bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
從《黃帝內經》看健康的中國概念
Authors: LI Zhenliang , MA Qiang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.健康是人的一種生存狀態，也是一個歷史和文化的概念。古老的東方醫學名著《黃帝內經》從天人合一的哲學觀念出發，把人的健康定義為：形與神俱，氣脈常通；形體不敝，精神不散；陰平陽秘，精神乃至。同時認為健康是一個個體化和動態的概念，因人的身份地位、年齡長幼和地理環境不同而有所差別。對於保持和追求健康的手段，強調人應當順應大自然的法則，包括人之常“平”、“法”於陰陽、“和”於術數、飲食有“節”、起居有“常”、“不妄”作勞、虛邪賊風“避”之有時以及精神“內守”等。與WHO 的健康概念相比，《黃帝內經》的健康概念更為生動和具體，且具有普遍的文化價值。Health is fundamental to the human condition. The concept of health is culture-dependent and historically developed in each culture. The Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine) is an ancient Chinese masterpiece about human health and medical treatment. Based on the classical Chinese view of the unity of heaven and man, the Huangdi Neijing understands health as somatic and spiritual harmony: it emphasizes the smooth fluxing of the qi essence, the well-structured body, the fullness of vitality, and the equilibrium of yin and yang. In addition, health is an individual and dynamic concept, according to which the degree of one’s health depends on social standing, status, age, and geographic environment. To maintain and pursue health, humans must comply with the laws of nature, such as by staying emotionally calm, seeking the balance of yin and yang, controlling the diet, regulating living schedules, avoiding overwork, preventing evil factors, and pursuing internal spiritual orientation. These ideas of health are in many ways consistent with, and even comparable to, the holistic definition of health provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, they are characteristic of a particular Chinese culture, providing a more vivid and concrete account of health than the more general view of the WHO.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1757 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“換頭術”的迷思: 儒家生命倫理學的視角
Authors: QIU Chuyuan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.異體頭身重建手術已被提上臨床醫學議程，引起了倫理學和醫學界的廣泛關注。從儒家生命倫理的角度探討“換頭術”，能夠避免陷入西方傳統對弗蘭肯斯坦式“造人”的本能厭惡，也能夠提供不同於技術理性和個人主義的儒家視角。在“生生原則”的導引下，以對人類生命的尊重為第一原則，將身心看作交互關聯的整體，將自我放在家族血脈的代際傳遞中考量個體選擇，是儒家生命倫理學對“換頭術”引發的倫理爭議所作出的可能回應。Head transplant surgery has aroused extensive concerns in the field of biomedical ethics since it was put on the clinical medicine agenda a few years ago. This paper shows that analyzing the ethical controversy over head transplant surgery from the perspective of Confucianism not only helps to avoid the intuitive disgust at “Frankenstein” medical action from a Western tradition, but also provides an innovative perspective different from the instrumentalist rationality and individualism that prevails in Western thought. Under the guidance of the Confucian Principle of Life, people must respect the lives of others and should regard the body and mind as comprising an integrated life. From the Confucian viewpoint, the self is part of the transmission of family generations, which means that one should consider the place the self in one’s family network when making ethical decisions. As stated previously, these cultural and intellectual Confucian views constitute a useful framework through which Confucian bioethics can respond to the ethical controversy generated by head transplant surgery.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 263 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
再論瀕死經驗的可信性——探索一些常見的質疑
Authors: KWAN Kai Man
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.筆者在2016 年撰文探討瀕死經驗 (Near-death Experience-NDE) 的可信性，指出還沒有充分證據支持「醫學科學或心理學的理論能充分和全面解釋NDE 的現象」這觀點，我也認為「NDE 的存在是不能抹殺的，而且NDE 似乎提供了某程度證據顯示，心靈的存在能獨立於身體存在，所以死後生命的可能性是不能輕率否定的。」但我從未說過我能絕對證明NDE 的可信性，也肯定「學術的爭辯還會繼續，更多的研究也須進行」。劉彥方與冼偉林對我作出回應，且基本上採取批判的態度，及偏向懷疑瀕死經驗的可信性。我在此文對他們作出回應，一方面指出他們對我的一些誤解，另一方面繼續探討他們對瀕死經驗的質疑，例如瀕死經驗個案的可靠性、對瀕死經驗的科學解釋以及一些方法論問題等等。我再次重申，我並沒有宣稱我能絕對證明NDE 的可信性，但認為「相信最少有一些NDE 是可靠的」，是一個合理的信念(reasonable belief) ，而劉彥方與冼偉林的批判，並未能推翻這點。The author argued for the credibility of at least some near-death experiences (NDEs) in a previous paper (Kwan 2016), pointing out the lack of sufficient evidence to support the claim that physiological or psychological theories had already fully explained the entire NDE phenomenon. The author proposes that we should not dismiss the existence of NDEs, and states that they seem to offer some support for the ability of the soul to exist independently of the body. Thus, we should not dismiss the possibility of life after death. However, the author has never claimed that he can absolutely demonstrate the veridicality of NDE, and he has explicitly stated that the academic debate will continue and more research should be conducted.In their previous writings, Dr. Joe Lau and Dr. William Sin doubted the credibility of NDEs.In this paper, the author responds to their criticisms, clarifying some of their misunderstandings and further exploring their doubts about NDE, such as the reliability of NDE reports, the scientific explanations of NDE, and some methodological issues.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 177 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
大腦移植對於道德責任歸屬的挑戰: 人格同一性判準的反思
Authors: CHOU Wanling
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.當今社會， 作為治療方式的器官移植手術(organ transplantation)已經相當普遍。然而，如果大腦作為器官的一種，並且在技術上成為可能，那麼我們如何透過大腦的提供者和接收者的關係去界定人格同一性的問題？我們又如何在傳統的同一性的概念上去解釋道德責任的歸屬呢？本文主要探討大腦移植手術對於人格同一性判準的挑戰與可能的回應。筆者認為，西方傳統以來在探討關於人格同一性的概念時，多從生物層次的個體以及心理層次的自我來思考問題，並沒有跳脫個人的視角。文章試圖從儒家思想對人格同一性問題，探討跳脫西方既有的將人化約的思維脈絡來重新思考人格同一性判準。Organ transplantation is now accepted as a common medical treatment. However, the potential for the transplantation of the brain, like any other organ, to become technically feasible gives rise to a series of ethical issues. This essay focuses on the challenges to the criteria for personal identity created by medical technology. Does transplantation preserve the integrity of personal identity? If not, how can we define moral accountability? The essay attempts to show that the traditional definition of personal identity in the West is both biologically and psychologically reductive, as it fails to deal with the issue of the preservation of personal identity in the case of brain transplants. The author argues for an alternative way (via the Confucian understanding of the person and relationality, for example) of responding to the new ethical challenges associated with brain transplantation.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 301 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
前言: 同性婚姻問題: 支持倫理討論
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese同性婚姻是否應當合法化？這不僅是一個法律問題，也是一個倫理問題。不幸的是，倫理討論似乎不受待見，持有不同觀點的學者們樂得三緘其口。本刊本期所登載的三篇主題論文及十五篇回應論文生動顯示，倫理討論富有學術成效，其實大有可為。本刊能夠成功組織這一專題專期，首先需要向積極參與的三位元主題論文作者及十五位評論作者，表示衷心感謝！DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1091 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
關係契約視野下的婚姻家庭
Authors: HAN Dan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.According to relational contract theory, the parties in a marriage and family should not only respect the independence and autonomy of the parties, but also shape the unity of the parties. This constitutes a paradox of modern marriage and family. Contractual intimacy can be expressed in many forms, and can even be expressed freely without form. However, the phenomena of marriage and family life are by no means merely contracts of relations; they are just as much about ideas as about facts.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 69 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
一陰一陽之謂道——評“儒家會如何看待同性婚姻的合法化？”
Authors: HUANG Qixiang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Attitudes towards homosexuality in Western societies, from eliminating it to the legalization of same-sex marriage, can be described as moving from one extreme to another. In contrast, the Confucian attitude, which tolerates but does not encourage homosexuality, is preferable. The legalization of same-sex marriage belongs to the category of social construction. The different social factors in different countries determine their different attitudes toward same-sex marriage. Heterosexual marriage is the most natural marriage and is in line with human nature.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 150 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
