bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Two Noble Kinsmen: Internal and Legal Transparency in the WTO and Their Connection to Preferential and Regional Trade Agreements
Authors: Panezi Maria
Published: March 2017

The proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) has given rise to significant debate on the need to measure, understand and possibly regulate the impact these agreements have on the multilateral trading system under the umbrella of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This article will discuss the two Doha Transparency Mechanisms (legal transparency) regarding regional trade agreements, as they appear in two General Council decisions from 2006 and 2010. I will argue based on a closer look and a consistent interpretation of Paragraph 10 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration that there is another type of transparency that is relevant to the discussion on PTAs/RTAs, namely “internal transparency.” “Internal transparency stricto sensu” highlights the significance of trust in the WTO institutional processes, such as negotiations, decision-making, dispute settlement and trade monitoring that the representatives of developing member states should have in order for the WTO system to function productively. “Internal transparency lato sensu” is introduced in this article as an extension to include any decision-making deficits, exclusionary and asymmetrical outcomes specifically in the area of unchecked Preferential Trade Agreement proliferation. Instead of a conclusion, the article offers some proposals for more a meaningful progress in the WTO with respect to PTAs/RTAs The proposals aim at raising the profile of both legal and internal of transparency and posit that raising the profile of one will inevitably lead in improvements in the other.
Analysis of Power Supply Heating Effect during High Temperature Experiments Based on the Electromagnetic Steel Teeming Technology
Authors: He Ming , Wang Qiang , Liu Xin’an , Shi Chunyang , Liu Tie , He Jicheng
Published: March 2017

For further lowering inclusions and improving the quality of steel, a new electromagnetic steel-teeming technology based on electromagnetic induction heating was proposed. To assess the proposed technology, an experimental platform that imitates the actual production condition of steelmakers was established. High temperature experiments were performed to investigate the melting length of Fe-C alloy under different power and frequency conditions. The heating effect was analyzed, and the method of magnetic shielding to reduce the power loss of power supply was put forward. The results show that when the power is 40 kW and frequency is 25 kHz, the melting length of the Fe-C alloy is 89.2 mm in 120 s, which meets the requirements of steel teeming. In addition, when magnetic shielding material is installed under the induction coil, the power loss is reduced by about 64 %, effectively improving the heating effect of power supply.
Methanol Steam Reforming in a Spiral-Shaped Microchannel Reactor over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: heidarzadeh Meisam , Taghizadeh Majid
Published: March 2017

Hydrogen production in microchannel reactor by reforming reaction is applied for fuel cells in order to effectively avoid the problem of hydrogen storage. In this study, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of methanol steam reforming process was studied for the purpose of producing hydrogen in an annular microchannel coated with Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. The modeling mechanism included methanol reforming reaction, methanol decomposition, and water-gas shift reaction. Furthermore, the effects of temperature variations were investigated and the conducted surveys were compared with the experimental results. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data in that the temperature increases at various feed flow rates would lead to enhanced amounts of carbon monoxide and dioxide, while at a constant temperature, the amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide and dioxide reduce with increasing feed flow rates.
Nonlinear Dissipation Heat Devices in Finite-Time Thermodynamics: An Analysis of the Trade-Off Optimization
Authors: Lu Can-can , Bai Long
Published: March 2017

The nonlinear dissipation heat devices are proposed by means of generalizing the low-dissipation heat devices to the quadratic order case. The dimensionless formulas of the output (input) power and the efficiency (coefficient of performance) for the nonlinear dissipation heat engines (refrigerators) are derived in terms of characteristic parameters for heat devices and the dimensional analysis. Based on the trade-off criterion, the optimal performance of the nonlinear dissipation heat devices is discussed in depth, and some system-specific properties for the nonlinear dissipation heat devices under the trade-off optimization are also uncovered. Our results may provide practical insight for designing actual heat engines and refrigerators.
Evaluating regional variability in the use of the most commonly requested laboratory tests in primary care in Spain: data from the multi-center national scale REDCONLAB initiative
Authors: Salinas Maria , Lopez-Garrigos Maite , Flores Emilio , Leiva-Salinas Carlos
Published: March 2017

Background:

The aim was to study the regional variability in the request of the ten most frequently ordered laboratory tests in primary care in Spain.

Methods:

Spain is divided into autonomous communities (AACC), first level health care divisions. Every AACC is divided into health departments (HDs). A laboratory attends the needs of every HD inhabitant. Laboratories from different HDs participated in the study. They reported the request of the ten most commonly requested laboratory tests in primary care during the year 2014 according to prior evidence: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, creatinine, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and urinalysis. Test-utilization rates were calculated as tests per 1000 inhabitants. Laboratories were grouped in the different AACC and the results for each region were compared using the coefficient of quartile dispersion (CQD), calculated using the first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles for each data set, as follows: (Q3−Q1)/(Q3+Q1).

Results:

One hundred and ten laboratories participated, corresponding to 27,798,262 inhabitants (59.8% Spanish population) from 15 AACC. 82,710,869 tests were requested. AST, GGT and uric acid showed the greatest variation.

