bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Robo1 in the pentylenetetrazol‐kindled epilepsy mouse model
Authors: Liu Zheng , Huang Wei , Zhu Man‐Min , Xu Zhong‐Xiang , Xu Zu‐Cai , Yu Chang‐Yin , Huang Hao
Published: August 2023

The neural network hypothesis is one of the important pathogenesis of drug‐resistant epilepsy. Axons guide molecules through synaptic remodeling and brain tissue remodeling, which may result in the formation of abnormal neural networks. Therefore, axon guidance plays a crucial role in disease progression. However, although Robo1 is one of the important components of axon guidance, the role of Robo1 in epilepsy remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of Robo1 in epilepsy. Male adult C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with pentylenetetrazol to establish an epilepsy model. Lentivirus (LV) was given via intracranial injection 2 weeks before pentylenetetrazol injection. Different expressions of Robo1 between the control group, LV‐mediated Robo1 short hairpin RNA group, empty vector control LV group, and normal saline group were analyzed using Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, Golgi staining, and video monitoring. Robo1 was increased in the hippocampus in the pentylenetetrazol‐induced epilepsy mouse model; lentiviral Robo1 knockdown prolonged the latency of seizure and reduced the seizure grade in mice and resulted in a decrease in dendritic spine density, while the number of mature dendritic spines was maintained. We speculate that Robo1 has been implicated in the development and progression of epilepsy through its effects on dendritic spine morphology and density. Epileptic mice with Robo1 knockdown virus intervention had lower seizure grade and longer latency. Follow‐up findings suggest that Robo1 may modulate seizures by affecting dendritic spine density and morphology. Downregulation of Robo1 may negatively regulate epileptogenesis by decreasing the density of dendritic spines and maintaining a greater number of mature dendritic spines.
Bladder stone formation around polyethylene glycol after use of SpaceOAR Hydrogel
Authors: Tanaka Gen , Tsuboi Ichiro , Mitani Kazutaka , Yoshioka Saori , Yokoyama Shuhei , Kobayashi Yusuke , Nakajima Hirochika , Nagami Taichi , Ogawa Kohei , Wada Koichiro
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Radiation therapy is used as primary, adjuvant, and salvage therapy for prostate cancer. When using radiation therapy, the SpaceOAR® system is considered easy to use and useful for reducing the irradiated dose and toxicity to the rectum. Although SpaceOAR® system have been reported some adverse event including death.

Case presentation

A 74‐year‐old male was diagnosed with prostate cancer of clinical stage cT2aN0M0 and intermediate risk by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. We inserted the SpaceOAR® Hydrogel before performing intensity‐modulated radiation therapy, as the patient had ulcerative colitis. We did not recognize any complications during or after the procedure, although magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrogel in the bladder retrospectively. Fourteen months after the procedure, the patient was presented with macrohematuria and we found a bladder stone including hydrogel.

Conclusion

We report the first case of a bladder stone after use of SpaceOAR® Hydrogel. We must be careful of taking place it.
Asymptomatic renal granuloma diagnosed 3 years after Bacillus Calmette–Guérin intravesical injection: A case report and a literature review
Authors: Tsuru Ibuki , Nakamura Masaki , Izumi Taro , Ono Akihiro , Masuda Yoshio , Kusakabe Masashi , Morikawa Teppei , Kume Haruki , Shiga Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy is an effective treatment for non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, which is occasionally associated with side effects and complications. The incidence of significant renal complications after intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy is less than 2%. We report a case of renal granuloma after intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy for bladder cancer, which radiologically resembled a papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Case presentation

A 65‐year‐old man, who had a medical history of urothelial carcinoma and received intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy, was referred to our Urology Department with a right renal tumor. Imaging findings suggested papillary renal cell carcinoma. Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy was performed, and the histopathological examination revealed epithelioid cell granuloma, which were considered to be Bacillus Calmette–Guérin‐related renal granuloma.

Conclusion

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin‐related renal granuloma mimicking papillary renal cell carcinoma have been reported. We should consider the possibility of renal granulomas when encountering image abnormalities for patients treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy.
Effect of irrigation with plasma‐activated wastewater on radish growth
Authors: Belov Alexander
Published: August 2023

Cold atmospheric plasma technology activates water, but the effect of plasma‐activated wastewater on vegetables remains unexplored. The first garden bed was irrigated with wastewater from the Zhulebinsky collector after ultraviolet treatment, and the second bed was irrigated after plasma activation. The third garden bed was irrigated with plasma‐activated wastewater from the Kuryanovsky channel. The bacterial concentration in the water for all experiments was 106 CFU mL−1, the nitrate content in the water for the first garden bed was 6.3 mg L−1, and for the second and third garden beds, it was 10 mg L−1. The average fresh weight of radish roots from the garden bed when irrigated with plasma‐activated water from the Zhulebinsky collector was 7% higher than that when irrigated with ultraviolet‐treated water. The increase in the average fresh weight of stems with leaves was 13%. The highest total and average fresh weights of radish were observed in the garden bed when irrigated with plasma‐activated water from the Kuryanovsky channel. Compared with water irrigation from the Zhulebinsky collector, the increase in average fresh weight was 16%, and compared with irrigation with ultraviolet‐treated water, it was 29%. Reuse of plasma‐activated wastewater increases the yield of vegetables during irrigation and contributes to the saving of fresh water resources.
The longitudinal relationship between social support and victimization among latino teens
Authors: Sabina Chiara , Cardenas Iris , Vásquez Desi , Mariscal Susana , Cuevas Carlos A.
Published: August 2023

Purpose

This study examines the relationship between social support and victimization of Latino youth over time, utilizing the stress prevention and support deterioration models.

