bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization Strategies to Enhance System Performance with Aged LNT on SUV
Authors: Shangar Ramani Vagesh , Kashelkar Vibhav , Bhale Aniket , Subramanian Senthilnathan , Mani Saurabh
Published: January 2024

Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) combined with NOx adsorbers and passive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems have demonstrated effectiveness in achieving high conversion efficiencies for CO, HC, and NOx emissions. This integrated exhaust after-treatment system has shown its efficiency in meeting the demanding BS6 Real Driving Emissions (RDE) standards. However, the assessment of emissions at the end of the system's life reveals a decrease in the conversion efficiency of aged exhaust systems, particularly affecting NOx, HC and CO emissions. Factors such as thermal aging and catalyst poisoning are identified as key contributors to the degradation of the after-treatment performance. This paper elucidates correlation methodologies applied to aged Lean NOx Trap (LNT) exhaust after-treatment systems. These methodologies aid in understanding the aging behavior of LNT samples and devising strategies to enhance the emissions performance aged samples during the end-of-life tests. A dual approach involving hardware and software optimization was implemented to achieve the targeted emissions for light-duty applications. The process involved selecting vehicle load points and conducting calibration optimization with optimized engine hardware on an engine test bench. Analysis of aged samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed shifts in light-off temperature and reduced storage efficiency due to aging. The combination of aging and diminished storage efficiency led to higher emissions from aged samples compared to well-preserved samples. Through a structured approach, optimization of combustion parameters was performed, along with necessary attribute balancing, to enhance light-off temperature and storage capacity. This optimization effort resulted in achieving emissions within the targets.
Model Based Charge Control for 3-Cylinder TGDI Miller Engine Containing Variable Geometry Turbocharger
Authors: Veeramani Vivekanand , Karthi Ramanathan , Shanmugam Ramakrishnan Muthu
Published: January 2024

For ensuring environmental safety, strong emphasis on CO2 pollution reduction is mandated which led to evolution of miller cycle engines.

However, the inherent Miller engine characteristic is the lower volumetric efficiency when compared to otto engines because of which small turbo chargers with variable geometry turbines are used to induct air into the engine. With miller engine and VGT turbo charger combination arises the challenges of charge controllability because of lower inertia and reduced vane control area. With conventional turbo charger control methods, the response time is slow thereby leading to turbo lag or severe over boosting, this is overcome by accurate engine modelling and using the same as input for charger control.

In this study, model-based calibration approach was performed on a 3-cylinder Miller GDI 1.2L engine to model the charge exchange of the engine and use the same for determination required turbine vane positions to achieve the desired airflow induction into the engine. The charge exchange model consists of two components namely compressor model and the turbine model. Compressor model predicts the air induction into the engine by virtue of the power provided by the turbine and trajectory of compressor speed. The compressor speed trajectory is determined as a function of compressor inertia and the pressure upstream and downstream of compressor. The Turbine modelling involves accurately modelling the exhaust pressure and temperature across the turbine and deriving the turbine power and Vane position required to achieve the desired pressure at compressor. In addition to this, better surge, and compressor overspeed prediction is possible.

Results show that with model-based turbo control mechanism, efficient control of airflow induction is possible with reduced turbo lag. Additionally Model based calibration approach reduces Calibration Effort for Variants using Same Turbo charger.
Exploring Capabilities of Hydraulic Actuators to Achieve Vehicle Ride Targets in Frequency Range beyond Their Operational Bandwidth
Authors: Agrawal Ayush , Negi Ayush , Joshi Divyanshu
Published: January 2024

Active suspension systems employ sophisticated control algorithms to deliver superior comfort in vehicles. However, the capabilities of these algorithms are limited by the physical constraints of actuators. Many vehicles use hydraulic actuators in their active suspension system, which use fluid movement to control suspension motion. These systems inherently have slower response times due to the nature of fluid flow and the time required to build up or release pressure within the hydraulic system. Typically, hydraulic systems operate in a low bandwidth of 0-5 Hz. This limits their capability to only meeting vehicle’s primary ride targets which typically lie below 5 Hz. Although they can be tuned to operate at a slightly higher frequency range (up to 10 Hz), they perform poorly in attenuating the secondary ride vibration, i.e., 5 – 25 Hz. This paper focuses on investigating the possible hardware and subsequently control capabilities that can allow us to affect the vehicle ride well beyond the actuator bandwidth. The aim is to conduct a detailed simulation-based analysis to investigate the possibility of expanding the effective operational frequency range of hydraulic actuators. In this work, we studied force applications in the frequency range of 0 - 5 Hz with different amplitudes at four corner modules and evaluated the ride performance using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). This paper concludes with a discussion about the extent of Hydraulic Actuator limitations and the required technological advancements for improving the secondary ride response.
Investigating the Factors Affecting Cabin Comfort for Agricultural Machinery
Authors: Chavan Amit , K Somasundaram , Gunasekaran Pandiyanayagam , Chaudhari Vishal V , Sati Navin
Published: January 2024

