bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pierre Kaufmann et la refondation de l'esthétique : d'un privilège de l'architecture
Authors: Saint Girons Baldine
Published: January 2009

Pierre Kaufmann et la refondation de l’esthétique : d’un privilège de l’architecture L’expérience émotionnelle de l’espace de Pierre Kaufmann peut se lire comme une tentative de refondation de l’esthétique à partir d’une anthropologie centrée sur la scission subjective. Une esthétique dans laquelle ni le beau, ni le plaisir, ni la contemplation ne jouent un rôle central, mais qui tente de comprendre les conditions d’émergence de l’œuvre, ainsi que les modalités d’insertion du sujet dans son espace. L’architecture y joue un rôle primordial comme mode de défense contre la peur (émotion qui me déboute de toute localisation) grâce à la singularisation d’espaces habitables.
Les hommes et l'IVG,
Authors: Cresson Geneviève
Published: January 2009

1  : L’IVG s’inscrit dans des relations politiques, professionnelles et sexuelles qui sont largement des relations de pouvoir, d’où un risque de vulnérabilité accrue des femmes. La loi les protège en faisant de l’IVG un droit des femmes, au prix d’une disqualification sociale des décisions ou souhaits des hommes. Face à l’IVG, les hommes ont du mal à se situer. Les institutions de prise en charge médicale leur laissent une place secondaire, les considèrent au pire comme une gêne, au mieux comme une aide ponctuelle dans leur propre activité. L’interrogation sur les conditions de la « circulation de la parole » est centrale pour la compréhension sociologique de ce phénomène, comme elle l’est également dans une perspective de prévention. Dans la plupart des situations d’IVG, le secret se garde presque « naturellement », sans trop réfléchir. Entre hommes, la parole ne circule pas sur cette expérience. Ils se sentent isolés, et soumis à une expérience non partageable, ce qui complique la recherche d’information et de solution. Comment comprendre ce silence, ses différentes figures ? C’est ce à quoi s’attache l’enquête présentée ici, à partir d’entretiens avec des hommes directement concernés.
Les transformations du travail collectif l'impact de l'aménagement et de la réduction du temps de travail dans une administration
Authors: de Coninck Frédéric , Delahay Hélène , Cargue Gilles , Galland Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2009

Une fois la phase de négociation terminée quels sont les effets de l’ARTT sur l’organisation du travail ? C’est la question que nous examinons ici, en faisant l’hypothèse d’une convergence historique entre deux mouvements : la réduction du temps de travail, d’un côté, et l’érosion du travail collectif, de l’autre. Le passage aux trente cinq heures s’étant effectué, dans les administrations (cas que nous étudions ici), sans création d’emplois, de multiples micro-aménagements ont été mis en oeuvre pour faire face à la situation. Or, en balayant les divers aménagements retenus dans l’administration de l’Équipement, un élément frappant se dégage : les parties du travail laissées de côté concernent presque toujours le travail collectif. Soit le travail collectif a été rationalisé et réduit à sa plus simple expression, soit le temps consacré à ce travail est le temps le plus entamé, soit la réorganisation occasionnée par l’ARTT conduit à des collectifs moins stables, plus transitoires. Il faut souligner, d’autre part, que, dans bien des cas, cette réduction s’est accompagnée d’une importante transformation des formes de coopération. La coopération est souvent devenue plus formelle et plus abstraite. L’intensification du travail, lorsqu’elle s’est produite, a, par ailleurs, résulté elle aussi de cette dynamique d’abstraction du collectif et d’isolement au travail ou de réduction du travail collectif.
Philippe Ariès, entre traditionalisme et mentalités
Authors: Gros Guillaume
Published: January 2009

Résumé — Auteur de L’Enfant et la vie familiale sous l’Ancien régime (1960) et de L’Homme devant la mort (1977), Philippe Ariès (1914-1984) s’est affirmé comme un grand historien des mentalités au cours des années 1970. Pourtant, les principaux thèmes de son œuvre sont issus de son premier grand livre Histoire des populations françaises , publié dès 1948, ouvrage qui doit beaucoup au contexte intellectuel de l’Occupation et à la culture politique de son auteur. Né dans une famille royaliste, Philippe Ariès fut profondément influencé par Charles Maurras et par son militantisme à l’Action française dans les années 1930. Bien qu’en phase avec l’idéologie de la Révolution nationale, il opte alors pour une « histoire des structures ». Après 1945, ce choix épistémologique devient un choix existentiel et solitaire exprimé dès 1954 dans Le Temps de l’Histoire , sur le registre de la confession. Paradoxalement, la révolution culturelle de Mai 68 apporte un éclairage nouveau à son livre sur l’enfant qui, après un réel succès aux États-Unis, lui permet de conquérir enfin, grâce à la maison d’édition du Seuil, une légitimité en France.
Le Salon des arts ménagers dans les années 1950
Authors: Leymonerie Claire
Published: January 2009

