bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowing from loss
Authors: Mupotsa Danai S.
Published: December 2019

In South Africa, student calls for free quality decolonized education have been coincident with demands for the transformation of the canons, curricula and pedagogies of their disciplines. At the height of the protests assembled around #feesmustfall since 2014, some students at the University of the Witwatersrand formed their own reading groups, attempting to develop their own curricula, but also presenting their departments with memorandums demanding that these disciplines decolonize the universals they base their assumptions upon to better reflect their experiences and contexts. These confrontations were located around at least three conceptual terrains: decoloniality, intersectionality and afropessimism. In this article, I am specifically interested in how an investment in these three conceptual terrains is located in what Fred Moten describes as the paraontological relationship between blacks and blackness. That is, that across those terrains the conditions by which ‘experience’ as a representation of experience (produced, reproduced and retold by those with the capacity to know or to represent knowledge) in epistemological processes is articulated through forms of abstraction and universalism that make/made blackness a particular site of intensity for engagement. The temporal breaks implied in my use of past/present speaks to the moment/s of heightened protests, but also an ongoinginess of epistemic struggle at universities. I speak from my location as a scholar and teacher in a ‘non-discipline’, which possesses its own canonical baggage.
Development and Validation of the Antisocial Traits Scale in the General Population
Authors: Rafiey Hassan , Alipour Fardin , Lebeau Richard , Salimi Yahya
Published: December 2019

Antisocial traits have severe outcomes for the perpetrator, victim, and society. Developing an assessment tool for antisocial traits that is theoretically grounded, has strong psychometric properties, and can be administered in the general population is very important for the identification and treatment of the problems associated with antisocial traits. The initial item pool was generated as the result of an extensive literature review based on criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). Items were examined through exploratory factor analysis in a sample of 2,051 residents of Tehran. The structural validity was tested on a separate 2,049 people. The final version explains 58.4% of the total variation of the construct and included 20 questions loaded on six factors. The resultant Antisocial Traits Scale (ASTS-20) has the potential to be a useful measure for early detection of at-risk people who should be targeted by preventive interventions aimed at reducing the likelihood of criminality or recidivism.
White Rage, White Liberals, and the Making of the Second Ghetto
Authors: Balto Simon
Published: December 2019

This article offers comment on the legacy of Arnold Hirsch’s Making the Second Ghetto. First, it explores the debate over agency that emerged after the book’s publication, defending Hirsch’s decision to focus on white actors rather than black ones. Second, it argues that Hirsch’s book in many ways anticipated Carol Anderson’s “white rage” thesis in its documentation of white efforts, subtle and explicit, to resist integration and racial succession. Third, it examines Hirsch’s condemnation of white liberals for their complicity in the second ghetto’s creation and contextualizes the book’s 1983 publication against the backdrop of the Harold Washington political revolution in Chicago that same year. And finally, it reflects upon the value of Hirsch’s willingness to name names when it came to the making of the second ghetto.
In the Shadow of the Second Ghetto
Authors: Fernandez Lilia
Published: December 2019

This essay offers a personal reflection on the significance of Arnold Hirsch’s Making the Second Ghetto. Drawing on her personal experiences going to school with African American students and traveling through the black South Side of Chicago in the 1970s and 1980s, the author argues that reading Hirsch’s work confirmed the segregation and economic inequality she witnessed as a child. She concludes that the story Hirsch narrated helped explain the origins of the urban crisis and inspired her own research on the history of Mexican American and Puerto Rican barrios in the city.
Money and the Ghetto, Money in the Ghetto
Authors: Jenkins Destin
Published: December 2019

This essay revisits Making the Second Ghetto to consider what Arnold Hirsch argued about the relationship between race, money, and the ghetto. It explores how Hirsch’s analysis of this relationship was at once consistent with those penned by other urban historians and distinct from those interested in the political economy of the ghetto. Although moneymaking was hardly the main focus, Hirsch’s engagement with “Vampire” rental agencies and panic peddlers laid the groundwork for an analysis that treats the post–World War II metropolis as a crucial node in the history of racial capitalism. Finally, this essay offers a way to connect local forms of violence to the kinds of constraints imposed by financiers far removed from the city itself.
Performing Tropicality: The Tropicana Cabaret in Havana
Authors: Escher Cornelia
Published: December 2019

The Tropicana cabaret was one of the most famous sites of Cuban nightlife in the 1940s and 1950s. Located in the residential district of Havana, it brought a new type of venue to the city famous for its musical culture and nightlife. The promotion of the club was professionalized in the early 1950s, by means of a spectacular new building and the development of a corporate design. Although the club flourished mostly, thanks to tourists from the United States and the money they lost on gambling, the networks of its architectural, musical, and performative program go beyond an U.S. American influence and are both decisively bound to the local sphere and entangled with transnational cultures. The Tropicana is thus a venue that uses its picturesqueness to market Havana as a “place”—and a meeting point for artistic and creative culture.
Are “Associate Professors” Better Than “Associate Teaching Professors”? Student and Faculty Perceptions of Faculty Titles
Authors: Morling Beth , Lee Jeong Min
Published: December 2019

