bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of maltose and lysine treatment on coffee aroma by flash gas chromatography electronic nose and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: He Yuqin , Zhang Haide , Wen Nana , Hu Rongsuo , Wu Guiping , Zeng Ying , Li Xiong , Miao Xiaodan
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Arabica coffee is a sub‐tropical agricultural product in China. Coffee undergoes a series of thermal reactions to form abundant volatile profiles after roasting, so it loses a lot of reducing sugars and amino acids. Adding carbonyl compounds with amino acids before roasting could ensure the nutrition and flavour of coffee. The technology is versatile for the development of coffee roasting process. This investigation evaluates the effects of combining maltose and lysine (Lys) to modify coffee aroma and the possibly related mechanisms. Arabica coffee was pretreated with a series of solvent ratios of maltose and Lys with an identical concentration (0.25 mol L−1) before microwave heating.

RESULTS

It was found that the combination of maltose and Lys significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced quality indices of coffee (pH and browning degree). Ninety‐six aromatic volatiles have been isolated and identified. Twelve volatile profiles revealed the relationship between fragrance difference and compound content in coffee. Moreover, coffee aroma was modified by a large number of volatiles with different chemical classes and character.

CONCLUSION

Thus, our results suggest that the combination of reagents changed overall aroma quality through a series of complex thermal reactions, especially the ratio of Lys/maltose over 2:1. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Intelligent Nanofiber Composites: Dynamic Communication between Materials and Their Environment
Authors: Alexander Symone L. M. , Matolyak Lindsay E. , Korley LaShanda T. J.
Published: May 2017

Intelligence of living and nonliving systems is often characterized by the ability to communicate through signal and response. In the polymer science community, this intelligence is realized through the reaction of a material construct to environmental triggers. These smart materials are modeled after natural materials, which utilize matrix–fiber architectures to detect stimuli, release small molecules, or alter their macroscopic morphology in response to stimuli. As such, researchers have designed matrix–fiber composites, which function as release vehicles, sensors or switches, and actuators. Through the examination of the architecture and environmental triggering of these natural muses, the fundamental design parameters necessary for functional response in matrix–fiber composites and the ability to utilize these composites in targeted applications are highlighted. Opportunities for innovation in composite design are also discussed.

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Self‐adjointness of perturbed biharmonic operators on Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Milatovic Ognjen
Published: May 2017

We give a sufficient condition for the essential self‐adjointness of a perturbed biharmonic‐type operator acting on sections of a Hermitian vector bundle on a geodesically complete Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature bounded from below by a (possibly unbounded) non‐positive function depending on the distance from a reference point. We also establish the separation property in the case when the corresponding operator acts on functions.
Mond's conjecture for maps between curves
Authors: Henrique Ament Daiane Alice , Nuño‐Ballesteros Juan José
Published: May 2017

A theorem by D. Mond shows that if is finite and has has degree one onto its image (Y, 0), then the ‐codimension is less than or equal to the image Milnor number , with equality if and only if (Y, 0) is weighted homogeneous. Here we generalize this result to the case of a map germ , where (X, 0) is a plane curve singularity.
The Kinetics of n‐Butyl Acrylate Radical Polymerization Revealed in a Single Experiment by Real Time On‐line Mass Spectrometry Monitoring
Authors: Haven Joris J. , Zaquen Neomy , Rubens Maarten , Junkers Tanja
Published: May 2017

The high‐temperature trithiocarbonate‐mediated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate is studied using a high‐resolution mass spectrometric on‐line monitoring method. Therefore, an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, ideally suited for polymer analysis, is coupled to a continuous flow microreactor. Via adjustment of flow rates in the reactor, time sweep experiments can be carried out to allow monitoring a whole polymerization in a single experiment. The n‐butyl acrylate polymerization is monitored in a temperature interval between 100 and 190 °C for reaction times between 1 and 10 minutes. In all cases, full monomer conversions are reached and even at the highest temperatures still relatively good molecular weight control and reasonably low dispersities are obtained. End group analysis from mass spectrometry reveals, however, that the desired RAFT product is already at the lower temperatures less abundant than some side products. The herein described on‐line monitoring technique gives access to quasi‐continuous data acquisition, and is found to be very robust, and low in scattering when compared to classical batch sampling techniques.

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A numerical study of mechanical behavior of a cement paste under mechanical loading and chemical leaching
Authors: Jia Y. , Bian H.B. , Xie S.Y. , Burlion N. , Shao J.F.
Published: May 2017

Based on relevant experimental data of a petroleum cement paste under mechanical loading and chemical leaching, an elastic‐plastic model is first proposed by taking into account plastic shearing and pore collapse. The degradation of mechanical properties induced by the chemical leaching is characterized by a chemical damage variable which is defined as the increase of porosity. Both elastic and plastic properties of the cement paste are affected by the chemical damage. The proposed model is calibrated from and applied to describe mechanical responses in triaxial compression tests respectively on sound and fully leached samples. In the second part, a phenomenological chemical model is defined to establish the relationship between porosity change and calcium dissolution process. The dissolution kinetics is governed by a diffusion law taking into account the variation of diffusion coefficient with calcium concentration. The chemical model is coupled with the mechanical model, and both are applied to describe mechanical response of cement paste samples subjected to progressive chemical leaching and compressive stresses. Comparisons between experimental data and numerical results are presented.
β‐Octabromo‐ and β‐Octakis(trifluoromethyl)isocorroles: New Sterically Constrained Macrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Thomas Kolle E. , Beavers Christine M. , Gagnon Kevin J. , Ghosh Abhik
Published: May 2017

