bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning Magnetic Properties of CeO2 by Fe Doping via an Electrochemical Deposition Route
Authors: Wang Zi‐Long , Li Gao‐Ren , Liang Jin‐Hua , Tong Ye‐Xiang
Published: December 2010

Herein Ce1−xFexO2−δ nanocomposites were investigated for dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) properties. Ce1−xFexO2−δ nanospheres and porous nanostructures with high surface areas have been successfully prepared by electrochemical deposition at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The structures and morphologies of Ce1−xFexO2−δ deposits were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption techniques. The magnetic properties of the prepared Ce1−xFexO2−δ nanospheres and porous nanostructures were studied, and they showed room‐temperature ferromagnetism and giant magnetic moments. In addition, the effects of morphologies and compositions on the magnetic properties of Ce1−xFexO2−δ deposits were studied.
Hydrogen Production by Glycerol Steam Reforming with Ru‐based Catalysts: A Study on Sn Doping
Authors: Gallo Alessandro , Pirovano Claudio , Marelli Marcello , Psaro Rinaldo , Dal Santo Vladimiro
Published: December 2010

Bimetallic Ru‐Sn heterogeneous catalysts for glycerol steam reforming (SR) to hydrogen‐rich mixtures are developed using organometallic (OM)CVD of commercial metal precursors as the preparation technique of choice. This methodology produces monometallic Ru nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Mg(Al)O mixed oxide with high activity and selectivity for glycerol SR. The effect of tin doping is studied on a set of catalysts with various Sn loadings. Materials produced are characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS)‐quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) of adsorbed CO and tested in glycerol SR.

At low load, tin is almost selectively deposited on Ru NP faces, and resulting Ru‐exposed sites show a higher specific activity than Ru exposed sites in monometallic catalysts.
Brief periods of positive peer interactions mitigate the effects of total social isolation in youngOctodon degus
Authors: Colonnello Valentina , Iacobucci Paolo , Anderson Mary Patricia , Panksepp Jaak
Published: December 2010

We investigated whether positive daily peer‐interactions counteract the effects of isolation inOctodon degus. Twenty‐five‐day‐old degus were either isolated (ISO), socially housed (SOCIAL), or isolated and allowed 1‐hr daily peer interaction (PARTIAL‐ISO). The animals were observed over 4 weeks. Just prior to isolation and after 2 weeks of individual housing, the subjects were assessed for response to pleasant stimuli via a sucrose preference test and to fearful situations in open field and startle tests. Two weeks after the previous tests, the subjects were retested as above and observed in novelty and sociability tests. Only the ISO group showed significant alterations in sensitivity to reward and increased risk‐taking behavior in fearful situations. The ISO group consumed more sucrose, spent less time freezing in the startle test and exhibited increased exploration in open field and novelty tests compared to PARTIAL‐ISO and SOCIAL groups. In the sociability test, the SOCIAL group vocalized more than the other two groups during encounters with an unfamiliar degus. Our findings suggest that (i) chronic isolation induces alteration of hedonic, emotional and social profiles, with a maturational delay in fear‐related responses; (ii) friendly interaction attenuates most behavioral changes induced by total social isolation. However, the positive effects of daily social interactions did not fully counteract deficits in social vocalizations. Our study represents one of the few available studies focused not only on the consequences of negative life events in this species, but also the protective role of relatively short periods of positive social activity on subsequent emotional development. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:280–290, 2011.
Blood cell classification utilizing hydrodynamic filtration
Authors: Matsuda Miyuki , Yamada Masumi , Seki Minoru
Published: December 2010

Selection or concentration of small particles such as specific cells or microbes is a very important technique in various fields. We have developed a method for separating and concentrating particles or cells according to size, termed hydrodynamic filtration (HDF), using microfluidic devices. In this study, we tried to separate and concentrate blood cells by simply introducing cell suspension into microfluidic devices, without using complicated operations and external devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 1–6, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10281
Wide range drive of hybrid stepping motor with flux‐weakening control
Authors: Yoneda Makoto , Dohmeki Hideo
Published: December 2010