Résumé Grande manifestation commerciale placée sous l’égide publique, le Salon des arts ménagers, interrompu sous l’Occupation, rouvre ses portes en 1948 et se tient jusqu’en 1961 au Grand Palais à Paris. Cet article a pour objet de saisir l’évolution des comportements et des normes en matière de consommation, tels qu’ils apparaissent à travers les réglementations, commentaires et publications accompagnant le Salon. Les premières éditions de l’après-guerre sont l’occasion de définir des modèles de consommation permettant aux visiteurs de surmonter les frustrations nées de la pénurie. Le retour à l’abondance, au milieu des années 1950, suppose pour les visiteurs de s’initier à leur rôle nouveau d’acheteurs. Ils reçoivent l’assistance des organisateurs du Salon qui, par les contraintes qu’ils font peser sur la conception du catalogue, la répartition et la décoration des stands, par la promotion des marques de qualité issues de la normalisation, s’efforcent d’assurer la lisibilité d’une offre désormais pléthorique. Le Salon favorise une diffusion rapide des innovations techniques et esthétiques en leur offrant une large visibilité. Enjeux de stratégies de distinction sociales les équipements ménagers connaissent, tandis que leur consommation se démocratise, un processus de banalisation qui accompagne leur standardisation et leur simplification esthétique.
Consommation de masse et grande distribution
Authors: Daumas Jean-Claude
Published: January 2009

Résumé L’histoire de la grande distribution française est scandée par trois phases bien distinctes. De 1957 à 1973, au moment où la consommation de masse prend son essor, on assiste à la cristallisation du modèle de l’hypermarché comme aboutissement de la révolution commerciale des Trente Glorieuses. Du milieu des années 1970 à la fin des années 1980, alors que la consommation se ralentit, la croissance des grandes surfaces est tirée par la diversification dans le non alimentaire et l’internationalisation. Enfin, dans un environnement plus concurrentiel et instable, l’hypermarché doit répondre à deux exigences largement contradictoires : une demande de produits de consommation courante à bas prix qu’incarne le succès du hard discount, et un besoin de qualité, de différenciation et de services exprimé par des consommateurs de plus en plus individualistes et versatiles. L’hypermarché n’est que partiellement parvenu à répondre à ces exigences. Aussi, en ce début de 21 e siècle, la grande distribution traverse une crise profonde qui la contraint à redéfinir les bases de sa croissance. Bien adaptée à la croissance d’une consommation de masse indifférenciée dont elle a favorisé l’épanouissement, la formule de l’hypermarché est-elle capable de s’adapter aux évolutions démographiques, sociales et culturelles des années 2000 ? Les difficultés qu’il rencontre aujourd’hui ne témoignent-elles pas d’une usure irrémédiable ?
Majors et labels indépendants
Authors: Lebrun Barbara
Published: January 2009

Résumé Cet article replace dans son contexte l’existence et les contradictions des labels indépendants du disque depuis les années 1960, en s’attachant à déconstruire la polarisation qui oppose habituellement ces labels petits et moyens aux grands groupes internationaux. Depuis les années 1960, la concentration accrue des majors a débouché sur une période de concurrence intense, avec des conséquences diverses pour les producteurs indépendants. Rendus vulnérables par les rachats des majors et leur contrôle de la distribution, les indépendants ont conservé l’avantage d’être des compagnies flexibles et développant des marchés spécialisés. Leurs rapports avec les majors sont en fait, dans bien des cas, caractérisés par des interdépendances plutôt que des antagonismes. Néanmoins, au cours des années 1970, quelques producteurs indépendants, influencés par une idéologie néomarxiste d’opposition au capitalisme, ont tenté de développer un réseau autonome. Leurs efforts furent rendus possibles, paradoxalement, par la forte croissance économique de l’industrie du disque. Les conflits inhérents à leur position sont abordés au travers de l’étude de cas des labels Rough Trade (Grande-Bretagne) et Bondage Records (France).
Une Cité nationale pour l'histoire de l'immigration
Authors: Blanc-Chaléard Marie-Claude
Published: January 2009

Résumé Depuis les années 1980, la question de l’immigration est posée sur le mode du rejet et de l’exclusion d’une partie des habitants de la France, minant ainsi le devenir de la société. Retourner l’image de l’immigration en élevant au niveau de lieu de mémoire national un espace dédié à la place des immigrants dans la construction de la France contemporaine, tel est le projet de la Cité nationale de l’histoire de l’immigration. Ce projet ambitieux, qui voudrait associer un musée prestigieux, un lieu où se dit l’histoire, et un lieu vivant de mémoire et de culture, est aussi un projet mal aimé : différé pendant quinze ans, il a pris forme depuis peu dans un contexte de tensions aggravées autour du passé et du présent des migrations et l’installation dans le bâtiment contesté de la Porte Dorée à Paris nuit à sa dimension symbolique. L’enjeu est intact, il reste urgent de changer le regard sur la France de demain, la volonté collective de lui donner forme est toujours en question.
Survey on Context-Aware Pervasive Learning Environments
Authors: Laine Teemu Henrikki , Joy Mike
Published: January 2009