同性婚姻合法化的社會影響
Authors: CAI Xiangyuan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.From the perspective of the difference between Chinese and Western philosophy, Professor Zhang Xianglong demonstrates that Confucianism’s attitude towards same-sex marriage is different from that of liberalism and the Christian tradition. The analysis in this article is deep and inspiring. However, in terms of the social problems that may be caused by the legalization of same-sex marriage, I think the author’s arguments need to be further discussed. In fact, the legalization of same-sex marriage would not have as serious an effect on the marriage system, familial feelings and social ethos as he has supposed.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 721 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家和同性婚姻
Authors: LI Yong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Fang Xudong argues that there are no successful arguments against same-sex marriage but that Confucianism does not prefer same-sex marriage. In particular, Fang objects to the slippery-slope argument against same-sex marriage, arguing that it is not successful. This commentary contends that the slippery-slope argument cannot be defeated based on the idea of equal marriage rights. I argue that Fang’s reasoning for the Confucian preference to avoid same-sex marriage, based on the importance of natural conception and natural birth, is not valid. Furthermore, I argue that the idea of heterosexual union might not be essential for Confucian key doctrines.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 130 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
前言: 人工智能與未來醫學: 超越技術主義
Authors: WANG Jue , FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The essays in this issue indicate that in reflecting on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, society should go beyond the technical level. While it is important to determine both the benefits and the risks of AI systems for health care, it is also necessary to go deeper by exploring how technology frames human lives. Only in this way can we move beyond the trap of technologicalism, which holds not only that science and technology are the main driving forces in our lives, but also that humans should follow these forces and adjust their values and views accordingly. The essays in this issue suggest that humans should instead rely on their full set of values (which are not and should never be determined by technology) to determine and regulate the use of AI in medicine. This mission requires profound philosophical and ethical reflection.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 76 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
跨越ＡＩ醫生與病人之間的意義鴻溝——評＜在ＡＩ醫生和病人之間——人工智能診斷技術的內在邏輯及其對病人主體性建構的影響＞
Authors: LI Chao
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.There is a gap in meaning between the AI physician and patient, relating to the generation of meaning and the construction of personality. Bridging this gap in meaning has become an unavoidable problem when rethinking the application of AI technology in the medical field. Only when the construction of patients’ subjectivity turns from practical to ethical thought can we fully demonstrate the core of physician–patient interaction; that is, the generation of meaning and the construction of personality. Only then, facing the life world itself, starting with ethics, relationships, emotions, etc., can we connect the AI physician with the patient. The replacement of human physicians by AI physicians is neither technologically inevitable nor philosophically viable. Both technology and philosophy have the possibility of a logical turn.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 31 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
評論＜人工智能醫學應用的前景與風險＞一文中“責任歸咎”的疑慮與可能的因應
Authors: CHOU Wanling
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The ultimate result of AI medicine may be the birth of "Dr. Super AI." Dr. Super AI would not only supplement medical care, but also acquire a level of autonomy. Its capacity for reason would be much greater than that of most human doctors, but it would not possess certain intrinsic characteristics of human beings, so it would fall somewhere between "machine" and "human." This raises an important question: if such an agent makes mistakes, who or what is responsible? This paper argues that this "responsibility gap" is not insurmountable. If the types of mistakes made by Dr. Super AI can be distinguished, we can find the corresponding object of responsibility. This is a viable countermeasure, at least until AI robots have developed human emotions and moral awareness.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 28 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
前言: Covid-19疫情的倫理反思
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese自去年12月以來在全球爆發的Covid-19疫情，已經徹底改變了世界的格局和走向。疫情不僅打亂了普通人的生活節奏，也給整個世界帶來了不確定的因素。我們看到，突飛猛進的科學技術沒有改變人類面對突發瘟疫時的脆弱與無助。與此同時，如何看待公共疫情和公共衛生，再次成為人們關注的重點。本期就中國這次面對疫情所引發的種種醫學和生命倫理學議題進行分析與探究。文章作者來自中國內地、香港和台灣，他們從不同的角度，對此次疫情所引發的倫理問題提出自己的意見。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 42 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
如何平衡治理效率與隱私保護？中國和新加坡新冠病毒接觸者追蹤應用程式隱私政策的文本分析
Authors: XIONG Bian , LIN Fen
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.新冠病毒疫情催生了以中國的“健康碼”和新加坡的“TraceTogether”為代表的接觸者追蹤應用程式在全球的應用和擴散。如何利用人工智慧科技，在資料治理中平衡效率與隱私倫理的闢係，成為使用數位追蹤工具進行疫情治理的國家共同面對的難題。兩國法律都規定，在收集個人資訊前必須向個人資訊主體明確告知所收集的個人資訊類型、使用個人資訊的規則，並獲得個人資訊主體的授權同意。本文通過對“健康碼”和“TraceTogether”隱私政策的對比分析發現，在應用 上，中國健康碼的使用有效幫助防控疫情，但是收集的個人資訊範園廣、處理目的多、存儲時間不明確、隱私政策内容較含糊、知情同意流於形式。新加坡的“TraceTogether”則更好地遵守了資訊收集最少夠用、資訊處理目的限定、資訊存儲時間最小化、隱私政策公開透明、知情同意等原則。中國和新加坡兩種利用資料抗疫的糢式表明，風險社會裡的資料治理需要進一步調和公共利益與個人權利，平衡治理效率和資料倫理的邊界。The COVID-19 pandemic has spawned the spread of contact-tracing applications such as China's “Health Code” and Singapore’s “TraceTogether.” Balancing efficiency and privacy ethics in data governance has become a common problem faced by all countries using digital tracing tools to control the pandemic. The laws of both China and Singapore stipulate that prior to collecting personal information, organizations and institutions must clearly inform individuals about the types of personal information collected and the rules for the use of personal information, and must obtain authorized user consent. This article analyzes the privacy policies of Health Code in China and TraceTogether in Singapore and identifies five potential problems in Health Code’s privacy policies: the broad collection of personal information, multiple processing purposes, indeterminate storage time, ambiguous privacy policy content, and the ineffectiveness of informed consent, although Health Code has been deemed an efficient tool to fight against the pandemic. Singapore’s TraceTogether adheres to the principles of minimum information collection, limited information processing purposes, minimum duration of information storage, openness and transparency of privacy policies, and informed consent. These two models for using big data in the fight against the pandemic in China and Singapore suggest that data governance needs to reconcile public interests and individual rights, and should balance governance efficiency and data ethics.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 69 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese當代中國生命倫理學面臨三大困境和挑戰：一是中國倫理學的總體理論議題，即當代中國人應該如何反思自身文化身份和整合倫理價值，並在此基礎上與西方倫理學對話；二是生命倫理學的具體理論議題，即傳統倫理學如何面對由於現代科學技術所產生的新問題；三是當代中國生命倫理學的實踐議題，即生命倫理學如何引導當局實踐“中國醫藥衞生體制改革”以解決目前諸多問題，並制定與之相關的政府政策。本期所刊登的六篇文章皆與上述三大困境和挑戰相關，其中五篇曾於今年暑期，在香港浸會大學應用倫理學研究中心舉辦的第六屆“建構中國生命倫理學”研討會上宣讀。研討會上，論文作者與來自美國萊斯大學(Rice University)的恩格爾哈特教授(H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.)就生命倫理學的一些具體問題進行了深入交流和爭論，特別是如何理解在中國文化的語境中探討當代生命倫理學與醫療科技的關係。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 59 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
PENGARUH VARIASI CAMPURAN PAKAN ( KOTORAN AYAM DAN AMPAS TAHU) DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP BIOMASSA CACING SUTRA (Tubifex sp)
Authors: Sari Rima , Santoso Handoko , Achyani Achyani
Published: March 2021

