bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erythrocytes from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction induce cardioprotection through the purinergic P2Y13 receptor and nitric oxide signaling
Authors: Jiao Tong , Collado Aida , Mahdi Ali , Jurga Juliane , Tengbom John , Saleh Nawzad , Verouhis Dinos , Böhm Felix , Zhou Zhichao , Yang Jiangning , Pernow John
Published: September 2022

Red blood cells (RBCs) are suggested to play a role in cardiovascular regulation by exporting nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity and ATP under hypoxia. It remains unknown whether such beneficial effects of RBCs are protective in patients with acute myocardial infarction. We investigated whether RBCs from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) protect against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury and whether such effect involves NO and purinergic signaling in the RBCs. RBCs from patients with STEMI undergoing primary coronary intervention and healthy controls were administered to isolated rat hearts subjected to global ischemia and reperfusion. Compared to RBCs from healthy controls, RBCs from STEMI patients reduced myocardial infarct size (30 ± 12% RBC healthy vs. 11 ± 5% RBC STEMI patients, P < 0.001), improved recovery of left-ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt and reduced left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure in hearts subjected to ischemia–reperfusion. Inhibition of RBC NO synthase with L-NAME or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) with ODQ, and inhibition of cardiac protein kinase G (PKG) abolished the cardioprotective effect. Furthermore, the non-selective purinergic P2 receptor antagonist PPADS but not the P1 receptor antagonist 8PT attenuated the cardioprotection induced by RBCs from STEMI patients. The P2Y13 receptor was expressed in RBCs and the cardioprotection was abolished by the P2Y13 receptor antagonist MRS2211. By contrast, perfusion with PPADS, L-NAME, or ODQ prior to RBCs administration failed to block the cardioprotection induced by RBCs from STEMI patients. Administration of RBCs from healthy subjects following pre-incubation with an ATP analog reduced infarct size from 20 ± 6 to 7 ± 2% (P < 0.001), and this effect was abolished by ODQ and MRS2211. This study demonstrates a novel function of RBCs in STEMI patients providing protection against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury through the P2Y13 receptor and the NO–sGC–PKG pathway.
Time-dependent contact mechanics
Authors: de León Manuel , Gaset Jordi , Gràcia Xavier , Muñoz-Lecanda Miguel C. , Rivas Xavier
Published: September 2022

Contact geometry allows us to describe some thermodynamic and dissipative systems. In this paper we introduce a new geometric structure in order to describe time-dependent contact systems: cocontact manifolds. Within this setting we develop the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formalisms, both in the regular and singular cases. In the singular case, we present a constraint algorithm aiming to find a submanifold where solutions exist. As a particular case we study contact systems with holonomic time-dependent constraints. Some regular and singular examples are analyzed, along with numerical simulations.
Accuracy of different approaches for detecting proximal root caries lesions in vitro
Authors: Göstemeyer Gerd , Preus Mareike , Elhennawy Karim , Schwendicke Falk , Paris Sebastian , Askar Haitham
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic evaluation (XR), visual-tactile assessment (VT), laser-fluorescence (LF) (DIAGNOdent Pen/KaVo), and near-infrared-light transillumination (NILT) (DIAGNOcam/KaVo) on proximal root caries lesions in vitro.

Methods

Two-hundred extracted permanent premolars and molars with and without proximal root caries lesions were allocated to 50 diagnostic models simulating the proximal contacts between teeth and mounted in a phantom dummy head. Two independent examiners used the diagnostic approaches to detect any or advanced root caries lesions, with histologic evaluation of the lesions serving as reference. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed, and sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) are calculated. Significant differences in mean AUCs between approaches were assumed if p < 0.05 (two-sample t-test).

Results

NILT was not applicable for proximal root caries detection. The sensitivity/specificity to detect any lesions was 0.81/0.63 for XR, 0.76/0.88 for VT and 0.81/0.95 for LF, and the sensitivity/specificity to detect advanced lesions was 0.43/0.94 for XR, 0.66/0.99 for VT, and 0.83/0.78 for LF, respectively. For both, any and advanced root caries lesions, mean AUCs for LF and VT were significantly higher compared to XR (p < 0.05). For any root caries lesions, LF was significantly more accurate than VT (p = 0.01), but not for advanced root caries lesions (p = 0.59).

Conclusions

Under the in vitro conditions chosen, LF and VT were more accurate than XR to detect proximal root caries lesions, with LF being particularly useful for initial lesion stages.

Clinical relevance

LF might be a useful diagnostic aid for proximal root caries diagnosis. Clinical studies are necessary to corroborate the findings.
Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase promotes the progression of gastric cancer through a JNK-MAPK/JUN/HK2 axis regulated glycolysis
Authors: Mi Yushuai , Li Quanhui , Liu Bingtian , Wang Dehai , Liu Ziping , Wang Tianshi , Wang Yuan , Zang Yifeng , Zhou Yan , Wen Yugang , Ding Yinlu
Published: September 2022

Background

Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) transfers high-energy phosphates from mitochondrially generated ATP to creatine to generate phosphocreatine. uMtCK overexpression has been reported in several malignant tumors, however, the clinical significance and impact of uMtCK in gastric cancer (GC) has not been comprehensively studied.

