bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of heat transfer of liquid-oil heat exchangers for internal combustion engines
Authors: Prikhodko Iu S , Akhmetshin D A , Bolkov Ya S , Shishkov A N
Published: March 2021

Removing heat from an internal combustion engine is one of the most promising areas for the development of vehicles and heavy vehicles, especially. The article studies the influence of various parameters of the coolant and the parameters of the heat exchanger on the efficiency of heat transfer when removing heat from an internal combustion engine by an oil-liquid heat exchanger. The influence of “diffuser-confusor effect” on flow turbulization is considered. Literature analysis was carried out during the study. It raised such issues as: the issues of the efficiency of heat transfer from liquid to the wall under various conditions of the flow of the medium, the issues of changing the hydraulic regimes depending on the parameters of the medium, the issues of changing the parameters of the medium from the determining and secondary factors of heat transfer. The data on the influence of the temperature of various oils on their viscosity and density are presented. The influence of the state of the refrigerant on the efficiency of heat transfer is generalized. As a result of the analysis, a number of solutions have been proposed to the safe intensification of heat removal from the internal combustion engine. These solutions can be used for efficient oil cooling in diesel engines, mainly in engine design.
Methods for determining endurance limits for welded joints of marine stationary platforms
Authors: Starokon I V
Published: March 2021

Today, oil, gas and other useful resources are being actively extracted at offshore fields using fixed offshore platforms. According to Federal Law No. 116 On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities, offshore platforms are classified as hazardous production facilities, accidents at which are accompanied by significant damage. To prevent accidents at these facilities, an industrial safety examination is carried out, during which their resource is determined. The key parameter for determining the resource is the value of the endurance limit (or fatigue limit). Various theories are currently being applied to determine the fatigue limit. However, calculations on these theories give different results. The purpose of this article is to study various methods for determining endurance limits using welded joints of fixed offshore platforms as an example and choosing a method that allows you to obtain the most accurate value of this limit.
Gadolinium-chelate functionalized magnetic CuFeSe2 ternary nanocrystals for T1-T2 dual MRI and CT imaging in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Lai Lu-Yao , Jiang Ying , Su Guang-Ping , Wu Min , Lu Xiao-Fei , Fu Shao-Zhi , Yang Lu , Shu Jian
Published: March 2021

CuFeSe2 nanomaterial with high thermal conversion efficiency, well superparamagnetism, effective x-ray attenuation ability, multifunctional groups and excellent biocompatibility is beneficial to the construction of multimodal imaging probes which can combine various imaging modes to provide a synergistic advantage over a single imaging mode. This study aimed to develop a novel multimodal nanocontrast agent CuFeSe2@diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-Gd to obtain imaging information with high specificity, high sensitivity and high contrast. The morphology and physical characteristics of CuFeSe2@DTPA-Gd were detected by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, x-ray single crystal diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer and fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The toxicity of CuFeSe2@DTPA-Gd in vivo was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The imaging capability of CuFeSe2@DTPA-Gd in vitro and in vivo was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). This study successfully prepared nanoparticles CuFeSe2@DTPA-Gd, and experimental results in this study demonstrated CuFeSe2@DTPA-Gd is expected to be a useful CT and MRI T1-weighted imaging/T2-weighted imaging three-modal contrast agent in clinic.
Borexino spots solar neutrinos from elusive fusion cycle
Authors: Johnston Hamish
Published: March 2021

Neutrinos produced by the elusive carbon–nitrogen–oxygen (CNO) cycle in the Sun have been observed for the first time – confirming a theory first proposed more than 80 years ago.
Astronomers mourn Arecibo collapse
Authors: Kruesi Liz
Published: March 2021

The devastating collapse of the iconic Arecibo Observatory last month has left a large hole not just in astronomy but with the people of Puerto Rico too, as Liz Kruesi reports
Uncertain times
Authors: Durrani Matin
Published: March 2021

How can you control the future if there’s no such thing as free will?
The light of the mind
Authors: Adams Betony , Petruccione Francesco
Published: March 2021

Do quantum effects play a role in consciousness? Or are the two areas being linked simply because they are both difficult to understand? Betony Adams and Francesco Petruccione explore this developing, and contentious, field of quantum biophysics
CERN’s new era for calorimeters
Authors: Barney Dave
Published: March 2021

The new calorimeter for CERN’s CMS experiment is one of the most challenging engineering projects in particle physics of all time. Dave Barney explains how it will be pivotal to the success of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
The 10 greatest predictions in physics
Authors: Appell David
Published: March 2021

Over the centuries there have been many theoretical physics predictions that have rocked our understanding of how the world works. David Appell highlights what he thinks are the top 10 of all time
Intertwined entities
Authors: Commissariat Tushna
Published: March 2021

Tushna Commissariat is fascinated by new book Entanglements: Tomorrow’s Lovers, Families, and Friends, an anthology of original sci-fi short stories about artificial intelligence edited by by Sheila Williams
Doomsday numbers
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: March 2021

