bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cytochrome P450 aromatase lacking exon 5 is associated with a phenotype of nonclassic aromatase deficiency and is also present in normal human steroidogenic tissues
Authors: Pepe Carolina M. , Saraco Nora I. , Baquedano Maria Sonia , Guercio Gabriela , Vaiani Elisa , Marino Roxana , Pandey Amit V. , Flück Christa E. , Rivarola Marco A. , Belgorosky Alicia
Published: July 2007

Objective   The previously described c655G>A mutation of the human cytochrome P450 aromatase gene (P450aro, CYP19) results in aberrant splicing due to disruption of a donor splice site. To explain the phenotype of partial aromatase deficiency observed in a female patient described with this mutation, molecular consequences of the c655G>A mutation were investigated.

Design  To investigate whether the c655G>A mutation causes an aberrant spliced mRNA lacking exon 5 (–Ex5), P450aro RNA was analysed from the patient's lymphocytes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and by splicing assays performed in Y1 cells transfected with a P450aro –Ex5 expression vector. Aromatase activity of the c655G>A mutant was predicted by three dimensional (3D) protein modelling studies and analysed in transiently transfected Y1 cells. Exon 5 might be predicted as a poorly defined exon suggesting a susceptibility to both splicing mutations and physiological alternative splicing events. Therefore, expression of the –Ex5 mRNA was also assessed as a possibly naturally occurring alternative splicing transcript in normal human steroidogenic tissues.

Patients  An aromatase deficient girl was born with ambiguous genitalia. Elevated serum LH, FSH and androgens, as well as cystic ovaries, were found during prepuberty. At the age of 8·4 years, spontaneous breast development and a 194·6 pmol/l serum oestradiol level was observed.

Results  The –Ex5 mRNA was found in lymphocytes of the P450aro deficient girl and her father, who was a carrier of the mutation. Mutant minigene expression resulted in complete exon 5 skipping. As expected from 3D protein modelling, –Ex5 cDNA expression in Y1 cells resulted in loss of P450aro activity. In addition, the –Ex5 mRNA was present in placenta, prepubertal testis and adrenal tissues.

Conclusions  Alternative splicing of exon 5 of the CYP19 gene occurs in the wild type (WT) as well as in the c655G>A mutant. We speculate that for the WT it might function as a regulatory mechanism for aromatization, whereas for the mutant a relative prevalence of the shorter over the full‐length protein might explain the phenotype of partial aromatase deficiency.
Persisting benefits 12–18 months after discontinuation of pubertal metformin therapy in low birthweight girls
Authors: Ong Ken , De Zegher Francis , Valls Carme , Dunger David B. , Ibáñez Lourdes
Published: July 2007

Background  Discontinuation of metformin therapy, if started beyond menarche in adolescents or young women with hyperinsulinaemia following low birthweight, is rapidly followed by rebound deteriorations in body fat, insulin resistance and blood lipid profile.

Objective  We hypothesized that early commencement of metformin and its continuation throughout puberty might have more persisting benefits.

Patients and measurements  We followed up on a previously reported randomized study cohort at 12 months and 18 months after treatment discontinuation, including body composition by absorptiometry, fasting insulin, glucose and blood lipids. In that open‐labelled, prospective study, 22 low birthweight girls with early normal puberty (Stage 2 breast development at age 8–9 years) were randomized to remain untreated (N = 12] or to receive metformin (850 mg/day; N = 10) for 36 months (between time –36 months to 0 month).

Results  The significant improvements previously reported at the end of the 36‐month active treatment period in per cent body fat, abdominal fat mass, fasting insulin sensitivity, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels all persisted at follow‐up 12 months after treatment discontinuation. Further anthropometry at 18 months off therapy confirmed the persistence of benefits in height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference in the previously metformin‐exposed girls.

Conclusion  In low birth weight girls with early normal onset of puberty, metformin treatment for 3 years across puberty resulted in auxological, endocrine and metabolic benefits that persisted for at least 1 year after metformin withdrawal. Further follow‐up and longer‐term studies are needed to explore the possibility that insulin sensitization therapy during puberty might reprogramme predisposition to metabolic disease.
Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Larsson S. C. , Wolk A.
Published: July 2007

Objective.  To assess the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes.

Design.  Meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Data Sources.  We retrieved studies published in any language by systematically searching MEDLINE from 1966 to February 2007 and by manually examining the references of the original articles.

Study Selection.  We included prospective cohort studies reporting relative risks with 95% confidence intervals for the association between magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes.

Results.  The seven identified cohort studies of magnesium intake [from foods only (n = 4) or from foods and supplements combined (n = 3)] and incidence of type 2 diabetes included 286 668 participants and 10 912 cases. All but one study found an inverse relation between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes, and in four studies the association was statistically significant. The overall relative risk for a 100 mg day−1 increase in magnesium intake was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79–0.92). Results were similar for intake of dietary magnesium (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77–0.95) and total magnesium (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77–0.89). There was no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.99).