Because the application range of motors for position control is extending in industry, hybrid stepping motors that can realize position control easily have become popular. However, stepping motors have some disadvantages: the possibility of pull‐out under certain load conditions, and low efficiency due to iron loss. Consequently, a system designer must choose the motor‐driver combination very carefully. This paper proposes high‐efficiency drive of a hybrid stepping motor in a wide speed range by vector control, without the occurrence of pull‐out. It is shown that lead angle control is equivalent to flux‐weakening control, and that the maximum torque depends on the maximum inverter voltage at high speed. The effect of iron loss suppression by flux‐weakening control is verified experimentally. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 68–74, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21022
New technique for the fabrication of conductive polymer/insulating polymer composite films
Authors: Abe Yayoi , Mathur Paramatma Chandra , Bhatnagar Pramod Kumar , Tada Kazuya , Onoda Mitsuyoshi
Published: December 2010

The electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole on an ITO (indium‐tin oxide)‐coated glass electrode with an insulating film of poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, produces a flexible composite polymer film with electrical, optical, and electrochemical properties very similar to polypyrrole (PPy). The rate of electrochemical polymerization depends on the diffusion of the electrolyte across the PVA film to the ITO electrode. In particular, hydrophilic solvents easily penetrate into the PVA film. By applying this new process, we demonstrate a unique method of forming electrically conductive patterns in PVA film. It will be possible to develop electrodes for electrical stimulation of the nervous system using a conducting polymer, PPy. By a similar technique we have fabricated poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT/PVA, composite films and have investigated their electrochemical basic properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21055
Influence of electrode material on pressure‐rise due to arc in a closed chamber
Authors: Tanaka Shin‐Ichi , Miyagi Tsukasa , Ohtaka Toshiya , Iwata Mikimasa , Amakawa Tadashi , Goda Yutaka
Published: December 2010

This paper describes the phenomenon of internal pressure‐rise due to arcs ignited between metal rod electrodes in air. First, the internal pressure‐rises in a closed chamber due to arcs were measured at currents within the range of 1 to 12.5 kA. The rod electrodes were made of copper, iron, and aluminum, and were 20 mm in diameter. The measurements showed that the maximum pressure‐rise distinctly differed with each electrode material at the same total arc energy, namely, the maximum pressure‐rise was the highest in the case of the aluminum electrode and was the lowest in the case of the iron electrode. Next, to quantitatively verify this difference, the internal pressure‐rise was estimated, taking into account the energy balance in the closed chamber on each electrode material. It was found that the estimated pressure‐rise approximately agreed with the above experimental results by taking into consideration oxidation reactions of the electrodes, melting and vaporization of the electrodes, and radiation loss of the arcs under certain realistic assumptions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 9–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21071
A salient‐pole synchronous generator with permanent magnets between the field poles
Authors: Matsui Yasuhiro , Hayamizu Takahito , Shima Kazuo , Fukami Tadashi , Hanaoka Ryoichi , Takata Shinzo
Published: December 2010

In this paper, a new salient‐pole synchronous generator (SG) termed the PMa‐SG is presented. In the PMa‐SG, permanent magnets (PMs) are placed between the pole shoes to reduce the magnetic saturation in the field poles. By using finite element analysis (FEA), the internal magnetic fields and basic characteristics of a 2.8‐MVA PMa‐SG are compared with those of a conventional SG of the same size, and the reduction effect of the magnetic saturation of the PMs is examined. The FEA simulations are also validated by experiments on a 2.0‐kVA prototype machine. The PMs placed between the pole shoes reduce the magnetic saturation in the pole bodies and pole tips and effectively increase the terminal voltage and output power. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 58–67, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21132
Preparation of Pyrazole–Pyrazolate Half‐Sandwich Complexes of Ruthenium and Osmium
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Castro Jesús , García‐Fontán Soledad
Published: December 2010

Pyrazole (HRpz) [MCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(HRpz)L]BPh4 (1–8) and imidazole (HIm) complexes [MCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(HIm)L]BPh4 (9–10) [M = Ru, Os; R = H, 3‐Me, 3,5‐Me2; L = P(OEt)3, PPh(OEt)2, PPh2OEt, CNtBu] were prepared by allowing the dichloro compounds MCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)L to react with the appropriate azole in the presence of NaBPh4. Treatment of the dichloro complexes with an excess of both pyrazole and NEt3 yielded the pyrazole–pyrazolate derivatives [M(Rpz)(η6‐p‐cymene)(HRpz)L]BPh4 (11–14). Conversely, the reaction of carbonyl compounds RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)(CO) with pyrazole or imidazole yielded the bisazole complexes [MCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(HRpz)2]BPh4 or [MCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(HIm)2]BPh4 (15–17). The complexes were characterised spectroscopically (IR and 1H, 13C, 31P NMR) and by X‐ray crystal structure analysis [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(HRpz){PPh(OEt)2}]BPh4 (1b), [Ru(pz)(η6‐p‐cymene)(HRpz){P(OEt)3}]BPh4 (11a) and [RuCl(η6‐p‐cymene)(HRpz)2]BPh4 (15).
Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indole with 3‐Hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐one: Enantio­selective Synthesis of 3‐Indolyl‐Substituted Isoindolin‐1‐ones
Authors: Yu Xiaolei , Lu Aidang , Wang Youming , Wu Guiping , Song Haibin , Zhou Zhenghong , Tang Chuchi
Published: December 2010