Methods

We first examined uMtCK expression in GC by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot assays. Then the clinicopathological significance of aberrant uMtCK expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining in a GC tissue microarray. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used for survival analysis. The biological functions of uMtCK in GC cells were explored by wound-healing, transwell assays and glucose metabolism assays in vitro as well as a liver metastasis model by spleen injection in nude mice in vivo.

Results

We verified that the expression of uMtCK was substantially elevated in GC tissues, significantly associating with a poorer prognosis in GC patients, especially for those with advanced stage. In univariate and multivariate analyses, uMtCK expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free survival and overall survival. Functionally, we demonstrated that uMtCK promoted glycolysis in GC cells and facilitated their migration, invasion and liver metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, uMtCK enhanced GC progression in a HK2-dependent glycolysis via acting the JNK-MAPK/JUN signaling pathway.

Conclusions

uMtCK could serve as a novel independent prognostic biomarker as well as potential therapeutic target for GC patients, particularly for GC patients with an advanced UICC stage and tumor recurrence.
Autarkie und Offenheit — Überlegungen zur optimalen Balance einer offenen Volkswirtschaft
Authors: Petersen Thieß , Wortmann Marcus
Published: September 2022

Nach einem Globalisierungsschub im Zuge des Falls des Eisernen Vorhangs und von Chinas Beitritt zur WTO wurde die internationale Arbeitsteilung in den vergangenen Jahren stärker von protektionistischen Tendenzen geprägt. Die Unterbrechungen der grenzüberschreitenden Lieferkettenbeziehungen während der Coronapandemie und des Ukrainekriegs stärken zudem den Wunsch nach einer Reduzierung der Export- und insbesondere der Importabhängigkeit. Es ist zu diskutieren, wie man theoretisch zum optimalen Offenheitsgrad einer Volkswirtschaft gelangt und damit auch ein ideales Ausmaß der ökonomischen Autarkie bestimmt.
Die Ausschreibung als ungeeignetes Verfahren zur Vergabe von Mobilfunkfrequenzen
Authors: Bulowski Stefan , Kühling Jürgen , Zierke Oliver
Published: September 2022

Mit der zum 1. Dezember 2021 in Kraft getretenen Novelle des Telekommunikationsgesetzes (TKG) ist der Vorrang der Versteigerung als Regelvergabeverfahren für Frequenzen bei Knappheit aufgehoben worden. Das TKG sieht zwei mögliche Vergabeverfahren für Frequenzen bei Knappheit vor: die Versteigerung und die Ausschreibung. Im Gesetzestext des neuen TKG heißt es, dass dasjenige Vergabeverfahren durchzuführen ist, das die Erreichung der Regulierungsziele des Gesetzes am besten gewährleistet. Im Fall der Vergabe von knappen Mobilfunkfrequenzen ist das Ausschreibungsverfahren für die Erreichung von Regulierungszielen wie Effizienz und Transparenz jedoch generell ungeeignet.
Securing federated learning with blockchain: a systematic literature review
Authors: Qammar Attia , Karim Ahmad , Ning Huansheng , Ding Jianguo
Published: September 2022

Federated learning (FL) is a promising framework for distributed machine learning that trains models without sharing local data while protecting privacy. FL exploits the concept of collaborative learning and builds privacy-preserving models. Nevertheless, the integral features of FL are fraught with problems, such as the disclosure of private information, the unreliability of uploading model parameters to the server, the communication cost, etc. Blockchain, as a decentralized technology, is able to improve the performance of FL without requiring a centralized server and also solves the above problems. In this paper, a systematic literature review on the integration of Blockchain in federated learning was considered with the analysis of the existing FL problems that can be compensated. Through carefully screening, most relevant studies are included and research questions cover the potential security and privacy attacks in traditional federated learning that can be solved by blockchain as well as the characteristics of Blockchain-based FL. In addition, the latest Blockchain-based approaches to federated learning have been studied in-depth in terms of security and privacy, records and rewards, and verification and accountability. Furthermore, open issues related to the combination of Blockchain and FL are discussed. Finally, future research directions for the robust development of Blockchain-based FL systems are proposed.
Enveloping Algebras of Krichever-Novikov Algebras are not Noetherian
Authors: Buzaglo Lucas
Published: September 2022