Full-time teaching-focused faculty at research universities may hold alternative titles such as Assistant Teaching Professor, Instructor, or Lecturer. We manipulated the title of a fictitious faculty target to investigate how such titles are perceived. Student and lay respondents ( N = 317) respected and liked all targets, and their ratings did not differ depending on title. Faculty respondents ( N = 645) also liked and respected all the targets but predicted that Associate Teaching Professors, compared to Associate Professors, would be paid less and would be less likely to have tenure, hold the PhD, or be respected outside their university. Lecturer and Instructor titles were estimated to be even lower in status. We discuss what our data indicate about the status of teaching in academia.
Broad ion beam-scanning electron microscopy pore microstructure and multifractal characterization of shale oil reservoir: A case sample from Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Lu Shuangfang , Li Junqian , Chang Xiangchun , Li Jijun , Li Wenbiao , Chen Guo , Wang Siyuan , Feng Wenjun
Published: December 2019

Pore structure and its heterogeneity are critical factors controlling the storage capacity and transportation properties of hydrocarbons. Broad ion-beam-milling scanning-electron microscopy allows for the study of a larger planar at high resolution than other methods and can provide insight into shale microstructures. In this study, we investigate the microscopic pore structure of a shale oil reservoir sample from Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, based on the broad ion-beam cross-section, and discuss the heterogeneity of the major pores using multifractal theory. The representative elementary area of the sample was first inferred to be ∼100 × 100 µm2 (25 single images) for the broad ion-beam cross-section with an area of 1.054 × 0.915 mm2. Five pore types (interparticle, intraparticle clay, dissolution, inter-crystalline, and organic) were subsequently identified and analyzed in the selected typical representative elementary area. The results showed that interparticle, intraparticle clay, and dissolution pores were the major pore types and made a significant contribution to the total visible surface porosity (98.34%), whereas inter-crystalline and organic pores were not of great importance. Interparticle pores exhibited the most complex pore morphologies, the largest average pore diameter, and the simplest pore structure. Moreover, interparticle pores that were sub-parallel to the bedding plane showed the best connectivity. Intraparticle clay pores, on the other hand, had the smallest average pore diameter, the most complex pore structure, and their distribution in a two-dimensional plane was the most homogeneous. Dissolution pores were characterized by the least complex pore morphologies but more heterogeneous pore distribution. Both intraparticle clay and dissolution pores were abundant but possessed poor connectivity. We conclude that for shale oil storage and transportation in the Dongying Sag, interparticle pores play an important role in shale oil seepage, whereas intraparticle clay and dissolution pores provide the main space for the occurrence of shale oil.
An Intergenerational Perspective on (Re)migration: Return and Onward Mobility Intentions across Immigrant Generations
Authors: Caron Louise
Published: December 2019

This article compares the prevalence and determinants of international mobility intentions across immigrant generations (G1, G1.5, G2, and G2.5), using French survey data. Two types of migration intentions are analyzed: (a) return to the (parents’) origin country and (b) onward migration to a third country. Results highlight migration intentions’ intergenerational variation and underlying logics. The probability to state return intentions is larger for G1 yet surprisingly similar to the stated return intentions for G2. By contrast, G2.5 (one immigrant and one French native parent) stand out as they are primarily characterized by onward migration intentions and are significantly less likely to consider “returning” to their sole immigrant parents’ origin country. Echoing the conceptual framework of “reactive transnationalism” or “reactive ethnicity,” the specific determinant of G2 return intentions appears to be their perception of discrimination. These findings show the value of (a) disaggregating the traditional first versus second generation dichotomy to understand the complexity of migration intentions and (b) including countries other than the parental homeland when studying second-generation transnational practices. More broadly, the article contributes to a better understanding of integration mechanisms by using migration intentions not only as proxies for population movements but also as a valuable framework providing empirical insights into immigrants’ personal relationship to both the country of residence and expected destination.
Serres and Foundations
Authors: Lehtonen Turo-Kimmo
Published: December 2019

