bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY TWO VARIETIES OF WHEAT GROWN ON THE BLACK AND GRAY SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Woodford E. K. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Chemical analyses carried out at five stages of development of Reward and Red Bobs wheat grown on the black and the gray soils of Alberta showed that differences in soil and variety significantly influenced the composition of the plants.The weights of dry matter and all nutrients studied were higher for the black-soil plants.On the basis of percentage dry matter all nutrients, except phosphorus, were higher in the black-soil plants. Reward was higher than Red Bobs in nitrogen when grown on the black soil; and in ash, phosphorus and potassium when grown on the gray soil.The grain of gray-soil plants was higher in all ash constituents but lower in nitrogen. Varietal differences were more marked in the grain and straw of the mature plants, Reward grain grown on both soils being higher in nitrogen, ash, phosphorus and magnesium.The total weights, percentages, rates of absorption and ion ratios all indicated that nitrogen and sulphur were limiting the growth of wheat on the gray soil. It is suggested that the proportionately higher absorption of phosphorus from the soil was in compensation for the low availability of nitrogen and sulphur.The differences in original quality of the wheats grown on the two soils can be largely accounted for by the differences in protein content, and therefore nitrogen supply. Phosphorus absorption, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur balance, and the relation of ash to protein, are possibly important in determining the keeping properties of the flour.
VIRUS STUDIES: I. THE PRODUCTION OF ANTISERA IN CHICKENS BY INOCULATION WITH POTATO X
Authors: Newton W. , Edwards H. I.
Published: April 2011

Chicken antiserum was produced by three wing vein inoculations with sap from Datura meteloides and Datura Stramonium plants infected with "potato virus X". Before injection, the saps were purified by the Bawden and Pirie method. This antiserum formed a conspicuous precipitate when incubated for three hours at 37 °C. with similarly purified sap of these two plant species when they were infected with the X or healthy potato virus, but failed to form any precipitate when incubated in the same way with purified sap from virus-free plants. Two unknown viruses, one from spinach and the other from tomato were established as belonging to the X group by the precipitin reaction through the use of chicken antisera. The serological grouping was supported by the fact that the unknowns had similar, if not identical lethal temperatures, longevities in vitro, and host ranges as the ordinary potato virus X.
A STRAIN OF THE VIRUS WHICH CAUSES STREAK IN TOMATO
Authors: Berkeley G. H.
Published: April 2011

In this paper the symptoms of a strain of tomato streak virus 1 found in Ontario are described and are compared with those produced by tomato streak virus 1 and tobacco virus 1 on the same hosts. On tobacco, variety White Burley, Adcock, etc., the Ontario strain produces necrotic local lesions on rubbed leaves followed by systemic mottling, whereas tomato streak virus 1 generally produces necrotic local lesions only, though sometimes systemic necrosis may follow. Also, on Nicotiana sylvestris the Ontario strain gives rise to systemic mottling with necrosis following the primary necrotic local lesions, whereas tomato streak virus 1 produces primary necrotic local lesions with or without systemic necrosis. The fact that all varieties of tobacco do not react in a similar manner to either tomato streak virus 1 or the Ontario strain is shown by a comparison of symptoms on Harrow Velvet (systemic mottling only), and White Burley or Kelley's (necrotic local lesions sometimes followed by systemic necrosis). On the other hand, all varieties tested responded to inoculation with tobacco virus 1 (tomato mosaic) by production of systemic mottling with some distortion. A series of inoculations on seven varieties of tobacco grown in the field has shown that N. tabacum, varieties Adcock, Gold Tip, White Burley and Greenwood, were killed within two weeks after inoculation with tomato streak virus 1, whereas the Ontario strain on the same varieties caused stunting with systemic mottling of leaf tissue, but did not kill the plants. Tests as to reaction to aging and heat have demonstrated that tomato streak virus 1, the Ontario strain of this virus, and tobacco virus 1, have similar properties in that each is viable after six months aging and each is rendered inactive after ten minutes at 90 °C. Immunity tests show that tobacco virus 1 immunizes plants against infection with either tomato streak virus 1 or the Ontario strain of this virus. It is suggested, therefore, that tomato streak virus 1 and the Ontario strain of the virus may be strains of tobacco virus 1.
SCHISTOSOME DERMATITIS IN CANADA: NOTES ON TWO CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THEIR SNAIL HOSTS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of "swimmers' itch" at Clear Lake, Manitoba, revealed the presence of two schistosome cercariae, Cercaria elvae Miller, 1923 in Lymnaea stagnalis jugularis Say, and Cercaria sp. in Stagnicola emarginata canadensis (Sowerby); both species are known causes of the dermatitis. Five species of strigeid cercariae were found, none of which indicated any power of penetration into human skin. Copper sulphate, appropriately applied, and hand collection of adult snail hosts, are suggested for controlling schistosome dermatitis in Clear Lake.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: III. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE TOXICITY OF URINE AND SOME RELATED SUBSTANCES FOR SCLEROSTOME LARVAE IN FECES
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: April 2011

