bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Gonadotrophin and Testis Biopsy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Reiss M.
Published: August 2008

Sex hormone deficiency in schizophrenia has been suggested by the usual appearance of the psychosis in adolescence, the not infrequent somatic abnormalities, aberration of libido with often its eventual extinction, and, histologically, by the suggestive though not entirely accepted work of Mott (1919), Lewis (1923) and certain others implicating the testis. Accordingly, many workers have treated schizophrenia with sex hormone preparations empirically but without specific endocrine indications. The reported results have been inconsistent and disappointing. In this respect our experience with various hormones has been similar to that of others. The need for a physiological test to establish a diagnosis of endocrine deficiency and control appropriate therapy has been keenly felt. Values for the normal excretion of sex hormones at various stages during adolescence are not as yet established; estimations are not a practical possibility on a large scale, and with the exception of one excretion product of steroid metabolism with an androgenic action, namely, 17-keto-steroids, demand a biological technique. Testis biopsy, described by Charny (1940) and Lane Roberts (1939) is, therefore, a valuable diagnostic procedure, and possibly not without some therapeutic value. We have already described and classified a striking pathology of the testis in schizophrenia from studying biopsy material (Hemphill et al., 1940). The special features were atrophy of seminiferous epithelium, failure of spermatogenesis, thickening and hyalinization of the basement membrane and collapse or shrinkage of many tubules. We were unable to note consistent absence or marked reduction of interstitial elements in cases where secondary sexual characteristics were well developed, although the work of Mott (1919) drew particular attention to failure of internal secretion. The interpretation of the pathology is, of course, uncertain, but the atrophy of spermatogenetic structures suggested that there was a lack of normal or adequate gonadotrophic hormone necessary for the maintenance of spermatogenesis and the activity of the testis as a generative organ. For this reason we treated cases with gonadotrophic hormone of pregnant mare's serum (gestyl). This follicle-stimulating hormone is believed, in the male, to promote spermatogenesis. Treatment was dictated by the histology of the biopsy specimen. Gestyl was administered in 800 to 1,000 unit doses daily for variable periods of up to 48 days. Anti-hormones were tested for at the completion of treatment in the last series of cases, and further biopsies were made as a check-up for physiological efficacy.
The Syndrome of Hystero-Encephalopathy in Military Psychiatric Casualties
Authors: Stockings G. Tayleur
Published: August 2008

In a previous communication to this Journal, the author described the results of three years' experience of pharmaco-electrical shock-therapy in the schizophrenic and depressive psychoses, and presented clinical and experimental evidence for an organic basis of these conditions. It was shown, firstly, that there is convincing evidence for supposing that deranged oxygen-glucose metabolism of the cerebral neurones is the essential lesion; and, secondly, that all these conditions can be classified according to their response to shock-therapy into two groups—dysoxic encephalopathy, or cerebral dysoxia, in which oxygen-metabolism is principally at fault, and which responds to anoxic shock; and dysglycolytic encephalopathy, or cerebral dysglycia, in which glucose-metabolism is at fault, and which responds to hypoglycaemic shock. The former condition is synonymous with depressive states, and the latter with schizophrenic reaction-types in the orthodox terminology.
An Account of Lowenfeld Technique in a Child Guidance Clinic, with a Survey of Therapeutic Play Technique in Great Britain and U.S.A.
Authors: Traill Phyllis M.
Published: August 2008

The following paper is a description of a form of direct psycho-therapy with children undertaken in a Child Guidance Clinic, and some account of the results achieved in certain cases.
Clinical and Biochemical Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing Regular Weekly Cycles
Authors: Klein R. , Nunn R. F.
Published: August 2008

The unfailing regularity of the rhythm of his manic-depressive cycles each week renders the patient in question particularly suitable for investigation, and throws into relief changes which might be less marked if the transition between the phases was more gradual and the periodicity less certain.
Physique and Effort Syndrome
Authors: Rees W. Linford
Published: August 2008

This paper describes an investigation into the significance of physique in effort syndrome.
A Study on Some Clinical Aspects of the Relationship between Obsessional Neurosis and Psychotic Reaction Types
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

The interrelationship between neurotic manifestations and psychotic reaction types represents one of the major problems of psychiatry. Psychotic reactions sometimes develop in patients with old-standing neuroses. It is also well known that neurotic symptoms are not uncommon in the preliminary stages and during the course of psychoses. However, the knowledge of the interaction between neurotic and psychotic manifestations is still incomplete. In this study an attempt is made to elucidate some of the clinical aspects of this problem. It is not intended to discuss here such basic issues as the definition of neurosis and psychosis and their interrelationship in general. Those questions have been widely debated, and it seems doubtful whether much can be gained from a continuation of this discussion at the present stage of psychiatric knowledge. In a clinical study the question whether or not there is a fundamental difference between neurotic and psychotic symptoms and behaviour is better left open. An investigation into the interplay between various phenomena of mental illness occurring in individual patients is justified, even if one looks at them as manifestations of a single and continuous development.
Report of a Case of Bilateral Degeneration of the Globus Pallidus
Authors: Mowbray R. , Fidler H. K.
Published: August 2008