Abstract: This study aims to determine the effect of various feed mixtures and fermentation time on silkworm biomass. The method used is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment in this study was the provision of a mixture of chicken manure and tofu dregs with a mixture of A = 50% tofu dregs mixture of chicken manure 50% B = 100% tofu dregs mixture of chicken manure. C = 75% chicken manure mixture to 25% tofu dregs. D = 25% chicken manure mixture to 75% tofu dregs. E = 0% chicken manure mixture 100% tofu dregs. The parameters measured in this study were silkworm biomass, with supporting data in the form of water temperature and pH. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed by Two Ways Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) or TWO WAY ANOVA. Based on the results of the analysis, the sig. 0.005. eISSN 2716-473X p ISSN 2716-4748 Received: September 2020 Approved: Published: 2 Because of the sig. 0.005 from α 0.05, then H0 is accepted, which means there is no difference in silkworm biomass between A, B, C, D, and E, the variation in feed and fermentation time of 6 days and 10 days has no effect on the biomass of silk worms. The temperature obtained during the study ranged from 27º-28º, while the pH obtained during the study was 6-7. Keywords: Chicken Manure, Tofu Dregs, Fermentation, Biomass, Silk worm
Performance Optimization of Groundnut Shelling Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Muhammad Aliyu Idris , Isiaka Moshud , Attanda Muhammed Lawal , Shittu Sarafadeen Kolawole , Lawan Ibrahim , Bomoi Muhammad Isa
Published: March 2021