This work is part of the overarching question of whether it is possible for the universal enveloping algebra of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra to be noetherian. The main result of this paper is that the universal enveloping algebra of any Krichever-Novikov algebra is not noetherian, extending a result of Sierra and Walton on the Witt (or classical Krichever-Novikov) algebra. As a subsidiary result, which may be of independent interest, we show that if ${\mathfrak {h}}$
h
is a Lie subalgebra of ${\mathfrak {g}}$
g
of finite codimension, then the noetherianity of U$U({\mathfrak {h}})$
U
(
h
)
is equivalent to the noetherianity of U$U({\mathfrak {g}})$
U
(
g
)
. The second part of the paper focuses on Lie subalgebras of W≥− 1 = Der(𝕜[t]). In particular, we prove that certain subalgebras of W≥− 1 (denoted by L(f), where f ∈ 𝕜[t]) have non-noetherian universal enveloping algebras, and provide a sufficient condition for a subalgebra of W≥− 1 to have a non-noetherian universal enveloping algebra. Furthermore, we make significant progress on a classification of subalgebras of W≥− 1 by showing that any infinite-dimensional subalgebra must be contained in some L(f) in a canonical way.
Same sensitivity with shorter exposure: behavior as an appropriate parameter to assess metal toxicity
Authors: Alonso Álvaro , Romero-Blanco Alberto
Published: September 2022

The exposure of animals to toxicants may cause a depletion in the energy uptake, which compromises reproduction and growth. Although both parameters are ecologically relevant, they usually need long-term bioassays. This is a handicap for the availability of toxicological data for environmental risk assessment. Short-term bioassays conducted with environmental concentrations, and using relevant ecological parameters sensitive to short-term exposures, such as behavior, could be a good alternative. Therefore, to include this parameter in the risk assessment procedures, it is relevant the comparison of its sensitivity with that of growth and reproduction bioassays. The study aim was the assessment of differences between endpoints based on mortality, behaviour, reproduction, and growth for the toxicity of metals on aquatic animals. We used the ECOTOX database to gather data to construct chemical toxicity distribution (CTD) curves. The mean concentrations, the mean exposure time, and the ratio between the mean concentration and the exposure time were compared among endpoints. Our results showed that behavioral, growth, and reproduction bioassays presented similar sensitivity. The shortest exposure was found in behavioral and reproduction bioassays. In general, the amount of toxicant used per time was lower in growth and reproduction bioassays than in behavioral and mortality bioassays. We can conclude that, for metal toxicity, behavioral bioassays are less time-consuming than growth bioassays. As the sensitivity of behavior was similar to that of growth and reproduction, this endpoint could be a better alternative to longer bioassays.
TROMPA-MER: an open dataset for personalized music emotion recognition
Authors: Gómez-Cañón Juan Sebastián , Gutiérrez-Páez Nicolás , Porcaro Lorenzo , Porter Alastair , Cano Estefanía , Herrera-Boyer Perfecto , Gkiokas Aggelos , Santos Patricia , Hernández-Leo Davinia , Karreman Casper , Gómez Emilia
Published: September 2022

We present a platform and a dataset to help research on Music Emotion Recognition (MER). We developed the Music Enthusiasts platform aiming to improve the gathering and analysis of the so-called “ground truth” needed as input to MER systems. Firstly, our platform involves engaging participants using citizen science strategies and generate music emotion annotations – the platform presents didactic information and musical recommendations as incentivization, and collects data regarding demographics, mood, and language from each participant. Participants annotated each music excerpt with single free-text emotion words (in native language), distinct forced-choice emotion categories, preference, and familiarity. Additionally, participants stated the reasons for each annotation – including those distinctive of emotion perception and emotion induction. Secondly, our dataset was created for personalized MER and contains information from 181 participants, 4721 annotations, and 1161 music excerpts. To showcase the use of the dataset, we present a methodology for personalization of MER models based on active learning. The experiments show evidence that using the judgment of the crowd as prior knowledge for active learning allows for more effective personalization of MER systems for this particular dataset. Our dataset is publicly available and we invite researchers to use it for testing MER systems.
Higher-order recurrence relations, Sobolev-type inner products and matrix factorizations
Authors: Hermoso Carlos , Huertas Edmundo J. , Lastra Alberto , Marcellán Francisco
Published: September 2022

It is well known that Sobolev-type orthogonal polynomials with respect to measures supported on the real line satisfy higher-order recurrence relations and these can be expressed as a (2N + 1)-banded symmetric semi-infinite matrix. In this paper, we state the connection between these (2N + 1)-banded matrices and the Jacobi matrices associated with the three-term recurrence relation satisfied by the standard sequence of orthonormal polynomials with respect to the 2-iterated Christoffel transformation of the measure.
Precise prediction of optical behaviour of mechanically stressed edge emitting GaAs devices
Authors: Hildenstein P. , Feise D. , Ostermay I. , Paschke K. , Tränkle G.
Published: September 2022

