bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Temporary Workers Receive Risk Premiums? Assessing the Wage Effects of Fixed–term Contracts in West Germany by a Matching Estimator Compared with Parametric Approaches
Authors: Hagen Tobias
Published: March 2003

The wage effects of fixed–term contracts (FTCs) are analysed with the German Socio–Economic Panel (GSOEP) for West Germany. Taking selection on observables into account results in an estimated wage effect of −6 percent up to −10 percent. Controlling additionally for selection on unobservables leads to wage effects of −23 percent, which may be explained by self–selection of workers. The results also highlight the importance of asymmetric information as an explanation for the incentive for employers as well as workers to enter FTCs.
Causatives and Transitivity in L2 English
Authors: Montrul Silvina
Published: March 2003

This study investigates whether Spanish‐ and Turkish‐speaking learners of English discover the semantic and syntactic constraints on the causative/inchoative alternation in the absence of overt morphological clues. Results of a Picture Judgment Task show that L2 learners do discover these properties, and that overall verbs appear to cluster in classes in their interlanguage grammars. However, the Turkish group, at a lower proficiency level than the Spanish one, accepted transitivity errors with unaccusative, unergative and non‐alternating transitive verbs. Although some of the developmental trends observed could be attributed to L1 influence, lower‐proficiency learners may start with a wider grammar, and therefore not differentiate lexico‐syntactically among different verb classes. With higher proficiency, L2 learners eventually recover from overgeneralizations.
Welfare Reform: Prescription for Abuse? A Report on New Research Studies Documenting the Relationship of Domestic Violence and Welfare
Authors: Raphael Jody
Published: March 2003

Anecdotally, welfare‐to‐work programs have documented that domestic violence serves as a welfare‐to‐work barrier by partners’ interference with education, training and work, or by physical or mental trauma which also prevents employment. Four new research studies, which, although using different methods, including random and nonrandom surveys of welfare caseloads and random neighborhood surveys, document high and remarkably consistent prevalence of domestic violence within welfare caseloads. Although much more needs to be known, the prevalence of domestic violence in these women’s lives requires specific domestic violence‐sensitive welfare policies lest women become injured during the welfare‐to‐work process.
Three Strikes Legislation and Sentencing Commission Objectives
Authors: Wright Ronald
Published: March 2003

Between 1993 and 1997, state legislatures across the country passed legislation popularly known as “three strikes and you’re out” laws. These laws appeared at a time when sentencing commissions existed in many states, and the commissions were involved in the legislative debates leading to the votes on three strikes laws. Thus, the passage of three strikes laws can shed light on one type of interaction between sentencing commissions and legislatures. This article posits a variety of objectives for sentencing commissions during three strikes debates, each a response to the recurring “pathologies” that appear when legislative, judicial, and executive branch officials create sentencing policy. A survey of states that have passed three strikes laws indicates that sentencing commissions have not made any systematic difference in the legislative debates on these statutes. Commissions have little reason to oppose these laws absolutely, and could lose political credibility by doing so. Commissions have incentives instead to argue for limiting the scope of these statutes. Where commissions have been involved in the debates about habitual felon legislation, they have emphasized limits on judicial discretion, focused on the quality of legislative deliberations rather than on legislative outcomes, and devoted little attention to prosecutorial charging decisions.
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978: The Role of Symbolic Politics
Authors: Stolz Barbara Ann
Published: March 2003

Since 1978, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) has governed United States intelligence gathering for national security purposes. Enacted in response to the Watergate–era civil rights violations and revelations of a Senate investigation headed by Senator Frank Church that other presidential administrations had authorized similar warrantless surveillance, FISA established a statutory framework for national security surveillance. Understanding FISA contributes to the study of criminal justice policymaking because law enforcement and intelligence communities view it as an important tool for combatting espionage and terrorism. This article examines the enactment of FISA from the perspective of symbolic politics.
Does Interest Rate Volatility Affect the US M1 Demand Function? Evidence From Cointegration
Authors: Choudhry Taufiq
Published: March 2003

The long‐run demand for US real M1 in the post Second World War period (1954–96) is investigated. The empirical investigation is conducted by means of Johansen multivariate cointegration tests and error correction models. Results show that a stationary long‐run M1 demand function is only found when the interest rate volatility or the inflation rate volatility is included in the function. The conditional variance estimate from the GARCH(1, 1) model is used as volatility in the empirical work. Results from the error correction models indicate causality between real M1 and its determinants, including interest rate (and inflation rate) volatility. A significant presence of interest rate volatility in the money demand function may affect economic performance and monetary policy.
Worker Absenteeism: Why Firm Size May Matter
Authors: Barmby Tim , Stephen Gesine
Published: March 2003