Methods

To address the research questions we utilized data from Waves 1 and 2 (n = 574) of the Dating Violence among Latino Adolescents (DAVILA) study, a national bilingual phone survey of self‐identified Latino youth and their caregiver. Cross‐lagged panel modeling was used to assess the fit of the two theoretical models to observed patterns of covariance among the victimization and social support variables specified.

Results

Results show that victimization at Wave 1 was positively and strongly related to victimization at Wave 2 and social support at Wave 1 was positively and moderately associated with social support at Wave 2. As hypothesized, higher levels of victimization at Wave 1 were significantly related to decreases in social support at Wave 2 (β = −.15). Wave 1 social support was not significantly related to victimization at Wave 2.

Conclusions

We did not find support for the stress prevention model but did find support for the support deterioration model. Teens who were victimized tended to have lower levels of subsequent social support, highlighting the need to equip peers, family, and significant others to adequately respond to victimization disclosures.
Rapid label‐free detection of early‐stage lung adenocarcinoma and tumor boundary via multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Xi Gangqin , Huang Chen , Lin Jie , Luo Tianyi , Kang Bingzi , Xu Mingyu , Xu Huizhen , Li Xiaolu , Chen Jianxin , Qiu Lida , Zhuo Shuangmu
Published: August 2023

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in China. Rapid and precise evaluation of tumor tissue during lung cancer surgery can reduce operative time and improve negative‐margin assessment, thus increasing disease‐free and overall survival rates. This study aimed to explore the potential of label‐free multiphoton microscopy (MPM) for imaging adenocarcinoma tissues, detecting histopathological features, and distinguishing between normal and cancerous lung tissues. We showed that second harmonic generation (SHG) signals exhibit significant specificity for collagen fibers, enabling the quantification of collagen features in lung adenocarcinomas. In addition, we developed a collagen score that could be used to distinguish between normal and tumor areas at the tumor boundary, showing good classification performance. Our findings demonstrate that MPM imaging technology combined with an image‐based collagen feature extraction method can rapidly and accurately detect early‐stage lung adenocarcinoma tissues.
Development of heparinized and hepatocyte growth factor‐coated acellular scaffolds using porcine carotid arteries
Authors: Cheng Jin , Wang Cong , Guo Lianrui , Gu Yongquan
Published: August 2023

Tissue‐engineered blood vessel substitutes have been developed due to the lack of suitable small‐diameter vascular grafts. Xenogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have the potential to provide an ideal source for off‐the‐shelf vascular grafts. In this study, porcine carotid arteries were used to develop ECM scaffolds by decellularization and coating with heparin and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). After decellularization, cellular and nucleic materials were successfully removed with preservation of the main compositions (collagen, elastin, and basement membrane) of the native ECM. The ultimate tensile strength, suture strength, and burst pressure were significantly increased after cross‐linking. Pore size distribution analysis revealed a porous structure within ECM scaffolds with a high distribution of pores larger than 10 μm. Heparinized scaffolds exhibited sustained release of heparin in vitro and showed potent anticoagulant activity by prolonging activated partial thromboplastin time. The scaffolds showed an enhanced HGF binding capacity as well as a constant release of HGF as a result of heparin modification. When implanted subcutaneously in rats, the modified scaffolds revealed good biocompatibility with enzyme degradation resistance, mitigated immune response, and anti‐calcification. In conclusion, heparinized and HGF‐coated acellular porcine carotid arteries may be a promising biological scaffold for tissue‐engineered vascular grafts.
microRNA‐92b‐3p augments colon cancer development through inhibiting KLF3
Authors: Liu Xuezhong , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2023

Colon cancer (CC) is a tumor of the large intestine. miR‐92b‐3p is often deregulated in the tumorigensis. Here, the role of miR‐92b‐3p in the development of CC was investigated. miR‐92b‐3p and Kruppel‐like factor 3 (KLF3) expression was examined in CC tissues and cells. miR‐92b‐3p inhibitor or KLF3 overexpression vector was transfected into CC cells, respectively to observe its role in CC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. The targeting relationship between miR‐92b‐3p and KLF3 was validated. Meanwhile, rescue experiments were performed by co‐transfection of miR‐92b‐3p inhibitor and KLF3 siRNA, followed by determining CC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Higher miR‐92b‐3p and lower KLF3 expression levels were observed in CC tissues and cells. miR‐92b‐3p inhibition or KLF3 overexpression reduced proliferation, invasion, and migration whereas induced apoptosis of CC cells. KLF3 was validated to be the target gene of miR‐92b‐3p. Depletion of KLF3 could reverse the antitumor role of miR‐92b‐3p inhibition in CC cells. miR‐92b‐3p augments CC development through inhibiting KLF3, which may confers a novel way to develop future treatment target.
MYH16 upregulation is associated with lung adenocarcinoma aggressiveness and immune infiltration
Authors: Zhang Libin , Liu Jun , Wang Han , Xu Zheyuan , Wang Yang , Chen Yun , Peng Hao
Published: August 2023

