bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex‐specific strategies of phosphorus (P) acquisition in Populus cathayana as affected by soil P availability and distribution
Authors: Xia Zhichao , He Yue , Yu Lei , Lv Rubing , Korpelainen Helena , Li Chunyang
Published: September 2019

Soil phosphorus (P) availability and its distribution influence plant growth and productivity, but how they affect the growth dynamics and sex‐specific P acquisition strategies of dioecious plant species is poorly understood.

In this study, the impact of soil P availability and its distribution on dioecious Populus cathayana was characterized. P. cathayana males and females were grown under three levels of P supply, and with homogeneous or heterogeneous P distribution.

Females had a greater total root length, specific root length (SRL), biomass and foliar P concentration under high P supply. Under P deficiency, males had a smaller root system than females but a greater exudation of soil acid phosphatase, and a higher colonization rate and arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal biomass, suggesting a better capacity to mine P and a stronger association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to forage P. Heterogeneous P distribution enhanced growth and root length density (RLD) in females. Female root proliferation in P‐rich patches was related to increased foliar P assimilation. Localized P application for increasing P availability did not enhance the biomass accumulation and the morphological plasticity of roots in males, but it raised hyphal biomass.

The findings herein indicate that sex‐specific strategies in P acquisition relate to root morphology, root exudation and mycorrhizal symbioses, and they may contribute to sex‐specific resource utilization patterns and niche segregation.
Shaping attitudes: The association between prior contact with residential aged care and resistance to enter residential aged care
Authors: Walker Nicole , Dissanayaka Nadeeka N. , Scott Theresa , Manchha Asmita , Pachana Nancy A.
Published: September 2019

Background

The ageing population is increasing, and negative attitudes towards older people are all too common and largely overlooked. However, little research has examined how ageist, prejudice, and discrimination, that often occur in healthcare settings, impact the community's perceptions of entering Residential Aged Care (RAC) in the future. In particular, studies have not investigated how contact with RAC influences individuals’ attitudes towards RAC facilities, residents and staff. This study is the first to examine individuals’ resistance towards living in RAC using the contact hypothesis, a theory of prejudice reduction.

Aims

To explore how positive or negative contact with RAC residents and staff impacts individuals’ behavioural intentions towards entering RAC in the future. To examine whether perceptions of trust, independence and RAC staff mediate the relationship between contact and behavioural intentions towards entering RAC in the future.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey design.

Method

Data were collected via online surveys using contact (positive or negative), trust, independence, perceptions of RAC staff and resistance levels (mild refusal or extreme refusal) measures. Participants (n = 373) from Australia and USA were recruited using social media, word of mouth and Amazons Mechanical Turk.

Findings

Individuals who experienced negative contact with RAC residents and staff were more likely to report intense resistance to RAC, “I would rather die than enter RAC”. Whereas, positive contact with RAC residents and staff was associated with reductions in the adverse appraisal of RAC staff; a diminished perception that individuals lost their independence, and an increased trust in RAC residents, facilities and staff. Participants from USA reported greater levels of resistance towards RAC in comparison with participants from Australia. This study demonstrates how interactions with RAC residents, facilities and staff are critical in shaping attitudes towards RAC.

Implications for practice

It is recommended that the public are exposed to opportunities where they can experience positive contact with RAC. RAC facilities can promote interaction between the public and RAC residents through encouraging participation in community partnership programs/intergenerational programs.
Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Namba Fumihiko
Published: September 2019

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease in preterm infants who have been treated with supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Despite major advances in perinatal and neonatal medicine, limited progress has been made in reducing BPD rates. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is a promising and innovative therapy for several diseases because they are easy to extract and they have low immunogenicity, anti‐inflammatory properties, and regenerative ability. According to several pre‐clinical studies that have used BPD animal models, one mechanism of action for MSC in BPD is mainly due to the paracrine effects of MSC‐derived humoral factors, such as interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, vascular endothelial growth factor, collagen, and elastin, rather than the multilineage and regenerative capacities of MSC. Cell‐free preparations derived from MSC, including conditioned media and exosomes, remain a pre‐clinical technology despite their great clinical potential. A first‐in‐human clinical trial of MSC treatment for BPD was performed as a phase I dose‐escalation trial using umbilical cord blood‐derived MSC. That trial demonstrated the short‐ and long‐term safety and feasibility of MSC, given that significantly reduced inflammatory marker expression was observed in tracheal aspirates. As of recently, several clinical trials of MSC use for BPD are ongoing or are planned in some countries to investigate the efficacy of MSC in the prevention or treatment of BPD in premature infants. Many clinicians are currently awaiting the results from these trials so that MSC can be used clinically for human BPD.
Pay‐for‐Success Development in the United States: Feasible or Failing to Launch?
Authors: Heinrich Carolyn J. , Kabourek Sarah E.
Published: September 2019