Absence rates are higher in large firms. This relationship between absence and firm size could possibly be explained if large firms had smaller unit cost of absence. We show, extending a method used by Weiss, that multiple‐line firms can be more efficient in insuring against absence through holding buffer‐stock workers than single‐line firms can. This suggests a theoretical underpinning of the observed relationship. An empirical investigation of the relationship between firm size and absence using German individual and firm data demonstrates the strength of the firm size effect on absence.
How Far Do Cases Go? Resolution in Industrial Tribunal Applications
Authors: Knight K. G. , Latreille Paul L.
Published: March 2003

Drawing on theoretical developments in the arbitration literature, and in particular the concepts of ‘error’ and ‘intent’, this paper uses data from the 1992 Survey of Industrial Tribunal Applications to identify the factors associated with the stage at which resolution of individual employment disputes occurs. Resolution at ‘conciliation’ is primarily determined by applicants’ characteristics (most notably gender) and by case jurisdiction, whilst subsequent ‘pre‐tribunal’ resolution is driven largely by employer and case characteristics. The results are consistent with an error/intent interpretation. ACAS intervention appears to promote ‘settlement’ but does not enhance the overall resolution rate.
Productivity and Preferences in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Chadha Jagjit S. , Janssen Norbert , Nolan Charles
Published: March 2003

Following Hall (Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 15 (1997), pp. S223–S250) it is increasingly common to incorporate preference, as well as productivity, perturbations in calibrated general equilibrium models. We assess the performance of a small open economy stochastic growth model (based on the Blanchard–Yaari framework) under alternative driving processes. Whilst both models provide familiar descriptions of the aggregate economy, we find that the model driven by productivity disturbances has clear advantages in explaining the behaviour towards foreign asset accumulation.
A Simple Counterexample to Several Problems in the Theory of Asset Pricing
Authors: Delbaen Freddy , Schachermayer Walter
Published: March 2003

We give an easy example of two strictly positive local martingales that fail to be uniformly integrable, but such that their product is a uniformly integrable martingale. The example simplifies an earlier example given by the second author. We give applications in mathematical finance and we show that the phenomenon is present in many incomplete markets.
Pricing by Arbitrage Under Arbitrary Information
Authors: Babbs Simon H. , Selby Michael J. P.
Published: March 2003

A substantial applications literature on pricing by arbitrage has effectively restricted information to that arising solely from securities markets; return distributions are then governed solely by past prices. We reconsider pricing by arbitrage in markets rendered incomplete by arbitrary information, which, moreover, may influence required returns. We show that contingent claims depending solely on securities’ normalized price histories are priced by arbitrage if and only if all risk‐adjusted probabilities agree upon the law of primitive securities’ normalized prices. We show how existing diffusion‐based results can be preserved, and resolve an issue relating to Merton's (1973) stochastic interest rate model.
Long memory in continuous‐time stochastic volatility models
Authors: Comte Fabienne , Renault Eric
Published: March 2003

This paper studies a classical extension of the Black and Scholes model for option pricing, often known as the Hull and White model. Our specification is that the volatility process is assumed not only to be stochastic, but also to have long‐memory features and properties. We study here the implications of this continuous‐time long‐memory model, both for the volatility process itself as well as for the global asset price process. We also compare our model with some discrete time approximations. Then the issue of option pricing is addressed by looking at theoretical formulas and properties of the implicit volatilities as well as statistical inference tractability. Lastly, we provide a few simulation experiments to illustrate our results.
Self‐Financing Trading Strategies for Sliding, Rolling‐Horizon, and Consol Bonds
Authors: Rutkowski Marek
Published: March 2003

The time evolution of a sliding bond is studied in discrete‐ and continuous‐time setups. By definition, a sliding bond represents the price process of a discount bond with a fixed time to maturity. Examples of measure‐valued trading strategies (introduced by Bj"ork et al. 1997a, 1997b) which are based on the price process of a sliding bond are discussed. In particular, a self‐financing strategy that involves holding at any time one unit of a sliding bond is examined (the wealth process of this strategy is referred to as the rolling‐horizon bond). In contrast to the sliding bond, which does not represent a tradable security, the rolling‐horizon bond (or the rolling‐consol bond) may play the role of a fixed‐income security with infinite lifespan in portfolio management problems.
Classical and Impulse Stochastic Control of the Exchange Rate Using Interest Rates and Reserves
Authors: Cadenillas Abel , Zapatero Fernando
Published: March 2003