The presence of a thermally annealed metallization layer on top of a GaAs slab waveguide proofed to be of strong impact on the optical device behavior. Induced by the stress on the chip the elasto-optical effect imprinted a strong variation on the refractive index that led to anti-guiding and guiding effects. In order to enable precise prediction of the optical behavior we present a 3D mechanical device simulation which provides detailed insights to the overall stress state. The results are then used in a 2D in-house developed optical simulation that allows precise analysis of the microscopic optical behavior. Therefore, the accumulated stress effects are represented by an effective temperature difference between semiconductor and metallization, which allows a strong simplification of the model setup. The results are validated by comparison to the experimental derived data. As the simulation proves to be highly accurate, the stress load on the device can be calculated vice versa from the optical behavior.
Using software visualization to support the teaching of distributed programming
Authors: Di Rocco Lorenzo , Ferraro Petrillo Umberto , Palini Francesco
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we introduce MARVEL, a system designed to simplify the teaching of MapReduce, a popular distributed programming paradigm, through software visualization. At its core, it allows a teacher to describe and recreate a MapReduce application by interactively requesting, through a graphical interface, the execution of a sequence of MapReduce transformations that target an input dataset. Then, the execution of each operation is illustrated on the screen by playing an appropriate graphical animation stage, highlighting aspects related to its distributed nature. The sequence of all animation stages, played back one after the other in a sequential order, results in a visualization of the whole algorithm. The content of the resulting visualization is not simulated or fictitious, but reflects the real behavior of the requested operations, thanks to the adoption of an architecture based on a real instance of a distributed system running on Apache Spark. On the teacher’s side, it is expected that by using MARVEL he/she will spend less time preparing materials and will be able to design a more interactive lesson than with electronic slides or a whiteboard. To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach on the learner side, we also conducted a small scientific experiment with a class of volunteer students who formed a control group. The results are encouraging, showing that the use of software visualization guarantees students a learning experience at least equivalent to that of conventional approaches.
Common Humanity as an Under-acknowledged Mechanism for Mental Health Peer Support
Authors: Kotera Yasuhiro , Llewellyn-Beardsley Joy , Charles Ashleigh , Slade Mike
Published: September 2022

Mental health peer support (PS) is a relational approach to recovery. Service users are helped through a relationship focused on connection with a PS worker who shares similar experiences. Despite the strong evidence base, the mechanisms of action for mental health PS are under-researched. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms, including social comparison theory (SCT). SCT highlights the benefits arising from emphasising differences between a service user and the PS worker. An unintended consequence is that connection between them may be reduced. We propose common humanity (CH) as an under-acknowledged mechanism of action. CH is an experience recognising that there are other people living with similar suffering, and helps us regulate emotions. A CH-informed connection-based PS relationship may help a service user in different ways from a SCT-informed comparison-based PS relationship. Future PS research can investigate emotional self-regulation to establish whether CH-related outcomes arise from PS.
Service Leadership through Serving Minority
Adolescents in Rural China Using a Rural Version of a Positive Youth Development
Program
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Mu Liping , Qi Shaojie , Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: September 2022

With the emerging service economy globally, nurturing university
students to be service leaders possessing the leadership qualities of competence,
character and care is of great importance. Through service-learning (SL), the
academic learning of the students on Service Leadership can be consolidated. In the
present study, we piloted a SL subject on Service Leadership in a university in the
Southwestern part of China. After learning the basic academic knowledge on Service
Leadership, seven students provided service for the Yi minority adolescents in
Liangshan using the rural version of the program. To understand the impact of SL on
the service recipients, a single group pretest-posttest design was used to assess
the changes in Yi minority adolescents (N = 79) before and after they
received the service. We also conducted subjective outcome evaluation of the service
providers (the university students providing the service) and service recipients (Yi
adolescents). Results showed that the service recipients had significant positive
changes in the outcome indicators and they had positive perceptions of the program.
The qualitative evaluation findings are also encouraging. The findings provide
evidence supporting the use of SL in nurturing service leadership qualities in
university students in mainland China.
Business-Civil Society Collaborations in South Korea: A Multi-Stage Pattern Matching Study
Authors: Sinkovics Noemi , Kim Jihye , Sinkovics Rudolf R.
Published: September 2022

In this study, we use an empirical example to demonstrate how a multi-stage pattern matching process can inform and substantiate the construction of partial least squares (PLS) models and the subsequent interpretation of and theorizing from the findings. We document the research process underlying our empirical investigations of business – civil society collaborations in South Korea. The four-step process we outline in this paper can be used to ensure the meaningfulness of the structural model as well as to maximize the use of PLS for theorizing. This methodological advancement is particularly helpful in situations when literature reference points exist, but further contextual information may add nuances to prevalent knowledge. The findings from the qualitative flexible pattern matching part of the study prompted us to conduct a multi-group analysis. The resulting path changes in the base model led to the identification of four partnering strategies for business-CSO collaborations: (1) partnering for visibility; (2) partnering for compliance; (3) partnering for responsibility outsourcing; and (4) partnering for value co-creation.
The error induced by using representative periods in capacity expansion models: system cost, total capacity mix and regional capacity mix
Authors: Reichenberg Lina , Hedenus Fredrik
Published: September 2022

