bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Acute Pain in the Opioid-Dependent Patient in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Sinatra Raymond S , Mitra Sukanya
Published: November 2023

Patients exhibiting diminished opioid response, whether those presenting with high-grade tolerance or others demonstrating paradoxical treatment induced hyperalgesia, can pose significant and unique challenges to perioperative care providers. This chapter focuses on the clinical implications of opioid tolerance and opioidinduced hyperalgesia, and offers guidelines for patient assessment and acute pain management in the perioperative setting. For opioid tolerant patients in the perioperative setting, higher than standard doses of opioids will often be required. A balanced analgesic approach rather than high-dose opioid monotherapy is preferred. Analgesic regimens should include central or peripheral neural blockade, neuraxial analgesia, and administration of nonopioid adjuvant agents. On the other hand, patients developing opioidinduced hyperalgesia must be recognized and their analgesic plan quickly modified to minimize poor pain control. Opioid rotation, methadone substitution, administration of ketamine, as well as continuous clinical monitoring remain the key cornerstones of perioperative pain management.
Federal and State Policies at the Interface of Pain and Addiction
Authors: Maurer Martha A , Gilson Aaron M , Joranson David E
Published: November 2023

Relief of pain and suffering is an essential part of quality medical practice (Federation of State Medical Boards 2000, 2004). The medical and scientific communities, as well as regulatory agencies, have acknowledged the essential role of opioid analgesics as safe and effective in managing moderate to severe pain when under the supervision of a knowledgeable practitioner (Meldrum 2005; Miaskowski et al. 2005; Portenoy 1996; World Health Organization 1996). However, pain affects many patient populations, including those who need an opioid analgesic as part of a pain management program (Bernabei et al. 1998; Baker, Haffer, & Denniston 2003; Institute of Medicine Committee on Care at the End of Life 1997; SUPPORT Study Principal Investigators 1995). Misinformation about addiction, sensational media coverage of drug abuse, and highly publicized cases against certain prescribers have contributed to the stigmatization of opioid analgesics (Bennett & Carr 2002; Brushwood & Kimberlin 2004; Fishman 2005; Hyman & Brookoff 1998). Despite progress to improve the regulatory environment for pain management in several states (Gilson, Maurer, & Joranson 2005), many health-care professionals continue to fear being investigated and are unwilling to manage pain with opioid analgesics (Gilson & Joranson 2001; Institute of Medicine 1997; Martino 1998). Patients who experience chronic pain who also abuse drugs, have a diagnosable addictive disease, or have a history of substance abuse are at increased risk for inadequate relief because of an inaccurate understanding about pain and addiction (Gilson & Joranson 2002; Joranson & Gilson 2003; Savage et al. 2003). Persons with addictive disease should not automatically forfeit their access to effective pain management, and legal prescribing for pain must not be mistaken for illegal prescriptions to maintain addiction.
Justice and the Social Contract
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: November 2023

John Rawls (1921-2002) was one of the 20th century's most important philosophers and continues to be among the most widely discussed of contemporary thinkers. His work, particularly A Theory of Justice, is integral to discussions of social and international justice, democracy, liberalism, welfare economics, and constitutional law, in departments of philosophy, politics, economics, law, public policy, and others. Samuel Freeman is one of Rawls's foremost interpreters. This volume contains nine of his essays on Rawls and Rawlsian justice, two of which are previously unpublished. Freeman places Rawls within historical context in the social contract tradition, addresses criticisms of his positions, and discusses the implications of his views on issues of distributive justice, liberalism and democracy, international justice, and other subjects. This collection will be useful to the wide range of scholars interested in Rawls and theories of justice.
Free Will And Scientiphicalism
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

It’s been agreed for decades that not only does Determinism pose a big problem for our choosing from available alternatives, but its denial seems to pose a bit of a problem, too. It’s argued here that only Determinism, and not its denial, means no real choice for us. But, what explains the appeal of the thought that, where things aren’t fully determined, to that extent they’re just a matter of chance? It’s the dominance of metaphysical suppositions that, together, comprise Scientiphicalism: Wholly composed of such mindless physical parts as electrons, you are a being whose powers are all physical powers, physically deriving from the powers of your parts and their physical arrangements. Scientiphicalism conflicts with your having real choice.
Projections on Blank Space: Landscape, Nationality, and Identity in Der Zauberberg
Authors: Nenno Nancy P
Published: November 2023

Blank space on a map represents a region of the globe that has remained unreached, untouched, unclaimed. As such, it is also a challenge, something to be conquered and possessed, as well as something to be feared. Not merely placeholders, words to fill the empty space on a map, “terra incognita” are also the articulation of a challenge to fill that space with words, with narratives. More specifically, they are a challenge to fill that empty space with proper names claiming it. As an aporia to be assigned meaning, the blank space functions as a site for the inscription of identity.
“Politically Suspect”: Music on the Magic Mountain
Authors: Vaget Hans Rudolf
Published: November 2023

