bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exosome‐delivered circSATB2 targets the miR‐330‐5p/PEAK1 axis to regulate proliferation, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells
Authors: Zhu Jun , Wang Fudong , Weng Yuan , Zhao Jun
Published: September 2022

Exosomes can carry various kinds of RNAs to mediate intercellular communication. Circular RNA (circRNA) special AT‐rich sequence‐binding protein 2 (circSATB2) was identified as an oncogene in lung cancer. This study was performed to explore the association of circSATB2 with exosomes and the regulatory mechanism of circSATB2. Exosomes could transmit circSATB2 into lung cancer cells. Exosomes enhanced cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by carrying circSATB2. Exosomal circSATB2 abrogated the inhibitory effect of short hairpin (sh)‐circSATB2 on lung cancer progression. Moreover, circSATB2 promoted tumor growth in vivo via exosomes. CircSATB2 interacted with microRNA‐330‐5p (miR‐330‐5p) and miR‐330‐5p targeted pseudopodium enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1). In addition, circSATB2 affected the PEAK1 level via sponging miR‐330‐5p in lung cancer cells. All results suggested that exosomal transfer of circSATB2 contributed to the malignant development of lung cancer by acting as a sponge of miR‐330‐5p to upregulate PEAK1.
2‐month ketogenic diet preferentially alters skeletal muscle and augments cognitive function in middle aged female mice
Authors: Pathak Suraj J. , Zhou Zeyu , Steffen Danielle , Tran Tommy , Ad Yael , Ramsey Jon J. , Rutkowsky Jennifer M. , Baar Keith
Published: September 2022

The effect of a ketogenic diet (KD) on middle aged female mice is poorly understood as most of this work have been conducted in young female mice or diseased models. We have previously shown that an isocaloric KD started at middle age in male mice results in enhanced mitochondrial mass and function after 2 months on diet and improved cognitive behavior after being on diet for 14 months when compared with their control diet (CD) fed counterparts. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of an isocaloric 2‐month KD or CD on healthy 14‐month‐old female mice. At 16 months of age cognitive behavior tests were performed and then serum, skeletal muscle, cortex, and hippocampal tissues were collected for biochemical analysis. Two months on a KD resulted in enhanced cognitive behavior associated with anxiety, memory, and willingness to explore. The improved neurocognitive function was associated with increased PGC1α protein in the gastrocnemius (GTN) muscle and nuclear fraction. The KD resulted in a tissue specific increase in mitochondrial mass and kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) levels in the GTN and soleus muscles, with a corresponding decrease in kynurenine and increase in kynurenic acid levels in serum. With KAT proteins being responsible for converting kynurenine into kynurenic acid, which is unable to cross the blood brain barrier and be turned into quinolinic acid—a potent neurotoxin, this study provides a potential mechanism of crosstalk between muscle and brain in mice on a KD that may contribute to improved cognitive function in middle‐aged female mice.
‘It's not what you'd term normal smoking’: a qualitative exploration of language used to describe heated tobacco product use and associated user identity
Authors: East Katherine A. , Miller Connor R. , Hitchman Sara C. , McNeill Ann , Tompkins Charlotte N. E.
Published: September 2022

Background and aims

Tobacco and nicotine marketplaces have diversified over the past decade, including with the introduction of heated tobacco products (HTPs), such as the brand IQOS. HTPs typically heat tobacco to generate an aerosol that is inhaled. HTP nomenclature is lacking, and how HTP users define and identify themselves remains understudied. Research in this area is important because language can construct identity, and identity can shape behaviour. This study aimed to explore users' language choice when describing IQOS use, and how language relates to user identity.

Methods

Qualitative interviews in London, United Kingdom, with 30 adult current and former IQOS users. Analyses were guided by Iterative Categorization.

Results

Overall, participants expressed confusion and a lack of suitable terminology for how to describe IQOS use. Verbs such as heating and IQOSing were rarely endorsed. Most often, participants reverted to smoking when describing IQOS use and commonly referred to HEETS (tobacco sticks) as cigarettes. Yet the lack of combustion, electronic device, cleaner experience and perceived reductions in health risks led some to frame IQOS as distinct from smoking. Vaping was generally considered inappropriate for describing IQOS use. Participants also manipulated language to suit their circumstances and manage their identity, whereas some IQOS users embraced the terms smoking and smoker, most were eager to distinguish between using IQOS and being labelled a smoker because of the associated negative connotations and to align with perceptions of IQOS use as a better, less harmful behaviour. Instead, when describing their identity, IQOS users more willingly identified as vapers, or ex‐smokers, or created new identities (e.g. HEET user).

