bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depletion of the Microbiome Alters the Recruitment of Neuronal Ensembles of Oxycodone Intoxication and Withdrawal
Authors: Simpson Sierra , Kimbrough Adam , Boomhower Brent , McLellan Rio , Hughes Marcella , Shankar Kokila , de Guglielmo Giordano , George Olivier
Published: April 2020

Substance use disorders have a complex etiology. Genetics, the environment, and behavior all play a role in the initiation, escalation, and relapse of drug use. Recently, opioid use disorder has become a national health crisis. One aspect of opioid addiction that has yet to be fully examined is the effects of alterations of the microbiome and gut-brain axis signaling on central nervous system activity during opioid intoxication and withdrawal. The effect of microbiome depletion on the activation of neuronal ensembles was measured by detecting Fos-positive (Fos+) neuron activation during intoxication and withdrawal using a rat model of oxycodone dependence. Daily oxycodone administration (2 mg/kg) increased pain thresholds and increased Fos+ neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) during intoxication, with a decrease in pain thresholds and increase in Fos+ neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), locus coeruleus (LC), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), agranular insular cortex (AI), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and lateral habenula medial parvocellular region during withdrawal. Microbiome depletion produced widespread but region- and state-specific changes in neuronal ensemble activation. Oxycodone intoxication and withdrawal also increased functional connectivity among brain regions. Microbiome depletion resulted in a decorrelation of this functional network. These data indicate that microbiome depletion by antibiotics produces widespread changes in the recruitment of neuronal ensembles that are activated by oxycodone intoxication and withdrawal, suggesting that the gut microbiome may play a role in opioid use and dependence. Future studies are needed to better understand the molecular, neurobiological, and behavioral effects of microbiome depletion on addiction-like behaviors.
Dopamine and Risky Decision-Making in Gambling Disorder
Authors: Peters Jan , Vega Taylor , Weinstein Dawn , Mitchell Jennifer , Kayser Andrew
Published: April 2020

Gambling disorder is a behavioral addiction associated with impairments in value-based decision-making and cognitive control. These functions are thought to be regulated by dopamine within fronto-striatal circuits, but the role of altered dopamine neurotransmission in the etiology of gambling disorder remains controversial. Preliminary evidence suggests that increasing frontal dopamine tone might improve cognitive functioning in gambling disorder. We therefore examined whether increasing frontal dopamine tone via a single dose of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor tolcapone would reduce risky choice in human gamblers (n = 14) in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation and a combined risky choice drift diffusion model (DDM). Model comparison revealed a nonlinear mapping from value differences to trial-wise drift rates, confirming recent findings. An increase in risk-taking under tolcapone versus placebo was about five times more likely, given the data, than a decrease [Bayes factor (BF) = 0.2]. Examination of drug effects on diffusion model parameters revealed that an increase in the value dependency of the drift rate under tolcapone was about thirteen times more likely than a decrease (BF = 0.073). In contrast, a reduction in the maximum drift rate under tolcapone was about seven times more likely than an increase (BF = 7.51). Results add to previous work on COMT inhibitors in behavioral addictions and to mounting evidence for the applicability of diffusion models in value-based decision-making. Future work should focus on individual genetic, clinical and cognitive factors that might account for heterogeneity in the effects of COMT inhibition.
YAP Mediates Hair Cell Regeneration in Balance Organs of Chickens, But LATS Kinases Suppress Its Activity in Mice
Authors: Rudolf Mark A. , Andreeva Anna , Kozlowski Mikolaj M. , Kim Christina E. , Moskowitz Bailey A. , Anaya-Rocha Alejandro , Kelley Matthew W. , Corwin Jeffrey T.
Published: April 2020

Loss of sensory hair cells causes permanent hearing and balance deficits in humans and other mammals, but for nonmammals such deficits are temporary. Nonmammals recover hearing and balance sensitivity after supporting cells proliferate and differentiate into replacement hair cells. Evidence of mechanical differences between those sensory epithelia and their supporting cells prompted us to investigate whether the capacity to activate YAP, an effector in the mechanosensitive Hippo pathway, correlates with regenerative capacity in acceleration-sensing utricles of chickens and mice of both sexes. After hair cell ablation, YAP accumulated in supporting cell nuclei in chicken utricles and promoted regenerative proliferation, but YAP remained cytoplasmic and little proliferation occurred in mouse utricles. YAP localization in supporting cells was also more sensitive to shape change and inhibition of MST1/2 in chicken utricles than in mouse utricles. Genetic manipulations showed thatin vivoexpression of the YAP-S127A variant caused robust proliferation of neonatal mouse supporting cells, which produced progeny that expressed hair cell markers, but proliferative responses declined postnatally. Expression of YAP-5SA, which more effectively evades inhibitory phosphorylation, resulted in TEAD-dependent proliferation of striolar supporting cells, even in adult utricles. Conditional deletion of LATS1/2 kinases abolished the inhibitory phosphorylation of endogenous YAP and led to striolar proliferation in adult mouse utricles. The findings suggest that damage overcomes inhibitory Hippo signaling and facilitates regenerative proliferation in nonmammalian utricles, whereas constitutive LATS1/2 kinase activity suppresses YAP-TEAD signaling in mammalian utricles and contributes to maintaining the proliferative quiescence that appears to underlie the permanence of sensory deficits.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLoud sounds, ototoxic drugs, infections, and aging kill sensory hair cells in the ear, causing irreversible hearing loss and balance deficits for millions. In nonmammals, damage evokes shape changes in supporting cells, which can divide and regenerate hair cells. Such shape changes are limited in mammalian ears, where supporting cells develop E-cadherin-rich apical junctions reinforced by robust F-actin bands, and the cells fail to divide. Here, we find that damage readily activates YAP in supporting cells within balance epithelia of chickens, but not mice. Deleting LATS kinases or expressing YAP variants that evade LATS-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation induces proliferation in supporting cells of adult mice. YAP signaling eventually may be harnessed to overcome proliferative quiescence that limits regeneration in mammalian ears.
Procesos de gestión: edificios sostenibles vs. edificios tradicionales
Authors: Chamorro González Candy , Hoepfner Gutiérrez Lizet Vanesa , Montaño Gallego Catalina , Ríos Londoño Ivonne Victoria
Published: April 2020

