bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five‐Coordinate Indium(III) Porphyrins with Hydroxy and Carboxy BODIPY as Axial Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Studies
Authors: Panda Manas K. , Lazarides Theodore , Charalambidis Georgios , Nikolaou Vasilis , Coutsolelos Athanassios G.
Published: December 2014

A new series of dyads (TPP)In–O–BDP and (TPP)In–OOC–BDP comprising an indium tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP)In–Cl axially substituted with different boron dipyrrin (bodipy) chromophores are reported. Both compounds were synthesized by the reaction between (TPP)In–Cl and corresponding bodipy units in the presence of a NaH base. Two reference compounds (TPP)In–O–Ph and (TPP)In–OOC–Ph have also been synthesized in order to compare their photophysical and electrochemical properties with the final dyads. The photophysical properties of the compounds were investigated by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy studies at room temperature as well as at 77 K. Fluorescence spectra suggest weak excited state interactions between the bodipy chromophore and the indium–porphyrin unit. The electrochemical as well as the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data also support the formation of the dyads (TPP)In–O–BDP and (TPP)In–OOC–BDP. Furthermore, DFT and TDDFT calculations were carried out to obtain insight into the electronic properties of the dyads.
The emergence of age‐dependent social cognitive deficits after generalized insult to the developing brain: A longitudinal prospective analysis using susceptibility‐weighted imaging
Authors: Ryan Nicholas P. , Catroppa Cathy , Cooper Janine M. , Beare Richard , Ditchfield Michael , Coleman Lee , Silk Timothy , Crossley Louise , Beauchamp Miriam H. , Anderson Vicki A.
Published: December 2014

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for maturation of neurobiological processes that underlie complex social and emotional behavior including Theory of Mind (ToM). While structural correlates of ToM are well described in adults, less is known about the anatomical regions subsuming these skills in the developing brain or the impact of cerebral insult on the acquisition and establishment of high‐level social cognitive skills. This study aimed to examine the differential influence of age‐at‐insult and brain pathology on ToM in a sample of children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Children and adolescents with TBI (n = 112) were categorized according to timing of brain insult: (i) middle childhood (5–9 years; n = 41); (ii) late childhood (10–11 years; n = 39); and (iii) adolescence (12–15 years; n = 32) and group‐matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic status to a typically developing (TD) control group (n = 43). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging including a susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) sequence 2–8 weeks postinjury and were assessed on a battery of ToM tasks at 6‐ and 24‐months after injury. Results showed that for adolescents with TBI, social cognitive dysfunction at 6‐ and 24‐months postinjury was associated with diffuse neuropathology and a greater number of lesions detected using SWI. In the late childhood TBI group, we found a time‐dependent emergence of social cognitive impairment, linked to diffuse neuropathology. The middle childhood TBI group demonstrated performance unrelated to SWI pathology and comparable to TD controls. Findings indicate that the full extent of social cognitive deficits may not be realized until the associated skills reach maturity. Evidence for brain structure–function relationships suggests that the integrity of an anatomically distributed network of brain regions and their connections is necessary for the acquisition and establishment of high‐level social cognitive skills. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1677–1691, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Top Management HR Beliefs and Values Affect High‐Performance Work System Adoption and Implementation Effectiveness
Authors: Arthur Jeffrey B. , Herdman Andrew O. , Yang Jaewan
Published: December 2014

What explains why high‐performance work systems (HPWSs) are not adopted more widely by firms that would appear to benefit economically by adopting them? We address this question by drawing on the upper‐echelons perspective to consider the role of the top managers’ beliefs concerning the financial payoffs from investments in HR (“HR cause‐effect belief”) as well as their employee‐centered value‐based beliefs (labeled “HPWS values”). We propose a conceptual model in which top management HPWS values moderate the relationship between HR cause‐effect beliefs and the intensity of HPWS programs reported by managers as well as the relationship between HPWS programs and employees’ perceptions of implemented HPWS practices. We test our model using a unique multisource data set collected from 120 hotel franchisees that includes survey responses from 648 managers and 1,293 employees. We find that firms’ ability to translate top managers’ cause‐effect beliefs about the economic value of HR investments into adoption of HPWS programs, as well as their ability to effectively implement these HPWS programs, is significantly affected by the value‐based HR beliefs held by top managers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Strategic Focus Relates to the Delivery of Leadership Training and Development
Authors: Clarke Nicholas , Higgs Malcolm
Published: December 2014

Despite progress in the development of leadership development models over recent years, these models fail to account for the differentiation in leadership training and development (LTD) practices found between organizations. We conducted an exploratory, multiple case study of formal leadership training and development in 10 organizations, in different business sectors in the United Kingdom. We show that the strategic focus of LTD was shaped by the business goals pursued by these 10 organizations. We also found the strategic focus of LTD to be a broad contingency factor differentiated by level of impact, which then influenced the pattern of LTD delivery. The findings offer support for a contingency perspective in explaining how leadership training and development is configured in differing organizational contexts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vertical bone augmentation induced by ultrathin hydroxyapatite sputtered coated mini titanium implants in a rabbit calvaria model
Authors: Wang Xin , Zakaria Osama , Madi Marwa , Hao Jia , Chou Joshua , Kasugai Shohei
Published: December 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vertical new bone formation induced by sputtered HA‐coated titanium implants (HA‐coated) compared with sandblasted acid‐etched titanium implants (noncoated) in a rabbit calvarial model.