Conclusions:

There were significant regional differences in how the most common laboratory tests were ordered in Spain.
Spectroscopic investigation of defects in two-dimensional materials
Authors: Wu Zhangting , Ni Zhenhua
Published: March 2017

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been extensively studied in recent years due to their unique properties and great potential for applications. Different types of structural defects could present in 2D materials and have strong influence on their properties. Optical spectroscopic techniques, e.g. Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, have been widely used for defect characterization in 2D materials. In this review, we briefly introduce different types of defects and discuss their effects on the mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties of 2D materials. Then, we review the recent progress on Raman and PL spectroscopic investigation of defects in 2D materials, i.e. identifying of the nature of defects and also quantifying the numbers of defects. Finally, we highlight perspectives on defect characterization and engineering in 2D materials.
Hydrogel based 3D carriers in the application of stem cell therapy by direct injection
Authors: Luan Chengxin , Liu Ping , Chen Runzhe , Chen Baoan
Published: March 2017

Compared with systematic administration such as peripheral intravenous infusion, stem cell therapy by direct injection is theoretically more effective, but some technical barriers such as low stem cell retention rate and low engraftment rate still need to be overcome before its application in humans. Stem cell therapy supported by hydrogel carriers has been increasingly studied in recent years. These hydrogels with properties similar to natural tissues are able to fabricate various forms of carriers, which includein situforming hydrogels,ex situforming hydrogels, surface immobilization carriers, microencapsules, and microgels. Some of them are 3D carriers and promise to overcome the technical barriers of stem cell therapy by direct injection. They have different characteristics, application, and prospect in the application of stem cell therapy by direct injection, which is summarized by this review.
Monitoring of the injection and holding phases by using a modular injection mold
Authors: Sykutera Dariusz , Czyżewski Piotr , Kościuszko Artur , Szewczykowski Piotr , Wajer Łukasz , Bieliński Marek
Published: March 2017

Introducing pressure and temperature sensors into the mold cavity allows us to determine the rheological properties of the polymeric materials being processed. Furthermore, signals registered by sensors inside the mold cavity allow us to monitor the injection and holding phases as well as the subsequent solidification of the polymer melt. The aim of this research work was to verify the operational abilities of a laboratory injection mold with pressure and temperature sensors and was designed for research purposes. Standardized test pieces to investigate the mechanical properties of polymeric materials were obtained by using a laboratory injection mold. This article presents the investigation results of the influence of microcellular foaming of polyamide on the conditions inside an injection mold cavity. Apparent viscosity fluctuations of polymer melt in subsequent processing cycles were investigated as well. Additionally, the effect of changes in the injection speed of the polypropylene melt on its rheological parameters were investigated.
Topological methods for complex intermetallics
Authors: Akhmetshina Tatiana G. , Blatov Vladislav A.
Published: March 2017

We show how the topological methods realized in the so-called nanocluster approach can be applied to elucidating extremely complex intermetallic compounds. We have constructed the nanocluster models for the most complicated cubic structures and collected the motifs of their nanocluster assembling. These motifs are revealed to be similar to the most typical motifs in simple intermetallics. The most complicated nanoclusters up to 4273-atom nine-shell building unit in Al55.4Cu5.4Ta39.1 (ACT-71) are isolated and deposited in the topological types of nanoclusters collection.
Echocardiographic Measures of Strain and Prognosis
Authors: Huynh Quan L. , Marwick Thomas H.
Published: March 2017

Echocardiography is the most frequently used imaging modality to determine cardiac function. Left ventricular ejection fraction the most widely used parameter for evaluation of systolic function, provides important prognostic value in clinical practice, and forms part of the evidence base for many decisions about cardiovascular care. However, ejection fraction has several substantial limitations and is insensitive to subtle changes in systolic function. The assessment of myocardial deformation with echocardiography has been studied for two decades, and is increasingly used in the clinical setting. This technique can precisely characterize the mechanics of myocardial contraction and relaxation. The most commonly used parameter is global longitudinal strain, which is more sensitive than ejection fraction for the measurement of systolic function. This review focuses on the prognostic value of global longitudinal strain in predicting adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease.
Optogenetic Activation of Accessory Olfactory Bulb Input to the Forebrain Differentially Modulates Investigation of Opposite versus Same-Sex Urinary Chemosignals and Stimulates Mating in Male Mice
Authors: Kunkhyen Tenzin , McCarthy Elizabeth A. , Korzan Wayne J. , Doctor Danielle , Han Xue , Baum Michael J. , Cherry James A.
Published: March 2017