Los edificios sostenibles, llamados también edificios vivos, se han comenzado a establecer debido a los estándares de construcción ecológica y sistemas de calificación, destinados a crear edificios que respondan al medio ambiente. Esta investigación identificó los procesos de gestión y los costos incurridos de un edificio sostenible vs. un edificio tradicional. El trabajo privilegia una metodología cualitativa; las técnicas de producción de datos utilizadas fueron la investigación documental y las entrevistas realizadas a los gerentes y los contadores. Los resultados evidencian que la construcción de un edificio tradicional requiere menos costos de producción que el de un edifico sostenible; sin embargo, los beneficios financieros se ven reflejados a largo plazo en la reducción de los costos operacionales. En síntesis, los edificios sostenibles presentan un impacto significativo en términos de contaminación e impacto financiero; favoreciendo, así, la calidad de vida en las generaciones futuras y el desarrollo activo de la sostenibilidad empresarial.
Dynamics of Serum Cytokines During Resection Surgery for Malignant Neoplasms in the Lungs
Authors: Soloviev A. O. , Dolgikh V. T. , Novichkova O. N. , Govorova N. V. , Leonov O. V. , Sokolova O. V.
Published: April 2020

Purpose— to carry out a comparative assessment of inflammation based on evaluation of intraoperative and early postoperative dynamics of blood serum cytokines in pulmonary malignant neoplasm patients in different anesthesia and analgesia settings.

Material and methods.24 patients of 45 to 50 years of age divided into 2 groups were examined. All patients suffered from verified new onset malignant neoplasms without true signs of metastases. Tumor differentiation by morphology was not undertaken since that was beyond the study design. Patients did not receive radio- or chemotherapy. In Group I (the main group,n=12), a multimodal combined anesthesia [1] followed by extended postoperative epidural analgesia was applied. In Group II (the comparison group,n=12), a combined general anesthesia including mechanical lung ventilation followed by morphine analgesia was used. 4 study points were determined: prior to induction, and one, 12, and 24 hours post-surgery.

Results.12 hours after surgery completion, the concentration of TNFα in the main group was lesser by 57.1% vs. the comparison group; by the end of the first 24 hours, it fell down by 64.3%. Within the same period, in both groups IL-6 turned out to be significantly higher than the upper reference limit. By the end of the first 24 hours, IL-6 tend to decrease in both groups; however, in the comparison group, this parameter was 15% higher than in the main group. Serum IL-10 was within the reference range in both groups. One hour after surgery, concentrationof IL-10 was exponentially growing in both groups and exceeded multifold the upper reference limit, whereas the content of IL-10 in the main group remained reliably higher: the difference amounted to 35.6% percent.

Conclusion.During the postoperative period, patients undergone lung resection displayed significant changes in cytokines concentrations demonstrating an inflammation reaction. Inflammation was significant in patients who received epidural analgesia as evidenced by an altered content of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Modern Vasopressor Therapy of Septic Shock (Review)
Authors: Kochkin A. A. , Yavorovskiy A. G. , Berikashvili L. B. , Likhvantsev V. V.
Published: April 2020

Septic shock, as the most severe form of sepsis, is characterized by high mortality reaching 40% despite the use of the most modern standards of diagnosis and treatment. In the thanatogenesis of septic shock, vasoplegia plays a leading role, respectively, and therapy of the condition under discussion involves the use of vasoconstrictors, along with the standard prescription of infusion therapy, antibiotics and symptomatic treatment. The choice of a specific vasoactive drug is a difficult task for a practicing anesthetist, as along with undoubtedly positive properties, vasoconstrictors each have their own spectrum of undesirable side effects, which, of course, must be taken into account when determining treatment tactics.

The aim of review:A comprehensive assessment of the multifactorial effect of various vasoconstrictors on the patient to determine the criteria for choosing the optimal drug (or a combination of drugs) in septic shock.

