bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2. The raw materials of CA 2.1 Wood as natural raw materials for cellulose acetate production
Authors: Saka Shiro
Published: April 2004

The molecular arrangement of wood cell wall is described in relation to the physical and mechanical properties of wood. The chemical composition of wood is also summarized to illustrate the heterogeneity in distribution of cell wall constituents to use wood plup fibers judiciously as natural raw materials for cellulose acetate production.
Multiphase flow in deforming porous material
Authors: Schrefler B. A.
Published: April 2004

A model for mechanical behaviour of saturated–unsaturated porous media is presented within the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. It includes interfaces with thermodynamic properties between the constituents. The necessary balance equations are derived using averaging theories. Restrictions on the form of the constitutive equations are obtained by exploiting the entropy inequality according to the Coleman–Noll procedure. A particular form of the governing equations is then solved numerically. The validation of the model proposed through a comparison between experimental and numerical results and an application example concerning a tunnel fire conclude the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed‐enhanced formulation for finite deformation axisymmetric‐torsion
Authors: Kasper E. P. , Taylor R. L.
Published: April 2004

The development and implementation of a four‐noded quadrilateral element for the analysis of the axisymmetric‐torsion problem is presented in the context of the mixed‐enhanced method. The deformation gradient is developed from two sets of element interpolants, of which one may be explicitly obtained resulting in only two undetermined enhanced parameters needed for the satisfaction of the near incompressible limit. The resulting element arrays yield proper rank with standard 2×2 quadrature. The introduction of a three‐field variation statement for the problem along with the interpolations for the stress and deformation gradient render a variational stress recovery permissible. Several numerical examples are explored in the setting of finite kinematics with physically non‐linear material properties to further induce coupling between the radial and axial displacement and the longitudinal rotation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational mechanics applied to interaction problems
Authors: Valliappan S.
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a general discussion on the application of computational mechanics concepts to solve engineering problems involving interaction effects between different media—for example, structure–soil/rock interaction and/or different phases such as solid–fluid interaction. The discussion includes illustrations based on numerical analyses of such problems using coupled finite element and boundary element, coupled finite element and infinite element methods. A few of the other mechanics concepts such as damage mechanics and optimization are also included in the discussion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review: The adsorption of functional polymers from their organic solutions: applications to fuel additives
Authors: Chevalier Yves , Fixari Bernard , Brunel Sylvain , Marie Emmanuelle , De Guio Philippe
Published: April 2004

Functional polymers are used as additives in the formulation of fuels either for their detergency properties or for retaining cold weather operability. Examples of recent research work aimed at a better understanding of the physico‐chemical phenomena involved and at the design and synthesis of new polymers are described. One phenomenon common in most applications is the adsorption of the polymers on various surfaces (gums, soot, metal walls, paraffin crystals). In the case of chain‐end functional polymers, strong affinity of the functional groups for the surface sites is required in order to reach the high adsorption densities that allow optimum stabilization properties. This can be achieved by a correct choice of the functional group (of its polymeric nature, having a primary amino group that will strongly interact with surface sites) or by the design of the macromolecular architecture. In the case of very complex systems (eg the crystallization of paraffins in diesel fuel), the selection of relevant experimental models allows investigations into mechanisms at a microscopic level. Such studies would obviously not be possible on the diesel fuel itself, which is nevertheless the only really representative sample. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Pyrazines on Solid Support from Peptides by Periodinane Oxidation of Threonine Side‐Chains. A Quantitative Chemical Transformation (QCT) for Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Christensen Caspar , Tornøe Christian W. , Meldal Morten
Published: April 2004

The β‐hydroxymethylene in threonine residues adjacent to an N‐terminal amino acid were subjected to oxidation effected by Dess‐Martin periodinane on solid support. Fmoc‐cleavage at the N‐terminal amino acid afforded 3,6‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazin‐2‐one, which oxidized spontaneously to the 1H‐pyrazin‐2‐ones (3a–v). A variety of naturally occurring and synthetic α‐amino acids gave rise to a diverse subset of functionalized 1H‐pyrazin‐2‐ones. An amino functionality in the side‐chain of the N‐terminal amino acid residue allowed elongation by conventional solid phase peptide chemistry (5a–b). Furthermore, elongation of the side‐chain with Thr and a second amino acid followed by oxidation resulted in bis 1H‐pyrazin‐2‐ones in high yield (8).
Severe obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence: a report of eight cases
Authors: Apter A. , Bernhout E. , Tyano S.
Published: April 2004

The treatment and clinical features of eight adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder severe enough to warrant hospitalization are described. Attempts to use behaviour therapy failed, due to lack of co‐operation from the patients. Nevertheless, response to non‐specific psychotherapy and milieu therapy was surprisingly good. These observations are somewhat different from those reported in previous literature. The reasons for this difference are discussed.
Replacement of domain b of human protein disulfide isomerase‐related protein with domain b′ of human protein disulfide isomerase dramatically increases its chaperone activity
Authors: Horibe Tomohisa , Iguchi Daisuke , Masuoka Toshio , Gomi Mitsuhiro , Kimura Taiji , Kikuchi Masakazu
Published: April 2004