While Michel Serres’ work has become relatively well-known among social theoreticians in recent years, his explicit thematization of the foundations of human collectives has gained surprisingly little attention. This article claims that Serres’ approach to the theme of foundations can be clarified by scrutinizing the way in which he poses and answers the following three questions: How are we together? What and whom do we exclude from our togetherness and how? Who are we today? Instead of starting with a ready-made order, be it in the form of individuals or society, Serres pushes social research to take up the challenge of examining the point at which order is about to emerge out of noise and chaos, but where the outcome of the process remains uncertain. Especially relevant to the discussion are Serres’ books Rome, Statues and Geometry, all three of which bear the subtitle Book of Foundations.
Semi-automatic prostatic artery detection using cone-beam CT during prostatic arterial embolization
Authors: Schnapauff Dirk , Maxeiner Andreas , Wieners Gero , Denecke Timm , Hamm Bernd , Gebauer Bernhard , Jonczyk Martin
Published: December 2019

Background

Due to the broad variability of the prostatic artery (PA), its origin, small calibers, and tortuous courses, prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) is challenging, time-consuming, and results in high radiation doses.

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy of PA detection using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) performed from the aortic bifurcation in combination with a semi-automatic detection software in comparison to oblique view digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with internal iliac artery (IIA) injection.

Material and Methods

Twenty-two consecutive patients were included in this retrospective, IRB-approved study between July and December 2017. CBCT from the aorta and 30° oblique-view DSA from both IIAs were obtained for PA detection. Results of suggested PAs from the semi-automatic vessel detection software after CBCT and IIA DSA were compared. Moreover, dose area product (DAP) was recorded. Statistical analysis included Spearman’s correlation, Mann–Whitney U test, and the Wilcoxon test considering P<0.05 as significant.

Results

PA type was classified significantly better with CBCT compared to DSA ( P=0.047). In IIA DSA, PAs could not be identified in 18% on the left and in 17% on the right side. CBCT detected all PAs, although truncation occurred in 59% because of the limited field of view. Mean DAP of the whole procedure was 257,161.32±127,909.36 mGy*cm2. Mean DAPs were for a single DSA 14,502.51±9,437.67 mGy*cm2 and for one CBCT 15,589.23±2,722.49 mGy*cm2. A mean of 14.82 DSAs and only one CBCT were performed. CBCT accounted for 6% and DSA for 84% of the entire DAP of the procedure.

Conclusion

CBCT with semi-automatic feeding vessel detection software detects PAs more accurately than IIA DSA and may reduce radiation dose.
Sources of Directional Spatial Biases in Hemi-Image Drawing
Authors: Garcia Omar , Faghihi Nafiseh , Vaid Jyotsna
Published: December 2019

We examined the performance of right- and left-handed brain-intact adult readers of English or Farsi on a hemi-image generation task in which participants were to imagine and then draw halves of objects using either their dominant or nondominant hand. Which half of the object was drawn was examined in relation to biomechanical, cerebral laterality, and cultural predictors. Findings showed a differential side bias as a function of reading/writing direction and hand used to draw. Specifically, when the dominant hand was used to draw (Experiment 1), English left-handers produced more left hemi-images while Farsi right-handers produced more right hemi-images. Body specificity associated with hand used, however, drove spatial preference when enlisting the nondominant hand (Experiment 2) with English right-handers now showing a significant left hemi-image bias and English left-handers showing a right hemi-image bias. Farsi right-handers using their nondominant hand did not show a significant bias in either direction. Taken together, the findings suggest a joint influence of handedness and reading/writing direction, aligned with an embodiment account of directional spatial biases.
Usefulness of regional right ventricular and right atrial strain for prediction of early and late right ventricular failure following a left ventricular assist device implant: A machine learning approach
Authors: Bellavia Diego , Iacovoni Attilio , Agnese Valentina , Falletta Calogero , Coronnello Claudia , Pasta Salvatore , Novo Giuseppina , di Gesaro Gabriele , Senni Michele , Maalouf Joseph , Sciacca Sergio , Pilato Michele , Simon Marc , Clemenza Francesco , Gorcsan Sir. John
Published: December 2019

Background:

Identifying candidates for left ventricular assist device surgery at risk of right ventricular failure remains difficult. The aim was to identify the most accurate predictors of right ventricular failure among clinical, biological, and imaging markers, assessed by agreement of different supervised machine learning algorithms.

Methods:

Seventy-four patients, referred to HeartWare left ventricular assist device since 2010 in two Italian centers, were recruited. Biomarkers, right ventricular standard, and strain echocardiography, as well as cath-lab measures, were compared among patients who did not develop right ventricular failure (N = 56), those with acute–right ventricular failure (N = 8, 11%) or chronic–right ventricular failure (N = 10, 14%). Logistic regression, penalized logistic regression, linear support vector machines, and naïve Bayes algorithms with leave-one-out validation were used to evaluate the efficiency of any combination of three collected variables in an “all-subsets” approach.