Myosin heavy chain 16 (MYH16) may significantly affect cell cycle progression. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence about the clinical relevance of MYH16 upregulation in pan cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). MYH16 expression patterns were evaluated in various bioinformatics databases using The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. Clinical and pathological factor data were employed to risk‐stratify patients. The Kaplan–Meier plotter approach was used to estimate survival rates. Tumor immune infiltration was explored via the TIMER tool, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify the pathways involved in MYH16 upregulation. The results showed that MYH16 was abnormally upregulated in pan cancers, including LUAD. MYH16 expression induction in LUAD was found to be related to the tumor stage. Furthermore, MYH16 upregulation was correlated with LUAD development and worse overall survival, particularly in women. Notably, MYH16 overexpression in LUAD tissues corresponded to the amount of immune infiltration in the tumor. Additionally, univariate Cox hazard regression analysis revealed that MYH16 may be an independent prognostic indicator for LUAD. Furthermore, a nomogram was constructed according to MYH16 expression and clinical characteristics. BMP6 expression deficiency may be a key factor contributing to MYH16 upregulation in LUAD. Finally, GSEA demonstrated that MYH16 might mediate meiosis and gene silencing through RNA signaling pathways. This study, for the first time, showed that MYH16 upregulation in LUAD is associated with various risk factors, increased cancer aggressiveness, enhanced infiltration of tumor immune cells, and reduced survival rates.
Immunomodulatory effect of glabridin in ovalbumin induced allergic asthma and its comparison with methylprednisolone in a preclinical rodent model
Authors: Muhammad Hafsa , Salahuddin Zari , Akhtar Tasleem , Aftab Usman , Rafi Ali , Hussain Safdar , Shahzad Muhammad
Published: August 2023

Glabridin, a polyphenolic flavonoid derived fromGlycyrrhiza glabra(licorice) roots, has shown anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The current study sought to investigate glabridin's immunomodulatory effect in ovalbumin induced allergic asthma. Healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group I served as a control group. Asthma was induced in groups II– IV. Groups III and IV were treated with glabridin (40 mg/kg) and methylprednisolone (15 mg/kg), respectively. Inflammatory cells counts were determined in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum IgE levels and levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in lung homogenate were measured. The levels of mRNA expression of pro‐inflammatory, anti‐inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were analysed. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and acute toxicity of glabridin were also checked. Glabridin significantly decreased inflammatory cells in the blood and BALF. It increased the concentration of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Glabridin markedly decreased serum IgE levels and DTH when compared to asthmatic rats. It significantly alleviated the expression of TNF‐α, IL‐4, IL‐5, CXCL1, iNOS, and NF‐κB. Administering 10 times the therapeutic dose of glabridin did not show any signs of acute toxicity. Findings suggest that glabridin has the potential to ameliorate allergic asthma and its effects are comparable to those of methylprednisolone. The immunomodulatory effect of glabridin might be contributed by the suppression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, IgE antibodies, and elevation of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting future study and clinical trials to propose it as a candidate to treat allergic asthma.
Concerted versus stepwise proton transfer reactions in the [2, 2′‐bipyridyl]‐3‐3′‐diol molecule: A static and dynamic ab‐initio investigation
Authors: Briccolani‐Bandini Lorenzo , Brémond Eric , Pagliai Marco , Cardini Gianni , Ciofini Ilaria , Adamo Carlo
Published: August 2023

The double proton transfer (PT) reaction has been investigated in the [2,2′‐bipyridyl]‐3‐3′‐diol, a complex molecule where the proton movements is coupled to significant rearrangement of the electronic structure. Moreover, the reaction could be concerted, that is the two protons are exchanged simultaneously, or stepwise, where the two protons are transferred sequentially. To this end, a static exploration of the potential energy surface (PES) was carried together with the analysis of the free‐energy surface (FES), both surfaces being evaluated at density functional theory level and different exchange‐correlation functionals. While the concerted mechanism has been clearly discharged, the characteristics of the stepwise PT significantly depends on the chosen functionals, some suggesting a clear stepwise mechanism characterized by a stable reaction intermediates and two transitions states, whereas other approaches propend for a asynchronous PT, with a single TS. These features appear on both PES and FES, albeit some differences appears due to their different nature.
Optimization of extraction of bioactive compounds with antiproliferative activity from goji berry and assessment of kinetic models
Authors: Peixoto Fernanda Barroso , Raimundini Aranha Ana Caroline , Oliveira Defendi Rafael , Tonin Lilian Tatiani Dusman , Sipoli Caroline Casagrande , Fragoso Ágatha Giovanna , Düsman Elisângela , Suzuki Rúbia Michele
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

This work aims to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds with antiproliferative activity from goji berry (Lycium barbarum) and assess the extraction kinetic models. The extraction was performed by varying the proportion of ethanol/water solvent.

