bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new transmuted family of distributions: Properties and estimation with applications
Authors: Bakouch Hassan S. , Jamal Farrukh , Chesneau Christophe , Nasir M. Arslan
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a new transmuted general family of distributions is introduced and studied. It offers an original alternative to the former transmuted family by revisiting its mathematical structure, opening a new perspective on modeling. We derive expressions for the moments, the incomplete moments, the moment generating function, entropy measures, and order statistics as main properties. Further, we introduce a bivariate extension of the new family. Some members of the family are introduced, involving Burr, Gompertz, Weibull and gamma distributions. We discuss the different methods of estimation of the model parameters and a simulation study is performed for one of the special models to check the asymptotic behavior of the estimates under all estimation methods. Further, the interest of the family is illustrated by fitting two real-life data sets to the mentioned sub-models.
Accountability em câmaras municipais: (re)visitando portais eletrônicos do estado de Santa Catarina
Authors: Raupp Fabiano Maury , Pinho Jose Antonio Gomes de
Published: May 2023

O objetivo do artigo é comparar os resultados do estudo em tela com os resultados do estudo publicado na RAUSP Management Journal, passados aproximadamente 10 anos. Foi empreendido um estudo descritivo e documental, com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados a partir de visitas dirigidas nos portais, tabulados em planilhas eletrônicas e analisados com base na técnica descritiva. A construção da accountability foi investigada a partir de três das suas dimensões. São discutidas questões que limitam a construção destas dimensões, para além daquilo que é exigido legalmente dos entes/gestores públicos. Em uma análise geral destaca-se o número de câmaras que ainda deixam de priorizar o exercício da accountability.
importância da informação como promotora de saúde para o paciente cardíaco pré-cirúrgico
Authors: De Oliveira França Marcella , Gadelha de Lima Francisca Helena
Published: May 2023

Objetivo: Investigar a importância da informação para pacientes cardíacos quanto à cirurgia enquanto uma condição de facilitação na promoção da saúde. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, conduzido no período de agosto a novembro de 2018 em um hospital de Fortaleza-CE, com pacientes cardíacos indicados para cirurgia. No total foram realizados seis grupos de pacientes pré-cirúrgicos com uma média de seis participantes entre homens e mulheres com idades entre 45 e 70 anos. No grupo, realizaram-se ações educativas a respeito da cirurgia disponibilizada pela equipe multiprofissional. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio das entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro pacientes depois dos procedimentos cirúrgicos. Os dados foram tratados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Duas categorias emergiram, a saber: Assistência em Saúde e Contribuição do Grupo Pré-Cirúrgico. Esta última categoria dividiu-se em Educação em Saúde e Redução da Ansiedade. As informações compartilhadas pela equipe com os pacientes proporcionaram possibilidades de autonomia e empoderamento de seu tratamento, favoreceram a redução da ansiedade, do medo, diminuição de fantasias sobre o diagnóstico e cirurgia e menor tempo de internação. Conclusão: Os participantes reconheceram a informação como um recurso importante e necessário na preparação para cirurgia cardíaca e na promoção em saúde, tornando-se um espaço de suporte e apoio entre os pacientes, além de favorecer a compreensão da importância da equipe multiprofissional na assistência à saúde e seu olhar sobre o paciente em sua vulnerabilidade psíquica frente o adoecimento e processo cirúrgico.
Introduction
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains that the geographical area that Converging Empires refers to as the “north Pacific borderlands” is defined by the northernmost stretches of the US-Canada border that divide British Columbia and the Yukon from Alaska, as well as US and Canadian national land and ocean boundaries along the Alaska and B.C. coasts, situating this borderlands region within the broader context of the North Pacific Rim and particularly Japan. A complex Indigenous borderlands region long before the arrival of European imperial powers, this was the area where British, US, and Japanese interests converged in the early decades of the 20th century. Largely regarded as peripheral by the imperial powers and nation states that incorporated parts of the region within their borders, it has not been given the same attention by border and borderlands historians as the US-Mexico border or the 49th parallel. Converging Empires addresses this gap in the literature, noting the key role that the north Pacific borderlands played in the construction of race and citizenship in both Canada and the United States and tracing both Indigenous and Japanese migrant negotiations of the borders that came to cut across it on a variety of scales.
The Shifting Borderlands of the North Pacific Coast
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 traces the historical contexts that set the stage for the convergence of British, American, and Japanese interests along the Pacific coast of North America during the early twentieth century, focusing on the legal and geopolitical contests among European imperial powers that help to explain the contours that national borders that later cut across the region would assume, as well as the role that Indigenous resistance to colonial intrusion played in the articulation of these boundaries. It situates these events within the broader framework of colonial endeavor around the North Pacific Rim that led to US acquisition of Russian interests in Alaska in 1867, the same year that Canada entered confederation and the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end. The new Meiji government’s incorporation of the Ainu homeland it renamed Hokkaido within Japanese borders and its determination to remake Japan as a modern, imperial nation, together with the demand for labor that followed the formal incorporation of the north Pacific borderlands by Canada and the United States, created the conditions that led Japanese labor emigrants to cross the Pacific Ocean in search of employment opportunities.
Introduction
Authors: Cowan Benjamin A.
Published: May 2023