Materials and method

Twenty HA‐coated and 20 noncoated titanium implants were divided equally into four groups as HA‐coated implant (HA); noncoated implant (NC); HA‐coated implant with membrane (HA/M); noncoated implant with membrane (NC/M). All implants were placed 5 mm above the original bone (OB). Collagen membranes were placed over the implants in HA/M and NC/M groups. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks (n = 5) and 8 weeks (n = 5). Vertical bone height above OB (VBH, mm) and augmented bone area (ABA, mm2) were analyzed histologically and radiographically.

Results

At 4 weeks, VBH reached significantly higher level in HA/M group compared with other three groups (p < 0.05). At 8 weeks, significant difference was detected between HA/M and NC groups (p < 0.05). At 4 and 8 weeks, ABA in HA/M group was significantly larger compared with other three groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The present results indicated that sputtered HA‐coated titanium implant together with collagen membrane could be a novel and effective approach for vertical bone augmentation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1700–1708, 2015.
Using Social Cognitive Career Theory to Assess Student Outcomes of Group Design Projects in Statics
Authors: Atadero Rebecca A. , Rambo‐Hernandez Karen E. , Balgopal Meena M.
Published: December 2014

Background

Engineering programs strive to retain students and prepare them for engineering careers. Introducing group design projects into courses may help keep students interested while also improving their learning outcomes.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study measures differences in student content knowledge and intention to persist in engineering between an intervention section with group design projects and a comparison section without. We hypothesized that students in the intervention section would show an increase in both outcomes that could be demonstrated with structural equation models based on social cognitive career theory (SCCT).

Design/Method

Intervention and comparison sections of a statics course were taught by the same instructor with predominately lectures. Students in the intervention section participated in three group design projects that supplemented the course content. All students took pre‐tests and post‐tests that assessed statics content knowledge and variables in SCCT. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

Results

The use of projects did not result in higher self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, content knowledge, or intention to persist for students in the intervention. However, for students in the intervention section, there were strong positive relationships between self‐efficacy and outcome expectations and between intention to persist and content knowledge that were not demonstrated in the comparison section.

Conclusions

By using SCCT to model how students develop into engineers, we could detect the effect of introducing projects into a statics course. Connections formed by students in the intervention section between their own abilities, goals, and success in engineering demonstrate that group design projects do benefit students.
Innovating in China: Lessons for Global Companies
Authors: Bel Roland
Published: December 2014

The strategy of multinational companies in China has evolved in three phases: from (1) making China the factory of the world, through (2) addressing the second‐largest market in the world, to (3) making China the new battleground for innovation. Not only are global companies, such as IBM and General Electric, building up technology and development centers in China, but local companies, such as BYD, Lenovo, and Haier, are also flexing their innovative capabilities. To succeed, global innovators must adapt their innovation strategy and move up the innovation value chain in China. To cope with the specific challenges there, leaders of global companies must learn to shape their markets, partner locally, manage talents, leverage on a global scale, and foster support from headquarters. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retracted: A Conceptual Model of the Relationship Between Market Orientation and Supply Chain Performance
Authors: Karami Meisam , Malekifar Shaghayegh , Nasiri Ali Beigi , Nasiri Mostafa Beigi , Feili Homayoun , Khan Saif Ur Rehman
Published: December 2014

Addressing a lack of research on the relationship between marketing and supply chain management, a new conceptual framework incorporates organizational learning, supply chain innovation, trust, supply chain management strategy, commitment, and collaboration as mediating factors in the relationship between market orientation and supply chain performance. Only by identifying the dimensions of effective performance and assessing their impact on each other can organizational leaders strengthen the bonds among partners in the supply chain toward generating the efficiencies that improve its management and performance. The proposed framework can also be used to facilitate further research into the link between market orientation and supply chain performance. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Local Elastic Modulus in Confined Polymer Films via AFM Indentation
Authors: Cheng Xu , Putz Karl W. , Wood Charles D. , Brinson L. Catherine
Published: December 2014

The properties of polymers near an interface are altered relative to their bulk value due both to chemical interaction and geometric confinement effects. For the past two decades, the dynamics of polymers in confined geometries (thin polymer film or nanocomposites with high‐surface area particles) has been studied in detail, allowing progress to be made toward understanding the origin of the dynamic effects near interfaces. Observations of mechanical property enhancements in polymer nanocomposites have been attributed to similar origins. However, the existing measurement methods of these local mechanical properties have resulted in a variety of conflicting results on the change of mechanical properties of confined polymers. Here, an atomic force microscopy (AFM)‐based method is demonstrated that directly measures the mechanical properties of polymers adjacent to a substrate with nanometer resolution. This method allows us to consistently observe the gradient in mechanical properties away from a substrate in various materials systems, and paves the way for a unified understanding of thermodynamic and mechanical response of polymers. This gradient is both longer (up to 170 nm) and of higher magnitude (50% increase) than expected from prior results. Through the use of this technique, we will be better able to understand how to design polymer nanocomposites and polymeric structures at the smallest length scale, which affects the fields of structures, electronics, and healthcare.