We consider the problem of a Central Bank that wants the exchange rate to be as close as possible to a given target, and in order to do that uses both the interest rate level and interventions in the foreign exchange market. We model this as a mixed classical‐impulse stochastic control problem, and provide for the first time a solution to that kind of problem. We give examples of solutions that allow us to perform an interesting economic analysis of the optimal strategy of the Central Bank.
Dynamic Optimization of Long‐Term Growth Rate for a Portfolio with Transaction Costs and Logarithmic Utility
Authors: Akian Marianne , Sulem Agnès , Taksar Michael I.
Published: March 2003

We study the optimal investment policy for an investor who has available one bank account and n risky assets modeled by log‐normal diffusions. The objective is to maximize the long‐run average growth of wealth for a logarithmic utility function in the presence of proportional transaction costs. This problem is formulated as an ergodic singular stochastic control problem and interpreted as the limit of a discounted control problem for vanishing discount factor. The variational inequalities for the discounted control problem and the limiting ergodic problem are established in the viscosity sense. The ergodic variational inequality is solved by using a numerical algorithm based on policy iterations and multigrid methods. A numerical example is displayed for two risky assets.
Political Animals: Luck, Love and Dignity
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: March 2003

Human beings are both needy and dignified. How should we think about the relationship between our neediness and our worth? Card argues well that our vulnerability to luck is intertwined in the very conditions of moral agency. We can see the merit of her approach even more clearly by turning to some difficulties the Stoics have in preserving dignity while removing vulnerability. Stoicism does, however, help us to sort through the difficulties involved as we try to combine love of particular people with respect for all human life. Richardson is correct to suggest that love itself can animate the concern for all humanity; I also agree with him that institutions must play a major role in any solution to problems of inequality between nations. Although the “capabilities approach” offers an attractive account of one part of the goal of just political institutions, combining, as Moody‐Adams suggests, respect for difference with a commitment to universal norms, I now believe that the capabilities account should be combined with a form of Rawlsian political liberalism that protects spaces within which citizens may pursue the good as they understand it.
The New Interventionism
Authors: Doyle Michael W.
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the boundaries of political sovereignty, one key aspect of global political justice and an important background condition to the issues of global economic justice treated in the other papers of this volume. I first present an interpretive summary of the traditional arguments against and for intervention, stressing, to a greater extent than is usual, the consequentialist character of the ethics of intervention. It makes a difference whether we think that an intervention will do more good than harm, and some of the factors that determine the outcome are matters of strategy and institutional choice. I then explore the significance of a key factor that makes for much of what is new in the new interventionism: the role of multilateral and particularly U.N. authorization and implementation. I argue that the more salient role of the United Nations should lead us to a more expansive tolerance of international intervention and that global standards of justice, both political and economic, can therefore be more widely enforced against claims to national autonomy.
The Social Responsibility of Professional Societies
Authors: Hull David L.
Published: March 2003

A consistent position for professional societies with respect to social and moral issues is difficult to forge. The most consistent position is that professional societies qua professional societies should avoid getting involved in any and all social or moral issues. Professional societies should be praised or blamed only on the basis of their success or failure to achieve their professional goals. If, however, we do think that professional societies deserve moral praise and blame with respect to broader moral issues, then the situation gets much more complicated. One contrast explored in this article is between scientific and philosophical societies getting involved in social and moral issues. A second contrast is between individual and group responsibility. If groups are to be praised or blamed, smaller well–integrated groups are the most likely candidates.
Sentimentalist Virtue and Moral Judgement: Outline of a Project
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: March 2003

Ethical rationalism has recently dominated the philosophical landscape, but sentimentalist forms of normative ethics (such as the ethics of caring) and of metaethics (such as Blackburn's projectivism and various ideal–observer and response–dependent views) have also been prominent. But none of this has been systematic in the manner of Hume and Hutcheson. Hume based both ethics and metaethics in his notion of sympathy, but the project sketched here focuses rather on the (related) notion of empathy. I argue that empathy is essential to the development of morally required caring about others and also to deontological limits or restrictions on self–concern and other–concern. But empathy also plays a grounding role in moral judgement. Moral approval and disapproval can be non–circularly understood as empathic reflections of the concern or lack of concern that agents show towards other people; and moral utterances can plausibly be seen not as projections, expressions, or descriptions of sentiment but as “objective” and “non–relative” judgements whose reference and content are fixed by sentiments of approval and disapproval.
Aggregate Demand and Endogenous Growth: a Generalized Keynes‐Kaldor Model of Economic Growth
Authors: Palley Thomas I.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a generalized Keynes‐Kaldor growth model which incorporates both the Cambridge theory of income distribution and endogenous technical change. Within the model, the rate of aggregate demand growth affects both the level of aggregate demand and the rate of output growth. However, demand growth management can only be used to shift the economy from low to high growth equilibria, and cannot produce continuous adjustments in the equilibrium rate of growth. This reveals that management of the growth trajectory is a qualitatively different problematic from management of the level of output. Lastly, the model highlights ambiguities regarding the adjustment dynamics of demand growth.
Diffusion of Ideas on Social Inequalities in Health: A European Perspective
Authors: Whitehead Margaret
Published: March 2003