Context-aware pervasive learning environments consist of interconnected, embedded computing devices such as portable computers, wireless sensors, auxiliary input/output devices and servers. Until this study there has been no survey that has evaluated and presented information regarding these environments. In this paper, we conducted a survey to identify the commonly used technologies, methods and models behind these systems, and evaluated the role of mobile devices in the reviewed papers. As a result, we made five observations: (i) RFID was the most common sensor technology; (ii) several learning models were suggested, but none was validated properly; (iii) client-server architectures are prevalent in the systems and mobile devices were used most commonly to represent information; (iv) most of the systems supported multiple simultaneous users, but few facilitated virtual communication; and (v) possible roles for physical environments in pervasive learning systems are: contexts for learning, content for learning, and system resources. Evidence indicates that suitable learning models have yet to be validated, and that more roles of mobile devices could be emphasised.
Client Mobile Software Design Principles for Mobile Learning Systems
Authors: Tan Qing , Kinshuk Kinshuk
Published: January 2009

In a client-server mobile learning system, client mobile software must run on the mobile phone to acquire, package, and send studentâ??s interaction data via the mobile communications network to the connected mobile application server. The server will receive and process the client data in order to offer appropriate content and learning activities. To develop the mobile learning systems there are a number of very important issues that must be addressed. Mobile phones have scarce computing resources. They consist of heterogeneous devices and use various mobile operating systems, they have limitations with their user/device interaction capabilities, high data communications cost, and must provide for device mobility and portability. In this paper we propose five principles for designing Client mobile learning software. A location-based adaptive mobile learning system is presented as a proof of concept to demonstrate the applicability of these design principles.
Bioinspired Polymers
Authors: LoPresti Caterina , Battaglia Giuseppe
Published: January 2009

Nature has always been a font of inspiration for scientists. Biological systems have an amazingly wide spectrum of different ordered structures that show sophisticated and efficient functions. Inspiring either from natural biomaterials functions or structure, different classes of high performance polymeric materials have been developed (hi‐tech adhesives, self‐healing composites, dynamic lenses, synthetic polypeptides, etc.) with applications ranging from aerospace industry to drug delivery and artificial motion.

After a rapid discussion of the most important bioinspired polymers, our attention in this review has been focused on biomimetic polymers with biomedical applications. A first section is dedicated to self‐assembling systems such as block copolymers and protein‐like polymers, whose functioning is based on supramolecular interactions. The second part is related to biomimetic molecular machines able to convert chemical energy into mechanical work, inspiring from biological machineries both at the microscopic level (cell trafficking and metabolism) and at the macroscopic scale (mammalian muscles and invertebrates motion).
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Argiotoxin 636 and Analogues: Selective Antagonists for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Nelson Jared K. , Frølund Sidsel U. , Tikhonov Dennis B. , Kristensen Anders S. , Strømgaard Kristian
Published: January 2009

Wählerischer als die Stammverbindung: Analoga des Polyamin‐Toxins Argiotoxin 636 (im Bild im Ionenkanal des ionotropen Glutamat(iGlu)‐Rezeptors; N blau, O rot) unterscheiden zwischen Unterarten der iGlu‐Rezeptoren. Je nachdem, welche der beiden internen Aminogruppen durch eine Methyleneinheit ersetzt ist, inhibieren die Analoga Rezeptoren der einen oder der anderen Unterart ebenso stark wie der unselektive Naturstoff.

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Changes in mRNA expression of ABC and SLC transporters in liver and intestines of the adjuvant‐induced arthritis rat
Authors: Uno Satoshi , Uraki Misato , Ito Ayami , Shinozaki Yuki , Yamada Ayano , Kawase Atsushi , Iwaki Masahiro
Published: January 2009

In this study, a real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the effects of adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AA) on the amounts of mRNA of 12 types of rat ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters in the liver and small intestine, 7 (D7) and 21 days (D21) after the injection of adjuvant. There were no significant differences in mRNA levels of ABC and SLC transporters between the livers of AA and control rats on D7, except in the case of Mdr1a. However, levels of Mdr1a, Mrp2 and Oatp SLC transporters were significantly lower in AA than in the control livers on D21. In contrast, the mRNA levels of several ABC and SLC transporters, especially Mrp2, Bcrp, LAT2 and Oatp1a5, were significantly lower in the small intestines of AA rats compared with the controls on D7, though there were no significant differences by D21. The time‐dependent alterations in mRNA levels of the pregnane X receptor, but not the constitutive androstane receptor, in the liver and intestine were similar to the changes in mRNA levels of most transporters examined. The present study showed that AA was associated with reduced mRNA expression of several ABC and SLC transporters in the liver and small intestine, but that the time courses of the effects of AA on mRNA expression differed between the liver and small intestine. These results raise the possibility of a functional change of the transporters of liver and intestine in AA rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered BAFF‐receptor signaling and additional modifier loci contribute to systemic autoimmunity in A/WySnJ mice
Authors: Mayne Christopher G. , Nashold Faye E. , Sasaki Yoshiteru , Hayes Colleen E.
Published: January 2009