We have reported that human protein disulfide isomerase‐related protein (hPDIR) has isomerase and chaperone activities that are lower than those of the human protein disulfide isomerase (hPDI), and that the b domain of hPDIR is critical for its chaperone activity [J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 4604]. To investigate the basis of the differences between hPDI and hPDIR, and to determine the functions of each hPDIR domain in detail, we constructed several hPDIR domain mutants. Interestingly, when the b domain of hPDIR was replaced with the b′ domain of hPDI, a dramatic increase in chaperone activity that was close to that of hPDI itself was observed. However, this mutant showed decreased oxidative refolding of α1‐antitrypsin. The replacement of the b domain of hPDIR with the c domain of hPDI also increased its chaperone activity. These observations suggest that putative peptide‐binding sites of hPDI determine both its chaperone activity and its substrate specificity.
A Unified Field Theory for Contention?
Authors: Simeon Dilip
Published: April 2004

Dynamics of Contention purports to show how social movements, revolutions, strike waves, nationalism, democratization, and other types of contention result from “similar mechanisms and processes”, and claim that more may be learned by comparative studies than through singular topical study. The authors aim to discover “recurring causal sequences of contentious politics” (p. 4), and to breach topical boundaries as well as the demarcation between institutionalized and noninstitutionalized politics. They define contentious politics as “episodic, public, collective interaction among makers of claims and their objects when (a) at least one government is a claimant, an object of claims, or a party to the claims and (b) the claims would, if realized, affect the interests of at least one of the claimants”. (“Interest” is uninterrogated). They go on to say, “roughly translated, the definition refers to collective political struggle” (p. 5).
Schleiermacher on the outpourings of the inner fire: experiential expressivism and religious pluralism
Authors: MARINA JACQUELINE
Published: April 2004

Both in the Speeches and in The Christian Faith Schleiermacher offers a comprehensive theory of the nature of religion, grounding it in experience. In the Speeches Schleiermacher grounds religion in an original unity of consciousness that precedes the subject–object dichotomy; in The Christian Faith the feeling of absolute dependence is grounded in the immediate self-consciousness. I argue that Schleiermacher's theory offers a generally coherent account of how it is possible that differing religious traditions are all based on the same experience of the Absolute. I show how Schleiermacher's programme can respond successfully to three related contemporary objections to religious pluralism: (1) different religions make competing truth-claims about the nature of reality and they cannot all be right; (2) differing traditions cannot all be based on a similar religious experience because all experience is interpreted; and (3) the pluralist needs to have criteria in place distinguishing real and illusory religious experience, but such criteria are elusive.
A hell of a dilemma: rejoinder to Talbott
Authors: WALLS JERRY L.
Published: April 2004

In this brief rejoinder to Talbott's reply, I argue that his clarifications pose a dilemma for him: he must either modify his account of unbearable misery, or give up his claim that all sinners must reach a point where they can resist God no farther.
Adaptive Integrated Navigation for Multi-sensor Adjustment Outputs
Authors: Yang Yuanxi , Cui Xianqiang , Gao Weiguang
Published: April 2004

An adaptive integrated Kalman filtering based on the adjustment outputs of local navigation sensors and the outputs of a dynamic or kinematic state model is presented, which avoids the correlations of the local Kalman filtering outputs affected by the same disturbances of the dynamic state model. It has the advantage of rigor in theory and simple in calculation as well as adaptive in the various local navigation outputs. An integrated navigation estimator that is similar to the federated Kalman filtering is given as an initial estimate of a state based on the information sharing principle, but without any dynamic model information. An adaptive integrated fusion of the local navigation outputs and the dynamic model information is followed, in which the weights of the local navigation outputs and the dynamic model outputs are determined based on their differences from the integrated navigation results. The processing algorithms, logic, and associated computer burden are similar to those of federated filter. A simulated example is given to show the effectiveness of the new adaptive integrated navigation algorithm.
The Admiralty Tidal Predictions of 1833: Their Comparison with Contemporary Observation and with a Modern Synthesis
Authors: Hughes Paul , Wall Alan D.
Published: April 2004

Predicting the tide in four ports, the Admiralty Tide Table (ATT) came out in early 1833. The table was for London and three naval dockyards. The observations at those dockyards, from which the ATT was first made, have recently come to light (Anonymous, 1833). This paper exposes the circumstance of the tables' construction; it is also an analysis of the later part of the observation series. The analysis is a comparison of the difference between observation and contemporary prediction, and to tides synthesised from the modern method. The ATT were only admitted into production after comparisons were made to its competitors. Those comparisons were for London alone and a recent study also concentrates on that one area. This study extends comparison to the remaining three-quarters of the early ATT: to Sheerness, Portsmouth and Plymouth.
Reconstruction of electromagnetic minimum energy sources in a prolate spheroid
Authors: Sten J. C.‐E.
Published: April 2004

