bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The extended nasoseptal flap for coverage of large cranial base defects
Authors: Bassett Ethan , Farag Alexander , Iloreta Alfred , Farrell Christopher , Evans James , Rosen Marc , Singh Ameet , Nyquist Gurston
Published: August 2016

Background

The nasoseptal flap (NSF) is commonly used to repair skull base defects via a transnasal endoscopic approach. The original description of the technique includes 2 parallel incisions that follow the sagittal plane of the septum. We describe a novel modification to the traditional NSF that allows coverage along the posterior wall of the frontal sinus.

Methods

In addition to the 2 sagittal incisions, a third incision is made between these coursing along the maxillary crest from the posterior edge to the midportion of the flap. This provides an extension that can be rotated further anteriorly. We report 4 adult patients with skull base defects too large and anterior to cover with a traditional NSF, on whom we successfully reconstructed with the extended flap. We also performed the technique on six cadaver heads (11 flaps) to provide average measurements of the extension.

Results

Our patients were successfully repaired with maintained flap survival. We were able to achieve an average of 1.9 cm, or 26.8%, of additional length on the cadaveric study.

Conclusion

The relaxing incision described here creates a flap that allows for reconstruction of a larger range of skull base defects.
Bleached extruder chemi‐mechanical pulp fiber‐PLA composites: Comparison of mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties with those of wood flour‐PLA bio‐composites
Authors: Yang Zhaozhe , Feng Xinhao , Bi Yongbao , Zhou Zhifang , Yue Jinquan , Xu Min
Published: August 2016

An environmentally friendly bleached extruder chemi‐mechanical pulp fiber or wood flour was melt compounded with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) into a biocomposite and hot compression molded. The mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties were determined. The chemical composition, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the hemicellulose in the pulp fiber raw material was almost completely removed after the pulp treatment. The mechanical tests indicated that the pulp fiber increased the tensile and flexural moduli and decreased the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the biocomposites. However, pulp fiber strongly reinforced the PLA matrix because the mechanical properties of pulp fiber‐PLA composites (especially the tensile and flexural strengths) were better than those of wood flour‐PLA composites. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis confirmed that both pulp fiber and wood flour accelerated the cold crystallization rate and increased the degree of crystallinity of PLA, and that this effect was greater with 40% pulp fiber. The addition of pulp fiber and wood flour modified the rheological behavior because the composite viscosity increased in the presence of fibers and decreased as the test frequency increased. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44241.
Effects of polymerization conditions on particle size distribution in styrene‐graphite suspension polymerization process
Authors: Zhang Cunwei , Li Xiangmei , Chen Si , Yang Rongjie
Published: August 2016

Suspension polymerization in the presence of graphite has been studied in order to determine the effects of some operational parameters on the particle size distribution (PSD). The results showed that, with increasing graphite content, the particle size of the polystyrene/graphite (PS/G) beads increased. Moreover, instability of the suspension polymerization system was found at high amounts of graphite. With increasing initiator concentration, the particle size of the polymer beads increased and the PSD became slightly narrower. Changing the concentration of the suspending agent proved to be an efficient way of controlling the particle size, although its increase led to a broadening of the PSD. Adding the suspending agent in two portions at different times decreased the particle size, maintained a lower concentration of suspending agent, and kept the suspension polymerization system stable. Adjusting the stirring speed proved to be a very efficient means of manipulating the PSD of the PS/G composite beads. The Sauter mean diameter decreased and the PSD was broadened with increasing stirring speed; 400 rpm was identified as an appropriate value to obtain polystyrene/graphite beads with desirable particle size and distribution. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44270.
The North Pacific Gyre Oscillation and East Asian summer precipitation
Authors: Ye Xiaoyan , Zhang Wei , Luo Ming
Published: August 2016

This study examines the links between the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the East Asia (EA) summer precipitation (EASP) at a decadal scale. Maximum covariance analysis reveals that NPGO is the third mode regulating the decadal variation of EASP. ‘Global warming’ and Pacific Decadal Oscillation are the first two leading modes. Associated with NPGO, EASP exhibits a north‐to‐south ‘+ − +’ tripole pattern. The related atmospheric circulations are also examined. Results demonstrate that the linkage between NPGO and EA involves two processes, namely, extratropical and tropical processes. In the extratropical process, NPGO features an eastward propagating Rossby wave over the extratropical regions; this wave intensifies and displaces the EA jet stream northward. In the tropical process, NPGO is associated with a meridional circulation over the northeastern Pacific and an anomalous Walker circulation over the tropical oceans. The anomalous Walker circulation exhibits a downward branch over the western tropical Pacific and features low‐level northerly wind over EA and western North Pacific region. The two processes strengthen the EA summer monsoon circulation and enhance the moisture transportation from oceans to northern EA; thus, the precipitation in the northern EA region increases and the precipitation in the central region decreases.
Unexpected diversity of bioluminescence in planktonic worms
Authors: Gouveneaux A. , Flood P.R. , Mallefet J.
Published: August 2016

