bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic inhibition of phospholipase C in the brain attenuates early memory formation in the honeybee (Apis melliferaL.)
Authors: Suenami Shota , Iino Shiori , Kubo Takeo
Published: January 2018

Although the molecular mechanisms involved in learning and memory in insects have been studied intensively, the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in early memory formation are not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that phospholipase C epsilon (PLCe), whose product is involved in calcium signaling, is almost selectively expressed in the mushroom bodies, a brain structure important for learning and memory in the honeybee. Here, we pharmacologically examined the role of phospholipase C (PLC) in learning and memory in the honeybee. First, we identified four genes for PLC subtypes in the honeybee genome database. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that, among these four genes, three, including PLCe, were expressed higher in the brain than in sensory organs in worker honeybees, suggesting their main roles in the brain. Edelfosine and neomycin, pan-PLC inhibitors, significantly decreased PLC activities in homogenates of the brain tissues. These drugs injected into the head of foragers significantly attenuated memory acquisition in comparison with the control groups, whereas memory retention was not affected. These findings suggest that PLC in the brain is involved in early memory formation in the honeybee. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a role for PLC in learning and memory in an insect.
MRB7260 is essential for productive protein–RNA interactions within the RNA editing substrate binding complex during trypanosome RNA editing
Authors: McAdams Natalie M. , Simpson Rachel M. , Chen Runpu , Sun Yijun , Read Laurie K.
Published: January 2018

The trypanosome RNA editing substrate binding complex (RESC) acts as the platform for mitochondrial uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing and facilitates the protein–protein and protein–RNA interactions required for the editing process. RESC is broadly comprised of two subcomplexes: GRBC (guide RNA binding complex) and REMC (RNA editing mediator complex). Here, we characterize the function and position in RESC organization of a previously unstudied RESC protein, MRB7260. We show that MRB7260 forms numerous RESC-related complexes, including a novel, small complex with the guide RNA binding protein, GAP1, which is a canonical GRBC component, and REMC components MRB8170 and TbRGG2. RNA immunoprecipitations in MRB7260-depleted cells show that MRB7260 is critical for normal RNA trafficking between REMC and GRBC. Analysis of protein–protein interactions also reveals an important role for MRB7260 in promoting stable association of the two subcomplexes. High-throughput sequencing analysis of RPS12 mRNAs from MRB7260 replete and depleted cells demonstrates that MRB7260 is critical for gRNA exchange and early gRNA utilization, with the exception of the initiating gRNA. Together, these data demonstrate that MRB7260 is essential for productive protein–RNA interactions with RESC during RNA editing.
A new symphysis-fundal height tape measure for Zaire
Authors: Newby Rachel , Lovel Hermione
Published: January 2018

A potential reduction in mortality and morbidity rates in both mothers and babies in Zaire could be realised by the use of a new symphysis-fundal height tape measure. Specially designed for use in Zaire, it is calibrated in weeks and months rather than in centimetres to make assessment of fetal growth easier for local midwives.
Educating for successful breastfeeding
Authors: Jamieson Lea
Published: January 2018

Midwives have a duty to explain the benefits of breastfeeding to women without bias or prejudice. This article describes how the use of a modified Peplau model can enhance the ability of both student and qualified midwives to communicate effectively with mothers who wish to breastfeed.
GP fundholding – the assessment of purchasing maternity services
Authors: Partington Kathryn
Published: January 2018

In October 1994, Mrs Bottomley announced that six standard GP fundholding practices in England were to be selected to conduct an assessment of whether the purchase of maternity services should be included in standard fundholding. The pilot sites were to be asked to identify and address issues associated with successful purchasing in accordance with Changing Childbirth. In December 1994 GP standard fundholding practices were invited to apply to be one of the pilot sites and six bids were selected from the 22 received.
Does the profession need advanced midwife practitioners?
Authors: Hopkinson Nina
Published: January 2018

There has been much debate surrounding the concept of advanced practitioner in nursing, midwifery and health visiting (UKCC, 1993a; Benner, 1984; McGee, 1993). This debate has been heightened by the UKCC's policy regarding its Post Registration and Practice (UKCC, 1993a), which proposed three levels of practice: primary, specialist nursing practice and advanced nursing or midwifery practice.
Culture and loss in the clinical setting
Authors: Mander Rosemary
Published: January 2018

Reflection on incidents occurring in everyday midwifery practice can give valuable insight into the significance of culture in situations involving loss. This article focuses on three separate incidences in which cultural lessons were learnt.
An anti-social fund
Authors: Gowdridge Christine
Published: January 2018

‘A woman’s health, her response to and utilisation of health-care, and the ability to follow the advice that she is offered, are affected both by her social circumstances and by wider social, financial and healthcare policies.' That is what it says in Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth (Chalmers et al, 1989), which is all very well when you know what those policies are. Let me tell you about a small but significant change in policy which we heard of, quite by accident, at the Maternity Alliance Information Service.
Change: at what cost?
Authors: Piercy James
Published: January 2018

When the Expert Maternity Group produced its report Changing Childbirth (Department of Health [DoH], 1993), a blueprint for the future of maternity services was established: that women should be able to exercise control over and continuity of their care. Purchasers and providers began to wonder how such a service would work and what the cost of the new service would be.
Survey methods in midwifery
Authors: Rees Colin
Published: January 2018