Not so very long ago, Brazilian monarchism—the scattered calls for a restoration of Brazil’s imperial throne, defunct since 1889—seemed merely a quaint curiosity, convenient for titillating students and animating conversations about the distant past. Those inclined even to broach the subject might have dismissed monarchists as an esoteric, rarely visible manifestation of certain elite resentments. But in late 2018, a descendant of the royal family began serving in Brazil’s government for the first time since the fall of the emperor, nearly 130 years prior. By 2019, another would-be Brazilian royal, captaining the most ultraconservative of Catholic and authoritarian factions in Brazil, had gained prominent and vocal supporters in the minister of education, the minister of foreign relations, President Jair Bolsonaro’s senior aide for international relations, and outspoken members of Congress. Both royals threw their support behind Bolsonaro and his agenda and combined hypertraditionalist, religious moralism with an idealized vision of a world returned to monarchy, or at least a world cleansed by neoliberal, hierarchalist, antidemocratic purism. As Bertrand de Orleans-Bragança (a current claimant to the would-be throne who styles himself “his Highness”) put it, Bolsonaro and his coterie “figured out how to embody Brazilians’ discomfort with the politically correct” and how to mobilize “the desire of Brazilians to free themselves from restraints, from a statist and interventionist mentality, influenced by socialists and Marxists who had come to dominate Brazil and plundered the nation.” Bragança’s disdain for diversity and pluralism, for “the politically correct,” encompassed opposition to affirmative action and to gay marriage and abortion, among other sexual and reproductive rights. This disposition accompanied a program for the further dispossession of indigenous groups, historical erasure of slavery, and dismantling of the welfare state in favor of a conservative orthodoxy familiar to free-market evangelists North and South. “The beauty of society,” Bragança contended, “does not lie in equality, but in differences which should be proportional, hierarchical, harmonic, and complementary. Exactly like a symphony.” In 2019, Bragança and other monarchists felt their moment had arrived, at least in terms of a political agenda that facilitated reinstatement of their organicist, antidemocratic, and antiegalitarian ...
O. N. Pruitt
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