Conclusions

People who use or have used IQOS (a brand of heated tobacco product) are ambiguous about IQOS terminology. Participants in this study commonly referred to IQOS use as smoking for lack of a more suitable term, but also resisted being labelled as smokers, a choice that may influence smoking cessation. Clear terminology must be used in surveys and by healthcare professionals when asking about cigarette smoking and e‐cigarette and heated tobacco product use.
Student remote and distance research in neuroanatomy: Mapping Dscaml1 expression with a LacZ gene trap in mouse brain
Authors: Clemons Mellisa R. , Flores Alex A. , Black Cailyn X. , Murphy Molly K. , Dimico Ren H. , Fife Parker , Lee Mark D. , Camerino Michael J. , Schlussler Megan , Baielli Michael , Rogers Aspen , Bartle Amaris , Beard Reese , Cooper Rhena , Fuerst Peter G.
Published: September 2022

Undergraduate student engagement in research increases retention and degree completion, especially for students who are underrepresented in science. Several approaches have been adopted to increase research opportunities including curriculum based undergraduate research opportunities (CUREs), in which research is embedded into course content. Here we report on efforts to tackle a different challenge: providing research opportunities to students engaged in remote learning or who are learning at satellite campuses or community colleges with limited research infrastructure. In our project we engaged students learning remotely or at regional centers to map gene expression in the mouse brain. In this project we mapped expression of the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule like 1 (Dscaml1) gene in mouse brain using a LacZ expression reporter line. Identifying where Dscaml1 is expressed in the brain is an important next step in determining if its roles in development and function in the retina are conserved in the rest of the brain. Students working remotely reconstruct brain montages and annotated Dscaml1 expression in the brain of mice carrying one or two copies of the gene trap. We built on these findings by further characterizing Dscaml1 expression in inhibitory neurons of the visual pathway. These results build on and extend previous findings and demonstrate the utility of including distance learners in an active research group for both the student learners and the research team. We conclude with best practices we have developed based on this and other distance learner focused projects.
Nothing to lose but their (block)chains
Authors: PRASSE‐FREEMAN ELLIOTT
Published: September 2022

Can stateless persons become legal‐economic subjects without state ratification? Can they appropriate technologies not designed for them to create both new subjectivities and new forms of community? A Malaysia‐based nonprofit social enterprise, composed of stateless Rohingya, has been attempting to circumvent state rejection by inscribing aspects of Rohingya (in)dividuals—biometric data, genealogy information, and records of community participation—on a digital blockchain ledger. The enterprise seeks to mobilize blockchain's affordances to iteratively construct Rohingya subjects, re‐presenting them to new institutions (banks rather than humanitarians) as quasi‐legal persons, producing entities ultimately certified for “financial inclusion”—bank accounts and loans—thereby hoping to generate post‐Westphalian spaces and subjectivities. Yet, amid a revanchist nationalist resurgence in Malaysia—as with bourgeoning right‐wing populism globally—the spaces in which blockchained subjects might maneuver have narrowed, compelling our attention to the “nonsovereignty” in this project's version of “self‐sovereignty.” [blockchain, biometrics, science and technology studies, (non)sovereignty, statelessness, Malaysia, Rohingya]
Omega‐3 fatty acids in the management of dry eye disease—An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ciara O'Byrne   , O'Keeffe Michael
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of omega‐3 fatty acids in comparison to a placebo in the management of dry eye disease.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing omega‐3 versus placebo in the management of dry eye disease in human subjects. There were no language or time restrictions. Eligible trials were assessed for bias and assigned a risk‐of‐bias score. Data extraction was carried out using a standardised data extraction form, and meta‐analysis was performed using a random effects model for continuous data. The outcome measures were Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores, tear breakup time (TBUT) measurements, corneal staining and Schirmer's score. Statistical heterogeneity was defined as substantial if the I2 test achieved a value >60%.

Results

Eight parallel RCTs including 1107 subjects met eligibility criteria. None of the included studies achieved low risk of bias. Data synthesis demonstrated an improvement in the mean change in OSDI score from baseline to final assessment. Omega‐3 supplementation conferred no evident improvement in corneal staining, TBUT or Schirmer's score. There was considerable statistical heterogeneity in all four outcome measures.

Conclusions

This updated systematic review and meta‐analysis indicates that omega‐3 supplementation improves subjective symptoms in patients with dry eye disease.
Impact of self‐tonometry on glaucoma treatment decision
Authors: Quérat Laurence , Chen Enping
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of self‐tonometry on clinicians' decision in glaucoma treatment.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of 133 patients who had performed self‐tonometry using iCare® Home between January and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age over 18 years, all types of glaucoma, as well as ocular hypertension and glaucoma suspect, compliance with tonometer manufacturer's recommendations and monitoring over at least 2 days. The data consisted of age, gender, diagnosis, visual field index, rate of progression and type of treatment pre‐ and post‐intraocular pressure (IOP) phasing. The following IOP measurements were used to calculate the mean and maximum IOP, and range over each day and consecutive days: Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) measurements from referral and training visits and iCare® Home measurements made by the trainers and the patients themselves. A total of 90 patients were included.