Comparative tests with cow urine show that there is considerable variation in its lethal effect on horse sclerostome larvae in manure. Urine gradually loses its lethal power over a period of months and is useless after a year. Tests on urines of various farm animals are also recorded, as well as on fluid from byres and manure heaps. The chemical composition of urine is discussed and tests with ammonia and acetone on larvae are described.
THE RADIAL-STEREOPLOTTER
Authors: Burns E. L. M. , Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

A machine for plotting from air photographs, by the radial line method, has been developed by the Associate Research Committee on Surveys. The purpose of the plotter is to increase the accuracy and speed of extending minor control through strips of photographs by this method which is so widely used in Canada.A description of the machine is given, preceded by a brief explanation of the principles underlying its design.The methods so far employed in using the plotter are explained together with an examination of the sources of error arising in these methods, some of which are of general application to radial line plotting. Owing to the short time that the radial-stereoplotter has been in operation, conclusive statements cannot be made as to the results it will give when handled by an experienced operator, but already there is evidence of a considerable saving of time and gain in accuracy as compared with hand graphical methods of extending radial line control.
NOTE ON THE DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS BY OLD SPECIMENS OF "FROZEN" RUBBER
Authors: Barnes William H.
Published: April 2011

Monochromatic X-ray pin-hole diffraction photographs of two old specimens of "frozen" rubber are described. Histories of the specimens are given. Results are compared with existing data for "frozen" rubber and for fresh stretched rubber. Detailed figures for both conditions are thus made available and confirm the reported identity of their diffraction effects.
STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: IV. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—THE EFFECT OF DRAFT CONTROL AND CHANNEL HEIGHT ON RUBBER REINFORCEMENT, SORPTION, AND VOLATILE CONTENT
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

In an experimental carbon black plant of the channel type, the effect of channel height, draft control and gas composition on the properties of the carbon has been examined. The channel height was shown to be the most important variable. The rubber reinforcement and the yield of the carbon vary in a similar manner with the channel height at which the carbon was recovered. The sorption of the iodine and methylene blue increased almost logarithmically with the channel height. No direct relation between reinforcement and sorption is possible over the whole range, although the very high sorption obtained at greater channel heights was accompanied by a retarded cure. Sorption was increased by heating the blacks. The volatile content is high at low channel heights, passing through a minimum at the point of optimum yield. This test showed even poorer correlation with rubber reinforcement. Apparent density varied directly with channel height.The effect of draft control upon reinforcement, sorption, and volatile content was indefinite. However, the volatile content seemed to vary directly with the yield. No effects characteristic of the gas composition were found.
THE ACTION OF SATURATED STEAM ON DICALCIUM FERRITE AND ON TETRACALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITE
Authors: Mather D. T. , Thorvaldson T.
Published: April 2011

The reactions which occur when dicalcium ferrite and tetracalcium alumino-ferrite are exposed to saturated steam at temperatures between 100° and 300 °C. were studied by determining the water absorbed and the optical properties and X-ray diffraction patterns of the products. The hydration of the probable products of decomposition under the same conditions was also studied. The main results were as follows:Precipitated alumina, treated between 170° and 350 °C. and then dried over calcium oxide or "dehydrite" at 21 °C., gives a monohydrate of alumina. The product is the same whether the initial alumina contains excess combined water or has been dehydrated at any temperature below about 920 °C. On similar treatment between 100° and 170 °C. precipitated ferric oxide loses its water of hydration, giving a material with the crystalline structure of hematite. Tricalcium aluminate at temperatures between 150° and 300 °C. forms the isometric hexahydrate.On prolonged exposure between 100° and 300 °C, dicalcium ferrite is completely decomposed to calcium hydroxide and ferric oxide (hematite). The first step appears to be a rapid direct hydration of the dicalcium ferrite to a dihydrate, followed by a rapid liberation of one mole of calcium hydroxide. Then follows a slow decomposition of the hydrated monocalcium ferrite with the formation of hematite.Similar treatment of tetracalcium aluminoferrite at temperatures from 100° to 300 °C. gives as final products the hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate, calcium hydroxide, and ferric oxide (hematite). Here again a very rapid action appears to take place, producing the hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate and hydrated monocalcium ferrite, the latter product then decomposing slowly to calcium hydroxide and ferric oxide as in the case of the dicalcium ferrite.
THE PRECISION COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF GASES
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Johnson C. A.
Published: April 2011

A precise method of determining the hydrogen and carbon content of gases is described. The method employs, in part, the methods of ultimate organic analysis by combustion over copper oxide and collection of the carbon dioxide and water formed. It is particularly suited to the analysis of combustible gases containing vapors of volatile liquids.
A SYNTHESIS OF 1-HYDROXY-2-NAPHTHOIC NITRILE
Authors: McRae John A. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The neutral product of the condensation of phenylacetaldehyde with ethyl sodiocyanoacetate when distilled under low pressures loses the elements of ethyl alcohol and forms 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic nitrile. This is identical with the synthetic substance prepared through a series of reactions from α-naphthol. The methyl ether has been prepared from both the synthetic substance and the product of the condensation. 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic nitrile can be coupled readily with p-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride. The evidence relating to the structure of the neutral condensation product is reviewed.
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOS ON NODULE BACTERIA AND LEGUMES: A. THE INFLUENCE OF BIOS ON LEGUME SEEDLINGS
Authors: Laird D. G. , West P. M.
Published: April 2011