The vast majority of pelagic bioluminescent organisms emit a blue light with emission maxima (λmax) ranging from 450 to 490 nm. Among the known outliers, the tomopterids (Annelida: Polychaeta) are usually described as yellow‐emitters (λmax = 565–570 nm) for which bioluminescence functions as a specific recognition signal. Here, we report the first data regarding the colours emitted by four different tomopterid species, Tomopteris pacifica, T. carpenteri, T. septentrionalis and T. planktonis. Surprisingly, T. planktonis is a blue‐emitter (λmax = 450 nm). Our pharmacological results on T. planktonis support cholinergic control, as recently demonstrated in the yellow‐emitter, T. helgolandica. Moreover, as revealed by epifluorescence microscopy, the light seems to be produced in both species from the same yellow‐pigmented parapodial glands. Despite these similarities, tomopterids express an unexpected diversity of bioluminescent colour patterns. This leads us to reassess the ecological value of bioluminescence within this group.
Eradicate sexual assault by fostering healthy masculinities
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2016

PHOENIX — Whether violence against women is actually on the rise or if crime numbers are higher because more students are coming forward to report, campus safety in regard to sexual violence is increasingly a matter of concern. In a session at the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators annual conference, Roz Kelsey, instructor at the University of Regina; and Pat Patton, director of security and operations at UR, talked about the innovative new program, Man Up Against Violence, that they have implemented on campus to address sexual assault by fostering healthy masculinities.
Follow 3 key tips for engaging your direct reports
Authors: Jarvis Kimberly , Munin Art
Published: August 2016

Staff members qualify as the strongest resource for helping campus safety units to advance their mission and support their students. And that's why supporting, developing, and engaging the individuals we supervise are central components of the work we do.
Insect Antifeedant and Ixodicidal Compounds from Senecio adenotrichius
Authors: Ruiz‐Vásquez Liliana , Olmeda Angeles Sonia , Zúñiga Gustavo , Villarroel Luis , Echeverri Luis Fernando , González‐Coloma Azucena , Reina Matías
Published: August 2016

Nine eremophilane sesquiterpenes 1 – 9, two flavonoids 11 and 12, and two known pirrolizidine alkaloids 13 and 14, were isolated from Senecio adenotrichius DC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and by comparison with previously reported spectroscopic data of similar compounds. Compounds 5, 7, and 9 have not been previously reported as natural products. The antifeedant activity of these compounds was tested against Spodoptera litoralis and Myzus persicae. Eremophilanes 1, 3, and 8 were strong antifeedants to M. persicae, and 1 and 8 to Spodoptera littoralis. Their ixodicidal activity was tested against the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum, with eremophilanes 1, 3, and 8, being strong ixodicidal agents.
Percutaneous closure of acute aorto‐right ventricular fistula following transcatheter bicuspid aortic valve replacement
Authors: Nakamura Kenta , Passeri Jonathan J. , Inglessis‐Azuaje Ignacio
Published: August 2016

We report a case of acute aorto‐right ventricular fistula following transcatheter bicuspid aortic valve replacement and subsequent percutaneous closure. The diagnosis and treatment of this rare complication is illustrated through multi‐modality imaging. We hypothesize that the patient's heavily calcified bicuspid aortic valve anatomy led to asymmetric deployment of the transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) prosthesis, traumatizing the right sinus of Valsalva at the distal edge of the TAVR stent and ultimately fistulized to the right ventricle. The patient acutely decompensated with heart failure five days after TAVR and underwent emergent intervention. The aorto‐right ventricular fistula was closed using an 18‐mm septal occluder device with marked clinical recovery. Transcatheter closure is a viable treatment option for acute aorto‐right ventricular fistula. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catalytic Branching Cascades in Diversity Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Bansode Avinash H. , Chimala Prathyusha , Patil Nitin T.
Published: August 2016

Diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) aims to generate small molecules with great structural diversity in an efficient manner. Recent years have witnessed significant achievements in the field, which help to validate the usefulness of DOS as a tool for the discovery of novel, biologically interesting small molecules. Catalytic branching cascades have emerged as a promising strategy because of their potential to transform a common type of substrate into diverse and distinct molecular frameworks. The details of the concept are presented herein.
Design of Raspberry‐Shaped Microcarriers with Adjustable Protrusions and Functional Groups for the Improvement of Lipase Immobilization and Biocatalysis: Environmentally Friendly Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel
Authors: Tian Lei , Zhao Panpan , Li Xue , Ali Zafar , Li Xiangjie , Zhang Baoliang , Zhang Hepeng , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: August 2016

The front cover artwork for Issue 16/2016 is provided by researchers from Qiuyu Zhang's group, Northwestern Polytechnical University (P. R. China). The image shows raspberry‐shaped microparticles with adjustable protrusions are designed and synthetized for lipase immobilization to catalyze esterification of oleic acid for biodiesel under mild condition. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600413.
Engineering the Amine Transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis towards Branched‐Chain Substrates
Authors: Genz Maika , Melse Okke , Schmidt Sandy , Vickers Clare , Dörr Mark , van den Bergh Tom , Joosten Henk‐Jan , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: August 2016

