bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite element analysis and seismic rehabilitation of a 1000‐year‐old heritage listed tall masonry mosque
Authors: Mortezaei A. , Kheyroddin A. , Ronagh H. R.
Published: June 2010

Architectural heritage is not only culturally important but also economically vital as it is a great support for tourism and leisure industries bringing in billions of dollars to otherwise ailing economies of many older regions of the world. Protecting these often very heavy masonry structures in high seismic zones is a challenge that is of great concern for authorities, researchers and engineers alike. Post‐Islamic monumental buildings of Persia are among the world's most beautiful heritage listed architecture. Every large city in Iran has a mosque called ‘Masjed‐e‐Jam'e’ meaning the great mosque. This is the mosque in which the Friday prayer (a social must for Muslims) is often held. These mosques are large, always with tall minarets and often with a huge gathering area called ‘Ivan’ that are identifiable by their huge walls and dome or semi‐dome shaped roofs. The structure of the building and minarets is often made of bricks laid with lime mortar; and as such they are heavy elements most susceptible to earthquake's ground acceleration.

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the structural behaviour and seismic vulnerability of the ‘Masjed‐e‐Jame’ of Semnan, a heritage listed building dating back to 11th century AD. The analytical tool used here is a nonlinear static/dynamic finite element method. Using this tool and comparing demand versus capacity confirms the susceptibility of the building to extensive damage and possibility of collapse, as is frequently observed in this type of buildings. Another aspect of the study presented here has been the evaluation of the actual efficiency of current techniques of repair and strengthening of these structures. It is shown that usual structural reinforcement techniques are effective in providing increased seismic capacity. The paper advocates that significant information can be obtained from advanced numerical analysis, with respect to the understanding of existing damage and design of strengthening system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited ductility design of reinforced concrete columns for tall buildings in low to moderate seismicity regions
Authors: Ho Johnny Ching Ming
Published: June 2010

Nonlinear moment‐curvature analysis using stress–strain relationships of the constitutive materials and take into account the stress path dependence of longitudinal steel was performed to study the structural parameters affecting the flexural ductility of high‐strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) columns. From the analysis, a theoretical equation for designing square‐shaped limited ductility HSRC columns was proposed that correlates the volumetric ratio of confining reinforcement within critical region to the cross‐section core area ratio, yield strengths of longitudinal and confining reinforcement, area ratio of longitudinal reinforcement, concrete strength and compressive axial load level. The validity of the proposed theoretical equation was verified by testing eight square‐shaped columns with concrete cylinder strength varied from 50 to 96 MPa and longitudinal steel ratio from 0.9 to 6.1% that contained the proposed content of confining reinforcement within the critical region of columns. Outside the critical region, the confining steel is designed based on ultimate shear demand. The columns were tested under reversed cyclic inelastic displacements and compressive axial load, whose magnitude was held constant throughout the test. From the test results, it was observed that the ultimate curvature ductility factor obtained for these columns were about 10, which are considered to behave in a limited ductility manner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulky Cations and Four different Polyiodide Anions in [Lu(Db18c6)(H2O)3(thf)6]4(I3)2(I5)6(I8)(I12)
Authors: Walbaum Christine , Pantenburg Ingo , Junk Peter , Deacon Glen B. , Meyer Gerd
Published: June 2010

Black single crystals of [Lu(Db18c6)(H2O)3(thf)6]4(I3)2(I5)6(I8)(I12) were obtained from lutetium, I2 and Db18c6 (dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6) in THF solution. In the bulky cation, Lu3+ is surrounded by nine oxygen atoms, six of Db18c6 and three of water molecules to which two THF molecules are attached each. Meanwhile, four polyiodide anions, (I3)–, (I5)–, (I8)2– and (I12)2–, in a 2:6:1:1 ratio form a three‐dimensional network and leave space for the bulky cations.
Perioperative Outcomes of Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Nepalese Experience
Authors: Lakhey Paleswan Joshi , Bhandari Ramesh Singh , Ghimire Bikal , Khakurel Mahesh
Published: June 2010

Background

Pancreaticodudenectomy (PD) is a high‐risk, technically demanding operation associated with substantial perioperative morbidity and mortality. This review is intended to evaluate the perioperative outcomes of PD done in a single gastrointestinal surgery unit of a university teaching hospital.

Patients and methods

A retrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent PD from April 2005 through May 2009 was done. Perioperative morbidity was defined according to the standard of the International Study Group for Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF). The patient demographics, type of surgery, and perioperative morbidity and mortality were evaluated. The factors associated with increased morbidity were analyzed.

