bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrinological Function in Schizophrenic Patients under Haloperidol Treatment: Plasma PRL, HGH and 5HT Levels after L‐5HTP Loading
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Kaneko Motohisa , Kumashiro Hisashi , Tachibana Ryuichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to examine 5HT metabolism in the hypothalamopituitary (HP) system of chronic schizophrenic patients taking haloperidol for a short or long period, chronological changes of blood 5HT, PRL and HGH were measured after an oral loading dose of L‐5hydroxytryptophan (L‐5HTP), a precursor of 5HT.

The subjects consisted of 8 male patients with chronic schizophrenia, who were divided into the following two groups. The 1st group—4 patients taking haloperidol (5.6 mg/day) for 8 months on an average (short‐term treatment). The 2nd group—4 patients taking haloperidol (4.8 mg/day) for 7.5 years on an average (long‐term treatment). The control group was made up of 9 healthy male volunteers.

As a result, the basal level of blood 5HT in the 1st group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The blood 5HT levels in the 1st and 2nd groups showed an equally remarkable increase as compared with the control group.

The basal level of plasma PRL in the 2nd group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Moreover, in the 2nd group, an increase in the plasma PRL level after the loading was suppressed, but it showed less suppression in the 1st group.

There was no significant difference in the basal HGH levels among the control, 1st and 2nd groups. After the loading, an increase in the plasma HGH was suppressed in the 2nd group, but the suppression was less in the 1st group.

These results suggest that there might be a hyposensitivity of the 5HT neuron or a disorder in the 5HT‐catecholamine interaction of the HP axis in schizophrenic patients undergoing a long‐term haloperidol treatment.
Epstein‐Barr Virus Antibodies in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Yabuki Seiso , Kazahaya Yasuko , Kubonishi Ichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Antibody titers to the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 57 cases of acute or subacute neurological diseases. As a result, sera from 11 cases (7 Bell's palsy, 2 encephalitis and 2 acute cerebellar ataxia) were found to be positive for antibodies to early antigen. Seven of these 11 cases either seroconverted for IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) or were proven positive for anti‐VCA‐IgM antibodies in the serum. While 4 were found positive for IgG antibodies to VCA in CSF, 3 tested by the anti‐complement immunofluorescence method were all negative for EBV‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) in CSF. Three of the 11 cases were considered to be of a primary infection with EBV because of a negative serologic test for antibodies to EBNA initially; a reinfection with the virus or a reactivation of the latent infection was suspected in some of the remaining cases.
Diagnosis of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy by Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki , Ishijima Buichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Temporal lobe epilepsy was studied by the 11C‐glucose method of positron emission tomography. The temporal lobe at the level 25 mm above the orbitomeatal line showed the amygdala, hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus medially, and the T1, T2 and T3 neocortices laterally. The focus locations in these structures were divided into mesial, lateral and combined groups on the PECT images. This classification showed a close correlation between the clinical symptoms and the anatomical focus sites.
Complex Partial Seizures in Childhood
Authors: Oka Eiji , Ogino Tatsuya , Kobayashi Katsuhiro , Murakami Nagako , Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A clinical and electroencephalographic study was undertaken on 215 children with complex partial seizures as selected on the basis of the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures (1981).

Complex partial seizures were noted in 7.8% of the epileptic children.

The ictal symptoms of complex partial seizures closely resembled those of psychomotor triad described by Lennox.

Interictal EEG revealed seizure discharges from the temporal or frontal focus in 57.2%.

There existed a group with automatism as a main symptom having both diffuse slow spike‐waves and focal temporal spikes. This type should be interpreted to be one of secondary generalized epilepsies and be a variant of the Lennox syndrome.
Prognostic Factors of Primary Generalized Epilepsy: A Reappraisal of 96 Cases in Terminal Remission
Authors: Wu Liwen , Kugimiya Seiji , Numata Youichi , Wada Toyoji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Ninety‐six patients whose diagnosis was definitively confirmed as primary generalized epilepsy (PGE) were divided into two groups according to the duration of recurrent seizures—A group for less than 7 years and B group for more than 7 years. The patients of both groups were completely free of seizures for more than 3 years at the time of the survey. A retrospective comparison was made between these two groups in terms of clinical and EEG features. Emphasis was placed on the B group which was characterized by an unfavorable seizure outcome.

From a prognostic point of view, the risk factors indicative of an unfavorable outcome of seizures were found as follows: a) the presence of generalized tonic‐clonic convulsions (GTCs) prior to the occurrence of minor seizures and persisting GTCs following the subsidence of minor seizures, b) scanty epileptic EEG findings in spite of the sporadic occurrence of GTCs, and c) GTCs tended to associate with various seizure‐inducing factors.