Results

Clinicians were satisfied with the actual treatment in 54.4% of the cases. There was a statistically significant difference between the clinicians' decision to maintain same treatment or to escalate therapy for all the mean and maximum IOPs measured on each single day and over a 2‐ or 3‐day period (p < 0.002).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the presence of high IOP values obtained with self‐tonometry supports an intensification of glaucoma treatment. Self‐tonometry provides clinicians with an important complement for clinical decision‐making, and under‐ or over‐treatment may be avoided for the benefit of patients.
Premature birth did not have a pronounced impact on eating behaviour of four‐year‐old children, but some effects were observed in girls
Authors: Forsum Elisabet , Flinke Eva
Published: September 2022

Aim

Feeding of preterm‐born children has been extensively studied during infancy. Few studies have focused on later life but the available data indicate that feeding problems may persist after infancy. We studied this topic using two cohorts of full‐term and preterm‐born children.

Methods

The Children's Eating Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess the appetite, food enjoyment, pickiness and neophobia, the fear of new foods, of 347 four‐year‐old children born in 2009–2011. Of these, 179 (52% boys) were born preterm at 24 to 36 weeks and recruited from paediatric clinics in southeast Sweden. The 168 children (54% boys) born full‐term were recruited from a maternity health clinic in the same region. The parents graded 12 statements about their child's eating behaviour from very false to very true.

Results

A low gestational age at birth was associated with less reported appetite in girls. Estimates describing appetite and food enjoyment correlated with gestational age at birth in girls but not in boys. This difference between boys and girls was significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Prematurity had no major effects on food‐related behaviour in four‐year‐old children. However, some estimates of reduced appetite and food enjoyment were associated with lower gestational age at birth in girls but not in boys.
Spatial effects of institutional quality on firm performance: evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Huynh The Nguyen
Published: September 2022

The impact of national institutions on the economy has attracted research attention for decades. However, research on the influence of subnational institutions at the firm level is modest. This paper examines the spatial effects of institutional quality on firm performance using evidence from Vietnam. The model employed in the research is the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), which is used to test hypotheses on data collected from enterprise surveys in the provinces of Vietnam over the period 2011–18. The research results show that the institutional quality of a locality has a direct impact on firm performance in that locality and indirectly affects firms in adjacent localities. At the same time, enterprises in different localities not only interact spatially with each but also tend to cooperate and compete. The results also show that the control of corruption positively affects the profits of enterprises; and informal charges negatively influence firms' total factor productivity in Vietnam. These findings imply that improving the quality of subnational institutions in emerging countries such as Vietnam promotes the growth of enterprises.
Laparoscopic total gastrectomy for concurrent gastric cancer and complete agenesis of the dorsal pancreas
Authors: Namikawa Tsutomu , Utsunomiya Masato , Yokota Keiichiro , Kawanishi Yasuhiro , Munekage Masaya , Uemura Sunao , Maeda Hiromichi , Kitagawa Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Michiya , Hanazaki Kazuhiro
Published: September 2022

We present an unusual case of laparoscopic total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection in a 56‐year‐old woman with gastric cancer and agenesis of the dorsal pancreas (ADP). Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed erosive lesions with thickened gastric folds; biopsy specimens revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Abdominal contrast‐enhanced computed tomography showed a thickened wall of the gastric body; the distal pancreas was not visualized. Under the clinical diagnosis of gastric cancer with ADP, the patient underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy with standard lymphadenectomy. The absence of a pancreatic neck, body, and tail was confirmed; lymph nodes along the splenic artery were dissected. Pathological analysis demonstrated a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma invading the serosa, with five lymph node metastases. The postoperative course was unremarkable; postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using S‐1 plus oxaliplatin. No symptom recurrence was observed at the 6‐month follow‐up. Laparoscopic surgery, with careful preoperative anatomic evaluation, can be considered for concurrent gastric cancer and ADP.
Differences in cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 during the Delta and Omicron waves revealed using the ZOE app
Authors: Grau-Pérez Mercè , Garcia-Doval Ignacio
Published: September 2022

Linked Article:  Visconti et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:900–908.
Differential effects of maternal‐ and paternal‐adolescent attachments on friendship security and intimacy
Authors: Persram Ryan J. , Konishi Chiaki
Published: September 2022

The present study examined the differential contributions of adolescent‐reported maternal and paternal attachment anxiety and avoidance on friendship security and intimacy. Participants were 776 Canadian adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 years (M = 15.18, SD = 1.58) who provided ratings of their perceived attachment avoidance and anxiety towards their mothers and fathers and responded to measures of friendship security and intimacy. Findings showed that maternal and paternal attachment avoidance and not anxiety negatively predicted friendship security. Moreover, maternal attachment avoidance was negatively associated with friendship intimacy. Multigroup analyses showed that security was negatively predicted by maternal anxious attachment for junior high school boys and girls. Additionally, paternal avoidant attachment was negatively associated with friendship intimacy for junior high school boys and girls. These findings highlight the unique effects associated with maternal and paternal attachment on specific friendship features and underscore the importance of the role of fathers in adolescence.
Whatever will bore, will bore: The mere anticipation of boredom exacerbates its occurrence in lectures
Authors: Tam Katy Y. Y. , Van Tilburg Wijnand A. P. , Chan Christian S.
Published: September 2022

Background

Academic boredom is ubiquitous, and it leads to a range of adverse learning outcomes. Given that students often make estimates of how boring lectures are, does anticipating a lecture to be boring shape their actual experience of boredom?

