bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI INFECTION IN DANISH CATTLE
Authors: RØNSHOLT L.
Published: August 2010

Intestinal tract infection by Chlamydia psittaci was demomstrated in one cattle herd by isolation from faecal specimens, using embryonated eggs. Such infections were observed in all animals younger than 12 months, in 60% of the heifers and in none of the adult cows. The presence of infection correlated (r = 0.511) with the serum titre of compliment fixation antibodies against chlamydial antigen. Young calves, which were spontaneously infected with Chlamydia postnatally, developed ileitis and moderate interstitial pneumonia. The results of histological sections and isolation of the agent from tissue specimens indicated Chlamydia to be the cause of these conditions. The strain isolated (ROS DK/KVL‐6/B3) was identified as C. psittaci. The morphology of the organism and it's pathogenicity in guinea‐pigs were studied. In embryonated eggs, a dose‐response curve was demonstrated for the ROS strain, which differed in that respect from another member of this species tested, viz. EBA (59–795).
MEASLES VIRUS POLYPEPTIDES IN PURIFIED VIRIONS AND IN INFECTED CELLS
Authors: VAINIONPÄÄ RAIJA , ZIOLA BARRY , SALMI AIMO
Published: August 2010

A wild‐type measles virus was radiolabeled during growth in VERO cells and purified by two successive potassium tartrate gradient centrifugations. The virion polypeptide composition was determined by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis employing two different buffer systems. Six virus‐specific polypeptides were consistently detected. The largest (L) had a molecular weight (MW) of greater than 150,000. The second largest polypeptide, G (MW 79,000), was the only glycoprotein found. The proteins designated polypeptide 2 (MW 66 to 70,000) and nucleocapsid protein or NP (MW 61,000) were phosphorylated. The remaining virus‐coded proteins were polypeptide 5 (MW 40,000) and the matrix or M protein (MW 37,000). Measles virions also contained a polypeptide (MW 42,000) thought to be actin due to co‐migration with this component of uninfected cells. Analysis of in vitro3H‐acetic anhydride radiolabeled virions confirmed the presence of these seven polypeptides. Acetic anhydride also labeled a protein designated polypeptide 4 (MW 53,000) which was not consistently radiolabeled in vivo, as well as several other minor proteins believed to be cellular in origin. Synthesis of the six virus‐specific structural polypeptides was detected in lysates of infected cells by SDS‐polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Virus specificity of polypeptide 4 could not be confirmed due to the similar MW of several cellular polypeptides. Two non‐virion, but virus‐specified polypeptides, of MW 38,000 and 18,000 were also detected. Synthesis of the virus structural proteins was in the same proportions as the polypeptides found in virions except for under production of polypeptide G and over production of polypeptide 2.
ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF RUBELLA IgG ANTIBODIES
Authors: VEJTORP M.
Published: August 2010

A rubella virus antigen suited for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was grown in cultures of BHK/21/13 cells and purified and concentrated by membrane and ultrafiltration. This antigen was used in a semi‐automated ELISA for determination of rubella IgG antibodies. The ELISA and the haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) test were compared in a study of 825 human sera. A close correlation was found between the results obtained by the two methods. Antibodies were, however, detected with ELISA in approximately 15% of the sera found negative in the HI test. The presence of antibodies was confirmed by the results of HI tests of the serum fractions of 19 sera separated by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. The ELISA procedure employed in the present study was highly sensitive and allowed a precise quantitation of the antibodies by examination of one single serum dilution. ELISA was less time‐consuming than the HI test and suited for routine laboratory use.
The Influence of Specific Antisera and Unheated Guinea Pig Serum on the Pathogenicity of »Runde« Virus for Mice
Authors: Traavik Terje
Published: August 2010

Antisera from various animal species containing antibodies to »Runde« virus were not able to neutralize virus infection in newborn mice, the outcome of which is an acute, fatal CNS disease. There was, however, one noticeable exception. Mixtures of virus and hyperimmune mouse serum or ascitic fluid inoculated intracerebrally into newborn mice resulted in a persistent infection and a chronic disease which had previously only been recognized in 2 to 3‐week‐old mice inoculated with »Runde« virus. A serum pool from persistently infected mice had the same effect, though this was less pronounced. The addition of unheated guinea pig serum to the virus‐hyperimmune serum mixtures reinforced the tendency to persistence and chronic disease, and unheated guinea pig serum alone modified the infection in the same way. The results suggest an immunological basis for the virus persistence and chronic disease in suckling mice.
Haemagglutination by Staphylococcus Saprophyticus And Other Staphylococcal Species
Authors: Hovelius Birgitta , Mårdh Per‐anders
Published: August 2010