Surgical or genetic disruption of vomeronasal organ (VNO)-accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) function previously eliminated the ability of male mice to processes pheromones that elicit territorial behavior and aggression. By contrast, neither disruption significantly affected mating behaviors, although VNO lesions reduced males’ investigation of nonvolatile female pheromones. We explored the contribution of VNO-AOB pheromonal processing to male courtship using optogenetic activation of AOB projections to the forebrain. Protocadherin-Cre male transgenic mice received bilateral AOB infections with channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) viral vectors, and an optical fiber was implanted above the AOB. In olfactory choice tests, males preferred estrous female urine (EFU) over water; however, this preference was eliminated when diluted (5%) EFU was substituted for 100% EFU. Optogenetic AOB activation concurrent with nasal contact significantly augmented males’ investigation compared to 5% EFU alone. Conversely, concurrent optogenetic AOB activation significantly reduced males’ nasal investigation of diluted urine from gonadally intact males (5% IMU) compared to 5% IMU alone. These divergent effects of AOB optogenetic activation were lost when males were prevented from making direct nasal contact. Optogenetic AOB stimulation also failed to augment males’ nasal investigation of deionized water or of food odors. Finally, during mating tests, optogenetic AOB stimulation delivered for 30 s when the male was in physical contact with an estrous female significantly facilitated the occurrence of penile intromission. Our results suggest that VNO-AOB signaling differentially modifies males’ motivation to seek out female vs male urinary pheromones while augmenting males’ sexual arousal leading to intromission and improved reproductive performance.
Alteration of Neuronal Excitability and Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity in the Prefrontal Cortex of a Mouse Model of Mental Illness
Authors: Crabtree Gregg W. , Sun Ziyi , Kvajo Mirna , Broek Jantine A.C. , Fénelon Karine , McKellar Heather , Xiao Lan , Xu Bin , Bahn Sabine , O'Donnell James M. , Gogos Joseph A.
Published: March 2017

Using a genetic mouse model that faithfully recapitulates aDISC1genetic alteration strongly associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, we examined the impact of this mutation within the prefrontal cortex. Although cortical layering, cytoarchitecture, and proteome were found to be largely unaffected, electrophysiological examination of the mPFC revealed both neuronal hyperexcitability and alterations in short-term synaptic plasticity consistent with enhanced neurotransmitter release. Increased excitability of layer II/III pyramidal neurons was accompanied by consistent reductions in voltage-activated potassium currents near the action potential threshold as well as by enhanced recruitment of inputs arising from superficial layers to layer V. We further observed reductions in both the paired-pulse ratios and the enhanced short-term depression of layer V synapses arising from superficial layers consistent with enhanced neurotransmitter release at these synapses. Recordings from layer II/III pyramidal neurons revealed action potential widening that could account for enhanced neurotransmitter release. Significantly, we found that reduced functional expression of the voltage-dependent potassium channel subunit Kv1.1 substantially contributes to both the excitability and short-term plasticity alterations that we observed. The underlying dysregulation of Kv1.1 expression was attributable to cAMP elevations in the PFC secondary to reduced phosphodiesterase 4 activity present in Disc1 deficiency and was rescued by pharmacological blockade of adenylate cyclase. Our results demonstrate a potentially devastating impact of Disc1 deficiency on neural circuit function, partly due to Kv1.1 dysregulation that leads to a dual dysfunction consisting of enhanced neuronal excitability and altered short-term synaptic plasticity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSchizophrenia is a profoundly disabling psychiatric illness with a devastating impact not only upon the afflicted but also upon their families and the broader society. Although the underlying causes of schizophrenia remain poorly understood, a growing body of studies has identified and strongly implicated various specific risk genes in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Here, using a genetic mouse model, we explored the impact of one of the most highly penetrant schizophrenia risk genes,DISC1, upon the medial prefrontal cortex, the region believed to be most prominently dysfunctional in schizophrenia. We found substantial derangements in both neuronal excitability and short-term synaptic plasticity—parameters that critically govern neural circuit information processing—suggesting that similar changes may critically, and more broadly, underlie the neural computational dysfunction prototypical of schizophrenia.
Nonhomologous End-Joining with Minimal Sequence Loss Is Promoted by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1-Ctp1 Complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Li Yanhui , Wang Jinyu , Zhou Gang , Lajeunesse Michael , Le Nga , Stawicki Brittany N , Corcino Yalitza Lopez , Berkner Kathleen L , Runge Kurt W
Published: March 2017

While the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex has known roles in repair processes like homologous recombination and microhomology-mediated end-joining, its role in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) is unclear as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and mammals have different requirements for repairing cut DNA ends. Most double-strand breaks (DSBs) require nucleolytic processing prior to DNA ligation. Therefore, we studied repair using the Hermes transposon, whose excision leaves a DSB capped by hairpin ends similar to structures generated by palindromes and trinucleotide repeats. We generated single Hermes insertions using a novel S. pombe transient transfection system, and used Hermes excision to show a requirement for MRN in the NHEJ of nonligatable ends. NHEJ repair was indicated by the >1000-fold decrease in excision in cells lacking Ku or DNA ligase 4. Most repaired excision sites had <5 bp of sequence loss or mutation, characteristic for NHEJ and similar excision events in metazoans, and in contrast to the more extensive loss seen in S. cerevisiae. S. pombe NHEJ was reduced >1000-fold in cells lacking each MRN subunit, and loss of MRN-associated Ctp1 caused a 30-fold reduction. An Mre11 dimer is thought to hold DNA ends together for repair, and Mre11 dimerization domain mutations reduced repair 300-fold. In contrast, a mre11 mutant defective in endonucleolytic activity, the same mutant lacking Ctp1, or the triple mutant also lacking the putative hairpin nuclease Pso2 showed wild-type levels of repair. Thus, MRN may act to recruit the hairpin opening activity that allows subsequent repair.
Religiosity and Islamic Banking Product Decision: Survey on Employees of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia
Authors: Soma Abdul Mukti , Primiana Ina , Wiryono Sudarso K , Febrian Erie
Published: March 2017