The hypocotyls of red clover seedlings, when sprouted on a seed bed enriched with crude Bios 2, grew upwards in a vertical position, while the cotyledons rested on the surface, supporting the inverted plant and possibly absorbing nutrients for its growth. From the tip of the upturned primary root, secondary roots developed about ten days after seeding. These new roots grew downwards, and after approximately one week, they penetrated the substratum in a normal fashion.The concentration of crude Bios 2 necessary to cause maximum hypocotyl bending, was observed to be approximately four times that required to produce optimum stimulation of the nodule bacteria.When plants were allowed to start in an unenriched growing medium superimposed on a layer of agar enriched with crude Bios 2, no upward bending of the roots occurred as they reached the Bios layer.Bios 2(b) alone appears to be the factor responsible for the hypocotyl bending phenomenon. Bios 1, Bios 2(a), pantothenic acid, various amino acids, and miscellaneous compounds were tested and did not appear active in this respect.Though causing a different form of root aversion, hetero-auxin, like Bios 2(b), actually prevents the hypocotyls from entering an enriched medium. While the two substances bring about a certain similarity of physiological effect, they cannot be considered identical, and chemically, they are absolutely distinct.A drop of Bios 2(b) placed on the sensitive parenchymous lining of a bean pod caused rapid cell multiplication, resulting in the production of a wart-like protuberance. Similar, though somewhat less distinct results followed the pricking of such tissue with a pin. These results would appear to strengthen the hypothesis advanced by Went in which Bios was assigned the properties of a "wound hormone".
DETERMINATION OF THE DIASTATIC POWER OF MALT IN DEGREES LINTNER BY MEANS OF A FERRICYANIDE REAGENT
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Sallans Henry R.
Published: April 2011

It is proposed that the Official Method, of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, for the determination of the diastatic power of malt be modified to permit the use of the Blish and Sandstedt ferricyanide method for determining the reducing power of the digested starch solution. The proposed method involves the use of half the quantity of infusion, rather than twice the quantity of starch, for making diastases of malts with Lintner values of over 135° L. Both changes increase the speed of determination without loss of precision or accuracy. For routine purposes additional speed can be obtained by omitting the dilution of the infusion and by requiring a blank correction for the reducing power of the starch only.Experimental data show that under the conditions of the determination the ferricyanide method provides an accurate measure of the reducing power of the digested starch solution, and that the results obtained by the two methods, for 16 malts with diastatic powers covering the range from 72° to 185° L., agree to within 3%.
INHERITANCE OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF OIL IN FLAX IN RELATION TO OTHER PLANT CHARACTERS
Authors: McGregor W. G.
Published: April 2011

Data from 21 varieties of flax, grown at the Central Experimental Farm over a five-year period, were analyzed statistically to determine the relation of quantity and quality of oil to seed size, days to maturity, days from flowering to maturity, and height of plant. In addition, hybrids of Cyprus × Ottawa 770B and Buda × Ottawa 770B were studied to determine the genetic basis for the inheritance of quality of oil, flower type, color of seed, color of oil, seed size and height of plant.The refractometric method for determining the quantity and quality of oil was compared with the ether extraction method for oil content and the Wijs method for iodine number and found to be very practical for breeding studies.In the variety test, high oil content was associated with a long period from blossoming to maturity and with large-seeded varieties.In the hybrids, iodine number, seed size, and height of plant are apparently dependent on several genetic factors. No significant association between oil content, iodine number, seed size or height of plant was found among these hybrids. The inheritance of flower and seed type has been explained on the basis of a single factor, the Ottawa 770B type with white, narrow, involute petal and greenish-yellow seed being inherited as a simple recessive or the expression of several very closely linked recessive genes. An association of high iodine number with this factor for yellow seed color was indicated in both hybrids.Although insufficient data were collected to give definite conclusions, evidence indicated that color of oil, as measured by carotinoid pigment content, had a genetic basis. No correlation was indicated between carotene pigment content and the quantity and quality of the oil or color of the seed.
CHEMICAL WEED-KILLERS: IV. RELATIVE TOXICITIES AND LOCI OF ABSORPTION OF SELECTED CHEMICALS APPLIED TO PERENNIALS
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Twelve chemicals previously found to be highly toxic to annual weeds were applied to a perennial weed in three different ways, viz., to the foliage only, to the soil only, and to both the soil and foliage. The chlorate ion was found to be most toxic, but sodium selenite, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium dichromate, and sodium arsenite were all reasonably effective at higher dosages. None of the other chemicals caused any significant, permanent reduction in growth at the dosages used. The permanent effect of a treatment appears to be due almost entirely to the action of the chemical in the soil, and the ineffectiveness of certain chemicals can be attributed to their rapid detoxication by the soil. Although all the chemicals exert a temporary, and in some cases, a slight permanent effect, when applied to the foliage only, this method of application is generally ineffective owing to the inability of the leaves and stems to retain or absorb a lethal dosage.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: IV. ON THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF SOME NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF SCLEROSTOMES
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect of ten of the commoner nitrogenous fertilizers on the free-living stages of Sclerostomes, is discussed. Urea is the most lethal. Under the conditions of the experiments, which are otherwise ideal for the survival of the larvae, one part of urea to 125 parts of fresh horse feces is necessary to sterilize them. The proportions of the others tested are: Calurea, 1:80; powdered cyanamide, 1:50, with granular cyanamide slightly lower; potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate and Calnitro, 1:20; calcium nitrate and diammonium phosphate (dry or in medium strength solution) 1:17; Nitro-chalk, about 1:16 (but should not be used in strong solution); ammonium sulphate, 1:14.
STUDIES ON THE HETEROPHYID TREMATODE APOPHALLUS VENUSTUS (RANSOM, 1920) IN CANADA: PART III. FURTHER HOSTS
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