Far too many readings of The Magic Mountain fail to pay sufficient attention to the crucial role played by music in Mann’s larger thesis about the decline and fall of Europe before World War I. Most commentators duly take note of “Fullness of Harmony,” the rightly celebrated section of the novel’s huge seventh chapter. In it, yet another obsession of the novel’s “perfectly ordinary” hero, Hans Castorp, is revealed: his infinite susceptibility to music. We are made to listen with Castorp as he repeatedly plays a handful of his favorite records on the brand-new gramophone freshly acquired by the Berghof sanatorium for the diversion of its moribund guests.
The Magic Mountain: A “Humoristic Counterpart” to Death in Venice
Authors: Shookman Ellis
Published: November 2023

In a discussion recorded by a German radio station on August 22, 1953, Thomas Mann explained how he viewed the difference between irony and humor. Irony elicits an intellectual smile, he said, whereas humor occasions hearty laughter. He added that he valued such laughter more highly, as an effect of art, and that he felt happiest when his public readings of his works produced it in his audience. He went on to say that he was always pleased when people saw in him less an ironist than a humorist, and that it would not be hard to demonstrate the humoristic element in his writing.
Sleep In Infants, Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

In many instances, a child is not merely a small adult. This is particularly relevant with regards to sleep and sleep disorders in the infant, child, and adolescent, in whom there are many significant differences from that of the adult. Nonetheless, there are also many similarities in the clinical features, pathophysiology, evaluation and therapy of sleep disorders between children and adults. This chapter, rather than repeating what has been described in earlier sections that dealt with adults, will, instead, emphasize the differences between these two age groups.

The physiology, regulation, organization, architecture and distribution of sleep vary across the ages of one’s lifetime, from early infancy to elderly adulthood.

Sleep among newborns is polyphasic (occurring several times throughout the 24-hour day). In early childhood, typically between the ages of 3 to 5 years, sleep becomes monophasic (occurring only once, generally at night). Some adults continue to prefer a biphasic sleep pattern with an afternoon nap and a major nocturnal sleep period. (Table 13–1).
Sleep in Women
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Sleep can be affected by changes in reproductive cycles across the lifespan of women. Levels of estrogen and progesterone vary throughout the reproductive years, with a monthly cyclic pattern associated with menstruation, increasing during pregnancy, returning to preconception levels after delivery, and declining during perimenopause and menopause. Compared with men, women generally have more subjective complaints of insufficient or nonrestorative sleep while reporting a greater need for sleep.

The usual 28to 30-day menstrual cycle is divided into two phases, each lasting about 14 to 15 days. The initial follicular phase starts on the first day of menses. Estrogen is the predominant hormone during this phase. The second luteal phase begins at ovulation, with the peak of the surge in levels of luteinizing hormone brought about by rising levels of estrogen and progesterone. The subsequent menstruation is preceded by withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone. Mean daily body temperatures are lower by about 0.4°C during the follicular phase when compared with the luteal phase. Regular menstrual cycles start at menarche and end at menopause.
Medications and Their Effects on Sleep
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Many medications affect the central nervous system (CNS) and can alter the patterns of sleep and wakefulness. Others can induce sleep disorders (eg, nightmares, periodic limb movements of sleep or restless legs syndrome) or exacerbate them (eg, obstructive sleep apnea). Some agents can cause both insomnia and excessive sleepiness in different individuals, or in the same individual under different circumstances. These can be a primary therapeutic effect of the drug, a withdrawal effect, or an adverse reaction. Each medication possesses class and agent-specific effects on sleep.

Alcohol’s effect on arousal and sleep is biphasic. Alcohol has both stimulatory effects (at low doses and on the rising phase of alcohol levels) and sedative effects (at high doses and on the falling phase of alcohol levels). Metabolism of alcohol occurs at a constant rate of 10 to 20 mg/dl per hour.

Alcohol’s sedating effect can be additive with other agents such as benzodiazepines. Acute ingestion decreases sleep latency, increases non–rapid eye movement (NREM) stages 3 and 4 sleep, and reduces rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the first half of the sleep period (Table 16–1). It is metabolized quickly, and alcohol causes a rebound increase in the frequency of arousals and awakenings and an increase in REM sleep during the second part of the night. Nightmares and vivid dreams can occur. In addition, alcohol ingestion can cause worsening of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea by increasing upper airway resistance due to a decrease in pharyngeal dilator muscle tone.
Developmental Origins of the Mammalian Body Plan
Authors: Villar Angela J , Ware Stephanie M
Published: November 2023