As a conclusion, along with appropriate drug treatment, the necessity of comprehensive approaches to the patients' everyday life was emphasized in order to achieve a favorable seizure outcome.
Clinicopathologic Studies on Neuro‐Behçet's Disease
Authors: Totsuka Shiro , Hattori Takamichi , Yazaki Mitsuyasu , Nagao Kōichi , Mizushima Setsuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Nine cases of neuro‐Behçet's disease were investigated clinicopathologically. Pathological pictures of the central nervous system were characterized as follows: the site of predilection was the brain stem, followed by the spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum. The pathognomonic changes were recurrent inflammations around small vessels, causing a softening of the tissue. Lesions were composed of a perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes, histiocytes and microglias and, moreover, diapedesis, degenerated nerve cells and oligo‐dendroglias, glial nodule, breakdown of myelin and axon, fatty granule cells and glio‐mesenchymal proliferation were present occasionally. Electron microscopic studies on the neurons revealed no evidence of viral particles except for some accumulations of electron dense bodies.
Movement‐Related Cerebral Potentials in Schizophrenics
Authors: Takasaka Yoichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Measures concerning the P2 component of movement‐related cerebral potentials (MPs) (the time from the trigger produced by key‐tapping to the onset of P2: T‐N latency, the width of P2: N‐P interval, and the amplitude of P2: N‐P amplitude) and various clinical factors of 36 schizophrenics were studied and statistically compared with those of 35 normal subjects. Concerning the P2 component, 22/36 of the schizophrenics showed abnormal findings. These three measures, especially the N‐P interval, are significantly related to various clinical symptoms at the stage when the MPs were recorded but are not related to the previous worst stage. The chronicity of schizophrenic illness influenced each measure of the T‐N latency and N‐P interval, both of which were significantly longer than those of the normal subjects. The pressure strength, the velocity of key‐tapping, the duration of muscular contraction, (namely the manner of key‐tapping) and the daily dosage of neuroleptics did not affect the P2 component.

These results suggest that 1) the P2 component of MPs is related to certain brain functions as a signal of information processing concerning action and not to the peripheral feed‐back mechanism and 2) abnormal waveforms of the MPs found in pathological psychiatric conditions of schizophrenia may be a reflection of disturbances of the central mechanism concerning action, attention and volition.
Electron Microscopic Morphometric Studies on Synaptic Vesicles of Long‐Term CPZ‐Administered Rat Striatum
Authors: Takeichi Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of chronic administration of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the striatal synaptic vesicles was quantitatively investigated with an electron microscope. Six rats, three controls and three experimentals, which received 20 mg/kg b.wt. of CPZ daily for 15 months, were sacrificed and a total of 300 axo‐dendritic spine synapses (50 synapses per animal) were randomly taken and divided into three zones with a width of 160–467 nm on electron micrographs (final magnification 60,000). The first zone was adjacent to the presynaptic membrane in the region of the synaptic cleft. The second and third were farther away from the first zone. In these zones we measured the vesicle density, vesicle size and vesicle elongation ratio (the shortest diameter/the longest diameter) with the following results:

1) In both the CPZ‐administered rats and the controls the vesicle number per unit area of axoplasm (vesicle density) was smaller in Zone III than in Zones I and II, while those in the latter two zones did not differ from each other. However, there was no significant difference in the vesicle number in any zone between the control and experimental animals.

2) The vesicles in every zone were significantly larger in the CPZ‐administered animals than in the controls.

3) There were no conclusive findings on the vesicle elongation ratio (vesicle shape).
High 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D and Low 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Plasma in Patients Receiving Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Maeda Kiyoshi , Ikeda Hirotoh
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OH D), 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25‐(OH)2 D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were determined in 30 outpatients receiving various antiepileptic drugs (AED). None of the patients exhibited high plasma PTH levels. The plasma 1,25‐(OH) 2 D levels were normal or high, a'though in a third of the patients the 25‐OH D levels were reduced. There was a corre'ation between the 25‐OH D and serum calcium levels. These findings suggest that the low plasma concentrations of 25‐OH D, not 1,25‐(OH)2 D, might play an important part in the occurrence of AED‐induced disturbances of bone metabolism.
Unusual Cases of Presenile Dementia with Fahr's Syndrome
Authors: Shibayama Hiroto , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Iwase Shoji , Nakagawa Minoru , Marui Yasuo , Kayukawa Yuhei , Iwata Hiromu , Takeuchi Toru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Three patients with an unusual type of presenile dementia were studied. Atypical clinical pictures emerged from an evaluation of these cases. Their symptoms and signs were thought to be neither those of Alzheimer's disease nor those of Pick's disease but a partial mixture of those of both diseases. The neuropathological changes were characteristic and the common findings were as as follows: 1) the absence of senile plaques, 2) the widespread presence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles, 3) a calcareous deposition of Fahr's type, 4) a circumscribed cerebral atrophy in the temporal or/and frontal lobes, 5) a moderate or severe demyelination and fibrous gliosis in the white matter of the atrophied areas, and 6) a slight or moderate neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Similar cases reported previously were reviewed.
A Longitudinal Study of Schizophrenia in Adolescence: I. The One‐ to Three‐Year Outcome
Authors: Inoue Kazuomi , Nakajima Teruo , Kato Nobukatsu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In an attempt to evaluate retrospectively the three‐year course and outcome of treated adolescent schizophrenics, the medical data of 19 patients were collected from the first admissions over a period of 10 years (1971‐1981). According to the DSM‐III criteria, 17 were diagnosed as having schizophrenic disorders and the remaining 2 were schizophreniform disorders. The outcome at the time of first‐ to third‐year follow‐up was assessed on the outcome rating scale. The three‐year outcome was favorable with respect to both the length of hospitalization and the presence of psychotic symptoms. However, there was a sustained impairment in occupational (or scholastic) functioning throughout the three‐year follow‐up period. The female sex and the initial diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder might be factors affecting the good third‐year clinical (or symptomatic) outcome. The younger age at onset, the longer duration of the prodromal phase, and the longer period of time between the onset and the first presentation appeared to predict the poor third‐year occupational outcome.
A Sporadic Case of Benign Myoclonus Epilepsy of Adult Onset: Its Clinical Aspects and Electroencephalographic, Polygraphic Study
Authors: Ishigooka Jun , Wakatabe Hirobumi , Takahashi Akihiko , Yoshida Yoshiko , Murasaki Mitsukuni
Published: March 2008

