bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the donors' composition and the new dating of the fresco painting of the Church of the Holy Virgin in Mateic
Authors: Dimitrova Elizabeta
Published: May 2010

The painted decoration of the Church of the Holy Virgin in Mateic, the second largest fresco ensemble from the 14th century in the Balkans' region comprises one of the most interesting donors' compositions of the Late-Byzantine period. The figures comprised by the donors' composition are united by the conception of the Deesis scene, composed by the image of Christ in the lunette of the southern wall, the representation of the Virgin Hodegetria above the entrance to the diaconicon and the figure of John the Baptist, depicted in the southern part of the eastern wall of the naos. The broader context of the donor's composition, in addition to the images of the donors - tzarina Jelena and young king Uros, who in the presence of tzar Dusan, present the model of their endowment to the patron saint, contains also the image of the patriarch Joanikije, depicted as the head of Serbian Orthodox Church. Within the donor's composition, one can see the images of Makarije, the abbot of the monastery and St. Stephan the great martyr dressed in deacon attire, represented with his traditional role as a defender of the rulers and donors from the Nemanjic dynasty...
Between Southern Italy and Dalmatia Missal MR 166 of the Metropolitana Library, Zagreb
Authors: Elba Emanuela
Published: May 2010

The Missal MR 166 from the Metropolitana Library, Zagreb, written in Beneventana script and dating back to the twelfth-thirteenth centuries, has long been considered a Dalmatian product, similar to the coeval illuminated manuscript in Beneventana script preserved in the Trogir Cathedral and originating in Zadar. Nevertheless, later studies - specifically based on the textual features of the manuscript - showed that it is undoubtedly a Southern Italian product, and a significant testimony of the uninterrupted book circulation that existed on both sides of the Adriatic for three centuries roughly from the eleventh to the thirteenth, thus influencing the activity of the Benedictine scriptoria on the Dalmatian coast. On the basis of the study that makes it possible to define more closely the group of manuscripts that make up the 'corpus of the illuminated manuscripts from Dalmatia', the paper aims to support the Southern Italian origin of the Missal by means of a critical analysis of the theories put forward so far about the 'typically Dalmatian' features of its Initialornamentik.
On the conceptual and thematic foundations of the fresco paintings in the diaconicon of the Church of Virgin Peribleptos in Ohrid
Authors: Grozdanov Cvetan
Published: May 2010

The author presents the view that the themes referring to St. John the Precursor and the Virgin in the diaconicon of the Church of the Virgin Peribleptos in Ohrid were painted as the visual expression of the dogmatic belief in the Incarnation of the Saviour. He interprets the scenes of the Three Youths in the Fiery Furnace and of the Visitation that also appear in the diaconicon, in the same way. The recently identified figure of the prophet Elijah, painted on the western side of the diaconicon, is also published in this article.
In vitro bioactivity and crystallization behavior of bioactive glass in the system SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-P2O5-Na2O-MgO-CaF2
Authors: Erol Melek
Published: May 2010

In this study, bioactivity of glass in the system SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-P2O5-Na2O-MgO-CaF2 was investigated. For this purpose, a glass sample was prepared by the traditional melting method. Crystallization behavior of bioactive glass was also investigated using differential thermal analyses. The Avrami constant of bioactive glass sample calculated according to the Ozawa equation was 3.72 ± 0.4, which indicates bulk crystallization. Using the Matusita-Sakka and the Kissinger equations, activation energy of crystal growth was determined as (394 ± 17) kJ mol−1 and (373 ± 12) kJ mol−1, respectively. These results indicate that the crystallization activation energy data of bioactive glass obtained in this study are accurate and reliable. Bioactivity of the resultant glass sample was analyzed by immersion in simulated body fluid. Scanning electron microscopy, thin film X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma techniques were used to monitor changes in the glass surface and the simulated body fluid composition. The results revealed that a hydroxyapatite layer was formed on the glass surface after 21 days of immersion in SBF. Formation of the hydroxyapatite layer confirmed the bioactivity of the glass in the system SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-P2O5-Na2O-MgO-CaF2. In addition, physical and mechanical properties of the sample were measured to determine changes in the properties with the immersion time. The results show that bioactive glass maintained its strength during the immersion in a simulated body fluid solution.
Euphorbia antisyphilitica residues as a new source of ellagic acid
Authors: Ascacio-Valdés Juan , Aguilera-Carbó Antonio , Martínez-Hernández José , Rodríguez-Herrera Raúl , Aguilar Cristóbal
Published: May 2010

In this study, a new source of ellagic acid (EA) is reported. Euphorbia antisyphilitica or “candelilla” was used to extract phenolic dilactone. Cereous layers and fibrous tissue were analyzed. A completely randomized experimental design with a treatment factorial arrangement was employed. The factors considered were: plant/extracting agent ratio, extraction temperature and time. Candelilla wax does not contain EA. Temperature and the ratio plant/extracting agent were determinant during the EA extraction process. Around 20 mg of free EA per gram of fibrous tissue were found. Residues of candelilla are a good source of EA.
Comparative evaluation of critical operating conditions for a tubular catalytic reactor using thermal sensitivity and loss-of-stability criteria
Authors: Maria Gheorghe , Ştefan Dragoş-Nicolae
Published: May 2010