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Computational simulation of chemical dissolution‐front instability in fluid‐saturated porous media under non‐isothermal conditions
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Hobbs B. E. , Ord A.
Published: December 2014

This paper primarily deals with the computational aspects of chemical dissolution‐front instability problems in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media under non‐isothermal conditions. After the dimensionless governing partial differential equations of the non‐isothermal chemical dissolution‐front instability problem are briefly described, the formulation of a computational procedure, which contains a combination of using the finite difference and finite element method, is derived for simulating the morphological evolution of chemical dissolution fronts in the non‐isothermal chemical dissolution system within two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media. To ensure the correctness and accuracy of the numerical solutions, the proposed computational procedure is verified through comparing the numerical solutions with the analytical solutions for a benchmark problem. As an application example, the verified computational procedure is then used to simulate the morphological evolution of chemical dissolution fronts in the supercritical non‐isothermal chemical dissolution system. The related numerical results have demonstrated the following: (1) the proposed computational procedure can produce accurate numerical solutions for the planar chemical dissolution‐front propagation problem in the non‐isothermal chemical dissolution system consisting of a fluid‐saturated porous medium; (2) the Zhao number has a significant effect not only on the dimensionless propagation speed of the chemical dissolution front but also on the distribution patterns of the dimensionless temperature, dimensionless pore‐fluid pressure, and dimensionless chemical‐species concentration in a non‐isothermal chemical dissolution system; (3) once the finger penetrates the whole computational domain, the dimensionless pore‐fluid pressure decreases drastically in the non‐isothermal chemical dissolution system.
The political nature of brand governance: a discourse analysis approach to a regional brand building process
Authors: Lucarelli Andrea , Giovanardi Massimo
Published: December 2014

The present paper takes the empirical phenomenon of place branding as an appropriate point of view to understand the communicative process of brand governance in the realm of the public.

The paper explores the modalities through which a brand governance emerges as a negotiated and contested mechanism reproduced through language. By drawing on the analytical approach of interpretative repertoires, the analysis demonstrates that a process of governance can be seen as a ‘text’ in a constant state of negotiation in which the level of involvement in the brand building process can be discursively contested, with language illustrating the ways in which different actors express their positionalities (hegemonic or subalternate). The analysis suggests that this can be seen as a power political process in which politics of space and time are expressed linguistically by the different actors involved in brand governance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal structure analysis of Polypropylene/quartz composites related to their toughness
Authors: Pérez Ezequiel , Bernal Celina , Pérez Claudio Javier
Published: December 2014

The mechanical performance of composite materials has been related to a wide range of factors. The complexity of analysis lays on the fact that any single variation normally affects many characteristics or properties of the composite material. For this reason, different theoretical and experimental characterizations should be considered. In this work the internal structure, interactions and fracture surfaces of PP‐based composites reinforced with quartz particles are investigated. Particle size distributions, rheological measurements and multifractal spectra suggest favorable filler dispersion into the PP matrix. A yield strength model and rheological data evidence low internal interactions. In addition, these composites characteristics could promote the effective activation of energy consumption mechanisms improving the material toughness. The fracture surfaces analysis allows correlating fractography, multifractal spectra and material toughness. However, the experimental procedure of multifractal theory should be improved to define the most sensitive parameter for fractographic studies. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1488–1496, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of Al(OH)3 nanoparticles on the mechanical and fire resistance properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Bunderšek Alenka , Japelj Boštjan , Mušič Branka , Rajnar Nevenka , Gyergyek Sašo , Kostanjšek Rok , Krajnc Peter
Published: December 2014

One of the drawbacks of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is its flammability. This limits its use in many areas, particularly in constructions. Although there are several fire retardants commercially available, certain disadvantages remain. Introduction of fire retardants into PMMA can change the mechanical properties and transparency can be significantly reduced. Our attention in this study was focused on aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) nanoparticles as the filler for PMMA. To achieve better compatibility and avoid the agglomeration of nanoparticles, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate was used as a co‐monomer for nanocomposite preparation. The characteristics of sheets made with ATH nanoparticles were compared to standard PMMA sheets prepared without additives. Better thermal properties and impact hardness were observed, the speed of burning was significantly lower, while complete transparency of the material was retained. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1659–1666, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of organoclay loading level on mechanical properties, thermomechanical behavior, and heat build‐up of natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Sookyung Uraiwan , Nakason Charoen , Thaijaroen Woothichai , Vennemann Norbert
Published: December 2014