Aims

The current research investigated whether anticipated boredom intensifies subsequent boredom felt in lectures.

Samples

We recruited undergraduate students to participate in three studies.

Methods

Study 1 (N = 121) and study 2 (N = 130) were conducted in natural university lecture environments. We found that students who anticipated a lecture to bore them more subsequently felt more bored by it. In study 3 (N = 92), we experimentally manipulated anticipated boredom before participants watched a lecture video. We found that those who were led to anticipate higher levels of boredom felt more bored by the video.

Results and Conclusions

Results converged to indicate that the mere expectation that a lecture will be boring may be sufficient to exacerbate its subsequent occurrence. We discuss these findings in the contexts of affective forecasting and education.
Who is expected to make contact? Interpretative repertoires related to an intergroup encounter between Finnish majority mothers and immigrant mothers
Authors: Riikonen Reetta , Finell Eerika , Suoninen Eero , Paajanen Paula , Stevenson Clifford
Published: September 2022

Although the benefits of contact for positive intergroup relations are widely acknowledged, less is known about how group members construct the agency and responsibility of contact participants in intergroup encounters. Using critical discursive psychology, we analysed the interpretative repertoires that Finnish majority mothers (N = 13) and mothers with an immigrant background (N = 10) used when talking about a hypothetical intergroup encounter among Finnish and immigrant mothers in a ‘family café’ (a group for mothers and children). Our analysis identified five interpretative repertoires that differed in terms of the levels of categorization used (individual, group, motherhood) and how agency and responsibility for initiating contact were discursively attributed to the parties in the intergroup encounter. Overall, constructing someone as agentic did not automatically result in their being portrayed as more responsible for making contact. Respondents described contact to occur with only two repertoires, in which both agency and responsibility for initiating contact were discursively attributed to the same party. This highlights the need to consider both agency and sense of responsibility as possible factors preceding intergroup contact.
Preconceptual thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity in women with recurrent pregnancy losses may contribute to an increased risk for another miscarriage
Authors: Blomqvist Lennart , Nyström Helena F. , Hellgren Margareta , Strandell Annika
Published: September 2022

Objective

To investigate preconceptual thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO‐ab) positivity and/or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the upper range of normal as risk factors for recurrent unexplained first‐trimester miscarriage.

Design

A post‐hoc study of a randomized trial, in which acetylsalicylic acid did not affect the risk of a new miscarriage.

Patients

Women (n = 483) with at least three unexplained recurrent first‐trimester miscarriages investigated at a Swedish secondary referral center.

Measurements

The levels of TPO‐ab and TSH were determined before pregnancy. The occurrence of a new first‐trimester miscarriage was analyzed by logistic regression with adjustments when applicable, for age, number of previous miscarriages, obesity and the investigated covariates levels of TPO‐ab and TSH.

Results

Including all first trimester miscarriages, odds ratio (OR) according to presence of TPO‐ab was 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.99–2.57), after adjustment 1.54 (95% CI; 0.94–2.53). Very early (biochemical) pregnancy losses occurred more often in women with than without preconceptual TPO‐ab (6.8% vs. 2.0%), OR 3.51 (95% CI; 1.15–10.71), after adjustment 2.91 (95% CI; 0.91–9.29). There was no association between TSH in the upper range of normal and a new miscarriage, adjusted OR 0.76 (95% CI; 0.32–1.83). A prediction model for a new miscarriage included number of previous miscarriages, woman's age and presence of TPO‐ab.

Conclusion

In women with at least three recurrent unexplained pregnancy losses, the presence of TPO‐ab may contribute to an increased risk of a first‐trimester miscarriage, possibly more pronounced in very early pregnancy. TSH levels 2.5–4.0 mU/L do not seem to increase the miscarriage risk.
A novel variant in GATM causes idiopathic renal Fanconi syndrome and predicts progression to end‐stage kidney disease
Authors: Seaby Eleanor G. , Turner Steven , Bunyan David J. , Seyed‐Rezai Fariba , Essex Jonathan , Gilbert Rodney D. , Ennis Sarah
Published: September 2022