The objective of this research is to examine the religiosity on Islamic banking product decision. A survey method was employed using a sample of 2.627 employees at different level of education, level of income, gender, age, marital status, length of service, work location (provincial based), ownership of conventional banking products as well as ownership of sharia banking products among employees of PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia. The study also developed valid and reliable scales for religiosity and selection of sharia banking product.  The ﬁndings of the study revealed that dimensions of religiosity affected understanding of Islamic Banking Concept and also affected Bank Selection Criteria. Future research is required to investigate private employees and semi government employees, even in military institutions to find different figure of religiosity and preference of sharia banking products, by identifying the speciﬁc areas of religiosity that have particular impact in determining the sharia banking products.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v16i1.4379
The moss genus Aulacopilum (Erpodiaceae, Bryophyta) new to the Eastern Ghats in Peninsular India
Authors: Biju P. M. , Asha V. , Daniels A. E. D.
Published: March 2017

Aulacopilum beccarii, earlier known from the Western Ghats for India is added here to the moss flora of the Eastern Ghats. This record is just the second for Asia and India as well, and on the other hand, the genus is new to the Eastern Ghats. A brief description with figures and a photographic plate are provided.
El subgénero Heteropsychotria (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae) en México y Mesoamerica
Authors: Borhidi A. L.
Published: March 2017

Morphological and molecular studies show that many species classified in Psychotria L. subgen. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. belong to other genera, as Margaritopsis C. Wright, Carapichea Aubl., Notopleura (Oerst.) Bremekamp, and to Palicourea Aubl. (Andersson 2001, 2002a, b, Nepokroeff 1997, Nepokroeff et al. 1999, Razafimandimbison et al. 2014, Taylor 2001, 2005, Taylor and Gereau 2013). In the Flora Mesoamericana a large amount of the species classified originally as members of the subgen. Heteropsychotria are treated in the frame of the first mentioned genera but 70 species and 2 subspecies remained in the Psychotria L. (Taylor 2012). They were distinguished as members of the subgenus Heteropsychotria, although 23 of them were transferred earlier to Palicourea Aubl. (Borhidi 2011). Recently Borhidi and his coauthors revised the fruit and seed morphology of the Mexican and Meso american Psychotria and Palicourea species and described two new genera having different pyrene types and flowers (Borhidi et al. 2015). To complete the list of the Mesoamerican species belonging to Palicourea Aubl. subgenus Heteropsychotria Steyerm. 35 new combinations are made.
Antifungal influence of a melanin producer Pseudonadsoniella brunnea culture fluid on Gibberella fujikuroi (anamorph: Fusarium verticillioides)
Authors: Kondratiuk T. , Beregova T. , Ostapchenko L.
Published: March 2017

The influence of culture fluid of a yeast-like fungus, melanin producer Pseudonadsoniella brunnea (Meripilaceae, Agaricomycotina) on pathogenic fungi of the genus Gibberella (anamorph of Gibberella fujikuroi, i.e.: Fusarium verticillioides) (Nectriaceae, Ascomycotina) is studied by using the agar diffusion method. The stable fungicidal effect of Ps. brunnea culture fluid on pathogenic fungi investigated found to be present. The diameter of the zones of absence of growth of test cultures of pathogenic fungi, those testified the fungicidal impact of Ps. brunnea culture fluid, found to be similar to the action of biocides belonging to the class of quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride).
Cololejeunea manilalia (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta), a new species from the Western Ghats of India
Authors: Manju C. N. , Chandini V. K. , Rajesh K. P.
Published: March 2017

Cololejeunea manilalia sp. nov., an epiphyllous leafy liverwort, collected from the high altitude, tropical wet evergreen shola (cloud forest) of the New Amarambalam Reserved Forest in the Western Ghats of India is described and illustrated.
Abdominal tuberculosis: a radiological review with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Rocha Eduardo Lima da , Pedrassa Bruno Cheregati , Bormann Renata Lilian , Kierszenbaum Marcelo Longo , Torres Lucas Rios , D’Ippolito Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

Abstract Tuberculosis is a disease whose incidence has increased principally as a consequence of HIV infection and use of immunosuppressive drugs. The abdomen is the most common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It may be confused with several different conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, cancer and other infectious diseases. Delay in the diagnosis may result in significantly increased morbidity, and therefore an early recognition of the condition is essential for proper treatment. In the present essay, cases with confirmed diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis were assessed by means of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, demonstrating the involvement of different organs and systems, and presentations which frequently lead radiologists to a diagnostic dilemma. A brief literature review was focused on imaging findings and their respective prevalence.
Relationship between the functional status constructs and quality of life in COPD
Authors: Santos Karoliny dos , Karloh Manuela , Araujo Cintia Laura Pereira de , D’Aquino Andrezza Brognoli , Mayer Anamaria Fleig
Published: March 2017