Customer expectations for cabin tractors from comfort perspective has grown multifold in the recent years. Cabin noise and vibration is one of the crucial parameters which drives comfort feel for the customer. This would enable customer to remain comfortable during long working hours. Moreover, Cabin Tractors with lesser noise levels found to have better acceptance by Customers all over the world. The Nebraska reports studied for US based tractor shows evolution of trend of cabin noise in 80-100HP tractors in last couple of decades. Undoubtedly, tractor manufacturers have put lot of efforts towards meeting legislation demand & stringent customer requirements for European and US market. This paper presents the work carried out for investigating major contributing factors affecting tractor cabin Noise & Vibration for a Noisy cabin tractor. Virtual and experimental studies have been carried out to identify the principal source of noise and the transfer paths for cabin noise distinguishing contribution of airborne and structure borne noise through commercially available software’s. Virtual validation has helped to identify critical paths and contribution of each path. This virtual and test study carried out on Noisy tractor and comparison with Silent tractor has benefited to list down parameter affecting cabin noise Some of the modifications of acoustic material were attempted to check potential benefit in cabin noise. Moreover, the core findings of this research paper are compiled as part of NVH contenting strategy and being used as design guidelines for future projects.
Reduction of Carbon Footprint Using Additive Inspired Design in Tractor Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Dumpa Mahendra Reddy , Perumal Solairaj , K Bheshma , Gomes Maxson , Magendran G , Redkar Dinesh , Londhe Abhijit
Published: January 2024

Tractor is primarily used for Haulage and agricultural applications due to this high tractive effort. A tractor usage has been increased in recent times for its wide range of implement applications. Considering environmental factors and sustainability, restrictions are set on the Tractor emissions. This brings new challenge in the Tractor industry to reduce the carbon footprint. Conventional casting process involves preparation of die & mold, material removal and machining in the final stage to get the desired final product. Alternatively Additive Manufacturing Process (AMP) helps in creation of lighter and stronger parts by adding material layer by layer. By saving the material, weight of the overall Tractor is reduced which helps in reducing carbon footprint. But the disadvantage of this process is the limited availability and high cost of AMP material and lack of infrastructure/skill set for operation handling.

With the learnings of Additive Designs, generated many concepts with a new methodology which we call Additive Inspired Design. This Methodology has given very high level of design optimization even with conventional manufacturing processes. Develop designs without any boundaries (i.e., Additive approach) to achieve maximum optimization. Further reverse modifies the design to suit conventional manufacturing process thereby still achieving high level of optimization.

In this paper, present work discusses about virtual validation process for components developed using Inspired additive designs along with physical validation in lab. To predict the operational loads acting on hydraulic system from Real world Usage pattern (RWUP) performed MBD analysis to extract the load on different hitch points of the Hydraulic control valve system. Static Non-Linear analysis was performed on multiple design Iterations to meet the durability criteria. Finalized Inspired Control valve assembly is successfully tested in lab and implemented successfully. With the help of inspired design, 37 tons of C02 emissions annually (220 Trees) is eliminated by achieving 128 tons raw material savings. Same approach can be deployed to all Tractor components to achieve Optimum designs to reduce the carbon footprint further.
Comparison of Different Energy Carrier’s WTW Emission Factors and Their Role for Meeting Net Zero Climate Targets Aligned with Science Based Target Initiatives – An Extension for India Market
Authors: Dev Subhanker , Johansson Monica
Published: January 2024

Global climate change is a threat and limiting global temperatures to 1.5 0C is a challenge. However, it is possible to avoid the worst consequences by taking scientifically defined paths. Science Based Target (SBT) is one such joint initiatives which provide companies with clearly defined path to reduce emissions in line with Paris agreement. In Europe collaboration of European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), OEMs and Refineries have come forward to understand the impact of different energy carriers on energy usage and CO2 emissions on WTW (Well-to-Wheel) basis. Outcome of such a study result in emission factors (gCO2eq/unit fuel or energy consumed) for various energy carriers. This activity outcome when coupled with strong understanding on specific country’s future potential and roadmap in alternate fuels or energy carriers and together with presence of strong data analytics capabilities of OEM to track their sold products usage in particular market in a country can help in calculating total present and estimate future product related annual carbon emissions. This in turn will help OEM to assess how over time their sold products in a country may effectively become zero tailpipe or net zero and in turn help them think rationally and take strategic moves toward rapidly achieving their company specific net zero carbon emissions target which are again inline with SBT and EU net zero carbon emission targets. For India too, there is a need to identify potential alternate energy carriers and which may help India in achieving its own net zero carbon emissions by 2070. This paper also helps in understanding the fact there is no silver bullet to address climate change related to heavy duty transport which is applicable to all countries as there are differences in operating environments across many market and that each geographical location has its own advantages and limitations in adopting a particular transport alternative for decarbonizing the heavy duty transport sector.
Effect of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a CI Diesel Engine Suitable for Stationary Application
Authors: Garg Rahul , Mukherjee Nalini , Viswanath Chithra , Choudhary Vasu , Newalkar Bharat , Nene Devendra , Kusumba Manoj
Published: January 2024