The inverse problem of reconstructing time‐harmonic minimum energy current distributions in a spheroidal volume from given data of far‐field radiation is addressed. Following the procedure outlined by Marengo and Devaney [1999], we formulate, upon deriving a spherical harmonics expansion of the electromagnetic field radiated by a current inside a prolate spheroid, the inverse problem in terms of linear operator theory. Owing to the lack of orthogonality of spheroidal vector wave functions, every eigenfunction will couple with several spherical radiation modes at a time, making the solution rather involved. Simplification is achieved in the special case of rotationally symmetric fields, for which numerical examples are given. As an application, the use of minimum energy currents for identifying distributions of nonradiating current in a spheroidal volume is pointed out.
Suppression of tumor growth and cell proliferation by p13
II
, a mitochondrial protein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1
Authors: Silic-Benussi Micol , Cavallari Ilaria , Zorzan Tatiana , Rossi Elisabetta , Hiraragi Hajime , Rosato Antonio , Horie Kyoji , Saggioro Daniela , Lairmore Michael D. , Willems Luc , Chieco-Bianchi Luigi , D'Agostino Donna M. , Ciminale Vincenzo
Published: April 2004

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 encodes an “accessory” protein named p13
II
that is targeted to mitochondria and triggers a rapid flux of K
+
and Ca
2+
across the inner membrane. In this study, we investigated the effects of p13
II
on tumorigenicity
in vivo
and on cell growth
in vitro
. Results showed that p13
II
significantly reduced the incidence and growth rate of tumors arising from c-myc and Ha-ras-cotransfected rat embryo fibroblasts. Consistent with these findings, HeLa-derived cell lines stably expressing p13
II
exhibited markedly reduced tumorigenicity, as well as reduced proliferation at high density
in vitro
. Mixed culture assays revealed that the phenotype of the p13
II
cell lines was dominant over that of control lines and was mediated by a heat-labile soluble factor. The p13
II
cell lines exhibited an enhanced response to Ca
2+
-mediated stimuli, as measured by increased sensitivity to C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis and by cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in response to histamine. p13
II
-expressing Jurkat T cells also exhibited reduced proliferation, suggesting that the protein might exert similar effects in T cells, the primary target of HTLV-1 infection. These findings provide clues into the function of p13
II
as a negative regulator of cell growth and underscore a link between mitochondria, Ca
2+
signaling, and tumorigenicity.
L-selectin-mediated leukocyte tethering in shear flow is controlled by multiple contacts and cytoskeletal anchorage facilitating fast rebinding events
Authors: Schwarz Ulrich S. , Alon Ronen
Published: April 2004

L-selectin-mediated tethers result in leukocyte rolling only above a threshold in shear. Here we present biophysical modeling based on recently published data from flow chamber experiments, which supports the interpretation that L-selectin-mediated tethers below the shear threshold correspond to single L-selectin carbohydrate bonds dissociating on the time scale of milliseconds, whereas L-selectin-mediated tethers above the shear threshold are stabilized by multiple bonds and fast rebinding of broken bonds, resulting in tether lifetimes on the time scale of 10
-1
seconds. Our calculations for cluster dissociation suggest that the single molecule rebinding rate is of the order of 10
4
Hz. A similar estimate results if increased tether dissociation for tail-truncated L-selectin mutants above the shear threshold is modeled as diffusive escape of single receptors from the rebinding region due to increased mobility. Using computer simulations, we show that our model yields first-order dissociation kinetics and exponential dependence of tether dissociation rates on shear stress. Our results suggest that multiple contacts, cytoskeletal anchorage of L-selectin, and local rebinding of ligand play important roles in L-selectin tether stabilization and progression of tethers into persistent rolling on endothelial surfaces.
Proper Conduct (Adab) is Everything: TheFutuwwat-nāmah-i Sulṭānīof Husayn Vaᶜiz-i Kashifi
Authors: Loewen Arley
Published: April 2004

Iranian Society has Traditionally had a Deep Admiration for the Courageous hero or champion, often calledjawānmard(lit., young man;jawānmardī—manliness). Such a person possessed the aggregate of all positive virtues of manhood—courage, honesty, hospitality and generosity. One model of thejawānmardis the heroic warrior, as reflected in Persian epic literature and classical popular romance. In Persian culture, Rustam, the legendary pre-Islamic hero of the epicShah-nāmahembodied the characteristics of the heroic warrior.

A related term forjawānmardis the Arabicfatā(lit., young man; manliness—futuwwa; Persianfutuwwat), which designated the ideal hero of pre-Islamic Arabia. In Perso-Islamic culture, a synthesis of ancient Persian and Arabo-Islamic ideals, the ethic of piety towards God, which was influenced by the increasing dominance of Sufism, shaped a second model of heroism.
Alcoholic macrocytosis–is there a role for acetaldehyde and adducts?
Authors: Niemelä Onni , Parkkila Seppo
Published: April 2004