Renal Fanconi syndrome (RFS) is a generalised disorder of the proximal convoluted tubule. Many genes have been associated with RFS including those that cause systemic disorders such as cystinosis, as well as isolated RFS. We discuss the case of a 10‐year‐old female who presented with leg pain and raised creatinine on a screening blood test. Her mother has RFS and required a kidney transplant in her thirties. Further investigations confirmed RFS in the daughter. Exome sequencing was performed on the affected mother, child, and unaffected father. We identified a novel variant in GATM; c.965G>C p.(Arg322Pro) segregating dominantly in the mother and daughter. We validated our finding with molecular dynamics simulations and demonstrated a dynamic signature that differentiates our variant and two previously identified pathogenic variants in GATM from wildtype. Genetic testing has uncovered a novel pathogenic variant that predicts progression to end stage kidney failure and has important implications for family planning and cascade testing. We recommend that GATM is screened for in children presenting with RFS, in addition to adults, particularly with kidney failure, who may have had previous negative gene testing.
The association between the endometrial biopsy grade and selected epidemiological and reproductive variables in a population of subfertile mares
Authors: de Witt Anika A. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Schulman Martin L.
Published: September 2022

Background

Endometrosis, a multifactorial disease, is an important cause of subfertility in the mare, and its management is reliant on histological classification.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the association between increased endometrial biopsy grade with first a mare's breed specifically either Thoroughbred or non‐Thoroughbred, age and barren status and second, a clinical history indicating one or more of acute endometritis, positive bacterial culture, previous dystocia and uterine fluid retention.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

This retrospective study used historical reproductive data (2000–2015) from a population of 41 subfertile mares of various breeds, but mostly Thoroughbreds (30/41; 73%). Biopsies were interpreted by a single, experienced evaluator using the Kenney–Doig classification (1986).

Results

Endometrial biopsy grade was positively correlated with age (ρ = 0.606; p = 0.001) but not associated with other evaluated variables (p > 0.05).

Main limitations

Use of a small, non‐randomly selected subfertile mare population.

Conclusions

Mare age was an important predictor of her reproductive performance, and performing an endometrial biopsy is therefore indicated in older mares.
Oxygen availability regulates the quality of soil dissolved organic matter by mediating microbial metabolism and iron oxidation
Authors: Li Ye , Chen Zengming , Chen Ji , Castellano Michael J. , Ye Chenglong , Zhang Nan , Miao Yuncai , Zheng Huijie , Li Junjie , Ding Weixin
Published: September 2022

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a vital role in biogeochemical processes and in determining the responses of soil organic matter (SOM) to global change. Although the quantity of soil DOM has been inventoried across diverse spatio‐temporal scales, the underlying mechanisms accounting for variability in DOM dynamics remain unclear especially in upland ecosystems. Here, a gradient of SOM storage across 12 croplands in northeast China was used to understand links between DOM dynamics, microbial metabolism, and abiotic conditions. We assessed the composition, biodegradability, and key biodegradable components of DOM. In addition, SOM and mineral‐associated organic matter (MAOM) composition, soil enzyme activities, oxygen availability, soil texture, and iron (Fe), Fe‐bound organic matter, and nutrient concentrations were quantified to clarify the drivers of DOM quality (composition and biodegradability). The proportion of biodegradable DOM increased exponentially with decreasing initial DOM concentration due to larger fractions of depolymerized DOM that was rich in small‐molecular phenols and proteinaceous components. Unexpectedly, the composition of DOM was decoupled from that of SOM or MAOM, but significantly related to enzymatic properties. These results indicate that microbial metabolism exhibited a dominant role in DOM generation. As DOM concentration declined, increased soil oxygen availability regulated DOM composition and enhanced its biodegradability mainly through mediating microbial metabolism and Fe oxidation. The oxygen‐induced oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) removed complex DOM compounds with large molecular weight. Moreover, increased oxygen availability stimulated oxidase‐catalyzed depolymerization of aromatic substances, and promoted production of protein‐like DOM components due to lower enzymatic C/N acquisition ratio. As global changes in temperature and moisture will have large impacts on soil oxygen availability, the role of oxygen in regulating DOM dynamics highlights the importance of integrating soil oxygen supply with microbial metabolism and Fe redox status to improve model predictions of soil carbon under climate change.
Cognitive impairment is correlated with olfactory identification deficits in older Japanese adults: A cross‐sectional study using objective and subjective olfactory measures
Authors: Suzuki Hirokazu , Sugiura Saiko , Nakashima Tsutomu , Teranishi Masaaki , Shimono Mariko , Murotani Kenta , Sakurai Takashi , Uchida Yasue , Saji Naoki
Published: September 2022

Aim

Olfactory impairment is associated with cognitive impairment. However, differences between subjective and objective olfactory impairment measurements in older adults and their relationship with cognitive impairment are unclear.

Methods

We assessed the relationship between cognitive and olfactory impairments via a single‐center observational study in 2020. Forty‐seven individuals who visited our memory clinic were enrolled and asked to complete objective and subjective olfactory tests. Participants had dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or normal cognition. We administered the Open Essence (a simple card‐type odor identification test) and self‐administered odor questionnaire to assess objective and subjective olfaction, respectively, and the Mini‐Mental State Examination to assess cognitive function.

