bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody‐Like Effects of Colloidal Silica
Authors: RENTON P. H. , HANCOCK Jeanne A.
Published: March 2009

Solutions of colloidal silica react with human erythrocytes and, depending on their method of preparation, show the phenomena of agglutination, zoning, blocking, enhanced agglutination with papaintreated cells, and an effect similar to the Coombs test. Cells coated with “incomplete colloid” appear to be capable of taking up an additional coat of serum protein.

These effects are similar to those found with blood group antibodies, and some of the effects have also been found with extracts of certain seeds.

The varied properties of different preparations of colloidal silica may cause difficulty when this material is accidentally present in serological reagents.

Les solutions colloïldales de silicates réagissent avec les hématies humaines; selon la méthode de préparation on obtient les phénomènes suivants: agglutination, phénomène de zone, bloquage, agglutination intensifiée d'hématies traitées à la papaïne, enfin un effet semblable à la sensibilisation dans le test de Coombs: il semble que les hématies qui ont déjà fixé du «collolde incomplet» peuvent en outre fixer des protéines sériques.

Ces effets sont semblables à ceux que produisent les anticorps, et quelques uns d'entre eux sont également produits par certains extraits de graines.

II ressort de ces diverses propriétés des préparations collordales de silicate que lorsqu'il y a une contamination accidentelle des tests sérologiques par ces substances, cela peut causer des difficultés considérables.

Menschliche Erythrozyten werden durch kolloidale Kieselsäurelösungen in verschiedener Weise beeinflußt. Je nach Art der Herstellung dieser Lösungen beobachtet man Agglutinationen, Zonen‐ und Hemmungsphänomene, antiglobulinähnliche Effekte sowie eine verstärkte Agglutinabilität von papainbehandelten Zellen. Kieselsäurekolloid beladene Erythrozyten vermögen zusätzlich Serumproteine zu binden.

Die Wirkung der Kieselsäurekolloide gleicht derjenigen von blut‐gruppenspezifischen Antikörpern und Pflanzenagglutininen.

Verunreinigung von serologischen Reagenzien mit Kieselsäurekolloiden führt unter Umständen zu Fehlergebnissen.
A Papain Slide Test for Rh Mass Typing
Authors: HEKKER A. C. , KLOMP‐MAGNEE Willy , KRIJNEN H. W. , van LOGHEM J. J.
Published: March 2009

A simple papain slide test for routine Rh typing is described. Using this technique 125,000 blood samples were tested. No difficulties were encountered in the performance of the tests. A number of 19,000 Rh‐negative blood samples and 10,000 Rh‐positive specimens were checked by using the saline‐albumin method. No discrepancies were found.

Description d'une technique simple, sur lame et avec addition de papaine, pour le groupage Rhesus. Les auteurs ont examiné par cette technique, sans rencontrer de difficultés, 125 000 échantillons de sang. 19 000 échantillons Rh négatifs et 10 000 échantillons Rh positifs groupés par la méthode à la papaine furent contrôles par une méthode en milieu salin‐albumine, sans qu'il se trouvât une seule contradiction entre les deux méthodes.

Eine einfache Papainobjektträgermethode zur Rhesusfaktorbestimmung wird beschrieben, welche sich bei 125 000 Rhesus‐Bestimmungen bestens bewährte. Bei 19 000 rhesusnegativen und 10 000 rhesuspositiven Blutproben wurden Parallelbestimmungen mit der Kochsalzalbuminmethode durchgeführt, wobei sich die Ergebnisse der beiden Techniken in allen Fällen deckten.
The Blood Group Antibody Anti‐s A Third Example*
Authors: FUDENBERG Hugh , ALLEN Fred H.
Published: March 2009

A la suite de trois transfusions chez une femme de 52 ans, un anti‐corps anti‐s fut observé qui ne pouvait être mis en évidence que dans le test anti‐globuline indirect. Il fut démontré que des globules ss, marqués au Cr51, avaient, dans la circulation de la malade, un temps de survie très réduit.

Im Anschluß an drei Transfusionen wurde bei einer 52jährigen Frau ein Anti‐s‐Antikörper beobachtet, welcher nur im indirekten Coombstest erfaßt werden konnte. Cr51 markierte homozygot s‐positive Erythrozyten zeigten im Kreislauf dieser Patientin eine stark verkürzte Überlebensdauer.
The Blood Groups of the Western Walsers
Authors: IKIN Elisabeth W. , MOURANT A. E. , KOPEC Ada C. , MOOR‐JANKOWSKI Jan K. , HUSER H. J.
Published: March 2009

Following previous tests on large numbers of western Walsers for the ABO and Rh (D) antigens, tests for the antigens A1, A2, B, M, N, S, Henshaw, P, C, CW, c, D, Du, E, e, Lua, K, Lea and Fya were carried out on limited numbers of such persons from Safien, Tenna, Versam and Vals (Grisons). Comparative tests were done on the neighbouring Romansh‐speaking population. In the western Walsers the 0 gene was found to have a high frequency. The d (Rh‐negative) gene is common at Safien, Tenna and Versam but rather rare at Vals.

S'ajoutant aux examens séro‐anthropologiques ultérieurs d'un grand nombre de Walser occidentaux de Suisse, les examens pour les anti‐gènes A1, A2, B, M, N, s, Henshaw, P, c, Cw, c, D, Du, E, e, Lua, K, Lea et Fya ont été effectués chez un nombre restreint de cette même population des villages Safien, Tenna, Versam et Vals dans les Grisons. Les Romanches avoisinants ont été soumis aux examens sérologiques dans le but de comparaison. Une haute fréquence du gène O a été constaté chez les Walser occidentaux. Le gène d (Rh‐négatif) est répandu à Safien, Tenna et Versam et relativement rare à Vals.