Surveys, using questionnaires and interviews, form a familiar way of collecting research data. This article illustrates that although these techniques seem relatively simple, they require a great deal of skill and preparation if they are to be successful.
Human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Sutcliffe Debra
Published: January 2018

Human cytomegalovirus is one virus of which pregnant women are not generally made aware, although it causes disease and disability in up to 400 babies in Britain every year. This article focuses on the epidemiology of the virus, with particular reference to pregnancy, issues surrounding humoral immunity, diagnosis and prenatal screening.
A changing agenda
Authors: Charlton Doug
Published: January 2018

This month Kate Jackson has invited Doug Charlton (pictured above) to write Birthwrite.
BJTR: a new journal with a modern approach to interdisciplinary practice
Authors: Maskill David
Published: January 2018

The m odern approach to rehabilitation often requires the services of therapists from a num ber of different disciplines. This interdisciplinary team approach to the patient's requirements is essential to obtain the optimal im provem ent in the patient's functional recovery. To facilitate this process, it is important that members of each branch of the rehabilitation sciences have up -to -date know ledge of the advances in the methods employed by their fellow professionals. The British Journal o f Therapy and Rehabilitation (BJTR) has been conceived with this objective as its m ain thrust. However, it is also seeking to do m ore than sim ply reflect current practice; it is intended to promote change in practice and thereby improve patient care.
An interdisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of people with brain injury
Authors: Powell T , Partridge T , Nicholls T , Wright L , Mould H , Cook C , Anderson A , Blakey L , Boyer M , Davis L , Grimshaw J , Johnsen E , Lambert L , Page J , Pearce D , Smith A , Sturman S , Searle Y , Tatter S
Published: January 2018

Reducing handicap in clients with complex needs requires input from a variety of disciplines. This input must be coordinated in order to prevent duplicated or conflicting goals that are not relevant to the reduction of handicap. Also, clients should be heavily involved in choosing their goals. Methods that help to ensure clear communication between professionals and facilitate the functioning of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team are described.
Book reviews
Authors: Varty Jason , Jackson Joanna , Rochford Bernie
Published: January 2018

Manual Therapy for Chronic Headache

Physiotherapy in Occupational Health: Management, Prevention and Health Promotion in the Workplace

Stress, Anxiety, Depression: A Practical Workbook
The problem of medical rehabilitation
Authors: Glickman Scott
Published: January 2018

Rehabilitation therapy has existed since injuries have been treated. The traum a model — save life, limit damage, repair damage, rehabilitate, and return to society — firmly places rehabilitation as a therapeutic process vital in the management line for restoring an injured man to the ‘ideal’ m an described in our ph ysiology books.
Diagnosis and management of lower limb injuries
Authors: Perry David
Published: January 2018

The lower limb is most commonly affected by sports injuries. This article presents a short review of the presentation and diagnosis of such injuries, and stresses the importance of the multidisciplinary team in their management.
Postgraduate education and continuing professional development
Authors: Thomson Ann
Published: January 2018

The first graduation or qualification in the life o f any profession al person is a memorable milestone. With it goes a well deserved sense of achievement, relief and pride for the individual, his/her family and friends. However, so on after starting work the new therapist begins to realise that there is much more to learn than could be envisaged from the seem ingly comprehensive, rigorous and demanding undergraduate programme. The quest for postgraduate and continuing professional development then begins. The picture which confronts the therapist is daunting, possibly confusing and certainly challenging. What then is there for the therapist to do?
Computers in health care: word processing
Authors: Seaman Claire EA
Published: January 2018

As computers become more widely available, health professionals are increasingly being asked to learn, use and sometimes choose computers and software. This article looks at the types of word- processing packages available and will be followed by a more detailed article aimed at those already familiar with computers.
Correspondence
Authors: Jenkins Mary , Duckett Stephane , Caan Woody , Hammick Marilyn
Published: January 2018

BJTR provides an interdisciplinary audience

Limits of the interdisciplinary approach

Rehabilitation: a supervisor's view

Rehabilitation: a supervisor's view—Reply
Case management with older adults: are we missing the point?
Authors: Papadopoulos Andrew
Published: January 2018

Traditionally within health-care settings, the term vulnerability has been used to denote individuals who, by virtue of their disability, have been deemed as being unable to adapt to the normal demands of independent living. The implication for services has been to identify shortfalls in functioning and, where possible, to treat this shortfall directly or to compensate for weaknesses through the provision of aids and adaptations.
Specialists and generalists
Authors: Miller Carol
Published: January 2018

This article considers the value of the terms ‘specialist’ and ‘generalist’ in a profession and suggests an alternative approach for the identification of competence and expertise in practice.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein exhibits antioxidant features in osteoblastic cells through its N-terminal and osteostatin domains
Authors: Portal-Núñez S. , Ardura J. A. , Lozano D. , Martínez de Toda I. , De la Fuente M. , Herrero-Beaumont G. , Largo R. , Esbrit P.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Oxidative stress plays a major role in the onset and progression of involutional osteoporosis. However, classical antioxidants fail to restore osteoblast function. Interestingly, the bone anabolism of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been shown to be associated with its ability to counteract oxidative stress in osteoblasts. The PTH counterpart in bone, which is the PTH-related protein (PTHrP), displays osteogenic actions through both its N-terminal PTH-like region and the C-terminal domain.