Presented herein is a study of the acid‐induced demetalation of two sterically hindered copper corroles, Cu β‐octabromo‐meso‐triphenylcorrole (Cu[Br8TPC]) and β‐octakis(trifluoromethyl)‐meso‐tris(p‐methoxyphenyl)corrole (Cu[(CF3)8TpOMePC]). Unlike reductive demetalation, which affords the free‐base β‐octabromocorrole, demetalation of Cu[Br8TPC] under non‐ reductive conditions (CHCl3/H2SO4) resulted in moderate yields of free‐base 5‐ and 10‐hydroxy isocorroles. The isomeric free bases could be complexed to CoII and NiII, affording stable complexes. Only reductive demetalation was found to work for Cu[(CF3)8TpOMePC], affording a highly saddled, hydrated corrole, H3[5‐OH,10‐H‐(CF3)8TpOMePC], where the elements of water had added across C5 and C10. Interaction of this novel free base with CoII resulted in Co[iso‐10‐H‐[CF3)8TpOMePC], a CoII 10‐hydro isocorrole. The new metal complexes were all characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and, despite their sterically hindered nature, were found to exhibit almost perfectly planar isocorrole cores.
Proximity gettering technology for advanced CMOS image sensors using carbon cluster ion‐implantation technique: A review
Authors: Kurita Kazunari , Kadono Takeshi , Okuyama Ryousuke , Shigemastu Satoshi , Hirose Ryo , Onaka‐Masada Ayumi , Koga Yoshihiro , Okuda Hidehiko
Published: May 2017

A new technique is described for manufacturing advanced silicon wafers with the highest capability yet reported for gettering transition metallic, oxygen, and hydrogen impurities in CMOS image sensor fabrication processes. Carbon and hydrogen elements are localized in the projection range of the silicon wafer by implantation of ion clusters from a hydrocarbon molecular gas source. Furthermore, these wafers can getter oxygen impurities out‐diffused to device active regions from a Czochralski grown silicon wafer substrate to the carbon cluster ion projection range during heat treatment. Therefore, they can reduce the formation of transition metals and oxygen‐related defects in the device active regions and improve electrical performance characteristics, such as the dark current, white spot defects, pn‐junction leakage current, and image lag characteristics. The new technique enables the formation of high‐gettering‐capability sinks for transition metals, oxygen, and hydrogen impurities under device active regions of CMOS image sensors. The wafers formed by this technique have the potential to significantly improve electrical devices performance characteristics in advanced CMOS image sensors.
Topological electronic effects in exfoliated thin films of bismuth telluride
Authors: Hermanowicz M. , Radny M. W.
Published: May 2017

An important aspect of band gap engineering in 2D thin films of topological insulators is determining their surface electronic properties at various atomic terminations. In this work, the electronic structure evolution of thin films of bismuth telluride () with varying surface termination is discussed based on density functional theory. The reported electronic effects include closure of the hybridization energy band gap and distinct spatial charge localization of topological surface states on two types of defected surfaces –Te and Bi‐terminated. The observed band gap value changes periodically every five monolayers following the quintuple‐based layered structure. The studied system shares, to a large extent, the main features with thin films of bismuth selenide (), although with a stronger size effect.
Substrate‐independent analysis of microcrystalline silicon thin films using UV Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Carpenter Joe V. , Bailly Mark , Boley Allison , Shi Jianwei , Minjares Michael , Smith David J. , Bowden Stuart , Holman Zachary C.
Published: May 2017

Surface‐sensitive UV Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze the crystallinity of silicon films less than 20 nm thick directly on silicon wafers. The 325‐nm excitation has a Raman detection thickness of only 13 nm within the silicon film, thus eliminating signal from the substrate. We demonstrate measured crystallinities of microcrystalline silicon thin films that are consistent with the microstructure observed in transmission electron microscopy. Comparison is also made to ellipsometry, which is less able to accurately determine crystallinity than UV Raman spectroscopy. The UV Raman approach is particularly useful for layers grown on substrates of the same material but with different microstructure, and can be extended to non‐silicon materials.
Prediction of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation using different soft computing techniques
Authors: Wang Lunche , Hu Bo , Kisi Ozgur , Zounemat‐Kermani Mohammad , Gong Wei
Published: May 2017

Knowledge of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PARd) is important for many applications dealing with climate change, environmental engineering and terrestrial productivity. It is necessary to estimate the PARd using different techniques due to the absence of direct observations of this radiometric flux in most parts of the world. In this study, Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) with grid partition (ANFIS‐GP), ANFIS with subtractive clustering (ANFIS‐SC) and M5 model tree (M5Tree) are optimized and applied for predicting hourly PARd in different ecosystems. Hourly climatic variables at six stations from the AmeriFlux network are used for training, validating and testing the above models. It is observed that the mean bias error (MBE) values range −11 to +18%, −16 to +9% and −10 to +9% for ANFIS‐GP, ANFIS‐SC and M5Tree models, respectively; root mean square errors (RMSE) range 25–44%, 22–41% and 29–51%, respectively for different stations in the testing period. The results show that the ANFIS‐SC model can generally bring more accurate estimations than other models, and the statistical indices (MBE and RMSE) at CA_Gro stations (mixed forests) are lower than other stations for each model. The models underestimate some high PARd values (>900 µmol m−2 s−1) for some stations, which may due to the differences of data ranges and distributions. This study will lay the foundation for accurately mapping regional and global distributions of PARd and its associated ecological applications.
Computational study of pH‐responsive di‐lanthanide complexes
Authors: O'Brien Joseph Senan , Allen Matthew J. , Cisneros Gerardo Andrés
Published: May 2017

