bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sri Lankan Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: Goonetilleke D. C. R. A.
Published: June 2017

In 1935 J. Vijayatunga made a splash in London with piquant village vignettes,
Grass for My Feet
. Six decades later, expatriate Sri Lankan writers such as Michael Ondaatje and Shyam Selvadurai have acquired an international standing. Little of his writing is based on Sri Lanka, but Ondaatje is a writer of hypnotic power who captures the essential rhythms of his birth country in his prose and poetry. Selvadurai's
Funny Boy
(1994) movingly depicts a young boy's experience of ethnic conflict and the recognition of his sexual nature, while
Cinnamon Gardens
(1998) is a nostalgic vista of upper‐class Tamil life. Resident Lankan writers, however, though producing work of quality, failed to make a comparable impact until Shehan Karunatilaka's
Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew
won the Commonwealth Writers Prize in 2012 and was marketed by the British book‐chain Waterstones as one of the eleven top debuts of 2011. Sri Lanka remains neglected on the literary map.
State
Authors: Figler Pete
Published: June 2017

The state is a political, cultural, ideological, economic, and military conceptual apparatus which holds governing sway over a population and a finite land territory. In order for the state to function, the population must implicitly and explicitly agree to be governed by and, in some circumstances, restricted by the state. This agreement is known as the social contract. Legitimation and validation are important aspects of state formation and sustenance, as both are necessary for recognition by domestic populations as well as other states. Complex systems of symbols and rituals legitimate the power of the state by way of normalization throughout the social body.
Tagore, Rabindranath
Authors: Balakrishnan Anita
Published: June 2017

Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) was a Nobel Prize‐winning, Indian author whose vast canon comprising lyrical poetry, realist novels, and short fiction, political essays, satirical and musical plays, and various other writings in both English and Bengali have established him as a preeminent figure in early modern Indian literature. Tagore was born into an artistic family and this helped to shape his aesthetic and political sensibilities. Initially drawn to the anti‐colonial movement, he later became disenchanted with the nationalist movement's coercive methods. He was opposed to western forms of nationalism as he did not feel they were suited to the heterogeneous character of Indian society. His creation of the “New Woman” in his fiction helped to debunk the abject subject position of women in India. Tagore was a universalist and a cosmopolitan.
Taiwanese Literature
Authors: Yang Che‐ming
Published: June 2017

Colonialism in Taiwan began in the early seventeenth century with the Dutch and reached its peak under the Japanese and Nationalist Chinese regimes of the twentieth century. Taiwan has been a land of immigrants up to the present time. Though there are several ethnicities on the island (even the Han immigrants have cultural diversity), the Taiwanese have tried to establish a national literature that could contribute to the formation of Taiwan's national and cultural identity. To highlight the link between literature and nationality in a time of political turmoil, many scholars/writers tend to divide the development of postwar Taiwan literature into five periods (1945–present). The colonial history of Taiwan happens to illustrate the post‐colonial paradox or dilemma: Having no other choice but to use the colonizer's languages and theories, nativist Taiwanese writers always engage in a contradictory and compulsive pursuit to construct/recover a national literature and language or national culture and history that have long been marginalized, suppressed, misrepresented, or even destroyed.
Independence in Latin America
Authors: Guillén Rafael Herrera
Published: June 2017

This entry considers the historical reality of “independence” as a concept. It proposes that, rather than refer to “independence,” historians should refer to “independences” in the plural – not because there is evidence of different historical determinants behind the birth of every nation in the Hispanic orbit, but because of the conceptual plurality synthesized in the discussion. This “pluralization” positions the argument within a historical‐pragmatic focus which cannot guarantee precise definitions but which offers an acceptable foundation for what is significant in the time‐dependent process of independence.
Third World Feminisms
Authors: Chanda Ipshita
Published: June 2017

The “Third World” is defined in relation to colonialism and postcolonial world systems, keeping in view the common bases of gendered exploitation and oppression as well as the specificities of diverse histories, precolonial structures, and colonial policies. The entry situates feminist practices and theories for a gender‐just and equitable society in the context of nationalism and decolonization. It traces the similarities and differences in various stages of locally inflected struggles of women in these areas, and culminates in the current engagements with “development,” consumerist capital, and globalization across the Third World.
Salih, Tayeb
Authors: Beaulieu Steve
Published: June 2017

Tayeb Salih is the author of four novels and a collection of short stories, as well as numerous nonfiction essays and columns. Though not a particularly prolific fiction writer, Salih has been commonly recognized as one of the most influential Arabic authors; indeed, he is remarkable for his insistence in writing in his native Arabic.
Translation
Authors: Sofo Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

The term “translation” describes several linguistic and cultural processes, outlined in this entry as six different concepts: translating, target text, theory of translation, history of translation, translation studies, and metaphoric translation. The evolution of translation studies is analyzed here from the birth of an independent discipline in the second half of the twentieth century to the contemporary and future directions of the field. Postcolonial theory on translation has been among the most productive and significant areas of the discipline in the last twenty years, mostly because the two fields share the questioning of language, meaning, and the authority of the original. The growing interdependence between cultural studies, postcolonial theory, and translation studies in the 1990s is observed in detail, together with some of the most influential works of postcolonial translation studies.
Vassanji, M. G.
Authors: Alexander Vera
Published: June 2017