Conclusions.  Magnesium intake was inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes. This finding suggests that increased consumption of magnesium‐rich foods such as whole grains, beans, nuts, and green leafy vegetables may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Tests of phenotypic and genetic concordance and their application to the conservation of Panamanian golden frogs (Anura, Bufonidae)
Authors: RICHARDS CORINNE L. , KNOWLES L. LACEY
Published: July 2007

Evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) differ in the extent to which they capture, or even consider, adaptive variation, and most such designations are based solely on neutral genetic differences that may not capture variation relevant to species’ adaptabilities to changing environmental conditions. While concordant patterns of divergence among data sets (i.e. neutral and potentially non‐neutral characters) can strengthen ESU designations, determining whether such criteria are met for highly variable taxa is especially challenging. This study tests whether previously defined ESUs for endangered Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus varius and Atelopus zeteki) exhibit concordant variation among multiple phenotypic traits and mitochondrial DNA sequences, and the extent to which such divergence corresponds to environmental differences. Multivariate analyses identify phenotypic and genetic differentiation consistent with proposed ESUs and support the status of A. varius and A. zeteki as separate species. Moreover, the significant association detected between ESU co‐membership and genetic similarity, which remained strong after removing the effect of geographic distance, also indicates that genetic differences are not simply due to isolation by distance. Two phenotypic characters (body size and the extent of dorsal black patterning) that differ among ESUs also co‐vary with environmental differences, suggesting that to the extent that these phenotypic differences are heritable, variation may be associated with adaptive divergence. Lastly, discriminant function analyses show that the frogs can be correctly assigned to ESUs based on simultaneous analysis of multiple characters. The study confirms the merit of conserving the previously proposed golden frog ESUs as well as demonstrates the utility and feasibility of combined analyses of ecological, morphological and genetic variation in evaluating ESUs, especially for highly variable taxa.
Global analysis of tolerance to secretin‐induced stress in Yersinia enterocolitica suggests that the phage‐shock‐protein system may be a remarkably self‐contained stress response
Authors: Seo Jin , Savitzky Diana C. , Ford Emily , Darwin Andrew J.
Published: July 2007

The phage‐shock‐protein (Psp) system is essential for Yersinia enterocolitica virulence. Mislocalized secretins induce psp gene expression, and kill psp null strains. We used transposon mutagenesis to investigate whether other genes are required to tolerate secretin‐induced stress. Our motivation included the possibility of identifying signal transducers required to activate psp gene expression. Besides Psp, only defects in the RpoE system and the TrkA potassium transporter caused secretin sensitivity. These mutations did not cause the same specific/severe sensitivity as defects in the Psp system, nor did they affect psp gene expression. The Escherichia coli Psp system was reported to be induced via the ArcB redox sensor and to activate anaerobic metabolism. Our screen did not identify arcB, or any genes involved in anaerobic metabolism/regulation. Therefore, we investigated the role of ArcB in Y. enterocolitica and E. coli. ArcB was not required for secretin‐dependent induction of psp gene expression. Furthermore, microarray analysis uncovered a restricted transcriptional response to prolonged secretin stress in Y. enterocolitica. Taken together, these data do not support the proposal that the Psp system is induced via ArcB and activates anaerobic metabolism. Rather, they suggest that Psp proteins may sense an inducing trigger and mediate their physiological output(s) directly.
Rupture, creep, lamellae and crocodiles: happenings in the continental crust
Authors: Meissner R.
Published: July 2007

From the observation of certain seismic reflectivity patterns in Phanerozoic continental crusts a relationship is suggested between:

(1) rupture and seismicity, generally restricted to the upper crust;

(2) crocodile tectonics, a kind of vertical indentation, observed by diverging plane reflectors, preferably in the middle crust;

(3) creep and the formation of reflecting lamellae in the lower crust.

Based on these observations and on viscosity depth estimates a conceptual model for the above‐mentioned structures is presented, which is also compatible with observations in older crusts. Boundary conditions are given for rupture as well as for lamellae‐forming creep.
The inexact catalogue: the study of more than 1700 earthquakes from the XI to the XX century in Italy*
Authors: Guidoboni Emanuela , Ferrari Graziano
Published: July 2007

The relevant results of the study of more than 1700 Italian historical earthquakes from the year 1000 to 1982 are presented here. The research was carried out from 1983 to 1987 as part of a study promoted by ENEL (the National Electricity Board) for the seismic siting of nuclear power plants. A single coherent project has been developed, that involved 111 historical researchers who operated in 813 research centres in Italy and abroad. Problems such as the methods, research, analysis and interpretation of the numerous and various effects caused both by destructive and non‐destructive earthquakes recorded in the historical sources, have been considered on a large scale for the first time.

The earthquake records, collected in a data bank and interpreted according to a multi‐disciplinary historical and seismological approach, have allowed the detailed reconstruction of the location and chronology of both individual and repeated events.

This major research study has allowed us to evaluate the inexactness of the present Catalogue of Italian earthquakes in relation to the parameters of intensity, location and dating.