Social impact bonds, known as pay‐for‐success (PFS) initiatives in the United States, have attracted attention as a novel strategy for financing and providing preventive services to the most vulnerable populations. This article provides an exploratory qualitative analysis of the Preschool PFS Feasibility Pilot grant applications and projects initiated by the U.S. Department of Education to encourage state and local exploration of PFS for implementing high‐quality preschool programs. Drawing on the public administration evidence base that informs PFS design, the authors examine the feasibility pilots’ features and investigate why grant applicants saw PFS as a promising strategy for achieving their preschool program goals. The challenges encountered, lessons learned, and perceived viability of fully executed PFS preschool programs are also discussed. Findings show that few projects are advancing toward formal PFS arrangements, with many struggling to overcome constrained capacities, structural and political barriers, and inherent incentives to minimize risk and loss.
Trehalose protects testicular tissue of dairy goat upon cryopreservation
Authors: Xi Huaming , Ren Fa , Zhang Xiaogang , Li Yu , Zhang Likun , Wen Fei , Feng Tianyu , Zhang Xing , Niu Tongjuan , Hu Jianhong , Wang Peng
Published: September 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the addition of trehalose to cryomedia reduces cellular damage and improves gene expression in cryopreserved dairy goat testicular tissues. Testicular tissues were cryopreserved in cryomedia without or with trehalose at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or 25%. Cryopreserved testicular tissues were analysed for TUNEL‐positive cell number, expression of BAX, BCL‐2, CREM, BOULE and HSP70‐2. Isolated Leydig cells from cryopreserved tissue were cultured, and spent medium was evaluated for testosterone level. The results showed that though the TUNEL‐positive cell number increased in cryopreserved testicular tissues, the presence of trehalose reduced apoptotic cell number significantly. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results showed that although the expression of BAX was upregulated following cryopreservation, the presence of trehalose downregulates it in cryopreserved testicular tissues. Expression of BCL‐2, CREM, BOULE and HSP70‐2 was downregulated following cryopreservation but the presence of trehalose significantly upregulated their expression in cryopreserved testicular tissues. Leydig cells isolated from testicular tissues cryopreserved with trehalose produced higher testosterone than the one without it (control). These results suggest that trehalose has a protective role in cryopreservation of dairy goat testicular tissue, and the most suitable trehalose concentration for cryopreservation is 15%.
Sexual Violence: Christian Theological Legacies and Responsibilities
Authors: Scarsella Hilary Jerome , Krehbiel Stephanie
Published: September 2019

Between the sustained focus of popular attention on the Catholic sexual abuse crisis and the current ubiquity of #MeToo and #ChurchToo discourse, it is clear that sexual violence is a problem within western Christianity. This article speaks to Christian theological legacies of complicity with systems of sexual violence. It sketches ethical, intellectual, and practical trajectories for scholars and practitioners engaging the Christian tradition today to address sexual violence well.
Signals and signposts: Biomarkers in IPF and PAH at the crossroads of clinical relevance
Authors: Sullivan Daniel I. , Kass Daniel J.
Published: September 2019

See related Article and Article
Digital collaborative learning in nursing education: a systematic review
Authors: Männistö Merja , Mikkonen Kristina , Kuivila Heli‐Maria , Virtanen Mari , Kyngäs Helvi , Kääriäinen Maria
Published: September 2019

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of educational interventions in digital collaborative learning implemented in nursing education.

Design

A systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was carried out in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines and the PRISMA statement.

Data sources

CINAHL (EBSCO), ERIC, MEDLINE (Ovid) and Scopus databases were used to identify original peer‐reviewed RCT studies published between 2003 and 2018.

Review method

The ‘hits’ were systematically screened by title, abstract and full text by two authors acting independently. The quality of the selected original studies was evaluated using the quality assessment criteria of the JBI and Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. The studies were analysed by narrative synthesis.

Results

Five peer‐reviewed RCT studies were included in the review. All participants in these studies (647 in total) were nursing students exposed to educational interventions in various nursing programme courses. The reviewed studies indicated that digital collaborative learning increased students’ knowledge and nursing skills. The results show that collaborative learning in digital learning environments enhanced nursing students’ interaction and collaborative skills, problem‐solving skills, satisfaction and motivation for learning.

Conclusion

Collaborative learning in digital learning environments has encouraging effects in enhancing nursing students’ knowledge, competence, satisfaction and problem‐solving skills. Moreover, evidence‐based digital collaborative learning is becoming increasingly effective in nursing education, as available tools and teachers’ abilities to use them are improving and providing new learning activities to boost students’ learning outcomes in higher education. Thus, its systematic use in digital collaborative learning environments in various nursing courses is recommended.
Creating a space to talk about one's experience of suffering: families’ experience of a family nursing intervention
Authors: Gervais Christine , Verdon Chantal , deMontigny Francine , Leblanc Lori , Lalande Dominique
Published: September 2019

Study rationale

The impacts of health problems on individual and family functioning, as well as the influence of family on health, are well documented. However, health care and services in the West are mostly oriented towards individuals, and the needs of families often receive little consideration. The Family Support Service (FSS) was developed to address this situation. Its aim is to improve the education of nursing students and contribute to the health of the community by offering family conversations to families whose members have a health problem or who have difficulty adjusting to certain transitions.