Systemic lupus erythematosus pathology reflects autoantibody‐mediated damage due to a failure of B‐lymphocyte tolerance. We previously reported that B‐lymphopenic A/WySnJ mice develop a lupus‐like syndrome and linked this syndrome to the B‐cell maturation defect‐1 (Bcmd‐1) mutant allele of the B‐cell‐activating factor belonging to the TNF family‐receptor (Baffr) gene. Here, we further evaluate the genetic basis for autoimmunity in A/WySnJ mice. We produced B6.Bcmd‐1 and AW.Baffr−/− congenic mice (N5), and compared them with B6.Baffr−/− and A/WySnJ mice with respect to B‐lymphocyte development. Bcmd‐1‐expressing mice had more B cells with greater maturity than Baffr−/− mice regardless of genetic background, indicating that Bcmd‐1 encodes a partially functional BAFF‐R. We also compared these mice for lupus phenotypes to determine whether Bcmd‐1 is necessary and sufficient for disease, or whether the Baffr−/−‐ allele can also cause autoimmunity. The Baffr−/− allele did not lead to autoimmunity on either genetic background. In contrast, the Bcmd‐1 allele was necessary and sufficient for development of low levels of IgM autoantibodies in B6.Bcmd‐1 mice. However, Bcmd‐1 plus unidentified A/WySnJ modifier genes were necessary for development of IgG autoantibodies and renal pathology. We propose that in A/WySnJ mice an excess of BAFF per B cell rescues self‐reactive B cells through a partially functional BAFF‐R in a B‐lymphopenic environment.
Heterobinuclear s‐Indacene Rhodium Complexes: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Adams Christopher , Morales‐Verdejo Cesar , Morales Verónica , MacLeod‐Carey Desmond , Manríquez Juan Manuel , Chávez Ivonne , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro , Delpech Fabien , Castel Annie , Gornitzka Heinz , Rivière‐Baudet Monique , Rivière Pierre , Molins Elies
Published: January 2009

The monometallic complexes [Cp*M(2,6‐diethyl‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1‐hydroindacenide)] [M = Fe (1), Ru (2), Co (3)] and the bimetallic species anti‐[Cp*M(2,6‐diethyl‐4,8‐dimethyl‐s‐indacenediide)Rh(η4‐cod)] [M = Fe (4a), Ru (5a), Co (6a)] together with syn‐[Cp*Ru(2,6‐diethyl‐4,8‐dimethyl‐s‐indacenediide)Rh(η4‐cod)] (5b) were synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and in the case of complexes 1 and 5b by X‐ray diffraction. 13C and 103Rh NMR spectroscopic studies suggest that the bonding mode of the rhodium center to the s‐indacenediide ligand can be described as an intermediate between η3‐ and η5‐coordination, but closer to an η3 bonding mode when compared to indenyl–Rh complexes. This result was confirmed by the crystal structure of 5b, as evidenced by the slippage of the rhodium atom towards the periphery of the ligand. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed intermetallic communication through the fused‐ring ligand exclusively in the cases of 5a and 6a.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Improved Electrochemical Detection of Purine Nucleobases at Mechanically Roughened Edge‐Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode
Authors: Hasoň Stanislav , Fojt Lukáš , Šebest Peter , Fojta Miroslav
Published: January 2009

Mechanically grinded edge‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (g‐PGEe) was applied in voltammetric analysis of purine nucleobases, acid‐hydrolyzed synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides and a nonhydrolyzed plasmid DNA. Properties of the mechanically grinded electrodes in these analytical applications were compared with some other carbon electrode types. We show that the electrode surface grinding with 15‐μm SiC particles resulted in a remarkable improvement of oxidation signals of purine bases with no addition of copper ions. Addition of the copper ions, causing a strong enhancement of the purine oxidation responses at fine‐polished carbon electrodes, had only small effect on the purine signals at the g‐PGEe. On the other hand, the g‐PGEe appeared less suitable for the ex situ AdTS voltammetric measurements of nonhydrolyzed plasmid DNA, compared to freshly peeled basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode.
Electrochemical Methods for the Investigation of Bioaffinity Interactions Based on Gold Nanoparticles Modified Sensors
Authors: Shumyantseva Victoria , Suprun Elena , Bulko Tatiana , Archakov Alexander
Published: January 2009

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) stabilized by the synthetic membrane‐like compound didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) were used for the modification of graphite screen‐printed electrodes (SPE). Two different electrochemical approaches based on AuNP modified sensors for the detection of bioaffinity interactions were developed. As a model human cardiac myoglobin–complementary antimyoglobin antibody couple was taken. In the first method AuNP worked as an electrochemical sensing platform: the oxidation of the gold surface (resulted in gold oxide formation) upon polarization served as a basis for analytical response. In the second assay, AuNP served as effective electrocatalysts of Fe3+/Fe2+ electrode reaction of myoglobin. For both assays the same AuNP synthesis and electrodes modification procedures were used.
Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Monosaccharides with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
Authors: Nagy Livia , Gyetvai Gergely , Nagy Geza
Published: January 2009

The principle of a simple time of flight (TOF) diffusion coefficient measuring method is presented. It is based on the special capability of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Its applicability has been investigated experimentally in comparison with conventional electrochemical methods. Complex irreversible electrode processes usually bring in uncertainty into electrochemical diffusion coefficient measurements. One of these, the electrochemical oxidation of saccharides in basic media at a copper electrode, was selected for the studies. Microsize copper electrodes used also as SECM tip, and conventional size copper electrodes were used. Diffusion coefficients of D‐glucose, D‐arabinose, D‐ribose, and D‐galactose were measured. The results prove the advantages of the SECM‐TOF method in the case investigated.
A Novel NH2/ITO Ion Implantation Electrode: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Bioelectrochemistry
Authors: Cao Wei , Hu Jingbo , Li Qilong , Fang Weihai
Published: January 2009