RESULTS

The antioxidant activity determination tests indicated a significant difference for the proportion of 60:40 ethanol/water. Conditions for the highest levels of antioxidant activity were 45 °C and 6.71 min for ultrasound and 45 °C and 23.30 h for shaker.

CONCLUSION

The quantification of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and anthocyanins showed that the ultrasound method led to the highest concentrations of these compounds. The extraction kinetics was evaluated, and the So and MacDonald's and second‐order models showed the best fit, with a global maximum deviation lower than 10.0%. High concentrations of extracts produced showed cytotoxic effects for human hepatoma cells by the MTT test. The extract produced by ultrasound reached a cell viability of 37.71%. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Folic acid supplementation improved cognitive deficits associated with lithium administration during pregnancy in rat offspring
Authors: Kakhki Samaneh , Goodarzi Mehrnoush , Abbaszade‐Cheragheali Ali , Rajabi Mojgan , Masoumipour Amir Hossein , Khatibi Seyed Reza , Beheshti Farimah
Published: August 2023

Introduction

The present study aimed to analyse both neurobehavioural and biochemical results of neonates born of mothers exposed to different doses of lithium along with the groups that received lithium at the highest dose with folic acid as a preventive treatment.

Materials and methods

Male and female rats were mated in separate cages, and pregnant rats were divided into eight first group as (1) vehicle; (2) propylthiouracil (PTU)‐induced hypothyroidism; (3–4) received two different doses of lithium carbonate (15 and 30 mg/kg); (5–7) the highest doses of lithium (30 mg/kg) plus three different doses of folic acid (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg); and (8) received just folic acid (15 mg/kg). All treatments were dissolved in drinking water and continued until delivery, followed by returning to a regular diet without treatment.

Results

Lithium (30 mg/kg) disrupts both behavioural and biochemical markers, including TSH, T3 and T4 as measuring indicators to assess thyroid function, IL‐10 and TNF‐α as anti‐inflammatory and inflammatory agents, respectively, malondialdehyde as an oxidative stress marker, alongside SOD, and catalase activity as antioxidant indicators. Besides, folic acid, almost at the highest dose (15 mg/kg), attenuated memory impairement and anxiety‐like behaviour caused by lithium. Moreover, the groups treated with folic acid alone in comparison with vehicles demonstrated higher levels of antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory indicators.

Conclusion

According to the results, prenatal exposure to a high dose of lithium (30 mg/kg) leads to foetal neurodevelopmental disorder and growth restriction through various mechanisms more likely attributed to hypothyroidism, which means it should be either prohibited or prescribed cautiously during pregnancy.
Children's engineering identities‐in‐practice: An exploration of child–adult interactions in an out‐of‐school context
Authors: Simpson Amber , Knox Peter N. , Yang Jing
Published: August 2023

Background

Research points to family talk and interactions involving STEM concepts as one of the most influential informal learning experiences that shape an individual's STEM identity development and encourage their pursuit of a STEM career. However, a recent literature review uncovers limited research regarding the development of engineering identity in young children.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to add to this scant literature by exploring how children position themselves as engineers and how children are positioned as engineers through interactions with parents and other adults within a program focused on family engagement within an engineering design process.

Methods

This study includes two parent–child dyads. We collected and analyzed approximately 19.5 h of video data of the two child–parent dyads interacting with one another throughout an engineering design process as part of an out‐of‐school program.

Results

Results highlight three ways in which the two children enacted various engineering identities through their positioning, negotiation, and acceptance and/or rejection of positionalities as they engaged in an engineering design process with a parent. These identity enactments included (a) possessing knowledge and authority to make decisions regarding the development of their self‐identified engineering problem and prototype; (b) questioning and challenging adult ideas, solutions, and construction of prototypes; and (c) documenting and communicating their thinking regarding the engineering design through sketches and notes.

Conclusions

The significance of this study lies in its potential to change the landscape of those who pursue an engineering career and to contribute to the limited research and ongoing conversations about how to foster environments that support families in creative and collaborative learning specific to the engineering discipline.
Are patients with eosinophilic esophagitis treated at an academic hospital comparable to a patient from a population‐based cohort? Not in Denmark
Authors: Melgaard Dorte , Andersen Inger B , Frandsen Line T , Mortensen Christian , Hansen Line E M , Krarup Anne L
Published: August 2023

Background and Aim

Little are known about differences in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients in the general population compared with patients treated at academic hospitals. This might affect the generalizability of study results. The aims of the study were to compare clinical features, and complications of EoE between patients from a population‐based cohort (DanEoE) and patients from an academic hospital cohort in Copenhagen (EoE‐Cph).

Methods

The DanEoE cohort is a population‐ and register‐based cohort including all 236 adult EoE patients diagnosed in the North Denmark Region in 2007–2017 previously described in detail. The new EoE‐Cph cohort consists of 245 consecutively referred adult patients to a dedicated EoE center in an Academic Hospital in the Danish capital in 2013–2020. Data were collected from medical registries and medical files.