Staphylococcus saprophyticus was found to differ from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus by its ability to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes. On testing 30 strains of each species, 28 strains of S. saprophyticus and one strain each of the other two species, caused agglutination. Twenty‐eight of 30 strains of Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus xylosis failed to cause haemagglutination. The haemagglutinating activity of S. saprophyticus. when using a 10 per cent bacterial suspension was demonstrated in dilutions of 1:2–1:32. It was reduced twofold, at most, when exposing the bacteria to 56° C for 30 minutes, while no agglutination could be demonstrated after treatment for 10 minutes at 8° C. No haemagglutination could be demonstrated after treatment of the bacteria with a 5 per cent solution of trypsin. Treatment of S. saprophyticus with 0.1 M EDTA did not affect the haemagglutinating activity, whereas exposure of the bacteria to 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid reduced the activity. The haemagglutination was D‐mannose‐resistant, and it was inhibited by homologous rabbit antiserum. The agglutinates dispersed when heated at 45–56°C for 30 minutes. A few of the strains of S. saprophyticus tested also agglutinated human, bovine, and guinea pig erythrocytes.
Complete And Incomplete Ibc Protein Fraction in Group B Streptococci
Authors: Bevanger Lars , Mæeland Johan A.
Published: August 2010

The Ibc protein fraction of group B streptococci was isolated from the type Ib strain H36B, the type Ic strain A909, and the type Ic strain 335, and examined against antisera by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The fraction from the Ib strain and one of the Ic strains (A909) contained two antigens or groups of antigens, called the α and β antigens, respectively. Strain 335 produced the a but not the β antigen. This was also the case with three other group B isolates previously classified as type Ic. One type II and one type III strain produced both antigens. The results suggest that group B streptococci producing the Ibc fraction can be subdivided further on the basis of the antigens that are present in that fraction.
Experimental Acute Salpingitis in Grivet Monkeys Provoked by Chlamydia Trachomatis
Authors: Ripa K. Torvald , MØller Birger R. , Mårdh Per‐Anders , Freundt Eyvind A. , Melsen Flemming
Published: August 2010

Chlamydia trachomalis is a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases. Recently it has been shown that chlamydiae are also responsible for complications to such lower genital tract infections. In this study, isolates of C. trachomatis from the fallopian tubes of patients with acute salpingitis were inoculated direct into the fallopian tubes of two, and through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity of one grivet monkey. The experimental infections resulted in a self‐limited acute salpingitis in the three animals. C. trachomatis was recovered from the monkeys 2 and 3 weeks post inoculation. As found at laparotomy, the infected tubes were swollen and reddened, and there was watery exudate in the abdominal ostia. Microscopically, cellular infiltrates — mainly lymphocytes — were seen in the mucosa, muscularis and subserosa of the tubes. Serologically, a primary antibody response with an IgM to IgG conversion was found. Salpingitis did not occur in a control monkey inoculated in the tubes with a medium lacking Chlamydia. The histological changes in the fallopian tubes of the infected monkeys were reminiscent of those described as being characteristic of »gonococcal« salpingitis in man. The fulfilment of Koch's postulates in the animal model used adds to the earlier evidence that C. trachomatis is capable of causing acute salpingitis in humans.
Production And Evaluation Of Antisera For Serological Type Determination Of Group‐B Streptococci by Double Diffusion In Agarose Gel
Authors: Jensen Niels Einar
Published: August 2010

A double diffusion technique for serological typing of Group‐B streptococci is presented. The method is valuable both for type determination on a large scale, as well as for evaluation of the specificity of type antisera. As in previously published methods, HCl‐extracted antigens are used. The preparation of type antisera is described and the reactions of some selected sera are given in figures. The advantages of the method are good economy of antisera and easy recognition of weak and/or unspecific precipitates. The method is especially useful in epidemiological investigations.
Characterization of Fractions Containing the Thermostable Agglutinogens of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Authors: Eggset Guri , Iversen Ole‐Jan , Mæland Johan A.
Published: August 2010

Extract was prepared by heat treatment (100°C, 2 h) of bacteria of N, gonorrhoeae strain 8551. The acid precipitate (pH 2.5) of the extract was resolved by gel chromatography (Sepharose CL‐6B) into material eluted with the void volume (Fr. I) and material retarded by the column (Fr. II). Fr. I contained at least three precipitinogens, the antigenic determinant a of LPS and the protein determinant b. The antigens demonstrable in Fr. I were also detected in an outer membrane preparation obtained by extraction of the bacteria with a lithium acetate buffer. Fr. II contained LPS and several other precipitinogens. The antigens of Fr. I included the heat stable agglutinogens of the gonococcus. and antibodies to these could be raised by immunization of rabbits with the Fr. I material.
Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction by Bacteria
Authors: Urban Teresa , Jarstrand Connie
Published: August 2010

All the S. albus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains examined reduced nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to dark blue formazan. The amount of formazan produced was proportional to the number of bacteria. Under the same growth conditions, an equal number of bacteria of various strains produced different amounts of formazan. However, there were statistically verified differences in the NBT‐reduction between the three species examined. The NBT‐reduction took place in all phases of growth but was most intense in the early logarithmic phase. NBT was found to be toxic for bacteria, and the different strains had varying sensitivity to that effect. The NBT‐reaction was markedly enhanced by phenazine methosulphate (PMS). The blue colour of formazan produced from NBT has an advantage over the red colour from triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) if the reaction occurs in the presence of haemoglobin often present in biological materials. With NBT and PMS, 106–107 bacteria are needed to form detectable amounts of formazan. The NBT‐reduction by bacteria may be useful for measuring the influence of bactericidal, bacteriostatic or growth‐stimulating factors on bacteria.
Electron Microscopy of a Filamentous, Segmented Bacterium Attached to the Small Intestine of Mice from a Laboratory Animal Colony in Denmark
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A.
Published: August 2010