Although alcohol abuse is known to cause a wide array of adverse effects on blood cell formation, the molecular mechanisms by which alcohol exerts its toxic actions have remained poorly defined. Elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV), macrocytosis, is the most typical morphological abnormality induced by excessive ethanol consumption. This paper reviews recent data indicating that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, may play a role in the haematological derangements in peripheral blood cells and in bone marrow of alcoholic patients. Studies in experimental animals and in human alcoholics have shown that acetaldehyde can bind to proteins and cellular constituents forming stable adducts. Elevated adduct levels have been found from the erythrocytes of alcohol abusers, which may also be associated with ethanol‐induced effects in haematopoiesis and adverse consequences in cellular functions.
No association of CRH1 receptor polymorphism haplotypes, harm avoidance and other personality dimensions in alcohol dependence: results from the Munich gene bank project for alcoholism
Authors: Soyka M , Preuss UW , Koller G , Zill P , Hesselbrock V , Bondy B
Published: April 2004

Because corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) plays a central role in stress regulation, the possible role of CRH1 polymorphism for anxiety‐related personality variables such as harm avoidance possibly associated with alcoholism was studied. The research instruments used to phenotype patients were adopted partly from the US collaborative study of the genetics of alcoholism and include a number of personality inventories such as the temperament and character inventory (TCI). Based on the examination of 170 alcoholic subjects no association was found between CRH1 receptor haplotypes of four single nuclotid polymorphisms (SNPs) and low and high temperament traits of harm avoidance, novelty seeking and reward dependence. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Polar decomposition of order bounded disjointness preserving operators
Authors: Boulabiar Karim , Buskes Gerard
Published: April 2004

We constructively prove (i.e., in ZF set theory) a decomposition theorem for certain order bounded disjointness preserving operators between any two Riesz spaces, real or complex, in terms of the absolute value of another order bounded disjointness preserving operator. In this way, we constructively generalize results by Abramovich, Arensen and Kitover (1992), Grobler and Huijsmans (1997), Hart (1985), Kutateladze, and Meyer-Nieberg (1991).
Singularity structure in mean curvature flow of mean-convex sets
Authors: Colding Tobias , Kleiner Bruce
Published: April 2004

In this note we announce results on the mean curvature flow of mean-convex sets in three dimensions. Loosely speaking, our results justify the naive picture of mean curvature flow where the only singularities are neck pinches, and components which collapse to asymptotically round spheres.
Mature consideration: developing bibliographic standards and maintaining values
Authors: Danskin Alan
Published: April 2004

This article considers the impact of the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), the implications of FRBR for cataloguing and the impact of FRBR on MARC and the Anglo‐American Cataloguing Rules (AACR). The article also considers the effects of FRBR on the Paris Principles, in the context of the proposed International Cataloguing Code (ICC). It stresses the importance of maintaining a clear statement of principles and values.
Cyberterrorism, computer crime, and reality
Authors: Bryan Foltz C.
Published: April 2004

The term cyberterrorism is being used with increasing frequency today. Since widespread concern with cyberterrorism is relatively new, understanding of the term is somewhat limited. Government officials and experts are often heard claiming that the world is unprepared for cyberterrorism; however, other officials and experts state that cyberterrorism does not pose a threat to anyone. Examines the reasons for these disparate viewpoints and reviews the theoretical and actual forms in which cyberterrorism may occur. Further, proposes the use (and refocusing) of an existing model of computer security to help understand and defend against cyberterrorism.
Effect of breathing pattern on the pressure‐time product calculation
Authors: Natalini G. , Marchesini M. , Tessadrelli A. , Rosano A. , Candiani A. , Bernardini A.
Published: April 2004

Background:  The pressure‐time product (PTP) is often used to compare conditions with different breathing patterns. Being the pressure‐time product calculated with pressures changes over a minute, mechanical load and inspiration time per minute should be its main determinants. The aim of this study was to investigate if the method of PTP computation is affected by the breathing pattern when mechanical load and inspiratory time per minute are constant.

Methods:  Respiratory mechanics and the PTP developed by the ventilator were calculated in 10 mechanically ventilated patients at three different respiratory rate/tidal volume combinations, provided that minute ventilation and inspiratory time per minute were constant.

Results:  The static elastance did not change at different tidal volumes. Despite the constant elastic load over a minute, the elastic PTP showed an increment greater than 200% from the higher to the lower respiratory rate, responsible for approximately 80% of the whole PTP increment. On the contrary a ‘corrected’ elastic PTP (calculated using the square root of the elastic pressure‐time area), the elastic double product of the respiratory system and the mean elastic pressure per minute, did not significantly change.