Lanthanide complexes have found extensive use as luminescent probes for biological and medical investigations. Recently, a di‐europium complex that exhibits pH‐dependent luminescence‐decay was reported, and the ligand in that complex includes a large number of ionizable sites. To better understand the pH‐dependence of luminescence‐decay of this complex, the pKa's of all tautomers of the di‐Lu3+ version of this complex were calculated computationally. The calculated Boltzmann‐averaged pKa's of the complex are 5.85, −0.21, and −1.47 for the di‐Lu3+ complex in its first, second, and third protonation states, respectively. These pKa values across protonation states indicate that changes in luminescence‐decay rate at physiologically relevant pH may be related to first protonation event of the complex exclusively.
Sinularin induces oxidative stress‐mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis in oral cancer cells
Authors: Chang Yung‐Ting , Wu Chang‐Yi , Tang Jen‐Yang , Huang Chiung‐Yao , Liaw Chih‐Chuang , Wu Shih‐Hsiung , Sheu Jyh‐Horng , Chang Hsueh‐Wei
Published: May 2017

Soft corals‐derived natural product, sinularin, was antiproliferative against some cancers but its effect and detailed mechanism on oral cancer cells remain unclear. The subject of this study is to examine the antioral cancer effects and underlying detailed mechanisms in terms of cell viability, oxidative stress, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis analyses. In MTS assay, sinularin dose‐responsively decreased cell viability of three oral cancer cells (Ca9‐22, HSC‐3, and CAL 27) but only little damage to oral normal cells (HGF‐1). This cell killing effect was rescued by the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment. Abnormal cell morphology and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found in sinularin‐treated oral cancer Ca9‐22 cells, however, NAC pretreatment also recovered these changes. Sinularin arrested the Ca9‐22 cells at G2/M phase and dysregulated the G2/M regulatory proteins such as cdc2 and cyclin B1. Sinularin dose‐responsively induced apoptosis on Ca9‐22 cells in terms of flow cytometry (annexin V and pancaspase analyses) and western blotting (caspases 3, 8, 9) and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). These apoptotic changes of sinularin‐treated Ca9‐22 cells were rescued by NAC pretreatment. Taken together, sinularin induces oxidative stress‐mediated antiproliferation, G2/M arrest, and apoptosis against oral cancer cells and may be a potential marine drug for antioral cancer therapy.
Effects of food‐borne nanomaterials on gastrointestinal tissues and microbiota
Authors: Bouwmeester Hans , van der Zande Meike , Jepson Mark A.
Published: May 2017

Ingestion of engineered nanomaterials is inevitable due to their addition to food and prevalence in food packaging and domestic products such as toothpaste and sun cream. In the absence of robust dosimetry and particokinetic data, it is currently challenging to accurately assess the potential toxicity of food‐borne nanomaterials. Herein, we review current understanding of gastrointestinal uptake mechanisms, consider some data on the potential for toxicity of the most commonly encountered classes of food‐borne nanomaterials (including TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, and Ag nanoparticles), and discuss the potential impact of the luminal environment on nanoparticle properties and toxicity. Much of our current understanding of gastrointestinal nanotoxicology is derived from increasingly sophisticated epithelial models that augment in vivo studies. In addition to considering the direct effects of food‐borne nanomaterials on gastrointestinal tissues, including the potential role of chronic nanoparticle exposure in development of inflammatory diseases, we also discuss the potential for food‐borne nanomaterials to disturb the normal balance of microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract. The latter possibility warrants close attention given the increasing awareness of the critical role of microbiota in human health and the known impact of some food‐borne nanomaterials on bacterial viability. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2018, 10:e1481. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1481

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
The true cost of partial fencing: Evaluating strategies to reduce reptile road mortality
Authors: Markle Chantel E. , Gillingwater Scott D. , Levick Rick , Chow‐Fraser Patricia
Published: May 2017