Im Anschluß an frühere großangelegte sero‐anthropologische Untersuchungen der westlichen Walser in der Schweiz wurde eine beschränkte Zahl aus der Bevölkerung von Safien, Tenna, Versam und Vals (Graubünden) auf A1, A2, B, M, N, S, Henshaw, P, C, Cw, c, D, Du, E, e, Lua, K, Lea und Fya untersucht. Vergleichende Untersuchungen wurden bei den benachbarten Romanen vorgenommen. Bei den westlichen Walsern fand man eine erhohte Häufigkeit des Gens O. Das Gen d (Rh‐negativ) ist in Safien, Tenna und Versam verbreitet, kommt hingegen in Vals ziemlich selten vor.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn Caused by Anti‐Kpa
Authors: Jensen K. Gert
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of a case of erythroblastosis foetalis caused by anti‐Kpa in the newborn of a tripara. The mother had never been transfused. The father and all the three children were Kp(a +).

L'auteur rapporte un cas d'éythroblastose foetale provoquée par un anti‐Kpa chez un nouveau‐né d'une tripare. La mère n'a jamais été transfusée. Le père et les trois enfants sont Kpa.

Ein Fall einer foetalen Erythroblastose beim Neugeborenen einer Drittgebärenden bedingt durch Anti‐Kpa wird beschrieben. Die Mutter hatte nie Transfusionen erhalten. Der Vater und alle drei Kinder waren Kp(a+).
Effect of Interferon on the Course of Spontaneous and Radiation‐Induced Renal Lesions in the RF/Un Mouse1
Authors: Guttman P. H. , Davis W. C. , Fudenberg H. H. , Merigan T. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A spontaneous form of progressive intercapillary glomerulosclerosis (IGS) develops in RF/Un mice in early life and is accelerated by neonatal irradiation. The lesions are similar to those seen in mice with viral infections and may be of viral origin. In the present study, daily injection of the antiviral agent interferon appeared to retard the course of both spontaneous and radiation‐induced IGS in RF/Un mice. In addition, the occurrence of the lesions was independent of the occurrence of myeloid leukemia, suggesting that if IGS is viral mediated, the virus is different from the agent responsible for the high incidence of myeloid leukemia in mice of the RF/Un strain.
Solubilized Glycoprotein from Human Erythrocyte Membranes Possessing Blood Group A, B and H Activity1
Authors: Whittemore N. B. , Trabold N. C. , Reed C. F. , Weed R. I.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Human erythrocyte ghosts where prepared by osmotic lysis and washed thoroughly with deionized distilled water. The resultant stroma were extracted twice with n‐butanol producing 81.8 % ± 2.7 solubilization of the membrane protein. The initial extract contained 5 % of the lipid present in intact ghosts. The second extract contained no detectable lipids. The solubilized glycoprotein possessed A, B and H blood group activity comparable to that of the intact ghosts at the same protein concentration. Fractionation studies suggested that the maximum serological activity was associated with a high molecular weight structure.

In contrast to most previous work demonstrating A, B and H blood group activities to be exhibited by erythrocyte glycolipids this study reports these blood group specificities to be present in human erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein.
Lectin Specificity Induced by a Fungus1
Authors: Ottensooser F. , Sato M. , Sato R. , Kurata H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The formation of specificity for B cells by a variety of Evonymus is governed by Fusarium roseum living in it. The production of cold lectin anti‐B, weak under natural conditions, becomes stronger after inoculation of the plant extract with the fungus.
Clostridial‐Induced Type I Polyagglutinability with Associated Intravascular Hemolysis
Authors: Gray J. M. , Beck M. L. , Oberman H. A.
Published: March 2009

A woman with a clostridial septicemia manifested in vivo type I polyagglutinability of her erythrocytes, presumably due to activation of the latent T‐receptor. A filtrate of the Clostridium culture was capable of causing T‐activation of erythrocytes in vitro and bacterial products probably caused the T‐activation in vivo. Moreover, there was evidence that anti‐T in donor plasma caused lysis of T‐active red cells.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti‐Mta
Authors: Field T.E. , Wilson T.E. , Dawes B.J. , Giles C.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The first case of haemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti‐Mta is described.
Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen and Antibody in Swedish Blood Donors: Relation to Liver Disease1
Authors: Iwarson S. , Lindholm Annika , Lundin P. , Hermodsson S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Screening of sera from 11,100 blood donors with an immunodiffusion method showed the presence of hepatitis‐associated antigen (HAA) in 0.18% of the donors, and anti‐HAA antibodies likewise in 0.18% of the donors. The antigen was found more often in men, while antibodies were demonstrated at a higher frequency in women. HAA was not found in any of the oldest donors (48–60 years), but anti‐HAA antibodies were demonstrated in 0.31% of the oldest donors. The noted differences, however, were not statistically significant.

25 donors with HAA and 15 with antibodies were followed 4–12 months. Most of the HAA‐positive donors (92%) had demonstrable antigen during the entire follow‐up period, and some of these chronic antigen carriers (17%) had histopathological or biochemical signs of chronic liver disease. Presence of anti‐HAA antibodies in serum was not associated with biochemical or histopathological abnormalities.
Unexplained Appearance of Antibody in an Rhnull Donor
Authors: Nagel V. , Kneiphoff Hiltrut , Pekker St. , Hoppe H. H. , Sanger Ruth , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A blood donor of the phenotype Rhnull was found at his 6th donation to have an antibody which had not been there before: he had never been transfused. The antibody reacts by the saline, albumin and enzyme methods but not by the antiglobulin (IgG). It reacted with all cells tested except the donor's own and those of two available Rhnull people and, surprisingly, those of three available ‐D‐/‐D‐ people: it is apparently directed at the CcEe part of the Rh antigen complex.