It is felt that the following case and post-mortem report is of such clinical and pathological interest that it is worth while recording it in its present form. Under existing conditions of service we have been unable to go deeply into the literature concerning such conditions.
The Technique of Child Psychiatry
Authors: Todd Kathleen M.
Published: August 2008

I once knew a child psychiatrist who had two treatments: Boy Scouts for all symptoms except enuresis, for which he prescribed Sea Scouts; but that was before the war, when we had a seaboard.

There is great satisfaction to the human mind in reducing multiplicity to unity, diversity to simplicity, but this exercise can be carried too far, especially in dealing with such a complex creature as the child. In contrast there is the school of thought which believes in intensive analytic treatment, four to five sessions a week, for every child. How can one steer a middle course in a modern Child Guidance Clinic where numbers must be dealt with, without the sacrifice of the deeper approach, where short and long treatments must be fitted in, where diagnosis and consultations are essential, yet treatment must always be one of the fundamental aims?
The Relationship of Electroencephalography to Psychiatry
Authors: Hill Denis
Published: August 2008

The technique of electroencephalography has become to neurophysiology what the microscope is to histology. It is probable that by this technique neurophysiologists will achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the functional organization of the brain. While the EEG has been used most successfully for this type of research, it has also been applied with no less enthusiasm to clinical problems of neurology and psychiatry. In certain cerebral disorders, for example epilepsy, where knowledge had already made considerable advance, the EEG technique was immediately found to have application. But in what may be called “the problems of function” provided by the main psychiatric reactions of schizophrenia and manic-depression, and in relation to individual differences of temperament, intelligence and personality, in all these the EEG has so far proved of little value.
Observations In Hypoglycaemia: V. Disorders of Speech
Authors: Stengel E. , Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

During the hypoglycaemia produced by insulin for the treatment of psychoses, disorders of speech occur as symptoms of the dissolution and restitution of cerebral function. Although transitory, they can be observed accurately, as the hypoglycaemic condition is repeated daily for weeks in the same patient. They have in fact been studied and commented on by several workers since the method was initiated by Sakel in 1934; we shall refer later to some of the findings and views in the literature. In this paper an attempt will be made to describe and classify the various speech disorders, and to relate their characteristic features to other hypoglycaemie symptoms occurring at the same time. Attention will be drawn to certain speech-like symptoms which hitherto have been scarcely noticed. The possible influence of the underlying psychosis will also have to be considered.
Autonomic Responses in Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Reitman F.
Published: August 2008

In bilateral prefrontal leucotomy inter alia the fronto-subthalamic, the fronto septal and fronto-hypothalamic (posterior) projections may be severed, together with reciprocally projecting tracts. These may represent the anatomical basis for the altered autonomic visceral disturbances observed following operations. The reports on bilateral leucotomy emphasize the post-operative “improvement in autonomic functions with a tendency to gain weight” (Vonderahe). After lobotomy transient visceral disturbances make their appearance, such as disturbed sphincter control and slightly but permanently decreased blood pressure, whilst vasomotor disturbances and sweating on the contralateral half of the body have been noted following unilateral lobotomy.
Further Studies on the Modified Takata Reaction (M.T.R.) on the Cerebrospinal Fluids of Neurological and Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H.
Published: August 2008

Ucko (1935) showed that the reaction time of the Takata test on serum can be reduced from 24 hours to 90 minutes by modifying the concentration and volume of the reagents. These reagents were applied with a further slight modification in the amount of the fluid tested and as a one-tube method for cerebrospinal fluid (Fleischhacker, 1938). 177 cerebrospinal fluids were examined, and the conclusion was drawn that the M.T.R. will indicate even very fine disturbances in the protein composition of cerebrospinal fluid. Later the test, together with others, was applied to another 165 C.S.Fs. from neurological and psychiatric patients and was found to give weak positive results in many psychoses of the so-called “non-organic” type (especially typical schizophrenics), while it remained negative in manic depressives and neurotic disorders (Fleischhacker, 1943).
Neuropathological Problems Arising from Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Meyer A. , Beck E.
Published: August 2008

The neuropathological problems which arise from prefrontal leucotomy may be conveniently divided into three groups.