Methods

We examined and compared the antioxidant capacity of PTHrP (1-37) with the C-terminal PTHrP domain comprising the 107-111 epitope (osteostatin) in both murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and primary human osteoblastic cells.

Results

We showed that both N- and C-terminal PTHrP peptides at 100 nM decreased reactive oxygen species production and forkhead box protein O activation following hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidation, which was related to decreased lipid oxidative damage and caspase-3 activation in these cells. This was associated with their ability to restore the deleterious effects of H2O2 on cell growth and alkaline phosphatase activity, as well as on the expression of various osteoblast differentiation genes. The addition of Rp-cyclic 3′,5′-hydrogen phosphorothioate adenosine triethylammonium salt (a cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate antagonist) and calphostin C (a protein kinase C inhibitor), or a PTH type 1 receptor antagonist, abrogated the effects of N-terminal PTHrP, whereas protein phosphatase 1 (an Src kinase activity inhibitor), SU1498 (a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor), or an anti osteostatin antiserum, inhibited the effects of C-terminal PTHrP.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that the antioxidant properties of PTHrP act through its N- and C-terminal domains and provide novel insights into the osteogenic action of PTHrP. Cite this article: S. Portal-Núñez, J. A. Ardura, D. Lozano, I. Martínez de Toda, M. De la Fuente, G. Herrero-Beaumont, R. Largo, P. Esbrit. Parathyroid hormone-related protein exhibits antioxidant features in osteoblastic cells through its N-terminal and osteostatin domains. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:58–68. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2016-0242.R2.
Are the patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire used in distal radial fractures truly valid and reliable?
Authors: Kleinlugtenbelt Y. V. , Krol R. G. , Bhandari M. , Goslings J. C. , Poolman R. W. , Scholtes V. A. B.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire are patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used for clinical and research purposes. Methodological high-quality clinimetric studies that determine the measurement properties of these PROMs when used in patients with a distal radial fracture are lacking. This study aimed to validate the PRWE and DASH in Dutch patients with a displaced distal radial fracture (DRF).

Methods

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for test-retest reliability, between PROMs completed twice with a two-week interval at six to eight months after DRF. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s α for the dimensions found in the factor analysis. The measurement error was expressed by the smallest detectable change (SDC). A semi-structured interview was conducted between eight and 12 weeks after DRF to assess the content validity.

Results

A total of 119 patients (mean age 58 years (sd 15)), 74% female, completed PROMs at a mean time of six months (sd 1) post-fracture. One overall meaningful dimension was found for the PRWE and the DASH. Internal consistency was excellent for both PROMs (Cronbach’s α 0.96 (PRWE) and 0.97 (DASH)). Test-retest reliability was good for the PRWE (ICC 0.87) and excellent for the DASH (ICC 0.91). The SDC was 20 for the PRWE and 14 for the DASH. No floor or ceiling effects were found. The content validity was good for both questionnaires.

Conclusion

The PRWE and DASH are valid and reliable PROMs in assessing function and disability in Dutch patients with a displaced DRF. However, due to the high SDC, the PRWE and DASH are less useful for individual patients with a distal radial fracture in clinical practice. Cite this article: Y. V. Kleinlugtenbelt, R. G. Krol, M. Bhandari, J. C. Goslings, R. W. Poolman, V. A. B. Scholtes. Are the patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire used in distal radial fractures truly valid and reliable? Bone Joint Res 2018;7:36–45. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0081.R1.
Biomechanics of coupled motion in the cervical spine during simulated whiplash in patients with pre-existing cervical or lumbar spinal fusion
Authors: Huang H. , Nightingale R. W. , Dang A. B. C.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Loss of motion following spine segment fusion results in increased strain in the adjacent motion segments. However, to date, studies on the biomechanics of the cervical spine have not assessed the role of coupled motions in the lumbar spine. Accordingly, we investigated the biomechanics of the cervical spine following cervical fusion and lumbar fusion during simulated whiplash using a whole-human finite element (FE) model to simulate coupled motions of the spine.

Methods

A previously validated FE model of the human body in the driver-occupant position was used to investigate cervical hyperextension injury. The cervical spine was subjected to simulated whiplash exposure in accordance with Euro NCAP (the European New Car Assessment Programme) testing using the whole human FE model. The coupled motions between the cervical spine and lumbar spine were assessed by evaluating the biomechanical effects of simulated cervical fusion and lumbar fusion.

Results

Peak anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) strain ranged from 0.106 to 0.382 in a normal spine, and from 0.116 to 0.399 in a fused cervical spine. Strain increased from cranial to caudal levels. The mean strain increase in the motion segment immediately adjacent to the site of fusion from C2-C3 through C5-C6 was 26.1% and 50.8% following single- and two-level cervical fusion, respectively (p = 0.03, unpaired two-way t-test). Peak cervical strains following various lumbar-fusion procedures were 1.0% less than those seen in a healthy spine (p = 0.61, two-way ANOVA).