The concept of the body plan refers to the distinguishing features of our bodies as organized three-dimensional structures. All members of a particular phylum share the same body plan at some point of development, whether it be at the embryonic, larval, or adult stage. Similarities and differences in adult shape and form are the basis of phylogenetic systematics. Organisms may be asymmetrical (no symmetry) or symmetrical (a single line or plane of symmetry). Like other vertebrates, mammals are bilaterally symmetrical quadrupeds and their close evolutionary relatives are readily distinguished from more distantly related organisms, such as sea urchins with spherical symmetry, sea anemones with radial symmetry and star7sh with 5-fold symmetry. Bilateral symmetry is a critical prerequisite for a moving, directional existence, the formation of a central nerve center and development of the head.
Development of the Nervous System
Authors: Rubenstein John L R , Puelles Luis
Published: November 2023

The nervous system has peripheral and central parts. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is derived from subsets of neural crest cells (see Chapter 6) and from ectodermal placodes (e.g., olfactory and otic). PNS structures are organized as ganglia (e.g., sympathetic, parasympathetic, dorsal root, and enteric) or sensory epithelia (e.g., olfactory and otic; see Chapter 7). The central nervous system (CNS) is derived from the neural plate. CNS structures are categorized according to their location within the neural tube. This chapter focuses on a description of major steps that control the development of the CNS and how these steps can be derailed to cause birth defects. We will begin with a morphological description of CNS development (Rubenstein et al., 1998; Puelles, 2001).
Development of the Ear
Authors: Fekete Donna M
Published: November 2023

The inner ear subserves two distinct sensory systems: hearing and balance. The outer and middle ears are an integral part of hearing and so they must also be considered. Constructing the vertebrate ear poses special challenges because it is so anatomically complex and because there are multiple embryonic origins of the cells and tissues that comprise the ear. Coordination of these disparate cell populations necessarily involves inductive interactions and will probably include orchestrated feedback loops.
The Wnt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Kategaya Lorna S , Sheldahl, Laird C , Moon Randall T
Published: November 2023

The Wnt (wingless) signaling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway that is well conserved across animal phyla. Wnts are a large family of secreted signaling molecules known to play important and diverse roles in developmental processes such as cell fate speci7cation, cell migration, and cell proliferation. Misregulation of Wnt signaling can cause a range of developmental defects and is also implicated in the genesis of several human cancers in adults. While the 7rst Wnt was initially discovered as a protooncogene that leads to mammary tumor formation in mice, it was later shown to be important in axis formation in frogs (Nusse et al., 1991). In Drosophila, wingless (wg) had already been discovered, with mutants displaying segmentation defects or embryonic lethality (Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus, 1980).
NOG and Proximal Symphalangism (SYM1), Multiple Synostosis (SYN1), Tarsal–Carpal Coalition, and Isolated Stapes Ankylosis
Authors: Mundlos Stefan
Published: November 2023

Noggin (Nog) was first discovered as an important factor in brain development. The name reflects the observation that frog embryos injected with Nog mRNA grew exceptionally large heads. In Xenopus, Nog is able to mimic the activity of the Spemann organizer, which determines dorsal versus ventral fates in the gastrulating embryo. These and other studies demonstrated that Nog is a potent inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Nog blocks the ability of BMPs to signal through cognate cell surface receptors by effectively masking the ligand-receptor–binding epitopes. Consequently, Nog has been widely used in experimental settings to negatively manipulate BMP signaling. Inactivation of Nog, on the other hand, results in excess BMP activity and, among many other developmental defects, in excess cartilage and a failure of joint formation. No human phenotype in association with a homozygous loss of function has been reported. However, four dominantly inherited conditions are associated with NOG mutations: proximal symphalangism (SYM1; OMIM 185800), multiple synostosis syndrome (SYN1; OMIM 186500), tarsal–carpal coalition (TCC; OMIM 186570), and isolated stapes ankylosis (OMIM 184460). All four conditions affect the development of the phalanges and/or joints resulting in brachydactyly and/or joint fusions. A second locus for proximal symphalangism (SYM2) has been shown to be associated with specific mutations in the gene encoding growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5).
ZEB2 and Mowat–Wilson Syndrome
Authors: Wilson Meredith , Goossens Michel , Moal, Florence Dastot-Le , Mowat David
Published: November 2023

Mowat–Wilson syndrome (MWS) (OMIM 235730) is a recently delineated mental retardation–multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by typical facies, severe mental retardation (MR), epilepsy, and variable congenital malformations that include Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), congenital heart disease (CHD), urogenital anomalies, and agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC).
Molecular and Cellular Biology of FGF Signaling
Authors: givol David , Eswarakumar veraragavan P
Published: November 2023

