bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural lesions on the surface of platelets associated with either blood coagulation or with antibody-mediated immune injury.
Authors: Polley M J , Nachman R L
Published: June 2004

During blood coagulation ultrastructural lesions were produced on the platelet membrane. They were dependent on the presence of both thrombin and complement (C) and were morphologically identical to the C-dependent ultrastructural lesions (type II) seen in red cells subsequent to activation of C by the alternate mechanismmthough similar in shape they differed in size from ultrastructural lesions (type I) PRODUCED BY ACTIVATION OF C via the classic mechanismmlesions of type I were seen on the platelet surface subsequent to antibody-dependent activation of the C system.
Clonal dominance. I. Restricted nature of the IgM antibody response to group A streptococcal carbohydrate in mice.
Authors: Briles D E , Davie J M
Published: June 2004

The IgM antibody response of mice to the streptococcal group A carbohydrate (GAC) was measured. With most strains tested, large amounts of IgM antibody were produced; in AKR mice, over 1% of the total nucleated spleen cells secreted IgM anti-GAC antibody after hyperimmunization. The relative avidity of the antibody was extimated by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay where spleen cells from individual mice were tested against erythrocytes with varying GAC epitope densitymthese studies showed that the earliest, as well as latest, IgM antibodies produced were highly restricted in avidity heterogeneity. No evidence of affinity maturation was seen upon hyperimmunization. These data favor the conclusion that the restricted IgG response seen in mice hyperimmunized to GAC is not the result of affinity driven competition for antigen among precursor cells.
Study of the developmental pattern of heme catabolism in liver and the effects of cobalt on cytochrome P-450 and the rate of heme oxidation during the neonatal period.
Authors: Maines M D , Kappas A
Published: June 2004

The comparative development patterns of heme oxidation andof cytochrome P-450 dependent drug oxidation in rat liver were examined. High levels of heme oxygenase activity were present in whole embryo preparations at day 13 of gestation. At birth this enzyme activity in liver was approximately equal to that of normal adult liver. In the immediate postnatal period the rate of hepatic heme oxidation increased sharply, reaching levels 3-5 times normal during the first week postpartum. Thereafter, this enzyme activity progressively decreased and returned to normal adult levels by the 28th postpartum day. The development of microsomal heme oxidation and of P-450 dependent drug oxidation exhibited reciprocal patterns, with the latter being at low levels of activity during the immediate postnatal period and reaching adult activity only 4 or more wk after birth. Cobalt injected into pregnant animals or in to nursing mothers did not induce heme oxygenase in the fetus or suckling neonate. However, when treated directly with the metal, 4-day old neonates exhibited a small induction response of this enzyme; and the inducibility of heme oxygenase increased gradually to fully adult levels by the end of the 4th postpartum week. Cobalt at all postnatal developmental stages was capable of diminishing hepatic contents of total microsomal heme and P-450; however this effect of the metal was small in the immediate period after birth and increased progressively with maturation. These findings demonstrate that the patterns of development of hepatic capacity for carrying out the oxidation of heme and the P-450 dependent oxidation of drugs are different and thus provide further evidence that these microsomal enzyme systems are distinct from each other and under separate regulatory mechanisms. The degree of induction response for hepatic heme oxygenase evoked by the trace metal, cobalt, was also shown to have developmental determinants as did the susceptibility of hepatic cytochrome P-450 to degradation by this metal. The very high levels of hepatic heme oxygenase activity which characterize neonates during the first week of life indicate that over-production of bilirubin contributes significantly to the mechanism of neonatal jaundice.
Proliferation in vivo of T lymphocytes reactive to histocompatibility alloantigens: a correction.
Authors: Nowell P C , Finan J B , Wilson D B
Published: June 2004

Rat lymphocytes in mixed cultures can reutilize tritiated thymidine from labeled granulocytes. Shortly after thymidine injections in vivo, major effects on the frequency of labeled lymphocyte mitoses in peripheral blood cultures are introduced by 10-20% polymorph contamination, even though transfer of label via supernates is not demonstrable. Cold thymidine in the cultures prevents reutilization, and has permitted reevaluation of several previous conclusions concerning the life history of lymphocytes reactive to major histocompatibility alloantigens (HARC). Rather than being predominantly recently divided cells, HARC do not appear to have an age distribution, in blood or lymph, significantly different from the general recirculating lymphocyte population. However, the ability of immunization across strong allogeneic differences to increase markedly the proportion of young HARC among the specifically responsive population has been confirmed.
C3-mediated cytoadherence. Formation of C3 receptor aggregates as prerequisite for cell attachment.
Authors: Dierich M P , Reisfeld R A
Published: June 2004