Conclusion

Cervical arthrodesis increases peak ALL strain in the adjacent motion segments. C3-4 experiences greater changes in strain than C6-7. Lumbar fusion did not have a significant effect on cervical spine strain. Cite this article: H. Huang, R. W. Nightingale, A. B. C. Dang. Biomechanics of coupled motion in the cervical spine during simulated whiplash in patients with pre-existing cervical or lumbar spinal fusion: A Finite Element Study. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:28–35. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0100.R1.
Underestimation of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA) carriage associated with standard culturing techniques
Authors: Tsang S. T. J. , McHugh M. P. , Guerendiain D. , Gwynne P. J. , Boyd J. , Simpson A. H. R. W. , Walsh T. S. , Laurenson I. F. , Templeton K. E.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Nasal carriers of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA and MSSA) have an increased risk for healthcare-associated infections. There are currently limited national screening policies for the detection of S. aureus despite the World Health Organization’s recommendations. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of molecular and culture techniques in S. aureus screening, determine the cause of any discrepancy between the diagnostic techniques, and model the potential effect of different diagnostic techniques on S. aureus detection in orthopaedic patients.

Methods

Paired nasal swabs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and culture of S. aureus were collected from a study population of 273 orthopaedic outpatients due to undergo joint arthroplasty surgery.

Results

The prevalence of MSSA nasal colonization was found to be between 22.4% to 35.6%. The current standard direct culturing methods for detecting S. aureus significantly underestimated the prevalence (p = 0.005), failing to identify its presence in approximately one-third of patients undergoing joint arthroplasty surgery.

Conclusion

Modelling these results to national surveillance data, it was estimated that approximately 5000 to 8000 S. aureus surgical site infections could be prevented, and approximately $140 million to $950 million (approximately £110 million to £760 million) saved in treatment costs annually in the United States and United Kingdom combined, by using alternative diagnostic methods to direct culture in preoperative S. aureus screening and eradication programmes. Cite this article: S. T. J. Tsang, M. P. McHugh, D. Guerendiain, P. J. Gwynne, J. Boyd, A. H. R. W. Simpson, T. S. Walsh, I. F. Laurenson, K. E. Templeton. Underestimation of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA) carriage associated with standard culturing techniques: One third of carriers missed. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:79–84. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0175.R1.
An Officer and an Orientalist: Alexander Grigorevich Tumanskii and His Contribution to Russian Historiography on and Policy towards the Babi-Baha’i Religion
Authors: Shahvar Soli
Published: January 2018

Official Russian attitude towards the Babi-Baha’i religion seems to have changed dramatically between the mid- to the end of the nineteenth century. At first, in the formative years of the Babi movement in Iran in the 1840s, Tsarist Russia saw in it what British India saw later in Bolshevism, namely something that could not only destabilize Iran, but could even spill over into their own territory. Thus, Russian diplomats in Iran requested from the Iranian authorities to keep the Bab away from the Russian borders. This early attitude changed almost dramatically by the mid-1880s and onwards, when Iranian Baha’is were not only permitted to immigrate into Russian territory, but even to create their own communities under the protection of the Russian government.

One of the main reasons for this volte-face with regards to Russian policy towards the Babi-Baha’i religion seems to have been the relatively poor knowledge of that religion in its formative, or Babi years; while gradually, especially following the declaration of Baha’u’llah and with the vast majority of Babis adopting the Baha’i Faith, fears of the negative implications of the Babi-Baha’i religion made way for a more positive attitude towards it. This trend stood in direct relation to the growing flow of information on the Babi-Baha’i religion, which came not only from Russian academic circles, but growingly from a new breed of Russian officers and officials, who also had academic training in ‘oriental studies’.

One of these ‘orientalist’ officers and officials, who were tasked to collect material on the Babi-Baha’i religion and communities, was Alexander Tumanskii, who stands out in both the volume and depth of his research and findings about the Babi-Baha’i religion. His official reports were quite important for the direction of Russian policy towards the Babi-Baha’i religion, and his academic publications (and primarily the translation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas and several Tablets into Russian) are still used by scholars today. It is the purpose of this paper to try and evaluate the contribution of Tumanskii on Russian historiography, and on policy towards the Babi-Baha’i religion.
Ariketa fisikoa hezur-dentsitate mineralaren suspertzaile
Authors: Hervás Gotzone , Ruiz-Litago Fátima , Caballero Amaia , Irazusta Jon , Zarrazquin Idoia
Published: January 2018

Osteoporosia osasun-publikoan garrantzi nabarmena duen gaixotasuna da. Gero eta gehiago dira gaixotasun hau pairatzen duten pertsonak, eta gaur egun arte egindako esku-hartzeak ez dira guztiz eraginkorrak. Ariketa fisikoa hezur-dentsitatea metatzeko eta mantentzeko prozesuetarako funtsezkoa den bizi-ohitura da. Gainera, hezurraren eta giharraren arteko lotura dela eta, egindako ariketa fisikoak, hezurrean gain, giharrean ere badu eragina. Kontuan hartu beharrekoa da gaztaroan hezur-dentsitate mineralean lortutako maila maximoa erabakigarria dela bizitza osoan zehar izango den hezur-osasunean. Lan honetan, ariketa fisikoaren bitartez hezur mineralaren metaketa nola sustatu eta mantendu azaltzen da; giharraren eta hezurraren arteko seinaleztapen gurutzatuak eta adinak, osteoporosiaren oinarrizko prebentzioan, zer eragin duten kontuan hartuz.
Laminarteko hausturaren i/ii modu mistoa aztertzeko saiakuntza konfigurazio berri bat
Authors: Boyano Ana , Osa Juan Luis , Fernandez-Gamiz Unai , Torre Leyre , Mujika Faustino
Published: January 2018