The search was carried out using PubMed and Scopus databases, the final selection of 89 articles was carried out in accordance with the following criteria: relevance to the topic of this review and the nature of the article — only randomized controlled trials, guidelines and analytical reviews were included in the final analysis.

External and internal mechanisms of vascular tone regulation are considered, including factors produced by endothelium (nitric oxide, prostacyclin, endothelin); vasoactive metabolites and autocoids — signal molecules of local action (serotonin, prostaglandins, thromboxane A2). Accordingly, drugs were analyzed the mechanism of action of which is related to the effect on adrenergic (adrenaline, dopamine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, dobutamine), vasopressin (vasopressin, terlipressin, selepressin) receptors, synthetic analogues of angiotensin (angiotensin II) and drugs the non-vasopressor effect of which is not linked with the receptor apparatus (methylene blue, levosimendan, hydrocortisone).

Conclusion.The high effectiveness of norepinephrine, its positive hemodynamic effects make the drug under discussion, in many ways, a universal remedy for the relief of septic shock. However, refractory shock may require the introduction of such high doses of norepinephrine that the occurrence of adverse reactions will become practically inevitable. The combined use of adrenergic and ligand V receptors, terlipressin, is intended to prevent these complications. However, to date, there are no clear recommendations on the use of terlipressin in septic shock, which limits its use in clinical practice.
Martian or Mauritanian? The Lesser-Known Human Security Crises in the Sahel
Authors: Morrison Amanda
Published: April 2020

While humanitarian crises have plagued the continent of Africa for years, some of the world’s most severe and dire human security issues exist within the Sahel region. This geographic and geopolitical region in the middle of Africa is located between the Sahara and Savanna. The Sahel struggles with damaging security issues as well as economic and cultural problems. This region is representative of a security complex because Sahelian states’ security is so interlinked that national security problems will never be solved apart from other Sahelian nations. While African nations such as Mali, Nigeria, and Chad are included in the Sahel region, a lesser-known and rarely discussed country is Mauritania. For a time being, Mauritania was so publically unrecognizable that autocorrect on smart phones would change “Mauritania” to “Martian” (Nashashibi 2012). Mauritania is unique because although it is situated near the violent nation Mali, it holds a mainly cooperative relationship with Western allies against Islamist insurgencies. This position highlights the country’s importance and the need for stabilization. While numerous security problems pose a significant threat to Mauritanian stability, a concerted international effort to provide food, environmental, and political resources to the country can resolve these crises.
On Erasure and Misrepresentation
Authors: Baugh Selena
Published: April 2020

Representation is crucial concerning questions of justice and equity. The way a group is perceived by others dictates the way they will be positioned in society. This is a fact which has been modeled consistently throughout history. Those who are perceived as inherently criminal are more likely to be abused by the justice system, as in the case of Black people in the United States, while those who are viewed as inherently weak are less likely to access positions of power, as in the case of women around the world. This pattern illustrates the importance of perception and therefore representation. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication on the Rights of Woman, the Revisionaries documentary, Herodotus’ Histories, and the U.S. Constitution all illustrate the ability of a few people to dictate the positioning of various groups in society based entirely on the way individuals represent or misrepresent said groups. Although representation ostensibly implies increased visibility, when the available images are limited, those with platforms can use representation as a means of erasing or subjugating hitherto underrepresented groups.
Exhibiting an Unapologetic Fascist: Mario Sironi
Authors: Fackler Fiona
Published: April 2020

Benito Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship over Italy in the period between world wars remains a troubling element of the nation's history. It has heavily affected the contemporary politics and public displays of in addition to scholarship about the thriving artistic scene of that time, yet, the weight of Italy's Fascist legacy has either comprised the primary focus of or been entirely absent from studies on art in the 1920s-1930s until a recent academic interest in reinvestigating the political and cultural atmosphere of the period. This paper underlines the importance of such renewed critical interests in chapters of painful history and how those interests can influence public perceptions of national history and its outreach into contemporary culture. Specifically, I will examine the written and exhibited discrepancies between the life of the painter Mario Sironi under the regime and the life of selected paintings that perpetuate his existence in contemporary Italy. By comparing La Famiglia del Pastore in "Roma Anni Trenta: La Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Le Quadriennali (1931 - 1935 - 1939)" at the Galleria d'Arte Moderna and La Solitudine in "Time is Out of Joint" at the Galleria Nazionale I will analyze how exhibitions of art shape the Italian public's reception of this period. I contend that certain exhibiting styles can either deepen public reception and consideration for a work of art and the time from which it stems or can reduce understanding to that inspired by instantaneous connections, dependent on the institution's or curator's approach to context. For, no trip to a museum is simply a trip to a museum – whether actively or passively, museums shape how the public approaches the works in its halls and through these works, how the public approaches themselves and the world surrounding them.
"Machine Town": Panethnic Asian American Identity in Philadelphia Politics
Authors: Joseph Ronald Raju
Published: April 2020