From the synthesis of the results of the revision emerged sufficient information to value the reliability of the present Catalogue. TERRA Nova (1989) 1, 151–162.
Climate change: possible influence of ocean upwelling and nutrient concentration
Authors: Roger T. , Wilson S.
Published: July 2007

The relaxation time of the ocean phosphate system is close to 105Yr. The behaviour of this system is here explored using a simple box model. This approach illustrates that changes in upwelling in low‐ to mid‐ latitudes might exert a significant influence on the atmospheric pCO2, and that the long‐term relaxation behaviour of the ocean phosphate system would rend to enhance the importance of the 100 kyr frequency component in the climatic record.
Origin of the Lower Cambrian phosphatic bed at Vassbo, Sweden
Authors: Wallin Bill
Published: July 2007

An extensive phosphatic bed characterized by a black apatite‐cemented sandstone is developed in the uppermost part of the Lower Cambrian formation over the entire Vassbo area, Sweden. The thickness of the layer is generally 0.1 m, increasing in places to 0.2 m. The lower boundary of the bed is transitional to a sandstone; the upper boundary displays a contact that is both sharp and irregular with a Middle Cambrian bituminous black shale.

The phosphatic bed was diagenetically formed by inorganic in situ precipitation of apatite in a sandstone at a depth of about 0.2 m below the sediment‐water interface, where reducing conditions were developed, as a result of oxygen consumption during the degradation of organic matter. Sulphur isotope data from associated pyrite suggest that organic processes, such as bacterial sulphate reduction, were also involved in the formation of the phosphatic bed. The depositional environment of the bed was a marine shelf with a zero to very low sedimentation rate. The upper part of the apatite‐cemented sandstone was partly reworked by bottom currents as demonstrated by a board containing numerous pebbles. Sedimentological as well as chemical data confirm a southern hemisphere position of the Baltic Shield in the early Cambrian in which an oceanic upwelling and high organic productivity was the probable source of the phosphorus along the palaeo‐west‐coast.
Evidence for pre‐seismic crustal movement in China and Japan
Authors: Cao Lide , Fujii Yoichiro
Published: July 2007

Some recent Chinese observations on precursory crustal movements detected by geodetic measurements such as short‐range levelling or base‐line survey across the active fault corroborate the three gamma phases model of Fujita and Fujii: Gamma 1 phase is pre‐slip along the imminent faulting, gamma 2 is coseismic slip and gamma 3 is post‐slip along the main or subsidiary faulting after an earthquake. Typical of these are the results of short‐range levelling across the earthquake fault that ruptured during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake (Ms= 7.8). Associated with the occurrence of the Tangshan earthquake or the subsequent Ninghe earthquake (Ms= 6.9), remarkable gamma 2 phases were observed. At this same location abnormal gamma 1 or gamma 3 phases were detected from the Lulong 1982 earthquake (Ms= 6.2) that originated from the north end of the Tangshan Fault and was one of the aftershocks of the Tangshan earthquake. These phases are interpreted by analogy with the recent experimental results of stick‐slip motion of the frictional sliding of rock.
‘Clean’ spectral analysis of long‐term sea‐level changes
Authors: Negi J.G. , Tiwari R.K. , Rao K.N.N.
Published: July 2007

A new ‘clean’ spectral technique has been applied, for the first time, to analyse a record of long‐term sea‐level fluctuation during the last 200 million year (Myr). The technique is based on a one dimensional complex deconvolution algorithm and removes the effects of the data sampling as well as the artifacts arising from the choice of data window. The analysis reveals a dominant periodicity of 33 Myr in the sea‐level variations. This periodicity compares well with the known half‐period of the Sun's oscillation perpendicular to the galactic plane. Interestingly, a 33 Myr periodicity can also be correlated with the reported mass extinction cycles and other geological periodicities. The results suggest galactic forcing as a possible driving mechanism for quasi‐periodic terrestrial processes.
The Wilga base‐precious metals deposit, Benambra, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cox R. , Ebsworth G.B. , Forsythe D.L.
Published: July 2007

Wilga is one of several Au‐bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits localized within Silurian felsic volcanics of the Lachlan Fold Belt of NE Victoria. Exploration has delineated a resource of 3.7 Mt averaging 3.4% Cu, 5.5% Zn, 0.4% Pb, 31 g/t Ag and 0.5 g/t Au within a lensoid‐shaped sulphide body which strikes NE, dips NW and occurs at a depth of 50–160 m below surface. This body has maximum dimensions of 470 m strike, 350 m down‐dip and 37 m true width delineated by 59 surface diamond drill holes and an exploration adit with 40 underground diamond drill holes.

There are two main types of mineralization: Stratiform massive sulphides, (mainly pyrite, low‐Fe sphalerite, variable chalcopyrite and minor galena with very minor silica/dolomite gangue) and Stratiform chloritic sulphides (mainly chalcopyrite, with subordinate pyrite and sphalerite, in a gangue of chlorite and minor dolomite).

The deposit is layered with at least 6 distinct stratigraphic horizons/cycles of mineralization each characterized by a Cu‐rich base and Pb‐(Zn)‐Au‐As‐rich top. Facies variations are locally rapid.

Economically the deposit consists of 3 sub‐lenses of roughly equal tonnage: a Cu‐rich central lens of Chloritic Sulphides (av. 5.9% Cu, 3.6% Zn, 0.3% Pb, 32 g/t Ag and 0.2 g/t Au) between upper and lower lenses of Zn‐rich Massive Sulphides (av. 1.8% Cu, 6.7% Zn, 0.5% Pb, 31 g/t Ag and 0.7 g/t Au).