Like other Rhnull propositi the donor has a compensated anaemia and his s and U antigens give some abnormal reactions. His parents are second cousins. Serological and pedigree evidence did not disclose his type of Rhnull, ‘regulator’ or amorph.
A ‘New’ Blood Group Antigen Associated with S and s
Authors: Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serum of a Papuan blood donor contains an antibody to a previously unreported red cell antigen, provisionally called Z, and closely associated with S or s. In both European and Melanesian populations Z is more common than S, because S‐positive bloods rarely lack Z, while S‐negative bloods not uncommonly possess it. Z is inherited as a dominant character.
Leucocyte Concentrate from Acidified Plasma
Authors: Langfelder M. , Jakschitz M. , ÓNody C. , Zsdánszky L.
Published: March 2009

Acidification of the plasma is shown to be just as favourable for the preparation of a nonaggregating concentrated leucocyte suspension as for the preparation of platelet concentrates, a procedure generally accepted.
Release of a Low Molecular Weight Fc‐Like Fragment on Reduction of Water‐Insoluble IgG Myeloma Proteins1
Authors: Morris Gerald G. , Osterland C. Kirk , Chaplin Hugh
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum from a patient with multiple myeloma exhibited an unusual concurrence of abnormalities: (1) bitypic gammopathy consisting of a whole Λ‐IgG 1 paraprotein plus a circulating Λ‐Bence Jones protein; (2) marked insolubility of the partially purified paraprotein under conditions of low ionic strength, but good solubility upon further purification; (3) release of an unusual low molecular weight fragment containing Fc antigenic determinants under standard conditions of mercaptoethanol reduction of the purified paraprotein. Evidence is presented supporting the origin of the Fc fragment from the paraprotein heavy chain and describing the requirement for 6 M urea for its dissociation from the reduced and alkylated heavy chain. The phenomenon is evidently not rare, since screening of 14 additional myeloma sera revealed one with similar euglobulin properties and an apparently similar Fc fragment abnormality. The nature and origin of the fragment in relation to previously described immunoglobulin fragments are discussed.
Recovery of Hepatitis B Antibody from Human Plasma Products Separated by a Modified Cohn Fractionation
Authors: Berg J. V. Rebekka , Berntsen K. O. , Björling H. , Holmström Björn , Vyas G. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hepatitis B immune globulin has been prepared for clinical trials in Sweden. The relative amount of antibodies to the hepatitis B antigen recovered in the respective fractionation steps was evaluated by hemagglutination, immunoelectro‐osmophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. About one third of the antibody amount present in the original plasma pool was recovered in fraction II. Hepatitis B antigen was neither demonstrated in the various fractionation steps nor in the final immune globulin preparation.
Severe ABO Haemolytic Disease Due to High Titre IgG Anti‐B in an A2 Mother
Authors: Graham H. , Morrison M. , Casey Elizabeth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group B premature infant (mother group A2), which was transfused 12 ml fresh frozen plasma and subsequently required three exchange transfusions, was found to be suffering from ABO haemolytic disease of the newborn. It was considered that the principal factor responsible for the degree of jaundice experienced by the infant was the swamping of its ‘protective mechanism’ by maternal high‐titre IgG anti‐B, and that its prematurity and the administration of fresh frozen plasma had only minimal effect.
Demonstration of Low‐Titer Anti‐Pr Cold Agglutinins
Authors: Roelcke D. , Ebert W. , Anstee D. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hemagglutination tests with protease‐ and neuraminidase(RDE)‐treated red cells are essential to demonstrate anti‐Pr cold agglutinins, since RDE and proteases inactivate the Pr antigens in contrast to the I/i antigens. RDE treatment of red cells, however, reveals the T antigen which reacts with anti‐T present in anti‐Pr sera. Furthermore, anti‐I, also present in anti‐Pr sera, shows increased reactions with RDE‐ and protease‐treated red cells. Therefore, T‐anti‐T and I‐anti‐I reactions mask the loss of anti‐Pr activity against RDE‐ and protease‐treated red cells when low‐titer anti‐Pr sera are studied. Absorption of anti‐Pr sera with RDE‐treated red cells removes anti‐T and anti‐I, leaving anti‐Pr cold agglutinins which only react with untreated red cells, not with RDE‐ or protease‐treated red cells. Anti‐I contaminating anti‐Pr in warm eluates from untreated red cells or stroma can be also removed by absorption with enzyme‐treated red cells. By eliminating T‐anti‐T interference from sera, it was possible to show that all Pr determinants known are determined by N‐acetylneuraminic acid.
Partial Purification of ABO Blood Group Antigens: Sodium Deoxycholate Fractionation of Human Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Zuckerman Steven H. , Uretsky Stanley C. , Douglas Steven D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method has been developed for the fractionation of human erythrocyte membranes, using sodium deoxycholate, EDTA, differential ultracentrifugation, and DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography. Serologic studies demonstrate the presence of ABO blood group antigens in a 50,000 g supernatant. This fraction is further purified on DEAE‐cellulose, and in type AB ghost preparations results in the separation of A and B antigens. Phytohemagglutinin binding activity is also in the same supernatant and after DEAE chromatography is located in the fraction that exhibited A activity. Rh and MN activity is associated with a larger membrane fragment which is pelleted at 30,000 g. The S, s, and I antigens are present in a soluble form, and remain in the supernatant following centrifugation at 100,000 g.