Ethanol, being a bio-based alternate fuel, is one of the most promising fuels for blending with diesel for emissions reduction, primarily due to its oxygenated nature, which results in lower carbon content than diesel. Under this research work, various ethanol-diesel (ED) blends have been developed for investigation. Additives were developed to address the problem of corrosion, cetane number reduction, and blend stability. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed, and all the blends were subjected to the stability test at various temperatures. Subsequently, detailed experiments were conducted to understand ethanol- blended diesel fuels combustion and engine-out emission characteristics. The performance of the tested engine with ethanol blending remained at par with the baseline diesel; however, a reduction in the PM and gaseous emissions established ethanol blend as a favourable fuel solution for the tested CI engine. Experimental results indicate that blending ethanol in diesel leads to 7% reduction of the cycle NOx emissions (for 20% blend) as compared to the baseline diesel; however, HC and CO were observed to have an increasing trend. A significant reduction of PM (~32%) was observed with 20% ethanol blending. The thermal efficiency improved by 6% maximum with 20% ethanol blend at full load. A meticulous analysis of the combustion data indicated no significant change in the engine in-cylinder pressure values and the start of injection from baseline diesel to ethanol blends at full load condition. However, at part load operation (at and below 50% load), peak firing pressure was reduced up to 6%, and the start of injection and combustion got retarded by ~2 deg crank angle. 5% ethanol blend came out as optimum for quick implementation in the existing engine perspective. Nonetheless the additional HC/CO emissions might have to be dealt with by a catalytic converter.
Reinforcement Learning Based Parking Space Egress for Autonomous Driving
Authors: A R Vimal Kumar , Theerthala Raghu Ram
Published: January 2024

Automated parking systems for cars have become the need of the hour globally, gaining wide acceptance from customers, and hence OEMs are working towards achieving precise/accurate automated parking. Various algorithms are being developed to plan the trajectory of the vehicle to be moved in/out of the desired parking slot. Most of these algorithms assume a static environment and don’t account for highly dynamic objects. Accounting for such objects is vital especially when autonomously exiting a parking slot and merging with traffic. This paper summarizes our initial efforts in addressing dynamic objects, specifically the ‘right of way’ aspects, while autonomously exiting a parking slot. In this study, we propose a novel approach for generating linear and angular velocity profiles using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) in conjunction with Hybrid A* path planning for autonomous vehicles (AVs) navigating parking maneuvers. The aim is to address challenges faced by traditional Model Predictive Control (MPC) methods in trajectory planning, such as the lack of consideration for the right of way of the traffic participant. The proposed DRL algorithm employs a reward function that considers safety, path efficiency, and right of way aspects. The proposed system was trained using Reinforcement Learning toolbox in Matlab and tested using the Automated Driving toolbox. The results are then presented for parallel park-out case which show the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
Development of an Accelerated Powertrain Durability Cycle for Mining Dozers: Integration of Customer Usage Patterns and Road Load Data
Authors: Tripathi Ankur , Vishe Prashant Eknath , Ghosh Ratnadeep
Published: January 2024

Mining dozers are heavy-duty machines that operate in harshenvironments and under extreme loads. The durability of their powertraincomponents is critical for their performance and reliability. To ensure thedurability of these components, they need to be tested under realisticoperating conditions. However, field testing is time-consuming, costly andoften impractical due to the limited availability of test sites and machines.Therefore, there is a need to develop an accelerated durability cycle that cansimulate the field conditions in a laboratory setting. This paper presents amethodology to develop an accelerated powertrain durability cycle for miningdozers based on the integration of customer usage patterns and road load data.

The methodology consists of the following steps: system study to identifythe powertrain components and their failure modes; instrumentation of arepresentative mining dozer with sensors and data acquisition system; datacollection from field testing for mining, ripping and dozing operations;data processing for usage pattern analysis and road load extraction; accelerated duty cycle creation using customer usage correlation data andfatigue damage models. The methodology was applied to a mining dozer model andthe results showed that the accelerated cycle can reproduce the field damage ina shorter time and with less variability. The paper also discusses thechallenges and limitations of the methodology and suggests future directionsfor improvement. The paper contributes to the literature on durability testingof heavy-duty vehicles by proposing a novel approach that combines customerusage patterns and road load data to create an accelerated powertraindurability cycle for mining dozers.
A Real-World Range Testing and Analysis Methodology Development for Battery Electric Vehicles
Authors: B Sakthivel , Shams Tausif , Lalasure Santosh , Karnure Shabbir Lalaso , Rajakumar K. , Omprasad Karthick
Published: January 2024

Range anxiety is one of the major factors to be dealt with for increasing penetration of EVs in current Automotive market. The major reasons for range anxiety for customers are sparse charging infrastructure availability, limited range of Electric vehicles and range uncertainty due to diverse real-world usage conditions. The uncertainty in real world range can be reduced by increasing the correlation between the testing condition during vehicle development and real-world customer usage condition.