Chiral phosphoric acids have been proven to be effective organocatalysts for the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with 3‐hydroxyisoindolin‐1‐ones. The corresponding products were obtained in excellent chemical yields (up to 99 %) with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee after a single recrystallization). This is the first example of the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of valuable 3‐substituted isoindolin‐1‐ones in high yields and enantioselectivities.
Synthesis of Limonoid Natural Products (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1/2011)
Authors: Heasley Brian
Published: December 2010

The cover picture shows a photograph of orange blossoms inset amongst cross‐sections of citrus slices. It is well established that citrus fruits are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber that are essential for nutritional well being. Recent studies indicate that some of the health benefits of citrus consumption are derived from biologically active, non‐nutrient compounds called limonoids that can also help to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases. The structural complexity of many limonoid natural products has bestowed upon them a reputation as a “problem child” for synthetic organic chemists. However, a few brilliant scientific endeavors in this field have been described. Details are presented in the Microreview by B. Heasley on p. 19 ff. Mike Malaska and Holly Heasley are gratefully acknowledged for helping to design and produce this cover picture. Photography credits: USDA, Agricultural Research Service (citrus slices) and Vladimir Dostalek, Czech Republic (orange blossom).
Simultaneous Determination of Trace Zinc and Cadmium by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Polymeric Film Nanoparticle Self‐Assembled Electrode
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Azadbakht Azadeh , Pashabadi Afshin
Published: December 2010

A promising modified electrode was fabricated by polymerization a conductive polymer film of dipicolinic acid (DPA) onto gold nanoparticle (AuNP)‐cysteine‐gold electrode (Au). The morphology of poly(DPA)‐AuNP‐Au electrode was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This chemically modified electrode was used for electrochemical determination of cadmium and zinc in aqueous media using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The result showed that the modified electrode could clearly resolve the anodic stripping peaks of zinc and cadmium. The linear analytical curves were obtained in the ranges of 0.020–25.0 and 0.045–17.0 µM for zinc and cadmium respectively. The limit of detections (S/N=3) were 0.008 µM for zinc and 0.015 µM for cadmium.
Simultaneous Detection of Ascorbic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide by Flow‐Injection Analysis with a Thin Layer Dual‐Electrode Detector
Authors: Toniolo Rosanna , Dossi Nicolò , Pizzariello Andrea , Susmel Sabina , Bontempelli Gino
Published: December 2010

Based on preliminary voltammetric investigations at unmodified and modified electrodes in aqueous solutions buffered at different pHs, a profitable thin layer dual‐electrode detector was developed for the selective and simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and hydrogen peroxide present in the same samples. It consists of a small thickness (0.1 mm) cell, used as a detector for a flow injection system, in which a glassy carbon (GC) and a polyeugenol coated Pt electrode are encased. The GC electrode is selective for AA, thanks to the potential applied (0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl,Cl−sat), while H2O2 alone can be oxidized at the Pt electrode (0.75 V), thanks to the size selectivity and electrostatic screen properties displayed by the polyeugenol coating layer which prevents oxidation of ascorbate anions. Repeatable sharp peaks (±4.5 %) were detected for both analytes over wide linear ranges (0.005–1.000 mM) and detection limits of about 10−6 M (176 ppb) and 5×10−7 M (16 ppb) were inferred for AA and H2O2 respectively. This flow injection approach was applied to the analysis of some orange‐taste soft drinks, used as prototype real samples, spiked with controlled amounts of both analytes, thus inferring good recoveries which pointed out that deviations never exceeding 5 % affected the relevant accuracy.
Ex Situ Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Investigation of Bismuth‐ and Bismuth/Lead Alloy Film‐Modified Gold Electrodes in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Salles Maiara Oliveira , Battistel Dario , Lima Alex Silva , Bertotti Mauro , Daniele Salvatore
Published: December 2010