Inhibition of free movement of C3 receptors by either applying low temperature (3 degrees C) or fixing the cell surfce of lymphocytes with glutaraldehyde (2 times 10(-5) to 2 times 10(-1)%) results in loss of firm attachment of EAC142 3b cells to the lympocytes as demonstrated here by loss of rosette formation of Raji lymphoid cells. Under the same conditions soluble C3 can still bind but is unable to induce aggregation of C3 receptors into small patches. It is suggested that the local increase of C3 receptor density by aggregation is a prerequisite for C3-dependent cytoadherence. Microaggregation of corresponding receptor sites may be essential also in other recognition systems.
Killing in vitro of Trypanosoma cruzi by macrophages from mice immunized with T. cruzi or BCG, and absence of cross-immunity on challege in vivo.
Authors: Hoff R
Published: June 2004

Peritoneal macrophages from T. cruzi-immune mice were resistant to infection in vitro with culture forms of the parasite. Macrophage resistance appeared in infected mice about 21 days postinfection when parasitemia was still rising. Resistance in vitro was nonspecific since macrophages from BCG-immune mice were resistant to T. cruzi, and since macrophages from T. cruzi-immune mice were resistant to infection in vitro with Listeria were not resistant to challenge with T. cruzi even when the parasites were opsonized.
Termination of aquired and natural immunological tolerance with specific complexes.
Authors: Habicht G S , Chiller J M , Weigle W O
Published: June 2004

It was possible to terminate the induced unresponsive state to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the natural unresponsive state to autologous thyroglobulin in rabbits (RTg) by immunization with complexes composed of heterologous cross-reacting antibody and the tolerated antigens. The unresponsive state was terminated in rabbits made unresponsive by neonatal injections of BSA and then 3 mo later injected with complexes composed of BSA and guinea pig antihuman serum albumin. This termination was manifested by the presence of anti-BSA plaque-forming cells. Similarly, the natural unresponsive state was terminated in adult rabbits injected with complexes between RTg and guinea pig antibovine thyroglobulin (BTg) in that thyroid lesions and circulating anti-RTg were produced. The results can be best explained by the presence of unresponsive T cells and competent B cells, where the guinea pig gamma globulin (antibody) activates T cells specific for the guinea pig gamma globulin portion of the complexes and thus permits stimulation of B cells competent to the exposed determinants of the tolerated (BSA or RTg) portion of the complexes. The detailed mechanism for the activation of B cells in tolerant animals is discussed.
RNA-instructed DNA polymerase activity in a cytoplasmic particulate fraction in brains from Guamanian patients.
Authors: Viola M V , Frazier M , White L , Brody J , Spiegelman S
Published: June 2004

Nervous system tissues from a number of patients with idiopathic neurological disorders were examined for biochemical evidence of RNA tumor virus infection. RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity was found in a cytoplasmic particulate fraction from two patients with Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but not in brains from two normal U.S. individuals. The buoyant density of the enzyme-containing fraction was 1.16-1.18 g/ml and could be converted to a denser region of the gradient (1.24 g/ml) by treatment with the nonionic surfactant, Sterox. The cation and detergent requirements for the endogenous RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase reaction were determined. The early (5 min) endogenous reverse transcriptase product was analyzed by cesium sulfate gradient centrifugation. RNase- and heat-sensitive RNA-DNA hybrids were detected in the product analysis of two ALS, one Parkinsonism-dementia (PD) brain, and two brains from asymptomatic Chamorros but not in brains from normal U.S. individuals and a number of patients with neuro-psychiatric disorders. The DNA product was a 4.5S heteropolymer that hybridized more extensively to RNA extracted from the enzyme-containing pellet from PD brain as compared to a similar fraction from normal U.S. brain. The DNA product appeared to be unrelated to Rausvher or visna virus 70S RNA as determined by RNA-[-3H]DNA hybridization.
Expression of murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp69/71 on mouse thymocytes. Evidence for two structural variants distinguished by presence vs. absence of GIX antigen.
Authors: Tung J S , Fleissner E , Vitetta E S , Boyse E A
Published: June 2004

Thymocytes of several mouse strains were tested for expression of the gp69/71 envelope component of murine leukemia virus by surface iodination, followed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Theses strains included two congenic lines differing from their partner stocks with respect to expression of GIX antigen demonstrable in the cytoxicity assay. We conclude that:(a) two structural variants of gp69/71 can be expressed on mouse thymocytes, (b) these are distinguishable by a small difference in mobility in SDS gels, (c) one carries GIX antigen and the other not, (d) they are coded, or their expression is regulated, by different chromosomal loci that are not closely linked, and (e) both can be expressed together on the thymocytes of inbred mice. In the intact thymocyte plasma membrane, the sites of group-specific antigen shared by the two gp69/71 variants, unlike the GIX type specificity carried by only one of them, are probably inaccessible to antibody.
Partial characterization of the shift from IgG to IgA synthesis in the clonal differentiation of human leukemic bone marrow-derived lymphocytes.
Authors: Rudders R A , Ross R
Published: June 2004