Peter Wright muses on how various Doomsday scenarios could be measured
A method for controlling the magnetic field near a superconducting boundary in the ARIADNE axion experiment
Authors: Fosbinder-Elkins H , Kim Y , Dargert J , Harkness M , Geraci A A , Levenson-Falk E , Mumford S , Fang A , Kapitulnik A , Matlashov A , Kim D , Shin Y , Semertzidis Y K , Lee Y-H , Aggarwal N , Lohmeyer C , Reid A , Shortino J , Lee I , Long J C , Liu C-Y , Snow W
Published: March 2021

The QCD axion is a particle postulated to exist since the 1970s to explain the strong-CP problem in particle physics. It could also account for all of the observed dark matter in the Universe. The axion resonant interaction detection experiment (ARIADNE) intends to detect the QCD axion by sensing the fictitious ‘magnetic field’ created by its coupling to spin. Short-range axion-mediated interactions can occur between a sample of laser-polarized 3He nuclear spins and an unpolarized source-mass sprocket. The experiment must be sensitive to magnetic fields below the 10−19 T level to achieve its design sensitivity, necessitating tight control of the experiment’s magnetic environment. We describe a method for controlling three aspects of that environment which would otherwise limit the experimental sensitivity. Firstly, a system of superconducting magnetic shielding is described to screen ordinary magnetic noise from the sample volume at the 108 level, which should be sufficient to reduce the contribution of Johnson noise in the sprocket-shaped source mass, expected to be at the 10−12 T

/

H
z

level, to below the threshold for signal detection. Secondly, a method for reducing magnetic field gradients within the sample up to 102 times is described, using a simple and cost-effective design geometry. Thirdly, a novel coil design is introduced which allows the generation of fields similar to those produced by Helmholtz coils in regions directly abutting superconducting boundaries. This method allows the nuclear Larmor frequency of the sample to be tuned to match the axion field modulation frequency set by the sprocket rotation. Finally, we experimentally investigate the magnetic shielding factor of sputtered thin-film superconducting niobium on quartz substrates for various geometries and film thicknesses relevant for the ARIADNE axion experiment using SQUID magnetometry. The methods may be generally useful for magnetic field control near superconducting boundaries in other experiments where similar considerations apply.
Multi-physics design optimization of structural battery
Authors: Pejman Reza , Kumbur Emin Caglan , Najafi Ahmad Raeisi
Published: March 2021

Structural battery composite is a new class of multifunctional lightweight materials with profound potential in harvesting electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, while simultaneously providing structural integrity to the system. In this study, we present a multi-physics design optimization framework for structural battery. The objective of the optimization framework is to change the geometrical features and material types of the constituents in a composite lamina to maximize the allowable charging current for a constant rate of charging. In this optimization framework, three sets of inequality constraints are defined to keep the structural battery lightweight, and make sure that the amount of induced stress and generated heat due to the intercalation process remains small. We have also considered several design parameters such as geometrical features of the composite lamina, volume fractions of fibers and LiFePO4 particles, and material types of constituents. The proposed framework includes a gradient-based design optimization method with the ability to perform the optimization process under any source of uncertainty in the material properties, manufacturing process, operating conditions, etc. It also contains a Bayesian design optimization scheme to select the best candidate for the materials of the constituents in a structural battery. We also develop an analytical sensitivity analysis of several electrochemical/thermal/structural response metrics with respect to a few geometrical and material design parameters of a composite lamina. The results show that by using the proposed optimization framework, we are able to maximize the allowable charging current for a constant rate of charging in the optimized solution compared to the considered reference designs while satisfying all of the prescribed constraints. Furthermore, we increase the design reliability of structural battery by at least 45% compared to the deterministic optimized solution. Finally, we find the optimized material types for the fiber and matrix in a structural battery.
On vector bundles over moduli spaces trivial on Hecke curves
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Gómez Tomás
Published: March 2021

Let

M
X

(
r
,
ξ
)

M_X(r,\xi )

be the moduli space of stable vector bundles, on a smooth complex projective curve

X
X

with

genus
(
X
)

≥

3

\text {genus}(X)\, \geq \, 3

, of rank

r
r

and fixed determinant

ξ
\xi

such that

deg
⁡
(
ξ
)

\deg (\xi )

is coprime to

r
r

. If

E
E

is a vector bundle

M
X

(
r
,
ξ
)

M_X(r,\xi )

whose restriction to every Hecke curve in

M
X

(
r
,
ξ
)

M_X(r,\xi )

is trivial, we prove that

E
E

is trivial.
Energy distribution of radial solutions to energy subcritical wave equation with an application on scattering theory
Authors: Shen Ruipeng
Published: March 2021

The topic of this paper is a semi-linear, energy subcritical, defocusing wave equation