Optimal operation of a chemical reactor according to various performance criteria often drives the system towards critical boundaries. Thus, precise evaluation of runaway limits in the parametric space becomes a crucial problem not only for the reactor’s safe operation, but also for over-designing the system. However, obtaining an accurate estimate for operating limits is a difficult task due to the limited validity of kinetic models describing complex processes, as well as the inherent fluctuations of the system’s properties (catalyst, raw-material quality). This paper presents a comparison of several effective methods of deriving critical conditions for the case of a tubular fixed-bed catalytic reactor used for aniline production in the vapour phase. Even though the methods being compared are related to one another, the generalised sensitivity criterion of Morbidelli-Varma (MV) seems to be more robust, not depending on a particular parameter being perturbed, when compared to the criteria that detect an incipient loss of system stability in the critical region (i.e., div-methods based on the system’s Jacobian and Green’s function matrix analysis). Combined application of div- and MV criteria allows for an accurate evaluation of the distance from the reactor’s nominal conditions to the safety limits.
Forestry and water budget of the lowlands in northeast Germany — consequences for the choice of tree species and for forest management
Authors: Müller Jürgen
Published: May 2010

Forestry and water budget of the lowlands in northeast Germany — consequences for the choice of tree species and for forest management

The lowlands in northeast Germany are among the driest and at the same time the most densely wooded regions in Germany. Low annual precipitation between 500 and 600 mm and the light sandy soils with their low water storage capacity and high porosity lead to limited water availability. Therefore the hydrological functions of forests play an important role in the fields of regional water budget, water supply and water distribution. To investigate the water consumption of different tree species, lysimeters were installed at Britz near Eberswalde under comparable site conditions. Nine large-scale lysimeters, each with an area of 100 m2 and 5 m deep, were built in the early 1970s. In 1974 the lysimeters were planted with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), larch (Larix decidua L.) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) as experimental stands of 0.3 ha each according to the usual management practices. The areas surrounding the lysimeters were planted similarly. The tree species is of outstanding importance for deep seepage under forest stands. Under the given precipitation and soil conditions, the course of interception and hence, the amount of seepage water depend on the crown structure in the stand. Depending on the amount of interception of the tree canopy and the duration of the leaching phase in spring, the mixed stands range between pure pine and pure beech. Making use of silvicultural methods and adequate stand treatment, forestry is able to control the water budget of landscapes.
Estimation and economic valuation of the forest retention capacities
Authors: Tyszka Jan
Published: May 2010

Estimation and economic valuation of the forest retention capacities

Based on results concerning the forest impact on water cycling an attempt was undertaken to evaluate water retention in forests. The economic value of water retention was established assuming the cost of water storage in small reservoirs built in forest areas. Calculations did not account for differences resulting from different functions of naturally retained water and that stored with the use of technical methods. Considering volume and time of water retention in forests, the annual value of natural water retention in forests calculated per average hectare of the country area was estimated at 800 zł.
Modern fluvial sediment provenance and pollutant tracing: a case study from the Dřevnice River Basin (eastern Moravia, Czech Republic)
Authors: Nehyba Slavomír , Adamová Marie , Faimon Jiří , Kuchovský Tomáš , Holoubek Ivan , Zeman Josef
Published: May 2010

Modern fluvial sediment provenance and pollutant tracing: a case study from the Dřevnice River Basin (eastern Moravia, Czech Republic)

Modern fluvial deposits of a small fluvial system were studied in the area of eastern Moravia (Czech Republic) with the aim of determining the provenance of the deposits and weathering processes. Identification of the source rocks and their alongstream variations were used for the evaluation of the natural or anthropogenic source of the heavy metals. Paleogene flysch sandstones, flysch mudstones and Quaternary loesses represent source rocks and reflect both the role of recycling and local sources. Provenance from sandstones dominate upstream whereas mudstones represent dominant source rock in the downstream part of the fluvial system. The contents of Pb and Zn are highly enhanced when compared with the natural background in the entire study area. Their anthropogenic source is connected with the rubber/shoe manufacturing industry and traffic. The contents of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and V are usually lower in modern deposits than in the identified source rocks.
Combining Statistical and Rule-Based Approaches to Morphological Tagging of Czech Texts
Authors: Spoustová Drahomíra
Published: May 2010

Combining Statistical and Rule-Based Approaches to Morphological Tagging of Czech Texts

This article is an extract of the PhD thesis (Spoustová, 2007) and it extends the article (Spoustová et al., 2007). Several hybrid disambiguation methods are described which combine the strength of hand-written disambiguation rules and statistical taggers. Three different statistical taggers (HMM, Maximum-Entropy and Averaged Perceptron) and a large set of hand-written rules are used in a tagging experiment using Prague Dependency Treebank. The results of the hybrid system are better than any other method tried for Czech tagging so far.
Semantic Network Manual Annotation and its Evaluation
Authors: Novák Václav
Published: May 2010