An unusual B-cell proliferation was noted in an individual (Tun) which was characterized by the presence of two separate populations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell staining on the surface and in the cytoplasm for either IgG(k) or IgA(k). Utilizing an idiotypic antiserum prepared from the associated serum monoclonal IgG(k) protein the idiotype was detected on the surface and in the cytoplasm of both the IgG- and IgA-bearing cell populations. These observations are consistent with a common clonal origin and a switch mechanism involving IgG and IgA synthesis. Sequential-labeling of Surface Ig and intracellular Ig with antisera conjugated to opposite fluorochromes documented the progressive maturation of the terminal differentiation of the IgA-bearing cell population at a level before morphologically distinct plasma cells. The distribution and pattern of surface and cytoplasmic IgG and IgA staining in individual cells suggest that the direction of switching is from IgG to IgA synthesis. The demonstration of shared idiotypic specificity between the IgG- and IgA-bearing populations is consistent with a transition in Ig heavy chain synthesis resulting from an alternation in the CH gene. It is concluded that certain CLL clones may manifest a switch from IgG to IgA synthesis at a level of B-cell differentiation which encompasses both the B lymphocyte and the Ig-synthesizing plasma cell.
In vivo suppression of delayed hypersensitivity: prolongation of desensitization in guinea pigs.
Authors: Dwyer J M , Kantor F S
Published: June 2004

Administering moderate (milligram) amounts of antigen to a guinea pig immunized with thatntigen leads to a transient loss of all delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses in that animal. In this study, we demonstrate that this "desentization" can be prolonged for 10 days by repeated injection of antigen. At this time, tolerance to the desensitizing antigen develops in both the humoral and cellular systems of the immune response and DH responsiveness to other antigens returns. Repeated cycles of sensitization and desensitization produce repeated episodes of generalized anergy. Neither cells nor serum from desensitized animals could be shown to exert a suppressor effect when transferred to immunized animals and the cells responded normally to antigen and mitogen in tissue culture. The best generalized depression of DH was seen in those animals producing the best DH before desensitization. The inability of antigen to react with tolerant cells to produce desensitization suggests that this phenomenon is an active rather than a passive one and may represent an exaggeration of a normal regulatory mechanism for DH triggered by a regimen of antigen administration that activates suppressor cells to produce a systemic effect.
Stimulation of murine B lymphocytes by isolated C3b.
Authors: Hartmann K U , Bokisch V A
Published: June 2004

Addition of isolated B3b to murine lymph node cell cultures induced increased DNA synthesis. The stimulation is dependent on the dose of C3b added and is potentiated by fetal calf serum present in the medium. Isolated C3 is less stimulatory than C3b; C3a and C3c had no effect on DNA synthesis in these cultures. 10-20% large immunoglobulin containing blastlike cells developed in lymph node cell cultures stimulated by 50 mug C3b in the presence of 3% fetal calf serum. The stimulation by C3b was observed in cultures of lymph node and spleen cells of several mouse strains including C3H/HeJ and congenitally thymus-deficient (nu/nu) mice. The results suggest that B lymphocytes are the main target of the stimulatory effect of C3b. Two mechanisms which may be involved in the stimulation of lymphocytes by C3b are discussed: (a) cross-linking of receptors on the cell surface or between cells, and (b) the binding of C3b to receptors of B lymphocytes and the formation of the complement enzyme C3bB. The results are compatible with the suggestion that activation of C3 is part of the events triggering the B lymphocytes.
X-linked B-lymphocyte immune defect in CBA/N mice. II. Studies of the mechanisms underlying the immune defect.
Authors: Scher I , Steinberg A D , Berning A K , Paul W E
Published: June 2004

The mechanisms underlying the X-linked thymus-independent (B) lymphocyte functional defect in the CBA/N (CN) mice and their F1 progeny were studied. Immune defective mice were unable to respond to the T-independent antigen 2,4-dinitrophenyl-lysyl-derivative of Ficoll (DNP-lys-Ficoll) but were able to form antibody against the highly cross-reactive hapten (trinitrophenyl) when it was coupled to an erythrocyte carrier. Immune defective CN X DBA/2N (DN) F1 male mice, which do not normally respond to T-independent antigens, were able to respond to both polyribosinic-polyribocytidylic acid and DNP-lys-Ficoll after the administration of CN X DN F1 female spleen cells even if these cells had been depleted of T lymphocytes. In addition, it was shown that the inability of the CN mice and their F1 progeny to respond to T-independent antigens was not due to an intrinsic abnormality of their microenvironment or the suppressive actions of a T lymphocyte. Our data present evidence that the X-linked defect in the CN mice is due to an intrinsic defect in B-lymphocyte development.
Studies on the murine Ss protein. I. Purification, molecular weight, and subunit structure.
Authors: Capra J D , Vitetta E S , Klein J
Published: June 2004

The murine Ss protein has been isolated and purified. Using specific antisera, the radiolabeled protein has a mol wt of 120,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. It is composed of two basic subunits of 23,000 and 14,000 daltons. The smaller molecular weight subunit contains a single disulfide bridge, is devoid of carbohydrate, and may represent the murine equivalent of beta2-microglobulin.
Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia by lymph node cells in inbred guinea pigs.
Authors: Tarrab-Hazdi R , Aharonov A , Abramsky O , Yaar I , Fuchs S
Published: June 2004

Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia (EAM) was performed with lymph node cells from donor guinea pigs immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica. Recipient animals revealed the same clinical signs and electromyographic patterns as observed in actively challenged animals. These phenomena are parallel to the clinical manifestations of the human disease myasthenia gravis, in which cellular response to AChR was recently demonstrated.
Detection of non-H2 antigen(s) which, like Ia antigens, are associated with the Fc receptor of B lymphocytes.
Authors: Dickler H B , Cone J L , Kubicek M T , Sachs D H
Published: June 2004

Antibodies contained in an A/J anti-B10 antiserum, when tested on lymphocytes from B10.A mice, were shown to bind to both B and T cells and to inhibit the binding of Ig complexes to the Fc receptors of B lymphocytes. These antibodies could be removed by absorption with B10.D2 lymphocytes. Similar results were obtained with lymphocytes from two to six (B6A)F1 x A/J backcross mice which had H-2a/a genotype. These data indicate that alloantigens determined by at least one non-H-2 locus are associated with or a part of Fc receptors. These antigens may be similar in structure and function to Ia antigens.
Localization of aggregated cell surface antigens of target cells bound to cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Authors: Berke G , Fishelson Z V
Published: June 2004

The redistribution of aggregated cell surface antigens of target cells bound to cytotoxic T lymphocytes was investigated. It was found that cap formation induced by antibody always occurred toward the site of binding. It is suggested that the polar localization of capped target cell surface determinants is a consequence of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte target cell interaction.
Antigen-binding T cells as helper cells. Separation of helper cells by immune rosette formation.
Authors: Kontiainen S , Andersson L C
Published: June 2004

The spleen T cells from mice immunized 6 days earlier with either chicken gamma globulin (CGG) or with donkey erythrocytes (DRC) were rosetted with CGG-coated sheep erythrocytes or with DRC. The immune rosettes (RFC) (antigen-binding cells) were separated from the bulk of nonrosette-forming cells (non-RFC) by 1-g velocity sedimentation and the RFC and non-RFC tested for helper activity in cooperative antihapten responses in vitro. RFC or non-RFC were mixed with normal or hapten-primed spleen cells, challenged with the appropriate hapten-carrier conjugate and cultured for 4 days in Marbrook tissue cultures. The helping activity was quantitated from the numbers of antihapten antibody-producing cells generated per culture. The results show that specific helper cell activity could be selectively recovered in the immune rosette-forming cell population whereas the non-RFC population was depleted of help. These findings indicate that the helper T cells express specific antigen binding receptors.
A role for the eosinophil in acquired resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection as determined by antieosinophil serum.
Authors: Mahmoud A A , Warren K S , Peters P A
Published: June 2004

Partial immunity to schistosomiasis mansoni has been demonstrated in mice and has recently been transferred passively with serum, but not with cells. In vitro studies using human and rodent materials have demonstrated antibody-dependent cell-mediated damage to immature schistosomes (schistosomula); the cell involved in some of these in vitro systems appears to be the neutrophil and in others the eosinophil is suspected. In the present study the effect of antileukocyte sera on partial immunity to schistosomiasis was tested in vivo using quantitative assay systems for schistosomula in the lungs and adult worms in the portal venous system. Mice infected with 10 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni 16 and 32 wk before challenge with 500 cercariae showed reductions in the recovery of schistosomula at 4 and 6 days of approximately 40%; adult worm recovery was reduced by 60%. Treatment with antilymphocyte, antimacrophage, or antineutrophil serum had no effect on the numbers of schistosomula recovered from the lungs of immune animals, but in the mice treated with antieosinophil serum the numbers of schistosomula and adult worms recovered increased to the levels seen in normal nonimmune animals. Furthermore, sera collected from the partially immune mice and passively transferred to uninfected mice conferred a marked resistance to infection as measured by recovery of schistosomula; this was also abrogated by treatment with antieosinophil serum. These studies suggest that antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity to schistosomiasis occurs in vivo, and also establishes a role for the eosinophil in immune systems.
Cellular immune responses to methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in BALB/c mice.
Authors: Bhatnagar R M , Zabriskie J B , Rausen A R
Published: June 2004

Several in vitro parameters of cellular immunity were examined in BALB/c mice with an experimentally induced fibrosarcoma tumor. The results of capillary migration of spleen cells in high tumor cell dose inoculated mice show appearance of cellular immune response in the early stages of the tumor growth. As the tumor progresses, the cellular response declines and rapidly disappears, culminating in stimulation values near the time of the death of these mice. The blastogenic studies also show early cellular recognition of tumor antigen by mouse spleen cells and whole blood (Z24 h). After the 2nd day following tumor injection, no blast transformation is noted. However, the results obtained with a lower inoculating tumor cell dose demonstrate an initial cellular recognition on the 7th day. This response gradually disappears by the 19th day and remains negative up to the time of the death of these mice. This cellular immunity was confirmed by the cytotoxic experiments showing that the primary cells responsible for this cellular reactivity were the immune cells. An interesting finding was the presence of a factor(s) capable of blocking the cytotoxic effect. The nature and mechanism of this blocking factor(s) is now under investigation.
Differential stimulation of murine lymphoma growth in vitro by normal and BCG-activated macrophages.
Authors: Nathan C F , Terry W D
Published: June 2004

Peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and from normal mice were examined for their effects in vitro on thymidine uptake by 10 murine lymphomas, a murine fibroblast line, and a guinea pig hepatoma. Only the murine fibroblast line showed growth inhibition in the presence of BCG macrophages. For the majority of tumors, normal macrophages were profoundly stimulatory to tumor cell DNA synthesis, while BCG macrophages were much less stimulatory, without being frankly inhibitory. The effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on tumor cell growth was also studied. All lymphomas stimulated to grow more rapidly in vitro by normal macrophages were stimulated to a similar degree by 2-mercaptoethanol.
Phagolysosome formation in normal and colchicine-treated macrophages.
Authors: Pesanti E L , Axline S G
Published: June 2004

Intracellular lysosomal fusion has been evaluated in cultivated mouse peritoneal macrophages by measurement of transfer of acid phosphatase to polyvinyltoluene (PVT)-containing phagolysosomes. Enzyme transfer was found to be directly and significantly related to the uptake of PVT and to be independent of time allowed for phagolysosome formation over time periods of 15 min to 18 h. In addition, the extent of transfer of lysosomal enzyme to phagolysosomes was unaffected by treatment of the cells with 10(-6) M colchicine, a dose which eradicates morphologically identifiable microtubules in this cell type within 2 h. The data indicate that intracellular fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes in the macrophage does not require formed microtubules and suggest that fusion occurs promptly after interiorization of inert particles.
Immunological and physiological characteristics of the rapid immune hemolysis of neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells produced by fresh guinea pig serum.
Authors: Lauf P K
Published: June 2004

The rapid hemolysis by fresh guinea pig serum known to occur with neuraminidase-treated sheep red cells has been investigated with respect to the immunological and physiological properties of the lytic process. The following observations were made: (a) The susceptibility to hemolysis is directly proportional to the amounts of neuraminic acid enzymatically released from the cell surface. Complement lysis is mediated through binding of an IgM antibody protein to membranes of neuraminidase-treated cells. (b) Hemolysis is relatively temperature-independent above about 28 degrees C but below which a decrease in the hemolysis rate occurs. Arrhenius activation energies above and below the transition temperature were therefore found to be different. (c) Colloid osmotic swelling of neuraminidase-treated high potassium sheep red cells with a chloride ion concentration ratio near unity suspended in high potassium medium could not be prevented by sucrose. Hence, colloid osmotic swelling before lysis must be due to the entrance of sucrose and water since sucrose was the only external solute not at equilibrium. (d) From the rate of swelling and the apparent flux of sucrose under nonsteady state conditions an experimental permeability coefficient (P) for sucrose of 3-10(-8) cm-s-1 was computed. Comparison with a theoretical P of 4-10(-6) cm-s-1 for sucrose freely permeating through a single, hypothetical membrane lesion per cell of 60 A effective diameter indicates a membrane lesion which permits the passage of solutes larger than cations, but clearly constrains the free diffusion of sucrose.
Frequency and avidity of specific antigen-binding cells in developing mice.
Authors: D'Eustachio P , Edelman G M
Published: June 2004

In order to analyze the development of antibody diversity in which the genes coding for the antigen-specific cells we have compared the binding of diverse antigens by cells in the fetal, neonatal, and adult mouse. Although the numbers of antigen-binding cells present in fetuses and young animals were smaller than in adults, no restriction could be detected in the varity of specificities expressed in the fetuses, either with respect to the kinds of antigens bound, or to the range of avidities of binding. Cells specific for each of the 11 antigens tested could be detected in the fetus only in the last 4 days before birth, at which time they appeared both in the liver and in the spleen. In all cases, these cells disappeared both in the liver and in the spleen. In all cases, these cells disappeared from the liver within a day of birth, but continued to increase in number in the spleen until adulthood...
Shared idiotypic determinants on B and T lymphocytes reactive against the same antigenic determinants. III. Physical fractionation of specific immunocompetent T lymphocytes by affinity chromatography using anti-idiotypic antibodies.
Authors: Binz H , Wigzell H
Published: June 2004