Results

Twenty‐four patients underwent PD, and there were no perioperative deaths. The overall morbidity was 58%, with a pancreatic fistula rate of 13%. None of the associated parameters, like increasing age, the presence of co‐morbidity, preoperative biliary drainage, and duration of surgery, were found to increase the morbidity. These results of PD, though a small case series, are comparable to the international standard. Better outcomes can be achieved even in low‐ to medium‐volume centers in developing countries where a dedicated team with special interest in pancreatic surgery is in place.

Conclusions

Although there were no deaths after PD in our series, the morbidity was higher than that observed in other high‐volume centers. To decrease the morbidity associated with PD, various factors must be streamlined, among them, the operative technique and the intensive perioperative management of the patient, as well as uniform definition of complications, use of a multidisciplinary approach, and identification of associated risk factors.
Percentage of Cesarean Sections Among Total Surgical Procedures in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Possible Indicator of the Overall Adequacy of Surgical Care
Authors: Kushner Adam L. , Groen Reinou S. , Kingham T. Peter
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to assess emergency and essential surgical care in low‐income countries, review of the literature to obtain data on the number of cesarean sections, and compare the results with the total number of all operations. This cesarean section/total operations ratio was much higher for low‐income countries than for high‐income countries. We recommend more research into the validity of this tool for use as a possible proxy indicator for overall adequacy of emergency and essential surgical care.
Increased Hepcidin Production Impairs Iron Metabolism after Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Kosuge Takayuki , Sawada Tokihiko , Shimoda Mitsugi , Kita Junji , Tomosugi Naohisa , Kubota Keiichi
Published: June 2010

Background

The duodenum is a central organ for iron absorption. This study was performed to evaluate changes in body iron concentration and other iron‐related molecules sequentially, in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy (PD).

Methods

Twenty‐one patients who had undergone PD at our department were enrolled in the study. Measurements of serum iron (sFe), total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC), serum ferritin (sFer), C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), and serum hepcidin (sHep) were performed before surgery (Pre), and on postoperative days 3 (D3), 7 (D7), and 14 (D14).

Results

The median values of sFe on Pre, D3, D7, and D14 were 73.0, 30.0, 33.0, and 41.0 μg/ dL, respectively (P < 0.05), and those of TIBC were 276.0, 160.0, 176.0, and 165.0 μg/ dL, respectively (P < 0.05). CRP and IL‐6 became maximal on D3. The median values of sHep on Pre, D3, D7, and D14 were 18.9, 42.9, 25.7, and 21.2 mg/dL, respectively (P < 0.05). Hb and Ht reached minimum values on D3 and remained low until D14. The median values of sFer on Pre, D3, D7, and D14 were 135, 301, 267, and 233 ng/ dL, respectively.

Conclusions

Hepcidin production is increased after pancreatoduodenectomy. Because hepcidin is known to divert iron to storage‐type ferritin rather than to erythropoiesis, iron administration intended for erythropoiesis during this period may be ineffective.
The neurological manifestations of Gaucher disease type 1: the French Observatoire on Gaucher disease (FROG)
Authors: Chérin P. , Rose C. , de Roux‐Serratrice C. , Tardy D. , Dobbelaere D. , Grosbois B. , Hachulla E. , Jaussaud R. , Javier R.‐M. , Noël E. , Clerson P. , Hartmann A.
Published: June 2010

Background

Gaucher disease (GD), the most prevalent inherited lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by deficient glucocerebrosidase activity. Type 1 GD (GD1), the most common variant, is classically considered non‐neuronopathic.

Methods

We performed a national cross‐sectional observational survey—the French Observatoire on Gaucher Disease (FROG)—in patients with GD1 between March 2005 and September 2006. The study included all patients over 18 years of age with confirmed GD1 who attended participating centers for regular follow‐up.

Results

One hundred and five patients were included, in whom we studied the prevalence and characteristics of relevant neurological symptoms associated with the neuraxis. Of these, 51 (49%) GD1 patients presented at least one neurological symptom. Four patients (4%) had Parkinson disease and 22 (21%) presented with at least one parkinsonian sign or at least one sign frequently associated with Parkinson disease. Five patients (5%) had a previous diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Other central nervous system symptoms were recorded in 20 (19%) patients and other peripheral nervous system symptoms in 39 (37%) patients.

Conclusions

These data challenge the current classification of GD, and suggest that the three forms of GD each involve a different profile of neurological manifestations.
Childhood onset of Scheie syndrome, the attenuated form of mucopolysaccharidosis I
Authors: Thomas Janet A. , Beck Michael , Clarke Joe T. R. , Cox Gerald F.
Published: June 2010