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in feedback mode was employed to characterise the reactivity and microscopic peculiarities of bismuth and bismuth/lead alloys plated onto gold disk substrates in 0.1 mol L−1 NaOH solutions. Methyl viologen was used as redox mediator, while a platinum microelectrode was employed as the SECM tip. The metal films were electrodeposited ex situ from NaOH solutions containing either bismuth ions only or both bismuth and lead ions. Approach curves and SECM images indicated that the metal films were conductive and locally reactive with oxygen to provide Bi3+ and Pb2+ ions. The occurrence of the latter chemical reactions was verified by local anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at the substrate solution interface by using a mercury‐coated platinum SECM tip. The latter types of measurements allowed also verifying that lead was not uniformly distributed onto the bismuth film electrode substrate. These findings were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. The surface heterogeneity produced during the metal deposition process, however, did not affect the analytical performance of the bismuth coated gold electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry for the determination of lead in alkaline media, even in aerated aqueous solutions. Under the latter conditions, stripping peak currents proportional to lead concentration with a satisfactory reproducibility (within 5 % RSD) were obtained.
Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Ruthenium Tetrakis(diaquaplatinum)Octacarboxyphthalocyanine Catalyst Supported on MWCNT Platform
Authors: Maxakato Nobanathi W. , Mamuru Solomon A. , Ozoemena Kenneth I.
Published: December 2010

Electrocatalytic reduction of molecular oxygen in alkaline solution using a novel ruthenium tetrakis(diaquaplatinum)octacarboxyphthalocyanine (RuOCPcPt) electrocatalyst supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotube electrode has been described. We show that the oxygen reduction activity follows a direct 4‐electron transfer process at high kinetic rate constant, 3.57×10−2 cm s−1.
Surface‐Confined Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue on Gold Electrodes
Authors: Dağcı Kader , Alanyalıoğlu Murat
Published: December 2010

We report on the electrochemical behaviour and electropolymerization of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of methylene blue (MB) on gold electrodes. The SAMs of MB on gold electrodes were prepared by immersing the substrates into a solution of 1.0 mM MB in absolute ethanol for different times at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry experiments exhibited that reductive desorption of MB monolayer takes place at three different potentials on polycrystalline gold electrodes, while reductive desorption of MB monolayer consists of only one peak on single crystal Au(111) substrates. Calculated charge densities for different immersion times indicated that optimal immersion time for self‐assembly of MB is 96 h. Electropolymerization of SAMs of MB on gold electrode was achieved by applying 0.95 V for 1 s in 0.1 M borate buffer solution (pH: 9.0). It was observed that poly(MB) monolayers are highly stable in acidic media. ATR‐FTIR and UV‐vis spectra exhibited differences between monomer and polymer monolayers, which are attributed to surface‐confined electropolymerization. STM image of poly(MB) monolayer on Au(111) substrate revealed a surface that is covered by well‐ordered, collateral nanowires with an average size of 3 nm.
„Hömma! Hasse dat schon gewusst?”︁
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: December 2010

Ruhrdeutsch — nicht nur ein Thema im Kulturhauptstadt‐Jahr 2010: Linguisten spüren schon lange der Umgangssprache nach, die alle Umbrüche im Revier überlebt hat. Ihre Studien sind auch eine Hommage an einen noch immer verkannten Regiolekt.
Vom Licht gekühlt
Authors: Vogl Ulrich , Weitz Martin
Published: December 2010

Mit Laserbeschuss entwickeln Physiker eine leistungsfähige Methode, die Temperatur von atomaren Gasen bei sehr hohen Drücken abzusenken. Das eröffnet der Materieforschung neue Wege — und kann langfristig sogar zur Entwicklung neuer Gefrierschränke führen.
Synthesis and characterization of the fullerene–terthiophene dyads
Authors: Han Aihong , Bai Jiao , Murata Yasujiro , Komatsu Koichi
Published: December 2010

Two derivatives of propylenedioxy‐substituted terthiophene–fullerene dyads were prepared as the precursors for polythiophene with fullerene side chains. By the chemical coupling reaction of the dyad, the soluble polythiophene 8 was obtained, Gel‐permeation chromatography analysis showed that the average molecular weight was approximately 10,847 g/mol, and the polydispersity was 1.3 in THF against polystyrene standards. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:72–78, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20659
One‐pot synthesis of N‐substituted pyrroles catalyzed by polystyrene‐supported aluminum chloride as a reusable heterogeneous lewis acid catalyst
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali , Aalaie Jamal
Published: December 2010