For his postage stamp of soil of Lowndes County, Mississippi, where race, class, and gender mattered greatly, Pruitt was a de facto documentarian. As a studio and commercial photographer, he took pictures throughout Mississippi and nearby Alabama, but he focused on the crossroads town of Columbus, the county seat. By photographing the familial and communal, sacred and profane, Pruitt shows us a range of community life filtered through his perspective, that of a white man in a segregated society made up of Anglo-Americans and African Americans. Pruitt was unusual as a white hometown photographer in the segregated South by photographing African Americans and inviting everyone into his studio or visiting their homes and churches. As a white man, Pruitt easily moved in both worlds, unlike most Black photographers of the time. His photojournalism appeared in local, regional, and national newspapers, magazines, and books. This chapter includes images from glass-plates and depicts Pruitt with large format cameras.
World Famous Hunting Dog Trainer Er M. Shelley, circa 1930
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Known worldwide in hunting dog circles, Er Shelley was a trainer extraordinaire. From 1921 until his death in 1957, he lived in Columbus, Mississippi. He specialized in bird dogs—pointers and setters—and trained foxhounds. He achieved acclaim as a hunting dog trainer, field trials handler, and author. He trained famous dogs: the pointer Hard Cash, Count Gladstone, and the English setter, Pioneer, who won the National Bird Dog Championship. In 1906, Shelley won the Westminster Kennel Club cup for “Best Exhibit of Field Trial Setters.”
In Africa with internationally known sportsman Paul Rainey, their safari killed twenty-seven lions. Many became “the Rainey group” after their donation to the American Museum of Natural History. Two leopard cubs were donated to the Bronx Zoo.
Based on these experiences, Shelley self-published Hunting Big Game with Dogs in Africa. In 1921, Putnam & Sons published what hunting aficionados consider a classic, Bird Dog Training Today and Tomorrow. For books, magazines, and newspapers, Pruitt photographed Shelley and his dogs.
Shelley oversaw hunting trips for the president of Standard Oil of New York, Herbert Pratt, who had a plantation in Ridgeland, South Carolina. Besides training dogs, Shelley pioneered in dog food manufacturing—with “Very Best Dog Food,” distributed nationally.
Oscar West, circa 1930
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Pruitt photographed Oscar West on a wooden barrel. A young man, West wears a worn jacket. He holds a broom; a tweed cap rests on his knee. He is stoop shouldered. With confidence and comfort, he looks at the camera. This Black man is photographed in a white man’s studio, the same setting, where white people—the powerful as well as struggling white yeoman farm families—are photographed. This happens during the Jim Crow era in a separate-but-unequal town where Blacks were restricted in where and how they could eat, drink from a water fountain, shop, see movies, stay in a hotel, or have access to a public restroom.
In 1987, in an uncatalogued archive, a print of the image was discovered. It was made by a large format camera with an 8x10-inch glass plate negative. Thirteen years later, people who knew West, including his son Oscar Lang, who never had seen the image, spoke about West, a janitor and caretaker for children of his employer at Brown-Buick Cadillac Company. The photograph compares favorably with studio portraiture of Martin Chambi of Peru, Mike Disfarmer of Arkansas, Seydou Keita of Mali, Doris Ulmann of New York, Richard Samuel Roberts of South Carolina, and Jno. Trilica of Texas.
Touched with Pity
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Columbus was a booming plantation town along the Tombigbee,
surrounded by rich soil ideal for cotton. Steamboats plied the
river, taking bales downriver to Mobile and the Gulf of Mexico. During the “Flush Times” of the antebellum era, enslaved people from Africa built mansions of brick and wood for white planters. By the 1840s and 1850s, Blacks outnumbered the Anglo-Americans in Columbus and surrounding area.
Throughout the Civil War, Columbus found itself in the hurricane’s eye of fighting. The closest major battle, Shiloh, was 100 miles north in 1862; thousands of sick and wounded, including Union prisoners, were brought to Columbus to makeshift hospitals. In the end, 2,100 Confederate and 40 Union soldiers were buried in Friendship Cemetery by the banks of the Tombigbee. Another 10 Union soldiers, 9 Black and 1 white, were buried in Sandfield, a Black cemetery.
Four local white women, “touched with pity for these dead exiled from home,” in 1866 went to Friendship Cemetery to care for both the Confederate and Union graves. This act of commemoration resulted in the creation of one of the nation’s earliest versions of Memorial Day. After reading about the Columbus women, New York judge Francis Miles Finch wrote a poem, published in Atlantic Monthly, “The Blue and the Gray.”
Vanishing Tribes, 1931
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Birney Imes Sr., editor and publisher of the Commercial Dispatch in March 1931, wrote an editorial titled “Wanted—A Wooden Indian.” He wondered what had happened to the “vanishing
tribes” of wooden Indians who stood outside of drug stores and symbolized the Native American connections with tobacco cultivation. The editorial said, “We are advised that wooden Indians are almost extinct.”
Wire services sent out the editor’s query and eventually newspapers throughout the nation discussed the editorial, mostly in joking ways. Eventually, someone sent Imes “a wooden Indian.” Then, for reasons unclear, he posed for Pruitt with the statue.
One glaring absence, however, from the news coverage: None of the articles mentioned local events involving Native Americans
that shaped the nineteenth-century development of Mississippi and beyond. In 1830, 20,000 Choctaw gathered near Columbus, where tribal leaders signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. The treaty, ratified by the US Senate in 1831, required the Choctaw to leave their homes and start westward journeys to Oklahoma on what became known as the Trail of Tears, one
of its routes beginning west of Columbus.
A Racial Crucible
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

In Mississippi and around the world, racial and ethnic identification has been used to justify segregation, fear, misunderstanding, hatred, and violence. In 1922, the Ku Klux Klan rode on horseback along Main Street in front of Pruitt’s studio, and he documented that.
In 1933 and 1934, Pruitt photographed two of Mississippi’s last legal executions by rope hanging outside the Lowndes County Courthouse; Black men were convicted of killing white people. The district attorney in both cases was John C. Stennis, who would serve as US senator for more than four decades (1947–89) and become a prominent Democrat in the battles over integration.
In July 1935, the Lowndes County sheriff called Pruitt to come photograph the bodies of two Black farmers, Bert Moore and Dooley Morton, who were lynched by three dozen white men in a Black churchyard.
Two decades later, Pruitt would photograph Black dentist Emmett J. Stringer, who was president of the Mississippi chapter of the National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). His visible NAACP leadership made him a target for Klan harassment—and assassination plots. NAACP colleagues already had been killed under mysterious circumstances.
Reading Pruitt
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