Semantic Network Manual Annotation and its Evaluation

The present contribution is a brief extract of (Novák, 2008). The Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) is a valuable resource of linguistic information annotated on several layers. These layers range from morphemic to deep and they should contain all the linguistic information about the text. The natural extension is to add a semantic layer suitable as a knowledge base for tasks like question answering, information extraction etc. In this paper I set up criteria for this representation, explore the possible formalisms for this task and discuss their properties. One of them, Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks (Multi-Net), is chosen for further investigation. Its properties are described and an annotation process set up. I discuss some practical modifications of MultiNet for the purpose of manual annotation. MultiNet elements are compared to the elements of the deep linguistic layer of PDT. The tools and problems of the annotation process are presented and initial annotation data evaluated.
Memory-Based Machine Translation and Language Modeling
Authors: van den Bosch Antal , Berck Peter
Published: May 2010

Memory-Based Machine Translation and Language Modeling

We describe a freely available open source memory-based machine translation system, mbmt. Its translation model is a fast approximate memory-based classifier, trained to map trigrams of source-language words onto trigrams of target-language words. In a second decoding step, the predicted trigrams are rearranged according to their overlap, and candidate output sequences are ranked according to a memory-based language model. We report on the scaling abilities of the memory-based approach, observing fast training and testing times, and linear scaling behavior in speed and memory costs. The system is released as an open source software package1, for which we provide a first reference guide.
CzEng 0.9: Large Parallel Treebank with Rich Annotation
Authors: Bojar Ondřej , Žabokrtský Zdeněk
Published: May 2010

CzEng 0.9: Large Parallel Treebank with Rich Annotation

We describe our ongoing efforts in collecting a Czech-English parallel corpus CzEng. The paper provides full details on the current version 0.9 and focuses on its new features: (1) data from new sources were added, most importantly a few hundred electronically available books, technical documentation and also some parallel web pages, (2) the full corpus has been automatically annotated up to the tectogrammatical layer (surface and deep syntactic analysis), (3) sentence segmentation has been refined, and (4) several heuristic filters to improve corpus quality were implemented. In total, we provide a sentence-aligned automatic parallel treebank of about 8.0 million sentences, 93 million English and 82 million Czech words. CzEng 0.9 is freely available for non-commercial research purposes.
Unanticipated Outcomes: Lessons from Canadian Automotive FDI Attraction in the 1980s
Authors: Mordue Greigory
Published: May 2010

In the 1980s, the Canadian automotive manufacturing industry grew from three significant players to eight, growth that was facilitated by public policy schemes that were bold, calculating, and provocative. The decision to introduce direct incentives was pivotal, generating anxiety at both the federal and provincial levels. However, the evolution of a series of additional policy tools, each holding tangible value, proved just as important. These included waiving Auto Pact liabilities, the introduction of targeted duty remission plans, adjustments to Voluntary Export Restraints, and manipulations of the Foreign Investment Review Agency. These elements were under the management of Canada's federal government, making it a far more active participant in automotive foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction than its US equivalent. While some observers believe that the approach that public policy-makers brought to automotive FDI attraction during the period this article explores might hold lessons for present day practitioners, the reality is that the evolution of global governance structures precludes access to many of the tools that were deployed with such effect in the 1980s. Despite the subsequent changes, the relevance of coherent, well-timed industrial policy endures.
Self-Reported Motor Vehicle Injury Prevention Strategies, Risky Driving Behaviours, and Subsequent Motor Vehicle Injuries: Analysis of Canadian National Population Health Survey
Authors: Vingilis Evelyn , Wilk Piotr
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported motor vehicle injury prevention strategies, speeding and impaired driving, and the effects of speeding and impaired driving on subsequent motor vehicle collision injuries, using the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS). Strategies commonly reported were preventing impaired drivers from driving, using designated drivers, and requiring passengers to use seatbelts. Yet a substantial minority, particularly young males, reported engaging in risky driving behaviours such as speeding and impaired driving. Self-reported speeders and impaired drivers had significantly higher odds of reporting injuries from subsequent motor vehicle collisions. Specifically, those who reported sometimes/rarely or never obeying the speed limits were two and a half times more likely to report a subsequent motor vehicle injury, while those who reported impaired driving one or more times in the past 12 months were two times more likely to report a subsequent motor vehicle injury. These findings support the need for continued focus on speeding, drinking and driving, and other risky driving behaviours to reduce collisions in Canada.
Research, Policy Development, and Progress: Antisocial Behaviour and the Automobile
Authors: Linden Rick , Mann Robert E. , Smart Reginald G. , Vingilis Evelyn , Solomon Robert , Chamberlain Erika , Asbridge Mark , Rehm Jürgen , Fischer Benedikt , Stoduto Gina , Wilk Piotr , Roerecke Michael , Trayling Cindy , Wiesenthal David L.
Published: May 2010