Results:

Michigan risk score combined with central venous pressure assessed invasively and apical longitudinal systolic strain of the right ventricular–free wall were the most significant predictors of acute–right ventricular failure (maximum receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve = 0.95, 95% confidence interval = 0.91–1.00, by the naïve Bayes), while the right ventricular–free wall systolic strain of the middle segment, right atrial strain (QRS-synced), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion were the most significant predictors of Chronic-RVF (receiver operating characteristic–area under the curve = 0.97, 95% confidence interval = 0.91–1.00, according to naïve Bayes).

Conclusion:

Apical right ventricular strain as well as right atrial strain provides complementary information, both critical to predict acute–right ventricular failure and chronic–right ventricular failure, respectively.
Cannabidiol as a Treatment for Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review: Le cannabidiol comme traitement des troubles de l’humeur: une revue systématique
Authors: Pinto Jairo Vinícius , Saraf Gayatri , Frysch Christian , Vigo Daniel , Keramatian Kamyar , Chakrabarty Trisha , Lam Raymond W. , Kauer-Sant’Anna Márcia , Yatham Lakshmi N.
Published: December 2019

Objective:

To review the current evidence for efficacy of cannabidiol in the treatment of mood disorders.

Methods:

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsychInfo, Scielo, ClinicalTrials.gov , and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published up to July 31, 2019. The inclusion criteria were clinical trials, observational studies, or case reports evaluating the effect of pure cannabidiol or cannabidiol mixed with other cannabinoids on mood symptoms related to either mood disorders or other health conditions. The review was reported in accordance with guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol.

Results:

Of the 924 records initially yielded by the search, 16 were included in the final sample. Among them, six were clinical studies that used cannabidiol to treat other health conditions but assessed mood symptoms as an additional outcome. Similarly, four tested cannabidiol blended with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the treatment of general health conditions and assessed affective symptoms as secondary outcomes. Two were case reports testing cannabidiol. Four studies were observational studies that evaluated the cannabidiol use and its clinical correlates. However, there were no clinical trials investigating the efficacy of cannabidiol, specifically in mood disorders or assessing affective symptoms as the primary outcome. Although some articles point in the direction of benefits of cannabidiol to treat depressive symptoms, the methodology varied in several aspects and the level of evidence is not enough to support its indication as a treatment for mood disorders.

Conclusions:

There is a lack of evidence to recommend cannabidiol as a treatment for mood disorders. However, considering the preclinical and clinical evidence related to other diseases, cannabidiol might have a role as a treatment for mood disorders. Therefore, there is an urgent need for well-designed clinical trials investigating the efficacy of cannabidiol in mood disorders.
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship between Previous Military Experience and Mental Health Disorders in Currently Serving Public Safety Personnel in Canada
Authors: Groll Dianne L. , Ricciardelli Rosemary , Carleton R. Nicholas , Anderson Greg , Cramm Heidi
Published: December 2019

Objective

There is an increased incidence of some mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in some members of the military and in some public safety personnel (PSP) such as firefighters, police officers, paramedics, and dispatchers. Upon retirement from the armed forces, many individuals go on to second careers as PSP. Individuals with prior military experience may be at even greater risk than nonveterans for developing mental health disorders. The present study was designed to examine the relationship between prior military service and symptoms of mental health disorders in PSP.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional, observational study. Data for this study were collected from an anonymous, web-based, self-report survey of PSP in Canada. Invitations to participate were sent to PSP via their professional organizations. Indications of mental disorder(s) and symptom severity were assessed using well-validated self-report screening measures.

Results

Of the survey respondents who provided this information, 631 (6.8%) had prior armed forces experience; however, not all responses were complete. Ex-military PSP reported significantly more exposure to traumatic events and were approximately 1.5 times more likely to screen positive for indications of PTSD, mood, anxiety, or acute stress disorders and to have contemplated suicide than those without prior armed forces experience.

Conclusions

In our study, individuals in PSP with prior service experience in the armed forces were more likely to screen positive for indicators of some mental health disorders. Accordingly, mental health practitioners should inquire about previous service in the armed forces when screening, assessing, and treating PSP.
Maternal Educational Attainment and Child Health in the United States
Authors: Lawrence Elizabeth M. , Rogers Richard G. , Hummer Robert A.
Published: December 2019

Purpose:

To identify how child health status differs by mother’s educational attainment for the overall US population and by race/ethnicity and to assess whether these disparities have changed from 2000 to 2017.

Design:

Repeated cross-sectional data from the 2000-2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

Setting:

United States.

Participants:

Children aged 1 to 17 years from a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized US population (N = 199 427).

Measures:

Reported child health status, mother’s educational attainment, child’s race/ethnicity, and control variables were measured using the NHIS.

Analysis:

Using logistic regression models, we assessed the relationship between maternal education and child health. Missing data were imputed.