Amia calva and Ictalurus punctatus are added to the list of carriers of the cysts of Apophallus venustus in the lower Ottawa Valley, and a probable human infection with the adult trematode is recorded.
EXCITATION IN SOURCES FOR SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , McRae D. R.
Published: April 2011

From the viewpoint of the spectroscopic analyst, it is desirable to obtain some knowledge concerning the phenomena that result in the emission of radiation from certain types of sources. Results of intensity measurements on the vibration bands of the violet cyanogen system, and on certain lines in the tin spectrum, indicate that in the condensed d-c. and a-c. spark discharges the excitation is predominantly thermal in character, just as in the freely burning carbon arc. The values for the maximum temperature in the discharge columns of these three sources were found to be very nearly 9500°, 7800°, and 7000° K., respectively. It was observed, however, that the Boltzmann character of the distribution over various energy states was lost when the usual inductance was removed from the d-c. spark circuit.One of the five investigated tin levels exhibited an abnormal behavior, which may possibly be accounted for by the occurrence of collisions of the second kind. There is also evidence to show that the emitting column is surrounded by a relatively cold layer of atoms originating in the material placed on the electrode. This layer absorbs some of the intensity of the lines ending on the ground level.
NOTE ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE γ-RAYS OF RADIUM E
Authors: Gray J. A. , Hinds J. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE INFLUENCE OF THICKNESS ON THE MEASURED THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FIBREBOARD AND ROCK WOOL
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

The thermal conductivity of samples of rock wool and fibreboard of various thicknesses (0.5 to 2.0 in.) was measured by means of a hot-plate apparatus. It was found that when surface effects were eliminated the conductivity obeyed Fourier's law.
WILDIERS' BIOS AND THE LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: THE RELATION OF BIOS TO THE WATER-SOLUBLE B-VITAMINS
Authors: Eagles Blythe Alfred , Okulitch Olga , Kadzielawa Arthur Stephen
Published: April 2011

The influence of three distinct activators prepared from tomatoes, yeast, or liver, on the metabolism of two species of lactic acid bacteria has been studied. One of these activators is Bios II A, and the other two have been shown to be components constituting Bios II B. On the basis of their physical and chemical properties, it is suggested that the growth stimulants required by the lactic acid bacteria are identical with certain of the heat-stable accessory food factors of the Vitamin-B complex essential for the growth of animals.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XXXIII. ISOLATION OF ACETOVANILLONE FROM WASTE SULPHITE PULP LIQUOR
Authors: Buckland Irene K. , Tomlinson II George H. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Waste sulphite pulp liquor (obtained in the manufacture of a commercial sulphite pulp from soft woods, principally spruce and balsam) on treatment with aqueous alkali gave vanillin, acetovanillone, phenolic substances, and a tarry resinous product. The yield of acetovanillone is about 5.5% of that of the vanillin formed, or about 0.3% calculated on the basis of the lignin present.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS FIBRES IN MIXTURES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DETERMINATION OF LANITAL IN WOOL-LANITAL MIXTURES
Authors: Larose P.
Published: April 2011

The method of Da Schio (1) for the determination of lanital in lanital-wool mixtures has been tried and found to be unreliable. A new and satisfactory method has been developed. This method makes use of the difference in the specific gravities of wool and lanital to separate the fibres by means of a liquid of intermediate specific gravity. The Herzog-Skinkle method has been found to give results that are a little high. The method devised by the author is also applicable to wool-cotton and wool-staple rayon mixtures. Results of tests carried out on various mixtures and by various methods are given.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: I. n-BUTANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of n-butane has been investigated at pressures from 5 to 60 cm. and temperatures from 513 to 572 °C. The initial first order rate constants at high pressures are given by[Formula: see text]The results are in good agreement with the work of Frey and Hepp, but differ greatly from that of Paul and Marek. The reaction rate falls off strongly with diminishing pressure; this is rather surprising for a molecule as complex as butane. The first order constants in a given run fall rapidly as the reaction progresses. The last two facts suggest that chain processes may be involved.A large number of analyses of the products of reaction have been made at various pressures, temperatures, and stages of the reaction, the method being that of low-temperature fractional distillation. The products are virtually independent of temperature and pressure over the range investigated. The initial products, obtained by extrapolation to zero decomposition, are:—H2, 2.9; CH4, 33.9; C3H6, 33.9; C2H4, 15.2; C2H6, 14.1%. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed, and the results are compared with those of the other paraffin decompositions.
EQUILIBRIA IN TWO-PHASE, GAS-LIQUID HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS: III. METHANE AND HEXANE
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Johnson C. A.
Published: April 2011