Justice policy is typically based more on political considerations than on research results. One way to break down barriers between researchers and policy-makers is to encourage partnerships. AUTO21, a member of the Networks of Centres of Excellence program, is designed to facilitate partnerships. The Antisocial Behaviour and the Automobile project focuses on auto theft, driving under the influence of alcohol and cannabis, and road rage/driver aggression. The research areas that have had the greatest policy impact benefited from strong partnerships with organizations that have the visibility, authority, and resources to implement significant changes in program funding and social policy. These areas also have an extensive body of prior research.
Study of Dynamic Young's Modulus and Dimensional Stability of Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified Batai Tropical Wood
Authors: Rahman M. R. , Islam M. S. , Hamdan S. , Jusoh I. , Ibrahim N. F.
Published: May 2010

Batai tropical wood (paraserianthes moluccana) was impregnated with three levels of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions (25%, 50% and 75%) and the dynamic Young’s modulus, water absorption and dimensional stability of the manufactured wood polymer composites (WPC) were assessed. The modified wood polymer composites (WPC) were characterized by microstructural analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and free-free vibration testing. The dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed) was calculated using the free-free flexural vibration method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the absorption bands of raw wood to be 1627 cm-1 due to carbonyl stretching and WPC show increased absorption band near 1733 cm-1. WPC of 75% PVA solution exhibited improved dimensional stability and lower water absorption. The manufactured WPC yielded a higher Young’s modulus compared with the raw one. Keywords: Wood polymer composite; Tropical wood; Non-destructive testing. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.2729               J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 227-236 (2010)
A Fuzzy Logic Based Network Congestion Control Using Active Queue Management Techniques
Authors: Tabash I. K. , Mamun M. A. , Negi A.
Published: May 2010

Conventional IP routers are passive devices that accept packets and perform the routing function on any input. Usually the tail-drop (TD) strategy is used where the input which exceeds the buffer capacity are simply dropped. In active queue management (AQM) methods routers manage their buffers by dropping packets selectively. We study one of the AQM methods called as random exponential marking (REM). We propose an intelligent approach to AQM based on fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to drop packets dynamically, keep the buffer size around desired level and also prevent buffer overflow. Our proposed approach is based on REM algorithm, which drops the packets by drop probability function. In our proposal we replace the drop probability function by a FLC to drop the packets, stabilize the buffer around the desired size and reduce delay. Simulation results show a better regulation of the buffer.  Keywords: Random exponential marking; Active queue management; Fuzzy logic controller; Pro-active queue management. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.2786               J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 273-284 (2010)
Microwave-assisted Efficient Synthesis of Isatins and spiro-Thiadiazolines under Green Chemistry Protocol
Authors: Hossain M. M. , Foysal M. A. , Mahabub M. , Amin Al-
Published: May 2010

MW-assisted treatment of oximinoacetanilides obtained from substituted primary aromatic amines was carried out in conc. H2SO4 medium for 5-10 sec to give cyclic amides (isatins) through intramolecular cyclization by means of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Isatins reacted with thiosemicarbazide under MW-condition gave the corresponding Schiff-bases. The Schiff-bases undergo cyclization in presence of minimal Ac2O under MW-irradiation for 3-4 min to give the spiro-thiadiazoline acetyl derivatives in excellent yield. Keywords:  Microwave-synthesis; Isatins; Schiff-base; spiro-Thiadiazoline; Green chemistry. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.  DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.3731               J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 322-329 (2010)
On the Hydromagnetic Stability of a Rotating Fluid Annulus
Authors: Jasmine H. A.
Published: May 2010

The linear stability of a rotating fluid  in  the annulus  between two concentric cylinders is investigated in the presence of a magnetic field  which is  azimuthal as well as in axial direction. Several results of MHD stability have been derived by using the inner product method. It is shown that when the swirl velocity component is large, the hydromagnetic effects become small compared with those due to swirl. The presence of a velocity field and imposed magnetic field will lead to the basic state to more stability. Keywords: Hydromagnetic Stability; Rotating Fluid. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.3945                 J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 250-256 (2010)
Isolation of Yeasts from Various Food Products and Detection of Killer Toxin Activity In vitro
Authors: Dubash T. , Gupta S. , Prakash P. Y. , Bairy I.
Published: May 2010

Yeasts produce killer toxin, which gives them a selective advantage against susceptible yeasts. In this study we isolated 8 various non-pathogenic yeasts from 12 different food products and detected killer toxin activity in them against a clinical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans by chloroform exposure method. The experiment was performed in two sets that had 3 replicates each. The first set plates and the second set plates were exposed to chloroform once and twice respectively. Among the 8 yeasts, 5 yeasts namely Sachharomyces cerevisiae, Candida pintolopesii, Candida tropicalis, Pichia anomala and Dekkera spp. showed significant amount of killer toxin activity against Cryptococcus neoformans in all the replicates, followed by candida parapsilosis and Trichosporon asahii, which showed killer toxin activity only in two of the three replicates. Geotrichum candidum showed no killer toxin activity. Killer toxin activity was observed in vitro in non-pathogenic yeast strains against medically important Cryptococcus neoformans.  Keywords: Yeasts; Killer toxin; Chloroform exposure. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.4159               J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 407-411 (2010)
Characterization and Synthesis of Some α, β-unsaturated Ester Derivatives from Aliphatic Aldehydes
Authors: Bari M. A. , Karim M.M. , Hoque M. M. , Miah M. A. J.
Published: May 2010