The issue of social inequalities in health has become politically salient during the 1990s in many European countries. Research evidence and ideas that eventually came to the attention of national policy makers helped to trigger this change. The pathways of this information flow are traced through an examination of the work of international agencies and a presentation of case studies from three countries: the Netherlands, Britain, and Sweden. Each country’s experience was different but nevertheless influenced and reinforced the courses of action adopted by the others. It is clear that, in order to meet the challenge that health inequalities pose to public health and policy, cooperation will become even more important in the future.
Co‐Cognition and Off‐Line Simulation: Two Ways of Understanding the Simulation Approach
Authors: Heal Jane
Published: March 2003

It is generally assumed that the debate between theory‐theory and simulation theory is an empirical one, but this view of the structure of the debate is misleading. It is an a priori truth that theory‐theory is mistaken and equally a priori that simulation in one sense (here labelled ‘co‐cognition’) is central in thinking about the thoughts of others. Given this, it is a further question how our co‐cognitive powers are realized in sub‐personal machinery. Here simulation in quite another sense (that involving such ideas as ‘pretend states’ and ‘off‐line’ mental processes) may provide one possible answer.
Empathy, Neural Imaging and the Theory versus Simulation Debate
Authors: Adams Frederick
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the debate over how we attribute beliefs, desires, and other mental states to our fellows. Do we employ a theory of mind? Or do we use simulational brain mechanisms, but employ no theory? One point of dispute between these theories focuses upon our ability to have empathic knowledge of the mind of another. I consider whether an argument posed by Ravenscroft settles the debate in favor of Simulation Theory. I suggest that the consideration of empathy does not settle the dispute. Then I look at recent results from false memory research and other research employing neural imaging. I suggest that new discoveries there may help shape the future of the empirical dimension of the debate.
Linguistic Meaning, Communicated Meaning and Cognitive Pragmatics
Authors: Carston Robyn
Published: March 2003

Within the philosophy of language, pragmatics has tended to be seen as an adjunct to, and a means of solving problems in, semantics. A cognitive‐scientific conception of pragmatics as a mental processing system responsible for interpreting ostensive communicative stimuli (specifically, verbal utterances) has effected a transformation in the pragmatic issues pursued and the kinds of explanation offered. Taking this latter perspective, I compare two distinct proposals on the kinds of processes, and the architecture of the system(s), responsible for the recovery of speaker meaning (both explicitly and implicitly communicated meaning).
Chomsky’s New Horizons
Authors: Moravcsik J.M.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Noam Chomsky, New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind.
Sacred Triads: Augustine and the Indo‐European Soul
Authors: Milbank John
Published: March 2003

In this paper the author endeavours to bring together discussions of Georges Dumezil’s thesis concerning the tripartite structure of Indo‐European mythology with discussions of Trinitarian theology. The claim is, first, that the mythology led to an intrinsically aporetic characterization of the soul as a sphere of ‘self‐government in space’. Second, that Plato, initially, and then much more emphatically Augustine, dissolved this construction and resolved its aporias by substituting an alternative construction in terms of ‘government by the other through time.’
“Person” versus “Individual”, and Other Modern Misreadings of Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: March 2003

This article argues that, despite claiming that his own ontology of personhood is patristic–based, John Zizioulas has not convincingly exegeted the Cappadocian theology of person, especially that of Gregory of Nyssa and Basil of Caesarea. This is unfortunate, given the fact that there are dozens of patristic quotations from, or references to, various Greek Fathers (especially the Cappadocians) throughout Zizioulas’s works. Instead, he uses nineteenth– and twentieth–century insights which he then foists on the Cappadocians. This methodology leads him to misleading conclusions. Zizioulas is therefore in error when he contends that the Cappadocians did not understand a person as an individual or when he credits them with having had the same concerns we moderns have when combating individualism today.
The consultants’ offensive: reengineering – from fad to technique
Authors: Fincham Robin , Evans Mark
Published: March 2003

Business process reengineering has tended to be seen as a management fashion and the brainchild of the gurus who popularised it. Yet this overlooks the role of consultants in the spread of BPR and the system itself as a specific technique of change management. In fact BPR played a significant role in the push for new business in management consultancy and has become integral to an armoury of consultant tools. This article explores reengineering as a consultancy solution in the context of the external expert’s distinctive claims on knowledge, and argues that this approach reveals new insights into both reengineering and the consultancy process.
New technologies and employment: industry and firm level evidence from Turkey
Authors: Ansal Hacer K , Cetindamar Karaomerlioglu Dilek
Published: March 2003