Chiral amines are important building blocks, especially for the pharmaceutical industry. Although amine transaminases (ATAs) are versatile enzymes to synthesize chiral amines, the wildtype enzymes do not accept ketones with two large substituents next to the carbonyl functionality. Using bioinformatic tools to design a seven‐site mutant library followed by high‐throughput screening, we were able to identify variants of the enzyme from Vibrio fluvialis (VF‐ATA) with a widened binding pocket, as exemplified for a range of ketones. Three variants allowed the asymmetric synthesis of 2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐phenylpropan‐1‐amine—not accessible by any wildtype ATA described so far. The best variant containing four mutations (L56V, W57C, F85V, V153A) gave 100 % conversion of the ketone to yield the amine with an enantiomeric excess value >99 %, notably with preference for the (R)‐enantiomer. In silico modeling enabled the reconstruction of the substrate binding mode to the newly evolved pocket and, hence, allowed explanation of the experimental results.
Simplified MATLAB Solution Schemes of Heat Transfer Equations
Authors: Bhargava Chitresh Kumar , Arya Raj Kumar
Published: August 2016

A simplified generalized finite difference solution using MATLAB has been developed for steady‐state heat transfer in a bar, slab, cylinder, and sphere. Solutions are given for all types of boundary conditions: temperature and flux boundary conditions. A generalized solution for 2D heat transfer in a slab is also developed. Solutions have been compared with analytical solutions and there is very good agreement between computed and analytical solutions. The solution can easily be extended to similar types of situations in fluid flow and mass transport operations.
Modular and Scalable Fischer‐Tropsch Reactor for Small‐Scale Gas‐to‐Liquid Production
Authors: Urban Zbigniew
Published: August 2016

Economy of scale implies that the capital cost per unit production in smaller‐scale plants is higher than in large‐scale production plants. A conceptual design for a scaled‐down Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor is described and key performance indicators are determined and compared with those of large‐scale FT reactors. The designed scaled‐down FT reactor provides the petroleum and hydrocarbon waste processing sectors with a low‐cost and low‐risk gas‐to‐liquid technology for monetizing small‐size gas sources. An option for achieving a high conversion of syngas reactants with single‐pass operation makes it suitable for processing the associated gas that is usually flared at oil exploration and production sites.
Filterable Agents for Hyperpolarization of Water, Metabolites, and Proteins
Authors: Vuichoud Basile , Bornet Aurélien , de Nanteuil Florian , Milani Jonas , Canet Estel , Ji Xiao , Miéville Pascal , Weber Emmanuelle , Kurzbach Dennis , Flamm Andrea , Konrat Robert , Gossert Alvar D. , Jannin Sami , Bodenhausen Geoffrey
Published: August 2016

Hyperpolarization is generated by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d‐DNP) using a polymer‐based polarizing agent dubbed FLAP (filterable labeled agents for polarization). It consists of a thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), also known as pNiPAM‐COOH, labeled with nitroxide radicals. The polymer powder is impregnated with an arbitrary solution of interest and frozen as is. Dissolution is followed by a simple filtration, leading to hyperpolarized solutions free from any contaminants. We demonstrated the use of FLAP to hyperpolarize partially deuterated water up to P(1H)=6 % with a long relaxation T1 >36 s characteristic of high purity. Water hyperpolarization can be transferred to drugs, metabolites, or proteins that are waiting in an NMR spectrometer, either by exchange of labile protons or through intermolecular Overhauser effects. We also show that FLAPs are suitable polarizing agents for 13C‐labeled metabolites such as pyruvate, acetate, and alanine.
Myxofibrosarcoma of the heart: A case report with positive pleural effusion cytology
Authors: Hagiwara Yoko , Nakamura Kayoko , Taguchi Masako , Ashiwa Ayaka , Nishioka Chieko , Kono Takashi , Matsuzaki Naomi , Yuba Yoshiaki
Published: August 2016

Primary cardiac sarcoma is rare, and there have been only a few reports on its cytologic findings. Myxofibrosarcoma, a variant of fibrosarcoma of the heart, is an extremely rare entity. We present a case of primary cardiac myxofibrosarcoma in a 63‐year‐old woman. Pleural fluid cytology and imprint cytology of the resected tumor at operation and autopsy were obtained. Cytologic evaluation with immunocytochemical staining utilizing a cell transfer technique revealed that tumor cells of the resected tumor and autopsy specimen and pleural effusion demonstrated large and pleomorphic cells with irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei and were positive for vimentin. Combination of morphology and immunoprofile of the cells of pleural effusion was compatible with the diagnosis of metastatic myxofibrosarcoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:1112–1116. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder: Economic Considerations
Authors: Bogavac‐Stanojevic Natasa , Lakic Dragana
Published: August 2016