To date, 22 mammalian fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are known. The first was discovered in the 1970s as a mitogen that can stimulate the growth of fibroblasts (Gospodarowicz, 1974). The FGFs range in size between 17 and 34 kDa in vertebrates, and they share a conserved core region of 120 amino acids that show 40%–60% identity. Their most important common property, besides binding to the FGF receptors (FGFRs), is the binding of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and high affinity for the glycosaminoglycan heparin (Burgess et al., 1989). This property served as the basis for methods to purify the various FGFs, and, as will be shown later, the binding of heparan sulfate (HS) is required for signaling by FGF (for review, see Ornitz et al., 2001). FGFs are present also in invertebrates. Drosophila has only one FGF (branchless), and Caenorhabditis elegans has two FGFs (egl-17 and let-756), suggesting extensive gene duplication during vertebrate development (Coulier et al., 1997).
Introduction to Endothelin-3/Endothelin-B Receptor and SOX10 Signaling Pathways
Authors: Gariepy Cheryl E
Published: November 2023

Hirschsprung disease [congenital absence of the distal enteric nervous system (ENS)] and Waardenburg syndrome (pigment abnormalities and sensorineural deafness) result from abnormal embryonic development of neural crest (NC)-derived cells. These developmental abnormalities occur together in humans (Shah–Waardenburg syndrome, also known as Waardenburg syndrome type IV) and in several species of animals. The Shah–Waardenburg syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes that encode the endothelin-B receptor (EDNRB), one of its ligands (endothelin-3, EDN3), and the Sex-determining Region Y (SRY)-related high mobility group (HMG)-box gene 10 (SOX10) (see Chapter 54). EDNRB and SOX10 are both critical components of a signaling cascade that controls the development of melanocytes and the ENS. Despite the similarities of the skin and enteric phenotypes observed in EDN3, EDNRB, and SOX10 mutant animals and humans, the interaction of these pathways in vivo is not yet fully de7ned, although some recent data suggest that SOX10 may regulate EDNRB expression in a tissueand developmental-stage–speci7c manner (Zhu et al., 2004; Hakami et al., 2006; Yokoyama et al., 2006).
The Role of Hox and Dlx Gene Clusters in Evolution and Development
Authors: Ruddle Frank h.
Published: November 2023

The genetic basis of development was significantly advanced in the early 1980s with the elucidation of the molecular structure of the homeotic genes. These genes constituted a large family characterized by a conserved 183-nucleotide (nt) domain termed the “homeobox” (Gehring, 1998). The homeobox encodes a 61-amino acid helix– turn–helix configuration that serves as a DNA-binding domain. The gene products of the homeotic genes serve as transcription factors and have been shown to regulate a variety of developmental processes, particularly in early development but at other stages in the lifecycle as well.
15q11-13 and the Prader–Willi Syndrome
Authors: Mccandless Shawn E , Cassidy Suzanne B
Published: November 2023

Prader–Willi syndrome [PWS (OMIM 176270)] is a multisystem disorder with a recognizable pattern of dysmorphic features and major neurologic, cognitive, endocrine, and behavioral abnormalities, all of which are referable to a characteristic pattern of central nervous system (CNS) maldevelopment. Newborns have profound hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and poor weight gain. Later, they develop hyperphagia usually leading to obesity, short stature, characteristic physical appearance, and a typical pattern of behavior problems that includes obsessive–compulsive traits. Management centers on control of food intake to avoid obesity, medical treatment of endocrine abnormalities, special educational programming, and behavior management techniques. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, confirmed by demonstration of lack of biparental expression of genes in the PWS critical region on chromosome 15q11-q13.
NIPBL and SMC1L1 (now SCM1A) and the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Authors: Deardorff Matthew A , Krantz Ian D
Published: November 2023

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) or Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS) (OMIM 122470, 300590 and 610759) is a dominant disorder of multiple congenital anomalies typically including characteristic facial features, hirsutism, abnormalities of the upper extremities, gastroesophageal dysfunction, growth retardation, and neurodevelopmental delay. Mutations in genes encoding components and regulators of the cohesin complex (to date NIPBL and SMC1L1) are causative.
GATA3 AND HYPOPARATHRYOIDISM, DEAFNESS AND RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Thakker R V
Published: November 2023

GATA3 haploinsufficiency is associated with the hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome (van Esch et al., 2000). This chapter will brie8y review: the GATA family members and their role in vertebrate embryonic development with an emphasis on GATA3, the phenotype of HDR, the GATA3 mutations associated with HDR, and the phenotype of a mouse model that is deleted for Gata3.
GLMN and Glomuvenous Malformation
Authors: Brouillard Pascal , Enjolras Odile , Boon, Laurence M , Vikkula Miikka
Published: November 2023

Glomuvenous malformation (GVM) is a localized cutaneous vascular lesion histologically characterized by the presence of maldifferentiated smooth muscle-like “glomus cells” around distended vein-like channels. GVM is caused by mutations in a gene named Glomulin (GLMN). As most mutations cause premature termination codons, they probably result in loss-of-function. Paradominant inheritance was suggested by the identification of a double-hit mutation in one lesion, indicating that GVM lesions may be due to complete localized loss of glomulin. Glomulin is specifically expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), but its exact function remains unknown. It likely plays a role in the differentiation of vSMCs, as in GVM these cells have deviated in their differentiation process due to lack of glomulin expression. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling pathways may be altered.
Banned from the Academy:The Mentoring of Robert Remak
Authors: Lab Mullers
Published: November 2023