Aims and objectives

The objective of this study was to explore families’ experience of the family conversations in which they participated and their satisfaction with the FSS.

Methodological design and justification

This study used a descriptive qualitative design based on semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis. The study followed ethical codes of conduct and conformed to the Canadian Tri‐Council Policy Statement (TCPS).

Research methods

Qualitative interviews were conducted with 22 participants who had participated in family conversations as interventions, to evaluate their experience of those family conversations and their satisfaction with the FSS.

Results

The families reported a very positive experience of the family conversations. Three themes emerged from their statements and explained this satisfaction: (i) the nurse's attitudes and skills as the foundation for meaningful encounters; (ii) a family systems intervention where families feel recognised; and (iii) a structure adapted to the needs of families.

Conclusions

This study adds to the existing body of knowledge on families’ experience of family system nursing and invites nurses to develop attitudes that are conducive to meaningful encounters with families.
Understanding (and Reducing) Inaction on Climate Change
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Fielding Kelly S.
Published: September 2019

For over 50 years, scientists have sounded alarms that the burning of fossil fuels is causing changes to the Earth's climate, and that failure to take action on climate change will have devastating consequences. Despite this urgency, CO2 emissions (and global temperatures) continue to climb. Progress on mitigating climate change is slowed by the stubborn persistence of climate skepticism, as well as a failure for nonskeptics to translate their concern about climate change into meaningful action. The goal of this article is to describe and synthesize research on how to understand (and reduce) this public inaction on climate change. In the first half of the article, we examine the question of how to understand (and overcome) climate change skepticism. We review international evidence regarding the role of demographics, ideologies, and conspiracist worldviews in shaping people's willingness to believe in the reality of human‐caused climate change. We then review theory and research on how to successfully capture the attention of—and change the behavior of—people who traditionally resist climate change messages, such as those high in conservatism and free‐market beliefs. In the second half of the article, we examine how to promote more climate‐friendly behaviors among people who believe in the reality of climate change. Evidence will be reviewed suggesting that many people agree that climate change is caused by humans, but are not yet willing to make the necessary investments and sacrifices to respond to this threat. We then draw on relevant literatures to critically discuss three strategies for promoting proenvironmental behavior: (i) optimistic versus pessimistic messages; (ii) in‐group versus out‐group messenger effects; and (c) the use of descriptive and injunctive norms.
Food allergy—From food avoidance to active treatment
Authors: Costa Célia , Coimbra Alice , Vítor Artur , Aguiar Rita , Ferreira Ana Luísa , Todo‐Bom Ana
Published: September 2019

The prevalence of food allergy (FA) has increased too rapidly, possibly due to environmental factors. The guidelines recommend strict allergen avoidance, but FA is still the main cause of anaphylaxis in all age groups. Immunotherapy is the only treatment able to change the course of allergic disease, and oral immunotherapy (OIT) is the more effective route in FA. However, it carries the risk of adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis. To improve OIT safety, adjuvant therapy with the immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody omalizumab has been extensively used. Results suggest particular benefit in patients with high risk of fatal anaphylaxis. An alternative approach is to use omalizumab instead of OIT to prevent severe allergic reactions upon accidental exposure. This paper reviews current evidence regarding IgE‐mediated FA, focusing on natural tolerance and food sensitization acquisition, and on avoidance measures and their limitations.
Event Representations and Predictive Processing: The Role of the Midline Default Network Core
Authors: Stawarczyk David , Bezdek Matthew A. , Zacks Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2019

The human brain is tightly coupled to the world through its sensory‐motor systems—but it also spends a lot of its metabolism talking to itself. One important function of this intrinsic activity is the establishment and updating ofevent models—representations of the current situation that can predictively guide perception, learning, and action control. Here, we propose that event models largely depend on the default network (DN) midline core that includes the posterior cingulate and anterior medial prefrontal cortex. An increasing body of data indeed suggests that this subnetwork can facilitate stimuli processing during both naturalistic event comprehension and cognitive tasks in which mental representations of prior situations, trials, and task rules can predictively guide attention and performance. This midline core involvement in supporting predictions through event models can make sense of an otherwise complex and conflicting pattern of results regarding the possible cognitive functions subserved by the DN.
Fertility restoration of maize CMS‐C altered by a single amino acid substitution within the Rf4 bHLH transcription factor
Authors: Jaqueth Jennifer S. , Hou Zhenglin , Zheng Peizhong , Ren Ruihua , Nagel Bruce A. , Cutter Gary , Niu Xiaomu , Vollbrecht Erik , Greene Thomas W. , Kumpatla Siva P.
Published: September 2019