Double Heterozygosity for Hemoglobin Camden (β 131 Gln→Glu) and Hemoglobin S in an American Negro
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , McCurdy Paul R. , Liu C.‐S. , Wang C.‐L. , Huang J. T.‐H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A hemoglobin variant with the slightly fast mobility associated with K hemoglobins was found, together with hemoglobin S, in an apparently healthy 3‐year‐old Negro girl from Washington, D.C. Her father had the same variant, along with hemoglobin A, and her mother had hemoglobins A + S. Respective proportions of hemoglobins K and S in the propositus were 66–34. The K variant now has been found to have the structural change Gln→Glu at position β131 (βH9); therefore it apparently is identical to hemoglobin Camden reported in trait form in a Negro subject by Yates, Bellingham and Huehns (Nature 243: 467–468, 1973).
Gene Markers in Human Bone Marrow Transplantation1
Authors: Sparkes Maryellen C. , Crist Michol L. , Sparkes Robert S. , Gale Robert P. , Feig Stephen A. ,   the UCLA Transplantation Group
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One or more differences between donors and recipients were found in polymorphic red blood cell antigens and enzymes in each of 56 bone marrow transplant sibling pairs. These results identify those polymorphic traits which are potentially most informative for detection of donor cells in a recipient following transplantation.
Conceptual Framework Shifts in Immunogenetics
Authors: Hirschfeld Jan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The so‐called 'cis AB' blood group is accounted for by proposing that 'normal' anti‐A and anti‐B reagents are cross‐reacting with partially overlapping reaction ranges. Hence, they are labelled anti‐AX and anti‐BX, respectively. Some consequences of a complex‐simple model where 'cis AB' is accordingly produced by a simple (mono‐factorial) antigen X (produced by a simple gene X at the ABO‐locus) are briefly explored.
Transient LW‐Negative Red Blood Cells and Anti‐LW in a Patient with Hodgkin's Disease1
Authors: Perkins H. A. , McIlroy M. , Swanson J. , Kadin M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. LW‐negative (LW4) red blood cells and anti‐LW antibody were discovered in the blood of a 50‐year‐old white male with Hodgkin's disease and blood type O. Compatible red blood cells for transfusion could not be obtained because available LW‐negative cells were either type A, LW4, or type O, LW3. Following cytotoxic therapy for his basic disease, the anti‐LW disappeared and his red blood cells developed normal reactions with anti‐LW sera.
Acute Hypoproteinemic Fluid Overload: Its Determinants, Distribution, and Treatment with Concentrated Albumin and Diuretics
Authors: Pappova E. , Bachmeier W. , Crevoisier J.‐L. , Kollar J. , Kollar M. , Tobler P. , Zahler H. W. , Zaugg D. , Lundsgaard‐Hansen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We simulated the use of massive volumes of crystalloid fluids as a treatment of acute plasma loss in a standardized experimental model and studied the factors determining the retention or excretion of the resulting acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload, its distribution within the body, and its treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. In accordance with the classic Starling concept, the serum protein level, i.e. the serum colloid osmotic pressure, determined the excretion/retention ratio of a given water and sodium load. Of the total fluid retention, fat and muscle each accommodated 25%, whereas the skin, which contributes only 7% to the total body weight, accounted for 37% and increased its volume by roughly one third. Concentrated albumin promoted fluid excretion in direct proportion to the achieved increment of the serum protein level and abolished the edema of fat, muscle and skin. Furosemide was virtually ineffective. The implications of these results for the 'adult respiratory distress syndrome' and disturbed wound healing are discussed and related to the concept of a critical threshold of the serum protein level.
Platelet HLA Typing and Cross‐Matching by a Direct Microcytotoxic Assay
Authors: Stux Stephen , Pitman Theodore , Dubey Devendra , Gazit Ephraim , Ervin Thomas , Yunis Edmond J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Carboxyfluoresceindiacetate‐labelled platelets can be used in direct microcytotoxic assays for the purpose of typing platelets for a number of antigenic determinants, such as HLA and β‐2 microglobulin. The assay when used in direct platelet cross‐matching, where thrombocytopenic patient sera were screened, resulted in the uncovering of many extra‐positive and weakly positive cross‐matches not identified by the lymphocyte cross‐match. The simplicity and rapidity of this new method makes it an attractive alternative for future use in research and clinical studies.
Comparison of Six ‘Third‐Generation’ Tests for the Detection of HBsAg
Authors: Reesink H. W. , Lafeber‐Schut L. J. Th. , Aaij C. , Reerink‐Brongers E. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Six ‘third‐generation’ techniques for the detection of HBsAg were compared, i.e. Ausria 11–125, Travenol‐RIA, Auszyme, Hepanostika, Auscell and a modified Auscell technique applying centrifugation instead of sedimentation. The Ausria 11–125 was the most sensitive test, followed by Travenol‐RIA, both Auscell techniques, Auszyme and Hepanostika. In the Ausria 11–125, Hepanostika and Auscell techniques, 1–2% of false‐positive results were found in serum and 2% in plasma specimens from blood donors. Both the Travenol‐RIA and Auszyme tests gave an unacceptably high percentage (6–8%) of false‐positive results in both serum and plasma specimens.
Importance of IgG Subclasses of Anti‐Rh Antibodies for the Detection of Fc‐Receptor‐Bearing Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Zupańska Barbara , Maślanka Krystyna , van Loghem Erna
Published: March 2009

