bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
État présent des études sur la correspondance de Diderot
Authors: Melançon Benoît
Published: October 2008

B. Melançon: The Present State of Research on Diderot's Correspondence.

In this review article, to which is appended a comprehensive bibliography of studies of Diderot's letters, the author shows how there has traditionally been little interest in their study as literary works. Particular series (especially the letters to Sophie Voland) have long attracted attention, but otherwise research has tended to be documentary, or they have been used as a source of biographical information. The author indicates recent interest in the literary qualities of the letters and possible directions for future research, insisting particularly on the need to study the correspondence as a whole.
Le complexe d'Esaü : Diderot et la fraternité
Authors: Dion Françoise
Published: October 2008

Françoise Dion : The Esau Complex : Diderot and his Brother.

This article discusses Diderot's relationship with his father and his brother and draws a parallel with the Biblical story of Esau and Jacob. Like Esau, Diderot renounced his privileges as the eldest son when he refused an ecclesiastical career. However, the canon's hostility to the philosopher, justified on religious grounds, can also be seen as jealousy for their father's preference for his eldest son.
La pathologie mentale dans l'Encyclopédie : définitions et distribution nosologique
Authors: Rey Roselyne
Published: October 2008

Roselyne Rey : Mental Pathology in the Encyclopédie : Definitions and Classification.

The Encyclopédie articles on mental illness are compared to those in contemporary reference works, from Chambers' Cyclopœdia in 1742 to the edition of 1781-6. On the one hand greater medicalisation was accompagnied by a limitation of vocabulary. At the same time, the Encyclopédie simplifies and introduces greater coherence in the classification of diseases. Particularly interesting is the greater importance placed on the explanation of mental illness by reference to the nervous system after vol. VIII ; this corresponds to the replacement of Arnulphe D'Aumont by the vitalist Ménuret de Chambaud as author of the articles.
Recherches nouvelles sur les manuscrits des Observations sur le Nakaz
Authors: Rebejkow Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2008

Jean-Christophe Rebejkow : New Research on the Observations sur le Nakaz.

This article argues that the copy of the Observations in the manuscript n.a.fr.24938, revised by Diderot on his return from Russia in 1774, should be taken as the text for this work. The different form of the text shows his changed attitude towards the Physiocrats and also his view of Montesquieu. In this work we see Diderot trying to develop an original political thought, freed from existing models, and his refusal to formulate a systematic political treatise.
La faute à Diderot ?
Authors: Albertan-Coppola Sylviane
Published: October 2008

Sylviane Albertan-Coppola : The Fault of Diderot ?

An analysis of the image of Diderot found in the antiphilosophical works of the abbé Barruel. First of all, in Les Helviennes (1781-8) there is a portrait of the philosophe, seen as mad, and as either an automaton or an animal. The work's refutation of the Interprétation de la Nature is also discussed. In the Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du jacobinisme (1797-8), in which Barruel develops his conspiracy theory of the origins of the Revolution, Diderot is seen as of minor importance compared to Voltaire, D'Alembert and Frederick II, the organisers. Although his role in the Encyclopédie and the Système de la Nature is emphasized, his honesty is recognized and he is considered to be a relatively inoffensive dupe of the main conspirators. Extracts concerning Diderot from the two works are given in appendix.
D'Holbach et le problème de la nation représentée par Georges Benrekassa
Authors: Benrekassa Georges
Published: October 2008

Georges Benrekassa : D'Holbach and the Question of the Nation.

An analysis of D'Holbach's Encyclopédie article représentants, which brings out its contradictory elements. It is linked to an archaic vision of society but proposes a new social dynamics and new questions ; the end of the article in particular is open to two readings. Thus we can see how the Encyclopédie reflects its time, embodies its conflicting tendencies and evolves with changes in political thought.
Le droit à l'instruction par Catherine Kintzler
Authors: Kintzler Catherine
Published: October 2008

Catherine Kintzler : The Right to Education.

Condorcet's writings on education (Cinq mémoires sur l'instruction publique and Rapport et projet de décret sur l'organisation générale de l'Instruction publique) present the most elaborate formulation of the right to education during the Revolution. The Encyclopédie provided both tools for Condorcet — in the idea of Enlightenment, of avoidance of error, in its model of knowledge and its organisation, and in its idea of modern education — , and also an obstacle : the incapacity of its time to see education as a right and its Spartan ideal of moulding individuals for society.
L'abbé Diderot et le philosophe, échange de lettres présenté
Authors: Perol Lucette , Chouillet Anne-Marie
Published: October 2008

Abbé Diderot and the Philosopher.

Four unpublished letters (three unsigned letters and a rough draft) to Diderot from his brother Didier-Pierre, recently acquired by the Langres Library, fragments from which were given in Diderot's Correspondence . They are reproduced here together with the corresponding letters from Diderot in order to present the complete dialogue which throws light on their relationship. The first letter (22 July, 1756) concerns the Priory of Rimaucourt, about which Didier-Pierre was involved in a dispute, while the others, dating from August to December 1772, concern Angélique's marriage (presented by Lucette Perol et Anne-Marie Chouillet).
Charles Nodier lecteur de Diderot
Authors: Mortier Roland
Published: October 2008

Roland Mortier : Charles Nodier' s Reading of Diderot.