This bibliographic essay, accompanying a selected bibliography, provides a research roadmap to buttress the visual stories Pruitt and his subjects tell us. Three main categories discussed are
Photographic and Documentary Studies; Southern History and Culture; Oral History, Ethnography and Folklore. Scholars and writers referenced include Alan Tratchenberg, William R. Ferris, Deborah Willis, Walter Benjamin, Michael Lesy, bell hooks, John Szarkowski, Shawn Michelle Smith, Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Frantz Fanon, Robert Coles, Michel Foucault, Stuart Hall, John Berger, Susan Sontag, David Blight, Jacquelyn, Dowd Hall, John Hope Franklin, Leon Litwack, Joel Williamson, C. Vann Woodward, and Grace Hale, Catherine Lutz, James Carey, Don Shaw, Ralph Eubanks, Kiese Laymon, Natasha Tretheway,
Anthony Walton, Margaret Walker, Jesmyn Ward,
and Etheridge Knight, Gloria Naylor, and Glenn Hinson.
Introduction
Authors: Long Alecia P.
Published: May 2023

Although books about John F. Kennedy’s assassination number in the thousands, most focus on a narrow set of binary questions, especially the lone gunman or conspiracy debate. This book shifts the focus to sexuality and explains how widespread beliefs about the criminality of homosexual men laid the foundation for New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s investigation and his prosecution for conspiracy of closeted businessman Clay Shaw. When these events took place in the late 1960s, many Americans connected homosexuality with deviant criminality more generally. That prejudice laid the groundwork for Shaw’s identification as a suspect and his later prosecution. Garrison’s allegations stoked already widespread belief in a conspiracy in the late president’s murder.
Confessions of a Guilty Bystander
Authors: Long Alecia P.
Published: May 2023

The inner conflict Clay Shaw had regarding his homosexuality is expressed through journal entries, as well as letters between friends before and after being on trial for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. While on trial, Shaw was publicly outed as homosexual, as were many men during that time. This caused the main discussion in the media to be centered around how homosexuality and criminality are linked, and the FBI commonly would mention the fact that a suspect was homosexual before mentioning the crime they were on trial for. The CIA, while also investigating events in New Orleans, would release memos stating how there was a connection between the assassination of JFK and homosexuals. While Shaw did at one point have a relationship with the CIA, in which he would relay information regarding his foreign travels, that ended once the CIA and FBI began a purge of homosexuals from federal agencies. This eventually became known as The Lavender Scare.
Death Delights to Serve the Living
Authors: Long Alecia P.
Published: May 2023

Two days after his exoneration, Garrison had Shaw re-arrested and charged with perjury for testimony he had given in his defense. A federal court quashed this prosecution in 1971. Shaw also filed a civil suit against Garrison, Russo, and others who had supported or facilitated Garrison’s conspiracy prosecution. Shaw did not live to see that case to its conclusion. He died of cancer in 1974. Through the efforts of his civil attorney, Edward Wegmann, his suit made it all the way to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled against Shaw’s claim in 1978. Even after his death, Shaw’s life and choices as a gay man made him legally vulnerable and denied him civil justice. Garrison went on to write three assassination-related books. His third was optioned by Oliver Stone and made into the 1991 film JFK, which, like Shaw’s prosecution, trafficked in homophobic stereotypes and suggested that Shaw’s sexuality explained his relationship to alleged co-conspirators Lee Harvey Oswald and David Ferrie.
Insure, Britannia! Marine Insurance and the Maritime Empire, 1622–1776
Authors: Farber Hannah
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with a discussion of the rules according to which eighteenth-century marine insurance operated: the semi-mythological "laws of merchants," which Anglo-American merchants took very seriously, and which early modern insurers administered and interpreted. The chapter then turns to the mid-eighteenth-century establishment of the first American insurance brokerages. As these brokerages became significant nodes of capital, expertise, commercial news, and political intelligence within the British Empire, they reinforced Americans' ties to the empire. At the same time, these new brokerages strengthened American merchants' connections to the old transnational system of marine insurance, which operated independent of the empire and even in tension with it. When the American Revolutionary War arrived, it became evident that insurance brokerages were well suited to support the autonomous activities of local communities of merchants. Many American brokerages would lend their strength to the revolutionary cause. But in the end, they would never entirely belong to the republic that the revolution created.
Underwriting a Revolution, 1776–1789
Authors: Farber Hannah
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses British and American marine insurers' activities during the American Revolution and in its immediate aftermath. During the war, the insurance business continued to function much as it had done during previous naval conflicts of the century. War raised risks, which unsettled the insurance business but also attracted interest to it. Brokers and underwriters thronged to Lloyd's of London, and multiplied, on a much more modest scale, in American port towns. American merchant-insurers backed American privateers, spreading out their considerable risk. In Philadelphia, merchants accused of price-gouging used insurance to justify what they charged for their goods, and citizens proposed the establishment of publicly owned insurance offices to buffer the republic's merchants against their losses. Philadelphia merchant-underwriter Robert Morris acted as the United States' own underwriter during the war and established financial projects that operated according to insurers' logic.
State Making and Myth Making, 1820–1860
Authors: Farber Hannah
Published: May 2023