A filamentous, segmented bacterium was observed in the small intestine of the SSC:AH stock of mice from the Statens Seruminstitut (Denmark) animal colony but was absent in golden hamsters and guinea pigs from the same colony. The bacterium is attached to the epithelial cell by a special segment (holdfast) and causes specific changes in the epithelial cell at the site of attachment. Once attached the bacterium appears to undergo a complex life cycle which involves the development of a long filament divided into a number of segments within which holdfasts or spores are formed. This organism is morphologically identical to a bacterium found in mice and rats in the USA, but this is the first report of such an infection in Europe.
Quantitative Microbiological Assay of Thiomersal Using Agar Diffusion From Paper Discs
Authors: Christensen Thomas Elo , Bentzon Michael Weis
Published: August 2010

A quantitative assay method for determination of thiomersal in biological products is described and evaluated. A microbiological method using agar diffusion from filter paper discs is used. The advantages of the method in terms of low cost and reliability for determining the actual antimicrobial activity in the preparation are discussed. The assay method is in routine use in the production control of vaccines at our Institute.
Fibrinogen Binding Structures in β‐Hemolytic Streptococci Group A, C, and G
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Schönbeck Christer , Myhre Erling
Published: August 2010

Binding of radiolabelled fibrinogen was measured to 197 strains of 16 different bacterial species. All streptococcal strains belonging to groups A, C, and G isolated from human sources were strongly positive. S. aureus strains showed low binding values. Occasional group B streptococci were positive. Reactive strains were also noted among group C streptococci of animal origin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Str. equii, and bovine β‐hemolytic group G streptococci. Bovine α‐hemolytic group G strains as well as the remaining seven species of human origin were all negative. Inhibition experiments and correlation studies indicated that the streptococcal receptor for fibrinogen was different from immunoglobulin Fc binding reactivity. Comparisons with the newly discovered β2‐microglobulin binding factor showed that trypsin concentrations which destroyed this receptor left the fibrinogen receptor intact. Although the two receptors correlate in strain population studies and show competition for binding the difference in trypsin sensitivity indicates that they represent two different structural entities. Both receptors might serve as basic markers for M‐protein like surface components of Gram positive cocci.
Pleural Effusion Disease In Rabbits
Authors: Fennestad K. L. , Haahr S. , Bruun L.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of interferon in body fluids and tissues was studied in 18 rabbits infected experimentally with the agent of pleural effusion disease (PED). Circulating interferon of the classical type was demonstrable 12 h after inoculation, and a maximum response was attained 2–3 days later. Circulating interferon disappeared between 6 and 8 days after inoculation. Interferon titres of serum were closely correlated with the early phase of febrile response and probably also with the initial growth phase of the PED agent. The interferon titres of pleural fluid exceeded by far the titres of other body fluids and tissues. No interferon could be demonstrated in brain, liver and urine.
Surface Properties Of Staphylococcus Saprophyticus and Staphylococcus Epidermidis as Studied by Adherence Tests and Two‐Polymer, Aqueous Phase Systems
Authors: Colleen Stig , Hovelius Birgitta , Wieslander Åke , Mårdh Per‐Anders
Published: August 2010

S. saprophyticus is an established pathogen in man, devoided of characteristics associated with pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of this species to attach to cells from regions, viz. the urinary tract, where it acts as an invador and to cells from areas where it is known as a commensal, was compared to its behaviour in this respect with another staphylococcal species, viz. S. epidermidis. S. saprophyticus showed a preferential adherence to human exfoliated urogenital cells, when compared with its ability to attach to skin and buccal cells from man and also when compared with porcine cells from these regions. The profound ability to adhere to human exfoliated urogenital epithelial cells by far exceeded that of S. epidermidis, while no such species difference was found when testing porcine cells (S. saprophyticus is unknown as a urogenital tract pathogen in pigs). When studied in a two‐polymer, aqueous phase system, S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis were found to have a negative surface charge at pH 7.2, but the former carried a considerably higher surface charge density. Both staphylococcal species exhibited a poor hydrophobic interaction liability. These physico‐chemical surface characteristics are briefly discussed with regard to the differential bacteria‐cell interactions of these species.
Cross‐Reactions Between Haemophilus Influenzae and Nineteen Other Bacterial Species
Authors: SchiØtz P. O. , HØiby N. , Hertz J. B.
Published: August 2010

Forty‐one different antigens were demonstrated in an antigen preparation obtained by sonication of a Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) type b strain, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and antiserum obtained from rabbits. Antigens were characterized by absorption experiments with whole heat‐killed bacteria, temperature resistance and protein and polysaccharide staining. Cross‐reactions between H. influenzae type b and 19 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods, using the reference system. A non‐capsulated H. influenzae cross‐reacted extensively (41 antigens) with H. influenzae type b and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Haemophilus haemolyticus showed considerable cross‐reactivity with H. influenzae type b (26 and 32 antigens respectively), while antigens from eight other bacterial species cross‐reacted to varying degrees with one to five H. influenzae antigens.
O‐Antigenic Cross‐Reactivity In Fusobacterium Nucleatum
Authors: Hofstad T. , Skaug N. , BjØrnland T.
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the same chemotype isolated from seven strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum were examined by indirect haemagglutination and inhibition of haemagglutination in unabsorbed and absorbed antisera. Four common major antigenic specificities were detected, and two of the LPS examined contained antigenic specificities not shared with any of the other LPS. In addition, a few weak cross‐reactions were observed, also with some LPS of other chemotypes.
SEROLOGY OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. CLASSIFICATION BY CO‐AGGLUTINATION
Authors: SandströM Eric , Danielsson Dan
Published: August 2010