The first group is concerned with the analysis of the anatomical and possible other factors which may influence the prospect of recovery. This group is naturally of the greatest practical interest to the psychiatrist and, for this reason, will require our foremost attention.
Delirious Disorientation: The Law of the Unfamiliar Mistaken for the Familiar
Authors: Levin Max
Published: August 2008

Psychiatry made a great advance when it began to recognize the psychological meaning of mental symptoms—when it took the stand that it is not enough to establish that a patient has, say, delusions, but that one must relate the content of the delusions to the patient's life experience. Another stride has yet to be made, and that is the recognition of the physiological meaning of symptoms. Mental activity being the manifestation of cerebral activity, mental aberration must signify some aberration in the function of the brain, however normal this organ may appear to the eye. In a case of mental disorder, therefore, just as much as in hemiplegia, one must inquire how the laws of physiology reveal themselves in the signs and symptoms of the disease. To return to the example, it is not enough to show that the content of a delusion represents the patient's thoughts and strivings, but there remains the question: What has happened to his brain to cause his thoughts and strivings to assume the guise of delusions, when in a normal man they merely take the form of fancies? When a deluded patient says he is a very rich man, a certain psychological cause is at work. A healthy man, too, may be worried about money, but, in response to this cause, he merely fancies himself a rich man. The demonstration of a psychological cause, therefore, does not explain the sick man's delusion. All it explains is the content of the delusion; since the patient is worried about money, his delusion deals with wealth rather than some other topic. But it does not explain why the patient has delusions. The explanation of this must lie in some cerebral defect which permits inferior modes of thought to occur in response to certain situations. Psychiatry will not reach its full stature as a science until it regards each mentally sick person and each of his symptoms as a problem in cerebral physiology.
A Case of Obsessional State of Unusual Content
Authors: Ross David , Rice David
Published: August 2008

We wish to record a case of obsessional neurosis remarkable for its strange content and unusual form, and in doing so to draw attention to the comparative rarity of this condition as a primary diagnosis in Naval Psychiatry. Our observations on the last point may not be without interest in considering the aetiology of this condition.
Phantasies in Evacuated Children
Authors: Bodman Frank , Stephen Elspeth , Sambrook L. K.
Published: August 2008

In view of the many problems that are bound to arise in dealing with “displaced children” in Europe, we thought it might be useful to report the following cases, which illustrate the dangers in accepting accounts, however circumstantial, from children about traumatic situations which had occurred to them. The young child's difficulty in separating fact from phantasy is normally fairly pronounced. Under the impact of traumatic situations, such as personal injury, death or separation from the parents, this tendency to confuse fact and phantasy becomes still more marked.
Two Years' Experience of Female Schizophrenics Treated by Insulin Coma Therapy
Authors: McConnell Joyce
Published: August 2008

An Insulin Clinic for treating female schizophrenics by insulin coma therapy has been working now for over two years, and although it is too short a time to draw conclusions as to the ultimate benefit to the patient, some points may be of interest.
The Starcross Reading Board: A Dynamic Aid to Reading
Authors: Ehrenwald H. J.
Published: August 2008

On studying the behaviour of mental defectives one cannot fail to note that their deficiency is not confined to the intellectual or emotional plane. They are clumsy not only in their way of thinking and reasoning, but also in their bodily movements. Their muscular co-ordination and their manual dexterity are poor; they are awkward in their rhythmic work, and they rarely reach average standard at games. Their ocular movements show much the same shortcomings. They are sluggish at following a moving object with the eyes, they easily lose sight of the finger which they should fixate, and they are equally clumsy when they are called upon to look at will at an object in the fringe of their visual field. In some feeble-minded defectives of medium or even higher grades this inability may be clearly reminiscent of motor apraxia in other spheres of neuro-muscular functioning. More often than not precisely these patients are found to be particularly backward readers, able to decipher short words only and incapable of grasping the meaning of a printed sentence.
Seven Hundred and Fifty Psychoneurotics and Ten Weeks' Fly-Bombing
Authors: Neustatter W. Lindesay
Published: August 2008

Fly-bombing is not always concentrated, for isolated explosions may occur at any time. There are also numerous if uneventful alerts. Thus there is a state of continuous uncertainty which might be expected to affect psychoneurotics considerably. I therefore set out to investigate the reactions of my patients during approximately ten weeks' concentrated fly-bombing. There were 620 soldiers—9 male officers and 121 auxiliaries—a total of 750 cases, all stationed in the London district. They were referred to me for various psychiatric reasons, by no means on account of anxiety due to bombing; nor was referral on account of fear of bombs necessarily indicative of special apprehension on the part of the patient—in some cases indeed it obviously only indicated anxiety on the part of those making the referral!
A Comparative Study of Disease Incidence in Admissions to a Base Psychiatric Hospital in the Middle East
Authors: Sims M.
Published: August 2008