Ethyl diazoacetate compound is useful synthetic intermediates for α, β-unsaturated ester in organic synthesis but, due to its toxicity and unpredictable explosive behaviour, its unique reactivity has not been fully exploited and the use on large scale has been avoided. We have developed a reliable method that generates EDA compound in situ. Our approach is based on the Wittig reaction, which utilizes EDA as diazo precursors. In the presence of Cu(OTf)2, we found that diazo compounds can be cleanly converted to alkenyl compounds under mild reaction conditions and in a narrow range of solvents. These diazo compounds can then be induced to react directly with aldehydes to synthesize olefin. We have shown the usefulness of this chemistry in a number of different transformations, such as Wittig olefination reactions chemistry as applied toward the synthesis of more complicated molecules. Keywords:  α, β-unsaturated ester; Acryclic acid ethyl ester; Aliphatic aldehyde; Cu(II) triflate; Triphenylphosphine. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.4167               J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 343-350 (2010)
Assessment of the Anabolic Effect of Androgens of the Edible Portion of the Shoot of Giginya Plant (Borassus aethiopum mart)
Authors: Akinniyia J. A. , Waziri M. , Usman H. S.
Published: May 2010

The young shoot of the germinating fruit of Borassus aethiopum mart locally called Muruchi was evaluated for anabolic effects using spectrophotometric techniques and administration of the Muruchi extract to experimental animals. The growth rate, blood amino acid nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen levels were monitored twenty four hourly during the growth trial period of twenty eight days conducted on growing rabbits (lapine species). Results of the study revealed strong comparison of the extract with a standard anabolic androgen (fluoxymesterone), indicating the anabolic effects of androgens of Muruchi. Keywords: Borassus aethiopum; Growth trial; Lapine species; Fluoxymesterone.  © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.  DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i2.4173                J. Sci. Res. 2 (2), 362-368 (2010)
Dancing the Score: Dance Notation andDifférance
Authors: Watts Victoria
Published: May 2010

This article moves towards an explanation of the kinds of meaning captured in dance notation, towards a critical reflection on linguistic accounts of meaning in dance, and towards a model of analysis that slips free from the dichotomy of theory versus practice, and its correlate of text versus experience. In following Derrida's argument about speech and writing, and through a re-reading of his account of the myth of Theuth, I suggest that dance notation sensuously illustrates the kind of binary-destabilising matter and movement that Derrida theorises variously as trace, différance, and arche-writing. Further, I propose that dance notation, in its relationship to theatrical dance, provides an exemplary, rather than a unique, textual practice: one which necessarily annihilates the old mind/body and speech/writing dualisms. While Derrida achieves this through elaborate, often mischievous, wordplay in his deconstructions, I reflect upon the etymology of choreography and choreology, upon the process of reading and writing a dance score, and upon the marginal status of notation within the dance field.
Penelope Spencer (1901–93) Dancer and Choreographer: A Chronicle
Authors: Robinson Anne
Published: May 2010

The career of the English dancer, choreographer, teacher and dance writer, Penelope Spencer (1901–93), primarily spanned the twenty-year period between the First and Second World Wars (1919–39). Spencer's versatile dance training and career encompassed diverse British theatre genres of the period, including ballet, drama, mime, modern dance, musical comedy, opera, pantomime and revue. It was common practice during the inter-war period for English dancers to disguise their British origins by ‘Russianising’ their names. Spencer, however, maintained her English name throughout her career. She practised consecutively both as a freelance artiste and also under the auspices of important cultural institutions, including the British National Opera Company [BNOC], the Camargo Society, the Cremorne Company, the Dancer's Circle Dinners, the Glastonbury Festival, the Imperial Society for Teachers of Dancing [ISTD], the League of Arts, the London Opera Syndicate Limited, the Margaret Morris Movement, the One Hundred Club, the Royal Academy of Dancing [RAD], the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art [RADA], the Royal College of Music [RCM], and the Sunshine Matinées. Spencer's significant contribution to British theatre dance and wider cultural heritage, is largely forgotten. Since no major study of her work has been published, 1 and because not one of her creations survives in performance, the importance of her wide-ranging, and often pioneering achievements, is not fully recognised.
Reactivity of Heteropolymolybdates and Heteropolytungstates in the Cationic Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Aouissi Ahmed , Al-Othman Zeid Abdullah , Al-Anezi Holeil
Published: May 2010