A novel NH2+ ion implantation‐modified indium tin oxide (NH2/ITO) electrode was prepared. Acid‐pretreated, negatively charged MWNTs were firstly modified on the surface of NH2+ ion implantation electrode, then, positively charged Mb was adsorbed onto MWNTs films by electrostatic interaction. The assembly of MWNTs and Mb was characterized with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The immobilized Mb showed a couple of quasireversible cyclic voltammetry peaks in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The apparent surface concentration of Mb at the electrode surface was 1.06×10−9 mol cm−2. The Mb/MWNTs/NH2/ITO electrode also gave an improved electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The catalysis currents increased linearly to the H2O2 concentration in a wide range from 9×10−7 to 9.2×10−5 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The detection limit was 9.0×10−7 M. The experiment results demonstrated that the modified electrode provided a biocompatible microenvironment for protein and supplied a necessary pathway for its direct electron transfer.
Evidence for repeated re‐activation of old landslides under forest
Authors: Van Den Eeckhaut M. , Muys B. , Van Loy K. , Poesen J. , Beeckman H.
Published: January 2009

Local reactivations of landslides in forests are rarely reported in landslide catalogues. The occurrence of hillslope sections with fresh morphological landslide features in forested old, deep‐seated landslides, however, suggests that landslide reactivations are not restricted to residential areas. In this study, a dendrogeomorphological analysis of beech stands was used to investigate the periods of reactivation of a deep‐seated rotational slide in the Koppenberg forest (Flemish Ardennes, Belgium). The relation to rainfall and the correspondence to landslide reactivations reported in a nearby built‐up area were also analysed.

A dendrometrical study preceding the dendrochronological analysis proved that, compared with the nearby reference site, trees on the Koppenberg forest landslide site were significantly more inclined and showed more knees, indicating that the landslide site has not stabilized yet. As the sampled trees are younger than the landslide, dendrochronology did not allow determination of the year in which the landslide was initiated, but analysis of two different tree ring width parameters (i.e. ring eccentricity and growth change) calculated for trees sampled on the Koppenberg landslide and the reference site proved to be of great help in determining the temporal sequence of landslide reactivation. During the past 80 years, several periods indicative of local reactivations (i.e. 1943–1945, 1949–1952, 1967–1970, 1972–1977, 1979–1981, 1988–1997) were found within the investigated landslide, but delineation of the spatial extent of the reactivations during these indicative periods was not straightforward. These periods generally correspond to years with above‐average rainfall. Finally, the fact that at least 34% of the years indicative of reactivation of the Koppenberg forest landslide correspond to a year in which a landslide reactivation was reported in the Flemish Ardennes suggests that in built‐up areas, apart from anthropogenic interventions, natural triggering factors remain very important. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using trehalose delivered by the intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA as an adjuvant for transgene expression
Authors: Tang Chien‐Hsiang , Su Ling‐Yu , Tseng Wen‐Chi
Published: January 2009

Background

Intramuscular injection is a popular and effective approach to administer naked plasmid for transgene expression. The use of an adjuvant can provide a straightforward approach for enhancing transgene expression.

Methods

Expression plasmid was formulated with various concentrations of trehalose for injection into the skeletal muscles of C57BL/6 mice. The effects of trehalose on gene dosage and the duration of transgene expression were assessed. The levels of transgene expression were indicated by levels of luciferase expression of the homogenized whole skeletal muscle or by histological X‐gal staining of β‐galactosidase expression. Trehalose was also added to serum to examine the ability of protecting the DNA from degradation.

Results

It was found that an optimal trehalose concentration of 10 mM will achieve a level of transgene expression that is seven‐fold higher than in the absence of trehalose. When compared with other disaccharides, only the incorporation of trehalose can effectively enhance transgene expression. Trehalose is able to improve transgene expression by intramuscular injection at a low gene dosage as well as prolong the duration of transgene expression.

Conclusions

Trehalose is an effective adjuvant for intramuscular administration of naked plasmid with respect to both enhanced levels and prolonged duration of transgene expression, most likely due to retarding plasmid degradation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ evaluation of the protein value of wheat grain corrected for ruminal microbial contamination
Authors: Arroyo José M , González Javier , Rodríguez Carlos A , Alvir María R , Ouarti Mahfoud
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Uncorrected and microbial corrected in situ estimates of ruminal effective degradability (RED) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) and intestinal effective digestibility (IED) of DM and CP of a wheat grain sample were obtained by a simplified method using a sample pooled from rumen‐incubated residues representing rumen outflow of undegraded food. Uncorrected values of RED of DM and CP were also obtained by the usual mathematical integration method. The study was performed in three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers.

RESULTS: Uncorrected values of RED of CP were similar either for the mathematical integration or this simplified method (82.4% vs. 82.2%). Microbial contamination in the rumen led to small underestimations (P < 0.05) of RED of DM (87.9% vs. 88.1%) and CP (82.2% vs. 82.8%) and to small overestimations (P < 0.05) of IED for DM (66.5% vs. 66.1%) and CP (87.7% vs. 87.3%). Accumulative errors resulted in overestimations (P < 0.05) of the intestinal digested fractions of DM (1.8%) and CP (4.0%).