Here the authors investigate the impact of new technology on employment at country, industry and firm level using evidence from a study of the Turkish chemical and engineering industries. They conclude by attempting to outline policy considerations related to the long term negative impact of technology on employment in developing countries.
Cyclical asymmetry in energy consumption and intensity: the Japanese experience
Authors: Moosa Imad A.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the cyclical behaviour of energy consumption and intensity in the Japanese economy. It is found that energy consumption and intensity are either procyclical or acyclical, depending on the type of energy source. It is also found that there is no evidence for cyclical asymmetry in either consumption or intensity.
Benefit Transfers in Italy: An Empirical Study of Mobility Lists in the Milan Area
Authors: Brunello Giorgio , Miniaci Raffaele
Published: March 2003

This paper uses administrative data on mobility lists in the largest economic region of Italy, Lombardia, to test whether the more favourable treatment of older workers, who can draw benefits longer and transfer a larger sum to potential employers, affects in a positive way their hazard from unemployment into a permanent job. Our reduced form estimates show that older workers who draw benefits longer have a significantly lower hazard than their younger colleagues. The reduction in the hazard from unemployment is particularly pronounced for older women in the sample. Apparently, the negative effect of the treatment on the supply side, due to a higher reservation wage, prevails in our data over the positive effect, stimulated by the larger potential benefit transfers. We conclude that, if the aim of the policy is to increase the hazard from the list into a permanent job, the treatment should be modified either by reducing passive income support or by increasing the potential for benefit transfers, or, finally, by reducing the entitlement period.
Transitions to and From Self‐employment in Spain: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Carrasco Raquel
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the influence of individual characteristics and the business cycle on the probability of entry into self‐employment and on self‐employment duration. We estimate multinomial logit and discrete competing risks models using data from a longitudinal sample of Spanish men for the period 1985–1991. The results indicate that unemployment raises the probability of entering self‐employment, but also increases the hazard of leaving self‐employment, especially into unemployment. Moreover, receiving unemployment benefits significantly reduces the probability of entering self‐employment. Liquidity constraints are important in determining enterpreneurial selection, but only for those who become self‐employed with employees.
On Some Statistical Methods for Modelling the Incidence of Poverty
Authors: Pudney Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes a common method of estimating the pattern of individual characteristics associated with poverty – the logit/probit technique applied to a dummy variable identifying those individuals who are below a poverty line. We show that this procedure is seriously flawed by a fundamental logical difficulty and further statistical complications when the poverty line is estimated or when generalized poverty measures are used. An alternative approach is proposed, based on a semi‐parametric series expansion appproximation to the conditional income distribution. Estimation, testing and summary procedures are established and applied to Hungarian survey data.
Two Sides to Every Story: Bout Coupé Handaxes Revisited
Authors: White Mark J. , Jacobi Roger M.
Published: March 2003

Bout coupé handaxes are widely considered to be a cultural and typological marker for the Middle Palaeolithic in Britain, and are traditionally dated to around the end of the Last Interglacial or the beginning of the Devensian glaciation. Much debate has surrounded the typological validity of this form, but relatively little attention has been paid to the stratigraphical integrity of the sample. This paper takes a fresh look at the bout coupé problem using a select sample of better provenanced pieces and employs the most current chronological frameworks. We conclude that there is a temporally restricted bout coupé phenomenon in the British Isles, but contrary to previous claims these handaxes cannot be regarded as an unequivocal marker for the Mousterian and nor do they belong to the early Upper Pleistocene. Rather the bout coupé phenomenon marks the recolonization of Britain by Neanderthal populations during OIS 3 (59–41 ka). This further suggests a bipartite division of the British Middle Palaeolithic, each period having a quasi‐distinctive lithic signature.
Trade and Agriculture at Megara Hyblaia
Authors: De Angelis Franco
Published: March 2003

The terms of twentieth–century debate on the causes of Greek overseas settlement were set by Gwynn and Blakeway: overseas settlements were either founded to feed hungry mouths in an overpopulated homeland, or they were founded to improve Greek trading opportunities in the rest of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Although the trade versus agriculture dichotomy is increasingly being regarded as false, its legacy lingers on, even in recent work. Detailed attention to the earliest remains at one of the best–known Greek overseas settlements, Megara Hyblaia in south–east Sicily, provides strong evidence in favour of seeing agriculture as central to Greek settlement abroad, but agriculture as a basis for trade rather than agriculture for its own sake.
Wage Stagnation in Japan
Authors: Batra Ravi
Published: March 2003