Scheie syndrome is the most attenuated and rarest form of mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), an inherited lysosomal storage disorder. Only small patient series have previously been reported. Using natural history data from the uniquely large population of 78 Scheie patients enrolled in the MPS I Registry, we characterized the onset and prevalence of clinical manifestations and explored reasons for delayed diagnosis of the disease. Median patient age was 17.5 years; 46% of the patients were male, and 88% were Caucasian. Of 25 MPS I‐related clinical features, cardiac valve abnormalities, joint contractures, and corneal clouding were each reported by >80% and all three by 53% of patients. Carpal tunnel syndrome, hernia, coarse facial features, and hepatomegaly were each reported by >50% of patients. Age at onset of the clinical features varied widely between individuals, but the median age at onset was 3 years for hernia and between 5 and 12 years for most features, including coarse facial features, hepatomegaly, joint contractures, bone deformities, cardiac valve abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and corneal clouding. Carpal tunnel syndrome, cardiomyopathy, and myelopathy arose more commonly during adolescence or adulthood. Delays up to 47 years intervened between symptom onset and disease diagnosis, and the longest delays were associated with later age at symptom onset and symptom onset before 1980. In summary, Scheie syndrome usually emerges during childhood, and recognition of attenuated MPS I requires awareness of the multisystemic disease manifestations and their diverse presentation. Given the availability of etiologic treatment, prompt diagnosis is important.
Succession in myxomycete communities on deadPinus densiflorawood in a secondary forest in southwestern Japan
Authors: Kazunari Takahashi
Published: May 2010

Changes in myxomycete communities and species were investigated over an 8‐year period in relation to the decay state of deadPinus densifloraSiebold & Zucc. wood on which myxomycete fruiting bodies occurred. The study was carried out during three different seasons in a pine forest in southwestern Japan. A total of 44 species and seven varieties of myxomycetes were recorded. The species richness and diversity of the annual myxomycete communities did not clearly change in relation to the series of years, but the percent similarity of the myxomycete community from the beginning of the survey through the following years tended to decrease every season. The ordination of the annual communities, analyzed using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), indicated that seasonal factors on the first axis and the decay state of the wood on the second axis were significantly related. Species colonization patterns were arranged using succession indices and the distribution of certain species at particular times of the year:Arcyria ferruginea,A. obvelata,Lamproderma arcyrionema, andPhysarum virideearly in the year andStemonitopsis hyperopta,Cribraria intricata,Lindbladia cribrarioides,Lamproderma columbinum,Tubifera ferruginosa, andTrichia verrucosalater on. Changes in the relative abundance of colony sizes of several species showed annual trends. Species using slightly decayed wood at the beginning were replaced by those using more brittle wood as the years progressed. Myxomycete succession on dead wood changed through time as the wood decayed, based on species preferences for particular decay stages.
Temporal changes in the reproductive population structures and males’ secondary sexual character of the hermit crab Diogenes nitidimanus
Authors: Koga Tsunenori , Yoshino Kenji , Fukuda Yuri
Published: May 2010

We investigated the reproductive ecology of D. nitidimanus in the Waka‐River estuary with special reference to temporal change in the relative size of chelae length for males, i.e., secondary sexual character. Ovigerous females were observed from April to October, peaking in June–July with over 90% of females being ovigerous. Adult female carapace size ranged from 3.5 to 8.5 mm, but with the majority of females falling between 5–6 mm. Male carapace length was more evenly distributed between 3.5 and 10 mm. Juvenile settlement occurred mostly in July, during which time the frequency of both large females (over 6.5 mm in carapace length) and large males (over 8.5 mm in carapace length) clearly decreased. The carapace length of precopulatory‐guarded females varied from 4.8 to 8.0 mm, while guarding males were almost over 7 mm and always larger than their paired females. The relative growth of the major chelae differed significantly between small and large males during the early months of the year, including the reproductive peak months (April–June). During these early months, large males had relatively larger chelae for their body size than did small crabs. This difference, however, was not evident later in the year (July–September). Large males may grow their chelae relatively long in the early months in order to take advantage of the mating opportunities during April–June. This is the first report in animals, to our knowledge, that relative size of the secondary sexual character for males temporarily change during a single reproductive season.
Increased basal FSH levels as predictors of low‐quality follicles in infertile women with endometriosis
Authors: de Carvalho Bruno Ramalho , de Sá Rosa‐e‐Silva Ana Carolina Japur , Rosa‐e‐Silva Júlio César , Reis Rosana Maria dos , Ferriani Rui Alberto , Silva‐de‐Sá Marcos Felipe
Published: June 2010

Objective

To determine whether basal levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and anti‐müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), and the numbers of dominant follicles, oocytes, and mature oocytes retrieved after ovarian stimulation differed between infertile women with endometriosis and healthy women undergoing assisted reproduction techniques (ART).

Method

Of 77 consecutive ART candidates, 27 were infertile and had endometriosis. A male factor caused the infertility of the other 50, who acted as controls.