∂
t
2

u
−
Δ
u
=
−

|

u

|

p
−
1

u

\partial _t^2 u - \Delta u = - |u|^{p -1} u

in the 3-dimensional space (

3
≤
p
>
5

3\leq p>5

) whose initial data are radial and come with a finite energy. We split the energy into inward and outward energies, then apply the energy flux formula to obtain the following asymptotic distribution of energy: Unless the solution scatters, its energy can be divided into two parts: “scattering energy”, which concentrates around the light cone

|

x

|

=

|

t

|

|x|=|t|

and moves to infinity at the light speed, and “retarded energy”, which is at a distance of at least

|

t

|

β

|t|^\beta

behind when

|

t

|

|t|

is large. Here

β
\beta

is an arbitrary constant smaller than

β
0

(
p
)
=

2
(
p
−
2
)

p
+
1

\beta _0(p) = \frac {2(p-2)}{p+1}

. A combination of this property with a more detailed version of the classic Morawetz estimate gives a scattering result under a weaker assumption on initial data

(

u
0

,

u
1

)

(u_0,u_1)

than previously known results. More precisely, we assume
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Underscript double-struck upper R cubed Endscripts left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue x EndAbsoluteValue Superscript kappa Baseline plus 1 right-parenthesis left-parenthesis one half StartAbsoluteValue nabla u 0 EndAbsoluteValue squared plus one half StartAbsoluteValue u 1 EndAbsoluteValue squared plus StartFraction 1 Over p plus 1 EndFraction StartAbsoluteValue u EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p plus 1 Baseline right-parenthesis d x greater-than plus normal infinity period">

∫

R

3

(

|

x

|

κ

+
1
)

(

1
2

|

∇

u
0

|

2

+

1
2

|

u
1

|

2

+

1

p
+
1

|

u

|

p
+
1

)

d
x
>
+
∞
.

\int _{\mathbb {R}^3} (|x|^\kappa +1)\left (\frac {1}{2}|\nabla u_0|^2 + \frac {1}{2}|u_1|^2+\frac {1}{p+1}|u|^{p+1}\right ) dx > +\infty .

\]
Here

κ
>

κ
0

(
p
)
=
1
−

β
0

(
p
)
=

5
−
p

p
+
1

\kappa >\kappa _0(p) =1-\beta _0(p) = \frac {5-p}{p+1}

is a constant. This condition is so weak that the initial data may be outside the critical Sobolev space of this equation. This phenomenon is not covered by previously known scattering theory, as far as the author knows.
Level-raising for automorphic forms on 𝐺𝐿_{𝑛}
Authors: Karnataki Aditya
Published: March 2021

Let

E
E

be a CM number field and

F
F

its maximal real subfield. We prove a level-raising result for regular algebraic conjugate self-dual automorphic representations of

G

L

n

(

A

E

)

GL_{n}(\mathbb {A}_E)

. This generalizes previously known results of Thorne [Forum Math. Sigma 2 (2014)] by removing certain hypotheses occurring in that work. In particular, the level-raising prime

p
p

is allowed to be unramified as opposed to inert in

F
F

, the field

E

/

F

E/F

is not assumed to be everywhere unramified, and the field

E
E

is allowed to be a general CM field.
The Kähler-Ricci flow, holomorphic vector fields and Fano bundles
Authors: Shen Xi Sisi
Published: March 2021

We study the behavior of the Kähler-Ricci flow on compact manifolds developing finite-time singularities, in particular, when the flow contracts exceptional divisors or collapses the Fano fibers of a holomorphic fiber bundle. We present a technique using holomorphic vector fields to prove estimates related to the work of Song-Weinkove and Fu-Zhang.
Development of a Typology of Diabetes-Specific Family Functioning Among Adults With Type 2
Authors: Mayberry Lindsay S , Greevy Robert A , Huang Li-Ching , Zhao Shilin , Berg Cynthia A
Published: March 2021

Background

Family members’ responses to adults’ diabetes and efforts to manage it vary widely. Multiple aspects of diabetes-specific family functioning have been identified as important for self-management and psychosocial well-being in theoretical (i.e., theories of social support and collaborative coping) and observational literature.

Purpose

Develop a typological framework of diabetes-specific family functioning and examine cross-sectional associations between type and diabetes outcomes.

Methods

We used electronic health record (EHR) data to identify a cohort of 5,545 adults receiving outpatient care for type 2 diabetes and invited them to complete a survey assessing 10 dimensions of diabetes-specific family functioning. We used k-means cluster analysis to identify types. After type assignment, we used EHR data for the full cohort to generate sampling weights to correct for imbalance between participants and non-participants. We used weighted data to examine unadjusted associations between participant characteristics and type, and in regression models to examine associations between type and diabetes outcomes. Regression models were adjusted for sociodemographics, diabetes duration, and insulin status.

Results

We identified and named four types: Collaborative and Helpful (33.8%), Satisfied with Low Involvement (22.2%), Want More Involvement (29.6%), and Critically Involved (14.5%; reflecting the highest levels of criticism and harmful involvement). Across these types, hemoglobin A1c, diabetes distress, depressive symptoms, diabetes medication adherence, and diabetes self-efficacy worsened. After covariate adjustment, type remained independently associated with each diabetes outcome (all p’s < .05).