This paper illustrates a more accurate test methodology development to derive the real-world range in electric vehicles with experimental validation and system level analysis. A test matrix is developed considering several variables influencing vehicle range like different routes, drive modes, Regeneration levels, customer drive behavior, time of drive, locations, ambient conditions etc. Based on the real-world customer usage inputs, the route type is divided into Core city, City, 2Lane highway, 4lane highway, Express way, Ghats section, etc., The user input features such as drive modes, regeneration, etc., are categorized into multiple drive modes and regen levels respectively. Also, other attributes such as AC On/Off condition, different loading condition i.e., Number of passengers/Payload are considered for test matrix definition. A reference vehicle was taken for testing and driven against derived matrix of all routes, drive mode, regen level, time of drive, location combinations. Detailed analysis of the drive data for each major system like Electric powertrain load, HVAC load, Battery Cooling/Heating, Accessory loads, Regeneration, Acceleration etc., is done to understand the individual energy consumption (system wise) under different conditions thereby improving the correlation with real-world usage during the product development phase.
A Novel Approach to Make an Efficient Thermal Management of a Solar Electric Four-Wheeler through Model-Based System Simulation
Authors: Karthikeyan Vikram Raj , Gumma Muralidhar
Published: January 2024

The objective of this paper is to determine and design an optimized thermal management system for a solar electric four-wheeler while considering system influence. The major systems that will be analyzed and optimized include the HVAC, solar system, and battery. The HVAC system imposes a challenge to the designers to fulfill the passenger’s comfort and to operate it efficiently under a wide range of external loads from solar radiation, ambient temperature & and humidity, human metabolic activity, and other loads like the propulsion system temperature on the cabin. From the literature, it is found that the air conditioning system reduces on average 14% of the total battery capacity whereas the heating system reduces it by 18% [1], which makes the HVAC system design a crucial aspect to consider for the system influence. The battery car voltage changes significantly to meet the power demand and because of this, the battery system produces a large amount of heat while discharging which will overheat the battery system and can lead to hazardous chemical reactions or even the efficiency will get seriously compromised if the thermal management system is not properly designed. The solar power system being an additional source of power must be effectively designed with all the required power electronic controllers such that the additional power produced from the solar compensates for the thermal losses at the system level and provides an additional range to the battery. To achieve this system-level optimization, a model-based system simulation approach with a genetic algorithm will be applied to optimize the thermal variables for the system. The variables will be selected considering the trade-offs between performance, efficiency, and comfort. The expected outcome of this project is an efficient and optimized thermal management system that will enhance the range of the solar electric four-wheeler.
A Mechanism to Maintain Negative Crankcase Pressure in Turbocharged Gas Engine to Reduce Particulate Number to Meet Euro-VI Emission Regulation
Authors: R Mahesh Bharathi
Published: January 2024

Emissions regulation continually drives the automotive industry to innovate and develop. This pushes to introduce mechanism to maintain negative crankcase pressure in gas engine to meet this changing regulation. The way a turbocharger is used, to meet engine performance, can impact the pressure balance over the compressor and turbine end seals. This pressure difference can allow oil to leak through turbocharger seals. In normal engine operating condition the pressure in the turbocharger end housings is higher than the bearing housing and oil/gas flows into the bearing housing, through the oil drain to the crankcase. Under certain operating conditions, such as low idle and motoring, this pressure difference can be reversed with a higher bearing housing pressure than the pressure behind the turbine wheel. Under this condition oil will flow out of the bearing housing to the recess behind the turbine wheel, will increase the exhaust tail pipe emission, high oil consumption and damages the three-way catalyst. The bearing housing pressure will always track the crankcase pressure through oil drain pipe connected to the crankcase. With negative crankcase pressure control management, the pressure in the bearing housing can be maintain lower than pressure behind the turbine wheel throughout all engine operating conditions.
24SIAT-0900: Heavy Duty Vehicle Aftertreatment Technologies for the Future: What May Be Required at BSVII?
Authors: Singhania Amit , Wallin Mikaela , Edvardsson Jonas , Chatterjee Sougato , Vediappan Sudhagar , Komori Mitsuru , Phillips Paul
Published: January 2024