In a previous investigation it was found that the incidence of schizophrenia in a group of 627 British N.C.Os. was much lower than in the average O.R. admissions to hospital. Two questions at once arose: Why was the incidence of schizophrenia low? and How does the disease incidence of British N.C.O. psychiatric casualties compare with other groups admitted to this Base Psychiatric Hospital? The answer to the first may become apparent when we have found the answer to the second.
Autonomic Activity and Induced Convulsions
Authors: Reitman F.
Published: August 2008

Since the influence of the autonomic nervous system on epileptic phenomena became the subject of intensive investigations, several contradictory reports have been published. Williams and Russell (1941) and Williams (1941) found that parasympathetic overactivity (induced chemically and registered by electro-encephalography) increases epileptic activity. Darrow (1944) reported opposite results, his observations being based on electrically induced parasympathetic overactivity on animals. He registered his observations by electroencephalography. Cohen, Thale and Tissenbaum (1044) induced convulsions for therapeutical purposes by administering the parasympathomimetic drug, acetylcholine, and Chatfield and Dempsey (1942) observed the production of fits in cats, when giving acetylcholine and prostigmine together. Though the results were contradictory, the main aim of all these investigations was to establish the cholinergic neurohumoral changes in relation to epilepsy. But, as Williams pointed out, it is impossible to say whether the results are due to a direct central action, are consequent upon changes in the pH or of a respiratory or a circulatory nature. The investigations described in this paper were devised to re-examine these problems clinically. They were based on the hypothesis that if cholinergic overactivity enhances epileptic cerebral activity, the convulsive threshold of the brain should be lowered after administration of anticholinesterases, in particular prostigmine.
Social Aspects of Ageing and Senility
Authors: Goldschmidt H.
Published: August 2008

The object of my study was an attempt to discover what social factors might be said to contribute to either mental health or mental ill-health in old age. I studied the histories of four groups of 50 aged in four different settings which in retrospect might be said to form a spectrum. That is to say that each subsequent social background seemed to be more conducive to normal ageing than the preceding one. The actual sequence of the whole investigation, for technical reasons, was, however, as follows: In the first place I made contact with patients in Tooting Bec Mental Hospital; as a second group I chose people in a Club for Old Age Pensioners in Streatham; thirdly, I visited old people living by themselves in Fulham; and finally, 1 interviewed a group who are living on an Estate at Mill Hill, the Estate being maintained by the Society of Linen and Woollen Drapers. In all but the last sample I studied the cases of 25 men and 25 women.
Psychological Investigation of a Group of Internees at Belsen Camp
Authors: Niremberski M.
Published: August 2008

This investigation was carried out at Belsen between May 21 and June 27, 1945. As it was impossible to examine psychiatrically all the cases, only those showing evidence of psychological upset were referred for examination by the physicians. In addition, to obtain a cross-section of the population, I selected at random 60 to 70 cases in hospital and convalescent areas—ones that did not fall into the first group.
Unawareness of Physical Disability (Anosognosia)
Authors: Stengel E. , Steele G. D. F.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists constantly observe pathological attitudes towards mental and physical illness among their cases. At one end of the scale there are the hypochondriacal patients, with their increased awareness and over-emphasis of discomfort and deficiency; at the other end there are those who make light of, or even ignore, their disabilities. The psychiatrist is often faced with the task of modifying such abnormal attitudes. This aim can, in many cases, be achieved by psychotherapy, while in others physical treatment such as shock therapy or prefrontal leucotomy may prove successful. Both the abnormal attitudes towards illness and the success of treatment are as yet little understood. Possibly observations such as those on which we are going to report in this article may contribute to that problem. We refer to the symptoms of imperception and unawareness of gross physical disabilities in certain cases with lesions of the nervous system.
The Use of Curare with Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Palmer Harold
Published: August 2008

Convulsion therapy may now be considered to have established a position for itself in psychiatry, and in particular there is now a consensus of opinion that in states of depression occurring in later life it offers a chance of recovery for the patient unrivalled by any other form of therapy. The treatment is associated with a risk of causing compression fractures of the spinal vertebrae, and especially in the age-groups above 60 one is still concerned with the violence of the muscular spasm produced at the treatment. In July, 1939, at the Woodside Hospital we first commenced to study the problem of vertebral fractures complicating convulsion therapy, and also to investigate the general problems involved in rendering the treatment safe for our involutional cases. Our first attempt was with curarine, which we were enabled to give to a few of our patients in the psychiatric department of the Middlesex Hospital owing to the facilities placed at our disposal by the research pharmacological department.
The Early Results of Penicillin Treatment in G.P.I.
Authors: Jones Wilfrid L. , Perk D.
Published: August 2008