In the mid-nineteenth century, marine insurers continued to multiply, but they were no longer as cohesive a group as they had been during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Some were helmed by reckless risk-takers, others by cautious actuaries. Some were crypto-banks or speculative projects; others earnestly sold insurance policies. Marine insurers, in any case, were politically weaker than they had been a generation earlier. The federal government no longer needed the information they collected; state governments were at least making efforts to tax them. Undaunted, insurers continued to assert, on the one hand, their autonomy from the state, and on the other, their right to make claims on it. To defend their autonomy in commerce, insurers turned toward the idea of the scientifically-informed businessman; to preserve their agency in law, they personally created much of the commercial law of the United States. Insurers also shaped the indemnifications called the French and the Spanish Spoliations Claims, insisting that the United States act as if it had been its insurance companies' own underwriter. Meanwhile, midcentury writers, intent on condemning the pell-mell capitalist world they inhabited, inadvertently burnished the reputations of merchants and insurers of the founding era.
Conclusion
Authors: Farber Hannah
Published: May 2023

The conclusion reiterates the book's arguments that the founding of the United States was underwritten, and that marine insurers were among the country's most important underwriters. It traces insurance's journey into obscurity during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and how its reputation as a tedious and esoteric business has always made it difficult for the public to apprehend its power. The conclusion reminds readers, however, that insurance was never as independent of the state as it liked to appear. Since the founding of the United States, insurers have opportunistically vacillated between claims for autonomy from the state and claims to citizenship in it. Regardless, their fate is bound to that of the United States and its citizens.
The White Redoubt, 1965–1974
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

As decolonization unfolded, the problem of continued white rule proved most intractable in southern Africa where a "white redoubt" seemed entrenched: Portuguese colonial rule in Angola and Mozambique; unilaterally declared independence (UDI) in Southern Rhodesia; a white minority government in South Africa. With the rest of the world moving away from overt forms of white supremacy, these areas presented officials in Washington with stark and uncomfortable choices. The Johnson administration enacted some sanctions on Rhodesia, yet they were limited and the subsequent Nixon administration supported efforts to circumvent the sanctions and pursue closer relations with white regimes. Washington tried to portray decisions as favorable to the African majorities, but strategic choices largely continued a US approach enabling a status quo favorable to the white minority in the parts of Africa not free. These choices stemmed from Cold War concerns, immediate economic interests, and continuing racial prejudices. Change came from African liberation fighters, independent African nations, and international actions. Domestic pressures in the United States, from Charles Diggs and the Congressional Black Caucus to grass roots efforts to boycott Gulf Oil, sought domestic change and transnational solidarity to support the global Black freedom struggle.
Rapid, Just, and African Solutions, 1974–1980
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

Liberation struggles were just that: struggles. Freedom fighters across southern Africa—FRELIMO in Mozambique; the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA in Angola; ZAPU and ZANU in Rhodesia; the ANC and PAC in South Africa; SWAPO in South West Africa—faced mixed success but even so added pressure on the white regimes. After a military coup in Portugal helped alter the dynamics of the region, the Ford administration and Henry Kissinger became deeply involved as southern Africa came to the front burner with Washington contesting a hot Cold War there. The liberation movements and the involvement of the Cubans and Soviets made the white regimes' existence increasingly tenuous. The extent to which Washington pushed for majority rule mattered, and while the scorecard remained uneven, more than at any previous time the Carter administration, backed by the Congressional Black Caucus and TransAfrica, moved US policy to definitively and meaningfully helped secure majority rule to Zimbabwe. By 1980, Angola, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe, covering an area larger than all the former European colonial powers in Africa combined, were independent nations under majority rule. Yet human rights were not so clearly at the fore in engaging South Africa; nor were economic sanctions.
Epilogue
Authors: Meriwether James H.
Published: May 2023

Across Africa, the effort to reclaim the land, end colonialism, and overturn white supremacy transformed the continent. Yet as Africans embarked on independence, the multifaceted work that Nelson Mandela pointed to faced hard postcolonial realities. After generations of colonial rule there was much that needed to be built, and the United States now struggled over how to support that effort. When US President Barack Obama visited the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, he spoke of the US debt to Africa and the need to transform America's relationship with Africa to one of listening and working together as equal partners, an idea that remains elusive in actuality.
Introduction
Authors: Ahuja Neel
Published: May 2023

