ACCIDENT IN THE SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: IDEOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Authors: Gudyma Іgor 
Published: June 2021

In the article the author's attention is focused on modern scientific interpretations of the phenomenon of chance. The author also focused on the generalization of the results of research by scientists of nonlinear processes of self-organization of complex systems. The main goal of the article is to study the phenomenon of the so-called "nonlinear thinking" in science. Of particular interest was the philosophical assessment of the very subject of this thinking. The author tried to reveal the essence in the interpretation of statistical laws. He also sought to prove that these patterns represent a more fundamental aspect of reality than the laws of dynamics. The choice of the topic of the article, the application of its theoretical and methodological approaches is determined by the very subject of thought and the nature of the tasks.
So it turned out that many dynamical systems – physical, chemical, biological – fall under nonlinear dynamic equations. Here they are quite predictable. However, they become unpredictable if they appear at the macro level. After all, individual systems are considered "normal" and function according to deterministic laws only up to a certain time. This is the period between situations of bifurcation. Here their "behavior" can be fully predicted. However, in their own development, they can come to certain extreme changes. To overcome them further, two variants of the quality state appear. Each of them can happen first. This happens when an object passes through so-called tipping points. It is impossible to predict which variant will achieve ontological legitimation. The object experiences microwaves between the two physical alternatives for some time. But with an increase in the value of the key parameter of one of the alternatives, further complication of the state occurs. This process is a sequential bifurcation, similar to the alternation of two existing states. It is characterized by periods of instability. In this case, it is impossible to predict the state of development of the object. Here, as you know, "His Majesty the case" enters the scene. The case in such systems cannot be neglected. After all, here the relationship between necessity and chance, between fluctuations and deterministic algorithms, is different than in a stationary environment. Not far from the bifurcation nodes, micro-fluctuations or chances reign supreme. Whereas in the distance there is a deterministic order of things.
Even more effective is the study of the phenomenon of non-determinism in relation to the space-time models of the behavior of systems. Through scientific research, it has been reliably established that at the bifurcation points of such a medium, successive microchanges reach large values. Their scale is sometimes compared to the system itself. Here the system changes due to fluctuations, up to the appearance of a new quality.
A deep understanding of the significance of the new style of scientific thinking is closely related to a radical revision of the idea of self- organization of matter in nature. This ability to change has previously been studied only in the framework of macroscopic statistical equilibrium states. This is a new style of scientific thinking and a new picture of the world. They are related to the study of nonlinear and unbalanced open systems. All this demonstrates a non-trivial understanding of matter itself and its ability to self-organize. Matter takes on new forms of existence. Their appearance is due to their own internal forces and properties of matter itself. The worldview generalizations of such discoveries are important here. After all, they allow you to see the world more clearly, which is self-organizing as a single whole and is at different levels of its existence.
The generalized results of studying the topic give grounds to draw the following conclusion. The subject of the new style of scientific thinking is the nonlinear processes of self-organization of matter. This style of thinking, as well as the discoveries of nonlinear natural science, allow us to understand the nature of the surrounding world in a new way. Namely – the ability of a substance to self-organize as a whole and at various levels of its own being. This is due to the internal forces and properties of this world. However, to fully understand the nature of this world, it is necessary to comprehend randomness. After all, it is precisely chance that is an essential part of reality. That is, randomness is that part of reality that gives a more perfect picture of the surrounding world.