Sodium‐montmorillonite nanoclay was modified with octadecylamine and compounded with natural rubber (NR) by dry mixing method. The effects of organoclay loading level on mechanical properties, thermal–mechanical behavior, and heat build‐up of NR/organoclay nanocomposites were investigated. Temperature scanning stress relaxation technique was used to characterize the thermal–mechanical behavior of the composites. The morphological properties were assessed by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Loading levels of organoclay below 5 phr gave improved mechanical properties and heat build‐up, along with exfoliated clay structure in the nanocomposites. On the other hand, with loading levels above 7 phr the organoclay tended to agglomerate, and X‐ray diffraction revealed an intercalated structure. In these cases, the excess residual organoclay caused significantly increased stress relaxation and heat build‐up. Unmodified sodium‐montmorillonite as filler did not significantly affect the mechanical and heat build‐up properties of NR vulcanizates. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1735–1743, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Particle swarm and simulated annealing based intuitive search optimization of flexural behaviors in bioparticles impregnated coir fiber–vinyl ester composites
Authors: Ramprasath R. , Jayabal S.
Published: December 2014

The present investigation is focused on evaluation and optimization of flexural behaviors of bio‐particulates impregnated coir–vinyl ester composites. The bio‐particulates such as termite mound soil, groundnut and rice husk were selected and the composite fabrications were planned as per Design of Experiments with the different levels of fiber length, fiber content, and particulate content. The flexural strength of fabricated composites was evaluated as per ASTM D 790‐10. The fractography study was carried out on tested specimens using Scanning Electron Micrographs. The nonlinear regression models were developed for the prediction of flexural behaviors over the specified range of conditions. The fabrication parameters for the better value of flexural behaviors were determined using particle swarm and simulated annealing algorithms. The optimum conditions are further refined and validated experimentally using intuitive search algorithm. It was confirmed that the termite mound soil, ground nut and rice husk impregnated coir–vinyl ester composites exhibited better value of flexural strengths of 33.5 MPa, 36 MPa, and 38.4 MPa, respectively. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1765–1774, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of new polybenzoxazines from renewable resources for bio‐composite applications
Authors: Thirukumaran P. , Shakila Parveen A. , Kumudha K. , Sarojadevi M.
Published: December 2014

Renewable natural resources such as eugenol, furfurylamine, stearylamine, and jute fiber were used to prepare polybenzoxazine composites. The purity of eugenol which is extracted from clove was confirmed by gas chromatography. FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis were used to determine the structure of eugenol and the benzoxazine monomers namely 6‐allyl‐3‐furfuryl‐8‐methoxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine (EF‐Bz) and 6‐allyl‐3‐octadecyl‐8‐methoxy‐3,4 dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine (ES‐Bz) synthesized from it. The curing analysis from differential scanning calorimetric analysis shows that the onset of curing is shifted to lower temperature (161°C) for EF‐Bz, when compared with ES‐Bz (174°C). The thermal stability analyzed from thermogravimetric analysis shows that the polybenzoxazine EF‐Pbz has higher thermal stability (T5% = 361°C) with that of ES‐Pbz (T5% = 313°C). The storage modulus, tensile, and flexural strength of the EF‐Bz/Jute fiber composite show high value when compared with ES‐Bz/Jute fiber composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1821–1829, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hybridization of emitting polyfluorene with silicone
Authors: Nishikawa Shinji , Kami Sayaka , Ashikin Nurul , Haswan Badrul , Uno Takahiro , Itoh Takahito , Kubo Masataka
Published: December 2014

Polyfluorenes with pendant allyl groups were prepared by terpolymerization of 9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐bis(trimethyleneborate), 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐bis(2‐allyloxyethyl)fluorene, and 4,7‐dibromo‐2,1,3‐benzothiazole, or 4,7‐dibromo‐2,1,3‐naphthoselenadiazole using Suzuki coupling reaction. The subsequent hydrosilylation reaction of these precursor polymers with ethoxydimethylsilane quantitatively converted the allyl groups to ethoxysilyl groups. Hybridization of the emitting polyfluorenes with silicone was successfully achieved by the solvent‐free sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane and silanol‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane in the presence of the ethoxysilyl‐functionalized polyfluorenes. Fluorescence spectra of these luminescent silicones revealed that emitting polyfluorenes were dispersed homogeneously in the matrix of silicone without aggregation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 622–628
A regime‐dependent parametrization of subgrid‐scale cloud water content variability
Authors: Hill P. G. , Morcrette C. J. , Boutle I. A.
Published: December 2014