The publication in 1830 of the first volume of Paulin's edition, and the reaction of Sainte-Beuve and Nodier, mark the beginning of Diderot's rehabilitation in a period when he was officially decried. In a long passage which is reproduced here, Nodier, basing his remarks only on the texts known before 1830, is particularly favourable towards the philosopher, whose visionary style and radicalism he admires. His is a romantic interpretation, in which Diderot is the representative of an age of crisis and of the people. It is thus less the content of his philosophy which interests Nodier than his style, which makes him the father of modern prose.
Le fragment d'une version inconnue de l'Encyclopédie : «L'Encyclopédie augmentée de l'histoire des hommes illustres... » de Mannheim (1768)
Authors: Voss Jürgen
Published: October 2008

Jürgen Voss: A Fragment of an Unknown Version of the Encyclopédie.

In 1768, the journal L'Europe littéraire, published in Mannheim, announced the publication of an Encyclopédie augmentée de l'histoire des hommes illustres. However, as the journal folded in the same year, the project was discontinued. Only a 96-page fragment containing articles from A to « Abeilles » was published by the Electoral printing-house in Mannheim and probably edited by J.D. Schöpflin, president of the Mannheim Academy of Sciences. While this fragment reproduces unchanged many of the Encyclopédie articles, several were shortened, 15 new articles were added, mainly on historical figures, and the article abandonnement was lengthened.
Lettres inédites de Grimm à Catherine II
Authors: Karp Sergueï , Plavinskaya Nadejda , Dulac Georges , Iskul Sergueï
Published: October 2008

Sergueï Karp, Sergueï Iskul, Georges Dulac, Nadejda Plavinskaya; Grimm's Unpublished Letters to Catherine II.

Fifty-one dossiers containing Grimm's letters to Catherine II, at present in the Leningrad Historical Institute Archives, were not included in Grot's 19th-century edition of Grimm's correspondence with the Empress. A new edition of Grimm's correspondence is at present in preparation, using these manuscripts. To give an idea of their importance, one of these letters, begun on 20/31 October and finished on 18/29 December 1784, is published here. In this long letter, in addition to fulsome praise of and thanks to the Empress, Grimm provides information concerning Diderot's widow's pension, his daughter, the copies being made of the philosopher's manuscripts, and Naigeon's plans for an edition of his works.
Sur l'expression chez Diderot, autour du Paradoxe sur le comédien et des Pensées sur l'Interprétation de la nature
Authors: Ibrahim Annie
Published: October 2008

Annie Ibrahim: The Question of Expression in Diderot, with Reference to Le Paradoxe sur le comédien and Pensées sur l'Interprétation de la nature.

This article attempts to analyse the difficult question of Diderot's reflexion on the question of expression, with particular reference to two very different discussions, in Le paradoxe sur le comédien, and Pensées sur l'interprétation de la Nature. Diderot's conceptualisation of the problem is incomplete as he only presents a model of expression and approaches the problem through that of the imitation of a hidden natural unity. To show how these two texts lead up to a generalized æsthetics characterising his whole work, Diderot's treatment of the question of disorder and monsters in nature is traced through his works, from the Pensées philosophiques onwards, while Bordeu's Encyclopédie articles indicate a method for interpreting nature, and a semiotics implying the unity of the living organism.
Les encyclopédistes et le Paris du dix-huitième siècle
Authors: Kafker Frank A.
Published: October 2008

Frank A. Kafker: The Encyclopedists and 18th-century Paris.

The autor undertakes a study of the numbers of encyclopedists living in Paris and attempts to draw general conclusions. Although most of the collaborators on the Encyclopédie were not born in Paris, the majority of them were attracted to the capital. Many however left Paris during the Revolution, as the town seemed dangerous to them, and they tended to look back with nostalgia on the Ancien Régime.
Didier Diderot lecteur de Denis : ses Réflexions sur le Fils naturel
Authors: Perol Lucette
Published: October 2008

Didier Diderot's reflections on Le fils naturel, presented by Lucette Perol.

These remarks are the continuation of those concerning the Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, published in RDE 9. They were never sent to his brother, with whom he did not dare to argue directly. The abbé's concern to defend religion and morality against what he sees as his brother's attacks lead him to misunderstand many aspects of the text. Here again we see his hostility to the "philosophes", although we may wonder how much of what he writes is dictated by conviction and how much by jealousy.
De quelques problèmes d'interprétation posés par les maximes des Principes de politique des souverains de Diderot
Authors: Rebejkow Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2008

Jean-Christophe Rebejkow : Concerning some problems of interpreting the maxims of Diderot's Principes de politique des souverains.

Diderot's Principes de politique des souverains is a disconcerting work, as the succession of maxims does not seem to follow any clear plan. We therefore see the importance of a philological analysis. A comparison of the different sources has led us to accord more importance to the text of the Correspondance littéraire, which is the most reliable and is in line with Naigeon's declaration that the definitive version of the work was the shortest. The Principes therefore poses the problem of the "complete" text versus the definitive text.
Diderot et Philidor : le philosophe au chevet d'Ernelinde
Authors: Couvreur Manuel
Published: October 2008

Manuel Couvreur: Diderot and Philidor. The philosophe at Ernelinde's bedside.