Conclusions

The typology extends theories of family support in diabetes and applications of the typology may lead to breakthroughs in intervention design, tailoring, and evaluation.
Gender Affirmation as a Source of Resilience for Addressing Stigmatizing Healthcare Experiences of Transgender Youth of Color
Authors: Goldenberg Tamar , Gamarel Kristi E , Reisner Sari L , Jadwin-Cakmak Laura , Harper Gary W
Published: March 2021

Background

Transgender and other gender diverse (TGD) youth of color experience stigma within healthcare. Gender affirmation can be a resilience resource; however, little is known about gender affirmation within healthcare.

Purpose

This study explores TGD youth of color’s experiences of stigma and gender affirmation across the entire healthcare experience and their role on motivation to seek care.

Methods

In 2015, cross-sectional surveys and individual in-depth interviews were conducted among 187 TGD youth ages 16–24 living in 14 U.S. cities. Analyses followed a mixed-methods design whereby 33 participants were purposively selected for a qualitative phenomenological analysis based on quantitatively reported gender affirmation needs. Subsequent quantitative analyses examined how healthcare use differed by access to gender affirmation.

Results

Participants qualitatively described experiencing stigma across multiple healthcare settings (e.g., primary care, emergency care, medical gender affirmation), including before (finding providers, scheduling), during (waiting rooms, provider interactions), and after (pharmacy) healthcare visits. Participants who quantitatively reported access to gender-affirming healthcare still described negative healthcare experiences, either because they accessed multiple healthcare services or because of prior negative experiences. Stigma and gender affirmation (both inside and outside of healthcare) influenced motivation to seek care, with variation depending on the type of care. Quantitative analyses confirmed these findings; access to gender affirmation differed for participants who delayed primary care vs. those who did not, but did not vary based on participants’ use of medical gender affirmation.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the importance of promoting gender-affirming healthcare environments to increase access to care for TGD youth of color.
Multilevel Theory, Methods, and Analyses in Management
Authors: Braun Michael T. , Kozlowski Steve W. J. , Kuljanin Goran
Published: March 2021

Multilevel theory (MLT) details how organizational constructs and processes operate and interact within and across levels. MLT focuses on two different inter-level relationships: bottom-up emergence and top-down effects. Emergence is when individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors are shaped by interactions and come to manifest themselves as collective, higher-level phenomena. The resulting higher-level phenomena can be either common, shared states across all individuals (i.e., compositional emergence) or stable, unique, patterned individual-level states (i.e., compilational emergence). Top-down effects are those representing influences from higher levels on the thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors of individuals or other lower-level units. To date, most theoretical and empirical research has studied the top-down effects of either contextual variables or compositional emerged states. Using predominantly self-report survey methodologies collected at a single time point, this research commonly aggregates lower-level responses to form higher-level representations of variables. Then, a regression-based technique (e.g., random coefficient modeling, structural equation modeling) is used to statistically evaluate the direction and magnitude of the hypothesized effects. The current state of the literature as well as the traditional statistical and methodological approaches used to study MLT create three important knowledge gaps: a lack of understanding of the process of emergence; how top-down and bottom-up relationships change over time; and how inter-individual relationships within collectives form, dissolve, and change. These gaps make designing interventions to fix or improve the functioning of organizational systems incredibly difficult. As such, it is necessary to broaden the theoretical, methodological, and statistical approaches used to study multilevel phenomena in organizations. For example, computational modeling can be used to generate precise, dynamic theory to better understand the short- and long-term implications of multilevel relationships. Behavioral trace data, wearable sensor data, and other novel data collection techniques can be leveraged to capture constructs and processes over time without the drawbacks of survey fatigue or researcher interference. These data can then be analyzed using cutting-edge social network and longitudinal analyses to capture phenomena not readily apparent in hierarchically nested cross-sectional research.
Stress and Neuroimmunology
Authors: Wohleb Eric S.
Published: March 2021

Stress is experienced when stimuli pose a perceived or actual threat to an organism. Exposure to a stressor initiates physiological and behavioral responses that are aimed at restoring homeostasis. In particular, stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to release of glucocorticoids, and engages the autonomic nervous system, causing release of norepinephrine. These “stress hormones” have widespread effects, because most cells express respective receptors that initiate cell-type-specific molecular signaling pathways. In the brain, acute stress promotes neuronal activation, resulting in alertness and adaptive behavioral responses. However, chronic or uncontrolled stress exposure can have deleterious effects on neuronal function, including loss of synaptic connections, which leads to behavioral and cognitive impairments. Stress responses also influence the function of brain-resident microglia and peripheral immune cells that interact with the brain, and alterations in these neuroimmune systems can contribute to the neurobiological and behavioral effects of chronic stress. Ongoing research is aimed at uncovering the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate stress effects on neuroimmune systems, and vice versa.
Retinal Mechanisms for Motion Detection
Authors: Summers Mathew T. , El Quessny Malak , Feller Marla B.
Published: March 2021