The densities and compositions of both phases in the n-hexane–methane solubility equilibrium have been determined at 25°, 55°, and 85 °C., at total pressures from 35 to 230 atm. The critical pressures of complete miscibility were found. The properties of the system are discussed. Similar measurements were made on a system consisting of a liquid mixture, principally isomeric hexanes, and methane.
A SULPHUR-CONTAINING SUBSTANCE FROM THE SEED OF CONRINGIA ORIENTALISE
Authors: Hopkins Clarence Yardley
Published: April 2011

The seeds of Conringia orientalis, which contain a bitter principle, were crushed, freed from fat, and steeped in water. The chloroform extract of the aqueous liquor yielded a crystalline substance which was identified as 2-mercapto-5,5-dimethyl-oxazoline (I). It tastes bitter to some persons but is tasteless to others. The suggestion is made that the seeds contain β-methyl allyl isothiocyanate in the form of a glycoside, and that this substance is converted to (I) during the treatment described above.
LABYRINTHULA ON PACIFIC COAST EEL-GRASS
Authors: Young III Edward Lorraine
Published: April 2011

The labyrinthulan parasite causing the disease of the Atlantic coast Zostera marina L. is reported on Z. marina from Departure Bay, Nanaimo, B.C. The gross and histological appearance of infected Pacific coast eel-grass are described and are found to be similar to those of the Atlantic coast grass and the parasites, in each case, are found to be identical.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: II. A SURVEY OF THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF SOILS DIFFERING IN FERTILITY
Authors: Taylor C. B. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Investigations were made, on a non-selective basis, of the qualitative nature and relative incidence of the different types of the bacterial flora of three soils differing in fertility. The organisms were classified into eight groups. Non-spore-forming short rods, of which five groups were recognized, comprised nearly 90% of all types. Gram-negative short rods formed the most prevalent single group, rather more numerous than Gram-positive short rods. Gram-variable short rods, coccoid rods and pleomorphic rods (Bact. globiforme) were regarded as definite groups. Cocci, non-spore-forming long rods and spore-formers were less prominent soil types.In spite of unequal productivity, the soils showed no outstanding differences in the relative incidence of the bacterial groups. Certain groups showed some indication of seasonal and cropping effect. The results suggest that the general character of the autochthonous (indigenous) soil flora is relatively uniform in soil of definite type, even though productivity may be greatly altered by manurial treatment.The predominant soil bacteria appear relatively inactive in single culture. Moreover considerable divergence in biochemical action was shown by apparently closely related forms. It is suggested that the bacterial flora is relatively unstable physiologically, with considerable adaptability, and that the functions of the different species are exercised most fully only under conditions of association.
THE EFFECT ON WHEAT QUALITY OF LONG EXPOSURE TO CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Bergsteinsson H. N.
Published: April 2011

Wheat samples (5 lb.) of 12, 18 and 24% moisture content were stored at 21 °C. for periods varying from 4 to 40 weeks with dosages of carbon tetrachloride from 1 to 20 cc. At 12% moisture content the wheat was not damaged by either storage or carbon tetrachloride. At 18% moisture content, samples with 10 and 20 cc. dosages of carbon tetrachloride were undamaged after 10 weeks' storage except for a slight sour odor which disappeared on drying. After 20 weeks' storage there was definite evidence of damage. Samples of 24% moisture content kept well for 4 weeks without any carbon tetrachloride, but those having the higher dosages were damaged. With longer storage all samples at 24% moisture content, no matter how treated, underwent spoilage.
THE ACCURACY OF THE PLATE COUNT OF SUSPENSIONS OF PURE CULTURES OF BACTERIA IN STERILE SOIL
Authors: Sutherland Marjorie , James Norman
Published: April 2011

A culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens was suspended in a sterile soil and water mixture. Dilutions of 1:2,000,000 and 1:10,000,000 were made immediately and plated in four replicates of each dilution, using nutrient agar. This was repeated 200 times. A χ2 value was calculated from each set of four counts. The distribution of the 200 χ2 values in the platings from each dilution agrees very well with the theoretical distribution. In a second experiment, 100 sets of four replicates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were plated along with 100 of Bacterium globiforme and 100 of a mixture of the two cultures. The distribution of the χ2 values in each of the three sets is such that the values may be considered to have been derived from populations distributed according to the Poisson series.The close conformity of the distribution of the actual χ2 values to that of the expected in each of the five sets of data appears to indicate that the mean of four replicates is reliable as an estimate of the population in the dilution plated; and further, that the failure to obtain this conformity with soil flora is due to other causes than technique.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: II. SACCHARIFYING ACTIVITIES OF BARLEYS AND MALTS AND THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THEM
Authors: Sallans Henry R. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Determinations of free and total saccharifying activity were made on 144 samples of barley, and free saccharifying activity (Lintner value) was also determined on kilned malts made from these barleys. The samples represent 12 varieties of barley grown at 12 widely separated experimental stations in Canada.Varietal differences were demonstrated with respect to each determination. In total barley activity and malt activity, Olli was outstandingly high; the remaining six-rowed rough-awned varieties, Pontiac, Mensury Ott. 60, O.A.C. 21, and Peatland, and the smooth-awned variety Velvet, also yielded comparatively high values; the two-rowed variety Hannchen gave intermediate values; and the two-rowed varieties Victory and Charlottetown 80, and the remaining smooth-awned six-rowed varieties, Nobarb, Wisconsin 38, and particularly Regal, were low in activity. With respect to free barley activity the varieties fell in the same order with the exception of Olli, Peatland and Charlottetown 80 which gave very low values. These three varieties have only about 22% of total barley amylase in free form whereas figures for the other nine varieties range between 38 and 44%.There is a close correlation (r = 0.997) between total barley activity as measured by the papain and hydrogen sulphide methods, the former giving rather higher values. Varieties that are high in total barley activity also tend to be high in malt activity (papain, r = 0.904; H2S, r = 0.868). A similar relation exists between free barley activity and malt activity for nine of the varieties (r = 0.971), but if the three varieties having low percentages of free amylase are included the correlation is not significant (r = 0.217). Environment affects each property in essentially the same manner so that mean values for the different stations fall in much the same order for each determination and correlation coefficients for station means are all high.The possible utility of determinations of total barley saccharifying activity for facilitating the selection of strains of good malting quality from collections of hybrid lines is discussed.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: V. DOUBLING THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN T. VULGARE AND F1 OF T. VULGARE × A. GLAUCUM BY TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus was developed for applying heat treatments to spikes on plants growing in the field. This apparatus gave very satisfactory results on self-fertilized zygotes of Marquis wheat. Treatments at 42, 43, and 44 °C. for 20 min. induced chromosome doubling in 2% of the plants.A wide variety of temperature treatments was applied to more than 13,000 wheat florets 16 to 27 hr. after being pollinated with A. glaucum, in an attempt to produce fertile and stable F1 hybrids. Chromosome doubling was induced in one F1 plant of Kharkov × A. glaucum by exposure to alternating temperatures of 36° and 109° F. The resulting 84-chromosome plant grew slowly and failed to produce any spikes, as was the case with a number of 42-chromosome plants of this cross. Consequently there is uncertainty as to whether this plant is inherently abnormal aside from chromosome doubling, or whether the chromosome number is too high for normal development. It must be concluded from the results as a whole, that chromosome doubling by means of temperature treatments can be induced only with great difficulty in Triticum–A. glaucum hybrids.
THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS ON WOOL GROWTH AND QUALITY: II. LABORATORY METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT OF WOOL CHARACTERS
Authors: Larose P. , Tweedie A. S.
Published: April 2011

The methods described were employed in the laboratories of the National Research Council for the examination of wool samples sent from the University of Alberta. The samples (as mentioned in Part I) were from sheep used to investigate the effect of various environmental factors on wool growth and quality.The determination of crimp, staple length, fibre length, tensile strength, elongation, fibre diameter, moisture content, wool wax, suint, dirt, and yield of clean wool is described. The methods for the measurement of fibre diameter and for the determination of wool wax, suint, dirt, and clean wool involved new technique and some novel features; they are, therefore, described more fully than the others.
AN APPARATUS FOR THE DETECTION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Authors: Johnson J. S. , Field G. S.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for the detection of magnetic materials is described which operates on continuous direct current instead of alternating current or interrupted direct current, as has been the case with previous detectors. This apparatus is highly sensitive and requires very little adjustment. Once installed it can be operated by a non-technician.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIALS
Authors: Allcut E. A. , Ewens F. G.
Published: April 2011

The physical significance of "thermal conductivity" is well known, but this term has been applied commercially to a combination of conduction, convection, and radiation, which combination may vary considerably in a single material. Experimental evidence is advanced to indicate the undesirability of using this method of comparing the relative usefulness of different insulating materials.
THE ROLE OF COPPER IN THE DETERIORATION OF RUBBER
Authors: McLaughlin R. R. , Beal G. P.
Published: April 2011

Dried rubber latex containing graded amounts of copper ammonium acetate was aged in air (I) and in nitrogen (II), and the deterioration followed by determining the acetone-soluble resin, r, and the relative viscosity of benzene solutions, v. For (I), r decreased slightly for a time, varying inversely with the amount of copper present, increased rapidly to a maximum, and finally decreased somewhat. The value of v decreased rapidly at a rate varying directly with the copper content. For (II), r remained constant, while a slight decrease in v, attributed to traces of oxygen, was of a different order from v for (I). It was concluded that copper, per se, is not deleterious but acts by catalytic oxidation.
A NEW COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HYDROXYPROLINE AND ITS APPLICATION TO GELATIN HYDROLYZATES
Authors: McFarlane W. D. , Guest G. H.
Published: April 2011