Capacity Expansion Models (CEMs) are optimization models used for long-term energy planning on national to continental scale. They are typically computationally demanding, thus in need of simplification, where one such simplification is to reduce the temporal representation. This paper investigates how using representative periods to reduce the temporal representation in CEMs distorts results compared to a benchmark model of a full chronological year. The test model is a generic CEM applied to Europe. We test the performance of reduced models at penetration levels of wind and solar of 90%. Three measures for accuracy are used: (i) system cost, (ii) total capacity mix and (iii) regional capacity. We find that: (i) the system cost is well represented (~ 5% deviation from benchmark) with as few as ten representative days, (ii) the capacity mix is in general fairly well (~ 20% deviation) represented with 50 or more representative days, and (iii) the regional capacity mix displays large deviations (> 50%) from benchmark for as many as 250 representative days. We conclude that modelers should be aware of the error margins when presenting results on these three aspects.
High Quality and Maximizing the Production of CNTs from the Pyrolysis of Waste Polypropylene
Authors: Eldahshory A. I. , Emara Karim , Abd-Elhady M. S. , Ismail M. A.
Published: September 2022

Thermal decomposition of plastics by pyrolysis into oil is a successful way of treating wastes. Nevertheless, the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from wastes improves the feasibility of the waste management process. An experimental setup was developed to study the influence of different heating rates on the produced oil by pyrolysis of waste polypropylene (WPP), and the influence of using foamed nickel on the produced CNTs as a function of operating temperature and heating rate. Different heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C/min were examined, as well as the different carbon vapor deposition (CVD) temperatures of 600, 700, and 800 °C were studied. It has been found that increasing the heating rate from 5 to 20 °C/min increases the oil yield from 59.3 to 71%, but on the other hand it decreases the quality of the oil. It has been also found that increasing the heating rate decreases the quality of CNTs, i.e., uniform CNTs with small diameter and small wall thickness, and as well as the quantity. The physical properties of the produced CNTs have been improved by increasing the CVD temperature; however, the quantity of CNTs decreased. The highest yield of CNTs produced was 43.12% at the lowest CVD temperature and heating rate examined, i.e., 600 and 5 °C/min, respectively. The optimum heating rate and CVD temperature for the pyrolysis of waste polypropylene to achieve the highest quality of CNTs with moderate production of 39.34%, is the lowest heating rate examined, i.e., 5 °C/min, with a moderate CVD temperature of 700 °C.
Home language literacy practices: learning opportunities for primary EAL students
Authors: Turner Marianne , Keary Anne , Tour Ekaterina
Published: September 2022

It is well-established in both scholarship and policy documents that students’ home language practices can be leveraged as a key resource for their learning. However, it can be challenging for teachers to embed students’ language resources in class activities in ways that link to wider learning objectives. We report how the inclusion of home language literacy practices can both enhance English language learning and promote multiliteracies. Data are drawn from a design-based study on the incorporation of home languages in the teaching of English. In the article, we focus on the teaching and learning that occurred in the classroom of two English as an Additional Language (EAL) teachers. Data collected comprised lesson sequences, teacher reflection, student work samples and student reflection. It was found that teacher-initiated support for home language literacy practices led to positive student engagement. The support included giving an active role to bi/multilingual teaching assistants and Google Translate.
Beauty of the beast: anticholinergic tropane alkaloids in therapeutics
Authors: Shim Kyu Hwan , Kang Min Ju , Sharma Niti , An Seong Soo A.
Published: September 2022

Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are among the most valued chemical compounds known since pre-historic times. Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family (Hyoscyamus niger, Datura, Atropa belladonna,Scopolia lurida, Mandragora officinarum, Duboisia) and Erythroxylaceae (Erythroxylum coca) are rich sources of tropane alkaloids. These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system by binding at either muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors. Hence, they are of great clinical importance and are used as antiemetics, anesthetics, antispasmodics, bronchodilator and mydriatics. They also serve as the lead compounds to generate more effective drugs. Due to the important pharmacological action they are listed in the WHO list of essential medicines and are available in market with FDA approval. However, being anticholinergic in action, TA medication are under the suspicion of causing dementia and cognitive decline like other medications with anticholinergic action, interestingly which is incorrect. There are published reviews on chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, safety concerns, biotechnological aspects of TAs but the detailed information on anticholinergic mechanism of action, clinical pharmacology, FDA approval and anticholinergic burden is lacking. Hence the present review tries to fill this lacuna by critically summarizing and discussing the above mentioned aspects.