This paper investigated the topic of panethnic Asian American political coalition-building in Philadelphia politics, to determine if efforts to forge such a coalition succeeded. This paper traced the scholarship accumulated across multiple spheres of Asian American studies ranging from the emergence of panethnic Asian American identity, Asian American involvement in American politics before and after the civil rights movement, and the continuing ethnic divisions within the Asian American community. Further research on urban politics and its intersection with ethnic identity was also investigated, yielding insights into the nature of the potential of and obstacles to successful panethnic political organizing across ethnic lines in the urban areas of the United States. Upon investigating data on the voting patterns of Asian Americans, the socioeconomic statistics on various Asian American ethnic groups, the organizational landscape of organizations--panethnic or ethnic--serving the Asian American community, and the political clout of Asian American political activists and groups in Philadelphia politics, the conclusion was reached that efforts to forge a panethnic Asian American coalition in Philadelphia politics have not succeeded. While the topic of panethnic Asian American politics in the urban context remains a relatively understudied topic in political science, the existing evidence points that there remain significant obstacles to panethnic political organizing in Asian American communities.
The Most Homophobic Place on Earth? A Look Into the Anti-Homosexuality Culture of Jamaica
Authors: Booth Effi
Published: April 2020

This paper was presented in History 3697, fall semester, 2017, a mid-level required writing course designed to link the methods of oral history with the study of issues in the contemporary history of the non-western world. The issue for all of us in this course was social change in recent times. I chose to examine the degree of acceptance of gays in Jamaica, in an era of great change in sexual mores throughout the world. I read the literature; I interviewed Julian, a recent immigrant from Jamaica, and I drew conclusions based on integrating the scholarly material with the interview revelations. The findings were important both for understanding (the lack of) change in sexual attitudes in Jamaica, and the importance of analysis of the individual and the collective together, of the interview and the scholarly data examined together. The individual, at least my interviewee, and the society, are currently resistant to change. The main conclusion: changes in sexual mores in other areas of the world are taking place at rates very different from, and, specifically in Jamaica, at rates much slower than, those in the USA.
Building Girls' Capacity in Philadelphia - Meaningful Access to Participatory Action Research and Platforms of Feminist Standpoints
Authors: Robalino Micaela
Published: April 2020

The partnership of feminist theory and participatory action research (PAR) aims at democratizing the relationship between 'subjects' of research and researchers in order to advance non-hierarchical social activism. However, there is still a gap between theorization and analysis of the manifestations of feminist participatory action research, particularly that which concerns girls and women of color. Feminist action research can dismantle this disparity by building spaces where voices have potential roles in affecting change; transforming personal experiences into politicized knowledges and standpoints. But how do radical epistemologies lead to social change? How do ─in the words of bell hooks─ radical spaces support marginality as a space of resistance? This project examines these questions by looking at how Girls Justice League (GJL) ─a non-profit organization committed to building girls capacity─ goes about carrying out participatory action research in the City of Philadelphia. As a meta analysis of efforts that support situated knowledges, this research project uses a qualitative approach ─including two semi-structured interviews with GJL board members, a personal-narrative-oriented focus group, and an analysis of GJL's reports─ to understand GJL's effort to build girls and women's capacity through feminist PAR. The study finds that the PAR strategies that GJL follows are linked directly to their three-fold mission statement, which provides a useful framework to understand the implementation of resistance into radical spaces. Building girls capacity through a unique structure, approach, and practical implementation of feminist PAR is an empowering stepping stone into paving the way for social change. GJL's model shows the urgency to replicate feminist PAR in other social justice organizations, institutions, and academic settings as a way of building access to inter-disciplinary research-oriented participatory forums.
Front Matter
Authors: Editorial Board The
Published: April 2020

A letter to the reader as well as credits to those who made this journal possible.
On Divinity and Marginalization: Western Christianity and African Spirituality as Impetuses of Gender In/Equality
Authors: Baugh Selena C
Published: April 2020

This paper seeks to determine whether the presence of powerful women in African religious tradition allowed for the existence of similarly powerful women in their society while the apparent absence or disregard for powerful women in Western Christianity resulted in the exclusion of women from the political and social realms. Since many pre-19th century African and European governments were heavily influenced by religion, it was a significant tool of socialization in both contexts. Therefore, the gender dynamics modeled in these belief systems were likely reflected by their respective societies. This paper compares and contrasts women’s positions in African civilization and women’s positions in Europe, drawing on historical accounts and formal research to determine the extent to which religion influenced the governance of the associated countries and how this, in turn, impacted their social structures. Prominent women in African religious tradition such as Aset will be juxtaposed with female rulers such as Hatshepsut and the “male daughters” of the Igbo as examples of the flexibility and respect inherent in African womanhood. To the contrary, the lack of prominent women in Western Christianity will be compared with the historical marginalization of European women and the resulting necessity for feminism. Ultimately this paper argues that the flexibility of gender roles within African spiritual systems resulted in a similar versatility in African politics and societies while the subordination of women in Western Christianity led to the subordination of women in European culture.
Socioeconomic Status, Math Achievement, and Head Start Attendance
Authors: Cogswell Reese
Published: April 2020