Type C cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS‐C) is the most commonly used form of CMS in maize hybrid seed production. Restorer of fertility 4 (Rf4), the major fertility restorer gene of CMS‐C, is located on chromosome 8S. To positionally clone Rf4, a large F3 population derived from a cross between a non‐restorer and restorer (n = 5104) was screened for recombinants and then phenotyped for tassel fertility, resulting in a final map‐based cloning interval of 12 kb. Within this 12‐kb interval, the only likely candidate for Rf4 was GRMZM2G021276, a basic helix−loop−helix (bHLH) transcription factor with tassel‐specific expression. The Rf4 gene product contains a nuclear localization signal and is likely to not interact directly with the mitochondria. Sequence analysis of Rf4 revealed four encoded amino acid substitutions between restoring and non‐restoring inbreds, however only one substitution, F187Y, was within the highly conserved bHLH domain. The hypothesis that Rf4 restoration is altered by a single amino acid was tested by using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)‐CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) homology directed repair (HDR) to create isogenic lines that varied for the F187Y substitution. In a population of these CRISPR‐Cas9 edited plants (n = 780) that was phenotyped for tassel fertility, plants containing F187 were completely fertile, indicating fertility restoration, and plants containing Y187 were sterile, indicating lack of fertility restoration. Structural modeling shows that this amino acid residue 187 is located within the four helix bundle core, a critical region for stabilizing dimer conformation and affecting interaction partner selection.
Immigration, uncertainty and macroeconomic dynamics
Authors: Donadelli Michael , Gerotto Luca , Lucchetta Marcella , Arzu Daniela
Published: September 2019

This paper examines the macroeconomic effects of rising migration uncertainty in four advanced economies (i.e. US, UK, Germany and France). Migration uncertainty is first captured by the Migration Policy Uncertainty (MPUI) and the Migration Fear (MFI) news‐based indexes developed by Baker et al. (Immigration fears and policy uncertainty, 2015), and then by a novel Google Trend Migration Uncertainty Index (GTMU) based on the frequency of Internet searches for the term ‘immigration’. VAR investigations suggest that the macroeconomic implications of rising migration uncertainty differ across countries. Moreover, news‐based and Google search‐based migration fear shocks generate different macroeconomic effects. For instance, in the US (France), MPUI, MFI and GTMU shocks all improve (undermine) production and labour market conditions in the medium run. For Germany and the UK, mixed evidence is found, suggesting that increasing media attention on migration phenomena and rising population's interest in migration‐related issues influence people's mood differently. The observed heterogeneity in the macroeconomic effects of rising migration uncertainty can be explained by cross‐country gaps in (a) the level of labour market rigidity, (b) the degree of people's happiness and life satisfaction and (c) the percentage of graduates.
Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) andRNAscopein situhybridization (RNA‐ISH) as effective tools to diagnose feline herpesvirus‐1‐associated dermatitis
Authors: Mazzei Maurizio , Vascellari Marta , Zanardello Claudia , Melchiotti Erica , Vannini Susanna , Forzan Mario , Marchetti Veronica , Albanese Francesco , Abramo Francesca
Published: September 2019

Background

Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FHV‐1)‐associated dermatitis is characterized by facial and nasal involvement; clinical and histopathological manifestations may overlap with other dermatitides.

Objective

To evaluate the realibility of qRT‐PCR‐2−ΔΔCqandRNAscopein situhybridization (RNA‐ISH) methods to diagnoseFHV‐1‐associated dermatitis, in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues.

Animals

SixteenFFPEsamples from cats with facial dermatitis and four controls were studied.

Methods and materials

Based on histopathological features, cases were separated into: Group 1, samples with herpetic dermatitis (four); Group 2, samples with nonherpetic facial dermatitis (six); Group 3, samples with facial dermatitis of ambiguous nature (allergic or viral) (six); and Group 4, samples from healthy cats (four). A relative quantification using the 2−ΔΔCqmethod was used to estimate the “upregulation” of eachFHV‐1 target viral gene copies (glycoprotein‐B and thymidine‐kinase) relative to reference gene. Detection ofFHV‐1mRNAwas performed using theRNAscope 2.5 detection kit.

Results

By 2−ΔΔCqanalysis, upregulation of bothFHV‐1 genes was observed in all samples from Group 1 and two of six from Group 3. No upregulation was identified in samples from groups 2 and 4. PositivemRNAhybridization signal was observed in all cases from Group 1 and two cases of Group 3. No positivity was observed in samples from groups 2 and 4.