Anti-idiotypic antibodies made against antigen-binding receptors on T lymphocytes with specificity for certain Ag-B locus antigens selectively react with T lymphocytes with potential immune reactivity against the very same Ag-B antigens. This was shown by affinity chromatography of normal Lewis T lymphocytes on anti-Ig columns after contact with the relevant anti-idiotypic antiserum. Here, it could be shown that incubation of the cells with an anti-(Lewis-anti-BN) antiserum caused subsequent selective retention of potential graft-vs.-host (GvH)-reactive cells against BN on the anti-Ig column, whereas Lewis T cells with reactivity against DA or August (Au) (carrying distinct Ag-B antigens in comparison to BN) passed through. The retained cells could be eluted and shown to display highly increased reactivity against BN with virtually no reactivity left against DA or Au antigens. Analogous results were obtained using an anti-(Lewis-anti-DA) antiserum. The anti-idiotypic antibodies can be used in fluorescent antibody tests to directly visualize the idiotype-positive cells. Using the separation design described above we analyzed selectively enriched or deleted T lymphocytes for presence of idiotypic cells as well as specific GvH reactivity. A highly significant positive correlation was found between percentage of a given idiotype in a population of T cells and the relevant GvH potential of the same T cells that can be visualized are indeed the very same T cells that express immune reactivity against the expected antigens. The present data would thus directly demonstrate the existence of a largely nonoverlapping population of immunocompetent T cells capable of reacting against the various Ag-B locus antigens in the rat. Highly purified, functionally intact immunocompetent T lymphocytes with restricted immune reactivity can thus be produced from normal lymphocyte populations for further analysis.
Properties of antigen-specific suppressive T-cell factor in the regulation of antibody response of the mouse. I. In vivo activity and immunochemical characterization.
Authors: Takemori T , Tada T
Published: June 2004

An antigen-specific suppressive T-cell factor was extracted from physically disrupted thymocytes and spleen cells of mice that had been immunized with soluble protein antigens. The factor, when inoculated into syngeneic normal mice, could induce a significant suppression of IgG antibody response against a hapten coupled to the carrier protein by which the donor of the suppressor factor was immunized. The suppressor factor was found only effective in suppressing the antibody response of syngeneic or H-2 histocompatible recipients. The suppressive T-cell factor was removed by absorption with immunoadsorbent composed of the relevant antigen, but not with any of those of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. The factor was successfully removed by alloantibodies with specificity for the K end (H-2K, I-A and I-B) of the H-2 complex of the donor strain, but not by those for the D end (I-C, SsSlp, and H-2D). The activity was removed by absorption with a heterologous antithymocyte serum. The mol wt of the suppression T-cell factor was between 35,000 and 60,000 as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The suppressive T-cell factor was found to be a heat-liable protein.
Recognitive specificity of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. Antigen-specific inhibition of human cell-mediated lympholysis.
Authors: Sondel P M , Bach F H
Published: June 2004

The specificity of antigen recognition by in vitro sensitized human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has been studied using a sensitive cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assay. Frequently, high levels of cytotoxicity are observed on third-party targets unrelated to sensitizing or responding cells; however, no cytotoxicity differing significantly from zero has been observed on targets autologous to the responding CTLs. This "cross-killing" of third-party target cells has been observed when stimulating and third-party cells bear no cross-reacting serologically defined (SD) antigens, thought to be the target antigens recognized by CTLs. CML-blocking studies, using unlabeled normal human lymphocytes to inhibit 51Cr release from radiolabeled target cells, have shown that cross-killing, even in the absence of shared SD determinants, results from CTLs recognizing antigens shared by the third-party targets and the initial stimulating population. Furthermore, these antigens have been mapped to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The ability of human CTLs to specifically recognize MHC-controlled antigens not detected serologically suggests that SD antigens may be recognized differently by alloantisera and CTLs, or that MHC antigens other than SD may be the targets of CTLs in CML.
Antigenic properties of cultured tumor cell lines derived from spleens of Friend virus-infected BALB/c and BALB/c-H-2b mice.
Authors: Freedman H A , Lilly F , Steeves R A
Published: June 2004

BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) mice are less susceptible to the Friend virus (FV) disease syndrome than congenic BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and spleen cells from FV-infected BALB.B mice are markedly less tumorigenic on transplantation to syngeneic hosts than those from FV-infected BALB/c mice. For these reasons we investigated the expression of FV-associated cell surface antigens on cultured, FV-trnasformed cell lines of BALB.B and BALB/c origin. Both cell lines induced transplantation immunity in syngeneic hosts toward further implantations of the same tumor, BALB.B cells being significantly more potent in this respect than BALB/c cells. BALB.B tumor cells, which produce complete, infectious FV, expressed both the cell surface antigen, FMR (corresponding to the cytotoxic antibodies in anti-FV antisera), and virus envelope antigen (VEA, corresponding to the virus-neutralizing antibodies in the anti-FV antisera). BALB/c tumor cells, on the other hand, which are FV-nonproducers, expressed no FMR antigen, but did express VEA on their surfaces for at least 100 passages in culture. These cells could induce FV-neutralizing but not cytotoxic anti-FMR antibodies when used to immunize syngeneic hosts. The absence of FMR antigen may be the basis for the reduced capacity of BALB/c tumor cells, by comparison with BALB.B tumor cells, to induce transplantation immunity. After about the 125th serial transfer in culture, BALB/c tumor cells spontaneously ceased to express VEA and simultaneously became very weak inducers of transplantation immunity in BALB/c hosts. This loss of VEA did not stem from the loss of either the spleen focus-forming virus or the helper virus genomes from these cells, since both viruses could still be recovered from the cell line.
Fibrinogen/fibrin on the surface of macrophages: detection, distribution, binding requirements, and possible role in macrophage adherence phenomena.
Authors: Colvin R B , Dvorak H F
Published: June 2004

The peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs proved to be a rich source of mononuclear cells (34-52%) with fibrinogen or fibrin (Fib) on their surface. The Fib was readily detected on the surface of viable cells in suspension by fluorescence microscopy using antisera to guinea pig fibrinogen. The fluorescent staining occurred either in a speckled distribution, similar to that of cytophilic IgG, or in a distinctive net-like pattern that probably represented fibrin formation on the cell surface. The binding of Fib to the cell surface required calcium, but not magnesium, in the medium and could occur in vitro during incubation in heparinized plasma that contained fibrinogen concentrations comparable to that in normal peritoneal fluid (0.58 mg/ml). Cell surface Fib was more susceptible to plasmin and trypsin digestion than surface cytophilic IgG. By morphologic and physiologic criteria, cells exhibiting surface Fib were chiefly, if not exclusively, macrophages. Granulocytes, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes from lymph node and thymus had no sppreciable Fib. Cells with surface Fib were rarely observed among mononuclear cells prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation of guinea pig and human blood (1.4 and 4.6%, respectively). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages, functionally distinct from peritoneal macrophages, lacked surface Fib (0.8%). Polymerization of Fib on the surface of macrophages might participate in certain cell interactions, such as the adherence of peritoneal macrophages during the antigen-induced macrophage disappearance reactions. The unexpected finding of Fib binding to the surfaces of peritoneal macrophages raises the possibility of a biologically significant interaction between these cells and the clotting system.
Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. II. A genetically restricted suppressor of mixed lymphocyte reactions released by alloantigen-activated spleen cells.
Authors: Rich S S , Rich R R
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of alloantigen-activated spleen cell suppression of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is explored in this report. Activated murine suppressor spleen cells elaborated a soluble noncytotoxic factor which suppressed MLR responses by 55-95%. Generation of suppressor factor required both in vivo alloantigen sensitization and specific in vitro restimulation. Suppressor factor was not produced by activated spleen cells which had been treated with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Antigenic specificity toward alloantigens of the stimulator cells was not demonstrable. In contrast, suppressor factor effectively inhibited MLR response only of responder cells of those strains that shared the D-end and the I-C subregion of the H-2 complex with the cells producing suppressor factor. Therefore, active suppression appears to require an MHC-directed homology relationship between regulating and responder cells in MLR.
A glycoprotein associated with the membrane fraction of human B but not T lymphocytes.
Authors: Fujita S , Litwin S D , Hartman N
Published: June 2004

A method is described which employs differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to isolate a membrane fraction from human lymphocytes. Membrane preparations from long-term human cultured B- and T-lymphoid lines, peripheral blood lymphocytes, tonsillar lymphocytes, and thymocytes were analyzed on 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-7.5% polyacrylamide gels stained for protein and carbohydrate. The most important finding was a major glycoprotein of approximately 30,000 daltons associated with the membrane preparations from B lymphocytes. T-lymphocyte preparations did not contain readily detectable amounts of this membrane-associated component. The T-cell lymphoid line MOLT-4 was unique in that it had a narrow protein band at approximately 30,000 daltons which did not contain carbohydrate.
Immunologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). II. The unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ Mouse spleen cells to LPS-induced mitogenesis is dependent on the method used to extract LPS.
Authors: Skidmore B J , Morrison D C , Chiller J M , Weigle W O
Published: June 2004

The C3H/HeJ mouse strain, previously shown to be a nonresponder to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitogenesis in vitro, was demonstrated by the present studies to be competent to respond mitogenically to LPS, but only to LPS preparations obtained by selected extraction methods. These preparations appear to be confined to LPS isolated by mild extraction techniques, such as TCA or butanol. In contrast, those obtained by techniques utilizing phenol were only weakly stimulatory or completely nonstimulatory for spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ. All LPS preparations tested, on the other hand, were highly stimulatory for cells from another mouse strain, namely the C3H/St. The critical importance of the method of extraction of LPS on its mitogenic activity for C3H/HeJ cells was stressed by experiments in which LPS was prepared from Escherichia coli K235 using either of two procedures. In these experiments, phenol-extracted LPS, although mitogenic in the C3H/St, was completely nonstimulatory in the C3H/HeJ; whereas, butanol-extracted LPS was highly stimulatory in both strains of mice. This striking difference was attributed to a destructive effect of phenol on LPS, as demonstrated by the fact that treatment of butanol LPS with phenol resulted in a total loss of its mitogenic activity in the C3H/HeJ, but in only a partial loss in the C3H/St. In general, the mitogenic response observed with selected LPS preparations in the C3H/HeJ was quantitatively lower and more transient than that seen with the C3H/St, although qualitatively these responses appeared to be similar. This was evidenced by the observation that in both mouse strains LPS was a specific mitogen for B cells, a property which was also attributed in both strains to the same distinct structural region of the LPS molecule, that is lipid A. A preparation of LPS that failed to stimulate B cells from the C3H/HeJ nonetheless had the capacity to block activation of these B cells by a stimulatory preparation of LPS. These results strongly suggest that mitogenic stimulation of B cells by LPS is a function of the structural integrity of both the LPS molecule and putative B-cell receptors for LPS.
Cellular kinetics of the intestinal immune response to cholera toxoid in rats.
Authors: Pierce N F , Gowans J L
Published: June 2004

