bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Sanctuary of Isis on the South Slope of the Athenian Acropolis
Authors: Walker Susan
Published: September 2013

While completing a study of an unusual group of Roman Corinthian capitals from Athens, I was led to reconsider the current attribution of two members of the group, an anta and a full capital, to an Augustan propylon said to have been built in the Asklepieion. The capitals shared the same source of design and traits of technique as the series made for Hadrian's Arch and for the interior of the Olympieion. It was difficult to accept their association with an inscribed epistyle block, indubitably Augustan in date, that was said to form part of the Asklepieion propylon. Furthermore, the epistyle was too narrow (0·41 m.) to fit over the bedding surfaces of the capitals (0·70 × 0·70 m.), and there was no indication that a backing block had been used.
The Late Cycladic Period: a Review
Authors: Barber R. L. N.
Published: September 2013

Excavation and research in the Cyclades in the last thirty years have added substantially to the body of evidence for the Late Bronze Age in the islands. Whilst much of the excavated material is not yet fully published, our understanding of the culture and history of the LC period has been considerably extended. Below, I review this evidence and make some suggestions as to its interpretation.
The Medusa Rondanini and Antiochus III
Authors: Callaghan P.
Published: September 2013

This article is the fourth in a series designed to chart the diffusion of Hellenistic motifs, not only from province to province but also across craft boundaries. We are seldom able to measure these processes with any degree of chronological precision, but when we can the evidence indicates the astonishing speed with which even the most complex decorative innovations could become common property over wide areas. The Medusa Rondanini and a closely related body of derivative material provide one of the few easily documented cases for such rapid diffusion. Though we cannot expect to understand completely the mechanics of the process, the isolation and examination of its visible proofs provide some valuable controls for a much wider group of objects.
Knossos: an Early Greek Tomb on Lower Gypsadhes Hill
Authors: Callaghan P. J. , Coldstream J. N. , Musgrave Jonathan H.
Published: September 2013

In the summer of 1975 the owner of a small estate on the eastern slopes of Lower Gypsadhes decided to build a private road upslope to a belvedere overlooking the palace area. In the course of grading, several archaeological features were damaged before work was halted by the intervention of the Antiquities Guard. The Ephor of Antiquities at Herakleion then asked the British School to undertake rescue excavations in the area, and the Director of the School requested that I investigate the most important of the damaged constructions, an Iron Age chamber tomb.

About half-way along the course of the new road was a large area covered with the shattered remains of Geometric and Orientalizing vessels, but no sign of a tomb remained above ground. Preliminary excavation revealed the cause of this pattern.
Cist graves and Chamber Tombs
Authors: Dickinson O. T. P. K.
Published: September 2013

The two categories of tomb are defined. Burial practice in Greece from MH onwards is discussed, chamber tombs being established as canonical in LH I, though these are not universal, and cist and pit burials continue. Chamber and tholos tombs occur over a wide area of the mainland in LH II; after LH II, except for children's burials, pits and cists are relatively rare, though they are found in chamber tombs. It is argued that chamber tombs were the general form of burial, and that cists and pits were not used, separately, for poor burials. Chamber tombs continue to be general in LH IIIC: simpler requirements and cremation lead to a revival of cists and pits, though chamber tombs do not totally die out, and in Crete continue to be the preferred form in Archaic times.
The Villa Dionysos Excavations, Knossos: The Pottery
Authors: Hayes J. W.
Published: September 2013

The pottery found in the Roman urban villa at Knossos (the Villa Dionysos), excavated in 1935 by R. W. Hutchinson and in several post-war seasons by Prof. M. R. E. Gough, is described. The circumstances and context of the discoveries are described, together with a general account of the types of fabric. Many examples are illustrated by drawings, and a full catalogue description is given of them, amphorae being treated separately. The bulk of the material is second century A.D. in date (part of the villa being destroyed in A.D. 170–80, other parts collapsing and being abandoned in the second quarter or middle of the third century A.D.).
Religious Authority in Archaic and Classical Athens
Authors: Garland R. S. J.
Published: September 2013

The paper considers who has the right in the Athenian state to act authoritatively both in the name of, and in matters of, religion. It discusses the role of priests, thedemos, magistrates, oracles,chresmologoi/manteis, exegetai, epimeletai, epistatai, and hieropoioi. A descriptive catalogue is included of the priesthoods, arranged according to cult; this includes a summary acount of the sanctuaries, evidence for the appointments, status, festivals, origins of the cult, and of the emoluments and honours involved, together with the identity of holders of these offices, where known. This is followed by an account of the magistrates, religious experts, and assistants. It is concluded that the ultimate authority lay outside the purview of the Athenian state, with the god himself, normally Apollo but less frequently Zeus, to whom personal enquiry had to be made by official delegation of the Athenian state to his oracular shrine, though this does not mean the shrine had the right of intervention; the oracle could sanction but could not propose. Religious authority in Athens was the monopoly neither of the citizen body as a whole nor any particular group of individuals within it, but a discrete prerogative shared out among a number of corporations comprising amateurs as well as experts, clergy as well as laity.
Reassessing Ancient Populations
Authors: Sanders Guy D. R.
Published: September 2013