Research has shown that socioeconomic status impacts student achievement consistently over time and there have been several suggestions in mediating this effect. Most notably may be preschool attendance, and especially publicly funded programs like Head Start. The nationwide program aims to serve primarily low-income youth, but has been reported to experience major fadeout in the early years of elementary school. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Cohort 1998-9, this study exhibits the expected and persistent positive effects of SES on student math achievement, as well as the effectiveness of Head Start in mediating this effect and equalizing the opportunity for educational achievement in mathematics. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of Head Start implementation across the country, and the general need for universal preschool to minimize the effects of SES on long-term academic achievement.
Trade in Conflict Minerals -- Congolese Warlords, MNC’s, and Dodd-Frank 1502
Authors: Deshmukh Ankit
Published: April 2020

This paper seeks to provide an overview of conflict mineral trade by analyzing it through an economic lens. Using data gathered from news sources, the memo first defines the term “conflict minerals” and identifies that the primary actors involved in the conflict mineral market are rebel militia groups and multinational corporations. The trade is mutually beneficial for these actors as it serves as the primary source of revenue for militia groups and allows multinational corporations to buy minerals at low costs. The memo also highlights the struggles legitimate Congolese miners face, as they face threats from militia groups and low market prices Also identified is Section 1502 of the Dodd Frank act, legislation which forces multinational corporations to list their mineral suppliers, thereby increasing supply chain transparency. While implemented with good intentions, it is extremely unsuccessful in stifling the conflict mineral trade as it lacks substantive regulatory measures. Furthermore, the EU and US plan to implement opposing conflict mineral trade policies — the EU looks to increase supply chain transparency while the US looks to repeal Section 1502 of Dodd Frank (an action which would decrease supply chain transparency). This paper believes that coordinated and homogenous action on the part of both federal governments and IGOs is necessary in order to concretely enforce restrictions on conflict mineral trade.
Gridlock in Global Ocean Governance: Diverging National Interests in the South China Sea
Authors: Nappen Wesley
Published: April 2020

With the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1994, it was intended to serve as a means of universal ocean governance in resolving international maritime disputes. However, the failure to resolve the ongoing South China Sea Dispute, between the neighboring countries of China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines, has revealed regulatory gaps on the part of global ocean governance. This paper identifies the origins of gridlock in global ocean governance by identifying the diverging national interests of the actors involved in the South China Sea dispute that hinder cooperation in the region. Furthermore, this paper will show how the legacy of UNCLOS has stifled its own ability to mediate this contemporary conflict. In conclusion, this paper asserts that the key to resolving the South China Sea dispute is through multilateral natural resource extraction between the actors involved in the conflict, aided by the legal and diplomatic support of UNCLOS.
Loss of Balance: Destructive Legal Mechanisms Within USA Gymnastics Policy and their Contributions to a Toxic and Abusive Environment
Authors: Weaver Katherine
Published: April 2020

Since the 1980’s, USA Gymnastics has emerged as a producer of Olympic champions, international success, and athletic excellence. However, with that growing dominance came a network of sexual abuse perpetuated among individuals at all levels of the organization. This paper seeks to examine the way in which USA Gymnastics allowed such abuse to continue and thrive by creating a system in which athletes were discriminated against in their inability to come forward without fear of retribution. I analyzed the rules and legal mechanisms in place within the organization and how they might prevent athletes and/or their coaches from wishing to come forward. I also sought out instances in which these rules were put into practice or warped for the benefit of abusers and enablers. Ultimately, my research showed that the hierarchy of the organization and the rules it enforced were structured in a way that any athlete wishing to report abuse had to risk being ostracized or not taken seriously. In addition, there were many discreet elements embedded in the culture of the organization, and the sport as a whole, that contributed to a toxic atmosphere that was wholly not conducive to safety and fairness in the practice of reporting abuse.
"Jack of Hearts" A. T. Neofitov from the Circle of F. M. Dostoevsky
Authors: Borisova Valentina V.
Published: April 2020

The article reconstructs the life path of Alexander Timofeevich Neofitov, the first legal representative of A. F. Kumanina. The recreation is based on the memorial, epistolary, biographic and historic resources introduced into scientific discourse. They include the testimonies from the unpublished memoirs of A. M. Dostoevsky, an unreleased letter by A. G. Dostoevskaya to N. N. Strakhov dated October 18, 1881, which characterizes the Kumanin case as “wretched and bewitched” (Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts. Fund 1159. List 6. File 6. Page 1), materials of the well-known Moscow trial of false-coiners, and other criminal cases (“The Jack of Hearts Club. Criminal trial.” 1877). It also comprises the details from the history of Moscow Academy of Commercial Studies, which Aleksei Alekseevich Kunanin had founded and where he served as a trustee. As a professor of World History at the Academy, A. T. Neofitov became one of the key members of the Jack of Hearts Club criminal network. His involvement in various illegal schemes with the Kumanin inheritance was described in Dostoevsky’s novels Crime and Punishment and The Raw Youth. As a result of the inquiry, we can deduce that due to the fraud conducted by Neofitov, who was the ‘enfant terrible’ among the writer’s relatives, the Kumanin inheritance case turned out to be not only “wretched” and “bewitched,” but highly criminalized.
Prototypes of Official Authority Figures in F. M. Dostoevsky’s The House of the Dead (Based on Archival Materials)
Authors: Kalinin Mikhail A.
Published: April 2020