Graphical Abstract
Definite orthogonal modular forms: computations, excursions, and discoveries
Authors: Assaf Eran , Fretwell Dan , Ingalls Colin , Logan Adam , Secord Spencer , Voight John
Published: September 2022

We consider spaces of modular forms attached to definite orthogonal groups of low even rank and nontrivial level, equipped with Hecke operators defined by Kneser neighbours. After reviewing algorithms to compute with these spaces, we investigate endoscopy using theta series and a theorem of Rallis. Along the way, we exhibit many examples and pose several conjectures. As a first application, we express counts of Kneser neighbours in terms of coefficients of classical or Siegel modular forms, complementing work of Chenevier–Lannes. As a second application, we prove new instances of Eisenstein congruences of Ramanujan and Kurokawa–Mizumoto type.
Less Maladaptiveness of the Maladaptive Coping Styles in Japan than in Germany: Cross-cultural Comparison of Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Styles
Authors: Nishiguchi Yuki , Ishikawa Ryotaro , Ishigaki Takuma , Hashimoto Kazuyuki
Published: September 2022

The Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Style Questionnaire (MAX) is a comprehensive tool for measuring coping styles including three subscales: maladaptive coping, adaptive coping, and avoidance. This study developed a Japanese version of MAX and evaluated the relationship between the coping styles and psychopathologies between the Japanese sample and the German sample. For the cross-cultural comparison, we used the Japanese community sample and German data set acquired by Moritz et al. (Journal of Affective Disorders 191:300–307, 2016). Factor analysis was conducted with the Japanese version of the MAX. Referring to the original version, we hypothesized the three-factor structure. However, the results showed that the adaptive coping subscale had less similarity to the original version, whereas the maladaptive coping and avoidance subscales were similar to the original. As the result of cultural comparison, the Japanese participants showed more maladaptive coping and avoidance. Moreover, the maladaptive coping styles had weaker correlations with the psychopathologies in the Japanese sample than with those in the German sample in the present study.
Cheetah marking sites are also used by other species for communication: evidence from photographic data in a comparative setup
Authors: Edwards Sarah , Mueller Rebekka , Roeder Ralf , Melzheimer Joerg , Wachter Bettina
Published: September 2022

Many mammalian species communicate via olfactory communication placed at particular locations. The majority of these studies focused on intraspecific communication. More recently, studies have also investigated interspecific communication and recorded prey animals sniffing olfactory cues left by predators and predators investigating or counter-marking cues left by other predator species. The purpose of exchanging olfactory cues within a species community is little understood. Using a comparative study design, we investigated the behaviour of a mammalian community at cheetah marking trees and paired control trees using camera traps on Namibian farmland. We tested the predictions derived from hypotheses regarding the reasons for visits to the marking trees. Cheetah marking trees and control trees were visited 1101 times by 29 mammalian species (excluding cheetahs), with more species recorded at the marking trees than control trees. Two competitively subordinate carnivore species made more visiting and sniffing events, respectively, at cheetah marking trees than control trees, possibly to assess the time since cheetahs were in the area. Two opportunistic scavenger species sniffed more frequently at the marking trees than control trees, perhaps to feed on undigested prey remains in scats. One common prey species of cheetahs had fewer visiting events at the marking trees than control trees, likely to reduce encounters with cheetahs. Further, one species that is rarely preyed by cheetahs marked cheetah marking trees at the same frequency as control trees, suggesting it uses conspicuous sites rather for intraspecific than interspecific communication. Thus, trees used by cheetahs for marking also play an important role in olfactory communication for a variety of mammalian species.
Conservation status of the world’s carnivorous mammals (order Carnivora)
Authors: Fernández-Sepúlveda Jaime , Martín Carlos A.
Published: September 2022

The conservation of carnivores (order Carnivora) can lead to the conservation of other species as well as entire ecosystems since they play an important ecosystemic role. However, their predatory behaviour has caused many of these species to experience marked population declines worldwide and they may therefore face greater anthropogenic threats than other animal groups. To examine the conservation status, population trends, distribution patterns, habitats and threats of all extant species belonging to this order (N = 290), we collected data from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List. In addition, we calculated the Red List Index (RLI) to measure the change in extinction risk of species over time. Carnivores are more threatened than mammals in general (26.9% of endangered species vs. 22.7%) and have a significantly higher proportion of species with declining populations (48.3% vs. 31.9%). Eupleridae, Ursidae and Felidae families have the worst conservation status. Between the 1990s and 2000s, most families suffered a considerable decline in their RLI value, the most notable being Felidae. The greatest numbers of threatened carnivore species are found in forest, shrubland and grassland habitats. East and South Asia hold great numbers of carnivore species as well as the highest proportion of threatened and declining species. Hunting and trapping of terrestrial animals, along with habitat loss (caused by deforestation and agricultural expansion), pose the main threats to the Carnivora order. Our findings indicate that, within mammals, the conservation of carnivores should be a priority, and conservation measures directed at this group should be undertaken or increased as a matter of urgency.
Experimental investigations of heat generation and microstructure evolution during friction stir processing of SnSbCu alloy
Authors: Leszczyńska-Madej Beata , Hrabia-Wiśnios Joanna , Węglowska Aleksandra , Perek-Nowak Małgorzata , Madej Marcin
Published: September 2022