A miscalculation in the analysis of population statistics for the island of Melos made by Wagstaff, Augustson, and Gamble in their work An Island Polity is discussed. A new calculation is made of the areas under agriculture required to support the given population of Melos at a sequence of dates ranging from A.D. 1470 to A.D. 1848. It is argued that the ancient population of Melos could have been supported by a smaller area of arable land than that previously suggested, and that in arriving at this figure the relative fertility of the island should also be taken into account.
Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade
Authors: Gale N. H. , Stos-Gale Z. A.
Published: September 2013

Lead isotope and neutron activation analyses of second millennium BC copper ingots are described. Examples from Cyprus, from the Mathiati hoard, and from Skouriotissa are consistent, and show similarities with Late Cypriot bronze artefacts from Hala Sultan Teke and Ayios Dhimitrios. Analysis of the Hagia Triada ingots shows that these Cretan examples were not imports from Cyprus. The possibility that they used Cretan ores is discussed and rejected. It is tentatively suggested they may be of Anatolian origin. It is clear that the Late Bronze Age metal trade was organized on a more complex basis than was previously assumed to be the case.
Some Reflections on the Macedonian Tombs
Authors: Andronikos Manolis
Published: September 2013

The excavation of the Royal Tombs at Vergina has led to discussion of problems posed by them. This paper discusses problems of chronology, and the difficulties of deducing date purely from consideration of the architectural features of the Macedonian tombs. It also considers the use of the vault to roof them, and argues that this was developed in Macedonia itself, through the enlargement of cist tombs to meet the particular needs posed by the larger tombs of the fourth century BC. Finally, it discusses the architectural embellishment of the façades.
The Goddess Artemis, and the Dedication of Bears in Sanctuaries
Authors: Bevan Elinor
Published: September 2013

Images of bears are found as dedications in only five sanctuaries. The article considers the circumstances of this; particularly the belief that this animal was an emblem and pattern of motherhood.
The Frankish Tower on the Acropolis, Athens: The Photographs of William J. Stillman
Authors: Lock Peter
Published: September 2013

The photographs taken in 1869 by William J. Stillman, in the Alma-Tadema collection in the Library of the University of Birmingham, give detailed evidence for the form of the tower, enlarging the discussion of it by the author in BSA 81.
A Minoan Beetle-Rhyton From Prinias Siteias
Authors: Davaras C.
Published: September 2013

A terracotta Minoan figurine of a horned beetle from the Peak Sanctuary on Mt Prinias is discussed. It is shown to be a rhyton, and presumably made for cult purposes. The reasons for offerings of such beetles is investigated, and the connection with Egyptian scarabs is raised.
Finds from Menemen/Panaztepe in the Manisa Museum
Authors: Ersoy Y.E.
Published: September 2013

An account of an accidental discovery in a built tomb at Menemen of Anatolian Late Bronze pottery together with imported Mycenaean III pottery and bronze objects, including the fragment of a decorated sword. The associations and implications of the material are fully discussed.
The Potters' Wheel in Minoan Crete
Authors: Evely D.
Published: September 2013

The large numbers and variety of forms of this object type that have gradually accumulated in the last half century permit now of an overall review, drawing in part on earlier and more individual accounts. Following the Catalogue, five broad typological classes are discussed, analysed in detail, and manufacture and method of employment deduced, as far as possible. Geographical and chronological distribution is looked at. The Pre-Palatial period sees only the use of ‘mats’ – turned manually merely as the potter desired in building up his pot by hand; centrifugal force is harnessed at the perioid of the creation of the First Palaces – the freely-revolving wheel appears. Rapidly, before the construction of the Neo-Palatial buildings, a wheelhead incorporating a fly-wheel effect was devised, probably set low on the ground, pivoting in a fixed basal socket.
The Temple of Aphaia on Aegina: The Date of the Reconstruction
Authors: Gill David W. J.
Published: September 2013

The recent publication of the Attic black-figured pottery from the sanctuary of Aphaia on Aegina has brought into question the widely accepted date for the construction of the late archaic temple and its sculpture. Much of the pottery comes from the terrace system around the temple which preceded the building's construction. 47.7% of the black-figured pottery is later than the commonly assumed date of c. 510 for the destruction and rebuilding of the temple. Using the latest pottery and the widely accepted Studniczka-Langlotz chronology a terminus post quem is provided during the time of the Persian Wars. The range of pottery also shows that the terrace fills around the temple fall into the same chronological horizon as deposits at Athens which have been linked to the Persian destruction and may, in fact, be even later. The historical context for the rebuilding seems to be in the affluent years after the Persian Wars when the cities of Greece were able to benefit from booty won on the field of battle.
The Drainage System of the Domestic Quarter in the Palace at Knossos
Authors: MacDonald Colin F. , Driessen Jan M.
Published: September 2013