M. G. Vassanji is a transcontinental storyteller whose seven novels, two short‐story collections and two nonfictional books connect diasporic Indian traditions with the geographies and histories of East Africa, the USA and Canada. His complex narratives revolve around multiple identities, displacement, memories, lost histories, and acts of adaptation and recovery. Vassanji's portrayals of the uncertainty of lives at the crossroads between different traditions, languages, and imaginaries have challenged a global readership to engage with the complex histories of double diaspora.
Soviet Orientalism and Anti‐Imperialism
Authors: Brandist Craig
Published: June 2017

The history of critiques of Western scholarship about the Orient has been obscured by the way in which ‘postmodern’ theorists have constructed a caricatured version of intellectual history. Two examples are particularly important: (1) the highly contested dialogues of the Enlightenment, on which the rise of colonialism acted in complex ways, have been reduced to a single, Eurocentric perspective; and (2) the extremely complex and contested sphere of Marxist theory and practice has been reduced to the oppressive dogmas of the Stalin regime and its supporters. In reality the dialogues within early Soviet Marxism were important preconditions for the development of postcolonial theory.
Nomads
Authors: Rana Subir
Published: June 2017

Nomads, vagabonds, Gypsies, Travellers and other ambulatory groups prefer to remain stateless, lead nonconforming and deterritorialized lives, and avoid the comforts and claptrap of modernity and civilization. From being blamed for diseases and natural disasters to being labelled as hereditary criminals and hedonists in the past, nomads face human rights abuses and discrimination by the mainstream society which haunts their present. But they continue to persist, despite dehumanizing experiences and various governmental attempts and oppressive tactics at forced sedentarization. As the oldest form of lifestyle and as “first peoples,” nomads and nomadism have had a profound effect on societies and have emerged as a distinct area of expertise and lifestyle choice, leading to newer forms of nomadism or living “off the grid.” This entry is a multilayered engagement with the mobile history of the nomads, their travels and travails, “back to basics” philosophy, and their tryst with modernity and globalization.
Emotions
Authors: Cairns Douglas
Published: June 2017

“Emotion” is a contested term, with no agreed definition and a particular history of its own. Ancient historians can explore the historical contingency of analogous concepts in Greek and Latin both in the theories of the major philosophical schools and in a variety of ancient texts. But (ancient) emotion history is a burgeoning field in its own right, using a wider range of literary, non‐literary, visual, and material evidence. Understanding emotion is an essential tool of the ancient historian's art, just as emotion is a fundamental aspect of ancient historiography, both as a cause of historical events and as a fundamental aspect of the presentation and reception of historical narratives.
Badian, Ernst (1925–2011)
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: June 2017

Ernst Badian (1925–2011) was a prolific historian of Greece and Rome who set demanding standards especially for the study of the Greco‐Persian world, Alexander the Great, and the Roman Republic.
Taylor, Lily Ross (1886–1969)
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: June 2017

Lily Ross Taylor was a pioneering scholar of Latin literature and Roman history whose voluminous work has illuminated many aspects of Roman religion and the social, economic, administrative and political history of the Republic and early Empire.
Reid, James Smith (1846–1926)
Authors: Stray Christopher A.
Published: June 2017

J. S. Reid combined the Cambridge tradition of exact linguistic scholarship with knowledge of post‐Aristotelian philosophy, legal training, and a consistent focus on Cicero. The last two led him to explore the life of the Roman provinces in his
Municipalities of the Roman empire
(1913).
Schliemann, Heinrich (1822–1890)
Authors: Karadimas Nektarios
Published: June 2017

Heinrich Schliemann (1822–90), a wealthy German businessman, was a pioneer of Aegean prehistoric archaeology. He was the first to promote the idea of large‐scale excavations to unearth the remains of the civilizations sung about in the Homeric poems. His enormous fortune, acquired in commercial enterprises, enabled him to excavate some of the most important prehistoric sites and monuments, including Troy (Hisarlik), Mycenae, Tiryns, and the Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenos.
Incense, in cult (Greece and Rome)
Authors: Verbanck‐Piérard Annie
Published: June 2017

Incense, the aromatic resin extracted from trees in the genus
Boswellia
, had multiple uses in antiquity, like myrrh and other similar essences. It was primarily used in fumigations for cult worship. Burning incense could be an isolated form of worship or be part of a variety of rituals. In Greek and Roman religion, as in many other religions, incense smoke ascending to heaven was a means of communication with the gods and fed them. It could also suggest the presence of the divine. An expensive product, incense was imported from southern Arabia in the Greek world from the Orientalizing Period (seventh century
bce
) and in the Roman world from the late‐republican era. The modern word
incense
derives from its use as a product to be burned (=
incendere
in Latin), but
incensum
is only attested from late antiquity (ecclesiastical Latin).
Antonius, Lucius
Authors: Welch Kathryn
Published: June 2017