Abstract: sporadic case of myoclonus epilepsy of adult onset with a benign course is presented. Its clinical implications were discussed symptomatologically and nosologi‐cally. EEG findings consisted of the slowing of basic activity, characteristic polyspike and wave discharges or other paroxysmal patterns and photomyoclonic response (PMR). The PMR was well evoked by flashes of 6‐21 Hz and of yellow or red color. Clinical similarities of this case to those of hereditary myoclonus epilepsy without progressive dementia and cerebellar ataxia, and pathognomonic characteristics of electrophysiological findings indicated that the myoclonic epilepsy syndrome might share basic properties, which are state‐dependent, but independent of underlying neuropathology or heredity.

During sleep, paroxysmal discharges with spike(s) significantly decreased in slow‐wave sleep and almost recovered in REM sleep. This finding suggests that the brain stem may be responsible for the epileptogeneity in this case.
Prefrontal Lobe‐Substantia Nigra Projection in Human Cerebrum
Authors: Sato Hirokazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A PF‐SN projection in the human cerebral neocortex was studied and the following results obtained. The PF‐SN projection tract originates mainly from areas 9 and 10 and probably also from areas 46 and 47, and passes through the ipsilateral frontopontine tract. The main projecting area is the intermedial region of the pars compacta in the SN in a medio‐lateral direction. The PF‐SN projection fibers exist in quantities, possibly equal to those of the striatum‐SN projection fibers. Fibers projecting from areas of the cerebral neocortex other than the PF to the pars compacta in the SN are likely to be absent.
Aging Variabilities of Level‐Dose Relationship in Antiepileptic Monopharmacy—with Reference to Drug Interaction between Mono‐ and Bipharmacy
Authors: Miyakoshi Masako
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The influences of age, dose and comedication on the dose‐level relationship were investigated using the ratio of plasma level to dose per body weight (/μg/ml/mg/ kg/day) as an index in patients who had received the therapeutic doses of antiepileptic drug(s) for a long term.

Samples of the blood concentrations were taken from 1,922 patients ranging in age from one to 40: 1,567 measured values were obtained under medication with pheno‐barbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ) or valproate (VPA) alone, and 2,201 under medication with any two of the above‐mentioned antiepileptic drugs.

With regard to PB, PHT, CBZ and VPA, when used alone, the L/D ratio was the lowest in the youngest age group, increased toward the latter half of teens, reached a peak at about age 20 and slightly decreased in the rest between the 20s and 30s.

The age when the L/D ratio changes with aging is consistent with the age when the body weight of children obviously increases. As a result, during such a term, the fairly constant blood concentration can be maintained without overtly changing the daily dose.

In the same age group given a single antiepileptic drug, the L/D ratio for PHT steeply increased at the dose of 4 in adults or 5 mg/kg/day in children, while the ratio rather decreased for CBZ and VPA. Clinical considerations should be paid to the fact that there was a non‐linear relationship between the dose and the plasma concentration not only of PHT but of CBZ and VPA, and that the turning points were all within the range of therapeutic doses. Namely, that the plasma concentration of PHT is liable to reach a toxic level if the dose is slightly over the critical dose is well known. On the contrary, the innocent increase in the CBZ or VPA dosage only with the aim of obtaining the so‐called therapeutic concentration is not always a rational plan of medication because of the nature of the reversed non‐linear relationship between these two drugs.

As regards the interaction of the two antiepileptic drugs, PHT showed no definite tendency with any partner drug; PB showed an increase in the L/D ratio when used in combination with PHT, CBZ or VPA; and CBZ and VPA showed decreases in the L/D ratio when used in combination, regardless of a partner drug. These findings should be borne in mind when we have to deal with polytherapy.
Change in Brain Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) Mechanism of Amygdaloid Kindled Rats
Authors: Kajita Saburo , Nakashima Makoto , Okamoto Motoi , Sato Mitsumoto , Ogawa Norio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We reported previously that DN‐1417, a potent analog of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH), suppressed both the progression of amygdaloid (AM) kindling and AM kindled seizure.