The two heteropolyacids H3PW12O40 and H3PMo12O40, and their homologous salts (NH4)3PW12O40, and (NH4)3PMo12O40 were prepared and tested in the cationic polymerization of styrene. The results showed that the heteropolytungstates were more reactive than the heteropolymolybdates. It has been found that the yield and the viscosity averagemolecular weight (Mv) of polystyrene are directly proportional to the acidity strength of the heteropolyanions (H3PW12O40 > H3PMo12O40 > (NH4)3PW12O40 > (NH4)3PMo12O40). The highest yield (68.0%) and Mv (7,930) were obtained by using H3PW12O40. In addition, H3PW12O40 polymerized the styrene under mild conditions and was recyclable, and could behave as a truly heterogeneous catalyst.
State-of-the-Art Sensor Technology in Spain: Invasive and Non-Invasive Techniques for Monitoring Respiratory Variables
Authors: Domingo Christian , Blanch Lluis , Murias Gaston , Luján Manel
Published: May 2010

The interest in measuring physiological parameters (especially arterial blood gases) has grown progressively in parallel to the development of new technologies. Physiological parameters were first measured invasively and at discrete time points; however, it was clearly desirable to measure them continuously and non-invasively. The development of intensive care units promoted the use of ventilators via oral intubation ventilators via oral intubation and mechanical respiratory variables were progressively studied. Later, the knowledge gained in the hospital was applied to out-of-hospital management. In the present paper we review the invasive and non-invasive techniques for monitoring respiratory variables.
Proteases as Insecticidal Agents
Authors: Harrison Robert L. , Bonning Bryony C.
Published: May 2010

Proteases from a variety of sources (viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects) have toxicity towards insects. Some of these insecticidal proteases evolved as venom components, herbivore resistance factors, or microbial pathogenicity factors, while other proteases play roles in insect development or digestion, but exert an insecticidal effect when over-expressed from genetically engineered plants or microbial pathogens. Many of these proteases are cysteine proteases, although insect-toxic metalloproteases and serine proteases have also been examined. The sites of protease toxic activity range from the insect midgut to the hemocoel (body cavity) to the cuticle. This review discusses these insecticidal proteases along with their evaluation and use as potential pesticides.
Renegotiating religious imaginations through transformations of "banal religion" in "Supernatural"
Authors: Petersen Line Nybro
Published: May 2010

Supernatural is saturated with a wide range of religious representations. These elements often serve to instigate the storyline for one or more episodes, but do so in a way that is removed from their original setting in, for example, traditional religious contexts. In Supernatural, religion is subsumed to media logic, and thus transformed religious representations are an example of a continuous process of mediatization of religion. This essay applies a three-sided theoretical approach, considering mediatization, cognitive anthropology, and social theory. The concept of mediatization applied here implies long-term processes in which media play a role in cultural and social change. The theory of cognitive anthropology of religion allows us to understand how the series activates shared implicit knowledge of supernatural agents and events to evoke recognition and emotion; but by transforming these representations, the show challenges our imaginations. These transformations of banal religious representations in Supernatural come about in three ways: (1) as a mainstreaming of occulture, (2) through connecting banal religious elements to existential themes, and (3) through playful intertextuality. The series applies these narrative devices, which heighten plausibility and familiarity, while simultaneously offering viewers a change in perspective, thus creating opportunities for viewers to renegotiate existing religious imaginations.
From canon to fanon and back again: The epic journey of "Supernatural" and its fans
Authors: Gray Melissa
Published: May 2010

The relationship between Supernatural and its fans is tested through the suspension of disbelief with its evolving mythos and through its canonical portrayal of fandom. This testing has allowed the relationship to grow deeper and more extensive than most similar relationships, and while it is not always smooth, it remains largely positive.
"Kinda like the folklore of its day": "Supernatural," fairy tales, and ostension
Authors: Tosenberger Catherine
Published: May 2010

This essay considers the use of folklore in the television series Supernatural: the show does not simply retell folk narratives, but performs them both diegetically and metatextually in a process known as ostension. In the process of performance, main characters Sam and Dean often research and analyze the stories themselves, and perform portions of the folk narrative in order to bring about a resolution. This essay focuses upon episode 3.05 "Bedtime Stories," which does not simply depict the folk narrative genre of fairy tales, but also directly engages with the discourse surrounding fairy tales in popular culture; in particular, the episode reproduces widespread understandings of fairy tales as a gendered genre. The essay concludes with a discussion of fan fiction that uses fairy tales, seeing it as a transformative response to Supernatural's own transformation of folk narratives.
"Haunting experiences: Ghosts in contemporary folklore," by Diane E. Goldstein et al.
Authors: Levitt Linda
Published: May 2010

Review of Diane E. Goldstein, Sylvia Ann Grider, and Jeannie Banks Thomas. Haunting experiences: Ghosts in contemporary folklore. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2007. Paperback, $24.95 (272p) ISBN 978-0-87421-636-3.
Interview with Wincon organizer Ethrosdemon
Authors: Editor TWC
Published: May 2010

TWC interviews Ethrosdemon on Wincon, its functions, and its origins.
Contribución de los isótopos de He al origen de los fluidos hidrotermales: aplicación al estudio de las mineralizaciones de fluorita de Asturias (N de España)
Authors: Sánchez V. , Martín-Crespo T. , Vindel E. , Corbella M. , Cardellach E.
Published: May 2010