Motion is a key feature of the sensory experience of visual animals. The mammalian retina has evolved a number of diverse motion sensors to detect and parse visual motion into behaviorally relevant neural signals. Extensive work has identified retinal outputs encoding directional and nondirectional motion, and the intermediate circuitry underlying this tuning. Detailed circuit mechanism investigation has established retinal direction selectivity in particular as a model system of neural computation.
History, Politics, and Culture in the Highlands of Northeastern Tanzania
Authors: Håkansson N. Thomas
Published: March 2021

The Pangani Valley region in northern Tanzania is dominated by an arc of highlands that stretch from Usambara to Arusha. In this region, ecotonal variations in environments have shaped—and were in turn shaped by—cultural, political, and economic forces. Since the early 18th century three major events and shifts in regional and world systems dynamics affected significant economic and political changes on the highlands. First, the international ivory and slave trade increased in volume and organization; second, this led to an expansion of specialized pastoralism through an increased availability of cattle in the region; and third, at the end of the 19th century the region was included into a colonial state.

The populations of the highlands were all organized into patrilineages and patriclans. Sometime in the late 1600s or early 1700s, several of the kinship-based, highland communities developed into chiefdoms of varying sizes and degrees of stratification. The ability of a chief to maintain a rudimentary administration and political power depended on the possession of wealth in the form of livestock, rights in persons, and rights in land. A part of household production in the form of crops, livestock, and beer was transmitted from farmers to chiefs as tribute. The most valued part of the tribute was cattle, which the chief needed to build a large family, to obtain debt-clients, and as gifts to lineage heads and the young men who served as warriors. Thus, the political cohesiveness of chiefdoms was ultimately contingent on the chiefs’ abilities to control the flow of cattle and to supply these to local lineage heads and subchiefs. The political strategies that maintained stratification in the highlands varied between the different areas. On Kilimanjaro, politics among the Chagga was based on marriage arrangements, while in North Pare it was control of land and irrigation that were used for political purposes, and in South Pare and Usambara control over rain-making rituals provided the cultural justification for the centralization of power. Cattle were the main resource for implementing culturally defined political strategies. Their importance was exacerbated during the 19th century when increased political turmoil caused by participation in the coastal trade opened new avenues for access to wealth outside the kinship-based networks. As a result, new actors entered into competition for cattle and political power that resulted in increased tribute demands, as well as raiding and warfare.
Visual Arts: Protestant
Authors: Dykema Bobbi
Published: March 2021

The story of Protestant visual art begins well before Luther posted the 95 Theses. It is a story bound up with iconoclastic revision and destruction as well as with new ways of telling the Christian story in a distinctly Protestant visual mode. In the centuries since the Reformation, artists have emphasized prophetic themes such as the peaceable kingdom, the abolition of slavery, the suffering of women, and the plight of the homeless.
Air Pollution in Mexico City
Authors: Miljkovic Ela
Published: March 2021

As in many areas of the world, in Mexico ambient air pollution is a pervasive component of the lived experience. Most conspicuous in large urban centers, air pollution flows across the diverse Mexican terrain, unifying the country’s political geography while also routinely permeating international boundaries. In Mexico’s capital, air pollution is unyieldingly stagnant and often lingers in the valley for days during winter temperature inversions and periods of low wind activity. Although Mexico City has long suffered from seasonal dust pollution, a consequence of the slow, human-engineered desiccation of the lakes that once surrounded the city, as well as from pollution naturally generated by the relatively more sporadic volcanic eruptions known to afflict the city and its environs, the mid-20th century spawned an altogether different, more human pollution problem. Driven by state-sponsored industrialization, population growth, and a rise in the use of motorized transportation, a phase collectively known as the “Mexican Miracle,” from approximately the 1940s to the 1990s, Mexico City transformed into an industrial powerhouse and the most polluted city in the world, the latter status officially recognized by the United Nations during the Earth Summit in 1992.

The state, dedicated to carrying out its comprehensive modernization project, had left Mexico City’s air pollution to fester for decades, framing the legal protection of the environment—atmosphere included—as antithetical to economic growth. This rhetoric pervaded the ways that antipollution laws, passed in the 1970s and 1980s, were enforced. Though they set into motion important classification and monitoring efforts, for the most part air pollution control laws were poorly executed due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and the collapse of the economy, which halted spending on environmental protection programs. Other spheres such as science and environmental activism were also important in the history of Mexico City’s experience with air pollution, as actors within these realms contributed to the creation of air pollution knowledge throughout the second half of the 20th century. In their own ways, scientists and activists discursively rendered air pollution a threat to human life and the ecological future of Mexico City. From the 1940s to the 1990s, then, dirty air connected politics, science, and environmentally minded citizens in important and intriguing ways.
Shore, Barbara K.
Authors: Logan Sadye L. M.
Published: March 2021

Barbara K. Shore (1920–2013) was a Distinguished Service Professor at the Pittsburgh University School of Social Work. A warm and generous person, she was dedicated to issues of inclusion and faculty rights and held a passionate commitment to community and professional service.
Janchill, Sister Mary Paul
Authors: Logan Sadye L. M.
Published: March 2021