13 anti‐Rh sera were compared for their usefulness in the detection of Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphocytes (EAhum test). IgG subclasses of anti‐Rh antibodies were determined by the antiglobulin test with monospecific sera and by the detection of Gm allotypic markers in the haemagglutination inhibition test. Six sera with IgG1 + IgG3 or IgG1 + IgG2 + IgG3 antibodies and one with pure IgG3 antibodies were found to be useful, whereas six other sera with only IgG1 were unsuitable for the EAhum test. G3m markers were detected only on the anti‐Rh antibodies which were capable of forming rosettes with lymphocytes. The data show that human peripheral lymphocytes possess Fc receptors for IgG3 immunoglobulins.
A Simple Method for the Rapid and Selective Absorption of Warm‐Reactive Erythrocyte Autoantibodies from Serum
Authors: Hanfland Peter
Published: March 2009

A new technique has been developed to absorb selectively autoantibodies from sera. Red cells maximally coated with IgG antibodies are subjected to discontinuous, combined density and pH gradient centrifugation. The method yields a large quantity of antibody‐poor, intact red cells that retain antigenicity. Red cells prepared in this manner absorb antibody as efficiently as do uncoated red cells and nonspecific absorption does not occur. Preliminary studies show that the method can be used to identify alloantibodies present in the sera of patients with ‘warm’ antibody‐induced hemolytic anemia because the sera can be absorbed free of autoantibodies.
Occurrence and Characterization of Lympho‐Agglutinins in Indian Plants
Authors: Sandhu R.S. , Kamboj S.S. , Reen R.S. , Arora J.S.
Published: March 2009

A survey of the occurrence of lympho‐agglutinins was carried out on seeds of 150 species of wild and cultivated plants. Potent agglutinins were detected in 17 extracts by employing lymphocytes of man, guinea pig, goat and sheep in the bioassay. Except for one species each of Mimosoideae, Euphorbiaceae and Clusiaceae, all the agglutinins were found in fabaceous seeds. Two of the agglutinins, namely, Parkia biglandulosa and Erythrina arborescens, were found to be monospecific for guinea pig and human lymphocytes, respectively, while the others agglutinated lymphocytes of 2–4 different species. The agglutination inhibition tests revealed the predominance of galactose (or its derivatives) binding lectins over those specific for glucose‐mannose series.
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria in a Patient with Klebsiella pneumonia
Authors: Lau Peter , Sererat Surapong , Moore Vicki , McLeish Kenneth , Alousi Majid
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) occurring in a patient with Klebsiella pneumonia is described. The first sign of PCH in the patient was erythrophagocytosis. The Donath‐Landsteiner (D‐L) antibody exhibited anti‐P specificity both serologically and biochemically. The appearance of D‐L antibody during fulminating Klebsiella pneumonia strongly suggests their causal relationship.
Platelet‐Associated IgM Levels in Thrombocytopenia1
Authors: Pawha Jasjit , Giuliani Dennis , Morse Bernard S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet‐associated IgG (PAIgG) and IgM (PAIgM) levels were quantitated in patients with thrombocytopenias of various etiologies. 32 of 34 patients with immune thrombocytopenia had elevated PAIgG, 8 of the 34 patients had elevated PAIgM levels. Only 1 patient suffering from immune thrombocytopenia had elevated PAIgM with normal PAIgG levels. Elevated PAIgM was most often associated with elevated PAIgG except for the following: 2 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, 1 patient with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, 1 patient with pernicious anemia, and 2 patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. PAIgM determinations may prove to be a useful adjunct for evaluating patients with thrombocytopenia, particularly those in whom the PAIgG is not elevated.
FPA Content ‐ a Criterion of Quality for Plasma as Factor VIII Source
Authors: Pflugshaupt R. , Kurt G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The appearance of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) in plasma indicates that factor VIII has been at least partially activated; consequently, we asked the following questions: (1) Is the FPA content of single donor plasma influenced by the method of blood collection? (2) Does a high FPA content of the starting fresh frozen plasma impair the quality of factor VIII preparations? Using a modified procedure adapted to the assay of large series of samples, we surveyed the FPA content of normal donor plasma. Our results show that the FPA content of donor plasma depends strongly on the quality of blood collection. Improved mixing of the anticoagulant with the blood led to a drastic reduction of the FPA content of the plasma. Furthermore, two lots of factor VIII concentrates produced from FPA‐poor plasma showed significant improvement in stability and solubility.
Posttransfusion Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis after Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Study
Authors: Tur‐Kaspa Ran , Shimon Dov Victor , Shalit Meir , Adler Ruth , Shraga Shmuel , Manny Noga , Morag Abraham , Eliakim Marcel
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a prospective study of 50 recipients of HBsAg‐negative blood who had undergone cardiac surgery, 4 (8%) developed acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The patients who developed hepatitis had received significantly more units of blood or blood products than the patients who had no hepatitis. The incubation period of the disease was 4–13 weeks, 3 patients were asymptomatic with peak alaminotransferase (ALT) levels of 320–497 U/l and 1 patient was jaundiced with a peak ALT of 3,400 U/l. 1 of the patients had high ALT levels after 21 weeks of observation, while 3 patients recovered after 7–10 weeks. It is concluded that non‐A, non‐B posttransfusion hepatitis in Israel is a medical problem similar to that in the USA and that the clinical picture of the disease varies from a mild asymptomatic to a symtomatic and protracted course.
5‐Day Storage of Platelet Concentrates in CLX Containers: Effect of Type of Agitation
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Bookbinder Michael , Kakaiya Ram , Ferri Patricia , Kiraly Thomas
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To determine the degree of platelet damage produced by different modes of agitation during storage of concentrates for 5 days in CLX blood bags, we studied pH, platelet counts, release of LDH and beta thromboglobulin, morphology and osmotic recovery. Platelets were maintained at 20–24°C on elliptical, 6‐rpm circular, 2‐rpm circular and flat bed agitators. At 72–120 h platelet concentrates stored on the flat bed shaker had significantly lower pH values than units stored on the elliptical or on either of the circular rotators (p<0.05). The percent LDH discharged was highest for the units stored on the elliptical rotator (p<0.05). Remaining tests of platelet function were not significantly different for concentrates stored on any of the four agitators. Flat bed shakers were unable to resuspend the platelet ‘button’ which formed after the final preparative centrifugation. Based on our in vitro studies, we conclude that due to problems with low pH values, flat bed shakers may not be optimal for storing platelet concentrates in CLX blood bags and that some other form of agitation should be used.
Chronic Viral Hepatitis in Thalassemic Liver Disease: A Long‐Term Study in Patients with Acute Hepatitis with Nontransfusion‐Dependent Thalassemia Minor
Authors: Pastore G. , Tannoia N. , Angarano G. , Monno L. , Santantonio T. , Pietrapertosa A. , Malcangi G. , Putignano A. , Schiraldi O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To evaluate the effective role of hepatitis viruses in thalassemic (Th) liver disease, we carried out a long‐term study in 42 subjects with nontransfusion‐dependent Th minor hospitalized for an episode of acute viral hepatitis. 10 patients had serologic evidence of hepatitis A, 23 of hepatitis B and 9 of hepatitis non‐A, non‐B. In the follow‐up chronic hepatitis was detected histologically in 5/23 patients with hepatitis B and 5/9 with hepatitis non‐A, non‐B. All hepatitis A patients recovered completely. The prevalence in 7 out of 10 patients with chronic hepatitis of piecemeal necrosis and of inflammatory changes over hepatic siderosis and fibrosis evidenced a determinant role of chronic viral infection in the development of liver damage in these patients. Thus, heterozygous nontransfusion‐dependent Th patients seem to have a high risk of developing a chronic inflammatory liver disease especially after an episode of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. Therefore, in our geographical area, chronic hepatitis of viral origin should be taken into account, among other pathogenetic factors, in many cases of cryptogenic thalassemic liver disease.
Functional Antibacterial Activity of a Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparation: in vitro and in vivo Studies
Authors: Fischer Gerald W. , Hunter Kenneth W. , Hemming Val. G. , Wilson Samuel R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The functional antibacterial activity of an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation (Swiss Red Cross Immunoglobulin, SRK‐Ig) was tested both in vitro and in vivo. Using type III group B streptococci as a model system, the intravenous immunoglobulin preparation was shown to enhance phagocytosis and killing of the bacteria by human neutrophils. There was good activity to several type III strains, and for efficient opsonization both antibody and complement were required. In an animal model of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis, passively administered immunoglobulin enhanced survival with 27/37 (73%) treated animals surviving compared to only 3/16 (19%) controls. These studies demonstrate that the intravenous immunoglobulin preparation SRK‐Ig has retained functional activity and may have potential value for prophylaxis or therapy of certain bacterial infections.
Inactivation of Non‐A, Non‐B Virus Infectivity by a Beta Propiolactone/Ultraviolet Irradiation Treatment and Aerosil Adsorption Procedure Used for Preparation of a Stabilized Human Serum
Authors: Prince A.M. , Stephan W. , Brotman B.
Published: March 2009