Gold mineralization, locally up to 7 g/t over 6 m, shows a strong spatial association with Pb, (Zn) and As in pyritic massive sulphides.
Remote sensing and mapping of Earth resources
Authors: El‐Baz Farouk
Published: July 2007

Detailed knowledge of the natural resources of any nation is a pre‐requisite for its economic development. In most developing countries, this knowledge is scarce or lacking. Acquiring the needed information by conventional means may require a large investment in time, personnel, and therefore, in cost. In the meantime, space‐age technology provides the necessary tools to conduct surveys of natural resources in a timely manner. Such are the means to obtain the required data by digital sensors, radar imaging systems, and stereo cameras. These data can be utilized in mapping structures that may contain oil and gas deposits, recognizing high concentrations of economic minerals, discovering regions with fertile soils and good potential for groundwater, and monitoring cyclical climatic changes, particularly in arid lands. Such applications warrant greater use of remote sensing methods and techniques by the international scientific community, particularly for the development of natural resources in the Third World. This paper represents a general review of the available, and easily interpretable space‐borne data that are useful in the mapping of such resources.
Chitinozoan reflectance in the Lower Palaeozoic of the Welsh Basin
Authors: Tricker Paul M.
Published: July 2007

Vitrinite (woody matter) and spores are generally uncommon or absent in pre‐Devonian sediments. To determine organic maturity in the Lower Palaeozoic alternative methods, such as chitinozoan reflectance, must be employed. Chitinozoa are marine, vase‐shaped organic‐walled microfossils of unknown affinity. The reflectance of incident light from polished chitinozoa walls can provide reliable and accurate maturity data and, due to their relative facies‐independency, a high degree of resolution to regional maturity studies. Calibration of the chitinozoan reflectance scale with vitrinite reflectance enables palaeotemperature estimates to be made from pre‐Devonian sediments.

The range of chitinozoan reflectance for the Welsh Basin is from under 1% to 8%. This corresponds to estimated palaeotemperatures of under 100°C to over 300°C. The regional spatial distribution of organic maturation recorded by chitinozoan reflectance in the Welsh Basin is attributed to palaeobasin form. The increase in reflectance with age in the rocks of the Myddfai Steep Belt and associated areas allows an estimation of a palaeogeothermal gradient. In the Silurian sequences around Llandovery the gradient is calculated to be in the region of 50°C km−1. Similar gradients are derived from other studies (clay minerals, metabasite mineral assemblages, conodont colours). The results from Myddfai Steep Belt suggest the thermal peak occurred during the Acadian event.

Chitinozoan reflectivity demonstrates that, with respect to hydrocarbon generation, mature conditions occur on the palaeoplatform, where the sedimentary sequences are relatively thin. Overmature conditions are prevalent in the palaeobasin where there is a thick sedimentary pile which has been subsequently deformed.
The cause of the Late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciations: a climate change enigma
Authors: Hay William W.
Published: July 2007

The ultimate cause of the onset of glaciations remains elusive, but in the case of northem hemisphere glaciation it is probable that several factors acted in combination. General global cooling resulted from reduction of atmospheric C02 by weathering of silicate rocks exposed by erosion of late Cenozoic uplifts. Uplifts in south Asia, southwestern North America and Scandinavia occurred at distances appropriate for the generation of quasi‐permanent Rossby waves in the atmosphere. The resulting winds, given suitable moisture sources, were favourable for causing large‐scale precipitation at mid‐latitudes on the northern continents. Moisture sources were provided by the closure of the Central American isthmus. Gulf Stream flow increased, carrying warm subtropical waters to high latitudes. The Denmark Strait deepened permitting greater outflow of deep water from the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea. The relative importance of each of these factors should be investigated by additional atmospheric and ocean climate model sensitivity studies.
Mineral magnetic properties of Holocene lake sediments and soils from the Kårsa valley, Lappland, Sweden, and their relevance to palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
Authors: Snowball Ian
Published: July 2007

A mineral magnetic study of lacustrine sediments and soils from the Kårsa valley in Lappland, Sweden was undertaken to estimate the potential of mineral magnetic techniques in elucidating the variability of climate, recorded by glacier fluctuations and soil development. Sediment cores from two lake basins receiving sediment input from a glacial outflow stream, and their respective catchments, show a mineral magnetic record that can be interpreted in terms of glacial activity and soil development. Dissolution of magnetite is indicated during periods of climatic amelioration and causes a high S‐ratio. During periods of glacial advance (and colder, wetter climate) the minerogenic sediment supply is increased and magnetite is preserved in the sediment, resulting in a low S‐ratio. Variations in the S‐ratio can then be used as a proxy‐climate indicator.
Platform margin collapses and sequence stratigraphic organization of carbonate slopes: Cretaceous–Eocene, Gargano Promontory, southern Italy
Authors: Bosellini Alfonso , Neri Claudio , Luciani Valeria
Published: July 2007

We describe the sequence stratigraphic organization and the associated sedimentological characteristics of Cretaceous to Eocene slope and base‐of‐slope carbonate successions. The study area is located in the Gargano Promontory which belongs to the stable foreland of southern Italy. The succession consists of three superimposed depositional sequences separated by major unconformities. The upper two sequences are clear examples of sequence stratigraphic organization; in fact, they both start with huge megabreccia wedges (LST) followed upward by thin pelagic units (TST) and a thick package of calciturbidites and debrites that alternate with pelagic mudstone (HST). The Cretaceous highstand systems tract is clearly arranged in a number of coarsening‐upward cycles while the Eocene one which also comprises a toplap shallow water unit, is not.