Lucius Antonius was the youngest brother of the Triumvir Marcus Antonius. As consul in 41
bce
, he took up the cause of those who lost their property to the Triumviral veteran settlement program. He also proclaimed himself in favor of reestablishing Republican government and the end of Triumviral control. After a bitter war which ended in a siege at Perusia (41–40
bce
), he was pardoned by the victor Octavian and died soon after.
Leadership Ethics
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B.
Published: June 2017

Leadership studies is an interdisciplinary field; however, the most extensive body of research in it comes from psychology. In addition to numerous studies on the moral psychology of leaders and followers, there are some normative theories of leadership. The actual discussion of ethics in these theories is quite limited. Prominent normative theories of leadership such as servant leadership, transformational leadership, and authentic leadership offer descriptions of ethical leaders or leadership. These theories have been extensively tested by social scientists using survey instruments, laboratory experiments, and other research methods.
Medieval Ethics
Authors: Osborne Thomas M.
Published: June 2017

The medieval period contains an extraordinarily rich variety of approaches to ethics. Until the end of the twelfth century, much of moral philosophy was developed in the context of theological debates within the intellectual tradition of Western Christianity. Monks and teachers in cathedral schools developed the thought of the earlier Christian Fathers, which was heavily influenced by Stoicism and Neo‐Platonism. The late twelfth century saw the rise of universities, and in the thirteenth century Aristotle's
Nicomachean Ethics
became a part of the educational tradition. Theologians and Masters of Arts developed a complicated moral philosophy and moral theology which took into account both the thought of Aristotle and the earlier Christian tradition. In particular, there were lengthy discussions of the relationship between happiness and ethics, the role of nature in the natural law, and the subject and connection of the virtues. These medieval discussions provide the background for late scholastic and early modern treatments of the relationship between happiness and the virtues, as well as the importance of will for moral obligation. The scholastic thinkers were greatly influential until the politically motivated closing of university theological faculties and religious houses of formation in the late eighteenth century.
Contextualism in Ethics
Authors: Björnsson Gunnar
Published: June 2017

In more than one way, context matters in ethics. Uncontroversially, the ethical status of an action might depend on context: though it is typically wrong not to keep a promise, some contexts make it permissible. More controversially, some have suggested that the meaning or truth‐conditions of a moral judgment or moral assertion depend not only on the properties of the act it concerns, and the context in which it would be performed, but also on features of the context in which the judgment or assertion is made, such as the standards endorsed by the moral judge or the parties of the conversation. If this view – “metaethical contextualism” – is correct, it might be that when two people both judge that abortions must be banned, one judge might be correct whereas the other is mistaken, because they accept different fundamental norms. This would undermine the idea that there are unique correct answers to moral questions. Sections discuss the context‐dependence of “good” and “ought,” how such context‐dependence might support metaethical contextualism, and the prospects for a contextualist account of the categoricality of moral judgments, their connection to moral motivation, and disagreement between judges who accept different fundamental norms.
Electrochemical TERS Elucidates Potential‐Induced Molecular Reorientation of Adenine/Au(111)
Authors: Martín Sabanés Natalia , Ohto Tatsuhiko , Andrienko Denis , Nagata Yuki , Domke Katrin F.
Published: June 2017

Electrochemical surface activity arises from the interaction and geometric arrangement of molecules at electrified interfaces. We present a novel electrochemical tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscope that can access the vibrational fingerprint of less than 100 small, non‐resonant molecules adsorbed at atomically flat Au electrodes to study their adsorption geometry and chemical reactivity as a function of the applied potential. Combining experimental and simulation data for adenine/Au(111), we conclude that protonated physisorbed adenine adopts a tilted orientation at low potentials, whereas it is vertically adsorbed around the potential of zero charge. Further potential increase induces adenine deprotonation and reorientation to a planar configuration. The extension of EC‐TERS to the study of adsorbate reorientation significantly broadens the applicability of this advanced spectroelectrochemical tool for the nanoscale characterization of a full range of electrochemical interfaces.
Phosphaborenes: Accessible Reagents for the Synthesis of C−C/P−B Isosteres
Authors: Price Amy N. , Nichol Gary S. , Cowley Michael J.
Published: June 2017

Formal exchange of C=C units with isoelectronic B=N or B=P units can provide access to molecules with unique electronic or chemical properties. Herein, we report the simple solution‐phase generation of highly reactive phosphaborenes, RP=BR, and demonstrate their use for the introduction of P=B units into organic systems. Ring opening of a P−B‐containing cyclobutene isostere provided access to unique 1,4‐boraphosphabutadiene systems with conjugated main‐group multiple bonds.
Gaslighting, betrayal and the boogeyman: Personal reflections on the American Psychological Association, PENS and the involvement of psychologists in torture
Authors: Thomas Nina K.
Published: June 2017