Inoculation of chimpanzees revealed that starting material for the preparation of a pooled stabilized human serum preparation was contaminated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus(es). This material was subjected to β‐propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation treatment and adsorption with an insolubilized silicic acid under conditions employed for sterilization of the final product (Biseko®, Biotest). The treated material did not transmit hepatitis to 2 inoculated chimpanzees. These animals were subsequently found to be susceptible to non‐A, non‐B infection by challenge with the untreated material. These findings demonstrate a non‐A, non‐B type hepatitis virus to be susceptible to inactivation by the methods employed for sterilization of this stabilized human serum preparation.
Stabilization of Alpha‐1‐Proteinase Inhibitor by Citrate
Authors: Coan Michael H. , Mitra Gautam
Published: March 2009

α1‐Proteinase inhibitor has potential therapeutic value in patients with chronic deficiency (which can lead to emphysema) and in acute adult respiratory distress syndrome. Pasteurization (10 h, 60°C) can reduce the risk of hepatitis B; and addition of stabilizers to the inhibitor helps prevent the loss of biological activity which occurs during pasteurization. Denaturation during heating at several temperatures was studied, using high pressure liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and elastase inhibitory capacity to measure the extent of denaturation. The presence of 0.5 M citrate increases the Arrhenius‐type activation energy 3‐fold, and the enthalpy of denaturation is increased by 3.5 kJ/mol (15 kcal/mol). The onset temperature of the endotherm is increased by more than 10°C. The inhibitor is further stabilized by sucrose (0.5 g/ml). In the presence of both citrate and sucrose, samples of α1‐proteinase inhibitor retained almost full biological activity following pasteurization for 10 h at 60°C; the heating conditions used to destroy hepatitis B infectivity of other plasma derivatives.
Further Examples of Human Anti‐Me Found in Sera of Israeli Donors
Authors: Levene C. , Sela R. , Lacser M. , BarShany S. , Giles C.M. , Poole J.
Published: March 2009

A number of Israeli donors had anti‐M in their sera, a proportion of which cross‐reacted with N He(+) red cells. Anti‐Me was detected and while the reactivity with M and He determinants could be separated by using trypsin‐treated red cells, the cross‐reactivity for M and He determinants was complete in absorption experiments. One serum had anti‐M separable from anti‐Me and another apparent anti‐M was absorbed by trypsin‐treated N He(+) red cells.
The Complications of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange
Authors: Ziselman Ethel M. , Bongiovanni Michael B. , Wurzel Harold A.
Published: March 2009