The co‐agglutination (COA) method has been adapted for serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. COA reagents were prepared with selectively absorbed rabbit hyperimmune antibodies against gonoccal (GC) major outer membrane protein (MOMP) serotype strains. Using these reagents, the 16 MOMP reference strains could be referred to at least three antigen classes, tentatively named W, J and M. The GC antigens of class W were divided into three groups I, II and III, and they were in part sensitive to pronase. The antigens of class J reflected strain specific or serotype reactions, some sensitive and others resistant to proteolytic enzymes. The antigens of class M were sensitive to periodate and resistant to pronase. Strains used in serological studies by other authors were tested. The properties of class W correlated well with those of the so‐called micro‐immunofluorescence and immunotype systems, and class M with those of the so‐called endotoxin and acid polysaccharide systems. Strains from three different laboratories could all be grouped by class W and M reagents. Identical strains obtained independently from different laboratories gave very similar reaction patterns with the reagents available. Repeated GC‐isolates from patients infected with beta‐lactamase producing strains showed stable reactions with class W and J reagents, while there was a time‐related variation of the class M pattern. We have found that the COA method is rapid, easy and reproducible in the serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and all the 117 GC‐strains tested could be classified.
IMMUNOPEROXIDASE AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
Authors: Aasjord Per , Grov Arne
Published: August 2010

Immunoperoxidase technique together with electron microscopy shows that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I is attached to the membrane and penetrates the whole cell wall. A diffuse zone outside and no peroxidase reaction product inside the wall when whole cells were treated with antibody prior to embedding may indicate (i) that LTA is exposed to reaction with antibodies outside the wall, and (ii) that all or most of the anti‐LTA antibodies used are of the IgM class and thus unable to penetrate the wall. Thin sections of strain Wood 46 showed the same picture as Cowan I, but treatment of whole cells before embedding gave no diffuse zone outside the wall. This may be due to a thicker wall as found by electron microscopy and/or shorter LTA‐chains of strain Wood 46 than those present in the wall of Cowan I.
ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
Authors: Aasjord Per , Grov Arne
Published: August 2010

Fractionated rabbit antiserum to staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was tested for reaction with homologous antigen by precipitation in agar gel, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, immunoperoxidase technique and electron microscopy. The antibodies to LTA present in the rabbit antisera examined were found to be of the IgM class.
ENTEROTOXIN PRODUCTION BY YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA AND YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA‐LIKE MICROBES AT 22 °C and 37 °C
Authors: Kapperud Georg , Berdal Bjørn Peter , Omland Tov
Published: August 2010

A total of 32 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica‐like microbes were examined for their ability to produce E. coli ST‐like enterotoxin when grown at 22 °C and 37 °C, using the infant mouse assay. Enterotoxin production was indicated for 19 (59%) of the 32 strains examined. Nine of ten sucrose non‐fermenting strains belonging to O‐serogroup 28 produced enterotoxin at both 22 °C and at 37 °C. Eight of these strains were obtained from the intestinal contents of apparently healthy small mammals or from water samples at three different localities in Norway. One O‐serogroup 28 culture was a reference strain received from Institut Pasteur, Paris. With the exception of O‐serogroup 28, enterotoxins were detected only after incubation at 22 °C. The infant mouse assay was positive for all the four clinical isolates belonging to O‐serogroup 3/biotype 4. Six of 13 different reference strains were positive in this assay.
QUANTIFICATION OF BACTERIA IN OPERATION WOUNDS – AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION WITH SWAB SAMPLING IN PIGS
Authors: NyströM Per‐Olof
Published: August 2010

Quantitative recovery by swab cultures of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli from experimental wounds in pigs was studied for assessment of wound contamination in elective surgery. The recovery rate declined rapidly over the first hour. Ten minutes after seeding the wounds with known numbers of bacteria, the recovery was respectively 0.7% and 4.1% for S. aureus and E. coli. Recovery was not affected by the size of the wound. Streaking the swab onto the culture plate, or rinsing the swab in saline and plating out the rinsing fluid immediately after sampling resulted in a three to four times higher yield than by using Stuart's transport medium for later plating. The results provide an indication of the discrepancy between the number of micro‐organisms recovered from wounds in elective surgery and the number of micro‐organisms required to produce suppurative infection in experiments on animals and in man.
EXPERIENCE WITH AN INDIRECT (PASSIVE) HAEMAGGLUTINATION TEST FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF RUBELLA VIRUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Haukenes Gunnar
Published: August 2010