CONCLUSION: Corrected values of intestinal digested CP show that the protein value of wheat is closely related to the microbial protein synthesis derived from its OM rumen fermentation. This synthesis and the content of intestinal digested undegraded protein may be respectively higher and lower than is usually assumed in feed tables. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of a 1H δ‐resolved 2D NMR experiment to the visualization of enantiomers in chiral environment, using sample spatial encoding and selective echoes
Authors: Giraud Nicolas , Joos Marc , Courtieu Jacques , Merlet Denis
Published: January 2009

We present the application of a 2D broadband homodecoupled proton NMR experiment to the visualization of enantiomers. In a chiral environment, the existence of diastereoisomeric intermolecular interactions can yield—generally slight—variations of proton chemical shifts from one enantiomer to another. We show that this approach, which relies on a spatial encoding of the NMR sample, is particularly well suited to the analysis of enantiomeric mixtures, since it allows, within one single 2D experiment, to detect subtle chemical shift differences between enantiomers, even in the presence of several couplings. This sequence, which uses semiselective radio‐frequency (rf) pulses combined to a z‐field gradient pulse, produces different selective echoes in various parts of the sample. The resulting homonuclear decoupling provides an original δ‐resolved spectrum along the diagonal of the 2D map where it becomes possible to probe the chiral differentiation process through every proton site where the resulting variation in the chemical shift is detectable. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of this approach, regarding other experiments which provide homodecoupled proton spectra. This methodology is applied to the observation of enantiomers of (1) ( ± )2‐methyl‐isoborneol coordinated to europium (III) tris[3‐(trifluoromethyl‐hydroxymethylene)‐(+)‐camphorate] in isotropic solution, and (2) ( ± )3‐butyn‐2‐ol dissolved in a chiral liquid‐crystal solvent, in order to show the robustness of this pulse sequence for a wide range of chiral samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bias dependence of internal quantum efficiency and carrier capture in a green (In,Ga)N single‐quantum‐well diode
Authors: Satake Akihiro , Soejima Kenichi , Fujiwara Kenzo
Published: January 2009

Internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and vertical capture processes of photogenerated carriers in a c ‐plane green (In,Ga)N single‐quantum‐well light‐emitting‐diode have been investigated by comparing variation in photoluminescence (PL) intensity as a function of applied voltage over a wide temperature range (T = 20‐300 K) under direct (λex =380 nm) and indirect (λex = 325 nm) excitation. Under the direct excitation the PL intensity reflecting IQE shows a maximum value at +2.4 V irrespective of temperatures. However, it decreases to 23% from the maximum as temperature increases to 300 K. The PL intensity reduction observed at the optimized forward bias is much less as temperature increases under the indirect excitation. This difference observed between the two excitation conditions indicates an important role of efficient capture of photogenerated carriers into the active radiative recombination centers from the barriers under the presence of internal polarization fields. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐performance UV detector based on AlGaN/GaN junction heterostructure‐field‐effect transistor with a p‐GaN gate
Authors: Iwaya Motoaki , Miura Shuichi , Fujii Takahiro , Kamiyama Satoshi , Amano Hiroshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: January 2009

A UV photodetector based on an AlxGa1‐xN/GaN junction hetero‐field‐effect transistor (JHFET) with a p‐GaN gate was fabricated. The dark current density was as low as 10 nA/mm at a drain‐source bias of 5 V. When the JHFET was irradiated with 356 nm (∼400 μW/cm2) UV light, a photocurrent, of over 1 mA/mm with calculated responsivity of over 1 × 105 A/W was realized.

Also, this device reacted to a flame. The responsivity is observed at a 4th‐order‐magnitude cutoff wavelength of approximately 370 nm, which correspond to the band edge of GaN. The decay and buildup response times are approximately 2.5 and 1.9 ms, respectively. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence and reflectivity characterization of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Baron N. , Leroux M. , Zeggaoui N. , Corfdir P. , Semond F. , Bougrioua Z. , Azize M. , Cordier Y. , Massies J.
Published: January 2009

We report on the optical characterization by photoluminescence and reflectivity of AlxGa1–xN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures. The samples studied were grown either by molecular beam epitaxy or metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy, on silicon (111) or sapphire (0001) substrates. We focus on a broad luminescence band, shown to be related to the GaN cap layer (surface quantum‐well) and its injection intensity dependence. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multidimensional near‐ and far‐field measurements of broad ridge (Al,In)GaN laser diodes
Authors: Rogowsky Stephan , Braun Harald , Schwarz Ulrich T. , Brüninghoff Stefanie , Lell Alfred , Strauß Uwe
Published: January 2009

Broad (Al,In)GaN laser diodes (LD) with ridge widths of some micrometers show up multi mode patterns. We analyze (Al,In)GaN LDs with different ridge widths in the UV and blue spectral regime simultaneously with temporal, spectral and spatial resolution in the near‐ and far‐field. We transform the laser beam of the LD by a lens system and get a magnified image of the near‐field. By using a CCD camera we get the near‐field intensity information of the image. In combination of an optical fiber with a photomultiplier or a spectrometer we get the temporal and spectral information. Additionally we can image the propagation from near‐ to far‐field. In this paper we describe the properties of our setup and compare a near‐field (SNOM) and far‐field (imaging with a microscope objective) approach to the measurement of the LDs multi‐dimensional characteristics (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anti‐inflammatory activity of Rhodiola rosea – “a second‐generation adaptogen”
Authors: Pooja  , Bawa A. S. , Khanum Farhath
Published: January 2009