A convenient and efficient procedure is presented for the one‐pot synthesis of N‐substituted pyrroles by condensation of 2,5‐hexandione and amines or diamines in the presence of cross‐linked polystyrene‐supported aluminum chloride (PS/AlCl3) as a highly active and reusable heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst. This polymeric solid acid catalyst is stable and can be easily recovered and reused without appreciable change in its efficiency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:85–90, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20661
Early Predictors of Corticosteroid Treatment Failure in Icteric Presentations of Autoimmune Hepatitis Δ
Authors: Yeoman Andrew D. , Westbrook Rachel H. , Zen Yoh , Maninchedda Paola , Portmann Bernard C. , Devlin John , O'Grady John G. , Harrison Phillip M. , Heneghan Michael A.
Published: December 2010

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) typically responds to treatment in 90% of patients. Early prediction of treatment outcome would be advantageous in clinical practice. We evaluated whether parameters at initiation of therapy or changes in these parameters at day 3 and day 7 following corticosteroid initiation predicted treatment failure. Treatment-naive, jaundiced patients presenting to our tertiary unit between 1999-2009 were identified and mathematical models of prognosis in liver disease scores calculated at day 0, day 3, and day 7. Overall, 72 patients were identified (48 women, 24 men). Treatment failure occurred in 18% (13/72) of patients. At diagnosis, higher median bilirubin (451 μmol/L versus 262 μmol/L,

P

= 0.02), INR (1.62 versus 1.33,

P

= 0.005), model for endstage liver (MELD) score (26 versus 20,

P

= 0.02), MELD-sodium (Na) score (27 versus 22,

P

= 0.03) and United Kingdom endstage liver disease score (UKELD) score (59 versus 57,

P

= 0.01) significantly correlated with treatment failure. Analysis of area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) values at day 7 identified change (Δ) bilirubin (AUROC 0.68), Δ creatinine (0.69), Δ MELD (0.79), Δ MELD-Na (0.83) and Δ UKELD (0.83) best predicted treatment failure. Specifically, a fall in UKELD of less than 2 points predicted treatment failure with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 68%. Of 13 treatment failures, nine required second-line immunosuppression, three required emergency transplant, and one died of sepsis. In total, four patients died in the treatment failure group compared with one in the responder group (4/13 = 31% versus 1/59 = 1.7%,

P

= 0.003).

Conclusion:

Approximately 20% of icteric AIH presentations fail corticosteroid therapy. This is associated with significant mortality and the need for emergency transplantation. Treatment failure is best predicted by change in MELD-Na and UKELD at day 7. Early identification of nonresponders may allow timely escalation of immunosuppression to prevent clinical deterioration. (Hepatology 2011;)
Gold Catalysis and Fluorine
Authors: Hopkinson Matthew N. , Gee Antony D. , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: December 2010

Performing gold‐catalyzed organic transformations in the presence of fluorinating reagents can lead to both fluorinated and non‐fluorinated products. Gold(I) complexes can activate alkynes towards nucleophilic attack by fluoride leading to fluoroalkenes under mild conditions. Fluorinated products can also be prepared upon performing gold‐catalyzed transformations in the presence of electrophilic sources of fluorine. In most cases, however, the combination of gold and electrophilic fluorinating reagents does not lead to fluorination but delivers products of oxidative homo‐ or cross‐coupling. In these processes the “F+” source is likely acting as a sacrificial two‐electron external oxidant performing the key oxidation of gold(I) to gold(III) in the redox cycle. Oxidative coupling is an emerging field of gold catalysis which, when combined with the well‐established reactivity of gold as a soft π‐acid, holds promise as a mild and efficient method for the construction of complex organic molecules.
The moderation of Mindfulness‐based stress reduction effects by trait mindfulness: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shapiro Shauna L. , Brown Kirk Warren , Thoresen Carl , Plante Thomas G.
Published: December 2010

Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) has shown effectiveness for a variety of mental health conditions. However, it is not known for whom the intervention is most effective. In a randomized controlled trial (N = 30), we explored whether individuals with higher levels of pretreatment trait mindfulness would benefit more from MBSR intervention. Results demonstrated that relative to a control condition (n = 15), MBSR treatment (n = 15) had significant effects on several outcomes, including increased trait mindfulness, subjective well‐being, and empathy measured at 2 and 12 months after treatment. However, relative to controls, MBSR participants with higher levels of pretreatment mindfulness showed a larger increase in mindfulness, subjective well‐being, empathy, and hope, and larger declines in perceived stress up to 1 year after treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–11, 2011.
A convenient and efficient synthesis of heteroaromatic hydrazone derivatives viacyclization of thiosemicarbazone with ω‐bromoacetophenone
Authors: Liu Weiwei , Tao Chuanzhou , Tang Lijuan , Li Jie , Jin Yan , Zhao Yueqiang , Hu Hongwen
Published: December 2010

The synthesis of hydrazone derivatives containing thiazole unit was achieved with condensation of thiosemicarbazones and ω‐bromoacetophenone at room temperature. This mild, convenient, and efficient method affords the desired products with good to excellent yields. Their structures have been determined by X‐ray diffractional analysis, 1H‐NMR, MS, elemental analysis, and IR. Thiosemicarbazones were prepared by the condensation of thiosemicarbazide with aldehydes or ketones. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Green and efficient synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolin‐5‐ones derivatives by microwave‐assisted multicomponent reaction in hot water medium
Authors: Andriushchenko Anastasiya Yu. , Desenko Sergey M. , Chernenko Vitaliy N. , Chebanov Valentin A.
Published: December 2010

Novel simple, efficient, and eco‐friendly synthetic procedure for preparation of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolin‐5‐ones based on three‐component microwaves‐assisted heterocyclization reaction of 5‐aminopyrazoles, aromatic aldehydes, and dimedone in hot‐water medium was developed. The new method allows obtaining target heterocycles in good and excellent yields and with high degree of purity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
The road to foreign language competency in the United States: A leadership perspective
Authors: Ward Shakoor A.
Published: December 2010

A prevailing thought regarding foreign language competency (FLC) is that it can lead to an advantaged workforce by improving performance, especially in service‐oriented professions. This prevailing thought is logical, considering banking, hospitality and tourism, social services, sales, and health care industries. Foreign language teachers, training and development professionals, workforce education professionals, and government agencies (e.g., the military) all play a leading role in the effort to improve FLC in segments of the U.S. workforce. Workplace learning and performance (WLP) establishes the framework for companies that can quantitatively demonstrate that having a foreign‐language‐competent staff will increase performance and company profits (or value for the nonprofit sector). Leadership competencies guide the function of workplace foreign language training and development and has a direct impact on the success of achieving workplace FLC. In addition, scenarios demonstrating how a foreign‐language‐competent staff might improve overall company performance are explored. Methods of conducting appropriate assessments prior to implementing a workplace foreign language training and development program are addressed.
Rural women leaders
Authors: Sylvia Eldonna , Grund Chrysanne , Kimminau Kim S. , Ahmed Arshia , Marr Joshua M. , Cooper Tana
Published: December 2010

This research project was designed to study the determinants of leadership development in rural women. The first phase of the study involved individual interviews with women recognized as leaders within a rural community. Each of the 25 rural women leaders interviewed was raised on a farm or in a community with a population smaller than 2,000. The second phase of the study was administered via Survey Monkey to 133 women using a modified version of the Review of Personal Effectiveness with Locus of control (ROPELOC) instrument, which included the key domains of interest and was expanded to include additional questions focusing on unique challenges to leadership among women living in rural communities. The project used leadership‐related community groups as an entry point to identify women across rural Kansas for the survey. The results from these two methods identified six themes: lifelong learners, bias and discrimination, self‐efficacy and overcoming barriers, community influence and social capital, leadership mentors, and expression of leadership.
Relationship impact and African American males' responses to health care practitioner recommendations
Authors: Graham Lennox , Lavicka Michelle M.
Published: December 2010

This phenomenological research study was conducted to explore and identify reasons African American men comply or do not comply with the medical recommendations of their health care practitioner. The research sample was 20 African American men living in Baltimore City, Maryland, who visited their health care practitioner within the past year. Open‐ended, objectively phrased interview questions were used for this study, which allowed participants to respond with their own words to describe their decision making regarding their health care practitioner's advice. Invariant themes were revealed by data mining. Three clusters of themes emerged: relationship, apprehension, and trust. The research revealed participants viewed the doctor‐patient relationship as critical in establishing trust and respect and in building rapport. Participants felt these elements would serve to promote patient compliance to their health care practitioner's recommendations.
Increasing transformational leadership by developing leaders' information‐processing systems
Authors: Cerni Tom , Curtis Guy J. , Colmar Susan
Published: December 2010