Diderot's collaboration on Philidor's Ernelinde, already known from a suspect account by Collé, is confirmed and elaborated on by Dorat. Sedaine's mediation is not enough to explain Diderot's agreement to help Ernelinde's librettist, Poinsinet, whom he hated, and yet this lyric tragedy, of great importance in the genre's evolution, betrays the influence of Diderot and of his disciple Chastellux. Thus Diderot must have directly influenced the composer Philidor, a long-lasting friend. Diderot suggested the idea for his Carmen saeculare and asked Philidor to set to music his Hymne à l'amitié, a masonic work versified by Jean Devaines. The as yet unpublished score is to be found in the Correspodance littéraire.
L'économie politique des Anciens et celle des Modernes dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Minerbi Marco
Published: October 2008

Marco Minerbi: Economic Thought in the Encyclopédie.

The Encyclopédie plays an important role in the development of economic thought, as the Physiocratic school, represented by Quesnay's articles, marked a turning point in economics. However, the Moderns are not the only strand of thought represented, as other articles in the first edition, by Rousseau and Damilaville, reflect a different tendency. In addition, Montesquieu's thought, which considered the Ancients as superior to the Moderns, was still dominant. The Encyclopédie also reproduces the debate between D. Hume and R. Wallace, and in the affirmation of the Ancients' superiority, economics plays a fundamental role.
Les avatars de quelques articles de musique de Rousseau entre Encyclopédies et Dictionnaire
Authors: Cernuschi Alain
Published: October 2008

Alain Cernuschi: The transformation of some of Rousseau's musical articles between the Encyclopédie and subject dictionaries.

This article follows the transformation of some of Rousseau's articles on music, from their publication in the Encyclopédie up to their indirect use in several of its continuations, which all plunder his Dictionnaire de musique (the volumes of illustrations, the Supplément, the Yverdon Encyclopédie, the Méthodique). We study the different editorial logic behind this plagiarisation and the variations in the practice of juxtaposing or mixing together in a single article several different views on the same subject. Thus we see an example of the metamorphoses of the Encyclopédie in which the polyphonic composition of the articles seems to reduce its philosophical impact.
L'Encyclopedia metodica : la traduction espagnole de l'Encyclopédie méthodique
Authors: Donato Clorinda
Published: October 2008

Clorinda Donato: The Enciclopedia Metódica: The Spanish Translation of the Encyclopédie Méthodique.

While several small articles address the history of the Encyclopédie méthodique in Spain, its partial Spanish translation has received short shrift. Though only eleven volumes of text and one volume of plates were produced, the translations themselves and their translators have rarely been queried, not to mention the politics of publishing them between 1788 and 1794. Based upon documentation from the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid, this articles offers insight into the complex maneuvering of figures such as the Condé de Campomanes that served to make publication possible. It appears that both inquisitorial and domestic affairs censoring committees came to a tacit agreement during the reign of Charles III that promised to reduce the censorship procedure to a pro forma operation. However, the death of Charles III and the return of full-blown inquisitorial censorship under Charles IV made the translation project short-lived.
Michel-Ange Marin et les Pensées philosophiques
Authors: Trousson Raymond
Published: October 2008

Raymond Trousson: Michel-Ange Marin and the Pensées philosophiques.

Few of Diderot's works were as systematically analysed and criticized as the Pensées philosophiques, which were published in 1746 and were still being refuted forty years later. One hitherto unnoticed refutation is Father Marin of the Minim order, a controversialist and author of many apologetic novels which continued to be popular up to the end of the 19th century. The preface to his novel Le baron Van Hesden ou la République des incrédules (1762) singles out Diderot's Pensées philosophiques as being particularly dangerous due to their dense, concise form. He is mainly concerned to denounce the author's inconsistency and incapacity to follow a logical reasoning, to show up his bad faith and to condemn his apology for the passions. Although ignoring the essential problems (sensualism, criticism of superstition, Diderot's attitude towards materialism and atheism), Marin nevertheless indicates, 16 years after their publication, the crucial importance of the Pensées philosophiques.
Formey continuateur de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Adams David
Published: October 2008

David Adams: Formey's Continuation of the Encyclopédie.

J.H.S. Formey's plan of publishing a reduced version of the Encyclopédie which would remove all heterodox tendencies is well known, but scholars have concluded that the long-standing project never came to fruition. However this article, based on an extremely rare copy owned by the author, presents and studies Formey's Dictionnaire instructif, dedicated to Prince Henry of Prussia, published in 1767. The Préface, which claims that the project was Henry's idea, explains that the work, based mainly on Furetière and on the first ten volumes of the Encyclopédie was intended to provide the basic knowledge of use to a cultivated man. An analysis of certain articles indicates that Formey was concerned to eradicate what might undermine religion and morality, with the result that while he is open to new scientific discoveries, he is conservative in politics and religion. His Dictionnaire thus bears witness to the 18th Century's contradictions and uncertainties.
Gestes ouvriers, opérations et processus techniques. La vision du travail des encyclopédistes
Authors: Picon Antoine
Published: October 2008

Antoine Picon: The Encyclopédistes' Image of Work.