Results

Patients in the academic cohort were at symptom debut 12 (SD 16) years younger (P = 0.001). At the time of diagnosis they were 5.4 (SD 15) years younger (P < 0.001). Where Gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GORD) was present in one‐third of the population‐based cohort, this was only observed in 14% of the EoE‐Cph group (P < 0.05). Food bolus obstruction before diagnosis was 24% less common in the EoE‐Cph patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Results indicated that EoE patients referred to a Danish EoE center is a selected subgroup with disease debut at a younger age, less comorbid GORD, and rarely food bolus obstruction before diagnosis. This suggests that study results from academic hospitals might not have generalizability to the average EoE patient in a population.
An eco‐efficient new path of mortar pestle grinding approach for the construction of methanol and ethylthio substituted pyridines with in silico studies
Authors: Edapu Harish Kumar , Boodida Sathyanarayana , Pagadala Ramakanth , Damera Thirupathi
Published: August 2023

A green and highly regioselective approach for the synthesis of poly‐substituted new pyridine derivatives via the Knoevenagel condensation followed by the Michael addition. The reaction involves intramolecular cyclization of easily obtainable reactants under environmentally and economically benign mortar pestle grinding technique. This method clearly proves that spatially hindered aldehydes also actively contribute to the construction of the desired pyridine derivatives with good yield (85%–96%) in about 30–40 min. This new avenue offers a number of benefits over earlier reaction approaches such as lengthy work‐up‐processes, operational difficulties and lower yields. This mortar pestle grinding technique is familiar for environmental and economical benign protocols. The druggability properties of synthesized compounds assessed using in silico studies.
Interstitial lung disease and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in CADDS: Phenotypic expansion and literature review
Authors: Heath Oliver , Pandithan Dinusha , Pitt James , Savva Elena , Raiti Laura , Bracken Jenny , Vandeleur Moya , Delatycki Martin B. , Yaplito‐Lee Joy , Hardikar Winita , Halligan Rebecca
Published: August 2023

Contiguous ABCD1/ DXS1357E deletion syndrome (CADDS) is a rare deletion syndrome involving two contiguous genes on Xq28, ABCD1 and BCAP31 (formerly known as DXS1357E). Only nine individuals with this diagnosis have been reported in the medical literature to date. Intragenic loss‐of‐function variants in BCAP31 cause the deafness, dystonia, and cerebral hypomyelination syndrome (DDCH). Isolated pathogenic intragenic variants in ABCD1 are associated with the most common peroxisomal disorder, X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD), a single transporter deficiency, which in its more severe cerebral form is characterised by childhood‐onset neurodegeneration and high levels of very‐long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFA). While increased VLCFA levels also feature in CADDS, the few patients described to date all presented as neonates with a severe phenotype. Here we report a tenth individual with CADDS, a male infant with dysmorphic facial features who was diagnosed through ultra‐rapid whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the setting of persistent cholestatic liver disease, sensorineural hearing loss, hypotonia and growth failure and developmental delay. Biochemical studies showed elevated VLCFA and mildly reduced plasmalogens. He died at 7 months having developed pancreatic exocrine deficiency and interstitial lung disease, two features we propose to be possible extensions to the CADDS phenotype. We also review the genetic, phenotypic, and biochemical features in previously reported individuals with CADDS.
Ontogenetic changes in southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) fur morphology
Authors: Riordan Kate , Dean Annika E. , Adema Payton , Thometz Nicole M. , Batac Francesca I. , Liwanag Heather E. M.
Published: August 2023

Many animals exhibit morphological changes across ontogeny associated with adaptations to their environment. Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have the densest fur of any animal, which is composed of guard hairs, intermediate hairs, and underhairs. Sea otters live in cold water environments, and their fur traps a layer of air to remain properly insulated, due to morphological adaptations that allow the hairs to trap air when submerged. When a sea otter is born, it has a natal pelage which it will eventually molt and replace with a pelt resembling the adult pelage. Past studies have investigated the morphology and hair density of adult sea otter fur, but these characteristics have not been measured for other age classes, including for the natal pelage. This study quantified ontogenetic changes in hair morphology of southern sea otter (E. lutris nereis) pelts. We measured guard hair length and circularity, shape of cuticular scales on guard hairs and underhairs, and overall hair density for sea otter pelts across six age classes: neonate (<1 month), small pup (1–2 months), large pup (3–5 months), juvenile (6 months–1 year), subadult (1–3 years), and adult (4–9 years). Neonate and small pup pelts had significantly longer guard hairs than older age classes. Natal pelage guard hairs were similarly shaped but smaller in diameter than adult guard hairs. Hairs of the natal pelage had similar cuticular scale patterns as adult hairs, indicating the importance of this structure for the function of the fur. Natal pelage had a lower hair density than the pelage of older age classes, with the adult pelage exhibiting the highest hair density. Overall, the morphological differences between natal and adult pelage in sea otters suggest functional differences that may make sea otter pups more vulnerable to heat loss.
Asymmetry in previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes, ultrastructure of follicular cells and egg envelope in the pigmented sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus L. 1758 (Chondrostei, Acipenseriformes)
Authors: Żelazowska Monika , Pšenička Martin
Published: August 2023