In the last ten years, a number of economists have tried to explain the observed decline or stagnation in the real wages of the US labor force in spite of slow but steady rise in labor productivity. This paper reports a similar affliction for the Japanese labor market since 1973. The explanation for stagnant wages in spite of respectable productivity gains in Japan lies in the vast appreciation of the yen versus the dollar, and ultimately in the highly regulated retail distribution.
A linear approximation algorithm using BSDE
Authors: Peng Shige
Published: March 2003

This note demonstrates that a linear approximation algorithm based on Chow’s Lagrangean one‐dimensional backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) converges under reasonable assumptions.
The capability theory and welfare reform
Authors: Gotoh Reiko
Published: March 2003

This essay examines the foundation of welfare reform in the light of Amartya Sen’s capability theory and the implications of his theory in the context of contemporary industrialized society. A method to formulate the equality of capabilities and to capture its philosophical meaning is explored from the viewpoint of a fair distributive justice; two concepts of freedom, well‐being freedom and agency freedom; and the process of human life.
The Hong Kong Fish Marketing Organization
Authors: Lai Lawrence W. C , Yu Ben T.
Published: March 2003

This essay provides an explanation of the phenomenon of an apparent secular fall in captured fisheries outputs in Hong Kong transacted through the Fish Marketing Organisation. The latter is a government monopoly, with the power to compel sale of landed fish through its licensed buyers, established and protected by law. The institutional characteristic of this organisation can also explain the evolution of marine fish culture industry in the area that is not subject to the forced‐sale regulation of the Organisation, and the diversity of species commonly observed in the consumer market of cultured fish. The observed reduction in fisheries output in Hong Kong can be the consequence of regulation rather than a lack of regulation, as the ‘the tragedy of commons’ would seem to imply. Our analysis also demonstrates why the Fish Marketing Organisation has suffered from a growing budgetary deficit in recent years.
On the Tenability of Non‐Factualism with Regard to the A Priori
Authors: Shieber Joseph
Published: March 2003

In a number of recent articles, Hartry Field has attempted to reclaim the a priori for his own brand of non‐factualist epistemology by introducing a non‐epistemic notion of the a priori based purely upon the position of individual beliefs within belief systems. In this article we examine (i) whether a robust enough notion of aprioricity is available to Field, and, by extension, to the radical empiricist and (ii) whether it is possible to connect up the non‐epistemic notion of aprioricity with questions about the epistemic status of those beliefs that happen to be a priori in the non‐epistemic sense.
Death, Asymmetry and the Psychological Self
Authors: Pettigrove Glen
Published: March 2003

Lucretius thought that we should be as indifferent to the time of our death as we are toward the time of our birth. This paper will critique the ways in which Thomas Nagel, Frederik Kaufman and Christopher Belshaw have appealed to a psychological notion of the self in an attempt to defend our asymmetric intuitions against Lucretius’ claim. Four objections are marshalled against the psychological–self strategy: (1) the psychological notion of the self fails to capture all of our intuitions about selfhood; (2) some of the intuitions to which proponents of a psychological notion of the self appeal are drawn from irrelevant or misleading ethical and epistemological aspects of certain examples they consider; (3) the arguments developed on the basis of a psychological notion of the self do not answer Lucretius in the right way; and (4) the psychological–self explanation overlooks an important distinction between awareness–dependent and awareness–independent explanations. While the psychological–self explanation of the asymmetry in our attitudes toward the time of our birth and the time of our death may explain why Nagel, Kaufman and Belshaw have asymmetric attitudes, it fails to explain why most people have such attitudes.
Professional and Educational Perspectives on Spirituality in Young Children
Authors: Sokanovic Mary , Muller Dave
Published: March 2003

Spirituality is a concept which is hard to define, not least because it is not a neutral idea. How you understand it depends in part on your belief system. However, the quality of a school’s contribution to spiritual development of its pupils is something included in OFSTED inspections. This paper describes an investigation which sought to answer the question, ‘What are the professional perspectives of OFSTED inspectors and teachers with regard to the provision for spiritual growth of children in schools?’ A small sample of inspectors and teachers were interviewed and asked to define spirituality. They were also asked what they looked for to indicate a spiritual dimension in children. The results showed a significant gap between the views and understandings of inspectors and teachers. The writers highlight the significance of these and make a number of suggestions about their implications.
In Search of the Responsible Subject: History, Philosophy and Social Sciences in Criminal Law Theory
Authors: Lacey Nicola
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the way in which English criminal law’s conception of responsibility has changed since the eighteenth century, and explores the relationship between changes in legal framework, changes in processes of criminalisation and punishment, and broader social, political and economic changes. It argues that the development of ideas of individual responsibility for crime are responses to problems of co‐ordination and legitimation faced by systems of criminal law, and that these problems can be expected to change according to the environment in which the system operates, with important factors including the distribution of political interests and economic power; the prevailing cultural and intellectual environment; the organisation and status of relevant professional groups and the vigour of alternative means of social ordering. Substantively, the paper explores the hypothesis that criminal responsibility has shifted from a conception founded in ideas of character to a capacity‐based conception over the relevant period. Methodologically, the aim is to historicise the structure as well as the content of criminal law within a socio‐theoretic framework, constructing a dialogue between criminal law theory of a doctrinal and philosophical temper and socio‐historical studies of criminal justice.
Conception and the Irrelevance of the Welfare Principle
Authors: Jackson Emily
Published: March 2003