One of the deadliest roads in North America for species at risk fragments a marsh‐lake ecosystem. To reduce road mortality, stakeholders installed >5 km of exclusion fencing along a southwestern Ontario, Canada, causeway in 2008–2009. Between 2012 and 2014, 7 culverts were installed to provide safe crossings. We evaluated the success of these mitigation strategies by 1) comparing results of road surveys conducted 5 years before and 5 years after fencing installation; and 2) monitoring use of culverts by turtles using motion‐activated cameras at culvert openings and stationary antennas placed to detect movements of passive integrated transponder (PIT)‐tagged turtles (68 Blanding's turtles [Emydoidea blandingii] and 30 spotted turtles [Clemmys guttata]). We also radio‐tracked 30 Blanding's turtles to measure culvert use in relation to home ranges. Turtle and snake abundance was 89% and 53% lower, respectively, in completely fenced road sections than in unfenced sections; abundance was 6% and 10% higher, respectively, between partially fenced and unfenced sections. After mitigation, locations where we found reptiles on the road were associated with fence ends, underscoring the importance of fence integrity and ineffectiveness of partial fencing as a mitigation strategy. We confirmed use of culverts by Blanding's turtles, northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica), snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), and midland painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Through radio‐tracking, we determined that male and female Blanding's turtles home ranges overlapped with different segments of the causeway. We recommend that stakeholders emphasize ensuring fence integrity and continuity, limiting impact of edge effects, and conducting a comprehensive monitoring program. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Transpiration of trees in a cool temperate forest on Mt. Aso, Japan: comparison of model simulation and measurements
Authors: Miyazawa Yoshiyuki , Inoue Akio , Maruyama Atsushi , Otsuki Kyoichi , Giambelluca Thomas W.
Published: May 2017

In the large caldera of Mt. Aso, Japan, artificial grasslands were converted into forests of different species due to the decline of the livestock industry in this region. These changes in species composition are thought to have changed not only the transpiration rates (E), but also the responses in E to variations in environmental conditions. For three introduced forest types, we monitored E using sap flux sensors and computed E with a multilayer model parameterized by independently obtained leaf‐scale ecophysiological traits. Modeled E replicated the time series of measured E reasonably well, but did not reproduce a decrease in E lasting 20 days after a short rainless period in conifer plantation. Mean leaf‐scale stomatal conductance of two deciduous broadleaved tree species was as low as that of trees under dry conditions in other studies, possibly an adaptation for the avoidance of excessive E during rainless periods. These results suggest that land use change influenced E and its response to the rainfall patterns of the region and that drought plays an important role in influencing species‐specific E characteristics in this rainy region. The multilayer model in combination with sap flux measurements was found to be a useful tool not only for the extrapolation of E, but also for the detection of the unexpected events, as long as the measured parameter values capture the species‐specific seasonality in leaf ecophysiological traits.
Probing the Molecular Orientation of Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Nguyen Khoi Tan , Shahir Afshin Asadzadeh , Nguyen Anh V.
Published: May 2017

The molecular orientation of a branched and short‐chained methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) at the air–water interface was examined by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. The weak vibrational coupling model was spectroscopically validated and employed in developing the data analysis model of this multiple terminal methyl groups‐containing structure. The exceptional frothability of MIBC was explained by its molecular orientation at the interface; MIBC was found to tilt at an average angle of 39o to the surface normal, exposing its hydrophobic region to the air medium. Interestingly, this orientation scheme is similar to the hydrogen bonded OH bonds of the interfacial water molecules.
Prefrontal cortical thinning links to negative symptoms in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium
Authors: Walton E. , Hibar D. P. , van Erp T. G. M. , Potkin S. G. , Roiz-Santiañez R. , Crespo-Facorro B. , Suarez-Pinilla P. , van Haren N. E. M. , de Zwarte S. M. C. , Kahn R. S. , Cahn W. , Doan N. T. , Jørgensen K. N. , Gurholt T. P. , Agartz I. , Andreassen O. A. , Westlye L. T. , Melle I. , Berg A. O. , Morch-Johnsen L. , Færden A. , Flyckt L. , Fatouros-Bergman H. ,   Karolinska Schizophrenia Project Consortium (KaSP), Jönsson E. G. , Hashimoto R. , Yamamori H. , Fukunaga M. , Jahanshad N. , De Rossi P. , Piras F. , Banaj N. , Spalletta G. , Gur R. E. , Gur R. C. , Wolf D. H. , Satterthwaite T. D. , Beard L. M. , Sommer I. E. , Koops S. , Gruber O. , Richter A. , Krämer B. , Kelly S. , Donohoe G. , McDonald C. , Cannon D. M. , Corvin A. , Gill M. , Di Giorgio A. , Bertolino A. , Lawrie S. , Nickson T. , Whalley H. C. , Neilson E. , Calhoun V. D. , Thompson P. M. , Turner J. A. , Ehrlich S.
Published: May 2017

Background

Our understanding of the complex relationship between schizophrenia symptomatology and etiological factors can be improved by studying brain-based correlates of schizophrenia. Research showed that impairments in value processing and executive functioning, which have been associated with prefrontal brain areas [particularly the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC)], are linked to negative symptoms. Here we tested the hypothesis that MOFC thickness is associated with negative symptom severity.

Methods

This study included 1985 individuals with schizophrenia from 17 research groups around the world contributing to the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. Cortical thickness values were obtained from T1-weighted structural brain scans using FreeSurfer. A meta-analysis across sites was conducted over effect sizes from a model predicting cortical thickness by negative symptom score (harmonized Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms or Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores).

Results

Meta-analytical results showed that left, but not right, MOFC thickness was significantly associated with negative symptom severity (βstd= −0.075;p= 0.019) after accounting for age, gender, and site. This effect remained significant (p= 0.036) in a model including overall illness severity. Covarying for duration of illness, age of onset, antipsychotic medication or handedness weakened the association of negative symptoms with left MOFC thickness. As part of a secondary analysis including 10 other prefrontal regions further associations in the left lateral orbitofrontal gyrus and pars opercularis emerged.