Conclusions and clinical importance

QRT‐PCR2−ΔΔCqanalysis andRNA‐ISHcan identify theFHV‐1 genome as causative agent of the associated dermatitis, even where inclusion bodies are not detectable. Both techniques are functional in retrospective studies, have greater specificity than conventionalPCR, and may be proposed for research and diagnostic purposes.
Theoretical and Experimental Study for An Improved Cycloid Drive Model
Authors: Dion Jean-Luc , Pawelski Zbigniew , Chianca Vittorio , Zdziennicki Zbigniew , Peyret Nicolas , Uszpolewicz Grzegorz , Ormezowski Janusz , Mitukiewicz Grzegorz , Lelasseux Xavier
Published: September 2019

This paper describes an experimental and theoretical approach to evaluate cycloid drive reducer efficiency. The tests are carried out on 7.5 kW two-disc cycloid drive with a gear ratio of 19. The torque and speed are measured on the input and output shaft. The efficiency is calculated based on the obtained results. The main goal of the second part of the study is to deduce equations of cycloid reducer in order to predict and analyze experimental results. In this way, the following points are set for the simulation: a working condition in which the input speed and the output load are imposed; then, the output speed is determined by the gear ratio, and finally, the input torque is obtained by solving the dynamic problem. A new model for cycloidal reducers is proposed. This model is based on kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies and a non-linear stiffness based on contact dynamics. The overall elasticity effects are all condensed between the input shaft and the cycloidal disk. The proposed model allows to predict the efficiency for several operational conditions and offer a drastic reduction of computational costs suitable for the optimization process.
Stiffness and Strength of Hexachiral Honeycomb-Like Metamaterials
Authors: Tancogne-Dejean Thomas , Karathanasopoulos Nikolaos , Mohr Dirk
Published: September 2019

Two-dimensional hexachiral lattices belong to the family of honeycomb-like mechanical metamaterials such as triangular, hexagonal, and kagome lattices. The common feature of this family of beam-based metamaterials is their six-fold rotational symmetry which guarantees their (transversely-) isotropic elastic response. In the case of hexachiral lattices, a single geometric parameter may be introduced to control the degree of chirality such that the elastic Poisson's ratio can be adjusted between 0.33 and −0.8. Detailed finite element simulations are performed to establish the structure–property relationships for hexachiral lattices for relative densities ranging from 1% to 45%. It is shown that both the Young's and shear moduli are always lower for hexachiral structures than for optimal lattices (triangular and kagome). This result is in line with the general understanding that stretching-dominated architectures outperform bending-dominated architectures. The same conclusions may be drawn from the comparison of the tensile yield strength. However, hexachiral structures provide a lower degree of plastic anisotropy than stretching-dominated lattices. Furthermore, special hexachiral configurations have been identified that exhibit a slightly higher shear yield strength than triangular and kagome lattices, thereby presenting an example of bending-dominated architectures outperforming stretching-dominated architectures of equal mass. Tensile specimens have been additively manufactured from a tough PLA polymer and tested to partially validate the simulation results.
Soft Magnetoactive Laminates: Large Deformations, Transverse Elastic Waves and Band Gaps Tunability by a Magnetic Field
Authors: Karami Mohammadi Neda , Galich Pavel I. , Krushynska Anastasia O. , Rudykh Stephan
Published: September 2019

We investigate the behavior of soft magnetoactive periodic laminates under remotely applied magnetic field. We derive explicit formulae for the induced deformation due to magnetic excitation of the laminates with hyperelastic magnetoactive phases. Next, we obtain the closed-form formulae for the velocities of long transverse waves. We show the dependence of the wave velocity on the applied magnetic intensity and induced strains, as well as on the wave propagation direction. Based on the long wave analysis, we derive closed-form formulae for the critical magnetic field corresponding to the loss of macroscopic stability. Finally, we analyze the transverse wave band gaps appearing in magnetoactive laminates in the direction normal to the layers. We illustrate the band gap tunability—width and position—by magnetically induced deformation.
A Portable Elbow Exoskeleton for Three Stages of Rehabilitation
Authors: Manna Soumya K. , Dubey Venketesh N.
Published: September 2019

Patients suffering from stroke need to undergo a standard and intensive rehabilitation therapy. The rehabilitation training consists of three sequential stages: the first stage is controlled joint movement under external actuator, the second stage deals with supporting the movements by providing assistive force, and the last stage provides variety and difficulty to exercises. Most of the exoskeletons developed so far for rehabilitation are restricted to a particular type of activity. Although a few exoskeletons incorporate different modes of rehabilitation, those are software controlled requiring sensory data acquisition and complex control architecture. To bridge this gap, a portable elbow exoskeleton has been developed for delivering three stages of rehabilitation in a single structure without affecting the range of motion and safety features. Use of electric motor and springs have been arranged in the actuation mechanism to minimize the energy consumption. The developed exoskeleton enhances torque to weight ratio compared to existing models, and all the three modes of rehabilitation have been controlled using a single motor.
Kinematics of the RRR, RRT (Passive) and RRRR, RRRT (Active) Linkage-Mechanism Building Blocks With Applications and Reporting of New Findings
Authors: Simionescu P. A.
Published: September 2019