The system is described in detail with reference to the first stone-by-stone plans and photographs of the interior. An analysis of function concludes that the main aim of the system when constructed in Middle Minoan IIA was to drain the Central Court; this remained its primary function until at least Late Minoan I. During the great building programme of Middle Minoan IIIA, the system was expanded to serve new Light Wells, with further additions before the south part of the drains was blocked sometime during Late Minoan I. Next, a stone U-shaped channel was installed to allow the north section to function; the destruction of Late Minoan IIIA:2 is likely to have caused the final blockage of the system.
Levantine Elements in the Sacred Architecture of the Aegean at the Close of the Bronze Age
Authors: Negbi Ora
Published: September 2013

Two cult structures from Mycenae and from a sanctuary recently discovered at Phylakopi, on the island of Melos, shed a new light on the sacred architecture of the Aegean at the close of the Bronze Age. This paper suggests that the edifices of both these sites should be classified as popular places of worship. This suggestion is based on their location, layout and size as well as on their foreign architectural affinities. The Phylakopi sanctuary, located against the fortification wall of the town, consists of a major temple to which a subsidiary shrine is attached. The pair of adjacent structures located on the lower terrace of the acropolis of Mycenae, are of approximately the same size, presumably possessing the same religious status. The three edifices bear several asymmetrical features, such as indirect entrances and corner platforms that have no parallels elsewhere in the Aegean. These features are diagnostic to a special type of Canaanite temples that prevailed in maritime posts and harbour sites. There are indications, however, that in spite of the foreign architectural affinities, the cult practised in the Mycenae structures and in the major temple of Phylakopi was distinctively Aegean. On the other hand, architectural and contextual data seem to support the assumption that the subsidiary shrine of Phylakopi was reserved for foreign cult, practised by Canaanite traders.
Messapian Zeus: An Early sixth-century inscribed cup from Lakonia
Authors: Catling R.W.V. , Shipley D.G.J.
Published: September 2013

Fragments of a large Black-Glazed Cup with part of an incised inscription are published. A datec.590—570 is suggested. A second, slightly earlier cup from the Menelaion is included. The inscription refers to the cult of Zeus Messapeus attested in the sources. Discussion centres on the location of the cult-place and the origin of the cult. It is suggested that it derives from the region of Messapia in South Italy where the Spartan colony of Taras was situated.
Another Mycenaean Pictorial Vase Fragment from Berbati
Authors: Crouwel J.H.
Published: September 2013

A fragment of Mycenaean pottery with pictorial decoration probably from a deep bowl krater, a chance find picked up at Berbati and previously in a Dutch private collection has been recently deposited in the Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam. It depicts, partly preserved, a bird in flight. No parallels for this can be cited from Berbati, Mycenae or Tiryns, but there are similar birds on shallow bowls from Cyprus and Ras Shamra. It is suggested that the new sherd demonstrates that these pots were all made in the North East Peloponnese.
Some hints of Naxian External Connections in the earlier Late Bronze Age
Authors: Hadjianastasiou Olga
Published: September 2013

In a rescue excavation in the Demetrokali plot in the Chora of Naxos, part of a building complex, with a paved road, was discovered. Characteristic vases are presented (local imitations, and imports of Minoan types) which date the unit to the LC II period and show that Naxos at that time formed part of the network of communications with Crete and the eastern Aegean.
Late Bronze Age Apsidal and Oval Buildings in Greece and adjacent areas
Authors: Mazarakis-Ainian A.
Published: September 2013

Apsidal and elliptical buildings are characteristic of rural societies. In Greece their tradition goes back to the late Neolithic period. Apsidal houses become common in the EH and especially the MH periods, while oval buildings do not occur as often. It is generally acknowledged that curvilinear plans went out of fashion at the end of the MH period and that they reappeared in the beginning of the EIA. This statement is fundamentally correct for rectangular constructions prevail throughout the Mycenaean era. Yet an attentive survey of LBA sites in Greece proves that curvilinear buildings were still constructed in certain regions. A rapid review of these sites could be beneficial, for it might help in elucidating some of the reasons of the resurgence of these particular building plans shortly after the final collapse of the Mycenaean civilization.
More inscriptions from Keos
Authors: Mendoni Lina G.
Published: September 2013

In this article three unpublished inscriptions from Keos are presented. The first inscription is a fragmentary decree from Karthaia dated in the first half of the 3rd century B.C. According to this law free women and virgins were not permitted to walk alone around the island so they can be kept safe from attack and as a result, the city would be kept quiet and peaceful, possibly because of the presence of the Ptolemaic garrison in the island during the same period. The second inscription is a new fragment which joins precisely IG XII 5, 597 from Ioulis published by Hiller in 1903. This decree dated in the 3rd century B.C. is the first direct evidence for the existence of a theatre in Ioulis. The third inscription is a dedicatory inscription dated in the second half of the 5th century B.C. from Poieessa. The archon Διοφάνης ᾿Ετεοϰλείδου member of an important family of Poieessa and already known in the prosopography of Keos is the dedicator to Hermes Prytaneios. The new element from this inscription is the epithet πρυτανεῖος applied to the name of the god.
The Ephebes of Erechtheis, 333/2 B.C. and their dedication
Authors: Palagia Olga , Lewis David
Published: September 2013