We reviewed a series of 181 patients who were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) a total of 1,389 times. Complications were associated with 22 (1.6%) of the procedures and involved 20 (11%) of the patients. Six of the complications were of a technical nature and did not affect the medical conditions of the patients. 8 patients developed the following serious medical problems: unexplained death during the post‐TPE period, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus, loss of consciousness, myocardial ischemia, cerebral ischemia and chest pain. Although these problems were temporally associated with TPE, none of them could be attributed to the TPE with certainty. The remaining eight medical complications were of a less serious nature.
An Investigation of Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors:   The Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Study Group, Decary F. , Ferner P. , Giavedoni L. , Hartman A. , Howie R. , Kalovsky E. , Laschinger C. , Malette M. , Martyres A. , Mervart H. , Naylor D.H. , Rose J.E.M. St. , Shepherd F.A. , Tibensky D.
Published: March 2009

This study was undertaken to document the incidence of immediate, nonhemolytic transfusion reactions and to identify a technique or set of techniques that would best identify the different causes of these reactions. A variety of tests were employed to detect lymphocyte, granulocyte, platelet and anti‐IgA antibodies. During this study 26,318 units of blood components were transfused on 5,030 occasions. 191 immediate, nonhemolytic reactions were experienced giving an incidence per unit of 0.73%. Blood specimens from 101 of these patients were investigated along with serum from 57 patients who showed no reaction to transfusion as controls. We show that standard B cell lymphocytotoxicity testing is the technique with which most antibodies can be detected (64% of reactors positive vs. 30% of controls, p<0.001). Additional tests did not significantly increase the level of antibody detection.
Normal Survival of Rh0 (D) Negative, LW (a+) Red Cells in a Patient with Allo‐Anti LWa
Authors: Cummings Elizabeth , Pisciotto Patricia , Roth Gerald
Published: March 2009