Results:

Children whose mothers had less than a high school education (odds ratio [OR] = 3.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.62-4.07), high school diploma or equivalent (OR = 2.57, 95% CI: 2.44-2.70), or some college (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.80-2.00) had worse reported health status compared to children whose mothers graduated college. These associations were strongest among non-Hispanic white children, with significantly ( P < .05) smaller associations observed for non-Hispanic black, Mexican origin, and other Hispanic children. The associations were smaller but persisted with inclusion of controls. From 2000 to 2017, child health disparities slightly narrowed or remained stagnant among white, non-Hispanic black, and other Hispanic children but widened for Mexican origin children ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

Maternal education disparities in child health are wide and have persisted.
The Longitudinal Impact of Excessive Daytime Somnolence on Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease in a Southeast Asian Cohort
Authors: Chan Lai Gwen , Siang Kimberly Sim Soon , Yong Ting Ting , Chander Russell , Tan Louis , Kandiah Nagaendran
Published: December 2019

Objective:

Sleep–wake disturbances, such as excessive daytime somnolence (EDS), are nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and significantly affect the quality of life. This study aimed to examine the relationship between EDS and motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD.

Methods:

Eighty-two patients with idiopathic mild PD were followed up twice a year for 2 years and assessed on sleep, mood, anxiety, cognition, function, and disease severity. Data were analyzed retrospectively, comparing motor and nonmotor outcomes between those with EDS and those without.

Results:

At baseline, 27.9% had EDS and were similar in demographic and clinical characteristics to those without; 10% had persistent EDS during the first year of follow-up. Excessive daytime somnolence had a significant main effect on mood and anxiety as shown by consistently higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale ( P = .022) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale scores ( P = .011) throughout duration of follow-up. The group with persistent EDS showed greater rate of worsening Frontal Assessment Battery scores by the end of first-year follow-up ( P = .025) and greater rate of worsening Apathy Scale scores by the end of 2-year follow-up ( P = .002). No significant effects of EDS on motor symptoms and disease severity were found.

Conclusions:

In a Southeast Asian cohort of patients with PD, EDS had a negative longitudinal impact on mood, anxiety, apathy, and cognitive function but no impact on motor symptoms and disease severity. Excessive daytime somnolence is thus a potential therapeutic target to improve nonmotor outcomes.
Work Performance Among Informal Caregivers: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Martsolf Grant R. , Kandrack Ryan , Rodakowski Juleen , Friedman Esther M. , Beach Scott , Folb Barbara , James A. Everette
Published: December 2019

Objectives: To examine the association between informal caregiving and caregiver work performance. Method: A systematized review of the literature. Results: We found that caregiving has an adverse impact on work performance: caregivers experience substantial work disruptions and negative work performance outcomes, and these findings were consistent across measures. Our synthesis suggests that caregivers miss a significant amount of work and have reductions in productivity due to their caregiving responsibilities. However, significant methodological limitations with the reviewed studies make systematic interpretations and causal determinations challenging. Discussion: Examining the effect of caregiving on work performance is critical to better understand the full impact of caregiving, especially as demand for caregivers increases as the population ages. This comprehensive review suggests that caregiving has a significant negative impact on work performance, although methodological challenges remain in this area of science. These findings should inform both public policy development and workplace benefits design.
Curing behavior, thermal, and mechanical properties of N,N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide/2,2′-diallylbisphenol A/3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin resin system
Authors: Liu Xiangyu , Li Ling , Chen Zibing , Duan Xianfa , Yu Yongjian , Sun Lizhuan
Published: December 2019

The 3-allyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (ADMH) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Then, the ADMH was used to modify the N, N′-(4,4′-diphenylmethane)bismaleimide (BDM)/2,2′-diallylbisphenol A (DABPA) resin to obtain the BDM/DABPA/ADMH resin system (BDA). The curing behavior was investigated by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry and the activation energy ([Formula: see text]) was obtained by Kissinger and Ozawa models. The thermomechanical property was measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. Analysis of the data revealed the complexity of the curing reaction, which was firstly dominated by the Ene reaction of allyl and C=C double bond at low and medium temperatures and was further governed by the Diels–Alder reaction and the anionic imide oligomerization occurred at high temperatures. The results demonstrated that 1-BDA had the best thermal and mechanical properties exhibiting excellent modification effect of ADMH.
Improved dynamic cutting force modelling in micro milling of metal matrix composites part II: Experimental validation and prediction
Authors: Niu Zhichao , Cheng Kai
Published: December 2019