This study evaluated the influence of drum speed, moisture content, and feed rate on the performance indices of groundnut sheller using Ex-Dakar groundnut variety. Response surface methodology was used to study the influence of input variables and optimize the processing conditions. The developed second-order polynomial model adequately described the performance responses, including output capacity, shelling and cleaning efficiencies, and kernel damage. The input variables indicated significant influences on performance responses. The optimized processing variables for the responses were drum speed of 210 rpm, moisture content of 8%, and feed rate of 350 kg∙h−1. The optimum responses obtained were output capacity of 302.52 kg∙h−1, shelling efficiency of 97.61%, cleaning efficiency of 53.16%, and kernel damage of 4.04%. These performance responses were validated experimentally and were close to the observed results.
Effect of exogenously-applied abscisic acid, putrescine and hydrogen peroxide on drought tolerance of barley
Authors: Skowron Ernest , Trojak Magdalena
Published: March 2021

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of abscisic acid (ABA), putrescine (Put) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) foliar pre-treatment on drought tolerance of barley. Despite water limitation, ABA-sprayed plants preserved increased water content, photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) and CO2assimilation rate (Pn) compared to untreated stressed plants. The ABA-treated plants presented also the lowest rate of lipid peroxidation (MDA), lowered the rate of PSII primary acceptor reduction (1 – qP) and increased the yield of regulated energy dissipation (NPQ) with higher accumulation of PGRL1 (PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION LIKE1) protein. These plants preserved a similar level of photochemical efficiency and the rate of electron transport of PSII (ETRII) to the well-watered samples. The significantly less pronounced response was observed in Put-sprayed samples under drought. Additionally, the combined effects of drought and H2O2application increased the 1 – qP and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII (ΦNO) and reduced the accumulation of Rubisco activase (RCA). In conclusion, ABA foliar application allowed to balance water retention and preserve antioxidant capacity resulting in efficient photosynthesis and the restricted risk of oxidative damage under drought. Neither hydrogen peroxide nor putrescine has been able to ameliorate drought stress as effectively as ABA.
THE INTERACTION OF PROTONATED OCTOPAMINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE WITH Β1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR: MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DYNAMICAL SIMULATION
Authors: Milanović Žiko , Dimić Dušan , Dimitrić Marković Jasmina , Stanojević-Pirković Marijana , Avdović Edina , Marković Zoran
Published: March 2021

In the current study, the interaction mechanisms between protonated neurotransmitters: octopamine (4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol) and norepinephrine (4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol) with the β-1 adrenergic receptor (β1AR) were examined by molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM/PBSA free energy calculations. The investigated receptor belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor group. The investigation was carried out at physiological pH=7.4. It was estimated that both compounds exist in the protonated form in the water at physiological pH. It was found that both protonated neurotransmitters established similar interactions with amino acid residues of the receptor, such as salt bridges, conventional hydrogen bonds, π-σ, and T-shaped π-π interactions, as shown by molecular docking simulations. As the initial structures for MD simulation with a total time of 10ns the most stable docking structures were used. The presented results are expected to provide some useful information for the design of specific β1AR agonists.
ON THE THERMODYNAMICS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING HYDROXYDERIVATIVES OF CIS-CINNAMIC ACID
Authors: Biela Monika , Poliak Peter , Kleinová Andrea , Lukeš Vladimír , Klein Erik
Published: March 2021

Antioxidant activity represents one of the important features of phenolic acids, such as hydroxyderivatives of cinnamic acid. However, in the case of cis-cinnamic acid derivatives, corresponding thermochemistry data can be still considered scarce. This work is focused on the two most relevant mechanisms of primary antioxidant action in gas-phase, non-polar benzene and in aqueous solution. Reaction enthalpies describing thermodynamics of Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) and Sequential Proton-Loss – Electron Transfer (SPLET) mechanisms were theoretically investigated using (SMD) M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) method for cis-ortho-coumaric, cis-meta-coumaric, cis-para-coumaric, cis-ferulic, cis-sinapic and cis-caffeic acid and their carboxylate anions. The effect of carboxyl COOH group deprotonation on the thermodynamics of studied mechanisms was assessed for the three environments.
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC FLUID BASED SQUEEZE FILM BETWEEN POROUS CIRCULAR PLATES
Authors: Thakkar P. L. , Patel H. C.
Published: March 2021