Introduction Functional status is an important component of health related quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However there is a lack of studies aiming to evaluate the association between QOL and the different methods for assessing patient´s limitation to perform ADL. Objectives To investigate the association between QOL and functional status, measured by four different instruments: London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale (LCADL), six-minute walking test (6MWT), Glittre ADL-test (TGlittre) and assessment of physical activities in daily living (PADL). Methods Twenty-three patients with COPD, GOLD 2 to 4, were submitted to the following evaluations: spirometry, the Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), LCADL, 6MWT, TGlittre and assessment of PADL. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients were used to verify the association between the variables. Results It was observed correlation between all domains of the SGRQ and the 6MWT, between TGlittre and ‘leisure’ domain of LCADL; and between the domain ‘activity’ of the SGRQ with the total score of LCADL (r = 0.53), LCADL% (r = 0.54), ‘self care’ (r = 0.49) and ‘leisure’ (r = 0.82). The number of steps correlated with the SGRQ (r = -0.59) and with ‘activity’ (r = -0.70) and ‘impact’ (r = -0.52) domains. The standing time correlated with the domain ‘activitiy’ (r = -0.47) of the SGRQ (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions Both functional performance and capacity are able to reflect the impact that ADL limitation has on QOL in patients with COPD
Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Polish soils
Authors: Tumialis Dorota , Pezowicz Elżbieta , Skrzecz Iwona , Mazurkiewicz Anna , Maszewska Justyna , Pietraszczyk Joanna Jarmuł , Kucharska Kornelia
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes ( Steinernematidaeand Heterorhabditidae) were studied in Polish soils according to the: season, habitat and altitude. In total, 167 soil samples were taken from 111 localities in Poland along north-south transect. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from 53 soil samples (31.7%). Nematodes species were identified genetically from 16 samples, and in all other 37 samples nematodes were determined to the genus level. Three species of the genus Steinernema ( Steinernema kraussei, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae) and one of the genus Heterorhabditis( Heterorhabditis megidis) were recorded. Steinernema feltiaewas the most common species. There was not a significant association between the occurrence of nematodes and season or altitude. The type of habitat significantly (P<0.05) affected the occurrence of nematodes. Nematodes were most frequent in samples collected from coniferous forests (20 findings).
Atenção pré-hospitalar móvel às urgências: análise de implantação no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: O’Dwyer Gisele , Machado Cristiani Vieira , Alves Renan Paes , Salvador Fernanda Gonçalves
Published: March 2017

Resumo O atendimento às urgências tem como componente primordial a atenção pré-hospitalar móvel. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a implantação do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia envolveu análise documental, visitas a seis Centrais de Regulação do SAMU e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 gestores estaduais e locais da área de urgências. O referencial analítico foi a Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens. Observaram-se conflitos intergovernamentais entre estado e municípios e entre municípios. Apesar da insuficiência de leitos, os SAMU do interior do estado estavam mais articulados à rede de atenção às urgências do que os metropolitanos. Os comitês gestores eram pouco ativos e a atuação do estado frágil no financiamento, na gestão e no monitoramento. Conclui-se que o processo de implantação dos SAMU no estado foi marcado por tensões políticas e fragilidades de gestão e coordenação. Em consequência, persistem sérios limites na articulação dos SAMU com os demais serviços e na regionalização da atenção às urgências no estado.
Observations on flower visitors to Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. and Couratari tenuicarpa A.C. Sm. (Lecythidaceae)
Authors: Nelson Β. W. , Absy Μ. L. , Barbosa Ε. Μ. , Prance G. Τ.
Published: March 2017

Bees visiting flowers of Bertholletia excelsa. (Brazil Nut tree) and Couratari tenuicarpa were collected, their behavior described and the pollen found clinging to their dorsal thorax and stored on their legs was identified. Female bees of Xylocopa frontalis(Olivier) and males of Eulaema mocsaryi (Friese) are apparently effective pollinators of Couratari in igapó near Manaus. Female bees of Euplusia seabrai Moure in litt., Epicharis umbraculata (Fabricius), Epicharis rustica (Olivier) and Eulaema nigrita(Lepeletier), as well as male bees of Eulaema cingulata(Fabricius) and Eulaema nigrita are apparently effective pollinators of adult Brazil Nut trees in the Aleixo plantation near Manaus. Only large bees capable of uncurling the floral androecium can effectively pollinate Couratari or Bertholletia.Pollen analysis indicated that all bees captured carried pollen of the host tree in question and had been foraging on flowers of plant species common in secondary growth. Secondary growth near the Aleixo plantation supports a bee guild which appeared to effectively pollinate almost every flower on the Brazil Nut tree studied. Proximity to primary forest (and to those Euglossine bee species which occur only in primary forest) therefore does not appear to be necessary for pollination of Brazil Nut trees.In the Aleixo plantation chronic low fruit set is probably due to some factor other than pollination. Since natural occurrences of Brazil Nut trees to the north and south of Manaus are associated with a higher soil fertility, low production at the Aleixo plantation may be due to deficiencies of the soil.
Análise química e perfil farmacológico do Erythroxylum argentinum
Authors: Takahashi Reinaldo N. , Calixto João Β. , Costa Inés M. , Lima Thereza C. M. , Morato Gina S. , Nicolau Mauro , Rae Giles A. , Valle Rosa M. R. , Yunes Rosendo A.
Published: March 2017