Results

The AMH and AFC levels were similar in the 2 groups. The FSH levels were higher (8.28 mIU/mL [range, 5.25–24.1 mIU/mL] vs 5.91 mIU/mL [range, 2.47–18.7 mIU/mL]; P < 0.01) in the study group. And the numbers of retrieved (n = 5 [range, 0–12] vs n = 9 [range, 0–27; P < 0.05) and mature oocytes (n = 4 [range, 0–11] vs n = 5 [range, 0–16]; P < 0.05) were less in the study group.

Conclusion

Because AMH levels were unchanged, endometriosis seems not to damage the primordial pool of follicles and oocytes, but to lessen the quality of the ovarian response to the hCG injection. Basal FSH levels may be of value in predicting ART success in women with the disease.
Fatigue and Fatigability in Older Adults
Authors: Eldadah Basil A.
Published: June 2010

Fatigue is believed to be a common complaint among older adults; however, multiple studies of self‐reported fatigue across the lifespan have found this may not be the case. To explain this paradox, this article considers “fatigability”–a phenotype characterized by the relationship between an individual's perceived fatigue and the activity level with which the fatigue is associated. Fatigability may be measured by combining self‐report measures of fatigue with performance of physical or cognitive activities, provided that the work of the activity is known or can be standardized. Doing so prevents self‐pacing and allows meaningful comparisons across subjects and between studies. Increased fatigability with aging may arise from a variety of factors including age‐related changes in energy production or utilization, and inflammatory mechanisms. A few published intervention studies have targeted fatigue in older adults, though none have examined fatigability specifically. Because fatigue may represent a physiologic warning system, future clinical studies may benefit from a focus on fatigability, where both symptoms and function are considered.
What is Fatigue? Pathological and Nonpathological Fatigue
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Evans Meredyth , Brown Molly , Porter Nicole
Published: June 2010

Aid in understanding issues surrounding the construct validity of fatigue including the distinction between pathological versus nonpathological fatigue. Fatigue is a universal symptom reported by individuals in the general population as well as by those suffering from different medical and psychological illnesses, including cancer, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, and anxiety. Chronic fatigue is a significant problem in many primary care settings, and the debilitating and prolonged nature of fatigue can pose significant economic consequences for society. Researchers have struggled to better assess and understand the etiology and classification of fatigue within different illness groups.
The Genetics and Epigenetics of Fatigue
Authors: Landmark‐Høyvik Hege , Reinertsen Kristin V. , Loge Jon H. , Kristensen Vessela N. , Dumeaux Vanessa , Fosså Sophie D. , Børresen‐Dale Anne‐Lise , Edvardsen Hege
Published: June 2010

Fatigue is a common symptom and includes both physical and mental components. It can be associated with a variety of different syndromes and diseases, but in many cases is not associated with other comorbid conditions. Most humans have experienced acute fatigue in relation to different stressors. Acute fatigue typically decreases as the effect of the triggering factor is reduced and a normal homeostatic balance is restored. Fatigue that persists for 6 months or more is termed chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue (CF) in combination with a minimum of 4 of 8 symptoms and the absence of diseases that could explain these symptoms, constitute the case definition for chronic fatigue syndrome. In spite of its prevalence, the biology of fatigue is relatively poorly understood and biological markers have not yet been identified. This literature search was performed in PubMed to identify research on the genetics and epigenetics of fatigue. Publications were included if fatigue was a major topic and the topic was combined with genetic and/or epigenetic measurements in adult humans. A total of 40 publications were identified. Although altered functioning in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, the serotonergic system, and associations with infectious agents have been identified, the search for genetic or epigenetic markers of fatigue, either in the context of CF or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been relatively unproductive or, in the case of epigenetics, nonexistent. Although several studies, both hypothesis‐testing and hypothesis‐generating, have been performed to search for biomarkers, they have mostly been underpowered, restricted by the heterogeneity of the phenotype, or limited by an unsystematic study design. To be able to confirm the hypothesis that risk for, or levels of, fatigue are influenced by the genetic or epigenetic background of an individual, studies need to be based on larger sample sizes with a more clearly defined phenotype. Studies need to focus not only on the influence of a single aspect such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or differential gene expression on disease risk or state, but also on the systems biology behind the disease in combination with information on environmental influences and validation of findings in functional studies.
Peripheral Fatigue: High‐Energy Phosphates and Hydrogen Ions
Authors: Keyser Randall E.
Published: June 2010