Robert Remak, who worked closely with Müller for twenty-five years, never delivered a memorial address. Neither the Berlin University nor the Academy of Sciences invited him to do so.
The Williamsburg Circle
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Thomas Jefferson left William and Mary on April 25, 1762, without taking a degree. Under the old requirements, he had already attended college long enough to earn his baccalaureate. Under the new ones, he was only half finished. He saw no reason to continue. Richard Graham, dismissed as Professor of Natural Philosophy three years earlier, had been reappointed to the faculty in mid-1761, this time as Professor of Moral Philosophy. Despite Graham’s learning—he had an M.A. from Oxford—he made little impression on Jefferson, who much preferred William Small as Professor of Moral Philosophy. Deciding to leave college, Jefferson saw that getting an education was more important than earning a degree. He believed that a good education extends beyond the walls of a classroom.
Becoming a Burgess
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Since starting college, Jefferson had been traveling back and forth from Shadwell to Williamsburg at least twice a year. To him Williamsburg was not only the place where he received his professional education, but also a place where he learned the social graces and developed his love of science and literature through the conviviality of friends he made there. Arriving in town a week before the spring session of General Court was scheduled to convene in 1768, he found his familiar Williamsburg world irreparably changed: his dear friend Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier had passed away the previous month. His death meant not only the end of the pleasant intellectual conversation around the dinner table at the Governor’s Palace that Jefferson so enjoyed, but also the end of their ensemble musical performances. Even after his death, Fauquier still contributed to the advancement of scientific inquiry in Virginia: his will stipulated that in case he died of undetermined causes, his body should be used for purposes of scientific research.
A Summary View of the Rights of British America
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

In 1773, Virginia welcomed one of the most colorful characters yet to reach its shores, the Florentine viticulturist Philip Mazzei, whose personal memoirs provide a unique glimpse into Jefferson’s world, despite their occasional errors. With an eye for detail and an ear for dialogue, Mazzei brought his Virginia experience alive as he wrote his life story. Having left Tuscany the previous decade, he had been living in London, where he befriended many Americans, including Thomas Adams and Benjamin Franklin. Adams came to know Mazzei well and spoke with him at length about Virginia and its leading citizens. Conversing with Mazzei—a great talker—people sometimes found it difficult to get a word in edgewise, but Adams managed to tell him about Thomas Jefferson, whose presence in the colony confirmed that Virginia was not without men of refinement and intellect. Before long, Mazzei—a great dreamer as well as a great talker—made up his mind to immigrate to Virginia, where he hoped to establish vineyards and olive orchards and start producing wine and olive oil on a grand scale. From England, he returned to Tuscany to prepare for his voyage to the New World.
London Town
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

One snowy February day in 1786, Jefferson received a visit from William Stephens Smith, secretary of the American legation in London, good friend of John Adams, and fiancéto his daughter Abigail. Smith had come to Paris expressly to deliver an urgent message from Adams to Jefferson. Since their joint commission to negotiate treaties of amity and commerce between the United States and other nations would end in May, the two had the responsibility to do as much as they could before its expiration. Though any further efforts in this regard had seemed fruitless, new and unexpected opportunities for negotiating treaties with Portugal, Tripoli, and possibly other nations of the Barbary Coast arose that winter. In recent weeks, Adams had been meeting with Abdrahaman, the envoy of the Sultan of Tripoli.1 Adams went so far to endear himself to the Tripoline ambassador that he actually began smoking a hookah in his presence. The incongruous sight of this staid New Englander puffing away at a hookah prompted Abdrahaman’s secretary to exclaim, “Monsieur, vouseêtes un Turk!”
An Inquisitive Journey through France and Italy
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Jefferson’s broken wrist healed very slowly and he considered more drastic treatment. Friends recommended the waters at Aix-enProvence for their curative properties. Chances are he had little faith in the waters at Aix, but the promised cure gave him a convenient excuse to visit Provence. He had other ways to justify the trip, which would let him visit Italy, a place he had dreamt of seeing for years. Despite what the South of France and the Italian north offered visitors in terms of art and architecture, Jefferson really wanted to observe the agriculture of these regions and the folkways of their people. The story of this European tour has been told before. What has so far gone untold is the story behind the story. Jefferson wrote different versions of his journey for different purposes.
The Young Idea
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Left Paris”: So reads Jefferson’s memorandum book for Saturday, September 26, 1789. Two days later his party, which included his two daughters, James Hemings, and James’s sister Sally, reached Le Havre, where Jefferson befriended a seafaring man from Massachusetts named Nathaniel Cutting. Better known to posterity as a diarist than a sailor, Captain Cutting tirelessly recorded the incidents of everyday life to create a lasting record of his seafaring adventures. Cutting’s diary chronicles his friendship with the Jeffersons in great detail and thus supplements the laconic memorandum book. Few surviving documents better capture Jefferson’s personal interactions with his daughters. Since it took several days to find passage from Le Havre to the Isle of Wight, Cutting spent much time in their company, postponing his own journey to be with them.
Return to Monticello
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