Foram efetuados estudos químicos e farmacológicos dos extratos brutos hidroalcóolicos obtidos das folhas ou das raízes de E. argentinum ou de frações semi-purificadas desta planta. Os testes químicos revelaram a existência de alcalóides, fitoesteróides, leucoantocianidinas, glicosídeos flavonóides, cumarinas e taninos. A análise farmacológica in vivo demonstrou que o extrato das folhas é menos tóxico que o da raiz. Tanto o extrato bruto como as frações semi-purificadas obtidas das folhas reduziram a locomoção e pressão arterial de rato e potenciaram o sono barbiturico em camundongos. O extrato bruto, principalmente o da raiz, reduziu o edema induzido por carragenina na pata de rato. Testes in vitro demonstraram que o extrato bruto ou as frações semi-purificadas das folhas produziram uma ação semelhante à cocaína avaliada no canal deferente de rato. Além disso, o extrato bruto produziu relaxamento inespecífico no útero de rata e contração do íleo de cobaia. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que esta planta possui constituintes ativos dotados de distintas propriedades farmacológicas, destacando-se o efeito anti-inflamatório, além de uma ação tipo cocaína, merecendo, portanto, estudos químicos e farmacológicos complementares.
Perfil nutricional da dieta dos pré-escolares do município de Nhamundá-AM, Brasil
Authors: YUYAMA Lúcia K. O. , AGUIAR Jaime P. L. , MACEDO Sonja H. Madeira , YONEKURA Lina , ΝAGAHAMA Dionísia , ALENCAR Fernando Hélio
Published: March 2017

Determinou-se os constituintes nutricionais das dietas dos pré-escolares do Município de Nhamundá-AM, seguido da adequação dos mesmos. Utilizou-se a técnica de amostragem da porção em duplicata, que consistiu em coletar todos os alimentos e bebidas consumidos durante um dia para a avaliação dietética. Os resultados mostraram uma baixa adequação calórica, além das deficiências para os elementos minerais ferro, cálcio e zinco.
Resistência á submersão de ácaros (Acari: Ribatida) terrestres de florestas inundáveis e de terra firme na Amazônia central em condições experimentais de laboratório
Authors: FRANKLIN Elizabeth Ν. , GUIMARÃES Rosiletez L. , ADIS Joachim , SCHUBART Herbert O. R.
Published: March 2017

Espécimens de Rostrozetes foveolatus foram obtidos de duas florestas inundáveis (várzea e igapó) e de duas florestas secundárias (terra firme) da Amazônia Central. As populações foram comparadas para a obtenção da taxa de sobrevivência em experimentos de laboratório nas condições submersas e não submersas. As coletas no igapó foram efetuadas em três períodos de 1992: antes (fevereiro: serapilheira não submersa), no início (abril: serapilheira submersa) e no pico da inundação (julho: serapilheira submersa). No igapó, os animais sobreviveram melhor em condição não submersa, significando que a submersão é um fator de estresse. O mesmo não ocorreu na várzea, indicando que esta população está melhor adaptada ao estresse da submersão. A menor resistência à submersão (27 dias) foi registrada nos animais de uma floresta secundária da terra firme, situada longe do igapó. Na população da terra firme próxima ao igapó, a resistência a submersão foi comparável à registrada para as populações das áreas inundáveis e maior do que a registrada em terra firme longe do igapó. Em experimentos com animais coletados em fevereiro de 1996 (mantidos individualmente em recipientes plásticos), as populações das florestas inundáveis tiveram taxa de sobrevivência significativamente maior em relação aos das florestas não inundáveis. Três situações foram registradas quanto a resistência à submersão: a) a da várzea, com população mais resistente, b) a do igapó, com uma população intermediária e c) a da terra-firme longe do igapó, com uma população menos resistente. Em doze das outras quinze espécies estudadas foi registrada alta resistência às condições de submersão.
Composição química e percentual de adequação da dieta dos servidores do instituto nacional de pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
Authors: NAGAHAMA Dionisia , YUYAMA Lúcia K. O. , AGUIAR Jaime P. L. , MACEDO Sonja Η. M. , YONEKURA Lina , ALENCAR Fernando H. , FÁVARO Deborah I. T. , AFONSO Claudia , VASCONCELOS Marina B. A.
Published: March 2017

Foi avaliada a composição química e percentual de adequação das dietas coletadas por meio da porção em duplicata de 36 servidores do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se uma diversificação de alimentos frequentemente consumidos, dentre eles: açúcar (91,7%), arroz (80,6%), café (77,8%), leite (72,3%), carne bovina e pão (63,9%), farinha de mandioca (58,4%), batata inglesa (55,6%), feijão (50,04%), aves (38,9%), banana, cenoura e embutidos (33,4%), ovo, refrigerantes e tomate (30,6%). Considerando as recomendações nutricionais para a faixa etária de 25 a 50 anos, as adequações calóricas foram 40% e 52,7% para homens e mulheres respectivamente, protéica 76,4% (homens) e 96,3% (mulheres). Os minerais Ca, Mg e Zn (homens) apresentaram adequação inferior a 50%, enquanto que o Fe apresentou adequação de 89,1% (homens) e 59.4% (mulheres). Os minerais Na, Cu, Cl, Cr e I apresentaram valores acima do recomendado em ambos os sexos. Apesar da grande variedade de alimentos ingeridos por esta população, verificou-se valores limitantes para a maioria dos nutrientes, independentemente do sexo. Mesmo pertencendo a um nível sócio-cultural mais privilegiado, fica patente a importância da orientação alimentar a esse grupo populacional, pois é um dos pontos principais no que concerne as condições de saúde e nutrição da população.
Avaliação dos Hospitais de Ensino no Brasil: uma Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Nogueira Denise Lima , Lira Geison Vasconcelos , Albuquerque Izabelle Mont’Alverne Napoleão , Linhares Maria Socorro Carneiro
Published: March 2017