Preclinical Research

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major psychiatric illness and it is predicted to be the second leading cause of disability by 2020 with a lifetime prevalence of about 13%. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly used therapeutic class for MDD. However, response to SSRI treatment varies considerably between patients. Biomarkers of treatment response may enable clinicians to target the appropriate drug for each patient. Biomarkers need to have accuracy in real life, sensitivity, specificity, and relevance to depression. Introduction of MDD biomarkers into the health care system can increase the overall cost of clinical diagnosis of patients. Because of that, decisions to allocate health research funding must be based on drug effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness. The assessment of MDD biomarkers should include reliable evidence of associated drug effectiveness, adverse events and consequences (reduced productivity and quality of life, disability) and effectiveness of alternative approaches, other drug classes or behavioral or alternative therapies. In addition, all the variables included in an economic model (probabilities, outcomes, and costs) should be based on reliable evidence gained from the literature—ideally meta‐analyses—and the evidence should also be determined by informed and specific expert opinion. Early assessment can guide decisions about whether or not to continue test development, and ideally to optimize the process. Drug Dev Res 77 : 374–378, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Relevance of Ketamine as Rapid‐Acting Antidepressant
Authors: Pešić Vesna , Petrović Jelena , M Jukić Marin
Published: August 2016

Preclinical Research

The emergence of rapid‐acting antidepressants such as ketamine has motivated studies aiming to reveal the molecular mechanism of the ketamine antidepressant effect and to enable the clinical application of rapid‐acting antidepressants. Here, we provide an overview of studies addressing the antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients and animal models of depression and we compare the reduction of depressive symptoms in humans with the reduction in immobility time in the forced swim test in rodents after acute ketamine treatment. We also discuss different theories and potential biochemical pathways involved in the rapid antidepressant response to ketamine including the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and intracellular hub‐kinase activation. Finally, we summarize recent brain‐region specific studies and we suggest that the activation of the ventral hippocampus—medial prefrontal cortex—dorsal raphae nuclei (vHC‐mPFC–DRN) neuronal pathway may mediate the antidepressant effect of ketamine. Although substantial progress has been made, further brain‐region specific animal studies and longitudinal clinical trials are necessary for the understanding and successful application of novel rapid‐acting antidepressants. Drug Dev Res 77 : 414–422, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on magnesium homeostasis in humans
Authors: Xu Li Hao Richie , Maalouf Naim M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Insulin may influence magnesium homeostasis through multiple mechanisms. Acutely, it stimulates the shift of magnesium from plasma into red blood cells and platelets, and in vitro, it stimulates the activity of the TRPM6 channel, a key regulator of renal magnesium reabsorption. We investigated the impact of hyperinsulinemia on magnesium handling in participants with a wide range of insulin sensitivity.

Method

Forty‐seven participants were recruited, including 34 nondiabetic controls and 13 with type 2 diabetes mellitus. After stabilization under fixed metabolic diet, participants underwent hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. Serum and urine samples were collected before and during hyperinsulinemia. Change in serum magnesium, urinary magnesium to creatinine (Mg2+:Cr) ratio, fractional excretion of urinary magnesium (FEMg2+), and estimated transcellular shift of magnesium were compared before and during hyperinsulinemia.

Results

Hyperinsulinemia led to a small but statistically significant decrease in serum magnesium, and to a shift of magnesium into the intracellular compartment. Hyperinsulinemia did not significantly alter urinary magnesium to creatinine ratio or fractional excretion of urinary magnesium in the overall population, although a small but statistically significant decline in these parameters occurred in participants with diabetes. There was no significant correlation between change in fractional excretion of urinary magnesium and body mass index or insulin sensitivity measured as glucose disposal rate.

Conclusions

In human participants, acute hyperinsulinemia stimulates the shift of magnesium into cells with minimal alteration in renal magnesium reabsorption, except in diabetic patients who experienced a small decline in fractional excretion of urinary magnesium. The magnitude of magnesium shift into the intracellular compartment in response to insulin does not correlate with that of insulin‐stimulated glucose entry into cells.
Safety Assessment of Human Exposure to Intermediate Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: YAMAZAKI KENICHI , TAKI MASAO , OHKUBO CHIYOJI
Published: August 2016

The “intermediate frequency” electromagnetic fields in the context of protecting human exposure have received public concerns in recent years. This is mainly due to the growing emergence of technology or products using those fields, such as induction heating (IH) cookers and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This paper reviews the trend of studies and guidelines for human protection related to safety assessment of human exposure to such fields.
Interferon response factor‐3 promotes the pro‐Th2 activity of mouse lung CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells in response to house dust mite allergens
Authors: Janss Thibaut , Mesnil Claire , Pirottin Dimitri , Lemaitre Pierre , Marichal Thomas , Bureau Fabrice , Desmet Christophe J.
Published: August 2016