Hydroxyproline is oxidized by sodium peroxide, if copper or cobalt is present, to give an unstable red chromogen which, in hot acid solution, can be condensed with isatin to form a stable red complex. The conditions are described which permit the direct application of this reaction to the quantitative estimation of hydroxyproline in acid or alkali hydrolyzates of gelatin. By this method moisture-free gelatin is found to contain 14.65% of hydroxyproline.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS AND SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: Wrenshall C. L. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Dissolved organic phosphorus may be determined, even in highly coloured alkaline soil extracts, by the application of photoelectric colorimetry to the ceruleomolybdate colour reaction of phosphate ions. Total organic phosphorus may be extracted from soil with 4 N hydrochloric acid followed by treatment of the residue with 3 N ammonium hydroxide. Inorganic phosphorus is determined by direct colorimetry in the acid extract and in the acidified alkaline extract. Total phosphorus is determined similarly in each extract after ignition. The difference between total and inorganic phosphorus is equivalent to the organically combined phosphorus content of the soil sample.The soil organic phosphorus was found to be stable under these treatments. A considerable proportion of the organic phosphorus is extracted by acid, and the total soil phosphorus is almost completely extracted by the two treatments with 4 N hydrochloric acid and 3 N ammonium hydroxide.
TIME OF SET OF SILICA GELS: IV. THE EFFECT OF ALDEHYDES AND SUGARS OVER A pH RANGE
Authors: Munro L. A. , Pearce J. A.
Published: April 2011

The effects of a series of sugars, aldehydes, and other substances on the time of set of silica gels have been investigated over a pH range. Diacetone alcohol, propionaldehyde, rhamnose hydrate, and xylose give curves similar to those previously obtained with the alcohols having a constant and equal effect at pH 7. The hexoses behave as a group while the disaccharides show divergent effects. Propionaldehyde and acetone give very similar curves. The implications of the results are discussed.
STUDIES ON POLYMYXA GRAMINIS, N. GEN. N. SP., A PLASMODIOPHORACEOUS ROOT PARASITE OF WHEAT
Authors: Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

A new member of the Plasmodiophorales with rather unusual characteristics has been found parasitizing the roots of wheat grown in soil from three different localities in Ontario. In addition to spore clusters of the Ligniera type, large, septate zoosporangia with conspicuous tubes for zoospore discharge are present. These multinucleate zoosporangia are produced by progressive lobular outgrowths from uninucleate amoebae and from the beginning are always surrounded by a thin wall. In the formation of resting spores, naked multinucleate myxamoebae develop first, then segment to form spore clusters without formation of a soral membrane. Both zoosporangia and resting spores produce identical zoospores with two flagella of unequal length.The somatic nuclear divisions in the growing myxamoebae are characterized by the simultaneous division of both the nucleolus and chromatin within a persistent nuclear membrane. During the transitional phase which follows, the nucleolus disappears and at the same time there is an intensification of the staining properties of the surrounding cytoplasm. Prior to segmentation of the myxamoebae to form the spore clusters, and in all divisions during growth of the zoosporangia, the nucleoli and nuclear membranes disappear, and divisions are of ordinary mitotic type.Relationship with the Plasmodiophorales is indicated by the form of the resting spore clusters, the method of nuclear division during growth of the myxamoebae, and the characteristic flagellation of the zoospore. Since the zoosporangial characteristics of this fungus differ from those of other genera within this order, it is considered desirable to place it in a new genus for which the binomial Polymyxa graminis is proposed.
MICROBIC DISSOCIATION OF LACTIC ACID STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Okulitch Olga
Published: April 2011

The induction of microbic dissociation of the lactic acid streptococci by the presence in the medium of a carbohydrate with a specific configuration has been studied.Strains of Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris have been shown to undergo dissociative changes when grown in the presence of glucose. Lithium chloride and phenol have been found to be without influence. The change from the S- to R-form was accompanied by loss of lactose-fermenting ability.The cultural, colonial, and biochemical characters of the organisms at different stages of variation have been described.It is suggested that the organism must be in a susceptible condition before dissociation can be induced.
NITRIFICATION UNDER AND AFTER ALFALFA, BROME, TIMOTHY, AND WESTERN RYE GRASS: I. NITROGEN ABSORPTION OF HAY CROPS AND SUCCEEDING WHEAT CROPS
Authors: Newton R. , Young R. S. , Malloch J. G.
Published: April 2011