The aims of this study were (a) to find a regime of immunization with cholera toxoid in rats which would establish a high density of antitoxin containing cells (ACC) in the lamina propria of the intestine and (b) to determine the origin of the ACC. The best cellular response was achieved by a single i.p. dose of toxoid in FCA followed by an intraintestinal boost 2 wk later. ACC appeared in the thoracic duct lymph 2 days after boosting, reaching a peak of about 200,000 ACC/h at 3--4 days. This was followed by the appearance of large numbers of ACC in the intestine. The i.p. dose of toxoid by itself gave rise to very few ACC in the gut or thoracic duct lymph, but it had clearly primed the gut immune system for a secondary response. Priming was also achieved by the prolonged oral intake of toxoid. The importance of the intestinal route for boosting was shown by the failure of i.p. challenge to give an ACC response in the intestine after i.p. priming and the small response it provoked after oral priming. ACC among thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) and in the lamina propria contained predominantly IgA. Two observations indicated that the major source of the lamina propria ACC was from cells that emerged in the thoracic duct lymph after intraintestinal challenge. Firstly, the establishment of a thoracic duct fistula immediately before challenge prevented the appearance of ACC in the intestine. Secondly, many ACC appeared in the intestine of normal rats after the injection of TDL rich in ACC. Although homing of ACC precursors to the gut was not antigen-dependent, the distribution of ACC in the lamina propria was considerably influenced by the site of the intestinal challenge, the density of ACC being greatest at or distal to the site of injection of toxoid into the lumen of the gut.
Synthesis of the second component of complement by long-term primary cultures of human monocytes.
Authors: Einstein L P , Schneeberger E E , Colten H R
Published: June 2004

A method has been developed for preparation of confluent monolayers of human monocytes from small volumes of blood and for maintenance of these pure monocyte cultures for up to 16 wk in vitro. These cells phagocytosed 5.7 mum diameter latex beads, rosetted with erythrocytes coated with IgG or with C3, killed Listeria monocytogenes, and synthesized both lysozyme and the second component of complement. Lysozyme was secreted at a rate of approximately 50,000 mol/min per cell for at least 12 wk in cultures. The maximal rate of C2 synthesis and secretion was considerably less; i.e., approximately 30 mol/min per cell between the 2nd and 12th wk in culture. Monocytes produced little C2 during the first 6 days in culture after which a marked increase in the rate of C2 production was noted. This increase was coincident with morphologic evidence of monocyte maturation.
Endogenous oncornaviral gene expression in adult and fetal mice: quantitative, histologic, and physiologic studies of the major viral glycorprotein, gp70.
Authors: Lerner R A , Wilson C B , Villano B C , McConahey P J , Dixon F J
Published: June 2004

Endogenous expression of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) genome has been studied in a number of strains of mice. Expression of the major envelope glycoprotein, gp70, is restricted to certain anatomical sites and cell types, prominent among which are lymphoid and epithelial cells. On a quantitative basis, the major site of gp70 expression is the male genital tract. During development, gp70 first appears in the hematopoietic liver of 14-day-old embryos and by day 18, it is already expressed at anatomical sites similar to those of the adult. In toto, these results show that control of expression of the MuLV genome in adult and developing mice is linked to differentiation.
Multiple sedimenting species of properdin in human serum and interaction of purified properdin with the third component of complement.
Authors: Chapitis J , Lepow I H
Published: June 2004

Normal human serum subjected to sucrose density gradient analysis exhibited multiple sedimenting species of properdin antigen. Properdin antigen distribution was dependent on serum concentration, ionic strength, temperature, and the presence of C3, and was not dependent on the presence of divalent metal cations or blood coagulation. In mixtures of purified components, properdin sedimented heavier in the presence of C3, C3b, or C3c. Addition of factor B to mixtures containing C3 and properdin was without effect. These data provide insights into earlier discrepancies concerning the sedimentation behavior of partially purified properdin, indicate a propensity of some constituents of the alternative pathway to form protein-protein complexes, and suggest caution in interpretation of immunopathological studies in which properdin deposits are found in the presence of C3.
Immunochemical characterization of the "native" type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus.
Authors: Baker C J , Kasper D L , Davis C E
Published: June 2004

The type III polysaccharide of -roup B Streptococcus has been isolated and purified by a method that employs washing of intact cells at neutral pH. That the polysaccharide prepared by this procedure is the "native" type III antigen is suggested by its molecular size in excess of 10(6) daltons, its degradation by acid and heat treatment to a fragment with immunologic characteristics of the classical HCl antigen, and its type-specific serologic activity. The type III polysaccharide in native form contains sialic acid, galactose, glucose, glucosamine, heptose, and mannose. It is acidic in nature, is resistant to neuramindiase degradation, contains no O-acetyl groups, and does not share antigenic determinants with capsular type K1 antigen of Escherichia coli or Group B polysaccharide antigen of Neiserria meningitidis.