The Gargano stratigraphic palimpsest and the entire margin of the Apulia Platform show remarkable similarities with present‐day carbonate platform margins and slopes where irregular, convex‐bankward embayments suggest large‐scale failures. It is clear that classic sequence stratigraphic organization can result from simple platform dismantling, having no or little time relation with global sea‐level fluctuations. In fact, as the margin failure (LST) interrupts the carbonate production, a period of starvation (TST) along the entire slope and base‐of‐slope follows necessarily. Finally, when the margin once again becomes active and productive, sediment exportation starts again and the system begins to prograde (HST).
The continental mantle as a source for hotspot volcanism
Authors: Smith Alan D.
Published: July 2007

The source of hotspot volcanism lies in metasomatized regions of the continental mantle proximal to ancient sutures and failed rifts. Such regions are prone to melting under hotcell conditions on continental rifting, and to erosion into the deeper mantle by asthenospheric flow. In opening basins, rifting parallel to such sutures or failed rifts delaminates and cycles continental mantle into the MORB source. Rifting at some angle to a suture or failed rift generates a hotspot track by preferential melting of the metasomatized mantle as it is cycled toward the rift axis. Continental mantle eroded into the asthenosphere becomes displaced from the continent by net westward drift of the lithosphere relative to the deep mantle to give rise to hotspot volcanism in long‐lived ocean basins.
Correlation between melting, deformation and fluid interaction in the continental crust of the High Himalayas, Langtang Valley, Nepal
Authors: Massey J.A. , Reddy S.M. , Harris N.B.W. , Harmon R.S.
Published: July 2007

Combined metamorphic, stable‐isotope and structural studies from the High Himalayan Crystalline sequence in the Langtang Valley of north‐central Nepal reveal a strong positive correlation between distance above the base of the section (the Main Central Thrust), the amount of melt material and evidence of prolonged fluid and deformation histories, thus suggesting that these processes are strongly interdependent. Kyanite‐grade rocks at the base of the section are unmelted and have undergone little syn‐ or post‐metamorphic internal deformation and little prograde or retrograde fluid‐rock interaction. By contrast sillimanite‐grade rocks higher in the section contain progressively larger volumes of melt, have suffered increasingly complex syn‐ and post‐metamorphic deformation and show increasing evidence for the presence of fluids. Although the factors that initiated these processes remain problematic, it is suggested that fluid distributions within the Langtang section have been passively controlled by the movement of melts. These melts may have provided a primary control on deformation during both the magmatic stage and, subsequently, through the exsolution of exsolved aqueous fluids.
The role of the earth scientist in assessing the impacts of climatic changes due to the greenhouse effect: two case studies of ‘prognostic geology’
Authors: Perissoratis C. , Georgas D.
Published: July 2007

The expected climatic change resulting from global warming due to the greenhouse effect causes worldwide concern. The main consequences of such climate changes include rises in temperature and sea level, and the key role in predicting their impacts on an area falls to the earth scientist. Such a study should include the description of the present environmental physical parameters of the area, their behaviour and evolution under the induced climatic scenario and suggestions as to the action necessary to mitigate the impacts. Examples of two case studies from the Mediterranean, a deltaic lowland and an insular environment, are cited. These two case studies can serve as examples of ‘Prognostic Geology’. The methodology followed can be applied to other coastal areas that will be affected by a sea‐level rise.
Seismicity and seismotectonic implications in the southern Baltic Sea area
Authors: Wahlström Rutger , Grünthal Gottfried
Published: July 2007

An updated list of earthquakes and earthquake parameters (location, homogenized magnitude, macroseismic data) for the southern Baltic Sea area reveals activity north of the sea, whereas there are very few epicentres in the sea itself and in the region south of it. This is the first study to combine seismological data for the whole region to cover also the sea. Macroseismic data for the 1930 earthquake were reinvestigated leading to an intensity of V–VI (MM or MSK scale), a radius of perceptibility of 135 km and an unusually big focal depth of about 40 km. It is difficult to correlate individual earthquakes with specific faults, but some seismotectonic relations are suggested, e.g. for the Tornquist zone, the predominant structure of the region. Only few reliable focal‐mechanism solutions exist. Possible seismogenic processes (ridge push, isostasy, etc) are discussed.
Ore source of arsenic copper tools from Israel during Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages*
Authors: Ilani S. , Rosenfeld A.
Published: July 2007

An ancient copper mine from southern Sinai, within the crystalline rocks of the Arabo–Nubian Massif, contains the arsenic‐rich copper minerals koutekite (Cu5AS2) and domeykite (Cu3As), associated with native copper. In this site, ancient quarrying activity is found next to Chalcolithic and Early‐Bronze Age settlements. Arsenic‐rich copper tools of these ages were found in Israel. The ore‐source of these tools is still unknown and some believe that it was imported from Armenia. This arsenic copper occurrence, first reported here, may point to the ore‐source of the arsenic‐rich copper artifacts manufactured in the local copper industry.
Mafic pyroclastic flows at Santa Maria (Gaua) Volcano, Vanuatu: the caldera formation problem in mainly mafic island arc volcanoes
Authors: Robin Claude , Eissen Jean‐Philippe , Monzier Michel
Published: July 2007