This paper describes the after-treatment technology that could be used to meet a future BS-VII standard, considering close-coupled SCR (cc-SCR) to help start NOx conversion earlier. Both active (Cu/Fe-SCR based) and passive (V-SCR based) systems have the potential to meet emission limits. V-SCR may be considered in the rear position because V-SCR shows a fast response with very low N2O formation. Next-gen V-SCR technology shows significantly improved performance and durability closer to Cu-SCR. The steady-state NOx conversions over Next-Gen V-SCR were better than BS-VI V-SCR in both fresh and aged-580°C/100h conditions. High durability was also observed after engine aging of 1000h (WHTC + high load). Another big challenge in BS VII could be the PN10 requirement. With enhanced filtration coating (EFC) technology, PN emissions drop drastically in comparison to Euro VI reference without EFC to meet a future BS VII.
Environmental and Cancer Risk Potential Assessment of Unregulated Emissions from Methanol-Diesel Dual Fuel RCCI Engine
Authors: Yadav Neeraj Kumar , Saxena Mohit Raj , Maurya Rakesh Kumar
Published: January 2024

The influence of engine load and fuel premixing ratio (PMR) on unregulated emission from a methanol-diesel dual-fuel RCCI (MD-RCCI) engine is examined in this study. The study focuses on assessing the adverse effects of unregulated emissions (saturated HC, unsaturated HC, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbon, NH3, and SO2) on the health of human beings and the environment. To quantify the effect on the environment, the greenhouse gas potential (GWPs), Eutrophication potential (EP), Acidification potential (AP), and Ozone forming potential (OFP) are calculated and presented. The cancer risk potential (CRP) of the carbonyl compounds (HCHO and CH3CHO) is calculated and presented to see the effect on human health. The results demonstrate that at lower engine load, with an increase in PMR, the OFP and CRP for MD-RCCI operation increase significantly, whereas AP, EP, and GWPs decrease. Additionally, with a rise in the load at a constant PMR, the AP, EP and OFP decrease significantly. The presence of low carbon content and inherent oxygen atom in methanol decreases the concentration of main GWPs species such as CO2. MD-RCCI operation emits significantly lower concentration of NOx, and hence AP, EP potential decreases.
An Experimental Approach Towards Sustainable Solution for Material Recycling of ELV Plastic Bumpers and EV Batteries
Authors: Baviskar Ajay , Khera Pankaj , Telgote Ashish , Dhuria Himanshu , Sharma Amit
Published: January 2024

A general automotive car is majorly composed of high strength steel (6%), other steel (50%), Iron (15%), Plastics (7%), Aluminum (4%) and others (Rubber, Glass, Textile) about 18%. End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are a significant source of waste and pollution in the automotive industry.

Recycling ELVs, particularly their plastic components, Li-ion batteries, catalytic converters, and critical technology components such as alternators, semi-conductor chips, and high tensile strength steel can reduce their environmental impact and conserve valuable raw materials. The paper conducts a SWOT analysis and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the long-term viability and potential of ELV recycling, environmental impact, and carbon footprint.

This paper examines the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and proposes a sustainable recycling solution for waste bumpers that includes paint removal, modification, reprocessing & recovery of precious metals from xEV Li-ion batteries.
i
Plastic recycling – Mainly PP from bumpers and other components.

ii
Precious metals recovery – Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Mn etc.

Based on pilot line experiment sustainable recycling solution was established and validated through lab testing to compare the changes in physical properties.

The paper also discusses the progress and challenges of achieving Carbon neutrality and circular economy objectives in the automotive industry and provides insights on sustainable material developments like e.g., long cellulose fiber reinforced thermoplastic for bumpers, reusability of raw materials in automobile parts manufacturing without compromising on quality requirements & provides data for rational decision-making and policy-making for ELV recycling in India.
A Comparative Analysis and Novel Powertrain Topology for FCEVs, Integrating Ultra-Capacitor and Batteries
Authors: Bhardwaj Rohit , Saurabh Saurabh , Gadve Dhananjay , Amancharla Naga Chaithanya
Published: January 2024

This paper addresses challenges in current Fuel Cell Stack Buses and presents a novel Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Bus (FCEV-Bus) powertrain that combines fuel cells, ultra-capacitors, and batteries to enhance performance and reliability. Existing Fuel Cell Stack Buses struggle with responsiveness, power fluctuations, and cost-efficiency. The FCEV-Bus powertrain uses a Fuel Cell stack as the primary power source, ultra-capacitors for quick power response, and batteries for addressing power variations. Batteries also save costs in certain cases. This combination optimizes power management, improves system efficiency, and extends the FCEV-Bus's operational life. In conclusion, this paper offers an innovative solution to overcome traditional fuel cell system limitations, making FCEV-Buses more efficient and reliable for potential wider adoption.
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Strategies for Heavy-Duty Transportation: Engine and System Level Perspective
Authors: Sari Rafael , Shah Ashish , Kumar Praveen , Cleary David , Rairikar Sandeep , Sonawane Shailesh Balkrishna
Published: January 2024

Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) offer a cost-effective solution to decarbonize transport by combining a lower carbon intensity fuel with mature and established internal combustion engine technology. While vehicles running with hydrogen have been demonstrated over the years, this fuel's physical and chemical properties require modifications and upgrades on the vehicle from an engine and system-level perspective. In addition, market-specific regulatory and economic factors can also constrain the realization of optimal hydrogen powertrain architectures. Therefore, this paper reviews the impact of hydrogen use on combustion, injection, air management, and after-treatment systems, indicating the different strategies used to enable effective H2ICE strategies from an efficiency, cost, and safety standpoint. Specifically, swirl and tumble-based combustion systems using port fuel injection, low-pressure, and high-pressure direct injection are discussed to review performance, cost, and maturity trade-offs. Additionally, a thorough overview of the possibilities enabled by clean sheet design versus development based on base diesel and natural gas engines is presented. Finally, Indian market-specific regulations and use cases are also discussed from a technology and total cost of ownership perspective to evaluate practical considerations such as ease of operation, payload reduction, and dwell time.
Hydrogen Refilling Optimizations Through 1-D Simulations for Commercial Vehicles
Authors: Jacob Joe , T P Muhammad , Bhut Bhaveshkumar , Chougule Abhijeet
Published: January 2024

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and battery electric vehicles are being touted worldwide by the automotive industry and policy makers as the answer to decarbonizing the transportation sector. FCEVs are especially suited for commercial vehicle applications as they offer very short re-fueling times that is comparable to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. While this is entirely possible there are host of challenges that include safety, that need to be addressed to make short refilling times possible for commercial vehicles where the hydrogen storage requirement is higher (25 kg or more). This is due to the rise in temperature of the hydrogen in the cylinder due to compression and the negative Joule-Thompson coefficient. The SAE J2601 standard limits the safe temperature limit of hydrogen gas in the cylinder to 85 °C during filling. In countries where the ambient temperature can go above 45°C, like India, this poses a serious challenge and can severely impact the re-filling rates. One way re-filling stations get around this is by cooling the hydrogen gas to as low as -40°C before filling. However, this adds to the cost of the hydrogen re-filling stations which then becomes an additional bottleneck in the development of hydrogen infrastructure. In this work we explore, using 1-D simulations, how different novel re-filling strategies can impact the re-filling time while staying within safe handling limits of hydrogen gas. Different initial conditions for hydrogen gas before filling are studied to understand how refilling can be optimized to meet targeted refilling times while still curtailing cost over runs on the infrastructure side.
A Smart Transportation System for Existing Vehicles and Roads Infrastructure to Ease Traffic and Toll Problems in India
Authors: Jain Pritesh
Published: January 2024

India is a highly populous country. The traffic problems faced by the people here are not uncommon. The increase in traffic leads to increase in accidents, pollution, inconvenience and frustration. It also comes with costs of additional fuel and time.

Though public transport is extensively available in India, still it isn't sufficient for the population of India. Especially in Metro cities, public transport services are often crowded. So, to travel peacefully people are opting for commuting in their own vehicles. And as a result, more vehicles are coming on roads. Other major reasons for increasing traffic are lack of proper implementation of traffic rules and traffic signals out of sync.

In addition to city traffic, congestion is also seen on highways, mainly at toll plazas. Although implementation of FASTag has reduced it to some extent, some toll plazas still face traffic congestion issues.

This paper provides an idea to ease the traffic problems in the city and on the highways too. The system is a low cost, all-in-one model which will provide benefits like proper implementation of traffic rules, road monitoring and hence smooth movement of traffic, automating fine collections, improved road safety and even vehicle tracking by authorities to prevent crime. This system also helps in ease of toll collection with no need of vehicles to stop on toll plazas. This further helps to eliminate toll plazas and enable direct toll collection based on distance travelled.
Cyber Threats and Its Mitigation to Intelligent Transportation System
Authors: Dewangan Kheelesh Kumar , Panda Vibek , Ojha Sunil , Shahapure Anjali , Jahagirdar Shweta Rajesh
Published: January 2024

With the revolutionary advancements in modern transportation, offering advanced connectivity, automation, and data-driven decision-making has put the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to a high risk from being exposed to cyber threats. Development of modern transportation infrastructure, connected vehicle technology and its dependency over the cloud with an aim to enhance safety, efficiency, reliability and sustainability of ITS comes with a lot more opportunities to protect the system from black hats. This paper explores the landscape of cyber threats targeting ITS, focusing on their potential impacts, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies. The cyber-attacks in ITS are not just limited to Unauthorized Access, Malware and Ransomware Attacks, Data Breaches, Denial of Service but also to Physical Infrastructure Attacks. These attacks may result in potentially disrupting critical transportation infrastructure, compromise user safety, and can cause economic losses effecting the various services such as vehicle tracking and monitoring, communication systems, traffic management, driver assistance systems, fuel management, maintenance and diagnostics, data analytics and reporting. The article also focus on innovative approaches that have recently adopted my many cybersecurity professionals for secured operation of ITS involving block-chain, artificial intelligence, and Machine Learning. The development of 5G technology boosts these innovative approaches enabling high-reliability ensuring continuous high speed connectivity and low-latency for real time communications and security for the ITS and also promotes secured V2X communication. This article discusses the various practices adopted for security of ITS and also reviews the upcoming new technology and there approach for practical implementation in field. By understanding the various cyber threats targeting ITS and implementing appropriate safeguards, stakeholders can enhance the resilience and security of these systems, ensuring safe and efficient transportation in the digital age.
Evaluation of Interface Microstructure and Bonding Strength for Dissimilar Rotary Friction Welding of E46 and AA6061-T6
Authors: Chudasama Gautam , Kalyankar Vivek , Chauhan Shiv
Published: January 2024