Conclusions

Using an unusually large cohort and a meta-analytical approach, our findings point towards a link between prefrontal thinning and negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. This finding provides further insight into the relationship between structural brain abnormalities and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Unhealthy food advertising directed to children on New Zealand television: extent, nature, impact and policy implications
Authors: Vandevijvere Stefanie , Soupen Alanna , Swinburn Boyd
Published: May 2017

Objective

To comprehensively assess the extent, nature and impact of unhealthy food advertising targeted to children on New Zealand television.

Design

Four weekdays and four weekend days were randomly selected over the period June–August 2015. Programming was recorded from 06.00 to 00.00 hours (midnight), for a total of 432 h. Audience ratings were used to identify children’s peak viewing times.

Setting

New Zealand.

Subjects

The three major free-to-air channels.

Results

The majority of foods advertised (n 1807) were unhealthy; 68·5 % of food advertisements included at least one food not permitted to be marketed to children according to the WHO nutrient profiling model. The mean hourly rate of unhealthy food advertising was 9·1 (sd 5·2). One-third of unhealthy food advertisements included a promotional character and one-third a premium offer. About 88 % of unhealthy food advertisements were shown during children’s peak viewing times. If unhealthy food advertisements were to be restricted during times when at least 25 % of children are watching television, this would reduce the average unhealthy food advertising impact by 24 % during weekdays and 50 % during weekend days, and if the WHO instead of the current nutrient profiling model were used to restrict unhealthy food advertising to children, the average impact would be reduced by 24 % during weekdays and 29 % during weekend days.

Conclusions

Current self-regulation is ineffective in protecting children from exposure to unhealthy food advertising on television. The WHO nutrient profiling model needs to be used to restrict unhealthy food advertising, especially during children’s peak viewing times.
‘These four letters s o l a are not there’: Language and Theology in Luther's Translation of the New Testament
Authors: Methuen Charlotte
Published: May 2017

Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament is one of the most significant translations in Christian history. In it, he offers a translation of Romans 3: 28 which introduces the word allein: ‘So halten wir es nun, daß der Mensch gerecht werde ohne des Gesetzes Werke, allein durch den Glauben.’ As Luther himself recognized in his Open Letter on Translating (1530), the word ‘alone’ does not appear in either the Greek text of Romans or the Vulgate; nor do other contemporary vernacular translations include it. Luther asserted that the introduction of the word allein arose from his attention to the German language. This claim has often been regarded as specious, since the introduction of allein serves to underline a key aspect of Luther's theology, namely his doctrine of justification by faith. This article examines Luther's translation practice, and particularly his comments on Romans 3: 28 in his lectures on Romans, his preface to Paul's epistle to the Romans and other writings, concluding that Luther was indeed concerned to produce a fluent and coherent German translation of the biblical text, but that he wished also to produce one that was theologically unambiguous. Not only linguistic considerations, but also Luther's theological priorities, and his definition of theological unambiguity, determined his definition of a good translation.
Nella lingua di ciascuno: Church Communication between Latin and Vernacular during the Counter-Reformation
Authors: Manzi Silvia
Published: May 2017

This article investigates the reasons for the choice of vernacular language instead of Latin in the communications of bishops with clergy and laity at the end of the sixteenth century and into the first decades of the seventeenth. The spread of Lutheran doctrine, which encouraged the use of the vernacular in the Scriptures and in the mass, was confronted by a reaction: the Catholic Church denied all access to the mysteries of faith to anyone ignorant of Latin through the three Indices of prohibited books issued in the second half of the sixteenth century (1559, 1564, 1596). However, concurrently with the issuing of these prohibitions, the bishops of Italy used the Italian language to translate some papal bulls and decrees of the Council of Trent. On which issues and under what circumstances did they feel it was necessary to be understood by the non-Latinate and therefore find it necessary to supply Italian translations of official documents, such as papal constitutions and Tridentine decrees? Was the local translation of such documents faithful to the original? And if not, why not?
St Pientia and the Château de la Roche-Guyon: Relic Translations and Sacred History in Seventeenth-Century France
Authors: Hillman Jennifer
Published: May 2017

This article explores the connections between the translation of an early Christian relic to the Château de la Roche-Guyon in the mid-seventeenth century and the writing of local sacred histories by the priest and prior Nicolas Davanne. It finds that the translation of a finger bone of St Pientia was the culmination of efforts by a local scholar to revive the sacred history of the Vexin and to celebrate the regional liturgical traditions associated with its early Christian martyrs. In doing so, it finds support for the recent historiography on local, sacred histories which emerged during the Counter-Reformation in response to liturgical standardization. The article also discusses the unstable nature of relics as material objects and explores the ways in which relics were continually reinvested with meaning. It is shown that Pientia's relic was not only part of a defence of a local spiritual heritage in response to Trent, but also part of a claim to an early Christian spiritual heritage for a deviant and heretical movement within the Church.
Introduction
Authors: Ditchfield Simon
Published: May 2017

This archetypal depiction of the divine, Pentecostal solution to the challenge posed by linguistic diversity to the spread of Christianity lies at the heart of this volume. How was the curse placed on the citizens of monolingual Babel, who had the temerity to attempt to build a tower that reached heaven (Gen. 11: 1–9), so that God made their speech mutually incomprehensible and scattered them to the winds, to be exorcised, or at least best coped with?
Revisiting ‘Translatability’ and African Christianity: The Case of the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion
Authors: Cabrita Joel
Published: May 2017