The effect of surface roughness on characteristics of magnetic fluid based squeeze film between porous circular plates is hypothetically analysed. The pressure distribution is obtained by solving concern Reynolds type equation with suitable boundary conditions and the result is utilized to obtain load carrying capacity. It is concluded that the load carrying capacity increases with increasing magnetization, while load carrying capacity decreases due to the standard deviation. It is observed that the negatively skewed roughness and negative mean increase the load carrying capacity. It is also observed that the magnetic fluid lubricant improves the performance of a bearing system, thereby, suggesting that the performance of the bearing with magnetic fluid lubricant is better than the conventional lubricant.
КВАЗІРЕЛІГІЙНА ОСНОВА ІДЕОЛОГІЇ ДОКТРИНИ «РУССКИЙ МИР»
Authors: ЗБОРОВСЬКА Ксенія
Published: March 2021

Мета статті – проілюструвати, як спочатку в дискурсі Московської держави питання державності осмис- лювалось у релігійному контексті, що інспірувало обґрунтування містично-сакральної цінності самодержавства зокрема та док- трини «русский мир» загалом. Методологічні засади. Загалом робота виконана в історико-філософському методологічному ключі. Історичний метод застосовується як для опису самої структури релігійної частини ідеології «русского мира», так і для опису тих аспектів системи імперської геополітики Росії, які мають значний вплив на український культурний дискурс. По-друге, було використано аісторичний метод реконструю- вання, що дало змогу реінтерпретувати та реактуалізувати творчість Феофана Прокоповича, що відіграла важливу роль у становленні концепту самодержавства. Також у роботі було використано герменевтичний та лексикографічний методи. Наукова новизна. На думку авторки, основа проєкту «русский мир» була закладена ще у XIII–XIV столітті, а каталізація ідеї про метафізичне втілення сакральної божественної волі в особі деспота відбулась за правління Петра І, в чому брав участь українець за походженням філософ-богослов Феофан Прокопо- вич. Підкреслено, що формула «православ’я, самодержавство, народність» є не просто міфологемою досліджуваної док- трини, а відображає її ідеологічну сутність, в якій релігійна структура є актуальною лише в політичному контексті, на підтвердження освяченості російської влади. Розгортан- ня доктрини «русский мир» впродовж віків зумовило те, що і в наш час маніпуляції «ορθοδοξία» на користь імперської геополітики Росії активно діють як всередині неї, так і зовні, захоплюючи й українське медійне поле. Висновки. Звернення до квазірелігійної компоненти доктрини «русский мир» відкриває онтологічні підвалини ідеологічного виміру цієї доктрини, які легітимують каталізацію ідеї про метафізичне втілення сакральної божественної волі в особі очільника «русского мира». Розгортання цієї проблематики є важливою частиною проєкту нової української русистики, яка б провадила як науко- ве дослідження доктрини «русский мир», так і загалом Росії як специфічного феномена.
ПРОБЛЕМИ ОСВІТИ У СВІТЛІ ВИКЛИКІВ ТРАНСГУМАНІЗМУ
Authors: ЛІМОНЧЕНКО Віра
Published: March 2021

Метою статті є розгляд трансгуманістичного проєкту вдосконалення людини і постгуманістичного варіанта применшення цінності людини у співвідношенні з класич- ною концепцією освіти, виявлення непродуманості вихідних підстав цих двох конструкцій. Методологія. За допомогою критико-аналітичної експлікації інтелектуальних засобів цих проєктів і порівняльного аналізу їх у зв’язку з традиційними для філософії проблемами осмислення природи і свободи людини виявляється натуралістичний редукціонізм і обґрунтовується значущість активності людини. У центр потрапляє пробле- матика способу мислення, взятого не в інструментально- технологічному вимірі, а в антропологічному ключі. Наукова новизна. Розкрито понятійну непродуманість феномена життя людини, що розглядається чисто сцієнтистично як стан одиничного утворення (організму), що реалізує і зберігає себе шляхом обміну своїх складових частин і речовин навко- лишнього світу (метаболізм), при цьому часова наповненість людського життя не враховується, адже в центрі уваги перебуває організм, недосконалості якого долаються. Завдя- ки цьому мотиваційна і цільова складові частини людського життя залишені без уваги. Під час розгляду світоглядних питань переоцінки ролі і значущості людини зафіксовано, що дія передбачуваних принципів позавидової етики виходить від людини і спрямована до людини, отже, це залишається вихідним агентом і суб’єктом. Стверджується, що будь-яке вдосконалення «влаштування» людини буде наштовхувати- ся на проблему освоєння своєї власної природи, тобто вміння не бути прив’язаним до однієї функції, а мати здатність змінюватись відповідно до деякої логіки, теж мінливої. Вис- новки. Висловлюється ідея, що класична проблема мислення в собі вже містить «позавидову етику», яка передбачає зсув міри від людини до іншого, що стає способом розширення мож- ливостей і здібностей людини. Радикальна новизна технічних проєктів перебудови людини полягає в тому, що усувається вільне вольове освоєння своєї природи, передбачуване освітою як становленням людини.
Educational Approach to Increase Student Pharmacist Confidence with Medicare
Authors: Irwin Adriane
Published: March 2021