Peripheral fatigue results from an overactivity‐induced decline in muscle function that originates from non–central nervous system mechanisms. A common symptom of fatigue is a feeling of tiredness or weariness because of overexertion, such as that associated with intense or prolonged physical exercise. Fatigue is worsened by low physical fitness and chronic illnesses. These conditions may intensify fatigue to levels that limit physical and social functioning and severely diminish health‐related quality of life. Although etiologic aspects of peripheral fatigue are often associated with regulatory system (neurologic, endocrine, immunologic, muscular) and support system (cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, renal, digestive, skeletal) limitations, final mediation occurs in muscle cells as a result of altered crossbridge functioning. Specifically, the final product and ionic metabolite accumulation that result from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis appear to inhibit crossbridge formation and activation. Thus, clinical manifestations of peripheral fatigue often can be observed as limitations placed upon muscle or cardiorespiratory endurance, here defined as fatigue resistance. An overview of the common pathways by which peripheral fatigue can be mediated is provided. Product inhibition of contractile chemistry is brought into focus as a common pathway through which the mechanisms of peripheral fatigue often act.
Fatigue, Endocrinopathies, and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Kaltsas Gregory , Vgontzas Alexandros , Chrousos George
Published: June 2010

Fatigue is a frequent reason for seeking medical attention. Endocrine dysfunction is a common etiology of fatigue. In fact, thyroid function is usually one of the first explanations on the list of possible diagnoses. The symptoms associated with endocrinopathies are frequently “nonspecific,” and psychiatric disease or psychological disorders need to be differentiated. Often, this can be accomplished using biological measures of hormone function, such as measures of thyroid, pituitary, parathyroid, and adrenal hormone levels. The field of endocrinology is highly dependent on an algorithmic approach to differential diagnosis using hormone levels as the guide. The use of self‐reports helps identify at‐risk patients, and raises suspicions about whether there is an abnormality, but diagnosis is dependent on laboratory values. Metabolic abnormalities, such as hyper‐ or hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, and gonadal dysfunction can also contribute to fatigue. A better understanding of the interactions among hormones, their releasing factors, and regulation of inflammation will help identify abnormalities early and help distinguish endocrinopathies from other causes of fatigue. Early identification of these abnormalities may reduce end‐organ damage and improve treatment strategies.
Central and Peripheral Fatigue: Exemplified by Multiple Sclerosis and Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Cantor Fredric
Published: June 2010

Fatigue is a feature of several chronic diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. The pathophysiology of central fatigue is complex and often not well‐defined. In contrast, peripheral fatigue is more objectively defined and measured. Fatigue can be part of the primary disease process, but there are often contributions from comorbid factors such as depression, sleep disturbance, medication, or deconditioning. Multiple sclerosis (MS) offers an example of central fatigue. More than 40% of MS patients complain of fatigue. Validated questionnaires are used to assess fatigue severity and comorbid factors. Although fatigue is believed to be a primary process in MS, depression and sleep disturbance are often comorbid problems. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography, and functional MRI studies suggest that fatigue is related to gray matter disease, particularly of the cerebral cortex, but also of the thalamus and caudate. Disruption of impulse propagation from demyelination is also a likely factor. It is uncertain if pro‐inflammatory cytokines have a specific effect on the genesis of MS fatigue. Several medications have been reported to alleviate fatigue in MS, but controlled studies show contradictory results. Treatment of depression and sleep disturbance, use of exercise programs and rehabilitation therapies as well as treatment of other comorbid conditions is necessary for optimal alleviation of fatigue. Myasthenia gravis (MG) patients exhibit peripheral fatigue. In contrast to MS, the mechanism of weakness and fatigue in MG is well‐defined. Antibodies to the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor at the myoneural junction cause diminution of the force of muscle contractions. This leads to a feeling of fatigue. MG treatments increase the availability of acetylcholine and reduce antibody formation. Evaluation for comorbid conditions, especially thymoma and hyperthyroidism, are mandatory in patients with MG.
Kenneth Burke
Authors: Wess Robert
Published: June 2010

Kenneth Burke, arguably the most important American literary theorist of the twentieth century, helped define the theoretical terrain for contemporary literary and cultural studies. His perspectives were literary and linguistic, but his influences ranged across history, philosophy, and the social sciences. In this important study, first published in 1996, Robert Wess traces the trajectory of Burke's long career and situates his work in relation to postmodernity. His study is both an examination of contemporary theories of rhetoric, ideology, and the subject, and an explanation of why Burke failed to complete his Motives trilogy. Burke's own critique of the 'isolated unique individual' led him to question the possibility of unique individuation, a strategy which anticipated important elements of postmodern concepts of subjectivity. Robert Wess' study is a judicious exposition of Burke's massive oeuvre, and a crucial intervention in debates on rhetoric and human agency.
Age, Class, Politics, and the Welfare State
Authors: Pampel Fred C. , Williamson John B.
Published: June 2010

This analysis of the growth of welfare spending examines the relative impact of class and status groups versus demographic composition and political structures. Special attention is given to the role of the aged as representative of the importance of ascription and middle-class groups in welfare growth, and to the effect of welfare spending on income inequality. Aggregate cross-national data from the UN, ILO, and the World Bank are analysed and the conclusion is drawn that a large aged population, especially in combination with democratic political processes, is a direct and crucial influence on the level of welfare spending.
The Myth of Social Action
Authors: Campbell Colin
Published: June 2010