The American Psychological Association's (APA's) sanctioning psychologists' involvement in “enhanced interrogations,” aka torture, authorized by the closely parsed re‐interpretation of relevant law by the Bush administration, has roiled the association since it appointed a task force in 2005. The Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) task force, its composition, methods and outcomes have brought public shame to the profession, the association and its members. Having served on the task force and been involved in the aftermath, I offer reflections on my role to provide an insider's look at the struggle I experienced over loyalty to principle, profession, colleagues, and the association. Situating what occurred in the course of the PENS process and its aftermath within the framework of Freyd's and her collaborators ‘theory of “betrayal trauma,” in particular “institutional trauma,” I suggest that others too share similar feelings of profound betrayal by an organization with which so many of us have been identified over the course of many years. I explore the ways in which attachments have been challenged and undermined by what occurred. Among the questions I have grappled with are: Was I the betrayed or betrayer, or both? How can similar self‐reflection usefully be undertaken both by the association itself and other members about their actions or inactions?
Securing the human: Employee security vulnerability risk in organizational settings
Authors: Sebescen Nina , Vitak Jessica
Published: June 2017

As organizational security breaches increase, so too does the need to fully understand the human factors that lead to these breaches and take the necessary steps to minimize threats. The present study evaluates how three sets of employee characteristics (demographic, company‐specific, and skills‐based) predict an employee's likelihood of becoming a security breach victim. In order to move beyond traditional evaluations of security threats, which generally consider security threats individually, analyses in this paper approach security vulnerability from a more holistic approach to analyze four risk categories concurrently: phishing, passwords, bring your own device (BYOD), and company‐supplied laptops. Findings from a survey of 250 employees at a medium‐sized American information technology (IT) consulting firm identify higher‐risk employees across the four risk areas and provide new insights into the challenges organizations face when trying to ensure the protection of company data.
LGBQQ students likely to access services, still face barriers
Authors: Canady Valerie
Published: June 2017

Although college students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning or queer (LGBQQ) use mental health services at higher rates than their heterosexual peers, they have high rates of unmet treatment need, according to a new study by RAND researchers.
“Spaghetti twisting” technique: a novel method of catching pacemaker leads using a needle's eye snare
Authors: Isawa Tsuyoshi , Yamada Takashi , Honda Taku , Yamaya Kazuhiro , Ootomo Tatsushi
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

The needle's eye snare has become an indispensable tool in contemporary pacemaker lead extraction techniques. Here, we present a modified method of using the needle's eye snare, named “spaghetti twisting” technique, to catch and secure pacemaker leads, which would help operators catch and secure leads much easily.
Ileum preserving expanded jejunectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy with combined resection of the superior mesenteric artery for huge retroperitoneal solitary fibrous tumor
Authors: Egashira Akinori , Ikeda Yasuharu , Morita Masaru , Taguchi Ken‐ichi , Kinjyo Nao , Tsujita Eiji , Minami Kazuhito , Yamamoto Manabu , Toh Yasushi
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

We encountered a patient with a large retroperitoneal solitary fibrous tumor, in whom we could preserve approximately 150 cm of the ileum even after pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with resection of the superior mesenteric artery, thus preventing short bowel syndrome.
Hierarchical Ti‐Beta Obtained by Simultaneous Desilication and Titanation as an Efficient Catalyst for Cyclooctene Epoxidation
Authors: Werner Anja , Bludovsky Paul , Selzer Carolin , Koch Ulrike , Giebeler Lars , Oswald Steffen , Kaskel Stefan
Published: June 2017

A novel post‐synthesis route to hierarchical Ti‐beta zeolite and its performance as an efficient catalyst in heterogeneous cyclooctene epoxidation are presented. Catalytically active Ti sites as well as meso‐ and macropores are simultaneously introduced into microporous beta zeolite by hydrothermal treatment by using tetrabutyl orthotitanate as the titanation agent and tetraethylammonium hydroxide as the desilication base. Simultaneous desilication and titanation (SDT) offer the advantages of reduced experimental effort and chemical waste. The possibility to use a commercial zeolite available in high quantity as the starting material is attractive for industrialization. A significant mesopore volume (Vmeso=0.19 cm3 g−1) was introduced in the resulting hierarchical Ti‐beta zeolite without loss of microporosity and crystallinity compared to the purely microporous counterpart. The comparison clearly demonstrates a higher catalytic activity for the hierarchical Ti‐beta in cyclooctene epoxidation and accelerated desorption kinetics associated with the highly interconnected pore system.
Local Generation and Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells
Authors: Bogdanova Yulia A. , Schultz Carsten , Belousov Vsevolod V.
Published: June 2017

Described here is a localized H2O2 generation‐detection system consisting of a yeast D‐amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and two spectrally distinct variants of biosensor, HyPer2 and HyPerRed based on circularly permutated yellow and red fluorescent proteins, respectively, which enables spatiotemporal production and examination of the intracellular H2O2 dynamics. The protocol describes using this system in a simple cell culture model. We provide detailed instructions on imaging of H2O2 generated by the activated DAAO. The system can be easily optimized for various combinations of cell types, conditions and DAAO/sensor subcellular localizations. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Treatment With Antipsychotics in Pregnancy: Changes in Drug Disposition
Authors: Westin Andreas A. , Brekke Malin , Molden Espen , Skogvoll Eirik , Castberg Ingrid , Spigset Olav
Published: June 2017