Objective: To describe a didactic, case-based approach to teach student pharmacists about Medicare enabling them to consider the spectrum of coverage options, as well as both medical and drug needs, when assessing insurance plans.
Innovation: Education on Medicare often focuses on Part D.   However, the growing popularity of Medicare Advantage plans requires students to have a more comprehensive understanding of Medicare.  To address this gap, a didactic, case-based approach was developed where students received four 90-minute lectures on Medicare and then applied the information through a patient case.   Data was collected on student-reported confidence with Medicare, and attitudes towards the importance of understanding insurance in improving patient care.  Surveys were conducted at baseline, after the didactic lectures (interim survey), and upon project completion (final survey).
 Key Findings: Confidence with Medicare increased between the baseline and interim survey (all p ≤ 0.001).  Additional gains were seen after completing the project in helping patients navigate financial assistance programs (p ≤ 0.001) and selecting specific plans (p ≤ 0.05).  After the interim survey, students more strongly agreed with statements related to knowledge of insurance as an opportunity to help advocate for patients (p ≤ 0.001), and the need to consider Medicare coverage when making medication recommendations (p ≤ 0.05)
Conclusion: The combination of didactic lectures and a case-based exercise positively impacted self-reported student confidence in their knowledge, as well as attitude towards Medicare.   Increasing student confidence in Medicare and willingness to engage beneficiaries in conversations about insurance coverage may be a strategy to improve patient care and health outcomes.
Weighing the benefits and risks of oral immunotherapy in clinical practice
Authors: Anagnostou Aikaterini
Published: March 2021

Food allergies are common and affect 6‐8% of children in the United States; they pose a significant burden on the quality of life of children with allergy and their caregivers due to multiple daily restrictions. Despite the recommended dietary avoidance, reactions tend to occur
due to unintentional exposure to the allergenic food trigger. Fear of accidental ingestions with potentially severe reactions, including anaphylaxis and death, creates anxiety in individuals with food allergy. Oral immunotherapy has emerged as a form of active and potentially disease-modifying
treatment for common food allergies encountered in childhood. The efficacy of oral immunotherapy is high, with the majority of participants achieving desensitization and, as a result, protection from trace exposures and improved quality of life. The main risk of oral immunotherapy consists
of allergic reactions to treatment. In general, rates of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are reported to be higher in individuals pursuing therapy options, but most subjects who undergo oral immunotherapy will likely experience mild or moderate reactions during treatment. Adverse events
tend to reduce in both frequency and number in the maintenance period. The use of immune modulators alongside oral immunotherapy has been suggested, with the aim to improve efficacy and safety, and to facilitate the overall process. It is evident that the landscape of food allergy management
is changing and that the future looks brighter, with different options emerging over time. The process of how to choose the appropriate option becomes a discussion between the clinician and the patient, which involves a joint review of the current medical evidence but also the patient's preference
for balancing particular attributes of the treatment. By working together, providers and patients will ensure achievement of the best possible outcome for children with food allergies.
Bitki örneklerinden seçici gallik asit ayrılması için gallik asit baskılanmış polimerlerin hazırlanması
Authors: İNANAN Tülden
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmada, yaygın olarak kullanılan doğal bir antioksidan olan gallik asidin (GA) moleküler baskılama yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanan polimerlerle (MIP) bitki örneklerinden seçici ayrılması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Emülsiyon polimerizasyonu ile hazırlanan polimerler çeşitli yöntemlerle karakterize edilmiştir. GA adsorpsiyonunun optimizasyon çalışmaları, pH 3,5 ortamında 25°C’de 1,2 mg GA-MIP kullanılarak 60 dk sürenin GA adsorpsiyonu için en uygun koşullar olduğunu göstermiş ve GA adsorpsiyonu adsorpsiyon kinetikleri ve izotermleri ile incelenmiştir. Çalışılan tüm derişimler için IF değerinin 1’den büyük olması GA-MIP’lerin baskılanmamış polimerlere (GA-NIP) kıyasla daha fazla GA adsorpladığını kanıtlamaktadır. Ayrıca, IF değerinin GA derişimiyle ters orantılı olarak azalması spesifik olmayan etkileşimlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. MIP’lerin seçiciliğini belirlemek amacıyla GA analogları kullanılarak yarışmalı adsorpsiyon çalışmaları yapılmış ve GA ve analoglarının miktarları yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi ile analiz edilmiştir. Tüm bağıl seçicilik katsayılarının 1’den büyük olması GA-MIP’lerin baskılanmamış polimerlere kıyasla GA’yı tüm analoglarından daha fazla adsorpladığını göstermektedir. Yeşil çay, siyah çay ve karanfil örnekleri ile yapılan gerçek örnek çalışmaları sonucunda en etkin GA adsorpsiyonu ve geri alımının karanfil örnekleriyle elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. HPLC kromatogramları incelendiğinde, GA’nın etkin ve seçici olarak MIP’lerden geri alındığı belirlenmiştir.
Standart olmayan sonlu fark metodu ile dağılımlı mertebeden SVIR modelinin nümerik analizi
Authors: KOCABIYIK Mehmet , YAKIT ONGUN Mevlüde , TURHAN ÇETİNKAYA İlkem
Published: March 2021