Focusing on the ‘translatability’ of Christianity in Africa is now commonplace. This approach stresses that African Christian practice is thoroughly inculturated and relevant to local cultural concerns. However, in exclusively emphasizing Christianity's indigeneity, an opportunity is lost to understand how Africans entered into complex relationships with North Americans to shape a common field of religious practice. To better illuminate the transnational, open-faced nature of Christianity in Africa, this article discusses the history of a twentieth-century Christian faith healing movement called Zionism, a large black Protestant group in South Africa. Eschewing usual portrayals of Zionism as an indigenous Southern African movement, the article situates its origins in nineteenth-century industrializing, immigrant Chicago, and describes how Zionism was subsequently reimagined in a South African context of territorial dispossession and racial segregation. It moves away from isolated regional histories of Christianity to focus on how African Protestantism emerged as the product of lively transatlantic exchanges in the late modern period.
Restimulation‐induced T‐cell death through NTB‐A/SAP signaling pathway is impaired in tuberculosis patients with depressed immune responses
Authors: Hernández Del Pino Rodrigo E , Pellegrini Joaquín M , Rovetta Ana I , Peña Delfina , Álvarez Guadalupe I , Rolandelli Agustín , Musella Rosa M , Palmero Domingo J , Malbran Alejandro , Pasquinelli Virginia , García Verónica E
Published: May 2017

Production of IFN‐γ contributes to host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously demonstrated that Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule‐associated protein (SAP) expression on cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients was inversely correlated with IFN‐γ production. Here we first investigated the role of NK, T‐ and B‐cell antigen (NTB‐A)/SAP pathway in the regulation of Th1 response against Mtb. Upon antigen stimulation, NTB‐A phosphorylation rapidly increases and afterwards modulates IFN‐γ and IL‐17 secretion. To sustain a healthy immune system, controlled expansion and contraction of lymphocytes, both during and after an adaptive immune response, is essential. Besides, restimulation‐induced cell death (RICD) results in an essential homeostatic mechanism for precluding excess T‐cell accumulation and associated immunopathology during the course of certain infections. Accordingly, we found that the NTB‐A/SAP pathway was required for RICD during active tuberculosis. In low responder (LR) TB patients, impaired RICD was associated with diminished FASL levels, IL‐2 production and CD25high expression after cell‐restimulation. Interestingly, we next observed that SAP mediated the recruitment of the Src‐related kinase FYNT, only in T cells from LR TB patients that were resistant to RICD. Together, we showed that the NTB‐A/SAP pathway regulates T‐cell activation and RICD during human TB. Moreover, the NTB‐A/SAP/FYNT axis promotes polarization to an unfavorable Th2‐phenotype.
Distinctive microbiomes and metabolites linked with weight loss after gastric bypass, but not gastric banding
Authors: Ilhan Zehra Esra , DiBaise John K , Isern Nancy G , Hoyt David W , Marcus Andrew K , Kang Dae-Wook , Crowell Michael D , Rittmann Bruce E , Krajmalnik-Brown Rosa
Published: May 2017

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) are anatomically different bariatric operations. RYGB achieves greater weight loss compared with LAGB. Changes in the gut microbiome have been documented after RYGB, but not LAGB, and the microbial contribution to sustainable surgical weight loss warrants further evaluation. We hypothesized that RYGB imposes greater changes on the microbiota and its metabolism than LAGB, and that the altered microbiota may contribute to greater weight loss. Using multi-omic approaches, we analyzed fecal microbial community structure and metabolites of pre-bariatric surgery morbidly obese (PreB-Ob), normal weight (NW), post-RYGB, and post-LAGB participants. RYGB microbiomes were significantly different from those from NW, LAGB and PreB-Ob. Microbiome differences between RYGB and PreB-Ob populations were mirrored in their metabolomes. Diversity was higher in RYGB compared with LAGB, possibly because of an increase in the abundance of facultative anaerobic, bile-tolerant and acid-sensible microorganisms in the former. Possibly because of lower gastric acid exposure, phylotypes from the oral cavity, such as Escherichia, Veillonella and Streptococcus, were in greater abundance in the RYGB group, and their abundances positively correlated with percent excess weight loss. Many of these post-RYGB microorganisms are capable of amino-acid fermentation. Amino-acid and carbohydrate fermentation products—isovalerate, isobutyrate, butyrate and propionate—were prevalent in RYGB participants, but not in LAGB participants. RYGB resulted in greater alteration of the gut microbiome and metabolome than LAGB, and RYGB group exhibited unique microbiome composed of many amino-acid fermenters, compared with nonsurgical controls.
Metatranscriptomic analysis of prokaryotic communities active in sulfur and arsenic cycling in Mono Lake, California, USA
Authors: Edwardson Christian F , Hollibaugh James T
Published: May 2017