Results

Older age was related to decreased Open Essence scores (P < 0.001). Compared with the mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition groups, the dementia group had significantly lower Open Essence scores (P < 0.001). Cognitive impairment was also associated with decreased Open Essence scores after adjusting for age, sex, and education (P < 0.001). Participants with dementia did not obtain lower self‐administered odor questionnaire scores than those with normal cognition, and they tended to be unaware of their olfactory impairment.

Conclusion

Open Essence scores significantly decreased according to the degree of cognitive impairment. Participants with dementia were unaware of their olfactory impairment, as indicated by odor questionnaire scores. Objective and subjective scores of olfaction differed in participants with dementia. Concomitant assessment of objective and subjective olfaction is useful to screen older adults with both olfactory and cognitive impairments. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 924–929.
Implementation of communication routines facilitating person‐centred care in long‐term residential care: A pilot study
Authors: Forsgren Emma , Saldert Charlotta
Published: September 2022

Background

Specific routines such as the development of personal communication plans can improve the interaction between people with communication disorders and healthcare staff.Objective: This pilot study explores a model for implementing communication routines including personal communication plans in long‐term residential care.

Design, Setting and Participants

This multiple case study includes two residential care facilities that differ in size and the number of languages spoken. Intervention or main variables studied implementation strategies involved workshops, individual coaching and follow‐up visits. Main outcome measure implementation was assessed using goal attainment measurements, and the staff's views about facilitators and barriers to implementation were explored through structured interviews using the Theoretical Domains Framework.

Results

The overall implementation success rate for the facilities was moderate, and one of the facilities showed promising results related to personal communication plans. Both facilities experienced barriers to implementation, including management problems and a lack of reminders. However, the two facilities seem to have different motivations for change.

Discussion and Conclusions

Regardless of the features of the facility, successful implementation requires stable and committed leadership. Moreover, experiences with language diversity may motivate staff to implement communication routines.

Patient or Public Contribution

The content of the implementation model used (i.e., choice of specific routines and implementation strategies) was coproduced by staff, managers and the researchers involved in this project. The staff and managers were responsible for the implementation of the new routines under the supervision of the researchers.
Immunohistochemistry for hepatitis E virus capsid protein cross‐reacts with cytomegalovirus‐infected cells: a potential diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Lenggenhager Daniela , Grossmann Jonas , Gouttenoire Jérôme , Sempoux Christine , Weber Achim
Published: September 2022

Immunohistochemistry for hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF2 (capsid) protein is a powerful tool for tissue‐based diagnosis of hepatitis E, particularly useful in evaluating abnormal liver values in immunocompromised patients. We report here a previously unobserved reactivity of the HEV ORF2 antibody to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) proteins and contrast the staining patterns encountered in HEV and CMV infection, respectively. As part of a routine diagnostic work‐up, the liver biopsy of an immunocompromised patient with elevated liver values was examined histologically for infection with viruses including CMV and HEV. Cytopathic changes were found, suggestive of CMV infection, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Surprisingly, reactivity of a portion of CMV‐infected cells with a mouse monoclonal antibody (clone 1E6) against HEV ORF2 protein was also detected. This observation prompted a screening of 22 further specimens (including liver, gastrointestinal, lung, brain and placental biopsies) with confirmed CMV infection/reactivation. Immunoreactivity of CMV‐infected cells with HEV ORF2 antibody was observed in 18 of 23 specimens. While the HEV ORF2 antibody showed cytoplasmic, nuclear and canalicular positivity in hepatitis E cases, positivity in CMV‐infected cells was limited to the nucleus. In conclusion, the HEV ORF2 antibody (clone 1E6) shows unexpected immunoreactivity against CMV proteins. In contrast to the hepatitis E staining pattern with cytoplasmic, nuclear and occasional canalicular positivity, reactivity in CMV‐infected cells is restricted to the nucleus. Awareness of this cross‐reactivity and knowledge of the differences in staining patterns will prevent pathologists from misinterpreting positive HEV ORF2 immunohistochemistry in liver specimens.
Isthmus morphology influences debridement efficacy of activated irrigation: A laboratory study involving biofilm mimicking hydrogel removal and high‐speed imaging
Authors: Robberecht Lieven , Delattre Jérôme , Meire Maarten
Published: September 2022

Aim

Little is known about the influence of isthmus morphology on the debridement efficacy of activated irrigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of isthmus morphology on the debridement efficacy of laser‐activated irrigation (LAI), EDDY and needle irrigation (NI), and to explain the methods of isthmus cleaning by LAI and EDDY.