The effects of cutting dynamics and the particles' size and density cannot be ignored in micro milling of metal matrix composites. This article presents the improved dynamic cutting force modelling for micro milling of metal matrix composites based on the previous analytical model. This comprehensive improved cutting force model, taking the influence of the tool run-out, actual chip thickness and resultant tool tip trajectory into account, is evaluated and validated through well-designed machining trials. A series of side milling experiments using straight flutes polycrystalline diamond end mills are carried out on the metal matrix composite workpiece under various cutting conditions. Subsequently, the measured cutting forces are compensated by a Kalman filter to achieve the accurate cutting forces. These are further compared with the predicted cutting forces to validate the proposed dynamic cutting force model. The experimental results indicate that the predicted and measured cutting forces in micro milling of metal matrix composites are in good agreement.
Self-organization for everyday peacebuilding: The Guardia Indígena from Northern Cauca, Colombia
Authors: Chaves Paola , Aarts Noelle , van Bommel Severine
Published: December 2019

The Nasa indigenous group’s Guardia Indígena, whose primary goal is to protect indigenous people and their territories from all types of armed groups, is a nonviolent self-protection organization in Northern Cauca, Colombia. On 5 November 2014, while peace talks were ongoing between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian government, two Guardia Indígena members were shot dead by FARC guerrillas. Without guns or physical violence, indigenous guards captured seven guerrillas responsible for the crime, and, four days later, indigenous organizations held a trial and sentenced the rebels to imprisonment. This article describes those events and investigates how the unarmed guards managed to capture the guerrillas and bring them to trial. The self-organization concept is used to gain insights into the mechanisms and strategies deployed. The mechanisms of the Guardia Indígena include constructing and applying specific social norms and values, developing a common goal, and applying a flexible mix of centralized and decentralized ways of organizing. By combining and activating these mechanisms at carefully chosen moments, indigenous people have succeeded in organizing themselves as a collective movement that is powerful enough to confront armed groups without using violence.
Spinning Stories: Communicating Internationalization Through Organizational Storytelling
Authors: Laufer Melissa
Published: December 2019

Despite the positive outcomes often associated with internationalization, internal stakeholders do not always welcome the changes it brings. This reaction is echoed in the numerous studies highlighting the problematic relationships between international and local students and the critical to resistant reactions among faculty members. In response to these challenges, this study explores organizational storytelling as a method for communicating internationalization within universities. Organizational storytelling has been found to be a powerful tool for sensemaking, reducing resistance, and generating support during organizational change processes. This study follows how a university taskforce employed three story templates—the Principle Story, the Approval Story, and the Unexceptional Story—to communicate about and implement a large-scale internationalization project in a diverse and change resistant university environment. Although sharing similarities, these storylines were given different “spins” by storytellers depending on their position and the intended audience as well as influenced by the university culture.
“Everything Is Perfect, and We Have No Problems”: Detecting and Limiting Social Desirability Bias in Qualitative Research
Authors: Bergen Nicole , Labonté Ronald
Published: December 2019

Many qualitative research studies acknowledge the possibility of social desirability bias (a tendency to present reality to align with what is perceived to be socially acceptable) as a limitation that creates complexities in interpreting findings. Drawing on experiences conducting interviews and focus groups in rural Ethiopia, this article provides an empirical account of how one research team developed and employed strategies to detect and limit social desirability bias. Data collectors identified common cues for social desirability tendencies, relating to the nature of the responses given and word choice patterns. Strategies to avoid or limit bias included techniques for introducing the study, establishing rapport, and asking questions. Pre-fieldwork training with data collectors, regular debriefing sessions, and research team meetings provided opportunities to discuss social desirability tendencies and refine approaches to account for them throughout the research. Although social desirability bias in qualitative research may be intractable, it can be minimized.
Mapping Experiences of Serodiscordance: Using Visual Methodologies to Construct Relationality in Families Living With or Affected by Stigmatized Infectious Disease
Authors: Drysdale Kerryn , Newman Christy E. , Persson Asha , Gray Rebecca M.
Published: December 2019

The “my health, our family” research project was established to document stories of what serodiscordance (mixed infection status) means for Australian families affected by HIV, hepatitis B, and/or hepatitis C. A family mapping exercise was developed for the start of interviews as a way to conceptualize serodiscordance as a movement of “closeness” and “distance” within the relational networks that participants defined as “family,” the outcome of which was originally intended as a guide to explore the contributions of each family member in the in-depth qualitative interviews that followed. Such static representations of family were soon revealed to be inadequate for capturing the contingent, flexible, and multifaceted nature of familial relationality in the management of these infections. In this article, we explore these shifts for the conceptual openness mapping methods facilitate, and the constraints they reveal, for spatializing family relations in ways that heed diverse experiences of serodiscordance.
Life as Experienced Within and Through the Body After the Age of 85 Years: A Metasynthesis of Primary Phenomenological Research
Authors: van Rhyn Brianne , Barwick Alex , Donelly Michelle
Published: December 2019