A new indirect (passive) haemagglutination technique (Rubacell, Abbott) has been evaluated on the basis of a material of 1,792 sera sent for serological diagnosis of a rubella infection or determination of immunity status. The test procedure is very simple. IHA antibodies appeared about two weeks later than HI antibodies and seemed to persist for life. Two fields of application for the IHA technique are discussed: 1. As a supplement to other tests because of the late appearance of the antibodies;2. In screening for immunity status. The IHA combines ease of performance with high sensitivity.
EFFECTS OF SOME ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF 32P‐LABELLED ESCHERICHIA COLI BY HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Melby Kjetil , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

Gentamicin, trimethoprim, cephalothin, colistin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol were studied in a phagocytic system. A radiolabelled strain of E. coli was used as test bacterium and human polymorphonuclear cells were used as phagocytes. Except for trimethoprim and cephalothin, there was a tendency towards depression of the process of phagocytosis in the presence of high concentrations of the various antibiotics. Colistin in a high concentration (83 μg/ml) exerted the most significant effect.
FATTY ACIDS AND NEUTRAL SUGARS PRESENT IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES ISOLATED FROM FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Skaug Nils
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from cells of Fusobacterium necrophorum, F. mortiferum, F. gonidiaformans, F. varium and single strains of F. naviforme and F. russi were analysed for sugars and fatty acids. All preparations contained a monosaccharide tentatively identified as L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose, but showed variation with respect to the presence of glucose, galactose, rhamnose and another heptose isomer, tentatively identified as L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose. L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose was a monosaccharide of great abundance in all LPS examined. 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octonate and glucosamine were present in all LPS preparations. The fatty acids present were 3‐hydroxy‐tetradecanoic acid as the main component, and n‐tetradecanoic acid. Some LPS contained n‐hexadecanoic acid. All the strains of F. nucleatum contained 3‐hydroxy‐hexadecanoic acid as a group‐specific LPS constituent.
EVALUATION OF ELISA IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Vesikari Timo , Granfors Kaisa , Mäki Markku , GrÖNroos Paul
Published: August 2010

In a series of acute gastroenteritis in children, including 2 bacteriologically confirmed cases of Yersinia enterocolitica infection, paired sera from 286 patients were studied for the presence of Y. enterocolitica 0:3 and 0:9 antibodies, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the 2 cases with positive stool culture of Y. enterocolitica 0:3 a significant rise was seen in each IgM, IgG and IgA class Y. enterocolitica 0:3 antibodies. There were 6 further cases with elevated anti‐Yersinia IgM, these possibly false‐positive reactions were distinguished from the confirmed cases of Y. enterocolitica infection by the absence of IgG and IgA antibodies.
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS IN GRIVET MONKEYS, PROVOKED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS
Authors: Märdh Per‐Anders , Hovelius Birgitta , Melsen Flemming , MøLler Birger R.
Published: August 2010

Urinary tract infection by Staphylococcus saprophyticus was provoked in two female grivet monkeys. A non‐hemagglutinating strain of S. saprophyticus was injected into the renal pelvis of one of the animals (monkey I), while in the other (monkey II), a hemagglutinating strain of the same species was inoculated into the bladder by suprapubic puncture. In monkey I, massive hematuria and proteinuria were demonstrated during the post‐inoculation (p.i.) week, after which the monkey was killed. In monkey II, which was killed after 2 weeks, hematuria and proteinuria were present during the first 5 p.i. days. In both monkeys, S. saprophyticus was isolated in numbers < 105 bacteria/ml bladder urine on each p.i. day. Autopsy of monkey I revealed acute pyelonephritis and inflammatory changes in the ureter on the same side on which S. saprophyticus had been inoculated. In monkey II, both kidneys were enlarged and there were signs of acute pyelonephritis. The histopathological examination revealed microabscesses, interstitial infiltration and numerous leukocytes in the tubules. Both the ureters of monkey II were congested and microscopically an acute inflammatory reaction was found. Inflammatory signs were also present in the bladder. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cocci adhering to the epithelial lining of the urinary tract.
THE GLUTARALDEHYDE‐FIXED CYTOCENTRIFUGE‐PREPARED URINE SEDIMENT IN THE EVALUATION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION. The Significance of Pyuria
Authors: Norberg Bo , Norberg Astrid , Gippert Hans
Published: August 2010

During antibiotic‐treated urinary tract infection in non‐catheterized geriatric inpatients, bacteriuria disappeared within 1–2 days. Pyuria, on the other hand, disappeared within 4–7 days. After withdrawal of antibiotic therapy, bacteriuria reappeared quicker than pyuria. It is suggested that the time lag between bacteriuria and pyuria is due to the fact that bacteriuria reflects bacterial invasion into the urinary tract, whereas pyuria reflects the inflammatory response of the urinary tract.
HAEMAGGLUTINATION‐INHIBITION ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN SERA TO AN ANTIGENIC MUTANT OF INFLUENZA A/TEXAS/1/77 (H3N2) VIRUS OBTAINED IN VITRO
Authors: Haaheim Lars R.
Published: August 2010