To study a functional role of the cerebral TRH mechanism in AM kindling, immuno‐reactive TRH (IR‐TRH) and specific TRH receptor binding were examined in the rat brains kindled from the left AM. The IR‐TRH concentration elevated significantly in the amygdala plus piriform cortex and the hippocampus 24 and 48 hours after the AM kindled convulsion. Such an elevation of IR‐TRH was not found 7 days after the last convulsion, indicating that the elevation of IR‐TRH was a transient change seen after the AM kindled convulsion. By contrast, the specific TRH receptor binding in the striatum increased 48 hours, 7 and 21 days after the AM kindled convulsion. This indicates that the increase of the specific TRH binding in the striatum was a long‐lasting change.

The present study suggests that the change in the striatal TRH receptors may be associated with a long‐lasting seizure susceptibility of AM kindled rats.
Psychiatric Complications with Chronic Hemodialysis —Importance of Psychological and Social Care—
Authors: Kaneko Sunao , Sato Tokijiro , Hirayama Nobuaki , Eba Hideo , Takahashi Nobuyoshi , Suzuki Tadashi , Funyu Tomihisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Because of a desire to provide the most suitable treatment for hemodialysis patients, psychological, physical and social problems influencing psychiatric conditions of the patients were studied. One hundred hemodialysis inpatients were compared in each group divided by their characteristics, i.e. age, presence of family problems, occupation, physical complications and their character traits.

Psychiatric conditions were most favorable between 3 and 12 months after the introduction of hemodialysis, whereas in other hemodialysis terms depression was noticed in more than half of the subjects. In most of the patients, irritation and anger, and loss of brightness and sympathy were observed during the first 3 months or later than 12 months after the introduction of therapy, respectively. Some of the patients required explanations about the necessity of hemodialysis repeatedly and/or through consecutive psychotherapeutic interviews. This study suggested that a poor outcome of psychological conditions after the introduction of hemodialysis was indicated by 1) the presence of family problems, 2) symptoms of physical origin, 3) the absence of full‐time work, 4) having a young child or children, 5) age in the 20‐40 year group, 6) B and E type character traits classified by the Yatabe and Gilford test and 7) a long duration of therapy.
A Clinical Study of 30 Wrist Cutters
Authors: Takeuchi Tatsuo , Koizumi Junzo , Kotsuki Hideki , Shimazaki Motoyoshi , Miyamoto Mari , Sumazaki Kazuko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Thirty patients who committed wrist cuttings were divided into four groups according to the patients’ psychiatric diagnosis: hysteria group, depression group, adolescent behavioral disorder group and other diagnostic group.

In the hysteria group, wrist cutting was considered as an expression of the patients’ unconscious intention to seek sympathy for themselves from other people. In the depression group, wrist cutting seemed to be a preliminary rehearsal of suicide. In the adolescent behavioral disorder group, internal conflicts in adolescence or discordance with the patients’ parents seemed to be the chief motivations of wrist slashing.

The core groups were the hysteria and adolescent behavioral disorder groups, and the peripheral groups were the depression group and others.
Personality and Neuropsychological Aspects of Temporal Lobe Epileptics and Schizophrenics
Authors: Fujiwara Masahiro , Tsuru Noriko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The present study was designed to ascertain and explore whether distinct personality profiles and neuropsychological features characterized temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) vs. schizophrenic patients (Sc). The subjects were 20 epileptics and 19 schizophrenics matched with an overall IQ. They underwent various personality and neuropsychological tests. These results showed that the personality of the left‐TLE patients tended to be more sensitive, aggressive, hostile and emotionally labile than the right‐TLE and Sc patients. Finally, the Sc patients showed poor performances in verbal and nonverbal delayed tasks, especially on the right visual hemifield ones. These results suggested that they have the frontal lobe dysfunction, especially of the left hemisphere.
Water Intoxication and Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone in Schizophrenic Patients Evaluated by Water Deprivation and Load Tests
Authors: Hamazoe Kaoru , Hazama Hidebumi , Nishikawa Mariko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study was conducted on 16 schizophrenic patients with compulsive water drinking (CWD) and 10 normal controls, and the relation between serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and serum osmolality measured under ordinary conditions of free water intake. A water deprivation test and a water load test were also carried out on 10 schizophrenics with CWD and 10 normal controls. A comparison between the patients and controls showed the following results:

the patients showed a significantly high level of serum ADH for their serum osmolality level, and 3 of them were consistent with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH);

the urine osmolality after the water deprivation in the patients was relatively low for their serum ADH;

inhibition of ADH secretion after the water load was insufficient in the patients; and

the water load test proved favorable to water diuresis (106%) in the patients with CWD of less than a 5‐year duration, and insufficient diuresis (62.6%) in the patients with CWD of more than a 5‐year duration.