During his presidency, Thomas Jefferson had accumulated a considerable number of personal possessions, including, of course, lots and lots of books. Anticipating his retirement by more than a year, he had sent much of his presidential library back to Monticello, enough books to fill eight trunks. Together with four other packages, these bookfilled trunks weighed two and a half tons. As his retirement approached in February 1809, enough other stuff remained—books too essential to pack, papers, furniture, lamps—that he summoned overseer Edmund Bacon to come up from Monticello to help. Together they filled about thirty packages to be sent home by water. The rest they loaded onto wagons driven to Washington. Bacon recalled, “I had three wagons from Monticello—two six-mule teams loaded with boxes, and the other four sorrel Chickasaw horses, and the wagon pretty much loaded with shrubbery from Maine’s nursery. The servants rode on these wagons. I had the carriage horses and carriage, and rode behind them.” Bacon left Washington on March ninth or tenth. Jefferson followed on Saturday, the eleventh.
A Cosmological Argument
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Dear Thomas, Of course. Why don’t we consider a cosmological argument? Roughly speaking, a cosmological argument moves from the existence of the cosmos or universe to the existence of God. But the cosmological argument comes in many forms, and I’d like to present a version that starts with the fact that there are many contingent beings.
Compression of the Anterior Visual Pathways
Authors: Foroozan Rod , Hinckley Lisa
Published: November 2023

Unilateral or bilateral visual loss may occur from a compressive process affecting the intraorbital optic nerves, intracranial optic nerves, optic chiasm, or optic tracts. The term compressive, as used in this chapter, includes benign and malignant neoplasm, cyst, mucocele, and aneurysm. Also included is the orbital compression of the optic nerves by enlarged extraocular muscles in thyroid-associated orbitopathy.
Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Kerrison John. B
Published: November 2023

Although the clinical profiles of patients with toxic optic neuropathy differ from the profiles of those with nutritional optic neuropathy, the pattern of visual loss is similar. It is characterized by decreased visual acuity with relative preservation of peripheral vision. Findings on examination are that of a bilateral optic neuropathy. Visual acuity characteristically ranges from 20/30–20/200. Significant dyschromatopsia is present, often disproportionate to the level of visual acuity.
Long-Term Diagnostic Stability in International Cohorts of Persons with Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses
Authors: Craig Thomas J , Wanderling Joseph A , Janca Aleksandar
Published: November 2023

In the epidemiologic study of schizophrenia and related psychoses, it is most common that an initial cross-sectional diagnosis is derived using a structured interview instrument from which study diagnostic categories are created for longitudinal analysis of outcome. Only recently have such studies examined longitudinal diagnostic stability (Babigian, Gardner, Miles, and Romano, 1965; Kendell, 1974; Tsuang, Woolson, Winokur, and Crowe, 1981; Weeke, 1984; Jorgensen and Mortensen, 1988; Beiser, Iacono, and Erickson, 1989; Lenz, Simhandl, Tharu, Berner, and Gabriel, 1991; Marneros, Deister, and Rohde, 1991; Stanton and Joyce, 1993; Rabinowitz, Slyuzberg, Retsner, Mark, Popper, and Ginath, 1994; Fennig, Kovasznay et al., 1994; Fenning, Bromet, Craig, Jandorf, and Schwartz, 1995; Chen, Swann, and Burt, 1996) despite the fact that differential diagnostic change over time could have serious implications for the interpretation of outcome data. Relatively few in number, such studies had very different study designs which limit their comparability. Few studies have used the same structured diagnostic interview at baseline and follow-up, for example, relying instead on routinely collected baseline clinical data—for example, from case registries (Babigian et al., 1965; Kendell, 1974; Tsuang et al., 1981; Weeke, 1984; Jorgensen and Mortensen, 1988; Marneros et al., 1991; Stanton and Joyce, 1993; Rabinowitz et al., 1994; Fennig, Craig et al., 1994).
The Alternatives to Prescribing
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

Two alternatives to requiring prescriptions from physicians to purchase any of thousands of pharmaceuticals are worth considering: the libertarian, freemarket option and something I will call patient certification. One simple, bold alternative to the irrational practice of prescribing would be to bite the bullet and remove restrictions on medicinal chemicals: Let any-one sell them on the free market the way we sell nicotine, alcohol, pesticides, and countless other dangerous chemicals. As far as I know, there is no other class of products in the United States—a country passionately devoted to liberty—that is categorically restricted so that only a state-licensed professional (the pharmacist) may legally purchase and resell them, and only with written permission of another state-licensed professional (the physician). This is extraordinary security. It might be warranted for radioactive materials or top-secret, national-security data, but it is hard to defend for large classes of chemicals, most of which pose very little danger and have very little potential for abuse.
Why Hospice Care Should Not Be a Part of Ideal Health Care: II Hospice in a Postmodern Era
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