Very few transcription factors have been identified that are required by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) to induce T helper type 2 (Th2) responses. Because lung CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells (CD11b+ cDCs) are responsible for priming Th2 responses in house‐dust mite (HDM)‐induced airway allergy, we used them as a model to identify transcriptional events regulating the pro‐Th2 activity of cDCs. Transcriptomic profiling of lung CD11b+ cDCs exposed to HDM in vivo revealed first that HDM triggers an antiviral defence‐like response, and second that the majority of HDM‐induced transcriptional changes depend on the transcription factor Interferon Response Factor‐3 (Irf3). Validating the functional relevance of these observations, Irf3‐deficient CD11b+ cDCs displayed reduced pro‐allergic activity. Indeed, Irf3‐deficient CD11b+ cDCs induced less Th2, more regulatory T cell, and similar Th1 differentiation in naïve CD4+ T cells compared to their wild‐type counterparts. The altered APC activity of Irf3 CD11b+ cDCs was associated with reduced expression of CD86 and was phenocopied by blocking CD86 activity in wild‐type CD11b+ cDCs. Altogether, these results establish Irf3, known mostly for its role in antiviral responses, as a transcription factor involved in the induction of Th2 responses through the promotion of pro‐Th2 costimulation in CD11b+ DCs.
Multi‐Ferrocenyl Aryl Ethers – Applying Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions to Aryl Fluorides
Authors: Korb Marcus , Lang Heinrich
Published: August 2016

The reaction of ferrocenol [FcOH; Fc = Fe(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H4)] with aryl fluorides ArH6–nFn (n = 3–6) within a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (SNAr) gave ferrocenyloxy‐substituted fluorobenzenes of general type C6H0–3F1–5(OFc)1–5. For 1,3,5‐C6H3F3, 1,2,4,5‐C6H2F4, and C6H6–nFn (n = 5,6), one, two, and three F atoms, respectively, could be replaced by FcO units. The reaction of 1,4‐(OFc)2‐C6F4 with additional amounts of FcOH afforded the tetra‐ and penta‐substituted arenes 3,6‐F2‐C6(OFc)4 and C6F(OFc)5. Electrochemical investigations of both compounds showed four or five Fc/Fc+ related reversible redox processes that were attributed to electrostatic interactions. The addition of C6F6 as the electrophile after the anionic phospho‐Fries rearrangement of a ferrocenyl phosphate (1,3‐O→C migration) to the 1,2‐substituted ortho‐phosphonato ferrocenol, resulted in the formation of the respective ortho‐functionalized ether. The constitution of all compounds was verified by using 19F NMR spectroscopy. Steric hindrance of the ortho‐substituent resulted in a doubling of the signal sets for the C6F5 moiety in the 13C{1H} and 19F NMR spectra. The identity and substitution pattern of five compounds could also be determined by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, revealing the 1,4‐constitution of double functionalized derivatives, intermolecular non‐classical C–H···F interactions and π interactions.
Straightforward and Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,3,4‐Trifluoropyrrolidines Involving 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition with 2,3,3‐Trifluoroacrylate
Authors: Yamada Shigeyuki , Higashi Masao , Konno Tsutomu , Ishihara Takashi
Published: August 2016

The reactions of benzyl 2,3,3‐trifluoroacrylate with azomethine ylides, generated by the treatment of imino esters with lithium diisopropylamide, took place smoothly to give the corresponding 1,3‐dipolar cycloadducts, fluorine‐containing pyrrolidines, in good yields and with high diastereoselectivities (>95:<5). When the fluorinated acrylate bore a chiral auxiliary as a substituent, for instance (l)‐(–)‐menthyl ester, the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction was found to give the corresponding fluorinated pyrrolidine derivatives in not only a diastereoselective but also an enantioselective manner.
Behavioral disorder in people with an intellectual disability and epilepsy: A report of the Intellectual Disability Task Force of the Neuropsychiatric Commission of ILAE
Authors: Kerr Mike , Linehan Christine , Brandt Christian , Kanemoto Kousuke , Kawasaki Jun , Sugai Kenji , Tadokoro Yukari , Villanueva Vicente , Wilmshurst Jo , Wilson Sarah
Published: August 2016

The management and needs of people with intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy are well evidenced; less so, the comorbidity of behavioral disorder in this population. “Behavioral disorder” is defined as behaviors that are difficult or disruptive, including stereotypes, difficult or disruptive behavior, aggressive behavior toward other people, behaviors that lead to injury to self or others, and destruction of property. These have an important link to emotional disturbance. This report, produced by the Intellectual Disability Task Force of the Neuropsychiatric Commission of the ILAE, aims to provide a brief review of some key areas of concern regarding behavioral disorder among this population and proposes a range of research and clinical practice recommendations generated by task force members. The areas covered in this report were identified by experts in the field as being of specific relevance to the broad epilepsy community when considering behavioral disorder in persons with epilepsy and ID; they are not intended to be exhaustive. The practice recommendations are based on the authors’ review of the limited research in this field combined with their experience supporting this population. These points are not graded but can be seen as expert opinion guiding future research and clinical practice.
Distribution of decentralized optimization convergence bounds in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks
Authors: Roseveare Nicholas J. , Alam S. M. Shafiul , Natarajan Balasubramaniam
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we attempt to uncover the fundamental limitations of implementing decentralized optimization in an energy harvesting sensor network by quantifying the impact of stochastic energy availability on convergence. Specifically, the discrete energy quanta being harvested by a network of wireless sensors are modelled via a marked Poisson process. The wireless sensors are involved in updating the Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraints for a decentralized concave optimization problem. The convergence of the corresponding Lagrange dual function is monotonically dependent upon the maximum delay in communication. The probabilistic nature of the harvested energy quanta results in a random crossover with respect to the minimum energy threshold required for successful communication. As a consequence, we investigate the probabilistic behaviour of the Lagrange dual function convergence bound under the effect of random delay considering single/multi‐hop communication among neighbouring sensors. The maximum delay distribution is derived for both deterministic and stochastic models for the energy harvested at sensor nodes. Simulation shows the efficacy of the theoretical distributions in modelling the delay dependent Lagrange dual function convergence bound behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanogrid Technology Increasing, Supplementing Microgrids
Authors: El‐Shahat Adel
Published: August 2016