The body is central to the experience of aging. In this metasynthesis, the authors located, analyzed, and reconceptualized phenomenological research on how life is experienced within and through the body after 85 years. Sandelowski and Barroso’s metasynthesis method was employed. Seven databases were searched for primary phenomenological studies. After systematic screening and quality appraisal, 19 studies were included for review. Analysis was guided by Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s existential philosophy of embodiment. Findings were organized using Max van Manen’s reflective lifeworld existentials. Four ontological dimensions emerged, namely, being in a body (corporeality), being in time (temporality), being in place (spatiality), and being with others (relationality). Each dimension captures a distinct experiential dimension of this stage of the life course. The results suggest vast heterogeneity in the ontological experience of aging, supporting the view that diversity grows with age. The ability to adapt to multidimensional losses was identified as a source of resilience.
Patients With Advanced Cancer Choose Less Aggressive Medical Treatment on Vignettes After Using a Computer-Based Decision Aid
Authors: Green Michael J. , Van Scoy Lauren J. , Foy Andrew J. , Dimmock Anne E.F. , Lehman Erik , Levi Benjamin H.
Published: December 2019

Background:

Although patients often prefer less rather than more treatment at the end of life, in the absence of contrary instructions, the medical profession’s de facto position is to treat aggressively. It is unknown whether a computer-based decision aid can affect treatment choices.

Methods:

Secondary analysis of a single-center, single-blind randomized controlled trial of an advance care planning (ACP) intervention among 200 patients with stage IV cancer. Participants were randomized to intervention ( Making Your Wishes Known, a values-neutral, educational, computer-based decision aid) or control (standard living will + brochure). After reading a hypothetical clinical vignette, participants were asked whether they would want 11 medical/surgical treatments in that situation (dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR], ventilator, feeding tube, etc). The median number of treatments wanted by participants was compared between groups, and logistic regression was used to compare between-group likelihood of not wanting each specific treatment.

Results:

The median number of treatments wanted was 1 in the intervention group versus 5 in the control ( P < .001). For 6 of 11 treatments, the intervention group was significantly less likely than control to want aggressive treatment. Most notably, compared to control, intervention participants were less likely to want CPR (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31), short-term mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.34), short-term dialysis (OR = 0.38), surgery (OR = 0.37), and transfusion (OR = 0.21).

Conclusions:

Individuals using an educational ACP decision aid were less likely to want aggressive medical treatment than those completing standard living wills. These findings have implications not only for how to respect patient’s wishes but also potentially for reducing costs at the end of life.
The Impact of Workplace Mentors on the Moral Disengagement of Business Student Protégés
Authors: Steinbauer Robert , Renn Robert W. , Chen Shawna H. , Biggane Jonathan , Deitz George
Published: December 2019

Educators and practitioners often raise the question of whether business schools sufficiently prepare students to stay morally engaged when faced with ethical dilemmas in the workforce. Specifically, they criticize the theoretical nature of traditional in-class exercises for inhibiting students’ moral development. We investigate the impact working business mentors have on business student moral disengagement. We collected three waves of data from an 8-month formal mentoring program that matched business students with working mentors from the business community. We found that student protégé moral disengagement decreased during the mentoring program as a function of mentor ethical leadership skills, moral identity internalization, and moral awareness. Consequently, we recommend that mentoring programs pay close attention to these mentor characteristics to elevate business student moral reasoning and avoid unintended negative consequences. To guide mentoring programs in this endeavor, we provide specific recommendations for structuring a training program that focuses on improving mentor critical thinking, moral awareness, and ethical leadership.
Community Partners’ Perspectives and the Faculty Role in Community-Based Learning
Authors: Karasik Rona J.
Published: December 2019

Background: Benefits of community-based learning for students in higher education are well documented. Comparatively less is known about the community partner experience. Purpose: The community partner perspective is explored to (a) confirm and expand recent findings regarding community partners’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of working with colleges and universities and (b) present community partners’ views on how faculty can help improve community–university collaborations. Methodology/Approach: Dual-rater axial and open coding qualitative analysis methods were used to identify key themes in community partners’ responses in an on-line survey. Participants ( n = 201) represented community partners from a broad range of fields, regions, and partnership types (e.g., volunteer, internship, service-learning). Findings/Conclusions: Although community partners identify a number of benefits to their collaborations with academic institutions, they also encounter critical challenges (e.g., faculty engagement, communication, student preparation). Partner recommendations include additional faculty attention to student knowledge of content, skills, and professionalism, as well as increased faculty engagement in all aspects of the collaboration. Implications: From a community perspective, faculty have an important role to play in facilitating true community–university partnerships that are equitable, reciprocal, and mutually beneficial.
Assessment of Basic Ankle Arthroscopy Skills in Orthopedic Trainees
Authors: Johnson Jeremiah D. , Cheng Christopher , Schmidtberg Brian , Cote Mark , Geaney Lauren E.
Published: December 2019

Background:

There is increasing emphasis on assessing resident competency, but little has been published on how to best evaluate trainee competency for ankle arthroscopy. The purpose of this study was to validate an objective model for assessing basic ankle arthroscopy knowledge and operative skills on a cadaveric ankle.