Rhodiola rosea (golden root), a unique phytoadaptogen grown in high‐altitude regions has gained attention for its various therapeutic properties. In India, this plant is found in the Himalayan belt and has not been completely explored for its beneficial health effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory efficacy of the tincture extract of Rhodiola rosea roots (RTE). The anti‐inflammatory activity was determined through carrageenan‐induced paw oedema, formaldehyde‐induced arthritis and nystatin‐induced paw oedema in rat model. The tincture extract exhibited inhibitory effect against acute and subacute inflammation at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight. Inhibition of nystatin‐induced oedema was also observed in a dose‐dependent manner. The in vitro inhibitory effects of the tincture extract from R. rosea roots was evaluated against the enzymes relating to inflammation. The enzymes include cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The extract showed varying inhibitory activities against these enzymes depending on the concentrations. A potent inhibition was observed against Cox‐2 and PLA2. Inhibition of nystatin induced oedema and phospholipase A2 suggested that membrane stabilization could be the most probable mechanism of action of RTE in anti‐inflammation. The findings in this study may provide the use of R. rosea root extract in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple approach to dynamics of entrainment interface layers and cloud holes in stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Haman Krzysztof E.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents simple conceptual models of phenomena essential to the entrainment processes at the top of inversion‐capped stratocumulus clouds. Mixing processes lead to formation of an interface layer between pure cloud and the top of the inversion as well as downdraughts of dry air that penetrate the cloud interior and form ‘cloud holes’, spaces that have reduced liquid water content or are completely devoid of it. These processes are illustrated with one‐dimensional models permitting estimation of interface layer thickness as well as the cloud hole parameters and conditions of formation. Results are in rough agreement with observations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
An Input Variable Selection Method for the Artificial Neural Network of Shear Stiffness of Worsted Fabrics
Authors: Chen Ting , Zhang Chong , Chen Xia , Li Liqing
Published: January 2009

The relationship between yarn properties, fabric parameters, and shear stiffness of worsted fabrics is modeled using the soft computing technique. Because of the small number of samples, the artificial neural network model to be established must be a small‐scale one. Therefore, this soft computing approach includes two stages. First, the yarn properties and fabric parameters are selected by utilizing an input variable selection method, so as to find the most relevant yarn properties and fabric parameters as the input variables to fit the small‐scale artificial neural network model. The first part of this method takes the human knowledge on the shear stiffness of fabrics into account. The second part utilizes a data sensitivity criterion based on a distance method. Second, the artificial neural network model of the relationship between yarn properties, fabric parameters, and shear stiffness of fabrics is established. The results show that the artificial neural network model yields accurate prediction and a reasonably good artificial neural network model can be achieved with relatively few data points by integrating with the input variable selecting method developed in this research. The results also show that there is great potential for this research in the field of computer‐assisted design in textile technology. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
Toll-Like Receptor Engagement Enhances the Immunosuppressive Properties of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Inducing Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 via Interferon-β and Protein Kinase R
Authors: Opitz Christiane A. , Litzenburger Ulrike M. , Lutz Christian , Lanz Tobias V. , Tritschler Isabel , Köppel Alexandra , Tolosa Eva , Hoberg Maik , Anderl Jan , Aicher Wilhelm K. , Weller Michael , Wick Wolfgang , Platten Michael
Published: January 2009

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) display unique suppressive properties on T-cell immunity, thus representing an attractive vehicle for the treatment of conditions associated with harmful T-cell responses such as organ-specific autoimmunity and graft-versus-host disease. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells and recognize conserved pathogen-derived components. Ligation of TLR activates multiple innate and adaptive immune response pathways to eliminate and protect against invading pathogens. In this work, we show that TLR expressed on human bone marrow-derived MSC enhanced the immunosuppressive phenotype of MSC. Immunosuppression mediated by TLR was dependent on the production of immunosuppressive kynurenines by the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). Induction of IDO1 by TLR involved an autocrine interferon (IFN)-β signaling loop, which was dependent on protein kinase R (PKR), but independent of IFN-γ. These data define a new role for TLR in MSC immunobiology, which is to augment the immunosuppressive properties of MSC in the absence of IFN-γ rather than inducing proinflammatory immune response pathways. PKR and IFN-β play a central, previously unidentified role in orchestrating the production of immunosuppressive kynurenines by MSC.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Synthesis and Properties of Alkyl Glycoside and Stachyose Fatty Acid Polyesters
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Swanson Barry G.
Published: January 2009