The subgrid‐scale spatial variability in cloud water content can be described by a parameter f called the fractional standard deviation. This is equal to the standard deviation of the cloud water content divided by the mean. This parameter is an input to schemes that calculate the impact of subgrid‐scale cloud inhomogeneity on gridbox‐mean radiative fluxes and microphysical process rates. A new regime‐dependent parametrization of the spatial variability of cloud water content is derived from CloudSat observations of ice clouds. In addition to the dependencies on horizontal and vertical resolution and cloud fraction included in previous parametrizations, the new parametrization includes an explicit dependence on cloud type. The new parametrization is then implemented in the Global Atmosphere 6 (GA6) configuration of the Met Office Unified Model and used to model the effects of subgrid variability of both ice and liquid water content on radiative fluxes and autoconversion and accretion rates in three 20‐year atmosphere‐only climate simulations. These simulations show the impact of the new regime‐dependent parametrization on diagnostic radiation calculations, interactive radiation calculations and both interactive radiation calculations and in a new warm microphysics scheme. The control simulation uses a globally constant f value of 0.75 to model the effect of cloud water content variability on radiative fluxes. The use of the new regime‐dependent parametrization in the model results in a global mean which is higher than the control's fixed value and a global distribution of f which is closer to CloudSat observations. When the new regime‐dependent parametrization is used in radiative transfer calculations only, the magnitudes of short‐wave and long‐wave top of atmosphere cloud radiative forcing are reduced, increasing the existing global mean biases in the control. When also applied in a new warm microphysics scheme, the short‐wave global mean bias is reduced.
Comparing the Hot Ductility Behaviour of Low‐Carbon Microalloyed Nb‐V‐Ti Steels During Two Thermal Cycling Routes: Solutionizing and Precipitation Treatments
Authors: Fares Mohamed Lamine , Darsouni Abderrazek , Le Coze Jean
Published: December 2014

The hot ductility behavior of commercial low‐carbon microalloyed Nb‐V‐Ti‐steel was studied in both wrought and cast conditions by means of hot tensile tests over a wide range of temperature (750–1200 °C) and at three strain rates (0.01, 0.002 and, 0.0005 s−1). To replicate the straightening operation undergone by the two materials during hot drawing of plates and continuous casting process, respectively, two kinds of thermal cycles, namely solutionizing and precipitation treatments, were adopted to compare their respective influence on the formation of surface cracking. After deformation, the lowest ductility values were found at 900 °C in the single γ‐domain for the as rolled material in the former treatment, and at 800 °C in the two‐phase domain for the as cast product in the second one. By contrast, the largest values were observed at 750 °C and above 1000 °C for the two examined materials in both types of treatment. On the whole, surface cracking was found as a result of grain boundary sliding which was acknowledged as the main fracture mechanism. An attempt was also made to determine a relationship between the synergistic effect of the various intervening micromechanisms and the resulting embrittlement.
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Harness Purinergenic Signaling to Tolerize Human Th1 Cells In Vivo
Authors: Amarnath Shoba , Foley Jason E. , Farthing Don E. , Gress Ronald E. , Laurence Arian , Eckhaus Michael A. , Métais Jean-Yves , Rose Jeremy J. , Hakim Frances T. , Felizardo Tania C. , Cheng Austin V. , Robey Pamela G. , Stroncek David E. , Sabatino Marianna , Battiwalla Minoo , Ito Sawa , Fowler Daniel H. , Barrett Austin J.
Published: December 2014

The use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC) in the treatment of alloimmune and autoimmune conditions has generated much interest, yet an understanding of the therapeutic mechanism remains elusive. We therefore explored immune modulation by a clinical-grade BMSC product in a model of human-into-mouse xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (x-GVHD) mediated by human CD4+ Th1 cells. BMSC reversed established, lethal x-GVHD through marked inhibition of Th1 cell effector function. Gene marking studies indicated BMSC engraftment was limited to the lung; furthermore, there was no increase in regulatory T cells, thereby suggesting a paracrine mechanism of BMSC action. BMSC recipients had increased serum CD73 expressing exosomes that promoted adenosine accumulation ex vivo. Importantly, immune modulation mediated by BMSC was fully abrogated by pharmacologic therapy with an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. To investigate the potential clinical relevance of these mechanistic findings, patient serum samples collected pre- and post-BMSC treatment were studied for exosome content: CD73 expressing exosomes promoting adenosine accumulation were detected in post-BMSC samples. In conclusion, BMSC effectively modulate experimental GVHD through a paracrine mechanism that promotes adenosine-based immune suppression. Stem Cells 2015;33:1200–1212 Stem Cells  2015;33:1200–1212
A new standing‐wave testing system for bridge structure nondestructive damage detection using electromagnetic wave
Authors: Xiao Haitao , Qin Jianan , Ogai Harutoshi , Jiang Xiuchen
Published: December 2014