Methodology

Four root canal models (apical diameter: 0.30 mm, taper: 0.06, curvature: 23°, length: 20 mm) were produced by CAD‐CAM with different isthmus morphologies: long‐wide (4 mm; 0.4 mm), long‐narrow (4 mm; 0.15 mm), short‐wide (2 mm; 0.4 mm) and short‐narrow (2 mm; 0.15 mm). The isthmuses were filled with a hydrogel containing dentine debris. The canals were filled with irrigant and models were assigned to the following irrigation protocols (n = 240): needle irrigation (NI) with a 30G needle, Eddy, and LAI (2940 nm Er:YAG‐laser, 15 Hz, 40 mJ, SWEEPS, tip at the canal entrance). Standardized images of the isthmuses were taken before and after irrigation, and the amount of removed hydrogel was determined using image analysis software and compared across groups using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison. Visualization of the isthmus during activation was achieved using a high‐speed camera. The pattern and speed of the flow in the isthmus as well as transient and stable cavitation were analysed using imaging software.

Results

Laser‐activated irrigation, EDDY and NI removed more hydrogel in short‐wide isthmuses than in narrow isthmuses (p < .001). LAI and EDDY removed more hydrogel than NI in every isthmus configuration (p < .001). EDDY showed eddies and stable cavitation, and LAI showed transient cavitation at each pulse, and pulsed horizontal flow with the highest particle speed in closed short isthmuses.

Conclusions

Isthmus morphology influences debridement in all irrigation groups. Short‐wide isthmuses were the easiest to clean while narrow isthmuses were the most challenging to clean. Width seems to be a more critical anatomical parameter than length. LAI and EDDY resulted in the greatest biofilm removal and performed better than NI. EDDY produced eddies and stable cavitation in the isthmus, and LAI showed transient cavitation and pulsed horizontal flow.
Preparation of Si3N4 ceramic based on digital light processing 3D printing and precursor infiltration and pyrolysis
Authors: Wang Xuye , Li Yalin , Liu Bingshan , Li Shan , Duan Wenyan , Wang Gong , Chen Fei
Published: September 2022

The emergence of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology creates favorable conditions for the preparation of complex structure silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics. However, the introduction of photosensitive resin also makes the Si3N4 ceramics prepared by 3D printing have low density and poor mechanical properties. In this study, high‐density Si3N4 ceramics were prepared at low temperatures by combining DLP 3D printing with precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP). The Si3N4 photocurable slurry with high solid content and high stability was prepared based on the optimal design of slurry components. Si3N4 green parts were successfully printed and formed by setting appropriate printing parameters. The debinding process of printed green parts was further studied, and the results showed that samples without defects and obvious deformation can be obtained by setting the heating rate at .1°C/min. The effect of the PIP cycle on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Si3N4 ceramics was studied. The experimental results showed that the mass change and open porosity of the samples tended to be stable after eight PIP cycles, and the open porosity, density, and bending strength of the Si3N4 ceramics were 1.30% (reduced by 97%), 2.64 g/cm3 (increased by 43.5%), and 162.35 MPa.
Sintering kinetics and properties of NiFe2O4‐based ceramics inert anodes doped with TiN nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Zhigang , Xu Jianrong
Published: September 2022

Sintering kinetics of NiFe2O4‐based ceramics inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis doped 7 wt% TiN nanoparticles were conducted to investigate densification and grain growth behaviors. The linear shrinkage increased gradually with the increasing sintering temperature between 1000 and 1450°C, whereas the linear shrinkage rate exhibited a broad peak. The maximum linear shrinkage rate was obtained at 1189.4°C, and the highest densification rate was achieved at the relative density of 75.20%. Based on the pressureless sintering kinetics window, the sintering process was divided into the initial stage, the intermediate stage, and the final stage. The grain growth exponent reduced with increased sintering temperature, whereas the grain growth activation energy decreased by increasing sintering temperature and shortening dwelling time. The grain growth was mainly controlled by atomic diffusion. NiFe2O4‐based ceramics possessed high‐temperature semiconductor essential characteristics. The electrical conductivity of NiFe2O4‐based ceramics first increased and then decreased with increasing sintering temperature, reached their maximum value (960°C) of 33.45 S/cm under 1300°C, mainly attributed to the relatively dense and uniform microstructure. The thermal shock resistance of NiFe2O4‐based ceramic was improved by a stronger grain boundary bonding strength and lower coefficient of linear thermal expansion.
Phase evolution and lightweight application of dolomite@Al2O3 spherical particle with core–shell structure
Authors: Liu Yuchi , Yin Hongfeng , Tang Yun , Yuan Hudie , Xin Yalou , Ren Xiaohu , Song Fang , Liu Yun
Published: September 2022