The Myth of Social Action, first published in 1996, is a powerful critique of the sociology of the time and a call to reject the prevailing orthodoxy. Arguing that sociological theory had lost its way, Colin Campbell mounts a case for a new 'dynamic interpretivism' a perspective on human conduct which is more inkeeping with the spirit of traditional Weberian action theory. Discussing and dismissing one by one the main arguments of those who reject individualistic action theory, he demonstrates that this has been wrongly rejected in favour of the interactional, social situationalist approach now dominating sociological thought.
The Symbiotic Stars
Authors: Kenyon S. J.
Published: June 2010

Dr Kenyon has researched and assembled here all the existing data for the known symbiotic stars, in which a dwarf star accretes material from its red giant companion. In this book he summarises observational material covering the eruptive and quiescent phases of these objects, and emphasises the important astrophysical problems raised and resolved by results at infrared, optical, radio, ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths. Physical models for the eruptive and quiescent phases and the long-term evolution of symbiotic stars are discussed, with the goal of developing observational diagnostics that serve to test the basic theories. The book concludes with a detailed appendix and bibliography that will aid researchers interested in the history of individual symbiotic systems and confirm this volume as an indispensable handbook at any observatory where research on stellar objects in undertaken.
Christian Ethics and Contemporary Moral Problems
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: June 2010

This book addresses such key ethical issues as euthanasia, the environment, biotechnology, abortion, the family, sexual ethics, and the distribution of health care resources. Michael Banner argues that the task of Christian ethics is to understand the world and humankind in the light of the credal affirmations of the Christian faith, and to explicate this understanding in its significance for human action through a critical engagement with the concerns, claims and problems of other ethics. He illustrates both the distinctiveness of Christian convictions in relation to the above issues and also the critical dialogue with practices based on other convictions which this sense of distinctiveness motivates but does not prevent. The book's importance lies in its attempt to show the crucial difference which Christian belief makes to an understanding of these issues, whilst at the same time demonstrating some of the weaknesses and confusions of certain popular approaches to them.
Electrodynamics of Solids
Authors: Dressel Martin , Grüner George
Published: June 2010

The authors of this book present a thorough discussion of the optical properties of solids, with a focus on electron states and their response to electrodynamic fields. A review of the fundamental aspects of the propagation of electromagnetic fields, and their interaction with condensed matter, is given. This is followed by a discussion of the optical properties of metals, semiconductors, and collective states of solids such as superconductors. Theoretical concepts, measurement techniques and experimental results are covered in three interrelated sections. Well-established, mature fields are discussed (for example, classical metals and semiconductors) together with modern topics at the focus of current interest. The substantial reference list included will also prove to be a valuable resource for those interested in the electronic properties of solids. The book is intended for use by advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers active in the fields of condensed matter physics, materials science and optical engineering.
The Psychology of Good and Evil
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: June 2010

This book gathers the knowledge gained in a lifelong study of the roots of goodness and evil. Since the late 1960s, Ervin Staub has studied the causes of helpful, caring, generous, and altruistic behavior. He has also studied bullying and victimization in schools as well as youth violence and its prevention. He spent years studying the origins of genocide and mass killing and has examined the Holocaust, the genocide of the Armenians, the autogenocide in Cambodia, the disappearances in Argentina, the genocide in Rwanda. He has applied his work in many real world settings and has consulted parents, teachers, police officers, and political leaders. Since September 11th, he has appeared frequently in the media explaining the causes and prevention of terrorism. Professor Staub's work is collected together for the first time in The Psychology of Good and Evil.
Tikopia Songs
Authors: Firth Raymond , McLean Mervyn
Published: June 2010

Sir Raymond Firth is one of the most distinguished British anthropologists, and one internationally acclaimed. His work here forms part of one of the fullest and most professional ethnographic accounts by any anthropologist of a non-industrial people, an account which extends over many years. This book is about the songs of a Western Pacific people, the Tikopia, who not so long ago lived entirely on a small remote island of the Solomons. Their songs vary from lively dance chants to mournful funeral laments. All are novel to western ears. The book provides about 100 examples, in text and translation. It also discusses the relation of the songs to the social life of the people, and it includes an analysis of the structure of their music, by Mervyn McLean, a noted musicologist.
To Rule Jerusalem
Authors: Friedland Roger , Hecht Richard
Published: June 2010

Compelling historical and ethnographic account of the twentieth-century struggle for Jerusalem. The volume examines how Jerusalem is doubly divided, on the one hand between Israelis and Palestinians, each of whom ground their national identities in the city, as well as within each nation between those who put primacy in the democratic decisions of their nations and those who would yield to a higher divine law. Professors Friedland and Hecht explore how Jerusalem has figured as a battleground in conflicts over the relation between Zionism and Judaism and between Palestinian nationalism and Islam. Based on hundreds of interviews with powerful players and ordinary citizens over the course of a decade, this book evokes the ways in which these conflicts are experienced and managed in the life of the city.
The Mobilization of Political Islam in Turkey
Authors: Eligür Banu
Published: June 2010