The Introduction to Planetary Specters outlines its critique of climate migration discourse, focusing on how the media icon of the climate refugee in the early 21st century emerged from the context of failures of international cooperation to mitigate emissions as well as intensified border crisis discourse. Reframing contemporary mass migration as a relation between the racialized history of the colonial energy economy and neoliberal transformations in the global economy over the past half-century, the introduction argues for new methods of integrating environmental and economic factors into discussions of migration in the era of rapid climate change.
The Changing Wealth of Nations
Authors: Ahuja Neel
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that theories of racial capitalism originating in the field of Black Studies offer a productive method for moving beyond stereotyped imageries of climate migration. Connecting racial capitalism research to studies of the political economies of oil and globalized trade, the chapter analyzes how race is embedded in the extraction of fossil fuels generated by neoliberal networks of trade, financial, and labor globalization across West and South Asia. A theory of racial capitalism extended to considering oil infrastructure integrates analysis of carbon-based neoliberal trade, the development of the South Asia-Gulf migration corridor, and processes of atmospheric waste amplification that cause desertification, sea level rise, and intensified weather disasters. These processes influence the recent emergence of natural capital and green valuation which build upon the wealth divides and labor formations of the oil economy, in the process revaluing nature as a means of expanding capitalist forms of securitization.
From Insecurity to Adaptation
Authors: Ahuja Neel
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on how oil-driven development laid the groundwork for Bangladesh to become the world’s first “climate migration” hotspot. Critiquing visions of climate-driven mass migration, ethnic conflict, and Islamist terrorism narrated by Bangladeshi government officials, journalists, and international security experts, the chapter documents how the Bangladeshi state incorporated outmigration to the Persian Gulf into its plans for neoliberal development beginning in the 1970s, which shaped the migration routes that are increasingly traveled by today’s flood-affected migrants. The chapter argues that weather-induced migration is currently moving along the same routes and networks created by the oil boom and the rise of neoliberal trade, with the largest flows moving internally from rural areas to the two major cities of Dhaka and Chittagong and external flows heading to the Gulf. These dynamics challenge conventional thinking that ambivalently figures climate refugees from Bangladesh as either tragic victims of Western overconsumption or as romantic figures of adaptation.
Conclusion
Authors: Ahuja Neel
Published: May 2023

The conclusion of Planetary Specters explores intersections between the fields of critical refugee studies and critical race and ethnic studies in the context of how environmental injustices are exacerbating racialized disposability in the current moment. As forms of climate security and climate development exacerbate displacement and border militarization, it is necessary to track how mainstream climate migration speculations are contributing to limited imaginaries of human adaptation or resilience. Rather than moving toward these emergent watchwords of racialized crisis management, the book ends with some examples of mutual aid and migrant narratives that configure collective forms of habitation and visions of futurity against the notion of a permanently sinking future.
The Segregated Military and the Journey toward Change
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that the eventual desegregation of the US military resulted from pressure from African American activist organizations and the Black press in combination with President Truman’s Executive Order 9981. Cline argues that African Americans historically have leveraged military participation into a greater share of America’s promise of equality and freedom.
African Americans and the Air Force, Marines, and Navy in Battle
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2023

Cline uses a variety of oral history interview excerpts to focus on the combat experiences of African American soldiers in US Navy, Marine, and Air Force units in Korea during the Korean War. He provides a comparison of the three branches’ approaches to desegregation and how it was experienced on the ground. The oral histories viscerally describe the experiences of combat while also demonstrating how sailors, flyers, and marines, both enlisted and officers, navigated both war and race.
Fighting the Back of the Bus
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2023

Cline uses a variety of oral history interview excerpts to illustrate the argument made in chapter seven by showing exactly how a range of veterans contributed in a variety of manners to achieving social change and equality for African Americans in the 1950s and beyond. Shows how African American veterans’ efforts in the 1950s link to standard 1960s narrative of the US civil rights movement.
Remembering
Authors: Cline David P.
Published: May 2023

Cline concludes with a discussion about how listening directly to veterans through oral history testimony expands the historiography of the Korean War and the participation of African Americans in the US military. He argues that remembering is an ongoing process of change.
Introduction
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

Let me emphasize the quality that seems to me to be an essential feature of the general history of capitalism: its unlimited flexibility, its capacity for change and adaptation. If there is, as I believe, a certain unity in capitalism, from thirteenth-century Italy to the present-day West, it is here above all that such unity must be located and observed....
American Innocence through the Possession of History
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

The 1965 Cambridge debate about civil rights between James Baldwin and William F. Buckley, Jr., pointed towards the direction of how the critique of racial antagonism in the US would play out through the rest of the twentieth century. For conservatives, an Important part of this evolution away from simply asserting racial supremacy – which had gone out of the style because of the Nazis and the Cold War – lay in the use of colorblind “culture” as the reason for inequality between whites and Blacks in the US. In doing so, conservatives ignored the deep history of white supremacy and presented white America as innocent in its dealings with non-white people. At the same time, this possession of history only made sense through the familiar anti-Black gestures conservatives such as Buckley could not help but slip into – and, thus, betrayed the deep legacies of settler colonialism, slavery, and patriarchy shaping the culture and economics of the US.
Did You Ever See a Dream Walking?
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