Names on the Rhamnous base IG II23105 (with new fragments added by Petrakos, A.E. 1979 68–9) are conjoined with those on IG II22401. 2401 is identified as an ephebe list of Erechtheis for 333/2. The attribution of the names to the various demes is discussed. The base itself goes with the fragmentary herm, NM 313, which is thus the earliest securely dated ephebic dedication at Rhamnous. The relationship of this to other monuments is discussed. It is suggested from this, that the ephebes of 333/2 were competing in the Nemesia.
Paliochora: Survey of a Byzantine City on the Island of Kythera. Second Report
Authors: Ince G.E. , Koukoulis Th. G. , Ballantyne A.N. , Smyth D.
Published: September 2013

A short account is given of ecclesiastical buildings studied at Paliochora on Kythera in 1987. A preliminary discussion of aspects of church architecture and decoration relevant to our survey is provided. Reference is made to comparative material from other Byzantine monuments on Kythera and other regions of Greece with similar material, in particular Laconia and the area of Epidauros Limera.
‘One find of capital importance’: a reassessment of the statue of User from Knossos
Authors: Gill David , Padgham Joan
Published: September 2013

A fragmentary Egyptian Middle Kingdom statuette was found in the north-west area of Central Court at Knossos in 1900. The three hieroglyphic texts show that the statue was mortuary in character, and that it was linked to a gold-caster called User of the Wadjet nome in Egypt. The User statuette is part of a wider distribution of Middle Kingdom statues from Nubia, Anatolia, and the Levant which have been found in funerary and nonfunerary contexts. Theories for this distribution are reviewed including diplomatic gifts and exchanges, dedications in sanctuaries, the movement of specialised Egyptian workers, portable funerary statues and looting. Looting of tombs in the Wadjet nome followed by redistribution of finds looks like the most likely explanation for the appearance of User's statuette on Crete.
Between Macedonia and Rome: political landscapes and social change in southern Greece in the early Hellenistic period
Authors: Shipley Graham
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the nature and extent of changes in landscapes, societies, and economies in the numerous city-states of the Peloponnese under Macedonian domination (338–196 BC). Emigration and warfare may have had limited and short-term impacts. While Macedonian rule may have been oppressive before and after the Chremonidean war, it did not necessarily disrupt local economies and politics. The Antigonids did not run the Peloponnese as a province, and were concerned mainly with security. Though the building of towns and forts declined, and some cities were abandoned or lost freedom at times, others enjoyed new amenities and religious architecture. Epigraphic output was maintained, and a sharp increase in the centralization of inscriptions in central places post-dates 200. The traditionally oligarchic culture of most city-states was probably unchanged; and while the élite domination of land and politics may have intensified, archaeological survey reveals no trends that can conclusively be attributed to Macedonian rule.
The Frescoes from the House of the Frescoes at Knossos: A Reconsideration of their Architectural Context and a New Reconstruction of the Crocus Panel
Authors: Chapin Anne P. , Shaw Maria C.
Published: September 2013

Discovered in 1923 during excavations led by Duncan Mackenzie, the frescoes were found in a deposit in Space E on the ground floor of the building. Subsequent publication of the Monkeys and Birds Fresco suggested that the composition originally decorated a room on an upper floor of the House of the Frescoes. Shaw's close reading of the original excavation reports written by Mackenzie, however, yields no evidence for an upper storey. Shaw's review of the archaeological evidence and architectural comparanda suggests further that the House of the Frescoes may have been one-storied and that Room H-3 is the most likely candidate for frescoed decoration.

Part Two, undertaken primarily by Chapin, publishes a new reconstruction of the Crocus Panel that incorporates 14 previously unpublished fresco fragments in addition to the 14 fragments previously attributed to the composition. Stylistic and iconographic associations confirm the distribution of red-flowered crocuses, undulating bands, and an olive tree, but evidence for the attribution of two agrimia and blue-flowered crocuses remains weak. Detailed stylistic and iconographic analysis places the Crocus Panel within the Neopalatial tradition of wall painting.
Unpublished Middle Minoan and Late Minoan I material from the 1962–3 excavations at Palaikastro, East Crete (PK VIII)
Authors: Knappett Carl , Collar Anna
Published: September 2013