Hospitais de ensino (HE) são aqueles que desenvolvem ações de docência, pesquisa e prestação de serviço de alta complexidade, sendo necessárias, portanto, qualidade e integralidade em suas ações, pautadas nos princípios e diretrizes do SUS. Este estudo analisa a produção científica sobre a avaliação dos hospitais de ensino. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática,de julho a setembro de 2013, nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs, Medline e SciELO, utilizando como orientador da busca o descritor “hospitais de ensino”e como critérios de inclusão: artigos que discutissem avaliação dos HEs; desenvolvidos no Brasil; disponíveis na íntegra e em português; e publicados após 2004. Assim, foram incluídos dez artigos que, por atenderem aos nossos interesses de investigação, foram lidos na íntegra e posteriormente discutidos. A revisão indicou que os estudos existentes são insuficientes para avaliar o desempenho dos HEs, sendo necessárias novas pesquisas em outras regiões do País, com abordagens metodológicas qualitativas e mistas para o desenvolvimento dessa avaliação.
Associação entre os achados do questionário de disfagia M. D. Anderson e a videofluoroscopia da deglutição após tratamento do câncer de cabeça e pescoço
Authors: Andrade Margareth Souza , Gonçalves Aline Nogueira , Guedes Renata Lígia Vieira , Barcelos Camila Barbosa , Slobodticov Luciana Dall’Agnol Siqueira , Lopes Simone Aparecida Claudino , Francisco Ana Lúcia Noronha , Angelis Elisabete Carrara de
Published: March 2017

RESUMO Introdução A utilização de questionários sintoma-específicos no câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) em conjunto com avaliações objetivas da deglutição pode ser sensível às mudanças na qualidade de vida (QV) decorrentes da disfagia, porém é uma ferramenta pouco utilizada como complemento de avaliações clínicas. Objetivo analisar a associação entre o questionário de disfagia M. D. Anderson (MDADI) com a videofluoroscopia (VF) da deglutição em pacientes tratados do CCP. Método Estudo retrospectivo, com revisão de prontuários, dados da VF e do questionário de disfagia MDADI. Foram incluídos indivíduos maiores de 18 anos, tratados do câncer de cavidade oral, orofaringe, hipofaringe e laringe, independentemente do tratamento curativo. Para o exame de VF, foram consideradas as deglutições de 5 e 20 ml na consistência néctar. O teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre o questionário MDADI e a VF. Resultados Casuística de 39 indivíduos, predomínio de homens, 34 (87,18%), e média de idade de 61 anos. Prevalência de câncer de cavidade oral, 16 (41,03%). Vinte e dois (56,4%) possuíam estádio clínico IV. Cirurgia isolada foi o tratamento mais prevalente, 16 (41,03%). Vinte indivíduos (51,28%) se alimentavam por via oral. A média total (MT) do MDADI foi de 63,36. Na correlação da VF com o MDADI, observou-se associação significante entre MT, domínio emocional (DE) e domínio físico (DFis) com penetração para 5 ml. Penetração e aspiração com 20 ml determinou prejuízo para questão global (p=0,018 e p=0,0053), DE (p=0,0012 e p=0,027), DFis (p=0,0002 e p=0,0051) e MT (p=0,0023 e p=0,0299), respectivamente. A presença de estase não determinou piora da QV. Conclusão Pacientes tratados do CCP que apresentam penetração/aspiração demonstram impacto na qualidade de vida nos DE e DFis.
Reclamação ao STJ de decisões proferidas pelos Juizados Especiais Cíveis estaduais: quis custodiet ipsos custodes?
Authors: Jayme Fernando Gonzaga , Leroy Guilherme Costa , Silveira Thamiris D’Lazzari da
Published: March 2017

Resumo Neste artigo analisa-se a decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) que atribuiu competência ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) para processar e julgar Reclamação em face de decisões proferidas pelos Juizados Especiais Cíveis estaduais. No acórdão, o STF decidiu que enquanto o legislador não criar as Turmas de Uniformização de Jurisprudência desses juizados, o STJ exercerá competência, em sede de reclamação, para controlar a identidade das decisões proferidas pelas turmas recursais dos Juizados Especiais Cíveis estaduais com a jurisprudência do Tribunal Superior. Duas hipóteses são trabalhadas visando à demonstração da inconstitucionalidade dessa Reclamação: a primeira levanta a possibilidade de o STF proferir decisões inconstitucionais; a outra é a inconstitucionalidade formal e material da Resolução STJ n. 12/2009, editada para disciplinar o procedimento da Reclamação no âmbito do STJ. Ambas levam à conclusão de que o STF desvirtuou o sistema dos juizados especiais cíveis.
Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing
Authors: Cardoso Maria Lúcia Alves Pereira , Ramos Laís Helena , D’Innocenzo Maria
Published: March 2017