The nanogrid is the promising future power grid to make your home into a small‐scale grid.
Maximizing the Value for Scrap Material in DDD Projects
Authors: Menen Greg
Published: August 2016

There are a significant number of coal‐fired power plants that have closed or are slated to close. A significant number of these plants will also be demolished as part of the decommissioning process. In order to maximize the value of scrap material resulting from these decommissioning projects, a certain amount of background information will be required.
A Strategic Approach for Managing Oil and Gas Assets
Authors: Kim Sang‐Won , Powley Brad , Bertrand Léonard
Published: August 2016

The global oil market is experiencing a structural shift. Faced with a rapid price decline, large oil‐producing countries had decided to protect their market share, with the hopes of permanently removing expensive supply from the market. Meanwhile, the ability of the US shale oil producers to respond quickly to positive price signals puts downward pressure on prices. On the demand side, advances in renewable technology and the continued effort to curb consumption of fossil fuel conspire to inhibit long‐run growth.1 These factors suggest that the current down‐cycle may continue for an extended period of time or even invoke another down‐cycle.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria in late life depression antidepressant efficacy trials
Authors: Zimmerman Mark , Multach Matthew D. , Clark Heather L. , Walsh Emily , Rosenstein Lia K. , Gazarian Douglas
Published: August 2016

Objective

The generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials (AETs) has been questioned. No studies have examined the inclusion/exclusion criteria used in placebo‐controlled studies of late life depression and compared them to the criteria used in non‐late life AETs.

Method

We conducted a comprehensive literature review of placebo‐controlled AETs published from January, 1995 through December, 2014. We compared the inclusion/exclusion criteria used in the 18 studies of late life depression to those used in non‐late life depression.

Results

There were nine inclusion/exclusion criteria that were used in more than half of the late life depression AETs: minimum severity on a symptom severity scale (100.0%), significant suicidal ideation (77.8%), psychotic features during the current episode of depression or history of a psychotic disorder (94.4%), history of bipolar disorder (77.8%), diagnosis of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence (83.3%), presence of a comorbid nondepressive, nonsubstance use Axis I disorder (55.6%), episode duration too short (66.7%), and an insufficient score on a cognitive screen (88.3%) or the presence of a cognitive disorder (55.6%). There were some differences between the late life and non‐late life depression studies—use of a screening measure of cognitive functioning, presence of a cognitive disorder such as dementia, and the minimum depression severity cutoff score required at baseline.

Conclusions

The inclusion/exclusion criteria in AETs of late life depression were generally similar to the criteria used in non‐late life depression AETs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the Moisture and Heat Transport in a Wet Porous Sand Layer with Water Sucking Ability
Authors: Chen Wei , Ling Juanjuan
Published: August 2016

The moisture content and heat transfer in a wet porous sand layer was influenced by the weather conditions while the layer was exposed outdoors. The changes in water content and temperature in the wet porous bed with water supplied due to the weather conditions differed from the case without water supplied via the bottom in the tests. A one‐dimensional mathematical model describing the heat and mass transfer in the unsaturated porous layer was used to analyze the change of the water content, temperature and rate of water evaporation or vapor condensation in the wet porous layer. As the ambient temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiation changed periodically and the gravity and capillary affected the water transport greatly in the wet porous media, variations of water content and temperature occurred cyclically in the wet porous layer that was exposed to outdoor conditions. In the wet porous bed, the rate of the water evaporation or vapor condensation was closely related to the temperature, gradient of the temperature along the depth and the rate of temperature variation over time. The particle size and porosity associated with the permeability had great impact on the water content and its variation range in the wet porous media with water sucking ability while the weather conditions changed periodically. The simulations of the water content and temperature variation in the sand bed agreed with the test data. All these results can be used to analyze the behavior of heat and moisture in the unsaturated porous layer under weather conditions.
Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection in a Triangle Cavity Filled with Nanofluids Using Tiwari and Das' Model: Effects of Heat Flux
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Wang Juntao
Published: August 2016