Conclusions:  Changes in breathing pattern markedly affected the PTP independently by the mechanical load and the inspiratory time per minute. In these conditions it could not correctly estimate the metabolic cost of breathing. The use of a ‘corrected’ PTP, the mean inspiratory pressure per minute or the double product of the respiratory system, could overcome this limitation.
Another Lesson about Public Opinion during the Clinton‐Lewinsky Scandal
Authors: Bennett Stephen Earl
Published: April 2004

Data from Pew Research Center polls from early February 1998 through late February 1999 show that only about a third of the American public followed media accounts of the Clinton‐Lewinsky scandal “very closely,” which is a facet of public reaction that has been largely neglected. Levels of heed paid to media stories about the scandal affected knowledge about key personalities and facets of the imbroglio. In addition, data show that the amount of attention paid to the news about the scandal resonated with opinions about diverse aspects of the scandal. Students of public opinion need to take the public's relative inattention to the scandal into account.
The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 2: Diverse Explanations, Clearer Consequences
Authors: Renshon Stanley A.
Published: April 2004

The public's response to the Clinton administration's many scandals and the president's impeachment is both puzzling and contradictory. They supported the president, but not his behavior; they wanted him severely reprimanded, but not punished; and they wanted him to remain in office, but were happy to see him leave. In this, the second article of a two‐part series (the first of which was published in the March 2002 issue of this journal), the author addresses the explanations of why Mr. Clinton survived that are more directly causal than contextual and closes by noting some continuing consequences of the Clinton scandals and the public's reaction to them.
Platelet Aggregation Induced by Serotype Polysaccharides fromStreptococcus mutans
Authors: Chia Jean-San , Lin Ya-Lin , Lien Huei-Ting , Chen Jen-Yang
Published: April 2004

Platelet aggregation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis induced by viridans streptococci or staphylococci. Aggregation induced in vitro involves direct binding of bacteria to platelets through multiple surface components. Using platelet aggregometry, we demonstrated in this study that twoStreptococcus mutanslaboratory strains, GS-5 and Xc, and two clinical isolates could aggregate platelets in an irreversible manner in rabbit platelet-rich plasma preparations. The aggregation was partially inhibited by prostaglandin I2(PGI2) in a dose-dependent manner. Whole bacteria and heated bacterial cell wall extracts were able to induce aggregation. Cell wall polysaccharides extracted from the wild-type Xc strain, containing serotype-specific polysaccharides which are composed of rhamnose-glucose polymers (RGPs), could induce platelet aggregation in the presence of plasma. Aggregation induced by the serotype-specific RGP-deficient mutant Xc24R was reduced by 50% compared to the wild-type strain Xc. In addition, cell wall polysaccharides extracted from Xc24R failed to induce platelet aggregation. The Xc strain, but not the Xc24R mutant, could induce platelet aggregation when preincubated with plasma. Both Xc and Xc24R failed to induce platelets to aggregate in plasma depleted of immunoglobulin G (IgG), but aggregation was restored by replenishment of anti-serotype c IgG. Analysis by flow cytometry showed thatS. mutansRGPs could bind directly to rabbit and human platelets. Furthermore, cell wall polysaccharides extracted from the Xc, but not the Xc24R, strain could induce pseudopod formation of both rabbit and human platelets in the absence of plasma. Distinct from the aggregation of rabbit platelets, bacterium-triggered aggregation of human platelets required a prolonged lag phase and could be blocked completely by PGI2. RGPs also trigger aggregation of human platelets in a donor-dependent manner, either as a transient and reversible or a complete and irreversible response. These results indicated that serotype-specific RGPs, a soluble product ofS. mutans, could directly bind to and activate platelets from both rabbit and human. In the presence of plasma containing IgG specific to RGPs, RGPs could trigger aggregation of both human and rabbit platelets, but the degree of aggregation in human platelets depends on the donors.
Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease in Mice Immunized with Conserved Surface-Accessible Proteins
Authors: Hamel Josée , Charland Nathalie , Pineau Isabelle , Ouellet Catherine , Rioux Stéphane , Martin Denis , Brodeur Bernard R.
Published: April 2004

The development of a vaccine against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
has been complicated by the existence of at least 90 antigenically distinct capsular serotypes. Common protein-based vaccines could represent the best strategy to prevent pneumococcal infections, regardless of serotype. In the present study, the immunoscreening of an
S. pneumoniae
genomic library allowed the identification of a novel immune protein target, BVH-3. We demonstrate that immunization of mice with BVH-3 elicits protective immunity against experimental sepsis and pneumonia. Sequence analysis revealed that the
bvh-3
gene is highly conserved within the species. Since the BVH-3 protein shows homology at its amino-terminal end with other pneumococcal proteins, it was of interest to determine if protection was due to the homologous or to the protein-specific regions. Immunoprotection studies using recombinant BVH-3 and BVH-3-related protein fragments as antigens allowed the localization of surface-exposed and protective epitopes at the protein-specific carboxyl termini, thus establishing that BVH-3 is distinct from other previously reported protective protein antigens. Immunization with a chimeric protein comprising the carboxyl-terminal regions of BVH-3 and of a BVH-3-related protein improved the protection by targeting two surface pneumococcal components. Thus, BVH-3 and the chimeric protein hold strong promise as vaccine components to control pneumococcal disease.
pagPIs Required for Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Complement Lysis duringBordetella bronchisepticaRespiratory Infection
Authors: Pilione Mylisa R. , Pishko Elizabeth J. , Preston Andrew , Maskell Duncan J. , Harvill Eric T.
Published: April 2004