The favourable results obtained in the treatment of early and late syphilis by penicillin fostered the hope that it would also be of benefit in cases of G.P.I. Accordingly, this method of treatment was instituted in a psychiatric hospital in M.E.F. (No. 78), and the results obtained in six cases are here recorded.
Clinical Survey and Results of 200 Cases of Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Frank Jan
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of leucotomy by Lima and Moniz in 1936 numerous authors have reported their experiences with this form of treatment in mental disorders (Freeman and Watts, Fleming, Mayer-Gross, Hemphill et al.). Although leucotomy has stood the test of time well, and all workers agree that in selected cases its application is well justified, so that it has become an established form of treatment, there are many obscure clinical aspects which require elucidation. It is obvious that the collection of observations from as many angles as possible is necessary in order to further research in this promising field. It is hoped that a report on the results of leucotomies performed in this Hospital will be a contribution to that end.
A Study of Psychiatric Illness in Coal Miners
Authors: Post Felix
Published: August 2008

In recent years the mining industry as well as the miner himself have to an increasing extent become subjects for public discussion. In addition to problems of mechanization and industrial organization, the importance of the human element has found growing recognition, and an investigation into psychiatric disorders occurring in miners should form a useful contribution in this field.
Social Aspects of Psychiatry: The Importance of Statistics
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

The social impact of mental illness, like that of other diseases which are covered by public health organizations, is governed by quantitative considerations. Two cases of typhoid fever are worse than one, and the same applies to schizophrenia. A principle, complementary to Bentham's doctrine of the greatest good for the greatest number, is the foundation of mental hygiene. The object is to try to reduce the total quantity of discomfort in the community due to mental illness. The effort is not expended only on people recognized to be ill enough to need hospital care. It includes those cases in the community who are less acutely ill and the members of the normal population, who have to tolerate the burden of mental illness in their relatives or associates. The basis of the whole activity is clearly quantitative. In order to comprehend the problem or to evaluate results of effort, adequate statistical data must be collected. It might be thought that to labour this point was unnecessary, and some may even consider it dangerous. Nothing is duller than the compilation of unnecessary statistics, official or unofficial, and nothing can be more misleading than numerical data collected or interpreted without proper forethought. I will therefore first draw attention to some erroneous conclusions, which have been sometimes drawn from statistical data in the psychiatric field.
Fractures of Dorsal Vertebrae in Epilepsy and Convulsion Therapy
Authors: Caplan Gerald
Published: August 2008

Fractures of the dorsal vertebrae remain one of the chief complications of convulsion therapy; and the problems of their mechanism and significance have not yet been completely solved. The present investigation has been developed with the intention of throwing fresh light on these matters by a comparative study of similar lesions in 27 patients suffering from the convulsions of idiopathic epilepsy, 21 of whom have also been treated by electrical convulsion therapy. A control group of 30 patients suffering from non-convulsive psychoses has also been examined, and in all cases the spine has been examined both clinically and radiologically, attention being focused, for the sake of clarity, on the dorsal region only.
Electrical Convulsion Therapy in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Caplan Gerald
Published: August 2008

The idea of trying to replace the irregular major fits of epilepsy by convulsions, artificially induced under controlled conditions of time and place, is an eminently reasonable one; but there has so far been no systematic investigation of the therapeutic possibilities of this procedure. The present work, which has been carried out over a period of two years, is intended to clear the ground for such a study; and this report includes an account of the effect of electrical convulsion therapy not only on the frequency of the fits, but also on the psychotic symptoms which were associated with the epilepsy in many of the patients.
Schizophrenia in the Forces
Authors: Garmany Gerald
Published: August 2008

Comparatively little attention has been devoted to schizophrenia in the extensive psychiatric literature which has accumulated during the War. While man-power was more important than Man, it could hardly be otherwise, for those who succumbed to this illness were usually invalided even in the event of full recovery. But there was perhaps another reason to be found in the belief that schizophrenia was merely an old friend of peacetime interjecting itself inconveniently into wartime medicine, but not having any special or unusual qualities save perhaps an acuter onset or a better prognosis.
Personality Changes after Leucotomy
Authors: Hutton E. L.
Published: August 2008

In this paper are given the histories of ten patients who have been treated by means of leucotomy, particular attention being paid to the study of character and personality traits.

The records are compiled from the information given by a relative or relatives, supplemented in some cases by data supplied by the patient as well. This method undoubtedly has serious disadvantages, for the information must inevitably be dependent upon the informant's veracity, powers of observation and description, memory, and conscious and unconscious subjective bias. In every case the interview took place at the patient's home, so that the interviewer could obtain a personal impression of the patient's home environment. Furthermore, the information regarding the pre-morbid personality was only obtained after the illness, operation, and recovery, and in some cases it was difficult to ascertain when the morbid changes actually began.
Ten Years' Experience of Insulin Therapy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Freudenberg R. K.
Published: August 2008