It is obvious that the hospice movement has grown out of the medical model. It is health professionals—mainly nurses—who have been the leaders in the development of hospices. That has often led to choice of language and methods of procedure that are medical. We sometimes talk about the staff of hospices as “health-care providers.”; More critically, we talk about the lay participants in hospices as “patients.”; We do this even though much of what a hospice participant receives has nothing to do with health care as normally understood. The hospice participant receives companionship, help with housekeeping, and so forth. He or she is read to, joked with, prayed with, and cried with. In “inpatient”; hospices, the participants might better be called “hospice residents.”; In home care, they remain residents in their own homes and might be called variously “owner,”; “resident,”; “participant,”; or some other label. Calling these persons “patients,”; however, categorizes them into the medical model.
Living With Darwin
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

Recent debates about Intelligent Design have brought into high relief the huge schism between those who believe in Darwin and the power of science to understand the world, and those who look through the prism of religious faith. Why, asks eminent philosopher Philip Kitcher, does this debate continue to rage given that the scientific consensus in favor of Darwin is overwhelming? This accessible and elegant essay attempts to answer this question. Kitcher first presents the compelling evidence on behalf of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, bringing out with unprecedented clarity the structure of the reasoning that has convinced almost all educated people of its merits during the past century and a half. He then sets the current debate about Intelligent Design in historical context, showing that ID theory is really dead science. Explaining the scientific issues in an elegant and accessible way, Kitcher shows how crucial discoveries successively undermined the Creationist views about life on earth that were once considered scientific orthodoxy. Finally, Kitcher goes on to analyze the recurrent opposition to Darwinian ideas, arguing that they do present a genuine threat to those forms of religion that invoke divine providence. A Darwinian understanding of the history of life makes popular forms of religious faith, including most versions of Christianity and Judaism, hard to sustain. The dispute about Intelligent Design emerges as a symptom of a much deeper problem the clash between the deep impulses to religion and the discoveries of the natural and human sciences. Kitcher contends that we cannot resolve that clash either by denying these discoveries or by brusquely overriding the underlying impulses. Somehow, we must develop a version of secular humanism that will prove genuinely satisfying.
Of Monkeys and Men Biopower and the Production of Race
Authors: Feder Ellen K
Published: November 2023

The long-awaited publication of Michel Foucault’s 1974–75 and 1975–76 lectures at the Colle`ge de France provides us with an opportunity to reconsider the potential contribution of Foucault’s ‘analytics’ of power for understanding the contemporary operation of race. Unlike the deployment of gender, which, I argued in the previous chapter, is best understood as a function of disciplinary power, the deployment of race is primarily a function of ‘biopower,’ an expression of power that is bound up with the state apparatus. Appreciating the distinctive kinds of power associated with the production of gender on the one hand and race on the other affords us a chance to deepen our understanding of the ways that differences are produced and articulated in and through one another.
with a bullet checklists and dingbats
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

“Funny you should mention it,” sang Frank Zappa: “Our new single hit the charts last week—with a bullet!” Amidst proliferating Power-Point presentations and burgeoning books of lists, the bullet seems as ubiquitous as blazing six-guns in a spaghetti Western. Like bar codes, they’re everywhere, even where one can’t tell exactly why (e.g., the one next to the sub-headline on a feature story about tree houses in our local paper). The use of bullet points, as a synonym for list items, has become so commonplace as to have worn out its novelty. We live in a bulleted age.
And a half: musical dots
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In musical notation, the dot signifies that the note preceding it is to be increased in duration by half its length: A dotted half note is equal to a half note tied to a quarter note, a dotted quarter note equals a quarter tied to an eighth, and so on. (By the same token, a quarter-note rest with a dot after it means a rest equal to a quarter-note rest plus an eighth-note rest.) This has saved composers and their printers a great deal of ink over the years; without the dotted quarter, a jig (time signature 6/8), with an underlying two-beat rhythm of two dotted quarters to the measure, would be a thicket of tied quarters and eighths—and as for a concert polonaise jam-packed with dotted-eighths-plus-sixteenths, don’t even go there.
The Romantic Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis
Published: November 2023