The article introduces new archival materials into scientific discourse, i. e., the service records of the identified prototypes of official authority figures in The House of the Dead by F. M. Dostoevsky. The archival documents provided an opportunity to fill in the gaps in the biographies of those who held military and medical posts during the writer’s Siberian exile: major Krivtsov, field engineer Gladyshev, head physician Troitsky and resident physician Lovchinsky. It also allowed us to see which of the officials’ traits were depicted in the novel’s characters. A number of events and details were revealed thanks to the memories of the exiled Pole Joseph Boguslavsky. Thus, the prototypical nature of the characters in The House of the Dead was clarified as new facts were revealed and the already known details were revised.
Dostoevsky's Penal Servitude Facility in Numbers
Authors: Ogorodnikova Elena E.
Published: April 2020

The article under discussion presents a detailed analysis of some archival documents of the Russian State Military History Archive in Moscow: the drawings of the Omsk Ostrog [[ɐ'strog] ‘fortress’], which served as a katorga [[ˈkatərgə] ‘penal servitude’] prison, as well as the maps of its surroundings. The work examines the area and the size of the structures both on the territory of the prison and outside and attempts to restore the picture of the formerly exisisting prison barracks. The results thus obtained are consistently compared with the available studies of the Omsk Katorga structures as penned by the Russian author F. M. Dostoevsky. As a result, the exact sizes of all the structures and premises inside the penal facility were identified; the size of the area for one prisoner, the design drawing of the military hospital are described; the appearance of the elements of the every-day life in the penal servitude facility and the rules and order the prisoners had to follow in their correspondence with relatives are clarified. The actual sizes of the structures let us create a more accurate idea of the life F. M. Dostoevsky had during his Omsk penal servitude.
Omsk Context. New Realities and Findings
Authors: Volgin Igor L.
Published: April 2020

The article analyzes the results of the search conducted by a group of young researchers at the Russian State Military Historical Archive. As part of a scientific project led by the author of the article, M. Kalinin, E. Ogorodnikova, A. Podryabinkina discovered previously unknown archival documents associated with the period of Dostoevsky’s penal servitude in Omsk, to the actual historical context of the Notes from a Dead House. The article contains a number of observations and assumptions related to the prototypes of certain characters, the details of their biographies and the possible influence of this “biographical factor” on Dostoevsky’s fate. The author also offers a critical assessment (issue of authorship, degree of reliability, etc.) of fragments from the memoirs of Jozef Boguslavsky, which are published in Russian for the first time.
Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) Versi Bahasa Indonesia: Studi Validasi Konstruk pada Anggota Polisi
Authors: Yulianto Heri
Published: April 2020

AbstractOne of the professions that has a high risk, stress and burnout rate is the police. To find out the extent of police officers against the impact of burnout, we need a valid and reliable measurement tool. This research seeks to test the construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human-Services Survey (MBI-HSS). The data used are data obtained from 504 police officers serving in the Metro Jaya Regional Police (Polda Metro Jaya); age between 21 and 56 years old (M = 33.04, SD = 8.533); male sex (99.8%) and female (0.2%); and length of work from 3–38 years (M = 15.04, SD = 8.533). The analytical method used is Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Mplus 7.11. The test results prove that the data fit with the 3-correlated factor model that shows the correlation of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization factors = 0.966, emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment = -0.590 and personal accomplishment and depersonalization =  -0.701, with RMSEA = 0.048, CFI = 0.943 and TLI = 0.934, indicating good fit.AbstrakSalah satu profesi yang memiliki resiko, stress dan tingkat burnout yang tinggi adalah polisi. Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana anggota polisi terhadap dampak burnout, dibutuhkan alat ukur yang valid dan reliabel. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji validitas konstruk dari skala Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human-Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Data yang digunakan adalah data yang diperoleh dari 504 anggota polisi yang bertugas di Polda Metro Jaya; rentang usia 21 hingga 56 tahun (M = 33,04; SD = 8,533); jenis kelamin laki-laki (99,8%) dan wanita (0,2%); masa dinas mulai 3 hingga 38 tahun (M = 15,04; SD = 8,533). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) dengan menggunakan software Mplus version 7.11. Hasil pengujian membuktikan bahwa data fit dengan model 3-correlated factor yang menunjukkan korelasi faktor emotional exhaustion dan depersonalisation = 0,966, emotional exhaustion dan personal accomplishment = -0,590 dan personal accomplishment dan depersonalisation = -0,701, dengan indeks kesesuaian RSMEA = 0,048; CFI = 0,943; dan TLI = 0,934.
Pengembangan Alat Ukur Tingkat Efikasi Diri Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Kimia
Authors: Solikhin Febrian
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study aims to develop a student self-efficacy scale in learning, especially in chemistry learning. This scale has been developed with 4 main steps, namely the determination of aspects, preparation of indicators, preparation of statement items and validation. The measured aspects are activity choice, effort, perseverance, learning, achievement, and strategy orientation. The items developed were 30 statements. The validation process consists of expert validation and empirical validation. At the expert validation produced 24 valid statement points viewed from the  Aiken V. The empirical validation phase involved 300 high school students. Analysis of the results at this stage using the Rasch model. At this stage, there were 22 valid and reliable statements for use in measuring students' level of self-efficacy. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan alat ukur efikasi diri siswa dalam pembelajaran, khususnya dalam pembelajaran kimia. Alat ukur ini telah dikembangkan dengan 4 langkah utama, yaitu penentuan aspek, penyusunan indikator, penyusunan butir pernyataan dan validasi. Aspek yang diukur adalah pilihan aktivitas, usaha, ketekunan, belajar, pencapaian/prestasi, dan orientasi strategi. Butir yang dikembangkan sebanyak 30 pernyataan. Proses validasi terdiri atas validasi ahli dan validasi empiris. Pada tahap validasi ahli menghasilkan 24 butir pernyataan valid dilihat dari besar Aiken V. Tahap validasi empiris melibatkan 300 siswa SMA. Analisis hasil pada tahap menggunakan model Rasch. Pada tahap ini menghasilkan sebanyak 22 butir pernyataan valid dan reliabel untuk digunakan dalam pengukuran tingkat efikasi diri siswa.
Why ruling politicians grow rich faster—Rent-seeking or selection bias?
Authors: Olejnik Łukasz Wiktor
Published: April 2020