Dolomite@Al2O3 spherical particles with core–shell structure were fabricated by using the dolomite powders as the core and wrapping corundum powders on their surface. The phase evolution and microstructure of the dolomite@Al2O3 spherical particles with different firing temperatures were studied. As the spherical particles fired at different temperatures, the dolomite in the spherical core decomposed into MgO and CaO. Due to the Kirkendall effect, MgO and CaO diffused into the shell of the spherical particle and left Kirkendall holes in the core. The holes produced by the Kirkendall effect and the decomposition of dolomite act together to form a hollow structure in the center. And during the diffusion process, MgO and CaO reacted with corundum to generate spinel and calcium hexaaluminate. A small amount of spinel and calcium hexaaluminate can form a ternary compound Ca2Mg2Al28O46. Moreover, simulation software Factsage and Abaqus were used separately to help prove the phase evolution and the introduction of spherical particles to the properties of refractories. To test the lightweight effect of dolomite@Al2O3 spherical particles on refractories, it was introduced into spinel–corundum refractories as medium particles in different content and fired at different temperatures. The results show that after firing at 1650°C for 3 h with introducing 30% dolomite@Al2O3 spherical particles, the samples can reach a high compressive strength (128 MPa), high refractoriness under load (1683°C), and low thermal conductivity (1.79 W (m K)−1).
I love you too much to keep social distance: Closeness in relationships and (dis)engagement in preventive behaviors during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Shamloo Soraya E. , Cocco Veronica Margherita , Visintin Emilio Paolo , Trifiletti Elena , Vezzali Loris
Published: September 2022

Although we are witnessing a new phase in the management of COVID‐19, understanding what predicts adherence to preventive behaviors still remains crucial. In this study we focus on interpersonal relationships by specifically investigating whether engagement in preventive behaviors when in the presence of others may be a function of the type of relationship (in terms of closeness) one has with others. Because close others are often perceived similar to the self compared to strangers, we put forward that close relationships may inadvertently decrease COVID‐19 risk perceptions which may ultimately decrease compliance with recommended behaviors when in their presence. To test this hypothesis, 747 Italian respondents were invited to answer one out of four versions of a questionnaire differing on the target (i.e., friends vs. parents vs. grandparents vs. strangers), including questions regarding COVID‐19 risk perceptions and intentions to engage in preventive behaviors. Mediation analysis showed that close relationships (i.e., with friends, parents, and grandparents) compared to nonclose relationships (i.e., with strangers) predicted lower intentions to engage in preventive behaviors via lower risk perceptions. Altogether, these results shed light on the role played by closeness in indirectly shaping individuals' dis(engagement) in preventive behaviors and contribute to better understand possible unconscious biases which may undermine our safety during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Asymmetrical friendships? People are willing to risk COVID‐19 infection from friends but are reluctant to pass it on to them
Authors: Ludwig Jonas , Strack Fritz
Published: September 2022

Although most protective behaviors related to the COVID‐19 pandemic come with personal costs, they will produce the largest benefit if everybody cooperates. This study explores two interacting factors that drive cooperation in this tension between private and collective interests. A preregistered experiment (N = 299) examined (a) how the quality of the relation among interacting partners (social proximity), and (b) how focusing on the risk of self‐infection versus onward transmission affected intentions to engage in protective behaviors. The results suggested that risk focus was an important moderator of the relation between social proximity and protection intentions. Specifically, participants were more willing to accept the risk of self‐infection from close others than from strangers, resulting in less caution toward a friend than toward a distant other. However, when onward transmission was the primary concern, participants were more reluctant to effect transmission to close others, resulting in more caution toward friends than strangers. These findings inform the debate about effective nonclinical measures against the pandemic. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed.
Bank risk in uncertain times: Do credit rationing and revenue diversification matter?
Authors: De Silva Ashton , Duong Huu Nhan , Nguyen My , Nguyen Yen Ngoc
Published: September 2022

We show that bank risk rises, particularly for larger banks and those with greater interest‐sensitive liabilities, during times of economic policy uncertainty through two economic channels: “credit rationing” and “revenue diversification.” The credit rationing channel shows that economic policy uncertainty increases aggregate loan spreads, exacerbating both adverse selection and moral hazard problems leading to higher bank risk. The revenue diversification channel suggests that as economic policy uncertainty reduces bank profits from traditional interest‐based products, banks diversify into other non‐traditional activities, thereby increasing their instability. Overall, our findings highlight the impact of economic policy uncertainty on exacerbating bank risk.
Pandemics and cash
Authors: Baxamusa Mufaddal , Jalal Abu
Published: September 2022

We investigate the relationship between firms’ cash holdings and pandemics. Our results show that compared to tele‐workable firms, whose employees can work remotely, non‐tele‐workable firms with more on‐site employees increase cash during pandemics. This increase in cash comes from short‐debt, preferred stocks, reduction in capital expenditures, discontinuation of some operations and lower tax payments. Firms hold more cash as a reaction to higher default risk. For non‐tele‐workable firms, there is a positive relationship between abnormal stock returns and cash, suggesting that this increase in cash during pandemics is not driven by behavioral reasons but by increases in uncertainty in labor productivity.