Results of excavations in 1962–3 at the Minoan coastal town of Palaikastro were published in theAnnualin 1965 and 1970, asPK VIandPK VII. While those publications did report on all excavated contexts, in some cases this took the form of a preliminary report pending fuller study. The current paper (PK VIII) fills in most of the main gaps, particularly where the Middle Minoan period is concerned, but also with some attention to the Early and Late Minoan periods. Contexts and deposits from different blocks in the town are presented, as well as from outside the main town towards the area known as Sarantari. These provide good evidence for the existence of particular phases of occupation in the town, notably throughout the Middle Minoan period (MM IA, IB, II, IIIA and IIIB), as well as in EM IIB and LM IB. Some of these phases are not very well known at Palaikastro, or in east Crete more generally. This paper thus contributes to a fuller characterisation of certain ceramic phases at the level of both the site and the region, as well as supplementing our knowledge of the long-term occupation of this important coastal town throughout the Middle Bronze Age.
Scientific Analysis of Metal Objects and Metallurgical Remains from Kastri, Kythera
Authors: Broodbank Cyprian , Rehren Thilo , Zianni Antonia-Maria
Published: September 2013

Scientific analysis of samples takes from metal objects and metallurgical products excavated during the 1960s at Kastri on Kythera provide new evidence concerning, variously, the Aegean metals trade and metallurgy on Kythera. The samples date to the Second Palace (Neopalatial), Classical and Late Roman periods. The Bronze Age material comprises fragments of copper ingots and silver cups, neither of which metal is locally available in Kythera, and the later material relates largely to local smelting and possibly smithing of iron, whose origin is uncertain. These activities are related to preliminary information concerning the distribution at each period of metallurgical activity across the island that has been generated by the intensive surface survey of the Kythera Island Project.
Early Minoan Figurines in the Giamalakis Collection
Authors: Branigan Keith
Published: September 2013

Shortly before the publication of BSA lxvi, containing my paper on ‘Cycladic Figurines and Their Derivatives in Crete’, I had the opportunity to examine a group of unpublished figurines in the Iraklion Museum. I was also able to visit the museum at Rethymno where important new figurines are on display. Altogether eight figurines may be added to the corpus presented in BSA lxvi, and it seems worthwhile publishing brief details of these and bringing the corpus up to date. In fact, however, both these eight and four other examples of Neolithic date enable us to add a little to our earlier discussion of Early Minoan figurines. Thus I offer below a brief description of the new figurines in each Type Group, and follow each Group entry with a short comment on the significance of the new entry.
A Chariot Sherd from Mycenae
Authors: Crouwel Joost
Published: September 2013

The potsherd that is published here (Fig. 1 and Plate 30a) comes from Lord William Taylour's excavations in the ‘House with the Idols’ (‘Citadel House’) at Mycenae. It was found on 14 August 1968 in area 2, trench A, level 3. The find-context (given at the time of excavation but not subsequently studied) suggests a terminus ante quem of L.H. IIIC.

The piece (Mycenae Excavations no. 59–224) which is at present in the Archaeological Museum, Nauplia (inv. no. 14685), may be described as follows:

Sherd from body with start of neck of a large, closed vessel. Ridge on outside, at joint of body and neck. H.0·053 m. W.0·082 m. Th. (at lower edge) 0·007 m. Well levigated pinkish-buff clay, polished buff outside. Paint shaded brown, now rather badly worn off. Surface chipped in places.

Solid paint on outside of neck, including ridge at bottom. Below, part of a pictorial composition which consisted of a chariot, to left. All that remains of it are the driver's upper body and head and his hands holding two sets of reins. The driver's garment is drawn in outline and spotted. His neck and head are depicted carefully, also in outline; the top of the head was covered by paint-work subsequently applied to the neck of the vase. The hair is curled at the back and follows the outline of the ear. The eye is marked as a reserved, roughly almond-shaped area which, originally, probably contained a dot for the pupil; it fills the whole facial area between the forehead and hair.
THE MODERN INVENTION OF THE ‘TENORLIED’: A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE EARLY GERMAN LIED SETTING
Authors: Lindmayr-Brandl Andrea
Published: September 2013

The early German lied setting is the musical genre that is considered to be the first polyphonic art form in German music. The genre was revived in the nineteenth century in the context of early nationalism, linked with the idea of ‘Volkslied’. This article traces the evolution of the ‘Tenorlied theory’ in early musicology, featuring prominent figures such as Arnold Schering, Hans Joachim Moser and Heinrich Besseler, and connects it with a specific performance practice that developed simultaneously with the emergence of various amateur musical circles: the Jugendmusikbewegung, the male choir movement, the Hausmusik movement and the Collegium musicum. A fatal period in the history of the early German lied setting led to the politicisation of its repertory in the Third Reich. Ludwig Senfl, a German hero of early times, provides a case study in point. The years after the Second World War were characterised by efforts to standardise the performance practice of the lied as well as the usage of the term ‘Tenorlied’, while still insisting on the German identity of the genre.
Meteorological factors and El Nino Southern Oscillation are associated with paediatric varicella infections in Hong Kong, 2004–2010
Authors: CHAN J. Y. C. , LIN H. L. , TIAN L. W.
Published: September 2013