The high rate of increase of ruling politicians' wealth has been empirically proven many times. However, in the literature it is almost always assumed that politicians grew rich faster due to political rent-seeking or corruption. The aim of this article is to discuss the assumption whether corruption and rent-seeking is indeed the only possible cause, and to present empirical findings undermining the assumption. The results of the analysis of levels and rate of growth of Polish politicians' wealth clearly show that the other explanation is the selection of people exercising authority. Based on statistical analysis of 2024 asset declarations of 689 councillors from Polish voivodeship assemblies from two terms in the period of 2010–2018, the paper demonstrates that the different rates of changes of the value of assets of coalition and opposition councillors are at least partly the effect of the selection bias.
Génexpressziós eltérések keringő fehérvérsejtekben a 2-es típusú cukorbetegek elsőfokú, anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges rokonaiban
Authors: Vitai Márta , Kovács Györgyi , Pauer József , Literáti Nagy Botond , Bezzegh Katalin , Korányi László
Published: April 2020

Absztrakt:

Bevezetés és célkitűzés: A világjárványt jelentő 2-es típusú
diabetest (2DM) jelző géneltéréseket kerestünk – a mindennapos diagnosztika
részére hozzáférhető – keringő fehérvérsejteken. Módszer:
Anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, elsőfokú, 2-es típusú cukorbeteg rokonokkal
rendelkező személyek (n = 6) izombiopsziás mintáinak mRNS-microarray-eredményét
hasonlítottuk ugyancsak anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, de negatív családi
anamnézisűek (n = 6) mintáival. A microarray-eredmények kvantitatív real-time
(valós idejű) PCR-rel történő megerősítése után 8 gén expressziója maradt
különböző, ezeket ellenőriztük a keringő fehérvérsejteken nagy esetszámú (n = 58
anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, nincs cukorbeteg rokon és n = 58
egészséges, cukorbeteg rokonnal rendelkező önkéntes) vizsgálatban.
Eredmények: Nők és férfiak esetében is a
SERPINF1-gén expressziója volt szignifikánsan alacsonyabb a
fehérvérsejtekben a genetikai terhet hordók között (relatív kvantifikáció: FC –
nő: = 0,69, p<6*10–3, FC – férfi: = 0,65, p<2*10–3).
Ez az eltérés nem a romló anyagcsere következménye volt, miután a már diabeteses
és még anyagcseréjüket illetően egészséges, de 2DM-rokonnal rendelkezők között
nem különbözött. Így feltételeztük, hogy a SERPINF1-gén
vérsejtbeli expressziójának eltérése valódi genetikai meghatározottságot jelent.
Következtetés: A perifériás fehérvérsejteken mért
SERPINF1-expresszió, valamint a lipid- és biokémiai
paraméterek segítségével sikerült egy, a betegség jóslására alkalmas matematikai
összefüggést találnunk, melyet nagyobb esetszámon történő ellenőrzés után –
reményeink szerint – a diabetes „korai markereként” használhatunk. A
LAMP2 expressziója nem különbözött a két anyagcseréjüket
illetően egészséges csoport között, de az anyai öröklődéssel összefüggő
eredményt kaptunk. Az anyai ágon történő öröklődés eseteiben szignifikánsan
magasabb expressziós szintet kapunk, ami „parent of origin” hatást feltételez,
jelezvén, hogy az anyától öröklött génnek meghatározó szerepe van. Orv Hetil.
2020; 161(18): 738–746.
A Parkinson-kórhoz társuló demencia és a Lewy-testes demencia patológiai és klinikai összehasonlítása
Authors: Bencs Viktor , Bencze János , Módis V. László , Simon Viktória , Kálmán János , Hortobágyi Tibor
Published: April 2020

Absztrakt:

A Lewy-testes demencia (DLB) és a Parkinson-kórhoz társuló demencia (PDD) számos
klinikai, patofiziológiai és morfológiai átfedést mutató neurodegeneratív
kórkép. Neuropatológiai szempontból meghatározó a kóros
α-szinuklein-aggregátumokat tartalmazó Lewy-testek (LB) jelenléte. DLB-ben
nagyszámú LB található a corticalis régiókban, míg PDD-ben elsősorban a
subcorticalis területek érintettek. Továbbá, DLB-ben gyakoribb az
Alzheimer-kórra (AD) jellegzetes β-amyloid-plakkok és neurofibrillaris kötegek
megjelenése. A mai napig vitatott, hogy valóban két külön betegségről vagy
egyazon kórkép különböző megnyilvánulásairól van-e szó. A klinikai diagnózis
alapja a motoros és a kognitív tünetek megjelenése között eltelt idő: DLB-ben a
demencia gyakran a parkinsonizmus előtt jelentkezik, míg PDD-ben a motoros
tünetek alakulnak ki korábban. Az egyre pontosabb képalkotó módszerek alapján
DLB-ben nagyobb mértékű a corticalis károsodás, a kolinerg deficit, valamint a
társuló AD-patológia, mint PDD-ben. Terápiás szempontból a PDD-ben gyakran
használt levodopa DLB-ben kevésbé hatékony, sőt növelheti a pszichózis
kialakulásának kockázatát, a betegség magtüneteihez tartozó hallucinációk és
viselkedési tünetek kezelése pedig a jelentős
antipszichotikum-hiperszenzitivitás miatt ütközik nehézségekbe.
Összefoglalónkban részletesen tárgyaljuk a kórképek jellegzetességeit a
patológia, a radiológia és a klinikai tünetek vonatkozásában, külön figyelmet
fordítva az átfedések, valamint a különbségek bemutatására. Orv Hetil. 2020;
161(18): 727–737.
Kompetencje poszukiwane przez pracodawców – wyniki badań jakościowych
Authors: Turek Dariusz
Published: April 2020

Objective: The aim of the article is to analyse the expectations employers have of job candidates. The study focuses on HR managers’ assessments of the labour market, recruitment opportunities for new employees, and competence requirements for candidates.Research Design & Methods:  The article presents the results of qualitative research (focus group interviews – FGI) conducted among 80 employees of HR departments (managers) of various organisations located in eight large cities in Poland.Findings: The managers pointed to increasing difficulties in finding competent employees, the gap between formal and non-formal education and the needs of employers, as well as job candidates’ poorly developed social skills.Implications / Recommendations: The industries surveyed are experiencing great difficulties in recruiting employees for specific positions, particularly experts.Contribution: The mismatch of the supply of competences and the labour market’s expectations, as well as the high saturation characterising the market, are preventing organisations from staffing appropriately.
The Economic Impact of Climate Change in Italy
Authors: Fragomeni Fabio , Rizzo Rosalba
Published: April 2020

Objective: In addition to being a threat to human health and life, climate change is an economic threat. The objectives of this article are to reflect on the consequences of global warming on Italian economic dynamics and to report on the costs and benefits of adapting strategies in a specific area at risk in Italy, particularly coastal erosion/flooding.Research Design & Methods: The article places particular emphasis on the analysis of the situation in this area to be used for proper economic evaluation.Findings: While the climate change does not end at level of the economy, reflecting on prospective economic losses can help to understand climate risks. The research is limited by a lack of analysis involving other coastal areas at risk in Italy.Implications / Recommendations: The strategies adapted in these areas at risk pose new interesting questions about the climate risks.Contribution: The study examines global warming and highlights the strategy of adaptation as a process for reducing our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change.
Rethinking Assessment in Medical Education in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Sabzwari Saniya
Published: April 2020

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the design, delivery and processes in medical education. While the crisis continues, it is important to develop creative ways of assessment that continue to maintain the standards of medical education and accommodate the present environmental and social limitations brought on by COVID. This crisis also offers an opportunity to transition programs to a competency based curriculum.The transition should be comprehensive but staged to include current and prospective learners. It is important to first consider the existing framework of assessment and work backwards on design and process. As an immediate and first step would be to add multiple opportunities for formative assessment into the new approaches adopted for teaching/learning (T/L). Standard assessment formats in medical school that include written exams (like MCQs, SAQs and practical skills via OSCE) will need to be re-imagined and re-planned. It may now be time to consider shifting focus of assessment to attainment of competencies. This is a longer term process but can be phased in. As a start using low stakes assessment as part of entrustable professional activities that are task directed and encompass domain of knowledge, skills and attitude.Revisiting older modalities and introducing new ways that accommodate distant engagement may need consideration for e.g. structured viva, use of log books for assessment, virtual patients, e-portfolios.Thus an emphasis in assessment should be on using multimodal tools for formative and summative assessments that focus on mastery in clinical reasoning, problem solving and decision making skills allowing transition to a competency based curriculum.The key task will be the timely creation and monitoring of a balanced face to face and online assessment program keeping in mind resource availability, faculty buy-in and support of regulatory and licensing bodies.
MEKTUP: BALIN YARA İYİLEŞMESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Onur , GÖKTEPE Muhammed Emin
Published: April 2020

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