The Mobilization of Political Islam in Turkey explains why political Islam, which has been part of Turkish politics since the 1970s but on the rise only since the 1990s, has now achieved governing power. Drawing on social movement theory, the book focuses on the dominant form of Islamist activism in Turkey by analyzing the increasing electoral strength of four successive Islamist political parties: the Welfare Party; its successor, the Virtue Party; and the successors of the Virtue Party: the Felicity Party and the Justice and Development Party. This book, which is based on extensive primary and secondary sources as well as in-depth interviews, provides the most comprehensive analysis currently available of the Islamist political mobilization in Turkey.
Poetic Justice and Legal Fictions
Authors: Kertzer Jonathan
Published: June 2010

Literature reveals the intense efforts of moral imagination required to articulate what justice is and how it might be satisfied. Examining a wide variety of texts including Shakespeare's plays, Gilbert and Sullivan's operas, and modernist poetics, Poetic Justice and Legal Fictions explores how literary laws and values illuminate and challenge the jurisdiction of justice and the law. Jonathan Kertzer examines how justice is articulated by its command of, or submission to, time, nature, singularity, truth, transcendence and sacrifice, marking the distance between the promise of justice to satisfy our moral and sociable needs and its failure to do so. Poetic Justice and Legal Fictions will be invaluable reading for scholars of the law within literature and amongst modernist and twentieth century literature specialists.
The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination
Authors: Langton Daniel R.
Published: June 2010

The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination is a pioneering multidisciplinary examination of Jewish perspectives on Paul of Tarsus. Here, the views of individual Jewish theologians, religious leaders, and biblical scholars of the last 150 years, together with artistic, literary, philosophical, and psychoanalytical approaches, are set alongside popular cultural attitudes. Few Jews, historically speaking, have engaged with the first-century Apostle to the Gentiles. The modern period has witnessed a burgeoning interest in this topic, however, with treatments reflecting profound concerns about the nature of Jewish authenticity and the developing intercourse between Jews and Christians. In exploring these issues, Jewish commentators have presented Paul in a number of apparently contradictory ways. The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination represents an important contribution to Jewish cultural studies and to the study of Jewish-Christian relations.
Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hawkins Kirk A.
Published: June 2010

Populism is best understood as a Manichaean world view linked to a characteristic language or discourse. Chavismo, the movement that sustains Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, is a paradigmatic instance of populism. Using a novel, cross-country dataset on populist discourse, combined with extensive data from within Venezuela and across other countries, this book demonstrates that populist movements can be understood as responses to widespread corruption and economic crisis. The book analyzes the Bolivarian Circles and government missions in Venezuela, revealing how populist ideas influence political organization and policy. The analysis provides important insight into the nature of populism, including its causes and consequences, and addresses broader questions about the role of ideas in politics.
Plato's Cosmology and its Ethical Dimensions
Authors: Carone Gabriela Roxana
Published: June 2010

Although a great deal has been written on Plato's ethics, his cosmology has not received so much attention in recent times and its importance for his ethical thought has remained underexplored. By offering accounts of Timaeus, Philebus, Politicus and Laws X, the book reveals a strongly symbiotic relation between the cosmic and human sphere. It is argued that in his late period Plato presents a picture of an organic universe, endowed with structure and intrinsic value, which both urges our respect and calls for our responsible intervention. Humans are thus seen as citizens of a university that can provide a context for their flourishing even in the absence of good political institutions. The book sheds light on many intricate metaphysical issues in late Plato and brings out the close connections between his cosmology and the development of his ethics.
The Underdraining of Farmland in England During the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Phillips A. D. M.
Published: June 2010

Underdraining has been recognized as one of the major capital-intensive agricultural improvements of the nineteenth century. Over half the agricultural area of England is subject to waterlogging and is in need of some form of underdraining, rendering the improvement both technically and economically basic to much of English agriculture. By removing excess soil water, the object of underdraining was to reproduce as far as possible the conditions of free-draining land, which was workable all year round, and to create an optimum soil-moisture content for both plant growth and cultivation. Despite the necessity for the improvement, a wide-ranging debate exists in the literature on the extent, effectiveness and agricultural importance of underdraining in the nineteenth century. The present study attempts to resolve this debate. By examining the evidence of draining loans under the Public Money Draining Acts and of the various land improvement companies and the accounts of estates in Devon, Northamptonshire and Northumberland, a precise record has been provided for the, first of the spread of underdraining in England in the nineteenth century, of the factors involved in its adoption and of its impact on agricultural practice in that period.
Deeper into Pictures
Authors: Schier Flint
Published: June 2010