More than ten years have elapsed since insulin therapy was first introduced in this country as a treatment for schizophrenia. This should gradually enable us to form a more accurate opinion as to its value. An enormous literature has accumulated on the subject. Only some samples of it, representing the different views expressed, can therefore be mentioned. It is here attempted to apply some common criteria which are indispensable for the assessment of the effects of treatment, which it is hoped may lead to a clarification of the present position of insulin therapy.
On the Concept of “Psychopathy” and the Treatment of So-Called “Psychopaths.”
Authors: Kinberg Olof
Published: August 2008

The characteristic trait of the doctor's medical activity, compared with the quack's, is that the doctor is guided by two theoretical and practical postulates. The first one is diagnostic, and implies that the doctor must try to state the nature of the disease. If this is not possible, he must at least make an analysis of the symptoms in order to establish their patho-physiological connection, so that he knows which are the most important and most susceptible to treatment.
The Twentieth Maudsley Lecture: Intelligence as a Social Problem
Authors: Bartlett F. C.
Published: August 2008

In 1895, as many people here are likely to know, Henry Maudsley combined two of his earlier books into his famous Pathology of Mind. Very near the beginning of this volume, he laid unusual emphasis upon the paramount importance of a study of social conditions in relation to human conduct in general and the varied forms of mental illness in particular. “The study of the individual as an element of social pathology,” he declared, “will plainly be a long, laborious, and difficult business of the future.” He was right. Fifty years have gone and, in spite of many notable contributions, it is a study still in its infancy.
A Survey of Subnormal Types
Authors: Jones D. Caradoc
Published: August 2008

When I was invited to take part in this Conference it was suggested that I should speak on some aspects of the population problem in relation to poverty, social inefficiency and mental disorder, as illustrated by the Merseyside Survey. At first I confess I felt very hesitant about it, for I did not want to go over ground that might already be familiar to you. But then I reflected that the purpose of the Conference was, no doubt, to recall and discuss work done in the past having some bearing on the quality of the population—an aspect of the problem that is only beginning to receive the attention it deserves. Before replying I therefore consulted Dr. Blacker as to whether it might meet your purpose if I attempted to summarize quite simply a few of the conclusions reached in the course of the Merseyside Survey concerning certain subnormal types in the community. It was only after I had been fortified by his reassurance and that of Dr. Cook that I ventured to accept your kind invitation, and I make my apologies here and now to any of you who find it tedious to listen to a reproduction of what you may have read in the published account of the Survey.
High Grade Mental Deficiency in Relation to Differential Fertility
Authors: Roberts J. A. Fraser
Published: August 2008

Mr. Caradoc Jones this morning emphasized very clearly indeed the important distinction between high and low grade mental deficiency. He showed us some very striking figures suggesting, not that heredity is not involved in both, but that it is a different sort of heredity. It always seems to me that in considering this and related matters the analogy of stature is a helpful one. Many of us remember those posters of the last war but one, which said “Your King and Country Need YOU,” coupled with the statement that “You” had to be 5 ft. 4 in. high—a standard which went down afterwards. If one rejects for any purpose a segment of the population on a measurement of this kind one is rejecting people for very different reasons. The arbitrary standard cuts off, of course, the dwarfs; the achondroplasics, the midgets, the cretins, the rachitic dwarfs, and so on; but it cuts off far more of those who are simply short. In causation we can normally expect the dwarf's condition to be due to hereditary factors, actually a single factor in achondroplasia; or it may be something environmental, as in the rachitic dwarfs or the cretins, but when we come to the people who are just short, it has been shown fairly conclusively that in a civilized community in which the standard of nutrition is adequate, at least 90 per cent. of the differences are due to heredity; but it is a different sort of heredity. We have a whole host of genetic factors, each one of which has a small effect; but the effect is cumulative; some factors make for greater stature, some for smaller, and it is on the sum total received from the parents that the stature of the individual depends.
Brief Retrograde Amnesia
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

This study of retrograde amnesia of brief duration is based upon information furnished by 117 persons who had undergone, according to their statements, one or more terrifying incidents. All were men on full military duty, with the exception of three civilians, included as being of particular interest. In many investigations the information has been obtained from patients in whom motives other than accuracy could have taken a part in their descriptions. A patient may invent, distort or exaggerate his amnesia for psychological, or material and pecuniary, aggrandisement. In this series 99 of the cases were voluntary applicants for officer-training.
A Clinical Note on a Rapid Method of Diagnosing Bacillary Dysentery
Authors: Pettit A. W.
Published: August 2008

The following method of rapidly establishing the diagnosis of Bacillary Dysentery has been used at this hospital for the past sixteen years. It is reliable and simple. The technique allows for the transfer of material direct from the infected person to the laboratory medium and obviates waiting for specimens of patients' excreta to become available.
A Clinical and Psychological Study of Echo-Reactions
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