A solvent‐free interesterification procedure was used to synthesize alkyl giycoside fatty acid polyesters: methyl glucoside polyesters, methyl galactoside polyesters, octyl glucoside polyesters, and tetrasaccharide fatty acid polyester, stachyose polyester. To obtain high yields, the hydroxyl groups on alkyl glycosides and stachyose were first protected by acetylation, and thereafter interesterified with fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of long chain fatty acids to yield saccharide polyesters. Spectral analysis indicated excellent substitution of fatty acids onto the saccharide moiety. Quantitative C‐13 NMR spectroscopic data calculation of the degree of substitution on the saccharide acetates and the saccharide fatty acid polyesters were obtained using chromium acetyl acetonate. Studies of the physical properties of the polyesters indicated that the alkyl glycosides and stachyose polyesters were not markedly different from sucrose polyesters (SPE) or triglycerides.In vitro lipolysis indicated no evidence of hydrolysis, suggesting potential use of alkyl giycoside and stachyose fatty acid polyesters as low calorie oils.
Photo-Induced Spin Dynamics in Semiconductor Quantum Wells
Authors: Miah M Idrish
Published: January 2009

We experimentally investigate the dynamics of spins in GaAs quantum wells under applied electric bias by photoluminescence (PL) measurements excited with circularly polarized light. The bias-dependent circular polarization of PL (P
PL) with and without magnetic field is studied. TheP
PLwithout magnetic field is found to be decayed with an enhancement of increasing the strength of the negative bias. However,P
PLin a transverse magnetic field shows oscillations under an electric bias, indicating that the precession of electron spin occurs in quantum wells. The results are discussed based on the electron–hole exchange interaction in the electric field.
The Effect of Statutory Notice of Incumbrances
Authors: Wade H. W. R.
Published: January 2009

In the second part of his decision inRe Forsey and Hollebone's ContractEve J. held that, as a consequence of the statutory notice effected by section 198 of the Law of Property Act, 1925, (i) a purchaser of land was not entitled to object to incumbrances registered at the date of the contract; and (ii) that this was true even where the contract expressly provided that the sale should be free from incumbrances.

It is submitted that both conclusions are erroneous as well as inconvenient.

The objection to conclusion (i) is that a purchaser is bound to accept incumbrances only if he has waived objection to them, and he cannot be said to show an intention to waive by acts done when the necessary knowledge was not actually in his mind; and, furthermore, section 198 is a provision about the doctrine of notice and should be confined to that subject—it has nothing to do with the construction of a contract or of acts of the parties.

The objection to conclusion (ii) is afortiori, since the purchaser has expressly protected himself against incumbrances. To say that this right depends on the vendor's inability to give oral evidence of a waiver is incorrect: the right arisesex vi contractus, and the effect of the special stipulation about incumbrances is to rebut any allegation that the purchaser waived his right by entering into the contract with knowledge of an incumbrance. An act of waiver can always be proved by oral evidence, and its effect is a question of intention. If there is no question of waiver, there is nothing relevant which the vendor can prove by any evidence of any kind, either written or oral.
Res Ipsa Loquitur: The Australasian Experience
Authors: O'Connell D. P.
Published: January 2009

Dr. T. Ellis Lewis in this Journal in 1951 discussed the operation of the maxim res ipsa loquitur in relation to the burden of proof and proposed certain conclusions. So thorough was his analysis of the question that one would hesitate to intrude upon the field but for the fact that the problems posed by his article and specifically left open by the House of Lords in Barkway's case have recently been considered by the New Zealand Supreme Court and Court of Appeal. A frank difference of opinion on the nature of res ipsa loquitur manifested itself in each court, and hence no excuse is offered for advancing this discussion, which can only be complementary to that of Dr. Ellis Lewis. Advantage will be taken of the opportunity to consider the Australian contributions to the subject. There is perhaps too little awareness in England that many of the academic battles of the law are regularly being fought out in the Australian and New Zealand courts.
Res Gesta in Criminal Cases (continued)
Authors: Gooderson R. N.
Published: January 2009

Assuming that a res gesta situation has arisen, it may now be considered what forms the declaration may take. Presumably the declarant will not be held to all those niceties of speech which are exacted from a witness: a declaration will not be excluded because it asserts or denies the very fact to be determined by the court. If in Comm. v. Hackett the deceased had said: “Dan Hackett has murdered me,” it would have been as admissible as his actual statement that Hackett had stabbed him. It is further submitted that the general rule excluding opinion evidence should similarly be relaxed in the case of a statement part of the res gesta. In some cases, an utterance that might have qualified for admission as part of the res gesta has been rejected as opinion. But such a statement seems to have been received in R. v. Palmer, where Fisher was allowed to testify that at Shrewsbury, six days before his death, Cook said to him, about ten minutes after drinking a glass of brandy with Palmer and others, not merely that he had been very sick but also, despite the objection of defence counsel, that “that damned Palmer had dosed him.” The reference to Palmer seems to have been based purely on conjecture. The general rule against opinion evidence is based upon two considerations, first that opinions in so far as they are based upon no evidence are worthless, and second that in so far as they are based upon legal evidence they tend to usurp the function of the tribunal whose province alone it is to draw conclusions of law or fact.
Mechanism of Definition as Applied to International Law
Authors: Dias R. W. M.
Published: January 2009

One danger that arises from the attention recently devoted to definition in jurisprudential writings is that too much importance may be attached to mere definition as such. Students especially tend to overlook the point that definitions possess no magic or finality, except when they happen to be prescribed authoritatively, for example by statute. What is important is not the definitions, but the analysis on which they are based. In order to appreciate this it is necessary to consider their function and structure, and that is the reason for Unking together in the present article two topics, which could otherwise be dealt with separately.