Several data analysis algorithms exist for detecting damages in bridges; however, such algorithms only approximately locate the damaged areas. To increase the accuracy and sensitivity, a new nondestructive, standing‐wave, bridge‐testing system as well as algorithm is proposed. The proposed system sends 3.8–5.8 GHz modulated sweeping waves to an object, the input and reflected waves form a standing wave, which is used to check and evaluate the state of the object under examination. In comparison with other systems, the proposed system is compact and less expensive, and offers higher sensitivity, higher resolution, and higher accuracy. Simulations and experiments verified its effectiveness. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differential effects between one week and four weeks exposure to same mass of SO2 on synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus
Authors: Yao Gaoyi , Yun Yang , Sang Nan
Published: December 2014

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a ubiquitous air pollutant. The previous studies have documented the adverse effects of SO2 on nervous system health, suggesting that acutely SO2 inhalation at high concentration may be associated with neurotoxicity and increase risk of hospitalization and mortality of many brain disorders. However, the remarkable features of air pollution exposure are lifelong duration and at low concentration; and it is rarely reported that whether there are different responses on synapse when rats inhaled same mass of SO2 at low concentration with a longer term. In this study, we evaluated the synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus after exposure to same mass of SO2 at various concentrations and durations (3.5 and 7 mg/m3, 6 h/day, for 4 weeks; and 14 and 28 mg/m3, 6 h/day, for 1 week). The results showed that the mRNA level of synaptic plasticity marker Arc, glutamate receptors (GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B) and the protein expression of memory related kinase p‐CaMKпα were consistently inhibited by SO2 both in 1 week and 4 weeks exposure cases; the protein expression of presynaptic marker synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95), protein kinase A (PKA), and protein kinase C (PKC) were increased in 1 week exposure case, and decreased in 4 weeks exposure case. Our results indicated that SO2 inhalation caused differential synaptic injury in 1 week and 4 weeks exposure cases, and implied the differential effects might result from different PKA‐ and/or PKC‐mediated signal pathway. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 820–829, 2016.
Lipoic acid attenuates Aroclor 1260‐induced hepatotoxicity in adult rats
Authors: Aly Hamdy A. A. , Mansour Ahmed M. , Hassan Memy H. , Abd‐Ellah Mohamed F.
Published: December 2014

The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanistic aspect of Aroclor 1260‐induced hepatotoxicity and its protection by lipoic acid. The adult male Albino rats were divided into six groups. Group I served as control. Group II received lipoic acid (35 mg/kg/day). Aroclor 1260 was given to rats by oral gavage at doses 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg/day (Groups III, IV, and V, respectively). Group VI was pretreated with lipoic acid (35 mg/kg/day) 24 h before Aroclor 1260 (40 mg/kg/day). Treatment in all groups was continued for further 15 consecutive days. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities and total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly increased while total protein, total albumin, and high‐density lipoprotein were significantly decreased. Hydrogen peroxide production and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased while superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was significantly decreased in liver. Caspase‐3 & ‐9 activities were significantly increased in liver. Lipoic acid pretreatment significantly reverted all these abnormalities toward their normal levels. In conclusion, Aroclor 1260 induced liver dysfunction, at least in part, by induction of oxidative stress. Apoptotic effect of hepatic cells is involved in Aroclor 1260‐induced liver injury. Lipoic acid could protect rats against Aroclor 1260‐induced hepatotoxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 913–922, 2016.
Environmental Management in Organizations: Is ISO 14001 Implementation Growing Fast Enough to Improve Environmental Conditions in the Metropolitan Areas of Developing Countries?
Authors: Mata‐Lima Herlander , Silva Flaviana , Alvino‐Borba Andreilcy , Almeida José António
Published: December 2014

An analysis of progress in Brazil, Sao Paulo, and elsewhere
E‐Books and TPACK
Authors: Brueck Jeremy S. , Lenhart Lisa A.
Published: December 2014

Today's tech savvy young learners are equipped with a variety of technological tools used as easily as pencils and paper. Many reach for the laptop first when it's time to write or look for an ebook when it's time to read. Ebooks are increasingly viewed as an appropriate source for literacy exposure to books and reading by parents and educators, as net sales revenue from ebooks surpassed hardcover books in the first quarter of 2012 (Boog, 2012).

As educators consider adopting ebooks as instructional resources, we must consider how to effectively merge content, pedagogy and technology in the early literacy classroom. In this article we discuss the emerging role of ebook technology in early reading instruction, along with describing how the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) can assist teachers in understanding the dynamic relationship between content, pedagogy and technology in the literacy classroom.
Uncapped 5′ ends of mRNAs targeted by cytoplasmic capping map to the vicinity of downstream CAGE tags
Authors: Kiss Daniel L. , Oman Kenji , Bundschuh Ralf , Schoenberg Daniel R.
Published: December 2014