The mean annual nitrogen absorption (lb./acre) of hay crops (excluding roots and stubble) was: alfalfa, 94.9; timothy, 39.5; western rye, 62.9; brome, 61.1. For entire hay plants to plow depth, based on sods one and three years old, the corresponding figures were: 241.8, 152.2, 137.8, 154.2. For entire wheat plants following one-, three-, and five-year-old sods of these hay crops for six, four, and two successive years, respectively, the mean values were: 63.4, 58.6, 56.3, 51.9. These figures are taken to indicate roughly the relative rates of soil nitrification under and after the crops in question, except under alfalfa, a legume.The roots and stubble of the hay plants contained about 71% of the dry matter and 68% of the nitrogen of these plants, whereas the wheat roots and stubble contained only 19% of the dry matter and 9% of the nitrogen of these plants.Preceding crops and seasonal conditions, especially the latter, affected the protein content and hardness of the wheat grain. Protein content of grain was generally, though not invariably, in the same relative order as indicated rates of soil nitrification after the four hay crops. Protein content was related quantitatively to hardness of grain and to loaf volume of bread, but there was no evidence of qualitative differences in the protein following the various hay crops.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF RUST ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF THATCHER AND RENOWN WHEAT IN 1938
Authors: Peturson B. , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

A study was made at Winnipeg in 1938 to determine the effect of leaf rust on the yield and quality of Thatcher and Renown wheat. In one experiment, Thatcher and Renown were sown late in 1/400-acre plots; in another, Thatcher only was used and was sown early in rod-row plots. Half the plots of each variety were kept as free from leaf rust as possible by frequent applications of sulphur dust, but the remaining half became heavily infected. In the 1/400-acre plots, leaf rust reduced the yield of Thatcher and Renown by 51.17 and 29.61%, respectively; in the rod-row plots of Thatcher, it reduced the yield by 37.02%. The decrease in yield was due more to reduction in kernel weight than to reduction in number of kernels per head. All the non-dusted plots ripened approximately three days earlier than the dusted, and the grain from them graded one grade lower than that from the corresponding dusted plots. In both varieties, the protein content was diminished while the carotene content was increased.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF STORAGE ON BAKING QUALITY OF FLOUR
Authors: McCalla A. G. , McCaig J. D. , Paul A. D.
Published: April 2011

Flour stored in sealers in a refrigerator at 2 °C. did not change in quality for 22 months after milling. Similar flours stored in sealers at room temperature deteriorated significantly within three months, while a third lot stored in small bags at room temperature showed first a definite improvement and then rapid deterioration. At the end of 22 months flours stored in sacks were much the poorest. Acidity of all flours increased with storage, but this determination was of little value in estimating flour quality.
CUMACEA AND DECAPODA OF THE WESTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC REGION, 1936–1937
Authors: Hart Josephine F. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
PATHOGENICITY OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALS.) VUILL. ON COLORADO POTATO BEETLE LARVAE
Authors: Timonin M. I.
Published: April 2011

Beauveria Bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. isolated from infected Colorado potato beetle larvae is shown to be a pathogen to this host. The experiments indicated that some of the infected larvae may pass through the larval stage, but owing to further mycelial growth finally succumbed in the pupal stage. The fungus does not attack the eggs, but infected young larvae were found dying on the fourth day after hatching, when the eggs had been dusted with B. Bassiana spores. The mycelial growth on the infected larvae is more rapid in the soil than above ground.
SOME BLOOD CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING RECOVERY FROM EXHAUSTIVE MUSCULAR EXERCISE
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: April 2011

Experiments in the rat indicate that following a period of intense muscular exercise, marked hyperchloremia develops and is maintained for several days following discontinuation of the exercise. Simultaneously, the red cell concentration decreases and the haematocrit values remain at approximately the same low level at least during the first 72 hr. of the recovery period.The blood sugar values, which decrease under the influence of muscular exercise, show a marked secondary rise even if the animals are fasted throughout the recovery period.
RESONANCE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS, Cp/Cv: PART I
Authors: Clark A. L. , Katz L.
Published: April 2011

This paper contains the description with theory of a modification of Assmann's method for determining [Formula: see text], the ratio of the specific heats of a gas. The gas is enclosed in two chambers formed by the ends of a cylinder and a steel piston in the middle of the cylinder. This piston is caused to oscillate by an alternating current applied in coils outside the cylinder, thus subjecting the gas to alternate compression and rarefaction. The system has a natural frequency depending on the constants of the apparatus and the value of γ peculiar to the gas. The frequency of the a-c. current is varied, the amplitude of the motion of the piston observed, and the frequency for resonance measured. From this frequency and the constants of the apparatus the value of γ is determined. The method yields results of great accuracy and reproducibility.
BAND SPECTRUM OF THE BN MOLECULE
Authors: Douglas A. E. , Herzberg G.
Published: April 2011

In a discharge through helium with traces of boron trichloride and nitrogen two new band systems (a triplet system and a singlet system) were found which are shown to be due to the BN molecule. The first system represents a 3II–3II transition similar to the Swan bands of the C2 molecule with which BN is isoelectronic. A vibrational and rotational analysis of this system is carried out and yields the formula for the heads:[Formula: see text]and the B and α values and internuclear distances: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], α′ = 0.010, α″ = 0.025, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. An analysis of the singlet system has not as yet been possible.
COLLIMATED LIGHT BEAMS IN SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Brown W. W. , Newbound K. B.
Published: April 2011

Theoretical analysis has predicted that considerable variation is permissible in the distance between the linear light source (a slit) and the "collimating" lens comprising a commonly used spectrophotometric system. This prediction has been tested experimentally over a wide range of source-to-lens distances. The results are in accord with the theoretical expectation.