Despite the weaknesses of the technical information collected by Diderot and his team, the Encyclopédie reveals a complete renewal of the vision of productive work and of the categories for describing and organizing it. The Encyclopedists' rehabilitation of arts and crafts was linked to an implacable criticism of corporations, leading to the possibility of pure work freed from all shackles, which scientists and engineers sought to rationalize. The interest in productive activity is also linked to sensualist philosophy and the analytical method, which enabled them to understand manufacturing processes, to decompose and recompose them in the same way as language and science. Thus we see the triad gesture/operation/process. While the Encyclopédie' s strictly technological contribution was limited, this new architecture was to have a long-lasting influence on reflection concerning manufactures.
Le knout et l'honneur des Russes (à propos de deux articles de l'Encyclopédie)
Authors: Mervaud Michel
Published: October 2008

Michel Mervaud: The Knout and Russian Honour.

The Encyclopédie article Knout assures the reader that in Russia this punishment is not at all considered dishonourable, an outrageous assertion inspired by travellers' accounts. It led to a vigourous protest from a Russian in the Journal encyclopédique on 15th September 1775. Four years later, the Supplément published a second article Knout by J.B. Robinet, which constituted a sort of apology. The "Letter from a Russian" poses two questions which this article tries to answer: who was the author and why did he wait eight years before protesting against the 1765 article ? We finish by pointing out that the notion of honour was present in Russia both in the laws and in people's minds.
Joseph Vernet et Diderot dans la tempête
Authors: Delon Michel
Published: October 2008

Michel Delon: Joseph Vernet and Diderot in the Storm.

From one Salon to the next, Diderot devoted more and more space to the storms painted by Joseph Vernet, which allowed him to investigate the philosophical problems of the disorder of nature and the relationship to others' suffering. He gradually became more involved in his descriptions, culminating in the intimate dream of 1767. The great artist becomes the one who can provide a meaning for the absurd. The shipwreck thus appears as a test of human solidarity and as a confrontation with the terrifying forces which defy our understanding. The story of Vernet tied to a mast in order to study better the fury of nature illustrates the mastery of a genius, who can find within himself those resources which are traditionally sought in religious faith.
La tradition comique et son renouveau dans les historiettes de Jacques le fataliste et son maître
Authors: Rush Jane
Published: October 2008

Jane Rush: The Comic Tradition and its Renewal in the stories of Jacques le fataliste.

The aim of this study is to examine the importance of the mediæval tradition as it appears in the stories contained in Jacques le fataliste et son maître and to study it in the context of a narrative which is perpetually undermining itself, as can be seen in the dominant image of the great scroll. Several examples are given of the stereotyped characters who appear in the stories contained in the work, as in their mediæval predecessors, and particularly of the theme of sexual transgression which undermines the smooth functioning of social institutions. The way in which the content of the stories subverts by means of parody is also reflected in the dual nature of the characters and in the narrative form. We see the importance of the oral style of narration, which enables Diderot to subvert literary conventions. The author's originality consists in using the mediæval story to produce a modern work using a modern form of the comic which questions the very nature of the written text and its convention.
Nécessité romanesque et démantèlement de l'illusion dans la « Préface-Annexe » à La Religieuse de Diderot
Authors: Frigerio Vittorio
Published: October 2008

Vittorio Frigerio : Literary Necessity and the Undermining of Illusion in La Religieuse' s Préface-Annexe .

Different editions of Diderot's novel La Religieuse have dealt in different ways with the Préface- Annexe, putting it either at the end or at the beginning of the novel itself . This article suggests that it is an integral part of the novel and that its logical place — and the place Diderot originally itended for it — is after the novel. Its main function is to provide both an acceptable ending to the story of Suzanne's misfortunes and a new external viewpoint which, while revealing the actual mechanics of the writing process and the author's emphasis on the creation of a pathetic atmosphere, reinforces the ideological message of the novel through the naturalisation of the social forces it depicts. The placing of the Préface-Annexe at the end forces the reader to make a second reading of the story which, while destroying the illusion of reality which the novel has created, brings to the foreground the aesthetic intention behind it.
Quelques réflexions sur la notion d'utilité dans la philosophie de Diderot
Authors: Chabanon Michèle
Published: October 2008

Michèle Chabanon: Some Reflections on the Notion of Utility in Diderot's Philosophy.

In addition to giving knowledge a role of criticism and denunciation, the idea of utility penetrates Diderot's philosophical writing, whose great diversity also shows the multiplicity of different treatments it can rise to. It characterises his scientific method, that of experimental physics in particular, and based on the strong link that is made between the search for knowledge and for the Good, it determines the method of regulation of a large part of human conduct and actions. But is the principle of "personal and general utility", inspired by the organisation of the human species and founded on the idea of "just and unjust", sufficient to account for all social bonds? By proclaiming that the philosopher's utility should intervene in contemporary issues, Diderot is less concerned to construct a philosophical system of a utilitarian type than to emphasise the different paths to happiness and virtue.
Diderot et le confucianisme : autour du terme Ju-kiao de l'article *Chinois (Philosophie des)
Authors: Koseki Takeshi
Published: October 2008

Takeshi Koseki: Diderot and Confucisnism (the article PHILOSOPHIE DES CHINOIS).