In mammalian transcriptomes approximately 25% of 5′ ends determined by Capped Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) map to locations within spliced exons. The current study sought to determine if the cytoplasmic capping complex participates in generating these downstream CAGE tags. 5′‐RACE was used to amplify the uncapped ends of target transcripts that accumulate when cytoplasmic capping is blocked. Sequencing of these RACE products mapped the positions of uncapped ends either exactly to or just downstream of archived CAGE tags. These findings support a role for cytoplasmic capping in generating the downstream capped ends identified by CAGE.
Revisiting the mechanism of activation of cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) by cAMP in Escherichia coli: Lessons from a subunit‐crosslinked form of CRP
Authors: Saha Abinit , Mukhopadhyay Jayanta , Datta Ajit Bikram , Parrack Pradeep
Published: December 2014

Cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP), the global transcription regulator in prokaryotes, is active only as a cAMP–CRP complex. Binding of cAMP changes the conformation of CRP, transforming it from a transcriptionally ‘inactive’ to an ‘active’ molecule. These conformers are also characterized by distinct biochemical properties including the ability to form an S–S crosslink between the C178 residues of its two monomeric subunits. We studied a CRP variant (CRPcl), in which the subunits are crosslinked. We demonstrate that CRPcl can activate transcription even in the absence of cAMP. Implications of these results for the crystallographically‐determined structure of cAMP–CRP are discussed.
Protein utilization, growth and survival in essential-fatty-acid-deficient rats
Authors: Henry Christiani Jeyakumar , Ghusain-Choueiri Amal , Payne Philip R.
Published: December 2014

The relationship between essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and the utilization of dietary protein, growth rate and survival of offspring was investigated in rats during development and reproduction. EFA deficiency was induced by feeding a 200 g casein/kg-based diet containing 70 g hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO)/lkg as the only source of fat. The conversion efficiency of dietary protein was assessed as net protein utilization (NPU), using a 10 d comparative carcass technique. Consumption of the deficient diet during the 10 d assay period induced biochemical changes characteristic of mild EFA deficiency in humans (triene:tetraene 0·27 (SD 0·04) compared with 0·026 (SD 0·004) for wn-deficient controls), but there were no significant changes in growth rate or protein utilization. These variables were also unchanged when the deficient diet was fed for an additional 7 d before the assay, although triene: tetraene increased to 0.8 (SD 0·02). Feeding the deficient diet for 63 d before assay produced severe EFA deficiency (triene:tetraene 1.4 (SD 0·3) v. 0·036 (SD 0·005) for controls), a fall in growth rate (25% during assay period), and NPU (31.5 (SD 0·63) v. 39.0 (SD 0·93) for controls). These severely-EFA-deficient animals had a 30% higher fasting-resting rate of energy metabolism than that of age-matched controls. However, there was no change in the rate of endogenous N loss. Voluntary energy consumption was increased in animals fed on deficient diets, either with 200 g protein/kg, or protein free. The reduced efficiency of protein utilization could be entirely accounted for by the restricted amount of energy available for growth and protein deposition. Consumption of an EFA-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation resulted in high mortality (11% survival rate at weaning compared with 79% for controls) and retarded growth in the preweaning offspring. It is concluded that animals are particularly sensitive to EFA deficiency during reproduction and pre- and post-natal stages of development. However, after weaning only severe EFA deficiency retarded growth, primarily through changes in energy balance.
Schrödinger
Authors: Moore Walter J.
Published: December 2014

Erwin Schrödinger was a brilliant and charming Austrian, a great scientist, and a man with a passionate interest in people and ideas. In this, the first comprehensive biography of Schrödinger, Walter Moore draws upon recollections of Schrödinger's friends, family and colleagues, and on contemporary records, letters and diaries. Schrödinger's life is portrayed against the backdrop of Europe at a time of change and unrest. His best-known scientific work was the discovery of wave mechanics, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1933. However, Erwin was also an enthusiastic explorer of the ideas of Hindu mysticism, and in the mountains of his beloved Tyrol he sought a philosophic unity of Mind and Nature. Although not Jewish, he left his prestigious position at Berlin University as soon as the Nazis seized power. After a short time in Oxford he moved to Graz, but barely escaped from Austria after the Anschluss. He then helped Eamon de Valera establish an Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin. It was here that he spent the happiest years of his life, and also where he wrote his most famous and influential book What is Life?, which attracted some of the brightest minds of his generation into molecular biology. Schrodinger enjoyed a close friendship with Einstein, and the two maintained a prolific correspondence all their lives. Schrödinger led a very intense life, both in his scientific research and in his personal life. Walter Moore has written a highly readable biography of this fascinating and complex man which will appeal not only to scientists but to anyone interested in the history of our times, and in the life and thought of one of the great men of twentieth-century science.
The Legal Regime of Straits
Authors: Caminos Hugo , Cogliati-Bantz Vincent P.
Published: December 2014