An antigenic mutant of the wild influenza strain A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) was obtained in vitro by growing virus in the allantois‐on‐shell system in the presence of a mouse monoclonal antibody preparation to the Texas haemagglutinin (HA) antigen. A total of 204 human sera, from a population of randomly collected sera during the fall of 1979, were examined by the haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) tests against the Texas wild strain and the antigenic mutant. It was shown that sera from young children (0–5 years) reacted poorly, or not at all, with this mutant strain, whereas sera from adults (15 years +) reacted equally well with both viruses. It can be assumed that the antigenic site recognised by this particular monoclonal antibody preparation (185/1) may be important for the human immune response to the HA antigen of A/Texas/1/77 virus.
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF RECENT CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
Authors: ZACKRISSON GUNILLA , BRORSON JOHN‐ERIK
Published: August 2010

Antimicrobial susceptibility of 180 recent isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined by microdilution technic. There was a high degree of susceptibility to both penicillin G and cefuroxime, except for one strain which required 0.25 μg/ml. All strains were inhibited by 0.06 μg/ml of ampicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin. When tested against doxycycline 97.2% of the strains were inhibited by 1.0 μg/ml. 8 μg/ml inhibited all strains. Three of the strains were chloramphenicol‐resistant with MIC more than 8 μg/ml. These strains could be shown to inactivate chloramphenicol. All strains but three were susceptible to 20/1 μg/ml of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
DETECTION OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA O‐ANTIGENS BY DOUBLE DIFFUSION IN AGAR AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: DAGESTAD KARI , GROV ARNE , OEDING PER
Published: August 2010

Double diffusion in agar showed that Yesinia emerocolitica O‐serotypes 3, 7, 8 and 9 each contained a type‐specific precipitinogen. Serotype 6 contained several specific precipitinogens and was heterogeneous. The type‐specific precipitinogens were shown to be lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Acid hydrolysis of the isolated LPS followed by gel filtration separated the material into two peaks, the first of which contained the serologically active fractions. The active fraction of serotype 3 contained relatively large amounts of a terminally linked deoxyhexose, probably 6‐deoxy‐L‐altrose. Fucose was found to be present in serotype 7.
THE ANAEROBICALLY CULTURED CECAL FLORA OF ADULT FOWLS THAT PROTECTS CHICKENS FROM SALMONELLA INFECTIONS
Authors: SCHNEITZ CARITA , SEUNA EIJA , RIZZO ALDO
Published: August 2010

In this work we have analyzed the bacterial composition of anaerobically cultured cecal contents (mixed broth culture) of adult fowls previously shown able to protect 1 day old chickens from oral Salmonella infections. All four cultures studied in this paper gave complete protection against Salmonella infantis when used undiluted or in the 10‐2 dilution and at least some protection in the 10‐4 dilution. The total aerobic as well as anaerobic counts on the nonselective medium used (VLMH) were of the order of 108 viable organisms/ml indicating that the mixed broth culture consisted predominantly of facultative organisms. From a total of 239 colonies isolated on the basis of colony morphology 66 were obligate anaerobes and 173 facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic species. Isolates were selected from each medium. They were grouped and tentatively classified on the basis of their ability to grow on selective media, their colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and products formed from glucose fermentation (obligate anaerobes). Further characterization was performed using conventional carbohydrate fermentation and biochemical tests. However only a minor fraction of the anaerobic isolates could be identified as being identical to known species. The most numerous species were E. coli and various Lactobacilli which were still found in the highest dilution (10‐8) of the broths. Fecal streptococci were the next most frequent, isolated at the 10‐7 dilution. The obligate anaerobes isolated included Gram‐positive cocci and Gram‐positive and ‐negative rods tentatively classified as Eubacteria, Propionibacteria, Clostridia, Fusobacteria and Bacteroides. A large number of them were isolated from the 10‐6 dilution and some species of Eubacteria and Clostridia could only be recovered from the 10‐3 or 10‐4 dilutions.
ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS IN THE BLUE FOX — MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARASITE
Authors: MOHN SVEIN FR. , LANDSVERK THOR , NORDSTOGA KNUT
Published: August 2010

Microsporidian organisms causing great losses among young blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) were isolated and propagated in monolayer cell cultures and examined by transmission‐ and scanning electron microscopy. The parasite was found to fullfil the criteria set up for the genus Encephalitozoon and the ultrastructural findings indicated that the parasite was morphologically identical to Encephalitozoon cuniculi previously isolated from some other mammalian species. Terminal vesicles on the extruded polar filaments seen on scanning electron micrographs were discussed to be similar formation as described for the microsporidian Nosema michaelis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF 20 HUMAN PASTEURELLA ISOLATES FROM ANIMAL BITE WOUNDS
Authors: DIBB WILLIAM L. , DIGRANES ASBJØRN
Published: August 2010

The bacteriological characteristics of 18 isolates of Pasieurella multocida and two isolates of Pasieurella pneumoiropica from infected animal bite wounds have been studied. A high proportion (8/18) of the P. multocida isolates fermented lactose and five fermented maltose. Two failed to ferment sorbitol. Neither of the P. pneumotropica strains showed ornithine decarboxylase activity. Other biochemical characteristics were mainly in agreement with previous reports. The susceptibility of the isolates to 10 antibacterial agents has been determined by the disc diffusion method. Ampicillin. cephalothin and cotrimoxazole showed uniformly good activity whereas penicillin G and doxycycline were slightly less active. Apart from one horse bite, all bites were inflicted by cats and dogs. Two cases were serious. P. multocida seems to be a commoner occurrence in infected animal bite wounds than reports suggest. P. pneumotropica bite infections are seemingly uncommon.
IDENTIFICATION OF LOW LEVELS OF HEAT LABILE ENTEROTOXIN IN ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM CHILDREN WITH DIARRHOEA
Authors: OTNÆSS ANNE‐BRIT , HALVORSEN SVERRE
Published: August 2010