Although pregnancy is known to cause changes in drug pharmacokinetics, little is known about its impact on serum levels of antipsychotics. In this study we retrospectively assessed 201 routine serum antipsychotic therapeutic drug monitoring concentration measurements obtained from a total of 110 pregnancies in 103 women, and 512 measurements from the same women before and after pregnancy. Serum concentrations in the third trimester were significantly lower than baseline for quetiapine (−76%; confidence interval (CI), −83%, −66%; P < 0.001) and aripiprazole (−52%; CI, −62%, −39%; P < 0.001), but not for olanzapine (−9%; CI, −28%, +14%; P = 0.40). For the remaining antipsychotics (perphenazine, haloperidol, ziprasidone, risperidone, and clozapine), our dataset was limited, but it indicates that concentrations may decline at least for perphenazine and possibly also for haloperidol. Even though the clinical consequence of the serum concentrations decline remains to be elucidated, our results warrant close clinical monitoring throughout pregnancy, preferentially supported by therapeutic drug monitoring.
Hydroxyacetone: A Glycerol‐Based Platform for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Hydrodeoxygenation Processes
Authors: Sauter Waldemar , Bergmann Olaf L. , Schröder Uwe
Published: June 2017

Here, we propose the use of hydroxyacetone, a dehydration product of glycerol, as a platform for the electrocatalytic synthesis of acetone, 1,2‐propanediol, and 2‐propanol. 11 non‐noble metals were investigated as electrode materials in combination with three different electrolyte compositions toward the selectivity, Coulombic efficiency (CE), and reaction rates of the electrocatalytic hydrogenation (formation of 1,2‐propanediol) and hydrodeoxygenation (formation of acetone and propanol) of hydroxyacetone. With a selectivity of 84.5 %, a reaction rate of 782 mmol h−1 m−2 and a CE of 32 % (for 0.09 m hydroxyacetone), iron electrodes, in a chloride electrolyte, yielded the best 1,2 propanediol formation. A further enhancement of the performance can be achieved upon increasing the educt concentration to 0.5 m, yielding a reaction rate of 2248.1 mmol h−1 m−2 and a CE of 64.5 %. Acetone formation was optimal at copper and lead electrodes in chloride solution, with lead showing the lowest tendency of side product formation. 2‐propanol formation can be achieved using a consecutive oxidation of the formed acetone (at iron electrodes). 1‐propanol formation was observed only in traces.
Comprehensive Insights into the Thermal Stability, Biodegradability, and Combustion Chemistry of Pyrrolidinium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Eshetu Gebrekidan Gebresilassie , Jeong Sangsik , Pandard Pascal , Lecocq Amandine , Marlair Guy , Passerini Stefano
Published: June 2017

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as advanced electrolyte components in electrochemical energy‐storage devices is one of the most appealing and emerging options. However, although ILs are hailed as safer and eco‐friendly electrolytes, to overcome the limitations imposed by the highly volatile/combustible carbonate‐based electrolytes, full‐scale and precise appraisal of their overall safety levels under abuse conditions still needs to be fully addressed. With the aim of providing this level of information on the thermal and chemical stabilities, as well as actual fire hazards, herein, a detailed investigation of the short‐ and long‐term thermal stabilities, biodegradability, and combustion behavior of various pyrrolidinium‐based ILs, with different alkyl chain lengths, counteranions, and cations, as well as the effect of doping with lithium salts, is described.
A study of the origin of chloramphenicol isomers in honey
Authors: Yanovych Dmytro , Berendsen Bjorn , Zasadna Zvenyslava , Rydchuk Mariana , Czymai Tobias
Published: June 2017

Due to the unexpected detection of chloramphenicol isomer residues in honey, we have studied the hypothesis of unauthorized or unintended use of unregistered veterinary drug preparations. First, we have investigated honey samples in which a discrepancy was observed between the results of the immunological screening methods and the confirmatory liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method. In all samples, previously identified to be contaminated with the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol according to LC–MS/MS only, the presence of dextramycin (SS‐para isomer of chloramphenicol) was detected by chiral LC–MS/MS. The source of dextramycin in honey was investigated by studying the preparations utilized in apiaries from which the above non‐compliant honey samples have been received. In all these preparations (beehive strips applied against the mite Varroa destructor) chloramphenicol was detected in the concentrations ranging from 33 to 34,400 μg kg−1. Chiral LC–MS/MS demonstrated the presence of chloramphenicol and dextramycin in different ratios, and it was concluded that these preparations can be the source of chloramphenicol and dextramycin residues in honey. These preparations were of foreign production and are not officially registered in accordance with current legislation.
Intrapopulation diversity in isotopic niche over landscapes: Spatial patterns inform conservation of bear–salmon systems
Authors: Adams Megan S. , Service Christina N. , Bateman Andrew , Bourbonnais Mathieu , Artelle Kyle A. , Nelson Trisalyn , Paquet Paul C. , Levi Taal , Darimont Chris T.
Published: June 2017