The automatic repetition of words heard (echolalia) and actions seen (echopraxia) has long been known to occur in certain psychotic states in cases of aphasia and in low-grade mental deficiency. Echographia was established as a sub-type of echopraxia (Pick, 1924). The similarity of the pathological echo-reactions with phenomena occurring normally in childhood during the early period of speech development was pointed out by Wyllie (1894) and Pick (1902), who studied them in aphasia. The most recent study dealing with echo-reactions is that of D. E. Schneider (1938), who described the syndrome echolalia, echopraxia, grasping and sucking. Most previous writers investigated echo-reactions either from the neurological or psychiatric point of view and not enough attention has been paid to the comparative aspect and to the question of a common underlying mechanism. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate that problem.
Schizophrenia in a Boy of 11 Years
Authors: Garmany Gerald
Published: August 2008

This child developed signs of a serious mental illness during an attack of jaundice three years ago, just before his 11th birthday, and the condition has continued to develop up to the present time, though not quite evenly. At one period the illness was thought to have remitted, but it is evident in retrospect that the remission was, in fact, characterized by regression in behaviour and considerable invalidism. The clinical picture showed sustained mutism and one postural oddity as the most prominent features; and in other respects the child showed an interest in his environment and participation in outside activities which in an adult with a similar diagnosis would be regarded as unusual. There was a morbid heredity in the case and a personality of distinctly pathological character which was clearly shown by his behaviour during his early years. The genesis of the reaction was complicated by an acute infective illness and by two head injuries, neither of which now appears to have been of importance, but which led to much clinical obscurity at the time. The anomalous clinical pattern and the inability of the child to communicate his experiences illustrate the difficulties of diagnosis at this age, and an attempt is made here to outline other possibilities which need consideration and the reasons in this case for rejecting them.
The Place of Psychiatry in Medicine
Authors: Harris Noel
Published: August 2008

I wish to make it clear at once that for the purpose of this paper I am taking the definition of psychiatry as being synonymous with the term psychological medicine—in other words, the study of the subject as a whole.
Psychiatric Hypothesis and Practice
Authors: Henderson David
Published: August 2008

It is a very great honour to occupy the Presidential Chair of the Psychiatric Section of the Royal Society of Medicine; it is one which I appreciate most highly, and thank you warmly for.
Pupillary Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and during Muscular Effort
Authors: May P. R. A.
Published: August 2008

The pupils of a normal subject are generally described as equal, reacting by constriction or dilatation to various stimuli. Inequality of the pupils as an isolated finding is said to be relatively common, but impairment of the light reflex, especially in conjunction with pupillary inequality, is held to be strongly indicative, if not pathognomonic, of organic disease of the nervous system. An exception is the “tonic pupil,” for whose abnormally protracted reactions to light and accommodation an organic lesion has not yet been demonstrated. However, impairment of the light reflex is known to occur in subjects in whom there is no evidence of organic nervous disorder. These abnormalities of the light reflex have attracted little attention in this country, and are ignored almost entirely in text-books of neurology and psychiatry. Redlich (1908) made the important observation that muscular exertion might lead to dilatation of the pupil with impairment of the light reflex. Levine and Schilder (1942), in an extensive investigation of this phenomenon, concluded that muscular effort would produce dilatation and impairment of the light reflex in any pupil which initially retained its response to light, and would accentuate a pre-existing abnormality or bring out a latent tendency to impairment of the light reflex. Westphal (1907) first described the pupillary abnormality in catatonic schizophrenia to which the term “catatonic pupil” has been applied. This abnormality consists of pupillary dilatation with impairment of the light reflex, and is usually bilateral. The reactivity to light may vary from moment to moment, or from day to day; or pupillary rigidity may persist for a considerable time, with transient periods of brisk reactivity. Estimates of the frequency of the “catatonic pupil” vary remarkably—from 54 per cent. (Schilder and Parker, 1931) to 3.4 per cent. (Reichmann, 1913). Apparently a higher incidence has been found where repeated examinations have been carried out on the same subjects, but proper comparison is impossible, as the technique of examination has not been detailed by any of the authors.
Psychiatric Ruminations
Authors: Masefield W. G.
Published: August 2008

By time-honoured tradition one of the first duties of your newly-elected President is to inflict upon you a Presidential address. This is at once a very considerable responsibility and a privileged opportunity, but the feelings of awe and apprehension with which I face such a distinguished and erudite audience are mercifully lessened by the knowledge of the unwritten rule of our Association that no outspoken criticism of the subject matter of the address is permitted. I wish to ask you to bear with me, for a few minutes, whilst I put before you what I think may best be termed psychiatric reflections or ruminations, based on a certain amount of experience and, I can say quite sincerely, a true interest in the matters touched upon. I fear, however, that I have little or nothing original to offer you.
Genetics in Relation to Mental Disorders
Authors: Kallmann Franz J.
Published: August 2008