Closed-form equations for the analyses of the RRR and RRT (passive) and of the RRRR and RRRT (active) kinematic building blocks are presented in the paper. Implementations of these equations in computer subroutine are then discussed. Applications chosen to illustrate the usefulness of these subroutines include optimum synthesis of a function-generating mechanism, deployable structures, radial engines, a tire-curing press, and the concomitant simulation of four-bar and crank-slider coupler cognates. For the latter, properties not yet reported have been revealed through numerical experimentations.
Prediction of Initial and Final Postures for Motion Planning in Human Manual Manipulation Tasks Based on Cognitive Decision Making
Authors: Yang James , Howard Brad
Published: September 2019

Humans are daily presented with tasks that they complete with little effort or even consideration of the planning that goes into the movement. Movements such as manual manipulation tasks are completed with ease, even though the complexities and years of learned behavior are largely hidden from the person. Digital human modeling (DHM) and specifically optimization-based posture and motion prediction methodologies have employed numerical methods in order to simulate/predict/analyze human movements. However, these movements are heavily constrained such that the planning of the motion/posture is explicitly provided in the formulation of the problem. This paper presents the addition of cognitive principles into the optimization-based posture and motion prediction formulations. The simulation/prediction of manual manipulation tasks is considered such that a single formulation can accomplish multiple tasks. It adopts a theory from cognitive psychology referred to as the end-state comfort effect in order to derive general constraints for the prediction of the initial and final posture states that frame the movement related to the manual manipulation task. It considers multiple tasks from the literature that have been heavily studied through experimentation in order to evaluate the efficacy of the formulation. The results show strong correlation with observations reported in the literature.
Linear and nonlinear filtering of spectra
Authors: Aspnes David E. , Le Van L. , Kim Young D.
Published: September 2019

The authors investigate linear and nonlinear methods of reducing noise while preserving information in spectra, optical and otherwise. The optimum linear and nonlinear approaches are Gauss–Hermite and maximum-entropy, respectively. However, intelligent processing still requires an initial assessment of the data in reciprocal space.
Design of nonlinear active noise control earmuffs for excessively high noise level
Authors: Zhu Liping , Yang Tiejun , Pan Jie
Published: September 2019

When exposed to high levels of noise, earmuffs are often used to avoid hearing loss. However, active noise control earmuffs may exhibit nonlinearities under excessive levels of noise, due to their low-power characteristics of the loudspeakers, and thus nonlinear control algorithms are required to improve the control performance. In this paper, an analytical model of a nonlinear active noise control earmuff is investigated. Based on this model, a robust state feedback control law is designed in the framework of linear matrix inequalities with respect to the parametric uncertainties of the loudspeaker and the limitation of control input. Then the backstepping approach is adopted to force the nonlinear part of the loudspeaker to track the derived state feedback signal and estimate the unknown parameters. Both recorded vehicle noise and multi-frequency noise are used to test the effectiveness of the proposed controller and the control performance is compared with that of a widely accepted nonlinear generalized functional link artificial neural network algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller is capable of attenuating the interior noise and reducing harmonic and intermodulation distortions significantly.
Measure and optimize sample confidence of acoustic signal for fault identification in ships
Authors: Zhang Linke , Wei Na , Du Xuhao
Published: September 2019

The shortage of sufficient “real” acoustic data under fault conditions on ships has been a challenge for accurate structure diagnosis. The common solution is generating semi-artificial data while the data quality is unknown. Thus, a kernel-based confidence measure (KBCM) is proposed for evaluating the expanded acoustic data. The deviation between the expanded and real data has been deduced to establish a KBCM model for measuring confidence. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm termed as the maximum class separability is formulated for the kernel optimization. Successful applications on experimental acoustics datasets under various fault conditions have demonstrated the proposed method's effectiveness.
Designing better sugary drink taxes
Authors: Grummon Anna H. , Lockwood Benjamin B. , Taubinsky Dmitry , Allcott Hunt
Published: September 2019

Tax the sugar, not the liquid
Blocking α
4
β
7
integrin binding to SIV does not improve virologic control
Authors: Iwamoto Nami , Mason Rosemarie D. , Song Kaimei , Gorman Jason , Welles Hugh C. , Arthos James , Cicala Claudia , Min Susie , King Hannah A. D. , Belli Aaron J. , Reimann Keith A. , Foulds Kathryn E. , Kwong Peter D. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Keele Brandon F. , Roederer Mario
Published: September 2019

An antibody is not the antidote

An HIV therapeutic that would give long-term remission without sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a long-term goal. Byrareddy
et al.
[
Science
354
, 197 (2016)] reported that treating simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–positive macaques with an antibody against integrin α
4
β
7
during and after ART results in sustained virologic control after stopping all treatment. Three studies in this issue question the reproducibility of that result. Di Mascio
et al.
sequenced the virus used in the 2016 study and found that it was a variant with a stop codon in the
nef
gene rather than a wild-type virus. Abbink
et al.
used the same antibody for α
4
β
7
as before but tested control of a more commonly used pathogenic virus. Iwamato
et al.
used the same
nef
-stop virus as in the earlier paper but combined the antibody against the integrin with an antibody against the SIV envelope glycoprotein, which also blocks viral binding of the integrin. None of these three new studies found that treating with the antibody had any effect on virologic control after stopping ART treatment.