Ovarian follicles of sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus) are composed of a single oocyte surrounded by follicular cells (FCs), basal lamina, and thecal cells. Previtellogenic oocytes are polarized. Homogeneous ooplasm (contains ribosomes) and granular ooplasm (comprises nuage aggregations of nuclear origin, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi complexes, ribosomes, and mitochondria) are distinguished. Granular ooplasm is initially located near the nucleus, contacts the plasma membrane of the oocyte (oolemma) and forms a thin layer underneath its entire perimeter. Next, a ring that surrounds the nucleus is formed and sends strands directed toward the oolemma. The lipid body composed of lipid droplets forms adjacent to this ring. Later, the granular ooplasm and strands enlarge toward the oolemma, lipid body disperses, and homogeneous ooplasm is no longer present. A thin cortical ooplasm is formed underneath the oolemma and does not contain any organelles. The oocyte nucleus moves to the center. The nucleoplasm contains lampbrush chromosomes, nuclear bodies, and multiple nucleoli. Early vitellogenic oocytes are polarized, too. Three regions in the ooplasm are distinguished: the perinuclear (contains lipid droplets near the nuclear envelope), the endoplasm (contains yolk platelets and lipid droplets), and the periplasm (contains yolk spheres, pigment granules, and microtubules). In all these regions the RER, Golgi complexes, nuage, and mitochondria are present. Micropinocytotic vesicles, Golgi vesicles and precursors of the internal layer of the egg envelope are in the cortical ooplasm. Some FCs delaminate from the follicular epithelium, degenerate and vesicles are released into the perioocytic space. They may contain precursors of egg envelope and may be involved in “cell–cell” communication. The egg envelope (zona radiata, zona pellucida) is made up of three layers: the vitelline envelope (inner layer), the middle layer, and the outer layer. In its deposition, both the oocyte and FCs are engaged.
Reproducibility and Sensitivity of Resting‐State fMRI in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Using Cross Validation‐Based Data Censoring
Authors: Mekbib Destaw Bayabil , Cai Miao , Wu Dan , Dai Weiying , Liu Xiaoli , Zhao Li
Published: August 2023

Background

Uncontrollable body movements are typical symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), which results in inconsistent findings regarding resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) networks, especially for group difference clusters. Systematically identifying the motion‐associated data was highly demanded.

Purpose

To determine data censoring criteria using a quantitative cross validation‐based data censoring (CVDC) method and to improve the detection of rsFC deficits in PD.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Forty‐one PD patients (68.63 ± 9.17 years, 44% female) and 20 healthy controls (66.83 ± 12.94 years, 55% female).

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T, T1‐weighted gradient echo and EPI sequences.

Assessment

Clusters with significant differences between groups were found in three visual networks, default network, and right sensorimotor network. Five‐fold cross‐validation tests were performed using multiple motion exclusion criteria, and the selected criteria were determined based on cluster sizes, significance values, and Dice coefficients among the cross‐validation tests. As a reference method, whole brain rsFC comparisons between groups were analyzed using a FMRIB Software Library (FSL) pipeline with default settings.

Statistical Tests

Group difference clusters were calculated using nonparametric permutation statistics of FSL‐randomize. The family‐wise error was corrected. Demographic information was evaluated using independent sample t‐tests and Pearson's Chi‐squared tests. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

With the FSL processing pipeline, the mean Dice coefficient of the network clusters was 0.411, indicating a low reproducibility. With the proposed CVDC method, motion exclusion criteria were determined as frame‐wise displacement >0.55 mm. Group‐difference clusters showed a mean P‐value of 0.01 and a 72% higher mean Dice coefficient compared to the FSL pipeline. Furthermore, the CVDC method was capable of detecting subtle rsFC deficits in the medial sensorimotor network and auditory network that were unobservable using the conventional pipeline.

Data Conclusion

The CVDC method may provide superior sensitivity and improved reproducibility for detecting rsFC deficits in PD.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Quadriceps and gluteus medius activity during stable and unstable loading exercises in athletes. A cross‐sectional study
Authors: López‐de‐Celis Carlos , Sánchez‐Alfonso Núria , Rodríguez‐Sanz Jacobo , Romaní‐Sánchez Sergi , Labata‐Lezaun Noé , Canet‐Vintró Max , Aiguadé Ramon , Pérez‐Bellmunt Albert
Published: August 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the muscle activation of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and gluteus medius during different strength and stability exercises with a water tank compared with a sandbag. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in the Functional Anatomy Laboratory, and the sample consisted of 28 athletes. The main outcome measures were surface electromyography (dependent variable), water tank and sandbag, and exercise type (independent variables): Isometric Single Leg Stance (ISLS), One Leg Deadlift (OLDL), Front Rack Forward Lunge (FRFL), and Lateral Lunge (LL). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant Group × Time interaction in gluteus medius root mean square (RMS) (F = 14.198, p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.35), vastus lateralis RMS (F = 24.374, p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.47), and vastus medialis RMS (F = 27.261, p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.50). In the between‐group analysis, statistically significant differences were observed in gluteus medius RMS in the ISLS: 28.5 ± 15.8 water tank and 20.8 ± 12.6 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.08) and OLDL: 29.7 ± 13.3 water tank and 26.5 ± 13.1 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.01). In vastus lateralis in ISLS: 30.4 ± 37.6 water tank and 19.0 ± 26.7 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.03). In vastus medialis in ISLS: 14.2 ± 13.0 water tank and 7.0 ± 5.6 sandbag (p < 0.001, ŋ2 = 0.12), OLDL: 21.5 ± 16.9 water tank and 15.5 ± 10.7 sandbag (p = 0.002, ŋ2 = 0.04), and LL: 51.8 ± 29.6 water tank and 54.3 ± 29.3 sandbag (p = 0.017, ŋ2 = 0.00). These results confirm significantly greater activation of the gluteus medius and vastus medialis in the ISLS and OLDL exercises, and of the vastus lateralis in the water tank ISLS exercise. However, the vastus medialis shows greater activation in the LL exercise.
The biointegration profile of fiber‐reinforced plates following tibial implantation in sheep
Authors: Jackson Nicolette D. , Nyska Abraham , Palmanovich Ezequiel , Nyska Meir
Published: August 2023