At Santa Maria Volcano (New Hebrides island arc), extensive ash and scoria flow deposits overlie the mainly effusive, pre‐caldera cone. Hydromagmatic features characterize these deposits, the composition of juvenile clasts ranges from basalt to acid andesite/dacite (SiO2= 51–63.6%) with a dominant basaltic composition. The stratigraphic position of this pyroclastic series and its spatial distribution around a 8.5 km × 6 km wide caldera provide evidence of a relationship between this series and the caldera formation. In addition, these pyroclastic deposits are co‐genetic to parasitic cones and lava flows developed along faults concentric to the caldera. Both series result from a compositionally layered magma reservoir, the subordinate differentiated magmas being the result of fractional crystallization from the basalts. A model of caldera formation which implies a large hydromagmatic eruption at the central vent and minor magma withdrawal by flank eruptions is proposed. This model emphasizes the importance of mafic hydroclastic eruptions in the caldera forming event and contradicts a model implying only quiet subsidence, a process often proposed for the formation of calderas in island are volcanoes of mainly mafic composition.
Sea‐level changes during the Pleistocene‐Holocene in the NW coastal zone of Portugal
Authors: Granja Helena Maria , de Carvalho G. Soares
Published: July 2007

Research was undertaken to establish the present coastal dynamics of the area south of Espinho, Portugal, with special emphasis on the migration inland of beaches and the retreat of cliffs during at least the last century.

Besides the Holocene units (the Silvalde‐Paramos tijuca Formation, 2310 ± 80 yr BP to 500 ± 80 yr BP, and the Cortegaca Beach Formation, 6850 ± 60 yr BP to 950 ± 80 yr BP), a Pleistocene unit (the Maceda Beach Formation, 29, 600 ± 690 yr BP to 14300 ± 160 yr BP) with trunks of Pinus sylvestris was recognized. The Cortegaca Beach Formation comprises a truncated podzol profile, the Al horizon dating from 3490 ± 60 yr BP to 950 ± 80 yr BP. The study and the dating of the Pleistocene and the Holocene formations suggest a model of evolution related to sea‐level fluctuations and neotectonics, during the interval between 29,000 ± 690 yr BP and the post‐XVth century (Little Ice Age).

The final purpose of the research is to apply the results to the prediction of the coastal zone evolution, and particularly to influence policy with respect to coastal zone management. This policy must take into account the inland migration of the beaches and the cliff retreat as a consequence of the natural dynamics of the earth that cannot be arrested or controlled by man.
The origin and significance of metamorphosed tectonic blocks in mélanges: evidence from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Parkinson Christopher D.
Published: July 2007

Metamorphosed tectonic blocks (or ‘knockers’) are widespread but volumetrically minor constituents of many circum‐Pacific mélange belts, Due to the common lack of an exposed in situ provenance and to the seemingly chaotic field disposition of most block‐bearing mélanges, their origin and uplift history are problematic and controversial. On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi a block‐bearing mélange is overlain by an ophiolite nappe, the base of which is characterized by a metamorphic sole sequence. Petrological, geochemical and geochronological data indicate a direct genetic relationship between high‐grade tectonic blocks in the mélange and amphibolites in the metamorphic sole. Amphibolite precursors to lower temperature blueschist assemblages are virtually ubiquitous in the tectonic blocks and subdivisions based on the nature of the overprinting relationships can be systematically correlated with block distribution patterns orientated subparallel to the strike of the mélange belt. It is suggested here that the high‐grade tectonic blocks originated in a thin, thermally zoned metamorphic sheet welded to the oceanic hangingwall plate at the inception of subduction. Break‐up of this sequence at depth, by tectonic erosion, led to dispersal of fragments into a newly developed serpentinite mélange wedge. Blocks experienced abrupt changes in P‐T‐X conditions due to a combination of hydration in the new fluid‐rich environment, gradual cooling of the hangingwall over time and continuing underflow dragging sheared blocks deeper into the subduction zone, prior to upflow. Blocks plucked from the hangingwall at different depths and at different times evidently experienced uplift in different flow channels, resulting in block concentrations, with P‐T‐t paths characteristic of their source and flow trajectory, at systematically greater distances from the subduction zone hangingwall. The elucidation of the origin and significance of tectonic blocks in Sulawesi has important implications not only for the tectonometamorphic evolution of similar inclusions in other mélange belts, but also for models of the inception and early stages of subduction.
Tethyan heritage in the development of the Neogene Umbria‐Marche fold‐and‐thrust belt, Italy: a 3D approach
Authors: Tavarnelli Enrico
Published: July 2007