To efficiently colonize and persist in the lower respiratory tract, bacteria must survive multiple host immune mechanisms.Bordetella bronchisepticais a gram-negative respiratory pathogen that naturally infects mice and persists in the lower respiratory tract for up to 49 days postinoculation. In this work, we examined the effect of mutation of thepagPgene on the persistence ofB. bronchisepticain the lower respiratory tract of mice. ThepagPgene encodes a palmitoyl transferase that is responsible for the addition of a palmitoyl group to the lipid A region ofB. bronchisepticalipopolysaccharide. Data presented here confirm that aB. bronchisepticaΔpagPmutant demonstrates defective persistence in the lower respiratory tract of wild-type mice. We hypothesized that the defective persistence of theB. bronchisepticaΔpagPmutant was due to an increased susceptibility of this mutant to a host immune response. In vivo data indicate that both B cells and the complement component C3 are required for the reduced bacterial numbers of the ΔpagPmutant on day 14 postinoculation. In addition, an in vitro complement killing assay demonstrated thatB. bronchisepticaexhibitspagP-dependent resistance to antibody-mediated complement killing at low concentrations of immune serum. Taken together, these results suggest thatpagPis required forB. bronchisepticato resist antibody-mediated complement lysis during respiratory infection.
Glycosylation of
Anaplasma marginale
Major Surface Protein 1a and Its Putative Role in Adhesion to Tick Cells
Authors: Garcia-Garcia Jose C. , de la Fuente José , Bell-Eunice Gianna , Blouin Edmour F. , Kocan Katherine M.
Published: April 2004

Anaplasma marginale
, the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis, is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that multiplies in erythrocytes and tick cells. Major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) and MSP1b form the MSP1 complex of
A. marginale
, which is involved in adhesion of the pathogen to host cells. In this study we tested the hypothesis that MSP1a and MSP1b were glycosylated, because the observed molecular weights of both proteins were greater than the deduced molecular masses. We further hypothesized that the glycosylation of MSP1a plays a role in adhesion of
A. marginale
to tick cells. Native and
Escherichia coli
-derived recombinant MSP1a and MSP1b proteins were shown by gas chromatography to be glycosylated and to contain neutral sugars. Glycosylation of MSP1a appeared to be mainly O-linked to Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal repeated peptides. Glycosylation may play a role in adhesion of
A. marginale
to tick cells because chemical deglycosylation of MSP1a significantly reduced its adhesive properties. Although the MSP1a polypeptide backbone alone was adherent to tick cell extract, the glycans in the N-terminal repeats appeared to enhance binding and may cooperatively interact with one or more surface molecules on host cells. These results demonstrated that MSP1a and MSP1b are glycosylated and suggest that the glycosylation of MSP1a plays a role in the adhesion of
A. marginale
to tick cells.
PheP, a Putative Amino Acid Permease of
Staphylococcus aureus
, Contributes to Survival In Vivo and during Starvation
Authors: Horsburgh Malcolm J. , Wiltshire Michael D. , Crossley Howard , Ingham Eileen , Foster Simon J.
Published: April 2004

PheP, a putative amino acid permease in
Staphylococcus aureus
, contributes to starvation survival under glucose-limiting conditions and virulence. A
pheP
mutation led to poor growth after microaerobic or anaerobic incubation on pig serum agar, which was recovered by phenylalanine addition. Genetic complementation of
pheP
restored growth and starvation survival.
QUANTITATIVE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY—ACHIEVING FINER RESOLUTION IN GLOBAL CORRELATION
Authors: Sadler Peter M.
Published: April 2004

▪ Abstract  The fossil record preserves a wide range of events that might be used to build timescales and correlate strata from place to place. The events include the originations and extinctions of species, the occurrence of distinctive faunal assemblages, magnetic field reversals, changes in ocean chemistry, and volcanic ash falls. The fundamental task is to determine the global sequence of all these events. Modern computer algorithms can build high-resolution timescales by sequencing and calibrating thousands of such events from hundreds of localities. Each successful sequencing algorithm can be understood in terms of a simple two-dimensional visual device. Graphic correlation, permutable sequences, permutable matrices, and slotting devices are each suited to a different data problem, such as contradictory evidence of sequence, a lack of information about sequence, or uncertain correspondence of events. Algorithms based upon permutable sequences and evolutionary programming heuristics have the flexibility to optimize sequences with a wide variety of event types and data problems; they are slower than the more narrowly tailored methods. All methods will be challenged to keep pace with the amount of biostratigraphic information that is accumulating in the latest generation of shared databases. Currently, it is possible to sequence sufficiently large numbers of events to imagine a potential resolution of 10,000 to 50,000 years over time spans on the order of 50 to 100 million years. The actual resolving power is less because the solutions to these sequencing problems are not unique. Multiple equally good solutions typically emerge and, to extract a consensus sequence with which all solutions agree, some runs of events must be collapsed into unresolvable clusters. Nevertheless, quantitative methods have been shown to improve resolution up to tenfold over traditional methods that discard many potentially useful events.
Styles of Social Justice Judgments as Portrayed by Partial-Order Scalogram Analysis
Authors: Sabbagh Clara , Cohen Erik H. , Levy Shlomit
Published: April 2004