Biointegrative, mineral fiber‐reinforced bone fixation implants recently introduced in orthopedic surgery have expanded available treatment options for fractures and bone deformities. This new technology aims to address the disadvantages of permanent metallic implants while overcoming inherent concerns of adverse inflammatory reactions when using polymer‐based orthopedic implants. The purpose of this double‐arm preclinical study was to evaluate the safety, biocompatibility, and biointegration of fiber‐reinforced plates, following implantation on the tibias of eight sheep. Left tibias underwent periosteal elevation, allowing for implant attachment directly onto the cortical surface; right tibia plates were implanted over intact periosteum. Microcomputed tomography and histopathology were performed at 13, 26, 52, 78, 104, and 134 weeks postimplantation. All animals were evaluated clinically at each time point, with no evidence of local adverse reactions. Histopathology demonstrated anti‐inflammatory M2‐like macrophages and multinucleated giant cells corresponding to implant bioabsorption, similar for both groups at each time point, and indicating expected implant biocompatibility. Inflammatory cells (i.e., eosinophils, lymphophyctes, plasma cells, and M1‐like macrophages) were absent throughout the study. The bioabsorption process had started at 13 W, with the highest rate at 52–78 W. At 104 W, only residual polymer material was left (∼5% of implant area). Low amounts of mineral fibers were evident at 78 W and were absent (fully remodeled) by 104 W. At 134 W, implants at both sites were fully bioabsorbed. In conclusion, these new fiber‐reinforced implants demonstrated bone remodeling and complete biointegration, with no adverse tissue response. Clinical significance: In this double‐arm, 2.5‐year study, a biointegrative, fiber‐reinforced plate implanted on the tibias of sheep was fully absorbed within 134 weeks, with no adverse tissue reaction. Bioabsorption was similar, with or without periosteal elevation, mimicking conditions like those observed in traumatic injuries disrupting the periosteum, open reduction and internal fixation, or minimally invasive surgeries. These results demonstrate the feasibility, versatility, and safety of this new class of biointegrative bone implants. This newly developed technology avoids the complications of the removal of metal implants.
The functional role of earthworm mucus during aggregation
Authors: Guhra Tom , Wonneberger Arnold , Stolze Katharina , Ritschel Thomas , Totsche Kai Uwe
Published: August 2023

Background

Soil organisms influence pedogenesis on a molecular level through the production of biopolymers which interact with soil minerals depending on their molecular properties. Specifically, biopolymers impact structure formation by inhibiting aggregation as a separation agent or promoting aggregation as a bridging agent. Mucus is a biopolymer excreted by earthworms that consists mainly of proteins, polysaccharides, and, to a lesser extent, lipids. However, despite earthworms’ fundamental contribution to soil quality and structuring via bioturbation, the role of mucus in aggregation still has to be unraveled.

Aims

Our study explores the role of cutaneous earthworm mucus (CEM) of Lumbricus terrestris L. for the formation of organo–mineral associations and aggregates, a sub‐process of pedogenesis.

Methods

We conducted batch experiments with goethite and CEM at different pH values and varying CEM concentrations to form mucus–goethite associations. Employing the newly formed mucus–goethite associations, we explored the (homo‐/hetero‐)aggregation with quartz particles as a function of the loading of surfaces with mucus‐C and CEM concentrations in solution.

Results

Our results suggest that the molecular structure of CEM constituents (especially proteins) is sensitive to pH. We found that the adsorption of CEM to goethite depends on pH and concentration. Polysaccharides of CEM adsorbed preferentially under acidic conditions (pH 3) and at low CEM concentration (6 mg mucus‐C L–1). In contrast, stronger adsorption of proteins was observed at higher CEM concentrations (30 mg mucus‐C L–1). In subsequent aggregation experiments, the hetero‐aggregation rate of organo–mineral associations and quartz decreased at low C‐loadings. Conversely, the rate increased at high loadings compared to the CEM‐free reference. Furthermore, electrostatic/steric repulsion (separation agent) inhibited the aggregation between goethite particles at high CEM concentrations in the solution (mineral/mucus ratio of 17). However, at a low CEM supply (mineral/mucus ratio of >83), CEM took the role of a bridging agent.