Sister Mary Paul Janchill (1920–2009) lived a life of service and has inspired others professionally and personally through her vision and belief that people are nurtured and enriched in a family, and that a family is enhanced by its community. This was the belief upon which she cofounded and dedicated her life to the Center of Family Life and the Sunset Park Community in Brooklyn, New York.
Differences Between the Strength of Preference–Performance Coupling in Two Rice Stemborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Crambidae) Promotes Coexistence at Field-Plot Scales
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G , Romena Angelita M , Bernal Carmencita C , Almazan Maria Liberty P , Ramal Angelee Fame
Published: March 2021

Two stem-boring moths, the yellow stemborer (YSB) Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), and the striped stemborer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker), damage rice in Asia. YSB is the dominant species in much of tropical Asia. Both species are oligophagous on domesticated and wild rice. We investigated the roles of host plant preferences and larval performance in determining the larval densities of both species in rice plots. In screenhouse experiments, YSB showed significant preference–performance coupling. Adults preferred high-tillering rice varieties during early vegetative growth. In contrast, SSB did not demonstrate oviposition preferences under the same screenhouse conditions, but did oviposit less on the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. than on domesticated rice varieties during a choice experiment. Despite differences in preference–performance coupling, larval survival and biomass across 10 varieties were correlated between the two species. YSB and SSB larvae occurred in relatively high numbers on rice varieties with large tillers (IR70, IR68, and T16) in wet and dry season field experiments. However, whereas YSB was the dominant species on IR68 and IR70, it was relatively less abundant on T16, where SSB dominated. Results suggest that YSB preferentially attacked fast-growing rice varieties with high tiller numbers early in the crop cycle. Meanwhile SSB, which has weak preference–performance coupling, occurred in rice plants with large tillers that were relatively free of YSB later in the crop cycle. These factors may allow the species to coexist. We discuss the implications of proximate and ultimate factors influencing stemborer co-occurrence for the sustainable production of rice in tropical Asia.
Childhood Perspectives of the Holocaust in Jurek Becker’s “The Wall” and “The Invisible City,” and Frank Beyer’s film While All Germans Are Sleeping
Authors: White Delene Case
Published: March 2021

At the age of eight, Polish-Jewish child survivor Jurek Becker settled with his father in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Berlin, later becoming a professional writer in the German Democratic Republic. He left after a series of protests by artists and intellectuals against the expatriation of dissident singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann, and took up residence in the Federal Republic of Germany. The author of the present study addresses Becker’s short story “Die Mauer” (The Wall) and testimonial essay “Die unsichtbare Stadt” (The Invisible City), along with Frank Beyer’s 1991 film Wenn alle Deutschen schlafen (While All Germans Are Sleeping), based on “The Wall.” In particular, the author analyzes all three works in relation to other fictional representations of the Holocaust and discourses of childhood, imagination, and play. It draws on M.M. Bakhtin’s theories of narrative strategy and Johan Huizinga’s ideas about the “ludic element” (essentially, play) needed to survive totalitarian systems such as Nazism, to argue for valuing such works as important expressions by child survivors.
Current Pest Status and Management Practices forSystena frontalis(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Ornamental Plants in the Eastern United States: An Online Survey
Authors: Joseph Shimat V , Chong Juang-Horng , Campbell Benjamin , Kunkel Brian , Lauderdale Danny , Jones Stacey , Gill Stanton , Chen Yan , Schultz Peter , Held David , Hale Frank , Dale Adam , Vafaie Erfan , Hudson Will , Gilrein Dan , Del Pozo-Valdivia Alejandro
Published: March 2021

Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest in ornamental plant nurseries in the United States. Information on current pest status and management practices employed by nurseries, garden centers, and landscape care operations are crucial to developing an effective research and extension program for ornamental crops. An online survey was developed and administered by the research team in 2020 to gather data on pest status and current pest management practices. The questionnaire included three focus areas: 1) participant (location, industry type, or operating area); 2) pest status indicators (incidence, affected crops, and estimated loss); and 3) common pest management practices. The questionnaire was distributed to stakeholders via e-mail lists, newsletters, and blogs. Seventy-five responses were received; 82.6% of which were from wholesale nursery operators in 19 U.S. states and 1 Canadian province. For most respondents (72%), damage recurred yearly in the past 10 yr and persisted from April to October. About 56% of respondents reported damage on more than five host plant species (with Hydrangea spp. being the most frequently identified) representing approximately 25% of the total number of plants grown in the facilities. Presence of S. frontalis is being monitored mainly through visual inspection of foliage for adult presence or foliage damage (100%), with scouting occurring mainly at weekly intervals (57%). The majority of respondents used broad-spectrum insecticides (such as pyrethroids) for adult (89%) and larval control (47%). We estimated that a grower spends USD$1,637/ha/yr on insecticides and labor for monitoring and implementing S. frontalis management.
Australian Colonial Anglican Bishops and the Eucharist: Broughton, Perry, and Nixon
Authors: Douglas Brian
Published: March 2021