This study proposes a typology of adolescents’ social justice judgments (SJJs) as assessed by their attribution of importance to various distribution rules representing two generic principles of justice (egalitarian and equitarian). Four basic styles of SJJ are identified: I. Ecumenical (emphasis on both egalitarian and equitarian justice); II. Pure Egalitarian (emphasis on egalitarian justice); III. Pure Equitarian (emphasis on equity rules); and IV. Withdrawn (emphasis on neither). This proposed typology is empirically supported by POSAC (Partial-Order Scalogram Analysis with base Coordinates), which is used to analyse SJJs among adolescents in Israeli and East German samples. The typology is also found useful in discriminating between adolescents in these two countries: the proportion of the Ecumenical and Pure Egalitarian styles is higher among East Germans than among Israelis, while the proportion of the Pure Equitarian and Withdrawn styles is higher among Israelis.
A Museum of Hope: a Story of Robben Island
Authors: Shearing Clifford , Kempa Michael
Published: April 2004

This article explores hope as a technology of collective governance through an exploration of the work that is being done to celebrate and promote a hope for a New South Africa at the Robben Island Museum—former prison to the political opponents of apartheid that is situated on a small island off the coast at Cape Town.
MDR1 mRNA Expressions in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in Relation to Glucocorticoid Administration
Authors: Hirano Toshihiko , Onda Kenji , Toma Tsugutoshi , Miyaoka Masaaki , Moriyasu Fuminori , Oka Kitaro
Published: April 2004

Overexpression of multidrug resistance (MDR) protein, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), on lymphocytes has been suggested to be implicated in the failure of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, whether the overexpression of P‐gp in a class of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is intrinsic or related to the administration of GC is unknown. Relative amounts of MDR1 mRNA expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured using the reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique in 25 UC patients having no history of GC administration, 25 UC patients having experienced GC therapy, 19 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) with no history of GC therapy, and 27 healthy subjects. Relative amounts of MDR1 mRNA expressed in PBMCs were compared among the groups. The relationship between the amounts of MDR1 mRNA expressed, as well as the total dose of GC administered or the period of GC therapy in UC patients, was examined. The relative amounts of MDR1 mRNA expressed in PBMCs were not significantly different between the healthy subjects and CD patients or UC patients having no history of GC therapy. However, the mean MDR1 mRNA amount in PBMCs of UC patients having experienced GC therapy was significantly greater than that in PBMCs of UC patients with no history of GC administration (p = 0.0375). The amounts of MDR1 mRNA in PBMCs of UC patients having experienced GC therapy significantly correlated with the total dose of GCs administered (p = 0.0175). Overexpression of MDR1 mRNA in PBMCs of IBD patients is not intrinsic. However, high‐dose administration of GCs for the treatment of UC may result in an increased expression of MDR1 mRNA, which may impair successful GC therapy in these patients.
From Americanization to Colonization: The Diffusion of Productivity Models Revisited
Authors: Frenkel Michal , Shenhav Yehouda
Published: April 2004

Drawing on postcolonial studies, this article seeks to add a layer to the literature concerning the Americanization of productivity models and management in general. Based on a genealogical analysis of Israel’s productivity models, we juxtapose two processes by which productivity models were disseminated: first, by the British colonial authorities, and then as part of American technical assistance to Israel. Thus, we draw attention to the close ties between Americanization and colonialism. Our objective is to show empirically how earlier colonial practices preceded and set the stage for later processes of Americanization, and to stress the similar logic that both processes tend to follow.
Authoritative Sensemaking in a Public Inquiry Report
Authors: Brown Andrew D.
Published: April 2004

This article analyses the Cullen Report into the Piper Alpha disaster in order to research how public inquiry teams represent their efforts to make sense of events as authoritative. It is argued that inquiry reports are highly convention-governed sensemaking narratives that employ various forms of verisimilitude in order to bolster their authority. They are also monological storytelling performances that function hegemonically to impose a particular version of reality on their readers. The investigation of the means by which inquiry reports accomplish verisimilitude and hegemony are important as they may shed light on how this form of public discourse depoliticizes disaster events, legitimates social institutions, and lessens anxieties by concocting myths that emphasize our omnipotence and capacity to control.
Direct Work with Racially Motivated Offenders
Authors: Court David
Published: April 2004

The author discusses his experience of piloting intervention materials designed for work with racially motivated offenders. Despite the difficulties in prosecuting and assessing such offenders, he describes encouraging early results, showing that participants have been able to recognize the origins of their aggressive racial prejudices and identify the link with their offending behaviour.
Graphic Representations of Short Musical Compositions
Authors: Tan Siu-Lan , Kelly Megan E.
Published: April 2004