Lan honetan, laminatu konpositeen I/II haustura modu mistoa aztertzeko, saiakuntza konfigurazio berri bat aurkezten da. Konfigurazioa End Notched Flexuresaiakuntzan oinarrituta dago. Pitzaduraren bi besoen artean, metalezko arrabola bat sartzen da modu mistoa lortzearren. II modua kanpoko kargaren bidez lortzen da, eta I modua, arrabola bat sartuz pitzadura irekitzean lortzen da. Haustura aztertzeko, energia askatzearen tasa erabiltzen da. Haustura modu bakoitzari dagokion tasa, analitikoki kalkulatu ondoren, elementu finituen bidezko kalkuluetan lortutako emaitzekin erkatzen da. Lan esperimentalean, karbono zuntzez eta epoxi matrizez osatutako norabide bakarreko T300/F593 konpositea erabiltzen da. Pitzadura luzera egoki neurtuta dagoen egiaztatzen da, energia askatzearen tasaren balioak irudikatzen dira, eta haustura irizpide egokia aukeratu da. Gainera, GIc eta GIIc parametroak ere kalkulatzen dira.
Letren abiadura Lehen Hezkuntzan: euskarazko batezbestekoak ikasmailaren eta generoaren arabera
Authors: Ibarra Irune , Etxague Xabier , Etxeberria Juan
Published: January 2018

Eskuz idazterakoan komunikazio eraginkorra lortu nahi bada, idazten denak, irakurgarria izateaz gain, abiadura on batekin idatzia egon behar du (Barnett, Henderson, Scheib & Schulz, 2009). Urte askotan klasikoa izan da letren irakurgarritasuna ebaluatzea eta azkenaldian letraren abiadura ebaluatzen duten testak garatu dira, besteak beste, HST testa Australian (Wallen, Bonney & Lennox, 1996), PAL-II testa Estatu Batuetan (Berninger, 2007) eta DASH testa Erresuma Batuan (Barnett, Henderson, Scheib & Schulz, 2007). Letraren abiadura neurtzea sinplea da eta haren eraginak garrantzitsuak dira eskolatzean: zeregin asko dago idatziz egiteko, apunteak hartu behar dira eta denbora-mugetan erantzun behar da. Gainera, neurogarapeneko idazketaren ikuspuntuaren baitan eginiko ikerketetan, letraren abiadurak testu-sorkuntzaren kantitatea eta kalitatea baldintzatzen du 16 urtera arte (Berninger & Swanson, 1994; Berninger & Graham, 1998). Bestalde, jakina da idazten den letra-jarioa haziz doala ikasmailaz ikasmaila, gutxienez DBHko 2. mailaraino eta, nazioartean ikusi denaren arabera, hazten doan letra kopuru horretan genero-desberdintasunak daude: mutilen puntuazioak esanguratsuki baxuagoak dira.Artikulu honetan, lehenik, letren irakurgarritasunaren eta abiaduraren konstruktuak azalduko dira; bigarrenik, letra-abiadurak identifikatzeak duen garrantziaz jardungo gara eta, azkenik, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko (EAE) Lehen Hezkuntzako haurren letren abiadura-batezbestekoak agertuko dira, ikasmailaren eta generoaren arabera.
La aparición del ‘problema de la circulación’ y los orígenes de la gestión del tráfico urbano en España, 1900-1936
Authors: Rodríguez Martín Nuria
Published: January 2018

A lo largo del primer tercio del siglo XX, Madrid, Barcelona, y en menor medida el resto de capitales de provincia españolas, comenzaron a experimentar una creciente congestión en sus vías públicas. El aumento exponencial del número de vehículos –particularmente de vehículos automóviles–, el incremento del tráfico peatonal –derivado del crecimiento demográfico–, y la existencia de trazados urbanos incapaces de absorber las nuevas corrientes circulatorias, tuvieron como consecuencia la aparición de lo que en la época se denominó ‘el problema de la circulación’. Las autoridades locales lo afrontaron adoptando distintas medidas con las que se inauguró la gestión del tráfico urbano en España, asunto que ha sido escasamente atendido hasta la fecha por la historiografía urbana centrada en este periodo. Este artículo analiza esas primeras medidas, comparándolas con las que por esos mismos años implementaron otras grandes ciudades y capitales occidentales. Se exponen igualmente los primeros intentos para unificar todos los aspectos referentes al tráfico en el territorio nacional, sustanciados en la celebración, en 1933, del I Congreso Municipal de la Circulación.
Educación superior femenina y nuevas conformaciones identitarias: Juventud Universitaria Femenina (1919-1930)
Authors: Sanfeliu Luz
Published: January 2018