This article challenges the assumption that their future children’s welfare is a relevant consideration when deciding whether to provide a person with assisted conception services. It does not argue that infertility treatment ought to be available as of right. Rather, this article’s proposal is that section 13(5) – which specifies that no‐one shall receive assistance with conception unless account has first been taken of the welfare of any child who might be born – should be deleted from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Extending the ‘welfare principle’ to decisions taken prior to a child’s conception is shown to be unjust, meaningless and inconsistent with existing legal principle.
Leashing God with Levinas: Tracing a Trinity with Levinas
Authors: Purcell Michael
Published: March 2003

Levinas' ethical metaphysics opens up a nexus of relationships, in the midst of which God becomes accessible as the counterpart of the justice I render to others. Although Levinas refuses a theorising theology which does violence to God, we attempt in this article nonetheless to glimpse the possibility of a divine threesome (leash) which can be articulated in the language of ethical metaphysics. We seek to trace a Trinity, not in Levinas, but with Levinas. We seek to ‘leash God with Levinas.’

Thus, we argue the liturgical nature of God. God is utterly ‘for‐the‐other.’ The Father, as utterly self‐diffusive, is ‘for‐the‐Son’, and the Son, as utterly responsive, is ‘for‐the‐Father.’ The divine nature (ousia) is the ethical reality of ‘for‐the‐other.’ Secondly, this one nature (ousia) has three distinct hypostases, which need to be understood ethically. The relationship between Father and Son is not the same as the relationship between the Son and the Father. The Father and the Son are the same in that they are essentially ‘for‐the‐other,’ bound by a bond or a Spirit of responsibility. Yet, the Son's relation to the Father is responsive, whereas the Father's relation to the Son is initiative or originary. Thus, there is both an identity yet a non‐identification of Father and Son. Again, since responsibility is the ethical hypostasis of ‘the‐other‐person‐in me,’ we might say that the Father is in the Son and the Son is in the Father (cf. John 14:10,11), in a non‐identical way, and that it is precisely this perichoresis of the one in the Other which constitutes the hypostasis of each.
‘Consumed By Fire From Within’: Teilhard de Chardin's Pan‐christic Mysticism In Relation To The Catholic Tradition
Authors: King Ursula
Published: March 2003

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955), eminent Jesuit scientist and religious write, was one of the great Christian mystics of the twentieth century. Yet scholars of mysticism rarely discuss his works or typology of mysticism. I argue that the little studied, early Writings in Time or War, together with his late autobiographical essays, provide the hermeneutical key for understanding Teilhard's pan‐christic mysticism. My paper examines especially the experiential and cosmic dimensions of his pan‐christic mysticism of union and communion with Christ through all things. This mysticism belongs to the kataphatic rather than apophatic tradition of Christian mysticism. It is deeply rooted in, and in full continuity with, the catholic tradition but through introducing innovative elements, it is at the same time also thoroughly transformative. I show this in relation to Teilhard's understanding of the Spiritual Exercises and, in particular, to that of the “Sacred Heart” whose meaning he greatly extended by understanding it in a universal, cosmic sense. He so frequently used the metaphors of fire and heart—well known, traditional images of Christian mysticism—that I describe Teilhard's mysticism as a fire and heart mysticism. I also discuss the significance of his typology of mysticism in relation to the comparative study of mysticism.
The date and authorship of Robert Grosseteste's Rules for Household and Estate Management*
Authors: Burger Michael
Published: March 2003

Grosseteste's Rules is canonically dated 1240–2 arguing thus: the countess of Lincoln, for whom the work was written, was a widow since only widows needed a manual concerning matters not pertinent to married noble women. The one widowed countess of Lincoln during Grosseteste's episcopate (1235–53) was widowed in 1240 and remarried in 1242. Given, however, the activities of married noblewomen, and the appearance of other unmarried countesses of Lincoln during Grosseteste's pontificate, the treatise is datable only to 1235–53. Pace& Dr. Dorothea Oschinsky, Grosseteste also had the capacity to write the Rules, and so presumably wrote it.
The Church of England in the eighteenth century
Authors: Barrie Viviane
Published: March 2003