The Romantic era began in the 1820s when ideals of elegance changed to those of grandios- ity, conventional structures gave way to freer forms, and expressive individuality deter- mined textual selection and treatment. Throughout most of the Classical era, adjectives such as sweet, refined, and graceful were used to characterize musical composition and performance, even when choral ensembles and orchestras were very large. Many primary-source quotations verify this view, including a comment by the French author Marie-Henri Beyle (1793–1842) in his 1817 book (published under the pseudonym César Bombet) about the lives of Mozart and Haydn. Beyle makes reference to an early-nineteenth-century Handel festival concert in West- minster Abbey, stating, “Although 377 stringed instruments accompanied a single voice, such was the lightness of the effect, they did not overpower or incommode it. “ Large numbers of per- formers did not necessarily presume loud volumes of sound. However, the majority of composers at the beginning of the Romantic era desired to create imposing and grandiose effects—such as is evident in Berlioz’s Grande messe des morts and Beethoven’s Missa solemnis and Symphony #9. Composers also desired to create overtly dramatic effects, and, as a result, the dynamic ranges of volume became extreme and the use of numerous expressive markings became common- place. Indications for very loud volumes were contrasted with those for very soft volumes, and various symbols for articulation and emphasis were employed to vary the scope or compass of dramatic portrayal. In addition, more and more Italian terms were used to indicate precise tempo and expressive intent.
The Modern Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis
Published: November 2023

The Modern era began during the early years of the twentieth century when composers felt that the genres, tonalities, scorings, and notational symbols of the Romantic era could no longer satisfy their creative needs. Traditional genres were too confining for new ideas of expres- sion, harmonic language based on functional tonality seemed to be exhausted, additional and unique colors were needed in scoring, and innovative elements of notation were required to manifest revolutionary concepts of communication. Consequently, dramatic changes affected virtually every element of music making. New genres ranged from stage productions that incor- porated dance (e.g., Claude Debussy’s Le martyre de St Sébastien ) to vocal chamber music scored for a large ensemble of highly skilled soloists (e.g., Olivier Messiaen’s Cinq rechants for twelve singers); experiments in new tonalities resulted in the dodecaphonic (twelve-tone) technique, pandiatonicism, bitonality, atonality, and divisions of the traditional chromatic scale into smaller units than half steps; scorings for uncommon colors included wordless chorus as an orchestral instrument, sprechstimme, numerous percussion instruments, and electronic sounds and instruments; and new notation consisted of a wide range of symbols to indicate such performance elements as variations in vibrato, speaking, singing in falsetto, producing the highest or lowest notes possible, and yelling, hissing, whispering, and so on.
Understanding Risks in Health Care
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

A glance at the literature reveals a shocking lack of statistical understanding of the outcomes of modern technologies, from standard screening tests for HIV to DNA evidence. For instance, physicians with an average of 14 years professional experience were asked to imagine using the Haemoccult test to screen for colorectal cancer (Hoffrage & Gigerenzer, 1998). The prevalence of cancer was percent, the sensitivity of the test was 50 percent, and the false positive rate was 3 percent.
Military Intervention and Terrorism
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

One unfortunate casualty of the foreign policies of the George W. Bush administration is the very idea of morality in relations between states. I have a long-standing interest in this topic since one of the first books I ever edited (or coedited in this case) was called Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs. This was during the Vietnam War, and we editors and contributors, most of us philosophers, all argued for paying more attention to what morality would recommend for U.S. foreign policy and for recognizing the appropriateness of the moral evaluation of states’ behavior.
Group Responsibility for Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

When a group such as a nation or a corporation has a relatively clear structure and set of decision procedures, it certainly seems that it is capable of acting and, one can well argue, that it should be considered morally, as well as legally, responsible. Assigning responsibility is a human practice, and there are good moral reasons to adopt the practice of assigning responsibility to such groups. From these judgments, however, little follows about the responsibility of individual members of such groups; much more needs to be ascertained about which official or executives are responsible for what before we can consider individual members of nations or corporations responsible.
Genes, Environments, and Concepts of Biological Inheritance
Authors: Mameli Matteo
Published: November 2023

The term inheritance is often used to talk about biological traits. It can be argued that in this context, this term is used to express two different concepts. The first refers to the processes responsible for the reliable reoccurrence of biological features within lineages. The second refers to the processes responsible for the reliable reoccurrence of phenotypic differences between lineages. I shall call these two concepts, respectively, the concept of F-inheritance and the concept of D-inheritance. The F stands for “features that reoccur within lineages,” and the D stands for “differences that reoccur between lineages.” I shall call F-inheritan e and D-inheritance the processes to which these two concepts respectively refer. The distinction between F-inheritance and D-inheritance is fundamentally important for understanding the way developmental theory and evolutionary theory are related. Once this distinction is properly grasped, it is possible to see that the currently popular genecentric views of inheritance are inadequate.
Poverty of Stimulus Arguments Concerning Language and Folk Psychology
Authors: Segal Gabriel
Published: November 2023

This chapter is principally devoted to comparing and contrasting poverty of stimulus arguments for innate cognitive apparatus in relation to language and to folk psychology. These days one is no longer allowed to use the term “innate” without saying what one means by it.1 So I will begin by saying what I mean by “innate.” Sections 2 and 3 will discuss language and theory of mind, respectively. Along the way, I will also briefly discuss other arguments for innate cognitive apparatus in these areas.