Este artículo analiza la forma en la que a los pocos años de la incorporación de las mujeres a los estudios superiores en España, se constituyó, en 1920, la Juventud Universitaria Femenina (JUF), cuyos objetivos se centraron en construir y atribuir significados a la nueva identidad de las `universitarias´.En un contexto social en el que se abrían tímidas brechas en el modelo de feminidad doméstica, la JUF dio difusión a los discursos y actuaciones de estas mujeres profesionales preparadas intelectualmente que, a partir de 1928, acrecentaron su participación socio-política, demandando también derechos femeninos igualitarios.De esta manera, mediante estructuraciones lingüísticas y nuevas prácticas y experiencia de vida, la JUF preparó a un minoritario sector de universitarias para que se constituyeran en una  élite rectora del proceso emancipador, que paulatinamente se dotó de autoridad en la vida pública. Igualmente, estableció alianza con otros grupos feministas y con grupos mixtos de estudiantes para difundir el modelo de identidad que se atribuían y para consensuar reivindicaciones respecto a una ciudadanía femenina más plena, ciudadanía que se consolidarían en parte durante la II República.
La depuración franquista del personal femenino del Ayuntamiento de Bilbao, 1937
Authors: Ipiña Bidaurrazaga Aritz
Published: January 2018

Este artículo pretende analizar la depuración que sufrió el personal femenino del Ayuntamiento de Bilbao por parte de las nuevas autoridades franquistas tras conquistar la villa. Para ello estudiaremos a través de un análisis prosopográfico distintas características de dicho personal, además del papel que desempeñaron en la retaguardia republicana. Uno de los objetivos del trabajo será identificar a las empleadas reprimidas y rescatar sus experiencias, para superar a visión victimizadora.
Evolución histórica de los ateneos en Catalunya (1836-1936)
Authors: Arnabat Ramon , Ferré-Trill Xavier
Published: January 2018

El objeto de este es ofrecer una síntesis panorámica de los orígenes y evolución de los ateneos en Catalunya a partir de referencias estadísticas originales fruto de un listado exhaustivo de asociaciones ateneístas. El comentario de los datos agrupados sirve para establecer como resultado final una caracterización de los ateneos denotativa de una vía articulada en torno a una concepción político-cultural. Para ello partimos del ámbito cronológico determinante en este aspecto —1836-1936— analizado en tres grandes etapas: constituyente (1836-1886); consolidativa (1887-1900) y expansiva (1901-1936).
El federalismo regionalista catalán de base krausista durante el Sexenio Democrático (1868-1874)
Authors: Pomés-Vives Jordi
Published: January 2018

Durante el Sexenio Democrático se manifestó en Cataluña un federalismo regionalista de base krausista bien diferenciado tanto del federalismo llamado intransigente, de base pimargalliana, como del federalismo organicista de base krausista que defendía desde Madrid fundamentalmente el republicanismo más de orden, encabezado por Nicolás Salmerón o Emilio Castelar. Este federalismo regionalista catalán, que tuvo a Salvador Sanpere y Miquel (1840-1915) y a Eusebi Pascual y Casas (1837-1883) como sus principales valedores a la vez que teóricos, postuló la defensa de una Cataluña bien integrada políticamente como Estado federal dentro del conjunto de la nación española (o ibérica) -estructurada territorialmente de forma federal-, aunque con un alto grado de competencias exclusivas, con el objetivo de que quedaran garantizadas sus particularidades culturales, económicas y del derecho civil. Hay que enmarcar la afirmación de este federalismo dentro del contexto de auge del movimiento cultural de la Renaixença catalana.
Caídos por Dios y por España. El culto a la muerte en la fundación de la dictadura franquista.
Authors: Sevillano-Calero Francisco
Published: January 2018

Este artículo analiza como la legitimación del «nuevo Estado» en España se fundó sobre el mismo evento de la guerra desde el verano de 1936. La propagación de las representaciones de la guerra formó una cultura de guerra, constitutiva de la identidad colectiva en la «España nacional», opuesta a la anti-España. Como sucedió a través de la institucionalización del culto de la muerte, la transferencia de elementos dogmáticos, litúrgicos y rituales del cristianismo a la política fue esencial en la construcción de esa cultura de guerra.
Investigar la Historia Contemporánea en España: a la sombra de la Ley de Secretos Oficiales
Authors: Malalana Ureña Antonio , Moreno Pérez Lorena
Published: January 2018

El acceso sin trabas a los archivos es condición básica para la investigación histórica y para garantizar la información y la transparencia en la gestión pública. Sin embargo, estos derechos no siempre están asegurados. Para los ciudadanos y los historiadores, el pleno acceso a los archivos es una cuestión pendiente en lo tocante a algunos documentos de la Historia Contemporánea española, lo que ha frustrado, además, la posibilidad de atender el derecho a la verdad, a la justicia y a la reparación que demanda el Derecho Internacional Humanitario para las víctimas de la Guerra Civil y del Franquismo.
Plate Finite Element with Physical Shape Functions: Correctness of the Formulation
Authors: Gilewski W. , Sitek M.
Published: January 2018