Out of 40 children with gastroenteritis and massive growth of E. coli in fæces, 7 yielded growth of E. coli strains producing heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT), as identified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anticholera toxin coated plates or ganglioside coated plates. The toxin production in vitro was low, and decreased upon subculturing for 3 months in the laboratory. Only two of the strains were identified as LT‐positive by the YI adrenal cell test. In addition, an LT‐producing strain was isolated from an adult who had recently returned from Jordan. Sonication of the strains after subculturing released cell‐bound LT. The clinical importance of such low toxin producing E. coli strains is not known.
A POLYPEPTIDE ANTIGEN FROM A STRAIN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SIMULANS
Authors: OSLAND ARVE
Published: August 2010

A polypeptide antigen isolated from Staphylococcus simulans was shown mainly to contain alanine and aspartic acid in a molar ratio of 3:1. The circular dichroism spectre showed only positive ellipticities, and oxidation by D‐amino acid oxidase showed the presence of D‐alanine. 65 per cent of the alanine was present as the D‐isomer as estimated by gas‐liquid chromatography. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that the polymer sedimented as a homogeneous peak with an S20,w value of 2.8.
STUDIES ON A HAEMOLYTIC SUBSTANCE IN YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Authors: PEDERSEN KNUD BØRGE
Published: August 2010

Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3 was found to produce a haemolytic substance which could be released from the bacterial cells by sonic disintegration. The substance was non‐dialysable, thermolabile, antigenic, and sensitive to trypsin. Chromatographic studies indicated a high molecular weight. Erythrocytes from different mammalian species differed in sensitivity to the haemolytic substance. Y. enterocolitica serotypes O8 and O9 produced no haemolytic substance.
RIEDER CELLS IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM A PATIENT WITH VIRAL MENINGO‐ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: LIEN ERNST A. , BASSÖE CARL F. , NATÅS OLAV B.
Published: August 2010

To the best of our knowledge, the presence of Rieder cells, as a possible expression of a cytopathogenic effect of virus infection in vivo, has not been reported previously. Rieder cells are radially segmented mononuclear cells and were demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a patient with a documented Coxsackie B virus meningo‐encephalomyelitis. The Rieder cells were classified enzymatically as promonocytes. DNA‐analysis of CSF showed some mitotic activity which, however, might be due to stimulated lymphocytes.
LOSS OF ENDOTOXIN LIBERATION IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: ANDERSEN BJØRG MARIT , SKJØRTEN FREDRIK , SOLBERG OTTO
Published: August 2010

Four strains of Neisseria meningitidis were studied during serial passage. Upon subcultivation, two of them lost the ability to liberate endotoxin. Ultrastructurally, the two parent endotoxin liberating strains exhibited quantitively more free cell wall membranes and blebs in the medium than their non‐liberating variants. Similarly, the endotoxin‐releasing original strains exhibited higher sulfonamide resistance than their variants, and had markedly more sticky cells, which showed pronounced adherence to the surfaces of plastic and heated blood agar.
CLUMPING OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BY HUMAN FIBRONECTIN
Authors: ESPERSEN FRANK , CLEMMENSEN INGE
Published: August 2010

Clumping of different staphylococci by fibronectin and other purified plasma proteins has been investigated. Purified fibronectin was capable of clumping Staphylococcus aureus strains in concentrations identical with concentrations of fibronectin in human plasma. S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus were not clumped by fibronectin. The binding of fibronectin to S. aureus was not mediated by protein‐A, as a strain lacking protein‐A clumped in the presence of fibronectin, and the presence of IgG could not inhibit the clumping of S. aureus strains. The fibronectin‐binding component on the staphylococcal cell wall seems to be unrelated to the fibrinogen‐binding clumping factor.
SEROTYPE PROTEIN AGGLUTINOGENS OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Authors: MÆLAND JOHAN A. , RØE SISSEL F.
Published: August 2010

The distribution among Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains of the serotype protein agglutinogens (SPA) carried by the laboratory strains VII, V, and 8551 was studied. The bacterial outer membrane was isolated, treated with periodate, and used for immunization of rabbits. Each antiserum was cross‐absorbed with both of the heterologous strains and examined by a bacterial agglutination test against 42 other gonococcal isolates, including laboratory strains and recent clinical isolates. In all, 36 of the isolates could be serotyped, 23 of which carried SPA VII, six SPA V, three SPA 8551, and four both of the SPAs V and 8551. Antiserum was prepared in a similar way against each of the six strains that could not be serotyped. These antisera showed varying patterns of cross‐reactivity, depending on the strains used for cross‐absorption.
CLASS OF SERUM ANTIBODIES TOWARDS SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS IN GASTRO‐ENTERITIS, AS MEASURED BY MIXED REVERSE PASSIVE ANTIGLOBULIN HAEMAGGLUTINATION (MRPAH)
Authors: EDEBO L. , NILSSON B.‐O. , LINDBERG A. A. , SVENUNGSSON B. , COOMBS R. R. A.
Published: August 2010