This study evaluates the transcriptionally active, dissimilatory sulfur- and arsenic-cycling components of the microbial community in alkaline, hypersaline Mono Lake, CA, USA. We sampled five depths spanning the redox gradient (10, 15, 18, 25 and 31 m) during maximum thermal stratification. We used custom databases to identify transcripts of genes encoding complex iron-sulfur molybdoenzyme (CISM) proteins, with a focus on arsenic (arrA, aioA and arxA) and sulfur cycling (dsrA, aprA and soxB), and assigned them to taxonomic bins. We also report on the distribution of transcripts related to the ars arsenic detoxification pathway. Transcripts from detoxification pathways were not abundant in oxic surface waters (10 m). Arsenic cycling in the suboxic and microaerophilic zones of the water column (15 and 18 m) was dominated by arsenite-oxidizing members of the Gammaproteobacteria most closely affiliated with Thioalkalivibrio and Halomonas, transcribing arxA. We observed a transition to arsenate-reducing bacteria belonging to the Deltaproteobacteria and Firmicutes transcribing arsenate reductase (arrA) in anoxic bottom waters of the lake (25 and 31 m). Sulfur cycling at 15 and 18 m was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (Thioalkalivibrio and Thioalkalimicrobium) oxidizing reduced S species, with a transition to sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria at 25 and 31 m. Genes related to arsenic and sulfur oxidation from Thioalkalivibrio were more highly transcribed at 15 m relative to other depths. Our data highlight the importance of Thioalkalivibrio to arsenic and sulfur biogeochemistry in Mono Lake and identify new taxa that appear capable of transforming arsenic.
The endobacterium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus modulates the expression of its toxin–antitoxin systems during the life cycle of its host
Authors: Salvioli di Fossalunga Alessandra , Lipuma Justine , Venice Francesco , Dupont Laurence , Bonfante Paola
Published: May 2017

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root symbionts that perform important ecological services, such as improving plant nutrient and water acquisition. Some AMF from the Gigasporaceae family host a population of endobacteria, Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum (Cagg). The analysis of the Cagg genome identified six putative toxin–antitoxin modules (TAs), consisting of pairs of stable toxins and unstable antitoxins that affect diverse physiological functions. Sequence analysis suggested that these TA modules were acquired by horizontal transfer. Gene expression patterns of two TAs (yoeB/yefM and chpB/chpS) changed during the fungal life cycle, with the expression during the pre-symbiotic phase higher than during the symbiosis with the plant host. The heterologous expression in Escherichia coli demonstrated the functionality only for the YoeB–YefM pair. On the basis of these observations, we speculate that TA modules might help Cagg adapt to its intracellular habitat, coordinating its proliferation with the physiological state of the AMF host.
Morphometric convergence between Proterozoic and post-vegetation rivers
Authors: Ielpi Alessandro , Rainbird Robert H. , Ventra Dario , Ghinassi Massimiliano
Published: May 2017

Proterozoic rivers flowed through barren landscapes, and lacked interactions with macroscopic organisms. It is widely held that, in the absence of vegetation, fluvial systems featured barely entrenched channels that promptly widened over floodplains during floods. This hypothesis has never been tested because of an enduring lack of Precambrian fluvial-channel morphometric data. Here we show, through remote sensing and outcrop sedimentology, that deep rivers were developed in the Proterozoic, and that morphometric parameters for large fluvial channels might have remained within a narrow range over almost 2 billion years. Our data set comprises fluvial-channel forms deposited a few tens to thousands of kilometres from their headwaters, likely the record of basin- to craton-scale systems. Large Proterozoic channel forms present width:thickness ranges matching those of Phanerozoic counterparts, suggesting closer parallels between their fluvial dynamics. This outcome may better inform analyses of extraterrestrial planetary surfaces and related comparisons with pre-vegetation Earth landscapes.
Replicating viral vector platform exploits alarmin signals for potent CD8+ T cell-mediated tumour immunotherapy
Authors: Kallert Sandra M. , Darbre Stephanie , Bonilla Weldy V. , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Page Nicolas , Müller Philipp , Kreuzaler Matthias , Lu Min , Favre Stéphanie , Kreppel Florian , Löhning Max , Luther Sanjiv A. , Zippelius Alfred , Merkler Doron , Pinschewer Daniel D.
Published: May 2017

Viral infections lead to alarmin release and elicit potent cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte (CTLeff) responses. Conversely, the induction of protective tumour-specific CTLeffand their recruitment into the tumour remain challenging tasks. Here we show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be engineered to serve as a replication competent, stably-attenuated immunotherapy vector (artLCMV). artLCMV delivers tumour-associated antigens to dendritic cells for efficient CTL priming. Unlike replication-deficient vectors, artLCMV targets also lymphoid tissue stroma cells expressing the alarmin interleukin-33. By triggering interleukin-33 signals, artLCMV elicits CTLeffresponses of higher magnitude and functionality than those induced by replication-deficient vectors. Superior anti-tumour efficacy of artLCMV immunotherapy depends on interleukin-33 signalling, and a massive CTLeffinflux triggers an inflammatory conversion of the tumour microenvironment. Our observations suggest that replicating viral delivery systems can release alarmins for improved anti-tumour efficacy. These mechanistic insights may outweigh safety concerns around replicating viral vectors in cancer immunotherapy.
The distinct metabolic phenotype of lung squamous cell carcinoma defines selective vulnerability to glycolytic inhibition
Authors: Goodwin Justin , Neugent Michael L. , Lee Shin Yup , Choe Joshua H. , Choi Hyunsung , Jenkins Dana M. R. , Ruthenborg Robin J. , Robinson Maddox W. , Jeong Ji Yun , Wake Masaki , Abe Hajime , Takeda Norihiko , Endo Hiroko , Inoue Masahiro , Xuan Zhenyu , Yoo Hyuntae , Chen Min , Ahn Jung-Mo , Minna John D. , Helke Kristi L. , Singh Pankaj K. , Shackelford David B. , Kim Jung-whan
Published: May 2017

Adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) are the two predominant subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are distinct in their histological, molecular and clinical presentation. However, metabolic signatures specific to individual NSCLC subtypes remain unknown. Here, we perform an integrative analysis of human NSCLC tumour samples, patient-derived xenografts, murine model of NSCLC, NSCLC cell lines and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and reveal a markedly elevated expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter in lung SqCC, which augments glucose uptake and glycolytic flux. We show that a critical reliance on glycolysis renders lung SqCC vulnerable to glycolytic inhibition, while lung ADC exhibits significant glucose independence. Clinically, elevated GLUT1-mediated glycolysis in lung SqCC strongly correlates with high 18F-FDG uptake and poor prognosis. This previously undescribed metabolic heterogeneity of NSCLC subtypes implicates significant potential for the development of diagnostic, prognostic and targeted therapeutic strategies for lung SqCC, a cancer for which existing therapeutic options are clinically insufficient.
Whole genome sequencing identifies a novel homozygous exon deletion in the NT5C2 gene in a family with intellectual disability and spastic paraplegia
Authors: Darvish Hossein , Azcona Luis J. , Tafakhori Abbas , Ahmadi Mona , Ahmadifard Azadeh , Paisán-Ruiz Coro
Published: May 2017

Hereditary spastic paraplegias are a rare group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, with upper motor neuron degeneration and progressive lower limb spasticity as their main phenotypic features. Despite that 76 distinct loci have been reported and some casual genes identified, most of the underlying causes still remain unidentified. Moreover, a wide range of clinical manifestations is present in most hereditary spastic paraplegias subtypes, adding further complexity to their differential clinical diagnoses. Here, we describe the first exon rearrangement reported in the SPG45/SPG65 (NT5C2) loci in a family featuring a complex hereditary spastic paraplegias phenotype. This study expands both the phenotypic and mutational spectra of the NT5C2-associated disease.
The zebrafish ventricle: A hub of cardiac endothelial cells for in vitro cell behavior studies
Authors: Patra Chinmoy , Kontarakis Zacharias , Kaur Harmandeep , Rayrikar Amey , Mukherjee Debanjan , Stainier Didier Y. R.
Published: May 2017

Despite our increasing understanding of zebrafish heart development and regeneration, there is limited information about the distribution of endothelial cells (ECs) in the adult zebrafish heart. Here, we investigate and compare the distribution of cardiac ECs (cECs) in adult mouse and zebrafish ventricles. Surprisingly, we find that (i) active coronary vessel growth is present in adult zebrafish, (ii) ~37 and ~39% of cells in the zebrafish heart are ECs and cardiomyocytes, respectively, a composition similar to that seen in mouse. However, we find that in zebrafish, ~36% of the ventricular tissue is covered with ECs, i.e., a substantially larger proportion than in mouse. Capitalising on the high abundance of cECs in zebrafish, we established a protocol to isolate them with high purity using fluorescent transgenic lines. Our approach eliminates side-effects due to antibody utilisation. Moreover, the isolated cECs maintained a high proliferation index even after three passages and were amenable to pharmacological treatments to study cEC migration in vitro. Such primary cultures will be a useful tool for supplementary in vitro studies on the accumulating zebrafish mutant lines as well as the screening of small molecule libraries on cardiac specific endothelial cells.
Confounding factors of ultrafiltration and protein analysis in extracellular vesicle research
Authors: Vergauwen Glenn , Dhondt Bert , Van Deun Jan , De Smedt Eva , Berx Geert , Timmerman Evy , Gevaert Kris , Miinalainen Ilkka , Cocquyt Véronique , Braems Geert , Van den Broecke Rudy , Denys Hannelore , De Wever Olivier , Hendrix An
Published: May 2017

Identification and validation of extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated biomarkers requires robust isolation and characterization protocols. We assessed the impact of some commonly implemented pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical variables in EV research. Centrifugal filters with different membrane types and pore sizes are used to reduce large volume biofluids prior to EV isolation or to concentrate EVs. We compared five commonly reported filters for their efficiency when using plasma, urine and EV-spiked PBS. Regenerated cellulose membranes with pore size of 10 kDa recovered EVs the most efficient. Less than 40% recovery was achieved with other filters. Next, we analyzed the effect of the type of protein assays to measure EV protein in colorimetric and fluorometric kits. The fluorometric assay Qubit measured low concentration EV and BSA samples the most accurately with the lowest variation among technical and biological replicates. Lastly, we quantified Optiprep remnants in EV samples from density gradient ultracentrifugation and demonstrate that size-exclusion chromatography efficiently removes Optiprep from EVs. In conclusion, choice of centrifugal filters and protein assays confound EV analysis and should be carefully considered to increase efficiency towards biomarker discovery. SEC-based removal of Optiprep remnants from EVs can be considered for downstream applications.