Conclusions

The composition, function, and (im‐)mobilization of CEM and corresponding organo–mineral associations in earthworm‐influenced soil structures are shaped by the structure/reactivity of CEM affected by environmental parameters. Formation and aggregation of mucus–mineral associations contribute to nutrient/carbon storage and are involved in the structure formation in soil.
Reviewing the body size of some extinct Brazilian Quaternary Xenarthrans
Authors: Barbosa FERNANDO H. DE S. , Alves‐Silva Laís , Liparini Alexandre , Porpino Kleberson De Oliveira
Published: August 2023

Here we estimate the body mass of 10 iconic species of extinct xenarthrans (cingulates and sloths) from the Quaternary of Brazil using two sets of predictive equations based on postcranial variables. Our results revealed that one of these methods is more reliable in estimating the body mass of the evaluated taxa, even though both methods provide accurate results. The body mass estimates for cingulates indicate that they would have been heavier than previously proposed. Among extinct sloths, the results appear to be within the range of previous estimates. Compared to previously proposed body mass estimates for the same species, we suggest that the results presented in this study are more robust due to using predictive equations with high predictive power and developed using a broader phylogenetic dataset, including extant relatives.
Herbivore enamel carbon and oxygen isotopes demonstrate both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals exploited similar habitats in the Zagros Mountains
Authors: Ecker Michaela , Hariri Nemat , Heydari‐Guran Saman , Ghasidian Elham , Tuross Noreen , Zeder Melinda , Makarewicz Cheryl A.
Published: August 2023

The extinction of Neanderthal populations has been attributed to the onset of cold and dry climatic conditions during Marine Isotope Stage 3 or their competition with anatomically modern humans for large game resources. However, decoupling climate from competition has long proved difficult. Loess sequences and pollen cores provide regional‐scale environmental information but are less well‐suited to providing local‐scale habitat information contemporaneous with hominin habitation of occupation sites. The relationship between climate and resource availability is particularly unknown in the Zagros mountain range where archaeological evidence for both Neanderthals and Homo sapiens occupation is documented. Here, we analyse carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) stable isotopes measured from herbivore tooth enamel carbonates recovered from the Neanderthal and modern human occupation sites of Bawa Yawan Rockshelter and Shanidar Cave to trace local‐scale floral biome dynamics and climate conditions that influence the distribution and availability of large prey targeted by both hominin species. Shared isotopic composition of herbivorous fauna, largely represented by wild goats, from both sites spanning Neanderthal and Homo sapiens occupation indicate both hominin species exploited similar habitats during climatically similar phases.
Structure–activity relationship on selective antibacterial activity of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Tanaka Mayu , Kurose Mina , Yano Shigekazu , Tanaka Seiya , Gotoh Naohiro , Nonomura Yoshimune
Published: August 2023

The antibacterial activity of surfactants is an important factor to consider for improving skin conditions in cosmetic and skin care products. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of 16 nonionic surfactants containing ethylene oxide, ester, and ether functional groups against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). 12:0 MG ester and 6–12 diol, which showed antibacterial activity against both Staphylococci, had compact hydrophilic groups with low polarity. In contrast, 12:0 PEG‐10 ester and 12:0 Sor ester, which showed antibacterial activity only against S. aureus, had large hydrophilic groups and high polarity. These results suggest that the hydrophilicity and polarity of the surfactant may be involved in its antibacterial behavior against Staphylococci. These findings will be useful in the design of surfactant molecules and in the development of cosmetics and body cleansers that exhibit antibacterial activity only against S. aureus.
Exploring membrane vesicles in citrus fruits: a comparative analysis of conventional and organic farming approaches
Authors: Olmos‐Ruiz Rafael , Garcia‐Gomez Pablo , Carvajal Micaela , Yepes‐Molina Lucia
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Recently, vesicles derived from plant cell membranes have received attention for their potential use as active biomolecules and nanocarriers, and obtaining them from organic crops may be an interesting option because different farming systems can affect production, plant secondary metabolism and biochemistry of cell membranes. The present study aimed to determine how organic and conventional farming affects the mineral nutrition, gas exchange, CO2 fixation and biochemical composition of lemon fruits, which could have an impact on the different fractions of cell membranes in pulp and juice.

RESULTS

Organic trees had higher intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) but conventional trees had higher stomatal conductance (gs) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUtE). Also, organic lemons had significantly higher levels of some micronutrients (Ca, Cu, Fe and Zn). Second, the main differences in the membrane vesicles showed that organic pulp vesicles had a higher antioxidant activity and more oleic acid, whereas both types of vesicles from conventional lemons had more linoleic acid.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, organic farming did not alter carbon fixation parameters but impacted nitrogen fixation and water uptake, and resulted in higher micronutrient levels in lemons. These mineral nutritional changes could be related to the higher production of membranes that showed suitable morphological traits and a high antioxidant activity, positively correlated with a high amount of oleic acid, which could have stronger cell protection characteristics. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.