Çoğu bilim dalındaki matematiksel modellemelerde diferansiyel denklemler kullanılmaktadır. Ancak genelde kullanılan adi, kısmi ve kesirli mertebeden diferansiyel denklemlerin kullanımı yerine bu çalışmada daha kapsamlı bir diferansiyel denklem olan dağılımlı (distributed) mertebeden diferansiyel denklem ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada dağılımlı mertebeden diferansiyel denklem yardımı ile epidemik model olan SVIR (Susceptible, Vaccinated, Infectious, Recovered) modeli tanımlanmış ve nümerik çözümü standart olmayan sonlu fark metodu (NSFD) ile araştırılmıştır. Bulaşıcı hastalıkların incelenmesinde kullanılan bu model aynı zamanda içinde barındırdığı V terimi ile hastalık evresinde aşılamanın etkisini ve gelişimini ortaya koymaktadır. Dağılımlı mertebeden diferansiyel denklemlerin kullanılmasında ki temel düşünce hem bu tip denklemlerin bir nevi adi ve kesirli diferansiyel denklemlerin genel hali olması hem de içinde tanımlanan yoğunluk fonksiyonu ile farklı durumlar hakkında tek bir denklem ile yorum yapılabilmesindendir. SVIR modelinin nümerik çözümü ve analizi çalışma içerisinde yapılmış ve sonrasında ayrıklaştırılmış sisteme ait kararlılık analizi ifade edilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar neticesinde dağılımlı mertebeden modellemenin bu tip epidemik modellemelerde kullanımının mümkün olduğu görülmüştür.
International Human Rights Law and the Access of Children of Asylum Seekers to Social Assistance in South Africa
Authors: Jegede Ademola Oluborode , Letuka Puleng , Lubisi Tivoneleni Edmund
Published: March 2021

There is a massive presence of asylum seekers in South Africa. Amongst this population are children who need social assistance from the state distributed as ‘grants’, due to their dependence, vulnerability and developmental requirements. South Africa is a state party to international instruments on human rights and has a regulatory framework including the Constitution which allows for the application of these instruments and guarantees the right to social security for everyone. This article focuses on whether the existing corpus of international instruments on human rights and relevant domestic regulatory frameworks may allow children of asylum seekers the access to social assistance in South Africa. While demonstrating that the access to social assistance for children of asylum seekers is implied under international human rights instruments, the article establishes that this has not found expression in the application of existing legislation on social assistance in South Africa. By deploying an appropriate interpretive approach, courts may respond to this normative gap and thereby assist in guaranteeing the access of these children to social assistance in South Africa.
Exploring Alcohol Abuse amongst Grade 10 Adolescent Learners in a Secondary School in Gauteng Province
Authors: Sedibe Mabatho , Dube Jeany
Published: March 2021

In this qualitative study, cases of alcohol abuse amongst Grade 10 adolescent learners in a secondary school in Gauteng Province will be explored and described. The study is grounded on the view that in the context of South African high school learners, alcohol abuse is an intensive pattern of alcohol intake that is often accompanied by recurring problems, such as a serious decrease in school performance, high school dropouts and anti-social behaviour. Its main thrust is that alcohol abuse is becoming an increasing problem in South Africa. Research shows that almost every South African youth would have experimented with drugs, especially beer, dagga and cigarettes, during adolescence. The major cause of concern is that large numbers of these adolescent learners eventually become addicted, posing a threat to their own education, health and safety, while creating difficulties for their families and the society at large. This study sought to explore alcohol abuse among adolescent learners in a secondary school, with the aim of developing possible strategies to address the problem.
Assessing Impacts of Indicators of Child Wealth Index in Africa: A Study of Four Regions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Oduaran Choja , Udomboso Christopher Godwin
Published: March 2021

Recently, the well-being of children in developing countries has attracted much research attention. However, literature is sparse on the effects of family well-being on the child. This study assesses indicators of the Child Wealth Index in Africa, in four out of five regions of the continent of Africa, based on countries with the highest and lowest Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The regions include Central, Eastern, Southern, and Western Africa. Data were obtained from the latest Demographic and Health Survey of each country, where each respondent family was categorised into either “poor,” “middle” or “rich.” Multinomial logistic regression was utilised to study the effects of the indicators used in this study, on child well-being. Results show that the majority of countries have more children in the poor category, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, there are negative correlations between Child Wealth Index and residence, and positive correlations between Child Wealth Index and housing conditions with access to electricity. Indicators of the Child Wealth Index include highest education, place of residence, housing conditions, toilet facility, and access to electricity and appliances. It is inferred that many countries in Africa have a low Wealth Index despite their high GDP. Therefore, African governments need to improve the living standards of their people.
Youth Empowerment, a Requisite for Rural Development: Case of the Chimanimani District of Zimbabwe
Authors: Marango Timothy , Francis Joseph , Mambande Newton , Kamuzhanje Joseph
Published: March 2021

The need for empowering youth is gaining prominence in rural development practice. This is so because it is a viable vehicle for poverty reduction, and sustainable peace, security and improvement in people’s livelihoods. In Zimbabwe, the youth constitute 35% of the total population. This paper is a product of an exploratory case study that was designed to examine youth empowerment in mainly rural areas of the Chimanimani District in eastern Zimbabwe. A semi-structured interview guide was administered to 34 conveniently sampled male and female youth. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data gathered. The youth felt disempowered and were frustrated because their potential contribution to economic, social and political development was underestimated and not fully exploited. They lamented the fact that their inputs rarely influenced policy and development practice. The youth detested corruption and nepotism in the allocation of land and funding for businesses, especially involving ministry officials who they alleged were openly pro-ruling party. Nor did the youth find it easy to assume leadership positions in their communities where elderly men dominated decision making and development space. It was concluded that if the local society recognised and embraced youth involvement in decision making and leadership processes, the implementation of initiatives meant to stimulate rural socio-economic development would be more sustainable.
Vote Buying in Brazil: From Impunity to Prosecution
Authors: Nichter Simeon
Published: March 2021