Postwar conservatism and neoliberalism both drew their over-arching logic from the transnational idea of “Western civilization,” a cultural grouping for the nations of Europe and their settler colonies around the world. This chapter situates the intersections between conservatism and neoliberalism through the longue durée lens of Western civilization in order to establish a baseline of “common sense” for these two movements as the 1960s unfolded.
Does Militancy No Longer Mean Guns at High Noon?
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the evolution of the “corporate woman” – a term from Business Week magazine – and the relationship between neoliberalism and Second Wave feminism at the dawn of the 1980s. Beginning with Network (1976), this chapter explores the different ways women were imagined as socially equal in the business world and society within popular culture and business literature. As the 1970s progressed, the radical demands of feminism soon shifted to equality of access, allowing the corporate world to be seen as “progressive” and forward-thinking in hiring women and people of color into previously all-white male spaces. On the other hand, Black Feminism continued to advocate for radical change toward capitalism and its patriarchal “DNA.”
Conclusion
Authors: McClure Daniel Robert
Published: May 2023

In the three short decades between now and the twenty-first century, millions of ordinary, psychologically normal people will face an abrupt collision with the future. Citizens of the world’s richest and most technologically advanced nations, many of them will find it increasingly painful to keep up with the incessant demand for change that characterizes our time. For them, the future will have arrived too soon....
Introduction
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

Focusing on one of the most significant studies of race in US history—Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma (1944)—White Philanthropy argues that An American Dilemma should be remembered as a project with great dialogue and intent between its funder, Carnegie Corporation of New York, and its author, Gunnar Myrdal, and a project whose author largely delivered on the funder’s intentions. In the 1920s and 1930s, Carnegie Corporation—both as an institution rooted in Andrew Carnegie’s vision for international peace and under the leadership of President Frederick Keppel—was intent on helping white policymakers solidify a white Anglo-American world order. As White Philanthropy underscores, An American Dilemma was linked to The Poor White Problem in South Africa (1932) and An African Survey (1938) as part of Carnegie Corporation’s plan in the first half of the twentieth century to further solidify white Anglo-American rule and Black subjection across the Atlantic through its funding of comprehensive studies in the social sciences.
Paying for Our Well-Meant Attempts to Govern Subject Races
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

Focusing on Carnegie Corporation’s first grant in colonial Africa under President Frederick P. Keppel’s leadership, this chapter argues that Keppel took a careful initial step in developing and expanding the corporation’s funding agenda in Africa. In his first grant in colonial Africa, Keppel not only relied on fellow board member James Bertram’s reading of Andrew Carnegie’s intentions as a funder in “white communities” in the British Empire, but Keppel decided to fund a model of education for Black people that was well supported and advocated by his peers at the Rockefeller organizations and the Phelps Stokes Fund.
From Education to the Social Sciences
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the moment at Carnegie Corporation when London-based adviser J.H. Oldham’s memorandum played a critical role in guiding the organization to expand upon its 1925 education grant to Kenya and to fund scientific research on the continent. Making sense of the document’s impact at Carnegie Corporation and Oldham’s subsequent meteoric rise as Carnegie Corporation President Frederick P. Keppel’s main adviser on Africa, the chapter argues that Oldham gained this influence at the corporation precisely because Keppel appreciated Oldham’s perspective on the radical implications of rising racial consciousness among Black people and on the potential for scientific research to temper this threat and further solidify white Anglo-American domination on the global stage.
Importing Malcolm Hailey’s African Survey to the United States
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

In the 1930s, Carnegie Corporation President Frederick P. Keppel would build upon fellow Carnegie Corporation board member Newton D. Baker’s critique of the foundation’s funding practices in Black education in the United States to import into the country key aspects of the research model and ideological purpose of Malcolm Hailey’s ongoing African survey, which the Corporation was financing through Chatham House in London. In adapting for a US audience his vision for a US version of Hailey’s project, Keppel remained loyal to the research structure and ideological intent of the London-based study while also taking into account what he hoped for the project to achieve in the United States.
The Novelty of a “Hailey Type” Study in the United States
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