The formulation of a plate finite element with so called ‘physical’ shape functions is revisited. The derivation of the ‘physical’ shape functions is based on Hencky-Bolle theory of moderately thick plates. The considered finite element was assessed in the past, and the tests showed that the solution convergence was achieved in a wide range of thickness to in-plane dimensions ratios. In this paper a holistic correctness assessment is presented, which covers three criteria: the ellipticity, the consistency and the inf-sup conditions. Fulfilment of these criteria assures the existence of a unique solution, and a stable and optimal convergence to the correct solution. The algorithms of the numerical tests for each test case are presented and the tests are performed for the considered formulation. In result it is concluded that the finite element formulation passes every test and therefore is a good choice for modeling plate structural elements regardless of their thickness.
Operation of 2+1 Road with High Shares of Heavy Vehicles
Authors: Kieć M.
Published: January 2018

The author investigated traffic flow quality on a new 2+1 long road bypass with an exceptionally high share of heavy vehicles in order to assess rational limits of heavy vehicle shares in traffic flow, dependent on the length of the 2+1 road and the number of passing segments in each direction. This paper presents the results of traffic flow quality analyses through the use of empirical and simulation methods for a single 2+1 road segment with additional passing lanes, as well as for the study of the entire section of the bypass - 2+1 road. Variables include analysis of travel speed distribution, platoon traffic, and amount of passing maneuvers. Results show that large passing demands lead to very high speeds (over 100 km/h) on segments with additional passing lanes. The conclusions include remarks related to the use and operation of 2+1 cross-sections with high shares of heavy vehicles.
Dynamic Response of Forum Gdansk Structure due to Rail Traffic
Authors: Miśkiewicz M. , Pyrzowski Ł. , Rucka M. , Wilde K. , Chróscielewski J.
Published: January 2018

This paper presents the study of the impact of vibration induced by the movement of the railway rolling stock on the Forum Gdańsk structure. This object is currently under construction and is located over the railway tracks in the vicinity of the Gdańsk Głowny and Gdańsk Środmieście railway stations. The analysis covers the influence of vibrations on the structure itself and on the people within. The in situ measurements on existing parts of the structure allow us to determine environmental excitations used for validation and verification of the derived FEM model. The numerical calculations made the estimates of the vibration amplitudes propagating throughout the whole structure possible.
CCR: A combined cleaning and resampling algorithm for imbalanced data classification
Authors: Koziarski Michał , Wożniak Michał
Published: January 2018

Imbalanced data classification is one of the most widespread challenges in contemporary pattern recognition. Varying levels of imbalance may be observed in most real datasets, affecting the performance of classification algorithms. Particularly, high levels of imbalance make serious difficulties, often requiring the use of specially designed methods. In such cases the most important issue is often to properly detect minority examples, but at the same time the performance on the majority class cannot be neglected. In this paper we describe a novel resampling technique focused on proper detection of minority examples in a two-class imbalanced data task. The proposed method combines cleaning the decision border around minority objects with guided synthetic oversampling. Results of the conducted experimental study indicate that the proposed algorithm usually outperforms the conventional oversampling approaches, especially when the detection of minority examples is considered.
Interpretable decision-tree induction in a big data parallel framework
Authors: Weinberg Abraham Itzhak , Last Mark
Published: January 2018

When running data-mining algorithms on big data platforms, a parallel, distributed framework, such asMAPREDUCE, may be used. However, in a parallel framework, each individual model fits the data allocated to its own computing node without necessarily fitting the entire dataset. In order to induce a single consistent model, ensemble algorithms such as majority voting, aggregate the local models, rather than analyzing the entire dataset directly. Our goal is to develop an efficient algorithm for choosing one representative model from multiple, locally induced decision-tree models. The proposed SySM (syntactic similarity method) algorithm computes the similarity between the models produced by parallel nodes and chooses the model which is most similar to others as the best representative of the entire dataset. In 18.75% of 48 experiments on four big datasets, SySM accuracy is significantly higher than that of the ensemble; in about 43.75% of the experiments, SySM accuracy is significantly lower; in one case, the results are identical; and in the remaining 35.41% of cases the difference is not statistically significant. Compared with ensemble methods, the representative tree models selected by the proposed methodology are more compact and interpretable, their induction consumes less memory, and, as confirmed by the empirical results, they allow faster classification of new records.
The approximation function of bridge deck vibration derived from the measured eigenmodes
Authors: Sokol Milan , Komorníková Magdaléna , Bacigál Tomáš , Rodríguez Miguel X.
Published: January 2018

This article deals with a method of how to acquire approximate displacement vibration functions. Input values are discrete, experimentally obtained mode shapes. A new improved approximation method based on the modal vibrations of the deck is derived using the least-squares method. An alternative approach to be employed in this paper is to approximate the displacement vibration function by a sum of sine functions whose periodicity is determined by spectral analysis adapted for non-uniformly sampled data and where the parameters of scale and phase are estimated as usual by the least-squares method. Moreover, this periodic component is supplemented by a cubic regression spline (fitted on its residuals) that captures individual displacements between piers. The statistical evaluation of the stiffness parameter is performed using more vertical modes obtained from experimental results. The previous method (Sokol and Flesch, 2005), which was derived for near the pier areas, has been enhanced to the whole length of the bridge. The experimental data describing the mode shapes are not appropriate for direct use. Especially the higher derivatives calculated from these data are very sensitive to data precision.
Anomaly detection techniques in cyber-physical systems
Authors: Sebestyen Gheorghe , Hangan Anca
Published: January 2018