The Umbria‐Marche fold‐and‐thrust belt (Northern Apennines, Italy), provides excellent opportunities to evaluate the structural heritage of the opening of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean in the 3D geometry of the Neogene compressional structures related to the Alpine Orogeny. The structure and evolution of a portion of the southernmost belt, between the Nera River and the Rieti Basin, are described as a field example, and the kinematics along well‐exposed Mesozoic extension structures are provided. Cross‐section restoration shows a close coincidence between these extension structures and the Neogene thrust ramps, thus suggesting that the geometry of the latter was controlled by the map distribution of the former. Sequential balancing also allows for the definition of the geometrical pattern of pre‐existing normal faults, which were produced in response to a unidirectional or a two‐directional extension stress field. The inferred direction of principal extension, corrected for the effects of late deformation, is consistent with that proposed for the northern margin of the Adria Promontory in global‐scale plate tectonic reconstructions.
Geochemistry and timing of post‐metamorphic dyke emplacement in the Mersin Ophiolite (southern Turkey): New age constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology
Authors: Parlak Osman , Delaloye Michel
Published: July 2007

The Mersin ophiolite, which is a relic of the late Cretaceous Neotethyan ocean domain in the eastern Mediterranean, is situated on the southern flank of the central Tauride belt. The ophiolite body is cross‐cut at all structural levels by numerous mafic dyke intrusions. The dykes do not intrude the underlying melange of platform carbonates. Therefore, dyke emplacement post‐dates the formation of the opholite and metamorphic sole but pre‐dates the final obduction onto the Tauride platform. The post‐metamorphic dyke swarms suggest the geochemical characteristics of Island Arc Tholeiites (IAT). 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the post‐metamorphic microgabbroic‐diabasic dykes cutting both mantle tectonites and metamorphic sole revealed ages ranging from 89.6 ± 0.7–63.8 ± 0.9 Myr old, respectively, indicating widespread magmatic activity during the Late Cretaceous‐early Palaeocene in the Neotethyan ocean. These data suggest that island arc development in the Neotethyan ocean in southern Turkey was as early as Late Cretaceous.
Basal cell carcinoma in five albino Africans from the south‐eastern equatorial rain forest of Nigeria
Authors: Asuquo Maurice E. , Agweye Pius , Ugare Gabriel , Ebughe Godwin
Published: July 2007

Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy in the white population and occurs infrequently in dark‐pigmented individuals. Albinism is an established risk factor for skin cancer in black Africans.

Methods We evaluated the clinical histories and treatment outcomes of patients with a histologic diagnosis of BCC, who were seen at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria between January 2000 and December 2004.

Results Five albino Nigerians (two men, three women) with BCC represented 8% of the patients with cutaneous malignancies observed during the 5‐year period. The five patients ranged in age from 21 to 60 years (mean, 38 years); six BCCs (67%) were located in the head and neck area, and three tumors (33%) involved the upper limbs. Lesions were removed by excision with primary closure, except for large fleshy tumors that were treated by excision and electrocautery. During evaluation from 9 months to 3 years after treatment, all sites appeared healed, and there was no evidence of recurrence or new tumors.

Conclusions Albinism and environmental exposure to ultraviolet light were identified as risk factors for the development of BCC. Implementation of public education strategies concerning prevention would improve the prognosis and healthcare costs associated with these tumors.
The beauty of the gift: the wonder of living organ donation
Authors: Spital Aaron , Jacobs Cheryl L
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  In a recent opinion piece, Nancy Scheper‐Hughes provides a sweeping indictment of living organ donation, even in cases where the gift is directed to a close family member. She describes the process with caustic powerful phrases such as “sacrificial violence” and a “call to ‘self‐sacrifice.’” She concludes that living organ donation “should be consigned to a back seat as an exceptional back‐up to deceased donation.” But her conclusions are based on anecdotes and data that are not representative of donor practice and motivation in the United States and other developed countries. At reputable transplant centers great care is taken to identify genuine volunteers and to protect their interests. Under these circumstances living organ donation remains a generally safe and beneficial procedure for the donor as well as the recipient, and a wonderful example of the goodness of people.
Game theory and the evolution of fearfulness in wild birds
Authors: SIROT E.
Published: July 2007

When animals in a group live under predation threat, the fate of each individual depends on the way it reacts to danger, but also on the behaviour of its companions. Game theory should then help to understand the evolution of fearful behaviour in gregarious animals. To illustrate this approach, a model determines evolutionarily stable levels of fearfulness in bird flocks, assuming that flocks are the object of both predatory attacks and nonlethal disturbance. In the model, high levels of flightiness limit the risk of being killed by predators, but increase the amount of energy lost in flights during the season. The predicted levels of fearfulness are extremely variable. They depend on the respective frequencies of predatory attacks and simple disturbing events, and on the capacity of birds to detect and escape predators. These results may help to explain the variability of flightiness reported in birds.
IN VITRO ENHANCEMENT OF NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVITY BY BCG AND THE ANTAGONISTIC INHIBITION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF K562 CELLS TO LYSIS BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH URINARY BLADDER TUMOR
Authors: Mizutani Youichi , Yoshida Osamu
Published: July 2007