Proposed as a US analogue to Malcolm Hailey’s An African Survey (1938), Carnegie Corporation President Frederick P. Keppel’s study of Black Americans was quite novel in a US context at the time. As the prior chapter highlighted, the US study’s research structure was rather unique in a US context (a research structure assuming a seemingly endless team of largely unacknowledged researchers gathering data for a policy-experienced director charged with writing the final report). As this chapter stresses, the project was furthermore unconventional in the United States because US policymakers (even when soliciting research on Black Americans) resisted any national policy response to Black Americans, and furthermore, because general funding for research on Black Americans had plummeted during the prior decade. Keppel was thus funding a project that, in 1930s and 1940s United States, was novel in research structure and policy goals, and he was financing it at a time when the country’s ecosystem of funding for social scientific research on Black Americans was struggling. This chapter underscores the relative newness of Carnegie Corporation’s study of Black Americans within the United States during the 1930s.
A Bound English-Speaking White World
Authors: Morey Maribel
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter analyzes the national and international impact of An American Dilemma through the lens of former Carnegie Corporation President Frederick P. Keppel’s expectations for the study. It argues that An American Dilemma moderately achieved Keppel’s immediate goal of inspiring white American policymakers across regions of the United States to come together and follow Gunnar Myrdal’s proposed national policy program on Black Americans: the “white man’s rank order of discriminations.” Inspired by their commitment to the American Creed, Myrdal suggested that white Americans could tackle this list, which prioritized the forms of white supremacy least critical for white Americans, and thus, start the work of assimilating Black Americans into all aspects of white US life. That said, An American Dilemma largely failed to achieved Keppel’s ultimate expectation that it would help to bring greater stability to white Anglo-American rule within (and outside) the United States. This was not simply, as this chapter explains, because white southerners ultimately resisted Myrdal’s policy blueprint (as they did), but more deeply, because Keppel’s idea for national and international order along the color line aimed to hold off the unavoidable: Black people’s direct resistance to white rule and Black oppression.
Bad Girls and the Good War
Authors: Fischer Anne Gray
Published: May 2023

This chapter documents local and federal sexual policing through a study of the federal Social Protection Division during World War II. Discretionary wartime morals enforcement was dedicated to restoring the sexual purity of white womanhood, reinforcing the degradation of Black womanhood, and affirming white male sexual prerogative. This national program was built on earlier preoccupations with white women’s purity. Unprecedented numbers of white women were cast under wartime suspicion. At the same time, police neglected Black women in segregated neighborhoods, and some federal officials expressed ambivalence over interrupting white soldier’s sexual access to Black women. The sexual policing of women during World War II became a vehicle to enforce both the color line and gender inequality. The consolidation of police power served to contain the very transformations in women’s sexual and economic lives that the war accelerated. But in these years of upheaval, white women’s sexual practices were gradually becoming normalized. Authorities struggled to identify the difference between women’s sexual practices and sexual criminality. While World War II served to bolster the authority and reputation of law enforcement, police practices would continue to be marked by the failure to achieve their decades-old goal: the reclamation of white womanhood.
Boston: The Place Is Gone!
Authors: Fischer Anne Gray
Published: May 2023

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Boston politicians and urban managers sought to reverse the city’s postwar capital drain by luring white consumer dollars and private investment. Their recovery plan featured the creation of the Adult Entertainment District (AED), a redevelopment of the Combat Zone designed to contain burgeoning sexual commerce while demonstrating the vibrancy and economic viability of the city’s downtown core. At the same time, the changing spatial dynamics of interracial sexual commerce, Black economic isolation, and discriminatory practices citywide drew increasing numbers of Black women onto historically white downtown streets. Black women became oversignified with sexual deviance and violent criminality.The development of the AED experiment and the raced and gendered crime panic posed unique challenges and opportunities for the Boston Police Department (BPD). The BPD was embroiled in a battle for its authority and race-conscious police helped the BPD diversify its repertoire and agents of urban repression and spatial banishment.The deeper motivations of economic turnaround guiding the AED ultimately served to strengthen the BPD’s legitimacy. As the goals of political officials and law enforcement authorities converged, the intensifying policing and spatial banishment of Black women in downtown Boston became center to urban recovery strategies.
Atlanta: From the Prostitution Problem to the Sanitized Zone
Authors: Fischer Anne Gray
Published: May 2023

The distinct racial and urban context of Atlanta in the 1970s—specifically the new Black political leadership with the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor in 1973 and the highly mobilized white businessmen committed to shaping municipal governance according to their own designs—laid the groundwork for a model of downtown policing that would anticipate urban trends nationwide. Ultimately, Atlanta’s urban authorities and business leaders rejected overtures to sexual liberalism and instead devised new law enforcement strategies to repress, rather than contain, sexually profiled Black women who were thought to bring economic and social disorder. As city authorities and downtown boosters doubled down on an urban economy dependent on convention and tourism dollars, a consortium of businessmen in Central Atlanta Progress, Inc. (CAP) steered the ostensibly liberal Atlanta toward a model of tough law enforcement that would become know, by the early 1980s, as broken windows policing.