Intrapopulation variability in resource acquisition (i.e., niche variation) influences population dynamics, with important implications for conservation planning. Spatial analyses of niche variation within and among populations can provide relevant information about ecological associations and their subsequent management. We used stable isotope analysis and kernel‐weighted regression to examine spatial patterns in a keystone consumer–resource interaction: salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) consumption by grizzly and black bears (Ursus arctos horribilis, n = 886; and Ursus americanus, n = 557) from 1995 to 2014 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. In a region on the central coast of BC (22,000 km2), grizzly bears consumed far more salmon than black bears (median proportion of salmon in assimilated diet of 0.62 and 0.06, respectively). Males of both species consumed more salmon than females (median proportions of 0.63 and 0.57 for grizzly bears and 0.06 and 0.03 for black bears, respectively). Black bears showed considerably more spatial variation in salmon consumption than grizzlies. Protected areas on the coast captured no more habitat for bears with high‐salmon diets (i.e., proportions >0.5 of total diet) than did unprotected areas. In a continental region (~692,000 km2), which included the entire contemporary range of grizzlies in BC, males had higher salmon diets than females (median proportions of 0.41 and 0.04, respectively). High‐salmon diets were concentrated in coastal areas for female grizzly bears, whereas males with high‐salmon diets in interior areas were restricted to areas near major salmon watersheds. To safeguard this predator–prey association that spans coastal and interior regions, conservation planners and practitioners can consider managing across ecological and jurisdictional boundaries. More broadly, our approach highlights the importance of visualizing spatial patterns of dietary niche variation within populations to characterize ecological associations and inform management.
Terrestrial acidification and ecosystem services: effects of acid rain on bunnies, baseball, and Christmas trees
Authors: Irvine Irina C. , Greaver Tara , Phelan Jennifer , Sabo Robert D. , Van Houtven George
Published: June 2017

Often termed “acid rain,” combined nitrogen and sulfur deposition can directly and indirectly impact the condition and health of forest ecosystems. Researchers use critical loads (CLs) to describe response thresholds, and recent studies on acid‐sensitive biological indicators show that forests continue to be at risk from terrestrial acidification. However, rarely are impacts translated into changes in “ecosystem services” that impact human well‐being. Further, the relevance of this research to the general public is seldom communicated in terms that can motivate action to protect valuable resources. To understand how changes in biological indicators affect human well‐being, we used theSTEPS(Stressor–Ecological Production function–final ecosystem Services) Framework to quantitatively and qualitatively linkCLexceedances to ecosystem service impacts. We specified the cause‐and‐effect ecological processes linking changes in biological indicators to final ecosystem services. The Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System (FEGS‐CS) was used within theSTEPSFramework to classify the ecosystem component and the beneficiary class that uses or values the component. We analyzed two acid‐sensitive tree species, balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and white ash (Fraxinus americana), that are common in northeasternUSA. These well‐known species provide habitat for animals and popular forest products that are relatable to a broad audience. We identified 160 chains with 10 classes of human beneficiaries for balsam fir and white ash combined, concluding that there are resources at risk that the public may value. Two stories resulting from these explorations into the cascading effects of acid rain on terrestrial resources are ideal for effective science communication: the relationship between (1) balsam fir as a popular Christmas tree and habitat for the snowshoe hare, a favorite of wildlife viewers, and (2) white ash because it is used for half of all baseball bats, fine wood products, and musical instruments. Thus, rather than focusing on biological indicators that may only be understood or appreciated by specific stakeholders or experts, this approach extends the analysis to include impacts onFEGSand humans. It also lays the foundation for developing stakeholder‐specific narratives, quantitative measures of endpoints, and for conducting demand‐based valuations of affected ecosystem services.
Reactions of Azides Coordinated to Ruthenium(II) Centers with Haloalkanes To Afford Nitrogen‐Containing Moieties
Authors: Sumoge Yuka , Nanbu Shinkoh , Nagao Hirotaka
Published: June 2017

The reactions of azide ions coordinated to ruthenium(II) centers bearing two 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligands, that is, [RuII(N3)2(bpy)2] (1), [RuII(N3)(NH=CHR1)(bpy)2]+ (2; R1 = CH3, C2H5), and [RuII(N3)(NCCH3)(bpy)2]+ (3), with haloalkanes CR1R2R3X (R1 = H, CH3, C2H5, R2 = H, CH3, R3 = H, CH3, X = I, Br) afforded imine (NH=CR1R2) and ammine (NH3) ligands with dinitrogen evolution. The formation of these nitrogen‐containing moieties depended on both the reaction solvent and the alkyl group of the haloalkane. Four types of imine complexes, [RuIIL(NH=CR1R2)(bpy)2]n+ [L = N3– (2), I– (4), NH=CHR1 (5), and CH3CN (6)], were synthesized and characterized. The oxidation reactions of the imine complexes 5 and 6 followed by electron‐ and proton‐transfer reactions to give nitrile complexes were studied by electrochemical measurements. These results revealed new strategies for the synthesis of N–C bonds and nitrogen‐containing compounds through the reactions of azido and related ligands.
Revealing the Nature of Bonding in Rare‐Earth Transition‐Metal Tellurides by Means of Methods Based on First Principles
Authors: Gladisch Fabian C. , Steinberg Simon
Published: June 2017