The effect of bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) on the natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and the susceptibility of K562 cells to lysis by PBL in patients with urinary bladder tumors (UBT) was evaluated using a 4‐h 51Cr release assay. The addition of BCG 0.1‐1mg/ml to the assay increased NK activity. In contrast, BCG at higher concentrations (10mg/ml) reduced NK activity. This effect of BCG was also observed in healthy donors. Pretreatment of PBL with BCG 0.1‐1mg/ml also resulted in increased NK activity, while higher concentrations of BCG depressed it. Treatment of K562 cells with BCG–10mg/ml for 3 hours reduced their susceptibility to lysis by PBL. Kinetic studies showed that the reduced susceptibility became apparent 3 hours after initiation of culture of K562 cells with BCG and lasted 12 hours. The susceptibility of BCG‐treated K562 cells to lysis by purified NK cells and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was also reduced. Both live and dead BCG exerted an inhibitory effect on the target cells. The effector‐to‐target binding assay demonstrated that treatment with BCG reduced the number of PBL conjugates with K562 cells. These results indicate that BCG increases the NK activity of PBL, while rendering K562 cells resistant to PBL lysis by inhibiting the effector‐to‐target binding. BCG at lower concentrations (0.1‐1 mg/ml) may be useful in patients with UBT. The possible mechanisms responsible for the effects of BCG on K562 cells and their possible clinical implications are discussed.
THE AUGMENTED RECTAL BLADDER FOR URINARY DIVERSION: EXPERIENCE WITH THE ORIGINAL VALVED RECTUM AND A VALVE‐LESS MODIFICATION
Authors: Mikami Osamu , Osazva Osamu , Matsuda Tadashi , Komatz Yosuke , Takada Hideho , Yoshioka Kazuhiko
Published: July 2007

Kock's augmented and valved rectum was created in 10 patients following total cystectomy. During an observation period of up to 46 months, 4 patients died (1 from a recurrence of cancer, 1 from multiple organ failure subsequent to diabetes mellitus, 1 from coronary insufficiency, and 1 from cerebral hemorrhage). Post‐operative complications included valve failure in 1, hydronephrosis in 2, and mild nocturnal urinary incontinence in another. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was particularly notable in the cases without an intussuceptive valve of the rectum. Their base excess ranged from ‐6.9 to ‐15.0 mM/l but the condition was satisfactorily controlled by oral administration of alkaline agents. Although the present method has a number of shortcomings, the absence of a stoma and elimination of the need for self‐catheterization are outstanding benefits. For these reasons, we believe that it is an effective option for urinary diversion.
URINARY CONTROL AFTER RADICAL TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE IN MALE PARAPLEGICS: URODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN RELIEVING INCONTINENCE
Authors: Shinno Yuichiro , Koyanagi Tomohiko , Kakizaki Hidehiro , Kobayashi Shinya , Ameda Kaname , Morita Hajime
Published: July 2007

We report our investigation of urinary incontinence in 51 male paraplegics with radical transurethral resection of the prostate. Pre‐operatively, 28 cases (55.9%) had moderate or severe incontinence, which persisted post‐operatively only in 21 cases (41.2%) and was less severe. Post‐operatively, bladder compliance was improved from 22.1 22.6 ml/cmH2O to 36.4 38.5 ml/cmH2O, and the maximum pressure of uninhibited detrusor contraction was reduced from 40.2 21.5 cmHzO to 18.3 19.0 cmH2O. These significant improvements are thought to contribute to the relief of urinary incontinence, regardless of the reduction in maximum urethral closure pressure.
MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME OF ANTENATALLY DIAGNOSED HYDRONEPHROSIS
Authors: Nonomura Katsuya , Yamashita Tetsufumi , Kanagawa Kouichi , Itoh Kazuo , Koyanagi Tomohiko
Published: July 2007

From March 1989 to December 1992, we encountered 25 kidneys in 21 patients with a suspicious ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction detected only on prenatal ultrasound. In all these patients other urological abnormalities were excluded by voiding cystourethrography and other radiological findings. Diuretic renography (DR) was initially performed at an age ranging from 15 days to 32 months in all patients and repeated a total of 39 times. Both the split renal function (SRF) and diuretic drainage half‐time clearance (DT1/2) of radioagent were within their normal ranges in the case of 15 (60%) of the kidneys on initial DR. In these kidneys, there were no aggravated signs on repeated DR. Decreased SRF was found in 3 kidneys (12%) on initial DR. Of these, the renal function spontaneously reverted to normal in 2 cases with bilateral hydronephrosis. Another 1 kidney revealed significant UPJ obstruction assessed by pressure flow study and continuous nephrostomy drainage had brought relief from the obstruction 1 year later. Prolonged DT1/2 with normal SRF was found in 7 (28%) kidneys. The renal function did not deteriorate and the diuretic response improved on repeat DR except for 1 kidney, whose function deteriorated and on which ultimately, pyelo‐plasty was performed at 7 months of age. Prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis is usually asymptomatic and clinically significant UPJ obstruction should be always verified. Although even today there is still no examination which can detect a definite obstruction, we can identify one as significant by careful repeat examinations and thus avoid unnecessary surgery without causing any renal deterioration.
SYNCHRONOUS INVERTED PAPILLOMA AND SUBMUCOSAL LEIOMYOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER
Authors: Kawakami Satoru , Yonese Junji , Ueda Tomohiro , Yamauchi Tamio , Kawai Tsuneo
Published: July 2007

We report a case of synchronous inverted papilloma and submucosal leiomyoma of the bladder in