The paper presents the results of experimental investigations of the heat generation and microstructure evolution during the friction stir processing (FSP) of the SnSb11Cu6 alloy. The Triflute tool was used for modification; the process was carried out using two rotational speeds of the tool: 280 and 560 RPM and a constant linear speed of 355 mm/min. Microstructure studies were performed employing the techniques of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy along with analysis of the chemical composition of micro-areas. Additionally, the phase composition was investigated by means of the X-ray diffraction method, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and hardness testing were performed before and after FSP modification. Furthermore, measurements of the temperature directly on the modified surface by means of a thermal imaging camera and the temperature in the modified zone with a thermocouple system were performed. It was proved that using FSP to modify the SnSbCu alloy promotes refinement and homogenization of the microstructure, as well as improvement of the hardness. The hardness of the starting material was 24 HB, and after FSP, the hardness increased and amounted to, respectively, 25 and 27 HB after processing at 280 and 560 RPM. The microstructure in the stir zone is formed by the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process and consists of almost equiaxed tin-rich matrix grains with a size of approx. 5–30 µm and fine particles of Cu6Sn5 and SnSb phases. The temperature distribution in the FSP zone is not uniform and changes in a gradient manner.
Emerging technology for economic competitiveness or societal challenges? Framing purpose in Artificial Intelligence policy
Authors: Ulnicane Inga
Published: September 2022

This study examines the policy discussions surrounding the purpose of the development and use of an emerging technology. It applies the two stylized technology policy frames of economic growth and societal challenges to analyse framing of one of the key emerging technologies today—Artificial Intelligence (AI). It demonstrates that recent AI policy documents include both—economic growth as well as societal challenges—frames. While AI is a novel technology, its recent policy builds on traditional ideas about the role of technology in facilitating economic growth and competitiveness supported by well-known measures such as investment in research and highly skilled workforce. Additionally, AI policy draws on more recent frame on the contribution of technology to addressing societal challenges and the Sustainable Development Goals but presents AI as a technological solution to complex societal issues. While some interest in addressing both economic and social objectives in AI policy can be observed, the policy documents remain silent about their compatibility.
Multiple forms of vitamin B6 regulate salt tolerance by balancing ROS and abscisic acid levels in maize root
Authors: Lu Chongchong , Tian Yuan , Hou Xuanxuan , Hou Xin , Jia Zichang , Li Min , Hao Mingxia , Jiang Yanke , Wang Qingbin , Pu Qiong , Yin Ziyi , Li Yang , Liu Baoyou , Kang Xiaojing , Zhang Guangyi , Ding Xinhua , Liu Yinggao
Published: September 2022

Salt stress causes osmotic stress, ion toxicity and oxidative stress, inducing the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which further damage cell structure and inhibit the development of roots in plants. Previous study showed that vitamin B6 (VB6) plays a role in plant responses to salt stress, however, the regulatory relationship between ROS, VB6 and ABA under salt stress remains unclear yet in plants. In our study, we found that salt stress-induced ABA accumulation requires ROS production, in addition, salt stress also promoted VB6 (including pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)) accumulation, which involved in ROS scavenging and ABA biosynthesis. Furthermore, VB6-deficient maize mutant small kernel2 (smk2) heterozygous is more susceptible to salt stress, and which failed to scavenge excessive ROS effectively or induce ABA accumulation in maize root under salt stress, interestingly, which can be restored by exogenous PN and PLP, respectively. According to these results, we proposed that PN and PLP play an essential role in balancing ROS and ABA levels under salt stress, respectively, it laid a foundation for VB6 to be better applied in crop salt resistance than ABA.
Phenomenology of Particle Physics
Authors: Rubbia André
Published: September 2022

Written for a two-semester Master's or graduate course, this comprehensive treatise intertwines theory and experiment in an original approach that covers all aspects of modern particle physics. The author uses rigorous step-by-step derivations and provides more than 100 end-of-chapter problems for additional practice to ensure that students will not only understand the material but also be able to apply their knowledge. Featuring up-to-date experimental material, including the discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN and of neutrino oscillations, this monumental volume also serves as a one-stop reference for particle physics researchers of all levels and specialties. Richly illustrated with more than 450 figures, the text guides students through all the intricacies of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in an intuitive manner that few books achieve.
Liability Rules for AI-Related Harm: Law and Economics Lessons for a European Approach
Authors: Li Shu , Faure Michael , Havu Katri
Published: September 2022