Two cases of the latter group had SIADH. The dilution and concentration of the urine after the water load were delayed also in the schizophrenic patients without SIADH. These findings suggest a strong possibility that the regulatory mechanism of ADH secretion might be impaired in the schizophrenic patients with CWD.
Depersonalization in Early Adolescence
Authors: Shimizu Masayuki , Sakamoto Shozo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Depersonalization is a comparatively rare disease in the psychiatric field. Particularly, its occurrence in early adolescence or even before seems to be quite uncommon. We have observed 120 cases of depersonalization, of which only 16 cases had their onset before the age of 15. Among them, we will present here 6 cases for which a detailed observation was available. It is very difficult for these minors to put their feeling into verbal expressions because the experience of depersonalization is a “negative symptom.” Adult patients can explain metaphorically how they feel. However, children can use only similes. Therefore, in the case of depersonalization, children have more difficulty in expressing their feeling than adults. This might cause to clinically overlook depersonalization in children. Even in our observation of the cases reported here, we found after a while that their complaints actually meant experiences of depersonalization, although their explanations were at first obscure. These 6 cases showed common personality traits that they are passive in interpersonal relationship and that they easily become frustrated or hold a sense of inferiority even at trifles.
Diurnal Rhythm in Appearance of Frontal Midline Theta Activity
Authors: Takii Osamu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: It has been reported that there is a certain rhythm in the appearance of Fmθ. In the present study, round‐the‐clock changes in the appearance of Fmθ were analyzed. The Uchida‐Kraepelin test was conducted for 5 minutes a day over a period of 3 days on 18 university students. The span of time from 08:00 to 24:00 was divided into 9 temporal points and each subject was tested at 4 different points. EEGs were recorded and the changes in the appearance of Fmθ were investigated. As a result, it was found that there were signs of a frequent appearance of Fmθ in the morning, particularly between 10:00 and 12:00. Accordingly, it was evident that Fmθ appears at a certain diurnal rhythm.
Serum Prolactin, Cortisol and Growth Hormone Concentrations after Various Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Takeshita Hisayoshi , Kawahara Ryuzo , Nagabuchi Tadafumi , Mizukawa Rokuro , Hazama Hidebumi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The serial serum concentrations of prolactin (PRL), Cortisol and growth hormone (GH) were measured after clinical fits of seizures in 49 epileptic patients, aged 13‐77. In generalized tonic‐clonic seizures, both the serum PRL and Cortisol levels transiently rose and reached their maximum 30 min after the onset of clinical fits. Serum GHs were elevated in some of the patients. After complex partial seizures, significant rises were found only in serum Cortisol, but no demonstrable change was observed in PRL and GH. In the other minor seizure group, no remarkable change was observed in any of the hormones. These results suggest that the postictal hormonal change is different in each type of seizure, respectively.
A Pharmacokinetic Study of Clomipramine in Regions of the Brain
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Kishitani Kazuyuki , Kido Hideki , Kurachi Masayoshi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The pharmacokinetic profiles of clomipramine (CMP) and the serial changes of its concentration in specific brain regions were investigated in rats after an acute treatment with intravenous CMP (10 mg/kg). The CMP concentrations in plasma declined triexponentially and fitted a three‐compartment open model. The brain to plasma concentration ratio showed a constant value, 22.2 ± 4.9, 30 minutes after the injection. Regional brain differences in the CMP distribution and accumulation were also found. Four hours after the injections, the hippocampus was found to have the highest drug concentration, and the concentrations in this region were in the following order; thalamus, striatum, amygdala, cortex > pons + medulla oblongata > hypothalamus, bulbus olfactorius + septum, mesencephalon > cerebellum. Particularly, unique kinetics were observed in the cortex, amygdala and hippocampus.
An Autopsy Case of Chronic Nodular Encephalomyelitis Simulating Neuro‐Behcet Syndrome
Authors: Koga Makoto , Suetsugu Motohiro , Umeda Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 29‐year‐old man suffered from neurological symptoms such as urinary disturbance, changes in personality, gait and speech disturbances, amnesia, myoclonus, dysphagia and muscle atrophy for nine years with exacerbations and remissions.

A postmortem examination revealed many inflammatory and necrotic foci in the brain and spinal cord, especially in the brainstem and cerebral cortex. Numerous minute scar foci were also scattered in the gray matter, accompanied by some demyelinating lesions in the white matter. The presence of microthrombi and plasma exudation into the vesssel wall suggested the importance of vascular factors in the pathogenesis of these CNS lesions. Peripheral neuropathy was also present.

The neuropathological features were almost the same as those of neuro‐Behcet syndrome, but he lacked the extraneural symptoms of Behcet disease.
The Application of DSM‐III Diagnostic Criteria to School Refusal
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Nikkuni Shigeru , Kaneko Motohisa , Endo Masatoshi , Yashima Yuko , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The DSM‐III diagnostic criteria were applied to school refusal cases, and the possibility of a subclassification of school refusal through the DSM‐III was studied. The subjects were 50 cases diagnosed as school refusal following the criteria defined by Sumi and Tatara.

As for the Axis I diagnoses, the subjects fell under the separation anxiety disorder (7 cases), avoidance disorder (13 cases), overanxious disorder (8 cases), identity disorder (5 cases), adjustment disorder (11 cases) and others. On Axis II, no case was diagnosed as having the personality disorder, but 14 cases showed pathological personality traits. On Axis III, nine cases showed some physical disorders or conditions. Among the five major diagnostic groups, there were some definite differences concerning the onset age, clinical course, psychosocial stress, response to therapy and prognosis of disorders.