Politicians often buy votes with impunity. Brazil outlawed vote buying for many years, but prosecutions were rare. However, popular pressure mounted against the practice in the late 1990s. Over one million Brazilians signed a petition against vote buying, leading to the country’s first law by popular initiative passed by the national legislature. The law not only surmounted key obstacles to the popular initiative process but also dramatically increased prosecutions for clientelism during elections. Campaign handouts became the top reason that politicians were ousted in Brazil, with over a thousand removals from office. This study examines the role of civil society and the judiciary in the enactment and implementation of this important legislation.
State Building, Ethnic Land Titling, and Transnational Organized Crime: The Case of Honduras
Authors: Rayo Giorleny Altamirano
Published: March 2021

Existing work on state building focuses on the creation of modern bureaucracies and institutions for education and taxation but generally neglects to point to communal property regimes as tools of statecraft. Political science scholars who focus on ethnic communal lands in the Americas emphasize the rise of formal multicultural institutions, including Indigenous land rights, but are skeptical about governments’ willingness to title large extensions of land to Indigenous or other ethnic groups because of opposing economic interests. Focusing on the titling of 12 percent of Honduras’s territory between 2012 and 2016, this article uses semi-structured elite interviews, land titling data, field notes from three months in rural and urban sites in Honduras, and drug-trafficking reports to examine the motivation of officials in the central government. Evidence suggests that the central government views and uses ethnic land titling as a strategy to reclaim territorial dominance in contested locations that lack state presence.
The Theoretical Construction ofPobladoresandFaveladosas Social Movements in Latin America
Authors: Cortés Alexis
Published: March 2021

How did the social sciences theoretically contribute to producing the movements of Chileanpobladoresand Brazilianfaveladosduring the twentieth century? Through a critical review of the main theories that seek to understand the political actions of the urban poor in Santiago de Chile and Rio de Janeiro, this article shows the close relationship between these movements and the production of social sciences, in which a double hermeneutic operates—a mutually influential reflexive process that eventually contributed to the constitution and recognition of the movements as such. This research analyzes how social sciences perform the same social struggles that they attempt to describe, in other words, how certain academic contexts interact positively or negatively with the political and social disputes generated from the movements in question. I review theories of marginality and dependent urbanization, urban social movements, utilitarian views, and new social movements, showing how these interpretations alternated between requiem, rediscovery, and denial of the favelados and pobladores as social movements.
En el umbral del horror: Técnicas y funciones del terror enAutobiografía de un esclavode Juan Francisco Manzano
Authors: Escolano Damián V. Solano
Published: March 2021

En 1835, el esclavo cubano Juan Francisco Manzano escribió su autobiografía, cumpliendo con el encargo del abolicionista Domingo del Monte. El manuscrito original muestra un narrador psicológicamente escindido que lucha consigo mismo y proyecta una tonalidad terrorífica que produce una gran empatía a sus lectores. En oposición al horror, la modalidad terrorífica se define por su tendencia a la ocultación, al tiempo que crea incertidumbre e intriga. Esto es visible en los múltiples episodios de tortura en el texto, en el cual el narrador se centra en los momentos previos al suceso, evitando descripciones gráficas. A través del análisis de la transcripción del manuscrito de William Luis, arguyo que esta tonalidad logra expresar la experiencia de la esclavitud, una condición desconocida para la gran mayoría de los lectores. Gracias a un proceso imaginativo, los lectores pueden tener acceso a la experiencia y sentir empatía por el esclavo en el umbral del horror.
Del soldado ideal al combatiente real: Una aproximación a las narrativas sobre la profesionalización militar en Colombia
Authors: Angel Ana María Forero , González Simón Mateo Ramírez , Botero Federico Álvarez
Published: March 2021

Este artículo examina cómo en el Ejército Colombiano, específicamente en la Escuela de Soldados Profesionales (ESPRO), fundada con el objetivo de profesionalizar a los soldados colombianos, coexisten diferentes narrativas en las que adquiere vida el proceso educativo militar. Este artículo muestra cómo en ellas se construye el guerrero ideal, cómo esta construcción tiene un vínculo con el pasado independentista y cómo, se da vida a las funciones de la ESPRO y a los medios usados para educar a los soldados. Nos ocuparemos también de cómo los soldados, exalumnos de la Escuela, definen la profesionalización. El artículo se basa en una investigación etnográfica conducida en el 2016 en la ESPRO, financiada por la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.
The Justice We Deserve: War Crimes Prosecutions in Guatemala
Authors: Burt Jo-Marie
Published: March 2021

Despite persisting impunity, over the past several years Guatemala has made important strides in prosecuting war crimes committed during the internal armed conflict (1960–1996). This article provides an ethnographic account of the 2018 Molina Theissen trial, which resulted in the conviction of four senior military officials for crimes against humanity, aggravated sexual violence, and forced disappearance. An ethnographic study of this critical human rights trial can help us understand how a country with a relatively weak judicial system and well-organized spoilers has managed to hold the intellectual authors of wartime atrocities responsible for their acts. It also contributes to a richer understanding of the construction, meaning, and impact of human rights prosecutions for victims and the broader society, and what role they play in broader public debates over the historical memory of conflictual pasts.