The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) has grown exponentially in recent years, which not only generates value but also creates risks. AI systems are characterised by their complexity, opacity and autonomy in operation. Now and in the foreseeable future, AI systems will be operating in a manner that is not fully autonomous. This signifies that providing appropriate incentives to the human parties involved is still of great importance in reducing AI-related harm. Therefore, liability rules should be adapted in such a way to provide the relevant parties with incentives to efficiently reduce the social costs of potential accidents. Relying on a law and economics approach, we address the theoretical question of what kind of liability rules should be applied to different parties along the value chain related to AI. In addition, we critically analyse the ongoing policy debates in the European Union, discussing the risk that European policymakers will fail to determine efficient liability rules with regard to different stakeholders.
Distribution-based packet forwarding distance dissimilarity learning for topology characterizing in geographic routing
Authors: Oladeji-Atanda Gbadebo , Mpoeleng Dimane
Published: September 2022

We have previously shown that the geographic routing’s greedy packet forwarding distance (PFD), in dissimilarity values of its average measures, characterizes a mobile ad hoc network’s (MANET) topology by node size. In this article, we demonstrate a distribution-based analysis of the PFD measures that were generated by two representative greedy algorithms, namely GREEDY and ELLIPSOID. The result shows the potential of the distribution-based dissimilarity learning of the PFD in topology characterizing. Characterizing dynamic MANET topology supports context-aware performance optimization in position-based or geographic packet routing.
Categorising emotion words: the influence of response options
Authors: Zupan Barbra , Dempsey Lynn , Hartwell Katelyn
Published: September 2022

Words used to describe emotion are influenced by experience, context and culture; nevertheless, research studies often constrain participant response options. We explored the influence of response options on how people conceptualise emotion words in two cross-sectional studies. In Study 1 participants rated the degree to which a large set of emotion words (n = 497) fit five basic emotion categories – Happy, Sad, Angry, Fearful, Neutral. Twenty-four words that fit well within these categories were included in Study 2. In Study 2 response options were expanded to include two additional basic emotions (Disgust, Joy), and six complex emotions (Amusement, Anxiety, Contentment, Irritated, Pride, Relief). Only half of the Study 1 words were categorised into the same emotion categories in Study 2. An increase in diversity of ratings for both positive and negative valenced words suggested overlaps in people’s conceptualisations of emotion words. Results suggest potential benefits of providing research participants complex emotion categories of varying intensity, which may better reflect people’s nuanced conceptualisations of emotion. Future research exploring varied response options may provide further insight into how people categorise and differentiate emotion words.
The Domestic Sources of International Reputation
Authors: GOLDFIEN MICHAEL A. , JOSEPH MICHAEL F. , MCMANUS ROSEANNE W.
Published: September 2022

Existing research finds that leaders develop international reputations based on their past behavior on the international stage. We argue that leaders’ domestic choices can also influence their international reputations, perhaps as much as their past foreign policy decisions do. Using formal theory and intuitive argumentation, we develop an overarching framework to predict how much any domestic choice will affect a leader’s international reputation. We theorize that certain domestic choices can inform expectations about future international crisis behavior based on the extent to which (1) the costs at stake are similar to those of an international crisis and (2) the domestic issue is salient relative to foreign policy. We use conjoint experiments and other evidence to show that many domestic choices have significant international reputational effects. There is some evidence that the reputational effect of certain domestic choices may equal that of fighting in a previous international crisis.
ICONOCLASM AND PROFIT: SALES OF DESPOILED MONUMENTAL BRASSES AND TOMBS IN LONDON, 1547–53
Authors: Hutchinson Robert
Published: September 2022

This analysis of the despoilation of monumental brasses and tombs in London during Edward vi’s reign is based on evidence provided by contemporary inventories of church goods and churchwardens’ accounts, supported by fieldwork and discoveries of recycled brasses during conservation. It reveals how the Reformation impacted the fortunes of the London marblers producing brasses, describes how plundered memorials were sold and provides evidence on their fate. Estimates, based on volumes of metal sold, create a potential range of 700–812 brasses lost from possibly forty-three London churches over 1548–53. After c 1550, marblers engraved 2mm thick hammered plate (cast from despoiled latten church goods, such as candlesticks and crucifixes) to sustain production when supplies of looted brasses diminished. The trade in plundered brasses ended after the accession of Edward’s Catholic half-sister, Mary, in August 1553.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEORY FOR COMBINED CROSS SECTION AND TIME SERIES WITH AN APPLICATION TO AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY SHOCKS
Authors: Hahn Jinyong , Kuersteiner Guido , Mazzocco Maurizio
Published: September 2022

Combining cross-sectional and time-series data is a long and well-established practice in empirical economics. We develop a central limit theory that explicitly accounts for possible dependence between the two datasets. We focus on common factors as the mechanism behind this dependence. Using our central limit theorem (CLT), we establish the asymptotic properties of parameter estimates of a general class of models based on a combination of cross-sectional and time-series data, recognizing the interdependence between the two data sources in the presence of aggregate shocks. Despite the complicated nature of the analysis required to formulate the joint CLT, it is straightforward to implement the resulting parameter limiting distributions due to a formal similarity of our approximations with Murphy and Topel’s (1985,Journal of Business and Economic Statistics3, 370–379) formula.