The right of transit passage in straits and the analogous right of archipelagic sealanes passage in archipelagic states, negotiated in the 1970s and embodied in the 1982 UNCLOS, sought to approximate the freedom of navigation and overflight while expressly recognising the sovereignty or jurisdiction of the coastal state over the waters concerned. However, the allocation of rights and duties of the coastal state and third states is open to interpretation. Recent developments in state practice, such as Australia's requirement of compulsory pilotage in the Torres Strait, the bridge across the Great Belt and the proposals for a bridge across the Strait of Messina, the enhanced environmental standards applicable in the Strait of Bonifacio and Canada's claims over the Arctic Route, make it necessary to reassess the whole common law of straits. The Legal Regime of Straits examines the complex relationship between the coastal state and the international community.
Histoire naturelle des drogues simples
Authors: Guibourt Nicolas Jean-Baptiste Gaston
Published: December 2014

The French pharmacist Nicolas Jean-Baptiste Gaston Guibourt (1790–1867) first published this work in two volumes in 1820. It provided methodical descriptions of mineral, plant and animal substances. In the following years, Guibourt became a member of the Académie nationale de médicine and a professor at the École de pharmacie in Paris. Pharmaceutical knowledge also progressed considerably as new methods and classifications emerged. For this revised and enlarged four-volume fourth edition, published between 1849 and 1851, Guibourt followed the principles of modern scientific classification. For each substance, he describes the general properties as well as their medicinal or poisonous effects. Illustrated throughout, Volume 1 (1849) begins with an introduction that clarifies Guibourt's approach to pharmaceutical science. The volume then goes on to describe the properties of minerals.
Histoire naturelle des drogues simples
Authors: Guibourt Nicolas Jean-Baptiste Gaston
Published: December 2014

The French pharmacist Nicolas Jean-Baptiste Gaston Guibourt (1790–1867) first published this work in two volumes in 1820. It provided methodical descriptions of mineral, plant and animal substances. In the following years, Guibourt became a member of the Académie nationale de médicine and a professor at the École de pharmacie in Paris. Pharmaceutical knowledge also progressed considerably as new methods and classifications emerged. For this revised and enlarged four-volume fourth edition, published between 1849 and 1851, Guibourt followed the principles of modern scientific classification. For each substance, he describes the general properties as well as their medicinal or poisonous effects. Illustrated throughout, Volume 2 (1849) draws on systems pioneered by three renowned scientists for the classification of plants: Linnaeus, who laid the foundations of modern taxonomy; Jussieu, the first to publish a classification of flowering plants; and de Candolle, whose work influenced Darwin.
The Life of Thomas Paine
Authors: Rickman Thomas Clio
Published: December 2014

Best known for this 1819 biography of his friend Thomas Paine, Thomas Clio Rickman (1761–1834) is sometimes called Paine's Boswell. His sympathetic portrait follows Paine's progress from simple stay-maker to one of the most influential political activists in the age of revolutions. Although acknowledging Paine's egoism and penchant for drink, Rickman presents these flaws alongside the better qualities of a man who did not merely 'live amid great events … he created them'. Rickman weaves together personal remembrances and historical commentary, quoting liberally from Paine's works and letters, as well as from other biographers and historians. The appendix serves to soften Paine's reputation as a fiery radical by including some of his more humorous and reflective short works and poems. Avid readers of early revolutionary history will find a scholarly take on Paine's influence in Moncure Conway's two-volume Life of Thomas Paine (1892), also reissued in this series.
Observations on Limes, Calcareous Cements, Mortars, Stuccos, and Concrete
Authors: Pasley Charles William
Published: December 2014

An officer in the Royal Engineers, Sir Charles William Pasley (1780–1861) wrote on matters ranging from military sieges to architecture. In this substantial work, first published in 1838, he outlines the experimentally determined properties of various building materials, with a view to their practical application. Offering guidance on how to decide between different calcareous mortars and cements, Pasley discusses how to judge their comparative strengths. Heeding advice from the Institution of Civil Engineers, he made this work a broad overview, rather than simply focusing on his special area of interest: natural and artificial cements. His research on cements led to the large-scale manufacture of products such as Portland, patent lithic, and blue lias. Pasley discusses the research of other authors in the appendix. Also reissued in this series, in English translation, is Louis-Joseph Vicat's Practical and Scientific Treatise on Calcareous Mortars and Cements, Artificial and Natural (1837).
A Narrative of Four Voyages
Authors: Morrell Benjamin
Published: December 2014

Based on his journals, with literary assistance provided by a ghostwriter, this 1832 publication gives an account of the early life and later voyages of the American sealer and explorer Benjamin Morrell (1795–1839). The titular adventures consisted of explorations of the Pacific and Antarctic between 1822 and 1831. The text describes unfamiliar bodies of land, sometimes violent interactions with native populations (several of Morrell's crew were killed in the Carteret Islands), and encounters with the slave trade. Morrell also claimed to have been the first American captain to cross the Antarctic Circle. However, there are doubts about the veracity of his narrative, as reported distances, times and locations, particularly in the Antarctic, have proven to be inaccurate. This has been attributed variously to error, exaggeration or outright deception. Morrell himself admits to enhancing his narrative by drawing on information furnished by other navigators.