Sixty college students were asked to ‘make any marks’ to visually represent five short orchestral compositions, and to write essays to explain their graphic representations. Most musically trained participants provided abstract representations (symbols or lines), while most pictorial representations (images or pictures telling a story) were created by musically untrained participants. A content analysis of the essays revealed that trained participants focused on themes, repetition, mode, changes in pitch, instruments, interplay of different instruments, and sections of the composition. Untrained participants were more likely to focus on arousal of emotions or sensations, fleeting images, and to create stories to accompany the music. Four styles of representations emerged, depending on whether listeners attended primarily to global qualities, fluctuations in dimensions of sound, perceptually salient features, or underlying structure of compositions.
Wal-Mart or World-Mart? A Teaching Case Study
Authors: Jacques Peter , Thomas Rebecca , Foster Daniel , McCann Jennifer , Tunno Matthew
Published: April 2004

This teaching case study aims to draw out discussion in a variety of classes about the responsibilities of large corporations and their role in society. The authors provide a profile and a set of questions about Wal-Mart, the largest corporation in the world. Ultimately, the purpose of the study is to provoke discussions about the marketplace, social welfare, cultural homogenization, labor, and economic structure and agency in the context of expanding global corporate influence in society.
(De)Constructing Dependency: Institutional, Historical Perspectives of Welfare
Authors: Davis Ann
Published: April 2004

In contrast to most methodology in the welfare state literature, this approach will problematize, rather than assume, the tripartite division of states, families, and markets in modern liberal society. The author proposes that this very tripartite division is the result of a disciplinary strategy, under which the conditions of life became contingent and private. She demonstrates that in the early nineteenth-century United Kingdom, welfare, defined as the transfer of resources to families outside of the market mechanism, became the institutional enforcement condition of the private sphere. Following a review of the welfare state literature, including both traditional and feminist contributions, a disciplinary approach is proposed, building on the work of Michel Foucault. Proposals for improving the position of women and relieving some of the dilemmas of the modern welfare state are offered in conclusion.
The Influence of Cooling Rate on the Fracture Properties of a Thermoplastic-Based Fibre-Metal Laminate
Authors: Guillén J. F. , Cantwell W. J.
Published: April 2004

This paper investigates the effect of varying cooling rate on the mechanical properties of a novel fibre metal laminate based on glass-fibre polypropylene. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarised light microscopy have been used to identify differences in the matrix morphology resulting from varying the processing conditions. Additionally, the residual stresses in simple bi-material samples manufactured under different cooling conditions were quantified in order to understand the effect of the cooling rate on the mechanical properties of these multilayered materials. The results indicate that the residual stresses were greater in the fast cooled samples, whereas the degree of crystallinity was higher in slow cooled samples.

The results highlight a strong link between processing conditions and mechanical properties under both fibre and matrix-dominated modes of loading. The flexural properties of the plain composites and the fibre-metal laminates were greater at the low cooling rates. Conversely, the tensile strength and interlaminar toughness for both types of material were greater for specimens manufactured using high cooling rates. Finally, faster cooling was shown to yield laminates with a superior impact resistance. It is believed that the rapid cooling of the laminates enhanced their resistance to interlaminar fracture, which in turn resulted in smaller damage areas after impact.
A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Behavior of White Rice Husk Ash and Silica Filled Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Siriwardena S. , Ismail H. , Ishiaku U. S.
Published: April 2004

This paper compares the processability, mechanical properties, and water absorption behavior of polypropylene (PP) composites filled with white rice husk ash (WRHA) and silica. It is shown that preparation of WRHA filled composites requires less energy than silica filled composites. WRHA-PP composites exhibit better impact properties while other mechanical properties are better in silica filled composites. WRHA-PP composites also showed a better resistance to the water absorption in comparison to silica composites. An increase in water uptake with increase in filler loading was observed for both fillers although the difference is not significant for WRHA-PP composites. The study further shows that the area of the specimen cut edges influences the water uptake. The effect of water uptake on tensile properties was also briefly examined.
Debonding of Stitched Composite Joints under Static and Fatigue Loading
Authors: Reeder J. R. , Glaessgen E. H.
Published: April 2004

An experimental study was conducted to examine the effects of stitches on the static and fatigue failure of two different single lap joint configurations. To monitor damage growth, X-rays were taken periodically during the fatigue tests. The study showed that a 21/2 fold increase in static strength due to stitching. A similar increase was found in fatigue strength for a given fatigue life. Additionally, stitching significantly changed the pattern of damage growth.
Thermal Elastic–Plastic Stress Analysis of Aluminum Metal–Matrix Composite Laminated Plates Under a Parabollically Temperature Distribution
Authors: Topcu Muzaffer , Öndurücü Ayse
Published: April 2004

In this study, a thermal elastic–plastic stress analysis is carried out on steel-fiberreinforced aluminum metal–matrix composite laminated plates fixed at all edges. Temperature is chosen to vary parabollically. It is zero and T0 on the middle axis and at the upper–lower surfaces, respectively. The solution is executed for symmetric cross-ply (0° /90°)2 and angle-ply (30° / -30°)2, (45° / -45°)2, (60° / -60°)2 laminated plates. The elastic–plastic solution is carried out for small plastic deformations. The Tsai–Hill Theory is used as a yield criterion. Residual stress distributions along the thickness of the plates are obtained. All the residual stress components are in static balance with respect to middle plane of the laminates since they are symmetric in opposite signs.