This article examines the eucharistic theology of three colonial Australian Anglican Bishops: Broughton of Sydney, Perry of Melbourne, and Nixon of Tasmania. Examination of their thinking shows that there is a multiformity of view among the three bishops. Broughton engages realism but does this in mainly receptionist manner, seeing Christ as present in the reception of the eucharist and the sacrifice of Christ commemorated and made effective through faithful reception. Perry engages a memorialist view, without realism, and sees the eucharist as a mere remembrance of a past and completed transaction, that is, the death of Christ on the cross. Nixon, under Tractarian influence, expresses a decidedly realist view where Christ is seen to be really present in the elements and a much closer connection is drawn between eucharistic remembrance and Christ’s sacrifice. The Oxford Movement is important to all three bishops, with Broughton and Nixon being influenced in a realist direction and Perry using the writings of the Tractarians to argue against realism. The multiformity of view of these bishops explains some of the multiformity of eucharistic theology which continues in the Anglican Church of Australia to this day.
Noisy medieval data, from digitized manuscript to stylometric analysis: Evaluating Paul Meyer’s hagiographic hypothesis
Authors: Camps Jean-Baptiste , Clérice Thibault , Pinche Ariane
Published: March 2021

Stylometric analysis of medieval vernacular texts is still a significant challenge: the importance of scribal variation, be it spelling or more substantial, as well as the variants and errors introduced in the tradition, complicate the task of the would-be stylometrist, by inducing noise and perhaps even interferences in the authorship signal. Basing the analysis on the study of the copy from a single hand of several texts can partially mitigate these issues (Camps and Cafiero, 2013, Setting bounds in a homogeneous corpus: a methodological study applied to medieval literature. Revue Des Nouvelles Technologies de l’information (RNTI), SHS-1, pp. 55–84), but the limited availability of complete diplomatic transcriptions might make this difficult. In this article, we use a workflow combining handwritten text recognition and stylometric analysis, applied to the case of the hagiographic works contained in MS BnF, fr. 412. We seek to evaluate Paul Meyer's hypothesis about the constitution of groups of hagiographic works, as well as to examine potential authorial groupings in a vastly anonymous corpus.
Topic analysis of French–English tweets in France
Authors: Hadour Taoues
Published: March 2021

Twitter has become a popular means of communication used in a variety of fields. This widely used platform has an impact on the way people express themselves and is changing language usage worldwide at an unprecedented pace. This article investigates the reasons for the use of French–English language mixing among French users on Twitter using a topic analysis approach. This analysis draws on Gumperz’s theory of conversational switching. In order to collect tweets at a large scale, the data were collected in R using the rtweet package. A total of nine topic categories were identified and analyzed in this article: entertainment, internet/social media, events/community, politics/news, sports, sex/pornography, innovation/technology, fashion/makeup, and business. This study finds that entertainment is the most frequent topic discussed on Twitter. English words, such as trailer, spoil, and live are found in the data. This study enables a deeper understanding of users’ linguistic behavior online, and offers insights into future trends in intercultural and cross-language exchanges.
Augustine’s Master Argument for the Incorporeality of the Mind
Authors: Nawar Tamer
Published: March 2021

In De Trinitate 10, Augustine offers an argument that seemingly proceeds from certain premises about self-knowledge to the conclusion that the mind is incorporeal. Although the argument has sometimes been compared to later Cartesian arguments, it has received relatively little philosophical attention. In this paper, I offer a detailed analysis and original interpretation of Augustine's argument and argue that it is not vulnerable to some of the main objections which have been raised against it. I go on to argue that while an important part of Augustine's argument does face several hitherto neglected objections, Augustine's ultimate case for the incorporeality of the mind is somewhat different and more successful than one might initially think.
The Instrumented Timed “Up & Go” Test Distinguishes Turning Characteristics in Vestibular Hypofunction
Authors: Kim Kyoung Jae , Gimmon Yoav , Millar Jennifer , Brewer Kelly , Serrador Jorge , Schubert Michael C
Published: March 2021

Objective

Deficits in vestibular function increase the risk for falls while turning. However, the clinical assessment of turning in patients with vestibular dysfunction is lacking, and evidence is limited that identifies the effectiveness of vestibular physical therapy in improving turning performance. The purpose of this study was to quantify walking and turning performance during the instrumented Timed “Up & Go” (TUG) test using body-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs). Novel instrumented TUG parameters were investigated for ability to distinguish patients with unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) from control groups and discriminate the differences in turning parameters of patients with UVD following vestibular physical therapy.

Methods

Thirty-eight individuals were recruited following UVD surgery: 26 age-matched veteran controls with reports of dizziness not from a peripheral vestibular origin, and 12 age-matched healthy controls. Participants were donned with IMUs and given verbal instructions to complete the TUG test as fast as safely possible. The IMU-instrumented and automated assessment of the TUG test provided component-based TUG parameters, including the novel walk:turn ratio. Among the participants with UVD, 19 completed an additional instrumented TUG testing after vestibular physical therapy.