Science
, this issue p.
1025
, p.
1029
, p.
1033
Structural insights into TRPM8 inhibition and desensitization
Authors: Diver Melinda M. , Cheng Yifan , Julius David
Published: September 2019

Responding to the cold

Mint tastes cool because the active component, menthol, activates the receptor and calcium channel TRPM8, which also responds to cold temperatures. Previous structures have revealed the architecture of TRPM8 and how it binds ligands but not its gating mechanism. Diver
et al.
determined structures of avian TRPM8 in ligand-free, antagonist-bound, and calcium-bound states using cryo–electron microscopy at resolutions between 3.0 and 3.6 angstroms. They observed a closed state in the presence of antagonist and that large conformational changes are required to form the desensitized state in the presence of calcium. Understanding how ligands affect channel gating may facilitate drug design.

Science
, this issue p.
1434
Machine learning transforms how microstates are sampled
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E.
Published: September 2019

A deep neural network is trained to optimally explore rugged potential energy landscapes in simulations
Volcano-stimulated marine photosynthesis
Authors: Ducklow Hugh , Plank Terry
Published: September 2019

Lava discharge to the ocean from volcano Kīlauea, Hawai'i, triggers phytoplankton blooms
An open-label phase 1 clinical trial of the anti-α
4
β
7
monoclonal antibody vedolizumab in HIV-infected individuals
Authors: Sneller Michael C. , Clarridge Katherine E. , Seamon Catherine , Shi Victoria , Zorawski Marek D. , Justement Jesse Shawn , Blazkova Jana , Huiting Erin D. , Proschan Michael A. , Mora Jorge Rodrigo , Shetzline Michael , Moir Susan , Lane Henry Clifford , Chun Tae-Wook , Fauci Anthony S.
Published: September 2019

Infusions of anti-α
4
β
7
monoclonal antibody did not affect plasma viral rebound in HIV-infected individuals who stopped antiretroviral drug therapy.
Benign gastrobronchial fistula following oesophagectomy in a patient presenting with respiratory failure
Authors: Favere Kasper , Vanderbiest Klaas , Bresseleers Jan , Depuydt Pieter
Published: September 2019

Benign gastrobronchial fistula (GBF) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of oesophagectomy for malignancy. We present a case of GBF post Ivor-Lewis surgery manifesting as pulmonary sepsis and type II respiratory failure. Clues to the diagnosis were persistent hypercapnia despite high minute ventilation, aspiration of gastric content through the endotracheal tube and accumulation of air in the nasogastric drainage bag. Flexible bronchoscopy confirmed the diagnosis. Surgical exploration identified necrosis of the proximal stomach as causative factor. Despite reconstruction of the oesophagogastric anastomosis and interposition of an intercostal muscle flap, the patient developed a new episode of type II respiratory failure. Bronchoscopy revealed in situ recurrence of the fistula. Patency of the fistula was proven through application of methylene blue with subsequent gastroscopy. A conservative, symptom-based, management was conducted. The patient died 6 hours later.
Haemodialysis-associated thrombocytopenia: interactions among the immune system, membranes and sterilisation methods
Authors: Batalini Felipe , Aleixo Gabriel Francisco , Maoz Asaf , Sarosiek Shayna
Published: September 2019

We present a case of a 47-year-old man with severe thrombocytopenia. The differential diagnosis for thrombocytopenia is wide. The assessment includes an evaluation for falsely low platelet counts (pseudothrombocytopenia), immune-mediated platelet destruction, bone marrow dysfunction, or increased consumption and sequestration. After extensive and systematic workup, we found a relationship of his thrombocytopenia with haemodialysis. Although not widely recognised by clinicians, partly due to an incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology, haemodialysis is also a potential cause of thrombocytopenia. His platelet counts completely normalised after the substitution of his haemodialysis membrane. We concluded that our patient had haemodialysis-induced thrombocytopenia, most likely secondary to electron-beam sterilisation.
Hemiscrotal agenesis with complete testicular descent in Van der Woude syndrome: a new phenotypic feature
Authors: Eliezer Dilharan D , Goel Himanshu , Turner Virginia M , Deshpande Aniruddh
Published: September 2019