En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de isótopos de He con objeto de determinar la influencia mantélica o cortical de los volátiles en los fluidos implicados en la formación de las mineralizaciones de F-Ba de Asturias (N de España). Estas mineralizaciones se presentan como capas, mantos y filones encajados en materiales Permotriásicos y Paleozoicos. La mineralogía está constituida por fluorita, barita, calcita, cuarzo y sulfuros y los yacimientos encuadran en la tipología Mississippi Valley (MVT) asociados con eventos hidrotermales de rifting en relación con la apertura del Océano Atlántico. Los valores de 3He/4He (≤ 0,1 Ra) obtenidos en los fluidos de Asturias indican un origen cortical y se excluye cualquier implicación mantélica. Estos resultados son consistentes con el modelo convencional de formación de yacimientos de fluorita tipo MVT a partir de la circulación de fluidos de cuenca altamente salinos, con la ausencia de actividad ígnea en la zona contemporánea con la mineralización, y con datos de isótopos de He en otros yacimientos similares en Europa.
Epidermal T Cells and Wound Healing
Authors: Havran Wendy L. , Jameson Julie M.
Published: May 2010

The murine epidermis contains resident T cells that express a canonical γδ TCR. These cells arise from fetal thymic precursors and use a TCR that is restricted to the skin in adult animals. These cells assume a dendritic morphology in normal skin and constitutively produce low levels of cytokines that contribute to epidermal homeostasis. When skin is wounded, an unknown Ag is expressed on damaged keratinocytes. Neighboring γδ T cells then round up and contribute to wound healing by local production of epithelial growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of skin γδ T cells, wound healing is impaired. Similarly, epidermal T cells from patients with healing wounds are activated and secreting growth factors. Patients with nonhealing wounds have a defective epidermal T cell response. Information gained on the role of epidermal-resident T cells in the mouse may provide information for development of new therapeutic approaches to wound healing.
Long-Term Mortality Outcomes According to the Frequency of Right Ventricular Pacing in Veterans
Authors: Lampert Brent C. , Moore Hans J. , Amdur Richard L. , Karasik Pamela E. , Lewis Brian M. , Singh Steven N. , Fletcher Ross D.
Published: May 2010

Background. Right ventricular pacing (RVP) has been associated with adverse outcomes, including heart failure and death. Minimizing RVP has been proposed as a therapeutic goal for a variety of pacing devices and indications.Objective. Quantify survival according to frequency of RVP in veterans with pacemakers.Methods. We analyzed electrograms from transtelephonic monitoring of veterans implanted with pacemakers between 1995 and 2005 followed by the Eastern Pacemaker Surveillance Center. We compared all cause mortality and time to death between patients with less than 20% and more than 80% RVP.Results. Analysis was limited to the 7198 patients with at least six trans-telephonic monitoring records (mean = 21). Average follow-up was 5.3 years. Average age at pacemaker implant was significantly lower among veterans with 20% RVP (67 years versus 72 years; ). An equal proportion of deaths during follow-up were noted for each group: 126/565 patients (22%) with 20% RVP and 1113/4968 patients (22%) with 80% RVP. However, average post-implant survival was 4.3 years with 20% RVP versus 4.7 years with 80% RVP ().Conclusions. Greater frequency (80%) of RVP was not associated with higher mortality in this population of veterans. Those veterans utilizing 20% RVP had a shortened adjusted survival rate ().
Feasibility of Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Pain in Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Rintala Diana H. , Tan Gabriel , Willson Pamela , Bryant Mon S. , Lai Eugene C. H.
Published: May 2010

Objectives.To assess the feasibility of treating musculoskeletal pain in the lower back and/or lower extremities in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) with cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES).Design.Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial.Setting.Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Community.Participants. Nineteen persons with PD and pain in the lower back and/or lower extremities. Thirteen provided daily pain rating data.Intervention.Of the thirteen participants who provided daily pain data, 6 were randomly provided with active CES devices and 7 with sham devices to use at home 40 minutes per day for six weeks. They recorded their pain ratings on a 0-to-10 scale immediately before and after each session.Main Outcome Measure.Average daily change in pain intensity.Results.Persons receiving active CES had, on average, a 1.14-point decrease in pain compared with a 0.23-point decrease for those receiving sham CES (WilcoxonZ=−2.20,P=.028).Conclusion.Use of CES at home by persons with PD is feasible and may be somewhat helpful in decreasing pain. A larger study is needed to determine the characteristics of persons who may experience meaningful pain reduction with CES. Guidelines for future studies are provided.
Do human rights help or hinder environmental protection?
Authors: Gearty Conor
Published: May 2010