According to the cognitive‐experiential self theory (CEST), all behavior is guided by two information‐processing systems: the rational system and the experiential. Previous research with school leaders has shown that the rational system and constructive elements of the experiential system have a strong positive relationship with transformational leadership, as outlined in the Full‐Range Leadership Theory. This article reports a pretest, posttest study using an intervention and control group to test whether changes to CEST information‐processing systems could bring about changes in transformational leadership. The results of a 10‐week, individually delivered coaching intervention program with a small group of school principals showed that there was a significant increase in transformational leadership scores between the pretest and posttest for the intervention group, as rated by school staff. The control group remained unchanged. Qualitative results from interviews indicated that school principals in the intervention group became more aware and reflective about their leadership practice. This study yields initial evidence that increasing rational and constructive thinking can develop the use of transformational leadership techniques.
Guest editorial
Authors: Valk John
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the
discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging
from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it
might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Introduction
Authors: Harter Nathan
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Leadership for transformation: The impact of a Christian worldview
Authors: Valk John
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Response for ILA worldviews panel papers
Authors: Reams Jonathan
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Epilogue
Authors: Valk John
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Presence of valine at position 27 of the hepatitis B virus core gene is associated with severe liver inflammation in Chinese patients
Authors: Yang Ling , Ma Shiwu , Hu Xiaoxiong , Xiao Lei , Wang Zhanhui , Li Yongyin , Zhou Bin , Abbott William G.H. , Hou Jinlin
Published: December 2010

Although it is widely believed that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are responsible for severe flares of chronic hepatitis B that lead to liver failure, the published evidence to support this hypothesis is weak. The frequency of the I27V mutation in the HBV core gene, which produces a core 18–27 peptide capable of binding HLA‐A*02, was compared in Chinese patients with severe liver inflammation (n = 77, including 39 with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure), moderate liver inflammation (n = 44) and inactive disease (n = 45). The frequency with which V27 reverted to the wild‐type I27 was compared in severe liver inflammation patients who were either HLA‐A*02 positive (n = 5) or negative (n = 5). The frequency of patients with a V27 positive HBV was higher in severe than in moderate liver inflammation (23.4% vs. 6.8%, P = 0.02) or inactive disease (23.4% vs. 4.7%, P = 0.006). After a minimum of 3 months follow‐up, the frequency of reversion of V27 to the wild‐type I27 was higher in HLA‐A*02 positive than negative patients (5/5 vs. 1/5, P = 0.05). In summary, this is the first data showing an association between a specific amino acid mutation (I27V) and severe liver inflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis B. This mutation would produce a peptide that is known to bind HLA‐A*02 and stimulate CTL. The high frequency of reversion to wild‐type I27 in HLA‐A*02 positive subjects suggests that CTL recognizing this peptide exist, and is consistent with the possibility that they contribute to the pathophysiology of severe liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis B. J. Med. Virol. 83:218–224, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel real‐time PCR system for simultaneous detection of human viruses in clinical samples from patients with uncertain diagnoses
Authors: Katano Harutaka , Kano Motofumi , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Kanno Takayuki , Asanuma Hideki , Sata Tetsutaro
Published: December 2010

A novel simultaneous detection system for human viruses was developed using a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system to identify causes of infection in clinical samples from patients with uncertain diagnoses. This system, designated as the “multivirus real‐time PCR,” has the potential to detect 163 human viruses (47 DNA viruses and 116 RNA viruses) in a 96‐well plate simultaneously. The specificity and sensitivity of each probe–primer set were confirmed with cells or tissues infected with specific viruses. The multivirus real‐time PCR system showed profiles of virus infection in 20 autopsies of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, and detected frequently TT virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and Epstein–Barr virus in various organs; however, RNA viruses were detected rarely except for human immunodeficiency virus‐1. Pathology samples from 40 patients with uncertain diagnoses were examined, including cases of encephalitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. Herpes simplex virus 1, human herpesvirus 6, and parechovirus 3 were identified as causes of diseases in four cases of encephalitis, while no viruses were identified in other cases as causing disease. This multivirus real‐time PCR system can be useful for detecting virus in specimens from patients with uncertain diagnoses. J. Med. Virol. 83:322–330, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.