Equivalence
Authors: Jakobs Marie-Christine , Wiesner Maik
Published: March 2022

Refactoring a program without changing the program’s functional behavior is challenging. To prevent that behavioral changes remain undetected, one may apply approaches that compare the functional behavior of original and refactored programs. Difference detection approaches often use dedicated test generators and may be inefficient (i.e., execute (some of) the non-modified code twice). In contrast, proving functional equivalence often requires expensive verification. Therefore, we proposePEQtest, which aims at localized functional equivalence testing thereby relying on existing tests or test generators. To this end,PEQtestderives a test program from the original program by replacing each code segment being refactored with program code that encodes the equivalence of the original and its refactored code segment. The encoding is similar to program encodings used by some verification-based equivalence checkers. Furthermore, we prove that the test program derived byPEQtestindeed checks functional equivalence. Moreover, we implementedPEQtestin a prototype and evaluate it on several examples. Our evaluation shows thatPEQtestsuccessfully detects refactored programs that change the program behavior and that it often performs better than the state-of-the-art equivalence checkerPEQcheck.
SixthSense: Debugging Convergence Problems in Probabilistic Programs via Program Representation Learning
Authors: Dutta Saikat , Huang Zixin , Misailovic Sasa
Published: March 2022

Probabilistic programming aims to open the power of Bayesian reasoning to software developers and scientists, but identification of problems during inference and debugging are left entirely to the developers and typically require significant statistical expertise. A common class of problems when writing probabilistic programs is the lack of convergence of the probabilistic programs to their posterior distributions.

We present SixthSense, a novel approach for predicting probabilistic program convergence ahead of run and its application to debugging convergence problems in probabilistic programs. SixthSense’s training algorithm learns a classifier that can predict whether a previously unseen probabilistic program will converge. It encodes the syntax of a probabilistic program asmotifs– fragments of the syntactic program paths. The decisions of the classifier are interpretable and can be used to suggest the program features that contributed significantly to program convergence or non-convergence. We also present an algorithm for augmenting a set of training probabilistic programs that uses guided mutation.

We evaluated SixthSense on a broad range of widely used probabilistic programs. Our results show that SixthSense features are effective in predicting convergence of programs for given inference algorithms. SixthSense obtained Accuracy of over 78% for predicting convergence, substantially above the state-of-the-art techniques for predicting program properties Code2Vec and Code2Seq. We show the ability of SixthSense to guide the debugging of convergence problems, which pinpoints the causes of non-convergence significantly better by Stan’s built-in warnings.