Despite the precarious vulnerability of genetic theories to partisan distortion and abuse, a report on the progress of genetics in relation to mental disorders merits introduction on a fairly optimistic keynote. It seems that in quest of a better understanding of human behaviour deviations we have finally arrived at the threshold of the age of biology as a focal discipline. There are many indications that in searching for adequate methods of biological analysis, one of the key positions of science is held by human genetics.
Psychopathic Personality As a Genetical Concept
Authors: Slater E. T. O.
Published: August 2008

In recent discussions of the subject by Curran and Mallinson (1) and by Kinberg (2), emphasis has very properly been laid on the inextricable confusion that at present prevails in the use of the term “Psychopathic Personality.” Very many attempts have been made, for instance by Henderson, Cleckley, Cheney, Levine, Bullard and others (1), to characterize a syndrome. The characteristics of the syndrome have been seen in the make-up of the personality and its social relationships. But every authority disagrees with every other, and if there is any feature in common in all the definitions that have been provided, it is a lasting, but otherwise unspecified, incapacity to build up satisfactory social relationships. The confusion has gone so far that Kinberg has suggested that the term should be dropped altogether, particularly as it promotes a fatalistic attitude in the clinician and does not dispose to enthusiasm in therapy.
The Modern Approach to Juvenile Delinquency: Observation Centres
Authors: Kennedy Alexander
Published: August 2008

Once it has been established that a child has, in fact, committed the offence with which he has been charged, the interest of a present-day juvenile court is centred not so much on the nature of the offence itself as on the nature of the child and of the influences which may have contributed to the unconventional or antisocial attitude of which his offence may be the outward and visible sign.
The Significance of the Home for the Child's Emotional Development During the First Six Years
Authors: Friedlander Kate
Published: August 2008

I do not think that anyone, professional or layman, will contradict the statement that the family unit is, at least in our culture, the best medium for the growing child. Yet, although there is tacit recognition of this fact, it is only in recent years that more attention is being paid to providing for children, who in infancy are left without parents, with this most suitable environment for their development. In this and other countries there are still vast institutions, insufficiently staffed, entrusted with the task of bringing up hundreds of children who, we know, will become unsatisfactory citizens.
The Mental Health of British Troops in the Far East
Authors: Tredgold R. F.
Published: August 2008

The general importance of studying the mental health of British troops in the Far East is obvious enough. It is perhaps less obvious that this importance is unlikely to have diminished with the end of the war; for there are still many troops serving in the Far East, and presumably will be for some time.
The Kent and Other Tests used On the Same Subjects
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

Tests of the indefinable quality known as intelligence are legion. Many have been standardized satisfactorily, others have not. The validity of some tests is high, but results of different tests used on the same individuals have seldom been published.
A Psychiatric Review of Fifty Cases of Gunshot Wounds Self-Inflicted
Authors: Fidler R. F.
Published: August 2008

My interest in this subject was aroused during the first few weeks of the campaign in Normandy, when seemingly large numbers of these cases were known to be undergoing surgical treatment. At that time the rapid flow of psychiatric cases prevented a clear view of the significance of the situation as it was impossible to know accurately whether these wounded were in high proportion to the number of troops in action or to the total of battle casualties.
The Community and the Aggressive Child
Authors: Pearce J. D. W.
Published: August 2008

A subject such as this is much too large to deal with at all fully in a short paper. As it is designed as a preparatory review of this topic as it applies to Great Britain, the subject being dealt with at the International Congress of Mental Health by delegates from overseas, I am placing the emphasis on the community rather than on the aggressive child. It is necessary, however, to consider what the aggressive child does to the community and why, in addition to discussing what the community does to the aggressive child, and the reason for this.
Love Deprivation and the Hysterical Personality
Authors: FitzGerald Otho W. S.
Published: August 2008

Throughout medical history we find evidence that hysteria has predominated over all other psychological disorders in attracting the attention of philosophers and physicians, yet despite the leading part which the study of hysteria has played in building up our present-day knowledge of psychopathology, it is remarkable how little we have advanced in acquiring an understanding of the cause of the hysterical syndrome itself. Even the wisdom of Freud has failed to offer us a readily acceptable explanation of hysteria, and to this day medical literature contains many theses suggesting that hysteria is related to disorders of the diencephalon, or to glandular dysfunction, and other such organic approaches to the problem. Seemingly we have no yardstick by which we can measure to what extent the hysteric is born, predestined by some elusive factor to develop the malady, and to what extent hysteria is imposed on persons by environmental circumstances. Much significant information on hysteria may be neglected by those who study it as an isolated phenomenon or disease entity, whereas it may well be that the truth of the matter is that at least a little bit of the hysterical reaction goes to form most of the neurotic syndromes met with in practice, and that the pure hysterical reaction is only an academic concept.