The serum of an Rh0 (D)+ Caucasian female with a prior history of transfusions contained anti‐LWa, reacting moderately with Rh0 (D)+ and weakly with Rh0 (D)‐ red cells at the antiglobulin phase. Since transfusions were required, Chromium (51Cr) survival studies and mononuclear phagocyte assays (MPA) were used to predict in vivo survival. The MPA value of 6% of the positive control predicted a low likelihood of clinically significant extravascular destruction and 51Cr survival studies indicated greater than 95% survival at 1 h and 78% survival at 20 h for rr erythrocytes. Transfusion of 4 units of Rh0 (D)‐, serologically incompatible red cells increased the hemoglobin from 5.2 to 11.4 g/dl and the titer of anti‐LWa against rr red cells from 4 to 1,024 7 days after the transfusion. A second 51Cr survival also indicated normal survival of rr erythrocytes. 3 additional Rh0 (D)‐ units were successfully transfused.
Thermal Stability of Human Albumin Measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Shrake A. , Finlayson J.S. , Ross P.D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The thermal stability of 5% previously unheated, undefatted human albumin monomer in 145 mM Na+, pH7.0 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a function of added caprylate and/or N‐acetyl‐DL‐tryptophanate. Caprylate was substantially more effective than N‐acetyl‐DL‐tryptophanate in protecting the protein against thermal denaturation at a given level or at a saturating level of stabilizer. The tracing of the differential heat capacity versus temperature (thermogram) for this undefatted monomer that contained 1.5 mol endogenous, long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA)/mol monomer exhibits two denaturation peaks (endotherms) in the absence of stabilizer. The endotherm with the lower denaturation temperature (Td) comprises 70% of the total heat of denaturation and also corresponds to irreversible denaturation and precipitation of 70% of the albumin. This endotherm is associated with more thermally labile protein species containing low levels of LCFA. The endotherm with the higher Td is associated with more stable protein species containing high levels of LCFA. Thus, the two endotherms are not related to the proposed domain structure of the protein but result from an uneven LCFA distribution that is due to preexisting heterogeneity in the albumin and/or heterogeneity that arises during the DSC experiment. Binding data do not support a preexisting uneven distribution of sufficient magnitude to explain the experimental results. A complementary explanation is that an uneven fatty acid distribution arises during the DSC experiment by migration of LCFA from the more labile species to the more stable as the former unfold; such migration would cause further stabilization of the latter.
Immunoglobulin Class Heterogeneity of Platelet Alloantibodies
Authors: Miller Karen , Kickler Thomas S. , Ness Paul M. , Braine Hayden
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The immunoglobulin classes of platelet alloantibodies were studied using monospecific antisera in a radiolabeled technique. 14 of 28 consecutively studied multiply transfused oncology patients demonstrated platelet antibodies. These 14 patients were also refractory to random donor platelets. The immunoglobulin classes of these platelet antibodies were found to be: IgG alone 4, IgM alone 4, IgG and IgM 5, IgM plus IgA 1. The results in this study suggest that using monospecific antisera other than anti‐IgG alone, one can detect additional antibodies involved in the immune destruction of platelets.
An Immediate Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Anti‐C and a Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Anti‐Ce+e: Hemoglobinemia, Hemoglobinuria and Transient Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Molthan Lyndall , Matulewicz Theodore J. , Bansal‐Carver Bala , Benz Edward J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with phenotype R2r and anti‐C had a hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) with hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria which occurred within 2 h of receiving an R1r transfusion. Transient impaired renal function ensued. A patient with phenotype R2R2 and anti‐Ce+e had the same experience on day 4 after receiving three R1r and one rr units. 2 other patients, 1 R2r with anti‐C who received one R1r unit and the other R2R2 with anti‐Ce+e who received two R1r units, showed no clinical evidence of HTR. Both anti‐C antibodies were entirely IgG while both anti‐Ce+e antibodies initially were predominantly IgM. IgG subclassing was unsuccessful and red blood cell‐mononuclear phagocyte assays were normal. These cases occurred from 1979 to 1981.
Detection of IgG Anti‐Lewis (a) Antibodies in Cord Sera by Kinetic Elisa
Authors: Spitalnik S. , Cowles J. , Cox M. T. , Blumberg N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lewis blood group antibodies rarely, if ever, cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. This observation has been attributed to the absence both of Lewis antigens on fetal cells and of maternal IgG Lewis antibody. In the present study, sera from 13 mother‐infant pairs were tested for the presence of anti‐Lewis (a) by hemagglutination and by a sensitive and specific kinetic enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. By routine hemagglutination methods, anti‐Lea was present in all maternal samples but absent in all cord samples. By kinetic enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, IgG anti‐Lea was present in 13 of 13 maternal samples and in 12 of 13 cord samples. These results indicate that IgG anti‐Lea antibodies are common and do cross the placenta. This suggests that they do not cause hemolytic disease of the newborn because of the low levels of Lewis antigens on fetal red cells.
The Serology of Febrile Transfusion Reactions
Authors: de Rie M.A. , van der Plas‐van Dalen C.M. , Engelfriet C.P. , von dem Borne A.E.G. Kr.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera from 40 patients with febrile, nonhemolytic transfusion reactions were tested for the presence of alloantibodies using a number of techniques, including immunofluorescence tests on granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets, a modified NIH lymphocytotoxicity test and the leukocyte agglutination test. Cells of at least 9 donors were used as target cells. Alloantibodies were detected in all sera. The frequency of the occurrence of antibodies was not much higher in sera obtained about 1 month after the transfusion reaction as in sera obtained within 4 days. Most of these antibodies were anti‐HLA, but quite frequently platelet‐specific antibodies were found, and sometimes these were the only antibodies detected. Granulocyte‐specific antibodies were the least frequent. The nature of the antibodies was specified by their difference in reactivity with the cells of multiple donors, by applying panels of cells from typed donors and by absorption and elution experiments. It appeared that not only granulocyte‐specific but also HLA‐ and perhaps platelet‐specific antibodies may be responsible for a febrile transfusion reaction. We did not find that the occurrence of rigors, together with fever, was associated with particular serologic results.
Pst I Polymorphism of the Antithrombin III Gene in a French Population
Authors: Paslier D. Le , Rochu D. , Lucott G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Pst I endonuclease fragment length polymorphism of the antithrombin III probe was studied in a French population. Among 25 subjects tested, 15 were found heterozygous at the Pst I site, so that this polymorphism might serve as a useful marker of antithrombin III gene in families with antithrombin III deficiency.
Storage of Red Cells in a CPD/SAGM System Using Teruflex® PVC
Authors: Högman Claes F. , Hedlund Kenneth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A quadruple plastic bag system made of Teruflex® PVC (Terumo) was tested. Red cells separated from plasma and buffy coat were resuspended in SAGM solution. After storage for 42 days, the 24‐hour posttransfusion autologous survival was 73.3±6.6% (X̄ ± SD), range 61.8–80.7%, n = 10. The shape of the cells was changed so that normal or slightly abnormal morphology was found in 37±7% of the cells after 42 days. Spontaneous in vitro hemolysis was 0.63±0.32% (range 0.28–1.13). A sufficient glucose reserve still remained at the end of storage, but glucose consumption and lactate production were impaired during the last 2 weeks due to the increasing acidity. By extrapolation from other studies it is suggested that 35 days is a more suitable shelf life than 42 days in this system.
A New Approach to the Diagnosis of Active Rho(D) Immunization in Passively Immunized Pregnant Women
Authors: Foung Steven K. H. , Perkins Susan , McCallum W. Desmond , Tom Shirley , Engleman Edgar G. , Grumet F. Carl
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An assay has been developed to distinguish active from passive Rho(D) immunization in a patient who had recently received hyperimmune anti‐Rho(D) immunoglobulin therapy. Isolated peripheral B lymphocytes from a pregnant woman at 32 weeks gestation were co‐cultured with Epstein‐Barr virus in a liquid growth medium. After 7 days, anti‐Rho(D) antibodies produced in vitro by the transformed lymphocytes were detected in culture supernatants, thereby proving active immunization and indicating the potential of hemolytic disease of the newborn in the current pregnancy. This assay was also performed with peripheral B lymphocytes from three groups of individuals: mothers known to be Rho(D) immunized and who recently delivered Rh‐positive infants, women with longstanding Rho(D) immunization, and women who were treated with anti‐Rho(D) globulin. In the first group, anti‐Rho(D) antibodies were again detected after in vitro viral stimulation. In the latter two groups, essentially no anti‐Rho(D) activity was detected.
Antibodies to HTLV‐III and the Lymphadenopathy Syndrome in Multitransfused β‐Thalassemia Patients
Authors: De Martino M. , Quarta G. , Melpignano A. , Guadalupi C. , Vullo C. , Ferrucci M. , Saimot A. G. , Vierucci A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antibodies to HTLV‐III have been investigated in 118 multitransfused β‐thalassemia patients. Thirteen patients (11.01%) were found to be positive; 3 of these 13 showed clinical and immunological signs of the lymphadenopathy syndrome. A retrospective study carried out on 65 sera has shown that at least 6 patients were negative 3 years before the present investigation. This is the first extensive study on HTLV‐III infection in multitransfused β‐thalassemics. It suggests that these patients are at risk for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related diseases.