Results

The walk:turn time ratio showed that turning performance in patients with UVD before rehabilitation is significantly more impaired than both the individuals with nonperipheral conditions and healthy controls. Vestibular rehabilitation significantly improved turning performance and “normalized” their walk:turn time ratio compared with healthy controls. The duration of the straight walking component in individuals with UVD before vestibular physical therapy, however, was not significantly different compared with that component in people after vestibular physical therapy and in healthy controls.

Conclusion

The IMU-instrumented TUG test can be used to distinguish individuals with vestibular deafferentation and to objectively quantify the change in their turning performance after vestibular physical therapy.

Impact

The IMU-based instrumented TUG parameters have the potential to quantify the efficacy of vestibular physical therapy and be adopted in the clinic.
Trusts and their comparative understanding
Authors: Lupoi Maurizio
Published: March 2021

Understanding the trust is the first step to reproducing its features in a civilian jurisdiction. Professor Lupoi explains the comparative issues. They include linguistic subtleties, conceptual difficulties and differences of approach with civil law systems preferring the clarity and coherence offered by general principles. He explains that there is no equivalent in the common law. Courts confine themselves to (fact sensitive) issues in the particular case. This leads to vagueness or even incoherence. A solution is to focus on the functional aspects of the trust. Professor Lupoi draws attention to the cousin of the massively discretionary trust; this is the “industrial trust.”
Solving the puzzle of Brown-Séquard syndrome
Authors: Franges Ellie Z.
Published: March 2021

Incomplete spinal cord injury is challenging to diagnose and treat. This overview of Brown-Séquard syndrome outlines key assessment and nursing considerations important to enhancing recovery outcomes.
Prescribing the Buprenorphine Monoproduct for Adverse Effects of Buprenorphine-Naloxone
Authors: Grande Lucinda A.
Published: March 2021

Buprenorphine-naloxone (BNX) reduces the risk of mortality from untreated opioid use disorder by 50% or more. However, adverse effects of BNX can be a cause of inconsistent use or discontinuation. The buprenorphine monoproduct (BUP) is effective and is sometimes tolerated better, but practice guidelines and insurance restrictions discourage its prescription due to concerns about diversion and injection.

An idiopathic reaction of bilateral flank pain reported by three patients is used as an example to show how to assess the success of a BUP trial. Sublingual absorption of naloxone is discussed as a potential cause of adverse effects of BNX in sensitive individuals. Issues in clinical decision-making are presented to help prescribers assess the risk-benefit ratio of a BUP trial for the individual patient, the prescriber, and society.

This commentary may serve as a stimulus for changes in practice guidelines and insurance coverage policies to allow greater flexibility in the prescribing of BUP.
Percutaneous Intramedullary Reduction Technique for Impacted Middle Phalanx Base Fractures
Authors: Nordback Panu H. , Waris Eero
Published: March 2021

Proximal interphalangeal joint injuries are common and are a major risk for functional deficits of the finger that affect range of motion and grip strength. Impacted intra-articular fractures and fracture dislocations of the middle phalanx base are challenging to treat because of troublesome joint reduction and difficulties in achieving articular congruity. Although treatment algorithms have been published, the anatomically delicate proximal interphalangeal joint often remains incomplete in function and may result in post-traumatic pain, stiffness, and osteoarthritis. This article describes a percutaneous intramedullary reduction technique for impacted middle phalanx fractures as a treatment option to achieve articular congruity with minimal surgical trauma. The reduction technique may be considered for selected patients with impacted fractures of the base of the middle phalanx with or without joint dislocation.
Klotho supplementation attenuates blood pressure and albuminuria in murine model of IgA nephropathy
Authors: Takenaka Tsuneo , Hasan Arif , Marumo Takeshi , Kobori Hiroyuki , Inoue Tsutomu , Miyazaki Takashi , Suzuki Hiromichi , Nishiyama Akira , Ishii Naohito , Hayashi Matsuhiko
Published: March 2021

Background:

Klotho interacts with various membrane proteins, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. The renal expression of klotho is diminished in chronic kidney disease.

Method:

In this study, we assessed the effects of klotho supplementation on a murine model of IgA nephropathy. Twenty-four-week-old hyper serum IgA (HIGA) mice were subcutaneously injected daily with recombinant human klotho protein (20 μg/kg per day) or the vehicle. After 2 months, the mice were killed using an anesthesia overdose and their kidneys were harvested for analysis.

Results:

Supplementation of exogenous klotho protein reduced SBP, albuminuria, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α excretion, glomerular filtration rate, renal angiotensin II concentration, and angiotensinogen expression in HIGA mice. Additionally, it enhanced renal expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and renal klotho itself. The findings using laser-manipulated microdissection demonstrated that klotho supplementation reduced the glomerular expression of TGFβ, fibronectin, and IGF, and increased the glomerular expression of connexin (Cx) 40.

Conclusion:

These results indicate that klotho supplementation reduces blood pressure by suppressing the renin--angiotensin system in HIGA mice. Klotho inhibits IGF signaling to preserve glomerular Cx40 levels, ameliorating albuminuria in HIGA mice. Klotho protein supplementation attenuates mesangial expansion by inhibiting TGFβ signaling in HIGA mice.