An analysis of several Encyclopédie articles, in particular CHINOIS (PHILOSOPHIE DES) enables the author to question the generally held opinion that Diderot was hostile to the Chinese. In this article we find an apparent contradiction between Diderot's praise for Confucius's moral philosophy and his criticism of Mediæval Chinese sects, in particular Ju-kiau, which is in fact Confucianism. However, as we see in d'Holbach's article JUKIAO, this was considered, following du Halde, the founder of 18th-century Chinese studies, to be a later sect which presented a corrupt form of Confucisnism. Diderot's criticism is thus not directed towards Confucianism, which he respects for its practical moral philosophy, but to the obscure metaphysical doctrines of Ju-kiao.
Double lecture, double écriture: les Principes de politique des souverains de Diderot
Authors: Volpilhac-Auger Catherine
Published: October 2008

Catherine Volpilhac-Auger : Dual Reading and Dual Writing: Diderot' s Principes de politique des souverains.

Les principes de politique des souverains or Notes écrites de la main d'un souverain à la marge de Tacite is a difficult work, posing numerous problems of edition and interpretation. It is far from being simply a commentary on a hypothetical source text (a translation of Tacitus or a " political discourse " on his work) , and instead it has its own logic. It should not be read as a collection of isolated maxims but as a text which puts into practise the principle of a " dual reading " which is at the very heart of the work. For Tacitus is an author who can be interpreted as a supporter of absolutism or as someone who denounces tyranny. The different voices which can be heard in the Principes adopt this ambiguity in order to construct a discourse in which we can see the development of the philosopher and his pupil (who can easily be identified as the King of Prussia, but perhaps as other rulers) ; the philosopher's lessons finally justify the King's tyranny.
Violences peintes
Authors: Delon Michel
Published: October 2008

Michel Delon : Painted Violence.

Diderot appreciated art which encapsulated violence or suggested desire without wallowing in them. The reference to 'flowing blood' indicates a two-fold movement of curiosity and censorship and the two-fold dimension of passing time and the frozen instant. Art should not imitate nature, but it should strike like nature, with its own weapons. Thus it can become sacred without religious alienation. If violence provides the most important scenes, it is because it is dynamic and art is a machine created to multiply force and emotion.
La « folie » de l'ordre alphabétique et l'« enchaînement » des sciences. L'Encyclopédie comme système entre le XVIIIe et le XXe siècle
Authors: Tega Walter
Published: October 2008

Walter Tega : The " Folly " of Alphabetical Order and the " Linking " of Science. The Encyclopédie as a system between the 18th and 20th Centuries.

The encyclopaedia form used by Diderot and D'Alembert aimed at a coordination of science which nevertheless left room for the expansion and development of knowledge. The Enlightenment Encyclopédie, an open totalisation, had also an anti-systemic and anti-metaphysical aim, linked to a desire to transform society. Later ones rejected this characteristic : the Encyclopédie méthodique went back to a systematic order ; Hegel's Encyclopœdia of Philosophical Sciences showed the architecture of thought rather than how sicences were linked ; and the preface to Coleridge's Encyclopœdia Metropolitana subordinated the exposition of arts and sciences to moral and religious aims. Only with the encyclopaedia projects of the 1930s (Febvre's Encyclopédie française, Neurath and Carnap's International Encyclopœdia of Unified Science, or the Encyclopœdia of the Social Sciences) do we see the reappearance of the critical and antidogmatic aim of the Enlightenment encyclopaedia.
Le témoignage de Suzanne : Séduction tragique et discours juridique dans La Religieuse de Diderot
Authors: Clark-Evans Christine
Published: October 2008

Christine Clark-Evans: Suzanne's account: tragic seduction and legal language in Diderot 's La Religieuse.

The aim of this study is to analyse the tragic seduction and legal language of Suzanne Simonin as the main character in La Religieuse. The young woman recounts her story eloquently in front of the legal representative of her family, her church and the monarchy, in order to escape from convent life. The female discourse in intelligent but it also follows a tragically inevitable and unhappy path. Suzanne's account, studied as an enunciation in its discursive context, as a framed dialogue and as a paradoxical account in its narration, rhetoric and philosophy, shows a fixed, closed cycle which generates the novel's discursive tension.
Naigeon critique de la Déclaration des Droits
Authors: Mortier Roland
Published: October 2008

Roland Mortier : Naigeon as a critic of the declaration ofrights.

The proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on 26th August 1789 aroused fierce criticism. Some of it came from the right and the clergy while other, equally severe, critics vere to be found among the heirs of the great 18th- century philosophes. J.A. Naigeon was their mouthpiece when he came out against the reference to the Supreme Being, which he denounced as an intolerable intrusion of the religious sphere into the political. He announced his preference for the project presented by Condorcet, while reaffirming his fidelity to Diderot's materialism. At the same time, he condemned the lukewarm attitude of some philosophers (Montesquieu) and the cowardice of others (D'Alembert).
Deux poèmes de Marmontel et leur relation avec Diderot
Authors: Kaplan James M.
Published: October 2008

James M. Kaplan : Two poems by Marmontel and their links with Diderot.