Nowadays, when multiple aspects of our life depend on complex cyber-physical systems, automated anomaly detection, prevention and handling is a critical issue that inuence our security and quality of life. Recent catastrophic events showed that manual (human-based) handling of anomalies in complex systems is not recommended, automatic and intelligent handling being the proper approach. This paper presents, through a number of case studies, the challenges and possible solutions for implementing computer-based anomaly detection systems.
An optical solution for the set splitting problem
Authors: Oltean Mihai
Published: January 2018

We describe here an optical device, based on time-delays, for solving the set splitting problem which is well-known NP-complete problem. The device has a graph-like structure and the light is traversing it from a start node to a destination node. All possible (potential) paths in the graph are generated and at the destination we will check which one satisfies completely the problem's constrains.
Object-oriented backtracking
Authors: Gregorics Tibor
Published: January 2018

Several versions of the backtracking are known. In this paper, those versions are in focus which solve the problems whose problem space can be described with a special directed tree. The traversal strategies of this tree will be analyzed and they will be implemented in object-oriented style. In this way, the traversal is made by an enumerator object which iterates over all the paths (partial solutions) of the tree. Two different “acktracking enumerators” are going to be presented and the backtracking algorithm will be a linear search over one of these enumerators. Since these algorithms consist of independent objects (the enumerator, the linear search and the task which must be solved), it is very easy to exchange one component in order to solve another problem. Even the linear search could be substituted with another algorithm pattern, for example, with a counting or a maximum selection if the task had to be solved with a backtracking counting or a backtracking maximum selection.
Historical Changes in the Land Use Connected with Appropriation of Agricultural Land – Case Study of Cadastral Areas Dolní Věstonice and Modřice (Czech Republic)
Authors: Szturc Jan , Karásek Petr , Podhrázská Jana
Published: January 2018

The article focuses on the issue of agricultural soil sealing in the Dolní Věstonice and Modřice cadastres (South Moravian Region). Available data and map resources were used for this purpose (historical and up-to-date). Data was processed using manual digitalisation which helped to generate the needed map output. The decrease in area of agricultural land is analysed in individual periods starting in the year 1824 (source of data stable cadastre - the first half of the 19th century) until the present, and the sealing of different types of plots and soil kinds is assessed according to Evaluated Soil-Ecological Units (ESEU). In most cases, agricultural land sealing is associated with municipal expansion. To compare future development, potential (forthcoming) agricultural land sealing proposed within the valid landscape plans was also explored. Likewise, the overall price of sealed plots in both locations was calculated. The results show that there was a significant change in the use of both model territories between 1824 and the present. In Modřice, the area of the built-up area was changed from 16 ha (1824) to 409 ha (2016). The area of the site has expanded from 90% to agricultural land. The most significant change in this area is the development of builtup areas on agricultural land. In the model territory of Dolní Věstonice, the area of the built-up area increased from 16 ha (1824) to 48 ha (2016). The area of the site has expanded from 70% to agricultural land. Due to the construction of water reservoirs “Nové Mlýny”, the area of water bodies increased by 569 ha (during the period 1824- 2016). The water reservoirs occupy 65% of the cadastral area of Dolní Věstonice. The most significant change in landscape is the increase in water areas in Dolní Věstonice. Should this trend persist, an extensive reduction in agricultural soil and ensuing problems associated with sustainable agriculture, potentially also deficient food resources must be anticipated.
Performance Agent Groups in the Promotion of Smart Economic Growth
Authors: Krūzmētra Maiga , Rivža Baiba , Jasaitis Jonas
Published: January 2018

Any country is interested in economic growth regardless of its development level in any period; yet an increasingly important role in defining growth is played by the term ‘smart growth’. The EU development strategy until 2020 defines smart growth as a strategic objective. Smart growth does not take place automatically. It is affected both by the condition of the economic, social and natural environments and by subjective factors - the competence of performance agents. The present research distinguished three groups of rural space and regional performance agents: national institutions, local governments and communities of residents of the territories examined by the research. The research summarised the opinions of experts (Latvia n=171; Lithuania n=163) from the south-eastern part of Latvia and the north-eastern part of Lithuania with the purpose of assessing the contribution of the performance agent groups to the promotion of smart economic growth. The research aimed to identify the positive indications of the contribution made by each performance agent group as well as the largest problems affecting the promotion of smart economic growth in each country. Despite the fact that the sample groups were not representative (did not reflect the views of the entire population), the obtained survey data and the results of this analysis provided insight into the performance agents’ action ratings from the bottom-up position and allowed comparing the situations in Latvia and Lithuania. The research has become an urgent task in project No. 5.2.3 “Rural and Regional Development Processes and Opportunities in Latvia in the Context of Knowledge Economy” in National Research Programme 5.2. "Economic Transformation, Smart Growth, Governance and Legal Framework for the State and Society for Sustainable Development - a New Approach to the Creation of a Sustainable Learning Community: EKOSOC-LV”.