Nowadays, friction welding is recognised as a highly productive and economic joining process for similar as well as dissimilar welding of automobile and aerospace components. Friction welding is the viable solution to offset the challenges of dissimilar fusion welding due to varying thermal and physical properties as well as limited mutual solubility. This study investigated interface microstructure and bonding strength of dissimilar rotary friction welding of 3.15 mm E46 plate and 45 mm AA6061-T6 rod. The direct drive rotary friction welding of E46 and AA6061-T6 is performed at combinations of two different friction times (4 sec and 7 sec) and forging pressure (108 MPa and 125 MPa). Mechanical bonding strength at the interface is evaluated based on the push-off and multistep shear tests. Further, a fractured steel surface was visually examined to understand the failure mechanism of welded joints. The microstructure of friction welded joint is divided into three regions: dynamic recrystallisation region, thermos-mechanically affected zone and base metal. The maximum average push-off strength of 132.40 MPa and shear strength of 115.50 MPa were obtained at 4 sec friction time and 125 MPa forging pressure.
A Detailed Study to Evaluate Sporty Sound Character of Passenger Cars
Authors: Sadekar Umesh Audumbar , Titave Uttam , Zalaki Nitin , Vardhanan K Aravindha Vishnu , Naidu Sudhakara
Published: January 2024

Sound signature design is gaining more importance within global auto manufacturers. ‘Sportiness’ is one of the important point to consider while designing a sound character of a car for passionate drivers and those who love aggressive driving. Nowadays automobile manufacturers are more focused in developing a typical sound signature for their cars as a ‘unique design strategy’ to attract a niche segment of the market and to define their brand image. Exhaust system is one of the major aggregate determining the sound character of ICE vehicles which in turn has the direct influence on the customer perception of the vehicle and the Brand image and also the human comfort both inside and outside the cabin.

This research work focuses on novel approaches to identify frequency range and order content by a detailed study of subjective feelings based on psycho-acoustics. Sound samples of various benchmark sporty vehicles have been studied and analyzed based on sound quality parameters. Subjective evaluations were carried out by NVH experts to understand the sporty character. Frequency ranges and order noise content were confirmed by correlation between subjective and objective evaluations under various customer drive patterns. It was discovered how the dominating exhaust firing sequence and its harmonics relate to sporty sound quality. Additionally, the quantitative order zones of the sporty sound quality was taken into consideration together with the curve distribution zones of the associated order noise. CAE analysis using commercial 1D software is done to simulate few concepts of exhaust system to get results in line with the above derived targeted zone.

This paper also focuses on the innovative methodology ideated to cascade the exhaust NVH performance from vehicle level to component level in the Universal Exhaust Source Simulator (UESS). This novel test rig and test methodology of insertion loss measurement is developed for component level validation of exhausts. This simulator (UESS) can also produce combustion order contents as that of the vehicle. Thus it acts as a complete replica of the engine itself, hence it reduces vehicle level iterations.

Finally, best configurations are tested on targeted vehicle to validate its sportiness by objective and subjective assessment. Results obtained shows very good correlation and proved that the defined order noise target zone of the sporty sound quality is accurate and very effective to get desired sporty character.
Analysis and Reduction of Abnormal Suspension Noise in Sports Utility Vehicle
Authors: S Nataraja Moorthy , Rao Manchi Venkateswara , Raghavendran Prasath , Manivannan Giridharan
Published: January 2024