Objective : To describe the development, content analysis, and reliability of two questionnaires to assess the perception of nurse leaders, nurse technicians, and licensed practical nurses − coached in the practice of leadership and the relation with the dimensions of the coaching process. Methods : This was a methodological study with a quantitative and qualitative approach, which had the goal of instrumentation in reference to the construction and validation of measuring instruments. The instrument proposition design was based on the literature on leadership, coaching, and assessment of psychometric properties, subjected to content validation as to clarity, relevance, and applicability in order to validate the propositions through the consensus of judges, using the Delphi technique, in 2010. The final version of the questionnaires was administered to 279 nurses and 608 nurse technicians and licensed practical nurses, at two university hospitals and two private hospitals. Results : The Cronbach’s alpha value with all items of the self-perception instrument was very high (0.911). The team members’ instrument of perception showed that for all determinants and for each dimension of the coaching process, Cronbach’s overall alpha value (0.952) was considered quite high, pointing to a very strong consistency of the scale. Confirmatory analysis showed that the models were well adjusted. Conclusion : From the statistical validation we compared the possibility of reusing the questionnaires for other study samples, because there was evidence of reliability and applicability.
Legitimizing Private Actors in Global Governance: From Performance to Performativity
Authors: Krahmann Elke
Published: March 2017

Global governance is frequently criticised because of major legitimacy deficits, including lack of public accountability and democratic control. Within this context, questions about the legitimacy of non-state governance actors, such as non-governmental organizations, transnational corporations and private security companies, are neither an exception nor a surprise. Many actors have, therefore, turned to the measurement of performance, defined as publicly beneficial outcomes, in order to gain legitimacy. However, the rise of performance assessments as legitimizing practice is not without problems. Taking global security and health interventions as examples, this article contends that the immaterial, socially constructed and inherently contested nature of such public goods presents major obstacles for the assessment of performance in terms of observable, measurable and attributable outcomes. Performance is therefore frequently replaced by performativity, i.e. a focus on the repetitive enactment of specific forms of behaviour and capabilities, which are simply equated with the intended results. The implications for how global public goods are conceptualized and, ultimately, implemented are profound.
The Legitimation of Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation in Corporatist Concepts of Legal Scholars in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Collin Peter
Published: March 2017

Corporatist regulation has a hybrid structure in that it covers state regulation, regulated self-regulation as well as private-public co-regulation. Notably diverging from the standard mode of state regulation, such arrangements required a higher degree of legitimation. Corporatist concepts flourished in the Weimar Republic. This paper deals with three legal scholars’ considerations regarding how to legitimize corporatist models, namely Edgar Tatarin-Tarnheyden, Heinrich Herrfahrdt, and Friedrich Glum. Their institutional touchstone was the Imperial Economic Council, as provided for by article 165 of the Weimar Constitution. This article envisioned a multi-level system of economic councils ranging from regional economic councils up to the Imperial Economic Council and involving representatives of all occupational groups in the performance of state tasks. However, only a Provisional Imperial Economic Council, with a restricted consultative remit, was ever actually established. Based on this model, Tatarin-Tarnheyden, Heinrich Herrfahrdt, and Friedrich Glum conceptualized organizational structures aiming at the comprehensive inclusion of non-state actors. They were legitimized primarily with reference to their output; that is, these organizational forms were supposed to enable a more appropriate and efficient realization of public interests. The input-based argument was basically a question of participation, which implies considerable proximity to typical topoi of democratic legitimation. This similarity is perhaps counter-intuitive, given that corporatist concepts are traditionally associated with anti-democratic ideologies due to their anti-parliamentarian slant. The numerous points of convergence between corporatist and democratic thought simultaneously reflect the heterogeneity of democratic reasoning in the Weimar period and the openness for ideas that were sceptical of—or even hostile to—parliamentary democracy and the party-based state.
The Problem Child: Provocations Toward Dismantling the Carceral State
Authors: Meiners Erica R.
Published: March 2017

In this essay Erica R. Meiners argues that those committed to dismantling our nation's deep and racialized investments in policing and imprisoning must analyze how the flexible category of “the child,” and its figurative powers, operate in complex ways to punish communities and naturalize and expand criminalization and surveillance. Never static or neutral, childhood and its attendant characteristics, for example, innocence, are not available to all, and many, including young people, are harmed by the very laws and institutions charged with safeguarding minors. In outlining the malleability of developmental categories rooted in racialized and heteropatriarchal foundations—“child,” “juvenile”—and providing examples of how the rhetorical clout of the child is deployed to strengthen laws and policies that often do little to protect young people but instead augment carcerality, Meiners suggests that dismantling the carceral state in our classrooms and communities requires a more rigorous theorization of the artifact of the child.