These results suggest the availability of a subclassification of school refusal by means of the DSM‐III criteria.
Prevalence of Panic Disorder and Other Subtypes of Anxiety Disorder and Their Background
Authors: Takahashi Saburo , Nakamura Michihiko , Iida Hideharu , Iritani Shuji , Fujii Masaya , Yamashita Yoshinori , Yoichi Ichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Two hundred and forty‐four patients with various subtypes of DSM‐IH anxiety disorder were found among 3,059 outpatients who visited our clinic consecutively for evaluation for five years. They included 53 patients with panic disorder comprising an outstanding number of patients, about a quarter of patients with anxiety disorder and 1.7% of the whole outpatient population, and 78 with generalized anxiety disorder. Differentiation between these two groups was difficult to make besides their specific clinical features whether the patient had panic attacks or chronic generalized anxiety. The patients with anxiety disorder were divided into two major groups– panic‐generalized anxiety‐simple phobia and social phobia‐obsessive compulsive‐agoraphobia–in respect to their age of onset of the illness, the duration of episode, separation from their parents, psychosocial stressors and response to pharmacotherapy. Social phobia and obsessive compulsive disorder comprised those patients with similar qualities to each other in terms of their demographic data and their social backgrounds, forming a distinct group apparently different from the panic‐generalized anxiety group. They consisted predominantly of young male patients with an earlier onset of the illness, less separation experienced and a longer duration of the episode, while without meaningful psychosocial stressors preceding the present episode. These findings indicate that the prevalence of panic disorder in the Japanese population is as high as previously reported, although its discriminant factors from generalized anxiety disorder are ambiguous except for panic attacks.
Abnormal Growth Hormone Release Following Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Maeda Kiyoshi , Tanimoto Kenji , Chihara Kazuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We studied the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and growthhormone (GH) secretion following an i.v. injection of 0.1 nig of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in patients with anorexia nervosa, who showed the GH secretion afterthyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Five out of 11 patients had an elevated plasma GH level in a fasting state. The administration of LHRH resulted in a significant increase in the plasma GH concentrations in 3 of the 11 patients. Three other patients also showed anelevation of the plasma GH concentration to 7.0, 18.4 and 29.6 ng/ml, which were 212, 175 and 191% of the preinjection levels, respectively. There is a positive correlation between the basal and peak plasma GH levels after LHRH. These increases, however, were related to neither the plasma gonadotropin responses to LHRH nor the plasma GH responses to TRH. The basal levels of plasma LH were reduced in 8 patients and normal responses to LHRH were observed in only one patient. Although plasma FSH was undetectable in 5 patients, the FSH response to LHRH appeared normal in 9 patients. These results indicate thatan elevation of the plasma GH level after LHRH is not confined to patients with a GH secreting pituitary tumor but observed in subjects with anorexia nervosa and further suggest that the GH responsiveness to non‐specific hypothalamic releasing hormones may be due to the impaired hypothalamic control in anorexia nervosa.
Chilaiditi's Syndrome in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Matsuo Tadashi , Kotsubo Daisaku , Ichiki Shika , Tagawa Kensuke , Kitazono Takanari , Nakao Yae , Yamagami Toshiko , Hayashi Michihiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The condition that a part of the digestive tract interposes between the liver and diaphragm has been called Chilaiditi's syndrome. Although it has been reported that this condition had a higher rate of incidence in patients of mental hospitals than in other individuals, there are hardly any enlightening papers of this condition in the domain of psychiatry. Three schizophrenic patients who had this condition are described in this paper. Many factors such as meteorism, the medication of antipsychotic drugs and negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients are considered as risk factors that bring about this condition in them. Psychiatrists should pay more attention to this condition in the chest roentgenograms of patients because this state can possibly develop into more serious conditions such as ileus.
Changes in Cholinergic Markers Following Kainic Acid Lesion of the Ventral Globus Pallidus in Rat
Authors: Ueki Akinori , Miyoshi Koho
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities and [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding were determined in the rat frontal cortex following damage to the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Pre‐ and postsynaptic changes in the cholinergic system with the passage of time werealso studied. After a unilateral injection of kainic acid into the right ventral globus pallidus, the GAD levels remained unaffected, but the CAT levels decreased to 63.4% after 7 days. After 12 weeks, the CAT levels had returned to 87% of the control value. The Umaxof [3H]QNB binding for the muscarinic receptor was higher in the ipsilateral cortex up to 4 weeks. On the other hand, the KD value at 12 weeks was higher without a change in the Bmax of the [3H]QNB binding.