This paper focuses on reducing abnormal noise originating from suspension when driving on rough road at the speed of 20 kmph. The test vehicle is a front wheel driven monocoque SUV powered by four cylinder engine. Cabin noise levels are higher between 100 to 800 Hz when driven on rough road at 20 kmph. Vibration levels are measured on front and rear suspension components, front and rear subframe, subframe connections on body to identify the noise source locations. Since the noise levels are dominant only in certain rough patches at very narrow band of time, wavelet analysis is used for identification of frequency at which the problem exist. Based on wavelet analysis, it is identified that the vibration levels are dominant on front lower control arm (LCA). The dynamic stiffness of LCA bushes is reduced by ~ 40% to improve the isolator performance which reduced the noise levels by ~ 9 dB (A) at the problematic frequency band. Modal analysis is conducted on front suspension components to identify the modes and mode shapes and to correlate with underbody noise. Dynamic stiffness of the LCA is increased by ~ 2.5 times which reduced the noise levels by ~ 1.5 dB (A). Noise transfer function and point mobility measurements are conducted at the suspension connection point on body to identify the structurally weak path. Dynamic stiffness at the identified paths is improved by ~ 2 times which further reduced the noise levels to acceptable level. Criteria that should be considered during suspension design to avoid underbody noise are elaborated.
Intelligent Diagnosis for Fuel Line Fault of Diesel Engine Based on Vibration Signatures
Authors: Chaudhari Parag , Gangsar Purushottam , Dharmadhikari Nitin , Pawar Sachin , Mandke Devendra
Published: January 2024

Early fault detection is vital in maintaining system stability and to decrease the cost associated with maintenance. This paper presents an approach to identify the fuel line failure for a diesel engine based on vibration signals and machine learning. Vibration measurements are performed on the fuel line of the engine for both normal and faulty conditions for engine ramp up condition. After acquiring the time domain vibration signals, various features were extracted and have been analyzed in time and time-frequency domains. Based on the most effective feature, a machine learning model (i.e., support vector machine (SVM)) for fault diagnosis is developed. Results showed that the proposed SVM based model can detect the fuel line fault correctly. This study can be useful for early detection of this critical fault in diesel engine and take useful decision before any catastrophic failure happens because of this fault.
A Design Approach to Optimize Suspension Clunking Noise in Passenger Vehicles
Authors: Titave Uttam Vasant , Kalsule Shrikant , Naidu Sudhakara
Published: January 2024

Designing a Passenger vehicles suspension system is a key challenge for all OEMs because balancing buzz, squeak, and rattle (BSR) acoustic performance at low-speed driving and improving ride quality at high-speed driving conditions are bet challenging. Suspension noise deteriorates in-cab acoustic quietness and overall vehicle performance. For this reason, optimizing these noises is becoming increasingly prioritized as a key design issue throughout the development process of suspension system. This paper studies the various components of suspension system and their noises in Passenger vehicles. Based on customer voice index and drive pattern, suspension anomalous Clunking noise was identified in Passenger vehicles. This noise phenomenon was cascaded from the vehicle level to BSR rig and eventually to the suspension rig for root cause analysis. At the vehicle level evaluation, Clunking noise problematic frequency identification was done for both near suspension source and in-cab with the help of a sound diagnosis analysis tool and time-domain wavelet transformation. Furthermore, this noise was cascaded at BSR rig level for subsystem frequency analysis and intensity quantification. Eventually, this noise was cascaded at the suspension rig level and the major component, and its critical frequency was identified by time-domain wavelet analysis tool. After this investigation, design modification was done on the suspected suspension component and significant noise improvement was found in overall noise level subjectively and objectively in the defined frequency range. This modified component with suspension system performance was assessed at BSR rig and vehicle level for Clunking noise improvement validation purposes. The output of this work was a reduction in overall Clunking noise in vehicle in-cab as well as a significant increase in overall acoustic performance of the car without affecting ride and handling quality. In additional to that, this cascading methodology could be used to address various suspension noises.
Effect of Environmental Factors on the Function of an Automotive Luggage Cover of a Passenger Vehicle – A Case Study
Authors: Sreejith M P , Khandelwal Lokesh , Sandilya Arnab , Natu Mandar R , Ray Amulya Kali , Handa Rajat
Published: January 2024

The Indian passenger vehicle market has grown by more than 40% by volume in the last decade and has reached a record high in FY23. This has created a more diverse and demanding customer base that values interior design and quality. The modern customer expects a high level of aesthetics and sophistication in their vehicle interiors - including in the luggage area.

The Luggage Cover (Parcel Tray) is a component in the luggage area of a passenger vehicle that is used to conceal the luggage & improve its aesthetics. The cover is generally made of thermoplastic material with rotating hinges and is held in its place by the compression from the back door, which is frequently opened and closed. The parts that connect the cover to the door (usually an elastomer interface on the thermoplastic tray) tend to change over a period due to climatic conditions and leads to rattling concerns over a period.

The change in elastomer interface with the back door (due to repeated compression & climatic cycles) leads to a change in forces on the composite tray which in turn results in a permanent set. After deformation, the tray is highly vulnerable and can easily rattle causing noise and discomfort. Restricting the rattle of the luggage cover is challenging – especially considering its prolonged usage under stress while being subjected to climatic cycles.

There are various factors that affect the interface & there are alternatives that can improve or deteriorate the condition like change of properties / raw material for rear cushion, the material, physical properties of the shelf (cover) and the basic layout among other factors. This paper intends to study the causes and effects of the delayed failure.