In this article, we present a fully higher‐order compact (FHOC) finite difference method to investigate the effects of heat flux on natural convection of nanofluids in a right‐angle triangle cavity, where the left vertical side is heated with constant heat flux both partially and throughout the entire wall, the inclined wall is cooled, and the rest of walls are kept adiabatic. The Darcy flow and the Tiwari and Das’ nanofluid models are considered. Investigations with four types of nanofluids were made for different values of Rayleigh numbers with the range of 100 ≤ Ra ≤ 50,000, size of heat flux as 0.1 ≤ ε ≤ 1.0, enclosure aspect ratio as 0.5 ≤ AR ≤ 2.0, and solid volume fraction parameter of nanofluids with the range of 0% ≤ ϕ ≤ 20%. Results show that the average heat transfer rate increases significantly as particle volume fraction and Rayleigh numbers increase, and the maximum value of average Nusselt number is obtained by decreasing the enclosure aspect ratio. The results also show that the average heat transfer decreases with an increase in the length of the heater. Furthermore, multiple correlations in terms of the Rayleigh numbers and the solid volume fraction of four types of nanoparticles have been established in a general form.
Electrostatic component of binding energy: Interpreting predictions from poisson–boltzmann equation and modeling protocols
Authors: Chakavorty Arghya , Li Lin , Alexov Emil
Published: August 2016

Macromolecular interactions are essential for understanding numerous biological processes and are typically characterized by the binding free energy. Important component of the binding free energy is the electrostatics, which is frequently modeled via the solutions of the Poisson–Boltzmann Equations (PBE). However, numerous works have shown that the electrostatic component (ΔΔGelec) of binding free energy is very sensitive to the parameters used and modeling protocol. This prompted some researchers to question the robustness of PBE in predicting ΔΔGelec. We argue that the sensitivity of the absolute ΔΔGelec calculated with PBE using different input parameters and definitions does not indicate PBE deficiency, rather this is what should be expected. We show how the apparent sensitivity should be interpreted in terms of the underlying changes in several numerous and physical parameters. We demonstrate that PBE approach is robust within each considered force field (CHARMM‐27, AMBER‐94, and OPLS‐AA) once the corresponding structures are energy minimized. This observation holds despite of using two different molecular surface definitions, pointing again that PBE delivers consistent results within particular force field. The fact that PBE delivered ΔΔGelec values may differ if calculated with different modeling protocols is not a deficiency of PBE, but natural results of the differences of the force field parameters and potential functions for energy minimization. In addition, while the absolute ΔΔGelec values calculated with different force field differ, their ordering remains practically the same allowing for consistent ranking despite of the force field used. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does sugar inhibition explain mixing effects in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose?
Authors: Kadić Adnan , Lidén Gunnar
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose is associated with mixing issues, which are likely to affect process performance. The aim of this study was to investigate how viscosity and sugar inhibition influence the mixing‐dependence in hydrolysis of steam‐pretreated spruce.

RESULTS

The effect of agitation on low‐viscosity, low‐solid hydrolysis (5% water insoluble solid (WIS)) was marginal, as the conversion after 72 h decreased by 9% when decreasing the agitation rate from 600 to 100 rpm. However, when the viscosity at 5% WIS was increased by Xanthan addition, the effect of agitation was greater, and conversion decreased by 21% when decreasing agitation from 600 to 100 rpm. For high‐viscosity, high‐solid hydrolysis (16% WIS), the conversion decreased by 54% when decreasing the agitation from 600 to 100 rpm. However, when the product concentration was kept low by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), the effect of agitation was weaker, and conversion decreased by only 14%.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study strongly suggest that poor mixing in viscous lignocellulose hydrolysis causes local product accumulation, leading to increased inhibition and decreased hydrolysis rates. Decreasing the glucose and cellobiose concentration removes the mixing‐dependence, highlighting SSF as an attractive option for large‐scale hydrolysis and fermentation of steam‐pretreated softwood. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of intravoxel incoherent motion fitting methods in low‐perfused tissue
Authors: Meeus Emma M. , Novak Jan , Withey Stephanie B. , Zarinabad Niloufar , Dehghani Hamid , Peet Andrew C.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To investigate the robustness of constrained and simultaneous intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) fitting methods and the estimated IVIM parameters (D, D* and f) for applications in brain and low‐perfused tissues.

Materials and Methods

Model data simulations relevant to brain and low‐perfused tumor tissues were computed to assess the accuracy, relative bias, and reproducibility (CV%) of the fitting methods in estimating the IVIM parameters. The simulations were performed at a series of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) levels to assess the influence of noise on the fitting.

Results

The estimated IVIM parameters from model simulations were found significantly different (P < 0.05) using simultaneous and constrained fitting methods at low SNR. Higher accuracy and reproducibility were achieved with the constrained fitting method. Using this method, the mean error (%) for the estimated IVIM parameters at a clinically relevant SNR = 40 were D 0.35, D* 41.0 and f 4.55 for the tumor model and D 1.87, D* 2.48, and f 7.49 for the gray matter model. The most robust parameters were the IVIM‐D and IVIM‐f. The IVIM‐D* was increasingly overestimated at low perfusion.

Conclusion

A constrained IVIM fitting method provides more accurate and reproducible IVIM parameters in low‐perfused tissue compared with simultaneous fitting.