This article is an attempt to study the position of the Church of England in one particular region – the diocese of London in the south-east of England – throughout the eighteenth century. It considers three problems which the author came across when first researching the subject several years ago: firstly, the social and economic status of parishes; secondly, clerical recruitment and the careers of the clergy; and finally, the pastoral life and work of the Church, especially through the corpus of episcopal visitations.
History, Politics and Reputation: E. P. Thompson Reconsidered
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: March 2003

This article offers a reinterpretation of the public career and work of E. P. Thompson. Much of the current critical work on Thompson assumes that he had two, largely separate, careers, one as an historian, the other as a political activist. As a result his historical writing is generally considered in isolation from an equally large and influential body of political writings, which represented interventions in contemporary debates from the struggle of the Yugoslav partisans in the 1940s to the campaigns for nuclear disarmament in the 1980s. The present article attempts an historical reading of Thompson’s political writings, reconsiders his achievement as an historian, and seeks to offer a more integrated and critical reading of his historical and political vision.
Progress in Historical Studies
Authors: Martin Raymond
Published: March 2003

Has there been progress in historical studies, in the sense that we understand the past better now than previously? I argue that there has been such progress. In the case of the interpretational controversy over the American Revolution, it has consisted, among other things, in the development of interpretations that are more accurate, more comprehensive, better balanced, and better justified. In addition, the repeated development of interpretations with these characteristics has encouraged interpretational convergence, if not overall, then at least within what I call interpretive polarities, of which the competition between Whig‐ and Progressive‐oriented interpretations of the Revolution is an example. Further, except for a certain sort of ignorance about human nature coupled with the desire for richer and more relevant interpretational meaning, probably there would have been even more convergence. However, the use of interpretational convergence as a criterion of progress in historical studies rests on a profound and widespread misunderstanding of the differences between historical studies and the physical sciences. Interpretational divergence is not necessarily a bad thing. In the case of the controversy over the Revolution, we should want even more interpretational divergence than we have gotten so far, provided it is of the right kind. The seeming‐descensus that results, far from being an embarrassment to historical studies, should be regarded as one of its best features. Finally, in response to predictable relativistic and skeptical objections, there are, if not external checks on the adequacy of historical interpretations, then something that is close enough to such checks to promote a kind of growth in historical understanding that is progress worth caring about.
The Sense of History: On the Political Implications of Karl Löwith's Concept of Secularization
Authors: Barash Jeffrey Andrew
Published: March 2003

Written during the period of his emigration to the United States, during and just after World War II, the originality of Karl Löwith's book Meaning in History lies in its resolute critique of all forms of philosophy of history. This critique is based on the now famous idea that modern philosophies of history have only extended and deepened an illusion fabricated by a long tradition of Christian historical reflection: the illusion that history itself has an intrinsic goal. This modern extension and deepening of the chimera propagated by Christian historical reflection is what Löwith terms “secularization.” Drawing on the arguments in Meaning in History as well as those proposed in other contemporaneous and earlier writings, including Löwith's heretofore unpublished correspondence with Leo Strauss, this article attempts to set in relief the frequently neglected, yet eminently political implications of Löwith”s idea of secularization. Among the problems implicitly considered in relation to the theory of secularization in Meaning in History is a theme frequently addressed in earlier writings: the motives that led German intellectuals like Friedrich Gogarten, Martin Heidegger, and Carl Schmitt to adhere to the Nazi movement.
Beyond Managerialism in Criminal Justice
Authors: Raine John W. , Willson Michael J.
Published: March 2003

This article reviews changes which public sector managerialism has imposed upon the criminal justice agencies, especially the courts. It presents both theoretical and empirical evidence to suggest that the relevance of managerialism is now receding as contemporary concerns and conditions are encouraging a focus on new priorities and a post‐managerial style of organisation. Finally, it explores the implications for criminal justice and considers the ways in which post‐managerialism is likely to develop in that context.
Gender and Prison Organisation: Some Comments on Masculinities and Prison Management
Authors: Carrabine Eamonn , Longhurst Brian
Published: March 2003

The paper explores the significance of some contemporary writing on masculinities to the management of male prisons. It argues that the incorporation of gender into discussions of imprisonment is an important development, but that there has been a tendency to focus on prisoners rather than prisons as organisations. Drawing on work which has emphasised the gendered nature of contemporary organisation structure and struggles, the paper examines interactions around masculinity in ‘routine’and ‘exceptional’types of prison management. The discussion of the routine leads, inter alia, to an examination of the place of the body in struggles over control. The consideration of the exceptional points to the significance of the processual constitution of masculine identity. The emphasis on contestation and constitution is reiterated in the conclusion which connects the approach developed to some contemporary research on female prisons.