Marmontel's works ebb and flow between the two poles of rococo frivolity and Enlightenment ideology. A good example of this polarity are his poems Epître à Coraline and Un Disciple de Socrate aux Athéniens, Heroïde. The former dates from around 1750 when the poet was an habitue of the Epicurean financier La Poupelinière, and the latter is part of the battle against Palissot after the production of his Philosophes in 1760. We discuss the vogue of the héoïde genre at this time and show that the Disciple, published anonymously, was indeed by Marmontel. This poem contains, we feel, a passage that is a versification of a part of the Religieuse, which Diderot was writing at the time the poem was being composed. Our discussion of these two works by Marmontel shows that Palissot's hatred for the Philosophes dated from much early than generally though, to 1748, the year of the great success of Marmontel's tragedy Aristomène. By defending his friend Diderot, Marmontel reveals how close the two authors were.
Latin et langues vivantes dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Alocco-Bianco Luciana
Published: October 2008

Luciana Alocco Bianco : Latin and Modem languages in the Encyclopédie.

The dilemma of whetether to teach Latin or modern languages which can be seen in such articles as COLLÈGE, DICTIONNAIRE, ÉCOLE MILITAIRE, EDUCATION, ÉTUDES etc, is resolved in favour of foreign languages. While recognising that Latin is the language of the learned, indispensible for the «communication of enlightenment», the authors of the Encyclopédie accord the Latin learnt by students in religious collèges a separate place. That Latin represents education in the hands of the Jesuits and is thus to be dismantled, for it is lagging behind an advancing society which has more and more need for specialists. Thus the military academy on one hand and modern languages on the other become the symbol of a new secular education to be defended and encouraged.
L'incertitude des notions morales dans l'Encyclopédie et Le Neveu de Rameau
Authors: Penke Olga
Published: October 2008

Olga Penke : L'incertitude des notions morales dans l'Encyclopédie et Le Neveu de Rameau.

Dans les articles de l'Encyclopédie, Diderot se heurte à un obstacle en voulant définir les notions morales : n'ayant que des termes imprégnés par une tradition sociale, linguistique, notionnelle, ses tentatives de précision s'avèrent impossibles. Il ne peut pourtant pas accepter l'idée d'une morale entièrement relative. Le Neveu de Rameau relève avec instance le sujet d'une norme morale, soit virtuelle, soit réelle. Le philosophe y reconnait l'existence d'un écart entre l'action morale, son idée et sa formulation ainsi que celle d'une rupture entre la théorie et la pratique. Il se trouve obligé de renoncer a la normalisation dans le domaine de la morale et à accepter le comportement « déviant » comme une condition nécessaire à l'évolution de l'ordre social et moral.
Les Bijoux indiscrets : variation secrète sur un thème libertin
Authors: Richard Odile
Published: October 2008

Odile Richard : Les Bijoux indiscrets : variation secrète sur un thème libertin.

Cette étude part d'une observation : la persistance de la réputation sulfureuse d'une œuvre de jeunesse de Diderot, œuvre dont la force subversive, que ce soit dans le domaine politique, philosophique ou érotique, s'est nécessairement estompée avec l'évolution des critères de référence. On a voulu montrer que cette réputation pouvait néanmoins se justifier au vu de traits littéraires dont le pouvoir de suggestion fantasmatique fonctionne toujours pour un lecteur moderne : d'abord, dans la régénération d'un motif (les bijoux parlants) qui permet de donner, au sens propre, la parole au sexe de la femme, chose nouvelle dans la rhétorique pornographique traditionnellement masculine ; puis dans l'assimilation du voyeurisme du héros Mangogul à une démarche globale, dans laquelle plaisir d'apprendre, plaisir du conte et plaisir tout court sont confondus ; enfin, dans le mode oral de transmission du savoir (par le bouche à oreille), qui relève à la fois de la démarche expérimentale (recueillir l'information sur le « terrain ») et d'une attitude elle-même érotique (par la proximité qu'elle entraîne entre les personnages, le conteur et l'auditeur).
La loi du père : étude de l'Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants (dernière partie)
Authors: Chartier Pierre
Published: October 2008

Pierre Chartier : La Loi du père (2e partie).

La première partie de l'article, après avoir mis à jour les données de la genèse de l'Entretien d'un père avec ses enfants (de 1770 à 1773), et annoncé les choix méthodologiques retenus, a considéré l'enjeu « philosophique » de ce conte, ordonné selon le sous-titre : Du danger de se mettre au-dessus des lois. La deuxième partie s'attache à la soirée autour du père et du foyer provincial : les effets de « familiarité », l'« aveu » du père, sa confrontation privilégiée avec le fils aîné, philosophe parisien, ont été interprétés selon un double scénario d'énonciation. Le second de ces scénarios emprunte quelques notions à une psychanalyse rhétorisée (métaphore-condensation, métonymie-déplacement, secondarité, rationalisation) pour tenter d'apprécier au plus près la logique d'un entretien où le fils, de manière complexe, ironique mais maîtrisée, affronte par l'exercice de cette fiction philosophique qu'est le conte le lourd (et fécond) contentieux paternel. A ce prix, la loi du père, loi également de ce texte par delà ses transformations, peut ne pas s'opposer à la loi du sage.
Dezallier d'Argenville, l'Encyclopédie et la Conchyliologie
Authors: Pinault-Sørensen Madeleine
Published: October 2008

Madeleine Pinault-Sørensen : Dezallier d'Argenville, the Encyclopédie and his Conchyliologie.

Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d'Argenville (1680-1765) is above all known for his Encyclopédie articles on gardening and his famous Conchyliologie, which was hugely successful all over Europe. However, little is still known about the man, despite the fact that in the 1730s and 1740s he was a leading figure in many different domains. The present article attempts to fill this gap by presenting his diverse facets. He was a music-lover, an art-lover and more importantly one of the great eighteenth-century collectors of drawings, as well as a specialist in various fields, from physics to mineralogy. He was also in contact with most European intellectuals, both in Italy and in Nordic countries.
L'évolution des prix des machines-outils de 1950 à 1974
Authors: Bultel J.
Published: October 2008

J. Bultel - The development of machine tool prices from 1950 to 1974

The validity conditions for a price index — a non discutable weighting system and systematic and exhaustive data — are very often too restrictive to permit the construction of an operationnal price index. As a matter of fact, the discussions as regards the weighting system are only useful to the extent that it has some impact on the value of the index. On the other hand, it seems possible to build a price index which represents the true evolution of prices, on the basis of partial informations only. It is shown how, from price data for machine tools collected at the enterprise level, to draw the maximum possible informations as concerns both the regrouping of machines tools in homogeneous classes and the price evolutions for those classes.
Le capital financier en France : théories et réalités
Authors: Morin F.
Published: October 2008

L'objet de cet article était d'éclairer l'état actuel des relations entre la Banque et l'Industrie, c'est à dire de préciser les caractéristiques du capital financier.

L'auteur propose de caractériser le capital financier en fonction de divers niveaux dans l'interpénétration du capital bancaire et industriel. Il distingue un procès de fusion réelle, un procès d'interpénétration formelle, et un procès de séparation cyclique.

L'analyse met en évidence 1' asymétrie dans les poids relatifs du capital financier à dominante bancaire et à dominante industrielle.
Industries mécaniques et les services d'engineering en France et en R.F.A.
Authors: Perrin Jacques
Published: October 2008

Cet article vise à expliquer les différences observées dans les niveaux de développement des industries mécaniques dans les divers pays et en particulier, à préciser le rôle des services d'engineering. L'analyse fait ressortir deux types de phénomènes complémentaires: d'une part le développement des processus de production continus et par là de l'ingénierie et d'autre part le développement de 1'automation et de la déqualification du travail, accompagné du transfert du travail qualifié vers les industries mécaniques.
Les performances des entreprises industrielles américaines dans la crise économique
Authors: Perrin Jacques
Published: October 2008

J. Perrin - Les performances des entreprises industrielles américaines dans la crise economique

Quelles ont été les conséquences de la dépréciation du dollar sur les performances des entreprises américaines et comment ont-elles affronté la crise énergétique de 1974 ? Deux analyses ont été menées :

- Une première, en longue période de 1948 à 1974, fait apparaître :

l. Une chute des résultats d'exploitation nets en % de la valeur ajoutée.

2. Une forte progression des charges salariales.

3. Une stabilité remarquable des dividendes distribués.

4. Une multiplication par cinq des frais financiers.

5. Un doublement de la part de 1' amortissement.

- Une seconde, en courte période (1966-1974) s'est attachée à la mesure de l'efficacité de la combinaison des facteurs de production; d'où il ressort que la baisse des résultats d'exploitation paraît davantage résulter de la dégradation des prix relatifs du travail (par rapport au prix du capital) que d'une baisse de la productivité globale.
Conflits sociaux et économie industrielle
Authors: Bernard Jean-Paul
Published: October 2008

Jean-Paul Bernard : Conflits sociaux et économie industrielle.

L'économie industrielle a tendance à négliger les interactions entre faits économiques et faits sociaux. L'analyse des grèves, tant au niveau de l'entreprise qu'à celui du secteur, est un des moyens de rendre compte de la logique du développement du capital et du travail. Nous présentons quelques résultats de ces liaisons en soulignant l'importance des modes de croissance et de la dimension des unités de production dans la genèse et la différenciation des conflits.
Stratégie des firmes vis-à-vis de l'entrée : le cas de l'industrie chimique
Authors: Maurel P.
Published: October 2008

Pierre Maurel : Stratégie des firmes vis à vis de l'entrée -Le cas de l'industrie chimique

Les économies néo-classiques ont utilisé le concept de barrières à l'entrée pour expliquer l'évolution des structures industrielles, le comportement de marché des firmes établies et par suite leurs performances. Cependant, les barrières à l'entrée doivent aussi être analysées comme variable stratégique de la firme, laquelle, par ses différentes manoeuvres, cherche à les élever ou au contraire à les surmonter (ou les éviter). De fait, une investigation dans quelques domaines de l'industrie chimique a permis de montrer que des barrières supposées élevées n'ont pas été suffisantes pour entraver l'entrée. C'est donc que l'analyse des barrières doit se doubler d'une recherche d' autres facteurs, tenant à la firme ou au marché, et pouvant influencer l'entrée.
Existe-t-il un indice optimal de mobilité des structures industrielles ?
Authors: Simonin Jean-Pascal
Published: October 2008

Jean-Pascal Simonin - Existe-t-il un indice optimal de mobilité des structures industrielles?