Varicella accounts for substantial morbidities and remains a public health issue worldwide, especially in children. Little is known about the effect of meteorological variables on varicella infection risk for children. This study described the epidemiology of paediatric varicella notifications in Hong Kong from 2004 to 2010, and explored the association between paediatric varicella notifications in children aged <18 years and various meteorological factors using a time-stratified case-crossover model, with adjustment of potential confounding factors. The analysis found that daily mean temperature, atmospheric pressure and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were positively associated with paediatric varicella notifications. We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in temperature (8·38°C) at lag 1 day, a 9·50 hPa increase in atmospheric pressure for the current day, and a 21·91 unit increase in SOI for the current day may lead to an increase in daily cases of 5·19% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·90–8·58], 5·77% (95% CI 3·01–8·61), and 4·32% (95% CI 2·98–5·68), respectively. An IQR increase in daily relative humidity (by 11·96%) was associated with a decrease in daily paediatric varicella (−2·79%, 95% CI −3·84 to −1·73). These findings suggest that meteorological factors might be important predictors of paediatric varicella infection in Hong Kong.
Risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection in the community: a case-control study in patients in general practice, Denmark, 2009–2011
Authors: SØES L. M. , HOLT H. M. , BÖTTIGER B. , NIELSEN H. V. , ANDREASEN V. , KEMP M. , OLSEN K. E. P. , ETHELBERG S. , MØLBAK K.
Published: September 2013

To identify risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in Danish patients consulting general practice with gastrointestinal symptoms, a prospective matched case-control study was performed; cases (N = 259) had positive cultures for toxigenicC. difficileand controls (N = 455) negative cultures. Data were analysed by conditional logistic regression. In patients aged ⩾2 years (138 cases), hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 8·4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·1–23], consumption of beef (OR 5·5, 95% CI 2·0–15), phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR 15, 95% CI 2·7–82), dicloxacillin (OR 27, 95% CI 3·6–211), and extended spectrum penicillins (OR 9·2, 95% CI 1·9–45) were associated with CDI. In patients aged <2 years none of these were associated with CDI, but in a subgroup analysis contact with animals was associated with CDI (OR 8·1, 95% CI 1·0–64). This study emphasizes narrow-spectrum penicillins, and suggests beef consumption, as risk factors for CDI in adults, and indicates a different epidemiology of CDI in infants.
Production and perception of a sound change in progress: Tone merging in Hong Kong Cantonese
Authors: Mok Peggy P. K. , Zuo Donghui , Wong Peggy W. Y.
Published: September 2013

Cantonese has six lexical tones (T), but some tone pairs appear to be merging: T2 [25] vs. T5 [23], T3 [33] vs. T6 [22], and T4 [21] vs. T6 [22]. Twenty-eight merging participants and thirty control participants in Hong Kong were recruited for a perception experiment. Both accuracy rate and reaction time data were collected. Seventeen merging participants also participated in a production experiment. Predictive discriminant analysis of the fundamental frequency data and judgments by native transcribers were used to assess production accuracy. Results show that the merging participants still had six tone categories in production, although their “tone space” was more reduced. Tones with lower type frequency were more prone to change. The merging group was significantly slower in tone perception than the control group was. In illustrating the patterns of the ongoing tone merging process in Cantonese, this study contributes to a better understanding of the forces of sound change in general.
Interaction of social and linguistic constraints on two vowel changes in northern England
Authors: Haddican Bill , Foulkes Paul , Hughes Vincent , Richards Hazel
Published: September 2013

This paper focuses on the way that local social indexicality interacts with principles of vowel change. A combination of real and apparent time data from the northern English dialect of York indicate fronting of tense back vowels in thegoatandgooselexical sets, and diphthongization of traditionally monophthongal mid-vowels in thefaceandgoatlexical sets. The latter process of change, a northward diffusion of more prestigious southern forms, has been noted for some other northern English dialects, but has not been described acoustically in published work. We show that these two vowel changes have different social meanings in the community. As is the case in previous studies,goatandgoosefronting is not strongly associated with different speaker groups in the community. Monophthongal realizations offaceandgoat, on the other hand, are strongly associated with the speech of the local community, especially working-class speech. The results align with predictions of Labov's (1994) principle III of vowel change in that they show thatgoosefronting precedesgoatfronting. However, we argue that a full understanding of the trajectories of change requires attention to social indexical properties of these variants as well. In particular, the scarcity of fronted variants of monophthongalgoatis explained as a consequence of local indexing of such forms.
Opposition Views on the Proposed New Association Constitution: A Régime D'Assemblée for the APSA?—or: Wildavsky's Iron Law of Oligarchy
Authors: Rustow Dankwart A.
Published: September 2013

The Association's membership, assembled at Los Angeles last September, acted wisely in giving itself another year to reflect on the need (if any) for total constitutional revision. A new charter had been prepared in two versions, one by a committee headed by Professor Aaron Wildavsky, and the other by the Association's outgoing Council. So engrossed had each of these bodies been in its labors, and perhaps in the minor differences between the resulting documents, that their first publication, in the summer 1970 issue ofPS, was delayed until just before the Annual Meeting. Nor was either version, as published, accompanied by any rationale or explanation. All anyone had to go by was the bare text of the two proposed charters—which most of us saw for the first time when we picked it up at the entrance of the ballroom of the Los Angeles Hilton, on the way to the session that was to choose between these two alternatives—or thestatus quo ante.