These findings might indicate an ongoing compensatory receptor mechanism of denervation supersensitivity as a response to early changes in presynaptic cholinergic activity and the production of postsynaptic effect with presynaptic cholinergic damage over a long period of time.
Purification of Acetylcholine Receptor‐like Protein from Fetal Calf Thymus
Authors: Kawanami Sachiko , Kakuno Tomisaburo , Horio Takekazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A cobrotoxin binding protein from the fetal calf thymus was isolated by affinity chromatography after solubilization with sodium cholate. The specific activity as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was determined by assessing the bindingto [3H]‐α‐bungarotoxin (BuTx), using the high‐pressure liquid chromatography. An AChR‐like protein was detected in the amount of 1.39–2.14 nmol per g protein. The first peak of 420k‐protein from gel filtration of the eluate of affinity chromatography on aSephacryl column showed one major polypeptide band with an Mr of 40k, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate, two major protein bands with pi 5.4–5.6 and9.2 by isoelectric focusing, and reacted with sera from patients with myasthenia gravis.
The Body Owning Process in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Ushijima Sadanobu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: After pointing out that over anorexia nervosa too much attention focused on the severity of developmental pahology in infancy and on current family problemsseem to blur the developmental perspectives in adolescence, the author examined the course of treatment of an anorexia nervosa patient, a 17‐year‐old senior high school girl. He showed that with the development of object‐relationships, there occurred a disturbance inthe sense of body‐ownership: the lower half of the body felt fatty, some change occurred that could not be put into words, and a flesh‐mantle was seen in a homosexual partner. Itwas emphasized that the projective cross‐identification (the author's term) played an important role in this process.
Electroencephalographic Study of 137 Patients with Thalidomide Embryopathy
Authors: Kanno Osamu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: EEG examinations were carried out on 137 patients with thalidomide embryopathy aged between 7 and 22 with a mean age of 17.0.

Waking and sleep EEGs were normal in 82 (59.9%), and abnormal in 55 (40.1%). The incidence of abnormal EEG was significantly high in the patients associated with mental retardation, and it increased in proportion to the severity of mental retardation.

The most frequent abnormal EEG finding was slowing of the basic activity (35/137; 24.8%).The incidence of slowing was significantly higher in the patients with a sensorineural hearing impairment (26/74; 35.1%) than in those with dysmelia (9/62; 14.5%). Slowing appeared frequently in the patients with various cranial nerve symptoms (30/84; 35.7%). Theincidence of slowing was found significantly high in the patients with borderline or subnormal intelligence (8/16; 50.0%), and it correlated with the severity of mental retardation. Many patients (48/84; 57.1%) showed unilateral or asymmetrical neurological symptoms. However, asymmetry or focal abnormality in EEG was shown in only 8 patients.

Positive spikes appeared frequently in the patients with gonadal dysplasia. Other somatic symptoms, past medical history and family history were not related to the incidence of abnormal EEGs. Eight patients had had epileptic seizures prior to this examination. Another 2 patients had noctural enuresis and showed epileptic EEG abnormalities in this examination. The incidence of epilepsy was significantly higher in the patients we examined than among the general population.

It is concluded that ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy affected not only the morphological development of the limbs of the fetus, but the functions of its central nervoussystem, causing hearing impairment, other cranial nerve symptoms, mental retardation or epilepsy.
Absence Attacks Precipitated by Long‐Lasting Subclinical Temporal Discharges
Authors: Clemens B. , Bánk J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The subject of this single‐case report is a girl whose absence seizures and the corresponding 3 Hz generalized, symmetrical spike‐wave pattern were precededby continuous, long‐lasting left temporal subclinical epileptic discharges probably associated with an atrophic lesion in the hemisphere. The authors' meaning is that like in experimental human conditions (stereo‐EEG studies), epileptic neuronal malfunctioning of a localized nature is also able to precipitate true absence attacks. This idea is supported by electroencephalographic and pharmacological arguments.
Effects of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Sleep of Healthy Young Male Adults
Authors: Kotorii Tatayu , Nonaka Kensaku , Nakazawa Yoichi , Matsunaga Hiroki , Mieno Kenji , Hatase Tetsuro , Kodama Hidetsugu , Nishida Takahiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of a single 100 mg dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on human sleep were investigated using healthy young male adults. After a baseline night recording, two consecutive MFA nights and the following two withdrawal nights were recorded. The total sleep time was reduced after the 2nd MPA night and the decrease was significant on the 1st withdrawal night. The time of intrasleep awakening increased after the 2nd MPA night. Stage 1 sleep increased significantly on the 2nd MPA and 1st withdrawal nights. Stage 4 sleep decreased and the sleep latency gradually increased after the MPAadministration. REM sleep reduced slightly on the 1st withdrawal night. These results indicate that MPA has a mild arousal action on human sleep and that the action may be pronounced a few days after administration of MPA.
Syphilitic Myelitis with Its Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Verification and Successful Treatment
Authors: Tashiro Kunio , Moriwaka Fumio , Sudo Kazumasa , Akino Minoru , Abe Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 31‐year‐old man with a 10‐day duration of a progressive paraparesis and sensory disturbance was found to have a syphilitic infection which was confirmed by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilitic reaction. A discrete and wedge‐shaped Gadolinium‐DTPA‐enhanced lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was identified at the level of Th 3/4.

The neurologic states and MRI findings improved noticeably after a 16‐day course of penicillin with a high dose of prednisolone.

Therefore, we want to emphasize the importance and usefulness of MRI in syphilitic myelitis.
Neuro‐Behçet Disease and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Tashiro Kunio , Fujiki Naoto , Moriwaka Fumio , Yamada Takayoshi , Ito Kazunori , Maruo Yasunori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of neuro‐Behçet disease presenting the signs and symptoms of brain stem involvement was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while a CTscan failed to show any abnormalities.