This book presents an original theory of the nature of pictorial representation. The most influential recent theory of depiction, put forward by Nelson Goodman, holds that the relation between depictions and what they represent is entirely conventional. Flint Schier argues to the contrary that depiction involves resemblance to the things depicted, providing a sophisticated defence of our basic intuitions on the subject. Canvassing an attractive theory of 'generativity' rather than resemblance, Dr Schier provides a detailed account of depiction, showing how it illuminates and resolves many of the enigmas of pictorial representation while remaining true to our basic intuitions on the subject. Philosophers, psychologists and art theorists will find this a sophisticated and stimulating treatment of one of the central topics in aesthetics.
Diving and Asphyxia
Authors: Elsner Robert , Gooden Brett
Published: June 2010

First printed in 1983, this book concerns the comparative physiological adaptations of vertebrate animals, especially mammals, to cessation of breathing. These adaptations were originally identified in species living in aquatic habitats. The argument is presented that the natural divers display a well-developed and conveniently studied example of a more general defence against asphyxia. The topics considered include the diving response, metabolic and cardiovascular adaptations, variations in resistance to asphyxia, neural control mechanisms, which govern the respiratory and circulatory responses, perinatal asphyxia, applications to the human species and medical implications. The book's purpose is to acquaint its readers with some advances resulting from research in this field.
Economic Policy in the Age of Globalisation
Authors: Acocella Nicola
Published: June 2010

In the age of globalisation both domestic and foreign economic policies play an important role in determining firms' strategies. Understanding such policies is an essential part of the cultural background of managers at all levels of a firm. At the same time, firms' choices have a greater impact on economic policymaking in a global economy, as the range of alternatives open to them expands. In this textbook, Professor Acocella analyses both sides of this relationship. Special emphasis is placed on current issues: in policymaking on the basis of social choice principles and the normative and positive theory of economic policy; and issues concerning the establishment of international public institutions that can match the global reach of the private institutions (markets and firms) that generate many of today's economic challenges. Broad in scope, this book is aimed at students who have completed an introductory course in both micro and macroeconomics.
Nonlinear Dynamics
Authors: Medio Alfredo , Lines Marji
Published: June 2010

A systematic and comprehensive introduction to the study of nonlinear dynamical systems, in both discrete and continuous time, for nonmathematical students and researchers working in applied fields. An understanding of linear systems and the classical theory of stability are essential although basic reviews of the relevant material are provided. Further chapters are devoted to the stability of invariant sets, bifurcation theory, chaotic dynamics and the transition to chaos. In the final two chapters the authors approach the subject from a measure-theoretical point of view and compare results to those given for the geometrical or topological approach of the first eight chapters. Includes about one hundred exercises. A Windows-compatible software programme called DMC, provided free of charge through a website dedicated to the book, allows readers to perform numerical and graphical analysis of dynamical systems. Also available on the website are computer exercises and solutions to selected book exercises. See www.cambridge.org/economics/resources
Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information
Authors: Treverton Gregory F.
Published: June 2010

The world of intelligence has been completely transformed by the end of the Cold War and the onset of an age of information. Prior to the 1990s, US government intelligence had one principal target, the Soviet Union; a narrow set of 'customers', the political and military officials of the US government; and a limited set of information from the sources they owned, spy satellites and spies. Today, world intelligence has many targets, numerous consumers - not all of whom are American or in the government - and too much information, most of which is not owned by the U.S. government and is of widely varying reliability. In this bold and penetrating study, Gregory Treverton, former Vice Chair of the National Intelligence Council and Senate investigator, offers his insider's views on how intelligence gathering and analysis must change. He suggests why intelligence needs to be both contrarian, leaning against the conventional wisdom, and attentive to the longer term, leaning against the growing shorter time horizons of Washington policy makers. He urges that the solving of intelligence puzzles tap expertise outside government - in the academy, think tanks, and Wall Street - to make these parties colleagues and co-consumers of intelligence, befitting the changed role of government from doer to convener, mediator, and coalition-builder.
Think On My Words
Authors: Crystal David
Published: June 2010

'You speak a language that I understand not.' Hermione's words to Leontes in The Winter's Tale are likely to ring true with many people reading or watching Shakespeare's plays today. For decades, people have been studying Shakespeare's life and times, and in recent years there has been a renewed surge of interest into aspects of his language. So how can we better understand Shakespeare? How did he manipulate language to produce such an unrivalled body of work, which has enthralled generations both as theatre and as literature? David Crystal addresses these and many other questions in this lively and original introduction to Shakespeare's language. Covering in turn the five main dimensions of language structure - writing system, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and conversational style - the book shows how examining these linguistic 'nuts and bolts' can help us achieve a greater appreciation of Shakespeare's linguistic creativity.