Professor Wildavsky still has not supplied the missing rationale for the document that he helped to father; and the 1969–70 Council allowed its term to expire without venturing any public justification of its further emendations. Meanwhile, however, two members of the Constitutional Revision Committee, Professors Hawkinson and Rosenblum, claiming “obviously … to speak only for themselves,” have published one modest argument in favor of the Committee's draft (seePSWinter 1971, pp. 6–18). Above all, the membership has now had time to study the two proposed charters and to compare them to the one under which, with gradual historical accretions and deletions, American political scientists have managed to operate for about seventy years. A close reading of the three texts is likely to make a conservative of even the most impetuous of our colleagues.
Peasant at the Creation: Some Highlights of an Eventful Life as if Told by Mr. Acheson
Authors: Polsby Nelson W.
Published: September 2013

The offer to join the University of California faculty came soon after the New Year, when we had returned to Middletown, Connecticut, after our trip to Washington, D.C., recounted in the last chapter, where we renewed our life-long friendship with my mother, Edythe Polsby (later Mrs. H. X. Salzberger), the well-known capital hostess and short-order cook.

My wife had a slight cold, and so did not join me for the evening at the home of our neighbor, Professor Clement E. Vose, then Chairman of the Wesleyan University Department of Government. Vose was a sparkling raconteur and wit, a fact not known to many people. In consequence they were often puzzled by his conversation. He was in rare form that evening, no doubt stimulated by the presence of several of the wives of the younger faculty, and also by the guest of honor, Professor Samuel Krislov of the University of Minnesota, then on leave and teaching at Columbia. Vose described in detail the process by which he had acquired knowledge of efforts to repeal the 18th Amendment, and this in turn led naturally to a series of toasts to the memories of Messrs. Joseph Choate, John W. Davis, Harrison Tweed, and so on, all of whom had been in the forefront of that important movement.
Canadian Studies in the United States: A New Frontier?
Authors: Thomson Dale C.
Published: September 2013

There are many indications of growing interest in Canada on American campuses: new interdisciplinary programs, increasing enrollment in courses on Canada, more research projects on Canadian topics, and now, ACSUS, the Association for Canadian Studies in the United States. Why this new development? Are American scholars becoming more aware of the differences between the two countries, and consequently of Canada as abona fide“area” of study? Has Trudeau-mania overflowed across the 5524 mile common frontier, and made Canada seem a less dull neighbor than heretofore? Has the separatist movement in Quebec, and particularly the terrorist activities there, titillated scholars disabused with the study of independence movements in farther reaches of the globe? Has the fact that Canada and the United States have entered a period of friction, if not of confrontation, with their respective national interests in conflict in many respects, offered scholars a new and significant area of study? The causes themselves warrant scientific analysis: the effects in terms of academic interest are already clearly visible.

The study of Canada in the United States can be traced well back into the nineteenth century, but was included for many years within the context of British imperial history or North American geography.
Doctoral Output in Political Science — Tables for 1970-72
Authors: Peterson Walfred H.
Published: September 2013

The regular lists of completed doctoral dissertations that appear in PS can be given use beyond that of keeping readers informed about the subjects of doctoral research. Converted into tables, they yield data which show the amount of work being done in the sub-fields of political science and the number of degrees being awarded at various universities. From this, other data are easily derived.

Unfortunately, a careful look at the lists reveals that they are not complete. Some political science departments that actually granted degrees have no entries at all in one or more years. These omissions, which have been confirmed by correspondence with several schools, are the inevitable result of the difficulties attendant upon the collection of information from so many offices. While they diminish in some measure the utility of the lists themselves and of the tables that appear below, the data still give a fairly accurate, though conservative, index of the number of Ph.D. degrees being awarded in political science. Certainly, it is the best readily available index we have.
Ten Years of Affirmative Action and the Changing Status of Women in Political Science
Authors: Burton Doris-Jean
Published: September 2013

In 1969PSpublished the findings of APSA's first survey on the status of women in the discipline. The author concluded: “Tokenism is the prevailing pattern.” More than half of the departments had no female faculty members. Among 18 of the “distinguished” departments women comprised only 4.3 percent of the aggregate faculty. Female faculty were concentrated in undergraduate departments, in small departments with 15 or less faculty members and in part-time jobs. Has the status of women in the profession improved since 1969? To the extent that numbers can tell, this report examines the effects of a decade of affirmative action.
The Washington Restaurant: A Socio-Economic Congestion Strategy
Authors: Crutcher Anne
Published: September 2013

As any political scientist knows, it isn't just the formal institutions of government that make a society go; it's the mediating structures. Such as restaurants.