Après avoir défini les propriétés d'un indice optimal de mobilité industrielle cet article montre qu'aucun des indices existants ne satisfait ces propriétés. Cependant il ressort de l'analyse de ces indicateurs que les mesures fondées sur 1' instabilité des parts de marché doivent être utilisés de préférence à celles qui sont fondées sur les changements de rangs des entreprises. Tous ces indices sont appliqués au marché des automobile neuves en France de 1966 à 1975.
Réflexions économiques sur l'idée d'un moratoire nucléaire
Authors: Maillet P.
Published: October 2008

P. Maillet - The idea of a nuclear moratorium considered from an economic standpoint

Necessary for sorne people, the French nuclear program is judged premature by others who suggest to postpone during some years the building of new nuclear electricity generating plants, waiting for further knowledge on nuclear technology : hence the idea of a temporary nuclear moratorium.

The paper studies the economic impact of a 5 years moratorium, by comparing the present program of plants and an alternative program where the building of new nuclear plants would be stopped and replaced by classical thermal plants. This impact is appreciated by the effects on the activity of the plant building sectors, on investment, on employment, on balance of external paiements. The effective magnitude of this impact is influenced by hypotheses on general economic policies.
Risque du dirigeant et diversification multinationale
Authors: Pras Bernard
Published: October 2008

B. Pras - Managerial risk and multinational diversification

Theory indicates that diversification has a stabilizing effect on business profitability. The relation has however not yet been tested neither for multinational diversification nor for the diversification of exports. The main hypothesis, is that multinational , exports and product diversification tend to reduce the business or managerial risk, by stabilizing the rate of profit, the greatest impact being that of multinational diversification. The hypothesis is empirically tested with a sample of 246 U.S. business firms during the 60's.
La notion de productivité et ses utilisations
Authors: Guilhon Bernard
Published: October 2008

B. Guilhon - La notion de productivite et ses utilisations

Cet article développe un certain nombre de remarques sur le contenu théorique du concept de productivité et sur les utilisations qué il est possible d'en faire. C'est dans la seconde partie que sont étudiés plus particulièrement certains aspects qui devraient mériter plus d'attention en économie industrielle : notamment le réseau de relations de productivité et les transferts intersectoriels de gains de productivité.
Une méthode de mesure de la productivité du travail dans les entreprises industrielles
Authors: Hanaut Anne
Published: October 2008

A. Hanaut - A tool for the measurement of direct labor productivity in industrial firms

This tool requires the implementation of a labor reporting system. Direct labor performances and time standards are combined in a ratio which is shown to perfectly reflect the direct labor productivity. There is a wide range of applications including improvment of direct labor performance, optimal machinery replacement and cost projections.
Les firmes multinationales dans la concurrence sectorielle
Authors: Rainelli Michel
Published: October 2008

À partir de l'étude des implantations étrangères dans un secteur déterminé, celui de la Construction Electrique Grand Public, en France, sur 5 ans (1971-1975), il s'agit de mettre en évidence les modifications induites par la multinationalisation des firmes. Les conditions de la concurrence sectorielle se sont modifiées : les F.M. ont des caractéristiques originales par rapport aux autres firmes (taille, frais de personnel, transformation du produit), mais ces différences sont en partie remises en cause (surtout pour la taille) en raison de la concentration.
A propos de la négociation Ford en France et en Autriche. Les enseignements d'un précédent
Authors: Vellas François
Published: October 2008

Dans le contexte économique actuel, marqué par la crise de reconversion et le chômage qui touchent l'ensemble des pays industrialisés, 1'industrie automobile reste l'un des supports essentiels de la production industrielle. On assiste à une certaine surenchère entre les Etats et les régions pour attirer les grandes firmes multinationales constructrices d'automobiles. Le pouvoir de négociation dont dispose chacune des deux parties va déterminer à la fois les décisions et les modalités de 1' investissement international. Elles dépendent avant tout de la situation particulière de chaque firme et de chaque Etat concerné. Dès lors, leur évaluation n'est possible que dans le cadre d'études spécifiques détaillées portant sur un cas précis. L'étude du projet Ford Fiesta en Espagne permet de déterminer les limites de l'explication traditionnelle de 1' investissement des firmes multinationales .
La croissance externe : Analyse micro-économique
Authors: Taron Pierre , Vincent F.
Published: October 2008

La présente étude vise à déterminer s'il existe des facteurs micro-économiques pouvant expliquer la croissance externe de 90 sociétés Françaises de 1966 à 1975.

Il semble que ce type de développement n'est ni une réponse au contrôle des prix ni une façon d'accroître de façon significative la part d'une entreprise dans une branche. Il est en fait un phénomène intra-sectoriel et n'aboutit pas à une augmentation de la diversification ou à une réduction de la concurrence étrangère.

Cependant, si la croissance externe n'a pas pu mettre à l'abri de la pression étrangère les entreprises c'est bien cette pression étrangère qui est à l'origine des opérations étudiées. Ces opérations revêtent deux formes distinctes: la première sous forme d'absorption d'entreprises appartenant à la même branche d'activité, la seconde se fondant sur des prises de participation originaires de restructuration.