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) and popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) spectrum are due to genetic variants in theIRF6which phenotypically has been known to manifest with midline defects such as cleft lip and palate in VWS and additional nail, limb and genital anomalies in PPS. We report a case of VWS with the previously unrecognised phenotypic feature of hemiscrotal agenesis. While bifid scrotum has been reported in the more severe PPS, neither VWS nor PPS have previously noted hemiscrotal agenesis as part of the phenotypic picture. Hemiscrotal agenesis without evidence of any genetic anomaly has only been reported four times in the literature to date with two of these being accompanied by complete testicular descent. Treatment options include topical androgen application and/or scrotoplasty to allow for adequate testicular thermoregulation and development to occur.
Spontaneous subdural haematoma in a patient with a total artificial heart on warfarin
Authors: Moledina Saadiq , Shanmuganathan Mayooran , Pathak Suraj , Simon Andre
Published: September 2019

We present the unusual case of a middle-aged woman who developed a spontaneous subdural haematoma (SSH) while on oral anticoagulation therapy for a total artificial heart (TAH). Headache was followed by paraesthesia and numbness of the left hand. The diagnosis was made from a CT scan. Symptoms resolved with conservative management and careful control of anticoagulation. In this case report, the risk factors and pathophysiology behind this condition are explored. TAHs in their own entity are a rare phenomenon. Coupled with the highly unusual presentation of an SSH in which only a few cases have been documented, we hope to highlight the management of such a difficult case. After navigating this complication, we were able to successfully bridge this patient to a heart transplant 26 days after the SSH.
Acquired complement C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency in a patient with a rareSERPING1variant with unknown significance
Authors: Rasmussen Eva Rye , Aanæs Kasper , Jakobsen Marianne Antonius , Bygum Anette
Published: September 2019

Angioedema (AE) is caused by a wide range of diseases and pharmaceuticals; it can become life-threatening when located to the airways. Patients with deficiency or malfunction of complement C1 esterase inhibitor (hereditary or acquired) experience recurrent AE due to an accumulation of the vasoactive mediator bradykinin (BK). Complement C1 inhibitor normally decreases BK production, so a reduced function hereof causes increased levels. The diagnosis of hereditary or acquired AE can be difficult due to similarities to allergic reactions (swelling, abdominal pain, rash). We describe a 35-year-old man presenting with upper-airway AE progressing rapidly and promptly required cricothyroidotomy. Complement and autoantibody screening together with sequencing ofSERPING1were performed and gave the diagnosis of acquired complement C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. The patient is unusual to have this disease before the age of 40 years. No associated comorbidities were found. It is important to know that antiallergic medication is not effective in BK-mediated AE.
Flow-directed micro-catheterisation technique over a detachable coil
Authors: Ullman Henrik , Jones Jesse , Kaneko Naoki , Tateshima Satoshi
Published: September 2019

Embolisation of neonatal arteriovenous shunts poses several challenges: tortuous and fragile vessels, limited contrast volume and few specialised paediatric endovascular devices. In a 9-day-old patient with a choroidal type vein of Galen malformation we encountered an extremely tortuous posterior choroidal artery pedicle during endovascular treatment. After attempted selection using a traditional over-the-wire technique, we advanced a platinum coil through the micro-catheter. High flow within the feeder directed the soft and malleable coil anterograde. We then advanced the catheter over the coil’s pusher wire in a facile manner to an ideal position for embolisation. This approach may be especially useful in cases requiring coil/vinyl-based liquid embolics, given that the only flow-directed micro-catheter available to most operators is compatible with n-Butyl cyanoacrylate alone. Moreover, the soft distal portion of coil may impart a safety benefit over traditional guidewires in easily perforated neonatal vasculature.
Individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and schizophrenia: cross-sectional analyses using the evidence from 1.9 million Chinese adults
Authors: Luo Yanan , Zhang Lei , He Ping , Pang Lihua , Guo Chao , Zheng Xiaoying
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Health disparities in schizophrenia are well established. However, it is less understood whether area-level socioeconomic status (SES) is differentially associated with schizophrenia depending on individual-level SES. Therefore, using a nationally large representative data, this study investigated the association between individual-level SES, area-level SES and their interaction with schizophrenia in Chinese adults from a multilevel perspective.

Setting

Household interviews in 734 counties (districts), 2980 towns (streets) and 5964 communities (villages) from 31 provinces, People's Republic of China, as part of the cross-sectional survey of Second China National Sample Survey on Disability.

Participants

1 909 205 men and women aged 18 years old and above.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

A screen followed by clinical diagnosis was used to identify schizophrenia, and schizophrenia was ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (code F20).

Results

1-SD increase in individual SES was associated with decreased risk of schizophrenia (OR=0.45,95% CI0.43 to 0.46). 1-SD increase in area-level SES was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (OR=1.30,95% CI1.24 to 1.37). The interaction of individual SES and area-level SES was statistically significant (OR=1.05,95% CI1.02 to 1.08); as the level of area SES increased, schizophrenia risk of lower SES people grew faster than the risk of higher SES people.

Conclusions

Area-level SES is particularly important to mental health of low SES individuals, with low SES people in high SES counties having the highest risk of schizophrenia than other groups. Action to reduce SES disparities in schizophrenia will require attention to the area-level context of low SES adults.