Washington, D.C., once a wasteland of southern hotel food redeemed only by Chesapeake Bay crabs and oysters, is now a city where not even the most fastidious need brown-bag it to feel well fed. There's a restaurant for every taste and budget. What's more, there's Metro and a pretty good supply of taxis for getting to them. Some are within walking distance of the Hilton.

A few words of general counsel. If invited to the White House, the Senate dining room, the House restaurant, the Cosmos Club or the National Press Club, go, but for the company rather than the cuisine. Among these, culinarily speaking, the White House is the best and the Press Club the worst.
Can Political Science Develop Alternative Careers for its Graduates?
Authors: Hargrove Erwin C.
Published: September 2013

The committee has been charged by the Council with exploring possibilities for employment of political scientists outside of universities in the present and future. This assignment is prompted by some historic facts. We can expect to see a 25 percent decline in the number of undergraduate students in the next decade. This means fewer faculty members. If graduate programs continue at their present size during that period, one-half of the Ph.D.s in political science will be employed outside of academic life by the late 1980s.

The discipline could encourage these trends by closing down many graduate programs, keeping the field small and academic, and focusing increasingly on undergraduate teaching. This may happen anyway as prospective graduate students disappear.

As an alternative the discipline could develop new kinds of graduate education which would prepare M.A. and Ph.D. students for professional careers outside academic life.
Comment on Pool' Analysis
Authors: Boulay Harvey , Goldstein Richard , Zisk Betty
Published: September 2013

In the Fall 1979 issue ofPS, Ithiel Pool presented an analysis of the recently-proposed HEW regulations on the protection of human subjects of behavioral and biomedical research. He expressed three major criticisms of the proposals. The first is that the draft regulations “extend federal authority … to policing some practices in private research which should in a free society be guided by private research which should in a free society be guided by private and professional decisions.” Second, he objects to the proposal that Institutional Review Boards (hereinafter “IRB's”) should determine that “the research methods are appropriate to the objectives of the research and the field of study.” Finally, he argues that the proposed regulations are an unconstitutional prior restraint on free speech.

We have serious reservations about all three of Pool's arguments, most particularly the third. We are concerned that the issues raised be seriously considered and widely discussed in the profession, especially given the quasi-official way in which Pool's statement was presented inPS(see the Editor's Note, p. 452) as well as the fact that it was announced in December 1979 (inIRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research) that a committee of social scientists headed by Pool has “challenged the constitutionality of the DHEW proposed regulations.” (The article listed such notables as Gabriel Almond, George Homans and Charles Lindblom as “among the more than forty prospective members of the Committee,” p. 7).
Excellence and Its Recognition: The Dissertation Awards in Political Science
Authors: Richardson William D. , Somit Albert
Published: September 2013

How many things by season season'd are.

To their right praise and true perfection!

Merchant of Venice, i, 107

In 1958 the American Political Science Association initiated the first of what were to be a number of awards for outstanding dissertations. In that year the Leonard D. White Memorial Award was established “… for the best doctoral dissertation within the general field of public administration.” This was followed, in turn, by the Edward S. Corwin Award (1973) “… for the best doctoral dissertation in the field of public law,” the Helen Dwight Reid Award (1965) “… for the best doctoral dissertation in the field of international relations,” and the E. E. Schattschneider Award (1971) “… for the best dissertation completed and accepted in the general field of American Government and Politics.” More recently, the Leo Strauss (1974), the William Anderson (1975), and the Gabriel A. Almond (1976) Awards have been established for the best dissertations in the fields of political philosophy, international relations and comparative politics, respectively.
Teaching Political Science
Authors: Fein Leonard J.
Published: September 2013

Since we have hardly any criteria for measuring good teaching, we have hardly any instructions on how to be a good teacher; so much so, that the issue itself is generally treated with some embarrassment in academic circles. Except as one is truly an extaordinary teacher, in which case we defer to his gift, sustained interest in teaching is viewed as something of a gaucherie. This shocks our friends and distresses our students, but it makes perfectly good sense, since we conventionally assume that good teachers are born, not made. (If they were made, then we should be able to make them; since we do not profess to know how to make them, yet they continue to turn up here and there, they must be born.)

The logic is somewhat circular, and quite like a self-fulfilling prophecy. Having established that good teaching, when it happens, is essentially accidental, and hence not scientifically reproducible, we snicker at the “educationists” who profess to have identified “rules” for our work. There does exist, for example, a body of literature which employs scientific standards to identify the best methods for presenting various kinds of knowledge to students. Yet this is a literature which is almost totally unknown to anyone who is likely to make use of it. Thus its validity has not been tested, except experimentally.

Although random efforts to improve the quality of teaching, and perhaps to apply the same standards in our analysis of teaching that we apply in our research, seem to be increasing, it is, on the whole, unlikely that they will grow substantially. For the most part, such efforts are directed at curricular revision, or at restructuring of course contents; they rarely deal with the nature of the relationship between the teacher and his students. And, even when they do, they must overcome an ethic of futility which is firmly established in our graduate schools.