Methods:

The Diagnostic Ankle Arthroscopy Skills Scoring System was adapted from previously validated assessment tools for knee arthroscopy. The scoring system included (1) an oral questionnaire (0-23 points), (2) an operative task-specific checklist (0-19 points), and (3) a global operative skills rating (12-60 points). Thirty-three trainees consisting of orthopedic residents and medical students performed a diagnostic ankle arthroscopy on a cadaveric ankle and were assessed by a single observer, while a subset were tested by 2 evaluators to determine interobserver reliability.

Results:

There was strong correlation between educational level and scores on the global operative skills rating scale ( r = 0.967, P < .0001), task-specific checklist ( r = 0.815, P < .815), and oral questionnaire ( r = 0.896, P < .0001). The global operative skills scores significantly improved with training level, and the largest difference was between medical students and senior residents. The most notable year-to-year increases in skill were between postgraduate year (PGY) 1 and 2 ( P < .01) and between PGY2 and PGY3 ( P < .05). Oral questionnaire and task-specific checklists were significantly lower for medical students than PGY1 residents ( P < .001). There was also significant improvement in the oral questionnaire between senior and junior residents ( P < .05). There was a moderate correlation between number of self-reported ankle arthroscopy cases and scores on the global operative skills score ( r = 0.7019, P < .0001). Interobserver reliability was high for the global operative skills scores (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.89).

Conclusion:

The study revealed a valid measure to objectively assess trainees’ ankle arthroscopy clinical knowledge and operative skills in a bioskills laboratory.

Clinical Relevance:

This tool should enable residency programs to evaluate competency and track individual trainee progress over time.
Critical Information/News Literacy and the Flipped Classroom: Student Evaluations of Information Searching and Analysis
Authors: Wittebols James H.
Published: December 2019

This article reports students’ responses to a critical information literacy course. The course has two unique elements which differentiate it from other information and media literacy courses: an assignment about confirmation bias and a facilitating, rather than an “expert” role for faculty to play in the course. After a review of key course elements, analysis of students’ anonymous reflection papers completed at the semester’s end is detailed. The data show students enthusiastically embraced the course.
The Problem With Protests: Emotional Effects of Race-Related News Media
Authors: Stamps David , Mastro Dana
Published: December 2019

It is well documented that news media’s coverage of social unrest is sensationalized; however, our knowledge is limited in understanding how the intersection of race with depictions of social unrest influences emotional responses to this content. By applying assumptions from the protest paradigm and intergroup emotions theory, the current set of studies experimentally examines this relationship. Results indicate that racialized news images of dramatized social unrest provoke heightened, complex group-based affective responses that vary based on aspects of psychological group identification among audiences. These outcomes suggest that journalistic practices, whether or not intentionally, may exacerbate race relations regarding social change.
Bodyweight Misperception by Chinese American Females Influenced by Cultural and Social Ideals: Implication for Home Health Care
Authors: Tock Wing Lam , Tung Wei-Chen , Holston Ezra C. , Hsu Ya-Wen
Published: December 2019

Bodyweight misperception results from the desire to achieve an ideal body emphasized by cultural mores and societal norms. It is sustained by the desire to be cultural compliant, especially for ethnic minority women such as Chinese American females. Through cultural beliefs, these women’s self-perceived weight status is distorted, which strengthens the impact of bodyweight misperception in their daily life as poor physical health, distressed psychosocial health, risky and unsafe health practices and behaviors, and diminished quality of life. Evidently, bodyweight misperception promotes maladaptive health behaviors. However, bodyweight misperception is barely captured in the current science about women’s health, and is minimally explored in research about Chinese American females’ desire and efforts to achieve the ideal body type. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review was to explore (1) body weight perception, (2) the factors associated with it, and (3) the negative health consequences triggered by it, in Chinese American females. Studies confirm that Chinese American females shape their body weight perception by internalized cultural ideals, acculturative stress, mass media, and social pressures. They overestimate their body weight more than underestimate it as evident by frequent weight-loss attempts. This internalized bodyweight misperception affects their physical and psychological health, with undesirable consequences on their quality of life. Home health care professionals interact closely with patients from diverse cultural backgrounds; remaining culturally sensitive is crucial in their practice. Knowledge from this literature review emphasizes the need for culturally appropriate weight management strategies for the delivery of competent home health care to Chinese American females.