Tellurium‐rich rare‐earth (R) transition‐metal tellurides with low‐dimensional Te networks provide alluring systems to explore the formations of charge density waves (CDWs). The lack of knowledge concerning the bonding in Te‐rich rare‐earth transition‐metal tellurides inspired us to determine the electronic structures and the nature of bonding for two prototypical examples, namely LaCu0.28Te2 and Gd3Cu2Te7, by means of methods based on first principles. From chemical bonding analyses based on the projected Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population (pCOHP) method, it is clear that the vast majority of the bonding resides between the R–Te separations; yet, it is the subtle interplay between the Cu–Te and Te–Te interactions that appears to control the degrees of distortions within the one‐dimensional Te chains in order to maximize the overall bonding.
Making Use of the Functional Group Combination of a Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pair Connected by an Unsaturated Four‐Carbon Bridge
Authors: Chen Guo‐Qiang , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard
Published: June 2017

Unsaturated, C4‐bridged, tBu2P/B(C6F5)2‐containing phosphane/borane Lewis pair 6a reacts with 2‐methylbutenyne in a two‐step reaction sequence of allylboration followed by addition of the P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) to the resulting vinyl group to give the zwitterionic heterobicyclic product 14. The P/B pair 6b (–PMes2) reacts with the conjugated ynone 15 in a similar way by means of allyl‐B transfer to the ketone to eventually give the bicycle 17. Compound 6b undergoes 1,4‐P/B FLP addition to methyl vinyl ketone, and it adds to an imine or a nitrile by B‐allyl transfer. Compound 6a reacts with the persistent TEMPO radical by addition to the boron Lewis acid followed by H‐atom transfer from the allylic substituent to nitrogen. The reaction sequence is closed by H abstraction by a second equivalent of TEMPO to yield the tBu2P‐CH2‐substituted dienyl‐B(C6F5)2‐OTMP(H) product 34.
Efficient Synthesis of 4‐ and 5‐Substituted 2‐Aminopyrimidines by Coupling of β‐Chlorovinyl Aldehydes and Guanidines
Authors: Komendantova Anna S. , Komkov Alexander V. , Volkova Yulia A. , Zavarzin Igor V.
Published: June 2017

A general, practical, and simple synthesis of functionalized 2‐aminopyrimidines starting from β‐chlorovinyl aldehydes and amidines is reported. In the presence of potassium carbonate, various ketones have been efficiently transformed into the pyrimidine derivatives by a two‐step sequence involving the Vilsmeier–Haack reaction followed by a condensation reaction with guanidines. The protocol is distinguished by operational simplicity, inexpensive reagents, and functional‐group tolerance. In many cases, pure solid products can be obtained in high to excellent yields without using column chromatography. The synthetic value of the method was demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of steroidal pyrimidines and a precursor of the antitumor agents Imatinib and Mocetinostat.
Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Mild Diboration and Indirect Silaboration of Alkynes without the Use of Silylboranes
Authors: Kidonakis Marios , Stratakis Manolis
Published: June 2017

Commercially available Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2 were used to catalyze the cis diboration of terminal and internal alkynes with bis(pinacolato)diboron. The products were obtained in excellent yields by using milder conditions, shorter reaction times, and lower catalyst loadings than those required for a heterogeneous Au nanopore catalyst. The catalytic system could be recovered and reused for five consecutive runs without any loss of activity. The combination of bis(pinacolato)diboron with the 1,2‐disilane in the presence of Au/TiO2 allowed for the σ‐bond metathesis to take place and the in situ formation of the Au nanoparticle‐tethered silylborane. Given that the Au‐catalyzed silaboration of alkynes is faster than the rates of the corresponding disilylation and diboration pathways, we were able to achieve the indirect silaboration of alkynes with good chemoselectivities (65–85 %) without the direct use of silylboranes, which are expensive and difficult to synthesize.
Exposure to the Pope's Climate Change Message Activated Convinced Americans to Take Certain Activism Actions
Authors: Myers Teresa A. , Roser‐Renouf Connie , Maibach Edward , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: June 2017