These abnormal MRI foci were resolved in accordance with neurologic improvements by means of prednisolone therapy.
Effects of L‐Erythro‐3, 4‐Dihydroxyphenylserine on Sleep‐Wakefulness Patterns and Concentrations of Brain Catecholamines and Serotonin in Rats
Authors: Mori Masahiko , Hashimoto Hiromichi , Fukui Kenji , Mori Tadashi , Noto Tadashi , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS), a nonnatural precursor of noradrenaline, on the sleep‐wakefulness patterns of rats were studied. When the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of L‐erythro‐DOPS (200 mg/kg), a significantincrease in slow wave sleep and a tendency to decrease wakefulness were observed during the first 2 hours after the injection. Paradoxical sleep increased 4–8 hours after the treatment. A simultaneous injection of benserazide (20 mg/kg) enhanced these effects. L‐threo‐DOPS (200 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on the sleep‐wakefulness patterns. The effects ofDOPS on the concentrations of brain catecholamines and serotonin in rats were also examined. An intraperitoneal injection of L‐erythro‐DOPS markedly increased the concentration of noradrenaline (probably the d‐form) and decreased that of serotonin and dopamine. L‐threo‐DOPS had no effect on the brain monoamine levels of the rats in the present experimental condition. The effects of L‐erythro‐DOPS on the neurons containing noradrenaline in the rats were examined by fluorescence histochemistry. Fluorescence in the neuronal perikarya and fibers containing noradrenaline markedly increased in the n. coeruleus, n. paraventricularis and cerebral cortex after an intraperitoneal injection of amino acid. Fibers containing the fluorescence also increased in the second two areas.
Effect of Chronic Administration of Haloperidol (Intermittently) and Haloperidol‐Decanoate (Continuously) on D2 Dopamine and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors and on Carbachol‐Stimulated Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in the Rat Striatum
Authors: Akiyama Kazufumi , Sato Mitsumoto , Yamada Norihito , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: It has been reported that apomorphine‐induced stereotypy is sensitized after a chronic intermittent administration of haloperidol (HPD), but not after a chronic continuous exposure to haloperidol‐decanoate (HPD‐D). The present study was undertaken to investigate changes in the D2 dopamine and muscarinic receptors in the ratstriatum after the administration of HPD intermittently and HPD‐D continuously. The number of striatal [3H] spiperone binding sites increased significantly after HPD‐D, but did not change after HPD. Neither the number of [3H](–)QNB binding sites nor carbachol‐stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis changed after either HPD or HPD‐D. These results indicate that the increase in striatal D2 receptors in rats administered HPD‐D represents behavioral and biochemical tolerance, and that neither the D2 dopamine receptor supersensitivity nor muscarinic receptor hyposensitivity underlies sensitization of apomorphine‐induced stereotypy.
Clinical Features of Intractable Epilepsy in Japanese Children
Authors: Kurokawa Toru , Akazawa Kouhei , Tomita Shigeru , Kitamoto Ikuko , Maeda Yasufumi , Sakamoto Kanji , Nose Yoshiaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The clinical features of refractory epilepsy were studied in comparison between 135 patients in a refractory group and 103 in a controlled group. All the children were Japanese. The clinical features of the refractory group were the onset of epilepsy during the first year of life, absence of family history, retarded development before the onset, phakomatoses, daily or week>y seizures, secondarily generalized epilepsy, and marked EEG abnormalities at the initial visit, a change of types in epilepsy, no improvement in EEG findings, mental deterioration or severe retardation during the follow‐up. The number of drugs was increased and relatively new drugs such as carbamazepine, valproic acid or clonazepam were frequently administered. The side effects, including gum hypertrophy, drowsiness, hypertrichosis, ataxia or increased serum‐GTP, were more frequent in the refractory group.
Acute Effect of Potassium Penicillin G on Experimental Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Tanaka Shigeya , Kaijima Mitsunobu , Tanaka Tatsuya , Kunimoto Masayuki , Yonemasu Yukichi
Published: March 2008

Intraperitoneal PC injections could produce secondarily generalized seizures in both the experimental models of focal epilepsy: amygdaloid kindling models and KA‐in‐duced limbic seizure models. In the controls, a large amount of PC induced bilateral cortical epileptiform discharges but not in the limbic structures. The epileptic foci induced by the KA injection are more sensitive to PC than the foci induced by kindling.
Oligoclonal Bands Staining for IgG, IgA, IgM, Kappa Lambda Light Chains in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Araga Shigeru , Hie Hideki , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated the oligoclonal bands (OB) in CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) aseptic meningitis (AS) using poly‐acryamide or agarose isoelectric focusing following electroblofflng immunostaining for IgG, IgA, IgM light chains. OB staining for IgG was detected in 80% of patients with MS, 25% with GBS 13% with AS. OB staining for IgA IgM was not detected in any disease. In MS, OB were stained only for the kappa or lambda light chains, which was compatible with OB staining for 16.

These results suggest that in MS, OB are monoclonal because they can be stained for gamma heavy chains for only one light chains.