Level of Evidence: 3

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1325–1334
Influence of regional iron on the motor impairments of Parkinson's disease: A quantitative susceptibility mapping study
Authors: Guan Xiaojun , Xuan Min , Gu Quanquan , Xu Xiaojun , Huang Peiyu , Wang Nian , Shen Zhujing , Xu Jingjing , Luo Wei , Zhang Minming
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Because the roles of striatal‐thalamo‐cortical and cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical circuits in the heterogeneous motor impairments of Parkinson's disease (PD) are becoming recognized, this study was designed to investigate the relationships between regional iron in the cardinal subcortical nuclei in these circuits and the different motor impairments.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐two PD patients and 40 normal subjects were included and accepted for Enhanced T2‐Star Weighted Angiography Scanning (3.0T). According to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, patients were divided into tremor‐dominant (PD‐TD) and akinetic/rigid‐dominant groups (PD‐AR). The intergroup differences of magnetic susceptibility in those cardinal nuclei were measured. Correlation analyses between magnetic susceptibility and motor impairments were performed in all patients.

Results

Nigral magnetic susceptibility significantly increased for each PD group compared with controls (P < 0.001 for PD‐TD; P = 0.001 for PD‐AR). Magnetic susceptibility in the dentate nucleus (DN) and red nucleus (RN) for the PD‐TD patients were significantly increased compared with controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Magnetic susceptibility in these regions was also significantly correlated with tremor severity (r = 0.444, P = 0.001 for DN; r = 0.418, P = 0.001 for RN). Significant correlation between caudate magnetic susceptibility and akinetic/rigid severity were observed (r = –0.322, P = 0.015).

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that nigral iron accumulation is a common characteristic in PD, while iron accumulation in the DN and RN is correlated with tremor symptoms. Our data also indicate that caudate iron content may be a potential marker for akinetic/rigid progression.

Level of Evidence: 3

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1335–1342
Protein kinase Cɛ activity regulates mGluR5 surface expression in the rat nucleus accumbens
Authors: Schwendt Marek , Olive M. Foster
Published: August 2016

Type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5) activate protein kinase C (PKC) via coupling to Gαq/11 protein signaling. We have previously demonstrated that the epsilon isoform of PKC (PKCɛ) is a critical downstream target of mGluR5 in regulating behavioral and biochemical responses to alcohol. Recent evidence suggests that PKC‐mediated phosphorylation of mGluR5 can lead to receptor desensitization and internalization. We therefore sought to examine the specific involvement of PKCɛ in the regulation of mGluR5 surface expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key regulator of alcohol‐associated behaviors. Coronal brain sections from male Wistar rats were analyzed for either colocalization of mGluR5 and PKCɛ via immunohistochemistry or changes in mGluR5 surface expression and PKCɛ phosphorylation following local application of PKCɛ translocation activator or inhibitor peptides and/or an orthosteric mGluR5 agonist. We observed colocalization of mGluR5 and PKCɛ in the NAc. We also showed that intra‐NAc infusion of the PKCɛ translocation inhibitor ɛV1–2 increased mGluR5 surface expression under baseline conditions. Stimulation of mGluR5 with an orthosteric agonist DHPG, dose dependently increased ERK1/2 and PKCɛ phosphorylation as well as mGluR5 internalization in acute NAc slices. Finally, we observed that activation of PKCɛ translocation with Tat‐ΨɛRACK peptide mediates agonist‐independent mGluR5 internalization, whereas PKCɛ translocation inhibitor ɛV1–2 prevents agonist‐dependent internalization of mGluR5 in NAc slice preparations. These findings suggest that the subcellular localization of mGluR5 in the NAc is regulated by PKCɛ under basal and stimulation conditions, which may influence the role of mGluR5–PKCɛ signaling in alcohol‐related behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peripheral treatment with enoxaparin exacerbates amyloid plaque pathology in Tg2576 mice
Authors: Cui Hao , King Anna E. , Jacobson Glenn A. , Small David H.
Published: August 2016

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive neurological disorder characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques composed of β‐amyloid protein (Aβ), the key component in pathogenesis of AD. Peripheral administration of enoxaparin (ENO) reportedly reduces the level of Aβ and the amyloid plaques in the cortex of amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. However, the exact mechanism of these effects is unclear. Our previous studies indicated that ENO can inhibit APP processing to Aβ in primary cortical cells from Tg2576 mice by downregulating BACE1 levels. This study examines whether ENO‐induced reduction of amyloid load is due to the decreased APP processing to Aβ in Tg2576 mice. Surprisingly, our results indicated that ENO significantly increases the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in cortex and enhances the amyloid plaque load in both cortex and hippocampus, although overall APP processing was not influenced by ENO. Moreover, ENO stimulated the aggregation of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vitro. Although ENO has been reported to improve cognition in vivo and has potential as a therapeutic agent for AD, the results from our study suggest that ENO can exacerbate the amyloid pathology, and the strategy of using ENO for the treatment of AD may require further assessment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.