Sera taken from a well‐mapped epidemic of Salmonella enteritidis gastro‐enteritis among school‐children and teachers have been tested for antibodies of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes by MRPAH (mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination) and for IgG and IgM classes by ELISA. When suitable threshold titres were chosen all sera taken up to 10 days after infection were negative by MRPAH, whereas all samples but one taken between day 16 and 48 showed the presence of antibodies of each three immunoglobulin classes. IgG antibody titres often remained elevated one year after infection whereas IgM and particularly IgA antibodies returned to negative. Up to the 28th day the IgG antibody titre showed a logarithmic increase with time, whereas no simple relationship was observed for the IgM and IgA antibody responses. Estimation of the regression equations for the titres measured by ELISA and MRPAH shows agreement between the two methods.
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF IMMOBILIZED SPHINGOMYELIN BY THREE BACTERIAL PHOSPHOLIPASES C
Authors: MALMQVIST TORSTEN , MALMQVIST MAGNUS , MÖLLBY ROLAND
Published: August 2010

Through hydrophobic interaction, sphingomyelin was adsorbed to agarose beads containing octyl groups by a stepwise dilution procedure. This immobilized lipid was used as a substrate for three bacterial phospholipases C (E.C. 3. 1. 4. 3.). The degradation with time of this substrate showed two different fractions of the substrate according to hydrolysing velocity in the early part of the time‐curve when phospholipases C from Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens were used. The early fractions could be predigested by the enzymes, a procedure which resulted in linear time‐curves. The corresponding early part of the time‐curve for phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus was linear, indicating a comparatively large early fraction of the substrate for this enzyme. The stock gel of the immobilized lipid substrate could be stored for months. It was easily and reproducibly handled as a water suspension. After enzymatic hydrolysis the substrate was rapidly separated from enzyme and product by filtration. The enzyme assay presented thus represents a convenient way to avoid the difficulties connected with the use of temporary sonicated suspensions as substrate for bacterial phospholipases C.
SENSORY FLAVOR PROFILING AND MAPPING OF MARKET SAMPLES OF CUMIN (CUMINUM CYMINUM L.)
Authors: DATTATREYA ANUPAMA , PRAKASH MAYA , BHAT K.K.
Published: August 2010

Eight market samples of cumin (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8) from different regions of India were examined for sensory quality by conducting threshold tests, time‐intensity (TI) profiling and flavor profiling. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to group the samples. Threshold values ranged from 0.006 to 0.017% with R7 and R8 lots showing lower values for their thresholds (0.006%). Higher intensity of aroma of R7 and R8 was further confirmed by more of a lingering aroma as shown by the TI study. Flavor profiling by quantitative descriptive analysis showed that the market samples of cumin did not differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Mapping of samples using PCA technique showed, based on intensity of attributes, four distinct groups comprising a) R1 and R3, b) R7, c) R2 and R5 and d) R4 and R8. R6 occupied a position in between a and b.
THE NEW ECONOMY, THE END OF THE COLD WAR, AND PRESIDENTIAL EVALUATIONS
Authors: Goidel Robert K. , Shields Todd G. , Langley Ronald E.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we examine the question of whether the relationship between presidential evaluations and economic evaluations has been altered in the post‐Cold War era. While we fail to find evidence that economic evaluations have become more important as a determinant of presidential approval ratings, we do find evidence that economic evaluations have become more negative and more volatile in the post‐Cold War era. Based on this evidence, we suggest that post‐Cold War presidents may have a more difficult time gaming public approval for their management of the economy.
Does Public Participation Really Matter in Public Lands Management? Some Evidence From a National Forest
Authors: Davis Steven
Published: August 2010

This study offers evidence concerning the efficacy of public participation in influencing the policy outcomes of the United States Forest Service, focusing on the decisions of the Siskiyou National Forest over a nine‐year period. This study examines participants' experiences with the process and compares outcomes in this forest in relation to the level of participation which accompanied each decision. What was found was that: (1) participants tended to be quite skeptical about Forest Service motives and felt inefficacious regarding their own participation, and (2) decisions featuring increased levels of environmentalist input did seem to nudge policy decisions away from the most anti‐environmental, pro‐commodity positions, but only to a point, after which increased input seemed to accomplish little.
TURNOUT AND REGISTRATION EFFECTS OF MOTOR VOTER LEGISLATION IN THE 1994 MIDTERM ELECTIONS
Authors: Franklin Daniel P. , Grier Eric E.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we examine the election registration and turnout effects of state level laws that resemble the National Voter Registration Act (also known as Motor Voter) in the 1994 Congressional elections. In 1994 there were 10 states and the District of Columbia with effective motor voter laws in statute. A multivariate analysis is applied to compare turnout differences, partisan distinctions, and registration levels in motor voter and non‐motor voter states. We find that in motor voter states rates of voter registration and turnout are significantly higher. However, we find no statistical evidence that motor voter legislation leads to a partisan advantage for either of the two major parties.