It is acknowledged that traditional approaches to human rights can have and have had a negative impact in the field of environmental protection. But the emphasis in human rights on controlling the abuse of power and its capacity to equip social movements with a language of protest and a platform for change shows the potential for mutually beneficial connections between the two fields. The use made by environmental activists of various human rights that are to be found in international and regional laws is considered, as well as the way new social movements in the environmental arena have deployed the language of rights to promote their goals. It is concluded that a mutually reciprocal relationship between the two fields is both possible and – given the threat of climate change – essential.
Writing about impunity and environment: the ‘silver jubilee’ of the Bhopal catastrophe
Authors: Baxi Upendra
Published: May 2010

Addressing the ‘silver jubilee’ of the Bhopal catastrophe, this article interrogates a set of serial corporate and juridical failures to bring redress for the profound suffering and violation experienced by those ravaged by the Bhopal event. Presenting the catastrophe as a series of interlinked catastrophes, including the failure to deliver retributive justice for the Bhopal-violated, the author suggests the inadequacy of some existing narrative strategies concerning Bhopal to respond to the ‘geographies of injustice’ intimated by the lived actuality of human, social and environmental suffering produced by mass disasters. Identifying a politics of naming fully complicit in the discursive diminution of the incomprehensible levels of human and nonhuman sentient suffering caused by the failures of the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), the author engages ‘the practice of suffering thought’, locating his discussion in critical notions of biopower and recent Marxian insights. Lamenting the radical failure of response to the fundamental violation enacted (and now globally symbolized) by Bhopal and the corporate impunity of the UCC, the author celebrates the rise of new social movement solidarity in the face of Bhopal – global subaltern movement affinities now inaugurating a ‘new jurisprudence of human solidarity’ and alternate possible futures lying beyond the contemporary global corporate colonization of human rights discourse.
Developing substantive environmental rights
Authors: Shelton Dinah
Published: May 2010

Human rights tribunals facing claims of violations stemming from environmental degradation are increasingly incorporating and applying national and international environmental standards to assess whether or not the government in question has complied with its legal obligations. The government is required to comply with whatever environmental laws it has enacted as well as treaties to which it is a party. Furthermore the tribunals will assess, albeit with considerable deference, whether or not the environmental laws set the level of protection too low to allow the enjoyment of guaranteed human rights, in some instances drawing on the precautionary principle and other concepts from environmental law.
Patterns of millennial variability over the last 500 ka
Authors: Siddall M. , Rohling E. J. , Blunier T. , Spahni R.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Millennial variability is a robust feature of many paleoclimate records, at least throughout the last several glacial cycles. Here we use the mean signal from Antarctic climate events 1 to 4 to probe the EPICA Dome C temperature proxy reconstruction through the last 500 ka for similar millennial-scale events. We find that clusters of millennial events occurred in a regular fashion over half of the time during this with a mean recurrence interval of 21 kyr. We find that there is no consistent link between ice-rafted debris deposition and millennial variability. Instead we speculate that changes in the zonality of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic form a viable alternative to freshwater release from icebergs as a trigger for millennial variability. We suggest that millennial changes in the zonality of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic are linked to precession via sea-ice feedbacks and that this relationship is modified by the presence of the large, Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during glacial periods.
Modeling the Nd isotopic composition in the North Atlantic basin using an eddy-permitting model
Authors: Arsouze T. , Treguier A. M. , Peronne S. , Dutay J.-C. , Lacan F. , Jeandel C.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Boundary Exchange (BE – exchange of elements between continental margins and the open ocean) has recently been emphasized as a key process in the oceanic cycle of neodymium (Nd). We here use a regional eddy-permitting resolution Ocean General Circulation Model (1/4°) of the North Atlantic basin to simulate the distribution of the Nd isotopic composition, considering BE as the only source. Results show good agreement with the data, confirming previous results obtained using the same parameterization of the source in a coarse resolution global model (Arsouze et al., 2007), and therefore the major control played by the BE processes in the Nd cycle on the regional scale. We quantified the exchange rate of the BE, and found that the time needed for the continental margins to significantly imprint the chemical composition of the surrounding seawater (further referred as characteristic exchange time) is of the order of 0.2 years. However, the timescale of the BE may be subject to large variations as a very short exchange time (a few days) is needed to reproduce the highly negative values of surface waters in the Labrador Sea, whereas a longer one (up to 0.5 years) is required to simulate the radiogenic influence of basaltic margins and distinguish the negative isotopic signatures of North Atlantic Deep Water from the more radiogenic southern origin water masses. This likely represents geographical variations in erosion fluxes and the subsequent particle load onto the continental marings. These exchange times are significantly lower than the previous evaluations using a low resolution model (6 months to 10 years), but however in agreement with the available seawater Nd isotope data, highlighting the importance of the model dynamics in simulating the BE process.
Light‐Driven Titanium‐Dioxide‐Based Reversible Microfireworks and Micromotor/Micropump Systems
Authors: Hong Yiying , Diaz Misael , Córdova‐Figueroa Ubaldo M. , Sen Ayusman
Published: May 2010

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) possesses high photocatalytic activity, which can be utilized to power the autonomous motion of microscale objects. This paper presents the first examples of TiO2 micromotors and micropumps. UV‐induced TiO2 reversible microfireworks phenomenon was observed and diffusiophoresis has been proposed as a possible mechanism.