Many people who are concerned about the issue of climate change do not engage in the collective action behaviors that are most likely to lead to societal‐scale solutions. Such attitude‐behavior inconsistency is a well‐documented phenomenon. This study investigates whether exposure to an effectively framed message from a highly credible source can increase the consistency between attitudes and activism behaviors among people with pre‐existing strong attitudes, particularly for behaviors that are less difficult. The release of Pope Francis' climate change encyclical, Laudato Sí, and subsequent visit to the United States provide an opportunity to test this research question in a natural field setting. A nationally representative, within‐subject panel survey was conducted two months prior to the release of the encyclical and again four months later, after the release and papal visit, to assess the impact of the Pope's message on Americans' climate change consumer and political advocacy behaviors. Among people who are already concerned about climate change, higher exposure to the Pope's climate change message is associated with increases in attitude‐behavior consistency for less difficult activism behaviors. The findings suggest that sustained exposure to compelling climate messages from trusted sources can increase the performance of activism behaviors.
Postoperative pain and perceptions of recuperation after suture‐ and mesh‐based apical sacrospinous ligament suspension
Authors: Botros Carolyn , Letko Juraj , Gafni‐Kane Adam , Botros Sylvia , Lozo Svjetlana , Sand Peter
Published: June 2017

Objective

To compare the incidence of postoperative pain after suture‐ or mesh‐based sacrospinous ligament suspension (SSLS).

Methods

In a retrospective study, data were reviewed from patients who underwent suture‐ or mesh‐based SSLS at a center in Skokie, IL, USA, between 2006 and 2011. The primary outcome was self‐reported postoperative pain scores (range 0–10) on the day of surgery (day 0) and 1 day later (day 1).

Results

Overall, 90 women were included in the study: 66 underwent mesh‐based SSLS and 24 underwent suture‐based SSLS. Day‐0 mean pain score was 4.65 ± 1.57 in the mesh group and 5.24 ± 1.44 in the suture group (adjusted P=0.159). Day‐1 mean pain score was 4.06 ± 1.78 in the mesh group and 4.31 ± 1.21 in the suture group (adjusted P=0.596).

Conclusion

Postoperative pain did not differ between patients undergoing suture‐based and those undergoing mesh‐based SSLS. These observations should be considered in preoperative counseling of patients.
Highlights from the 9th Cachexia Conference
Authors: Ebner Nicole , von Haehling Stephan
Published: June 2017

This article highlights updates of pathways as well as pre‐clinical and clinical studies into the field of wasting disorders that were presented at the 9th Cachexia Conference held in Berlin, Germany, December 2016. This year, some interesting results from clinical trials and different new therapeutic targets were shown. This article presents the biological and clinical significance of different markers and new diagnostic tools and cut‐offs of detecting skeletal muscle wasting. Effective treatments of cachexia and wasting disorders are urgently needed in order to improve the patients' quality of life and their survival.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alysicarpus monilifer leaf extract and its antibacterial activity against MRSA and CoNS isolates in HIV patients
Authors: Kasithevar Muthupandi , Saravanan Muthupandian , Prakash Periyakaruppan , Kumar Hema , Ovais Muhammad , Barabadi Hamed , Shinwari Zabta Khan
Published: June 2017

The emergence of multi‐drug‐resistant microorganisms in hospital environments is a global public health problem and threat to everyone, especially HIV‐infected patients. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase‐negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are the major causative agents associated with morbidity and mortality in HIV patients. Therefore, control of MRSA and CoNS‐related infections in HIV patients is a worldwide concern. To investigate novel, potent, and cost‐effective therapeutic approaches, the current study reports a simple and rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Alysicarpus monilifer and its antibacterial efficacy against multi‐drug‐resistant MRSA and CoNS isolates from HIV patients. The green‐synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, selected area electron diffraction pattern, X‐ray diffraction patterns, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Stable, well‐defined AgNPs, mostly spherical in shape with mean size of 15 ± 2 nm, were obtained within an hour. Moreover, green synthesized AgNPs revealed significant dose‐dependent antibacterial action against MRSA and CoNS isolates. This study concludes that biogenic AgNPs have demonstrated to be potent antibacterial agents in comparison with conventional antibiotics.
Flow‐Induced Coalescence: Evaluation of Some Approximations
Authors: Jůza Josef , Fortelný Ivan
Published: June 2017

Collision efficiency, Pc, is one of the crucial quantitative characteristics of flow‐induced coalescence, which consists in collisions of droplets dispersed in a flowing matrix followed by their fusion. The basic step of Pc estimation is the calculation of droplet pair trajectories from all possible start positions to find whether droplets fuse when they are in a given start position. The trajectories can be calculated by exact solution of equations expressing the change of all coordinates with time for Newtonian systems. Since involving of viscoelastic properties into this exact description appeared difficult, we used simplifications and approximations. However, the approximations were too gross and lead to inconsistencies for some systems. To find such approximations level that avoids inconsistencies but still allows us to reach the solution, we decided to evaluate and demonstrate effects of individual approximations. Comparison made on a Newtonian system has shown that neglecting of parameters dependence on viscosity ratio and droplet size ratio has not critical consequences for spherical droplets. However, the abandonment of the switch between free‐flow and near‐approach approximations, and involving of the reliable description of hydrodynamic interaction for broader range of inter‐droplet distances should be considered.